abstract: The nephrotoxicity and @entity2167 associated with once-daily versus twice-daily administration of @entity581 was assessed in @entity1 with suspected or proven gram-negative @entity2348 in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. @entity1 who received therapy for >/=72 h were evaluated for @entity137 . @entity1 also received concomitant antibiotics as deemed necessary for treatment of their infection. Plasma @entity4028 concentrations, prospective @entity4028 dosage adjustment, and serial audiologic and renal status evaluations were performed. The probability of occurrence of a nephrotoxic event and its relationship to doses and daily @entity4028 exposure served as the main outcome measurement. One hundred twenty-three @entity1 were enrolled in the study, with 83 @entity1 receiving therapy for at least 72 h. For 74 @entity1 plasma @entity4028 concentrations were available for analysis, and the @entity1 formed the group evaluable for @entity137 . The primary infectious diagnosis for the @entity1 who were enrolled in the study were @entity2259 or @entity295 , @entity1729 , @entity9244 , or urosepsis or @entity2885 . Of the 74 @entity1 evaluable for @entity137 , 39 received doses twice daily and 35 received doses once daily and a placebo 12 h later. Nephrotoxicity occurred in 6 of 39 (15.4%) @entity1 who received @entity581 twice daily and 0 of 35 @entity1 who received @entity581 once daily. The schedule of @entity4028 administration, concomitant use of @entity2176 , and daily area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for the @entity581 were found to be significant predictors of nephrotoxicity by multivariate logistic regression analysis (P </= 0.001). The time to a nephrotoxic event was significantly influenced by @entity2176 use and the schedule of administration, as assessed by @entity797 proportional hazards modeling (P </= 0.002). The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis and the @entity797 proportional hazards modeling demonstrate that both the probability of occurrence and the time to occurrence of @entity4028 nephrotoxicity are influenced by the schedule on which the @entity4028 is administered as well as by the concomitant use of @entity2176 . Furthermore, this risk of occurrence is modulated by the daily AUC for @entity4028 exposure. These data suggest that once-daily administration of @entity581 has a predictably lower probability of causing nephrotoxicity than twice-daily administration.

title: Prospective evaluation of the effect of an XXXX dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and @entity2167 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity9244 :: ('MESH:D018461', 'Disease') :: ['skin and soft tissue infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

answer: @entity4028 :: (CHEBI:47779,Chemical) :: ['aminoglycoside']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2005, the McDonald MRI criteria for dissemination in space were revised to improve diagnosis of @entity15 ( @entity15 ) in non-Caucasians. METHODS: We included @entity1 with a first @entity922 ( @entity922 ) to assess their performance in the Afro-Caribbean population. Baseline brain and spine MRI examinations were available within 3 months after onset of @entity922 . The development of a second clinical event was used as the main outcome indicating clinically definite @entity15 . RESULTS: A total of 66 @entity1 (52F/14M) were included between January 1998 and January 2008 (mean age: 34.7; median follow-up: 34 months). @entity922 was classified as spinal cord (30.3%), @entity7995 (28.8%), brainstem (24.2%), multiregional (10.6%), hemispheric (4.5%), or undetermined (1.5%). Overall conversion rate was 42.4% (median: 11 months). The McDonald criteria revised for dissemination in space were fulfilled in 33.3% (sensitivity: 0.39 (+/-0.18); specificity: 0.66 (+/-0.15), positive predictive value: 0.46 (+/-0.20), negative predictive value: 0.60 (+/-0.15). CONCLUSION: The Afro-Caribbean population is characterized by a strong proportion of @entity922 in the spinal cord and a lower burden of disease on the baseline brain MRI. This may explain the low sensitivity of the 2005 McDonald criteria for dissemination in space. Further prospective studies emphasizing MRI spinal cord features are needed to improve diagnostic criteria in a population of African descent.

title: Evaluation of the 2005 McDonald MRI criteria for dissemination in space in Afro-Caribbean XXXX with clinically isolated syndromes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinically isolated syndrome', 'CIS']

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: The final step in bile acid synthesis involves conjugation with glycine and taurine, which promotes a high intraluminal micellar concentration to facilitate lipid absorption. We investigated the clinical, biochemical, molecular, and morphologic features of a @entity74 in bile acid conjugation in 10 pediatric @entity1 with @entity1386 , some with @entity851 or transient neonatal @entity1448 . METHODS: We identified the @entity74 that causes this disorder using mass spectrometry analysis of urine, bile, and serum samples and sequence analysis of the genes encoding @entity39447 ( @entity39447 ) and bile acid-CoA ligase ( @entity24445 ). RESULTS: Levels of urinary bile acids were increased (432    248  mol/L) and predominantly excreted in unconjugated forms (79.4%    3.9%) and as sulfates and glucuronides. Glycine or taurine conjugates were absent in the urine, bile, and serum. Unconjugated bile acids accounted for 95.7%    5.8% of the bile acids in duodenal bile, with cholic acid accounting for 82.4%    5.5% of the total. Duodenal bile acid concentrations were 12.1    5.9 mmol/L, which is too low for efficient lipid absorption. The biochemical profile was consistent with defective bile acid amidation. Molecular analysis of @entity39447 confirmed 4 different homozygous mutations in 8 @entity1 tested. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a study of 10 pediatric @entity1 , genetic defects that disrupt bile acid amidation cause @entity1386 and @entity851 , indicating the importance of bile acid conjugation in lipid absorption. Some @entity1 developed @entity409 with features of a cholangiopathy. These findings indicate that @entity1 with @entity1448 or later onset of unexplained @entity1386 should be screened for defects in bile acid conjugation.

title: @entity74 in bile acid conjugation cause XXXX .

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth failure']

entities_list: @entity39447 :: ('570', 'Gene') :: ['BAAT', 'bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestatic hepatitis', 'idiopathic neonatal cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic defect']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['fat-soluble vitamin deficiency']

answer: @entity1386 :: (MESH:D018205,Disease) :: ['fat-soluble vitamin deficiency']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether synthetic peptides containing the @entity369 - @entity2228 - @entity492 (RGD) sequence inhibit @entity1641 platelet function. ANIMALS: For in vitro studies of blood, 3 healthy Thoroughbreds; for in vivo and ex vivo studies of administration of RGD-containing peptides, 4 young adult pony mares. PROCEDURE: Blood was incubated with and without addition of @entity117 or RGD-containing peptides (RGDS, RPR 110885) and @entity1423 responses and @entity1423 to subendothelial collagen were determined. RPR 110885 was administered IV, and platelet function was evaluated. @entity1423 was determined by a turbidimetric method, and @entity1423 was evaluated by the Baumgartner perfusion method. RPR 110885 was administered IV at dosages of 30 and 60 micrograms/kg of body weight, and bleeding time, @entity1423 responses, and platelet count were determined at hourly intervals for 4 hours. RESULTS: Both RGDS and RPR 110885 inhibited @entity1423 in vitro in dose-dependent manner and inhibited @entity1423 to subendothelial collagen. The concentration of RGDS that inhibited @entity1423 by 50% (IC50) was 100 to 142 microM for the various agonists tested, whereas the concentration of RPR 110885 that inhibited @entity1423 by 50% was 0.03 to 0.05 microM. When administered to ponies at 30 or 60 g/kg, RPR 110885 almost completely inhibited @entity857 -induced @entity1423 . CONCLUSIONS: RGDS and RPR 110885 inhibited @entity1641 platelet function; however, RPR 110885 was several thousand times more potent than RGDS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: RGD-containing peptides may be useful for treatment of @entity715 of @entity1641 .

title: Evaluation of @entity369 - XXXX - @entity492 -containing peptides as inhibitors of @entity1641 platelet function.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet adhesion', 'platelet aggregation', 'Platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic diseases']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity2228 :: (CHEBI:57305,Chemical) :: ['glycine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the economic costs and sources of financing for different public-private partnership (PPP) arrangements to @entity378 ( @entity378 ) provision involving both workplace and non-profit private providers in South Africa. The financing required for the different models from the perspective of the provincial @entity378 programme, provider, and the @entity1 are considered. METHOD: Two models of @entity378 provider partnerships were evaluated, relative to sole public provision: public-private workplace (PWP) and public-private non-government (PNP). The cost analysis was undertaken from a societal perspective. Costs were collected retrospectively to consider both the financial and economic costs. @entity1 costs were estimated using a retrospective structured @entity1 interview. RESULTS: Expansion of PPPs could potentially lead to reduced government sector financing requirements for new @entity1 : government financing would require  609-690 per new @entity1 treated in the purely public model, in contrast to PNP sites which would only need to  130-139 per @entity1 and  36-46 with the PWP model. Moreover, there are no @entity1 costs associated with the treatment in the employer-based facilities and the cost to the @entity1 supervised in the community is, on average, three times lower than in public sector facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that there is a strong economic case for expanding PPP involvement in @entity378 treatment in the process of scaling up. The cost to the government per new @entity1 treated could be reduced by enhanced partnership between the private and public sectors.

title: Sharing the burden of XXXX /HIV? Costs and financing of public-private partnerships for @entity378 treatment in South Africa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['TB', 'tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['TB']


abstract: PURPOSE: Results of a retrospective single-institution study recently suggested improved prognostic outcomes in @entity1 undergoing @entity146 ( @entity146 )-assisted transurethral resection of @entity150 (TURBT) prior to radical cystectomy (RC). We sought to validate the prognostic influence of @entity146 -assisted TURBT on survival after RC by relying on a multi-institutional dataset. METHODS: To provide a homogeneous study population, @entity1 with organ metastasis at the time of RC and/or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded from analysis, which resulted in overall 549 @entity150 ( @entity150 ) @entity1 from 18 centers of the Prospective Multicenter Radical Cystectomy Series 2011 (PROMETRICS 2011). To evaluate the influence of @entity146 conducted during primary or final TURBT on cancer-specific mortality (CSM) and overall mortality (OM) after RC, bootstrap-corrected multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression models were applied (median follow-up: 25  months; IQR: 19-30). Sensitivity analyses were performed for both @entity1 with pure @entity189 and @entity1 undergoing one single TURBT only. RESULTS: In 88 (16.0  %) and 100 (18.2  %) @entity1 , @entity146 was used in primary and final TURBTs, respectively. In 335 (61.0  %) @entity1 , a single TURBT was performed prior to RC; in 194 @entity1 (35.3  %), TURBT had been performed in a different center. CSM and OM rates at 3  years were 32 and 40  %, respectively. Use of @entity146 during primary or final TURBT was no independent predictor of CSM or OM. These results were internally valid and were confirmed in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: @entity146 utilization during TURBT prior to RC does not independently impact the prognosis of @entity150 @entity1 after RC.

title: Impact of @entity146 -assisted transurethral resection of XXXX on the prognostic outcome after radical cystectomy: results from PROMETRICS 2011.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['BC', 'bladder tumor', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['photodynamic diagnosis', 'PDD']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Physicians and their @entity1 are greatly concerned about perioperative blood administration. Although isovolemic hemodilution is utilized to decrease the incidence of transfusion, it is unclear at what degree of hemodilution hepatoenteric @entity63 and injury occurs. The authors hypothesized that @entity99 , systemic @entity63 , and @entity3145 would occur during hemodilution in @entity95 , and that the severity of @entity63 and injury may be dependent on the fluid administered. METHODS: @entity95 anesthetized with @entity5161 were assigned randomly to a sham-operated group (n = 8) or groups that underwent four isovolemic hemodilutions (25% of the blood volume removed at hourly intervals), with blood replaced with one of three solutions: balanced electrolyte solutions containing 6% pentastarch (n = 8), 6% hetastarch (n = 9), or 5% @entity1 albumin in normal saline (n = 8). Arterial @entity6178 body ratio and plasma @entity880 , respectively, served as measures of hepatic and systemic @entity63 . Gastric, duodenal, and hepatic histologic injury was assessed post mortem. RESULTS: Hemodilution from a baseline hematocrit of about 33% to about 8% (third hemodilution) with all three colloids did not result in a significant increase in plasma @entity880 concentration or decrease in arterial @entity6178 body ratio. At a hematocrit of about 5% (fourth hemodilution), the hetastarch group had a significantly (P < 0.05) greater plasma @entity880 concentration than the sham-operated and 5% @entity1 albumin groups. There were no significant differences in arterial @entity6178 body ratio or histologic injury between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Isovolemic hemodilution (approximately 5% hematocrit) with albumin, pentastarch, or hetastarch solutions does not result in significant @entity99 or injury assessed by histology.

title: Extreme, progressive isovolemic hemodilution with 5% @entity1 albumin, PentaLyte, or Hextend does not cause @entity99 or histologic injury in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbits']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic ischemia']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: PURPOSE: To summarize findings from health-related quality-of-life interviews with @entity1 who had recurrent subfoveal @entity1940 secondary to age-related @entity1020 and participated in a randomized pilot trial (focal confluent laser photocoagulation versus submacular surgery) that may assist in planning future assessments of health-related quality of life in @entity1 with age-related @entity1020 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Of 70 @entity1 enrolled in the pilot trial, 54 were interviewed before random assignment to treatment and provided the data analyzed for this report. @entity1 were scheduled for follow-up interviews at 6, 12, and 24 months after enrollment. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey was used in all cases and was administered by an interviewer. The summary scales, Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary, were the focus of this analysis. RESULTS: Median Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary score at baseline were 47 and 53, respectively. Distributions of scores at baseline and throughout the 2-year follow-up period were similar in the two treatment arms and consistent with those of a sample of the general US population of similar age. Distributions of both Physical Component Summary scores and Mental Component Summary scores for individual @entity1 subgroups at baseline suggested sensitivity to some measures of baseline vision. During 2 years of follow-up interviews, median changes in Physical Component Summary scores were decreases of six points in the laser arm and three points in the surgery arm; in both treatment arms, median change in Mental Component Summary scores was an increase of 2 points. Two-year changes in visual acuity had no discernible effect on Physical Component Summary scores or Mental Component Summary scores; baseline scores were the strongest predictors of 2-year changes in Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scores. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, summary scores from the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and changes in scores over 2 years in this pilot trial were consistent with the ophthalmic outcome measures (reported elsewhere) that showed no important differences between the treatment arms. These health-related quality-of-life findings provided assurance that the similarity of ophthalmic outcomes in the two treatment arms did not mask changes potentially important to @entity1 that were not captured as part of the clinical outcome data.

title: Submacular surgery trials randomized pilot trial of laser photocoagulation versus surgery for recurrent @entity1940 secondary to age-related XXXX : II. Quality of life outcomes submacular surgery trials pilot study report number 2.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity1940 :: ('MESH:D020256', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascularization']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['macular degeneration']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3852 ( @entity3852 ) is a rare, aggressive @entity1489 that mainly affects elderly @entity1 . Because of its rarity, there is no established treatment or proven markers to guide therapy or prognosis. Immunohistochemical expression of apoptosis proteins is considered a useful marker of both @entity5 progression. Apoptosis plays a fundamental role in skin homeostasis, and apoptotic cells have been detected in normal and diseased skin. Chemokines possess a wide range of biological activities and @entity436 is expressed in some @entity5 cells, where it plays an efficient role in @entity3 formation. OBJECTIVE: To identify immunohistochemical parameters that can help clinicians select the most suitable therapy for skin @entity3852 . DESIGN: Antibodies against ki67, @entity588 , @entity876 , survivin, @entity986 and @entity436 were tested to assess the usefulness of these antigens as indices of proliferation potential and predictors of prognosis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical detection of apoptosis inhibitors and @entity436 was performed on tissue from 12 @entity1 with primary @entity3852 . After excision of the @entity75 , five survived and had no @entity3 , and seven experienced local recurrence or lymph node @entity3 . RESULTS: Expression of ki67 and survivin was increased in @entity1 with local recurrence or @entity3 (retrospectively classified as 'poor prognosis') compared with those with a 'good prognosis', and @entity588 expression was significantly greater (P=0.003). @entity876 and @entity986 immunostaining was moderate in both groups. A positive correlation was observed between survivin and mutant @entity876 in the poor prognosis group (r=0.593, P=0.033; regression coefficient). High values of @entity876 were measured in @entity1 with high levels of survivin and vice versa. @entity436 was not detected at all. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show strong @entity3852 cell apoptosis inhibition and a high cell proliferation capacity. The positive correlation between survivin and @entity876 may be a predictor of @entity3852 spread via the lymphatic network. Absent @entity436 expression may reflect a less aggressive form, with less efficient development of distant and non-organ-selective @entity3 formation.

title: Immunohistochemical study of apoptosis markers and involvement of chemokine @entity436 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3852 :: ('MESH:D015266', 'Disease') :: ['Merkel cell carcinoma', 'MCC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy and tumour', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the skin']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['skin Merkel cell carcinoma']


abstract: Neuroinflammation is typically observed in @entity179 such as @entity195 , as well as after @entity130 and pathogen infection. Resident immune cells, microglia and astrocytes, are activated and joined by blood-borne monocytes that traverse the blood-brain barrier and convert into activated macrophages. The activated cells express various cytokines, chemokines and proteolytic enzymes. To study the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in neuroinflammation, we employed a transgenic @entity19 overexpressing heparanase, an endoglucuronidase that specifically degrades heparan @entity597 side chains. Neuroinflammation was induced by systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide, or by localized cerebral microinjection of aggregated amyloid-b peptide, implicated in @entity195 . Lipopolysaccharide-treated control @entity19 showed massive activation of resident microglia as well as recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain parenchyma. Microinjection of aggregated amyloid-b elicited a similar inflammatory response, albeit restricted to the injection site, which led to dispersion and clearance of the amyloid. In the heparanase-overexpressing @entity19 , all aspects of immune cell recruitment and activation were significantly attenuated in both @entity32 models, as was amyloid dispersion. Accordingly, an in vitro blood-brain barrier model constructed from heparanase-overexpressing cerebral vascular cells showed impaired transmigration of monocytes compared to a corresponding assembly of control cells. Our data indicate that intact heparan sulfate chains are required at multiple sites to mediate neuroinflammatory responses, and further point to heparanase as a modulator of this process, with potential implications for @entity195 .

title: Heparanase overexpression impairs inflammatory response and macrophage-mediated clearance of amyloid-b in XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injury']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: @entity1778 @entity1 receiving marrow from HLA-identical sibling donors were randomized to treatment with either @entity1863 16 mg/kg (n = 88) or total body irradiation ([ @entity131 ] n = 79) in addition to @entity786 120 mg/kg. The @entity1 were observed for a period of 5 to 9 years. @entity1863 -treated @entity1 had an increased risk of @entity5501 ( @entity5501 ) of the liver (12% v 1%, P =.01) and @entity2335 (32% v 10%, P =.003). @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) was similar in the two groups, but the 7-year cumulative incidence of chronic @entity2132 was 59% in the @entity1863 -treated group versus 47% in the @entity131 group (P =.05). Death from @entity2132 was more common in the @entity1863 group (22% v 3%, P <.001). Obstructive @entity5924 occurred in 26% of the @entity1863 @entity1 but in only 5% of the @entity131 @entity1 (P <.01). Complete @entity1665 developed in 8 @entity1863 @entity1 and partial @entity1665 in 17, versus five with partial @entity1665 in the @entity131 group (P <.001). @entity231 occurred in 5 @entity1863 -treated @entity1 and 16 @entity131 @entity1 (P =.02). The incidence of relapse after 7 years was 29% in both groups. Seven-year transplant-related mortality (TRM) in @entity1 with @entity66 was 21% in the @entity1863 group and 12% in the @entity131 group. In @entity1 with more advanced disease, the corresponding figures were 64% and 22%, respectively (P =.004). @entity1778 -free survival (LFS) in @entity1 with @entity66 was 68% in @entity1863 -treated @entity1 and 66% in @entity131 @entity1 . However, 7-year LFS in @entity1 with more advanced disease was 17% in the @entity1863 group versus 49% in the @entity131 group (P <.01). In @entity1 with @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) in first chronic phase, 7-year LFS was 72% and 83% in the two groups, respectively.

title: Increased risk of @entity2132 , obstructive @entity5924 , and @entity1665 with @entity1863 versus total body irradiation: long-term results of a randomized trial in allogeneic marrow recipients with XXXX . Nordic Bone Marrow Transplantation Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['early disease']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['Cataracts']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['Leukemia', 'Leukemic']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'Acute graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity5924 :: ('MESH:D001988', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiolitis']

entities_list: @entity5501 :: ('MESH:D006504', 'Disease') :: ['veno-occlusive disease', 'VOD']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['Busulfan', 'busulfan']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic cystitis']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low utilization of effective @entity301 ( @entity301 ) prevention strategies may be due to many factors, but chief among them is the lack of @entity1 involvement in prevention decisions. We undertook this study to test the effectiveness of an individually-tailored, computerized decision @entity3224 about @entity301 on @entity1 ' discussions with their doctor and their plans for @entity301 prevention. METHODS: We conducted a pilot randomized trial in a convenience sample of adults with no previous history of @entity65 to test the effectiveness of an individually-tailored, computerized decision @entity3224 about @entity301 prevention against a risk factor list that @entity1 could present to their doctor. RESULTS: We enrolled 75 adults. Mean age was 53. 59% were female, 73% white, and 23% African-American. 66% had some college education. 43% had a 10-year @entity301 risk of 0-5%, 25% a risk of 6-10%, 24% a risk of 11-20%, and 5% a risk of > 20%. 78% had at least one option to reduce their @entity301 risk, but only 45% accurately identified the strategies best supported by evidence. 41 @entity1 received the decision @entity3224 , 34 received usual care. In unadjusted analysis, the decision @entity3224 increased the proportion of @entity1 who discussed @entity301 risk reduction with their doctor from 24% to 40% (absolute difference 16%; 95% CI -4% to +37%) and increased the proportion who had a specific plan to reduce their risk from 24% to 37% (absolute difference 13%; 95% CI -7% to +34%). In pre-post testing, the decision @entity3224 also appeared to increase the proportion of @entity1 with plans to intervene on their @entity301 risk (absolute increase ranging from 21% to 47% for planned medication use and 5% to 16% for planned behavioral interventions). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms @entity1 ' limited knowledge about their @entity301 risk and effective risk reduction options and provides preliminary evidence that an individually-tailored decision @entity3224 about @entity301 prevention might be expected to increase @entity1 ' discussions about @entity301 prevention with their doctor and their plans for @entity301 risk reduction. These findings should be replicated in studies with a larger sample size and @entity1 at overall higher risk of @entity301 .

title: The impact of a decision XXXX about heart disease prevention on @entity1 ' discussions with their doctor and their plans for prevention: a pilot randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

answer: @entity3224 :: (57379,Gene) :: ['aid']


abstract: Denervation of the major peripheral chemo- and barosensory organs of neonatal mammals is known to produce age-dependent effects on mortality and on respiratory and cardiovascular functions. In the current series of experiments, these phenomena were more fully characterized in the young @entity35 . 8- to 9-day-old @entity35 showed few effects of combined carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve (CSAD) denervation. During the days following surgery, these animals maintained normal body temperatures, had relatively normal @entity1017 , little @entity952 , and none died. Denervation at earlier ages (postnatal days 3-4 or 0-1) resulted in considerable mortality, 24 and 59%, respectively. In addition, body temperatures were lower, and the @entity1017 was impaired in the denervated pups as compared with controls, and these effects were more severe in the CSAD nonsurvivors than in the survivors. Also, nonsurvivors had much more severe disruptions of cardiorespiratory patterns measured 24-96 h after surgery than did CSAD survivors. Twenty-four hours after surgery, pups that later died could be identified based on low heart rates and long inspiratory times. CSAD survivors maintained a pattern of moderate @entity952 as compared with controls. Finally, our results indicate that the additional stress of subcutaneous electrocardiography lead implantation and/or daily maternal separation for cardiorespiratory recording increased the mortality in the 3- to 4-day-old CSAD pups from 11 to 40%.

title: Effects of combined carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerve denervations in neonatal XXXX pups.

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity952 :: ('MESH:D019958', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory disruption']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on the effectiveness of employer-sponsored financial incentives for employee @entity353 are limited. OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of 2 financial incentive designs for promoting @entity353 among @entity28 employees. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01208350) SETTING: @entity1 's Hospital of Philadelphia. @entity1 : 105 employees with a body mass index between 30 and 40 kg/m2. INTERVENTION: 24 weeks of monthly weigh-ins (control group; n = 35); individual incentive, designed as  100 per @entity1 per month for meeting or exceeding weight-loss goals (n = 35); and group incentive, designed as  500 per month split among @entity1 within groups of 5 who met or exceeded weight-loss goals (n = 35). MEASUREMENTS: Weight loss after 24 weeks (primary outcome) and 36 weeks and changes in behavioral mediators of @entity353 (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: Group-incentive @entity1 lost more weight than control @entity1 (mean between-group difference, 4.4 kg [95% CI, 2.0 to 6.7 kg]; P < 0.001) and individual-incentive @entity1 (mean between-group difference, 3.2 kg [CI, 0.9 to 5.5 kg]; P = 0.008). Twelve weeks after incentives ended and after adjustment for 3-group comparisons, group-incentive @entity1 maintained greater @entity353 than control group @entity1 (mean between-group difference, 2.9 kg [CI, 0.5 to 5.3 kg]; P = 0.016) but not greater than individual-incentive @entity1 (mean between-group difference, 2.7 kg [CI, 0.4 to 5.0 kg]; P = 0.024). LIMITATION: Single employer and short follow-up. CONCLUSION: A group-based financial incentive was more effective than an individual incentive and monthly weigh-ins at promoting @entity353 among @entity28 employees at 24 weeks. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute on Aging.

title: Individual- versus group-based financial incentives for XXXX : a randomized, controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Children', 'person', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 rhinoviruses (RVs) are the most common precipitants of @entity565 exacerbations. @entity281 of bronchial epithelium results in local airway @entity32 inducing eosinophil recruitment and activation. Induction of eosinophil chemoattractants could represent a central mechanism, as well as a prime target for intervention. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of @entity281 on mRNA expression and production of eosinophil chemoattractants by bronchial epithelial cells in-vitro. METHODS: BEAS-2B cells were infected with major and minor RVs and the mRNA expression of @entity687 , @entity5737 , @entity10557 , eotaxin, @entity28955 , @entity12869 , @entity7721 and @entity12866 was assessed by reverse transcription PCR. In cases where mRNA induction was observed, a fluoroimmunoassay was used to confirm protein production. To assess the virus-specificity of the observed reactions, cells were also exposed to inactivated RVs. RESULTS: @entity281 was able to up-regulate mRNA expression of @entity687 , @entity5737 , @entity10557 , eotaxin and @entity28955 , did not affect @entity12866 , while @entity12869 and @entity7721 were not expressed either at baseline or after @entity778 . Protein production was confirmed for @entity687 , @entity5737 and eotaxin, but not for @entity10557 . When RVs were inactivated cytokine up-regulation was almost completely lost. CONCLUSION: Infection of bronchial epithelial cells with RVs results in the production of a wide array of mediators that are able to chemoattract eosinophils. These include the eosinophil-specific molecules eotaxin and @entity28955 , in addition to @entity687 and @entity5737 , which are the most abundant. Eosinophil recruitment after @entity281 of bronchial epithelium could represent a central event in the pathogenesis of virus-induced @entity565 exacerbations.

title: XXXX up-regulates eotaxin and @entity28955 expression in bronchial epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['RV infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['Rhinovirus infection']


abstract: Mortality is a rare but disastrous complication of microvascular head and neck reconstruction. The investigators attempt to identify the procedure-related mortality cases and analyse the causes of @entity204 . A retrospective analysis of 804 consecutive free flap procedures during a 19-year period was performed and fatal cases were identified (n=42 @entity204 ). Multivariate logistic regression was employed to determine the association of in-hospital mortality with @entity1 -related characteristics. The 30-day post-operative mortality rate was 1% (8 out of 804 @entity1 ), and the in-hospital mortality rate (post-operative @entity204 in-hospital before or after the 30th post-operative day without discharge) was 5.2% (42 out of 804 @entity1 ). @entity5 recurrence and @entity3 related @entity55 were the most common causes of @entity204 (n=26, 62%), followed by @entity8 . Logistic regression analysis revealed that @entity1 with stage IV disease and an operation time of >9h were significantly associated with post-operative mortality. Malignancy-related conditions were the most common causes of @entity204 following free flap transfer for head and neck reconstruction. For @entity1 with stage IV @entity135 , this aggressive surgical approach should be cautiously justified due to its association with post-operative mortality. To shorten the operation time, experienced microsurgical operation teams are necessary.

title: The importance of in-hospital mortality for XXXX requiring free tissue transfer for head and neck oncology.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac, pulmonary, infectious and hepatic/renal aetiologies']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Forty million @entity1 are regularly exposed to environmental @entity286 smoke (ETS) each year, increasing their risk for @entity204 . Early life exposure to ETS also is clearly associated with wheezing. However, there is no clear understanding of the influence of ETS on the development of @entity56 sensitization. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association of combined exposure to ETS and indoor allergens on IgE sensitization to aeroallergens in @entity1 . METHODS: This case-control study enrolled 116 cases and 121 controls from low-income families from Kansas City, Missouri. The adjusted odds ratio was calculated using a logistic model to assess the association between ETS and @entity56 sensitization using dust allergen levels as a covariate. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of @entity1097 @entity1 and 39% of controls were exposed to ETS (P < .05). Unadjusted analyses showed no significant influence of ETS on IgE sensitization to indoor allergens. Logistic regression analyses also showed no significant influence of ETS on sensitization when adjusted for levels of allergens in the home dust and family history of @entity2023 . CONCLUSION: These data suggest that ETS exposure was not associated with IgE sensitization to indoor allergens, even when home allergen levels were taken into consideration. Further understanding of how components of @entity286 smoke influence the immune response is necessary to interpret the disparate findings across studies.

title: Association of @entity286 smoke exposure and XXXX sensitization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['premature death and middle ear and acute respiratory infections']

answer: @entity1097 :: (MESH:C566404,Disease) :: ['atopic']


abstract: This open study of beta blockers in chronic @entity1538 compared the efficacy of once daily (o.d.) oral @entity5894 therapy with twice daily (b.d.) topical @entity6839 therapy. Sixty eight @entity1 were randomly assigned to starting doses of either 20, 40, or 80 mg of @entity5894 o.d. (51 @entity1 ) or 0.25% @entity6839 b.d. (17 @entity1 ) and were seen at weekly intervals for a four-week (short-term) period. Upward dosage titration (80 mg o. @entity8906 , @entity5894 and 0.5% b.d. maximum, @entity6839 ) was permitted if, at any visit, the intraocular pressure (IOP) in either eye was greater than 21 mmHg. At the end of 4 weeks the IOPs of a comparable number of @entity1 were controlled (IOP less than 22 mmHg) with 20 mg @entity5894 o.d. and 0.25% @entity6839 b.d. The 40 mg and 80 mg o.d. @entity5894 regimens were comparable with each other, superior to the 20 mg regimen, and (at least) equivalent to 0.5% @entity6839 . The absolute degree of @entity2790 achieved with oral @entity5894 was equivalent to that with topical @entity6839 . Alterations in blood pressure and heart rate were predictably greater with the orally administered beta blocker. Long-term therapy (up to 24 months) in 28 @entity5894 @entity1 and 5 @entity6839 @entity1 indicates no more likelihood of tolerance with @entity5894 therapy. @entity1 withdrawals from the study due to adverse reactions occurred with @entity5894 but not @entity6839 . Since oral @entity5894 administered once daily is as efficacious as b.d. topical @entity6839 , it can be recommended as first-line therapy for certain subsets of the @entity726 clinic population.

title: Comparative efficacy of orally and topically administered beta blockers for chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['simple glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['IOP reduction']

answer: @entity1538 :: (MESH:D005902,Disease) :: ['simple glaucoma']


abstract: Intestinal drug efflux mediated by P-glycoprotein and other ABC transporters is widely accepted as a reason for low or variable oral absorption. However, little is known about species and regional differences in P-glycoprotein so the functional and predictive relevance of observations made in cell models such as Caco-2 is uncertain. The aim of this study was to define the kinetics of drug efflux in @entity35 and @entity1 intestinal tissues in vitro using the "reference" substrates @entity6838 and @entity5713 . The expression and functional role of other ABC transporters in the transport of these compounds was also investigated. Saturable, @entity1855 -sensitive efflux of @entity6838 was observed in all intestinal regions. Apparent affinity of the efflux process varied within a relatively narrow range (50-92 microM), increasing in @entity35 from small to large intestine. In contrast, maximal transporter activity varied over a 4- to 5-fold range with ileum > jejunum > colon. Similar regional differences in efflux were also observed with @entity5713 . Maximal efflux levels were similar in Caco-2 and ileum for both substrates, suggesting that Caco-2 may quantitatively predict small intestinal drug efflux. @entity6838 efflux kinetics was virtually identical in @entity35 and @entity1 colon. Inhibitor studies showed that @entity6838 and @entity5713 efflux in intestinal tissues was mediated by P-glycoprotein, although a minor component could be attributed to multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP)-like transporters in Caco-2. This study has analyzed the differential functional expression of drug efflux along the gastrointestinal tract. Such data will be critical in developing predictive models of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux using information gathered from in vitro systems.

title: Kinetic profiling of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux in XXXX and @entity1 intestinal epithelia.

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity6838 :: ('MESH:D004077', 'Chemical') :: ['digoxin', 'Digoxin']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) is a @entity9413 antibiotic and reported to be one of a few reagents having therapeutic effects on @entity1579 , such as the delay in the appearing of the clinical signs and the prolongation of the survival time. In @entity1579 , glial cells have been suggested to play important roles by proliferating and producing various factors such as @entity842 , proinflammatory cytokines, and neurotrophic factors. However, the therapeutic mechanism of @entity11015 on @entity1579 remains elusive. We have previously reported that @entity11015 changed the expression of @entity2359 and neurotrophic factors in microglia (Motoyoshi et al., 2008, Neurochem. Int. 52, 1290-1296). In the present study, we examined the effects of @entity11015 on cellular functions of @entity35 cultured astrocytes. We found that @entity11015 could activate astrocytes to produce @entity842 via inducible @entity842 synthase induction. @entity11015 also induced mRNA expression of @entity3426 and @entity5 @entity39 factor-a, and productions of their proteins in astrocytes. Moreover, @entity11015 changed levels of @entity10862 mRNAs and proteins. Among three neurotrophic factors examined here, @entity10862 mRNA expression and its protein production in the cells were down-regulated by @entity11015 stimulation. On the other hand, @entity11015 significantly enhanced the amounts of @entity10157 and brain-derived @entity10862 proteins in the cells and the medium. These results suggest that @entity11015 might show therapeutic effects on @entity1579 by controlling the expression and production of such mediators in astrocytes.

title: Activation of cultured astrocytes by XXXX : stimulation of NO and cytokines production and changes in neurotrophic factors production.

entities_list: @entity9413 :: ('CHEBI:48121', 'Chemical') :: ['polyene']

entities_list: @entity10157 :: ('25453(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['Amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['prion diseases']

entities_list: @entity10862 :: ('81737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['neurotrophic factor', 'neurotrophin-3']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity73 ( @entity73 ) may reduce @entity308 and recurrence when @entity1 learn and use the associated skills. Reported relapse and recurrence rates after @entity73 discontinuation vary widely. The factors that determine when @entity73 is preventive remain unidentified. We developed continuation-phase @entity73 (C- @entity73 ) to teach responders skills to prevent relapse. This is the first randomized trial comparing @entity73 with and without a continuation phase in responders to @entity73 who were vulnerable, given their history of recurrent @entity308 . METHODS: @entity1 aged 18 to 65 years (n = 156) with recurrent DSM-IV @entity308 ( @entity308 ) entered 20 sessions of acute-phase @entity73 (A- @entity73 ). Unmedicated responders (ie, no @entity308 and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for @entity308 score < or =9; n = 84) were randomized to either 8 months (10 sessions) of C- @entity73 or control (evaluation without @entity73 ). Follow-up lasted an additional 16 months. A clinician blind to assignment evaluated relapse and recurrence (ie, DSM-IV @entity308 ). RESULTS: Over an 8-month period, C- @entity73 significantly reduced relapse estimates more than control (10% vs 31%). Over 24 months, including the @entity73 -free follow-up, age of onset and quality of remission during the late phase of A- @entity73 each interacted with condition assignment to influence durability of effects. In @entity1 with early-onset @entity308 , C- @entity73 significantly reduced relapse and recurrence estimates (16% vs 67% in control). When @entity1 had unstable remission during late A- @entity73 , C- @entity73 significantly reduced relapse and recurrence estimates to 37% (vs 62% in control). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that 8 months of C- @entity73 significantly reduces relapse and recurrence in the highest-risk @entity1 with recurrent @entity308 . Risk factors influenced the necessity for C- @entity73 .

title: Preventing recurrent XXXX using cognitive therapy with and without a continuation phase: a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['CT', 'Cognitive therapy']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'MDD', 'depressive relapse', 'major depressive disorder', 'unipolar depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: We have previously demonstrated that Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin can exert long-term protective effects against the chronic @entity32 @entity1753 in @entity35 . The present study was designed to investigate the mechanisms and time-course of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity and cytokine secretion underlying this phenomenon. @entity35 were injected with endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and blood was collected either 7 or 21 days later. Priming with endotoxin induced a biphasic alteration in secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and @entity2819 in response to a second injection of endotoxin, with decreased secretion observed after 7 days whereas robust secretion was observed at 21 days. Seven days following priming with endotoxin, plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were reduced by 90%, and @entity5 @entity39 factor ( @entity1505 by 70%, compared to saline-treated @entity35 , whereas robust secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine @entity13358 was maintained in both groups. A similar net change favouring an anti-inflammatory cytokine secretory milieu was also observed 21 days following priming with endotoxin. This study provides evidence that the long-term protective effects of endotoxin on @entity32 are associated with a sustained reduction in secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. HPA @entity2270 at 7 days suggests that @entity2819 is not involved in suppressing @entity568 , @entity3692 and @entity1505 at this time point. Conversely, hypersecretion of @entity2819 at 21 days may underlie synchronous suppression of @entity568 and @entity3692 . These data provide novel insight into interactions between HPA axis activity and cytokine secretion following endotoxin priming prior to induction of @entity32 .

title: Protective effects of endotoxin in a XXXX model of @entity32 are accompanied by suppressed secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and biphasic alteration in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['axis hypoactivity']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['adjuvant arthritis']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Amplitude changes of event-related sensory potentials (SEP's) present objective measurements for the evaluation of @entity158 perception in @entity1 . @entity680 , an opioid with dominant binding to the mu-receptor was given in graded doses (5-, 10- micrograms/kg) to volunteers. @entity5889 , an opioid with reported kappa-agonist activity, was given in graded doses (100-, 500-, 1000- micrograms/kg) to another group i.v. Both groups were also exposed to progressively increased electrical stimulations (mA) in order to determine tolerance threshold before and after drug administration. In the @entity680 group (n = 5) there was a dose- related decrease of the amplitude of the early N20-peak. The late N100-peak was not, however, affected. This correlated closely (r = 0.87) with a @entity1510 -reversible increase of tolerance to electrical current. In the @entity5889 group (n = 15), there was a dose-related, @entity1510 non-reversible reduction of amplitude of the late N100-peak which showed a good correlation (r = 0.9) with an increase in current threshold. As the early evoked potentials are primarily generated in the pontine-thalamic region, it is suggested that the mode of action of @entity680 resembles that of a blockade of sensory impulses. The latter takes place before impulses are transmitted to more rostrally located CNS structures which are responsible for @entity158 identification. The late evoked potential affected by @entity5889 indicates an activity on thalamo-cortical projection sites which are involved in subjects' cognitive activities. Kappa-ligands, therefore, seem to exert a different mode of action than mu-opioids, which results in a modulation of the negative emotional response associated with @entity158 , rather than an attenuation of @entity158 impulses.

title: Opioids with different affinity for subreceptors induce different effects on early and late sensory evoked potentials (SEP) in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity680 :: ('MESH:D015760', 'Chemical') :: ['Alfentanil', 'alfentanil']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity5889 :: ('MESH:D009266', 'Chemical') :: ['nalbuphine', 'Nalbuphine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: A 13-year-old @entity1 with @entity716 , @entity308 , and @entity3119 initially presented with @entity227 and a lifetime of excessive worries about contamination. Family history was significant for @entity161 and @entity146 . When treated with @entity8991 100 mg daily (plasma level 85 ng/mL), @entity3119 but not the @entity1833 improved significantly, and racing thoughts and grandiosity developed later. Haloperidol 0.5 mg daily reduced the @entity716 but was poorly tolerated, and then @entity6105 3 mg daily was ineffective, so @entity8991 was discontinued (without worsening of @entity3119 symptoms). @entity6105 in combination with @entity1091 1500 mg daily (0.9 meq/L), and then with the addition of @entity2049 250 mg daily (3.7 micrograms/mL), was only partially helpful. Dose reductions in any medication led to increased @entity716 within days. @entity6105 was then replaced by @entity1090 3 mg twice daily. Within 2 weeks of starting @entity1090 , @entity716 ceased but the @entity1 experienced an incapacitating exacerbation of @entity3119 , experiencing the most severe symptoms in his illness. @entity3756 50 mg reduced the @entity3119 symptoms only briefly. After 5 months on @entity1090 , @entity1090 and @entity3756 were discontinued, and the @entity3119 significantly decreased within 2 weeks. These clinical observations suggest that even when @entity1090 has a therapeutic antipsychotic effect, it may exacerbate @entity3119 in predisposed adolescents.

title: Differential response of @entity716 and obsessive symptoms to XXXX in an adolescent.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['auditory and visual hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive']

entities_list: @entity8991 :: ('MESH:D002997', 'Chemical') :: ['clomipramine']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['compulsive behavior']

entities_list: @entity6105 :: ('MESH:D014268', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluoperazine', 'Trifluoperazine']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['Sertraline', 'sertraline']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychotic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive-compulsive symptoms', 'OCD']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity1090 :: (MESH:D018967,Chemical) :: ['risperidone']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity64 is common in @entity1 with @entity3458 and results from an imbalance in @entity26 supply and demand. @entity450 ( @entity450 ) is increased in @entity1 with @entity3458 , but adequacy of their @entity26 delivery has not been systematically demonstrated. This study examined the physiological determinants of @entity450 in 37 @entity1 with @entity3458 , 38 ethnicity matched control subjects and 16 @entity1 with @entity417 of non-sickle origin. @entity450 was measured using phase contrast MRI of the carotid and vertebral arteries. @entity450 increased inversely to @entity26 content (r(2) = 0.69, p   <   0.0001). Brain @entity26 delivery, the product of @entity450 and @entity26 content, was normal in all groups. Brain composition, specifically the relative amounts of grey and white matter, was the next strongest @entity450 predictor, presumably by influencing cerebral metabolic rate. Grey matter/white matter ratio and @entity450 declined monotonically until the age of 25 in all subjects, consistent with known maturational changes in brain composition. Further @entity450 reductions were observed with age in subjects older than 35 years of age, likely reflecting microvascular aging. On multivariate regression, @entity450 was independent of disease state, hemoglobin S, hemoglobin F, reticulocyte count and cell free hemoglobin, suggesting that it is regulated similarly in @entity1 and control subjects. In conclusion, @entity3458 @entity1 had sufficient @entity26 delivery at rest, but accomplish this only by marked increases in their resting @entity450 , potentially limiting their ability to further augment flow in response to stress. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Determinants of resting cerebral blood flow in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell disease to compensate for their anemia', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral blood flow', 'CBF']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: 1. The hormonal control of glycogen breakdown was studied in hepatocytes isolated from livers of fed @entity35 . 2. @entity413 release was stimulated by @entity1831 (10pm-10nm), @entity398 (1nm-1mum), and @entity1808 (1nm-0.1mum). These responses are all at least as sensitive to hormone as is @entity413 output in the perfused @entity35 liver. 3. The effect of these three hormones on @entity413 release was critically dependent on extracellular @entity141 , unlike that of glucagon. Half-maximal restoration of the @entity1951 response occurred if 0.3mm- @entity141 was added back to the incubation medium. 4. Glycogen breakdown was more than sufficient to account for the @entity413 released into the medium, in the absence or presence of hormones. @entity880 release by hepatocytes was not affected by @entity1951 , but was inhibited by glucagon. 5. If @entity141 was omitted from the extracellular medium, @entity1951 stimulated glycogenolysis, but not @entity413 release. 6. The phosphorylase a content of hepatocytes was increased by @entity1951 , @entity398 and @entity1808 ; minimum effective concentrations were 0.1pm, 0.1nm and 10pm respectively. This response was also dependent on @entity141 . 7. These results demonstrate that hepatocytes can respond to low concentrations of @entity1951 and @entity1808 , i.e. these effects are likely to be relevant in the intact animal. The role of extracellular @entity141 in the effects of these hormones on hepatic glycogenolysis and @entity413 release is discussed.

title: Rapid stimulation by XXXX , @entity398 and @entity1808 of glycogen degradation in hepatocyte suspensions.

entities_list: @entity1831 :: ('CHEBI:34543', 'Chemical') :: ['[8-arginine]vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity1951 :: ('MESH:D014667', 'Chemical') :: ['vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity1951 :: (MESH:D014667,Chemical) :: ['vasopressin']


abstract: We report a @entity1 with @entity4888 of 20 years standing who developed @entity978 . Full investigation, including biopsy, is essential when recurrent @entity4888 is suspected to outrule a second @entity706 as the results may affect management. Case History A Caucasian male presented aged 41 years with an @entity1910 affecting his trunk and upper and lower limbs. There was no lymphadenopathy/ @entity7555 or @entity3137 . Biopsy showed mucosis fungoides. This was controlled over the next two decades with simple emulsifying creams and topical corticosteroids, the disease remaining confined to the skin. Nineteen years after the diagnosis of mucosis fungoides, he developed an isolated left groin node, biopsy of which showed @entity978 . Staging investigations were undertaken and the @entity1 was found to have stage 1A disease (Ann Arbor). He was treated with combination chemotherapy ( @entity1568 Mustard, @entity1891 , @entity4174 and @entity617 ) and has had no recurrence of his @entity978 , follow-up being seven years. His @entity4888 @entity272 improved temporarily with the cytotoxic therapy, but have subsequently progressed to the @entity5 stage. Only temporary improvements in these lesions have resulted from total skin electron therapy, local electron irradiation and P.U.V.A.

title: XXXX : a potential diagnostic dilemma.

entities_list: @entity4888 :: ('MESH:D009182', 'Disease') :: ['mycosis fungoides']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity4174 :: ('MESH:D011344', 'Chemical') :: ['Procarbazine']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['eczematous rash']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumorous']

entities_list: @entity7555 :: ('MESH:D016878', 'Disease') :: ['organomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['Vincristine']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's lymphoma", "mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal disease']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['Prednisolone']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['Two lymphomas']


abstract: @entity1743 ( @entity1743 ) is increasingly thought to play a role in the development of @entity570 , but is difficult to define clinically and on imaging. This study investigates mineralisations of the acetabular labrum ( @entity3221 ), which are small, discrete foci of dense radio-opacity within the region of the acetabular labrum. The study aims to characterise @entity3221 and test the hypothesis that @entity3221 are associated with @entity1743 . CT images and radiographs of 106 hips in 66 individuals without known @entity1743 were reviewed for the presence of @entity3221 . The anatomical locations of the @entity3221 in the acetabular labrum were measured. Three current radiographic markers of @entity1743 were recorded in hips with @entity3221 and in age- and gender-matched hips without @entity3221 : centre-edge angle and acetabular version angle as measures of pincer impingement, and alpha angle as a measure of cam impingement. @entity3221 were identified in 18% of hips (n=19). Hips with MAL had a larger mean alpha angle (p=0.013) than those without. @entity3221 were found to be located anterosuperiorly and posterosuperiorly within the labrum, consistent with coup and contrecoup impingement lesion locations reported for @entity1743 . No significant association was found between MAL and centre-edge angle or version angle. Our data demonstrate that @entity3221 are associated with increased alpha angle and thus may be linked to cam-type @entity1743 . @entity3221 have not previously been associated with @entity1743 . This correlation may give further insight into the disease process underlying @entity570 and might represent a future radiographic marker of cam-type @entity1743 .

title: Discrete mineralisation of the acetabular labrum: a novel marker of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1743 :: ('MESH:D057925', 'Disease') :: ['Femoroacetabular impingement', 'FAI']

entities_list: @entity570 :: ('MESH:D015207', 'Disease') :: ['hip osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity1743 :: (MESH:D057925,Disease) :: ['femoroacetabular impingement']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate whether weekend or nighttime admission affects prognosis of peptic @entity1066 despite early endoscopy. METHODS: Retrospective data collection from four referral centers, all of which had a formal out-of-hours emergency endoscopy service, even at weekends. A total of 388 @entity1 with @entity548 peptic ulcers who were admitted via the emergency room between January 2007 and December 2009 were enrolled. Analyzed parameters included time from @entity1 ' arrival until endoscopy, mortality, rebleeding, need for surgery and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: The weekday and weekend admission groups comprised 326 and 62 @entity1 , respectively. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups, except for younger age in the weekend group. Most @entity1 (97%) had undergone early endoscopy, which resulted in a low mortality rate regardless of point of presentation (1.8% overall vs 1.6% on the weekend). The only outcome that was worse in the weekend group was a higher rate of rebleeding (12% vs 21%, P = 0.030). However, multivariate analysis revealed nighttime admission and a high Rockall score (>=  6) as significant independent risk factors for rebleeding, rather than weekend admission. CONCLUSION: Early endoscopy for peptic @entity1066 can prevent the weekend effect, and nighttime admission was identified as a novel risk factor for rebleeding, namely the nighttime effect.

title: Weekend and nighttime effect on the prognosis of peptic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer bleeding']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity9285 ( @entity9285 ) is approved in the United States for the treatment of pediatric @entity565 and @entity2490 ; @entity13366 ( @entity13366 ) does not have regulatory approval but is used in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of @entity9285 and @entity13366 for the treatment of pediatric @entity565 and @entity56 . METHODS: Two independent reviewers selected articles for inclusion, extracted data, and graded the strength of evidence for each clinical outcome. All studies were randomized controlled trials of @entity1 with @entity56 or @entity7370 treated with @entity9285 or an aqueous formulation of @entity13366 . Data sources were Medline, Embase, LILACS, CENTRAL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through May 2012. RESULTS: In 13 trials, 920 @entity1 received @entity9285 or usual care; in 18 studies, 1583 @entity1 received @entity13366 or usual care. Three studies compared @entity9285 with @entity13366 head-to-head in 135 @entity1 . The strength of evidence is moderate that @entity9285 improves @entity565 and @entity2490 symptoms and low that @entity9285 improves @entity2024 symptoms and @entity565 medication scores. Strength of evidence is high that @entity13366 improves @entity565 symptoms and moderate that @entity13366 improves @entity2490 and @entity2024 symptoms and decreases medication usage. The evidence is low to support @entity9285 over @entity13366 for improving @entity565 or @entity2490 symptoms or medication usage. Local reactions were frequent with @entity9285 and @entity13366 . There was 1 report of anaphylaxis with @entity9285 . CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supports the efficacy of both @entity9285 and @entity13366 for the treatment of @entity565 and @entity2490 in @entity1 .

title: Allergen-specific immunotherapy for pediatric @entity565 and XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity9285 :: ('MESH:D013352', 'Disease') :: ['SCIT', 'Subcutaneous immunotherapy']

entities_list: @entity7370 :: ('OMIM:613207', 'Disease') :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity13366 :: ('MESH:D013362', 'Disease') :: ['SLIT', 'sublingual immunotherapy']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinoconjunctivitis', 'allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

answer: @entity7370 :: (OMIM:613207,Disease) :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is now considered as the major cause of @entity454 , and @entity101 ( @entity101 ) is one of the main determinants of progression of @entity8 . The aim of this study was to assess the role of blood pressure (BP) by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in @entity1 and adolescents with type-1 @entity6 and its correlation with @entity633 ( @entity633 ) and @entity6 control. Eighty-one @entity1 with type-1 @entity6 (mean age 13    4 years), whose duration of @entity6 was at least two years, were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of @entity101 based on ABPM was 28.4%, while by casual method it was 32.1%. The pattern of @entity101 was as follows: mean systolic @entity101 27.2%, mean diastolic @entity101 11.2%, daytime systolic @entity101 17.3%, daytime diastolic @entity101 6.2%, night systolic @entity101 30.9%, and night diastolic @entity101 29.7%. The systolic and diastolic BP loads were 33.4 and 27.2%, respectively. About 70.4% of the @entity1 were non-dippers, 12.4% had masked @entity101 , and 3.7% had @entity19430 . The pre-valence of @entity633 was 34.6% and that of abnormal HbA 1 c was 82.7%. There was no correlation between @entity101 and both @entity633 and HbA 1 c; also, no correlation was found between the duration of @entity6 and HbA 1 c. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between the duration of @entity6 and @entity633 (P = 0.080). Despite the high prevalence of abnormal BP profile among @entity6 @entity1 , prospective longitudinal studies considering the other major risk factors, particularly genetic factors, which have an impact on the progression to @entity2316 , are recommended.

title: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in @entity1 and adolescents with type-1 @entity6 and its relation to XXXX control and microalbuminuria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity19430 :: ('MESH:D059466', 'Disease') :: ['white coat HTN']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'HTN']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'Diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['micro-albuminuria', 'MA']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage kidney failure']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We made a comparative study on the antiemetic effect of @entity1363 and @entity3974 added to intravenous @entity1 -controlled analgesia (PCA) using @entity3575 with gynecologic @entity1 undergoing pelviscopic surgery. METHODS: The PCA using 20   g/kg of @entity3575 was started in all groups postoperatively. A dose of 16 mg of @entity3974 was added to the PCA of group O (n = 30). A dose of 5 mg of @entity1363 was added to the PCA of group M (n = 30). While 16 mg of @entity3974 and 5 mg of @entity1363 were added to the PCA of group MO (n = 30). Total volume of the PCA was 60 ml, and the PCA system was programmed to deliver 0.5 ml/h of continuous doses and a 0.5 ml bolus on demand, with a 15 minutes lockout interval. The incidence of @entity1209 ( @entity1209 ), sedation score, visual analog scale (VAS) for @entity158 , and rescue drug dose for @entity1209 were investigated at the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), 6 hours, and 24 hours after recovery. RESULTS: The incidence of @entity1209 in group MO was significantly lower than in group O at PACU, 24 hours after recovery (P < 0.05). The sedation score and VAS @entity158 score showed no differences among all groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1363 added to PCA using @entity3575 proved more effective than @entity3974 in preventing @entity1209 without adverse effects.

title: The antiemetic effect of XXXX or/and @entity3974 added to intravenous @entity1 controlled analgesia in @entity1 of pelviscopic surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['Midazolam', 'midazolam']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['PONV', 'postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1363 :: (MESH:D008874,Chemical) :: ['midazolam']


abstract: AIM: @entity12897 are relatively common in the lumbar spine and very uncommon in the cervical spine. Several case reports and a few small series have been reported in the literature over the past four decades. There are two distinct cervical spine synovial cyst categories: atlantoaxial and the subaxial cervical spine. The surgical treatments are very different. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report eleven @entity1 undergoing transoral resection and posterior fusion for histologically confirmed symptomatic @entity12897 . This represents a retrospective review over 18 years. The authors analyzed the literature of @entity1 who underwent surgical treatment for symptomatic @entity12897 . RESULTS: There were four male and seven female @entity1 with a mean age of 76 years (range 54-84 years). All @entity1 presented with cervical @entity602 . @entity1 were neurologically assessed pre- and postoperatively and outcome reported using the Modified Rankin Outcome score. Mean follow-up period was 22 months (range 6-120 months). Ten of the eleven @entity1 had improvement in their postoperative assessment and one @entity1 remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: @entity602 is the presenting symptom in the vast majority of these @entity1 . Surgical resection and decompression of the neural structures can be an effective treatment for symptomatic @entity12897 .

title: Transoral surgical approach for treatment of symptomatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy', 'Myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity12897 :: ('MESH:D013581', 'Disease') :: ['atlantoaxial synovial cysts', 'Synovial cysts']

answer: @entity12897 :: (MESH:D013581,Disease) :: ['atlantoaxial cervical synovial cysts']


abstract: IMPORTANCE: The optimal anticoagulant for @entity1 with non-ST-segment elevation @entity1187 (NSTE-ACS) managed with an invasive strategy remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of @entity43110 , a novel intravenous direct factor Xa inhibitor, with that of unfractionated heparin plus downstream eptifibatide in @entity1 with NSTE-ACS undergoing a planned early invasive strategy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Randomized, double-blind, active-controlled superiority trial that enrolled 13,229 @entity1 with NSTE-ACS and a planned early invasive strategy, at 568 active sites in 55 countries and conducted between April 2010 and February 2013. A planned interim analysis was conducted for @entity43110 dose selection. INTERVENTIONS: Eligible @entity1 were randomized to @entity43110 (bolus and infusion, at 1 of 2 doses) or unfractionated heparin plus, at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention, eptifibatide. The @entity43110 dose selected at interim analysis was an intravenous bolus of 0.080 mg/kg followed by an infusion of 0.140 mg/kg per hour. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary efficacy outcome was the composite of all-cause @entity204 or new @entity583 through day 7. RESULTS: Rates of the primary efficacy outcome were 5.5% (279 of 5105 @entity1 ) randomized to receive @entity43110 and 5.7% (310 of 5466 @entity1 ) randomized to receive unfractionated heparin plus eptifibatide (adjusted relative risk, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.85-1.16]; P   =   .93). There were no differences for the secondary end points, including procedural @entity715 . The primary safety outcome of @entity715 in @entity583 major or minor @entity548 through day 7 was increased by @entity43110 (3.1% vs 1.5%; relative risk, 2.13 [95% CI, 1.63-2.78]; P   <   .001). Results were consistent across prespecified subgroups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: @entity43110 did not reduce the rate of @entity63 events relative to unfractionated heparin plus eptifibatide but did increase @entity548 . These findings do not support the use of @entity43110 for @entity1 with NSTE-ACS undergoing planned early percutaneous coronary intervention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01076764.

title: Anticoagulation with XXXX and @entity63 events in non-ST-segment elevation @entity1187 : the TAO randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity43110 :: ('MESH:C435830', 'Chemical') :: ['otamixaban', 'Otamixaban']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'Myocardial Infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic complications', 'Thrombosis']

answer: @entity43110 :: (MESH:C435830,Chemical) :: ['otamixaban']


abstract: AIM: In suspected @entity1887 , the ideal test for assessing the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis is controversial. Therefore, three tests were compared in @entity1 presenting with symptoms suggestive of @entity1887 . METHOD: Responses to the standard short Synacthen test (SSST), the low dose Synacthen test (LDST), and the 08:00 hour serum @entity701 concentration were measured in 32 @entity1 . A normal response to the synacthen test was defined as a peak serum @entity701 of >/= 500 nmol/l and/or incremental concentration of >/= 200 nmol/l. The sensitivity and specificity of the 08:00 hour serum @entity701 concentration compared with other tests was calculated. RESULTS: Three @entity1 had neither an adequate peak nor increment after the SSST and LDST. All had a serum 08:00 hour @entity701 concentration of < 200 nmol/l. Eight @entity1 had abnormal responses by both criteria to the LDST but had normal responses to the SSST. Three reported amelioration of their symptoms on @entity701 replacement. Twenty one @entity1 had a normal response to both tests (of these, 14 achieved adequate peak and increment after both tests and seven did not have an adequate peak after the LDST but had a normal increment). The lowest 08:00 hour serum @entity701 concentration above which @entity1 achieved normal responses to both the LDST and SSST was 500 nmol/l. At this cut off value (compared with the LDST), the serum 08:00 hour @entity701 concentration had a sensitivity of 100% but specificity was only 33%. CONCLUSION: The LDST revealed mild degrees of @entity1887 not detected by the SSST. The value of a single 08:00 hour serum @entity701 concentration is limited.

title: Tests of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone', 'cortisol']

answer: @entity1887 :: (MESH:D000309,Disease) :: ['adrenal insufficiency']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of a physiotherapy-based exercise program versus dexamethasone injection for @entity102 in workers standing for prolonged periods of time. DESIGN: A parallel group nonblinded randomized controlled trial with 12-week follow-up. SETTING: An outpatient sports medicine clinic in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. @entity1 : Fifty-six workers required to stand for greater than 5 h/d with @entity102 took part. Diagnosis from a physiotherapist must include signs of structural changes to the @entity1411 seen on ultrasound. INTERVENTIONS: The PHYSIO group included 7 physiotherapy-led exercises performed daily over a 12-week period. The INJECTION group received 1 palpation-guided @entity619 injection followed by a daily routine of @entity291 stretching. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) scores 12-weeks postintervention and ultrasound-based measures of ligament appearance. RESULTS: At follow-up, both groups reported significant improvements in FADI and visual analog scales for @entity158 at work and with activities of daily living at 6 and 12 weeks compared with baseline scores (P < 0.001). There were no significant between-group differences. There were no significant changes to @entity1411 thickness reported at the 6- and 12-week follow-up point. Both the number of cases with focal anechoic areas and the size of these anechoic areas improved significantly in the PHYSIO (P = 0.003) and INJECTION (P < 0.001) groups at 12-week follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Workers standing for prolonged periods experienced the same short-term therapeutic effectiveness with a physiotherapy-led exercise program compared with an injection of corticosteroid with stretching.

title: Comparison of a physiotherapy program versus dexamethasone injections for XXXX in prolonged standing workers: a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic plantar fasciopathy']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1411 :: ('MESH:D016523', 'Disease') :: ['plantar fascia']

answer: @entity1411 :: (MESH:D016523,Disease) :: ['plantar fasciopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the baseline echographic features in culture-positive and culture-negative @entity3225 and to correlate these echographic features with final visual outcomes. METHODS: We identified a retrospective noncomparative case series of @entity1 with a clinical diagnosis of @entity3225 and a baseline echographic examination between 1996 and 2010 at a single institution. Graded echographic features studied included: dense, moderate, and mild vitreous opacities; marked, moderate, and mild vitreous membranes; @entity1713 ; and @entity1713 . These were compared between culture-negative, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and other culture-positive cases of @entity3225 , and were correlated with final visual outcomes. RESULTS: Of 149 @entity1 reviewed, 60 were culture-negative, 26 grew coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 60 grew other culture-positive species. Three had multiple culture isolates. The presence of dense, moderate, and mild vitreous opacities, marked, moderate, and mild vitreous membranes, @entity1713 , and @entity1713 was not significantly different between the three groups (P = 0.86, P = 0.56, P = 0.34, P = 0.45, respectively). The presence of advanced echographic features of dense vitreous opacities, marked vitreous membranes, @entity1713 , and @entity1713 was correlated with poorer visual acuity outcomes (P = 0.005, P = 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: No correlation could be made between echographic features and the organism. The presence of advanced echographic features, such as dense vitreous opacities, marked vitreous membranes, @entity1713 , and @entity1713 , was correlated with worse visual outcomes.

title: Correlation between baseline echographic features of XXXX , microbiological isolates, and visual outcomes.

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['endophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment', 'choroidal detachment']

answer: @entity3225 :: (MESH:D009877,Disease) :: ['endophthalmitis']


abstract: @entity565 is a @entity102 of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. Airway @entity32 is associated with an enhanced expression of inducible @entity842 synthase. This increases @entity842 production and results in higher levels of NO* gas in exhaled air. Measurement of exhaled @entity842 is a very useful non-invasive method in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of @entity565 . However, the role of @entity842 in @entity565 , still under intense debate, should not be regarded only as a consequence of its abundance, but rather as an impairment of the mechanisms that regulate its synthesis and activity, including reducing @entity842 production by neuronal and endothelial synthase. @entity369 is a substrate for both @entity842 synthase and arginase. Arginase expression in the lung is strongly induced by cytokines, in particular @entity3646 and @entity4047 , which are produced at elevated level in asthmatic airways and which activate inflammatory pathways. Arginase modulates @entity842 synthase activity and provides a precursor for @entity4663 ( @entity7224 , @entity11667 , and @entity8037 ) and @entity1521 , which stimulate cell growth and collagen synthesis, respectively. Therefore, arginase might also be involved in @entity32 -induced airway remodeling in chronic @entity565 . This review presents @entity369 homeostasis in @entity565 and focuses not only on inducible @entity842 synthase, but also on impairment of constitutive @entity842 synthase activity and the overproduction of arginase downstream products.

title: [ XXXX metabolism in @entity565 ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'Asthma']

entities_list: @entity8037 :: ('MESH:D013096', 'Chemical') :: ['spermine']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammatory disorder']

entities_list: @entity7224 :: ('MESH:D011700', 'Chemical') :: ['putrescine']

entities_list: @entity4663 :: ('MESH:D011073', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamines']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine', 'Arginine']

entities_list: @entity11667 :: ('MESH:D013095', 'Chemical') :: ['spermidine']

answer: @entity369 :: (CHEBI:29016,Chemical) :: ['Arginine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1944 in the elderly is infrequent, and clinical features are muted so that the diagnosis is often missed. Physiologic changes with aging are restricted to altered absorption of @entity460 and perhaps @entity219 and @entity1760 ; however, @entity17313 can lead to impaired absorption of @entity2186 , @entity1501 , and @entity460 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Small bowel bacterial @entity8032 occurs more commonly in elderly than in younger @entity1 , accompanying gastric @entity17313 , altered intestinal motor activity, or diseases such as @entity191 . Changes in pancreatic anatomy and secretion occur but are insufficient to produce macronutrient malabsorption. In addition to @entity788 and pancreatic stones, older @entity1 may present with severe @entity3210 of unknown etiology. @entity1593 is recognized as very common at all ages and may not become evident until late in life. Manifestations of @entity1593 in the elderly are occult and the diagnosis often is not considered until serologic tests are performed and confirmed by upper small intestinal biopsy. Associated @entity706 , @entity418 , @entity8442 , and @entity194 may be more common in the elderly. Treatment of older @entity1 with @entity1593 with a gluten-free diet may be difficult, and intensive vitamin and micronutrient replacement is mandatory. A pragmatic approach to the evaluation of malabsorption in elderly @entity1 is discussed.

title: XXXX in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['Intestinal malabsorption']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac disease', 'Celiac disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity17313 :: ('MESH:D000126', 'Disease') :: ['hypochlorhydria', 'achlorhydria']

entities_list: @entity8442 :: ('MESH:D007418', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal pseudo-obstruction']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3210 :: ('MESH:D010188', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['splenic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity8032 :: ('MESH:D019214', 'Disease') :: ['overgrowth']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1944 :: (MESH:D007410,Disease) :: ['Intestinal malabsorption']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Abnormal, @entity346 related @entity135 can be treated by Kestenbaum's procedure, if the concept of artificial divergence (C  ppers procedure) is not expected to work. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the effects of Kestenbaum surgery in order to establish dosage recommendations. @entity1 AND METHODS: Solely @entity1 who received Kestenbaum surgery (maximum 3 mm dosage difference between both eyes, i.e., without additional artificial divergence) for a horizontal @entity135 ( @entity135 ) due to @entity346 were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were previous eye muscle surgery, strabismus, lacking binocular vision, and @entity75 . The millimetres of surgery and the pre- and 3-6 months-postoperative findings ( @entity135 and visual acuity at 5 m distance, stereopsis) were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 34 @entity1 , 21 had a @entity135 to the left side and 20 were male. The age at surgery (median, 10%- and 90%-quantile) was 7 years (4-32), the total amount of surgery 32 mm (20-40), and the preoperative @entity135 30 degrees (20-40). Postoperatively (n = 31), the @entity135 amounted to 7 degrees (0-20). The reduction of @entity135 was 67% (25-100), the efficacy of surgery 0.8 degree (0.3-1.0) per millimetre total amount of surgery on both eyes together. Four @entity1 needed further surgery due to residual @entity135 . Postoperatively, the maximum visual acuity was available without @entity135 or with significantly less @entity135 than preoperatively. Stereopsis showed a trend of improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The Kestenbaum procedure has a dose/effect ratio similar to that of recess/resect surgery for strabismus. Due to a long term efficacy of 1.5 degrees/mm, a dosage (in millimetres) on each eye of two thirds of the @entity135 (in degrees) can be recommended. Physiological and methodical factors (false measurements) have to be discussed as an explanation for apparently low efficacy of surgery.

title: [Congenital nystagmus: indication, results and dosage of Kestenbaum surgery in 34 XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head postures', 'HT', 'head turn']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['nystagmus']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of @entity508 , @entity1109 , and type of walking aid on falls in community dwellers with @entity64 . METHODS: Functional Independence Measure (FIM) Instrument, @entity3325 ( @entity3325 ), the Rivermead motor assessment scale (RMA), Ashworth Scale, Tinetti Assessment Tool were used to assess 100 cases. RESULTS: Fifty-three of the cases were grouped as nonfallers, 36 as one-time fallers and 11 as repeat fallers. These 3 groups were found to be different from each other in respect to FIM, Tinetti test and RMA (p < 0.001). In respect to knee @entity3325 , nonfallers and one-time faller groups were found to be different from repeat fallers (p = 0.001). There is a difference among the groups in respect to Ashworth assessment (p < 0.001), use of walking aid (p = 0.01) and type of walking aid (p = 0.01). Some 43% of the cases use a walking aid (58.1% cane, 41.9% high cane). According to Ordinal logistic regression analysis, it was found that the possibility of fall increased (p < 0.01), as the value of @entity508 increased while the possibility of the fall of the individuals with @entity64 decreased (p < 0.00 - 0.01) as Tinetti, RMA and FIM variables increased. CONCLUSIONS: In respect to falls, @entity508 is also an indicator for @entity64 @entity1 , as is motor impairment, functional situation, impairment of balance and walking. @entity1109 , using a walking aid and the type were found to be ineffective.

title: The effect of @entity508 , sense and walking aids in falls of XXXX after @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'chronic stroke']

entities_list: @entity3325 :: ('MESH:D020886', 'Disease') :: ['JPS', 'Joint Position Sense Evaluation']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['sensory impairment', 'Sensory impairment']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: To establish the role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the management of @entity101 in the elderly, 16 @entity1 were treated with @entity3371 in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Clinic blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, renal function and mental performance, with emphasis on mood and psychological well-being, were assessed. Twelve @entity1 , aged 73 (+/- 4.4) years, completed the study. The doses of @entity3371 used were 50 mg (11 @entity1 ) and 25 mg (one @entity1 ) twice daily for 4 weeks. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) clinic sitting blood pressure during @entity3371 therapy was significantly lower than during administration of placebo (172 +/- 4.5/83 +/- 25 versus 188 +/- 4.4/89 +/- 3.4 mmHg; P less than 0.001/P less than 0.05). Mean ambulatory blood pressure was also significantly lower on @entity3371 treatment than during administration of placebo (166 +/- 5.3/87 +/- 1.6 versus 179 +/- 5.1/94 +/- 2.4 mmHg; P less than 0.02/P less than 0.02) and this effect was sustained over the dosing interval. Renal blood flow and mental performance were unaltered by treatment. Gastrointestinal discomfort occurred in two @entity1 , one of whom was withdrawn and cough developed in one @entity1 . We conclude that @entity3371 is effective as monotherapy in lowering blood pressure in the elderly.

title: A double-blind evaluation of @entity3371 in elderly XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensives']