abstract: Immunotherapy for @entity1778 @entity1 , aiming at the generation of anti-leukaemic T cell responses, could provide a new therapeutic approach to eliminate @entity41 ( @entity41 ) cells in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). @entity3614 harbour several ways to escape the immune system including deficient MHC class II expression, low levels of co-stimulatory molecules and suppressive cytokines. Therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells (DC) is now recognized as an important investigational therapy. Due to their unique antigen presenting capacity, immunosuppressive features of the leukaemic blasts can be circumvented. DC can be successfully cultured from leukaemic blasts in 60-70% of @entity1 and show functional potential in vivo. Alternatively, monocyte derived DC obtained at time of complete remission loaded with @entity1778 -specific antigens can be used as vaccine. Several sources of @entity1778 -associated antigen and different methods of loading antigen onto DC have been used in an attempt to optimize antitumour responses including apoptotic cells, necrotic cell lysates and @entity5 -associated pep-tides. Currently, the @entity3052 -derived cell line MUTZ-3, an immortalized equivalent of @entity2280 (+) DC precursor cells, is under investigation for vaccination purposes. For effective DC vaccination the intrinsic tolerant state of the @entity1 must be overcome. Therefore, the development of efficient and safe adjuvants in antigen specific immunotherapeutic programs should be encouraged.

title: Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in XXXX : translating fundamental mechanisms into clinical applications.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3614 :: ('MESH:D001753', 'Disease') :: ['Leukaemic blasts']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['MRD', 'minimal residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['myeloid leukaemia']


abstract: About 90% of @entity5 of the ovary in Scandinavia develop from the germinal epithelium. There are great differences in the incidence rates between countries in the Western world and in Africa and Asia. The WHO classification of @entity43 is generally used. The @entity5 comprise the serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, undifferentiated and mixed @entity189 . In addition, borderline lesions of especially the serous and mucinous types are of interest when the question of preservation of ovarian function comes into notice. Conservative surgery, which means removal of only the afflicted ovary should be restricted to young @entity1 of the childbearing age who want to preserve the possibility of becoming pregnant. However, certain prerequisites must be fulfilled. The @entity5 must be located to one ovary only (Stage Ia) and must be either a borderline lesion or a Grade 1 true @entity189 of either the serous, mucinous or endometrioid type. There must be no ascites and peritoneal washings must be negative for @entity5 cells. Germ cell @entity5 are usually found in young @entity1 . Only the @entity5000 are regularly bilateral in 10-15% of the cases. All other @entity2971 are rarely bilateral. But both in borderline lesions, Grade 1 @entity189 , and in @entity2971 , a biopsy of the normal looking contralateral ovary should always be performed. @entity2970 and @entity44 may well be treated conservatively by surgery, but modern triple chemotherapy (VAC, PVB) must be added. Granulosa theca cell @entity5 are bilateral in only about 5% of the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Preserving ovarian function in the treatment of epithelial and special (other) malignant XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'cancer', 'epithelial tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['immature teratomas']

entities_list: @entity2970 :: ('MESH:D018240', 'Disease') :: ['Endodermal sinus tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma', 'true carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5000 :: ('MESH:D004407', 'Disease') :: ['dysgerminomas']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transepidermal elimination has been documented in a myriad of @entity166 ; however, its occurrence in @entity4536 has not been evaluated. METHODS: Skin biopsies (n = 212) with @entity4536 in Lebanon (n = 46), Syria (n = 53), Saudi Arabia (n = 45) and Pakistan (n = 68) were evaluated. Clinical data collected included age, gender, eruption type (papule, nodule, @entity2318 ), duration and anatomic location. Histopathologically, multiple parameters were recorded including Ridley's parasitic index and pattern, transepidermal elimination, interface changes, @entity1066 and @entity39 . Transepidermal elimination was defined as the presence of amastigotes in the epidermis in all layers, limited to the basal layer or present in a perforating plug. All cases were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for molecular subspeciation. RESULTS: @entity3667 tropica was identified in 88.2% and @entity3667 in 11.8% of all cases. Transepidermal elimination was observed in 28.3% of cases (29 perforating plug, 19 all layers and 12 basal layer) with a significant prevalence of @entity3667 in this group (35 vs. 2%, p < 0.001). Cases with transepidermal elimination were associated with interface changes and higher parasitic index (p < 0.001) but not with an increased @entity1066 rate (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that transepidermal elimination was independently predicted by @entity3667 [OR (95% confidence interval) = 80 (9-712); p < 0.001], parasitic index [OR = 3.4 (2.1-5.3); p < 0.001], interface changes [OR = 6.24 (2.2-17.8); p < 0.001] and @entity39 [OR = 0.2 (0.1-0.8);p = 0.026]. CONCLUSIONS: We report the largest multiregional @entity4536 series with a 28.3% documented transepidermal elimination incidence of which 48% were perforating plug; a significant prevalence of @entity3667 was also identified in the transepidermal elimination group. The association of transepidermal elimination with interface changes and a higher parasitic index, without an increased @entity1066 rate, may reflect a unique biologic alteration in the epidermis, serving to facilitate the extrusion of the parasites through the skin.

title: Transepidermal elimination in XXXX : a multiregional study.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2318 :: ('MESH:D002921', 'Disease') :: ['verrucous or scar']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity3667 :: ('5664', 'Species') :: ['L. major', 'Leishmania', 'Leishmania major']

entities_list: @entity4536 :: ('MESH:D016773', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

answer: @entity4536 :: (MESH:D016773,Disease) :: ['cutaneous leishmaniasis']


abstract: AIM: Upregulation of microRNA 16 (miR-16) contributed to the differentiation of @entity1 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) toward myogenic phenotypes in a cardiac niche, the present study aimed to determine the role of miR-16 in this process. MAIN METHODS: hMSCs and neonatal @entity35 ventricular myocytes were co-cultured indirectly in two chambers to set up a cardiac microenvironment (niche). miRNA expression profile in cardiac-niche-induced hMSCs was detected by miRNA microarray. Cardiac marker expression and cell cycle analysis were determined in different treatment hMSCs. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to identify the expression of mRNA, mature miRNA and protein of interest. KEY FINDINGS: miRNA dysregulation was shown in hMSCs after cardiac niche induction. miR-16 was upregulated in cardiac-niche-induced hMSCs. Overexpression of miR-16 significantly increased G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle in hMSCs and enhanced the expression of cardiac marker genes, including @entity15774 , @entity10125 -5, @entity6998 and @entity6949 . @entity44714 ( @entity44714 ), a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest compound, was used to induce G1 phase arrest in cardiac-niche-induced hMSCs, and the expression of cardiac marker genes was up-regulated in @entity44714 -treated hMSCs. The expression of @entity4910 , @entity17946 and @entity14107 was suppressed by miR-16 in hMSCs. @entity14107 , @entity4910 or @entity17946 knockdown resulted in G1 phase arrest in hMSCs and upregulation of cardiac marker gene expression in hMSCs in a cardiac niche. SIGNIFICANCE: miR-16 enhances G1 phase arrest in hMSCs, contributing to the differentiation of hMSCs toward myogenic phenotypes when in a cardiac niche. This mechanism provides a novel strategy for pre-modification of hMSCs before hMSC-based transplantation therapy for severe @entity299 .

title: MicroRNA 16 enhances differentiation of XXXX bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a cardiac niche toward myogenic phenotypes in vitro.

entities_list: @entity44714 :: ('79893', 'Gene') :: ['Differentiation-inducing factor 3', 'DIF-3']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether feline cells were able to convert @entity2518 (ALA) to @entity13880 ( @entity13880 ) in vivo and in vitro, whether i.v. administration of ALA to healthy @entity468 resulted in adverse effects, and whether @entity13880 accumulated in a @entity957 ( @entity957 ) of a cat. ANIMALS: 4 healthy adult @entity468 and 1 adult cat with a cutaneous @entity957 . PROCEDURE: In vitro production of @entity13880 was determined by incubating Crandell feline kidney cells with ALA. Effects of ALA administration and in vivo production of @entity13880 were determined by administering ALA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg of body weight) to healthy @entity468 and collecting skin biopsy specimens for up to 24 hours after drug administration. Blood samples were collected for CBC and serum biochemical analyses, and necropsies were performed. Accumulation of @entity13880 in a @entity957 was determined by treating a cat with a facial @entity957 with ALA and collecting specimens of the @entity5 and adjacent grossly normal skin. RESULTS: Incubation of ALA with feline cells resulted in time- and dose-dependent cytoplasmic accumulation of @entity13880 in vitro. After i.v. ALA administration, @entity13880 was detected in all tissues examined, with the highest fluorescence intensity in epithelia and in @entity957 . The @entity5 -to-skin fluorescence intensity ratio was 5. All @entity468 developed hepatotoxicoses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results from this limited number of @entity468 suggest that ALA may be a useful photosensitizer in @entity468 , but that doses > 100 mg/kg, i.v., may not be safe.

title: Preclinical study in @entity468 of the pro-photosensitizer XXXX .

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity2518 :: ('CHEBI:17549', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminolevulinic acid']

entities_list: @entity13880 :: ('MESH:C028025', 'Chemical') :: ['PpIX', 'protoporphyrin IX']

answer: @entity2518 :: (CHEBI:17549,Chemical) :: ['5-aminolevulinic acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of subsequent @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity1150 confirmed by venography. DESIGN: Follow up of all @entity1 who had venography for suspected @entity1150 during 1984-88. @entity1 were traced through a @entity5 registry up to 1 January 1991. SUBJECTS: 4399 @entity1 who had phlebography in one hospital. SETTING: General hospital in Malm  , Sweden, serving a population of 230,000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Number of @entity5 recorded. RESULTS: 4399 @entity1 had venography for suspected @entity1150 ; 604 were known to have a @entity5 at the time of venography and were excluded from further analysis. 1383 had @entity1150 , 150 of whom subsequently developed @entity5 . 182 of the 2412 @entity1 without @entity715 developed @entity5 . During the first six months after venography 66 @entity1 with @entity715 developed @entity5 compared with 37 @entity1 without @entity715 (P < 0.0001). 38 of the @entity5 in the @entity1150 group were detected by history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Three @entity1 had postoperative or post-traumatic @entity1150 . Only two of the remaining @entity1 would have benefited from early detection by extensive screening. After six months the incidence of @entity5 was identical in @entity1 with and without @entity715 . CONCLUSION: @entity1150 is associated with a significantly higher frequency of @entity5 during the first six months after diagnosis. @entity5 can be found with simple clinical and diagnostic methods and extensive screening is not required.

title: @entity1150 and XXXX : an epidemiological study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Malignancies', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis', 'deep venous thromboses', 'Deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['occult malignancy']


abstract: To assess the influence of mast cell heterogeneity on the inhibition of mediator release by drugs, the effects of @entity6850 , @entity9992 and beta-adrenoceptor agonists were examined against IgE-dependent @entity112 and @entity1672 release from enzymatically dispersed @entity1 skin, lung and tonsillar mast cells. At high concentrations, @entity6850 was an inhibitor of @entity112 and @entity1672 release from lung and tonsillar mast cells. No @entity2915 with @entity9992 was seen. In skin mast cells no inhibition of mediator release was observed with 1.0 microM @entity6850 , above which @entity112 release was induced. @entity9992 was a weak inhibitor of @entity112 and @entity1672 release from lung and tonsillar mast cells and showed tachyphylaxis. @entity9992 did not inhibit @entity112 and @entity1672 release from skin mast cells. On the other hand, no heterogeneity was observed with the beta-adrenoceptor agonists, @entity11610 and @entity3045 . beta-Adrenoceptor stimulants were significantly more effective in inhibiting @entity1672 than @entity112 release. No tachyphylaxis was seen with prolongation of the incubation time before challenge. Our results suggest that @entity1 mast cells are heterogeneous with respect to the modulation of mediator release by @entity6850 and @entity9992 but not beta-adrenoceptor agonists.

title: Comparison of the modulatory effect of @entity6850 , @entity9992 , XXXX and @entity3045 in @entity1 skin, lung and tonsil mast cells.

entities_list: @entity1672 :: ('MESH:D015230', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin D2']

entities_list: @entity9992 :: ('MESH:D004205', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium cromoglycate', 'Sodium cromoglycate']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['cross-tachyphylaxis']

entities_list: @entity11610 :: ('MESH:D017265', 'Chemical') :: ['procaterol']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity6850 :: ('MESH:D007665', 'Chemical') :: ['ketotifen']

answer: @entity11610 :: (MESH:D017265,Chemical) :: ['procaterol']


abstract: In isolated @entity1 myocardium it was shown that a positive force-frequency relationship occurs in non-failing myocardium; however, the force-frequency relationship was found to be inverse in myocardium from failing @entity1 hearts. In order to investigate the clinical relevance of these experimental findings, the influence of heart rate changes on haemodynamics and left ventricular function was studied in eight @entity1 without @entity712 and in nine with @entity384 (NYHA II-III). Right ventricular pacing was performed at a rate slightly above sinus rate and at 100, 120 and 140 beats. @entity1009 . Haemodynamic parameters were obtained by right heart catheterization and by high-fidelity left ventricular pressure measurements. Left ventricular angiography was performed at basal pacing rate and at 100 and 140 beats. @entity1009 . With increasing heart rate, cardiac index increased in @entity1 with normal left ventricular function from 2.9 +/- 0.2 to 3.5 +/- 0.21. @entity1009 .m-2 (P < 0.01) and decreased continuously in @entity1 with @entity384 from 2.6 +/- 0.1 to 2.2 +/- 0.1 l. @entity1009 . m-2 (P < 0.05). With increasing heart rate, the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise increased in non-failing hearts from 1388 +/- 86 to 1671 +/- 88 mmHg.s-1 (P < 0.01) and did not change in failing hearts. Ejection fraction decreased from 27 +/- 3% to 19 +/- 2% in @entity1 with @entity384 (P < 0.05) when the pacing rate was changed from 84 +/- 2 beats. @entity1009 to 140 beats. @entity1009 , which was associated with a significant increase in end-systolic volume without significant changes in end-diastolic volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Influence of the force-frequency relationship on haemodynamics and left ventricular function in @entity1 with non-failing hearts and in XXXX with @entity384 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy', 'failing dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The risk of @entity204 is higher in dialysis @entity1 compared to age matched healthy subjects, the main reason being cardiovascular. This prospective study investigated if the extent of ultrafiltration was of importance for the outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 88 hemodialysis @entity1 were included and followed prospectively. The outcome was registered in regard to @entity204 , acute @entity583 or coronary vascular intervention. The extent of ultrafiltration needed at dialysis was calculated as a mean during the observation period as were other variables. The mean extent of ultrafiltration was compared for @entity1 who had survived without end-points (group 1, n=53) versus those who reached any end-point during the period (group 2, n=35). RESULTS: In total, 40% of the @entity1 reached end-point during the observation period. There was no difference at baseline between the groups in regard to age, prevalence of @entity6 or history of previous @entity65 , KT/V, residual renal function ultrafiltration need, @entity1851 , s-albumin, @entity165 , LDL- @entity165 , HDL- @entity165 , appetite or wellbeing, while @entity412 was lower in group 2 (p=0.035). The observation period for group 1 was at a mean 24.7 months (SD13.1) and for those in group 2 at a mean 13.8 (+/-11.7 months, p<0.001). @entity1 representing group 1 at 24 and 30 months had less need of ultrafiltration than those in group 2. Thus, the need of ultrafiltration was about 27% lower at 24 months (for 29 @entity1 in group 1: 3.63+/-1.93 weight% versus 4.97+/-1.70 weight% for 9 @entity1 from group 2, p=0.046) and 46% at 30 months (for 18 from group 1: 3.48+/-1.95 versus 6.45+/-1.55 for 3 from group 2, p=0.030). @entity1851 did not differ significantly between the groups during the period. CONCLUSION: After a prolonged period of 24 months the extent of ultrafiltration need seems to be important for the outcome of the @entity1 . Thereby those with higher need of ultrafiltration had worse prognosis. It seems important to motivate @entity1 to reduce the extent of fluid intake between dialysis to prolong survival.

title: Minimized weight gain between hemodialysis contributes to a reduced risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: @entity1 papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with a broad spectrum of cutaneous and @entity3137 . Until now, more than 120 genotypes have been identified. Most HPVs are associated with benign lesions. Nevertheless certain HPV types are frequently found in @entity189 . For instance, @entity1799 and 18 which are frequently associated with @entity5 , are capable of immortalizing and transforming primary keratinocytes. The mechanism of transformation is linked to the viral genome integration into the cell's DNA, accompanied by an overexpression of the E6 and E7 genes. The viral gene products interact with cellular proteins that regulate the cycle progression. In particular, the E6 protein binds to the @entity876 and the E7 protein binds to the @entity2451 (Rb). The inactivation of both cellular proteins distorts the cell cycle and results in genetic instability and cellular gene alterations. This article reviews the role of the viruses in the @entity105 , the genome structure and the gene expression of HPVs. It also addresses the cell cycle regulation with a focus on the role of HPVs in cell transformation.

title: [ XXXX papillomaviruses, cell cycle and @entity5 ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal lesions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: To evaluate roles of @entity2918 (PGs) in vasopressin (AVP) secretion elicited by stimulating alpha-adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in the periventricular region, we examined in conscious @entity35 the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor meclofenamate on the plasma @entity1831 responses to i.c.v. applications of @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ), @entity2647 and @entity935 . I.c.v. injections of 58 pmol @entity1808 produced, 5 and 15 min later, augmentations of plasma AVP accompanied by elevations of arterial pressure and tendencies of reduction in heart rate. Similarly, the administrations of 0.53 mumol @entity2647 or @entity935 enhanced plasma AVP 5 min later, without altering arterial pressure and heart rate significantly. @entity5728 (0.31 mumol) applied i.c.v. 30 min prior to the administrations of @entity1808 remarkably inhibited the AVP and pressor responses to this peptide. However, the responses of plasma AVP, arterial pressure and heart rate to @entity2647 or @entity935 were not affected by the i.c.v. administrations of 0.31 mumol meclofenamate. The injections of @entity5728 followed by the administrations of a vehicle for @entity1808 and the @entity2661 were without effect on plasma AVP and the cardiovascular parameters. Plasma osmolality, @entity1372 , @entity972 and @entity2865 in all the groups mentioned above were not significantly changed during experiments. These results suggest that PGs generated in the periventricular region, despite their probable stimulatory roles in the @entity1808 -evoked AVP secretion, may not participate in the AVP-releasing mechanisms activated by dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors, supporting the view that PGs and the @entity2661 may facilitate AVP release via separate pathways.

title: Evaluation for roles of brain @entity2918 in the catecholamine-induced vasopressin secretion in conscious XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5728 :: ('MESH:D008469', 'Chemical') :: ['meclofenamate', 'Meclofenamate']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: AIM: Adenoviral gene transfer remains a powerful tool for basic research purposes. We hypothesize that adenoviral transduction of @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in vitro can be improved by refined use of experimental parameters. METHODS: hMSCs were transduced by adenoviral vectors encoding Luciferase or @entity1841 at a selection of multiplicities of @entity281 (MOI) and exposure times. Transgene production and total protein content were measured. To determine practical relevance, expression of the bone marker genes @entity8087 and Type I collagen was analyzed by quantitative PCR. As a phenotypic marker alkaline phosphatase was assessed. ANOVA and post hoc statistical analyses were used to determine differences among data (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Prolonged exposure led to a decrease in transgene production and total protein content. Increasing MOI at exposure of up to 4 hours resulted in a higher production of the transgene. Transfer of the @entity1841 gene promoted an enhanced lineage progression to the osteoblast phenotype indicating biological activity. CONCLUSION: Time of exposure is of major importance for @entity137 in vitro and should not exceed 4 hours for hMSC. While increase in exposure time leads to cell death, surviving cells, up to a certain limit, seem to compensate by increasing production of the transgene indicating that transduction efficiency cannot be positively measured in a binary yes-or-no scheme.

title: [Refined adenoviral transduction for controlled gene transfer into XXXX adult mesenchymal stem cells].

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Long-term continuous pulmonary artery pressure monitoring was used to investigate pressure changes during different types of exercise and normal daily activities in @entity1 with @entity712 . Nine @entity1 (mean age 55 years) with treated @entity712 underwent continuous pulmonary artery pressure measurement with use of a micromanometer-tipped catheter with in vivo calibration and frequency-modulated recording. The mean (+/- SD) maximal @entity551 (in mm Hg) was 59.4 +/- 26.1 on treadmill exercise, 54.9 +/- 30.6 on bicycle exercise, 52.5 +/- 26.1 walking up and down stairs and 43.5 +/- 23.9 walking on a flat surface. The mean maximal diastolic pressure (in mm Hg) was 27.8 +/- 14.6 on treadmill exercise, 25.5 +/- 14.9 on bicycle exercise, 24.9 +/- 14.8 walking up and down stairs and 20.4 +/- 12.5 walking on a flat surface. The increase in pulmonary artery pressure did not correlate with the severity of the limiting symptoms except during walking on a flat surface. All @entity1 had marked postural changes in pressure, with the systolic pressure difference from lying to standing ranging from 8 to 25 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure difference ranging from 3 to 13 mm Hg. Eating meals caused an increase in pressure in three @entity1 , but less than that when lying flat. There was an increase in pressure during urination in four @entity1 equal to that when walking on a flat surface. None of these activities was associated with symptoms. Neither symptoms nor pulmonary artery pressure during maximal exercise is the same as during daily activities. This may restrict the value of maximal exercise tests in assessing @entity1 with @entity712 .

title: Pulmonary artery pressure changes during exercise and daily activities in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['systolic pulmonary artery pressure']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['chronic heart failure']


abstract: An open multicentre trial was undertaken in 8 countries to assess the efficacy and tolerance of short course treatment regimens of @entity7015 Trichomoniasis: of 859 @entity1 with @entity365 given a 2g single dose of @entity7015 717 (95.2%) were cured. Side-effects occurred in 82 @entity1 (9.5%) and in 12 were regarded as severe. @entity7014 : of 74 @entity1 with symptomatic @entity7014 given @entity7015 in a single dose of approximately 50 mg/kg body weight, 65 (88%) were parasitologically and symptomatically cured. 2 (2.7%) complained of side-effects, none of which was severe. @entity16126 : of 502 @entity1 , comprising 458 adults and 44 @entity1 , with symptomatic @entity16126 who received @entity7015 as a single daily dose on 2 to 3 consecutive days, 477 (95%) were parasitologically cured with complete or marked improvement in symptoms. Side-effects occurred in 50 @entity1 (10%) and in 11 were regarded as severe. @entity9111 : 82 @entity1 were given @entity7015 in single doses of 2g on 3 consecutive days. The response was rated as excellent in 60 and good in 17 (overall cure 93.9%). Side-effects occurred in 9 @entity1 (10.9) and in 2 were regarded as severe. These findings confirm the efficacy and tolerance of short regimens of @entity7015 given in single daily doses.

title: @entity7015 in the treatment of trichomoniasis, XXXX and amoebiasis. Report of a multicentre study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7015 :: ('MESH:D014011', 'Chemical') :: ['tinidazole']

entities_list: @entity16126 :: ('MESH:D004404', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal amoebiasis', 'Intestinal amoebiasis']

entities_list: @entity9111 :: ('MESH:D008101', 'Disease') :: ['Amoebic liver abscess']

entities_list: @entity365 :: ('MESH:D014627', 'Disease') :: ['trichomonal vaginitis']

entities_list: @entity7014 :: ('MESH:D005873', 'Disease') :: ['Giardiasis', 'giardiasis']

answer: @entity7014 :: (MESH:D005873,Disease) :: ['giardiasis']


abstract: In the present work features of @entity75 were evaluated in capybaras naturally infested with Amblyomma cajennense and Amblyomma dubitatum ticks. Gross appearance of tick bite site was characterized by a mild @entity4 and erythema. Microscopic examination revealed the cement cone, a tube-like homogenous eosinophilic mass penetrating deep into the dermis. This structure was surrounded in the dermis by a cellular infiltrate and free eosinophilic granules and was associated to @entity4 of variable intensity. Necrosis was a common feature deep in the dermis particularly at the far end of the eosinophilic tube. @entity1373 , cellular @entity4 and occasionally @entity39 of keratinocytes could be seen at both sides of the @entity397 . Cellular infiltrate was constituted overwhelmingly by polymorphonuclear leukocytes with eosinophilic granules. In capybaras cells with such features can be either eosinophils or heterophils (pseudoeosinophils), the latter being the equivalent of neutrophils of other mammals. Ultrastructural analysis of the cellular infiltrate revealed the predominance of heterophils over eosinophils. Mononuclear cells and mast cells and, in lesser numbers, basophils were also seen at skin attachment sites. The presence of heterophils in the reaction of capybaras against Amblyomma ticks is an outstanding feature but its role in the reaction to the tick is not known. It is however speculated that capybara heterophils might be associated with a more permissive environment for tick feeding and pathogen transmission as already shown for the equivalent cell type, the neutrophil, in the reaction of the @entity235 against the @entity278 tick.

title: Histopathology of XXXX in naturally infested capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Brazil.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['tick-bite lesions']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling', 'edema']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured epidermis']

entities_list: @entity278 :: ('34632', 'Species') :: ['Rhipicephalus sanguineus']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['tick-bite lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between intra-amniotic sludge seen at cervical ultrasound and @entity3152 . METHOD: This retrospective study included @entity1 at high risk for @entity3152 who were referred for second trimester cervical length measurement by ultrasound between 18 and 32 weeks' gestation. @entity1 with multiple gestations, cerclage, or @entity3152 were excluded. Ultrasound images were reviewed by two independent observers and divided into three groups: (1) no amniotic sludge, (2) light sludge, and (3) dense sludge in the amniotic fluid. The primary outcome measures were delivery within 14 days of examination and delivery before 34 weeks' gestation. Logistic regression analyses were performed to adjust for confounding factors. RESULTS: Eighty-nine @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. Mean gestational age at presentation was 25.8 +/- 4.4 weeks, and mean cervical length was 33 +/- 12 mm. The prevalence of light and dense amniotic fluid sludge was 10.1% and 5.6%, respectively. Delivery within 14 days of examination occurred in four (5.3%) @entity1 with no sludge, in two (22.2%) @entity1 with light sludge, and in three (60.0%) @entity1 with dense sludge (P < 0.01). Delivery before 34 weeks occurred in five (6.7%), four (44.4%) and four (80.0%) @entity1 , respectively (P < 0.01). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that light amniotic fluid sludge, dense sludge, and cervical length of less than 25 mm were all significant and independent predictors of delivery within 14 days of examination and delivery prior to 34 weeks. CONCLUSION: The presence of amniotic fluid sludge is associated with delivery within 14 days and delivery before 34 weeks' gestation.

title: Intra-amniotic sludge, short cervix, and risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery', 'preterm labour']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm delivery']


abstract: This study aims to verify the changes occurring in factors such as interleukin alfa-1 ( @entity1192 ) and growth factor ( @entity3421 ) during surgical menopause, with or without hormone replacement therapy. Forty @entity1 , who underwent hysterectomy, entered this perspective and longitudinal study: in ten out of these forty @entity1 the ovaries were preserved. The remaining thirty @entity1 , whose ovaries were removed, were randomly given either @entity172 or estro-progestin therapy or no therapy at all. The @entity1192 and @entity442 levels, taken a year before, were compared with the levels obtained prior to surgery. No changes in @entity442 levels were observed in @entity1 who underwent oophorectomy without further treatment and in those @entity1 whose ovaries were preserved. A non significant reduction of @entity442 levels was observed in @entity1 treated with @entity172 . A significant reduction (p < 0.007) was observed, instead, when estro-progestin administration was employed. No changes of @entity1192 levels were observed when the ovaries were preserved. This monokyne significantly increased in @entity1 who underwent oophorectomy and were not treated. Treatment with @entity172 or estro-progestin caused a significant reduction of the @entity1192 levels (p < 0.0005) (p < 0.0009). These data strongly suggested that chronic or acute estrogenic deprivation does not play a significant role on the circulating @entity442 levels and, consequently, also on GH levels. This significant decrease in @entity442 levels with the addition of EP, in association with an increase of osteocalcin, suggested an active role of osteoblasts during administration. The increase of @entity1192 , after oophorectomy, was considered to play an important role in menopause @entity170 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Role of @entity1192 and growth factors in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1-alpha', 'IL1-alpha']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']


abstract: After treatment in infancy, @entity1 with imperforate anus can develop @entity29 in adult life. @entity600 are often associated with @entity85 of the sacrum and coccyx (sacrococcygeal agenesis). Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is an effective treatment for incontinent @entity1 with an accompanying acquired @entity1690 . We report two @entity1 treated by SNS for @entity322 secondary to congenital imperforate anus. Two adults presented with @entity322 . Both had a congenital imperforate anus. The first, a female 36 years old, suffered from lifelong @entity322 . She had daily passive soiling, a sensation of incomplete emptying and urgency (less than 5  min). The second, a male 35 years old, had had @entity322 since adulthood. He had urgency (2  min) and daily soiling. Both had undergone coloanal pull-through procedures in infancy. Anal manometry showed a low resting pressure in both @entity1 (30 and 33  cm @entity2507 ) and a reduced peak squeeze pressure increment (15 and 40  cm @entity2507 ). Endoanal ultrasonography demonstrated a complete ring of muscle around the neo-anus in both @entity1 . The @entity1 underwent @entity1897 ( @entity1897 ). Both had partial @entity10145 , which made this technically difficult. After 3  weeks of @entity1897 , the female @entity1 showed no improvement, but the male @entity1 had no further episodes of @entity322 and urgency improved from 2 to 15  min. Accordingly, he underwent implantation of a permanent pulse generator. SNS may be effective for some incontinent @entity1 with imperforate anus even in the presence of partial @entity10145 . The clinician should be aware of any associated @entity10145 and the technical difficulty this may cause. Alternative methods of neuromodulation, such as @entity3815 , could be considered in such cases.

title: Sacral nerve stimulation for XXXX secondary to congenital imperforate anus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter defect']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['faecal incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['bowel dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['Low anorectal malformations']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['PNE', 'peripheral nerve evaluation']

entities_list: @entity3815 :: ('MESH:D060545', 'Disease') :: ['pudendal nerve stimulation']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['congenital deformity']

entities_list: @entity10145 :: ('MESH:C537221', 'Disease') :: ['sacral agenesis']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['faecal incontinence']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are situations in every @entity1 's life that impressively affect her whole life. Pregnancy is one of those situations. Pregnancy period is usually accompanied with positive emotions for the @entity1 and their families. Sometimes @entity308 during pregnancy disturbs daily activities, acceptance of new roles, pregnant @entity1  s life responsibilities and pregnancy consequences. The goal of this study was to investigate the association between @entity308 during pregnancy and @entity3152 consequences and some personal characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cohort study in which the data were collected through cross-sectional method. Primarily, 10 health care centers in Isfahan were randomly selected. The subjects included 378 pregnant @entity1 selected based on the number of the pregnant @entity1 under the coverage of each health center. The data collection tool was a questionnaire which was filled in two phases. The first phase was during pregnancy and included both personal characteristics and Beck Depression Inventory II and the second phase was after delivery and included the subjects' pregnancy age at the time of delivery. Content validity and Cranach's alpha were employed for validity and reliability of the questionnaires, respectively. FINDINGS: Prevalence of @entity308 in the population studied was 26.7%. The results showed that there were significant association between @entity308 during pregnancy and @entity3152 (p < 0.001), the education of pregnant @entity1 (p < 0.001) and their spouses' education (p = 0.001), the pregnant @entity1 's occupation (p = 0.04) and their spouses' occupation (p = 0.009). There was no significant association between @entity308 during pregnancy and the @entity1 ' age of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study showed a relationship between @entity308 during pregnancy and @entity3152 . Therefore, mental health counselors and programmers are suggested to have some educational programs about @entity146 health for midwives and the personnel who provide health care services for pregnant @entity1 .

title: The association of XXXX and @entity3152 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labor']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) of the cervix has traditionally been characterized as an aggressive histologic subtype with poor outcomes. An earlier series from our institution supported a grim prognostic outlook, demonstrating a survival rate of only 55% in @entity1 with @entity5 . We present a comparison of a contemporary series of @entity1 with @entity1358 . METHODS: All cases of @entity1358 treated from 1993 to 1999 identified by our @entity5 registry were reviewed for a variety of clinicopathologic features, treatment strategies, and outcome. RESULTS: A total of 403 cases of invasive @entity5 were identified. There were 22 @entity1 with histologically confirmed @entity1358 , representing only 5.4% of all cervical @entity5 diagnoses. @entity1 with @entity1358 had an overall survival of 73% (16/22) and a disease-free survival of 64% (14/22). The incidence of stage I lesions was 64% (14/22). Overall survival of @entity1 with @entity5 was 86% (12/14), with a disease-free survival of 71% (10/14) at a median follow-up of 28.5 months. Seven stage IB lesions were treated with surgery alone, whereas six received adjuvant radiation or chemoradiation following surgery. Two @entity1 in each treatment group recurred, yielding an overall recurrence rate of 29% (4/14). However, of those who recurred with @entity5 , all 4 @entity1 had two or more intermediate risk factors (lymph-vascular space invasion [LVSI], deep @entity5 invasion, or @entity5 size greater than 3 cm). CONCLUSIONS: Glassy cell @entity189 appears to have a better prognosis than previously reported. We observed that intermediate risk histopathologic features identified in squamous cell cohorts are also predictive of a poorer outcome in @entity1 with @entity1358 . Thus, @entity1 with LVSI, deep stromal invasion, and large @entity5 size are at the highest risk for pelvic relapse and should be candidates for adjuvant treatment.

title: Glassy cell XXXX revisited.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['Glassy cell carcinoma', 'GCC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'stage I disease', 'cancer of the cervix']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms of cytokine genes are an interesting focus for association studies involving @entity66 due to their role in immune cell communications during @entity32 . The aim of this study was to investigate associations of @entity310 @entity15646 , @entity310 @entity15647 , @entity1192 @entity35404 and @entity688 @entity28707 polymorphisms with @entity66 with adjustment for confounding lifestyle and environmental factors. METHODS: This study was performed on 356 Croatian students. The diagnosis of @entity12131 , @entity2490 and @entity483 was based on symptoms reported by the modified International Study of @entity566 in Childhood questionnaire and a positive skin prick test (SPT) to at least one common inhalatory allergen. Genetic polymorphisms were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction-based technique. The influence of personal (gender, body mass index, parental history of @entity66 ), lifestyle (cigarette smoking, pet ownership) and environmental (urban/rural residency, residency in continental/Mediterranean region) factors reported in the questionnaire was investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Compared to the control subjects, univariate analysis showed a significant negative association of the @entity310 @entity15646 polymorphism with @entity12131 , @entity483 , @entity565 and @entity272 and positive SPT. These observations were confirmed in a multivariate model only for @entity483 and @entity272 ( @entity483 : OR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.07-1.00; p = 0.050; @entity272 : OR = 0.29; 95% CI 0.10-0.83; p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a protective role of @entity310 @entity15646 genetic polymorphisms regarding @entity483 and @entity272 even after controlling for personal, lifestyle and environmental factors. Further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular patterns of this association in @entity483 and other chronic @entity272 .

title: Associations of @entity310 @entity15646 , @entity310 XXXX , @entity1192 @entity35404 and @entity688 @entity28707 Genetic Polymorphisms with @entity66 : Asthma, @entity2490 and Dermatitis.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity12131 :: ('MESH:C565292', 'Disease') :: ['atopic asthma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['atopic diseases', 'atopic disease']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['Asthma and Allergies']

entities_list: @entity2490 :: ('MESH:D012220', 'Disease') :: ['atopic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory skin disorders', 'skin symptoms']

answer: @entity15647 :: (c|SUB|G|-238|A,DNAMutation) :: ['-238G>A']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This article presents the VIRTOPS (VIRTual Operation Planning in Orthopaedic Surgery) software system for virtual preoperative planning and simulation of hip operations. The system is applied to simulate the endoprosthetic reconstruction of the hip joint with hemipelvic replacement, and supports the individual design of anatomically adaptable, modular prostheses in @entity3478 surgery. The virtual planning of the operation and the construction of the individual implant are supported by virtual reality techniques. The central step of the operation planning procedure, the placement of the cutting plane in the hip bone, depends strongly on the @entity5 's position. Segmentation of the @entity5 and the bones in MR and CT data, as well as fusion of MR and CT image sequences, is necessary to visualize the @entity5 's position within the hip bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-dimensional models of the @entity1 's hip are generated based on CT image data. A ROI-based segmentation algorithm enables the separation of the @entity3478 in multispectral MR image sequences. A special registration method using segmentation results has been developed to transfer CT and MR data into one common coordinate system. During the 3D planning process, the surgeon simulates the operation and defines the position and geometry of the custom-made endoprosthesis. Stereoscopic visualization and 3D input devices facilitate navigation and 3D interaction in the virtual environment. Special visualization techniques such as texture mapping, color coding of quantitative parameters, and transparency support the determination of the correct position and geometry of the prosthesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The VIRTOPS system enables the complete virtual planning of hip operations with endoprosthetic reconstruction, as well as the optimal placement and design of endoprostheses. After the registration and segmentation of CT and MR data, 3D visualizations of the @entity5 within the bone are generated to support the surgeon during the planning procedure. In the virtual planning environment, individually adapted endoprostheses can be constructed without the need to generate expensive solid 3D models. Furthermore, different operation strategies can be compared easily. Three-dimensional images and digital movies generated during the virtual operation planning can be used for case documentation and @entity1 information purposes.

title: Three-dimensional planning and simulation of hip operations and computer-assisted construction of endoprostheses in XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone tumor']

answer: @entity3478 :: (MESH:D001859,Disease) :: ['bone tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of timing of femur @entity174 stabilization on @entity358 rates in pediatric @entity130 @entity1 . DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Level I @entity130 center. @entity1 : Three hundred eighty-seven previously healthy @entity1 from zero to fifteen years of age with @entity174 . INTERVENTION: @entity174 stabilization: early (less than twenty-four hours after injury) in 213 @entity1 and late in 174 @entity1 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, GCS (Glasgow @entity772 Score), AIS/ISS (Abbreviated Injury Score/Injury Severity Score), timing of @entity174 stabilization, duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay were recorded. @entity358 , including @entity55 , @entity649 , and @entity358 , were recorded. RESULTS: Thirteen @entity1 developed @entity358 . Twelve of these had severe @entity542 (GCS < or = 8). One had sustained an upper cervical spine @entity174 that resulted in @entity1688 . Statistical analysis revealed GCS, GCS < or = 8, ISS, and head and neck AIS to be significant predictors of @entity358 . Early stabilization of femur @entity174 had no apparent effect on the @entity358 rate. CONCLUSIONS: @entity358 are rare in pediatric femur @entity174 @entity1 . @entity1 with severe @entity542 (GCS < or = 8) or cervical @entity1566 are at high risk for @entity358 . The timing of femur @entity174 stabilization does not appear to affect the prevalence of @entity358 in these @entity1 .

title: Early versus delayed stabilization of pediatric femur @entity174 : analysis of 387 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['quadriplegia']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture', 'Femur fracture', 'traumatic diaphyseal femur fractures']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary complications', 'pulmonary embolus', 'pulmonary complication', 'pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injuries']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Health related quality of life (HRQOL) outcome is becoming important and of interest for clinicians and @entity1 alike. HRQOL can be affected immediately after the initial diagnosis of the disease through @entity148 . Further impairment in various aspects of HRQOL is expected over time as the disease progresses, reducing daily activities. Without a gold standard for HRQOL construct in this population, a number of instruments have become available with different characteristics and foci. This article reviews published HRQOL instruments and their psychometric properties in @entity726 @entity1 . Of the 10 instruments reviewed, 2 were generic, 4 were vision-specific and 4 were @entity726 -specific instruments. Overall, vision- and @entity726 -specific instruments appear to be more sensitive than generic instruments in detecting potential changes of HRQOL in the @entity1 . The shortcoming of existing instruments, however, arises from being predominantly focused on physical functions while omitting other aspects relevant to @entity1 HRQOL such as psychological and social well-being. In addition, many vision-specific instruments have inadequate coverage of important issues, such as peripheral and color vision, which are affected by @entity726 . Validation of the instruments using various magnitudes of visual field is warranted and further investigation of their responsiveness is required for them to be more useful for outcome evaluation in the clinical setting. Refinement of an instrument to enhance the incorporation of HRQOL in routine management of @entity1 with @entity726 is briefly described.

title: Health related quality of life instruments for XXXX : a comprehensive review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety of blindness']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma disease', 'glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rates of @entity385 . METHODS: Hospitalized and autopsied cases of @entity64 and transient @entity63 in the 5-county region of greater Cincinnati/northern Kentucky From January 1, 1993, through June 30, 1993, were identified. Incidence rates were age- and sex-adjusted to the 1990 US population. Subtype classification was performed after extensive review of all available imaging, laboratory data, clinical information, and past medical history. Case-control comparisons of risk factors were made with age-, race-, and sex-matched control subjects. RESULTS: Annual incidence rates per 100 000 for first-ever @entity385 were as follows: uncertain cause, 103 (95% confidence interval [CI], 80 to 126); cardioembolic, 56 (95% CI, 40 to 73); small-vessel @entity1188 , 52 (95% CI, 36 to 68); large vessel, 17 (95% CI, 8 to 26); and other causes, 17 (95% CI, 9 to 26). Of the @entity1 diagnosed with an @entity1188 of uncertain cause, 31% underwent echocardiography, 45% underwent carotid ultrasound, and 48% had neither. Compared with age-, race-, and sex- (proportionally) matched control subjects from the greater Cincinnati/northern Kentucky region, the attributable risk of @entity101 for all causes of first-ever @entity385 is 27% (95% CI, 7 to 43); for @entity6 , 21% (95% CI, 11 to 29); and for @entity453 , 9% (95% CI, 2 to 16). For small-vessel @entity385 , the attributable risk of @entity101 is 68% (95% CI, 31 to 85; odds ratio [OR], 5.0), and the attributable risk of @entity6 is 30% (95% CI, 10 to 45; OR, 4.4). For @entity64 , the attributable risk of @entity6 is 25% (95% CI, 4 to 41; OR, 3.1). CONCLUSIONS: @entity64 of uncertain cause is the most common subtype of @entity385 . @entity64 and small-vessel @entity64 are the most important, identifiable causes of first-ever @entity385 . The incidence rates of @entity64 are likely underestimated because noninvasive testing of the carotid arteries and echocardiography were not consistently obtained in @entity64 @entity1 at the 18 regional hospitals. Most @entity64 in blacks can be attributed to @entity101 and @entity6 .

title: Incidence rates of first-ever XXXX : a population-based study.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cardioembolic stroke', 'cardioembolic and large-vessel stroke', 'stroke', 'small-vessel strokes', 'Stroke', 'Cardioembolic stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic attack among the 187 000 blacks']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke', 'ischemic stroke among blacks', 'ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke subtypes among blacks']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the surgical outcome after initial surgery in @entity1 with @entity726 ( @entity726 ). METHODS: Six hundred and twenty-four eyes of 360 consecutive @entity1 who underwent primary combined trabeculotomy-trabeculectomy (CTT) for @entity726 from January 1990 to June 2004 were studied. The main outcome measures were pre- and postoperative intraocular pressures (IOPs), corneal clarity, visual acuities, @entity2516 , success rate, time of surgical failure, complications, and factors associated with poor outcome. RESULTS: IOP reduced from 28.1+/-7.5 to 14.9+/-5.9 mmHg (P<0.0001). Probability of success (IOP<21 mmHg) was 85.2, 80.4, 77.2, 72.6, 66.2, and 57.5% at first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth years, respectively (Kaplan-Meier analysis). The mean follow-up period was 20.3+/-25.6 months (median, 6 months). Preoperatively, 243 eyes (67.5%) had significant @entity4 . Postoperatively, normal corneal transparency was achieved in 162 eyes (46.0%). Data on Snellen visual acuity were available in 100 @entity1 (27.8%). At the final follow-up visit, 42 @entity1 (42.0%) had normal visual acuity (>or=20/60). @entity1714 (mean spherical equivalent, 6.1 D) was the most common (75.0%) @entity2516 . In multivariate analyses, failure increased by three-fold in the presence of preoperative IOP>35 mmHg (hazards ratio (HR)=3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-6.7) and two-fold in cases with a history of prior @entity726 surgery (HR=2.57; 95% CI, 1.1-6.0). There were no major @entity3816 , @entity281 , or @entity3225 . CONCLUSIONS: This series shows that prolonged IOP control can be achieved in @entity1 with @entity726 and 42% of the @entity1 gained normal visual acuity.

title: Surgical outcome of XXXX : a single surgeon's long-term experience from a tertiary eye care centre in India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive errors', 'refractive error']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['corneal oedema']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['PDG', 'glaucoma', 'primary developmental glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['bleb-related infection']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['endophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative complications']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['primary developmental glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity358 subsequent to a cure of @entity1907 has been described only in selected populations. METHODS: We compared pulmonary function in a case-control study of 107 prospectively identified @entity1 with @entity1907 who had completed at least 20 weeks of therapy and 210 @entity1 with @entity9178 ( @entity9178 ). RESULTS: Both groups had similar risk factors for @entity358 . Impairment was present in 59% of @entity378 subjects and 20% of @entity9178 control subjects. FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, and the midexpiratory phase of forced expiratory flow were significantly lower in the treated @entity1907 @entity1 than in the comparison group. Ten @entity1 with a history of @entity1907 (9.4%) had less than half of their expected vital capacity vs one @entity1 (0.53%) in the @entity9178 group. Another 42 @entity1 (39%) with @entity378 had between 20% and 50% of the expected vital capacity vs 36 @entity1 with @entity9178 (17%). After adjusting for risk, survivors of @entity378 were 5.4 times more likely to have abnormal pulmonary function test results than were @entity9178 @entity1 (p > 0.001; 95% confidence interval, 2.98 to 9.68). Birth in the United States (odds ratio [OR], 2.64; p = 0.003) and age (OR, 1.03; p = 0.005) increased the odds of impairment. @entity358 was more common in cigarette smokers; however, after adjusting for demographic and other risk factors, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.074). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that @entity358 after @entity378 is associated with disability worldwide and support more aggressive case prevention strategies and posttreatment evaluation. For many @entity1 with @entity378 , a microbiological cure is the beginning not the end of their illness.

title: XXXX after @entity378 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity9178 :: ('MESH:D055985', 'Disease') :: ['LTBI', 'latent tuberculosis infection']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary impairment', 'Pulmonary impairment']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary impairment']


abstract: NK and NK-like T cells play an essential role in linking innate and adaptive immunity through their ability to secrete @entity379 . The exact trigger initiating production of @entity379 is uncertain. @entity1358 ( @entity1358 )-derived IL-12 is thought to be the classical @entity379 -inducing cytokine but requires an additional stimulus such as @entity379 itself. @entity4452 and @entity8923 are among the first cytokines secreted by @entity1358 in response to binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as @entity558 . Thus, early @entity1358 -derived @entity4452 may be an initial trigger of @entity379 production in NK and NK-like T cells. Herein, we characterized the effect of @entity4452 on @entity379 secretion by NK and NK-like T cells. Our findings show that @entity4452 and @entity8923 synergistically elicit @entity379 production in NK-like T cells but not in NK cells. In contrast, IL-12 together with @entity8923 -induced secretion of @entity379 in both populations. The observed synergy between @entity4452 and @entity8923 in NK-like T cells coincided with @entity4452 -mediated up-regulation of @entity9730 . Furthermore, @entity4452 up-regulated @entity2940 expression in NK-like T cells and, together with @entity8923 , induced proliferation of NK and NK-like T cells. We postulate a role for @entity1358 -derived @entity4452 in the activation of NK and NK-like T cells early in @entity281 and in shaping T(h)1 differentiation, via induction of @entity379 , which provides the additional stimulus needed for @entity1358 to subsequently produce IL-12.

title: XXXX modulates @entity2940 +/CD3- NK cell and @entity2940 +/CD3+ NK-like T cell function differentially from IL-12.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['APC', 'Antigen-presenting cell']

answer: @entity4452 :: (51561,Gene) :: ['IL-23']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Functional recovery after @entity385 is a complex phenomenon that depends on various factors. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in cerebral perfusion during motor activity in @entity64 @entity1 with very early recovery of motor function. METHODS: We included 9 consecutive @entity1 hospitalized for acute-onset @entity1269 who showed complete functional recovery within 24 hours. CT of the brain showed an @entity63 or hemorrhagic @entity75 in areas compatible with the symptomatology. Within 36 hours (range, 28 to 36) all @entity1 were examined for the effects of a thumb-to-finger opposition task on cerebral blood flow in the middle cerebral arteries, evaluated by means of bilateral transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Data were compared with those of 9 healthy subjects matched for age and sex. In @entity1 , the evaluation was repeated 2 to 4 months later. RESULTS: A comparable increase in flow velocity (% mean+/-SD) was observed with respect to baseline in the contralateral middle cerebral artery during motor activity with @entity1 ' normal (8.8+/-2.0%) and recovered hand (9.7+/-4.1%) and with both hands of control subjects (10.6+/-1.4%). In the middle cerebral artery ipsilateral to the hand performing the motor task, the increase in flow velocity was significantly higher (P<0.0001) during movement of the recovered hand in @entity1 (8.6+/-2.7%) than during movement of the normal hand in both @entity1 (2.6+/-1.6%) and control subjects (1.4+/-0.7%). In @entity1 , pattern of changes in flow velocity during motor performance remained the same in the second evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that areas of the healthy hemisphere can be activated soon after a focal injury and contribute to the positive evolution of a functional deficit in some @entity1 . This phenomenon of ipsilateral activation cannot be considered transient because it is evident months after @entity64 onset.

title: Bilateral hemispheric activation in the early recovery of motor function after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral lesion']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: 1. In the present study, responses of @entity1 omental small arteries and veins to @entity2232 and @entity6423 were characterized by use of the ETB receptor selective agonist, sarafotoxin S6c, the @entity20292 receptor antagonist, @entity11344 , the ETB receptor antagonist, @entity47422 , the NO-synthase inhibitor @entity7293 ( @entity7293 , 300 microM) and @entity3352 (10 microM). 2. Small arteries (internal diameter 413 +/- 22 microns) and parallel running veins (646 +/- 35 microns) were mounted in a myograph under a normalized tension equivalent to 90% of a transmural pressure of 100 mmHg and 19 mmHg in vivo, respectively. 3. In small arteries and veins, @entity2232 caused a concentration-dependent increase in wall tension (Emax = 3.90 +/- 0.56 mN mm-1 and 1.90 m +/- 0.32 mN mm-1 respectively, P < 0.05) and was equipotent (arteries: pD2 = 8.91 +/- 0.11; veins: pD2 = 8.63 +/- 0.08, NS). In endothelium intact arteries, @entity7293 significantly enhanced the sensitivity to @entity2232 (pD2 control: 8.92 +/- 0.16; pD2 @entity7293 : 9.37 +/- 0.11; P < 0.05). @entity7293 did not affect the sensitivity of veins to @entity2232 . @entity3352 was without effect in arteries and veins. In veins, @entity6423 was about a hundred times less potent than @entity2232 and showed a biphasic response curve. Small arteries did not contract to @entity6423 . Neither small arteries nor veins contracted to sarafotoxin S6c. Furthermore, no relaxation to @entity2232 or sarafotoxin S6c was seen in any precontracted vessels. 4. @entity11344 (0.03-3 MicroM) produced a concentration-dependent rightward parallel displacement of the endothelin-l concentration-response curve in small arteries and veins yielding pA2 values of 7.09 and 7.48 respectively. The slope of the Schild plot in arteries and veins was 1.26 +/- 0.24 (NS from unity) and 0.61 +/- 0.13 (P <0.05 compared to unity) respectively. @entity47422 (3 MicroM) did not affect the potency of @entity2232 in arteries and veins. In veins, the low sensitivity component (pD2 = 7.16 +/- 0.08) of the biphasic response curve to @entity6423 was completely blocked by @entity11344 (3 MicroM), whereas the high sensitivity component (pD2 = 8.66 +/- 0.08) was resistant to @entity11344 (3 MicroM) and @entity47422 (3 MicroM).5. These results indicate that contractions of @entity1 small vessels to endothelin-l are predominantly mediated by @entity20292 receptors and that @entity842 modulates the response to endothelin-l in small arteries but not in veins. The different antagonistic potency of @entity11344 against endothelin-l and the differential @entity2232 / @entity6423 potency ratios in arteries and veins provide evidence for the hypothesis that @entity20292 receptors in @entity1 small arteries are different from @entity20292 receptors in @entity1 small veins. There is no evidence of contractions mediated by 'classical' ETB receptors in these vessels, but small veins appear to contain a functional non @entity20292 /non ETB receptor with a high affinity for @entity6423 .

title: Endothelin receptors mediating functional responses in XXXX small arteries and veins.

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'NG-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin', 'indomethacin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without @entity2419 ( @entity9147 /P) and nonsyndromic @entity2419 only (nsCPO) are the most frequent subphenotypes of orofacial clefts. A common syndromic form of orofacial clefting is @entity558 ( @entity558 ) where individuals have CL/P or CPO, often but not always associated with lower @entity558 . Recently,    5% of @entity558 -affected individuals were identified with mutations in the grainy head-like 3 gene ( @entity33896 ). To investigate @entity33896 in nonsyndromic clefting, we sequenced its coding region in 576 Europeans with @entity9147 /P and 96 with nsCPO. Most strikingly, nsCPO-affected individuals had a higher minor allele frequency for @entity49523 (0.099) than control subjects (0.049; p = 1.24  * 10(-2)). This association was replicated in nsCPO/control cohorts from Latvia, Yemen, and the UK (pcombined = 2.63  * 10(-5); ORallelic = 2.46 [95% CI 1.6-3.7]) and reached genome-wide significance in combination with imputed data from a GWAS in nsCPO triads (p = 2.73  * 10(-9)). Notably, @entity49523 is not associated with @entity9147 /P (p = 0.45). @entity49523 encodes the highly conserved @entity49524 ( @entity49525 ) (GERP = 5.3), which prediction programs denote as deleterious, has a CADD score of 29.6, and increases protein binding capacity in  silico. Sequencing also revealed four novel truncating @entity33896 mutations including two that were de novo in four families, where all nine individuals harboring mutations had nsCPO. This is important for genetic counseling: given that @entity558 is rare compared to nsCPO, our data suggest that dominant @entity33896 mutations are more likely to cause nonsyndromic than syndromic CPO. Thus, with rare dominant mutations and a common risk variant in the coding region, we have identified an important contribution for @entity33896 in nsCPO.

title: Sequencing the XXXX Coding Region Reveals Rare Truncating Mutations and a Common Susceptibility Variant for @entity2419 .

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['Van der Woude syndrome', 'lip pits', 'VWS']

entities_list: @entity49524 :: ('p|SUB|T|454|M', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.Thr454Met']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['cleft palate']

answer: @entity33896 :: (57822,Gene) :: ['GRHL3']


abstract: AIMS: The @entity1307 - @entity5859 pathway plays a role in @entity5 growth, @entity3 and treatment resistance and is a potential target in oncological treatment. As the @entity5859 status in @entity1 @entity1653 is unknown, our aim was to characterize @entity5859 expression in these @entity5 . METHODS: We examined 131 @entity1653 samples of all WHO grades from 116 @entity1 by immunohistochemistry for @entity5859 . Among these, 25 @entity1653 showed @entity1313 and 29 @entity1 had a further @entity5 recurrence. A group of 20 @entity1 without @entity5 recurrence served as controls. In 12 cases we were able to compare both the primary and the following recurrent @entity5 . The presence of @entity5859 in @entity1653 was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: @entity5859 was expressed in all @entity1653 . Statistical analysis revealed that the mean expression levels of @entity5859 were significantly lower in primary @entity5 with known recurrence compared with a recurrence-free control group. Additional matched pair analysis in individual cases showed no significant differences between primary and recurrent @entity5 . No significant correlation between @entity5859 expression and WHO grade, age, sex or @entity1313 was detected. Using specific primer pairs for RT-PCR, we were able to detect all three known isoforms of @entity5859 : the full-length isoform @entity5859 -F, the truncated isoform @entity5859 -T and the soluble isoform @entity5859 -S. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate the expression of @entity5859 in @entity1653 . Lower @entity5859 mean levels might be a useful marker for a higher recurrence risk, but further studies are needed to clarify the influence of @entity5859 on recurrences and the role of the different isoforms.

title: XXXX receptor is expressed in @entity1653 and lower levels are associated with @entity5 recurrence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain invasion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas', 'meningioma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1307 :: (2056,Gene) :: ['Erythropoietin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Adequate provision of appropriate healthcare resources for @entity1 with chronic @entity16 such as @entity191 ( @entity191 ) requires knowledge of the impact of the illness on their life. Quality of life (QoL) instruments measure the impact of the disease on general well-being that cannot be fully appreciated by clinical rating scales and allow comparisons with other @entity1 groups and the general population. OBJECTIVES: To assess QoL in a population-based sample of @entity1 with @entity191 in different disease stages in comparison with the general population. METHODS: All 124 @entity1 with @entity191 seen in a population-based study on the prevalence of @entity304 in the London area were asked to complete a QoL battery including the EuroQoL 5D (EQ-5D), the Medical Outcome Study Short Form (SF 36), and the 39-item @entity191 questionnaire (PDQ-39). An interview and complete neurologic examination, including the Hoehn and Yahr scale, were performed on the same day. The @entity1 ' QoL scores were compared with published QoL norms from the United Kingdom population. RESULTS: Quality of life, as measured by the PDQ-39, the EQ-5D, and the physical summary of the SF 36, deteriorated significantly with increasing disease severity. The greatest impairment was seen in the areas related to physical and social functioning, whereas reports of @entity158 and poor emotional adjustment had similar prevalence in @entity1 with @entity191 and the general population. The @entity73 was seen in all age groups and was similar for @entity1 and @entity1 , but the differences between @entity1 with @entity191 and the general population were most marked in the younger @entity1 groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity191 interferes with various aspects of QoL, particularly those related to physical and social functioning. This information should be taken into account in the clinical management and planning and allocation of healthcare resources to this population.

title: How does XXXX affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of QoL']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disorders']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", "Parkinson's Disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity51446 is an illegal @entity35 poison that has resulted in a number of accidental mass poisonings in China. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long term outcome of @entity51446 @entity4968 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of @entity302 attacks in 370 @entity1 in the Hubei province of P. R. China who had survived @entity51446 @entity4968 in the last decade was undertaken by means of telephone calls, letters, and interviews. Data describing the initial acute episode was gathered from medical and public health records. RESULTS: Among the 370 @entity1 surveyed (188 males, 182 females, age range 10 to 71 y), 352 experienced @entity410 during the initial @entity4968 . One hundred fifty-eight individuals are currently @entity410 -free, after an average medication period of 2.93 years. The other @entity1 have recurrent @entity302 , including 156 with @entity410 and 39 with partial @entity410 . Six @entity1 have other @entity16 . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: @entity51446 , a @entity35 poison sometimes ingested by mistake, blocks @entity1246 receptors and causes @entity410 . These @entity410 can persist for years after the initial @entity4968 , even when no @entity410 are present initially. @entity1092 , which has the ability to increase the amount of @entity1246 in the CNS, would be a reasonable choice for the treatment of @entity302 caused by @entity51446 @entity4968 .

title: Long term effects of @entity51446 XXXX : an observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'tonic-clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological problems']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium valproate']

entities_list: @entity51446 :: ('MESH:C010349', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetramine', 'tetramine']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity4968 :: (MESH:D011041,Disease) :: ['poisoning']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies in @entity1 and adults indicate that the prevalence of @entity402 and @entity56 is lower in previously socialist countries in Eastern Europe compared with countries with a market economy while revealed risk factors are similar. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of @entity402 among adults in Tartu, Estonia and to compare the prevalence of risk factors for @entity1576 in Estonia and Sweden. METHODS: As a part of cross-sectional study-European Community Respiratory Health Survey-random samples of 20-44 year olds (n = 351 in Tartu and n = 470 in Uppsala) and @entity1 of the same age with @entity1109 or on current @entity565 medication according to a postal questionnaire (n = 95 in Tartu and n = 201 in Uppsala) were interviewed and circulating IgE antibodies were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity402 was 19% in Tartu and 32% in Uppsala (P < 0.001). The prevalence of sensitization to pollen was twice lower (11.5 vs 23.2; P<0.001) and the prevalence of pollen associated @entity565 symptoms was four times lower (1.7 vs 6.8; P<0.001) in Tartu than in Uppsala while sensitization to pollen was an equally large risk factor for @entity565 in both centres. Age was inversely related to cat and pollen associated symptoms of @entity7370 in Uppsala (OR 0.6 and 0.7, respectively, P < 0.05) but not in Tartu. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity402 was lower in Tartu, Estonia than in Uppsala Sweden. Perception of @entity56 seemed to be lower in Tartu than in Uppsala. Age did not influence the prevalence of @entity402 nor @entity56 in Tartu, while in Uppsala age was inversely related to clinical @entity566 . This could suggest a cohort effect underlying the increasing prevalence of @entity566 in Western Europe.

title: Atopy and XXXX among adults in Tartu, Estonia compared with Uppsala, Sweden.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity7370 :: ('OMIM:613207', 'Disease') :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['asthma like symptoms']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic disorders']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['atopy and allergic respiratory diseases']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic disorders']


abstract: This study evaluates the relation between total serum @entity165 , @entity1674 , and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 , and subsequent total, cardiovascular, and @entity5 mortality. These data are from 4,946 US and 5,198 Polish @entity1 and @entity1 aged 35 to 64 years at baseline with mortality follow-up over 13 years. Total @entity165 showed a U-shaped or J-shaped relation to age-adjusted total and @entity5 mortality across all samples, with significance only in Polish @entity1 . The multivariable adjusted relative risk for total and @entity5 mortality was higher in the lowest @entity165 category only in Poland and significant only for @entity5 . @entity65 was positively related to @entity165 , but only in Polish @entity1 and US @entity1 was mortality significantly higher in the highest versus the lowest @entity165 category. The multivariable adjusted relative risk of @entity65 was greater in the highest versus the lowest @entity165 category, but this trend was significant only in the US. HDL @entity165 was inversely related to total (significant only in US @entity1 ) and @entity65 (significant only in US and Polish @entity1 ). A similar, but not significant, association of HDL @entity165 was found with @entity5 mortality. The multivariable adjusted relative risk of total mortality was inversely related to HDL @entity165 significant in both the US and Poland. The relative risk of @entity65 was significantly lower at higher HDL @entity165 levels in all samples. The relative risk of @entity5 mortality was highest and significant at the lowest HDL @entity165 level in the US and Poland. Elevated @entity1674 were associated with increased risk of total and @entity65 , but this trend was significant only in the US. @entity5 mortality was not significantly related to @entity1674 . The present study indicates that in geographically and culturally diverse populations, the relation of lipids with @entity65 is similar. The relation with total and @entity5 mortality varies by country, gender, and lipids. This suggests that relations of total and @entity5 mortality with lipids or lipoproteins are weaker than associations with @entity65 .

title: Association of lipids and lipoprotein level with total mortality and mortality caused by cardiovascular and @entity5 (Poland and United States collaborative study on XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality', 'cardiovascular death', 'Cardiovascular mortality']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular epidemiology']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Recent observations suggest the existence of a myocardial endothelin (ET) system and its possible involvement in left-ventricular @entity1283 and failure. However, nothing is known about the role of @entity296 in @entity8158 . METHODS: @entity35 (80-100 g) were given an intraperitoneal injection of saline (controls) or @entity6560 (50 mg/kg) resulting in @entity120 -induced @entity1283 (n = 11 in both groups). After 10 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and hearts perfused in vitro to determine levels of big @entity1827 in coronary effluent, interstitial fluid and ventricular tissue homogenates; plasma levels were also determined. RESULTS: In @entity6560 -treated animals, weights of right ventricles were 1.5 and of right atria 1.8-fold higher than in controls (p < 0.05), indicating substantial @entity8158 as also evident from greatly increased myocardial production of atrial natriuretic peptide. Left-ventricular weights were not different. Release of big @entity1827 in coronary effluent, and of @entity1827 in coronary effluent and interstitial transudate were similar in control and @entity1184 hearts (p > 0.05). Disruption of endothelium with collagenase reduced release of both peptides close to zero, indicating endothelial (not myocardial) origin of the peptides. Levels of big @entity1827 were similar in left ventricles of both experimental groups, but lower in right ventricles of @entity1184 than control hearts (p < 0.05), reflecting increased tissue mass rather than reduced peptide production. On the other hand, plasma levels of both peptides and of ANP were twofold and levels of angiotensin II 1.3-fold higher in @entity35 with right- @entity1283 than in controls (p < 0.05 in each case). CONCLUSION: These data do not support a role for local cardiac @entity1827 and/or big @entity1827 in @entity8158 , but point to blood-borne endothelins as possible mediators.

title: Cardiac endothelin and big endothelin in right- @entity1283 due to XXXX -induced @entity120 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ET']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial hypertrophy', 'heart hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity6560 :: ('MESH:D016686', 'Chemical') :: ['monocrotaline']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity8158 :: ('MESH:D017380', 'Disease') :: ['right-ventricular hypertrophy']

answer: @entity6560 :: (MESH:D016686,Chemical) :: ['monocrotaline']


abstract: Surveillance of @entity6081 ( @entity6081 ) is an important instrument in the internal and external quality control in surgery. In the past it has been shown that statistics on surgical wound @entity281 are helpful for @entity2737 rates. With the engagement of nurses for clinical hygiene at our hospital we had the possibility to evaluate programs for surveillance of @entity580 . In a pilot study we began with the surveillance of @entity6081 . The set of data registered was defined by WHOCARE, the software-package used in the study which is distributed by the WHO Europe. Criteria of the NNIS-Study for @entity6081 were applied. Between March and December 1992 approximately 1.300 surgical interventions had been registered. Although the dataset in WHOCARE is limited with regard to an easy surveillance, it was possible to find out @entity281 rates dependent on all major parameters. Additionally reports on individual @entity281 rates and tables containing information of infected cases were sent to every surgeon. By analyzing some of the problems detected during the study, we developed an improved protocol for routine surveillance of @entity6081 . In the future it will save time and will allow the best quality of collected data in narrow collaboration between the departments of microbiology, clinical hygiene and surgery. This protocol should be transferable to other hospitals and represents an anticipated precautious measure with regard to legal regulations on quality control in medicine.

title: [Introduction of an XXXX registration program for surgical wound @entity281 based on the WHOCARE software of WHO].

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity6081 :: ('MESH:D013530', 'Disease') :: ['SWI', 'surgical wound-infection']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of wound infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal number of @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) examined to stage pN0 @entity5 after surgery for ampulla of @entity189 (AVC). METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively 127 @entity1 with AVC who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (1990-2008). Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: Fifty-nine @entity1 (46.5 %) were pN0, whereas 68 @entity1 (53.5 %) were @entity3121 . The 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) was worse for @entity3121 @entity1 than for pN0 @entity1 (46 vs. 77 %; P < 0.0001). In the pN0 cohort, the optimal cut-off number of @entity1600 analyzed was found to be 12. The 5-year DSS for @entity1 with  <= 12 @entity1600 was 50 %, compared with 89 % in those with >12 @entity1600 (P = 0.001). By multivariate analysis, a @entity1600 count >12 was the only independent predictor associated with improved survival (HR 0.16, P = 0.003) among pN0 @entity1 . Among @entity3121 @entity1 , a @entity1600 count >12 was associated with a significantly better 5-year DSS (59 vs. 22 %; P = 0.027). @entity1 with a lymph node ratio (LNR) >0.20 had a 5-year DSS of 24 %, compared with 58 % in those with 0 < LNR  <= 0.20 (P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Removal of more than 12 @entity1600 for examination is associated with improved survival rate after surgery for AVC in both pN0 and @entity3121 @entity1 .

title: Adequacy of lymph node retrieval for XXXX and its association with improved staging and survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['LN', 'lymph nodes']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Vater carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['ampullary cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major risk factor for many diseases. The paper calculates the economic impact and the cost per Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) resulting from the adoption of eight interventions comprising the clinical and part of the community components of the National Prevention and Health Promotion Program (NPHPP) of the Israeli Ministry of Health (MOH) which represents the @entity28 control implementation arm of the MOH Healthy Israel 2020 Initiative. METHODS: Health care costs per @entity1 were calculated by body mass index (BMI) by applying Israeli cost data to aggregated results from international studies. These were applied to BMI changes from eight intervention programmes in order to calculate reductions in direct treatment costs. Indirect cost savings were also estimated as were additional costs due to increased longevity of program @entity1 . Data on costs and QALYs gained from Israeli and International dietary interventions were combined to provide cost-utility estimates of an intervention program to reduce @entity28 in Israel over a range of recidivism rates. RESULTS: On average, @entity1 who were overweight (25  <= BMI < 30)had health care costs that were 12.2% above the average health care costs of @entity1 with normal or sub-normal weight to height ratios (BMI < 25). This differential in costs rose to 31.4% and 73.0% for @entity28 @entity1 , respectively.For overweight (25  <= BMI < 30) and @entity28 @entity1 (30  <= BMI < 40), costs per @entity1 for the interventions (including the screening overhead) ranged from 35 NIS for a community intervention to 860 NIS, reflecting the intensity of the clinical setting intervention and the unit costs of the professionals carrying out the intervention [e.g., dietician]. Expected average BMI decreases ranged from 0.05 to 0.90. Higher intervention costs and larger BMI decreases characterized the two clinical lifestyle interventions for the severely @entity28 (BMI >=  40).A program directed at the entire Israeli population aged 20 and over, using a variety of eight different interventions would cost 2.07 billion NIS overall. In the baseline scenario (with an assumed recidivism rate of 50% per annum), approximately 620,000,000 NIS would be recouped in the form of decreased treatment costs and indirect costs, increased productivity and decreased absenteeism. After discounting the 89,000,000 NIS additional health costs attributable to these extra life years, it is estimated that the total net costs to society would be 1.55 billion NIS. This total net cost was relatively stable to increases in the program's recidivism rates, but highly sensitive to reductions in recidivism rates.Under baseline assumptions, implementation of the cluster of interventions would save 32,671 discounted QALYs at a cost of only 47,559 NIS per QALY, less than half of the Israeli per capita GNP (104,000 NIS). Thus implementation of these components of the NPHPP should be considered very cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Despite the large costs of such a large national program to control @entity28 , cost-utility analysis strongly supports its introduction.

title: Economic effects of interventions to reduce XXXX in Israel.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity', 'obese and severely obese', 'obese']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: @entity0 diagnosed during pregnancy or 1 to 2 years after birth often occurs at a late stage. Little is known about @entity5 characteristics in the high-risk period shortly after a childbirth. We here explore whether stage of disease differs according to timing of births. Results are based on 22,351 Norwegian @entity0 @entity1 of parity 0 to 5, ages 20 to 74 years. The proportion of stage II to IV @entity5 was considerably higher among parous than nulliparous @entity1 at age <30 years (52.7% versus 36.8%, P=0.009), but similar or lower in other age groups (P(interaction)=0.029). In general, the largest proportion of stage II to IV @entity5 was found among @entity1 diagnosed during pregnancy or <2 years after birth. However, among @entity1 with late-age births (first or second birth >or=30 years, third birth >or=35 years), as well as @entity1 with an early second birth (<25 years), the proportion with @entity1442 was rather similar or even higher among those diagnosed 2 to 6 years after birth (49.3-56.0%). The association between clinical stage and time since birth reached statistical significance among @entity1 with a late first or second birth and among all triparous @entity1 (P <or= 0.032). The subgroups with a high proportion of @entity1442 2 to 6 years after birth corresponded quite well to those previously found to have the most pronounced transient increase in risk after birth. Thus, pregnancy hormones may have a progressive effect on @entity0 in addition to a possible promoting effect. A potential effect of @entity4090 is discussed.

title: Clinical stage of XXXX by parity, age at birth, and time since birth: a progressive effect of pregnancy hormones?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'breast cancer tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']