abstract: OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the effect of @entity1482 (SPL) on the loss of podocytes during the progression of experimental @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A group of male Holtzman @entity35 randomly received @entity3839 ( @entity6 group) or a buffer citrate (control group). @entity6 @entity35 were treated with SPL (50 mg/kg/day). The glomerular area and the cellularity were evaluated by histomorphometric methods. The injury and loss of podocytes was assessed by @entity10944 expression and @entity51611 , respectively. The gene expression of @entity1810 was assessed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: @entity413 levels, the glomerular area, the mesangial expansion and collagen content increased significantly in @entity6 @entity35 . The administration of SPL prevented these changes without changing @entity413 levels. Immunostain for @entity51611 decreased significantly while immunostain for @entity10944 increased dramatically in @entity6 @entity35 . Treatment with SPL prevented the increase of @entity10944 expression and the loss of @entity51611 expression. Furthermore, the administration of SPL prevented the increase of @entity1810 mRNA expression in @entity6 @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with SPL, through independent @entity413 effects, reduces the loss of podocytes and the progression of @entity2316 morphological changes. These results suggest that these effects are mediated, at least in part, by the inhibition of @entity1810 mRNA expression.

title: [Effects of XXXX administration on the podocytes loss and progression of experimental @entity2316 ].

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

answer: @entity1482 :: (MESH:D013148,Chemical) :: ['spironolactone']


abstract: This paper presents an overview of the clinically relevant pharmacology of selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with an emphasis on their pharmacokinetics and effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The SSRIs are potent inhibitors of the neuronal reuptake pump for @entity750 ( @entity750 ; @entity750 ) and have minimal effects on a number of other sites of actions (e.g. neuroreceptors and fast @entity1372 channels). For this reason, drugs in this class have remarkable similarity as regards acute and maintenance antidepressant efficacy and tolerability profile. However, individual members of this class differ substantially in their pharmacokinetics and effects on CYP enzymes. Most SSRIs have a half-life (t1/2) of approximately 1 day. @entity905 , however, has a longer t1/2 of 2 to 4 days, and its active metabolite, @entity31660 , has an extended t1/2 of 7 to 15 days. @entity905 , @entity903 and, to a lesser extent, @entity3755 inhibit their own metabolism. That is not the case for @entity837 or @entity3756 . There are nonlinear increases in @entity903 plasma concentrations with dosage increases, but proportional changes with @entity837 and @entity3756 . Indirect data suggest that @entity905 and @entity3755 also have nonlinear pharmacokinetics over their usual dosage range. Age-related increases in plasma drug concentrations for @entity837 (approximately 130%) and @entity903 (approximately 50 to 100%) have been observed in healthy elderly (65 to 75 years) @entity1 versus those who are younger. There is an age-gender interaction for @entity3756 , with its plasma concentrations being 35 to 40% lower in young @entity1 than in elderly or young females or elderly males. While there is no apparent change in @entity3755 plasma levels as a function of age, plasma drug concentrations are 40 to 50% lower in males than in females. Limited data from clinical trials suggest that age-related differences with @entity905 may be comparable to those of @entity837 and @entity903 . Marked differences exist between the SSRIs with regard to effects on specific CYP enzymes and, thus, the likelihood of clinically important pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. The most extensive in vitro and in vivo research has been done with @entity905 , @entity3755 and @entity3756 ; there has been less with @entity903 and @entity837 . The available in vivo data at each drug's usually effective antidepressant dose are summarised below. @entity837 produces mild inhibition of @entity5320 . @entity3755 produces inhibition (which would be expected to be clinically meaningful) of two CYP enzymes. @entity4914 and @entity4433 , and probably a third, @entity5322 /4. @entity905 substantially inhibits @entity5320 and probably @entity5060 /10, moderately inhibits @entity4433 and mildly inhibits @entity5322 /4. @entity903 substantially inhibits @entity5320 but doses not appear to inhibit any other CYP enzyme. @entity3756 produces mild inhibition of @entity5320 but has little, if any, effect on @entity4914 , @entity5060 /10, @entity4433 or @entity5322 /4. Understanding the similarities and differences in the pharmacology of SSRIs can aid the clinician in optimal use of this important class of antidepressants.

title: Clinically relevant pharmacology of selective XXXX reuptake inhibitors. An overview with emphasis on pharmacokinetics and effects on oxidative drug metabolism.

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine', 'Fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['Paroxetine', 'paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity3755 :: ('MESH:D016666', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluvoxamine', 'fluvoxamine']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline', 'Sertraline']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['Citalopram', 'citalopram']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', 'serotonin', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity31660 :: ('MESH:C036139', 'Chemical') :: ['norfluoxetine']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: The effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were examined in 8 @entity35 at one and 5 days after placement of the lesions. The MAP (111 +/- 2 mm Hg) and HR (393 +/- 17 bpm) of the lesion group were similar to the values recorded in the control group (117 +/- 3 mm Hg, 405 +/- 11 bpm; n = 18). Blockade of the synthesis of angiotensin II with @entity3371 in the lesion group significantly decreased MAP to 93 +/- 2 mm Hg on the first postlesion day. In contrast, the MAP of the control group after @entity3371 fell slightly to 111 +/- 4 mm Hg. @entity3371 did not alter MAP or HR on postlesion day 5 in either group. Administration of @entity14523 , an autonomic ganglionic blocking agent, reduced MAP in the lesion and control groups to similar values of 59 +/- 2 mm Hg and 64 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively. Baroreflex-mediated @entity591 to a decrease in MAP was abolished in the lesion group at one day postlesion and attenuated at 5 days postlesion. In contrast, the baroreflex-mediated @entity1168 to an increase in MAP was unaffected by the lesions. Plasma @entity3449 activity (PRA) in the lesion group was elevated by nearly 50% as compared to the control group on the first postlesion day (7.3 +/- 0.8 and 4.9 +/- 0.5 ng AI/ml/h, respectively). A 90% elevation in plasma @entity1063 (NE) concentration was also observed in the lesion group as compared to the control group (437 +/- 80 pg/ml and 228 +/- 22 pg/ml, respectively) on postlesion day one. By postlesion day 5, the PRA of the lesion and control groups were nearly identical (4.4 +/- 0.7 and 4.0 +/- 1.0 ng AI/ml/h, respectively), and the plasma NE concentrations were also very similar (201 +/- 41 pg/ml and 175 +/- 22 pg/ml, respectively). We conclude that bilateral destruction of the RVLM does not cause @entity551 or @entity1168 in conscious @entity35 . Therefore, areas other than the RVLM are capable of maintaining MAP and HR. Sympathetic vasomotor and cardiomotor tone appears unaffected by the lesions. However, increased activity of the @entity3449 -angiotensin system may contribute transiently to the maintenance of vasomotor tone and, consequently, MAP after lesion of the RVLM. The RVLM may be important in mediating baroreflex increase in HR.

title: Normotension in conscious XXXX after placement of bilateral electrolytic lesions in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.

entities_list: @entity14523 :: ('MESH:D002714', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorisondamine']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Local cryotherapy is used to relieve @entity158 and @entity32 in injuries and inflammatory conditions. Whole-body cryotherapy is an extreme method administered at -110 degrees C for 2 to 3 minutes. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of cryotherapies on @entity158 and @entity32 in @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with active seropositive @entity309 were recruited in a randomised controlled single-blinded study to receive whole-body cryotherapy at -110 degrees C, whole-body cryotherapy at -60 degrees C, application of local cold air at -30 degrees C and the use of cold packs locally. In the final analysis, the last 2 groups were pooled. The @entity1 had 2-3 cryotherapy sessions daily for one week plus conventional physiotherapy. Clinical and laboratory variables and @entity1 's and physician's global assessments were used to assess the outcome. Disease activity was calculated by DAS. RESULTS: @entity158 decreased in all treatment groups, most markedly in the whole-body cryotherapy (-110 degrees C) group. DAS decreased slightly with no statistically significant differences between the groups. No serious or permanent adverse effects were detected. Six of 40 @entity1 (15%) discontinued the whole-body cryotherapy. CONCLUSION: @entity158 seemed to decrease more in @entity1 in the whole-body cryotherapy at -110 degrees C than during other cryotherapies, but there were no significant differences in the disease activity between the groups. However, cryotherapy at -110 degrees C is expensive and available only in special centres and may have minor adverse effects. Based on our results, whole-body cryotherapy at -110 degrees C is not superior to local cryotherapy commonly used in @entity309 @entity1 for @entity158 relief and as an adjunct to physiotherapy.

title: Effectiveness of different cryotherapies on XXXX and disease activity in active @entity309 . A randomised single blinded controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: We have investigated the effects of @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) agonists and antagonists to GABAA and GABAB receptors microinjected (1 microliter) into the medial preoptic area (MPOA) on LH secretion in ovariectomized (OVX) ewes with or without @entity172 (E) treatment, during the nonbreeding season. Guide tubes (19 gauge) were placed into the MPOA of OVX ewes and injections of 1 microgram or 10 micrograms of the GABAA agonist @entity6341 or the GABAA antagonist @entity1027 , and 10 micrograms of the GABAB agonist @entity1772 or the GABAB antagonist @entity19666 were made into conscious animals. Jugular venous blood was collected at 10-min intervals for 3 h, the injection of @entity1246 drug or vehicle was given and samples collected for a further 3 h. The plasma samples were assayed for LH. On completion of the experiments the brains were sectioned to locate the sites of injection. Thirty-four ewes were used, of which 30 had correct guide tube placement. In OVX @entity742 , both @entity6341 and @entity1027 injection caused suppression of plasma LH concentrations, with a cessation of pulsatile release in many instances. Injection with @entity1772 or @entity19666 into these @entity742 had no effect on LH secretion. When OVX @entity742 were treated with 0.5-cm Silastic implants (sc) of E for at least 7 days, there was a variable response to @entity6341 and @entity1027 injection, depending on the degree of suppression of LH secretion by E. When E had little effect on plasma LH levels, @entity6341 and @entity1027 both suppressed LH secretion in a similar manner to that observed in OVX ewes. When E treatment fully suppressed plasma LH levels, @entity6341 and @entity1027 both stimulated LH secretion. This stimulation often took the form of a sustained, nonpulsatile secretion of LH. @entity1772 injection into OVX ewes treated with E increased mean plasma LH levels through an increase in pulse amplitude, although there was only an effect on the amplitude of the first pulse after injection. Conversely, @entity19666 injection in OVX ewes treated with E resulted in a reduction in LH pulse amplitude. These results provide evidence for a seasonal shift in the regulation of GnRH secretion by GABAergic neurons in the MPOA of the ewe. In contrast to the breeding season, where there was no effect of GABAB ligands, these appear to function in non-breeding season, this may be part of the mechanism for the seasonal shift in the negative-feedback effect of E on LH secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Evidence that changes in the function of the subtypes of the receptors for XXXX may be involved in the seasonal changes in the negative-feedback effects of @entity172 on gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and plasma luteinizing hormone levels in the ewe.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-amino butyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity19666 :: ('MESH:C052329', 'Chemical') :: ['phaclofen']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['Baclofen', 'baclofen']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['gamma-amino butyric acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a rare type of @entity3279 , i.e. peripheral @entity3279 after @entity231 extraction--- @entity3312 . METHODS: Clinical charts of 8 affected eyes in 5 @entity1 were reviewed. Ultrasound pachymetry was used to determine central corneal thickness. Cell densities were measured by specular microscopy. The clinical characteristics and pathogenesis were discussed. RESULTS: The average time from operation to initial diagnosis was 10.5 years. The typical @entity4 started inferiorly and progressed circumferentially, but central portion of the @entity267 was clear. The corneal thickness at @entity4 area was increased. The cell counts of endothelium was decreased in our @entity1 . Additionally, the @entity4 was associated with a punctate orange-brown pigmentation on the endothelium. CONCLUSIONS: So far this new syndrome of @entity3279 has not been reported in china. Its clinical characteristics are not similar to that of conventional @entity4 after intracapsular @entity231 extraction. The pathogenesis of this curious condition is still unknown. It may be associated with an aphakic eye, @entity1596 and hereditary factors.

title: [Peripheral XXXX after @entity231 extraction].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'edema']

entities_list: @entity1596 :: ('MESH:D014605', 'Disease') :: ['chronic uveitis']

entities_list: @entity3312 :: ('MESH:D002095', 'Disease') :: ['Brown-Mclean syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3279 :: ('MESH:D015715', 'Disease') :: ['corneal edema']

answer: @entity3279 :: (MESH:D015715,Disease) :: ['corneal edema']


abstract: The aim of the current study was to provide updated time-path equations for risk factors of @entity65 for application in risk calculators and health economic models. Observational data from the Swedish National @entity6 Register were analysed using Generalized Method of Moments estimation for dynamic panel models (N = 5,043, aged 25-70 years at diagnosis in 2001-2004). Validation was performed using @entity1 diagnosed in 2005 (n = 414). Results were compared with the UKPDS outcome model. The value of the risk factor in the previous year was the main predictor of the current value of the risk factor. @entity1 with high (low) values of risk factor in the year of diagnosis experienced a decreasing (increasing) trend over time. BMI was associated with elevations in all risk factors, while older age at diagnosis and being female generally corresponded to lower levels of risk factors. Updated time-path equations predicted risk factors more precisely than UKPDS outcome model equations in a Swedish population. Findings indicate new time paths for cardiovascular risk factors in the post-UKPDS @entity7971 . The validation analysis confirmed the importance of updating the equations as new data become available; otherwise, the results of health economic analyses may be biased.

title: Predicting Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 @entity6 in the Post-UKPDS XXXX : Longitudinal Analysis of the Swedish National @entity6 Register.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['persons', 'People']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['type-2-diabetes-related cardiovascular complications']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

answer: @entity7971 :: (26284,Gene) :: ['Era']


abstract: To investigate further the relationship between @entity731 and blood pressure, and the phenomenon of @entity19430 , we performed a cross-sectional study of @entity1 referred for carotid Doppler scanning, to determine the relationship between ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and @entity2998 . We studied 79 @entity1 (51 @entity1 , 28 @entity1 ) undergoing Doppler ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries: 44 (56%) had evidence of @entity2998 on Doppler ultrasound examination ("disease group"), whilst 35 (44%) had normal carotid arteries ("controls"). "Adequate" ABPM recordings, defined by > 90% of recordings over the 24 h, were available in 51 @entity1 (30 positive, 21 negative). There were no significant differences in mean daytime, mean night-time or mean 24 h ABPM recordings between those with and without @entity2998 . Mean manual clinic systolic blood pressure was significantly greater in those with @entity2998 than in controls (146.7 +/- 25.2 vs 131.1 +/- 35 mmHg, p < 0.005). In @entity1 with @entity2998 , the first systolic blood pressure ABPM recording was not significantly different from the mean manual clinic recording (mean difference -1.5 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.9 to 4.8 mmHg). The initial diastolic blood pressure ABPM recording was significantly higher than the mean manual recording. Carotid @entity731 was identified in 53% of normotensive controls compared with 56% of white coat @entity101 and 75% of persistent @entity101 . One-third (9/27) of the @entity1 with normal carotid arteries did not have nocturnal dipping ("non-dippers") compared with 50% (12/24) of the @entity731 @entity1 . This study suggests that @entity2998 may be associated with @entity19430 . Our study adds to the body of evidence that @entity19430 is associated with end-organ damage and is not simply a benign disease. Such @entity1 should be screened for other cardiovascular risk factors and should be monitored for the development of persistent @entity101 .

title: @entity19430 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity19430 :: ('MESH:D059466', 'Disease') :: ['white coat hypertension']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic vascular disease']

answer: @entity2998 :: (MESH:D002340,Disease) :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']


abstract: @entity17541 (MuV) is known to be associated with acute @entity625 and may also have a role in chronic @entity32 . The mechanism of induction of @entity32 is not known but may be associated with direct invasion of joint tissue. To investigate the possibility of persistent @entity281 , the interaction of MuV with primary cells from normal @entity1 joint tissue was examined. These mixed cultures of synovial membrane cells and chondrocytes were found to be semi-permissive to the virus; only a small proportion of cells (5 to 20%) were infected and produced low titres of progeny virions. In addition, little viral antigen was detected on the cell surface relative to that found on Vero cells. This restricted infection of synovial membrane cells was related to a severely decreased synthesis of the viral glycoproteins, fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase, and the membrane protein in comparison to the levels found in Vero cells. Persistent @entity281 were readily established and could be maintained for 2 to 3 months. During the first month, the infection remained highly focal and supernatant viral titres were low. Thereafter both the percentage of infected cells and viral titres increased until finally the cultures were killed. No evidence was obtained for the generation of temperature-sensitive mutants or defective interfering particles during long-term infection, but the persistent virus derived from the cultures gave cloudy plaques and induced no fusion in Vero cells until passaged. This study has shown that @entity1 synovial tissue cells have the intrinsic ability to support MuV replication and persistence which may be important in the pathogenesis of @entity625 .

title: Restricted XXXX infection of cells derived from normal @entity1 joint tissue.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['joint inflammation', 'inflammatory joint disease']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['mumps arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intra-articular infection', 'infections']

answer: @entity17541 :: (11161,Species) :: ['mumps virus']


abstract: Development of an index of myocardial contractility that is both load independent and easily quantified in vivo has been a difficult task. Recently, three measures of contractile state have been advocated that appear to fulfill these requirements: the end-systolic pressure-length relationship (ESPLR), the ESPLR area, and regional preload recruitable @entity64 work (PRSW). Because the effects of @entity1508 and @entity5161 on these indices of contractility have yet to be studied, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of these volatile anesthetics on contractile function as evaluated via these techniques in chronically instrumented @entity235 . Because autonomic nervous system tone substantially influences systemic hemodynamics in vivo, experiments were performed in the presence of pharmacologic blockade of the autonomic nervous system. Four groups comprised the 36 experiments that were performed with nine @entity235 . Following inhalational induction, the @entity235 were maintained on 1.5 MAC and 2 MAC of @entity1508 or @entity5161 . Pressure-length loops were generated after 1 h of equilibration using preload reduction via partial @entity432 or afterload augmentation by a @entity2647 infusion. The PRSW and ESPLR were then calculated, respectively. Slope and length intercept variables obtained from the ESPLR failed to significantly change from control with increasing levels of anesthetic depth despite substantial decreases in other indices of contractility. However, combination of slope and length intercept parameters into the ESPLR area model proved to be a sensitive and easily calculable measure of depressed myocardial function. Similarly, regional PRSW slope precisely reflected changes in contractile state when @entity1508 (62 +/- 10 for control to 30 +/- 6 erg.cm-2.10(-3).mm-1 at 2 MAC) or @entity5161 (83 +/- 14 for control to 55 +/- 8 erg.cm-2.10(-3).mm-1 at 2 MAC) were administered. The PRSW slope also demonstrated a significant difference in depressed contractility when equianesthetic concentrations of @entity1508 and @entity5161 were compared (63 +/- 7% of control with @entity1508 versus 86 +/- 4% of control with @entity5161 at 1.5 MAC; 50 +/- 5% of control with @entity1508 versus 70 +/- 6% of control with @entity5161 at 2 MAC). The ESPLR area also accurately demonstrated the differential @entity308 in contractile function suggested by recent in vitro studies when equianesthetic doses of @entity1508 and @entity5161 were compared in vivo. Therefore, while ESPLR slope and length intercept variables fail as indices of myocardial contractility, ESPLR area and regional PRSW slope were shown to be useful indicators of contractile state in the conscious and anesthetized @entity235 .

title: Comparison of end-systolic pressure-length relations and preload recruitable XXXX work as indices of myocardial contractility in the conscious and anesthetized, chronically instrumented @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['inferior vena caval occlusion']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: @entity968 ( @entity970 )-based hydrogels are promising in situ cell carriers for tissue engineering. However, their success in vivo will in part depend upon the foreign body reaction (FBR). This study tests the hypothesis that the FBR affects cells encapsulated within @entity970 hydrogels, and in turn influences the severity of the FBR. Fibroblasts were encapsulated within @entity970 hydrogels containing RGD to support cell attachment. Macrophages were seeded on top of cell-laden hydrogels to mimic in vivo macrophage interrogation and treated with lipopolysaccharide to induce an inflammatory phenotype. The presence of activated macrophages reduced fibroblast gene expression for extracellular matrix molecules and remodeling, but stimulated @entity1611 and @entity635 gene expression. Fibroblasts impacted macrophage phenotype leading to increased @entity13633 , @entity635 and @entity637 expressions. Syngeneic cell-laden and acellular hydrogels were also implanted subcutaneously into C57bl/6 @entity19 for 2, 7 and 28 days. Encapsulated fibroblasts secreted collagen type I during the first week, but tissue deposition and cellularity decreased by 28 days. The presence of encapsulated fibroblasts led to greater acute @entity32 , but did not influence the fibrotic response. In summary, this work emphasizes the importance of the host response in tissue engineering, and the potentially deleterious impact it may have on cell-laden synthetic scaffolds.

title: Understanding the host response to cell-laden XXXX -based hydrogels.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['Poly(ethylene glycol)']

answer: @entity968 :: (MESH:D011092,Chemical) :: ['poly(ethylene glycol)']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histologic features and biologic behavior of unclassified sex @entity4097 . @entity1 : The eight @entity1 ' ages at presentation ranged from 14 to 83 years. Presenting symptoms and physical findings included @entity490 , abnormal uterine @entity548 , ascites, and abdominal and pelvic masses. One @entity1 also had bilateral sex @entity4097 with annual tubules and probable @entity2838 . RESULTS: The @entity5 ranged from 4 to 27 cm in diameter and were described as partially encapsulated, solid, and cystic. Histologically, the @entity5 were composed of diffuse proliferations of sex cord cells, with cords, tubules, and follicle-like structures. The stromal cells were spindle-shaped, with scanty cytoplasm. The @entity5 were vimentin-positive and, sometimes, cytokeratin CAM 5.2- and AE1/3-positive and epithelial membrane antigen-negative. Six @entity1 were disease-free from 2 months to 6 years after operation. One @entity1 was lost to follow-up. The @entity1 with probable @entity2838 had a @entity5 with unusual morphology and died of the @entity5 4 years after the diagnosis. Three of 32 other cases with clinical follow-up mentioned in the pathology literature have been associated with a malignant behavior. CONCLUSION: The biologic behavior of unclassified sex @entity4097 resembles that of @entity10693 of intermediate differentiation rather than poorly differentiated @entity5 , which might have been expected in view of the lack of specific differentiation. This finding is important with regard to postoperative management.

title: Unclassified sex XXXX of the ovary: a report of eight cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity10693 :: ('MESH:D018310', 'Disease') :: ['Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2838 :: ('MESH:D010580', 'Disease') :: ['Peutz-Jeghers syndrome']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity4097 :: ('MESH:D013120', 'Disease') :: ['cord-stromal tumors', 'cord tumors']

answer: @entity4097 :: (MESH:D013120,Disease) :: ['cord-stromal tumors']


abstract: We conducted a Phase II study to determine the efficacy of @entity900 , @entity632 , @entity1138 , and @entity1487 in @entity1 with untreated @entity1149 . @entity1 were accrued through the @entity10090 ( @entity10090 ), an organization composed of community and university oncologists. Thirteen @entity10090 oncologists enrolled 30 @entity1 over 12 months and 26 were eligible for the final analysis. @entity1 received @entity900 75 mg/m2, @entity632 30 mg/m2, @entity1138 6.5 mg/m2, and @entity1487 750 mg/m2 on day 1. The treatment was repeated every 4 weeks, with @entity1138 given during the first 3 cycles and then every other cycle. There were 5 (19%) partial responses, lasting 1.3-7.3 months. The median time to progression was 10.3 months (0.3-12.5 months). Median survival was 7.5 months (0.3-34 months). The major @entity137 were related to myelosuppression and there was one @entity204 . This study demonstrates the limited efficacy of an aggressive regimen using "active" agents in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: @entity900 , XXXX , @entity1138 , and @entity1487 for the treatment of metastatic @entity1149 . Limited activity of an aggressive chemotherapy regimen.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity10090 :: ('MESH:D018886', 'Disease') :: ['COA', 'Connecticut Oncology Association']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['septic death']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: Potential advantages of combination second-line drug therapy in @entity309 ( @entity309 ) may not be detectable in standard randomized controlled clinical trials, despite excellent design and performance. This results from intrinsic limitations of usual clinical studies, such as a short time frame, @entity1 selection, and insufficient numbers of @entity1 . Examples of selected clinical protocols in @entity627 that illustrate these problems are presented. In @entity1252 , many well-designed and -performed trials comparing combinations of cytotoxic drugs and @entity288 with corticosteroids alone were inconclusive. However, combination therapy was superior in three types of studies: a 15-year clinical trial, a pooled analysis of multiple trials, and longitudinal databases of unselected @entity1 . In @entity309 , a 48-week study indicated no differences in results of treatment with @entity2044 , @entity1499 , and the combination of these two drugs. In contrast, a clinical database from 15 rheumatology practices indicates that @entity1499 was continued for 5 years by more than 50% of @entity1 , compared with fewer than 10% for @entity2044 . A subset from the clinical database of courses of second-line drugs over 1 year (rather than 5 years), for only the initial course of a second-line drug (rather than any course), was examined. Using these selected data, which mimic the conditions of the clinical trial, no significant differences were seen in continuation of @entity1499 versus @entity2044 . This observation suggests that intrinsic limitations, including @entity1 selection, insufficient @entity1 numbers, and a short time frame, may render it difficult (or impossible) to document the efficacy of combination therapy in @entity309 using standard randomized controlled clinical trials.

title: Limitations of randomized clinical trials to recognize possible advantages of combination therapies in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity2044 :: ('MESH:D001310', 'Chemical') :: ['auranofin']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic diseases']


abstract: The presence of @entity175 and of @entity787 ( @entity787 ) was studied in six cases of @entity189 of the thyroid using an immunoperoxidase technique. In five cases the material was obtained surgically and in one at autopsy. Tissue from primary @entity5 as well as from metastases was studied. @entity175 and @entity787 were identified within all the @entity5 studied, although their pattern of distribution and staining intensity varied both within the cells and within the @entity5 . Some parts of the @entity5 contained both @entity787 and @entity175 , while others stained positively only for one of these substances. In some parts of the @entity5 there was no positive staining for either substance. Within the cells, @entity787 showed a typical linear distribution along cell surfaces, while @entity175 showed a more even cytoplasmic distribution and the deposits were more granular. Normal tissue surrounding @entity5 deposits did not show positive staining. It is considered that cells of @entity189 of the thyroid contain both @entity175 and @entity787 . Identification of @entity787 and @entity175 in @entity5 tissue can be used as a diagnostic aid to identify @entity189 of the thyroid. Iit is considered that these substances are being produced by this @entity5 and can be used as @entity5 markers.

title: Demonstration of @entity175 and XXXX ( @entity787 ) in @entity189 of the thyroid (MCT) by immunoperoxidase technique.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcitonin', 'calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['medullary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

answer: @entity787 :: (1084,Gene) :: ['carcinoembryonic antigen']


abstract: Differentiation of cells of the @entity5 hybrid cloned cell line NG108-15 begins stochastically upon transfer to a serum-free defined medium (A. Krystosek, J. Cell. Physiol., 125: 319-329, 1985). Such cultures in N2 medium contain both proliferating and neurite-forming cells (which are not mutally exclusive subpopulations). Addition of @entity9864 ( @entity2592 ) to @entity19 cells in N2 medium yielded cultures with a highly differentiated appearance. Investigation of the nature of this effect revealed that @entity2592 did not increase the probability that cells would enter the differentiation pathway; it did, however, completely abolish proliferation. The early kinetics of neurite formation were similar in control and treated cultures. This was followed by a phase in which @entity2592 -treated cells underwent continuous rapid maturation including normalization of nucleolar features. Loss of proliferative potential of treated cells was tested in a drug-free serum challenge protocol. Permanently postmitotic cells (i.e., cells which failed to divide even once) were shown to accumulate with time of @entity2592 pretreatment; this represented 59% of total cells at day 3 and 94% at day 7 of treatment. Thus, the bulk of the population can commit to terminal differentiation. Even among the minority of cells capable of 1-2 rounds of division in the challenge incubation, cessation of proliferation was more likely than continuous colonial growth, suggesting that a profound phenotypic alteration had occurred. The results show that advanced morphological maturation and the step(s) of terminal neuronal differentiation can be achieved in this cell line in response to a @entity5 chemotherapeutic agent and that this drug is a more complete inducer than compounds which modulate the @entity1919 system.

title: Conversion to the terminally differentiated state during treatment of @entity19 @entity5 cells with XXXX in defined medium.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neural tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity9864 :: ('CHEBI:28680', 'Chemical') :: ['1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine']

answer: @entity9864 :: (CHEBI:28680,Chemical) :: ['1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine']


abstract: The present study is part of ongoing investigations into activity-related synaptic plasticity in the intact animal. In this investigation we sought to determine whether the previously reported increase in synaptic efficacy at the Ia-motoneuron connection following nerve conduction blockade could be attributed to changes in circuitry external to the monosynaptic pathway. Specifically, we used the phenomena of @entity308 of the extracellularly recorded @entity30921 as an indirect measure of presynaptic inhibition. Tibial nerve conduction blockade was achieved by superfusion of the @entity1372 channel blocker @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ). An osmotic pump delivered the @entity4524 to the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve for a period of either 3 or 10 days. Control @entity35 were either unoperated or received implants of pumps not containing @entity4524 . Data collection consisted of tibial nerve stimulation (0.1-20 Hz) with bilateral recordings of the @entity30921 from the L5 ventral roots. The extent of @entity308 was compared between treated and untreated sides of @entity4524 -treated animals and between treated and untreated animals. Results showed that the extent of @entity308 was unchanged by either 3 or 10 days of complete blockade of tibial afferents. On the basis of this finding, it is concluded that the previously reported @entity4524 -induced increase in Ia excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude is unlikely to be due to changes in presynaptic inhibitory pathways.

title: @entity308 of the monosynaptic reflex is not altered by XXXX -induced nerve conduction blockade.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['low-frequency depression']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity30921 :: ('290947(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['group I monosynaptic reflex (MSR)', 'MSR']

answer: @entity1022 :: (MESH:D013779,Chemical) :: ['tetrodotoxin']


abstract: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of @entity177 and @entity6 complications. Their accumulation in these disorders leads to the formation of intermolecular crosslinks and lowers susceptibility to protein denaturation and proteolysis. By binding with specific receptors, AGEs initiate processes that result in the generation and release of cytokines, growth factors, and reactive @entity26 species (ROS). This work concentrated on @entity23032 as a representative AGE. High tissue and plasma concentrations of @entity23032 observed in @entity177 result from accumulation of @entity23032 precursors containing highly reactive @entity6738 groups and responsible for @entity6738 stress in @entity5507 . The aim of this work was to evaluate clinical and biochemical parameters that affect @entity23032 concentration in plasma of @entity177 @entity1 and renal graft recipients. A @entity23032 standard was synthesized and purified and its chromatographic separation method was optimized. RP-HPLC was applied using an @entity49945 (ODS) column and @entity40758 or @entity13799 as solvents. 53 chronically haemodialyzed @entity1 and 14 renal graft recipients were studied. The chromatographic method proved to be sensitive and specific enough for precise measurements of plasma concentrations of both total and free @entity23032 . The results served to evaluate the efficiency of renal replacement therapy for the reduction of @entity6738 stress in @entity1 with @entity177 . Numerous factors influencing the concentration of @entity23032 in plasma were identified. Some are not amenable (gender, age), while others, like type of dialysis membrane, efficiency of dialysotherapy, surface of dialyser, or body mass index (BMI) can be controlled. @entity1 undergoing more dialysis sessions with @entity2264 membranes three months prior to the study demonstrated lower plasma concentrations of total @entity23032 . Lower concentrations of total and free @entity23032 were observed in @entity1 with higher BMI values. On the other hand, there was a positive correlation between @entity23032 concentration, efficiency of dialysotherapy and ultrafiltration. Modification of these parameters may decrease @entity6738 stress. The study demonstrated that renal transplantation is the only effective therapy for decreasing @entity23032 concentrations and the intensity of @entity6738 stress. A transplanted kidney efficiently and quickly eliminates @entity6738 derivatives, immediately reduces the rate of @entity23032 synthesis, and in consequence leads to a slow decrease in its concentra- tion resulting from whitch elimination half-time of plasma proteins. The study showed that the concentration of total @entity23032 prior to transplantation has a significant influence on diuresis after transplantation. It is possible that haemodialysotherapy whitch effectively decreases @entity6738 stress in @entity1 awaiting renal grafting and contributes to improved function of the transplanted organ.

title: [Reduction of XXXX stress with renal replacement therapy in @entity177 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity23032 :: ('CHEBI:59951', 'Chemical') :: ['pentosidine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2264 :: ('MESH:C017662', 'Chemical') :: ['polysulphone']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity49945 :: ('MESH:C024779', 'Chemical') :: ['octadecylsilane']

entities_list: @entity6738 :: ('CHEBI:23019', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonyl']

answer: @entity6738 :: (CHEBI:23019,Chemical) :: ['carbonyl']


abstract: Studies suggest that acute and chronic opioids can regulate the @entity268 -dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway and that changes in this pathway may be involved in opioid tolerance. In the present study, we examined the role of @entity268 -PKA on mu-opioid receptor downregulation and tolerance in @entity19 . @entity19 were injected intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intrathecal (i.t.) once a day with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed at the mRNA for the alpha catalytic subunit of @entity19 PKA. Controls were treated with saline or a mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide. On day 2 of treatment, @entity19 were implanted s.c. with a 25-mg @entity1286 pellet and an osmotic minipump infusing @entity1286 (40 mg/kg/day) for 3 days. Other @entity19 were implanted with an osmotic minipump infusing @entity7240 (125, 250 microg/kg/day) for 2 days. Control @entity19 were implanted s.c. with inert placebo pellets. At the end of treatment, pumps and pellets were removed and @entity19 tested for @entity1286 or @entity7240 analgesia. Other @entity19 were sacrificed and mu-opioid receptor binding assays conducted in whole brain. Both infusion doses of @entity7240 produced significant tolerance (ED(50) shift = 3.6 and 6.3-fold). The higher @entity7240 infusion produced downregulation of mu-receptor density ( approximately 30%) while the lower infusion dose of @entity7240 did not. @entity1286 treatment also produced significant tolerance in @entity19 (ED(50) shift = 4.5-fold), but no receptor downregulation. Antisense to PKA partially blocked tolerance induced by the higher dose of @entity7240 , but had no effect on receptor downregulation. On the other hand, antisense to PKA completely blocked tolerance induced by @entity1286 and the lower infusion dose of @entity7240 . The mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide had no effect on any measure. These results suggest that PKA has a limited role in opioid agonist-induced receptor downregulation. However, the partial block of tolerance for the high infusion dose of @entity7240 and the complete block of tolerance for @entity1286 and the low infusion dose of @entity7240 suggests that PKA may play a critical role in tolerance that is "receptor-regulation-independent."

title: Role of XXXX -dependent protein kinase (PKA) in opioid agonist-induced mu-opioid receptor downregulation and tolerance in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine', 'Morphine']

entities_list: @entity7240 :: ('MESH:D005048', 'Chemical') :: ['etorphine']

answer: @entity268 :: (CHEBI:17489,Chemical) :: ['cAMP']


abstract: Two @entity19 @entity1160 synthetase (GSase) cDNAs were cloned that correspond to the 2.8 kb and 1.4 kb mRNA species found in many @entity19 tissues (1 kb = 10(3) base-pairs). There is a sequence homology of about 90% to other @entity1 GSase cDNAs in the coding region. A 2.1 kb mRNA can be discerned in fat tissue, the most abundant source of GSase mRNA. Three genomic clones G4, G21 and G2 contain GSase sequences. By several criteria G21 and G2 are pseudogenes, while G4 is a functional gene composed of seven exons and six introns. Primer extension, RNase protection and Northern analysis provide evidence that all tissues use the same major RNA start site and the different-sized mRNAs are due to the usage of two different poly(A) sites, neither of which has the consensus AAUAAA sequence. When tested by transfection into Hep G2 @entity1 @entity157 cells the G4 promoter can produce correctly initiated mRNA with only 350 base-pairs of 5' regulatory sequences. A major interest in GSase expression is its restriction to pericentral hepatocytes in adult liver. In this paper we show by in situ hybridization that GSase mRNA is only found in glial cells in the adult brain and in proximal tubular epithelium of the kidney. Coupled with the earlier demonstration of expression of GSase only in pericentral hepatocytes, it is clear that this gene is regulated by position-specific signals in many cell types.

title: XXXX @entity1160 synthetase is encoded by a single gene that can be expressed in a localized fashion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess possible correlations between central corneal thickness, tonometry, and ocular dimensions. @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred seventeen eyes of 117 @entity1 who were not taking any intraocular pressure-lowering medications were studied prospectively. Forty-one @entity1 had @entity2790 ; 13 @entity1 had primary @entity1538 ; and 10 @entity1 had normal-pressure @entity726 . Twenty-three @entity735 were included. Thirty @entity726 suspects (10 @entity1 monitored for possible normal-pressure @entity726 and 20 @entity1 with intermittent @entity2790 ) were included for correlation analysis. Tonometry was performed with Goldmann applanation and pneumotonometry, and central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and axial length were measured ultrasonically. RESULTS: Central corneal thickness was lowest in eyes with normal-pressure @entity726 (538 +/- 51 microm), highest in eyes with @entity2790 (570 +/- 32 microm), and intermediate and similar in eyes with primary @entity1538 and @entity735 (547 +/- 34 microm and 554 +/- 32 microm, respectively). These differences were significant (P = 0.028). Goldmann applanation tonometry and central corneal thickness were weakly correlated (r = 0.12, P = 0.205), with a 0.2-mm Hg change per 10-microm variation in central corneal thickness. Pneumotonometry measurements were more strongly correlated with central corneal thickness (r = 0.21, P < 0.05). Lens thickness was strongly correlated with age (r = 0.57, P < 0.001). Anterior chamber depth was negatively correlated with lens thickness and age (r = -0.29, P < 0.005 and r = -0.25, P < 0.01). Axial length was correlated with anterior chamber depth and age (r = 0.5, P < .001 and r = -0.19, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Eyes diagnosed as having @entity2790 have thicker corneas and eyes labeled as having normal-pressure @entity726 have thinner corneas, when compared with @entity735 or eyes with primary @entity1538 . The effect of central corneal thickness on Goldmann applanation tonometry accuracy appears to be small and usually not clinically relevant. When corneal thickness is markedly different from normal, the clinician may need to factor this into diagnosis and management.

title: Central corneal thickness, tonometry, and ocular dimensions in XXXX and @entity2790 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['healthy eyes']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypertension']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Low antioxidant intake and status have been shown to be associated with an elevated risk for @entity66 . Data on the status of antioxidant vitamins, @entity4259 and @entity7447 of younger female seniors are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the status of these antioxidants, as well as influencing factors such as dietary intake, anthropometric data and educational level in female seniors (60-70 years) in Germany. DESIGN: Dietary intake of @entity1881 , @entity2066 and @entity620 was determined by a 3-day diet record. Serum concentrations of @entity1881 , @entity2066 , @entity620 , @entity4259 and @entity7447 were measured. Anthropometric measures, socioeconomic and educational status were assessed. SETTING: In total, 178 elderly @entity1 without severe diseases in the region of Hannover, Germany, were included in the study. The mean (+/- s.d.) age and BMI of the @entity1 was 63.2 (2.73) years and 25.6 (3.77) kg/m2, respectively. The study @entity1 were generally better educated than the overall German female population. RESULTS: Dietary intake of the @entity620 and @entity1881 was below RDA in six and 75% of the @entity1 , respectively. In comparison to estimated desirable serum concentrations of @entity1881 , @entity620 , @entity2066 and @entity4259 , lower concentrations were found in 23, 1, 6, and 39% of the @entity1 , respectively. @entity620 (r = 0.205, P = 0.009) and @entity2066 (r = 0.173, P = 0.025) intake were significantly associated with serum concentrations. @entity2066 concentrations were influenced by the type of diet, BMI, and school education (R2 = 0.128, P < 0.001). Serum @entity4259 was positively associated with @entity167 intake (r = 0.229, P = 0.003). Neither employment nor vocational training was predictive for the serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins, @entity4259 or @entity7447 . CONCLUSIONS: Poor status of @entity4259 and @entity1881 is highly prevalent even among younger, well-educated female seniors, whereas @entity620 and @entity2066 status seems sufficient in most @entity1 .

title: XXXX and antioxidant vitamin status of elderly German @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity2066 :: ('MESH:D019207', 'Chemical') :: ['Beta-carotene', 'beta-carotene']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['various diseases']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid', 'Ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1881 :: ('MESH:D024502', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-tocopherol']

answer: @entity4259 :: (MESH:D012643,Chemical) :: ['Selenium']


abstract: Cellular stress responses are characterized by coordinated transcriptional induction of genes encoding a group of conserved proteins known as molecular chaperones, most of which are also known as @entity1457 proteins (HSPs). In @entity375 , transcriptional responses to stress are mediated via two trans-regulatory activators: @entity1457 transcription factors (HSFs) that bind to @entity1457 elements (HSEs), and the @entity23763 and @entity28165 transcription factors that bind to stress response elements (STREs). Recent studies in @entity375 demonstrated that a significant portion of the non-coding region in the genome is transcribed and this intergenic transcription could regulate the transcription of adjacent genes by transcription interference. The goal of this study was to analyze the genomic distribution of HSF and @entity23763 /4 binding sites and to study the potential for transcription interference regulated by stress response systems. Our genome-wide analysis revealed that 297 genes have STREs in their promoter region, whereas 310 genes contained HSEs. Twenty-five genes had both HSEs and STREs in their promoters. The first set of genes is potentially regulated by the @entity23763 / @entity28165 /STRE interaction. For the second set of genes, regulation by @entity1457 could be mediated through HSF/HSE regulatory mechanisms. The overlap between these groups suggests a co-regulation by the two pathways. Our study yielded 239 candidate genes, whose regulation could potentially be affected by @entity1457 via transcription interference directed both from upstream and downstream areas relative to the native promoters. In addition we have categorized 924 genes containing HSE and/or STRE elements within the Open Reading Frames (ORFs), which may also affect normal transcription. Our study revealed a widespread possibility for the regulation of genes via transcriptional interference initiated by stress response. We provided a categorization of genes potentially affected at the transcriptional level by known stress-response systems.

title: Analysis of XXXX genome for the distributions of stress-response elements potentially affecting gene expression by transcriptional interference.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock', 'heat-shock']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['S. cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To observe the prognostic value of admission B-type natriuretic peptide ( @entity3876 ) on outcome for @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ). METHODS: Blood @entity3876 levels, routine echocardiography and tissue Doppler image were obtained in 162 @entity712 @entity1 [95 male, mean age: (71.8  3.7) years] at admission. @entity1 were divided into high @entity3876 ( @entity3876 >1500 ng/L, n=104) and low @entity3876 ( @entity3876 <=1500 ng/L, n=58) groups. All @entity1 were followed up for 2 years and clinical characteristics, echocardiography including Doppler image and @entity65 results were analyzed. Data were also compared between @entity1 with (n=48) or without (n=107) @entity65 . RESULTS: @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) was significantly lower [(40.9  5.6)% vs. (44.0  5.9)%, P<0.01] while the total @entity65 rate (49.1% vs. 21.0%, P<0.01) and cardiac mortality rate (25.5% vs. 9.0%, P<0.01) were significantly higher in high @entity3876 group than in low @entity3876 group. @entity3876 level at admission in event group was significantly higher than in event-free group [(2875.4  325.7) ng/L vs. (1136.9  298.6) ng/L, P<0.000]. @entity3876 level was positively related to Tei-index (r=0.793, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with @entity1002 (r=-0.57, P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that @entity3876 , @entity1002 , Tei-index and b-blocker use were independent risk factors for @entity65 . The area under the ROC curve for predicting @entity65 within 2 years in event group by @entity3876 was 0.795 (95%CI 0.693-0.935, sensitivity: 72.31% and specificity: 84.62%, cut-off @entity3876 value: 1910 ng/L). The event risk was 2.17 times higher in @entity712 @entity1 with admission @entity3876 >1910 ng/L compared @entity712 @entity1 with admission @entity3876 <=1910 ng/L (95%CI: 1.852-2.954, P=0.000). CONCLUSION: Admission @entity3876 level, @entity1002 , Tei-index and b-blocker use are independent risk factors for @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity712 . @entity1 with higher admission @entity3876 level (>1910 ng/L) is linked with worse prognosis in this @entity1 cohort.

title: [Prognostic value of admission B-type natriuretic peptide on outcome for XXXX with @entity712 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular death', 'cardiovascular events']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LVEF', 'Left ventricular ejection fractions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although many pregnant @entity1 experience @entity615 , it has not considered an important health problem. No study has investigated the effects of a back- @entity158 -reducing program (BPRP) during pregnancy for Korean @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a program designed to @entity615 in pregnant @entity1 . METHODS: A non-equivalent control-group pretest-posttest design was used. Pregnant @entity1 who attended an antenatal clinic and experienced @entity615 during their pregnancy were included in an intervention group (n=29), and their intensity of @entity615 , functional limitation and @entity148 were compared with @entity1 in a control group from another antenatal clinic (n=27). The data were collected at three time points: prior to intervention, and 6 and 12 weeks after intervention. RESULTS: At 12 weeks after intervention, the intensity of @entity615 experienced by the intervention group was significantly lower than that of the control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to functional limitations and @entity148 . CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that the @entity158 -reducing program developed for this study was effective in reducing the intensity of @entity615 experienced by pregnant @entity1 . Promoting good posture and regular exercise can be recommended as a method to relieve @entity615 in pregnancy @entity1 . Further studies are needed to confirm the effect of the BPRP during pregnancy.

title: Effects of a back- @entity158 -reducing program during pregnancy for Korean XXXX : a non-equivalent control-group pretest-posttest study.

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain', 'reduce back pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. INTRODUCTION: After @entity64 , difficulties in motor control mediate spontaneous paretic arm use in real life. Along with the obvious motor impairments, self-efficacy has been shown to be an important modifier for physical function. However, a self-efficacy measure for arm reaching is lacking. The aim of this study was to develop such a measure and to examine its validity. METHODS: Fifteen @entity1 with @entity1269 and ten control @entity1 were recruited. A measure of @entity14062 ( @entity14062 ) was developed using a two-dimensional center-out target array. RESULTS: For the control group, @entity14062 was significantly correlated with target distance (r  =  -0.657) and location (r  =  -0.545), respectively. Additionally, average @entity14062 was lower for the non-dominant than the dominant hand (p  <  0.001). More importantly, for the @entity64 group, @entity14062 was significantly correlated with target distance (r  =  -0.603) and location (r  =  -0.378), respectively. Finally, average @entity14062 was lower for the paretic than the non-paretic hand (p  <  0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate robust discriminant validity for this new measure of @entity14062 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3b.

title: Discriminant validity of a new measure of self-efficacy for reaching movements after @entity64 -induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity14062 :: ('MESH:D012652', 'Disease') :: ['reaching self-efficacy', 'RSE']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

answer: @entity1269 :: (MESH:D010291,Disease) :: ['hemiparesis']


abstract: A 62-year-old @entity1 was suffering from @entity565 and referred to our institution with dry cough and @entity1353 on exertion in November, 2010. He was diagnosed with eosinophilic @entity2883 with @entity2883 (EPGA, formerly @entity12534 ) by chest radiographic findings, blood @entity1712 , @entity4216 multiplex and @entity296 . @entity134 therapy was started and he was rapidly improved. @entity134 therapy had been tapered off by May, 2012. After 2 months, however, progressive @entity1353 , @entity304 , @entity2319 , re-elevation of blood eosinophils and bilateral multifocal infiltrations appeared. He was re-admitted to our institution. Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) specimens revealed @entity455 , @entity1333 and @entity5930 and we diagnosed him with the reccurence of EGPA. He was improved by @entity134 pulse therapy, then tapered. This case was the antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies negative EGPA. The case of EGPA with @entity738 and @entity1333 diagnosed by TBLB was rare.

title: [A case of eosinophilic @entity2883 with @entity2883 with @entity455 and XXXX diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy].

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['extra-vascular granuloma']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['neural symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic vasculitis', 'vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity12534 :: ('MESH:D015267', 'Disease') :: ['Churg-Strauss syndrome']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity5930 :: ('MESH:D011657', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity4216 :: ('MESH:D020422', 'Disease') :: ['mononeuritis']

entities_list: @entity2883 :: ('MESH:D014890', 'Disease') :: ['polyangiitis', 'granulomatosis']

answer: @entity1333 :: (MESH:D014657,Disease) :: ['eosinophilic vasculitis']


abstract: In elderly @entity1 emergent cholecystectomy for acute @entity2679 is a high risk procedure. We prospectively assessed the value of percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute @entity2679 in 38 consecutive elderly (> or = 80 years) @entity1 . All 38 underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy under ultrasonographic and fluoroscopic guidance for acute @entity2679 (25 calculous, 13 acalculous). Eight (21%) @entity1 had acute severe medical problems, such as @entity649 . Thirty-one (82%) @entity1 had chronic severe underlying diseases, including @entity65 . Cholecystostomy was successful in all 38 @entity1 . Prompt clinical improvement was obtained in 36 (95%) @entity1 . Morbidity and mortality rates were 3% and 3%, respectively. After cholecystostomy, 10 @entity1 with @entity2963 underwent elective cholecystectomy without serious complications. Two @entity1 underwent percutaneous cholecystolithotomy, which produced complete resolution of symptoms. Four of 12 @entity1 with and none of 12 without @entity2963 had recurrent @entity2679 after catheter removal during a mean follow-up of 1.8 years. A second cholecystostomy was successful in these four @entity1 . Elderly @entity1 are often poor surgical candidates because of severe @entity2679 or concomitant medical problems. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is a safe, effective treatment for acute @entity2679 even in elderly @entity1 . For @entity2679 , cholecystostomy can be followed by elective surgery, if possible, or by nonsurgical treatment or expectant conservative management in high-risk @entity1 . Cholecystostomy may be a definitive treatment for @entity7140 .

title: Is percutaneous cholecystostomy the optimal treatment for acute XXXX in the very elderly?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['shock and respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis', 'calculous cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity7140 :: ('MESH:D042101', 'Disease') :: ['acalculous cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and neurologic diseases']

answer: @entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['cholecystitis']


abstract: RNA interference allows the design of new inhibitors that target deregulated pathways in @entity5 . However systemic delivery of siRNA for the treatment of solid @entity5 still remains an issue. In our study, in order to suppress the progression of lung @entity5 @entity3 in @entity19 , we developed sticky siRNA (ssiRNA) to inhibit @entity181 and @entity1895 , two candidates involved in cell survival and proliferation. We exploited the linear @entity12279 ( @entity8681 ) as potent non-viral carrier to efficiently deliver our inhibitors. As a proof of concept, we have chosen a very aggressive mammary @entity420 model (TSA-Luc cells), which forms lung metastases upon systemic cell injection. We confirmed in vitro, that the ssiRNAs delivered with @entity8681 are not only able to inhibit our target genes at the mRNA and protein levels, but are also able to block the cell cycle and cell proliferation through a mechanism of RNA interference. More importantly, we showed in vivo by luciferase dosage, bioimaging and tissue section, an @entity2 metastases after systemic delivery of @entity1895 and @entity181 ssiRNA complexed with @entity8681 . Alternating treatment with @entity900 and ssiRNA/ @entity8681 showed an additive effect between the two anticancer drugs on @entity2 inhibition leading to a significant increase in animal survival. Moreover a promising window between activity (IC      ) and @entity137 (LD      ), essential for therapeutic application, was observed. Our data show that systemic delivery of ssiRNA/ @entity8681 complexes targeting the cell cycle is a valuable strategy for the treatment of @entity2 @entity3 and that it can be combined with chemotherapy.

title: Systemic delivery of sticky siRNAs targeting the cell cycle for @entity2 XXXX inhibition.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity12279 :: ('MESH:D011094', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylenimine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['inhibition of lung tumor', 'lung tumor']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: This data in the aggregate suggests that the 3 best studied genetic susceptibility factors (CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers, GST mu null phenotype, and CYP1A1 "mutant" alleles in Asians only) constitute greater risk factors for the more smoking related histologies of @entity2 , but not for @entity420 . The epidemiologic evidence for a these genetic susceptibility factors in @entity286 -related @entity5 is suggestive but not determinant. A consensus estimate of relative risk for extensive metabolizers of @entity21946 is around 2. Variability in study results depend on a number of factors which include: assay misclassification, non-correspondence of phenotype/genotype in certain subjects, disease heterogeneity, exposure variation, ethnic and racial variation. Future studies should emphasize: a high quality approach to data gathering, careful attention to epidemiologic design, and the use of intermediate markers where feasible. Investigators should consider the use of multiple genetic markers since PCR approaches can make this an efficient approach. A meta-analysis may serve to illuminate points of heterogeneity between studies. New discoveries should provide opportunities to explore for analogous associations in other @entity5 . It may be speculated that the "specificity" of the association observed for each of the genetic factors tends to support the general causal nature of the hypothesis. The fact that each shares the histologic preference at least suggests that a common mechanism may be operative. The observation that the @entity286 - @entity5 association, though clearly present, is weaker for @entity420 than for the other @entity2 histologies, suggests that the underlying mechanism involves some interaction of the genetic trait with exposure to @entity286 smoking, and suggests further attention to this factor to elucidate differences in risk estimates for genetic susceptibility factors among different studies.

title: Molecular epidemiology: a new perspective for the study of toxic exposures in man. A consideration of the influence of genetic susceptibility factors on risk in different XXXX histologies.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity21946 :: ('MESH:D003647', 'Chemical') :: ['debrisoquine']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several disadvantages of the @entity2802 classification have resulted in a search for a simpler, clearer, and more reliable staging system for @entity418 . We evaluated Dukes' classification as a prognostic indicator in 81 @entity1 with @entity957 of the thoracic esophagus treated with combined-modality therapy. MATERIAL/METHODS: The pathological staging was determined according to the @entity2802 and Dukes' classification. The cumulative survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The differences in survival between the @entity1 in particular stages of both classifications were estimated with the log-rank test. RESULTS: The differences in cumulative survival rates between @entity2802 I and @entity2802 IIa, between @entity2802 IIa and @entity2802 IIb and between @entity2802 IIb and @entity2802 III @entity1 were 20.2% (37.2 vs. 46.6), 27.5% (46.6 vs. 33.8) and 60.7% (33.8 vs. 13.3), respectively, and were not statistically significant (P = 0.58, P = 0.53 and P = 0.18). The cumulative survival rates for @entity2802 III and @entity2802 IV @entity1 were similar (13.3 and 14.3). The difference in cumulative survival rates between Dukes' A and B @entity1 amounted to 52.5% (54.3 vs. 25.8), which was statistically significant (P = 0.02). The difference in cumulative survival rates between Dukes' B and C @entity1 was 41.5% (25.8 vs. 15.1), but fell short of statistical significance (P = 0.12). The cumulative survival rates for Dukes' C and D @entity1 were similar (15.1 and 16.6). CONCLUSIONS: Dukes' staging system for @entity418 is simpler, clearer and more accurate, and could thus be a better prognostic tool than the @entity2802 classification.

title: Dukes' classification as a prognostic factor in @entity1 with XXXX of the thoracic esophagus undergoing combined-modality treatment.

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Progressive @entity75 with @entity4 , @entity739 , and @entity1952 ) is an apparently @entity74 manifested by @entity739 , severe @entity2421 , and early arrest of psychomotor development. Subcutaneous @entity4 in the limbs, typical facial features, and @entity1939 with @entity1952 are also present. Neuropathologic and radiographic studies show progressive @entity1010 , which is accentuated infratentorially. We recorded 85 EEGs from 10 @entity1 between the ages of 3 weeks and 12.7 years; follow-up ranged from 7 months to 12.1 years. The @entity739 were preceded by other @entity16 in all @entity1 . Seven of nine @entity1 showed focal or generalized epileptiform activity or abnormal EEG background. All @entity1 developed @entity739 , first recorded between 3 and 11 months of age, that was resistant to therapy with ACTH and antiepileptic drugs. After the @entity739 disappeared, five @entity1 showed slow spike-wave activity generally seen in the @entity5761 , and three @entity1 showed background EEG abnormality with generalized or diffuse paroxysmal activity. There were no specific EEG features that could help in the diagnosis of PEHO. The @entity48026 should be borne in mind in the diagnostic work-up of @entity1 with @entity739 , so that potentially harmful treatment can be avoided, and the parents can be counseled about the @entity74 .

title: Epilepsy and the electroencephalogram in progressive @entity75 with @entity4 , @entity739 , and @entity1952 (the XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5761 :: ('MESH:D065768', 'Disease') :: ['Lennox-Gastaut syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1952 :: ('MESH:D009896', 'Disease') :: ['optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome', 'optic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['hypsarrhythmia', 'infantile spasms']

entities_list: @entity1010 :: ('MESH:C566985', 'Disease') :: ['brain atrophy']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inheritability of the disorder', 'autosomal recessive disorder']

entities_list: @entity48026 :: ('MESH:C536317', 'Disease') :: ['PEHO syndrome']

answer: @entity48026 :: (MESH:C536317,Disease) :: ['PEHO syndrome']


abstract: We here analyzed the effect of a mild hyperosmotic challenge on the activities of deiodinases type I (D1) and II (D2) in the trout liver, and D1 in kidney and gill, two organs involved in osmoregulation. FW-adapted immature @entity5660 were transferred to 5 per thousand SW and killed 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 12, 24 and 48 h post-transfer (PT). Fish maintained in FW served as controls. Hepatic, renal and branchial D1 and hepatic D2 activities were assessed as well as circulating levels of T(3), T(4) and @entity701 . Hyperosmotic challenge elicited significant and sustained @entity8 and liver D2 activities at 8 h PT, which returned to control values at 48 h PT. In contrast, liver and gill D1 activities exhibited no significant change throughout the study. Also, significant increases in circulating T(4) at 2-4 and 48 h PT were observed. Circulating T(3) remained unmodified until 24-48 h PT, when it rose sharply. Simultaneously, @entity701 showed a trend towards increase during the initial 4 h PT, which attained significance at 48 h PT. The present findings demonstrate that a mild @entity4372 is sufficient to elicit responses in the trout @entity1374 . Hormonal changes in the circulatory compartment are in accordance with those previously described for migratory salmonids. A novel aspect of our findings is the organ-specific differential response exhibited by ORD-enzymes when trout are exposed to a mildly different osmotic environment. Our findings further establish the uniqueness of fish thyroid physiology, and can be of value in further understanding the evolutionary aspects of this ORD family of deiodinases.

title: Environmental salinity selectively modifies the outer-ring deiodinating activity of liver, kidney and gill in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['decreases in kidney D1']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity4372 :: ('MESH:D009122', 'Disease') :: ['hypertonic challenge']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroidal axis']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['rainbow trout']


abstract: STUDY AIM: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the outcome of laparoscopic colectomy for @entity4436 in normal weighted, overweighted and @entity28 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHOD: From January 1995 to December 2000, all @entity1 (n = 77) undergoing an elective colectomy for @entity4436 were included in the study. The @entity1 were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 29): normal weighted @entity1 (BMI: 18-24.9); group 2 (n = 27): overweighted @entity1 (BMI: 25.0-29.9); group 3 (n = 21): @entity28 @entity1 (BMI: 30.0-39.9). Comparison between these three groups was only made during the per and postoperative period. RESULTS: There were no differences in the three groups with regard to age, sex and ASA classification. Duration of operation did not differ between group 1 and 2 (187 vs 210 min, P = 0.6) but was shorter in group 1 than in group 3 (187 vs 247 min, P = 0.003). Conversion rate did not differ and was respectively in group 1, 2 and 3: 13.8, 14.8 and 14.3%. The postoperative period during which parenteral analgesics were required was not different for group 1 and 2 but was longer in group 3 than in group 1 (8.5 vs 5.7 days, p = 0.03). Morbidity rate was similar in group 1, 2 and 3: 15, 14 and 17%. There was no perioperative mortality. Duration of hospital stay was similar in the three groups. CONCLUSION: Data from the present study suggest that laparoscopic colectomy for @entity4436 can be applied safely to overweighted and @entity28 @entity1 .

title: [Impact of @entity28 on postoperative results of elective laparoscopic colectomy in XXXX : a prospective study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['sigmoid diverticulitis']

answer: @entity4436 :: (MESH:D004238,Disease) :: ['sigmoid diverticulitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: The immature @entity35 brain is highly susceptible to @entity410 , but has a resistance to pathological changes induced by @entity410 as compared to adult @entity35 . However, prolonged @entity410 during early-life enhance cellular injury and hyperexcitability induced by @entity410 insults later in adulthood. The mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not understood. In adult models, the @entity1249 axons reorganize their projections to subiculum. @entity410 induced plasticity in this pathway has not been investigated in immature @entity410 models, and may contribute to the vulnerability to later @entity410 . METHODS: On postnatal day 15, @entity35 experienced @entity159 with @entity4176 (KA). @entity410 induced plasticity was examined with Timm histochemistry and iontophoretic injections of @entity11822 , a retrograde tracer. @entity130 was evaluated with Fluoro-Jade B histochemistry. RESULTS: Retrograde tracing experiments determined a 67% larger dorsoventral extent of retrograde labeling in the @entity1249 pyramidal region after tracer injections in subiculum. The synaptic reorganization of the @entity1249 projection to subiculum was noted in the absence of overt @entity528 in subiculum or @entity1249 . In contrast, mossy fiber sprouting was detected into the stratum oriens of @entity1251 with limited @entity528 to @entity1251 pyramidal neurons. No mossy fiber sprouting into the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, or @entity1249 sprouting into the stratum moleculare of @entity1249 were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the developing brain has distinct mechanisms of @entity410 induced reorganization as compared to the adult brain. Our experiments show that the concept of "resistance of the immature brain to excitotoxicity" is considerably more complicated than generally believed. Morphological plasticity in the immature brain appears more extensive in distal, but not proximal, projections of hippocampal pathways, and across hippocampal lamellae. The abnormal connectivity between hippocampal lamellae might play a role in the increased susceptibility to injury and hyperexcitability associated with later @entity410 insults.

title: Synaptic reorganization in subiculum and @entity1251 after early-life @entity159 in the XXXX @entity35 model.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsive', 'seizure', 'seizures', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity4176 :: ('MESH:D007608', 'Chemical') :: ['kainic acid']

entities_list: @entity11822 :: ('MESH:D018038', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium selenite']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal injury']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['convulsive status epilepticus']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Cellular injury']

answer: @entity4176 :: (MESH:D007608,Chemical) :: ['kainic acid']


abstract: Recognition of abnormal wall motion during @entity452 echocardiography requires an expert observer. Anatomical M-mode echocardiography may offer a novel quantitative approach to interpretation, amenable to less expert readers. We studied the application of this new modality to 124 @entity1 (80 with known coronary anatomy and 44 @entity1 at low probability of @entity301 ) who underwent @entity452 echocardiography, using a standard protocol. Wall motion was interpreted by an experienced reader, using digitally stored 2-dimensional echocardiographic images at rest and peak stress. Percentage of systolic thickening was measured offline using anatomical M-mode echocardiography in the basal and mid segments at rest and peak dose, and compared with wall motion scores and coronary angiography. Of 729 segments, wall motion was identified as normal in 449, @entity63 or viable in 171 and showed resting @entity854 only in 109 segments. After exclusion of the apex, anatomical M-mode measurements were feasible in 729 of 960 possible basal- and mid-zone segments (76%). Measurement of systolic thickening at peak dose was reproducible within (r2 = 0.83) and between observers (r2 = 0.93). Systolic thickening was significantly greater in segments with normal wall motion (37 +/- 2%) compared with @entity63 or viable segments (30 +/- 2%, p < 0.001), and scar segments (23 +/- 3%, p < 0.001). There was an increment of thickening from rest to stress in normal and viable segments, no change in scar, and a decrement in @entity63 segments. Significant @entity453 (defined by stenoses >70% diameter) was present in 59 @entity1 . Systolic thickening showed significant variation between segments interpreted by wall motion scoring and angiography as true and false positive and true and false negative (p < 0.05). Measurement of systolic thickening using anatomical M-mode echocardiography offers an objective method to quantify systolic thickening at @entity452 echocardiography but has limited clinical feasibility.

title: Anatomical M-mode: A novel technique for the quantitative evaluation of regional wall motion analysis during XXXX echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['WM abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: Two antibody probes were used to characterize the putative renal antigens of @entity3143 -induced antiglomerular basement membrane @entity8 in Brown Norway (BN) @entity35 . The first probe was the linear immunofluorescence imparting, in vivo bound, nephritogenic antiglomerular-basement-membrane autoantibody (anti-GBM-Ab). The second probe was a rat monoclonal antibody to the B subunit of laminin that was obtained from fusion of spleen cells of @entity3143 injected BN @entity35 . By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) the anti-GBM-Ab reacted with laminin, type IV collagen, collagenase-resistant noncollagenous portion of glomerular basement membrane (GBM), saline soluble proteins of kidney cortex homogenate and fibronectin. Western blot analysis of laminin indicated that the reactive epitopes detected by both probes were on the B chain subunit but not the A subunit. In nonreduced collagenase-digested GBM the epitopes were present on 27 kD and 42 to 48 kD polypeptides. A similar pattern was seen on collagenase-digested @entity1 GBM. On @entity35 and @entity1 GBM the patterns obtained with @entity35 autoantibody and autoantibody from a @entity1 with @entity7860 were similar, suggesting that some of the in vivo bound anti-GBM autoantibodies in @entity3143 -induced disease in @entity35 are directed against epitopes which are similar to the Goodpasture antigen of @entity1 . Reactive epitopes were also detected on saline soluble proteins of kidney cortex homogenate with the predominant antigen being a 31 kD polypeptide. In the saline soluble proteins the reactive polypeptides including the major 31 kD polypeptide did not originate from laminin, type IV collagen, or the collagenase-resistant noncollagenous part of GBM. The precise structural origin of soluble proteins was not defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Renal antigens in XXXX induced, anti- @entity8 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity7860 :: ('MESH:D019867', 'Disease') :: ['Goodpasture syndrome']

answer: @entity3143 :: (MESH:D008627,Chemical) :: ['mercuric chloride']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity16 in acute spontaneous @entity1779 ( @entity1779 ) may depend on @entity1410 volume, electrolyte imbalances, hydration status and other physiological parameters. Plasma osmolality is a marker of hydration. This study has examined the relationship of plasma osmolality with @entity1410 volume and clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective observational study included 75 @entity1 with non-traumatic acute spontaneous @entity1779 . Plasma osmolality, @entity1410 volume and clinical outcome in National Institute @entity64 scale (NIHSS) were measured on admission and on day 7 after treatment. Mean plasma osmolality was compared between those who died before day 7 and those who died after day 7. Plasma osmolality was also compared between @entity1 with NIHSS score >20 and @entity1 with NIHSS score  <=20. Paired t test, Pearson correlation coefficient and independent sample t test were done using SPSS software (version 17 for Windows). RESULT: There is no significant correlation between @entity1410 volume and plasma osmolality. Higher admission plasma osmolality was associated with early death [312.0 (  16.0) mOsm/kg for those who died before day 7 versus 297.0 (  14.7) mOsm/kg for those who died after day 7, P value =0.031]. Higher admission plasma osmolality was associated with very severe @entity64 [311.5 (  14.1) mOsm/Kg for @entity1 with NIHSS score >20 versus 293.6 (  11.3) mOsm/kg for @entity1 with NIHSS score  <=20, P value =0.000). CONCLUSION: High plasma osmolality is a predictor of early mortality. @entity1410 volume is not influenced by plasma osmolality.

title: Plasma osmolality in acute spontanious XXXX : Does it influence @entity1410 volume and clinical outcome?

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['Health stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['Hematoma', 'hematoma']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intra cerebral hemorrhage', 'ICH']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['intra-cerebral hemorrhage']


abstract: Fifteen @entity1 (8 male and 7 female) with @entity1582 , who were admitted to our hospital between July 1986 and August 1988 and suffering from @entity158 and @entity2741 , were treated with synthetic @entity175 derivative (elcatonin: ECT). ECT was administered intravenously at a dose of 10-640 units twice daily. Seven @entity1 were treated with ECT (ECT group), and eight @entity1 received combination treatment with ECT and other form of chemotherapy (combination group). With regard to the @entity158 score (PS), significant analgesic effects in both groups were observed during 1-4 week treatments (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in PS between two groups. Serum @entity460 levels in the combination group at 1 and 4 weeks were significantly lower than the initial value (p less than 0.05). @entity3747 was not seen in any of the @entity1 . Urinary excretion of @entity460 at 1 week in ECT group was higher than the initial value (p less than 0.05). The observed toxicities of ECT were @entity1209 in only 2 @entity1 . These findings suggest that ECT is an useful agent for the treatment of @entity158 and @entity2741 accompanied with @entity1582 .

title: [Effectiveness of synthetic @entity175 derivative (elcatonin) on the @entity158 and serum @entity460 concentration in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['Hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['slight nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity651 occurs after vascular surgery, with @entity3624 oxidase (an oxidant generator) released from reperfusing liver and intestines mediating a significant component of this injury. Because halogenated anesthetics have been observed to enhance oxidant-mediated injury in vitro, the authors hypothesized that @entity10233 would increase alveolar-capillary membrane permeability mediated by circulating @entity3624 oxidase after thoracic occlusion and reperfusion. METHODS: @entity95 were assigned to one of five groups: aorta occlusion groups administered @entity10233 (n=14), @entity10233 and @entity45746 ( @entity3624 oxidase inactivator, n=12), @entity3575 plus @entity6918 (n=13), and two sham-operated groups ( @entity10233 , n=7 and @entity3575 plus @entity6918 , n=7). @entity432 was maintained for 45 min with a balloon catheter, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Alveolar-capillary membrane permeability was assessed by measurement of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein. @entity3624 oxidase activity was determined in plasma and lung tissue. @entity620 content (an antioxidant) was determined in lung tissue. RESULTS: @entity10233 was associated with significantly increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability after aortic occlusion-reperfusion when compared with the @entity3575 plus @entity6918 anesthesia or sham-operated groups (P < 0.05). Inactivation of @entity3624 oxidase abrogated the @entity8025 associated with @entity10233 . Although significantly greater than for sham-operated animals, plasma @entity3624 oxidase activities released after aortic occlusion-reperfusion were not different between the two anesthetics. There were no anesthetic-associated differences in lung tissue @entity3624 oxidase activity. However, @entity10233 anesthesia resulted in a significant reduction in lung @entity620 after aortic occlusion-reperfusion compared with the sham-operated animals. CONCLUSIONS: @entity10233 anesthesia increased @entity3624 oxidase-dependent @entity8025 after aortic occlusion-reperfusion in concert with depletion of a key tissue antioxidant.

title: XXXX increases pulmonary alveolar-capillary membrane permeability after aortic occlusion-reperfusion in @entity95 : evidence of oxidant-mediated @entity651 .

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['Xanthine', 'xanthine']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['Ascorbic acid', 'ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity8025 :: ('MESH:C536590', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar-capillary membrane compromise']

entities_list: @entity6918 :: ('MESH:D004329', 'Chemical') :: ['droperidol']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary injury']

entities_list: @entity10233 :: ('MESH:C053562', 'Chemical') :: ['desflurane', 'Desflurane']

entities_list: @entity45746 :: ('MESH:C045951', 'Chemical') :: ['tungstate']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic occlusion']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity10233 :: (MESH:C053562,Chemical) :: ['Desflurane']


abstract: The effect of the @entity5 promoter @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) on proliferation and differentiation of normal mammary epithelial cells from 50-day-old virgin @entity35 was investigated using a model system that allows for full morphological and functional development of the cells. In this model, mammary epithelial cells are grown within a reconstituted basement membrane in a defined serum-free medium. @entity4515 at a concentration of 10(-6) M effected translocation of protein kinase C from cytosol to membrane. At the same concentration, it stimulated cell proliferation both in the presence and absence of EGF, and this stimulation was observed even when @entity4515 exposure was limited to 15 min at the time of each media change. In contrast to the effect on proliferation, @entity4515 at concentrations of 10(-7) and 10(-6) M inhibited functional differentiation as assessed by casein accumulation. @entity10670 at 10(-6) M also stimulated proliferation and inhibited casein accumulation and was more effective than @entity4515 in both cases. In contrast, the nonactive @entity5 promoter 4-alpha @entity4515 had no effect on either proliferation or differentiation. One of the most striking effects of @entity4515 was its ability to stimulate an atypical ductal morphogenesis, as manifested by the formation of intricate web-like colonies, and to inhibit the development of the well-differentiated @entity133 . @entity4515 was also shown to completely suppress the growth of the squamous-like colonies that develop when EGF is absent or deficient. These effects of @entity4996 in mammary epithelial cells to stimulate proliferation, inhibit functional differentiation, and stimulate the development of ductal colonies are consistent with the suggestion that the signal transduction pathways evoked by @entity4515 could act to stimulate the growth of initiated cells or render normal cells more sensitive to carcinogen.

title: @entity1359 stimulates proliferation and ductal morphogenesis and inhibits functional differentiation of normal XXXX mammary epithelial cells in primary culture.

entities_list: @entity10670 :: ('MESH:D015240', 'Chemical') :: ['Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate']

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar-like multilobular colonies']

entities_list: @entity4996 :: ('MESH:D010703', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol esters']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']