abstract: In spite of the increasing need for brain tissue in biomedical research, overall brain banking activities in Japan has been lagging behind. On the initiative of the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2 projects have been carried out; the Research Resource Network (RRN) and the @entity191 Brain Bank (PDBB) donor registration program. RRN is a nation-wide network that links 15 brain repositories, and 1,463 autopsy brains have been registered in this network as of December 2009. The brain donor registration program for PDBB was established in 2006. A donor without @entity73 can enroll in this PDBB donor registration program. When the donor dies, the next-of-kin will contact the PDBB coordinators for subsequent autopsy services and brain retention. On obtaining the next-of-kin's consent at the time of donor's death, autopsy will be performed at PDBB collaborating hospitals of National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Juntendo University Hospital, and Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital. In order to arouse public interest, lecture meetings for citizens have been held on a regular basis. Fifty individuals have registered in the PDBB donor registration program including 27 @entity1 with @entity1726 , 4 @entity1 with @entity304 , 1 @entity1 with @entity7463 , and 18 individuals without @entity1726 or related disorders as of December 2009. Autopsies have been performed for 2 of these donors. To promote brain banking activities,it is necessary to establish legal and ethical guidelines for the use of autopsied materials in biomedical research.

title: [Research resource network and XXXX brain bank donor registration program in Japan].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson syndrome']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's Disease"]

entities_list: @entity7463 :: ('MESH:D013494', 'Disease') :: ['progressive supranuclear palsy']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The high rates of childhood overweight and @entity28 in the United States have generated interest in schools as sites for monitoring body mass index (BMI) information. This study established baseline values for a 5-year longitudinal assessment of BMI of elementary school @entity1 and examined variation across the schools, because little is known about factors that affect the distribution of overweight and @entity28 within school districts. METHODS: Height and weight measurements were collected on 2317 elementary school @entity1 in 1 school district. BMI was calculated using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's NutStat program. @entity1 characteristics included gender, age, eligibility for free and reduced lunch (proxy for socioeconomic status [SES]), school, grade, and ethnicity/race. @entity1 were grouped into 2 BMI categories, <85th percentile or >= 85th percentile (overweight/ @entity28 ). Logistic regression was used to examine potential predictors of overweight/ @entity28 . RESULTS: Prevalence of >= 85th percentile was 30.9%, 34.4%, 35.3%, 36.4%, 37.1%, and 44.5% for @entity4205 , respectively. Prevalence of >= 85th percentile was highest among Hispanic @entity1 . Ethnicity was the strongest predictor of inclusion in the >= 85th percentile category followed by grade and free and reduced lunch eligibility. CONCLUSION: The data are consistent with the prevalence of overweight/ @entity28 among American @entity1 and Hispanic @entity1 in particular. District prevalence of overweight/ @entity28 is higher than available state statistics. Most of the BMI variation is accounted for by ethnicity, SES, and grade. The grade effect and high prevalence of overweight/ @entity28 provide a rationale for BMI screening retention at the schools.

title: Prevalence and prediction of overweight and XXXX among elementary school students.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: Cases of @entity364 are being encountered more often in clinical practice. The factors associated with a high risk of mycoses include, among others, corticosteroidotherapy, the administration antibiotics with wide spectrum of antibacterial properties, @entity1398 , @entity5 . Fungi may play a role in @entity5 formation, may act as a complication in the course of treatment, and may mimic a @entity5 by giving a similar clinical picture. In the case of @entity364 , @entity1 complain of increased body temperature, a general feeling of @entity425 , malaise, @entity10 , spontaneous @entity158 intensifying during swallowing, a feeling of an obstacle in the throat or a cough. A physical examination may reveal @entity384 followed by a unilateral crater ulceration often covered with fat, as well as a thick coating, which is accompanied by foetor ex ore. The submandibular and neck lymph nodes are often greatly enlarged and @entity158 . These symptoms may resemble those associated with the @entity5 and changes in the course of @entity262 ( @entity3028 ). A correct diagnosis in these cases is necessary for adequate therapy. @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) is the most common type of @entity1778 among adults in Europe and North America. It is estimated that in Poland, @entity1072 affects approximately 1,400 @entity1 per year. In this paper, a case of 62-years old @entity1 with @entity1072 with @entity364 and throat is presented.

title: Difficulties associated with the diagnosis of mycosis of the oral cavity and throat in @entity1072 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic process', 'cancer', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['congestion of the mucosa']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections', 'fungal infection of oral cavity', 'fungal throat infection']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['agranulocytosis']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['CLL']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Identifying differences in transition readiness according to chronic condition is essential for understanding whether special emphasis within specific populations is warranted. Youth with chronic conditions (type 1 @entity6 , @entity2689 , @entity3570 , @entity72 [ @entity72 ]) representing various types of impairments were compared with youth without chronic conditions. It was hypothesized that differences would be observed according to condition type, with youth with cognitive/behavioral conditions showing less readiness than youth with other conditions and youth without chronic conditions showing the highest levels of transition readiness. METHODS: @entity1 (N  =  163) ages 12 to 22 were recruited via outpatient clinics at a large freestanding @entity1 's hospital. Demographic characteristics (age, sex, race, and maternal education), health literacy, perceptions about health care responsibility, importance and confidence about transfer to adult health care, and the @entity1606 Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) were included. RESULTS: Significant differences in transition readiness were found according to condition type; youth with @entity72 had the lowest transition readiness scores. @entity1 and family characteristics and condition were predictors of TRAQ scores and self-perceived readiness to take responsibility for health care and transfer to adult care. Item-level analysis indicated that medication, appointment-keeping, and activities of daily living accounted for differences in TRAQ scores according to condition. CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in transition readiness were detected across condition types, with potentially modifiable mechanisms identified to address gaps in readiness for youth transferring to adult health care systems. Developing interventions that assist providers in addressing these modifiable characteristics might improve transition to adult health care for adolescents with various chronic conditions.

title: The Associations of Chronic Condition Type and Individual Characteristics With XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'autism spectrum disorder']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ['Turner syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['Transition Readiness']

answer: @entity1606 :: (MESH:D002295,Disease) :: ['Transition Readiness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For @entity1 with locally advanced @entity418 , prospective randomized clinical trials have reported no added value of surgical resection to chemoradiation alone. Using a large regional @entity5 registry, our objective was to determine whether curative-intent esophageal resection provided a survival advantage in the multimodality management of @entity418 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program (CSP), we identified all @entity1 with local and regional (i.e., AJCC Stages I-III) @entity418 during the years 1988-2006. Clinical and pathologic data included @entity1 demographics, @entity5 information, indication for surgery, lymph node status, and timing of therapy. Overall survival was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate Cox-regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: From CSP, 2233 @entity1 with @entity418 were identified. @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) of the entire cohort was 13.1 months. We stratified this cohort into @entity1 who received chemoradiation alone (n = 645) and @entity1 who received trimodality therapy (n = 286) (i.e., chemoradiation and surgery). @entity1 had significantly improved survival with trimodality therapy compared with chemoradiation alone ( @entity1349 25.2 vs. 12.3 months, respectively; P < 0.001). The survival advantage with trimodality therapy was observed for @entity1 with @entity957 ( @entity1349 24.5 vs. 12.8 months, respectively; P < 0.001) and @entity420 ( @entity1349 25.9 vs. 10.6 months, respectively; P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, trimodality therapy was a significant prognostic factor for improved survival in @entity1 with @entity418 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.56-0.77, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that surgical resection remains an important component of the multimodality management of @entity418 .

title: Improved outcomes in the management of XXXX with the addition of surgical resection to chemoradiation therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['Median survival', 'MS']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Blocking of costimulatory @entity10867 /B7 and @entity14636 / @entity4458 interactions is an experimental approach to immune suppression and tolerance induction. We previously reported that administration of a combination of CTLA-4Ig and @entity15594 (anti- @entity4458 mAb) for blockade of these interactions induces tolerance in a fully mismatched allogeneic splenocyte transfer model in @entity19 . We now used this model to study whether regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to immune suppression and why both pathways have to be blocked simultaneously. @entity19 were injected with allogeneic splenocytes, @entity1961 (+) T cells, or CD8(+) T cells and treated with @entity15594 mAb and different doses of CTLA-4Ig. The graft-versus-host reaction of @entity1961 (+) T cells, but not of CD8(+) T cells, was inhibited by @entity15594 . CTLA-4Ig was needed to cover CD8(+) T cells but had only a weak effect on @entity1961 (+) T cells. Consequently, only the combination provided full protection when splenocytes were transferred. Importantly, @entity15594 and low-dose @entity17796 Ig treatment resulted in a relative increase in Tregs, and immune suppressive efficacy was abolished in the absence of Tregs. High-dose @entity17796 Ig treatment, in contrast, prevented Treg expansion and activity, and in combination with @entity15594 completely inhibited @entity1961 (+) and CD8(+) T cell activation in a Treg-independent manner. In conclusion, @entity15594 and @entity17796 Ig act synergistically as they target different T cell populations. The contribution of Tregs to immune suppression by costimulation blockade depends on the concentration of CTLA-4Ig and thus on the degree of available @entity10867 costimulation.

title: Regulatory T Cell-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Immune Suppression by @entity10867 /B7 and XXXX / @entity4458 Costimulation Blockade.

answer: @entity14636 :: (21939(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD40']


abstract: In contrast to most denitrifiers studied so far, @entity4190 TR2 produces low levels of @entity3810 ( @entity3727 ) even under aerobic conditions. We compared the denitrification activity of strain TR2 with those of various denitrifiers in an artificial medium that was derived from piggery wastewater. Strain TR2 exhibited strong denitrification activity and produced little @entity3727 under all conditions tested. Its growth rate under denitrifying conditions was near comparable to that under aerobic conditions, showing a sharp contrast to the lower growth rates of other denitrifiers under denitrifying conditions. Strain TR2 was tolerant to toxic @entity3542 , even utilizing it as a good denitrification substrate. When both @entity3542 and @entity3727 were present, strain TR2 reduced @entity3727 in preference to @entity3542 as the denitrification substrate. This bacterial strain was readily able to adapt to denitrifying conditions by expressing the denitrification genes for cytochrome cd(1) @entity3542 reductase (NiR) (nirS) and @entity3810 reductase (NoS) (nosZ). Interestingly, nosZ was constitutively expressed even under nondenitrifying, aerobic conditions, consistent with our finding that strain TR2 preferred @entity3727 to @entity3542 . These properties of strain TR2 concerning denitrification are in sharp contrast to those of well-characterized denitrifiers. These results demonstrate that some bacterial species, such as strain TR2, have adopted a strategy for survival by preferring denitrification to @entity26 respiration. The bacterium was also shown to contain the potential to reduce @entity3727 emissions when applied to sewage disposal fields.

title: Potential of aerobic denitrification by XXXX TR2 to reduce @entity3810 emissions from wastewater treatment plants.

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity4190 :: ('316', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas stutzeri']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

answer: @entity4190 :: (316,Species) :: ['Pseudomonas stutzeri']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity370 , many of whom are African American, may require lung transplantation (LT). Little is known about survival following LT for @entity370 . OBJECTIVE: To determine short-term mortality following LT for @entity370 , to evaluate if survival after LT for @entity370 is similar to outcomes after LT for other diseases, and to investigate the impact of race on the results of LT. DESIGN: Retrospective review. @entity1 : All @entity1 who underwent LT, irrespective of diagnosis, in the United States between January 1995 and December 2000. MEASUREMENTS: Vital status at 30 days after LT and cause of @entity204 . RESULTS: During the study period, 4,721 LTs were performed; of these 133 LTs (2.8%) were for @entity370 . Approximately 83% of @entity1 with @entity370 survived following LT compared to 91% of @entity1 undergoing transplantation for other reasons (p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis controlling both for health insurance status and other factors known to affect survival after LT, @entity1 with @entity370 were no more likely to die than @entity1 undergoing transplantation for other conditions (adjusted odds ratio for @entity204 , 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 2.48). Significant predictors of mortality included the following: undergoing combined heart-lung transplant, need for mechanical ventilation, treatment in an ICU at time of LT, pre-LT FEV(1), need for supplemental @entity26 , and donor age. Both recipient race and donor race significantly affected short-term survival. African-American @entity1 were nearly 50% more likely to die (adjusted odds ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.20). This difference based on race persisted after excluding heart-lung recipients and after controlling for recipient-donor racial mismatch. The most frequent cause of @entity204 for @entity1 with @entity370 was graft failure, while infection was the primary cause of @entity204 among other LT @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity370 do as well as @entity1 undergoing LT for other diseases. Race is an important factor affecting survival after LT.

title: XXXX , race, and short-term outcomes following lung transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

answer: @entity370 :: (MESH:D012507,Disease) :: ['Sarcoidosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Obstructive @entity387 , a common indication for adenotonsillectomy in @entity1 , has been linked to behavioral morbidity. We assessed @entity146 diagnoses in @entity1 before and after adenotonsillectomy and examined whether baseline @entity387 predicted improvement after surgery. METHOD: Subjects of this prospective cohort study were @entity1 ages 5.0 to 12.9 years old who had been scheduled for adenotonsillectomy (n = 79) or care for unrelated surgical conditions (n = 27, among whom 13 had surgery after baseline assessment). Before intervention and 1 year later, subjects underwent structured diagnostic interviews and polysomnography. The main outcome measure was frequency of DSM-IV attention and @entity952 diagnoses at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: At baseline, attention and @entity952 were diagnosed in 36.7% of adenotonsillectomy subjects and 11.1% of controls (p < .05); @entity71 was found in 27.8% and 7.4%, respectively (p < .05). One year later, group differences were nonsignificant; attention and @entity952 were diagnosed in only 23.1% (p < .01), and 50% of subjects with baseline @entity71 no longer met diagnostic criteria. Obstructive @entity387 on polysomnography at baseline did not predict concurrent @entity146 morbidity or later improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Attention and @entity952 , diagnosed by DSM-IV criteria, were more common before clinically indicated adenotonsillectomy than 1 year later. Surgery may be associated with reduced morbidity, even among subjects lacking polysomnographic evidence of @entity27 .

title: DSM-IV diagnoses and @entity27 in XXXX before and 1 year after adenotonsillectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnea']

entities_list: @entity952 :: ('MESH:D019958', 'Disease') :: ['disruptive behavior disorders', 'disruptive behavior disorder']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate any long term effects on mortality in @entity1 in experimental research related to chemical warfare agents from 1941 to 1989. DESIGN: Historical cohort study. Data sources Archive of UK government research facility at Porton Down, UK military personnel records, and national @entity204 and @entity5 records. @entity1 18,276 male members of the UK armed forces who had spent one or more short periods (median 4 days between first and last test) at Porton Down and a comparison group of 17,600 non-Porton Down veterans followed to 31 December 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality rate ratio of Porton Down compared with non-Porton Down veterans and standardised mortality ratio of each veteran group compared with the general population. Both ratios adjusted for age group and calendar period. RESULTS: Porton Down veterans were similar to non-Porton Down veterans in year of enlistment (median 1951) but had longer military service (median 6.2 v 5.0 years). After a median follow-up of 43 years, 40% (7306) of Porton Down and 39% (6900) of non-Porton Down veterans had died. All cause mortality was slightly greater in Porton Down veterans (rate ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.10, P<0.001), more so for @entity204 outside the UK (1.26, 1.09 to 1.46). Of 12 cause specific groups examined, rate ratios in Porton Down veterans were increased for @entity204 attributed to infectious and parasitic (1.57, 1.07 to 2.29), genitourinary (1.46, 1.04 to 2.04), circulatory (1.07, 1.01 to 1.12), and external (non-medical) (1.17, 1.00 to 1.37) causes and decreased for @entity204 attributed to in situ, benign, and unspecified @entity5 (0.60, 0.37 to 0.99). There was no clear relation between type of chemical exposure and cause specific mortality. The mortality in both groups of veterans was lower than that in the general population (standardised mortality ratio 0.88, 0.85 to 0.90; 0.82, 0.80 to 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality was slightly higher in Porton Down than non-Porton Down veterans. With lack of information on other important factors, such as smoking or service overseas, it is not possible to attribute the small excess mortality to chemical exposures at Porton Down.

title: Mortality in British military XXXX in @entity1 experimental research into chemical warfare agents at Porton Down: cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'neoplasms']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['participants']


abstract: In most plants, a large fraction of photo-assimilated @entity505 is stored in the chloroplasts during the day as starch and remobilized during the subsequent night to support metabolism. Mutations blocking either starch synthesis or starch breakdown in @entity958 reduce plant growth. @entity7969 is the major product of starch breakdown exported from the chloroplast at night. The @entity7969 excess 1 mutant ( @entity27231 ), which lacks the chloroplast envelope @entity7969 transporter, accumulates high levels of @entity7969 and starch in chloroplasts and develops a distinctive but previously unexplained chlorotic phenotype as leaves mature. The introduction of additional mutations that prevent starch synthesis, or that block @entity7969 production from starch, also prevent @entity24194 of @entity27231 . In contrast, introduction of mutations in disproportionating enzyme ( @entity27232 ) results in the accumulation of @entity21840 in addition to @entity7969 , and greatly increases @entity24194 . These data suggest a link between @entity7969 accumulation and chloroplast homeostasis. Microscopic analyses show that the mesophyll cells in chlorotic @entity27231 leaves have fewer than half the number of chloroplasts than wild-type cells. Transmission electron microscopy reveals autophagy-like chloroplast degradation in both @entity27231 and the @entity27232 / @entity27231 double mutant. Microarray analyses reveal substantial reprogramming of metabolic and cellular processes, suggesting that organellar protein turnover is increased in @entity27231 , though leaf senescence and senescence-related chlorophyll catabolism are not induced. We propose that the accumulation of @entity7969 and malto-oligosaccharides causes @entity409 , which may by signaled via a form of retrograde signaling and trigger chloroplast degradation.

title: Blocking the metabolism of starch breakdown products in XXXX leaves triggers chloroplast degradation.

entities_list: @entity7969 :: ('MESH:D008320', 'Chemical') :: ['Maltose', 'maltose']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chloroplast dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity21840 :: ('MESH:C008317', 'Chemical') :: ['maltotriose']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: 1. Shifts in the body size of insular vertebrates have been an interesting theme in ecological and evolutionary studies. Four primary factors, including predation pressures, resource availability, inter-species competition and immigrant selection, have been proposed to explain the trend in insular body size. Life-history theory predicts that body size, average age, the proportion of old-aged members and the density of insular populations are negatively correlated with predator species @entity3794 , and that body size and population density are positively related to resource availability. The niche expansion hypothesis argues that a positive relationship is expected to exist between insular body size and prey size, which varies in response to extinction due to small or large competitors. The immigrant hypothesis predicts that insular body size is positively correlated with distance to the mainland. 2. We tested these hypotheses by using populations of @entity579 frogs @entity25879 on 20 islands in the Zhoushan Archipelago and two sites of nearby mainland China. 3. The body size (snout-vent length) of @entity579 frogs on half of the islands was larger before and after the variable of age was controlled for; @entity579 frog density and prey availability was higher and prey size was larger on most of the islands as compared to the two mainland sites. On the islands, the body size and other features [e.g. average age, the proportion of old-aged frogs (ages 3 and 4) and density] of the @entity579 frogs were negatively associated with predator species @entity3794 ; female body size and other features were positively associated with prey availability. The inference of multivariate linear models based on corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AIC(c) ) showed that the relative importance of predator species @entity3794 on body size and each of the other features was larger than that of prey availability, prey size and distance to the mainland. In addition, the parameters for predator species @entity3794 were all negative. 4. The results provided strong support for the life-history theory of predation pressures, but weak evidence for the life-history theory of prey availability, the niche expansion or the immigrant hypothesis. The reduced predator species @entity3794 was a dominant factor contributing to the body gigantism of @entity579 frogs on the islands.

title: Reduced predator species XXXX drives the body gigantism of a frog species on the Zhoushan Archipelago in China.

entities_list: @entity25879 :: ('110108', 'Species') :: ['Rana limnocharis']

answer: @entity3794 :: (MESH:D011658,Disease) :: ['richness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study attempts to define clinical predictors of survival in @entity1 with unresectable @entity788 (UPA). METHODS: A retrospective study of 94 consecutive @entity1 diagnosed with UPA from 2001 to 2006 was performed. Using data for these @entity1 , a symptom score was devised through a forward stepwise Cox proportional hazards model based on four weighted criteria: weight loss of >10% of body weight; @entity158 ; @entity1087 , and smoking. The symptom score was subsequently validated in a distinct cohort of 32 @entity1 diagnosed with UPA in 2007. RESULTS: In the original cohort, the overall median survival was 9.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.6-10.4). This altered to 10.3 months (95% CI 6.1-14.5) in @entity1 with locally advanced disease, and 6.6 months (95% CI 4.2-9.0) in @entity1 with distant @entity3 . Median survival was 14.6 months (95% CI 13.1-16.1) in @entity1 with a @entity258 ( @entity258 ) score and 6.3 months (95% CI 4.1-8.5) in @entity1 with a @entity1109 ( @entity1109 ) score. A total of 73% of @entity258 score @entity1 survived beyond 9 months, compared with only 38% of @entity1109 score @entity1 (P<0.001). The discrimination of the @entity258 score was greater than that of any conventional method, including imaging. The validation cohort confirmed the discriminative ability of the symptom score for survival. CONCLUSIONS: A simple and clinically meaningful point-based symptom score can successfully predict survival in @entity1 with UPA.

title: Unresectable XXXX : do we know who survives?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['HS', 'high symptom']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['LS', 'low symptom']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity21264 is unique in the IL-1 family in that unlike other members of the family, @entity21264 broadly suppresses innate immunity. @entity21264 can be elevated in @entity1 with inflammatory and @entity792 where it likely functions to limit @entity32 . @entity19 expressing @entity1 @entity21264 ( @entity21264 ) exhibit less severe @entity32 in models of endotoxin shock, @entity1960 , @entity583 , lung and @entity1566 . @entity21264 @entity19 have reduced antigen-specific responses and dendritic cells (DCs) from these @entity19 exhibit characteristics of tolerogenic DCs. Compared to aging @entity164 ( @entity164 ) @entity19 , aging @entity21264 @entity19 are protected against B-cell leukemogenesis and @entity712 . Treatment of @entity164 @entity19 with recombinant @entity1 @entity21264 has been shown to be protective in several models of @entity32 and injury. @entity21264 binds to the IL-18 receptor but then recruits the orphan @entity36382 (formerly @entity36383 or @entity36383 ) in order to function as an inhibitor. Here we review the discovery of @entity21264 , its production, release and mechanisms by which @entity21264 reduces @entity32 and suppresses immune responses. The data reviewed here suggest a therapeutic potential for @entity21264 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Suppression of innate XXXX and immunity by interleukin-37.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiologic studies suggesting that there were differences in @entity5 recurrence contingent on anesthetic regimens have raised the possibility that  -opioid agonists can influence @entity5 progression. Based on our previous studies indicating the  -opioid receptor ( @entity6253 ) is up-regulated in several types of @entity1149 , this study examined the functional significance of @entity6253 overexpression to elucidate a possible mechanism for the epidemiologic findings. METHODS: Stable vector control and @entity6253 overexpressing @entity1 @entity133 cells were evaluated using immunoblot analysis, proliferation and transendothelial extravasation assays with or without @entity584 inhibitor, @entity3470 inhibitor ( @entity13850 ), or the peripheral @entity6253 antagonist, @entity25716 . In @entity1 @entity2 xenograft models, @entity5 growth rates and lung @entity3 were analyzed using consecutive @entity5 volume measurements and nestin immunoreactivity in lungs of the nude @entity19 model. RESULTS: The authors provide evidence that @entity6253 is an important regulator of @entity2 progression. @entity6253 overexpression increased @entity584 and @entity3470 activation, proliferation, and extravasation in @entity1 @entity133 cells. In vivo, overexpression of @entity6253 in @entity1 @entity189 cells increased @entity5 growth rates in @entity19 by approximately 2.5-fold and lung @entity3 by approximately 20-fold compared with vector control cells (n = 4 per condition). CONCLUSIONS: The overexpression data suggest a possible direct effect of @entity6253 on @entity584 and @entity3470 activation and @entity2 progression. Such an effect provides a plausible explanation for the epidemiologic findings. The authors' observations further suggest that exploration of @entity6253 in @entity1149 merits further study both as a diagnostic and therapeutic option.

title: Overexpression of the  -opioid receptor in @entity1 @entity1149 promotes @entity584 and @entity3470 activation, @entity5 growth, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13850 :: ('MESH:C401859', 'Chemical') :: ['temsirolimus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer', 'non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity25716 :: ('MESH:C032257', 'Chemical') :: ['methylnaltrexone']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['bronchoalveolar carcinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: From January 1987 to December 1990, 1,415 @entity1 were enrolled for @entity52 ( @entity52 ), series 26-41, at the Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine. They underwent 2,393 @entity52 cycles. The most common indications were tubal factor (57.3%), @entity4810 (22.0%), @entity46 (10.9%), and idiopathic @entity249 (5.2%). This represented a significant decrease in the proportion of cycles performed for tubal disease and an increase in the proportion of cycles performed for @entity4810 as compared with the earlier series 1-16, 1981-1984. Total pregnancy rates from fresh transfers remained stable for most indications, being the lowest for @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) exposure (16.7%), and highest for immunologic @entity249 (47.6%). In addition, @entity1 with @entity2670 ( @entity2670 ) had a high pregnancy rate (47.2%) from fresh transfers but a high first trimester abortion rate as well (19.4%). The ongoing pregnancy rate from fresh transfers for the whole population was around 19.0%, being highest for @entity1 with immunologic @entity249 (31.8%) and lowest for DES exposed @entity1 (9.3%). The cumulative ongoing pregnancy rate to date for the whole population from fresh and cryopreserved embryos was 21.6% per embryo transfer (range from 13.3% for DES @entity1 to 33.3% for immunologic @entity249 ). The projected ongoing pregnancy rate as obtained from adding the number of cumulative pregnancies to date to the number of predicted ongoing pregnancies calculated from the remaining frozen embryos was 23.9% for the whole population (range 16.7% for DES @entity1 to 33.3% for immunologic @entity249 ).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Indications for XXXX : changing trends: the Norfolk experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['male infertility']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['PCOD', 'polycystic ovarian disease']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilisation']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

answer: @entity52 :: (MESH:C566179,Disease) :: ['in vitro fertilisation']


abstract: @entity75 initiated during global @entity63 has been shown to be exacerbated by @entity68 -dependent lipid peroxidation during early reperfusion. We hypothesized that other cellular components might be involved in similar free radical reactions. In this study we examined three brain protein fractions and ribosomal RNA for evidence of free radical damage during post-ischemic reperfusion. Global @entity2806 was induced by 20-min @entity1167 . @entity235 were divided into four groups: (1) non-ischemic controls; (2) 20-min @entity1167 without reperfusion; (3) 20-min @entity1167 and 2 h reperfusion; (4) 20-min @entity1167 and 8 h reperfusion. Soluble proteins and proteins from ribosomes and synaptosomes were assayed by a @entity29455 method for @entity6738 groups, which are characteristic products of protein peroxidation. The ribosomal RNA was also examined by electrophoresis. When proteins from each fraction were peroxidized in vitro by Fenton reagents, @entity6738 content increased as @entity8798 was increased from 0 to 100 microM. However, following reperfusion there was no significant accumulation of @entity6738 content in either the soluble (ANOVA P = 0.92) or ribosome (P = 0.10) protein fractions. There was a significant decrease in the @entity6738 content of the synaptosome protein fraction after 8 h of reperfusion (P = 0.03). Similarly, although ribosomal RNA fragmentation was observed in @entity5611 stained agarose gels following in vitro reaction with Fenton reagents, there was no evidence of ribosomal RNA fragmentation or cross-linking following reperfusion. These results suggest that reperfusion free radical reactions do not involve these cellular proteins or ribosomal RNA.

title: Assessment of free radical-induced XXXX after @entity63 and reperfusion.

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['brain ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Brain damage']

entities_list: @entity29455 :: ('MESH:C446799', 'Chemical') :: ['dinitrophenylhydrazine']

entities_list: @entity5611 :: ('MESH:D004996', 'Chemical') :: ['ethidium']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity6738 :: ('CHEBI:23019', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonyl']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['damage in brain proteins']


abstract: After penetration of @entity1 or @entity4186 host's skin schistosomula of @entity380 and Trichobilharzia ocellata migrate parallel to the surface in the epidermis, then they enter the dermis and venules prior to further migration. This study focuses on potential behavioural mechanisms and host cues which may enable this navigation within host tissues. We stimulated cercariae to penetrate into agar substrates and to transform to schistosomula, and analysed their orientation behaviour within chemical concentration gradients. Both species were chemotactically attracted by low molecular weight fractions of their host's serum (human, @entity4186 ) and @entity413 and @entity534 were identified as attractive components in serum. They responded to gradients, which established after addition of very low concentrations of @entity413 (1 microM in T. ocellata and 2 microM in @entity383 ) and @entity534 (0.025 microM in T. ocellata and 1.0 microM in @entity383 ). The response to @entity413 was specific as other saccharides had no stimulatory activity. @entity534 stimulated chemotactic orientation both when free and bound in peptides. However, the two species responded differently to the position of @entity534 within the peptide (terminal or subterminal), and only @entity383 , not T. ocellata, responded to peptides occurring in serum and endothelial cells: fibronectin (1 microM), @entity1812 (25 pM) and its fragment 1-5 (2.5 microM). Both species adjusted their body axis with the ventral side towards the higher concentrations of @entity413 and of @entity534 . We argue that the chemotactic orientation and the alignment of the body axis enable the parasites (i) to orientate towards deeper skin layers and avoid accidental perforation of the covering skin surface layers, (ii) to determine their position during their surface-parallel migration within the epidermis, (iii) to locate blood vessels.

title: Navigation within host tissues: XXXX and Trichobilharzia ocellata schistosomula respond to chemical gradients.

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arginine', 'L-Arginine']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['D-glucose']

answer: @entity380 :: (6183,Species) :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']


abstract: We evaluated the effects of @entity23375 on the secretion and action of insulin in 18 @entity28 (BMI 24.09 +/- 0.47 Kg/m2, range 20.89-27.52 Kg/m2) non-insulin dependent @entity6 @entity1 (mean age 56.9 +/- 1.8 years, range 39-67 years) by the oral @entity413 tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin suppression test (IST). Most of them were diagnosed recently and thus untreated previously. All subjects were treated with @entity23375 or placebo for 3 months in a double blind cross-over design. After @entity23375 therapy, fasting and 2 hour post-OGTT plasma @entity413 significantly decreased (136 vs. 185 mg/dl, P less than 0.005 291 vs. 358 mg/dl, P less than 0.005), 2 hours post-OGTT plasma insulin was significantly increased (79 vs. 59 uU/ml, P less than 0.05) while fasting plasma insulin remained unchanged (21 vs. 19 uU/ml, P greater than 0.1). HbAlc decreased significantly with @entity23375 therapy (6.6 vs. 7.6%, P less than 0.005). In addition, oral @entity413 tolerance, as measured by the mean incremental areas under the plasma @entity413 curve, were improved significantly (1430.6 +/- 682.4 vs. 16192.5 +/- 608.5 mg.min/dl, P less than 0.005). The mean incremental areas under the plasma insulin curve during OGTT also increased (4482.0 +/- 637.1 vs. 3167.5 +/- 511.9 uU.min/ml, P less than 0.05) after @entity23375 therapy. Mean steady state plasma @entity413 levels (SSPG) showed no remarkable difference during drug and placebo administration (188 vs. 190 mg/dl). Throughout the trial there was no significant change of body weight, nor any side effect as judged from blood counts, urinalysis, and the results of SMA-23 and EKG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The action of @entity23375 on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in @entity28 non-insulin dependent XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['non-obese']

entities_list: @entity23375 :: ('MESH:D005907', 'Chemical') :: ['gliclazide']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study seeks to characterize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of pediatric @entity75 . METHODS: Serial MRI evaluations were performed on 21 lesions treated with SRS for either @entity2946 (n=12), juvenile pilocytic @entity816 (n=4), @entity424 (n=2), atypical rhabdoid @entity5 (n=2), or @entity979 (n=1). Prescription doses ranged from 14 to 30 Gy in one to five fractions. @entity5 response was qualified as complete (CR), partial (PR), @entity66 ( @entity66 ), or @entity74 ( @entity74 ) according to the RECIST v1.1. Median radiographic follow-up after SRS was 17 months. RESULTS: A total of 80 follow-up MRI scans were reviewed with a median of eight per @entity1 . During serial MRI evaluation, eight lesions met criteria for @entity74 at a median of 6 months. However, of these, three (37%) represented transient @entity5 edema with two lesions later developing a CR at a median of 15 months and one persisting as @entity66 at 12 months. The remaining five lesions were true local failures. Of the 13 lesions that did not show evidence of @entity74 , a CR was obtained in 11 lesions at a median of 3 months (range, 2-6), and @entity66 was seen in the remaining two @entity5 at last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Lesion enlargement following SRS for pediatric @entity5 is common, and a proportion of @entity1 meeting requirements for @entity74 at early radiographic follow-up may later develop complete resolution of their lesions. Physicians should be aware of these radiographic changes to avoid unwarranted medical and surgical interventions.

title: Observed magnetic resonance imaging changes in pediatric XXXX treated with stereotactic radiosurgery for @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['stable disease', 'SD']

entities_list: @entity979 :: ('MESH:D010871', 'Disease') :: ['pineocytoma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain malignancies']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'teratoid tumor', 'tumors', 'intracranial tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'progressive disease']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To access the efficacy of posterior short-segment fixation for single level thoracolumbar @entity174 without @entity3510 using CYL-pedicle screw. METHODS: From September 2007 to December 2009, 74 cases who underwent posterior short-segment fixation for single level thoracolumbar @entity174 ( @entity174 type A, B, C) without @entity3510 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 53 male and 21 female, mean age was (39    15) years. Neither of them treated with direct decompression, grafting or fusion. Changes in the anterior vertebral height ratio, vertebral wedge angle, Cobb angle, regional angle were measured preoperatively, postoperatively, before implant removal, and at final follow-up to find the statistic difference. @entity158 status and work status were evaluated using Denis criterion. The incidence of incision @entity281 , screw breakage, iatrogenic @entity3510 were recorded as well. RESULTS: The time of follow-up was (20    11) months, no significant change was noted in anterior vertebral height ratio and vertebral wedge angle (P > 0.05). A significant loss was noted in Cobb angle and regional angle, which were 9.8      5.1   and 9.1      4.8   respectively (t = 2.48 and 3.41, P < 0.05). Comparing with the @entity1 with Cobb angle > 20  , the @entity1 with Cobb angle  <= 20   had better @entity158 scale rate (  (2) = 4.16, P = 0.04) and work scale rate (  (2) = 24.34, P < 0.01). There were incision @entity281 in 1 case, screw breakage in 1, screw loose in 1, and no iatrogenic @entity3510 . CONCLUSIONS: CYL-pedicle screw could be successfully used in posterior short-segment fixation for single level thoracolumbar @entity174 without @entity3510 based on radiographic and clinic outcomes.

title: [Successful short-segment fixation for thoracolumbar XXXX using CYL-pedicle screw].

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['spinal injury']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['burst fractures', 'Denis burst fracture']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['burst fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The optimal treatment regimen for advanced stage @entity1204 ( @entity1204 ) is yet to be established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and @entity137 of delivering sequential @entity632 - @entity900 (AC) followed by @entity12512 ( @entity12512 ). METHODS: @entity1 with stage III/IV @entity1204 with <2 cm residual disease were eligible. The treatment regimen included 3 cycles of AC (50 mg/m(2) each) followed by @entity530 . Outcome objectives were feasibility of the regimen, acute @entity137 and chronic @entity137 monitored for at least one year after completing treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-one @entity1 were entered onto the study. Twenty-nine were evaluable for feasibility of the regimen, and 22 @entity1 were evaluable for chronic @entity137 with a median follow-up of 21 months. Three @entity1 (14%) experienced severe chronic @entity137 including one treatment-related @entity204 . The five-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was 52.5% and 60.1% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the first stage of this study found this regimen of sequential AC followed by @entity12512 eligible for further study. Although @entity137 was not excessive at the time of completion of the first stage, there was insufficient interest by the Gynecologic Oncology Group to continue study of this regimen; therefore, a conclusion regarding feasibility and chronic @entity137 in an expanded cohort as initially intended is not possible. The risk of recurrence in advanced @entity1204 is sufficiently high that may warrant further investigation of sequential chemotherapy and @entity12512 .

title: Sequential chemotherapy and irradiation in advanced stage @entity1204 : A Gynecologic Oncology Group phase I trial of @entity632 - XXXX followed by @entity12512 .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'EC']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'irradiation toxicity', 'radiation toxicity']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['WAI plus para-aortic and/or true pelvic boost']

entities_list: @entity12512 :: ('MESH:D000006', 'Disease') :: ['whole abdomen irradiation', 'WAI']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathologic features and differential diagnosis of @entity2696 . METHODS: Eighteen cases of @entity2696 were retrieved from the pathology archives during the period between January 1990 to December 2005. The clinicopathologic features were analyzed. Immunohistochemical study was performed on the paraffin sections of 16 cases. RESULTS: The age of the @entity1 ranged from 9 to 72 years (median = 40 years). Thirteen @entity1 were males and 5 were females. Clinically, the @entity5 could be asymptomatic or present with abdominal symptoms and @entity6118 . Follow-up information was available in 13 @entity1 (72.2%) and the duration varied from 5 months to 15 years. All 13 @entity1 had an uneventful clinical course, with no evidence of @entity66 , local recurrence or @entity3 . Gross examination showed @entity1283 . The @entity5 appeared as cystic (8/18), solid (5/18) or honeycomb mass (5/18), either solitary (5/18) or multifocal (13/18). Histologically, @entity2696 could be subclassified as cavernous (9/18), cystic (5/18) or mixed (4/18). Immunohistochemical study showed that the positivity rates for @entity6460 and D2-40 were 100% and 43.8% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2696 is a rarely encountered entity that can be misdiagnosed as a @entity4558 . A definite diagnosis depends on pathologic examination.

title: [ XXXX : clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 18 cases and review of literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['splenic enlargement']

entities_list: @entity4558 :: ('MESH:D013158', 'Disease') :: ['splenic hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity2696 :: ('MESH:D008202', 'Disease') :: ['splenic lymphangioma', 'Splenic lymphangioma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity6118 :: ('MESH:D006971', 'Disease') :: ['hypersplenism']

answer: @entity2696 :: (MESH:D008202,Disease) :: ['Splenic lymphangioma']


abstract: CONTEXT: Rubia cordifolia Linn. (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the ayurvedic system of medicine. It is also known as Indian Madder or Manjistha and is traditionally used as an antiinflammatory, antiseptic, and galactopurifier, but its anticancer propertis are yet not known. OBJECTIVE: The ameliorative effect of the Rubia cordifolia @entity1042 extract on @entity107 -induced experimental hepatocellular @entity105 in @entity35 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Changes in liver weight, serum markers of @entity409 , @entity3787 radicals, lipid peroxidation, levels of enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants; mitochondrial and respiratory chain enzymes were also investigated using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies. Male albino @entity35 of @entity35 strain were divided into four groups for a study period of 3 months. Animals of group I and group IV served as control and drug control, respectively. @entity157 was induced in animals of groups II and III with 0.02% @entity107 . RESULTS: Upon Rubia cordifolia @entity1042 extract co-treatment (250, 500, and 750   mg/kg bodyweight) in group III alone levels of serum marker enzymes and antioxidants increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of @entity3787 radicals and lipid peroxidation decreased. Mitochondrial enzymes and respiratory chain enzymes, which were decreased in @entity107 -induced @entity35 , increased significantly in RC treated @entity35 . Further histological analysis of liver confirmed the prevention of pathological changes caused by @entity107 on Rubia cordifolia supplementation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that Rubia cordifolia can be a source of potent antioxidants for treatment of diseases such as @entity5 .

title: Ameliorative effect of @entity1042 extract of Rubia cordifolia in @entity107 -induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity107 :: ('MESH:D004052', 'Chemical') :: ['N-nitrosodiethylamine']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver damage']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding the optimal management of incidentally discovered, small @entity788 ( @entity788 ). Our aim was to review the outcomes of @entity1 who underwent nonoperative and operative management. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed @entity1 with nonfunctioning @entity788 at our institution from January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2011. @entity1 were included if the @entity5 was sporadic and <4 cm without radiographic evidence of local invasion or @entity3 . RESULTS: Nonoperative @entity1 (n = 77, median age, 67 years; range, 31-94) had a median @entity5 size of 1.0 cm (range, 0.3-3.2). Mean follow-up (F/U) was 45 months (max. 153 months). Median @entity5 size did not change throughout F/U; there was no disease progression or disease specific mortality. In the operative group (n = 56, median age, 60 years; range, 27-82), median @entity5 size was 1.8 cm (range, 0.5-3.6). Mean F/U was 52 months (max. 138 months). A total of 46% of the operative @entity1 had some type of complication, more than half due to a clinically significant @entity788 . No recurrence or disease specific mortality was seen in the operative group, including 5 @entity1 with positive lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: Small nonfunctioning @entity788 usually exhibit minimal or no growth over many years. Nonoperative management may be advocated when serial imaging demonstrates minimal or no growth without suspicious features.

title: Small, nonfunctioning, asymptomatic XXXX ( @entity788 ): role for nonoperative management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic leak', 'pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors', 'PNETs']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors report the first study of abusive behaviour by @entity1 with @entity303 towards their family carers. The authors hypothesised that while abusive behaviour would be associated with the carer reporting a less rewarding relationship, this could be mediated by the carer's coping style. METHODS: The authors interviewed 220 consecutively referred family @entity303 carers from five UK Community Mental Health Teams, using the revised Modified Conflict Tactics Scale to measure @entity734 , and the Relationship Rewards Scale. RESULTS: 82 (37.3%) carers reported @entity734 from the care recipient 'at least sometimes' over the last 3 months. 80 (36.4%) reported psychologically, and 13 (5.9%) physically abusive behaviour. On average, current carer relationship rewards had decreased from premorbid levels (mean difference -1.5 (95% CI 1.8 to 1.2); p<0.001). The association between higher @entity734 score and lower current relationship rewards was mediated by dysfunctional coping use. In our final model, current relationship rewards were predicted by reporting a better past relationship (beta=0.66 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.77)), less @entity734 from the care recipient (beta=-0.39 (-0.65 to -0.13)) and fewer dysfunctional coping strategies (beta=-0.98 (-1.50 to-0.46)). CONCLUSION: Over a third of family carers reported significant @entity734 from the @entity1 they cared for. Carers who reported more @entity734 also reported a greater deterioration in their relationship with the @entity1 with @entity303 . The extent to which carers used dysfunctional coping strategies partially explained this, suggesting that interventions to change the carers' coping styles might alleviate the impact of abusive behaviour.

title: Abusive behaviour experienced by family carers from @entity1 with XXXX : the CARD (caring for relatives with @entity303 ) study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'person']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: CONTEXT: Pandemic @entity683 A(H1N1) emerged rapidly in California in April 2009. Preliminary comparisons with seasonal @entity683 suggest that pandemic 2009 @entity683 A(H1N1) disproportionately affects younger ages and causes generally mild disease. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and epidemiologic features of pandemic 2009 @entity683 A(H1N1) cases that led to hospitalization or @entity204 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Statewide enhanced public health surveillance of California residents who were hospitalized or died with laboratory evidence of pandemic 2009 @entity281 reported to the California Department of Public Health between April 23 and August 11, 2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Characteristics of hospitalized and fatal cases. RESULTS: During the study period there were 1088 cases of hospitalization or @entity204 due to pandemic 2009 @entity281 reported in California. The median age was 27 years (range, <1-92 years) and 68% (741/1088) had risk factors for seasonal @entity683 complications. Sixty-six percent (547/833) of those with chest radiographs performed had infiltrates and 31% (340/1088) required intensive care. Rapid antigen tests were falsely negative in 34% (208/618) of cases evaluated. Secondary bacterial @entity281 was identified in 4% (46/1088). Twenty-one percent (183/884) received no antiviral treatment. Overall fatality was 11% (118/1088) and was highest (18%-20%) in @entity1 aged 50 years or older. The most common causes of @entity204 were @entity5131 and @entity649 . CONCLUSIONS: In the first 16 weeks of the current pandemic, the median age of hospitalized infected cases was younger than is common with seasonal @entity683 . @entity1 had the highest hospitalization rates and @entity1 aged 50 years or older had the highest mortality rates once hospitalized. Most cases had established risk factors for complications of seasonal @entity683 .

title: Factors associated with XXXX or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009 @entity281 in California.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Infants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity5131 :: ('MESH:D011024', 'Disease') :: ['viral pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'influenza A(H1N1) infection']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: 1. The acute cardiovascular effects of two alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, @entity23189 and @entity1338 , were studied in 15-week-old male spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs). The effects of these drugs were compared with intravenous (i.v.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration in conscious and @entity4485 -anaesthetized SHRs, in which aortic blood pressure (BP) was continuously recorded. 2. In conscious SHRs, i.v. doses of either @entity23189 (30, 100, 300 micrograms kg-1) or @entity1338 (3, 10, 30 micrograms kg-1) induced dose-dependent short-lasting increases in BP followed by moderate decreases associated with @entity1168 , while the same three doses of both drugs given i.c.v. were devoid of BP and heart rate (HR) effects. 3. @entity4485 -anaesthesia increased the sympathetic control of BP and suppressed the cardiac baroreflex sensitivity. 4. In anaesthetized SHRs, i.v. injections of the same 3 doses of @entity23189 and @entity1338 induced a slight increase in BP, rapidly followed by profound and long-lasting BP and HR decreases. Surprisingly, when given i.c.v., these 3 doses lowered BP and HR to the same extent but in a more progressive manner. 5. The lack of efficacy of both drugs in conscious SHRs after the i.c.v. administration of i.v. active doses and the lack of more marked and rapid effects in anaesthetized SHRs, after i.c.v. than after i.v. injections, question the involvement of a major central site of action for these antihypertensive alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists. Moreover, these results show that the cardiovascular effects of these drugs are profoundly influenced by baseline sympathetic nervous system activity which is enhanced by @entity4485 -anaesthesia.

title: Influence of anaesthesia on the cardiovascular effects of @entity23189 and XXXX in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['Pentobarbitone', 'pentobarbitone']

entities_list: @entity23189 :: ('MESH:C032302', 'Chemical') :: ['rilmenidine']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity1338 :: (MESH:D003000,Chemical) :: ['clonidine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A detailed behavioral profile associated with focal @entity600 of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) has not been reported previously. Here we describe a 14 year-old @entity1 , B.W., with neurological and psychiatric sequelae stemming from focal cortical @entity600 of the left vmPFC. CASE PRESENTATION: B.W.'s behavior has been characterized through extensive review Patience of clinical and personal records along with behavioral and neuropsychological testing. A central feature of the behavioral profile is severe @entity146 . He is aggressive, manipulative, and callous; features consistent with psychopathy. Other problems include: egocentricity, @entity23 , @entity2915 , lack of empathy, lack of respect for authority, impaired moral judgment, an inability to plan ahead, and poor frustration tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: The vmPFC has a profound contribution to the development of @entity1 prosocial behavior. B.W. demonstrates how a @entity66 to this cortical region severely disrupts this process.

title: Behavioral effects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['congenital lesion']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['antisocial behavior']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformation', 'malformation']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['impulsivity']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['congenital ventromedial prefrontal cortex malformation']


abstract: Light and electron microscopic examination was carried out in tissue samples which were obtained from the left ventricular free wall in 21 @entity1 with @entity339 during open-heart surgery. Their correlations with @entity299 were also studied. The area of the @entity82 (%fib) was calculated from the light microscopic examination of the tissue samples, and changes of intracellular structures were expressed in scores by means of electron microscopy (EM-SCORE). Postoperative hemodynamics were studied with echocardiography before and after exercise. The hemodynamic parameters consisted of SVI, CI, EF, FS, mVcf and percent changes of these parameters before and after exercise. 1. EM-scores correlated with EF, FS and mVcf at rest with correlation coefficient of -0.653, -0.629 and -0.712 respectively and their significant levels were all less than 0.005. They also correlated with EF, FS and mVcf after exercise with correlation coefficient of -0.665 and -0.708 respectively and their significant levels were all less than 0.005. They also correlated with %delta EF, %delta FS and %delta Vcf with correlation coefficient of -0.79, -0.76 and -0.811 respectively and their significant levels were all less than 0.005. 2. Percent @entity82 did not correlated with the hemodynamics at rest. But they correlated with EF, FS after exercise with correlation coefficient of -0.577 and -0.599 respectively and their significant level reached less than 0.01. They also correlated with %delta EF, %delta FS and %delta mVcf with correlation coefficient of -0.584, -0.599 and -0.571 respectively and their significant levels were all less than 0.01. 3. There were no correlations between EM-score and %fib. 4. There were significant correlations between left ventricular function and myocardial morphology, in @entity1 with @entity339 . The @entity1 with EM-score over 7 and %fib. over 14% showed poor left ventricular function and poor cardiac reserve postoperatively.

title: [Ultrastructural study of left ventricular myocardium in @entity339 --correlations with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis', 'fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative cardiac functions']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['postoperative cardiac functions']


abstract: Background. @entity6371 ( @entity6371 ) is a major public health care concern that affects the life of millions of @entity1 around the world. The association of @entity378 and @entity1887 is well known; however, it is thought to be less prevalent every time. A spike in TB incidence and a lack of evidence of this association in @entity1 with @entity6371 call for reassessment of an illness ( @entity409 ) that if not diagnosed could seriously jeopardize @entity1 ' health. Objective. To determine the prevalence of @entity5343 in @entity1 with @entity6371 using the low-dose (1    g) ACTH stimulation test at baseline and at 6-12 months of follow-up after antituberculosis treatment and culture conversion. Methods. A total of 48 @entity1 or @entity1 , aged >= 18 years ( @entity16090 -negative @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1907 ) were included in this prospective observational study. Blood samples for serum @entity701 were taken at baseline and 30 and 60 minutes after 1    g ACTH stimulation at our tertiary level university hospital before and after antituberculosis treatment. Results. Forty-seven percent of subjects had primary @entity6371 ; 43.8% had type 2 @entity6 ; none were @entity16090 -positive. We found at enrollment 2 cases (4.2%) of @entity1887 taking 500   nmol/L as the standard cutoff point value and 4 cases (8.3%) alternatively, using 550   nmol/L. After antituberculosis intensive phase drug-treatment and a negative mycobacterial culture (10.2    3.6 months) adrenocortical function was restored in all cases. Conclusions. In @entity1 with @entity6371 , using the low-dose ACTH stimulation test, a low prevalence of mild @entity1887 was observed. After antituberculosis treatment adrenal function was restored in all cases. Given the increasing and worrying epidemic of @entity6371 these findings have important clinical implications that may help clinicians and @entity1 make better decisions when deciding to test for @entity1636 or treat insufficient stimulated @entity701 levels in the setting of @entity6371 .

title: @entity6371 and Its Association with XXXX : Assessment with the Low-Dose ACTH Stimulation Test.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6371 :: ('MESH:D018088', 'Disease') :: ['MDR-TB', 'Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5343 :: ('MESH:D000224', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary MDR-TB']

answer: @entity1887 :: (MESH:D000309,Disease) :: ['Adrenal Insufficiency']


abstract: @entity2945 (PC) may play an important role in the atherogenic and pro-inflammatory effects of oxidized low density lipoproteins. We recently demonstrated that low levels of IgM antibodies against PC (anti-PC) are associated with development of @entity583 and @entity64 . We here evaluate the association between anti-PC and @entity303 and @entity195 ( @entity195 ). We conducted a nested case-control study of 182 incident @entity303 cases (serum collected before onset of @entity303 ) matched to 366 controls and a case-control study of 97 prevalent @entity303 cases (serum collected after @entity303 onset) matched to 205 controls. Controls were matched on gender and age at blood draw (+/- 1 year). @entity1 were from the Swedish Twin Registry. Anti-PC levels were measured by ELISA. The odds ratio (OR) of @entity303 was modeled using conditional logistic regression. @entity1 with @entity303 had significantly lower mean anti-PC levels than controls (39.1 versus 49.5 U/ml). The likelihood of having @entity303 or @entity195 was doubled for individuals with the lowest 25% anti-PC levels (OR=2.04 and 2.70, respectively). The results were similar after adjustments for potential confounders. There was no association between anti-PC levels and incident @entity303 . Low levels of atheroprotective anti-PC could play a role in @entity195 and @entity303 . Potential mechanisms include decreased anti-inflammatory potential and effects on the vasculature. Further attention is merited to elucidate the role of anti-PC in @entity195 development and the usefulness of anti-PC as a part of risk prediction, prognosis, diagnosis, or treatment.

title: Low levels of antibodies against @entity2945 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity2945 :: ('MESH:D010767', 'Chemical') :: ['Phosphorylcholine']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: Quality improvement (QI) has been widely implemented in health services but has not been widely applied in @entity645 prevention research. Most prevention @entity8462 have commonly employed traditional approaches (e.g., checklists) to quality control that document what has been done but not the quality of what has been done. Unlike other health settings, prevention research settings have unique characteristics and ethical requirements that require the development or adaptation of specific quality indicators. A QI model for health services was adapted for use in prevention research settings and was piloted between August 2006 and July 2007 at three @entity8462 in East Africa. Four hundred and twenty-six volunteers exit interviews were administered in two cycles. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using Excel worksheets. QI meeting reports and QI plans were used to complement data from exit interviews. On average, 52% of total enrolled volunteers participated in the exit interview. The designed QI plans successfully helped reduce volunteers' reported waiting time to see counselors (p<0.001) and pharmacists (p<0.001). It also increased the percentage of interviewed volunteers who reported being counseled on family planning at clinical trials (from 66 to 93%; p=0.02) at follow-up visits, and who were refreshed on informed consent at follow-up visits (from 90 to 96%; p=0.009). The percentage of interviewed volunteers that expressed satisfaction with services received from counselors increased (from 87 to 94%; p=0.009) while the percentage of volunteer satisfied with services from trial physicians remained constant (93%). The majority of volunteers interviewed reported satisfaction with other major components of research such as confidentiality, understanding of trial objectives, benefits and risks of participation, and risk reduction counseling. However, satisfaction with services from community outreach workers and other staff at @entity8462 dropped over the course of the study (from 88% in Cycle 1 to 74% in Cycle 3; p= < 0.001). Increased commitment to QI is crucial in ensuring quality of services and ethical conduct of @entity645 prevention @entity8462 .

title: Ensuring quality of services in XXXX prevention research settings: findings from a multi-center quality improvement pilot in East Africa.

entities_list: @entity8462 :: ('MESH:D008224', 'Disease') :: ['research centers']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: Previous investigations have shown that the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) signaling pathway play an important role in the modulation of apoptosis after @entity63 and reperfusion. The mechanism for this enhanced cardioprotection is unknown, but we believe that alterations STATs may play a role. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the effects of angiotension II type 1 (AT1) and @entity1605 (AT2) receptor antagonist added to cardioplegia on the downstream response of different STATs, connected with proinflammatory pathways ( @entity27575 , @entity27576 ) and prohypertrophic and antiapoptotic pathways ( @entity12001 ). Isolated, nonworking hearts (n = 3 per group) from neonatal @entity35 were perfused aerobically (4  C) for 20 min in the Langendorff mode with the modified St. Thomas' Hospital no. 2 (MSTH2) cardioplegic solution (Group 1), the MSTH2 cardioplegic solution + AT1 receptor antagonist (Group 2), and MSTH2 cardioplegic solution + AT2 receptor antagonist (Group 3). Thus, myocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion, and @entity27575 , @entity12001 , and @entity27576 were investigated in Western blot studies. Times to arrest after cardioplegia were 8-12 s for all groups. Total cardioplegia delivery volume was about 300 mL for the 20 min. Perfusion with the MSTH2 cardioplegic solution supplemented with AT1 receptor antagonist (Group 2) induced a significant reduction in @entity27575 and @entity27576 @entity669 phosphorylation (-58 and -63%, respectively, vs. Group 1, P < 0.05). Conversely, @entity27575 and @entity27576 activation were unaffected by perfusion with the MSTH2 cardioplegic solution supplemented with AT2 receptor antagonist (Group 3). The decreased activation of @entity27575 and @entity27576 observed in Group 2 was accompanied by reduction of @entity3426 (-57% in Group 2 vs. Group 1, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in @entity12001 phosphorylation among all groups. Only the addition of AT1 receptor antagonist to MSTH2 cardioplegia significantly decreases the inflammatory response of the neonatal @entity35 cardiomyocytes without affecting antiapoptotic influence provided by @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity12001 . AT1 receptor antagonist added to cardioplegia represents an additional modality for enhancing myocardial protection during cardiac surgery and could contribute to optimize the @entity63 tolerance of the pediatric heart.

title: Cardioplegia and angiotensin II receptor antagonists modulate signal transducers and activators of transcription activation in neonatal XXXX myocytes.

entities_list: @entity1605 :: ('OMIM:217000', 'Disease') :: ['angiotension II type 2']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The incidence of @entity1489 is increased in transplant recipients. UV radiation, papillomaviruses, and immunosuppression participate in the pathogenesis of these @entity5 . In addition, donor cells may leave the grafted organ, reach peripheral tissues and either induce immune phenomena or possibly take part in tissue remodeling. Herein, we investigated the possible involvement of donor cells in the development of @entity1489 in kidney allograft recipients. We analyzed a series of 48 malignant and benign @entity5 developing in 14 females who had been grafted with a male kidney. The number of male cells was measured on microdissected material by quantitative PCR for Y chromosome. In the samples with high levels of male cells, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with X and Y probes and/or immuno-FISH with anticytokeratin antibodies were carried out. Male cells were detected in 5/15 @entity957 and @entity1490 (range 4-180 copies), 3/5 @entity1491 (91-645), 6/11 actinic keratosis (7-102), 2/4 keratoacanthoma (22-41), and 2/5 benign cutaneous lesions (14-55). In a @entity1491 specimen with a high number of male cells, FISH showed that most cells within the tumoral buds were XY. In this lesion, immuno-FISH showed the presence of XY cytokeratin-positive cells indicating that the @entity5 nests contained male keratinocytes. In contrast, in other female transplants, male cells present in the @entity5 were not epithelial. In conclusion, stem cells originating from a grafted kidney may migrate to the skin, differentiate, or fuse as keratinocytes that could, rarely, undergo @entity5 transformation.

title: XXXX arising from donor cells in a kidney transplant recipient.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous tumors', 'tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumors', 'skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1490 :: ('MESH:D001913', 'Disease') :: ['Bowen disease']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinomas', 'basal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['Skin carcinoma']


abstract: Natural history and prognostic factors of @entity384 in pediatric age are not well identified so far. The course of the disease, often, presents "odd" characteristics: some of the @entity1 show clinical improvement, someone remains unchanged and some of them have a negative evolution in a very short time. It is necessary to identify the group of @entity1 having a poor outcome in order to define prognostic factors of impending death so that a cardiac transplant could be offered to them as a reasonable therapeutic choice. Twenty-two @entity1 , 9 males and 13 females (median age 5 +/- 5 years) with @entity384 were studied. Their natural history was followed for a period of 40 +/- 30 months. Clinical data, laboratory studies (electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring, echocardiogram M-mode, 2-D, Doppler and chest X-ray) were taken into consideration. At the end of follow-up period 7 @entity1 showed improvement in cardiac status (31.8%), 7 remained unchanged (31.8%) and 8 (36%) got worse; 9 died. The survival curve showed a rate of 72% at 12 months and of 59.3% at 60 months. Of 9 died @entity1 , 2 died suddenly and seven for @entity712 . Clinical findings and laboratory investigations of 13 survived @entity1 (Group I) and 9 died @entity1 (Group II) were compared to establish the risk factors of poor outcome. The fractional shortening is the only significant factor of poor outcome (p less than 0.025). Other negative factors were identified more in Group II than in Group I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinical aspects of XXXX in pediatric age].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: The mechanisms of @entity1635 were investigated through a @entity1 -specific numerical model. OBJECTIVE: To explore the combined effect of gravity, the decrease of intervertebral discs' stiffness and the anterior spinal growth on @entity1635 progression, by using a numerical simulation, to better understand mechanisms of @entity1635 progression. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Eighteen adolescents (12 @entity1 , 6 @entity1 ) with an average age of 10.5 years (range, 7-13) were divided into 2 groups: 12 mild scoliotic @entity1 with thoracolumbar curves and 6 asymptomatic subjects. METHODS: Accurate 3-dimensional reconstructions of the spine were performed from biplanar radiographs. A @entity1 -specific validated finite element model was used. Four configurations were simulated for each @entity1 : the first configuration with the spine under gravity, the second one under gravity with a decrease of disc's mechanical stiffness, the third one under gravity with anterior vertebral growth, and the last one with combination of the 3 previous configurations. RESULTS: Gravity loads resulted mainly in a vertebral lateral deviation of the curve without @entity717 for all @entity1 with mild @entity1635 . Anterior vertebral growth with gravity induced both lateral deviation and @entity717 . This phenomenon was amplified when the mechanical properties of discs were decreased. None of these simulations initiated a @entity1635 -like deformity for asymptomatic subjects. CONCLUSION: For preexisting spinal curvature, an anterior spinal growth combined with gravity and a decrease of disc's mechanical stiffness could lead to a progression of @entity1635 . Biomechanical factors could be secondary after initial deformation.

title: Analysis of XXXX by using numerical simulation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['axial rotation']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis', 'idiopathic scoliosis progression']

answer: @entity1635 :: (MESH:D012600,Disease) :: ['idiopathic scoliosis progression']


abstract: Percutaneous transtracheal catheter ventilation (PTCV) may be used as an alternative airway when contraindications to endotracheal intubation exist. A @entity235 model tested the efficacy of low-flow @entity26 delivery, coupled with commonly available intravenous catheters, for PTCV in a large animal model. Previous studies at this institution demonstrated the feasibility of this technique in a small animal model (feline). Eighteen mongrel @entity235 were anesthetized, intubated, and ventilated for 30 min with a volume ventilator. The endotracheal tube was then removed, the @entity825 cross-clamped, and PTCV was instituted and continued for 60 minutes. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed every 5-15 min during the experimental period. @entity26 flow rates of 3, 5, and 7 L/min were paired with catheter sizes of 10 and 12 gauge (g) creating six experimental groups (three animals in each group). Data demonstrate that PTCV provided adequate oxygenation ( @entity4095 greater than 450 mm Hg) and ventilation (pCO2 less than 85 mm Hg) with flow rates of 5 and 7 L/min with both catheter sizes. Satisfactory oxygenation ( @entity4095 greater than 250 mm Hg) could be obtained with the 3 L/min flow rate with both catheter sizes, but ventilation was inadequate (PCO2 greater than 200 mm Hg). Using readily available materials and low-flow @entity26 rates this PTCV technique was shown to be safe and effective in oxygenating and ventilating this @entity235 model with complete @entity1224 .

title: Percutaneous transtracheal catheter ventilation (PTCV) in complete @entity1224 --a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: We propose a new non-invasive integrated microsystem for electrophysiological measurements on @entity1238 oocytes. @entity1238 oocyte is a well-known expression system for various kinds of ion channels, that are potential tools in drug screening. In the traditional "Two Electrode Voltage Clamp" (TEVC) method, delicate micromanipulation is required to impale an oocyte with two microelectrodes. In our system, a non-invasive electrical access to the cytoplasm is provided by permeabilizing the cell membrane with an ionophore (e.g. @entity8701 ). Unlike the classical patch-clamp or "macropatch" techniques, this method does not require removal of the vitelline membrane. Cell handling is significantly simplified, resulting in more robust recordings with increased throughput. Moreover, because only part of the oocyte surface is exposed to reagents, the required volume of reagent solutions could be reduced by an order of magnitude compared to the TEVC method. The fabrication process for this disposable microchip, based on @entity13768 ( @entity16549 ) molding and glass/ @entity16549 bonding, is cost-efficient and simple. We tested this new microdevice by recording currents in oocytes expressing the @entity1 Epithelial Sodium Channel (hENaC) for membrane potentials between -100 and +50 mV. We recorded @entity30110 -sensitive currents with a large signal-to-noise ratio and we also obtained a @entity30110 concentration-inhibition curve displaying an inhibition constant IC(50) of about 50 nM, comparable to previously published values obtained with the TEVC technique.

title: Integrated microsystem for non-invasive electrophysiological measurements on XXXX oocytes.

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis', 'Xenopus']

entities_list: @entity13768 :: ('MESH:C013830', 'Chemical') :: ['poly-dimethylsiloxane']

entities_list: @entity8701 :: ('MESH:D009761', 'Chemical') :: ['nystatin']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus']


abstract: 1. A possible cerebroprotective effect of a chemically stable @entity4770 analogue, beraprost @entity1372 , was investigated in a @entity235 model of @entity1779 . @entity1779 was produced by the combined occlusions of the left subclavian and the brachiocephalic arteries with preceding ligations of the intercostal arteries. 2. The decrease in baroreceptor reflex sensitivity ( @entity4375 ), measured by @entity2647 -induced reflex @entity1168 , following 5 min ischaemia was used to assess the cerebroprotective effect. 3. Beraprost (1 microgram kg-1 @entity1009 i.v., infused for 15 min just before ischaemia) completely prevented the decrease in @entity4375 . Although the lower dose of beraprost (0.1 microgram kg-1 @entity1009 i.v.) failed to show such a protective effect, its inhibitory effect on @entity857 -induced @entity1423 was as potent as that of the higher dose. 4. The extent of decrease in @entity4375 was inversely correlated with the extent of the residual blood flow in the medulla oblongata during ischaemia. Since beraprost did not affect the extent of the residual blood flow during ischaemia, its cerebroprotective effect could not be ascribed to the reduction of the degree of ischaemia by increasing collateral blood flow to the brain. 5. Post-ischaemic reduction of the regional blood flow in the medulla and the cerebral cortex was completely prevented by the higher dose of beraprost. 6. The present study suggests that the cerebroprotective effect of beraprost may be independent of its anti-aggregatory and vasodilator effects. It is possible that the protection may be due to a @entity4770 -like cytoprotective effect through membrane stabilization.

title: Protective effect of beraprost @entity1372 , a new chemically stable XXXX analogue, against the deterioration of baroreceptor reflex following transient @entity1779 in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischaemia', 'Cerebral ischaemia']

answer: @entity4770 :: (MESH:D011464,Chemical) :: ['prostacyclin']


abstract: @entity5881 ( @entity5881 ) affects millions of @entity1 worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. However, fewer than 10% of heavy drinkers progress to later stages of injury, suggesting other factors in @entity5881 development, including environmental exposures and genetics. Females display greater susceptibility to the early damaging effects of @entity1068 . @entity172 (E2) and @entity1068 metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450, CYP450) are implicated in sex differences of @entity5881 . Sex @entity134 hormones are developmentally regulated by the @entity2339 , which controls sex-specific cycling of gonadal @entity134 production and expression of hepatic enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine if early postnatal inhibition of adult cyclic E2 alters @entity1068 metabolizing enzyme expression contributing to the development of @entity5881 in adulthood. An androgenized @entity35 model was used to inhibit cyclic E2 production. Control females (Ctrl), androgenized females (Andro) and Andro females with E2 implants were administered either an @entity1068 or isocalorically-matched control Lieber-DeCarli diet for four weeks and @entity99 and CYP450 expression assessed. Androgenization exacerbated the deleterious effects of @entity1068 demonstrated by increased @entity1560 , lipid peroxidation, profibrotic gene expression and decreased antioxidant defenses compared to Ctrl. Additionally, @entity11920 expression was down-regulated in Andro animals on both diets. No change was observed in @entity7771 protein expression. Further, continuous exogenous administration of E2 to Andro in adulthood attenuated these effects, suggesting that E2 has protective effects in the androgenized animal. Therefore, early postnatal inhibition of cyclic E2 modulates development and progression of @entity5881 in adulthood.

title: Neonatal androgenization exacerbates alcohol-induced @entity99 in adult @entity35 , an effect abrogated by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity5881 :: ('MESH:D008108', 'Disease') :: ['ALD', 'Alcoholic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatosis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity64 is the third cause of @entity204 worldwide. In recent decade there has been a marked progress in treatment and prevention of @entity64 , which was possible largely due to modern neuroimaging techniques. Early radiological confirmation of the diagnosis allows for introduction of fibrinolytic therapy and evaluation of ischaemic penumbra. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have analysed clinical and imaging data of 92 @entity1 with early stages of @entity64 . The sensitivity, specificity and possible influence on the choice of treatment were assessed for different neuroimaging techniques, including diffusion weighted and perfusion imaging in @entity1 with hyperacute and @entity64 . RESULTS: A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) allowed for the detection of early ischaemic changes with an overall sensitivity of 38% and 42% in @entity1 in hyperacute phase. In a perfusion CT study the perfusion abnormalities in the area corresponding to the clinical symptoms were present in 79% of @entity1 . The sensitivity of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) alone was 95% and in conjunction with perfusion MR reached 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study proves that advanced neuroimaging modalities allow for a substantial increase of sensitivity when detecting changes in @entity1 with acute @entity64 and confirming the clinical diagnosis. We believe that MR in combination with DWI should be the imaging methods of choice in diagnosing @entity64 @entity1 . Perfusion adds significant diagnostic value to structural techniques, particularly in clinically ambiguous cases. In cases with a clear clinical picture the data provided by a non-contrast CT study is sufficient for therapeutic decision making.

title: Comprehensive imaging of XXXX - Looking for the gold standard.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'ischaemic strokes', 'acute stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']