abstract: Since @entity9080 has been reported to be a bladder carcinogen and @entity9081 is a known anti-carcinogen, it is important to know the mode of their cytotoxic action. This was investigated in a @entity9082 hepatocyte cell line by studying the morphological effects of increasing concentrations of the @entity9083 and their @entity2041 and @entity462 conjugates. These effects were compared with those induced by @entity2469 which supposedly has its primary effect upon the cytosolic @entity2041 status and thus upon the integrity of @entity141 -sequestrating mitochondria. The results agree with the previously postulated role of conjugation in the exposure of cells to @entity9083 : Conjugates show effects similar to those produced by the free parent compounds because conjugates release free @entity9083 in aqueous solution. The cytomorphological effects increase in a more or less dose-dependent manner with increasing concentrations of @entity8009 or exposure time. Probably due to increased exposure, suspended @entity9082 cells are more sensitive to the toxic action than cells growing on a substrate. No qualitative differences were found between the effects of @entity9084 and @entity9081 , indicating that their different effects in vivo are perhaps related to organ-specific differences in equilibrium between the conjugated and unconjugated forms of the test substances. The first cytomorphological effects of @entity9083 consist of surface blebbing (zeiosis) and swelling of dictyosomal cisternae. At higher concentrations swelling extends to vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are not affected until the cells reach the necrotic phase of injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Cytomorphological changes in liver cells exposed to @entity9084 and XXXX and their @entity462 and @entity2041 conjugates.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity9080 :: ('MESH:C004471', 'Chemical') :: ['allyl isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity9081 :: ('MESH:C031403', 'Chemical') :: ['benzyl isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity8009 :: ('MESH:C037152', 'Chemical') :: ['isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity2469 :: ('MESH:D020122', 'Chemical') :: ['tert-butylhydroperoxide']

entities_list: @entity9083 :: ('MESH:D017879', 'Chemical') :: ['isothiocyanates']

answer: @entity9081 :: (MESH:C031403,Chemical) :: ['benzyl isothiocyanate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary @entity5 resection in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 is considered highly controversial. Historical data suggest a low risk of @entity5 in @entity1 treated with first-line @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) chemotherapy. However, there are very limited data on the safety and efficacy of first-line combination chemotherapy in this unresected-primary population, especially in the setting of @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed a single-institution retrospective study to evaluate the @entity5 -related complication rate and outcome of @entity1 with unresected metastatic @entity14 treated with first-line chemotherapy. Estimation of the overall and progression-free survival distributions were done using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity1 were identified: 26 had primary @entity694 and 12 had primary @entity5 . Thirty-one @entity1 were treated with first-line FOLFOX ( @entity901 / @entity4181 / @entity1487 ) with or without bevacizumab. In @entity1 with @entity694 , only 2 (7%) required surgery, both for obstruction. In @entity1 with @entity5 , 3 (25%) developed @entity304 , and 2 developed @entity158 . Four of these @entity1 were adequately palliated with chemoradiation; only 1 @entity1 required a diverting colostomy. The median progression-free survival was 7 months, and overall survival was 17.3 months. Twenty-two @entity1 died because of disease progression, only 3 of whom developed obstructive symptoms at the @entity5 site before death. CONCLUSION: First-line chemotherapy is feasible and safe in @entity1 with unresected colon and nonirradiated @entity5 . The rate of @entity1744 requiring surgical intervention in this population was < 10%. These results support an approach that defers surgery in non-obstructed, noncurable @entity1 in favor of systemic chemotherapy as initial treatment.

title: Safety and efficacy of first-line chemotherapy in unresected metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['progressive obstructive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal tumors', 'primary tumor-related complications', 'rectal cancers', 'primary tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['worsening pain']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon tumors', 'colon cancers']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: The hormones of the endocrine pancreas are believed to play an important role in early development. The development of the pancreas and the appearance of hormone-producing cells during embryogenesis have been extensively studied in mammals and birds. Relatively little work has been done in other vertebrates, and there are no published studies regarding the order Crocodilia. Given the pivotal phylogenetic position of crocodilians, @entity20085 provides an interesting species in which to study the embryonic development of the endocrine pancreas. The aims of the present study were (1) to investigate the morphological development of the pancreas and (2) to determine the initial appearance and regional distribution of the pancreatic endocrine cells in the embryonic alligator. At each stage of development serial sections of pancreatic tissue were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 to aid in morphological description. Using immunocytochemistry sections were stained to detect the presence of @entity20086 , glucagon, @entity1943 , and pancreatic polypeptide. The dorsal pancreatic bud was first observed at stage 8, coincident with the appearance of @entity20086 -containing and glucagon-containing cells. @entity1943 -containing cells were first detected at stage 10. At stage 13 the ventral pancreatic bud was first observed. At stage 14 the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds fused and @entity20086 , glucagon, and @entity1943 were found throughout the pancreas. Not until stage 17 was pancreatic polypeptide first detected. Unlike the other hormones, pancreatic polypeptide was rare or absent in the dorsal region of the pancreas. In later stages of development, @entity1943 -containing cells were the most abundant and constituted 35-40% of all hormone-containing cells. The sequence of appearance of @entity20086 and glucagon found in the alligator is the same as that found in mammals and birds.

title: Ontogeny and regional distribution of hormone-producing cells in the embryonic pancreas of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity20085 :: ('8496', 'Species') :: ['Alligator mississippiensis']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin', 'Somatostatin']

answer: @entity20085 :: (8496,Species) :: ['Alligator mississippiensis']


abstract: In order to evaluate the differences in morbidity and mortality of @entity6 on haemodialysis (HD), data on 12 @entity1 with @entity2316 and 14 non- @entity6 @entity1 have been analyzed retrospectively since 1982. The groups were matched for sex, age and duration of HD. We analyzed the differences in survival rate, the number of hospitalization days and the causes of @entity204 . Values of BUN, @entity1011 , @entity460 , @entity1391 , @entity165 and @entity1674 , alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte count and haemoglobin were compared throughout the dialysis period. No significant differences occurred between the two groups as regards blood chemistry values (except for @entity1011 ) throughout the observation period. The number of hospitalization days per month of dialysis was significantly different: 1.8 days in @entity6 versus 0.9 days in non- @entity6 @entity1 (p less than 0.005). This difference is due to a higher rate of vascular access complications and @entity281 . The 3-year survival rate on HD was 73% in type I @entity6 (controls 93%), while none of the type II @entity6 survived for more than 24 months on HD. The most common causes of @entity204 in the @entity6 @entity1 were cardiovascular (44%) and septic (44%) complications, followed by @entity1504 (12%). We conclude from our study that the reason for the poor prognosis of @entity6 @entity1 on HD is not lack of efficiency of the procedure, but progression of the multisystemic @entity6 .

title: [Results of chronic hemodialysis treatment in XXXX with @entity2316 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic condition', 'diabetics', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular problems']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Clinical features of 644 surgically treated cases of @entity5 were analyzed according to their histological type. Large cell non-keratinizing @entity189 (L) showed node metastasis proportional to the grade of invasion in the cervix, and the lowest recurrence rate. @entity4153 (S) tended to have widely spread metastasis from an early stage of the @entity75 . Lateral recurrence from metastatic foci was common in this type. @entity189 (K) were localized in the cervix until the @entity5 became enlarged to a certain size. Central recurrence from invasive foci in the surrounding tissue or organ occurred more often than lateral recurrence in this type. Metastasis pattern of pure @entity420 (A) was similar to that of S, but recurrence was delayed. @entity1962 ( @entity1962 ) showed a similar metastasis pattern to that of K, but recurrence was rapid and the ratio high. Prophylactic maintenance chemotherapy with Tegafur (800 mg/day) or @entity4408 (0.5 mg/day) was performed in 187 cases for a period of 2 years after surgery. The effect of maintenance chemotherapy depended on the histological type. A marked effect was obtained in the groups of S and A, in which no recurrence has appeared so far. The recurrence rate of L dropped to 1/5 that of the control. However, unsatisfactory results were shown in the groups of K and @entity1962 including the keratinizing cell component. It is of significance that maintenance chemotherapy showed the highest effectiveness in S and A on which conventional adjuvant therapy, i.e. postoperative radiotherapy, has had the least effect. This has led us to consider that a proper selection of adjuvant therapies would contribute toward improving the postoperative prognosis of @entity1 with @entity5 .

title: [Differing progress patterns in XXXX and variant effects of adjuvant chemotherapy based on histological type].

entities_list: @entity4408 :: ('MESH:D002225', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboquone']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['Small cell non-keratinizing carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the uterine cervix', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'Keratinizing carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1962 :: ('MESH:D018196', 'Disease') :: ['Adenosquamous carcinomas', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer of the uterine cervix']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7578 ( @entity7578 ) is an opportunistic demyelinating @entity75 related to @entity8315 . Its characteristics on conventional brain MRI are well known and are important for the diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyze SWI hypointensities recently described in U-fibers and cortex adjacent to the @entity62 of @entity7578 . METHODS: Prospective study including four @entity1 with an history of definite diagnosis of @entity7578 . Clinical data were collected retrospectively. Brain MRI exams were done on a 3T magnet, including FLAIR, T2 GRE sequences and SWI. RESULTS: Four males were included (mean age: 47 years, mean @entity7578 duration: 24.2 months). Immunosuppression was related to @entity791 (n=2), natalizumab for @entity15 (n=1), @entity1892 treated by chemotherapeutic agents and rituximab (n=1). All @entity1 had SWI hypointensities in cortex and/or U-fibers adjacent to the @entity62 . @entity6228 always suggested a paramagnetic effect. CONCLUSION: SWI and T2 GRE hypointensities in cortex and U-fibers adjacent to the @entity62 seem highly prevalent in @entity7578 , irrespective of the delay between @entity7578 onset and the MRI. @entity6228 data suggest a paramagnetic effect.

title: Use of @entity6228 ( XXXX ) in progressive multifocal @entity62 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter lesions']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity7578 :: ('MESH:D007968', 'Disease') :: ['Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'PML']

answer: @entity6228 :: (MESH:C535477,Disease) :: ['QSM']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Anomalies of the @entity6627 are rare. @entity6089 are usually asymptomatic, however, when they become infected, they can mimic a wide variety of intra-abdominal pathologies. We present two @entity1 in which an @entity6089 was found. METHODS: Two male @entity1 25 and 38 years old respectively underwent laparoscopic resection of an @entity6627 . In one of the cases the @entity6627 was complicated by infection. Opportune clinical and radiologic diagnose was made in both cases and complete excision of the @entity6627 was carried out by laparoscopic means. RESULTS: The procedures were performed without complications and follow up showed excellent results. Both @entity1 presented very short convalescence with rapid recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of choice for urachal pathology is the complete excision of the complicated lesion. For this matter laparoscopic surgery assures surgical results comparable to conventional surgery adding the advantages of a minimally invasive approach.

title: Complete excision of XXXX by laparoscopic means: a new approach to an uncommon disorder.

entities_list: @entity6627 :: ('MESH:C536475', 'Disease') :: ['urachal remnant']

entities_list: @entity6089 :: ('MESH:D014496', 'Disease') :: ['Urachal cysts', 'urachal cyst']

answer: @entity6089 :: (MESH:D014496,Disease) :: ['urachal cyst']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the bones of the skull is a complex procedure and represents a challenge for the surgical team. It is generally performed in @entity1 who have loss of the cranial vault secondary to chronic @entity281 or uncontrolled @entity7190 , indicating a greater chance of failure or rejection of the materials used for repair of the defect. Selection of material to replace the cranial vault is complex due to the diversity of existing products. The ideal material is inert, lightweight, easy to fit and adaptable to the defect, offering the best aesthetic and functional results. Computer design of the implant makes this process easier by providing an implant specific to each individual @entity1 and defect. CLINICAL CASE: We report the case of a @entity1 who was diagnosed with @entity4236 and was treated with anterior craniofacial resection and radiotherapy. @entity4034 and @entity7190 were consequent complications with loss of the cranial vault in the frontal region. The defect was reconstructed with a @entity12316 ( @entity12316 ) computer-designed implant based on the defect evaluated by computed tomography. Results obtained are shown below. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity12316 computer-designed implant is a safe and easy to use alternative with great adaptability to cranial @entity154 .

title: Cranial vault reconstruction using computer-designed XXXX ( @entity12316 ) implant: case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['vault defects']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['Osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity7190 :: ('MESH:D010025', 'Disease') :: ['osteoradionecrosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4236 :: ('MESH:D018304', 'Disease') :: ['esthesioneuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity12316 :: ('MESH:C063834', 'Chemical') :: ['PEEK', 'polyetheretherketone']

answer: @entity12316 :: (MESH:C063834,Chemical) :: ['polyetheretherketone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of placental and umbilical cord blood proteins using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) to examine the associations among @entity565 , fetal gender, and protein profiles. METHODS: Placental tissue and umbilical vein plasma were collected from 10 healthy and 20 asthmatic @entity1 . Placental proteins were extracted using @entity1391 -buffered saline containing protease inhibitors. Samples were applied to the surfaces of strong anion exchange ( @entity22484 ), weak cation exchange (WCX2) and immobilized metal affinity capture (IMAC- @entity8863 ) chips. Mass analysis was conducted using a Ciphergen Protein Biology System IIc (Freemont, CA), and differences in individual peak intensities between groups were determined. RESULTS: Fourteen placental peaks were significantly different between asthmatic and non-asthmatic @entity1 (seven more highly expressed and seven less highly expressed). Ten umbilical cord blood peak differences were identified, with four peaks more highly expressed and six peaks less highly expressed in asthmatics. Four placental and three umbilical cord blood proteins differed significantly between male and female fetuses. Two placental and five umbilical cord blood peaks were specifically increased in a subgroup of samples collected from asthmatic @entity1 who did not use inhaled glucocorticoids and were pregnant with a female fetus, a group previously found to have altered placental function. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the abilities of the SELDI technique as a tool for protein profiling in tissue or plasma. Further work to positively identify the candidate peptides found in this study may provide a greater understanding of the placental mechanisms leading to alterations in fetal growth in @entity1 with @entity565 .

title: The effect of maternal XXXX on placental and cord blood protein profiles.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: Both osteoblasts and osteoclasts are derived from progenitors that reside in the bone marrow; osteoblasts belong to the mesenchymal lineage of the @entity236 , and osteoclasts to the hematopoietic lineage. The development of osteoclasts from their progenitors is dependent on stromal-osteoblastic cells, which are a major source of cytokines that are critical in osteoclastogenesis, such as @entity650 and @entity4382 . The production of @entity650 by stromal osteoblastic cells, as well as the responsiveness of bone marrow cells to cytokines such as @entity650 and @entity4382 , is regulated by sex @entity230 . When gonadal function is lost, the formation of osteoclasts as well as osteoblasts increases in the marrow, both changes apparently mediated by an increase in the production of @entity650 and perhaps by an increase in the responsiveness of bone marrow progenitor cells not only to @entity650 but also to other cytokines with osteoclastogenic and osteoblastogenic properties. The cellular activity of the bone marrow is also altered by the process of aging. Specifically, senescence may decrease the ability of the marrow to form osteoblast precursors. The association between the dysregulation of osteoclast or osteoblast development in the marrow and the disruption of the balance between bone resorption and bone formation, resulting in the loss of bone, leads to the following notion. Like homeostasis of other regenerating tissues, homeostasis of bone depends on the orderly replenishment of its cellular constituents. Excessive osteoclastogenesis and inadequate osteoblastogenesis are responsible for the mismatch between the formation and resorption of bone in postmenopausal and age-related @entity2331 . The recognition that changes in the numbers of bone cells, rather than changes in the activity of individual cells, form the pathogenetic basis of @entity170 is a major advance in understanding the mechanism of this disease.

title: Bone marrow, cytokines, and bone remodeling. Emerging insights into the pathophysiology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['marrow stroma']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of raised pulmonary artery pressure and resistance in adults with isolated @entity118 (so called secundum defect) or @entity119 . DESIGN: A historical, retrospective, unrandomised study. SETTING: A tertiary referral centre. METHODS: Cardiac catheterisation was performed in all @entity1 , with measurement of pulmonary artery pressure and resistance. Pulmonary to systemic flow ratio was calculated using the Fick principle. @entity120 was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure > 30 mm Hg, and increased resistance as an Rp/Rs ratio > 0.3. @entity1 : All @entity1 with a secundum @entity119 who presented between July 1988 and December 1997 were enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Pulmonary artery pressure and resistance in the @entity1 with @entity119 (n = 31) was higher than in @entity1 with @entity118 (n = 138). @entity120 was present in 26% of @entity1 with sinus venosus and in 9% of @entity1 with @entity118 . The incidence of raised pulmonary vascular resistance was 16% in @entity1 with sinus venosus and 4% in @entity1 with @entity118 . The increase in resistance occurred at a younger age in @entity119 than in @entity118 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity119 have @entity120 and resistances and develop these complications at younger age than @entity1 with @entity118 . Thus they should be managed differently than @entity1 with "simple" @entity118 .

title: Incidence of @entity120 in adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect', 'atrial septal defects', 'atrial septal defect within the oval fossa']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['higher pulmonary pressures', 'Pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity119 :: ('MESH:C548009', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal or sinus venosus defect', 'sinus venosus defect']

answer: @entity119 :: (MESH:C548009,Disease) :: ['atrial septal or sinus venosus defects']


abstract: Plain chest films of 87 @entity1 aged 4-14 years with @entity849 proved by cardiac catheterization and of an age matched control group of 92 healthy @entity1 were evaluated in a retrospective study. Up to 4 years the evaluation was impaired by the overlying thymus. The evidence of poststenotic dilatation of the pulmonary trunk and the left pulmonary artery branch together with a normal or increased left sided perihilar pulmonary vascularity is essential for the diagnosis of @entity849 . The pulmonary trunk showed marked dilatation in 47 cases, mild dilatation in 11 cases and no dilatation in 21 cases. A cranial displacement of the pulmonary trunk which partially reached or overlapped the aortic knuckle was seen in 44 @entity1 . 50 @entity1 showed a @entity1283 due to the poststenotic dilatation of the left pulmonary artery branch. 1/5 of the @entity1 showed extension of the poststenotic enlargement into the left sided segmental artery branches. Cardiac size, calculated by heart volume, was within age specific limits. No correlation was found concerning the severity of the @entity850 and the radiographic findings. Indications of @entity849 increased with the age of the @entity1 .

title: [Indications of XXXX on plain chest films (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['hilar enlargement']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['valvular pulmonary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity849 :: (MESH:D011666,Disease) :: ['valvular pulmonary stenosis']


abstract: From January 1999 to May 2003, 316 @entity439 were treated, among them 40 @entity1 (12.7%) over 65 years with @entity510 ( @entity510 ). The results of this sub-group are presented. Mean age was 71 years (range 65-83 years), 40% of the @entity1 were in (Hunt _ Hess) grade I-III and 60% grade IV-V. Eighty-five percent of the @entity439 were located in the anterior circulation (35% ACom @entity439 ). Nineteen @entity439 were coiled (all basilar tip and small-based ACom @entity439 ), two among them subsequently clipped after coil compaction, 18 were initially clipped (most of @entity9623 and all broad-based ACom @entity439 ), two wrapped and one trapped. A total of 66.7% of the @entity1 with coiled and 60.0% with clipped @entity439 had been hospitalized in poor condition (Hunt _ Hess IV-V). The average follow-up period was 16 months. Overall, 35% of @entity1 fully recovered, 5% returned to normal activity with some deficit, 33% remained dependent and 27% died. All seven @entity1 with @entity439 and @entity1779 were clipped, but died or remained vegetative. Ten of 17 coiled @entity1 (58.8%) had a favourable outcome, compared to 4/11 (36.4%) in the clip group, but two primarily coiled @entity439 rebled due to coil compaction. The outcome is dependent on the primary Hunt _ Hess grade. A total of 48.5% of @entity510 @entity1 without @entity1779 fully recovered, even @entity1 in poor primary grade. @entity1779 is linked to a bad outcome. As primary procedure, the less traumatic coiling seems to be superior to clipping primarily. Better Hunt _ Hess grades have a statistically significant chance for a promising outcome.

title: Treatment and outcome of XXXX in the elderly @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage', 'SAH']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'MCA aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral haematoma', 'Additional intracerebral haemorrhage', 'intracerebral bleeding']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Conventional perfused manometry has led to extensive study of phasic contractile activity in the @entity1 esophagus, but little is known about esophageal tonic activity. The aims of this study were to assess esophageal smooth and striated muscle tone and the effect of a smooth muscle relaxant ( @entity3586 , 0.3 mL inhalation) on this tone. METHODS: Using a computerized isobaric recording system (barostat), esophageal tonic activity in 13 healthy subjects was recorded. Two parameters were analyzed: compliance and resistance to initial stretch (resting tone). RESULTS: The smooth muscle esophagus was significantly more compliant but presented a greater resistance to initial stretch than the striated muscle section. @entity3586 affected only the smooth muscle section, significantly increasing compliance and decreasing the resistance to initial stretch. Significant @entity662 and/or discomfort occurred only during striated @entity121 (10 of the 13 subjects at 25 mm Hg distending pressure). CONCLUSIONS: Active tone is present in the smooth muscle esophagus and can be modulated by a smooth muscle relaxant. Compliance and resting tone differ between the smooth and striated muscle segments of the esophagus. Assessment of tone in @entity1 with @entity1208 and noncardiac @entity662 should provide further insights into these disorders.

title: Measurement of XXXX esophageal tone in vivo.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1208 :: ('MESH:D004935', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal motor disorders']

entities_list: @entity3586 :: ('MESH:D000680', 'Chemical') :: ['amyl nitrite', 'Amyl nitrite']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle esophagus distension']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Rapidly progressing or missed lesions can reduce the effectiveness of colonoscopy-based @entity14 surveillance programs. We investigated whether giving fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for hemoglobin between surveillance colonoscopies resulted in earlier detection of @entity5 . METHODS: The study included 1736 @entity1 with a family history or past @entity5 ; they received at least 2 colonoscopy examinations and were followed for a total of 8863 years. @entity1 were excluded from the study if they had @entity74 , colorectal surgery, or @entity29 . An FIT was offered yearly, in the interval between colonoscopies; if results were positive, the colonoscopy was performed earlier than scheduled. RESULTS: Among the 1071 asymptomatic subjects (61%) who received at least 1 FIT, the test detected 12 of 14 @entity5 (86% sensitivity) and 60 of 96 (63%) advanced @entity652 . In @entity1 with positive results from the FIT, the diagnosis of @entity5 was made 25 months (median) earlier and diagnosis of advanced @entity652 24 months earlier. @entity1 who had repeated negative results from FIT had an almost 2-fold decrease in risk for @entity5 and advanced @entity652 compared with @entity1 who were not tested (5.5% vs 10.1%, respectively, P = .0004). The most advanced stages of @entity5 , observed across the continuum from nonadvanced @entity5 , were associated with age (increased with age), sex (increased in males), and FIT result. The probability of most advanced @entity5 stage was lowest among those with a negative result from the FIT (odds ratio, 0.68; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Interval examinations using the FIT detected @entity5 sooner than scheduled surveillances. Subjects with negative results from the FIT had the lowest risk for the most advanced stage of @entity5 . Interval FIT analyses can be used to detect missed or rapidly developing lesions in surveillance programs.

title: Interval fecal immunochemical testing in a colonoscopic surveillance program speeds detection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma to late-stage cancer', 'neoplastic', 'neoplasias', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasia']


abstract: Smears were taken from the vulvar skin of 123 @entity1 (21 with normal-appearing skin and 12 with dystrophic, 29 with benign, 20 with precancerous and 53 with malignant conditions). In each case, 20 nucleated horny squames with the highest visible degree of abnormality were identified in the smear. The cytoplasmic and nuclear structures of these cells were analyzed, and the cytoplasmic and nuclear perimeters were measured by a graphics tablet (digitizing board) equipped with a camera lucida system. Five cytomorphometric parameters were calculated: cytoplasmic and nuclear areas and shape factors and the relative nuclear area. A stepwise multivariate discriminant analysis was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the parameters. Structurally, the cells from different vulvar conditions did not differ much from each other except in the formation of small cellular projections ("pseudopodia"), which were found significantly more frequently in precancerous and @entity5 than in others. @entity528 was a general finding in all examined cases of all conditions. Morphometric analysis revealed cytoplasmic pleomorphism to be the predominant feature associated with increasing degrees of @entity5 . There was no significant increase in the relative nuclear area with increasing @entity5 because the cytoplasmic and nuclear areas enlarged almost simultaneously. The cellular features found in nucleated horny cells exfoliated from various @entity6068 are quite different from the well-known attributes of squamous epithelial cells originating from comparable conditions of the uterine cervix.

title: Structural and morphometric analysis of parakeratotic and dyskeratotic cells exfoliated from various XXXX . Correlation with data from cervical cytology.

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Nuclear degeneration']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancerous lesions', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity6068 :: ('MESH:D014845', 'Disease') :: ['vulvar lesions']

answer: @entity6068 :: (MESH:D014845,Disease) :: ['vulvar lesions']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 4100 Background: There is no consensus on the optimal management of locally advanced @entity788 . This open-label phase II study examined whether continuous infusion @entity1487 (CI 5FU) plus 3D conformal planning radiotherapy (RT) is well tolerated and may be combined with @entity136 (G) pre and post chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 (pts) were enrolled in 2 strata: (1) inoperable @entity788 in head or body without @entity3 ( @entity3980 ) or (2) resected @entity788 at high risk of relapse (Surg). G was given at 1000 mg/m(2) weekly for 3 wks followed by 1 wk rest then a 5-6 wk period of RT and concurrent CI @entity1487 (200 mg/m(2)/day). The defined target volume was treated to 54Gy in 30# of 1.8Gy in the @entity3980 and 45Gy in 25# in the Surg arm. After a 4-wk rest period, G was reinitiated for 12 wks. RESULTS: 64 pts are on study and results for the first 40 pts are reported (26 females, 14 males; mean age 60 yr, range 39-79; 48% PS 0, 50% @entity17109 ). Treatment was well tolerated: 3 pts are still on treatment after 2 cycles of G post RT, 19 completed all planned treatment, 13 discontinued due to disease progression, 4 withdrew and there was 1 treatment-related @entity204 . 75% of pts reported CTC grade 3/4 @entity137 . 38/40 pts completed the initial G treatment; of these, 36/38 completed RT. 5/38 pts required reduction in 5FU, 10/40 in G pre RT and 32/36 in G post RT. In the @entity3980 arm, 4.8% of pts responded and median TTPD was 6.9 mo (interquartile range (IQR) 5.9-10.3). In the 23 pts who progressed, 6 progressed locally, 14 systemically and 5 site unknown. More recent data shows 61% of @entity3980 (median 13.4 mo, IQR 10.3-18.3) and 65% of Surg pts were alive at 1 yr (median 14.2 mo, IQR 9.5-23). The change in CA 19-9 levels (but not the baseline level) was predictive of outcome. In 17 pts we found no association of outcome with fluorescent-SSCP analysis of @entity984 , 4 @entity876 mutations or MSI status. CONCLUSIONS: This approach to treatment of locally advanced disease is safe and promising with good local control for a substantial proportion of @entity1 and merits testing in a randomized trial against chemotherapy alone. [Table: see text].

title: Combined modality therapy for pancreatic carcinoma - An Australian @entity788 Group study of the addition of XXXX to concurrent infusional @entity1487 and 3D conformal radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreas cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5FU', '5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: PURPOSE: Intimal @entity1373 is a common cause of obstructive @entity850 after arterial reconstructive procedures. It has been postulated that growth factors elaborated by vascular wall cells regulate fibroproliferative changes that can cause graft failure. This study characterizes @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ) and @entity673 ( @entity673 ) mRNA transcript profiles and their temporal relationship to the development of intimal @entity1373 in vein grafts. METHODS: Epigastric vein-to-common femoral artery interposition grafts were performed in male Lewis @entity35 (350 to 450 gm) with standard microsurgical techniques. Grafts were harvested @entity1809 days, and 1 and 2 weeks (n = 5/time). Graft RNA was extracted, reverse-transcribed, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction with sense/antisense primers for @entity1810 and @entity673 (30 cycles). Polymerase chain reaction fragments were confirmed by Southern hybridization. RESULTS: Variable induction of TFG-beta 1 gene transcription was evident in vein grafts at 1 and 4 hours, with prominent mRNA expression from 1 day to 2 weeks. @entity673 mRNA was detected in ungrafted control veins but was downregulated at 1 hour and absent at 4 hours after grafting. @entity673 transcription was upregulated by 1 day, with prominent expression from 4 days to 1 week. Early loss of @entity673 mRNA correlated with the early denudation of the endothelium, whereas upregulation by 4 days was preceded by @entity1810 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: Upregulation of @entity1810 and @entity673 mRNA expression is detected in vein grafts before the development of a quantifiable @entity8233 , which occurs by 2 weeks in our model. This suggests a role for these growth factors in the development of vein graft intimal @entity1373 .

title: The temporal relationship between the development of vein graft intimal XXXX and growth factor gene expression.

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity673 :: ('25266(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PDGF-A', 'platelet-derived growth factor-A chain']

entities_list: @entity1810 :: ('59086(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta 1', 'transforming growth factor beta-1']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['neointima']

answer: @entity1373 :: (MESH:D006965,Disease) :: ['hyperplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE:     To assess the cost-effectiveness of using cytological evaluation, @entity14276 BladderChek  , and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) UroVysion   in addition to cystoscopy in @entity1 with a history of @entity150 undergoing surveillance for recurrence. @entity1 AND METHODS:     In all, 200 consecutive @entity1 with a history of @entity150 not invading the muscle were prospectively enrolled at The University of Texas @entity601 Anderson @entity5 Center.     Five surveillance strategies were compared: (i) cystoscopy alone; (ii) cystoscopy and @entity14276 ; (iii) cystoscopy and FISH; (iv) cystoscopy and cytology; and (v) cystoscopy and positive @entity14276 confirmed by positive FISH.     The cost per @entity5 detected was calculated.     For @entity1 with an initial positive test and negative cystoscopy, @entity5 detected at first follow-up was assumed to be too small to be visualized at the initial assessment and the biomarker was credited with early detection. RESULTS:     @entity5 was detected in 13 @entity1 at study entry.     Detection rates for the five surveillance strategies were: (i) 52%, (ii) 56%, (iii) 72%, (iv) 60%, and (v) 56%.     The costs per @entity5 detected (at the time of initial marker analysis) were (i)  7692; (ii)  12,000; (iii)  26,462; (iv)  11,846; and (v)  10,292.     When early detection of biomarkers was factored in, the CPTD became: (i)  7692; (ii)  11,143; (iii)  19,111; (iv)  10,267; and (v)  9557.     There were 12 new @entity5 detected at first follow-up (median time, 4.1 months). None of the @entity5 detected by biomarkers but not by cystoscopy were invasive. CONCLUSIONS:     Cystoscopy alone remains the most cost-effective strategy to detect recurrence of @entity150 not invading the muscle.     The addition of urinary markers adds to cost, without improved detection of invasive disease.

title: Prospective trial to identify optimal XXXX surveillance protocol: reducing costs while maximizing sensitivity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'Cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: The @entity409 and loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and their cortical projections are among the earliest pathological events in the pathogenesis of @entity195 ( @entity195 ). The evidence pointing to @entity73 come from studies that report a decline in the activity of @entity1877 acetyltransferase ( @entity4268 ) and @entity934 esterase (AChE), @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) release and the levels of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and loss of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in the @entity195 brain. @entity195 pathology is characterized by an extensive loss of synapses and @entity527 branchings which are the dominant scenario as compared to the loss of the neuronal cell bodies themselves. The appearance of cholinergic @entity3986 , i.e. aberrant fibers and fiber swelling are more and more pronounced during brain aging and widely common in @entity195 . When taking amyloid-b (Ab) deposition as the ultimate causal factor of @entity195 the role of Ab in cholinergic @entity409 should be considered. In that respect it has been stated that @entity1617 release and synthesis are depressed, axonal transport is inhibited, and that @entity1617 degradation is affected in the presence of Ab peptides. b-Amyloid peptide 1-42, the principal constituent of the @entity527 plaques seen in @entity195 @entity1 , is known to trigger excess amount of @entity2227 in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting the astroglial @entity2227 transporter and to increase the intracellular @entity141 level. Based on the glutamatergic overexcitation theory of @entity195 progression, the function of @entity143 receptors and treatment with @entity143 antagonists underlie some recent therapeutic applications. @entity3393 , a moderate affinity uncompetitive @entity143 receptor antagonist interacts with its target only during states of pathological activation but does not interfere with the physiological receptor functions. In this study the neuroprotective effect of @entity3393 on the forebrain cholinergic neurons against Ab42 oligomers-induced @entity137 was studied in an in vivo @entity35 @entity303 model. We found that @entity3393 rescued the neocortical cholinergic fibers originating from the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, attenuated microglial activation around the intracerebral lesion sides, and improved attention and memory of Ab42-injected @entity35 exhibiting @entity4207 .

title: The basal forebrain cholinergic system in aging and XXXX . Rescuing cholinergic neurons from neurotoxic amyloid-b42 with @entity3393 .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['neuritic']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cholinergic impairments']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['neuritic dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity3393 :: ('MESH:D008559', 'Chemical') :: ['Memantine', 'memantine']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['impaired learning and loss of cholinergic innervation of neocortex']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: @entity943 and @entity1168 occasionally occur from the effect of inhaled anesthetic agent and opioid on cardiac conduction. We experienced a case of intermittent @entity1168 -dependent @entity5036 (IBDBBB) during @entity2614 and @entity1937 anesthesia. A 17-year-old @entity1 suffering from recurrent left ottitis media was scheduled for tympanoplasty under general anesthesia. Her preoperative electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed normal sinus rhythm at heart rate (HR) of 48 beats x @entity1009 ). Her tracheal was intubated following anesthesia induction with @entity1875 and @entity3369 , and anesthesia was maintained using inhalation of 40% @entity26 with air and 1.5-2.0% @entity2614 , and continuous venous infusion of @entity1937 at a rate of 0.15 microg x kg(-1) @entity1009 ). Two hours 20 minutes after starting operation, the P-P interval was constant but the waveforms of low and broad QRS complexes appeared intermittently on the ECG monitor. The blood pressure remained stable at 95/55 mmHg and the HR decreased to 46 beats x @entity1009 ). The waveform of pulse oxymetric @entity26 saturation (Spo2) did not change. We diagnosed the ECG pattern as IBDBBB. After intravenous injection of @entity3897 0.5 mg, the waveforms of QRS complexes recovered to normal sinus rhythm at HR 90 beats x @entity1009 ). @entity2614 and @entity1937 in adolescence could induce @entity67 and result in IBDBBB. @entity3897 could be effective for IBDBBB induced by @entity2614 and @entity1937 .

title: [Intermittent @entity1168 -dependent @entity5036 during @entity2614 and XXXX anesthesia].

entities_list: @entity3369 :: ('MESH:D014673', 'Chemical') :: ['vecuronium']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5036 :: ('OMIM:113900', 'Disease') :: ['bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane', 'Sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular conduction disturbance']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity1937 :: (MESH:C071741,Chemical) :: ['remifentanil']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12024 dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) causes the turbinate atrophy in @entity1707 @entity21650 , caused by a @entity12024 infection of @entity1707 , by inhibiting osteoblastic differentiation. The toxin is not actively secreted from the bacteria, and is presumed to be present in only small amounts in infected areas. How such small amounts can affect target tissues is unknown. RESULTS: Fluorescence microscopy revealed that DNT associated with a fibrillar structure developed on cultured cells. A cellular component cross-linked with DNT conjugated with a cross-linker was identified as fibronectin by mass spectrometry. Colocalization of the fibronectin network on the cells with DNT was also observed by fluorescence microscope. Several lines of evidence suggested that DNT interacts with fibronectin not directly, but through another cellular component that remains to be identified. The colocalization was observed in not only DNT-sensitive cells but also insensitive cells, indicating that the fibronectin network neither serves as a receptor for the toxin nor is involved in the intoxicating procedures. The fibronectin network-associated toxin was easily liberated when the concentration of toxin in the local environment decreased, and was still active. CONCLUSIONS: Components in the extracellular matrix are known to regulate activities of various growth factors by binding and liberating them in response to alterations in the extracellular environment. Similarly, the fibronectin-based extracellular matrix may function as a temporary storage system for DNT, enabling small amounts of the toxin to efficiently affect target tissues or cells.

title: Association of XXXX dermonecrotic toxin with the extracellular matrix.

entities_list: @entity21650 :: ('MESH:D012222', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity12024 :: ('518', 'Species') :: ['Bordetella bronchiseptica', 'Bordetella']

answer: @entity12024 :: (518,Species) :: ['Bordetella']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic variants as susceptibility loci for serum @entity414 (UA) levels. We also identified a common nonsense mutation, @entity24460 , responsible for @entity8 . Here, we investigated clinical implications of these genetic variants by cross-sectional and longitudinal genetic epidemiological analysis. METHODS: The study enrolled 5,165 Japanese subjects aged 64    12 years from the general population. Clinical parameters were obtained from the personal health records, evaluated at medical checkups. RESULTS: Serum UA levels were significantly different between the @entity24459 @entity25110 (CC/CT/TT: 4.5    1.6, 5.0    1.4, 5.3    1.4 mg/dl; p = 7.6   10(-20)), @entity25111 @entity25112 (TT/TG/GG: 4.9    1.4, 5.1    1.4, 5.3    1.4 mg/dl; p = 3.1   10(-11)) and @entity10430 @entity25113 (TT/TG/GG: 5.3    1.5, 5.2    1.4, 5.1    1.4 mg/dl; p = 2.0   10(-5)) genotypes. During 9.4 years of follow-up, 87 new cases of @entity5052 were diagnosed. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified the accumulation of risk alleles as a significant determinant of future development of @entity5052 (OR = 7.94; 95% CI: 1.97-53.6). In contrast, subjects with nonsense mutation predominantly showed lower UA levels (XX/XW/WW: 1.3    1.7, 3.6    1.0, 5.2    1.4 mg/dl; p = 9.3   10(-82)). However, these subjects showed significantly reduced renal function (b = -0.111; p < 0.001) independently of possible covariates. CONCLUSION: Accumulation of risk genotypes was an independent risk factor for future development of @entity5052 . Genetically developed @entity25114 was an independent risk factor for @entity177 .

title: Association of four genetic loci with XXXX levels and reduced renal function: the J-SHIPP Suita study.

entities_list: @entity25114 :: ('MESH:C537757', 'Disease') :: ['hypouricemia']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal hypouricemia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['decreased renal function']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity414 :: (MESH:D014527,Chemical) :: ['uric acid']


abstract: @entity1260 and @entity1138 are two of the more active single agents in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). This study evaluates these drugs in combination followed by radiotherapy. A total of 33 ambulatory @entity1 with inoperable @entity1149 were treated with 5 g/m2 @entity1260 as a 24-h infusion, with the concurrent administration of @entity9614 (mesna; 160% of the @entity1260 dose) and 6 mg/m2 @entity1138 given as an i.v. bolus injection on the 2nd day. The median age of the @entity1 was 61 years. In all, 20 @entity1 had @entity66 and 13, @entity66 . A total of 30 were assessable for response to chemotherapy, 8 of whom achieved a partial response (PR) and 5, a complete response (CR) (2 were verified bronchoscopically). The overall response rate was thus 43%. All but one response (a PR) were in @entity1 with @entity66 ( @entity66 ). A total of 21 @entity1 , including 13 responders, received thoracic irradiation (30 Gy in 8 fractions over 10 days) following chemotherapy. One PR was converted to a radiological CR. In all, 17 (55%) of the @entity1 were alive at 1 year. All @entity1 suffered chemotherapy-induced @entity1665 (WHO grade 3), but there were no treatment modifications due to myelosuppression, @entity548 or other @entity137 . WHO grade 3 @entity390 and @entity391 were seen in all @entity1 . There was one treatment-related @entity204 . Combination therapy using @entity1260 and @entity1138 has useful activity in @entity1149 .

title: @entity1260 , XXXX and radiotherapy in @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['extensive disease', 'limited disease', 'LD']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic cystitis']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['Ifosfamide', 'ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity9614 :: ('MESH:D015080', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulphonate']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['mitomycin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a potent risk factor in @entity626 ( @entity571 ). It has been suggested that adipokines, secreted by @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) and largely found in the synovial fluid of @entity571 @entity1 , derive in part from the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), also known as Hoffa's fat pad. The goal of this study was to characterize IFP tissue in @entity28 @entity1 and to compare its features with thigh subcutaneous @entity1386 to determine whether the IFP contributes to local @entity32 in knee @entity571 via production of specific cytokines. METHODS: IFP and subcutaneous @entity1386 samples were obtained from 11 @entity28 @entity1 (body mass index > or =30 kg/m2) with knee femorotibial @entity571 . Gene expression was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine concentrations in plasma and in conditioned media of cultured @entity1386 explants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or by Luminex xMAP technology. RESULTS: In IFP tissue versus subcutaneous @entity1386 , there was a decrease in the expression of genes for key enzymes implicated in adipocyte lipid metabolism, whereas the expression levels of genes for @entity1386 markers remained similar. A 2-fold increase in the expression of the gene for @entity650 ( @entity650 ), a 2-fold increase in the release of @entity650 , and a 3.6-fold increase in the release of soluble @entity650 receptor (sIL-6R) were observed in IFP samples, compared with subcutaneous @entity1386 , but the rates of secretion of other cytokines in IFP samples were similar to the rates in subcutaneous @entity1386 . In addition, leptin secretion was decreased by 40%, whereas adiponectin secretion was increased by 70%, in IFP samples versus subcutaneous @entity1386 . CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the IFP cytokine profile typically found in @entity571 @entity1 could play a role in paracrine @entity32 via the local production of @entity650 /sIL-6R and that such a profile might contribute to damage in adjacent cartilage.

title: The infrapatellar fat XXXX : an important source of @entity650 and its soluble receptor.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese OA', 'obese']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adipose tissue', 'AT']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['pad in knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lymphedema (LE) after @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) is a multifactorial, chronic, and disabling condition that currently affects an estimated 4 million @entity1 worldwide. Although several risk factors have been described, it is difficult to estimate the risk in individual @entity1 . We therefore developed nomograms based on a large data set. METHODS: Clinicopathologic features were collected from a prospective cohort comprising 1,054 @entity1 with @entity0 undergoing @entity1600 as part of their surgical treatment from August 2001 to November 2002. LE was defined as a volume difference of at least 200 ml between arms at 6 months or more after surgery. The cumulative incidence of LE was ascertained by the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to predict the risk of developing LE on the basis of the available data at each time point: model 1, preoperatively; model 2, within 6 months from surgery; and model 3, at 6 months or later after surgery. RESULTS: The 5 year cumulative incidence of LE was 30.3%. Independent risk factors for LE were age, body mass index, ipsilateral arm chemotherapy infusions, level of @entity1600 , location of radiotherapy field, development of @entity86 , @entity281 , and early @entity4 . When applied to the validation set, the concordance indices were 0.706, 0.729, and 0.736 for models 1, 2, and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed nomograms can help physicians and @entity1 predict the 5 year probability of LE after @entity1600 for @entity0 . Free online versions of the nomograms are available at http://www.lymphedemarisk.com/ .

title: Nomograms for predicting the risk of arm lymphedema after axillary dissection in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['axillary lymph node dissection', 'ALND']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative seroma']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Brain abscesses by Propioni-bacterium acnes are rare. The rapid identification of this pathogen is important in order to choice the appropriate antibiotic therapy. We describe the case of a @entity1 with excision of a multiform @entity463 who 9 months later presented a @entity5 recurrence. A subtotal @entity5 excision was made and implants chemotherapy were placed in the @entity41 . After one month of surgery the @entity1 presented a @entity867 . A craniotomy for drainage was performed. @entity5478 was isolated from the biopsy and from purulent material. Identification was made by conventional biochemical tests and by the API system 20 A. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ( @entity4085 ) to @entity3402 , @entity114 , @entity115 and @entity868 was determined. The values of @entity4085 ( @entity4085 ) obtained were: 0.250, 0.040, 0.023 and 256, respectively. The @entity1 received @entity6944 and @entity868 intravenously during 30 days and completed treatment with oral @entity3402 for 60 days, considering the possibility of adjacent bone involvement. Eight months after the drainage the @entity1 had no evidence of @entity281 or @entity5 recurrence. Although @entity5478 is a rare cause of @entity281 , it should be considered as a possible pathogen in postoperative @entity867 .

title: [Post-surgery cerebral abscess due to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity6944 :: ('MESH:C043266', 'Chemical') :: ['cefepime']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'post-neurosurgical infection']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity867 :: ('MESH:D001922', 'Disease') :: ['brain abscess', 'brain abscesses']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity5478 :: (1747,Species) :: ['Propionibacterium acnes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE:     To evaluate the 1-year safety of 5 mg of @entity9498 once daily in @entity1 with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to @entity1067 (BPH-LUTS); efficacy measures were included to evaluate the maintenance of efficacy after an additional year of treatment. @entity1 AND METHODS:     In total, 427 @entity1 who completed a 12-week, placebo-controlled, dose- finding study assessing once-daily @entity9498 (2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg) or placebo elected to continue into the open-label extension period. Safety and efficacy parameters were assessed after 1 month and every 3 months. RESULTS:     In total, 299 @entity1 (69.9%) completed the 1-year, open-label extension period. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 57.6% of @entity1 , with most TEAEs being mild (44%) or moderate (45%) in severity; the most common TEAEs (>=  2%) were @entity2210 , @entity354 , @entity615 , @entity10 , @entity1244 , @entity101 and cough. Twenty-two @entity1 (5.2%) discontinued as a result of AEs. During the open-label extension period, mean prostate-specific antigen increased from 1.6    1.3 ng/mL to 1.8    1.4 ng/mL.     Mean post-void residual volume was 61.1    60.4 mL at study entry and 42.2    64.1 mL after the open-label extension period. Changes in the total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), IPSS irritative and obstructive subscores, IPSS health-related quality of life and BPH Impact Index were maintained after 1 year. In sexually-active @entity1 with @entity323 , improvements in the International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function domain were maintained after 1 year. CONCLUSION:     In @entity1 with BPH-LUTS, 5 mg of @entity9498 once daily during 1 year of treatment was well tolerated and efficacy changes were maintained.

title: XXXX administered once daily for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to @entity1067 : a 1-year, open-label extension study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity9498 :: ('MESH:C429886', 'Chemical') :: ['tadalafil']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity9498 :: (MESH:C429886,Chemical) :: ['Tadalafil']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: @entity3001 is the most common vector-borne @entity2348 in temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. It has been perceived as difficult to diagnose and treat, but much is now known about its clinical presentations, which largely fall into well defined categories in both adults and @entity1 . This review features recent publications on clinical diagnosis and management. RECENT FINDINGS: The reported incidence of @entity3001 has increased markedly in many countries. Many recent publications have focused on clinical and laboratory aspects of @entity9144 , and there is now strong evidence for the efficacy of oral @entity3403 for most presentations of @entity9144 . Serological tests have improved significantly. Several studies have confirmed that @entity1 treated for early @entity3001 have good overall long-term outcomes. Studies of @entity1 with persistent symptoms following treatment have not shown evidence for active @entity281 or for sustained benefit from prolonged antibiotic treatment. SUMMARY: Greater efforts are needed to provide education for prevention and early diagnosis to avoid late complications. Further improvements in diagnostic tests would be welcomed. More research is required to assess the causes and management of post-Lyme symptoms.

title: XXXX : current issues in diagnosis and management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme borreliosis']

entities_list: @entity9144 :: ('MESH:D020852', 'Disease') :: ['paediatric and adult neuroborreliosis', 'neuroborreliosis']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity3001 :: (MESH:D008193,Disease) :: ['Lyme borreliosis']


abstract: @entity455 ( @entity455 ) plays an important role in initiation of @entity65 . Roselle which enriched with antioxidants demonstrates high potential in alleviating @entity101 . This study was undertaken to investigate effects of roselle supplementation on @entity455 and remodelling in a rodent model with prolonged @entity1239 administration. Male @entity35 (n=6 per group) were administered with 0.6 mg/kg @entity1239 for 28 days to induce @entity455 . The @entity35 were given either roselle (100 mg/kg) or normal saline 30 minutes prior to @entity1239 injection daily. One additional group of @entity35 served as control. Thoracic aorta was isolated from @entity35 to measure vascular reactivity, vascular remodelling and oxidative stress. Roselle significantly lowered aortic sensitivity to @entity2647 -induced vasoconstriction [Endo-(+) Cmax=234.5    3.9 %, Endo-(-) Cmax=247.6    5.2 %] as compared with untreated @entity1239 group [Endo-(+) Cmax=264.5    6.9 %, Endo-(-) Cmax=276.5    6.8 %]. Roselle also improved aortic response to endothelium-dependent vasodilator, @entity934 [Endo-(+) Rmax=73.2    2.1 %, Endo-(-) Rmax=26.2    0.8 %] as compared to @entity1239 group [Endo-(+) Rmax=57.8    1.7 %, Endo-(-) Rmax=20.9    0.8 %]. In addition, roselle prevented increase in intimal media thickness and elastic lamellae proliferation to preserve @entity455 . Together with these, we also observed significantly lowered degree of oxidative stress in parallel with increased antioxidant enzymes in aortic tissues of roselle-treated group. This study demonstrated that roselle prevents @entity455 and remodelling, as such it has high nutraceutical value as supplement to prevent @entity65 .

title: Roselle supplementation prevents @entity1239 -induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and remodelling in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['Vascular endothelial dysfunction', 'VED', 'vascular architecture']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: An emerging issue in the proxy literature is whether specifying different proxy viewpoints contributes to different health-related quality of life (HRQL) assessments, and if so, how might each perspective be informative in medical decision making. The aims of this study were to determine if informal caregiver assessments of @entity1 with @entity263 differed when prompted from both the @entity1 perspective (proxy- @entity1 ) and their own viewpoint (proxy-proxy), and to identify factors associated with differences in proxy perspectives (ie, the intraproxy gap). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, @entity263 @entity1 and their informal caregivers were recruited from urology clinics in the Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in Chicago. Dyads assessed HRQL using the EQ-5D visual analog scale (VAS) and EORTC QLQ-C30. RESULTS: Of 87 dyads, most caregivers were female (83%) and were spouses/partners (58%). Mean difference scores between proxy- @entity1 and proxy-proxy perspectives were statistically significant for QLQ-C30 physical and emotional functioning, and VAS (all P < 0.05), with the proxy- @entity1 perspective closer to @entity1 self-report. Emotional functioning had the largest difference, mean 6.0 (SD 12.8), an effect size = 0.47. Factors weakly correlated with the intraproxy gap included relationship (spouse) and proxy gender for role functioning, and health literacy (limited/functional) for physical functioning (all P < 0.05, 0.20 < r < 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful differences between proxy- @entity1 and proxy-proxy perspectives on mental health were consistent with a conceptual framework for understanding proxy perspectives. Prompting different proxy viewpoints on @entity1 health could help clinicians identify @entity1 who may benefit from clinical intervention.

title: Proxy assessment of health-related quality of life in african american and white respondents with XXXX : perspective matters.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity551 , @entity1168 , and @entity713 are well-known cardiovascular effects of @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ). However, direct effects of @entity2050 on ventricular functions have been rarely encountered. We investigated the effect of @entity2050 on ventricular functions in pediatric @entity1 without previous @entity299 to determine whether @entity2050 causes @entity67 or electrocardiographic changes in therapeutic doses in @entity1 . METHODS: The study includes 40 @entity1 (31 @entity1 , 9 @entity1 ) with @entity302 who had been treated with @entity2049 . Electroencephalography, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cranial imaging were performed on all @entity1 before treatment and were repeated at the end of the third and 12th months of treatment. The systolic and diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle and the systolic and diastolic diameter of the left ventricle were measured during M-mode investigation. The end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes (mL), the @entity64 volume (mL), fractional shortening (FS), (%) and ejection fraction (EF) (%) measurements were obtained from the computer on the echocardiography device. RESULTS: In 1-year follow-up, no electrocardiographic abnormalities were detected. The FS and EF values showing left ventricular function did not show a significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2050 seems to be a safe drug in pediatric @entity302 @entity1 without any preexisting @entity299 . We suggest that the risk factors should be defined and followed-up regarding cardiac function when treatment is initiated in groups with risk factors.

title: Cardiac effects of @entity2049 treatment in childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Hypotension']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: The purpose of this paper is to develop a new chronic model of focal @entity385 by occluding the @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ) in the @entity35 . The operative method and results of physiological monitoring before, during, and after operation are shown. In adult male @entity35 , the left @entity2500 was occluded via trans-retro-orbital approach simply by retracting the temporalis muscle. This method was slightly modified from our original method for chronic experiments. In a group of @entity35 , systemic arterial pressure and blood gases were monitored using a femoral arterial catheter before, during, and after the operation. In the other group, blood pressure by tail-cuff method, neurological findings, and body weight were examined for one week after the @entity2500 occlusion. During the operation under the @entity1508 anesthesia, systemic arterial pressure decreased about 30% comparing with preanesthetic normal value and then quickly returned to normal within 30 minutes after the operation. Body weight progressively decreased in the occluded group during the observation period of one week, although body weight in the sham-operated group decreased only for initial few days and recovered. No animal died during first one week. Slight right @entity1269 was observed only in the @entity2500 occluded group for few days.

title: [Focal XXXX in the @entity35 : I. Operative technique and physiological monitorings for chronic model].

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery', 'MCA']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['cerebral infarction']


abstract: Three male F1 hybrids between P  re David's deer and @entity2498 were mated to @entity2498 to produce 143 backcross @entity291 . The pedigrees are a rare example of a fertile hybrid between evolutionarily divergent species. We examined the use of these families for genetic mapping of evolutionarily conserved (Type I) loci by testing for genetic linkage between five species-specific protein variants and 12 conserved DNA probes. Two probes were homologous, and the remainder syntenic, to the protein coding loci in @entity291 or @entity1 . Using six restriction enzymes, each DNA probe detected one or more restriction fragments specific to P  re David's deer. Linkage analyses among the species-specific variants placed the loci into four linkage groups within which linkage between adjacent loci and gene order was supported by a LOD > 3. The linkage groups were (HPX, HBB)-FSHB-ACP2, LDHA-CD5-IGF2, BMP3-(GC, ALB)-(KIT, PDGFRA) and LDLR-C3-FGF1. Southern and protein analysis of LDHA and ALB provided identical segregation data. These linkage groups were consistent with the @entity291 gene map and provide new information for comparing the gene maps of ruminants, @entity1 and @entity19 . The deer hybrids are an important new resource that can contribute to the comparative analysis of the @entity1 genome.

title: A new gene mapping resource: interspecies hybrids between P  re David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) and XXXX ( @entity2498 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans']

answer: @entity2498 :: (9860,Species) :: ['red deer']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the role of conjunctival resection along with @entity3080 glue and bandage contact lens application in preventing recurrences and arresting progression in cases of @entity1066 . METHOD: This retrospective interventional case series included cases of @entity1066 that underwent conjunctival resection with @entity3080 glue and bandage contact lens application between 2011 and 2014. Systemic immunosuppression was initiated depending on the laterality and severity of disease. The primary outcome measures were clinical quiescence and recurrence-free survival. Kaplan-Meier plots were constructed and survival analysis done using the R software environment for statistical analysis. Secondary outcome measures were needed for systemic immunosuppression, change in @entity227 encountered. RESULTS: We evaluated 16 eyes of 12 @entity1 who presented to us during the study period. The mean follow-up duration was 9.6   months. All eyes achieved clinical quiescence with a median recurrence-free survival of 141   days. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed probability of recurrence-free survival to be 42.5% at 1   year, which further dropped down to 21.3% at 2   years. All @entity1 with recurrence (seven eyes of four @entity1 ) required systemic immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: Conjunctival resection and @entity3080 glue application are not effective in avoiding recurrences and halting the disease progression in cases of @entity1066 . Systemic immunosuppression remains the mainstay of therapy.

title: Efficacy of conjunctival resection with @entity3080 glue application in preventing recurrences of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ["Mooren's ulcer"]

entities_list: @entity3080 :: ('MESH:D003487', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanoacrylate']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['best-corrected visual acuity and complications']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['Mooren's ulcer']


abstract: In the developing world, the incidence of electrical injuries has increased in the past few years. This study attempts to identify the causative and demographic risk factors that can help in formulating a targeted prevention program. The study was conducted prospectively and retrospectively from 2004 to 2009. Eighty-four consecutive @entity1 with @entity8425 were analyzed for their demographic profile, age, sex, occupation, rural-urban distribution, mode of injury, and @entity130 . The @entity1 were asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding their awareness about @entity8425 , and the results were tabulated. The age of presentation ranged from 3 to 61 years. The most frequently affected age group was the second decade of life (33.3%). Of 84 @entity1 studied, 71 were male and 13 female. Fifty-nine @entity1 were from the urban area, while 25 were from the surrounding rural area. Students including @entity1 and adolescents were the most common affected single group (22.5%). Contact with live wire or contact with an object that was in contact with a live wire (secondary contact) accounted for 43 of 84 cases (51%). Home was the most common location where injury occurred (51.2%). Twenty-one of 59 cases (35.6%) reported from the urban area and 3 of 25 cases (12%) from the rural area had specific knowledge about prevention of @entity8425 . Forty-one @entity1 (69.4%) from the urban area and 22 (88%) from the rural area believed that adequate information regarding @entity8425 was not available. Thirty-six @entity1 (61%) from the urban area and 24 (96%) from the rural area believed that they would have behaved differently if the information had been available. The authors recommend that prevention programs should be modified to cater to the specific needs of the younger age groups and the rural population.

title: Changing patterns in XXXX in a developing country: should prevention programs focus on the rural population?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8425 :: ('MESH:D004556', 'Disease') :: ['electrical burn injuries', 'electrical burn injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['place of injury']

answer: @entity8425 :: (MESH:D004556,Disease) :: ['electrical burn injuries']


abstract: Zonae pellucidae were isolated from a variety of @entity1 eggs collected from follicular aspirates for in-vitro fertilization. Zonae were removed from pools of eggs classified as fertilized but unsuitable for embryo transfer, inseminated but not fertilized, and immature and not inseminated. Isolated zonae were heat solubilized, iodinated and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Under reducing conditions, zonae from unfertilized eggs separated into three acidic proteins with molecular weight ranges of 90,000-110,000 ( @entity7162 ), 64,000-78,000 ( @entity7163 ) and 57,000-73,000 ( @entity7164 ). Under non-reducing conditions, @entity7162 and @entity7163 co-migrated at Mr 92,000-120,000. An identical pattern was seen from zonae isolated from eggs that were not inseminated. Therefore, if chemical modification of the zona is effected by spermatozoa, these changes were not apparent in the electrophoretic patterns. The electrophoretic pattern of zonae isolated from eggs classified as fertilized revealed fertilization-associated modification of the zona pellucida. This was expressed as a modification of the @entity7162 molecule, and was only evident after reduction of the sample. We suggest that this modification may be effected by egg cortical granule dehiscence after fertilization and that the chemical modification of the zona may be involved in a zona block to polyspermy.

title: Characterization of the XXXX zona pellucida from fertilized and unfertilized eggs.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The combination of @entity2857 , a multikinase inhibitor, and pegylated interferon-a2b (Peg-IFN-a2b) could potentially lead to an improved antitumoral response. Previously, combinations of interferon and @entity2857 have been used in @entity1358 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with stage IV metastatic @entity320 and no previous systemic therapies apart from adjuvant immunotherapy received Peg-IFN-a2b 3  g/kg once per week, and @entity2857 400-mg b.i.d. for a minimum of 8 weeks. The primary study end point was disease control rate (DCR). RESULTS: Between February 2008 and February 2009, 55 @entity1 were enrolled with a median age of 64 years (20-85). At 8 weeks, 2 @entity1 (3.6%) had a partial response (PR) and 14 @entity1 a stable disease (25.5%), for a DCR of 29.1% in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. The median progression-free survival in the ITT population was 2.47 months (95% confidence interval 1.22-3.72 months). The @entity137 of @entity2857 and Peg-IFN-a2b combination was characterized by mainly hematological side-effects, including one treatment-related @entity548 complication with a fatal outcome. Other grade 3/4 toxic effects were @entity5815 . CONCLUSION: The combination of @entity2857 and Peg-IFN-a2b showed modest clinical activity and some serious side-effects including fatal @entity548 complications.

title: XXXX and pegylated interferon-a2b in advanced metastatic @entity320 : a multicenter phase II DeCOG trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2857 :: ('MESH:C471405', 'Chemical') :: ['sorafenib']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell cancer']

entities_list: @entity5815 :: ('MESH:D015673', 'Disease') :: ['fatigue and flu-like symptoms']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity2857 :: (MESH:C471405,Chemical) :: ['Sorafenib']


abstract: @entity172 replacement increases both the number of dendritic spines and the density of axospinous synapses in the hippocampal @entity1249 region in young @entity35 , yet this is attenuated in aged @entity35 . The @entity172 receptor-alpha ( @entity7605 ) is localized within select spines of @entity1249 pyramidal cells in young animals and thus may be involved locally in this process. The present study investigated the effects of @entity172 on the ultrastructural distribution of @entity7605 in the @entity1249 of young (3-4 months) and aged (22-23 months) @entity35 using postembedding immunogold electron microscopy. Within dendritic spines, most @entity7605 immunoreactivity (IR) was seen in plasmalemmal and cytoplasmic regions of spine heads, with a smaller proportion within 60 nm of the postsynaptic density. In presynaptic terminals, @entity7605 -IR was clustered and often associated with synaptic vesicles. Significant effects of both aging and @entity172 were observed. Quantitative analysis revealed that nonsynaptic pools of @entity7605 -IR within the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments were decreased (35 and 27%, respectively) in the young @entity172 -replaced animals compared with those that received vehicle. Such localized regulation of @entity7605 in response to circulating @entity172 levels might directly affect synaptic signaling in @entity1249 pyramidal cells. No @entity172 treatment-related differences were observed in the aged animals. However, 50% fewer spines contained @entity7605 in the aged compared with young hippocampus. These data suggest that the decreased responsiveness of hippocampal synapses to @entity172 in aged animals may result from age-related decrements in @entity7605 levels and its subcellular localization vis-  -vis the synapse. Such a role for spinous @entity7605 has important implications for age-related attenuation of @entity172 -induced hippocampal plasticity.

title: @entity172 and aging affect the subcellular distribution of XXXX receptor-alpha in the hippocampus of female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Emergence agitation (EA) is a common, post-anesthetic complication in pediatric @entity1 following @entity2614 and @entity10233 anesthesia. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the effects of an adjunctive dose of @entity1875 to reduce the incidence of EA in pediatric @entity1 . METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify clinical trials focusing on the effects of @entity1875 on EA in @entity1 under @entity2614 and @entity10233 anesthesia. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet databases, and other sources were searched. The data were combined to calculate the pooled relative ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD), and relevant 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity and potential publication bias were assessed. The required information size was calculated and a Lan-DeMets sequential monitoring boundary was constructed to improve the precision of our findings. RESULTS: Data from 11 studies showed that an adjunctive dose of @entity1875 conveyed a preventive effect on EA, as compared with placebo (RR  =  0.56; 95% CI  =  0.43-0.74; P  <  0.0001). There was  no significant difference in the length of stay in the post-anesthesia care unit between groups (MD  =  0.25  min; 95% CI  =  -2.81 to 2.31; P  =  0.85). The required information size was 2297 @entity1 and the Lan-DeMets sequential monitoring boundary was crossed. However, most of the included studies had a high risk of bias and non-ignorable inter-study and clinical heterogeneity. CONCLUSION: Future studies on the benefits of adjunct @entity1875 in reducing the incidence of EA are required.

title: The efficacy of XXXX on emergence agitation--a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity10233 :: ('MESH:C053562', 'Chemical') :: ['desflurane']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: The lectin concanavalin A (Con A) was used as a model probe to study the behavior of molecules bound to the surface of recently transformed schistosomula of @entity380 . Con A binding was saturable (150-180 pg/organism) and specifically competed by @entity6042 . Both @entity2823 -Con A and 125-I-Con A were lost from the surface of schistosomula with a halftime of 8-10 h in culture in defined medium. A comparable decrease in the binding of Con A to schistosomula cultured and then labeled with the lectin indicated that the labeling procedure itself was not inducing the observed change. Internalization of Con A was not seen by either fluorescence microscopy or electron microscope radioautography. In addition, 70-80% of the radioactivity lost from the parasite was recoverable by @entity2974 precipitation from the culture medium as intact Con A (27,000 mol wt on @entity214 PAGE). Thus, the mechanism of clearance of bound Con A from the surface of cultured schistosomula is apparently by sloughing of Con A molecules intact into the culture media and not by endocytosis and degradation. Con A binding sites, visualized with hemocyanin by scanning electron microscopy, appeared homogeneously distributed over the surface of schistosomula when organisms were labeled at 4 degree C or after fixation with @entity3584 . However, Con A and hemocyanin formed aggregates on the surface of schistosomula when labeling was performed at 37 degrees C, which suggests that lectin binding sites have lateral mobility within the plane of the membrane. These aggregates are likely independent of metabolism by the parasite because aggregation also occurs on the surface of organisms killed with @entity2769 .

title: Schistosomula of XXXX clear concanavalin A from their surface by sloughing.

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

entities_list: @entity6042 :: ('MESH:C008466', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-methyl mannoside']

answer: @entity380 :: (6183,Species) :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Extracellular @entity6883 ( @entity855 ) is involved in the regulation of a variety of biologic processes, including neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and liver @entity413 metabolism, via purinergic receptors. In nonrandomized studies involving @entity1 with different @entity5 types including @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), @entity855 infusion appeared to inhibit loss of weight and deterioration of quality of life (QOL) and performance status. We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of @entity855 in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 (stage IIIB or IV). METHODS: Fifty-eight @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either 10 intravenous 30-hour @entity855 infusions, with the infusions given at 2- to 4-week intervals, or no @entity855 . Outcome parameters were assessed every 4 weeks until 28 weeks. Between-group differences were tested for statistical significance by use of repeated-measures analysis, and reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS: Twenty-eight @entity1 were allocated to receive @entity855 treatment and 30 received no @entity855 . Mean weight changes per 4-week period were -1.0 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.5 to -0.5) in the control group and 0.2 kg (95% CI = -0.2 to +0.6) in the @entity855 group (P =.002). Serum albumin concentration declined by -1.2 g/L (95% CI= -2.0 to -0.4) per 4 weeks in the control group but remained stable (0.0 g/L; 95% CI = -0.3 to +0.3) in the @entity855 group (P =.006). Elbow flexor muscle strength declined by -5.5% (95% CI = -9.6% to -1. 4%) per 4 weeks in the control group but remained stable (0.0%; 95% CI= -1.4% to +1.4%) in the @entity855 group (P =.01). A similar pattern was observed for knee extensor muscles (P =.02). The effects of @entity855 on body weight, muscle strength, and albumin concentration were especially marked in cachectic @entity1 (P =.0002, P =.0001, and P =. 0001, respectively, for @entity855 versus no @entity855 ). QOL score changes per 4-week period in the @entity855 group showed overall less deterioration than in the control group-physical scores (-0.2% versus -2.4%; P =. 0002); functional scores (+0.4% versus -5.5%; P =.02); psychologic scores (-0.7% versus -2.4%; P =.11); overall QOL score (+0.1% versus -3.5%; P =.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This randomized trial demonstrates that @entity855 has beneficial effects on weight, muscle strength, and QOL in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: Randomized clinical trial of @entity6883 in XXXX with advanced @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6883 :: ('CHEBI:15422', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 5'-triphosphate"]

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial peptides play a role as effectors substances in the immunity of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. In the current study, antimicrobial peptide was isolated from the haemolymph of the @entity564 , @entity564 . METHODS: @entity7178 as Gram-positive bacteria and @entity526 as Gram-negative bacteria were candidate for injection. Induction was done by injecting both bacteria into the abdominal cavity of two groups of cockroaches separately. The haemolymphs were collected 24 hours after post injection and initially tested against both bacteria. Subsequently, the immune induced haemolymph was purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to separate the proteins responsible for the antibacterial activity. RESULTS: The non-induced haemolymph did not show any activity against both bacteria whereas induced haemolymph exhibited high activity against @entity18369 but did less against @entity526 . Two fractions showed antibacterial activity against @entity18369 . Finally the molecular weight of the isolated antibacterial proteins were determined as 72 kDa and 62 kDa using @entity214 -PAGE. CONCLUSION: Induced haemolymph of American cockroaches has the ability to produce peptides to combat against Gram-positive bacteria when an immune challenge is mounted. Further work has to be done to sequence of the protein, which it would be advantageous.

title: Isolation and Purification of an Antibacterial Protein from Immune Induced Haemolymph of @entity564 , XXXX .

entities_list: @entity564 :: ('6978', 'Species') :: ['Periplaneta americana', 'American cockroach']

entities_list: @entity7178 :: ('1270', 'Species') :: ['Micrococcus luteus']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity564 :: (6978,Species) :: ['Periplaneta americana']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Primary @entity1358 occurs in young @entity1 exposed to @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) in utero. Primary @entity1358 not associated with DES is very rare. We report the clinicopathologic and cytopathologic features of a @entity1 with advanced, sporadic primary @entity1358 with @entity3 to liver, lung and paraaortic lymph nodes. CASE: A postmenopausal, 63-year-old @entity1 presented to our department with @entity548 . A @entity548 found in the vagina was diagnosed as a @entity1358 by cytopathologic examination of the @entity5 smear and by histopathologic examination of a biopsy specimen. A chest radiograph revealed multiple lung @entity3 , and @entity3 to the liver and paraaortic lymph nodes were noted on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The @entity5 was diagnosed as primary @entity8376 , stage IVb (FIGO) based on a normal cytopathologic examination of the cervix, endometrium and ascites; normal appearance of the uterus, ovaries and kidneys on magnetic resonance imaging; and absence of detectable @entity5 in the urinary tract. The @entity1 died of @entity1576 31 days after hospitalization. The @entity5 demonstrated overexpression of @entity876 protein and did not show microsatellite instability. CONCLUSION: This @entity1 was the second reported Japanese @entity1 with advanced primary @entity1358 not associated with DES.

title: Advanced primary @entity8376 not associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic tumor', 'genital bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal clear cell carcinoma', 'clear cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity8376 :: ('MESH:D014625', 'Disease') :: ['clear cell carcinoma of the vagina']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

answer: @entity4742 :: (MESH:D004054,Chemical) :: ['diethylstilbestrol']