abstract: BACKGROUND: Continuous wound infiltration (CWI), i.v. @entity1 -controlled analgesia (i.v.-PCA), and @entity1337 ( @entity1337 ) are analgesic techniques commonly used for @entity158 relief after open abdominal surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these techniques. METHODS: A decision analytic model was developed, including values retrieved from clinical trials and from an observational prospective cohort of 85 @entity1 . Efficacy criteria were based on @entity158 at rest (VAS  <= 30/100 mm at 24 h). Resource use and costs were evaluated from medical record measurements and published data. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) was performed. RESULTS: When taking into account all resources consumed, the CWI arm (    6460) is economically dominant when compared with i.v.-PCA (    7273) and @entity1337 (    7500). The proportion of @entity1 successfully controlled for their @entity282 management are 77.4%, 53.9%, and 72.9% for CWI, i.v.-PCA, and @entity1337 , respectively, demonstrating the CWI procedure to be both economically and clinically dominant. PSA reported that CWI remains cost saving in 70.4% of cases in comparison with @entity1337 and in 59.2% of cases when compared with @entity4901 . CONCLUSIONS: Device-related costs of using CWI for @entity158 management after abdominal laparotomy are partly counterbalanced by a reduction in resource consumption. The cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that CWI is the dominant treatment strategy for managing @entity282 (i.e. more effective and less costly) in comparison with i.v.-PCA. When compared with @entity1337 , CWI is less costly with almost equivalent efficacy. This economic evaluation may be useful for clinicians to design algorithms for @entity158 management after major abdominal surgery.

title: Cost-effectiveness analysis comparing epidural, XXXX -controlled intravenous morphine, and continuous wound infiltration for @entity282 management after open abdominal surgery.

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['epidural analgesia', 'EDA']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: Although the occasional appearance of a normal histology of biopsies from endoscopic colorectal (CR) @entity1127 is generally held knowledge, its prevalence has rarely been focused on, and the yield of additional sections in such cases has been previously addressed in merely four communications. Hitherto, this issue has not been discussed in the context of the clinical setting. The prime aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of step sectioning CR biopsies, considered non-diagnostic ( @entity3257 ( @entity3257 )) on routine sections. The results are correlated with the indications for endoscopy. Additionally, an appropriate, cost-effective approach for handling @entity3257 was sought. Biopsies from 480 clinical @entity1127 were prospectively evaluated by one of three gastrointestinal pathologists and classified as (a) diagnostic biopsies (DB), comprising @entity1127 , @entity1127 ( @entity1127 ), sessile-serrated @entity1127 , other diverse causes of @entity1127 formation and (b) @entity3257 comprising normal histology (group 1), suspicious of either @entity652 (group 2) or @entity1127 (group 3). Material grouped 1-3 was subsequently step-sectioned (three sections prepared from each of nine additional levels). The biopsy specimens were obtained from 245 endoscopies and stratified in the following categories according to the clinical indications: relevant symptoms (symptomatic, n=127), previously documented sporadic large bowel @entity5 (follow-up, n=99), and documented or presumed hereditary condition that confer an increased risk of @entity14 (hereditary, n=19, including 15 @entity14 ( @entity14 ) cases). Sixty-five (13.5%) of the 480 samples were classified as @entity3257 (normal morphology n=49, suspicious of @entity652 n=5, suspicious of @entity1127 n=11), constituting roughly 10% of all biopsies from the symptomatic and the follow-up categories, 32.1% of samples from the hereditary cases, the difference between the hereditary and the non-hereditary cases being statistically significant (p<0.0001). Upon leveling the 65 @entity3257 , a DB emerged in 24 (36.9%) cases, with no significant difference in the yield in relation to the delineated indication categories. Thereby, diagnostic information was obtained with three additional levels in 15 cases, the remaining 9 cases requiring additional sections, ranging from 4 to 8 levels. The present step sectioning approach implied an extra expense of about 112 US  for each @entity3257 converted to a DB. The higher prevalence of @entity3257 in relation to @entity74 probably reflects sampling of particularly diminutive lesions. Given the high yield of step sectioning @entity3257 coupled with an acceptable price, our strategy delineated here is recommended in routine practice with the modification of an initial preparation of sections from merely three levels, and if still non-diagnostic, supplementation with additional five levels.

title: Biopsies of colorectal clinical XXXX --emergence of diagnostic information on deeper levels.

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['polyp', 'HP', 'polyps', 'hyperplastic polyps', 'neoplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disorders']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['HNPCC', 'CRC', 'hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3257 :: ('MESH:C580335', 'Disease') :: ['NDB', 'non-diagnostic biopsies']

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['polyps']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9963 ( @entity9963 ) is used in the food industry for developing formulated food products. This study investigates the feasibility of increasing the value of @entity25512 ( @entity25512 ) by producing a functional @entity9963 . Quality attributes of spray and freeze-dried @entity25512 surimi containing lyoprotectants were studied. A freeze-dried @entity25512 surimi without lyoprotectants was also prepared as a control sample. RESULTS: The amount of protein, moisture, fat and @entity1735 in the FPPs were 745-928, 39-58, 21-32 and 10-151 g kg(-1). Quality attributes of FPPs were influenced by the two drying methods and lyoprotectants. The highest level of lipid oxidation was found in the control and the second highest in the spray-dried @entity9963 . The spray-dried fish protein had the lowest viscosity among all FPPs. Gel-forming ability of samples with lyoprotectants was higher than that of the control. Water-binding capacity, emulsion properties and solubility of the freeze-dried fish protein containing lyoprotectants were significantly higher than spray-dried and control samples. However, functional properties of spray-dried @entity9963 were higher than the control sample. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to develop value-added @entity9963 from @entity25512 surimi using spray- and freeze-drying processes, but freeze-dried @entity9963 containing lyoprotectant had superior functional properties and stability compared with spray-dried sample. Both products might be used as functional protein ingredients in various food systems.

title: The influence of additives and drying methods on quality attributes of fish protein powder made from XXXX ( @entity25512 ).

entities_list: @entity25512 :: ('8060', 'Species') :: ['Pollachius virens', 'saithe']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity9963 :: ('MESH:D005393', 'Disease') :: ['FPP', 'Fish protein powder']

answer: @entity25512 :: (8060,Species) :: ['saithe']


abstract: AIMS: A significant proportion of @entity1 implanted with biventricular ( @entity3032 ) devices fail to respond. Clinical response may be improved by additional ventricular stimulation sites. This single-centre, double-blinded randomized crossover trial aimed to determine whether long-term multisite ventricular pacing is superior to conventional @entity3032 pacing in @entity712 @entity1 . METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 43 @entity1 referred for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) underwent transvenous implantation of a triventricular (TriV) device. Pacing leads were positioned in the right ventricular (RV) apex and a lateral coronary sinus (CS) branch, with a third ventricular lead implanted in a further lateral CS branch in 23 @entity1 (group A) and on the high RV septum in 20 @entity1 (group B). Devices were programmed in a randomized order to four pre-determined pacing configurations: conventional @entity3032 , TriV, and dual-site and single-site left bentricular (LV) or RV pacing for 3-month periods with clinical and echo assessment at the end of each period. The primary endpoint was the comparison of 6 min walk distance (6MW) after 3 months of @entity3032 vs. TriV pacing; secondary endpoints were Minnesota Living With @entity712 (MLWHF) scores, and LV dimensions and function. The 12-month follow-up period was completed by 37 @entity1 . Compared with @entity3032 pacing, TriV pacing resulted in significant improvements in 6MW (451    112 m vs. 425    119 m, P = 0.008), MLWHF (32    19 vs. 38    24, P = 0.036), LV end-systolic volume (158    79mL vs. 168    76 mL, P < 0.05), and ejection fraction (30    8% vs. 27    8%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TriV pacing was associated with significant improvements in clinical and echocardiographic parameters compared with @entity3032 pacing.

title: A randomized double-blind crossover trial of triventricular versus biventricular pacing in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Heart Failure', 'heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: @entity6 with @entity1897 frequently results in forefoot ulceration. Ulceration at the first ray level tends to be recalcitrant to local wound care modalities and off-loading techniques. If healing does occur, @entity1066 recurrence is common. When infection develops, partial first ray amputation in an effort to preserve maximum foot length is often performed. However, the survivorship of partial first ray amputations in this @entity1 population and associated re-amputation rate remain unknown. Therefore, in an effort to determine the actual re-amputation rate following any form of partial first ray amputation in @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity1897 , the authors conducted a systematic review. Only studies involving any form of partial first ray amputation associated with @entity6 and @entity1897 but without @entity63 were included. Our search yielded a total of 24 references with 5 (20.8%) meeting our inclusion criteria involving 435 partial first ray amputations. The weighted mean age of @entity1 was 59 years and the weighted mean follow-up was 26 months. The initial amputation level included the proximal phalanx base 167 (38.4%) times; first metatarsal head resection 96 (22.1%) times; first metatarsal-phalangeal joint disarticulation 53 (12.2%) times; first metatarsal mid-shaft 39 (9%) times; hallux fillet flap 32 (7.4%) times; first metatarsal base 29 (6.7%) times; and partial hallux 19 (4.4%) times. The incidence of re-amputation was 19.8% (86/435). The end stage, most proximal level, following re-amputation was an additional digit 32 (37.2%) times; transmetatarsal 28 (32.6%) times; below-knee 25 (29.1%) times; and LisFranc 1 (1.2%) time. The results of our systematic review reveal that one out of every five @entity1 undergoing any version of a partial first ray amputation will eventually require more proximal re-amputation. These results reveal that partial first ray amputation for @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity1897 may not represent a durable, functional, or predictable foot-sparing amputation and that a more proximal amputation, such as a balanced transmetatarsal amputation, as the index amputation may be more beneficial to the @entity1 . However, this remains a matter for conjecture due to the limited data available and, therefore, additional prospective investigations are warranted.

title: Incidence of re-amputation following partial first ray amputation associated with @entity6 and XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'Diabetes mellitus', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['critical limb ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral sensory neuropathy', 'peripheral neuropathy']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral sensory neuropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the method and the early effectiveness of @entity572 in the treatment of protrusion acetabuli. METHODS: Between January 2006 and February 2010, 16 cases (16 hips) of protrusion acetabuli were treated, including 6 males and 10 females with an average age of 56.5 years (range, 39-72 years). The median disease duration was 6.4 years (range, 1 year and 6 months to 35 years). Involved hips included 7 left hips and 9 right hips; 3 @entity1 had primary protrusion acetabuli and 13 @entity1 had secondary protrusion acetabuli. The preoperative Harris score was 49.5 +/- 5.5. According to Dunlop et al. classification criterion, there were 3 cases of mild, 9 cases of moderate, and 4 cases of severe. All @entity1 received @entity572 with bone graft and cementless prosthesis for recovery of femoral offset and acetabular center of rotation. RESULTS: All incisions healed by first intention without complication of @entity281 , @entity1150 , or @entity128 . All @entity1 were followed up 12-62 months with an average of 37 months. The Harris score at last follow-up was 90.5 +/- 4.5, showing significant difference (t = 49.578, P = 0.000) when compared with preoperative score. The X-ray films showed that no prosthesis loosening or subsidence was observed, and bone graft healed with no sign of re-protrusion. CONCLUSION: In treatment of protrusion acetabuli, @entity572 with bone graft and cementless prosthesis can recover the femoral offset and acetabular center of rotation and provide satisfactory early effectiveness.

title: [Early effectiveness of XXXX in treating protrusion acetabuli].

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['total hip arthroplasty']

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['total hip arthroplasty']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify the risk factors associated to severe @entity2587 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case-control study, with non probabilistic of consecutive sample cases. The risk factors criteria for severe @entity130 were established by experts' consensus in @entity1 diagnosed with injury caused during sports practice between July 2004 and March 2005. These @entity1 were attended in the emergency room at the Magdalena de las Salinas High Medical Specialty Unit in Mexico City. RESULTS: There were included 131 @entity1 with @entity2587 ; there were 76.3% @entity1 and 23.7% @entity1 . The mean age was 21.6+/-8.6. There were non severe @entity130 , (concussions, @entity121 , sprained) in 55% of @entity1 and 45% of @entity1 had severe @entity130 ( @entity174 , @entity3029 , @entity174 , @entity130 ). In the case of severe @entity130 , it was associated with working out in a non reglamentary area [odd ratio (OR) of 2.5, p=0.01, CI (1.2-5.1)], soccer practice [OR of 2.4, p=0.01, CI (1.2-4.8)], body @entity130 [OR of 5.9, p=0.004, CI (1.6-21.9)], indirect injury mechanism [OR of 2.2, p=0.04, CI (0.9-5.2)], sport practice<or=4 hours/week [OR of 2.9, p=0.004, CI (1.4-6.2)], no warm up [OR of 2.2, p=0.02, CI (1.04-4.6)]. CONCLUSIONS: With the identified factors we can explain 37.6% of the severe @entity130 with statistical significance, the other factors here studied did not show statistical significance, but had clinical significance. In following studies we recommended to use a bigger sample than we used in this study.

title: [Associated factors to severe XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture-dislocation']

entities_list: @entity2587 :: ('MESH:D001265', 'Disease') :: ['sport injuries']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle strains']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'physeal injury', 'axis injury']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['dislocation']

answer: @entity2587 :: (MESH:D001265,Disease) :: ['sport injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Brain @entity2548 (BAVFs) are dangerous lesions with significant risks for @entity548 and re- @entity548 ; thus, the management of BAVFs is an important subject. Flow disconnection can be accomplished by surgical or endovascular techniques. We reviewed the experience in our endovascular treatment of @entity1 with BAVFs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2006 to March 2008, a total of 9 consecutive @entity1 with nontraumatic BAVFs were treated at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. @entity2457 and @entity439 were excluded from this study. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, cerebral angiograms, and endovascular reports for each @entity1 . Radiographic outcome was assessed by posttreatment angiography. Clinical outcome was assessed for every @entity1 . RESULTS: There were 9 @entity1 with a total of 11 BAVFs. The mean age at presentation was 17.8 years. The clinical presentations were @entity932 in 4 @entity1 , @entity10 in 2 @entity1 , and @entity410 in 1 @entity1 , with 2 @entity1 diagnosed incidentally. All lesions were supratentorial, and a venous varix was found on angiographic examination. Seven @entity1 were treated with coils, 1 with Onyx-34, and 1 with a combination of coils and glue. All 9 lesions were completely obliterated as demonstrated on follow-up angiographic examination. With a mean follow-up of 5.7 months (range, 3-12 months), all @entity1 were neurologically excellent with no symptoms (modified Rankin Scale, 0). CONCLUSIONS: BAVFs are more frequent in younger @entity1 and frequently lead to @entity932 . Staged endovascular coil embolization of BAVFs may be a good appropriate treatment technique.

title: Endovascular treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2457 :: ('MESH:D020785', 'Disease') :: ['Dural arteriovenous fistulas']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['Galen aneurysmal malformations']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous fistulas']

answer: @entity2548 :: (MESH:D001164,Disease) :: ['brain arteriovenous fistulas']


abstract: AIM: Impact assessment of an adjunct to standard teaching on knowledge gain and self-assessed confidence for students undertaking their paediatric attachment and evaluation of an @entity387 ( @entity387 ) learning package. METHODS: Pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial involving 248 UK medical undergraduates within six paediatric clinical rotations. Intervention groups received an online ABD learning package consisting of symptom-based decision-making pathways underpinned by a ratified ABD evidence-based guideline. Control groups received an online dummy package. Outcome measures were a pre- and post-intervention multiple choice question assessment and confidence questionnaire utilising 5-point Likert scales. RESULTS: Significant knowledge gain in the intervention group (mean 6.84, 95% CI 5.56-8.12) versus no such difference in the control group, significant improvement in self-assessed confidence in intervention group versus no such difference in control group and significant confidence differences in ABD-specific statements were noted. In the satisfaction questionnaire, the learning content was noted to be new to only 16% @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Supplementation of standard teaching with an interactive delivery method resulted in @entity73 and self-assessed confidence improvement in interaction with @entity1 with @entity387 . This indicates that a well-designed tool can help prepare students for direct interaction with sick @entity1 as a junior clinician. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN27499282.

title: Improving assessment of paediatric XXXX in medical education: a cluster randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive gain']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['ABDs', 'acute breathing difficulties']

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['acute breathing difficulties']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity521 ( @entity521 ) is the most frequently occurring solid @entity5 in @entity1 , and shows heterogeneous clinical behavior. Favorable @entity5 , which are usually detected by mass screening based on increased levels of @entity2661 in urine, regress spontaneously via @entity204 ( @entity204 ) or mature through differentiation into benign @entity6010 ( @entity6010 ). In contrast, @entity5 often grow aggressively, despite intensive chemotherapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of @entity204 during spontaneous regression in favorable @entity5 , as well as identifying genes with a pro-death role, is a matter of urgency for developing novel approaches to the treatment of @entity5 . PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We found that the expression of @entity17479 ( @entity17479 ) was usually down-regulated due to DNA methylation in an @entity521 cell-specific manner, but up-regulated in degenerating @entity521 cells within locally regressing areas of favorable @entity5 detected by mass-screening. Experiments in vitro showed that not only a restoration of its expression but also the accumulation of @entity17479 protein, was required to induce non-apoptotic cell death with autophagic vacuoles and lysosomal destabilization with lysosomal-membrane permeabilization (LMP) in a caspase-independent manner. While autophagy is a membrane-trafficking pathway to degrade the proteins in lysosomes, the @entity17479 -mediated lysosomal destabilization with LMP leads to an interruption of autophagic flux, resulting in the accumulation of immature autophagic vacuoles, @entity16402 / @entity16402 , and ubiqitinated proteins as substrates of autophagic degradation. In addition, ubiquitin-positive inclusion bodies appeared in degenerating @entity521 cells. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a novel molecular mechanism for @entity204 with the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles due to @entity17479 -mediated lysosomal destabilization. @entity17479 -induced cell death is lysosomal cell death with impaired autophagy, not cell death by autophagy, so-called autophagic cell death. Thus @entity17479 -mediated @entity204 is closely associated with the spontaneous regression of NBs and opens new avenues for exploring innovative clinical interventions for this @entity5 .

title: Lysosomal-associated protein multispanning transmembrane 5 gene ( XXXX ) is associated with spontaneous regression of @entity521 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity6010 :: ('MESH:D005729', 'Disease') :: ['GN', 'ganglioneuroma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'NB tumors', 'advanced-type NB tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity17479 :: ('7805', 'Gene') :: ['LAPTM5', 'lysosomal associated protein multispanning transmembrane 5']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['NB', 'Neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'programmed cell death']

answer: @entity17479 :: (7805,Gene) :: ['LAPTM5']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study investigates the current practice of United Kingdom (UK) ophthalmologists in perioperative antibiotic and antiseptic use in @entity231 surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A telephone interview survey was conducted with ophthalmic staff at all ophthalmic training units in the UK in October and November 2005. RESULTS: The practices of a total of 800 consultants were ascertained. Preoperatively, 795 (99.4%) surgeons used @entity4279 to prepare the skin. In all, 558 (69.8%) instilled 5 or 10% @entity4279 in the conjunctival sac; 47 (5.9%) gave preoperative antibiotic eyedrops. Intraoperatively, intracameral antibiotics were given either as a bolus [80 (10.0%) intracameral @entity2261 , 29 (3.6%) intracameral @entity2176 ] or in the irrigating fluid [33 (4.1%) @entity2176 ]. 48 (6.0%) gave subconjunctival @entity801 only routinely, 531 (66.4%) gave subconjunctival @entity2261 , and 39 (4.9%) gave other subconjunctival antibiotics. A single dose of topical antibiotics was given by 134 (16.8%) surgeons. Postoperatively, 515 (64.4%) used a combination @entity134 and @entity5154 eyedrop, and 213 (26.6%) gave a separate @entity134 and @entity2755 eyedrop. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals wide variations in the choice and duration of antibiotics used by UK ophthalmologists. The predominant methods of intraoperative prophylaxis are subconjunctival @entity2261 and intracameral @entity2261 . Most surgeons used a neomycin eyedrop for postoperative prophylaxis.

title: A survey of measures used for the prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis after XXXX surgery in the United Kingdom.

entities_list: @entity2261 :: ('MESH:D002444', 'Chemical') :: ['cefuroxime']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamycin']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity4279 :: ('MESH:D011206', 'Chemical') :: ['povidone-iodine']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity5154 :: ('MESH:D009355', 'Chemical') :: ['neomycin']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of probable @entity206 / @entity207 ( @entity1597 / @entity1598 )-induced @entity426 ( @entity426 ) and nocturnal delirium in an elderly @entity1 on high-dose oral therapy. CASE SUMMARY: An 82-year-old @entity1 with a recent history of @entity308 became @entity772 following an @entity1445 of @entity837 and @entity6720 . He was admitted, ventilated for 7 days in the intensive care unit, and treated with @entity3400 / @entity7120 and cefepime for @entity1174 . Following discharge to a medical ward, respiratory symptoms persisted and imaging confirmed pulmonary abscesses. @entity14346 was isolated from sputum and, on day 15, @entity1597 / @entity1598 800 mg/160 mg 1 tablet every 12 hours was initiated. On day 35, the dose was increased to 800 mg/160 mg 2 tablets every 12 hours. By day 37, the @entity1 was unsteady when attempting to stand. From day 40, he was noted to have features of @entity426 with gait ignition failure, poor balance, and frequent falls. His other medications at this time were @entity9138 100 mg daily, multivitamin 1 tablet daily, @entity4546 20 mg every 12 hours, and modified-release @entity906 150 mg daily. Investigation did not reveal any cause for his acute gait disturbance. @entity1597 / @entity1598 was stopped on day 48 and, by day 51, the @entity1 's gait had returned to normal. DISCUSSION: Neuropsychiatric adverse reactions with @entity1597 / @entity1598 have been infrequently reported. The Naranjo probability scale indicated that @entity1597 / @entity1598 was the probable cause of @entity426 in this @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: At time of writing, this was the first reported case of @entity426 associated with @entity1597 / @entity1598 . Clinicians should consider this adverse reaction as a potential cause of @entity426 , especially in the elderly and those with @entity3147 and @entity8 .

title: Probable XXXX / @entity207 -induced higher-level gait disorder and nocturnal delirium in an elderly @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic or renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity14346 :: ('40324', 'Species') :: ['Stenotrophomonas maltophilia']

entities_list: @entity3400 :: ('MESH:D010878', 'Chemical') :: ['piperacillin']

entities_list: @entity7120 :: ('MESH:C043265', 'Chemical') :: ['tazobactam']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['comatose']

entities_list: @entity9138 :: ('MESH:D013831', 'Chemical') :: ['thiamine']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['escitalopram']

entities_list: @entity6720 :: ('MESH:D010076', 'Chemical') :: ['oxazepam']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity906 :: ('MESH:C047426', 'Chemical') :: ['venlafaxine']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

entities_list: @entity426 :: ('MESH:D020233', 'Disease') :: ['higher-level gait disorder', 'HLGD']

answer: @entity206 :: (MESH:D014295,Chemical) :: ['trimethoprim']


abstract: PURPOSE To evaluate the potential benefit of continuous daily dosing @entity2240 in @entity1 with advanced nongastrointestinal @entity5 ( @entity677 ) @entity242 . @entity1 AND METHODS A total of 53 @entity1 with advanced non- @entity677 soft tissue @entity242 received @entity2240 37.5 mg daily. Primary end point was Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors defined response. Secondary end points were stable disease at 16 and 24 weeks. @entity419 positron emission tomography was performed on a subset of 24 @entity1 at baseline and after 10 to 14 days of therapy. Results Forty-eight @entity1 were eligible for response. One @entity1 ( @entity2269 [ @entity2269 ]) achieved a confirmed partial response (PR) and remained on study for 56 weeks. Ten @entity1 (20%) achieved stable disease for at least 16 weeks. Metabolic PR was seen in 10 (47%) of 21 of @entity1 . @entity209 was seen in 11 (52%) of 21. There were no unexpected @entity137 observed. CONCLUSION @entity2240 demonstrated notable evidence of metabolic response in several @entity1 with @entity677 . The relevance of disease control observed in subtypes with an indolent natural history is unknown, however, the durable disease control observed in @entity5 , and @entity2968 suggests that future evaluation of @entity2240 in these subtypes may be warranted.

title: Multicenter phase II trial of XXXX in the treatment of @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity677 :: ('MESH:C564650', 'Disease') :: ['GIST', 'non-GIST sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['[(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity2240 :: ('MESH:C473478', 'Chemical') :: ['Sunitinib', 'sunitinib']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stromal tumor', 'DSRCT, solitary fibrous tumor']

entities_list: @entity2968 :: ('MESH:D018212', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell tumor of bone']

entities_list: @entity2269 :: ('MESH:D058405', 'Disease') :: ['DSRCT', 'desmoplastic round cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic stable disease']

answer: @entity2240 :: (MESH:C473478,Chemical) :: ['sunitinib']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate postgraduate training period, social life and problems of cardiology residents in @entity233 by using a questionnaire form and to compare with the core curriculum of European Society of Cardiology for general cardiology. METHODS: Overall, 529 residents of cardiology ages in range of 24-35 years (mean age: 26.5  2.0 years, 81.4% male) participated as volunteers in this cross-sectional survey study. An 86-item questionnaire form was used to evaluate the education process, capacity of knowledge and skill and social effectiveness level of @entity1 . The questionnaire were composed both closed- and open-ended questions. The questionnaire form was filled in with the face-to-face communication method. The data of survey were compared with the core curriculum of European Society of Cardiology for general cardiology training period. Chi-square or Fischer exact test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The @entity1 were working in various university hospitals (70.3%) and training-research (state) hospitals in 31 different provinces in @entity233 (40.8% in Marmara region). They visited 40  10 outpatients and 10  5 hospitalized pts daily in the clinics. The 3-5 residents worked at the clinic on night shifts and mostly (89%) 8 or more night shifts per month were held in their first training years. During first three-years of training 76% of residents have performed echocardiography, 40.8%-transesophageal echocardiography and 10% - intraoperative echocardiography. The 84.3% of them evaluated exercise tests, 76.4%-Holter electrocardiography and 53.3%-tilt-table tests. The rate of residents working in coronary angiography laboratories was 54.3%. The 53.7% of residents performed coronary angiography and 64%-only in the 4th year of their training. The number of coronary angiography performance was under expected when compared with European Society of Cardiology curriculum. The 18.5% of residents were participated as assistant researcher in an international multi-center study and only 10% had an article published in national journals (4.3% published in Science Citation Index). The 30.6% considered the cardiology training period in their centers to be insufficient, whereas 37.4% found it partially sufficient and 31.9% sufficient. Only 32.9% of @entity1 could dedicate time for social activities. CONCLUSION: According to the referred core curriculum of ESC for general cardiology the training of cardiology residents in non-invasive applications is adequate however coronary angiography applications are slightly insufficient in @entity233 . In addition, the number of publications per capita is quiet low.

title: A survey for the evaluation of the training period of cardiology specialists in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: A 55-year-old @entity1 underwent aortic valve replacement for @entity337 12 years ago. At that time, @entity8 was diagnosed. Subsequently, @entity177 developed gradually. In August 2007, the @entity1 was admitted to the hospital because of dull back @entity158 . Computed tomography (CT) revealed @entity1580 extending from the ascending aorta to the bifurcation of the iliac artery (Stanford type A). However, the @entity1 had no severe symptoms associated with @entity1580 On the basis of the results of CT and blood testing, chronic @entity1580 was diagnosed. Because the @entity1 also had @entity177 we decided to perform elective surgery. In January 2008, ascending aortic and aortic arch replacement with a distal @entity7105 trunk was performed. After surgery, we were concerned about the risk of @entity177 . However, the @entity1 recovered uneventfully, without requiring dialysis. @entity1580 can occur as a complication in @entity1 with @entity8 . Strict control of blood pressure is therefore essential in such @entity1 .

title: [Thoracic XXXX complicating @entity8 ; report of a case].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease', 'autosomal dominant polycystic kidney']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic dissection', 'aortic dissection']

answer: @entity1580 :: (MESH:C562834,Disease) :: ['aortic dissection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of @entity602 ( @entity602 ) on the need for acute admissions for @entity662 in @entity1 with @entity951 . DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of case records. @entity1 : 19 consecutive @entity1 implanted for @entity602 between 1987 and 1997. All had three @entity301 , and all were in New York Heart Association functional group III/IV. METHODS: Admission rates were calculated for three separate periods: (1) from initial presentation up until last revascularisation; (2) from last revascularisation until @entity602 implantation; (3) from @entity602 implantation until the study date. Post-revascularisation rates were then compared with post- @entity602 rates, without including admissions before revascularisation, as this would bias against revascularisation procedures. RESULTS: Annual admission rate after revascularisation was 0.97/ @entity1 /year, compared with 0.27 after @entity602 (p = 0.02). Mean time in hospital/ @entity1 /year after revascularisation was 8.3 days v 2.5 days after @entity602 (p = 0.04). No unexplained new ECG changes were observed during follow up and @entity1 presented with @entity1459 and @entity583 in the usual way. CONCLUSIONS: @entity602 is effective in preventing hospital admissions in @entity1 with @entity951 , without masking serious ischaemic symptoms or leading to silent @entity1188 .

title: Spinal cord stimulation significantly decreases the need for acute hospital admission for @entity662 in XXXX with @entity951 .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['vessel coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord stimulation', 'SCS']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['refractory angina pectoris', 'refractory angina']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of gavage of @entity7878 recombinant heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene on protection of the intestinal mucosa and the @entity32 of lower intestine during @entity548 . METHODS: A model of @entity548 was reproduced in 30 SD healthy male @entity35 . They were randomly divided into the @entity7878 recombinant HO-1 gene group (HO group, n=10), @entity7878 group (LL group, n=10), and @entity1160 group ( @entity367 group, n=10). @entity367 was gavaged 6 hours and other agents were gavaged 24 hours before the experiment. Samples were collected 1 hour after @entity548 and fluid resuscitation. The mortality, mean arterial pressure (MAP) during @entity548 and fluid resuscitation, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the pathological changes, and the contents of HO-1, @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) of the lower intestine were determined immunohistochemically and compared. RESULTS: When the results of HO group were compared with @entity367 and LL groups, the mortality was significantly decreased in the former (both P<0.05). In HO group, MAP values at 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after fluid resuscitation were significantly elevated (all P<0.05). Compared with LL group, the gray levels of IL-10 and HO-1 in HO group and @entity367 group were significantly increased (all P<0.05). Compared with @entity367 group, the gray level of HO-1 was significantly increased in HO group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the gray levels of TNF-alpha among three groups. The Chiu's grade of HO group [(1.41+/-0.28) scores] was significantly lower than those of LL group and @entity367 group [(1.93+/-0.49) scores and (1.75+/-0.58) scores, respectively, both P<0.05]. CONCLUSION: The @entity7878 recombinant HO-1 has the virtue to deliver HO-1 activity in @entity35 with @entity548 , which is beneficial for the maintenance of intestinal barrier and anti- @entity32 response of the lower intestine.

title: [Effects of XXXX recombinant heme oxygenase-1 gene on the intestinal barrier in @entity35 with @entity548 ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity7878 :: (1358,Species) :: ['L. lactis']


abstract: @entity453 is frequently present in @entity1 undergoing evaluation for reconstructive peripheral vascular surgery. @entity452 - @entity4214 imaging has been shown to be a reliable and sensitive noninvasive method for the detection of significant @entity453 . Eighty-seven candidates for vascular reconstruction underwent @entity452 - @entity4214 imaging. Forty-eight @entity1 had an abnormal @entity452 - @entity4214 scan. Twenty-two @entity1 had @entity1188 only, while 26 had reversible @entity63 demonstrated on @entity452 - @entity4214 imaging. Fourteen of 26 @entity1 with reversible @entity63 underwent cardiac catheterization and 11 showed significant @entity453 . Seven @entity1 underwent preoperative coronary bypass grafting or angioplasty. There were no postoperative myocardial events in this group. Three @entity1 were denied surgery on the basis of unreconstructible @entity453 , and one @entity1 refused further intervention. Ten @entity1 with reversible @entity741 on @entity452 - @entity4214 imaging underwent vascular surgical reconstruction without coronary revascularization and suffered a 40% incidence of @entity741 events. Five @entity1 were denied surgery because of presumed significant @entity453 on the basis of the @entity452 - @entity4214 imaging and clinical evaluation alone. Thirty-nine @entity1 with normal @entity452 - @entity4214 scans underwent vascular reconstructive surgery with a 5% incidence of postoperative @entity741 . @entity452 - @entity4214 imaging is a sensitive and reliable screening method which identifies those @entity1 with @entity453 who are at high risk for perioperative @entity741 following peripheral vascular surgery.

title: Preoperative evaluation of cardiac risk using XXXX - @entity4214 imaging in vascular surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['Dobutamine', 'dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity4214 :: ('MESH:D013793', 'Chemical') :: ['thallium']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative myocardial ischemic', 'myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary artery disease', 'coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Whether higher @entity410 ( @entity410 ) attenuates the mortality risk associated with higher @entity1386 in adults with @entity101 ( @entity101 ) is poorly understood. METHODS: @entity1 were 13,155 @entity1 (mean age, 47.7 (s.d., 9.9) years) who completed a baseline health examination and maximal treadmill exercise test during 1974-2003. All @entity1 had @entity101 at baseline based on resting systolic blood pressure of > or =140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure > or =90 mm Hg. @entity410 was quantified as the duration of a symptom-limited maximal treadmill exercise test, and was grouped for analysis as low (lowest 20%), moderate (middle 40%), and high (upper 40%). Distributions of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and percent body fat (%BF) were grouped according to standard clinical guidelines. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 12 years, 883 deaths (355 @entity65 ( @entity65 )) were recorded. Multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval) for all-cause mortality, using low-fitness as the reference group, were 0.58 (0.48-0.69) and 0.43 (0.35-0.54) for moderate-fit and high-fit groups, respectively. We observed a similar pattern for @entity65 mortality. High-fit/obese @entity1 had no greater risk of all-cause (1.59 (0.95-2.67)) or @entity65 (1.23 (0.44-3.41)) @entity204 , high-fit/abdominal-obese @entity1 had no greater risk for all-cause (1.20 (0.80-1.78)) or @entity65 (0.62 (0.25-1.53)) @entity204 , and high-fit/percent body fat (%BF)-obese @entity1 had no greater risk for all-cause (1.19 (0.90-1.56)) or @entity65 (0.86 (0.52-1.43)) @entity204 compared with their high-fit/normal counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Fitness is a powerful effect modifier in the association of @entity1386 to mortality in @entity1 with @entity101 , negating the all-cause and @entity65 mortality risk associated with @entity28 .

title: The joint effects of @entity410 and XXXX on mortality risk in @entity1 with @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory fitness', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'HTN']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adiposity']

answer: @entity1386 :: (MESH:D018205,Disease) :: ['adiposity']


abstract: Previous measurements of the kinetics of oxidation of @entity4722 by @entity1460 @entity27482 have indicated very large @entity6189 isotope effects, but have not been able to distinguish the primary isotope effect from the alpha-secondary effect. To address this question, singly deuterated @entity4722 was prepared, and enantiomerically resolved using the enzyme itself. Noncompetitive measurements of the primary @entity6189 isotope effect give a value of ca. 40 which is temperature-independent. The enthalpy of activation is low and isotope-independent, and there is a large isotope effect on the Arrhenius prefactor. A very large apparent secondary isotope effect (ca. 2.1) is measured with @entity6189 in the primary position, but a greatly reduced value (1.1) is observed with protium in the primary position. Mutagenesis of the active site leads to a significant reduction in k(cat) and perturbed isotope effects, in particular, a secondary effect of 5.6 when @entity6189 is in the primary position. The anomalous secondary isotope effects are shown to arise from imperfect stereoselectivity of @entity3884 abstraction which, for the mutant, is attributed to a combination of inverse substrate binding and increased flexibility at the reactive @entity505 . After correction, a very large primary (76-84) and small secondary (1.1-1.2) kinetic isotope effects are calculated for both mutant and wild-type enzymes. The weight of the evidence is taken to favor @entity3884 tunneling as the primary mechanism of @entity3884 transfer.

title: Nature of XXXX transfer in @entity1460 @entity27482 : separation of primary and secondary isotope effects.

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity6189 :: ('MESH:D003903', 'Chemical') :: ['deuterium']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

answer: @entity3884 :: (MESH:D006859,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the safety of spinal cord transplantation of @entity1 stem cells in @entity1 with @entity746 ( @entity746 ) with escalating doses and expansion of the trial to multiple clinical centers. METHODS: This open-label trial included 15 @entity1 at 3 academic centers divided into 5 treatment groups receiving increasing doses of stem cells by increasing numbers of cells/injection and increasing numbers of injections. All @entity1 received bilateral injections into the cervical spinal cord ( @entity17865 ). The final group received injections into both the lumbar (L2-L4) and cervical cord through 2 separate surgical procedures. @entity1 were assessed for adverse events and progression of disease, as measured by the @entity746 Functional Rating Scale-Revised, forced vital capacity, and quantitative measures of strength. Statistical analysis focused on the slopes of decline of these phase 2 trial @entity1 alone or in combination with the phase 1 @entity1 (previously reported), comparing these groups to 3 separate historical control groups. RESULTS: Adverse events were mostly related to transient @entity158 associated with surgery and to side effects of immunosuppressant medications. There was one incident of @entity282 in neurologic function and another incident of a @entity158 . We could not discern differences in surgical outcomes between surgeons. Comparisons of the slopes of decline with the 3 separate historical control groups showed no differences in mean rates of progression. CONCLUSIONS: Intraspinal transplantation of @entity1 spinal cord-derived neural stem cells can be safely accomplished at high doses, including successive lumbar and cervical procedures. The procedure can be expanded safely to multiple surgical centers. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that for @entity1 with @entity746 , spinal cord transplantation of @entity1 stem cells can be safely accomplished and does not accelerate the progression of the disease. This study lacks the precision to exclude important benefit or safety issues.

title: Transplantation of spinal cord-derived neural stem cells for XXXX : Analysis of phase 1 and 2 trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['central pain syndrome', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['acute postoperative deterioration']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['ALS']


abstract: The authors present three cases of @entity1823 located in the cauda equina. In all cases pre-operative diagnosis was @entity808 of the cauda equina and only the histology permitted correct identification. All were intradural extramedullary @entity5 and in two cases the presenting and dominant symptom was @entity1643 and sciatica. The remaining third case experimented a paraparesis with urinary and fecal @entity322 . The follow-up (range of 4 months-4 years) after total excision was uneventful in two cases and showed in the third case with @entity1746 , some persistent @entity322 (follow-up: 3 years) with good motor recovery. The light microscopic features were a Zellballen pattern of cells containing argyrophil granules. Electron microscopy was not performed. The most likely theory regarding the embryogenesis of cauda equina @entity1823 is that they arise from pre-existing paraganglia, possibly of the visceral-autonomic group. The prognosis after complete excision appears to be good. The literature is thoroughly reviewed.

title: [Intraspinal XXXX . Apropos of 3 cases with a review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['neurinoma']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1746 :: ('MESH:D020335', 'Disease') :: ['preoperative paraparesis']

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['paragangliomas', 'paraganglioma']

answer: @entity1823 :: (MESH:D010235,Disease) :: ['paraganglioma']


abstract: This review summarizes the state of the current literature relating to the associations of @entity358 on @entity28 and adipokines (proteins produced by adipose tissue) in @entity1 . @entity28 is an independent risk factor for @entity565 . Recent studies suggest that @entity28 is also an independent risk factor for chronic @entity1030 , as is seen with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). The mechanistic basis for these associations in @entity1 is not established, although a possible role for adipokines has been invoked. @entity3237 , a proinflammatory adipokine, and @entity1254 , an anti-inflammatory adipokine, are causally associated with @entity565 in @entity19 . Although @entity1 studies are currently inconclusive, high-serum @entity1243 and low-serum @entity1254 concentrations predict @entity565 , independent of @entity28 , in select population groups, such as premenopausal @entity1 in the United States. In contradistinction, low-serum @entity1243 and high-serum @entity1254 concentrations are associated with stable @entity1030 , although these associations are likely confounded by fat mass. Interestingly, @entity1243 may promote @entity32 in stable @entity1030 @entity1 . On the other hand, @entity1030 may upregulate systemic and lung @entity1254 expression. The precise mechanism and significance of the associations between these adipokines and @entity358 at the current stage is confusing and frankly paradoxical in places. This area of research needs additional study that may open up novel therapeutic strategies for these @entity358 .

title: XXXX , adipokines, and @entity358 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['systemic and airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease', 'lung diseases']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'airflow obstruction', 'COPD']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Obesity']


abstract: The past decade has seen rapid advances in the identification of associations between candidate genes and a range of common @entity74 . This paper evaluates public attitudes towards the complexity of genetic risk prediction in psychiatry involving susceptibility genes, uncertain penetrance and gene-environment interactions on which successful molecular-based mental health interventions will depend. A qualitative approach was taken to enable the exploration of the views of the public. Four structured focus groups were conducted with a total of 36 @entity1 . The majority of @entity1 indicated interest in having a genetic test for susceptibility to @entity308 , if it was available. Having a family history of @entity1032 was cited as a major reason. After discussion of perceived positive and negative implications of predictive genetic testing, nine of 24 @entity1 initially interested in having such a test changed their mind. Fear of genetic discrimination and privacy issues predominantly influenced change of attitude. All @entity1 still interested in having a predictive genetic test for risk for @entity308 reported they would only do so through trusted medical professionals. @entity1 were unanimously against direct-to-consumer genetic testing marketed through the Internet, although some would consider it if there was suitable protection against discrimination. The study highlights the importance of general practitioner and public education about @entity146 genetics, and the availability of appropriate treatment and support services prior to implementation of future predictive genetic testing services.

title: Public interest in predictive genetic testing, including direct-to-consumer testing, for susceptibility to XXXX : preliminary findings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['multifactorial disorders']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['major depression']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies document the therapeutic potential of recombinant @entity1 @entity1841 (rhBMP-2) in an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) carrier for indications in the axial and appendicular skeleton. Nevertheless, the ACS does not comprise structural integrity to adequately support bone formation for onlay indications. The objective of this study was to evaluate local bone formation and osseointegration following surgical implantation of rhBMP-2 soak-loaded onto a compression resistant matrix (CRM). METHODS: Routine, contralateral, critical-size, supraalveolar, peri-implant defects in five adult male Hound Labrador mongrel @entity235 received 0.8  mg rhBMP-2 soak-loaded onto either the ACS (benchmark control) or a CRM (collagen/ @entity28687 / @entity692 ) followed by submerged wound closure for primary intention healing. The animals were euthanized at 8  weeks for histologic/histometric evaluation. RESULTS: Healing was uneventful albeit considerable initial swelling was observed for either treatment. Sites receiving rhBMP-2/CRM showed significantly increased bone area (20.0      0.9 versus 12.3      2.6  mm(2) , p  =  0.03) and bone density (24.1      1.4% versus 14.6      2.0%, p  =  0.04) compared with those receiving rhBMP-2/ACS. There were no significant differences between treatments for new bone height and osseointegration. Woven and lamellar trabecular bone lined with abundant osteoid was observed for all sites. Inconsistent cortex formation confirmed the immature nature of the newly formed bone. @entity2080 formation was observed for both treatments (80-100% of the animals/implants). Sites receiving rhBMP-2/CRM showed residual ceramic granules undergoing biodegradation, including accumulation of foamy macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: rhBMP-2/CRM supports bone formation of clinically relevant geometry. Longer observation intervals as well as dose variations appear necessary to capture maturation of the newly formed bone, elimination of residual ceramic granules and resolution of @entity2080 formation(s).

title: Evaluation of a compression resistant matrix for recombinant XXXX @entity1841 .

entities_list: @entity1841 :: ('650', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein-2']

entities_list: @entity2080 :: ('MESH:D049291', 'Disease') :: ['Seroma', 'seroma']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aims to build @entity35 @entity879 models by 90% hepatectomy, perform autologous hepatocyte transplantation with the cells separated from the resected liver tissues, and observe the effectiveness of the transplantation on @entity879 . METHODOLOGY: Ninety percent hepatectomy was performed on twenty male @entity35 . No other treatment was given in the control group, and autologous hepatocyte transplantation was given in the experimental group. The outcomes of two groups were compared. RESULTS: The survival rate of the @entity35 of the experimental group was evidently higher than that of the control group (60% vs. 20%). The @entity1906 , ALT and AST levels of the experimental group were obviously smaller than the control group on the first postoperative day. Two days later the @entity1906 , AST and ALT levels of the control group were larger than the experimental group. Three days after the operation, the quantities of @entity1906 and ALT of the experimental group were evidently smaller than those of the control group. The quantity of AST of the experimental group was smaller than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Autologous hepatocyte transplantation with multi-point injection of 0.6mL hepatocyte suspension into the spleen effectively eased the symptoms of AHF caused by 90% hepatectomy.

title: The effects of autologous hepatocyte transplantation on @entity879 caused by 90% hepatectomy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['acute hepatic failure']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Many social factors have a role in determining the risk of overweight/ @entity28 in @entity1 and adolescents, and are the main barriers in their management. This study tries to define the effect that some familial and social factors have on the risk of overweight/ @entity28 in @entity1 and adolescents. METHOD: Population sample of 11- and 14-years old @entity1 recruited in three Primary Care Centres in Palencia. Their weight, height and skin folds were measured, and information gathered about sport activities, TV watching, and parental data (weight, height, educational status and occupation). Multivariate models were used to analyse the effect of these variables on the weight status and on the body fat. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty-two @entity1 were included. Prevalence of @entity28 was 5.6% and that of any degree of overweight was 28.9%. Overweight was not related to educational status or occupation, but it was more often found in males (OR 2.07; 95% CI; 1.12-3.83), in @entity1 whose father (OR 2.18; 95% CI; 1.14-4.15) or mother (OR 2.17; 95% CI; 1.18-3.98) were overweight, and in those who spent >= 2 h daily watching TV (OR 2.72; 95% CI; 1.43-5.19), and it was less frequent in 14 than in 11-year old @entity1 (OR 0.42; 95% CI; 0.23-0.78). @entity28 was only related to a low educational level ( @entity16133 .45; 95% CI; 1.95-193.82). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight is related with genetic-environmental factors and the modern society way of life, and occurs across the whole social spectrum. But @entity28 is strongly related to a low educational status of the family, and it still is a marker for health disparities.

title: [Social disparities in the prevalence of overweight and XXXX in adolescents].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data from 12-week placebo-controlled trials have led to mounting concerns about increased mortality in @entity1 with @entity195 ( @entity195 ) who are prescribed antipsychotics; however, there are no mortality data from long-term placebo-controlled trials. We aimed to assess whether continued treatment with antipsychotics in @entity1 with @entity195 is associated with an increased risk of mortality. METHODS: Between October, 2001, and December, 2004, @entity1 with @entity195 who resided in care facilities in the UK were enrolled into a randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel, two-group treatment discontinuation trial. @entity1 were randomly assigned to continue with their antipsychotic treatment ( @entity5957 , @entity2644 , @entity1767 , @entity6105 , or @entity1090 ) for 12 months or to switch their medication to an oral placebo. The primary outcome was mortality at 12 months. An additional follow-up telephone assessment was done to establish whether each @entity1 was still alive 24 months after the enrollment of the last @entity1 (range 24-54 months). Causes of death were obtained from death certificates. Analysis was by intention to treat (ITT) and modified intention to treat (mITT). This trial is registered with the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials/National Research Register, number ISRCTN33368770. FINDINGS: 165 @entity1 were randomised (83 to continue antipsychotic treatment and 82 to placebo), of whom 128 (78%) started treatment (64 continued with their treatment and 64 received placebo). There was a reduction in survival in the @entity1 who continued to receive antipsychotics compared with those who received placebo. Cumulative probability of survival during the 12 months was 70% (95% CI 58-80%) in the continue treatment group versus 77% (64-85%) in the placebo group for the mITT population. Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality for the whole study period showed a significantly increased risk of mortality for @entity1 who were allocated to continue antipsychotic treatment compared with those allocated to placebo (mITT log rank p=0.03; ITT p=0.02). The hazard ratio for the mITT group was 0.58 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.95) and 0.58 (0.36 to 0.92) for the ITT population. The more pronounced differences between groups during periods of follow up longer than 12 months were evident at specific timepoints (24-month survival 46%vs 71%; 36-month survival 30%vs 59%). INTERPRETATION: There is an increased long-term risk of mortality in @entity1 with @entity195 who are prescribed antipsychotic medication; these results further highlight the need to seek less harmful alternatives for the long-term treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in these @entity1 . FUNDING: UK Alzheimer's Research Trust.

title: The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART- XXXX ): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'participant', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6105 :: ('MESH:D014268', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluoperazine']

entities_list: @entity5957 :: ('MESH:D013881', 'Chemical') :: ['thioridazine']

entities_list: @entity2644 :: ('MESH:D002746', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpromazine']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['AD']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between the level of left renal vein (LRV) compression and changes in the perfusion of the left kidney in @entity1 with @entity15772 ( @entity15772 ) by one-stop whole-organ perfusion imaging of bilateral kidneys using 640-slice volume CT. METHODS: Twelve @entity1 , clinically diagnosed with @entity15772 , were subjected to one-stop examination of kidneys. Angiography and whole-organ perfusion imaging of bilateral kidneys were conducted, and the compression segment of LRV was demonstrated and measured. Information including the results of whole-organ perfusion images of both kidneys in 12 @entity1 was collected. Results of epigastrium dynamic volume scanning by 640-slice volume CT were collected for 12 @entity1 as control group. Left and right renal cortexes were chosen as regions of interest (ROI), and their perfusion values were measured. RESULTS: The perfusion values of the left and right renal cortexes in the control group were 323.8 ml    min(-1)    100 ml(-1) and 322.9 ml    min(-1)    100 ml(-1), respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (t = 1.388, P = 0.193). For @entity15772 @entity1 , the perfusion values of the left and right renal cortexes were 350.8 ml    min(-1)    100 ml(-1) and 391.1 ml    min(-1)    100 ml(-1), respectively. Significantly decreased value was observed in left renal cortex compared to that of the right renal cortex, with the mean decrease of 40.3 ml    min(-1)    100 ml(-1), and the difference was statistically significant (t = -4.204, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: As a non-invasive functional imaging technique, whole-organ perfusion imaging of kidneys can be used to evaluate the organ and tissue perfusion status and to accurately reflect the hemodynamic changes of the left renal cortex in the @entity1 with @entity15772 . Whole organ perfusion imaging may also provide the basis for quantitative diagnosis and clinical interventions of @entity15772 .

title: The clinical application of one-stop examination with 640-slice volume CT for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity15772 :: ('MESH:D059228', 'Disease') :: ['NCS', 'nutcracker syndrome']

answer: @entity15772 :: (MESH:D059228,Disease) :: ['Nutcracker syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of a-defensin-1 on the expression of @entity650 , @entity687 and MMPs as well as the signal transduction mechanisms responsible for their expression in @entity309 fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). METHODS: The concentrations of a-defensin-1 in SF were measured by ELISA. In @entity309 FLS, mRNA expression of @entity650 , @entity687 and MMPs and activation of signalling molecules were examined by real-time PCR, western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS: Concentrations of SF a-defensin-1 were significantly increased in @entity309 @entity1 compared with @entity571 @entity1 . The levels of mRNA expression of @entity650 , @entity687 , @entity3334 and @entity1549 were significantly increased in @entity309 FLS treated with a-defensin-1 compared with controls. Furthermore, a-defensin-1 activated @entity4675 and @entity3963 in @entity309 FLS, respectively. Treatment of @entity309 FLS with @entity3963 or @entity4675 inhibitors prior to a-defensin-1 treatment resulted in reduced expression of @entity650 , @entity687 , @entity3334 , and @entity1549 compared with controls. Remarkably, treatment of @entity309 FLS with an @entity3963 inhibitor prior to a-defensin-1 stimulation significantly reduced production of @entity650 and @entity3334 by approximately 71% and 98% compared with controls, respectively. The @entity4675 inhibitor significantly suppressed a-defensin-1-induced @entity3334 production by approximately 73% compared with controls. Finally, there was a significant induction of NF-kB DNA binding activity in response to a-defensin-1. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a-defensin-1 may play a role in @entity309 pathogenesis by regulating the production of MMPs as well as @entity650 and @entity687 . These processes were dependent on the regulation of the @entity4675 and/or @entity3963 and NF-kB pathways.

title: The role of a-defensin-1 and related signal transduction mechanisms in the production of @entity650 , XXXX and MMPs in rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

answer: @entity687 :: (3576,Gene) :: ['IL-8']


abstract: This paper reports on a unique, previously unreported, successful outcome in the case of a @entity1 with focal @entity690 of the ribs as a first sign of @entity170 . The lesions were detected by chance after @entity697 -induced @entity174 were seen on plain chest radiographs. The diagnosis had to be approached as a diagnosis of exclusion since known causes of the osteolytic process had to be eliminated. The authors describe multiple focal @entity690 with @entity174 appearing in a pattern that could be confused with @entity3 . Laboratory results were normal. Final diagnosis was based on plain radiography, bone scan and bone densitometry. Pharmacomedical treatments for @entity170 were applied. The @entity1 was observed between the year 2000 and 2005. Five years later radiological and bone scintigraphy revealed @entity75 . We conclude that @entity170 should be included in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic focal @entity3061 of the ribs with @entity174 as a complication of @entity697 . The case suggests that focal @entity690 of the ribs may regress over time and become scintigraphically inactive.

title: A case of pathological @entity174 : focal @entity3061 or XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute cough']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['rib fractures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['resolution of the lesion']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['osteolytic lesions']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: AIMS: To determine the effect of @entity6 on inner and outer retinal function in @entity1 with @entity6 and no clinically detectable @entity989 or with non-proliferative @entity6 (NPDR). METHODS: Visual function was assessed in 18 adults with normal retinal health, 23 adults with @entity6 and 35 adults with NPDR and normal visual acuity. Contrast sensitivity and frequency doubling technology (FDT) sensitivity were used to assess ganglion cell function. Acuity, dark adaptation, light-adapted visual sensitivity and dark-adapted visual sensitivity were measured to evaluate cone and rod photoreceptor visual function. The presence and severity of @entity6 was determined by grading of 7-field stereoscopic fundus photographs using the Early Treatment @entity6 Study grading system. RESULTS: @entity1 with NPDR exhibited impairment of all measured visual functions in comparison with the normal @entity1 . Inner retinal function measured by FDT perimetry was the most impaired visual function for @entity1 with NPDR, with 83% of @entity1 exhibiting clinically significant impairment. Rod photoreceptor function was grossly impaired, with almost half of the @entity1 with NPDR exhibiting significantly impaired dark-adapted visual sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Both inner retinal and outer retinal functions exhibited impairment related to NPDR. FDT perimetry and other visual function tests reveal an expanded range of @entity6 induced @entity989 even in @entity1 with good visual acuity.

title: Inner retinal visual dysfunction is a sensitive marker of non-proliferative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic Retinopathy', 'diabetes', 'diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'retinal damage']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic retinopathy']


abstract: The blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists in salt-sensitive @entity35 models of @entity101 are well understood. However, studies in salt-independent models have yielded mixed results, and therefore, we measured the hemodynamic effects of MR blockade in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 . We treated spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 for 8 weeks with 30-300 mg.kg.d @entity14292 or 20 mg.kg.d @entity9886 and monitored BP using radiotelemetry and performed histopathological analyses of the hearts. @entity14292 , in contrast to @entity9886 , caused only a small reduction in systolic BP at the highest dose tested. Both reduced left ventricular wall thickness, although @entity14292 was less effective than @entity9886 . Only @entity9886 decreased heart weight. We observed foci of @entity296 characterized by combinations of infiltrating monocytes, @entity39 myocytes, and @entity82 in hearts of control animals. The number of foci seemed to be decreased in hearts of @entity9886 - and @entity14292 -treated animals. In a second study, using quantitative histomorphometry, the number of foci was significantly reduced by 20 mg.kg.d @entity9886 (by 68%) or by 300 mg.kg.d @entity14292 (by 50%). Our data support the hypothesis that a direct BP-independent effect on the progression of @entity296 in the heart may be one basis for the cardiac protection afforded by MR antagonism.

title: @entity14292 decreases inflammatory foci in spontaneously XXXX @entity35 hearts with minimal effects on blood pressure.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity14292 :: ('MESH:C414690', 'Chemical') :: ['eplerenone', 'Eplerenone']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: There is controversy over the efficacy of @entity3650 reductase inhibitors in preventing the development of @entity1897 in experimental @entity6 . This study was designed to show whether long-term (28-wk) inhibition of @entity3650 reductase by @entity5120 influences structural changes in peripheral sensory nerve in @entity35 with chronic @entity3839 -induced @entity6 . Sciatic nerve levels of @entity5121 and @entity948 were significantly reduced but not completely normalized by @entity5120 treatment. @entity8580 levels, which tended to decrease in @entity6 @entity35 , were significantly increased by @entity5120 treatment and exceeded the level in nondiabetic control @entity35 (P less than 0.01). @entity5120 treatment significantly increased nerve conduction velocity over the 28 wk of treatment (P less than 0.05), but levels remained well below those of control @entity35 . Structural analysis of sural nerve of @entity6 @entity35 disclosed significant preventive effects of @entity5120 on the reduction in myelinated nerve fiber size and fiber occupancy. Axon-fiber size ratio was also preserved in the @entity5120 -treated group. However, diffuse deposition of glycogen and increased glycogenosomes within axons were not influenced by @entity5120 treatment. In contrast to the effect on myelinated nerve fibers, morphometry of unmyelinated nerve fibers did not reveal a significant effect of @entity5120 treatment. These results suggest that chronic treatment with an @entity3650 reductase inhibitor has beneficial effects on the peripheral sensory nerve of experimentally @entity6 @entity35 . The effects were primarily on myelinated rather than unmyelinated nerve fibers.

title: Effects of long-term @entity3650 reductase inhibition on development of experimental diabetic neuropathy. Ultrastructural and morphometric studies of sural nerve in @entity3839 -induced @entity6 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['myo-Inositol']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5121 :: ('MESH:D013012', 'Chemical') :: ['sorbitol']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozocin']

entities_list: @entity5120 :: ('MESH:C042829', 'Chemical') :: ['ponalrestat', 'Ponalrestat']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve lesions']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Interpersonal and communication skills (IPCS) are essential for advanced practice nursing (APN) in our increasingly complex healthcare system. The Standardized @entity1 (SP) is a promising innovative pedagogy in medical and healthcare education; however, its effectiveness for teaching IPCS to graduate nursing students remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: We examined the effectiveness of using SP with SP feedback and group discussion to teach IPCS in graduate nursing education. DESIGN: Randomized-controlled study. @entity1 : First-year APN students in Taiwan. METHODS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to the experimental (SP assessments with SP feedback and group discussion) or control (SP assessments only) group. There were two outcome indicators: IPCS and @entity4207 ( @entity4207 ). The IPCS were assessed before and after the study in interviews with the SPs. @entity4207 was measured when the study ended. RESULTS: All @entity1 expressed high @entity4207 (94.44%) and showed significant (p  <= 0.025) improvements on IPCS total scores, interviewing, and counseling. However, there were no significant differences between groups. Qualitative feedback from encounters with SPs is described. CONCLUSIONS: Using SPs to teach IPCS to APN students produced a high @entity4207 . The students learned and significantly improved their IPCS by interviewing SPs, but future studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of SP feedback and group discussions.

title: Using standardized XXXX with immediate feedback and group discussion to teach interpersonal and communication skills to advanced practice nursing students.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'Patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['student learning satisfaction', 'SLS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2695 are @entity5 that are characterised by excessive angiogenesis. While there is no definitive treatment for these @entity5 , several angiogenesis inhibitors, including @entity1732 , have been employed. To better understand the mechanism of @entity1732 in accelerating haemangioma regression, we investigated the effects of the drug on hemangiomagenesis using a previously described @entity19 @entity2695 model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of @entity1732 were tested in @entity19 injected with endothelioma cells to induce @entity2695 development. At termination, tissue samples from @entity1732 -treated and control @entity19 were stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 for histological examination. @entity1379 , @entity11132 and @entity8387 expression were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. Hematological analysis was undertaken using a hemocounter. @entity1994 activity was analyzed in tissue homogenates and endothelioma cells using ELISA. Also, caspase activity was analysed in endothelioma cells by ELISA. RESULTS: @entity1732 inhibited @entity5 growth in vivo in a dose-dependant manner. Our findings also revealed that @entity1732 inhibited @entity1994 activation and suppressed @entity1379 . In vitro @entity1732 increased caspase activation. CONCLUSION: Our observations reveal possible mechanisms for the inhibitory effects of @entity1732 on hemangiomagenesis, and raise the possibility that @entity1379 might be an important therapeutic target in the treatment of @entity2695 .

title: Inhibition of @entity2695 development in a syngeneic @entity19 model correlates with XXXX suppression and the inhibition of @entity1994 kinase activity.

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma', 'Hemangiomas', 'hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'benign vascular tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['Bleomycin', 'bleomycin']

answer: @entity1379 :: (12043(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['bcl-2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Tumour expression of selected microRNAs (miRs) correlates with @entity900 efficacy in multiple @entity5 . We investigated the role of selected miRs in @entity1 receiving @entity900 -based therapy for advanced @entity189 ( @entity189 ). METHODS: RNA was extracted from @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded @entity5 from 83 advanced @entity189 @entity1 who received @entity900 . A @entity11216 panel based on relevance for @entity902 sensitivity and @entity189 was studied by quantitative reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Association of progression-free survival (PFS) with @entity11216 expression was analysed using cox regression. Selected TFs were chosen by association with the panel of miRs using the Transcription Regulation algorithm (GeneGo MetaCore+MetaDrug version 6.23 build 67496). @entity150 ( @entity150 ) cell lines were used to investigate the previously described role of @entity10017 mediating @entity900 sensitivity. RESULTS: The 83 @entity1 had a median PFS of 8 months. In multivariate analysis, higher levels of @entity16262 (P=0.01, HR: 1.95 (1.14, 3.33)), @entity10017 (P=0.01, HR: 2.01 (1.17, 3.45)) and @entity22246 (P=0.05, HR: 1.70 (1.00, 2.89)) were associated with a shorter PFS. In the 8 @entity150 cell lines, @entity10017 was not shown to be necessary nor sufficient for modulating @entity900 sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: In metastatic @entity189 @entity1 treated with @entity900 -based therapy, high primary @entity5 levels of @entity16262 , @entity10017 and @entity22246 are associated with poor PFS independent of clinical prognostic factors. The in vitro study could not confirm @entity10017 levels role in modulating @entity902 sensitivity.

title: Association of @entity5 microRNA profiling with outcomes in @entity1 with advanced @entity189 receiving first-line XXXX -based chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['Bladder cancer', 'BC']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity902 :: (MESH:D010984,Chemical) :: ['platinum']


abstract: @entity521 is an extracranial @entity5 which occurs in @entity1 and young @entity1 and accounts for 8% of pediatric @entity5 . It origins from neural crest cells of the sympathetic nervous system. Disease-free survival ranges from 95% for localized @entity5 to 30% for metastatic disease in @entity1 over 1 year of age and @entity1 ' outcome depends on dissemination and tissue histology. Despite the most recent therapies, the overall survival for high risk @entity1 is still low and the outcome is invariably fatal. Improvement of @entity521 treatment is one of the highest priorities in pediatric oncology and a major challenge to clinicians and researchers. Understanding the biology and genetics of @entity5 will be the key to identify molecular targets for innovative treatments as well as to individual management of disease. The success of @entity1 genome project and recent advances in technology have provided new tools to investigate @entity5 cells and to discover new @entity5 -associated genes. High-throughput efforts include array-based comparative genomic hybridization, single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays and expression microarrays. Here we present an overview on the most recent advances in wide-genome analysis of @entity521 . We also focus on the potential clinical application of genome and transcriptome information to the diagnosis, prognosis and @entity521 therapy.

title: Genome and transcriptome analysis of XXXX advanced diagnosis from innovative therapies.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'solid tumor', 'pediatric malignancies', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma', 'Neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: The risk of @entity5 developing after solid organ transplantation is markedly increased by immunosuppressive therapy. @entity706 has been reported to develop in 13% of heart and in 33% of heart-lung transplant recipients treated with @entity205 , and the incidence of @entity1489 ranges between 6% and 16%. The incidence of @entity5 with the use of lower loading and maintenance doses of @entity205 as used in triple-drug immunosuppression is unknown. From December 1983 through August 1988, 134 heart and seven heart-lung transplants were performed at the University of Minnesota. All @entity1 received a combination of @entity205 , @entity500 , and @entity229 . Survival was 94% at 1 and 90% at 3 years in heart recipients. Probability of acute rejection was 9% at 3 months and 12% at 1 and 3 years. @entity1892 developed after heart transplant in only two @entity1 for an incidence of 1.5%. Episodes of acute rejection and mean @entity205 blood level did not predict the occurrence of @entity706 . The incidence of @entity1489 was 6.4%. No @entity5 occurred in heart-lung transplant recipients. All @entity5 were observed in @entity1 older than 50 years. Our data indicate that the risk for developing @entity1071 , but not for @entity1491 , is reduced in heart and heart-lung transplant recipients receiving triple-drug immunosuppression. Older recipients may be at increased risk, suggesting that lower doses of immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in this group.

title: Low incidence of XXXX in heart and heart-lung transplant recipients receiving triple-drug immunosuppression.

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoproliferative disorders']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['posttransplant lymphoma', 'Lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasias', 'posttransplant neoplasias', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Today, @entity5 survivors have an added new role to self manage living with the medical, emotional and role tasks that can affect their quality of life (QOL). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the QOL of @entity1 two years after participating in a self-management intervention program. METHOD: The clinical trial was conducted at University Malaya Medical Centre between 2006 and 2008. The experimental group underwent a 4-week self management program, and the control group underwent usual care. Two years after the intervention, questionnaires were randomly posted out to the @entity1 . RESULTS: A total of 51 questionnaires returned. There were statistically differences between groups in psychological, self-care, mobility and participation aspects in @entity30426 (p<0.05). The experimental group reported having higher confidence to live with @entity0 compared to control group (p<0.05). There were significant between-group changes in @entity148 scores at T2 (immediately after intervention) to T4 (two years later), and the differences in @entity148 scores within groups between time point T2 and T4 were significantly different (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The SAMA program is potentially capable to serve as a model intervention for successful transition to @entity0 treatment. The program needs to be further tested for efficacy in a larger trial involving more diverse populations of @entity1 completing @entity0 treatment.

title: Quality of life in XXXX survivors: 2 years post self-management intervention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['survivorship following breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Overweight and related health problems are becoming increasingly recognized, especially in @entity1 and adolescents. For early screening, different anthropometrical measurements of @entity28 have been proposed to identify individuals at risk. We compared body mass index (BMI), BMI standard deviation score, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist/height ratio with respect to their power to predict the @entity209 , its components and low-grade @entity32 . METHODS: A total of 79 male Caucasian German adolescents (13-17 years) were studied. All anthropometrical measurements of @entity28 were recorded and blood samples drawn. Predictive power was estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves, by comparing the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: Except for WHR, all tested anthropometrical measurements of @entity28 showed comparably good AUC values for correct prediction, with the highest AUC for BMI (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.885 +/- 0.039). Superior prediction power was not observed for BMI standard deviation score, waist circumference, WHR or waist/height ratio. Furthermore, BMI was the best predictor of elevated @entity1851 levels as a marker for low-grade @entity32 (P < 0.001, AUC = 0.786 +/- 0.064). CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional study the well-established parameter BMI was shown to have the best predictive power to identify @entity209 , its components and markers for low-grade @entity32 . Newly developed parameters did not provide superior values. Future longitudinal studies are needed to compare these anthropometrical markers in larger cohorts, incorporating different age groups and ethnic backgrounds.

title: Anthropometric indices as predictors of the XXXX and its components in adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: The influence of aortic baroreceptors and vagal afferent nerves on the release of immunoreactive vasopressin (iVP) and immunoreactive @entity27856 (iANF) was examined in anaesthetized @entity95 . Changes in plasma concentrations of iVP and iANF, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and right atrial pressure were measured in response to blood volume changes (+20, +10, -10, -20%). Carotid sinus pressure was maintained at 100 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa), and blood volume changes were performed before and after bilateral vagotomy (VNX) in all experiments. Two experimental groups were studied: @entity95 with aortic depressor nerves intact (ADNI) and those with aortic depressor nerves sectioned (ADNX). Mean arterial and right atrial pressures decreased during @entity548 and increased in response to volume expansion. Plasma iVP concentrations increased with @entity548 and decreased with volume expansion in the ADNI group. Plasma iANF, however, decreased with @entity548 and increased during volume expansion in both ADNI and ADNX groups. Vagotomy caused an increase in baseline plasma iANF in the ADNX group. The responses of iANF to blood volume changes were augmented after VNX and ADNX. The results show that neither the aortic baroreceptor nor the vagal afferent input are needed for the iANF response to changes in blood volume, over the range of +/- 20%. In contrast, intact aortic baroreceptors are essential for changes in circulating iVP in this preparation.

title: Plasma vasopressin and @entity27856 in response to blood volume changes in the anaesthetized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: The concerns of @entity1 on possible adverse health effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) generated from mobile phones as well as their supporting transmitters (base stations) have increased markedly. RFR effect on oversensitive @entity1 , such as pregnant @entity1 and their developing fetuses, and older @entity1 is another source of concern that should be considered. In this study, oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels in the brain tissue of pregnant and non-pregnant New Zealand White @entity95 and their newborns exposed to RFR were investigated. Thirteen-month-old @entity95 were studied in four groups as non-pregnant-control, non-pregnant-RFR exposed, pregnant-control and pregnant-RFR exposed. They were exposed to RFR (1800 MHz GSM; 14 V/m as reference level) for 15 min/day during 7 days. @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) and @entity7599 ( @entity7599 ) levels were analyzed. @entity1865 and @entity7599 levels of non-pregnant and pregnant-RFR exposed animals significantly increased with respect to controls (p < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). No difference was found in the newborns (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney). There exist very few experimental studies on the effects of RFR during pregnancy. It would be beneficial to increase the number of these studies in order to establish international standards for the protection of pregnant @entity1 from RFR.

title: The effect of radiofrequency radiation on DNA and lipid damage in non-pregnant and pregnant XXXX and their newborns.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people']

entities_list: @entity7599 :: ('MESH:C040791', 'Chemical') :: ['8-OHdG', "8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine"]

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['Malondialdehyde']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']