abstract: Parametric imaging of @entity750 transporters ( @entity16068 ) with @entity4359 -labeled @entity25435 ( @entity25435 ) PET is a useful data analysis tool. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of measurements of @entity16068 binding potential (BP) and relative blood flow (R1) by a 2-parameter multilinear reference tissue parametric imaging method (MRTM2) for @entity1 [11C]DASB studies. METHODS: Eight healthy subjects (3 @entity1 , 5 @entity1 ; age, 26 +/- 9 y) underwent 2 [11C]DASB PET scans separated by 1 h on the same day (dose, 703 +/- 111 MBq). Parametric images of @entity4960 were generated by MRTM2 using the cerebellum as a reference region. The k'2 (clearance rate constant from the reference region) required by MRTM2 was estimated by the 3-parameter MRTM. Reproducibility of @entity4960 measurements was evaluated by calculating bias (100 x (retest - test/test), variability (SD of the bias), and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = rho) for several representative regions of interest (ROIs). @entity4960 were estimated for ROI time-activity curves fitted by MRTM2 and were compared with those based on the parametric images. RESULTS: The test-retest (0.066 +/- 0.013/0.06 +/- 0.011 min(-1)) MRTM k'2 reproducibility was excellent with small bias (3%) and variability (6%) and high reliability (0.95). Retest BP values were consistently lower than those of test BP values in all regions (a mean negative bias of approximately 6%; P < 0.001). The test-retest BP variability was relatively small, ranging from 4% to 13%, with rho ranging from 0.44 to 0.85. In contrast to BP, test-retest R1 values were similar with negligible bias of < or =0.1%. The test-retest R1 variability was excellent and smaller than that of BP ranging from 3% to 6%, with rho ranging from 0.58 to 0.95. @entity4960 values estimated by the ROI time-activity curve-fitting method were slightly lower ( approximately 3% and approximately 1%, respectively) than those by the parametric imaging method (P < 0.001). However, the test-retest bias and variability of @entity4960 were very similar for both ROI and parametric methods. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that [11C]DASB parametric imaging of @entity4960 with the noninvasive MRTM2 method is reproducible and reliable for PET studies of @entity16068 .

title: PET imaging of @entity750 transporters with XXXX : test-retest reproducibility using a multilinear reference tissue parametric imaging method.

entities_list: @entity25435 :: ('MESH:C412822', 'Chemical') :: ['[11C]DASB', '3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity25435 :: (MESH:C412822,Chemical) :: ['[11C]DASB']


abstract: RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine textural features that show a significant difference between @entity3909 tissue and the bladder wall on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and explore the feasibility of using them to differentiate @entity5 from the normal bladder wall as an initial step for establishing MRI as a screening modality for the noninvasive diagnosis of @entity150 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually placed on foci of @entity150 and uninvolved bladder wall in 22 @entity1 and on the normal bladder wall of 23 volunteers to calculate 40 known textural features. Statistical analysis was applied to determine the difference in these features in @entity150 versus uninvolved bladder wall versus normal bladder wall of volunteers. The significantly different features were then analyzed using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to determine their accuracy in differentiating @entity5 from the bladder wall. RESULTS: Thirty-three of 40 features show significant differences between @entity150 and the bladder wall. Nine of 40 features were significantly different in uninvolved bladder wall of @entity1 versus normal bladder wall of volunteers. Further study indicates that seven of these 33 features were significantly different between uninvolved bladder wall of @entity1 with early @entity5 and that of volunteers, whereas 15 of 33 features were different between that of @entity1 with advanced @entity5 and normal wall. With the testing dataset consisting of ROIs acquired from @entity1 , the classification accuracy using 33 textural features fed into the SVM classifier was 86.97%. CONCLUSION: The initial experience demonstrates that texture features are sensitive to reveal the differences between @entity150 and the bladder wall on MRI. The different features can be used to develop a computer-aided system for the evaluation of the entire bladder wall.

title: Characterization of texture features of XXXX and the bladder wall on MRI: initial experience.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity3909 :: ('MESH:D055756', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder carcinoma']


abstract: High rates of @entity6661 have been reported in randomized controlled trials of @entity1 with severe @entity146 , including @entity308 (MDpsy). The purpose of this study is to examine factors associated with overall @entity6661 and with subtypes of @entity6661 in the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of @entity308 (STOP-PD). Secondary analysis of data collected in a multi-site, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical services of academic hospitals. @entity1 comprised 259 @entity1 with MDpsy, aged 18-93 years. The intervention consisted of the random allocation to 12 weeks of treatment of either olanzapine plus sertraline or olanzapine plus placebo. Demographic and clinical variables associated with overall non-completion and sub-types of non-completion of randomized treatment. One hundred and seventeen (45.2%) subjects did not complete 12 weeks of randomized treatment. In a logistic regression analysis, inpatient entry status, olanzapine monotherapy, and higher cumulative medical burden were statistically significant independent predictors of overall non-completion. In a multinomial logistic regression model that examined predictors of subtypes of non-completion, subjects who entered the study as an inpatient were less likely to complete because of inadequate efficacy as determined by the investigator, and older subjects were less likely to complete because of poorer tolerability. Subjects who were assigned to olanzapine monotherapy, younger subjects, and subjects who entered the study as inpatients were less likely to complete because of reasons other than efficacy or tolerability. Understanding factors that contribute to premature discontinuation in studies of MDpsy, and to the specific reasons for @entity6661 , has the potential to improve the management of this disorder, as well as improve the design of future clinical trials of MDpsy.

title: Factors associated with non-completion in a double-blind randomized controlled trial of olanzapine plus sertraline versus olanzapine plus placebo for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6661 :: ('MESH:D019217', 'Disease') :: ['attrition']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Psychotic Depression', 'psychotic depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric illness']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['psychotic depression']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neurons with @entity3202 may remain alive and therefore may have the potential to regenerate even when @entity528 has occurred in some parts of the brain. This study aimed to explore effects of drugs that can facilitate the regeneration of neurites and the reconstruction of synapses even in severely damaged neurons. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We investigated the effects of extracts of Astragalus mongholicus on the @entity73 in @entity19 caused by injection with the amyloid peptide Abeta(25-35). We also examined the effect of the extract on the regeneration of neurites and the reconstruction of synapses in cultured neurons damaged by Abeta(25-35). KEY RESULTS: A. mongholicus extract (1 g kg(-1) day(-1) for 15 days, p.o.) reversed Abeta(25-35)-induced @entity2414 and prevented the loss of axons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in @entity19 . Treatment with Abeta(25-35) (10 microM) induced @entity194 and synaptic loss in cultured @entity35 cortical neurons. Subsequent treatment with A. mongholicus extract (100 microg/ml) resulted in significant axonal regeneration, reconstruction of neuronal synapses, and prevention of Abeta(25-35)-induced @entity528 . Similar extracts of A. membranaceus had no effect on @entity194 , synaptic loss, or @entity528 . The major known components of the extracts (astragalosides I, II, and IV) reduced @entity179 , but the activity of the extracts did not correlate with their content of these three astragalosides. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: A. mongholicus is an important candidate for the treatment of @entity2414 and the main active constituents may not be the known astragalosides.

title: Promotion of axonal maturation and prevention of @entity2414 in XXXX by extracts of Astragalus mongholicus.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive defect']

entities_list: @entity3202 :: ('MESH:D016109', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic neurites']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['axonal atrophy']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory loss', 'memory disorders']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Balloon occlusion of the parent vessel and endosaccular coiling are both frequently used for treatment of intracavernous @entity438 . We performed a systematic review of studies reporting on these two treatment modalities to assess the rate of complications, rate of successful @entity439 , and clinical condition after treatment. METHODS: We performed a MEDLINE search for studies published between January 1974 and May 1999 and hand-searched recent volumes of 21 journals. Two authors independently extracted data by means of a standardized data extraction form. RESULTS: We found 35 studies reporting on 316 @entity1 . Only 9 of the 35 studies reported on more than 5 @entity1 ; in only 9 studies (totaling 85 @entity1 ), well-defined outcome measures were used. Twenty-five studies (with 78% of all @entity1 included in the review) reported on @entity432 . Complications during or in the first 24 hours after the @entity432 occurred in 4 of 247 @entity1 (1.6%; 95% CI, 0.01% to 3.2%) and late @entity63 complications in 5 of 148 @entity1 (3.4%; 95% CI, 0.43% to 6.4%). Clinical follow-up was performed in 21 of 25 studies on treatment by means of @entity432 (148 [60%] of the 247 @entity1 ). None of the 68 @entity1 treated by embolization with coils had a complication (0%; 95% CI, 0% to 4.3%). Of 157 @entity439 treated by @entity432 , 153 were completely thrombosed (97.5%; 95% CI, 95% to 100%). After coiling, 52 of 65 @entity439 (80%; 95% CI, 70% to 90%) were occluded by >90%. CONCLUSIONS: Many studies included in this review had methodological weaknesses. The available data suggest that both @entity432 and endosaccular coiling are reasonably safe and result in occlusion of the @entity439 in the majority of @entity1 . However, long-term outcomes have not yet been reported.

title: Endovascular treatment of XXXX in the cavernous sinus: a systematic review on @entity432 of the parent vessel and embolization with coils.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm', 'aneurysm occlusion']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['balloon occlusion']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms of the carotid artery']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A retrospective analysis was made to clarify the relationship between prognosis, radiation dose and survival of brain stem @entity11 . METHODS: From 1983 to 1995, 22 @entity1 with @entity3308 were treated by radiotherapy in the Veterans General @entity580 . Twelve @entity1 had pathology proof and the remainder were diagnosed by computerized tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Seven @entity1 had postoperative radiotherapy. Fifteen @entity1 had radiotherapy as primary management, five of whom had adjuvant chemotherapy. All @entity1 received 4000-7060 cGy, either in conventional daily or hyperfractionated twice daily radiotherapy. Survival from date of diagnosis was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analyses and multivariate analyses were calculated by the log rank test and the @entity797 proportional hazard model, respectively. RESULTS: Most @entity1 showed improvement following treatment. The overall 2-year survival rate was 55.5% with a median survival of 27.1 months. Two-year survival for @entity1 with primary management of operation and radiotherapy (n = 7), radiotherapy alone (n = 10) and radiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 5) were 66.7, 50 and 53.3%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the study revealed that the growth pattern of @entity5 and the simultaneous presence of @entity129 and long tract sign were significant prognostic factors (P = 0.017 and 0.036). A trend of better outcome with radiation dose > 6600 cGy and the hyperfractionation scheme was also noted in our study (P = 0.0573 and 0.0615). However, only the hyperfractionation scheme was also noted in our study (P = 0.0573 and 0.0615). However, only the hyperfractionation scheme showed significance in multivariate analyses (P = 0.0355). Survival was not significantly affected by age, gender or method of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy appears to be an effective treatment modality of @entity3308 . @entity1 with both @entity129 and long tract signs had a poorer outcome. Hyperfractionated radiotherapy may give better local control and lead to better survival.

title: Prognostic factors and therapeutic options of radiotherapy in pediatric brain stem XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity3308 :: ('MESH:D020295', 'Disease') :: ['brain stem tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Hospital-Taipei']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['gliomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The positive results of high-dose chemotherapy followed by rescue with bone marrow progenitor cell transplantation are generally ascribed to the high dose size (DS) of the drugs given. However, a concomitant marked increase in dose intensity (DI) is always involved. With the aim of comparing the role of DS and DI in @entity1893 , a variant of Fisher's ProMACE-CytaBOM regimen was designed in which the projected cumulative drug DIs remained the same as in the original schedule but the DSs were tripled. DESIGN AND METHODS: Dosages in mg/m(2), route and days of administration were the following: @entity786 1,950 i.v. on days 1, 64; methotrexate 360 i.v. days 15, 78; vincristine 1.4 iv days 15, 78, 43, 106; @entity2879 360 i.v. days 29, 92; epirubicin 120 i.v. days 29, 92; @entity1732 15 i.v. days 43, 106; @entity2592 900 i.v. days 50, 113. Thirty-six outpatients with intermediate- and high-grade @entity1893 entered the pilot study; 29 were untreated and 7 had relapse disease. Clinical stage was I in 1 @entity1 , II in 7, III in 5 and IV in 23; 10 had B symptoms; the IPI score was 0-2 in 29 cases and > or =3 in the remaining 7. RESULTS: Of the 29 previously untreated @entity1 , 16 achieved complete remission, 8 partial remission, 4 developed progressive disease and 1 was withdrawn early from the study because of @entity99 ; subsequently 4 relapsed and 3 died (2 of disease progression, 1 of causes unrelated to the disease). In the pre-treated group 3 @entity1 obtained complete remission, 2 partial remission and in 1 @entity1 the disease progressed; 3 of these pre-treated @entity1 died (1 of progressive disease, 1 of a new relapse, 1 of @entity583 during therapy). With a 20-month median follow-up, the 30-month overall and relapse-free survival were 0.58 and 0.70, respectively. @entity1261 was administered to all but 2 @entity1 , with median delivery throughout the whole regimen of 8, 400 microg per @entity1 . Actual cumulative DI was 0.82+/-0.11. Grade 3-4 @entity1503 consisted of @entity417 in 3 cases, of @entity1431 in 8 and of @entity882 in 2; the same grade of non- @entity1503 involved the liver in 2 cases, the heart in 1 (the above mentioned death), the digestive mucosa in 2 and the peripheral nerves in 1 @entity1 . INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: The iso-DI sequential variant of the ProMACE-CytaBOM regimen can be considered feasibile, relatively non-toxic, and can be given on an out- @entity1 basis. Limited use of @entity1261 is required (about 3 vials after each drug administration). Thus, a randomized trial with the original ProMACE-CytaBOM regimen can be designed.

title: A variant of ProMACE-CytaBOM chemotherapy for XXXX with threefold higher drug dose size but identical cumulative dose intensity. A pilot study of the Italian lymphoma study group (GISL).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphomas"]

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['acute viral hepatitis']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: How effective are the hip adductors and flexors tenotomies for the correction of unstable @entity572 in @entity306 ? MATERIAL: The study included 45 @entity1 with contractures of the @entity572 due to @entity306 . Thirty three of them were @entity1 and 12 were @entity1 . Their ages ranged from 2 to 13 years. @entity86 were investigated. METHODS: Open tenotomies of m. adductor longus and brevis, m. gracilis, m. rectus femoris and m. psoas major. The immobilisation by POP casts lasted for 6 weeks. Abduction and extension bracing followed the plaster removal in all @entity1 . The @entity572 were radiographed in @entity717 both before and at least 6 months after the operation. Reimers @entity4222 ( @entity4222 ) and Wiberg angle (CE angle) known as the parameters of hip instability were assessed. The obtained data were statistically analysed. RESULTS: The preoperative @entity4222 was below 25% in 25 @entity572 , between 25 and 39% in 33 @entity572 , between 40 and 59% in 14, and over 59% in 10 @entity572 . The analysis of postoperative roentgenograms showed the following @entity4222 distribution: 56 less than 25%, 23 between 25 and 39%, and 3 greater than 40%. No postoperative @entity4222 was higher than 49%. 54% formerly subluxated @entity572 achieved normal @entity4222 . The difference between preoperative and postoperative @entity4222 was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Before the tenotomies 24 @entity572 were normal with CE angle over 20 degrees. It was between 20 degrees and 11 degrees in 28 cases and between 10 degrees and 1 degree in 17 cases. The preoperative CE angle was negative in 13 cases. Postoperatively CE angle was higher than 20 degrees in 53 @entity572 . It was between 20 degrees and 11 degrees in 22 cases and between 10 degrees and 1 degree in 7 cases. The minimum CE angle after soft-tissue release was 4 degrees. The difference between preoperative and postoperative CE angles was statistically significant (P < 0.001). @entity4222 improved in 93% and CE angles in 96% of cases. DISCUSSION: Classical tenotomies of the spastic hip adductors used to be recommended in prevention of the @entity572 in @entity306 @entity1 . @entity4222 improved in 70% of cases in the Reimers' study (1980) based on selective adductors tenotomies. If the soft tissue release was unsuccessful bony operation was indicated. Kalen and Black claimed in 1985 that if psoas tenotomy was performed in addition to adductors tenotomies @entity4222 improvement was attained in 80-100% of cases. CONCLUSION: Adductors and flexors tenotomies can correct the spastic @entity14884 fully and permanently if the operation is performed prior to bony changes of the hip. The operation being followed by appropriate immobilisation and physiotherapy increases the percentage of good results.

title: [Prevention of development of @entity14884 in XXXX with the spastic form of @entity306 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['MP', 'migration percentage']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip joints', 'hip joint', 'hips', 'hip adductors and flexors and hip subluxations', 'hip subluxation']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Preoperative and postoperative roentgenograms of 82 hip joints']

entities_list: @entity14884 :: ('MESH:D007593', 'Disease') :: ['hip joint instability']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['neutral rotation']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['spastic cerebral palsy', 'cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: To elucidate the molecular mechanism for regulating the region-specific morphogenesis of the @entity1573 respiratory tract, we analyzed the spatiotemporal expression patterns of the Hoxb genes, @entity17192 , @entity2089 , @entity10531 , and @entity49152 in the developing respiratory tract. We found region-specific expression of these genes in the mesenchymal layer of the respiratory tract. Before bronchial branching proceeds, Hoxb genes show nested expression patterns around the ventral-distal tip of the lung bud. As morphogenesis proceeds, these expression domains correspond to the morphological subdivisions of the @entity1573 respiratory tract. @entity49153 and @entity49154 expression domains demarcate the @entity825 , bronchial tree, and air sacs. Particularly the expression domains of @entity49154 to -9 correspond to the morphological subdivisions of the air sacs along the proximodistal axis. @entity2089 and @entity17192 are expressed throughout the entire pulmonary mesenchyme and its dorsal half, respectively. @entity10531 and @entity49152 are expressed in the tracheal mesenchyme. Interestingly, the expression domain of @entity17192 is complementary to the @entity49154 domain. The respiratory mesenchyme influences the process of epithelial branching during morphogenesis. By tissue recombination experiments, we found that the dorsal and the ventral pulmonary mesenchyme, demarcated by @entity49154 expression, have different inductive capacities toward the tracheal epithelium. These observations suggest the possibility that Hoxb genes are involved in the system specifying regional differences in morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation of respiratory tract. In addition, it is possible that BMPs and WNTs mediate region-specific epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in this system.

title: Coordinated expression of Hoxb genes and signaling molecules during development of the XXXX respiratory tract.

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: AIMS: This study aimed to examine the incidence of bone-marrow microinvolvement in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) @entity1 and its correlation with @entity5 recurrence and prognosis. METHODS: Between March 1997 and August 1998, we analysed 96 bone-marrow specimens (from the posterior iliac crest) of @entity1149 @entity1 before surgery. @entity5 differentiation showed well differentiated @entity189 in six, moderately differentiated @entity189 in 69, and poorly differentiated @entity189 in 21. p-TNM staging showed stage Ia in five, stage Ib in 33, stage IIb in 19, stage IIIa in 26, stage IIIb in eight, and stage IV in five. The specimens were examined by immunohistochemical staining with anti-human cytokeratin @entity1325 / @entity1326 and clone MNF116 mixed solution (Ab1, n=96) and/or Ber-EP4 (Ab2, n=80) to detect the presence of malignant epithelial cells in the bone marrow. RESULTS: Positive results were observed in 21 @entity1 (21. 9%). The occurrence of bone-marrow microinvolvement was not related to @entity1 age, sex, cell type, or TNM status. The 30-month disease-free survival rates were 50.2% and 53.9% in bone-marrow negative and bone-marrow positive @entity1 , respectively (P=0.5670); the 30-month cumulative survival rates were 66.7% and 67.6% in bone-marrow negative and bone-marrow positive @entity1 , respectively (P=0.9351). Multivariate analysis failed to demonstrate bone-marrow microinvolvement as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that bone-marrow microinvolvement is not unusual, and its occurrence cannot be translated into early @entity5 recurrence or poor outcome during an intermediate-term follow-up, which means bone-marrow microinvolvement may be an epiphenomenon rather than true metastasis in @entity1149 .

title: Bone-marrow microinvolvement in @entity1149 is not a reliable indicator of XXXX recurrence and prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: In order to evaluate possible differences between @entity1 and @entity1 with regard to the ability of @entity2690 to induce vasodilatation, promote @entity413 uptake and enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilatation, 12 young (22-28 years), @entity28 @entity1 and 15 corresponding males were subjected to 2 h of euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia ( @entity2690 infusion rate of 56 m-units x @entity1009 ) x m(-2)). Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography. Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was evaluated by the local intra-arterial infusion of @entity2710 into the brachial artery (2-4 microg/min). The cardiac index was measured by thoracic bioimpedance. A 2 h period of hyperinsulinaemia increased the plasma @entity2690 concentration to a similar degree in both sexes (females, 84 +/- 8.8 m-units/l; males, 87 +/- 7.5 m-units/l), but induced a more marked increase in forearm blood flow in females than in males (+104 +/- 67% and +52 +/- 30% respectively; P<0.01; 95% confidence interval for difference 11-94%). Furthermore, a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance (-20 +/- 6.9%; P<0.01) and an increase in cardiac index (+23 +/- 13%; P<0.01) were seen in @entity1 only (P<0.05 compared with @entity1 ). Blood pressure and heart rate were not altered in either sex. Whole-body @entity2690 -mediated @entity413 uptake and forearm @entity413 uptake did not differ between the sexes, and the ability of @entity2690 to enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (+19%; P<0.01) was similar in @entity1 and @entity1 . In conclusion, the present study shows that the ability of @entity2690 to cause vasodilatation was greater in @entity28 young @entity1 compared with @entity1 . However, no differences between the sexes were seen with regard to @entity2690 -mediated @entity413 uptake and the ability of @entity2690 to enhance endothelium-dependent vasodilatation.

title: @entity2690 -mediated vasodilatation, but not XXXX uptake or endothelium-mediated vasodilatation, is enhanced in young females compared with males.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['non-obese']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: Prenatal exposure to corticosteroids has long-term postnatal somatic and neurodevelopmental consequences. Animal studies indicate that @entity228 exposure-associated alterations in the nervous system include hypothalamic function. @entity1 with @entity739 , a devastating @entity302 , chaotic irregular waves on interictal electroencephalogram (hypsarhythmia) and @entity1032 , have decreased concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and @entity701 in cerebrospinal fluid, strongly suggesting @entity1640 . We have exploited this feature to develop a model of @entity1 @entity739 by using repeated prenatal exposure to @entity5935 and a postnatal trigger of developmentally relevant @entity2473 with @entity143 . The @entity2473 triggered in prenatally primed @entity35 are more severe compared to prenatally saline-injected ones and respond to ACTH, a treatment of choice for @entity739 in @entity1 . Using autoradiography and immunohistochemistry, we have identified a link between the @entity2473 in our model and the @entity2339 , especially the arcuate nucleus. Transcriptomic analysis of the arcuate nucleus after prenatal priming with @entity5935 but before trigger of @entity2473 indicates that prenatal @entity5935 exposure down-regulates genes encoding several important proteins participating in glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. Interestingly, there were significant sex-specific alterations after prenatal @entity5935 in synapse-related gene expression but no such sex differences were found in prenatally saline-injected controls. A pairwise relevance analysis revealed that, although the synapse gene expression in controls was independent of sex, these genes form topologically distinct gene fabrics in males and females and these fabrics are altered by @entity5935 in a sex-specific manner. These findings may explain the sex differences with respect to both normal behaviour and the occurrence and severity of @entity739 . Changes in transcript expression and their coordination may contribute to a molecular substrate of permanent neurodevelopmental changes (including @entity739 ) found after prenatal exposure to @entity288 .

title: Prenatal corticosteroids modify glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse genomic fabric: insights from a novel animal model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental deterioration']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5935 :: ('MESH:D001623', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['infantile spasms']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic syndrome of infancy with characteristic spastic seizures']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity739 :: (MESH:D013036,Disease) :: ['infantile spasms']


abstract: A method for constructing one-dimensional proteomic maps (1D-PM) based on mass spectrometric identification of proteins from adjacent slices of one-dimensional electrophoregram has been developed. For the proteomic mapping, gel lanes were sectioned into slices less than 0.2 mm thick and each slice was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis. The resultant mixture of peptide fragments was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC- @entity15 / @entity15 ). Proteins were identified by the mass spectra obtained. Data on peptide fragments and corresponding identified proteins were presented as a 1D-PM. Proteomic maps were constructed by assigning individual proteins to gel slices based on number of matching peptides in a corresponding @entity15 -data. On 1D-PM of @entity1 liver microsomal fraction, 18 proteins were identified in the region of 40-65 kDa. These included 12 membrane proteins belonging to the superfamily of cytochromes @entity11670 . Pooling of mass spectrometric data, obtained from several adjacent gel slices (molecular zooming) increased sequence coverage of @entity5876 ( @entity5876 ). The maximal coverage of 66% significantly exceeded the level of 48% that could be obtained using one (even the most informative) slice. This method can be applied to the proteomic profiling of membrane-bound proteins.

title: One-dimensional proteomic mapping of XXXX liver cytochromes @entity11670 .

entities_list: @entity5876 :: ('1553', 'Gene') :: ['CYP2A', 'cytochrome P450 family 2A']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: In recent years, several lines of evidence have shown an increase in @entity191 ( @entity191 ) prevalence in rural environments where pesticides are widely used. Paraquat (PQ--herbicide) and maneb ( @entity23768 --fungicide) are among the compounds suspected to induce @entity528 characteristics of @entity191 . Here, we investigated the effects of PQ and @entity23768 on dopaminergic (DA) neuron-glia cultures and in vivo in young adult @entity35 . In vitro, PQ led to a loss of DA as compared to non-DA neurons and microglial activation in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of @entity23768 had no further effect nor did it lead to microglial activation when used alone. In vivo, 2-month old young adult @entity35 were subjected to intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (n = 4), PQ alone (n = 8), or PQ in combination with @entity23768 (n = 8) twice a week for 4 weeks and were sacrificed the day following the last injection. Significant loss of nigral DA neurons was observed in both treatment groups, but a significant decrease in striatal DA fibers was not found. Microglial activation was seen in the nigra of @entity35 subjected to PQ with or without @entity23768 . Behavioral analyses demonstrated a mixed pattern of @entity73 , which may have been related to early effects of nigral DA neuronal loss or systemic effects associated with @entity23768 exposure in addition to PQ. These results indicate that exposure to PQ with or without @entity23768 induces @entity179 which might occur via an early inflammatory response in young adult animals.

title: Systemic exposure to paraquat and maneb models early XXXX in young adult @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['motor impairments']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal degeneration and motor deficits']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of oral @entity2177 and parenteral antimicrobials in the treatment of @entity697 (respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood) in hospitalized @entity1 , with particular reference to severity of @entity281 , outcome, and associated economic implications of each treatment. DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter comparative audit was conducted in the UK over an 18-month period. The audit was undertaken by clinical pharmacists who reviewed the antimicrobial treatment of @entity1 with infective episodes, who were receiving or could have received oral therapy. @entity1 : Clinical pharmacists who collated the data all are employed in teaching hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 were identified for analysis by their type of @entity281 , severity of illness, antimicrobial prescribed, route of administration, and response to therapy. Additionally, data on costs of the antimicrobials prescribed and the supplementary costs of drug administration were calculated. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-five @entity1 were enrolled for analysis; 208 of the @entity1 had @entity1729 , 112 had @entity293 , 138 had @entity295 , and 27 had @entity325 . @entity295 scores were applied to 152 @entity1 receiving oral @entity2177 and 333 @entity1 receiving parenteral antimicrobials and yielded mean scores of 5.9 (SD 3.1, range 1-13) and 8.7 (SD 4.2, range 1-22), respectively. Of 485 @entity1 , 188 were paired according to @entity295 score results and route of administration. Resolution occurred in 133 @entity1 (79 receiving oral and 54 receiving parenteral therapy), further therapy was required in 49 (11 oral and 38 parenteral), and treatment was withdrawn in 6 (4 oral and 2 parenteral). Microbiologic assessment yielded positive results in 227 @entity1 (47 percent). Drug acquisition costs (based on 1 UK pound = 1.80 US  ) per course of treatment were  47.23 (SD  38.32, range 5.40-218.70) for the oral group and  173.70 (SD 209.77, range 2.11-1021.40) for the parenteral group. Overall costs for treatment courses were  74.00 (SD  52.81, range 8.10-309.17) and  305.59 (SD  304.70, range 14.69-1345.00) for the two groups, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggest that, in @entity1 with moderate infective episodes, oral @entity2177 may reduce overall treatment costs compared with the use of parenteral antimicrobial agents.

title: Comparative clinical, microbiologic, and economic audit of the use of oral XXXX and parenteral antimicrobials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute infection']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis', 'septicemia']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infections']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity2177 :: (MESH:D002939,Chemical) :: ['ciprofloxacin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: It has been reported that @entity1243 and @entity7766 ( @entity7766 ) play a role in the control of appetite and in the regulation of hormonal secretion. METHODS: Plasma @entity1243 , @entity7766 ( @entity7766 ) and galanin concentrations were estimated in 13 @entity1 with @entity1279 ( @entity1279 ) 19 @entity1 with @entity1278 ( @entity1278 ) and in 19 healthy @entity1 of the control group (CG). RESULTS: Plasma @entity1243 concentration in @entity1279 was significantly higher than that in @entity1278 and it was lower as compared with the control group, despite the same BMI (body mass index) in both the groups. Plasma @entity1243 level in @entity1278 was significantly lower as compared with the controls. Plasma galanin concentrations in @entity1278 and @entity1279 did not differ significantly from the control group. Plasma @entity7766 concentration in @entity1278 was lower than that in the control group. However, plasma @entity7766 level in @entity1279 was significantly higher as compared with @entity1278 and with the control group (CG). The observed increase of @entity7766 in @entity1279 was independent of BMI because BMI in @entity1279 was normal. CONCLUSIONS: The data may suggest that other factors than body weight changes may be involved in the modulation of @entity1243 and @entity7766 release in @entity1279 . The pathological behaviour of @entity1 with @entity1279 may result from disturbed @entity7766 release which is the strongest orexigenic factor.

title: Plasma @entity1243 , @entity7766 ( @entity7766 ) and galanin concentrations in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa', 'AN']

entities_list: @entity1279 :: ('MESH:D052018', 'Disease') :: ['bulimia nervosa', 'BN']

answer: @entity1278 :: (MESH:D000856,Disease) :: ['bulimia nervosa and in anorexia nervosa']


abstract: @entity2383 is a central mediator of disease progression in @entity179 that often present with prominent @entity344 . @entity344 in these disorders is related, at least in part, to @entity3002 (ENS). The role of @entity2383 in ENS @entity179 and their relative contribution to @entity344 , however, are unclear. To better understand how mitochondrial abnormalities in the ENS influence enteric @entity179 and affect intestinal function, we generated @entity19 ( @entity27312 -ENSKOs) with impaired mitochondrial metabolism in enteric neurons and glia through the targeted deletion of the mitochondrial transcription factor A gene ( @entity27312 ). @entity27312 -ENSKO @entity19 were initially viable but, at an early age, they developed severe @entity344 characterized by @entity8442 resulting in @entity204 . This @entity344 was caused by extensive, progressive @entity179 of the ENS involving both neurons and glia. Interestingly, @entity2383 differentially affected specific subpopulations of enteric neurons and regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Mitochondrial @entity528 was most prominent in the proximal small intestine, but the first affected neurons, nitrergic inhibitory neurons, had the greatest losses in the distal small intestine. This regional and subtype-specific variability in susceptibility to @entity2383 resulted in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory neurons that likely accounts for the observed phenotype in @entity27312 -ENSKO @entity19 . @entity2383 , therefore, is likely to be an important driving force of @entity179 in the ENS and contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms in @entity1 with @entity179 .

title: Differential regional and subtype-specific vulnerability of enteric neurons to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8442 :: ('MESH:D007418', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal pseudo-obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3002 :: ('MESH:D009421', 'Disease') :: ['defects in the enteric nervous system']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal dysfunction', 'Gastrointestinal dysfunction', 'gastrointestinal motility problems', 'gastrointestinal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration', 'neurodegenerative disorders', 'diverse neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['premature death']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency-related neuronal and glial loss']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial deficits', 'mitochondrial defects', 'Mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity2383 :: (MESH:D028361,Disease) :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the persistence of the original treatment effects 10 years after the @entity6 Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) in the follow-up @entity2412 ( @entity2412 ) study. In the DCCT, intensive therapy aimed at near-normal glycemia reduced the risk of microvascular complications of @entity6 compared with conventional therapy. METHODS: @entity989 was evaluated by fundus photography in 1211 subjects at @entity2412 year 10. Further 3-step progression on the Early Treatment @entity6 Study scale from DCCT closeout was the primary outcome. RESULTS: After 10 years of @entity2412 follow-up, there was no significant difference in mean glycated hemoglobin levels (8.07% vs 7.98%) between the original treatment groups. Nevertheless, compared with the former conventional treatment group, the former intensive group had significantly lower incidences from DCCT close of further @entity989 progression and @entity989 or worse (hazard reductions, 53%-56%; P < .001). The risk (hazard) reductions at 10 years of @entity2412 were attenuated compared with the 70% to 71% over the first 4 years of @entity2412 (P < .001). The persistent beneficial effects of former intensive therapy were largely explained by the difference in glycated hemoglobin levels during DCCT. CONCLUSION: The persistent difference in @entity6 between former intensive and conventional therapy ("metabolic memory") continues for at least 10 years but may be waning. TRIAL REGISTRATION: (clinicaltrials.gov) Identifiers: NCT00360815 and NCT00360893.

title: Prolonged effect of intensive therapy on the risk of XXXX in patients with @entity6 : 10 years after the @entity6 Control and Complications Trial.

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'proliferative retinopathy', 'Retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'Diabetic Retinopathy', 'type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications', 'EDIC']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinopathy complications']


abstract: In an open, randomized, clinical trial, conducted in New Halfa, eastern Sudan, in September-October 2004, the efficacies and adverse effects of @entity506 plus @entity1484 (SP), in the treatment of uncomplicated, @entity3964 @entity311 , were compared with those of SP alone. @entity1 were randomized to receive either @entity506 (4 mg/kg. day) on days 0-2 plus SP (25 mg @entity9230 /kg) on day 0 or the SP alone, and then followed-up for 28 days. Sixty @entity1 completed follow-up. Compared with the 30 given @entity506 plus SP (ASP), the 30 given SP alone were much more likely to be febrile (30% v. 3.3%; P=0.006) and parasitaemic (50% v. 6.7%; P<00001) on day 1. By day 3, 16.7% of the @entity1 given SP alone were still febrile and 6.7% of them were still parasitaemic, although all the @entity1 given ASP were then afebrile (P=0.02) and aparasitaemic (P=0.1). Five (16.7%) of the @entity1 treated with SP alone but none of those given @entity2574 appeared to be treatment failures (P<0.05). Parasite genotyping revealed that four of the five apparent treatment failures were true recrudescences but the other represented a re-infection detected on day 28. The true frequencies of cure by day 28 were therefore 100% for ASP and 86.7% for SP alone (P=0.02). Adverse effects of treatment ( @entity390 , itching and giddiness) were observed with similar frequencies in the two treatment arms (10.0% of the @entity1 given ASP v. 13.3% of the @entity1 given SP alone; P>0.05). The frequencies of gametocytaemia during follow-up were, however, much lower in the ASP arm than in the SP-only (0.0% v. 23.3%; P=0.005).Thus, although the problems posed by adverse effects were similar in the two treatment arms, ASP appeared markedly better, in terms of fever- and parasite-clearance times and the prevalence of post-treatment gametocytaemia, than SP alone.

title: A comparison of the efficacy of @entity506 plus @entity9230 -pyrimethamine with that of XXXX -pyrimethamine alone, in the treatment of uncomplicated, @entity3964 @entity311 in eastern Sudan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1484 :: ('MESH:C001205', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine']

entities_list: @entity9230 :: ('MESH:D013413', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadoxine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity506 :: ('MESH:C039726', 'Chemical') :: ['artesunate']

answer: @entity9230 :: (MESH:D013413,Chemical) :: ['sulfadoxine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The @entity4153 ( @entity4153 ) is a rapidly fatal @entity43 in young @entity1 . Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces selective @entity39 to malignant tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of the @entity4153 to PDT in a @entity19 xenograft model. METHODS: Tumors were obtained from a @entity1 with a @entity4153 and were transplanted into @entity19 . Following photosensitization with m-THPC, either superficial or interstitial laser light was administered to the @entity5 . Necroses were measured by morphometry. Serum @entity460 levels were determined prior to and after PDT. RESULTS: Superficial irradiation of m-THPC sensitized @entity5 showed over three times more @entity39 than control @entity5 (P = 0.037). Interstitially irradiated @entity5 showed over seven times more @entity39 than control @entity5 (P = 0.0012). All animals showed a highly significant @entity2741 prior to PDT (P < 0.0001). PDT induced a significant decrease in serum @entity460 levels (P = 0.0297). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that PDT may be of therapeutic value for the @entity4153 .

title: Photodynamic therapy for the @entity4153 in a XXXX xenograft model.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemic type of the small cell carcinoma of the ovary', 'HTSCCO']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity510 ( @entity510 ) causes a stress response with increased concentrations of plasma @entity2661 and serious @entity943 . Increased @entity1162 has been shown to predispose to @entity943 . In @entity510 @entity1 , @entity1162 has not been studied previously. @entity1162 was analyzed in 26 @entity1 with @entity510 and in 16 @entity1 (control group) scheduled for ligation of a @entity438 . In 15 @entity1 with @entity510 , the plasma concentrations of @entity2661 were analyzed, and an 18-hour continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) recording was obtained. In the other 11 @entity1 , electrocardiography was repeated daily for up to 9 days for analysis of @entity1162 . The median (25th and 75th percentiles) @entity1162 in all @entity510 @entity1 was 78 milliseconds (50 and 109 milliseconds, respectively), and in control @entity1 , it was 25 milliseconds (15 and 33 milliseconds, respectively) (P < .001). There was a positive correlation with @entity1162 and the plasma concentration of @entity11724 , a metabolite of @entity1063 (P < .05). All @entity1 had episodes of @entity943 during the 18-hour recording period. In conclusion, @entity1162 is a common finding after @entity510 and may be a result of high plasma concentrations of @entity2661 in these @entity1 .

title: @entity1162 after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['SAH', 'Subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['increased QT dispersion', 'QT dispersion']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrhythmia', 'cardiac arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['nonruptured cerebral aneurysm']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']


abstract: @entity8211 is a highly prevalent causative agent of @entity291 @entity1271 , which leads to large economic losses in the dairy industry. The aim of this study was to examine the host response during acute @entity32 after experimental challenge with capsulated Strep. uberis. Gene expression in response to Strep. uberis was compared between infected and control quarters in 3 animals. All quarters (n=16) were sampled at 16 different locations. Microarray data showed that 239 genes were differentially expressed between infected and control quarters. No differences in gene expression were observed between the different locations. Microarray data were confirmed for several genes using quantitative PCR analysis. Genes differentially expressed due to early Strep. uberis @entity1271 represented several stages of the process of @entity281 : (1) pathogen recognition; (2) chemoattraction of neutrophils; (3) tissue repair mechanisms; and (4) bactericidal activity. Three different pathogen recognition genes were induced: ficolins, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, and toll-like receptor 2. Calgranulins were found to be the most strongly upregulated genes during early @entity32 . By histology and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that changes in gene expression in response to Strep. uberis were induced both in infiltrating somatic milk cells and in mammary epithelial cells, demonstrating that the latter cell type plays a role in milk production as well as immune responsiveness. Given the rapid development of @entity32 or @entity1271 after @entity281 , early diagnosis of (Strep. uberis) @entity1271 is required for prevention of disease and spread of the pathogen. Insight into host responses could help to design immunomodulatory therapies to dampen @entity32 after (early) diagnosis of Strep. uberis @entity1271 . Future research should focus on development of these early diagnostics and immunomodulatory components for @entity1271 treatment.

title: Early host response in the mammary gland after experimental XXXX challenge in heifers.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity8211 :: ('1349', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus uberis']

answer: @entity8211 :: (1349,Species) :: ['Streptococcus uberis']


abstract: We investigated the effects of hyperglycaemia on @entity1188 size of 82 acute @entity64 @entity1 with angiographically diagnosed @entity432 in middle cerebral artery territory. There were 9 @entity6 , 40 non-diabetic hyperglycaemics and 33 non-diabetic normoglycaemics (mean age 67 +/- 8 SD years, male/female ratio 1:1). For each @entity1 the @entity1188 at CT was compared to that predicted from the location of the @entity432 . The extent of the @entity1188 was then classified as equal to, smaller than and larger than estimated, taking a standard anatomical template of arterial territories as reference. The results were analysed separately according to the presence or absence of a collateral blood supply (CBS) at angiography. The clinical outcome at 30 days was also evaluated. The 35 @entity1 lacking CBS had a high frequency of equal to estimated lesions (75%), without substantial differences among the three subgroups (72% of hyperglycaemics, 82% of normoglycaemics and 67% of @entity6 ; Fisher's exact test not significant for any of the pairwise comparisons). On the contrary, the 47 @entity1 with CBS exhibited an overall predominance of smaller than estimated lesions (66%) but with a very uneven distribution among hyperglycaemics, normoglycaemics and @entity6 (82%, 64% and 0%, respectively; p < 0.05 at Fisher's exact test for @entity6 vs hyperglycaemics). Finally, the clinical outcome was bad ( @entity204 and @entity16 ) in 89% of @entity6 , 72% of hyperglycaemics and 54% of normoglycaemics (p < 0.05). These results suggest that in @entity1 with intracranial @entity432 associated with CBS the effects of hyperglycaemia might be beneficial in non- @entity6 and harmful in @entity6 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Influence of hyperglycaemia on XXXX size and clinical outcome of acute ischemic stroke @entity1 with intracranial @entity432 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological impairment']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial occlusion', 'arterial occlusion']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarct']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In therapy-related @entity2590 (t- @entity4289 ) or acute myeloid leukemia (t- @entity3052 ) balanced chromosome aberrations to bands 11q23 and 21q22 have been significantly related to previous chemotherapy with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate to what extent other balanced chromosome aberrations show the same association, and to evaluate a possible relationship to @entity1 age and subgroups of drugs. DESIGN AND METHODS: All previously published cases of @entity3052 with any type of balanced aberration identified from Felix Mitelman's Catalog of Chromosome Aberrations in @entity5 were analyzed for age and type of previous therapy, and the results were evaluated in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: A total of 422 cases were recorded, 328 had previously received well specified types of chemotherapy; 254 presented one out of five characteristic balanced aberrations, whereas 168 cases presented different uncharacteristic balanced aberrations. In univariate analysis cases with translocations to 11q23 had most often received DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, whereas @entity1 with the uncharacteristic balanced rearrangements most often had received alkylating agents (p < 0.00000001). Inv(16), t(15;17), and t(9;22) were likewise significantly associated with previous therapy with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors and to almost the same extent as translocations to 21q22. @entity1 with translocations to 11q23 were significantly younger as compared to all other groups of @entity1 . Translocations to 11q23 predominated following therapy with epipodophyllotoxins, whereas @entity1 with translocations to 21q22, inv(16), t(15;17), and t(9;22) most often had received @entity8253 . In a multivariate analysis taking age into consideration, however, these drug-specific associations were no longer significant. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Specific balanced chromosome aberrations in @entity3052 involving chromosome bands 11q23 and 21q22, inv(16), t(15;17), and t(9;22) are all significantly associated with previous therapy with DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors, as compared to the uncharacteristic balanced aberrations most commonly observed after therapy with alkylating agents. Younger age and not a specific type of DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor seems to predispose specifically to development of @entity3052 with translocations to chromosome band 11q23.

title: Chromosomal abnormalities in secondary @entity4289 and XXXX . Relationship to drugs and radiation with specific emphasis on the balanced rearrangements.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplasia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['AML', 't-MDS and t-AML']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['AML']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chiropractic care is frequently used in the treatment of work-related @entity1643 . Chiropractors have been shown to be more sensitive to cost-sharing than other providers. PURPOSE: This study examined the differences in utilization and costs of chiropractic care for work-related @entity13400 in seven jurisdictions and whether these differences can be associated with workers' compensation (WC) payment policies. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of WC data from a single insurer. METHODS: Analyzed data included individuals with chiropractic care performed between 1999 and 2002. Utilization (visits and services per @entity1 , services per visit) and costs (cost per @entity1 and cost per visit) were examined. Actual reimbursement index was developed to proxy payment policies based on actual payments made to chiropractors. RESULTS: Utilization and costs varied significantly across the analyzed states. Restrictive payment policies were associated with lower costs of chiropractic care and lower number of services per visit, but had no impact on visits or services per @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate necessary components of effective cost containment, even in the presence of utilization adjustment.

title: Utilization and costs of chiropractic care for work-related XXXX : do payment policies make a difference?

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity13400 :: ('MESH:D019567', 'Disease') :: ['low back injuries']

answer: @entity13400 :: (MESH:D019567,Disease) :: ['low back injuries']


abstract: We investigated apoptosis and the expression of @entity588 , @entity2423 , @entity1836 , and @entity589 in histological sections from 35 malignant @entity2615 and 21 metastatic @entity420 . Moreover, the expression of @entity588 , @entity2423 , @entity1836 , and @entity589 were assessed by Western blotting in nonmalignant @entity1 mesothelial cells ( @entity1 ) and seven malignant cell lines. The apoptotic index in @entity2615 was 1.07+/-1.14%. @entity1 with @entity2615 showing a high apoptotic index (> or =0.75%) had a worse prognosis (P = 0.008). @entity588 positivity was observed in only seven cases, but @entity1836 , @entity2423 , and @entity589 positivity was seen in all of them. In immunoblotting experiments, all @entity2615 cell lines were negative for @entity588 but positive for @entity1836 , @entity2423 , and @entity589 . The apoptotic index in @entity588 -negative @entity2615 was 1.25+/-1.24% and in @entity588 -positive ones, 0.47+/-0.42% (P = 0.014). The apoptotic index did not significantly associate with @entity1836 , @entity2423 , or @entity589 expression (P = 0.19, P = 0.25, and P = 0.46, respectively). No significant difference was observed in apoptosis or expression of @entity588 , @entity1836 , or @entity589 between malignant @entity2615 and metastatic @entity420 . The former, however, showed more often weak @entity2423 immunoreactivity (P = 0.01). The results show that the extent of apoptosis may influence @entity1 prognosis. @entity588 is inversely associated with the apoptotic index but is relatively infrequently expressed in malignant @entity2615 . Widespread expression of @entity1836 , @entity2423 , and @entity589 suggests that these proteins may also take part in apoptosis regulation in @entity2615 .

title: Apoptosis and expression of apoptosis regulating proteins @entity588 , @entity2423 , @entity1836 , and XXXX in malignant mesothelioma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patient', 'Met5A']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesotheliomas', 'mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity589 :: (581,Gene) :: ['bax']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The adaptive response of bone to mechanical strain, for which angiogenesis is required, is underscored during @entity174 healing. @entity1611 ( @entity1611 ) and @entity641 ( @entity641 ) are critical regulators of angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of strain on the production of @entity1611 and @entity641 . STUDY DESIGN: MC3T3-E1 @entity19 osteoblasts underwent cyclic strain (low, 0.1 Hz, or high, 0.2 Hz) for 24 or 48 hours. @entity1611 and @entity641 protein levels were determined by ELISA, and Northern blot analysis was performed for @entity1611 mRNA. Alkaline phosphatase (an osteoblast differentiation marker) activity was determined by functional enzymatic assay. All measurements were standardized for cell number by @entity1686 colorimetric assay. Statistical significance was determined by t-test, ANOVA, and the Tukey-Kramer test. RESULTS: Protein production of @entity1611 and @entity641 was dose-dependently elevated by strain (p < 0.05); alkaline phosphatase did not rise significantly. Northern blot analysis of strained osteoblast cells demonstrated increased @entity1611 mRNA. Cyclic strain was found to be progressively destructive in a dose-dependent manner, causing 51% and 70% decreases in cell number under low and high strain, respectively (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated simultaneous, dose-dependent increases in @entity1611 and @entity641 protein production by osteoblastic cells in response to increasing strain. @entity1611 mRNA also increased in response to strain. This strain-induced increase in angiogenic cytokines suggests a potential mechanism by which injured bone may recruit a new blood supply. But we also found increasing strain to increase cellular @entity137 , suggesting that cyclic mechanical strain may select for a subpopulation of osteoblasts.

title: Cyclic mechanical strain increases production of regulators of bone healing in cultured XXXX osteoblasts.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity641 :: ('21803(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor beta-1', 'TGF-beta1']

entities_list: @entity1686 :: ('MESH:D005840', 'Chemical') :: ['crystal violet']

entities_list: @entity1611 :: ('22339(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Locally advanced @entity2 has a poor prognosis, despite extensive surgery conducted in an effort to improve survival. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of induction therapy prior to extensive surgery for locally advanced @entity2 . METHODS: Primary resection for @entity2 was done in 549 consecutive @entity1 divided into three groups; 446 undergoing standard pulmonary resection (no extensive surgery), 87 undergoing extensive surgery without induction therapy, and 16 undergoing surgery after induction therapy. RESULTS: Morbidity was 23.5%, 28.6%, and 43.8%, respectively. The rate was significantly higher in the induction group compared with the no extensive surgery group (P < 0.05). Surgical mortality was 0.67%, 3.4%, and 6.3%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant between the no extensive surgery and extensive surgery groups (P < 0.02), and between the no extensive surgery and induction groups (P < 0.02). Hospital mortality was 2.2%, 9.2%, and 6.3%, respectively. The rates were significantly higher in the extensive surgery (P < 0.01) and induction (P < 0.05) groups compared to the no extensive surgery group. Five-year survival was 50.3% for the @entity1 who received induction therapy, and 14.7% for the @entity1 who did not receive induction therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Survival differences between the induction and non induction groups were not significant, but some @entity1 with T3 or T4 disease may benefit from induction therapy. The high morbidity of induction treatment should be recognized, and strict candidate selection and careful postoperative care used to help prevent increased mortality.

title: Assessment of extensive surgery for locally advanced XXXX . Safety and efficacy of induction therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: Seven English Springer Spaniels (6 adult males and 1 female) with chronic @entity2142 and sporadic intravascular hemolytic crises were determined to have a deficiency in erythrocyte phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity, a key regulatory enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis. Intermittent severe pigmenturia concomitant with weakness, @entity7621 , and @entity448 were the major clinical signs and commonly were related to exercise or other stressful situations that caused panting or barking (hyperventilation). Pale or icteric mucous membranes, @entity221 , mild @entity828 , and @entity2057 sometimes were evident. Results of routine laboratory testing indicated a persistent marked bilirubinuria and reticulocytosis with normal @entity1485 , to severe @entity417 and intermittent @entity8763 and @entity4144 . Erythrocyte PFK activities were severely reduced to 8% to 22% of values for control @entity235 . The block of glycolysis at the PFK step caused a markedly diminished erythrocyte @entity6297 content, resulting in an increased hemoglobin- @entity26 affinity and compensatory accelerated erythrocyte production. @entity15192 erythrocytes had @entity2100 in vitro and in vivo. Hemolytic crises were induced in vivo by hyperventilation that caused transient, mild alkalemia. Studies of family members of a PFK-deficient @entity235 suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Carrier @entity235 with half-normal erythrocyte PFK activities appeared clinically normal.

title: XXXX caused by @entity15192 in English springer spaniels: seven cases (1983-1986).

entities_list: @entity6297 :: ('MESH:D019794', 'Chemical') :: ['2,3-diphosphoglycerate']

entities_list: @entity8763 :: ('MESH:D006456', 'Disease') :: ['hemoglobinuria']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['increased alkaline fragility']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle wasting']

entities_list: @entity15192 :: ('MESH:D006014', 'Disease') :: ['Phosphofructokinase-deficient']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkalemia']

answer: @entity2142 :: (MESH:D006461,Disease) :: ['Hemolysis']


abstract: Cytokines have been implicated in the progression of @entity1443 ( @entity1443 )-induced @entity99 . Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of cytokine signaling by inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway, but their role in @entity1443 hepatotoxicity is unknown. In this present study, we attempted to explore the role of @entity26102 in T cells in @entity1443 -induced @entity99 . @entity19 with a cell-specific overexpression of @entity26102 in T cells (SOCS3Tg, in which Tg is transgenic) exhibited exaggerated @entity99 after @entity1443 challenge, as evidenced by increased serum @entity493 aminotransferase levels, augmented @entity99 , and decreased survival relative to the wild-type @entity19 . Adaptive transfer of SOCS3Tg-CD4(+) T cells into T and B cell-deficient @entity6233 (-/-) @entity19 resulted in an exacerbated @entity99 relative to the control. In @entity26102 Tg @entity19 , hepatocyte apoptosis was enhanced with decreased expression of antiapoptotic protein @entity1379 , whereas hepatocyte proliferation was reduced with altered cell cycle-regulatory proteins. Levels of @entity60 and @entity637 in the circulation were augmented in @entity26102 Tg @entity19 relative to the control. Studies using neutralizing Abs indicated that elevated @entity60 and @entity637 were responsible for the exacerbated hepatotoxicity in @entity26102 Tg @entity19 . Activation of @entity16279 that is harmful in @entity99 was augmented in @entity26102 Tg hepatocytes. Alternatively, hepatoprotective @entity10433 activation was decreased in @entity26102 Tg hepatocytes, an event that was associated with augmented @entity26102 expression in the hepatocytes. Altogether, these results suggest that forced expression of @entity26102 in T cells is deleterious in @entity1443 hepatotoxicity by increasing @entity16279 activation while decreasing @entity10433 activation in hepatocytes, possibly through elevated @entity60 and @entity637 .

title: Overexpression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in T cells exacerbates XXXX -induced hepatotoxicity.

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen', 'APAP']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injury', 'liver injury', 'hepatic necrosis', 'acute liver injury']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['acetaminophen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ablation procedures in @entity1 with @entity955 ( @entity955 ) includes isolation of all pulmonary veins (PVs). We hypothesized that an approach using an algorithm to detect arrhythmogenic PVs (aPVs) might lead to shorter @entity12870 ( @entity12870 ) and fewer @entity24882 ( @entity24882 ). HYPOTHESIS: Isolation of the aPVs only leads to a reduced @entity12870 , reduced PEs, and fewer adverse events, with a success rate comparable to the standard all-PV approach. METHODS: In this prospective trial, 207 @entity1 with @entity955 were randomized to undergo isolation of the aPV (AG group, n   =   105) or isolation of all PVs (VG group, n   =   102). The aPV was identified by @entity955 ( @entity955 ) induction, focal discharge, or short local PV decremental conduction during PV pacing. @entity1 were followed with repetitive 7-day Holter electrocardiograms (ECGs) after 3, 6, and 12   months in our @entity943 clinic. RESULTS: In 97% of @entity1 , at least 1 aPV was identified (mean, 2.1). @entity12870 did not differ significantly (152.3        57.1   minutes vs 162        68   minutes, P = 0.27) between the groups, but the number of radiofrequency (RF) applications and fluoroscopy time (FT) and dose were significantly lower in the AG group than in the VG group. The occurrence of @entity24882 (new-onset @entity591 ) and adverse events (AE) did not differ between the 2 groups (P = 0.1). Sinus rhythm off antiarrhythmic medication (documented on 7-day Holter ECGs) 12   months after a single procedure was achieved in 53% in the AG group and 59% in the VG group (P = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: Isolation of the aPVs detected by a straightforward algorithm leads to similar success rates compared to a standard all-PV approach with regard to @entity12870 , AE, or @entity24882 and is associated with less RF and a shorter FT.

title: A prospective randomized study comparing isolation of the arrhythmogenic vein versus all veins in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity24882 :: ('MESH:D065606', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'proarrhythmic effects']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'paroxysmal atrial fibrillation', 'AF', 'PAF']

entities_list: @entity12870 :: ('MESH:D055191', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'procedure duration']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['paroxysmal atrial fibrillation']


abstract: @entity7578 ( @entity7578 ) is a fatal @entity17 in the central nervous system caused by a ubiquitous @entity1 polyomavirus designated as @entity8315 (JCV). @entity7578 affects individuals with decreased immune competence and is now one of the common @entity1292 in @entity1 with @entity791 . JCV DNAs in the brain of @entity7578 @entity1 contain various @entity7578 -type regulatory regions that were generated from the archetypal regulatory region during persistence. Recently, many studies have suggested that detection of JCV DNA from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may offer a tool for diagnosing @entity7578 . However, in all of these studies, coding sequences within the T antigen or capsid protein gene have been targeted for amplification. To amplify the JCV regulatory region, we established a nested PCR that could efficiently amplify the regulatory region from most JCV subtypes prevalent in the world. Using this PCR, we amplified JCV regulatory regions from the CSF samples from 4 @entity1 strongly suspected of @entity7578 , whereas amplification was negative from 80 CSF samples from @entity1 without @entity7578 . Sequencing of the amplified fragments revealed that they had unique deletions and/or duplications. Furthermore, in 3 @entity7578 @entity1 , we analyzed the structures of regulatory regions derived from the brain as well as CSF. In each of these cases, the major regulatory sequence of both origins were identical. This finding indicates that JCV DNA in @entity75 is excreted in the CSF. Since the structures of @entity7578 -type JCV regulatory regions are unique to individual @entity1 , the current PCR, if the amplified fragments are sequenced, can eliminate false positives that may arise from contaminations.

title: Amplification of XXXX regulatory DNA sequences from cerebrospinal fluid: diagnostic value for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infections']

entities_list: @entity7578 :: ('MESH:D007968', 'Disease') :: ['Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'PML']

answer: @entity8315 :: (10632,Species) :: ['JC virus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Limited evidence exists in the literature regarding whether a specific mount is preferable to use for processing endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal biopsy specimens. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To compare 3 methods of handling endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from collection to laboratory processing and to determine if any technique produced superior results. ANIMALS: Twenty-three @entity235 and @entity468 presented for gastrointestinal signs. METHODS: Prospective study of @entity235 and @entity468 presented with gastrointestinal signs to a veterinary teaching referral hospital which underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Biopsy specimens were taken from the stomach and duodenum and submitted to the laboratory using 3 techniques: mounted on a @entity9688 slice, mounted on a moisturized synthetic foam sponge, and floating free in @entity406 . The techniques were compared with regard to the specimens' width, orientation, presence of artifacts, and pathologist's confidence in diagnosis. RESULTS: Twenty-three @entity1 were included, with a total of 528 biopsies collected. Specimens on @entity9688 slice and on sponge were significantly wider (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively) compared to those floating free in @entity406 (mean width of 3.81 versus 3.31 and 2.52 mm, respectively). However, specimens on synthetic sponge had significantly fewer artifacts compared to those on @entity9688 slice (P = .05) and those floating free in @entity406 (P = .02). Confidence in the diagnosis also was superior with the sponge technique over floating free specimens (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The use of mounted gastrointestinal biopsy specimens was superior over the use of specimens floating free in @entity406 . This technique improved the quality of the specimens and the pathologist's confidence in their histopathologic interpretation.

title: Comparison of 3 Handling Techniques for Endoscopically Obtained Gastric and Duodenal Biopsy Specimens: A Prospective Study in XXXX and @entity468 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['Dogs']


abstract: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals codes for antigen-presenting proteins. For this reason, the MHC is of great importance for immune function and @entity4409 . Previous studies revealed this gene-dense and polymorphic region in @entity11520 to be on the short arm of chromosome 2, which is homologous to @entity291 chromosome 23. Using @entity291 -derived STS markers and a @entity11520 radiation hybrid (RH) panel (BBURH5000 ), we generated a high-resolution RH map of the @entity11520 MHC region. The buffalo MHC RH map (cR5000 ) was aligned with the @entity291 MHC RH map (cR12000 ) to compare gene order. The buffalo MHC had similar organization to the @entity291 MHC, with class II genes distributed in two segments, class IIa and class IIb. Class IIa was closely associated with the class I and class III regions, and class IIb was a separate cluster. A total of 53 markers were distributed into two linkage groups based on a two-point LOD score threshold of >= 8. The first linkage group included 32 markers from class IIa, class I and class III. The second linkage group included 21 markers from class IIb. Bacterial artificial chromosome clones for seven loci were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosomes using single- and double-color hybridizations. The order of cytogenetically mapped markers in the region corroborated the physical order of markers obtained from the RH map and served as anchor points to align and orient the linkage groups.

title: A high-resolution radiation hybrid map of the XXXX major histocompatibility complex and comparison with BoLA.

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['animal health']

answer: @entity11520 :: (89462,Species) :: ['river buffalo']


abstract: BACKGROUND: both @entity810 (ARD and @entity1509 ) have been reported to influence outcomes after neck of femur @entity174 . We have examined the relationship between the length of stay, mortality and @entity8 using biomarkers. These included pre-operative (admission) serum concentrations of @entity1133 , @entity1011 and albumin, and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) derived from four- and six-variable @entity8 ( @entity8 ) study equations. METHODS: complete outcomes data for 566 @entity1 and the patterns of variations in the biomarkers were analysed using generalised linear models. Cox-proportional hazard analyses investigated the association between kidney function (as assessed by the above-mentioned biochemical data) and post-operative length of stay and mortality. All @entity1 were stratified for @entity1509 according to their eGFR. RESULTS: serum @entity1133 and @entity1011 were significantly, positively correlated with age. After adjusting for age and sex, risk of mortality was positively related to six-variable eGFR and @entity1011 , and marginally so for @entity1133 . One-year mortality risk thus worsened with stages of @entity1509 (1-4), increasing age and male gender. Risk of discharge from @entity130 ward, the length of stay in @entity130 ward and the overall length of stay were not related to @entity1133 and @entity1011 , but were negatively related to both four- and six-variable eGFR. CONCLUSIONS: the study has identified elderly @entity8 males as the subgroup of @entity1 most at risk for poor survival. This subgroup may require a more targeted approach to the management of their fluid and electrolyte homoeostasis to help improve their outcomes.

title: Elderly XXXX with @entity8 are most at risk for poor outcome after neck of femur @entity174 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['MDRD', 'renal-impaired', 'renal dysfunction', 'Modification of Diet in Renal Disease']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute and chronic renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Both the introduction of antibiotics and improvements in oral hygiene have made @entity281 occur less frequently today than in the past. Nevertheless, the complications from these infections are often life-threatening. The purpose of this article was to review the clinical findings of @entity281 and identify the predisposing factors of these complications. The present study reviewed 158 cases of @entity281 between the years of 1995 to 2004, 23 of which had life-threatening complications. Cases were excluded if they had peritonsillar abscesses, superficial infections, infections related to @entity135 , or @entity135 . The authors used multiple linear regression and the logistic regression analysis in order to determine the clinical parameters that are associated with longer hospitalizations and complicated @entity281 , respectively. The multiple linear regression showed that @entity1 with a large number of involved spaces, @entity6 , and complications required longer hospitalizations (p < 0.05). The logistic regression showed that @entity1 with more than two involved spaces were more likely to have complicated @entity281 (p < 0.05). @entity1 with odontogenic causes had negative correlation (p < 0.05). We recommend that high-risk groups, such as @entity6 @entity1 and/or @entity1 with more than two involved spaces, should be more closely monitored throughout their hospitalization.

title: Predisposing factors of complicated XXXX : an analysis of 158 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep neck infections']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['external neck wounds', 'head and neck tumors']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['deep neck infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity42451 @entity1372 channel is a major determinant for cardiac impulse propagation. We used epicardial mapping of the atria, ventricles, and septae to investigate conduction velocity (CV) in @entity42451 heterozygous young and old @entity19 . METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity19 were divided into 4 groups: (1) young (3 to 4 months) @entity164 ( @entity164 ); (2) young heterozygous @entity42451 -knockout @entity19 (HZ); (3) old (12 to 17 months) @entity164 ; and (4) old HZ. In young HZ hearts, CV in the right but not the left ventricle was reduced in agreement with a @entity717 in the QRS axes; @entity82 was virtually absent in both ventricles, and the pattern of @entity16899 ( @entity16899 ) expression was similar to that of @entity164 @entity19 . In old @entity164 animals, the right ventricle transversal CV was slightly reduced and was associated with @entity82 . In old HZ hearts, right and left ventricle CVs were severely reduced both in the transversal and longitudinal direction; multiple areas of severe reactive @entity82 invaded the myocardium, accompanied by markedly altered @entity16899 expression. The right and left bundle-branch CVs were comparable to those of @entity164 animals. The atria showed only mild @entity82 , with heterogeneously disturbed @entity16898 and @entity16899 expression. CONCLUSIONS: A 50% reduction in @entity42451 expression alone or age-related @entity82 only slightly affects conduction. In aged HZ @entity19 , reduced @entity42451 expression is accompanied by the presence of reactive @entity82 and disarrangement of gap junctions, which results in profound conduction impairment.

title: Impaired impulse propagation in XXXX -knockout @entity19 : combined contribution of excitability, connexin expression, and tissue architecture in relation to aging.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis', 'fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['wild-type littermates', 'WT']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['rightward rotation']

answer: @entity42451 :: (20271(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Scn5a']


abstract: The presence of the cellular multidrug resistance ( @entity1262 ) gene and its product, @entity1262 ( @entity1262 ), is thought to be a mechanism for the failure of chemotherapy in @entity5 @entity1 . @entity460 channel blockers have been shown to sensitise @entity5 cells to anticancer drugs by reversing @entity1262 expression in cell lines. The interactions between anticancer drugs such as @entity3600 (BCNU), @entity1891 (VCR) and @entity4174 ( @entity5241 ) and @entity460 channel blockers such as @entity3931 and @entity1855 on cultured cells of @entity463 from eight @entity1 were therefore tested. @entity1262 expression was examined immunohistochemically using C219 monoclonal antibody in cytospin preparation. The @entity137 of the drugs was screened using microculture tetrazolium assay. The cells from five @entity1 showed positive immunoreaction for @entity1262 . @entity3931 showed growth-inhibitory activity against @entity463 cells at a rate of 16.55-26.88% (P < 0.05), but a similar effect was not observed with @entity1855 . While antiproliferative effects of BCNU were around 20.91-45.09% (P < 0.05) on the cells from seven @entity1 , VCR was the most effective agent in inhibition of cell growth at a rate of 26.43-48.47% (P < 0.05). The response of the cells from five @entity1 to @entity5241 was from 11.98 to 16.32% (P < 0.05). When used together, @entity3931 further enriched @entity137 of the anticancer drugs up to 11.14-40.85% (P < 0.05) without relation to @entity1262 expression. In conclusion, the enhancement of @entity137 of anticancer drugs by @entity3931 suggests that there might be a synergy between anticancer drugs and @entity3931 in the inhibition of @entity11 cell growth.

title: The effects of anticancer drugs in combination with XXXX and @entity1855 on cultured cells of @entity463 multiforme.

entities_list: @entity4174 :: ('MESH:D011344', 'Chemical') :: ['procarbazine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity3931 :: ('MESH:D009553', 'Chemical') :: ['nimodipine', 'Nimodipine']

entities_list: @entity3600 :: ('MESH:D002330', 'Chemical') :: ['carmustine']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity3931 :: (MESH:D009553,Chemical) :: ['nimodipine']


abstract: We investigated the protective effects of chemical stimulation of cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IN) on @entity63 -reperfusion injury (GI-RI) and its possible regulatory mechanisms in @entity35 . Gastric @entity16 index (GMDI) indicated the severity of @entity1819 . Transferase @entity1977 nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) were performed to assess gastric mucosal cell apoptosis and proliferation. Microinjection of @entity2227 into IN markedly attenuated GI-RI. Either chemical lesion of IN or electrical ablation of the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle (DSCP) obviously aggravated GI-RI. The protective effects of IN were reversed with the pretreatments of microinjection of @entity31239 into IN or Bicuculline into @entity1640 ( @entity1640 ), individually. The discharge frequency and intensity of greater splanchnic nerve (GSN) @entity551 flow increased after chemical stimulation of IN. The apoptosis of positive cells of gastric mucosa was decreased by chemical stimulation of IN, whereas proliferation increased. The gastric juice volume, acidity, and total acid output were all decreased after the chemical stimulation of IN. These results indicated that IN participates in regulation of GI-RI and is a specific area in central nervous system for exerting protective effects on GI-RI. DSCP, @entity1640 and GSN may involve in this process. Apoptosis and proliferation may mediate this protective process in @entity35 too.

title: Lateral hypothalamic area mediated the protective effects of microinjection of @entity2227 into interpositus nucleus on XXXX -reperfusion injury in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosal injuries']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ischemia']

entities_list: @entity31239 :: ('MESH:D015097', 'Chemical') :: ['3-mercaptopropionic acid']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['LHA', 'lateral hypothalamic area']

entities_list: @entity1975 :: ('25737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['decreased and gastric mucosal blood']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['gastric ischemia']


abstract: This study was conducted to describe our first experience using transvaginal 4-dimensional (4D) hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography with SonoVue (Bracco International BV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) for diagnosis of @entity5274 patency. The study was prospective and conducted in a university hospital setting. The sonographic procedures included 2-dimensional transvaginal sonography for evaluating uterine and ovarian mobility, observing intubation, and determining the initial plane and 4D hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography for observing periovarian and pelvic diffusion. Ninety-six outpatients visiting @entity249 clinics underwent 4D hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography. All @entity1 finished the examination successfully. A total of 192 fallopian tubes were assessed, of which 95 (49.5%) were classified as type A (the tube was patent, and the contrast agent flowed smoothly through it), 72 (37.5%) as type B (the tube was patent, but the contrast agent did not flow smoothly inside it), and 25 (13.0%) as type C (blocked). Sixteen @entity1 underwent laparoscopy or laparoscopy combined with hysteroscopy; 28 tubes (87.5%) were concordant with laparoscopy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and Youden index for 4D hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography versus laparoscopy were 81.8%, 90.5%, 81.8%, 90.5%, and 0.72 respectively. In total, 92.7% of @entity1 did not require a hospital stay after 4D hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography, and none need resuscitation. The others stayed in the hospital for clinical observation because of a severe @entity907 or severe @entity158 but received only bed rest without any medical treatment. Forty @entity1 (41.7%) felt slight @entity158 ; 39 (40.6%) felt moderate @entity158 ; and 15 (15.6%) had a @entity907 . No procedure or postprocedure complications occurred in any @entity1 . In conclusion, 4D hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography with SonoVue is an available screening method for assessment of tubal patency and is tolerable for most @entity1 .

title: First experience using 4-dimensional hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography with SonoVue for assessing XXXX patency.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal reaction']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['fallopian tube']

answer: @entity5274 :: (MESH:D005184,Disease) :: ['fallopian tube']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Increased @entity2333 (measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) and central augmentation index have been shown to independently predict cardiovascular events, including @entity64 . We studied whether pulse wave velocity and central augmentation index predict functional outcome after @entity385 . METHODS: In a prospective study, we enrolled 99 @entity1 with acute @entity385 (age 63.7    12.4 years, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score 6.6    6.6, mean    SD). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and central augmentation index (SphygmoCor) were measured 1 week after @entity64 onset. Functional outcome was evaluated 90 days after @entity64 using the modified Rankin Scale with modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 1 considered an excellent outcome. RESULTS: In univariate analysis, low carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (P=0.000001) and low central augmentation index (P=0.028) were significantly associated with excellent @entity64 outcome. Age, severity of @entity64 , presence of previous @entity64 , @entity6 , heart rate, and peripheral pressures also predicted @entity64 functional outcome. In multivariate analysis, the predictive value of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (<9.4 m/s) remained significant (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.06-0.79; P=0.02) after adjustment for age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission, and presence of previous @entity64 . By contrast, central augmentation index had no significant predictive value after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that @entity2333 is an independent predictor of functional outcome in @entity1 with acute @entity385 .

title: XXXX predicts functional outcome in @entity1 after @entity385 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stiffness']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity2333 :: (MESH:D001018,Disease) :: ['Aortic stiffness']