abstract: BACKGROUND: The intracellular serpin, proteinase inhibitor 8 (PI8/ @entity56102 ), can inhibit @entity31253 , a prohormone convertase involved in @entity32 , prohormone processing and extracellular matrix remodeling. @entity1695 ( @entity1695 ) is a well-characterized model of @entity8 associated with @entity82 , where recovery involves cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling. Given the presence of @entity19 PI8 (mPI8) in kidney, the @entity1695 technique was used to investigate its potential role in @entity8 and regeneration. METHODS: RT-PCR and in situ hybridization was used to assess PI8 mRNA in kidney sections. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine mPI8 distribution in normal kidney, and following reversal of @entity1695 . RESULTS: mPI8 mRNA was detected in whole kidney by RT-PCR, and by in situ hybridization in convoluted tubules of the renal cortex and medulla. In normal and control contralateral unobstructed kidneys, mPI8 was within the ascending limb and convoluted section of the distal tubules. PI8 distribution did not change in @entity1695 kidney, but was significantly altered in reversed @entity1695 kidney, appearing in regions containing nephrons undergoing remodeling. These included regenerating proximal and distal tubules and glomeruli. CONCLUSIONS: mPI8 distribution alters during kidney regeneration, possibly to control a prohormone convertase involved in @entity32 or tissue repair.

title: Modulation and redistribution of proteinase inhibitor 8 ( XXXX ) during kidney regeneration.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['Unilateral ureteral obstruction', 'UUO']

answer: @entity56102 :: (20725(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Serpinb8']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Restrictive mitral annuloplasty (RMA) can often improve @entity712 and induce left ventricular (LV) reverse remodelling in @entity1 with @entity384 ( @entity384 ) and functional @entity339 . However, it is unknown whether the observed LV reverse remodelling translates into better outcomes or not. METHOD: Fifty @entity1 with advanced non-ischaemic @entity384 (age, 64    10 years, 74% @entity1 ) underwent RMA and were followed up with a mean of 2 years. Preoperatively, all had 3 to 4+ functional @entity339 ( @entity339 ), an ejection fraction (EF) of 26    8.6 %, an indexed LV end-systolic volume (LVESVI) of 112    47 ml/m(2). All @entity1 received complete semi-rigid undersized ring annuloplasty. Correlations between early reduction in LVESVI at 1 month after the operation and mid-term clinical outcomes were analysed. RESULT: There was no 30-day mortality. LVESVI significantly decreased to 96    53 ml/m(2) and LVEF improved to 31    15%. During follow-up, 16 (32%) recurred @entity712 , of whom 7 (14%) died. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve found that a reduction in LVESVI >8.3% had a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 78% in predicting all adverse events. With this cut-off value, there were 30 (60%) responders to reverse remodelling. Responders had significantly better survival (96.4 versus 68.7%, P = 0.007) and freedom from @entity712 rate (85.4 versus 31.8%, P = 0.0003) than non-responders at 3 years. In a 1-year follow-up echocardiographic study, non-responders had shown no significant LV reverse remodelling with greater degree of residual @entity339 than responders. CONCLUSION: The extent of early LV reverse remodelling is related to mid-term mortality, @entity712 events and late reverse remodelling and repair durability after RMA for non-ischaemic @entity384 .

title: The extent of early left ventricular reverse remodelling is related to midterm outcomes after restrictive mitral annuloplasty in @entity1 with XXXX and functional @entity339 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['DCM', 'non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure symptoms', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy']


abstract: By means of the new medium, nonspecific @entity6369 (NSU) @entity6353 agar, NSU corymebacteria were isolated from @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity793 , @entity2259 , @entity3799 , conjuctivitis, and @entity2396 , and also with bone marrow, wound, and cul-de-sac infections. The NSU corynebacteria were considered the etiologic agents. On the basis of biochemical reactions, antibiotic sensitivity, and complement fixation tests some isolates were the same microorganisms. Both @entity1 with @entity2024 were infected with the same NSU corynebacteria. A second isolate was cultured from @entity1 with @entity4034 and @entity3799 , while a third was recovered from an infected leg wound and from a @entity1 with @entity2396 . Seven of the isolates, when injected into @entity95 hypersensitive to four NSU corynebacteria isolated from the inflamed epididymis of @entity1 with @entity3892 , @entity56 reactions, which indicated that they also were related antigenically. It is suggested that nonspecific @entity6369 and eididymitis may represent an @entity281 with NSU corynebacteria, or may be an extension of @entity793 due to these microorganisms, with a delayed @entity56 as a possible additional complication. Colony counts on NSU @entity6353 agar of the bacteria in urines from male and female @entity1 were higher than those obtained on conventional agar media. NSU @entity6353 agar is superior to other agar media for the isolation of pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria not only from the urogenital tract but also from other foci of @entity281 . It is easily prepared from commercial blood agar plates and its use should be considered when a selective medium is not required.

title: @entity793 , XXXX , and other infections due to NSU corynebacteria.

entities_list: @entity6369 :: ('MESH:D014526', 'Disease') :: ['urethritis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity2396 :: ('MESH:D010493', 'Disease') :: ['pericarditis']

entities_list: @entity3892 :: ('MESH:D004823', 'Disease') :: ['epididymitis']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervicitis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['elicited delayed hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitivity reaction']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity2259 :: (MESH:D016470,Disease) :: ['bacteremia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that escalating drug concentrations of @entity5161 are associated with a significant decline in cerebral blood flow ( @entity13279 ) in regions sub-serving conscious brain activity, including specifically the thalamus. METHODS: Nine @entity1 volunteers received three escalating drug concentrations: 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0 MAC end-tidal inhalation. During waking, baseline and the three levels of sedation, aO PET scan was performed. RESULTS: @entity5161 decreased the bispectral index (BIS) values dose-dependently. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters were maintained constant over time. No significant change in global @entity13279 was observed. Throughout all three MAC levels of sedation, @entity5161 caused an increased regional cerebral blood flow ( @entity13279 ) in the anterior cingulate and decreased @entity13279 in the cerebellum. Initially, @entity5161 (0 vs. 0.2 MAC) significantly increased relative @entity13279 in the medial frontal gyrus and in the nucleus accumbens. At the next level (0.2 vs. 0.4 MAC), relative @entity13279 was significantly increased in the caudate nucleus and decreased in the lingual gyrus and cuneus. At the last level (0.4 vs. 1 MAC), relative @entity13279 was significantly increased in the insula and decreased in the thalamus, the cuneus and lingual gyrus. Compared with flow distribution in awake volunteers, 1 MAC of @entity5161 significantly raised relative activity in the anterior cingulate and insula regions. In contrast, a significant relative @entity450 was identified in the thalamus, the cerebellum and lingual gyrus. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5161 , like @entity2614 , induced characteristic flow redistribution at doses of 0.2-1.0 MAC. At 1 MAC of @entity5161 , @entity13279 decreased in the thalamus. Specific areas affected by both @entity5161 and @entity2614 included the anterior cingulate, insula regions, cerebellum, lingual gyrus and thalamus.

title: Effects of dose-dependent levels of XXXX on cerebral blood flow in healthy subjects studied using positron emission tomography.

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['flow reduction']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoflurane', 'isoflurane']

answer: @entity5161 :: (MESH:D007530,Chemical) :: ['isoflurane']


abstract: We have tested allogeneic @entity320 cell lysates as active immunotherapy, originally in stage IV @entity1 to determine their safety and immunologic effectiveness. Surprisingly, phase I and II trials with frozen lysates showed a 20% objective response rate, with 8% long-term survivors. @entity55043 (Ribi ImmunoChem Research, Hamilton, MT), a lyophilized preparation from the same two cell lines, has been tested nationally and has caused regressions in approximately 10% of @entity1 . Long-term stabilization of disease was noted in 10% to 20% of @entity1 in all trials. A multicenter phase III comparison of low-dose @entity786 plus @entity55043 versus four-drug chemotherapy showed no difference in response rates and survival, with fewer and milder side effects due to @entity55043 . In our single-arm trial in resected @entity5 , the overall survival rate (66-month median follow-up) is 66%, with a median relapse-free survival time of 36 months. Interferon-alfa 2b ( @entity3027 ) given to @entity1 failing to respond to @entity55043 elicited major objective responses in a larger proportion than anticipated with @entity3027 alone. These results stimulated current multicenter trials in stage IV and resected @entity9910 of @entity55043 and @entity3027 in combination versus @entity3027 alone. Of scientific note were (I) identification of a new @entity320 antigen from a gene ( @entity49148 ) isolated from one of the immunizing cell lines, and (2) demonstration that a new @entity320 arising in 1995 in a long-term survivor was immunologically and genetically distinct from her original 1986 @entity5 . While it is important to define which epitopes are involved, multiepitopic (polyvalent) mixtures have established the therapeutic effect of @entity320 vaccines.

title: Perspective on allogeneic XXXX lysates in active specific immunotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage III disease']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity9910 :: ('MESH:C563985', 'Disease') :: ['stage III melanoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: We describe an unusual case of @entity583 due to @entity2553 in a 13-year-old @entity1 . He was admitted to our hospital with severe @entity712 and shock. He had experienced a feeling of chest oppression with @entity1353 while running, which grew worse. He then lost consciousness and was brought by ambulance to our intensive care unit. He had had similar but milder episodes of chest oppression months earlier. The family history revealed that his father had died suddenly from @entity1121 and that his grandmother also had @entity1121 . On admission, the @entity1 was bathed in a cold sweat, his pulse was weak, and his blood pressure was too low to measure. Coarse crackling and wheezing were audible in both lung fields. Administration of @entity2922 and intra-aortic balloon pumping failed to stabilize the hemodynamic variables, but percutaneous cardiopulmonary support proved to be lifesaving. Coronary arteriography performed during his convalescence showed on evidence of @entity731 . The @entity934 provocation test ultimately revealed a diagnosis of @entity583 due to @entity2553 .

title: Acute XXXX due to @entity2553 in a 13-year-old- @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: @entity1943 ( @entity52633 ) inhibition of hormone hypersecretion from @entity5 is mediated by @entity1943 receptors (SSTRs). SSTRs also play an important role in controlling @entity5 growth through specific antiproliferative actions. These receptors are well expressed in numerous normal and @entity5 tissues and are susceptible to regulation by a variety of factors. @entity53 , a potent trophic and mitogenic hormone in its target tissues, is known to modulate the expression of @entity52633 and its receptors. Accordingly, in the present study, we determined the effects of @entity440 , a selective @entity172 receptor (ER) modulator (SERM), and @entity53 on @entity22796 and @entity7931 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in ER-positive and -negative @entity0 cells. We found that @entity22796 was upregulated by @entity440 in a dose-dependent manner but no effect was seen with @entity53 . In contrast, @entity7931 was upregulated by both @entity440 and @entity53 . Combined treatment caused suppression of @entity22796 below control levels but had no significant effect on @entity7931 . Treatment with @entity22796 -specific agonist was significantly more effective in suppressing cell proliferation of cells pre-treated with @entity440 . Taking these data into consideration, we suggest that @entity440 and @entity53 exert variable effects on @entity22796 and @entity7931 mRNA and protein expression and distributional pattern of the receptors. These changes are cell subtype-specific and affect the ability of SSTR agonists to inhibit cell proliferation.

title: Differential regulation of @entity1943 receptors 1 and 2 mRNA and protein expression by XXXX and @entity53 in @entity0 cells.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin', 'Somatostatin']

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Complete response (CR) at the primary @entity5 site as assessed by clinical examination following induction chemotherapy with PF ( @entity900 and @entity1487 [ @entity1487 ]) is a favorable predictive factor for overall survival and disease control in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity957 of the @entity135 . In most series, the rate of CR at the primary site after induction PF was 20% to 30%. This study evaluated the efficacy and feasibility of induction nab- @entity1311 and cetuximab given with PF (ACPF) followed by definitive chemoradiation (CRT) in a phase 2 trial. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity957 of the @entity135 were treated with ACPF (nab- @entity1311 100 mg/m(2) /week; cetuximab 250 mg/m(2) /week; @entity900 75 mg/m(2) on day 1; @entity1487 750 mg/m(2) /day on days 1 through 3) every 21 days for 3 cycles followed by CRT ( @entity900 100 mg/m(2) on days 1, 22, and 43 of @entity1161 [ @entity1161 ]). CR at the primary @entity5 site after 2 cycles of ACPF was the primary endpoint. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 were enrolled, of which 22 (73%) had large (T3/T4) primary @entity5 . The CR rate at the primary @entity5 site after 2 cycles of ACPF was 53% and the overall response rate was 100%. Twenty-nine (96%) @entity1 completed 3 cycles of ACPF, 26 (90%) completed definitive @entity1161 per protocol, and 22 of the 27 evaluable @entity1 (81%) received > 2 of the 3 planned doses of @entity900 with @entity1161 . The estimated 2-year overall and progression-free survival rates were 84% and 65%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Induction ACPF resulted in a high CR rate (53%) at the primary @entity5 site even in large @entity5 and did not adversely affect delivery of definitive CRT. Further investigation of ACPF is warranted.

title: A phase 2 trial of induction nab- @entity1311 and cetuximab given with @entity900 and XXXX followed by concurrent @entity900 and radiation for locally advanced @entity957 of the @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We and others have previously shown that plasminogen activators generate endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors and induce antiangiogenic activity. Here we assessed the effects of plasminogen activator overexpression on @entity5 progression in a syngeneic mammary @entity5 model. METHODS: Genes encoding @entity19 tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase ( @entity16372 ), and vector controls were stably transfected into 4T1 @entity19 mammary @entity5 cells, and cell proliferation in vitro was analyzed. Cells were also implanted into female BALB/c @entity19 (n = 12 per group), and @entity5 growth, lung metastases, and survival were compared. Tumor cell proliferation and microvessel formation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen and @entity5231 , respectively. 4T1 cells transfected with proteolytically inactive @entity16372 mutants (A and B) were assayed for proliferation in vitro and @entity5 growth in vivo by using the same syngeneic model (eight to 10 @entity19 per group). All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: In vitro growth of @entity16372 - and tPA-overexpressing and control 4T1 cells was similar. In vivo, however, @entity5 growth and lung metastasis were inhibited in the @entity19 carrying tPA- and @entity16372 -overexpressing @entity5 , compared with controls ( @entity5 weight at day 34: control, mean = 1760 mg, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1434 to 2087 mg; tPA, mean = 921, 95% CI = 624 to 1217 mg; P < .001; @entity16372 , mean = 395 mg, 95% CI = 161 to 629 mg; P < .001; number of lung metastases at day 34: control, mean = 117, 95% CI = 74 to 159; tPA, mean = 33, 95% CI = 13 to 52; @entity16372 , mean = 15, 95% CI = 4 to 25; P < .001). Median survival was 42 (95% CI = 36 to 44), 55 (95% CI = 48 to 61), and 73 (95% CI = 51 to 86) days in the control, tPA, and @entity16372 groups, respectively (P < .001). @entity16372 - and tPA-expressing @entity5 had reduced angiogenesis and cell proliferation compared with controls. Tumors overexpressing @entity16372 mutants grew faster than @entity5 expressing wild-type @entity16372 ( @entity5 volume at day 30: wild-type @entity16372 , mean = 203, 95% CI = 121 to 285 mm3; control, mean = 534, 95% CI = 460 to 608 mm3; P < .001; mutant A, mean = 600, 95% CI = 520 to 679 mm3; P < .001; and mutant B, mean = 435, 95% CI = 358.9 to 511 mm3; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: In this @entity19 model, @entity16372 expression delayed @entity5 progression and had antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects that may be mediated by @entity16372 's protease activity. These results challenge the current dogma of proteases being exclusively @entity5 promoting and provide further rationale for exploring plasminogen activators as antitumor agents.

title: Protease activity of urokinase and @entity5 progression in a syngeneic mammary XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'inhibition of tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is general agreement on the presence of a correlation between poverty and @entity73 . However, only scarce data are available on whether this also applies to the incidence of @entity2194 . The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of @entity2194 in homeless @entity1 in Germany. METHODS: 107 homeless @entity1 (97 male, 10 female; mean age 49 years, range 18-81 years) treated in specialised social service institutions were investigated prospectively according to a standardised ophthalmological screening protocol. This comprised visual acuity, assessment of pupillary light reaction, intra-ocular pressure, slit lamp examination as well as funduscopy. RESULTS: The median best-corrected visual acuity of all 213 eyes examined was 0.8 (range: no light perception to 1.25). 74 eyes of a subgroup of 50 @entity1 showed one or more of the following disorders: 32% of the @entity1 suffered from @entity2194 , 8% exhibited a @entity231 associated with a visual acuity of 0.63 or below. 6% of the @entity1 had @entity1952 , and 4% suffered from @entity4457 . @entity6 as well as age-related @entity1020 were detected in 2%, while anophthalmos, lid malposition and traumatic @entity397 were noted in 1% of @entity1 . The median visual acuity measured in these 74 eyes was 0.5 (range: no light perception to 1.25), which differs significantly from the acuity of 0.8 in the entire study population (p < 0.001). The prevalence of @entity1939 according to WHO criteria was 2%. CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed an unexpectedly high prevalence of @entity1952 in homeless @entity1 . The prevalence for @entity231 and @entity1939 was slightly higher than in representative epidemiological investigations. Thus, homelessness seems to be correlated with an increased ocular morbidity. As best-corrected visual acuity differed significantly between eyes with and those without @entity2194 , the assessment of this parameter may serve as a cost-effective first-stage screening method.

title: Is homelessness a risk factor for XXXX ? Results of a German screening study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['external eye disease', 'eye disease', 'ocular disease']

entities_list: @entity1952 :: ('MESH:D009896', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve atrophy']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired health']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['legal blindness']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal rupture']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity2194 :: (MESH:D005128,Disease) :: ['eye disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The Authors report their experience in the management of acute lower limbs @entity63 through distal popliteal artery approach. @entity1 AND METHODS: Five popliteal embolectomy through a medial approach were performed; in one @entity1 a posterior approach was carried out. @entity1 were included in two groups on the basis of @entity63 duration: group @entity55938 hours (3 @entity1 ) and group B>6 hours (3 @entity1 ). Colour-duplex scan was performed in all the @entity1 The arteriotomy was closed with interrupted 7/0 monofilament @entity7502 sutures. RESULTS: There were no peri-operative deaths. The primary limb salvage rate was 83.3% (5 @entity1 ). In one case (16.7%) a major amputation was performed. In one case (16.7%) a @entity426 occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The popliteal embolectomy is followed by excellent results and should be consider prior to thrombolysis or bypass graft revascularization. An appropriate use of duplex scan and a medial approach can lead to an high successful rates in terms of limb function and limb salvage also in cases with delayed @entity63 .

title: The role of popliteal artery embolectomy in the management of acute lower limb XXXX : our experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity426 :: ('MESH:D020233', 'Disease') :: ['drop foot']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: @entity1377 of the @entity2675 is very rare. In this case report, we describe the cytologic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and radiological findings of a @entity1377 of @entity2675 . A 67-yr-old @entity1 , who had a previous history of @entity263 , presented with a retroareolar painless mass. There was no known history of @entity0 in his family. A @entity400 ( @entity400 ) was performed. Cytological examination revealed a cellular aspirate with three-dimensional papillary clusters. A diagnosis of @entity5720 favoring @entity1377 was rendered. Immunohistochemical staining of the cell-block of the @entity400 revealed the presence of mammaglobin, and the absence of prostatic specific antigen. The @entity1 underwent lumpectomy, which showed a moderately differentiated infiltrating @entity1377 with adjacent areas of @entity513 in situ. @entity400 is a useful technique in identifying @entity2675 . In conjunction with ancillary studies, this procedure can effectively differentiate between a primary versus metastatic lesion.

title: @entity0 in a male @entity1 with a treated XXXX diagnosed by @entity400 : a case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['Papillary carcinoma', 'papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['male breast carcinoma', 'male breast']

entities_list: @entity5720 :: ('MESH:D007681', 'Disease') :: ['papillary lesion']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['fine-needle aspiration biopsy', 'FNAB']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostatic carcinoma']


abstract: @entity360 is one of the most common problems confronting the physician. In most instances, the source of the @entity548 is easily identified, e.g., peptic @entity1066 , @entity548 esophageal varices or a @entity1049 . Recurrent @entity360 , however, represents one of the major enigmas confronting the practicing physician. The @entity1 experiences intermittent episodes of @entity425 , easy @entity346 and @entity417 with occult blood in the stool. Multiple barium radiographic examinations and often endoscopy and exploratory laparotomy are unrevealing as to the etiology of the @entity548 . We have had occasion to investigate three such @entity1 . Multiple evaluations of these individuals did not reveal the source of the @entity548 until many years later--Rendu-Osler-Weber Disease (ROW). At the time of their evaluations these @entity1 did not reveal the usual telangiectatic areas present on the skin and oral mucous membrane. The diagnosis was suggested by the presence of multiple @entity8721 identified by gastroscopic examination. This report emphasizes the need for thorough endoscopic evaluation of @entity1 with @entity360 and describes the gastroscopic findings that indicated hereditary @entity8721 as the probable source of @entity548 from the gastrointestinal tract.

title: @entity8721 manifested as XXXX without external visible @entity8721 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['telangiectasia', 'gastric mucosal telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer disease']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['fatigability']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal bleeding', 'gastrointestinal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic lesion']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']


abstract: Previous studies have looked at early follow-up of the @entity20661 ligament stabilisation system. We present mid- to long-term results of this procedure. A retrospective review of @entity20661 ligaments inserted since 1993 was undertaken. A total of 51 @entity1 were reviewed. Pre-operative @entity717 Index scores were compared to post-operative scores recorded via a postal questionnaire. There were 28 @entity1 and 23 @entity1 . The average age was 41 years (range, 2267 years). The mean pre-operative score was 46 (range, 22-78), the mean follow-up time was 51 months (range, 23-84 months) and the mean post-operative score was 40 (range, 0-82). There were 12 complications (4 requiring further surgery), and seven @entity1 went on to require bony fusion procedures. Forty one per cent of the group would choose not to have the operation again. Longer-term results of this technique are not as encouraging as earlier studies. The continued use of this procedure should be viewed with caution.

title: XXXX ligament stabilisation: mid- to long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry Disability']

answer: @entity20661 :: (23092,Gene) :: ['Graf']


abstract: @entity12071 (ZE), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by @entity12069 or F. roseum, is one of the most common contaminants of cereal grains world-wide. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ZE on in utero development of @entity35 . Pregnant female Charles River @entity35 were gavaged once daily with ZE (in @entity4336 oil) at doses of 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg body weight on gestation days (GD) 6-19. All females survived to cesarean section on GD 20. At cesarean section, reproductive and developmental parameters were measured and blood was taken for hormone analysis. Dose-related decreases were seen in maternal feed consumption and body @entity1017 in all treated groups. Delayed fetal development was linked to maternal @entity137 . Fetal body weight was significantly decreased in both sexes in all treated groups. @entity43995 at 4 and 8 mg/kg. Fetal anogenital index (anogenital distance normalized for body weight) was increased in all treated groups, indicating an androgenic effect of ZE during fetal development. Fetal viability was significantly decreased at 8 mg/kg; significant decreases were observed in number of viable fetuses, and number of litters totally resorbed. At 4 and 8 mg/kg, maternal liver-body weight ratios were significantly increased and organ-brain weight ratios for weights of liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, and ovaries were significantly decreased. Gonadotropins (LH, FSH, and @entity3695 ) and sex @entity230 ( @entity1420 and @entity53 ) were analyzed from the blood serum obtained at cesarean section. LH in the 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg groups showed minimal variation, and slightly increased at 8 mg/kg. FSH was decreased in the 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg groups, but the level at 8 mg/kg was slightly higher than the control level. @entity3695 level was not affected at 1 mg/kg, slightly increased at 2 and 4 mg/kg, and significantly increased at 8 mg/kg. @entity1420 was decreased at 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg and the decreases were significant at 2 and 4 mg/kg. @entity53 level was not affected at 1mg/kg, but dose-related decreases were observed at 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg. Only the 8 mg/kg level of @entity53 was significantly decreased. In summary, ZE was maternally toxic and fetotoxic but not teratogenic. The @entity101 observed in male and female fetuses was considered a hormonal change rather than a teratologic response. The @entity101 indicated an androgenic effect. Based on the dose-related maternal and fetal @entity137 in all treated groups, the NOEL for reproductive and teratogenic effects was less than 1 mg/kg.

title: Effects of XXXX on in utero development in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased anogenital distance']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity43995 :: ('MESH:C564967', 'Disease') :: ['ZE retarded skeletal ossification']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol', 'Estradiol']

entities_list: @entity12069 :: ('5518', 'Species') :: ['Fusarium graminearum']

entities_list: @entity12071 :: ('MESH:D015025', 'Chemical') :: ['Zearalenone']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity12071 :: (MESH:D015025,Chemical) :: ['zearalenone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Fibre is often recommended as the first-choice treatment but its effects can be uneven. The aim of the study was to compare the clinical efficacy and tolerability of fibre versus @entity11884 in outpatients with chronic @entity1142 . METHODS: In a prospective randomized crossover trial, @entity1 were randomized to receive fibre or @entity11884 for four weeks. Between treatments, @entity1 had at least one week free of laxatives. RESULTS: 50 @entity1 , of median age 50 years (range, 18-85) were recruited and 39 @entity1 completed the trial. Compared to fibre, @entity11884 resulted in significantly higher mean bowel frequency (7.3, 95% CI 5.7 to 8.9 vs. 5.5, 95% CI 4.4 to 6.5; p=0.001) and stool consistency score (3.4, 95% CI 3.1 to 3.7 vs. 2.9, 95% CI 2.5 to 3.3; p=0.018). Scores for ease of evacuation were similar. The frequencies of adverse effects were not significantly different, but greater in the @entity11884 group. Mean @entity1 ' recorded improvement score was significantly higher after taking @entity11884 than fibre (6.2, 95% CI 5.5 to 7.0 vs. 4.8, 95% CI 4.0 to 5.9; p=0.017). Of the 39 @entity1 who completed the trial, 24 (61.5%) preferred @entity11884 and 14 (35.9%) preferred fibre. CONCLUSIONS: @entity11884 had better efficacy than fibre for chronic @entity1142 in ambulant @entity1 , although both treatments were equally well tolerated in terms of adverse effects.

title: Prospective randomized crossover trial comparing fibre with XXXX in the treatment of @entity1142 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactulose', 'lactulose']

answer: @entity11884 :: (MESH:D007792,Chemical) :: ['lactulose']


abstract: @entity294 is the second leading cause of death in @entity1 younger than 5 years. Enterotoxigenic @entity526 (ETEC) strains are the most common bacterial cause of @entity294 in young @entity1 living in endemic countries and @entity1 and adults traveling to these areas. Pathogenesis of ETEC @entity294 has been well studied, and the key virulence factors are bacterial colonization factor antigens and enterotoxins produced by ETEC strains. Colonization factor antigens mediate bacteria attachment to host small intestinal epithelial cells and subsequent colonization, whereas enterotoxins including heat-labile and heat-stable toxins disrupt fluid homeostasis in host epithelial cells, which leads to fluid and electrolyte hypersecretion and @entity294 . Vaccines stimulating host anti-adhesin immunity to block ETEC attachment and colonization and also antitoxin immunity to neutralize enterotoxicity are considered optimal for prevention of ETEC @entity294 . Vaccines under development have been designed to stimulate local intestinal immunity and are either oral vaccines or transcutaneous vaccines. A cholera vaccine (Dukoral  ) does stimulate anti-heat-labile toxin immunity and is licensed for short-term protection of ETEC @entity294 in travelers in some countries. Newer experimental ETEC vaccine candidates are being developed with hope to provide long-lasting and more broad-based protection against ETEC. Some have shown promising results in safety and immunogenicity studies and are approaching field trials for efficacy. A key problem is the development of a vaccine that is both practical and inexpensive so that it can be affordable for use in poor countries where it is needed.

title: Progress and hurdles in the development of vaccines against enterotoxigenic XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency of @entity1320 during @entity656 and to compare the outcome to @entity1 without @entity6923 . DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of data from 37 @entity1 with and without @entity6923 . SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a university hospital. @entity1 : Thirty-seven @entity1 with @entity656 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were subject to necrosectomy and programmed lavage. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Clinical parameters contained in the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score were monitored, as were microbiological results from the intra-abdominal primary focus and from sites of secondary infections. Body mass index, distribution of underlying diseases, length of ICU stay, number of operations, and outcome were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis for mortality as the dependent variable was performed. @entity1320 was observed in 13 of 37 cases and was associated with a four-fold greater mortality rate compared with intra-abdominal bacterial infection alone. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that @entity6923 contributed to mortality significantly (p < .025) and independently from APACHE II (p < .006; mortality odds ratio for the two parameters=12.5). Lack of antimycotic treatment was associated with an increase to 29.2 (p<.001) in the odds ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Given the impact of @entity6923 on mortality to @entity656 and the apparent benefit from antimycotic chemotherapy, the data argue for an early fungicide chemotherapeutic intervention.

title: XXXX during @entity656 has a high prevalence and is associated with increased mortality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal Candida infection', 'Intra-abdominal Candida infection']

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['Candida infections', 'Candida infection']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute necrotizing pancreatitis']

answer: @entity1320 :: (MESH:D059413,Disease) :: ['Intra-abdominal Candida infection']


abstract: The generation of a self-resolved @entity1161 -induced @entity3136 (RIOM) @entity19 model using the highest possibly tolerable single ionizing @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ) dose was needed in order to study RIOM management solutions. We used 10-week-old male BALB/c @entity19 with average weight of 23   g for model production. @entity19 were treated with an orthovoltage X- @entity16039 irradiator to induce the RIOM ulceration at the intermolar eminence of the animal tongue. General anesthesia was injected intraperitoneally for proper animal immobilization during the procedure. Ten days after irradiation, a single @entity1161 dose of 10, 15, 18, 20, and 25   Gy generated a RIOM @entity1066 at the intermolar eminence (posterior upper tongue surface) with mean @entity1066 floor (posterior epithelium) heights of 190, 150, 25, 10, and 10    m, respectively, compared to 200    m in non-irradiated animals. The mean RIOM @entity1066 size % of the total epithelialized upper surface of the animal tongue was @entity1161 dose dependent. At day 10, the @entity1066 size % was 2, 5, 27, and 31% for 15, 18, 20, and 25   Gy @entity1161 , respectively. The mean relative surface area of the total epithelialized upper surface of the tongue was @entity1161 dose dependent, since it was significantly decreased to 97, 95, 88, and 38% with 15, 18, 20, and 25   Gy doses, respectively, at day 10 after @entity1161 . Subcutaneous injection of 1   mL of 0.9% saline/6   h for 24   h yielded a 100% survival only with 18   Gy self-resolved RIOM, which had 5.6        0.3   days @entity1066 duration. In conclusion, we have generated a 100% survival self-resolved single-dose RIOM male @entity19 model with long enough duration for application in RIOM management research. @entity9645 was @entity1161 dose dependent. Sufficient hydration of animals after @entity1161 exposure significantly improved their survival.

title: Single-Dose Radiation-Induced @entity3136 XXXX Model.

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['oral mucositis']

entities_list: @entity9645 :: ('MESH:D019226', 'Disease') :: ['Oral mucositis ulceration']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mouse']


abstract: This paper describes the derivation of aquatic life water quality criteria for @entity406 , developed in accordance with United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses. The initial step in deriving water quality criteria was to conduct an extensive literature search to assemble available acute and chronic @entity137 data for @entity406 . The literature search identified a large amount of information on acute @entity137 of @entity406 to fish and aquatic invertebrates. These acute data were evaluated with respect to data quality, and poor quality or uncertain data were excluded from the data base. The resulting data base met the USEPA requirements for criteria derivation by having data for at least one species in at least eight different taxonomic families. One shortcoming of the literature-derived data base, however, was that few studies involved analytical confirmation of nominal @entity406 concentrations and reported @entity137 endpoints. Also, there were relatively few data on chronic @entity137 . The acute @entity137 data set consisted of data for 12 species of fish, 3 species of amphibians, and 11 species of invertebrates. These data were sufficient, according to USEPA guidelines, to calculate a final acute value (FAV) of 9.15 mg/l, and an acute aquatic life water quality criterion (one-half the FAV) of 4.58 mg/l. @entity12169 was calculated using available chronic @entity137 data and USEPA-recommended conservative default assumptions to account for missing data. Using the FAV and the final @entity12169 (5.69), the final chronic aquatic life water quality criterion was determined to be 1.61 mg/l.

title: Derivation of ambient water quality criteria for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12169 :: ('49', 'Gene') :: ['ACR', 'A final acute-chronic ratio (ACR)']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

answer: @entity406 :: (MESH:D005557,Chemical) :: ['formaldehyde']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish a @entity2890 dosing schedule for neonates of various gestational ages. METHODS: This was a retrospective study with prospective validation. A retrospective study in 470 neonates, with suspected @entity295 in the first week of life, was performed. All @entity1 received @entity2890 according to the following scheme: neonates with a gestational age of less than 28 weeks received 3.5 mg/kg every 24 hours, neonates from 28 to 36 weeks received 2.5 mg/kg every 18 hours, neonates older than 36 weeks received 2.5 mg/kg every 12 hours. Trough and peak @entity2890 serum levels were determined before drug administration and 30 minutes after the fourth dose. @entity2890 data were analyzed according to a one-compartment open model with use of NONMEM population pharmacokinetic software. Individual empirical Bayes estimates were generated on the basis of the population estimates and used to calculate predicted peak and trough levels for different doses and dosing intervals. To establish an optimal dosing regimen, target trough levels were set at below 2 mg/L and target peak levels were set above 5 to 10 mg/L. The dosing regimen was prospectively evaluated in 23 @entity1 . RESULTS: Of the 470 @entity1 , 19.1% of measured peak and 32.8% of measured trough @entity2890 serum levels were outside the desired therapeutic range, and 48.8% of neonates with a gestational age of less than 28 weeks had an aberrant trough level. With use of population estimates, the following dosing regimen was recommended: gestational age below 32 weeks, 4 mg/kg every 48 hours; gestational age between 32 and 37 weeks, 4 mg/kg every 36 hours, gestational age above 37 weeks, 4 mg/kg every 24 hours. With this dosing schedule, predicted peak levels were higher than 5 mg/L in 95.1% of the neonates. Predicted trough levels were higher than 2 mg/L in 1.9% of the neonates and higher than 1 mg/L in 7.6%. Prospectively measured peak levels were higher than 5 mg/L in all but one @entity1 . Measured trough levels were higher than 2 mg/L in three @entity1 and marginally higher than 1 mg/L in four @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: With the use of this proposed schedule, taking into account differences in gestational ages, predicted peak levels will be therapeutic, whereas predicted trough levels will minimize @entity137 .

title: XXXX population pharmacokinetics in neonates.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['Tobramycin', 'tobramycin']

answer: @entity2890 :: (MESH:D014031,Chemical) :: ['Tobramycin']


abstract: @entity1 : Male, 73 FINAL DIAGNOSIS: @entity1186 Symptoms: @entity951 : - Clinical Procedure: CABG Specialty: Cardiology. OBJECTIVE: Management of emergency care. BACKGROUND: Intra-operative formation of a @entity715 in the right heart is rare and might be unrecognized. However, it can be associated with severe consequences, including @entity1151 and @entity204 . CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 73-year-old @entity1 who presented to the cardiologist with @entity951 and rare @entity1353 . Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed due to @entity74 . Because of hemodynamic insufficiency, an intra-operative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed and a huge free-floating @entity715 was detected. Multiple thrombi were removed from the right heart and pulmonary arteries. The @entity1 died after cardiopulmonary bypass support and 12 hours of intensive care. CONCLUSIONS: In this case report, we emphasize the importance of the TEE during the preoperational period and during CABG, as well as in the preoperative evaluation of @entity120 .

title: Diagnosis of a huge right XXXX during coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['man', 'patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['Angina pectoris     short of breath MEDICATION', 'angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['multi-vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity1186 :: ('MESH:D003328', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary artery thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['atrial thrombus']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The primary key to pharmacotherapy of @entity1494 is in the excitation-contraction coupling of detrusor smooth muscle cells. To study this process, simultaneous recordings of mechanical and electrical activity are required. However, recording of mechanical activity induces movement, which may affect the quality of intracellular recordings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We therefore compared the electrical activity of @entity1 detrusor smooth muscle cells in normal Krebs' solution and in a hypertonic solution, which immobilizes the tissue, enabling us to study the effect of movement on the membrane potential. @entity5402 and @entity4338 were applied to induce contractions. RESULTS: @entity969 in the medium made the tissue rigid and abolished its movement, while the electrical response was not affected. When compared with recordings in normal Krebs' solution, the average resting membrane potential was not altered. However, the membrane potential was more stable, with far less spike-shaped potentials. The spike-shaped potential amplitude was larger, while the duration was decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Impairing the ability of tissue movement resulted in changes in the electrophysiological properties of detrusor smooth muscle cells. The results suggest that stretch has an effect on L-type @entity141 channels.

title: Intracellular electrical activity in XXXX urinary bladder smooth muscle: the effect of high @entity969 medium.

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder instability']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['Sucrose']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbachol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A common pattern emerging from several studies evaluating the impact of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic @entity683 (A/H1N1pdm) conducted in countries worldwide is the low attack rate observed in elderly compared to that observed in @entity1 and young adults. The biological or social mechanisms responsible for the observed age-specific risk of @entity281 are still to be deeply investigated. METHODS: The level of immunity against the A/H1N1pdm in pre and post pandemic sera was determined using left over sera taken for diagnostic purposes or routine ascertainment obtained from clinical laboratories. The antibody titres were measured by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. To investigate whether certain age groups had higher risk of @entity281 the presence of protective antibody (>= 1   40), was calculated using exact binomial 95% CI on both pre- and post- pandemic serological data in the age groups considered. To estimate age-specific susceptibility to @entity281 we used an age-structured SEIR model. RESULTS: By comparing pre- and post-pandemic serological data in Italy we found age- specific attack rates similar to those observed in other countries. Cumulative attack rate at the end of the first A/H1N1pdm season in Italy was estimated to be 16.3% (95% CI 9.4%-23.1%). Modeling results allow ruling out the hypothesis that only age-specific characteristics of the contact network and levels of pre-pandemic immunity are responsible for the observed age-specific risk of @entity281 . This means that age-specific susceptibility to @entity281 , suspected to play an important role in the pandemic, was not only determined by pre-pandemic levels of H1N1pdm antibody measured by HI. CONCLUSIONS: Our results claim for new studies to better identify the biological mechanisms, which might have determined the observed pattern of susceptibility with age. Moreover, our results highlight the need to obtain early estimates of differential susceptibility with age in any future pandemics to obtain more reliable real time estimates of critical epidemiological parameters.

title: Pandemic XXXX A/H1N1pdm in Italy: age, risk and population susceptibility.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: Keratocan is one of three major keratan @entity597 proteoglycans characteristically expressed in @entity267 . We reported previously the sequence of @entity291 @entity56196 cDNA. In this study, the complete @entity291 @entity56196 gene was cloned and sequenced, and its expression pattern was determined. The @entity56196 gene is composed of three exons and two introns that span 8.830kb of the @entity291 genome. The first exon contains 287 @entity2036 of 5'-UTR sequence. Both of the two large introns of 1322 and 4178bp contain (CA)n repeats. The @entity291 @entity56196 gene has a TATA box that is located 28bp upstream from tsp. Primer extension and S1 nuclease protection analyses were used to determine the major tsp. RPA indicate that @entity267 and sclera are the two tissues with the highest expression of Ktcn mRNA. This restricted expression in eye tissues, as well as the unique modification of keratocan with long keratan @entity597 chains in @entity267 , suggests that this molecule may be important in developing and maintaining corneal transparency.

title: Cloning, characterization and tissue-specific expression of the gene encoding @entity291 keratocan, a corneal keratan XXXX proteoglycan.

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity597 :: (CHEBI:16189,Chemical) :: ['sulfate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Loss of function @entity6682 alleles were first identified as causative of @entity6248 ( @entity6248 ) and were subsequently found to be major predisposing factors for @entity483 ( @entity483 ) and @entity74 . OBJECTIVES: To identify independent factors associated with the clinical @entity6248 phenotype in adult caucasian @entity1 with @entity483 and to assess the performance of a global clinical severity score of @entity6248 in predicting common @entity6682 null mutations. @entity1 AND METHODS: This was a prospective study conducted from January 2007 to June 2008. Adult @entity1 attending the department of dermatology with a diagnosis of @entity483 with or without @entity6248 were eligible to participate. For each @entity1 , five clinical signs of @entity6248 were scored from 0 to 3 - diffuse xerosis, @entity24734 , scales on legs, scalp desquamation and @entity27301 - and a global @entity6248 clinical severity score was derived (0-15). Age of onset of @entity483 , SCORAD (SCORing of @entity483 ), family and personal history for other signs of @entity402 , and total immunoglobulin E were recorded. Genotyping was performed for @entity14298 and @entity14299 . Univariate and multivariate analysis for factors associated with @entity483 or @entity483 + @entity6248 were conducted. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, family history of @entity402 , global clinical severity scoring and @entity14299 @entity6682 mutation were positively correlated with the @entity483 + @entity6248 phenotype. Using multivariate analysis, SCORAD for @entity483 (OR 0  94, P = 0  01) and global clinical severity scoring for @entity483 + @entity6248 (OR 2  62, P < 0  0001) were found to be independent factors. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity14299 @entity6682 mutation was confirmed as a good marker of early-onset disease. Moreover, our global clinical severity score yielded a good negative predictive value of common caucasian null @entity6682 mutations.

title: Usefulness of a global clinical XXXX scoring system for predicting common @entity6682 null mutations in an adult caucasian population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['Atopic Dermatitis', 'atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity27301 :: ('MESH:C537412', 'Disease') :: ['keratosis pilaris']

entities_list: @entity24734 :: ('MESH:C535620', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlinearity of palms']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['atopic disorders']

entities_list: @entity6248 :: ('MESH:D016112', 'Disease') :: ['IV', 'ichthyosis vulgaris']

answer: @entity6248 :: (MESH:D016112,Disease) :: ['ichthyosis vulgaris']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Urolithiasis is a major health problem in the northeast part of Thailand. In this study, we examined the prevalence of @entity8 and differences of urinary components between stone formers and healthy control subjects in northeastern rural areas of Thailand. METHODS: We selected 3 villages in the rural areas of Khon Kaen province in northeast Thailand. Three hundred and sixty-seven @entity1 were asked questions relating to @entity1791 and were examined by abdominal ultrasound (US). We collected a spot urine sample from stone formers and healthy control subjects from each village. RESULTS: Abnormal findings by US were detected in 39 individuals (10.6%), and included 31 individuals with @entity1290 (8.4%), 16 with @entity3041 (4.4%), and 1 individual with a @entity8 (0.3%). This yielded a disease rate of urinary stones in this study of 16.9%. The male/female ratio was 2/1 and the average age of the individuals examined was 40.3 +/- 13.9 years. However, there was no significant difference between the urinary parameters of stone formers and the healthy control subjects. CONCLUSION: There was a high incidence of @entity8 in the northeast part of Thailand, but the tendency for hypocitraturia was only found in stone formers.

title: Incidence of XXXX in northeast Thailand.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal stone disease', 'renal cyst']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['renal calculi']

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis']

answer: @entity1791 :: (MESH:D052878,Disease) :: ['urolithiasis']


abstract: Stromal-epithelial interactions may play a key role in @entity5 growth and @entity3 . We have established a model to study the cellular and molecular basis of this paracrine interaction both in vivo and in vitro using a @entity1 @entity1606 cell line (WH). s.c. coinoculation of 1 x 10(6) WH cells with 1 x 10(6) nontumorigenic fetal @entity35 urogenital sinus mesenchymal (rUGM) cells in athymic @entity19 accelerated @entity189 growth 20 times faster than isolated WH cell inoculations and 4 times faster than coinoculations of the same number of NIH-3T3 or @entity1 bladder fibroblasts. Characterization of these @entity5 with immunohistochemical and DNA dot-blot analyses documented their predominantly @entity1 component. To evaluate the underlying mechanisms involved in this paracrine-mediated in vivo @entity5 growth acceleration, Northern analyses for growth factors (GFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) expression in the different cell lines, as well as in vitro mitogenic assays, were performed. Northern analysis revealed basic fibroblast growth factor, @entity310 , and @entity470 expression by WH cells but not rUGM cells; ECM components (fibronectin and collagens I and IV) were expressed only in the fibroblast cell lines. Cell type-specific paracrine growth factors are produced by cultured stromal and epithelial cells with a 2-3-fold bidirectional increase in WH and rUGM cell growth when cultured with reciprocal cell-type conditioned medium. An autocrine growth loop was observed for WH but not rUGM cells. WH cell growth is stimulated in vitro by low concentrations of @entity310 and epidermal growth factor, while rUGM cell growth is stimulated 3-fold by basic fibroblast growth factor. Antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibodies completely inhibited autocrine and paracrine pathways stimulating WH cell growth, while anti-basic fibroblast growth factor antibodies had no inhibitory effect. These observations suggest that autocrine and paracrine growth factor stimulation of WH @entity150 cell growth is most likely mediated by an @entity470 -related pathway. The predominant expression of ECM by fibroblasts in this model suggests that stromal cell ECM components may modulate @entity5 cell growth and angiogenesis possibly through mechanisms involving cellular adhesion, @entity6722 , or growth factor action.

title: XXXX -mediated autocrine and paracrine stimulation of @entity1 @entity1606 .

entities_list: @entity6722 :: ('MESH:C565534', 'Disease') :: ['chemotaxis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'chimeric tumors']

entities_list: @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor alpha']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['Epidermal growth factor receptor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of low-intensity ultrasound in the treatment of recurrent @entity7809 . STUDY DESIGN: Fifty @entity1 with recurrent @entity7809 were enrolled, and 35 @entity1 completed this randomized crossover trial. The ultrasound was self-administered by twice daily use of an ultrasonic toothbrush. The level of aphthous @entity1066 activity was first observed for each @entity1 with the use of either an ultrasonic or placebo toothbrush over a 6 month period. @entity1 were then observed for a 2 to 4 month period while using the alternate toothbrush. The level of @entity1066 activity was calculated as a numeric index: the total duration of sores divided by the period of observation. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t test. RESULTS: During the initial study period, the level of aphthous @entity1066 activity was lower for @entity1 in the ultrasonic toothbrush group than for those in the placebo group (0.58 versus 0.78). This difference was not statistically significant. However, when the @entity1 who used the placebo switched to the ultrasonic toothbrush, the level of aphthous @entity1066 activity dropped by 46% (O.81 to 0.44; p < 0.05). Those @entity1 who started with the ultrasonic toothbrush worsened slightly after switching to the placebo. CONCLUSION: Routine use of low intensity ultrasound appears to have a modest beneficial effect on recurrent @entity7809 .

title: Clinical evaluation of the use of low-intensity ultrasound in the treatment of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7809 :: ('MESH:D013281', 'Disease') :: ['aphthous stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity7809 :: (MESH:D013281,Disease) :: ['aphthous stomatitis']


abstract: The role of cholinergic basal forebrain projections in the modulation of cortical plasticity and associated functional changes is currently the subject of renewed attention. Excitatory @entity535 receptors have been identified as mediators of cortical topographic efferent and afferent information. In addition some of these receptors, notably the @entity143 and metabotropic [mGluR] type, participate in cortical plasticity. Growing evidence suggests that interactions between cholinergic and glutamatergic systems contribute to cognitive cortical functions and their anatomical and physiological substrates. Though cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms have both been shown to be involved in cortical morphogenesis, few studies have attempted to study their interactions in development. The present study investigates the effect of neonatal lesions to the cholinergic basal forebrain on @entity143 , @entity140 and mGluR receptors in BALB/CByJ @entity19 , at two different developmental ages. We demonstrated previously that nBM lesions at birth result in transient cholinergic depletion for the first two postnatal weeks, substantial morphogenetic alterations in neocortex and @entity73 by adulthood. We show here that @entity75 result in decreases in @entity143 and @entity140 receptors but increases in mGluRs during the second postnatal week (PND 14). At 30 days postnatal, lesion mediated changes were attenuated, compared with PND 14, but significant sex differences in control and nBM lesioned @entity19 were apparent. These data support the notion that cholinergic/glutamatergic interactions are important during early cortical morphogenesis. Moreover, our results highlight the fact that cholinergic as well glutamatergic developmental mechanisms are sexually dimorphic.

title: Effects of neonatal cholinergic basal forebrain lesions on excitatory XXXX receptors in neocortex.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral neonatal lesions']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SOCT) @entity937 ( @entity937 ) measures with those from the more commonly used time-domain OCT (TOCT). METHODS: The right eye of 50 healthy subjects had images of their @entity937 captured with TOCT ( @entity27645 ) and SOCT (RTVue-100). Data were acquired using two different anterior segment lenses, the @entity267 /anterior module-short (CAM-S) and long ( @entity48890 ), on the SOCT. Images were then analyzed for differences in their derived @entity937 . RESULTS: The average @entity937 for TOCT was 0.280    0.139 mm, whereas the mean @entity937 measured using the SOCT was 0.354    0.163 mm and 0.345    0.167 mm for the CAM-S and @entity48890 , respectively. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) when comparing TOCT with either of the SOCT lenses. There was no statistically significant difference between the @entity48890 and CAM-S (p = 1.0). Bland-Altman analysis showed poor agreement between TOCT and SOCT (95% limits of agreement -0.138 to + 0.285 mm for the CAM-S and -0.185 to +0.315 mm for the @entity48890 ). CONCLUSIONS: The RTVue-100 produces @entity937 measurements that are significantly higher than @entity27645 in a normal @entity1 population. However, the RTVue-100 showed a number of other advantages over the @entity27645 in the measurement and analysis of images. Future work needs to determine the causative factors behind the observed differences.

title: Tear meniscus height determination using the XXXX and the RTVue-100.

entities_list: @entity937 :: ('MESH:D012167', 'Disease') :: ['TMH', 'tear meniscus height']

answer: @entity27645 :: (5452,Gene) :: ['OCT2']


abstract: Although the @entity25 classifications provided a framework for categorizing diagnoses, these early instruments had a number of limitations. Among their shortcomings were a lack of specific diagnostic criteria, limited clinical validation, and an overreliance on sleep laboratory findings. As a result, many of the diagnoses were not only poorly substantiated, but they lacked clinical relevance. Also, because of a fusing of diagnoses, a causal relationship was implied that may have been nonexistent and could misdirect the treatment focus. The ICD-10 represents a clinically based diagnostic classification. Furthermore, this classification system includes diagnostic criteria and encourages multiple diagnoses for a more complete description of the @entity1 's clinical presentation. In addition, the ICD-10 allows for differentiation of psychogenic, developmental, and organic factors. Finally, it can be fully applied in the office setting, which allows physicians to maximize their interviewing and assessment skills to complete the diagnoses and subsequent treatment plans. Thus, this classification system strongly reinforces the doctor- @entity1 relationship. It also facilitates consideration of the entire scope of the @entity1 's problems in a truly biopsychosocial perspective. The prevalence of @entity22 ranges across studies from 20 to 30% of the adult population. Before adulthood, its prevalence is below 2%. About 5% of adults complain of excessive @entity25 . Among the conditions of excessive @entity25 , @entity2724 has a prevalence of 0.1% and sleep @entity386 not more than 1% in the general adult population. Nightmares have a prevalence of about 5% in adulthood and 20% in childhood. @entity4464 and night terrors have a prevalence of less than 1% in adulthood and 15 and 5%, respectively, in childhood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Nosology and prevalence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2724 :: ('MESH:D009290', 'Disease') :: ['narcolepsy']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

entities_list: @entity4464 :: ('MESH:D013009', 'Disease') :: ['Sleepwalking']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['daytime sleepiness', 'initial sleep disorders']

answer: @entity25 :: (MESH:D012893,Disease) :: ['sleep disorders']


abstract: The @entity7126 ( @entity7126 ) are a group of @entity851 distinguished by abnormalities in the vertebrae and the metaphyses of the tubular bones. @entity52487 ( @entity52487 ) is a well-defined @entity74 characterized by significant @entity1635 and mild metaphyseal abnormalities in the pelvis. The vertebrae exhibit platyspondyly and overfaced pedicles similar to @entity74 , which can result from heterozygosity for activating mutations in the gene encoding @entity23128 , a @entity460 -permeable ion channel. Mutation analysis in six out of six @entity1 with @entity52487 demonstrated heterozygosity for missense mutations in @entity23128 , and one mutation, predicting a @entity52488 substitution, was recurrent in four @entity1 . Similar to @entity74 , the mutations altered basal @entity460 channel activity in vitro. @entity52489 is another @entity7126 that has been proposed to have both clinical and genetic heterogeneity. @entity1 with the nonlethal form of @entity52489 present with a progressive @entity1635 , widespread metaphyseal involvement of the appendicular skeleton, and carpal ossification delay. Because of some similar radiographic features between @entity52487 and @entity52489 , @entity23128 was tested as a disease gene for nonlethal @entity52489 . In two sporadic cases, heterozygosity for de novo missense mutations in @entity23128 was found. The findings demonstrate that mutations in @entity23128 produce a phenotypic spectrum of @entity1141 from the mild @entity74 to @entity52487 to @entity52489 , suggesting that these disorders should be grouped into a new @entity18299 family.

title: Mutations in the gene encoding the @entity460 -permeable ion channel @entity23128 produce XXXX , Kozlowski type and @entity52489 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short-stature disorders']

entities_list: @entity7126 :: ('MESH:C537501', 'Disease') :: ['spondylometaphyseal dysplasias', 'SMDs', 'SMD']

entities_list: @entity18299 :: ('MESH:D001848', 'Disease') :: ['bone dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity52489 :: ('MESH:C537356', 'Disease') :: ['metatropic dysplasia', 'autosomal-dominant metatropic dysplasia', 'Metatropic dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity52487 :: ('MESH:C535797', 'Disease') :: ['SMD Kozlowski type', 'SMDK']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal-dominant SMD', 'autosomal-dominant brachyolmia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal dysplasias']

answer: @entity7126 :: (MESH:C537501,Disease) :: ['spondylometaphyseal dysplasia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Social monogamy is a mating strategy rarely employed by @entity1 species. Laboratory studies in socially monogamous @entity16174 ( @entity16174 ) demonstrate that @entity398 and @entity1951 act within the mesolimbic @entity935 pathway to facilitate pair-bond formation. Species differences in @entity398 receptor (OTR) and @entity1951 1a receptor (V1aR) distribution in this pathway are associated with species differences in mating strategy. Here we characterize the neuroanatomical distribution of OTR and V1aR binding sites in naturally occurring populations of @entity56910 ( @entity56910 ), which purportedly display social monogamy. Live trapping was conducted at two sites in 2009-2010 and receptor autoradiography for OTR and V1aR was performed on brains from 24 animals. OTR binding in two brain regions where OTR signaling regulates pair-bonding were directly compared with that of @entity16174 . Our results show that like @entity16174 , @entity56910 exhibit OTR in the prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, claustrum, nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, dorsal lateral septal nucleus, central amygdala, and ventromedial hypothalamus. Unlike @entity16174 , @entity56910 exhibit OTR binding in the CA3 pathway of the hippocampus, as well as the indusium griseum, which has only previously been documented in tuco-tucos (Ctenomys haigi, @entity56911 ), @entity329 ( @entity329 ) and @entity25095 ( @entity25095 ). V1aR binding was present in the ventral pallidum, lateral septum, nucleus basalis, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hippocampus, medial amygdala, and anterior, ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Marked individual differences in V1aR binding were noted in the cingulate cortex and several thalamic nuclei, remarkably similar to @entity16174 . While pharmacological studies are needed to determine whether @entity398 and @entity1951 are involved in pair-bond formation in this species, our results lay a foundation for future investigations into the role of these neuropeptides in @entity56910 social behavior.

title: Distributions of @entity398 and @entity1951 1a receptors in the XXXX and their role in social monogamy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1951 :: ('MESH:D014667', 'Chemical') :: ['vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity16174 :: ('79684', 'Species') :: ['prairie voles', 'Microtus ochrogaster']

entities_list: @entity56910 :: ('100899', 'Species') :: ['Taiwan vole', 'Taiwan voles', 'M. kikuchii']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['Syrian hamsters', 'Mesocricetus auratus']

entities_list: @entity25095 :: ('10181', 'Species') :: ['Heterocephalus glaber', 'naked mole-rats']

answer: @entity56910 :: (100899,Species) :: ['Taiwan vole']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The optimal chest tube size for the drainage of traumatic hemothoraces and pneumothoraces is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of small versus large chest tubes for use in thoracic @entity130 . Our hypothesis was that (1) there would be no difference in clinically relevant outcomes including retained hemothoraces, the need for additional tube insertion, and invasive procedures and (2) there would be an increase in @entity158 with the insertion of large versus small tubes. METHODS: This is a prospective, institutional review board-approved observational study. All @entity1 requiring open chest tube drainage within 12 hours of admission (January 2007-January 2010) were identified at a Level I @entity130 center. Clinical demographic data and outcomes including efficacy of drainage, complications, retained hemothoraces, residual pneumothoraces, need for additional tube insertion, video-assisted thoracoscopy, and thoracotomy were collected and analyzed by tube size. Small chest tubes (28-32 Fr) were compared with large (36-40 Fr). RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 353 chest tubes (small: 186; large: 167) were placed in 293 @entity1 . Of the 275 chest tubes inserted for a hemothorax, 144 were small (52.3%) and 131 were large (47.7%). Both groups were similar in age, gender, and mechanism; however, large tubes were placed more frequently in @entity1 with a Glasgow @entity772 Scale  <=8, severe @entity542 , a systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg, and Injury Severity Score  <=25. The volume of blood drained initially and the total duration of tube placement were similar for both groups (small: 6.3    3.9 days vs. large: 6.2    3.6 days; adjusted (adj.) p = 0.427). After adjustment, no statistically significant difference in tube-related complications, including @entity55 (4.9% vs. 4.6%; adj. p = 0.282), @entity3509 (4.2% vs. 4.6%; adj. p = 0.766), or retained hemothorax (11.8% vs. 10.7%; adj. p = 0.981), was found when comparing small versus large chest tubes. The need for tube reinsertion, image-guided drainage, video-assisted thoracoscopy, and thoracotomy was likewise the same (10.4% vs. 10.7%; adj. p = 0.719). For @entity1 with a pneumothorax requiring chest tube drainage (n = 238), there was no difference in the number of @entity1 with an unresolved pneumothorax (14.0% vs. 13.0%; adj. p = 0.620) or those needing reinsertion of a second chest tube. The mean visual analog @entity158 score was similar for small and large tubes (6.0    3.3 and 6.7    3.0; p = 0.237). CONCLUSIONS: For injured @entity1 with @entity764 , chest tube size did not impact the clinically relevant outcomes tested. There was no difference in the efficacy of drainage, rate of complications including retained hemothorax, need for additional tube drainage, or invasive procedures. Furthermore, tube size did not affect the @entity158 felt by @entity1 at the site of insertion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: : II.

title: Does size matter? A prospective analysis of 28-32 versus 36-40 French chest tube size in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: The thyroid hormones and @entity1968 are potent modulators of differentiation, development, and gene expression. The transcriptional activities of these ligands are mediated by closely related nuclear receptors which bind and activate identical hormone responsive DNA elements. We noticed that a region within the ligand binding or E domain is well conserved between receptors for these hormones. This region contains hydrophobic heptad repeats that are structurally similar to the @entity368 -zipper dimerization domain. To study the function of this conserved domain, we examined the transcriptional responses of thyroid hormone receptor/c-erbA deletion mutants which lacked the heptad repeats. We previously reported that the @entity1573 c-erbA-alpha possesses hormone-independent (constitutive) activity in cells which express endogenous @entity35 thyroid hormone receptor. We now demonstrate that this activity is abolished upon deletion of the conserved heptad repeats. This suggests that the heptad repeats mediate in vivo interactions between @entity1573 c-erbA and @entity35 thyroid hormone receptors. To further test this hypothesis deletion mutants of @entity1573 c-erbA were constructed which contained all eight heptad repeats but which lacked the @entity219 -finger DNA binding domain. Although these mutants are transcriptionally inactive, they act in a dominant-negative fashion to block trans-activation by both the @entity1573 c-erbA-alpha and the endogenous thyroid hormone and @entity1968 receptors. We suggest that the heptad repeats mediate the formation of inactive mutant/wild-type hetero-dimers. Dimer formation suggests a mechanism to account for the dominant-negative phenotypes displayed by nonhormone binding variants of c-erbA, the proto-oncoprotein v-erbA and @entity1 with the generalized @entity21584 .

title: A domain containing @entity368 -zipper-like motifs mediate novel in vivo interactions between the thyroid hormone and XXXX receptors.

entities_list: @entity21584 :: ('MESH:D018382', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid hormone resistance syndrome']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

answer: @entity1968 :: (MESH:D014212,Chemical) :: ['retinoic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Therapy for @entity1007 is long known one of the interventions with higher benefit on coronary heart disease secondary prevention and on primary prevention in middle-age high-risk @entity1 . Data about elderly @entity1 are more scarce. The aim of this work is to study elderly @entity1 sent to a Lipid Clinic, focusing on Serum Lp (a) levels and criteria to prescript @entity165 -lowering drugs. We have reviewed current knowledge to discuss and to clarify these criteria. METHOD: Observational study. Review of the medical charts from the @entity1 sent to the Lipid Clinic. Elderly @entity1 were compared with middle-aged @entity1 attended to the same Clinic. RESULTS: From 348 total Lipid-Clinic cohort 72 (20.7%) @entity1 were more than 65 years old (31 male). A 3 months or longer follow-up was available in 49/72 and 36/49 were taking @entity165 -lowering drugs. Among these 36, 21 had @entity301 ; the other 15 had, at least, another risk factor, besides @entity2299 . Serum Lp (a) level were higher in older group (38.7 +/- 36.9 mg/dl, median 29, vs 26.3 +/- 24.2, median 18 mg/dl, p < 0.01). Considering the accepted cardiovascular risk threshold (Lp (a) > 30 mg/dl), difference were found only in @entity1 . @entity301 was present in 79 @entity1 followed 3 months or longer and 24/79 were more than 65 years old. Twenty-one of them were taking @entity165 -lowering drugs, vs 50 from the 55 younger (pNS). The reasons for no drug-therapy were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity301 or cardiovascular risk factors association were the criteria used for starting @entity165 -lowering drug therapy. Published evidence supporting this therapeutic approach is reviewed. There were not found age related differences for @entity165 -lowering drugs prescriptions in @entity1 suffering @entity301 . Serum Lp (a) level were higher in elderly sample because of the increase in older @entity1 ; it could be linked to the postmenopausal hormonal state.

title: [Decisions regarding XXXX -lowering therapy in the elderly: the experience in a lipid clinic and a review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary disease', 'coronary disease', 'Coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: PURPOSE: Many @entity1 with @entity1241 demonstrate a functional deficit of the internal anal sphincter or the external sphincter muscles without any apparent structural defects. Few @entity1 are amenable to repair or substitution of the sphincter. However, sacral nerve stimulation appears to offer a valid treatment option for @entity1241 . The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the efficacy of temporary stimulation of the sacral nerve roots (percutaneous nerve evaluation) in @entity1 with functional @entity1241 ; to determine the mechanisms of possible improvement; and to evaluate if temporary stimulation could be reproduced and maintained by implanting a permanent neurostimulation system. METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 with @entity1241 , 18 females and 5 males, median age of 54.9 years (range 28-71), underwent a percutaneous nerve evaluation test. Eleven @entity1 (47.8 percent) also had urinary disorders: urge @entity322 (4), @entity3142 (3), and retention (4). Associated disorders included perineal and @entity158 (1), @entity3500 (1), and @entity1644 (1). All @entity1 underwent a preliminary evaluation using stationary anal manovolumetry, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency measurements, and anal ultrasound. A percutaneous electrode for the stimulation of the sacral nerve roots was positioned at the level of the third sacral foramen (S3) in 20 @entity1 and S2 in 2 @entity1 (1 @entity1 missing). Stimulation parameters used were: pulse width 210 microsec, frequency 25 Hz, and average amplitude of 2.8 V (range 1-6). The electrode was left in place for a minimum of 7 days. Five @entity1 were successively implanted with a permanent sacral electrode with a stimulation frequency of 16 to 18 Hz and amplitude of 1.1- 4.9 V. RESULTS: Seventeen of the 19 @entity1 (89.4 percent) who completed the minimum percutaneous nerve evaluation period of 7 days (median 10.7 (range 7-30)), had a reduction of liquid or solid stool @entity322 by more than 50 percent, and fourteen (73.6 percent) were completely continent for stool. The most important changes revealed by manovolumetry were an increase in resting pressure (P < 0.001) and @entity2472 (P = 0.041), reduction of initial pressure for first sensation (P = 0.049) and urge to defecate (P = 0.002), and a reduction of the rectal volume for urge sensation (P = 0.006). The percutaneous nerve evaluation results were reproduced at a median follow-up of 19.2 months (range 5 to 37) in the 5 @entity1 who received a permanent implant. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary stimulation of the sacral roots (percutaneous nerve evaluation) can be of help in those @entity1 with @entity1241 , and the results are reproduced with permanent implantation. The positive effect on continence seems to be derived from not only the direct efferent stimulation on the pelvic floor and the striated sphincter muscle, but also from modulating afferent stimulation of the autonomous neural system, inhibition of the rectal detrusor, activation of the internal anal sphincter, and modulation of sacral reflexes that regulate rectal sensitivity and motility.

title: Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of @entity1241 : a novel approach for intractable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1644 :: ('MESH:D013595', 'Disease') :: ['syringomyelia']

entities_list: @entity3500 :: ('MESH:D020336', 'Disease') :: ['spastic paraparesis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['rectal pain']

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['fecal incontinence']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary contraction']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress incontinence']

answer: @entity1241 :: (MESH:D005242,Disease) :: ['fecal incontinence']


abstract: C57BL/6 @entity19 (H-2b) were immunized with lethally x-irradiated Moloney virus-induced @entity706 cells of BALB/c origin (H-2d) on Days 0 and 10 and received rug on Days 11 and 14. Their spleen cells were then tested for reactivity against Moloney virus-induced @entity706 of BALB/c origin by the 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. In non-drug-treated @entity19 the secondary cytotoxic response was maximal on Days 14 to 15, declined rapidley, and recurred after Day 21. The cytotoxic effector cells were shown to be theta-bearing T-lymphocytes. @entity786 (CY), 180 mg/kg, given on Day 11, totally prevented the development of a cytotoxic response and when given on Day 14 abolished the response already established. CY, 48 mg/kg, as well as @entity3600 33 mg/kg, were almost as suppressive. Immune @entity19 given CY on Day 14 and reimmunized on Day 36 exhibited a normal tertiary response. @entity19 similarly immunized on Days 1 and 10 and given drugs on Day 14 were challenged on Day 15 with up to 3.5 x 10-8 viable Moloney virus-induced @entity706 cells of BALB/c origin. Despite H-2 incompatibility, all nonimmune control @entity19 developed @entity843 and died, whereas all @entity19 immunized but not given drug failed to develop @entity843 . By contrast, 17 of 34 immunized @entity19 given CY, 180 mg/kg, and 7 of 34 given @entity3600 developed @entity843 . The @entity843 eventually regressed. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT CY and @entity3600 can suppress a secondary cellular immune response as measured by the T-cell-mediated 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assay in vitro and by viable @entity5 challenge in vivo.

title: Suppression of secondary cellular immunity to a XXXX allograft by @entity786 and @entity3600 .

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3600 :: ('MESH:D002330', 'Chemical') :: ['1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility and efficacy of combination nonviral lipid-formulated @entity19 @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ) and polymer-formulated @entity19 interleukin 12 (mIL-12) gene therapy for @entity213 ( @entity213 ) in a @entity19 model. METHODS: Randomized, controlled studies in a @entity19 @entity213 model. @entity5 were established in the floor of mouth in C3H/HeJ immunocompetent @entity19 . Established @entity5 were directly injected with lipid-formulated @entity2047 and polymer-formulated mIL-12 alone and in combination. Antitumor responses, cytokine expression, and natural killer cell and cytolytic T-lymphocyte activity were assayed. RESULTS: The use of combined @entity2047 and mIL-12 gene therapy resulted in significant antitumor effects, compared with each of the single-cytokine and no-treatment (control) groups (P =.01 to P =.02). @entity5 treated with the formulated cytokine genes showed an increased level of the corresponding proteins and decreased level of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) expression. Combined @entity2047 and mIL-12 treatment consistently produced the greater activation of cytolytic T-lymphocyte and natural killer cells than did single-cytokine treatment or other controls at all concentrations tested. Augmented immune responses correlated with clinical antitumor effects. CONCLUSIONS: The nonviral gene delivery system was well tolerated, and combined @entity2047 and mIL-12 gene transfer generated potent antitumor immune responses against @entity213 in our @entity19 model. Combined nonviral @entity1199 and IL-12 gene therapy may have great potential as a primary or adjuvant treatment for @entity213 in @entity1 .

title: Combination nonviral @entity2047 and interleukin 12 gene therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', 'HNSCC']

answer: @entity213 :: (MESH:C535575,Disease) :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize (1) the impairment and recovery of functional balance and (2) the extent of @entity394 and physiological compensation following @entity6783 ( @entity6783 ) surgical repair. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Thirty @entity1 diagnosed as having @entity6783 . INTERVENTIONS: Surgical plugging and resurfacing of @entity6783 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Balance measures were assessed in 3 separate groups, each with 10 different @entity1 : presurgery, postoperative short-term (<1 week), and postoperative long-term (>= 6 weeks). @entity1538 and function, including qualitative @entity135 ( @entity135 ) in all canal planes and audiometric measures, were assessed in a subgroup of 10 @entity1 in both the postoperative short-term and long-term phases. RESULTS: Balance measures were significantly impaired immediately but not 6 weeks after @entity6783 repair. All @entity1 demonstrated @entity2194 for @entity135 in the plane of the superior canal following surgical repair. Unexpectedly, spontaneous or post-head-shaking @entity346 beat ipsilesionally in most @entity1 , whereas contrabeating @entity346 was noted only in @entity1 with complete canal paresis (ie, positive @entity135 in all canal planes). There were no significant deviations in subjective visual vertical following surgical repair (P = .37). The degree of audiometric air-bone gap normalized 6 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: All @entity1 undergoing @entity6783 repair should undergo a postoperative fall risk assessment. Nystagmus direction (spontaneous and post-head-shaking) seems to be a good indicator of the degree of peripheral vestibular system involvement and central compensation. These measures correlate well with the HIT.

title: Balance dysfunction and recovery after surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head impulse tests', 'HITs']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['deficient vestibulo-ocular reflexes']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['Vestibular compensation']

entities_list: @entity6783 :: ('MESH:D013529', 'Disease') :: ['superior canal dehiscence syndrome', 'SCDS']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['nystagmus']

entities_list: @entity394 :: ('MESH:D015837', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular dysfunction']

answer: @entity6783 :: (MESH:D013529,Disease) :: ['superior canal dehiscence syndrome']


abstract: A clinical study and follow-up of 77 @entity1 (63 males and 14 females) with @entity157 with age range from 22 to 80 years were collected from the Institute of Post Graduate Medicine and Research and eight private hospitals from Dhaka City. Past history of transfusion was present in 16 (20.8%), @entity1087 in 20 (26%) and 13 (16.9%) @entity1 had associated @entity82 . HBs Ag was positive in 17 (33.33%) out of 51 @entity1 and liver ultrasound suggested hypoechogenic lesion in 44 (57.2%) @entity1 . CT was performed in 7 (9.1%) and in one MRI was done. Eight (50%) out of 16 @entity1 had alphafetoprotein ranging from 1000-12000 ng/ml. Space occupying lesion was detected in 25 (71.4%) out of 35 cases by isotope scan and needle biopsy was confirmatory in 25 (32.5%). Commonest presentations were abdominal lump (96.2%), @entity425 (79.3%), @entity353 (74%), and @entity1277 (78%). Fifty six (72.2%) @entity1 were followed weekly till @entity204 (2.9 +/- 2.4 months). The mean survival was higher under 30 years (5.9 +/- 3.7 months; P less than 0.05). Serum @entity648 above 5 mg/dl with @entity157 also had poor prognosis (1.6 +/- 0.8 months; P less than 0.01) Those who had prothrombin time higher than 16 seconds died earlier (1.6 +/- 0.7 months; P less than 0.01). Survival was poor in those who had the @entity5 size over 7 cm (2.5 +/- 0.9 months; P less than 0.01).

title: Clinical profile: prognostic index in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['loss of appetite']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']