abstract: We investigated diagnostic testing in @entity11657 ( @entity11657 ) by calculating, from published data, the sensitivity and specificity of visceral angiography and muscle, nerve, testicle, kidney, and liver biopsy. Test sequence strategies were constructed by Bayesian inference using a computer program written for this purpose. Test sequences were compared with an @entity146 strategy consisting of repeated tests until there was a positive finding or until the available tests were exhausted, and a conservative strategy consisting of 1 biopsy procedure plus angiography. The Bayesian analysis agreed most closely with the conservative approach for most prior probabilities (degree of suspicion) that a @entity1 had @entity11657 . The @entity146 strategy had an overall sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 91%, whereas the conservative strategy was 85% sensitive and 96% specific. Furthermore, the @entity146 strategy was more costly ( 2,986 versus  1,961) and had a higher rate of morbidity (3.8 versus 2.7 days of hospitalization per @entity1 evaluated) than did the conservative strategy. The mortality rates of both strategies were equivalent (approximately 0.05 @entity204 per hundred @entity1 evaluated). The per-case cost of diagnosis increased as prevalence decreased, and at 10% prevalence, the @entity146 strategy cost more than  17,000 per case diagnosed. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the strategies were moderately affected by the test characteristics, within reasonable assumptions, but that the differences in conservative and @entity146 approaches remained. Thus, our analysis based on available data and the assumption of test independence suggests that the preferred diagnostic evaluation of @entity1 with symptoms suggestive of @entity11657 consists, in most cases, of a single biopsy procedure, with angiographic evaluation if necessary.

title: The diagnosis of XXXX . I. A literature-based decision analysis approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity11657 :: ('MESH:D010488', 'Disease') :: ['PAN', 'polyarteritis nodosa']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

answer: @entity11657 :: (MESH:D010488,Disease) :: ['polyarteritis nodosa']


abstract: @entity628 ( @entity628 ) is known to recur in some @entity1 after renal transplantation. Over a prolonged period, we followed 13 @entity4806 @entity1 with @entity628 who had undergone transplantation from living-related donors, analyzing risk factors for recurrent disease. Native nephrectomies were performed bilaterally in all @entity1 at least 1 month prior to transplantation. Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of @entity205 (CyA), @entity20771 , @entity229 , and antilymphocytic globulin or @entity5101 . We examined age at onset, time in months between diagnosis and @entity454 (dialysis or transplantation), the duration of dialysis, age at transplantation, time since nephrectomy, doses of immunosuppressive agents, and HLA mismatch. Five @entity1 (42.8%) developed recurrent disease in the graft; all showed @entity644 within 24 h of transplantation. However, all allografts have functioned well for 34-156 months following transplantation despite the recurrences, although 1 of these @entity1 now shows @entity644 . The remaining 8 @entity1 have had no recurrence for 104.6+/-30.4 months (mean+/-SD). The serum level of @entity1011 in @entity1 with recurrence and without recurrence was 1.1+/-0.42 mg/dl and 0.98+/-0.29 mg/dl, respectively. The interval from diagnosis to initiation of dialysis was significantly shorter in @entity1 with recurrence than those without recurrence ( P<0.05), but no other variables differed between these two groups. No recurrence of @entity628 was observed in the protocol biopsy at 100 days after transplantation. We believe that CyA and native nephrectomy may limit or reverse progression of recurrent @entity628 in renal allografts of Japanese @entity4806 @entity1 , although this is a limited study.

title: Long-term outcome of XXXX after Japanese @entity4806 renal transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis', 'FSGS']

entities_list: @entity4806 :: ('MESH:D063766', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric']

entities_list: @entity5101 :: ('MESH:C037258', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxyspergualin']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity20771 :: ('MESH:C010052', 'Chemical') :: ['mizoribine']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage disease']

answer: @entity628 :: (MESH:D005923,Disease) :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis']


abstract: Recurrent struvite crystalluria and @entity1791 in a cross-Labrador bitch was studied using a combined Coulter-Counter and @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ) approach. Staphylococcus bacteria were cultured from the @entity1 's urine as well as from the calculi themselves. Urine samples were subjected to particle counting and sizing during active and non-active periods of stone formation. Size distribution curves so obtained were identical as were those derived from sterile and non-sterile specimens. These showed a peak incidence at a diameter of 5 microns. Particle sizes for 6 controls were also determined and showed an even distribution over a much wider range with small peaks occurring at 3, 10, and 20 microns diameters. @entity4653 studies of urine sediments revealed the presence of struvite crystals in all the controls as well as in the stone-former. These occurred in a variety of shapes and sizes but were generally larger in the controls. @entity4653 also revealed intimate admixtures of struvite and apatite in calculi surgically removed from the @entity1 . The results of this study indicate that crystal numbers are of greater significance than crystal size. It is also suggested that Cross-Labradors may be unusually predisposed to struvite crystalluria. The repeated recurrence of struvite @entity1791 in the subject indicates a possible inherent physiological malfunction in the animal's ability to cope with this crystalluria. The absence of a nucleation inhibitor in the stone-former's urine is also postulated.

title: Struvite crystalluria and XXXX in cross Labradors.

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscope']

answer: @entity1791 :: (MESH:D052878,Disease) :: ['urolithiasis']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity176 reduces vertebral and nonvertebral fracture risk in @entity170 . OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of @entity176 in @entity170 in @entity1 over 2 years (main analysis after 1 year). DESIGN: This was an international, unbalanced (2:1), double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial (MALEO [MALE @entity170 ]). SETTING: This international study included 54 centers in 14 countries. @entity1 : @entity1 were 261 white @entity1 with primary @entity170 . INTERVENTION: @entity176 at 2 g/d (n = 174) or placebo (n = 87) was administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lumbar spine (L2-L4), femoral neck, and total hip @entity79 ( @entity79 ), biochemical bone markers, and safety were measured. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups in the whole population (age, 72.9    6.0 years; lumbar spine @entity79 T-score, -2.7    1.0; femoral neck @entity79 T-score, -2.3    0.7). @entity1 who received @entity176 over 2 years had greater increases in lumbar spine @entity79 than those who received placebo (relative change from baseline to end, 9.7%    7.5% vs 2.0%    5.5%; between-group difference estimate (SE), 7.7% (0.9%); 95% confidence interval, 5.9%-9.5%; P < .001). There were also significant between-group differences in relative changes in femoral neck @entity79 (P < .001) and total hip @entity79 (P < .001). At the end of treatment, mean levels of serum cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen, a marker of bone resorption, were increased in both the @entity176 group (10.7%    58.0%; P = .022) and the placebo group (34.9%    65.8%; P < .001). The corresponding mean changes of bone alkaline phosphatase, a marker of bone formation, were 6.4%    28.5% (P = .005) and 1.9%    25.4% (P = .505), respectively. After 2 years, the blood strontium level (129    66  mol/L) was similar to that in trials of @entity170 . @entity176 was generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of @entity176 on @entity79 in @entity3604 @entity1 were similar to those in postmenopausal @entity3604 @entity1 , supporting its use in the treatment of @entity170 in @entity1 .

title: Efficacy and safety of @entity176 in the treatment of XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Men', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis', 'Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity176 :: ('MESH:C081587', 'Chemical') :: ['strontium ranelate', 'Strontium ranelate']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: This investigation was aimed at characterizing anomalies and syndromes associated with @entity11375 in a large group of @entity1 . The authors evaluated the clinical and radiographic features, documented the associated anomalies, and registered the type of treatment. OBJECTIVE: The @entity154 and the development of @entity1635 were correlated to the type of @entity11375 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the authors reviewed data from 57 @entity1 with @entity11375 treated over 25 years at the Department for Orthopedics of the University of Heidelberg. The @entity1 (17 males and 40 females; average age of the first contact, 12 years) were classified into three types according to the description of Feil in 1919. RESULTS: @entity11375 Type I (fusion of cervical and @entity1514 with @entity8213 ) and Type II (isolated cervical spine) corresponded to 40% and 47% of @entity1 , respectively. Type III (cervical vertebra associated with lower thoracic or @entity2649 ) was displayed in 13% of the @entity1 only. The authors found a variety of combinations of @entity11375 and other anomalies in the @entity1 examined in this study, with 67% of the @entity1 characterized by an association with other @entity74 . Of the @entity1 , 70% showed @entity1635 . Its degree depended on the type of @entity11375 . @entity1635 in Type I correlated with 31 degrees (Cobb angle), in Type III with 23 degrees, and in Type II with 9 degrees only. Thus, Type II, with isolated cervical fusion, shows a low risk for @entity1635 . CONCLUSION: This study increases knowledge of a wide @entity154 and syndromes identified in association with @entity11375 . A special finding of the study was a correlation between the degree of @entity1635 and @entity11375 Types I, II, and III.

title: @entity1635 and XXXX associated with @entity11375 types I-III.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['anomalies or syndromes', 'range of anomalies']

entities_list: @entity8213 :: ('MESH:D013580', 'Disease') :: ['synostosis']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['upper lumbar fusion']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['upper thoracic vertebra']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['Scoliosis', 'scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity11375 :: ('MESH:D007714', 'Disease') :: ['Klippel-Feil syndrome']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['disorders or syndromes']

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['congenital anomalies']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of the Bard @entity150 antigen (BTA) (Bard Inc, Covington, USA) test. @entity1 AND METHODS: The performance of the BTA test was assessed prospectively in 98 @entity1 (30 @entity1 and 68 @entity1 , mean age 64 years, median 67, SD 14.8) undergoing cystoscopy for various indications. The urine of the @entity1 was assessed using the BTA test, cytology, culture and a dipstick test for haematuria, and the results compared with those from cystoscopy as the 'standard'. RESULTS: The overall specificity for the BTA test was 79% and the sensitivity 37%. The sensitivity was higher than for urine cytology (33%) but less than for the dipstick test (59%). The specificity was less than for cytology (100%) but higher than for the dipstick test (66%). CONCLUSION: The BTA test is a rapid, non-invasive qualitative test identifying degradation products of the basement membrane of the transitional cell epithelium. It represents an advance in the search for a ' @entity5 marker' for @entity150 . The specificity is acceptable but the sensitivity relatively low, which limits its value in everyday practice. Further research and development are needed to improve sensitivity.

title: The performance characteristics of the XXXX antigen test.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the bladder', 'bladder tumour']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumour']


abstract: High-risk @entity1 papillomaviruses (HPVs), which cause the vast majority of cervical @entity5 , and a subset of @entity213 , encode three oncogenes: E5, E6, and E7. To determine the oncogenic properties of @entity1799 E5 in vivo, we previously generated K14E5 @entity19 , in which expression of E5 was directed to the basal compartment of stratified @entity1544 . In these @entity19 , E5 induced @entity1373 and spontaneous @entity1489 . In the current study, we determined how E5 contributes to @entity5 formation in the skin using a multistage model for @entity105 that specifies the role of genes in three stages: initiation, promotion, and malignant progression. Both @entity1613 are required steps for @entity1185 formation. K14E5 @entity19 treated with the initiating agent @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) developed more @entity1185 than like-treated nontransgenic @entity19 , whereas neither K14E5 nor nontransgenic @entity19 treated with the promoting agent @entity864 (TPA) developed @entity1185 . K14E5 @entity19 treated with both @entity106 and TPA to induce large numbers of @entity1185 had a higher incidence and earlier onset of @entity189 progression compared with like-treated nontransgenic @entity19 . Thus, @entity1799 E5 contributes to two stages of @entity105 : promotion and progression. The progressive @entity5 in K14E5 @entity19 differed from that in nontransgenic @entity19 in that @entity5 converted from exophytic to @entity1185 before progressing to @entity189 . Initial genetic and immunohistopathologic analyses did not determine the underlying basis for this distinct morphology, which correlates with a highly penetrant @entity5 phenotype.

title: XXXX E5 oncogene contributes to two stages of @entity105 .

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic disease', 'cancer, other anogenital cancers', 'tumor', 'benign tumors', 'neoplastic']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['epidermal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumors']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['endophytic papillomas', 'papillomas', 'papilloma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous epithelia']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['initiation and promotion']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['skin carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinomas']

answer: @entity1799 :: (333760,Species) :: ['Human papillomavirus 16']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several randomized controlled trials have confirmed the usefulness of trastuzumab as an adjuvant therapy for @entity1722 -overexpressed @entity0 @entity1 ; however, the costs for 1-year treatment are high. Therefore, we performed an economic analysis regarding the efficient distribution of medical resources. METHODS: To analyze the cost-effectiveness for a 1-year adjuvant trastuzumab treatment group compared with the observation group, we constructed a Markov model adopting a 3% per year discount rate for costs and outcomes. The time horizon was 50 years. The perspective was that of health-care payers, as only direct medical costs were calculated. The outcome was measured as @entity1017 ( @entity1017 ) from 2-year follow-up @entity7971 trial data. RESULTS: The @entity10679 of the standard setting (5 years efficacy and 50-60 kg @entity1 weight) was JPY 2,600,000 (< @entity7634 >17,000) per @entity1017 . The calculation results of other weight class @entity10679 were JPY 2,200,000 (< @entity7634 >15,000) and JPY 3,300,000 (< @entity7634 >22,000) per @entity1017 for the @entity1 , respectively, who weighed less than 50 kg, and 60-75 kg. In the sensitivity analysis, the period of trastuzumab efficacy was the most influential parameter for the result of cost-effectiveness. However, even if the trastuzumab efficacy were to continue for only 2 years, at least, which is a conservative setting judging from the joint analysis (NSABP B-31 and NCCTG N9831 trials), the @entity10679 remains acceptable for any weight class. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the 1-year adjuvant trastuzumab treatment is cost-effective. Both clinical and economic benefits were superior for the 1-year adjuvant trastuzumab treatment group compared with the observation group.

title: The model-based cost-effectiveness analysis of 1-year adjuvant trastuzumab treatment: based on 2-year follow-up XXXX trial data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['LYG', 'life-year gained']

answer: @entity7971 :: (26284,Gene) :: ['HERA']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the importance of microscopic and gross @entity811 and the role of retrograde cystography and computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of blunt traumatic @entity1494 . DESIGN: All cases at a Level I @entity130 center between January 1, 1986, and March 31, 1989, were reviewed retrospectively. SETTING: Level I @entity130 center, university hospital. TYPE OF @entity1 : All @entity1 with acute blunt @entity1661 admitted to this Level I @entity130 center. INTERVENTIONS: The @entity1 ' charts were reviewed with emphasis on mode of diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 had @entity1494 . All 21 had @entity811 with more than 50 RBCs/high-power field, 17 gross and four microscopic. Twenty @entity1 underwent retrograde cystography, which accurately identified @entity1494 , and one was found at laparotomy for other injuries. Seven @entity1 had CT of the abdomen and pelvis, which failed to demonstrate @entity1494 . There were no associated @entity130 in any of the @entity1 with @entity1494 . CONCLUSION: Significant (more than 50 RBCs/high-power field) @entity811 is the principal indication for evaluation for blunt @entity1494 , and retrograde cystography is the diagnostic procedure of choice. CT is neither sensitive nor specific enough as primary diagnostic modality.

title: Blunt traumatic XXXX : the role of retrograde cystogram.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder injury', 'bladder rupture']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['urethral injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder rupture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the case of a @entity1 with previously asymptomatic os odontoideum (OO) who developed @entity4048 after a car accident. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 32-yr-old @entity1 developed slight constant @entity4048 following a car accident. Radiographs revealed OO with 12-mm @entity135 . There was no @entity1745 clinically or on magnetic resonance imaging. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: @entity9807 was performed twice but the bone graft resorbed for no apparent reason. The @entity1 was treated with analgesics, physiotherapy and a Philadelphia collar to prevent accidental @entity1745 . CONCLUSION: OO @entity1 may remain asymptomatic if "space available for cord" is sufficient. Even low velocity @entity717 can precipitate @entity4048 in adults with OO. @entity9807 can fail inexplicably even under the best circumstances. Medicolegal issues in the occupational setting are discussed.

title: Os odontoideum: XXXX after car accident; failure of two posterior atlantoaxial arthrodeses--medicolegal issues in the occupational setting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['atlantoaxial subluxation on neck flexion']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['neck pain', 'chronic neck pain']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['rotational injury']

entities_list: @entity9807 :: ('MESH:C538196', 'Disease') :: ['Posterior atlantoaxial arthrodesis']

answer: @entity4048 :: (MESH:D019547,Disease) :: ['chronic neck pain']


abstract: AIM: Insufficiency @entity174 of the pelvis are a well known but rare and frequently misinterpreted radiation sequela. The clinical features and possible risk factors were investigated. @entity1 AND METHODS: 71 of living 82 @entity1 , who were treated 1986-1994 for gynecologic @entity5 were clinically examined. 47 @entity1 underwent also bone scan, CT of the pelvis and 13 @entity1 had osteodensitometry. All @entity1 had been treated with adjuvant (n = 29) or curative intent (n = 18) by d.v. fields with 18-MV photons, with 46 Gy in 23 fractions plus brachytherapy (15-39 Gy). Median follow-up was 36 months. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 developed @entity1642 11 months (median, minimum 2 months) after treatment. All @entity1 complained of moderate to severe @entity2371 , which resolved after 5-28 months without specific therapy in five of seven @entity1 . At first examination all but one bone scan showed extremely increased uptake in the os sacrum and/or iliosacral joints, correlating CT scans demonstrated small @entity174 and @entity2721 . Four of the asymptomatic 40 @entity1 with complete radiologic examinations had medium uptake in bone scan (CT normal). Three of four examined @entity1 with insufficiency @entity174 and seven of nine @entity1 without insufficiency @entity174 had @entity170 . CONCLUSION: In @entity1 who present with @entity2371 after radiotherapy for gynecologic @entity5 @entity2721 and @entity174 may be indicative of a late radiation effect rather than osseous metastasis, even after early onset of symptoms.

title: [Osteoradionecrosis after radiotherapy for gynecologic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity2721 :: ('MESH:D018213', 'Disease') :: ['bony destruction']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic insufficiency fractures']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) is the most widely prescribed drug in @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ), 30% of @entity1 fail to respond to it. To individualize treatment strategies, the genetic determinants of response to @entity1500 should be identified. METHODS: A cohort of 287 @entity1 with @entity4932 treated with @entity1500 was studied longitudinally over the first year of treatment. @entity1500 response was defined as the American College of Rheumatology pediatric 70 criteria (ACRped70). We genotyped 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 13 genes related to @entity1500 polyglutamylation and to cellular @entity1500 uptake and efflux. Potential associations between ACRped70 and genotypes were analyzed in a multivariate model and corrected for these 3 covariates: disease duration prior to @entity1500 treatment, physician's global assessment of disease activity at baseline, and @entity1500 dose at all study visits. RESULTS: @entity1500 response was more often achieved by @entity1 for the @entity855 -binding cassette transporter B1 ( @entity1262 ) gene polymorphism @entity18599 (OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.70-8.47, p = 0.001) and @entity1 for the @entity22149 gene polymorphism @entity55122 (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.49-6.41, p = 0.002) than by @entity1 with other genotypes. @entity1 for the @entity7177 ( @entity7177 ) gene polymorphism @entity24045 were less likely to respond to @entity1500 (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.09-0.72, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: @entity1262 @entity18599 , @entity22149 @entity55122 , and @entity7177 @entity24045 polymorphisms were associated with response to @entity1500 in 287 @entity1 with @entity4932 studied longitudinally. Upon validation of our results in other @entity4932 cohorts, these genetic determinants may help to individualize treatment strategies by predicting clinical response to @entity1500 .

title: @entity1262 and @entity22149 gene polymorphisms are associated with first-year response to @entity1499 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients variant', 'patients', 'Patients variant']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['JIA', 'juvenile idiopathic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate']

answer: @entity4932 :: (MESH:D001171,Disease) :: ['juvenile idiopathic arthritis']


abstract: The nit-3 gene of @entity1980 encodes the enzyme @entity1507 reductase and is regulated by @entity1568 catabolite repression and by specific induction with @entity1507 . The nit-3 gene was isolated from a cosmid-based genomic library by dual selection for @entity13642 resistance and for the ability to complement a nit-3 mutant strain using the sibling-selection procedure. The nit-3 gene was subcloned as a 3.8-kilobase DNA fragment from a cosmid that carried an approximately 40-kilobase @entity1980 DNA insert. A restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the cloned segment displayed tight linkage to two linkage-group-4 markers that flank the genomic location of nit-3. RNA gel blot analyses of RNA from wild-type and various mutant strains were carried out to examine the molecular mechanism for regulation of nit-3 gene expression. The nit-3 gene was transcribed to give a large mRNA of approximately 3.4 kilobases, the expected size to encode @entity1507 reductase. The nit-3 gene was only expressed in wild-type cells subject to simultaneous @entity1568 derepression and @entity1507 induction. A mutant of nit-2, the major @entity1568 regulatory gene of @entity1980 , did not have detectable levels of nit-3 gene transcripts under the exact conditions in which these transcripts were highly expressed in wild type. Similarly, a mutant of nit-4, which defines a minor positive-acting @entity1568 control gene, failed to express detectable levels of the nit-3 transcript. @entity1507 reductase gene expression was partially resistant to @entity1568 repression in a mutant of the nmr gene, which appears to be a regulatory gene with a direct role in @entity1568 catabolite repression. Results are presented that suggest that the enzyme @entity1160 synthetase does not serve any regulatory role in controlling @entity1507 reductase gene expression.

title: Molecular cloning and analysis of the regulation of nit-3, the structural gene for XXXX reductase in @entity1980 .

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrate', 'nitrate']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Species') :: ['Neurospora', 'Neurospora crassa', 'N. crassa']

answer: @entity1507 :: (CHEBI:48107,Chemical) :: ['nitrate']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated the association between @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) and age, education, cigarette smoking, @entity167 consumption, and disease status in a case-control study of 8801 hospitalized @entity1 with @entity5 and those with other conditions. METHODS: Subjects were interviewed in @entity1 using a structured questionnaire that contained detailed sections of lifestyle behaviors. RESULTS: The overall prevalences of @entity1002 were 7.6% among @entity1 and 6.5% among @entity1 . Among both sexes @entity1002 declined with increasing age (P < 0.05). After adjustment for age, the following associations were observed. @entity1 had a higher risk of @entity1002 than @entity1 . The prevalence of @entity1002 was lower in ever-married subjects compared with never-married subjects (odds ratio [OR] for @entity1 , 0.7; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.5-0.9; for @entity1 , OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9). Among @entity1 , the prevalence of @entity1002 was not associated with race, years of education, smoking status, or levels of @entity167 consumption. The risk of @entity1002 was elevated in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity174 as compared with all other male @entity1 (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-6.7). Among @entity1 , @entity1002 was not associated with race, smoking, or hormonal and reproductive factors, but @entity1002 was more common among female high-school and college graduates and among self-reported alcoholics. The odds ratio of @entity1002 was significantly lower in @entity1 with @entity0 (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.1-0.7). CONCLUSIONS: The increased risk of serious injuries in @entity1002 is not a result of higher @entity167 use. Handedness might be an important factor in the safe use of industrial equipment.

title: The epidemiology of XXXX in a hospital population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Men', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LH', 'left-handedness']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left-handedness']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We studied the response of the superior vena cava ( @entity6480 ) @entity296 to @entity955 ( @entity955 ). METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined adult male @entity235 without pacing (N=6) and after rapid atrial pacing (600 bpm) for 2 weeks (P2w; N=5) and 6-8 weeks (P6-8w; N=5). After pacing, the sleeve was increased in thickness (non-paced vs. either paced group, both P<0.05). This was associated with an increase in proliferative activity, which was higher in the P2w than the P6-8w animals (P<0.05). In addition, collagen content increased, and the component cardiomyocytes become more unevenly oriented and shorter and narrower in shape (non-paced vs. either paced group, both P<0.05). Pacing had different effects on @entity41952 ( @entity41952 ) and @entity22602 gap junctions. There was a 98% increase in @entity22602 signal in P2w, and a 74% increase in P6-8w animals (non-paced vs. each paced group, both P<0.05). In contrast, @entity41952 signal decreased 47% in P2w but increased 44% in P6-8w animals (non-paced vs. each paced group, both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid atrial pacing results in a specific pattern of remodeling of the @entity235 @entity6480 sleeve, including changes in size and shape, spatial orientation, and gap junction expression profile of the component cardiomyocytes. These changes may co-operatively affect the electrical properties and contribute to the formation and maintenance of the arrhythmogenic substrate of @entity955 .

title: Remodeling of @entity296 and gap junctions in XXXX superior vena cava after rapid pacing.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial sleeve']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The first nationwide, population-based study of Swedish pediatric oncologists was conducted in 2006 and it revealed that various aspects of their life satisfaction obviously influenced their stress-resilience. This second part of the study, with a response rate of 89% in the target group, therefore, focused on their life satisfaction and the role of personality, work-related aspects, and @entity147 related to type of medical center and gender. PROCEDURE: This descriptive study was based on a cross-sectional mail survey with questionnaires involving 90 pediatric oncologists. Using @entity2357 models, their total, present, past, and future life satisfaction was analyzed. RESULTS: The vast majority (76.7%) stated that working in this medical field was very stimulating for their personal development. Male pediatricians were more satisfied with their present lives and physicians working at academic medical centers were more confident about the future. Some oncologists (13.4%), in particular females at non-academic medical centers, needed professional help dealing with work-related @entity458 . Personality trait (Hedonic Capacity) and low levels of @entity308 contributed to every aspect of overall life satisfaction. Work-related aspects influenced present and future life satisfaction. The models explained between 5% and 43% of the variance in life satisfaction in the whole group. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric oncologists face life-threatening conditions and psychosocial issues factors that may negatively influence their life satisfaction. This study group, a single population of physicians, is characterized by an optimistic attitude and stable emotional status pointing to a high level of satisfaction, which is probably a main basic condition when meeting seriously ill @entity1 .

title: Life satisfaction of Swedish pediatric oncologists: The role of personality, work-related aspects, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological problems']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['emotional distress']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['hierarchical regression']

answer: @entity147 :: (MESH:D005316,Disease) :: ['emotional distress']


abstract: Prevalence and transmission rates of @entity2618 within host populations vary in time and space and among host-virus systems. Improving our understanding of the causes of these variations will lead to a better understanding of changes in disease risk to @entity1 . The regulators of prevalence and transmission can be categorized into five major classes: (1) Environmental regulators such as weather and food supply affect transmission rates through their effect on reproductive success and population densities. (2) Anthropogenic factors, such as disturbance, may lead to ecosystem simplification and decreased diversity. These changes favor opportunistic species, which may serve as reservoirs for zoonotic viruses. (3) Genetic factors influence susceptibility of @entity19 to @entity281 or capacity for chronic shedding and may be related to population cycling. (4) Behavioral factors, such as fighting, increase risk of transmission of some viruses and result in different patterns of @entity281 between male and female @entity19 . Communal nesting may result in overwinter transmission in colder climates. (5) Physiologic factors control host response to @entity281 and length of time the host remains @entity166 . Risk prediction is difficult because these regulators are numerous and often interact, and the relative importance of each varies according to the host species, season, year, and geographic location.

title: Regulation of XXXX in the natural host: implications for @entity1 disease.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2618 :: ('MESH:D012376', 'Disease') :: ['rodent-borne viruses']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious']

answer: @entity2618 :: (MESH:D012376,Disease) :: ['rodent-borne viruses']


abstract: Extensive skin loss from a variety of conditions such as severe @entity130 is associated with significant functional morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the healing quality has been improved for @entity1 who suffer burns due in part to the usage of skin replacement mainly prepared from multi-layered sheets of cultured keratinocytes. Although it is known that keratinocytes are a rich source of wound healing promoting factors such as @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ), it is not clear whether differentiated keratinocytes in a multi-layer form release this multi-functional growth factor and has any functional influence on dermal fibroblasts. This study examined the hypothesis that keratinocytes in mono- and multi-layer forms express different levels of @entity2533 . To address this hypothesis, keratinocytes were grown in serum free medium (KSFM) supplemented with @entity291 pituitary extract (50 microg/ml) and EGF (5 microg/ml). When cells reached confluency, conditioned medium was removed and replaced with 50% KSFM with no additives and 50% DMEM without serum and cells were allowed to form multi-layers and differentiate. The conditioned medium was then collected every 48 h up to 24 days and the level of @entity2533 and the efficacy of a keratinocyte released fibroblast mitogenic factor were evaluated by ELISA and @entity665 incorporation, respectively. Northern analysis was also employed to evaluate the expression of @entity2533 , @entity40330 , @entity2843 , and 18 S ribosomal RNA in keratinocytes at different times of the onset of differentiation. The microscopic morphology of keratinocytes at different times of induction of cell differentiation showed detachments (nodules) of many regions of keratinocyte sheet from culture substratum within 1-2 weeks. The numbers and sizes of these nodules were increased as the process of keratinocyte differentiation proceed. The results of @entity2533 evaluation revealed that mono-layers of cultured keratinocytes which were round, attached, and proliferating in KSFM + BPE and EGF containing medium released a significantly higher level of @entity2533 (196 +/- 58 pg /ml) relative to those grown in multi-layer forms (28 +/- 7.8 pg/ml). A longitudinal experiment was then conducted and the results showed that cells on the onset of differentiation released even greater level of @entity2533 (388 +/- 53 pg/ml) relative to those grown in KSFM + BPE and EGF. This finding was consistent with the expression of @entity2533 mRNA evaluated in keratinocytes grown in test medium for various duration. In general, the level of @entity2533 protein and mRNA gradually reduced to its lowest level within 12 days of growing cells in our test medium. When aliquots of the collected keratinocyte conditioned medium were added to dermal fibroblasts, the level of @entity665 incorporation increased only in those cells receiving aliquots of conditioned medium containing high levels of @entity2533 . When @entity40330 was used as a differentiation marker for keratinocytes at different time points, the highest level of @entity40330 mRNA expression was found at the later stage of cell differentiation. In conclusion, high @entity40330 expressing differentiated keratinocytes seem to be quiescent in releasing both @entity2533 and a fibroblast mitogenic factor.

title: Keratinocyte differentiation inversely regulates the expression of XXXX and transforming growth factor beta1.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['(3)H-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta1', 'transforming growth factor-beta1']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['thermal injury']

answer: @entity40330 :: (3713,Gene) :: ['involucrin']


abstract: @entity320 is an immunogenic @entity5 ; however, the efficacy of immune-therapy shows large inter-individual variation with possible influence of background genetic variation. In this study we report the influence of genetic polymorphisms in the type I interferon gene cluster on chromosome 9p22 on @entity320 survival. We genotyped 625 @entity320 @entity1 recruited in an oncology center in Germany for 44 polymorphisms located on chromosome 9p22 that were informative for 299 polymorphisms and spanned 15 type I interferon genes. Our results showed associations between time to @entity3 /survival and two linked (r(2)=0.76) polymorphisms, @entity53797 ( @entity6993 ) and @entity53798 ( @entity11414 ). The @entity53797 polymorphism was located at 3'UTR and @entity53798 was 9.40 Kb towards 5'UTR of @entity53799 gene. The carriers of the variant alleles of the @entity53797 and @entity53798 polymorphisms were associated with a reduced disease-free survival. The validation of data in an independent group of 710 @entity1 from Spain showed that the direction of the effect was similar. Stratification based on therapy showed that the adverse effect on @entity3 development was statistically significant in the @entity1 from Spain who did not receive any treatment and were homozygous for variant allele of @entity53798 (HR=2.52, 95% CI 1.07-5.90; P=0.03). @entity1 homozygous for @entity53797 (HR=2.01, 95% CI 1.17-3.44; P=0.01) and @entity53798 (HR 1.84, 95%CI 1.03-3.27, P=0.04) were associated to increased risk of @entity204 following @entity3 . GTCGACAA haplotype, found in 8.8% of the @entity1 , was associated with an increased risk of @entity204 (HR 1.94, 95%CI 1.16-3.26, P=0.01). In conclusion, our results identified genetic variants in interferon genes that influence @entity320 progression and survival with modulation of effect due to treatment status.

title: Influence of genetic variants in type I interferon genes on XXXX survival and therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6993 :: ('c|SUB|C||G', 'DNAMutation') :: ['C>G']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: The recovery rates of @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ) from anorectal swabs (RS) and vaginal swabs (VS) that were enriched were compared to the routine method to determine the optimal procedure. Separate RS and VS were collected from @entity1 attending antenatal clinics. RS and VS were placed in 2 ml enrichment and selective broth. Swabs were inoculated onto @entity3273 / @entity802 agar (CNA) upon arrival in the laboratory and onto 5% @entity742 blood agar (SBA) and CNA after 24 h enrichment. The routine method consisted of a VS sent in transport medium and inoculated in the laboratory onto SBA (no enrichment). The overall @entity1892 colonization rate was 24% (64/264). Of the 64 @entity1892 carriers, 77% were colonized in the vagina and 89% were colonized in the anorectum. The anorectum was the only site of colonization in 24% of the @entity1 , whereas the vagina was the only site of colonization in 11% of cases. Enrichment increased the detection of @entity1892 from both RS (55 versus 42; P < 0.025) and from VS (49 versus 27; P < 0.001). Of the 64 cases, enriched RS detected 86%, enriched VS detected 77% and the standard VS detected only 41%. Enriched RS and enriched VS collectively detected 99% of cases. SBA was better than CNA for subculture of the enrichment broth because of a higher recovery rate (98-100% versus 80-82%; P < 0.01) and the fact that the @entity2142 on SBA made it easier to differentiate @entity1892 from enterococci. The data confirm that optimal screening of pregnant @entity1 for @entity1892 should include a combined RS/VS swab placed in enrichment broth that is then subcultured onto SBA after 24 h incubation.

title: Screening pregnant XXXX for group B streptococcal colonization.

entities_list: @entity3273 :: ('MESH:D003091', 'Chemical') :: ['colistin']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['GBS', 'group B streptococcus']

entities_list: @entity802 :: ('MESH:D009268', 'Chemical') :: ['nalidixic acid']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: AIMS/BACKGROUND: Recently a commercially available scanning laser Doppler flowmeter has been produced, which provides two dimensional maps of the retinal perfusion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproducibility and the sensitivity of these measurements. METHODS: 16 healthy subjects were randomised to inhale different gas mixtures of @entity26 and @entity1568 in a double blind crossover study. The following gas mixtures of @entity26 and @entity1568 were administered: 100% @entity26 + 0% @entity1568 , 80% @entity26 + 20% @entity1568 , 60% @entity26 + 40% @entity1568 , 40% @entity26 + 60% @entity1568 , 30% @entity26 + 70% @entity1568 , 20% @entity26 + 80% @entity1568 , 15% @entity26 + 85% @entity1568 , and 10% @entity26 + 90% @entity1568 . @entity5995 haemodynamic variables and systemic haemodynamics were measured during all inhalation periods. Recordings under resting conditions were performed three times to calculate intraclass coefficients. RESULTS: In two subjects we did not obtain technically adequate results. A dose dependent change in retinal blood flow during graded @entity26 breathing was observed (p < 0.001). During 100% @entity26 breathing blood flow decrease was between 29% and 33%, whereas blood flow increase was between 28% and 33% during inhalation of 10% @entity26 + 90% @entity1568 . CONCLUSIONS: Scanning laser Doppler flowmetry has an acceptable reproducibility and is appropriate for description of the effect of graded changes in @entity4095 on retinal haemodynamics. The main problems with the system are the large zero offset, the fixation during retinal scanning, and the neglect of blood flow changes during the cardiac cycle.

title: Reproducibility and sensitivity of scanning laser Doppler flowmetry during graded changes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

answer: @entity4095 :: (MESH:C093415,Chemical) :: ['PO2']


abstract: Thirty-two @entity1 with advanced @entity978 resistant to @entity786 , @entity1891 , @entity4174 , and @entity229 (COPP) and @entity632 , @entity1732 , @entity5713 , and @entity2699 (ABVD) were treated with a salvage chemotherapy regimen consisting of @entity11770 , @entity2879 , @entity7324 , and @entity619 (CEVD). Twenty-seven @entity1 were treated because of primary resistance to COPP/ABVD, and five @entity1 were treated in early relapse (less than 12 months) after COPP/ABVD-induced complete remission. Fourteen @entity1 (44%) achieved complete remission, and four @entity1 achieved partial remission, with an overall response rate of 56%. Two partial responders achieved complete remission after additional radiotherapy. Four of five @entity1 in early relapse after COPP/ABVD achieved complete remission. Consolidation radiotherapy was given for only one complete responder. Median duration of complete remission is greater than 10 months, and median survival is greater than 26 months. The treatment was well-tolerated. The main side effects were @entity1431 , @entity882 , mild @entity1209 , and cushingoid side effects. CEVD is a very active and well-tolerated salvage chemotherapy regimen in @entity1 with @entity978 resistant to or relapsing after COPP and ABVD.

title: @entity11770 , @entity2879 , @entity7324 , and @entity619 (CEVD) in @entity978 refractory to @entity786 , @entity1891 , @entity4174 , and @entity229 (COPP) and @entity632 , XXXX , @entity5713 , and @entity2699 (ABVD): a multicenter trial of the German Hodgkin Study Group.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity4174 :: ('MESH:D011344', 'Chemical') :: ['procarbazine']

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity2699 :: ('MESH:D003606', 'Chemical') :: ['dacarbazine']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity11770 :: ('MESH:D008130', 'Chemical') :: ['lomustine']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's lymphoma", "Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea/vomiting']

answer: @entity1732 :: (MESH:D001761,Chemical) :: ['bleomycin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity32 and @entity409 are important risk factors for @entity65 ( @entity65 ). We hypothesized that candidate genes selected for a study of @entity565 and @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) are associated with markers of systemic @entity32 and @entity409 in an aging population. METHODS: Plasma levels of circulating @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), @entity2002 , @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) and @entity4725 ( @entity4725 ) were obtained from 679 elderly male @entity1 in the Normative Aging Study. Blood samples were analyzed for 202 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 25 candidate genes and included both haplotype tagSNPs and functional SNPs based on literature review. Data were stratified into discovery and replication cohorts for 2-stage analysis. In the discovery cohort, the relationship between biomarker level and genotype was analyzed using linear mixed effects with random intercepts for each subject and models were adjusted for age and BMI. A positive outcome in the discovery cohort was defined as a p-value <0.1 for the SNP. SNPs that met this criterion were analyzed in the replication cohort and confirmed for those which met a criterion of significance (p<0.025). RESULTS: In our analyses, SNPs in the @entity20583 , @entity56448 , and @entity17894 genes met significance criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that genes thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of @entity565 and @entity1030 may influence levels of serum markers of @entity32 and @entity409 via novel SNP associations which have not previously been associated with @entity65 .

title: Candidate genes for respiratory disease associated with markers of XXXX and @entity409 in elderly @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1', 'VCAM-1']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report our therapeutic experience with @entity378 of the lower cervical spine with @entity16 in 9 adults in Gabon. @entity1 AND METHODS: A retrospective study of these 9 adults treated for progressive Pott's @entity1688 or @entity451 from 1982 to 1998 was conducted. The medical treatment consisted of the early administration in the first 3 @entity1 of @entity1215 , @entity3109 and @entity3110 for 18 months; and, in the remaining 6 @entity1 , of @entity1215 , @entity3109 , @entity3110 and @entity5585 for 6 months. This medical treatment was systematically started 3 weeks before surgery in 7 @entity1 , once the disease had been diagnosed radiologically. Two @entity1 with an acute onset of @entity451 underwent surgery on an emergency basis. The standard anterior approach was used: debridement was done in 3 cases, to establish the diagnosis; 6 @entity1 underwent radical surgery for severe @entity51 and @entity1344 . Average follow-up time was 40.6 months. RESULTS: Three @entity1 were found to be functionally and neurologically normal at follow-up examinations. Eight of the nine @entity1 recovered sufficiently to walk unaided. One @entity1 was able to get about on crutches. After 3-4 months, a satisfactory consolidation was already observed, with @entity1513 in 4 cases. All @entity1 were considered medically cured by the Antituberculous Center. CONCLUSION: Early radical surgery, as primary procedure, in conjunction with a six-month chemotherapeutic regimen (four drugs) seems to be adequate for the management of @entity378 of the lower cervical spine with @entity16 and @entity1344 , in our setting.

title: [Early anterolateral surgery for @entity378 of the lower cervical spine with XXXX in adult. Our experience in Gabon].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['tetraplegia']

entities_list: @entity3110 :: ('MESH:D004977', 'Chemical') :: ['ethambutol']

entities_list: @entity5585 :: ('MESH:D011718', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrazinamide']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological complications']

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity3109 :: ('MESH:D007538', 'Chemical') :: ['isoniazid']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampin']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['spinal instability']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neurological complications']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate new national @entity683 vaccination practices which were started in 1987 under a revised law in Japan. DESIGN: This was a three year, nonrandomised cohort study with information collected by questionnaire between 1989 and 1991. SETTING: Eight primary schools in the city of Yonago, Tottori, Japan. These schools were selected from 23 schools in the city. @entity1 : Altogether 4251 pupils (1355 @entity1 and 2896 @entity1 ) in years 1-4 of the eight primary schools were included in this study, and followed up. Three years later, data for 1619 pupils (768 @entity1 and 851 @entity1 ) were obtained and analysed. MAIN RESULTS: The one-winter seasonal incidence rates of @entity66 were 13.4%, 29.9%, and 10.3% in 1989, 1990, and 1991 respectively. The incidence rate of @entity66 in fully vaccinated pupils was significantly lower than that in unvaccinated pupils in 1990, but not in 1989 or 1991. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the incidence of @entity66 had a statistical relationship with the frequency of vaccination and the school year (R2 was 0.0148). Standardised parameters of the frequency of vaccination and the school frequency of vaccination and the school year were -0.089 and -0.080 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The preventive effects of @entity683 vaccine are not strong. There must be some unknown factors that affect the incidence of @entity683 . This vaccine is useful for pupils in the early school years who seem to have less resistance. All pupils should not be inoculated with the vaccine to reduce @entity683 transmission in the community or school.

title: Three year follow up study of national XXXX vaccination practices in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girls', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['influenza-like disease']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: Several lines of clinical evidence show that AMI frequently occurs at sites with mild to moderate degree of @entity3979 . The degree of @entity850 depends on plaque deposition and degree of vessel remodeling, features poorly assessed by coronary angiography. This postmortem study tested the hypothesis that the size of @entity301 and the type of remodeling distinguish culprit lesion responsible for fatal AMI from equi-stenotic nonculprit lesion in the same coronary tree. The main coronary branches from 36 consecutive @entity1 with fatal AMI were studied. The culprit lesion (Group 1) and an equi-stenotic nonculprit segment (Group 2) obtained in measurements of another coronary branch from the same @entity1 were compared. Morphometry and plaque composition was assessed in both groups. Compared to Group 2, Group 1 had larger areas of: plaque 9.6 vs. 4.7 mm(2), vessel 12.7 vs. 7.4 mm(2) and lumen 1.7 vs. 1.2 mm(2); (P< .01). Positive remodeling was more frequent in Group 1 than Group 2: 21/30 (70%) vs. 8/26 (31%). Plaque area correlated positively with lipid core and macrophages and negatively with @entity82 and smooth muscle cells. @entity731 that cause fatal @entity715 are more frequently positively remodeled and tend to be larger than nonculprit plaques with the same degree of @entity850 . We tested whether arterial remodeling and plaque size vary between segments containing a fatal thrombosed plaque versus an equi-stenotic nonculprit plaque. Culprit vessel segments had higher cross-sectional areas of intimal plaque and of vessel wall than equi-stenotic nonculprit plaques. The cross-sectional area of the vessel correlated positively with both the lipid core area and @entity469 (+) macrophage content, and negatively with @entity82 area and smooth muscle cell content. These results add elements explaining limitations of angiography in identifying plaques and provide new insights into the role of remodeling in plaque instability.

title: Atheromas that cause fatal XXXX are usually large and frequently accompanied by vessel enlargement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary atheroma']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerotic plaques']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['luminal stenosis', 'cross-sectional stenosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the phenotype, modes of inheritance, karyotype, and molecular basis of @entity1 with @entity12107 ( @entity12107 ). DESIGN: Review of medical records, karyotyping, and collation of gene mutation analysis. SETTING: University molecular reproductive endocrinology laboratory. @entity1 (S): @entity1 with @entity12107 . INTERVENTION(S): Review of medical records, laboratory studies, and molecular studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Sense of smell, severity of @entity12107 (complete vs. incomplete), associated anomalies, karyotype, mutation analysis, and genotype/phenotype correlations were studied. RESULT(S): Of 315 @entity1 with @entity12107 , 6.3% had one or more affected relatives. Autosomal recessive inheritance was likely in most of these familial cases, but @entity74 were likely in some families. Complete @entity12107 was more commonly found in males (62%), whereas incomplete @entity12107 was more commonly observed in females (54.3%). Anosmia was present in 31.3% of males and 27.9% of females. The karyotype was normal in all 19 females tested, but was abnormal in 3 of 57 (5.3%) of males tested. Although cryptorchidism did not differ among those who were anosmic vs. normosmic, it was approximately four times more common in @entity1 with complete @entity12107 than incomplete @entity12107 (15.3% vs. 3.9%). Approximately 10% of the @entity12107 @entity1 tested had mutations in either the @entity23042 or @entity24957 gene. CONCLUSION(S): @entity12107 is a @entity74 affecting fertility, in which the number of familial cases is probably underestimated. Further study of genes that regulate hypothalamic-pituitary development and function will likely reveal important information regarding the development of normal puberty in @entity1 .

title: Clinical and molecular characterization of a large sample of XXXX with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'humans', 'patients', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['heterogeneous disorder', 'autosomal-dominant and X-linked recessive inheritance patterns']

entities_list: @entity12107 :: ('MESH:C562785', 'Disease') :: ['Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism', 'IHH', 'idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The @entity2359 effects of long-term, low-level exposure to the commercially available insecticide, @entity3434 , were examined in the present study. Young (2 month) adult, male Long-Evans @entity35 were dermally exposed to Fenthion (25 mg/kg, 3X week) and sampled after 2 and 10 months exposure to assess @entity2359 in the hippocampus using morphological and biochemical endpoints. Histopathology, consisting of @entity5219 , swollen and necrotic neurons, and cell dropout, occurred in the dentate gyrus (DG), @entity16711 (hilus), and @entity1251 sectors as early as 2 months postexposure. @entity4833 ( @entity4833 ) staining of brain tissues taken at this time was severely reduced in the septal nuclei, the DG molecular layer, the @entity16711 , and the hippocampus proper. After 10 months exposure to Fenthion, cellular @entity39 and @entity5219 intensified in the @entity16711 and @entity1251 regions and occasionally involved the @entity1250 . Radiometric assays of @entity4833 activity in the hippocampus indicated a 65 and 85% @entity308 after 2 and 10 months exposure, respectively. @entity39896 binding for the hippocampal muscarinic receptor was reduced by 6 and 15%, after 2 and 10 months exposure, respectively. A separate group of older (12 month) @entity35 was exposed to the same dosing regimen of Fenthion and examined for @entity16 after 2 and 10 months exposure. Aged animals exposed for only 2 months expressed severe @entity528 in a pattern similar to that seen in the young adult after 10 months exposure (viz., DG, @entity16711 , @entity1251 ). Aged animals exposed for 10 months showed more extensive histopathology of the @entity16711 -2 and occasionally @entity1249 . These observations indicate that in both young adult and aged animals, subchronic, low-level exposure to anticholinesterase compounds can result in serious @entity2359 consequences to the @entity1 hippocampus.

title: The @entity2359 of subchronic XXXX ( @entity4833 ) inhibition in @entity35 hippocampus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathological damage']

entities_list: @entity4833 :: ('83817(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['AChE', 'Acetylcholinesterase']

entities_list: @entity39896 :: ('MESH:D011813', 'Chemical') :: ['Quinuclidinyl benzilate']

entities_list: @entity3434 :: ('MESH:D005284', 'Chemical') :: ['Fenthion']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic', 'neurotoxic damage']

answer: @entity4833 :: (83817(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['acetylcholinesterase']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: With the introduction of cross-sectional imaging methods the number of lesions per @entity1 that can be evaluated is frequently large and most oncologists and study protocols use only one lesion or a few 'representative' lesions to evaluate chemotherapy response. Intra- @entity1 response variability can therefore affect evaluation reproducibility. This study evaluates intra-individual variation in response to chemotherapy in @entity1 with multiple lung metastases. METHODS: We prospectively studied chest CT images of @entity1 with @entity5 and pulmonary metastases under systemic chemotherapy being evaluated for @entity5 response. The response of 566 pulmonary nodules in 41 evaluations was determined by both WHO and RECIST criteria in order to determine intra-individual @entity5 response variation. RESULTS: There was almost perfect agreement between the WHO and the RECIST criteria for the evaluation of @entity5 response. High intra-individual variability of @entity5 response was observed in a significant proportion of the evaluations. A new nodule was the main criterion for determination of disease progression. A mean of 35% of the total number of nodules of a @entity1 have a response evaluation different from that calculated with all the nodules together. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-individual variation in @entity5 response of pulmonary metastases is elevated in some @entity1 . Selecting any or some nodules for response evaluation could significantly influence therapeutic response perception.

title: Response to chemotherapy in XXXX with lung metastases: how many nodules should be measured?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'solid tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In this article we describe five @entity1 with acute or subacute weakness of @entity1795 longus and flexor digitorum profundus. A possible diagnosis of an @entity75 (entrapment) of the anterior interosseus nerve was considered. However, clinical and neurophysiological findings suggested a diagnosis of @entity11438 . Three @entity1 experienced acute shoulder @entity158 at the onset. Sensory loss at the base of the thumb was observed in two @entity1 , and two @entity1 were affected bilaterally. All @entity1 had EMG signs of involvement outside the anterior interosseus nerve innervation area. Low amplitude sensory action potentials were observed in three @entity1 . One @entity1 was operated upon and entrapment was not observed during surgery. Reinnervation was not seen after five months, but was noted in three @entity1 who were investigated 13, 13.5, and 30.5 months after the onset. Thus, the prognosis in this unusual form of @entity11438 seems to be rather good, and the length of time before reinnervation supports the theory that the site of the lesion must be located proximally, e.g. in the brachial plexus.

title: [ XXXX or an @entity75 of the anterior interosseal nerve?].

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['isolated lesion']

entities_list: @entity11438 :: ('MESH:D020968', 'Disease') :: ['neuralgic amyotrophy']

entities_list: @entity1795 :: ('MESH:D052582', 'Disease') :: ['flexor pollicis']

answer: @entity11438 :: (MESH:D020968,Disease) :: ['Neuralgic amyotrophy']


abstract: This paper establishes that the isolated shoot meristem of monocotyledons can be infected and transformed using @entity7060 . Since this explant from nearly any cereal cultivar can rapidly regenerate into a plant, using this explant effectively eliminates the genotype regeneration restrictions to cereal crop transformation allowing direct transformation of elite germplasm. Shoot apices of @entity579 . Tropical Japonica, cv. Maybelle were explants used for cocultivation, and gene transfer was accomplished using @entity7060 containing plasmids for the bar gene expression driven by the @entity3260 35S promoter or by the @entity579 actin 1 promoter. Experiments to determine the survival rates of isolated shoot apices on media containing the herbicide, @entity25889 ( @entity3445 ), established that no shoot apices survived on 0.5 or 1.0 mg/l @entity3445 . After shoot apices were cocultivated with @entity7060 .8% (overall 20 out of 721 shoot apices) survived on 0.5 mg/l @entity3445 . Results demonstrated that the use of the actin 1 promoter-based expression vector and an extra-wounding treatment of the meristematic cells appeared to be most effective in promoting transformation. Integration, expression and transmission of the transferred foreign genes in primary, R1 and R2 generation plants were confirmed by molecular analyses and herbicide application tests. A germination test of R2 progeny from one of the transgenic plants (R1) established a phenotype segregation ratio showing a non-Mendelian inheritance pattern. Inactivation of the transferred foreign gene in R2 progeny appeared to result from transgene methylation.

title: T-DNA integration into genomic DNA of @entity579 following XXXX inoculation of isolated shoot apices.

entities_list: @entity7060 :: ('359', 'Species') :: ['Agrobacterium, 2', 'Agrobacterium']

entities_list: @entity25889 :: ('MESH:C003121', 'Chemical') :: ['glufosinate-ammonium']

entities_list: @entity579 :: ('4530', 'Species') :: ['Oryza sativa L', 'rice']

answer: @entity7060 :: (359,Species) :: ['Agrobacterium']


abstract: In a multicentre study on the treatment of @entity978 , 88 out of 297 @entity1 with primary advanced stages IIIB/IV failed to respond to alternating COPP/ABVD chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy. They may be broken down as follows: @entity5 progression under current therapy ( @entity1726 ) 23/28, partial remission at the end of treatment (PR) 28/88, early nodal recurrence 13/88, late nodal recurrence 15/88, extranodal recurrence 7/88, unclear localisation 1/88. Thirty-six months after noting failure of treatment, 45% of all @entity1 were still alive. The prognosis was poorest in the case of primary @entity1726 . Only 1/23 of these @entity1 experience lasting complete remission thanks to salvage treatment (cCR). Eleven @entity1 with an exclusively nodal recurrence experienced a cCR on treatment with radiation alone, and may be considered a low-risk recurrence group. For a high-risk recurrence group (n = 57), indication for high-dose chemotherapy with subsequent autologous bone marrow transplantation (HDC/ABMT) should have been recognized on the basis of the present definition. The survival probability of these @entity1 , who only received conventional salvage treatment, was 38% after 30 months (95% confidence limit, 22 to 54%). These data would not appear to be appreciably poorer than those reported in the literature for comparable @entity1 receiving HDC/ABMT. Only a randomized comparison would be capable of showing whether HDC/ABMT is superior to high-dose conventional chemotherapy with haematopoietic growth factors. It is proposed that such a therapeutic trial should be initiated as soon as possible.

title: [Recurrence of XXXX after advanced primary stages. German Hodgkin's Study Group].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Therapy with alkylating agents, such as @entity786 , can be associated with irreversible @entity137 in @entity2675 . To the authors's knowledge the effect of high dose therapy with @entity786 during childhood on adult testicular reproductive and endocrine function has not been established. METHODS: Gonadal function was studied in 17 adult male survivors of childhood @entity242 treated with high dose pulse @entity786 therapy as part of a VAC ( @entity1891 , @entity4316 , and @entity786 ) or Adria-VAC ( @entity632 , @entity1891 , @entity4316 , and @entity786 ) chemotherapy regimen. @entity1 answered a questionnaire concerning sexual functioning and underwent a comprehensive physical examination, semen analysis, and hormonal evaluation. RESULTS: Of the 17 males who underwent semen analysis, 10 (58.8%) had @entity3893 , 5 (29.4%) had @entity6660 , and only 2 (11.8%) were found to have a normal sperm count. All @entity1 treated prior to the onset of puberty had an abnormal semen analysis. The 2 @entity1 with normal sperm counts received the lowest doses of @entity786 (< 7.5 g/m(2)). The baseline follicle-stimulating hormone level was elevated in only 10 of 14 @entity1 with abnormal sperm counts (71.4%). @entity251 levels were normal in 15 of 16 @entity1 (93.8%); however, the baseline luteinizing hormone (LH) level was elevated in 6 of 15 @entity1 with normal @entity251 levels (40%). @entity4396 -stimulated LH levels were > 3 times that of baseline in 13 of /14 @entity1 (92.9%), suggesting some degree of @entity177 . CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study show a high risk of @entity10844 in @entity1 exposed to @entity786 during childhood as part of a VAC/Adria-VAC chemotherapy regimen. Exposure prior to puberty was not found to be protective, and the risk of @entity249 appeared to increase with higher doses of therapy. To the authors' knowledge the clinical significance of impaired Leydig cell function beginning at a young age is unknown and merits further study.

title: High risk of @entity249 and long term @entity10844 in males treated with high dose XXXX for @entity242 during childhood.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone', 'Testosterone']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4396 :: ('2796', 'Gene') :: ['Gonadotropin-releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['male survivors of adult cancer']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity10844 :: ('MESH:D006058', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig cell insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity6660 :: ('MESH:D009845', 'Disease') :: ['oligospermia']

entities_list: @entity3893 :: ('MESH:D053713', 'Disease') :: ['azoospermia']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of the fibrinogen-fibrin system in the acute reduction of the resident leukocyte population following @entity32 . METHODS: Sensitized and naive @entity35 were injected intrapleurally (i.pl.) with antigen (ovalbumin) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) or @entity1812 , respectively. Heparin (0.25 U/cavity), @entity1098 (80 microg/cavity) and hirudin (1 U/cavity) were injected locally 5 min before challenge, whereas @entity29947 was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before stimulation. RESULTS: Antigen challenge led to a rapid reduction in the number of resident leukocytes 30 min post-challenge (from 7.7 +/- 0.4 x 10(6) cells/cavity to 2.3 +/- 0.2 x 106 cells/cavity, n = 6, p < 0.001). The pleural stimulation of naive @entity35 with either PAF or @entity1812 also led to a significant decrease in the pleural leukocyte population, which occurred in parallel with the formation of a fibrin meshwork containing captured cells, as attested by electron microscopy. Heparin prevented the drop in the total leukocyte numbers, without modifying either plasma leakage or @entity112 release at 30 min or the subsequent neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration noted 4 and 24 h post-challenge, respectively. Similarly, hirudin and @entity1098 prevented the antigen-induced @entity2402 . Heparin also impaired the drop in the pleural leukocyte numbers evoked by @entity5567 and @entity1812 . CONCLUSION: Our data show that the pleural resident cell disappearance phenomenon noted early after inflammatory provocation depends on the activation of the fibrinogen-fibrin system, and is not required for the subsequent leukocyte recruitment.

title: Mechanism underlying acute resident leukocyte disappearance induced by immunological and non-immunological stimuli in XXXX : evidence for a role for the coagulation system.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['pleural inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2402 :: ('MESH:D010015', 'Disease') :: ['leukocyte disappearance reaction']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The genetic control of high tolerance of toxic @entity3775 ions in @entity2247 @entity2247 . has been studied. Cultivar @entity196 (c-24612) and accession 9736 from Karelia have been compared with @entity3775 -sensitive cv. Colsess IV (accession c-24626). Analysis of F1, F2BC1, F3, and F4 progenies has shown that the development of roots of cv. @entity196 in water medium with @entity3775 ions is determined by one (AlpF1) or two (AlpF1, AlpF2) genes. The development of roots of accession 9736 is determined by two genes, AlpK1 and AlpK2. The genes have not been not tested for nonidentity. The high tolerance of @entity196 shoots are determined by one major tolerance factor and one dominant inhibitor gene, which hampers the manifestation of the dominant tolerance gene. The penetrance of the inhibitor gene may be incomplete. The @entity3775 sensitivity of roots and 7-day shoots of cv. @entity196 is determined by different genetic factors. The response of @entity2247 plants to @entity3775 ions may be determined by small-effect genes.

title: [Genetic analysis of toxic ion tolerance in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3775 :: ('MESH:D000535', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminum']

entities_list: @entity2247 :: ('4513', 'Species') :: ['Hordeum vulgare L', 'barley']

answer: @entity2247 :: (4513,Species) :: ['barley']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Fatigue after treatment for @entity0 ( @entity0 ) is common, but poorly understood. We examined the fatigue levels during first year after radiotherapy (RT) according to the extent of RT (local or locoregional), @entity34 ( @entity34 ) and @entity7730 ( @entity7730 ). The impact of comorbidity was also explored. Moreover, we compared fatigue levels in @entity1 with the general population (GenPop) data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: @entity0 @entity1 (n = 250) referred for post-operative RT at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, were enrolled. Fatigue was measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30-fatigue subscale, ranging from 0 to 100, before RT (baseline), after RT, and at three, six, and 12 months. Clinical and treatment-related factors were recorded at baseline. GenPop data was available from a previous survey (n = 652). Linear mixed models and analysis of covariance were applied. RESULTS: Compliance ranged from 87% to 98%. At baseline, mean value (SD) of fatigue in @entity0 @entity1 was 26.8 (23.4). The level increased during RT (mean change 8.3, 95% CI 5.5-11.1), but declined thereafter and did not differ significantly from pre-treatment levels at subsequent time points. In age-adjusted analyses, locoregional RT accounted for more overall fatigue than local RT (mean difference 6.6, 95% CI 1.2-12.0), but the association was weakened and not statistical significant when adjusting for @entity7730 and @entity34 . Similar pattern was seen for @entity7730 and @entity34 . The course of fatigue differed significantly by @entity7730 (p < 0.001, interaction test). At baseline, fatigue levels were higher in @entity1 with than without @entity7730 , but at subsequent time points similar levels were evident, indicating a temporary adverse effect of @entity7730 . Comorbidity was significantly associated with increased level of fatigue, independent of other factors (mean difference 8.1, 95% CI 2.2-14.1). @entity0 - @entity1 were not significantly more fatigued than GenPop, except for immediately after ending RT, and then only among those without comorbidity (mean 35.9 vs. 25.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Comorbidity seems to be a more important determinant for fatigue levels than the @entity5 treatment.

title: One-year course of fatigue after post-operative radiotherapy in Norwegian XXXX @entity1 --comparison to general population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'BC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity7730 :: ('MESH:D064146', 'Disease') :: ['CT', 'chemotherapy']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['hormonal therapy', 'HT']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The chemotactic potential of antigens of @entity16762 for macrophages and the ability of naive and immune @entity35 peritoneal macrophages to kill A. castellanii in vitro were assessed. The amoebolytic capacity of immune rat serum and complement was also examined. No parasite was killed in the presence of heat-inactivated naive rat serum. Low numbers of parasites were lysed in the presence of heat-inactivated immune rat serum, whereas significantly greater numbers of parasites were lysed in the presence of nonheat-inactivated naive and immune rat serum. Macrophages from naive @entity35 were capable of lysing some parasites. However, the amoebolytic capability of these cells was significantly increased in the presence of serum from immune @entity35 . Regardless of the source of serum used, macrophages from immune @entity35 demonstrated about twice the amoebolytic proficiency of cells from naive @entity35 . Macrophages from naive @entity35 showed their highest capacity for lysing amoebae when incubated in the presence of gamma interferon and immune rat serum. The greatest overall proficiency in lysing parasites was displayed by cells from immune @entity35 incubated with A. castellanii in the presence of gamma interferon and nonheat-inactivated serum from immune @entity35 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Chemotactic response of macrophages to XXXX castellanii antigen and antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated killing of the parasite.

entities_list: @entity16762 :: ('5755', 'Species') :: ['Acanthamoeba castellanii']

answer: @entity16762 :: (5755,Species) :: ['Acanthamoeba']


abstract: @entity235 hearts divided into right and left atria, right and left ventricles and intraventricular septum were homogenized in acid for extraction. Total opioids, and specific peptides ( @entity1853 - @entity3000 , @entity1853 - @entity3000 -arg6-gly7-leu8) were determined by radioreceptor and radioimmunoassay, respectively. @entity2661 were quantitated amperometrically following HPLC. The effects of anesthetic agents ( @entity4485 , @entity4486 ), @entity548 and ganglionic blockade ( @entity4033 and @entity3897 ) were evaluated. Total opioids, enkephalins and @entity1425 were distributed uniformly throughout the myocardium, while @entity1063 was preferentially concentrated in the atria. Immunoreactive @entity1853 - @entity3000 accounted for only 1 to 2% of the total cardiac opioids estimated by radioreceptor assay. @entity548 lowered @entity1853 - @entity3000 content throughout the myocardium with no significant effect on total opioids or @entity2661 . Ganglionic blockade increased total opioid, @entity1853 - @entity3000 -arg6-gly7-leu8 and @entity5733 content without altering @entity1853 - @entity3000 content. HPLC of left ventricular extracts demonstrated that 50% of @entity2999 -immunoreactivity eluted at retention times equal to synthetic @entity2999 . In summary, there appears to be substantive opioid concentrations within @entity235 myocardium which respond to physiological and pharmacological interventions. These cardiac opioid responses do not parallel changes observed for @entity2661 under the same conditions.

title: Screening for opioids in XXXX heart.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'Hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-chloralose']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity5733 :: ('D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2999 :: ('MESH:D004744', 'Chemical') :: ['met-enkephalin', 'metenkephalin']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines', 'Catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity3000 :: ('MESH:D004745', 'Chemical') :: ['enkephalin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Glenohumeral hemiarthroplasty is well established as a method to treat @entity625 . This study was designed to report longer-term results and to provide a decision model to assist surgeons in achieving successful outcomes. Our selection strategy for hemiarthroplasty included shoulders with (1) a concentric glenoid with eburnated bone, (2) a nonconcentric glenoid that could be converted to a smooth concentric surface, and (3) a humeral head centered within the glenoid after soft-tissue balancing. METHODS: Fifty-seven consecutive @entity1 (sixty-four shoulders) who had @entity571 of the glenohumeral joint, without @entity1442 in the glenoid, were treated with hemiarthroplasty. In each instance, a modular prosthesis was implanted. Clinical assessment was performed preoperatively and at one-year intervals postoperatively for at least five years with use of @entity1 self-assessment instruments, including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons questionnaire, the Simple Shoulder Test, and a visual analog @entity158 scale. A detailed radiographic analysis was performed to determine the presence of @entity2065 , periprosthetic radiolucency, and glenoid @entity604 . RESULTS: Forty-three @entity1 (fifty shoulders) were followed for a minimum of five years (mean, 7.5 years). Of the remaining fourteen @entity1 (fourteen shoulders), ten were lost to follow-up, three had died, and one was excluded. For the Simple Shoulder Test, and for every visual analog scale measure, the results at the final follow-up evaluation were significantly better than the preoperative results (p < 0.0001 for each). The mean Simple Shoulder Test score at the time of the final follow-up was 9.4 positive responses compared with 9.7 positive responses at the two-year evaluation (p = 0.32), and the mean visual analog scale score for @entity158 was 18.6 points compared with 14.9 points at two years (p = 0.45). Radiographic analysis showed the majority of stems had either no lucency or lucencies only near the tip of the stem. Glenoid @entity604 and subluxation improved postoperatively, and the results were maintained at the final follow-up evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder hemiarthroplasty provides sustained good-to-excellent @entity158 relief and functional improvement at five to ten years postoperatively in carefully selected @entity1 with @entity571 .

title: Treatment of XXXX with a hemiarthroplasty: a minimum five-year follow-up outcome study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['glenohumeral arthritis']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity2065 :: ('MESH:D012783', 'Disease') :: ['glenohumeral subluxation']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['glenohumeral arthritis']


abstract: Long-term follow-up (>10 years) after vertical banded gastroplasty (VBG) is almost nonexistent. The aim of this study was to determine long-term outcome after VBG in a group of 71 @entity1 studied prospectively. Seventy-one consecutive @entity1 with morbid @entity28 (54 @entity1 and 17 @entity1 ; mean age 40 years [range 22 to 71 years]) underwent VBG from 1985 to 1989 and were followed prospectively. Follow-up was obtained in 70 (99%) of the 71 @entity1 . Weight (mean +/- standard error of the mean) preoperatively was 138 +/- 3 kg and decreased to 108 +/- 2 kg 10 or more years postoperatively. Body mass index decreased from 49 +/-1 to 39 +/- 1. Only 14 (20%) of 70 @entity1 lost and maintained the loss of at least half of their excess body weight with the VBG anatomy. Vomiting one or more times per week continues to occur in 21% and heartburn in 16%. Fourteen @entity1 have undergone conversion from VBG to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (11 @entity1 ) or other procedures (3 @entity1 ) because of a combination of inadequate weight loss in 13 @entity1 , @entity354 in five, and frequent @entity391 in four. Only 26% of @entity1 after VBG have maintained a weight loss of at least 50% of their excess body weight; 17% underwent bariatric reoperation with good results. Thus VBG is not an effective, durable bariatric operation.

title: Ten and more years after vertical banded gastroplasty as primary operation for morbid XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1205 and @entity136 are active against chemotherapy-pretreated @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The purpose of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monthly @entity1205 combined with weekly @entity136 in @entity1149 @entity1 failing one prior regimen. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty @entity1 were enrolled. Prior chemotherapy was a @entity902 -based combination in 36 @entity1 , using @entity1206 in 26 @entity1 and etoposide in 10 @entity1 . The other four @entity1 had prior single agents. @entity5 were refractory or resistant to front-line therapy in 80% of @entity1 . Treatment was @entity136 800 mg/m2 days 1, 8, 15 and @entity1205 100 mg/m2 day 1, with cycles repeated every four weeks. RESULTS: Thirteen @entity1 responded (32.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 19%-49%), including one complete and 12 partial responses. Responses were observed at all metastatic sites, with similar response frequencies in @entity902 -sensitive and @entity902 -resistant/refractory @entity5 . The median time to progression for responders was nine months, with two responses lasting longer than a year. Median survival was 8.1 months. Hematologic toxicities included grade 4 @entity1398 in 23 @entity1 , with 4 episodes of @entity1398 , grade 3-4 @entity882 in 9 @entity1 , and @entity417 requiring red cell transfusions in 9 @entity1 . With the exception of @entity1395 , severe @entity1503 were infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: Monthly @entity1205 , combined with weekly @entity136 , is an active and safe second-line therapy for @entity1149 @entity1 .

title: Second-line chemotherapy for @entity1149 with monthly XXXX and weekly @entity136 : a phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['non-hematologic toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: The role of @entity2718 was investigated in 100 @entity1 with nosocomial @entity294 . An etiologic agent was identified in 69 cases, 8 of whom had dual infection. @entity2718 -associated @entity294 (Cdad) was defined in 16 @entity1 (16%). The mean age of the @entity1 with Cdad was 5.4 y (range 2 months to 13 y) and the male:female ratio was 1.2. All cases with Cdad were on antibiotic therapy. Cdad occurred more frequently in the cases given combined antibiotic treatment than in those given single antibiotic treatment (p < 0.05). One case with @entity1398 sepsis died. @entity2718 was also investigated in the stool samples of 50 hospitalized @entity1 treated with antibiotics who did not develop @entity294 . @entity2718 toxins A and B were found in 5 @entity1 aged < 2 y in the control group. This study shows that @entity2718 is an important cause of nosocomial @entity294 in our hospital population.

title: The role of XXXX in childhood nosocomial @entity294 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['C. difficile', 'Clostridium difficile']

answer: @entity2718 :: (1496,Species) :: ['Clostridium difficile']


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate histologically and ultrastructurally the effect of @entity632 on the mandibular condyles of growing @entity35 . Eighty @entity35 , one day old, were used. The animals of Group 1 (Control Group) were given distilled water once a day for five days by intraperioneal injections, and the animals of Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were given 0.6 mg, 0.9 mg and 1.2 mg of @entity632 /kg (total amount: 3 mg/kg, 4.5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg), respectively, once a day for five days. At 1, 4, 7 and 10 days after the last injection, the left mandibular condyles were examined histologically. At 1 and 4 days, the right mandibular condyles were examined ultrastructurally. 1. Light Microscopic Observation. 1) Group 2. At 1 and 4 days, the condyles did not differ significantly from those of Group 1. At 7 and 10 days, the zone of differentiation decreased in thickness as compared with those of Group 1. 2) Group 3. At 1 and 4 days, the zones of articular surface, proliferation and differentiation showed decreased in cell number and in thickness as compared with those of Group 1. At 7 and 10 days, the zones of articular surface and proliferation showed the recovery, although it was not complete. However, the zone of differentiation still decreased in cell number and in thickness. The zone of @entity1184 showed an increase in thickness. 3) Group 4. At 1 and 4 days, the zones of articular surface, proliferation and differentiation were almost similar in cell number and in thickness to those of Group 3 at 1 and 4 days. There was an irregularity in cell shape in the zone of proliferation. At 7 and 10 days, the zone of proliferation decreased in thickness and the zone of differentiation decreased in cell number and in thickness. The zone of @entity1184 was greatly thinned. 2. Electron Microscopic Observation. 1) Group 1. At 1 day, the zone of articular surface was composed of fibroblasts and collagen fibrils, and the zone of proliferation contained many oval mesenchymal cells. The zone of differentiation consisted of both differentiating chondrocytes and cartilage matrix, and the zone of @entity1184 consisted of both enlarged chondrocytes and cartilage matrix. At 4 days, all zones were similar to those of the condyle of this group at 1 day. 2) Group 4. At 1 day, the zone of articular surface showed decreased number of collagen fibrils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Effect of @entity632 on the mandibular condyles of growing XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']