abstract: Three double-blind Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies are reviewed to determine age-related changes in response to antihypertensive agents. In the first study 312 @entity1 received @entity918 titrated from 25 to 100 mg twice daily to lower diastolic blood pressure (BP) to less than 90 mm Hg. Of 121 @entity1 aged 55 to 65 the decrease in BP averaged -21.8/-12.9 mm Hg, while in the 191 @entity1 younger than 55 the reduction averaged -15.7/-11.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.001; p = 0.048, respectively). Both systolic and diastolic BP reductions averaged significantly more in older whites; in older blacks it was systolic BP only. An additional 298 @entity1 received titrated doses of @entity1169 alone. In this group there were no significant differences in BP response between younger @entity1 and @entity1 aged 55 to 65 except in the subgroup of white @entity1 older than 60, in whom the systolic reduction was significantly less than in the younger @entity1 . In a second study of @entity3592 alone and with @entity5894 , systolic BP decreased more in older than in younger @entity1 but there was no age-related reduction with @entity5894 alone. In the third trial @entity3371 was first given alone and later with @entity918 . There were no age-related differences with @entity3371 alone, but after the addition of @entity918 there was a trend toward a greater antihypertensive response in the @entity1 aged 55 to 69. Thus, responsiveness of older @entity1 varies with the type of antihypertensive drug. Age appears to increase the antihypertensive response to @entity2740 diuretics but not to beta-adrenergic blocking drugs or to @entity3371 .

title: Age and antihypertensive drugs ( @entity918 , XXXX , @entity5894 and @entity3371 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity3592 :: ('MESH:D001539', 'Chemical') :: ['bendroflumethiazide']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

answer: @entity3592 :: (MESH:D001539,Chemical) :: ['bendroflumethiazide']


abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of other genes by transcriptional inhibition or translational repression. @entity7762 is a known @entity5 suppressor gene and inhibits abnormal cell growth. However, its role in other tumorigenic processes is not fully known. This study aimed to investigate the action of @entity7762 on cell invasion. We found that @entity7762 is expressed at various levels in cervical @entity5 (HeLa, SiHa, C4I, C33a and CaSki) and trophoblast (BeWo and JAR) cell lines. Transient forced expression of @entity7762 did not affect the proliferation of these cell lines. Computational miRNA target prediction suggested that @entity125 and @entity127 were targets of @entity7762 . By using functional assays, @entity7762 was demonstrated to bind to the 3' untranslated regions of @entity125 and @entity127 . Forced expression of @entity7762 altered the expression of @entity125 and @entity127 protein as well as Notch signaling as shown by the response of Hairy Enhancer of Split-1 protein to these treatments using western blot analysis. Forced expression of @entity7762 suppressed the invasiveness of HeLa and JAR cells. By using gamma-secretase inhibitor (N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester) that interfered Notch signaling and RNA interference that knockdown @entity125 expression, we confirmed that downregulation of @entity125 reduced the invasiveness of the cells. Transfection of intracellular domain of Notch nullifies the effect of @entity7762 on the invasiveness of the cells. Besides, we identified that @entity7762 affected cell invasion by regulating expression of urokinase plasminogen activator through Notch. Our results provide evidence that @entity7762 inhibits invasiveness through regulation of the Notch pathway and its downstream matrix degrading enzyme.

title: MicroRNA-34a suppresses invasion through downregulation of XXXX and @entity127 in cervical carcinoma and choriocarcinoma cells.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity125 :: (4851,Gene) :: ['Notch1']


abstract: The cytoarchitectonic structure of the @entity4049 . parabrachialis of 20 bird species, 17 mammals and @entity1 was studied in sections stained with @entity10371 . This comparative study showed the six cytoarchitectonic subnuclei of the @entity4049 . parabrachialis (subncl. medialis, dorsomedialis, dorsalis, lateralis, dorsolateralis and ventralis) to be unevenly developed in the vertebrates under study. The degree of development of the subnuclei was tabulated to bring out the developmental trends of the @entity4049 . parabrachialis in different groups of vertebrates. Only three of the six subnuclei were found enlarged in higher primates and in @entity1 --the subncl. dorsolateralis, lateralis and medialis, the latter two (subncl. lateralis and medialis) being also larger in insectivores. The most primitive structure is that of the subncl. ventralis with features very much like those of a small-cell reticular formation. Cytoarchitectonically speaking, the parabrachial subnuclei appear to be of polyphyletic origin: the medial and dorsomedial subnuclei being close to the substantia grisea centralis, the ventral subnucleus to the small-cell lateral reticular formation, and the lateral and dorsolateral subnuclei to the @entity4049 . pedunculo-pontinus.

title: Parabrachial nuclear complex. A comparative study of its cytoarchitectonics in birds and some mammals including XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10371 :: ('MESH:C028911', 'Chemical') :: ['cresyl violet']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate changes in brain perfusion computed tomographic (CT) parameters after revascularization of unilateral symptomatic @entity543 and to determine whether pretreatment perfusion CT parameters can be used to predict changes in cerebral hemodynamics after treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was medical ethics committee approved, and written informed consent was obtained from all @entity1 . Thirty-six @entity1 (23 @entity1 , 13 @entity1 ; mean age, 67 years) with unilateral symptomatic @entity543 underwent multi-detector row perfusion CT before and after revascularization. Mean transit time ( @entity98 ), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were calculated, and relative values based on the comparison between symptomatic and asymptomatic hemispheres-specifically, relative CBV, relative CBF, and difference in @entity98 -were derived. The absolute and relative perfusion values before treatment were assessed and compared with posttreatment values. These analyses were performed for the group as a whole by using the t test and after subdividing @entity1 into three tertiles according to the difference in @entity98 by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Among the absolute perfusion values, only the @entity98 in the symptomatic hemisphere improved significantly after treatment (P < .01). All relative values (difference in @entity98 , relative CBV, and relative CBF) changed significantly after treatment (P < .05). When the @entity1 were subdivided into three tertiles according to difference in @entity98 , no significant change in any relative perfusion value could be demonstrated in the lowest tertile, only the difference in @entity98 improved significantly (P = .004) in the middle tertile, and all relative perfusion values changed significantly (P = .002) in the highest tertile. CONCLUSION: Compared with relative CT perfusion values based on interhemispheric comparison, absolute perfusion CT values are less suited for demonstrating changes in cerebral perfusion after revascularization in @entity1 with unilateral symptomatic @entity543 .

title: Changes in cerebral perfusion after revascularization of symptomatic XXXX : CT measurement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid artery stenosis']

answer: @entity543 :: (MESH:D016893,Disease) :: ['carotid artery stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity2614 is often used in pediatric anesthesia and is associated with high incidence of @entity2146 . In such cases, @entity6948 ( @entity9170 ) has been used, but its benefit and implications remain uncertain. We assessed the effects of @entity9170 on @entity2146 in @entity1 undergoing general anesthesia with @entity2614 . METHOD: Meta-analysis of randomized clinical and double-blind studies, with @entity1 undergoing elective procedures under general anesthesia with @entity2614 , using @entity9170 or placebo. We sought articles in English in PubMed database using the following terms: @entity6948 , @entity2614 ( @entity16072 /sevoflurante), and @entity2146 (Psychomotor Agitation). Duplicate articles with @entity1 who received premedication and used active control were excluded. It was adopted random effects model with DerSimonian-Laird testing and odds ratio (OR) calculation for dichotomous variables, and standardized mean difference for continuous variables, with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Of 146 studies identified, 10 were selected totaling 558 @entity1 (282 in @entity9170 group and 276 controls). The use of @entity9170 was considered a protective factor for @entity2146 (OR=0.17; 95% CI 0.13-0.23; p<0.0001) and @entity390 and @entity391 in @entity16073 (OR=0.49; 95% CI 0.35-0.68; p<0.0001). Wake-up time and @entity16073 discharge time were higher in the @entity6948 group. There was no difference between groups for extubation time and duration of anesthesia. CONCLUSION: @entity6948 reduces @entity2146 during wake-up time of @entity1 undergoing general anesthesia with @entity2614 .

title: Effect of @entity6948 in XXXX undergoing general anesthesia with @entity2614 : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity16072 :: ('MESH:D008738', 'Chemical') :: ['Methyl Ethers']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['psychomotor agitation', 'agitation']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane', 'Sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine', 'Dexmedetomidine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: Elective laparoscopic-assisted resection of terminal ileal @entity30 is slowly gaining acceptance as an alternative to conventional surgery, based on the advantages of earlier return of bowel function, reductions in length of stay, and smaller wounds in a population likely to require reoperation. There is limited documentation of the cost-effectiveness of this approach, particularly with the reported longer operating times. The purpose of this study was to compare laparoscopic and open resections for terminal ileal @entity30 . METHODS: We compared contemporaneous cohorts of @entity1 undergoing initial elective laparoscopic or open resection for ileocecal @entity30 between June 1, 1999 and October 31, 2000 at a single institution. Operative approach was at the discretion of the surgeon. Data collected included age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, indication for surgery, morbidity, mortality, conversion (laparoscopic-resection group only), operating-room time, length of hospital stay, direct cost per case, 30-day readmission, and return to work. All data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Data analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test, and Student's t-test where appropriate. Significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: There were 45 evaluable @entity1 (laparoscopic-resection group, 21; open-resection group, 24). One procedure was considered a conversion because of the 13-cm incision required to exteriorize the phlegmon (conversion rate, 4.8 percent). The median age (laparoscopic-resection group, 31 years; open-resection group, 39 years) and gender distributions (male/female: laparoscopic-resection group, 129; open-resection group, 915) were significantly different between the two groups. Resumption of oral intake (operating-room day vs. second postoperative day; P < 0.05) and resumption of intestinal function (2 vs. 4 days; P < 0.05) were significantly faster in the laparoscopic-resection @entity1 . The median length of hospital stay was significantly shorter for the laparoscopic-resection @entity1 (3 (2-3) vs. 5 (4-6) days; P < 0.05). The 30-day readmission rate in the laparoscopic-resection group was 9.6 percent (221), whereas none of the open-resection @entity1 required rehospitalization. The overall complication rates were comparable for the laparoscopic-resection and open-resection @entity1 (14.3 vs. 16.7 percent; P not significant), although there was one @entity834 and one @entity6177 in the laparoscopic-resection group, requiring readmission and reintervention (9.6 percent; P not significant). The direct cost per case was significantly lower for the laparoscopic-resection group ( 2,547 vs.  2,985; P < 0.05, Student's t-test). CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic-assisted approach to ileocecal @entity30 results in a shortened length of stay and seems economically advantageous to open surgery.

title: Advantages of laparoscopic resection for ileocecal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leak']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity6177 :: ('MESH:D018784', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal abscess']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: The effects of @entity3652 , a noncompetitive antagonist at the @entity143 receptor, were studied on the EEG and in the open field in a genetic animal model of generalized @entity2048 --the WAG/Rij @entity35 . Animals of this strain display spontaneous occurring generalized @entity11228 ( @entity11228 ) in the EEG. @entity3652 was systemically administered in a dose range from 3 to 30 mg/kg. Biphasic effects of @entity3652 were observed in the EEG. The first phase was a dose-dependent suppression of @entity11228 , followed by a second phase characterized by the facilitation of @entity11228 . This increase was expressed first as an increased number of @entity11228 , and later on as a significant prolongation of individual discharges and decrease in frequency of @entity11228 . An obvious amplitude modulation of the discharges was also found. During the period of suppression of @entity11228 , a new phenomenon was observed: quasi-periodic groups of spikes or wave spikes, with an internal frequency of 4-5 Hz and a periodicity of about 5 s. That quasi-periodic activity vanished a few minutes prior to the recovery of the classical @entity11228 . However, a specific 5-s amplitude modulation of @entity11228 remained present in the recovery period. The propensity of that specific @entity3652 -induced activity was found to be correlated with propensity of @entity11228 in background EEGs of drug-free animals. @entity3652 also produced a dose-related initial behavioral excitation, a decrease of muscle tone in hind quarters, followed by front quarters and head, and an absence of locomotor activity. However, the time course of the behavioral changes cannot explain the effects on the EEG. It can be concluded that @entity3652 has more effects on the EEG than previously assumed which cannot be explained by a simple blockade of the @entity143 receptor. It is proposed that the obtained specific dynamics of @entity11228 ' frequency may be caused by changes in the activity of the thalamo-cortical pacemaker that is generating @entity11228 .

title: The multiple effects of @entity3652 on electroencephalographic activity and behavior in WAG/Rij XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine', 'Ketamine']

entities_list: @entity11228 :: ('MESH:C535500', 'Disease') :: ['SWDs', 'spike-wave discharges']

entities_list: @entity2048 :: ('MESH:D004832', 'Disease') :: ['absence epilepsy']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Frozen shoulder is a @entity158 with gradual onset and loss of range of motion in the glenohumeral joint. To investigate the efficacy of ultrasound(US)-guided intra-articular (IA) @entity6058 injection with capsular distension compared with @entity479 injection alone in @entity1 with frozen shoulder by assessing @entity158 relief, functional improvements, and range of motion at 1,3 and 6 months after the last injections. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between January 2009 and December 2012, 121 @entity1 were treated with US-guided IA @entity479 injection or IA @entity6058 injection with capsular distension for frozen shoulder. @entity1 (n= 57) of US-guided IA @entity479 injection group were administered with a mixture of 0.5% @entity3303 (4 ml) plus @entity2713 (40 mg/ml; 1 ml) and @entity1 (n= 64) of US-guided IA @entity6058 injection with capsular distension group were administered by using 0.5% @entity3303 (19 mL) plus @entity6058 (30 mg/ml; 1 mL) for capsular distension. Outcome measurement was assessed by Shoulder @entity158 and Disability Index (SPADI), Verbal @entity158 Scale (VNS) and passive range of motion (ROM) before injections and at 1, 3 and 6 months after the last injections. We regarded the outcomes as a success if @entity1 obtained significant @entity158 relief (as measured by > 50% improvement in the VNS score and 20 point improvement in the SPASI) at 1, 3 and 6 months after the last injections. RESULTS: SPADI, VNS and passive ROM were improved 1, 3 and 6 months after the last injections in both groups. The statistical differences were not observed in SPADI, VNS between groups (p< 0.05). Successful treatment rate were not significantly different between the groups as well as in 1, 3 and 6 month outcomes. However, greater improvement was found in a matter of range of motion in @entity1 receiving IA @entity6058 injection with capsular distension than @entity1 receiving US-guided IA @entity479 injection alone. Significant differences in improvement at 3 and 6 months were observed for shoulder passive abduction and external rotation (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: IA @entity6058 injection with capsular distension was shown to be a treatment method as effective as the @entity479 injection alone in @entity158 relief and functional improvement in @entity1 with frozen shoulder and more improvement in passive abduction and external rotation than @entity479 injection alone at 3 and 6 months.

title: Effects of Ultrasound-guided intra-articular XXXX injection with capsular distension.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2713 :: ('MESH:D014221', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone']

entities_list: @entity6058 :: ('MESH:D020910', 'Chemical') :: ['ketorolac']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful condition', 'Numeric pain', 'Pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity6058 :: (MESH:D020910,Chemical) :: ['ketorolac']


abstract: OBJECT: Although the transsphenoidal approach for @entity976 has been performed for many years, there are few reports describing the role of the endoscopic transsphenoidal technique for @entity976 . The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of the endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for adults with @entity976 in whom the goal was gross-total resection. METHODS: Twelve @entity1 were identified who were older than 18 years at the time of their pure endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery. Their medical records and imaging studies were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Gross-total resection was achieved in 42% of cases when assessed by intraoperative impression alone and in 75% when assessed by the first postoperative MR imaging study. However, 83% of @entity1 achieved at least a 95% resection when assessed by both intraoperative impression and the first postoperative MR imaging study. Permanent @entity2010 occurred postoperatively in 44% of @entity1 . Six (67%) of 9 @entity1 who had a functioning hypothalamic-pituitary axis preoperatively developed @entity7961 after surgery. Visual improvement or normalization occurred in 78% of @entity1 with preoperative @entity227 . Although no @entity1 experienced a postoperative CSF leak, 1 @entity1 was treated for @entity693 . CONCLUSIONS: The authors have achieved a high rate of radical resection and symptomatic improvement with the endoscopic transsphenoidal technique for both subdiaphragmatic (sellar/suprasellar) and supradiaphragmatic (suprasellar) @entity976 . However, this is also associated with a high incidence of new @entity2744 . Endoscopic assessment of @entity5 resection may be more sensitive for @entity41 than the first postoperative MR imaging study.

title: Early outcomes of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deficits']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity2744 :: ('MESH:C567425', 'Disease') :: ['endocrinopathy']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngiomas', 'suprasellar craniopharyngiomas', 'subdiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas']

entities_list: @entity7961 :: ('MESH:C580003', 'Disease') :: ['panhypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity976 :: (MESH:D003397,Disease) :: ['adult craniopharyngiomas']


abstract: The effects of exogeneous @entity19643 ( @entity15082 , 10 microM), a selective inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) @entity141 adenosinetriphosphatase, on cyclic @entity4334 -induced relaxations of @entity235 airway smooth muscle were examined. Strips of tracheal muscle were precontracted with @entity5402 (50% median effective concentration, 0.1 microM) or with 60 mM @entity10406 . The beta-agonist @entity3044 ( @entity8670 , 10 microM) relaxed the tissue by approximately 50%. The relaxation was reduced in the presence of @entity15082 when L-type @entity141 channels were available but not when these were blocked by 0.1 microM @entity594 . @entity1928 (1.0 microM), an adenylate cyclase activator, was less effective at inhibiting the contraction than @entity8670 , and addition of @entity15082 did not block its inhibitory effect as effectively as when @entity8670 was used. Radioimmunoassay indicated that both these agents raised @entity268 ( @entity268 ) levels to the same degree. Very little relaxation of the precontracted smooth muscle was elicited by 3 mM @entity5987 ( @entity7410 ), and addition of @entity15082 had no effect. @entity1854 (100 microM) and @entity8263 (10 mM) inhibited contraction to a greater degree than any agent that raised @entity268 . These inhibitions were greatly reduced in the presence of @entity15082 when L-type @entity141 channels were available. We conclude that pumping of @entity141 into SR plays a major role @entity6708 -produced but not @entity268 -induced relaxation; L-type @entity141 channels must be available for the relaxant role of @entity141 pumping into the SR to be expressed; and @entity8670 -induced relaxation may not involve primarily elevation of the @entity268 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Mechanisms of cyclic nucleotide-induced relaxation in XXXX tracheal smooth muscle.

entities_list: @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate", 'cAMP']

entities_list: @entity6708 :: ('CHEBI:16356', 'Chemical') :: ["guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity5987 :: ('MESH:D015124', 'Chemical') :: ["8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity8263 :: ('MESH:C016276', 'Chemical') :: ["8-bromo-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity19643 :: ('MESH:C000543', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopiazonic acid']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['Forskolin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: The aim of this study was to review the use of @entity1088 in a Sydney area old age psychiatry service. Data were extracted from case files of all @entity1 who were treated in a health area's old age psychiatry units with @entity1088 during a 15-year period. Additional details were obtained from clinicians who provided ongoing care after discharge from the hospital. Note was made of psychiatric diagnoses, length of time taking @entity1088 , dosage, side effects and outcome. Sixteen @entity1 aged over 65 years commenced or continued taking @entity1088 while inpatients of the service. Of the 13 @entity1 who had a history of @entity161 or @entity914 , four @entity1 (all female) developed @entity1398 and therefore @entity1088 was stopped. In one case, @entity1398 was first diagnosed 6 years after commencing the medication. Two @entity1 died; the nine other @entity1 , and one of the deceased, stopped taking @entity1088 , usually because of side effects. The mean daily dose at cessation was 236 mg. All five @entity1 were still taking @entity1088 (mean 260 mg daily) when followed at a mean age of 72 years, having taken it for an average of 10 years. This case review adds to evidence of the risk of @entity1398 when older @entity1 are prescribed @entity1088 .

title: A study of the use of XXXX in old age psychiatry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['schizoaffective disorder']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity1088 :: (MESH:D003024,Chemical) :: ['clozapine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity2227 -induced oxidative stress plays a critical role in the induction of neuronal cell death in a number of disease states. We sought to determine the role of the c-Jun @entity2733 -terminal kinase ( @entity6336 )- @entity10740 -growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene (GADD) 45a apoptotic cascade in mediating @entity2227 -induced oxidative @entity137 in hippocampal neuronal cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: HT22 cells, a @entity19 hippocampal neuronal cell line, were treated with @entity2227 to induce oxidative stress in vitro. @entity4176 -induced oxidative damage to the hippocampus in @entity35 was used as an in vivo model. The signalling molecules along the @entity6336 - @entity10740 - @entity21679 cascade were probed with various means to determine their contributions to oxidative @entity2359 . KEY RESULTS: Treatment of HT22 cells with @entity2227 increased the mRNA and protein levels of @entity21679 , and these increases were suppressed by @entity10740 knock-down. Knock-down of either @entity10740 or @entity21679 also prevented @entity2227 -induced cell death. @entity2227 -induced @entity10740 activation was preceded by accumulation of reactive @entity26 species, and co-treatment with @entity898 prevented @entity2227 -induced @entity10740 activation and @entity21679 expression. Knock-down of @entity21680 or @entity6336 , or the presence of @entity4287 (a @entity6336 inhibitor), each inhibited @entity2227 -induced @entity10740 activation and @entity21679 expression. In addition, we also confirmed the involvement of @entity21679 in mediating @entity4176 -induced hippocampal oxidative @entity2359 in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of the @entity6336 - @entity10740 - @entity21679 cascade played a critical role in mediating oxidative @entity137 in hippocampal neurons. Pharmacological inhibition of this signalling cascade may provide an effective strategy for neuroprotection.

title: Critical role of the @entity6336 - @entity10740 - @entity21679 apoptotic cascade in mediating oxidative XXXX in hippocampal neurons.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate', 'Glutamate']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetyl-cysteine']

entities_list: @entity4176 :: ('MESH:D007608', 'Chemical') :: ['kainic acid', 'Kainic acid']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the characteristics of @entity5152 ( @entity16973 ) (MRL of withdrawal in @entity291 milk is 30  ng/g) after a single intramammary (IMM) dose in the dry period (DP) and lactation (LP), and to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method for @entity16973 detection in milk. The research was conducted on a group of 10 @entity291 in DP and 10 in LP. A single dose of 600  mg of @entity16973 was administrated by the IMM route for a single quarter in DP and 500  mg for a single quarter in LP. @entity16973 concentration was analyzed by HPLC. @entity16973 was monitored at a wavelength of 206  nm. Pharmacokinetic calculations were performed using Phoenix(  ) WinNonlin(  ) 6.4 software. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 13.03-28  019.00  ng/g with the coefficient of determination R(2)   >  0.999. @entity16973 withdrawal in both the LP and DP group had a biphasic nature. The total @entity16973 elimination in the DP and LP group was reached after 36 and 6.5  days, respectively. A quantitative and confirmatory method for the determination of @entity16973 in fresh milk has been established. We have confirmed that the withdrawal of @entity16973 in the DP group is not a linear process and has a stepwise character.

title: Determination of @entity5152 residues in dairy XXXX after intramammary administration.

entities_list: @entity5152 :: ('MESH:D003023', 'Chemical') :: ['cloxacillin']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cows']


abstract: Parasites are a well-known threat to nonhuman primate (NHP) populations, and potentially cause @entity2927 in @entity1 . In this study, the basic data was provided of the parasites in NHPs and the molecular characterization of the @entity16254 , @entity461 , Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba spp. were reviewed, which were found in these samples. A total of 3349 fecal samples were collected from 34 species reared at 17 districts in zoos, farms, free-range, or research laboratories, and examined microscopically. Eleven genera of @entity11333 were detected: five genera of protozoans (Isospora spp., Entamoeba spp., Giardia sp., Cryptosporidium spp., and Cyclospora spp.) and six genera of helminths (Trichuris spp., Strongyloides spp., Ascaris spp., Physaloptera spp., @entity11334 spp., and Enterobius spp.). The overall sample prevalence of @entity281 was 54.1% (1811/3349). Entamoeba spp. was the most prevalent (36.4%, 1218/3349). The infection rate was the highest in free-range animals (73.0%, 670/918) (P  <  0.01) and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region (64.8%, 566/873). @entity325 were mostly detected for Entamoeba spp., Trichuris spp., and Strongyloides spp.. Molecular characterization was reviewed of @entity16254 , @entity461 , Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba spp., as these are zoonotic species or genotypes. This parasitological data for NHPs in China, provides important information for veterinarians and public health authorities for the elimination of such parasites and monitor the potential transmission of @entity2927 from NHPs.

title: An investigation of XXXX and review of molecular characterization of the intestinal protozoa in nonhuman primates in China from 2009 to 2015.

entities_list: @entity11333 :: ('MESH:D007411', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal parasites']

entities_list: @entity16254 :: ('31281', 'Species') :: ['Enterocytozoon bieneusi']

entities_list: @entity11334 :: ('MESH:C538433', 'Disease') :: ['Ancylostoma']

entities_list: @entity2927 :: ('MESH:D015047', 'Disease') :: ['zoonotic infections', 'zoonotic diseases']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic infection']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['Mixed infections']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Species') :: ['Giardia duodenalis']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['parasitic infections']


abstract: To study early responses to neural inducing signals from the organizer (Hensen's node), a differential screen was performed in primitive streak stage @entity1573 embryos, comparing cells that had or had not been exposed to a node graft for 5 hours. Three of the genes isolated have been implicated in @entity204 ( @entity204 ): Defender Against Cell Death ( @entity18167 ), Polyubiquitin II (UbII) and Ferritin Heavy chain ( @entity18168 ). We therefore explored the potential involvement of @entity204 in neural induction. @entity18167 , UbII and @entity18168 are expressed in partly overlapping domains during early neural plate development, along with the pro-apoptotic gene Cas9 and the death effector Cas3. @entity18167 and UbII are induced by a node graft within 3 hours. TUNEL staining revealed that @entity204 is initially random, but both during normal development and following neural induction by a grafted node, it becomes concentrated at the border of the forming neural plate and anterior non-neural ectoderm and downregulated from the neural plate itself. @entity204 was observed in regions of Caspase expression that are free from @entity18167 , consistent with the known anti-apoptotic role of @entity18167 . However, gain- and loss-of-function of any of these genes had no detectable effect on cell identity or on neural plate development. This study reveals that early development of the neural plate is accompanied by induction of putative pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in distinct domains. We suggest that the neural plate is protected against apoptosis, confining cell death to its border and adjacent non-neural ectoderm.

title: Regulation of programmed cell death during neural induction in the XXXX embryo.

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'Programmed Cell Death']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare @entity1176 agonists and antagonists in oocyte-donation IVF treatment cycles by a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of @entity922 ( @entity922 ). Systematic literature searches were conducted, and all randomized trials that compared @entity1176 agonists with antagonists in oocyte-donation IVF treatment cycles were included. Study selection, quality appraisal, and data extractions were performed independently and in duplicate. SETTING: Tertiary fertility center. @entity1 (S): A total of 1,024 oocyte donors treated in eight RCTs. INTERVENTION(S): Comparison of @entity1176 agonists versus antagonists in oocyte-donation IVF treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ongoing pregnancy, oocytes retrieved, duration of stimulation, gonadotropin consumption, and @entity43 incidence (OHSS) per randomized oocyte donor. RESULT(S): Meta-analysis of these studies showed no significant difference in ongoing pregnancy rate between the @entity1176 agonists and antagonists (risk ratio [RR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97 to 1.36). The duration of stimulation was significantly lower with the @entity1176 antagonist protocol (weighed mean difference [WMD] -0.90 days, 95% CI -1.61 to -0.20). No significant differences were observed in the number of oocytes retrieved (WMD -0.60, 95% CI -2.26 to +1.07), gonadotropin consumption (WMD -264 IU, 95% CI -682 to +154), or OHSS incidence (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.18 to 2.15). CONCLUSION(S): No significant differences were observed in ongoing pregnancy rate or the number of retrieved oocytes after donor stimulation with @entity1176 agonist or antagonist protocols.

title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists versus antagonists for controlled XXXX in oocyte donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['randomized clinical trials', 'RCT']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation']


abstract: PURPOSE: The primary purpose was to determine the prevalence of @entity2791 ( @entity2791 ) in @entity1 presenting with acute ("flash") @entity4 (FPE), without identifiable cause using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) of renal arteries. A secondary goal was to correlate clinical parameters at presentation with the presence or absence of @entity2791 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 presenting with @entity4 without identifiable cause prospectively underwent CE-MRA. >50% @entity2791 was considered significant. Clinical parameters (blood pressure, serum @entity1011 , history of @entity101 /hyperlipidaemia) were compared in @entity1 with and without @entity2791 using an unpaired t-test. Results expressed; mean (+/-SD). RESULTS: 20 @entity1 (4 male, 16 female, age 78.5+/-11 years) underwent CE-MRA. 9 @entity1 (45%) had significant @entity2791 (6 (30%) bilateral, 3 (15%) unilateral). Systolic BP was higher in @entity1 with @entity2791 (192+/-38 mm Hg) than those without (134+/-30 mm Hg) (p<.005). Diastolic BP was higher in @entity1 with @entity2791 (102+/-23 mm Hg) than those without (76+/-17 mm Hg) (p<.01). All @entity1 with @entity2791 and 6/11(55%) @entity1 without @entity2791 had a history of @entity101 . No significant difference in @entity1011 or hyperlipidaemia history was observed. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of @entity2791 in @entity1 presenting with FPE is 45%. The diagnosis should be considered in @entity1 presenting with unexplained @entity4 , particularly if @entity101 at presentation.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in @entity4 : determination using gadolinium-enhanced MRA.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['acute pulmonary oedema', 'pulmonary oedema']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery stenosis', 'RAS']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity2791 :: (MESH:D012078,Disease) :: ['renal artery stenosis']


abstract: Early in the developmental period of microbiology, Pasteur first observed the phenomenon of dimorphism in fungi when he noticed that the bread mold Mucor grew as a filamentous mold aerobically on the surface of broth cultures but at the bottom of the flask where the environment was anaerobic it reproduced as budding @entity375 cells. Several infectious fungal pathogens of @entity1 , namely @entity3218 , @entity12266 , @entity12267 , Sporothrix schenkii, and @entity8662 change from a multicellular filamentous form to an unicellular morphology when they invade tissues. The ability of pathogenic fungi to assume a different shape is referred to as dimorphism. This phenomenon has intrigued clinicians, and medical mycologists since its discovery at the turn of the century. The ability of pathogens to initiate @entity281 , invade host tissues and survive in @entity1 hosts is critically linked to the induction of specific gene products. In dimorphic fungi, developmentally regulated gene expression is particularly important, since they may exist in phylogenetically distinct hosts with different body temperatures. Using @entity3218 as a model to study parasite-host interactions at the biochemical and molecular level, my laboratory has attempted to relate the clinical spectrum of disease to natural variations in the characteristics of this organism and to adaptations it must make as a saprobe and a parasite. @entity3218 is the etiologic agent of @entity3219 , a @entity1729 that is world-wide in distribution. As a saprobe in soil it is mycelial, but it becomes a budding @entity375 as a parasite in susceptible hosts. These morphological phases can be reversibly reproduced in vitro by shifting the temperature from 25 degrees C, at which it is mycelial, to 37 degrees C, when it becomes a budding @entity375 . The process of mycelial-to- @entity375 conversion is of particular interest since it is triggered by an increase in temperature and conversion to virulence. Viable mycelial fragments and conidia become airborne and enter the pulmonary tract by inhalation after which the fungus rapidly disseminates to other organs. Progressive disseminated @entity3219 along with @entity7553 , @entity1328 , and @entity3 are @entity1292 in @entity1 who are immunosuppressed or otherwise debilitated. Importantly, they are diagnostic hallmarks of @entity791 ( @entity791 ). The clinical features of these infections and the genetic characteristics of the etiologic agents present unique parasite-host interactions that make them valuable research models to study. In the infected host, @entity3218 encounters various environmental stresses to which it adapts by regulating the expression of specific genes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Unraveling the secrets of XXXX . A model to study morphogenic adaptation during parasite host/host interaction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome', 'AIDS']

entities_list: @entity12267 :: ('121759', 'Species') :: ['Paracoccidioides brasiliensis']

entities_list: @entity7553 :: ('MESH:D002177', 'Disease') :: ['candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3218 :: ('5037', 'Species') :: ['Histoplasma capsulatum']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity3219 :: ('MESH:D006660', 'Disease') :: ['histoplasmosis']

entities_list: @entity8662 :: ('5501', 'Species') :: ['Coccidioides immitis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity1328 :: ('MESH:D003453', 'Disease') :: ['cryptococcosis']

entities_list: @entity12266 :: ('5039', 'Species') :: ['Blastomyces dermatitidis']

answer: @entity3218 :: (5037,Species) :: ['Histoplasma capsulatum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the seroprevalence of @entity99 viruses in @entity1 population of Ganso province. METHODS: ELISA was used for detecting anti-HAY IgG, HBsAg/HBsAb, anti-HCV IgG and anti-HEV IgG of the serum samples. All sample were collected in four areas of KL, LT, HN and ZhL of Gansu province in 2008. RESULTS: 1977 samples were detected, The positive rates of anti-HAY, HBsAg/HBsAh, anti-HCV, and anti-HEY are 84.57% (1672/1977), 4.81% (95/1977) and 28.73% (568/1977), 0.46% (9/1977),and 13.10% (259/1977), respectively. The positive rate at different age group, for anti-HAY was 43.21% of c 9 years old, 80.23% of 10-19 years old, 93.02% of 20-29 years old, 95.55% of 30-39 years old, 95.60%-97.52% of 40-60 years old. For HBsAg/HBsAb were 2.09% or 29.27%, 3.02% or 21.81%, 6.20% or 36.43%, 5.93% or 31.16%, 6.43% or 3l.43%, 7.32% or 24.88%, 3.33% or 28.89% at the same age group, respectively, for anti-HCV, was 0.59% of 30-39 years old, 1.79% of 40-49 years old, 0.98% of 50-59 years old. For HEY-IgG was 3.48% of < or =9 years old, 6.05% of 10-19 years old, 8.53% of 20-29 years old, 19.29%-21.67% of 30- > or =60 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The inoculation againt HAY and HBY is enhanced in the youngster population. HBsAg carrier and @entity281 is decreasing. The @entity281 in the Hid @entity1 is lower than the Han nationality.

title: [ @entity99 viruses infection situation in XXXX population of the Gansu province].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['HEY infection', 'UCY infection']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Angiogenesis is a critical physiological process for cell survival and development. Endothelial cells, necessary for the course of angiogenesis, express several non-neuronal nicotinic @entity934 receptors (AChRs). The most important functional non-neuronal AChRs are homomeric alpha7 AChRs and several heteromeric AChRs formed by a combination of alpha3, alpha5, @entity2263 , and beta4 subunits, including alpha3beta4-containing AChRs. In endothelial cells, alpha7 AChR stimulation indirectly triggers the activation of the integrin alphavbeta3 receptor and an intracellular MAP kinase (ERK) pathway that mediates angiogenesis. Non-selective cholinergic agonists such as @entity1239 have been shown to induce angiogenesis, enhancing @entity5 progression. Moreover, alpha7 AChR selective antagonists such as alpha-bungarotoxin and @entity2512 as well as the non-specific antagonist @entity6959 have been shown to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and ultimately blood vessel formation. Exploitation of such pharmacologic properties can lead to the discovery of new specific cholinergic antagonists as anti- @entity5 therapies. Conversely, the pro-angiogenic effect elicited by specific agonists can be used to treat diseases that respond to revascularization such as @entity6 and @entity731 , as well as to accelerate wound healing. In this mini-review we discuss the pharmacological evidence supporting the importance of non-neuronal AChRs in angiogenesis. We also explore potential intracellular mechanisms by which alpha7 AChR activation mediates this vital cellular process.

title: Role of non-neuronal nicotinic XXXX receptors in angiogenesis.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2512 :: ('MESH:C054634', 'Chemical') :: ['methyllycaconitine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity6959 :: ('MESH:D008464', 'Chemical') :: ['mecamylamine']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: Since @entity497 ( @entity497 ) is a common disease with a high morbidity rate, it is important to obtain information concerning its etiology and susceptibility to antibiotics across different geographic areas. This study presents data obtained in 5 Latin American counties in the course of an international clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of treatment with either @entity3477 or @entity115 administered for 10 days to @entity1 suspected of having @entity497 caused by a @entity7706 . Details are given of the pathogens identified, the patterns of sensitivity to antibiotics observed, and the clinical and microbiological results obtained.A total of 84 @entity1 were studied, of whom 70 (83.3%) were evaluated at the end of the trial to determine the efficacy and safety of the treatment received. Gram-positive bacteria were found in samples from 29 @entity1 (80.5%). The pathogen was @entity328 in 28 of those cases (77.7%). Gram-negative bacteria were found in 7 @entity1 (19.4%), the most common being @entity327 in 3 @entity1 (8.3%). The presence of atypical microorganisms was detected in 18 of the 70 @entity1 (25%), mainly Mycobacterium pneumoniae (n=11), and in 6 cases (8.5%) the @entity281 was mixed. Ten strains of @entity2260 (35.7%) were shown to be susceptible to @entity114 , 2 (7.1%) were highly resistant, and 16 (57.1%) showed moderate resistance. The clinical success rate at the final visit after treatment was 94.1% for @entity3477 and 91.7% for @entity115 . The results of this trial demonstrate a high prevalence of @entity2260 with reduced susceptibility to @entity114 in @entity1 with @entity497 in Latin America. It also revealed a high incidence of atypical pathogens and @entity325 in 8.6% of @entity1 . This information should be taken into account when establishing protocols for empirical treatment of @entity497 in Latin America.

title: [A comparison of @entity3477 and XXXX in the treatment of @entity497 in Latin America: results of a multicenter clinical trial].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7706 :: ('MESH:D011008', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity3477 :: ('MESH:C104727', 'Chemical') :: ['moxifloxacin']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['Haemophilus influenzae']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'community-acquired pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infection']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity115 :: (MESH:D000658,Chemical) :: ['amoxicillin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study describes the clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of adult @entity1 with @entity5 and @entity24386 treated in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia (National @entity5 Institute) in Bogota, Colombia. METHODS: The clinical histories of 692 adult @entity1 hospitalized in the Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia between 1997 and 2001 with a diagnosis of @entity1778 or @entity706 were reviewed. Thirty-five of these cases met the criteria for probable or confirmed @entity24386 . RESULTS: Twenty-two cases were confirmed and the remaining 13 were probable @entity24386 . All @entity1 were undergoing chemotherapy and all presented watery @entity294 and @entity490 . In addition, 17% had @entity476 and 25% severe @entity391 . Eight of 26 stool cultures (30%) and 17 of 32 (58%) blood cultures were positive for potentially pathogenic microorganisms, particularly gram-negative bacilli. Three @entity1 with probable @entity24386 and ten confirmed cases died (37%); mortality was higher among @entity1 who were managed surgically. CONCLUSION: @entity1960 presents as a @entity751 in @entity1 with @entity5 undergoing cytotoxic therapy with agents such as @entity2592 , @entity2879 , @entity1891 , @entity786 and corticoids. This highly lethal complication is partly due to @entity281 caused by gram-negative bacilli.

title: [Clinical and microbiological characteristics of XXXX in adults with @entity5 in the National @entity5 Institute of Bogota D.C. (Colombia)].

entities_list: @entity24386 :: ('MESH:D044504', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['blood cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytosine arabinoside']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1960 :: ('MESH:D003092', 'Disease') :: ['Neutropenic colitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['multifactorial syndrome']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

answer: @entity24386 :: (MESH:D044504,Disease) :: ['neutropenic enterocolitis']


abstract: We have recently demonstrated that 16-slice multidetector CT (MDCT) is insufficient for cervical spine (CS) clearance in @entity1 with unreliable examinations after @entity130 . The purpose of this study was to determine if a negative CS CT using 40-slice MDCT is sufficient for ruling out @entity130 in unreliable @entity130 @entity1 or if MRI remains necessary for definitive clearance. In addition, we sought to elucidate the frequency by which MRI alters treatment in @entity1 with a negative CS CT who have a reliable examination with persistent clinical symptoms. The @entity130 registry was used to identify all @entity1 with @entity130 who had a negative CS CTon admission using 40-slice MDCT and a subsequent CS MRI during their hospitalization from July 2006 to July 2007. Two hundred thirteen @entity1 were identified. Overall, 24.4 per cent @entity1 had abnormal MRIs. Fifteen required operative repair; 23 required extended cervical collar; and 14 had collars removed. A total of 8.3 per cent of @entity1 with an unreliable examination and 25.6 per cent of reliable @entity1 had management changed based on MRI findings. Overall, MRI changed clinical practice in 17.8 per cent of all @entity1 . Despite newer 40-slice CT technology, MRI continues to be necessary for CS clearance in @entity1 with unreliable examinations or persistent symptoms.

title: 40-slice multidetector CT: is MRI still necessary for cervical spine clearance after XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['blunt trauma', 'CS injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['blunt trauma']


abstract: Data on causes of early childhood death from low-income urban areas are limited. The nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2007 estimates 65 @entity1 died @entity307 ,000 live births. We investigated rates and causes of under-five @entity204 in an urban community near two large pediatric hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh and evaluated the impact of different recall periods. We conducted a survey in 2006 for 6971 households and a follow up survey in 2007 among eligible remaining households or replacement households. The initial survey collected information for all @entity1 under five years old who died in the previous year; the follow up survey on @entity1 @entity204 in the preceding five years. We compared mortality rates based on 1-year recall to the 4 years preceding the most recent 1 year. The initial survey identified 58 @entity204 among @entity1 <5 years in the preceding year. The follow up survey identified a mean 53 @entity204 per year in the preceding five years (SD+/-7.3). Under-five mortality rate was 34 and neonatal mortality was 15 per thousand live births during 2006-2007. The leading cause of under-five death was @entity1729 (22%). The mortality rates among @entity1 under 4 years old for the two time periods (most recent 1-year recall and the 4 years preceding the most recent 1 year) were similar (36 versus 32). The @entity1 mortality in urban Dhaka was substantially lower than the national rate. Mortality rates were not affected by recall periods between 1 and 5 years.

title: Causes of early childhood XXXX in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['deaths']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic techniques have evolved, allowing increased capabilities within most subspecialties of general surgery, but have failed to gain traction managing injured @entity1 . We hypothesized that laparoscopy is effective in the diagnosis and treatment of penetrating @entity3511 . METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed @entity1 undergoing abdominal exploration following penetrating @entity130 at our Level 1 @entity130 center during a 6-year period from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2013. Demographic and resuscitation data were obtained from our @entity130 registry. Charts were reviewed for operative details, hospital course, and complications. Hospital length of stay (LOS) and complications were primary end points. @entity1 were classified as having nontherapeutic diagnostic laparoscopy (DL), nontherapeutic diagnostic celiotomy (DC), @entity6080 ( @entity6080 ), or @entity6080 ( @entity6080 ). @entity6080 @entity1 were case-matched 2:1 with @entity6080 @entity1 having similar intra- @entity3511 . RESULTS: A total of 518 @entity1 , including 281 @entity1 (55%) with stab wounds and 237 @entity1 (45%) with gunshot wounds, were identified. Celiotomy was performed in 380 @entity1 (73%), laparoscopy in 138 (27%), with 44 (32%) converted to celiotomy. Nontherapeutic explorations were compared including 70 DLs and 46 DCs with similar injury severity. LOS was shorter in DLs compared with DCs (1 day vs. 4 days, p < 0.001). There were no missed @entity130 . Therapeutic explorations were compared by matching all @entity6080 @entity1 2:1 to @entity6080 @entity1 with similar type and severity of @entity130 . Twenty-four @entity1 underwent @entity6080 compared with 48 @entity6080 @entity1 in the case matched group. LOS was shorter in the @entity6080 group than in the @entity6080 group (4 days vs. 2 days, p < 0.001). @entity2737 were more common with open exploration (10.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.002), and more @entity1 developed @entity1744 after open exploration (9.4% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.018). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy is safe and accurate in penetrating @entity3511 . The use of laparoscopy resulted in shorter hospitalization, fewer @entity6081 and ileus complications, as well as no missed @entity130 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level IV.

title: Minimally invasive is maximally effective: Diagnostic and @entity6080 for penetrating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6081 :: ('MESH:D013530', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative wound infection']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['Wound infections']

entities_list: @entity3511 :: ('MESH:D000007', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal injuries']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['ileus or small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity6080 :: ('MESH:D018467', 'Disease') :: ['TC', 'therapeutic celiotomy', 'TL', 'therapeutic laparoscopy']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity3511 :: (MESH:D000007,Disease) :: ['abdominal injuries']


abstract: Transport of long-chain @entity1718 across the inner membrane of @entity2624 requires a functional fadL gene (Maloy, S. R., Ginsburgh, C. L., Simons, R. W., and Nunn, W. D. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3735-3742). Mutants defective in the fadL gene lack a 33,000-dalton inner membrane protein as evaluated using two-dimensional pI/ @entity3208 ( @entity214 ) @entity2975 gel electrophoresis (Ginsburgh, C. L., Black, P. N., and Nunn, W. D. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8437-8443). In an effort to determine whether the fadL gene is the structural gene for this 33,000-dalton protein, we have cloned, mapped, and analyzed the expression of the fadL gene. The fadL gene has been localized on a 2.8-kilobase EcoRV fragment of @entity526 genomic DNA. Plasmids containing this gene (i) complement all fadL mutants, (ii) increase the long-chain @entity844 transport activity of fadL strains harboring them by 2- to 3-fold, and (iii) direct the synthesis of a membrane protein which has the same molecular weight and isoelectric point as that described by Ginsburgh et al. This is a heat-modifiable protein which has an apparent molecular weight of 43,000 daltons when solubilized at 100 degrees C in the presence of @entity214 and 33,000 daltons when solubilized at 50 degrees C in the presence of @entity214 .

title: Long-chain @entity844 transport in XXXX . Cloning, mapping, and expression of the fadL gene.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity2624 :: ('83333', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli K-12']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity2799 ( @entity2799 ) belongs to @entity5 leading very rapidly to @entity204 . Immediate treatment based on early diagnosis may cure one third of @entity1 . The typical finding in peripheral blood of @entity1 is @entity3043 with or without atypical promyelocytes. In published studies only 15-25% @entity1 exhibit leukocyte counts above 10 x 10(9)/l. Five of our ten @entity1 studied had leukocyte count above 10 x 10(9)/l. The difference might be in connection with late and slow diagnosis of @entity2799 . AML is not taken into consideration during medical examination even if the disease occurs in medical family. Thus we describe clinical signs of @entity2799 that could be divided into three main groups: @entity548 , @entity281 and @entity417 . In @entity1 with @entity548 or @entity417 or with @entity281 repeating within a short period or with an @entity281 and concurrent signs of @entity548 or @entity417 the complete blood cell count should be examined immediately. If blood cell count abnormalities are found the @entity1 should be sent immediately to hematology unit for further examination and treatment. Early diagnosis enables to start "differentiation therapy" with @entity1968 that could be administered as monotherapy only in @entity1 with leukocytes below 5 x 10(9)/l. Early diagnosis of @entity2799 might ameliorate the fate of @entity1 , since four of our five @entity1 referred to us with elevated leukocyte counts expired in the first five days.

title: [Late and slow diagnosis of @entity2799 --the main cause of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2799 :: ('MESH:D015473', 'Disease') :: ['AML M3', 'Acute hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant diseases']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['all-trans retinoic acid']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['early death']


abstract: In order to obtain information on the physiological regulation of NGF-synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) we investigated the effects of a series of growth factors (known to be present in the CNS) in cultures of purified @entity35 astrocytes and compared these effects with those observed after intraventricular injection of the same molecules. After preliminary experiments had shown that 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) produced a marked increase in NGF-mRNA levels in astrocytes (but neither in microglia nor oligodendrocytes) as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization the experiments were performed at low (0.5%) FCS concentrations. Supramaximal concentrations of IL-1 and various growth factors caused a 5- to 7-fold increase in NGF-mRNA after 6 h. By 24 h the NGF-mRNA levels approached control values again, most probably due to inactivation of the added factors since after readdition after 24 h the response was about the same as the initial one. @entity1063 and @entity5987 did not change NGF-mRNA levels. The growth factor-mediated changes in NGF-mRNA levels in astrocyte cultures were not consistently reflected by the changes observed after intraventricular injection. IL-1 produced by far the largest increase in hippocampal NGF-mRNA after intraventricular injection. This large response to IL-1 could result from a positive feedback mechanism, since @entity3426 injection not only increases NGF-mRNA but also @entity3426 -mRNA in the hippocampus. The understanding of the physiological regulation of NGF synthesis in the CNS is the basis for a rational approach to its pharmacological modification. This, in turn, is an attractive alternative to the (long-term) infusion of NGF or the transplantation of NGF-secreting cells with the goal of providing trophic support to the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain nuclei. These neurons are consistently affected in the early stages of @entity195 , their impaired function being essentially responsible for the @entity73 .

title: Regulation of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Synthesis in the XXXX Central Nervous System: Comparison between the Effects of Interleukin-1 and Various Growth Factors in Astrocyte Cultures and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rat']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A 39-year-old white @entity1 presented with a swollen left upper eyelid secondary to progressive @entity5116 ( @entity5116 ). Physical examination found a 40% reduction in vision in the left eye and right-sided erythematous temporal swelling with @entity925 . Computed tomography revealed the presence of an inflammatory lesion in the left orbit. Duplex ultrasonography demonstrated a @entity715 in the right superficial temporal vein (STV). For treatment of the complicated ARBS, the @entity1 received intravenous antibiotics and underwent surgery. The STV @entity2268 was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. Postoperatively, the @entity1 recovered completely and his vision normalized; 10 days later, duplex ultrasonography showed a patent STV. The development of contralateral STV @entity2268 is conceivably facilitated by venous anastomoses of the scalp in the front of the head. As a result, @entity887 would be a possible complication of infectious @entity5116 foci communicating with intraorbital and pericranial veins. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of such a complication of ARBS in the literature.

title: XXXX of the temporal vein as an extracranial complication of @entity5116 .

entities_list: @entity2268 :: ('MESH:D013924', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophlebitis']

entities_list: @entity5116 :: ('MESH:D011472', 'Disease') :: ['ABRS', 'acute bacterial rhinosinusitis']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolic spread']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic occlusion']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['tenderness to palpation']

answer: @entity2268 :: (MESH:D013924,Disease) :: ['Thrombophlebitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: An @entity942 in the understanding of the biomechanics of @entity174 is the reliance on cadaveric or other @entity130 models resulting from the prohibitive ethical and practical considerations of conducting injury studies in live @entity1 . We describe a novel methodology for studying injury mechanisms using in vivo injury videos obtained from Youtube.com demonstrating @entity130 as they occur in real time and correlating them with the resulting injury radiographs. METHODS: Over 1000 video clips of potential @entity1171 were assessed for clear visualization of the mechanism of injury, including the foot position and deforming force. Candidate videos were selected if the mechanism of injury was classifiable by those described by Lauge-Hansen and there appeared to be a significant mechanism to likely cause @entity174 . X-rays were then requested from the individuals posting the video clips. Videos and x-rays were reviewed and classified using the Lauge-Hansen system in a blinded manner. The deforming mechanism in the video clips was classified as supination external rotation, @entity907 ( @entity907 ), pronation external rotation (PER), or pronation abduction. X-ray @entity174 patterns were similarly classified. RESULTS: Two hundred forty videos were selected and individuals posting the videos were contacted. Of 96 initial positive responses, we collected 15 videos with their corresponding radiographs. Eight had @entity907 -deforming @entity130 and seven had PER-deforming @entity130 as appreciated in the videos. There were 12 true @entity1171 . All five @entity174 judged by video to be @entity130 resulted in a corresponding @entity907 pattern @entity1171 . Of the seven @entity174 judged by video to be @entity717 , only two resulted in PER pattern @entity1171 . Five @entity717 resulted in supination external rotation @entity1171 patterns. CONCLUSION: Our series shows that when in vivo injury videos are matched to their corresponding x-rays, the Lauge-Hansen system is only 58% overall accurate in predicting @entity174 patterns from deforming injury mechanism as pertaining to @entity907 and @entity717 mechanisms. All @entity130 correlated but only 29% of @entity717 resulted in a PER @entity174 pattern. This study illustrates the ethical and practical difficulties of using public access Internet YouTube videos for the study of injury dynamics. The current case series illustrates the method's potential and may lead to future research analyzing the validity of the Lauge-Hansen classification system as applied to in vivo @entity130 .

title: A novel methodology for the study of injury mechanism: XXXX analysis using injury videos posted on YouTube.com.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['supination adduction', 'SAD']

entities_list: @entity1171 :: ('MESH:D064386', 'Disease') :: ['ankle fracture', 'ankle fractures', 'radiographic ankle fractures']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['PER injury', 'PER injuries']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['inherent deficiency']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['SAD injuries', 'injuries', 'nonphysiological injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1171 :: (MESH:D064386,Disease) :: ['ankle fracture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine associations among @entity1132 maldigestion status, perceived @entity1267 , dietary @entity460 intake, and bone mineral content in early adolescent @entity1 . METHODS: Subjects were 291 @entity1 who participated in a substudy of the multiple-site project Adequate @entity460 Today. @entity1132 maldigestion status was determined with @entity3884 breath testing, and questionnaires were used to assess perceived @entity1267 . Dietary @entity460 intake was estimated from a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric measurements (total body, spine L2-L4, total hip, and hip femoral neck) were standardized across sites. RESULTS: Of the 230 @entity1 who completed breath @entity3884 testing, 65 were Asian, 76 were Hispanic, and 89 were non-Hispanic white. A total of 100 @entity1 experienced increases in breath @entity3884 levels of >20 ppm and were classified as @entity1132 maldigesters. Of the 246 @entity1 who completed useable perceived @entity1267 questionnaires, 47 considered themselves to be milk intolerant. Of the 47 @entity1 self-reporting perceived @entity1267 , 40 completed breath @entity3884 testing and 22 were not maldigesters. @entity1 with perceived @entity1267 consumed an average of 212 mg of total food @entity460 per day less than @entity1 without perceived @entity1267 . Spinal bone mineral content was significantly lower in the @entity1 with perceived @entity1267 , compared with the @entity1 without perceived @entity1267 . When @entity1 with @entity1132 maldigestion were compared with @entity1 without @entity1132 maldigestion, there were no significant differences in @entity460 intake or bone measures. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, starting as early as 10 years of age, self-imposed restriction of dairy foods because of perceived @entity1267 is associated with lower spinal bone mineral content values. The long-term influence of these behaviors may contribute to later risk for @entity170 .

title: Perceived XXXX is related to bone mineral content in 10- to 13-year-old female adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'girls', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity1267 :: ('MESH:D010319', 'Disease') :: ['milk intolerance']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1132 :: ('MESH:D007785', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactose', 'lactose']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

answer: @entity1267 :: (MESH:D010319,Disease) :: ['milk intolerance']


abstract: The majority of injured @entity1 requiring hospitalization in the United States are cared for by nonpediatric surgeons. To determine whether there are differences in the management strategies (frequency of operative intervention) of pediatric and nonpediatric surgeons caring for @entity1 with blunt @entity130 , the data for @entity1 with this injury from the entire state of Vermont and the National Pediatric Trauma Registry were compared. From January 1, 1985 through December 31, 1991, 817 @entity1 (aged < 19 years) were entered into the study. There was operative intervention for @entity130 in 21% of the @entity1 managed by pediatric surgeons and in 52% of those managed by "adult" @entity130 surgeons (P < .05). This significance was maintained when operative rates were analyzed with control for injury severity score and age. The overall splenectomy rate was higher among cases treated by nonpediatric surgeons (24% v 13%; P < .05). In addition, previously reported factors (transfusion requirements, length of stay, hospital costs) used by opponents to nonoperative management were studied to determine management influence. Both transfusion requirement and hospital cost were lower for @entity1 managed nonoperatively (P < .05). Length of hospital stay did not differ between the groups. Acute mortality rates were similar. The management of @entity1 with @entity130 must take into consideration the long-term morbidity associated with splenectomy as well as the acute operative morbidity. Today, adult @entity130 surgeons appear to manage @entity1 with blunt @entity130 with practice standards more appropriate for adult @entity1 . Outcome analysis must include methods of care and their long- and short-term consequences to be considered valid.

title: Management of pediatric blunt XXXX : comparison of pediatric and adult @entity130 surgeons.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'children']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'splenic injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['splenic injury']


abstract: In @entity1381 @entity1 , @entity2265 is associated with @entity65 and increased cardiovascular mortality. Despite the use of @entity1391 binders and dietary @entity1391 limitation in addition to dialysis, only 50% of dialysis @entity1 achieve recommended serum @entity1391 levels. The identification of other approaches for serum @entity3151 reduction is therefore necessary. We have approached this issue by taking into account the relationships between serum @entity1391 , kidney function, and saliva. Saliva was chosen because the anatomy and/or physiology of acini, the secretive units of salivary glands, shares similarities with that of the renal tubules. Salivary fluid contains electrolytes including @entity1391 that, when related with the amount of salivary secretion per day, raises the interest in identifying another possible approach for @entity3151 removal in @entity1381 @entity1 . This article reports studies from our laboratory in the last 3 to 4 years, which have demonstrated a hyperphosphoric salivary content in @entity1 with @entity177 and those with @entity454 under chronic dialysis that, in @entity1 with @entity177 , linearly correlates with serum @entity1391 in @entity1 with @entity177 and negatively with GFR. The ingestion of the saliva and later its absorption in the intestinal tract starts a vicious circle between salivary @entity1391 secretion and fasting @entity1391 absorption, thereby worsening @entity2265 . Therefore, salivary @entity1391 binding could be a useful approach to serum @entity1391 level reduction in dialysis @entity1 . The reduction of salivary @entity1391 with the salivary @entity1391 binder, chitosan-loaded chewing gum, chewed during fasting periods, as an add-on to @entity1391 binders could lead to a better control of @entity2265 , as demonstrated in our study, which confirms the importance of this approach.

title: Salivary glands: a new player in XXXX metabolism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity2265 :: ('MESH:D054559', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphosphatemia']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular calcification']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity3151 :: (MESH:D010758,Chemical) :: ['phosphorus']


abstract: @entity4 which develops during the treatment of @entity6 is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in @entity1 . We examined 25 management protocols from throughout the UK and related variations in fluid, @entity3157 , insulin, and @entity972 regimens to the incidence of @entity4 recalled in each centre. Treatment of shock ranged from 5 to 25 (median 20) ml kg-1 plasma (5 recommended 0.9% saline only) over 10-60 min. Subsequent fluid regimens used 0.9% saline in 24 (0.45% saline in 1); 8 used 0.45% saline if hypernatraemia was present. The rehydration period ranged from 24 h (n = 20) to 48 h (n = 1) and was based on steady (n = 12) or irregular (n = 13) replacement. The quantity of @entity972 added to fluids was 20-80 (median 30) mmol l-1. Eight centres recalled having seen 1-5 (median 2) cases of @entity4 in the past 5 yr, 10 centres recalled none. Compared with the 10 centres without @entity4 , protocols from the 8 with @entity4 used more plasma to resuscitate (22 +/- 3 (mean +/- SD) vs 18 +/- 4 ml kg-1; p < 0.025), suggested larger maintenance fluid volumes for ages 6-9 yr (81 +/- 2 vs 70 +/- 11 ml kg-1 day-1; p < 0.005) and were more likely to change to 0.18% saline when blood @entity413 had fallen (8/8 vs 5/10) than 0.45% saline (0/8 vs. 5/10; p < 0.05). Free water overload may contribute to @entity4 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Variations in the management of @entity6 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic ketoacidosis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral oedema', 'cerebral oedema']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Damage to blood vessels caused by ionizing radiation is considered to be an important dose limiting factor for late effects in many organs. However, the radiation response of the endothelial cells which line the vasculature has not been well-documented, particularly for @entity1 endothelial cells. In the present study, @entity1 endothelial cells were obtained from fresh umbilical cords and cultured in monolayer. Immunofluorescent staining of factor VIII antigen was used to verify the endothelial nature of the cultured cells. The cells were irradiated with Cs-137 rays (1.35 Gy/min) in plateau phase to determine radiation sensitivity and ability to repair potentially lethal @entity16 ( @entity16 ). The endothelial cells demonstrated moderate radiosensitivity that varied slightly between different cords. As demonstrated by delayed plating experiments, PLD repair ability was substantial, with repair factors of 0.70-0.80. @entity16 repair capability, as demonstrated by split dose experiments, was relatively modest. A survival enhancement of 2.0-2.2, for example, was observed when 8 Gy single dose survival was compared to two 4 Gy doses. In terms of PLD and @entity16 repair as well as initial slope (alpha) the endothelial cells were similar to normal @entity1 lung and skin fibroblasts previously studied. Compared to malignant cell lines, PLD repair was generally larger whereas the initial slope (alpha) was intermediate-steeper than the radioresistant @entity5 types but shallower than the more sensitive @entity5 derived cells.

title: Radiation repair in XXXX endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['SLD', 'damage (PLD) and sub-lethal damage']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIMS: To establish the prevalence of @entity1722 protein expression in a surgical series of Barrett's @entity420 ; and to correlate this expression with clinicopathological data and prognosis. METHODS: Sixty six surgical specimens of Barrett's @entity420 were included in this retrospective study. @entity5 and of non-dysplastic Barrett's mucosa were stained with a polyclonal antibody specific for the intracytoplasmic domain of the @entity1722 protein. RESULTS: Seven of 66 @entity5 showed membrane staining for the @entity1722 protein. The non-dysplastic Barrett's mucosa was negative in all cases. There was no difference between @entity1722 positive and @entity5 with regard to mean age, sex ratio, percentage of @entity167 misusers, percentage of smokers, @entity5 differentiation, depth of invasion, lymph node response, and proliferative activity, assessed by the percentage of @entity5 cells positive with the @entity1758 antibody directed against the Ki-67 antigen. All @entity1722 positive @entity5 were of Lauren's intestinal type compared with negative @entity1722 @entity5 . @entity1 with @entity1722 positive @entity5 had a significantly poorer prognosis than @entity1 with @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Barrett's @entity420 expressing @entity1722 found in this study (11%) was similar to that observed in published series of @entity356 . @entity1722 protein expression could be an important prognostic indicator in @entity420 .

title: Expression of XXXX oncogene product in @entity420 : pathological and prognostic correlations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Blocks of the tumour', 'negative tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', "Barrett's adenocarcinoma"]

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity1722 :: (2064,Gene) :: ['c-erbB-2']


abstract: 1. The smooth muscle of the @entity35 tail artery was made to constrict with @entity1063 or @entity750 . Electrical stimulation of the contracted artery caused a transient hyperpolarization and relaxation. 2. The hyperpolarization and relaxation could be recorded from denervated arteries, showing that these responses were independent of the perivascular nerves. 3. Removal of the vascular endothelium caused only a small reduction in the relaxation. 4. Raising the external K+ concentration to 20 mM abolished or greatly reduced the relaxation, and caused some @entity353 . 5. 1 mM- @entity5128 abolished both the hyperpolarization and the relaxation. 6. From the membrane potential-contraction relationship for this artery it appeared that the hyperpolarization could account for some but not all of the relaxation.

title: Relaxation and hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle of the XXXX tail artery following electrical stimulation.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of the hyperpolarization']

entities_list: @entity5128 :: ('MESH:D019789', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylammonium chloride']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To improve histologic diagnosis of @entity1475 , updated guidelines have been proposed recently. These guidelines take into account that less developed molar gestations differ from their fully developed counterparts. OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of these criteria by correlating histologic diagnosis with @entity204 accomplished by means of image analysis. DESIGN: Fifty archival cases of early @entity1475 were reclassified according to the new criteria. The diagnosis had to be changed from partial to complete hydatidiform mole (PM to CM, respectively) in 9 cases and from CM to PM in 4 cases. DNA image cytometry could be performed in 40 cases (CM, n = 21; PM, n = 19). RESULTS: There was 100% agreement between histologic diagnosis and a diploid or polyploid histogram in CM and 79% agreement between triploidy and PM, when the updated diagnostic criteria were used. This represents an improvement compared with diagnoses made with former criteria. Nevertheless, problems of correct classification remain: In 3 cases classified as PMs, fetal remnants were accompanied by the histologic appearance of a CM. These 3 cases could represent either a true embryonic development in CM or a twin gestation with one normal pregnancy and one mole, or they could belong to a (very rare) third type of mole. All of them show the same risk of persistent @entity1469 observed in classic CM. CONCLUSIONS: As the groups at risk for developing persistent @entity1469 can be identified by their DNA histograms, ploidy analysis would be desirable in addition to histologic examination.

title: DNA @entity204 of early XXXX by image analysis: comparison to histologic classification.

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['ploidy determination']

entities_list: @entity1475 :: ('MESH:D006828', 'Disease') :: ['molar pregnancies', 'molar pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity1469 :: ('MESH:D031901', 'Disease') :: ['trophoblastic disease']

answer: @entity1475 :: (MESH:D006828,Disease) :: ['molar pregnancies']


abstract: Recent studies have shown that most newly diagnosed @entity302 @entity1 can be satisfactorily treated with a single antiepileptic drug. We therefore undertook a prospective randomised pragmatic trial of the comparative efficacy and @entity137 of four major antiepileptic drugs, utilised as monotherapy in newly diagnosed @entity302 @entity1 . Between 1981 and 1987 243 adult @entity1 aged 16 years or over, newly referred to two district general hospitals with a minimum of two previously untreated tonic-clonic or partial with or without secondary generalised @entity410 were randomly allocated to treatment with @entity109 , @entity3174 , @entity2049 , or @entity1092 . The protocol was designed to conform with standard clinical practice. Efficacy was assessed by time to first @entity410 after the start of treatment and time to enter one year remission. The overall outcome with all of the four drugs was good with 27% remaining @entity410 free and 75% entering one year of remission by three years of follow up. No significant differences between the four drugs were found for either measure of efficacy at one, two, or three years of follow up. The overall incidence of unacceptable side effects, necessitating withdrawal of the randomised drug, was 10%. For the individual drugs @entity109 (22%) was more likely to be withdrawn than @entity3174 (3%), @entity2049 (11%), and @entity1092 (5%). In @entity1 with newly diagnosed tonic-clonic or partial with or without secondary generalised @entity410 , the choice of drug will be more influenced by considerations of @entity137 and costs.

title: @entity109 , @entity3174 , @entity2049 , or @entity1092 for newly diagnosed XXXX : a randomised comparative monotherapy trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium valproate']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbitone']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['adult epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in soft tissue @entity242 is controversial. This is a report of long-term (>= 5 years) follow-up in @entity1 with high-grade, high-risk soft tissue @entity242 treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, preoperative radiotherapy (RT), and adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: @entity1 with high-grade soft tissue sarcoma>= 8 cm in diameter of the extremities and body wall received 3 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (mesna, @entity632 , @entity1260 , and @entity2699 ) and preoperative RT (44 grays administered in split courses), and 3 cycles of postoperative chemotherapy (mesna, @entity632 , @entity1260 , and @entity2699 ). RESULTS: Sixty-four of 66 @entity1 were analyzed. After chemotherapy and RT, 61 @entity1 had surgery; 58 had R0 resections (5 amputations), and 3 had R1 resections. Ninety-seven percent experienced grade 3 or higher @entity137 , including 3 deaths. These @entity137 were short term. With a median follow-up of 7.7 years in surviving @entity1 , the 5-year rates of locoregional failure (including amputation), and distant @entity3 were 22.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.8-32.6) and 28.1% (95% CI, 17.0-39.2). The most common site of @entity3 was lung. Estimated 5-year rates of disease-free survival, distant disease-free survival, and overall survival were 56.1% (95% CI, 43.9-68.3), 64.1% (95% CI, 52.3-75.8), and 71.2% (95% CI, 60.0-82.5), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the @entity137 was significant, it was limited in its course and for the most part resolved by 1 year. The long-term outcome was better than might be expected in such high-risk @entity5 .

title: Long-term results of a phase 2 study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the management of high-risk, high-grade, soft tissue XXXX of the extremities and body wall: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9514.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2699 :: ('MESH:D003606', 'Chemical') :: ['dacarbazine']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: Amyloid b(Ab) peptides are important components of plaques in @entity195 ( @entity195 ). A decrease in the CSF concentration of Ab40 and Ab42 is a potential biomarker for incident @entity195 . In contrast, studies on plasma Ab40 and Ab42 concentrations have yielded contradictory results. To explore the relationship between plasma Ab40 and Ab42 concentrations and @entity195 in @entity1240 individuals with @entity73 ( @entity73 ), evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of plasma Ab and their ratio as a marker for progression to @entity195 . We measured baseline concentrations of Ab40 and Ab42, and their ratio in plasma of @entity1 carefully categorized clinically and neurochemically as having @entity195 or other @entity303 from a cohort of @entity1 with @entity73 (n=588) after 4-6 years of follow-up time. Plasma concentrations of Ab40, Ab42 were measured using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technology. The association between plasma Ab concentrations and the risk of @entity303 was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. Optimal sensitivity and specificity of Ab measurements were determined by ROC curve analysis. Plasma Ab42 concentration and the Ab42/Ab40 ratio at baseline were significantly decreased in the @entity73 @entity1 who developed @entity195 as compared to cognitively stable @entity73 @entity1 . The baseline concentrations of Ab40 were similar in all @entity73 groups. The Ab42/Ab40 ratio was superior to Ab42 concentration with regard to identify incipient @entity195 in @entity73 . The ratio of Ab42 to Ab40 rather than absolute levels of the peptides can aid in the identification of incipient @entity195 among @entity73 @entity1 . A potential role of plasma Ab concentrations as a marker of incipient @entity303 warrants further investigation.

title: The relationship of plasma Ab levels to @entity303 in XXXX individuals with @entity73 .

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementias', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['MCI', 'mild cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity1240 :: (MESH:D019588,Disease) :: ['aging']


abstract: Among relatives of Ashkenazi @entity161 probands the rate of @entity746 was 3/1,000, compared to expected population rates of approximately 2/100,000. Relative risk of @entity3459 , including @entity1583 , was increased more than three-fold compared to controls. Co-occurrence of @entity4681 and @entity1503 , accompanied by @entity716 , has long been recognized. A virally mediated autoimmune pathogenesis has been proposed. However, the familial co-occurrence of these three disease entities raises the possibility that the disease constellation be considered as a manifestation of a common underlying @entity74 . Such expansion of the spectrum of affectation might enhance the power of both candidate gene and linkage studies. Based on these findings the loci suggested as candidate regions in @entity161 include a potential hot spot on chromosome 21q21-q22, involving the @entity224 dismutase and amyloid precursor protein genes. Alternatively, genes on other chromosomes involved in the expression, transcription, or regulation of these genes, or associated with the illnesses of high frequency in these pedigrees are suggested. Candidates include the choroid plexus transport protein, transthyretin at 18q11.2-q12.1; the t(14;18)(q22;21) characterizing @entity1892 , the most common form of @entity1583 ; and the 14q24 locus of early onset @entity195 , @entity21699 , and @entity1457 . @entity1583 and the suggested candidate genes are known to involve retinoid pathways, and @entity554 disregulation has been proposed as a cause of @entity161 .

title: Elevated risks for @entity746 and @entity3459 in Ashkenazi XXXX pedigrees suggest new candidate genes in @entity161 .

entities_list: @entity21699 :: ('2353;7043', 'Gene') :: ['c-Fos, transforming growth factor beta 3']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock protein A2']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['motor neuron disease']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding disorders']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['blood dyscrasias']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma-2']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic', 'schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic cancers', 'hematologic cancer', 'Expression of hematologic cancers']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic defect']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity554 :: ('CHEBI:26537', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoid']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenic']