abstract: Reactive @entity26 or @entity1568 species (ROS, RNS) and oxidative stress in the respiratory system increase the production of mediators of @entity55 and initiate or promote mechanisms of @entity105 . The lungs are exposed daily to oxidants generated either endogenously or exogenously (air pollutants, cigarette smoke, etc.). Cells in aerobic organisms are protected against oxidative damage by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Recent epidemiologic investigations have shown associations between increased incidence of @entity1576 and @entity2 from exposure to low levels of various forms of respirable fibers and particulate matter (PM), at occupational or urban air polluting environments. @entity2 increases substantially for @entity286 smokers due to the synergistic effects in the generation of ROS, leading to oxidative stress and @entity32 with high DNA damage potential. Physical and chemical characteristics of particles (size, transition metal content, speciation, stable free radicals, etc.) play an important role in oxidative stress. In turn, oxidative stress initiates the synthesis of mediators of @entity55 in lung epithelial cells and initiation of carcinogenic mechanisms. Inhalable quartz, metal powders, mineral asbestos fibers, @entity1787 , soot from @entity18683 and diesel engines, @entity286 smoke and PM from ambient air pollution (PM       and PM   .   ) are involved in various oxidative stress mechanisms. @entity2 initiation and promotion has been linked to a series of biochemical pathways of oxidative stress, DNA oxidative damage, macrophage stimulation, telomere @entity3207 , modulation of gene expression and activation of transcription factors with important role in @entity105 . In this review we are presenting the role of ROS and oxidative stress in the production of mediators of @entity55 and mechanisms of @entity105 .

title: Pulmonary oxidative stress, XXXX and cancer: respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts and ozone as major causes of lung @entity105 through reactive @entity26 species mechanisms.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer', 'lung cancer', 'Pulmonary cancer']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: The melanocyte is a neural crest-derived cell that localizes in @entity1 to several organs including the epidermis, eye, @entity389 . In the skin, melanocytes synthesize and transfer melanin pigments to surrounding keratinocytes, leading to skin pigmentation and protection against solar exposure. We have investigated the process of replicative senescence and accompanying irreversible cell cycle arrest, in melanocytes in culture. As was found in other cell types, progressive telomere @entity3207 appears to trigger replicative senescence in normal melanocytes. In addition, senescence is associated with increased binding of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDK-I) @entity986 ( @entity986 ) to @entity8985 , down-regulation of cyclin E protein levels (and consequent loss of cyclin E/ @entity15308 activity), underphosphorylation of the @entity995 protein @entity995 and subsequent increased levels of E2F4- @entity995 repressive complexes. In contrast to fibroblasts, however, the CDK-Is @entity994 ) and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) are also down-regulated. These changes appear to be important for replicative senescence because they do not occur in melanocytes that overexpress the catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase ( @entity2215 ), or in @entity320 , which are @entity5 that originate from melanocytes or melanoblasts. In contrast to unmodified melanocytes, @entity2215 overexpressing (telomerized) melanocytes displayed telomerase activity, stable telomere lengths and an extended replicative life span. However, telomerized melanocytes show changes in cell cycle regulatory proteins, including increased levels of cyclin E, @entity994 ) and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ). Cyclin E, @entity994 ) and @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) are also elevated in many primary @entity320 , whereas @entity986 ( @entity986 ) is mutated or deleted in many invasive and metastatic @entity320 . Thus, the molecular mechanisms leading to melanocyte senescence and transformation differ significantly from fibroblasts. This suggests that different cell types may use different strategies to halt the cell cycle in response to telomere @entity6661 and thus prevent replicative immortality.

title: The XXXX melanocyte: a model system to study the complexity of cellular aging and transformation in non-fibroblastic cells.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity6661 :: ('MESH:D019217', 'Disease') :: ['attrition']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear and leptomeninges']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanomas']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma', 'RB']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine ambulatory activity in a sample of community-dwelling @entity1 with chronic @entity64 and to examine whether @entity65 and metabolic fitness are key determinants of ambulatory activity levels. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational. SETTING: Home and community. @entity1 : Twenty-eight @entity1 and 22 @entity1 (N=50) over the age 45 years with more than 6 months of hemiparetic gait after @entity385 . INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ambulatory activity (total daily step activity), mobility deficit severity ( @entity2653 [ @entity2653 ] scores, timed 10-m walks), and @entity65 (energy costs of hemiparetic gait, peak exercise capacity [VO2peak]). RESULTS: Mean ambulatory activity profiles were extremely low (2837 steps/d vs reported 5000-6000 steps/d in sedentary older adults). Ambulatory activity levels were strongly associated with @entity2653 scores (r=.581, P<.001) and self-selected floor walking velocity (r=.554, P<.001). @entity1 also had profound cardiovascular deconditioning (mean VO2peak, 11.7+/-2.8 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)). The energy costs of hemiparetic gait were high (8.7+/-1.7 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)), representing 76% of physiologic fitness reserve. Although the relationships of economy of gait and VO2peak to ambulatory activity was not statistically significant, both the VO2peak and the physiologic fitness reserve, as expressed by fractional utilization, were strongly related to balance (r=.374, P=.02; r=-.430, P< .01, respectively.) The @entity2653 predicted 30% of the variance in ambulatory activity. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory activity levels and @entity65 in @entity1 with @entity64 are extremely low. Mobility deficits, particularly in balance, are associated with low ambulatory activity. Balance-related inactivity may be an important factor in deconditioning. Further studies are needed to better understand whether task-oriented exercise enhances balance and whether increases in daily ambulatory activity yield improved @entity65 in @entity64 .

title: Reduced ambulatory activity after XXXX : the role of balance, gait, and @entity65 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic stroke survivors', 'hemiparetic stroke', 'chronic stroke']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['BBS', 'Berg Balance Scale']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular fitness', 'deficits in balance and gait and cardiovascular']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: The antigenic architecture of membrane vesicles prepared from @entity526 ML 308--225 has been studied using crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Progressive immunoadsorption experiments conducted with control vesicles and with physically disrupted vesicles were used to monitor and quantitate the expression of 14 different immunogens. Eleven immunogens, including @entity2125 dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.33.3), @entity6853 dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), @entity44197 dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.3.1), @entity16749 dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.43), @entity29594 phosphorylase (EC 2.3.7.8), and @entity7791 (EC 3.2.1.23), exhibit minimal expression (10% or less) unless the vesicles are disrupted. Three unidentified antigens are expressed to a similar extent in untreated and disrupted vesicles. Consideration of these and other results [Owen, P., _ Kaback, H. R. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 3148] in terms of membrane polarity, dislocation of antigens, and possible transmembrane orientation of some immunogens reveals that over 95% of the membrane in the vesicle preparations is in the form of sealed sacculi with the same orientation as the intact cell. Furthermore, antigens are distributed across the membrane in a highly asymmetric manner, indicating that dislocation of components from the inner to the outer surface of the membrane during vesicle preparation does not occur to an extent exceeding 10%.

title: Antigenic architecture of membrane vesicles from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity44197 :: ('MESH:C004768', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydro-orotate']

entities_list: @entity16749 :: ('MESH:C008884', 'Chemical') :: ['6-phosphogluconate']

entities_list: @entity7791 :: ('MESH:D016537', 'Disease') :: ['beta-galactosidase']

entities_list: @entity6853 :: ('CHEBI:16004', 'Chemical') :: ['D-lactate']

entities_list: @entity29594 :: ('CHEBI:15986', 'Chemical') :: ['polynucleotide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1486 (PSA) screening may @entity263 but leads to the overdiagnosis of many cases of indolent @entity5 . Targeted use of PSA screening may reduce overdiagnosis. Multimarker genomic testing shows promise for risk assessment and could be used to target PSA screening. METHODS: To test whether counseling based on the family history (FH) and counseling based on a genetic risk score (GRS) plus FH would differentially affect subsequent PSA screening at 3 months (primary outcome), a randomized trial of FH versus GRS plus FH was conducted with 700 whites aged 40 to 49 years without prior PSA screening. Secondary outcomes included @entity148 , recall, physician discussion at 3 months, and PSA screening at 3 years. Pictographs versus numeric presentations of genetic risk were also evaluated. RESULTS: At 3 months, no significant differences were observed in the rates of PSA screening between the FH arm (2.1%) and the GRS-FH arm (4.5% with GRS-FH vs. 2.1% with FH:   (2) = 3.13, P = .077); however, PSA screening rates at 3 months significantly increased with given risk in the GRS-FH arm (P = .013). Similar results were observed for discussions with physicians at 3 months and PSA screening at 3 years. Average @entity148 levels decreased after the individual @entity5 risk was provided (P = .0007), with no differences between groups. Visual presentation by pictographs did not significantly alter comprehension or @entity148 . CONCLUSIONS: This is likely the first randomized trial of multimarker genomic testing to report genomic targeting of @entity5 screening. This study found little evidence of concern about excess @entity148 or overuse/underuse of PSA screening when multimarker genetic risks were provided to @entity1 . @entity5 2016.    2016 American @entity5 Society.

title: Randomized trial finds that @entity263 genetic risk score feedback targets @entity1486 screening among at-risk XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['reduce death due to prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['Prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: PURPOSE: Although improvements in perioperative care have decreased surgical morbidity after radical cystectomy for muscle invasive @entity150 , @entity458 still have a negative impact on @entity1 quality of life. We examined unmet @entity1 needs along the illness trajectory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 @entity1 (26.7% @entity1 ) treated with cystectomy and urinary diversion for muscle invasive @entity150 participated in the study. @entity1 were recruited from the Department of Urology at Mount Sinai and through advertisements on the @entity150 Advocacy Network (BCAN) website between December 2011 and September 2012. Data were collected at individual interviews, which were audiotaped and transcribed. Transcribed data were quantitatively analyzed to explore key unmet needs. RESULTS: At diagnosis unmet informational needs were predominant, consisting of insufficient discussion of certain topics, including urinary diversion options and their side effects, self-care, the recovery process and medical insurance. Unmet psychological needs related to @entity308 , and worries about changes in body image and sexual function were reported. Postoperative unmet needs revolved around medical needs (eg @entity158 and @entity29 ) and instrumental needs (eg need of support for stomal appliances, catheters and @entity322 ). During survivorship (ie 6 to 72 months postoperatively) unmet needs centered around psychological support (ie @entity308 , poor body image and @entity250 ) and instrumental support (eg difficulty adjusting to changes in daily living). CONCLUSIONS: Meeting @entity1 needs is imperative to ensure adequate @entity1 involvement in health care and enhance postoperative quality of life. An effective support provision plan should follow changes in @entity1 needs.

title: Muscle invasive XXXX : examining survivor burden and unmet needs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['treatment side effects']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['bowel dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['Bladder Cancer', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity272 ( @entity272 ) therapy is the treatment of choice for @entity3217 fungoides. However, conventional @entity272 therapy is time consuming as well as @entity1 unfriendly. Therefore we used @entity1168 ( @entity1168 ) mode @entity272 in these @entity1 . High-dose rate mode of @entity272 is a technological innovation attached to a Linear Accelerator (Philips, SL-20, Netherlands), which can deliver an electron beam of 30 Gy/min at the iso-center. The iso-center faces the @entity1 , 100 cm away from the target of the linear accelerator. The @entity1 is treated at a distance of 10 feet from the iso-center of the linear accelerator. The dose delivered to the skin was 1.13 Gy/min, making the treatment execution much easier and @entity1 compliance much better. METHODS: Seven male @entity1 between 40 and 64 years in age having @entity3217 fungoides for 9-18 months were treated by @entity272 using @entity1168 mode between 1998 and 2000. The @entity272 was performed according to the Stanford technique, delivering a total dose of 36 Gy. Each @entity1 received a dose of 1.2 Gy/field/day. There were six fields, i.e. anterior, posterior, left and right anterior obliques, and left and right posterior obliques in both the upper and lower parts of the body. The eyes and nails were shielded at each session of radiotherapy. The times taken at each session of the therapy and radiation-associated side-effects were determined in each @entity1 . The @entity1 were followed up to 26 months (median 9 months) to look for any relapse. RESULTS: Three @entity1 had early stage disease (IB) whereas four @entity1 had @entity1442 (IIB). Six @entity1 out of these had complete remission following @entity272 while one @entity1 died as a result of progression of the disease during treatment. The treatment time taken at each treatment session in each individual @entity1 was approximately 15 min. Radiation-associated morbidity was seen in all @entity1 . @entity75 relapsed in two @entity1 after 4 and 10 months, respectively, while four @entity1 were alive without the disease at the end of 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: @entity272 using @entity1168 mode delivery of electrons is an easy, better, compliant and effective therapeutic modality for treatment of @entity3217 fungoides with an acceptable range of @entity137 .

title: XXXX therapy in @entity3217 fungoides using @entity1168 mode: a preliminary experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Cutaneous lesions']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['Total skin electron irradiation', 'TSEI']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['high-dose rate', 'HDR']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['Total skin electron irradiation']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether including the birth cohort dimension in time series analysis leads to a more accurate estimation of the (long-term) effect of a guideline change on the trend of @entity1245 use. METHODS: We calculated age-specific (20-84   years) and sex-specific prevalence of @entity1245 use per 1000 population per quarter year (1998 to 2008) using a prescription database set in the Netherlands. We studied the prevalence over time by age group and within birth cohorts through interrupted time series analyses to estimate the effect of the guideline change in 2001. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2008, the overall age-standardized prevalence of @entity1245 use per 1000 population declined from ~54 for @entity1 and ~107 for @entity1 to ~45 for @entity1 and ~85 for @entity1 . The relative change increased significantly after 2001 for both sexes and for the majority of age groups. Within birth cohorts, the prevalence increased with age until the year 2001 and leveled thereafter. The age-period approach overall had worse model fit indicators than the within-cohort approach and predicted larger long-term effects than the within-cohort approach. The age-period projection estimated 36% decline in @entity1245 use relative to 2008, whereas the birth-cohort projection estimated 8% decline. CONCLUSION: Explicitly following birth cohort trajectories led to models with better fit; the conventional approach estimated a stronger long-term guideline effect. This has important implications for professional practice.

title: Assessing the effect of a guideline change on drug use prevalence by including the birth cohort dimension: the case of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

answer: @entity1245 :: (MESH:D001569,Chemical) :: ['benzodiazepines']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the treatment morbidity, functional outcome, and recurrence risk of @entity1 undergoing local excision and combined chemoradiation therapy for @entity189 . METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 underwent local excision of their @entity189 . Four @entity1 underwent local excision alone (T1-2, N0-X, low risk), 10 @entity1 underwent local excision with postoperative chemoradiation therapy using @entity1487 and @entity4181 (T1-2, N0-X, high risk), and 4 @entity1 underwent local excision, chemoradiation therapy, and six months of additional @entity1487 and @entity4181 (T3 or N1). RESULTS: Of the four @entity1 undergoing local excision alone, there was no treatment morbidity or alteration in functional outcome. Of the 14 @entity1 receiving chemoradiation therapy, three reported early Grade 3-4 @entity137 manifested by @entity2335 , @entity4272 , or perineal skin desquamation. At six months, two @entity1 reported persistent rectal urgency and occasional fecal @entity322 , and 11 @entity1 reported increasing stool frequency (average, 3: range, 2-8). The six months of additional @entity1487 and @entity4181 were well tolerated and did not appear to further affect functional outcome. There were no local recurrences, although one @entity1 developed distant metastatic disease. CONCLUSION: This treatment regimen, while generally well tolerated, is associated with significant acute @entity137 in certain @entity1 . We have identified specific causative factors which can be modified to decrease acute morbidity, including the elimination of @entity4181 during the combined chemoradiation therapy.

title: Local excision of @entity189 . Early results with combined chemoradiation therapy using @entity1487 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4272 :: ('MESH:D011349', 'Disease') :: ['proctitis']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity4181 :: (MESH:D002955,Chemical) :: ['leucovorin']


abstract: AIM: To determine whether retention of the native patella during total knee arthroplasty is appropriate in @entity1 with @entity309 . METHODS: All @entity1 undergoing total knee arthroplasty with a diagnosis of @entity309 were identified between January 1997 and December 2000. Subsequently, each individual underwent both radiological and clinical assessments at a designated follow-up clinic. RESULTS: A total of 30 total knee arthroplasties were studied in 28 @entity1 . Twenty-six @entity1 (93%) were female with a mean age of 74.7 years (range 60-83 years). The average post-operative interval was 59.4 months (range 46-82 months). All individuals were noted to have satisfactory patellar tracking and bone stock at the time of surgery. No @entity1 subsequently underwent revision surgery during follow-up and no episodes of implant @entity295 were identified. The mean Patellar Score at final follow-up was 26.2 (range 22-30) with an average anterior knee @entity158 score of 14.2 (range 10-15). The mean Oxford Knee Score was 18.7 (range 16-23) with a mean @entity158 score component of 5.9. @entity1 were finally assessed with respect to the Knee Society Score. The mean Knee Score was 83.8 (range 71-96) with a mean Function Score of 79.7 (range 40-90). CONCLUSION: By retaining the native patella we were still able to obtain highly satisfactory medium-term results in terms of @entity158 relief and function. In addition, the potential complications associated with prosthetic replacement of the patella were avoided.

title: Retention of the patella in total knee arthroplasty for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Before undergoing repair of @entity8924 , most @entity1 are worried about their postoperative appearance. Furthermore, there is an ongoing discussion in the literature about the influence of @entity130 and surgical @entity85 . METHODS: In this retrospective comparative study, we present an evaluation of a series of 311 postoperative results of @entity8924 on standardized photographs based on reference anthropometric data. Analysis included eye fissure width and height, lid sulcus height, upper lid height, upper and lower iris coverage, position of @entity75 , canthal tilt, scleral show, ectropion, and entropion. It was clearly differentiated between operated and contralateral eyelid type of @entity174 of the midface and whether a transconjunctival or a subciliary approach was used. RESULTS: Surgery and the chosen approach presented significant effects on eye fissure index, lower iris coverage, scleral show, and ectropion. Different types of @entity174 affecting the orbita showed no influence on the investigated values. CONCLUSION: Not surprisingly, an association between surgery and lower lid retraction was found. The underlying osseous @entity130 did not show a significant influence on the presented measurements. Subciliary approaches increased the risk of lower lid retraction. The standard measurements described here are accurate and objective to evaluate postoperative results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/epidemiologic study, level III.

title: Outcomes analysis of eyelid deformities using photograph-assisted standardized anthropometry in 311 XXXX after orbital @entity174 treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cornea to inferior palpebra']

entities_list: @entity8924 :: ('MESH:D009917', 'Disease') :: ['orbital fractures']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['approach to the inferior orbita on eyelid deformities']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of seven drugs frequently used for the prevention of @entity11535 : the drugs were namely @entity11358 , @entity11358 with @entity2211 , @entity10427 , dimenhydrinate with @entity5834 , ginger root, @entity31738 with @entity5834 , and @entity5591 . The design was a randomized, double-blind study with two arms. On ethical grounds, a placebo group was not included as in a previous study, in the same setting, 80% of the passengers not receiving prophylactic drugs were seasick. The setting was in Andenes (Norway) during a time period from July to September 1992. Subjects were 1741 tourist volunteers who were joining a whale safari. The main outcome measures were @entity391 , malaise (modified Graybiel criteria), and subjective reports of adverse events. Follow up was possible in 1489 volunteers (85.5%). In each active treatment group, 4.1-10.2% experienced @entity391 and 16.4-23.5% experienced malaise (not significant). Equally, there was no significant difference in the incidence and characteristics of adverse events reported in the various medication groups. @entity5591 Transdermal Therapeutic System (TTS) users exhibited slightly more @entity227 and the agent tended to be less effective. Six of the seven medications may be recommended for prevention of @entity11535 ; @entity5591 TTS seems the least attractive.

title: Comparison of Seven Commonly Used Agents for Prophylaxis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual problems']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity31738 :: ('MESH:D008468', 'Chemical') :: ['meclozine']

entities_list: @entity10427 :: ('MESH:D003501', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclizine']

entities_list: @entity11358 :: ('MESH:D002936', 'Chemical') :: ['cinnarizine']

entities_list: @entity11535 :: ('MESH:D009041', 'Disease') :: ['seasickness']

entities_list: @entity2211 :: ('MESH:D004294', 'Chemical') :: ['domperidone']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['Scopolamine', 'scopolamine']

answer: @entity11535 :: (MESH:D009041,Disease) :: ['Seasickness']


abstract: Twelve @entity19 with metastatic @entity96 were divided into two groups of six, with one group administered contrast medium at 0.1 mmol/kg, and the other at 0.2 mmol/kg. Contrast medium, @entity23432 (GD) or @entity7241 (GP), was administered at 0.1 or 0.2 mmol/kg via the tail vein to each animal in each group. Using a Signa Horizon 1.5-Tesla MRI unit, spin-echo transverse and coronal T1-weighted sections were obtained every 15 minutes until 2 hours after administration. The numbers of @entity96 detected on films were counted before and after the administration of contrast medium, and the @entity96 contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated. After the completion of MRI, livers were removed, and the number of metastatic nodules on the liver surface were counted as the number of @entity5 . @entity96 CNR rose after administration in both of the GD groups. In the GP group, @entity96 CNR remained almost constant throughout the observation period. Relative to the number of @entity5 detected at optical microscopy, approximately 80% and 100% of @entity5 were detected at MRI after the administration of GD at 0.1 and 0.2 mmol/kg, respectively. On the other hand, approximately similar numbers of @entity5 were detected at MRI before and after the administration of GP. These results suggest that GD administered by intravenous injection was transported promptly to the liver, @entity96 CNR, and enhanced detection performance for metastatic @entity96 .

title: [Effects of @entity23432 on MRI of XXXX liver metastasis model constructed by orthotopic transplantation of highly metastatic @entity19 colon carcinoma (C38-OT7): comparison with @entity7241 ].

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver/tumor', 'liver tumors', 'increased liver/tumor', 'Liver/tumor', 'liver tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity23432 :: ('MESH:C064572', 'Chemical') :: ['gadobenate dimeglumine']

entities_list: @entity7241 :: ('MESH:D019786', 'Chemical') :: ['gadopentetate dimeglumine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity16790 -deficient @entity375 cells show abnormal growth, actin localization, chitin deposition, bud formation and cytokinesis. Previous studies have also revealed a synthetic lethality between pfy1 and late secretory mutants, suggesting a role for @entity16790 in intracellular transport. In this work, we document further the secretion defect associated with the pfy1delta mutant. Electron microscopic observations reveal an accumulation of glycoproteins in the bud and in the mother cell. The MATa, pfy1delta cells mate as well as wild-type cells, while the mating efficiency of MAT alpha, pfy1delta cells is reduced. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate an accumulation of the 19 kDa alpha-factor precursor and delayed secretion of the mature alpha-factor. The TGN protein @entity20328 is the principal enzyme responsible for the endoproteolytic cleavage of the alpha-factor precursor. An immunofluorescence detection of @entity20328 shows an altered localization in pfy1delta cells. Instead of a discrete punctate distribution, the enzyme is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. A high-copy-number plasmid containing @entity46241 , which encodes a potential transmembrane protein involved in cell cycle control, suppresses the abnormal growth, actin distribution, alpha-factor maturation and the accumulation of intracellular membranous structures in pfy1delta cells.

title: Overexpression of XXXX suppresses the @entity16790 -deficient phenotype of @entity375 cells.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity46241 :: (851042(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['MID2']


abstract: PURPOSE: Intravitreal @entity1351 creates a @entity20699 , but may also liquefy the vitreous. This study measures the rate of vitreous removal from @entity95 eyes after @entity1351 injection in vivo. METHODS: Intravitreal injections of 150 IU hyaluronidase (n = 5), 0.5 @entity3457 ( @entity3457 , n = 6) or 0.9 @entity3457 of streptokinase-activated @entity1 @entity1351 (n = four groups of 6) in 0.1 ml were performed in @entity95 , the fellow eyes received 0.1 ml BSS. After 30 min (hyaluronidase), 30 min, 4 h, 12 h or 24 h (0.9 @entity3457 @entity1351 ) or 24 h (0.5 @entity3457 @entity1351 ), 1 ml of vitreous was removed from each eye without infusion, using a 25-gauge cutter and a standardized protocol. Animals were sacrificed after surgery. RESULTS: Compared to fellow eyes, the average rate of vitreous removal was increased by hyaluronidase by 68.9 +/- 6.3% (p < 0.05) and by 0.5 @entity3457 @entity1351 (24 h) by 26.8 +/- 3.3% (p < 0.05). 0.9 @entity3457 of @entity1351 increased removal rates by 0.8 +/- 10% (n.s.), 15.4 +/- 6.3% (p < 0.05), 40.3 +/- 3.1% (p < 0.05), and 71.9 +/- 32.4% (p < 0.05) after 30 min, 4 h, 12 h and 24 h incubation respectively. The ratios of removal rates of treated/control eyes in the 0.9 @entity3457 groups showed a linear correlation with incubation time (r = 0.783, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal @entity1351 increases the rate of vitreous removal in @entity95 .

title: Effect of intravitreal @entity1351 on vitreous removal through a 25-gauge cutting system in the XXXX in vivo.

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity20699 :: ('MESH:D020255', 'Disease') :: ['posterior vitreous detachment']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['AU', 'activity units']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Research on free-food intake suggests that @entity7785 are implicated in the regulation of feeding. Few studies, however, have characterized how environmental factors that affect food procurement interact with cannabinoid drugs that reduce food intake. Demand analysis provides a framework to understand how cannabinoid blockers, such as @entity351 , interact with effort in reducing demand for food. The present study examined the effects @entity351 had on demand for @entity969 in @entity28 Zucker @entity35 when effort to obtain food varied and characterized the data using the exponential ("essential value") model of demand. Twenty-nine male (15 lean, 14 @entity28 ) Zucker @entity35 lever-pressed under eight fixed ratio (FR) schedules of @entity969 reinforcement, in which the number of lever-presses to gain access to a single @entity969 pellet varied between 1 and 300. After behavior stabilized under each FR schedule, acute doses of @entity351 (1-10mg/kg) were administered prior to some sessions. The number of food reinforcers and responses in each condition was averaged and the exponential and linear demand equations were fit to the data. These demand equations quantify the value of a reinforcer by its sensitivity to price (FR) increases. Under vehicle conditions, @entity28 Zucker @entity35 consumed more @entity969 pellets than leans at smaller fixed ratios; however, they were equally sensitive to price increases with both models of demand. @entity351 dose-dependently reduced reinforcers and responses for lean and @entity28 @entity35 across all FR schedules. Data from the exponential analysis suggest that @entity351 dose-dependently increased elasticity, i.e., reduced the essential value of @entity969 , a finding that is consistent with graphical depictions of normalized demand curves.

title: @entity351 reduces the essential value of food in the genetically XXXX Zucker @entity35 : an exponential demand analysis.

entities_list: @entity7785 :: ('MESH:D002186', 'Chemical') :: ['cannabinoids']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity351 :: ('MESH:C089032', 'Chemical') :: ['rimonabant', 'Rimonabant']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: @entity45381 ) enzymes hydrolyze phospholipids to liberate @entity1426 for the biosynthesis of @entity2918 and @entity4443 . In the vascular endothelium, group IV @entity35169 )a ( @entity3901 )a) enzyme activity is regulated by reversible association with the Golgi apparatus. Here we provide evidence for a plasma membrane cell adhesion complex that regulates endothelial cell confluence and simultaneously controls @entity3901 )a localization and enzymatic activity. Confluent endothelial cells display pronounced accumulation of @entity3545 ( @entity3545 ) at cell-cell junctions, and mechanical wounding of the monolayer stimulates @entity3545 complex disassembly and @entity3901 )a release from the Golgi apparatus. @entity3545 depletion inhibits both recruitment of @entity3901 )a to the Golgi and formation of tubules by endothelial cells. Perturbing @entity3545 and increasing the soluble @entity3901 )a fraction also stimulated @entity1426 and @entity3009 production. Of importance, reverse genetics shows that a-catenin and   -catenin, but not @entity3546 , regulates @entity3901 )a Golgi localization linked to cell confluence. Furthermore, @entity3901 )a Golgi localization also required partitioning defective protein 3 ( @entity14138 ) and @entity216 . Disruption of F-actin internalizes @entity3545 and releases @entity3901 )a from the adhesion complex and Golgi apparatus. Finally, depletion of either @entity14138 or a-catenin promotes @entity3901 )a-dependent endothelial tubule formation. Thus a @entity3545 - @entity14138 -a-catenin adhesion complex regulates @entity3901 )a recruitment to the Golgi apparatus, with functional consequences for vascular physiology.

title: A @entity3545 - XXXX -a-catenin complex regulates the Golgi localization and activity of cytosolic @entity45381 )a in endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity3545 :: ('1003', 'Gene') :: ['VE-cadherin', 'vascular endothelial cadherin']

entities_list: @entity4443 :: ('MESH:D015289', 'Chemical') :: ['leukotrienes']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

answer: @entity14138 :: (56288,Gene) :: ['PAR3']


abstract: @entity4105 ( @entity4105 ), @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ), and @entity4725 ( @entity4725 ) are cytokine-regulated cell surface molecules involved in leukocyte adhesion. We have studied two forms of cutaneous @entity32 to investigate in vivo the kinetics of adhesion molecule expression in relation to tissue accumulation of leukocytes. Immunohistology was performed on skin biopsies taken from @entity1 volunteers at 1, 6, 24, 72 h, and 1 week after two minimal erythema doses (MED) of ultraviolet B (UV-B) or intra-cutaneous tuberculin-purified protein derivative ( @entity10155 ) (10-100 U). @entity4105 expression on vascular endothelium and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration were first observed at 6 h and maximal at 24 h after both UV-B and @entity10155 . At 72 h and 1 week, however, endothelial @entity4105 was more strongly expressed in @entity10155 biopsies. @entity4725 was minimally expressed in control skin, and was induced above background levels on endothelium, on some perivascular cells, and on stellate-shaped cells in the upper dermis at 24 h after injection of @entity10155 ; it was maintained up to 1 week. In contrast, no induction of @entity4725 was seen following challenge with either 2 or 8 MED UV-B. Following @entity10155 , but not UV-B, there was marked induction of @entity2071 expression on basal keratinocytes. In these biopsies, the @entity32 induced in response to @entity10155 therefore differed from UV-B-induced @entity32 in showing prolonged expression of endothelial @entity4105 , induction of @entity4725 on endothelium and other cells, and induction of keratinocyte @entity2071 . These differences may result from differences in the cytokines released and may in turn be responsible for the differences in the nature of the leukocytic infiltration during the two types of inflammatory response.

title: The expression of @entity4105 ( @entity4105 ), @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ), and @entity4725 ( XXXX ) in experimental cutaneous @entity32 : a comparison of ultraviolet B erythema and delayed hypersensitivity.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1', 'VCAM-1']

entities_list: @entity4105 :: ('6401', 'Gene') :: ['Endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1', 'ELAM-1']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity4725 :: (7412,Gene) :: ['VCAM-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Multiple primary @entity2 (MPLC) are not an uncommon presentation. Current guidelines recommend a curative approach when early-stage MPLC is diagnosed as favorable outcomes have been reported after surgery. We studied outcomes following stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following review of imaging and pathology at a multi-disciplinary @entity5 board, a total of 62 @entity1 were referred for SABR with a diagnosis of synchronous MPLC. SABR was performed for both lesions in 56 @entity1 , while another 6 underwent SABR for only one lesion and surgery for the other lesion. A total dose of 54-60 Gy was delivered in 3-8 fractions. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 44 months (95% CI: 29-59). Overall survival of all @entity1 was 31 months (95% CI: 17-44), with an actuarial 2-year survival of 56%. No grade 4 or 5 post-SABR @entity137 was observed. Local control rates calculated per lesion, were 84% at 2 years, and 78% at 3 years. The two-year actuarial regional control rate was 87%. CONCLUSIONS: SABR for synchronous MPLC achieves a lesion control rate of 84% after 2 years, with limited @entity137 . SABR should be considered when @entity1 with @entity2 present with a @entity75 and no nodal involvement.

title: Treatment of multiple primary XXXX using stereotactic radiotherapy, either with or without surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous second lesion']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancers', 'lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancers']


abstract: Most studies that have investigated the anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone (1-84) ( @entity4727 ) or @entity4727 fragments on the skeleton of ovariectomized (OVX) @entity35 have evaluated the short-term effects of high-dose @entity4727 (1-34) in young animals. This study used densitometry, histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing to evaluate the effects of 12-month daily treatment with low-dose @entity4727 (15 or 30 microg/kg) in @entity35 that were 10 months old at baseline, 4 months after OVX. @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and bone strength were reduced substantially in control OVX @entity35 . The 15 microg/kg dose of @entity4727 restored @entity79 to levels similar to those in sham animals within 6 months at the lumbar spine, distal and central femur, and whole body and maintained the @entity79 gain from 6 to 12 months. The 30 microg/kg dose produced greater effects. Both @entity4727 doses normalized the trabecular bone volume-to-total volume ratio (BV/TV) at lumbar vertebra 3 but not at the proximal tibia (where baseline BV/TV was very low), solely by increasing trabecular thickness. @entity4727 dose-dependently increased bone formation by increasing the mineralizing surface, but only the 30 microg/kg dose increased resorption. @entity4727 increased cortical @entity79 , area, and thickness, primarily by increasing endocortical bone formation, and restored all measures of bone strength to levels similar to those in sham animals at all skeletal sites. @entity4727 increased bone mass safely; there was no osteoid accumulation, mineralization defect, or marrow @entity82 and there were no abnormal cells. Thus, long-term @entity4727 therapy normalized bone strength in the aged OVX @entity35 , a model of @entity170 , through @entity79 and enhanced formation of both trabecular and cortical bone.

title: Daily treatment of aged ovariectomized XXXX with human parathyroid hormone (1-84) for 12 months reverses bone loss and enhances trabecular and cortical bone strength.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Bone mineral density', 'BMD', 'increased bone turnover']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dissection of the walls of the cervical and cerebral arteries is rare in childhood. CASE REPORT: A 6 year-old @entity1 suddenly suffered a @entity909 followed by a generalized @entity410 90 min after a non-traumatic fall. At admission, she had a massive right @entity1158 with @entity2026 . The @entity2841 was not hemorrhagic. A CT-scan performed at H3 without infusion of radiopaque contrast material was normal, but a second CT-scan on day 4 showed a low density in the low area of the middle cerebral artery. An arteriogram taken on day 6 showed that the wall of the proximal part of this artery was irregular, with a discrete additive imaging. The @entity1 was treated with IV heparin for 3 weeks, then with @entity117 . All investigations for the possible cause of @entity715 (protein C and S, antithrombin III, @entity7611 , etc...) were negative. Two further arteriograms, the last after a follow-up of 16 months, showed progressive disappearance of the wall irregularities and replacement of the additive imaging by a large @entity439 , suggesting a dissection. The @entity1158 persists under prolonged @entity117 therapy. CONCLUSION: This case shows that dissection may occur in childhood without any apparent cause. It can result in the development of an @entity439 , a complication which is more frequent following dissection of the cervical rather the cerebral arteries.

title: [Dissection of the sylvian artery with resulting XXXX in a 6 years old @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['tonic-clonic seizure']

entities_list: @entity7611 :: ('MESH:D006712', 'Disease') :: ['homocystinuria']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysm']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: ' @entity79 ' or @entity2402 is a very rare form of primary @entity2402 with only around 200 cases being reported till date. We present in this case report a ten year follow-up of a @entity1 who had progressive @entity3061 of the right shoulder girdle and eventually involved the spine inspite of supplementary @entity460 and @entity5520 therapy. We also report the utility of using an intra-medullary device is to attain acceptable union in case of pathological long bone @entity174 in @entity2402 . CASE: A four year old @entity1 presented to us with a spontaneous @entity3061 of the right scapula ten years ago in 2003. Within two years, the @entity3061 progressed to the entire scapula, clavicle and he had a @entity174 . The @entity1 was treated conservatively, oral @entity460 and @entity5520 therapy was initiated after ruling out any @entity2331 . The @entity1 again sustained a pathological @entity174 humerus five years later, which was treated with open reduction and internal fixation with an intra-medullary K wire. The @entity174 united without any other supplementary treatment but @entity3061 continued to progressively involve the entire scapula, proximal humerus, clavicle, upper two ribs and the cervical spine. CONCLUSION: @entity2402 is a rare disease with an unpredictable course without any satisfactory treatment. There is still a role for surgical intervention to treat long bone pathological @entity174 secondary to @entity2402 with an intra-medullary device. The @entity174 unite without any other supplementary radio or chemotherapy.

title: A Rare Case of Progressive @entity2402 of Right Shoulder Girdle and Cervical Spine in A XXXX : 10 Year Follow-up and A Review of Literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2402 :: ('MESH:D010015', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic osteolysis', "Gorham's disease"]

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'clavicular fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Vanishing Bone Disease']

entities_list: @entity5520 :: ('D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonate']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic bone disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Child']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether @entity4512 increased risk for falls in older @entity1 with disabilities. DESIGN: Prospective population-based cohort study. SETTING: The city and county of the eastern area of Baltimore. @entity1 : One thousand two @entity1 aged 65 and older, @entity1 in the @entity1 's Health and Aging Study, representing the one-third of older @entity1 who were living at home with disabilities, followed semiannually for 3 years beginning in 1991. MEASUREMENTS: @entity158 was categorized into four groups according to severity and location. @entity158 was defined as @entity158 in the upper and lower extremities and in the axial skeletal region, with moderate to severe @entity158 in at least one region (> or = 4 on a 10-point numeric rating scale, 10 = excruciating @entity158 ). Moderate to severe @entity158 that did not meet criteria for @entity158 was the next category. The reference category was no @entity158 or mild @entity158 in one site. The additional category of "other @entity158 " was @entity158 that did not fit into the other three groups. The occurrence of falls and fall-related injuries were assessed at each interview. RESULTS: Of the 940 @entity1 who participated in at least one follow-up examination, 39% fell in first year; of the survivors, 36% fell in Year 2, and 39% in Year 3. After adjusting for several major risk factors for falls, @entity1 with @entity158 had an increased likelihood of falling during follow-up (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25-2.21) compared with those with no or mild @entity158 in only one musculoskeletal site. @entity1 who had other @entity4512 but not @entity158 or @entity158 also had an increased risk of falls (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02-1.82). Among @entity1 with @entity4512 , risk for falls was lower in those who used daily analgesic medication. Risk for recurrent falls and self-reported @entity174 due to falls was also elevated in @entity1 with @entity4512 , most consistently in @entity1 with @entity158 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity4512 , particularly @entity158 , is a substantial risk factor for falls in older @entity1 with disabilities. These findings add an important dimension to our understanding of the multifactorial processes leading to falls in older @entity1 .

title: @entity4512 and risk for falls in older disabled XXXX living in the community.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['Musculoskeletal pain', 'musculoskeletal pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'lower extremity pain', 'pain', 'widespread pain', 'Widespread pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Because long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are largely reserved for persistently ill @entity1 , little is known about the use of LAIs early in the @entity221 for @entity5665 . METHOD: A prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted in which outpatients with first-episode DSM-IV @entity914 , @entity161 , @entity914 were enrolled from December 2004 to March 2007. @entity1 were randomly assigned at a 2:1 ratio to a recommendation of changing to LAI @entity1090 microspheres (RLAI) (n = 26) or continuing oral antipsychotic treatment (n = 11) for up to 104 weeks. Primary outcomes were time until initial nonadherence (medication gap of >=  14 days) and medication attitudes as assessed with the Rating of Medication Influences scale. @entity1 randomly assigned to an RLAI recommendation could decline the recommendation, so analysis defined treatment groups by intent-to-treat and as-actually-treated. RESULTS: Eighty-one percent of @entity1 (30/37) stopped medication within 104 weeks. There was a trend toward an initial adherence benefit favoring RLAI acceptors at 12 weeks (P = .058), but no significant difference between RLAI and oral antipsychotic treatment in time to initial nonadherence during the overall study (P = .188). Medication attitudes did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Acceptance of RLAI was associated with an initial adherence benefit that was not sustained over time. Early introduction of LAI therapy did not adversely affect adherence attitudes. The small size of the study and low power limit interpretation, but the few @entity1 who remained adherent into a second year were all receiving RLAI. Nonadherence was almost universal in our first-episode cohort, but nonadherence was more easily detected among first-episode @entity1 treated with LAI therapy than it was with oral antipsychotics. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00220714.

title: Maintenance treatment with long-acting injectable @entity1090 in first-episode XXXX : a randomized effectiveness study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity5665 :: ('MESH:C563278', 'Disease') :: ['first-episode outpatients']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['or schizoaffective disorder', 'schizophreniform disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['course of illness']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Songbirds, like @entity1 , learn vocalizations and their striatum recruits new neurons in adulthood. Injury in striatal vocal nucleus Area X, involved in song learning and production in songbirds, is followed by massive regeneration. The newborn neurons arise from the subventricular zone rich in @entity935 D3 receptors (D3Rs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the D3Rs affect the rate of neuronal recovery in Area X. Male zebra finches ( @entity12128 ) received bilateral neurotoxic lesion of Area X and were implanted with osmotic minipumps containing D3R agonist @entity20164 , antagonist @entity48287 , or saline. Treatment with @entity20164 but not @entity48287 led to significant @entity8 size and increased numbers of migrating neuroblasts and newborn cells in the Area X. These cells were detected in the lesion border as well as the lesion center. Lesion also led to increased mRNA expression of the D3Rs in the neurogenic subventricular zone and in the nucleus robustus arcopallialis (RA) involved in song production. Moreover, lesion alone prolonged the song duration and this may be facilitated by D3Rs in RA. Parallel lesion and stimulation of D3Rs prolonged it even more, while blocking of D3Rs abolished the lesion-induced effect. These data suggest that D3R stimulation after striatal injury accelerates the striatal recovery and can cause behavioral alterations.

title: XXXX D3 receptors modulate the rate of neuronal recovery, cell recruitment in Area X, and song tempo after neurotoxic damage in songbirds.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of lesion']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity12128 :: ('59729', 'Species') :: ['Taeniopygia guttata']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['Dopamine']


abstract: @entity189 has an extremely poor prognosis regardless of the method of treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess the local control and survival in @entity1 with @entity189 of the posterior pharyngeal wall treated with definitive radiotherapy and to determine prognostic factors which may be relevant to the current UICC staging classification. Between January 1991 and December 1995, 22 @entity1 with a mean age of 60 years (range 44-82) received definitive radiotherapy, using a homogeneous technique, for @entity189 of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The median follow-up was 42 months (range 25-66). The overall 3-year survival and local control for the whole group was 50% and 73% respectively. @entity1 with early stage (T1 and T2) disease had a significantly better overall 3-year survival rate of 77% compared to 11% for @entity1 with advanced stage (T3 and T4) disease (p=0.0010). Similarly, @entity1 with early stage disease had a significantly improved 3-year local control rate compared to @entity1 with more advanced stage disease (92% and 44% respectively, p=0.0080). @entity1 with node positive disease had an inferior survival rate of 29% compared to 60% for those with node negative disease though the difference did not reach statistical significance. In addition only one @entity1 with initial node negative disease had isolated nodal relapse. There was no significant late morbidity. For @entity1 with early stage disease we have obtained local control and survival rates comparable to other groups with a once daily, short fractionation radiotherapy scheme but with reduced morbidity. In late stage disease altered fractionation schemes should be considered in order to achieve better local control and survival. Isolated nodal relapse was not a significant problem in this cohort of @entity1 . Outcome correlates with primary @entity5 size and this is reflected in the current UICC staging classification.

title: Radiotherapy for XXXX of the posterior pharyngeal wall.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Posterior pharyngeal carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: We have characterized functional responses of @entity1707 platelets in @entity1792 -anticoagulated blood and compared results with those of @entity1 platelets. Platelet aggregation was induced with known activating agents using citrated platelet-rich plasma. Adhesive and cohesive functions of platelets were evaluated using a perfusion flow system with whole anticoagulated blood (10 min, 800/s). To test the differential sensitivity to free @entity460 levels, two @entity1792 concentrations (19 mM [standard] vs 13 mM) were used as anticoagulants. The ability of platelets to produce @entity2404 was also quantified, using radioimmunoassay. In the presence of 19 mM @entity1792 concentration, @entity1707 platelets responded poorly to @entity857 and collagen, and did not respond to @entity1426 and @entity2872 . @entity1707 platelets adhered well onto subendothelium, but failed to form aggregates on previously spreaded platelets. At 13 mM @entity1792 concentration, the aggregating responses of @entity1707 platelets improved, but some of the aggregation patterns were still reversible. The lower @entity1792 concentration had a dramatic impact on perfusion studies, where the formation of platelet aggregates was restored up to levels found in @entity1 . @entity2871 levels in pig serum were only 20 to 30% of that found in @entity1 . So, @entity1707 platelets possess functional properties that clearly differ from @entity1 platelets: they are more sensitive to the @entity460 chelating effects of @entity1792 . @entity1426 metabolism and @entity2871 amplification of platelet responses seem less preponderant in the @entity1707 species.

title: Characterization of adhesive and aggregating functions of @entity1707 platelets: comparative studies with XXXX platelets and differential effects of @entity460 chelation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['Thromboxane', 'thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity2404 :: ('MESH:D013928', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane A2']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['Arachidonic acid', 'arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome implications of implementing a severe @entity295 bundle in an emergency department as a quality indicator set with feedback to modify physician behavior related to the early management of severe @entity295 and @entity326 . DESIGN: Two-year prospective observational cohort. SETTING: Academic tertiary care facility. @entity1 : @entity1 were 330 @entity1 presenting to the emergency department who met criteria for severe @entity295 or @entity326 . INTERVENTIONS: Five quality indicators comprised the bundle for severe @entity295 management in the emergency department: a) initiate central venous pressure (CVP)/central venous @entity26 saturation (Scvo2) monitoring within 2 hrs; b) give broad-spectrum antibiotics within 4 hrs; c) complete early goal-directed therapy at 6 hrs; d) give corticosteroid if the @entity1 is on vasopressor or if @entity1887 is suspected; and e) monitor for @entity880 clearance. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity1 had a mean age of 63.8 +/- 18.5 yrs, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score 29.6 +/- 10.6, emergency department length of stay 8.5 +/- 4.4 hrs, hospital length of stay 11.3 +/- 12.9 days, and in-hospital mortality 35.2%. Bundle compliance increased from zero to 51.2% at the end of the study period. During the emergency department stay, @entity1 with the bundle completed received more CVP/Scvo2 monitoring (100.0 vs. 64.8%, p < .01), more antibiotics (100.0 vs. 89.7%, p = .04), and more corticosteroid (29.9 vs. 16.2%, p = .01) compared with @entity1 with the bundle not completed. In a multivariate regression analysis including the five quality indicators, completion of early goal-directed therapy was significantly associated with decreased mortality (odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.79; p = .01). In-hospital mortality was less in @entity1 with the bundle completed compared with @entity1 with the bundle not completed (20.8 vs. 39.5%, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a severe @entity295 bundle using a quality improvement feedback to modify physician behavior in the emergency department setting was feasible and was associated with decreased in-hospital mortality.

title: Implementation of a bundle of quality indicators for the early management of severe @entity295 and XXXX is associated with decreased mortality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity326 :: (MESH:D012772,Disease) :: ['septic shock']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity842 (NO) is a gaseous molecule that modulates several physiological processes, including signal transmission in the central nervous system. There is evidence supporting NO as a major neurotransmitter involved in motor and emotion/behavior control. We investigated the distribution and morphology of nitrergic neurons in the two main input structures of the basal ganglia of @entity1 brain: the striatum and subthalamic nucleus. METHODS: We studied samples of striatum (caudate and putamen) and subthalamic nucleus of 20 @entity1 brains from subjects without @entity146 . The tissues were stained by histochemistry for @entity1110 diaphorase activity and by immunohistochemistry for neuronal NO synthase ( @entity2821 ). Subsequently, we analyzed the nitrergic neuronal profile and its morphometric parameters. RESULTS: Our data corroborate that approximately 2% of neurons in striatum express @entity2821 and these exhibited morphology characteristic of interneurons. Posterior regions of the striatum have a higher nitrergic neuronal profile than anterior regions of this nucleus suggesting an anteroposterior gradient of nitrergic neurons. Posterior limbic-associated areas of the striatum have a higher nitrergic neuronal profile compared to other functional subdivisions. Also, approximately 90% of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus express @entity2821 . CONCLUSIONS: A remarkable presence of nitrergic neurons in the @entity1 striatum and subthalamic nucleus suggests that NO may play a critical role in the physiology of these nuclei.

title: Cytoarchitecture of nitrergic neurons in the XXXX striatum and subthalamic nucleus.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neurological/psychiatric diseases']

entities_list: @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) on neurologic function and electrophysiologic studies in @entity1897 with conduction block (MMN). BACKGROUND: MMN is characterized by progressive, asymmetric, lower motor @entity425 and is probably immune-mediated. IVIg treatment has been shown to have beneficial effects in several open-label studies and in one small controlled trial. However, larger randomized controlled studies are lacking. METHODS: The authors recruited 16 @entity1 with MMN. All subjects were given each of two treatments (IVIg [0.4 g/kg/d for 5 consecutive days] or placebo [ @entity413 or saline]) that were assigned according to a randomized, crossover design under double-blind conditions. @entity1 were evaluated before and about 28 days after trial treatment for subjective functional improvement, @entity16 score, grip strength, distal and proximal compound muscle action potential amplitude, and conduction block. RESULTS: Subjective functional improvement with IVIg treatment was rated as dramatic or very good in nine @entity1 , moderate in one, mild in one, and absent in five @entity1 . This improvement was absent after placebo. The @entity16 score improved by 6.7+/-3.3 points with IVIg treatment, whereas it decreased by 2.1+/-3.0 with placebo (p = 0.038). Grip strength on the weaker side was increased by 6.4+/-1.9 kg with IVIg treatment; it decreased by 1.0+/-0.8 kg with placebo (p = 0.0021). Conduction block worsened by 12.98+/-6.52 % with placebo, but improved by 12.68+/-5.62 % with IVIg treatment (p = 0.037). Conduction block was reversed in five @entity1 with IVIg but not placebo. CONCLUSION: IVIg improved conduction block as well as subjective and objective clinical measures of function in @entity1 with MMN.

title: XXXX improved by IVIg: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disability']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['neuron weakness']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['multifocal motor neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['dextrose']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['Multifocal motor neuropathy']


abstract: We report dramatic improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters after intensive plasma exchange therapy in a 15-yr-old @entity1 with acquired generalized @entity3388 and refractory @entity2298 . One hundred and twenty-five procedures were performed over 720 d. Two or three plasma volumes were exchanged per procedure, using peripheral venous access and albumin as replacement solution. Regression of @entity158 and reduction in massive @entity382 were noted within the first two procedures. @entity412 levels started at 109 mmol/liter (9670 mg/dl) and decreased acutely by 60-85%/procedure. Lipid removal averaged 83 g/procedure and was highly correlated with preexchange lipid levels. Lipid levels rebounded to baseline values within 7 d after exchange and appeared to rebound more rapidly after larger exchanges. Maximum benefit was achieved with weekly 1.5- to 2.0-volume exchanges. No significant decrease in apolipoprotein CII levels was detected after plasma exchange regardless of the volume of exchange; however, other plasma factors regulating @entity412 synthesis or clearance may have been removed during the procedures. Plasma exchange was well tolerated, without clinical, immunological, or hormonal deterioration. These data indicate that intensive plasma exchange therapy over a protracted time may produce sustained benefit in @entity1 with severe, symptomatic @entity2298 refractory to standard medical therapy.

title: Intensive, long-term plasma exchange therapy for severe XXXX in acquired generalized @entity3388 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['Triglyceride', 'triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity3388 :: ('MESH:C535905', 'Disease') :: ['lipoatrophy']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful cutaneous xanthomata']

entities_list: @entity382 :: ('MESH:D006529', 'Disease') :: ['hepatomegaly']

answer: @entity2298 :: (MESH:D015228,Disease) :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We present a hybrid computational methodology to predict multiple energetically accessible conformations for G  protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that might play a role in binding to ligands and different signaling partners. To our knowledge, this method, termed ActiveGEnSeMBLE, enables the first quantitative energy profile for @entity31679 activation that is consistent with the qualitative profile deduced from experiments. ActiveGEnSeMBLE starts with a systematic coarse grid sampling of helix tilts/rotations (   13 trillion transmembrane-domain conformations) and selects the conformational landscape based on energy. This profile identifies multiple potential active-state energy wells, with the @entity16544 intracellular distance as an approximate activation coordinate. These energy wells are then sampled locally using a finer grid to find locally minimized conformation in each energy well. We validate this strategy using the inactive and active experimental structures of b2 adrenergic receptor (hb2AR) and M2 muscarinic @entity934 receptor. Structures of membrane-embedded hb2AR along its activation coordinate are subjected to molecular-dynamics simulations for relaxation and interaction energy analysis to generate a quantitative energy landscape for hb2AR activation. This landscape reveals several metastable states along this coordinate, indicating that for hb2AR, the agonist alone is not enough to stabilize the active state and that the G protein is necessary, consistent with experimental observations. The method's application to @entity1943 receptor @entity7932 (no experimental structure available) shows that to predict an active conformation it is better to start from an inactive structure template based on a close homolog than to start from an active template based on a distant homolog. The energy landscape for @entity7932 activation is consistent with hb2AR in the role of the G protein. These results demonstrate the utility of the ActiveGEnSeMBLE method for predicting multiple conformations along the pathways for activating GPCRs and the corresponding energy landscapes, thereby providing detailed structural insights into the initial molecular events of @entity31679 function that are not easily accessible by experiments.

title: Conformational and Thermodynamic Landscape of XXXX Activation from Theory and Computation.

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity31679 :: (441931,Gene) :: ['GPCR']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Results of animal studies suggest that maternal immune activation during pregnancy causes @entity2241 . @entity166 is the most common path to maternal immune activation during pregnancy. The goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of common @entity281 , febrile episodes, and use of antibiotics reported by the mother during pregnancy and the risk for @entity72 ( @entity72 ) and @entity2438 in the offspring. METHODS: We used a population-based cohort consisting of 96 736 @entity1 aged 8 to 14 years and born from 1997 to 2003 in Denmark. Information on infection, febrile episodes, and use of antibiotics was self-reported through telephone interviews during pregnancy and early postpartum. Diagnoses of @entity72 and @entity2438 were retrieved from the Danish Psychiatric Central Register; 976 @entity1 (1%) from the cohort were diagnosed with @entity72 . RESULTS: Overall, we found little evidence that various types of mild common @entity166 or febrile episodes during pregnancy were associated with @entity72 / @entity2438 . However, our data suggest that maternal influenza infection was associated with a twofold increased risk of @entity2438 , @entity221 caused a threefold increased risk of @entity2438 , and use of various antibiotics during pregnancy were potential risk factors for @entity72 / @entity2438 . CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not suggest that mild @entity281 , febrile episodes, or use of antibiotics during pregnancy are strong risk factors for @entity72 / @entity2438 . The results may be due to multiple testing; the few positive findings are potential chance findings.

title: XXXX after infection, febrile episodes, and antibiotic use during pregnancy: an exploratory study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged episodes of fever']

entities_list: @entity2438 :: ('MESH:D001321', 'Disease') :: ['infantile autism']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'autism spectrum disorder']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases', 'Infectious disease']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies in fetal neurodevelopment']

answer: @entity2438 :: (MESH:D001321,Disease) :: ['Autism']


abstract: Invasive techniques have been important to assess the ventricular function. The approach for assessing function is based on measurement of cardiac output which depends on preload, afterload and contractility. @entity64 work over a range of end-diastolic pressures was examined and termed the function curve. Clinical application of Frank-Starling principle is useful for characterizing @entity712 . The isovolumic phase (positive dp/dt) and ejection phase index (ejection fraction) are responsive to acute change in contractility. The pressure-volume loop can be constructed by measurement of pressure and volume. The slope of end-systolic pressure-volume relation (ESPVR) is an expression of contractility. The linear relationship between @entity64 work and end-diastolic volume has been also proposed. The arterial system is characterized by the end-systolic pressure- @entity64 volume relationship and the slope is called as effective arterial elastance (Ea). One can evaluate @entity64 volume by coupling frame work between ESPVR and Ea. The isovolumic indices during diastole (negative dp/dt, time constant) can show impaired relaxation. The several factors influence the diastolic pressure-volume relation.

title: [Invasive diagnostic technique for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The association between alterations of the white matter (WM) integrity in brain regions and @entity1316 has been reported in @entity308 ( @entity308 ). However, there has never been a neuroimaging study in @entity1 who have @entity13217 ( @entity13217 ) and are in a current treatment-resistant state. In the present study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method to investigate the WM integrity of different brain regions in @entity1 who had @entity13217 and were in a current treatment-resistant state. METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 with @entity13217 and Hamilton Rating Scale total score of >= 18 and 19 healthy controls matched with age, gender, and education level to @entity1 were scanned with DTI. Thirty 4 mm thick, no gap, contiguous axial slices were acquired and fractional anisotropy (FA) images were generated for each @entity1 . An automated TBSS approach was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Voxel-wise statistics revealed that @entity1 with @entity13217 had lower FA values in the right anterior limb of internal capsule, the body of corpus callosum, and bilateral external capsule compared to healthy subjects. @entity1 with @entity13217 did not have increased FA values in any brain regions compared to healthy subjects. There was no correlation between the FA values in any brain region and @entity1 ' demographics and the severity of illness. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the abnormalities of the WM integrity of neuronal tracts connecting cortical and subcortical nuclei and two brain hemispheres may play a key role in the pathogenesis of @entity13217 .

title: Altered white matter integrity of forebrain in XXXX : a diffusion tensor imaging study with tract-based spatial statistics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood dysregulation']

entities_list: @entity13217 :: ('MESH:D061218', 'Disease') :: ['TRD', 'treatment-resistant depression']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['MDD', 'major depressive disorder']

answer: @entity13217 :: (MESH:D061218,Disease) :: ['treatment-resistant depression']


abstract: The present study reinvestigates the role of autoinhibition in @entity935 (DA) release from mesoprefrontal and nigrostriatal DA neurons using improved methodology. Slices of @entity95 prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum (STR) were labeled with @entity7829 and superfused in the presence of @entity7831 (3 microM). Overflow was elicited by field stimulation with a single pulse ( @entity558 ) or trains of pulses (4, 16 and 64) delivered at 0.05 to 30 Hz. One-pulse stimulation caused a measurable overflow of @entity4463 in the PFC and STR (0.12% vs. 0.21% of tissue @entity4463 , respectively). At increasing numbers of pulses, per-pulse over-flow decreased at all frequencies, but it was consistently more pronounced in the STR than in the PFC (e.g., 64 pulses/3 Hz: -30% PFC, -70% STR). The frequency dependence of DA release was biphasic at all numbers of pulses with overflow largest at 0.05 Hz and smallest at 3 Hz. In the PFC, however, the magnitude of the changes was considerably smaller, and the per-pulse release at higher frequencies was much larger than in the STR. The DA D2-receptor antagonist @entity3216 (3 microM) enhanced pulse-train-evoked overflow from the STR at all frequencies between 0.3 and 10 Hz, whereas facilitation in the PFC was achieved at 10 Hz only. One-pulse-evoked overflow was not facilitated by @entity3216 in either region. In conclusion, DA overflow from PFC terminals is not generally higher than overflow from STR terminals, as suggested in earlier studies. Larger per-pulse overflow from mesoprefrontal DA neurons occurs only under intense stimulation and is only in part a consequence of weak autoinhibition in this region.

title: Behavior of mesocortical XXXX terminals during single and repetitive stimulation: comparison with nigrostriatal neurons.

entities_list: @entity7831 :: ('MESH:D009627', 'Chemical') :: ['nomifensine']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['autoinhibition-free condition']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3216 :: ('MESH:D013469', 'Chemical') :: ['sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity4463 :: ('CHEBI:29304', 'Chemical') :: ['tritium']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mandibular angle fractures continue to be a common type of @entity8494 . The objectives in treatment are to effect rapid healing by anatomic reduction and fixation and to restore function and appearance with minimal disability and complications. Traditionally, when open techniques are utilised, the extra-oral approach is performed through a skin incision concealed in the submandibular crease. However, @entity1 develop unsightly scars and there is a risk of @entity46265 . In comparison, the trans-oral approach, performed through an oral mucosal incision, results in minimal external @entity2318 or @entity46265 and allows direct visualisation and confirmation of the desired occlusion during the placement of the miniplates. The basic aim of the study was to provide a treatment for the @entity174 which results in minimal @entity2318 and fulfills all the functional needs of the @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: @entity1 coming to KLES PK Hospital and MRC with mandibular angle fractures requiring open reduction and internal fixation admitted under OMFS were taken for the study. The sample size of the study was 15. In one group, the @entity1 were treated by extra-oral approach and the other group by transbuccal approach. In @entity1 treated by transbuccal approach, special armamentarium consisting of trocar, cannula, and cheek retractor were used; and in both the groups, semirigid fixation was done using two miniplates with around a distance of 1cm. RESULTS: Total of 15 @entity1 were treated, 10 with transbuccal approach and 5 with submandibular approach. It has been found that both techniques fulfill the functional requirements of the @entity1 . @entity1 treated with submandibular approach developed obvious unsightly scars, whereas transbuccal approach results in minimal @entity2318 . CONCLUSION: The results associated with clinical observations suggest that transbuccal approach is a superior and less time consuming approach than extraoral approach, but it requires special instruments, lots of skill by the operating surgeon in using the armamentarium, and a skilled assistant.

title: A comparative study between transbuccal and extra-oral approaches in treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['mandibular fractures']

entities_list: @entity46265 :: ('MESH:D008338', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the marginal mandibular nerve']

entities_list: @entity8494 :: ('MESH:D005151', 'Disease') :: ['facial injury']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['mandibular fractures']


abstract: Rapeseed ( @entity4335 .) is one of the most important economic crops worldwide, and @entity19868 is the most dangerous disease that affects its yield greatly. Lipid transfer protein ( @entity51200 ) has broad-spectrum anti-bacterial and fungal activities. In this study, @entity4335 was transformed using @entity3261 harboring the plasmid-containing @entity51200 gene to study its possible capability of increasing plant's resistance. First, we optimized the petiole genetic transformation system by adjusting the days of explants, bacterial concentrations, ratio of hormones, and cultivating condition. Second, we obtained 8 positive plants by PCR analysis of T0 generation. The PCR results of T1 generation were positive, indicating that the @entity51200 gene had been integrated into @entity4335 . Third, T1 transgenic plants inoculated by detached leaves with mycelia of @entity19868 showed better disease resistance than non-transformants. @entity11439 belongs to secondary metabolites of @entity19868 , and several studies have demonstrated that the resistance of rapeseed to @entity11439 is significantly consistent with its resistance to @entity19868 . The result from the seed germination assay showed that when T1 seeds were exposed to @entity11439 stress, their germination rate was evidently higher than that of non-transformant seeds. In addition, we measured some physiological changes in T1 plants and control plants under @entity11439 stress. The results showed that T1 transgenic plants had lower @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) content, higher super @entity8369 dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activities than non-transformants, whereas disease resistance was related to low @entity1865 content and high SOD and POD activities.

title: Transformation of @entity51200 gene into XXXX to enhance its resistance to @entity19868 .

entities_list: @entity3261 :: ('358', 'Species') :: ['Agrobacterium tumefaciens']

entities_list: @entity4335 :: ('3708', 'Species') :: ['Brassica napus L', 'B. napus']

entities_list: @entity19868 :: ('5180', 'Species') :: ['Sclerotinia sclerotiorum', 'S. sclerotiorum']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity11439 :: ('MESH:D019815', 'Chemical') :: ['oxalic acid', 'Oxalic acid']

answer: @entity4335 :: (3708,Species) :: ['Brassica napus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinicopathologic features of @entity3191 , unspecified (PTL-U) with follicular pattern. METHODS: The clinical data, @entity1710 and @entity1711 -stained sections of lymph node biopsies and follow-up data of 18 cases of PTL-U associated with follicular growth pattern were reviewed and studied. Eight cases of @entity12293 were used as controls. Semi-quantitative observation by retiform micrometer rule was carried out. Immunohistochemical study was also performed in all cases. T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement studies were conducted by polymerase chain reaction-based method. RESULTS: The median age of the @entity1 was 53 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.57:1 in @entity706 group. All of the @entity706 @entity1 presented with superficial @entity3329 , with (8/18) or without B symptoms. Histologically, the @entity706 was characterized by follicles of various sizes and shapes. The T zones were expanded by medium-sized @entity706 cells which contained clear cytoplasm and irregular nuclei. Mitotic figures were commonly identified. Immunohistochemical study confirmed that the @entity706 cells were of T-lineage. The proliferative index, as highlighted by Ki-67, was higher [average = (38.24 +/- 13.42)%/mm2] than that in the control group. T-cell receptor gene rearrangement was demonstrated in 71.4% (10/14) of the @entity706 cases. CONCLUSIONS: A definitive diagnosis of PTL-U with follicular pattern can be made on the basis of morphologic examination, immunohistochemical assessment and clinical features. Cases with atypical features can further be delineated by molecular analysis. Long-term follow up of these @entity1 is prudent.

title: [Clinicopathologic features of XXXX , unspecified with follicular pattern].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity3191 :: ('MESH:D016411', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral T-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity12293 :: ('MESH:D019310', 'Disease') :: ['reactive lymphoid hyperplasia']

answer: @entity3191 :: (MESH:D016411,Disease) :: ['peripheral T-cell lymphoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the new indicator test for sudomotor function (Neuropad) in the diagnosis of @entity73 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: This study included 123 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (59 @entity1 ; mean age, 64.3 +/- 8.6 years; mean @entity6 duration, 12 +/- 6.1 years). @entity409 was assessed by means of the new indicator test. @entity16 was diagnosed by the @entity16 Score and @entity73 by temperature perception (Tiptherm device) and @entity158 perception (Neurotip). RESULTS: The frequency of @entity409 was significantly (P = .001) higher in @entity1 with @entity16 (95%) than in those without @entity16 (30.2%). Sensitivity of the indicator test for @entity16 was 95%, and specificity was 69.8%. Frequency of @entity16 was significantly (P = .018) higher with the indicator test (74.8%) than with conventional clinical examination (65.4%). @entity409 was significantly (P = .001) more frequent in @entity1 with @entity73 (99%) than in those without @entity73 (21.7%). Sensitivity for @entity73 was 99%, and specificity was 78.3%. There was no difference (P = .999) in the frequency of small-fiberimpairment as diagnosed with the indicator test (80.5%) and with clinical examination (81.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The indicator test has a very high sensitivity and specificity for @entity73 in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: The new indicator test (Neuropad): a valuable diagnostic tool for XXXX in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['small-fiber impairment']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neuropathy Disability', 'Neuropathy', 'neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['sudomotor dysfunction', 'Sudomotor dysfunction']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['small-fiber impairment']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the response rate to chemotherapy, as well as the progression-free survival (PFS), the @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), and the main prognostic factors in @entity1 treated at the European Institute of Oncology in Milan, Italy. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected on @entity1 with uterine @entity2622 , International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage @entity3847 to IIB, who underwent @entity902 -based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by radical hysterectomy. RESULTS: A total of 121 @entity1 were studied. The median (range) age was 45 years old (23-69 years). The distribution of @entity1 by International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage was as follows: n = 88 (73%) with stage @entity3847 , n = 7 (6%) with stage IIA, and n = 26 (21%) with stage IIB. The median (range) @entity5 size was 50 mm (20-90 mm). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy involved a combination of @entity900 , @entity1311 , and @entity1260 in 80 @entity1 (65%). Using this treatment, 112 @entity1 (93%) received 3 cycles of NACT, whereas 6 (5%) received 4 cycles. Complete and partial pathology response was observed in 9 @entity1 (7%) and 79 @entity1 (66%), respectively. Adjuvant radiotherapy was not necessary in 65% of @entity1 . A 5-year PFS and @entity1349 of 58% and 71%, respectively, were observed. Independent prognostic factors for PFS and @entity1349 were identified, including response to NACT, persistent lymph node @entity3 , and parametrial involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in this group of @entity5 is a promising treatment strategy and should be discussed with @entity1 . Although these results are comparable to those obtained by standard chemoradiation treatment, one strategy should not be recommended over the other until the results of the ongoing phase 3 trial for NACT are released.

title: @entity902 -based neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery for XXXX international federation of gynecology and obstetrics stage @entity3847 -IIB.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity2622 :: (MESH:D002583,Disease) :: ['cervical carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Synchronous bilateral @entity3969 is rare and experience with renal salvage procedures and their limitations accumulates slowly at single institutions. The authors analyzed whether their growing experience with atypical renal resections and awareness of @entity10230 had influenced the outcome of surgical procedures. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of @entity1 treated from 1977 to 1995 was performed. Surgical reports, clinical sheets, and follow-up data were evaluated. All pathology slides were reviewed for histological classification and presence of @entity10230 . Renal function was evaluated pre- and postoperatively and at final follow-up. RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 were treated. Two to 20 years after surgery, 13 @entity1 are alive, and none has had @entity177 . Five @entity1 had unilateral nephrectomies, and a renal salvage procedure was performed on 22 kidneys. One @entity1 with an anaplastic bilateral @entity3969 died of @entity5 progress 1 year after surgery. Several kidneys, which would have been sacrificed by application of traditional criteria, could be salvaged by atypical and unconventional @entity5 resections and by superficial dissection and enucleation of supposed @entity10230 . Nephrectomy appeared unavoidable with hilar invasion by @entity5 . CONCLUSION: Atypical resections of localized lesions and superficial dissections of suspected @entity10230 appeared as valid surgical treatment options for @entity1 who would otherwise have been candidates for nephrectomy. In the case of @entity5 invasion, however, nephrectomy seems unavoidable.

title: Nephron-sparing surgery in synchronous bilateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10230 :: ('MESH:C536399', 'Disease') :: ['nephroblastomatosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'hilar tumor']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["Wilms' tumor"]

answer: @entity3969 :: (MESH:D009396,Disease) :: ['Wilms' tumors']


abstract: During the past 10 years there have been major changes in the management of the most common symptoms of @entity5 . Opioid agonists remain the mainstay in the management of @entity5 . Slow-release preparations are currently available for several of these agents. The increased use of opioids has led to the recognition of opioid-induced @entity2359 effects and to the development of effective adjuvant drugs and other strategies to counteract these side effects. A number of drugs are available for the management of symptoms of @entity3085 , including corticosteroids and progestational drugs. Prokinetic drugs, either alone or in combination with other agents such as @entity288 , are highly effective in the treatment of chronic @entity390 . For @entity1 with @entity1395 , it should first be determined whether there are any reversible causes; if not, corticosteroids and psychostimulants may diminish the symptoms. @entity1767 , other neuroleptics and @entity1245 may be required to manage hyperactive @entity933 . @entity26 and opioids are effective in treating @entity1353 , whereas there is limited evidence that @entity1245 provide any relief of this symptom. More research on the assessment and management of these devastating clinical symptoms of @entity5 is badly needed.

title: Management of specific symptom complexes in XXXX receiving palliative care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['terminal cancer', 'cancer', 'cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['Haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']