abstract: A basic discussion of the @entity2526 and @entity600 with specific reference to syndromes of interest to the dermatologist is presented. Although the @entity2526 are uncommon, an introduction to the most prevalent clinical findings should enable the clinician to increase his/her index of suspicion as to the presence of one of these disorders. The latest chromosome banding technics and their application to clinical diagnosis are discussed. @entity600 are also uncommonly seen in the practice of dermatology. However, approximately 7% of all newborns have a @entity75 at birth; some of these are of serious medical significance or the manifestation of a @entity262 . These include caf   au lait marks, @entity7174 , and sebaceous nevi. A basic understanding of the mechanics and theory of prenatal diagnosis is becoming increasingly necessary for the dermatologist. Recently, @entity5656 has ben diagnosed antenatally, with the promise of other primary @entity74 also being amenable to detection before birth. As the ability to detect and diagnose @entity74 becomes more refined, @entity1 who are at risk themselves or whose offspring are at risk for these disorders will require more detailed information than ever before. Appropriate advice regarding recurrence risk, full spectrum of disease, availability of prenatal diagnosis, and any potential therapy will have to be proffered via genetic counseling.

title: Principles of genetics as related to the XXXX and @entity600 with reference to prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous lesion']

entities_list: @entity5656 :: ('MESH:D017488', 'Disease') :: ['epidermolytic hyperkeratosis']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity7174 :: ('MESH:D009506', 'Disease') :: ['congenital nevocellular nevi']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations', 'Congenital malformations']

entities_list: @entity2526 :: ('MESH:D025063', 'Disease') :: ['chromosome disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disease', 'dermatologic disorders']

answer: @entity2526 :: (MESH:D025063,Disease) :: ['chromosome disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) is a multifactorial disease with susceptibility of several genes that are related to @entity2175 . Insulin secretion pathway starts with @entity972 channels in pancreatic beta cells. @entity14225 gene encodes @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channel subunits. Some studies suggested that @entity14225 ( @entity40341 ) mutation increases the risk of @entity2175 . Therefore, present study was designed to investigate the association between @entity40341 polymorphism of @entity14225 gene and @entity6 ( @entity6 ) in the Iranian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The type of study was case-control and 40 unrelated subjects, including 20 healthy controls and 20 @entity6 @entity1 were recruited (diagnosed based on American @entity6 Association criteria). Blood samples were used for isolation of genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Having extracted the genomic DNA from @entity1 blood leukocytes by means of High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to detect @entity14225 @entity40341 gene polymorphism. BanII restriction enzyme was used for digestion. Data were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher exact test or independent t-test, as appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered. RESULTS: We found that the carrier homozygous for KK genotype are susceptible to @entity2175 (0.049) and in @entity1 the frequency of K allele was higher than control subjects (0.048). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that @entity14225 ( @entity40341 ) gene polymorphism is associated with @entity6 .

title: Association of XXXX ( @entity40341 ) gene polymorphism with susceptibility to type 2 @entity6 in Iranian @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['T2D', 'Type 2 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic', 'T2DM']

entities_list: @entity40341 :: ('p|SUB|E|23|K', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['E23K']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity14225 :: (3767,Gene) :: ['KCNJ11']


abstract: @entity1323 is important because of its potential devastating effect on poultry health and trade. The @entity6497 industry of South Africa has not escaped the consequences of control and export restrictions resulting from notifiable @entity778 . @entity6497 farmers first observed a syndrome of green urine in the early and mid 1980s. An H7N1 subtype, causing high mortality in young ostriches but with a low pathogenicity index for @entity1573 , was first isolated in 1991. The first highly pathogenic subtype affecting ratites was reported during the 2000 epidemic of H7N1 in Italy. Low pathogenic subtypes were isolated in South Africa from 1991 to 2004, with one HPAI isolated in 2004. International research work on ostriches with both H5 and H7 subtypes, in both low and high pathogenic pathotypes, found the severity of clinical disease was not directly correlated to the pathotype. The ecology and epidemiology of @entity281 in ostriches is not well understood. Surveys suggest local migratory water birds may play an important role. They have direct contact with @entity6497 flocks through the free-range production systems. Seasonal occurrence is seen, with the wet colder months more favourable for virus survival and detection. Management, population density, immune status and age are other important determinants of the severity of disease. Surveillance and monitoring must be implemented to understand the ecology and epidemiology, which extends to the validation and standardisation of diagnostic and serological methods for ostriches. Serious consideration should be given to vaccination, education and the use of separate production zones as part of a control programme.

title: Ecology and epidemiology of XXXX in ostriches.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infections']

entities_list: @entity1323 :: ('MESH:D005585', 'Disease') :: ['Avian influenza']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity6497 :: ('8801', 'Species') :: ['Ostrich', 'ostrich']

answer: @entity1323 :: (MESH:D005585,Disease) :: ['avian influenza']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the study was to examine whether a test performed during urodynamics, the "1-3-5 cough test", could determine the severity of urodynamic stress @entity322 (USI). METHODS: We included @entity1 referred for urodynamics who were diagnosed with USI. The "1-3-5 cough test" was performed to grade the severity of USI at the completion of filling cystometry. A diagnosis of "severe", "moderate" or "mild" USI was given if urine leakage was observed after one, three or five consecutive coughs respectively. We examined the associations between grades of USI severity and measures of subjective perception of stress @entity322 (SUI): International Consultation of Incontinence Modular Questionnaire-Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom (ICIQ-FLUTS), King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ), Urinary Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6), Urinary Impact Questionnaire-7 (UIQ-7). RESULTS: A total of 1,181 @entity1 completed the ICIQ-FLUTS and KHQ and 612 completed the UDI-6 and UIQ-7 questionnaires. There was a statistically significant association of higher grades of USI severity with higher scores of the @entity322 domain of the ICIQ-FLUTS. The scores of the UDI-6, UIQ-7 and of all KHQ domains (with the exception of general health perception and personal relationships) had statistically significant larger mean values for higher USI severity grade. Groups of higher USI severity had statistically significant associations with higher scores of most of the subjective measures of SUI. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of USI, as defined by the "1-3-5 cough test", was associated with the severity of subjective measures of SUI. This test may be a useful tool for the objective interpretation of @entity1 with SUI who undergo urodynamics.

title: The "1-3-5 cough test": comparing the severity of urodynamic stress XXXX with severity measures of subjective perception of stress @entity322 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Photoperiodic regulation of testicular steroidogenesis through modulation of MT1R expression and local @entity2493 content is well established. However, additional mediators besides local melatonergic system in photoperiodic control of testicular steroidogenesis in @entity329 have never been investigated. Endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) are known to regulate reproduction acting at multiple levels of the @entity444 . The presence of b-endorphin, a naturally occurring opioid peptide, and its receptor ( -opioid receptor,  OR) has been reported in @entity35 testes; however the functional significance of photoperiodic regulation  OR in testicular steroidogenesis is not clear. In the present study, we assessed the effect of @entity836 ( @entity3696 ), a  OR antagonist, in photoperiodic regulation of testicular steroidogenesis. Immunohistochemical (IHC) localization and expression of  OR along with the expression of steroidogenic markers in testes was analysed through western blot analyses. IHC suggest immunoreactivity for  OR in Leydig cells with strong immunoreactivity under SD (Short-Day) condition, whereas weak immunoreactivity was observed under LD (Long-Day). The expression of  OR was significantly decreased following @entity3696 administration in both the photoperiodic conditions. The localization and differential photoperiodic regulation of  OR in Leydig cells suggests its involvement in testicular steroidogenesis. Further, @entity3696 administration significantly increased the expression of steroidogenic markers (AR, StAR, P450SCC, LH-R, 3b-HSD and 17-HSD) and plasma @entity251 concentration under SD condition as compared to SD-control. We may therefore suggest that photoperiod differentially regulates the expression of  OR which thereby mediates the inhibitory effect of @entity2493 on testicular steroidogenesis.

title: Effect of @entity836 on photoperiodic regulation of testicular steroidogenesis in adult XXXX , @entity329 .

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['Naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['golden hamster']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis']

answer: @entity329 :: (10036,Species) :: ['golden hamster']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity613 is associated with a significant reduction in quality of life. Treatment of claudicants aims to reduce mortality from cardio- and cerebro-vascular events and to improve quality of life. Quality of life assessment should be used to guide and evaluate treatment in this group of @entity1 . Peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty ( @entity865 ) is now widely used in the treatment of @entity613 . The aim of this review is to examine the effect of @entity865 on quality of life (QOL) in @entity1 with @entity613 . METHODS: a review was conducted of prospective clinical trials assessing the effect of peripheral @entity865 on QOL. Publications were retrieved by searching Medline and PreMedline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of systematic reviews, AMED and CINAHL. The reference lists of the relevant publications were also searched. RESULTS: seven prospective studies (10 publications) on the effect of @entity865 on QOL in claudicants were identified. Several different questionnaires were used to measure quality of life (Nottingham Health Profiile, SF-36, EuroQol) none of which were disease specific. All the studies showed some improvement in QOL after @entity865 at follow-up periods of between 6 weeks and 24 months, except for one which showed some improvement at 6 months but not at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: despite the fact that studies on the effect of @entity865 on QOL in claudicants have used generic QOL questionnaires which are relatively insensitive, the findings suggest that @entity865 may result in some improvement in QOL in these @entity1 , although level I evidence to support this is lacking. The availability of disease-specific questionnaires should enable a more accurate assessment of @entity865 on QOL in these @entity1 .

title: The effect of peripheral percutaneous transluminal angioplasty on quality of life in XXXX with @entity613 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['intermittent claudication']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This paper reports on the health system resources used in the treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrests in a British district general hospital. The resources used in resuscitation attempts were recorded prospectively by observation of a convenience sample of 30 cardiac arrests. The post-resuscitation resource use by survivors was collected through a retrospective record review (n = 37) and by following survivor members in the prospective sample (n = 6). Financial data were used to translate resource use into costs (1999 prices). There was a non-significant trend for more resources to be used in daytime resuscitations than at night. Survivors had significantly fewer diagnostic tests during resuscitation than those who died (P = 0.004). Length of resuscitation attempt was positively and significantly related to resource use (P < 0.05). The average variable cost per resuscitation attempt (1999 prices) was 195.66 pounds sterling; 76.5% was for staff, and 13.1% for drugs and fluids. Emergency calls were attended by an average of 10.11 staff. The average fixed cost per resuscitation attempt was 928.81 pounds sterling; 12% for capital equipment and 73% for staff training. The average post-resuscitation costs attributable to the @entity1167 of the 29 @entity1 surviving more than 24 h after @entity358 ( @entity358 ) were estimated to be 1,589.72 pounds sterling. This is lower than other studies which estimated total costs of post- @entity358 lengths of stay. Reducing avoidable cardiac arrests would generate in-hospital savings in direct resuscitation care of survivors. Scope for reducing capital and training costs is discussed.

title: Health system costs of in-hospital XXXX .

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['cardio-pulmonary resuscitation', 'CPR']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: Macrophages (Mphi) play an unique role in the activation and regulation of T cells through their ability to modulate specific costimulatory and cytokine signals. Here we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of allergen presentation by Mphi in a @entity19 model of @entity56 . Purified peritoneal Mphi were pulsed with ovalbumin (OVA) (OVA-Mphi), or the immunodominant epitope OVA(323-339) (OVA(323-339)-Mphi), and characterized for cell surface markers, cytokine production, and antigen-presenting capacity toward OVA(323-339)-specific DO11.10 T cells. Antigen-pulsed Mphi were injected (intravenously) in OVA-sensitized Balb/c @entity19 that were repeatedly challenged with OVA or saline aerosol. Administration of OVA-Mphi inhibited airway @entity1712 and hyperresponsiveness to @entity2710 concomitant with a reduced interleukin (IL)-4 and @entity59 production by T cells upon OVA stimulation in vitro. Interestingly, OVA-induced @entity1618 levels remained unchanged, whereas @entity60 could not be detected. In contrast to OVA-Mphi, OVA(323-339)-Mphi administration had no effects on these @entity565 manifestations. Additional in vitro studies demonstrated that OVA-Mphi, but not OVA(323-339)-Mphi, produced high levels of @entity1618 upon interaction with the DO11.10 T cells. This @entity1618 production by the OVA-Mphi was dependent on MHC-TCR and @entity11787 - @entity10867 , but not @entity8271 - @entity10867 or @entity14636 - @entity4458 interactions. Our data suggest that @entity1618 production by allergen presenting Mphi plays a crucial role in successful immunotherapy.

title: Immunomodulatory effects of antigen-pulsed macrophages in a @entity19 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic asthma']


abstract: Our previous study found @entity6108 and @entity270 to have protective effects against @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) exposure in @entity1 normal lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The first objective of this study was to determine whether @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ) elicited the same response. Co-treatment with 5   M @entity3015 and 20   M @entity3090 in BEAS-2B promoted a significant reduction in cell viability and greater G2/M cell cycle arrest, induction of ROS, and reductions in @entity3015 -induced @entity4187 / @entity4188 / @entity5549 , @entity470 , p-Akt (Ser473), p- @entity876 (Thr55), and survivin mRNA/protein expression, as well as an increase in p- @entity876 ( @entity65510 ). Based on these findings, the second objective was to extend the investigation by developing a novel @entity3015 -transformed BEAS-2B cell line, BEAS-2BBaP , to examine the effects of @entity3090 when co-administered with @entity4562 , an @entity470 @entity4149 kinase inhibitor. Cell colony formation assay demonstrated in vitro tumorigenic potential of BEAS-2BBaP , which had an overexpression of @entity470 . Viability testing revealed @entity4562 co-treatment with @entity3090 resulted in more cell death compared with @entity4562 alone. Co-treated cells had greater reductions in @entity4562 -induced @entity4187 /CYB1B1, @entity470 , @entity4910 , p-Akt (Ser473), and survivin mRNA/protein expression, as well as an increase in p- @entity876 ( @entity65510 ). Therefore, @entity3090 was found to promote greater cytotoxicity to BEAS-2B co-treated with @entity3015 and BEAS-2BBaP upon @entity4562 co-treatment through regulating metabolism enzymes and signaling pathways involving @entity470 and @entity876 . These findings suggest that @entity3090 did not act as a protective compound in BEAS-2B after acute @entity3015 exposure, but has the potential to be a useful adjuvant chemotherapeutic compound when coupled with @entity4562 for chemosensitization.    2017 BioFactors, 2017.

title: XXXX augments the therapeutic effects of @entity3014 -mediated lung carcinogenesis.

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['epigallocatechin-3-gallate']

entities_list: @entity6108 :: ('MESH:D003474', 'Chemical') :: ['curcumin']

answer: @entity3089 :: (MESH:C045651,Chemical) :: ['Epigallocatechin-3-gallate']


abstract: The RGD sequence is present in many extracellular matrix proteins and intracellular proteins, including caspases. Synthetic RGD peptides may affect adhesion, @entity5 metastasis, or directly induce apoptosis. Several RGD peptides were synthesised, and their anti-adhesive and cytotoxic properties were analysed in vitro. The most active peptide (poly RGD) was also tested in vivo to assess its modulatory activity on @entity320 growth. Synthetic RGD peptides inhibit the adhesion of Ab @entity320 cells to fibronectin. Poly RGD significantly inhibits primary @entity5 growth. There was no observed @entity137 of poly RGD towards Ab cells in a medium with 10% serum; however, under the same conditions, the anti-adhesive effect of poly RGD was still visible. Experiments on Jurkat cells indicated a weak @entity137 of poly RGD and a significant @entity137 of GRGDNP (the reference cytotoxic peptide), retained only under serum-free conditions. The anti- @entity5 effect of poly RGD observed in the Ab Bomirski @entity320 model is probably due to an anti-adhesive mechanism. The proapoptotic activity of RGD peptides is dependent on the absence of serum.

title: In vitro and in vivo analyses of the biological activity of RGD peptides towards Ab Bomirski XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['migration and tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Allelic variants of genes implicated in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) determine the pharmacokinetic variability of many medications and are increasingly recognized as important factors determining the success or failure of medical treatments. Both @entity1140 and @entity3446 have narrow therapeutic ranges maintained by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Using an ADME panel that covers >99% of the PharmaADME working group core list (188 single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] and 12 copy number variant [ @entity471 ] assays in 36 pharmacogenetically relevant genes), we studied 177 @entity1 who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) using @entity1140 / @entity3446 -based @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) prophylaxis. We tested for possible associations between ADME variants and @entity1140 / @entity3446 drug levels, concentration/dose (C/D) ratio, and clinical endpoints, including acute @entity2132 . A total of 62 SNP and 6 @entity471 assays were evaluable after removing the variants, which were homozygous in (nearly) all samples. For @entity3446 , @entity18597 ( @entity1262 ) T-carriers versus non-T-carriers were associated with higher blood levels (P  = .01), with similar results for C/D ratio. Generalized estimating equation analysis supported these findings. For @entity1140 , @entity5469 @entity5396 *3/*3 and @entity5396 *3/*1 were associated with higher blood levels than @entity5396 *1/*1 (P  = .002). By multivariable analysis, @entity5469 @entity5396 *3/*3 and @entity5396 *3/*1 were independently associated with decreased acute @entity2132 compared with @entity5396 *1/*1, after adjustment for conditioning, donor type, race/ethnicity, and age. We demonstrated association of specific ADME genetic polymorphisms with blood levels of @entity1140 / @entity3446 , and incidence of acute @entity2132 after HCT, in spite of TDM and dose adjustment. A larger ongoing study will determine whether these associations have clinical utility beyond TDM.

title: Influence of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Genomic Variants on @entity1140 / XXXX Blood Levels and @entity2132 after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['Sirolimus']


abstract: The teratogenic effects of the coadministration of @entity167 ( @entity1068 ) and @entity2072 to pregnant C57BL/6J @entity19 were investigated using an acute treatment model on gestation day 10 (GD10). The day of mating was designated as GD1. Pregnant @entity19 were assigned to treatment groups generated from a 3(0, 4, 6 g/kg @entity167 ) x 3 (0, 40, 60 mg/kg @entity2072 ) factorial design to explore possible interactive effects of these commonly abused drugs. Females were treated on GD10 ( @entity167 gavage followed by SC @entity2072 injection) and their litters were evaluated on GD19 by cesarean delivery. Two additional free-fed groups, as well as a pair-fed group, were employed. Food and water intake was recorded in treated groups. Results indicated that only the high dose @entity167 produced a significant decrease in fetal body weight and a significant elevation of the incidence of @entity8 . These effects could not be attributed to restricted food intake. @entity2072 was not found to produce any significant perturbations of development, either alone or in combination with @entity167 . These results suggest that acute prenatal @entity2072 exposure on GD10 does not produce teratogenic effects when administered alone or in combination with acute @entity167 in C57BL/6J @entity19 , at least under the present experimental conditions.

title: @entity2072 does not influence the teratogenic effects of acute @entity1068 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney and limb malformations']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity2072 :: ('MESH:D003042', 'Chemical') :: ['Cocaine', 'cocaine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity357 with intrathoracic mesentericoaxial type of @entity11034 is a rare clinical entity. The rotation occurs because of the idiopathic relaxation of the gastric ligaments and ascent of the stomach adjacent to the oesophagus through the @entity154 , while the gastroesophageal junction remains in the abdomen. The open approach remains the gold standard therapy for most @entity1 . Here we report the case of a @entity1 with such a condition who underwent a successful laparoscopic surgery. A literature search revealed that this is the first case report from Southeast Asia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 55-year-old Chinese @entity1 presented to us with symptoms suggestive of @entity1084 for one year. A chest radiograph showed an air bubble with air-fluid level in her left thoracic cavity, where a @entity2914 was initially suspected. A computed tomography scan and barium swallow study demonstrated the presence of a @entity357 with intrathoracic upside-down stomach. A laparoscopy was performed and the herniated stomach was successfully reduced into the abdomen. The mediastinal part of the hernial sac was excised. Adequate intraabdominal length of oesophagus was achieved after resection of the sac and circumferential oesophageal dissection. A lateral releasing incision was made adjacent to the right crus to facilitate crural closure. The diaphragmatic defect and the hiatal closure were covered with a composite mesh. A Toupet fundoplication was performed to recreate the antireflux valve. She had an uneventful recovery. She had no relapse of previous symptoms at her six-month follow-up assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic repair of such a condition can be accomplished successfully and safely when it is performed with meticulous attention to the details of the surgical technique.

title: Successful laparoscopic management of XXXX with upside-down intrathoracic stomach: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['hiatus defect']

entities_list: @entity11034 :: ('MESH:D013277', 'Disease') :: ['gastric volvulus']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['type III paraesophageal hernia', 'Paraesophageal hernia']

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragmatic hernia']

entities_list: @entity1084 :: ('MESH:D017219', 'Disease') :: ['gastric outlet obstruction']

answer: @entity357 :: (MESH:D006551,Disease) :: ['paraesophageal hiatal hernia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Minimally invasive adrenalectomy (MIA) is the criterion standard for @entity5 in adults. The purpose of this review was to determine the place of MIA in @entity1 . METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic review of the pediatric and adult literature about MIA, focusing on the technique and indications. RESULTS: Minimally invasive adrenalectomy appears superior to open adrenalectomy for small @entity5 . The potential advantages of MIA are appealing for @entity282 , risk of @entity1321 . The most common approach is the transperitoneal lateral laparoscopy, which allows for a large working space. For small @entity5 or for bilateral adrenalectomy, the prone retroperitoneoscopy is a promising new technique. In @entity1 , the learning curve is an issue because the indications are rare. The most common indication is @entity521 without image-defined surgical risk factors. The incidence of local recurrence is low, but the follow-up is short in most cases. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive adrenalectomy is promising for @entity5 . Long-term follow-up is required to evaluate the efficacy of MIA in @entity521 . @entity66 are excellent candidates for this minimally invasive technique.

title: Minimally invasive adrenalectomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Benign diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['removal of small adrenal tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction, and quality of scars']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastomas', 'neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Differential screening was used to isolate a genomic clone, lambda89Ba located at @entity63666 that hybridised preferentially with female cDNA. On further investigation, a 3.1-kb subfragment, 89Ba(3.1), was shown to contain a gene with male germline-specific expression ( @entity63667 ) flanked by two genes ( @entity63668 and @entity63669 ) expressed predominantly in the ovaries and embryo of @entity238 . @entity63669 is separated from @entity63667 by at most 100 bp; @entity63667 and @entity63668 are convergently transcribed and their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) overlap by a minimum of 85 bp. Database searches with either the 89Ba(3.1) genomic DNA sequence or conceptual translations of @entity63667 or @entity63669 cDNAs failed to reveal any significant similarities with database entries. Using in situ hybridisation to ovaries, @entity63668 and @entity63669 were shown to be expressed in nurse cells at stages nine and ten of oogenesis and exported to the oocyte. In addition, @entity63669 transcripts were detected in the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte. @entity63667 transcripts were present throughout spermatogenesis in germline-derived cells, consistent with northern analysis which showed that they were absent in the offspring of tudor flies that lack a germline. The absence of @entity63667 transcripts at the tip of the testis suggested that the somatic cells in this region do not express @entity63667 . Two 12-bp sequences were identified in the 5' UTR of @entity63667 with a strong similarity to @entity23 ( @entity23 ) originally identified in the CGP gene family. This suggests that @entity23 may be present in a wider class of testis transcripts.

title: A testis-specifically expressed gene is embedded within a cluster of maternally expressed genes at @entity63666 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['translational control elements', 'TCEs']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) have the ability to differentiate into osteogenic lineage. Previous studies have raised the possibility that @entity1358 could be used for bone repair. To harness the power of @entity1358 in promoting bone regeneration, methods must be developed to induce @entity1358 to osteogenic lineage efficiently. The present study investigates the effect of lentivirus-encoded @entity1841 ( @entity1841 ) gene transduction on the osteogenic potential of @entity1358 . METHODS: @entity1358 were isolated from voided urine and transduced with Lentiviral vector encoding @entity1841 . An in vitro study was performed to detect Lentiviral- @entity1841 transduced @entity1358 differentiated towards osteogenic lineage. Furthermore, Lentiviral- @entity1841 transduced @entity1358 were transplanted in vivo to examine the ectopic bone formation ability. After six weeks, retrieval samples were obtained for immunostaining and histological analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the transduction efficiencies were over 90%, and transduced @entity1358 had high expression levels of the @entity1841 gene and secreted @entity1841 protein. Alkaline activity and mineral deposition staining demonstrated that transduced @entity1358 differentiate into osteogenic lineages without the addition of osteogenic supplements. Transduced @entity1358 also showed high expression of bone-related markers, including runt-related protein-2 ( @entity8087 ) and @entity12502 ( @entity12502 ), confirming this lentiviral- @entity1841 construct provides sufficient stimuli for osteogenic differentiation. Histological analysis indicated that the transduced @entity1358 induced robust new bone formation in @entity19 . Six weeks after transplantation, @entity1 derived cells were observed to participate in bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that @entity1841 gene transduction provides an effective method to enhance the osteogenic potential of @entity1358 .

title: @entity1841 gene transduction enhances the osteogenic potential of XXXX urine-derived stem cells.

entities_list: @entity1841 :: ('650', 'Gene') :: ['BMP2', 'bone morphogenetic protein 2']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['USCs', 'Urine-derived stem cells']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the prevalence of multiple @entity344 in the general British population. AIM: To examine the prevalence of @entity30 ( @entity30 ), @entity31 ( @entity31 ), @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ), @entity5990 ( @entity5990 ), and @entity10189 ( @entity10189 ). SUBJECTS: The 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) and the National @entity1 Development Study (NCDS) are two one week national birth cohorts born in 1970 and 1958, respectively. All cohort members living in Great Britain were interviewed in 1999/2000. METHODS: The prevalence rates of the five diseases were calculated, and associations with sex and childhood social class were investigated using logistic regression. RESULTS: At age 30 years, the prevalence rates per 10,000 (95% confidence interval (CI)) in the 1970 and 1958 cohorts, respectively, were: @entity30 38 (26-49), 21 (13-30); @entity31 30 (20-41), 27 (18-37); @entity1744 826 (775-877), 290 (267-330); @entity5990 88 (71-106), 78 (62-94); and @entity10189 244 (214-273), 229 (201-256). There was a significantly higher proportion with @entity30 (p=0.023) and @entity1744 (p=0.000) in the 1970 cohort compared with the 1958 cohort at age 30 years. Comparing the cohorts in the 1999/2000 sweep, @entity31 , @entity5990 , and @entity10189 were significantly (p=0.001, p=0.000, p=0.000) more common in the 1958 cohort. There was a statistically significant trend for a higher risk of @entity5990 with lower social class in both cohorts combined (p=0.027). CONCLUSION: The study indicates an increasing temporal trend in the prevalence of @entity30 and suggests a period effect in @entity1744 , possibly due to adult life exposures or variation in recognition and diagnosis of @entity1744 .

title: Prevalence of XXXX in two British national birth cohorts.

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease', 'PUD']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gall stones', 'GS']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome', 'IBS']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to investigate the cost effectiveness of @entity5424 , @entity3925 , and @entity3926 compared with @entity1524 derivatives for @entity64 prevention in @entity1 with @entity955 in a country with specialized anticoagulation clinics (the Netherlands) and in a country without these clinics (the UK). METHODS: A decision-analytic Markov model was used to analyse the cost effectiveness of @entity5424 , @entity3925 , and @entity3926 compared with @entity1524 derivatives in the Netherlands and the UK over a lifetime horizon. RESULTS: In the Netherlands, the use of @entity3925 , @entity5424 , or @entity3926 increased health by 0.166, 0.365, and 0.374 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared with @entity1524 derivatives, but also increased costs by < @entity7634 >5,681, < @entity7634 >4,754, and < @entity7634 >5,465, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were < @entity7634 >34,248, < @entity7634 >13,024, and < @entity7634 >14,626 per QALY gained. In the UK, health was increased by 0.302, 0.455, and 0.461 QALYs, and the incremental costs were similar for all three new oral anticoagulants (< @entity7634 >5,118-5,217). The ICERs varied from < @entity7634 >11,172 to 16,949 per QALY gained. In the Netherlands, @entity5424 had the highest chance (37  %) of being cost effective at a threshold of < @entity7634 >20,000; in the UK, this chance was 41  % for @entity3926 . The quality of care, reflected in time in therapeutic range, had an important influence on the ICER. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5424 , @entity3925 , and @entity3926 are cost-effective alternatives to @entity1524 derivatives in the UK, while in the Netherlands, only @entity5424 and @entity3926 could be considered cost effective. The cost effectiveness of the new oral anticoagulants is largely dependent on the setting and quality of local anticoagulant care facilities.

title: Cost effectiveness of new oral anticoagulants for XXXX prevention in @entity1 with @entity955 in two different European healthcare settings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1524 :: ('MESH:C030123', 'Chemical') :: ['coumarin']

entities_list: @entity3926 :: ('MESH:C554682', 'Chemical') :: ['dabigatran']

entities_list: @entity3925 :: ('MESH:C503223', 'Chemical') :: ['rivaroxaban']

entities_list: @entity5424 :: ('MESH:C522181', 'Chemical') :: ['Apixaban', 'apixaban']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14206 ( @entity14206 ) inhibitors, such as @entity3371 , are used to control @entity101 . In @entity1 and animals with primary @entity8 , these agents improve renal function more than that would be expected from their control of @entity101 . Here, we examine the effects of treatment with @entity3371 on @entity1988 and discuss the potential mechanism(s) by which this agent exerts its renoprotective effects. METHODS: Lupus-prone, NZB/NZW F1 and MRL-lpr/lpr, @entity19 were treated with @entity3371 or with a control antihypertensive agent, @entity1855 . @entity19 were monitored for @entity1310 , and their sera and tissues analyzed for cytokine and transforming growth factor-beta ( @entity641 ) expression. RESULTS: @entity3371 treatment delayed the onset of @entity644 when administered to prenephritic @entity19 , whereas @entity1855 did not. @entity3371 treatment also retarded disease progression when given to lupus @entity19 that had early disease, and even reversed severe @entity644 in at least some older animals with @entity1442 . It reduced chronic @entity8 , but had no effect on autoantibody production. The improvement in @entity8 correlated with reduced @entity641 expression, particularly of the @entity641 and @entity11579 isoforms, in the kidneys. Interestingly, in vivo or in vitro exposure to @entity3371 reduced splenic levels of type 2 cytokines, @entity58 and @entity1618 , suggesting a possible role of the immune system in @entity3371 -mediated disease modulation. CONCLUSION: Since type 2 cytokines are known to promote @entity1988 , decreased @entity58 and @entity1618 production in @entity3371 -treated @entity19 may be related to this agent's renoprotective effects. We argue here that @entity14206 inhibitors not only act as selective @entity641 inhibitors, but also as selective immunomodulators, to improve @entity1988 .

title: An @entity14206 inhibitor reduces Th2 cytokines and XXXX and @entity11579 isoforms in @entity19 @entity1988 .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathies', 'renal lesions', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis', 'lupus glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity14206 :: ('11421(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Angiotensin-converting enzyme', 'ACE']

answer: @entity641 :: (21803(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['TGF-beta1']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Respiratory distress and arrest from tracheal compression secondary to megaoesophagus are rare complications of @entity1318 . We present the case of a @entity1 with end-stage @entity1318 who required oesophagectomy to prevent recurrent life-threatening tracheal compression and @entity1576 . A literature review is also presented. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 40-year old @entity1 presented with post-prandial stridor which resolved spontaneously, later being diagnosed with @entity1318 . He underwent @entity384 year later, intended as definitive treatment. Despite intervention, the @entity1 had developed megaoesophagus. One month later he presented with tracheal compression and @entity1167 but was successfully resuscitated. He subsequently underwent elective oesophagectomy. DISCUSSION: Over 40 case reports of @entity1318 presenting with stridor have been published. However, only three cases (all female, age range, 35-79 years old) of cardiac, respiratory or @entity1167 have been published. The definitive treatments received by these @entity1 were botulinum toxin injections, open Heller cardiomyotomy with Dor fundoplication and @entity384 . None of these @entity1 suffered recurrent @entity649 following definitive treatment. The @entity1 currently reported was unique as he suffered @entity1167 following an intended definitive treatment, @entity384 . As such oesophagectomy was considered the greatest risk-reduction intervention. CONCLUSION: Oesophagectomy should be considered for @entity1 with end-stage @entity1318 and mega-oesophagus causing respiratory compromise to avoid potential fatal complications such as tracheal compression and subsequent @entity1576 .

title: Recurrent @entity649 and @entity1167 caused by megaoesophagus secondary to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pneumatic dilatation']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory arrest']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory arrest']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity158 is a frequent symptom in @entity1 with @entity5 , with substantial impact. Despite the availability of opioids and updated guidelines from reliable leading societies, undertreatment is still frequent. METHODS: We updated a systematic review published in 2008, which showed that according to the @entity158 Management Index (PMI), 43.4% of @entity1 with @entity5 were undertreated. This review included observational and experimental studies reporting negative PMI scores for adults with @entity5 and @entity158 published from 2007 to 2013 and retrieved through MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar. To detect any temporal trend and identify potential determinants of undertreatment, we compared articles published before and after 2007 with univariable, multivariable, and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: In the new set of 20 articles published from 2007 to 2013, there was a decrease in undertreatment of approximately 25% (from 43.4 to 31.8%). In the whole sample, the proportion of undertreated @entity1 fell from 2007 to 2013, and an association was confirmed between negative PMI score, economic level, and nonspecific setting for @entity5 . Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of results. CONCLUSION: Analysis of 46 articles published from 1994 to 2013 using the PMI to assess the adequacy of analgesic therapy suggests the quality of pharmacologic @entity158 management has improved. However, approximately one third of @entity1 still do not receive @entity158 medication proportional to their @entity158 intensity.

title: Quality of @entity5 management: an update of a systematic review of undertreatment of XXXX with @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity2150 ( @entity2150 ) is characterized by @entity236 , @entity3043 , and risk of severe @entity417 , @entity548 and @entity281 . @entity2150 is often idiopathic, but frequently occurs after exposure to drugs/chemicals. However, the pathogenesis of @entity2150 is not clearly understood, and there are no convenient animal models of drug-induced @entity2150 . We have evaluated regimens of @entity1863 (BU) administration in the @entity19 to produce a model of chronic @entity236 showing features of @entity1 @entity2150 . @entity19 were given 8 doses of BU at 0, 5.25 and 10.50 mg/kg over 23 days; marrow and blood samples were examined at 1, 19, 49, 91 and 112 days after dosing. At day 1 post dosing, in @entity19 treated at 10.50 mg/kg, nucleated marrow cells, CFU-GM and Erythroid-CFU were reduced. Similarly, peripheral blood erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets and reticulocytes were reduced. At day 19 and 49 post dosing, there was a trend for parameters to return towards normal. However, at day 91 and 112 post dosing, values remained significantly depressed, with a stabilized chronic @entity236 . At day 91 and 112 post dosing, marrow cell counts, CFU-GM and Erythroid-CFU were decreased; marrow nucleated cell apoptosis and @entity17777 + cell apoptosis were increased; peripheral blood erythrocyte, leucocyte, and platelet counts were reduced. We conclude that this is a model of chronic @entity236 which has many interesting features of @entity2150 . The model is convenient to use and has potential in several areas, particularly for investigations on mechanisms of @entity2150 pathogenesis in @entity1 .

title: A new model of busulphan-induced chronic @entity236 in the female BALB/c XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2150 :: ('MESH:D000741', 'Disease') :: ['AA', 'Aplastic anaemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['busulphan']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['hypocellular marrow', 'bone marrow aplasia']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Between 1991 and 2000, seven @entity1 presented with symptomatic @entity979 at our hospital (6 females, 1 male). Average age was 22 years (range 4-33 years). @entity10 was present in 6 @entity1 , who were subsequently operated on. @entity1019 and a transient inferior @entity227 were minor signs in two @entity1 respectively. A @entity1319 with vertical gaze @entity912 was found in none. In one @entity1 , paroxysmal pupillary dilatations and contractions ('springing pupils') constituted the only signs and a conservative policy was adopted. Four @entity1 presented with @entity1276 and were treated by an endoscopic resection of their @entity979 (one stereotactically, three free-hand). Two other @entity1 presented with a prolonged history of symptoms and signs: @entity10 alone in one, @entity10 with discrete @entity51 in the other. Ventricles in these two @entity1 were not dilated and therefore an open cyst resection by infratentorial supracerebellar approach was performed. Average follow-up in the six "operated" @entity1 was 29 months (range 12-108 months). All four @entity1 treated by endoscopy, are symptom-free at follow-up, whereas the two who were approached by open surgery, are not. Clinical presentation, radiological evaluation and treatment modalities of @entity979 are discussed and compared with experiences reported in the literature. It is concluded that @entity979 in the presence of obstructive @entity1276 are a clear indication for endoscopy with a rigid endoscope.

title: Symptomatic XXXX : clinical manifestations and management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field deficit']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity979 :: ('MESH:D010871', 'Disease') :: ['pineal cysts']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache', 'Headache']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['Parinaud syndrome']

answer: @entity979 :: (MESH:D010871,Disease) :: ['pineal cysts']


abstract: PURPOSE: Stratification of risk in @entity1 with @entity2946 remains a challenge. As clinical parameters have been proven insufficient for accurately defining disease risk, molecular markers have become the focus of interest. Outcome predictions on the basis of microarray gene expression profiles have been the most accurate to date. We ask in a multivariate model whether clinical parameters enhance survival predictions of gene expression profiles. @entity1 AND METHODS: In a cohort of 55 young @entity1 (whose @entity2946 samples have been analyzed previously for gene expression profile), associations between clinical and gene expression variables and survival were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. Available clinical variables included age, stage (ie, the presence of disseminated disease at diagnosis), sex, histologic subtype, treatment, and status. RESULTS: Univariate analysis demonstrated expression profiles to be the only significant clinical prognostic factor (P=.03). In multivariate analysis, gene expression profiles predicted outcome independent of other criteria. Clinical criteria did not significantly contribute additional information for outcome predictions, although an exploratory analysis noted a trend for decreased survival of @entity1 with @entity3 at diagnosis but favorable gene expression profile. CONCLUSION: Gene expression profiling predicts @entity2946 outcome independent of clinical variables. These results need to be validated in a larger prospective study.

title: Combining gene expression profiles and clinical parameters for risk stratification in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity2946 :: (MESH:D008527,Disease) :: ['medulloblastomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: To identify @entity1968 -related orphan nuclear receptor-yT (RORyT), the specific markers of T helper 17 (Th17) cells by immunohistochemical analysis to confirm the presence of Th17 cells in @entity1548 . METHODS: Eighteen @entity9530 ( @entity9530 ) and 22 periapical @entity738 (PGs) were collected in the Department of Oral Pathology after periapical surgery as the experimental samples. Five alveolar bone samples were obtained from a group of impacted third molars recommended for extraction as the control samples. The protein expression of RORyT was measured by immunohistochemical analysis for all samples. In addition, the protein expression of @entity4155 was measured at the same time. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package to evaluate the differences of expression of RORyT and @entity4155 according to @entity75 (PG vs. RC vs. control group) and intensity of the inflammatory infiltration (mild vs. moderate vs. severe vs. control group). RESULTS: RORyT+ cells were detected in all @entity1548 tissues, and the expression of RORyT was significantly higher in @entity1548 than in normal tissues which had no expression of RORyT (P<0.05). Significant differences in the expression of RORyT were observed among healthy tissues, lesions with mild @entity32 , moderate @entity32 and severe @entity32 (P<0.05), respectively. Positive correlations between RORyT and @entity4155 protein levels were observed in PGs (r=0.935,P<0.05) and @entity9530 (r=0.803,P<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrates a significant increase in the expression of RORyT in @entity1 suffering from @entity1548 in comparison with normal control subjects, indicating that Th17 cells are more likely to exist in @entity1548 .

title: [The expression and significance of RORyT in periapical @entity738 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['type of lesion']

entities_list: @entity1548 :: ('MESH:D010483', 'Disease') :: ['periapical lesions']

entities_list: @entity9530 :: ('MESH:D011842', 'Disease') :: ['RCs', 'radicular cysts']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity9530 :: (MESH:D011842,Disease) :: ['radicular cysts']


abstract: Dimethyl(pyridin-2-yl)sulfonium based @entity5140 has been designed to reverse the aging process of organophosphorus inhibited @entity10810 and to reactivate the aged- @entity10810 adduct. We have employed DFT M05-2X/6-31G(   ) level of theory in aqueous phase with polarizable continuum solvation model (PCM) for the methylation of phosphonate ester monoanion of the @entity4835 -aged adduct. The calculated free energy of activation for the @entity5498 transfer process from designed dimethyl(phenyl)sulfonium (1) to aged @entity10810 -OP adduct occurs with a barrier of 31.4kcal/mol at M05-2X/6-31G(   ) level of theory, which is 6.4kcal/mol lower compared to the aging process signifies the preferential reversal process to recover the aged @entity10810 -OP adduct. The @entity4605 ring containing alkylated @entity65269 species, dimethyl(pyridin-2-yl)sulfonium (2), reduced the free energy of activation by 4.4kcal/mol compared to the previously reported alkylating agent N-methyl-2-methoxypyridinium species (A) for the alkylation of aged @entity10810 -OP adduct. The free enzyme can be liberated from the inhibited acetylcholinesterase with the @entity65269 compound decorated with an @entity5140 group to avoid the administration of @entity5140 drugs separately. The calculated potential energy surfaces show that the @entity5140 based @entity65269 compound (3) can effectively methylate the aged phosphonate ester monoanion of soman aged-adduct. The calculated global reactivity descriptors of the @entity5140 3 also shed light on this observation. To gain better understanding for protein drug interaction as well as the unbinding and conformational changes of the drug candidate in the active site of cholinesterase, @entity74 ( @entity74 ) simulation with 3 has been performed. Through a protein-drug interaction parameters ( @entity397 force profiles, @entity3884 bonds, hydrophobic interactions), geometrical and the orientation of drug-like candidate, the @entity5140 3 suggests to orchestrate the better reactivation process. The docking studies have been performed with 3 in the aged @entity10810 and @entity1390 to obtain the initial geometry of the @entity74 studies. The docking methods adopted in this study have been verified with the available crystal geometry of 1-methyl-2-(pentafluorobenzyloxyimino)pyridinium compound in aged soman inhibited @entity1 @entity1390 (PDB code: 4B0P). The computational study suggests that the newly designed @entity5140 is a potential candidate to reactivate the aged- @entity10810 adduct.

title: Quantum chemical and XXXX studies for one pot solution to reactivate aged acetylcholinesterase with alkylator @entity5140 .

entities_list: @entity4605 :: ('MESH:C023666', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridine']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity65269 :: ('CHEBI:30488', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonium']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['steered molecular dynamics', 'SMD']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['steered molecular dynamics']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We reviewed our 12-year experience with staged reconstruction for @entity509 of the left heart, examining the results of each surgical step and the impact of the year of the Norwood operation on survival. We compared survival of @entity1 with @entity509 of the left heart subsequent to completion of the Fontan circulation to survival of @entity1 with a dominant left ventricle undergoing a Fontan procedure. @entity1 : Between 1989 and 2001, we performed a first stage procedure in 89 @entity1 . Their median age was 9 days, with a range from 2 to 140 days, and the median weight was 3.4 kg, with a range from 2.4 to 5.4 kg. RESULTS: Survival at 1, 4, and 10 years was 55%, 49%, and 49%, respectively. We experienced 23 early @entity204 (26%), and 12 @entity204 between the stages of the Norwood cascade. Of our @entity1 , 42 underwent the second stage, and 30 the third stage. Prior to the first stage, symptoms of @entity1964 , and of obstructed @entity1700 , influenced survival significantly. The latter was eliminated as risk factor when surgery was performed within the first week of life. During the later part of our experience, survival at the first stage operation improved significantly, with survival at 3 years increasing from 42% to 75% for the @entity1 at standard-risk (p = 0.017), and from 17% to 42% for those deemed to be at high-risk (p = 0.1). No @entity204 occurred in 23 @entity1 older than 3 years of age, all of whom had proceeded through the third stage. After completion of the Fontan circulation, the survival of the @entity1 with @entity509 of the left heart at 4 years was comparable to the survival of @entity1 undergoing the Fontan procedure with a dominant left ventricle (88% versus 90%, p = 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Early and intermediate survival has improved significantly over the period of 12 years. Late @entity204 has been uncommon, and none of our @entity1 are listed for cardiac transplantation.

title: Results of staged reconstruction for XXXX of the left heart: an experience of 12 years from one institution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1700 :: ('MESH:D012587', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary venous return']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['necrotising enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity509 :: (MESH:C538429,Disease) :: ['hypoplasia']


abstract: Castration of male @entity35 causes a rapid loss of their normal erectile response to inaccessible estrous females. Previous studies had demonstrated that these noncontact erections (NCEs), a putative sign of sexual arousal, could be restored by systemic treatment with @entity251 (T) or @entity586 ( @entity587 ), but not @entity53 (E). We examined whether @entity342 delivered to the medial amygdala ( @entity17585 ) of castrated @entity35 would maintain NCE. In Experiment 1, males received bilateral cannulae filled with T, @entity587 , or E directed at the @entity17585 . Control males had the same hormone-filled cannulae implanted subcutaneously and blank cannulae in the @entity17585 , or they received T in the anterior forebrain. During the 2 weeks after surgery, males were tested twice for NCE and copulation. About half the males with @entity3800 in the @entity17585 had NCEs 1 week after castration, but few responded a week later. Closer proximity of @entity342 implants to the posterodorsal @entity17585 (MeApd) predicted shorter NCE latencies. No males with subcutaneous @entity342 had NCEs in either test, and few anterior forebrain-implanted males did. Some males receiving E in @entity17585 or subcutaneously had NCE in each test. In copulation tests, the type of @entity134 treatment did not affect the incidence of ejaculation or most measures of copulation, and the proximity of cannulae to MeApd predicted only the time from ejaculation to the occurrence of NCE during the postejaculatory interval. Experiment 2 showed that NCEs displayed by males with @entity342 in @entity17585 occurred in response to estrous females, not spontaneously. The results suggest that @entity3800 , perhaps augmented by @entity172 , act in the posterodorsal @entity17585 to facilitate NCE and its associated arousal.

title: @entity342 implants in medial amygdala briefly maintain noncontact erection in castrated male XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: A microdialysis technique was used in male @entity35 to directly assess the postulate that pubertal maturation is associated with accelerated @entity1176 pulsatility. Juvenile male @entity35 , postnatal d 43 or 45 (n = 4) were stereotaxically fitted with guide cannulas directed toward the lateral median eminence, and repeated microdialysis experiments were conducted over 4-6 d. In each session, samples were collected continuously over 12 h (0900-2100 h) at 5-min intervals Results from individual peripubertal animals were pooled into two time bins for postnatal d 45-47 and 48-50, respectively, and @entity1176 characteristics were compared between the two epochs. The @entity1176 pulse frequency and mean @entity1176 concentration were significantly elevated at 48-50 d compared with 45-47 d. The @entity1176 pulsatility characteristics for 45-47 d vs. 48-50 d were as follows: pulse frequency, 0.74 +/- 0.16 vs. 1.79 +/- 0.19 pulses/h (P < 0.05); pulse amplitude, 254.1 +/- 22.3 vs. 347.2 +/- 15.8 deltapg/ml (difference in value from trough to peak); and mean release, 0.55 +/- 0.03 vs. 2.04 +/- 0.04 pg/5 min (P < 0.05). An additional two @entity35 were dialyzed only once on postnatal d 50 to assess the effects of repeated sampling; the @entity1176 pulse characteristics in these animals were similar to those in @entity35 sampled for a third or fourth time on postnatal d 48-50. To further assess the possible effects of repeated sampling on @entity1176 release profiles, a group of adult male @entity35 (postnatal d 95-105; n = 3) was also dialyzed on four consecutive days. In these @entity35 no significant alteration in @entity1176 pulse generator activity was observed over the four sessions. Moreover, the increase in @entity1176 pulse frequency observed in the peripubertal @entity35 was found to be sustained in adult animals. To better understand the temporal relationship of @entity1176 pulse generator activity to reproductive maturation, groups of male @entity35 were killed from postnatal d 45-56 along with an adult group at 95-105 d (n = 5/group) and examined for physiological signs of reproductive development. Gradual increases in serum levels of LH and @entity251 and decreases in FSH and inhibin B were seen from postnatal d 45-56 to adulthood. Mature spermatozoa were found in the vas deferens by postnatal d 53. Our results demonstrate that in the late juvenile stage of male @entity35 development, @entity1176 pulse generator activity is gradually accelerated over the course of consecutive days. This acceleration occurs over a period during which serum LH and @entity251 are rising to adult levels, and it precedes the presence of mature spermatozoa in the vas deferens by 3 d. Our observations provide direct support for the hypothesis that an acceleration of @entity1176 pulsatility is the critical neural stimulus for the initiation of pubertal maturation in males. The peripheral and central cues that prompt the pubertal activation of the @entity1176 pulse generator remain to be characterized.

title: Pubertal acceleration of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone release in male XXXX as revealed by microdialysis.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We report two cases of @entity788 treated by @entity8450 ( @entity8450 ). The outcome of each case was quite different according to the timing of @entity8450 . A 36 year old @entity1 presented with @entity490 , and a diagnosis of severe acute @entity788 was made. His serum @entity412 (TG) level was 6,460 mg/dl. He did not undergo @entity8450 at first, however, his condition never improved and @entity8450 was performed 20 days after the onset of his illness. Finally, he died of @entity881 and @entity295 . In contrast, a 52 year old @entity1 with @entity656 was referred to our department. He received @entity8450 quickly after hospital admission. His serum TG level, which was 3,540 mg/dl at hospital admission, dramatically returned to normal limits, and he was discharged from the hospital 62 days after admission. The prognosis of severe @entity788 due to @entity2298 is extremely poor. @entity8450 should be applied for the treatment of @entity788 immediately after its onset.

title: Plasma exchange for XXXX : report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'necrotizing pancreatitis', 'hypertriglyceridemic necrotizing pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute necrotizing pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

entities_list: @entity8450 :: ('MESH:D054219', 'Disease') :: ['plasma exchange', 'PE']

answer: @entity656 :: (MESH:D019283,Disease) :: ['hypertriglyceridemic acute necrotizing pancreatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to identify variables affecting the outcome of transanal advancement flap repair (TAFR) for perianal @entity292 of cryptoglandular origin. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2000, a consecutive series of 105 @entity1 (65 @entity1 , 40 @entity1 ), with a median age of 44 (range 19-72) years was included in the study. The @entity1 were recruited from the colorectal departments of two university medical centres. @entity1 with a @entity3622 and those with a @entity292 due to @entity30 were excluded. The following variables were assessed: age, sex, number of previous attempts at repair, preoperative seton drainage, @entity292 type, presence of horseshoe extensions, location of the internal opening, postoperative drainage, body mass index and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The results were analysed by means of multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 14 months. No differences were observed between the two centres. TAFR was successful in 72 @entity1 (69 per cent). None of the variables affected the outcome of the procedure, except for smoking habit of the @entity1 . In @entity1 who smoked the observed healing rate was 60 per cent, whereas a rate of 79 per cent was found in @entity1 who did not smoke. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.037). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the healing rate (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking affects the outcome of TAFR in @entity1 with a cryptoglandular perianal @entity292 .

title: Smoking affects the outcome of transanal mucosal advancement flap repair of trans-sphincteric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3622 :: ('MESH:D012006', 'Disease') :: ['rectovaginal fistula']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistulas']


abstract: We describe a case of a peripheral @entity438 showing repeated morphological changes within a short period of 3 months. A 69-year-old @entity1 was admitted to her primary care hospital with @entity10 . Cranial computed tomography (CT) showed @entity510 ( @entity510 ), but ruptured @entity439 was not confirmed on 4-vessel cerebral angiography. Conservative treatment was provided in the form of @entity158 relief and blood pressure control. However, left internal carotid artery angiography (ICAG) conducted 12 days post-onset showed a @entity439 , which was enlarged 1 week later. The @entity1 did not tolerate balloon test occlusion, showing @entity51 . Direct surgery was planned, but angiography on day 30 revealed a reduction in @entity439 size. Medical therapy was therefore continued for 1 month; however, the @entity439 showed @entity1283 over 3 months. The @entity1 therefore consulted our hospital for surgery, which was performed using a transsylvian approach. As we were unable to rule out @entity2849 , we performed superficial temporal artery-MCA @entity254 as a form of trapping surgery. However, the lesion appeared to likely represent a @entity439 when viewed macroscopically, so we performed neck clipping as a definitive treatment. Navigation and motor-evoked potential monitoring were useful to approach the @entity439 and predict the preservation of motor function. Histological examination revealed a @entity439 with organized thrombus. The postoperative course was uneventful and the @entity1 was discharged 2 weeks after surgery without any @entity51 .

title: [A Case of XXXX Showing Repeated Morphological Changes].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['SAH', 'subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['repeated enlargements']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral MCA aneurysm', 'congenital aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured middle cerebral artery(MCA)aneurysm']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['Peripheral Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although survival analyses represent one of the cornerstones in oncology in general, some aspects of the reported survival data in @entity2 @entity1 are still not fully elucidated. METHODS: After having defined several open questions, an evidence based approach was applied in order to answer these questions. Areas of interest were: (I) possible uncertainties in reported survival data; (II) survival surrogates; (III) recommended methods for evaluating @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) as a surrogate endpoint in future datasets; (IV) @entity2 recurrence and survival. RESULTS: In recent years, @entity1349 has seen increasing use as a primary endpoint, particularly in phase II trials. This article focuses on the statistical aspects, and particularly on evaluating the ability of @entity1349 to accurately predict the overall survival (OS) outcome. If the data are available from randomized trials, then the evaluation of trial level surrogacy should be carried out, in addition to the methods described in the paper. If it is not a case, the @entity1 -level methods should be applied. Suggestions for "landmark analysis" are also given: (I) classify your cases according to progression status (progressed, progression-free, or unknown) at one or more time points of interest; (II) perform a separate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for each time point; (III) determine and report the landmark time point where progression status best predicts survival according to the hazard ratios and P values; (IV) calculate the concordance index for each landmark analysis model. The concordance index (or "c-Index") is essentially the probability that for any two randomly selected cases, the case that is predicted to have the worst outcome, does in fact have the worst outcome. CONCLUSIONS: the widening spectrum of diagnostic and treatment in pulmonary oncology imposes the need for an updated knowledge about statistical method that would fit best for the analysed problem.

title: Survival analyses in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'postoperative lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['PFS', 'progression free survival']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the differences in socioeconomic, demographic, and disease severity factors between @entity1 with @entity102 ( @entity102 ) and those with @entity56 ( @entity56 ). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed. SETTING: The study was conducted at the hospital of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 186 @entity1 were included (93 @entity56 , 93 @entity102 with and without @entity480 ). Socio- economic and demographic data were obtained from the North Carolina State Data Center. Indicators of disease severity were measured by Lund-Mackay scores, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, diagnosis of @entity565 and/or @entity2023 , and the number of surgeries and computed tomography scans performed. Associations were analyzed with Fisher's exact, Wilcoxon rank sum, and Pearson's correlations tests. RESULTS: Compared with @entity1 with @entity56 , @entity1 in both @entity102 groups were predominantly white (P < .0001), were older at the time of diagnosis (P < .0001), had higher county-based income per capita (P = .004), had lower quantitative serum IgE level (P < .001), and had lower Lund-Mackay scores (P < .0001). No associations between disease severity, socioeconomic status, and demographic factors were found within the @entity102 groups. CONCLUSION: Within our cohort of @entity1 residing in North Carolina, those with @entity102 have higher income, more access to primary care, and lower markers of disease severity than those with @entity56 . These data continue to support the notion that @entity56 merits classification as a distinct subtype of @entity102 .

title: Comparison of Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors in XXXX with @entity56 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis', 'CRS']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic fungal rhinosinusitis', 'AFRS']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: Primary @entity5200 (PH) is very often accompanied by some degree of @entity79 . The most frequent clinical condition in which this association has been observed is @entity460 @entity1790 . In @entity1 affected by this disorder, bone density is very frequently low, and increased susceptibility to @entity174 is reported. The very poor definition of this @entity79 from a histomorphometric point of view is a crucial aspect. At present, the most common finding seems to be a low bone @entity558 . Many factors are involved in the complex relationships between @entity604 and PH. Since @entity604 was mainly reported in @entity1 with fasting @entity5200 , a primary alteration in bone metabolism was proposed as a cause of both @entity5200 and @entity79 . This hypothesis was strengthened by the observation that some bone resorbing-cytokines, such as @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ), @entity650 ( @entity650 ), and @entity5 nechrosis factor-alpha ( @entity310 ), are high in @entity12233 @entity1 . An excessive response to the acid load induced by dietary protein intake seems to be an additional factor explaining a primitive alteration of bone. The intestine plays a major role in the clinical course of @entity79 in PH. @entity1 with absorptive @entity5200 less frequently show @entity79 , and a reduction in dietary @entity460 greatly increases the probability of @entity604 in PH subjects. It has recently been reported that greater @entity604 is associated with a larger increase in intestinal @entity460 absorption in PH @entity1 . Considering the absence of @entity461 ( @entity461 ) alterations, it was proposed that this is not a compensatory phenomenon, but probably the marker of disturbed cell @entity460 transport, involving both intestinal and bone tissues. While renal @entity5200 is rather uncommon, the kidney still seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of @entity604 in PH @entity1 , possibly via the effect of mild-to-moderate urinary @entity1391 loss with secondary @entity5886 . In conclusion, @entity604 is very common in PH @entity1 . Even if most of the factors involved in this process have been identified, many aspects of this intriguing clinical condition remain to be elucidated.

title: @entity79 in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['turnover condition']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fragility fractures']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity12233 :: ('MESH:C562793', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalciuric']

entities_list: @entity5886 :: ('MESH:D017674', 'Disease') :: ['hypophosphatemia']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone demineralization', 'bone disease']

entities_list: @entity1790 :: ('MESH:D053040', 'Disease') :: ['nephrolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5200 :: ('MESH:D053565', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalciuria']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['parathyroid hormone', 'PTH']

answer: @entity5200 :: (MESH:D053565,Disease) :: ['hypercalciuria']


abstract: PURPOSE: Topoisomerase (Topo) II isoenzymes are the targets for drugs, such as epidophyllotoxins and @entity632 . The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of Topo IIalpha and Ki67 in advanced @entity978 ( @entity978 ) played a role as a prognostic factor or predictor of response to treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Forty-two @entity1 who were homogeneously treated and had a long-term follow-up were selected for the study. Immunohistochemistry of @entity982 -embedded tissue sections was performed. The effect of @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics on @entity177 ( @entity177 ) and overall survival were evaluated in a univariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model. The Cox model was also implemented in a multivariate analysis using stepwise selection. RESULTS: Positive nuclear staining for Topo IIalpha in Reed-Stemberg or Reed-Stemberg variant cells was seen in 90% of @entity978 cases, and coexpression of Ki67 and Topo IIalpha in 79%. No significant difference in the percentage of Topo IIalpha-positive cells was detected among histological @entity978 subtypes. In the univariate analysis for @entity177 , the male gender, high @entity880 dehydrogenase, and Topo IIalpha < 30% were associated with more relapses. In the multivariate analysis for @entity177 , only Topo IIalpha < 30% was statistically associated with shorter @entity177 , with relative risk of 3 (95% confidence interval, 1.26-7.15; P = 0.013). In uni- and multivariate analyses for overall survival, only Topo IIalpha was associated with shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS: Topo IIalpha expression could be useful in advanced @entity978 to identify @entity1 with a higher risk of relapse and lesser overall survival. It is of potential utility in the design of specific treatments.

title: The topoisomerase IIalpha expression correlates with survival in XXXX with advanced @entity978 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['FFS', 'failure-free survival']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['HD', "Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate in the same study two quantitative methods for quantification of incipient caries in @entity1 dental enamel by using optical coherence tomography (OCT): the optical attenuation coefficient and the area under the A-scan signal, and to compare their results with those obtained from microhardness analysis. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and sixty samples were obtained from 40 sound @entity1 third molars, which had their crowns sectioned. Simulated caries were created by a pH cycling method. OCT measurements were performed on the samples, before and after the induced @entity3760 . We determined the total optical attenuation coefficient from the OCT signal in each site and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of this approach to the detection of the @entity3760 . Also, the areas under the OCT curves (AUC-OCT) and those from sectional microhardness tests (AUC- @entity8176 ) were compared. RESULTS: Both the analysis of the optical attenuation coefficient and the AUC-OCT were adequate to efficiently distinguish sound and demineralized samples with sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of 0.96. The AUC- @entity8176 and the AUC-OCT data presented linear relationship and correlation of 0.99. CONCLUSION: Both methods for signal analysis from OCT allowed detection of @entity3760 with good performance. The AUC-OCT approach enables obtaining a linear relation with the microhardness results, for a quantitative assessment of mineral loss in @entity1 teeth. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:666-671, 2014.    2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Evaluation of two quantitative analysis methods of optical coherence tomography for XXXX and comparison with microhardness.

entities_list: @entity3760 :: ('MESH:D017001', 'Disease') :: ['demineralization']

answer: @entity3760 :: (MESH:D017001,Disease) :: ['detection of enamel demineralization']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies on the potential influence of @entity117 ( @entity24293 ) on blood pressure have not taken in consideration the chronopharmacologic effects of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. This pilot study investigated the effects of @entity24293 on blood pressure in @entity101 @entity1 under no antihypertensive treatment who received @entity24293 at different day times according to their rest-activity cycle. @entity1 AND METHOD: We studied 64 untreated @entity1 with mild @entity101 (24 @entity1 ), 43.5 (12.0) (mean [SD]) years of age, randomly divided in 3 groups: group 1, non-pharmacological hygienic-dietetic recommendations; group 2, the same recommendations plus @entity24293 (100 mg/day) on awakening, and group 3, the same recommendations plus @entity24293 (100 mg/day) before bedtime. Blood pressure was measured every 20 min during the day and every 30 min at night for 48 consecutive hours before and after 3 months of intervention. The circadian pattern of blood pressure in each group was established by population multiple-component analysis. Circadian parameters obtained for each group of @entity1 before and after the intervention were compared with a nonparametric paired test. RESULTS: After 3 months of non-pharmacological intervention, there was a small and non-significant reduction of blood pressure (< 1.5 mmHg; p = 0.28). There was no change in blood pressure when @entity24293 was given on awakening (p = 0.21). A highly significant blood pressure reduction was, however, observed in @entity1 who received @entity24293 before bedtime (decrease of 7 and 5 mmHg in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a statistically significant time-dependent administration effect of low-dose @entity24293 on blood pressure in untreated @entity1 with mild @entity101 . This effect reinforces the need to quantify and control @entity24293 effects in @entity1 using this agent in combination with antihypertensive agents.

title: [Administration-time dependent effects of @entity117 on blood pressure in XXXX with mild essential @entity101 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data on cardiac and vascular structure in secondary @entity101 are generally scarce, and no data on the interrelations between cardiac mass and structural characteristics of the vessel wall, both in large and in small resistance arteries, are presently available. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between structural changes in subcutaneous small arteries, left ventricular mass and wall thickness of the common carotid artery in @entity1 with primary and secondary @entity101 . METHODS: Seventy-four subjects were included in the study: 11 @entity1 with @entity1911 , 14 with @entity1368 ( @entity1368 ), 19 with @entity2792 ( @entity2792 ), 18 with essential @entity101 (EH) and 12 normotensive (NT) control subjects. All subjects were submitted to a biopsy of subcutaneous fat. Morphologic characteristics of subcutaneous small resistance arteries (relaxed diameter <300 microm) were directly evaluated using a micromyographic technique. All subjects were submitted to calculation of left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCIMT), using ultrasound technique. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients between the media to lumen ratio in subcutaneous small arteries (M/L) and LVMI or between M/L and CCIMT were closer in @entity2792 than in @entity1911 , EH or NT; in @entity1368 the correlation coefficients were slightly less close than those in @entity2792 . An excess prevalence of carotid plaques in @entity2792 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: A close relation between small resistance artery morphology and cardiac or carotid artery structure may be observed in those @entity101 @entity1 in whom the renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system is activated. In constrast, in NT, EH and @entity1911 no significant correlation between M/L and LVMI or CCIMT was observed.

title: Relations between cardiac and vascular structure in XXXX with primary and secondary @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity2792 :: ('MESH:D006978', 'Disease') :: ['RVH', 'renovascular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['PA', 'primary aldosteronism']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity8043 is a rare complication causing @entity158 after total knee arthroplasty. However, it is important to differentiate it from the other causes of @entity158 . In this article, we apply ultrasonography for the first time to demonstrate the suprapatellar fibrous tissue causing this condition. A 50-year-old @entity1 with @entity309 had @entity1002 . The @entity1 had excellent results until 2 years after surgery, when she complained of anterior knee @entity158 . On physical examination, a patellar "catch" and "pop" were noted from 45 degrees flexion to full extension. Roentgenograms showed a radiolucent line at the upper pole of the patella and no subluxation of the patella on skyline view. Sagittal and transverse gray-scale sonographic images revealed an echogenic area attached to the @entity121 tendon. Corresponding color Doppler sonographic images showed marked vascularity in this echogenic area. The @entity1 was treated with removal of the suprapatellar tissue and a patellar component revision. Intraoperatively, the suprapatellar tissue, which measured 4 x 4 x 2 cm, entered the notch area of the femoral component on flexion and caused the patellar "pop" on knee extension. @entity158 relief was obtained immediately after the operation when smooth gliding motion of the patella was restored.

title: Sonographic appearance of fibrous nodules in XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain', 'patellofemoral pain']

entities_list: @entity8043 :: ('MESH:D031222', 'Disease') :: ['Patellar clunk syndrome']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['quadriceps']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left total knee arthroplasty']

answer: @entity8043 :: (MESH:D031222,Disease) :: ['patellar clunk syndrome']


abstract: In this phase II, multicentre trial, @entity1 with @entity0 ( @entity0 ) were treated with a combination of @entity136 , @entity1259 and @entity1311 (GET). The primary objective of this study was to determine the tolerability and activity in terms of complete responce (CR) and overall response rate of the GET combination in this @entity1 population. @entity1 with no prior treatment for @entity0 , and at least one bidimensionally measurable lesion received @entity136 1000 mg m(-2) intravenously (i.v.) over 30 min on days 1 and 4, followed by @entity1259 i.v. at 90 mg m(-2) on day 1, and @entity1311 175 mg m(-2) over 3 h on day 1, every 21 days, up to eight courses. From May 1999 to June 2000, 48 @entity1 were enrolled from seven Italian institutions. A total of 297 chemotherapy courses were administered with a median of six cycles @entity1 (-1) (range 1-8). Seven @entity1 (15%) obtained CR and 27 @entity1 (56%) had partial responce, for an overall response rate of 71% (95% CI: 58.3-83.7). After a median follow-up of 23.7 months (range 7.0-34.4), median progression-free survival was 10.5 months (95% CI: 9.2-11.7), and median overall survival 25.9 months. The main haematological @entity137 consisted of grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 that occurred in 62% of cycles (22% grade 4 and 40% grade 3). The GET combination is active and well tolerated as first-line chemotherapy for @entity0 .

title: Multicentric phase II trial of @entity136 plus @entity1259 plus @entity1311 as first-line chemotherapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic breast cancer', 'MBC']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['metastatic breast cancer']


abstract: Background: To determine the relevance of drug interactions with co-medication for effectiveness and tolerability of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. Method: A database (MALPRO2) on travelers on their flight home from Africa to Europe between July 1988 and December 1991 was reanalyzed. It contains data on prophylaxis with @entity8775 (n = 48,264), with @entity503 (6,752), with @entity503 plus @entity24517 (19,727), and with no prophylaxis (3,871). The comparison of rates of @entity311 incidence and @entity137 ( @entity137 ) between users and nonusers of co-medication was expressed by relative risk (RR). Results: Fifty-three percent of travelers (63% of females, 43% of males) used co-medication in all prophylaxis groups, with an average of 1.35 additional drugs per @entity1 and about two @entity137 reported per @entity1 . With the exception of antidiarrheals plus @entity8775 , @entity311 incidence with co-medication was lower (RR = 0.8) than without co-medication. In all regimens, the proportion of travelers reporting @entity137 was about 1.5-fold with co-medication (p<.01); that reporting severe @entity137 was twice as high as compared to with no co-medication. @entity8775 AE rates for various classes of co-medication were similar to that of @entity503 , with highest AE and severity rates with neuropsychiatric drugs (excluding antiepileptics, RR = 1.9 and 2.9), and lowest rates with cardiovasculars (RR = 1.1 and 1.0). Various co-medications were used with different frequencies in males and females, and the latter reported more @entity137 . Conclusion: These data suggest that co-medications commonly used by travelers have no significant clinical impact on safety and effectiveness of prophylaxis with @entity8775 or @entity503 . Increased frequency and severity of @entity137 when using co-medication rather is explained by underlying illness.

title: Tolerability and Effectiveness of @entity311 with XXXX or @entity503 with or without Co-medication.

entities_list: @entity24517 :: ('MESH:D002727', 'Chemical') :: ['proguanil']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['AEs', 'adverse events']

entities_list: @entity8775 :: ('MESH:D015767', 'Chemical') :: ['mefloquine', 'Mefloquine']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

answer: @entity8775 :: (MESH:D015767,Chemical) :: ['Mefloquine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the follow-up and treatment results of @entity3030 secondary to prolonged squatting for working and to determine an approach for its treatment and prevention. METHODS: The study retrospectively evaluated 16 @entity1 (7 males, 9 females; mean age: 23.6 years) diagnosed with @entity3030 due to squatting for work. Clinical and neurological evaluations were performed and weight and height were measured. Lesion site was determined using electrophysiological testing. After diagnosis, medical and orthotic treatment was initiated and rest was advised. @entity1 were followed until motor symptoms were resolved. RESULTS: Clinical and neurophysiological evaluations were consistent with isolated @entity3030 . The left side was affected in seven @entity1 , the right side in seven and both sides in two. Average onset of the symptoms was 3.3 (range: 1 to 6) weeks and average daily squatting period was 6.8 (range: 6 to 8) hours. Average healing time was 7.4 (range: 3 to 16) weeks. None of the @entity1 was @entity28 or overweight. All @entity1 healed with conservative treatment and no surgical treatment was necessary. CONCLUSION: Working conditions and duties should be considered in the evaluation of @entity3030 . In @entity3030 secondary to squatting, healing should be expected with conservative treatment, resting and close follow-up.

title: XXXX palsy secondary to prolonged squatting in seasonal farmworkers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity3030 :: ('MESH:D020427', 'Disease') :: ['peroneal nerve palsy']

answer: @entity3030 :: (MESH:D020427,Disease) :: ['Peroneal nerve']