abstract: Trisomy 16, once thought to result uniformly in early @entity393 , has been detected in @entity18565 ( @entity18565 ) from on-going pregnancies and was initially ascribed to a second, nonviable pregnancy. Prenatally detected trisomy 16 in @entity18565 and its resolution to disomy has led to the reexamination of the @entity1692 . This study evaluates 11 cases of mosaic trisomy 16 detected through second trimester amniocentesis. In 9 of the 11 cases, amniocenteses were performed in @entity1 under the age of 35 because of abnormal levels of maternal serum @entity160 (MSAFP) or maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (MShCG). The other two amniocenteses were performed for advanced maternal age. Five of the 11 pregnancies resulted in liveborn @entity1 , and six pregnancies were electively terminated. The liveborn @entity1 all had some combination of @entity1592 ( @entity1592 ), @entity4297 ( @entity4297 ), or @entity154 . Two of them died neonatally because of complications of severe @entity4297 . The three surviving @entity1 have variable @entity851 , @entity245 , @entity154 , and/or @entity154 . In the terminated pregnancies, the four fetuses evaluated by ultrasound or autopsy demonstrated various @entity154 and/or @entity1592 . Cytogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization studies identified true mosaicism in 5 of 10 cases examined, although the abnormal cell line was never seen in more than 1% of cultured lymphocytes. Placental mosaicism was seen in all placentas examined and was associated with @entity1592 in four of seven cases. @entity8882 was identified in three cases. @entity1692 detected through amniocentesis is not a benign finding but associated with a high risk of abnormal outcome, most commonly @entity1592 , @entity4297 , @entity851 . The various outcomes may reflect the diversity of mechanisms involved in the resolution of this abnormality. As 80% of these @entity1 were ascertained because of the presence of abnormal levels of MSAFP or MShCG, the increased use of maternal serum screening should bring more such cases to clinical attention.

title: XXXX ascertained through amniocentesis: evaluation of 11 new cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies', 'minor anomalies']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation', 'developmental delay, and minor anomalies']

entities_list: @entity18565 :: ('MESH:C564876', 'Disease') :: ['CVS', 'chorionic villus samples']

entities_list: @entity1692 :: ('MESH:C538041', 'Disease') :: ['viability of trisomy 16', 'Mosaic trisomy 16']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['IUGR', 'intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy loss']

entities_list: @entity8882 :: ('MESH:D024182', 'Disease') :: ['Maternal uniparental disomy']

entities_list: @entity4297 :: ('MESH:D006330', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'congenital heart defects']

answer: @entity1692 :: (MESH:C538041,Disease) :: ['Mosaic trisomy 16']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity6558 and @entity6017 are regarded as treatable disorders, prognosis is not well known, as in the literature long-term outcome and prognostic factors vary widely. AIM: To analyse the prognostic outcome factors in @entity6558 and @entity6017 . METHODS: We determined mortality, clinical outcome (muscle strength, disability, persistent use of drugs and quality of life) and disease course and analysed prognostic outcome factors. RESULTS: Disease-related @entity204 occurred in at least 10% of the @entity1 , mainly because of associated @entity5 and @entity358 . Re-examination of 110 @entity1 after a median follow-up of 5 years showed that 20% remained in remission and were off drugs, whereas 80% had a polycyclic or chronic continuous course. The cumulative risk of incident connective @entity3145 in @entity1 with @entity5442 was significantly increased. 65% of the @entity1 had normal strength at follow-up, 34% had no or slight disability, and 16% had normal physical sickness impact profile scores. Muscle weakness was associated with higher age ( @entity12904 ; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 10.3). Disability was associated with male sex (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.2 to 7.9). 41% of the @entity1 with a favourable clinical outcome were still using drugs. Jo-1 antibodies predicted the persistent use of drugs (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.3 to 15.0). CONCLUSIONS: @entity6017 and @entity6558 are serious diseases with a disease-related mortality of at least 10%. In the long term, @entity5442 has a major effect on perceived disability and quality of life, despite the regained muscle strength.

title: Long-term outcome in @entity6558 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6017 :: ('MESH:D003882', 'Disease') :: ['dermatomyositis', 'Dermatomyositis', 'adult dermatomyositis']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue disorder']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity6558 :: ('MESH:D017285', 'Disease') :: ['polymyositis']

answer: @entity6017 :: (MESH:D003882,Disease) :: ['dermatomyositis']


abstract: @entity1796 are a common age-related @entity179 where current treatment strategies fail to restore functionality and normal quality of life. This disease also occurs naturally in @entity1641 , with many similarities to @entity1 @entity924 making it an ideal large animal model for @entity1 disease. Regenerative approaches are increasingly used to improve outcome involving mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), supported by clinical data where injection of autologous bone marrow derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) suspended in marrow supernatant into injured tendons has halved the re-injury rate in racehorses. We hypothesized that stem cell therapy induces a matrix more closely resembling normal tendon than the @entity17790 formed by natural repair. Twelve @entity1641 with career-ending naturally-occurring superficial @entity1796 were allocated randomly to treatment and control groups. 1X10(7) autologous BM-MSCs suspended in 2 ml of marrow supernatant were implanted into the damaged tendon of the treated group. The control group received the same volume of saline. Following a 6 month exercise programme @entity1641 were euthanized and tendons assessed for structural stiffness by non-destructive mechanical testing and for morphological and molecular composition. BM-MSC treated tendons exhibited statistically significant improvements in key parameters compared to saline-injected control tendons towards that of normal tendons and those in the contralateral limbs. Specifically, treated tendons had lower structural stiffness (p<0.05) although no significant difference in calculated modulus of elasticity, lower (improved) histological scoring of organisation (p<0.003) and crimp pattern (p<0.05), lower cellularity (p<0.007), DNA content (p<0.05), vascularity (p<0.03), water content (p<0.05), GAG content (p<0.05), and MMP-13 activity (p<0.02). Treatment with autologous MSCs in marrow supernatant therefore provides significant benefits compared to untreated tendon repair in enhancing normalisation of biomechanical, morphological, and compositional parameters. These data in natural disease, with no adverse findings, support the use of this treatment for @entity1 @entity1796 .

title: Beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in naturally occurring XXXX .

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendinopathy']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative condition']

entities_list: @entity1796 :: ('MESH:D013708', 'Disease') :: ['tendon injuries', 'digital flexor tendon injury', 'Tendon injuries']

entities_list: @entity17790 :: ('MESH:D018218', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous scar tissue']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['tendinopathy']


abstract: The extrahepatic arginase, AII, from @entity35 mammary gland was isolated and its properties investigated and compared with those of the hepatic arginase, AI. Mammary arginase activity increased 300% at mid-lactation, an increase unaccompanied by an increase in liver arginase activity. Mammary gland contained two isozymes, separable by ion exchange chromatography. The major form, AII, was purified 103-fold and antisera were raised against it. A 1300-fold purification was achieved temporarily but the enzyme was unstable. Arginase AII was kinetically similar to AI: both had pH optima of 10 and Kms for @entity534 of 12-14 mM. Arginase AII differed from AI in having a near-neutral pI and a slightly larger subunit size (39,800 Da compared to 38,900 Da by @entity3208 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis ( @entity214 -PAGE)). Solution immunoprecipitation studies revealed that virtually all of the arginase present in liver was type AI, whereas kidney and mammary gland contained both isozymes. Western immunoblotting showed that the amount of immunoreactive mammary arginase AII protein increased at mid-lactation in parallel with the increase in activity. This suggests that the elevated arginase activity is due to de novo protein synthesis and/or reduced protein degradation, rather than activation of arginase.

title: XXXX mammary arginase: isolation and characterization.

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']


abstract: We are conducting a community-based cluster-randomized trial in rural Alabama, testing a peer-support intervention designed to improve @entity6 self-care behaviors. We describe recruitment and data collection approaches used, focusing on strategies that created community partnerships and facilitated recruitment in underserved, rural, largely minority communities. Key recruitment and data collection strategies included early community engagement; pilot testing of procedures; inclusion of community members as study team members, recruiters, and data collectors; data collection at community venues to minimize @entity1 travel requirements; and provision of a multi-disciplinary @entity6 education program to both intervention and control @entity1 . A total of 424 @entity1 were recruited and enrolled (400 targeted). Of the 759 referrals received, 78.9% (n=599) successfully completed telephone screening. Of these, 78.8% (n=472) were eligible and scheduled for a local enrollment day, and 81.4% (n=384) attended and enrolled in the study. In addition, community members who walked in and expressed interest were screened, and 40 eligible and willing individuals were consented and enrolled. We exceeded recruitment goals in underserved, rural communities in Alabama. This success was due in large part to community partnerships that facilitated community involvement on several levels: engaging the community early in study proposal and design; hiring community members to fill various capacities as research team members, recruiters, and data collectors; conducting data collection within communities; and collecting additional contact information to maintain communication. Providing @entity6 education to all @entity1 , including intervention and control, helped ensure that everyone stood to benefit and likely enhanced overall participation.

title: Recruitment of a rural, southern, predominantly African-American population into a XXXX self-management trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Although @entity21929 has been shown to promote @entity10706 ( @entity10706 ) proliferation and maturation, the exact mechanism and site of platelet formation are not well defined. Studies have shown that MKs may transmigrate through bone marrow endothelial cells (BMEC), and release platelets within the sinusoidal space or lung capillaries. In search for chemotactic factor(s) that may mediate transmigration of MKs, we have discovered that mature polyploid MKs express the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor @entity436 ( @entity436 , @entity436 ). Therefore, we explored the possibility that @entity1570 ( @entity1570 ), the ligand for @entity436 , may also induce transendothelial migration of mature MKs. @entity1570 , but not other CXC or CC chemokines, was able to mediate @entity10706 migration (ED50 = 125 pmol/liter). The @entity10706 chemotaxis induced by @entity1570 was inhibited by the @entity436 -specific mAb (12G5) and by pertussis toxin, demonstrating that signaling via the G protein-coupled receptor @entity436 was necessary for migration. @entity1570 also induced MKs to migrate through confluent monolayers of BMEC by increasing the affinity of MKs for BMEC. Activation of BMEC with @entity1356 resulted in a threefold increase in the migration of MKs in response to @entity1570 . Neutralizing mAb to the endothelial-specific adhesion molecule @entity4105 blocked the migration of MKs by 50%, suggesting that cellular interaction of MKs with BMEC is critical for the migration of MKs. Light microscopy and ploidy determination of transmigrated MKs demonstrated predominance of polyploid MKs. Virtually all platelets generated in the lower chamber also expressed @entity436 . Platelets formed in the lower chamber were functional and expressed @entity8729 ( @entity8729 ) in response to thrombin stimulation. Electron microscopy of the cells that transmigrated through the BMEC monolayers in response to @entity1570 demonstrated the presence of intact polyploid MKs as well as MKs in the process of platelet formation. These results suggest that @entity1570 is a potent chemotactic factor for mature MKs. Expression of @entity436 may be the critical cellular signal for transmigration of MKs and platelet formation.

title: Transendothelial migration of megakaryocytes in response to XXXX ( @entity1570 ) enhances platelet formation.

entities_list: @entity21929 :: ('MESH:D013926', 'Chemical') :: ['thrombopoietin']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1beta']

entities_list: @entity1570 :: ('6387', 'Gene') :: ['stromal cell-derived factor 1', 'SDF-1']

entities_list: @entity10706 :: ('MESH:D007947', 'Disease') :: ['megakaryocyte', 'MK']

answer: @entity1570 :: (6387,Gene) :: ['stromal cell-derived factor 1']


abstract: The therapeutic effects of @entity50507 -MN and s.r. @entity594 were investigated in this double-blind, randomized, group-comparative, multicenter study over 2 weeks, in 251 @entity1 with stable reproducible exercise-induced @entity951 . After 2 weeks' treatment with @entity50507 -MN 20 mg b.i.d. or t.i.d., 61% of the @entity1 were responders who showed an increase in total exercise time (to moderately severe @entity951 ) of greater than or equal to 20% in comparison with placebo in the run-in phase. The corresponding responder rate after s.r. @entity594 20 mg b.i.d. or 40 mg b.i.d. was 53%. Both @entity50507 -MN and s.r. @entity594 significantly increased the total exercise time, the time to @entity951 onset and to greater than or equal to 1 mm @entity308 , and significantly reduced the rate pressure product and the ST-segment @entity308 at peak exercise in comparison with placebo in the run-in phase. The improvement in quality of life as indicated by the @entity2749 and intake of short-acting nitrates was comparable with both drugs. The pattern and incidence of all AEs were as expected in the two active treatment groups. The daily treatment costs for a 20 mg b.i.d. dosing regimen for both drugs in the Federal Republic of Germany was 64% higher for s.r. @entity594 than with @entity50507 -MN.

title: [Randomized, double-blind comparison of isosorbide-5-mononitrate and delayed-action XXXX in @entity1 with stable exertional @entity951 . Multicenter Study Group].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ST-depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity2749 :: ('MESH:C580065', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in anginal episodes']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

answer: @entity594 :: (MESH:D009543,Chemical) :: ['nifedipine']


abstract: We studied the correlation between the motility and the mucosal histology of the small bowel seeking to detect rejection in an early stage by real-time monitoring using a @entity1707 model. Intestinal transplantation (ITx) was performed orthotopically using @entity1140 immunosuppression. The distal about 20 cm segment of the allograft was exteriorized as a Thiry-Vella stoma for biopsies. Strain gauge (SG) force transducers were attached to the graft for real-time monitoring of graft motility. @entity1707 without ITx were used as controls (group 1). Rejection was classified into four groups by histologic findings: nonrejection (group 2), mild rejection (group 3), moderate rejection (group 4), and severe rejection (group 5). Migrating motor complex ( @entity1139 ) phase III was analyzed for the following parameters: duration, amplitude, interval, motility index, velocity, and frequency of propagation. In group 2, all parameters were almost the same as those for group 1. In contrast, groups 4 and 5 showed most parameters significantly lower than those in group 1. In group 3, the contractility of the @entity1139 was not significantly altered, but the frequency of the propagation was decreased significantly. In conclusion, graft motility detected by a real-time SG method correlated with the grade of mucosal histology. This method is useful to detect rejection at an early stage by examining the frequency of @entity1139 propagation.

title: Relationship between real-time monitoring of the graft motility and mucosal histology in XXXX intestinal transplantation.

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: The ontogeny of the effects of @entity167 on serum @entity251 levels was examined in male @entity35 throughout sexual maturation (25-70 days). @entity167 decreased serum @entity251 levels in @entity35 45 days or older as expected. In contrast to these results, we found precisely the opposite effects in prepubescent male @entity35 (25-30 days old): namely, a marked stimulation of serum @entity251 . @entity167 produced dose-dependent increases in serum @entity251 levels in the prepubescent animal with increases of over 300% observed. In contrast to the biphasic effects of @entity167 on serum @entity251 levels in the developing animal, we found either no changes or modest decreases in serum luteinizing hormone levels at all ages tested. These data indicate that the increase in @entity251 occurred independently of changes in luteinizing hormone in the prepubescent animal. Thus, it appears that the primary site of action of @entity167 on the @entity2339 in prepubescent male @entity35 is the testes and that @entity167 acts to directly stimulate @entity251 's biosynthesis. In contrast, @entity167 appears to act at both central and testicular sites in @entity35 45 days or older to depress the synthesis and release of @entity251 . The mechanisms underlying these age-dependent, biphasic effects of @entity167 on serum @entity251 levels are unknown at the present time, but it seems unlikely that differences in the biodisposition of @entity167 were involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of @entity167 on the @entity2339 in the developing male XXXX .

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A biomaterial composed of @entity5224 , @entity968 , and @entity460 can be prepared in a variety of ways to reduce fibrin deposition and @entity1104 formation. This biomaterial platform can be formulated into a flowable gel with tissue adherence appropriate for use in minimally invasive surgery. The device remains at the site of placement even in gravitationally dependent areas. A peridural formulation was shown in preclinical studies to be safe and effective in reducing adhesions to dura following spinal surgery. A peritoneal formulation used on pelvic organs following peritoneal cavity surgery was also shown to be safe and effective. A clinical feasibility study showed that @entity1 with @entity615 and @entity425 treated with the peridural formulation, applied over their nerve roots following laminectomy or laminotomy, experienced significantly reduced symptoms when compared with surgery-only controls. The peritoneal formulation was shown in two multicenter feasibility studies of @entity1 undergoing pelvic surgery to significantly reduce @entity1104 formation when compared with surgery-only controls. Confirmation of the feasibility studies awaits results from pivotal clinical trials. These formulations were safe, effective, and easy to use. This biomaterial provided a benefit to @entity1 undergoing surgery where postsurgical @entity1104 formation is a concern.

title: A modern biomaterial for XXXX prevention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5224 :: ('MESH:D002266', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxymethylcellulose']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['lower extremity weakness']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['severe back pain']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(ethylene oxide)']

answer: @entity1104 :: (MESH:D000267,Disease) :: ['adhesion']


abstract: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) produce and release copious amounts of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) which target potential bacterial invaders but also contribute to the @entity32 -associated organ injuries seen in @entity295 . Calprotectin is an immune regulatory protein complex made of @entity12100 and @entity3843 that inhibits the oxidative metabolism of PMNs in vitro, an effect that can be potentiated by the controlled activation of the @entity23451 ( @entity23451 ). The aim of this study was to test the use of a dual strategy of calprotectin and @entity23451 administration to mitigate the deleterious @entity32 seen in @entity295 . We hypothesized that exogenous @entity1190 would protect against the injuries produced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced @entity5694 and that the controlled activation of @entity23451 would potentiate this beneficial effect. Exogenous @entity12100 and/or a @entity23451 activating peptide ( @entity23451 AP) were administered in a @entity19 model of LPS induced @entity5694 . The survival rates as well as markers of @entity32 and oxidative damage were measured in the lungs, kidneys, and livers of endotoxemic @entity19 . @entity19 treated with @entity12100 following LPS had @entity2617 and less severe histological changes in their lungs, kidneys, and livers. A significantly lower score of oxidative damage in the livers and lungs of @entity12100 /LPS treated @entity19 was also noted when compared to @entity19 treated with LPS alone. This protective and anti-inflammatory effect of @entity12100 was potentiated by the controlled activation of @entity23451 . Finally, in further support to our hypothesis, the survival rate was almost doubled from 33% to 65% and 63% in @entity19 treated by, respectively, @entity12100 and @entity23451 AP, whereas 85% of the @entity19 treated with both @entity23451 AP and @entity12100 survived, a statistically significant higher rate. These results support an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and protective effect of @entity12100 in @entity295 , and warrant further studies on the role of @entity23451 .

title: The anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and protective effect of @entity12100 in endotoxemic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity1190 :: ('MESH:D039841', 'Chemical') :: ['calprotectin']

entities_list: @entity2617 :: ('MESH:D017254', 'Disease') :: ['less PMN infiltration']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity23451 :: ('14063(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['protease activated receptor-2', 'PAR2']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Cleaner fish, such as wrasse, are being increasingly used to combat the sea lice infestation of @entity12178 ( @entity12178 L.) in many European countries. To determine susceptibility of the goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris L.) and pathogenesis of the @entity548 virus (VHSV) genotype III isolate 12-654, previously associated with @entity26495 in the Shetland Islands in 2012, fish were experimentally challenged by intraperitoneal injection (IP), bath immersion and cohabitation routes. Cumulative proportion of moribund wrasse reached 17% following the virus immersion challenge while by the IP-route moribunds exceeded 50% within 14days post-challenge. Typical signs of VHS as reported in @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ), were not observed in moribund goldsinny wrasse. The most pronounced histopathological changes, consistent regardless of the route of infection, were observed within the heart and included atrium myofibril degeneration, focal infiltration and multifocal @entity39 , with prominent swelling of the endocardium and occasional detachment. Pathological changes in the atrium were associated with presence of the viral antigen as confirmed by a positive immunohistochemical staining. Virus clearance and heart tissue recovery were noted although further experiments are required to confirm these observations. The results of a cohabitation experiment confirmed that goldsinny wrasse shed viable virus and therefore represent a risk of virus transmission to other VHSV susceptible species. Similarities between the pathology in goldsinny wrasse induced through the controlled experimental challenges and that of wrasse spp. from an infection occurrence in Shetland are discussed.

title: Susceptibility of goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris L. (Labridae), to XXXX virus (VHSV) genotype III: Experimental challenge and pathology.

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss', 'rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['viral haemorrhagic septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity12178 :: ('8030', 'Species') :: ['Atlantic salmon', 'Salmo salar']

entities_list: @entity26495 :: ('MESH:D006482', 'Disease') :: ['VHSV infection']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['viral haemorrhagic septicaemia']


abstract: AIMS: The role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) after non-curative resections for @entity5 oesophagus is not well defined. A policy of offering PORT after non-curative resections for @entity5 oesophagus has been followed at our institution, and we report an audit of our experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between March 1990 and September 2002, 139 @entity1 underwent resections for @entity5 oesophagus. Of these, 86 @entity1 received PORT to a dose of 45-50.4 Gy/25-28 fractions. Eleven of these @entity1 also received concurrent and adjuvant @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ). Disease-free survival and overall survival were computed from the day of surgery using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Seventy-six per cent (65/86) of @entity1 had @entity957 and 69% (59/86) of @entity1 had @entity5 in the lower-third of the oesophagus. The median interval between surgery and PORT was 41 days, and 93% of @entity1 received doses as planned. Strictures at the anastomotic site and ulcerations in the stomach mucosa were seen in 17% and 5% of @entity1 , respectively. The median and 5-year disease-free survival was 12 months (95% CI 9.9-14.1) and 14%; whereas the median and 5-year overall survival was 17 months (95% CI 12.4-21.6) and 17%, respectively. Local and distant failures were seen in 29% and 45% of @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PORT, after a non-curative resection of @entity5 oesophagus, is well tolerated with acceptable morbidity and survival.

title: An audit of postoperative radiotherapy after non-curative resection for XXXX of the oesophagus.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The @entity3275 (endotoxin) moiety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicits rapid cellular responses from many cell types, including macrophages, lymphocytes, and monocytes. In @entity5751 transfected 70Z/3 pre-B lymphocyte @entity5 cells, these responses include activation of the MAP kinase homolog, @entity1995 , activation of @entity1991 , and transcription of kappa light chains, leading to the assembly of surface IgM. In this work, we explored the specificity of the response with regard to lipid structure, and the requirement for @entity1995 kinase activity prior to @entity1991 activation in control and @entity5751 transfected 70Z/3 ( @entity14206 ) cells. A @entity1995 -specific inhibitor, @entity1441 , was used to block @entity1995 kinase activity in cells. @entity14206 cells were incubated with 1-50 microM @entity1441 , and then stimulated with LPS. Nuclear extracts were prepared, and @entity1991 activation was measured using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. @entity1441 did not inhibit LPS induced @entity1991 activation. In addition, LPS failed to activate @entity1995 @entity669 phosphorylation in 70Z/3 cells lacking @entity5751 , in spite of rapid @entity1991 activation and robust surface IgM production with appropriate higher doses of LPS. LPS stimulation of @entity1995 phosphorylation, @entity1991 activation, and surface IgM expression were all blocked completely by @entity3275 -like endotoxin antagonists whether or not @entity5751 was present. Acidic glycerophospholipids and @entity9932 did not mimic @entity3275 -like molecules either as agonists or antagonists in this system. Our data support the hypothesis that @entity3275 -mediated activation of cells requires stimulation of a putative @entity3275 sensor that is downstream of @entity5751 , but upstream of @entity1995 and @entity1991 .

title: Signal transduction triggered by @entity3275 -like molecules in 70Z/3 pre-B lymphocyte XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity9932 :: ('MESH:D002518', 'Chemical') :: ['ceramides']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: @entity0 is a heterogeneous disease with known expression-defined @entity5 subtypes. DNA copy number studies have suggested that @entity5 within gene expression subtypes share similar DNA Copy number aberrations (CNA) and that CNA can be used to further sub-divide expression classes. To gain further insights into the etiologies of the intrinsic subtypes, we classified @entity5 according to gene expression subtype and next identified subtype-associated CNA using a novel method called SWITCHdna, using a training set of 180 @entity5 and a validation set of 359 @entity5 . Fisher's exact tests, Chi-square approximations, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were performed to evaluate differences in CNA by subtype. To assess the functional significance of loss of a specific chromosomal region, individual genes were knocked down by shRNA and drug sensitivity, and DNA repair foci assays performed. Most @entity5 subtypes exhibited specific CNA. The Basal-like subtype was the most distinct with common losses of the regions containing @entity996 , @entity5345 , @entity49854 , and the greatest overall genomic instability. One Basal-like subtype-associated CNA was loss of 5q11-35, which contains at least three genes important for @entity5345 -dependent DNA repair ( @entity30774 , @entity15125 , and @entity49855 ); these genes were predominantly lost as a pair, or all three simultaneously. Loss of two or three of these genes was associated with significantly increased genomic instability and poor @entity1 survival. RNAi knockdown of @entity30774 , or @entity30774 / @entity15125 , in immortalized @entity1 mammary epithelial cell lines caused increased sensitivity to a @entity12982 inhibitor and @entity3003 , and inhibited @entity5345 foci formation in response to DNA damage. These data suggest a possible genetic cause for genomic instability in @entity0 and a biological rationale for the use of DNA repair inhibitor related therapeutics in this @entity0 subtype.

title: Basal-like @entity0 DNA copy number losses identify genes involved in genomic instability, response to therapy, and XXXX survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'Basal-like breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study aimed to establish the maximum tolerated dose of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) with conventional administration of the @entity1205 (D) plus @entity900 (P) (conv-DP) regimen. METHODS: @entity1 (aged  <=70 years) with unresectable @entity5 ( @entity1149 ) and having performance status 0 or 1 and adequate organ function were eligible. They received radiotherapy (60 Gy in 30 fractions) once daily starting on day 2. Concurrent P (day 1; 60 mg/m(2) at Levels 1-3, 80 mg/m(2) at Level 4) and D (day 1; 30 mg/m(2) at Level 1, 40 mg/m(2) at Level 2, 50 mg/m(2) at Levels 3-4) were administered every 4 weeks for 2-4 courses. RESULTS: Eighteen @entity1 were enrolled (stage IIIA/IIIB, 5/13 @entity1 ). Three cases of dose-limiting @entity137 were observed in this study, although another 3 cases were added at Levels 2 and 3. Radiotherapy was completed in 15 @entity1 . Seventeen @entity1 received more than 2 courses of chemotherapy. Neither Grade 3/4 @entity2910 nor severe hematological events were observed at Levels 1-4. However, dose escalation to Level 5 (P [80 mg/m(2)], D [60 mg/m(2)]) was stopped because the Level 5 dose was the recommended dose (RD) of chemotherapy alone for stage IIIB/IV @entity1149 in Japan. Therefore, the RD was determined as D50/P80 mg/m(2) in this cCRT. The objective response rate was 89%, and the median survival time was 23.6 months. CONCLUSIONS: cCRT with non-split DP was a tolerable and effective regimen, and RD was 50/80 mg/m(2) every 4 weeks.

title: A phase I trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with non-split administration of XXXX and @entity900 for @entity5 (JCOG9901DI).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['dry stage III non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Articular @entity528 can develop after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Although radiological studies have identified risk factors for the progression of degenerative cartilage changes in the long term, risk factors in the early postoperative period remain to be documented. HYPOTHESIS: Cartilage lesions that are present at surgery progress to @entity528 in the early phase after ACLR. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: T1   is the spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame magnetic resonance imaging. Sagittal T1   maps of the femorotibial joint were obtained before and 1 year after ACLR in 23 @entity1 with @entity130 . Four regions of interest (ROIs) were placed on images of the cartilage in the medial and lateral femoral condyle (MFC, LFC) and the medial and lateral tibia plateau (MTP, LTP). Changes in the T1   value (milliseconds) of each ROI were recorded, and differences between @entity1 with and without @entity1844 were evaluated. The relationship between changes in the T1   value and @entity937 was also studied. RESULTS: Arthroscopy at ACLR detected @entity1844 in 15 MFCs, 7 LFCs, and 2 LTPs. The baseline T1   value of the MFC and LFC was significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity1844 (MFC, 40.7 ms; LFC, 42.2 ms) than in @entity1 without @entity1844 (MFC, 38.0 ms, P = .025; LFC, 39.4 ms, P = .010). At 1-year follow-up, the T1   value of the MFC and LFC was also significantly higher in @entity1 with lesions (MFC, 43.1 ms; LFC, 42.7 ms) than in @entity1 without such lesions (MFC, 39.1 ms, P = .002; LFC, 40.4 ms, P = .023, respectively). In @entity1 with @entity1844 , the T1   value of the MFC increased during the year after treatment (P = .002). There was no significant difference in the baseline and follow-up T1   value in @entity1 with or without @entity937 on each side although the T1   value of the MFC, MTP, and LFC increased during the first year after surgery regardless of the presence or absence of @entity130 . CONCLUSION: Using T1   mapping to detect minimal changes, our study demonstrated that @entity1844 are related to progressive degenerative cartilage changes during the early phase after ACLR.

title: Articular XXXX increase early @entity528 in knees treated by anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: T1   mapping evaluation and 1-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['cartilage injury', 'cartilage lesions']

entities_list: @entity937 :: ('MESH:D012167', 'Disease') :: ['meniscal tears']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['cartilage degeneration']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['meniscal injuries', 'ACL injuries']

answer: @entity1844 :: (MESH:D002357,Disease) :: ['cartilage lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1534 ( @entity1534 ) causes @entity3621 and @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) that may evolve to @entity356 . The objective of this study was to compare the profile of mucins in the progressive stages of @entity1534 infected pre-neoplastic and neoplastic @entity1 gastric epithelium. We used a panel of monoclonal antibodies with well-defined specificities of @entity5091 , @entity5089 and @entity21826 to characterize the expression pattern of mucins by immunohistochemistry. METHODS: RUT and ELISA were down for @entity1534 confirmation. @entity1 gastric biopsy sections were stained using immunohistochemistry with @entity5091 , @entity5089 and @entity21826 antibodies. RESULTS: @entity5089 was expressed in the superficial epithelium and the upper part of the @entity356 . @entity21826 expression was detected in the lower part of the gastric glands. @entity5091 was expressed in @entity1944 , mostly in goblet cells. The mucin expression profile in the progressive stages of @entity1534 infected @entity1 gastric epithelium allows the identification of @entity1944 , which is characterized by a decreased expression of the gastric mucins ( @entity5089 and @entity21826 ) and de novo expression of @entity5091 . CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results suggest that there is altered expression of @entity5089 and @entity21826 together with the aberrant expression of @entity5091 in @entity1944 , during the process of @entity356 . The present study indicates that the @entity5091 mucin expression pattern is a reliable marker of @entity1944 , which appears in the context of @entity1534 infected individuals.

title: Expression profile of mucins ( @entity5091 , @entity5089 and @entity21826 ) in XXXX infected pre-neoplastic and neoplastic @entity1 gastric epithelium.

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['IM', 'intestinal metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['H. pylori', 'Helicobacter pylori']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric pits', 'gastric carcinoma', 'gastric carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity1534 :: (210,Species) :: ['Helicobacter pylori']


abstract: @entity2383 and degeneration are associated with many @entity179 . A dysfunctional mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) impairs @entity855 production and accelerates the generation of free radicals. To evaluate mitochondrial function, reliable methods are needed. Conventional spectrophotometric assays may not eliminate interference from nonspecific enzyme activities and do not measure quantities of specific ETC complexes. Blue native @entity2975 gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) has been used to resolve mitochondrial ETC complexes. Combined with histochemical staining, it has also been applied to measure ETC enzyme activities in muscles. The current study is to determine (1) whether BN-PAGE can be used to detect ETC complexes from different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) and (2) the quantitative range of BN-PAGE in measuring the amounts and activities of different ETC complexes. By systematically varying the protein amount and the time of histochemical reactions, we have found linear ranges comparable to spectrophotometric assays for measuring enzyme activities of several ETC complexes. In addition, we found linear ranges for measuring protein quantities in several ETC complexes. These results demonstrate that BN-PAGE can be used to measure the amount and activity of the ETC enzymes from the nerve tissues and, thus, can be applied to evaluate the functional changes of mitochondria in @entity179 .

title: Measuring the quantity and activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in tissues of central nervous system using blue native XXXX gel electrophoresis.

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['Mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity2975 :: (CHEBI:51135,Chemical) :: ['polyacrylamide']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: In an in vivo @entity742 model, the effects of spinal fusion and @entity85 on the neighboring motion segments were analyzed. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of spinal fusion and @entity85 on the adjacent motion segment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The in vivo effects of @entity85 on the neighboring motion segments have not been investigated in any studies. METHODS: Eighteen @entity742 were equally randomized into three groups based on surgical procedure: L3-L5 in situ posterolateral fusion (n = 6) L3-L5 kyphotic posterolateral fusion (n = 6), and surgical exposure alone (n = 6). After a 16-week survival period, the adjacent motion segment changes were analyzed radiographically, biomechanically, and histologically. RESULTS: The @entity1513 group showed 5.0 degrees +/- 2.6 degrees and 1.7 degrees +/- 1.8 degrees compensatory hyperlordosis at L2-L3 and L5-L6, respectively, compared with surgical exposure and in situ posterolateral fusion, the kyphotic posterolateral fusion significantly influenced cranial adjacent motion segment biomechanics by inducing more stiffness in the posterior ligamentous complex (P < 0.05) and increasing lamina strain under flexion-extension loading (P < 0.05). Results of histologic analysis showed significant degenerative changes of the L2-L3 facet joints in the @entity1513 group. CONCLUSIONS: It is inferred that in the @entity1513 group, compensatory hyperlordosis at the cranial adjacent level leads to lordotic contracture of the posterior ligamentous complex. The increased lamina strain, exhibited by the in situ group under flexion-extension, was further increased in the @entity1513 group, indicating higher load transmission through the posterior column. Significant degenerative changes of the cephalad adjacent facet joints observed in the @entity1513 group served to corroborate the biomechanical data. These results indicate that a @entity85 may lead to @entity1159 and facet @entity625 and may serve as the origin of low back @entity158 at the cranial adjacent level.

title: Does spinal XXXX influence the biomechanical characteristics of the adjacent motion segments? An in vivo animal model.

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['facet joint contracture']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['kyphotic deformity']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['kyphotic deformity']


abstract: To determine @entity5 control rates and survival of @entity1 with @entity320 @entity3 to the brain, the authors reviewed the results of 23 consecutive @entity1 with a total of 32 @entity5 (19 @entity1 had a solitary @entity5 and four had @entity5 ) who underwent adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery. @entity5 locations included the cerebral hemisphere (24 cases), brain stem (four cases), basal ganglia (two cases), and cerebellum (two cases). Fifteen @entity1 had associated cranial symptomatology and eight had incidental @entity3 . All @entity1 had @entity5 of 3 cm or less in diameter (mean @entity5 volume 2.5 cu cm), and all received fractionated whole-brain radiation therapy (30 Gy) in addition to radiosurgery (mean @entity5 margin dose 16 Gy). Nineteen @entity1 were managed with both modalities at the time of diagnosis; four underwent radiosurgery 3 to 12 months after fractionated whole-brain radiotherapy. The mean @entity1 follow-up period was 12 months (range 3 to 38 months). After radiosurgery, eight @entity1 improved, 13 remained stable, and two deteriorated. One @entity1 subsequently required craniotomy because of intratumoral @entity548 ; this @entity1 and three others are living 13 to 38 months after radiosurgery. Nineteen @entity1 died, 18 from progression of their @entity262 and one from another @entity548 into a new brain @entity3 . The @entity5 control rate was 97%. Only two @entity1 subsequently developed new intracranial @entity3 . The median survival period after diagnosis was 9 months (range 3 to 38 months). The authors believe that stereotactic radiosurgery coupled with fractionated whole-brain irradiation is an effective management strategy for cerebral @entity3 from a @entity320 . Multi-institutional trials are warranted to confirm that stereotactic radiosurgery results equal or surpass the outcome achieved with craniotomy and @entity5 resection.

title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'multiple tumors', 'Tumor', 'local tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['metastatic melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Non compaction @entity296 is a @entity395 caused by the arrest of @entity296 during embryogenesis, leading to a non compacted endocardial layer with marked hypertrabeculation and deep recesses. AIM: To report the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of a series of 15 adult @entity1 with non-compaction @entity296 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We included a total of 15 @entity1 aged 52    17 years (40% males) diagnosed at our echocardiography laboratory between January 2001 and July 2010. RESULTS: The form of presentation was @entity712 in 53% of subjects, @entity1163 in 20%o, @entity943 in 13%o and @entity64 in 7%>. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was 66    11 mm and estimated ejection fraction was 27    10%>. Apical and/or mid-ventricular segments of the left ventricle were involved in all the cases. @entity120 was present in 40%o. The average follow-up was 19 months and no @entity1 died during this period. Sixty seven percent of the @entity1 had manifestations of @entity712 , 27%o presented sustained @entity943 and 20%> had @entity955 or flutter, whereas 13%o had cerebral embolic events. An automated internal cardioverter defibrillator was implanted in 47%o of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Non-compaction @entity296 is associated with high @entity65 . The diagnosis is made in advanced stages of the disease, with significant dilation and @entity67 .

title: [Non compaction XXXX : a series of 15 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy', 'myocardial compaction']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disorder']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: The effect of cannabinoids on excitatory transmission in the substantia gelatinosa was investigated using intracellular recording from visually identified neurons in a transverse slice preparation of the juvenile @entity35 spinal cord. In the presence of @entity1026 and @entity1027 , perfusion of the cannabinoid receptor agonist @entity10024 reduced the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). Furthermore, the frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) was also decreased by @entity10024 , whereas their amplitude was not affected. Similar effects were reproduced using the endogenous cannabinoid ligand @entity9393 . The effects of both agonists were blocked by the selective CB(1) receptor antagonist @entity351 . Electrical stimulation of high-threshold fibers in the dorsal root evoked a monosynaptic EPSC in lamina II neurons. In the presence of @entity10024 , the amplitude of the evoked EPSC (eEPSCs) was reduced, and the paired-pulse ratio was increased. The reduction of the eEPSC following CB(1) receptor activation was unlikely to have a postsynaptic origin because the response to @entity140 , in the presence of 1 microM @entity4524 , was unchanged. To investigate the specificity of this synaptic inhibition, we selectively activated the nociceptive C fibers with @entity2951 , which induced a strong increase in the frequency of EPSCs. In the presence of @entity10024 , the response to @entity2951 was diminished. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest a presynaptic location for CB(1) receptors whose activation results in inhibition of @entity2227 release in the spinal dorsal horn. The strong inhibitory effect of cannabinoids on C fibers may thereby contribute to the modulation of the spinal excitatory transmission, thus producing analgesia at the spinal level.

title: Cannabinoid-induced presynaptic inhibition of glutamatergic EPSCs in substantia gelatinosa neurons of the XXXX spinal cord.

entities_list: @entity1026 :: ('MESH:D013331', 'Chemical') :: ['strychnine']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity9393 :: ('MESH:C078814', 'Chemical') :: ['anandamide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Exenatide or Exendin-4 is a 39-amino acid agonist of the glucagon like peptide ( @entity17121 approved for the adjunctive treatment for @entity164 2 @entity6 . Recent reports suggest that @entity15212 agonists may also have distant effects including C-cell @entity1374 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exendin-4 on the thyroid and parathyroid cells in a @entity35 model. @entity35 thyroids were stained for @entity175 , H_E and for @entity45826 ( @entity45826 ). @entity1374 was graded on H_E stained slides using cell size and secretory granule numbers, morphological features of the parathyroid glands and the serum @entity460 concentrations of the @entity35 were also evaluated. Counts of stained cells/high power field and intensity of staining were recorded by two pathologists. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/post-tests. C cell @entity1184 was elevated in exenatide-treated vs. untreated animals (22.5    8.7 vs. 10.5    2.7 cells/HPF). @entity45826 staining failed to show effects by exendin. @entity175 staining was significantly elevated in exenatide treated controls (P<0.001). Parathyroid glands were histologically normal in both groups, and serum @entity460 levels were within normal range in all animals. In summary, exenatide was associated with @entity1373 and increased calcitonin staining of thyroids, but was unrelated to @entity45826 levels. These data raise important concerns about the effects of exenatide which, given its wide clinical use, should be clarified with urgency.

title: Effect of exendin (exenatide)-- XXXX agonist on the thyroid and parathyroid gland in a @entity35 model.

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcitonin', 'calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['C cell hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity45826 :: ('292701(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia', 'thyroid hyperplasia']

answer: @entity17121 :: (25051(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['GLP 1 receptor']


abstract: @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ) has become the most common cause of @entity454 . Early referral and specific nephrology treatment could delay the disease progression and should reduce the treatment cost, mortality and morbidity rate in these @entity1 . This is a single-center, retrospective review of all @entity2316 @entity1 referred to the nephrology clinic in Hospital Sultan Ahmad Shah, Temerloh, from 2000 to 2009, to study and define the clinical characteristics of @entity2316 @entity1 at the time of the referral to the nephrology clinic. A total of 75 @entity1 case records were reviewed. Forty-three (57.3%) of them were males, with a median age of 64.3    8.5 years at the time of referral. Only 14.7% of them had blood pressure lower than 125/75 mmHg. Co-morbid and disease-related complications were also commonly diagnosed and 28.4% (n = 21) had @entity741 , 23% (n = 17) had @entity6 and 20.3% (n = 15) had @entity3949 . The mean serum @entity1011 at the time of referral was 339.8    2.3  mol/L, gylcated hemoglobin A 1c (HbA1C) was 8.1    2.0 %, serum fasting @entity413 was 9.6    4.7 mmol/L, serum @entity165 was 5.4    1.2 mmol/L and hemoglobin level was 10.6    2.9 g/dL. Although female @entity1 were less frequently seen in the early stages of @entity740 ( @entity740 ), they comprised at least 72.7% of @entity740 stage 5 (male:female; 6:16, P <0.05). Twenty-nine percent (n=22) of them were referred at @entity740 stage 5, 48% (n=36) were at @entity740 stage 4, 17.3% (n=13) were at @entity740 stage 3, 4% (n=3) were at @entity740 stage 2 and 1.3% (n=1) was at @entity740 stage 1. Advanced @entity740 @entity1 were frequently prescribed with more antihypertensives. @entity740 stage 5 @entity1 were prescribed with two-and-half types of antihypertensive as compared to two types of anti- @entity101 in @entity740 stage 2 and stage 3. Furthermore, ACE-inhibitors (ACE-I) were less frequently prescribed to them. Only 22.7% (n=5) of @entity740 stage 5 @entity1 received ACE-I and 30% (n=11) in @entity740 stage 4 @entity1 as compared to 53.4% (n=7) in @entity740 @entity1 stage 3. This review shows that @entity2316 @entity1 were referred late to the nephrologists and the overall disease management was suboptimal. Antihypertensive requirement was also increased and ACEIs were less frequently prescribed in the advanced @entity2316 @entity1 .

title: A retrospective review of @entity2316 XXXX during referral to the sub-urban nephrology clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN', 'Diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity3949 :: ('MESH:D003929', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Although 50%-80% of @entity1 with advanced @entity43 demonstrate an objective response after @entity902 -based chemotherapy, a majority of these @entity1 will ultimately experience a relapse of their disease. Effective second-line treatment for these @entity1 is of the most importance. We performed a phase II study with @entity900 and @entity7765 (each drug 50 mg/m2 i.v. every 28 days) in 17 @entity1 with relapsed or persistent @entity43 . All @entity1 had received @entity902 -containing primary chemotherapy. Overall survival from the time of diagnosis was 38.3 months (45.3 months in relapsed @entity43 and 28.3 months in @entity43 persisting after primary chemotherapy). Survival from entrance into the study was 13.0 months (14.2 months in @entity66 and 11.2 months in refractory disease). Time to progression was 10.3 months. An objective response was observed in 4 @entity1 and another 3 @entity1 had stable disease. @entity137 consisted of emesis (grade III/IV in 60/64 courses) and myelosuppression WHO grade III/IV in 15 courses. @entity2359 occurred in 3 @entity1 and nephrotoxicity in 1 @entity1 . @entity1665 occurred in 12 @entity1 . @entity591 and other low-grade heart @entity137 were observed after 5 courses. Dose reduction was necessary because of severe myelosuppression in 4 courses and because of nephrotoxicity in 1 course. Delay of subsequent chemotherapy courses for more than 7 days was necessary after 13 courses and was always due to myelosuppression. The dose-limiting @entity137 of combination chemotherapy with @entity900 and @entity7765 is myelosuppression. Response and survival rates are superior in @entity1 with @entity66 compared to @entity1 with resistant @entity43 .

title: Phase II study of XXXX combined with @entity900 in recurrent @entity43 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities', 'Major toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7765 :: ('MESH:C027260', 'Chemical') :: ['pirarubicin']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['relapsed disease']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['Tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['Neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity7765 :: (MESH:C027260,Chemical) :: ['pirarubicin']


abstract: AIM: Considering that laparoscopic procedure is associated with increased resistance to lower-limb venous return and subsequent stasis, with possible implications in terms of @entity1031 complications, the aim of our study was to investigate prospectively the coagulative-fibrinolytic profile, in laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy, in @entity1 randomly alloted to receive or not preoperative heparin. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 36 @entity1 (20 laparoscopic and 16 open) and we randomly divided the @entity1 in two groups: Group-A (28 @entity1 --16 laparoscopic and 12 open) didn't take any preoperative thromboprophylaxis, Group-B (8 @entity1 --4 laparoscopic and 4 open) took preoperative subcutaneous heparin. We took blood venous samples before surgery, at time 0 and + 30 min., at the end and 1 and 24 hours postoperatively. The following parameters were assessed: prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, @entity2002 and D-dimer. We statistically analyzed the differences by ANOVA test. RESULTS: In Group A, @entity2002 and D-dimer were significantly higher (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0266) in open group as compared with laparoscopic one and we observed significant time-depending changes of @entity2002 's concentration (p = 0.0168). In Group B we obtained a higher @entity2002 's value in laparoscopic group than in conventional one, with a significant difference (p = 0.0283); also, the sampling-time affected the result in a very significant meaning (p = 0.0041). Comparing @entity2002 levels between Groups A and B, we observed lower values in heparin-treated group than in the other one (p < 0.0001), while in laparoscopic surgery there was not a significant difference between two groups of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that, perioperatively (besides a smaller laparoscopic acute-phase response) the coagulative-fibrinolytic changes are lower in laparoscopic cholecystectomy than in open one and heparin treatment significantly reduces these changes in open surgery but doesn't seem to affect laparoscopic group. Our results seem to show another possible advantage of the laparoscopic surgical procedures over the traditional ones.

title: [Perioperative changes in the plasma levels of XXXX and D-dimer during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the preliminary results of a prospective randomized clinical study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

answer: @entity2002 :: (2244,Gene) :: ['fibrinogen']


abstract: PURPOSE: The United Kingdom (UK) government changed the prescription policy of statins, making low-dose @entity3413 (10 mg) available as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in August 2004. We assessed the impact of this policy change on statin prescribing. METHODS: We examined all statin prescriptions in the @entity6191 ( @entity6191 ), a well-validated database of approximately 3.5 million @entity1 , from the first quarter of 2001 to the second quarter of 2005. RESULTS: From 2001, the number of statin prescriptions written for @entity6191 @entity1 was increasing by approximately 437 prescriptions per 100,000 @entity1 per quarter until the time of the policy change. Over the four quarters post-policy implementation, however, this trend changed abruptly (p < 0.0001) with a decrease of 281 prescriptions per 100,000 @entity1 per quarter. This decrease was not restricted to prescriptions of 10 mg statins but was also observed for statin prescriptions of >or=20 mg. Several other cardiovascular medications displayed a similar trend as that observed in the number of statin prescriptions. This trend was not observed among non-cardiovascular control medications. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the policy allowing the OTC sale of 10 mg @entity3413 has had a significant impact on statin prescriptions by general practitioners. However, this new policy may also be leading to less aggressive statin therapy. An alternative explanation for the observed decrease in statin prescriptions may be related to the unknown factors responsible for the overall decrease observed with other cardiovascular prescription drugs.

title: The impact of over-the-counter @entity3413 on the number of statin prescriptions in the United Kingdom: a view from the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3413 :: ('MESH:D019821', 'Chemical') :: ['simvastatin']

entities_list: @entity6191 :: ('MESH:D004829', 'Disease') :: ['General Practice Research Database', 'GPRD']

answer: @entity6191 :: (MESH:D004829,Disease) :: ['General Practice Research Database']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5052 is implicated in cardiovascular and @entity66 . This study evaluated associations between @entity414 (UA), @entity65 and neurocognitive function in adolescent and adult survivors of childhood @entity981 treated with chemotherapy only. METHODS: 126 adolescent (mean[SD] age 14.6[5.0]; 7.8[1.7] years post-diagnosis) and 226 adult survivors (age 25.4[4.2] years; 18.1[4.4] years post-diagnosis) @entity149 . Concurrent UA measurements were conducted for both groups. For adult survivors, cardiovascular risk factors were assessed; and UA measurements during adolescence (12.3[4.0] years before neurocognitive testing) were also collected. UA levels were categorized into quartiles for age- and gender-based ranking, and associations with neurocognitive outcomes were examined. RESULTS: Survivors demonstrated worse attention, processing speed and executive functions than population norms (p's<0.05). Adolescent survivors with elevated UA had poorer attention (p=0.04), visual-processing speed (p=0.03) and @entity73 (p=0.02). UA was not associated with neurocognitive outcomes in adult survivors. Adult survivors developed @entity2299 (46%), @entity101 (32%) and @entity1144 (26%), and high UA during adolescence was associated with these cardiovascular risk factors as adults (all p's<0.01). Fine-motor processing speed was slower in adult survivors with @entity2299 (p=0.04) and @entity1144 (p=0.04). Poorer attention was marginally associated with @entity101 (p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated UA is associated with neurocognitive performance in adolescent survivors. In adult survivors, relative elevation of UA during adolescence was predictive of @entity65 , which was associated with poorer neurocognitive outcomes. IMPACT: Future studies should evaluate the mediating role of chronic @entity65 conditions between elevated UA and subsequent @entity149 in survivors.

title: XXXX and neurocognitive function in survivors of childhood @entity981 treated with chemotherapy only.

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive flexibility']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['completed comprehensive neurocognitive testing', 'neurocognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal obesity']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular health']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity414 :: (MESH:D014527,Chemical) :: ['Uric acid']


abstract: In spite of prior blockade of the obturator nerve with 1% @entity10541 (8 ml) utilizing a nerve stimulator, violent leg jerking was evoked during transurethral electroresection of a bladder @entity5 approximately 1 h after the blockade in a 68-year-old @entity1 . The @entity1 became severely @entity551 immediately following the jerking, and a large lower @entity4 concurrently developed. The urgent laparotomy indicated that the left obturator artery was severely injured by the resectoscope associated with the @entity1494 , causing acute massive @entity548 . The @entity1 recovered uneventfully after adequate surgery. Investigation of the literature suggested that both our nerve stimulation technique and anatomical approach were appropriate. It was therefore unlikely that our block resulted in failure because of an inappropriate site for deposition of the anaesthetic. However, consensus does not appear to have been obtained as to the concentration and volume of the anaesthetic necessary for prevention of the obturator nerve stimulation during the transurethral procedures. The concentration and volume of @entity10541 we used might have been too low and/or small, respectively, to profoundly block all the motor neuron fibres of the nerve. Alternatively, stimulation of the obturator nerve might occur because of the presence of some anatomical variant, such as the accessory obturator nerve or its abnormal branching. In conclusion, some uncertainty appears to exist in the effectiveness of the local anaesthetic blockade of the obturator nerve. In order to attain profound blockade of the motor neuron fibres of the obturator nerve and thereby prevent the thigh-adductor muscle contraction which can lead to life-threatening situations, we recommend, even with a nerve stimulator, to use a larger volume of a higher concentration of local anaesthetic with a longer duration in the obturator nerve block for the transurethral procedures.

title: Life-threatening XXXX following obturator artery injury during transurethral bladder surgery: a sequel of an unsuccessful obturator nerve block.

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder perforation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal swelling']

entities_list: @entity10541 :: ('MESH:D008619', 'Chemical') :: ['mepivacaine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhage']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The @entity5424 for Reduction in @entity64 and Other @entity1031 in @entity955 (ARISTOTLE) trial demonstrated that @entity5424 was effective in reducing the risk of @entity64 and major @entity548 in @entity955 ( @entity955 ) @entity1 . Medical cost avoidance studies for oral anticoagulants have used @entity1229 event rates from clinical trials, which may not reflect the real-world (RW) setting. This study aimed to estimate the difference in medical costs associated with @entity5424 instead of @entity1229 in RW @entity955 @entity1 . METHODS: This study selected @entity1 with @entity955 diagnosis during 2007-2010 from a Medco population of US commercial and Medicare health plans. @entity64 and @entity932 ( @entity932 ) were identified using diagnosis codes. Pharmacy claims were used to define @entity1229 exposure periods. Rates of @entity64 and @entity932 were calculated during @entity1229 exposure. To estimate the absolute risk reduction (ARR) between @entity1229 and @entity5424 in RW, the relative risk reductions (RRR) from ARISTOTLE were multiplied by the event rates observed in RW during @entity1229 exposure. Medical cost reductions associated with @entity5424 were calculated by applying the ARR to the 1-year incremental cost for each event. @entity64 and @entity932 costs were obtained from the literature and adjusted to 2011 levels. RESULTS: During a @entity1 year, the use of @entity5424 instead of @entity1229 resulted in medical cost reductions of  493 for @entity64 and  752 for @entity932 and  1245 for the combined outcome of both events. The medical costs avoided were greater as baseline @entity64 risk increased. CONCLUSION: If RRRs demonstrated in ARISTOTLE persist in RW, the use of @entity5424 will be associated with lower medical costs vs @entity1229 . Main limitations of this study were: identification of clinical events using administrative codes rather than confirmatory clinical data, inability to evaluate the level of international normalized ratio (INR) control, and not including INR monitoring and drug costs.

title: Estimated medical cost reductions associated with @entity5424 in real-world @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['major bleeding excluding intracranial hemorrhage', 'MBEIH']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['Thromboembolic Events']

entities_list: @entity5424 :: ('MESH:C522181', 'Chemical') :: ['Apixaban', 'apixaban']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['Atrial Fibrillation', 'non-valvular atrial fibrillation', 'NVAF']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['non-valvular atrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although noncompliance with immunosuppressive medication is recognized as a critical behavioral risk factor for late acute rejection episodes and graft loss after transplantation, little is known about the degree of subclinical @entity205 noncompliance, its associated risk for acute late rejection episodes (>1 year after transplantation), and its determinants in heart transplant recipients. METHODS: The convenience sample of this longitudinal study included 101 European heart transplant recipients (87 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 ), with a median age of 56 (Q1 = 50, Q3 = 61) and a median posttransplantation status of 3 (range 1 to 6) years. Subclinical @entity205 noncompliance was measured during a 3-month period with electronic event monitoring. Selected sociodemographic, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, health, and treatment-related determinants of medication noncompliance were measured by using instruments with established psychometric properties or by @entity1 interviews. With the use of iterative partitioning methods of cluster analysis, including nonstandardized electronic event monitoring compliance parameters, @entity1 were categorized by degree of subclinical @entity205 noncompliance into a 3-cluster solution. RESULTS: Overall compliance was high, with a median medication taking compliance of 99.4%. The 3 derived clusters, that is, excellent compliers (84%), minor subclinical noncompliers (7%), and moderate subclinical noncompliers (9%), differed significantly by degree of subclinical noncompliance (p < .0001) and showed a 1.19%, 14.28%, and 22.22% incidence of late acute rejections (p = .01), respectively. The 3 groups also differed in terms of former medication noncompliance (p = .02), appointment noncompliance (p = .03), and perceived self-efficacy with medication taking (p = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Although in absolute numbers @entity205 compliance in this sample was high, minor deviations from dosing schedule were associated with an increased risk for acute late rejection episodes. This suggests a pivotal role of @entity1 compliance in successful long-term outcome after transplantation.

title: Late acute rejection and subclinical noncompliance with XXXX therapy in heart transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: Sixteen hydatid liver @entity45 in 14 @entity1 were treated with a percutaneous double puncture-aspiration-injection (D-PAI) technique with @entity167 used as the scolecidal agent. With ultrasound guidance, fine-needle drainage of @entity45 was performed, and 95% sterile @entity167 was injected and left in situ to partly refill the cystic cavities. The same procedure, without reaspiration of the injected @entity167 , was performed 3 days later. Viability of scoleces was assessed at each aspiration. Benzoimidazolic drugs were administered 1 week before and 3 weeks after the procedure, to reduce the risk of seeding scoleces. Follow-up ranged from 8 to 28 months (mean, 14 months). Six @entity45 disappeared within 40-75 days of completion of D-PAI. In the other @entity1 , smaller liquid areas or hypo- or hyperechoic solid masses were observed. Anaphylactoid reactions did not occur. In one @entity1 , a @entity3116 developed after the first aspiration; the second @entity1068 injection was postponed until 6 months later but was effective. Viable scoleces were found at the second aspiration in only two @entity1 whose hepatic liver @entity45 completely healed. Serologic titers substantially decreased in seven cases and became negative in two.

title: Unilocular hydatid liver XXXX : treatment with US-guided, double percutaneous aspiration and @entity167 injection.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity3116 :: ('MESH:D001658', 'Disease') :: ['biliary fistula']

answer: @entity45 :: (MESH:D010181,Disease) :: ['cysts']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The new therapeutic approach of using immune checkpoint inhibitors as anticancer agents is a landmark innovation. Early studies suggest that immune checkpoint inhibition might also be effective in @entity1 with @entity1820 . To improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, different strategies are currently under evaluation. This review summarises the discussion during the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity1820 Cancer Translational Research Meeting in Mainz in November 2014 and provides an update on the most recent results of immune therapy in @entity1820 . Knowledge of potential relationships between @entity5 cells and their microenvironment including the immune system will be essential in @entity344 . In this context, the density of T cell infiltration within colorectal  cancer @entity3 has been associated with response to chemotherapy, and a high expression of @entity4634 ( @entity4634 ) in advanced @entity356  has been related with poor prognosis. Effective targets might include neo-antigens encoded from genes carrying @entity5 -specific somatic mutations. Tailored immunotherapy based on such mutations could enable the effective targeting of an individual @entity1 's @entity5 with vaccines produced on demand. Other strategies considering checkpoint  inhibitors have shown efficacy by targeting @entity4386  and @entity8395 or @entity4634 . DNA mismatch repair-deficient @entity5 appear to be potentially the best candidates for these therapies. Finally, the combination of oncolytic viruses with immunotherapy might boost antitumour activity as well. Further evaluation of these promising immunological therapeutic approaches will require large prospective clinical studies.

title: Immunotherapy in XXXX : Recent results, current studies and future perspectives.

entities_list: @entity4634 :: ('29126', 'Gene') :: ['PD-L1', 'programmed cell death ligand 1']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer  Gastrointestinal Tract', 'gastrointestinal cancers', 'gastrointestinal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity4386 :: ('1493', 'Gene') :: ['cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity1820 :: (MESH:D005770,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal cancer']


abstract: Postmenopausal @entity1 are at greater risk for @entity101 -related @entity65 . Antihypertensive therapy may help alleviate arterial stiffness that represents a potential modifiable risk factor of @entity101 . This randomized controlled study investigated the difference between an angiotensin receptor blocker and a @entity460 channel blocker in reducing arterial stiffness. Overall, 125 postmenopausal @entity101 @entity1 (age, 61.4    6 years; systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure [SBP/ @entity13520 ], 158    11/92    9 mm Hg) were randomized to @entity917 320 mg    @entity918 ( @entity918 ) (n = 63) or @entity3591 10 mg    @entity918 (n = 62). The primary outcome was carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity ( @entity122 ) changes after 38 weeks of treatment. Both treatments lowered peripheral blood pressure (BP) (-22.9/-10.9 mm Hg for @entity917 and -25.2/-11.7 mm Hg for @entity3591 , P = not significant) and central BP (-15.7/-7.6 mm Hg for @entity917 and -19.2/-10.3 mm Hg for @entity3591 , P<.05 for central @entity13520 ). Both treatments similarly reduced the carotid-femoral @entity122 (-1.9 vs -1.7 m/s; P = not significant). @entity3591 was associated with a higher incidence of peripheral @entity4 compared with the @entity917 group (77% vs 14%, P<.001). BP lowering in postmenopausal @entity1 led to a reduction in arterial stiffness as assessed by @entity122 measurement. Both regimens reduced @entity122 to a similar degree after 38 weeks of treatment despite differences in central BP lowering, suggesting that the effect of @entity917 on @entity122 is mediated through nonhemodynamic effects.

title: Changes in aortic pulse wave velocity in @entity101 postmenopausal @entity1 : comparison between a XXXX channel blocker vs angiotensin receptor blocker regimen.

entities_list: @entity917 :: ('MESH:C081489', 'Chemical') :: ['valsartan']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['HCTZ', 'hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine', 'Amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of 2% @entity1216 , 2% @entity8830 , 3% @entity273 on shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin using two-step and onestep self-etch bonding systems and to study the mode of failure of specimens under stereomicroscope. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty extracted sound @entity1 posterior teeth were used. The occlusal surfaces were ground to expose the dentin and were then randomly divided into 4 main groups. In group I, no cavity disinfectant was used and served as control. In groups II, III, IV, 2% @entity1216 , 2% @entity8830 and 3% @entity273 were used as @entity6675 respectively. Each group was then divided into two subgroups of 10 teeth each according to the bonding agent used, two-step self-etch (Adper SE Plus) and one-step self-etch (Adper Easy One) respectively. A transparent cylindrical plastic tube was loaded with microhybrid composite and placed over the dentin and light cured for 40 seconds. The specimens were subjected to shear stress in the universal testing machine. RESULTS: Pretreatment with 2% @entity1216 , 2% @entity8830 and 3% @entity273 , had a negative effect on the shear bond strength of self-etching bonding systems. CONCLUSION: The highest bond strength was found in 2% @entity1216 group followed by 2% @entity8830 group and the lowest bond strength was found in 3% @entity273 group. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: All three @entity6675 used in this study reduced the shear bond strength and hence should be used with caution.

title: Evaluation of effect of different XXXX on shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin using two-step self-etch and one-step self-etch bonding systems: a comparative in vitro study.

entities_list: @entity1216 :: ('MESH:D002710', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine']

entities_list: @entity8830 :: ('MESH:D012973', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hypochlorite']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity6675 :: ('MESH:D020139', 'Disease') :: ['cavity disinfectants']

answer: @entity6675 :: (MESH:D020139,Disease) :: ['cavity disinfectants']


abstract: This study was undertaken for two reasons: 1) It is more difficult to diagnose @entity56 to molds than to other allergens, so an evaluation of diagnostic tests was needed. 2) Alternaria is the principal cause of mold sensitization in our area. Sixty-six @entity1 (20 +/- 4 years) were selected and divided into two groups. Group A was made up of @entity1 with @entity2490 and/or @entity565 due to Alternaria sensitization. Group B consisted of @entity1 sensitized to other allergens and @entity1 with @entity56 . Skin tests (prick and intradermal), challenge tests (conjunctival, nasal, and bronchial), and specific IgE determination were performed for all @entity1 . A biologically standardized extract of Alternaria tenuis (Alergia e Inmunolog  a Abell  , S. A., Madrid, Spain) obtained from a single batch was used for all tests. Our diagnostic criterion was a clinical history of @entity2490 or @entity565 that coincided with the results of nasal/bronchial challenge. The diagnostic value of the other tests was compared to this criterion. In the group of rhinitic @entity1 , skin tests and conjunctival challenge were more sensitive than specific IgE determination. In @entity748 @entity1 , the most sensitive techniques were nasal and conjunctival challenges, followed by prick and intradermal skin tests, and, lastly, serum specific IgE determination. When @entity2490 and @entity565 were considered jointly, the most sensitive test was conjunctival challenge, followed by skin-prick and intradermal tests. All tests had the same specificity, @entity74 . Nasal challenge was positive in all @entity1 . Skin tests are easy to perform, cheap, non-traumatic for the @entity1 , and sufficiently specific and sensitive for the diagnosis of Alternaria @entity56 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Cost-effectiveness of various methods of diagnosing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['nonrespiratory allergic disorders', 'hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['regardless of disorder']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['hypersensitivity to Alternaria']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: To investigate the role of mast cells (MCs) renal infiltration in the progression of human anti- @entity1310 , 38 @entity1 diagnosed with anti- @entity1310 were enrolled. Renal biopsies were performed. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect MCs in renal tissues. @entity1 were divided into group 1 (MCs   <50   mm(-2), n   =   18) and group 2 (MCs   >= 50   mm(-2), n   =   20) according to the infiltrating renal MC count. The clinical-pathological indices were compared. And, correlation between MCs and the clinical-pathological indices was analyzed. @entity1 of group 2 had more severe @entity8 , expressed as higher levels of serum @entity1011 (SCr 8.95        3.66 vs. 4.75        2.73   mg/dL, p   <   0.001), urine @entity904 -binding protein ( @entity19845 29.8        13.9 vs. 15.7        11.5   mg/dL, p   =   0.005), and lower urinary osmotic pressure. Pathologically, @entity1 of group 2 had a higher percentage of fibrous/fibrocellular crescents (66.7        21.9 vs. 47.0        33.6%, p   =   0.037) but a lower percentage of cellular crescents. More @entity405 (268   mm(-2) vs. 180   mm(-2), p   =   0.045) and @entity469 (268   mm(-2) vs. 180   mm(-2), p   =   0.045) positive cells infiltrating the interstitium were observed in group 2. Furthermore, renal MCs correlated significantly with the total number of crescents and the tubular interstitial @entity405 and @entity469 positive cells. And, the number of MCs was associated with the histological types. The renal function was significantly different between the two groups at presentation. However, at 3 and 6 month follow-up, the @entity1 outcome was associated with the histological types. Our study showed that MC infiltrations were associated with chronic lesions in anti- @entity1310 and may be involved in the loss of renal function with pathological changes.

title: Significance of mast cell renal infiltration in patients with anti- XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['GBM nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunctions']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['retinol']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1310 :: (MESH:D009393,Disease) :: ['GBM nephritis']


abstract: @entity4336 snack fortified with 7% fish protein powder made from @entity25512 ( @entity25512 ) surimi was selected by expert panel from industry for consumer studies in Iran and Iceland. They hedonically screened products with 3%, 5%, 7% and 9% fish protein powder. Snack containing 9% fish protein powder (FP) had significantly lower liking for odour, texture, flavour, and overall acceptability than the other three prototypes. Snacks fortified with 3%, 5%, and 7% FP had similar sensory attributes. Therefore, snack with the highest level of FP (7%) was selected for acceptance tests. It was seasoned with cheese powder, vegetable oil, salt, and colorant. The amount of protein, moisture, fat, ash and salt in fortified @entity4336 snack (FCS) was 12%, 2%, 31%, 3%, and 2% respectively. Consumers' acceptance was studied using a central location test method. Consumers were 6-16  years old @entity1 in two communities (Iceland and Iran). They liked FCS but Iranian @entity1 favoured it more than Icelandic @entity1 . Majority of parents of the @entity1 expressed their willingness to choose this product when buying snacks.

title: Quality characteristics and consumer acceptance of a high fish protein puffed XXXX -fish snack.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children']

entities_list: @entity25512 :: ('8060', 'Species') :: ['Pollachius Virens', 'saithe']

answer: @entity4336 :: (381124,Species) :: ['corn']


abstract: @entity195 is a known risk factor for @entity410 , and age older than 60 years is a recognized risk factor for poor outcome from @entity410 and nonconvulsive @entity159 . The authors suspect that there may be a causal relationship between @entity303 pathology and the development and maintenance of refractory @entity410 . They report two selected @entity1 with complex partial @entity159 whose presentation and clinical course provide partial support for this hypothesis. Their methods include case reports with clinical, EEG, imaging, and pathologic correlations. The @entity1 were 70 and 85 years of age. Both had central and peripheral @entity1010 on imaging studies (with some regions that were affected more than others), left temporal @entity410 foci corresponding to areas of greatest cortical @entity194 , and early presentation with @entity302 ( @entity2026 ), with evolution to complex partial @entity159 . Pathologic confirmation of @entity195 was obtained in one @entity1 who had not been diagnosed previously. It involved maximally the cortex underlying the @entity410 focus. A diagnosis of probable @entity195 was established in the other @entity1 . @entity195 may be causal in some cases of complex partial @entity159 . Additional observations in support of this hypothesis are needed.

title: @entity195 underlies some cases of complex partial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsive', 'seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1010 :: ('MESH:C566985', 'Disease') :: ['brain atrophy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['inhibitory epileptic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus']

answer: @entity159 :: (MESH:D013226,Disease) :: ['status epilepticus']


abstract: Genomic instability characterizes the @entity5 cell. Losses of genetic material are critical in @entity5 by exposing recessive mutations in @entity5 suppressor genes. Gains of genetic material also may lead to overexpression of genes contributing to @entity5 progression either in the presence or absence of mutation. However, the detection of moderate gains (such as tri-tetraploidy) has been a challenge in @entity5 research. Unbiased DNA fingerprinting by the arbitrarily primed PCR allows the detection of moderate gains (in addition to losses) of DNA sequences of known chromosomal localization. We have generated in this manner a molecular karyotype of metastatic @entity694 . This amplotype shows that sequences from several chromosomes undergo both losses (1, 4, 9, 14, and 18) and gains (6, 7, 12, and 20) in over half of the @entity5 . Moreover, gains of sequences from chromosomes 8 and 13 occurred in most @entity5 , indicating the existence in these chromosomes of positive regulators of cell growth or survival that are under strong positive selection during @entity5 progression. We conclude that overrepresentation of these chromosomal regions is a critical step for metastatic @entity14 . Comparative amplotype analysis from primary and @entity3 suggest the existence in chromosome 4 of gene(s) whose loss is specifically selected in cells that reach the metastatic stage.

title: Molecular karyotype (amplotype) of metastatic XXXX by unbiased arbitrarily primed PCR DNA fingerprinting.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'aneuploid cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: A 17-year-old female developed hyperammonemic @entity75 2 weeks after @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ), 500 mg twice a day, was added to her regimen of @entity1771 (TPM), 200 mg twice a day. She presented to the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) with altered mental status, @entity551 , @entity1168 , and lethargy. Laboratory analysis showed mild non-anion gap @entity520 , serum @entity2052 concentration of 86 mg/L, and urine drug screen result that was positive for @entity835 . She was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for persistent symptoms, prolonged QTc, and medical history. Blood @entity3265 concentrations were obtained because of her persistent altered mental status, initially 94  mol/L and a peak of 252  mol/L. A serum @entity6211 profile was obtained at the time of @entity3263 and was found to be normal (results were available postdischarge). @entity2052 and TPM were discontinued on day 1 and day 2, respectively, as the @entity1 's blood @entity3265 concentration remained elevated. On day 3, her mental status had returned to baseline, and blood @entity3265 concentrations trended downward; by day 4 her blood @entity3265 concentration was 23  mol/L. @entity2052 has been associated with numerous side effects including @entity3263 and @entity75 . Recently, drug interactions with TPM and @entity2052 have been reported; however, serum @entity6211 concentrations have not been available. We discuss the possible mechanisms that @entity2052 and TPM may affect serum @entity3265 and @entity6211 concentrations and the use of @entity6211 for @entity1 or treating @entity137 .

title: XXXX and @entity1771 induced hyperammonemic @entity75 in a @entity1 with normal serum @entity6211 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity6211 :: ('MESH:D002331', 'Chemical') :: ['carnitine', 'levocarnitine']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity835 :: ('MESH:D002189', 'Disease') :: ['marijuana']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['hyperchloremic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['topiramate']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity3263 :: ('MESH:D022124', 'Disease') :: ['hyperammonemia']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproic Acid']