abstract: SUMMARY To understand better the defence responses of plants to pathogen attack, we challenged hot pepper plants with bacterial pathogens and identified transcription factor-encoding genes whose expression patterns were altered during the subsequent hypersensitive response. One of these genes, CaPIF1 (Capsicum annuum Pathogen-Induced Factor 1), was characterized further. This gene encodes a plant-specific EPF-type protein that contains two @entity2569 (2)/His(2) @entity219 fingers. CaPIF1 expression was rapidly and specifically induced when pepper plants were challenged with bacterial pathogens to which they are resistant. In contrast, challenge with a pathogen to which the plants are susceptible only generated weak CaPIF1 expression. CaPIF1 expression was also strongly induced in pepper leaves by the exogenous application of @entity8230 , an @entity1786 -releasing compound, and @entity3785 , whereas @entity19086 had only moderate effects. CaPIF1 localized to the nuclei of onion epidermis when expressed as a CaPIF1-smGFP fusion protein. Transgenic @entity286 plants over-expressing CaPIF1 driven by the @entity3260 35S promoter showed increased resistance to challenge with a @entity286 -specific pathogen or non-host bacterial pathogens. These plants also showed constitutive up-regulation of multiple defence-related genes. Moreover, virus-induced silencing of the CaPIF1 orthologue in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced susceptibility to the same host or non-host bacterial pathogens. These observations provide evidence that an EPF-type @entity2569 (2)/His(2) @entity219 -finger protein plays a crucial role in the activation of the pathogen defence response in plants.

title: A plant EPF-type XXXX -finger protein, CaPIF1, involved in defence against pathogens.

entities_list: @entity3785 :: ('MESH:D020156', 'Chemical') :: ['salicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity8230 :: ('MESH:C005073', 'Chemical') :: ['ethephon']

entities_list: @entity19086 :: ('MESH:C072239', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl jasmonate']

entities_list: @entity1786 :: ('MESH:C036216', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene']

answer: @entity219 :: (MESH:D015032,Chemical) :: ['zinc']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The @entity797 maze III procedure achieved high cure rates and became the surgical gold standard for the treatment of @entity955 . Because of its invasiveness, a more simplified ablation-assisted procedure, the @entity797 maze IV procedure, has been performed at our institution since January 2002. The study examined multiple preoperative and perioperative variables to determine predictors of late recurrence. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 282 @entity1 who underwent the @entity797 maze IV procedure from January 2002 through December 2009. Forty-two percent of @entity1 had paroxysmal and 58% had either persistent or long-standing persistent @entity955 . All @entity1 were available for follow-up. Follow-up included electrocardiograms in all @entity1 . Since 2006, 24-hour Holter monitoring was obtained in 94% of @entity1 at 3, 6, and 12 months. Data were analyzed by means of logistic regression analysis at 12 months, with 13 preoperative and perioperative variables used as covariates. RESULTS: Sixty-six percent of @entity1 had a concomitant procedure. After an ablation-assisted @entity797 maze procedure, the freedom from @entity955 was 89%, 93%, and 89% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The freedom from both @entity955 and antiarrhythmic drugs was 63%, 79%, and 78% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The risk factors for @entity955 recurrence at 1 year were enlarged left atrial diameter (P = .027), failure to isolate the entire posterior left atrium (P = .022), and early @entity4710 (P = .010). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity797 maze IV procedure has a high success rate at 1 year, even with improved follow-up and stricter definitions of failure. In @entity1 with large left atria, there might be a need for more extensive size reduction or expanded lesion sets.

title: The XXXX maze IV procedure: predictors of late recurrence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity797 :: (1351,Gene) :: ['Cox']


abstract: We studied the @entity1319 of several members of a family of Belgian sheepdogs that includes achiasmatic mutants. Our aim was to identify the types of @entity346 and other @entity735 exhibited by the mutants. We also recorded from several unaffected heterozygous carriers of the genetic mutation and from a normal Irish Setter. Mutant @entity235 exhibited @entity346 waveforms that were occasionally similar to those of @entity1 with @entity9529 ( @entity9529 ). Foveating and braking saccades and foveation periods were seen in some waveforms. More common were @entity346 of both eyes that were essentially independent in amplitude and phase. At some times there was a @entity346 with a 180 deg phase shift between the movements of unaffected relatives did not reveal any saccadic instabilities. However, small saccadic intrusions could have been masked by quantization artifacts. Individual @entity235 from this family provide an animal model of the ocular motor consequences of the disturbed visual input caused by the absence of an optic chiasm and a novel model of @entity9529 . Despite any other @entity735 present, the @entity9529 may be studied in isolation just as in @entity1 it is studied when strabismus and other types of @entity346 are present. Further studies of ocular motor development and function in achiasmatic @entity235 have the potential to reveal both the organization of the control systems for each extraocular muscle and the role of yoking of the agonist muscles of the two eyes.

title: @entity735 in achiasmatic mutant Belgian sheepdogs: unyoked XXXX in a @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['ocular motor abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity9529 :: ('MESH:D020417', 'Disease') :: ['congenital nystagmus', 'CN']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['pendular oscillations', 'pendular nystagmus', 'nystagmus']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['eye movements']

answer: @entity1319 :: (MESH:D015835,Disease) :: ['eye movements']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To systematically review evidence relating to the clinical efficacy of @entity684 , @entity685 and @entity7776 in the prevention of @entity683 . METHODS: RCTs evaluating these interventions in seasonal prophylaxis and post-exposure prophylaxis were identified using electronic bibliographic databases and handsearching of retrieved articles. RESULTS: @entity684 was effective in preventing @entity2480 ( @entity2480 ) in seasonal prophylaxis in healthy adults and at-risk elderly subjects and in post-exposure prophylaxis within households of mixed composition. Post-exposure prophylaxis using @entity684 for paediatric contacts was observed to prevent @entity2480 . @entity685 prevented @entity2480  in seasonal prophylaxis in healthy adults, at-risk adults and adolescents and in post-exposure prophylaxis within mixed households, with a trend for seasonal and post-exposure preventative effects in elderly subjects. Evidence for @entity7776 prophylaxis across subgroups was very limited. However, @entity7776 prevented @entity2480 in seasonal prophylaxis in healthy adults and in outbreak control amongst adolescent subjects. Interventions were reported to be well tolerated by subjects, with a relatively low proportion of subjects experiencing drug-related adverse events and drug-related withdrawals. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence was identified for the efficacy of @entity684 and @entity685 in preventing @entity683 in a range of population subgroups. The evidence base for @entity7776 was considerably more limited.

title: @entity684 , @entity685 and @entity7776 in the prevention of XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity684 :: ('MESH:D053139', 'Chemical') :: ['Oseltamivir', 'oseltamivir']

entities_list: @entity685 :: ('MESH:D053243', 'Chemical') :: ['Zanamivir', 'zanamivir']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity7776 :: ('MESH:D000547', 'Chemical') :: ['amantadine']

entities_list: @entity2480 :: ('MESH:D007757', 'Disease') :: ['symptomatic laboratory-confirmed influenza', 'SLCI']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: A challenge in conducting randomized controlled trials of @entity387 is the timely recruitment of @entity1 to active and control arms. This study assesses the costs and efficiencies of alternative recruitment methods. DESIGN: Analysis of recruitment data from the Best Apnea Intervention in Research planning study. SETTING: Sleep clinics and cardiology practices. @entity1 : One hundred forty-eight individuals with an @entity65 (CV) risk factors randomized from a pool of more than 30,000 potentially eligible @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: Comparisons: (1) modes of recruitment: face-to-face (F2F) recruitment versus mail-based recruitment (MBR); (2) recruitment source (sleep versus cardiology clinics). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Recruitment yield was defined as the ratio of the number of subjects randomized to the number of screened records. Recruitment costs were estimated based on staff time. Of the 148 randomized subjects, 25 were recruited from sleep clinics using F2F recruitment and 123 were recruited from cardiology using a @entity15092 (n = 35) or MBR (n = 88) strategy. F2F recruitment yields were 0.17% and 0.30% for sleep versus cardiology sources, respectively (P = 0.04). A comparison of F2F to MBR showed recruitment yields of 1.11% and 0.90% and costs per randomized subject of  2,139 and  647, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Large resources may be needed to meet the recruitment goals of @entity387 intervention trials. Recruitment source and mode influence efficiencies. For a trial comparing active versus sham continuous positive airway pressure in @entity1 with CV risk factors, recruiting from cardiology was more efficient than from sleep clinics. MBR was three times less costly than F2F recruitment.

title: Challenges in recruitment to a randomized controlled study of @entity65 XXXX : an analysis of alternative strategies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity15092 :: ('p|SUB|F|2|F', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['F2F']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['apnea-hypopnea index > 15 and cardiovascular']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep apnea']

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['reduction in sleep apnea']


abstract: The 1971 preliminary criteria for the classification of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) were revised and updated to incorporate new immunological knowledge and improve disease classification. The 1982 revised criteria include fluorescence antinuclear antibody (FANA) and antibody to native DNA and Sm antigen. Some criteria involving the same organ systems were aggregated into single criteria. @entity2407 and @entity1665 were not included because of low sensitivity and specificity. The new criteria were 96% sensitive and 96% specific when tested with @entity1252 and control @entity1 data gathered from 18 participating clinics. When compared with the 1971 criteria, the 1982 revised criteria showed gains in sensitivity and specificity. Development of criteria sets is inherently circular, since the standard of evaluation must consist of the clinical diagnosis. Validation of the diagnosis over time can reduce but not eliminate the circularity. Selection of controls also influences sensitivity and specificity and, ideally, criteria should be developed with controls who represent particularly difficult problems of discrimination. Because the low "prior probability" of the diagnosis in many populations will result in a large number of false positives, preference in general should be for specificity over sensitivity. The 1982 criteria were developed from 177 @entity1 with @entity1252 and 162 control @entity1 from 18 institutions using the next age-, race- and sex-matched @entity1 seen as the control whenever possible. Results of a training sample were validated against a test sample of @entity1 and against 500 @entity1 from other databanks.

title: Methodology of validation of criteria for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity2407 :: ('MESH:D011928', 'Disease') :: ["Raynaud's phenomenon"]

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['SLE']


abstract: @entity2460 ( @entity2460 ) are rare spindle cell @entity5 that usually arise in the pleura, although they also occur in extrapleural sites. @entity2460 usually have a favorable clinical course; however, a small number of metastasizing cases have been reported. We evaluated the detailed clinicopathological findings of 20 extrapleural and 16 @entity9662 . Among them, 6 cases of the histologically malignant variant (4 extrapleural and 2 @entity5 ) were identified. According to the follow-up data, none of the cases, including the 6 @entity5 , developed @entity3 in this series. There were no significant differences in the histologic findings between the extrapleural and @entity9662 . Tumor @entity39 was frequently associated with the malignant variant. Immunohistochemically, malignant @entity2460 revealed more frequent @entity876 expression (4/6) compared with ordinary @entity2460 (2/30) (P=0.0027). The @entity1758 @entity894 ( @entity894 ) was significantly higher in malignant @entity2460 (mean 13.48) than in ordinary @entity2460 (mean 7.27) (P=0.0023). Our results indicate that @entity5 @entity39 , @entity876 expression and a high @entity1758 @entity894 are additional parameters of the malignant variant of @entity2460 , although they do not necessarily have predictive value for biological behavior. Further studies are required to find reliable molecular biomarkers for predicting the clinical outcome of @entity1 with this unique @entity5 .

title: Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of extrapleural and XXXX : A special emphasis on the comparison between ordinary @entity5 and their malignant variant.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['labeling index', 'LI']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors', 'pleural tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity9662 :: ('MESH:D054363', 'Disease') :: ['pleural SFTs']

entities_list: @entity2460 :: ('MESH:D054364', 'Disease') :: ['Solitary fibrous tumors', 'SFTs']

answer: @entity9662 :: (MESH:D054363,Disease) :: ['pleural solitary fibrous tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To use the meta-analytic approach to determine the effects of community-deliverable exercise on @entity158 and physical function in adults with @entity625 @entity627 ( @entity627 ). METHODS: Data sources consisted of 6 electronic databases, cross-referencing from retrieved studies and expert review. Study selection included 1) randomized controlled trials; 2) >=  1 exercise intervention group; 3) community-deliverable exercise interventions >=  4 weeks in duration; 4) control group; 5) adults ages >=  18 years with @entity309 , @entity571 , @entity239 , @entity1252 , gout, or @entity1691 ; 6) published and unpublished studies; 7) studies published in any language between January 1, 1980, and January 1, 2008; and 8) data available for @entity158 and/or physical function. Data abstraction included dual coding by 2 of the authors. Standardized effect sizes (g) and random-effects models were used to pool @entity158 and physical function outcomes. Data were analyzed according to per-protocol and intent-to-treat (ITT) results. The @entity922 ( @entity922 ) and number needed to treat (NNT) were also calculated. RESULTS: Thirty-three studies representing 3,180 @entity1 and @entity1 (1,857 exercise, 1,323 control) with @entity309 , @entity571 , and @entity239 were included. Statistically significant and clinically important improvements were observed for @entity158 (per-protocol g = -0.37 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) -0.53, -0.21], @entity922 -18%; ITT g = -0.20 [95% CI -0.33, -0.07], @entity922 -9%, NNT 9) and physical function (per-protocol g = 0.37 [95% CI 0.21, 0.52], @entity922 15%; ITT g = 0.34 [95% CI 0.25, 0.43], @entity922 10%, NNT 5). CONCLUSION: Community-deliverable exercise improves @entity158 and physical function in adults with the types of @entity627 included in the analysis. Dose-response as well as studies in those with other types of @entity627 is needed.

title: Effects of community-deliverable exercise on XXXX and physical function in adults with @entity625 @entity627 : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['and other rheumatic diseases', 'AORD']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['MCID', 'minimally clinically important difference']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: This experimental study evaluated the effect of intrathecal injection of tissue-type plasminogen activator followed by cisternal drainage in the ultra-early stage of aneurysmal @entity510 to prevent @entity2553 . Twenty @entity95 were divided into five groups. Either tPA (groups A, B, and E) or saline (groups C and D) was injected intrathecally 1 hour (groups A, B, C, and D) or 21 hours (group E) after the intrathecal injection of blood. Cerebrospinal fluid was drained 2, 4, and 6 hours after the intrathecal injection of blood (groups A, C, and E). On day 4, the angiographic caliber of the basilar artery in each group was as follows (mean +/- SD): A, 85.9 +/- 5.0%; B, 74.6 +/- 5.3%; C, 69.1 +/- 2.7%; D, 64.0 +/- 4.9%; E, 80.2 +/- 2.7% (compared with baseline). In the two groups in which CSF was drained (groups A and C), fibrinolysis with tPA significantly suppressed @entity2553 . In the two groups treated with tPA (groups A and B), cisternal drainage significantly suppressed @entity2553 . In the two groups treated with saline (groups C and D), however, cisternal drainage did not suppress @entity2553 . Examination of the series of CSF samples (groups A and C) showed that fibrinolysis with tPA effectively cleared clots early. In the two groups treated with tPA and CSF drainage (groups A and E), early removal of @entity510 reduced the degree of @entity2553 . Early fibrinolysis with tPA and early removal of @entity510 by drainage is effective for preventing @entity2553 .

title: Experimental study of intracisternal administration of tissue-type plasminogen activator followed by cerebrospinal fluid drainage in the ultra-early stage of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Japanese white rabbits']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage', 'subarachnoid clots']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage']


abstract: AIM: To determine whether the natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR) is present in the stomach of @entity840 and to investigate the effect of dendroaspis natriuretic peptide ( @entity3213 ) on the gastric motility of @entity840 and its mechanism. METHODS: The distribution of the NPR was analyzed by autoradioimmunography. The spontaneous contraction of gastric antral circular muscles of @entity840 was recorded by a 4-channel physiograph. The whole cell patch-clamp technique was introduced to record @entity460 -activated @entity972 currents in the gastric myocytes isolated by collagenase. RESULTS: The NPR existed in the gastric fundus, gastric body, and gastric antrum of @entity840 , and its density was largest in the gastric antrum. @entity3213 inhibited spontaneous contraction and exhibited a dose-dependent manner. The @entity3213 -induced inhibition was diminished by @entity14642 (a guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and was potentiated by zaprinast (a cGMP-sensitive phosphoesterase inhibitor). The inhibitory effect of @entity3213 on spontaneous contraction was also inhibited by @entity5128 (a non-selective @entity972 channel blocker); 10 nmol/L @entity3213 increased the @entity460 -activated @entity972 currents in the gastric circular myocytes of @entity840 . CONCLUSION: The NPR is most common in the gastric antrum of @entity840 . @entity3213 significantly inhibits gastric motility in the gastric antrum of @entity840 . The inhibitory effect occurs via a @entity6708 -dependent pathway, and a @entity460 -activated @entity972 channel may be also involved in the relaxation induced by @entity3213 in gastric antral circular smooth muscles.

title: Inhibitory effect of dendroaspis natriuretic peptide on spontaneous contraction in gastric antral circular smooth muscles of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5128 :: ('MESH:D019789', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylammonium']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pigs']


abstract: Using the model of the isolated perfused @entity35 liver, we investigated the influence of the two pharmacologically different @entity460 channel blockers, @entity1855 and @entity4271 , on changes of ion homeostasis, liver weights, pH deviations and enzyme activities during warm @entity63 (37 degrees C) and reperfusion. The LDH and GLDH activities were determined and the @entity460 , @entity972 , and @entity1372 concentrations were measured in the effluent. @entity63 (180 min) caused an increased enzyme release, a high influx of @entity460 and @entity1372 into the liver and a massive @entity972 efflux current. Normoxic reperfusion led to a further increase in hepatic enzyme release and although the loss of @entity972 ceased, the @entity460 influx into the liver continued. By the end of reperfusion the liver weight had increased significantly (P < 0.01) in the control group. The two @entity460 entry blockers were added to the perfusate in various concentrations. Both substances protected the liver against warm @entity63 and normoxic reperfusion damage, but they did not inhibit @entity460 inflow. However, the @entity972 efflux was significantly reduced by all concentration tasted (P < 0.001). After reperfusion the liver weights were significantly lower in the treated groups (P < 0.001) than in control animals. Thus, the @entity460 entry blockers @entity1855 and @entity4271 protect liver cells against damage caused by warm @entity63 and reperfusion. Furthermore, they prevent the disruption of intracellular @entity972 homeostasis, which seems to be related to improved volume regulation of liver cells.

title: @entity1855 and XXXX protect the isolated perfused @entity35 liver against warm @entity63 and reperfusion injury.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Warm ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity4271 :: ('MESH:D005444', 'Chemical') :: ['flunarizine']

answer: @entity4271 :: (MESH:D005444,Chemical) :: ['flunarizine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4512 symptoms are common in @entity1 and adolescents. These symptoms have a negative impact on @entity1 's physical and emotional well-being, but their underlying aetiology and risk factors are still poorly understood. Most of the previous cohort studies were conducted among mid and/or late adolescents and were mainly focused on a specific @entity158 location (e.g. low back @entity158 or @entity4048 ). The purpose of this study is to estimate occurrence of new-onset @entity158 symptoms, in all musculoskeletal locations, in preteens and early adolescents and investigate risk factors for development of these symptoms. METHODS: 1756 schoolchildren (mean age 10.8) were recruited from schools in southern Finland. Information was extracted as to whether they experienced @entity4512 and a total of 1192 @entity1 were identified as free of @entity4512 symptoms. Information was collected on factors which could potentially predict the development of @entity4512 : @entity10 , @entity490 , sadness/feeling down, day-time tiredness, @entity998 , waking up during nights, level of physical activity and @entity8018 . These @entity1 were followed-up 1-year later and those with new episodes of non-traumatic and traumatic @entity4512 symptoms were identified. RESULTS: A total of 1113 schoolchildren (93% of baseline @entity158 -free @entity1 ) were found at one-year follow-up. New episodes of @entity4512 were reported by 21.5% of these @entity1 . Of them 19.4% reported non- @entity158 and 4.0% reported @entity158 . The neck was the most commonly reported site with non- @entity158 , while the lower limb was the most common site for @entity158 . The independent risk factors for @entity4512 were @entity10 (OR = 1.68, [95% CI 1.16-2.44]) and day-time tiredness (OR = 1.53, [95% CI 1.03-2.26]). The risk factors for traumatic @entity4512 were vigorous exercise (OR = 3.40 [95% CI 1.39-8.31]) and day-time tiredness (OR = 2.97 [95% CI 1.41-6.26]). CONCLUSION: This study highlights that there may be two types of @entity158 entities with both distinct and common aspects of aetiology. For primary prevention purposes, school healthcare professionals should pay attention to preteens and early adolescents practicing vigorous exercise (predictor of @entity158 ), reporting @entity10 (predictor of non- @entity158 ) and reporting day-time tiredness (predictor of both types of @entity158 ).

title: Risk factors for development of non-specific XXXX in preteens and early adolescents: a prospective 1-year follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['Musculoskeletal pain', 'musculoskeletal pain', 'non-traumatic musculoskeletal pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['difficulty in falling asleep']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'traumatic pain']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity8018 :: ('MESH:C536196', 'Disease') :: ['hypermobility']

answer: @entity4512 :: (MESH:D059352,Disease) :: ['musculoskeletal pain']


abstract: Cardiology professional societies have recommended that @entity1 with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices complete advance directives (ADs). However, physicians rarely discuss end of life handling of @entity737 ( @entity737 ), and standard @entity195 forms do not address the presence of @entity737 . We conducted a telephone survey of 278 @entity1 with an @entity1479 from a large, academic hospital. The average period since implantation was 5.15 years. More than 1/3 (38%) had been shocked, with a mean of 4.69 shocks. More than 1/2 had executed an @entity195 , but only 3 had included a plan for their @entity1479 . Most subjects (86%) had never considered what to do with their @entity1479 if they had a serious illness and were unlikely to survive. When asked about @entity1479 deactivation in an end of life situation, 42% said it would depend, 28% favored deactivation, and 11% would not deactivate. One quarter (26%) thought @entity1479 deactivation was a form of assisted suicide, 22% thought a do not resuscitate order did not mean that the @entity1479 should be deactivated, and 46% responded that the @entity1479 should not be automatically deactivated in hospice. The answers did not correlate with any demographic factors. Almost all (95%) agreed that @entity1 should have the opportunity to execute an @entity195 that directs handing of an @entity1479 . When asked who should be responsible for discussing this device for an @entity195 , 31% said electrophysiologists, 45% said general cardiologists, and 14% said primary care physicians. In conclusion, the results of the present study highlight the lack of consensus among @entity1 with an @entity1479 on the issue of deactivation at the end of a @entity1 's life. These findings suggest cardiologists should discuss end of life care and device deactivation with their @entity1 with an @entity1479 .

title: Deactivation of XXXX in terminal illness and end of life care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICDs', 'implantable cardioverter defibrillators']

answer: @entity737 :: (MESH:D057873,Disease) :: ['implantable cardioverter defibrillators']


abstract: @entity1909 , a common skin problem in newborn @entity1 , is characterized by poor functioning of the skin barrier. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between skin barrier function in 4-day-old @entity1 and the occurrence of @entity1909 during the first month of life. We recruited healthy Japanese @entity1 born at 35  weeks of gestation or more. We measured indicators of skin barrier function, namely skin pH and transepidermal water loss, in 4-day-old @entity1 on four places on the body. Individual characteristics were recorded from the @entity1 ' medical charts. The presence of @entity1909 was judged using the diaper @entity1910 and erythema scoring scale, which was based on daily recording of the @entity1 ' @entity272 by their parents. The parents also filled out a questionnaire 1  month after birth regarding stool frequency and certain external factors. The association between @entity1909 and skin barrier function was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis. The analysis included 88 @entity1 . The incidence of @entity1909 was 25.0%. After adjusting for stool frequency for 1  month we noted that high pH on the inner arm skin in 4-day-old @entity1 increased the risk of @entity1909 during the first month of life (adjusted odds ratio 3.35 [95% confidence interval  =  1.12, 10.04]). Early neonatal skin pH may predict the risk of @entity1909 during the first month of life. Our results may be useful in devising strategies to prevent @entity1909 .

title: Relationship Between Skin Barrier Function in Early Neonates and XXXX During the First Month of Life: A Prospective Observational Study.

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['Diaper dermatitis', 'diaper dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin condition']

answer: @entity1909 :: (MESH:D003872,Disease) :: ['Diaper Dermatitis']


abstract: The ability to alter protein structure by site-directed mutagenesis has revolutionized biochemical research. Controlled mutations at the DNA level, before protein translation, are now routine. These techniques allow specific, high fidelity interconversion largely between 20 natural, proteinogenic @entity1522 . Nonetheless, there is a need to incorporate other @entity1522 , both natural and unnatural, that are not accessible using standard site-directed mutagenesis and expression systems. Post-translational chemistry offers access to these side chains. Nearly half a century ago, the idea of a 'chemical mutation' was proposed and the interconversion between @entity535 side chains was demonstrated on select proteins. In these isolated examples, a powerful proof-of-concept was demonstrated. Here, we revive the idea of chemical mutagenesis and discuss the prospect of its general application in protein science. In particular, we consider @entity1522 that are chemical precursors to a functional set of other side chains. Among these, @entity7121 has much potential. There are multiple methods available for @entity7121 incorporation into proteins and this residue is an acceptor for a variety of nucleophiles. When used in conjunction with standard genetic techniques, chemical mutagenesis may allow access to natural, modified, and unnatural @entity1472 residues on translated, folded proteins.

title: Chemical mutagenesis: selective post-expression interconversion of protein XXXX residues.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity7121 :: ('CHEBI:17123', 'Chemical') :: ['dehydroalanine']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: @entity10244 ( @entity10244 ) is a @entity395 characterized by distinctive facial features, @entity2118 , and @entity1274 . There are four @entity10244 subtypes. @entity22284 is mostly caused by @entity22284 mutations, while @entity3060 , @entity19099 , and @entity6489 mutations are associated with @entity22285 . More than 100 different disease-causing mutations have been reported in many ethnic groups, but the data from Chinese @entity1 with @entity10244 remains poor. Herein we report 18 @entity1 from 15 Chinese @entity10244 families, in which five cases were diagnosed as @entity22284 and the remaining as @entity22285 . Clinical evaluation revealed intense phenotypic variability in Chinese @entity10244 @entity1 . @entity2296 and @entity1274 were the most frequent features (100% and 88.9%, respectively) of the two subtypes. Many brown freckles on normal skin could be a special subtype of cutaneous @entity2118 in Chinese @entity10244 @entity1 . @entity22284 , @entity3060 , @entity19099 , and @entity6489 genes mutations were screened for in all the @entity1 . A total of nine mutations in 11 families were identified and seven of them were novel. The @entity6489 mutations in @entity22285 were first discovered in the Chinese population, with an estimated frequency similar to that of @entity3060 mutations, implying @entity6489 is an important pathogenic gene in Chinese @entity22285 cases and should be considered for first-step analysis in @entity22285 , as well as @entity3060 .

title: Novel mutations of @entity22284 , @entity3060 , and @entity6489 genes in Chinese XXXX with type I or type II Waardenburg syndrome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10244 :: ('MESH:D014849', 'Disease') :: ['Waardenburg syndrome', 'WS']

entities_list: @entity2296 :: ('MESH:C538115', 'Disease') :: ['Heterochromia iridis']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss', 'sensorineural deafness']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['pigment disturbances']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare disorder']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Twenty year old @entity1 was admitted because of a recent history of generalized @entity410 and @entity1829 . Neurological examination was essentially negative except @entity1829 in the both optic fundi. A history of @entity4683 or @entity2011 was not obtained. CT scan showed bifrontal cystic @entity75 and cyst walls were partly enhanced. Midline frontal nodules around the foramen of Monro were also revealed by enhancement. Operation was performed and biopsy specimen showed typical histology of @entity3438 with a small focus of squamous epithels. Postoperatively, the @entity1 's urinary output increased temporalily up to 5,000 ml per day under @entity134 administration. Shortly after irradiation, cysts decreased in size and all enhanced @entity75 disappeared completely. The @entity1 is fully working without disturbance one and half year after the onset. Close relationship of @entity3438 and @entity44 was briefly reviewed in literature.

title: [Bifrontal cystic tumor--a form of XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['lesions']

entities_list: @entity4683 :: ('MESH:D059606', 'Disease') :: ['polydipsia']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['papilledema']

entities_list: @entity3438 :: ('MESH:D018237', 'Disease') :: ['germinoma']

answer: @entity3438 :: (MESH:D018237,Disease) :: ['suprasellar germinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate dosimetry of helicoidal tomotherapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with and without IMRT for the treatment of soft tissue @entity242 (STS) of the thigh. METHODS AND @entity1 : A retrospective study was performed for three @entity1 who received 3D-CRT as adjuvant radiation therapy for STS of the thigh. These three @entity1 had a @entity5 in posterior, adductor or anterior compartment of the thigh. In each case, three treatments plans were optimised in tomotherapy, without bloc, with directional bloc and complete bloc of controlateral limb, to adequately treat the planning target volume and spare organ at risk. For each @entity1 , we compare the three modalities of tomotherapy or "classical" IMRT from a clinac with the 3D-CRT actually performed for the treatment. RESULTS: Tomotherapy provides improved @entity343 coverage and dose homogeneity. This benefit was comparable in the three tomotherapy plans. The average D95% for tomotherapy and 3D-CRT were 97.6% and 94.8% respectively and the standard deviation is, at least, divided by two with conformal and is always better than performed with a clinac. The volume of the surrounding soft tissues receiving at least full prescription and hot spots, as evaluated by D2%, were significantly reduced in tomotherapy. Nevertheless, the results concerning the skin, the femur and the gonads were dependent on the @entity5 site in the thigh and not always improved with tomotherapy dosimetric studies. CONCLUSIONS: For this preliminary study, tomotherapy can provide better coverage and dose uniformity in @entity343 and minimize the volume of surrounding muscular tissues receiving high doses. However, in this study, there is no benefit for others OAR (skin, femur and gonads) except in particular constraint (for instance for a precise sparing of cutaneous or bony area). Other dosimetric studies, followed by prospective evaluations with long-term follow-up are needed to determine whether tomotherapy can improve outcome for @entity1 with STS of the thigh.

title: [Radiotherapy for soft tissue XXXX of extremities. Preliminary comparative dosimetric study of 3D conformal radiotherapy versus helical tomotherapy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: The @entity2339 ( @entity2339 ) is involved in integrative functions related to emotion, reward, aversion, and learning. It is, however, unclear whether the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) forms a substrate common to the anterior and posterior @entity1640 areas or whether information regarding rewarding and aversive stimuli converges on and is integrated by the same @entity1640 neuron. In the present study, unit activity in the @entity2339 and lateral preoptic-anterior @entity1640 area (lPOA-AHA) of the @entity35 was recorded during discrimination learning of cue tone stimuli (CTS) that predicted @entity413 or intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as rewarding stimuli, or @entity1457 or tail pinch as aversive stimuli, using identical behavior, licking. We examined functional differences between the @entity2339 and lPOA-AHA. In positive reinforcement experiments a @entity35 was rewarded by @entity413 or ICSS only when it licked a spout presented in front of its mouth. The threshold current for ICSS was used. In negative reinforcement experiments an aversive stimulus, either @entity1457 or tail pinch was applied if the @entity35 did not lick the spout. The strengths of @entity1457 and tail pinch were selected to produce an avoidance ratio less than 20-30%, averaged in all trials. The activity of 507 @entity2339 and 249 lPOA-AHA neurons was analyzed during both @entity413 and ICSS trials. The effects of both @entity413 and ICSS on the same @entity2339 or lPOA-AHA neuron were usually in the same direction, i.e., either both excitatory or both inhibitory. Of 143 @entity2339 and 44 lPOA-AHA neurons that responded to both rewards, the responses of 117 (81.8%) @entity2339 and 35 (79.5%) lPOA-AHA neurons to both stimuli were similar. The activity of 131 @entity2339 and 153 lPOA-AHA neurons was analyzed in both @entity1457 and tail pinch trials. The effects of both @entity1457 and tail pinch on the same @entity2339 or lPOA-AHA neuron were usually in the same direction. Of 29 @entity2339 and 27 lPOA-AHA neurons that responded to both aversive stimuli, the responses of 28 (96.6%) @entity2339 and 25 (92.6%) lPOA-AHA neurons to both were similar. The activity of 170 @entity2339 and 195 lPOA-AHA neurons in response to both rewarding @entity413 and/or ICSS stimulation and aversive @entity1457 and/or tail pinch was analyzed. About one-third of the neurons in each area were reward specific (57/170 in @entity2339 ; 63/195 in lPOA-AHA), whereas relatively few were aversion specific in each area (21/170 in @entity2339 ; 15/195 in lPOA-AHA).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX neuron involvement in integration of reward, aversion, and cue signals.

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['electric shock']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['LHA', 'lateral hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1640 :: (MESH:D007027,Disease) :: ['Hypothalamic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antagonists of @entity7704 ( @entity7704 ) are being developed for the treatment of various @entity1 @entity5 . METHODS: @entity98 assay was used to test the proliferation of SKOV3 and CaOV3. The splice variant expression of @entity7704 receptors was examined by RT-PCR. The expression of protein in signal pathway was examined by Western blotting. siRNA was used to block the effect of @entity470 . RESULTS: In this study, we investigated the effects of a new @entity7704 antagonist @entity22379 , in @entity43 cell lines SKOV3 and CaOV3 expressing splice variant (SV)1 of @entity7704 receptors. @entity98 assay showed that @entity22379 had strong antiproliferative effects on SKOV3 and @entity1 cells in both a time-dependent and dose-dependent fashion. @entity22379 also induced the activation and increased cleaved @entity522 in a time- and dose-dependent manner in both cell lines. In addition, @entity22379 treatments decreased significantly the @entity470 ( @entity470 ) level and the phosphorylation of @entity584 (p- @entity584 ), suggesting that @entity22379 inhibits the @entity470 - @entity584 pathway in @entity43 cells. More importantly, treatment of SKOV3 and @entity1 cells with 100 nM @entity22379 attenuated proliferation and the antiapoptotic effect induced by EGF in both cell lines. After the knockdown of the expression of @entity470 by siRNA, the antiproliferative effect of @entity22379 was abolished in SKOV3 and @entity1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of the @entity7704 antagonist @entity22379 on proliferation is due, in part, to an interference with the @entity470 - @entity584 pathway in @entity43 cells.

title: Antiproliferative effect of @entity7704 ( XXXX ) antagonist on @entity43 cells through the @entity470 - @entity584 pathway.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity7704 :: ('2691', 'Gene') :: ['GHRH', 'growth hormone-releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

answer: @entity7704 :: (2691,Gene) :: ['GHRH']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity296 is a common hallmark of many @entity299 . Late @entity2287 enhanced MRI is a powerful tool to image replacement @entity82 after @entity583 ( @entity583 ). @entity82 can be assessed indirectly from an extracellular volume fraction measurement using contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. Detection of short T2* species resulting from fibrotic tissue may provide an attractive non-contrast-enhanced alternative to directly visualize the presence of both replacement and interstitial @entity82 . OBJECTIVE: To goal of this paper was to explore the use of a T2*-weighted radial sequence for the visualization of @entity82 in @entity19 heart. METHODS: C57BL/6 @entity19 were studied with @entity583 (n = 20, replacement @entity82 ), transverse aortic constriction (TAC) (n = 18, @entity82 ), and as control (n = 10). 3D center-out radial T2*-weighted images with varying TE were acquired in vivo and ex vivo (TE = 21  s-4 ms). Ex vivo T2*-weighted signal decay with TE was analyzed using a 3-component model. Subtraction of short- and long-TE images was used to highlight fibrotic tissue with short T2*. The presence of @entity82 was validated using histology and correlated to MRI findings. RESULTS: Detailed ex vivo T2*-weighted signal analysis revealed a fast (T2*fast), slow (T2*slow) and lipid (T2*lipid) pool. T2*fast remained essentially constant. @entity1188 T2*slow decreased significantly, while a moderate decrease was observed in remote tissue in @entity583 and in TAC hearts. T2*slow correlated with the presence of @entity82 in TAC hearts (r = 0.82, P = 0.01). Ex vivo and in vivo subtraction images depicted a positive contrast in the @entity1188 co-localizing with the scar. @entity1188 volumes from histology and subtraction images linearly correlated (r = 0.94, P<0.001). Region-of-interest analysis in the in vivo post- @entity583 and TAC hearts revealed significant T2* shortening due to @entity82 , in agreement with the ex vivo results. However, in vivo contrast on subtraction images was rather poor, hampering a straightforward visual assessment of the spatial distribution of the fibrotic tissue.

title: Assessment of @entity296 in XXXX Using a T2*-Weighted 3D Radial Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequence.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'Interstitial fibrosis', 'diffuse fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['diseases of the heart']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI', 'post-MI hearts']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) research has typically adopted either a formative approach, in which HRQoL is the common effect of its observables, or a reflective approach-defining HRQoL as a latent variable that determines observable characteristics of HRQoL. Both approaches, however, do not take into account the complex organization of these characteristics. The objective of this study was to introduce a new approach for analyzing HRQoL data, namely a @entity3628 ( @entity3628 ). An @entity3628 , as opposed to traditional research strategies, accounts for interactions among observables and offers a complementary analytic approach. METHODS: We applied the @entity3628 to samples of Dutch @entity5 @entity1 (N  =  485) and Dutch healthy adults (N  =  1742) who completed the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Networks were constructed for both samples separately and for a combined sample with diagnostic status added as an extra variable. We assessed the network structures and compared the structures of the two separate samples on the item and domain levels. The relative importance of individual items in the network structures was determined using centrality analyses. RESULTS: We found that the global structure of the SF-36 is dominant in all networks, supporting the validity of questionnaire's subscales. Furthermore, results suggest that the network structure of both samples was highly similar. Centrality analyses revealed that maintaining a daily routine despite one's physical health predicts HRQoL levels best. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the @entity3628 provides a fruitful alternative to classical approaches used in the psychometric analysis of HRQoL data.

title: The application of a network approach to Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL): introducing a new method for assessing HRQoL in healthy adults and @entity5 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3628 :: ('MESH:D004195', 'Disease') :: ['NM', 'network model']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Freehand real-time elastography (RTE) has seldom been used to visualize abdominal organs due to their complicated structure and difficulty in freehand compression. We describe a novel, intra-operative imaging system for performing freehand RTE of the liver. METHODS: An RTE system was designed using a spatial, cross-correlation method equipped with a feedback function that checks the quality and quantity of the external compression. Intra-operative freehand RTE was performed for 27 @entity420 , 18 @entity157 ( @entity157 ), and 11 benign lesions after routine B-mode intra-operative ultrasonography (IOUS). Elasticity images were classified into 4 types, from type A (more or comparable strain relative to the background) to type D (no strain), according to the degree of strain contrast with the surrounding liver. We then evaluated the compliance of the RTE findings with the pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: RTE images were obtained for all the lesions except for 1 metastatic @entity420 . Fourteen of the 18 @entity157 were classified as type B or C, with a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 76%, and an accuracy of 61%, while 22 of the 26 @entity420 were classified as type D, with a sensitivity of 85%, a specificity of 86%, and an accuracy of 86%. For 15 lesions, clear images were difficult to obtain using B-mode IOUS, whereas RTE visualized clearly the differences in elasticity. CONCLUSION: Our new RTE system facilitated the successful freehand RTE of @entity409 in an intra-operative setting, enabling " @entity227 " during liver surgery and serving as a supportive modality for B mode IOUS.

title: Intra-operative freehand real-time elastography for small focal XXXX : " @entity227 " for non-palpable tumors.

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCCs', 'hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual palpation']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver lesions']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver lesions']


abstract: @entity308 in respiratory activity induced by @entity13587 ( @entity13587 ) stimulation was quantitatively investigated in 20 adult @entity468 . The role played in this phenomenon by endogenous opioids was studied using the opiate antagonist @entity1510 . The effects of @entity2944 on the same phenomenon were also investigated for comparison. Experiments were performed on @entity468 anesthetized with @entity4485 or @entity4486 , vagotomized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated with 100% O2. Some animals were also carotid sinus denervated. Respiratory output was monitored as integrated phrenic nerve activity. @entity13587 stimulation produced @entity386 , which outlasted the stimulation period; when respiration resumed, it was markedly depressed as revealed mainly by a decrease in phrenic minute output, respiratory frequency, and rate of rise of inspiratory activity. Phrenic output recovered gradually to control levels following an exponential time course. These effects varied as a function of the duration of @entity13587 stimulation. @entity1510 administration (0.8 mg/kg iv) significantly reduced the duration of poststimulatory @entity386 and attenuated the @entity308 of phrenic minute output of the first recovery breath as a result of changes in peak phrenic activity; it also accelerated the time course of recovery. @entity2944 did not affect the duration of poststimulatory @entity386 , but attenuated the initial poststimulatory @entity308 because of changes in respiratory frequency; the rate of recovery was reduced. The results provide characterization of poststimulatory respiratory @entity308 of laryngeal origin in the adult cat and suggest a role of endogenous opioids in its genesis or modulation.

title: XXXX attenuates poststimulatory respiratory @entity308 of laryngeal origin in the adult cat.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbitone']

entities_list: @entity13587 :: ('MESH:D061224', 'Disease') :: ['superior laryngeal nerve', 'SLN']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'Poststimulatory depression']

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['Hypercapnia', 'hypercapnia']

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-chloralose']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone']

answer: @entity1510 :: (MESH:D009270,Chemical) :: ['Naloxone']


abstract: 1. Isolated superfused @entity35 atrial preparations were used to study the mechanism of stretch-induced @entity12579 (ANP) secretion. The stretch of the atrial myocytes was induced by raising the intra-atrial pressure. The secretion rates were analysed by measuring ANP concentrations from the superfusate fractions by radioimmunoassay. 2. The effect of @entity2287 , a blocker of stretch-activated ion channels, on stretch-induced and basal ANP secretion was investigated by superfusing the atrial preparation with 5, 20 or 80 microM @entity21953 . @entity2287 decreased stretch-induced ANP secretion in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect basal secretion. 3. Because high concentrations of @entity2287 may block voltage-gated @entity460 channels, we tested whether the selective blockers of L-type ( @entity3988 ) and T-type ( @entity4437 ) @entity460 channels affect the stretch-stimulated ANP release. Neither @entity3988 at 3 microM nor @entity4437 at 50 microM affected stretch-induced ANP release in paced atrial preparation. 4. @entity2287 , but not @entity3988 , also inhibited stretch-stimulated ANP secretion in non-paced, quiescent atria. 5. The findings that ANP release is inhibited by @entity15311 , but not by @entity3988 or @entity4437 , and that the stretch-induced secretion in quiescent atria is also inhibited by @entity15311 , suggest that stretch-activated ion channels are involved in the regulation of stretch-induced ANP release.

title: Block of stretch-activated XXXX secretion by @entity2287 in isolated @entity35 atrium.

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity12579 :: ('24602(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['atrial natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['Gadolinium', 'gadolinium']

answer: @entity12579 :: (24602(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['atrial natriuretic peptide']


abstract: Thirty-six @entity1 with @entity5749 were studied before and after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to assess the prevalence and prognostic implications of asymptomatic @entity741 obtained by ambulatory monitoring. Ambulatory monitoring performed during medical therapy before CABG detected 66 episodes of transient @entity63 , 54 (82%) being asymptomatic. All @entity1 were asymptomatic or with minimal symptoms 3 months after CABG. Additional ambulatory monitoring was performed for 36 hours. There were 39 episodes of silent @entity63 detected in the 12 @entity1 of group 1, whereas no episodes of ST-segment shift occurred in the 24 @entity1 of group 2. Coronary artery bypass grafting reduced the frequency of transient @entity63 by 41% (p less than 0.05) compared with medical therapy, whereas the number of @entity63 episodes in group 1 increased from 23 during medical therapy to 39 episodes after CABG (41%, p less than 0.05). During a follow-up of 9 months, 8 @entity299 occurred: 6 in group 1 comprising @entity944 (1), revascularization (2), and @entity951 (3) and 2 in group 2, including revascularization (1) and @entity951 (1) (p = 0.005). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that asymptomatic @entity741 was correlated with a significant cumulative probability of @entity299 (p less than 0.025) and multivariate analysis of 11 variables showed that silent @entity63 was the most powerful predictor of @entity299 (p less than 0.005). Silent @entity63 was a forerunner for @entity951 in some @entity1 , whereas @entity951 did not occur during the follow-up period in others. This study does not reveal whether or not these @entity1 are at higher risk for @entity299 during long-term follow-up.

title: Asymptomatic XXXX as a predictor of @entity299 after coronary artery bypass grafting for stable @entity951 .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['chronic stable angina']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris', 'angina']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['myocardial ischemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: @entity1 with @entity354 and Barrett esophagus have an increased risk of developing @entity7145 . It is uncertain whether molecular or proliferative alterations are present in the early stages of disease. METHODS: One hundred thirty-eight @entity1 with @entity354 were subjected to upper @entity344 with biopsies of the esophageal mucosa. @entity876 protein expression and the Ki-67 proliferation index were determined by immunohistochemical studies. @entity1 were divided into 4 groups according to histopathologic diagnosis: G1, normal epithelium (n=58); G2, mild @entity2910 (n=42); G3, moderate @entity2910 (n=23), and G4, severe @entity2910 (n=15). RESULTS: @entity876 overexpression was detected in 7% of G1, 21.4% of G2, 52.2% of G3, and 60% of G4 @entity1 . There were significant differences between @entity19908 (P<0.001) and between @entity19909 (P<0.05). The Ki-67 index was 21.3+/-19.5% in G1, 30.8+/-23.4% in G2, 47.1+/-23.2% in G3, and 48.3+/-25.7% in G4. Significant differences in the Ki-67 index were found between groups: G1 x G3 (P<0.001), G1 x G4 (P<0.001), G2 x G3 (P=0.026), and G2 x G4 (P=0.046). @entity876 and Ki-67 overexpression were correlated with the severity of @entity2910 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity876 overexpression and the Ki-67 ( @entity1758 ) index were correlated with histologic findings of @entity32 in the esophageal mucosa, particularly in the moderate and severe forms of @entity5202 .

title: Immunohistochemical overexpression of the @entity876 protein and Ki-67 ( @entity1758 ) antigen in @entity1 with @entity354 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5202 :: ('MESH:D057765', 'Disease') :: ['chronic esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal endoscopy']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms']

entities_list: @entity7145 :: ('MESH:C562730', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the esophagus']

answer: @entity5202 :: (MESH:D057765,Disease) :: ['chronic esophagitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: This article reports an unexpected complication of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation at the L5-S1 level. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We describe a 66-year-old @entity1 who underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion followed by percutaneous pedicle screw fixation at the L5-S1 level. The Sextant pedicle screw system was used. The @entity1 experienced postoperative @entity2720 caused by the screw head and rod tip. In the immediate postoperative period, the preoperative @entity158 improved, but the @entity1 complained of @entity158 . The left-side screws were removed, and after revision surgery, the left-side @entity158 disappeared. However, at that time, right-side @entity158 recurred. We found that the screw head and rod had violated the iliac crest and the sacroiliac joint, causing referred @entity158 rather than @entity158 . After the screw head was repositioned and the rod was replaced with a new shorter rod with a blunt end, the @entity1 's symptom was relieved. CONCLUSION: Surgeons should be aware of this unprecedented adverse effect when planning percutaneous pedicle screw fixation at the L5-S1 level. An @entity530 with a narrow and high iliac crest can be a risk factor. Careful preoperative evaluation and more accurate surgical technique are needed to prevent this type of complication.

title: Iatrogenic XXXX after percutaneous pedicle screw fixation at the L5-S1 level: case report.

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['android pelvis']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['sacroiliac joint syndrome']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['left-side buttock and leg pain', 'right-side leg pain', 'pain', 'radicular pain']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['sacroiliac joint syndrome']


abstract: Homeotic genes control the development of @entity2085 by coordinating the activities of downstream 'target' genes. The identities and functions of target genes must be understood in order to learn how homeotic genes control morphogenesis. @entity238 midgut development is regulated by homeotic genes expressed in the visceral mesoderm, where two of their target genes have been identified. Both encode secreted proteins. The @entity4564 ( @entity4564 ) homeotic gene activates transcription of the decapentaplegic (dpp) gene, which encodes a TGF beta class protein, while in adjacent mesoderm cells the @entity4534 ( @entity4534 ) homeotic gene activates transcription of the wingless (wg) gene, which encodes a Wnt class protein. The homeotic genes Antennapedia ( @entity4565 ) and Sex combs reduced (Scr) act in more anterior midgut regions. Here we report the identification of another homeotic gene target in the midgut mesoderm, the @entity4566 (tsh) gene, which encodes a protein with @entity219 finger motifs. tsh is necessary for proper formation of anterior and central midgut structures. @entity4565 activates tsh in anterior midgut mesoderm. In the central midgut mesoderm @entity4564 , @entity4534 , dpp, and wg are required for proper tsh expression. The control of tsh by @entity4564 and @entity4534 , and probably also by @entity4565 , is mediated by secreted signaling molecules. By responding to signals as well as localized transcription regulators, the tsh transcription factor is produced in a spatial pattern distinct from any of the homeotic genes.

title: Role of the XXXX gene in @entity238 midgut morphogenesis: secreted proteins mediate the action of homeotic genes.

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic structure']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity4566 :: (35430(Tax:7227),Gene) :: ['teashirt']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening disease in which @entity551 is believed to be a common finding. Prior inpatient studies have described normotensive or @entity101 cases of tamponade; however, because the data were not collected from the @entity341 ( @entity341 ), the hemodynamic spectrum may differ from those presenting to the @entity341 . OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that @entity551 is uncommon in @entity1 presenting to the @entity341 with non-traumatic tamponade. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted between January 2002 and December 2007 of @entity1 presenting to our @entity341 who were subsequently diagnosed with @entity2293 . RESULTS: A total of 34 @entity1 were identified with a diagnosis of tamponade. The mean blood pressure on @entity341 arrival was 131/79mm Hg. Upon initial presentation to the @entity341 , 35% (n=12) of @entity1 were @entity101 , 50% (n=17) were normotensive, and 15% (n=5) were @entity551 . Of the 5 @entity1 who were @entity551 on @entity341 arrival, only 2 (6% of all @entity1 ) remained @entity551 upon admission to the hospital and before a pericardiocentesis. An average of 995mL of fluid was removed from the pericardium. The chief complaint for the majority of @entity1 in tamponade was @entity1353 (70%); 59% were tachycardic in the @entity341 , and 72% had @entity1283 on chest X-ray study. CONCLUSIONS: @entity551 is uncommon in @entity1 presenting to the @entity341 with non-traumatic @entity2293 . The majority of @entity1 are normotensive or even @entity101 . Thus, the emergency physician should not exclude the diagnosis of tamponade even in light of normotension or @entity101 .

title: @entity551 is uncommon in @entity1 presenting to the emergency department with non-traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac tamponade']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomegaly']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['ED', 'Emergency Department']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'Hypotension', 'hypotension']

answer: @entity2293 :: (MESH:D002305,Disease) :: ['cardiac tamponade']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The percentage of neutrophils in sputum are increased in @entity1030 @entity1 , and may therefore be a biomarker of airway @entity32 . We studied the relationships between sputum neutrophils and FEV1, health status, exacerbation rates, systemic @entity32 and @entity2415 , and long term variability at 1 year. METHODS: Sputum samples were obtained from 488 @entity1030 @entity1 within the ECLIPSE cohort. 359 samples were obtained at baseline, and 297 after 1 year. 168 subjects provided samples at both visits. Serum @entity650 ( @entity650 ), @entity687 , surfactant protein D and @entity1851 levels were measured by immunoassays. Low-dose CT scans evaluated @entity2415 . RESULTS: Sputum neutrophil % increased with GOLD stage. There was a weak association between % sputum neutrophils and FEV1 % predicted (univariate r2 = 0.025 and 0.094 at baseline and year 1 respectively, p < 0.05 after multivariate regression). Similar weak but significant associations were observed between neutrophil % and health status measured using the St Georges Respiratory Questionairre. There were no associations between neutrophils and exacerbation rates or @entity2415 . Associations between sputum neutrophils and systemic biomarkers were non-significant or similarly weak. The mean change over 1 year in neutrophil % was an increase of 3.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Sputum neutrophil measurements in @entity1030 are associated weakly with FEV1 % predicted and health status. Sputum neutrophil measurements were dissociated from exacerbation rates, @entity2415 and systemic @entity32 .

title: Sputum neutrophils as a biomarker in XXXX : findings from the ECLIPSE study.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Various antimuscarinic agents have been developed for the treatment of @entity2182 ( @entity2182 ). More data comparing these agents are still required. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of @entity2180 and @entity2181 in Taiwanese @entity1 with @entity2182 symptoms. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, open-label study. A total of 75 @entity1 (25 @entity1 and 50 @entity1 ) with @entity2182 symptoms were randomized to treatment with @entity2180 (n = 39) or @entity2181 (n = 36). Efficacy and safety variables were assessed and compared with the baseline and between the two groups. RESULTS: At week 12, @entity2180 and @entity2181 demonstrated equal efficacy in reducing the number of micturition (-2.56   3.31 vs. -2.44    4.56, p = 0.58), urgency (-1.70    3.07 vs. -1.15    2.68, p =0.37) and @entity322 (-2.79    2.82 vs. -4.67    9.29, p =0.28) episodes per 24 hours. There was no difference in improvement of the quality of life. The @entity1 and physician assessments of treatment benefit were not statistically different for @entity2180 and @entity2181 (p = 0.23 and p = 0.52, respectively), with the majority showing benefits in both groups. The incidence of major adverse events, including @entity2133 (18.0%vs. 8.3%, p = 0.31) and @entity1142 (12.8%vs. 2.8%, p = 0.20) was not significantly different. Compared with baseline, the severity of @entity2133 did not increase in either group. CONCLUSION: Both @entity2180 and @entity2181 are effective in treating key @entity2182 symptoms, including urinary frequency, urgency and @entity322 in the Taiwanese population. Both medications are comparably effective and safe, with the most common adverse effects being @entity2133 and @entity1142 .

title: @entity2180 and @entity2181 are equally effective in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2181 :: ('MESH:C099041', 'Chemical') :: ['tolterodine']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity2180 :: ('MESH:C441209', 'Chemical') :: ['solifenacin']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder', 'OAB']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity2182 :: (MESH:D053201,Disease) :: ['overactive bladder symptoms']


abstract: Oscillations in basal plasma levels of the pancreatic hormones; insulin, glucagon and @entity3770 have been reported previously. We now report on oscillations in circulating @entity3771 -like immunoreactivity (MLI) in fasted and fed @entity1 . Six healthy subjects were studied during two 36-hour test periods, one while fasting and another with the regular ingestion of equicaloric meals at 0800, 1200 and 1800 hours. Blood was sampled every 30 min. from 0800 to 2400 and every 60 min. from 2400 to 0800 the next morning. In the fasting state the mean +/- S.E. concentrations in plasma for the 6 subjects were: MLI, 180 +/- 19.4 pg/ml, insulin 4.4 +/- 1.1 microU/ml, @entity3770 ( @entity3772 ), 119 +/- 25.0 pg/ml, and @entity413 82 +/- 6.4 mg/dl. Large oscillations in plasma MLI were detected with 1/2 amplitude of 23.2 +/- 4.7% of mean, and a period of 159 min. which varied according to each subject. Plasma @entity3772 levels fluctuated similarly, and a good correlation was found between MLI and @entity3772 indicating a rhythmic secretion of these peptides by the gut and pancreas. MLI fluctuations were independent of insulin which revealed a significant oscillation with a period of 320 min. The ingestion of meals caused the expected increase in circulating levels of insulin, @entity3772 , and @entity413 . In contrast a decrease in the concentration of MLI was observed. An inverse correlation was found between MLI and @entity413 and between MLI and insulin. Thus, fasting is associated with large oscillations of @entity3771 , the gut motility hormone, which are suppressed by feeding. The increase in @entity413 and/or insulin may be important in suppressing @entity3771 secretion during feeding.

title: Diurnal profile of plasma XXXX concentrations during fasting and feeding in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity3770 :: ('5539', 'Gene') :: ['pancreatic polypeptide']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3771 :: (4295,Gene) :: ['motilin']


abstract: Three transformant (Mel+) @entity375 @entity375 strains, CT-Mel, VS-Mel, and DADI-Mel, have been characterized. The strains, which originally lacked alpha-galactosidase activity (Mel-), had been transformed with a DNA fragment which possessed an @entity11291 - @entity11812 allele of the @entity11812 gene and a MEL1 gene. The three transformed strains showed growth rates similar to those of the untransformed controls in both minimal and semi-industrial (molasses) media. The alpha-galactosidase specific activity of strain CT-Mel was twice that of VS-Mel and DADI-Mel. The yield, YX/S (milligrams of protein per milligram of substrate), in minimal medium with @entity9592 as the @entity505 source was 2.5 times higher in the transformed strains than in the controls and was 1.5 times higher in CT-Mel than in VS-Mel and DADI-Mel. When molasses was used, YX/S (milligrams of protein per milliliter of culture) increased 8% when the transformed strains CT-Mel and DADI-Mel were used instead of the controls. Whereas no viable spores were recovered from either DADI-Mel or VS-Mel tetrads, genetic analysis carried out with CT-Mel indicated that the MEL1 gene has been integrated in two of three homologous loci. Analysis of the DNA content by flow cytometry indicated that strain CT-Mel was 3n, whereas VS-Mel was 2n and DADI-Mel was 1.5n. Electrophoretic karyotype and Southern blot analyses of the transformed strains showed that the MEL1 gene has been integrated in the same chromosomic band, probably chromosome XIII, in the three strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Characterization of genetically transformed @entity375 XXXX able to metabolize melibiose.

entities_list: @entity9592 :: ('MESH:D011887', 'Chemical') :: ['raffinose']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae', "baker's yeast"]

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['baker's yeasts']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity358 are dreaded complications in acute @entity1566 . The prevention of @entity55 is essential for reducing mortality and the period of hospitalization. @entity1282 occur frequently in @entity1 with cervical @entity1566 and are accompanied by @entity1173 with a high risk of @entity55 . @entity1 AND METHODS: In this study the identification and analysis of @entity1 with newly acquired cervical @entity1566 were carried out with respect to @entity1576 , treatment and prevention. RESULTS: A total of 27  @entity1 with a cervical @entity1566 ( @entity1688 ) were identified. Of these 20  @entity1 (74%) were identified with a @entity1282 and a high risk of @entity1173 . Of these @entity1 11 ( @entity970 group) received a percutaneous feeding tube ( @entity970 tube), 9  @entity1 (non- @entity970 group) with diagnosed @entity1282 were treated without @entity970 tube. A total of 6  @entity1 in the non- @entity970 group (67%) acquired @entity55 compared to 3 @entity1 (27%) in the @entity970 group. CONCLUSION: A @entity1282 is a major risk factor for a @entity358 after a cervical @entity1566 . An early placement of a @entity970 tube has a preventive effect with respect to @entity1174 in @entity1 with @entity1282 .

title: [ @entity1174 after @entity1566 . Placement of XXXX tubes as effective prevention].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['tetraplegia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infection', 'Pulmonary infections']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory complications']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['swallowing disorder', 'Swallowing disorders', 'dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injuries', 'cord injuries', 'cord injury']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity970 :: (CHEBI:46793,Chemical) :: ['PEG']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Using the extinction-reinstatement model of @entity2072 relapse, we and others have demonstrated that the antibiotic @entity2756 attenuates cue- and @entity2072 -primed reinstatement of @entity2072 -seeking. Reinstatement is contingent on the release of @entity3264 in the nucleus accumbens core (NAc) and manipulations that reduce @entity3264 efflux or block post-synaptic @entity3264 receptors attenuate reinstatement. We have demonstrated that the mechanism of action by which @entity2756 attenuates reinstatement involves increased NAc @entity9320 expression and a reduction in NAc @entity3264 efflux during reinstatement. Here we investigated the effects of @entity2756 (100 and 200mg/kg) on context-primed relapse following abstinence without extinction training and examined the effects of @entity2756 on @entity7335 , @entity7336 and @entity9320 expression. We conducted microdialysis during relapse to determine if an increase in NAc @entity3264 accompanies relapse after abstinence and whether @entity2756 blunts @entity3264 efflux. We found that both doses of @entity2756 attenuated relapse. While relapse was accompanied by an increase in NAc @entity3264 , @entity2756 (200mg/kg) was unable to significantly reduce NAc @entity3264 efflux during relapse despite its ability to upregulate @entity9320 . @entity7335 was reduced in the NAc by both doses of @entity2756 while @entity7336 expression was unchanged, indicating that @entity2756 altered @entity140 subunit composition following @entity2072 . Finally, @entity9320 was not altered in the PFC by @entity2756 . These results indicate that it is possible to attenuate context-primed relapse to @entity2072 -seeking through modification of post-synaptic receptor properties without attenuating @entity3264 efflux during relapse. Furthermore, increasing NAc @entity9320 protein expression is not sufficient to attenuate @entity3264 efflux.

title: XXXX attenuates @entity2072 relapse after abstinence through modulation of nucleus accumbens AMPA subunit expression.

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

answer: @entity2756 :: (MESH:D002443,Chemical) :: ['Ceftriaxone']


abstract: We developed an assay for the factor XIa-alpha 1 antitrypsin complex (F.XIa- @entity6417 complex) in plasma. The purified @entity6418 ( @entity6418 ) activated with beta-XIIa and treated with alpha 1 antitrypsin ( @entity6417 ) served as the standard complex. The assay is an enzyme-linked differential antibody immunosorbent assay. The complex level of tested plasma was measured with peroxidase-labeled anti- @entity6417 Fab' after the addition of 10-fold diluted test plasma (200 microliter) to the anti- @entity6418 monoclonal antibody beads. To eliminate the effects of plasma, the standard F.XIa- @entity6417 complex was diluted with @entity6418 -deficient plasma (10-fold diluted) which did not contain the complex. Purified @entity6418 (0.08 micrograms/assay, i.e. 100%) was added to the standard F.XIa- @entity6417 complex, because the absorbance of the standard complex containing @entity6418 (0.016-0.12 micrograms/assay, i.e. 20-150%) was a little lower than that of the complex alone. The recovery of the F.XIa- @entity6417 complex added was over 90%. Neither @entity6418 nor @entity6417 alone had the color development. The complex level of 25 normal individuals was below the detectable limit (less than 0.18 ng/assay), whereas the 30 @entity1 with @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ) had a high level complex (0.18-4.2 ng/assay). This assay may be helpful for the diagnosis of @entity5642 .

title: Factor XIa-alpha 1 antitrypsin complex--elevation in the @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['DIC', 'disseminated intravascular coagulation']

answer: @entity5642 :: (MESH:D004211,Disease) :: ['DIC']


abstract: Two principal types of @entity2525 have been distinguished. One is the dominantly inherited, relatively benign condition which is often detected radiologically in asymptomatic adults. A second type is the recessive, lethal, malignant form. @entity74 ( @entity74 ) has two distinct radiological subtypes known as types I and II. We report here a 23-year-old @entity1 with @entity74 type II. Radiographic investigations of a skeletal survey showed generalised @entity16455 with thickened cortex. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan disclosed @entity16455 in superior and inferior portions of the vertebral bodies which produced a 'sandwich' appearance. The 'bone-within-bone' appearance was seen in the ileum of the @entity1 . The vertebral bone density was found markedly elevated. The @entity7464 level was found to be normal. We discuss here the genetic etiology of this disorder.

title: Type II autosomal dominant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7464 :: ('760', 'Gene') :: ['carbonic anhydrase II']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis', 'ADO']

entities_list: @entity16455 :: ('MESH:D010026', 'Disease') :: ['osteosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2525 :: ('MESH:D010022', 'Disease') :: ['osteopetrosis']

answer: @entity2525 :: (MESH:D010022,Disease) :: ['osteopetrosis']


abstract: The columnar cell variant of @entity3557 is an @entity146 @entity5 associated with widespread dissemination and a fatal outcome. We report a case of a 29-year-old white @entity1 who presented with a large thyroid mass extending into the mediastinum with local and distant metastases. The histologic features included focal papillary growth with columnar cells and nuclear stratification. However, the histologic picture was dominated by cells with a clear to vacuolated-appearing cytoplasm similar to that seen in association with secretory-type endometrium. In addition, areas of solid growth and organoid or glandular features were also identified. This @entity5 followed an @entity146 course with widespread metastatic disease unresponsive to all therapeutic intervention. The @entity1 died 7 months after diagnosis. We believe this @entity5 represents the columnar cell variant of @entity3557 . This is only the second reported case of columnar cell @entity189 to occur in a female. Other than the unusual occurrence in a @entity1 , the clinical and pathologic features of this case are similar to those previously reported, including an @entity146 followed rapidly by the death of the @entity1 .

title: The columnar cell variant of @entity3557 . Case report and discussion of an unusually XXXX @entity3557 .

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behavior', 'aggressive']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['aggressive']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: to enhance identification of older nursing and residential home residents in a national sample and describe their chronic disease prevalence. DESIGN: cross-sectional analysis of an established primary care database (The Health Improvement Network). SETTING: 326 English and Welsh general practices. SUBJECTS: 435,568 @entity1 aged > or = 65. Care home residents were identified by either a Read code for care home residence or multiple care home residence markers (postcode linkage, household size identifier and location of consultation). COMPARISONS: nursing and residential home residents were compared with a community control group with no markers of care home residence using age and sex standardised @entity102 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: chronic disease prevalence using definitions from the national primary care contract. RESULTS: 11,547 (2.7%) older @entity1 were identified as care home residents, of whom only 4,403 (38.1%) were directly identified by their primary care record. Mean age for nursing and residential homes was 84.9 and 86.1 years compared to 74.7 for controls. Prevalence ratios for @entity303 were 14.8 (95% CI 13.4-16.4) for nursing and 13.5 (12.4-14.8) for residential homes compared to controls. @entity64 and severe @entity1032 were commoner in nursing and residential homes but @entity101 , respiratory and @entity5 diagnoses were slightly less common. Recorded disease prevalences in nursing and residential homes were similar. CONCLUSIONS: recording of care home residence is limited in primary care and this is a barrier to routine monitoring of this group. Higher @entity303 and @entity64 prevalence in care home residents confirms high clinical need, but the small differences in disease prevalence between nursing and residential homes have implications for delivering medical and nursing care to residential homes. Lower prevalence of some @entity102 suggests incomplete recording or case finding. Routine flagging of care home residents in health care systems is a potential tool for improving monitoring and outcomes.

title: Identifying the clinical characteristics of older XXXX living in care homes using a novel approach in a primary care database.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases', 'chronic disease prevalence ratios']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: Bleeding during the final three months is a serious event. Mortality is very slight in developed countries but morbidity remains considerable. Fetal mortality and morbidity are notable, linked to resultant pathology or @entity3465 . Their existence requires hospitalisation in a department of gynecology/obstetrics, with a team including an obstetrician, anesthetist/intensive care specialist, and pediatrician. Bleeding is due to placental separation involving the inter-villous chamber (basal decidual @entity1410 ) or the marginal region (marginal decidual @entity1410 ). Precise diagnosis of @entity548 is essential and must be obtained simultaneously with treatment. Maternal and fetal prognosis can only be improved by early and appropriate management. The treatment of serious cases is based upon intensive therapy including the replacement of losses, the correction of possible hemostasis problems and fetal extraction. Delivery is a critical phase, with the risk of extremely heavy @entity548 and decompensation. This stage of labour requires careful monitoring and intensive therapy without delay.

title: [ XXXX during the 3d trimester of pregnancy].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'refractory bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['Hemorrhage']


abstract: Prior to the 2001 malarial treatment policy change in Tanzania, we conducted trials to assess the efficacy of @entity1484 (SP) and the usefulness of molecular markers in monitoring resistance. A total of 383 uncomplicated @entity3964 @entity311 @entity1 (between 6 and 59 months old) were treated with SP and their responses were assessed. Mutations in the @entity3964 @entity9796 reductase (pfdhfr) and @entity9795 synthase (pfdhps) genes in admission day blood samples were analyzed. Results indicated that 85.6% of the @entity1 showed an adequate clinical response, 9.7% an early treatment failure, and 4.7% a late treatment failure. The quintuple mutant genotype (pfdhfr 51 Ile, 59 @entity534 , and 108 @entity2734 and pfdhps 437 Gly and 540 @entity367 ) showed an association with treatment outcome (odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval = 0.94-4.48, P = 0.045). The prevalence of the triple pfdhfr mutant genotype (51 Ile, 59 @entity534 , and 108 Asn) at a site of high SP resistance (23.6%) was four times higher compared with that observed at sites of moderate SP resistance (6.8-14.4%) (P = 0.000001). The genotype failure index calculated by using this marker was invariable (1.96-2.1) at sites with moderate SP resistance, but varied (3.4) at a site of high SP resistance. In conclusion, our clinical and molecular findings suggest that SP may have a short useful therapeutic life in Tanzania; thus, its adoption as an interim first-line antimalarial drug. The findings also point to the potential of the triple pfdhfr mutant genotype as an early warning tool for increasing SP resistance. These data form the baseline SP efficacy and molecular markers profile in Tanzania prior to the policy change.

title: Therapeutic efficacy of @entity1484 and prevalence of resistance markers in Tanzania prior to revision of XXXX treatment policy: @entity3964 @entity9796 reductase and @entity9795 synthase mutations in monitoring in vivo resistance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9795 :: ('MESH:C000978', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropteroate']

entities_list: @entity1484 :: ('MESH:C001205', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['P. falciparum', 'Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity9796 :: ('MESH:C010920', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrofolate']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: We evaluated the efficacy of alternate day, high dose @entity617 for the treatment of @entity7965 ( @entity7965 ). Nineteen @entity1 were included. Thirteen were @entity1 and six were @entity1 , aged between 13-56 years. Eleven @entity1 improved, eight with good response and three with fair response. Eight @entity1 were non-responders. Responders had gradual improvement in the hemoglobin level, but none achieved a normal hemoglobin level. Age at diagnosis, sex, initial hemoglobin, white count, and percentage of a positive Ham's test had no apparent bearing on treatment outcome. A prolonged interval from diagnosis to @entity617 treatment decreased the chance of a favorable hematologic response to therapy. Age at the treatment in non-responders was higher than responders. Responders had higher numbers of colonies derived from BFU-E and CFU-GM both in the blood and bone marrow than non-responders although the differences did not achieve statistical significance. These data indicate that alternate day, high dose @entity617 therapy is effective in some @entity1 with @entity7965 .

title: Corticosteroids therapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity7965 :: ('MESH:D006457', 'Disease') :: ['paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria', 'PNH']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity7965 :: (MESH:D006457,Disease) :: ['paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria']


abstract: alpha-Synuclein ( @entity2734 ) is a brain-enriched protein that functions as a molecular chaperone and regulator of the synaptic vesicle cycle. However, if @entity2734 is overexpressed and in prefibrillar oligomeric forms it activates free radical formation and has been implicated in @entity179 . The nuclear target for the free radical cascade is @entity12874 polymerase-1 ( @entity17816 ), a DNA-binding enzyme and transcriptional regulator that decides on cell survival or death. Our previous data indicated that soluble oligomeric form of @entity2734 significantly stimulated @entity842 synthase (NOS) activity and by oxidative stress leads to mitochondria failure and cell death. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of @entity2734 on @entity17816 protein level and on its activity in the @entity35 brain using radiochemical and immunochemical methods. It was found that @entity2734 (10 microM) had no effect on @entity17816 protein level. However, @entity2734 inhibited this enzyme activity by 35% in @entity35 brain cortex and hippocampus investigated together and in striatum by 18%. An inhibitor of constitutive NOS isoform, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (NNLA, 100 microM), partially prevented @entity2734 -evoked @entity17816 inhibition. The NO pool liberated by @entity2734 could be involved in the decrease of @entity17816 activity. The direct interaction between @entity2734 and @entity17816 protein should be taken into consideration.

title: Alpha-synuclein inhibits @entity12874 polymerase-1 ( XXXX ) activity via NO-dependent pathway.

entities_list: @entity12874 :: ('MESH:D011064', 'Chemical') :: ['poly (ADP-ribose)']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

answer: @entity17816 :: (25591(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['PARP-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence of falls, risk factors for falls, and the frequency of fall-related @entity174 in a cohort of individuals with @entity6 and a prior foot ulcer. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 400 individuals with @entity6 and a prior foot ulcer were recruited from two western Washington State health care organizations and followed prospectively for 2 years. @entity6 , demographic, and health information was collected at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years. Data on falls were collected at baseline, 4 weeks, and every 17 weeks thereafter. Medical records were abstracted to confirm fall-related morbidity. RESULTS: The average age of the study population was 62 years, with 77% male and 23% female. Approximately 32% had fixed @entity5109 , 58% had insensate feet, and 76% had comorbid conditions. Of the @entity1 , 252 (64%) reported at least one fall during the 2-year study period. The overall incidence of falls in this cohort was 1.25 falls/ @entity1 -year (95% CI 1.17-1.33). For the 164 @entity1 (41%) who reported two or more falls, a BMI >/=30 kg/m(2), the presence of one or more comorbid conditions, and insensate feet increased the risk. Two or more falls of any type were associated with a higher @entity174 risk. Although @entity1 were not at significantly greater risk for falls than @entity1 , their @entity174 incidence was 3.6 times higher. CONCLUSIONS: Falls are very common in individuals with @entity6 and prior foot ulcers. A small percentage of falls resulted in @entity174 . The risk of a fall-related @entity174 was significantly higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 . Increased attention to falls and fall prevention is indicated for @entity6 care providers.

title: Incidence of falls, risk factors for falls, and fall-related @entity174 in individuals with XXXX and a prior foot ulcer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5109 :: ('MESH:D005530', 'Disease') :: ['foot deformities']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']