abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Review article. OBJECTIVES: To review the literature on soft tissue lesions of the upper cervical spine in @entity130 with focus on imaging. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity7125 is associated with @entity73 in a substantial number of @entity1 . There are different opinions as to the nature and prognosis of this condition, and the role of diagnostic imaging is debated. METHODS: Review the literature on the anatomic source of the chronic @entity7125 . Review the literature on imaging of the upper cervical spine, emphasizing on the author's own research. RESULTS: MRI shows structural changes in ligaments and membranes after @entity7125 , and such lesions can be assessed with reasonable reliability. Lesions to specific structures can be linked with specific @entity130 mechanisms. There is a correlation between clinical impairment and morphologic findings. CONCLUSION: @entity130 can damage soft tissue structures of the upper cervical spine, particularly the alar ligaments. @entity75 in this area contribute to the understanding of the chronic @entity7125 .

title: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of craniovertebral ligaments and membranes after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Structural lesions']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['chronic impairment']

entities_list: @entity7125 :: ('MESH:D014911', 'Disease') :: ['whiplash syndrome', 'whiplash injury', 'Whiplash injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['whiplash trauma', 'trauma', 'Whiplash trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['whiplash trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) findings and clinical diagnoses of chronic @entity401 ( @entity401 ) with a poor prognosis in young @entity1 ( <=50  years). MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity2101 images of 8 @entity1 and 7 @entity1 (mean age 34.8  years) obtained before lung transplantation or autopsy were reviewed. After reviewing whole lung specimens and pathologic diagnoses, all @entity1 were clinically diagnosed according to the 2010 @entity2416 / @entity2416 ( @entity2416 / @entity2416 ) consensus statement. RESULTS: @entity2101 images revealed intralobular reticular opacity, air cysts, ground glass opacity, traction @entity4595 , and interlobular septal thickening. Intralobular reticular opacity was the most extensive finding. Abnormal findings existed predominantly in both the peripheral and lower lung zones in only 1 @entity1 . Classifications of @entity2101 patterns were " @entity2416 " (n  =  2), "inconsistent with @entity2416 " (n  =  11), and "indeterminate @entity2416 " (n  =  2). Multidisciplinary diagnoses were " @entity2416 / @entity2416 " (n  =  1), "possible @entity2416 / @entity2416 " (n  =  1), " @entity401 with @entity2597 " (n  =  7), " @entity401 " (n  =  1), and "unclassified @entity401 " (n  =  5). CONCLUSION: The most extensive @entity2101 finding was intralobular reticular opacity. Most @entity2101 images differed from typical @entity2416 / @entity2416 , and @entity2416 / @entity2416 was uncommon in young @entity1 with chronic @entity401 with a poor prognosis.

title: @entity401 in young XXXX undergoing lung transplantation or autopsy: clinico-radiologic-pathologic observations from a single institution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2597 :: ('MESH:D003240', 'Disease') :: ['connective tissue disease']

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['UIP', 'usual interstitial pneumonia', 'IPF', 'idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['HRCT', 'high-resolution computed tomography']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['fibrotic nonspecific IP', 'IP', 'interstitial pneumonia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity35 were studied to determine if matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) were detectable in developing embryonic and uterine tissues during the implantation period; that is, Days 6-8 of pregnancy. Tissue extracts were studied by zymography, reverse zymography and Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry procedures using antibodies against MMPs and TIMPs were applied to tissue sections that passed through implantation sites. The @entity16309 inhibitor, @entity3403 , was injected intraluminally into uterine horns of pseudopregnant animals. @entity33238 , and @entity11018 were detected in gelatin and reverse zymographs, respectively, from extracts of implantation sites on each day studied. Western blots defined bands corresponding to @entity17533 , but casein zymographs did not consistently show evidence of extractable @entity43691 . In tissue sections the primary decidual tissue area stained consistently for @entity11018 and on Days 7 and 8 this area also had positive staining for @entity17533 in close proximity to the implanting embryo. On Day 8 positive staining in the outer stromal tissue was detected using an antibody against @entity6929 , and another @entity16309 (possibly @entity16309 ) was localized exclusively in ectoplacental cone/trophoblastic cells. Intraluminal injection of @entity3403 did not significantly prevent the growth of the uterine horns following surgical induction of pseudopregnancy on Day 5. The strong localization of @entity11018 in the primary decidual tissue is similar to that reported previously for @entity11019 , indicating that these inhibitors have a role in decidualization, including the regulation of trophoblastic invasion.

title: Matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors during the implantation period in the XXXX uterus.

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Seventy-eight Korean @entity1 with @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) between 1984 and 1998 were retrospectively examined at Ewha Womans University Tongdaemun Hospital, Seoul, Korea. We analyzed the annual incidence, age and sex distribution, site of the lesions, clinical appearance, including the proportion of clinically pigmented @entity5 , modalities of treatment, incidence of recurrence and @entity3 of the @entity5 , the histopathological patterns, and whether @entity2652 , @entity2118 , or adamantinoid feature were associated. The male-to-female ratio was 0.902, and the average age of the @entity1 at first examination was 58.2 years. Eighty percent of the @entity5 occurred on the head and neck, most commonly on the nose (26.9%), followed by the cheek, eyelid, and upper lip. Ulcerated nodules were the most common clinical presentation. Clinically, 55% of the @entity5 were pigmented. Six @entity5 recurred; none metastasized. Surgical excision was the most common modality of treatment. The most frequent histopathological pattern was the solid type (60.3%), followed by the superficial (11.5%) and fibrosing (9.0%) types. The occurrence of the superficial type was significantly associated with @entity75 (p < 0.001). @entity2652 was present in 62.1% of the @entity5 on the head and neck, compared with 8.3% in those of the trunk and limbs (p < 0.001), indicating the significance of sun exposure in the pathogenesis of @entity1491 on exposed areas. @entity2118 was seen in 69.2% of the @entity5 . The focal adamantinoid feature was found in 14.1%, which is much higher than the previously reported incidence.

title: Clinical and histopathological characteristics of @entity1491 in Korean XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['solar elastosis', 'Solar elastosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['truncal lesions']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['microscopic pigmentation', 'Microscopic pigmentation']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma', 'BCC']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6391 ( @entity6391 ) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory @entity272 with the distinctive and prominent feature of @entity2117 . Most known cases have been reported in Japan; here we report nine Chinese cases. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical manifestation of @entity6391 and its effects in Chinese individuals compared to @entity1 of other ethnicities. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed nine cases of @entity6391 . For all cases, clinical information was collected and reviewed, and skin biopsies were performed. Furthermore, we followed all nine @entity1 to determine the recurrence rate. RESULTS: All nine @entity1 fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of @entity6391 . The mean age of the @entity1 at diagnosis was 27.4  years, and the @entity1 were predominantly female. @entity272 at different stages commonly co-occurred in the same @entity1 . The most commonly affected part of the body was the back, but the armpit was also often involved. @entity1 responded well to @entity1214 treatment for the short duration of 8.62  days, and a lower recurrence rate (28.3%) was recorded after treatment. Biopsy revealed classic neutrophil and/or lymphocyte infiltration, spongiosis and @entity39 keratocytes. Abscesses occasionally occurred in the follicular orifice. The abnormal presentation of hair follicles was also discovered. All characteristics were found to co-exist in different stages. CONCLUSION: We conclude that @entity6391 is easy to misdiagnose. Histopathological characteristics can co-exist at different stages, consistent with the clinical finding that different stages of @entity272 presented concurrently, contributing to misdiagnosis. Oral administration of @entity1214 not only yields an excellent response, but also effectively reduces the recurrence rate.

title: XXXX : a clinical and histopathological study of nine Chinese cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['reticulate hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['PP', 'Prurigo pigmentosa', 'prurigo pigmentosa']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['Skin lesions', 'skin disease', 'skin lesions']

answer: @entity6391 :: (MESH:D012174,Disease) :: ['Prurigo pigmentosa']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate whether @entity6 or weight status attenuates a previously reported beneficial effect of breast-feeding on @entity28 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) @entity1 were offspring of @entity1 who participated in the Nurses' Health Study II. In the present study, 15,253 @entity1 and @entity1 (aged 9-14 years in 1996) were included. @entity6 and weight status and @entity1 feeding were obtained by maternal self-report. We defined maternal overweight as BMI > or = 25 kg/m2. @entity28 , from self-reported height and weight, was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions as normal, at risk for overweight, or overweight. Maternal status categories were nondiabetes/normal weight, nondiabetes/overweight, or @entity6 . Logistic regression models used generalized estimating equations to account for nonindependence between siblings. RESULTS: For all subjects combined, breast-feeding was associated with reduced overweight (compared with normal weight) in childhood. Compared with exclusive use of formula, the odds ratio (OR) for exclusive breast-feeding was 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.82), adjusted for age, sex, and Tanner stage. Results did not differ according to maternal status (nondiabetes/normal weight OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.49-1.09]; nondiabetes/overweight 0.75 [0.57-0.99]; and @entity6 0.62 [0.24-1.60]). Further adjustment for potential confounders attenuated results, but results remained consistent across strata of maternal status (P value for interaction was 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding was inversely associated with @entity28 regardless of @entity6 status or weight status. These data provide support for all mothers to breast-feed their @entity1 to reduce the risk for childhood overweight.

title: Breast-feeding and risk for @entity28 : does @entity6 or XXXX status matter?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'infants', 'girls', 'boys', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['childhood obesity', 'Childhood obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'Maternal diabetes', 'maternal diabetes']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BD-II and BD-IX male and female @entity35 received weekly subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of 15 mg/kg @entity20132 ( @entity18399 ) beginning at either 35, 120 or 210 days of age and continuing for 20 weeks. Control animals received only the @entity18399 vehicle. Additional BD-II and BD-IX male and female @entity35 of the three age groups were gonadectomized at 21, 106 and 196 days. Beginning 14 days after gonadectomy, the @entity35 received 15 mg/kg of @entity18399 by s.c. injection once a week for 20 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 35 weeks after the initial @entity18399 injection. Control @entity35 of the appropriate age and sex did not develop @entity694 . BD-IX @entity35 are apparently more sensitive to @entity18399 than BD-II @entity35 . The incidence of @entity18399 -induced @entity5 is less in females than in males in both the BD-II and BD-IX animals. Gonadectomy does not affect @entity5 incidence in either @entity3930 or females nor in the BD-IX females but reduced the incidence in BD-IX males exposed initially at either 120 or 210 days. Administration of @entity342 to castrate BD-IX males (120-day-old group) increases the incidence of @entity694 to that approaching the intact animal but has little effect in the BD-II castrate male. These data suggest a genetically influenced susceptibility to @entity18399 -induced @entity694 between BD-II and BD-IX @entity35 . Furthermore, a sex difference is evident in both BD lines but age appears to be a factor only in older BD-IX females. Apparently, @entity3800 influence @entity18399 -induced tumorigenesis in BD-IX males only if the initial exposure of @entity18399 occurs after sexual maturity.

title: Influence of gonadal hormones and age on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinogenesis', 'colon tumors', 'colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity20132 :: ('CHEBI:73759', 'Chemical') :: ['1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon carcinogenesis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The trajectory of @entity73 in @entity1 with late-onset @entity195 varies widely. Genetic variations in @entity4716 , @entity4690 , and @entity3432 are associated with @entity195 , but it is unknown whether they exert their effects by altering cognitive trajectory in elderly individuals at risk for the disease. METHOD: The authors developed a Bayesian model to fit cognitive trajectories in a cohort of elderly subjects and test for genetic effects. They first validated the model's ability to detect the previously established effects of @entity2204 alleles on age at @entity73 and of @entity716 on the rate of @entity73 in 802 subjects from the @entity65 Cognition Study who did not have @entity303 at study entry and developed incident @entity303 during follow-up. The authors then evaluated the effects of @entity4716 , @entity4690 , and @entity3432 on age and rate of decline in 1,831 subjects who did not have @entity303 at study entry and then did or did not develop incident @entity303 by study's end. RESULTS: The model generated robust fits to the observed cognitive trajectory data, and validation analysis supported the model's utility. @entity4716 and @entity3432 were associated with more rapid @entity73 . @entity4690 was associated with an earlier age at midpoint of @entity73 . Associations remained after accounting for the effects of @entity2204 and demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of cognitive trajectories provides a powerful approach to dissecting genetic effects on the processes leading to @entity73 and @entity195 .

title: Effect of @entity195 risk genes on trajectories of cognitive function in the XXXX Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline', 'cognitive deterioration']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular Health']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['Cardiovascular Health']


abstract: We characterized glomerular function in adults with @entity3458 (SSA): 12 with normal renal function (SSA-controls), and 15 with @entity177 (SSA- @entity6192 ). GFR was similar in SSA-controls and healthy-controls, however, renal plasma flow was increased in SSA-controls. In SSA- @entity6192 , the albumin and IgG excretion rates were enhanced. The fractional clearances of all dextran sizes (26 to 64 A) were significantly increased in both SSA-controls and SSA- @entity6192 versus healthy-controls. In SSA- @entity6192 , the fractional clearance of dextrans > 58 A was enhanced. Analysis with an "isoporous+shunt" model revealed an increase in the mean restrictive pore radius (ro) by 5 A in SSA-controls and SSA- @entity6192 , versus healthy-controls. In SSA- @entity6192 , the total number of membrane pores was reduced > 70%, and the shunt parameter increased twofold. We conclude that SSA @entity1 have a distinct pattern of @entity8 with generalized increased permeability to dextrans, resulting from an increase in pore radius. When @entity6192 develops, the total number of membrane pores is reduced, and a size-selectivity defect occurs. The changes in dextran permeability cannot be attributed to purely hemodynamic changes (increased RPF or low filtration fraction), or to known modulators of membrane porosity. These findings suggest that unique mechanism(s) are implicated in the pathogenesis of sickle @entity8 .

title: @entity3458 causes a distinct pattern of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular dysfunction', 'glomerulopathy']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell anemia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An abnormal signal-averaged ECG (SAECG) is a noninvasive marker of the substrate of sustained @entity1165 after @entity583 . We assessed its prognostic ability in @entity1 with asymptomatic unsustained @entity1165 , @entity453 , and @entity1002 . METHODS AND RESULTS: A blinded core laboratory analyzed SAECG tracings from 1925 @entity1 in a multicenter trial. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to examine individual and joint relations between SAECG variables and arrhythmic @entity204 or @entity1167 (primary end point), @entity204 , and total mortality. We also assessed the prognostic utility of SAECG at different levels of ejection fraction (EF). A filtered QRS duration >114 ms (abnormal SAECG) independently predicted the primary end point and @entity204 , independent of clinical variables, cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, and antiarrhythmic drug therapy. With an abnormal SAECG, the 5-year rates of the primary end point (28% versus 17%, P=0.0001), @entity204 (37% versus 25%, P=0.0001), and total mortality (43% versus 35%, P=0.0001) were significantly higher. The combination of EF <30% and abnormal SAECG identified a particularly high-risk subset that constituted 21% of the total population. Thirty-six percent and 44% of @entity1 with this combination succumbed to arrhythmic and @entity204 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SAECG is a powerful predictor of poor outcomes in this population. The noninvasive combination of an abnormal SAECG and reduced EF may have utility in selecting high-risk @entity1 for intervention.

title: Prediction of long-term outcomes by signal-averaged electrocardiography in @entity1 with unsustained @entity1165 , XXXX , and @entity1002 .

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death', 'death']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: AIM: We assessed the relationship between the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean adults. METHODS: We reviewed 1,561 @entity1 with @entity65 or @entity6 with hsCRP levels measured within the past year. Four cardiovascular risk groups were determined: low (<10%, 0-1 risk), moderate (<10%, >2 risk), high (10-20%) and very high (>20%) risk, according to the number of risk factors and the Framingham/NCEP ATP III risk score. The correlations between the hsCRP level and cardiovascular risk factors (age, smoking, @entity101 , lipid profiles and familial history of premature @entity301 ) were investigated. RESULTS: The mean and median hsCRP (mg/L) levels were 1.32    9.69 and 0.29 (range: 0.01-7.48), respectively. @entity1 had a higher median level of hsCRP than @entity1 (p<0.001). The levels of hs CRP significantly increased from the low to the very high risk group (0.15, 0.23, 0.27 and 0.47, respectively) and were significantly correlated with age, the level of glycosylated hemoglobin, body mass index (BMI), the level of high-density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C), the low-density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C)/HDL-C ratio, the LDL-C/total @entity165 (TC) ratio, the HDL-C/TC ratio, the HDL-C/ @entity412 (TG) ratio and the TC/TG ratio. Neither smoking, the LDL-C level nor the TG level affected the hsCRP level. In a multivariate regression analysis, age, the HDL-C level, the LDL-C/TC ratio and BMI were found to be independently correlated with the hsCRP level. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant relationship between the degree of cardiovascular risk and the hsCRP level in Korean adults with @entity65 or @entity6 . Assessing the hsCRP levels may thus provide additive value in predicting @entity65 .

title: Correlations between the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean adults with XXXX or @entity6 : the CALLISTO study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risks', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: The author describes application of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring to surgical treatment of @entity2649 . Benefits of somatosensory and motor evoked potential studies during surgical correction of @entity85 are well known and documented. Free-running and evoked electromyographic studies during pedicle screw implantation is an accepted practice at many institutions. However, the functional integrity of spinal cord, @entity1971 , and nerve roots should be monitored throughout every stage of surgery including exposure and decompression. Somatosensory evoked potentials monitor overall spinal cord function. Intraoperative electromyography provides continuous assessment of motor root function in response to direct and indirect surgical manipulation. Electromyographic activities observed during exposure and decompression of the lumbosacral spine included complex patterns of bursting and @entity3389 . In addition, electromyographic activities at distal musculature were elicited by impacting a surgical instrument or graft plug against bony elements of the spine. All electromyographic events provided direct feedback to the surgical team and were regarded as a cause for concern. Simultaneously monitored evoked potential and electromyographic studies protect spinal cord and nerve roots during seemingly low-risk phases of a surgical procedure when @entity16 may occur and the @entity1 is placed at risk for postoperative @entity602 or @entity614 .

title: Spinal cord and nerve root monitoring during surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar stenosis']

entities_list: @entity3389 :: ('MESH:D019522', 'Disease') :: ['neurotonic discharge']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic injury']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1971 :: ('MESH:D011128', 'Disease') :: ['cauda equina']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

answer: @entity2649 :: (MESH:C563613,Disease) :: ['lumbar stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: As @entity31598 continues to spread, decisions regarding resource allocations to control the outbreak underscore the need for a tool to weigh policies according to their cost and the health burden they could avert. For example, to combat the current Zika outbreak the US President requested the allocation of  1.8 billion from Congress in February 2016. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Illustrated through an interactive tool, we evaluated how the number of Zika cases averted, the period during pregnancy in which Zika infection poses a risk of @entity4242 , and probabilities of @entity4242 and @entity5011 ( @entity5011 ) impact the cost at which an intervention is cost-effective. From Northeast Brazilian @entity4242 incidence data, we estimated the probability of @entity4242 in @entity1 born to Zika-infected @entity1 (0.49% to 2.10%). We also estimated the probability of @entity5011 arising from Zika infections in Brazil (0.02% to 0.06%) and Colombia (0.08%). We calculated that each @entity4242 and @entity5011 case incurs the loss of 29.95 DALYs and 1.25 DALYs per case, as well as direct medical costs for Latin America and the Caribbean of  91,102 and  28,818, respectively. We demonstrated the utility of our cost-effectiveness tool with examples evaluating funding commitments by Costa Rica and Brazil, the US presidential proposal, and the novel approach of genetically modified mosquitoes. Our analyses indicate that the commitments and the proposal are likely to be cost-effective, whereas the cost-effectiveness of genetically modified mosquitoes depends on the country of implementation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Current estimates from our tool suggest that the health burden from @entity4242 and @entity5011 warrants substantial expenditures focused on @entity31598 control. Our results justify the funding committed in Costa Rica and Brazil and many aspects of the budget outlined in the US president's proposal. As data continue to be collected, new parameter estimates can be customized in real-time within our user-friendly tool to provide updated estimates on cost-effectiveness of interventions and inform policy decisions in country-specific settings.

title: A Cost-Effectiveness Tool for Informing Policies on XXXX Control.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity5011 :: ('MESH:D020275', 'Disease') :: ['GBS', 'Guillain-Barr   Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4242 :: ('MESH:D008831', 'Disease') :: ['microcephaly']

answer: @entity31598 :: (64320,Species) :: ['Zika Virus']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Circadian rhythms are regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) clock, which is the main oscillator and peripheral clock. SCN clock can be entrained by both photic and non-photic stimuli, and an interaction exists between photic and non-photic entrainment. Moreover, peripheral circadian clocks can be entrained not only by scheduled restricted feeding, but also by scheduled exercise. Thus, the entrainment of peripheral circadian clocks may be the result of an interaction between the entrainment caused by feeding and exercise. In this study, we examined the effect of wheel-running exercise on the phase of the peripheral clocks (kidney, liver and submandibular gland) in @entity17989 ::LUC @entity19 under various feeding schedules. Phase and waveforms of the peripheral clocks were not affected by voluntary wheel-running exercise. Exercise for a period of 4 h during the early dark period (morning) delayed the peripheral clocks, while exercise for the same duration during the late dark period (evening) advanced the peripheral clocks. The feeding phase was advanced and delayed by evening and morning exercise, respectively, suggesting that the feeding pattern elicited by the scheduled exercise may entrain the peripheral clocks. Exercise did not affect the phase of the peripheral clock under the 1 meal per day schedule. When the phase of the peripheral clocks was advanced by the feeding schedule of 2 or 4 meals per day during light and/or dark periods, wheel-running exercise during the morning period significantly and equally shifted the phase of all organs back to the original positions observed in @entity19 maintained under free-feeding conditions and with no exercise. When the schedule of 2 meals per day during the dark period failed to affect the phase of peripheral clock, morning exercise did not affect the phase. Wheel-running exercise increased the levels of serum @entity2819 , and the injection of @entity619 / @entity2819 instead of exercise shifted a phase that had advanced under the feeding schedule of 2 meals per day, back to the normal position. The liver and submandibular glands exhibit higher sensitivity to @entity619 than the kidneys. In adrenalectomized @entity19 , treadmill-induced normalization of the advanced phase under a feeding schedule of 2 meals per day was not observed. In summary, scheduled exercise-induced phase shifts were weaker compared to scheduled feeding-induced phase shifts. The phase advance caused by the feeding schedule of 2 or 4 meals per day was suppressed by wheel-running, treadmill exercise or @entity619 / @entity2819 injection in the early dark period (morning). @entity2819 release may be involved in exercise-induced phase shift of peripheral clocks. These results suggest that there is an interaction between the phase shifts caused by feeding and exercise schedules in peripheral clocks.

title: Phase shifts in circadian peripheral clocks caused by exercise are dependent on the feeding schedule in XXXX ::LUC @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosterone', 'corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

answer: @entity17989 :: (18627(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['PER2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Introduction of a transgene that transcribes RNA homologous to an endogenous gene in the plant genome can induce silencing of both genes, a phenomenon termed cosuppression. Cosuppression was first discovered in transgenic petunia plants transformed with the @entity13277 -A gene encoding @entity25368 synthase, in which nonpigmented sectors in flowers or completely white flowers are produced. Some of the flower-color patterns observed in transgenic petunias having @entity13277 -A cosuppression resemble those in existing nontransgenic varieties. Although the mechanism by which white sectors are generated in nontransgenic petunia is known to be due to RNA silencing of the @entity13277 -A gene as in cosuppression, whether the same trigger(s) and/or pattern of RNA degradation are involved in these phenomena has not been known. Here, we addressed this question using deep-sequencing and bioinformatic analyses of small RNAs. RESULTS: We analyzed short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) produced in nonpigmented sectors of petal tissues in transgenic petunia plants that have @entity13277 -A cosuppression and a nontransgenic petunia variety Red Star, that has naturally occurring @entity13277 -A RNA silencing. In both silencing systems, 21-nt and 22-nt siRNAs were the most and the second-most abundant size classes, respectively. @entity13277 -A siRNA production was confined to exon 2, indicating that RNA degradation through the RNA silencing pathway occurred in this exon. Common siRNAs were detected in cosuppression and naturally occurring RNA silencing, and their ranks based on the number of siRNAs in these plants were correlated with each other. Noticeably, highly abundant siRNAs were common in these systems. Phased siRNAs were detected in multiple phases at multiple sites, and some of the ends of the regions that produced phased siRNAs were conserved. CONCLUSIONS: The features of siRNA production found to be common to cosuppression and naturally occurring silencing of the @entity13277 -A gene indicate mechanistic similarities between these silencing systems especially in the biosynthetic processes of siRNAs including cleavage of @entity13277 -A transcripts and subsequent production of secondary siRNAs in exon 2. The data also suggest that these events occurred at multiple sites, which can be a feature of these silencing phenomena.

title: Deep sequencing uncovers commonality in small RNA profiles between transgene-induced and naturally occurring RNA silencing of XXXX synthase-A gene in petunia.

answer: @entity25368 :: (MESH:D002599,Chemical) :: ['chalcone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity172 plays a central role in the development and progression of @entity0 . The @entity172 's effects are at least partially regulated by @entity172 -metabolizing enzymes. The objective of the study is to investigate associations of @entity0 survival with genetic polymorphisms in several genes involved in @entity172 metabolism ( @entity4187 , @entity4914 , @entity4188 , @entity5549 , and @entity5874 ). METHODS: A cohort of 1140 @entity1 aged between 25 and 64 years at the time of diagnosis for primary @entity0 during 1996-1998 were included in the study. @entity1 were followed for @entity5 recurrence and mortality through July 2005. RESULTS: Associations were observed at @entity27327 ( @entity38477 ) in the @entity5549 gene and @entity31532 ( @entity4187 *2A) in the @entity4187 gene. The adjusted hazard ratio for the @entity27327 AA genotype (low enzyme activity genotype) was 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.4) compared with the GG genotype for disease-free survival. Adjusted hazard ratios for the @entity31532 CC genotype were 1.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.2) for disease-free survival and 1.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.0-2.1) for overall survival compared with the TT genotype. No apparent association was found for any of the other six single nucleotide polymorphisms evaluated in the @entity5874 , @entity4187 , @entity4914 , and @entity4188 genes. CONCLUSION: Results from this study suggest that @entity27327 in the @entity5549 gene and @entity31532 in the @entity4187 gene may be genetic markers for @entity0 prognosis in Chinese @entity1 .

title: Genetic polymorphisms in @entity172 -metabolizing genes and XXXX survival.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity38477 :: ('p|SUB|M|158|V', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Met158Val']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to clinically test the efficacy of author's approach of suture ligation and mucopexy for @entity1 having symptomatic and prolapsing @entity6713 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: 616 @entity1 (255 females) complaining of symptoms of @entity6713 were included in the study. The @entity6713 were suture ligated with an absorbable suture material under vision. Operating time, @entity260 , time to return to work, and outcome of the procedure were analyzed. Follow-up was planned following discharge after 1 month, 6 months and after at least 1 year. @entity1 satisfaction was also assessed. RESULTS: The mean procedure time was 8 +/- 0 minutes (range, 6-15 minutes), and the total admission period was 12 +/- 4 Hours. Perianal @entity715 and @entity272 were the commonest post-operative complications. The mean total analgesic dose and duration of @entity158 control using analgesics was 19 +/- 4 tablets, and 9 +/- 3 days respectively.The postoperative follow up after 4 weeks revealed therapeutic success in 589 @entity1 (95.6%), who presented with @entity548 . Prolapse was no longer observed in 98% of @entity1 and 96% @entity1 experienced no @entity158 after defecation. 93% @entity1 completed the one-year follow-up and 89 percent of them were asymptomatic. The @entity1 satisfaction scoring was 8.2% on visual analogue scale. CONCLUSION: Suture ligation and mucopexy of @entity6713 is an easy-to-perform technique that is well accepted by @entity1 and has good results for prolapsing @entity6713 .

title: Ligation and mucopexy for prolapsing XXXX --a ten year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhoidal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity6713 :: ('MESH:D006484', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhoids']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin tags']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity6713 :: (MESH:D006484,Disease) :: ['hemorrhoids']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the criterion or concurrent validity of the Northwick Park Dependency Score (NPDS) for determining nursing dependence in different rehabilitation groups, with the Barthel Index (BI) and the @entity734 ( @entity734 ). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Centre for Rehabilitation of the University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS: @entity1 after @entity64 , @entity1566 , multitrauma, @entity542 , amputation, @entity309 , @entity6 , @entity358 , @entity378 and @entity453 . One hundred and fifty-four @entity1 were included. MEASURES: The Northwick Park Dependency Score (NPDS), the Barthel Index (BI) and the @entity734 ( @entity734 ). RESULTS: The correlation (rho) between the NPDS and the BI for all groups was -0.87; R2=0.76 (n=154). Per @entity1 group rho varied from -0.70 (R2=0.49) to -0.93 (R2=0.86). The overall correlation between the NPDS and @entity734 was larger than the criterion of rho=0.60 (r=-0.74; R2=0.55) but was <0.60 in the @entity309 and @entity378 group. The overall correlation between BI and @entity734 exceeded the criterion (r=0.75; R2=0.56). CONCLUSIONS: The NPDS is a generic nursing dependency instrument that can be used as a valid measure across various @entity1 groups in rehabilitation.

title: The criterion-related validity of the Northwick Park Dependency Score as a generic nursing dependency instrument for different rehabilitation XXXX groups.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung diseases']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['CDS', 'Care Dependency Scale']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND:    It is important to manage a potentially fatal disease such as @entity884 ( @entity884 ) based on evidence and guidelines for treatment published by academic societies. To clarify the current status of @entity884 in Japan, we conducted a nationwide survey of @entity884 ( @entity299 [ @entity299 ]). METHODS AND RESULTS:    We collected data on every aspect of @entity884 using web-based survey. Only a Japanese Circulation Society-certified cardiologists who had managed a case of @entity884 could register the @entity1 when the outcome was known. There were 513 cases (320 @entity1 , 193 @entity1 ) from 114 institutions. The median age was 61 years and more than 80% of the @entity1 had underlying @entity299 . The majority was @entity340 , in which @entity339 was a leading cause. Most of the @entity1 had some predisposing factors, among which, @entity1547 or @entity2521 was a leading factor. Streptococci were found in approximately 52% and staphylococci were found in 32% in positive-culture cases. @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 was found in 7.5%. @entity712 was found in 43% and intracranial complications were found in 31%. Most of the @entity1 were discharged (65%) but in-hospital death occurred in 11%. CONCLUSIONS:    @entity884 is still a lethal disease affecting older @entity1 . The information obtained from the survey should be very helpful for physicians.

title: Recent picture of @entity884 in Japan--lessons from Cardiac Disease Registration ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['Methicillin']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['decayed teeth']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['CArdiac Disease REgistration-Infective Endocarditis', 'cardiac diseases', 'CADRE-IE']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['IE', 'infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['CADRE-IE']


abstract: PURPOSE: While surgery remains the gold standard of therapy to correct the acquired curvature of @entity545 , the search for a less invasive therapy continues. Transdermal drug delivery was proposed to be superior to oral or injection therapy because it bypasses hepatic metabolism and minimizes the @entity158 of injection. After electromotive drug administration with @entity1855 tunica albuginea specimens were demonstrated to contain detectable levels of the drug. Due to varying success with @entity1855 as injectable therapy for @entity545 we performed a double-blind, placebo controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of @entity1855 delivered through electromotive drug administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 42 @entity1 with @entity545 volunteered to participate in this study, which was approved by our institutional review board. A genitourinary examination was performed on all @entity1 , including plaque location, stretched penile length, objective measurement of curvature after papaverine injection and duplex ultrasound. Each subject was randomized to receive 10 mg @entity1855 in 4 cc saline or 4 cc saline via electromotive drug administration. A Mini-Physionizer (Physion, Mirandola, Italy) device was used at a power of 2.4 mA for 20 minutes. Treatments were performed 2 times weekly for 3 months. After 3 months each @entity1 was reevaluated with physical examination and duplex ultrasound by a technician blinded to the treatment received. A modified @entity323 index of treatment satisfaction questionnaire was also completed by each @entity1 . RESULTS: A total of 23 @entity1 were randomized to the @entity1855 treatment group (group 1) and 19 were randomized to the saline group (group 2). There were no significant differences between @entity1 groups with respect to @entity1 age, disease duration or pretreatment curvature. In group 1, 15 @entity1 (65%) had measured improvement (mean 9.1 degrees, range 5 to 30), 5 (22%) had no change and in 3 (13%) the condition worsened. In group 2, 11 @entity1 (58%) had measured improvement (mean 7.6 degrees, range 5 to 30), 7 (37%) showed no change and in 1 (5%) the condition worsened. To better evaluate effectiveness the total number of @entity1 experiencing significant improvement (20 degrees or greater) was calculated and compared. Seven @entity1 (30%) in group 1 and 4 (21%) in group 2 achieved this criterion. Although a greater percent of @entity1 treated with @entity1855 had improved curvature, the results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Although a greater percent of @entity1 treated with @entity1855 in our electromotive drug administration protocol had a measured decrease in curvature, the results were not statistically significant. Further research is necessary to determine whether electric current may have a role in the treatment of @entity545 as well as if @entity1855 delivered via electromotive drug administration may have a role as effective treatment. Electromotive drug administration is a treatment option in the @entity1 whose major complaint is @entity158 or in the @entity1 with mild curvature who does not wish to undergo intralesional therapy or surgical correction.

title: XXXX versus saline in electromotive drug administration for @entity545 : a double-blind, placebo controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity545 :: ('MESH:D010411', 'Disease') :: ["Peyronie's disease"]

answer: @entity1855 :: (MESH:D014700,Chemical) :: ['Verapamil']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5818 is a relatively uncommon but generally treatable cause of anterior shoulder @entity158 that can be easily overlooked. It typically presents with anterior shoulder @entity158 in activities involving forward flexion, adduction and internal rotation. AIMS: To assess the outcome of a cohort of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity5818 . METHODS: @entity1 were investigated clinically and radiologically. They received appropriate therapeutic measures and were followed-up in an orthopaedic outpatient setting. RESULTS: Twelve @entity1 were identified over a four-year period. All @entity1 have made good progress. Thus far, none have needed operative intervention for symptom relief. CONCLUSION: @entity5818 is an uncommon cause of anterior shoulder @entity158 but diagnosed @entity1 can expect good symptomatic relief following referral to a dedicated shoulder unit. An increase in clinical awareness of the condition may prevent undue diagnostic delay in such cases.

title: XXXX : a treatable cause of anterior shoulder @entity158 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5818 :: ('MESH:D019534', 'Disease') :: ['Coracoid impingement syndrome', 'Coracoid Impingement Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['joint pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity5818 :: (MESH:D019534,Disease) :: ['Coracoid impingement syndrome']


abstract: The author reports on the case of a 20-year-old @entity1 who shows the characteristic changes of the central vessels, described by Handmann in 1929 to be a " @entity528 - ppresumably congenital and glial - of the optic nerve in which the central vessels are particularly involved". The optic papilla of about normal size is surrounded here by a slightly protruding ridge, which shows separate pigmentary sediments on its edge. The retinal vessels arise out of the depth in increased number on the edge of the papilla. An excavation of the papilla cannot be seen. In its place a whitish-yellow mass surrounded by grayish-pink colored tissue is evident, which obstructs the view into the deeper layers. Kinkler described very similar cases in 1970 and named the characteristic changes " @entity25891 ". However, in the cases he described, the papillas were apparently greatley enlarged. In addition to the changes in the papillary area and the vessel structure in our case, there are definite changes in the macula (on both sides). Due to the conspicuous distribution of vessels within the papillary region in the father of the @entity1 , similar to those found in Handmann's @entity129 , the author believes that he can safely assume a @entity851 of the origin of the retinal vessels of the papillary area in this case also and that therefore a hereditary component of this @entity851 could be described for the first time since Handmann in 1929. In the kin which the author examined, a further apparently @entity8 was noted.

title: [On the clinical picture of Handmann's anomaly of the optic nerve XXXX ? (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['anomaly of the nerve']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['familial renal hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['developmental disturbance']

entities_list: @entity25891 :: ('MESH:C535970', 'Disease') :: ['morning glory syndrome']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['herditary degeneration']

answer: @entity25891 :: (MESH:C535970,Disease) :: ['Morning glory syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In 1993, Malawi changed its first-line anti-malarial treatment for uncomplicated @entity311 from @entity503 to @entity1484 (SP), and in 2007, it changed from SP to @entity15281 - @entity15280 . The change in 1993 raised concerns about whether it had occurred timely and whether it had potentially led to early development of @entity3964 resistance to SP. This case study examined evidence from Malawi in order to assess if the policy changes were justifiable and supported by evidence. METHODS: A systematic review of documents and published evidence between 1984 and 1993, when @entity503 was the first-line drug, and 1994 and 2007, when SP was the first-line drug, was conducted herein. The review was accompanied with key informant interviews. RESULTS: A total of 1287 publications related to @entity311 drug policy changes in sub-Saharan Africa were identified. Using the inclusion criteria, four articles from 1984 to 1993 and eight articles from 1994 to 2007 were reviewed. Between 1984 and 1993, three studies reported on @entity503 poor efficacy prompting policy change according to WHO's recommendation. From 1994 to 2007, four studies conducted in the early years of policy change reported a high SP efficacy of above 80%, retaining it as a first-line drug. Unpublished sentinel site studies between 2005 and 2007 showed a reduced efficacy of SP, influencing policy change to @entity15281 - @entity15280 . The views of key informants indicate that the switch from @entity503 to SP was justified based on local evidence despite unavailability of WHO's policy recommendations, while the switch to @entity15281 - @entity15280 was uncomplicated as the country was following the recommendations from WHO. CONCLUSION: Ample evidence from Malawi influenced and justified the policy changes. Therefore, locally generated evidence is vital for decision making during policy change.

title: XXXX research and its influence on anti-malarial drug policy in Malawi: a case study.

entities_list: @entity15281 :: ('MESH:C102070', 'Chemical') :: ['lumefantrine']

entities_list: @entity1484 :: ('MESH:C001205', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine']

entities_list: @entity15280 :: ('MESH:C032942', 'Chemical') :: ['artemether']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['Malaria']


abstract: A @entity1 from Surinam presented at the Department of Internal Medicine with a perforated septum and progressive collapse of the nose. This condition had existed for 22 years, though earlier analysis had not revealed the cause. Microscopic analysis showed a granulomatous inflammatory reaction, with cultures revealing of @entity8436 . The diagnosis was @entity17566 and PCR indicated @entity8436 complex. The @entity1 was treated for @entity17566 by a 28-day course of intravenous @entity12879 therapy. Initially, treatment was stopped briefly due to @entity2359 , but was recommenced and successfully completed. After treatment the infection parameters returned to normal and the @entity1 was referred for reconstructive nasal surgery. Due to a low parasitic load @entity17566 can be difficult to detect, especially in chronic cases. However, the use of molecular techniques has improved both the sensitivity and specificity of detection. The ability to distinguish between different species and sub-species is of prognostic and therapeutic relevance.

title: [A XXXX with long-term, unrecognized leishmaniasis].

entities_list: @entity12879 :: ('MESH:D000967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium-stibogluconate']

entities_list: @entity17566 :: ('MESH:D007897', 'Disease') :: ['mucocutaneous leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity8436 :: ('5660', 'Species') :: ['Leishmania', 'Leishmania braziliensis']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: PURPOSE: Initial @entity1 's Oncology Group (COG) management for @entity3969 ( @entity3969 ) consists of primary nephroureterectomy with lymph node sampling. While this provides accurate staging to define further treatment, it may result in intraoperative spill (IOS), which is associated with higher recurrence rates and therefore requires more intensive therapy. The purpose of this study is to determine current rates and identify factors which may predispose a @entity1 to IOS. METHODS: The study population was drawn from the AREN03B2 @entity703 banking and classification study of the @entity1 's Oncology Group. All @entity1 with a first time occurrence of a renal mass were eligible for the study. At the time of enrollment and prior to risk stratification, the institution is required to submit operative notes, pathology specimens, a chest @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ), and a contrast-enhanced @entity4653 or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen and pelvis for central imaging review. These data are then used to determine an initial risk classification and therapeutic protocol eligibility. @entity1 who had a unilateral nephroureterectomy for favorable histology @entity3969 underwent further review to assure data accuracy and to clarify details regarding the spill. Analyses were performed using chi square and logistic regression. Odd ratios (OR) are shown with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: There were 1,131 primary nephrectomies for unilateral @entity3969 with an IOS rate of 9.7% with an additional 1.8% having possible @entity5 spill during renal vein or IVC @entity5 thrombectomy. IOS correlated with diameter (>12 cm, p<0.0001) and laterality (right, p=0.0414). Simple logistic regression indicated that IOS increased 2.7% [p=0.0240, OR 1.027 (1.004, 1.052)] with each 1 cm increase in diameter (3 - 21 cm) and 4.7% [p=0.0147 OR 1.047 (1.009, 1.086)] with each 100 g increase in weight (80 - 1800 g). Multiple logistic regression indicated that laterality [right p=0.048, OR 1.46 (1.004, 2.110)] and weight (p=0.03, OR 1.039 (1.003, 1.075) were predictive of IOS when diameter was included as a continuous variable. Diameter as a binary variable was highly prognostic of IOS (p=0.0002), while laterality and weight were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative @entity5 spill occurs in about one out of every ten cases of primary nephroureterectomies for @entity3969 . Right-sided and larger @entity5 are at higher risk of IOS.

title: Primary nephrectomy and intraoperative XXXX spill: report from the @entity1 's Oncology Group (COG) @entity703 committee.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumor']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['computed tomography scan', 'CT']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this paper was to describe signs and performance of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in @entity1 with @entity1188 ( @entity1188 ). METHODS: MSCT examinations of 26 @entity1 with @entity1188 and of 34 @entity1 with acute abdomen and surgical diagnosis excluding @entity1188 were retrospectively analyzed. All studies were performed with arterial and portal venous phase scans, 2.5 mm thickness, 1.25 mm image interval. All abnormal findings at MSCT in @entity1 with @entity1188 were recor- ded. @entity1 with MSCT evidence of @entity432 or @entity14515 or @entity1211 or, alternatively, bowel thicken-ing associated with lack of wall enhancement or @entity49 or parenchimal @entity1188 were considered to be affected by @entity1188 . RESULTS: @entity1188 was due to @entity715 in 17 @entity1 , @entity715 in 7, and nonocclusive @entity63 in 2. In 16/17 @entity1 arterial @entity715 was visualized, in 7/7 @entity49 was found. Portal or mesenteric vein gas was seen in 5% and @entity14515 in 38%; bowel wall thickening associated with other signs was found in 31%. Sensitivity and specificity were 92% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MSCT allows an accurate assessment of the mesenteric circulation and the bowel wall. This makes possible optimal visualization of signs of @entity1188 resulting in a good clinical performance.

title: Assessment of XXXX with acute mesenteric ischemia: multislice computed tomography signs and clinical performance in a group of @entity1 with surgical correlation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['acute mesenteric infarction', 'infarction', 'AMI']

entities_list: @entity14515 :: ('MESH:D011006', 'Disease') :: ['pneumatosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric artery thrombosis', 'thrombosis', 'mesenteric vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous gas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Colour flow mapping was used to examine the pattern of regurgitant flow in 46 @entity1 with @entity339 due to @entity3454 . Valve morphology was assessed from the real-time two-dimensional image and the presence of @entity339 was determined from real time Doppler. On morphological criteria 11 (24%) @entity1 had isolated or predominant anterior leaflet prolapse, 22 (48%) @entity1 posterior and 13 (28%) @entity1 bi-leaflet prolapse. A single regurgitant jet was detected in 43 @entity1 (93%) and multiple jets in three (7%). The direction of the regurgitant jet was assessed in multiple views in two orthogonal planes (antero-posterior and medial-lateral) defined in relation to the mitral valve leaflets. The regurgitant jet was eccentric in the antero-posterior plane of the mitral leaflets in 40 of 45 (89%) cases and in the medial-lateral plane in 36 of 40 (90%) cases. Posterior leaflet prolapse was usually associated with antero-medially directed jets, anterior leaflet prolapse with postero-central or postero-lateral jets and bi-leaflet prolapse with predominantly postero-medial jets. In a subgroup of @entity1 with significant @entity339 and an eccentric regurgitant jet, a 'swirling' effect was produced with late systolic flow in the body of the left atrium toward the mitral valve. Colour flow mapping in @entity1 with @entity339 due to @entity3454 demonstrated eccentric jets in most @entity1 . The direction of regurgitant flow appeared to depend greatly on the dynamic anatomy of the mitral valve leaflets during systole. Although a single jet was detected in most @entity1 , multiple jets did occur in a minority.

title: Colour Doppler echocardiographic assessment of regurgitant flow in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve prolapse']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

answer: @entity3454 :: (MESH:D008945,Disease) :: ['mitral valve prolapse']


abstract: Aim. To investigate the effect of @entity1760 administered to the operative region muscle and administered systemically on postoperative @entity1337 consumption after lumbar disc surgery. Material and Method. The study included a total of 75 ASA I-II @entity1 aged 18-65 years. The @entity1 were randomly allocated into 1 of 3 groups of 25: the Intravenous (IV) Group, the Intramuscular (IM) Group, and the Control (C) Group. At the stage of suturing the surgical incision site, the IV Group received 50   mg/kg @entity2400 intravenously in 150 mL saline within 30   mins. In the IM Group, 50   mg/kg @entity2400 in 30 mL saline was injected intramuscularly into the paraspinal muscles. In Group C, 30   mL saline was injected intramuscularly into the paraspinal muscles. After operation @entity1 in all 3 groups were given 100   mg @entity1340 and 10   mg @entity1769 and @entity1340 solution was started intravenously through a @entity1 -controlled @entity1337 device. Hemodynamic changes, demographic data, duration of anesthesia and surgery, @entity158 scores (NRS), the Ramsay sedation score (RSS), the amount of @entity1337 consumed, @entity1209 , and potential side effects were recorded. Results. No difference was observed between the groups. @entity390 and @entity391 side effects occurred at a rate of 36% in Group C, which was a significantly higher rate compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). @entity1340 consumption in the IM Group was found to be significantly lower than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion. @entity1760 applied to the operative region was found to be more effective on postoperative @entity1337 than systemically administered @entity1760 .

title: The Effect of Systemic and Regional Use of Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative XXXX Consumption in Lumbar Disc Surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1340 :: ('MESH:D014147', 'Chemical') :: ['tramadol', 'Tramadol']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea- vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['metoclopramide']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium', 'Magnesium']

answer: @entity1340 :: (MESH:D014147,Chemical) :: ['Tramadol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Shoulder replacement may be indicated for @entity6342 . The primary reason for disappointing results is the nonanatomic position of the prosthesis because the normal anatomic landmarks are disrupted when fractured. An anatomic reference outside of the zone of injury may facilitate proper positioning of @entity174 arthroplasty reconstructions. It is unknown whether the measurement from the top of the pectoralis major tendon (PMT) to the top of the humeral head is related to @entity1 height. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PMT measurements were performed on 21 pairs of cadaveric shoulders. A second group of PMT measurements was performed on 107 @entity1 receiving a shoulder magnetic resonance imaging scan. A third PMT comparison group was included using historical measurements from 20 pairs of cadaveric shoulders. All heights, sexes, and ages were known. Statistical analysis used mixed-effects linear regression models. RESULTS: A consistent association between @entity1 height and PMT was found, with a mean distance from the top of the PMT to the top of the humeral head of 58.9 mm in @entity1 and 55.2 mm in @entity1 . For every 10-mm increase in @entity1 height over 1.7 m, there is a 1.7-mm increase in PMT (P = .01). Age was not associated with PMT distance (P > .5). CONCLUSIONS: A predictable measurement from the upper portion of the PMT to the top of the humeral head exists to guide implant height in @entity174 hemiarthroplasty and may be approximated by use of @entity1 height and sex.

title: Re-evaluation of pectoralis major height as an anatomic reference for humeral height in XXXX hemiarthroplasty.

entities_list: @entity6342 :: ('MESH:D012784', 'Disease') :: ['complex proximal humeral fractures']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: AIM: To clarify the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) for the diagnosis of @entity788 ( @entity788 ). METHODS: @entity1 who were diagnosed with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic @entity788 between February 2006 and September 2011 were selected for this retrospective study. FNA biopsy for @entity788 had been performed percutaneously under extracorporeal ultrasound guidance until October 2009; then, beginning in November 2009, EUS-FNA has been performed. We reviewed the complete medical records of all @entity1 who met the selection criteria for the following data: sex, age, location and size of the targeted @entity5 , histological and/or cytological findings, details of puncture procedures, time from day of puncture until day of definitive diagnosis, and details of severe adverse events. RESULTS: Of the 121 @entity1 who met the selection criteria, 46 had a percutaneous biopsy (Group A) and 75 had an EUS-FNA biopsy (Group B). Adequate cytological specimens were obtained in 42 Group A @entity1 (91.3%) and all 75 Group B @entity1 (P = 0.0192), and histological specimens were obtained in 41 Group A @entity1 (89.1%) and 65 Group B @entity1 (86.7%). Diagnosis of @entity5 by cytology was positive in 33 Group A @entity1 (78.6%) and 72 Group B @entity1 (94.6%) (P = 0.0079). Malignancy by both cytology and pathology was found in 43 Group A (93.5%) and 73 Group B (97.3%) @entity1 . The mean period from the puncture until the cytological diagnosis in Group B was 1.7 d, which was significantly shorter than that in Group A (4.1 d) (P < 0.0001). Severe adverse events were experienced in two Group A @entity1 (4.3%) and in one Group B @entity1 (1.3%). CONCLUSION: EUS-FNA, as well as percutaneous needle aspiration, is an effective modality to obtain cytopathological confirmation in @entity1 with advanced @entity788 .

title: Ultrasound-guided vs endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration for XXXX diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'PC', 'pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1017 at 3q26, 5p15 and 20q13 have been described in cervical precancer and @entity5 . We evaluated a novel fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay that detects gains at these three loci simultaneously as a possible biomarker for detecting cervical precancer. METHODS: Chromosomal copy numbers at 3q26, 5p15, 20q13 and the centromere of chromosome7 (cen7) in liquid-based cytology specimens from 168 @entity1 enrolled in the Biopsy Study were determined by FISH. The number of cells with >=  3 or >=  4 signals for a genomic locus was enumerated and diagnostic test performance measures were calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Sensitivity and specificity values were determined for the detection of CIN2+ and/or @entity2784 . RESULTS: The median number of cells with >=  3 signals increased with the severity of @entity75 for each genomic locus (p-trend<0.02 for each locus). ROC analysis for the number of cells with >=  3 signals resulted in area under the curve values of 0.70 (95% CI: 0.54-0.86), 0.67 (0.52-0.83), 0.67 (0.51-0.83) and 0.78 (0.64-0.92) for 3q26, 5p15, 20q13 and cen7, respectively, for the detection of CIN2+ and/or @entity2784 . Positivity for gains at multiple loci resulted in only slightly better test performance measures than those for the individual probes for four distinct combinations of probes. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1017 at 3q26, 5p15, 20q13 and cen7 are associated with severity of @entity75 . Further studies are required to quantify risk stratification of FISH assays for cervical @entity5 screening.

title: @entity1017 measured in cytology samples from @entity1 with XXXX screening results.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cervical lesions', 'cervical lesion']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Chromosomal gains']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['abnormal cervical cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To distinguish @entity56 and @entity2021 , and to highlight the importance of @entity2021 . DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Adult emergency department of the medical faculty of Hacettepe University, Ankara, @entity233 . @entity1 : Adults admitted to the emergency department between 1 May 2005 and 30 April 2010 with @entity56 considered to be @entity2021 or anaphylactic reactions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 age, gender, possible cause(s) of @entity566 , organ involvement, treatment, and physical examination findings. RESULTS: Although recorded physical examination findings of @entity1 were consistent with @entity2021 , 88 @entity1 were not diagnosed as having this condition. All @entity1 in this study group were evaluated in the emergency department facility and did not consult or were not referred to any other department or specialist. In all, 79 (90%) of them were discharged in the first 12 hours, 5 (6%) after 12 to 24 hours, and 4 (5%) after 24 hours. None of these @entity1 died. CONCLUSION: Emergency physicians should be better able to recognise the clinical features of @entity2021 , so as to treat the episode promptly and appropriately. Delay in diagnoses could lead to incomplete treatment and even be fatal.

title: Underdiagnosis of XXXX in the emergency department: misdiagnosed or miscoded?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases', 'allergic reactions']

entities_list: @entity2021 :: ('MESH:D000707', 'Disease') :: ['anaphylaxis']

answer: @entity2021 :: (MESH:D000707,Disease) :: ['anaphylaxis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of lymph node @entity3 in @entity1 with @entity201 . METHODS: In 24 @entity1 with @entity201 , MR imaging of the upper abdomen was performed prior to surgery at 1.5 T using a respiratory-triggered single-shot echo-planar imaging (SSEPI) sequence (b values: 50, 300, and 600  s/mm(2)). ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) values and diameters of regional @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) were determined. Subsequently, in all @entity1 , surgical exploration and/or resection of the @entity5 and regional @entity1600 dissection were performed. Imaging results were correlated with results of histopathologic analysis. ADC values and diameters of benign and malignant @entity1600 were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. In addition, a ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) analysis was performed. RESULTS: The mean ADC value (*10(-3) mm(2)/s) of metastatic @entity1600 (1.21      0.15) was significantly lower than that of benign @entity1600 (1.62      0.33, p  <  0.001) while there was no significant difference in the mean diameter of malignant (16.8      5.4  mm) and benign @entity1600 (14.1      4.0  mm; p  =  0.09). Using an ADC value of 1.25  *  10(-3)  mm(2)/s as threshold, 91.4% of @entity1600 were correctly classified as benign or malignant with a sensitivity/specificity of 83.3%/92.8% and a positive/negative predictive value of 66.7%/96.7%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.93. CONCLUSION: DWI using a respiratory-triggered SSEPI sequence, according to our preliminary experience, is a promising imaging modality in the differentiation of benign and malignant @entity1600 in @entity1 with @entity201 .

title: Value of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in the diagnosis of lymph node @entity3 in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['LN', 'lymph nodes']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) enables high-resolution analysis of retinal layers and previously unseen @entity3603 ( @entity3603 ). @entity3603 morphological characteristics, evolution, possible origin and prognostic value are discussed. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 100 @entity1 with exudative @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ), who were treated and followed up with monthly imaging examinations. Statistical correlations between visual acuity (VA) and pre-/post- treatment @entity3603 characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: @entity3603 were present in all cases, mainly in the outer retinal layers but also elsewhere. After treatment, @entity3603 regressed in a few days, 1 month (p < 0.04) and 3 months (p < 0.01). Regression was evident in all VA and morphological subsets. Resolution was associated with better final VA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Presence of initial/recurrent @entity3603 , rapid treatment response and the growing role that early biological inflammatory reaction plays in @entity1020 suggests @entity3603 are activated microglia cells. The correlation between VA and @entity3603 could make @entity3603 a clinical marker for early decisions about treatment and retreatment.

title: Hyperreflective dots: a new spectral-domain optical coherence tomography entity for follow-up and prognosis in exudative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['AMD', 'age-related macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity3603 :: ('MESH:C562924', 'Disease') :: ['hyperreflective dots', 'HRD']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['age-related macular degeneration']


abstract: To study @entity5 -associated antigens that are immunogenic to @entity1 , we have generated human monoclonal antibodies by fusing lymph node lymphocytes of a @entity320 @entity1 with a @entity19 @entity1582 cell line. We examined in detail the reactivity of one IgG antibody, termed 2-139-1. Immunostaining was performed with purified antibody conjugated to @entity1885 . Binding was visualized by the avidin- @entity1885 -peroxidase complex. With cultured cells, 2-139-1 stained 12 of 12 @entity189 . Reactivity was not detectable in seven neural @entity5 , six @entity242 , and 45 @entity706 and @entity1778 . This spectrum of reactivity was confirmed with sections of @entity1 tissues. The human monoclonal antibody 2-139-1 reacted against @entity320 and not banal nevi. While the antibody reacted strongly to @entity420 of the colon, prostate, rectum, and pancreas, it did not stain all the @entity189 tested. Furthermore, reactivity was not seen against @entity242 . Interestingly, 2-139-1 did not bind to the majority of the cells in normal tissues, including fetal tissues. The reactivity of 2-139-1 may be representative of the humoral immune response found in the regional lymph nodes of @entity5 @entity1 . The distribution of this @entity5 was fairly limited and appeared to be associated with malignant transformation.

title: Tumor-reactive XXXX immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody from a @entity320 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'epitope in various tumors', 'cancer', 'crest tumors']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'melanomas and 12 of 16 carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemias']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Progression of @entity157 ( @entity157 ) often leads to vascular invasion and intrahepatic @entity3 , which correlate with recurrence after surgical treatment and poor prognosis. The molecular prognostic model that could be applied to the @entity157 @entity1 population in general is needed for effectively predicting disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS: A cohort of 286 @entity157 @entity1 from South Korea and a second cohort of 83 @entity1 from Hong Kong, China, were used as training and validation sets, respectively. RNA extracted from both @entity5 and adjacent nontumor liver tissues was subjected to microarray gene expression profiling. DFS was the primary clinical end point. Gradient lasso algorithm was used to build prognostic signatures. RESULTS: High-quality gene expression profiles were obtained from 240 @entity5 and 193 adjacent nontumor liver tissues from the training set. Sets of 30 and 23 gene-based DFS signatures were developed from gene expression profiles of @entity5 and adjacent nontumor liver, respectively. DFS gene signature of @entity5 was significantly associated with DFS in an independent validation set of 83 @entity5 (P = 0.002). DFS gene signature of nontumor liver was not significantly associated with DFS in the validation set (P = 0.827). Multivariate analysis in the validation set showed that DFS gene signature of @entity5 was an independent predictor of shorter DFS (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: We developed and validated survival gene signatures of @entity5 to successfully predict the length of DFS in @entity157 @entity1 after surgical resection.

title: Prediction of disease-free survival in XXXX by gene expression profiling.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the detection of circulating @entity5 cell molecular markers from localized @entity14 and the time-course of a surgical manipulation or surgical modality. METHODS: From January 2010 to June 2010, samples from the peripheral blood and the inferior mesenteric vein were collected from 42 @entity1 with @entity694 . Pre-operative, intra-operative (both pre-mobilization and post-mobilization), and post-operative samples were collected. We examined @entity787 ( @entity787 ) mRNA and @entity2225 ( @entity2225 ) mRNA by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Changes in mRNA detection rates were analyzed according to the time of blood sample collection, the surgical modality, and @entity1 clinicopathological features. RESULTS: mRNA expression rates before surgical resection did not differ between blood samples from the peripheral and inferior mesenteric veins. The detection rate for @entity787 and @entity2225 mRNA showed a tendency to increase after operative mobilization of the @entity5 . Furthermore, the cumulative detection rates for @entity787 and @entity2225 mRNA increased significantly over the course of surgery (pre-mobilization vs. post-mobilization). The cumulative detection rate decreased significantly after surgical resection compared with the pre-operative rates. However, no significant difference was observed in the detection rates between different surgical modalities (laparoscopy vs. open surgery). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that surgical manipulation has a negative influence on the dissemination of circulating @entity5 cells during operations on localized @entity14 . However, the type of surgical technique did not affect circulating @entity5 cells.

title: Influence of surgical manipulation and surgical modality on the molecular detection of circulating @entity5 cells from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer-bearing bowel segment']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the sigmoid colon or rectum']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity788 is the fourth leading cause of @entity5 death in the United States. Better understanding of @entity788 biology may help identify new oncotargets towards more effective therapies. This study investigated the mechanistic actions of microRNA-1291 ( @entity38955 ) in the suppression of pancreatic tumorigenesis. Our data showed that @entity38955 was downregulated in a set of clinical @entity3123 specimens and @entity1 @entity788 cell lines. Restoration of @entity38955 expression inhibited @entity788 cell proliferation, which was associated with cell cycle arrest and enhanced apoptosis. Furthermore, @entity38955 sharply suppressed the tumorigenicity of PANC-1 cells in @entity19 models. A proteomic profiling study revealed 32 proteins altered over 2-fold in @entity38955 -expressing PANC-1 cells that could be assembled into multiple critical pathways for @entity5 . Among them anterior gradient 2 ( @entity11752 ) was reduced to the greatest degree. Through computational and experimental studies we further identified that forkhead box protein A2 ( @entity10354 ), a transcription factor governing @entity11752 expression, was a direct target of @entity38955 . These results connect @entity38955 to the @entity10354 - @entity11752 regulatory pathway in the suppression of @entity788 cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, providing new insight into the development of miRNA-based therapy to combat @entity788 .

title: MicroRNA-1291 targets the XXXX - @entity11752 pathway to suppress @entity788 cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity10354 :: (3170,Gene) :: ['FOXA2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Based on @entity1 's declarations, evaluate if the media coverage of the pandemic flu (H1N1) has lead to an overconsumption of primary care. Identify the opinions of the general practionners (GP) concerning this media coverage and the health crisis. METHODS: A prospective study, based on an electronic questionnaire, was conducted during the main period of the pandemic flu. Each GP was invited to include one @entity1 who presented @entity221 since less than 2 days, associated to two of four following clinical signs: cough, @entity10 , coat throat and ache. RESULTS: 730 questionnaires were fully completed and analyzed. 96 @entity1 (12,9%) have declared to the GP an overconsumption, and two thirds of them because of their concern about the @entity1707 flu and a quarter because the social control. This concern was noted by 80% of the GP from the beginning of the flu 77% of the GP have considered the media coverage of the flu alarming, while 69% of them have declared to feel serene concerning the pandemic. No statistic link has been noticed between the GP opinions and the overconsumption of their @entity1 . DISCUSSION: Media coverage of the @entity1707 flu and the state organization of the crisis have lead to an overconsumption estimated to 13%. Many efforts must be done in the future to reassure @entity1 about flu and its vaccination.

title: [Acute XXXX : has the media coverage of the @entity1707 flu generated a medical overconsumption in primary care in France?].

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['fever']


abstract: In lower eukaryotes, the @entity11571 cycle allows cells to utilize two- @entity505 compounds when simple @entity3363 are not available. In filamentous fungi, @entity11571 metabolism is coupled with b-oxidation of @entity1718 , and both are localized to ubiquitous eukaryotic organelles called peroxisomes. @entity6625 ( @entity6625 ) produced during b-oxidation is transported via the cytosol into mitochondria for further metabolism. A peroxisomal-specific pathway for @entity6625 transport requiring peroxisomal @entity4162 transferase (CAT) activity has been identified in @entity9456 peroxisomes. Here, we report that a @entity19868 ortholog of the @entity9456 peroxisomal CAT-encoding gene Pth2 (herein designated Ss-pth2) is required for virulence-associated host colonization. Null (ss-pth2) mutants, obtained by in vitro transposon mutagenesis, failed to utilize @entity1718 , @entity598 , or @entity653 as sole @entity505 sources for growth. Gene expression analysis of these mutants showed altered levels of transcript accumulation for @entity11571 cycle enzymes. Ss-pth2 disruption also affected sclerotial, apothecial, and appressorial development and morphology, as well as @entity11439 accumulation when cultured with @entity598 or @entity3952 as sole @entity505 nutrient sources. Although mutants were able to penetrate and initially colonize host tissue, subsequent colonization was impaired. Genetic complementation with the wild-type Ss-pth2 restored wild-type virulence phenotypes. These findings suggest an essential role in @entity19868 for the peroxisomal metabolic pathways for @entity11439 synthesis and host colonization.

title: Peroxysomal @entity4162 transferase influences host colonization capacity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9456 :: ('148305', 'Species') :: ['Magnaporthe grisea', 'M. grisea']

entities_list: @entity6625 :: ('MESH:D000105', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetyl coenzyme A', 'acetyl-CoA']

entities_list: @entity3952 :: ('MESH:D019301', 'Chemical') :: ['oleic acid']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity4162 :: ('MESH:D000108', 'Chemical') :: ['carnitine acetyl']

entities_list: @entity19868 :: ('5180', 'Species') :: ['Sclerotinia sclerotiorum', 'S. sclerotiorum']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity11439 :: ('MESH:D019815', 'Chemical') :: ['oxalic acid']

entities_list: @entity11571 :: ('MESH:C031150', 'Chemical') :: ['glyoxylate']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity19868 :: (5180,Species) :: ['Sclerotinia sclerotiorum']


abstract: After village huts in the Kisumu area of Kenya had been sprayed with a nominal 2 g/m2 of OMS-43 ( @entity2960 ) as part of an insecticidal evaluation programme 964 adults of the @entity313 complex collected from huts were identified cytogenetically as either An. gambiae (species A) or An. arabiensis (species B). Similarly, cytogenetic methods were used to identify 349 adults collected from granaries and artificial pit-shelters. In addition, 2203 larvae of the gambiae complex collected from different types of habitats were specifically identified cytogenetically. As in a previous survey made prior to insecticidal spraying, adults of An. arabiensis predominated in outdoor collections while An. gambiae was highly endophilic. However, it appeared that spraying with @entity2960 had resulted in an increase in both the degree of exophily in An. arabiensis and also its relative numbers in respect to An. gambiae, although the overall pooulation of both species was greatly reduced by spraying. Insecticidal spraying may have diverted both species from feeding on @entity1 to @entity291 . Except for one village, where larvae of An. arabiensis were commoner than expected in @entity291 hoof-prints, there was little difference between the selection of different types of larval habitats by the two sibling species. Chromosomal inversions were more common in adults of An. arabiensis than in An. gambiae.

title: A survey of @entity313 (species A) and An. arabiensis (species B) of the An. gambiae Giles complex in the Kisumu area of Kenya following insecticidal spraying with OMS-43 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity2960 :: ('MESH:D005278', 'Chemical') :: ['fenitrothion']

entities_list: @entity313 :: ('7165', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles gambiae']

answer: @entity2960 :: (MESH:D005278,Chemical) :: ['Fenitrothion']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The Soci  t   Fran  aise de Chirurgie Digestive and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons recommend a ligation at the origin of the primary feeding vessel for @entity5 to ensure optimal lymphadenectomy. We evaluated the correlation between the level of ligation defined by the surgeon and the real level of ligation visualized on postoperative CT scan. @entity1 AND METHODS: From December 2004 to August 2010, in a series of 146 @entity1 undergoing colectomy for @entity5 , 51 (19 @entity1 ) CT measurements (visualization of the left colonic artery (LCA), length of the @entity432 ) were performed by a radiologist blinded to operative data. RESULTS: This series comprised 63% of @entity1 with a mean age of 69 years. A correlation was demonstrated between the level of ligation assessed by the surgeon and the real level of ligation demonstrated on postoperative CT scan in 41% of cases. No risk factors for absence of correlation were identified (laparoscopy, gender, BMI, emergency, and ASA score). In the "no correlation" group, the site of ligation was overestimated in 70% of cases. No significant difference was observed between the "correlation" and "no correlation" groups for lymphadenectomy (21.6 and 18 lymph nodes, p=0.5593) or 5-year overall survival (71.4 and 93.1 months, p=0.57). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the surgical and radiological correlations are low as the intraoperative estimation of the level of IMA ligation was correlated with CT findings in less than 50% of cases. No risk factors for non-correlation were identified, and there was no impact on lymphadenectomy. Overestimation of the level of ligation was the most frequent situation but did not appear to have any impact on @entity5 staging or on @entity1 management in this group of @entity1 .

title: Are there any surgical and radiological correlations to the level of ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery after sigmoidectomy for XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'sigmoid cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial stump']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Second- and third-generation cementless Zweym  ller stems have achieved good long-term outcomes in @entity572 ( @entity572 ). The PPF cementless proximal press-fit femoral stem (Biomet Inc.) is based on the Zweym  ller stem, with some prominent design differences. This study was designed to assess its performance in terms of survivorship, clinical function, and radiographic outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 250 @entity1 (303 hips) who underwent @entity572 between 1998 and 2011. @entity1 attended a follow-up visit a mean 10.9    2.6 years after the procedure. All @entity1 underwent radiographic examination and were clinically assessed for Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) and @entity158 visual analogue scale (VAS). Survivorship was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Clinical data were available for 142 @entity1 (192 hips) and radiographic data for 79 @entity1 (109 hips). Stem survival was 99.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 96.6%-99.8%) at 10 years and 95.6% (95% CI 96.6%-99.8%) at 15 years. The median postoperative FJS was 91 (interquartile range [IQR], 75-100). The median VAS score was 0 (IQR, 0-2). Radiolucent lines were observed in 47 hips (43.1%). 25 hips (22.9%) had Grade I ossification, 17 (15.6%) Grade II, and 2 (1.8%) Grade III. 12 hips (11.0%) had @entity3061 in at least 1 femoral zone. CONCLUSIONS: The cementless proximal press-fit femoral stem was associated with good mid- to long-term survival and functional outcomes. The current design can be considered equivalent to the second- and third-generation Zweym  ller stems.

title: Good mid- to long-term XXXX outcomes with a modified cementless rectangular biconical stem design.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['THA', 'total hip arthroplasty']

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['THA']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) in measuring peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in @entity735 . METHODS: Fifty @entity735 were evaluated in this study. Evaluations were analyzed two ways. First, parameters of the Stratus OCT (average thickness, superior/inferior average) and @entity9999 VCC (TSNIT average, nerve fiber indicator (NFI), superior/inferior average) were correlated using the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). Secondly, comparison (r) of these parameters was completed using the @entity5494 ( @entity5494 ) of @entity227 . RESULTS: The following parameters were found to be significantly correlated (P < 0.005). TSNIT average/average thickness (r = 0.673), NFI/average thickness (r = -0.742), superior average (r = 0.841), and inferior average (r = 0.736). In the correlation analysis using the severity of @entity227 , all these parameters had statistically meaningful correlations (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: @entity9999 VCC and Stratus OCT are highly correlated in @entity735 . Therefore, peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by Stratus OCT and @entity9999 VCC may be equally helpful in the diagnosis of @entity726 .

title: The relationship between optical coherence tomography and scanning laser polarimetry measurements in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defect']

entities_list: @entity5494 :: ('MESH:D010262', 'Disease') :: ['MD', 'mean deviation']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous eyes']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']