abstract: To clarify the mechanism of @entity731 development in @entity1 , we studied the mRNA and protein expression of @entity5601 subtypes in various types of @entity731 and their correlation with cell proliferation and macrophage invasion. @entity1 aortas were obtained from 35 autopsied cases, and each sample was divided into halves. One half was used for the analysis of mRNA or protein expression with RT-PCR or Western blotting, respectively. The other was microscopically classified into @entity1856 ( @entity1856 ), @entity1856 ( @entity1856 ), and diffuse intimal thickening (DIT), and was analyzed immunohistochemically. The mRNA levels of both PPARs increased significantly in @entity731 and tended to increase in proportion to the severity of the lesion, and the expression of @entity5601 correlated with that of @entity6864 in @entity1856 and @entity1856 . The @entity6864 protein increased in @entity1856 . Monocytes/macrophages, as well as endothelial and smooth muscle cells, expressed the @entity6864 protein in plaques. This expression in the DIT was noted mainly in macrophages but was not correlated with the density of macrophages, suggesting that only certain macrophages express the PPARs in DIT. Cell proliferation did not correlate with PPARs expression in any lesion type. These findings suggest that PPARs may be associated with @entity1856 formation, and that @entity6864 may be involved in the early stages of @entity1 @entity731 .

title: Increased expression of @entity5601 and @entity6864 in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['FS', 'atheromatous plaque', 'fatty streak', 'AP']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) is commonly used for the rapid identification of @entity2025 in @entity75 , yet little is known about its diagnostic accuracy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic yield and accuracy of @entity778 DFA for the diagnosis of mucocutaneous @entity2025 in pediatric @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study of all @entity1 who underwent @entity778 DFA testing by the Texas @entity1 's Hospital Diagnostic Virology between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2005. @entity778 DFA sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LRs), and negative LRs were estimated using viral culture as the reference standard. RESULTS: 659 specimens were submitted for @entity778 DFA with concurrent viral cultures. @entity1800 were positive for @entity778 type 1 in 158 (24%) and @entity778 in 2 (0.3%). There were 433 different @entity1 with a median age of 8.6 years. Types of lesions were as follows: 50% ulcerative, 26% vesicular, 8% erythema or @entity4125 , 5% pustular, and 11% missing. Of the 659 specimens submitted for @entity778 DFA, 160 (24%) were inconclusive due to inadequate cells. Of the 499 adequate specimens, overall @entity778 DFA test accuracy was: sensitivity 61%, specificity 99%, LR positive 40, and LR negative 0.39. CONCLUSIONS: A quarter of specimens submitted for @entity778 DFA testing are not adequate for @entity12606 testing. When @entity778 DFA can be performed, it is specific, but not sensitive, for the identification of mucocutaneous @entity2025 in @entity1 .

title: Direct immunofluorescence assay compared to cell culture for the diagnosis of @entity2025 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['mucocutaneous lesions']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['Viral cultures']

entities_list: @entity2025 :: ('MESH:D020031', 'Disease') :: ['herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection', 'HSV infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: @entity935 inhibits pituitary melanotrope cells of the amphibian @entity1238 through activation of a @entity935 (D2) receptor that couples to a Gi protein. Activated Gi protein subunits are known to affect voltage-operated @entity141 currents (ICa). In the present study we investigated which @entity141 currents are regulated by D2-receptor activation and which Gi protein subunits are involved. Whole-cell voltage-clamp patch-clamp experiments from holding potentials (HPs) of -80 and -30 mV show that 28.6 and 36.9%, respectively, of the total ICa was inhibited by @entity25165 , a D2-receptor agonist. The inhibited current had fast activation and inactivation kinetics. From an @entity4306 of -80 mV, inhibition of N-type @entity141 currents with omega-conotoxin GVIA and R-type current by @entity25166 reduced the efficacy of the @entity25165 -induced inhibition. From an @entity4306 of -30 mV this reduction for omega-conotoxin GVIA was still observed. Blocking L-type current by @entity594 or P/Q-type current by omega-agatoxin @entity3480 did not affect @entity25165 -induced inhibition at either @entity4306 . Our results imply that D2-receptor activation inhibits both N- and R-type @entity141 currents. Using a strong depolarizing pre-pulse partially reversed the inhibition of the total current by @entity25165 . About 50% of this inhibition was achieved through interaction of @entity25167 /gamma proteins, and this part of the inhibited ICa had fast activating and inactivating kinetics. However, the other part of the current inhibited by D2-receptor activation may proceed through @entity25168 -PKA phosphorylation.

title: @entity935 D2-receptor activation differentially inhibits N- and R-type @entity141 channels in XXXX melanotrope cells.

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine', 'Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity25165 :: ('CHEBI:48538', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphin']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Heparin is an important medication in the treatment of @entity1 with unstable @entity951 . We designed an observational study to compare the effects of standard heparin (SH) with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on @entity7 ( @entity7 ) levels in @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: Thirty-two @entity1 with unstable @entity951 undergoing CABG were prospectively categorized into two groups according to the type of heparin administration before surgery. @entity7 levels determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared between the two groups' blood samples obtained before the surgery and pericardial fluid after pericardial opening. RESULTS: There was no difference in preoperative characteristics between the two groups. Serum @entity7 levels were similar (P=0.3) in @entity1 treated by SH (85+/-55 pg/ml) compared to those treated with LMWH (105+/-64 pg/ml). @entity7 levels in the pericardial fluid were significantly raised (P<0.0001) in @entity1 of LMWH group (36+/-13 pg/ml) compared to SH group (13+/-6 pg/ml). A good correlation was observed between @entity7 in the serum and platelet count in both SH group (r=0.8) and LMWH group (r=0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Local response of the ischemic myocardium, as expressed by @entity7 levels, differs in @entity1 treated with SH compared to @entity1 treated with LMWH. @entity7 levels in pericardial fluid of @entity1 receiving LMWH were 2-3-folds higher than @entity1 in SH group.

title: Pericardial fluid and serum XXXX in response to different types of heparin treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'vascular endothelial growth factor']

answer: @entity7 :: (7422,Gene) :: ['VEGF']


abstract: AIM: To examine (i) aerobic fitness, muscular strength, and @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in female inpatients with @entity1277 and non-clinical controls, and (ii) associated and explanatory factors for @entity79 among the inpatients. METHODS: Adult females with @entity1278 ( @entity1278 ), @entity1279 ( @entity1279 ) or eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) (n=59, mean(SD) age 30.1(8.5) yrs and @entity2613 duration 14.3 yrs) and non-clinical age-matched controls (n=53, mean(SD) age 31.3(8.3) yrs) accepted participation in this cross-sectional study. Measurements included accelerometer assessed and self reported amount of different types of physical activities, VO2max on treadmill, 1RM in leg and chest press, and @entity79 in lumbar spine (L2-L4), femur neck and total body analyzed by DXA. RESULTS: Muscular strength and @entity79 were lower in @entity1 with @entity1278 , not in @entity1 with @entity1279 or EDNOS, compared to controls. Aerobic fitness did not differ between @entity1 and controls. @entity79 in the @entity1 was positively associated with body weight, muscular strength and self reported high impact PA (min.w-1), not self reported general weight-bearing PA (min.w-1) or accelerometer assessed PA (counts.min). History of @entity1278 (28%) and muscular strength (9%) contributed significantly to explain the variance in total body @entity79 . CONCLUSION: Muscular strength and only high impact PA are associated with @entity79 in @entity1 with longstanding @entity2613 . An implication of this is the need for more specific guidelines regarding types of PA recommended for this @entity1 population. Special considerations should be made for severely malnourished @entity1 , and for @entity1 with @entity170 .

title: Physical fitness, @entity79 and associations with physical activity in females with XXXX and non-clinical controls.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['AN', 'DSM-IV anorexia nervosa']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['longstanding eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity1279 :: ('MESH:D052018', 'Disease') :: ['bulimia nervosa', 'BN']

answer: @entity1277 :: (MESH:D001068,Disease) :: ['longstanding eating disorders']


abstract: A 44-year-old @entity1 presented with focal @entity5186 and complaints of rapid forgetting in the absence of episodes of transient @entity73 . Her MRI and @entity8983 positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) were normal. On standard neuropsychological tests she performed within the normal range although a test of autobiographical memory confirmed impoverished recall especially involving recent life events. The electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings were suggestive of @entity1315 but no clear diagnosis was established. After 4 years the @entity1 's recurrent brief episodes of disorientation, suggestive of transient @entity302 (TEA), were corroborated by her sister. This diagnosis was confirmed by an ambulatory EEG that revealed ictal activity. Several important points emerge from this study. Focal @entity5186 can be a prodromal symptom of @entity1041 which can precede the full-blown syndrome by several years. Moreover, transient attacks might not be reported if @entity1 live alone. The ictal EEG findings further substantiate the @entity302 .

title: Focal @entity5186 : Extending the clinical syndrome of transient XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5186 :: ('MESH:D000648', 'Disease') :: ['retrograde amnesia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive disturbance']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic nature of the syndrome', 'epileptic amnesia']

entities_list: @entity8983 :: ('CHEBI:49134', 'Chemical') :: ['2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epileptic amnesia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a common symptom of @entity15 @entity1 that may be present at all stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine presence of @entity1295 in @entity15 @entity1 during relapse and its relation to @entity16 and @entity308 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 120 @entity1 who were assessed during the acute relapse of relapsing-remitting @entity15 . Applied research instruments were: general questionnaire, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Beck @entity308 Inventory-II (BDI-II) and @entity3777 ( @entity3777 ). All @entity1 were examined at the same appointment. RESULTS: 54 (45%) @entity1 were grouped into @entity15 @entity1295 (MSF) group ( @entity3777 >= 5) and 48 (40%) as non- @entity1295 (MSNF) group ( @entity3777 <=4). Mean @entity3777 score was 4.83+/-1.49. Difference between MSF and MSNF @entity1 was significant considering age (p<0.001), relapse severity (p=0.044), BDI score (p<0.001) and EDSS score (p<0.001). Positive correlations of @entity1295 ( @entity3777 ) with age (rho=0.41, p<0.001), @entity308 (BDI score) (rho=0.61, p<0.001) and @entity16 (EDSS score) (rho=0.55, p<0.001) were confirmed. After adjusting for @entity308 , there was only weak positive correlation between @entity1295 and @entity16 (rs=0.38; P<0.001), while after adjusting for EDSS score, @entity1295 continued to correlate moderately with @entity308 (r=0.48; p<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BDI score (beta=0.380; p<0.001), EDSS score (beta=0.336, p<0.001) and the age (beta=0.202; p<0.05) are independently related to @entity1295 severity in this @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Fatigue is a frequent symptom during @entity15 relapse. @entity308 and, to a lesser degree, disability but not relapse severity are independently related to the presence of @entity1295 . @entity308 and @entity1295 should be recognized and treated during standard relapse treatment. Further research might focus on other factors influencing @entity1295 during @entity15 relapse including evaluation of @entity1295 at the different time points.

title: Fatigue during @entity15 relapse and its relationship to XXXX and @entity16 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disability']

entities_list: @entity3777 :: ('MESH:D005222', 'Disease') :: ['Fatigue Severity Scale', 'FSS']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7080 inhibitor (PPI) medications have been inconsistently shown to be associated with @entity3604 . We examined the association of PPI use with bone outcomes ( @entity174 , bone mineral density [BMD]). METHODS: This prospective analysis included 161 806 postmenopausal @entity1 50 to 79 years old, without history of @entity173 , enrolled in the @entity1 's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study and Clinical Trials with a mean (SD) follow-up of 7.8 (1.6) years. Analyses were conducted for 130 487 @entity1 with complete information. Medication information was taken directly from drug containers during in- @entity1 interviews (baseline, year 3). The main outcome measures were self-reported @entity174 (hip [adjudicated], clinical spine, forearm or wrist, and total @entity174 ) and for a subsample (3 densitometry sites), 3-year change in BMD. RESULTS: During 1 005 126 @entity1 -years of follow-up, 1500 @entity173 , 4881 forearm or wrist @entity174 , 2315 clinical spine @entity174 , and 21 247 total @entity174 occurred. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for current PPI use were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-1.40) for @entity173 , 1.47 (95% CI, 1.18-1.82) for clinical spine @entity174 , 1.26 (95% CI, 1.05-1.51) for forearm or wrist @entity174 , and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.15-1.36) for total @entity174 . The BMD measurements did not vary between PPI users and nonusers at baseline. Use of PPIs was associated with only a marginal effect on 3-year BMD change at the hip (P = .05) but not at other sites. CONCLUSION: Use of PPIs was not associated with @entity173 but was modestly associated with clinical spine, forearm or wrist, and total @entity174 .

title: @entity7080 inhibitor use, @entity173 , and change in bone mineral density in postmenopausal XXXX : results from the @entity1 's Health Initiative.

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fractures']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'person']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures', 'hip fracture']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity19 embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into embryoid bodies (EBs), which serve as an in vitro model recapitulating many aspects of embryonic yolk sac @entity1210 . Differentiation of embryonic stem cells deficient in either @entity7006 or @entity19038 results in EBs with disrupted visceral endoderm (VE). While lack of VE has detrimental effects on @entity1210 in vivo, it is unclear whether lack of VE affects @entity1210 in EBs. Therefore, we compared @entity7006 null ( @entity19039 ) and @entity19038 null (G6N) EBs with wild-type EBs to assess their ability to commit to hematopoietic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EB VE formation was examined using cell-sorting techniques and analysis visceral endoderm gene expression. Hematopoietic progenitor potential of EBs cultured under various conditions was assessed using colony-forming assays. RESULTS: Definitive erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage, and mixed colonies were significantly reduced in @entity19039 and G6N EBs compared to wild-type EBs. @entity1611 ( @entity1611 ) expression and secretion were also reduced in both @entity19039 and G6N EBs, consistent with VE serving as a site of @entity1611 production. Addition of exogenous @entity1611 (165), to EB cultures completely rescued definitive colony-forming cells in @entity19039 and G6N EBs. This rescue response could be blocked by addition of soluble @entity11132 Fc to EB cultures. Similarly, addition of exogenous Indian hedgehog to EB cultures also recovers the diminishment in definitive @entity1210 in a reversible manner. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the absence of VE in @entity19039 and G6N EBs does not prevent emergence of definitive progenitors from EBs. However, the decreased level of @entity1611 and Indian hedgehog production in VE devoid @entity19039 and G6N EBs attenuates definitive hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion.

title: @entity1611 and IHH rescue definitive @entity1210 in @entity7006 and XXXX -deficient @entity19 embryoid bodies.

entities_list: @entity19039 :: ('p|SUB|G|4|N', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['G4N']

entities_list: @entity1611 :: ('22339(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity1210 :: ('MESH:C536227', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoiesis']

answer: @entity19038 :: (14465(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Gata-6']


abstract: We here present a method for the routine quantification of the novel antiepileptic drug levetiracetam in human serum by HPLC-UV. The procedure is very easy, quick, inexpensive and rugged. The sample preparation consists only in the precipitation of serum proteins by @entity9901 and extraction of unpolar components by @entity13479 . The aqueous phase containing the analyte levetiracetam is injected onto a porous graphitic @entity505 analytical HPLC-column and separated by gradient elution with diluted @entity8718 / @entity1626 . Detection is carried out at a wavelength of 205 nm. The calibration function is linear in the range of 1-75 microg/ml. The detection limit is 0.1 microg/ml. Using four quality control sample concentrations, the inter-day relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) are lower than 3% and the accuracies are better than 6%. The respective inter-day values are: R.S.D. < 4% and accuracies better than 2%. Frequently co-administered antiepileptic drugs do not interfere with the assay. The method has been successfully applied to @entity1 samples.

title: Determination of levetiracetam in XXXX plasma with minimal sample pretreatment.

entities_list: @entity8718 :: ('MESH:C030242', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoric acid']

entities_list: @entity13479 :: ('MESH:C506365', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclohexane']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity9901 :: ('MESH:D010472', 'Chemical') :: ['perchloric acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: To clarify the biological features of primitive @entity11 in the cerebrum and clearly distinguish them from malignant or anaplastic @entity11 and @entity463 , we studied eight cases clinically and pathologically. Our evaluations included immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations. We divided the @entity1 into two groups, @entity1 and young adults. Most @entity5 appeared as ring-like, enhanced masses on computed tomography and avascular or ring-like, vascular masses on angiography. Macroscopically, the @entity5 were well demarcated and contained cysts. Occassionally we found @entity5 dissemination. Microscopically, the @entity5 were composed of small, round cells without remarkable structural features. Ependymal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial differentiation was evident, in varying proportions; @entity5 in which the differentiated areas constituted more than half of the mass were classified as poorly differentiated @entity11 . By these criteria, this series comprised four undifferentiated and four poorly differentiated @entity11 . Cell anaplasia and polymorphism were rare in both undifferentiated and differentiated @entity5 . Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations also revealed glial differentiation. These primitive @entity11 appear to be biologically similar, but not identical, to @entity76 . In this series, five @entity1 died because of recurrence or dissemination. Whole brain and spinal irradiation should be considered after total or subtotal surgical removal.

title: Clinical pathology of primitive XXXX in the cerebrum.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'areas of the tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar medulloblastomas']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['gliomas']


abstract: We studied the pattern of infection and the inter-annual variation and individual factors affecting the infection of 2 species of nasopharyngeal bot flies, Cephenemyia auribarbis and Pharyngomyia picta (Diptera: Oestridae), in a population of Iberian @entity2498 ( @entity2498 hispanicus) from south central Spain (10 annual periods between 1990 and 2003). Mean prevalence+/-S.E.95%CI of infection was 35.19+/-4.24% (n=486). The frequency distribution of the parasites was markedly aggregated (K: 0.213, mean abundance+/-S.D.: 5.49+/-12.12). Parasite load of Oestridae peaked at @entity291 and subadult age groups and declined thereafter, which suggests that acquired immunity may be acting. In common with other host-parasite relationships, male hosts were found to have higher prevalence and abundance levels than females. The prevalence of @entity23302 was positively affected by the presence of C. auribarbis whereas the intensity of infection of @entity23302 was negatively affected by the presence of C. auribarbis. Intensity of @entity23302 in concomitant @entity281 with C. auribarbis was lower than in pure @entity23302 @entity281 , whilst the intensity of C. auribarbis @entity281 did not change. This provides good evidence of interspecific competence, which could be dealt with by parasites by means of asynchronous life-cycles and different maturation periods. Weather also affects the dynamics and transmission rates of these parasites. Previous annual rainfalls positively affected the level of infection with oestrids. Yearly autumn rainfalls affected positively @entity23302 , possibly due to an effect on the pupal stage survival. Infection of Oestridae affected body condition in @entity291 and subadults, suggesting that oestrids could have sublethal effects on Iberian @entity2498 . Future research is needed to investigate the effect of parasites on the dynamics of the Iberian @entity2498 .

title: Long-term epidemiology, effect on body condition and interspecific interactions of concomitant infection by nasopharyngeal bot fly larvae (Cephenemyia auribarbis and Pharyngomyia picta, Oestridae) in a population of Iberian @entity2498 ( XXXX hispanicus).

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2498 :: ('9860', 'Species') :: ['Cervus elaphus', 'red deer']

answer: @entity2498 :: (9860,Species) :: ['Cervus elaphus']


abstract: The pharmacokinetics of @entity2727 ( @entity7541 ), a prescription @entity4944 derivative used in the treatment of @entity71 , has been amply described in conventional biological matrices. Recently, the excretion of @entity7541 and its principal metabolite, @entity20865 (RA) in oral fluid and plasma after a single drug administration has been described. The aim of this study was to describe the excretion of @entity7541 and RA in sweat after the administration of a single dose of either fast-release or extended-release @entity7541 . Three male subjects received 2 simultaneous oral doses of 10 mg fast-release @entity7541 , and 1 male subject received one dose of 20 mg extended-release @entity7541 . Sweat patches were applied to the back of each @entity1 and removed at timed intervals. @entity7541 and RA were determined in patches using a previously validated liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometric method. @entity7541 was detected in sweat after the administration of fast- and extended-release formulations. For the fast-release formulation, @entity7541 appeared in the sweat patches 2 hours after administration with a maximum of 15.9 nanogram per patch, reached after 24 hours. Mean total @entity7541 excreted was 0.02 mg (about 0.08% of the administered dose). For the extended-release formulation, @entity7541 appeared in the sweat 5 hours after administration and reached a maximum of 34.3 nanogram per patch after 24 hours. Mean total @entity7541 excreted was 0.04 mg (about 0.18% of the administered dose). RA was not detected in either of the sweat patches probably because of its acidic properties. Measuring @entity7541 in sweat patches can be a viable alternative to urine testing for noninvasive monitoring of use and misuse of the drug.

title: Usefulness of sweat testing for the detection of XXXX after fast- and extended-release drug administration: a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participant']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity20865 :: ('MESH:C009189', 'Chemical') :: ['ritalinic acid']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity2727 :: (MESH:D008774,Chemical) :: ['methylphenidate']


abstract: @entity31 ( @entity31 ) is associated with intestinal and extra intestinal clinical manifestations. The profound organic changes in @entity31 indicate that the colonic mechanical and mechanosensory functions are affected. The aim was to study acute morphological and biomechanical properties of the distal colon in @entity10312 -induced @entity31 in BALB/C @entity19 . Six normal male BALB/C @entity19 and 10 @entity10312 -induced @entity31 @entity19 were studied. @entity31 was induced by epicutaneous and intrarectal administration of @entity10312 . The mechanical test was done as a distension experiment where the colon was distended up to 20 cm @entity2507 . The pressure, outer diameter and length were recorded simultaneously. Circumferential and longitudinal stresses and strains were computed. The intestinal specimens were processed for histology. The mucosa was infiltrated with acute and chronic inflammatory cells. @entity548 , irregular @entity1066 crypt abscess, and destruction of the epithelial border were observed. Although, the mucosa in @entity1066 was much thinner than in the normal controls, the mucosa and submucosa around the @entity1066 were thicker than in the normal controls (P<0.05). @entity10312 -induced @entity1960 increased the circumferences and wall cross-sectional area (P<0.01), the opening angle and residual strain at the serosa increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, the circumferential and longitudinal stiffness increased in the @entity31 wall and was most pronounced in longitudinal direction. The opening angle and residual strain was linearly correlated to the wall thickness, area and @entity32 degree. In conclusion, morphological and biomechanical changes of the colon occurred during the development of @entity31 . The increased stiffness may contribute to the abnormal function in @entity1 with @entity31 .

title: Biomechanical changes in XXXX -induced @entity1960 in BALB/C @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Mucosal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity10312 :: ('MESH:D010081', 'Chemical') :: ['Oxazolone', 'oxazolone']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['UC', 'Ulcerative colitis']

answer: @entity10312 :: (MESH:D010081,Chemical) :: ['oxazolone']


abstract: Spinal reflexes in the @entity95 are suppressed tonically by endogenous opioids. The contributions made to this suppression by mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors have been investigated by studying the actions of a range of opioid antagonists and agonists on reflexes evoked by sural nerve stimulation in the ankle extensor gastrocnemius medialis (g.m.), and in the knee flexor semitendinosus (s.t.). When given at a total dose of 88.5 micrograms kg-1 i.v., either of the universal opioid receptor antagonists @entity1510 and @entity8538 enhanced the g.m. response to more than 7 times the pre-drug control values, and the s.t. reflex to 1.5 times controls. The effects of @entity8538 were stereospecific. The selective delta antagonist @entity5540 (3.5 mg kg-1 i.v. total) also augmented the g.m. reflex but only to twice pre-drug controls. The mu-agonists @entity3575 (100 micrograms kg-1) and @entity1286 (50 mg kg-1) suppressed both g.m. and s.t. reflex responses to less than half control levels by a @entity1510 -reversible mechanism. The kappa-agonists @entity8539 (50 micrograms kg-1 total), tifluadom (100 micrograms kg-1), @entity8540 (200 micrograms kg-1) and @entity4596 (1 mg kg-1) potentiated the g.m. reflex and had variable effects on the s.t. response. @entity1510 usually added to the facilitatory actions of these drugs. kappa-Opioid receptor agonists also caused a profound, @entity1510 -reversible @entity551 . It may be concluded that the endogenous opioid-mediated suppression of spinal reflexes in the @entity95 is mediated mainly, if not exclusively, through mu-receptors. There are no known endogenous ligands which are specific for the mu-receptor, so in the present case it seems that selectivity is determined by the receptor population rather than by the ligand.

title: The contributions of mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors to the actions of endogenous opioids on spinal reflexes in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8538 :: ('MESH:C035969', 'Chemical') :: ['(-)-quadazocine', 'quadazocine']

entities_list: @entity8539 :: ('MESH:C027248', 'Chemical') :: ['bremazocine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone', '(-)-naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity8540 :: ('MESH:D016314', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylketocyclazocine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['depression of arterial blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Lymphocytic infiltrates are usually present in @entity2621 , @entity3557 and @entity4724 . We selected these conditions to investigate the mechanisms of recruitment and organization of lymphocytic infiltrates in extranodal tissues. MoAbs in immunoperoxidase were used to identify the expression of @entity2071 and @entity4725 on endothelial cells (EC), and of their ligands @entity1453 and VLA-4 on lymphocytes and accessory cells. @entity4725 positive EC were rarely observed in thyroids devoid of lymphocyte infiltration. Conversely, EC in @entity2621 and in @entity1377 showed positive immunostaining for @entity4725 and @entity2071 . These findings were associated with the presence of lymphocytes positive for the ligands VLA-4 and @entity1453 . The upregulated expression of @entity4725 on perifollicular capillaries was co-distributed with an accumulation of VLA-4 positive lymphocytes. In @entity4724 , all EC were @entity2071 positive, whereas the majority of vessels were @entity4725 negative. Consequently the majority of lymphoid cells were @entity1453 positive and VLA-4 negative. We suggest that @entity2071 and @entity4725 expression on EC play a role in the recruitment of lymphocyte infiltration in @entity2621 and @entity1377 . Furthermore, the upregulation of @entity4725 and VLA-4 in thyroid reactive and neoplastic conditions may be linked to an immune response possibly related to thyroid tissue antigens.

title: Adhesion molecules and lymphocyte recruitment in lymphocytic thyroiditis, @entity3557 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2621 :: ('MESH:D050031', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity4724 :: ('MESH:D000235', 'Disease') :: ['adenolymphoma', 'parotid adenolymphoma']

answer: @entity4724 :: (MESH:D000235,Disease) :: ['parotid adenolymphoma']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity14 , low levels of colonic @entity1943 , @entity16424 and @entity750 have been found. Based on these findings, the effects of triple treatment with @entity2390 (a somatostatin analogue), @entity16424 and @entity750 on @entity14 has been studied. Triple therapy was found to reduce the volume and weight of both @entity35 and @entity1 @entity694 in xenografts, apparently by @entity39 , but also by reducing proliferation and expression of @entity4179 of @entity5 cells, and also by inducing apoptosis. It has been suggested that @entity5 @entity39 results from @entity63 in the @entity5 caused by a @entity5 blood flow, a consequence of reduced number of @entity5 -feeding blood vessels and by constricting of @entity5 feeding arterioles. The effects of treating @entity35 @entity14 using single, double and triple therapy with @entity2390 , @entity16424 and @entity750 were studied. Of these substances, @entity16424 alone achieved a significant @entity5 . Single and double regimes had some effect, but were not nearly so successful as triple treatment. The optimum treatment dose of triple therapy lies between 40 and 80 microg/kg/day, smaller doses had no effect on the @entity5 at all, while larger doses had no additional effect. The optimal administration route is continuous i.p. infusion, for 14 days. Triple therapy gave no obvious side effects, and had equivalent anti- @entity5 and therapeutic efficacy as standard treatment with @entity1487 / @entity4181 . Although this treatment appears to be a promising option, clinical trials need be conducted to establish whether it can be beneficial in clinical use.

title: Triple treatment with XXXX , @entity16424 and @entity750 is a promising therapy for @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in tumour-feeding blood vessels', 'cancer', 'reduction in the tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity4179 :: ('1950', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity2390 :: (MESH:D015282,Chemical) :: ['octreotide']


abstract: HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: A 68-year-old @entity1 with known @entity179 suffered from @entity4048 . Physical examination revealed painfully restricted movement of the cervical spine. INVESTIGATIONS: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and @entity1851 were increased. Tests for rheumatoid factors, antinuclear, anti-citrullinated protein and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody were negative. Cervical spine x-ray showed @entity6995 with partially bridging spondylosis at @entity11036 , but there was no atlanto-axial dislocation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed @entity236 and hyperintensity of the odontoid process, but there were no indications of fissures or @entity174 lines. TREATMENT AND COURSE: These findings indicated seronegative @entity309 , with predominantly active atlanto-axial @entity625 . After @entity1499 and @entity617 had been administered the symptoms improved rapidly and inflammatory parameters returned to normal. Three months later no atlanto-axial @entity625 was seen at MRI. CONCLUSION: @entity309 involving the atlanto-axial region should be considered in @entity1 with persisting @entity4048 and signs of @entity32 .

title: [ XXXX as a primary manifestation of seronegative @entity309 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6995 :: ('MESH:D055034', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondrosis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['neck pain', 'increasing neck pain']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative joint disease']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow edema']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'Rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity4048 :: (MESH:D019547,Disease) :: ['Arthritis of the atlanto-axial joint with inflammatory neck pain']


abstract: The aim was to compare results of studies performed in different settings worldwide and identify common therapeutic areas to allow for focused interventions, because off-label drug use can be a measure of the lack of knowledge concerning paediatric treatments. A secondary objective was to provide a brief review of efforts to date. A literature review of articles on off-label and unlicensed drug use in @entity1 involving general prescription samples was performed using Medline and Embase. In all, 30 studies from 1985-2004 were included. Eleven involved paediatric hospital wards, seven neonatal hospital wards, and 12 the community setting. The off-label and unlicensed classification methods varied, making results difficult to compare. In general, off-label/unlicensed prescription rates ranged from 11%-80%, and higher rates were found in younger versus older @entity1 and in the hospital versus community settings. On the paediatric hospital wards, off-label/unlicensed prescriptions ranged from 16%-62% and most often concerned @entity1443 , @entity4392 , @entity22292 , and @entity3045 . In the neonatal wards, rates ranged from 55%-80% and often involved @entity5834 . In the community setting, rates ranged from 11%-37% and the most commonly implicated drugs were @entity3045 and @entity115 . CONCLUSION: A lack of harmonization between the evidence, the information available to doctors, and its use in clinical practice exists and this is part of the reason off-label therapies are so common. Attempts have been made to improve knowledge concerning paediatric treatments, but more focused interventions are needed, also taking into consideration this lack of harmonization.

title: A literature review on off-label drug use in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4392 :: ('MESH:D020117', 'Chemical') :: ['cisapride']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity22292 :: ('MESH:D002697', 'Chemical') :: ['chloral hydrate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Administration of monoclonal anti- @entity5168 antibody to @entity19 treated with @entity5478 induced secretion of a high level of gamma interferon ( @entity60 ) into the circulation system, while it induced no significant release in untreated @entity19 . In order to analyze this high-level induction of @entity60 in these bacterium-treated @entity19 , we investigated the factors that might be involved. An activity that induces @entity60 in T cells was observed in the liver extracts of @entity19 treated with @entity5478 and subsequently challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Here, we purified an @entity6026 from the liver extract to homogeneity and characterized it. Its molecular mass was 18 to 19 kDa, and its pI was 4.9. The @entity535 sequence of the @entity2733 -terminal portion was determined and shown to have no similarities to any protein in the EMBL, GenBank, and PIR data bases. The same molecule was also demonstrated in the serum factor that was previously reported to have an @entity60 -inducing activity and to have an apparent molecular mass of 75 kDa. Moreover, the activity of this serum factor was recovered in the fraction containing the 18- to 19-kDa protein under reducing conditions and was shown to have the same @entity2733 -terminal @entity535 sequence as that of the factor from the liver extract. In addition to the ability to induce @entity60 , this protein augmented T-cell proliferation and NK activity in the spleen cells. Thus, several of its biological activities were apparently similar to those of interleukin-12. These results indicated that this novel protein, which exhibited marked costimulatory activity on @entity60 production in vitro, was elevated vivo in response to @entity5478 treatment. This factor, probably released from the producing cells by lipopolysaccharide stimuli, may be involved in the high-level induction of @entity60 in the @entity5478 -treated @entity19 .

title: A novel costimulatory factor for gamma interferon induction found in the livers of XXXX causes endotoxic shock.

entities_list: @entity6026 :: ('16173(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma-inducing factor']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity5478 :: ('1747', 'Species') :: ['P. acnes', 'Propionibacterium acnes']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The @entity8315 (JCV) may infect @entity1 oligodendrocytes and consequently cause progressive multifocal @entity62 (PML) in @entity1 with @entity3230 . In addition, the virus has also been detected in other @entity1 tissues, including kidney, B lymphocytes, and gastrointestinal tissue. The recombinant major structural protein, VP1, of JCV is able to self-assemble to form a virus-like particle ( @entity19167 ). It has been shown that the @entity19167 is capable of packaging and delivering exogenous DNA into @entity1 cells for gene expression. However, gene transfer is not efficient when using in vitro DNA packaging methods with VLPs. In this study, a novel in vivo DNA packaging method using the JCV @entity19167 was used to obtain high efficiency gene transfer. A reporter gene, the green fluorescence protein, and a suicide gene, the herpes simplex virus @entity1014 kinase (tk), were encapsidated into VLPs in @entity526 . The @entity19167 was used to specifically target @entity1 @entity694 (COLO-320 HSR) cells in a nude @entity19 model. Intraperitoneal administration of @entity4540 in the tk- @entity19167 -treated @entity19 greatly reduced @entity5 volume. These findings suggest that it will be possible to develop the JCV @entity19167 as a gene delivery vector for @entity1 @entity694 therapy in the future.

title: Efficient gene transfer using the @entity1 @entity8315 -like particle that inhibits XXXX @entity694 growth in a nude @entity19 model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma', 'colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity4540 :: ('MESH:D015774', 'Chemical') :: ['ganciclovir']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['leukoencephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity3230 :: ('MESH:C565469', 'Disease') :: ['immune deficiency']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: SUMMARY: @entity1875 and @entity5161 have well proven roles as intravenous and inhalational anaesthetics respectively in neurosurgery. We conducted this study to know the outcome using @entity12691 as an intraoperative analgesic. Sixty craniotomy @entity1 randomly divided into two groups of 30 each were included in this study. Group A @entity1 were induced and maintained with @entity1875 . Group B @entity1 were induced with @entity4490 and maintained with @entity5161 . All @entity1 were administered 30mug.kg(-1) @entity12691 intravenously 10 minutes before induction of anaesthesia, followed by slow injection of 30mug.kg(-1) @entity1363 . All were assessed for sedation, @entity1576 , @entity1209 ( @entity1209 ) and other side effects in the recovery room. We found no difference in demographic parameters between the groups. The fall in HR was maintained in the post induction / intubation period and throughout the intraoperative period in Group A, unlike Group B @entity1 in whom it rose significantly following intubation. @entity12691 was found to be a safe intraoperative analgesic in neurosurgical @entity1 . In addition, it was associated with statistically better haemodynamics and earlier recovery when used with @entity1875 as compared to @entity4490 - @entity5161 anaesthesia.

title: A Comparative Study of XXXX and @entity5161 Anaesthesia using @entity12691 in Neurosurgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity12691 :: ('MESH:D002077', 'Chemical') :: ['butorphanol', 'Butorphanol']

entities_list: @entity4490 :: ('MESH:D013874', 'Chemical') :: ['thiopentone']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['PONV', 'postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['Propofol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The etiology and biology of @entity43 is largely unknown. Recent results have indicated prognostic significance of growth factors in this malignancy. @entity2533 is a widely distributed growth factor with multifactorial effects in in vitro systems. Studies on the in vivo expression pattern of @entity2533 and its receptors might help us to understand its biologic significance in this malignancy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Tissue samples of normal ovary and benign as well as @entity43 were examined for expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3, the latent @entity2533 -binding protein (LTBP), @entity2533 type I (T beta R-II) receptors and @entity6459 by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Furthermore, the results of the immunohistochemical analysis were compared with @entity1 survival. RESULTS: Expression of all ligands was significantly increased in @entity5 cells compared with the normal epithelial cells. In contrast, LTBP immunoreactivity was detected significantly more often in normal epithelium than in @entity5 cells. T beta R-I and T beta R-II as well as @entity6459 were found in @entity5 tissues and normal ovary without any difference among the groups. In the blood vessels of @entity5 , significantly increased @entity2533 reactivity and decreased @entity6474 reactivity were found when they were compared with those of normal ovaries and @entity5 . @entity1 with @entity5 expressing @entity2533 , T beta R-I, or @entity6459 in blood vessels demonstrated longer survival than those having negatively stained @entity5 . In contrast, positive @entity6459 staining in @entity5 cells correlated with decreased survival even in advanced disease or in @entity1 having @entity41 bulk after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The differential expression of @entity2533 ligand and the significant correlations between expression of ligands or receptors and @entity1 survival indicate involvement of the @entity2533 system in @entity43 development.

title: Expression and prognostic significance of @entity2533 isotypes, latent XXXX 1 binding protein, @entity2533 type I and type II receptors, and @entity6459 in normal @entity43 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['malignant ovarian neoplasms', 'ovarian tumor', 'ovarian carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'benign tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity2533 :: (7040,Gene) :: ['TGF-beta']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To discuss the primary experience and possibility of direct transsphenoidal @entity977 resection under endoscopic assistance. METHODS: From March 2000 to March 2001, 22 @entity1 with @entity977 were treated by direct transsphenoidal @entity977 surgery under endoscope. During direct transsphenoidal approach, no incision of the nasal mucosa was made without the dissection of the nasal septum and median nasal conchae. Under endoscopic assistance, the anterior wall of the sphnoidal sinus and sellae base was opened directly and @entity652 resection was performed. RESULTS: All the @entity1 were followed up for 1 approximately 12 months. The increased hormone level in 17 @entity1 were decreased to normal postoperatively. By postoperative MRI detection, @entity652 in 15 @entity1 were removed completely, but part of the @entity652 were left in the carvernous sinuses in 7 @entity1 . @entity2010 was observed in 4 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The direct transsphenoidal approach in @entity977 resection under endoscopic assistance is time saving, and safe, with good exposure of operative field. The injury to the @entity1 and postoperative reaction are less. The effects were satisfactory without severe complications.

title: [Direct transsphenoidal XXXX resection under endoscope].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['Temporary diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenoma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We compared the incidence of severe complications among 123 consecutive simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) recipients randomized for treatment either with @entity1140 plus @entity618 ( @entity2098 ) or @entity1140 plus @entity3446 during their initial postoperative hospital stay. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and @entity177 with no age limit who underwent SPK were randomly assigned to @entity1140 / @entity3446 or @entity1140 / @entity2098 immunosuppressive protocols. We analyzed the rate of adverse events that led to death, graft loss, operative revision, or prolonged hospital stay. RESULTS: From 2002 to 2009, 62 recipients were included in the @entity2098 and 61 in the @entity3446 (Rapa) groups. More than 2/3 of recipients suffered from at least 1 complication: 74% @entity2098 and 77 % Rapa group (P > .05). No @entity1 died in the @entity2098 and 3 in the Rapa group (P = .11). Pancreas graftectomy was performed in 13% of the @entity2098 group and in 5% of the Rapa group (P = .20). Ten of 62 recipients in the @entity2098 and 13/61 in the Rapa group required operative treatment of wound @entity281 (P = .49). There were no differences in the rates of @entity360 (11% and 8%), kidney lymphocele (6% and 5%), ileus (1.6% both), @entity788 (1.6% both), or ureteral leak (0 and 3%) between the groups. CONCLUSION: We did not observe a difference in the rate of severe @entity260 between groups. With the use of extraperitoneal placement of the pancreatic graft, fluid collections and wound @entity281 remain the most frequent albeit curable @entity260 .

title: Similar early complication rate in simultaneous pancreas and kidney recipients on @entity1140 / @entity618 versus @entity1140 / XXXX immunosuppressive regimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic leak']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'T1DM']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus', 'Rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['sirolimus']


abstract: Different criteria of @entity204 have been compared experimentally and quantitatively. Pure cultures of a @entity375 have been subjected to adverse conditions, and the number of dead cells, judged by different tests, has been determined in successive time intervals. The @entity375 cultures were exposed to heat, to @entity3143 , to ultraviolet light, and to x-rays. In each case, the cells lost the power of reproduction (measured by the plate count) most rapidly. The loss of fermentation (measured by the @entity515 pressure) was less rapid. Still slower was the change in staining reaction with @entity6693 , and the loss of selective permeability of the plasma membrane (measured by the percentage of cells staining with Congo red). Slowest of all was the coagulation of protoplasm as observed in the dark-field. In the case of @entity204 by heat or by @entity3143 , the rate of loss of reproduction was about twice as rapid as that of the loss of fermentation, about three times that of the loss of semipermeability, and about forty times as large as the rate of coagulation. With ultraviolet light and with x-rays, these ratios were decidedly different. The technique employed does not permit the conclusion that any one criterion of @entity204 is the prerequisite for other criteria. It does not appear probable that loss of reproduction is the prerequisite for loss of fermentation or of semipermeability because the ratios of the velocities of these processes are not the same with all causes of @entity204 . There is no evidence that cells may show certain criteria of @entity204 immediately after exposure, and recover later.

title: AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CRITERIA OF DEATH IN XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6693 :: ('MESH:D008751', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene blue']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['YEAST']


abstract: @entity11 will affect 15,000-17,000 Americans each year and carry a dismal prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy is hampered by inadequate drug delivery, systemic @entity137 , and a markedly variable biological sensitivity. Intraarterial (i.a.) therapy may enhance selectivity by improving @entity5 drug delivery and reducing systemic @entity137 . Using melphalan given i.a., we studied the therapy of intracranial @entity1 @entity11 xenografts in male athymic nude @entity35 (mean weight, 300 g) which were inoculated intracerebrally with D-54 MG and D-456 MG. On Days 6 and 7 (D-54 MG) or Days 9 and 10 (D-456 MG), @entity35 randomized by body weight and treated with single-dose melphalan given i.a. at 0.5 or 0.75 mg produced significantly higher median survival (D-54 MG, Days 33 and 32; D-456 MG, Days 52 and 54, respectively) compared with i.a. saline (D-54 MG, Day 14, P < 0.001; D-456 MG, Day 24, P = 0.000) or melphalan given i.v. at 0.75 mg and 0.9 mg (D-54 MG only; Day 19, P < 0.001; Day 23, P < 0.001, respectively) and at 0.5 and 0.75 mg (D-456 MG only; Day 26 for both doses, P = 0.00). Although a dose-dependent increase in median survival (D-54 MG, 0.25 mg, Day 18; 0.5 mg, Day 28.5; 0.75 mg, Day 32.5) was observed with i.a. administered melphalan, no significant difference was apparent between 0.5 and 0.75 mg in either @entity5 model (D-54 MG, P = 0.15; D-456 MG, P = 0.37). @entity137 studies in nontumor-bearing athymic @entity35 yielded a maximum tolerated dose of 0.8 mg for i.a. administered melphalan. This dosage was superior in spite of different xenograft permeabilities (apparent mean blood-to-tissue transport [K] values for @entity13080 , 5.8 for D-54 MG and 1.3 for D-456 MG). Pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated a significant first pass advantage for i.a. (versus i.v.) melphalan. The short plasma half-life, marked antiglioma activity, and lack of requirement for metabolic activation indicate that i.a. melphalan holds considerable promise for @entity1 @entity11 therapy.

title: Intraarterial administration of melphalan for treatment of intracranial @entity1 @entity11 xenografts in athymic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13080 :: ('MESH:C100049', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-aminoisobutyric acid']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant gliomas', 'glioma']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of @entity1 @entity7247 have been reported in urban residents of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo since 1996. We set up a case-control study to identify risk factors for the disease. METHODS: All residents of the urban part of Kinshasa with parasitologically confirmed @entity7247 and presenting for treatment to the city's specialized @entity7247 clinics between 1 August, 2002 and 28 February, 2003 were included as cases. We defined the urban part as the area with contiguous habitation and a population density >5000 inhabitants per square kilometre. A digital map of the area was drawn based on a satellite image. For each case, two serologically negative controls were selected, matched on age, sex and neighbourhood. @entity2357 models were fitted to control for confounding. RESULTS: The following risk factors were independently associated with @entity7247 : travel, commerce and cultivating fields in Bandundu, and commerce and cultivating fields in the rural part of Kinshasa. No association with activities in the city itself was found. DISCUSSION: In 2002, the emergence of @entity7247 in urban residents of Kinshasa appears mainly linked to disease transmission in Bandundu and rural Kinshasa. We recommend to intensify control of these foci, to target @entity7247 screening in urban residents to @entity1 with contact with these foci, to increase awareness of @entity7247 amongst health workers in the urban health structures and to strengthen disease surveillance.

title: XXXX African trypanosomiasis amongst urban residents in Kinshasa: a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity7247 :: ('MESH:D014353', 'Disease') :: ['HAT', 'African trypanosomiasis (HAT) cases']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Logistic regression']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological impact of pEGFP-shVEGF-shTERT-shBcl-xl expression in @entity1 @entity957 xenografted in @entity19 and the related antitumor mechanism. METHODS: A recombinant plasmid vector containing 3 different short hairpin RNA (shRNA) segments including pEGFP-shVEGF-shTERT-shBcl-xl was constructed and directly injected into the grafted @entity5 of @entity1 @entity957 in @entity19 . The mRNA and protein expressions were determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay using a commercial kit. Intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) was assessed by immunhistochemistry. RESULTS: On the 14th days after the final treatment, mRNA and protein expression of @entity7 , @entity2215 , and @entity1836 were markedly suppressed. The @entity5 sizes were significantly smaller than those in the other two group, with an overall @entity5 inhibition ratio of 91.2%. MVD counts in the pEGFP-shVEGF-shTERT-shBcl-xl treated group were significantly lower than those of the other two groups, along with increased apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS: The data showed that inhibition of @entity7 , @entity2215 , @entity1836 expression by RNAi technique induces cellular apoptosis and suppresses the growth of @entity957 in vivo. @entity7 , @entity2215 and @entity1836 may be involved in the development of @entity5 . The findings suggest a @entity5 therapeutic effect through simultaneous inhibition of the three genes. Multi-target RNA interference may provide a powerful strategy against @entity1 @entity5 .

title: [Short hairpin RNA silencing of @entity7 , telomerase reverse transcriptase, and XXXX expression in @entity1 @entity957 xenografted in @entity19 ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'laryngeal cancers', 'synergistic tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal squamous carcinoma', 'laryngeal squamous carcinomas']

answer: @entity1836 :: (598,Gene) :: ['Bcl-xl']


abstract: @entity694 is a rare pathology which hits old @entity1 and is radiologically characterized by dolichocolon and megarectum. It is nearly sure that the unusual length of the whole colon might be the first source of the cathartic disease. @entity384 (megarectum) is due to the extended use of laxatives which induce changes in smooth muscle and in the myenteric nervous plexus. The anatomo-pathological changes of the rectum have been proved so far by histological examination of local and deep biopsy; now, in our opinion, they can be shown by manometry. The authors emphasize the possibility that @entity694 might give episodes of @entity294 and also recurrent @entity1744 limited to the colon and so-called "chronic @entity4391 . They describe a case of this rare pathology admitted and treated in their ward. Gastric and esophageal motility in the @entity1 was normal as was the motility of the upper rectum. Therefore they think that changes resulted from extended use of cathartics. In both cases @entity1 show low manometric pressure, disordered peristalsis and in particular lack of internal anal sphincter relaxation in response to @entity661 . As the occlusive status developed in an old @entity1 (the @entity1 was 81 years old), the authors think that the functional disorders were absent at birth. @entity694 is, in the authors experience, a cause of chronic @entity4391 . Rectal manometry makes it possible to avoid surgical treatment. The therapy of pseudo-occlusion, if correctly diagnosed, consists in endoscopic intubation and decompression of the colon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Validity of ano-rectal manometry in the diagnosis of @entity694 as a cause of chronic XXXX . Considerations on a case].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity4391 :: ('MESH:D003112', 'Disease') :: ['pseudo-obstruction" of the colon', 'pseudo-obstruction of the colon']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Rectal ampulla dilatation']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['high balloon distension']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['Cathartic colon', 'cathartic colon']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstructions']

answer: @entity4391 :: (MESH:D003112,Disease) :: ['pseudo-obstruction of the colon']


abstract: Hypnotizability is associated with a few physiological characteristics also in the normal awake state. Differences in @entity384 ( @entity384 ) have been observed in subjects with high (Highs) or low (Lows) hypnotizability during nociceptive stimulation. @entity384 is largely due to the @entity842 (NO) produced by vascular endothelium through the activity of NO synthase (eNOS). @entity9554 is encoded by the @entity9554 locus. Aim of this pilot study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of @entity9554 involved in NO blood levels and hypnotizability. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the @entity9554 gene were analyzed in the DNA of 24 Highs, 22 Lows, and 61 newborns. Two SNPs, @entity16584 ( @entity16585 ) and @entity16586 ( @entity16587 ), located in the upstream and promoter region of the gene, respectively, showed significant differences between Highs and Lows in allele frequency. Haplotype analysis showed that the newborns were in linkage equilibrium for these SNPs, whereas both Highs and Lows showed linkage disequilibrium. The A-C haplotype (associated with lower NO availability in the general population) was more frequent in Highs, and the T-T haplotype was more frequent in Lows. Thus, the lower @entity384 reduction observed in Highs during nociceptive stimulation, which is indicative of higher NO availability, should be due to greater efficacy of shear stress-related transcriptional factors and/or to lower effects of NOS inhibitory controls. A consequent theoretical proposal concerns the possible role of NO in the brain vessels where, in stimulation conditions, NO diffusion to the extracellular compartment might be involved in hypnotic responding.

title: Promoter polymorphisms of the XXXX gene are associated with hypnotizability-dependent vascular response to nociceptive stimulation.

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['flow-mediated dilation', 'FMD']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity9554 :: (4846,Gene) :: ['NOS3']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Inhibition of @entity2453 ( @entity2453 ) reductase by statins and the subsequent reduction in Rho protein isoprenylation inactivates these important signaling molecules. The purpose of this study was to directly monitor @entity1780 effects on Rho proteins. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used biphasic Triton X-114 system, 1-dimensional isoelectric focusing, and 2D-electrophoresis for the separation of modified and nonmodified Rho proteins. These methods were evaluated in @entity1 fibroblasts treated with @entity3413 . 2D-electrophoresis, which proved to be the most sensitive method, revealed 2 major spots of identical molecular weight but different isoelectric points, with the more basic spot representing the carboxymethylated form of @entity3547 . In control cells, 90% of @entity3547 was fully modified (carboxymethylated). After treatment with @entity3413 , a significant shift toward the unmethylated form was observed, representing inhibition of isoprenylation, which is a prerequisite to further modification. Similar shifts were observed for @entity5180 and @entity5605 . In freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a shift toward nonmodified @entity3547 was observed after treatment with @entity2993 in vitro and in vivo. There was a significant increase in unmethylated @entity3547 in statin-treated individuals versus control individuals. CONCLUSIONS: 2D-electrophoresis is a sensitive method for detecting changes in the amount of nonisoprenylated Rho proteins, allowing monitoring the direct cellular effects of statins.

title: Monitoring the cellular effects of XXXX reductase inhibitors in vitro and ex vivo.

entities_list: @entity3413 :: ('MESH:D019821', 'Chemical') :: ['simvastatin']

entities_list: @entity2993 :: ('MESH:C065179', 'Chemical') :: ['atorvastatin']

entities_list: @entity2453 :: ('MESH:C008047', 'Chemical') :: ['3hydroxy3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A', 'HMG-CoA']

answer: @entity2453 :: (MESH:C008047,Chemical) :: ['HMG-CoA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The post-pubertal association of female gender with @entity74 is a robust finding. However, studies exploring the association of gender and @entity74 before puberty are few and present diverging results. The aim of this study was to present gender-specific incidence rates of @entity74 throughout childhood. METHOD: This is a population-based cohort study of 907  806 Danish 3- to 18-year-olds. The outcome was assignment of an @entity74 diagnosis based on in- @entity1 and out- @entity1 data from The Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Outcome measures were incidence rates and cumulative incidences for @entity308 ( @entity1479 -10: F32-F33), @entity148 ( @entity1479 -10: F40-F42), and @entity74 with onset @entity4806 ( @entity1479 -10: F93). RESULTS: Pre-pubertal incidence rates for @entity308 were higher for @entity1 than @entity1 . At age 12 years the pattern reversed. The cumulative incidence for any @entity74 (F32-F33, F40-F42, F93) on the 11th birthday was 0.52% (95% CI 0.50-0.55) for @entity1 and 0.31% (95% CI 0.29-0.33) for @entity1 . On the 19th birthday cumulative incidence was 2.33% (95% CI 2.24-2.43) for @entity1 and 3.77% (95% CI 3.64-3.90) for @entity1 . The pre-pubertal male preponderance was also significant for @entity308 (F32-F33, p  =  0.00144) and @entity148 (F40-F42, F93, p  <  0.00001) separately. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional disorders seem to display a male preponderance before the age of 12 years and a female preponderance thereafter. Studies exploring this gender-age interaction are needed. Still, the results question the general assumption that females throughout the lifespan are more at risk for @entity74 than males.

title: Gender-age interaction in incidence rates of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorders', 'unipolar depressive disorder', 'depressive and anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity4806 :: ('MESH:D063766', 'Disease') :: ['specific to childhood']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['emotional disorders', 'emotional disorder']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['childhood emotional disorders']


abstract: @entity2718 is well known for causing @entity8307 . Most cases are associated with the use of antimicrobial agents. Non-antibiotic associated @entity1960 has rarely been reported. The causes of @entity1960 are related to dietary changes, anesthesia, @entity5507 , and various non-antibiotics medications, especially antineoplastic agents. Most responsible antineoplastics in previous reports are @entity1499 and 5FU. From July 1993 to August 1994, 34 @entity5 @entity1 developed acute @entity294 after chemotherapy. Six cases hd chemotherapy-associated @entity1960 . All @entity1 presented with moderate to severe @entity294 and demonstrable @entity2718 toxin in fecal specimens and did not receive any antibiotics before the onset of @entity294 . Premier enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used for toxin A assay because it is easy to perform and needs no special tissue culture laboratory facility. Data from multicenters studies have shown good sensitivity and specificity of the test. We found documented antineoplastics associated @entity1960 , 7 episodes from 35 episodes of @entity294 (20.0%) that had been tested with EIA for toxin A. Five of 6 episodes were 5FU related. One @entity1 had 2 episodes of antineoplastic associated @entity1960 with the same chemotherapy regimen. The underlying @entity5 were @entity5 in 3 of 6 @entity1 . In conclusion, moderate to severe @entity294 in @entity5 @entity1 after chemotherapy should alert the physician to be aware of a potential fatal complication caused by @entity2718 infection. True incidence has been undoubtedly masked by concomitant antimicrobial treatment and physician unawareness. Early recognition, discontinuation of chemotherapy and prompt treatment should be done to reduce morbidity and mortality of this disease.

title: XXXX in Chulalongkorn University Hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['GI malignancies', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomembranous colitis']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium difficile', 'C.difficile']

answer: @entity1960 :: (MESH:D003092,Disease) :: ['Antineoplastic-associated colitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty is widely used as a procedure for @entity1843 , the effectiveness of this procedure in @entity75 remains unclear. Our aim was to clarify the surgical efficacy of mosaicplasty for teenage athletes with advanced lesions of @entity1843 . METHODS: From 2001 to 2006, nineteen teenage male @entity1 who were competitive athletes and had advanced lesions of @entity1843 underwent mosaicplasties. The mean age of the @entity1 was 14.2 years. The surgical technique involved obtaining small-sized cylindrical osteochondral grafts with a mean diameter of 3.5 mm from the lateral periphery of the femoral condyle at the level of the patellofemoral joint and transplanting the grafts (mean, 3.3 grafts) to prepared @entity4713 . The @entity1 were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a mean of forty-five months after surgery. RESULTS: Eighteen @entity1 were free from @entity158 , and one had mild @entity158 occasionally. The mean total arc of elbow motion and standard deviation increased significantly from 112      17   preoperatively to 128      12   postoperatively (p < 0.005). The mean clinical score described by Timmerman and Andrews (with a maximum of 200 points) improved significantly from 131    23 points preoperatively to 191    15 points postoperatively (p < 0.0001). All @entity1 except one had an excellent or good clinical result. All donor knees were graded as excellent on the basis of the Lysholm knee scoring system. All @entity1 except two returned to a competitive level of the sport they had previously played. Neither @entity12458 formation nor secondary osteoarthritic changes were found in any @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The current midterm results indicate that mosaicplasty can provide satisfactory clinical outcomes for teenage athletes with advanced @entity1843 .

title: Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty for XXXX of the elbow in teenage athletes: surgical technique.

entities_list: @entity4713 :: ('MESH:D010007', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondral defects']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['elbow lesions']

entities_list: @entity1843 :: ('MESH:D010008', 'Disease') :: ['capitellar osteochondritis dissecans', 'capitellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions', 'osteochondritis dissecans lesions']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'elbow pain']

answer: @entity1843 :: (MESH:D010008,Disease) :: ['osteochondritis dissecans']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity955 ( @entity955 ) is the commonest cardiac @entity943 currently affecting 1-2% of the general population, with @entity64 being one of its most fearsome complications. Dose-adjusted @entity1229 is an established treatment for @entity1031 risk but mandates dietary restrictions and need for routine blood monitoring. Novel oral anticoagulants have recently been introduced that might provide at least equal reduction in @entity1031 risk to @entity1 ; negating the need for dietary restrictions and routine blood tests. The most recent National Institute of Health and Care Excellence, UK guidelines from August 2014 suggest consideration of one of the novel oral anticoagulants if the time in therapeutic range is less than 65%. In this study, the evidence for four novel oral anticoagulants is reviewed and the anticoagulation success with @entity1229 with @entity955 and mechanical heart valves assessed in a large UK District General Hospital. Fifty-eight @entity1 were identified with mechanical heart valve and 2737 @entity1 with @entity955 . . @entity1 with @entity955 had a significantly better @entity20117 when compared with the @entity1 included in the NOAC trials. Our results were similar with the Auricula registry. However, 25% of @entity1 had @entity20117 <65% and they would need to be considered for NOACs. Our data suggest that the degree of benefit seen in the NOAC trials might not be expected in our cohort of @entity1 with @entity955 . Interestingly, our @entity1 with @entity955 had a much better mean @entity20117 of 76.4% and required less INR tests (12/year) compared to @entity1 with mechanical heart valve who had a mean @entity20117 of 61.4% and required more INR tests (26/year).

title: NOAC or @entity1229 for XXXX : does time in therapeutic range matter?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic', 'reduction of thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'Atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['Atrial Fibrillation']


abstract: Older @entity1 with @entity6593 ( @entity6182 ) develop hepatic @entity652 that may undergo malignant transformation. Despite their similarity to oral contraceptive-related @entity99 , only one previous report has even mentioned @entity548 in @entity6182 -related @entity99 . We recently followed a 20-year-old @entity1 with type Ia @entity6182 and a 10 cm focal defect in the left lobe of the liver; angiography suggested that this was a benign @entity652 . At 22 years of age, after an acute symptomatic episode, repeat studies (ultrasonography and angiography) revealed a 2 cm increase in diameter of the @entity99 . Imminent @entity5 rupture was of grave concern; thus the @entity1 was admitted to the hospital and given 2 weeks of constant @entity413 administration by central venous line in the hope of improving her metabolic abnormalities. After resolution of the @entity1003 and @entity209 , the @entity1 safely underwent surgical enucleation of the @entity5 . Pathologic examination of the @entity5 revealed that the @entity1 had indeed hemorrhaged into a typical @entity6594 that had focuses of hepatocellular @entity1141 . She has done well without evidence of @entity5 recurrence for 3 years since the operation. We conclude that @entity548 and malignant transformation are potential complications of @entity6182 -related hepatic @entity652 . This conclusion underscores the importance of following these @entity1 closely as they age. Nocturnal nasogastric feeding should be considered in the hope of preventing a @entity5 or inducing regression. Acute symptomatic attacks should be evaluated promptly for possible @entity5 @entity548 .

title: XXXX into a @entity6594 and type Ia @entity6182 : a case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity6593 :: ('MESH:D005953', 'Disease') :: ['type I glycogen storage disease']

entities_list: @entity6594 :: ('MESH:C564190', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic adenoma']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorders']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic tumors', 'hepatic mass']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['Hemorrhage']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Interfering with the activation of receptor for AGE ( @entity4283 ) by using a soluble form of the AGE receptor (sRAGE) prevents or ameliorates the @entity455 of @entity6 in experimental studies. Relatively little is known about factors that influence endogenous circulating sRAGE in @entity1 . We investigated the impact of improving glycaemic control on serum total sRAGE and endogenous secretory @entity4283 (esRAGE), a splice variant of sRAGE, and compared the effect of @entity6170 with that of @entity4136 . METHODS: A randomised, open-label, parallel group study was performed with 64 @entity1 randomised to receive add-on therapy with either @entity6170 or @entity4136 . Serum total sRAGE and esRAGE and metabolic parameters were measured before and after 6 months of treatment. RESULTS: At 6 months, both @entity6170 and @entity4136 resulted in a significant reduction in HbA(1c), fasting @entity413 and AGE. However, significant increases in total sRAGE and esRAGE were only seen in the @entity6170 group. As a result, serum esRAGE was higher in the @entity6170 group than in the @entity4136 group at 6 months (p < 0.01), whereas the differences in sRAGE between the two groups did not reach statistical significance. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that treatment modality made a greater contribution than the changes in HbA(1c) to the subsequent changes in esRAGE levels at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Treating type 2 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity12585 can increase circulating levels of esRAGE and sRAGE. Whether modulation of circulating sRAGE has a beneficial effect on @entity6 complications will have to be evaluated in long-term prospective studies.

title: XXXX increases serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products in type 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular complications']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity12585 :: ('MESH:C089946', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazolidinedione']

entities_list: @entity4136 :: ('CHEBI:26831', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea']

entities_list: @entity6170 :: ('MESH:C089730', 'Chemical') :: ['rosiglitazone']

answer: @entity12585 :: (MESH:C089946,Chemical) :: ['Thiazolidinedione']


abstract: Interventional procedures, whether markings or core biopsies, are very important for clarifying non-palpable @entity1558 . Both at present as well as in future--in the age of breast screening--such methods must be used more and more. Although breast screening is not carried out on an organized basis in our country, it is gaining importance. Currently there is a covert screening in progress and @entity1 are availing this facility to an increasing extent. Various organisations including the @entity227 have arisen the interest of the population. An increase in diagnostic studies is being flanked by an increase in surgical activity. As a result, on the one hand a larger number of small @entity189 as well as benign lesions are being operated. This has brought the cost-bearers, i.e. all of us, to the limits of what can be done. Surgery costs money. One solution to the problem is preoperative marking which is used in all @entity1 suspected of @entity189 , and the other is core biopsy which is used in lesions that appear benign on X-rays. Radiologically benign lesions are not histological diagnoses. Although a well trained radiologist will make the correct diagnosis in 95 to 98% of cases, the possibility of error is still 2 to 50%. In the light of this knowledge, it would appear logical to operate all apparently benign lesions. However, a more intensive use of bioptic procedures is a solution to this problem. To compare costs: Surgery for clarification of a lesion involves a hospital stay of about 3 days while bioptic studies can be carried out on an outpatient basis. Besides, surgery costs 2 to 3 times more than bioptic studies, depending on the hospital and the bioptic material used. A core biopsy needle costs about two-thirds the price of a rotating cannula. However, it should be emphasized that core biopsy is not a method of treatment and will never be one. It should remain a diagnostic procedure, although small lesions may well be aspirated by this method. The ABBI systems is intended to be a therapeutic method. At present, no final statement can be made about the utility of this procedure.

title: [Results of stereotactic guidance of breast excisional biopsy versus stereotactic core biopsy in occult XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['press and audio-visual media']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast lesions']

answer: @entity1558 :: (MESH:D001941,Disease) :: ['breast lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1939 and @entity227 remains a major public health issue not only in rural but also in urban areas. Concept of using peripheral health centers to render primary health care services to the community was a WHO proposed model. However, establishing them in urban slums is a challenge as most of the slums are illegal establishments. So, aim was to establish @entity227 centers for providing primary eye care services in the urban slums of Mumbai, @entity739 . METHODS: Vision centers were established in various slum pockets of Mumbai from the year 2008 till 2009. Refraction and screening for ocular morbidity were carried out for those who attended this center and management for uncorrected @entity2516 was done. RESULTS: Data from 6 such @entity227 centers located in various slum pockets of Mumbai city from April 9 to March 2011 were collected and analyzed. Of the 19,550 adults, 2270 (11.61%) had moderate @entity227 with presenting visual acuity of <0.5 LogMAR in both eyes. Severe @entity227 was seen in (723) 3.70%. @entity1939 was seen in (357) 1.82%. Of the 2993, which were moderately and severely visually impaired, 1893 subjects that is, 63.24% of them improved to 0.2 LogMAR or better with spectacle correction. CONCLUSIONS: About 63.24% of @entity227 was due to uncorrected @entity2516 , these included both moderately and severely @entity227 impaired. Totally, 357 (1.82%) were also identified as blind. This model of @entity227 centers has a role in the identification and management of sight-threatening problems.

title: A novel strategy for management of uncorrected XXXX in urban slums.

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['Blindness']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['West India']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['Vision impairment', 'vision', 'vision impairment', 'Visual impairment', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive errors']

answer: @entity2516 :: (MESH:D012030,Disease) :: ['refractive errors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity158 is a common complaint after day surgery, and there is still a controversy surrounding the use of selective @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) inhibitors. In the present prospective, randomized, double-blind study we compared @entity158 management with a selective ( @entity3840 ) inhibitor ( @entity14296 ) with @entity158 management using sustained-release @entity1340 after elective hallux valgus surgery. METHODS: One hundred ASA 1 to 2 female @entity1 were randomized into 2 groups of 50 @entity1 each; oral @entity14296 120 mg x 1 x IV + 90 mg x 1 x day V-VII and oral @entity1340 sustained-release 100 mg x 2 x VII. @entity158 , @entity158 relief, satisfaction with @entity158 management, and need for rescue medication were evaluated during the first 7 postoperative days. A computed tomography scan evaluating bone @entity446 was performed 12 weeks after surgery. A clinical evaluation of outcome ( @entity446 , mobility, and @entity1 -assessed satisfaction) was performed 16 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Two @entity1 withdrew before discharge from the hospital. Ninety-eight @entity1 , 81 ASA 1 and 17 ASA 2 (82 nonsmokers and 14 smokers), mean age 49 years (19-65), weight 64 (47-83) kg, and height 167 (154-183) cm were evaluated. Overall @entity158 was well managed, but the mean visual analog scale (VAS) was significantly lower among @entity14296 @entity1 evaluated during the entire 7-day period studied (12.5 + or - 8.3 vs. 17.3 + or - 11, P < 0.05). @entity1 's grading of @entity158 relief (92 + or - 12 vs. 85 + or - 15, P < 0.05) and satisfaction with @entity158 medication (47/49 vs. 39/49, P < 0.05) was higher among @entity14296 @entity1 . @entity1 receiving @entity1340 reported significantly more side effects. Six @entity1 , all in the @entity1340 group, discontinued the study because of side effects (P < 0.05). At 14-day follow-up 1 @entity1 in the @entity14296 group and 5 @entity1 in the @entity1340 group exhibited minor irritation in the wound area. The 12-week computed tomography scan showed good @entity446 in 82 @entity1 , 43 in the @entity14296 group, and 39 in the @entity1340 group. The study found ongoing @entity446 in 11 @entity1 , 4 in the @entity14296 group and 7 in the @entity1340 group. The 16-week @entity1 -assessed Health Profile Quality of life revealed high @entity1 satisfaction overall; 47 @entity1 in each study group rated the outcome as satisfactory and the mean change in the @entity1 -assessed quality of life VAS score was 6.2 and 2.6 for the @entity14296 and @entity1340 groups, respectively. Clinical follow-up at 16 weeks showed high functionality and no signs or symptoms of improper @entity446 in any @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity14296 was found to be more effective and associated with fewer side effects in comparison with @entity1340 sustained release as a component of multimodel analgesia after elective hallux valgus surgery. There were no signs of @entity79 associated with the use of @entity14296 .

title: XXXX management after elective hallux valgus surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind study comparing @entity14296 and @entity1340 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1340 :: ('MESH:D014147', 'Chemical') :: ['tramadol']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['impaired wound or bone healing']

entities_list: @entity14296 :: ('MESH:C422649', 'Chemical') :: ['etoricoxib', 'Etoricoxib']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['Pain']


abstract: The @entity1 embryonal lung fibroblasts used in this study showed a pronounced inhibition of growth when reaching a critical cell density. This effect has been mimicked by the addition of @entity3584 -fixed @entity1 fibroblasts to sparsely seeded growing cells. Inhibition of growth was not observed when @entity3584 -fixed cells were pretreated with galactosidase or with @entity3649 -specific lectins, or when @entity3584 -fixed @entity1 or @entity95 erythrocytes were added to the proliferating fibroblasts. In addition, @entity3584 -fixed mitotic cells were without effect on the proliferation, while cells prepared from sparse culture had lesser potency than cells prepared from confluent cultures. Plasma membranes, isolated from cells of confluent cultures, when added to growing cultures of @entity1 fibroblasts inhibited DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, plasma membranes isolated from sparsely seeded cells had only minor inhibitory potency. When the plasma membranes were isolated from cells treated previously with @entity2425 , an antibiotic which inhibits the synthesis of the oligosaccharide portion of @entity2734 -linked glycoproteins, the inhibitory effect was abolished. The same effect was observed when plasma membranes were pretreated with galactosidase. These data indicate that the growth of cells in vitro is regulated by specific cell-cell contacts. They also show that one of the molecular reactants in this process are membrane glycoproteins with @entity2734 -linked oligosaccharides.

title: Involvement of plasma membrane glycoproteins in the contact-dependent inhibition of growth of XXXX fibroblasts.

entities_list: @entity2425 :: ('MESH:D014415', 'Chemical') :: ['tunicamycin']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity2734 :: ('CHEBI:17196', 'Chemical') :: ['asparagine']

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A pathophysiological study of the pulmonary vasculature in 10 @entity1 with @entity3618 and severe @entity1224 (five treated and five untreated with long-term @entity26 ) is presented. The media of muscular pulmonary arteries was normal or @entity3202 but, in the intima, there was active deposition of @entity121 , @entity82 and @entity2652 . In the arterioles a medical coat of circular smooth muscle bounded by a new internal elastic lamina had developed, while there was deposition of @entity121 and @entity82 in the intima. In five cases the lumen was subdivided into parallel tubes, found by serial section to lead into @entity8025 . These features are distinctive of hypoxaemia and @entity1224 . Changes continued until @entity204 . The conspicuous @entity121 may be attributable to stretching of vessels round distorted terminal airways; further exploration into mechanisms is required. The hypothesis that vascular changes follow hypoxic vasoconstriction is no longer tenable. No correlations were found between quantitative pathological findings and arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary artery pressure or haematocrit. There were no differences between @entity1 treated or not treated with @entity26 which might suggest that it arrests pathological changes. Thus, once a @entity1 is given @entity26 , survival probably depends as much on progressive mechanical changes in the lung as on continuing hypoxaemia.

title: A pathophysiological study of 10 cases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['elastosis']

entities_list: @entity3618 :: ('MESH:D011660', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic cor pulmonale']

entities_list: @entity8025 :: ('MESH:C536590', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar capillaries']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal muscle']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airways obstruction', 'obstructive airways disease']

answer: @entity3618 :: (MESH:D011660,Disease) :: ['hypoxic cor pulmonale']