abstract: Enzyme catalysis reflects a dynamic interplay between charged and polar active site residues that facilitate function, stabilize transition states, and maintain overall protein stability. Previous studies show that substituting neutral for charged residues in the active site often significantly stabilizes a protein, suggesting a stability trade-off for functionality. In the @entity45382 superfamily, a set of conserved active site residues (the "catalytic module") has repeatedly been used in nature in the evolution of many different enzymes for the performance of unique overall reactions involving a chemically diverse set of substrates. This catalytic module provides a robust solution for catalysis that delivers the common underlying partial reaction that supports all of the different overall chemical reactions of the superfamily. As this module has been so broadly conserved in the evolution of new functions, we sought to investigate the extent to which it follows the stability-function trade-off. @entity493 substitutions were made for individual residues, groups of residues, and the entire catalytic module of @entity45383 synthase (OSBS), a member of the @entity45382 superfamily from @entity526 . Of six individual residue substitutions, four ( @entity2575 , @entity45384 , @entity45385 , and @entity45386 ) substantially increased protein stability (by 0.46-4.23 kcal/mol), broadly consistent with prediction of a stability-activity trade-off. The residue most conserved across the superfamily, E190, is by far the most destabilizing. When the individual substitutions were combined into groups (as they are structurally and functionally organized), nonadditive stability effects emerged, supporting previous observations that residues within the module interact as two functional groups within a larger catalytic system. Thus, whereas the multiple-mutant enzymes @entity45384 / @entity45385 / @entity45386 and @entity2575 / @entity45387 / @entity45384 / @entity45385 / @entity45386 / @entity45388 (termed 3KDED) are stabilized relative to the wild-type enzyme (by 1.77 and 3.68 kcal/mol, respectively), the net stabilization achieved in both cases is much weaker than what would be predicted if their stability contributions were additive. Organization of the catalytic module into systems that mitigate the expected stability cost due to the presence of highly charged active site residues may help to explain its repeated use for the evolution of many different functions.

title: Stability for function trade-offs in the XXXX superfamily "catalytic module".

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['Alanine']

entities_list: @entity45383 :: ('MESH:C013691', 'Chemical') :: ['o-succinylbenzoate']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity45382 :: (20493233,Gene) :: ['enolase']


abstract: @entity5885 ( @entity5885 ) carries a poor prognosis and lung transplantation is the only curative treatment. In @entity5885 , @entity4770 therapy is controversial, as this condition may be refractory to specific therapy with an increased risk of @entity4 . We retrospectively reviewed clinical, functional and haemodynamic data of 12 @entity1 with @entity5885 (10 with histological confirmation) treated with continuous intravenous @entity4770 and priority listed for lung transplantation after January 1, 2003. All @entity5885 @entity1 had severe clinical, functional and @entity73 at presentation. @entity4770 was used at low dose ranges with slow dose increases and high dose diuretics. Only one @entity1 developed mild reversible @entity4 . After 3-4 months, improvements were seen in the New York Heart Association functional class (class IV to III in seven @entity1 ), cardiac index (1.99+/-0.68 to 2.94+/-0.89 L x @entity1009 ) x m(-2)) and indexed pulmonary vascular resistance (28.4+/-8.4 to 17+/-5.2 Wood units x m(-2); all p<0.01). A nonsignificant improvement in the 6-min walk distance was also observed (+41 m, p = 0.11). Two @entity1 died, one @entity1 was alive on the transplantation waiting list on December 1, 2008 and nine @entity1 were transplanted. Cautious use of continuous intravenous @entity4770 improved clinical and haemodynamic parameters in @entity5885 @entity1 at 3-4 months without commonly causing @entity4 , and may be a useful bridge to urgent lung transplantation.

title: Cautious XXXX therapy is a safe bridge to lung transplantation in @entity5885 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary oedema']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['haemodynamic impairment']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['epoprostenol', 'Epoprostenol']

entities_list: @entity5885 :: ('MESH:D011668', 'Disease') :: ['PVOD', 'Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease']

answer: @entity4770 :: (MESH:D011464,Chemical) :: ['epoprostenol']


abstract: Frontal fibrosing @entity1665 (FFA) is a primary lymphocytic @entity1665 with characteristic clinical pattern of progressive frontotemporal hairline recession, perifollicular erythema and @entity5656 and symptoms of itch and burning, occurring mainly in post-menopausal @entity1 . FFA is considered a subtype of @entity3854 ( @entity3854 ), based on their identical histopathology. Currently, no evidence-based treatment is available for FFA. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of available treatment options for FFA, and to identify promising treatment options for future studies. For this, literature search was conducted to find all primary studies on the treatment of FFA and @entity3854 . From the primary studies, data were subtracted and analysed. No randomized controlled trials were found, and one controlled trial. Treatment of 114 @entity1 is described in the literature. They received 10 different regimes, of which oral @entity10831 inhibitors were provided most often, resulting in good clinical response in 45% of them. @entity6383 resulted in good clinical response in 30% of the 29 treated @entity1 . Topical corticosteroid preparations are ineffective in FFA. The remaining treatments were all reported in less than 10 @entity1 . For the treatment of @entity3854 , topical corticosteroid preparations are the first line of treatment, followed by oral @entity205 and systemic corticosteroids, although they are characterized by a high relapse rate. Summarizing, there is currently no effective treatment of FFA, the most effective being oral @entity10831 inhibitors that possibly affect the accompanying @entity1665 . We argue that oral @entity205 might be a good candidate for future studies on the treatment of FFA.

title: Treatment of frontal fibrosing XXXX and @entity3854 : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1665 :: ('MESH:D000505', 'Disease') :: ['androgenetic alopecia', 'cicatricial alopecia', 'alopecia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3854 :: ('MESH:D018459', 'Disease') :: ['lichen planopilaris', 'LPP']

entities_list: @entity5656 :: ('MESH:D017488', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkeratosis']

entities_list: @entity6383 :: ('MESH:D006886', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydroxychloroquine']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A', 'cyclosporine']

answer: @entity1665 :: (MESH:D000505,Disease) :: ['alopecia']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Estimates of time intervals by bystanders are considered critical in @entity1167 , and are often used in other disorders such as @entity64 and @entity583 . Because they have never been previously studied, we sought to determine their accuracy. METHODS: This study was performed by prospective collection of bystander estimates (made at the time of the arrest) of the time from calling 911 to the arrival of urban fire department first responders, and comparison with actual measured response interval from computerized records, in all out-of-hospital @entity1167 from January 1996 through June 1998. RESULTS: The fire department responded to 1,015 @entity1 in @entity1167 during the study period. First responders arrived before advanced life support providers to 831 @entity1 , who thus met study entry criteria. Bystander estimates were obtained in 497 of these 831 @entity1 , who did not differ in key characteristics from those lacking estimates. The bystander's average estimated fire department response interval was 5.6 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.2 to 5.9 minutes) and the actual measured interval to the @entity1 's side from computer records was 6.1 minutes (95% CI 5.9 to 6.4 minutes). However, the median error of the bystander estimate (1.3 minutes) was 32% of the median of the actual measured on-scene interval, and there was no correlation between the bystander estimates and the measured interval in individual cases (R </=0.14), regardless of which intervals were examined. Seventy-five percent of the bystander estimates erred by 20% or more. When bystanders estimated a response interval as excessively long, they were almost invariably wrong, but they also usually failed to identify intervals that actually were long. CONCLUSION: Although many diagnostic and research conclusions are based on interval estimates from laypersons, we found no correlation between estimates and actual measured intervals in @entity1167 . Current methodology may not be developed well enough to provide reliable data for research or quality assurance, and other clinical time estimates by @entity1 and bystanders may be equally unreliable.

title: Ability of laypersons to estimate short time intervals in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest', 'cardiac arrests']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: @entity4090 ( @entity4090 ) has several physiological effects on peripheral tissues and the brain. This hormone acts via its membrane receptor ( @entity12595 ) to induce cell differentiation or proliferation. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) combined with Southern blot analysis, we detected @entity12595 transcripts in a @entity1 @entity11 cell line (U87-MG) and in primary cultured @entity1 @entity463 cells. These transcripts were deleted or not in their extracellular domains. We examined the effects of @entity4090 on intracellular free @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ](i)) in these cells in order to improve our understanding of the @entity4090 transduction mechanism, which is still poorly documented. [ @entity141 ](i) was measured by microspectrofluorimetry using indo-1 as the @entity141 fluorescent probe. Spatiotemporal aspects of @entity4090 -induced @entity141 signals were investigated using high-speed @entity3576 confocal imaging. We found that physiological concentrations (0.4-4 nM) of @entity4090 -stimulated @entity141 entry and intracellular @entity141 mobilization via a @entity669 kinase-dependent mechanism. The two types of @entity141 responses observed were distinguishable by their kinetics: one showing a slow (type I) and the other a fast (type II) increase in [ @entity141 ](i). The amplitude of @entity4090 -induced @entity141 increases may be sufficient to provoke several physiological responses, such as stimulating proliferation. Furthermore, @entity4090 induced a dose-dependent increase in @entity665 incorporation levels and in cellular growth and survival, detected by the @entity98 method. These data indicate that @entity4090 induced mitogenesis of @entity1 @entity11 cells.

title: Effects of @entity4090 on intracellular calcium concentration and cell proliferation in XXXX @entity11 cells.

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Abstract Short-chain @entity1718 ( @entity14559 ) are produced by microbial fermentation in the hindgut in considerable amounts. Most of the anions in hindgut contents are @entity14559 , mainly @entity598 , @entity4919 and @entity4876 . @entity14559 are rapidly absorbed. Mechanisms involved in the transepithelial transport are discussed. Besides the contribution to the overall energy metabolism of animals or @entity1 , @entity14559 have a number of further important effects on the colonic mucosa. Factors affecting the pH of compartments in the mucosa, cell swelling, stimulation of mucin release and of mucosal blood flow are mentioned. Controversial reports are known on the role of @entity14559 in the metabolism of colonocytes. In spite of the conflicting opinions on the interaction between @entity14559 metabolism and the development of @entity1960 ulcerosa, @entity7261 and @entity14 seems to exist. The obscure differences between the effects of @entity14559 on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of colonocytes in vivo and in vitro indicate that besides direct effects of @entity14559 systemic effects such as neural and humoral factors are of crucial importance. The opposing effects of @entity14559 on proliferation and apoptosis in normal colonocytes and in @entity694 cells may open possibilities for prevention and/or therapy of @entity1 with @entity1049 .

title: Role of short-chain XXXX in the hind gut.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4876 :: ('MESH:D002087', 'Chemical') :: ['butyrate']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic cancer']

entities_list: @entity7261 :: ('MESH:D004240', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulosis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic diseases']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: Two hundred ninety-two @entity1 breasts were examined in toto by a subgross sampling technique with histologic confirmation. The samples consisted of 185 breasts from random autopsies, 63 @entity5 -containing breasts, and 44 breasts contralateral to @entity5 -containing breasts. The method permits the identification and enumeration of essentially all of the @entity6349 , @entity5072 , and @entity1313 present in each breast. Emphasis was on the prevalence within each sample category of @entity3821 ( @entity3821 ), @entity1137 ( @entity1137 ), and epithelial @entity75 with severe atypia, previously termed ALA 4 and ALB 4, which correspond to the clinicopathologic entities @entity1373 and @entity1137 , respectively. Additional primary foci of @entity3821 (unrelated to invasive @entity0 , if present) were found in 52.5 per cent of @entity5 -containing breasts, and were seen in 47.7 per cent of contralateral and 5.9 per cent of the breasts from random autopsies. @entity1137 in situ was generally seen only in association with infiltrating @entity189 , usually of the ductal type. No @entity1137 was seen in the breasts from random autopsies. These trends are the same if the @entity75 with severe atypia are included with @entity189 in situ. The numbers of lesions were also markedly greater in affected @entity5 -associated breasts than in affected breasts obtained from autopsies. These findings suggest that @entity1137 , although a rare lesion in the general population, may be a significant marker for clinical @entity189 . They support previous studies showing a small percentage of @entity1 with undetected @entity3821 of uncertain clinical and biological potential. The multicentric nature of preinvasive @entity0 is further substantiated. Finally, when the prevalence and number of lesions are considered in association with the ages of the @entity1 , the lower prevalence of such lesions in the older @entity1 in each sample suggests that at least some @entity3821 and @entity1137 may be dependent on a premenopausal hormonal milieu for their continuing existence.

title: The prevalence of @entity189 in situ in normal and XXXX -associated breasts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['lobular carcinoma in situ', 'atypical lobular hyperplasia', 'Lobular carcinoma', 'LCIS']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ', 'DCIS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative lesions']

entities_list: @entity5072 :: ('MESH:D000796', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['atypical ductal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The interaction between cedilanid-D and @entity1406 , a selective beta receptor blocking agent, on exercise tolerance and systolic intervals was studied in 15 @entity1 with @entity951 . The @entity1 had been treated with @entity1406 for several months in a dose of 50 mg, three times daily (one @entity1 received 25 mg three times daily). Each @entity1 participated in two studies separated by at least 1 week. After arriving at the laboratory each received 50 mg of @entity1406 orally; thereafter, either cedilanid-D or placebo was infused intravenously in a double-blind study performed in randomized order. When the effect of the drugs was maximal, the systolic intervals and the heart volume were recorded at rest, and the exercise tolerance was tested with a bicycle ergometer. The mean maximal value of plasma concentrations of @entity1406 assessed during the study was about 50 ng/ml but the variation among subjects was great (20 to 187 ng/ml). After administration of cedilanid-D there was a shortening of the pre-ejection period and left ventricular ejection time compared with results after placebo; the reduction was similar to that found after administration of cedilanid-D without beta blocking drugs. The total heart volume decreased by an average of 55 ml, but the individual variation was great. The @entity1 ' average work capacity, expressed as total work, was not altered by cedilanid-D when compared with results after placebo. No relation was found between initial heart size and the effect of cedilanid-D on capacity for physical work. It therefore appears that there is no indication for the routine use of digitalis during beta blocking therapy in @entity1 with @entity951 who do not have @entity712 .

title: Effects of cedilanid-D in combination with @entity1406 on exercise tolerance and systolic time intervals in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina pectoris']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that are predictive of, or associated with, postconcussion symptom reporting after @entity131 ( @entity131 ) in the U.S. military. @entity1 were 125   U.S. military service members (age: M=29.6 years, standard deviation [SD]=8.9, range=18-56 years) who sustained a @entity131 , divided into two groups based on symptom criteria for @entity74 ( @entity74 ): @entity74 -Present (n=65) and @entity74 -Absent (n=60). @entity1 completed a neuropsychological evaluation at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (M=9.4 months after injury, SD=9.9; range: 1.1 to 44.8). Factors examined included demographic characteristics, injury-related variables, psychological testing, and effort testing. There were no significant group differences for age, sex, education, race, estimated premorbid intelligence, number of deployments, combat versus non-combat related injury, or mechanism of injury (p>0.098 for all). There were significant main effects for severity of @entity130 , duration of @entity909 , duration of post-traumatic @entity2730 , @entity1504 , time tested post-injury, possible symptom exaggeration, poor effort, @entity308 , and traumatic stress (p<0.044 for all). @entity74 symptom reporting was most strongly associated with possible symptom exaggeration, poor effort, @entity308 , and traumatic stress. @entity74 rarely occurred in the absence of @entity308 , traumatic stress, possible symptom exaggeration, or poor effort (n=7, 5.6%). Many factors unrelated to @entity1545 were influential in self-reported postconcussion symptoms in this sample. Clinicians cannot assume uncritically that endorsement of items on a postconcussion symptom checklist is indicative of residual effects from a @entity1545 .

title: Risk factors for postconcussion symptom reporting after XXXX in U.S. military service members.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial abnormality']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'postconcussional disorder']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['body injury']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endometriosis is considered an important cause of chronic @entity2371 . Despite its high prevalence, controversy still exists regarding the true association between the extent of @entity46 and the severity of symptoms. We conducted this prospective study to investigate the association between the stage of @entity46 and type and severity of @entity158 , and to evaluate the efficacy of laparoscopic surgery in @entity158 relief. METHODS: Ninety-five @entity1 complaining of chronic @entity158 were diagnosed with @entity46 and were treated with laparoscopic surgery. The severity of @entity158 was assessed in @entity1 with an @entity46 AFS (American Fertility Society) score less than 16 (group 1) and those with an AFS score greater than or equal to 16 (group 2), preoperatively and 6 months after surgery, using a @entity227 scale. Any reduction in @entity158 scores by 2 points or more was considered to be an improvement. RESULTS: @entity1834 and @entity546 , were significantly more frequent in @entity1 of group 2. @entity158 scores were significantly higher for @entity1834 (p = 0.0022) and @entity546 (p < 0.0001) but not for non- @entity1834 in group 2. Deep @entity546 was correlated with the presence of dense pelvic adhesions. After surgery, @entity1834 improved in 43% of cases in group 1, vs. 66% of cases in group 2 (p = 0.0037). For @entity546 , improvement was reported by 33% in group 1, vs. 67% in group 2 (p = 0.074). Improvement in non- @entity1834 was not significantly different between the two groups (67% vs. 56%). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1442 is more frequently related to @entity1834 and @entity2632 in @entity66 . Laparoscopic surgery may offer relief or improvement in the majority of @entity1 with @entity1118 . Cases with advanced disease seem to benefit the most.

title: Endometriosis in @entity1 with chronic @entity2371 : is staging predictive of the efficacy of laparoscopic surgery in XXXX relief?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual pain']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['comparison to early disease']

entities_list: @entity1834 :: ('MESH:D004412', 'Disease') :: ['Dysmenorrhea', 'dysmenorrhea', 'menstrual pain']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity2632 :: ('MESH:D057887', 'Disease') :: ['deep dypareunia']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['Advanced endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'Preoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['deep dyspareunia', 'dyspareunia']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: The @entity2887 are antibiotics frequently used in infections that affect elderly individuals. The physiological aging process can profoundly affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs, necessitating adjustment of dosage regimens in the elderly. Changes in pharmacokinetics with age are mainly due to the progressive @entity177 , with resultant lower clearance of drugs which are eliminated by the kidneys. @entity800 is almost totally renally excreted and elimination is slower in older age groups; a dose reduction is therefore recommended for this @entity1536 . Unexpected alterations in pharmacokinetics may occur, as exemplified by the increased bioavailability of oral @entity2177 in elderly subjects. This is a well-documented phenomenon of such significance that lower oral doses are advisable for the elderly. Renal clearance of @entity2177 decreases in old age, but because of substantial nonrenal elimination the total clearance is affected less. Studies of the pharmacokinetics of the other @entity5176 in old age are scarce. No data exist on the absolute oral bioavailability of @entity4258 , @entity4257 and @entity13658 . Renal clearance seems to be reduced, but since no intravenous studies have been reported, the total and nonrenal clearances are unknown in the elderly. No safe conclusions can be drawn regarding the necessity of dose reductions from a pharmacokinetic point of view. However, reports of adverse reactions to @entity5176 in the elderly, especially concentration-dependent symptoms from the central nervous system, and the risk of interaction with other drugs, suggest the need for caution in determining dosages of all of these compounds in elderly subjects.

title: XXXX disposition in the elderly. Practical implications.

entities_list: @entity4258 :: ('MESH:D009643', 'Chemical') :: ['norfloxacin']

entities_list: @entity4257 :: ('MESH:D015365', 'Chemical') :: ['enoxacin']

entities_list: @entity13658 :: ('MESH:D015366', 'Chemical') :: ['pefloxacin']

entities_list: @entity5176 :: ('MESH:D015363', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolones']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['deterioration of renal function']

entities_list: @entity2887 :: ('MESH:D024841', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoroquinolones']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['Ofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolone']

answer: @entity1536 :: (CHEBI:23765,Chemical) :: ['Quinolone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2858 hypersusceptibility to non- @entity2353 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) improves the response to NNRTI-containing regimens. The genetic basis for NNRTI hypersusceptibility was partly defined in our earlier analyses of a paired genotype-phenotype dataset of viral isolates from treatment-experienced @entity1 , in which we identified reverse transcriptase mutations @entity19894 , @entity48861 , and @entity24542 as being strongly associated with NNRTI hypersusceptibility. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the role of these mutations in NNRTI hypersusceptibility by site-directed mutagenesis and phenotypic analysis of @entity2858 recombinants. METHODS: Drug susceptibility and replication capacity were determined in single cycle assays. Hypersusceptibility was defined by a statistically significant (P < 0.01; Student's t-test) mean fold-change in 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of less than 0.4. RESULTS: The single mutations @entity19894 , @entity48861 , and @entity24542 did not show hypersusceptibility to efavirenz with mean fold-change of 0.58, 0.55, and 0.70, respectively (P < 0.01 and P = 0.12). The @entity48861 / @entity24542 and @entity19894 / @entity48861 / @entity24542 mutants showed marked hypersusceptibility to efavirenz, having mean fold-change values of 0.27 and 0.20, respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, @entity48861 / @entity24542 , @entity19894 / @entity24542 , and @entity19894 / @entity48861 / @entity24542 were hypersusceptible to @entity31403 and @entity5198 . The @entity19894 / @entity24542 mutant was not replication impaired; whereas @entity48861 / @entity24542 and @entity19894 / @entity48861 / @entity24542 had significantly (P < 0.01) reduced replication capacities of 40 and 35% of wild-type, respectively. CONCLUSION: Different combinations of @entity19894 , @entity48861 , and @entity24542 produce NNRTI hypersusceptibility. The @entity19894 / @entity24542 mutant is hypersusceptible to @entity31403 and @entity5198 without reduced replication capacity, whereas the @entity48861 / @entity24542 and @entity19894 / @entity48861 / @entity24542 mutants are hypersusceptible to all NNRTI and show impaired replication. These findings suggest that more than one mechanism is involved in NNRTI hypersusceptibility.

title: Reverse transcriptase mutations 118I, 208Y, and 215Y cause @entity2858 hypersusceptibility to non- XXXX reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity31403 :: ('MESH:D020008', 'Chemical') :: ['delavirdine']

entities_list: @entity5198 :: ('MESH:D019829', 'Chemical') :: ['nevirapine']

answer: @entity2353 :: (CHEBI:33838,Chemical) :: ['nucleoside']


abstract: Following treatment for localized soft tissue @entity242 the risk of relapse is either locally or in the lungs. In Edinburgh @entity1 are reviewed every 6 months with a chest X-ray (CXR). The radiation exposure over a 10 year follow up remains small, but it is unclear if all @entity1 , irrespective of the initial grade of their primary @entity5 , require this. To determine the pick up rate of lung @entity3 by routine CXR over a 10 year period and to review the primary histology. Adult @entity1 on routine follow up between 1994 and 2004 were identified and the notes of those with lung @entity3 reviewed. Data was collected on their initial histology, and date and method of diagnosis of lung @entity3 . 179 @entity1 were under follow up. 24 (13%) developed lung @entity3 . For 2, notes were not found. 6 (27%) had @entity3 diagnosed by routine CXR, 9 (41%) had @entity3 diagnosed by non routine CXR and 7 (32%) had @entity3 diagnosed by CT. On review of histology none were grade 1, 4 (18%) were grade 2 and 18 (82%) were grade 3. 155 @entity1 received. 6 monthly CXR for 10 years with no detection of lung @entity3 . Lung @entity3 occurred in a minority of @entity1 (13%) and most (82%) occurred in @entity1 with grade 3 @entity5 . No @entity1 with grade 1 @entity5 developed lung @entity3 . Thus routine CXR may be appropriate on grade 3 @entity5 , but not on lower grade @entity5 where other risk factors are absent.

title: Is routine chest radiography a useful test in the follow up of all adult XXXX with soft tissue @entity242 ?

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analysis the clinical characters of @entity1930 and investigate the treatment options. METHODS: From October 1962 to June 1997, 190 @entity1 with @entity1930 were adopted in this retrospective study. In these cases, the @entity1930 were caused by injection in 164 @entity1 (86.32%), @entity130 in 14 @entity1 , @entity174 and @entity572 in 11 @entity1 , and contusion injury in 1 @entity1 . Among them, 15 cases were treated by conservative method and the other 175 cases were operated. According to the observation during the operations, the injuries were occurred at the region of gluteal muscle in 146 cases, at the region of piriform muscle in 26 cases, and at the region of pelvic cavity in 3 cases. Then neurolysis was performed in 160 cases, epineurial neurorrhaphy in 12 cases and nerve grafting in 2 cases, and nerve exploration but no repair in 1 case. Late stage functional reconstruction of the foot and ankle was carried out in 23 cases. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-one @entity1 were followed up 8.5 years in average. The occurrence of excellent and good nerve recovery was 56.95% and the occurrence of excellent and good functional reconstruction of late stage was 78.26%. CONCLUSION: The gluteal @entity1930 has since been challenging because of the @entity4764 in treatment and the poor outcome. The injury situation at the different region was closely related to the regional anatomy. According to this study, it is advised that the surgical treatment should be carried out actively. Neurolysis should be performed as soon as possible in the cases of injection injury. Epineurial neurorrhaphy should be performed in the cases of nerve @entity397 . In case of the gluteal @entity1930 which caused by @entity174 or @entity572 , the reduction and decompression is suggested in the early stage, and exploration and nerve repair is indicated in the late stage. The functional reconstruction of foot and ankle should be carried out in the late stage for the improvement of the limb function.

title: [Gluteal XXXX and its treatment].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic fracture']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip dislocation']

entities_list: @entity4764 :: ('MESH:D051346', 'Disease') :: ['tremendous difficulty']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic nerve injury', 'gluteal sciatic nerve injuries', 'sciatic nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['stab injury']

answer: @entity1930 :: (MESH:D020426,Disease) :: ['sciatic nerve injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: Primary @entity320 , paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx is rare and current research data of this disease are mainly from western populations. This study was to analyze the clinical characteristics of this disease and prognositic factors. METHODS: From Jan. 1971 to Jul. 2005, 66 @entity1 with primary @entity320 were treated in @entity5 Center of Sun Yat-sen University, China. Demographics and baseline characteristics, treatments, recurrence, @entity3 , and survival were documented in hospital records. All records of these @entity1 were analyzed retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rate; @entity797 model was used to analyze prognostic factors. RESULTS: Among 44 evaluable cases, 37 were originated from the nasal cavity, 5 from the paranasal sinuses, and 2 from the nasopharynx. @entity3799 at initial presentation occurred in 12 @entity1 . Of the 31 @entity1 received operation-dominated treatment, 8 received adjuvant radiotherapy, 13 received adjuvant chemotherapy, and 6 received adjuvant non-specific immunotherapy. The median time of follow-up was 29 months. Local recurrence, @entity3799 , and distant @entity3 occurred in 24, 10, and 11 @entity1 , respectively, during follow-up. The median survival time was 24 months and the 5-year survival time was 25%. Clinical stage affected prognosis, whereas age, gender, site, primary @entity5 mass, and adjuvant therapy were not correlated to survival status. CONCLUSION: Nasal mucosal @entity320 has high incidence of local recurrence and distant @entity3 , especially @entity3799 . Clinical stage affects the prognosis.

title: [Clinical characteristics and prognosis of primary XXXX --a report of 44 cases].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['Cervical lymphadenopathy', 'cervical lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity', 'melanoma', 'nasal mucosal melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['nasal mucosal melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity6 , a variety of pro-inflammatory cellular changes has been found in various cell types, including monocytes which are known to be involved in all the phases of atherogenesis. @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) type 1 receptor ( @entity7743 ) mediates the pro-atherogenic effects of @entity2178 whereas the type 2 receptor (AT2R) seems associated with atheroprotection. We sought to investigate the potential changes of @entity7743 -AT2R expression in @entity1 monocytes of type 2 @entity6 @entity1 and in @entity753 subjects, upon clinical treatment with @entity8671 . METHODS: The @entity7743 membrane protein and mRNA @entity7743 and AT2R expression in monocytes were investigated in 10 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 and in 10 @entity753 subjects, before and after 3-month @entity8671 treatment. Moreover, the serum cytokine levels of interferon-y (IFN-y) and @entity3646 ( @entity3646 ) were detected. RESULTS: As expected, @entity8671 was associated with a change in the lipid profile in the two groups. Both the membrane protein (P   =   0.008) and the @entity7743 mRNA expression (P   =   0.038) were significantly reduced during treatment in the absence of AT2R expression change in @entity6 @entity1 whereas no significant difference was observed in @entity753 subjects. The serum @entity3646 levels were increased during treatment whereas no change was observed in IFN-y in @entity6 @entity1 . No cytokine change was observed in @entity753 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our study on monocytes of @entity6 @entity1 , showing a reduced @entity7743 but not AT2R expression during @entity8671 treatment, suggests that statin therapy may modulate favorably the @entity7743 -AT2 receptor balance in subjects with coexistent type 2 @entity6 .

title: XXXX type 1 and type 2 receptor expression in circulating monocytes of @entity6 and @entity753 @entity1 over 3-month @entity8671 treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic-hypercholesterolemic', 'diabetic- hypercholesterolemic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['Angiotensin II', 'Ang II']

entities_list: @entity8671 :: ('MESH:C422923', 'Chemical') :: ['rosuvastatin']

answer: @entity2178 :: (183,Gene) :: ['Angiotensin II']


abstract: In @entity1723 a genetic predisposition exists to @entity8 and is related to parental @entity101 . Enhanced G-protein activation, a cellular phenotype observed in cultured cells from @entity1 with essential @entity101 , was recently documented in Type I diabetic subjects with @entity8 . This enhanced G-protein activation has been associated with a genetic variant in the @entity14644 subunit, @entity14644 . A @entity14643 in exon 10 is associated with G-protein activation, the T allele associated with enhanced activity. Furthermore the T allele was observed more frequently in a group with essential @entity101 . In this report we have analysed the role of the @entity14643 polymorphism in the predisposition to @entity2316 in @entity1723 . We have investigated the frequency of this polymorphism in a large case-control study and found no association of the T allele with @entity2316 . Specifically carriage of the T allele as CT or TT was observed in 49% of 200 Type I diabetic control subjects with normoalbuminuria ( @entity6 duration 24 years) compared with 53% of 216 Type I diabetic subjects with @entity8 (overt @entity644 or @entity454 ). Within this group we have also examined the inheritance of @entity14643 alleles in a family study and found no evidence for excess transmission of the T allele to Type I diabetic offspring with @entity8 (T allele transmitted to 51% of @entity8 offspring, C allele transmitted to 49% of @entity8 offspring, p = 0.79). In none of the Type I diabetic datasets examined was there any effect of genotype on variation in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion we can find no evidence for the @entity14643 polymorphism of the beta3 G-protein subunit as a major gene in the susceptibility to @entity2316 in @entity1723 .

title: The XXXX polymorphism in the @entity1 @entity14644 subunit gene is not associated with @entity2316 in @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity14643 :: ('c|SUB|C|825|T', 'DNAMutation') :: ['C825T', 'C-->T polymorphism at position 825']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['Type I diabetes', 'Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity14643 :: (c|SUB|C|825|T,DNAMutation) :: ['C825T']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity6 is one important risk factor of @entity7278 . However, the roles of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and @entity2939 , which are implicated in the inflammatory process in both @entity7278 and @entity6 , have not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether @entity2938 and @entity2939 might be involved in the relationship between @entity7278 and @entity6 by examining @entity2938 and @entity2939 expression in gingival tissues from subjects with @entity7278 without @entity6 ( @entity2723 ) and with @entity6 ( @entity2723 + @entity3918 ) and from periodontally healthy subjects without @entity6 (PH) and with @entity6 (PH+ @entity3918 ). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Gingival tissues were collected from 23 @entity2723 subjects, 21 @entity2723 + @entity3918 subjects, 22 PH subjects and 20 PH+ @entity3918 subjects. The expression of @entity2938 and @entity2939 in gingival tissues was determined using an immunohistochemical method. In gingival epithelium, staining patterns and intensity levels of @entity2938 and @entity2939 expression were studied. In connective tissues, the percentages of @entity2938 - and @entity2939 -positive cells were calculated. The intensity levels and the percentages of positive cells were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: @entity7278 or @entity6 showed no significant effect on @entity2938 expression in the oral epithelium. However, @entity6 increased the expression of @entity2938 in sulcular epithelium and changed the pattern of @entity2938 expression in gingival epithelium. @entity7278 decreased the expression of @entity2939 in gingival epithelium. In connective tissue under sulcular epithelium, @entity2723 + @entity3918 subjects showed statistically significant higher percentages of @entity2938 - and @entity2939 -positive cells compared with PH and PH+ @entity3918 subjects. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that @entity4854 and @entity7278 had effects on @entity2938 and @entity2939 expression in gingival tissue. The differences in @entity2938 and @entity2939 expression could contribute to a greater inflammatory response, leading to periodontal disease initiation and progression.

title: The role of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 in gingival tissues of @entity7278 subjects with type 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity7278 :: ('MESH:D055113', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic periodontitis', 'chronic periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of a brief provider-delivered @entity167 counseling intervention of 5 to 10 minutes with high-risk drinking @entity1 by primary care provider* trained in the counseling intervention and provided with an office support system. DESIGN: A group randomized study design was used. Office sites were randomized to either a usual care or special intervention condition, within which physicians and @entity1 were nested. The unit of analysis was the @entity1 . SETTING: Primary care internal medicine practices affiliated with an academic medical center. @entity1 : Twenty-nine providers were randomized by practice site to receive training and an office support system to provide an @entity167 counseling special intervention or to continue to provide usual care. INTERVENTION: Special intervention providers received 2 1/2 hours of training in a brief @entity167 -counseling intervention and were then supported by an office system that screened @entity1 , cued providers to intervene, and made @entity1 education materials available as tip sheets. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Implementation of the counseling steps was measured by @entity1 exit interviews ( @entity8681 ) immediately following the @entity1 visit. The interval between the date of training and the date of the @entity8681 ranged from 6 to 32 months. Special intervention providers were twice as likely as usual care providers to discuss @entity167 use with their @entity1 . They carried out every step of the counseling sequence significantly more often than did usual care providers (p < .001). This intervention effect persisted over the 32 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians and other health-care providers trained in a brief provider-delivered @entity167 intervention will counsel their high-risk drinking @entity1 when cued to do so and supported by a primary care office system.

title: XXXX counseling: physicians will do it.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['Alcohol']


abstract: The benefit of decompressive craniectomy for the treatment of uncontrolled post-traumatic @entity428 seems to be encouraging if medical management fails. We present our experience in 22 cases of @entity2657 due to @entity542 . The @entity4 alone was rarely the direct consequence of @entity542 . Frequently it was associated with an acute subdural or extradural @entity1410 and @entity2981 (with or without mass effect). First of all we treated the mass effect of the @entity1410 and @entity2981 when the diameter was more than 3 cm. Intracranial pressure was monitored in the majority of @entity1 . Bone decompression was performed in the operating theatre depending on the values of intracranial pressure. In our series 41% of @entity1 had a good recovery, 18% a severe disability, 23% a vegetative state and 18% died. The findings showed that the bony decompression must be performed early before the situation becomes irreversible. We suggest that if intracranial pressure values remain greater than 30 mmHg with cerebral perfusion pressure below 70 mmHg, despite vigorous anti- @entity4 therapy, decompressive craniectomy should be considered.

title: The role of decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of uncontrollable post-traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma']

entities_list: @entity2981 :: ('MESH:D003288', 'Disease') :: ['contusion']

answer: @entity428 :: (MESH:D019586,Disease) :: ['intracranial hypertension']


abstract: Third ventriculostomy is an option for @entity1 who have traditionally received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. This study has been conducted to determine: 1. How common is third ventriculostomy as the initial treatment of @entity1276 ? 2. Does the frequency of third ventriculostomy vary among surgeons? 3. What factors influence surgeons' decision to choose third ventriculostomy? Surgeons completed a questionnaire addressing @entity1 selection and technique factors. Nine case scenarios were reviewed by surgeons who were then asked to choose a ventriculoperitoneal shunt or a third ventriculostomy as the initial treatment. Forty-three responses were received. The proportion of new @entity1 treated with third ventriculostomy varied widely (0%-100%, median 13%). This was not related to years in practice, type of training or presence of residents/fellows. Factors that increased the chance of a third ventriculostomy were triventricular @entity1276 on CT/MR, @entity8468 stenosis, thin ballooned floor and @entity5 . Factors that decreased the chance of a third ventriculostomy were dilated subarachnoid spaces, @entity693 and @entity542 . The presence of myelomeningocele or age < 1 year were less likely to influence the choice of operation. Variation in the rate of third ventriculostomy as the first treatment for @entity1276 is large. It is unlikely that this degree of variation can be explained by differences in @entity1 populations. Further work to refine and disseminate the indications for third ventriculostomy is warranted.

title: The initial treatment of XXXX : an assessment of surgeons' preference between third ventriculostomy and shunt insertion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tectal tumor']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity8468 :: ('OMIM:600791', 'Disease') :: ['isolated aqueduct']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity652 , also known as minimal deviation @entity420 , is a subtype of mucinous @entity420 . PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical, pathologic, and imaging features of the @entity652 of the uterine cervix. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the CT and MRI findings in 13 @entity1 : size, endoluminal fluid, appearance of the solid and cystic component, margin, enhancement, characteristics of locules of the @entity5409 , @entity5 spread, and associated @entity2670 . Clinical and pathologic features were determined in 24 @entity1 . RESULTS: The mean of the major @entity5 diameter was 4.1 cm (range, 2.2-6.5 cm). In the imaging features, 77% of 13 @entity5 demonstrated endoluminal fluid. All @entity5 showed enhancing solid components; 62% were multicystic and 38% had solid lesions. Most solid lesions exhibited an irregular margin (80%). The locules of the @entity75 tended to have smooth margins (75%), to have an average major diameter of  <=1 cm (88%), and to be 11-20 in number (75%). The solid lesions were associated with invasion and @entity3 (60%). Clinically, 38% of 24 @entity1 had watery discharge and 13% had @entity2838 , while pathologically, most @entity1 were low stage (I or II) (83%). Over the 2-year follow-up of 17 @entity1 , 82% was free from disease. The @entity1 with @entity146 or an unfavorable prognosis that manifested as @entity5 recurrence or @entity3 tended to have invasion, watery discharges, high stages (III or IV) (100%) and solid lesions, @entity3 , and associated @entity2670 (67%). CONCLUSION: Awareness of imaging features as well as clinicopathologic manifestations of @entity652 can aid in accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of prognosis.

title: XXXX of the uterine cervix: imaging features with clinicopathologic correlation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesion']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['more aggressive tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['multicystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity2838 :: ('MESH:D010580', 'Disease') :: ['Peutz-Jeghers syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian lesions', 'ovarian lesion']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Adenoma malignum', 'adenoma malignum']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the cervix', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['Adenoma malignum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Surveillance for @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is recommended in @entity1 with @entity82 , but the effectiveness of a surveillance program in clinical practice has yet to be established. AIMS: To evaluate the effectiveness of a surveillance program with ultrasound and @entity160 ( @entity160 ) to detect early HCCs. METHODS: Four hundred and forty-six @entity1 with @entity1 A/B @entity82 were prospectively enrolled between January 2004 and September 2006 and followed until July 2010. @entity157 surveillance using ultrasound and @entity160 was conducted per the treating hepatologist, although the standard was every 6 to 12 months. @entity157 was diagnosed using American Association for the Study of @entity409 (AASLD) guidelines and early @entity96 (BCLC) staging. Performance characteristics were determined for surveillance using @entity160 , ultrasound, or the combination. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 3.5 years, 41 @entity1 developed HCCs, of whom 30 (73.2%) had early HCCs. The annual incidence of @entity157 was 2.8%, with cumulative 3- and 5-year incidence rates of 5.7% and 9.1%, respectively. Surveillance ultrasound and @entity160 had sensitivities of 44% and 66% and specificities of 92% and 91%, respectively, for the detection of HCCs. Sensitivity significantly improved to 90%, with minimal loss in specificity (83%) when these tests were used in combination. CONCLUSIONS: When used as a surveillance program in a real-world clinical setting, combination of ultrasound and @entity160 is the most effective strategy to detect @entity157 at an early stage. IMPACT: Our results differ from the guidelines of the AASLD.

title: XXXX surveillance in @entity1 with @entity82 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['HCC defined by Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Liver Disease']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['Effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although difficulties in applying risk-adjustment measures to @entity1032 populations are increasingly evident, a model designed specifically for @entity1 with @entity146 has never been developed. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to develop and validate a case-mix classification system, the "PsyCMS," for predicting concurrent and future @entity1032 ( @entity1032 ) and @entity734 ( @entity734 ) healthcare costs and utilization. SUBJECTS: Subjects included 914,225 veterans who used Veterans Administration (VA) healthcare services during fiscal year 1999 (FY99) with any @entity1032 / @entity734 diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification [ICD-9-CM] codes 290.00-312.99, 316.00-316.99). METHODS: We derived diagnostic categories from ICD-CM codes using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , Fourth Edition definitions, clinical input, and empiric analyses. Weighted least-squares regression models were developed for concurrent (FY99) and prospective (FY00) @entity1032 / @entity734 costs and utilization. We compared the predictive ability of the PsyCMS with several case-mix systems, including adjusted clinical groups, diagnostic cost groups, and the @entity102 and disability payment system. Model performance was evaluated using R-squares and mean absolute prediction errors (MAPEs). RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity1032 / @entity734 diagnoses comprised 29.6% of individuals seen in the VA during FY99. The PsyCMS accounted for a distinct proportion of the variance in concurrent and prospective @entity1032 / @entity734 costs (R=0.11 and 0.06, respectively), outpatient @entity1032 / @entity734 utilization (R=0.25 and 0.07), and inpatient @entity1032 / @entity734 utilization (R=0.13 and 0.05). The PsyCMS performed better than other case-mix systems examined with slightly higher R-squares and lower MAPEs. CONCLUSIONS: The PsyCMS has clinically meaningful categories, demonstrates good predictive ability for modeling concurrent and prospective @entity1032 / @entity734 costs and utilization, and thus represents a useful method for predicting @entity1032 costs and utilization.

title: Development and validation of a XXXX case-mix system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental health', 'MH']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders', 'Mental Disorders']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['SA', 'substance abuse']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity5 at the proximal humerus are an operative challenge. Radical removal is a principal of @entity5 surgery but as much functionality as possible should be retained. These conditions often conflict so a compromise has to be reached. This paper proposes a solution to this dilemma, introducing an operative approach, with a new modular prosthesis, to a secondary @entity22497 in the proximal humerus. METHODS AND RESULTS: A recently developed humerus modular prosthesis is described, which has been implanted into a @entity1 with @entity22497 . In these, mostly elderly, @entity1 , successful operative therapy should combine radical removal with early mobilization. @entity22497 is a recognized complication of the disease, and its prognosis is poor. In our @entity1 , the implanted humerus prosthesis allowed a limb-saving procedure to be combined with radical @entity5 and postoperative early mobilization. A 3-month follow-up yielded good results with no recurrence of the disease and the @entity1 had satisfactory movement. She was able to resume normal daily life shortly after the operation. CONCLUSION: Implantation of a modular prosthesis of the humerus may allow radical removal of a @entity5 in that area while achieving early motion. In the literature, amputation is often advocated, as radical treatment with chemotherapy is not a successful option in this elderly @entity1 group. We think the alternative use of a modular prosthesis of the humerus is possible in selected cases. We have encountered no other case in the literature where a limb-saving procedure attempts to preserve as much functionality as possible in @entity22497 .

title: The operative management of a @entity5 represented by secondary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'removal of the tumor', 'malignant tumor', 'Malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity22497 :: ('MESH:C537701', 'Disease') :: ["Paget's osteosarcoma"]

answer: @entity22497 :: (MESH:C537701,Disease) :: ['Paget's osteosarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2331 and @entity170 are frequent complications after kidney transplantation. Data for the treatment of low bone mass after kidney transplantation are not available. METHODS: To test the efficacy of antiresorptive treatment, 46 @entity1 with @entity2331 or @entity170 after kidney transplantation (bone mineral density < or =1.5 SD below normal) were randomly assigned to three groups cyclically treated as follows: group 1 with daily oral @entity19160 (800 mg) and group 2 with daily intranasal @entity175 (200 IU) for 2 weeks every 3 months. These two groups were compared with a control group (group 3). Every @entity1 was supplemented with 500 mg of @entity460 per day. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck before and after the 12-month treatment period. RESULTS: BMD at the lumbar spine was increased by 4.6% in the @entity19160 group (n=15, P=0.005), by 3.2% in the @entity175 group (n=16, P=0.034), and by 1.8% in the control group (n=15, P=0.265). However, the differences in BMD changes among the groups were not statistically significant. During therapy, serum @entity460 decreased slightly in all groups by 4.6%; however, parathyroid hormone values increased significantly in the treatment groups by 116%. Therapy was well tolerated without impact on graft function. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclical therapy with @entity19160 or @entity175 appears to induce a gain in BMD at the lumbar spine in @entity1 with low bone mass after kidney transplantation. This treatment had no adverse impact on graft function but may aggravate preexisting secondary @entity2742 .

title: Treatment of XXXX and @entity170 after kidney transplantation.

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia', 'Osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity19160 :: ('MESH:D004002', 'Chemical') :: ['clodronate']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism']

answer: @entity2331 :: (MESH:D001851,Disease) :: ['osteopenia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and complications of radial keratotomy (RK) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for @entity1714 . SETTING: Laser Ultravision Institute. Montreal, Canada. METHODS: Surgically induced refractive and visual acuity changes were retrospectively evaluated in 14 eyes of 10 @entity1 treated with RK after PRK. All @entity1 had simple @entity1714 or compound myopic @entity940 . Minimum follow-up was 6 months. RESULTS: Three eyes (21%) had one PRK, 7 (50%) had two treatments, and 4 (29%) had three. Eleven eyes (79%) required four-incision RK and 3 (21%), eight-incision RK. All @entity1 had improved uncorrected visual acuity. Six months after the RK retreatment, there was a significant reduction in spherical equivalent of 2.93 diopters +/- 1.53 (SD) (P < .05). No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred except overcorrection (two cases). CONCLUSION: Radial keratotomy is an effective, safe method for treating undercorrected @entity1714 after PRK. Further study and analysis of this series of @entity1 are planned.

title: Radial keratotomy for residual XXXX after photorefractive keratectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

answer: @entity1714 :: (MESH:D009216,Disease) :: ['myopia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and phenotypic characteristics of small eyes in the European Prospective Investigation of @entity5 (EPIC)-Norfolk Eye Study. DESIGN: Community cross-sectional study. SETTING: East England population (Norwich, Norfolk and surrounding area). @entity1 : 8033 @entity1 aged 48-92 years old from the EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study, Norfolk, UK with axial length measurements. @entity1 underwent a standardised ocular examination including visual acuity (LogMAR), ocular biometry, non-contact tonometry, autorefraction and fundal photography. A small eye phenotype was defined as a @entity1 with one or both eyes with axial length of <21 mm. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of small eyes, proportion with @entity227 , demographic and biometric factors. RESULTS: Ninety-six @entity1 (1.20%, 95% CI 0.98% to 1.46%) had an eye with axial length less than 21 mm, of which 74 (77%) were @entity1 . Prevalence values for shorter axial lengths were <20 mm: 0.27% (0.18% to 0.41%); <19 mm: 0.17% (0.11% to 0.29%); <18 mm: 0.14% (0.08% to 0.25%). Two @entity1 (2.1%) had @entity4064 (presenting visual acuity >0.48 LogMAR) and one @entity1 was blind (>1.3 LogMAR). The prevalence of unilateral @entity227 was higher in @entity1 with a small eye. Multiple logistic regression modelling showed presence of a small eye to be significantly associated with shorter height, lower body mass index, higher systolic blood pressure and lower intraocular pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity1 with small eyes is higher than previously thought. While small eyes were more common in @entity1 , this appears to be related to shorter height and lower body mass index. @entity1 with small eyes were more likely to be blind or to have unilateral @entity227 .

title: The small eye phenotype in the EPIC-Norfolk eye study: prevalence and XXXX in microphthalmos and nanophthalmos.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'participant', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity4064 :: ('MESH:D015354', 'Disease') :: ['low vision']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual impairment']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Initial descriptions of endoscopic @entity4776 and pituitary involved resecting the middle turbinate (MT) to help improve access and visualization. Modifications of these procedures to preserve the MT have since been described, one rationale being to reduce the incidence of frontal @entity1244 . The objective of this study was to establish the incidence of @entity86 in MT sparing (MTsp) and MT sacrificing (MTsc) @entity4776 . OBJECTIVE: A retrospective cohort study that compared radiographic evidence of frontal rhinosinusitis or frontal @entity3885 after skull base surgery in @entity1 who underwent MTsc and MTsp endonasal @entity4776 . METHODS: Consecutive retrospective review of pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging from two institutions in geographic proximity but with different @entity4776 . Mucosal thickening in the frontal sinus was measured and graded by a radiologist blinded to @entity1 cohorts. RESULTS: Seventy-five @entity1 , based on sample size calculations, were included at each site. Baseline demographics and indications for surgery were not significantly different between the groups. No difference was seen between the groups in the overall grade of @entity12476 seen on postoperative imaging. A total of 8 @entity1 (10%) in the MTsc group had measured mucosal thickening, which was increased from their preoperative scan versus 15 in the MTsp group (20%) (p = 0.10). New mucosal thickening of >1 mm was found in three @entity1 in the MTsc group and eight @entity1 in the MTsp group (p = 0.21); the only @entity1 with @entity86 was in the MTsp group. CONCLUSIONS: The choice of MTsc versus MTsp in endonasal endoscopic approach to the sella does not seem to make a difference in the incidence of @entity86 .

title: A comparison of radiographic evidence of frontal @entity1244 in middle-turbinate sacrificing versus middle-turbinate sparing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['recess obstruction']

entities_list: @entity4776 :: ('MESH:D004652', 'Disease') :: ['approaches to the sella']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complete frontal sinus opacification', 'postoperative radiographic frontal sinusitis', 'postoperative frontal sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity12476 :: ('MESH:D015522', 'Disease') :: ['radiographic frontal sinusitis']

answer: @entity4776 :: (MESH:D004652,Disease) :: ['approaches to the sella']


abstract: PURPOSE: Using an ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) and an endoscope just after birth, We observed the morphological changes in the anterior segment in a case of @entity1347 . CASE: The @entity1 was a 9-day-old baby @entity1 born with central opacity and high intraocular pressure. The central @entity267 was thin and the opacity was ring-shaped. Corneal vascularization was associated with the increase in the central @entity5575 , and finally progressed to @entity528 . Just after birth, UBM showed a double anterior chamber in one part of the @entity267 . The space in the @entity267 was filled with solid material, and the corneal thickness worsened. Surgical endoscopy showed a red membrane on the inner side of the @entity267 . The red color faded with time. CONCLUSION: We reasoned that an immature @entity2687 developed after birth, and that this secondary stroma filled the space between the retrocorneal membrane and the @entity2687 . We also reasoned that the red membrane of the posterior @entity267 might be caused by @entity548 from the corneal neovascular vessels, or that the vascular membrane of the posterior @entity267 encouraged proliferation of collagen fibers. Later on the vessels and @entity548 regressed.

title: [A case of XXXX showing change in anterior eye features].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['anterior segment dysgenesis']

entities_list: @entity5575 :: ('MESH:D003318', 'Disease') :: ['corneal opacity']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal stroma']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['fatty degeneration']

answer: @entity1347 :: (MESH:C537775,Disease) :: ['anterior segment dysgenesis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity79 is a major cause for morbidity in @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ), with the main focus concerning the manifestation as @entity690 . Bone mineral loss is another reflection of @entity1582 bone involvement. Recently, @entity170 has been omitted as a defining criterion for symptomatic disease in @entity1582 . We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the use of @entity79 ( @entity79 ) exams by dual-energy X- @entity16039 absorptiometry (DXA) among @entity1582 @entity1 in a tertiary medical care centre. One-hundred seventy three @entity1 were included. The T-scores of @entity3570 ( @entity3570 ), left femur neck (FN) and left total hip (TH) were obtained and analysed. The extent of @entity690 was categorized based on six bony areas. There was a strong correlation between spine and femur's T-scores (r   =   0.56-0.61, p   <   0.0001), although different sets of variables were correlated with @entity3570 and femur's T-scores. There was no correlation between @entity79 measurements and @entity690 extent. @entity1 with @entity174 (s) had significant lower T-scores of the spine in comparison to @entity1 without @entity174 . Sixty-three @entity1 (36.4% of the cohort) had follow-up DXA exam. In general, there was an increase in the @entity3570 T-scores, while femoral values decreased. However, in @entity1 who achieved complete response (CR) and in those who retained CR during follow-up, femoral @entity79 increased as well. Because correlation between @entity79 and the extent of @entity690 was not seen, our data support the recent exclusion of @entity79 assessment from the definition of symptomatic @entity1582 . Still, its use should be considered for evaluation of age- or therapy-related @entity170 . Copyright    2016 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

title: Bone mineral density utilization in @entity1 with newly diagnosed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar spine', 'LS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fractures', 'vertebral fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD', 'Bone disease']

entities_list: @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['osteolytic lesions', 'osteolytic disease']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: Extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) @entity5 are rare and their risk factors are poorly understood. Except for a history of @entity1085 , evidence for other potential risk factors, such as excess body weight and use of @entity286 and @entity167 , is scant. A case-control study was conducted to examine risk factors for @entity1126 , including ampulla of @entity5 , among Los Angeles County (California, USA) residents. Included were 105 histologically confirmed cases diagnosed between 1 March 1985 and 31 October 1989, aged 30 to 84 years, and 255 population-based controls frequency-matched to cases by gender and age in five-year groups. Cases and controls were interviewed about their demographic background and potential risk factors, including @entity286 , @entity167 , and beverage consumption, diet, medical history, and reproductive factors among @entity1 . For deceased cases, their next-of-kin were interviewed. Risk of @entity5 of both subsites of extrahepatic duct and ampulla of Vater increased with smoking of cigars/pipes or cigarettes. For both @entity1 and @entity1 , risks increased twofold or more among those who smoked cigarettes for 50 or more pack-years. While a history of @entity1085 substantially increased the risk of @entity5 of both subsites, excess body mass index was associated only with @entity5 of extrahepatic duct subsite (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-14.2 among @entity1 and OR = 2.7; CI = 0.8-9.4 among @entity1 in the highest quartile relative to those in the lowest quartile). @entity167 drinkers had lower risks compared with nondrinkers, but no consistent trend was observed with amount consumed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Risk factors for extrahepatic XXXX : Los Angeles County, California (USA).

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Vater tumors', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1126 :: ('MESH:D001650', 'Disease') :: ['EBD cancers']

answer: @entity1126 :: (MESH:D001650,Disease) :: ['bile duct cancers']


abstract: We collected all complete sets of measurements of cardiac index and @entity26 -derived variables available in the recent literature (1975-1991; computerised Medline search) on critically ill @entity1 with @entity295 (n=21 studies), @entity326 (n=20 studies) or severe @entity712 (n=13 studies). For each study, the mean value for cardiac index, @entity26 delivery (DO 2), @entity26 uptake (VO 2), @entity26 extraction ratio (O 2ER) and @entity880 concentration (when available) were analysed together with mortality rates. There was a significant relationship between VO 2 and DO 2 for the studies on @entity1 with severe @entity712 (r=0.79, p less than 0.001) or @entity326 (r=0.55, p less than 0.01), but not in @entity1 with @entity295 (r=0.3, p=NS). As expected, O 2ER was higher in the studies in @entity712 (31 to 50%) than in @entity326 (25 to 45%) or @entity295 (19 to 40%). When compared to the studies on @entity1 with @entity295 , the studies in @entity326 included @entity1 with lower DO 2 (481+/-89 vs 539+/-79 ml/min.M 2, p=0.032) and higher O 2ER (32.5+/-5.2 vs 27.8+/-5.0%, p less than 0.01) but similar VO 2 (143+/-29 vs 143+/-19 ml/min.M 2, p=NS). In a cardiac index/O 2ER diagram where a line of reference represents proportional changes in cardiac index and O 2ER from normal values at rest, all studies in @entity712 fell below the line of reference. The majority of studies in @entity295 (18/21) fell above the line of reference. Interestingly, only nine of the 20 studies in @entity326 fell above this line. The review of the 14 studies in @entity326 , in which O 2ER and blood @entity880 were reported, showed a direct relationship between these two variables (r=0.68, p less than 0.01), but no relationship between cardiac index and blood @entity880 (r=0.37, p=NS). This analysis suggests that @entity1 with @entity326 tend to have a lower cardiac index and higher O 2ER than septic @entity1 who are haemodynamically stable. Furthermore, the positive relationship between O 2ER and @entity880 suggests that, despite the alterations in @entity26 extraction capabilities in severe @entity295 , mean O 2ER may be higher in the most severe cases of @entity326 . This could reflect an attempt to maintain VO 2 when DO 2 is insufficient. The prevailing opinion that 0 2ER is a meaningless variable in @entity326 needs to be reassessed.

title: @entity26 extraction in @entity1 with XXXX and @entity712 : another look at clinical studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the association between multimorbidity and polypharmacy has been clearly documented, no study has analyzed whether or not specific combinations of diseases influence the prescription of polypharmacy in older @entity1 . We assessed which clusters of diseases are associated with polypharmacy in acute-care elderly in- @entity1 . METHODS: This cross-sectional study was held in 38 Italian internal medicine and geriatric wards participating in the Registro Politerapie SIMI (REPOSI) study during 2008. The study sample included 1155 in- @entity1 aged 65 years or older. @entity66 , defined as two or more co-occurring specific @entity102 , were identified using the odds ratio (OR) for the associations between pairs of diseases followed by cluster analysis. Polypharmacy was defined as the prescription of five or more different medications at hospital discharge. @entity2357 models were run to analyze the association between clusters of diseases and polypharmacy. RESULTS: Among clusters of diseases, the highest mean number of drugs (>8) was found in @entity1 affected by @entity712 ( @entity712 ) plus @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ), @entity712 plus @entity177 ( @entity177 ), @entity1030 plus @entity301 ( @entity301 ), @entity6 plus @entity177 plus @entity301 plus @entity66 ( @entity66 ). The strongest association between clusters of diseases and polypharmacy was found for @entity6 plus @entity301 plus @entity66 , @entity6 plus @entity301 , and @entity712 plus @entity955 ( @entity955 ). CONCLUSIONS: The observed knowledge of the relationship among co-occurring diseases and polypharmacy should help to identify and monitor older in- @entity1 at risk of polypharmacy.

title: Association between clusters of diseases and polypharmacy in hospitalized elderly XXXX : results from the REPOSI study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cerebrovascular disease', 'Clusters of diseases']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Logistic regression']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['CRF, and diabetes mellitus', 'chronic renal failure', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The first @entity1 with chronic @entity19424 has been followed for 45 years, and for 33 years with @entity3352 treatment. The @entity10 became less severe with time; there was no @entity3352 tachyphylaxis. The first @entity1 with @entity19425 was followed for 28 years, until his demise at 89. @entity158 became worse with time. No adequate therapy was found. The first @entity1 with @entity10 continua was followed for 19 years, until her demise at 81. She was treated with @entity3352 during the whole observation time. There was no tachyphylaxis. Both @entity1 treated with @entity3352 developed gastric @entity1066 . And both had gastric surgery. @entity3352 therapy may be a life-long affair. The risk of @entity1819 may be substantial.

title: @entity19424 , @entity10 continua and XXXX : the fate of the three first described cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric complications']

entities_list: @entity19424 :: ('MESH:D051302', 'Disease') :: ['paroxysmal hemicrania']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin', 'indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['Hemicrania', 'headache']

answer: @entity19425 :: (MESH:D050798,Disease) :: ['SUNCT']


abstract: PURPOSE: We comprehensively evaluated the etiology, management and surgical complications of chordee without @entity2650 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of @entity1 who underwent chordee correction between January 1985 and December 1996. A total of 87 @entity1 with a median age of 14 months were treated for chordee without @entity2650 . Mean followup was 10 months. @entity1 were treated in the standard fashion and a straight phallus was confirmed in all postoperatively. We grouped cases according to the etiology of chordee, including skin tethering, fibrotic dartos and Buck's fasciae, corporeal disproportion and urethral tethering. RESULTS: Of the 87 @entity1 28 (32%) were successfully treated with release of the skin and superficial fascia. In 29 cases (33%) extensive resection of the fibrotic dartos and Buck's fasciae was necessary to straighten the phallus, including 2 (7%) in which chordee recurred. Corporeal disproportion was identified in 24 @entity1 (28%), of whom 2 (8%) also had complications ( @entity292 and recurrent chordee in 1 each). In 6 cases (7%) urethral tethering was the etiology of chordee, of which 3 (50%) had complications ( @entity292 and recurrent chordee in 2 and 1, respectively). Overall 80 of the 87 @entity1 (92%) were successfully treated with 1 operation. CONCLUSIONS: In our series the etiology of chordee without @entity2650 was evenly divided among skin tethering, fibrotic dartos and @entity195 . A congenitally short urethra was a rare cause of @entity3491 . Surgical correction is highly successful with a low 8% complication rate.

title: Etiology, management and surgical complications of congenital chordee without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity3491 :: ('MESH:C580334', 'Disease') :: ['isolated chordee']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['urethrocutaneous fistula']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Buck's fasciae, and corporeal disproportion"]

answer: @entity2650 :: (MESH:D007021,Disease) :: ['hypospadias']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Telomerase activity and telomere length have been shown to be involved in the control of cell proliferation and regulation of cell senescence. The expression of telomerase activity may endow cells with the capacity of unlimited proliferation and immortality. The authors examined the telomerase activity and telomere length of @entity1653 to determine the relation between the results and the clinicopathologic behavior of these @entity5 . METHODS: Sixty-two specimens of @entity1653 including 13 atypical and @entity5 were used in this study. Telomerase activity was measured with polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosolvent assay. Telomere length was measured by detecting the terminal restriction fragments using Southern blots. RESULTS: Detectable telomerase activity was found in 4 of 13 (30.8%) @entity5 and only 1 in 49 @entity1653 (P = 0.006). Elongated telomere length was measured in 6 of 13 (46.1%) @entity1 with @entity5 and only 1 of 48 (2.1%) in those with @entity5 (P = 0.0002). Three of 4 (75%) of @entity5 with detectable telomerase activity revealed shortened telomere length, and all @entity5 with elongated telomere length displayed undetectable telomerase activity. The percentage of @entity5 with detectable telomerase activity or elongated telomere were significantly higher (76.9%) than that of @entity5 (4.0%). The proliferative index was calculated as the percentage of @entity5 cell nuclei immunoreactive for Ki-67 to total @entity5 nuclei. The mean values of proliferative index in benign, atypical, and @entity5 were 1.2, 11.0, and 30.0, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that telomerase activation may be a critical step in the pathogenesis of @entity5 . Elongation of the telomere length also implicates the high potential for malignant behavior in these @entity5 .

title: Implication of telomerase activity and alternations of telomere length in the histologic characteristics of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant meningiomas', 'malignant or atypical meningioma', 'malignant tumors', 'benign tumors', 'malignant or atypical meningiomas', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial meningiomas', 'benign meningiomas', 'meningiomas']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['intracranial meningiomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify pathways and cellular processes that are modulated by exposure of normal esophageal cells to bile and acid. BACKGROUND: @entity355 most likely develops as a response of esophageal stem cells to the abnormal reflux environment. Although insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms are slowly emerging, much of the metaplastic process remains unknown. METHODS: We performed a global analysis of gene expression in normal squamous esophageal cells in response to bile or acid exposure. Differentially expressed genes were classified into major biological functions using pathway analysis and interaction network software. Array data were verified by quantitative PCR and western blot both in vitro and in @entity1 esophageal biopsies. RESULTS: Bile modulated expression of 202 genes, and acid modulated expression of 103 genes. Genes involved in squamous differentiation formed the largest functional group (n = 45) all of which were downregulated by bile exposure. This included genes such as involucrin (IVL), @entity46058 ( @entity46058 ), @entity41106 ( @entity41106 ), and @entity7620 ( @entity7620 ) the downregulation of which was confirmed by quantitative PCR and western blot. Bile also caused expression changes in genes involved in cell adhesion, DNA repair, oxidative stress, cell cycle, Wnt signaling, and lipid metabolism. Analysis of @entity1 esophageal biopsies demonstrated greatly reduced expression of IVL, @entity46058 , @entity7620 , and @entity41106 in metaplastic compared to squamous epithelia. CONCLUSIONS: We report for the first time that bile inhibits the squamous differentiation program of esophageal epithelial cells. This, coordinated with induction of genes driving intestinal differentiation, may be required for the development of @entity355 .

title: Bile exposure inhibits expression of squamous differentiation genes in XXXX esophageal epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity46058 :: ('388533', 'Gene') :: ['keratinocyte differentiation-associated protein', 'KRTDAP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of somatic @entity2008 and Y chromosomal microdeletions ( @entity3893 factor genes, @entity16619 ) in infertile males who seek assisted reproduction. These studies are very important because the assisted reproduction techniques (mainly intracytoplasmic sperm injection) bypass the natural selection process and some classical @entity2008 , microdeletions of @entity16619 genes or some deleterious genic mutations could pass through generations. These @entity74 can cause in the offspring of these @entity1 @entity4810 , @entity4998 , @entity1032 , and other @entity600 . We studied 165 infertile @entity1 whose @entity249 was attributable to testicular problems (60 were azoospermic, 100 were oligospermic and 5 were asthenospermic). We studied 100 metaphases per @entity1 with GTG banding obtained from temporary lymphocyte culture for @entity2008 detection and performed a genomic DNA analysis using 28 Y chromosome-specific sequence-tagged sites for Y @entity16619 microdeletion detection. Karyotyping revealed @entity154 in 16 subjects (16/165 = 9.6%). Of these 16, 12 were in the azoospermic group (12/60 = 20%) and 4 were in the oligospermic group (4/100 = 4%). The most common chromosomal anomaly was @entity252 (10/165 = 6%). Microdeletions of @entity16619 genes were detected in 12 subjects (12/160 = 7.5%). The frequencies detected are similar to those described previously. These results show the importance of genetic evaluation of infertile males prior to assisted reproduction. Such evaluation can lead to genetic counseling and, consequently, to primary and secondary prevention of @entity1032 and @entity600 .

title: Somatic cytogenetic and XXXX factor gene microdeletion studies in infertile @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['somatic anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['ambiguous external genitalia']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['male infertility']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['birth defects']

entities_list: @entity252 :: ('MESH:D007713', 'Disease') :: ['Klinefelter syndrome']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormality', 'chromosomal abnormalities', 'chromosomal anomalies']

entities_list: @entity3893 :: ('MESH:D053713', 'Disease') :: ['azoospermia']

answer: @entity3893 :: (MESH:D053713,Disease) :: ['azoospermia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The launch of the National @entity1 Insurance Association in 1987 offered a good starting point to evaluate @entity2143 claims in Finland. In order to obtain full compensation after @entity1 injury, proof of malpractice is no longer required. Thus, the register of the Association offers a solid data base to analyze these injuries. METHODS: A nationwide descriptive study of @entity2143 claims reported to the National @entity1 Insurance Association from 1.5.1987 to 31.12.1995. The recorded statistical datafiles of the Association were used in the analysis. RESULTS: A total of 801 @entity2143 claims were analyzed. This comprised 2% of all (n = 39189) claims during the same time period. Nearly all injuries leading to claims (683/801, 85%) occurred during delivery. In all, 156 (19.5%) claims resulted in compensation. The total sum of compensation paid was   1.3 million. Most often (30/80 37.5%) and highest compensation (  0.8 million) was paid due to delay in the diagnosis of @entity2241 . In all, 118 (0.3%) malpractice trials in court have arisen from all claims to the Association during the study period; only two (1.7%) resulted from @entity2143 causes. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that most common and serious @entity532 are associated with delay in the diagnosis of @entity2241 . Thus, from both the legal and the medical points of view, pertinent fetal monitoring during delivery and umbilical artery blood gas analysis after delivery in all risk deliveries should be obligatory in all delivery units. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the @entity1 insurance has effectively prevented @entity2143 malpractice trials in court.

title: Analysis of @entity532 reported to the National XXXX Insurance Association in Finland from 1987 to 1995.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity2143 :: ('MESH:D048949', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric complications']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['fetal asphyxia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gastric restrictive surgery in a large non-university teaching hospital has been combined with preoperative @entity353 by diet. The aims of preoperative dieting were to test @entity1 motivation, to reduce perioperative morbidity, to accustom @entity1 to the restriction of food intake after surgery, and to increase total @entity353 . This study was performed to investigate the long-term results of this approach. METHODS: 200 morbidly @entity28 @entity1 were operated on between 1978 and 1986 after they had lost more than 50% of their excess weight by diet. 100 @entity356 ( @entity356 ) and, after 1983, 100 vertical banded gastroplasties (VBG) were performed. Data from medical records and data concerning present weight, complaints, food intolerance, @entity3147 , and medical follow-up visits were obtained by questionnaire. RESULTS: The lowest body weight was obtained 1 year after operation with an average excess @entity353 (EWL) of 78% after @entity356 and 75% after VBG. Body weight gradually increased, and 7 years after surgery the average EWL was 67% after @entity356 and 63% after VBG. Ten @entity1 had died (three postoperatively after @entity356 ). Preoperative dieting did not decrease perioperative morbidity and mortality in comparison with other reports. CONCLUSIONS: After combined preoperative dieting and VBG, @entity353 is greater than after surgery alone. No additional @entity353 after preoperative dieting was observed in @entity356 @entity1 . Most @entity1 who underwent bariatric surgery still experience nutritional, physical, and cosmetic problems 7 years after surgery.

title: Long-term follow-up after gastric surgery for morbid XXXX : preoperative @entity353 improves the long-term control of morbid @entity28 after vertical banded gastroplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['nutritional deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses', 'RYGB']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']