abstract: African trypanosomes evade clearance by host antibodies by periodically changing their variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat. They transcribe only one VSG gene at a time from 1 of about 20 telomeric expression sites (ESs). They undergo antigenic variation by switching transcription between telomeric ESs or by recombination of the VSG gene expressed. We show that the @entity19260 (IP) pathway controls transcription of telomeric ESs and VSG antigenic switching in @entity3177 . Conditional knockdown of @entity4357 5-kinase (TbPIP5K) or @entity4357 5-phosphatase (TbPIP5Pase) or overexpression of phospholipase C (TbPLC) derepresses numerous silent ESs in @entity3177 bloodstream forms. The derepression is specific to telomeric ESs, and it coincides with an increase in the number of colocalizing telomeric and RNA polymerase I foci in the nucleus. Monoallelic VSG transcription resumes after reexpression of TbPIP5K; however, most of the resultant cells switched the VSG gene expressed. TbPIP5K, TbPLC, their substrates, and products localize to the plasma membrane, whereas TbPIP5Pase localizes to the nucleus proximal to telomeres. TbPIP5Pase associates with repressor/activator protein 1 (TbRAP1), and their telomeric silencing function is altered by TbPIP5K knockdown. These results show that specific steps in the IP pathway control ES transcription and antigenic switching in @entity3177 by epigenetic regulation of telomere silencing.

title: XXXX pathway controls transcription of telomeric expression sites in trypanosomes.

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity3177 :: ('5691', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma brucei', 'T. brucei']

entities_list: @entity19260 :: ('CHEBI:24846', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol phosphate']

answer: @entity19260 :: (CHEBI:24846,Chemical) :: ['Inositol phosphate']


abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the performance of the clinical evaluation in detecting extrathoracic @entity3 compared with brain and abdomen CT and radionuclide bone scans in @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity153 . The included studies were selected using the MEDLARS database from 1977 through August 1992 as well as reference lists from published articles or abstracts. Studies eligible for consideration met six criteria. The most important criterion was that results of a clinical evaluation and a CT scan of the head or abdomen or a radionuclide bone scan, obtained during the initial evaluation of a @entity1 with primary @entity2 , must be included. Data were categorized by the type of clinical evaluation performed and whether @entity1 had a clinical evaluation suggesting @entity3 (positive) or not (negative). The negative predictive value (NPV) of the clinical evaluation was calculated in all studies. The sensitivity, specificity, and the positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ) were calculated in studies including positive and negative clinical evaluation @entity1 . Twenty-five studies are included in this analysis. A total of 3,089 imaging scans were obtained in the study @entity1 after a clinical evaluation was performed. The mean NPV of the clinical evaluation for CT of the brain, abdomen, and radionuclide bone scan is 95, 94, and 89%, respectively. When an expanded clinical evaluation was performed, the NPV was even higher. The NPV was influenced by the prevalence of @entity3 , but still performed well in series with high prevalence rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The clinical evaluation for detecting XXXX . A meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['metastatic lung cancer']


abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of radiotherapy (RT) in the management of @entity2828 ( @entity2828 ). Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on 91 @entity1 with localized @entity2828 treated from 1988 to 2012. Primary @entity5 size was >=  8 cm in 33 @entity1 . Surgery, RT, and combined surgery with RT were applied in 37, 15, and 33 @entity1 , respectively. Results: Median follow-up was 43.8 months. Forty-three @entity1 (47.3%) showed recurrence or progressive disease. Twelve @entity1 (13.2%) showed local failure after initial treatment. Thirty-nine @entity1 (42.9%) experienced distant @entity3 . The 5-year @entity3012 , PFS, and local control (LC) were 60.5%, 58.2%, and 85.1%, respectively. According to treatment, 5-year LC was 64.8% with RT and 90.2% with combined surgery and RT (p=0.052). Prognostic factors for @entity3012 were @entity5 size (>=  8 cm, p<0.001) and surgical resection (p<0.001). In large @entity5 (>=  8 cm), combined surgery and RT produced better LC compared to RT (p=0.033). However, in smaller @entity5 (< 8 cm), RT without surgery resulted in a similar local control rate as RT with surgery (p=0.374). Conclusion: s RT used for @entity1 with unfavorable risk factors resulted in worse outcome than for @entity1 who received surgery. @entity5 could be controlled locally with chemotherapy and RT. For large @entity5 , combined surgery and RT is needed. Proper selection of local treatment modality, RT, surgery, or both is crucial in the management of @entity2828 .

title: Role of Radiotherapy in the Multimodal Treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ['ESFT', 'Ewing sarcoma family tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Smaller tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity2828 :: (MESH:D012512,Disease) :: ['Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Research is needed to enable more effective assessment and treatment of @entity3661 among @entity1 with painful @entity102 and to improve our understanding of the staff- @entity1 interactions that give rise to pseudoaddiction. This study tested predictions that certain drug-use behaviors and @entity158 -coping strategies were associated with @entity3661 , and that certain were associated with risk of pseudoaddiction. METHODS: Analgesic addiction and risk of pseudoaddiction among @entity1 with sickle cell disease were measured by symptom counts, using an interview method for classifying symptoms as @entity158 -related ( @entity3661 ). Concern-raising drug-use behaviors and treatment requirements for @entity158 were also assessed, and @entity1 completed the @entity158 -coping strategies questionnaire. Qualitative case descriptions of @entity1 meeting criteria for @entity3661 and pseudoaddiction were examined to identify common and distinctive features of the two groups. RESULTS: Consistent with predictions, multiple regression analyses showed that disputes about analgesics were independently associated with risk of pseudoaddiction. @entity734 and illicit drug use were both associated with @entity3661 , independently of other factors. The qualitative data showed that @entity3661 was not an obvious, clear-cut phenomenon: addiction and pseudoaddiction were superficially similar, and even symptoms of genuine addiction originated in @entity1 ' experiences of @entity158 and illness. CONCLUSIONS: These tentative findings were broadly consistent with what is known about @entity3661 and pseudoaddiction in other @entity158 . They also suggested that current recommendations about addiction in @entity158 @entity1 could understate the potential importance of physiological dependence. The findings could inform staff training programs to improve @entity158 management and reduce the incidence of pseudoaddiction. The classification of @entity158 could be used in further research on the development of @entity3661 and the factors that influence staff attributions about addiction in @entity1 with @entity158 .

title: Analgesic addiction and pseudoaddiction in painful XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illnesses']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-related (pseudoaddiction) or non-pain', 'pain', 'painful conditions', 'pain-related and non-pain-related symptoms']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['Physiological dependence']

entities_list: @entity3661 :: ('MESH:D051271', 'Disease') :: ['analgesic addiction']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic illness']


abstract: IMPORTANCE: Opioid-dependent @entity1 often use the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) for medical care. OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of 3 interventions for opioid dependence: (1) screening and referral to treatment (referral); (2) screening, brief intervention, and facilitated referral to community-based treatment services (brief intervention); and (3) screening, brief intervention, @entity341 -initiated treatment with @entity4783 / @entity1510 , and referral to primary care for 10-week follow-up ( @entity4783 ). DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : A randomized clinical trial involving 329 opioid-dependent @entity1 who were treated at an urban teaching hospital @entity341 from April 7, 2009, through June 25, 2013. INTERVENTIONS: After screening, 104 @entity1 were randomized to the referral group, 111 to the brief intervention group, and 114 to the @entity4783 treatment group. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Enrollment in and receiving addiction treatment 30 days after randomization was the primary outcome. Self-reported days of illicit opioid use, urine testing for illicit opioids, @entity1 @entity465 virus (HIV) risk, and use of addiction treatment services were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of @entity1 in the @entity4783 group (89 of 114 [95% CI, 70%-85%]) vs 37% in the referral group (38 of 102 [95% CI, 28%-47%]) and 45% in the brief intervention group (50 of 111 [95% CI, 36%-54%]) were engaged in addiction treatment on the 30th day after randomization (P   <   .001). The @entity4783 group reduced the number of days of illicit opioid use per week from 5.4 days (95% CI, 5.1-5.7) to 0.9 days (95% CI, 0.5-1.3) vs a reduction from 5.4 days (95% CI, 5.1-5.7) to 2.3 days (95% CI, 1.7-3.0) in the referral group and from 5.6 days (95% CI, 5.3-5.9) to 2.4 days (95% CI, 1.8-3.0) in the brief intervention group (P   <   .001 for both time and intervention effects; P   =   .02 for the interaction effect). The rates of urine samples that tested negative for opioids did not differ statistically across groups, with 53.8% (95% CI, 42%-65%) in the referral group, 42.9% (95% CI, 31%-55%) in the brief intervention group, and 57.6% (95% CI, 47%-68%) in the @entity4783 group (P   =   .17). There were no statistically significant differences in @entity645 risk across groups (P   =   .66). Eleven percent of @entity1 in the @entity4783 group (95% CI, 6%-19%) used inpatient addiction treatment services, whereas 37% in the referral group (95% CI, 27%-48%) and 35% in the brief intervention group (95% CI, 25%-37%) used inpatient addiction treatment services (P   <   .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among opioid-dependent @entity1 , @entity341 -initiated @entity4783 treatment vs brief intervention and referral significantly increased engagement in addiction treatment, reduced self-reported illicit opioid use, and decreased use of inpatient addiction treatment services but did not significantly decrease the rates of urine samples that tested positive for opioids or of @entity645 risk. These findings require replication in other centers before widespread adoption. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00913770.

title: Emergency department-initiated XXXX / @entity1510 treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity4783 :: ('MESH:D002047', 'Chemical') :: ['buprenorphine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

answer: @entity4783 :: (MESH:D002047,Chemical) :: ['buprenorphine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Perioperative @entity1259 , @entity900 , and @entity416 (ECC) chemotherapy was evaluated in @entity1 who underwent esophageal resection for @entity7145 (GEJ). METHODS: A cohort of 93 consecutive @entity1 was analyzed. The median follow-up period was 60  months. Source data verification of adverse events was performed by two independent observers. RESULTS: All three planned preoperative chemotherapy cycles were administered to 65 @entity1 (69.9  %). Only 27  % of the @entity1 completed both pre- and postoperative chemotherapy. The reasons for not receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy could be separated in two main problems: @entity137 of the preoperative chemotherapy and postoperative problems involving difficulty in recovery and postoperative complications. Finally, 25 @entity1 (27  %), completed three preoperative and three postoperative cycles. Grades 3 and 4 nonhematologic adverse events of preoperative chemotherapy mainly consisted of @entity1031 events (16.2  %) and @entity299 (7.5  %). A history of @entity299 was independently associated with discontinuation of preoperative chemotherapy and the occurrence of grade 3 or higher adverse events. Surgery was performed for 94  % of all the @entity1 who started with ECC chemotherapy. A radical resection (R0) was achieved in 93  % of the @entity1 . A complete pathologic response was observed in 8  % of the @entity1 . During a median follow-up period of 60  months, the median disease-free survival time was 28  months, and the median overall survival time was 36  months. The 3-year overall survival rate was 50  %, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 42  %. CONCLUSION: For @entity1 with @entity7145 or GEJ, six cycles of ECC-based perioperative chemotherapy is associated with a relatively high number of adverse events. Although this @entity137 did not affect the esophageal resectability rate, this regimen should be used with caution in this @entity1 population.

title: Safety, Efficacy, and Long-Term Follow-Up Evaluation of Perioperative @entity1259 , @entity900 , and XXXX Chemotherapy in Esophageal Resection for Adenocarcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac complications', 'cardiac and vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity7145 :: ('MESH:C562730', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction', 'adenocarcinoma of the esophagus']

answer: @entity416 :: (MESH:C110904,Chemical) :: ['Capecitabine']


abstract: Radioimmuno-Assay (RIA) of Thyroid-Stimulating-Hormone (TSH) was performed before and after i.v.-injection of @entity17685 ( @entity1218 ) in 350 @entity1 subsequent to previous resection of @entity7402 to find out the optimal treatment schedule for preventing recurrent @entity5651 . In @entity1 without recurrent @entity5651 the dosis of thyroid hormone was considered to be sufficient, if the difference in TSH-levels before and after @entity1218 (delta-TSH) was equivalent to or less than 10 microunits/ml. In @entity1 with recurrent @entity5651 the optimal suppressive dosis of thyroid hormone was accepted for a delta-TSH less than or equal to 2,5 microunits/ml. 126 out of 135 @entity1 , who were set on an immediate and continuous postoperative treatment were free of @entity5651 , 58 presented a delta-TSH less than or equal to 10 microunits/ml (average interval of treatment = 2,5 years), 68 @entity1 had elevated delta-TSH (average interval of treatment 2,1 years) as a sign of insufficient treatment. In 9 @entity1 recurrent @entity5651 was detected in spite of "adequate" treatment. 41 out of 57 @entity1 , set on delayed and partly continuous, partly discontinuous treatment had recurrent @entity5651 (in average after 10 years). delta-TSH was not indicative. 158 @entity1 without any treatment had borderline or slightly increased delta-TSH (in average after 10 years). 122 of these 158 @entity1 had recurrent @entity5651 , 36 were free of @entity5651 . The results favor the necessity of treatment with thyroid hormones starting immediately after operation and with continuous treatment. The combined use of TSH-RIA and @entity1218 -test reliably informs about the individual thyroid hormone dosis necessary for prevention or treatment of recurrent @entity5651 .

title: [Radioimmuno-assay of TSH before and after @entity1218 in 350 @entity1 with previous resection of XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7402 :: ('MESH:C562732', 'Disease') :: ['euthyroid goiter']

entities_list: @entity17685 :: ('7200', 'Gene') :: ['Thyrotropin-Releasing-Hormone']

entities_list: @entity5651 :: ('MESH:D006042', 'Disease') :: ['goiter', 'goiters']

answer: @entity7402 :: (MESH:C562732,Disease) :: ['euthyroid goiter']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Arteriovenous (AV) @entity292 used for hemodialysis access may affect cardiac load by increasing the preload while decreasing the afterload. In @entity235 , AV @entity292 have also been shown to affect coronary perfusion negatively. We investigated the net effect of AV @entity292 on cardiac @entity26 supply and demand. METHODS: Aortic pressure waves were reconstructed from finger pressure recordings obtained on the nonfistula arm using a wave-form filter. Changes in systolic, mean, and diastolic aortic pressure were calculated, together with changes in heart rate (HR), @entity64 volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during a 60-second compression of AV @entity292 in 10 @entity1 . Changes in cardiac supply and demand were estimated by calculating the area under the aortic pressure curve during diastole [diastolic pressure time index (DPTI)] and systole [systolic pressure time index (SPTI)], respectively. RESULTS: During @entity292 compression, systolic, mean and diastolic pressure increased by 4.2 +/- 4.3, 2.6 +/- 3.0, and 2.8 +/- 2.9 mm Hg (mean +/- SD, all P < 0.05). The HR decreased by 3.8 +/- 2.5 beats per minute (P < 0.01), and SV decreased 3.7 +/- 6.1% (NS). CO decreased 9.4 +/- 8.6%, and SVR increased 14.3 +/- 11.7% (both P < 0.05). The SPTI increased by 1.5 +/- 1.5 mm Hg.sec (P < 0.01), and the DPTI increased by 7.6 +/- 8.1 mm Hg.sec (14.8% increase, P < 0.05) during compression. The ratio of supply and demand (DPTI/SPTI) improved by 13.5 +/- 13.0% (P < 0.01) when the @entity292 was compressed. CONCLUSION: AV @entity292 have a small effect on left ventricular @entity26 demand, but decrease cardiac @entity26 supply considerably.

title: Effects of arteriovenous fistulas on cardiac XXXX supply and demand.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: The number of @entity3217 has been increasing because of increases in immunocompromised hosts and in fungal colonization associated with increasing use of broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotics. Based on these phenomenon, a simple test method for an early diagnosis of @entity3217 is urgently desired. We therefore investigated the usefulness of assaying a fungal cell component, @entity44595 (beta-glucan). The amount of beta-glucan was obtained from the difference between the amounts determined using Toxicolor and Endospecy, and the serum levels of more than 10 pg/ml were considered positive signs for beta-glucan. The following results were obtained: We found that beta-glucan was positive in 75% of the @entity1 who had been definitely diagnosed to have @entity3217 , and in 58.3% of the @entity1 strongly suspected of @entity3217 . The numbers of beta-glucan positive @entity1 ' in these 2 groups of @entity1 were significantly different from that in those without @entity3217 (14.7%, P < 0.05). Thus a usefulness of beta-glucan measurement for the diagnosis of @entity3217 was demonstrated. However, beta-glucan was sometimes negative even in @entity1 with @entity12045 at an early phase of the disease and turned positive several days later. Even in a @entity1 with @entity358 , who had a latent circumscribed lesion (afebrile and CRP-negative), beta-glucan was also negative. From these findings, one should be aware that the beta-glucan test produces false negatives even in @entity1 with definite @entity3217 and that the test should be repeated during the course of the disease.

title: [Usefulness of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan measurement for diagnosis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3217 :: ('MESH:D015821', 'Disease') :: ['deep mycosis', 'mycosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['definite lung mycosis']

answer: @entity3217 :: (MESH:D015821,Disease) :: ['deep mycosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Venom recurrence or persistence in the circulation after antivenom treatment has been documented many times in viper envenoming. However, it has not been associated with clinical recurrence for many snakes, including @entity9115 (Daboia spp.). We compare the recovery of @entity1003 to the recurrence or persistence of venom in @entity1 with @entity9115 envenoming. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The study included @entity1 with @entity9115 ( @entity37335 ) envenoming presenting over a 30 month period who had @entity9115 venom detected by enzyme immunoassay. Demographics, information on the snake bite, and clinical effects were collected for all @entity1 . All patients had serum collected for venom specific enzyme immunoassay and @entity1792 plasma to measure @entity2002 levels and prothrombin time (international normalised ratio; INR). @entity1 with venom recurrence/persistence were compared to those with no detectable recurrence of venom. There were 55 @entity1 with confirmed @entity9115 envenoming and @entity1003 with low @entity2002 concentrations: 31 with venom recurrence/persistence, and 24 with no venom detected post-antivenom. @entity2002 concentrations increased and INR decreased after antivenom in both the recurrence and non-recurrence @entity1 . Clinical features, laboratory parameters, antivenom dose and length of hospital were similar for both groups. Pre-antivenom venom concentrations were higher in @entity1 with venom recurrence/persistence with a median venom concentration of 385 ng/mL (16-1521 ng/mL) compared to 128 ng/mL (14-1492 ng/mL; p=0.008). CONCLUSION: Recurrence of @entity9115 venom was not associated with a recurrence of @entity1003 and length of hospital stay. Further work is required to determine if the detection of venom recurrence is due to the venom specific enzyme immunoassay detecting both venom-antivenom complexes as well as free venom.

title: Detection of Venom after Antivenom Is Not Associated with Persistent XXXX in a Prospective Cohort of @entity9115 ( @entity9115 ) Envenomings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2002 :: ('2244', 'Gene') :: ['Fibrinogen', 'fibrinogen']

entities_list: @entity9115 :: ('8707', 'Species') :: ["Russell's viper"]

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

answer: @entity1003 :: (MESH:D001778,Disease) :: ['Coagulopathy']


abstract: During a 2-year period, 103 consecutive @entity1 undergoing dilation of esophageal strictures induced by radiation therapy for @entity5 were prospectively studied. The length of the strictures ranged from 0.5 to 13.5 cm (median, 5 cm) and the luminal diameter from 1 to 11 mm (median, 6 mm). @entity1 were referred for dilation from 2 weeks to 5 years (median, 2 months) after completion of radiation therapy. The guide wire was placed using fluoroscopy in 21 @entity1 , endoscopy in 61, and a combination of endoscopy and fluoroscopy in 21. At least one dilator larger than the stricture could be passed in 101 (98%) @entity1 . Five strictures were dilated to 16 mm, 29 to 15 mm, 28 to 14 mm, 16 to 12.8 mm, and 23 to 12 mm or less during the initial procedure. Development of complications and severe resistance were the limiting factors for @entity384 . Relief of @entity1282 was adequate in 66% of @entity1 . The duration of @entity1282 relief was 3 to 84 weeks (median, 16 weeks). Complications included persistent @entity158 in 7 @entity1 , unexplained fever in 2, perforation in 2, and delayed @entity1727 in 1. Two @entity1 died of treatment-related complications. @entity384 was required in 32 of the 75 @entity1 on long-term follow-up. We conclude that adequate palliation of @entity1282 can be achieved by dilation in two-thirds of @entity1 with radiation therapy-induced strictures of the esophagus. Dilation of these strictures is relatively simple and safe if performed with care.

title: Dilation of esophageal strictures induced by radiation therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the esophagus']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Repeated dilation', 'optimal dilation']

entities_list: @entity1727 :: ('MESH:D004937', 'Disease') :: ['tracheo-esophageal fistula']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer of the esophagus']


abstract: @entity418 ( @entity418 ) is one of the most common @entity5 worldwide with 5-year survival rate less than 10%. However, there is a lack of specific genetic markers that could help better understanding the mechanisms of esophageal carcinogenesis, improving the detection rate of @entity418 , and distinguishing histological types. @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) as an inducible enzyme in @entity5 development and progression is involved in esophageal carcinogenesis. A large number of studies have demonstrated a strong association between @entity3840 polymorphisms and @entity418 risk. However, the overall results are still controversial. This controversy may be partly due to the mix-up of @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ) and @entity420 ( @entity44477 ). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between @entity3840 polymorphisms and susceptibility to @entity1721 or @entity44477 by conducting a meta-analysis. Seven studies were retrieved reporting a total of 1450 @entity1721 @entity1 , 523 @entity44477 @entity1 , and 2663 @entity5 -free control subjects. Five @entity3840 polymorphisms were addressed, including @entity17530 ( @entity17532 ), @entity50802 ( @entity59525 ), @entity59526 ( @entity17531 ), @entity59527 ( @entity15077 ) and @entity59528 ( @entity59529 ). Meta-analysis results showed that the -765C allele is significantly associated with the susceptibility to both @entity1721 and @entity44477 especially in Asian populations. In addition, there was a significant association between the -8473C allele and the susceptibility to @entity44477 in Caucasian populations. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that the -765C allele of the @entity3840 gene might be a potential risk factor for both @entity1721 and @entity44477 especially in Asian populations, while the -8473C allele might be a risk factor for @entity44477 in Caucasian populations.

title: @entity3840 polymorphisms and susceptibility to XXXX : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['EC', 'Esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: An integrated @entity6 Annual Review is described, suitable for the long-term care of large numbers of @entity6 @entity1 . Equal weight is given to dietary and educational assessment as to medical care and screening. Based on well-developed team-work the @entity1 moves through a structured review which culminates in goal setting and planned care for the subsequent year. A structured audit of the review was carried out on a cohort of 123 @entity1 of whom 67 had had two annual reviews. Ten @entity1 failed to attend. Knowledge scores improved by 44% between first and second reviews. In 34% of @entity1 in the first year and in 46% in year two, HbA1c levels were outside a target range set for each treatment group, but only 18% had results outside target in both years. A postal questionnaire was returned by 74/108 (69%) @entity1 . This indicated a high level of @entity1 participation and satisfaction with the review process. The @entity6 team set standards, conducted the review, and subsequently changed in-house working practices and documentation, and developed in-service training.

title: The @entity6 annual review as an educational tool: assessment and learning integrated with care, screening, and audit. The North Tyneside XXXX Team.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the four @entity1 immunoglobulin G ( @entity13446 ) isotypes are similar in structure, they exhibit significant differences in effector function and catabolic half-life. With advent of structurally engineered antibodies, there is the potential to design antibody constructs with desired half-lives; however, it is first necessary to discover the structures and mechanisms that control immunoglobulin metabolism. METHODS: Radioiodinated chimeric antibodies, consisting of a mouse antidansyl variable region and the four human @entity13446 constant regions, were injected intravenously into Balb/c and @entity466 ( @entity466 ) @entity19 , and their half-lives were determined by whole body and whole blood counting. @entity734 of the rate of immunoglobulin catabolism on immunoglobulin concentration, a normal regulatory phenomenon specific to @entity13446 , was evaluated by the introduction of large amounts of @entity1 gamma-globulin intraperitoneally. RESULTS: Whole body and blood half-lives were statistically indistinguishable. The four @entity13446 isotypes were eliminated from the whole animals in a predominantly single-phasic manner, with the half-life being dependent on the isotype studied. In Balb/c @entity19 , immune elimination frequently occurred after 6 days, although this was not observed in @entity466 @entity19 . Relevance of the model was confirmed by the demonstration of the presence of the concentration-catabolism phenomenon, a relationship unique to normal @entity13446 regulation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity466 @entity19 provide an adequate initial animal model for the study of @entity1 -mouse chimeric antibodies. Further understanding of the factors governing immunoglobulin catabolism can be probed by study of recombinant @entity1 constant regions in this animal system.

title: The use of @entity466 XXXX to study the metabolism of @entity1 immunoglobulin G.

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['Dependence']

entities_list: @entity466 :: ('MESH:D016511', 'Disease') :: ['SCID', 'severe combined immunodeficiency']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe antifungal susceptibility testing surveillance (December 2004-September 2010) in Candida spp., for @entity2379 , @entity2380 and @entity5074 , at the Laboratorio de Microbiolog  a, Pontificia Universidad Cat  lica de Chile. METHOD: The study was performed utilizing E test and included @entity375 from invasive origin and isolates in which antifungal susceptibility testing was asked for by the @entity1 's physician. RESULTS: The @entity375 were mainly recovered from urine samples (n: 64), blood cultures (n: 51) and secretions (n: 24). Two hundred ninety three isolates were studied: @entity5132 (38%), @entity7408 (30%), @entity9841 (11%), @entity7409 (10%), C. krusei (4%) and others (7%). All Candida species were 100% susceptible to @entity2379 , except C. krusei (1/12). @entity2380 's global susceptibility in @entity5132 was 91.8%, but 100% in isolates from blood cultures versus 76% in isolates from urine. @entity9841 was 93.9% susceptible to @entity2380 , @entity7409 , 90% and @entity7408 30.3%. C. krusei had no susceptible isolates to @entity2380 . @entity5074 resistance was mainly present in @entity7408 (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend the study of antifungal susceptibility in isolates from invasive origin, selected urine strains and @entity7408 . @entity2380 remains effective in @entity5132 from blood.

title: [Susceptibility to azoles and XXXX of isolates of Candida spp. Experience of a university health network, between 2004 and 2010].

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluconazole', 'fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity7409 :: ('5480', 'Species') :: ['C. parapsilosis']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['Voriconazole', 'voriconazole']

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to determine differences in articulation and nasality with obturation over time in @entity1 with a palatal @entity292 . DESIGN: Articulation and nasality were measured with the @entity292 open, immediately after obturation, and 4 to 7 weeks postobturation. SETTING, @entity1 , @entity1 : Subjects were 15 @entity1 with a palatal @entity292 secondary to a repaired @entity2419 who were seen through the Orofacial Program, Utah Department of Health, ranging in age from 4 years 6 months to 13 years 1 month. INTERVENTIONS: Acrylic palatal obturators were designed to provide coverage specific to the unique shape and location of each @entity1 's @entity292 . Obturators were cemented to molar teeth using wire clasps for control of usage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements consisted of listener judgments of @entity2422 , hyponasality, and nasal emissions; instrumental ratings of nasalance using the Nasometer 6200-2; and performance on a standardized articulation test. RESULTS: Significant improvement occurred only on nasal emission measures from the preobturation condition to immediate postobturation. However, significant improvement was found in articulation, listener judgments of @entity2422 , nasal emissions, and Nasometric Nasal Sentence mean scores from the preobturation condition to 4 to 7 weeks postobturation and from the immediate postobturation condition to 4 to 7 weeks postobturation. No significant differences were found between conditions for listener judgments of hyponasality and Nasometric Zoo and Rainbow Passage scores. @entity2419 over a 4- to 7-week period resulted in no adverse effect on articulation ability, perceptual ratings of nasality, or instrumental ratings of nasalance. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical management of @entity1 with a palatal @entity292 can be enhanced with treatment using obturation over time. For subjects who continue to exhibit @entity2422 immediately postobturation, sustained obturation is advocated prior to consideration of surgical intervention for treatment of a palatal @entity292 and/or velopharyngeal dysfunction.

title: Articulation and nasality changes resulting from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['cleft palate', 'Obturation of the palatal fistula']

entities_list: @entity2422 :: ('MESH:C537724', 'Disease') :: ['hypernasality']

answer: @entity2419 :: (MESH:D002972,Disease) :: ['sustained palatal fistula obturation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of recombinant @entity1 @entity4382 ( @entity8033 ) on @entity1583 after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS: A total of 48 @entity1 with @entity1583 from January 2006 to June 2010 were alternately enrolled into a prospective randomized study. And they were assigned into the control and @entity8033 injection groups. Later the investigators compared two groups with regards to hematopoietic reconstitution, @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) classification, clinical recurrence rate and disease-free survival. RESULTS: With the therapy of @entity8033 , the absolute neutrophil counts recovering to 0.5   10(9)/L and platelet recovering to 20   10(9)/L were (15.1    1.6) and (18.2    3.3) days respectively. And they were significantly lower than those in control group [(16.1    1.6) vs (22.4    5.5) days, P = 0.032, 0.003]. The incidence of acute @entity2132 was surprisingly low in the study group (26.1% vs 50.0%, P = 0.048). There was no significant difference in chronic @entity2132 (36.8% vs 38.9%, P = 0.899) or relapse rate (5.1% vs 7.7%, P = 0.662) between two groups during a median follow-up period of 11.7 months. A trend of improved 3-year-disease-free survival was observed in the study group (65.4% vs 50.9%, P = 0.637). CONCLUSION: The application of @entity8033 after allo-HSCT may accelerate both neutrophil and platelet engraftment and lower the occurrence of acute @entity2132 .

title: [Effects of recombinant @entity1 @entity4382 on XXXX after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancy']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematological malignancy']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A clinical isolate from a @entity1 was identified as @entity34864 chimaera, a recently identified species of nontuberculous Mycobacteria. The biochemical and molecular identity, drug sensitivity and virulence of this isolated strain were investigated. 16S rRNA, the 16S-23S ITS, @entity60167 and rpoB were amplified, and their sequence similarities with other mycobacteria were analyzed. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 22 anti-microbial agents against this isolate were established, and the virulence of the isolate was evaluated by intravenous injection into C57BL/6 @entity19 using @entity34864 as a control strain. Growth and morphological characteristics and @entity14838 profile analysis revealed that this isolated strain was a member of the @entity3069 complex. BLAST analysis of the amplified sequences showed that the isolated strain was closely related to M. chimaera. Susceptibility testing showed that the isolate was sensitive to @entity17208 , @entity35528 , @entity4581 , @entity4580 , @entity2892 and cefoxitin. Bacterial load determination and tissue histopathology of the infected @entity19 indicated that the isolate was highly virulent. The first case of M. chimaera @entity281 in China was evaluated. The information derived from this case may offer valuable guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

title: Bacteriological and virulence study of a @entity34864 chimaera isolate from a XXXX in China.

entities_list: @entity14838 :: ('MESH:D009171', 'Chemical') :: ['mycolic acid']

entities_list: @entity34864 :: ('83332', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium', 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv']

entities_list: @entity17208 :: ('MESH:D017828', 'Chemical') :: ['rifabutin']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity35528 :: ('MESH:C018421', 'Chemical') :: ['rifapentine']

entities_list: @entity4580 :: ('MESH:D017963', 'Chemical') :: ['azithromycin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3069 :: ('1764', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium avium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: Between May 1975 and April 1981, 43 adult @entity1 with high-grade soft tissue @entity242 of the extremities were prospectively randomized to receive either amputation at or above the joint proximal to the @entity5 , including all involved muscle groups, or to receive a limb-sparing resection plus adjuvant radiation therapy. The limb-sparing resection group received wide local excision followed by 5000 rads to the entire anatomic area at risk for local spread and 6000 to 7000 rads to the @entity5 bed. Both randomization groups received postoperative chemotherapy with @entity632 (maximum cumulative dose 550 mg/m2), @entity786 , and high-dose methotrexate. Twenty-seven @entity1 randomized to receive limb-sparing resection and radiotherapy, and 16 received amputation (randomization was 2:1). There were four local recurrences in the limb-sparing group and none in the amputation group (p1 = 0.06 generalized Wilcoxon test). However, there were no differences in disease-free survival rates (71% and 78% at five years; p2 = 0.75) or overall survival rates (83% and 88% at five years; p2 = 0.99) between the limb-sparing group and the amputation treatment groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that the only correlate of local recurrence was the final margin of resection. @entity1 with positive margins of resection had a higher likelihood of local recurrence compared with those with negative margins (p1 less than 0.0001) even when postoperative radiotherapy was used. A simultaneous prospective randomized study of postoperative chemotherapy in 65 @entity1 with high-grade soft-tissue @entity242 of the extremities revealed a marked advantage in @entity1 receiving chemotherapy compared with those without chemotherapy in three-year continuous disease-free (92% vs. 60%; p1 = 0.0008) and overall survival (95% vs. 74%; p1 = 0.04). Thus limb-sparing surgery, radiation therapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy appear capable of successfully treating the great majority of adult @entity1 with soft tissue @entity242 of the extremity.

title: The treatment of soft-tissue XXXX of the extremities: prospective randomized evaluations of (1) limb-sparing surgery plus radiation therapy compared with amputation and (2) the role of adjuvant chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Attempts to balance escalating health care costs with resource downsizing have prompted @entity167 treatment directors in the U.S. Navy to consider reducing the standard length of stay in treatment. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether a 4-week inpatient treatment program is as effective as a 6-week program, and (2) explore the potential for matching @entity1 to a 4- or 6-week program according to the severity of their condition at intake. METHOD: A total of 2,823 active-duty @entity167 -dependent inpatients (2,685 @entity1 , 138 @entity1 ) at 12 Navy treatment facilities participated in the evaluation. All facilities conducted a 6-week program until data had been collected for 1,380 @entity1 ; they then switched to a 4-week program (n = 1,443). Background information and clinical profile were obtained when @entity1 entered treatment; 1-year outcome data (e.g., @entity167 use, behavior problems, job performance, quality of life) were obtained from @entity1 , work supervisors and aftercare advisors. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess the effect of length of stay on outcome and to examine @entity1 -program interactions. RESULTS: The single best predictor of success at 1 year was months of aftercare attendance. Program membership failed to explain any of the observed differences in the criterion measures, once the effects of other predictors had been taken into account. Severity of condition and @entity1 -program interactions were likewise nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that a reduction in length of stay from 6 weeks to 4 weeks in the Navy's inpatient @entity167 treatment program would not have an adverse effect on outcome.

title: Evaluation of a four- versus six-week length of stay in the Navy's XXXX treatment program.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Levodopa is the mainstay of @entity191 ( @entity191 ) treatment, but is often eventually associated with disabling motor complications in @entity1 with advanced @entity191 . The inability of perorally administered levodopa to provide more physiologic @entity400 ( @entity400 ) is a leading hypothesis to explain these complications. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cumulative efficacy and safety, and re-evaluate the role, of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion in treatment of advanced @entity191 @entity1 experiencing levodopa-associated motor complications, through its purported mechanism for providing @entity400 . METHODS: Literature searches in the MEDLINE/PubMed database were used to identify peer-reviewed publications examining the role of @entity400 in levodopa-associated motor complications and pharmacologic strategies for @entity400 , focusing on LCIG infusion for advanced @entity191 @entity1 . RESULTS: LCIG, an aqueous gel, is continuously infused (daytime only or 24 h) via a portable pump and tube permanently inserted into the duodenum through percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( @entity970 ). LCIG infusion provides stable levodopa plasma levels, which are significantly less variable than those with oral levodopa. Clinical trials indicate LCIG may significantly improve motor complications (reduction of time in 'off' and time in 'on with @entity910 '), motor scores using the Unified @entity191 Rating Scale (UPDRS), non-motor symptomatology (Non-motor Symptom Scale) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in advanced @entity191 @entity1 . The adverse-event profile of LCIG is similar to that of oral levodopa, although technical problems with the infusion device have occurred in up to 70% of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: LCIG has demonstrated efficacy in reducing levodopa-associated motor complications in @entity1 with advanced @entity191 , and improving UPDRS and HRQOL scores. Because it involves @entity970 and its associated risks, LCIG is recommended for @entity1 in whom motor fluctuations and @entity910 are inadequately treated with traditional peroral medication. For these @entity1 , LCIG can be a valuable alternative to @entity75 ( @entity75 ), especially when @entity75 is contraindicated. These conclusions are limited by the modest number and size of completed randomized, controlled trials of LCIG.

title: Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for treatment of advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['deep brain stimulation', 'DBS']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", "Parkinson's Disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['continuous dopaminergic stimulation', 'CDS']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND:: @entity34854 ( @entity34854 ), a novel adipocyte factor, may participate in the mechanisms of metabolism and @entity32 . @entity650 ( @entity650 ) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is correlated with the severity of @entity301 ( @entity301 ). In this study, we focused on the levels of @entity34854 and @entity650 in @entity1 with @entity301 . METHODS:: Circulating @entity34854 and @entity650 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 81 @entity1 with @entity1187 (n = 41) or @entity5749 (n = 40). @entity34854 and @entity650 levels were also examined in 30 healthy individuals (control group). We examined the correlations between the levels of @entity34854 and @entity650 and cardiac risk factors in @entity301 . Logistic regression analysis was performed to screen for factors that predict @entity301 . RESULTS:: Both @entity34854 and @entity650 concentrations were increased in the @entity1187 or @entity5749 group compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Both plasma levels of @entity34854 and @entity650 in the single-, double- and triple-vessel lesion group were higher compared with the control group (P < 0.01). @entity34854 levels were positively correlated with @entity650 (r = 0.667, P < 0.01) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.520, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with HDL-C (r = -0.432, P < 0.01). The logistic regression analysis showed that increases in @entity34854 and @entity650 levels may be powerful predictors of @entity301 . CONCLUSIONS:: The variation of plasma @entity34854 and @entity650 concentrations may play an important role in reflecting the degree of @entity32 in @entity301 and the severity of coronary arterial @entity731 . This potential suggests that evaluating @entity34854 and @entity650 in combination may aid in predicting the occurrence of @entity301 .

title: Plasma Levels of C1q/TNF-Related Protein 1 and @entity650 in XXXX With @entity1187 or @entity5749 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['stable angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: AIMS: We compared the effects of hirudin and heparin on @entity556 generation and activity among 350 @entity1 with @entity1187 enrolled in the GUSTO-IIb trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: We obtained blood at baseline; at 4, 8, and 24h into infusion; at drug termination; and 6 and 24h after termination. We assayed for @entity556 activity (fibrinopeptide A, activated protein C, @entity556 -antithrombin complex), @entity556 generation (prothrombin fragment 1.2), and platelet activation (platelet factor 4). Median baseline fibrinopeptide A and platelet factor 4 levels were elevated. @entity556 formation tended to increase with hirudin and decrease with heparin; by 8h into infusion, @entity556 formation was significantly less for heparin (P<0.01). Most @entity1 showed reduced @entity556 activity and platelet activation during infusion of either agent. Hirudin-assigned @entity1 had significantly lower fibrinopeptide A levels during infusion. Six h post-termination, both groups had increased @entity556 activity. @entity556 formation was increased in heparin @entity1 (P<0.0001), significantly more than with hirudin (P=0.005). Higher values of haemostasis markers tended to be associated with poorer 30-day outcomes. CONCLUSION: Although hirudin did not prevent generation of new @entity556 , it appeared to inhibit @entity556 activity more than did heparin and produced slower increases in @entity556 formation after discontinuation. The reelevation of @entity715 markers after stopping intravenous antithrombin therapy and the tendency toward increased @entity715 events with post-treatment increases in marker levels suggest an ongoing, clinically significant prothrombotic state. These results raise the possibility of improving on current antithrombotics by preventing @entity556 generation and @entity556 activity and by sustained suppression of the prothrombotic state.

title: Effect of hirudin vs heparin on haemostatic activity in @entity1 with XXXX ; the GUSTO-IIb haemostasis substudy.

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity556 :: ('2147', 'Gene') :: ['Thrombin', 'thrombin']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndromes']


abstract: Annually, @entity311 causes >300 million clinical cases and 1 million deaths, is responsible for the loss of >1% of gross domestic product ( @entity3006 ) in Africa and is a serious concern for travelers. An effective vaccine could have a dramatic impact on the disease. For 20 years, scientists have tried to develop modern, recombinant 'subunit' @entity311 vaccines. This has been difficult. In fact, there is only one recombinant protein vaccine on the market for any disease, and no vaccines based on synthetic peptides, recombinant viruses, recombinant bacteria or DNA plasmids. Most vaccines are based on attenuated or inactivated whole pathogens or material derived directly from the infectious agent. It is in that context that our recent report summarizing the protection of @entity1 with attenuated @entity3964 (Pf) sporozoites produced at four different sites over 25 years is important. In studies utilizing live mosquitoes as the vaccine delivery mechanism, there was complete protection against @entity311 in 93% of volunteers (13/14) and 94% of challenges (33/35). Sanaria's goal is to develop and commercialize a non-replicating, metabolically active Pf sporozoite vaccine. Three practical questions must be addressed before manufacturing for clinical trials: (1) can one administer the vaccine by a route that is clinically practical; (2) can one produce adequate quantities of sporozoites; and (3) can sporozoites be produced with the physical characteristics that meet the regulatory, potency and safety requirements of regulatory authorities? Once these questions have been answered, Sanaria will demonstrate that the vaccine protects >90% of @entity1 recipients against experimental challenge with Pf sporozoites, can be produced with an efficiency that makes it economically feasible, and protects >90% of African @entity1 and @entity1 from infection, and has severe morbidity and mortality. By producing a vaccine for travelers, Sanaria will provide the infrastructure, regulatory foundation and funds necessary to speed licensure, manufacturing and deployment of the vaccine for the @entity1 and @entity1 who need it most.

title: Rationale and plans for developing a non-replicating, metabolically active, radiation-attenuated XXXX sporozoite vaccine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans', 'human', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity146 challenging behaviour is very common in care homes for @entity1 with @entity717 , and better psychological treatments are needed. Nidotherapy aims to change the environment of @entity1 with @entity1032 and is an appropriate treatment for this group of disorders. METHOD: The design was a cluster randomised trial of 20 care homes in which the staff either received training in nidotherapy or the enhanced care programme approach (ECPA), with equivalent duration of treatment in each arm. Cluster randomisation of care homes was carried out at the beginning of the study by an independent statistician. Primary and secondary outcomes were not specified exactly in view of absence of previous study data, but changes over time in scores on two scales, the Modified Overt Aggression Scale and the Problem Behaviour Check List were the main outcome measures. Serious violent incidents were recorded using the Quantification of Violence Scale. All these measures were recorded monthly by research assistants who were carefully kept blind to the allocation of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 200 residents entered the trial, 115 allocated to the ECPA arm and 85 to the nidotherapy one. Seven residents left the care homes in the course of the study, and six were replaced; these were included 79 in the analysis as the trial was a pragmatic one. There were no material reductions in challenging behaviour in the first 8 months of the trial in either group, but in the last 7 months, those allocated to nidotherapy had a 33% reduction in Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) scores and a 43% reduction in Problem Behaviour Check List scores compared with 5% and 13%, respectively, for the ECPA group, differences which for the MOAS were close to statistical significance. DISCUSSION: Nidotherapy shows promise in the management of @entity146 challenging behaviour in care homes, but a delay in its benefit might be expected if given to staff only. The treatment is worthy of further evaluation and development.

title: Nidotherapy compared with enhanced care programme approach training for adults with @entity146 challenging behaviour and XXXX (NIDABID): cluster-randomised controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['intellectual disability']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive', 'Aggressive']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['intellectual disability']


abstract: The type II @entity3646 receptor ( @entity9597 ) is expressed in @entity1 @entity0 , and in @entity19 models thereof. It is activated by @entity3646 ( @entity3646 ), a cytokine produced predominantly by immune cells. Previously, we showed that expression of @entity9597 , a signaling component of @entity9597 , mediates enhanced metastatic growth through promotion of @entity5 cell survival and proliferation. In lymphocytes, these processes are supported by increased @entity413 and @entity3264 metabolism, and B lymphocyte survival is dependent upon @entity3646 / @entity9597 -induced @entity413 metabolism. However, it is unknown whether @entity9597 -mediated metabolic reprogramming could support @entity5 growth. Here, we show that @entity9597 expression increases proliferation thus enhancing primary @entity5 growth. In vitro, @entity3646 -enhanced @entity413 consumption and @entity880 production in 4T1 cells was mediated by @entity9597 . Expression of the @entity413 transporter @entity1365 increased in response to @entity3646 in vitro, and enhanced @entity1365 expression was associated with the presence of @entity9597 in 4T1 @entity5 in vivo. Although @entity3646 treatment did not induce changes in @entity413 metabolism in MDA-MB-231 @entity1 @entity0 cells, it increased expression of the main @entity3264 transporter, @entity13462 , and enhanced @entity3264 consumption in both MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of @entity3264 metabolism with compound 968 blocked @entity3646 / @entity9597 -increased cell number in both cell lines. Our results demonstrate that @entity9597 mediates enhanced @entity413 and @entity3264 metabolism in 4T1 @entity5 cells, and that @entity3646 -induced growth is supported by @entity3646 / @entity9597 -enhanced @entity3264 metabolism in both @entity1 and @entity19 mammary @entity5 cells. This highlights @entity9597 as a possible target for effective @entity0 therapy.

title: @entity3646 receptor a mediates enhanced @entity413 and XXXX metabolism to support @entity0 growth.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mammary tumors', 'cancer', 'mammary tumor']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3264 :: (D018698,Chemical) :: ['glutamine']


abstract: As more mutations are identified in genes of known sequence, there is a crucial need in the areas of medical genetics and genome analysis for rapid, accurate and cost-effective methods of mutation detection. We have developed a multiplex allele-specific diagnostic assay (MASDA) for analysis of large numbers of samples (> 500) simultaneously for a large number of known mutations (> 100) in a single assay. MASDA utilizes oligonucleotide hybridization to interrogate DNA sequences. Multiplex DNA samples are immobilized on a solid support and a single hybridization is performed with a pool of allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes. Any probes complementary to specific mutations present in a given sample are in effect affinity purified from the pool by the target DNA. Sequence-specific band patterns (fingerprints), generated by chemical or enzymatic sequencing of the bound ASO(s), easily identify the specific mutation(s). Using this design, in a single diagnostic assay, we tested samples for 66 @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) mutations, 14 @entity8674 mutations, two @entity3458 ( @entity3458 ) mutations, three @entity1051 mutations, eight Gaucher mutations, four mutations in @entity7495 , four mutations in @entity11807 , and five mutations in @entity5345 . Each mutation was correctly identified. Finally, in a blinded study of 106 of these mutations in > 500 @entity1 , all mutations were properly identified. There were no false positives or false negatives. The MASDA assay is capable of detecting point mutations as well as small insertion or deletion mutations. This technology is amenable to automation and is suitable for immediate utilization for high-throughput genetic diagnostics in clinical and research laboratories.

title: High throughput parallel analysis of hundreds of XXXX samples for more than 100 mutations in multiple disease genes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['SCA', 'sickle cell anemia']

entities_list: @entity7495 :: ('MESH:D017825', 'Disease') :: ['Canavan disease']

entities_list: @entity8674 :: ('MESH:D017086', 'Disease') :: ['beta-thalassemia']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity11807 :: ('MESH:D005199', 'Disease') :: ['Fanconi anemia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In this study, we investigated the relative efficacy of different classes of commonly used anti- @entity302 drugs (AEDs) with different mechanisms of action, individually and in combination, to suppress @entity302 in an in vitro model. Extracellular field potential were recorded in 450  m thick transverse hippocampal slices prepared from juvenile @entity35 , in which " @entity302 " ( @entity2613 's) were produced with a high-K+ (8.5 mM) @entity3157 -buffered saline solution. Single and dual recordings in stratum pyramidale of @entity1399 and @entity1400 regions were performed with 3-5 M   glass microelectrodes. All drugs- @entity2812 (LTG), @entity3174 ( @entity29597 ) and @entity1092 ( @entity3262 )-were applied to the slice by superfusion at a rate of 2 ml/min at 32  C. Effects upon frequency of @entity2613 's were assessed for LTG, @entity29597 and @entity3262 applied at different concentrations, in isolation and in combination. We demonstrated that high-K+ induced @entity2613 frequency was reversibly reduced by LTG, @entity29597 and @entity3262 , at concentrations corresponding to @entity1 therapeutic blood plasma concentrations. With a protocol using several applications of drugs to the same slice, @entity29597 and @entity3262 in combination displayed additivity of effect with 50 M @entity29597 and 350 M @entity3262 reducing SLD frequency by 44% and 24% individually (n = 19), and together reducing SLD frequency by 66% (n = 19). 20 M LTG reduced SLD frequency by 32% and 350 M @entity3262 by 16% (n = 18). However, in combination there was a supra-linear suppression of @entity2613 's of 64% (n = 18). In another independent set of experiments, similar results of drug combination responses were also found. In conclusion, a combination of conventional AEDs with different mechanisms of action, @entity29597 and @entity3262 , displayed linear additivity of effect on @entity302 . More intriguingly, a combination of LTG and @entity3262 considered particularly efficacious clinically showed a supra-additive suppression of @entity2613 's. This approach may be useful as an in vitro platform for assessing drug combination efficacy.

title: Anti-Epileptic Drug Combination Efficacy in an In Vitro Seizure Model - @entity3174 and @entity1092 , @entity2812 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epileptiform activity', 'epileptiform discharges']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Wistar rats']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['lamotrigine']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproate']


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the antihypertensive effect of @entity57773 ( @entity1597 ), a new compound extracted from Marasmius androsaceus. Besides, the hemodynamic profiles and pertinent mechanism of the compound were explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acute and chronic antihypertensive effects of @entity1597 were examined in spontaneous @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs) and reno- @entity101 @entity35 (two kidneys one clip model, 2K1C). Anesthetized @entity235 were used to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of @entity1597 . Moreover, the cat nictitating membrane response was used to test the ganglionic blocking property of @entity1597 . RESULTS: @entity1597 (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg, p.o.) notably reduced the blood pressure of SHR in 30 min. Two-week administration of @entity1597 (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg, p.o.) also decreased the blood pressure of 2K1C @entity35 . @entity1597 (30 mg/kg, i.v.) abolished the response of the nictitating membrane induced by preganglionic stimulation. The results of hemodynamic study in anesthetized @entity235 showed that, except for the @entity551 and left ventricular work, no other changes were detected. The results of heart rate variability analysis indicated an intact sympathetic-vagal balance after @entity1597 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1597 is a new antihypertensive compound, and the effect is partially related to ganglionic blocking.

title: Antihypertensive effect of XXXX , a new compound extracted from Marasmius androsaceus.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity57773 :: ('MESH:C542724', 'Chemical') :: ['3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-piperidone']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in blood pressure']

answer: @entity57773 :: (MESH:C542724,Chemical) :: ['3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-piperidone']


abstract: @entity3483 ( @entity1143 ) is a frequent problem in @entity2 . In this study, we established a model of malignant @entity1143 of @entity1 @entity420 cells, PC-14, in @entity915 @entity19 . Intravenously injected PC-14 cells formed colonies in the lungs as early as week 4 after @entity5 inoculation, and produced bloody @entity1143 in all recipient @entity915 @entity19 by week 8. Pretreatment of @entity915 mice with anti-mouse @entity3647 chain antibody (TM-beta 1) to deplete natural killer (NK) cells markedly promoted the production of bloody @entity1143 and @entity3 to multiple organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, and lymph nodes 4 weeks after @entity5 inoculation. Histological studies indicated that PC-14 cells formed colonies in the lungs, and then invaded the pleura and spread to the @entity1143 . To establish cell lines with a high potential to produce @entity1143 , we harvested @entity1143 , expanded the @entity5 cells in vitro, and injected them into @entity915 @entity19 again. By four in vivo selection cycles in this way we obtained PC-14-PM4 cells, which produce lung @entity3 and @entity1143 earlier than PC-14 cells. The survival of @entity915 @entity19 inoculated with PC-14-PM4 cells was significantly shorter than that of @entity19 inoculated with PC-14 cells. The expressions of adhesion molecules, such as @entity1759 , @entity5690 , @entity2071 , and MHC class I, on PC-14-PM4 cells tended to increase compared with PC-14 cells. These changes of adhesion molecules seem to be one of possible mechanisms involved in higher metastatic potential of PC-14-PM4 cells. @entity1143 models with PC-14 and PC-14-PM4 cells should be useful for biological and preclinical studies on malignant @entity1143 produced by @entity1 @entity2 .

title: Model of XXXX of @entity1 lung adenocarcinoma in @entity915 @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pleural cavity']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity3483 :: ('MESH:D016066', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity3483 :: (MESH:D016066,Disease) :: ['malignant pleural effusion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and the relevant risk factors for @entity4720 ( @entity4720 ) among middle-aged and elderly rural Korean residents and to explore the association between radiographic @entity4720 and @entity615 ( @entity615 ) in relation to age and gender. METHODS: This community-based, cross-sectional study evaluated 1512 subjects with available radiograph. The prevalence of @entity615 was obtained using a questionnaire and disability resulting from @entity615 was measured using a validated Korean version of the @entity717 index (ODI). In lumbar spine radiographs, vertebral levels from L1/2 to L4/5 were evaluated for the presence of @entity5040 and @entity2720 ( @entity2720 ), and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grading was applied. RESULTS: Of 4261 subjects aged 40-79 years, data from 1512 subjects were included. The prevalence of radiographic @entity4720 indicated by grade >= 2 @entity5040 and @entity2720 were 53.9 and 15.8%, respectively. Seventy-three percent of subjects had KL grade >= 2 spondylosis and @entity615 was present in 36.5% of subjects. Although @entity4720 was more common among males, the prevalence of @entity615 was higher among females. Age, male gender and history of hand or knee @entity625 were risk factors for @entity4720 . @entity4720 was significantly associated with @entity615 mostly among females over 60 years old and correlated with the ODI after adjusting for age and gender. CONCLUSION: Our study among rural Korean residents revealed a high prevalence of @entity4720 and @entity615 . The association between @entity4720 and @entity615 was observed mostly among females and @entity4720 was significantly correlated with the severity of @entity615 .

title: Prevalence and Risk Factors for XXXX and Its Association with Low Back Pain among Rural Korean Residents.

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity5040 :: ('MESH:D054850', 'Disease') :: ['osteophytes']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['LBP', 'lower back pain', 'back pain']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['JSN', 'joint-space narrowing']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry disability']

entities_list: @entity4720 :: ('MESH:D055009', 'Disease') :: ['LS', 'lumbar spondylosis']

answer: @entity4720 :: (MESH:D055009,Disease) :: ['Lumbar Spondylosis']


abstract: Animal models with a high predictive value for @entity1 trials are needed to develop novel @entity1 -specific therapeutics for @entity1576 . The aim of the present study was to examine lung-function parameters in marmoset monkeys ( @entity7533 ) that can be used to detect pharmacologically or provocation-induced @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ). Therefore a custom-made lung-function device that allows application of defined aerosol doses during measurement was developed. It was hypothesized that LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-challenged marmosets show @entity1224 compared with non-challenged healthy subjects. Invasive plethysmography was performed in 12 anaesthetized orotracheally intubated and spontaneously breathing marmosets. Pulmonary data of R(L) (lung resistance), C(dyn) (dynamic compliance), EF50 (mid-expiratory flow), P(oes) (oesophageal pressure), MV (minute volume), respiratory frequency (f) and V(T) (tidal volume) were collected. Measurements were conducted under baseline conditions and under MCh ( @entity2710 )-induced bronchoconstriction. The measurement was repeated with the same group of animals after induction of an @entity55 by intratracheal application of LPS. PDs (provocative doses) of MCh to achieve a certain increase in RL were significantly lower after LPS administration. @entity1224 was demonstrated in the LPS treated compared with the na  ve animals. The recorded lung-function data provide ground for pre-clinical efficacy and safety testing of anti-inflammatory substances in the @entity7533 , a new translational NHP (non- @entity1 primate) model for LPS-induced @entity55 .

title: Airway hyper-responsiveness in lipopolysaccharide-challenged @entity7533 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung inflammation', 'lung inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases']

entities_list: @entity7533 :: ('9483', 'Species') :: ['Callithrix jacchus', 'common marmoset']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['AHR', 'airway hyper-responsiveness']

answer: @entity7533 :: (9483,Species) :: ['Callithrix jacchus']


abstract: The relation between thyroid status and diseases and @entity5 is unclear. No detailed analysis of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) expression in @entity1 @entity0 has been reported. We have analysed the expression and mutational status of the TRalpha1, encoded by the c- @entity21126 proto-oncogene, TRbeta1 and TRbeta2 isoforms in 70 @entity0 . Alterations in the RNA level of TRbeta1, TRalpha1, or both were found in a number of @entity1 . No expression of TRbeta2 RNA was detected. Western blotting analysis confirmed the differences in expression at the protein level in those cases where sufficient @entity5 sample was available. Additionally, @entity5 -specific truncated TRbeta1 RNA was found in six @entity1 . Strikingly, three transcripts shared the same breakpoint. Only one @entity5 carried the corresponding deletion at the genomic DNA level, suggesting that the remaining abnormal TRbeta1 transcripts are aberrant splicing products. Though no significant correlation was found between TRbeta1 alteration and any clinical parameter, it showed a tendency to associate with early age of onset (<50 years). Our results reveal specific alterations in the expression of @entity11112 and @entity22910 genes in a subset of @entity0 @entity1 , suggesting that deregulation of thyroid hormone target genes may be involved in the generation of this @entity5 .

title: Expression of thyroid hormone receptor/ XXXX genes is altered in @entity1 @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'sporadic breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'neoplasia']

answer: @entity21126 :: (7067,Gene) :: ['erbA']


abstract: @entity420 arising in @entity355 has recently been described in two @entity1 aged 11 and 14 years. The long-term follow-up of @entity355 in @entity1 is not well described. We evaluated 16 cases of @entity355 in @entity1 treated at this institution during the last 16 years. Ages ranged from 1.2 to 16 years (mean, 10.3 years). There were 11 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 . @entity355 was documented by endoscopy in 14 instances and at autopsy in 2 @entity1 with @entity11803 and @entity215 who died of @entity295 . Two @entity1 had @entity5 ( @entity521 , @entity1778 ) and died of their @entity5 . Five @entity1 had @entity306 , 1 esophageal @entity1146 , 1 @entity11807 , and 5 were otherwise normal @entity1 . Six were treated medically. Eight @entity1 underwent Nissen fundoplication for complications of @entity354 ( @entity354 ). Five @entity1 were available for follow-up endoscopy (mean, 2 years; range, 1.1 to 5.4 years). Endoscopy was performed on a yearly basis, obtaining biopsy specimens from multiple levels of the esophagus. Four @entity1 had satisfactory clinical response to an antireflux procedure including the resolution of a stricture in one case. However, in all 5 cases persistent metaplastic epithelium was documented and showed no evidence of regression. Although there has been speculation that @entity355 in @entity1 may be more likely to revert to normal squamous epithelium than in the adult, there has been only one case of regression in 180 cases of @entity355 occurring in @entity1 described in 37 reports in the literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Persistence of XXXX in children after antireflux surgery: influence on follow-up care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity11803 :: ('MESH:C536210', 'Disease') :: ['secretory diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux', 'GER']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['Adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity11807 :: ('MESH:D005199', 'Disease') :: ["Fanconi's anemia"]

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity355 :: (MESH:D001471,Disease) :: ['Barrett's esophagus']


abstract: The occurrence of @entity3841 (A.a.) in plaque samples from the primary dentition was studied in 55 healthy Finnish @entity1 from four to seven years of age. A.a. was isolated in seven (13%) @entity1 , four @entity1 and three @entity1 . A further examination of the distribution and infection level of A.a. in the oral cavity of five of the A.a.-positive @entity1 revealed that A.a. was found in 26 of 45 plaque samples (7-10 samples from each @entity1 ) and in all samples obtained from the dorsum of the tongue. The individual detection rates of A.a. were 3/7, 5/10, 6/10, 6/10 and 6/8 of the dental sites examined. A.a. occurred in 9/10 of the second primary molars, 8/10 of the first primary molars, 5/10 of the cuspids, 4/8 of the upper incisors and in none of the lower incisors examined. The proportions of A.a. within the dentition had a wide range. In 58% of the A.a.-positive samples, the proportions were less than 1%, and none exceeded 10% of the flora. @entity548 after sampling with floss occurred more than twice as frequently in the A.a.-positive as in the A.a.-negative sites (16%/42%). The results indicate that A.a. was a rather frequent member of the oral flora in the @entity1 with primary teeth. The primary molars and the dorsum of the tongue seemed to be preferred sites for A.a. More than one site should be sampled to determine the infection level of A.a. within the dentition.

title: Detection and distribution of XXXX in the primary dentition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity3841 :: ('714', 'Species') :: ['actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Gingival bleeding']

answer: @entity3841 :: (714,Species) :: ['Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans']


abstract: It is well known that there may be an increased tendency for @entity715 in @entity29 ( @entity29 ). This study presents a case with @entity1701 with @entity31 diagnosed during pregnancy. A 30-year-old female @entity1 , in her 6th week of pregnancy, applied to our clinic with complaints of @entity490 and @entity294 . She had a history of three abortions. She had been given @entity117 and heparin treatment due to high levels of anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) in previous examinations that led to the diagnosis of @entity1701 . As the left colonoscopic examination of the @entity1 showed @entity31 , @entity117 treatment was replaced with @entity2983 (750 mg/day, in 3 equal doses). There was a significant relief in complaints of the @entity1 . Medical treatment was interrupted three days before delivery. The @entity1 delivered a baby, at full-term, of 3.6 kg by cesarean section. No adverse effects were observed in the mother or the baby due to the medical treatment. After delivery, @entity2983 treatment was restarted. This case is interesting due to the co-diagnosis of @entity29 in a pregnant woman with @entity1701 . Successful and uncomplicated treatment of the @entity1 with @entity2983 should also be noted.

title: XXXX case beginning during pregnancy in a patient with @entity1701 .

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['bloody diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['antiphospholipid antibody syndrome']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['mesalazine']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['Ulcerative colitis']


abstract: The in vitro T-cell dependent B-cell activity was analysed in 34 @entity1 with @entity1737 and in 16 controls by culturing 1 X 10(6) peripheral blood lymphocytes for 8 days with or without pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and measuring the amounts of IgG and IgM released into the culture supernatant. Increased production of IgG in the unstimulated cultures was found in 20 @entity1 , 8 of whom also produced increased amounts of IgM. Upon PWM stimulation the @entity1 produced normal amounts of IgG. The IgM production, however, was decreased in the @entity1 population compared to the controls. Only one of the controls produced more IgG than IgM, either unstimulated or during PWM stimulation. In contrast 10 @entity1 produced more IgG than IgM in the unstimulated cultures and 15 @entity1 did so during PWM stimulation. The 'spontaneous' production of immunoglobulins was not measurable before 4 days of culture and was not the result of in vivo activated B-cells. We suggest that the increased 'spontaneous' immunoglobulin production and the decreased production of IgM during PWM stimulation may be a result of abnormal T-cell activity. The abnormalities found were not related to disease activity, the presence of multiple autoantibodies in the serum, @entity134 therapy or previous thymectomy. Besides these abnormalities, @entity1 not treated with immunosuppressive drugs also showed decreased PWM induced IgG synthesis.

title: In vitro T-cell dependent B-cell activity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['myasthenia gravis']

answer: @entity1737 :: (MESH:D009157,Disease) :: ['myasthenia gravis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the cardioprotective effect of @entity10976 ( @entity9170 ) on chemotherapy in @entity1 with @entity0 with concurrent @entity6 ( @entity4989 ). METHODS: Eighty female @entity1 with @entity0 with @entity4989 were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy only or chemotherapy plus @entity9170 . All @entity1 received 80 mg/m @entity1259 and 500 mg/m @entity786 by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks for a total of 6 cycles. The group assigned to receive chemotherapy alone received placebo 30 minutes before @entity1259 administration. The group assigned to receive chemotherapy plus @entity9170 received 800 mg/m @entity9170 30 minutes before @entity1259 administration. Cardiac function and hematology before and after 6 cycles of chemotherapy were analyzed. RESULTS: There was no difference in baseline systole or diastole function between the 2 @entity4989 groups. @entity1 receiving chemotherapy alone experienced significantly greater reductions in Ea and significantly greater elevations in E/Ea and Tei index in comparison with @entity1 receiving chemotherapy plus @entity9170 . After chemotherapy, @entity224 dismutase was significantly reduced, and serum @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) was significantly increased in @entity1 with @entity4989 . Serum @entity224 dismutase levels were comparable between the 2 groups before and after chemotherapy, @entity1865 levels were comparable between the 2 groups before chemotherapy, whereas serum @entity1865 was significantly higher after chemotherapy in the chemotherapy alone group in comparison with the group that received @entity9170 . CONCULSIONS: @entity9170 protects against @entity1370 induced by chemotherapy in @entity1 with @entity0 with concurrent @entity4989 .

title: @entity10976 protects XXXX @entity1 with @entity6 from chemotherapy-induced @entity1370 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity10976 :: ('MESH:D011929', 'Chemical') :: ['dexrazoxane']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ) functions as a key regulator of @entity32 and innate immunity. The protozoan parasite @entity3204 actively infects @entity1 blood monocytes and induces the production of @entity1356 ; however, the host and parasite factors that mediate @entity1356 production during @entity3204 @entity281 are poorly understood. We report that @entity3204 induces @entity1356 transcript, processing/cleavage, and release from infected primary @entity1 monocytes and THP-1 cells. Treating monocytes with the @entity9302 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-CMK reduced @entity1356 release, suggesting a role for the inflammasome in @entity3204 -induced @entity1356 production. This was confirmed by performing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of @entity9302 and of the inflammasome adaptor protein @entity938 . @entity1356 induction required active parasite invasion of monocytes, since heat-killed or @entity60918 -treated parasites did not induce @entity1356 . Among the type I, II, and III strains of @entity3204 , the type II strain induced substantially more @entity1356 mRNA and protein release than did the type I and III strains. Since @entity1356 transcript is known to be induced downstream of NF-kB signaling, we investigated a role for the GRA15 protein, which induces sustained NF-kB signaling in a parasite strain-specific manner. By infecting @entity1 monocytes with a GRA15-knockout type II strain and a type I strain stably expressing type II GRA15, we determined that GRA15 is responsible for @entity1356 induction during @entity3204 @entity281 of @entity1 monocytes. This research defines a pathway driving @entity1 innate immunity by describing a role for the classical inflammasome components @entity60919 and the parasite GRA15 protein in @entity3204 -induced @entity1356 production. IMPORTANCE: Monocytes are immune cells that protect against @entity281 by increasing @entity32 and antimicrobial activities in the body. Upon @entity281 with the parasitic pathogen @entity3204 , @entity1 monocytes release @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ), a "master regulator" of @entity32 , which amplifies immune responses. Although inflammatory responses are critical for host defense against @entity281 , excessive @entity32 can result in tissue damage and pathology. This delicate balance underscores the importance of understanding the mechanisms that regulate @entity1356 during @entity281 . We have investigated the molecular pathway by which @entity3204 induces the synthesis and release of @entity1356 in @entity1 monocytes. We found that specific proteins in the parasite and the host cell coordinate to induce @entity1356 production. This research is significant because it contributes to a greater understanding of @entity1 innate immunity to @entity281 and @entity1356 regulation, thereby enhancing our potential to modulate @entity32 in the body.

title: XXXX innate immunity to @entity3204 is mediated by host @entity9302 and @entity938 and parasite GRA15.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1b', 'interleukin-1b', 'Interleukin-1b']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity60918 :: ('MESH:C080978', 'Chemical') :: ['mycalolide B']

entities_list: @entity3204 :: ('5811', 'Species') :: ['T. gondii', 'Toxoplasma gondii']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Involvement of the CNS in @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) is caused by several pathogenic mechanisms including @entity999 . AIM: To measure the frequency of @entity7303 ( @entity7303 ) by using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound and to assess their association with @entity385 , @entity409 , and biochemical, sonographic and clinical variables in an unselected group of @entity1 with @entity1252 . METHODS: A 1-h TCD recording from the middle cerebral artery was carried out in 55 @entity1 with @entity1252 having a mean age of 46 (SD 13) years. MRI of the brain, carotid artery ultrasonography with intima-media thickness and @entity731 plaque assessments were carried out in addition to a broad biochemical and clinical assessment. All @entity1 underwent a neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: Of the 55 @entity1 , @entity7303 were detected in 5 (9%) and @entity385 were found in 9 (18%). A significant association was found between @entity7303 and @entity385 and considerably more @entity51 were found in @entity7303 -positive @entity1 compared with the negative group. @entity7303 were not associated with other clinical, sonographic and biochemical factors believed to be associated with @entity999 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity999 may be one of the important mechanisms responsible for the high prevalence of cerebrovascular events and the @entity51 observed in @entity1 with @entity1252 . Although the number of @entity7303 -positive @entity1 was small, the lack of a significant association between @entity7303 and other known risk factors for @entity7303 suggests a complex pathogenesis for the embolisation in these @entity1 .

title: Detection of cerebral embolic signals in XXXX with @entity1252 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7303 :: ('MESH:C566796', 'Disease') :: ['microembolic signals', 'MES']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral embolism', 'cerebral embolism']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychological dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychological deficits']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction', 'cerebral infarcts']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The notion that @entity161 @entity1 ' (SZ) sense of being detached from external reality is a core feature of the disorder has existed since the early days of its recognition and is still largely emphasized in first @entity1 accounts of SZs; however, its etiology, neurophysiological mechanism, and significance for clinical symptoms are unclear. Mind-wandering is a ubiquitous experience of being detached from reality, the underlying neural mechanism of which closely resembles the brain in a resting-state. METHODS: The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 33 SZs and 33 matched healthy controls (CNT) were acquired. All subjects answered the mind-wandering subscale of the Imaginal Processing Inventory Questionnaire. Functional connectivity maps were constructed using 82 regions of interest comprising default-mode, salience, and frontoparietal networks. RESULTS: SZs exhibit significantly higher mind-wandering frequency relative to CNT. The elevated mind-wandering frequency in SZs significantly correlated with positive and general symptom severity. The mind-wandering frequency was inversely correlated with connectivity degree in the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the brain region involved in self-experience in SZs. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that self-disturbances in SZs can explain SZs' disconnection to the external world, leading to the manifestation of positive @entity716 . This study demonstrates strong preliminary evidence that contributes significantly to resolve the complex relationship between self, world, and the brain of SZs, which may lie at the "core" of @entity716 experiences.

title: Away from home: the brain of the wandering mind as a model for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychotic symptoms']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relations among bacterial transloation, plasma peptidoglycan elevation, and peripheral blood neutrophil activation during @entity548 . DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, unblinded animal study. SETTING: Surgical research laboratories of Shiga University of Medical Science. SUBJECTS: Male, specific pathogen-free @entity35 . INTERVENTIONS: The @entity35 were randomly divided into three groups: a conventional group with normal intestinal flora (NF), an antibiotic ( @entity3639 and @entity3397 ) decontaminated group ( @entity195 ), and a sham shock group with normal intestinal flora. The NF and @entity195 groups were subjected to @entity548 (mean arterial pressure 30 mm Hg, for 30 to 90 mins). @entity35 were killed at 30, 60, and 90 mins after shock induction. Systemic blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were cultured for the determination of bacterial translocation (BT). Systemic plasma peptidoglycan and endotoxin concentrations were measured. To evaluate peripheral blood neutrophil activation, phagocytosis and @entity273 generation were assayed by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the NF group, BT to MLNs was significantly increased from 30 mins after shock induction. Blood culture and plasma endotoxin were positive at 90 mins but there were no significant differences. Assayed plasma peptidoglycan was significantly increased at 90 mins. Phagocytosis and @entity273 generation were significantly increased. Assayed plasma peptidoglycan concentrations showed significant positive correlations with the magnitude of BT to MLNs (r2 = .54) and @entity273 generation (r2 = .22) in individual animals. Furthermore, BT and these parameters were significantly suppressed in the @entity195 group. CONCLUSIONS: First, we concluded that assayed plasma peptidoglycan reflects BT induced by @entity548 because the increase in assayed plasma peptidoglycan was suppressed, as was BT, by antibiotic decontamination. Second, peripheral blood neutrophil activation was also suppressed when BT was prevented. We concluded BT to be involved in neutrophil activation. Our findings suggest @entity273 generation by neutrophils to be involved in plasma peptidoglycan elevation.

title: Elevation of plasma peptidoglycan and peripheral blood neutrophil activation during XXXX : plasma peptidoglycan reflects bacterial translocation and may affect neutrophil activation.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin G']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']