abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the size and distribution of lesions in newly diagnosed @entity10657 ( @entity10657 ). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational case series. @entity1 : Fundus photographs of 252 newly diagnosed @entity989 in 173 eyes of 130 @entity1 (123 male, 7 female). METHODS: Thirty-five millimeter (60 degrees ) color transparencies were digitized. A montage of the retina was assembled for each involved eye and was superimposed on a specially designed map of the postequatorial retina. @entity989 were delineated, and the size and location of each lesion was measured. The size of newly diagnosed @entity989 was computed in terms of percent postequatorial retinal surface area (PERSA), and the location of lesions was plotted on a polar coordinate system. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Size and location of patches of newly diagnosed @entity10657 . RESULTS: The median lesion size was 3% PERSA. Peripheral @entity989 were larger than posterior ones (P < 0.001). The mean number of lesions was 1.6 per eye. The total area of @entity10657 involvement ranged from 1% to 76% PERSA, with a median of 5% PERSA. There was no difference between left and right eyes in the distribution of lesion centers (P = 0.27). The concentric distribution of lesion centers appeared to be homogeneous, except for fewer centers in the most peripheral 14 degrees (P < 0.001), and a greater than expected number of lesion centers in the macula (central 11.6 degrees, P < 0.001). Eyes of @entity1 with @entity2479 had 1.3 lesions per involved eye compared with eyes of @entity1 with @entity2479 , which had 1.6 lesions per eye (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Most newly diagnosed @entity989 were small. @entity1897 were larger than more posterior lesions. Variations from a homogeneous distribution of lesions were noted only at the extreme peripheral and central locations and are probably explained by ascertainment bias. The macula was not spared from new @entity989 in this @entity1 population.

title: An analysis of lesion size and location in newly diagnosed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity10657 :: ('MESH:D017726', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus retinitis', 'CMVR']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral retinitis', 'unilateral retinitis']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral lesions']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['CMVR lesions', 'Cytomegalovius retinitis lesions']

answer: @entity10657 :: (MESH:D017726,Disease) :: ['cytomegalovirus retinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Overexpression of @entity2247 is proved to contribute to @entity5 promotion and @entity105 through stimulating cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis and enhancing the invasiveness of @entity5 cells. Apoptosis-related molecules are potential predictive markers for survival and @entity137 in @entity902 treatment. This study aimed at investigating the association between @entity2247 polymorphisms and the occurrence of grade 3 or 4 @entity137 in advanced @entity1149 @entity1 treated with @entity902 -based chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and twelve @entity1 with inoperable stage IIIB-IV NSCLC received first-line chemotherapy between 2007 and 2009 were recruited in this study. Four functional @entity2247 polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. RESULTS: The incidence of grade 3 or 4 @entity1503 was significantly higher in G allele carriers of the @entity2247 @entity17531 ( @entity50802 ) polymorphism compared with wild-type homozygotes AA (P value=0.008; odds ratio, 2.47; 95% confidence internal, 1.26-4.84) and the significance still existed after the Bonferroni correction. Statistically significant difference was also found in grade 3 or 4 @entity1431 (P value=0.010; OR=2.82; 95%CI=1.28-6.20). No other significant association was observed between genotype and @entity137 in the study. The haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype AGG was associated with a reduced risk of grade 3 or 4 hematologic and @entity137 (P value=0.009; OR=0.59; 95%CI=0.39-0.88 and P value=0.025; OR=0.61; 95%CI=0.39-0.94, respectively) while the haplotype GGG was associated with an increased risk of grade 3 or 4 hematologic and @entity137 (P value=0.009; OR=1.71; 95%CI=1.14-2.56 and P value=0.025; OR=1.65; 95%CI =1.06-2.57, respectively). CONCLUSION: This investigation for the first time suggested that polymorphism in @entity2247 @entity17531 may be a potent bio-marker in predicting severe @entity1503 in NSCLC @entity1 after @entity902 -based chemotherapy.

title: The association between @entity2247 polymorphisms and XXXX in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 treated with @entity902 -based chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'leukopenia toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity1503 :: (MESH:D006402,Disease) :: ['hematologic toxicity']


abstract: Psoriasis is a persistent @entity272 characterized by abnormal keratinocyte differentiation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and increased expression of inflammatory markers at the cellular level, leading to erythema, induration, and scaling of the skin. Depending on the severity of the disease, annual outpatient costs range from  1400 to  6600 per @entity1 , totaling  3.2 billion each year in the United States. Because the disease is persistent and progressive, @entity1 receiving a diagnosis of @entity1569 early in life can expect to require lifelong care, which translates into lifelong expense. Treatments include topical formulations, systemic therapies, phototherapies, and combination therapies. Of these, topical agents are the first-line treatments, including @entity28973 and other @entity230 , @entity2116 , and @entity555 , a once-daily @entity554 . To establish the relative cost-effectiveness of these drugs ( @entity28973 , @entity2116 , and @entity555 ), we conducted a pharmacoeconomic study from the perspective of a third-party payer, using a decision-analytic model validated by clinical experts. Data were drawn from a meta-analysis of the contemporary medical literature. Clinical success, clearing, and relapse rates determined the probabilities for therapeutic outcomes and the number of anticipated disease-free days for each study comparator. Costs for physician visits, drug acquisition, laboratory testing, and adverse-events management were added to each branch of the decision tree and multiplied by the appropriate probabilities to establish the expected cost of treatment, stratified by the primary treatment choice. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as the total expected cost of achieving a disease-free day. @entity555 0.1% was 16.74% more cost-effective than @entity555 0.05%, 85.46% more cost-effective than @entity28973 , and 143.75% more cost-effective than @entity2116 . The expected cost of achieving a disease-free day was  49.46 for @entity555 0.1%,  57.74 for @entity555 0.05%,  91.73 for @entity28973 , and  120.56 for @entity2116 . Treatment with @entity555 offers an opportunity to reduce the cost of care for @entity1 with mild-to-moderate @entity1569 and enhance @entity1 satisfaction by gaining more disease-free days.

title: A pharmacoeconomic analysis of topical therapies for @entity1 with mild-to-moderate stable plaque XXXX : a US study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity2116 :: ('MESH:C055085', 'Chemical') :: ['calcipotriene']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorder']

entities_list: @entity555 :: ('MESH:C086827', 'Chemical') :: ['tazarotene', 'Tazarotene']

entities_list: @entity28973 :: ('MESH:D005447', 'Chemical') :: ['fluocinonide']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity554 :: ('CHEBI:26537', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoid']

answer: @entity1569 :: (MESH:D011565,Disease) :: ['psoriasis']


abstract: @entity2591 and several of its analogues are known to inhibit DNA methylation, alter gene expression, and inhibit cell growth. We report a Phase II study in which we investigated the antineoplastic activity of @entity50702 and its induction of fetal hemoglobin synthesis when given by a 5-day continuous i.v. infusion of 1650 mg/m2/day that was repeated every 21 days. Fetal hemoglobin was measured in all @entity1 ; increased synthesis was found in 13 of the 17, in the absence of clinically significant @entity417 . Of the four @entity1 who did not develop increased fetal hemoglobin, three had only one cycle of therapy. Fourteen @entity1 with @entity153 were treated, and ten were evaluable for disease response. Five @entity1 had disease stability of 2 or more mo, and five progressed on treatment. Three additional @entity1 with @entity2615 were treated, and the two who were evaluable for disease response had stabilization of their disease. Fifteen of the 17 @entity1 who received @entity50702 developed a @entity662 , 12 had abnormal electrocardiograms, and four developed positive anti-nuclear antibodies. No significant @entity99 were observed. This study demonstrates that @entity50702 in the dose and schedule used has no significant therapeutic activity in the treatment of @entity2 but does possess an unusual spectrum of clinical @entity137 as well as the property of inducing fetal hemoglobin synthesis.

title: Fetal hemoglobin gene activation in a phase II study of @entity50702 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritic-type chest pain']

entities_list: @entity2591 :: ('MESH:D001374', 'Chemical') :: ['5-Azacytidine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity50702 :: ('MESH:C013938', 'Chemical') :: ['5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hemopoietic, hepatic, or renal toxicities']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']


abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the gum from Hakea gibbosa (Hakea) as a sustained-release and mucoadhesive component in buccal tablets following their application to the buccal mucosa of @entity95 . Flat-faced core tablets containing either 22 or 32 mg of Hakea and 40 or 25 mg of @entity17567 (CPM) per tablet with either @entity4388 or @entity5272 in a 1:1.5 molar ratio were formulated using a direct compression technique and were coated with Cutina(R) on all but one face. The resulting plasma CPM concentration versus time profiles were determined following buccal application of the tablets in @entity95 . The strength of mucoadhesion of the tablets was also quantitated in terms of the force of detachment as a function of time. Following the application of the mucoadhesive buccal tablets, the following values for several pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained. The force of detachment for the mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing 22 mg of Hakea and either 25 and 40 mg CPM, and 32 mg Hakea and 40 mg CPM increased from 1.64+/-0.47 to 7.32+/-0.34 N, 1.67+/-0.30 to 7.21+/-0.36 N, and 2.93+/-0.73 to 7.92+/-0.60 N, respectively from 5 to 90 min following application to excised intestinal mucosa. Addition of either @entity4388 or @entity5272 , as well as higher amounts of CPM, did not affect the mucoadhesive bond strength. These results demonstrate that the novel, natural gum, H. gibbosa, may not only be used to sustain the release of CPM from a unidirectional-release buccal tablet, but also demonstrate that the tablets are sufficiently mucoadhesive for clinical application. The mucoadhesive strength as measured by the force of detachment, can be modulated by altering the amount of Hakea in the tablet. The mucoadhesive buccal tablets evaluated represent an improved transbuccal delivery system for conventional drug substances.

title: Transmucosal sustained-delivery of XXXX in @entity95 using a novel, natural mucoadhesive gum as an excipient in buccal tablets.

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity17567 :: ('MESH:D002744', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpheniramine maleate']

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['tartaric acid']

answer: @entity17567 :: (MESH:D002744,Chemical) :: ['chlorpheniramine maleate']


abstract: Among @entity1 of the biennial Nijmegen @entity0 screening programme, we examined whether diminution of mammographic breast density lowered @entity0 risk. Post-menopausal @entity0 cases (n = 108), who had to have participated in all the five screening rounds prior to their diagnosis, were matched to 400 controls on year of birth and screening history. Controls had to be free of @entity0 at the time of the case's diagnosis. Changes in breast density were measured over a 10-year period, by a fully computerized method. @entity1 in whom 5-25% or >25% of the breast was composed of fibro-glandular density showed a threefold increased 10-year risk compared to @entity1 with <5% density. In @entity1 with 5-25% density initially, we observed a trend of decreasing risk with diminishing density: when @entity1 with <5% density throughout the whole period formed the reference category, the odds ratio (OR) for those who decreased from 5-25% to <5% density was 1.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-6.1] in contrast to the OR of 5.7 (95% CI = 2.2-15.2) for those with persisting 5-25% density. In @entity1 who increased from 5-25% density to >25% density the OR was 6.9 (95% CI = 2.1-22.9). In @entity1 with >25% density initially, diminishing density was not clearly associated with lowering risk, which may be partly explained by the low number of @entity1 who decreased to <5% (n = 12). Due to the limited size of the study these results have to be interpreted with caution. Although the results are not conclusive, they could indicate a trend of decreasing risk with diminishing breast density. Should this effect be real, it may have great implications for the primary prevention of @entity0 or for the identification of high-risk groups who would benefit by more frequent screening. Therefore, large-scale, long-term follow-up studies on the effects of changes in breast density are needed.

title: Changes in mammographic breast density and concomitant changes in XXXX risk.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Women', 'women']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The cause of @entity30 has not been mechanistically proven. We tested the hypothesis that the disease is a form of @entity465 caused by impaired innate immunity. METHODS: We investigated inflammatory responses in @entity1 and controls by quantifying neutrophil recruitment and cytokine production after acute @entity130 , @entity687 secretion by cultured monocyte-derived macrophages after exposure to inflammatory mediators, and local inflammatory and vascular changes in response to subcutaneous injection of heat-killed @entity526 . FINDINGS: In @entity1 with @entity30 , @entity130 to rectum, ileum, or skin led to abnormally low neutrophil accumulation (differences from healthy individuals of 79%, n=8, p=0.0003; 57%, n=3, p=0.05; 50%, n=13, p<0.0001, respectively) and lower production of proinflammatory @entity687 (63%, n=7, p=0.003; 63%, n=3, p=0.05; 45%, n=8, p<0.0001) and @entity1356 (50%, n=8, p=0.0005). @entity687 secretion by cultured macrophages was reduced after exposure to acute wound fluid (38%, n=50, p<0.0001), @entity2242 (48%, n=41, p=0.0005), or @entity5 necrosis factor alpha (52%, n=27, p<0.0001). Local inflammatory reaction to inoculation with @entity526 was attenuated, as quantified by changes in bloodflow (ileal disease 50%, n=6, p=0.01; @entity1049 77%, n=6, p=0.0003). This response was mediated by @entity842 in controls, was increased by @entity7855 in @entity1 , and was not related to @entity6820 genotype. INTERPRETATION: In @entity30 , a constitutionally weak immune response predisposes to accumulation of intestinal contents that breach the mucosal barrier of the bowel wall, resulting in @entity738 formation and @entity32 . Polymorphisms in @entity6820 do not underlie this phenotype, but incapacitate the @entity6820 pathway that can compensate for @entity32 . Current treatment of @entity32 might exaggerate the underlying lesion and promote @entity102 .

title: Defective acute XXXX in @entity30 : a clinical investigation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'impairment of innate inflammation', 'secondary chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1beta']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E coli']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic disease']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity687 :: ('3576', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 8', 'Interleukin 8']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: A unique extra-suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) oscillator, operating independently of the light-entrainable oscillator, has been hypothesized to generate feeding and drug-related rhythms. To test the validity of this hypothesis, sham-lesioned (Sham) and SCN-lesioned (SCNx) @entity35 were housed in constant dim-red illumination (LL(red)) and received a daily @entity2072 injection every 24 h for 7 d (Experiment 1). In a second experiment, @entity35 underwent 3-h daily restricted feeding (RF) followed 12 d later by the addition of daily @entity2072 injections given every 25 h in combination with RF until the two schedules were in antiphase. In both experiments, body temperature and total activity were monitored continuously. Results from Experiment 1 revealed that @entity2072 , but not saline, injections produced anticipatory increases in temperature and activity in SCNx and Sham @entity35 . Following withdrawal from @entity2072 , free-running temperature rhythms persisted for 2-10 d in SCNx @entity35 . In Experiment 2, robust anticipatory increases in temperature and activity were associated with RF and @entity2072 injections; however, the feeding periodicity (23.9 h) predominated over the @entity2072 periodicity. During drug withdrawal, the authors observed two free-running rhythms of temperature and activity that persisted for >14 d in both Sham and SCNx @entity35 . The periods of the free-running rhythms were similar to the feeding entrainment (period = 23.7 and 24.0 h, respectively) and drug entrainment (period = 25.7 and 26.1 h, respectively). Also during withdrawal, the normally close correlation between activity and temperature was greatly disrupted in Sham and SCNx @entity35 . Taken together, these results do not support the existence of a single oscillator mediating the rewarding properties of both food and @entity2072 . Rather, they suggest that these two highly rewarding behaviors can be temporally isolated, especially during drug withdrawal. Under stable dual-entrainment conditions, food reward appears to exhibit a slightly greater circadian influence than drug reward. The ability to generate free-running temperature rhythms of different frequencies following combined food and drug exposures could reflect a state of internal desynchrony that may contribute to the addiction process and drug relapse.

title: Circadian discrimination of reward: evidence for simultaneous yet separable food- and drug-entrained rhythms in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Two strains of Madin Darby @entity235 kidney (MDCK) cells were grown on a @entity6027 membrane with 3-micron pores without any extracellular matrix treatment. The membrane, 2.45 cm in diameter, which is part of a commercially obtained presterilized culture insert, provides two chambers when placed in a regular six-well culture plate. This device was found to be convenient for investigating transport of a few selected fluid-phase markers across the MDCK cell monolayer. Both the strain from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and the so-called highly resistant strain I, at a serial passage between 65 and 70, showed a seeding concentration-dependent lag phase followed by a growth phase with a 21-hr doubling time. When seeded at 5 x 10(4) cells/cm2, cell confluence was achieved in 5 days in a modified Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum under a 5% @entity3158 atmosphere. Similarly, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) also reached a plateau value in 5 days. Both light and electron microscopic examinations revealed well-defined junctional structures. Transport of the fluid-phase markers, @entity969 , @entity6890 (LY), inulin, and dextran across the MDCK cell monolayers was studied primarily at 37 degrees C following the apical-to-basolateral as well as the basolateral-to-apical direction. Large variations in the steady-state transport rate were observed for a given marker between the cell layer preparations. Thus, the present study proposes an "internal standard" procedure for meaningful comparisons of the transport rate. When normalized to the rate of @entity969 , the rate ratio was 1.00:0.80:0.67:0.15 for @entity969 :LY:inulin:dextran.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The Madin Darby XXXX kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell monolayer as a model cellular transport barrier.

entities_list: @entity6027 :: ('CHEBI:61433', 'Chemical') :: ['polycarbonate']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity6890 :: ('MESH:C017475', 'Chemical') :: ['lucifer yellow CH']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the contribution of @entity308 mood in @entity28 subjects on the prediction of a future @entity301 ( @entity301 ). DESIGN: A prospective population-based cohort study of three independent cross-sectional surveys with 6239 subjects, 45-74 years of age and free of diagnosed @entity301 , @entity64 and @entity5 . During a mean follow-up of 7 years, 179 @entity301 events occurred among @entity1 and 50 events among @entity1 . SUBJECTS: A total of 737 (23%) male and 773 (26%) female subjects suffering from @entity28 (BMI >or=30 kg/m2). MEASUREMENTS: Body weight determined by trained medical staff following a standardized protocol; standardized questionnaires to assess @entity308 and other psychosocial features. RESULTS: The main effect of @entity28 to predict a future @entity301 (hazard ratio, HR=1.38, 95% CI 1.03-1.84; P=0.031) and the interaction term of @entity28 by @entity308 (HR=1.73, 95% CI 0.98-3.05; P=0.060) were borderline significant, both covariate adjusted for multiple risk factors. Relative to the male subgroup with normal body weight and no @entity308 , the male @entity28 group with no @entity308 was not at significantly increased risk for @entity301 events (HR=1.17, 95% CI 0.76-1.80; P=0.473) whereas @entity301 risk in males with both @entity28 and @entity308 mood was substantially increased (HR=2.32, 95% CI 1.45-3.72, P>0.0001). The findings for @entity1 were similar, however, not significant probably owing to lack of power associated with low event rates. Combining @entity28 and @entity308 mood resulted in a relative risk to suffer from a future @entity301 event of HR 1.84 (95% CI 0.79-4.26; P=0.158). CONCLUSIONS: Depressed mood substantially amplifies the @entity301 risk of middle-aged @entity28 , but otherwise apparently healthy @entity1 . The impact of @entity308 on the @entity28 risk in @entity1 is less pronounced.

title: Synergistic effects of @entity308 mood and XXXX on long-term cardiovascular risks in 1510 @entity28 @entity1 and @entity1 : results from the MONICA-KORA Augsburg Cohort Study 1984-1998.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'depression', 'subsyndromal depressive mood']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease event']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an all-volunteer syringe exchange program in San Francisco, @entity2948 . DATA SOURCES: Syringe exchange program records and 11 semiannual surveys administered during a 5.5-year period, using standard questionnaires. Interviews (N = 5644) were conducted with injection drug users recruited in two 21-day drug detoxification clinics and three street settings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of the syringe exchange program and self-reported data regarding sources of syringes, frequency of injection, initiation into drug injection, and frequency of syringe sharing. RESULTS: In spring 1992, 45% reported "usually" obtaining injection equipment from the syringe exchange, and 61% reported using the program within the past year. During the period from December 1986 through June 1992, the median reported frequency of injection declined from 1.9 injections per day to 0.7 injection per day, the mean age increased from 36 to 42 years, and the percentage of new initiates into injection drug use decreased from 3% to 1%. In logistic regression analysis (of fall 1991 through spring 1992 interviews; n = 752), we found six independent factors associated with syringe sharing. Protective from syringe sharing were use of the syringe exchange program, having received @entity1 @entity465 virus (HIV) testing and counseling, condom use, older age, and African-American race. Injection of @entity2072 was a predictor for syringe sharing. The strength of association between use of the syringe exchange program and not sharing syringes was greatest in injection drug users younger than the median age of 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: The syringe exchange program was rapidly adopted by injection drug users. Health interventions associated with not sharing needles included use of the syringe exchange program and voluntary, confidential @entity645 testing and counseling. Our data did not support the hypothesis that a syringe exchange program would stimulate increased @entity734 in terms of frequency of injection or recruitment of new and/or younger users.

title: Syringe and needle exchange as XXXX /AIDS prevention for injection drug users.

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: To monitor possible changes in the cumulated drusen or @entity10691 area size (CDGAS) of nonexudative @entity1020 ( @entity1020 ) in @entity1 before and after @entity231 surgery, using a new tool for computer-aided image quantification. METHODS: Randomized, prospective, clinical trial. 54 @entity1 with @entity231 and nonexudative @entity1020 were randomly assigned into an early surgery group (ES = 28) and a control group (CO = 26) with a 6-month delay of surgery. CDGAS was determined with the MD3RI tool for contour drawing in a central region of digitized fundus photographs, measuring 3,000   m in diameter. To evaluate CDGAS progression, differences in pixels and square millimeters were calculated by equivalent tests. RESULTS: Forty-nine @entity1 completed the visits over the 12-month period (ES = 27 and CO = 22). Mean pixel values increased from 201.5 (11.33   10(-3) mm(2)) to 202.7 (11.39   10(-3) mm(2)) in the ES group and from 191.6 (10.77   10(-3) mm(2)) to 194.6 (10.94   10(-3) mm(2)) in the CO group. Finally, equivalence of CDGAS differences between ES and CO could be demonstrated. No exudative @entity1020 was recorded during the study period. CONCLUSION: In our cohorts, no significant changes were found in CDGAS 12 months after @entity231 surgery. The MD3RI software could serve as an efficient, precise and objective tool for @entity1020 quantification and monitoring in future trials.

title: Monitoring of drusen and XXXX area size after @entity231 surgery using the MD3RI tool for computer-aided contour drawing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['AMD', 'age-related macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity10691 :: ('MESH:D057092', 'Disease') :: ['geographic atrophy']

answer: @entity10691 :: (MESH:D057092,Disease) :: ['geographic atrophy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the differences in the characteristics of femoral neck and trochanteric fractures between urban and rural areas of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. METHODS: Fracture type (neck vs. trochanteric), age, sex, place where @entity174 occurred (indoors vs. outdoors), and cause of injury were surveyed among @entity1 aged >= 65 years who sustained hip fractures between 2008 and 2010 and who were treated at 1 of 13 participating hospitals (5 urban, 8 rural). The ratio of sick beds to total number of beds at the participating hospitals was 19.6% (2,188/11,158) in the urban area and 34.9% (1,963/5,623) in the rural area. We also investigated the incidence of @entity173 in Tango medical district as a representative rural area. RESULTS: There were 1,346 neck (mean age, 82.4 years) and 1,606 @entity173 (mean age, 85.0 years). The ratio of neck to trochanteric @entity174 was higher in the urban area than in the rural area in all age groups (65-74, 75-84, and >=  85 years). There were no apparent differences in place or cause of injury. The incidence of @entity173 in the @entity1 of Tango medical district was lower than the national average. CONCLUSIONS: There was a difference in the ratio of neck to trochanteric fractures between urban and rural areas. This difference is estimated to be caused by the high and low incidence of @entity174 in urban and rural areas, respectively.

title: Urban versus rural differences in the occurrence of XXXX in Japan's Kyoto prefecture during 2008-2010: a comparison of femoral neck and trochanteric fractures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['trochanteric fractures', 'hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'neck fracture', 'fracture']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between enhancement patterns of @entity1419 ( @entity1419 ) on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and pathological findings. METHODS: The CEUS enhancement patterns of 40 pathologically proven @entity1419 lesions were retrospectively analysed. Pathologically, the degree of @entity5 cell and @entity82 distribution in the lesion was semi-quantitatively evaluated. RESULTS: 4 enhancement patterns were observed in the arterial phase for 32 mass-forming ICCs: peripheral rim-like hyperenhancement (n=19); heterogeneous hyperenhancement (n=6); homogeneous hyperenhancement (n=3); and heterogeneous hypo-enhancement (n=4). Among the four enhancement patterns, the differences in @entity5 cell distribution were statistically significant (p<0.05). The hyperenhancing area on CEUS corresponded to more @entity5 cells for mass-forming ICCs. Heterogeneous hyperenhancement (n=2) and heterogeneous hypo-enhancement (n=2) were observed in the arterial phase for four periductal infiltrating ICCs. In this subtype, @entity82 was more commonly found in the lesions. Heterogeneous hyperenhancement (n=1) and homogeneous hyperenhancement (n=3) were observed in the arterial phase for four intraductal growing ICCs. This subtype tended to have abundant @entity5 cells. CONCLUSION: The CEUS findings of @entity1419 relate to the degree of @entity189 cell proliferation at pathological examination. Hyperenhancing areas in the @entity5 always indicated increased density of @entity5 cells.

title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of XXXX : correlation with pathological examination.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1419 :: ('MESH:C535533', 'Disease') :: ['ICC', 'intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity1419 :: (MESH:C535533,Disease) :: ['intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of treatment by insertion of a covered expandable modified Gianturco-Z endoprosthesis (Song stent) in @entity1 with @entity5 . METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 with @entity5 in whom a Song stent was inserted were included. Data were retrieved retrospectively. @entity1282 before and after stent placement was scored on a 5-point scale. Early (less than 30 days) and late complications (more than 30 days) were scored. RESULTS: Analysis included 164 stents in 153 @entity1 . Indications for stent placement were @entity1282 and/or @entity292 /perforations. The @entity1282 score improved from a mean of 3.7 to 2.2 after stent placement (p < 0.0001). Fistulas/perforations sealed in 87% of cases. Early complications after stent placement occurred in 29.9% of cases. These included stent migration (4.3%), stent obstruction (6. 1%), @entity1174 (4.9%), @entity548 (4.3%), perforation (1. 8%), and @entity158 (15.9%). Late complications occurred in 27.8% of cases. These included stent migration (2.6%), stent obstruction (9.6%), @entity1174 (2.6%), @entity548 (7.0%), perforation (0.9%), and @entity158 (12.2%). The 30-day mortality was 26%. Death related to stent placement occurred in 3.3%. CONCLUSION: Insertion of a Song expandable endoprosthesis in @entity1 with @entity5 significantly improves @entity1282 , is successful in sealing @entity292 /perforations, and is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates.

title: Palliation of @entity1 with XXXX by insertion of a covered expandable modified Gianturco-Z endoprosthesis: experiences in 153 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['esophagogastric malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['esophagogastric neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of @entity20363 ( @entity20363 ) on the tumorigenesis and @entity3 of @entity0 . METHODS: @entity1 @entity0 cells of the line MDA-MB-435HM with a great potentiality of @entity3 were cultured and then divided into 3 groups: MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 cell group, to be transfected with pcDNA3/ @entity20363 FyB containing @entity1 @entity20363 cDNA; MDA-MB-435HM-vect cell group, to be transfected with blank plasmid pcDNA3; and MDA-MB-435HM cell group without transfection. Female BALB/c @entity19 were implanted with MDA-MB-435HM cells into the nipple. The size of the implanted @entity5 was measured once a week. The @entity19 were killed 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the implantation respectively and their lungs were taken out to observe the number of @entity3 . Immunohistochemical staining was performed to calculate the microvascular density (MVD). Western blotting was used to detect the @entity1495 protein expression of the lung tissues. ELISA was used to detect the concentrations of the 2 @entity20363 ligands: CNCL8 and @entity2842 in the supernatant of culture fluid of the 3 kinds of cells and the @entity3 . RESULTS: The expression levels of @entity20363 mRNA and protein of the MDA-MB-435HM cells were 38% those of the MDA-MB-435 cells. The expression levels of @entity687 and @entity2842 of the MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 cells were significantly lower than those of the MDA-MB-435HM-vect cells and MDA-MB-435HM cells (both P < 0.05). All @entity19 developed @entity5 with a tumorigenesis rate of 100%. However, the @entity5 occurred 17 days after implantation in those @entity19 implanted with MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 cells, significantly later then in those implanted with MDA-MB-435HM-vect cells and MDA-MB-435HM cells (9 and 10 days after implantation) the size of @entity5 in the former group being significantly smaller than those of the 2 latter groups (both P < 0.01). The number of metastatic foci in the lung of the MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 group was significantly less than those of the other 2 groups (both P < 0.01). The level of CCI2 of the implanted @entity5 in the MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 group was significantly lower than those of the other 2 groups (both P < 0.01). The MVD of the MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 was significantly less than those of the other 2 groups (both P < 0.01) and most of the vessels of the MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 group were not newly formed vessels with a diameter < 8 red blood cells. The @entity1495 protein expression levels of the MDA-MB-435HM-vect cells and MDA-MB-435HM-cells were 3.1 and 3.4 times that of the MDA-MB-435HM- @entity20363 group (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity20363 , a chemokine decoy receptor, inhibits the chemokine-induced angiogenesis, thus inhibiting the growth and lung @entity3 of @entity0 .

title: [Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines attenuates @entity0 growth and XXXX : an experiment with @entity19 ].

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastatic tumors', 'metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-9', 'matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9']

entities_list: @entity20363 :: ('2532', 'Gene') :: ['DARC', 'Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: Different aetiologies including the @entity1743 ( @entity1743 ) may cause a @entity158 hip, especially in young pa - tients. Two general types of @entity1743 have been described, the pincer- and the cam type impingement. The latter is characterized by a @entity85 , usually a bump on the head-and-neck junction that impinges on the acetabular rim. The authors describe the case of a 21-year-old male, bodybuilder, suffering from progressive @entity158 with impairment of exercise tolerance, gait and other daily activities. Besides limitation of hip internal rotation physical examination was normal. He had a transitory response to non- @entity134 anti-inflammatory drugs. Initially performed MRI of the pelvis shows predominant @entity32 of the hip joint. In external performed arthroscopy the biopsies of the capsule demonstrated chronic @entity603 . In the follow up @entity158 remains, however, diagnosis was still unclear. Re-evaluation of the formerly performed and a follow up MRI, and of an additional CT, the findings were compatible with an @entity10545 in the femoral cervico-cephalic transition causing itself a cam impingement and monarthritis. The adopted therapeutic strategy consisted on arthroscopic excision of the nidus and trimming of the femoral neck, with clinical recovery after surgical intervention.

title: @entity10545 of the femoral neck mimicking monarthritis and causing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1743 :: ('MESH:D057925', 'Disease') :: ['femoroacetabular impingement', 'FAI']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity10545 :: ('MESH:D010017', 'Disease') :: ['osteoid osteoma']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['hip pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['femoral deformity']

answer: @entity1743 :: (MESH:D057925,Disease) :: ['femoroacetabular impingement']


abstract: @entity4291 (SM) is a membrane phosphosphingolipid that has recently been identified as a key component of the SM cycle. In this signal transduction pathway, extracellular inducers such as @entity5 necrosis factor alpha cause hydrolysis of membrane SM, resulting in the generation of the lipid second messenger @entity2367 . Only 10-20% of cellular SM appears to be involved in the SM cycle, raising the possibility of the existence of a unique "signaling" pool of SM. The existence and subcellular location of such a pool were investigated. Using bacterial sphingomyelinase from @entity794 (bSMase), we first characterized two pools of SM, identified as an outer leaflet bSMase-sensitive pool and a distinct bSMase-resistant pool. These pools were further characterized by their differential solubility in Triton X-100 and by their kinetics of labeling. The signaling pool of SM was distinguished by the following: 1) resistance to bSMase, 2) solubility in Triton X-100, and 3) delayed labeling kinetics. In subfractionation studies, the signaling pool of SM co-fractionated with the plasma membrane. Since the SM cycle involves a cytosolic sphingomyelinase and the intracellular release of @entity2945 , this pool of SM appears to localize to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (or to a closely related compartment). These results identify a unique signaling pool of SM that undergoes significant hydrolysis (20-40%) in response to inducers of the SM cycle.

title: Identification of a distinct pool of XXXX involved in the @entity4291 cycle.

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity2367 :: ('CHEBI:17761', 'Chemical') :: ['ceramide']

entities_list: @entity2945 :: ('MESH:D010767', 'Chemical') :: ['choline phosphate']

entities_list: @entity4291 :: ('CHEBI:17636', 'Chemical') :: ['Sphingomyelin']

answer: @entity4291 :: (CHEBI:17636,Chemical) :: ['sphingomyelin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Presence of lymph node met  stasis (LNM) at salvage radical prostatectomy (sRP) is associated with poor outcome. Predictors of outcome in this context remain undetermined. ThE objective was to assess the role of number of positive lymph node on outcome of @entity1 with LNM after sRP and for radio-recurrent @entity263 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed data from a consecutive cohort of 215 @entity1 treated with sRP at a single institution. We used univariate Cox proportional hazard regression models for biochemical recurrence (BCR) and metastatic outcomes, with @entity1486 , Gleason score, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion, time between radiation therapy and sRP, and number of positive nodes as predictors. RESULTS: Of the 47 @entity1 with LNM, 37 developed BCR, 11 developed distant @entity3 and 4 died with a median follow-up of 2.3 years for survivors. The risk of @entity3 increased with higher pre-operative PSA levels (HR 1.19 per 1ng/ml; 95% CI: 1.06-1.34; P=.003). The remaining predictors did not reach conventional levels of significance. However, removal of 3 or more positive lymph nodes demonstrated a positive association, as expected, with @entity3 (HR 3.44; 95% CI: 0.91-13.05; P=.069) compared to one or 2 positive nodes. Similarly, the presence of extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle invasion and Gleason grade greater than 7 also demonstrated a positive association with higher risk of met  stasis, with hazard ratios of 3.97 (95% CI: 0.50, 31.4; P=.2), 3.72 (95% CI: 0.80-17.26; P=.1), and 1.45 (95% CI: 0.44-4.76; P=.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with LNM after sRP for radio-recurrent @entity263 , the risk of distant met  stasis is likely to be influenced by the number of positive nodes (3 or more), high preoperative PSA, Gleason grade and advanced pathologic stage. These results are consistent with the findings of number of nodes (1 to 2 vs. 3 or more nodes positive) as a prognostic indicator after primary radical prostatectomy and strengthen the plea for a revision of the nodal staging for @entity263 .

title: Number of metastatic lymph nodes as determinant of outcome after salvage radical prostatectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['radiation-recurrent prostate cancer']


abstract: The following observations have been made: 1. The viscosity of a substance as complex as mucus requires study at different rates of shear and shear stresses. 2. Visible gastric mucus behaves as a pseudoplastic substance. 3. Duodenal @entity1066 @entity1 have a higher gastric mucus viscosity than controls. 4. Pentagastrin stimulation in duodenal @entity1066 @entity1 leads to the secretion of gastric mucus of low viscosity. 5. This decrease in the viscosity of gastric mucus on pentagastrin stimulation does not occur in @entity1 with @entity2275 . 6. Truncal vagotomy leads to an increase in the viscosity of gastric mucus under basal and stimulted conditions.

title: Gastric mucus viscosity and peptic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer']


abstract: The EGF family of ligands and receptors plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity1124 ( @entity1124 ) and contributes to its @entity146 . A number of molecular approaches have been developed to block these pathways, and studies have already proven the clinical benefit of this concept in @entity1124 . In the present study, we sought to determine the potential role of heregulins (HRGs), a family of EGF-like growth factors, in @entity1124 . Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that HRGs as well as its signaling ErbB receptors were present in 4 of 4 @entity1 @entity788 cell lines (PCCL). @entity28208 -beta1 stimulated the growth of 3 of 4 PCCL, whereas @entity28208 -alpha1 inhibited cell growth in 3 of 4 cell lines. Responses towards HRGs could in part be predicted by @entity1722 and @entity7514 expression levels. HRGs induced phosphorylation of different ErbB receptors as well as activation of MAPK, p38MAPK, @entity4675 and @entity10412 in a cell- and ligand-specific manner. In vivo, @entity28208 was upregulated in @entity788 tissues and localized predominantly in the @entity5 cells. High @entity28208 -beta levels but not @entity6536 levels were associated with decreased @entity1 survival. In conclusion, @entity28208 is expressed by @entity788 cells and influences @entity788 and @entity1 survival.

title: Expression and differential signaling of heregulins in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer cell growth', 'pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['PDAC', 'pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) has gone through major design modifications to improve clinical endpoints and reduce complications. Little is known, however, about the effects of LAGB size on clinical outcomes, or whether outcomes differ based on gender. We set out to examine the impact of band size on surgical @entity353 , reoperations, comorbidity resolution, and compare outcomes within gender. METHODS: We reviewed our prospectively collected longitudinal bariatric database between 2008 and 2010, and compared @entity1 with BMI 35-50 kg/m(2) who had undergone LAGB with the @entity3813 -BAND   @entity12009 to those who had the larger APL. Those @entity1 with initial BMI   >   50 kg/m(2) were excluded to reduce any possible selection bias which favors larger band use in such subjects. RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-four @entity1 met our inclusion criteria; 230 (58 %) in the @entity12009 group and 164 (42 %) in the APL group. Female @entity1 in @entity12009 group experienced significantly higher percentage excess body @entity353 at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years in comparison to female @entity1 in APL group (p   <   0.001 for all time points). In contrast, a reverse pattern was observed for male @entity1 . No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding frequency of band adjustments, complications, or comorbidity resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Male @entity1 might benefit from APL bands, in contrast to female @entity1 who appear to experience superior @entity353 with the smaller @entity12009 bands. This study provides the first set of evidence to facilitate surgical decision making for band size selection and highlights differences between genders.

title: Impact of @entity3813 -band size on XXXX : does gender matter?

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity353 :: (MESH:D015431,Disease) :: ['weight loss']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To obtain informationon the main causatives of @entity697 ( @entity697 ), the background needs to be analyzed. Our aim was to identify those pharmaceutical aspects of this polymorbidity where the pharmacist can contribute. Earlier and recent European and Hungarian studies show similar results: cardiovascular (CV) death is still the leading cause of mortality. The quality of life is much lower and life expectancy is shorter in the investigated Borsod-Aba  j Zempl  n county population compared to the whole of the country. After pharmaceutical care has been defined, its role should be established. METHODS: A retrospective hospital-based survey was carried out. Medical records of 659 @entity1 treated for @entity583 at the 1st Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology of Borsod-Aba  j-Zempl  n County Hospital and University Hospital were analyzed. Data were obtained using the MedWorkS integrated hospital information system and were selected based on Social Security Number (TAJ) and The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ( @entity1479 ). We focused on the therapy and medication of @entity1 . RESULTS: The obtained results are consistent with those of previous Hungarian studies (OLEF 2000) and statistical analyses. Based on the present study we suggest that pharmacists should work more closely with the medical staff. In studying the medication, we concentrated on antiplatelet therapy and studied the use of @entity117 alone compared to @entity117 plus @entity1397 . Of the 659 @entity1 only 172 received @entity117 as a preventive agent. We noticed that during this study only a low number of @entity1 received ASA treatment and it could be seen in the outcome of the illness. We also found that dual antiplatelet therapy did not decrease the incidence of reinfarction in @entity1 with @entity697 . DISCUSSION: In this study the theory (guidelines, other studies) and the clinical practice of the therapy and medication of @entity697 were compared. ASA therapy did not produce any significant effect. Our results are similar to those studies which concluded that ASA did not decrease the risk of cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: Most @entity1 with @entity697 suffer from polymorbidity. Since the occurrence of underlying @entity102 is high, not only @entity697 must be treated, but therapy and medication must be complex. Complex therapeutic management is the key to the success of pharmaceutical care in the community pharmacy following hospital treatment.

title: Pharmaceutical care for XXXX with acute @entity583 in Hungary.

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardialinfarction']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The @entity16947 antibody is frequently used to label @entity19 radial glial cells in all parts of the nervous system where neuronal migration occurs during embryonic and early postnatal life. The antigen recognized by this antibody still needs to be identified. We have characterized further its localization in vivo, its expression and subcellular localization in vitro, as well as its molecular nature. Histologic investigations of whole @entity19 embryos reveal an equally intense expression of @entity16947 immunostaining in radial glial cells in brain and spinal cord and in skeletal muscle. In glial cells cultures, the @entity16947 antibody recognizes an epitope located on the glial cytoskeleton and identified as an @entity46334 ( @entity46334 ) at the ultrastructural level. @entity16947 immunostaining in those cells is strongly dependent on the presence of a serum-derived activity. Serum-removal causes a decrease of the staining while adding serum back to the cells induces reexpression of @entity16947 immunoreactivity. By Western blotting, we find that in intermediate filament (IF) preparations obtained from @entity76 , the @entity16947 antibody recognizes a 295-kDa protein whose expression is also dependent on the presence of serum in culture medium. In developing muscle cells, @entity16947 immunostaining is observed from the myoblast stage and disappears after complete myotube fusion. Both in vivo and in vitro, staining is first seen as a loose capping around myoblasts nuclei and progressively concentrates into Z-disks in association with the muscle IF protein @entity11825 . The @entity16947 antibody also recognizes a 295-kDa protein band in muscle tissue protein extracts. Thus, the @entity16947 antibody recognizes a developmentally regulated cytoskeletal protein that is expressed, like other previously identified IFAPs, by cells of the glial and myogenic lineages and whose expression in vitro seems to be controlled by a signaling mechanism known to modulate astroglial morphology.

title: A 295-kDA XXXX in radial glia and developing muscle cells in vivo and in vitro.

entities_list: @entity46334 :: ('229574(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IFAP', 'intermediate filament associated protein']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cultured cerebellar glia']

answer: @entity46334 :: (229574(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['intermediate filament-associated protein']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of deguelin on the apoptosis and proliferation of @entity1 @entity418 cell Ec-109, and to explore its possible mechanisms. METHODS: @entity1 @entity418 cells Ec-109 were in vitro cultured. They were divided into the blank control group, and 5, 10, 20, and 40 nmol/L deguelin groups. The inhibition on the proliferation was detected at 24, 48, and 72 h using CCK-8 assay. The early apoptosis rate at 24 h was detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins @entity588 and @entity589 were detected at 24 and 48 h respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the blank control group at the same point, the growth inhibition rate in all deguelin groups increased at 24, 48, and 72 h, showing statistical difference (P <0.05). The early apoptosis rate was 4.37% +/- 0.35%, 6.71% +/-0.14%, 15.62% +/- 0.21%, and 19.78% +/- 0.15% in 5, 10, 20, and 40 nmol/L deguelin groups, respectively, showing statistical difference when compared with that of the blank control group (1.10% +/- 0.08%, P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, @entity588 protein expression obviously decreased, and @entity589 protein expression obviously increased in 10, 20, and 40 nmol/L deguelin groups, showing statistical difference (P <0.05). The aforesaid indices were in time- and dose-dependent manners. CONCLUSION: Deguelin showed obvious effects on inhibiting the proliferation of Ec-109 cells and promoting their apoptosis, which was correlated with up-regulating @entity589 protein expression and down-regulating @entity588 protein expression.

title: [Effects of deguelin on the proliferation and apoptosis of XXXX @entity418 cell Ec-109: an experimental research].

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We operated on 403 @entity1 with spontaneous pneumothorax between 1992 and 1996. Among these cases, 11 (2.7%) were spontaneous @entity2004 . The @entity1 were all @entity1 , with ages ranging from 19 to 28 years (mean 23.8 years). The amount of blood drainage ranged from 650 to 2300 ml. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed on these @entity1 within 1 day after admission. The sources of @entity548 were in the parietal and visceral pleurae of @entity397 (n = 6), the parietal pleura (n = 4), or the visceral pleura (n = 1). During operation, the @entity397 can be managed by an endoscopic linear stapler for a bullectomy, and the @entity548 parietal pleura of the torn adhesion can be coagulated directly. Postoperative recovery of the 11 @entity1 was uneventful, and they were discharged 4 to 10 days after the operation. No recurrence of spontaneous @entity2004 or any other complications occurred during follow-up. Thus spontaneous @entity2004 can be readily managed by cauterizing a @entity548 site where appropriate, excising the @entity66 , and pleurodesis. As a minimally invasive method, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery may be considered an initial treatment procedure in @entity1 with spontaneous @entity2004 .

title: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['apicocystic disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured bullae']

entities_list: @entity2004 :: ('MESH:D006468', 'Disease') :: ['hemopneumothorax']

answer: @entity2004 :: (MESH:D006468,Disease) :: ['hemopneumothorax']


abstract: @entity406 (FA) is frequently used in sterilizing surgical instruments and materials. Exposure to FA is highly concerned for eye tissues. @entity95 corneal epithelial cells were examined for changes after FA exposure. Our results showed that cell survival decreased 7 days after transient 3 min exposure to more than 100 ppm FA by @entity3460 staining while @entity98 assay detected significant decrease at 20 ppm at 24 hours observation. The decrease of cell survival rate was concentration (up to 600 ppm)- and observation time (1-7 day)- dependent. The cell number decreased after 100 ppm FA exposure for more than 10 min at 7-day observation. The FA treated cells showed increased apoptosis/ @entity39 and cell cycle accumulation at sub G1 phase as well as mitochondria clustering around nucleus. The in vivo @entity95 eye exposure for tear production by Schirmer's test revealed that the FA-induced overproduction of tear also exhibited observation time (1-10 day)- and FA concentration (20-300 ppm for 5 min exposure)-dependent. Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK2) in @entity267 explants by western blotting was reduced and increased @entity20155 @entity1472 - terminal kinase (JNK) activation (pJNK) in @entity267 and conjunctiva was evident at 2 month after exposure to 50-200 ppm FA for 5 min. In conclusion, @entity4858 with transient exposure of up to 100 ppm FA for 3 min decreased corneal cell survival while a more sensitive @entity98 test detected the cell decrease at 20 ppm FA exposure. Morphology changes can be observed even at 5 ppm FA exposure for 3 min at 7 days after. The FA exposure also increased apoptotic/necrotic cells and sub-G1 phase in cell cycle. Long term effect (2 months after exposure) on the eye tissues even after the removal of FA can be observed with persistent JNK activation in @entity267 and conjunctiva.

title: XXXX by transient @entity406 exposure in a @entity95 eye model.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['Formaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit', 'Rabbit']

entities_list: @entity4858 :: ('MESH:D005131', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the eye']

entities_list: @entity3460 :: ('MESH:D014343', 'Chemical') :: ['trypan blue']

answer: @entity4858 :: (MESH:D005131,Disease) :: ['Ocular injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although the majority of @entity1164 occur in @entity1 with @entity741 , the effect of @entity2332 on @entity943 susceptibility during acute global @entity63 is not well understood. While both @entity63 and severe @entity2332 are arrhythmogenic, @entity1 undergoing @entity2332 do not have an increase in @entity943 , despite the fact that most @entity1164 occur in the setting of @entity63 . We hypothesized that mild @entity2332 induced prior to @entity741 and reperfusion will have a beneficial effect on @entity63 -related @entity943 substrates. DESIGN: We developed a model of global @entity63 and reperfusion in the @entity235 wedge preparation to study the transmural electrophysiologic effects of @entity63 at different temperatures. SETTING: Animal study. SUBJECTS: Male mongrel @entity235 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity235 left ventricle wedge preparations at 1) control (36  C) or 2) mild @entity2332 , to simulate temperatures used in @entity2332 (32  C), were subjected to 15 mins of no-flow @entity63 and subsequently reperfused. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Optical action potentials were recorded spanning the transmural wall of left ventricle. Action potential duration for epicardial, mid-myocardial, and epicardial cells was measured. Transmural dispersion of repolarization and conduction @entity28308 were measured at baseline, during @entity63 , and during reperfusion. No difference was seen at baseline for conduction @entity28308 or dispersion of repolarization between groups. Conduction @entity28308 decreased from 0.46    0.02 m/sec to 0.23    0.07 m/sec, and dispersion of repolarization increased from 30    5 msecs to 57    4 msecs in the control group at 15 mins of @entity63 . Mild @entity2332 attenuated both the @entity63 -induced conduction @entity28308 slowing (decreasing from 0.44    0.02 m/sec to 0.35    0.03 m/sec; p = .019) and the @entity63 -induced increase in dispersion of repolarization (25    3 msecs to 37    7 msecs; p = .037). Epicardial conduction block was observed in six of seven preparations of the control group, but no preparations in the mild @entity2332 group developed conduction block (0/6). CONCLUSIONS: Mild @entity2332 attenuated @entity63 -induced increase in dispersion of repolarization, conduction slowing, and block, which are known mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis in @entity63 . These data suggest that @entity2332 may decrease arrhythmogenesis during @entity741 .

title: Mild @entity2332 decreases @entity943 susceptibility in a XXXX model of global @entity741 *.

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac arrests', 'sudden cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['canine', 'Canine', 'dogs']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease', 'myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia', 'therapeutic hypothermia']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Six cases of spindle cell @entity957 (SCSC) of the oral cavity were studied clinicopathologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally to summarize the clinicopathological features of this rare @entity5 and to discuss the debatable histogenesis of the sarcomatoid component and the differential diagnosis of SCSC. The mean age of the @entity1 was 72 years and the female to male ratio was 1:2. Four of them had a history of irradiation for pre-existing @entity957 . One @entity1 died of SCSC. While clinical and histological prognostic factors of SCSC could not be determined, it was shown that radical surgery resulted in good prognosis. The epithelial nature of the sarcomatoid component of SCSC was clearly revealed by a combination of immunohistochemical staining for keratins and electron microscopic demonstration of tonofilament-like filaments and/or desmosome-like structures. Together with electron microscopic evaluation of the @entity5 cells, immunohistochemical characterization of @entity5 cells using antibodies to keratin, @entity2277 , glial fibrillary acidic protein and @entity4483 protein is very helpful in differentiating SCSC from true spindle cell sarcoma, @entity320 and @entity5 . In the immunohistochemical differential diagnosis of SCSC, it is important to remember that SCSC should not be ruled out of the differential diagnosis by a positive reaction for @entity2277 in @entity5 cells. Absence of staining for keratin in the @entity5 cells does not always exclude SCSC, because some SCSCs show immunoreactivity of keratin in their sarcomatoid components only with some anti-keratin antibodies. Different kinds of anti-keratin antibodies should be applied in the differential diagnosis of SCSC.

title: Spindle cell XXXX of the oral region. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on the histogenesis and differential diagnosis with a clinicopathological analysis of six cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomatoid tumour', 'malignant myoepithelioma', 'neoplasm', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous carcinoma']


abstract: A transgene approach was taken to study the consequences of altered expression of a @entity18554 isoform on plant growth and development. Eight genomic clones of @entity415 @entity18554 ( @entity18555 to 8) have been isolated and characterized (Takezawa et al., 1995). Among the @entity415 @entity18554 isoforms studied, @entity18555 differs from the other isoforms because of its unique @entity535 substitutions. Transgenic @entity415 plants were produced carrying sense construct of @entity18555 fused to the @entity3260 35S promoter. Transgenic plants showing a moderate increase in @entity18555 mRNA exhibited strong apical dominance, produced elongated tubers, and were taller than the controls. Interestingly, the plants expressing the highest level of @entity18555 mRNA did not form underground tubers. Instead, these transgenic plants produced aerial tubers when allowed to grow for longer periods. The expression of different @entity18554 isoforms ( @entity44762 ) was studied in transgenic plants. Among the four @entity415 @entity18554 isoforms, only the expression of @entity18555 mRNA was altered in transgenic plants, while the expression of other isoforms was not significantly altered. Western analysis revealed increased @entity18555 protein in transgenic plants, indicating that the expression of both mRNA and protein are altered in transgenic plants. These results suggest that increasing the expression of @entity18555 alters growth and development in @entity415 plants.

title: Regulated expression of a XXXX isoform alters growth and development in @entity415 .

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity18554 :: (102593468,Gene) :: ['calmodulin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze the results of locoregional and systemic therapy in the @entity0 @entity1 with locoregional recurrence (LRR) after mastectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-one @entity1 who received radiotherapy for isolated LRR after mastectomy between January 1999 and December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Among the 71 @entity1 , 59 (83.1%) underwent wide excision and radiotherapy and 12 (16.9%) received radiotherapy alone. Adjuvant hormonal therapy was given to 45 @entity1 (63.4%). Oncologic outcomes including locoregional recurrence-free survival, @entity66 ( @entity66 ), and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 49.2 months. Of the 71 @entity1 , 5 (7%) experienced second isolated LRR, and 40 (56%) underwent @entity3 ( @entity3 ). The median @entity66 was 35.6 months, and the 3- and 5-year @entity66 were 49.1% and 28.6%, respectively. The median @entity1349 was 86.7 months, and the 5-year @entity1349 was 62.3%. @entity1 who received hormone therapy together showed better 5-year @entity66 and @entity1349 than the @entity1 treated with locoregional therapy only (31.6% vs. 22.1%, p = 0.036; 66.5% vs. 55.2%, p = 0.022). In multivariate analysis, higher N stage at recurrence was a significant prognostic factor for @entity66 and @entity1349 . Disease free interval ( <=30 months vs. >30 months) from mastectomy to LRR was also significant for @entity1349 . The @entity1 who received hormone therapy showed superior @entity66 and showed trend to better @entity1349 . CONCLUSION: @entity3 was a major pattern of failure after the treatment of LRR after mastectomy. The role of systemic treatment for LRR after mastectomy should be investigated at prospective trials.

title: Treatment results of @entity0 XXXX with locoregional recurrence after mastectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['DFS', 'disease-free survival']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'distant metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a systematic review of the literature could identify changes in the mortality of @entity326 over time. DATA SOURCES: A review of all relevant papers from 1958 to August 1997, identified through a MEDLINE search and from the bibliographies of articles identified. DATA SYNTHESIS: The search identified 131 studies (99 prospective and 32 retrospective) involving a total of 10,694 @entity1 . The @entity1 ' mean age was 57 yrs with no change over time. The overall mortality rate in the 131 studies was 49.7%. There was an overall significant trend of decreased mortality over the period studied (r=.49, p < .05). The mortality rate in those @entity1 with @entity2259 as an entry criterion was greater than that rate in @entity1 whose entry criterion was @entity295 without definite @entity2259 (52.1% vs. 49.1%; chi2=6.1 and p< .05). The site of @entity281 altered noticeably over the years. Chest-related @entity281 increased over time, with Gram-negative @entity281 becoming proportionately less common. If all other organisms and mixed @entity281 are included with the Gram-positives, the result is more dramatic, with these organisms being causative in just 10% of @entity281 between 1958 and 1979 but in 31% of @entity281 between 1980 and 1997. CONCLUSIONS: The present review showed a slight reduction in mortality from @entity326 over the years, although this result should be approached with caution. The heterogeneity of the articles and absence of a severity score for most of the studies limited our analysis. Furthermore, there was an increasing prevalence of Gram-positive causative organisms, and a change of the predominant origin of @entity295 from the abdomen to the chest.

title: Has the mortality of XXXX changed with time.

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity326 :: (MESH:D012772,Disease) :: ['septic shock']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5345 and @entity2674 mutation carriers are at increased risk for developing both @entity5344 . It has been suggested that carriers of @entity6069 mutations may also be at increased risk of having recurrent (three or more) miscarriages. Several reproductive factors have been shown to influence the risk of @entity0 in mutation carriers, but the effects of spontaneous and therapeutic @entity5852 on the risk of @entity0 risk have not been well studied to date. METHODS: In a matched case-control study, the frequencies of spontaneous @entity5852 were compared among 1,878 @entity5345 mutation carriers, 950 @entity2674 mutation carriers and 657 related non-carrier controls. The rates of spontaneous and therapeutic @entity5852 were compared for carriers with and without @entity0 . RESULTS: There was no difference in the rate of spontaneous @entity5852 between carriers of @entity5345 or @entity2674 mutations and non-carriers. The number of spontaneous @entity5852 was not associated with @entity0 risk among @entity5345 or @entity2674 mutation carriers. However, @entity2674 carriers who had two or more therapeutic @entity5852 faced a 64% decrease in the risk of @entity0 (odds ratio = 0.36; 95% confidence interval 0.16-0.83; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Carrying a @entity5345 or @entity2674 mutation is not a risk factor for spontaneous @entity2208 do not appear to influence the risk of @entity0 in carriers of @entity5345 or @entity2674 mutations. However, having two or more therapeutic @entity5852 may be associated with a lowered risk of @entity0 among @entity2674 carriers.

title: Spontaneous and therapeutic XXXX and the risk of @entity0 among BRCA mutation carriers.

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['abortions and spontaneous abortions']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'hereditary breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5344 :: ('MESH:D061325', 'Disease') :: ['breast and ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5852 :: ('MESH:D000031', 'Disease') :: ['abortions']

answer: @entity5852 :: (MESH:D000031,Disease) :: ['abortions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1342 is a new local anaesthetic available for spinal and epidural anaesthesia. When new drugs are being introduced for spinal application, their effect on @entity602 ( @entity602 ) should be studied for safety and toxicological aspects. In the present study, @entity602 was studied after intrathecal (i.t.) application of @entity1342 and @entity1341 with and without @entity1425 . METHOD: @entity602 was measured continuously in spontaneously breathing, @entity4488 / @entity3727 anaesthetized @entity35 , using laser-Doppler flowmetry technique. The spinal cord was exposed by laminectomy at the L1-L2 level, and a laser-Doppler probe was placed over the dorsal horn, allowing on-line registration of @entity602 in a tissue hemisphere of 1-2 mm. Relative changes in @entity602 were then measured on-line after i.t. administration of increasing doses of @entity1342 , @entity1341 or @entity1341 with @entity1425 . RESULTS: @entity1342 and @entity1341 decreased @entity602 in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the reduction in @entity602 produced by @entity1341 + @entity1425 (Bupi + Epi) was equal for all doses of @entity1341 . The order of magnitude of @entity602 decreases was Bupi + Epi > @entity1342 > @entity1341 . The maximal decrease in @entity602 at the highest concentration given (10 mg/ml) was 37 +/- 6% for @entity1342 , 27 +/- 7% for @entity1341 and 40 +/- 6% for @entity1341 + @entity1425 . CONCLUSION: @entity1342 and @entity1341 produce a dose-related, transient decrease in @entity602 following i.t. administration in anaesthetized @entity35 . However, the decrease in @entity602 produced by both @entity1342 , when @entity1425 was added in a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml. These results suggest that @entity1342 , like @entity1341 , may be used for spinal anaesthesia without important effects on @entity602 .

title: Spinal cord blood flow after intrathecal injection of @entity1342 and @entity1341 with or without XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['SCBF', 'spinal cord blood flow']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine', 'Ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity4488 :: ('MESH:D004737', 'Chemical') :: ['enflurane']

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['epinephrine']


abstract: Signal transduction by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is mediated by interactions between intracellular proteins and exposed motifs on the cytoplasmic face of these receptors. Arrestins bind to GPCRs and modulate receptor function either by interfering with heterotrimeric G protein signaling or by serving as signaling adaptors themselves. Calmodulin interacts with GPCRs triggering a @entity460 response. We have studied the interaction of @entity5262 and calmodulin with intracellular elements of the @entity1 V1-vascular vasopressin receptor (hV1R). For this purpose, we designed, expressed, and purified soluble fusion proteins with the maltose-binding protein ( @entity2610 ) from @entity526 that mimic the intracellular surface of the hV1R. These @entity2610 fusion proteins bind @entity5262 and calmodulin with affinities in the micromolar range. A different series of soluble receptor analogs, named vasopressin receptor 1 elements on a soluble scaffold (V1ROSS) proteins, consist of the third intracellular loop and/or the C-terminal segment of the hV1R receptor juxtaposed on the surface of the @entity2610 . V1ROSS proteins bind calmodulin and a truncated, phosphorylation-independent form of @entity5262 more tightly than the corresponding linear fusion proteins. Thus, embedding receptor loops within the three-dimensional structure of the @entity2610 yields a better representation of the active conformation of these receptor loops than linear receptor peptides fused onto the C terminus of the @entity2610 . V1ROSS proteins provide a valuable tool to study receptor interactions because they are more amenable to structural analysis than the native membrane receptor. These findings set the stage for the detailed structural analysis of these protein-protein interactions that are important for understanding the mechanism of signaling.

title: Soluble mimics of the cytoplasmic face of the XXXX V1-vascular vasopressin receptor bind @entity5262 and calmodulin.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We investigated @entity2414 in @entity1 with childhood-onset @entity161 (N=13), @entity71 ( @entity71 ; N=31) and age-matched normal @entity1 (N=27). The ages of the @entity1 ranged from 9 to 20 years, with an average age of approx. 14 in all groups. Diagnoses were based on structured interviews (Kiddie-Schedule for @entity1316 and @entity161 ) with the @entity1 and their parents and made using DSM-III-R criteria. Verbal working memory was assessed by the highest number of digits recalled in forward and backward order on the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Results showed that normal @entity1 recalled more digits than @entity161 and @entity71 @entity1 , who did not differ. Spatial working memory was assessed with the Dot Test of Visuospatial Working Memory: The @entity1 were presented with a dot on a page for 5 s and asked to mark its location on a blank page immediately after presentation or 30 s later. A distracter task was used during the delay to prevent verbal rehearsal. The average distance between the target dot and the @entity1 's mark in the 30-s condition was shorter for normal than for @entity161 and @entity71 @entity1 , who did not differ. Thus, both @entity161 and @entity71 @entity1 showed @entity2414 . These results suggest that in both disorders, the capacity of the sensory buffers may be diminished, and/or the availability and allocation of resources to the central executive may be limited.

title: Working memory in childhood-onset XXXX and @entity71 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['Affective Disorders']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic', 'Schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['deficits in verbal and spatial working memory', 'verbal and spatial working memory']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Although medically inoperable @entity1 with stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) are often treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy, its efficacy can be compromised due to poor radiosensitivity of @entity5 cells. Inhibition of @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) using @entity47716 and @entity23728 has been demonstrated to radiosensitize @entity5 cells such as @entity0 , @entity463 , and @entity2 . Our previous results have demonstrated that another potent and selective inhibitor of @entity2533 receptor kinases, @entity21795 , could radiosensitize @entity1 cells both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we investigated whether @entity21795 could radiosensitize other @entity1149 cell lines, trying to explore the potential implication of this @entity2533 inhibitor in radiotherapy for @entity1149 @entity1 . The results showed that A549 cells were significantly radiosensitized by @entity21795 , whereas no radiosensitizing effect was observed in H1299 cells. Interestingly, both @entity1 and A549 cells have wild-type @entity876 , while H1299 cells have deficient @entity876 . To study whether the radiosensitizing effect of @entity21795 was associated with @entity876 status of @entity5 cells, the @entity876 of @entity1 cells was silenced using shRNA transfection. Then it was found that the radiosensitizing effect of @entity21795 on @entity1 cells was not observed in @entity1 cells with silenced @entity876 . Moreover, X-irradiation caused rapid @entity2536 activation in @entity1 and A549 cells but not in H1299 and @entity1 cells with silenced @entity876 . The @entity2536 activation postirradiation could be abolished by @entity21795 . This may explain the lack of radiosensitizing effect of @entity21795 in H1299 and @entity1 cells with silenced @entity876 . Thus, we concluded that the radiosensitizing effect of inhibition of @entity2533 signaling in @entity1149 cells by @entity21795 was @entity876 dependent, suggesting that using @entity2533 inhibitor in radiotherapy may be more complicated than previously thought and may need further investigation.

title: Radiosensitization of @entity1149 Cells by Inhibition of XXXX Signaling With @entity21795 Is Dependent on @entity876 Status.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer cells']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-b1', 'TGF-b1']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity2533 :: (7040,Gene) :: ['TGF-b1']


abstract: The kidney medulla is exposed to very high interstitial osmolarity leading to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). However, the respective roles of increased intracellular osmolality and of cell shrinkage in MAPK activation are not known. Similarly, the participation of MAPK in the regulatory volume increase (RVI) following cell shrinkage remains to be investigated. In the @entity35 medullary thick ascending limb of Henle (MTAL), extracellular @entity4372 produced by addition of @entity1219 or @entity969 increased the phosphorylation level of @entity2509 ( @entity2509 ) and @entity12220 kinase and to a lesser extent c-Jun @entity2733 -terminal kinase with @entity969 only. Both hypertonic solutions decreased the MTAL cellular volume in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, hypertonic @entity1133 had no effect. The extent of MAPK activation was correlated with the extent of MTAL cellular volume decrease. Increasing intracellular osmolality without modifying cellular volume did not activate MAPK, whereas cell shrinkage without variation in osmolality activated both @entity2509 and @entity12220 . In the presence of 600 mosmol/liter @entity1219 , the maximal cell shrinkage was observed after 10 min at 37 degrees C and the MTAL cellular volume was reduced to 70% of its initial value. Then, RVI occurred and the cellular volume progressively recovered to reach about 90% of its initial value after 30 min. @entity1441 , a specific inhibitor of @entity12220 , almost completely inhibited the cellular volume recovery, whereas inhibition of @entity2509 did not alter RVI. In conclusion, in @entity35 MTAL: 1) cell shrinkage, but not intracellular hyperosmolality, triggers the activation of both @entity2509 and @entity12220 kinase in response to extracellular @entity4372 ; and 2) RVI is dependent on @entity12220 kinase activation.

title: Cell shrinkage triggers the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by XXXX in the @entity35 kidney medullary thick ascending limb of the Henle's loop. Requirement of @entity12220 kinase for the regulatory volume increase response.

entities_list: @entity4372 :: ('MESH:D009122', 'Disease') :: ['hypertonicity']

entities_list: @entity2509 :: ('24338(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinase', 'ERK']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

answer: @entity4372 :: (MESH:D009122,Disease) :: ['hypertonicity']


abstract: For many @entity0 @entity1 , @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin beta ( @entity7807 ), which is a subunit of a hormone produced by the trophoblast and is essential for maintaining pregnancy, is expressed in the @entity0 cells. However, the mechanism as to how the @entity7807 in cell affects the @entity5 development is not very clear. @entity19 @entity0 4T1 with stably @entity7807 expression (4T1- @entity7807 ) was established and transplanted into the Balb/c @entity19 abdominal mammary gland. @entity7807 suppressed @entity0 cell viability in vitro, and dramatically inhibited @entity5 growth and @entity5 vessel formation in vivo. An 86-88% reduction in @entity5 volume in animals injected with @entity0 expressing @entity7807 , as opposed to those injected with @entity0 without @entity7807 expression, was observed. The production of @entity3544 was promoted by @entity7807 , whereas the @entity15308 was decreasing. These indicate that @entity3544 signal pathway is involved in this process. Significant apoptosis was also detected in @entity7807 -expressing @entity0 cells as well as the enhancement of @entity589 protein expression. Moreover, @entity7807 blocked the blood vessels formation by inhibiting the expression of @entity1495 and @entity7 . Further hormone secretion analyses show that the anti- @entity5 activity induced by @entity7807 is not related to the endocrine function.

title: Apoptosis and @entity5 inhibition induced by @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin beta in @entity19 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'attenuated tumor']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: The epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are the first to encounter ingested @entity2036 . Enterocytes metabolize or transport @entity2036 (often partially metabolized) to other cell types. @entity2036 may also affect enterocyte gene expression. These interactions in intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells) are described. @entity2036 and @entity2642 are efficiently taken up by neoplastic cells (Caco-2) and substantially metabolized during absorption by epithelial monolayers. In nonmalignant cells (IEC-6), @entity377 pools are smaller than enterocytes of neoplastic origin (Caco-2). Consequently, cell proliferation in IEC-6 cells is more dependent on an external supply of @entity2036 . Cell differentiation was examined by measuring brush border enzyme activities (sucrase, @entity12115 and alkaline phosphatase). @entity2036 enhanced the expression of brush border enzymes in @entity189 cells only when stressed by @entity1160 deprivation. IEC-6 cells, which are poorly differentiated in optimal media, require basement membrane (Matrigel) for expression of brush border enzymes. Under these conditions, adding @entity2036 to the culture medium enhanced enzyme activity. In addition to being substrates for intestinal absorption, @entity2036 may affect enterocyte differentiation.

title: XXXX uptake and metabolism by intestinal epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity2642 :: ('MESH:D009705', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleosides']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides', 'Nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['Nucleotide']


abstract: Recent studies have proposed subclassifying ASCUS into "favor reactive" (ASFR), "not otherwise specified" (ASNOS), and "favor @entity2784 ( @entity2784 )" (ASFS). This study explored the reproducibility of these diagnoses with Thin-Prep cytology and their association with high-risk @entity1082 DNA (HRHPV). Three pathologists and 1 cytotechnologist with 2 to 25 years of experience reviewed 144 Thin-Prep (Cytyc, Boxborough, MA) specimens previously diagnosed as normal, ASFR, ASNOS, ASFS, and @entity2784 . Interobserver reproducibility was computed with the kappa statistic. The original laboratory diagnosis was compared with the presence of HRHPV types. Interobserver reproducibility for a normal or @entity2784 diagnosis was very good (kappa = .68 and .63). Reproducibility for ASFR, ASNOS, and ASFS ranged from poor to fair (kappa = .21, .19, and .32). In a weighted analysis, kappa values for ASFR/ASNOS and ASFS/ @entity2784 were .36 and .62, respectively. HRHPV-positivity for preparations originally diagnosed as N, ASFR, ASNOS, ASFS, and @entity2784 were 5.7%, 8.8%, 17.4%, 47.8%, and 54.5%, respectively. The difference in index of HRHPV for either N or ASFR and ASFS or @entity2784 was significant (P < .001). Reproducibility for ASCUS is generally poor, but better reproducibility is obtained by combining ASFS with @entity2784 and, to a lesser degree, ASNOS with ASFR. ASFS and @entity2784 confer a similar index of HRHPV and merit similar management. ASFR may be managed with cytologic follow-up; but this may depend upon the individual laboratory. HPV testing, in conjunction with cytologic and biopsy follow-up, appears useful for estimating the significance of ASCUS subgroups in laboratory practice.

title: Subclassifying atypical squamous cells in Thin-Prep cervical cytology correlates with detection of high-risk XXXX DNA.

entities_list: @entity2784 :: ('MESH:D065310', 'Disease') :: ['squamous intraepithelial lesion', 'SIL']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: @entity1580 is often accompanied by @entity1614 and associated with @entity884 usually involving the mitral valves. We treated a @entity1 with @entity1580 due to idiopathic @entity39 who developed @entity712 with aortic @entity340 . A 56-year-old @entity1 had @entity1353 on effort since the beginning of January, 1997 and was admitted to our hospital on April 6, 1997 because of orthopnea. The diagnosis was @entity712 due to severe @entity337 with @entity1580 detected by echocardiography. Medication and rest after hospitalization relieved his symptoms but @entity712 deteriorated after he had a high fever. At this time, a @entity47 attached to the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve was found which had not been detected on admission. Blood culture yielded @entity885 . The diagnosis was @entity884 involving the aortic valve. Surgical correction (Bentall method) improved @entity712 and he was discharged on August 4, 1997 without recurrence of @entity884 . @entity884 involving the aortic valves is a possible cause of development or deterioration of @entity712 in @entity1 with @entity1580 .

title: [Aortic @entity340 in XXXX due to idiopathic @entity39 : a case report].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['cystic medial necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity885 :: ('1305', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus sanguis']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity47 :: ('MESH:D018458', 'Disease') :: ['vegetation']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular vegetation']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['Annuloaortic ectasia', 'annuloaortic ectasia']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['Infective endocarditis', 'infective endocarditis', 'endocarditis']

answer: @entity1580 :: (MESH:C562834,Disease) :: ['annuloaortic ectasia']


abstract: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are considered to be short-lived, terminally differentiated cells undergoing spontaneous apoptosis if not appropriately stimulated. In @entity1 with @entity281 and @entity32 , however, PMN have an extended life span and acquire new surface receptors and functions. Expression of @entity10685 , the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin, has been found, and functionally active elastase and surface-associated fibronectin as well. The latter is of particular interest since fibronectin is known as a multifunctional, multimodal extracellular matrix protein, participating in cell adherence, cell signaling, and cell cycle control. To study the surface-associated fibronectin further, PMN of healthy donors were cultivated to induce de novo synthesis of fibronectin. PMN produced fibronectin, which remained associated with the cell surface, where it was partially cleaved. PMN derived fibronectin exhibited a rare splice pattern: predominantly fibronectin containing the @entity8946 ( @entity8946 ) was generated, but evidently no IIICS domain; the latter is known as a receptor for @entity8652 integrins. How the presence of @entity8946 affects the properties of fibronectin is not yet understood. Studies with recombinant @entity8946 have failed to show a membrane-binding site or a direct participation of @entity8946 in the adhesion process. The function of PMN-associated fibronectin is still under investigation. The rapid cleavage by surface-associated proteases suggests that fibronectin acts as a tightly regulated adhesion protein, and probably also as a precursor molecule for fibronectin-derived biologically active mediators.

title: Differentiation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in @entity1 with XXXX and chronic inflammatory diseases: evidence of prolonged life span and de novo synthesis of fibronectin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infections']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['systemic infections']