abstract: The parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex (MS-DB) play an important role in the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm involved in cognitive functions. These neurons in this region express a high density of @entity10463 receptors which regulate the neuronal activity and consequently affect the theta rhythm. In this study, we examined changes in the theta-related firing activity of @entity528 in the MS-DB, their response to @entity10463 receptor stimulation and the corresponding hippocampal theta rhythm, and the density of @entity528 and their co-localization with @entity10463 receptors in @entity35 with @entity2955 lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The lesion of the SNc decreased the rhythmically bursting activity of @entity528 and the peak frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm. Systemic administration of @entity10463 receptor agonist @entity10097 (0.5-128   g/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of @entity528 and disrupted rhythmically bursting activity of the neurons and the theta rhythm in sham-operated and the lesioned @entity35 , respectively. The cumulative doses producing inhibition and disruption in the lesioned @entity35 were higher than that of sham-operated @entity35 . Furthermore, local application of @entity10097 (0.005  g) in the MS-DB also inhibited the firing rate of @entity528 and disrupted their rhythmically bursting activity in sham-operated @entity35 , while having no effect on @entity528 in the lesioned @entity35 . The lesion of the SNc decreased the density of @entity528 in the MS-DB, and percentage of @entity528 expressing @entity10463 receptors. These results indicate that the lesion of the SNc leads to suppression of @entity528 in the MS-DB and hippocampal theta rhythm. Furthermore, the lesion decreases the response of these neurons to @entity10463 receptor stimulation, which attributes to dysfunction and/or down-regulation of @entity10463 receptor expression on these neurons. These changes may be involved in @entity73 of @entity191 .

title: The theta-related firing activity of parvalbumin-positive neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex and their response to @entity10463 receptor stimulation in a @entity35 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairments']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['PV-positive neurons']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been shown to be an effective treatment for superficial transitional cell @entity150 ( @entity8214 ). The mechanisms by which BCG limits @entity5 cell activity have thus far been unclear. We investigated the interaction between BCG and invasive @entity1 @entity8214 cell line EJ in an in vitro invasion assay. We observed that BCG inhibited the invasion of EJ cells through an artificial basement membrane. In terms of the steps involved in @entity5 cell invasion, i.e. attachment, proteolysis, and motility, BCG was found to limit @entity5 cell motility. Attachment and proliferation of @entity5 cells were not affected by BCG. The effects of BCG on @entity5 cell migration were mediated by fibronectin (FN), a basement membrane glycoprotein component. Abrogation of BCG-FN- @entity5 cell interactions with anti-FN antibodies eliminated the ability of BCG to block @entity5 cell invasion. Fibronectin appears to link BCG and @entity5 cells via independent FN binding receptors to separate domains of the FN molecule. The molecular mechanism by which BCG may limit @entity5 cell motility may be its ability to protect against the formation of specific FN sequences as a result of protease @entity467 digestion. A 31 kD and 27 kD FN band were absent from purified or @entity5 cell associated @entity467 digestion when incubated in the presence of BCG, but present in the absence of BCG. Furthermore when purified from SDS @entity2975 gel electrophoresis, the fragments were shown to have motility stimulating activity for the invasive EJ cells. These findings suggest that @entity8153 functions as a potent inhibitor of @entity5 cell invasion. We conclude that BCG-fibronectin- @entity5 cell interactions may have a direct influence on the invasive mechanisms, such as motility, of @entity5 cells.

title: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin abrogates in vitro invasion and motility of @entity1 XXXX cells via fibronectin interaction.

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the bladder']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage has been variably employed to lower @entity428 ( @entity428 ) in @entity1 with severe @entity542 . The efficacy of this manoeuvre remains under-explored ( @entity131 Foundation Recommendation-optional treatment). This work seeks to report the results of CSF drainage via external ventricular drain (EVD) in severe @entity542 in comparison to other treatment options. METHODS: Retrospective observational comparative study of all consecutive @entity1 admitted to a major @entity130 centre with severe @entity131 over a period of 12  months. RESULTS: Out of a total 139 @entity1 , 33 had delayed elevation of @entity428 despite conventional medical therapy, 16 @entity1 were treated with EVD insertion (4 placed under AxiEM image guidance [Medtronic]) and 17 received either decompressive @entity772 . Subsequently, two @entity1 with decompression had further @entity428 elevation and needed EVD. Two @entity1 with EVD had raised @entity428 -one underwent decompression and the other was treated with barbiturate @entity772 . One @entity1 with EVD developed @entity281 , which was successfully treated. @entity1 treated with EVD had a lower risk of needing definitive treatment for @entity428 control, i.e. decompressive @entity772 . CONCLUSIONS: EVD was a safe and less invasive procedure, and achieved sustained control of @entity428 in this @entity1 group.

title: Mitigating effects of external ventricular drain usage in the management of severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['Brain Trauma', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['ICP', 'intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['coma', 'craniectomy or barbiturate coma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether corneal collagen cross-linking with @entity8728 (C3-R) augments the effect of inferior-segment Intacs (Addition Technology) in the treatment of @entity9042 . SETTING: Private practice, Beverly Hills, California, USA. METHODS: A retrospective nonrandomized comparative case series comprised 12 eyes of 9 @entity1 who had inferior-segment Intacs placement without C3-R (Intacs-only group) and 13 eyes of 12 @entity1 who had inferior-segment Intacs placement combined with C3-R (Intacs with C3-R group). The 2 groups were matched preoperatively. All @entity1 had inferior-segment Intacs placed with the incision in the steep axis of manifest refraction. Corneal collagen cross-linking with @entity8728 was performed after the Intacs segments were inserted. Outcome measures were topographic keratometry values and the lower-upper (L-U) ratio, which is a topographic measure of the degree of @entity9042 . Preoperative data were compared to results 1 day postoperatively and measurements at the last postoperative visit. RESULTS: The Intacs with C3-R group had a significantly greater reduction in cylinder than the Intacs-only group (P<.05). Steep and average keratometry were reduced significantly more in the Intacs with C3-R group (P<.05). There was a greater reduction in L-U ratio in the Intacs with C3-R group (P<.05). CONCLUSION: The addition of C3-R to the Intacs procedure resulted in greater @entity9042 improvements than Intacs insertion alone.

title: Effect of inferior-segment Intacs with and without C3-R on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9042 :: ('MESH:D007640', 'Disease') :: ['keratoconus']

entities_list: @entity8728 :: ('MESH:D012256', 'Chemical') :: ['riboflavin']

answer: @entity9042 :: (MESH:D007640,Disease) :: ['keratoconus']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of @entity6923 of @entity39 in @entity1 suffering from @entity656 ( @entity656 ) and to analyze its impact on the outcome. Two-hundred and fifty consecutive @entity1 with @entity656 from January 1986 to December 1998 were studied retrospectively. Their mean APACHE II score at the day of admission was in 16.1 (range 8-35). All @entity1 were in need of operative therapy. Overall mortality was 38.8% (97 @entity1 ). One-hundred and eighty-two @entity1 (72.8%) suffered from local infected @entity39 . Among these @entity1 , @entity6923 was observed in 31 @entity1 , whereof 23 @entity1 (74%) suffered from @entity364 detected at first operation. During the course of disease, 12 @entity1 (39%) also revealed @entity12045 . @entity6923 as compared to no @entity6923 was associated with an increased mortality rate (84% vs. 32%; P 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified APACHE II score (P < 0.0001), age of the @entity1 (P < 0.003), extent of @entity353 (P < 0.004) as independent factors significantly contributing to mortality. @entity656 , requiring surgical treatment, is associated with high in-hospital mortality. @entity1 suffering from @entity6923 are at high risk of fatal outcome.

title: @entity6923 of local XXXX in @entity656 is associated with increased mortality.

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['local Candida infection', 'Candida infection', 'Local Candida infection']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic necrosis (P < 0.002), and local bacterial (P < 0.04) and fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['SAP', 'severe acute pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'pancreatic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['local fungal infection']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular system is the part of the fetal anatomy that most frequently suffers from congenital pathology. This study shows our preliminary experience with fetal cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to evaluate @entity65 . METHODS: Between January 2006 and June 2011, Prenatal routine obstetric ultrasound (US), echocardiography and CMR data from 68 pregnant @entity1 carrying fetuses with @entity854 were compared with postnatal diagnoses (postnatal imagings, surgery and autopsy). All prenatal CMR was performed at 1.5   T. Imaging sequences included steady-state free-precession (SSFP) sequences, real-time SSFP and single-shot turbo spin echo (SSTSE) sequences. The images were analyzed with an anatomic segmental approach by two radiologists. RESULTS: Fetal CMR yielded the same diagnosis as postnatal findings in 79% (54/68) of @entity1 . The diagnostic sensitivity of routine obstetric US for @entity299 was 46% (31/68). The diagnostic sensitivity of fetal echocardiographic examination by a fetal cardiac specialist was 82% (56/68). In 2 (3%) of 68 cases, diagnoses with both echocardiography and CMR were incorrect when compared with postnatal diagnosis. In ten (15%) cases, diagnosis at echocardiography was incorrect and that at CMR was correct. In twelve (18%) cases, diagnosis at echocardiography was correct and that at CMR was incorrect. Ten cases missed or misdiagnosed by echocardiography but correctly diagnosed by fetal CMR included @entity4032 (n   =   2), interrupted @entity6323 of @entity4032 (n   =   1), @entity997 (n   =   1), double outlet right ventricle (n   =   2), double aortic arch (n   =   1), right @entity358 (n   =   1), right-sided aortic arch of @entity215 (n   =   1) and @entity1699 of a twin fetus (n   =   1). CONCLUSION: Fetal CMR is a promising diagnostic tool for assessment of @entity65 , especially in situations that limit echocardiography.

title: Preliminary experience with cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluation of fetal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1699 :: ('MESH:D018636', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['congenital cardiovascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity997 :: ('MESH:D014262', 'Disease') :: ['tricuspid incompetence']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary artery hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac anomalies']

entities_list: @entity6323 :: ('MESH:C563013', 'Disease') :: ['inferior vena cava']

entities_list: @entity4032 :: ('MESH:D059446', 'Disease') :: ['asplenia syndrome', 'polysplenia syndrome']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['congenital cardiovascular abnormalities']

answer: @entity854 :: (MESH:D018376,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular anomalies']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Nonpilocytic low-grade @entity5 in adults occur mostly in the supratentorial compartment. However, a few cases of @entity11 (LGG) have been described. The occurrence of LGG in the cerebellum in the setting of a previously existing @entity11 is rare. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We present three young @entity1 with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of long-standing supratentorial LGG. All three @entity1 presented years after their initial diagnosis with a second, nonenhancing lesion in the cerebellum, compatible with the radiological appearance of LGG. Two @entity1 subsequently became symptomatic from these lesions and underwent surgical resection of the @entity76 that were found to have similar pathological features to the original @entity5 . This was confirmed by histology (both @entity1 ) and genetic markers (one @entity1 ). INTERVENTION: Magnetic resonance imaging did not demonstrate @entity5 continuity between the supratentorial and infratentorial lesions in any of the @entity1 . The third @entity1 has shown no cerebellar symptoms to date and is only followed with periodic magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: The anatomic/pathological basis of these rare cases may include a primary, multicentric @entity5 formation, or a secondary @entity5 infiltration of the cerebrocerebellar pathways, leading to the formation of the @entity17692 .

title: @entity17692 extension as a late event of long-standing, supratentorial low-grade XXXX : case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['glial tumors', 'supratentorial tumors', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['infratentorial low-grade gliomas', 'supratentorial glioma']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar lesions']

entities_list: @entity17692 :: ('MESH:D002528', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar tumor']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['gliomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity80 ( @entity80 ) has a recurrence rate of between 12% and 71% without en bloc resection or amputation. There is no percutaneous @entity80 treatment drug regimen demonstrating consistent evidence of @entity79 with recurrence of < 12%. @entity3403 has properties that may make it appropriate for percutaneous treatment. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We therefore asked: (1) Is there reduction in @entity80 lytic cyst volume with injectable @entity3403 ? (2) Is it associated with thickening of involved bony cortex? (3) Is the recurrence rate after percutaneous treatment < 12%? METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 20 @entity1 who underwent percutaneous treatment of ABCs with @entity3403 from 2006 to 2010. The mean age was 10 years (range, 3-18 years). There were 21 treatment locations: humerus (six), spine (five), clavicle (two), fibula (one), femur (two), ulna (two), tibia (two), and scapula (one). Twenty @entity1 completed treatment involving 118 treatment sessions (two to 14 sessions per @entity1 ). Treatment response was evaluated radiographically by measuring the lytic component and thickness of involved cortex. Recurrence was indicated by new areas of @entity2835 after completion of treatment. The minimum followup was 24 months (mean, 38 months). RESULTS: Twenty of 20 @entity1 demonstrated reduction in @entity2835 and bony healing. All @entity1 demonstrated cortical thickening. One @entity1 demonstrated recurrent minimal @entity2835 after 20 months of observation. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, @entity1 undergoing percutaneous @entity3403 treatment of ABCs demonstrated a healing response and a recurrence rate of 5% at more than 24 months.

title: Percutaneous @entity3403 treatment of XXXX with low recurrence rate: a preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['lytic destruction']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['Doxycycline', 'doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone healing']

entities_list: @entity80 :: ('MESH:D017824', 'Disease') :: ['ABC', 'Aneurysmal bone cyst']

answer: @entity80 :: (MESH:D017824,Disease) :: ['aneurysmal bone cysts']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity717 ( @entity717 ) face the development of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) similar to the general population. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the presence of @entity65 risk factors, the @entity65 (ASCVD) risk score, and medication prescribing patterns for medications to treat related risk factors for @entity1 with @entity1798 and those without. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of @entity1 age 18years and older of a health system's primary care medicine practices. The @entity1798 group had documentation of a diagnosis related to @entity1798 . The comparison group was a random sample of @entity1 from the same practices who had no indication of @entity1798 . @entity1 characteristics included demographics, smoking status, @entity165 , and blood pressure. The presence of a diagnosis of @entity101 , @entity407 , @entity6 , @entity453 , history of @entity64 or @entity583 , and related medication therapy were documented. The dependent variable was the estimated 10-year primary risk of ASCVD. RESULTS: The @entity1798 group included 78 @entity1 while the GenMed group included 187. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of risk-related diagnoses or in blood pressure and @entity165 between the two groups. The estimated 10-year ASCVD risk was significantly higher in the GenMed group compared to the @entity1798 group (p=0.02). Prescribing was similar between the groups. The regression analysis found that group assignment was not significantly associated with ASCVD risk, while age, gender, and race were. CONCLUSIONS: CV risk and related treatment among @entity1 with @entity1798 was similar to that of the general population.

title: Cardiovascular risk and treatment for adults with intellectual or XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient', 'People']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['IDDs', 'intellectual/developmental disabilities']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'atherosclerotic cardiovascular', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['developmental disabilities']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the activity and @entity137 of a higher dose intensity of the @entity136 plus @entity900 combination in @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Between June 2001-June 2003, @entity1 with locally advanced or metastatic @entity1149 and ECOG performance status 0-2 entered prospectively the study. @entity900 dose was 80 mg/m(2) and @entity136 2 g/m(2). Both drugs were given on day 1 and cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. Three-four chemotherapy cycles were given, followed by thoracic radiotherapy, followed by another 2-3 chemotherapy cycles post radiotherapy. RESULTS: 35 @entity1 (34 males, 1 female) with a median age of 65 years (range 42-75) were enrolled. @entity1149 histological subtypes were: adenocarcinoma 3, large cell @entity189 3, and @entity957 29. Twenty @entity1 had stage IIIB and 15 stage IV. A median of 6 cycles (range 4-6) were administered. Grade 2 @entity390 (11/35) and @entity391 (6/35) and grade 1 @entity1665 (23/35) were the most common nonhematological side effects. No @entity1 needed dose reduction because of @entity137 . Grade 2 hematological @entity137 was seen in 10/35 @entity1 . Only one case developed grade 4 hematological @entity137 after the 4th cycle ( @entity1398 ). No @entity1 achieved complete response. The partial response (PR) rate was 27.5% and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) rate was 28.5%. Median overall survival (OS) was 12.5 months (range 3-20) and progression-free survival (PFS) 5 months (range 0-13). CONCLUSION: This regimen allows the delivery of higher dose of @entity136 with @entity900 , has favorable @entity137 profile and good antitumor activity.

title: @entity136 - XXXX given on day 1 every 3 weeks in advanced @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['stable disease', 'SD']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: @entity5 budding is defined as dedifferentiated @entity5 cells at the invasive margin of @entity14 ( @entity14 ) and correlates with a worse prognosis. The invasive margin and @entity5 budding are normally not present in a superficial diagnostic biopsy specimen. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression/overexpression of 2 downstream molecules of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ @entity584 pathways, phosphorylated @entity584 (pAKT) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase ( @entity7952 ), in areas of @entity14 away from the invasive margin and determining if these variables were predictive of @entity5 budding or prognosis. A series of 1420 unselected, nonconsecutive @entity14 resections were subdivided into 3 groups: (1) DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proficient, (2) @entity6756 -negative, and (3) presumed HNPCC. Immunohistochemical analysis of pAKT and @entity7952 expression (0% versus > 0%) and overexpression (increasing percentage of positivity) was performed using the tissue microarray technique. The results were correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. Fifty-seven samples of normal colon mucosa were included as a control group. Nuclear @entity7952 expression (P = .008) was associated with presence of @entity5 budding in the MMR-proficient, but not in the @entity6756 -negative and presumed-HNPCC groups. In contrast, cytoplasmic pAKT overexpression was associated with early T stage (P = .04), early N stage (P = .02), and absence of @entity5 budding (P = .03) only in the @entity6756 -negative group. There was no association between @entity7952 or pAKT and clinicopathologic parameters in the HNPCC group. Dysregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is likely to be implicated in the mechanism of @entity5 budding only in MMR-proficient @entity14 , whereas the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ @entity584 pathway is associated with early stage in @entity6756 -negative @entity14 .

title: Role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ XXXX pathways downstream molecules, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phosphorylated @entity584 in @entity14 -a tissue microarray-based approach.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity584 :: (207,Gene) :: ['AKT']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The standard treatment of high grade @entity11 (HGG) involves maximal neuro-surgical debulking, followed by post-operative radiotherapy, with or without concurrent chemotherapy, depending on histologic grade. Despite this aggressive strategy, there are few long-term survivors. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive imaging method that can monitor metabolic changes in @entity1313 . To date there is little data concerning the prognostic significance of the evolving spectral alterations during a course of radiotherapy. MATERIALS: We report herein a prospective study of @entity1 with HGGs undergoing post-operative radiotherapy. Fourteen consecutively eligible @entity1 with a confirmed histologic diagnosis of @entity11 and completion of all required MRS imaging were included in this study. All @entity1 had MRS imaging prior to radiotherapy, at week 4 of radiotherapy, and 2 months post-treatment. T1 and T2 weighted images as well as post- @entity2287 multi-voxel proton MRS images were obtained. Normalized ( @entity5 metabolite/normal brain metabolite) levels of @entity1877 , @entity14728 , @entity908 , lipid and lactate were calculated. Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves of progression-free and overall survival were constructed based on the evolving patterns of metabolite changes over the course of the images. RESULTS: The mean @entity5 @entity1877 / @entity14728 ratio decreased over the course of therapy, with a reduction observed between the baseline and post-radiotherapy studies (1.91 vs. 1.29, P=0.049). A similar decrease was identified with the mean normalized @entity1877 ratio, with a highly significant difference observed between the baseline and post-radiation images (1.61 vs. 0.96, P=0.001). @entity1 who exhibited more than 40% decrease in normalized @entity1877 between the week 4 and post-radiotherapy studies were associated with unfavourable survival (logrank test, P=0.003) and disease progression (logrank test, P=0.012). The @entity880 / @entity14728 ratio at the 4th week of radiotherapy and the change in normalized @entity1877 / @entity908 between baseline and week 4 of radiotherapy were also predictive of outcome suggesting the possibility of adaptive, response-based radiation treatment. @entity1 with two or more poor prognostic MRS indices had a significantly shorter progression-free survival compared with those with zero or one poor indices, with 15% and 68% at 1 year, respectively (logrank test, P=0.045). CONCLUSION: The evolving pattern of spectral changes over the course of radiotherapy, in particular those associated with @entity1877 -containing compounds, appears to be prognostic of @entity5 response and outcome. Based on our data, a decision point may exist in the mid course of radical radiotherapy, at which time consideration of the @entity1877 levels could indicate the extent of radiotherapeutic response, thus allowing for individualized treatment modification.

title: Prognostic significance of serial magnetic resonance spectroscopies over the course of radiation therapy for XXXX with @entity11 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Although well accepted in the @entity1 undergoing Harrington instrumentation, the validity of King's criteria in @entity1 undergoing correction of @entity2112 using the Cotrel-Dubousset system has been questioned. The cases of 64 @entity1 with @entity1605 (N = 40) and Type III (N = 24) @entity2112 treated with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation were reviewed. The average curve correction for @entity1605 spinal curvature was 69.4% after surgery and 57.8% at follow-up examination. Decompensation was evident in 40% of the curves that were fused beyond the stable vertebra. However, the @entity1 were only aware of their trunk decompensation if it was larger than 10 mm, and this was found in 35% of the @entity1 . Decompensation occurred in 60% of those that were fused short of or to the stable vertebra. Only 42% of this group were aware of their decompensation. Decompensation was measured to the left of the spine in all @entity1 . The difference between the subgroups based on the choice of distal fusion levels was not statistically significant (P greater than 0.05). The average curve correction for @entity1635 was 62.9% after surgery and 54.6% at the time of follow-up examination. There was no correlation between caudal fusion levels and the incidence of decompensation with @entity164 . It was concluded that there was no statistically significant relationship between choice of distal fusion level and the amount of decompensation, thereby indicating that the use of King's criteria for the selection of fusion levels in @entity1 undergoing correction of @entity2112 using the Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation may not be useful.

title: Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['Type III scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['Type III curves']

answer: @entity2112 :: (MESH:C564593,Disease) :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: Polymorphous low-grade @entity420 ( @entity7050 ) of the salivary gland is a disease entity that is a recently described form of @entity420 . @entity7050 most commonly arises in the minor salivary glands. We report two cases of @entity7050 of the parotid gland. Case 1: A 52-year-old female visited the University of Tsukuba Hospital with a painless mass in the left parotid region. A superficial parotidectomy and postoperative radiotherapy were performed. The @entity1 has been free from disease for 50 months. Case 2: A 55-year-old female initially noticed a painless slowly growing mass in the left parotid region. The @entity5 was removed with a superficial parotidectomy. The local recurrence was found 6 years after the initial surgery. The recurrent @entity5 was removed, and radiotherapy was administered thereafter. The @entity1 has been free from the disease for 33 months since the last treatment. The treatment for the @entity75 is crucial for the prognosis since @entity3 to the regional lymph node or to distant region is unusual in @entity7050 . Although surgical extirpation is the recommended modality for treatment of @entity7050 , wide resection with a safety margin is often difficult in the parotid gland because of the presence of the facial nerve. Our two cases were successfully treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Although our literature search revealed 32 previously reported cases of @entity7050 of the parotid gland, only five of the 32 cases were treated postoperative radiotherapy. We highlight the importance of postoperative radiotherapy for @entity7050 of the parotid gland.

title: The importance of postoperative radiotherapy against polymorphous low-grade XXXX of the parotid gland: case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: We conducted a study using @entity353 ( @entity353 ) and perfusion-weighted (PWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the efficacy of thrombolysis in an @entity64 model with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and hirulog, a novel direct-acting antithrombin. @entity353 can identify areas of @entity63 minutes from @entity64 onset, while PWI identifies regions of impaired blood flow. Right internal carotid arteries of 36 @entity95 were embolized using aged heterologous thrombi. Baseline @entity353 and PWI scans were obtained to confirm successful embolization. Four animals with no observable @entity353 lesion on the initial scan were excluded; therefore, a total of 32 animals were randomized to one of three treatment groups: rt-PA (n = 11), rt-PA plus hirulog (n = 11), or placebo (n = 10). Treatment was begun 1 h after @entity64 induction. Intravenous doses were as follows: rt-PA, 5 mg/kg over 0.5 h with 20% of the total dose given as a bolus; hirulog, 1 mg/kg bolus followed by 5 mg/kg over 1 h. MRI was performed at 2, 3, and 5 h following embolization. Six hours after embolization, brains were harvested, examined for @entity548 , then prepared for histologic analysis. The rt-PA decreased fibrinogen levels by 73%, and hirulog prolonged the aPTT to four times the control value. Posttreatment areas of diffusion abnormality and perfusion delay were expressed as a ratio of baseline values. Significantly improved perfusion was seen in the rt-PA plus hirulog group compared with placebo (normalized ratios of the perfusion delay areas were as follows: placebo, 1.58, 0.47-3.59; rt-PA, 1.12, 0.04-3.95; rt-PA and hirulog, 0.40, 0.02-1.08; p < 0.05). Comparison of diffusion abnormality ratios measured at 5 h showed trends favoring reduced lesion size in both groups given rt-PA (normalized ratios of diffusion abnormality areas were as follows: placebo, 3.69, 0.39-15.71; rt-PA, 2.57, 0.74-5.00; rt-PA and hirulog, 1.95, 0.33-6.80; p = 0.32). Significant @entity1779 was observed in one placebo, two rt-PA, and three rt-PA plus hirulog treated animals. One fatal systemic @entity548 was observed in each of the rt-PA groups. We conclude that rt-PA plus hirulog improves cerebral perfusion but does not necessarily reduce @entity131 . @entity353 and PWI are useful methods for monitoring thrombolysis.

title: Improved perfusion with rt-PA and hirulog in a @entity95 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral injury']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['embolic stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['DWI', 'diffusion-weighted']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['embolic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Spontaneous malignant transformation of @entity16850 was in the past mostly negated, or the discussion in literature was rather toned down and reserved. Therefore, from a biological and prognostic point of view, HPV infection of the larynx seems to carry a different weight than a @entity1800 in genital region. According to general consensus, secondary, @entity5 occurs in irradiated @entity1 and leads to the conclusion that radiation therapy of this disease is presently contraindicated. Because there is as yet no causal and curative treatment, repeated and frequent removal of papillomatous tissue by microlaryngoscopy may often be necessary to keep the airway patent. @entity1 , METHOD AND RESULTS: We diagnosed and treated an advanced @entity957 with lymphatic metastasis in a 50-year old male. @entity16850 had been diagnosed already at the age of five, and at the @entity1 's last presentation 5 years ago (age 45), typical clinical and histological features of @entity16850 had been observed. Furthermore, virus infection of the papillomatous tissue (HPV-6/11) was proved by using the technique of in-situ hybridisation. Risk factors for malignant transformation, such as smoking, @entity167 or radiation, were denied by the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: From these aspects, a spontaneous, malignant transformation of @entity16850 must be considered with regard to six similar observations in the German and English literature. In the reported case, a tumoural origin in the flat laryngeal mucosa in close neighbourhood to the former site of @entity1185 , is less probable, albeit not ruled out completely, since continuous changes from benign @entity1185 to @entity5 and a @entity281 tissue could not be proved by in-situ hybridisation.

title: [Malignant degeneration of XXXX ?].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity16850 :: ('MESH:C537876', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal papillomatosis', 'Juvenile papillomatosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformation in juvenile papillomatosis', 'atypical, invasive tumour']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas', 'squamous papilloma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['HPV-infection in the carcinomatous']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

answer: @entity16850 :: (MESH:C537876,Disease) :: ['juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis']


abstract: The objective of the present work was to assess @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and its predictors in @entity298 ( @entity298 ) @entity1 , to check the history of those @entity1 4 years after the assessment, and to relate thoses outcome to @entity79 . We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure @entity79 in 26 @entity1 at the femoral neck (FN), and we related those measurements to demographic, nutrition, and laboratory data. Four years after the assessments, the outcomes of those @entity1 were checked and related to @entity79 . In the study @entity1 , the mean FN @entity79 was 0.842 +/- 0.137 g/cm2. Serum albumin, lean body mass, @entity623 ( @entity623 ), and treatment with @entity117 were significant predictors for @entity79 in the first multivariate model. A second model included @entity1503 , serum @entity3151 , serum @entity1011 , and age as significant @entity79 predictors. Hemoglobin or hematocrit could have replaced @entity3151 as a @entity79 predictor The prevalences of abnormal values for @entity79 predictors in the study @entity1 were @entity3151 > 4.5 mg/dL, 69.2%; pH < 7.36, 53.8%; albumin < 3.5 g/dL, 46.1%; @entity623 > 104 IU/L, 23.1%; and hemoglobin < 11.0 g/ dL, 23.1%. In 8 @entity1 , a successful renal transplantation occurred at 8.5 +/- 9.3 months; 9 @entity1 died at 25.9 +/- 12.5 months; and 9 @entity1 continued dialysis for a further 50.4 +/- 1.7 months. The highest @entity79 was found in the @entity1 who underwent renal transplantation (0.962 +/- 0.110 g/cm2); the lowest @entity79 was found in the @entity1 who died (0.737 +/- 0.100 g/ cm2, p = 0.001). In @entity298 @entity1 , low @entity79 indicates worse outcome. High prevalences of predictors for low @entity79 (age, poor nutrition status, @entity520 , high @entity3151 , @entity417 ) also contribute to worse outcome in @entity298 @entity1 .

title: Bone mineral density, its predictors, and outcomes in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylsalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritoneal dialysis']


abstract: Neuromuscular synapses in an @entity342 -sensitive muscle of sexually mature male @entity19 were repeatedly observed over several-month intervals in normal animals and in animals in which @entity251 levels were manipulated. In normal bulbocavernosus muscles, pre- and postsynaptic regions of neuromuscular junctions enlarge as muscle fibers grow. After castration, junctional area decreased in parallel with muscle fiber @entity194 . When @entity251 was resupplied to castrated animals, junctions that previously decreased in size then enlarged in parallel with muscle fiber @entity1184 . Surprisingly, these size changes occurred without loss or addition of motor nerve terminal branches or @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) receptor regions. Rather, each nerve terminal branch and underlying receptor region became smaller following castration and reenlarged following @entity251 treatment. Several lines of evidence argued that the size changes observed after castration and @entity251 treatment were secondary to shrinkage and stretching of the postsynaptic muscle fiber membrane. Following castration, the spaces between synaptic regions decreased in size at the same time and to a similar extent as the regions themselves. Following @entity251 replacement, the spaces between synaptic regions expanded and each existing ACh receptor region enlarged. Ultrastructural analysis showed that there was no loss or addition of postsynaptic secondary junctional folds in the muscle fiber membrane (where ACh receptors are located) as junctions shrank and expanded. Rather, folds became more densely packed as muscle fibers atrophied following castration and less densely packed as muscle fibers @entity1184 following @entity251 replacement. From these studies of the bulbocavernosus muscle, as from our previous studies of the sternomastoid muscle, we conclude that neuromuscular junction size is directly coupled to muscle fiber size. Androgens modulate muscle fiber volume directly, leading to a change in the surface area of the muscle fiber membrane, which in turn causes the postsynaptic specializations to shrink or expand. The concomitant shrinkage and stretching of motor nerve terminals that we observed can only be accounted for by their adhesion to postsynaptic specializations that are also changing size. Thus adhesion, rather than an interchange of diffusible factors, trophic or otherwise, is likely to be the primary determinant of coordinated pre- and postsynaptic enlargement in growing @entity1 skeletal muscles.

title: Neuromuscular junctions shrink and expand as muscle fiber size is manipulated: in vivo observations in the @entity342 -sensitive bulbocavernosus muscle of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy', 'hypertrophied']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1205 , as a single agent, has demonstrated activity in @entity1 with advanced @entity356 and @entity900 has shown lack of overlapping @entity137 with @entity1205 . Therefore, we conducted a phase II study to assess the efficacy and the @entity137 of a combination regimen of @entity1205 plus @entity900 in @entity1 with advanced @entity356 who have never been treated with palliative chemotherapy. METHODS: Ninety-two @entity1 with metastatic @entity356 were enrolled from April 2000 to March 2004. @entity1 with histologically confirmed @entity356 , at least one bi-dimensionally measurable lesion, no prior palliative chemotherapy and at least 6 months from the end of adjuvant chemotherapy were eligible for study entry. @entity1205 75 mg/m(2 )and @entity900 75 mg/m(2) were given on day 1. The cycle was repeated every 3 weeks. The objective response was evaluated after three cycles of chemotherapy. @entity137 was assessed according to the National @entity5 Institute common @entity137 criteria scale version 2.0. RESULTS: In total, 401 cycles were administered, with a median of 5 cycles per @entity1 (range 1-9 cycles). The median age was 56 years (range 31-76). Eighty-six @entity1 were evaluable for treatment response. The objective response rate was 43.5% (95% CI, 33.4-53.6) with one complete response and 39 partial responses. Twenty @entity1 (21.7%) had stable disease and 26 @entity1 (28.3%) had a progression. The median time to progression was 7.0 months (95% CI, 5.0-9.0) and the median overall survival was 11.5 months (95% CI, 9.5-13.4). The chemotherapy was generally well tolerated and the most common grade 3-4 @entity137 were @entity1398 (17.4%), @entity390 / @entity391 (13.0%) and @entity294 (7.6%). CONCLUSION: The combination chemotherapy of @entity1205 with @entity900 in advanced @entity356 was tolerable for most @entity1 and showed a promising antitumor activity as a first-line therapy.

title: Phase II study of XXXX and @entity900 combination chemotherapy in metastatic @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: Intraoperative tissue or fluid culture remains the gold standard in diagnosing @entity281 . However, an organism is not always isolated from intraoperative cultures. We asked whether preoperative antibiotics interfered with the isolation of organisms from intraoperative tissue samples. We hypothesized organisms isolated from preoperative joint aspirate correspond to those cultures from intraoperative specimens. We retrospectively reviewed 171 @entity1 undergoing TKA, diagnosed with periprosthetic infections from 2000 to 2005, who had a positive preoperative aspiration culture. The details of any antibiotics given to the @entity1 preoperatively were documented. Seventy-two of 171 @entity1 received preoperative antibiotics before surgery. Intraoperative culture was negative in nine of the 72 @entity1 who received antibiotics: a false-negative rate of 12.5%. An organism could not be isolated from intraoperative samples in eight of the 99 @entity1 who did not receive preoperative antibiotics: a false-negative rate of 8%. We observed no difference in the incidence of false-negative cultures between the two groups. The organisms isolated from the aspirate culture were identical to their intraoperative counterparts in 97% of the cases. Administration of preoperative antibiotics to @entity1 with a positive preoperative joint aspirate did not interfere with the isolation of the infecting organism from intraoperative culture samples more than when antibiotics were withheld.

title: Perioperative antibiotics should not be withheld in proven cases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['periprosthetic infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['periprosthetic infection']


abstract: Touch plays a significant role in @entity1 social behavior and social communication, and its rewarding nature has been suggested to involve opioids. Opioid blockade in monkeys leads to increased solicitation and receipt of grooming, suggesting heightened enjoyment of touch. We sought to study the role of endogenous opioids in perception of affective touch in healthy adults and in @entity1 with @entity239 , a @entity1118 condition shown to involve reduced opioid receptor availability. The pleasantness of touch has been linked to the activation of C-tactile fibers, which respond maximally to slow gentle touch and correlate with ratings of pleasantness. We administered @entity1510 to @entity1 and healthy controls to directly observe the consequences of   -opioid blockade on the perceived pleasantness and intensity of touch. We found that at baseline @entity1118 @entity1 showed a blunted distinction between slow and fast brushing for both intensity and pleasantness, suggesting reduced C-tactile touch processing. In addition, we found a differential effect of opioid blockade on touch perception in healthy subjects and @entity158 @entity1 . In healthy individuals, opioid blockade showed a trend toward increased ratings of touch pleasantness, while in @entity1118 @entity1 it significantly decreased ratings of touch intensity. Further, in healthy individuals, @entity1510 -induced increase in touch pleasantness was associated with @entity1510 -induced decreased preference for slow touch, suggesting a possible effect of opioid levels on processing of C-tactile fiber input. These findings suggest a role for endogenous opioids in touch processing, and provide further evidence for altered opioid functioning in @entity1118 @entity1 .

title: Touch Perception Altered by XXXX and by Opioid Blockade.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['Chronic Pain']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the incidence and prevalence of @entity2530 in @entity1596 @entity1 . METHODS: An electronic medical record database search was conducted to identify @entity1596 @entity1 with @entity2530 and the number at risk for @entity228 -related @entity2530 from 2003 to 2012. The clinical and ophthalmologic features of the @entity1596 @entity1 with @entity2530 were assessed with retrospective chart reviews. RESULTS: Six @entity1596 @entity1 with @entity2530 were identified, comprising a prevalence of 1.5%. The incidence density was 0.19 per 100 @entity1 -years of follow-up. The uveitides included @entity370 , @entity10352 , idiopathic @entity4816 , idiopathic chronic anterior and intermediate @entity1596 , @entity7375 , and @entity9465 . The duration of systemic @entity228 treatment ranged from 6 weeks to 6 years. The potential systemic risk factors were @entity2407 phenomenon, antiphospholipid and autoantibodies, sickle cell trait, and @entity2395 . CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity2530 appears to be a rare complication among @entity1596 @entity1 , physicians should strive to minimize systemic @entity228 use when appropriate. A higher level of suspicion for @entity2530 may be warranted in @entity1 with additional systemic risk factors.

title: XXXX -associated @entity2530 : a rare, but serious, complication in @entity1596 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity9465 :: ('MESH:D055952', 'Disease') :: ['Cogan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemia']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity7375 :: ('MESH:D014607', 'Disease') :: ['Vogt-Koyanagi Harada disease']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity10352 :: ('MESH:D009879', 'Disease') :: ['sympathetic ophthalmia']

entities_list: @entity4816 :: ('MESH:D031300', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity228 :: (CHEBI:50858,Chemical) :: ['Corticosteroid']


abstract: @entity177 ( @entity177 ) is associated with an increased bioavailability of drugs by a poorly understood mechanism. One hypothesis is a reduction in the elimination of drugs by the intestine, i.e., drug elimination mediated by protein membrane transporters such as @entity22209 ( @entity22209 ) and @entity21998 . The present study aimed to investigate the repercussions of @entity177 on intestinal transporters involved in drug absorption [organic anion-transportingpolypeptide (Oatp)] and those implicated in drug extrusion ( @entity22209 and @entity21998 ). @entity22209 , @entity21998 , @entity24072 , @entity24074 , and @entity36503 protein expression and @entity22209 , @entity21998 , and @entity36503 mRNA expression were assessed in the intestine of @entity177 (induced by five-sixth nephrectomy) and control @entity35 . @entity22209 and @entity21998 activities were measured using the everted gut technique. @entity35 enterocytes and Caco-2 cells were incubated with sera from control and @entity177 @entity35 to characterize the mechanism of transporters' down-regulation. Protein expression of @entity22209 , @entity21998 , and @entity24072 were reduced by more than 40% (p < 0.01) in @entity177 @entity35 , whereas @entity24074 and @entity36503 expression remained unchanged. There was no difference in the mRNA levels assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. @entity22209 and @entity21998 activities were decreased by 30 and 25%, respectively, in @entity177 @entity35 compared with control (p < 0.05). Uremic sera induced a reduction in protein expression and in activity of drug transporters compared with control sera. Our results demonstrate that @entity177 in @entity35 is associated with a decrease in intestinal @entity22209 and @entity21998 protein expression and function secondarily to serum uremic factors. This reduction could explain the increased bioavailability of drugs in @entity177 .

title: Down-regulation of intestinal drug transporters in XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity21998 :: ('25303(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['MRP2', 'multidrug-resistance-related protein (MRP) 2']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic renal failure', 'CRF']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: In previous experiments (Monserrat, Gotelle, and Garay, 1969) we have found that the administration to @entity35 of a single injection of 1.12 M @entity969 induces a hydropic reversible vacuolation of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. Along with the vacuolation the PAS and acid phosphatase positive, as well as autofluorescent granules (lysosomes) disappear and vice versa. We now report the effects of multiple intraperitoneal injections of 1.12 M @entity969 . The aim of the study was to determine whether the renal cells are able to adapt to this situation or the modifications are permanent. @entity35 male @entity35 were allotted to 4 different groups (A : experimental, B, C, and D, controls) and placed in metabolic cages. Animals from group A were injected with 3.0 ml/100 gm body weight of 1.12 M @entity969 at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the beginning of the experiment; @entity35 of groups B and C were injected respectively at 0 and 96 hours, and finally, @entity35 of group D were used as normal controls. All @entity35 were killed at 120 hours. The results showed a striking vacuolation in the proximal convoluted tubules of the @entity35 of group C, and complete regression of vacuolar changes in those of group @entity35 of group A, although they maintained the osmotic diuresis, showed mild vacuolation with persistence of acid phosphatase and PAS positive granules, as well as autofluorescent droplets (lysosomes). We postulate that these results are indicative of adaptive changes, whose mechanisms are at present being studied.

title: Effects of repeated injections of XXXX on the kidney. Histologic, cytochemical and functional studies in an animal model.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity969 :: (MESH:D013395,Chemical) :: ['sucrose']


abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in @entity5 progression. Matrilysin, one of the matrix metalloproteinases, is frequently overexpressed in @entity1820 . The aim of our study was to assess the validity of matrilysin as a prognostic marker of @entity14 . Matrilysin expression was immunohistochemically analyzed using @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded specimens from 113 @entity14 @entity1 who had undergone curative surgery. The lumenal surface of neoplastic glands in the superficial layer was apically stained, while the cytoplasm of @entity5 cells at the invasive front was diffusely stained for matrilysin. Sections with immunostaining signals in more than 30% of @entity189 cells at the invasive front, which were observed in 47 (42%) cases, were judged as being positive for matrilysin. Matrilysin positivity was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion, lymph node @entity3 , lymphatic invasion, advanced Dukes' stage and poor outcome. @entity1 with matrilysin-positive @entity5 had a significantly shorter overall survival time than those with matrilysin-negative @entity5 . For @entity1 with intermediate invasive @entity5 (T2 or T3), only matrilysin was a significant prognostic variable for predicting overall survival in multivariate analysis. Matrilysin expression at the invasive front could be an important marker, predicting an unfavorable prognosis after surgical treatment in @entity1 with @entity14 .

title: Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of matrilysin expression at the invasive front in XXXX @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal cancers']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancers', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Markers of collagen metabolism may possibly be used in the assessment of @entity358 in @entity1355 -related @entity358 . In this study the levels of the carboxyterminal propeptide of @entity4173 (PICP) and the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and serum from @entity1 with @entity1355 related @entity358 . Forty-two consecutive @entity1 with occupational exposure to @entity2537 , who underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the time of the diagnosis were investigated. Five @entity1 were diagnosed as having @entity1355 , while 37 showed no parenchymal involvement. Of the latter group, 25 had @entity456 , while 12 had no detectable changes in chest radiographs. The @entity1 were followed-up for an average of 7 yrs. The PICP in BALF and ELF was detectable in all @entity1 with @entity1355 and in 8/37 subjects without parenchymal involvement. The levels of PICP in BALF and ELF were significantly higher in the @entity1355 group compared to the @entity1 without @entity1355 (9.8+/-1.8 microg x L(-1) versus 0.6+/-1.3 microg x L(-1), p<0.001 and 488.9+/-208.8 microg x L(-1) versus 22.6+/-50.6 microg x L(-1), p<0.001, respectively). Only 1 @entity1 with @entity1355 and 3 @entity1 without parenchymal involvement had detectable levels of PIIINP in BALF. The serum levels of PICP and PIIINP did not differ between the @entity1 with @entity1355 and those with exposure to @entity2537 without @entity1355 and were within the normal range. None of the 37 @entity1 exposed to @entity2537 without parenchymal involvement at the baseline developed @entity1355 during the follow-up period of 7 yrs. In conclusion, the data show that the carboxyterminal propeptide of procollagen type I, but not the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen is highly elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and epithelial lining fluid in @entity1 with @entity1355 , but not in those without parenchymal involvement. This suggests that the determination of carboxyterminal propeptide of procollagen type I in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid could be used as a marker of parenchymal involvement in @entity1 exposed to @entity2537 .

title: Carboxyterminal propeptide of @entity4173 in ELF: elevation in XXXX , but not in @entity456 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4173 :: ('1278', 'Gene') :: ['type I procollagen']

entities_list: @entity2537 :: ('MESH:D020966', 'Disease') :: ['asbestos fibres']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary and pleural involvement', 'pulmonary involvement', 'pulmonary diseases']

entities_list: @entity1355 :: ('MESH:D001195', 'Disease') :: ['asbestos', 'asbestosis']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural plaques']

answer: @entity1355 :: (MESH:D001195,Disease) :: ['asbestosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk factors for pressure ulceration in an intensive care setting, to evaluate the Braden scale as a predictor of pressure @entity1066 risk in @entity3124 @entity1 , and to determine whether pressure @entity1066 are likely to occur early in the hospital stay. DESIGN: Cohort study of @entity1 with no preexisting @entity1066 with a 3-month enrollment period. SETTING: The neurologic intensive care unit and the neurologic intermediate unit at a primary care/referral hospital with a level I @entity130 center. @entity1 : A total of 186 @entity1 entered the study. INTERVENTION: Within 12 hrs of admittance, initial assessment, photographs, and Braden score were completed. @entity1 were re-examined every 4 days or at discharge from the unit, whichever came first. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Determining risk factors for pressure @entity1066 , performing detailed statistical analyses, and testing the usefulness of the Braden score as a predictor of pressure @entity1066 risk. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 186 @entity1 developed at least one pressure @entity1066 (incidence = 12.4%) after an average stay of 6.4 days. The Braden scale, which measures six characteristics of @entity272 and @entity1 status, proved to be a primary predictor of @entity1066 development. No @entity1066 developed in the 69 @entity1 whose Braden score was 16 or higher. The likelihood of developing a pressure sore was predicted mathematically from the Braden score. However, being underweight was a significant and distinct factor in pressure @entity1066 development. CONCLUSIONS: Pressure @entity1066 may develop within the first week of hospitalization in the intensive care unit. @entity1 at risk have Braden scores of < or = 16 and are more likely to be underweight. These results suggest that aggressive preventive care should be focused on those @entity1 with Braden scores of < or = 13 and/or a low body mass index at admission.

title: Incidence of pressure XXXX in a neurologic intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin condition']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective treatment strategy among anticitrullinated protein antibodies ( @entity7134 )-negative @entity1 with early @entity309 . METHODS: In the BeSt study, 184 @entity7134 -negative @entity1 were randomised to: (1) sequential monotherapy, (2) step-up therapy, (3) initial combination including prednisone, (4) initial combination including infliximab. Treatment was targeted at the disease activity score (DAS)  <=2.4. Early response and 10-year outcomes were compared between the four strategy-arms in @entity7134 -negative @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity7134 -negative @entity1 achieved more short-term functional improvement from initial combination therapy than when on monotherapy (at month 3, mean Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) 0.71 vs 0.98, p=0.006; at month 6, 0.59 vs 0.87, p=0.004). Functional ability over time was comparable between the strategy-arms (p=0.551) with a mean HAQ of 0.6 at year 10 (p=0.580 for comparison across the strategy-arms). 10-year radiographic progression was negligible (median 0.5) and comparable between the 4 strategy-arms (p=0.082). At year 10, remission was achieved by 11/40 (28%), 9/45 (20%), 17/56 (30%) and 17/43 @entity1 (40%) in strategy-arms 1-4, respectively (p=0.434). Over time, similar remission percentages were achieved in all strategy-arms (p=0.815). 18%, 16%, 20% and 21% in strategy-arms 1 to 4 (p=0.742) were in drug-free remission at year 10, with a median duration of 60   months across the arms. CONCLUSIONS: Initial combination therapy with methotrexate, sulfasalazine and prednisone, or methotrexate and infliximab, is the most effective treatment strategy for @entity7134 -negative @entity1 , resulting in earlier functional improvement than when on initial methotrexate monotherapy. After 10   years of targeted treatment, in all strategy-arms favourable clinical outcomes were achieved and radiographic progression was limited. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NTR262, NTR265.

title: Effectiveness of four dynamic treatment strategies in patients with anticitrullinated protein antibody-negative XXXX : a randomised trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: @entity7857 are copulation-induced single-ovulators, and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) methods have not yet been developed for this species. Superovulatory responses to eCG given during an induced (Group A) or simulated (Group B) luteal phase were investigated using ultrasound to observe ovarian follicles and corpora lutea (CLs) and plasma @entity1420 was used to assess luteal function. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically. Group A (n = 19): donors were given 8 microg, im @entity1176 analogue (Day 0) to induce ovulation of a mature follicle, 1000 IU, im eCG (Day 7), and 250 microg PGF(2alpha) analogue (Day 9). Group B (n = 17): donors were given a subcutaneous progestagen implant (3 mg Norgestomet) at Days 0 to 7) and 1000 IU, im eCG (Day 5). When most (>65%) of the follicles in both Groups A and B had matured at 5 to 11 d post eCG, the donors were given 8 microg, im @entity1176 and mated once (n = 26) or twice within a 24-h interval (n = 10); embryos were recovered 6 to 9 d post ovulation. More follicles and corpora lutea were induced in Group B than in Group A, but a similar mean number of embryos were recovered (1.3 vs 1.6), and a similar proportion of donors yielded multiple embryos (35 vs 32%). The embryo recovery rate was similar for Groups A and B (39 and 37%), but it was higher (P < 0.001) with 2 (72%) rather than 1 (22%) mating, and it was negatively correlated with CL number (P < 0.05). Overall, 80% of the @entity7857 had a precocious CL and elevated plasma @entity1420 concentrations when multiple follicles reached maturity. This was associated with increased subsequent superovulation and embryo recovery (P < 0.01). Peak plasma @entity1420 was positively correlated with the CL number (P < 0.05). From these results we conclude that superovulation may be achieved with eCG given during either an induced or a simulated luteal phase, that embryo recovery is improved following 2 matings rather than 1, and that MOET may indeed be feasible for use in the @entity7857 .

title: Superovulatory responses to eCG in @entity7857 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity7857 :: ('9844', 'Species') :: ['Llamas', 'llamas', 'llama']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity7857 :: (9844,Species) :: ['Lama glama']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Protein dynamics during non-steady state conditions as feeding are complex. Such studies usually demand combinations of methods to give conclusive information, particularly on myofibrillar proteins with slow turnover. Therefore, time course transcript analyses were evaluated as possible means to monitor changes in myofibrillar biosynthesis in skeletal muscles in conditions with clinical nutrition; i.e. long term exposure of nutrients. METHODS: Muscle tissue from overnight intravenously fed surgical @entity1 were used as a model combined with muscle tissue from starved and refed @entity19 as well as cultured L6 muscle cells. Transcripts of @entity1970 (a-actin), mhc2A ( @entity3999 ) and @entity39216 / @entity39216 ( @entity535 transporter) were quantified (qPCR) as markers of muscle protein dynamics. RESULTS: @entity39217 transcripts decreased significantly in skeletal muscle tissue from overnight parenterally fed @entity1 but did not change significantly in orally refed @entity19 . Alpha-actin transcripts did not change significantly in muscle cells from fed @entity1 , @entity19 or cultured L6 cells during provision of @entity5066 . The @entity5066 transporter @entity39216 decreased in L6 cells refed by all @entity5066 and by various combinations of @entity5066 but did not change during feeding in muscle tissue from @entity1 or @entity19 . CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that muscle cells are sensitive to alterations in extracellular concentrations of @entity5066 for induction of protein synthesis and anabolism. However, transcripts of myofibrillar proteins and @entity535 transporters showed complex alterations in response to feeding with provision of @entity1522 . Therefore, muscle tissue transcript levels of actin and @entity3999 do not reflect protein accretion in skeletal muscles at feeding.

title: @entity39217 and a-actin expression in XXXX and @entity19 skeletal muscles at feeding; particularly @entity1522 .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity39217 :: ('4620', 'Gene') :: ['Myosin heavy chain 2A']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity510 ( @entity510 ) is well known to induce @entity1276 . This is often, initially, treated with external ventricular drainage (EVD). We recently started, also, using lumbar drains (LD) in @entity1 refractory to removal of their EVD as a bridge to permanent @entity2841 diversion. LD were placed in 25 @entity1 with spontaneous @entity510 . LD remained in place a mean of 6.7 days (range 4-16) prior to removal. @entity1 had a median Fisher Grade of 4, Hunt-Hess score of 4, and WFNS score of 4. Only 4 of 25 @entity1 (16%) progressed to the need of permanent shunting, one of which occurred after delayed recurrent @entity1756 . Only 7 of 25 @entity1 developed symptomatic @entity2553 despite their high median Fisher Grade. Both the shunt rate and the symptomatic @entity2553 rate in this series are much less than the historical series predict. This suggests that lumbar drains may reduce the need for shunting and decrease the rate of symptomatic @entity2553 .

title: Lumbar drains may reduce the need for permanent XXXX diversion in spontaneous @entity510 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['SAH', 'Subarachnoid haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm rupture']

answer: @entity2841 :: (1437,Gene) :: ['CSF']


abstract: The aim of the authors' study was to investigate the factors affecting @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) clearance (CL) in @entity1 with @entity302 . The factors evaluated were total body weight (TBW), age, dose, sex, and @entity109 (PB) and @entity1092 (VA) comedication. A total of 387 steady-state serum concentration samples was analyzed. These were collected during @entity2050 therapy from 201 @entity1 , aged 1-14 years and weighting 9-78 kg. Population CL was calculated by using NONMEM, with a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The absorption rate, bioavailability, and volume of distribution were set at values found in the literature. The model found best to describe the data was CL = (0.0122 TBW + 0.0467 Dose) Age0.331 (1.289 PB). The interindividual variability in CL had a variation coefficient (CV) of 11.8%, and the residual error, described by using an additive model, was 1.5 mg/l. The results show that CL increases linearly with TBW and nonlinearly with age; thus older @entity1 have a lower CL with respect to TBW than do younger ones. Likewise CL was seen to increase with the increase in the @entity2050 dose, suggesting a dose-dependent autoinduction of @entity2050 metabolism. Concomitant PB administration affected CL: however, sex and VA comedication did not affect it significantly. The final regression model for CL, was validated in a different group of 74 @entity1 . The standarized prediction error (SPE) was not significantly different from zero (SPE = 0.028), indicating that the model proposed for CL can be used to make accurate dosage recommendations. With these population estimates, @entity2050 doses that would be suitable for pediatric @entity1 of different ages are proposed.

title: @entity2049 population pharmacokinetics in XXXX : mixed-effect models.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Autophagy is a degradative pathway conserved among all eukaryotic cells, and is responsible for the turnover of damaged organelles and long-lived proteins. The primary morphological feature of autophagy is the sequestration of cargo within a double-membrane cytosolic vesicle called an autophagosome. More than 25 AuTophaGy-related (ATG) genes that are essential for autophagy have been identified from the @entity375 @entity375 . Despite the identification and characterization of Atg proteins, it remains a mystery how the double-membrane vesicle is made, what the membrane source(s) are, and how the lipid is transported to the forming vesicle. Among Atg proteins, @entity44647 was the only characterized transmembrane protein required for the formation of double-membrane vesicles. Evidence has been obtained in @entity375 and @entity1 cells for @entity44647 cycling between different peripheral compartments and the phagophore assembly site/preautophagosomal structure (PAS), the proposed site of organization for autophagosome formation. This cycling feature makes @entity44647 a potential membrane carrier to deliver lipids that are used in the vesicle formation process. Recently, in our lab we characterized a second transmembrane protein, @entity44648 . The unique localization and cycling features of @entity44648 suggest the involvement of the Golgi complex in the autophagy pathway. In this addendum, we discuss the trafficking of @entity44648 in @entity375 and compare it with that of @entity44647 , and consider the possible meaning of @entity44648 Golgi localization.

title: XXXX is a second transmembrane cycling protein.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity44648 :: (853261(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['Atg27']


abstract: A prospective study of the efficacy and safety of intravenous @entity2177 in the treatment of selected @entity281 was conducted at the Ochsner Medical Institutions from October 1986 through March 1987. Thirty-three @entity1 were treated with intravenous @entity2177 at dosages of either 200 mg or 300 mg every 12 hours. The mean duration of therapy was 12 days. Various infection sites were treated and included urinary tract, respiratory tract, skin and skin structure, bone, intra-abdominal, blood, and heart. Clinical improvement was noted in 20 of the 26 evaluable @entity1 (77 percent). Fifty-two bacterial pathogens were isolated with eradication of 37 (71 percent). There was bacteriologic persistence in seven @entity1 (13 percent). @entity17158 occurred in one @entity1 ; however, no recurring or reinfecting organisms were isolated. Adverse events related to @entity2177 occurred in six @entity1 and were primarily mild. Overall, @entity2177 was useful in the treatment of a variety of @entity281 , and adverse events were minimal.

title: Safety and efficacy of intravenous XXXX in the treatment of selected @entity281 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity17158 :: ('MESH:D015163', 'Disease') :: ['Superinfection']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

answer: @entity2177 :: (MESH:D002939,Chemical) :: ['ciprofloxacin']


abstract: There are many choices for neurologic protection for aortic arch surgery. Although numerous investigators have challenged the efficacy of retrograde cerebral perfusion, we have had good results with our application of this technique. We performed a retrospective review of 8 consecutive @entity1 who underwent surgery from 1 June 2001 through 31 March 2003; the age range was 33 to 97 years. All @entity1 required @entity1167 and underwent retrograde cerebral perfusion with use of a tourniquet on the @entity1 ' left and right arms above the elbow to direct retrograde flow to the brain. Moderate @entity2332 (around 24 degrees C nasopharyngeal) was used; @entity1167 time ranged from 27 to 63 minutes. There was 1 late @entity204 due to multiple-organ system failure. There were no neurologic complications ( @entity64 or temporary @entity51 ). There was no substantive @entity51 in this cohort, in which moderate @entity2332 was used. These results are comparable to those reported in the literature for similar @entity1 . We conclude that, for @entity1 who require @entity1167 , directed retrograde cerebral perfusion at moderate @entity2332 gives results comparable to those reported with other techniques.

title: Directed retrograde cerebral protection during moderate hypothermic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic dysfunction', 'neurologic or renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory arrest']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['hospital death']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia', 'nasopharyngeal hypothermia']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['circulatory arrest']


abstract: Recent studies have suggested that some @entity43 could originate from the fimbriated end of the @entity5274 . To test this hypothesis, we immortalized a normal @entity1 fallopian tube epithelial (FTE) cell line by using retrovirus-mediated overexpression of the early region of the SV40 T/t antigens and the @entity1 telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit (hTERT). These immortalized FTEs were then transformed by ectopic expression of oncogenic @entity1 @entity8498 (V12) . Tumorigenicity of the immortalized and/or transformed cells was subsequently tested by anchorage-independence growth assay and inoculation into @entity19 via subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection. As expected, the @entity8498 (V12) -transformed FTEs produced @entity5 through both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections, whereas no @entity5 growth was observed in immortalized FTEs. Unexpectedly, histopathological examination of @entity5 resulting from subcutaneous as well as intraperitoneal injections revealed largely poorly differentiated @entity3079 mixed with @entity189 . The @entity5 implants invaded extensively to the liver, colon, spleen, omentum, adrenal gland and renal capsule. Immunohistochemical staining of @entity5 cells showed positive staining for the epithelial cell markers cytokeratin @entity1325 / @entity1326 and M  llerian lineage marker @entity15529 . Our study demonstrates that FTEs can generate poorly differentiated @entity3079 mixed with @entity189 through genetic modifications. Thus, we provide the first experimental evidence that fimbrial epithelial cells of the fallopian tube could be a potential source of @entity43 .

title: @entity3079 developed from XXXX fallopian tube epithelial cells through defined genetic modifications.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian and pelvic serous carcinomas', 'ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3079 :: ('MESH:D002288', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['undifferentiated carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['distal fallopian tube']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To correlate @entity2802 stage with clinical group as a function of primary site in @entity1 with @entity980 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 547 @entity1 with nonmetastatic @entity980 , the disease was staged prospectively by using a @entity2802 system and grouped according to resectability of the @entity5 . These factors were reviewed for each primary site. RESULTS: Primary @entity5 T status (T1, noninvasive; T2, invasive) was predictive of clinical group; 99 (36%) of 278 T1 @entity5 and 238 (88%) of 269 T2 @entity5 were nonresectable (clinical group III) (P < .0001). @entity5 size (< or = 5 cm or > 5 cm) was also predictive of clinical group; 111 (46%) of 240 small @entity5 and 226 (74%) of 307 large @entity5 were nonresectable (P < .0001). Regional lymph nodes (N1) were found in 62 (24%) of 253 T2 @entity5 but in only 21 (8%) of 277 T1 @entity5 and in 67 (23%) of 294 large @entity5 but only 16 (7%) of 236 small @entity5 . Site of @entity5 was predictive of outcome and correlated with local treatment received. CONCLUSION: Local treatment, whether irradiation or resection, or both, should be determined according to @entity2802 stage, age of @entity1 , and site of @entity5 . All @entity1 should receive chemotherapy. The goal of modern therapy is long-term survival, with maintenance of organ function and a good quality of life.

title: Factors that influence treatment decisions in @entity980 . Intergroup @entity980 Study Group of the @entity1 's Cancer Group, the Pediatric Oncology Group, and the Intergroup XXXX Study Group Statistical Center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity980 :: (MESH:D012208,Disease) :: ['Rhabdomyosarcoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)-induced @entity8 and the associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eight @entity1 who have undergone PCNL from May 2007 to October 2007 were recruited in this study. Urinary level of @entity6393 (Ub2MG) was measured on the day before the operation as well as on the 1st and 7th post PCNL days. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was performed using standard method. @entity1 ' demographic and peri-operative data were collected to evaluate factors influencing @entity8 . RESULTS: Median urinary levels of @entity6393 on pre-operative, 1st, and 7th postoperative days were 0.2 mg/dL (range, 0.1 to 82), 0.4 mg/dL (range, 0.2 to 97), and 0.2 mg/dL (range, 0.2 to 114), respectively. High levels of Ub2MG (> 2.3 mg/dL) were observed in 10 (9%), 20 (19%), and 10 (9%) @entity1 pre-operatively and on the 1st, and 7th postoperative days, respectively. In multivariable analysis, Ub2MG on the 1st postoperative day was associated with pre-operative serum @entity1011 level (P < .001) and @entity6 (P = .05), while Ub2MG on the 7th day after the operation was associated with pre-operative serum @entity1011 level (P = .01), @entity6 (P = .01), and PCNL time (P = .02). CONCLUSION: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy does not cause kidney @entity810 beyond one week. In @entity1 with pre-operative high serum @entity1011 concentration, @entity6 , and/or long operation time, the likelihood of the @entity8 is higher than others.

title: Evaluating percutaneous nephrolithotomy-induced XXXX by measuring urinary concentrations of @entity6393 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney damage', 'kidney tubular damage', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['tubular injury']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney damage']


abstract: RNA editing is one of the post-transcriptional processes that commonly occur in plant plastids and mitochondria. In @entity958 , 34 C-to-U RNA editing events, affecting transcripts of 18 plastid genes, have been identified. Here, we examined the editing and expression of these transcripts in different organs, and in green and non-green seedlings (etiolated, cia5-2, ispF and ispG albino mutants, @entity6186 -, and @entity41017 -treated). The editing efficiency of @entity958 plastid transcripts varies from site to site, and may be specifically regulated in different tissues. Steady state levels of plastid transcripts are low or undetectable in etiolated seedlings, but most editing sites are edited with efficiencies similar to those observed in green seedlings. By contrast, the editing of some sites is completely lost or significantly reduced in other non-green tissues; for instance, the editing of ndhB-149, ndhB-1255, and ndhD-2 is completely lost in roots and in @entity6186 -treated seedlings. The editing of ndhD-2 is also completely lost in albino mutants and @entity41017 -treated seedlings. However, @entity41018 -640 is completely edited, and accD-794, atpF-92, psbE-214, psbF-77, psbZ-50, and @entity41019 -50 are completely or highly edited in both green and non-green tissues. In addition, the expression of nucleus-encoded RNA polymerase dependent transcripts is specifically induced by @entity6186 , and the splicing of ndhB transcripts is significantly reduced in the albino mutants and inhibitor-treated seedlings. Our results indicate that plastid gene expression, and the splicing and editing of plastid transcripts are specifically and differentially regulated in various types of non-green tissues.

title: Differential regulation of XXXX plastid gene expression and RNA editing in non-photosynthetic tissues.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity41017 :: ('MESH:C008677', 'Chemical') :: ['norflurazon']

entities_list: @entity6186 :: ('MESH:D008034', 'Chemical') :: ['lincomycin']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: Congenital esophagobronchial fistulae are uncommon @entity154 generally discovered during the neonatal period due to overt symptoms. Rarely symptoms are discrete, leading to discovery in adulthood; exceptionally the @entity1 are totally symptom free or present minimal signs such as coughing at ingestion of fluids. Less than 200 adult cases have been reported in the literature. We report a new case of this @entity292 . A 59-year-old @entity1 was hospitalized for exploration of cough at ingestion of fluids. The radiographic work-up reveal dilatation of the left bronchial tree and suspected @entity292 . An esophago-gastro-duodenal barium study demonstrated a fistula between the mid esophagus and the left posterobasal bronchus. Fistulectomy and left lower lobectomy were performed. Outcome was favorable. The diagnosis of adult @entity292 should be entertained in @entity1 with an uneventful history who present localized bronchial dilatation associated with cough induced by fluid ingestion.

title: [ XXXX in an adult. Case report].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['anomalies']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['type II congenital esophagobronchial fistula', 'esophagobronchial fistula']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['Congenital esophagobronchial fistula']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic rinse preparation, containing @entity868 and @entity8701 , in decreasing oral malodor and @entity2520 for individuals whose chief complaint was @entity7868 . This topical approach to oral biofilm control, by proactively managing the most pathogenic bacteria, differs from the traditional approach of reactively treating the symptoms by attempting to reduce all oral bacteria. The late Dr. Loesche, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, had previously described these different paradigms as the specific @entity527 and the non-specific @entity527 , respectively. @entity1 in this study were measured before and after treatment for volatile @entity26687 compounds using a portable @entity41130 monitor, a digital gas chromatograph, and organoleptic assessment. The presence of @entity2520 was determined by 6-point periodontal probing, to assess pocket depth and @entity548 points. Of the 1000 @entity1 charts sent electronically to the University of Michigan for analysis, 649 @entity1 were selected based on complete pre- and post-treatment data, and statistically analyzed by a statistician, who was an expert in case study analysis. The post-treatment reduction of oral malodor was 80% (P = 0.0001). The difference in @entity548 points pre- and post-treatment was 87% (P = 0.0001). There was a decrease in the number of teeth with 6 and 7 mm pockets by 76% and teeth with 5 mm pockets decreased by 84% (P = 0.0001). Treatment with the antibiotic rinse had a positive change in the periodontal status and breath odor of these @entity1 . These data indicate that there is considerable advantage to the use of topical antibiotic rinses. A substantial decrease in both @entity2520 markers can be achieved without the risk of the systemic effects of an oral antibiotic.

title: Treatment of oral malodor and XXXX using an antibiotic rinse.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7868 :: ('MESH:D006209', 'Disease') :: ['halitosis']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['plaque hypothesis']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['halitosis and periodontal disease', 'periodontal disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity41130 :: ('CHEBI:15138', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphide']

entities_list: @entity8701 :: ('MESH:D009761', 'Chemical') :: ['nystatin']

answer: @entity2520 :: (MESH:D010510,Disease) :: ['periodontal disease']


abstract: In addition to the ability of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) to degrade components of the extracellular matrix and their involvement in pathology-related processes of tissue remodeling, they were recently reported to enhance @entity32 by activation of proinflammatory cytokines, or their release from the cell surface. In the work reported here, proteolytic activity previously found for hydatid cysts was further characterized as @entity9550 . Active host @entity9550 was found in walls and fluids of @entity291 hydatid cysts of @entity12047 in the environment of granulomatous reaction. Pooled walls and fluids of hydatid cysts obtained from infected @entity291 were processed. Strong proteolytic activity was detected by zymography. The proteolytic fraction was purified by anion exchange and gelatin-agarose affinity chromatography. Major proteinases of the purified fraction were subjected to mass spectrometry and their identities were further confirmed by Western blotting using commercial anti-human @entity9550 monoclonal antibodies. Two proteinases were characterized as latent and active forms of host @entity9550 . Using the same antibody for immunoblot, activity was localized, in @entity982 -embedded sections of the parasite and the local host environment, to epithelioid and giant multinucleated cells. It is proposed here that @entity9550 is secreted by specialized host cells of monocytic lineage (epithelioid/giant cells) as an effector, in an attempt to digest the persistent foreign body. In vivo activation of @entity9550 suggests its involvement in inflammatory reaction and in the chemotaxis of inflammatory cells to the cyst. However, @entity12047 can deal efficiently with @entity9550 . Research is suggested into possible immune evasion mechanisms, including the secretion of an inhibitory molecule.

title: A relevant enzyme in granulomatous reaction, active matrix metalloproteinase-9, found in @entity291 XXXX hydatid cyst wall and fluid.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity12047 :: ('6210', 'Species') :: ['E. granulosus', 'Echinococcus granulosus']

answer: @entity12047 :: (6210,Species) :: ['Echinococcus granulosus']


abstract: A @entity1 with classical @entity6582 vera (PV) was found to have an inappropriately elevated serum @entity1307 (Ep) level. Investigations did not reveal any lesion or blood abnormality known to be associated with excessive Ep production and erythrocytosis. Sudden withdrawal of blood to reduce the Hb and Hct from 18.5 gm% and 56% to 13.6 gm% and 41.5%, respectively, resulted in an increment of serum Ep to abnormal level. With @entity68 treatment there was a brisk return of Hb and Hct to prebleeding levels which was associated with reduction in the serum Ep. The inverse relationship between the Ep and Hb or Hct is inconsistent with the presence of excessive Ep-producing lesion. These results suggested that the threshold for Ep secretion from normal Ep-secreting tissue to Hb and Hct levels is set at an abnormal level. This @entity1 's marrow cells when cultured in vitro in the absence of Ep, unlike other PV @entity1 ' (except one) marrow cells, did not grow erythroid colonies. In the presence of Ep, however, the colonies comparable to those formed from normal marrow cultures were obtained. These results suggested that his marrow erythropoietic cells were neither Ep independent nor Ep-hyperresponsive, as has been suggested by some investigators for erythropoiesis in PV. This @entity1 presents phenomena that hitherto have not been reported.

title: Inappropriate XXXX secretion in @entity6582 vera.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6582 :: ('MESH:D011086', 'Disease') :: ['polycythemia']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

answer: @entity1307 :: (2056,Gene) :: ['erythropoietin']