abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recurrent @entity3577 is an unresolved problem and the optimal treatment is debated. This study was designed to review patterns of care and outcomes in a large cohort of @entity1 after surgery for recurrent prolapse. METHODS: From 685 @entity1 who underwent operative repair for full-thickness external @entity3577 , we identified 78 @entity1 (70 females; mean age, 66.9 years) who underwent surgery for recurrence. We reviewed the subsequent management and outcomes for these 78 @entity1 . RESULTS: Mean interval to their first recurrence was 33 (range, 1-168) months. There were significantly more re-recurrences after reoperation using a perineal procedure (19/51) compared with an abdominal procedure (4/27) for their recurrent @entity3577 (P = 0.03) at a mean follow-up of nine (range, 1-82) months. @entity1 undergoing abdominal repair of recurrence were significantly younger than those who underwent perineal repair (mean age, 58.5 vs. 71.5 years; P < 0.01); however, there was nosignificant difference between the two groups with regard to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (P = 0.89). Eighteen @entity1 had surgery for a second recurrence, with perineal repairs associated with higher failure rates (50 vs. 8 percent; P = 0.07). Finally, when combining all repairs, the abdominal approach continued to have significantly lower recurrence rates (39 vs. 13 percent; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The re-recurrence rate after surgery for recurrent @entity3577 is high, even at a relatively short follow-up interval. Our data suggest that abdominal repair of recurrent @entity3577 should be undertaken if the @entity1 's risk profile permits this approach.

title: Management of recurrent XXXX : surgical approach influences outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['rectal prolapse']

answer: @entity3577 :: (MESH:D056887,Disease) :: ['rectal prolapse']


abstract: @entity5 ( @entity5 ) is a rare exocrine @entity5 of the pancreas and is considered to have low malignant potential. Few morphological criteria are used to predict malignant behaviour such as equivocal perineural invasion, angioinvasion and invasion to surrounding tissue, and should be designated as @entity189 ( @entity189 ). We report a case of @entity189 . Clinical and radiological findings are typical for @entity5 with no metastatic disease. There is no @entity5 recurrence after 4_emsp14;months postresection. Clinical history and radiological findings were retrieved from the @entity1 's record sheet and Viarad system. H_E staining and few immunoproxidase staining were reviewed by several pathologists. The histological findings are typical for @entity5 , with additional perineural invasion. There is no angioinvasion or capsular invasion identified. This is our first experience in diagnosing and managing @entity189 . We look forward to seeing the @entity1 's disease status during her next routine follow-up. We expect good disease-free survival and very low risk of @entity5 recurrence, in view of only one risk factor (perineural invasion) and uninvolved surgical margins by the @entity5 .

title: XXXX : a case study and literature review.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Solid-pseudopapillary tumour', 'SPT', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['solid-pseudopapillary carcinoma', 'SPC']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Solid-pseudopapillary carcinoma']


abstract: Eleven @entity1 underwent surgical excision for left @entity4615 . Clinical symptoms, coronary angiographic findings and operative procedures were evaluated. @entity3291 were classified into two types based on macroscopical findings, and clinical characteristics of these two types were analyzed. Seven cases (64%) classified as " @entity1137 " were seen as lobulated, gelatinous and fragile. Four cases (36%) were classified as "round-type @entity3291 " were round and elastic soft. Primary symptoms included @entity1353 on exertion in five cases (45%) and @entity16 in six cases (55%). @entity999 were found in four @entity1 by CT scan, and were classified as @entity1137 . These @entity3291 successfully removed in all cases. Four of these @entity3291 , which were pedunculated with fine @entity82 , were shaved along the base at the atrial septum or free wall. Others were excised completely along with a portion of the adjacent septum. Microscopic examination of the operative specimens revealed that two @entity1137 with broad-based attachment to left atrial septum had invaded the atrial septum. All @entity1 are doing well and have had no signs of @entity3291 recurrence at postoperative periods ranging from 10 months to 12 years (mean follow-up 5.3 years). Seven @entity1 underwent selective coronary angiography due to a diagnosis of a @entity453 . All coronary angiograms were normal in all cases. In five (71%) of these seven, abnormally dilated atrial branches were seen as supplying the @entity5 . In two cases with round-type @entity3291 , @entity2295 was evident and was made up of clusters of tortuous vessels with @entity5 blush.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Left @entity4615 : clinical characteristics, evaluation and considerations in classifying XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['lobular-type myxomas']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous stalks']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disturbances']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['Brain emboli']

entities_list: @entity3291 :: ('MESH:D009232', 'Disease') :: ['eleven myxomas', 'Myxomas', 'myxomas', 'myxoma']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularity']

entities_list: @entity4615 :: ('MESH:C538262', 'Disease') :: ['atrial myxomas']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: Iliofemoral @entity49 treated by anticoagulants alone almost invariably results in @entity2979 with @entity1150 alone or combined with an outflow obstruction. This study evaluates the result of iliofemoral venous thrombectomy with temporary proximal @entity2548 ( @entity2548 ) performed on 48 consecutive @entity1 . In 10 @entity1 the @entity715 extended in the inferior vena cava, and the thrombectomy was combined with @entity6323 . The @entity2548 closed spontaneously in 8 of 48 @entity1 (patency rate, 84%). An attempt to close the @entity2548 by placing a detachable balloon percutaneously under radiographic control was made 6 to 12 weeks later (success rate, 87%; complications, rare). A preclosure arteriovenography of the femoro-iliaco-caval segment revealed 34 of 38 segments open (patency rate, 89%). Four @entity1 had severe @entity850 of the iliac segment, and a transvenous percutaneous dilatation was successfully performed in three of the four @entity1 , keeping the @entity292 . At @entity2548 closure 4 weeks later the arteriovenography showed sustained dilatation in only two @entity1 . Thirty-seven @entity1 were followed for 3 to 48 months (median, 24 months) and 30 of 37 @entity1 (81%) who had no symptoms were not using compression stockings. Doppler investigation revealed patent and competent femoral and popliteal veins and normal photoplethysmography in 56% of the @entity1 . Four iliac veins were occluded (patency rate, 88%). No recurrence of @entity292 had occurred. @entity1211 seems to better preserve valve function. The percutaneous balloon closure of the @entity2548 has decreased the complication rate, facilitated venographic evaluation of the result, and made possible the performance of percutaneous interventions under the protection of the @entity2548 .

title: Iliofemoral venous thrombectomy followed by percutaneous closure of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous reflux']

entities_list: @entity2979 :: ('MESH:D054070', 'Disease') :: ['postthrombotic sequelae']

entities_list: @entity6323 :: ('MESH:C563013', 'Disease') :: ['inferior vena cava interruption']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['AVF', 'arteriovenous fistula']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['Venous iliofemoral thrombectomy']

answer: @entity2548 :: (MESH:D001164,Disease) :: ['temporary arteriovenous fistula']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The debate over whether @entity1 safety efforts should focus on adverse events or errors logically extends to @entity2798 reporting in hospitals. Reports emphasizing adverse events take an outcome-oriented approach to improving quality, whereas those emphasizing errors take a process-oriented approach. These approaches were compared in an analysis of 2,228 paper incident reports for 16,575 randomly selected inpatients at an academic hospital and a community hospital in the United States in 2001. METHODS: Measures were developed for process orientation (care varying from the norm) and outcome orientation (physical or nonphysical @entity1 harms, regardless of cause); preventability; and any @entity1 , system, and provider factors contributing to the incidents. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the reports were only process-oriented, 35% only outcome-oriented, and 10% both. Exclusively process-oriented reports were better than exclusively outcome-oriented reports for ascertaining preventability (as determined from 96% versus 25% of reports, respectively), system factors (described in 49% versus 5%), and provider factors (37% versus 4%) but were worse for identifying @entity1 factors (5% versus 63%), all atp < .01. DISCUSSION: Many incident reports contain process information or outcome information but not both. Outcome-oriented reports lack the information needed to assess risk and formulate safety improvements; therefore, follow-up investigations are required. Because process-oriented reports include the necessary information more often, they are more directly useful for improving @entity1 safety. Hospitals should focus @entity2798 reporting systems on capturing process-oriented reports and should train staff to describe contributing factors. This focus should not only improve the quality of the information in the reports but is consistent with efforts to promote a blame-free reporting culture.

title: Comparing process- and outcome-oriented approaches to XXXX reporting in two hospitals.

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary incident']

answer: @entity2798 :: (MESH:D009155,Disease) :: ['voluntary incident']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Deturgescence of the @entity2687 is controlled by the pumping action of the endothelial layer and can be monitored by measurement of central corneal thickness (pachymetry). Loss or damage of endothelial cells leads to an increase in corneal thickness, which may ultimately induce @entity2687 and @entity1018 . Little is known about the effect of moderate reductions in endothelial cell number on the thickness of the @entity2687 . This study aimed to investigate this matter further using @entity1 who had incurred moderate decreases in their endothelial cell counts as a result of @entity231 surgery. METHODS: Central corneal thickness was measured 1 day before surgery, 1 day after surgery, and again at 3 months or 1 year. Endothelial cell counts were also performed 1 day before surgery and thereafter at 3 months or 1 year after surgery. The relationship between these two parameters was assessed statistically. Precise measurements of central corneal thickness were made by optical low coherence reflectometry. For comparative purposes, this parameter was also determined by ultrasonic pachymetry. Central corneal endothelial cell numerical density was estimated on photomicrographs taken with a specular microscope. RESULTS: All @entity1 had significant postoperative @entity4 on the day after surgery; preoperative values were restored by 3 and 12 months, even though significant endothelial cell losses had occurred. No correlation existed between central corneal thickness and central corneal endothelial cell numerical density. Measurements estimated by ultrasonic pachymetry were more variable and significantly higher than those determined by optical low coherence reflectometry. CONCLUSION: As long as the numerical density of the corneal endothelial cells does not fall below the physiological threshold, a moderate decrease in this parameter does not compromise the pumping activity of the layer as a whole.

title: Corneal thickness and endothelial density before and after XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['corneal swelling']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal stroma', 'corneal decompensation']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: 1. Ion transport and electrical resistance of the gastric mucosa are responsible for the generation of the transmucosal @entity841 ( @entity841 ), which is considered an index of mucosal integrity. 2. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of some antisecretory and gastroprotective agents on @entity841 in stomachs damaged by @entity1068 . 3. Control @entity841 values measured in anesthetized @entity35 were 35 to 40 mV (mucosa negative). Oral administration of 96% @entity1068 or intragastric instillation of 20% @entity1068 induced an abrupt fall in @entity841 from the basal values of 40.4+/-1.0 mV and 39.6+/-0.1 mV to 14.6+/-2.5 mV and 11.7+/-1.3 mV, respectively. 4. Oral and/or topical pretreatment with the antisecretory agents @entity5616 and @entity53839 , as well as with the gastroprotective agents @entity1421 and @entity53840 , but not with an @entity3775 - and @entity1760 -containing antacid and with @entity5418 , reduced the maximal drop of @entity841 caused by @entity1068 . 5. After the administration of concentrated @entity1068 , @entity548 were formed in the glandular stomach. 6. With the exception of @entity5616 , all the drugs tested prevented the development of lesions after @entity1068 administration. 7. The results indicate that the gastric barrier can be protected by various drugs that act through different mechanisms.

title: Gastric transmucosal XXXX : effect of antisecretory and gastroprotective drugs.

entities_list: @entity3775 :: ('MESH:D000535', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminum']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic lesions']

entities_list: @entity5418 :: ('MESH:D013392', 'Chemical') :: ['sucralfate']

entities_list: @entity53839 :: ('MESH:C038402', 'Chemical') :: ['timoprazole']

entities_list: @entity841 :: ('MESH:C537245', 'Disease') :: ['potential difference', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity5616 :: ('MESH:D011899', 'Chemical') :: ['ranitidine']

entities_list: @entity53840 :: ('MESH:C010618', 'Chemical') :: ['pentacaine']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity841 :: (MESH:C537245,Disease) :: ['potential difference']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity3876 ( @entity3876 ) is a neurohormone secreted from cardiac ventricles in response to ventricular strain. The aim of present study was to evaluate the role of @entity3876 in the diagnosis of the right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ). METHODS: @entity3876 levels were measured in @entity1 with acute @entity1151 as diagnosed by high probability lung scan or positive spiral computed tomography. All @entity1 underwent standard echocardiography and blood tests during the second hour of the diagnosis. RESULTS: Forty @entity1 diagnosed as acute @entity1151 (mean age, 60.4 +/- 13.2 years; 62.5% @entity1 ) were enrolled in this study. @entity1 with @entity67 had significantly higher @entity3876 levels than @entity1 without @entity67 (426 +/- 299.42 pg/ml vs. 39.09 +/- 25.22 pg/ml, p < 0.001). @entity3876 -discriminated @entity1 with or without @entity67 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.943; 95% CI, 0.863-1.022). @entity3876 > 90 pg/ml was associated with a risk ratio of 165 (95% CI, 13.7-1987.2) for the diagnosis of @entity67 . There was a significant correlation between RV end-diastolic diameter and @entity3876 (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). Sixteen @entity1 (40%) were diagnosed as having low-risk @entity1151 , 19 @entity1 (47.5%) with submassive @entity1151 and five @entity1 (12.5%) with massive @entity1151 . The mean @entity3876 was 39.09 +/- 25.2, 378.4 +/- 288.4 and 609.2 +/- 279.2 pg/ml in each group respectively. CONCLUSION: Measurement of @entity3876 levels may be a useful approach in diagnosis of @entity67 in @entity1 with acute @entity1151 . The possibility of @entity67 in @entity1 with plasma @entity3876 levels > 90 pg/ml should be strongly considered.

title: XXXX as an indicator of @entity67 in @entity1151 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['RV dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3876 :: ('4879', 'Gene') :: ['BNP', 'B-type natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'acute pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity3876 :: (4879,Gene) :: ['B-type natriuretic peptide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We earlier reported that @entity1 with recurrent @entity1724 responded to six months of treatment with lymphoblastoid interferon alfa-n1. Because another study of @entity1 treated for one year with leukocyte interferon alfa-n3 found that the growth rate of @entity1185 was slowed in the first six months but returned to base line during months 7 through 12 despite persistent interferon treatment, we now report the long-term results in our original study @entity1 who were followed for a median of four years after the original one-year crossover study. METHODS: After the @entity1 in our study had completed the first study year, their physicians could continue or recommence treatment with lymphoblastoid interferon alfa-n1 in a dose of either 2 MU per square meter of body-surface area per day or 4 MU per square meter every other day. The extent of disease was measured by endoscopy when clinically indicated. RESULTS: Data on late-follow-up were obtained for 60 of the 66 @entity1 . There were 22 complete remissions and 25 partial remissions; 13 @entity1 had no response. The median duration of the complete remissions was 550 days, and 15 @entity1 continued to be in complete remission. The median duration of partial remissions was 400 days and seven @entity1 were still in partial remission. Thirteen of 28 @entity1 responded to a second course of interferon after an interruption in treatment of at least one month. The rate of response in the 11 of 53 @entity1 who had neutralizing antibody to interferon was the same as in the @entity1 without the antibody. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with severe recurrent @entity1724 may have a sustained or repeated response to treatment with lymphoblastoid interferon alfa-n1. We recommend that @entity1 with recurrent @entity1724 who require surgery every two to three months be given a six-month trial of interferon alfa-n1.

title: Long-term response of recurrent XXXX to treatment with lymphoblastoid interferon alfa-N1. @entity1185 Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas']

entities_list: @entity1724 :: ('MESH:C535297', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory papillomatosis']

answer: @entity1724 :: (MESH:C535297,Disease) :: ['respiratory papillomatosis']


abstract: Asthma represents one of the most common chronic medical conditions affecting @entity1 . Although complications of @entity565 are rare, they deserve consideration when treating @entity1 with @entity565 . The aim of this study was report our experience with an 11-year-old @entity1 with @entity565 that was complicated by @entity4595 and to review our hospital's 10-year experience with @entity4595 . We observed clinical and laboratory findings in a young @entity1 with @entity102 who developed @entity4595 , reviewed medical records of 53 @entity1 with @entity4595 followed at a university @entity1 's hospital to identify etiologies of @entity4595 , and reviewed articles in the medical literature. Complications of @entity565 along with their diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options are outlined in the discussion section. We describe the case of an 11-year-old @entity1 with @entity102 who did not respond to conventional @entity565 management and was found to have @entity4595 . A detailed workup undertaken to identify the cause was negative for usual etiologies of @entity4595 . In this @entity1 , @entity4595 was felt to be secondary to a long-standing history of @entity565 . Aggressive treatment of @entity4595 led to significant improvement of @entity565 . Among 53 @entity1 admitted for @entity4595 , only 3 cases (5.6%) of @entity565 were identified. @entity1577 (50.9%) and @entity281 (13.2%) were the most common etiologies identified in our hospital's experience. No clear etiology was identified in 1.8% of @entity1 . Although rare, @entity4595 does occur in @entity1 with @entity102 . It is important that complications be recognized and treated for optimal management of @entity565 .

title: Bronchiectasis and XXXX : how common in pediatrics?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic asthma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['Cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic asthma']


abstract: Following islet transplantation, islet graft revascularization is compromised due to loss of endothelial cells (ECs) during islet culture. @entity2533 signaling pathways are essential for vascular homeostasis but their importance for islet EC function is unclear. We have identified a population of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) within islets and investigated how modulation of @entity2533 signaling by these cells influences islet EC viability. Cultured islets exhibited reduced expression of EC markers ( @entity319 , @entity3545 and @entity2279 ), which was associated with diminished but sustained expression of @entity6459 a marker of both ECs and MSCs. Double fluorescent labeling of islets in situ with the EC marker @entity2279 disclosed a population of @entity2279 -negative cells which were positive for @entity6459 . In vitro coculture of microvascular ECs with @entity6459 -positive, @entity2279 -negative islet MSCs reduced @entity319 protein expression, disrupted EC angiogenic behavior, and increased EC detachment. Medium conditioned by islet MSCs significantly decreased EC viability and increased EC caspase 3/7 activity. EC:MSC cocultures showed enhanced @entity2536 phosphorylation consistent with altered @entity7382 signaling. Pharmacological inhibition of @entity7382 activity with @entity21795 (SB) improved EC survival upon contact with MSCs, and SB-treated cultured islets retained EC marker expression and sensitivity to exogenous VEGF164 . Thus, @entity6459 -expressing islet MSCs influence EC @entity7382 signaling in vitro, which decreases EC viability, and changes in @entity7382 activity in whole cultured islets contribute to islet EC loss. Modifying @entity2533 signaling may enable maintenance of islet ECs during islet isolation and thus improve islet graft revascularization post-transplantation.

title: XXXX inhibition reverses impairment of endothelial cell viability by endogenous islet mesenchymal stromal cells.

answer: @entity7382 :: (7046,Gene) :: ['Activin receptor-like kinase 5']


abstract: @entity17640 have been traditionally managed by excision to rule out @entity5 . We reviewed the 613 cases of @entity17640 (including 6 new cases of our own) to evaluate whether this is still appropriate. Descriptive statistics and distribution of each pathologic type have been updated, based on 515 cases, and have changed from statistics compiled on 155 cases by G. A. Absehouse et al. Only seven per cent of all @entity17640 are malignant or potentially malignant. There is only one reported case of a @entity5 found in a nonfunctioning adrenal cyst that was initially thought to be benign. In this case, no CT or @entity1173 was performed. There have been 19 cases of @entity17640 managed with @entity1173 . All were nonfunctioning and benign. One had a bloody aspirate. Reaccumulation occurred in 32 per cent of the cases (six cases); six per cent were symptomatic, four per cent were excised. Follow up was available in 15 cases from 4 months to 3.5 years. Management of the @entity1 with a suspected adrenal cyst should include a careful history and physical and biochemical screening to rule out a functioning lesion. A CT scan, and @entity1173 of the cyst with a cystogram should be performed to confirm a simple cyst of the adrenal. If the suspicion of @entity5 is low, and the lesion is nonfunctional, the adrenal cyst may be managed by @entity1173 alone. If the cyst recurs and is asymptomatic, it may be observed. If a symptomatic cyst recurs, it may be reaspirated or excised.

title: Management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity17640 :: ('MESH:C538015', 'Disease') :: ['Adrenal cysts', 'adrenal cysts']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity17640 :: (MESH:C538015,Disease) :: ['adrenal cysts']


abstract: This study aimed to identify the causative gene for @entity2858 associated @entity8 , a paradigmatic podocytopathy. A previous study demonstrated that transgenic expression of nonstructural @entity2858 genes selectively in podocytes in @entity19 with FVB/N genetic background resulted in @entity130 and @entity631 . In this study, @entity19 that expressed individual @entity2858 genes in podocytes were generated. Five of six @entity19 that expressed vpr developed podocyte damage and @entity631 . Analysis of an established vpr transgenic line revealed that @entity19 on FVB/N but not on C57BL/6 genetic background developed @entity130 by 8 wk of age, with later @entity631 . Four of 11 @entity19 that expressed @entity43053 also developed @entity130 . One transgenic line was established from the @entity43053 founder @entity19 with the mildest phenotype. @entity19 in this line developed mesangial expansion at 3 wk of age and mild focal podocyte damage at 10 wk of age. Mating with FVB/ @entity19 did not augment @entity8 . None of the @entity19 that expressed vif, tat, rev, or vpu in podocytes, even with the FVB/N genetic background, developed @entity130 . For testing effects of simultaneous expression of vpr and @entity43053 , these two lines were mated. All @entity43053 :vpr double- @entity19 showed severe @entity130 and @entity631 by 4 wk of age. In contrast, all vpr or @entity43053 single- @entity19 in the same litter uniformly showed no or much milder @entity130 . These findings indicate that vpr and @entity43053 each can induce @entity130 with a prominent synergistic interaction.

title: XXXX genes vpr and @entity43053 synergistically damage podocytes, leading to @entity631 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Transgenic mice', 'mouse', 'N mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['podocyte injury']

answer: @entity2858 :: (11676,Species) :: ['HIV-1']


abstract: @entity25097 expression is restricted to type II pneumocytes and Clara cells in the lung. Previously, a promoter region of @entity1 @entity25097 gene from -64 to -118 has been identified as critical for the tissue-specific expression of this gene. Two cis-elements for @entity10922 and @entity9323 binding were found within this area. Using an oligonucleotide fragment, we incorporated this region sequence into the promoter of a @entity14414 reporter gene in @entity375 . With this modified @entity375 a @entity1 lung complementary DNA (cDNA) library was screened for DNA-binding proteins, other than @entity10922 and @entity9323 , that interacted with this promoter segment. A cDNA clone encoding a novel polypeptide, @entity56591 , was identified that activated the reporter gene expression in @entity375 . This gene is expressed in many tissues and encodes a protein with bipartite nuclear localization signals. Studies using in vivo yeast two-hybrid analysis, in vitro protein-protein interactions, and coimmunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that @entity56591 formed a protein complex with @entity10922 . In vivo cotransfection studies further indicated that @entity56591 could act with @entity10922 to synergistically activate the @entity25097 promoter in @entity1 cells. Our data suggest that @entity56591 is a @entity10922 -associated protein. Through a protein-protein interaction with @entity10922 , @entity56591 can form a complex and activate the @entity1 @entity25097 promoter in vivo.

title: XXXX , a novel protein, interacts with thyroid transcription factor-1 and activates the @entity1 @entity25097 promoter.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity10922 :: ('7270', 'Gene') :: ['TTF-1', 'thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1']

entities_list: @entity9323 :: ('3169', 'Gene') :: ['hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-3alpha', 'HNF-3alpha']

entities_list: @entity25097 :: ('6439', 'Gene') :: ['SP-B', 'Surfactant protein (SP)-B']

answer: @entity56591 :: (29080,Gene) :: ['BR22']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity999 have been detected during intramedullary orthopaedic procedures. The quantity of emboli produced and their clinical effects are currently not known. This study aimed to quantify the intra-operative cerebral embolic load using transcranial Doppler ultrasound during the intramedullary stabilisation of femoral and tibial diaphyseal fractures. Clinical cognitive function was also assessed after surgery and any relationship to the cerebral embolic load determined. @entity1 AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 20 @entity1 with femoral or tibial diaphyseal fractures treated with reamed intramedullary nailing. The intra-operative cerebral embolic load was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound of the middle meningeal artery. Cognitive function was assessed 3 days after surgery using a range of validated neuropsychological tests. The cognitive results were compared to predicted scores matched for age and intelligence quotient as is the standard method of cognitive assessment after @entity130 . RESULTS: Four @entity1 had @entity999 with counts of only 2, 3, 3, and 9 respectively. A significantly poorer than predicted cognitive score occurred in immediate and delayed memory recall tests. However there was no significant difference in any cognitive function score between those @entity1 who had @entity999 and those who did not. DISCUSSION: Small numbers of @entity999 were detected during intramedullary stabilisation of @entity174 but with no apparent cognitive effect. This poor correlation is similar to recent studies performed on arthroplasty @entity1 and also conforms to the extensive cardiac surgery literature which would indicate that such low levels of systemic embolisation are unlikely to consistently produce cerebral clinical effects.

title: XXXX and cognitive function after intramedullary fracture fixation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral emboli', 'detectable cerebral emboli', 'cerebral emboli']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['lower limb long bone fractures']

answer: @entity999 :: (MESH:D020766,Disease) :: ['Cerebral emboli']


abstract: Ten previously reported @entity1132 -positive (Lac) transconjugants from @entity7878 , @entity26135 , and @entity7878 . diacetylactis and one sucrose-positive (Suc) transconjugant from @entity7878 were examined for their sensitivity to @entity31627 - and small isometric-headed bacteriophages. Four of the Lac transconjugants showed a 10- to 100-fold reduction in the efficiency of plating (EOP) as well as a reduced plaque size for the @entity31627 phage c2 and were insensitive to the small isometric phage 712. A fifth Lac transconjugant demonstrated a similar reduced sensitivity to phage c2; however, this transconjugant was able to plaque phage 712, but with a reduced plaque size and EOP. The other five Lac transconjugants were sensitive to both c2 and 712 phages. The Suc transconjugant plaqued phage 712 with a reduced plaque size and EOP, but no reduction in plaque size or EOP was observed for phage c2. The Lac and reduced bacteriophage sensitivity (Rbs) phenotypes were correlated with specific plasmids in the Lac transconjugants. As four of the Lac transconjugants exhibited a phenotypically indistinguishable Rbs, one ( @entity52253 ) was selected for further study. The Rbs in @entity52253 for both small isometric- and @entity31627 -headed phages was not related to adsorption, and the reduced EOP for phage c2 was not related to the presence of a restriction and modification system. The latent period for phage c2 was unchanged, but the burst size was reduced 80%. The presence of the plasmid coding for Rbs retarded the lysis of a @entity1138 -induced prophage-containing strain. The Rbs mechanism appears to be abortive phage infection. This study supports previous observations that Rbs and conjugal transfer ability are physically linked among some group N streptococci. The results presented have implications in the identification of plasmids coding for Rbs and may also aid in explaining the dissemination of Rbs genes among lactic streptococci.

title: Concomitant conjugal transfer of reduced-bacteriophage-sensitivity mechanisms with XXXX - and sucrose-fermenting ability in lactic streptococci.

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity7878 :: ('1358', 'Species') :: ['S. lactis subsp', 'Streptococcus lactis', 'S. lactis']

answer: @entity1132 :: (MESH:D007785,Chemical) :: ['lactose']


abstract: The ability to observe changes in @entity731 plaque burden over time should provide an accurate measure of efficacy for different cardiovascular therapies. Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT), by quantification of @entity729 , is a noninvasive measure of @entity731 burden. This article summarizes data from abstracts and publications related to coronary artery @entity460 measurement and its use in progression studies. The issues related to interscan variability and reproducibility of this measure are detailed. The limitations of multidetector spiral computed tomography (high radiation dose and poor reproducibility) are also addressed. Several studies of progression using 2 scans, administered > or =1 year apart, demonstrate significant annual progression (22% to 52% per year). All studies demonstrate that therapy with @entity165 -lowering agents slows the @entity731 process, and that it may lead to regression of coronary @entity460 over time. There are 2 small prognostic studies that demonstrate that coronary events predominantly occur in those @entity1 who exhibit significant progression of coronary artery @entity460 . Large multicenter trials are underway to evaluate the prognostic significance of coronary artery @entity460 progression. The progression of @entity453 can be observed noninvasively by monitoring the progression of coronary calcification with EBCT. With annual progression rates of 22% to 52% and a median interscan variability of only 5% to 8%, this technology provides an opportunity to noninvasively monitor @entity1 to assess the clinical efficacy of medical therapies in studies as short as 1 year.

title: XXXX progression assessed by electron-beam computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery calcification']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['Coronary artery disease']


abstract: Anaplastic @entity3123 are rare @entity5 , frequently displaying a variety of growth patterns. The literature lacks a comprehensive study of this @entity5 . Thirty-five cases of @entity189 of the @entity788 diagnosed between 1955 and 1997 were retrieved from the Endocrine Registry at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Histology, immunophenotype, molecular analysis, and @entity1 follow-up were analyzed. The @entity5 of 10 @entity1 and 25 @entity1 , aged 34 to 85 years (mean age at presentation, 62.5 years), were studied. @entity1 had vague symptoms ( @entity353 , @entity158 , and @entity1295 , @entity1209 ), lasting an average of 13.2 weeks. The @entity5 , of an average size of 9.2 cm, were usually in the head or tail of the @entity788 . The @entity5 were widely infiltrative, histomorphologically separated into predominantly large, pleomorphic cell, or spindle cell groups. @entity5 phagocytosis and @entity39 were noted. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed an epithelial origin with at least one epithelial marker in 78% of the @entity5 . @entity984 mutations by sequence analysis were found in eight of 12 cases tested. Surgical biopsy/excision was used in all @entity1 . Twenty-nine of 35 @entity1 died of disease (average, 5.2 months), three died with no evidence of disease (average, 56.9 months), and three @entity1 were alive at last follow-up (average, 94.0 months), one with @entity66 . There was no statistically significant difference in survival between @entity1 with and without a @entity984 mutation. @entity189 of the @entity788 usually occurs in the head of the @entity788 in older @entity1 . The epithelial nature of the pleomorphic cells (giant or spindled) can usually be documented. @entity1 with @entity984 mutations have a shorter survival time, even though the overall prognosis for all @entity189 is fatal (93% fatality; average survival, 448 days). Ann Diagn Pathol 5: 129-140, 2001. This is a US government work. There are no restriction on its use.

title: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 35 @entity189 of the XXXX with a review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Anaplastic carcinoma', 'anaplastic carcinomas', 'anaplastic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea, or vomiting']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreas']


abstract: The etiology of @entity3807 is unknown in 70% of the cases. The aim of our study was to examine the possible association between occupational @entity1355 exposure and @entity3807 ; only two cases have been reported in the literature. We gathered all the cases of @entity3807 diagnosed in the Tampere University Hospital between 1987 and 1995. We examined their hospital records to evaluate the possible etiology of the disease. We also sent a structured questionnaire to all living @entity1 (10/13) to obtain information on their @entity1355 exposure. The chest radiographs of the @entity1 were re-read to evaluate possible changes resulting from @entity1355 exposure. We found 13 cases of @entity3807 . Seven @entity1 (all male) had been exposed to @entity1355 in the past. The chest radiographs of the four most-exposed @entity1 showed characteristic @entity1355 -related abnormalities, including bilateral @entity456 , @entity2269 and small irregular lung opacities. In our study, we found that @entity1355 exposure and @entity1355 -induced changes in the lung and pleura were common among @entity3807 @entity1 . We suggest that occupational exposure to @entity1355 may be an important etiological factor for @entity3807 .

title: Asbestos exposure: a potential cause of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3807 :: ('MESH:D012185', 'Disease') :: ['retroperitoneal fibrosis', 'male retroperitoneal fibrosis', 'idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2269 :: ('MESH:D058405', 'Disease') :: ['round atelectasis']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural plaques']

answer: @entity3807 :: (MESH:D012185,Disease) :: ['retroperitoneal fibrosis']


abstract: AIMS: Twenty-three @entity1 with liver metastases from @entity14 were entered into a prospective, phase II pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of intra-arterial high-dose chemotherapy (IAHC) + intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) combined with hemofiltration. METHODS: All @entity1 had abdominal laparotomy to position a hepatic artery infusion port and in 15 cases an implantable system for IPC. A double-lumen filtration catheter was placed in the vena cava via the saphenous or femoral vein and connected to a modified hemofiltration unit. The treatment schedule consisted of @entity1138 (30-50 mg/m2) and @entity1259 (60-90) mg/m2) as IAHC combined with @entity900 (60 mg/m2) given in a 2000 ml saline solution by IPC. The high-dose IAHC-IPC was followed by 4 cycles of intra-arterial standard dose chemotherapy through the arterial port-a-cath (6 mg/m2 mitomycin and 20 mg/m2 epirubicin) and if possible by another cycle of high dose IAHC-IPC. RESULTS: We delivered a total of 31 cycles of IAHC, 21 of which were combined with IPC. Ten cycles of IAHC were administered without concurrent IPC because of @entity158 , clinical contraindications or @entity1 refusal. Seven of 23 @entity1 (30%) were pretreated and with progressive disease after systemic chemotherapy. Among 22 evaluable @entity1 , we obtained 2 complete remissions (9%) and 11 partial remissions (50%); moreover, 4 of 7 pretreated @entity1 obtained a response to treatment. As a result, an objective @entity5 response was observed in 59% of @entity1 (13/22). Therefore, a dose-response behavior was demonstrated also in @entity5 with a low chemosensitivity. The median duration of response and survival was 10 and 14 months, respectively. @entity137 was usually mild, but we reported one @entity66 . CONCLUSIONS: Further prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm the results of our study.

title: High-dose intra-arterial plus intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with hemofiltration in liver metastases from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['toxic death due to treatment complications']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful adhesions']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a combined treatment modality including systemic chemotherapy with @entity1487 (FU), @entity4181 , @entity900 and external beam radiotherapy in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity788 . Systemic chemotherapy consisted of FU 400 mg m(-2) and @entity4181 20 mg m(-2) both given as intravenous bolus injection on days 1-4, plus @entity900 20 mg m(-2) administered as 90-min infusion on days 1-4. Treatment courses were repeated every 4 weeks x 6 unless prior evidence of progressive disease. Radiation therapy using megavolt irradiation of > or = 6 MV photons with a 3- or 4-field technique was delivered during the second and third chemotherapy course, that was reduced in dose by 25%. Between October 1994 and July 1996, a total of 38 @entity1 were entered onto this trial, all of whom were assessable for @entity137 and survival. Eighteen of these (47%) had objective remissions to combined radiochemotherapy, including four CR (11%), 13 (34%) had stable disease and seven @entity1 (18%) showed @entity5 progression during treatment. The median progression-free interval of the entire study population was 10 months (range 3-32), and median overall survival was 14.0 months (range 3-45+ months); 53% of all @entity1 were alive at 12 months, and 18% of @entity1 were alive at 24 months respectively. Severe haematological side-effects comprised @entity1398 in 18%, @entity882 in 8% and @entity417 in 11%. The most frequent non-haematological side-effects were @entity390 / @entity391 (WHO grade 3: 18%), and @entity294 (grade 3: 13%). This combined radiochemotherapy regimen was tolerable and effective in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity788 . Since therapeutic results, in fact, compare favourably with other series, including surgical treatment of potentially resectable @entity5 , further evaluation of combined treatment modalities in the neoadjuvant setting seems warranted.

title: Treatment of unresectable, locally advanced @entity788 with combined radiochemotherapy with XXXX , @entity4181 and @entity900 .

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: A community outbreak of @entity281 with Vero cytotoxin producing @entity526 O157 (VTEC 0157) occurred in a small area of north west England in 1996. An outbreak control team was established to investigate the outbreak and implement control measures. Nine @entity1 developed symptomatic infections with VTEC O157, and a further three were found to be excreting the bacteria. All were infected with the same genotype of VTEC O157. Three @entity1 under 5 years of age and one adult were admitted to hospital. One @entity1 developed @entity2142 . All cases recovered. All primary cases had consumed milk from a particular farm dairy. No other common foods were identified. The farm dairy had a faulty pasteuriser and the potential for post pasteurisation contamination existed. VTEC O157 was isolated from a milk sock specimen and from two @entity291 , but these strains differed from that infecting the cases. All local doctors and the public were alerted and advised about preventative measures. Distribution of unpasteurised milk from the farm was discontinued as was the sale of pasteurised milk when the faulty pasteuriser was discovered. A replacement pasteuriser was installed and checked before milk was released for @entity1 consumption. No conclusive evidence of the origin of this outbreak was found, but the farm was the most probable source. The investigations raised concerns about the distribution of VTEC O157 colonised dairy @entity291 , the natural history of such colonisation, the effectiveness of pasteurisation with respect to the elimination of VTEC O157, and the effectiveness of current legislation for the prevention and control of @entity281 .

title: A community outbreak of Vero cytotoxin producing XXXX O157 @entity281 linked to a small farm dairy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'people', 'child']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'milkborne infection']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['haemolytic uraemic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: The mouse monoclonal antibody MR6 recognizes a 200 000 MW protein ( @entity52066 ), which is expressed highly on @entity1 thymic cortical epithelial cells. The antigen is also expressed on some epithelial @entity5 and we have previously shown that MR6 inhibits the proliferation of the @entity694 cell lines HT29. However, the role of this molecule in the thymus is not known. In order to generate reagents that could be used in @entity19 thymic functional studies we isolated antibodies specific to @entity1 @entity52066 , using a phage display library expressing single-chain (sFv) antibodies. Three independent clones were isolated by panning with purified protein and their specificity was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and flow cytometry. In addition to @entity1 thymus, these phage antibodies also recognized the homologous antigen in @entity19 , @entity1707 and other species. Expressed as soluble @entity3598 one of these clones inhibited the proliferation of HT29 cells and a @entity19 thymic epithelial cell line, suggesting that this antibody exhibits similar functional activity to MR6. In fetal thymic organ culture, thymocytes recovered from thymic lobes cultured in the presence of this @entity3598 , were reduced in number fivefold compared with the control and the majority remained at the double-negative stage of development. These data indicate that @entity52066 plays an important role in thymocyte development. In addition, this is the first report to demonstrate that specific @entity3598 can be used to study, and alter, thymic development. This work also highlights the advantage of phage antibody technology in selecting such reagents for functional assays.

title: Intrathymic function of the @entity1 cortical epithelial cell surface antigen XXXX : single-chain antibodies to evolutionarily conserved determinants disrupt @entity19 thymus development.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

answer: @entity52066 :: (4065,Gene) :: ['gp200-MR6']


abstract: AIM: To study the effect of @entity3371 treatment and its withdrawal on the circulating and tissue peptidyl-dipeptidase A, @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ), and @entity1808 (A II), in relation to @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). METHODS: SHR male @entity35 were given @entity3371 100 mg.kg-1.d-1 [SHRcap, number (n) = 43] orally in mixture with milk powder as vehicle from intrautero period of 16 wk of age. @entity35 were killed at 16 (n = 19) and 40 (n = 24) wk of age, respectively. Male, age-matched untreated SHR and WKY @entity35 served as controls. SBP, left ventricular mass/body weight (LVM/BW) ratio, left ventricular (LV) myocardium and plasma A II concentration, aortic and serum peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity, @entity1808 mRNA level in kidney and liver, renal @entity3449 mRNA level were determined. RESULTS: @entity3371 treatment decreased SBP and reduced LVM/BW at 16 and 40 wk of age, and persistently inhibited LV myocardium A II, aortic peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity, and @entity1808 gene expression in kidney even after the treatment was removed. Nevertheless, no changes were found in plasma A II concentration, serum peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity, and @entity1808 mRNA level in liver by @entity3371 therapy. Renal @entity3449 mRNA level was low in SHR and WKY @entity35 , but it was increased by @entity3371 treatment. Tissue @entity3449 -angiotensin system (RAS) such as @entity1808 mRNA in kidney, aortic peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity, and LV myocardium A II, rather than circulating RAS ( @entity1808 mRNA in liver, @entity3449 mRNA in kidney, serum peptidyl-dipeptidase A activity and plasma A II), were persistently inhibited by early @entity3371 treatment, even after the withdrawal of the treatment. CONCLUSION: The long-term inhibition of tissue RAS is one of the mechanisms of the persistent @entity551 effect of @entity3371 treatment.

title: Effect of chronic XXXX treatment on circulating and tissue @entity3449 -angiotensin system in SHR @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1808 :: ('24179(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensinogen', 'AGT', 'angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy', 'LVH']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity3371 :: (CHEBI:3380,Chemical) :: ['captopril']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Hong Kong (HK) is a special administrative region of China as well as being a metropolitan city. In HK, like in many developed countries, @entity6 , with over 97% of @entity6 @entity1 having @entity6 (Type 2 @entity3918 ), is a growing public health problem but the local financial burden has never been investigated. The primary objectives of this study were to evaluate from the social perspective the costs of Type 2 @entity3918 , to identify the major cost drivers, and the proportion of the burden shared by the government, @entity1 and the society. The study was carried out in a group of Hong Kong Chinese @entity1 attending a government hospital. The economic impact of Type 2 @entity3918 on local and governmental healthcare expenditure was also examined. METHODS: A retrospective cohort observational study was conducted in Type 2 @entity3918 @entity1 attending the @entity6 Outpatient Clinic at a public hospital in the period January 2004 to May 2004, in which 204 @entity1 were randomly selected and invited to join this study. A total of 147 @entity1 were subsequently enrolled giving an inclusion rate of 72%. RESULTS: Annual total cost of Type 2 @entity3918 in a @entity1 was US  1,725 +/- 2,044 (HK  13,457 +/- 15,943) with direct costs accounting for > 87.9%. The government was the major payer with over 78.4% of the total costs. Annual total direct medical costs per @entity1 were US  1,492 +/- 1,716 (HK  11,638 +/- 13,386) of which the government paid 90.6%. Direct medical costs increased markedly if complications were present. In @entity1 with microvascular or macrovascular complications only, the costs increased 1.1-fold compared to those for @entity1 without complications. If both microvascular and macrovascular complications were present in the same @entity1 , the costs were 1.3-fold higher than in @entity1 without complications. CONCLUSION: Costs of Type 2 @entity3918 have a significant impact on the local healthcare budget. It contributed in 2004 up to 3.9% of the total HK healthcare expenditure and 6.4% of the HK Hospital Authority's (public sector) expenditures on health.

title: Cost of XXXX in Hong Kong Chinese.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes Mellitus', 'diabetic', 'Diabetes mellitus', 'Type 2 Diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Type 2 Diabetes mellitus']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The relationship between @entity6 and @entity712 is not fully established. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of @entity6 and its prognostic significance, considering mortality and the need of hospital admission due to @entity712 during the first year of follow-up, in an outpatient population with @entity712 attended in a specialized Unit. @entity1 AND METHOD: We studied 362 @entity1 -73% @entity1 ; mean age (standard deviation) 65.3 (10.9) years-. Mean ejection fraction was 32.2% (12.7%). @entity1 were in New York Heart Association functional class I (5%), II (47%), III (43%) and IV (5%). RESULTS: One-hundred forty-three out of 362 @entity1 were @entity6 (39.5%). Thirty @entity1 (8%) died and 70 (19%) needed to be hospitalized due to @entity712 during the first year of follow-up. One year mortality was 5% in non- @entity6 @entity1 and 13.3% in @entity6 @entity1 (p = 0.005). 13.2% of non- @entity6 @entity1 suffered at least one episode of @entity712 needing hospital admission, whereas 28.7% of @entity6 @entity1 needed to be hospitalized at least once (p < 0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis, @entity6 remained statistically associated both with mortality and with the need of @entity712 related hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6 significantly correlated with a higher one year mortality as well as with a greater need of hospital admission due to @entity712 . Prevalence of @entity6 in a general population with @entity712 was high.

title: [Prognostic significance of @entity6 in a XXXX population: one year mortality and @entity712 related hospital admission].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: The extent of duodenal @entity6124 during the pronounced inhibition of acid secretion that occurs with @entity4546 treatment is unknown. The bacterial content of duodenal juice of @entity1 treated with @entity4546 was therefore examined in a controlled prospective study. Duodenal juice was obtained under sterile conditions during diagnostic upper endoscopy. Aspirates were plated quantitatively for anaerobic and aerobic organisms. Twenty five outpatients with @entity10189 were investigated after a 5.7 (0.5) weeks (mean (SEM)) treatment course with 20 mg (nine @entity1 ) or 40 mg (16 @entity1 ). The control group consisted of 15 outpatients referred for diagnostic endoscopy without prior antisecretory treatment. No @entity1 in the control group had duodenal @entity6124 . In the @entity4546 group @entity6124 (> or = 10(5) cfu/ml) was found in 14 (56%) @entity1 (p = 0.0003). The number of bacteria (log10) in duodenal juice in @entity1 treated with @entity4546 was distinctly higher (median 5.7; range < 2-8.7) when compared with the control group (median < 2; range < 2-5.0; p = 0.0004). As well as orally derived bacteria, @entity164 were found in seven of 14 and anaerobic bacteria in three of 14 @entity1 . @entity6124 was similar with the two doses of @entity4546 . These results indicate that duodenal @entity6124 occurs often in ambulatory @entity1 treated with @entity4546 . Further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings, particularly in high risk groups during long term treatment with @entity4546 .

title: XXXX during treatment in outpatients with @entity4546 .

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease']

entities_list: @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['faecal type bacteria']

entities_list: @entity6124 :: ('MESH:D001765', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial overgrowth of both oral and faecal type bacteria', 'Bacterial overgrowth', 'bacterial overgrowth']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

answer: @entity6124 :: (MESH:D001765,Disease) :: ['Duodenal bacterial overgrowth']


abstract: The anticoagulant properties of heparin were discovered in 1916, and by the 1930s researchers were evaluating its therapeutic use in clinical trials. Treatment of unstable @entity951 with unfractionated heparin (UFH), in addition to @entity117 , was introduced into clinical practice in the early 1980s. UFH was combined with @entity117 to suppress @entity556 propagation and fibrin formation in @entity1 presenting with @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) or @entity1 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, UFH stimulates platelets, leading to both activation and aggregation, which may further promote clot formation. Clinical trials have demonstrated that newer agents, such as the low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), are superior to UFH for medical management of unstable @entity951 or non-ST-segment elevation @entity583 . Increasingly, the LMWHs have been used as the anticoagulant of choice for @entity1 presenting with @entity1187 . For @entity1 undergoing PCI, LMWH provides no sub-stantial benefit over UFH for anticoagulation; however, direct @entity556 inhibitors (DTIs) have demonstrated safety and efficacy in this setting. UFH is likely to be replaced by more effective and safer @entity5582 agents, such as DTIs. DTIs have antiplatelet effects, anticoagulant action, and most do not bind to plasma proteins, thereby providing a more consistent dose-response effect than UFH. The FDA has approved 4 parenteral DTIs for various indications: lepirudin, @entity20806 , bivalirudin, and desirudin. The antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and pharmacokinetic properties of @entity20550 support its use as the anticoagulant of choice for both lower- and higher-risk @entity1 , including those undergoing PCI.

title: Anticoagulation for @entity1187 : from heparin to direct XXXX inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity20550 :: ('MESH:C074619', 'Chemical') :: ['bivalirudin']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity20806 :: ('MESH:C031942', 'Chemical') :: ['argatroban']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity556 :: (2147,Gene) :: ['thrombin']


abstract: The main psychoactive component of marijuana, @entity839 ( @entity839 ), acts in the CNS via type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs). The behavioral consequences of @entity839 or synthetic CB1R agonists include suppression of motor activity. One explanation for movement suppression might be inhibition of striatal @entity935 (DA) release by CB1Rs, which are densely localized in motor striatum; however, data from previous studies are inconclusive. Here we examined the effect of CB1R activation on locally evoked DA release monitored with @entity505 -fiber microelectrodes and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in striatal slices. Consistent with previous reports, DA release evoked by a single stimulus pulse was unaffected by @entity10024 , a cannabinoid receptor agonist. However, when DA release was evoked by a train of stimuli, @entity10024 caused a significant decrease in evoked extracellular DA concentration ([DA]o), implicating the involvement of local striatal circuitry, with similar suppression seen in @entity840 , @entity35 , and @entity19 striatum. Pulse-train evoked [DA]o was not altered by either @entity14513 , an inverse CB1R agonist, or VCHSR1, a neutral antagonist, indicating the absence of DA release regulation by endogenous cannabinoids with the stimulation protocol used. However, both CB1R antagonists prevented and reversed suppression of evoked [DA]o by @entity10024 . The effect of @entity10024 was also prevented by @entity5094 , a GABAA receptor antagonist, and by catalase, a metabolizing enzyme for @entity273 ( @entity274 ). Furthermore, blockade of @entity855 -sensitive K+ (KATP) channels by @entity11243 or @entity5217 prevented the effect of @entity10024 on DA release. Together, these data indicate that suppression of DA release by CB1R activation within striatum occurs via a novel nonsynaptic mechanism that involves @entity1246 release inhibition, increased generation of the diffusible messenger @entity274 , and activation of KATP channels to inhibit DA release. In addition, the findings suggest a possible physiological substrate for the motor effects of cannabinoid agonist administration.

title: Inhibition of striatal @entity935 release by CB1 receptor activation requires nonsynaptic communication involving @entity1246 , XXXX , and KATP channels.

entities_list: @entity839 :: ('MESH:D013759', 'Chemical') :: ['Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol', 'THC']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glybenclamide']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity11243 :: ('MESH:D014044', 'Chemical') :: ['tolbutamide']

entities_list: @entity5094 :: ('MESH:D010852', 'Chemical') :: ['picrotoxin']

answer: @entity274 :: (CHEBI:16240,Chemical) :: ['H2O2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Paecilomyces lilacinus is a saprobic fungus that occasionally causes @entity1036 in infected @entity1 . @entity5074 , a @entity10998 antifungal agent, is often administered to treat P. lilacinus @entity1036 , because it is resistant to many antifungal agents. However, some @entity1 may not require @entity5074 . Here, we report our experience of treating this infection and compare outcomes between @entity1 treated with or without @entity5074 . SUBJECTS: We retrospectively reviewed four cases of @entity1036 caused by P. lilacinus and compared treatment course and outcomes among the four cases. OBSERVATIONS: P. lilacinus was isolated from corneal cultures in all four cases. Three cases developed @entity1035 and underwent keratoplasty. @entity5074 was given in two cases with severe and @entity281 . Both required long-term treatment despite the effectiveness of @entity5074 . They also had a medical history of @entity6 and corticosteroid therapy. In two cases that were not treated with @entity5074 , the eye conditions improved with a short treatment period (2-3 weeks). Neither of these cases had a medical history of @entity6 , nor had they used corticosteroids. CONCLUSION: Although @entity5074 is the most useful antifungal agent for treating P. lilacinus @entity1036 , this infection can be resolved by other treatments. @entity5074 should be offered to @entity1 with @entity6 and/or prior corticosteroid use.

title: Clinical experience treating Paecilomyces lilacinus XXXX in four @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['keratitis', 'infectious keratitis']

entities_list: @entity10998 :: ('CHEBI:38597', 'Chemical') :: ['triazole']

entities_list: @entity1035 :: ('MESH:D057112', 'Disease') :: ['corneal perforation']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['refractory infection']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['Voriconazole', 'voriconazole']

answer: @entity1036 :: (MESH:D007634,Disease) :: ['keratitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Congenital insensitivity to @entity158 is a rare disorder that can lead to @entity1109 of any joint including the spine. Most of the case reports in the literature are in the pediatric population. PURPOSE: This case report emphasizes the importance of anterior and posterior fusion in @entity1 with congenital insensitivity to @entity158 . The @entity1 was initially treated as if the deformity was postinfectious. STUDY DESIGN SETTING: The @entity1 was treated in a university-based tertiary care center. METHODS: The @entity1 underwent an anterior decompression and fusion with instrumentation that failed with ambulation. An anterior and posterior revision with instrumentation was then performed to stabilize the Charcot spine. RESULTS: The @entity1 had an excellent final outcome. At 2 years postoperatively, he is solidly fused and back to his normal occupation. CONCLUSION: Anterior and posterior fusion is essential in @entity2720 . Congenital insensitivity to @entity158 can manifest problems into adulthood.

title: Charcot @entity2720 because of congenital insensitivity to XXXX in an adult.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic arthropathy']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic spinal arthropathy']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We have demonstrated that the @entity460 -sensing receptor ( @entity1631 ) is involved in lipid metabolism; however, whether @entity1631 polymorphisms affect lipid metabolism in @entity28 is still unclear. The present study aimed to determine the effects of @entity1631 polymorphisms on HTG risk in @entity28 Chinese. METHODS: A total of 972 subjects with HTG and 1197 with normal @entity412 (NTG) were stratified by body mass index (BMI) into normal weight, overweight or @entity28 subgroups. After 12-h fasting, @entity1631 polymorphisms in exon 7 were determined in the blood. Serum lipids and @entity413 , as well as height, body weight and waist circumference were measured. The anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of the NTG subjects were re-evaluated 3 years later. RESULTS: There were no genotypic or allelic distribution differences for the @entity53971 or @entity55058 polymorphisms between the NTG and HTG groups. However, the G/G genotypic and G allelic distributions of the @entity1631 @entity55059 polymorphism in the HTG group were higher than the NTG group (p<0.001). After stratification, in @entity28 subjects, the homozygous (G/G) distribution of the @entity1631 @entity55059 polymorphism in the HTG group was significantly higher than in the NTG group (p=0.001), and showed an increased risk of HTG at baseline [OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.65-3.92, p<0.006]. Interaction of the @entity1631 @entity55059 polymorphism with BMI was associated with increased risk of HTG (b=0.927, p<0.001). Re-evaluation of the NTG subjects revealed significantly increased serum @entity412 levels in @entity28 homozygous versus wildtype carriers (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the @entity1631 @entity55059 polymorphism is associated with increased risk of HTG, especially in @entity28 Chinese, and may be a potential genetic predictor of diseases related to HTG.

title: The @entity460 -sensing receptor XXXX polymorphism is associated with increased risk of hypertriglyceridemia in @entity28 Chinese.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity55059 :: (p|SUB|R|990|G,ProteinMutation) :: ['R990G']


abstract: Symptoms of @entity792 were evaluated in 125 @entity1 with @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) and in 12 @entity1 with @entity4407 undergoing treatment with recombinant @entity4020 plus/minus low-dose recombinant @entity379 . Twenty-seven of 137 @entity1 (20%) developed @entity309 . Furthermore, the incidence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) formation was studied. Elevated ANA titers were found in 5/19 (26%) of @entity1860 @entity1 at the time of diagnosis and in 3/18 (17%) of @entity1 treated with @entity1862 or @entity1863 . During IFN treatment, 18 of 25 tested @entity1 (72%) had elevated ANA titers. In 15 of these ANA-positive @entity1 , clinical signs of @entity792 appeared. All these @entity1 were under long-term IFN treatment and were in remission of disease. In three @entity1 criteria for @entity1252 were fulfilled. Severity of side effects had led to the discontinuation of IFN treatment in these @entity1 . The data indicate that @entity4020 and @entity379 can induce ANA associated with @entity792 in @entity1 with @entity6961 .

title: @entity1252 -like @entity792 induced by interferon therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity6961 :: ('MESH:D009196', 'Disease') :: ['myeloproliferative disorders']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['busulfan']

entities_list: @entity4020 :: ('3440', 'Gene') :: ['interferon (IFN)-alpha-2b', 'IFN-alpha']

entities_list: @entity4407 :: ('MESH:D013920', 'Disease') :: ['essential thrombocythemia']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myelogenous leukemia']

answer: @entity6961 :: (MESH:D009196,Disease) :: ['myeloproliferative disorders']


abstract: Our aim was to analyze the incidence of mutations in @entity5345 and @entity2674 genes in 54 families with @entity5344 . Families were selected from three Institutions following the standard criteria for @entity5344 . PCR amplification of all exons was performed, followed by SSCP, heteroduplex, PTT and sequencing analysis. We identified eight truncation mutations, three in the @entity5345 gene and five in the @entity2674 gene. Three of these mutations have not been reported previously by other groups: @entity53393 in one family, @entity53394 in two families, for @entity5345 , and @entity53395 in one family for @entity2674 . In addition two families having Ashkenazi Jewish ancestors present the well known mutations @entity30070 and @entity30073 . Interestingly, 5 out of 11 families have mutations recurrent in Spanish families. Among the 54 families selected, seven have @entity0 cases, and only two presented a mutation in @entity5345 or @entity2674 genes. Other @entity5 as prostate and stomach are frequent among relatives carrying the mutation. Five cases of very early onset (<31 years old) @entity0 were detected. The frequencies of @entity5345 (0.074) and @entity2674 (0.13) mutations in our families is low but similar to the incidence found in other populations, like in Spain. Since is widely known that risk factors that modulate the development of @entity0 such as lifestyle risk factors, geographic location, country of origin and socioeconomic status, besides a familial history of @entity0 our findings suggest that the history of colonization and immigrations is very relevant when studying hereditary factors associated to @entity0 .

title: Incidence of @entity5345 and XXXX mutations in 54 Chilean families with @entity5344 , genotype-phenotype correlations.

entities_list: @entity5344 :: ('MESH:D061325', 'Disease') :: ['breast/ovarian cancer', 'hereditary breast/ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast and ovary cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

answer: @entity2674 :: (675,Gene) :: ['BRCA2']


abstract: Regulated trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors in excitable cells may play an important role in synaptic plasticity. In addition, agonist-induced endocytosis of nicotinic @entity934 receptors (nAChRs) in particular might be involved in @entity1239 tolerance and addiction. The existing evidence concerning regulated internalization of cell-surface nAChRs is indirect and equivocal, however. In the present study, radioligand binding and fluorescence microscopy were used to show that agonists cause substantial endocytosis of nAChRs on cultured myotubes. Exposure to @entity5402 or @entity1239 caused a decrease in the intensity of fluorescent labeling of clusters of cell-surface nAChRs that was blocked by low temperature. Overall, myotubes exposed to @entity5402 or @entity1239 bound 50-70% less [(125)I]-alpha-bungarotoxin on the cell surface than untreated cells. The effect of @entity5402 was significant within 5 min, increased progressively for at least 4 h, and had a sensitivity of 100 nM or less. Exposure to @entity5402 caused the appearance or dramatic expansion of an intracellular pool of nAChRs, which were localized to discrete, largely perinuclear structures. A pulse-chase labeling protocol allowed the selective labeling and localization of nAChRs that had been internalized from the cell surface. In untreated cells, very little internalization of nAChRs occurred over a period of 3 h, indicating that constitutive endocytosis of receptors over this period was minimal. Exposure to @entity5402 , however, caused a dramatic increase in the endocytosis of nAChRs. These results provide direct evidence that agonists, including the @entity286 alkaloid @entity1239 , can cause substantial endocytosis of cell-surface nAChRs.

title: Agonists cause endocytosis of nicotinic XXXX receptors on cultured myotubes.

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: Attention has recently been drawn to a condition termed the @entity135 , which is characterized by unpleasant, even terrifying sensations of flashing lights and/or sounds during reported sleep. Nine @entity1 complaining of sensations of explosions in the head during sleep or drowsiness were investigated with polysomnographic recordings. None of them had any @entity16 . Five @entity1 reported explosions during the recording sessions. According to the recordings, the attacks always took place when the @entity1 were awake and relaxed. In two cases abrupt electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic changes indicating increasing alertness were recorded at the time of the reported attacks. In the remaining three cases no EEG changes were seen. Thus, there were no indications of an @entity302 etiology to the condition. In all @entity1 the symptoms ameliorated spontaneously with time. The severity of the symptoms was reduced by reassurance of the harmlessness of the condition. @entity8991 was prescribed to three @entity1 who all reported immediate relief of symptoms. It is concluded that symptoms of this type are probably not true hypnagogic phenomena but may be an expression of emotional stress in the awake state.

title: The XXXX : polysomnographic recordings and therapeutic suggestions.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['exploding head syndrome']

entities_list: @entity8991 :: ('MESH:D002997', 'Chemical') :: ['Clomipramine']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorder']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['exploding head syndrome']


abstract: Basement membranes (BMs) constitute a distinct compartment of the extracellular matrix (ECM). All BMs show a similar structural appearance but differ in molecular composition. These variations have critical functional implications. The aim of this study is to establish the pattern of the @entity523 lectin ( @entity523 agglutinin--LEA) binding sites in the BMs of the developing @entity1573 embryo (stages 4-21, Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951) in order to achieve a better understanding of the molecular heterogeneity of BMs. The study was performed with @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) histochemistry, and confocal laser microscopy. @entity1579 showed that @entity33650 bound to the lamina densa and to the lamina fibroreticularis of the BMs. Through the period studied, most of the LEA binding appeared in the ectodermal BM and its derivatives. In the limb bud, LEA binding to the ectoderm BM was more intense in the ventral half than in the dorsal half. Furthermore, LEA allowed the early (HH16) detection of the transverse fibrillar tracts. In the lens and in the inner ear primordium, the BMs were LEA positive through the placode and cup stages. The binding was progressively reduced through the vesicle stage. The BMs of the olfactory primordium, and of the Rathke's pouch were positive. In contrast, the BMs of the developing central nervous system were negative. The BMs of both the paraxial and the lateral plates of the mesoderm were negative, whereas the notochord and the BM of the Wolffian duct were positive. The endodermal BM and its derivatives were negative. The ECM located between the fusing endocardial tubes, and the BM of the fusion zone of the paired aortae, were positive. This suggested an active role of the LEA-positive glycoproteins in the fusion of endothelia. Our results show the heterogeneity of the @entity1573 embryo BMs during development. In addition, LEA constitutes an excellent marker for the primordial germ cells.

title: Basement membrane heterogeneity during XXXX development as shown by @entity523 ( @entity523 ) lectin binding.

entities_list: @entity523 :: ('4081', 'Species') :: ['tomato', 'Lycopersicon esculentum']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['transmission electron microscopy', 'TEM']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: @entity3157 secretion by duodenal mucosa just distal to the Brunner's glands area and devoid of pancreatic secretions was titrated in situ in anesthetized @entity35 . Intravenous injection of @entity3175 (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) significantly increased the secretion; this stimulation was abolished by proximal bilateral vagotomy. @entity5757 , a @entity1245 antagonist that also has well-known intrinsic activity, caused similar stimulation of the secretion when administered IV (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg). Intracerebroventricular infusion of @entity5757 (10 micrograms/h) resulted in a greater increase in secretion; again, this stimulation was prevented by vagotomy. Adrenoceptor blockade by @entity5521 increased basal alkaline secretion but did not affect the stimulation by @entity3175 . The tricyclic antidepressant @entity20364 (2.5 mg/kg IV) did not affect the duodenal @entity3157 secretion. For comparison, effects of @entity3175 and @entity5757 (10(-6)-10(-4) mol/L) were also tested in isolated bullfrog duodenal mucosa. Neither drug effected the alkaline secretion in vitro. The combined results strongly suggest that @entity1245 , as previously shown for certain brain peptides, influence the central nervous control of duodenal mucosal alkaline secretion and that their stimulation of secretion is vagally mediated. This action @entity1245 might be used in modulating mucosal protection against acid.

title: Effects of XXXX and @entity5757 on duodenal @entity3157 secretion in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate', 'Bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity20364 :: ('MESH:D014299', 'Chemical') :: ['trimipramine']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines']

answer: @entity3175 :: (MESH:D003975,Chemical) :: ['diazepam']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity1759 , a cell surface proteoglycan, participates in a variety of function including @entity5 dissemination and @entity3 . However, there are no available data on the prognostic significance of @entity1759 expression of @entity5 tissue correlated with serum sCD44 level in @entity706 . METHODS: Serum levels and leukemic cell @entity5 tissue expression of @entity1759 were detected in 54 @entity1 with @entity3052 and @entity706 . Serum samples were obtained from all @entity1 before treatment and during remission. Twelve age-matched healthy @entity1 were included as a control group. RESULTS: The serum @entity1759 levels were significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity978 ( @entity978 ), @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ), @entity2109 ( @entity2109 ) and @entity981 ( @entity981 ) than those in the control group. The median values were 1627.0, 1336.0, 1318.5, 1730.4, 902.7 ng/mL, respectively, and P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05 in comparisons, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) and the control group (median values: 900.3 and 902.7 ng/mL, respectively, P>0.05). Serum sCD44 levels significantly declined in @entity978 , @entity1893 and @entity981 @entity1 who were in complete remission (median values: 684.0, 573.8 and 1101.1 ng/mL, respectively, P<0.05 in each comparison). @entity1 with @entity978 had higher levels of serum sCD44 and correlated well with higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity1109 and @entity5 (P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Expression of @entity1759 was significantly high in @entity1 with @entity978 and @entity1893 who were in advanced stages of disease. High serum @entity1759 level was also associated with high @entity5 tissue expression of @entity1759 in @entity1 with @entity978 and @entity2109 . In addition, @entity1 with higher levels of serum sCD44, had a poorer outcome and survival than those with lower sCD44 levels in @entity978 and @entity1893 groups. CONCLUSIONS: A high serum sCD44 level and/or @entity5 tissue expression at diagnosis is associated with poor prognostic criteria and/or unfavorable outcome in @entity706 .

title: Serum levels and differential expression of @entity1759 in childhood leukemia and XXXX : correlation with prognostic criteria and survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia', 'ALL']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['childhood leukemias and lymphomas', 'malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'advanced-stage disease']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['BL', "Burkitt's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML', 'acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['HD', "Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['malignant lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of @entity1744 using different standard definitions (Rome and Manning criteria) and to determine the degree of agreement between these definitions. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional survey study was conducted by mailing a valid, reliable questionnaire to an age- and gender-stratified random sample of residents of Olmsted County, MN, aged 30-69 yr. The threshold for a positive diagnosis of @entity146 bowel was varied from two to four of the six Manning criteria and from two to three of the five @entity74 in the Rome criteria. Unadjusted as well as age- and gender-adjusted prevalence rates were calculated for each of the five definitions of @entity5377 . Percent agreement and kappa statistics were calculated to assess agreement between the definitions. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 643 of 892 eligible subjects (72% response rate). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of @entity5377 varied from 20.4% using a threshold of two symptoms in the Manning criteria to 8.5% using a threshold of three @entity74 in the Rome criteria. The percent agreement for each comparison of Manning and Rome definitions was always >90%. The kappa values ranged from 0.55 to 0.78, with the best agreement occurring between a threshold of three symptoms of Manning and two @entity74 in Rome. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity5377 varied substantially depending on the specific definition of @entity5377 used. The range of prevalence estimates in Olmsted County was similar to other published figures @entity5377 was accounted for. These findings are useful in interpreting epidemiological and clinical studies of @entity5377 .

title: A comparison of the Rome and Manning criteria for case identification in epidemiological investigations of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5377 :: ('MESH:D053560', 'Disease') :: ['when IBS definition', 'IBS']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['defecation disorders']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritable']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Ektaspeed Plus film (EPF), a @entity11339 ( @entity11339 ), and photostimulable phosphor (PSP)-based digital images for detection of simulated @entity1548 . STUDY DESIGN: Lesions were simulated in the periapical areas of 24 @entity1 mandibular sections invested in acrylic using burs of sizes #1, 2, 4, and 6 and imaged using EPF, @entity11339 , and PSP sensors. Percent correct response scores, sensitivity, and specificity values were computed for all variables. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and post hoc testing were performed to determine the effects of imaging modality, observer, and lesion sizes with respect to lesion detection. RESULTS: EPF displayed the highest sensitivity and specificity, followed by PSP and @entity11339 images (P <.001). Percent correct score was the highest for 3 of 4 observers when EPF was used. Analysis of variance revealed significance (P <.001) with respect to all variables. Observers with experience in digital image-viewing performed better than those without such experience (P <.001). Intraobserver agreement was fair (kappa = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: EPF outperformed @entity11339 and PSP images when observers could manipulate image characteristics.

title: A comparative evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of film and digital sensors for detection of simulated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1548 :: ('MESH:D010483', 'Disease') :: ['periapical lesions']

entities_list: @entity11339 :: ('MESH:D058747', 'Disease') :: ['charge-coupled device', 'CCD']

answer: @entity1548 :: (MESH:D010483,Disease) :: ['periapical lesions']


abstract: @entity715 is a frequent cause of @entity5033 both of the proximal end following @entity548 and of the distal catheter of a vascular shunt. Continued blockages may result in numerous shunt revisions until the blood has been cleared. We have treated 3 @entity1 with shunt malfunctions secondary to @entity715 with urokinase, a thrombolytic agent. Two @entity1 had @entity548 following a shunt revision and were treated with intrashunt urokinase, and 1 with occlusion of an atrial catheter was treated with both intrashunt and systemic urokinase. All were symptomatic at the time of treatment ( @entity10 , @entity391 , full fontanel, somnolence) and all had @entity1276 demonstrated on computed tomography. Various dosage regimens were used with total intrashunt doses of 20,000, 50,000, and 70,000 IU. All improved clinically, computed tomography scans demonstrated improvement, and all were discharged from the hospital. There were no complications of the urokinase administration. The 2 @entity1 with proximal occlusion have not required further shunt revisions at 12 and 27 months following treatment. The @entity1 with atrial end occlusion subsequently underwent two proximal revisions with eventual removal of the atrial catheter because of @entity281 . We conclude the intrashunt urokinase can be of value in the treatment of shunts by blood and blood products.

title: Urokinase in the treatment of shunt malfunctions caused by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['ventriculomegaly']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5033 :: ('MESH:C562451', 'Disease') :: ['shunt malfunction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'Thrombus']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To see if there is a correlation between histologic features of these @entity5 and final outcome. DESIGN: A small series of cases of @entity2347 of the @entity50864 in @entity1 18 years of age or younger were evaluated. @entity1 : A total of 11 cases of @entity2347 of the @entity50864 in @entity1 18 years of age or younger found in the registry of Ophthalmic Pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology were studied. INTERVENTION: Histologic material obtained by excision of @entity5 was evaluated for different morphologic parameters. Clinical follow-up information was reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cases were evaluated for proportion of a basaloid histologic pattern: @entity39 , @entity548 , mitotic count, and perineural, vascular, intraosseous, leptomeningeal, and @entity5151 . These parameters were examined for an association with the clinical follow-up that was obtained for eight of the @entity1 (mean follow-up, 10 years; range, 2-14 years). RESULTS: Most of the @entity1 were female (M:F = 2:9). Mean age was 14 years (range, 6.5-18 years). Of the @entity1 with follow-up, 5 (62.5%) of 8 survived. Estimated survival rate at 15 years was 58% (Kaplan-Meier analysis). Survivors had 25% or less basaloid histology. Necrosis, @entity548 , perineural invasion, and mitotic count were less prominent in survivors than in those who died of disease. Vascular invasion was seen only in fatal cases. CONCLUSIONS: Young @entity1 with @entity2347 have a better prognosis than do adult @entity1 , which may be due to their @entity5 having less aggressive histologic features.

title: XXXX of the @entity50864 in childhood and adolescence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['lacrimal gland tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'adenoid cystic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5151 :: ('MESH:D019574', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve invasion']

entities_list: @entity50864 :: ('MESH:C562407', 'Disease') :: ['lacrimal gland']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['Adenoid cystic carcinomas']