abstract: Duplicated genes are important in the evolution and ecology of plant-defences because herbivore and pathogen attack can be countered via functional diversification at two levels: among duplicated loci and within loci. We explore molecular sequence variation for two members of a defence-related gene family, @entity958 trypsin inhibitors (ATTI), in A. thaliana and a closely related species, A. lyrata subspp. petraea. A worldwide sample of the inbreeding annual A. thaliana had less genetic variation at two ATTI loci (piTOTAL <or= 0.0006) than observed previously at other functional loci. A significant excess of high frequency derived alleles in the signal sequence and 5' UTR of @entity62712 was consistent with a model of positive selection. However, demographic processes such as population subdivision and expansion, both likely to have occurred in A. thaliana during the last 10 000 years, can also give rise to similar deviations from neutrality. A single population of A. lyrata subspp. petraea in Germany had up to an order of magnitude more standing genetic variation at ATTI loci than the species-wide sample of A. thaliana. Although the level of variability for @entity62713 and @entity62712 within this single population was similar to, or even greater than, observed species-wide diversity for other loci in A. lyrata, there was little evidence to reject an equilibrium neutral model. A spatially explicit sample of 87 A. lyrata subspp. petraea individuals detected outbreeding (FIS = -0.16; FIT = -0.15) but little population subdivision (FST = 0.006) in this self-incompatible perennial herb. Genetic differences between @entity958 species were consistent with, but not fully explained by, divergence in ecology and life history. Diversification appears to have occurred in different functional domains for the tandemly duplicated @entity62713 and @entity62712 genes; the majority of fixed replacements in @entity62713 surround the enzyme binding site of the mature protein, whereas in @entity62712 most functional evolutionary change is located in the signal peptide. This pattern is consistent with a hypothesis of subfunctionalization in trypsin inhibitory function.

title: Population genetics of tandem @entity62713 genes in XXXX species with contrasting ecology and life history.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis', 'Arabidopsis thaliana']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: The association between @entity397 was investigated by questionnaire in 138 @entity1 who underwent repair of an @entity397 , and in a group of individuals nominated by the @entity1 , matched for age, sex, and occupation. A total of 102 @entity1 (74%) and 128 peer nominated controls (71%) replied to the questionnaire. Of the 102 respondent @entity1 , 18 had an officebased job, 47 were involved in skilled nonmanual work, and 16 were retired. Back @entity158 had been experienced by 63 of the @entity1 who replied to the questionnaire, and by 91 (75%) of the individuals in the control group (difference not significant). In about 30% of both groups, the @entity158 confined them to bed for at least two days, and resulted in absence from work. Thirteen of the @entity1 and 16 of the controls had undergone thoracic, lumbar, or sacral radiography. One individual in each group had received surgery for back @entity158 . However, 35 of 102 @entity1 had experienced @entity158 before @entity397 . @entity158 of a similar nature had been experienced by only 15 individuals in the control group (12%) (p < 0.001). Using this study design, we found a highly significant association between @entity397 . We propose that this association could be due to impaired afferent signals from the lower leg, or to similar collagen or @entity455 of the @entity924 .

title: XXXX : a possible correlation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral disc and the Achilles tendon']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['Achilles tendon rupture', 'Achilles tendon rupture and sciatica']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'sciatic pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['Achilles tendon rupture and sciatica']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Systemic and local @entity301 ( @entity301 ) risk factors participate in atherogenesis. The role of wall shear stress, a major local risk factor, remains to be elucidated. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-four subjects were carefully characterized for the presence of @entity101 , @entity407 , @entity6 , @entity28 , and cigarette smoking and were divided into low- and high-risk groups. They underwent echo-Doppler examination of the carotid arteries. @entity731 and stenoses were detected, @entity121 ( @entity121 ) was measured, and wall shear stress was calculated. RESULTS: One hundred eight subjects were classified as low-risk individuals. The prevalence of @entity2998 in this group was 18.5%. Wall shear stress was 24.23+/-7.21 dyne/cm(2) in individuals without @entity731 and 16.89+/-5.48 in those with @entity731 (P<0.000). In multiple regression analyses, wall shear stress, body mass index, and HDL @entity165 were inversely associated and total @entity165 was directly associated with the presence of @entity731 ; only wall shear stress was associated with @entity121 . In the high-risk group the prevalence of @entity731 was 45.2%. Wall shear stress was 20.44+/-6.82 dyne/cm(2) in subjects without @entity731 and 17.84+/-6.88 dyne/cm(2) in those with @entity731 (P=0.037). Age was the only variable associated with both @entity2998 and @entity121 . CONCLUSIONS: In subjects traditionally considered at low @entity301 risk, intima-media thickening and @entity2998 are significantly associated with low wall shear stress. In contrast, in subjects at high @entity301 risk, the contribution of wall shear stress seems to be masked, and age becomes the only factor significantly associated with both @entity2998 and @entity121 .

title: Wall shear stress is associated with @entity121 and XXXX in subjects at low @entity301 risk.

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'Atherosclerotic plaques']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2998 :: (MESH:D002340,Disease) :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']


abstract: The specificity of @entity1 liver lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) towards a series of oligosaccharide substrates derived from high- @entity3913 , complex and hybrid @entity2734 -linked glycans and from the storage products in @entity8351 was investigated. The enzyme hydrolyses all alpha(1-2)-, alpha(1-3)- and alpha(1-6)-mannosidic linkages in these glycans without a requirement for added @entity8862 , albeit at different rates. A major finding of this study is that all the substrates are hydrolysed by non-random pathways. These pathways were established by determining the structures of intermediates in the digestion mixtures by a combination of h.p.t.l.c. and h.p.l.c. before and after acetolysis. The catabolic pathway for a particular substrate appears to be determined by its structure, raising the possibility that degradation occurs by an uninterrupted sequence of steps within one active site. The structures of the digestion intermediates are compared with the published structures of the storage products in @entity38128 and of intact @entity2734 -linked glycans. Most but not all of the digestion intermediates derived from high- @entity3913 glycans have structures found in intact @entity2734 -linked glycans of @entity1 glycoproteins or among the storage products in the urine of @entity1 with @entity38128 . However, the relative abundances of these structures suggests that the catabolic pathway is not the same as the processing pathway. In contrast, the intermediates formed from the digestion of oligosaccharides derived from hybrid and complex N-glycans are completely different from any processing intermediates and also from the oligosaccharides of composition Man2-4GlcNAc that account for 80-90% of the storage products in @entity8351 . It is postulated that the structures of these major storage products arise from the action of an exo/endo-alpha(1-6)-mannosidase on the partially catabolized oligomannosides that accumulate in the absence of the main lysosomal alpha-mannosidase.

title: The substrate-specificity of XXXX lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase in relation to genetic @entity8351 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity38128 :: ('MESH:D044904', 'Disease') :: ['mannosidosis']

entities_list: @entity2734 :: ('CHEBI:17196', 'Chemical') :: ['asparagine']

entities_list: @entity8351 :: ('MESH:D008363', 'Disease') :: ['alpha-mannosidosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Recently, major advances have been made in the therapy of chronic @entity712 . New vasodilatory and positive inotropic drugs as well as specific antagonists to activated @entity21136 have added new therapeutic dimensions. Dopaminergic stimulation, which has been used in @entity712 for many years has now been introduced with the new substance @entity6309 into the therapy of @entity712 . The therapeutic efficacy of new drugs in the treatment of chronic @entity712 has to be evaluated in terms of their prognostic and therapeutic impact for improvement and symptomatology, which sometimes does not necessarily lead to improvement of prognosis. @entity6309 has potential in improving prognosis by its major effects: vasodilatation, decrease in vasoactive hormones and improvement in renal blood flow and water diuresis. In the long-term therapy of chronic @entity712 @entity6309 has been useful in mobilization of @entity4 in @entity697 , improvement of symptoms according to the New York Heart Classification and of exercise tolerance. In addition improvement of hemodynamics with an increase in cardiac output, a decrease in filling pressures and in peripheral resistance has been demonstrated. Efficacy of diuretics is improved and @entity6309 has been a valuable adjunct in the pre-operative therapy before cardiac transplantation. Major positive inotropic effects in the usual dose of 100 mg tid, as well as other potentially dangerous effects of beta-receptor-stimulation (such as malignant, @entity943 ) can be largely excluded. Historically, controls of @entity1 with @entity712 of similar severity do not suggest any unfavorable effect of this drug on prognosis.

title: [ XXXX --clinical results].

entities_list: @entity21136 :: ('MESH:D018377', 'Chemical') :: ['neurohormones']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'chronic heart failure', 'acute heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute decompensation']

entities_list: @entity6309 :: ('MESH:C023487', 'Chemical') :: ['ibopamine', 'Ibopamine']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity6309 :: (MESH:C023487,Chemical) :: ['Ibopamine']


abstract: Activation and accumulation of leukocytes constitute a rate-limiting step in @entity63 /reperfusion (I/R)-induced @entity3145 . The signalling mechanisms, however, that regulate leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the colonic microcirculation are not known. The objective of the study was to define the role of CXC chemokines ( @entity9701 and KC) in I/R-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the @entity19 colon. In C57/B16 @entity19 , @entity63 was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 30 min and leukocyte rolling and stationary adhesion were examined in venules after 120 and 240 min of reperfusion. I/R provoked a clear-cut increase in leukocyte rolling and adhesion in colonic venules. Both @entity9701 and KC were upregulated at the gene and protein level in the reperfused colon. Immunoneutralization of @entity9701 and KC by monoclonal antibodies reduced reperfusion-induced firm adhesion of leukocytes by 73% and 75%, respectively. Interestingly, combined inhibition of @entity9701 and KC additionally decreased leukocyte rolling by 79%, but did not further reduce the number of firmly adherent leukocytes. To study the role of @entity26 free radicals (OFRs) in the regulation of CXC chemokine expression, additional animals were pretreated with the @entity3624 -oxidase inhibitor @entity208 . In fact, @entity208 treatment reduced the colonic levels of @entity9701 and KC by 62% and 64%, respectively. This study elucidates important interactions between OFRs and chemokines in the I/R-induced leukocyte response in the @entity19 colon. Moreover, our data demonstrate that CXC chemokines play a fundamental role in colonic I/R and that functional interference with CXC chemokines may protect against pathological @entity32 in the colon.

title: @entity26 radical-dependent expression of CXC chemokines regulate XXXX /reperfusion-induced leukocyte adhesion in the @entity19 colon.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['colonic ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aetiology of a @entity914 can be due to a functional or organic condition. Organic aetiologies are diverse and encompass organ failures, @entity281 , @entity3147 and space-occupying lesions. @entity145 are rare, benign space-occupying lesions formed by an arachnoid membrane containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In most cases they are diagnosed by accident. Until recently, the coexistence of @entity145 with @entity146 disturbances had not been closely covered in the literature. However, the appearance of some references that focus on a possible link between @entity145 and @entity716 has increased the interest in this subject and raised questions about the etiopathogeny and the therapeutic approach involved. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We present the clinical report of a 21-year-old @entity1 , characterised by the insidious development of @entity716 of varying intensity, delusional ideas with hypochondriac content, @entity1833 in the second and third @entity1 , and @entity146 . The neuroimaging studies revealed a voluminous @entity145 at the level of the left sylvian fissure, with a marked mass effect on the left @entity1315 and the left lateral ventricle, as well as evidence of @entity509 of the left temporal lobe. Despite the symptoms and the size of the cyst, the neurosurgical department opted against surgical intervention. The patient began antipsychotic therapy and was discharged having shown improvement (behavioural component), but without a complete remission of the @entity716 . CONCLUSION: It is difficult to be absolutely certain whether the lesion had influence on the @entity1 's @entity146 symptoms or not.However, given the anatomical and neuropsychological changes, one cannot exclude the possibility that the lesion played a significant role in this @entity146 presentation. This raises substantial problems when it comes to choosing a therapeutic strategy.

title: @entity145 in a XXXX with @entity716 : Case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'persons', 'man']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'aggressive behaviour']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic disturbance']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['complex auditory/verbal hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity145 :: ('MESH:D016080', 'Disease') :: ['arachnoid cysts', 'Arachnoid cysts', 'arachnoid cyst']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal and frontal lobes']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['nutritional deficiencies']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: AIM: To investigate whether the use of statins is associated with @entity14 risk. METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study in Taiwan. Data were retrospectively collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Cases consisted of all @entity1 who were aged 50 years and older and had a first-time diagnosis of @entity14 between the period 2005 and 2008. The controls were matched to cases by age, sex, and index date. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: We examined 1156 @entity14 cases and 4624 controls. The unadjusted ORs for any statin prescription was 1.10 (95% CI = 0.94-1.30) and the adjusted OR was 1.09 (95% CI = 0.91-1.30). When @entity6817 use was categorized by cumulative dose, the adjusted ORs were 0.99 (95% CI = 0.78-1.27) for the group with cumulative statin use below 105 @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ); 1.07 (95% CI = 0.78-1.49) for the group with cumulative statin use between 106 and 298.66 @entity2794 ; and 1.30 (95% CI = 0.96-1.75) for the group with cumulative statin use of 298.66 @entity2794 or more compared with nonusers. CONCLUSION: This study does not provide support for a protective effect of statins against @entity14 .

title: Statin use and the risk of XXXX : a population-based case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2794 :: ('MESH:D020773', 'Disease') :: ['DDDs', 'defined daily doses']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hospital-nursery lighting has been suggested as a factor in causing @entity989 . Despite ongoing debate, a causal relation has not been established. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of the effects of light reduction on 409 premature @entity1 with birth weights of less than 1251 g and gestational ages of less than 31 weeks. Two hundred five @entity1 were exposed to reduced light, and 204 to typical nursery lighting. The amount of light reaching the @entity1 ' eyes was reduced within 24 hours after birth by placing goggles on the @entity1 that reduced visible-light exposure by 97 percent and ultraviolet-light exposure by 100 percent. The babies wore the goggles until 31 weeks' postconceptional age or 4 weeks after birth, whichever was longer. Once the goggles were removed, ophthalmologists masked to the treatment assignments assessed the @entity1 for @entity989 at least biweekly for up to 13 weeks. RESULTS: There were 188 @entity1 in the group that wore goggles and 173 in the control group who survived and were available for follow-up. The mean birth weights were 906 g in the goggles group and 914 g in the control group; the mean gestational ages were 27.4 weeks and 27.2 weeks, respectively. The mean ambient-light level adjacent to the @entity1 ' faces was 399 lux for the goggles group and 447 lux for the control group. @entity989 of @entity3465 was diagnosed in 102 @entity1 (54 percent) in the goggles group and 100 (58 percent) in the control group (relative risk, 0.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.1; P=0.50). CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in ambient-light exposure does not alter the incidence of @entity989 .

title: Lack of efficacy of light reduction in preventing @entity989 . XXXX ( @entity989 ) Cooperative Group.

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy of prematurity', 'Retinopathy']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['Light Reduction in Retinopathy of Prematurity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several surgical procedures for the repair of @entity292 between the rectum and the urethra or vagina have been reported. Our study was designed to assess the efficacy of the gracilis muscle flap in repairing recto-urethral and @entity3622 . METHODS: Gracilis muscle interposition flaps were performed in 35 @entity1 (aged 38-78 years, mean: 58 years) using a perineal approach. Nine @entity1 had @entity3622 due to @entity30 (n=3), previous surgery and pelvic irradiation for rectal (n=2) or cervical @entity5 (n=4). Twenty-six @entity292 were recto-urethral. The aetiologies were @entity30 (n=4), brachytherapy after @entity263 (n=14), @entity130 during radical retropubic prostatectomy (n=4), transurethral resection of the prostate (n=2) and recurrent peri-anal abscesses with @entity292 (n=2). Twenty-five @entity1 had undergone previous repair attempts; of these four underwent multiple procedures. @entity1 outcomes were assessed after surgical repair. The success rate was measured as the percentage of @entity1 with a healed @entity292 after stomal closure. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 28+/-15 months from muscle transposition and 22+/-14 months from stomal closure. Fistula closure with no recurrence could be achieved in 33 @entity1 (94%). Two of the seven @entity1 (29%) with @entity30 had a persistent @entity292 . There were neither intra-operative complications nor problems related to muscle desinsertion surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Recto-urethral and rectovaginal @entity292 closure using the perineal approach with pedicled gracilis muscle interposition is associated with minimal morbidity and a high success rate. It is an excellent option for @entity1 with complicated @entity292 for whom other surgical treatments have failed. Underlying @entity30 is associated with a higher complication rate.

title: Gracilis muscle interposition for the treatment of recto-urethral and XXXX : a retrospective analysis of 35 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3622 :: ('MESH:D012006', 'Disease') :: ['rectovaginal fistulas']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['iatrogenic injury to the rectum']

answer: @entity3622 :: (MESH:D012006,Disease) :: ['rectovaginal fistulas']


abstract: In @entity4486 -anaesthetized @entity468 , sympathetic reflex responses were recorded in left cardiac and renal nerve during stimulation of afferent fibres in the ipsilateral @entity129 . In @entity299 , a late reflex potential with a mean onset latency of 75.6 +/- 13.8 ms was regularly recorded which, in 20% of the experiments, was preceded by an early, very small reflex component (latency between 35 and 52 ms). In contrast, in renal nerve only a single reflex component after a mean latency of 122.1 +/- 13.1 ms was observed. Bilateral microinjections of the @entity1246 -agonist @entity6341 into the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata resulted in a nearly complete abolition of sympathetic background activity and in an 88% reduction of the late reflex amplitude with only small effects on the latency of the evoked potentials. Under this condition, an early reflex component was never observed to appear. After subsequent high cervical spinalization, the residual small potentials which persisted after bilateral @entity6341 injections were completely abolished and in @entity299 an early reflex potential with a mean latency of 45 +/- 10 ms was observed in all but one experiment. The early reflex was therefore referred to as a spinal reflex component which, however, is suppressed in most animals with an intact neuraxis. In the renal nerve a spinal response was only observed in one experiment after spinalization. The results suggest that sympathetic reflexes evoked by stimulation of @entity129 afferent fibres possess similar spinal and supraspinal pathways as previously described for somato-sympathetic and viscero-sympathetic reflexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Characteristics of sympathetic reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of XXXX afferents.

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['phrenic nerve']

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac nerve']

answer: @entity129 :: (MESH:D003389,Disease) :: ['phrenic nerve']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Backgound: A distraction arthroplasty of the trapeziometacarpal joint was introduced by Bufalini and Perugia for the treatment of the early stages of @entity571 . Our retrospective study presents the results of this technique. Thereby, a tendon graft anchored to the distal second metacarpal is fixed at the base of the first metacarpal, keeping it in distraction. Material and Methods: 10 distraction arthroplasties were performed in 9 @entity1 with @entity571 stage I and II of the thumb after unsuccessful conservative therapy. In 2 cases, which were excluded from our study, trapeziectomy had to be performed because of persisting @entity158 . @entity1 satisfaction, @entity158 measurement, range of motion, and tip, key and grip strength were evaluated at a follow-up of 46.5 (29-63) months in the remaining 7 @entity1 (8 operations overall). Strengh measurement was taken in an absolute value and compared to the opposite side. Thumb range of motion was measured with the combined flexion-opposition of the thumb with the Kapandij index and also the angle of abduction of the metacarpal I to metacarpal II. Assessment included a DASH score evaluation and an X-ray control. Results: All of the 7 evaluated @entity1 were satisfied with the operation results. Compared to the opposite side, @entity1 achieved 80.1% (5.9   kg  1.1   kg) of key pinch strength, 86.3% (4.8   kg  0.9   kg) of oppositional tip pinch strength, and 86.1% (23.1   kg  4.8   kg) of grip strength. In combined flexion and opposition a Kapandij index of 8.5 (94.4%) compared to 9 on the opposite side was achieved. Thumb radial abduction was 48.2    2.8  , compared to 51.0    2.9   on the contralateral hand. At follow-up, the mean DASH score was 17.8 (  10.0). Radiological control showed no progression of @entity571 of the thumb. Conclusions: The collected data after distraction arthroplasty according to Bufalini and Perugia confirm the efficacy of the technique in the early stage of @entity571 of the thumb. Even though a failure rate of 20% occurred, in our opinion the operation is justified in the early stages of @entity571 of the thumb as the @entity1 benefit from a @entity158 -free interval, leaving the option for future trapeziectomy.

title: [Results after Distraction Arthroplasty According to Bufalini and Perugia in Early Stages of Trapeziometacarpal XXXX .]

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['carpometacarpal osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['Osteoarthritis']


abstract: @entity172 is generally considered to maintain bone mass through suppression of bone resorption. We have previously demonstrated that administration of pharmacological doses of @entity172 increases bone formation in @entity35 . Because such high doses of @entity172 might induce bone formation through some mechanism other than the @entity172 receptor, we have now assessed the effect of more physiological doses of @entity53 (E2) on bone formation. Adult female @entity35 (13 weeks and 6 months old) administered E2 (1, 4, 40, 400, and 4 mg/kg daily for 17-21 days) showed a dramatic increase (5- to 8-fold) in cancellous bone formation, attributable to a combination of an increase in the proportion of bone surface actively undertaking bone formation, and an increase in the rate of mineral apposition. Significant anabolism was induced in 6-month-old @entity35 by doses as low as 4 micrograms/kg and in 13-week-old @entity35 by 40 micrograms/kg. Corresponding increases in the proportion of trabecular surface covered by osteoblasts were also observed. Histomorphometric indices of bone resorption were suppressed by @entity172 . @entity172 administration caused an increase in bone volume up to 35% over controls, over a 21-day period. Stimulation of bone formation by @entity172 showed a similar pattern of dose-responsiveness to recognized physiological targets of E2: suppression of longitudinal growth and uterine growth. These results suggest that stimulation of cancellous bone formation is a physiological action of E2 in the @entity35 .

title: @entity53 stimulates cancellous bone formation in female XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17 beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: There is currently no effective treatment for the Ebola virus (EBOV) thus far. Most drugs and vaccines developed to date have not yet been approved for @entity1 trials. Two FDA-approved c- @entity24671 @entity4149 kinase inhibitors Gleevec and Tasigna block the release of viral particles; however, their clinical dosages are much lower than the dosages required for effective EBOV suppression. An a-1,2-glucosidase inhibitor @entity32174 has been shown to inhibit EBOV particle assembly and secretion. Additionally, the @entity172 receptor modulators @entity4082 and @entity23392 prevent membrane fusion of EBOV and 50-90% of treated @entity19 survived after @entity4082 / @entity23392 treatments. However, the uptake efficiency of @entity4082 by oral administration is very low. Thus, I propose a hypothetical treatment protocol to treat @entity2598 with a cumulative use of both @entity32174 and @entity23392 to inhibit the virus effectively and synergistically. EBOV infection induces massive apoptosis of peripheral lymphocytes. Also, cytolysis of endothelial cells triggers @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ) and subsequent @entity881 . Therefore, blood transfusions and active treatments with FDA-approved drugs to treat @entity5642 are also recommended.

title: Possible FDA-approved drugs to treat XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity23392 :: ('MESH:D017312', 'Chemical') :: ['Toremifene']

entities_list: @entity2598 :: ('MESH:D019142', 'Disease') :: ['Ebola virus infection']

entities_list: @entity4082 :: ('MESH:D002996', 'Chemical') :: ['Clomiphene']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['DIC', 'disseminated intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failures']

entities_list: @entity32174 :: ('MESH:C059896', 'Chemical') :: ['Miglustat']

answer: @entity2598 :: (MESH:D019142,Disease) :: ['Ebola virus infection']


abstract: Epidemiologic studies in castrates strongly support the key role of the testis in the pathogenesis of @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). Since the testis secretes @entity342 and @entity172 , both of these hormones have been implicated in @entity1067 . Much information supports the important role of @entity586 ( @entity587 ) in @entity1067 , including intraprostatic activities of enzymes that regulate @entity587 . Although controversy still exists, @entity587 levels in @entity1067 may be higher than in normal prostate tissue. Based upon these findings and the ability to quantitate prostate size and function with reliable new techniques, suppression of @entity342 -mediated action has been tested to assess the validity of the @entity587 theory. A variety of drugs has been demonstrated to decrease prostate size by approximately 30% by either blocking secretion of circulating @entity251 and adrenal @entity342 , inhibiting @entity10831 to prevent @entity587 formation, or blocking @entity587 binding to @entity342 receptors. Accompanying these changes in size was significant improvement in clinical symptoms of prostatism in about 50% of @entity1 , when double-blind, large multicenter studies were conducted with one of these drugs. Although these results suggest a very important role for @entity342 , particularly @entity587 , in the pathogenesis of @entity1067 , other abnormalities may coexist since significant numbers of @entity1 do not show a total reversal of disease. There is strong indirect evidence for a possible role for @entity172 in the pathogenesis of @entity1067 , and studies are under way to test the effects of @entity172 withdrawal on prostate size and symptoms. Similarly, dynamic aspects of @entity1069 , which are under alpha-adrenergic regulation, may also be a component of this disease and amenable to therapy with alpha-adrenergic blockers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX : pathogenesis and medical therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic obstruction']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['Benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The number of @entity6 @entity1 has recently shown a rapid increase, and delayed wound @entity446 is a major clinical complication in @entity6 . In this study, the wound @entity446 effect of @entity5028 ( @entity5028 ) treatment was investigated in normal and @entity3839 -induced @entity6 @entity19 . MATERIALS/METHODS: Four full thickness wounds were created using a 4 mm biopsy punch on the dorsum. @entity5028 was injected subcutaneously at the middle region of the upper and lower wounds. Wounds were @entity433 photographed and wound size was measured every other day until the 14th day. Wound closure rate was analyzed using CANVAS 7SE software. Wound tissues were collected on days 2, 6, and 14 after wounding for H/E, immunohistochemistry for @entity10245 , and Masson's trichrome staining for collagen study. RESULTS: Significantly faster wound closure rates were observed in the @entity5028 treated group than in normal and @entity6 control @entity19 on days 6 and 8. Treatment with @entity5028 resulted in reduced localization of inflammatory cells in wounded skin at day 6 in normal @entity19 and at day 14 in @entity6 @entity19 (P < 0.01). Expression of @entity10245 showed a significant @entity5028 treated group on day 14 in both normal (P < 0.01) and @entity6 @entity19 (P < 0.05). In addition, @entity5028 treated groups showed a thicker collagen layer than no treatment groups, which was remarkable on the last day, day 14, in both normal and @entity6 @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, @entity5028 treatment has a beneficial effect on acceleration of cutaneous wound @entity446 via regulation of the entire wound @entity446 process, including inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.

title: Effect of Hominis Placenta on cutaneous wound @entity446 in normal and XXXX @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity10245 :: ('14173(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['FGF2', 'fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2']

entities_list: @entity5028 :: ('MESH:D010922', 'Disease') :: ['HP', 'increase in the HP', 'Hominis placenta']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity433 :: ('MESH:C536436', 'Disease') :: ['digitally']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: In Japan, the first government-approved hospice (GAH) and palliative care unit was established and commenced operations in 1990, and hospice medical care was made eligible for health insurance coverage. By 31 December 2000, the number of GAH institutions had increased to 86 (1,590 beds). The ratio of hospices to population in Japan is currently approximately 1:1.5 million, with an average of one hospice bed for approximately every 80,000 @entity1 . This study of institutions reports a survey conducted to determine the number of @entity204 (hospice unit and home) of @entity5 @entity1 , and to determine the servicing status of hospice home care for the period 1995 through 2000. The place of @entity204 of the @entity1 cared for by GAHs in 2000 were: hospice units 97.7% and home 2.3%. GAH @entity1 @entity204 (both inpatient and at home) in 2000 was 2.6% of the total number of @entity5 @entity1 ' @entity204 , an increase of 3.8-fold since 1995. Of the total number of GAH institutions, 62% are engaged in home care services and 91 % offer hospice care by hospice-assigned doctors. In addition, 72% offer team care with nurses based at Home Care Agencies. In order for the hospice (including home care service) to become established in a way most appropriate to each region of Japan, GAH institutions must assume significant promotional roles in their respective regions. One of the goals and assignments of establishing medical service with hospice home care in Japan is to develop the systematic care programs of GAH institutions, which include home care service in addition to the already established hospice unit and outpatient services.

title: Current status of hospice @entity5 XXXX both in-unit and at home (1995-2000), and prospects of home care services in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['GAH cancer', 'cancer']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['deaths']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of these two pilot studies using animal @entity154 models was to evaluate the influence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and proportion of @entity692 (HA)/ @entity13065 ( @entity28687 ) in biphasic @entity78 (BCP) graft on new bone formation. METHODS: In this study, four kinds of @entity79 materials known for bone growth scaffold, OSTEON   II(HA: @entity28687 30:70), OSTEON   III (HA: @entity28687 20:80), OSTEON   II Collagen, and OSTEON   III Collagen, were prepared as BCP graft materials. In pilot study 1, three BCP materials (OSTEON   II, OSTEON   III, and OSTEON   II Collagen) were grafted in @entity95 @entity9332 after impregnating in rhBMP-2. OSTEON   II without the rhBMP-2 impregnation was included in the study as the control. The amount of new bone was examined and measured histologically at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. In pilot study 2, four BCP materials (OSTEON   II, OSTEON   III, OSTEON   II Collagen, and OSTEON   III Collagen) were grafted in @entity235 mandibular defects after soaking in the rhBMP-2. The amount of total bone and new bone were measured three-dimensionally using microCT and healing process was examined histologically at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. RESULTS: In pilot study 1, rhBMP-2 impregnated groups showed more new bone formation than the rhBMP-2 free group. In pilot study 2, increased new bone formation was observed in time-dependent manner after graft of BCP and BCP-collagen (OSTEON   II, OSTEON   III, OSTEON   II Collagen, and OSTEON   III Collagen) impregnated with rhBMP-2. Also, BCP with a higher proportion of HA (30% HA) showed more favorable result in new bone formation and space maintenance, especially at the 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: From the results of the pilot studies, rhBMP-2 played positive roles in new bone formation and BCP could become a scaffold candidate for rhBMP-2 impregnation to induce new bone formation. Moreover, BCP with a higher proportion of HA (30% HA) could be considered more appropriate for rhBMP-2 carrier.

title: Influence of bone morphogenetic protein and proportion of @entity692 on new bone formation in biphasic @entity78 graft: Two pilot studies in animal XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['bony defect']

entities_list: @entity78 :: ('MESH:C020243', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity9332 :: ('MESH:C537963', 'Disease') :: ['calvarial defects']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['synthetic osteoconductive bone']

entities_list: @entity13065 :: ('MESH:C485817', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-tricalcium phosphate']

answer: @entity154 :: (MESH:D000013,Disease) :: ['bony defect']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 is becoming one of the most common @entity102 , and @entity1066 are its most serious complication. Beginning with @entity16 , the subsequent foot wounds frequently lead to lower extremity amputation, even in the absence of @entity63 . In recent years, some researchers have studied external shock wave therapy (ESWT) as a new approach to soft tissue wound healing. The rationale of this study was to evaluate if ESWT is effective in the management of @entity4760 . METHODS: We designed a randomized, prospective, controlled study in which we recruited 30 @entity1 affected by @entity4760 and then divided them into two groups based on different management strategies. One group was treated with standard care and shock wave therapy. The other group was treated with only standard care. The healing of the @entity1066 was evaluated over 20 weeks by the rate of re-epithelization. RESULTS: After 20 weeks of treatment, 53.33% of the ESWT-treated @entity1 had complete wound closure compared with 33.33% of the control @entity1 , and the healing times were 60.8 and 82.2 days, respectively (p < 0.001). Significant differences in the index of the re-epithelization were observed between the two groups, with values of 2.97 mm2/die in the ESWT-group and 1.30 mm2/die in the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Therefore, ESWT may be a useful adjunct in the management of @entity4760 .

title: The management of XXXX of the foot in @entity6 by shock wave therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['critical limb ischemia']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity4760 :: ('MESH:D017719', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers', 'diabetic foot ulceration']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['neuropathic ulcers']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Obesity and excessive gestational weight gain present significant challenges during pregnancy to the mother and neonate, including an increased rate of @entity600 , the leading direct cause of @entity204 . The Institute of Medicine (IOM) refined guidelines for appropriate gestational weight gain in 2009 to improve outcomes for all mothers. Recent research suggests the gestational weight gain recommendations for @entity28 mothers may be too high, leading to @entity600 . We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effect of gestational weight gain below the IOM guidelines on @entity600 for @entity28 pregnant @entity1 . METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and EMBASE were systematically searched from inception to 2014 for relevant articles; previous reference lists were reviewed and authors and experts were queried to find other relevant studies. Two reviewers independently reviewed 116 abstracts and 38 full-text articles to identify seven studies that reported for @entity28 pregnant @entity1 , gestational weight gain, and its effect on the rate of @entity600 . RESULTS: Overall, the included evidence was of fair to good quality. There is low certainty in the evidence for overall @entity600 , insufficient evidence for @entity600 subtypes, and moderate certainty for both teenagers and African Americans for gestational weight gain below the 2009 IOM recommendations increasing @entity600 rates for @entity28 pregnant @entity1 . There is low certainty in the evidence that @entity28 class modulates this effect. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Gestational weight gain below the 2009 IOM recommendations may increase @entity600 rates for @entity28 pregnant @entity1 . Evidence with moderate strength suggests that teenagers and African Americans show this effect.

title: Gestational Weight Gain Below the 2009 Institute of Medicine Guidelines Modifies Preterm Birth in Obese Pregnant XXXX [321].

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal death']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth', 'increased preterm birth']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Women']


abstract: AIM: The relationship between @entity3557 ( @entity3557 ) and accompanying @entity2621 ( @entity2621 ) has been investigated extensively. However, there is no agreement among the authors. We aimed with this study to investigate this relationship in a limited subtype of @entity3557 called @entity7172 ( @entity7172 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2012, 1923 thyroids were surgically resected in two referral centers and thoroughly inspected for evidence of @entity7172 . Of these @entity1 , 172 who were diagnosed with @entity7172 had demographic and pathological features recorded. RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 (8.1%) were found to have CLN @entity3 . Eleven (78.6%) of the @entity1 with CLN @entity3 had @entity5 larger than 5 mm, and 3 (21.4%) @entity1 with CLN @entity3 had small @entity5 ( <= 5 mm), but there was no statistical significance (p > 0.05). Accompanying @entity2621 ( @entity2621 ) was detected in 67 (39%) @entity1 . The CLN @entity3 rate was slightly higher in cases with @entity2621 in surrounding thyroid tissue. However, there was no statistical significance; the CLN rate was 6.7% (n=7) in @entity1 without @entity1374 and 10.4% (n=7) with @entity2621 . Insufficient FNA results in @entity1 with @entity1374 were associated with @entity2621 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons and other clinicians who play a role in the treatment of @entity259 should be aware that some @entity7172 cases may show a worse course, as with some PTCs, contrary to expectations.

title: Is XXXX a prognostic factor for thyroid @entity7172 ?

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['papillary thyroid carcinoma', 'PTC']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2621 :: ('MESH:D050031', 'Disease') :: ['HT', "Hashimoto's thyroiditis"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity7172 :: ('MESH:C563277', 'Disease') :: ['PTMC', 'papillary thyroid microcarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancers']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroiditis']

answer: @entity2621 :: (MESH:D050031,Disease) :: ['Hashimoto's thyroiditis']


abstract: The topoisomerase I inhibitor @entity1945 ( @entity1945 ) was evaluated against a panel of xenografts comprising four lines of adult @entity694 , three @entity694 derived from adolescents, six childhood @entity980 from previously untreated @entity1 as well as sublines selected in vivo for resistance to @entity1891 and melphalan, and three lines of childhood @entity421 . Efficacy was determined at maximal tolerated dose levels using intermittent i.p. administration [every 4 days for 4 doses (q4dx4)] or daily p.o. or i.p. administration 5 days per week for up to 20 courses. On a q4dx4 schedule, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 12.5 mg/kg per administration, which caused marked @entity353 and lethality in approximately 5% of the @entity5 -bearing @entity19 . This schedule caused significant growth inhibition (but no @entity5 regression) in advanced adult @entity694 . The minimal treated/control (T/C) ratios were 0.49, 0.54, and 0.3 for three of the @entity5 lines and were achieved at 18-21 days after the initiation of treatment. In contrast, @entity980 were considerably more sensitive, with T/C ratios being < 0.1 for three lines, whereas @entity1945 was less active against two other @entity980 xenografts (minimal T/C ratios, 0.17 and 0.14). As inhibitors of topoisomerase I have been demonstrated to have activity in the replication phase of the cell cycle (S-phase-specific), prolonged administration schedules were examined. @entity19 received @entity1945 5 days per week for 3 weeks either by i.p. injection or by oral gavage (p.o.). In selected experiments, p.o. administration was continued for up to 20 weeks. Oral administration for 3 weeks (2 mg/kg per dose) resulted in complete regression of all six lines of @entity980 , with two lines demonstrating no regrowth during the period of observation (> or = 84 days). Similar results were obtained after i.p. administration, suggesting significant schedule dependency for these @entity5 . For @entity694 , the daily administration schedule (i.p. or p.o.) demonstrated some advantage over the intermittent schedule, resulting in partial regressions and significant inhibition of the growth of several @entity694 lines. In @entity980 Rh12 and VRC5 @entity694 , both of which demonstrated intermediate sensitivity to @entity1945 , and in @entity421 OS33, protracted p.o. administration for 13-20 weeks (1.0-1.5 mg/kg per dose given daily x 5 days) caused complete regression without regrowth in Rh12 and OS33 @entity5 and partial regression of all @entity5 . No @entity137 was observed using this schedule of administration. @entity1945 demonstrated significant activity against all three @entity421 xenografts examined, with optimal schedules causing complete regression in two lines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Evaluation of @entity1945 against xenografts derived from adult and childhood solid XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'VRC5 tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteogenic sarcoma', 'osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma', 'rhabdomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon tumors', 'colon adenocarcinoma', 'colon adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1945 :: ('MESH:D019772', 'Chemical') :: ['Topotecan', 'topotecan', '9-dimethylaminomethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence, @entity146 comorbidity, illness behavior, and outcome of @entity1 with a presenting @entity1295 in a primary care setting. METHODS: 686 @entity1 attending two family medicine clinics on a self-initiated visit completed structured interviews for presenting complaints, self-report measures of symptoms and @entity16251 , and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Fatigue was identified as a primary or secondary complaint from @entity1 reports and questionnaires completed by physicians. RESULTS: Of the 686 @entity1 , 93 (13.6%) presented with a @entity1295 . Fatigue was the major reason for consultation of 46 @entity1 (6.7%). @entity1 with @entity1295 were more likely to be working full or part time and to be French Canadian, but did not differ from the other clinic @entity1 on any other sociodemographic characteristic or in health care utilization. @entity1 with @entity1295 received a lifetime diagnosis of @entity308 or @entity148 more frequently than did other clinic @entity1 (45.2% vs. 28.2%). Current @entity146 diagnoses, as indicted by the DIS, were limited to major @entity308 , diagnosed for 16 (17.2%) @entity1295 @entity1 . @entity1 with @entity1295 reported more medically unexplained physical symptoms, greater perceived stress, more pathologic symptom attributions, and greater worries about having emotional problems than did other @entity1 . However, only those @entity1295 @entity1 with coexisting @entity308 differed significantly from nonfatigue @entity1 . @entity1 with @entity1295 lasting six months or longer compared with @entity1 with more recent @entity1295 had lower family incomes and greater hypochondriacal worry. Duration of @entity1295 was not related to rate of current or lifetime @entity146 . One half to two thirds of @entity1295 @entity1 were still fatigued one year later. CONCLUSIONS: In a primary care setting, only those @entity1295 @entity1 who have coexisting psychological distress exhibit patterns of @entity73 and behavior. Regardless of the physical illnesses associated with @entity1295 , @entity146 and somatic amplification may contribute to complaints of @entity1295 in less than 50% of cases presented to primary care.

title: Fatigue in primary care: prevalence, XXXX comorbidity, illness behavior, and outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders', 'psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal illness cognition']

entities_list: @entity1295 :: ('MESH:D005221', 'Disease') :: ['complaint of fatigue', 'fatigue']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder']

entities_list: @entity16251 :: ('MESH:D006998', 'Disease') :: ['hypochondriasis']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rhinoplasty is one of the most common surgeries of the plastic surgery and as well as ear, throat and nose. @entity548 during surgery is one of the most important factors that may impair the surgeon's job. Providing a clean blood-free surgical filed makes the operation faster, easier and with a better quality. One way to achieve this goal is to induce @entity551 . This study aimed to compare the impacts and outcomes of administration of @entity6555 or @entity1242 for this purpose. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 60 ASA I and ASA II @entity1 who were referred for rhinoplasty were enrolled. @entity1 were randomly assigned to two groups. @entity6555 was given to the first and @entity1242 to the second group of @entity1 . Blood pressure and the amount of @entity548 during surgery and surgeon satisfaction were measured. RESULTS: The average age of @entity1 was 25.9  7.52 years. The average amount of @entity548 among all @entity1 was 117.87  324.86 ml, and the average quality of the surgical site was 1.65  4.48, considering all @entity1 . The average quality and average surgical site @entity548 between the two groups was not significant. CONCLUSION: There was a little difference between @entity6555 and @entity12118 on the effect of intraoperative @entity190 and surgical field quality in rhinoplasty surgery.

title: Comparison of effects of XXXX and @entity12118 on intraoperative @entity190 and surgical field quality in rhinoplasty surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity12118 :: ('CHEBI:28787', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerine']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Intra-operative bleeding', 'bleeding', 'intra-operative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity6555 :: ('MESH:D007741', 'Chemical') :: ['Labetalol', 'labetalol']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity6555 :: (MESH:D007741,Chemical) :: ['labetalol']


abstract: Stress, a psychophysiological process, acts through the immune-neuroendocrine @entity2270 and affects cellular processes of body and immune functions, leading to disease states including @entity5 . Stress is also linked to the habit of @entity286 consumption and @entity734 , which in turn also leads to diseases. Sudarshan Kriya (SK) and Pranayam (P), rhythmic @entity1353 processes, are known to reduce stress and improve immune functions. @entity5 @entity1 who had completed their standard therapy were studied. SK and P increased natural killer (NK) cells significantly (P <0.001) at 12 and 24 weeks of the practice compared to baseline. Increase in NK cells at 24 weeks was significant (P <0.05) compared to controls. There was no effect on T-cell subsets after SK and P either in the study group or among controls. SK and P helped to control the @entity286 habit in 21% of individuals who were followed up to 6 months of practice. We conclude that the inexpensive and easy to learn and practice @entity1353 processes (SK and P) in this study demonstrated an increase in NK cells and a reduction in @entity286 consumption. When confirmed in large and randomized studies, this result could mean that the regular practice of SK and P might reduce the incidence and progression of @entity5 .

title: Effect of rhythmic XXXX (Sudarshan Kriya and Pranayam) on immune functions and @entity286 addiction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity1353 :: (MESH:D004417,Disease) :: ['breathing']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Postsurgical late reinterventions for @entity955 ( @entity955 ) include cardioversions (CV) or catheter ablations (CA). Commonly used methods for reporting and modeling the frequency and timing of CA or CV have well-known shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to present intuitive and robust methods to visualize, summarize, and model late reinterventions type/timing and vital status simultaneously. METHODS: We present (1) the SMART plot (Summary of Mortality And Outcomes Reported Over Time); (2) the reintervention mean cumulative function (MCF); and (3) the proportional means model and the proportional rates model. We illustrate these methods in 3 groups: @entity1 age  <=60 years, 60-75 years (reference), and >75 years who underwent surgical @entity955 ablation. RESULTS: @entity1 age >75 years had a significantly lower MCF of CVs (hazard ratio [HR] 0.50, P <.001). MCF for CAs was not significantly lower for @entity1 age >75 years (HR 0.57, P = .13). For combined reinterventions (CV or CA), the age group >75 years had a significantly lower MCF (HR 0.51, P <.001). There were no significant differences in late CV or CA reintervention patterns for @entity1 age  <=60 years. CONCLUSION: The methods presented provide a comprehensive framework for displaying, summarizing, and modeling repeated late reinterventions after surgical @entity955 ablation. Other areas of application are described, further emphasizing the potential for immediate use.

title: Overcoming reporting challenges: How to display, summarize, and model late reintervention outcomes, follow-up, and vital status information after surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This paper expands upon recent efforts to advance beyond the examination of concurrent comorbidity between affective and @entity146 by testing developmental sequences among disorders. Doing so allows for improved tests of theories, such as Capaldi and Patterson's failure model of @entity9054 ( @entity9054 ) and @entity308 . Furthermore, @entity952 ( @entity952 ) is rarely considered distinctly from @entity9054 , minimizing the ability to identify distinct effects among @entity146 . METHODS: This paper used data from the Developmental Trends Study, a clinic-referred cohort of 177 @entity1 , along with their parents, who were assessed regularly using a structured clinical interview and a comprehensive set of other measures. @entity1 were recruited when they were between the ages of 7 and 12, and were reassessed annually until age 18. Predictive regression models tested the continuities among disorders, with @entity308 , @entity74 , @entity71 ( @entity71 ), @entity952 and @entity9054 examined separately as outcomes. RESULTS: Each disorder showed homotypic continuity, but a clear developmental sequence of heterotypic continuity also emerged. @entity71 was predicted by no other disorders, and exclusively predicted @entity952 . @entity9054 was predicted only by @entity952 . However, @entity952 was also directly predictive of future @entity148 and @entity308 , and @entity148 predicted @entity308 as well. A specific test of the failure model of @entity9054 and @entity308 supported that model. CONCLUSIONS: @entity952 appears as a @entity245 in young males, in that @entity952 is notably influential in both subsequent @entity146 . @entity9054 influences later @entity308 only indirectly, through @entity73 . @entity148 precedes @entity308 , and @entity71 is not predicted by other disorders.

title: Developmental transitions among affective and XXXX in adolescent @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['future depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral disorders', 'behavioral and affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial impairment']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['pivotal developmental disorder']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity9054 :: ('MESH:D019955', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'Conduct Disorder']

entities_list: @entity952 :: ('MESH:D019958', 'Disease') :: ['ODD', 'Oppositional Defiant Disorder']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['overanxious disorder']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['behavioral disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We describe an extensile posterior approach to the ankle with @entity1713 for resection of extensive @entity5 involving the posterior ankle. To the best of our knowledge, this approach and its results have not been reported for oncologic indications. METHODS: The surgical technique involved @entity924 , and was used in six @entity1 . The diagnosis was @entity1362 (5) and @entity84 (1). RESULTS: At a mean of 6 (range, 2 to 10) years followup, all @entity1 were free from @entity5 . All @entity1 could walk an unlimited amount without any support. There were no problems with Achilles @entity337 . The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 97    4.2% (range, 90 to 100) and the mean Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score was 95    5.7 (range, 87 to 100). One @entity1 with screwed suture anchors had backing out of two anchors along with @entity281 , requiring surgical debridement and anchor removal. One other @entity1 had a post-traumatic small wound dehiscence which responded to local wound care. CONCLUSION: Excellent exposure, @entity5 control and @entity1 function were achieved by this approach in a select group of @entity1 . The surgical technique described in this report offers another alternative for an extensile posterior approach to the @entity3681 .

title: Extensile posterior approach to the ankle with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['ankle and/or subtalar joints']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['detachment of the Achilles tendon']

entities_list: @entity1362 :: ('MESH:D013586', 'Disease') :: ['pigmented villonodular synovitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['detachment of the Achilles tendon, tumor resection and reconstruction of the Achilles tendon with anchor sutures']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infection']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['incompetence']

entities_list: @entity84 :: ('MESH:D002804', 'Disease') :: ['chondroblastoma']

answer: @entity1713 :: (MESH:D012163,Disease) :: ['detachment of the achilles tendon for oncologic indications']


abstract: Symptoms of @entity354 ( @entity354 ) are frequent in @entity1 with clinically significant @entity28 and are reported to improve after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The purpose of this study is to determine timing and duration of improvement of @entity354 symptoms in @entity1 undergoing RYGB. Prospectively collected data from @entity1 who underwent RYGB from January 1998 to August 2004 were analyzed. @entity1 answered a standardized questionnaire pre- and postoperatively inquiring about frequency of @entity354 symptoms (none, one episode/ week, one episode/day, more than one episode/day) and medication use. Of 606 @entity1 undergoing RYGB, 239 @entity1 (39%) reported @entity354 symptoms preoperatively (mean age 43 +/- 1 years; body mass index 51 +/- 1 kg/m2). Of these, 89 per cent of @entity1 reported improved at 3 months post-op and 94 per cent of @entity1 9 months post-op (P < 0.001). Medication usage decreased from 30 per cent to 3 per cent by 3 months and 5 per cent beyond 9 months (P < 0.001). Percentage of excess @entity353 was 18 +/- 1 per cent and 75 +/- 2 per cent at 3 and 9 months, respectively. Symptoms of @entity354 significantly improve and use of antireflux medications is reduced after RYGB independent of @entity353 . RYGB may be the treatment of choice for @entity354 in @entity28 @entity1 .

title: Amelioration of @entity354 following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for clinically significant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'GERD']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histomorphometric result from maxillary sinus augmentation with @entity78 nanocrystal-coated @entity291 bone (Biocera). STUDY DESIGN: Maxillary sinus augmentations were performed on 10 @entity1 with the delayed placement of implants. The lateral bony window was created using a piezoelectric saw, and the sinus membrane was elevated to make a new compartment. Biocera was grafted. The bony window was repositioned over the bone graft. In all cases, samples were taken for biopsy at the time of implant placement, 6 to 8 months after the grafting procedure. RESULTS: None of the 10 @entity1 had complications, and there were no clinical and radiographic signs of @entity281 . Histomorphometrically, 25.94% (  11.24%) of newly formed bone, 52.67% (  12.60%) of soft tissue, and 21.38% (  10.76%) of residual grafts were shown. Histologic findings showed newly formed bone surrounding the residual grafted particles, without @entity32 . Newly formed bone along inner surface of the repositioned bony window area showed more mature and dense bone structure than new bone formed along bone graft. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that @entity78 nanocystal-coated xenograft was considered to be a suitable bone graft material for maxillary sinus augmentation.

title: Histomorphometric Analysis of Maxillary Sinus Augmentation With XXXX Nanocrystal-Coated Xenograft.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity78 :: ('MESH:C020243', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity78 :: (MESH:C020243,Chemical) :: ['Calcium Phosphate']


abstract: @entity3119 is a worldwide @entity146 with a lifetime prevalence of 2% and mainly characterized by obsessional ideas and @entity146 and rituals. Many @entity1 show improvement under cognitive behavioral and/or pharmacological treatment. A minority of @entity1 is refractory to all available therapy and may benefit from capsulotomy. This study aims to investigate deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a last resort treatment alternative to capsulotomy in treatment refractory @entity3119 . Eight @entity1 have been implanted bilaterally in the anterior limbs of the internal capsules with a quadripolar electrode. This paper presents the results of the first 4 operated @entity1 . Acute deep brain stimulation displays an immediate improvement of the speech, mood, eye contact and motor function. Chronic deep brain stimulation improves significantly the obsessional and compulsive symptomatology in three out of the four @entity1 . This study definitely needs replication, but the results are promising. Reversible deep brain stimulation may improve the symptomatology of treatment refractory @entity3119 @entity1 , without significant side effects.

title: Deep brain stimulation in treatment refractory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive-compulsive disorder', 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder', 'OCD']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['compulsive behaviors', 'psychiatric disorder']

answer: @entity3119 :: (MESH:D009771,Disease) :: ['obsessive compulsive disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of @entity1755 on clinical outcome in @entity1 after aortic repair for acute type A dissection. METHODS: One hundred and twenty @entity1 underwent aortic operations with resection of the intimal tear and open distal anastomosis. Median age was 60 years (range 16 to 87); 78 were male. Thirty-six @entity1 had only ascending aortic replacement, 82 had hemiarch repair, and 2 had the entire arch replaced. Retrograde cerebral perfusion was utilized in 66 @entity1 (53%). Rupture defined as free blood in the pericardial space was present in 60 @entity1 (50%). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the risk factors for mortality and @entity51 . RESULTS: Overall hospital mortality rate was 24.2% +/- 4.0% (+/- 70% confidence level) but did not differ between @entity1 with @entity1755 or without (p = 0.83). The incidence of permanent @entity51 was 9.4% overall, 10.5% with @entity397 and 8.3% without @entity397 (p = 0.75). Multivariate analysis revealed absence of retrograde cerebral perfusion and any @entity260 as statistically significant indicators for in-hospital mortality (p < 0.05). Overall 1- and 5-year survival was 85.3% and 33.7%; among discharged @entity1 , survival in the nonruptured group was 89% and 37%, versus 81% and 31% in the ruptured group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1755 at the time of surgery does not increase the risk of hospital mortality or permanent @entity16 in @entity1 with acute type A dissections. However, @entity1755 at the time of surgery does influence long-term survival.

title: Surgical treatment of acute type A dissection: is XXXX a risk factor?

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['aortic rupture', 'Aortic rupture']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic complications']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic dysfunction']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['rupture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of @entity1623 , an antiinflammatory analgesic drug, on brain response to painful stimulation on the affected knee in @entity102 ( @entity571 ) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. METHODS: A sample of 25 @entity1 with knee @entity571 received @entity1623 (500 mg), placebo, or no treatment in 3 separate sessions in a randomized manner. Pressure stimulation was applied to the medial articular interline of the knee during the fMRI @entity158 sequence. We evaluated subjective @entity158 ratings at every session and their association with brain responses to @entity158 . An fMRI control paradigm was included to discard global brain vascular effects of @entity1623 . RESULTS: We found brain activation reductions under @entity1623 compared to no treatment in different cortical and subcortical @entity158 processing regions (p  <= 0.001). Compared to placebo, @entity1623 triggered an attenuation of amygdala activation (p = 0.001). Placebo extended its attenuation effects beyond the classical @entity158 processing network (p  <= 0.001). Subjective @entity158 scores during the fMRI painful task differed between @entity1623 and no treatment (p = 0.037). Activation attenuation under @entity1623 in different regions (i.e., ventral brain, cingulate gyrus) was accompanied by an improvement in the subjective @entity158 complaints (p  <= 0.002). CONCLUSION: @entity1623 effectively reduces @entity158 responses involving different regions and the attenuation is related to subjective @entity158 changes. Our current work yields further support to the utility of fMRI to objectify the acute analgesic effects of a single @entity1623 dose in @entity1 affected by knee @entity571 . The trial was registered at the EuropeanClinicalTrials Database, "EudraCT Number 2008-004501-33".

title: XXXX Effects on Brain Response to Painful Pressure Stimulation in @entity1 with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Single-dose Study.

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity1623 :: ('MESH:D009288', 'Chemical') :: ['naproxen', 'Naproxen']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-related brain', 'core pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity1623 :: (MESH:D009288,Chemical) :: ['Naproxen']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe characteristics of @entity341 ( @entity341 ) encounters for pediatric @entity1 with an acute mental health diagnosis. METHODS: Data are from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which includes abstracts from the medical records of a national probability sample of visits to EDs. Analysis was limited to records of @entity1 who were younger than 19 years and had a diagnosis of either confirmed or suspected @entity146 or a suicide attempt. RESULTS: There was an estimated annual average of 434 000 @entity341 pediatric mental health visits from 1993 to 1999, an average annual rate of 326.8 visits per 10 000 @entity1 . Visit rates varied by @entity1 's region, age, race, and gender. @entity716 was the diagnosis in 10.8% of these @entity1 , and suicide attempt was the diagnosis in 13.6%. @entity341 pediatric mental health visits accounted for 1.6% of all @entity341 visits in this age group. CONCLUSIONS: The significant increase in @entity341 pediatric mental health (EDPMH) visits from 1993-1999 is greatest among @entity1 who are non-white, teenaged, female, and live in the Northeast or Midwest. This variation in EDPMH visits may reflect variability in the shortage of mental health providers. The lack of increase in the 2 categories of diagnoses mandatorily seen in EDs--psychoses and suicide attempts--suggests that the overall rise in EDPMH visits may have been attributable to nonurgent complaints more appropriately managed by a primary mental health provider.

title: Summary statistics for pediatric XXXX visits to US emergency departments, 1993-1999.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['Psychosis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorder']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: OBJECTIVE:     To describe a multicentre experience with preoperative @entity902 -based chemotherapy before radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) in @entity1 with upper tract @entity189 (UTUC) with loco-regional nodal metastases. @entity1 AND METHODS:     We identified 313 @entity1 from the UTUC Collaboration (over 1200 @entity1 ), who underwent RNU with concomitant retroperitoneal lymph node dissection between 1990 and 2007 and met the inclusion criteria for one of three groups.     Group 1 comprised @entity1 who received chemotherapy before RNU because of biopsy-proven loco-regional nodal metastases.     Group 2 consisted of @entity1 who underwent primary RNU and were found to have metastatic @entity66 on final pathological review (node-positive).     Group 3 comprised a comparative cohort of @entity1 treated with primary RNU for invasive or locally advanced (pT2/pT4) node-negative (N0) UTUC. RESULTS:     Groups 1, 2 and 3 included 18, 120 and 175 @entity1 , respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 49%, 30% and 64%, whereas the 5-year cancer-specific survival rates were 44%, 36% and 69% in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively.     In group 1, on final pathological evaluation, nine @entity1 were pN0, six @entity1 were pT0 and five @entity1 had pT0N0 disease. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses showed similar recurrence and survival rates in group 1 compared with group 3 (P= 0.14 and P= 0.06, respectively).     Meanwhile, group 2 had significantly lower @entity5 -specific survival rates compared with group 3 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) and compared with group 1 (P= 0.04 and P= 0.06, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:     Preoperative chemotherapy followed by aggressive surgical consolidation may yield favourable oncological outcomes in @entity1 with UTUC with loco-regional nodal metastases.     These data support further evaluation of neoadjuvant systemic therapy in @entity1 at risk for locally advanced UTUC.

title: Upper urinary tract XXXX with loco-regional nodal metastases: insights from the Upper Tract @entity189 Collaboration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['disease-free and cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['urothelial carcinoma']


abstract: Systemic adjuvant therapy has proven highly effective at reducing recurrences and @entity204 in @entity1 who have received primary therapy for early @entity0 . However, as with all treatments, adjuvant therapy can cause unwanted side effects, and effective management of these events is essential to ensure that @entity1 comply with, and continue, treatment. Adjuvant endocrine therapy is not associated with the more severe, acute @entity137 of chemotherapy, and can therefore be taken for many years. At present, the standard duration of postoperative adjuvant endocrine therapy is 5 years. Prevention and treatment of adverse events associated with long-term endocrine therapy is particularly important in the adjuvant setting, where @entity1 are clinically @entity5 free. In this situation, the efficacy benefits are not, therefore, obvious to the @entity1 , but side effects may have a negative impact on daily life. @entity440 has been the gold standard endocrine therapy for @entity5282 -positive early @entity0 for many years, and the long-term side effects of this agent are well documented. In recent years, the aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have begun to displace @entity440 as the adjuvant therapy of choice, owing to greater efficacy and good tolerability. Predictably, the AIs and @entity440 have partially overlapping side-effect profiles. Both therapies are associated with typical symptoms of @entity172 deprivation; however, @entity440 also has estrogenic activity in some tissues, which can cause either detrimental (genital tract) or beneficial (bone, cardiovascular system, lipids) effects that are not associated with AI use. To reduce treatment discontinuations, it is important that @entity1 are made aware of the possible side effects of adjuvant therapy and the management strategies available to them, prior to starting therapy. The role of physical, alternative and pharmaceutical therapies in the management of adverse events associated with endocrine therapy has been investigated, and strategies are now available to alleviate symptoms and enable @entity1 to benefit from adjuvant endocrine therapy without a significant adverse impact on quality of life.

title: Clinical management of adverse events in adjuvant therapy for hormone-responsive early XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen', 'Tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity5282 :: ('3164', 'Gene') :: ['hormone-receptor']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The roles of genetic factors in @entity1 longevity would be better understood if one can use more efficient methods in genetic analyses and investigate pleiotropic effects of genetic variants on aging and health related traits. DATA AND METHODS: We used EMMAX software with modified correction for population stratification to perform genome wide association studies (GWAS) of female lifespan from the original FHS cohort. The male data from the original FHS cohort and male and female data combined from the offspring FHS cohort were used to confirm findings. We evaluated pleiotropic effects of selected genetic variants as well as gene-smoking interactions on health and aging related traits. Then we reviewed current knowledge on functional properties of genes related to detected variants. RESULTS: The eight SNPs with genome-wide significant variants were negatively associated with lifespan in both males and females. After additional QC, two of these variants were selected for further analyses of their associations with @entity66 ( @entity5 and CHD) and physiological aging changes. Gene-smoking interactions contributed to these effects. Genes closest to detected variants appear to be involved in similar biological processes and health disorders, as those found in other studies of aging and longevity e.g., in @entity5 and @entity179 . CONCLUSIONS: The impact of genes on longevity may involve trade-off-like effects on different health traits. Genes that influence lifespan represent various molecular functions but may be involved in similar biological processes and health disorders, which could contribute to genetic heterogeneity of longevity and the lack of replication in genetic association studies.

title: Genetics of aging, health, and survival: dynamic regulation of XXXX longevity related traits.

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['major diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous reports that used head-up tilt testing and @entity859 administration have suggested that @entity859 may be an important endogenous mediator that may trigger a vasovagal response in susceptible @entity1 . However, little is known regarding endogenous @entity859 plasma levels (APLs) during @entity907 provoked by tilt testing. The aim of this study was to determine whether APLs differ in @entity1 with a positive head-up tilt test compared with those with a negative test and whether APLs are modified during tilt-induced @entity907 . METHODS AND RESULTS: APLs (mean+/-SEM) were measured during head-up tilt test in 26 @entity1 who presented with unexplained @entity1163 . In the 15 @entity1 with a negative test, APLs were 0.39+/-0.03 micromol/L at baseline, 0.22+/-0.03 micromol/L immediately after tilting, and 0.44+/-0.03 micromol/L after 45 minutes. APLs were significantly higher in the 11 @entity1 with a positive test (2.66+/-0.67 micromol/L at baseline and 3.22+/-0.85 micromol/L immediately after tilting) than in those with a negative test. During tilt testing-induced @entity1163 , APLs increased to reach 4.03+/-0.66 micromol/L (ie, a 52% increase compared with baseline levels; P<0.02). Furthermore, we observed that the higher the @entity2799 during @entity1163 , the shorter the time to appearance of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that APLs were higher in @entity1 with a positive tilt test than in @entity1 with a negative test and that they increased during tilt testing-induced @entity1163 . These observations suggest that @entity859 release may be involved in the triggering mechanism of @entity1163 induced during tilt testing.

title: Role of endogenous @entity859 as a modulator of XXXX induced during tilt testing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal syncope']

answer: @entity1163 :: (MESH:D013575,Disease) :: ['syncope']


abstract: Recently, ionic current simulation in the Luo-Rudy model has elucidated putative mechanisms of afterdepolarizations under various experimental conditions. The present study was aimed at gaining insight into the differential mechanism of different types of afterdepolarizations in the @entity840 heart in vivo. The effects of pharmacological and heart rate perturbations on early (EADs) and delayed (DADs) afterdepolarizations, induced by either @entity6838 , @entity6928 , or @entity9898 were studied, using mid-myocardial left ventricular @entity2045 ( @entity2045 ) recordings. Digoxin insignificantly shortened @entity50 ( @entity50 ) and @entity6928 and @entity9898 differentially prolonged @entity50 and @entity2045 duration. @entity6838 induced phase 3-EADs and DADs and @entity6928 or @entity9898 induced phase 2- and phase 3-EADs. @entity1706 shortened @entity2045 duration, suppressed almost all the phase 2-EADs and some of the phase 3-EADs, but not the DADs. In a few cases, DADs were manifested following the abolishment of phase 2-EADs by @entity1706 , but this phenomenon did not occur in the presence of @entity4033 . @entity1855 prolonged @entity50 , did not significantly affect phase 2-EADs, but suppressed almost all of the DADs, including those which appeared after @entity1706 , and all but one of the phase 3-EADs. The effects of @entity1706 and @entity1855 were independent of the mode of afterdepolarization induction. A pacing-induced heart rate increase, which shortened @entity2045 duration, and vagal stimulation, which prolonged @entity2045 duration, attenuated and enhanced phase 2-EADs, respectively. The amplitude of phase 3-EADs was inversely related to the heart rate. These data, taken together, are consistent with those obtained previously by others in a computer model and recent observations on @entity6928 -induced EADs in the @entity840 Purkinje fibers in vitro which have indicated that the mechanism of phase 2-EADs is different from that of DADs and that late phase 3-EADs generated under conditions of @entity141 overload and DADs share similar properties.

title: Effects of @entity1706 , XXXX , and heart rate on afterdepolarizations in the @entity840 heart in vivo.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['sinus cycle length', 'SCL']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['MAP', 'monophasic action potential']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil', 'Verapamil']

entities_list: @entity6838 :: ('MESH:D004077', 'Chemical') :: ['digoxin', 'Digoxin']

entities_list: @entity1706 :: ('MESH:D020110', 'Chemical') :: ['pinacidil', 'Pinacidil']

answer: @entity1855 :: (MESH:D014700,Chemical) :: ['verapamil']


abstract: @entity18658 is an often painful clinical condition that usually affects the big toe. Chemical matricectomy with @entity3971 has a low recurrence rate and good cosmetic results. However, it produces extensive tissue destruction that can result in drainage and @entity245 . Alternatives such as @entity7159 and @entity2804 ( @entity2974 ) have therefore come into vogue. A total of 39 @entity1 with 56 ingrown toenail edges underwent chemical matricectomy with 90% @entity2974 after partial nail @entity155 . In most of the @entity1 , adverse effects such as @entity282 and drainage were minimal. One @entity1 who underwent matricectomy had recurrence in a single nail edge (1.8%) at 12 months follow-up. No recurrence was observed among 38 @entity1 during the mean follow-up period. This was considered to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Partial nail @entity155 followed by @entity2974 matricectomy is a safe, simple, and effective method with low rates of postoperative morbidity and high rates of success.

title: The effectiveness of matrix cauterization with @entity2804 in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['delayed healing']

entities_list: @entity18658 :: ('MESH:C564384', 'Disease') :: ['Ingrown toenail']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity2804 :: ('MESH:D014238', 'Chemical') :: ['trichloroacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity7159 :: ('MESH:D012972', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hydroxide']

answer: @entity18658 :: (MESH:C564384,Disease) :: ['ingrown toenails']


abstract: The c-erbA protooncogene encodes the thyroid hormone ( @entity6143 ; T3) receptor alpha1 (TR alpha1). c-erbA/TR alpha1 is expressed in many cell types including glial cells, particularly in the immature state. We show here by morphological and biochemical criteria that c-erbA induces apoptosis of glial @entity30576 cells in serum-deprived conditions. This effect is mostly T3 independent. Growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or transforming growth factor-alpha prevent @entity30576 + TR alpha1 cell death. Protein kinase C (PKC) activators also prevent the apoptosis phenomenon, an effect that was blocked by the PKC-specific inhibitor @entity11009 . Expression of an exogenous @entity588 gene led also to @entity30576 + TR alpha1 cell survival. Neither a series of inhibitors including @entity11009 nor T3 inhibits @entity588 action, indicating that @entity588 blocks a downstream step in the death-promoting process. @entity30576 + TR alpha1 cell apoptosis is not blocked by @entity9302 or poly- @entity857 -ribosyltransferase inhibitors, suggesting that the activation of these classic pathways is not involved in the apoptotic mechanism. In addition, direct interaction with specific neuronal cells but not incubation with their conditioned medium inhibits also apoptosis of @entity30576 + TR alpha1 cells. Our results show that c-erbA promotes an apoptotic process in glial @entity30576 cells that is suppressible by PKC activation and @entity588 , probably by distinct mechanisms.

title: The c-erbA alpha protooncogene induces apoptosis in glial cells via a protein kinase C- and XXXX -suppressible mechanism.

entities_list: @entity6143 :: ('CHEBI:18258', 'Chemical') :: ["3,5,3'-triiodothyronine"]

answer: @entity588 :: (596,Gene) :: ['bcl-2']


abstract: OBJECT: The goal of this study was to examine the role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of @entity1 with recurrent or unresectable @entity816 . METHODS: During a 13-year interval, 37 @entity1 (median age 14 years) required multimodal treatment of recurrent or unresectable @entity816 . @entity5 involved the brainstem in 18 @entity1 , cerebellum in three, thalamus in five, temporal lobe in four, and parietal lobe in two, as well as the hypothalamus, optic tract, corpus callosum, insular cortex, and third ventricle in one @entity1 each. Diagnosis was confirmed with the aid of stereotactic biopsy in 12 @entity1 , open biopsy in five, partial resection in eight, and near-total resection in 12. Multimodal treatment included fractionated radiation therapy in 10 @entity1 , stereotactic intracavitary irradiation of @entity5 in four, chemotherapy in two, cyst drainage in six, ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in three, and additional cytoreductive surgery in four. @entity5 volumes varied from 0.42 to 25 cm3. The median radiosurgical dose to the @entity5 margin was 15 Gy (range 9.6-22.5 Gy). After radiosurgery, serial imaging demonstrated complete @entity5 resolution in 10 @entity1 , reduced @entity5 volume in eight, stable @entity5 volume in seven, and delayed @entity5 progression in 12. No procedure-related @entity204 was encountered. Thirty-three (89%) of 37 @entity1 are alive at a median follow-up period of 28 months after radiosurgery and 59 months after diagnosis. Eight @entity1 participated in follow-up review for more than 60 months. Three @entity1 died of local @entity5 progression. CONCLUSIONS: Stereotactic radiosurgery is a valuable adjunctive strategy in the management of recurrent or unresectable @entity816 . Despite the favorable histological characteristics and prognosis usually associated with this @entity5 , an adverse location, recurrence, or progression of this disease requires alternative therapeutic approaches such as radiosurgery.

title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for XXXX when multimodal therapy is necessary.

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['pilocytic astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'Tumor', 'neoplasm']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['pilocytic astrocytomas']


abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of a @entity23207 ( @entity23207 ) modified grass pollen mix allergen preparation ( @entity23207 -gm) and a partly purified grass pollen mix allergen preparation (gm) in hyposensitization (HS), evaluating both products at two dose levels. Thirty adult @entity1 with @entity56 were allocated into two treatment groups based on their sensitivity to conjunctival provocation tests (CPT). Treatment was given in a double-blind manner. The starting dose was 20 BU and was approximately doubled weekly up to 20,000 BU the first year and 120,000 BU the second year. Skin testing and CPT were performed before treatment and at each dose level. All @entity1 reached 20,000 BU the first year. Twenty-five @entity1 continued the second year. Twenty-one of those reached 120,000 BU (9/12 on @entity23207 -gm and 12/13 on gm). The frequency of general side effects was reduced by about 50% with the @entity23207 grass mix compared with native grass mix. A significant improvement in the conjunctival sensitivity was found in both treatment groups the second year (120,000 BU) but not the first year (20,000 BU). Seventy-eight percent of the @entity1 in the gm group and 50% in the @entity23207 -gm group improved by @entity1191 (not statistically significant). The skin sensitivity was reduced after 1 year at low dose in 69% of the gm-treated @entity1 and 33% of the @entity23207 treated @entity1 . After the second year at high dose levels, the skin sensitivity decreased in all @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Two-year double-blind trial of a XXXX ( @entity23207 ) modified grass pollen extract at different dose levels.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity23207 :: ('MESH:C028210', 'Chemical') :: ['monomethoxypolyethylene glycol', 'mPEG']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinoconjunctivitis']

answer: @entity23207 :: (MESH:C028210,Chemical) :: ['monomethoxy polyethylene glycol']