abstract: Eurotium species often dominate the fungal population in stored grain and are responsible for spoilage. In this study we tested the usefulness of glass fiber disks to aid the analysis of growth, @entity8371 content and gene expression in @entity12734 in response to various water activities. Growth measurements based on @entity12364 content and conidial production indicated that @entity12734 grew as well at 0.86 aw as 0.98 aw. The rate of growth was considerably reduced at 0.83 aw and 0.78 aw. In contrast, under our conditions, @entity11792 and A. nidulans were able to grow only in the highest water activity (0.98 aw). @entity2656 was the predominant @entity8371 in all three fungal species grown at 0.98 aw. When @entity12734 was grown at 0.86 aw or lower, @entity653 comprised greater than 90% of the total @entity8371 . After a shift from 0.86 aw to 0.98 aw, @entity2656 levels in @entity12734 increased to 89% of the total @entity8371 within 24 h. Of six genes whose expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR, three were affected by water activity. Expression of putative hydrophobin and @entity2656 dehydrogenase genes was higher at 0.98 aw than at 0.86 aw. A putative @entity1674 lipase gene was expressed at higher levels in 0.86 aw.. The results of this study indicate that the disk method is suitable to study the effects of water activity on growth, @entity8371 biosynthesis and gene expression in @entity12734 . The results also indicate the potential competitiveness of @entity12734 over A. flavus and A. nidulans in low water environments associated with stored grain.

title: Glass-fiber disks provide suitable medium to study XXXX production and gene expression in Eurotium rubrum.

entities_list: @entity12364 :: ('MESH:D004875', 'Chemical') :: ['ergosterol']

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['Mannitol', 'mannitol']

entities_list: @entity8371 :: ('CHEBI:26191', 'Chemical') :: ['polyols', 'polyol']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity11792 :: ('5059', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus flavus']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

answer: @entity8371 :: (CHEBI:26191,Chemical) :: ['polyol']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate predictors of @entity1339 response in @entity1 with acute @entity4391 . METHODS: Twenty-seven @entity1 with acute @entity4391 were enrolled in the study. All @entity1 had received initial conservative management such as nil orally, nasogastric suction, rectal tube placement and correction of electrolyte imbalance for the first 24 h. Those who did not resolve with conservative management received 2 mg @entity1339 intravenously. The same dose was repeated after 24 h in @entity1 who did not response to the first dose (initial non-responders), or in those @entity1 who relapsed after an initial response (initial responders). All non-responders to @entity1339 underwent colonoscopic decompression followed by 2 mg @entity1339 infusion for 30 min. A sustained response was defined as the resolution of symptoms and @entity384 on a plain radiograph. RESULTS: The study enrolled 27 @entity1 ; 18 were male (67%), and the median age was 60 years (range 18-78 years). Eight (30%) @entity1 had spontaneous resolution. Initial response with @entity1339 was observed in 16 (84%) @entity1 , of which 10 (63%) had a sustained response. Nine @entity1 (three initial non-responders and six initial responders) had received a second dose of @entity1339 . A sustained response was seen only in five initial responders. Four @entity1 who did not respond to @entity1339 underwent colonoscopic decompression followed by @entity1339 infusion and had a sustained response. @entity1339 responders were more likely to be postoperative @entity1 (11 of 15 (73%) vs one of four (25%), P = 0.07), less likely to have electrolyte imbalance and to be on antimotility agents (three of 15 (20%) vs four of four (100%), P = 0.009 and two of 15 (13%) vs four of four (100%), P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Electrolyte imbalance and usage of anti-motility agents are factors associated with a poor response, while postoperative @entity1 showing good response to @entity1339 therapy.

title: Factors predicting successful outcome following @entity1339 therapy in acute XXXX : a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['colonic dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine', 'Neostigmine']

entities_list: @entity4391 :: ('MESH:D003112', 'Disease') :: ['colonic pseudo-obstruction']

answer: @entity4391 :: (MESH:D003112,Disease) :: ['colonic pseudo-obstruction']


abstract: AIM: To investigate the ultrastructural appearance and the deposition pattern of dye particles in long term non-metallic corneal tattooing. METHODS: Two tattooed @entity1 corneas were obtained by keratoplasty. One corneal button was fixed in Karnovsky's solution and the other in Trumps' solution. Both corneas were divided and processed for conventional light (LM) and @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ). Five additional @entity406 fixed corneas with tattoos were retrieved from paraffin for @entity1579 . The time between tattoo and removal of the corneal button/enucleation ranged from 7 to 61 years. All seven corneas were examined using a Jeol JCXA733 microprobe for wave length dispersive analysis in order to exclude any presence of metallic salts in the tattooed area. RESULTS: Histologically, clumps of brown-blackish granules were present mainly in the mid stroma, but also in anterior and partially in the posterior half of the stroma. On @entity1579 , numerous round and oval electron dense particles were seen in the cytoplasm of keratocytes arranged as clusters or large islands. The larger particles appeared black, while the smaller particles were grey. In well fixed tissue a unit membrane was observed around these clusters. No granules were detected in the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS: Keratocytes can actively ingest and retain tattooing particles of non-metallic dyes within their cell membrane for very long periods of time.

title: Long-term ultrastructural changes in XXXX corneas after tattooing with non-metallic substances.

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['transmission electron microscopy', 'TEM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity764 ( @entity764 ) are routinely obtained on blunt @entity130 @entity1 . Many @entity1 also receive additional imaging with thoracic computed tomography scans for other indications. We hypothesized that in hemodynamically normal, awake and alert blunt @entity130 @entity1 , @entity764 can be deferred in those who will also receive a TCT with significant cost savings. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of @entity130 @entity1 from 1/1/2010 to 12/31/2010 who received both a @entity764 and TCT in the @entity130 room. Billing and cost data were collected from various hospital sources. RESULTS: 239 @entity1 who met inclusion and exclusion criteria and received @entity764 and TCT between 1/1/2010 and 12/31/2010. The sensitivity of @entity764 was 19% (95% CI: 10.8% to 31%) and the specificity was 91.7% (95% CI: 86.7% to 95%). The false positive rate for @entity764 was 35.8% (95% CI: 21.7% to 52.8%) and the false negative rate was 24.5% (95% CI: 18.8% to 31.2%). The precision of @entity764 was 42.3% (95% CI: 25.5% to 61.1%) and the overall accuracy was 74.1% (95% CI: 68.1% to 79.2%). If routine chest xray were eliminated in these @entity1 , the estimated cost savings ranged from  14,641 to  142,185, using three different methods of cost analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 who are hemodynamically normal and who will be receiving a TCT, deferring a @entity764 would result in an estimated cost savings up to  142,185. Additionally, TCT is more sensitive and specific than @entity764 in identifying @entity130 in @entity1 who have sustained blunt @entity130 to the thorax.

title: Retrospective review of the use and costs of routine chest x rays in a XXXX setting.

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['Chest x-rays', 'CXR']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: We hypothesized that physiological increments in plasma @entity1255 after low-dose oral @entity1853 or dietary animal protein induce @entity455 and that there is a graded, inverse relationship between @entity1255 concentration and endothelial function. We studied 18 healthy volunteers aged 18 to 59 years. Brachial artery flow-mediated and @entity1242 -induced @entity384 were measured after 1) oral @entity1853 (10, 25, and 100 mg/kg), 2) dietary animal protein (lean @entity1573 551+/-30 g, comprising 3.2+/-0.2 g @entity1853 ), and 3) @entity1853 -free @entity535 mix (100 mg/kg). @entity1853 (10, 25, and 100 mg/kg) induced a dose-related increase in @entity1255 (9.4+/-1.3 to 12.2+/-2.1, 17. 6+/-2.6, and 26.1+/-4.2 micromol/L, respectively; P<0.001) and a reduction in flow-mediated @entity384 (4.1+/-0.8 to 2.1+/-0.8, 0. 3+/-0.8, and -0.7+/-0.8%, respectively; P<0.001) at 4 hours. Compared with usual meal, animal protein increased plasma @entity1255 (9.6+/-0.8 to 11.2+/-0.9 micromol/L, P=0.005) and reduced flow-mediated @entity384 (4.5+/-0.7% to 0.9+/-0.6%, P=0.003). @entity1853 -free @entity535 mix did not induce any changes. Glyceryltrinitrate-induced @entity384 was unchanged throughout. In this study, small physiological increments in plasma @entity1255 after low-dose @entity1853 and dietary animal protein induced @entity455 . We propose that protein intake-induced increments in plasma @entity1255 may have deleterious effects on vascular function and contribute to the development and progression of @entity731 .

title: Physiological increments in plasma XXXX induce @entity455 in normal human subjects.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['glyceryltrinitrate']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilatation']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['Methionine', 'methionine', 'L-methionine']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity1255 :: (MESH:D006710,Chemical) :: ['homocysteine']


abstract: AIM: Locoregional recurrences and distant metastases in adequately treated @entity213 ( @entity213 ) @entity1 have a dismal effect on survival. @entity5 cells that escape histopathological detection might be the prime cause of this effect. We evaluated whether minimal @entity5 (MRC) in deep surgical margins and disseminated @entity5 cells (DTCs) in bone marrow aspirates are associated with clinicohistopathological parameters and outcome. METHODS: Submucosal samples of deep resection margins of 105 @entity213 @entity1 with @entity5 -free surgical margins were analysed for the presence of MRC using hLy-6D qRT-PCR. Bone-marrow aspirates of 76 of these @entity1 were analysed for DTCs by immunocytochemical staining. Presence of molecular-positive deep surgical margins, presence of @entity9856 in bone marrow aspirates, and clinicohistopathological parameters were tested for associations with survival parameters by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: In addition to lymph node stage, it appeared that vasoinvasive growth and particularly infiltrative growth pattern are significant predictors for locoregional recurrence (p = 0.041 and p = 0.006, respectively) and disease-free survival (p = 0.014 and p = 0.008, respectively). Remarkably, neither the presence of molecular-positive deep surgical margins nor that of @entity9856 in bone marrow aspirates were significantly related to outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of vasoinvasive and infiltrative growth in @entity213 specimens are significant risk-factors for locoregional recurrence and disease-free survival. At present there seems no role for molecular analysis of deep surgical margins and bone marrow aspirates in predicting outcome with the methods used.

title: Molecular diagnosis of minimal residual disease in head and neck cancer XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'residual cancer', 'Tumor', 'histopathologically tumor']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['HNSCC tumor', 'head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', 'HNSCC']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A congruent hip frequently is cited in the literature as a prerequisite for performing a reconstructive @entity530 for @entity572 . The designation as congruent is important as @entity2720 generally are regarded as requiring a salvage-type procedure. Several measures of congruency are described in the literature, but it is unclear whether these measures are reliable. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We therefore evaluated the intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities of three measures of hip congruency in @entity1 with mild to severe @entity1141 . METHODS: We selected radiographs of 30 skeletally mature @entity1 with symptomatic @entity572 who were potential candidates for a periacetabular osteotomy. All radiographs were rated by six reviewers on two occasions. Reviewers were shown a series of AP and von Rosen views of either the symptomatic hip or the contralateral side and asked to rate congruency using two previously published measures - the classifications of Yasunaga et al. and Okano et al. The reviewers also were asked to determine whether the hip was congruent based on their subjective opinion (yes/no). The radiographs were reviewed and measurements were repeated 1 month later. Kappa analysis was performed to determine intraobserver and interrater reliabilities between and among individual raters, respectively. RESULTS: Using the classifications of Yasunaga et al. and Okano et al., we found intraobserver reliability kappa values of 0.43 and 0.37, respectively and interobserver reliability values of 0.18 and 0.25, respectively. The intraobserver reliability of a subjective opinion of yes/no response was 0.74 while the interobserver reliability was 0.21. CONCLUSIONS: When evaluating a spectrum of @entity572 , commonly used measures of hip congruency have low intraobserver and interobserver relclassifications of Yasunaga et al. and Okano et al. Interobserver reliability for all three methods was low. New radiographic parameters to consistently identify congruency will be helpful for evaluating the preoperative indications for reconstructive osteotomy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hip congruency has long been cited as a requirement for a reconstructive @entity530 , but based on the above findings, there is no clear agreement regarding what comprises a congruent joint. Thus, better criteria are needed to assess preoperative hip congruency to determine the role of congruency in @entity1 outcomes after surgery for @entity572 .

title: Limited intraobserver and interobserver reliability for the common measures of hip joint congruency used in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic osteotomy']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['incongruent joints']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity1141 :: (MESH:C535662,Disease) :: ['dysplasia']


abstract: 1. Bursts of sympathetic activity in muscle nerves are phase-locked to the cardiac cycle by the sinoaortic baroreflexes. Acoustic arousal from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep reduces the normally invariant interval between the R-wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the peak of the corresponding sympathetic burst; however, the effects of other forms of @entity25 (i.e. spontaneous arousals and apnoea-induced arousals) on this temporal relationship are unknown. 2. We simultaneously recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity in the peroneal nerve (intraneural electrodes) and the ECG (surface electrodes) in seven healthy @entity1 and three @entity1 with @entity25 during NREM sleep. 3. In seven subjects, burst latencies were shortened subsequent to spontaneous K complexes (1.297 +/- 0.024 s, mean +/- s. e.m.) and spontaneous arousals (1.268 +/- 0.044 s) compared with latencies during periods of stable NREM sleep (1.369 +/- 0.023 s). In six subjects who demonstrated spontaneous apnoeas during sleep, apnoea per se did not alter burst latency relative to sleep with stable electroencephalogram (EEG) and breathing (1.313 +/- 0.038 vs. 1.342 +/- 0.026 s); however, following apnoea-induced EEG perturbations, burst latencies were reduced (1.214 +/- 0.034 s). 4. Arousal-induced reduction in sympathetic burst latency may reflect a temporary diminution of baroreflex buffering of sympathetic outflow. If so, the magnitude of arterial pressure perturbations during sleep (e.g. those caused by @entity10522 ) may be augmented by arousal.

title: Arousal from sleep shortens sympathetic burst latency in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity10522 :: ('MESH:D020189', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disordered breathing and periodic leg movements']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apnoea syndrome', 'sleep disruption']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Objective. To assess the association of dietary fiber on current everyday diet and other dietary components with glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), @entity413 , lipids profile, and body weight body weight, in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Methods. A cross-sectional survey of 395 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 was performed. HbA1c, fasting @entity413 , @entity1674 , and lipids profile were measured. Weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and body composition were measured. Everyday diet with a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was evaluated. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used in statistical analysis. Results. Higher fiber intake was associated with a low HbA1c, high HDL-c levels, low weight, and waist circumference. The highest tertile of calories consumption was associated with a higher fasting @entity413 level and weight. The highest tertile of @entity1735 consumption was associated with a lower weight. The lowest tertile of total fat and saturated fat was associated with the highest tertile of HDL-c levels, and lower saturated fat intake was associated with lower weight (p < 0.05). Conclusions. A higher content of fiber in the diet reduces @entity4051 c and @entity1674 , while improving HDL-c levels. Increasing fiber consumption while lowering calorie consumption seems to be an appropriate strategy to reduce body weight and promote blood @entity413 control.

title: Fiber in Diet Is Associated with Improvement of Glycated Hemoglobin and Lipid Profile in Mexican @entity1 with @entity164 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the value of intra-tumoral (endometrial) flow as detected by color Doppler ultrasound in relationship with negative prognostic factors in @entity1 with @entity1204 . METHODS: Fifty-three @entity1 with a previous histological diagnosis of @entity1204 were included in the study. Transvaginal ultrasound with pulsed color Doppler was performed in order to record resistance indexes and vascular density (defined as "high" if > or = 3 vascular spaces were detectable for any given area). All cases were classified according to FIGO after surgery and histology. Prognostic bad factors were considered: FIGO stage (> I), @entity5 grade (> 1), @entity3 (> 50%) involvement of vascular spaces and lymph node @entity3 . RESULTS: Both resistance indexes and vascular density in the endometrium related well to more prognostic signs. No relationship was found for lymph node @entity3 , probably justified by the small number of positive nodes (2/27). DISCUSSION: Color Doppler ultrasound seems to be a promising technique in pre-surgical staging of @entity1204 . Detection of vascular spaces rather than low resistance indexes is, in personal experience, more significantly related to @entity1442 . It is hypothesized that long term follow-up of these @entity1 can show a predictive value of Doppler ultrasound on the outcome of the disease.

title: [Intratumor flowmetry in XXXX . Correlation with the @entity5 stage].

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'myometrial invasion']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: There are no large studies that investigate the effect of thoracic epidural anesthesia ( @entity1041 ) combined with general anesthesia (GA) in @entity1 undergoing valvular surgery. The authors hypothesized that @entity1041 might improve clinically relevant endpoints in @entity1 with primary @entity339 . DESIGN: Propensity-matched study. SETTING: Cardiac surgery. @entity1 : @entity1 scheduled for mitral valve repair or replacement were studied. INTERVENTIONS: A propensity model was constructed to match 33 @entity1 receiving @entity1041 combined with GA with 33 @entity1 receiving standard GA alone. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Overall, the @entity1041 group suffered fewer adverse events than the GA group: 10 (30%) v 23 (10%) with p = 0.002. In particular, the @entity1041 group had a lower incidence of pulmonary events, 6 (18%) v 15 (45%) with p = 0.02, and of @entity299 , 8 (24%) v 16 (49%) with p = 0.04. Median (interquartile) time on mechanical ventilation was reduced in the @entity1041 group, 11 (9-15) v 17 (12-36) with p = 0.007. CONCLUSIONS: This propensity-matched study suggested that @entity1041 might be advantageous in @entity1 undergoing surgery for @entity339 .

title: Thoracic epidural anesthesia improves early outcome in @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery for XXXX : a propensity-matched study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral regurgitation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the prognostic factors in @entity4401 and @entity6324 (HZO). METHODS: A retrospective, institutional review board-approved study at a university-based hospital. A total of 81 @entity1 consisting of 55 @entity4401 @entity1 and 26 HZO @entity1 were enrolled in this study. The treatment consisted uniformly in all cases, and @entity1033 was administered in the case of @entity6324 . All @entity1 were followed up until they recovered or for least up 6 months. RESULTS: The recovery rates to House-Brackmann grade II or better were 96.3% in those with @entity4401 and 84.6% in those with HZO. In the HZO cases, older @entity1 had a poorer initial and final status, and less chance of making a complete recovery than the younger @entity1 . The HZO @entity1 without @entity6 had a higher chance of recovery, a higher chance of complete recovery, and a better final status. In addition, HZO @entity1 without essential @entity101 had a higher degree of recovery. HZO @entity1 not suffering from vertigo had a higher chance of recovery. CONCLUSION: There was no prognostic factor found in the @entity4401 @entity1 in this study. The prognostic factors of HZO were age, @entity6 , essential @entity101 and vertigo.

title: Analysis of prognostic factors in @entity4401 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['acyclovir']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetus mellitus', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity4401 :: ('MESH:D020330', 'Disease') :: ["Bell's palsy"]

entities_list: @entity6324 :: ('MESH:D016697', 'Disease') :: ['Ramsay Hunt syndrome']

answer: @entity6324 :: (MESH:D016697,Disease) :: ['Ramsay Hunt syndrome']


abstract: We investigated the possible involvement of the upper alimentary tract in @entity1891 (VCR)-induced @entity4423 . Gastric contractions were recorded by a strain-gauge force transducer in conscious @entity35 . @entity35 were injected with various doses of VCR followed by continuous recording for 12 hr. Additionally, 3-hr recordings to study the later effects were performed one and three days after injection. Gastric motility was dose-dependently increased by VCR. Post- versus preinjection @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ; area under contraction waves) ratios were 0.78+/-0.12 for saline and 1.95+/-0.21 for VCR at 0.75 mg/kg. This increase in @entity1319 was completely inhibited by @entity3897 and @entity4033 . @entity1319 one day after injection of VCR (0.75 mg/kg) was significantly less than in control (0.32+/-0.10 vs 0.92+/-0.24, respectively). The decrease was reversed by @entity934 . In conclusion, VCR first @entity356 , and this was followed by a gradual decrease in conscious @entity35 . These alterations may involve a presynaptic cholinergic pathway.

title: Effect of @entity1891 on XXXX in conscious @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity4423 :: ('MESH:D015154', 'Disease') :: ['dysmotility']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['increased gastric motility']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['motility index', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric motility']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between serum @entity1372 concentration and @entity353 as well as residual symptoms in newborns with hypernatremic @entity2700 caused by insufficient breastfeeding; and to determine the sensitivity of the following rule of thumb 'if @entity353 is less than 10%, the baby does not have hypernatremic @entity2700 caused by insufficient breastfeeding'. DESIGN: Systematic literature search. METHOD: Medline was searched using the terms ' @entity2700 AND breastfeeding' for case reports on @entity1 with 'hypernatremic @entity2700 caused by insufficient breastfeeding'. Reference lists from the articles retrieved were also searched. Articles published in 1970-2004 in Dutch, English, French, and German were included. All cases that the author diagnosed as 'hypernatremic @entity2700 caused by insufficient breastfeeding' were included. RESULTS: A total of 47 articles were found, containing 128 relevant cases. Of these, 9 had less than 10% @entity353 . Therefore, the sensitivity of the 10% rule was 93%. We found a linear relationship between the degree of @entity353 and serum @entity1372 concentration (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.71; p < 0.001). For every 10% increase in @entity353 , the serum @entity1372 concentration increased by 16 mmol/l (95% CI: 13-19). As the serum @entity1372 concentration increased, the prevalence of residual symptoms increased. No residual symptoms were reported in @entity1 with less than 10% @entity353 . CONCLUSION: A relatively strong linear relationship was found between @entity353 and serum @entity1372 concentration. If the @entity353 was more than 10%, the serum @entity1372 concentration was beyond the range of normal values. The rule of thumb had a high sensitivity; however, the specificity should be determined before the rule of thumb is implemented.

title: [Weight loss, serum @entity1372 concentration and residual symptoms in @entity1 with hypernatremic XXXX caused by insufficient breastfeeding].

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

answer: @entity2700 :: (MESH:D003681,Disease) :: ['dehydration']


abstract: @entity1363 infusion was tried as the treatment for 48 episodes of @entity159 or a cluster of @entity410 in 16 @entity1 . The mean age of @entity1 was 3.5 years (range, 1 month to 18 years). Nine @entity1 had @entity302 , one @entity693 , one @entity198 , one acute @entity385 , and the remaining four had acute phase of @entity519 ischemic @entity75 . The type of the @entity410 was a generalized tonic clonic @entity410 (including a partial @entity410 secondarily generalized) in 41 episodes, a tonic @entity410 in 3, an atypical absence in 1, and a complex partial @entity410 in 3, respectively. All @entity1 received intravenous @entity1363 at 0.15 mg/kg as bolus, followed by a continuous infusion at 0.1-0.15 mg/kg/hr initially. The dose was increased gradually up to 0.3 mg/kg/hr until the complete control of @entity410 was achieved. Fourty-one of the 48 episodes of @entity410 were controlled within 30 minutes after the initiation of @entity1363 therapy. The mean infusion rate of @entity1363 required was 0.22 mg/kg/hr. The mean duration of the treatment was 4.1 days. None of the @entity1 had serious changes in the blood pressure or respiratory status attributable to the use of @entity1363 . In conclusion, @entity1363 infusion is an effective and safe therapeutic approach for the management of childhood @entity159 .

title: [Efficacy of continuous intravenous infusion of @entity1363 in the treatment of XXXX in @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['purulent meningitis']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['Midazolam', 'midazolam']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus', 'refractory status epilepticus']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity159 :: (MESH:D013226,Disease) :: ['status epilepticus']


abstract: Modified explant cultures derived from the cortical region of fetal @entity35 cerebellum, and extracellular recording techniques were used to examine the sensitivity and response of cerebellar neurons, isolated from extracerebellar afferent input, to acute @entity1068 ( @entity167 ) exposure. Recordings were made from Purkinje neurons (PNs) and granule cells maintained in culture for several weeks, with the emphasis on the @entity6841 . Both the PNs and granule cells exhibited spontaneous activity in culture, but, unlike the PNs, not all of the granule cells were spontaneously active. The majority of PNs studied exhibited a high frequency, regular simple spike firing pattern, previously shown to be endogenously generated by voltage-sensitive mechanisms intrinsic to the @entity6841 . The granule cells exhibited slow, irregular patterns of activity. @entity167 at doses as low as 22 mM (100 mg%), a concentration that reflects blood levels during @entity167 intoxication, altered the spontaneous activity of both neuronal types, demonstrating that @entity167 has direct actions on cerebellar neurons. In the PNs, acute @entity167 (20-80 mM) produced an increase in the regularity of the spontaneous activity and either a transient increase or no change in firing rate. Acute @entity167 also significantly altered the response of PNs to the excitatory transmitter glutamate. In the granule cells, acute @entity167 altered firing pattern with small and variable effects on firing rate. These data demonstrate that there are multiple sites of @entity167 action in the cerebellum and that changes in @entity6841 activity with acute @entity167 exposure may occur via direct actions on the @entity6841 and indirect actions via synaptically connected cerebellar neurons. The demonstration of @entity167 -sensitive sites intrinsic to the cerebellum suggests that @entity167 actions at these sites contribute to alterations in @entity6841 activity that occur in vivo after acute @entity167 exposure.

title: Acute XXXX alters the firing pattern and glutamate response of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in culture.

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: Stent mounting of xenografts induces a @entity393 and reduces the effective valve orifice. By contrast, the higher surgical technical expertise required for stentless procedures is a major obstacle for many surgeons. To facilitate the insertion of the Toronto SPV (St Jude Medical Inc, St Paul, Minneapolis, MN) stentless aortic valve, we tried to alter the porcine design by lowering the invasive profile at the depth of the sinuses on both coronary sites. This technique could theoretically facilitate implantation of the modified stentless valve with an easygoing single-layer suture at the challenging subcoronary level and make it more attractive for the surgeon. The standard model was modified by lowering the profile at the depth of the sinuses on both coronary sites, whether by plication (in 3 specimens, one of each size) or excision (in 3 others) of the protruding porcine aortic wall at the nadir of each coronary sinus. Animal implants in juvenile @entity742 (6 standard Toronto versus 6 modified valves of 21, 23, and 25 mm) were studied for durability and biocompatibility for 3 to 6 months. All valves were evaluated by postoperative echocardiography and after explantation examined macroscopically, radiographically, histologically, and electron microscopically. The standard valves performed well, although at 6 months after implantation, marked @entity82 was found at the outflow parts with scattered calcifications, essentially in the porcine aortic wall. The leaflets remained mobile and contained scant mineralization. By contrast, the modified specimen showed markedly accelerated @entity82 and significant cusp calcifications at distance from the altered zones. Severe restriction of the mobility of the leaflets was visible 3 months after implantation in the juvenile @entity742 model. The more pronounced the deformation of the modified scaffold, the faster and more intense the degradation and @entity730 of the leaflets far from the altered zones (worse in the heavily deformed, plicated cusps). Because all valve types were prepared by identical preservation techniques, this study shows that @entity393 by distortion of the natural scaffold induces @entity177 . It is extremely important to correct implantation of stentless valves to prevent @entity528 .

title: Deformation of the stentless porcine valve scaffold enhances accelerated leaflet XXXX and @entity730 in juvenile @entity742 .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['early failure']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of mobility']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['early degeneration']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Meals high in protein induce greater intermeal satiety than meals high in fat and @entity3363 . We studied the gut hormone response and subsequent food intake after breakfasts high in protein, @entity1735 or high in fat controlled for volume, calories and appearance. DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers participated in this randomized three-way crossover study. Study breakfasts were calculated to provide 20% of daily energy requirements and provided either 60% of energy from protein, fat or @entity1735 . Blood was drawn half-hourly for 4 h; energy intake at a subsequent ad libitum meal was measured. RESULTS: Total ghrelin decreased after food intake equally with the three breakfasts. @entity1942 levels were highest after the high protein breakfast (P = 0.005). Indeed, @entity1942 at 240 min was highest after the high protein breakfast compared to the high fat breakfast and to the high @entity1735 breakfast (P = 0.011 and P = 0.012, respectively). @entity6757 levels were highest after the high protein breakfast (P = 0.041) at 120 min and remained higher throughout the study. These differences in gut hormones did not translate into differences in food intake (1023    390 kcal after high protein, 1016    388 kcal after high fat and 1158    433 kcal after high @entity1735 ). CONCLUSION: We conclude that a high protein meal increases circulating concentrations of the gut hormones @entity1942 and @entity6757 , but when meals are matched for volume, appearance and caloric value, these gut hormone changes do not translate into a reduction in ad libitum food intake.

title: High protein intake stimulates postprandial @entity6757 and XXXX release.

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity1942 :: (5697,Gene) :: ['PYY']


abstract: Explants of @entity1 adipose tissue were cultured for several days with @entity1063 (NA). After the culture period the explants were carefully washed, preincubated and then incubated for 2 h by a technique analogous to those generally used to study adipose tissue metabolism. The results show that explants cultured with NA were considerably less responsive to the acute lipolytic effect of @entity2661 than explants not previously exposed to NA. The diminished responsiveness could not be reversed by the addition of @entity5521 or by preincubating the explants with a prostaglandin antagonist and it was dependent upon the concentration of @entity1063 used in the culture medium as well as upon the period of time that the explants were exposed to the hormone. The @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) levels did not increase in response to NA in these explants. Addition of theophylline or @entity8279 elicited a lipolytic response. However, the phosphodiesterase levels were not increased in the explants cultured with @entity1063 . When freshly excised tissue specimens were incubated in the culture medium which had previously contained NA the acute lipolytic effect of @entity2661 was blunted. The results indicate that an antagonist is formed during the incubation with NA which inhibits the responsiveness to @entity2661 . The effect of the antagonist seems to be exerted at a step prior to the formation of @entity268 .

title: @entity1 adipose tissue in culture. IV. Evidence for the formation of a hormone antagonist by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity8279 :: ('CHEBI:50095', 'Chemical') :: ['dibutyryl cAMP']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity2661 :: (MESH:D002395,Chemical) :: ['catecholamines']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We determined the prevalence and evidence for physical linkage amongst integrons, insertion sequences, Tn21 and Tn7 transposons in a collection of 1327 @entity526 obtained over a 19-year period from @entity1 in Kenya. RESULTS: The prevalence of class 1 integrons was 35%, class 2 integrons were detected in 3 isolates but no isolate contained a class 3 integron. Integron lacking the 3'-CS or those linked to sul3 gene or @entity9000 or those containing the @entity22604 were only detected in multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. The dfrAs were the most common cassettes and their prevalence was: - dfrA1(28%), dfrA12(20%), dfA17(9%), dfrA7(9%), and dfrA16(5%). The aadA were the second most abundant cassettes and their prevalence was: - aadA1(25%), aadA2(21%), and aadA5(14%). Other cassettes occurred in lower prevalence of below 5%. Prevalence of Tn21, @entity46511 , @entity22604 and @entity9000 was 22%, 10%, 15%, and 7% respectively. Majority of Tn21 containing integrons carried a complete set of transposition genes while class 2 integrons were borne on Tn7 transposon. The qnrA genes were detected in 34(3%) isolates while 19(1%) carried qnrB. All qnr genes were in MDR strains carrying integrons containing the @entity22604 . Close to 88% of bla(TEM-52) were linked to @entity9000 while >=  80% of bla( @entity3525 -Ms) and bla(CMYs) were linked to @entity46511 . Only a few studies have identified a bla(CTX-M-9) containing an @entity46511 element as reported in this study. Multiple genetic elements, especially those borne on incIl, incFII, and incL/M plasmids, and their associated resistance genes were transferrable en bloc to @entity526 J53 in mating experiments. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first detailed study on the prevalence of selected elements implicated in evolution of resistance determinants in a large collection of clinical @entity526 in Africa. Proliferation of such strains carrying multiple resistance elements is likely to compromise the use of affordable and available treatment options for majority of poor @entity1 in Africa. There is therefore a need to monitor the spread of these highly resistant strains in developing countries through @entity281 control and appropriate use of antimicrobials.

title: Analysis for prevalence and physical linkages amongst integrons, @entity46511 , XXXX , Tn21 and Tn7 encountered in @entity526 strains from hospitalized and non-hospitalized @entity1 in Kenya during a 19-year period (1992-2011).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['proper infection']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['E. coli', 'E. coli strain']

answer: @entity22604 :: (13906558,Gene) :: ['ISCR1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Korean Americans (KA) comprise the fourth largest Asian-American subgroup, with a population estimated at nearly 1.7 million, and the vast majority (up to 85%) of KA elders attends ethnic churches. Despite the rapid increase of the KA elderly population, data on mental health service utilization among KA elders are scarce. METHOD: Based on a cluster sampling method, the Memory and Aging Study among Koreans in Maryland (MASK- @entity601 ) recruited and assessed 630 KA elders (mean age: 70.9    6.1 years; 68.9% female) in KA churches for @entity308 , @entity303 , and level of mental health service utilization. The Korean versions of the @entity1 Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9K) and Mini-mental Status Examination (MMSE-KC) were administered by trained community health workers. RESULTS: Of the 630 @entity1 , 23.2% and 7.3% had PHQ-9 scores of 5 ('mild @entity308 ') or above and 10 or above ('clinical @entity308 '), respectively. In addition, 7.0% scored below the age- and education-specific cutoff values for probable @entity303 based on the MMSE-KC. Of the 92 @entity1 with 'clinical @entity308 ' or having thoughts of @entity204 or self-injury, only 16 (17%) reported utilizing mental health services. Likewise, of 56 @entity1 with probable @entity303 , only 3 (7.3%) sought treatment from a health care provider. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of @entity308 and @entity73 are high in community-dwelling KA elders attending KA churches, but the rate of mental health service utilization among @entity308 or cognitively impaired Korean elders is low. Further research is warranted to identify barriers to and strategies for adequate mental health care for Korean immigrant elders.

title: Mental health service utilization among Korean elders in Korean churches: preliminary findings from the Memory and Aging Study of Koreans in Maryland (MASK- XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

answer: @entity601 :: (MESH:D009436,Disease) :: ['MD']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the relationship between snoring and pregnancy-induced @entity101 and @entity851 of the fetus. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional, consecutive case series. SETTING: The Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, Ume  , Sweden. @entity1 AND MEASUREMENTS: On the day of delivery, 502 @entity1 with singleton pregnancies completed a questionnaire about snoring, witnessed @entity387 , and daytime fatigue. Data concerning medical complications were taken from the @entity1 's casebooks. RESULTS: During the last week of pregnancy, 23% of the @entity1 reported snoring every night. Only 4% reported snoring before becoming pregnant. @entity101 developed in 14% of snoring @entity1 , compared with 6% of nonsnorers (p < 0.01). @entity1468 occurred in 10% of snorers, compared with 4% of nonsnorers (p < 0.05). An Apgar score < or = 7 was more common in @entity1 born to habitual snorers. @entity851 of the fetus, defined as small for gestational age at birth, had occurred in 7.1% of the @entity1 of snoring mothers and 2.6% of the remaining @entity1 (p < 0.05). Habitual snoring was independently predictive of @entity101 (odds ratio [OR], 2.03; p < 0.05) and @entity851 (OR, 3.45; p < 0.01) in a logistic regression analysis controlling for weight, age, and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Snoring is common in pregnancy and is a sign of pregnancy-induced @entity101 . Snoring indicates a risk of @entity851 of the fetus.

title: Snoring, pregnancy-induced XXXX , and @entity851 of the fetus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['Growth retardation', 'growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apneas']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['Preeclampsia']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity56 is a chronic @entity358 associated with bronchoconstriction and @entity32 . Recent studies have shown that mediator substances and proinflammatory cytokines produced by mast cells, eosinophils and T-lymphocytes appear to be important for the pathogenesis of @entity565 . These substances contribute both to the initiation and perpetuation of the disease. In particular, it has been shown that @entity56 is associated with increased TH2 ( @entity3646 , @entity225 , @entity4047 ) cytokine production that causes activation of eosinophils and T-cells and production of chemokines (e.g. eotaxin) by pulmonary fibroblasts. Based on recent advances in our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of @entity565 in animal models several novel therapeutic approaches have been developed. Such approaches comprise treatment with recombinant anti-inflammatory cytokines, treatment with @entity1198 -inducing cytokines such as IL-12, induction of oral tolerance and @entity2533 producing T-cells that can provide bystander suppression for TH2 cells, inhibitors of IgE, and antagonists of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. @entity3646 and @entity225 ) and their receptors. These novel treatment modalities will hopefully permit a more selective and effective suppression of @entity55 and bronchoconstriction in @entity1 with @entity56 compared to local treatment with @entity288 . However, the clinical value of these novel therapeutic approaches remains to be determined. In particular, long term efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory therapy has to be studied more in detail.

title: [Immunopathogenesis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Allergic asthma', 'allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Penetrating @entity299 is still a diagnostic problem at this time. Their management requires immediate surgical intervention and excellent surgical critical care postoperatively. PRESENTATION OF CASES: A 15-year old male @entity1 was stabbed with a knife to the right chest. The chest radiograph showed an haemothorax and the angiography showed an intercostals artery and a right @entity130 . After an emergency operation the @entity1 was released home in @entity558 after the toracotomy had healed. A 19-year old male @entity1 was stabbed with a knife to the chest more than once. By a left toracotomy we sutured the lesion of the left ventricle with multiple single stitch in non-absorbable suture, we covered the suture with a sealant. The @entity1 released home in 24 days. DISCUSSION: Penetrating @entity299 is one of the leading cause of death from urban violence. To evaluate a @entity130 with @entity299 it's clear the use of thorax X-ray and multislice angio-Tc scan. Echocardiography has clearly emerged for the diagnosis in @entity1 haemodynamically stable. When the @entity1 is haemodynamically unstable the emergency thoracotomy is mandatory. CONCLUSION: Despite the high mortality of penetrating @entity299 new surgical and radiological tecniques may help surgeon to save this @entity1 .

title: Penetrating XXXX . Two case reports.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['good condition']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['auricle injury', 'thoracic trauma']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury', 'cardiac injuries']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac injuries']


abstract: @entity11 are the most common primary @entity1313 in @entity1 and adults. We recently identified frequent alterations in chromatin remodelling pathways including recurrent mutations in @entity8549 and mutations in @entity8171 (a- @entity2395 /mental-retardation-syndrome-X-linked) in pediatric and young adult glioblastoma (GBM, WHO grade IV @entity816 ). @entity8549 mutations were specific to pediatric high-grade @entity11 and identified in only 3.4 % of adult GBM. Using sequencing and/or immunohistochemical analyses, we investigated @entity8171 alterations (mutation/loss of expression) and their association with @entity876 and @entity818 or @entity14051 mutations in 140 adult WHO grade II, III and IV @entity11 , 17 pediatric WHO grade II and III @entity816 and 34 @entity816 . In adults, @entity8171 aberrations were detected in 33 % of grade II and 46 % of @entity11 , as well as in 80 % of secondary and 7 % of primary GBMs. They were absent in the 17 grade II and III @entity816 in @entity1 , and the 34 @entity816 . @entity8171 alterations closely overlapped with mutations in @entity8725 (p < 0.0001) and @entity876 (p < 0.0001) in samples across all WHO grades. They were prevalent in @entity816 and @entity816 , but were absent in @entity3271 (p < 0.0001). No significant association of @entity8171 mutation/loss of expression and alternative lengthening of telomeres was identified in our cohort. In summary, our data show that @entity8171 alterations are frequent in adult diffuse @entity11 and are specific to @entity5 carrying @entity8725 and @entity876 mutations. Combined alteration of these genes may contribute to drive the @entity5 in a major subset of diffuse @entity816 in adults.

title: Frequent @entity8171 mutations and loss of expression in adult diffuse XXXX carrying @entity818 / @entity14051 and @entity876 mutations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytic tumors', 'neoplastic growth']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['grade III gliomas', 'Gliomas', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['pilocytic astrocytomas', 'astrocytoma', 'oligoastrocytomas', 'astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemia']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendrogliomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['astrocytic tumors']


abstract: @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) chemotherapy is often accompanied by side effects such as gastrointestinal @entity1066 and @entity294 . The aim of this study was to examine histologically whether an aged garlic extract (AGE) had a protective effect on the small intestine of @entity35 with @entity1500 -induced damage. Forty male @entity35 albino @entity35 were randomized into experimental and control groups and divided into four groups of ten animals. To the first group, @entity1500 was applied as a single dose (20 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. To the second group, in addition to @entity1500 application, AGE (250 mg/kg) was administered orally every day at the same time by intragastric intubation until the @entity35 were killed. To the third group, AGE only was given. The fourth group was the control. All animals were killed 4 days after the intraperitoneal injection of @entity1500 for histopathologic analysis and tissue @entity1865 levels. Before killing, intracardiac blood was obtained from each animal to perform biochemical analysis (plasma @entity880 level). @entity1500 was found to lead to damage in the jejunal tissues and to increase the @entity1865 and @entity880 levels in the plasma. Administration of the AGE decreased the severity of @entity16 , but increased @entity1865 and @entity880 levels caused by @entity1500 treatment on the other hand. These results suggest that AGE may protect the small intestine of @entity35 from @entity1500 -induced damage. Thus this study substantiated the thought that the protective effect of AGE is derived from the manner in which it interacts with crypt cells.

title: Effect of aged garlic extract against @entity1499 -induced damage to the small intestine in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['jejunal damage']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity291 crystalline insulin, mixed with an absorption enhancer, was loaded by hand into gelatin capsules, which were then coated with an azopolymer designed to deliver the insulin in the upper colon. In 34 experiments with 14 pancreatectomized mongrel @entity235 of both sexes, the coated capsules were administered orally after a pre-dose period of 1 h. The @entity235 had cannulae in the portal vein, @entity99 and Doppler flow probes on the portal vein and hepatic artery. Insulin and food were withdrawn the day before an experiment. Responses measured were plasma @entity413 , plasma insulin, hepatic @entity413 production rate, hepatic plasma flow rate and plasma glucagon-like immunoactivity (GLI). Control experiments, with capsules without insulin, produced small changes from 'pre-dose' values. Insulin-containing capsules, without the azopolymer coating, resulted in some early changes consistent with upper gastrointestinal absorption. Single oral doses (66 to 400 nmol/kg) of insulin in completely coated capsules produced peaks of portal plasma insulin and transient decreases in plasma @entity413 , hepatic @entity413 production, hepatic plasma flow and plasma GLI. The changes usually began 1.5-2 h after administration of a single dose, and lasted for up to 3 h, but were not significantly related to the dose of insulin. Multiple oral doses of insulin, given at 1.5-h intervals, resulted in multiple peaks of plasma insulin, a continuing dose-dependent fall in plasma @entity413 to near-euglycaemia with the highest dose, and profound decreases in hepatic @entity413 production and plasma GLI. These data demonstrate that insulin absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract causes changes in @entity413 metabolism in the @entity6 @entity235 that are consistent with the action of insulin primarily on the liver and that repeated oral doses are necessary to correct the hyperglycaemia.

title: Oral insulin in XXXX @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic vein and femoral artery']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: The technique of percutaneous microneurography was used to record from 60 mechanosensitive cutaneous afferents in @entity1 (n = 5) who were recovering from acute @entity5011 ( @entity5011 ) and who displayed residual sensory deficits in the hands. Recordings were obtained from median and ulnar nerves, between 1 and 31 months following plasma exchange therapy. The behaviour of all four types of cutaneous afferents known to innervate the glabrous skin of the normal hand (rapidly adapting types RA and PC and slowly adapting types SAI and SAII) was studied in response to mechanical skin stimulation. Some of the units could not be fully classified. Additionally, intradermal electrical stimulation was used to study conduction velocity and absolute refractory period. Abnormal response behaviour was encountered in RA, PC and slowly adapting afferents. The abnormalities consisted of a generation of only a single action potential to above threshold stimuli (RA), inability to follow high frequency vibration (PC) and, in slowly adapting afferents, reduced discharge rates during sustained skin indentations or cessation of discharge during indentation. Abnormally responding units were more frequently found in @entity1 with marked, than in those with mild, clinical sensory symptoms. In the former, half of all units in each @entity1 responded abnormally (12 out of 23 in total). In @entity1 with mild symptoms, most units (33 out of 37) were normal in response behaviour as well as in other measures made: threshold to mechanical stimuli, static discharge rate, receptive field size, conduction velocity, absolute refractory period. Spontaneous activity of unknown origin was also encountered in some @entity1 . The activity consisted of highly regular discharge bursts or relatively regular unitary discharges. The data indicate that the encoding capabilities of all types of cutaneous afferents (RA, PC, SAI and SAII) may be affected in @entity5011 , contributing to the @entity51 . The abnormal encoding most likely reflects a limited ability of the axons to conduct trains of action potentials.

title: Properties of cutaneous afferents during recovery from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['sensory deficits of the disease']

entities_list: @entity5011 :: ('MESH:D020275', 'Disease') :: ['GBS', 'Guillain-Barr   syndrome']

answer: @entity5011 :: (MESH:D020275,Disease) :: ['Guillain-Barr   syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Complex forms of @entity943 often occur in @entity1 with an implanted permanent cardiac pacing system. Some of the pacemakers are provided with software which allows electrophysiological testing of the cardiac conduction system by coupling with an external diagnostic pacemaker via their programmer. This method is non-invasive. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a group of 26 @entity1 (19 males, 7 females) with an implanted pacemaker (Paragon III, Synchrony III, Sensorithm--all Pacesetter) complex @entity943 were observed (class Lown IVa and higher). In these @entity1 the electrical stability of the myocardium was tested by the described method (protocol: incremental pacing 90-220 bpm, pacing drives 110 bpm and 140 bpm with 1-3 extrastimuli). Complex @entity943 were induced in 42% @entity1 (n = 11), in this subgroup 55% (n = 6) was non-sustained @entity1165 , 36% (n = 4) sustained @entity5069 , 9% (n = 1) sustained @entity1165 . @entity1 with non-sustained @entity1165 were treated with beta-blockers, in the others the effective therapy was selected according to electrophysiological testing ( @entity2643 in 4 @entity1 , @entity1479 in 1 @entity1 ). During a 24-month follow-up the overall mortality was 7.7% (n = 2), @entity944 was 3.8% (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: Programmed ventricular stimulation performed by a permanent cardiac pacing system is a simple and above all non-invasive method with no need for fluoroscopy. It can be repeated several times. It is not possible to pace from the right ventricle outflow tract. This is the main disadvantage. Nevertheless, by using non-invasive risk stratification methods (echocardiography, signal averaged ECG, heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, dispersion of QT interval) the @entity1 in need of an invasive study can be identified. This method can be considered an alternative screening method and a standard part of the investigation of the algorithm in @entity1 with a previously implanted pacemaker.

title: [Electric programmed ventricular stimulation using a permanent cardiac pacing system--a noninvasive method in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death mortality']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity5069 :: ('MESH:D054141', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular flutter']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['arrhythmia']


abstract: A @entity291 cartilage explant system was used to evaluate the effects of injurious compression on chondrocyte apoptosis and matrix biochemical and biomechanical properties within intact cartilage. Disks of newborn @entity291 articular cartilage were compressed in vitro to various peak stress levels and chondrocyte apoptotic cell death, tissue biomechanical properties, tissue swelling, glycosaminoglycan loss, and @entity3542 levels were quantified. Chondrocyte apoptosis occurred at peak stresses as low as 4.5 MPa and increased with peak stress in a dose-dependent manner. This increase in apoptosis was maximal by 24 h after the termination of the loading protocol. At high peak stresses (>20 MPa), greater than 50% of cells apoptosed. When measured in uniaxial confined compression, the equilibrium and dynamic stiffness of explants decreased with the severity of injurious load, although this trend was not significant until 24-MPa peak stress. In contrast, the equilibrium and dynamic stiffness measured in radially unconfined compression decreased significantly after injurious stresses of 12 and 7 MPa, respectively. Together, these results suggested that injurious compression caused a degradation of the collagen fibril network in the 7- to 12-MPa range. Consistent with this hypothesis, injurious compression caused a dose-dependent increase in tissue swelling, significant by 13-MPa peak stress. Glycosaminoglycans were also released from the cartilage in a dose-dependent manner, significant by 6- to 13-MPa peak stress. @entity3542 levels were significantly increased above controls at 20-MPa peak stress. Together, these data suggest that injurious compression can stimulate cell death as well as a range of biomechanical and biochemical alterations to the matrix and, possibly, chondrocyte @entity842 expression. Interestingly, chondrocyte programmed cell death appears to take place at stresses lower than those required to stimulate cartilage matrix degradation and biomechanical changes. While chondrocyte apoptosis may therefore be one of the earliest responses to tissue injury, it is currently unclear whether this initial cellular response subsequently drives cartilage matrix degradation and changes in the biomechanical properties of the tissue.

title: Injurious mechanical compression of XXXX articular cartilage induces chondrocyte apoptosis.

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite', 'Nitrite']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of a home-based multiple-speed treadmill training program to improve gait performance in @entity1 with a transfemoral amputation ( @entity13799 ). DESIGN: Repeated measures. SETTING: Research laboratory. @entity1 : Individuals with a @entity13799 (N=8) who had undergone a unilateral amputation at least 3 years prior as a result of limb @entity130 or @entity5 . INTERVENTION: Home-based treadmill walking for a total of 30 minutes a day, 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Each 30-minute training session involved 5 cycles of walking for 2 minutes at 3 speeds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 were tested pretraining and after 4 and 8 weeks of training. The primary measures were temporal-spatial gait performance (symmetry ratios for stance phase duration and step length), physiological gait performance (energy expenditure and energy cost), and functional gait performance (self-selected walking speed [SSWS], @entity4464 [ @entity4464 ], and 2-minute walk test [2MWT]). RESULTS: Eight weeks of home-based training improved temporal-spatial gait symmetry at SSWS but not at @entity4464 . A relative interlimb increase in stance duration for the prosthetic limb and proportionally greater increases in step length for the limb taking shorter steps produced the improved symmetry. The training effect was significant for the step length symmetry ratio within the first 4 weeks of the program. Energy expenditure decreased progressively during the training with nearly 10% improvement observed across the range of walking speeds. SSWS, @entity4464 , and 2MWT all increased by 16% to 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Home-based treadmill walking is an effective method to improve gait performance in @entity1 with @entity13799 . The results support the application of training interventions beyond the initial rehabilitation phase, even in individuals considered highly functional.

title: Home-based treadmill training to improve gait performance in XXXX with a chronic transfemoral amputation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity4464 :: ('MESH:D013009', 'Disease') :: ['MWS', 'maximum walking speed']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['persons']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the accumulated experience in the treatment of @entity1 with postoperative @entity47745 ( @entity47745 ) recovery utilizing pleural drainage associated to alipoidic diet and/or intravenous nutrition. METHODS: The aim of this work is to analyse the management of 11 @entity1 (8 males; 11 months to 70 years old) with post-operative @entity47745 . The previous pathologies were: @entity299 in 7; @entity338 in 1 and @entity5 in 1. The diagnosis was made up to 2nd postoperative week in 6, up to 4th week in 3 and later in 2 @entity1 . The volume through the drain ranged from 200 to 3200ml/24h (median 636ml/24h). The laboratory diagnosis was made by lipidic presence in @entity1143 . In all @entity1 the clinical management was made by hipo or alipoidic diet. RESULTS: In 7 the response was good with a decrease of drainage progressively. In 4, it was necessary the introduction of intravenous nutrition by the insufficient response and maintenance of drainage. The reoperation was not used and lymph @entity292 closed in a period until 10 days in 1 @entity1 ; until 20 days in 6 and after this in 4. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the post-operative @entity47745 may be treated by thoracic drainage and alipoidic diet and/or intravenous nutrition with @entity292 closure in all @entity1 and without need of reoperation.

title: [Posttraumatic XXXX . Experience in the postoperative period following cardiothoracic surgery].

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinal tumor']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['coronary insufficiency in 2; pulmonary tumor']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity47745 :: ('MESH:D002916', 'Disease') :: ['CHT', 'chylothorax']

answer: @entity47745 :: (MESH:D002916,Disease) :: ['chylothorax']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the stability and functional significance of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity195 ( @entity195 ). METHODS: Thirty-six @entity1 (mean age 71 +/- 7 years) with mild to moderate @entity195 (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] 19 +/- 5) participated in a biomarker study involving clinical assessments, brain imaging, and CSF and plasma collection over 1 year. BBB integrity was assessed with the CSF-albumin index (CSF-AI). RESULTS: BBB disruption was present in an important subgroup of @entity1 (n = 8/36, 22%) at all time points measured. CSF-AI was highly reproducible over 1 year with an intraclass correlation of 0.96. Age, sex, and @entity2204 status did not correlate with CSF-AI. Vascular factors (blood pressure, @entity63 score, MR-derived white matter hyperintensity, body mass index) were not strongly associated with CSF-AI levels (p = 0.066). CSF/plasma IgG ratio correlated with CSF-AI in a manner indicating that peripheral IgG has greater access to the CNS in @entity1 with an impaired BBB. Further evidence for the physiologic significance of the CSF-AI was noted in the form of correlations with rates of disease progression, including annual change on MMSE (r(2) = 0.11, p = 0.023), annual Clinical @entity303 Rating sum-of-boxes change (r(2) = 0.29, p = 0.001), and annual ventricular volume change (r(2) = 0.17, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment is a stable characteristic over 1 year and present in an important subgroup of @entity1 with @entity195 . Age, gender, @entity2204 status, vascular risk factors, and baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score did not explain the variability in BBB integrity. A role for BBB impairment as a modifier of disease progression is suggested by correlations between CSF-albumin index and measures of disease progression over 1 year.

title: Blood-brain barrier impairment in XXXX : stability and functional significance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Hachinski ischemia']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'Alzheimer disease']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of kidney function estimation equations and to determine the frequency of drug dose discordance in an older population. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of data from community-dwelling volunteers randomly selected from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010. SUBJECTS: A total of 269 @entity1 and @entity1 with a mean      SD age of 81      6  years, mean serum @entity1011 concentration (Scr ) of 1.1      0.4 mg/dl, and mean 24-hour measured @entity1011 clearance (mClcr ) of 53      13  ml/minute. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Kidney function was estimated by using the following equations: Cockcroft-Gault (CG), @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and @entity740 Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI). The performance of each equation was assessed by measuring bias and precision relative to mClcr . Dose calculation errors (discordance) were determined for 10 drugs requiring renal dosage adjustments to avoid @entity137 when compared with the dosages approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The CG equation was the least biased estimate of mClcr . The @entity8 and CKD-EPI equations were significantly positively biased compared with CG (mean      SD 34      20% and 22      15%, respectively, p<0.001) and mClcr (29      47% and 18      40%, respectively, p<0.001). Rounding low Scr values (less than 1.0  mg/dl) up to an arbitrary value of 1.0  mg/dl resulted in CG values (44      10  ml/minute) that were significantly lower than mClcr (56      12 ml/minute, p<0.001) and CG (56      15  ml/minute, p<0.001). The @entity8 and CKD-EPI equations had median dose discordance rates of 28.6% and 22.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The @entity8 and CKD-EPI equations significantly overestimated @entity1011 clearance (mClcr and CG) in elderly individuals. This leads to dose calculation errors for many drugs, particularly in individuals with severe @entity8 . Thus equations estimating glomerular filtration rate should not be substituted in place of the CG equation in older adults for the purpose of renal dosage adjustments. In addition, the common practice of rounding or replacing low Scr values with an arbitrary value of 1.0  mg/dl for use in the CG equation should be avoided. Additional studies that evaluate alternative @entity470 equations in the older populations that incorporate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcomes measures are needed.

title: Glomerular filtration rate equations overestimate XXXX clearance in older individuals enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging: impact on renal drug dosing.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['MDRD', 'renal impairment', 'Modification of Diet in Renal Disease']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic Kidney Disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1011 :: (MESH:D003404,Chemical) :: ['creatinine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) has been shown to improve survival in animal models of @entity548 at a dose of 300 mg/kg. Our aim was to identify the ideal dose through dose-escalation, split-dosing, and dose de-escalation regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity35 were subjected to sublethal 40% @entity548 and treated with vehicle or @entity2052 (dose of 300, 400, or 450 mg/kg) after 30 min of shock. Acetylated histones and activated proteins from the PI3K-Akt-GSK-3b survival pathway at different time points were quantified by Western blot analysis. In a similar model, a @entity2052 dose of 200 mg/kg followed 2 h later by another dose of 100 mg/kg was administered. Finally, animals were subjected to a lethal 50% @entity548 and @entity2052 was administered in a dose de-escalation manner (starting at dose of 300 mg/kg) until a significant drop in percent survival was observed. RESULTS: Larger doses of @entity2052 resulted in greater acetylation of histone 3 and increased activation of PI3K pathway proteins. Dose-dependent differences were significant in histone acetylation but not in the activation of the survival pathway proteins. Split-dose administration of @entity2052 resulted in similar results to a single full dose. Survival was as follows: 87.5% with 300 and 250 mg/kg of @entity2052 , 50% with 200 mg/kg of @entity2052 , and 14% with vehicle-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: Although higher doses of @entity2052 result in greater histone acetylation and activation of prosurvival protein signaling, doses as low as 250 mg/kg of @entity2052 confer the same survival advantage in lethal @entity548 . Also, @entity2052 can be given in a split-dose fashion without a reduction in its cytoprotective effectiveness.

title: XXXX for the treatment of @entity548 : a dose-optimization study.

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'hemorrhagic shock']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproic acid']


abstract: OBJECT: Intramedullary @entity8702 are exceedingly rare lesions in the spinal cord, and have been previously reported in the literature as case reports. The authors review their experience in 5 surgically treated @entity1 with intramedullary @entity8702 and discuss the clinical features, radiological findings, and surgical outcomes. METHODS: Clinical and imaging data of 5 @entity1 with intramedullary spinal @entity8702 treated at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: There were 4 @entity1 and 1 @entity1 , and their ages ranged from 18 to 63 years (mean 47.2 years). The thoracic cord was affected in 4 @entity1 , and the cervicothoracic cord in 1 @entity1 . Four @entity1 underwent a gross-total resection. One @entity1 initially underwent a subtotal removal and then underwent a second surgery due to @entity66 . Long-term neurological function was improved in all @entity1 and MRI showed no @entity5 recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: @entity8702 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of @entity455 . Complete resection is the treatment of choice for these lesions. When total resection cannot be achieved, subtotal or even partial removal of the @entity5 is advised and repeat removal of the lesion is indicated when @entity41 regrowth is associated with @entity16 .

title: Intramedullary spinal XXXX : clinical features and surgical outcomes: clinical article.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['intramedullary spinal vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['enlargement of the residual lesion']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity8702 :: ('MESH:D018324', 'Disease') :: ['Capillary hemangiomas', 'capillary hemangiomas']

answer: @entity8702 :: (MESH:D018324,Disease) :: ['capillary hemangiomas']


abstract: Thirty-five cases of primary @entity2971 treated at the Institut Gustave-Roussy between 1975 and 1987 were reviewed. There were 23 males and 12 females; the median age was 12 years (range: 3 months to 17 years). Tumors originated in the pineal region in 15 cases, in the suprasellar region in 15 cases, and in both region in 5 cases. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically in 20 cases (14 @entity3438 and 6 non @entity2971 ), and cytologically in 5 cases. There were 11 secreting @entity5 (alpha-foetoprotein or chorionic gonadotrophin) without histological diagnosis in 6 cases. Four @entity1 were treated with a presumptive diagnosis. Surgical resection was performed in 6 cases. Thirty-two @entity1 were irradiated on the @entity5 site; 17 received a craniospinal irradiation and 7 a cranial irradiation. Six @entity1 received chemotherapy. Twenty-five @entity1 are alive with a median follow-up of 4 years. Prognosis is better in @entity3438 than in non @entity2971 (survival rates = 88 and 50% respectively). Chemotherapy is presently being evaluated in the treatment of @entity2971 with the aim of using lower doses of radiotherapy and decreasing its late effects in @entity3438 and of improving the prognosis of other histological types.

title: [Primary germinal tumors of the nervous system in XXXX and adolescents. A retrospective study of 35 cases from 1975 to 1987].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3438 :: ('MESH:D018237', 'Disease') :: ['germinomas']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial germ cell tumor', 'germ cell tumors', 'germinomatous germ cell tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We investigated cross-sectionally and longitudinally the relationship between @entity18957 @entity18956 and @entity28 -related characteristics in the European @entity1 of the IDEFICS project and the interaction of this variant with a lifestyle intervention. POPULATION AND METHODS: A cohort of 16224 @entity1 (2-9 years) was recruited into a population-based survey (T0) from eight European countries. A second survey (T1) reassessed the @entity1 two years later. A random sample of 4405 @entity1 was extracted for genetic studies. 3168 @entity1 were re-examined two years later. Half of them underwent a lifestyle intervention program. The @entity18957 @entity18956 was genotyped. Weight, height, waist circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured at T0 and T1. RESULTS: At T0, the risk A allele of @entity18956 was significantly associated with higher values of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and skinfolds (age, sex, and country-adjusted p-values: all p<0.001) and with a statistically significant increased risk of overweight/ @entity28 . Over the two year follow-up, no interaction between genotype and intervention was observed. The A allele was associated to a significantly higher increase in all the anthropometric variables examined at T0 independently from the study group (intervention versus control) (p-values: all p<0.002, adjusted for age, sex, country, intervention/control study group, T0 values, and individual time interval between T0 and T1). Over the two-year follow-up, 210 new cases of overweight/ @entity28 occurred. A statistically significant higher incidence of overweight/ @entity28 was associated to the A allele [OR(A)=1.95, 95% CI=(1.29; 2.97)]. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the association between the @entity18957 @entity18956 and body mass and overweight/ @entity28 risk in European @entity1 . The main finding of the study is that the A allele carriers present higher increase of body mass and central adiposity over time and higher risk of developing overweight/ @entity28 during growth, independently from intervention measures.

title: Prospective analysis of the association of a common variant of @entity18957 ( @entity18956 ) with adiposity in XXXX : results of the IDEFICS study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: To characterize in vivo changes of adenylate cyclase activity in @entity95 ciliary processes during the circadian cycle. METHODS: After removal of vitreous, lens, retina and choroid from freshly enucleated @entity95 eyes, the anterior segment and attached sclera was chilled in cold buffer containing the non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, @entity1922 ( @entity1922 ). Then ciliary processes were excised and homogenized in ice cold @entity2804 ( @entity2974 ) 2.5 min after @entity1922 treatment. Increased @entity1919 in response to PDE inhibition was measured in ciliary processes at six times during the circadian cycle, after preganglionic section of the cervical sympathetic trunk (decentralization, DX), and after topical instillation of @entity4821 , @entity6839 , @entity16495 , @entity3160 or a soluble derivative of @entity1928 . RESULTS: The increase of @entity95 ciliary process @entity1919 levels in response to PDE inhibition with @entity1922 was enhanced at night. Much of the enhanced nocturnal increase persisted in constant dark and was blunted by DX. Topical instillation of @entity4821 enhanced the increase during the day; whereas, @entity6839 , a beta-adrenergic antagonist, or @entity16495 , an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, blunted the @entity1922 induced increase. Neither instillation of @entity3160 , an alpha2-adrenergic antagonist, nor the soluble @entity1928 derivative enhanced the increase of @entity1919 after @entity1922 . CONCLUSIONS: The technique reported here can be used to estimate ciliary process adenylate cyclase activity in vivo. There is a circadian rhythm of adenylate cyclase activity in @entity95 ciliary processes that is driven in part by ocular sympathetic input and stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors.

title: Circadian change of adenylate cyclase activity in XXXX ciliary processes.

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['rauwolscine']

entities_list: @entity1922 :: ('MESH:D015056', 'Chemical') :: ['3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine', 'IBMX']

entities_list: @entity16495 :: ('MESH:C015620', 'Chemical') :: ['brimonidine']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity4821 :: ('MESH:D010136', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity2804 :: ('MESH:D014238', 'Chemical') :: ['trichloro-acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The frequency and characteristics of the long term sequelae of herpes simplex @entity198 were assessed after treatment with @entity1033 . METHODS: @entity1 were included if they were treated with @entity1033 and the diagnosis of herpes simplex @entity198 was confirmed by culture of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from the brain, an increase in the CSF HSV antibody titre, or detection of HSV deoxyribonucleic acid in the CSF. Each @entity1 's medical records were reviewed and surviving @entity1 were interviewed and examined. RESULTS: A diagnosis of herpes simplex @entity198 was confirmed in 42 @entity1 . Five @entity1 (12%) died in the first month. Three @entity1 (7%) had severe @entity16 and died after a longer interval. All but one of the 34 surviving @entity1 had @entity16 , an abnormal neurological examination, or both. Twenty @entity1 (48%) performed everyday activities as well as before herpes simplex @entity198 ; nine @entity1 (21%) were living independently, but were functioning at a lower level than before the illness; and five @entity1 (12%) had a severe @entity51 . Twenty nine of the 34 survivors were assessed six months to 11 years after herpes simplex @entity198 . The most common long term symptoms were @entity2414 (69%), @entity1314 and behavioural abnormalities (45%), and @entity302 (24%). Short term @entity2414 (70%), @entity4838 (65%), and @entity2026 (41%) were the most common signs. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity1033 has reduced the mortality of herpes simplex @entity198 , 30% of this group of @entity1 either died or had a severe @entity51 . The other 70% of the @entity1 regained independence in activities of daily living, but most of these @entity1 had persistent @entity16 , signs, or both.

title: Herpes simplex @entity198 treated with XXXX : diagnosis and long term outcome.

entities_list: @entity1033 :: ('MESH:D000212', 'Chemical') :: ['acyclovir']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'people', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological sequelae', 'neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity2026 :: ('MESH:D001037', 'Disease') :: ['dysphasia']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairment']

answer: @entity1033 :: (MESH:D000212,Chemical) :: ['acyclovir']


abstract: Ductal elements within salivary glands are responsible for modifying the electrolyte composition of primary saliva secreted by the acini. To study the mechanism and regulation of the transport processes involved requires a suitable preparation of functional ducts. To this end we have isolated intralobular ducts from @entity95 mandibular salivary glands using the technique of tissue dissociation and microdissection. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that the ducts corresponded ultrastructurally to striated intralobular ducts of the intact gland. Ducts could be maintained in tissue culture on @entity6027 filter rafts for up to 36 h, during which time the ends of the ducts did not usually seal. The overall resting content of ductal @entity268 ( @entity1919 ) was 16.0 +/- 3.0 fmol mm-1 and increased dose dependently in response to stimulation with the beta-adrenoceptor agonist @entity3044 (10(-9)-10(-4) M; concentration required to produce a half-maximal response, K0.5 = 2.1 x 10(-6) M). The response to @entity3044 was blocked by the antagonist @entity1169 . Intracellular @entity1919 content was also raised by the adenylate cyclase activator @entity1928 and by @entity1421 . @entity934 (3 x 10(-8)-10(-5) M) caused a dose-dependent and maintained rise in [ @entity141 ]i (K0.5 = 2.5 x 10(-7) M). This increase in [ @entity141 ]i could be reversed by the muscarinic antagonist @entity3897 and appeared to result from a combination of mobilization of intracellular @entity141 stores and entry of @entity141 from the extracellular fluid. Noradrenaline induced only a very small, mainly transient rise in [ @entity141 ]i while @entity2647 failed to increase [ @entity141 ]i at all. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (5 x 10(-7) M) also produced a marginal, maintained rise in [ @entity141 ]i. Substance P, @entity6138 , @entity3044 , and @entity1421 did not elevate [ @entity141 ]i. Application of the @entity460 ionophore @entity1360 induced a substantial maintained rise in [ @entity141 ]i. Taken together, these results indicate that isolated and cultured striated ducts (i) possess intact beta-adrenoceptors coupled to adenylate cyclase, putative receptors for @entity1421 and muscarinic receptors, and (ii) represent a viable preparation for the study of the transport mechanisms involved in the ductal modification of salivary fluid composition.

title: Structural and functional characterization of striated ducts isolated from the XXXX mandibular salivary gland.

entities_list: @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity6138 :: ('MESH:D001839', 'Chemical') :: ['bombesin']

entities_list: @entity6027 :: ('CHEBI:61433', 'Chemical') :: ['polycarbonate']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity15 ( @entity15 ) usually follows a relapsing-remitting course and attacks multiple areas of the central nervous system (CNS). Certain @entity627 , including Sj  @entity244 ( @entity244 ), can present with a similar clinical picture. RESULTS: Two @entity1 out 67 of 100 with @entity15 exhibited @entity7560 and @entity2133 and positive Ro antibodies, thus fulfilling 55 diagnostic criteria. Case 1. A 62-year-old @entity1 developed several episodes of numbress and weakness in @entity2055 . MRI demonstrated a high-intensity areas in periventricular white matter. Initial laboratory studies failure to demonstrate antinuclear antibodies. @entity2133 and @entity7560 were apparent. Follow-up laboratory examinations showed elevated ANA, Anti-SSA and anti-SSB. Case 2. A 58-year-old @entity1 was diagnosed as having @entity15 at the age of 53 years. Several high-signal foci on MRI were demonstrated in the white matter. Initial serum findings including autoantibodies were unremarkable. @entity10632 was present. Laboratory investigations included elevated anti-SSA, anti-SSARo52 and ANA while anti-SSB was within normal limits. DISCUSSION: Primary @entity244 is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. The CNS symptoms are present in 20-25% of the @entity1 with @entity244 . Some @entity1 have a relapsing-remitting course mimicking @entity15 . Focal @entity75 in @entity244 can occur in the cerebral white matter. The features of our @entity1 sufficiently mimicked those of @entity15 and this disorder was the diagnosis in each @entity1 at the time of initial evaluation. @entity244 should be considered in th

title: [Sj  @entity244 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic diseases']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['xerostomia', 'Xerostomia']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["gren's syndrome", 'SS']

entities_list: @entity10632 :: ('MESH:D012859', 'Disease') :: ['Sicca syndrome']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

entities_list: @entity2055 :: ('MESH:D001259', 'Disease') :: ['her left extremity and ataxia']

entities_list: @entity7560 :: ('MESH:D014985', 'Disease') :: ['xerophthalmia']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: An epidural catheter was inserted after induction of anesthesia in a 28.2 kg 9-year-old @entity1 scheduled to undergo bilateral femoral @entity3192 . There was no gravity free flow of blood down the catheter and there was no blood aspirated with a 2 ml syringe. After a negative test dose of a 4 ml solution of 0.25% @entity1343 with @entity1425 1 : 200 000, a further 8 ml was administered via the epidural catheter. No significant increase in heart rate was noted. On surgical skin incision the heart rate increased from 94 to 116 b. @entity1009 ) and blood pressure increased from 104/44 to 116/46 mmHg. A further 3 ml 0.25% @entity1343 with @entity1425 and @entity1338 2 mug.kg(-1) were administered via the epidural catheter. The operation continued uneventfully although it was noted that the heart rate increased intermittently during the procedure. In view of the unexplained @entity591 and a history of @entity306 with the potential for postoperative @entity2473 , it was felt important to have a reliable epidural. To confirm placement, 2 ml of Isovue 300 ( @entity3990 ) was administered via the epidural catheter. X-ray screening demonstrated intravascular placement and the rapid disappearance of contrast. The catheter was removed and reinserted. Contrast demonstrated good spread in the epidural space. The merits of screening with contrast for epidural catheter placement in @entity1 are discussed.

title: Clinically unrecognized intravascular placement of epidural catheter in a XXXX --an argument for the use of radio-opaque contrast?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1343 :: ('MESH:C476513', 'Chemical') :: ['levobupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity2473 :: ('MESH:D013035', 'Disease') :: ['muscle spasms']

entities_list: @entity3192 :: ('MESH:D060905', 'Disease') :: ['varus derotational osteotomies']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity3990 :: ('MESH:D007479', 'Chemical') :: ['Iopamidol']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']