abstract: The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in @entity1575 . A novel homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme, @entity13928 , was identified as a negative regulator of RAS as it degrades Ang II to Ang1-7. We investigated in vivo the expression of @entity13928 in @entity1575 . We evaluated the relationship between biochemical variables and liver tissue expression of @entity13928 , the correlation between a histological assessment of @entity1575 and liver tissue expression of @entity13928 . Male SD @entity35 were randomly divided into a @entity41746 group which received injections of @entity41746 and the control group which received injections of olive oil. Liver pathology was examined by H_E and Sirius red staining, and real-time PCR was performed to determine the gene expression levels of @entity13928 and @entity1811 . Real-time PCR analysis revealed that @entity13928 mRNA was higher at the two-, four-, and six-week time points, respectively (p<0.01). Similarly, hepatic @entity1811 mRNA was significantly increased after @entity41746 injection. There was a significant correlation between @entity1811 and @entity13928 gene expression (r=0.750, P<0.001). @entity13928 gene expression strongly correlated with ALT (r=0.669, P<0.0001) and AST levels (r=0.815, P<0.0001). There was a significant correlation between circulating @entity13928 and histological scores of @entity1575 . @entity13928 and @entity1811 gene expression correlated with the ISHAK score (r=0.850, P<0.001; r=0.806, P<0.001). There was a significant relationship between @entity13928 gene expression and the degree of @entity1575 . @entity13928 plays a crucial role in liver fibrogenesis.

title: Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in @entity41746 -induced @entity35 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver fibrosis']

answer: @entity1575 :: (MESH:D008103,Disease) :: ['liver fibrosis']


abstract: Keratinocytes release a number of cytokines interacting with other intra- and subepidermal cells during the initiation and the perpetuation of skin inflammatory reactions. Cultured @entity1 keratinocytes overexpressing the @entity310 ( @entity7790 ) assumed a spindled morphology and displayed increased locomotion. Moreover, the receptor for @entity7790 , the @entity470 ( @entity470 ), is important for autocrine growth, promotion of cell survival, and regulation of cell migration. The expression of @entity7790 and @entity470 has not been widely studied in @entity1 developing skin and their roles in geno- @entity272 are not known. In this study, we investigated the expression of @entity7790 and @entity470 by immunohistochemistry in @entity1 developing skin at different gestational ages (14 th week, 20 th week, and 34 th week), in six @entity1 with @entity1569 , and, for the first time, in an @entity1 affected with @entity3431 , a very rare lethal genodermatosis, characterized by abnormal skin growth and differentiation with thin, tightly adherent skin. @entity7790 and @entity470 were expressed in the basal layer at the 14 th week and in all epidermal layers at the 20 th and 34 th week of gestation. In @entity1569 , @entity7790 was overexpressed in all layers of epidermis, while @entity470 was expressed in the basal and first suprabasal layers. In @entity3431 , we observed no expression of both @entity7790 and @entity470 at the level of the skin. The other organs showed comparable patterns to those of an age-matched @entity1 . In conclusion, @entity7790 and @entity470 interact strictly to promote skin development during the intrauterine life. An interactive autocrine growth cycle between @entity7790 and @entity470 is present in @entity1569 . A skin-localized alteration of the expression of @entity7790 and @entity470 may be at the basis of @entity3431 . The delay of growth and differentiation of the skin in @entity3431 may be related to the absent expression of @entity7790 , which is probably due to a down regulation of @entity470 by an abnormal autocrine mechanism.

title: Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor-alpha and XXXX in @entity1 fetal developing skin, @entity1569 and @entity3431 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor alpha']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epithelial growth factor receptor', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity3431 :: ('MESH:C536920', 'Disease') :: ['restrictive dermopathy']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['dermatosis']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['epithelial growth factor receptor']


abstract: Mechanisms of fatigue were studied in single muscle fibres of the cane toad (Bufo marinus) in which force, intracellular @entity460 ([ @entity141 ]i), [ @entity1025 ]i, glycogen and the rapidly releasable @entity141 from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were measured. Fatigue was produced by repeated @entity116 continued until force had fallen to 50%. Two patterns of fatigue in the absence of @entity413 were studied. In the first fatigue run force fell to 50% in 8-10 min. Fatigue runs were then repeated until force fell to 50% in < 3 min in the final fatigue run. Addition of extracellular @entity413 after the final fatigue run prolonged a subsequent fatigue run. In the first fatigue run peak tetanic [ @entity141 ]i initially increased and then declined and at the time when force had fallen to 50% tetanic [ @entity141 ]i was 54+/-5% of initial value. In the final fatigue run force and peak tetanic [ @entity141 ]i declined more rapidly but to the same level as in first fatigue runs. At the end of the first fatigue run, the rapidly releasable SR @entity141 store fell to 46+/-6% of the pre-fatigue value. At the end of the final fatigue run the rapidly releasable SR @entity141 store was 109+/-16% of the pre-fatigue value. In unstimulated fibres the nonwashable glycogen content was 176+/-30 mmol glycosyl units/l fibre. After one fatigue run the glycogen content was 117+/-17 mmol glycosyl units/l fibre; at the end of the final fatigue run the glycogen content was reduced to 85+/-9 mmol glycosyl units/l fibre. [ @entity1025 ]i did not change significantly at the end of fatigue in either the first or the final fatigue run suggesting that globally-averaged @entity855 does not decline substantially in either pattern of fatigue. These results suggest that different mechanisms are involved in the decline of tetanic [ @entity141 ]i in first compared to final fatigue runs. The SR @entity141 store is reduced in first fatigue runs; this is not the case for the final fatigue run which is associated with a decline in glycogen and possibly related to either a non-metabolic effect of glycogen or a spatially-localised metabolic decline.

title: Intracellular XXXX during fatigue of cane toad skeletal muscle in the absence of @entity413 .

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pontine micuturition center and storage center are controlled by upper brain. Pharmacological and molecular biological data indicate the distribution of muscarinic receptor subtypes in @entity35 brain, however, the effect of central muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms on the bladder activity has not been evaluated. We investigated the diversity of effect of each subtype in @entity35 brain. METHODS: The muscarinic agents such as muscarine (non-specific agonist), @entity3897 (non-specific antagonist), @entity4140 (M1 receptor antagonist), AF-DX116 (M2 receptor antagonist) and @entity4139 (M3 receptor antagonist) were administrated with intracerebroventricular injection (I.C.V. group) or intravenous injection (i.v. group). The drug effects on @entity1494 were investigated. RESULTS: In I.C.V. group, the @entity1494 pressure were reduced by @entity3897 , @entity4140 and @entity4139 . The contraction time were shortened by @entity4140 and @entity4139 but extended by AF-DX116. The contraction frequency was decreased by AF-DX116. Whereas AF-DX116 in i.v. group reduced the contraction pressure but did not cause any changes of the contraction time and the frequency. Other agents in i.v. group had same tendency with those of I.C.V. group except for intensity. CONCLUSION: That is to say AF-DX116 in I.C.V. group facilitate both micuturition center and storage center. In other words, these data indicate M2 receptor in @entity35 brain inhibits both micurition and storage center. In addition, the effect of AF-DX116 in brain suggests that the development of new drug which proceed to central neuron system might provide a new treatment of @entity1494 .

title: [The effects of the antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in XXXX brain on urinary @entity1494 ].

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic bladder', 'rhythmic bladder contraction', 'bladder contraction']

entities_list: @entity4140 :: ('MESH:D010890', 'Chemical') :: ['pirenzepine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity1 infrapatellar fat pad contains a source of mesenchymal stem cells (FPSCs) that potentially offer a novel population for the treatment of damaged or diseased articular cartilage. Existing cartilage repair strategies such as microfracture harness the presence of a low- @entity26 microenvironment, fibrin clot formation at sites of microfracture, and elevations in growth factors in the damaged joint milieu. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this study was to determine the chondrogenic potential of diseased @entity1 FPSCs in a model system that recapitulates some of these features. In the first phase of the study, the role of @entity1934 ( @entity1934 ) and @entity540 ( @entity540 ), in addition to an altered @entity26 -tension environment, on the colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) capacity and growth kinetics of @entity1 FPSCs during monolayer expansion was evaluated. The subsequent chondrogenic capacity of these cells was quantified in both normoxic (20%) and low- (5%) @entity26 conditions. Expansion in @entity540 was shown to reduce CFU-F numbers, but simultaneously increase both the colony size and the cell yield compared to standard expansion conditions. Supplementation with both @entity540 and @entity1934 significantly reduced cell-doubling time. Expansion in @entity540 , followed by differentiation at 5% @entity26 tension, was observed to synergistically enhance subsequent sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) accumulation after chondrogenic induction. FPSCs expanded in @entity540 were then encapsulated in either agarose or fibrin hydrogels in an attempt to engineer cartilaginous grafts. sGAG synthesis was higher in fibrin constructs, and was further enhanced by differentiation at 5% @entity26 tension, accumulating 2.7% (ww) sGAG after 42 days in culture. These results indicate that FPSCs, a readily accessible cell population, form cartilage in an in vitro environment that recapitulates several key biological features of cartilage repair during microfracture and also point toward the potential utility of such cells when combined with fibrin hydrogel scaffolds.

title: Recapitulating aspects of the XXXX and substrate environment of the damaged joint milieu for stem cell-based cartilage tissue engineering.

entities_list: @entity540 :: ('2247', 'Gene') :: ['fibroblast growth factor-2', 'FGF-2']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1934 :: ('7043', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor beta-3', 'TGF-b3']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: @entity320 is associated with an excellent long-term prognosis when detected and treated at an early stage. Surgery alone is sufficient for @entity1 with thin @entity320 . @entity1 with thicker @entity5 , who are at higher risk for @entity3 , may benefit from additional therapy beyond surgical @entity5 . Adjuvant therapies are designed to reduce the risk of @entity320 recurrence. In particular, the immunotherapies, which boost the host's immune response to the @entity5 , are proving to be valuable adjuncts to surgery. Once @entity320 has @entity3 to a visceral organ, the prognosis is poor. @entity320 has a poor response to most conventional treatments. @entity9725 neutron capture therapy is a novel approach to @entity5 management. It is a binary therapy combining low energy, nonionizing neutron irradiation with a stable isotope of naturally occurring @entity9725 avidly absorbed by the @entity5 . The combined approach currently under investigation results in highly selective @entity5 destruction.

title: New approaches to treating advanced @entity320 : adjuvant treatment of high-risk primary @entity320 and XXXX neutron capture therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'removal of the tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastasized']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Malignant melanoma', 'melanomas', 'Metastatic melanoma']

answer: @entity9725 :: (MESH:D001895,Chemical) :: ['boron']


abstract: Radiotherapy is considered mandatory for @entity0 @entity1 undergoing conservative surgery and for @entity1 at high risk of recurrence. However, relapse due to radio-resistance affects the success of radiotherapy. Ascertaining the fractionated radiation (FIR) modulated molecular targets is important to make @entity5 more susceptible to molecular targeted therapy. Accordingly, we investigated the (i) expression of 84 genes representing six functional pathways; (ii) @entity2451 DNA binding activity and; (iii) expression of radio-responsive molecules after single dose (10Gy) radiation ( @entity41471 ) and FIR (2Gyx5). MCF-7 cells exposed to @entity41471 or FIR were analyzed for alterations in gene expression using QPCR-profiling. @entity2451 DNA binding activity was analyzed using EMSA and pIkappaB using immunoblotting. Expression of @entity310 , @entity1192 , pAKT, @entity1837 , @entity1839 , @entity9846 , survivin, @entity4723 , BID and Bak were determined using QPCR and/or immunoblotting. Compared to @entity41471 , FIR significantly induced 60 genes and completely suppressed 14 genes. Furthermore, FIR induced @entity2451 -DNA binding activity and @entity4284 phosphorylation. Like-wise, FIR induced the expression of @entity1837 , @entity1839 , @entity9846 Survivin, @entity4723 , @entity310 , pAKT and @entity1192 . The results of the study clearly show distinct differences in the molecular response of cells between @entity41471 and FIR exposures. We identified several potential targets that may affect radio-resistance following FIR.

title: @entity2451 activity and transcriptional responses in XXXX @entity0 cells after single and fractionated irradiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: We retrospectively studied 89 consecutive @entity1 diagnosed with primary @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) over a period of 10 years to (1) identify prognostic factors for @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and @entity1778 ( @entity1778 ); (2) to assess and compare the Bournemouth-, Spanish-, D  sseldorf-, Lille-, and the International prognostic scoring systems (IPSS); and to (3) compare the French-American-British (FAB) and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications. The median age of @entity1 was 63 years (range, 26-85). Karyotype analyses were done in 85 @entity1 (96%). Median @entity1349 was 3 years; 67 @entity1 (75%) have died, and 28 (31%) had progression to @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). Major independent prognostic variables for both @entity1349 and @entity1778 (multivariate analysis) were percentage of bone marrow (BM) blasts (P < 0.0001), and in @entity1 with cytogenetic data available, cytogenetic risk groups by Lille-score ( @entity1349 , P = 0.031/ @entity1778 , P = 0.002) and IPSS ( @entity1349 , P = 0.024). All five prognostic scoring systems successfully discriminated risk groups as regards @entity1349 and @entity1778 , but in @entity1 with cytogenetic data available, the major independent prognostic score for @entity1349 (P < 0.0001) and @entity1778 (P = 0.006) was the IPSS. The FAB and WHO classifications also successfully discriminated between risk groups. The new WHO subgroups [ @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ), with ( @entity1503 ) or without ringed sideroblasts] showed a significantly (P = 0.0454) different prognosis for @entity1349 , but not for @entity1778 (P = 0.0839), in comparison to the subgroups having @entity10792 only (RA/ @entity19853 ). Risk stratification into @entity7139 ( @entity7139 ) and @entity7139 tended to yield different prognoses for @entity1349 and @entity1778 . The 5q-minus syndrome strongly predicted for a good prognosis. In @entity1 treated with the demethylating agent @entity11508 (n = 24), IPSS "poor risk" cytogenetics were unable to predict for the expected worse prognosis when compared to "intermediate-risk" cytogenetics. In conclusion, we confirm in a single-center @entity1 cohort that the use of the WHO classification improves the predictive value of the FAB classification and that, in @entity1 with cytogenetic data available, the IPSS can be used for clinical decision-making.

title: Comparison of five prognostic scoring systems, the French-American-British (FAB) and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications in @entity1 with XXXX : Results of a single-center analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7139 :: ('MESH:D000754', 'Disease') :: ['RAEB-II', 'refractory anemia with excess blast-I', 'RAEB-I']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['RCMD', 'refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia', 'RCMD-RS']

entities_list: @entity10792 :: ('MESH:D029503', 'Disease') :: ['erythroid dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia-free survival', 'LFS']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

entities_list: @entity11508 :: ('MESH:C014347', 'Chemical') :: ['decitabine']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To review the presentation and characteristics of @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). METHODS: The records of @entity1 with sufficient American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for @entity1252 treated by the renal units of the Johannesburg and Chris Hani Baragwanath hospitals, and the @entity625 clinic of the Johannesburg Hospital between January 1974 and March 2000 were reviewed. The clinical presentation, age distribution and race were examined. RESULTS: A total of 36 @entity1 met the criteria. There were 26 @entity1 and 10 @entity1 , with a mean age of 11.5 and 10.2 years respectively. The male-to-female ratio was 1:2.6 overall, with a ratio of 1:1.2 under 10 years and 1:4 over 10 years. There were 15 white, 2 Indian and 5 coloured @entity1 . The 14 black @entity1 all presented after 1986. Rashes were found to be the commonest clinical feature present at the time of diagnosis, followed by @entity625 and renal pathology. Constitutional symptoms were common, as were generalised @entity3329 and @entity828 , while neurological, pulmonary and cardiac signs and symptoms were less common. @entity8 was present in 58% of @entity1 on presentation. CONCLUSION: There is a diverse array of presenting features in childhood @entity1252 . There has been increased recognition of the disease in young black South Africans since 1986.

title: Demographics and presenting clinical features of childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal disease']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis', 'polyarthritis']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Good screening performance of retinal photography and ophthalmoscopy together in screening for @entity6 in primary care have been reported. This study reanalysed the data to evaluate the screening performance of photography alone. METHODS: One thousand and ten @entity1 screened by fundal photography and ophthalmoscopy were studied retrospectively. Fundal photographs were quality graded with poor quality pictures being excluded from the analysis. Each @entity1 was reviewed initially by both retinal photographs and ophthalmoscopy by an ophthalmologist, the "gold standard". Six months later the fundal photographs were reviewed and reported in a blinded manner by the ophthalmologist. RESULTS: Two thousand and fourteen photographs were obtained, of which 162 (8%) had to be excluded because of poor quality. On review of the remaining 1852 photographs in isolation, of 77 cases of severe @entity989 as determined by the "gold standard", 67 had severe changes on photography--detection rate 87%. Of the 1775 cases without sight threatening @entity989 only five were judged to have sight threatening changes on photography--false positive rate 0.3%. Considering sight threatening and background @entity989 together, the detection rate was 69% (257 of 375) and the false positive rate 1.6% (23 of 1477). CONCLUSION: Good quality fundal photographs alone seem specific enough to screen for sight threatening @entity6 , but will underdetect background @entity989 .

title: Screening for XXXX in primary care: retinal photography alone can be used efficiently and effectively to exclude those with sight threatening lesions.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic retinopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of @entity4677 (LEV) as adjunctive therapy in @entity1 (4 to 16 years) with treatment-resistant partial-onset @entity410 . METHODS: This multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial consisted of an 8-week baseline period followed by a 14-week double-blind treatment period. During the treatment period, @entity1 received either placebo or LEV add-on therapy and were up-titrated to a target dose of 60 mg/kg/day. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-eight @entity1 (intent-to-treat population) provided evaluable data. The reduction in partial-onset @entity410 frequency per week for LEV adjunctive therapy over placebo adjunctive therapy was significant (26.8%; p = 0.0002; 95% CI 14.0% to 37.6%). A 50% or greater reduction of partial @entity410 frequency per week was attained in 44.6% of the LEV group (45/101 @entity1 ), compared with 19.6% (19/97 @entity1 ) receiving placebo (p = 0.0002). Seven (6.9%) LEV-treated @entity1 were @entity410 -free during the entire double-blind treatment period, compared with one (1.0%) placebo-treated @entity1 . One or more adverse events were reported by 88.1% of LEV-treated @entity1 and 91.8% of placebo @entity1 . The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were @entity2147 , @entity130 , @entity391 , @entity448 , hostility, nervousness, @entity2490 , cough, and @entity7551 . A similar number of @entity1 in each group required a dose reduction or withdrew from the study as a result of an adverse event. CONCLUSION: @entity4677 adjunctive therapy administered at 60 mg/kg/day is efficacious and well tolerated in @entity1 with treatment-resistant partial @entity410 .

title: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive XXXX in pediatric partial @entity410 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4677 :: ('MESH:C026098', 'Chemical') :: ['levetiracetam', 'Levetiracetam']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity7551 :: ('MESH:D010612', 'Disease') :: ['pharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['somnolence']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['accidental injury']

answer: @entity4677 :: (MESH:C026098,Chemical) :: ['levetiracetam']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether inhaled @entity842 (NO) affected the intrapulmonary production of NO, reactive @entity26 species, and nuclear factor-kappaB in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of @entity647 . DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, laboratory study. SETTING: Experimental laboratory at a biomedical institute. SUBJECTS: Twenty male @entity95 weighing 2.5-3.5 kg. INTERVENTIONS: Saline or LPS (5 mg/kg of body weight) was administered intravenously with or without NO inhalation (10 ppm) in each group of five @entity95 . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: LPS increased the lung leak index, the neutrophils and NO levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and NO levels produced by resting and stimulated alveolar macrophages. Inhaled NO decreased the lung leak index, the neutrophils and NO levels as measured by @entity3542 levels in the lavage fluid, and NO produced by the resting and stimulated alveolar macrophages. Inhaled NO also blocked the activities of reactive @entity26 species and nuclear factor-kappaB binding to DNA in lavage cells and in alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSION: Inhaled NO attenuates LPS-induced @entity647 , possibly by decreasing NO production in the lungs. The mechanism of reducing NO production resulting from inhaled NO may involve, in part, the activities of reactive @entity26 species and/or nuclear factor-kappaB.

title: Inhaled @entity842 down-regulates intrapulmonary XXXX production in lipopolysaccharide-induced @entity647 .

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: Leukocyte infiltration, proliferation, and activation are central pathogenetic components of @entity1200 in the glomerulus. Initial cellular infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is a consequence of the deposition of immune complexes at discreet sites in the glomerulus. This is often followed by macrophage/monocyte infiltration, as well as proliferation of resident mesangial macrophages. Activated leukocytes constitute a rich source of lipid-derived bioactive autacoids, in particular, oxygenated metabolites of @entity1426 . Here, we assess the role of the five-lipoxygenase (5-LO) family of @entity1813 , in particular, leukotrienes @entity55135 and LTB4) in mediating functional and structural deterioration during immune inflammatory reactions in the glomerulus. LTD4 and other peptidyl LT appear to play a central role in the reductions in GFR in the acute phases of injury by virtue of their potent vasoactive properties, in particular, their capacity to reduce the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, likely through contraction of smooth muscle elements in glomerular mesangial cells. The latter cells possess specific receptors for LTD4 in both @entity1 and @entity35 and contract in vitro when exposed to LTD4 after receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C. LTB4, a nonvasoconstrictor LT, is released in the early phases of @entity1200 , likely from leukocyte sources as well as from transcellular metabolism of its precursor, LTA4, by the enzyme @entity19960 in glomerular mesangial and endothelial cells. LTB4, a potent promoter of PMN attraction, adhesion, and activation exacerbates @entity8 and structural damage by amplifying PMN-dependent mechanisms of injury. In their totality, 5-LO products of @entity1426 contribute to the impairment of the normal glomerular filtration and sieving functions that attend acute inflammatory @entity8 and to the subsequent progression of glomerular destruction. This is high-lighted by the significant degree of protection afforded by the selective inhibition of @entity3899 5-LO in vivo in acute and chronic models of experimental @entity631 .

title: Five-lipoxygenase products in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular functional impairment', 'injury in the renal glomerulus']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune injury']

entities_list: @entity3899 :: ('CHEBI:32395', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonate']

entities_list: @entity1813 :: ('MESH:D015777', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoids']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular immune injury']


abstract: Ultrasound is currently used as a screening test for @entity1494 in @entity1 with @entity5 at our institution. Cystoscopy is reserved for @entity1 with abnormal bladder ultrasound findings. This study was undertaken to reevaluate this policy and to compare the results of different screening tests. The study was carried out in Pretoria academic complex. All newly diagnosed @entity2622 @entity1 stage II and above were included in this study. The standard staging investigations were done on all @entity1 . In addition, urine midstream and catheter specimens were sent for cytology. Cystoscopy and biopsy were performed on all @entity1 . Two hundred twenty-eight @entity1 were enrolled into this study. At cystoscopy, 47 @entity1 had bladder mucosa suspicious of malignant infiltration, of which 17 had @entity1494 diagnosed on histology. Urine catheter cytology has a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 82% for @entity1494 . The predictive value of a positive test is 31% and for a negative test is 99%. Catheter urine cytology is a very useful screening test for @entity1494 in @entity1 with @entity5 . Cystoscopy should be reserved for @entity1 with abnormal urine cytology in resource-poor settings with a large @entity66 .

title: Urine cytology as a screening test for @entity1494 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['burden of disease']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder mucosa infiltration', 'bladder infiltration']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['advanced-stage cervical cancer', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity2299 of type 2 @entity6 @entity1 is characterized by high VLDL, abnormal LDL composition and low HDL @entity165 concentrations. The aim of this study was to establish whether the type of dietary fats affects LDL size and density and HDL @entity165 concentrations in these @entity1 . METHODS: Plasma phospholipid @entity844 composition, which reflects the type of dietary @entity1718 , was quantified by gas chromatography. LDL relative flotation (LDL-Rf), a measure of LDL particle size and density, was determined by single vertical spin density gradient ultracentrifugation in 97 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 . RESULTS: By linear regression analysis of the data, plasma @entity1718 were associated neither with LDL- @entity165 levels nor with LDL-Rf. The HDL @entity165 concentrations were negatively related with @entity1718 (r = -0.23; p = 0.02) but positively related with @entity6221 (r = +0.20; p = 0.00). Furthermore, higher HDL concentrations were associated with large and buoyant LDL particles (HDL @entity165 vs LDL-Rf: r = +0.47; p = 0.00). In the multiple regression analysis, the LDL-Rf was significantly related both to @entity1674 (beta coefficient = -0.55, p = 0.000) and HDL @entity165 (beta coefficient = 0.19, p = 0.034) concentrations. In a stepwise regression analysis including both @entity1674 and HDL @entity165 , @entity1674 alone explained the 43.0% of the LDL-Rf variability. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction of the dietary saturated fats and an increment of monounsaturated fats might increase HDL @entity165 concentrations in type 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Modifications of LDL composition might be expected from interventions aimed to reduce plasma @entity1674 .

title: Plasma XXXX and lipoproteins in type 2 @entity6 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity6221 :: ('MESH:D005229', 'Chemical') :: ['monounsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids', 'saturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: @entity4910 contributes to regulate G1 progression by forming a complex with different cyclin-dependent kinases. It has oncogenic properties and is frequently overexpressed in several @entity1 @entity5 types. In our study, expression of @entity4910 and Ki67, a proliferation marker, was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in @entity1 papillary superficial (pTa-pT1) @entity150 and was correlated with @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ), @entity994 ( @entity994 ) and @entity1722 expression, with @entity876 gene status and protein expression, ploidy and @entity5 progression. @entity4910 expression was neither associated with @entity5 stage nor with @entity5 grade but high @entity4910 expression (> or =25% positive nuclei) was significantly associated with @entity876 gene mutation (p = 0.012), low @entity994 ( @entity994 ) (p = 0.015) and high @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) (p = 0.016) protein expression. Ki67 expression was not associated with @entity5 stage but a high proliferation index (> or =10% positive nuclei) was significantly associated with high @entity5 grade (p = 0.001) and with DNA aneuploidy (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in proliferative activity between high and low @entity4910 expressor @entity5 . @entity1 whose @entity5 showed high expression of @entity4910 displayed a significantly longer disease-free survival (p < 0.001 by log-rank test). Increased Ki67 expression was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival (p = 0.003). Both @entity4910 (p = 0.027; RR = 1.898) and Ki67 (p = 0.047; RR = 1.932) protein expressions were independent predictors of reduced disease-free survival on a multivariate analysis that also included @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) expression and @entity5 stage. The simultaneous presence of low @entity4910 , low @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) and high Ki67 expression defined a "high-risk" group of @entity1 who displayed a significantly increased risk of recurrence (p < 0.0001). These results suggest that evaluation of cell cycle-associated markers can help to identify high-risk @entity1 and may affect the management of @entity1 with papillary superficial @entity150 .

title: XXXX expression in papillary superficial @entity150 : its association with other cell cycle-associated proteins, cell proliferation and clinical outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancers', 'bladder cancer']

answer: @entity4910 :: (595,Gene) :: ['Cyclin D1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of smoking, @entity167 , and @entity5834 consumption and socio-economic factors and psychosocial stress on birth weight. DESIGN: Prospective population study. SETTING: District general hospital in inner London. @entity1 : A consecutive series of 1860 white @entity1 booking for delivery were approached. 136 Refused and 211 failed to complete the study for other reasons (moved, abortion, subsequent refusal), leaving a sample of 1513. @entity1 who spoke no English, booked after 24 weeks, had @entity1723 , or had a multiple pregnancy were excluded. MEASUREMENTS: Data were obtained by research interviewers at booking (general health questionnaire, modified Paykel's interview, and Eysenck personality questionnaire) and at 17, 28, and 36 weeks' gestation and from the structured antenatal and obstetric record. Variables assessed included smoking, @entity167 consumption, @entity5834 consumption, and over 40 indicators of socio-economic state and psychosocial stress, including social class, tenure of accommodations, education, employment, income, @entity148 and @entity308 , stressful life events, social stress, social support, personality, and attitudes to pregnancy. Birth weight was corrected for gestation and adjusted for maternal height, parity, and baby's sex. MAIN RESULTS: Smoking was the most important single factor (5% reduction in corrected birth weight). Passive smoking was not significant (0.5% reduction). After smoking was controlled for, @entity167 had an effect only in smokers and the effects of @entity5834 became non-significant. Only four of the socioeconomic and stress factors significantly reduced birth weight and these effects became non-significant after smoking was controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Social and psychological factors have little or no direct effect on birth weight corrected for gestational age (fetal growth), and the main environmental cause of its variation in this population was smoking.

title: Effects on birth weight of smoking, XXXX , @entity5834 , socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial stress.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['insulin dependent diabetes']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: Little information is available regarding the @entity535 exchange by @entity1 @entity5 . To characterize this exchange in vivo, 21 @entity1 with resectable @entity14 were studied during curative operations. Concerning the @entity535 uptake and release by peripheral tissues, 20 non- @entity5 @entity1 served as controls. Both groups of subjects were well-nourished, as indicated by anthropometric and biochemical variables. In the @entity5 @entity1 , we cannulated a peripheral artery and vein as well as a central @entity5 -draining vein and the portal vein. Plasma concentrations and concentration differences were determined in mumol/l and in percentages of the total @entity535 amounts. Peripheral @entity2227 uptake per liter plasma was reduced in the @entity5 @entity1 (p = 0.02). In these @entity1 , the central @entity5 -draining vein contained less @entity1160 (p = 0.002) and more @entity2227 (p = 0.002) than the peripheral vein. @entity1160 uptake by the @entity5 occurred more often than @entity1160 release, while @entity2227 had a negative balance across the @entity5 in all but three cases. The qualitative differences between the peripheral tissues and the @entity5 with respect to @entity1160 and @entity2227 exchange reached high levels of significance (p = 0.002 for both of the @entity1522 ). In addition, the @entity5 released more @entity2228 , @entity7222 , and @entity669 than the periphery. As to @entity1160 and @entity2227 metabolism, there was a significant difference between the @entity5 and the portal-drained organs (p greater than or equal to 0.05). The discussion of the results emphasizes the contributions made by the periphery and the @entity5 to the plasma @entity1472 pattern. The role of @entity1160 as a potential high importance energy source for neoplastic tissues is delineated.

title: [ @entity535 uptake and release by @entity14 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamine', 'glutamine']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity7222 :: ('CHEBI:18257', 'Chemical') :: ['ornithine']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: Animal studies have shown that the power output of the left ventricle is related to afterload by a bell-shaped curve. Furthermore, the normal ventricle operates at the maximum power point, whereas the diseased ventricle operates off the maximum power point because of increased afterload. We studied this relation in eight @entity1 with @entity384 . A high-fidelity catheter with micromanometer pressure and electromagnetic velocity transducers was used to measure blood pressure and flow velocity in the ascending aorta. The latter was converted into volumetric flow by calibrating with the simultaneously determined thermodilution cardiac output. Ventricular power was calculated by dividing the integral of the aortic blood pressure-flow product by the duration of the cardiac cycle. Intravenous @entity1854 was used to alter afterload and the power-afterload relation was obtained by plotting power against mean aortic blood pressure. In all @entity1 , as blood pressure was lowered initially, the power output of the left ventricle increased. As the dose of @entity1854 was increased further, the total power either plateaued or actually decreased. The averaged power and the mean blood pressure at control were 1.00 +/- 0.62 W and 92 +/- 9.3 mm Hg, respectively. The averaged maximum increase in power with @entity1854 was 22%, to 1.22 +/- 0.73 W, and this occurred at a mean pressure of 80 +/- 8.8 mm Hg. This study showed that the power-afterload relation in the @entity1 ventricle has a maximum power point at some intermediate level of afterload, similar to that found in animal studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Power-afterload relation in the failing XXXX ventricle.

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroprusside']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Rozrolimupab, a recombinant mixture of 25 fully @entity1 @entity6668 -specific monoclonal antibodies, represents a new class of recombinant human antibody mixtures. In a phase 1 or 2 dose escalation study, @entity6668 (+) @entity1 (61 subjects) with primary @entity3039 received a single intravenous dose of rozrolimupab ranging from 75 to 300  g/kg. The primary outcome was the occurrence of adverse events. The principal secondary outcome was the effect on platelet levels 7 days after the treatment. The most common adverse events were @entity10 and @entity221 , mostly mild, and reported in 20% and 13% of the @entity1 , respectively, without dose relationship. Rozrolimupab caused an expected transient reduction of hemoglobin concentration in the majority of the @entity1 . At the dose of 300  g/kg platelet responses, defined as platelet count >=  30   10(9)/L and an increase in platelet count by > 20   10(9)/L from baseline were observed after 72 hours and persisted for at least 7 days in 8 of 13 @entity1 (62%). Platelet responses were observed within 24 hours in 23% of @entity1 and lasted for a median of 14 days. Rozrolimupab was well tolerated and elicited rapid platelet responses in @entity1 with @entity3039 and may be a useful alternative to plasma-derived products. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00718692.

title: Rozrolimupab, a mixture of 25 recombinant human monoclonal XXXX antibodies, in the treatment of primary @entity3039 .

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['immune thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity6668 :: (6007,Gene) :: ['RhD']


abstract: Thirty-five @entity1 with @entity1067 were entered into a randomized controlled study using @entity10820 (alpha 1-adrenergic blocker). Eighteen @entity1 were allocated to be treated with an initial dose of 1.5 mg/day (group 1) and 17 @entity1 received an initial dose of 3.0 mg/day (group 2). Subjective symptoms and parameters of urodynamic studies were evaluated after 4 weeks and 12 weeks. There were 5 withdrawals or exclusions within 4 weeks and 6 within 12 weeks. Therefore, 15 @entity1 in group 1 and 15 @entity1 in group 2 were eligible for evaluation at 4 weeks, 12 @entity1 in group 1 and 11 @entity1 in group 2 were eligible for evaluation at 12 weeks. The rates of the improvement in subjective symptoms such as retarded urination, protracted urination, weakened urinary stream, abdominal straining on voiding, and sense of residual urine were 40%, 25% in group 1 and 46.7%, 36.4% in group 2, at 4 weeks and at 12 weeks, respectively. The rate of improvement in objective parameters of the urodynamic study such as voiding volume, residual volume, maximum flow rate and average flow rate were 26.7%, 16.7% in group 1 and 26.7%, 20.0% in group 2, at 4 weeks and at 12 weeks, respectively. Thus, these improvements were not correlated with the dosage of drug. Adverse effects such as @entity294 , mild @entity10 , palpitation and gastric disturbance were observed in 2 @entity1 in group 1, and 3 @entity1 in group 2. In the 24 @entity1 treated with the drug over 12 weeks, there were no specific adverse effects due to prolonged administration. These findings showed that @entity10820 is beneficial for the treatment of @entity1067 , and could be safety administered for a prolonged period of time up to 12 weeks.

title: [The evaluation of the effects of @entity10820 in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10820 :: ('MESH:C018176', 'Chemical') :: ['bunazosin hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: Two splice variants of the alpha6 integrin subunit, alpha6A and alpha6B, with different cytoplasmic domains, have previously been described. While alpha6B is expressed throughout the development of the @entity19 , the expression of alpha6A begins at 8.5 days post coitum and is initially restricted to the myocardium. Later in ontogeny, alpha6A is found in various epithelia and in certain cells of the immune system. In this study, we have investigated the function of alpha6A in vivo by generating knockout @entity19 deficient for this splice variant. The @entity54559 - loxP system of the @entity10483 was used to specifically remove the exon encoding the cytoplasmic domain of alpha6A in embryonic stem cells, and the deletion resulted in the expression of alpha6B in all tissues that normally express alpha6A. We show that alpha6A-/- @entity19 develop normally and are fertile. The substitution of alpha6A by alpha6B does not impair the development and function of the heart, hemidesmosome formation in the epidermis, or keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, T cells differentiated normally in alpha6A-/- @entity19 . However, the substitution of alpha6A by alpha6B leads to a decrease in the migration of lymphocytes through laminin-coated Transwell filters and to a reduction of the number of T cells isolated from the peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes. Lymphocyte homing to the lymph nodes, which involves various types of integrin-ligand interactions, was not affected in the alpha6A knockout @entity19 , indicating that the reduced number of lymph node cells could not be directly attributed to defects in lymphocyte trafficking. Nevertheless, the expression of alpha6A might be necessary for optimal lymphocyte migration on laminin in certain pathological conditions.

title: XXXX -loxP-mediated inactivation of the alpha6A integrin splice variant in vivo: evidence for a specific functional role of alpha6A in lymphocyte migration but not in heart development.

entities_list: @entity10483 :: ('10678', 'Species') :: ['bacteriophage P1']

answer: @entity54559 :: (2777477(Tax:10678),Gene) :: ['Cre']


abstract: Tarsal bone disintegration is characterised by @entity1949 and progressive collapse of one or more tarsal bones. It occurs in 10% of @entity1201 @entity1 , and is responsible for many severe @entity5109 associated with this disease. The main cause is micro-traumata, but sensory impairment, @entity295 and @entity170 are predisposing factors. In this series of 400 consecutive @entity1 the talus and navicular were involved most frequently (2% of 119 @entity75 ). Treatment, including prolonged immobilisation of the foot, results in dense @entity1463 of the affected bone, and leaves a functional limb. Initial radiological features include: (i) @entity79 . (ii) Calcified fragments in adjacent soft tissues. (iii) Linear @entity174 . (iv) Progressive compression and deformity of the affected bone. (v) Loss of density of the affected bone. (vi) Flattening of the @entity6127 . Illustrative case histories are presented, and the differential diagnosis discussed.

title: Tarsal bone disintegration in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity5109 :: ('MESH:D005530', 'Disease') :: ['foot deformities']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['tarsal lesions']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Bone fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity6127 :: ('MESH:D007569', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal plantar arch']

answer: @entity1201 :: (MESH:D007918,Disease) :: ['leprosy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To correlate the postbronchodilator (post-BD) inspiratory capacity (IC), % of predicted, with other markers of severity and prognostic factors in @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). METHODS: Eighty stable @entity1 with @entity1030 performed forced vital capacity and slow vital capacity maneuvers, as well as the 6-min walk test, prior to and after receiving @entity3045 spray (400 microg). @entity1 were divided into four groups, based on post-BD forced expiratory volume in one second. Several variables were tested to establish correlations with the post-BD distance walked, using univariate and multivariate analysis. Post-BD IC was found to correlated with Global Initiative for @entity1030 (GOLD) staging and with the Body mass index, airway Obstruction, @entity1353 , and Exercise capacity (BODE) index. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the distance walked, % predicted, correlated significantly with the IC post-BD, % predicted (p = 0.001), long-term @entity26 use (p = 0.014), and number of medications used in the treatment (p = 0.044). IC < 70% was observed in 56% @entity1 in GOLD stages 3 or 4 vs. 20% in GOLD 1 or 2 (p < 0.001). IC < 70% was observed in (60%) @entity1 with BODE score 3 or 4 vs. (33%) BODE score 1 or 2 (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Post-BD IC% predicted is the best functional predictor of distance walked and is significantly associated with GOLD staging and BODE index. Therefore, We propose that the inspiratory capacity should be added to the routine evaluation of the @entity1030 @entity1 .

title: Inspiratory capacity, exercise limitation, markers of severity, and prognostic factors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['albuterol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease', 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study compared the therapeutic activity of intravesical BCG with intravesical @entity1138 chemotherapy in @entity1 with non-muscle invasive @entity150 at intermediate risk of recurrence in a prospective randomised trial. METHODS: 96 @entity1 with low grade recurrent non-muscle invasive @entity150 (Ta or T1) were randomly assigned to intravesical treatment with BCG or @entity1138 . RESULTS: The follow up ranged from 12 to 108 months (mean 65.7+/-25.6 months). Half of the @entity1 were free of recurrence respectively after @entity1138 (23/46) and BCG (23/46) treatment. Recurrences after BCG presented in the first 6 month period (> 50%) or in the long term follow up (> 3 years) whereas early (< 6 months) or long term (> 3 years) recurrences after @entity1139 treatment were less frequent. Time to recurrence in the @entity1139 arm was 17.5+/-15.4 and in the BCG arm 21.9+/-24.8 (p = 0.47). None progressed to muscle-invasive @entity5 or underwent cystectomy during the observation period. @entity1139 caused grade 1-2 @entity137 in 11 @entity1 (mild or moderate @entity2335 in 6 and mild or moderate @entity56 in 5) and grade 3 @entity137 in 11 @entity1 (severe @entity2335 in 4, gross haematuria in 2 and severe @entity56 in 5 cases). Nineteen of the BCG treated @entity1 had grade 1-2 @entity137 (mild to moderate @entity2335 or @entity1069 in 17, mild @entity221 and @entity925 in 2) and 3 developed grade 3 @entity137 (severe @entity2335 in 2 @entity1 and @entity3892 that led to the necessity of antituberculous therapy in one @entity1 ). Intravesical treatment was discontinued in 11 @entity1 under @entity1139 treatment and in 2 @entity1 under BCG treatment (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity1139 and BCG demonstrate efficacy in prolonging the time to recurrence with respect to the period of observation before treatment, so reducing the hospitalisation rate for TUR of the recurrent @entity5 , but no difference in the recurrence rates was observed between @entity1139 and BCG as primary treatment. A significant number of @entity1 treated with @entity1139 @entity2335 or @entity56 so severe to cause discontinuation of the treatment. The vast majority of @entity1 treated with BCG had only mild or moderate side effects under BCG treatment but a serious infection was observed in one case requiring antituberculous treatment.

title: A randomized prospective study of intravesical prophylaxis in non-musle invasive XXXX at intermediate risk of recurrence: @entity1138 chemotherapy vs BCG immunotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['prostatitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity3892 :: ('MESH:D004823', 'Disease') :: ['epididymitis']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitivity reactions']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['cystitis', 'suffered cystitis']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) and @entity613 often have @entity453 ( @entity453 ) and other comorbid medical problems. There is a paucity of information on the impact of coexistent medical conditions on exercise capacity and functional status in @entity1 with @entity3657 . This study examined the impact of @entity453 , @entity6 , cigarette smoking, prior peripheral surgical revascularization and other medical conditions on @entity158 times and peak @entity26 capacity (VO2) during maximal effort treadmill testing in 119 male outpatient volunteers (ankle-brachial index (ABI) of 0.65 +/- 0.2, mean +/- SEM) with a history of Fontaine Stage II @entity3657 . Smoking status was significantly related to ambulatory function. Current smokers had a lower peak VO2 expressed in l/min than either former or never smokers (ANCOVA adjusted for age, p = 0.003). However, after adjustment for body weight, there was only a trend for a difference in peak VO2 between current (13.2 +/- 0.5 ml/kg per min), former (14.2 +/- 0.4 ml/kg per min) and never (15.4 +/- 1.0 ml/kg per min) smokers (ANCOVA, p = 0.10). Current smokers had a shorter time to onset of @entity158 (p = 0.023) and shorter maximal @entity158 times (p = 0.029) than former or never smokers (p = 0.023). The @entity24671 min after cessation of exercise was also lower in smokers compared to former and never smokers (p = 0.018). There were no significant differences in functional performance measures or time to recovery from maximal @entity158 when @entity1 were categorized on the presence or absence of @entity453 , @entity6 , @entity1897 , @entity625 , @entity101 or @entity2299 . Therefore, smoking adversely affected exercise capacity in these @entity3657 @entity1 , whereas the presence of @entity453 , @entity6 and other medical problems had a relatively minor impact on exercise capacity. In conclusion, the relatively minor impact of comorbid medical conditions on walking ability in @entity1 with @entity3657 reflects the overwhelming limitation in ambulatory function due to the @entity158 .

title: Comorbidities and exercise capacity in older XXXX with @entity613 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['PAD', 'peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral revascularization']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['intermittent claudication']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['claudication pain']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: To test whether cytokine gene therapy can be applied to an immunologically privileged site, such as the brain, we investigated antitumor immunity in the brain induced by cytokine-secreting @entity11 cells. Three cytokine genes, @entity5041 ( @entity5041 ), @entity12718 ( @entity12718 ), and @entity7421 ( @entity7421 ) were transduced into a @entity35 C6 @entity11 cell line via a retroviral vector, S2. @entity35 intracerebrally (IC) implanted with the C6 cells genetically engineered to secrete the cytokines, especially @entity7421 , manifested significantly higher survival rates than those with C6 cells or with C6 cells bearing the control vector (p < 0.002). In vivo, C6 @entity5 bearing the cytokine genes grew more slowly than wild-type @entity5 at any time point, and eventually diminished within 6 weeks after @entity5 cell implantation. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies revealed that different cytokines induced diverse immune reactions. In the @entity5041 group, @entity11264 + and CD8+ T cells dominated from day 3 to week 4, but disappeared at week 6. Some granulocytes were noted between weeks 2 and 4. In the @entity12718 group, eosinophils were noted from day 3 to week 4, and @entity11264 + and CD8+ T cells, as well as macrophages at week 2. At week 6, only residual levels of macrophages and CD8+ T cells remained. In the @entity7421 group, granulocytes appeared as early as day 1 post-IC @entity5 implantation, and macrophages at day 2. @entity11264 + and CD8+ T cells were found from day 3 to week 4. At week 6, only residual @entity11264 + T cells and macrophages remained. Long-lasting antitumor immunity was confirmed in all groups by rechallenging surviving @entity35 with wild-type C6 cells in the brain 100 days after implanting cytokine gene-bearing C6 cells. In vivo depletion of @entity7421 by anti- @entity7421 antibody further confirmed that the immune reaction induced by @entity7421 -secreting @entity5 cells were mainly from the action of @entity7421 , rather than the immunogenicity of C6 cells.

title: Induction of antitumor immunity by intracerebrally implanted XXXX C6 @entity11 cells genetically engineered to secrete cytokines.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity7421 :: ('116630(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['GM-CSF', 'granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Experience with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) for @entity2013 is limited because of the efficacy of medical and surgical intervention. @entity1 who are refractory to medical and/or surgical therapy may be treated with GKRS. We characterize the efficacy of GKRS for medically and surgically @entity2013 . METHODS: We reviewed our series of @entity1 with @entity2013 who were treated with GKRS after failing medical and surgical intervention who had at least 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity1 were included in analysis of endocrine outcomes (median and average follow-up of 55 and 58 mo, respectively) and 28 @entity1 were included in analysis of imaging outcomes (median and average follow-up of 48 and 52 mo, respectively). Twenty-six percent of @entity1 achieved a normal serum prolactin (remission) with an average time of 24.5 months. Remission was significantly associated with being off of a @entity935 agonist at the time of GKRS and a @entity5 volume less than 3.0 cm3 (P < 0.05 for both). Long-term image-based volumetric control was achieved in 89% of @entity1 . Complications included new @entity7961 in 28% of @entity1 and @entity129 in two @entity1 (7%). CONCLUSION: Clinical remission in 26% of treated @entity1 is a modest result. However, because the GKRS treated @entity5 were refractory to other therapies and because complication rates were low, GKRS should be part of the armamentarium for treating @entity2013 . @entity1 with @entity5 smaller than 3.0 cm3 and who are not receiving @entity935 agonist at the time of treatment will likely benefit most.

title: Gamma knife radiosurgery for medically and surgically XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['refractory prolactinomas', 'prolactinomas']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity7961 :: ('MESH:C580003', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary hormone deficiencies']

answer: @entity2013 :: (MESH:D015175,Disease) :: ['refractory prolactinomas']


abstract: We previously demonstrated that @entity3371 (CP) exhibited a high ability to inhibit enzymatically generated leukotrienes, particularly LTB(4), from stimulated intact @entity1 neutrophils. This finding together with the immunosuppressive effect of CP have proposed a possible antiinflammatory activity for the drug. Thus, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of CP on immunologically mediated @entity32 ; two models were chosen, namely, Freund's @entity1753 and @entity56 in @entity35 . The effect of CP was assessed on the basis of physical parameter (paw @entity4 ) and biochemical markers in blood and inflammatory exudate. CP was given daily during the course of @entity32 development. It was administered ip at three doses, viz. 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg. The results claimed that CP succeeded in suppressing @entity4 evolution in hind paws of Freund's arthritic animals, during all phases of the disease. During the chronic phase of @entity32 , in either model, CP reduced the elevated serum and exudate (local) LTB(4) and @entity568 levels. The effect on @entity8285 was more pronounced in the exudate and tended to be dose-related. The antiarthritic effect of CP was also accompanied by augmentation of serum level of protein @entity1433 , with reduction or normalization of elevated systemic and/or local levels of lipid @entity2625 , @entity224 dismutase, and @entity2041 . It could be concluded that long-term treatment with CP confers a good antiinflammatory activity against @entity625 in @entity35 , leading to improvement of the oxidative stress induced by the arthritic insult. The reparative effect of the drug could be mediated via reduction of LTB(4) and @entity568 .

title: Effects of @entity3371 on @entity568 , @entity8285 (4), and oxidative stress markers in serum and inflammatory exudate of arthritic XXXX : evidence of antiinflammatory activity.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2625 :: ('CHEBI:44785', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxide']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['adjuvant arthritis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['mixed-type hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Reactive @entity26 species play a role in @entity528 following @entity2806 -reperfusion. We tested whether activity of the @entity224 -generating enzyme, @entity1110 -oxidase, is enhanced in cerebral arteries within, adjacent and distant from the @entity63 core. The right middle cerebral artery (MCA) of conscious @entity35 was temporarily occluded by perivascular injection of @entity1827 to induce @entity64 ( @entity1827 ; n=19). Control @entity35 were injected with saline (n=9). At 24 h or 72 h post-administration of @entity1827 , the MCA and its branches within the ipsilateral penumbra and infarcted core, corresponding arteries in the contralateral hemisphere, and basilar artery were excised. Anatomically similar arteries were excised from saline-injected @entity35 . At 24 h after @entity64 , @entity1110 -stimulated @entity224 production by arteries from the infarcted core did not differ from levels generated by arteries from control @entity35 , whereas levels were significantly lower 72 h after @entity64 . However, at both time points after @entity64 , @entity224 production by arteries from the @entity63 penumbra was 8-fold greater than levels generated by arteries from control @entity35 . Surprisingly, even in the non- @entity63 arteries from the contralateral hemisphere and in the basilar artery, @entity224 production was increased approximately 4- to 6-fold at 24 h, but had returned to normal 72 h after @entity64 . The @entity1110 -oxidase inhibitor, @entity3056 , virtually abolished @entity224 production by all arteries. Thus, the activity of @entity1110 -oxidase is enhanced in cerebral arteries from the @entity63 penumbra at 24 h and 72 h following @entity2806 . Additionally, @entity1110 -oxidase activity is temporarily enhanced after @entity2806 within arteries from non- @entity63 parts of the brain.

title: XXXX -oxidase activity is elevated in penumbral and non- @entity63 cerebral arteries following @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3056 :: ('MESH:C007517', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenyleneiodonium']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal damage']

answer: @entity1110 :: (MESH:D009249,Chemical) :: ['NADPH']


abstract: DNA polymerase alpha-primase is one of the principal enzymes involved in eukaryotic chromosomal DNA replication. @entity19 DNA polymerase alpha-primase consists of four subunits with molecular masses of 180, 68, 54 and 46 kDa. Protein and mRNA expression levels of the four subunits are up-regulated in a coordinated manner in response to growth stimulation. We have previously analysed the transcription of the 180 kDa ( @entity4459 ) and 68 kDa ( @entity28906 ) subunits, which form the DNA polymerase catalytic complex, and found that growth-dependent regulation of transcription of the @entity19 @entity4459 and @entity28906 genes is mediated by a common factor, E2F, while the basal transcription of the genes is regulated by different transcription factors. We characterized the transcriptional regulation of the 54 kDa ( @entity36623 ) and 46 kDa (p46) subunits, which form the DNA primase catalytic complex. We isolated genomic clones spanning the 5'-flanking regions of the @entity36623 and p46 genes and showed, using transient expression and gel mobility shift assays, that the basal transcription of @entity36623 is controlled by @entity10591 and GA-binding protein, as is the basal transcription of the @entity4459 gene. The basal transcription of p46 is controlled by unknown factor(s) which were bound to the upstream sequence. The variant E2F sites close to the transcription initiation sites of the @entity36623 and p46 genes had no basal promoter activity, but were essential for the growth-dependent transcription of both genes. The promoter regions of the four subunits of @entity19 DNA polymerase d-primase complex share several common features. The coordinated transcription of all four subunits in response to growth stimulation appears to be controlled by E2F.

title: E2F regulates growth-dependent transcription of genes encoding both catalytic and regulatory subunits of XXXX primase.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: PTCA of an @entity4798 is associated with a high rate of @entity432 . Recent studies have shown that coronary stenting in @entity1 with stable or unstable @entity951 is associated with a significant reduction in the restenosis rate compared with conventional balloon angioplasty. However, no information is available concerning the long-term effect of coronary stenting at @entity4798 compared with balloon angioplasty alone. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred consecutive @entity1 undergoing stent implantation at an @entity4798 and systematic 6-month angiographic follow-up were matched for major pre-PTCA clinical and angiographic variables with a group of @entity1 undergoing conventional angioplasty. Preprocedural, postprocedural, and 6-month follow-up angiograms were analyzed with quantitative angiography. Coronary stenting was performed as a bailout procedure after failed balloon angioplasty in 20%, for a suboptimal result after balloon angioplasty in 71%, and electively in 9%. Stent implantation was associated with a higher @entity697 . At follow-up, the minimal lumen diameter was significantly (P<.0001) larger in the stent group (1.72+/-0.69 versus 1.23+/-0.72 mm). @entity256 (>50% DS at follow-up) occurred in 27% of the stent group versus 52% of the balloon group (P<.005). At follow-up, total @entity432 at the dilated site occurred in 1% of the stent group versus 14% of the balloon group (P<.005). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary stenting of @entity4798 is associated with a highly beneficial effect on 6-month angiographic outcome compared with balloon angioplasty alone. Further studies are needed to establish whether the beneficial effect of coronary stenting on long-term vessel patency is associated with an improvement in left ventricular function or in clinical outcome.

title: Effects of coronary stenting on restenosis and XXXX after angioplasty of the culprit vessel in @entity1 with recent myocardial infarction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4798 :: ('MESH:D020520', 'Disease') :: ['infarct-related lesion', 'infarct-related lesions']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute gain than balloon angioplasty']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['Restenosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['occlusion', 'restenosis and/or vessel occlusion']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['occlusion']


abstract: @entity3332 caused by tracheobronchial remnants occurred in eight @entity1 , six of whom had associated @entity20434 . Symptoms usually began in early infancy but delayed diagnosis was a common feature. The mean lag period between presentation and definitive operation was 4.6 years (range, 1 month to 16 years). Errors in diagnosis were common. Six were initially diagnosed as having inflammatory strictures secondary to @entity354 . Seven @entity1 were subjected to repeated esophagoscopy and bouginage of the "stricture" (mean no. = 3.4), with invariable failure to ameliorate @entity1282 . Antireflux procedures were performed in three @entity1 . In all @entity1 , symptoms were dramatically relieved following resection of the stenotic segment or esophageal replacement. Although a rare entity, @entity3332 due to tracheobronchial remnants should be considered a possibility in @entity1 with esophageal stricture, presumed to be inflammatory in nature, which fails to respond to standard therapy.

title: XXXX due to tracheobronchial remnants: a rare but important association with esophageal atresia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3332 :: ('MESH:D004940', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital esophageal stenosis', 'congenital esophageal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity20434 :: ('MESH:C531835', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity3332 :: (MESH:D004940,Disease) :: ['Congenital esophageal stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Trials of maintenance therapy in quiescent @entity30 are often underpowered and there is need for objective markers that predict relapse. @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) has been identified as such a marker although it is unknown how this relates to proposed clinical and blood markers of relapse. We aimed to assess the predictive value of intestinal permeability together with clinical and blood markers in a group of @entity1 with inactive @entity30 . METHODS: We assessed 50 @entity1 with inactive @entity30 . @entity66 was defined as a @entity30 activity index of less than 150. @entity1944 was measured by the urinary excretion of @entity11884 and rhamnose and data relating to postulated clinical and blood markers predictive of relapse were collected. Follow-up for one year assessed whether @entity1 had relapsed or remained in remission. RESULTS: Of the 18 @entity1 with abnormal intestinal permeability, 10 remained in remission and 8 relapsed. Of the 32 with a normal result, 31 remained in remission and 1 relapsed. @entity1 with abnormal intestinal permeability are significantly more likely to relapse than those with a normal result (chi-square = 14.3; P = 0.0001; relative risk 18). Those that relapsed had @entity66 duration. Multiple regression analysis identifies @entity1944 to be an independent variable. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal intestinal permeability in @entity1 with inactive @entity30 predicts relapse. This is superior to clinical and blood markers. It is likely that this is due to ongoing @entity32 . This may be of use when designing clinical trials of maintenance therapy.

title: Abnormal intestinal permeability predicts relapse in inactive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['IP', 'Intestinal permeability']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['subclinical mucosal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['lactulose']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Inactive disease', 'shorter disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['Crohn disease']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn disease']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN:: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE:: To demonstrate a correlation between @entity614 symptoms, foraminal morphology, and curve types. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:: @entity1 with @entity179 frequently present with @entity850 and @entity614 , the origin of which is not well understood. METHODS:: 48 @entity1 (384 foraminas)-16 @entity9 (F) and 18 @entity158 (S). The symptomatic foramen of Group F and Group S were compared to asymptomatic foramina. Alignment was measured from standardized radiographs; 3D CT-reconstructions were used to measure foraminal height and area. Data is presented as mean  SD. Chi-square, T-test and Pearson's coefficients were calculated; Inter-, intra-observer reproducibility (Cohen's kappa). RESULTS:: 17/18 @entity1 with @entity158 (S) presented @entity850 (<40 mm) at the concavity of the fractional curve distal to the main lumbar structural curve. The symptomatic foramina were significantly smaller in height (7.8  2.5 mm vs. 12.1  3.1 mm, P<0.0001) and area (30.1  14.3 mm   vs. 57.6  28.7 mm  , P<0.0001) compared to asymptomatic foramen; 7/7 @entity1 with @entity9 (F) and lumbar structural curves (apex L3 or lower) had @entity850 at the concavity of the fractional curve. In 8/9 @entity1 with @entity9 (F) and thoracic, thoraco-lumbar, or lumbar (apex L2 or higher) curves, presented @entity850 in the concavity of the caudal fractional curve. The symptomatic foraminal spaces were significantly smaller in height (9.2  3.2 mm vs. 12.1  3.1 mm, P<0.0001) and area (30.1  15.2 mm   vs. 57.6  28.7 mm  , P<0.0001). Foraminal height correlated with foraminal area (r=0.68-0.85; P<0.0001). Inter-observer agreement was between 0.6092-0.8679. CONCLUSIONS:: A correlation between curve types and symptomatic @entity850 exists. @entity1635 @entity1 with @entity158 typically present with @entity850 at the concavity of the caudal fractional curve. Similarly, @entity1 with @entity9 present with @entity850 at the concavity of the caudal fractional curve when the main structural curve is thoracic, thoraco-lumbar or lumbar (apex L2 or higher).

title: Curve Characteristics and Foraminal Dimensions in XXXX with @entity1635 and @entity614 .

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['Adult scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic nerve pain']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['foraminal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['femoral nerve pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: A prospective evaluation of 412 consecutive @entity1 undergoing isolated aortic valve replacement between January 1982 and December 1985 was performed in an attempt to identify the determinants of survival and @entity712 . A variety of valves were inserted to permit a prospective evaluation of alternative valves including: Bj  rk-Shiley mechanical (n = 37), Ionescu-Shiley pericardial (n = 261), Hancock pericardial (n = 78), and Carpentier-Edwards porcine (n = 36). Thirteen @entity1 died in the hospital (3.2%) and 47 @entity1 died in the follow-up period producing an actuarial survival of 81% +/- 3% at 48 months. Survival was independently predicted by advancing age, preoperative New York Heart Association functional class, and the presence of @entity884 (p less than 0.05 by Cox regression analysis). The majority of @entity1 were symptomatically improved (New York Heart Association class I or II: 21% preoperative, 88% postoperative). Freedom from structural @entity340 , @entity340 , and reoperation for valve-related complications were 95% +/- 2%, 95% +/- 2%, and 92% +/- 2% at 48 months, respectively. These valve-related complications occurred more frequently in younger @entity1 and in those with a Hancock pericardial valve (freedom from structural @entity340 , 89% +/- 5%; @entity340 , 84% +/- 9%; reoperation, 78% +/- 10%; p less than 0.05 by Cox regression). Freedom from @entity1031 was 88% +/- 2% at 48 months; it was significantly lower in @entity1 with a preoperative @entity1031 event and was not influenced by the type of prosthesis inserted. Freedom from anticoagulant-related @entity548 was 85% +/- 8% at 48 months and was not influenced by any preoperative factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Survival and XXXX after aortic valve replacement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['valve failure']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis', 'valve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['valve failure']


abstract: The hemostatic effect of @entity927 solution (4.8%) used as a mouthwash was compared with a placebo solution in 93 @entity1 on continuous, unchanged, oral anticoagulant treatment undergoing oral surgery. The investigation was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Before suturing, the surgically treated region was irrigated with 10 mL of @entity927 (46 @entity1 ) or placebo (47 @entity1 ) solution. The @entity1 then performed mouthwash with 10 mL of the solution for 2 minutes four times daily for 7 days. The treatment groups were comparable regarding age, smoking habits, and surgery. Laboratory variables measuring @entity2067 -dependent coagulation factors were within therapeutic ranges (international normalized ratio 4.00 to 2.10). One of the clinics used a different method for these measurements and therefore the levels of @entity6236 in plasma obtained for the three clinics were compared. No significant difference in the range at which surgery was performed was found between clinics. In the placebo group, 10 @entity1 developed @entity548 requiring treatment, while none of the @entity1 treated with @entity927 solution had @entity548 . This difference was statistically significant (P < .01). The treatment with mouthwash was well tolerated. It was concluded that @entity1 on oral anticoagulants can undergo oral surgery within the therapeutic range without reducing the dosage of anticoagulants, provided that local antifibrinolytic treatment with @entity927 solution is instituted.

title: Prevention of postsurgical XXXX in oral surgery using @entity927 without dose modification of oral anticoagulants.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2067 :: ('MESH:D014812', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin K']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

entities_list: @entity6236 :: ('2159', 'Gene') :: ['coagulation factor X']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: PURPOSE: Improved @entity5 control (LC) improves survival of @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). We estimated the capability of surgical and non-surgical options to improve LC further in this disease. METHODS: Eligible studies were phase III trials reporting 2-year survival data as well as the incidence of LC and/or distant metastases. Effect estimates, as well as the statistical uncertainty of these, were combined in order to estimate the benefit in terms of LC from combining multiple modalities. RESULTS: It was estimated that the highest rates of LC can be obtained with high-dose concurrent chemo-radiation followed by surgery. In this situation, escalating the pre-operative radiation dose from 45 to 66 Gy, delivered concurrently with chemotherapy, could increase LC from 58% to 76%. @entity137 may also be higher, but could not be estimated. Without surgery, the gain in LC from concurrent chemo-radiation versus sequential, corresponds to a radiation dose increase from 65 to 72 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that high-dose concurrent chemo-radiation followed by surgery could be superior to other current treatment approaches for selected @entity1 with @entity5 , provided @entity137 would be low. At present, high-dose concurrent chemo-radiation followed by surgery should be considered experimental.

title: Can we optimize chemo-radiation and surgery in locally advanced XXXX based on evidence from randomized clinical trials? A hypothesis-generating study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III NSCLC', 'local tumor']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['stage III non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity12145 ( @entity12145 ) is characterized clinically by rickets, @entity5886 , and @entity14104 . Conventional treatment of @entity12145 with oral @entity1391 and @entity560 is associated with increased urinary @entity460 excretion and @entity11604 . Thiazide diuretics decrease urinary @entity460 excretion. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of @entity2740 diuretics on the clinical and radiologic course of @entity11604 in @entity1 with @entity12145 . METHODS: The effect of @entity918 ( @entity918 ) on clinical and radiologic progression of @entity11604 was evaluated in 11 @entity1 with @entity12145 . All @entity1 had been treated previously with @entity560 and oral @entity1391 and had radiologic evidence of @entity11604 . The average age of the @entity1 at the start of @entity918 was 6.6 +/- 1.0 years. The effect of oral @entity918 at 0.8 +/- 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day given for 3.3 +/- 0.6 years on the progression of @entity11604 and urinary @entity460 excretion was evaluated. RESULTS: There was no change in serum phosphorous, @entity460 , @entity972 , and @entity2865 after @entity918 therapy. @entity918 therapy increased serum @entity3157 and decreased urinary @entity460 excretion. The grade of @entity11604 increased from 0.4 +/- 0.2 to 1.5 +/- 0.3 in the 2.3 +/- 0.3 years before initiation of @entity918 therapy, whereas the degree of @entity11604 was stable after 3.3 +/- 0.6 years of @entity918 therapy (1.5 +/- 0.3 vs 3.0 +/- 0.3). CONCLUSION: @entity918 decreased urinary @entity460 excretion but did not result in the resolution of @entity11604 . However, when compared with the control period, @entity918 prevented the progression of @entity11604 in @entity1 with @entity12145 .

title: @entity2740 diuretics arrest the progression of XXXX in @entity1 with @entity12145 .

entities_list: @entity12145 :: ('MESH:D053098', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked hypophosphatemia', 'XLH']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity14104 :: ('MESH:D007015', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphosphaturia']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['HCTZ', 'hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity11604 :: ('MESH:D009397', 'Disease') :: ['nephrocalcinosis']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity5886 :: ('MESH:D017674', 'Disease') :: ['hypophosphatemia']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity11604 :: (MESH:D009397,Disease) :: ['nephrocalcinosis']


abstract: From January to December 1986, 120 preterm @entity1 were born with birth-weight under 1500 gm. Eighty-five @entity1 were included in the study group either because they had a cranial sonographic evaluation or a necropsy. The mortality rate was 70% for the study group, but was 52.5% for the whole period. The sonographic examination was performed in 41 @entity1 . The incidence of @entity548 ( @entity548 ) was 42.3%. Twenty-three cases had @entity548 grade II (63.8%), 10 grade I (27.7%), and 3 (8.3%) grade IV. Thirteen @entity1 had sonographic and necroscopic examinations. We observed a total agreement between sonographic and necroscopic diagnosis in 9 cases (69%). Two cases were classified as partial agreement as they differed only in the grading of @entity548 , whereas in two cases there was a false negative diagnosis in the ultrasound examination. The interval between the examinations in these two false negative cases was 53 and 20 days, respectively. We conclude that the incidence of @entity548 found in our study is comparable to that of the literature and that cranial ultrasonography is a sensitive neuroimage technique for the diagnosis of @entity548 in the newborn preterm @entity1 .

title: [Incidence of peri-intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm newborn XXXX with birth weight less than 1500 gms: evaluation of brain ultrasonographic studies and necropsy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage', 'PIVH']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: Activation of macrophages results in the production of tissue destructive mediators and enzymes including @entity2918 ( @entity5014 ) and collagenase. In addition, activated macrophages also generate mediators which enhance connective tissue formation through their effects on fibroblast growth. To determine whether the pro-inflammatory mediators and the mediator(s) involved in tissue repair are under the same regulatory control, @entity840 macrophage cultures were treated with various pharmacologic agents and their supernatants monitored for biologic activity. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, @entity3352 , and the glucocorticoid, @entity619 , at pharmacologic concentrations inhibited not only @entity3009 synthesis (greater than 90%) but also the production of collagenase (greater than 90%). Colchicine, a microtubule disruptive agent, but not the inactive form, @entity12008 , markedly diminished the production of collagenase independently of @entity3009 synthesis. In contrast to the inhibitory effects of these anti-inflammatory agents on @entity5014 and collagenase production, @entity3352 did not inhibit the production of macrophage-derived fibroblast-activating factor (FAF). Furthermore, @entity619 at pharmacologic doses did not inhibit FAF production. Colchicine not only did not inhibit FAF, but frequently enhanced the appearance of FAF In the macrophage cultures. Thus, it appears that regulation of the production of @entity5014 and collagenase is different than the regulation of FAF synthesis and therefore the production of these mediators can be differentially modulated. Such a dissociation may provide a basis for mononuclear cell-mediated fibroblast growth and tissue repair to occur independently of the release of @entity1421 and collagenase and even following anti-inflammatory drug therapy.

title: Regulation of macrophage collagenase, XXXX , and fibroblast-activating-factor production by anti-inflammatory agents: different regulatory mechanisms for tissue injury and repair.

entities_list: @entity12008 :: ('MESH:C042109', 'Chemical') :: ['lumicolchicine']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity3009 :: (CHEBI:26333,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin']


abstract: This research project examined the relationship between gavage administration of various vehicles and induction of the stress response, as defined by increased plasma @entity2819 levels, in the @entity35 . In addition, we assessed elicitation of clinical signs of distress and @entity1173 leading to airway/pulmonary changes. We studied various vehicles used in toxicology studies, including water, @entity4336 oil, and 1% methylcellulose/0.2% @entity9266 . Male CD @entity35 received a single gavage administration of vehicle, blood was collected 1 h after dosing for measurement of plasma @entity2819 , and necropsies were performed 4 h after dosing. Gavage administration of @entity4336 oil at. 20 mL/kg, but not 1% methylcellulose/0.2% @entity9266 or water, induced a stress response in a volume-dependent fashion, resulting in elevated plasma @entity2819 levels. This response was not due to @entity1173 , which occurred after administration of. 20 mL/kg of water or 1% methylcellulose/0.2% @entity9266 but not @entity4336 oil. Administration of @entity4336 oil at 40 mL/kg resulted in plasma @entity2819 levels that were elevated for 4 h. The stress response produced by @entity4336 oil was not unique to this vehicle but also occurred after gavage administration of @entity5420 , @entity1460 , and peanut oils. Our data indicate that gavage dosing of lipid vehicles induces activation of the stress response, as indicated by increased adrenal output of @entity2819 , in a volume-dependent fashion. In conclusion, gavage administration of various vehicles can result in @entity1173 , @entity651 , and/or elicitation of a stress response in a vehicle- and dose volume-dependent fashion. The results of our project suggest that dose volumes for gavage administration in the @entity35 generally should not exceed 10 mL/kg.

title: Stress produced by gavage administration in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary injury']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity2500 is a rare condition that involves narrowing of the abdominal aorta and its visceral branches. The authors propose staged vascular repair to minimize @entity8 and facilitate use of native arterial tissue for reconstruction. METHODS: Three adolescents (age 8(1/2), 12(1/2), 13(1/2)) presented with severe @entity101 . Subsequent evaluation showed @entity1498 of the abdominal aorta extending above the celiac axis. All 3 @entity1 had bilateral @entity2791 . There also were tight stenoses of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries. In the first stage the @entity2791 was relieved. In the youngest @entity1 , this was accomplished by balloon angioplasty. However, in the other 2, right renal autotransplantation was performed to the right iliac vessels using end-to-side anastomoses of the renal artery and vein. Cold perfusion was used. The second stage was performed 2 to 5 months later via a thoracoabdominal approach in 2 @entity1 . A Dacron tube graft was utilized from above the @entity1498 to the iliac bifurcation. The left renal arteries were detached and anastomosed end to side to the bypass graft. In 1 @entity1 there were actually 3 separate renal arteries that required reimplantation. In the youngest @entity1 the aortic narrowing was relieved by a long Dacron patch aortoplasty and interposition of an internal iliac artery graft to the left renal artery. RESULTS: All 3 @entity1 recovered well and returned to full activities. There was no measurable rise of BUN or serum @entity1011 postoperatively. Postoperative renal scans showed good renal perfusion bilaterally. Follow-up results 2 to 10 years later continue to show well functioning reconstructions. CONCLUSION: A staged approach is an effective reconstruction for @entity1 with @entity2500 which minimizes risk to renal function.

title: Staged reconstruction for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['Middle aortic syndrome', 'middle aortic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['right renal artery stenosis', 'renal artery stenoses']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity2500 :: (MESH:D020244,Disease) :: ['middle aortic syndrome']