abstract: High serum levels of @entity7 ( @entity7 ) are a poor prognostic factor for @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). We have previously shown that low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 and 13-cis @entity1968 (RA) decreased @entity7 and improved the immune function of @entity1 with advanced @entity5 treated with chemotherapy. The primary end point of this study was to verify whether @entity1199 and RA decreased serum @entity7 in @entity1149 @entity1 showing a clinical benefit from chemotherapy. The secondary end point was the evaluation of clinical outcome. We treated 38 @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 who had a complete or partial response or disease stability to chemotherapy and had a median serum @entity7 level of 508 ng/mL; as maintenance therapy, they received subcutaneous @entity1199 (1.8 x 10(6) IU) and oral RA. Matched controls (n = 87) were selected from a large cohort of @entity1 with a similar disease status, including clinical benefit from chemotherapy. The most common adverse events were mild @entity1910 and @entity221 . Serum @entity7 decreased to a mean level of 152 ng/mL (P = 0.0002). A statistically significant improvement in immune function was observed (lymphocyte and natural killer cell numbers and CD4+/CD8+ ratio) with respect to baseline values and controls. An improvement in the clinical outcome was also observed compared with controls. These data show that the administration of low-dose subcutaneous @entity1199 and oral RA to @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 showing a clinical benefit from chemotherapy is feasible with a low- @entity137 profile, decreases @entity7 , and seems to improve progression-free and overall survival.

title: Multicenter phase 2 study of @entity1199 and 13-cis XXXX as maintenance therapy in advanced @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous skin rash']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity1968 :: (MESH:D014212,Chemical) :: ['retinoic acid']


abstract: Two functional @entity1 @entity1977 pyrophosphatase ( @entity35113 ; EC 3.6.1.23) cDNAs were isolated from a cDNA expression library by genetic complementation in @entity526 . These cDNAs differed in size but exhibited a common overlapping DNA sequence. Contained within this sequence was a single long open reading frame sufficient to encode a polypeptide of 141 @entity1522 with a calculated molecular mass of 16.6 kDa. The @entity535 sequence of this protein exhibits 35% identity with the @entity526 @entity35113 and 53% identity with the @entity375 enzyme. The @entity1 @entity35113 was found to contain five characteristics @entity535 sequence motifs that are common to the dUTPases of @entity526 , @entity375 , and herpesviruses and to @entity35113 -like sequences encoded by some retrovirus gag and pol genes. A high degree of @entity535 sequence identity (greater than 60%) was also observed between the @entity1 @entity35113 and the putative pseudoproteases of two poxviruses, indicating that these virus proteins are dUTPases. Northern hybridization analysis reveals that @entity35113 is encoded by at least two species of poly(A)+ mRNA and possibly a third, smaller species. All of these mRNAs are present in a variety of @entity1 tissues but their relative levels vary between tissues. Southern analysis indicates that the @entity35113 gene has been conserved to some extent throughout vertebrate evolution; however, the gene may be very large, or its organization somewhat complex in some systems. We suggest that @entity35113 may generally perform an essential role in DNA replication and therefore could serve as a target enzyme for the development of chemotherapeutic compounds.

title: XXXX @entity1977 pyrophosphatase: cDNA sequence and potential biological importance of the enzyme.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: The presence of a positive @entity99 B surface antigen (HBsAg) has been considered a highly questionable indication for orthotopic liver transplantation. We report our experience in the treatment of HBsAg-positive @entity97 -DNA-negative cirrhotics with liver transplantation, whether or not followed by passive prophylaxis with specific immunoglobulins. Of the 123 cirrhotics who received transplants at our institution since May 1986, 39 (31.7%) were HBsAg positive; of these, 1 was @entity97 -DNA positive, and 4 were @entity99 Be antigen (HBeAg) positive. Since April 1991, 25 HBsAg-positive @entity97 -DNA-negative cirrhotics have undergone an original protocol with the periodical intramuscular administration of 5,000 IU of specific immunoglobulins starting in the anhepatic phase and lasting for at least 1 year. There were no differences among cirrhotics in terms of operative mortality and long-term survival with respect to the presence of the HBsAg. Of the 35 HBsAg-positive @entity97 -DNA-negative @entity1 having a follow-up of 1 month or longer, 12 (34.3%) developed HBsAg recurrence; of them, 4 (33.3%) had received a complete prophylaxis, whereas 8 (66.7%) had not. The recurrence rate was 80% (8 out of 10) in the group of @entity1 who had not received the prophylaxis and 16% (4 out of 25) in the group who had received the prophylaxis (P = .0003). The actuarial recurrence rate in the treated @entity1 was 20.2% and 20.2% after 1 and 3 years, respectively, whereas in the untreated group it was 60.0% and 70.0% (P < .01). The hazard of recurrence of treated @entity1 was reduced to 24.9% compared with untreated @entity1 . Liver transplantation can be performed in HBsAg-positive @entity97 DNA negative @entity1 without an increase in the operative risk or a worsening of long-term results. Immunoglobulin prophylaxis seems to be effective in preventing @entity99 recurrence after transplantation.

title: Liver transplantation in HBsAg-positive XXXX -DNA--negative cirrhotics: immunoprophylaxis and long-term outcome.

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity97 :: (10407,Species) :: ['HBV']


abstract: In this study we investigated the co-stimulatory signaling capacity of diverse proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) for @entity19 resting @entity1961 + T cells and @entity630 clone cells, activated by immobilized anti- @entity5168 mAb. ECM proteins used in various concentrations had no effect on @entity2047 production or proliferation of highly purified @entity1961 + T cell populations. When the preparation of @entity1961 + T cells contained contaminating accessory cells, @entity2047 secretion and proliferation was enhanced in the presence of co-immobilized collagens or fibronectin. However, the level of proliferation attainable by added irradiated splenocytes was not reached. Using @entity630 cell clone M4, enhanced production of @entity2047 in the presence of immobilized ECM proteins was observed. At a submitogenic anti- @entity5168 mAb dose, proliferation of M4 T cells was augmented by the ECM proteins in a concentration range that optimally induced @entity2047 production. @entity3783 @entity20081 was up-regulated on M4 T cells by collagen type IV and fibronectin to the same level that was induced by exogenously added @entity2047 , whereas added accessory cells induced a higher level of @entity3783 55 expression. Likewise, in dot-blot analysis a comparable quantity of @entity3783 @entity20081 - and @entity3721 -specific transcripts was induced by collagen type IV or fibronectin and by @entity2047 , which was lower than that induced by antigen-presenting cells. Our data suggest that the enhanced proliferation of M4 T cells induced by ECM proteins is not the consequence of direct up-regulation of @entity3783 , but appears to be due indirectly to elevated secretion of @entity2047 . At an optimal anti- @entity5168 mAb dose the collagens inhibited M4 T cell proliferation. Diminished cell surface expression of @entity3783 55 following stimulation with anti- @entity5168 mAb plus collagen type IV compared with anti- @entity5168 mAb alone was observed and may be responsible for growth inhibition.

title: Modulation of proliferation and lymphokine secretion of @entity19 XXXX + T cells and cloned @entity630 cells by proteins of the extracellular matrix.

answer: @entity1961 :: (12504(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD4']


abstract: The authors reported their experience with the use of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow rescue (ABMR) as salvage therapy in the treatment of @entity1 with recurrent and refractory primary @entity10711 (PMGCT). Since 1987, the authors have treated 12 @entity1 with PMGCT with high-dose @entity3003 (1500 mg/m2 to 1800 mg/m2) and @entity2879 (1200 mg/m2 to 1350 mg/m2) (in two @entity1 @entity1260 [10 g/m2] was added) with ABMR. @entity1 were either in second relapse or @entity900 refractory (progression within 4 weeks of last @entity900 dosing). They had received a median of two prior chemotherapy regimens (range, one to three), all had had prior @entity900 therapy, and most had failed @entity1260 -based therapy. Six @entity1 were @entity900 refractory and of these only one achieved a partial response (PR) that was of short duration. It was planned that all @entity1 would undergo two rounds of therapy; however, only 5 of 12 @entity1 received two courses. The remainder had only one round of therapy either because of inadequate response (three @entity1 ) or excessive @entity137 (four @entity1 ). There were four @entity1 who died in the peritransplant period due to @entity295 (two @entity1 ) or @entity548 (two @entity1 ). The median survival of the group was 107 days (range, 14 days to 347 days). No @entity1 achieved a complete remission, but there were six partial remissions, four with stable disease, and two with progressive disease. The use of high-dose @entity3003 and @entity2879 with or without @entity1260 and ABMR was not effective in the treatment of this group of @entity1 with PMGCT who were in second relapse or @entity900 refractory.

title: Salvage therapy with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow support in the treatment of primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity10711 :: ('MESH:C537844', 'Disease') :: ['nonseminomatous mediastinal germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity10711 :: (MESH:C537844,Disease) :: ['nonseminomatous mediastinal germ cell tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We retrospectively query the clinical records of @entity1 with cervical @entity5040 to distinguish the clinical features of those presenting with symptomatic @entity1282 and @entity1224 . STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of all @entity1 presenting over a 20-year period (1985 to 2005) with the diagnosis of cervical @entity5040 and @entity1282 with or without airway compromise. Two hundred thirty-four @entity1 were identified at Marshfield Clinic between 1985 and 2005; 9 (3.8%) met criteria for inclusion. RESULTS: Eight of nine @entity1 presented with @entity1282 . Three of nine @entity1 presented with acute @entity1224 requiring intubation and tracheotomy. @entity5040 occurred at multiple levels, with C4, C5, and C6 being most commonly involved. Surgical decompression resulted in complete resolution of symptoms in four of five @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Although commonly found and usually asymptomatic in the older population, anterior cervical @entity5040 can be a source of considerable morbidity and potential life-threatening @entity1224 . Recognizing this clinical entity is imperative in establishing a diagnosis and initiating appropriate treatment. Surgical decompression appears to be beneficial in relieving symptoms.

title: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a rare cause of XXXX , @entity1224 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5040 :: ('MESH:D054850', 'Disease') :: ['Osteophytes', 'osteophytes']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity1282 :: (MESH:D003680,Disease) :: ['Dysphagia']


abstract: In the immunohistochemical staining of nerve growth factor, it has been reported that fixation-dependent lability of nerve growth factor hampers its localization. In the present study, we used two different polyclonal antibodies to immunostain nerve growth factor in @entity35 brain tissue. We found that in @entity1604 -fixed (immersion- or perfusion-fixed) brains, nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity was located primarily in the cytoplasmic membrane and fiber tract of hippocampal neurons and was sparse in cortical neurons. When fresh frozen brain sections were fixed in @entity1604 solution, nerve-growth factor-like immunoreactivity was distributed evenly in the cell body. However, when fresh frozen brain sections were fixed in @entity1324 , immunoreactivity to nerve growth factor was present as discrete or confluent dense particles in the cell body, especially in the nuclear region. Also, when @entity1604 -perfusion-fixed brain sections were heat treated in salt solution before immunostaining, nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity could be retrieved in the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions. The hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex and basal forebrain expressed nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity. Double immunostaining in fresh frozen brains showed that the @entity11451 ( @entity11451 ) co-expressed with nerve growth factor and @entity3249 proto-oncogene in basal forebrain neurons. Our study shows that @entity406 fixation can mask nerve growth factor antigen, and special treatment, such as heating, is needed to retrieve nerve growth factor antigen to permit immunohistochemical detection. For immunohistochemical study of nerve growth factor in @entity35 brain tissue, successful immunostaining can be obtained by using fresh frozen brains to prevent the masking effect of fixatives or by using @entity1604 -fixed brains with heat treatment. It is likely that nerve growth factor is synthesized and accumulated mainly in the cell body but not in the fiber tracts, which is similar to the distribution of its messenger RNA. The co-existence of @entity11451 with nerve growth factor and @entity3249 in basal forebrain neurons suggests the role of low- and high-affinity receptors in regulating the trophic effect of nerve growth factor.

title: Localization of nerve growth factor, @entity3249 and @entity11451 immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation and basal forebrain of adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity11451 :: ('24596(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['p75', 'low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity1604 :: ('MESH:C003043', 'Chemical') :: ['paraformaldehyde']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hearing, which is often still clinically useful at presentation even with larger @entity5 , is a major determinant of quality of life in @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ) @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: To present the hearing preservation rate after surgery in @entity1 with large (>or=3 cm) VSs and identify clinical or radiologic predictors of hearing preservation. METHODS: From April 2003 to March 2009, 192 @entity1 underwent resection of a @entity5513 , including 46 large (>or=3 cm) @entity5 , of whom 28 had serviceable hearing preoperatively. Six of 28 @entity1 (21.4%) had preserved hearing postoperatively. RESULTS: Mean @entity5 diameter was 3.6 cm (range, 3.0-5.0 cm) and @entity5 volume was 17.2 mL (range, 6.9-45.2 mL). For @entity1 with grade A Sanna-Fukushima hearing, the hearing preservation rate was 4 of 11 (36.4%). Complete resection was achieved in 6 of 6 cases with hearing preservation (41/47 for all @entity1 ). Six of 6 @entity1 with preserved hearing had a cerebrospinal fluid cleft in the internal auditory canal (IAC) compared with 9 of 16 @entity1 without preoperative hearing and 9 of 20 for @entity1 with serviceable hearing that was lost postoperatively (P=.045). Six of 6 @entity1 with preserved hearing had less than 35% of the @entity5 anterior to the @entity2270 of the IAC compared with 13 of 20 in the serviceable hearing that was lost group (P=.036). CONCLUSION: Our series demonstrates hearing preservation is possible for @entity1 with large VSs and should be attempted in all @entity1 with preoperative hearing. The quality of preoperative hearing, a cerebrospinal fluid cleft at the apex of the IAC, and a smaller proportion of @entity5 anterior to the IAC were positively associated with hearing preservation.

title: Hearing preservation after microsurgical resection of large XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VS', 'vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal axis']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe factors that influence parent-clinician partnerships in information exchange and @entity5516 ( @entity5516 ) when @entity1 with special health care needs are referred to subspecialists. METHODS: We conducted focus groups with parents of @entity1 with special health care needs and pediatric primary care and subspecialty clinicians about how to include parents as partners in information exchange and @entity5516 . Five parent and 5 clinician groups were held to identify themes to inform the development of interventions to promote parent partnerships; evaluate a prototype referral care plan and related parent supports as one example of a partnership tool; and compare the views of parents and clinicians. We used investigator triangulation and member checking to improve validity. RESULTS: Nineteen parents and 23 clinicians participated. Parents discussed partnerships more easily than clinicians did, though clinicians offered more ideas as sessions progressed. Parents and clinicians agreed on the importance of 3-way communication and valued primary care involvement in all stages of referral and consultation. @entity5516 was seen by all as important; clinicians cited difficulties inherent in discussing unclear options, while parents cited insufficient information as a barrier to understanding. Use of a brief referral care plan, with parent @entity15285 , was embraced by all parents and most clinicians. Clinicians cited time pressures and interference with work flow as potential barriers to its use. CONCLUSIONS: Parents and clinicians endorse partnership in referrals, though relatively greater enthusiasm from parents may signal the need for work in implementing this partnership. Use of a care plan to support parent engagement appears promising as a partnership tool.

title: Parent partnerships in communication and decision making about subspecialty referrals for XXXX with special needs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity5516 :: ('MESH:D020195', 'Disease') :: ['shared decision making', 'SDM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety of open-label 2.0% @entity15438 as monotherapy and when used with @entity6839 and/or @entity2134 for as long as 2 years. METHODS: The safety of @entity15438 was evaluated in @entity1 with @entity1538 or @entity2790 over a 2-year period. The incidence of the most common drug-related adverse experiences in the first year was compared with that in the second year using McNemar's test. The ocular @entity551 effect of @entity15438 as monotherapy and with adjunctive therapy was assessed using percent change in intraocular pressure (IOP) from baseline. RESULTS: Of the 304 @entity1 enrolled, 164 (53.9%) continued to receive @entity15438 as monotherapy for 2 years and 140 (46.1%) required add-on therapy. Add-on therapy was initiated by month 6 in 112 of these 140 @entity1 (80%). Of the 304 @entity1 , 202 (66.4%) completed 2 years of therapy. Of the @entity1 who received @entity15438 as monotherapy, drug-related adverse events occurred more frequently during the first year (29.7%) than the second year (13.8%), and the most common ocular drug-related adverse events included @entity2024 , @entity11350 , @entity2024 , and eyelid @entity4 . After 2 years of therapy, the mean percent decrease in peak IOP was 22.8% for @entity1 receiving @entity15438 monotherapy and 31.2% to 36.0% for @entity1 receiving add-on therapy. CONCLUSION: @entity15438 was generally well tolerated for up to 2 years as monotherapy and when used with @entity6839 and/or @entity2134 . Drug-related adverse events were less frequent during the second year of monotherapy than during the first year. Most @entity1 who required add-on therapy did so within the first 6 months of initiating @entity15438 therapy.

title: Two-year safety study of @entity15438 as monotherapy and with XXXX and @entity2134 . @entity15438 Safety Study Group.

entities_list: @entity11350 :: ('MESH:D005126', 'Disease') :: ['burning/stinging eye']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity15438 :: ('MESH:C062765', 'Chemical') :: ['dorzolamide', 'Dorzolamide']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['follicular conjunctivitis', 'conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity6839 :: (MESH:D013999,Chemical) :: ['timolol']


abstract: The @entity2597 ( @entity2597 ), also called @entity1413 ( @entity1413 ), represent a heterogeneous group of immunologically mediated @entity32 with a large variety of affected organs. Individuals with a @entity5939 ( @entity309 , @entity1252 , @entity785 , Sj  gren's syndrome, @entity6558 / @entity6017 and @entity2406 ) are susceptible to respiratory involvement. When the lungs are affected, an increasing mortality and morbidity in @entity1413 occurs. @entity401 ( @entity401 ) is established as a clinical corollary across the spectrum of @entity2597 , with an overall incidence estimated at 15%. Therefore, pivotal clinical dilemmas remain in the evaluation and management of @entity401 involvement in @entity1413 . Critical questions are the presence of @entity82 and whether the disease is clinically significant. Moreover, the clinician has to decide if treatment is warranted and which is the best therapeutic approach. The use of additional tests, such as pulmonary function tests, high-resolution computed tomography scan, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and surgical lung biopsy, deserves better discussion. The present review focuses on establishing the diagnosis of @entity401 in @entity5939 , and on evaluating disease activity and prognosis. This will provide the basis for therapeutic decisions that will be discussed, including an overview of recent advances.

title: Pivotal clinical dilemmas in XXXX associated with interstitial lung involvement.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disorders']

entities_list: @entity2597 :: ('MESH:D003240', 'Disease') :: ['CTDs', 'connective tissue disorders']

entities_list: @entity2406 :: ('MESH:D008947', 'Disease') :: ['mixed connective tissue disease']

entities_list: @entity6017 :: ('MESH:D003882', 'Disease') :: ['dermatomyositis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity6558 :: ('MESH:D017285', 'Disease') :: ['polymyositis']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['ILD', 'Interstitial lung disease']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['CVDs', 'collagen vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity1413 :: (MESH:D003095,Disease) :: ['collagen vascular diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 on @entity34 ( @entity34 ) for @entity170 prevention rather than menopausal symptom control may be asymptomatic, despite inadequate replacement and low serum @entity53 (E2) levels. In the primary health care setting, therapeutic monitoring of @entity34 is not carried out routinely so that patients with serum E2 levels inadequate to protect bone may be missed. AIM: To determine the proportion of @entity1 on transdermal E2 preparations with serum E2 levels insufficient to protect bone and to assess the value of a questionnaire-derived @entity1109 ( @entity1109 ) for detecting these @entity1 . METHOD: A cross-sectional analysis of 45 @entity1 aged 35-70 years using transdermal E2 preparations obtained from a computer register of 14500 @entity1 in a suburban practice. One blood sample was obtained from each @entity1 at the time the @entity1109 questionnaire was completed. Serum E2 concentration was measured using a fluoroimmunoassay and compared with the @entity1109 . Levels below 150 pmol/l were considered to be insufficient to protect bone. The diagnostic accuracy of the @entity1109 in screening for levels below 150 pmol/l was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The median (95% CI) serum E2 was 147 pmol/l (126-198 pmol/l) and levels were below 150 pmol/l in 24 out of 45 @entity1 . There was no difference in the @entity1109 (median, 95% CI) between those with serum E2 < 150 pmol/l (8.5, 5.0-17) and > or = 150 pmol/l (9.0, 5.0-14; P = 0.477). The degree of association between the serum E2 and the @entity1109 , using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient, rs (95% CI) was small and not significant (-0.04, -0.34 to 0.26; P = 0.398). ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve (95% CI) of 0.51 (0.33-0.68). CONCLUSIONS: More than half the @entity1 were inadequately replaced to protect against @entity170 . Furthermore, the @entity1109 was of no value in screening for those with low serum E2 levels. Serum E2 levels should be monitored in @entity1 on @entity34 for @entity170 prevention and the E2 dosage adjusted accordingly.

title: Adequacy of @entity34 for @entity170 prevention assessed by serum XXXX measurement, and the degree of association with menopausal symptoms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['MSS', 'menopausal symptom score']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['HRT', 'hormone replacement therapy']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['oestradiol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Both @entity284 - and @entity4783 -treated opioid-dependent @entity1 frequently show @entity73 in @entity2414 . However, no study has compared these @entity1 groups with each other during early opioid substitution treatment (OST). Therefore, we investigated @entity2414 of opioid-dependent @entity1 within six weeks after the introduction of OST in a naturalistic setting and compared to those of healthy controls. METHODS: The sample included 16 @entity284 -, 17 @entity4783 / @entity1510 -treated @entity1 , and 17 healthy controls matched for sex and age. In both groups @entity4783 was the main opioid of abuse during the recent month. @entity1245 codependence, recent use, and comedication were also common in both @entity1 groups. Analysis of variance was used to study the overall group effect in each cognitive test. Pair-wise group comparisons were made, when appropriate RESULTS: @entity284 -treated @entity1 , as a group, had significantly slower simple @entity137 ( @entity137 ) compared to @entity4783 / @entity1510 -treated @entity1 . In Go/ @entity14841 @entity137 @entity284 @entity1 were significantly slower than controls. Both @entity1 groups were significantly debilitated compared to controls in working memory and verbal list learning. Only @entity284 @entity1 were @entity75 to controls in story recall. In simple @entity137 and delayed story recall @entity4783 / @entity1510 @entity1 with current @entity1245 medication (n = 13) were superior to @entity284 @entity1 with current @entity1245 medication (n = 13). When @entity284 @entity1 were divided into two groups according to their mean dose, the @entity1 group with a low dose (mean 40 mg, n = 8) showed significantly faster simple @entity137 than the high dose group (mean 67 mg, n = 8). CONCLUSION: Deficits in attention may only be present in @entity284 -treated early phase OST @entity1 and may be dose-dependent. Working @entity2414 is common in both @entity1 groups. Verbal @entity2414 may be more pronounced in @entity284 -treated @entity1 than in @entity4783 / @entity1510 -treated @entity1 . In sum, to preserve cognitive function in early OST, the use of @entity4783 / @entity1510 may be more preferable to @entity284 use of, at least if @entity4783 has been recently abused and when @entity1245 comedication is used. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate if the better performance of @entity4783 / @entity1510 -treated @entity1 is a relatively permanent effect or reflects "only" transient opioid switching effect.

title: @entity284 vs. @entity4783 / XXXX during early opioid substitution treatment: a naturalistic comparison of cognitive performance relative to healthy controls.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['reaction time', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['inferior']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity4783 :: ('MESH:D002047', 'Chemical') :: ['buprenorphine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['Methadone', 'methadone']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory deficit', 'attention, working memory, and verbal memory']

answer: @entity1510 :: (MESH:D009270,Chemical) :: ['naloxone']


abstract: Both @entity1286 (M) and @entity1510 (NL) have been reported to have @entity143 receptor blocking effects, regarded as the reason of opiate physical dependence development. On the other hand, @entity2227 ( @entity367 ) has been known to induce the contraction of isolated @entity840 ileum via @entity934 release. Therefore, different concentrations of M or NL were investigated on the 1 mM @entity367 -induced contraction of isolated @entity840 ileum fixed at a resting tension of 1 g in isolated organ bath. The mean value (359.3 +/- 20 mg) of the @entity367 -elicited contraction force was significantly reduced (318.4 +/- 19.4) by 25 nM M concentration in the medium. Consequently, 500 and 750 nM M caused further decreases in a rather dose-dependent manner (270.8 +/- 17.4 and 167.8 +/- 16.5 mg, respectively). One micromolar M contraction nearly abolished (8.0 +/- 8.2 mg) the @entity367 -induced contraction. A similar effect was obtained with the @entity1510 concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 50 microM. In addition, NL has been shown to elicit the contraction of the isolated M-dependent @entity840 ileum. In the present study, 20- and 30-microM NL concentrations in the bathing medium caused the contraction of the ileum made M-dependent by preincubation with M (333.0 +/- 32.4 and 309.5 +/- 17.7 mg, respectively). These contraction forces were significantly reduced when the NL concentration was increased to 40 microM. And, 50 microM NL concentration not only failed to induce contraction but caused a relaxation (-10.6 +/- 2.3) as well. The results were considered supporting evidence for the fact that both M and NL are @entity143 receptor blockers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX and @entity1510 act similarly on @entity2227 -caused @entity840 ileum contraction.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['Morphine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Low density lipoprotein @entity165 ( @entity11429 ) is an independent and modifiable risk factor for development of @entity65 ( @entity65 ). Postprandial lipid metabolism has been linked to @entity65 , but little is known about the postprandial @entity11429 profile in @entity1 with type-2 @entity6 (T2DM). We aimed to study the postprandial levels of @entity11429 in T2DM @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: After an overnight fast, 74 T2DM @entity1 , mean age approximately 60 years, were served a standard fat-rich meal of 3515 kJ containing 54% fat, 13 % protein and 33 % @entity3363 . Only drinking water was allowed postprandially. Blood samples were drawn at times 0 (fasting), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 h (postprandial). In all samples, @entity11429 was measured with modified beta quantification (separation by ultracentrifugation followed by measurement of infranate high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HLD-C) using a homogeneous assay). RESULTS: At all postprandial times, levels of @entity11429 showed highly significant (p < 0.005) decreases compared to time 0 (mean [95% CI] maximum change in @entity11429 levels at 3.0 h: -0.16 mmol/L [-0.12; -0.20]; p < 0.001). Independently of fasting @entity11429 levels and ongoing statin therapy, @entity11429 decreased significantly more in female compared to male @entity1 postprandially (mean [95% CI] maximum unadjusted change versus time 0 in @entity11429 for @entity1 [n=56] at 3.0 h: -0.14 mmol/L [-0.19; -0.10], p < 0.001; for @entity1 [n=18] at 4.5 h: -0.26 mmol/L [-0.35; -0.18], p < 0.001; -0.14 mmol/L [-0.24; -0.05], p = 0.005 between genders for the mean [95% CI] fasting adjusted difference at 4.5 h in the change versus time 0 in @entity11429 ; gender by time interaction: p = 0.007 (repeated measures mixed model)). CONCLUSIONS: In T2DM @entity1 served a fat-rich meal, levels of @entity11429 decreased significantly more in @entity1 compared to @entity1 postprandially, irrespective of fasting levels or ongoing statin therapy. This might have implications in the @entity731 process and on any difference in the risk of @entity65 between genders.

title: Sustained postprandial decrease in plasma levels of LDL XXXX in @entity1 with @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To help health professionals develop optimal strategies for controlling the @entity1118 caused by @entity0 . OUTCOMES: Pain control, absence of adverse effects. EVIDENCE: Systematic review of the literature up to Dec. 30, 1996, with nonsystematic coverage to July 1997. Where experimental evidence is lacking, recommendations are based on expert opinion. The evidence was evaluated and graded in "levels" (page S2). RECOMMENDATIONS: The nature and severity of @entity158 should be carefully evaluated using the history and physical examination. Psychosocial and emotional factors must also be identified. Adequacy of @entity158 control should be evaluated regularly. The first objective in the management of @entity158 due to @entity5 is to identify the cause and treat it whenever feasible. The first priority of treatment is to control @entity158 rapidly and completely, as judged by the @entity1 . The second priority is to prevent recurrence of @entity158 . The administration of analgesic medication should be based on a regular schedule, around the clock, with additional doses for @entity158 when necessary. When drug therapy is necessary, the World Health Organization (WHO) 3-step approach to the use of analgesics is recommended. The oral route should be the first choice for opioid administration. If the oral route fails, transdermal or rectal administration should be considered. When parenteral administration is necessary, the intravenous or subcutaneous routes can be used according to circumstances. Intramuscular administration of opioids is not recommended. Careful observation and titration are required when switching from 1 opioid to another, particularly when the @entity1 is already receiving a high dosage. When converting a @entity1 from long-term oral use of @entity1286 or @entity10748 to parenteral use, a ratio of 3:1 should usually be employed. (This ratio increases to 6:1 for opioid-naive @entity1 .) After initiating @entity1286 or making any change of dose or route of administration, the dosage should be evaluated after approximately 24 hours. Tolerance to opioids must not be confused with physical @entity734 or psychological, @entity734 (so-called "addiction"). @entity1 should be made aware of possible side effects of medications and should be encouraged to maintain a diary for recording medications taken, dosages and adverse events. Adjuvant analgesics should be administered, when necessary, with an opioid or nonopioid analgesic. Noninvasive measures such as psychosocial interventions and physical modalities may bring significant relief. Neuroinvasive procedures are rarely required and should only be considered when other interventions have failed. VALIDATION: The guidelines were reviewed and revised by a writing committee, expert primary reviewers, secondary reviewers selected from all regions of Canada and by the Steering Committee. The present guidelines reflect a consensus of all of these contributors. They have been reviewed and endorsed by the Canadian Society of Palliative Care Physicians and the Canadian Association of Radiation Oncologists.

title: The management of @entity1118 in @entity1 with @entity0 . The Steering Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care and Treatment of XXXX . Canadian Society of Palliative Care Physicians. Canadian Association of Radiation Oncologists.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10748 :: ('MESH:D004091', 'Chemical') :: ['hydromorphone']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['breakthrough pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast Cancer']


abstract: A multibranched hierarchy of regulatory genes controls all aspects of somatic sexual development in @entity238 . One branch of this hierarchy is headed by the fruitless ( @entity15323 ) gene and functions in the central nervous system, where it is necessary for male courtship behavior as well as the differentiation of a male-specific abdominal structure, the muscle of Lawrence (MOL). A preliminary investigation of several of the mutations described here showed that the @entity15323 gene also has a sex-nonspecific vital function. The @entity15323 gene produces a complex set of transcripts through the use of four promoters and alternative splicing. Only the primary transcripts produced from the most distal (P1) promoter are sex-specifically spliced under direction of the sex-determination hierarchy. We have analyzed eight new @entity15323 mutations, created by X-ray mutagenesis and P-element excision, to try to gain insight into the relationship of specific transcript classes to specific @entity15323 functions. Males that lack the P1-derived @entity15323 transcripts show a complete absence of sexual behavior, but no other defects besides the loss of the MOL. Both males and females that have reduced levels of transcripts from the P3 promoter develop into adults but frequently die after failing to eclose. Analysis of the morphology and behavior of adult escapers showed that P3-encoded functions are required for the proper differentiation and eversion of imaginal discs. Furthermore, the reduction in the size of the neuromuscular junctions on abdominal muscles in these animals suggests that one of @entity15323 's sex-nonspecific functions involves general aspects of neuronal differentiation. In mutants that lack all @entity15323 transcripts as well as a small number of adjacent genes, animals die at an early pupal stage, indicating that @entity15323 's function is required only during late development. Thus, @entity15323 functions both in the sex-determination regulatory hierarchy to control male sexual behavior through sex-specific transcripts and sex-nonspecifically to control the development of imaginal discs and motorneuronal synapses during adult development through sex-nonspecific transcript classes.

title: Molecular genetic dissection of the sex-specific and vital functions of the XXXX sex determination gene fruitless.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Many @entity1 with @entity1124 ( @entity1124 ) develop recurrent or metastatic diseases after surgery, so it is important to identify those most likely to benefit from aggressive therapy. Disruption of tissue microarchitecture is an early step in pancreatic tumorigenesis and a parameter used in pathology grading of @entity5 . We investigated whether changes in gene expression during pancreatic epithelial morphogenesis were associated with outcomes of @entity1 with @entity1124 after surgery. METHODS: We generated architectures of @entity1 pancreatic duct epithelial cells in a 3-dimensional basement membrane matrix. We identified gene expression profiles of the cells during different stages of tubular morphogenesis (tubulogenesis) and of PANC-1 cells during spheroid formation. Differential expression of genes was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. We compared the gene expression profile associated with pancreatic epithelial tubulogenesis with that of @entity1124 samples from 27 @entity1 , as well as with their outcomes after surgery. RESULTS: We identified a gene expression profile associated with tubulogenesis that resembled the profile of @entity1 pancreatic tissue with differentiated morphology and exocrine function. @entity1 with PDACs with this profile fared well after surgery. Based on this profile, we established a 6-28 gene tubulogenesis-specific signature that accurately determined the prognosis of independent cohorts of @entity1 with @entity1124 (total n  = 128; accuracy  = 81.2%-95.0%). One gene, @entity22985 , was down-regulated during tubulogenesis but up-regulated in @entity1 @entity1124 cell lines and @entity5 samples; up-regulation correlated with @entity1 outcomes (Cox regression P  = .0028). Bioinformatic, genetic, biochemical, functional, and clinical correlative studies showed that @entity22985 promotes @entity146 of @entity1124 by  maintaining Wnt-b-catenin signaling and stem cell features of @entity1124 cells. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a gene expression profile associated with pancreatic epithelial tubulogenesis and a tissue architecture-specific signature of @entity1124 cells that is associated with @entity1 outcomes after surgery.

title: A gene expression signature of epithelial tubulogenesis and a role for XXXX in pancreatic tumor progression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['PDAC', 'pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'glandular tumors']

answer: @entity22985 :: (259266,Gene) :: ['ASPM']


abstract: Sinus node ablation by high-frequency current (HFC) (0.7 MHz. 5-10 W), delivered through the distal electrode of a conventional endocavitary catheter, was induced in seven thoracotomized @entity235 under autonomic blockade. The HFC was delivered for variable periods of time under ECG monitoring, while sinus @entity591 was produced or after attaining sinus arrest. The procedure was repeated until a stable non-sinus rhythm was obtained. Sinus rhythm was abolished in all seven @entity235 after a variable number (7-20) of discharges. The escape rhythm obtained after the last discharge, characterized by means of epicardial electrodes and analysis of P-wave morphology, length of PR interval and the rate, showed an atrial activation pattern different from sinus rhythm in all cases. The P-wave was retrograde in two cases, and in one case no @entity3457 was detected after the last discharge; however, @entity3457 recovered after 35 min, the activation pattern being different from the controls. After 2 h, sinus rhythm had not returned in any case. In no case was there perforation of the atrial wall. Acute histological findings showed coagulation @entity39 of the endocardium, extending to the muscle fibres and affecting the sinus cells.

title: Transcatheter ablation of the sinus node in XXXX using high-frequency current.

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['atrial activity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: As an alternative to swimming through liquid medium by the coordinated bending activity of its two flagella, @entity2060 can exhibit whole cell gliding motility through the interaction of its flagellar surfaces with a solid substrate. The force transduction occurring at the flagellar surface can be visualized as the saltatory movements of @entity852 microspheres. Collectively, gliding motility and @entity852 microsphere movements are referred to as flagellar surface motility. The principal concanavalin A binding, surface-exposed glycoproteins of the @entity2060 flagellar surface are a pair of glycoproteins migrating with apparent molecular weight of 350 kDa. It has been hypothesized that these glycoproteins move within the plane of the flagellar membrane during the expression of flagellar surface motility. A novel mutant cell line of @entity2060 (designated L-23) that exhibits increased binding of concanavalin A to the flagellar surface has been utilized in order to restrict the mobility of the concanavalin A-binding flagellar glycoproteins. Under all conditions where the lateral mobility of the flagellar concanavalin A binding glycoproteins is restricted, the cells are unable to express whole cell gliding motility or @entity852 microsphere movements. Conversely, whenever cells can redistribute their concanavalin A binding glycoproteins in the plane of the flagellar membrane, they express flagellar surface motility. Since the 350 kDa glycoproteins are the major surface-exposed flagellar proteins, it is likely that most of the signal being followed using @entity2822 ( @entity2823 )-concanavalin A is attributable to these high molecular weight glycoproteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Use of a novel XXXX mutant to demonstrate that flagellar glycoprotein movements are necessary for the expression of gliding motility.

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity2822 :: ('CHEBI:37926', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity2060 :: ('3055', 'Species') :: ['Chlamydomonas', 'Chlamydomonas reinhardtii']

answer: @entity2060 :: (3055,Species) :: ['Chlamydomonas']


abstract: Predictors for the degree of clinical recovery after @entity64 are still poorly defined. In this study we tried to assess the predictive value of clinical data and of lesion size for motor recovery after @entity385 . In 52 hemiparetic @entity1 we monitored the course of clinical recovery by a dedicated score of sensorimotor hand function after their first @entity64 . The course of the lesion size was measured in proton density magnetic resonance images. Three groups of @entity1 were identified. @entity1 with moderate @entity51 recovered almost completely within 9 days (17/17, group 1). From the @entity1 with severe @entity51 , about equal numbers recovered (16/35, group 2) or remained severely impaired during the entire observation period of more than 6 months (19/35, group 3). There was no correlation between changes of lesion size and motor deficit. Logistic regression of probability of good clinical outcome on initial lesion size, initial motor score and subcortical versus cortical location of lesion showed that only the initial motor score was predictive (p = 0.006). A relative improvement of the initial motor score of about 20% in the first 4 weeks after @entity64 appeared to be a relevant cut point for good outcome. The data indicate that @entity1 with mild @entity51 recover well, whereas severely affected @entity1 may differ in outcome. Since lesion size was not correlated with outcome the amount of spared residual function appeared as major determinant for the capacity for motor recovery.

title: Recovery of motor functions following hemiparetic XXXX : a clinical and magnetic resonance-morphometric study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['initial motor deficit', 'initial motor deficits']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: The development of body fluid physiology and fluid therapy in pediatrics has special importance in the history of medicine because this development introduced physiology into clinical practice. James Gamble and @entity6880 Darrow were leaders in this enterprise. Gamble was part of the group John Howland attracted to Johns Hopkins to establish the first organized program for clinical investigators in pediatrics. This group initiated fluid therapy as effective treatment for @entity2700 and, led by Gamble, developed the discipline of body fluid physiology. Gamble was the first to describe the nature of extracellular fluid (ECF) to clinicians, using the new terminology for characterizing electrolytes in solution. In doing so, he became the teacher of body fluid physiology to a generation of medical students. Inexplicably, in his later years he failed to adopt yet newer terminology defining cations, anions, and acid-base status. This failure compromised his legacy. @entity6880 Darrow extended our understanding of how body fluids react to hyper- and @entity2753 and to @entity972 deficiency. He was the first to add @entity972 to parenteral fluid therapy. In doing so, he broadened clinicians' understanding of body fluids but changed the emphasis of fluid therapy from rapid ECF restoration to replacement of estimated deficits. Unfortunately, this change in concept, taught by his successors as deficit therapy, slowed the adoption of oral rehydration therapy for treating @entity2700 . The lapses noted for each of these @entity1 , now seen in hindsight, pale in comparison to their contributions. Pediatrics, medicine, and surgery are all indebted to the research of each, which emphasized the value of basic physiology in clinical practice.

title: Gamble and Darrow: pathfinders in body fluid physiology and fluid therapy for XXXX , 1914-1964.

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['diarrheal dehydration']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review was to determine @entity1 outcomes after arthroscopic debridement and microfracture for @entity75 ( @entity75 ) of the talar dome. METHODS: Infotrieve-PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were systematically searched for the following terms: microfracture AND ankle OR talus. In addition, we hand-searched common American and European orthopaedic and podiatric surgical journals for relevant manuscripts. Articles considered for inclusion were published in peer-reviewed journals, used the American Orthopaedic Foot _ Ankle Society hindfoot scoring system for outcome measurement, and involved arthroscopic debridement and microfracture for OCL of the talar dome. RESULTS: We identified 29 potentially relevant publications, of which 7 met our inclusion criteria. A total of 295 @entity1 (299 ankles) were included in this study. The weighted mean postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot _ Ankle Society hindfoot score was 86.8 points, translating to good to excellent outcomes in 80.2% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Many techniques exist for the treatment of @entity75 of the talar dome. Good to excellent results can be consistently reached in greater than 80% of @entity1 with arthroscopic debridement and microfracture. However, additional prospective trials should be undertaken to determine differences in outcome between techniques, size and location of the OCL, and other @entity1 quality factors, such as cost and time to return to work. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level II, III, and IV studies.

title: Outcome of arthroscopic debridement and microfracture as the primary treatment for XXXX of the talar dome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['OCLs', 'osteochondral lesions']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['osteochondral lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive adrenalectomy for @entity1911 ( @entity1911 ) is a complex surgical procedure especially because of the @entity1344 due to the excessive secretion of cathecolamines, which may result in a considerable risk of conversion and complications. AIM: By a multicentric retrospective study, the authors reported the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomies in @entity1 operated for @entity1911 with the aim of investigating the role of the laparoscopic approach in managing @entity550 . METHODS: Sixty @entity1 , preoperatively treated with a selective alpha1-blocker, underwent 61 laparoscopic adrenalectomies for @entity1911 smaller or larger than 6  cm - group A ( <=6  cm), group B (>6  cm). We compared the two groups of @entity1 analyzing @entity1344 , operative time, conversion rate, incidence of complications, length of hospital stay and medium and long-term outcomes. RESULTS: In 23 cases @entity5 was >6  cm in diameter. Average operative time was 165  min, with a 5% conversion rate. There was no mortality and morbidity rate was 8.3%. Intraoperative @entity101 crises were registered in 15% of @entity1 , whereas 5/60 @entity1 had @entity551 crises. After comparing the two groups of @entity1 , no statistically significant differences in terms of @entity1344 , operative time, conversion rate, morbidity and length of hospital stay were observed. CONCLUSIONS: As a surgical treatment of @entity1911 , laparoscopic adrenalectomy is an effective and safe approach, in selected cases even for PCCs >6  cm in diameter, although @entity1 with such large @entity5 may have a higher conversion rate and more intraoperative @entity101 crises. Preoperative selective adrenergic blockade does not prevent intraoperative @entity101 crises, but by facilitating the pharmacological management of the perioperative @entity1344 , may avoid the onset of major adverse @entity65 .

title: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy, a safe procedure for XXXX . A retrospective review of clinical series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma', 'pheochromocytomas', 'adrenal pheochromocytomas', 'PCC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['haemodynamic instability']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['pheochromocytoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We compared the mean basilar artery blood flow velocity (BABFV) between @entity1 with @entity4697 and healthy subjects both at rest and immediately following @entity544 ( @entity515 ) challenge, and examined the effects of treatment on BABFV. METHODS: Twenty four @entity1 with @entity4697 with or without @entity8396 and 12 healthy comparison subjects were studied. Visual Analog Anxiety Scale was used to evaluate the anxiogenic effect of 35% @entity515 inhalation. Mean BABFV was monitored using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography at rest and 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120 s after 35% @entity515 challenge both before and after four weeks treatment with @entity903 . RESULTS: The hemodynamic response pattern of basilar artery to @entity515 inhalation was significantly different between two groups. @entity515 rapidly triggered blood flow velocity in basilar artery amongst @entity4697 @entity1 but not in healthy comparisons. The mean time to normalization of BABFV was significantly longer in @entity4697 @entity1 . Four weeks of treatment with @entity903 led to a significantly reduced mean BABFV after 35% @entity515 inhalation in comparison with pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity4697 had impaired cerebral regulatory mechanisms observed as a change in response characteristics in BABFV in response to @entity515 inhalation. Treatment with @entity903 reduced the increase of BABFV seen in @entity1 after the @entity515 challenge.

title: Basilar artery blood flow velocity changes in XXXX with @entity4697 following 35% @entity544 challenge.

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic', 'panic disorder']

entities_list: @entity8396 :: ('MESH:D000379', 'Disease') :: ['agoraphobia']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Transsphenoidal surgery has been the gold standard for intra- and suprasellar lesions as well as some extrasellar pathologies for more than 40 years. This approach, with proper surgical expertise, is very safe with a low morbidity and mortality rate. However, as with every surgical treatment, complications can occur and may result in serious consequences for the @entity1 . The goal of this article is to focus on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) @entity292 after transsphenoidal surgery and discuss possible risk factors and treatment options, including less common procedures in persistent CSF @entity292 . METHODS: Over a period of 24 months, 339 consecutive @entity1 underwent a total of 363 transsphenoidal surgeries for different pathologies in our institution. There were 282 @entity1 with @entity977 and 57 @entity1 with @entity75 . RESULTS: CSF @entity292 occurred in total of six @entity1 (1.77%), most frequently after surgery for @entity75 (7%). The rate was only 0.7% after surgery for @entity977 . In three @entity1 , a simple resurgery with repacking of the sella using muscle, fat, and fibrin glue was performed. All three @entity1 received a lumbar drainage for 5 days as well. All three @entity1 had recurrent CSF @entity292 despite surgical repair, requiring multiple resurgeries. In two @entity1 , the implantation of a ventriculoperitoneal (vp) shunt with programmable valve for continuous lowering of the CSF pressure was required. In both @entity1 , the vp shunt was explanted 2 to 3 months after the last proven @entity5254 . Out of the 339, 2 @entity1 developed @entity693 due to CSF @entity292 (0.59%). CONCLUSIONS: CSF @entity292 continue to present a problem after transsphenoidal surgery and require sophisticated technical measures to treat this complication. Failure after repair can occur and necessitates more intense treatment modalities. The usage of the transsphenoidal approach in other skull base lesions leads to higher rates of CSF @entity292 and subsequently higher frequency of @entity693 .

title: CSF XXXX after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery--a solved problem?

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['nonadenomateous lesions']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity5254 :: ('MESH:D002559', 'Disease') :: ['rhinorrhea']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistulas']


abstract: @entity11810 in @entity1 is an increasingly recognized disorder accounting for up to 200,000 @entity173 worldwide each year. Although there is no widely accepted or proven efficacious treatment for @entity1 with @entity11810 , we attempted to examine the effectiveness of @entity561 in this disorder. We retrospectively compared the clinical records of male @entity1 with @entity2331 (hip or spine T scores less than -1.0, with or without @entity174 ) treated either with @entity561 10 mg orally/day and @entity460 and @entity560 replacement versus conservative treatment with @entity460 and @entity560 alone. Review included analysis of laboratory studies and bone turnover markers in a subset of @entity1 . We documented @entity79 ( @entity79 ) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and repeated @entity79 after an average follow-up of 1.9 and 2.7 years in the @entity561 -treated and conservative treatment groups, respectively. At baseline, conservatively-treated and @entity561 -treated @entity1 had similar @entity79 at the lumbar spine and hip. Over the period of observation, the conservatively-treated @entity1 exhibited insignificant changes in @entity79 at all measured sites. In contrast, @entity561 treatment resulted in a significant increase in @entity79 of the spine (+4.6%, P =.002), trochanter (+6.4%, P =.002), and total hip (+4.7%, P =.002). Indeed, compared with conservative treatment, @entity561 -treated @entity1 sustained a significant annualized percent increment of the @entity79 in the spine (2.7 +/- 0.6 v 1.1 +/- 0.3, P =.025), trochanter (4.7 +/- 1.7 v 0.7 +/- 0.6, P =.025), and total hip @entity79 (3.3 +/- 0.9 v 0.1 +/- 0.4, P =.0009). These data are among the first that illustrate the potential efficacy of @entity561 in the management of @entity11810 in @entity1 .

title: Effect of @entity561 on XXXX in male @entity11810 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity11810 :: ('MESH:C537700', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic osteoporosis', 'Idiopathic osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['low-trauma fractures']

entities_list: @entity561 :: ('MESH:D019386', 'Chemical') :: ['alendronate']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone mineral density']


abstract: The opportunistic @entity1 pathogen @entity796 causes a wide range of diseases. To cross host innate immune barriers, @entity796 has developed efficient strategies to escape host complement attack. In this study, we identify the 57-kDa @entity21641 dehydrogenase (Lpd) as a surface-exposed protein of @entity796 that binds the four @entity1 plasma proteins, @entity4050 , @entity14390 ( @entity14390 ), @entity8173 ( @entity8173 ), and plasminogen. @entity4050 contacts Lpd via short consensus repeats 7 and 18-20. @entity4050 , @entity14390 , and plasminogen when bound to Lpd were functionally active. @entity4050 and @entity14390 displayed complement-regulatory activity, and bound plasminogen, when converted to the active protease plasmin, cleaved the chromogenic substrate @entity31781 and the natural substrate fibrinogen. The lpd of @entity796 is a rather conserved gene; a total of 22 synonymous and 3 nonsynonymous mutations was identified in the lpd gene of the 5 laboratory strains and 13 clinical isolates. Lpd is surface exposed and contributes to survival of @entity796 in human serum. Bacterial survival was reduced when Lpd was blocked on the surface prior to challenge with human serum. Similarly, bacterial survival was reduced up to 84% when the bacteria was challenged with complement active serum depleted of @entity4050 , @entity14390 , and @entity8173 , demonstrating a protective role of the attached @entity1 regulators from complement attack. In summary, Lpd is a novel surface-exposed virulence factor of @entity796 that binds @entity4050 , @entity14390 , @entity8173 , and plasminogen, and the Lpd-attached regulators are relevant for innate immune escape and most likely contribute to tissue invasion.

title: XXXX dehydrogenase of @entity796 is a surface-exposed immune evasion protein that binds three members of the @entity4050 family and plasminogen.

entities_list: @entity8173 :: ('3078', 'Gene') :: ['complement Factor H-related protein 1', 'CFHR1']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity21641 :: ('MESH:C007409', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrolipoamide']

answer: @entity21641 :: (MESH:C007409,Chemical) :: ['Dihydrolipoamide']


abstract: Studies examining the effects of @entity75 on object recognition memory in @entity35 have produced conflicting results. The present study investigated how methodological differences and lesion size may have contributed to these discrepancies. In Experiment 1 we compared @entity35 with complete, partial (septal) and sham @entity75 on a spontaneous object recognition task, using a protocol previously reported to result in deficits following large @entity75 . @entity35 with complete and partial @entity75 were unimpaired, suggesting the hippocampus is not required for object recognition memory. However, @entity35 with partial lesions showed relatively poor performance raising the possibility that floor effects masked a deficit on this group. In Experiment 2, we used a second spontaneous object recognition protocol similar to that used by the two other studies that have reported @entity75 . @entity35 with complete @entity75 were significantly impaired, whereas @entity35 with partial lesions were unimpaired. However, the complete lesion group showed less object exploration during the sample phase. Thus, the apparent recognition memory deficit in Experiment 2 may be attributable to differential encoding. Together, these findings suggest that the hippocampus is not required for intact spontaneous object recognition memory. These findings suggest that levels of object exploration during the sample phase may be a critical issue, and raise the possibility that previous reports of object recognition deficits may be due to differences in object exploration rather than deficits in object recognition per se.

title: The role of the hippocampus in object recognition in XXXX : examination of the influence of task parameters and lesion size.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['deficits following hippocampal lesions', 'hippocampal lesions']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity4990 ( @entity4991 ), a bioactive lysophospholipid, accumulates in the @entity731 . It has the capacity to activate mast cells, which potentially exacerbates plaque progression. In this study, we thus aimed to investigate whether @entity4991 contributes to plaque destabilization by modulating mast cell function. We here show by an imaging mass spectrometry approach that several @entity4991 species are present in @entity731 . Subsequently, we demonstrate that @entity4991 is a potent mast cell activator which, unlike other triggers, favors release of tryptase. Local perivascular administration of @entity4991 to an @entity731 carotid artery segment increases the activation status of perivascular mast cells and promotes intraplaque @entity548 and macrophage recruitment without impacting plaque cell apoptosis. The mast cell stabilizer cromolyn could prevent intraplaque @entity548 elicited by @entity4991 -mediated mast cell activation. Finally, the involvement of mast cells in these events was further emphasized by the lack of effect of perivascular @entity4991 administration in mast cell deficient animals. We demonstrate that increased accumulation of @entity4991 in plaques induces perivascular mast cell activation and in this way contributes to plaque destabilization in vivo. This study points to local @entity4991 availability as an important factor in @entity731 stability.

title: XXXX triggers mast cell-driven @entity731 destabilization by increasing vascular inflammation.

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerotic plaques', 'atherosclerotic plaque']

entities_list: @entity4990 :: ('MESH:C032881', 'Chemical') :: ['Lysophosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity4990 :: (MESH:C032881,Chemical) :: ['Lysophosphatidic acid']


abstract: Involvement of the ovary and/or fallopian tube by an @entity1204 is uncommon but clinically significant because this is one of the indications for adjuvant chemotherapy. The authors evaluated whether the routine microscopic evaluation of the adnexal organs in this setting should be of the entire specimen or of representative sections. Slides and reports were reviewed for 105 consecutive @entity1 who underwent a staging salpingo-oophorectomy (205 ovaries, 210 tubes) for @entity1204 . The study period encompassed the periods before and after an institutional policy change from discretionary (predominantly representative) adnexal sampling to obligatory total processing. Ninety-four and 111 ovaries (and 92 and 118 tubes) were entirely and representatively processed, respectively. Even when using the most expansive @entity2670 (definition with the highest sensitivity and lowest specificity for microscopically confirmed @entity5 ), we still identified 4 (of 148; 2.7%) grossly normal ovaries and 3 (of 187; 1.6%) grossly normal tubes that were found to harbor microscopic @entity5 . There was no significant increase in the number of grossly occult @entity5 detected after the policy change, and 5 (71%) of the 7 grossly occult @entity5 were in the representatively sampled group. Approximately 3.76 more blocks per @entity1 were required for total overrepresentative processing, and the total cost of these additional sections was estimated to be  25.57 per @entity1 . In conclusion, the 1.6% to 2.7% of grossly normal adnexa that proved to be cancerous represents, at least theoretically, the risk for misdiagnosis and understaging that is associated with representative sampling, at relatively modest savings. However, the findings in this study do not provide direct evidentiary support for routine complete processing.

title: Salpingo-oophorectomy specimens for XXXX staging: a comparative analysis of representative sampling versus whole tissue processing.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer', 'endometrial carcinoma/carcinosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['definition of ovarian gross abnormality']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: The aim of our current study was to establish an orthotopic inoculation model for studying invasion and @entity3 of @entity1721 (SCC). Male BALB/c @entity19 were used for the experiment. A midline incision was made from the upper to middle abdomen. The abdominal esophagus was carefully exposed. @entity1 esophageal T.Tn SCC cells or @entity1 cervical HeLa SCC cells, were injected into the submucosa of the lower esophagus. One of the @entity19 injected with T.Tn cells was sacrificed at 5 weeks, and the remaining five sacrificed at 13 weeks after inoculation. The @entity19 injected with HeLa cells were sacrificed @entity35 weeks after inoculation. T.Tn cells and HeLa cells formed @entity5 at the esophagus, but did not metastasize to lymph nodes or lungs. HeLa cells produced peritoneal implants, and directly invaded the stomach and the liver. In the present study, we established a novel orthotopic inoculation model of esophageal SCC. This system is an appropriate and a useful model for studying invasion and @entity3 of esophageal SCC, and can also be used as a model for developing therapeutic strategies for @entity418 in vivo.

title: A new in vivo model for studying invasion and XXXX of @entity1721 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible association between lymphocyte subsets and @entity121 ( @entity121 ) of carotid arteries in @entity1701 ( @entity1701 ). We used a cross-sectional study on @entity1701 @entity1 (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 16). IgG anti-cardiolipin antibody (aCL), IgG anti-beta2glycoprotein-I (anti- @entity9500 ), IgG anti-beta2glycoprotein-I complexed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and to a specific oxidized moiety of LDL (oxLig1), and @entity9500 -oxLDL were measured by ELISA. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was performed using pairs of monoclonal antibodies directly labelled with @entity2822 , or @entity10876 or @entity10876 -Texas-red-X. @entity121 ( @entity121 ) of carotid arteries was determined by high-resolution sonography. Total peripheral blood lymphocytes did not differ between @entity1701 and controls. Memory CD4+/CD45RO + T cells were lower in @entity1701 than controls (P = 0.0007) as well as CD16+56+ natural killer cells (P = 0.02). In @entity1701 memory T CD45RO + cells positively correlated with IgG anti- @entity9500 -oxLigl (P = 0.002) and to @entity121 of carotid arteries (common carotid P = 0.02, bifurcation P = 0.007). Naive CD4+/CD45RA+ T cells inversely correlated with @entity9500 -oxLDL (P = 0.009). The relation between IgG anti- @entity9500 -oxLig1 and @entity121 of carotid arteries with memory CD45RO + T lymphocytes suggests a role for the latter in @entity1701 related @entity731 .

title: Lymphocyte subpopulations and XXXX in primary antiphospholipd syndrome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2822 :: ('CHEBI:37926', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['PAPS', 'primary antiphospholipid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10876 :: ('MESH:D010799', 'Chemical') :: ['phycoerythrin']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherogenesis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['Intima media thickness', 'intima media thickness', 'IMT']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['intima media thickness']


abstract: OBJECT: @entity1 with very large or giant unruptured @entity438 present with @entity385 and progressive disability. The @entity1756 risk in these @entity1 is extreme-up to 50% in 5 years. In this study the authors investigated the outcome of surgical treatment for these very large @entity439 in the anterior circulation. METHODS Clinical data on 62 @entity1 who underwent surgery for unruptured @entity439 (20-60 mm) between 1998 and 2006 were reviewed. RESULTS: Complete @entity439 (100%) was achieved in 90% of cases, near complete occlusion (90-99%) in 5%. The surgical risk in @entity1 younger than 50 years of age was 8% (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 or 3 within 1 year after surgery). In older @entity1 , the risk increased with advancing age. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of very large or giant unruptured @entity438 is hazardous and complex and thus best performed only at major cerebrovascular centers with an experienced team of neurosurgeons, interventional neuroradiologists, neurologists, and neuroanesthesiologists. Surgery, with acceptable risks and excellent occlusion rates, is typically the treatment of choice in @entity1 younger than 50 years of age. In older @entity1 , the benefits of endovascular treatment versus surgery versus no treatment must be carefully weighed individually. Minimizing temporary occlusion and the consequent use of intraoperative angiography may help reduce surgical complications.

title: Clipping of very large or giant unruptured XXXX in the anterior circulation: an outcome study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm rupture']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm occlusion']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysms']


abstract: Sixty inflammatory @entity449 of unknown aetiology were examined by serial sections. The histological findings failed to reveal significant differences in either @entity439 with or without marked adventitial @entity82 . Their identical morphology does not favour the existence of a special disease entity of so-called inflammatory @entity1028 (IAAA). Absence or existence of giant cells of any type, occurrence of plasma cells, eosinophils, @entity738 , @entity39 and adventitial fibrotic thickening cannot be considered as variables which help in differentiation. IAAA are characterized by a marked predominance of male @entity1 and a rather benign clinical course. They usually affect the age group around 60 years. They are not rare and do not seem to be restricted to certain races. Their aetiology, like that of the cases affecting the thoracic aorta ( @entity12040 , non-specific @entity3665 ) remains unknown, although @entity792 , the retroperitoneal @entity82 of Ormond and @entity4288 may be related. However, on the basis of the present evidence we cannot consider them to be one of these diseases. There are no morphological findings which would justify the separation of IAAA from Takaysu's disease.

title: Inflammatory @entity1028 : a disease entity? Histological analysis of 60 cases of inflammatory XXXX of unknown aetiology.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['fibrinoid necrosis']

entities_list: @entity12040 :: ('MESH:D013625', 'Disease') :: ["Takayasu's disease"]

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic or abdominal aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity449 :: (MESH:D001014,Disease) :: ['aortic aneurysms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the antitumor activity and @entity137 of @entity900 and @entity1502 in previously treated @entity1 with @entity957 . METHODS: A Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Phase II trial of recurrent @entity1544 using standard GOG response and @entity137 criteria was performed. RESULTS: A total of 47 @entity1 with advanced or recurrent @entity957 were entered. The starting dose was 75 mg/m(2) of @entity900 every 21 days and 1600 mg of @entity1502 PO every 8 h for nine doses during each course. Forty @entity1 were evaluable for response and 44 were evaluable for @entity137 . Of the 40 evaluable @entity1 , 37 had received prior radiotherapy and 35 had received prior chemotherapy. A median of three courses were given (range: 1-7). Among evaluable @entity1 , 1 had a complete response (2.5%) and 3 had a partial response (7.5%) for an overall objective response rate of 10%. The complete responder had not previously had chemotherapy. Grade 3 or 4 @entity137 was predominantly @entity390 and @entity391 (32%) and @entity1503 (23%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity900 and @entity1502 at the dose and schedule tested has limited activity in previously treated advanced or recurrent cervical @entity5 .

title: @entity900 and @entity1502 in advanced or recurrent XXXX : a phase II trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1502 :: ('MESH:D010431', 'Chemical') :: ['pentoxifylline']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix']


abstract: 1. The kinetic properties of T-type @entity141 channels were examined in single ventricular cells from @entity840 hearts using the cell-attached configuration of the patch-clamp technique. 2. T-type @entity141 channel activity has been observed in 44 out of 139 patches. The density of these channels was estimated at 0.1-0.3 micron-2. The T-type @entity141 channel responds to a depolarizing voltage step either with a burst of openings which appears with a distinct delay or with no openings at all. The mean number of bursts per record for the records showing channel activity is 1.1. The probability of observing a blank sweep is high and amounts to 0.65 +/- 0.02 (n = 26). 3. With 110 mM- @entity141 in the pipette solution, the slope conductance calculated from the current-voltage relationship of the single-channel current in the range between -50 and +10 mV is 6.8 pS. 4. Openings to a subconductance level of about 50% of the main level could be resolved. All possible transitions between the subconductance and the main level were observed, indicating that the cardiac T-type @entity141 channel possesses a substate. 5. The macroscopic steady-state activation and inactivation, as determined from ensemble-averaged currents, could be described by Boltzmann functions. Half-maximal activation and inactivation occur at -14 and -60.7 mV, the slope parameters of these curves are 10.8 and 5.6 mV respectively. The maximum (peak) open probability is 0.15. 6. The ensemble-averaged current decays monoexponentially. The time constant is strongly voltage dependent and decreases at less negative potentials. 7. The open times are monoexponentially distributed. The mean open time of the channel does not depend on either the holding or the test potential, and has a mean value of 1.4 ms. The distribution of the closed times is biexponential. The fast mean closed time is also voltage independent with a mean value of 0.48 ms. The slow mean closed time increases with voltage from 1.9 ms at -40 mV to 8.8 ms at 0 mV. The mean burst duration also increases with voltage from a value of 4.9 ms at -40 mV to 13.9 ms at -10 mV. 8. The convolution of the first-latency distribution with that of the burst duration closely fits the open probability calculated from the ensemble-averaged current. The mean first latency is also closely correlated with the macroscopic time constant of inactivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Kinetic properties of the cardiac T-type calcium channel in the XXXX .

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: @entity51911 ( @entity8984 -FLT) has been used to image @entity5 proliferation in preclinical and clinical studies. Serial microPET studies may be useful for monitoring therapy response or for drug screening; however, the reproducibility of serial scans has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility of @entity8984 -FLT microPET studies. METHODS: C6 @entity35 @entity11 xenografts were implanted into @entity19 (n = 9) and grown to mean diameters of 5-17 mm for approximately 2 wk. A 10-min acquisition was performed on a microPET scanner approximately 1 h after @entity51911 (1.9-7.4 MBq [50-200 muCi]) was injected via the tail vein. A second microPET scan was performed approximately 6 h later on the same day after reinjection of @entity51911 to assess for reproducibility. Most of the @entity19 were studied twice within the same week (for a total of 17 studies). Images were analyzed by drawing an ellipsoidal region of interest (ROI) around the @entity5 xenograft activity. Percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) values were calculated from the mean activity in the ROIs. Coefficients of variation and differences in %ID/g values between studies from the same day were calculated to determine the reproducibility after subtraction of the estimated @entity41 activity from the first @entity8984 -FLT injection. RESULTS: The coefficient of variation (mean +/- SD) for %ID/g values between @entity8984 -FLT microPET scans performed 6 h apart on the same day was 14% +/- 10%. The difference in %ID/g values between scans was -0.06% +/- 1.3%. Serum @entity1014 levels were mildly correlated with %ID/g values (R(2) = 0.40). Tumor size, @entity19 body weight, injected dose, and fasting state did not contribute to the variability of the scans; however, consistent scanning parameters were necessary to ensure accurate studies, in particular, controlling body temperature, the time of imaging after injection, and the ROI size. CONCLUSION: @entity8984 -FLT microPET @entity19 @entity5 xenograft studies are reproducible with moderately low variability. Serial studies may be performed to assess for significant changes in therapy response or for preclinical drug development.

title: Reproducibility of @entity51911 microPET studies in XXXX xenografts in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The best approach to treatment of @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) in elderly @entity1 remains controversial. Intensive chemotherapy is the treatment of choice in selected @entity1 , but age related changes might affect the pharmacokinetics of antineoplastic agents resulting in enhanced @entity137 . We report our experience in elderly @entity1 treated with @entity8779 at attenuated doses plus @entity2592 and @entity2879 . METHODS: Sixty-six @entity3052 @entity1 , median age 66, with @entity5 burden received @entity8779 8 mg/sqm i.v. d 1,3,5; @entity2592 200 mg/sqm by continuous i.v. infusion d 1-7; @entity2879 60 mg/sqm i.v. d 1-5. A second course with the same drugs was planned irrespective of complete remission (CR) achievement. No consolidation was given; 44% had a documented preexisting @entity2590 , 45% had a documented preexisting @entity2590 , 45% presented with fever. @entity2799 were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-five @entity1 (53%) achieved CR and 9 PR for an overall response rate of 67%. Nine of them (13%) died early or during the aplastic phase. Preexisting @entity2590 had no significant impact on CR achievement. Resistant disease was associated with @entity4587 phenotype and unfavorable karyotype. Overall survival and disease free survival were 14 and 13 months, respectively. The major @entity137 consisted of infectious complications (WHO > 2 in 24% of @entity1 ). Six @entity1 died for infection, 2 for @entity712 , 1 for @entity1151 . INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This induction regimen with attenuated doses of @entity8779 is feasible and effective, but long-term survival remains an unresolved problem. Alternative post remission approaches are advisable in the aim of improving the remission duration.

title: XXXX in induction treatment of @entity3052 in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity2799 :: ('MESH:D015473', 'Disease') :: ['Promyelocytic leukemias']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['progressive disease and high tumor']

entities_list: @entity8779 :: ('MESH:D015255', 'Chemical') :: ['idarubicin']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplasia']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity8779 :: (MESH:D015255,Chemical) :: ['Idarubicin']


abstract: @entity1205 (Taxotere) and @entity632 have previously demonstrated a significant antitumor activity in @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 . Furthermore, a lack of cross resistance and overlapping toxicities between the two agents have been reported. In a prospective study, @entity1205 (80 mg/m2, 1-hr iv infusion) and @entity632 (60 mg/m2, 1-hr iv infusion) were administered as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic @entity0 @entity1 to evaluate the clinical efficacy and @entity137 of the combination. Forty-three @entity1 were enrolled in the study. The median age was 47 years (range, 30-69). The @entity1205 - @entity632 combination was applied with 3-week intervals until progression. Complete response was achieved in 9 (21.4%) of 42 assessable @entity1 and partial response in 24 (57.2%) @entity1 , for an overall response rate of 78.6%. Median response duration was 8 months (3-18 months). @entity1209 (76%), @entity1665 (64%), @entity1398 (35.7%) and @entity33 (33%) were the major side effects of the combination. There was one case of @entity1370 . In conclusion, the @entity1205 - @entity632 protocol can be considered as an active regimen for the treatment of @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 with acceptable @entity137 and a fairly high response rate.

title: Combination of XXXX and @entity632 as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel', 'Docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['Nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: During @entity958 embryo development, cotyledon primordia are generated at transition stage from precursor cells that are not derived from the embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM). To date, it is not known which genes specifically instruct these precursor cells to elaborate cotyledons, nor is the role of auxin in cotyledon development clear. In laterne mutants, the cotyledons are precisely deleted, yet the hypocotyl and root are unaffected. The laterne phenotype is caused by a combination of two mutations: one in the @entity28182 ( @entity28182 ) gene and another mutation in a novel locus designated @entity53055 ( @entity53056 ). The expression domains of shoot apex organising genes such as @entity43306 ( @entity43306 ) extend along the entire apical region of laterne embryos. However, analysis of @entity28182 @entity53056 @entity43306 triple mutants shows that ectopic activity of @entity43306 does not appear to cause cotyledon obliteration. This is exclusively caused by @entity53056 in concert with @entity28182 . In @entity28182 embryos, reversal of polarity of the @entity30403 auxin transport facilitator in the apex is only occasional, explaining irregular auxin maxima in the cotyledon tips. By contrast, polarity of @entity30403 :GFP is completely reversed to basal position in the epidermal layer of the laterne embryo. Consequently auxin, which is believed to be essential for organ formation, fails to accumulate in the apex. This strongly suggests that @entity53056 specifically regulates cotyledon development through control of @entity30403 polarity in concert with @entity28182 .

title: The gene @entity53055 controls cotyledon development in the XXXX embryo.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether subconjunctival injection of @entity42316 @entity4856 alters changes in the topography and blood flow of the optic disc induced by @entity11614 ( @entity11614 ) in @entity95 . METHODS: From April 1, 2005, to April 28, 2006, we injected @entity11614 (20 pmol) intravitreally into @entity95 twice per week for 4 weeks. The observation period was 8 weeks. The first group received an intravitreal injection of @entity11614 followed by a subconjunctival injection of @entity42316 (0.12%, 50 microL). The second group received the same amount of @entity11614 followed by a subconjunctival injection of the vehicle of @entity42316 . The third group received the intravitreal vehicle of @entity11614 . The blood flow and topography of the optic nerve head (ONH) were measured by laser speckle flowgraphy and confocal scanning ophthalmoscopy, respectively. The number of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer was determined histologically. RESULTS: We found that @entity11614 decreased the ONH blood flow, decreased the cells in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, enlarged the cup area of the ONH, and reduced the rim area of the ONH. When @entity42316 was given with @entity11614 , no such changes occurred. CONCLUSION: @entity42316 can suppress the effects of @entity11614 on the circulation and topography of the ONH. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: @entity42316 could be a candidate for treating eyes with @entity63 ONH.

title: Effect of @entity42316 on topographic and blood flow changes in the XXXX optic nerve head of @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity4856 :: ('CHEBI:30353', 'Chemical') :: ['isopropyl']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity42316 :: ('CHEBI:39455', 'Chemical') :: ['unoprostone', 'Unoprostone']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']