abstract: @entity977 ( @entity977 ), defined as >/=40 mm in one extension, present a challenging subgroup of @entity977 in terms of @entity5 removal and complication rates. The potential impact of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) is investigated in a consecutive series and the results compared to the literature. From November 2004 until February 2005, six (five male) @entity1 were operated for @entity977 via an iMRI-guided transsphenoidal approach in the PoleStar N20. Clinical, endocrinological, and neuroradiological outcomes (at 3 months and yearly postoperative over 4 years) were assessed. Mean age was 46 years (range, 34-60). All @entity1 presented with preoperative @entity227 , five with @entity177 . Five @entity652 were clinically nonfunctioning, one was producing GH and TSH. Preoperative imaging showed invasion of the cavernous sinus in all and extension to the interventricular foramen in two @entity1 (one with occlusive @entity1276 ). Resection was total in four and subtotal (small cavernous sinus remnants) in two @entity1 , leading to transsphenoidal reoperation in one @entity1 . Visual acuity and fields improved in all six @entity1 . The @entity1 with occlusive @entity1276 developed a postoperative @entity5173 (subsequently revised), two @entity1 developed temporary, one permanent central @entity2010 , and one of them transient @entity2753 . Compared to the preoperative situation, endocrine status in the long-term follow-up (mean, 25 months) remained unchanged in four and worsened in two. Two @entity1 were considered not to require hormone replacement therapy. IMRI supports transsphenoidal resections of @entity977 because residual @entity652 and related risk structures are easily detected and localized intraoperatively, extending the restricted visual access of the microscope beyond mere surface anatomy to a three-dimensional view. More radical removal of @entity652 in a single surgical session combined with low complication rates are accomplished. This may add to a favorable clinical and endocrinological outcome in @entity977 .

title: Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging-guided transsphenoidal surgery for giant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['radical tumor']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary failure']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid leak']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['GPAs', 'pituitary adenomas', 'Giant pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: Arterial pulsations are known to modulate muscle spindle firing; however, the physiological significance of such synchronised modulation has not been investigated. Unitary recordings were made from 75 @entity1 muscle spindle afferents innervating the pretibial muscles. The modulation of muscle spindle discharge by arterial pulsations was evaluated by R-wave triggered averaging and power spectral analysis. We describe various effects arterial pulsations may have on muscle spindle afferent discharge. Afferents could be "driven" by arterial pulsations, e.g., showing no other spontaneous activity than spikes generated with @entity299 . Among afferents showing ongoing discharge that was not primarily related to @entity299 we illustrate several mechanisms by which individual spikes may become phase-locked. However, in the majority of afferents the discharge rate was modulated by the pulse wave without spikes being phase locked. Then we assessed whether these influences changed in two physiological conditions in which a sustained increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity was observed without activation of fusimotor neurones: a maximal inspiratory breath-hold, which causes a fall in systolic pressure, and acute @entity925 , which causes an increase in systolic pressure. The majority of primary muscle spindle afferents displayed pulse-wave modulation, but neither apnoea nor @entity158 had any significant effect on the strength of this modulation, suggesting that the physiological noise injected by the arterial pulsations is robust and relatively insensitive to fluctuations in blood pressure. Within the afferent population there was a similar number of muscle spindles that were inhibited and that were excited by the arterial pulse wave, indicating that after signal integration at the population level, arterial pulsations of opposite polarity would cancel each other out. We speculate that with close-to-threshold stimuli the arterial pulsations may serve as an endogenous noise source that may synchronise the sporadic discharge within the afferent population and thus facilitate the detection of weak stimuli.

title: Modulation of XXXX muscle spindle discharge by arterial pulsations--functional effects and consequences.

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['muscle pain']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac rhythmicity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Using @entity3569 ovary K1 cells, chromosomal aberration tests were carried out with @entity5189 , @entity1543 and @entity880 , and the relationship between the pH of the medium and the clastogenic activity was examined. The medium used was Ham's F12 supplemented with 17 mM @entity5993 and 10% fetal calf serum. All of these acids induced @entity2008 at the initial pH of ca. 6.0 or below (about 10-14 mM of each acid) both with and without S9 mix. Exposure of cells to about pH 5.7 or below (about 12-16 mM of each acid) was found to be toxic. When the culture medium was first acidified with each of these acids and then neutralized to pH 6.4 or pH 7.2 with @entity6674 , no clastogenic activity was observed. Using F12 medium supplemented with 34 mM @entity5993 as a buffer, no clastogenic activity was observed at doses up to 25 mM of these acids (initial pH 5.8-6.0). However, it was found that about 10% of the cells had aberrations at pH 5.7 or below (27.5-32.5 mM of each acid). Furthermore, when 30 mM @entity7482 was used as a buffer, @entity2008 were not induced at doses up to 20 mM @entity5189 and @entity1543 (initial pH 7.0-7.1), and at doses up to 30 mM @entity880 (initial pH 6.6). In the initial pH range of 6.4-6.7 (25-32.5 mM of each acid), @entity2008 were observed. The above results show that these acids themselves are non-clastogenic, and the pseudo-positive reactions attributable to non-physiological pH could be eliminated by either neutralization of the treatment medium or enhancement of the buffering ability.

title: Evaluation of clastogenicity of @entity5189 , XXXX and @entity880 on cultured mammalian cells.

entities_list: @entity3569 :: ('10029', 'Species') :: ['Chinese hamster']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal aberrations']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity5189 :: ('MESH:C030544', 'Chemical') :: ['formic acid']

answer: @entity1543 :: (MESH:D019342,Chemical) :: ['acetic acid']


abstract: In 1991, the Biophysics Research Institute at the Medical College of Wisconsin was among the first groups to develop functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Our story is unique on a few levels: We didn't have knowledge of the ability to image @entity1 brain activation with MRI using blood oxygenation dependent (BOLD) contrast until early August of 1991 when we attended the Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (SMRM) meeting in San Francisco, yet we produced our first BOLD-based maps of motor cortex activation about a month later. The effort started with two graduate students, Eric Wong and myself. Only a few days prior to that extremely important SMRM meeting, we had developed @entity1 echo planar imaging (EPI) capability in-house. Wong designed, built, and interfaced a head gradient coil made out of sewer pipe, wire, and @entity990 to a standard GE 1.5T MRI scanner. Also, a few months prior to building this @entity1 head gradient coil he developed the EPI pulse sequences and image reconstruction. All of these efforts were towards a different goal--for demonstration of Wong's novel approach to perfusion imaging in the @entity1 brain. Following SMRM, where a plenary lecture by Tom Brady from MGH opened our eyes to @entity1 brain activation imaging using BOLD contrast, and where we learned that EPI was extremely helpful if not critical to its success, we worked quickly to achieve our first results on September 14, 1991. The story is also unique in that Jim Hyde had set up the Biophysics Research Institute to be optimal for just this type of rapidly advancing basic technology research. It was well equipped for hardware development, had open and dynamic collaborative relationships with other departments, hospitals on campus, and GE, and had a relatively flat hierarchy and relaxed, flexible, collegial atmosphere internally. Since these first brain activation results, MCW Biophysics has continued to be at the forefront of functional MRI innovation, having helped to pioneer real time fMRI, high-resolution fMRI, and functional connectivity mapping.

title: Sewer pipe, wire, XXXX , and finger tapping: the start of fMRI at the Medical College of Wisconsin.

answer: @entity990 :: (CHEBI:30721,Chemical) :: ['epoxy']


abstract: The beneficial effects of @entity750 S(2)-receptor blockers on healing skin and muscle @entity1066 and refractory lesions such as @entity1201 and @entity6 and @entity63 have been reported previously, but their mechanisms of actions are not clear. The present study sought to elucidate the action of an S(2)-receptor blocker, @entity28879 , on the healing of collagenase-induced @entity130 in superficial digital flexor tendons of two groups of @entity95 . In one group, oral and topical therapy for 28 days with @entity28879 , was started within 48 hr of a single acute injury. The animals were then left untreated for another 60 days, when it was found that most of the morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical characteristics of the healed tendons matched those of their normal uninjured controls. Injured, untreated controls showed poor healing. In the second group of animals, @entity1796 was induced by four separate injections of collagenase at weekly intervals. The @entity95 were left for another 60 days, before being treated with @entity28879 for 26 days. This delayed treatment had no apparent effect on the biomechanical, biochemical, or morphological characteristics of the healing tendons. It appeared that @entity28879 had a significant effect on collagen turnover and organization of scar tissue, but only while the inflammatory and fibroplastic processes were active in the early stages of healing. S(2)-receptor blockers may, therefore, be of potential value for modulating repair in acutely injured collagenous tissue.

title: Effects of a XXXX S2-receptor blocker on healing of acute and chronic @entity1796 .

entities_list: @entity28879 :: ('MESH:C046881', 'Chemical') :: ['metrenperone']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic ulcers']

entities_list: @entity1796 :: ('MESH:D013708', 'Disease') :: ['tendon injury']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The correlation between gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) and @entity344 such as @entity390 and @entity391 is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the association of GMA with @entity391 induced by retrograde gastric electrical stimulation or @entity661 . METHODS: Ten @entity235 were involved in this study. Vomiting was induced by retrograde gastric electrical stimulation in 6 @entity235 and by @entity661 in 4 @entity235 . Computerized spectral analysis and visual analysis were applied to detect the GMA change during various periods before and after @entity391 . RESULTS: @entity943 preceded @entity391 but was of brief duration. The major pattern of @entity943 immediately before @entity391 was @entity591 and gastric slow wave was completely uncoupled before @entity391 . @entity943 and slow wave uncoupling were also noticed immediately after @entity391 but the @entity235 recovered quickly. The major pattern of @entity943 after @entity391 was @entity943 . GMA was normal during the periods other than 5 min before and during @entity391 and 5 min after @entity391 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity943 seems to be the cause of @entity391 induced by retrograde gastric electrical stimulation or @entity661 . It is brief and characterized with @entity591 and uncoupling.

title: Vomiting and gastric XXXX in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['duodenal balloon distention']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['dysrhythmia', 'arrhythmia', 'Gastric dysrhythmia']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['electrical dysrhythmia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate single-agent activity of bevacizumab in @entity1 with recurrent @entity463 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with recurrent @entity463 were treated with bevacizumab 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. After @entity5 progression, @entity1 were immediately treated with bevacizumab in combination with @entity2600 340 mg/m(2) or 125 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks, depending on use of enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. Complete @entity1 evaluations were repeated every 4 weeks. RESULTS: Forty-eight heavily pretreated @entity1 were accrued to this study. @entity1031 events (12.5%), @entity101 (12.5%), @entity5886 (6%), and @entity882 (6%) were the most common drug-associated adverse events. Six @entity1 (12.5%) were removed from study for drug-associated @entity137 (five @entity1031 , one bowel perforation). Thirty-four @entity1 (71%) and 17 @entity1 (35%) achieved radiographic response based on Levin and Macdonald criteria, respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 16 weeks (95% CI, 12 to 26 weeks). The 6-month PFS was 29% (95% CI, 18% to 48%). The 6-month overall survival was 57% (95% CI, 44% to 75%). Median overall survival was 31 weeks (95% CI, 21 to 54 weeks). Early magnetic resonance imaging response (first 96 hours and 4 weeks) was predictive of long-term PFS, with the Levin criteria being more predictive than Macdonald criteria. Of 19 @entity1 treated with bevacizumab plus @entity2600 at progression, there were no objective radiographic responses. Eighteen @entity1 (95%) experienced disease progression by the second cycle, and the median PFS was 30 days. CONCLUSION: We conclude that single-agent bevacizumab has significant biologic and antiglioma activity in @entity1 with recurrent @entity463 .

title: Phase II trial of single-agent bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab plus @entity2600 at @entity5 progression in recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5886 :: ('MESH:D017674', 'Disease') :: ['hypophosphatemia']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['Thromboembolic', 'thromboembolic events']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To introduce the early clinical features and the main points of diagnosis and treatment of @entity1 with @entity3472 presenting massive bloody @entity1143 . METHOD: The clinical data of symptoms, signs, laboratory examination, diagnosis and treatment methods of @entity3472 in a @entity1 are presented. RESULT: A 4-year-old @entity1 presented with one month history of intermittent fever, cough, chest tightness and @entity662 . His @entity1143 collected from three thoracic closed drainage was @entity548 . He had no positive abdominal signs. His abdominal B-mode ultrasonography showed rough pancreatic echo. The levels of amylase in blood and pleural fluid were 495 U/L and 35 938 U/L, respectively. There was a fistulous tract from the thoracic cavity leading to the pancreas at thoracic surgical exploration. The @entity1 was cured by total parenteral nutrition, intravenous infusion of @entity1943 and a stent placed in the pancreatic duct by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). CONCLUSION: The @entity1 with @entity3472 in early stage mainly present respiratory symptoms and lack abdominal symptoms, so the diagnosis and treatment is often delayed. Significant increase of pancreatic amylase level in @entity1143 can be an important clue and basis for the diagnosis. If conservative therapy fails, the examination and treatment with ERCP should be considered.

title: [Recurrent massive bloody @entity1143 caused by XXXX in a case].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'boy', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity3472 :: ('MESH:D010185', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic pleural fistula']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

answer: @entity3472 :: (MESH:D010185,Disease) :: ['pancreatic pleural fistula']


abstract: We have examined 11 @entity1 with @entity3894 of the thumb and we have treated by pollicization of the index finger. We have conducted a follow up of 5 years. The total absence of the thumb may be an @entity154 , but it is often associated with some other @entity600 . The absent thumb is as an autosomal dominant pathology or may be sporadic. It is frequently observed in the @entity5187 , @entity11807 , and ring D chromosome abnormalities. It is occasionally observed in the @entity2641 , trisomy, @entity2816 embryopathology and other @entity154 . An absent radius is almost always associated with an absent thumb, except in @entity882 ( @entity4434 ), where the thumb is present even when the radius is absent. The treatment in most cases of the absent thumb is to perform a pollicization of the index finger. Our isolated congenital absence of the thumb @entity1 have been treated with pollicization as described by Buck-Gramcko works well. It is a beautiful operation for the congenitally deformed, aplastic, or missing thumb. Pollicization of the index finger gives good functional and cosmetic results which are maintained. CONCLUSIONS: The total absence of the thumb in the congenitally pathology gives the hand of the @entity1 insufficient in the functional movement and no cosmetic. So the pollicization with the second index fined gives a good reconstruction for the neo-thumb. In our five years follow-up, the 11 young @entity1 that were treated with the pollicization, they are satisfy and use the neo-thumb like normal thumb. In congenitally absent thumbs clearly support the fact that the pollicized digit is used by most @entity1 and is not ignored or bypassed.

title: The pollicization of the index finger in the XXXX of the thumb.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital syndromes', 'isolated anomaly']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia radial aplasia']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity11807 :: ('MESH:D005199', 'Disease') :: ["Fanconi's anemia"]

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformation']

entities_list: @entity4434 :: ('MESH:D005198', 'Disease') :: ["Fanconi's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2641 :: ('MESH:D011038', 'Disease') :: ['Rothmund syndrome']

entities_list: @entity5187 :: ('MESH:C535326', 'Disease') :: ['Holt-Oram syndrome']

answer: @entity3894 :: (MESH:C563261,Disease) :: ['aplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate falls rate and the characteristics of falls (including fall-related @entity130 ) in a @entity15 ( @entity15 ) cohort. DESIGN: As part of a study evaluating falls risk, a cohort of 150 @entity1 prospectively recorded actual and near fall events using a daily diary over 3 months, as well as the circumstances of each fall including related @entity130 . SETTING: Community setting. @entity1 : A population-based sample of @entity1 (N=150) with a confirmed diagnosis of @entity15 (Expanded Disability Status Scale, 3.5-6.5) was recruited via a @entity1 -centered longitudinal study database of disease course in @entity1 with @entity15 . INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of actual and near falls, circumstances and consequences of falls (including rates and @entity130 plus follow-up care). RESULTS: The response rate for the falls diary was 92.7%. A total of 672 actual falls and 3785 near falls were recorded, with a moderate correlation between the numbers of actual and near falls per @entity1 (  =.474; 95% confidence interval, .34-.59). @entity1 recorded significantly more falls than @entity1 . Falls were associated with a range of activities, although 27.6% occurred during general mobility activities such  as  walking, turning, and moving between positions. @entity130 occurred in 11.1% of falls, with 6 individuals requiring medical attention. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity15 experience high numbers of falls, with associated @entity130 . Falls occur during a wide range of activities, reflecting their potential impact on daily life. Evaluating the characteristics of individuals who experience frequent near falls but few actual falls may be valuable for research and clinical practice.

title: Frequency, characteristics, and consequences of falls in XXXX : findings from a cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'people', 'patient', 'Men', 'person', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'People']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'type of injury', 'Injuries']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the current spectrum of disease in an @entity2143 population resulting in admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a tertiary care hospital. STUDY DESIGN: Analysis of data from @entity2143 @entity1 admitted for critical care management at the University of Maryland Medical Center over a 24-month period. RESULTS: Critical care admission was required for 34 (1.3%) of 2,565 @entity1 admitted for deliveries; 38.5% of @entity1 were delivered during their ICU admission. Preexisting medical conditions were present in 67.6% (76.5% were in the antenatal period vs. 23.5% in the postpartum period). Conditions leading to ICU admission included organ system failure, @entity1576 , @entity6220 , @entity712 , @entity1468 and postpartum @entity548 . The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score overall was 11.0 (antenatal 12.0, postpartum 10.5). Although the predicted maternal mortality rate was 12.9% (14.6% in the antenatal period and 12.1% in the postpartum period), the actual mortality rate was 0%. CONCLUSION: In this population, the antenatal period now accounts for the majority of ICU admissions. @entity1576 (mainly from infectious etiologies) has surpassed @entity548 as the primary reason for ICU admission. Finally, the APACHE II scoring system is inaccurate for use in an @entity2143 population.

title: Analysis of disease in the XXXX intensive care unit at a university referral center: a 24-month review of prospective data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'obstetric hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2143 :: ('MESH:D048949', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure', 'Respiratory failure']

answer: @entity2143 :: (MESH:D048949,Disease) :: ['obstetric']


abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effect of @entity13983 (EA) on @entity205 ( @entity870 )-induced testicular and spermatozoal damages associated with oxidative stress in male @entity35 . Forty adult male @entity35 were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Control group was used as placebo. @entity205 group received @entity870 at the dose of 15 mg/kg/day. @entity13983 group was treated with EA (10 mg/kg/day). Cyclosporine plus @entity13983 group received @entity870 +EA. Reproductive organs were weighed and epididymal sperm characteristics and histopathological structure of testes were examined along with @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) and @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) levels, @entity2041 -peroxidase ( @entity2197 -Px) and catalase (CAT) activities in testicular tissue. @entity870 significantly decreased the weights of testes and ventral prostate, epididymal sperm concentration, motility, testicular tissue @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ), @entity2041 -peroxidase ( @entity2197 -Px) and catalase (CAT), diameters of seminiferous tubules and germinal cell layer thickness, and it significantly increased @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) level and abnormal sperm rates along with degeneration, @entity39 , immature germ cells, congestion and @entity194 in testicular tissue. However, the @entity870 plus EA treatment attenuated all the @entity870 -induced negative changes observed in the testicular tissue, sperm and oxidant/antioxidant parameters. In conclusion, @entity870 -induced oxidative stress leads to the structural and functional damages in the testicular tissue and sperm quality of @entity35 , and also EA has a protective effect on these damages.

title: Attenuation of @entity205 -induced testicular and spermatozoal damages associated with oxidative stress by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A', 'Cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity13983 :: ('MESH:D004610', 'Chemical') :: ['Ellagic acid', 'ellagic acid']

answer: @entity13983 :: (MESH:D004610,Chemical) :: ['ellagic acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Radiation @entity1909 during therapy for breast malignancy can cause significant morbidity and delay treatment. RayGel ( @entity2041 and @entity4211 ; Integrative Therapies, Portland, OR) appears to decrease this skin reaction, prompting us to undertake an objective evaluation of RayGel's effectiveness. METHODS: @entity1 undergoing whole breast external-beam irradiation were randomized to treatment with placebo or RayGel. @entity1 and investigators/staff were blinded to treatment assignment. Skin reaction was documented by photograph and severity scale. RESULTS: Thirty-two @entity1 were enrolled. Thirty @entity1 were randomized to receive placebo (n = 15) or RayGel (n = 15). Scores were calculated by percent of breast skin involved and grade of reaction. The group receiving RayGel had a lower average score, 93.7, versus the placebo group, 123.3. CONCLUSION: RayGel provides skin protection during radiation therapy, superior to that observed with standard skin care and placebo. This formula may reduce discomfort associated with breast irradiation and thereby allow more consistent completion of radiation courses for the treatment of @entity0 .

title: Combination @entity2041 and XXXX as an alternative for skin care during external-beam radiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['reduced glutathione']

entities_list: @entity4211 :: ('MESH:D000872', 'Chemical') :: ['anthocyanins']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

answer: @entity4211 :: (MESH:D000872,Chemical) :: ['anthocyanins']


abstract: @entity0 cells are usually sensitive to several chemotherapeutic regimens, but they can develop chemoresistance after prolonged exposure to cytotoxic drugs, acquiring a more @entity146 phenotype. Drug resistance might involve the @entity1262 gene, encoding a transmembrane glycoprotein p-170 ( @entity7895 ), which antagonizes intracellular accumulation of cytotoxic agents, such as @entity632 . We previously demonstrated that type 2 cyclooxygenase ( @entity2247 ) inhibitors can reverse the chemoresistance phenotype of a @entity259 cell line by inhibiting @entity7895 expression and function. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of @entity2247 inhibitors in modulating chemoresistance in a @entity1 @entity0 cell line, MCF7. MCF7 cells, expressing @entity2247 but not @entity1262 , were treated with increasing doses of @entity632 , and they became chemoresistant after 10 days of treatment, in association with @entity1262 expression induction. This effect was reversed by @entity632 withdrawal and prevented by co-incubation with @entity8228 ( @entity8228 ), a selective @entity2247 inhibitor. Treatment with @entity8228 alone did not influence cell viability of a resistant MCF7 cell clone (rMCF7), but sensitized rMCF7 cells to the cytotoxic effects of @entity632 . Moreover, treatment with @entity8228 significantly reduced @entity1262 expression in rMCF7 cells. @entity632 -induced membrane @entity7895 expression and function was also greatly impaired. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that @entity2247 inhibitors can prevent or reduce the development of the chemoresistance phenotype in @entity0 cells by inhibiting @entity7895 expression and function.

title: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors prevent the development of chemoresistance phenotype in a XXXX cell line by inhibiting glycoprotein p-170 expression.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin', 'Doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1262 :: ('5243', 'Gene') :: ['MDR1', 'multi-drug resistance (MDR) 1']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['medullary thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity8228 :: ('MESH:C080955', 'Chemical') :: ['N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide', 'NS-398']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Background. Acute @entity4968 represents one of the most common medical emergencies in childhood. In view of paucity of literature on accidental @entity4968 among @entity1 in Egypt, this study was designed to describe the pattern of childhood @entity4968 in Zagazig University Hospitals. @entity1 and Methods. This retrospective study included 300 @entity1 up to 12 years with acute @entity4968 admitted to the Pediatric Department and @entity4968 Treatment Unit, Zagazig University Hospitals, from January 2011 to August 2012. Complete epidemiological and clinical data were recorded and analyzed. Results. Three hundred of poisoned @entity1 were enrolled in this study. @entity1 from 1 to 6 years were more liable to @entity4968 (81%). More @entity1 than @entity1 were poisoned at all age groups. The majority of all cases (99%) were due to accidental @entity4968 . Overall, 32% of the poisoned cases were living in Zagazig city while 68% were living in the rural areas. The presenting symptoms were classic in 60% of the cases. Pesticides, therapeutic drugs, and cleaning and disinfectant agents were the most frequent @entity4968 agents (28.7%, 22.7%, and 17.0%, resp.). In 86.0% of cases, observation with or without supportive measures together with decontamination and specific antidote therapy whenever needed was sufficient. Conclusion. Most of the @entity4968 were due to accidental ingestions by @entity1 and young @entity1 . Pesticides and medications were the most commonly involved agents.

title: Patterns of Acute XXXX in Childhood in Zagazig, Egypt: An Epidemiological Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'Children', 'infants', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisonings', 'poisoning', 'Poisoning']

answer: @entity4968 :: (MESH:D011041,Disease) :: ['Poisoning']


abstract: The ability of different mineral fibres to induce morphological transformation of @entity329 embryo cells has been studied. Increased transformation frequencies were obtained in the presence of chrysotile, @entity17110 , @entity34701 , @entity27950 and the glass fibres (GF) 100, while no significant increase in transformation frequency was observed with GF 110 and @entity3759 . @entity34702 was the most potent of the fibres tested. GF 100 was more potent than @entity17110 , amosite and @entity27950 . By comparing transformation frequency and @entity137 , it could be concluded that induction of transformation is not caused by unspecific cytotoxic effects. In contrast to some earlier studies, no synergistic effect was observed between @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) and @entity1355 fibres. Adsorption of @entity3015 to @entity17110 fibres had no effect on the transformation frequency. Moreover, @entity17110 was not able to promote the transformation of cells pre-exposed to @entity3015 . Electron microscopy studies showed that the fibres were rapidly phagocytosed. Blebs were often formed on the cell surface and were most pronounced after @entity17110 exposure. The blebs did not seem to be associated with the areas of physical interaction between the cells and the fibres, but were distributed throughout the cell surface.

title: Morphological transformation of XXXX embryo cells induced by mineral fibres and the alleged enhancement of @entity3014 .

entities_list: @entity27950 :: ('MESH:C025965', 'Chemical') :: ['anthophyllite']

entities_list: @entity34702 :: ('MESH:D017632', 'Chemical') :: ['Chrysotile']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['Syrian hamster']

entities_list: @entity17110 :: ('MESH:D017638', 'Chemical') :: ['crocidolite']

answer: @entity329 :: (10036,Species) :: ['Syrian hamster']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Despite the emphasis on its role, the spleen has commonly been removed in distal pancreatectomy. We designed this study to evaluate the efficacy of spleen salvage during distal pancreatectomy for @entity1 with benign and borderline @entity5 . METHODOLOGY: From January 2005 to July 2009, 82 @entity1 underwent @entity9321 ( @entity9321 ) and 78 @entity1 underwent @entity4559 ( @entity4559 ). Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The demographics and final diagnoses were similar between the two groups. There were no significant differences in estimated @entity190 , intraoperative transfusion and operative time between the two groups. More perioperative complications occurred in @entity9321 group than in the @entity4559 group (p = 0.0344). Consequently, postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in @entity4559 group than in @entity9321 group (p = 0.0273). Platelet counts on postoperative day (POD) 5, hemoglobin on POD 3, WBC counts and CRP level on POD 2 were significantly higher in the @entity9321 group than in the @entity4559 group and these differences continued to be significant for months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to frequent higher-grade complications, prolonged hospital stays, @entity9321 appeared to result in severer @entity1503 . Even an effort to preserve adult spleen in distal pancreatectomy is worthwhile.

title: Hematological benefits after XXXX : perioperative and long-term outcome analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4559 :: ('MESH:D013160', 'Disease') :: ['SPDP', 'spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy']

entities_list: @entity9321 :: ('MESH:D049310', 'Disease') :: ['distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy', 'DPS']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematological abnormalities']

answer: @entity4559 :: (MESH:D013160,Disease) :: ['spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most research reporting the management of advanced @entity259 focuses on major aerodigestive system or vessel involvement. In the present study, we investigated @entity1 with locally advanced @entity259 who presented with @entity272 . The term fungating @entity259 (fTC) has been used to describe such a condition. METHODS: The study was based on prospective collection of clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathological data of all @entity1 admitted to the head and neck and endocrine surgery unit, Main University Hospital, Alexandria School of Medicine, during the period April 2005-March 2011. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 were referred with fTC, eight of whom had undergone subtotal thyroidectomy for an undiagnosed well-differentiated @entity259 (DTC) in another institution. The final pathological diagnosis showed ( @entity9856 , n = 3), poorly differentiated @entity259 (n = 5), anaplastic @entity5 (n = 2), and @entity259 (n = 1). Extensive resections and reconstruction using flaps (pectoralis major, n = 6; deltopectoral, n = 1; sternocleidomastoid, n = 1) were undertaken. Complete @entity5 clearance (R0) was achieved in one @entity1 and the others had microscopic (R1, n = 6) or macroscopic (R2, n = 1) @entity66 . The three @entity1 who did not undergo operation died within one month of presentation. The latest review of the eight @entity1 who did undergo operation ranged from 3 to 6 months, but their survival remains unknown as access for follow-up was limited.

title: Fungating XXXX : a complex clinical scenario.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['malignant skin infiltration']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancers', 'thyroid cancer', 'medullary thyroid cancer']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid cancer']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of @entity692 (HA) grafts in combination with cervical plates in terms of fusion, restoration, and maintenance of cervical @entity1515 and to compare clinical and radiologic outcomes of @entity1 who experienced graft breakage with @entity1 who did not. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The most common complication related to the use of HA graft for cervical anterior fusion is graft breakage. However, the implication of graft breakage in terms of loss of graft height, cervical alignment, plate migration, and clinical outcomes has not been adequately evaluated. METHODOLOGY: A prospective study of 40 @entity1 who underwent anterior cervical fusion in which HA graft and plate systems were used. Clinical and radiologic assessments were made 1 month after surgery and again at the final follow-up. RESULTS: At the final follow-up evaluation, 80% of @entity1 had an excellent clinical outcome, 15% had a good outcome, and 5% had a fair outcome based on Odom's classification. All @entity1 achieved lordotic alignment in the immediate postoperative period. Graft breakage was observed in 25% of cases. @entity1 who experienced HA block breakage have 21 times more chance to have intervertebral height loss greater than 2 mm, 4.9 times more likely to undergo loss of cervical alignment exceeding 3 degrees, and 12.4 times more likely to present migration of the plates when compared to @entity1 who had normal HA grafts. CONCLUSION: Despite the positive clinical results observed in this study, breakage of HA grafts was a common complication occurring in 25% of @entity1 . Graft breakage was associated with strut height loss of more than 2 mm, loss of cervical alignment exceeding 3 degrees and a higher rate of plate migration. These changes related to the HA graft breakage demonstrate the necessity to continue searching for better grafting methods to perform cervical interbody fusion.

title: Anterior cervical interbody fusion with XXXX graft: clinical and radiological analysis of graft breakage.

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

answer: @entity692 :: (MESH:D017886,Chemical) :: ['hydroxyapatite']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity600 of the lung are more frequently diagnosed before birth, but guidelines for surgical management of asymptomatic cases are lacking. The aim of this article is to review our 10-year results with antenatally diagnosed @entity2977 ( @entity2977 ) to debate indications for early postnatal surgical management in asymptomatic @entity1 . METHOD: Twenty-four cases were reviewed; of these, 18 were operated on before 15 days of life for respiratory distress or mediastinal shift, whereas 6 were submitted to elective surgery at 3 months of age. RESULTS: Twenty lobectomies and 4 atypical resections were performed. Two of the latter required a second surgery for incomplete primary perinatal resection. No postsurgical complications were reported. Nineteen (19/24) of the resected specimens showed signs of @entity32 . In the perinatal period, 100% (8 cases) of CCAM type II and 50% (8 cases) of CCAM type I resulted to be inflamed. Of the asymptomatic cases, 50% (3/6) were also found to be affected. No infections were detected at bacteriologic culture and bacterial debris was stained in 3 specimens. CONCLUSION: In this series, a 79% incidence of @entity55 was detected. The CCAM type II resulted to be always involved in this process of @entity32 . This was an unexpected finding, particularly in cases without mediastinal shift or respiratory distress. In light of these results, early postnatal treatment, at around 3 to 6 months of age, could be considered even in asymptomatic @entity1 .

title: @entity32 in XXXX . An underestimated risk factor?

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital cystic malformations']

entities_list: @entity2977 :: ('MESH:D015615', 'Disease') :: ['CCAMs', 'congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations']

answer: @entity2977 :: (MESH:D015615,Disease) :: ['congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to compare the performance of dual-energy CT with that of 3-T @entity7994 with late enhancement for the detection of chronic @entity583 during first-pass coronary CT angiography (CTA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six @entity1 underwent coronary CTA for the assessment of coronary bypass graft patency on a first-generation dual-source CT scanner in dual-energy mode. Gray-scale images (100 kV, 140 kV, and blended virtual 120 kV) were assessed for areas of hypodense myocardium during the arterial phase. In addition, a color-coded map of myocardial @entity1496 distribution was calculated from the dual-energy data for perfusion analysis. @entity5748 data were compared with data from 3-T @entity7994 with late enhancement, which served as the reference standard for scar detection using the American Heart Association's 17-segment model of the left ventricle. RESULTS: One hundred one (17%) of 612 @entity296 in 22 (61%) of 36 @entity1 showed late enhancement on @entity7994 . Although myocardial @entity1496 mapping was prone to artifacts, mostly arising from sternal wires (70% sensitivity), 100-kV gray-scale images showed the highest sensitivity (80%) for the detection of @entity296 . Blended virtual 120-kV images with lower noise and higher resolution had the best diagnostic accuracy (77% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 85% positive predictive value, 96% negative predictive value, and 94% accuracy). CONCLUSION: Detection of chronic @entity583 on color-coded @entity1496 distribution analysis with first-generation dual-energy CT is impeded by thoracic metallic devices. This group of @entity1 benefits more from adequate blending of high- and low-kilovoltage gray-scale images. Further technical improvements are desirable to lower artifact burden and improve sensitivity on myocardial @entity1496 distribution mapping.

title: XXXX for the assessment of chronic @entity583 in @entity1 with chronic coronary artery disease: comparison with 3-T @entity7994 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial segments', 'myocardial scar']

entities_list: @entity5748 :: ('MESH:D009105', 'Disease') :: ['Dual-energy CT']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity5748 :: (MESH:D009105,Disease) :: ['Dual-energy CT']


abstract: The constant of elastance (E-MAX) is determined by measuring continuous left ventricular pressure and volume changes during the cardiac cycle. To evaluate the effect of @entity741 on contractility, E-MAX was measured from serial pressure volume loops at baseline, with @entity955 -induced @entity63 , and after the administration of intravenous @entity1242 with repeat pacing. Ten @entity1 undergoing cardiac catheterization for presumed @entity453 were evaluated by this method. The severity of the @entity453 was graded angiographically by using the Gensini coronary score. In 8 of the 10 @entity1 there was a significant decrease in E-MAX during @entity955 (P less than .05). With the administration of @entity1242 there was an attenuation of the @entity63 effect previously noted with pacing. In 3 of the 10 @entity1 administration of @entity1242 produced a further decrease in E-MAX with @entity63 . All 3 @entity1 had a significantly lower Gensini coronary score with a well-developed, visible coronary collateral network. The authors' results indicate that continuous pressure volume loop analysis is possible using the nuclear stethoscope. Significant @entity63 changes are seen with @entity955 , which are relieved by the administration of @entity1242 , except in the presence of coronary collaterals.

title: Effect of @entity63 on ventricular contractility in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial pacing']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: The pulsed dye laser was used to fragment ureteric calculi in 10 @entity1707 ureters, compared to electrohydraulic disintegration in six @entity1707 ureters. The stones were impacted in the proximal ureter and approached by rigid ureteroscopy. Four ureters did not have stones impacted but had ureteroscopes passed. The stones were fragmented and the particles left to pass spontaneously. The degree of inflammatory reaction was graded at the site of fragmentation as well as in the middle and lower ureter. The degree of @entity32 seen at the site of fragmentation was significantly less in the laser group than in the electrohydraulic group (p = 0.0027). It was noted that the degree of @entity32 seen in the lower ureter was significantly greater than that seen at the site of fragmentation (p = 0.01), and that this grade of @entity32 correlated well with the size of ureteroscope used (p = 0.0026). Further, the degree of dilatation of the ureter and pelvicalyceal system was significantly greater when the larger calibre ureteroscope had been used (p = 0.0056) ranging up to @entity3041 with flattening of the papillae. If there is any parallel which can be drawn between the @entity1707 ureter and the @entity1 ureter then it suggests that ureteroscopy is more significant than the modality of fragmentation used. The contribution of the laser may therefore be more by the miniaturization of instrumentation which will be made possible than by any advantage it may have as a fragmenter.

title: An assessment of the pulsed dye laser for fragmenting calculi in the XXXX ureter.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: One out of 11 @entity1 is destined to develop @entity0 . All @entity1 should be "under observation". Does a "normal" breast really exist? A discharge from a single orifice could suggest a @entity1185 , a real borderline lesion, the @entity26270 practically never degenerates, the essential problem is that of the @entity3923 , (or mastosis) which was the object of a recent detailed analysis (W. Dupont and D. Page), pre-menstrual @entity5026 does not seem to be a risk factor. On the other hand, certain @entity3986 constitute a high risk, such as @entity2543 , especially if it is associated with a direct family history of @entity0 . Recent studies on mammary cysts insist on their hormone and electrolyte content, the presence of EGF, as well as that of certain proteins ( @entity4552 ). They also insist on the local tissue enzymatic activities, the importance of myoepithelial cells and of fibroblasts. On a practical level, the attention is drawn on: cysts whose diameter exceeds 5 mm, certain histological lesions found during the biopsies. The value of mammography and thermography in the assessment of the high risk is discussed. Finally, the present well-established notions are recalled: the family history, late pregnancies, the diet, the weight, certain pathological associations, the endogenous hormonal balance bearing on E2/P and the blood prolactin level, the exogenous hormone intake.

title: [What is XXXX at risk? Epidemiologic and clinical basis].

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomatosis']

entities_list: @entity5026 :: ('MESH:D059373', 'Disease') :: ['mastodynia']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['dystrophic lesions']

entities_list: @entity3923 :: ('MESH:D005348', 'Disease') :: ['fibrocystic disease']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['atypical epithelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity26270 :: ('MESH:D000232', 'Disease') :: ['adenofibroma']

answer: @entity3923 :: (MESH:D005348,Disease) :: ['mastopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We present our experience in treating @entity320 at the National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Sheffield, UK over the last 20 years. METHOD: We analysed 170 @entity1 treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery, recorded the evolution of visual acuity and complication rates, and compared their survival with 620 @entity1 treated with eye enucleation. Different peripheral doses (using the 50% therapeutic isodose) were employed: 50-70 Gy for 24 @entity1 , 45 Gy for 71 @entity1 , 35 Gy for 62 @entity1 . FINDINGS: There was no significant difference in survival between the 35-Gy, 45-Gy and 50- to 70-Gy groups when compared between themselves (p = 0.168) and with the enucleation group (p = 0.454). The 5-year survival rates were: 64% for 35 Gy, 62.71% for 45 Gy, 63.6% for 50-70 Gy and 65.2% for enucleated @entity1 . Clinical variables influencing survival for radiosurgery @entity1 were @entity5 volume (p = 0.014) and location (median 66.4 vs 37.36 months for @entity5 , respectively; p = 0.001), while age and gender did not prove significant. Regarding complications, using 35 Gy led to more than a 50% decrease, when compared with the 45-Gy dose, in the incidence of @entity231 , @entity726 and @entity1713 . @entity989 , @entity1781 and @entity548 were not significantly influenced. @entity1939 decreased dramatically from 83.7% for 45 Gy to 31.4% for 35 Gy (p = 0.006), as well as post-radiosurgery enucleation: 23.9% for 45 Gy vs 6.45% for 35 Gy (p = 0.018). Visual acuity, recorded up to 5 years post-radiosurgery, was significantly better preserved for 35 Gy than for 45 Gy (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Using 35 Gy led to a dramatic decrease in complications, @entity1018 and salvage enucleation, while not compromising @entity1 survival.

title: Survival and complications following y knife radiosurgery or enucleation for XXXX : a 20-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['vision loss']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['juxtapapillary vs peripheral tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['Blindness']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['Retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['ocular melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['ocular melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In view of the continued increase in the number of hadron (i.e. neutron, proton and light or heavy ion) therapy ( @entity101 ) centres we performed a systematic literature review to identify reports of the efficacy of @entity101 . METHODS: Eleven databases were searched systematically. No limit was applied to language or study design. Established experts were contacted for unpublished data. Data on outcomes were extracted and summarised in tabular form. RESULTS: Seven hundred and seventy three papers were identified. For proton and heavy ion therapy, the number of RCTs was too small to draw firm conclusions. Based on prospective and retrospective studies, proton irradiation emerges as the treatment of choice for some ocular and skull base @entity5 . For @entity263 , the results were comparable with those from the best photon therapy series. Heavy ion therapy is still in an experimental phase. CONCLUSION: Existing data do not suggest that the rapid expansion of @entity101 as a major @entity34 would be appropriate. Further research into the clinical and cost-effectiveness of @entity101 is needed. The formation of a European Hadron Therapy Register would offer a straightforward way of accelerating the rate at which we obtain high-quality evidence that could be used in assessing the role of @entity101 in the management of @entity5 .

title: A systematic literature review of the clinical and cost-effectiveness of hadron therapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['treatment modality']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1760 maintenance therapy is one of the types of tocolytic therapy used after an episode of threatened @entity3152 (usually treated with an initial dose of tocolytic therapy) in an attempt to prevent the onset of further preterm contractions. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether @entity1760 maintenance therapy is effective in preventing @entity600 after the initial threatened @entity3152 is arrested. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (31 January 2013). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of @entity1760 therapy given to @entity1 after threatened @entity3152 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: The review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction. We checked data entry. MAIN RESULTS: We included four trials involving 422 @entity1 . Three trials had high risk of bias and none included any long-term follow-up of @entity1 . No differences in the incidence of @entity600 or perinatal mortality were seen when @entity1760 maintenance therapy was compared with placebo or no treatment; or alternative therapies ( @entity9994 or @entity4183 ). The risk ratio (RR) for @entity600 (less than 37 weeks) for @entity1760 compared with placebo or no treatment was 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80 to 1.40 (two trials, 99 @entity1 ); and 0.99, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.72 (two trials, 100 @entity1 ) for @entity1760 compared with alternative therapies. The RR for perinatal mortality for @entity1760 compared with placebo or no treatment was 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 99.16 (one trial, 50 @entity1 ); and 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 99.16 (one trial, 50 @entity1 ) for @entity1760 compared with alternative treatments. @entity1 taking @entity1760 preparations were less likely to report side effects (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.96, three trials, 237 @entity1 ), including palpitations or @entity591 (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.52, three trials, 237 @entity1 ) than @entity1 receiving alternative therapies. @entity1 receiving @entity1760 were however, more likely to experience @entity294 (RR 6.79, 95% CI 1.26 to 36.72, three trials, 237 @entity1 ). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is not enough evidence to show any difference between @entity1760 maintenance therapy compared with either placebo or no treatment, or alternative therapies ( @entity9994 or @entity4183 ) in preventing @entity600 after an episode of threatened @entity3152 .

title: XXXX maintenance therapy for preventing @entity600 after threatened @entity3152 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labour']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity9994 :: ('MESH:D012312', 'Chemical') :: ['ritodrine']

entities_list: @entity4183 :: ('MESH:D013726', 'Chemical') :: ['terbutaline']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium', 'Magnesium']

answer: @entity1760 :: (MESH:D008274,Chemical) :: ['Magnesium']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the performance of @entity419 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( @entity419 PET/CT) to detect occult @entity3 in @entity1 with clinically node-negative (cN0) @entity17539 , as there is little information on the use of @entity419 -PET/CT in @entity17539 . @entity1 AND METHODS: In 24 @entity1 , scheduled to undergo dynamic sentinel-node biopsy, hybrid PET/CT was used before surgery to assess the nodal status of the cN0-groins. Six of the 24 @entity1 were unilaterally cN0. Thus, 42 cN0-groins were evaluated for occult @entity3 using PET/CT. All scans were assessed by two experienced nuclear physicians. The @entity5 status of the removed sentinel node was used as the standard of care to evaluate the PET/CT-results. RESULTS: Histopathology was @entity5 -positive in five of the 42 (12%) evaluated cN0-groins, two of which contained only micrometastases (<2 mm). One of the five @entity5 -positive cN0-groins was correctly predicted on the PET/CT-images. All false-negative PET/CT scans contained @entity3 of <or=10 mm. Of the remaining 37 @entity5 -negative groins, 34 were correctly predicted with PET/CT (specificity 92%). CONCLUSION: The role of PET/CT in evaluating the groins of @entity1 with cN0 @entity5 appears to be limited, due to its low sensitivity. In this series, only one of the five @entity5 -positive groins was identified. Surgical staging methods remain necessary at present.

title: Prospective evaluation of hybrid @entity419 positron emission tomography/computed tomography in staging clinically node-negative XXXX with @entity17539 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['18F-fluorodeoxyglucose', '(18)F-FDG', '18F-FDG']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'penile cancer', 'histopathological tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity17539 :: ('MESH:D010412', 'Disease') :: ['penile carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The microenvironment is known to play a dominant role in @entity5 progression. Cells closely associated with tumoral cells, named hospicells, have been recently isolated from the ascites of @entity43 @entity1 . Whilst these cells present no specific markers from known cell lineages, they do share some homology with bone marrow-derived or adipose tissue-derived @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells ( @entity6460 , @entity2282 , @entity2393 , @entity9502 , @entity2394 , HLA-1). We studied the role of hospicells in @entity43 progression. In vitro, these cells had no effect on the growth of @entity1 @entity43 cell lines OVCAR-3, SKOV-1 and IGROV-1. In vivo, their co-injection with @entity420 cells enhanced @entity5 growth whatever the @entity5 model used (subcutaneous and intraperitoneally established xenografts in athymic @entity19 ). In addition, their injection increased the development of ascites in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 . Fluorescent macroscopy revealed an association between hospicells and @entity43 cells within the @entity5 mass. @entity5 obtained by coinjection of hospicells and @entity1 @entity43 cells presented an increased microvascularization indicating that the hospicells could promote @entity7433 of @entity43 cells in vivovia their action on angiogenesis. This effect on angiogenesis could be attributed to the increased @entity7738 and @entity7 expression associated with the presence of the hospicells. Collectively, these data indicate a role for these ascite-derived stromal cells in promoting @entity5 growth by increasing angiogenesis.

title: Hospicells (ascites-derived stromal cells) promote XXXX and angiogenesis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma', 'ovarian cancer', 'ovarian tumor', 'ovarian adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity7433 :: ('MESH:D002471', 'Disease') :: ['tumorigenicity']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity7433 :: (MESH:D002471,Disease) :: ['tumorigenicity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study routine histological as well as immunohistochemical prognostic markers including ER, PR, @entity876 and @entity1722 in @entity2675 and compare the above parameters with @entity0 in female @entity1 of the same population. Association of the immunohistochemical markers with histological prognostic markers was also studied. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from January 2004 to May 2007 at AFIP, Rawalpindi on 55 cases of @entity2675 . Assessment of @entity5 size on gross examination followed by microscopic evaluation of @entity5 grade and lymph node @entity3 was done. Immunohistochemistry was performed for ER, PR, @entity1722 and @entity876 . RESULTS: The @entity2675 @entity1 had a mean age at diagnosis of 57 years with a mean @entity5 size of 4.25cm, constituting 4.7% of @entity5 in @entity1 . @entity513 was the predominant subtype with 47 (87.3%) cases. Majority of the @entity5 were grade II (64.2%) followed by grade III (32.1%). Out of 28 cases with axillary clearance; lymph node @entity3 was present in 20 (71%) cases. ER and PR expression was seen in 81% and 79.3% cases respectively while @entity1722 expression was seen in 24.5%. @entity876 was expressed in 14 (26.4%) @entity1 . No association of immunohistochemical markers was seen with lymph node and @entity5 grade. CONCLUSION: @entity2675 has a higher incidence and occurs in a decade younger than the Western population with a larger @entity5 size and higher number of @entity1 with lymph node @entity3 . @entity1 have a higher ER, PR expression as compared to female @entity0 @entity1 without any association with histological prognostic markers. @entity1722 and @entity876 expression in males is comparable to the West but their prognostic role in terms of survival and treatment strategies needs to be ascertained by follow up studies.

title: Histological and immuno-histochemical study of XXXX in Northern Pakistan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients', 'Men']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['Male breast cancer', 'male breast carcinoma', 'male breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'malignancies', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['Infiltrating ductal carcinoma']

answer: @entity2675 :: (MESH:D018567,Disease) :: ['male breast carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the combination of a @entity1239 inhaler and @entity752 to either treatment alone for initiating smoking abstinence and relapse prevention. METHODS: Smokers were randomized to receive a @entity1239 inhaler, @entity752 , or both for 3 months. At 3 months, smoking-abstinent study @entity1 were randomized to their initial medications or placebo. @entity1 who were smoking at 3 months were randomized to an alternative treatment regimen or placebo. This study was conducted from July 2001 to January 2003. RESULTS: A total of 1700 smokers were randomized to treatment (phase 1) for 3 months. Among the 941 study @entity1 eligible for randomization to the phase 2 trial, 837 continued in the study. For the phase 2 trial, 405 smoking-abstinent @entity1 were randomized to relapse prevention for 9 additional months, and 432 smokers were randomized to re-treatment for an additional 3 months. At the end of the initial 3 months of treatment (phase 1), 82 (14%) of 566, 145 (26%) of 567, and 194 (34%) of 567 study @entity1 receiving a @entity1239 inhaler, @entity752 , or both, respectively, were abstinent from smoking. Of the 405 smoking-abstinent @entity1 at the end of 3 months, the @entity752 group had more smokers than the placebo group (mean No. of smokers, 1.5 vs 1.1; P < .001), and the @entity1239 inhaler group had higher smoking abstinence rates at 12 months than the placebo group. Those receiving combination therapy had reduced rates of relapse to smoking for the first 3 months of relapse prevention, but this difference disappeared after the initial 3 months. Of the 432 study @entity1 who were smoking at the end of 3 months and who received an alternative treatment regimen, the 223 smokers initially assigned to a @entity1239 inhaler were more likely to stop smoking at 6 months if they were re-treated with @entity752 instead of placebo (8 [7%] of 111 vs 0 [0%] of 112; P = .003), and the 209 smokers initially treated with @entity752 and re-treated with a @entity1239 inhaler did not have significantly higher smoking abstinence rates (6 [6%] of 104 vs 3 [3%] of 105; P = -.50). CONCLUSION: Combined therapy with a @entity1239 inhaler and @entity752 increased smoking abstinence rates. Continuation of the initial combination therapy does not appear to prevent relapse to smoking. Timing of re-treatment and alternative approaches to relapse prevention should be further examined.

title: Randomized comparison of a @entity1239 inhaler and XXXX for smoking cessation and relapse prevention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity752 :: ('MESH:D016642', 'Chemical') :: ['bupropion']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

answer: @entity752 :: (MESH:D016642,Chemical) :: ['bupropion']


abstract: This report summarizes [corrected] our experiences in 0.125% @entity1341 caudal @entity1337 in 70 pediatric @entity1 with age ranging from 3 months to 7 years undergoing routine surgical procedures including herniorrhaphies, orchiopexies, and circumcision. The local anesthetic chosen was 0.125% @entity1341 with @entity1425 (1:200,000) being added and the dosage administered [corrected] varied from 0.5-1.0 ml/kg depending upon the sites of the surgical procedures. In the recovery room, @entity1 were observed and accessed using the modified Hannallah's @entity158 /discomfort scoring system. @entity1 who achieved a score of four or more during a 30 min observation period were given codeine 1 mg/kg intramuscularly and the blocks were rated as uneffective. Our result was that 0.125% @entity1341 caudal @entity1337 was effective. The rate of success was 79%. The duration of @entity1337 was 4-8 hours. No delay or difficulty in urination was found. Most of the @entity1 could move their lower extremities but could not bear their weight. Telephone follow-up failed to reveal any @entity1337 -related complication.

title: Low concentration of caudal @entity1341 for postoperative XXXX in elective pediatric surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity6963 , an immunosuppressant agent for treating @entity309 , was first marketed in France in 2000. Three years after its launch, we sought to assess its prescription patterns in the real world of prescription and use, and to see if its efficacy and safety profiles observed during clinical trials were confirmed. METHODS: All @entity1 treated with @entity6963 from May 2000 to April 2003 in the Department of Rheumatology of the Bordeaux University Hospital were identified, and their treatment patterns and outcome ascertained. This was compared to data from clinical trials. RESULTS: 116 were included (mean age = 55 years, 70% @entity1 ). Almost 21.7% stopped treatment for lack of efficacy (after a mean delay of 3.6 months), 16% for secondary loss of efficacy (median = 7 months), and 32% for the occurrence of an adverse event (half within 4 months). Over a similar time frame in clinical trials, in @entity1 of about the same age and sex but with less severe disease, the corresponding figures were 7-17% for lack or loss of efficacy, and 14-22% for adverse effects. At one year of follow-up, the discontinuation rate was 70% in the cohort compared to 28-47% in clinical trials. DISCUSSION: The differences between the two populations confirm the need to conduct post-marketing studies in order to obtain better knowledge on the effectiveness and safety of a new drug. In many cases, a simple drug utilization study can provide relevant information on the degree of shift between populations included in clinical trials and those treated in real life.

title: Effectiveness and safety profile of @entity6963 in XXXX : actual practice compared with clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6963 :: ('MESH:C045463', 'Chemical') :: ['leflunomide', 'Leflunomide']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: One hundred @entity309 @entity1 (38 @entity1 , 62 @entity1 ), with mean age of 53 years and mean disease duration of 11.5 months, were followed. Standardized clinical, biochemical, and radiographic evaluation was performed regularly. After 2 years the prevalence of ulnar deviation, @entity85 , and @entity85 was 13%, 16%, and 8%, respectively. Altogether, 31 @entity1 had developed one or more @entity85 . There was no difference in age or gender distribution and no predominance of the dominant hand. Each @entity1 with a @entity85 was matched according to age, sex, and disease duration with another early @entity309 @entity1 without @entity85 . The @entity85 group had more active disease, less grip strength, more disability, and markedly more severe radiographic changes. When studied retrospectively at a time point 3 months prior to the detection of @entity85 , @entity603 of relevant joints was as common in the group who developed @entity85 as in the control group. This suggests that @entity32 may contribute to the genesis of @entity85 but additional factors are needed. @entity1847 were found to be common in early @entity309 .

title: The occurrence and significance of @entity1847 in early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['joint inflammation']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity1847 :: ('MESH:D006226', 'Disease') :: ['Hand deformities']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['swan neck deformity', 'deformity', 'deformities', 'buttonhole deformity']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: Remarkable proportions of individuals diagnosed with @entity308 ( @entity308 ) have comorbid metabolic disturbances (i.e., @entity28 , @entity6 ( @entity6 ), @entity101 , @entity2299 ), and vice versa. Accumulating evidence suggests that common pathophysiologic pathways such as a chronic, low-grade, proinflammatory state mediate this frequent co-occurrence. However, it remains unclear what traits precede the onset and increase the risk for these pathologic states. The aim of our review was to evaluate the evidentiary base supporting the hypothesis that the increased hazard for @entity209 in @entity308 subpopulations (and vice versa) is mediated in part by endophenotypic variations in @entity25 . We conducted a PubMed search of all English-language literature with the following search terms: @entity25 , circadian rhythm, @entity32 , @entity209 , @entity28 , @entity308 , @entity1316 , prodrome, @entity6 , cytokine, interleukin, @entity101 , @entity2299 , and @entity1007 . Longitudinal and meta-analysis data indicate that specific variations in @entity25 (i.e., decreased @entity25 [ @entity25 ], increased rapid eye movement [REM] density) precede the onset of depressive symptomatology for a subpopulation of individuals. The same @entity25 variations also are associated with @entity28 , @entity6 , and @entity101 . Decreased @entity25 and increased REM density is correlated with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., @entity650 , @entity5 @entity39 factor, etc.). This proinflammatory state has been independently shown to be associated with @entity308 and metabolic disturbances. Taken together, our review suggests that @entity25 variation of increased REM density and decreased @entity25 may be an endophenotypic trait, which serves to identify a subpopulation at increased risk for @entity308 and metabolic disturbances. Future research is needed to discern the predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of using @entity25 variation as a biomarker for @entity308 and metabolic disturbances. Validation of this marker would have broad clinical implications, such as primary, secondary, and tertiary preventative health strategies.

title: Sleep architecture variation: a mediator of @entity209 in individuals with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['MDD', 'depressive symptoms', 'major depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['T2DM', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood disorder']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disturbance', 'metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['slow-wave sleep', 'SWS', 'sleep architecture', 'sleep disturbance']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['major depressive disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To clone and expression @entity2042 @entity460 -binding EF-hand domain containing protein (SjEFCAB), purify the expressed protein, and evaluate its antigenicity and diagnostic value. METHODS: The positive clone screened from egg cDNA library was used as template to amplify the SjEFCAB gene by PCR. The target fragment was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1. The positive recombinant plasmids were transformed into @entity13724 and induced by IPTG for expression of the protein. The recombinant protein was purified with GST-tag affinity chromatography. Western blotting was used to analyze the antigenicity. The purified protein was used as coating antigen for indirect ELISA to evaluate its diagnostic effect. Serum samples from @entity1 with @entity2040 japonica (78 cases), @entity14007 sinensis (5 cases), @entity3993 (10 cases), @entity9643 westermani (6 cases), @entity8573 (9 cases) and healthy @entity1 (50 cases) were examined. RESULTS: The recombinant plasmid pGEX-4T-1-SjEFCAB was constructed and the SjEFCAB recombinant protein (Mr 8 200) was expressed in @entity526 . The soluble fusion protein was purified with affinity chromatography. Western blotting analysis showed that the recombinant protein was recognized by sera of infected @entity95 and pooled sera of @entity2040 japonica @entity1 . The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA for diagnosis of @entity2040 japonica were 82.1% (64/78) and 95.0% (76/80), respectively. The cross reaction with sera of @entity14007 sinensis, @entity3993 , and @entity8573 @entity1 @entity676 , respectively. There was no cross reaction with sera of @entity9643 westermani @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The recombinant SjEFCAB antigen has potential diagnostic value for @entity2040 japonica.

title: [Cloning, expression and immunodiagnostic analysis of XXXX @entity460 -binding EF-hand domain containing protein].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity3993 :: ('MESH:D003551', 'Disease') :: ['cysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity14007 :: ('MESH:D003003', 'Disease') :: ['clonorchiasis']

entities_list: @entity9643 :: ('MESH:D010237', 'Disease') :: ['paragonimiasis']

entities_list: @entity8573 :: ('MESH:D014235', 'Disease') :: ['trichinosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity2042 :: ('6182', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma japonicum']

answer: @entity2042 :: (6182,Species) :: ['Schistosoma japonicum']


abstract: The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of (1) ingesting mandatory snacks v. no snacks and (2) the composition of isoenergetically-dense snacks high in protein, fat or @entity1735 , on food intake and energy intake (EI) in eight @entity1 with ad libitum access to a diet of fixed composition. Subjects were each studied four times in a 9 d protocol per treatment. On days 1-2, subjects were given a medium-fat maintenance diet estimated at 1.6 x resting metabolic rate (RMR). On days 3-9, subjects consumed three mandatory isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense (380 kJ/100 g) snacks at fixed time intervals (11.30, 15.30 and 19.30 hours). Total snack intake comprised 30% of the subjects' estimated daily energy requirements. The treatments were @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ), high @entity1735 (HC), high fat (HF) and no snack (NS). The order was randomized across subjects in a counterbalanced, Latin-square design. During the remainder of the day, subjects had ad libitum (meal size and frequency) access to a covertly manipulated medium-fat diet of fixed composition (fat: @entity1735 :protein, 40:47:13 by energy), energy density 550 kJ/100 g. All foods eaten were investigator-weighed before ingestion and left-overs were weighed after ingestion. Subjective hunger and satiety feelings were tracked hourly during waking hours using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum EI amounted to 13.9 MJ/d on the NS treatment compared with 11.7, 11.7 and 12.2 MJ/d on the @entity2101 , HC and HF diets respectively (F(3,21) 5.35; P = 0.007, SED 0.66). Total EI values were not significantly different at 14.6, 14.5, 15.0 and 14.2 MJ/d respectively. Snack composition did not differentially affect total daily food intake or EI. Average daily hunger was unaffected by the composition of the snacks. Only at 12.00 hours did subjects feel significantly more hungry during the NS condition, relative to the other dietary treatments (F(3,18) 4.42; P = 0.017). Body weight was unaffected by dietary treatment. In conclusion, snacking per se led to compensatory adjustments in feeding behaviour in lean @entity1 . Snack composition (with energy density controlled) did not affect the amount eaten of a diet of fixed composition. Results may differ in real life where subjects can alter both composition and amount of food they eat and energy density is not controlled.

title: Altering the temporal distribution of energy intake with isoenergetically dense foods given as snacks does not affect total daily energy intake in normal-weight XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['HP', 'high protein']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Growth of bacteria greater than 10-5 organisms/ml was found in 22 @entity1 , of whom 17 gave a histroy of chronic @entity294 . The other 8 @entity1 had either no @entity294 or where having an acute attack lasting for a few days. In those with chronic @entity294 , Esch. coli, bacteroides, and enterococci tended to occur more frequently, whereas streptococci occurred more frequently in those with acute @entity294 . Bacilli, staphylococci, micrococci, klebsiellas, pseudomonads, and candidas often occurred in both groups and in large numbers in those with chronic @entity294 . This confirms previous reports in other parts of the world that some @entity1 with @entity3147 have considerable bacterial contamination of the jejunum, and that this may be of aetiological significance as a cause of much of the @entity294 seen in malnourished @entity1 . It is possible too that this may be important in the pathogenesis of @entity3147 . The presence of @entity11333 in these malnourished @entity1 is also noted. A double-blind trial in the use of antibiotics in this condition is advocated to determine whether it is possible to break the @entity294 - @entity3147 cycle. At the same time the effect of simply removing the @entity1 to a more sanitary environment, together with an estimate of the natural clearance of bacteria from the upper intestine, should be evaluated.

title: Jejunal microflora in malnourished Gambian XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity11333 :: ('MESH:D007411', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal parasites']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea-malabsorption', 'diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: A result of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, the nucleus pulposus (NP) is no longer able to withstand applied load leading to @entity158 and disability. The objective of this study is to fabricate a tissue-engineered injectable scaffold with chondroprotective supplementation in vitro to improve the mechanical properties of a degenerative NP. Tissue-engineered scaffolds were fabricated using different concentrations of alginate and @entity12374 and mechanically evaluated. Fabrication conditions were based on structural and mechanical resemblance to the native NP. Chondroprotective supplementation, @entity4823 (GCSN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), were added to scaffolds at concentrations of 0:0  g/mL (0:0-S), 125:100  g/mL (125:100-S), 250:200  g/mL (250:200-S), and 500:400  g/mL (500:400-S), GCSN and CS, respectively. Scaffolds were used to fabricate tissue-engineered constructs through encapsulation of @entity1 nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs). The tissue-engineered constructs were collected at days 1, 14, and 28 for biochemical and biomechanical evaluations. Confocal microscopy showed HNPC viability and rounded morphology over the 28 day period. @entity98 analysis resulted in significant increases in cell proliferation for each group. Collagen type II ELISA quantification and compressive aggregate moduli (HA) showed increasing trends for both 250:200-S and the 500:400-S groups on Day 28 with significantly greater HA compared to 0:0-S group. Glycosaminoglycan and water content decreased for all groups. Results indicate the increased mechanical properties of the 250:200-S and the 500:400-S was due to production of a functional matrix. This study demonstrated potential for a chondroprotective supplemented injectable scaffold to restore biomechanical function of a degenerative disc through the production of a mechanically functional matrix.

title: Chondroprotective supplementation promotes the mechanical properties of injectable scaffold for XXXX nucleus pulposus tissue engineering.

entities_list: @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosamine']

entities_list: @entity12374 :: ('MESH:D002122', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium chloride']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Objective. To know the characteristics of endoscopic laryngeal and pharyngeal abnormalities in Japanese @entity1 with @entity8823 ( @entity8823 ). Methods. A total of 146 endoscopic images of the larynx and pharynx (60 pairs for the @entity7619 group and 13 pairs for the control group) were presented to 15 otolaryngologists blinded to @entity1 information and were scored according to several variables potentially associated with @entity8823 . The median value of the 15 scores for each item from each image was obtained. The mean pretreatment scores of each item and total score were assessed in both @entity7619 and control groups. In the @entity7619 group, the endoscopic findings before and after the 4-week treatment with @entity7619 were compared. Changes between corresponding duration in the control group were also evaluated. Results. The median and mean pretreatment total score was 3 and 3.02, respectively, from the 73 @entity1 with @entity8823 . No significant differences were observed before and after treatment in either the @entity7619 or control groups for any item or total score. In 24 @entity1 with a high pretreatment score (total score >=  4) from the @entity7619 group, significant decreases in scores for "thick endolaryngeal mucous" (0.54 to 0.17, P = 0.017) and total (4.77 to 3.58, P = 0.0003) were observed after the 4-week treatment.

title: Endoscopic laryngeal findings in Japanese XXXX with @entity8823 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8823 :: ('MESH:D057045', 'Disease') :: ['LPRS', 'laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms', 'laryngopharyngeal reflux']

entities_list: @entity7619 :: ('MESH:C063129', 'Chemical') :: ['rabeprazole']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We performed 308 series renal biopsies during 4 years (1985-1989) and 289 cases were examined by light microscopic, electron microscopic, or immunofluorescent study. Clinically, @entity102 was most frequent (55.4%), followed by @entity1985 (15.1%), and recurrent or persistent @entity811 (12.8%). Pathologically, @entity8 was most popular (39.3%), followed by normal glomerulus (9.1%), and @entity631 (8.7%). @entity631 clinically recognized with recurrent or persistent @entity811 , hardly showing @entity644 , in 81.6% of the cases, consisted of normal glomerulus, or @entity631 by electron microscopic and immunofluorescent examinations. The remainder (18.4%) was with @entity8 , which was histologically mild. On the other hand, cases of @entity102 (latent type) with persistent @entity644 and @entity811 were with @entity631 of various types including @entity8 in 78.8% of the total cases. Therefore, @entity644 is an important sign of @entity631 . In investigation in different age groups, @entity8 was seen in about 40% of both pediatric and adult cases, whereas @entity8 and @entity631 were more frequent in pediatric cases. Tubulo-interstitial lesions and glomerular lesions in vascular or @entity209 were recognized more in adults than in @entity1 . @entity631 (17 cases including 4 pediatric cases), complicated with @entity5 such as @entity150 and @entity157 was found in 3 aged @entity1 . Examination for @entity5 would be necessary for aged @entity1 with @entity631 . As for the prognosis of @entity8 , because histological changes of @entity8 varied widely from very mild state to severe state, the prognosis is not always good.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Clinicopathological study of @entity1 presenting XXXX and @entity644 by renal biopsy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['minor glomerular abnormalities', 'IgA nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic nephritic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder or rectal cancers']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['thin basement membrane disease', 'membranous glomerulonephritis', 'Membranous glomerulonephritis', 'Glomerulonephritis', 'glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity811 :: (MESH:D006417,Disease) :: ['hematuria']


abstract: As a measure of the transmembrane signals that they transduce, two neurotrophic agents, @entity2137 ( @entity2137 ) and @entity664 ( @entity664 ), and the muscarinic agonist @entity5402 were compared for their ability to induce TIS ( @entity4514 -inducible sequences) transcripts, representing a family of immediate early response genes, in the @entity35 @entity1911 cell line PC12 and the morphologically unresponsive variant PC12nnr5. Three genes, TIS1 (also designated @entity27803 ), TIS8 (also designated @entity11970 ), and @entity20885 , induced in these cells by @entity2137 (Kujubu, D.A., Lim, R.W., Varnum, B.C., and Herschman, H.R. (1987) Oncogene 1, 257-262, 1987), are also induced by @entity664 and @entity5402 . In native PC12 cells the level of expression of TIS8 and @entity20885 is similar for all three stimuli, as well as for @entity4514 ( @entity865 ). In contrast, the induction of TIS1 by @entity2137 and @entity865 is slight and is only just detectable after stimulation by @entity664 , but is strong for @entity5402 . Thus, although all of these agents can stimulate protein kinase ( @entity25963 ), at least one TIS gene can apparently be differentially regulated by these ligands, suggesting that alternative signaling pathways must also exist. In keeping with this view, @entity664 , and to a lesser degree @entity2137 , can elicit a TIS gene response in PC12 cells in which @entity25963 has been down-regulated with @entity865 . The response to @entity5402 (and @entity865 ) is effectively blocked under these conditions. Since both @entity2137 and @entity664 stimulate neurite outgrowth in such cells, @entity25963 is apparently not essential, i.e. does not represent the sole mechanism, for signal transduction leading to modulation of gene expression for these factors. Consistent with this model, putative protein kinase inhibitors, K252a and @entity5597 , did not inhibit the TIS gene responses to @entity664 . However, these agents also failed to block TIS gene responses to @entity5402 and @entity865 indicating that they were ineffective as @entity25963 inhibitors under these conditions. The @entity2137 -induced response was, however, blocked by K252a indicating a unique step in the mechanism of this factor not shared by the other ligands. @entity5597 did not block TIS induction with @entity2137 . The mutant cell line PC12 nnr5 does not respond morphologically to either @entity2137 or @entity664 . However, TIS gene responses to @entity664 are unaffected, whereas those to @entity2137 are completely abolished. The response to @entity865 is altered quantitatively but not qualitatively; the induction by @entity5402 is largely eliminated, apparently as a result of a 90% reduction in muscarinic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Differential induction of primary-response (TIS) genes in PC12 XXXX cells and the unresponsive variant PC12nnr5.

entities_list: @entity664 :: ('54250(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['bFGF', 'basic fibroblast growth factor']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5597 :: ('MESH:D013110', 'Chemical') :: ['Sphingosine', 'sphingosine']

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['pheochromocytoma']


abstract: @entity556 cleaves its receptor at @entity369 -41, resulting in the generation of a new receptor @entity2733 -terminus with the sequence SFLLRNPNDKYEPF. This peptide ( @entity31626 ) may signal a variety of @entity556 's responses. We examined the effects of @entity31626 in inducing endothelial cell hyperadhesivity and neutrophil (PMN) adhesion to endothelial cell monolayers. @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) challenged with @entity31626 (10(-4) to 10(-5) M) produced concentration-dependent increases in endothelial adhesivity to PMN. In contrast, position 1 to 2 inverted peptide (FSLLRNPNDKYEPF) did not induce the response. The adhesion response was transient; that is, PMN adhesion increased within 15 minutes and decreased by 75 minutes after @entity31626 challenge of HUVECs. The transient endothelial adhesiveness paralleled the time course of @entity8729 expression. @entity31626 -induced release of @entity8729 from intracellular stores may be a critical determinant of the response since treatment of endothelial cells with anti- @entity8729 monoclonal antibody (mAb) G1 prevented the increase in PMN adhesion. Control nonneutralizing anti- @entity8729 mAb S12 and mAb @entity4736 directed against @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) on HUVECs were ineffective. The results indicate that the "tethered ligand" of the @entity556 receptor created by the proteolytic action of @entity556 on its receptor (i.e., @entity31626 ) signals increased endothelial adhesiveness by a @entity8729 -dependent mechanism. @entity556 -induced PMN adhesion may involve formation of a new @entity2733 -terminus of the endothelial @entity556 receptor with the sequence SFLLRNPNDKYEPF followed by activation of endothelial second messenger pathways and the transient expression of @entity8729 .

title: @entity556 receptor 14-amino acid peptide mediates endothelial hyperadhesivity and neutrophil adhesion by XXXX -dependent mechanism.

entities_list: @entity556 :: ('2147', 'Gene') :: ['Thrombin', 'thrombin']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity8729 :: (6403,Gene) :: ['P-selectin']