abstract: Effective decision-making can involve using environmental signals about the possible good and bad outcomes, and their probabilities, to select optimal actions. Problematic decision-making in @entity146 , and particularly @entity162 , may result from disrupted use of these reinforcement cues, leading to actions that reflect or precipitate pathological changes in mood. Previous experiments indicate that the processing of reinforcement cues while selecting between risky actions can be influenced by @entity935 and @entity750 activity. @entity1089 is an atypical antipsychotic agent with a complex pharmacology, including antagonist actions at 5- @entity7601 and, to a lesser extent, D2 receptors. Here, we investigated the effects of (short-term) treatment with @entity1089 on the risky decision-making of healthy @entity1 adults. Twenty @entity1 received 150 mg of @entity1089 XL for 7 d, whereas 20 age- and IQ-matched @entity1 received a placebo. On the eighth day, all @entity1 completed a risky decision-making task that involved making a series of choices between two simultaneously presented gambles that differed in the magnitudes of their possible gains and losses, and the probabilities with which these outcomes were delivered. @entity1089 treatment was associated with a marked tendency to choose options with negative expected values compared with placebo treatment in male but not female @entity1 . Our results demonstrate that antagonism of @entity750 and @entity935 receptor activity can alter the way individuals use information about gains and losses when selecting between risky actions, possibly reflecting gender-specific differences in risk attitudes. These effects may be beneficial by correcting decision-making biases that feature in @entity1316 .

title: Short-term XXXX treatment alters the use of reinforcement signals during risky decision-making and promotes the choice of negative expected values in healthy adult males.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar illness']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood disorders']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1089 :: ('MESH:C069541', 'Chemical') :: ['quetiapine', 'Quetiapine']

answer: @entity1089 :: (MESH:C069541,Chemical) :: ['quetiapine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the effectiveness of @entity2812 in a population-based cohort of @entity302 @entity1 . METHODS: Medical charts of 360 @entity1 treated in 37 centres in The Netherlands were reviewed. Effectiveness of @entity2812 therapy was assessed during the first year of use, with @entity1 serving as their own controls. Effectiveness was measured by reduction in @entity410 frequency and retention time. RESULTS: Effectiveness could only be assessed in 165 @entity1 ; assessment in remaining @entity1 was not possible due to various reasons, such as insufficient medical chart information. @entity2812 was effective in 40% of @entity1 who had been prescribed @entity2812 because of insufficient @entity410 control (n=112), and 14% of these 112 @entity1 became @entity410 free. Duration of @entity302 , baseline @entity410 frequency, valproate use, drug load and number of antiepileptic drugs (AED) used were related to effectiveness of @entity2812 . In this group, 36% continued @entity2812 (LTG) throughout the first year without experiencing a >50% @entity410 reduction. @entity2812 was effective in 63% of @entity1 who received the drug because of poor tolerability of other antiepileptic drugs (n=53). DISCUSSION: @entity2812 is an effective drug in clinical practice. Use of retention time measures only may not correctly reflect the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs.

title: Effectiveness of XXXX in clinical practice: results of a retrospective population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['Lamotrigine', 'lamotrigine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity2812 :: (MESH:C047781,Chemical) :: ['lamotrigine']


abstract: The impact of cerebrovascular events (CVE) on cognitive functioning in adults with @entity3458 is not well understood. Sequelae of CVEs can adversely impact their quality of life. We reviewed neurocognitive presentation and testing in adults with @entity3458 . We evaluated the frequency of complaints of @entity2414 using survey methodology in a sample of 109 adult @entity1 with @entity3458 (48 males, 61 females). A subsample of 24 @entity1 also received a memory questionnaire where specific cognitive functions were assessed. Overall, we found that males and females did not differ in the frequency of experienced @entity2414 during @entity158 crises. However, the frequency of @entity1 reporting that their ability to remember where they place common objects such as keys (p = 0.017) and remembering the item they intended to buy in a grocery store or pharmacy (p = 0.048) was worse now compared to when they were in high school and was greater when compared to @entity1 . The frequency of @entity1 who reported their memory was worse now than when they were in high school (p = 0.051) was also greater than in @entity1 . We concluded that @entity2414 predicts global monthly presentation of @entity158 . We suggest incorporating cost-effective neurocognitive screening measures as a standard of practice in @entity3458 .

title: Neurocognitive testing and functioning in adults XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory disturbance', 'memory dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study examines whether the chronic administration of @entity46209 , a @entity842 -releasing beta-adrenergic blocker, decreases @entity63 -reperfusion injury. METHODS: @entity35 were treated with @entity46209 (10 mg/kg per day orally) or a vehicle alone for 4 weeks. Isolated @entity35 hearts were assigned to one of five groups (each n = 6): global @entity63 groups treated with the vehicle or with @entity46209 were subjected to 20 minutes of @entity63 ; @entity63 preconditioning groups treated with the vehicle or with @entity46209 were subjected to 3 minutes of @entity63 preconditioning; and the @entity534 group treated with the vehicle received 1 mmol/L of @entity534 before global @entity63 . Hemodynamic variables and coronary flow were recorded continuously. @entity2648 and @entity3362 levels were measured 60 minutes after reperfusion, and the @entity1188 size was determined. In another series (each n = 6), lipid peroxidation was investigated. RESULTS: In the @entity46209 group, significant preservation of the left ventricular pressure and coronary flow, as well as the level of @entity3362 and @entity2648 , was observed, compared with the global @entity63 group. The @entity1188 size was also significantly reduced in the @entity63 preconditioning (23.5%+/-5.47%), @entity534 (25.6%+/-5.59%), and especially the @entity46209 (10.7%+/-1.65%) groups. However, in the @entity46209 plus @entity63 preconditioning group, the protective effects were eliminated. Lipid peroxidation after @entity46209 treatment was significantly reduced before and after global @entity63 , compared with the global @entity63 group. CONCLUSIONS: The chronic administration of @entity46209 improves postischemic functional recovery and @entity1188 size, partly by preventing the formation of lipid @entity2627 . These cardioprotective effects were, however, abolished by @entity63 preconditioning.

title: Long-term treatment with XXXX , a @entity842 -releasing beta-adrenergic blocker, enhances postischemic recovery and limits @entity1188 size.

entities_list: @entity2627 :: ('MESH:D010545', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxides']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity46209 :: ('MESH:C036089', 'Chemical') :: ['nipradilol']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity2648 :: ('MESH:D009573', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrites', 'nitrites']

answer: @entity46209 :: (MESH:C036089,Chemical) :: ['nipradilol']


abstract: Characterization of the enzymes involved in the chitin biosynthetic pathway in mosquitoes is critical due to the importance of chitin in the formation of the peritrophic matrix [PM] and its potential impact on vector competence. Chitin is the homopolymer of the @entity1472 sugar @entity4825 [ @entity4826 ]. The final step of incorporation of @entity4826 into the chitin polymer is catalyzed by the enzyme chitin synthase [CS]. CS is a membrane bound enzyme, but the mechanism of its action in the biosynthesis of the PM is not understood. We have isolated and sequenced a CS-encoding cDNA clone from the mosquito @entity4224 , compared its sequence with CS from other organisms and studied its RNA expression. The cDNA is 3.5 kb in length with an open reading frame of 2.6 kb that encodes a protein of 865 @entity1522 with a predicted molecular mass of 99.5 kDa. The putative translation product shares 90% similarity to two CS proteins from @entity2199 and 50% similarity to @entity375 in the catalytic domain of CS enzymes. Data suggest that CS is a single copy gene. RT-PCR analysis shows CS message in whole non-blood-fed females, whole blood-fed females, non-blood-fed midguts and in midguts dissected at different time points post-blood-feeding. In situ hybridization studies of midgut samples revealed that CS mRNA increases following a bloodmeal and is localized to the periphery of the epithelial cells facing the midgut lumen.

title: Cloning and characterization of a chitin synthase cDNA from the mosquito XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity4224 :: ('7159', 'Species') :: ['Aedes aegypti']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity4825 :: ('MESH:D000117', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetyl-D glucosamine']

answer: @entity4224 :: (7159,Species) :: ['Aedes aegypti']


abstract: @entity410 are extremely common in the elderly, with an annual incidence reaching 100 per 100000 @entity1 aged over 60 years. Most are precipitated by acute symptomatic illnesses such as @entity64 . Chronic @entity16 such as @entity195 may also cause @entity410 . The aetiology of @entity410 in many @entity1 is unknown. @entity410 may be situational and subside quickly, but the prevalence of @entity410 --is as high as 1% in the elderly. The majority of @entity410 are of partial onset, especially complex partial. Complex partial @entity410 at this age may be very subtle and hard to diagnose. Generalised-onset @entity410 also occur, perhaps as a result of diffuse changes with aging or @entity179 or to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The prognosis for complete @entity410 control in this population is relatively favourable. Physiological and disease-related changes with aging result in complex pharmacokinetics. Most changes lead to a need for gentler drug treatment with cautious initiation of drugs at lower dosages. Consideration must be given to renal and hepatic function, protein binding and drug interactions. Determinations of free (unbound) drug concentrations are helpful for highly protein bound drugs. The dosages of newer drugs excreted renally must be adjusted based on @entity1011 clearance. The dosage of most drugs is determined empirically by careful observation of @entity410 control and adverse effects. @entity2049 , @entity1092 ( @entity1092 ), @entity2682 and @entity2812 have certain theoretical advantages, but comparative trials of anticonvulsants in the elderly are needed. The ideal drug for older @entity1 would be effective, without @entity137 , with low protein binding, a nonparticipant in drug interactions and amenable to once daily administration.

title: Epidemiology and drug treatment of epilepsy in elderly XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'Seizures', 'seizures', 'chronic seizures--epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke or systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['lamotrigine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['neurological toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2682 :: ('MESH:C040029', 'Chemical') :: ['gabapentin']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological diseases']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium valproate', 'valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbamazepine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: An experiment was carried out to study the build-up of infection and development of immunity against @entity48538 in @entity291 . Six groups of four @entity291 were used. Groups 1-5 grazed on separate pastures and Group 6 served as a permanently housed control group. To simulate 'low' and 'very low' overwintered pasture infectivity, Groups 1 and 2 were infected experimentally six times with ten and two larvae, respectively, during the first 3 weeks on pasture in May. From the middle of July, Groups 2-4 were experimentally infected six times in 3 weeks with 10, 10 and 100 larvae, respectively, to simulate 'low' and 'moderate' pasture contamination by carriers. Group 5 served as a non-infected pasture control group. After housing of Groups 1-5 in October, all @entity291 were treated with @entity13486 and challenged with 5000 larvae of D. viviparus to evaluate the development of immunity. The results showed a similar population build-up of @entity281 in Groups 1-4. After the beginning of patency, 24-35 days after @entity281 , an @entity101 occurred 31-35 days later as a result of re-infection. For Group 2, this was only true when the @entity281 with a total of 12 larvae in May were ignored, as these did not result in patent @entity281 . Faecal larval counts were highest in Group 4, which was the only group with mild signs of @entity66 occurring in the re-infection period. The worm counts at necropsy showed the development of immunity in Groups 1-4 but not in Group 5. This is consistent with the fact that Group 5 did not develop @entity281 throughout the grazing season.

title: Infection build-up and development of immunity in @entity291 following primary XXXX of different levels at the beginning or in the middle of the grazing season.

entities_list: @entity48538 :: ('MESH:D004022', 'Disease') :: ['Dictyocaulus viviparus infections']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increase in faecal larval counts']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['lungworm disease']

entities_list: @entity13486 :: ('MESH:C011030', 'Chemical') :: ['oxfendazole']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['lungworm infections', 'infections', 'primary infection', 'patent lungworm infections']

answer: @entity48538 :: (MESH:D004022,Disease) :: ['Dictyocaulus viviparus infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigate the effects of @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) on urinary volume, frequency of micturition, serum and urine osmolality, osmotic and @entity1011 clearance, and free water clearance in @entity1 with primary nocturnal @entity11795 . This information might help in our understanding of the mechanism of action of @entity2050 in management of @entity1 with @entity11795 . @entity1 AND METHODS: The study comprised eight @entity1 with primary @entity11795 (age range, 8-14 yr) who wet at night on a daily basis. Enuretics were given, @entity2050 200 mg each night; urine volume, urinary osmolality and electrolytes, serum osmolality and electrolytes, osmotic clearance, fractional excretion of @entity1372 , and free water clearance were assayed before @entity2050 treatment and after 15 d of treatment. Frequencies of bed-wetting and dry nights were observed during treatment. RESULTS: Mean number (+/-SD) of dry nights was increased from zero dry nights (daily bed-wetting) to 9.7 (2.8) per 15 d of treatment (65%). @entity2050 decreased the 24-h urinary volume by 41%, the night volume by 45%, the day volume by 38%, and frequency of micturition by 28%. @entity2050 increased the 24-h urinary osmolality by 43%. Serum osmolality changed significantly from 283.7 mOsm/l to 277.2 mOsm/l. @entity2050 decreased osmotic clearance by 37% and free water clearance by 34%. @entity1011 clearance was decreased by 19% after @entity2050 treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity2050 reduced urine volume, increased urine osmolality, and decreased the free water clearance, the osmotic clearance, and the frequency of micturition in enuretics; this might help in understanding its mechanism of action.

title: Effect of XXXX on urinary volume and osmolality, water clearance, and serum osmolality in @entity1 with primary @entity11795 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['Creatinine', 'creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

answer: @entity2049 :: (MESH:D002220,Chemical) :: ['carbamazepine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional repercussion in @entity712 and its relations with @entity1002 and mortality. METHODS: A series of nutritional parameters in a group of 95 @entity1 with advanced chronic @entity712 , arising out of @entity384 and age < 65 years old, without concomitant diseases was studied. The duration of symptons, final diastolic diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction were verified. The nutritional assessment, included the ideal percentage of weight the @entity427 skin fold thickness, percentiles of circumference of muscular mass of the arm, the albumin serum levels and the lymphocytes global count. RESULTS: The nutritional situation was alterated in 45.3% to 94.7% of the @entity1 in accordance to the assessment parameter used. There was neither correlation between the nutritional parameters and the length of symptoms, nor with the @entity67 level. That group of @entity1 had a homogenous evolution, and 75.8% of them died in an average time of 21.86 weeks. The left ventricular diastolic diameter and ejection fraction did not allow for the prediction of survival. A diminished body mass identified a group with higher risk of @entity204 . The ideal percentage of the body mass was predictive of survival (p=0.0352), the @entity1 with less than 80% of ideal weight had a higher relative risk of @entity204 of 1.99 (1.12-3.02) (p=0.0132). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition is frequent in @entity1 with advanced @entity712 and @entity384 . The reduced body mass was a better predictor of survival than the left ventricular ejection fraction in @entity1 under advanced stage of myocardial compromising.

title: [Nutritional repercussion in advanced XXXX and its value in prognostic assessment].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: The relation between baseline clinical variables and subsequent mortality was examined in 295 @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity712 who participated in a multicenter trial comparing the effect on treadmill exercise tolerance of @entity3371 , @entity6838 and placebo given in addition to a diuretic drug. At baseline study, all @entity1 had a left ventricular ejection fraction less than or equal to 40%; 81% were in New York Heart Association functional class II. The etiology of @entity712 was @entity63 in 62% and nonischemic in 38%. During an average follow-up period of 16 months, 47 @entity1 (16%) died and 24 deaths were classified as sudden. By univariate analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction, ventricular premature beat frequency, couplet frequency, @entity1165 frequency, functional class, treadmill exercise time and nonischemic @entity299 were statistically associated with mortality. With multiple logistic regression analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction was identified as the variable most closely associated with total mortality (p = 0.006). Twenty-seven percent of @entity1 with an ejection fraction less than or equal to 20% died compared with 7% with an ejection fraction greater than or equal to 30%. @entity1165 frequency on Holter monitoring was independently associated with both total mortality (p = 0.008) and @entity944 (p = 0.003). @entity1 with a @entity1165 frequency of greater than 0.088 events/h had a mortality rate of 34% compared with 12% in those without @entity1165 . In the multivariate model, functional class (p = 0.02) and etiology of nonischemic @entity299 (p = 0.04) remained as independent predictors of mortality, whereas treadmill exercise duration did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Predictors of total mortality and XXXX in mild to moderate @entity712 . Captopril-Digoxin Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular tachycardia', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity944 :: (MESH:D003645,Disease) :: ['sudden death']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the independent associations of @entity1386 and @entity410 with clustered cardiometabolic risk. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 192 adolescents (118 @entity1 ), aged 14-16 years, was recruited from a South Lanarkshire school in the West of Scotland. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured, and blood samples were taken. The 20 m multistage fitness test was the indicator of @entity410 ( @entity410 ). A clustered cardiometabolic risk score was constructed from HDL-C (inverted), LDL-C, HOMA, systolic blood pressure, and @entity1674 . @entity650 , @entity1851 , and @entity1254 were also measured and examined relative to the clustered cardiometabolic risk score, @entity410 , and @entity1386 . RESULTS: Although significant, partial correlations between BMI and waist circumference (WC) and both @entity410 and @entity1254 were negative and weak to moderate, while correlations between the BMI and WC and @entity1851 were positive but weak to moderate. Weak to moderate negative associations were also evident for @entity1254 with @entity1851 , @entity650 , and clustered cardiometabolic risk. WC was positively associated while @entity410 was negatively associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk. With the additional adjustment for either WC or @entity410 , the independent associations with cardiometabolic risk persisted. CONCLUSION: WC and @entity410 are independently associated with clustered cardiometabolic risk in Scottish adolescents.

title: Fitness and XXXX are independently associated with cardiometabolic risk in youth.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory fitness', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adiposity']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1386 :: (MESH:D018205,Disease) :: ['adiposity']


abstract: @entity204 as consequence of @entity583 is most frequently produced by @entity943 . The purpose was to study if some antihistamines and @entity1245 could reduce the incidence of these @entity943 in the experimental @entity583 of the @entity235 . The anterior descending left coronary artery was dissected and tied it twofold. Ten @entity235 received 150 ml of isotonic saline solution (i.v.) one hour before the occlusion, this was the control group. We integrated five more experimental groups, each one received, before the ligation, one of the following drugs (i.v.): @entity3303 (2 mg/kg, n = 16), @entity2053 (20 mcg/kg, n = 16), @entity12029 (30 mcg/kg, n = 25), @entity9691 (2 mg/kg, n = 11) and @entity47895 (1 mg/kg, n = 16). Control recordings of cardiac frequency, blood pressure and ECG were made 10 minutes before occlusion and every 5 minutes for 90 minutes after the occlusion was performed. Prevention of the presentation of @entity2224 for each group was: Control 20%, @entity3303 81.24%, @entity2053 50%, @entity12029 76%, @entity9691 54.6%, and @entity47895 75%. From this results we concluded that @entity3303 , @entity12029 and @entity47895 have the largest activity to prevent @entity943 in the experimental @entity583 of @entity235 .

title: [The effects of @entity1245 drugs and antihistamines in experimental postinfarct XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity12029 :: ('MESH:D005445', 'Chemical') :: ['flunitrazepam']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity9691 :: ('MESH:D016593', 'Chemical') :: ['terfenadine']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity47895 :: ('CHEBI:2896', 'Chemical') :: ['astemizol']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarct']

entities_list: @entity2053 :: ('MESH:D002998', 'Chemical') :: ['clonazepam']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['arrhythmias']


abstract: Gel Injection Adjustable Keratoplasty (GIAK) is a technique previously described by G. Simon for the correction of @entity1714 . Following pachometry, a 0.8 mm wide, 80% deep linear incision is performed 2.5 mm from the apex. Using a guide, a 1 mm wide, 5 mm diameter annular spatula is introduced to dissect an interlamellar canal and the crosslinked @entity968 hydrogel is injected with a modified 23 gauge needle. The biocompatibility to 13 @entity970 batches was studied on 21 albino @entity95 (Follow up 15 to 135 days). In nineteen, the cornea remained perfectly transparent. Two animals presented an @entity281 at POD 1. Histopathology showed no endothelial deterioration, no anomaly of the thickness or of the cellular morphology around the injected zone. However some mononuclear cells were noticed surrounding the hydrogel in some @entity95 together with thinning of the corneal epithelium anterior to the injected zone. A pilot refractive study was conducted on 5 @entity468 using 2 PEO gels. One cat developed an @entity281 following surgery. A second developed an @entity7499 at POD 8. Thus, these animals were not included in the follow-up study which ranged from 6 to 28 months. Immediately after surgery, the refractive effect, measured with the Canon SK-1 digital autokeratometer, was 5.22 +/- 0.46 D (SD) of flattening. The long term effect (26 months) of the GIAK procedure appears to be stable and safe when using sterile PEO gels made of highly purified materials.

title: [Results of a 2-year animal experiment with reticulated XXXX intrastromal rings].

entities_list: @entity7499 :: ('MESH:D016510', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory response with corneal neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene oxide']

answer: @entity968 :: (MESH:D011092,Chemical) :: ['polyethylene oxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Isolated nonoperative mild @entity542 (INOMHI) occur with increasing frequency in an aging population. These @entity1 often have multiple social, discharge, and rehabilitation issues, which far exceed the acute component of their care. This study was aimed to compare the outcomes of @entity1 with INOMHI admitted to three services: @entity130 surgery, neurosurgery, and neurology. METHODS: Retrospective case series (January 1, 2009 to August 31, 2013) at an academic Level I @entity130 center. According to an institutional protocol, INOMHI @entity1 with Glasgow @entity772 Scale (GCS) of 13 to 15 were admitted on a weekly rotational basis to @entity130 surgery, neurosurgery, and neurology. The three populations were compared, and the primary outcomes were survival rate to discharge, neurological status at hospital discharge as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-eight INOMHI @entity1 were admitted ( @entity130 surgery, 172; neurosurgery, 131; neurology, 185). The mean age of the study population was 65.3 years, and 58.8% of @entity1 were male. Seventy-seven percent of @entity1 has a GCS score of 15. Age, sex, mechanism of injury, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Scale in head and neck, and GCS were similar among the three groups. @entity1 who were admitted to @entity130 surgery, neurosurgery and neurology services had similar proportions of survivors (98.8% vs 95.7% vs 94.7%), and discharge disposition (home, 57.0% vs 61.6% vs 55.7%). The proportion of @entity1 with GOS of 4 or 5 on discharge was slightly higher among @entity1 admitted to @entity130 (97.7% vs 93.0% vs 92.4%). In a logistic regression model adjusting for Charlson Comorbidity Index CCI and Abbreviated Injury Scale head and neck scores, @entity1 who were admitted to neurology or neurosurgery had significantly lower odds being discharged with GOS 4 or 5. While the @entity130 group had the lowest proportion of repeats of brain computed tomography (61.6%), the neurosurgery group had the highest proportion of intensive care unit admission (29.8%), and the neurology group had the longest emergency department stay (7.5 hours), there were no significant differences in duration of hospital stay, in-hospital complications, and readmission within 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were differences in use of health care resources, and the proportion of @entity1 with GOS of 4 or 5 on discharge was slightly higher among @entity1 admitted to @entity130 , most clinical outcomes were similar in INOMHI @entity1 admitted to @entity130 surgery, neurosurgery, or neurology in our institution. A rotational policy of admitting INOMHI @entity1 is feasible among services with expertise in and commitment to the care of these @entity1 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/care management study, level IV.

title: Admissions for isolated nonoperative mild @entity542 : Sharing the burden among XXXX surgery, neurosurgery, and neurology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: In this study we prospectively compared 2 rates of shock wave delivery, 60 and 120 shock waves per minute, to determine whether rate affects outcome with the Dornier Lithotripter S, a lithotriptor with an electromagnetic shock wave source, for @entity1290 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 104 @entity1 with uncomplicated single renal @entity1608 were randomized and treated. Following a single treatment @entity1 were reviewed at 3 months to determine outcome. A plain abdominal x-ray was performed and the size of any residual fragments was noted. Four @entity1 were lost to followup, 1 in the 60 shock waves per minute group and 3 in the 120 shock waves per minute group. RESULTS: Of the 100 @entity1 with complete followup 49 were treated at 60 shock waves per minute and 51 at 120 shock waves per minute. There was no statistically significant difference between mean stone area treated (p = 0.32) or additional analgesic use in the form of @entity1 controlled @entity680 (p = 0.82). A successful outcome was defined by fragments smaller than 4 mm or stone-free status. At 60 shock waves per minute 59% of @entity1 had a successful outcome compared with 61% at 120 shock waves per minute (p = 0.87) following a single treatment. Post-treatment complications were similar in both groups at 8% for 120 shock waves per minute and 10% for 60 shock waves per minute (p = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in @entity1 controlled analgesia use, complications or outcome between rates 60 and 120. Contrary to previous studies these results suggest that a slower rate of shock wave delivery during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for @entity1290 does not improve treatment efficacy with the Dornier Lithotripter S.

title: Does rate matter? The results of a randomized controlled trial of 60 versus 120 shocks per minute for shock wave lithotripsy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity680 :: ('MESH:D015760', 'Chemical') :: ['alfentanil']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['renal calculi']

answer: @entity1290 :: (MESH:D007669,Disease) :: ['renal calculi']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1374 ( @entity1374 ) is a very rare condition, even in countries with a high prevalence of @entity378 . The aim of this article is to review and retrieve data about @entity1374 from the English-language literature in order to gain a better understanding of the clinical characteristics of @entity1374 . STUDY DESIGN: We performed Medline, PubMed, and library searches using the key words " @entity1374 ," " @entity66 ," " @entity378 and thyroid." Reference lists of the articles obtained and previous reviews were also examined. RESULTS: We retrieved 76 cases matching our selection criteria from the search. Review of the cases with @entity1374 revealed a slight female preponderance. The @entity1 reported in the literature ranged in age from 9 to 83 years, with a median age of 40+/-16 years for @entity1 and 44+/-17 years for @entity1 . In the articles surveyed, @entity1374 presented with a broad spectrum of manifestations, ranging from an isolated nodule to @entity2743 . It seems that diagnosis of @entity1374 has recently been increasing, perhaps because of the growing incidence of @entity378 and the diagnostic use of fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis. Although, in the past, the diagnosis was generally made by the examination of the specimens, at present, fine-needle aspiration cytology seems to be a useful method in diagnosis @entity1374 . The role of surgery is limited after the diagnosis. The choice of treatment should be medical antituberculous therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative diagnosis of @entity1374 is important because of the availability of medical treatment and the limited role of surgery. This condition should be kept in mind in evaluating @entity1 with a thyroid nodule, in communities where the prevalence of @entity378 is high.

title: XXXX of the thyroid gland: review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['throid disease']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ['thyrotoxicosis']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid tuberculosis', 'tuberculous thyroiditis', 'Thyroid tuberculosis', 'TTB']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['Tuberculosis']


abstract: The risk of suicide associated with different @entity146 diagnoses was estimated in 80,970 inpatients in Stockholm County (population 1.6 million). All @entity1 discharged with at least one @entity146 diagnosis between 1973 and 1986 were followed by linkage with the cause-of-death registry through 1987. There were 1,115 definite suicides and 467 undetermined suicides among these during the 15-year follow-up. When 12 diagnostic categories were entered in a proportional hazards model, the highest relative risk (RR) of definite suicide, controlling for sex and age, was noted for @entity1316 ( @entity16071 .82), followed by unspecified @entity914 ( @entity16071 .69), @entity10963 ( @entity16071 .60), addiction to prescription drugs ( @entity16071 .38), @entity6004 and reactive @entity914 ( @entity4736 .96), and @entity161 ( @entity4736 .64). @entity988 , @entity1314 , @entity914 , and street drug addiction did not have significantly increased risks of suicide. Male sex increased the risk for definite suicide by 1.56, while the risk was somewhat higher among the young. Having more than one diagnosis increased the relative risk by 1.42. When undetermined suicides were included in the analysis, to @entity988 and street @entity734 were attributed significantly increased risks of suicide, probably owing to the greater difficulty of verifying such cases. We conclude that several @entity146 were conductive to suicide, but that the risk did not vary much with the type of diagnosis. Further studies of confounders are needed, such as the reasons for being admitted to inpatient care, and the impact of somatic and @entity146 comorbidity.

title: Risk of suicide by @entity146 diagnosis in Stockholm County. A longitudinal study of 80,970 XXXX inpatients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['Alcoholism', 'alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['organic psychoses', 'psychoses']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality disorders']

entities_list: @entity10963 :: ('MESH:D010259', 'Disease') :: ['paranoid psychoses']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Frontal sinus cranialization is commonly indicated for posterior table @entity174 with significant comminution, displacement, or @entity5173 . This study assessed the clinical outcomes of conservative management. METHODS: A 10-year retrospective review of all @entity174 treated at a level 1 @entity130 center was performed using medical records and radiographic images. RESULTS: A total of 875 @entity1 with @entity174 were identified, and 68 had posterior table involvement. Nine died within the first 48 hours from other injuries. The remaining 59 @entity1 constituted the study population. Average follow-up approached 1 year (342 days). The more common mechanisms of injury were blunt interpersonal violence (29 percent) and motor vehicle accidents (27 percent). Concurrent @entity149 was common (73 percent), and the average Glasgow @entity772 Scale score was 12.7. Posterior wall fracture pattern was nondisplaced and noncomminuted in 33 @entity1 (54 percent) and comminuted and/or displaced in 27 (46 percent). @entity5173 was recorded in 11 @entity1 (19 percent). Conservative management was the more common strategy (78 percent), followed by @entity50 (12 percent), obliteration (8 percent), and cranialization (2 percent). Of the 27 @entity1 with comminuted and/or displaced @entity174 , 16 (59 percent) underwent conservative management, and 11 (41 percent) underwent surgical management, but only one @entity1 (2 percent) underwent cranialization. There was no incidence of @entity281 , except for one @entity1 who died from @entity198 secondary to a gunshot wound to the head. CONCLUSION: The vast majority of @entity174 involving the posterior table, including those with comminution, displacement, or @entity5173 , can be safely managed without cranialization. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

title: A 10-year review of @entity174 : clinical outcomes of conservative management of posterior table XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'frontal sinus fractures']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system injury']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebrospinal fluid leak', 'cerebrospinal fluid leaks']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial infection']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['open reduction and internal fixation with sinus preservation']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: Although clinical trials suggest that chemotherapy can improve survival for both resected and unresected @entity788 @entity1 , the extent to which it is used in routine clinical practice is unclear. We conducted a population-based investigation of treatment patterns and factors influencing treatment receipt and mortality for @entity788 . We included 3173 @entity1 with primary invasive @entity788 , diagnosed in 1994-2003, from the National Cancer Registry (Ireland). Analysis was done by joinpoint regression, logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards. Propensity score methods were used to compare mortality in those who received chemotherapy and in 'matched' @entity1 who did not. Seven percent of @entity1 had a resection and 12% received chemotherapy. The resection rate did not change significantly over time and less than a quarter of @entity1 with @entity66 underwent resection. Chemotherapy use increased by 20% per annum, reaching 20% among unresected and 39% among resected @entity1 in 2002-2003. Forty two percent of @entity1 were untreated, and this percentage was unchanged over time. After adjusting for clinical factors, @entity1 characteristics were significantly associated with treatment receipt; older and unmarried @entity1 were less likely to be treated. Among resected @entity1 , risk of @entity204 fell by 10% per annum. Chemotherapy receipt was associated with significantly reduced mortality among both surgical (hazard ratio (HR)=0.50, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 0.27-0.91) and non-surgical @entity1 (HR=0.48, 95% CI 0.38-0.61). Our findings suggest that there may be potential for extended dissemination of chemotherapy, and possibly also for greater utilisation of curative resection, in routine practice which, in turn, has potential to improve survival at the population level.

title: Is there under-treatment of XXXX ? Evidence from a population-based study in Ireland.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['localised disease']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: @entity296 reflects the metabolic status of the heart and pH monitoring is an invaluable way to monitor the efficacy of myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. We developed a miniature antimony electrode for pH measurement in the heart. We examined the sensitivity, accuracy and the effects of temperature and @entity26 tension on pH readings with this electrode in standard buffers and in anaesthetized @entity235 . In buffers the antimony electrode exhibited a gradient of -50.3 +/- 1.8 mV pH-1 at 25 degrees C, close to the @entity7939 and showed a high correlation with conventional glass electrode readings (mean difference 0.027 +/- 0.0035 pH, r2 = 0.97). With increasing temperature the antimony electrode pH readings increased by 0.03 +/- 0.002 pH degree C(-1). With increasing @entity4095 the pH reading decreased (-0.73 pH/log @entity4095 mm Hg, r2 = 0.96). In the @entity235 heart the antimony electrode showed a decrease in @entity296 with increasing PCO2, and an increase in pH when @entity5993 was given intravenously. @entity1563 resulted in paradoxically higher pH readings with the antimony electrode due to the effect of lowered myocardial @entity4095 interfering with pH measurement. The dissolution of antimony from the electrode in blood plasma was tested and found to be low. These studies suggest that antimony electrodes have low @entity137 and provide accurate pH determinations under conditions of constant @entity4095 . For more widespread clinical application, the problem of @entity26 interference needs to be solved.

title: Evaluation of a miniature antimony electrode for measurement of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial pH', 'Myocardial pH']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity7939 :: ('MESH:C535556', 'Disease') :: ['Nernstian slope']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial pH']


abstract: Botulinum toxin has been demonstrated clinically to be an effective treatment for a variety of laryngeal problems, most notably @entity7364 . As in other @entity717 , the theory behind the injection of this substance in the larynx has been a weakening of the vocal fold musculature to relieve uncoordinated and @entity6389 movement of the vocal folds, presumably rebalancing the forces within the intralaryngeal musculature. Recently, this concept was applied to help reposition the arytenoid cartilage in acute and longstanding anteromedial cricoarytenoid dislocations. This same concept may apply to the paralyzed vocal fold. In support of this idea, a number of investigators have shown that immobile, clinically paralyzed vocal folds may still have partial voluntary motor unit activity. This voluntary activation may not produce clinically evident movement but may be sufficient to produce tone within the fold. If the voluntary motor units in the abductor musculature of the paralyzed fold are weakened with botulinum toxin, the continued pull of the functioning adductor musculature may be sufficient to medialize the paralyzed fold. This idea has been supported by animal experiments, which have shown that botulinum toxin may affect the ability of the fold to rebalance itself. With this evidence in mind, a @entity1 with fold immobility secondary to @entity15 was treated in an attempt at laryngeal rebalancing, using botulinum toxin to medialize the fold. However, instead of simply having the fold return fixed to the midline, the @entity1 regained normal laryngeal mobility and voice. While it is unclear whether the botulinum toxin alone was responsible, the coincidence of this occurrence certainly requires reporting. This paper is a report of the first successful treatment of vocal fold @entity912 using botulinum toxin to treat vocal fold fixation in a @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: Botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of vocal fold @entity912 associated with XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity6389 :: ('MESH:D014103', 'Disease') :: ['spasmodic']

entities_list: @entity7364 :: ('MESH:D055154', 'Disease') :: ['spasmodic dysphonia']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['movement disorders']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of shunt surgery in @entity1 with Normal Pressure @entity1276 (NPH) using Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography (SPECT). MATERIALS _ METHODS: Thirteen @entity1 diagnosed with NPH were assessed clinically and using (99m Tc)-SPECT and MRI both pre- and post-operatively. Regions of interest were placed manually on T2 MRI and transferred to co-registered SPECT. Differences between pre- and post-operative cerebellum-normalised regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were calculated and analysed in relation to clinical findings represented by a new disability scale. RESULTS: The @entity1 presented initially with 50 +/- 30% disability score and improved following the surgery by 6 +/- 10% (p = 0.1). We did not observe any significant rCBF changes in the whole group of @entity1 (overall rCBF difference = -0.3%, p = 0.4). Some improvement was in basal frontal lateral cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus (+5%, p = 0.08 to 0.2). @entity1 with <30% disability score initially (N = 4) had a reversed pattern of changes compared to those with more symptoms (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The small @entity1 sample failed to show significant changes in rCBF due to NPH or surgery. There is indication that in @entity1 with good initial clinical presentation there is little space for relevant clinical improvement and increase in rCBF.

title: Postoperative changes in SPECT-rCBF in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['Hydrocephalus']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Radical, full-thickness resection of the bladder wall and overlying @entity150 is a management option in highly selected @entity1 with muscle invasive @entity150 . The consequences of iatrogenic @entity1901 in @entity1 whose @entity5 involves the ureteral orifice and intramural ureter have not been reported. This report details an experience with 4 @entity1 who underwent full-thickness resection of the hemi-trigone and distal ureter as treatment for muscle-invasive @entity150 . METHODS: Between August 1995 and February 1999, 4 @entity1 with T2 transitional cell @entity5 involving the bladder base and hemi-trigone underwent radical transurethral resection of @entity150 (TURBT), defined as resection of the @entity5 and bladder wall into the perivesical fat as @entity5 management. Six weeks later, the @entity1 underwent a restaging TURBT to assess the pathologic response and status of the distal ureter. @entity1 were then followed up at regular intervals for the development of @entity3041 and/or upper tract complications. RESULTS: Regeneration of the distal ureter was noted at 6 weeks in all @entity1 . At a mean follow-up of 24 months, no @entity1 had developed evidence of upper tract deterioration. All @entity1 remained without evidence of @entity5 recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: This experience suggests that @entity130 to the distal ureter during radical transurethral resection of @entity5 involving the hemi-trigone does not result in long-term distal ureteral damage. Involvement of the hemi-trigone by @entity5 does not appear to be a contraindication to radical TURBT.

title: Distal ureteral regeneration after radical transurethral XXXX resection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1901 :: ('MESH:D014515', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral injury']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor', 'bladder tumors', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['iatrogenic injury']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumor']


abstract: Diffuse large cell @entity1892 of the skin is most commonly represented by diffuse large cell variants of primary @entity706 . In a minority of cases, the infiltrates are an expression of stage 4 disease of established extracutaneous @entity1892 . We describe 3 @entity1 with an aggressive form of @entity1892 secondarily involving the skin. Two of the @entity1 were in the ninth decade of life, whereas 1 @entity1 was 34 years of age. In the elderly @entity1 , there was an antecedent and/or concurrent history of @entity706 , whereas in the younger @entity1 , the @entity5 was a de novo presentation of this aggressive form of @entity706 . The elderly @entity1 succumbed to their disease within less than a year from the time of diagnosis, whereas 1 @entity1 is alive but with persistent and progressive disease despite chemotherapeutic intervention. The infiltrates in all 3 cases were diffuse and composed of large malignant hematopoietic cells that exhibited a round nucleus with a finely dispersed @entity11407 . Phenotypically, the @entity5 cells were @entity588 and @entity2282 positive, whereas @entity4042 and @entity14546 showed variable positivity. One case showed combined @entity14546 positivity along with an acute @entity981 phenotype, including the absence of @entity2225 expression. In each case, there was a @entity517 and @entity588 / @entity7513 rearrangement diagnostic of double-hit @entity706 . In one case, there was an additional @entity4042 rearrangement, defining what is in essence triple-hit @entity706 . In conclusion, double-hit @entity706 is an aggressive form of @entity1892 resistant to standard chemotherapy regimens, which in many but not all cases represents @entity5 progression in the setting of a lower grade B-cell malignancy.

title: Cutaneous double-hit XXXX : an aggressive form of @entity1892 with a propensity for cutaneous dissemination.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoblastic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma and the leg-type lymphoma', 'follicular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma', 'B-cell neoplasia']

answer: @entity1892 :: (MESH:D016393,Disease) :: ['B-cell lymphoma']


abstract: Platelets play a supportive role in @entity5 @entity3 . @entity73 microenvironment may provide a clinically useful approach to inhibit @entity3 . We developed a novel humanized single-chain antibody (scFv Ab) against integrin GPIIIa49-66 (named @entity21844 ) capable of lysing activated platelets. In this study, we investigate the effect of @entity21844 on the development of pulmonary metastases. In the @entity2 ( @entity2 ) metastatic model, @entity21844 decreases the mean number of surface nodules and mean volume of pulmonary nodules. It protects against lung metastases in a time window that extended 4 hours before and 4 hours after the IV injection of LLCs. Coinjection of GPIIIa49-66 albumin reverses the antimetastatic activity of @entity21844 in the B16 @entity320 model, consistent with the pathophysiologic relevance of the platelet GPIIIa49-66 epitope. Significantly, @entity21844 had no effect on angiogenesis using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The underlying molecular mechanisms are a combination of inhibition of each of the following interactions: between activated platelets and @entity5 cells, platelets and endothelial cells, and platelets and monocytes, as well as disaggregation of an existing platelet/ @entity5 thrombus. Our observations may provide a novel antimetastatic strategy through lysing activated platelets in the @entity5 microenvironment using humanized anti-GPIIIa49-66 scFv Ab.

title: A humanized single-chain antibody against beta 3 integrin inhibits pulmonary XXXX by preferentially fragmenting activated platelets in the @entity5 microenvironment.

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Impairment of platelet function within the tumor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lewis lung carcinoma', 'LLC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Control of blood @entity6178 levels and glycemia is advisable in certain situations in type 1 @entity6 @entity1 and adolescents. The aims of this study were to assess the relationship between glycemia, @entity1270 and @entity1270 in @entity1 and adolescents in a summer camp under different conditions (fasting, casual @entity4854 , moderate physical exercise) and to assess the utility of @entity1270 determinations in @entity6 control during this time. @entity1 AND METHODS: There were 47 @entity1 (25 @entity1 and 22 @entity1 ), with a mean @entity4051 c determination prior to enrollment of 7.7 +/- 1.5 %. The mean age was 11.7 +/- 1.8 years and the mean time from onset of @entity6 was 3.0 +/- 2.7 years. The mean body mass index was 18.3 +/- 3.9 kg/m2 ( @entity214 -0.16 +/- 0.44), the mean insulin dose was 0.8 +/- 0.4 U/kg/ day, and the number of doses per day was between 2 and 4 (median = 3). Blood @entity413 and @entity16623 (both measured with the Optium system, Abbott @entity6 Care) and urine @entity16623 (Ketodiastix, Bayer) were determined in different situations. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS 11.5 program. RESULTS: @entity1270 results 45 minutes before and after moderate physical activity showed no significant increase in @entity16623 (0.1 +/- 0.03 vs 0.23 +/- 0.07 mmol/l, ns). Preprandial blood @entity6178 levels of > or = 0.5 mmol/l were found in 17.02 % of @entity1 . @entity1270 was resolved during the first hour in all @entity1 except one, in whom @entity1270 resolved in 3 hours. Blood @entity16623 were higher before breakfast than during the rest of the day (0.12 +/- 0.17 vs 0.02 +/- 0.05, p < 0.001). The mean glycemia level with @entity1270 (beta -HB > or = 0.5 mmol/l) was 174.5 +/- 64.7 mg/dl, a value slightly higher than the overall mean glycemia value (156.87 +/- 87.8 mg/dl). @entity1270 could not be measured in a high percentage of @entity1 due to the difficulty of obtaining samples (between 24.5 % and 58.6 % in the different study groups). CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of glycemia together with @entity1270 in a summer camp allows reliable follow-up of glycemic control to be performed. @entity1270 usually occurred before breakfast in parallel with slightly elevated glycemia, but resolved quickly. Moderate physical activity for 45 minutes does not seem to significantly increase blood @entity16623 if metabolic control is normal. beta -HB is a useful parameter to determine whether moderate physical exercise is advisable or not. The lack of urinary @entity6178 tests due to the difficulties of obtaining a sample can currently be solved by blood @entity6178 measurement.

title: [Blood XXXX and @entity6178 monitoring in type 1 @entity6 @entity1 in the controlled environment of a summer camp].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'PATIENTS', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1270 :: ('MESH:D007662', 'Disease') :: ['Ketonemia', 'ketosis', 'ketonemia', 'Ketonuria', 'ketonuria']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: @entity291 crystalline insulin, mixed with an absorption enhancer, was loaded by hand into gelatin capsules, which were then coated with an azopolymer designed to deliver the insulin in the upper colon. In 34 experiments with 14 pancreatectomized mongrel @entity235 of both sexes, the coated capsules were administered orally after a pre-dose period of 1 h. The @entity235 had cannulae in the portal vein, @entity99 and Doppler flow probes on the portal vein and hepatic artery. Insulin and food were withdrawn the day before an experiment. Responses measured were plasma @entity413 , plasma insulin, hepatic @entity413 production rate, hepatic plasma flow rate and plasma glucagon-like immunoactivity (GLI). Control experiments, with capsules without insulin, produced small changes from 'pre-dose' values. Insulin-containing capsules, without the azopolymer coating, resulted in some early changes consistent with upper gastrointestinal absorption. Single oral doses (66 to 400 nmol/kg) of insulin in completely coated capsules produced peaks of portal plasma insulin and transient decreases in plasma @entity413 , hepatic @entity413 production, hepatic plasma flow and plasma GLI. The changes usually began 1.5-2 h after administration of a single dose, and lasted for up to 3 h, but were not significantly related to the dose of insulin. Multiple oral doses of insulin, given at 1.5-h intervals, resulted in multiple peaks of plasma insulin, a continuing dose-dependent fall in plasma @entity413 to near-euglycaemia with the highest dose, and profound decreases in hepatic @entity413 production and plasma GLI. These data demonstrate that insulin absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract causes changes in @entity413 metabolism in the @entity6 @entity235 that are consistent with the action of insulin primarily on the liver and that repeated oral doses are necessary to correct the hyperglycaemia.

title: Oral insulin in @entity6 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic vein and femoral artery']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: The effect of exogenous @entity2135 and @entity11249 ( @entity11249 ) was examined in a @entity35 model of @entity63 -reperfusion (I/R). Animals were anesthetized, vascular catheters were placed, and @entity63 was induced for 60 min. Thereafter, the intestine was reperfused, and @entity35 received a primed, constant infusion of either @entity2135 or @entity11249 (500 microg/ @entity35 + 500 microg/day) for the remainder of the study; control @entity35 received an equal volume of vehicle. The plasma @entity2135 concentration gradually declined after I/R in the vehicle-shock group and was reduced 30% at 48 h. @entity11249 infusion completely prevented this reduction, whereas the effect of @entity2135 was intermediate. The @entity2135 content in liver was increased by @entity2135 (78%) and further enhanced in the @entity11249 -treated group (140%). Comparable increases were seen for the abundance of @entity2135 mRNA in liver in these two treatment groups, compared to the vehicle control. In contrast, while both @entity2135 and @entity11249 elevated the @entity2135 content in skeletal muscle similarly (80%), no increase in @entity2135 mRNA expression was observed in this tissue. Neither treatment altered the @entity2135 content in small intestine. At the time tissues were sampled (48 h), the plasma concentration of @entity413 and @entity2819 was not different among the three groups. However, plasma insulin was reduced 50% in the @entity2135 -infused animals, compared to values in either the shock-GH or shock-vehicle group. These data demonstrate that chronic administration of @entity11249 and, to a lesser extent, @entity2135 , after intestinal I/R maintains levels of @entity2135 in the blood, liver, and muscle. Thus, adjunct treatment with these anabolic agents may help blunt the increased catabolism observed in individuals following intestinal I/R.

title: Insulin-like growth factor-I and @entity11249 administration in XXXX shock in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity2135 :: ('24482(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I', 'IGF-I']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['intestinal ischemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of @entity3866 -induced @entity0 . CASE SUMMARY: A 38-year-old @entity1 developed bilateral locoregional malignant @entity7749 following a right subcutaneous mastectomy and 3 months of adjuvant chemotherapy. After several systemic chemotherapy regimens, the @entity7749 worsened rapidly, with progressive skin @entity1066 . @entity1286 and @entity619 were given, with @entity158 control. A chemotherapy regimen of @entity136 and @entity1206 was started. After 2 full-dose administrations, @entity7749 continued to worsen, @entity3866 150 mg/day was added to the regimen. After 10 weeks of treatment, @entity158 subsided and analgesics were discontinued. Physical examination revealed a partial regression of malignant @entity7749 and @entity358 , with resolution of @entity1066 . DISCUSSION: There has been increased interest in @entity470 ( @entity470 ) @entity669 kinase inhibitors in the treatment of @entity0 . @entity4562 has shown a low level of efficacy, while preliminary clinical data on @entity3866 were not conclusive and suggested lack of clinical activity. Molecular analysis of the @entity5 in our @entity1 revealed a profile predictive of response to @entity470 selective inhibitors in some @entity1 with @entity2 . CONCLUSIONS: The addition of @entity3866 to our @entity1 's chemotherapy regimen resulted in antitumor activity in @entity0 in which an activated @entity470 pathway was demonstrated. This finding is consistent with available preclinical and clinical data on @entity470 @entity669 kinase inhibitors across @entity5 types and supports the efforts to optimize @entity470 selective inhibitors in treating @entity0 and other @entity5 .

title: XXXX -induced @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast cancer regression']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['Gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary metastases']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['Morphine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['suboptimal pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity7749 :: ('MESH:D008205', 'Disease') :: ['while lymphangitis', 'lymphangitis', 'cutaneous lymphangitis']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity3866 :: (MESH:C400278,Chemical) :: ['Erlotinib']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy has dramatically improved the rates of cure and survival of @entity1 with localized and @entity3 . Nonetheless, the number of chemotherapeutic agents active against @entity421 is limited to @entity632 , @entity900 , high-dose @entity1499 , and @entity1260 . @entity3003 , a @entity900 analogue, has been tested as a single agent in @entity1 with @entity421 or as part of multiagent chemotherapy in newly diagnosed @entity1 . PROCEDURE: We tested the activity and @entity137 of two cycles of intraarterial @entity3003 as a "window therapy" (600 mg/m2 per cycle) in 33 consecutive @entity1 with @entity421 before the start of multiagent chemotherapy. Response was based on clinical ( @entity5 diameter, local inflammatory signs, and range of motion) and radiological parameters (plain local films and arteriographic studies prior to drug administration). RESULTS: @entity1 ' age ranged between 8 and 18 years (median age 13 years). @entity5 originated from the femur (15 @entity1 ), tibia (10 @entity1 ), fibula (4 @entity1 ), humerus (3 @entity1 ), and calcaneus (1 @entity1 ). Only 7 @entity1 (21%) had @entity3 at diagnosis (5 in the lung and 2 in other bones). A favorable clinical and radiological response was documented in 81% and 73% of the @entity1 , respectively. Clinical and radiological progression occurred in 12% and 9% of the @entity1 , respectively. Seventeen of the @entity1 remain alive and disease-free. Survival and event-free survival at 3 years for nonmetastatic @entity1 are 71% (SE = 9%) and 65% (SE = 9%), respectively; for metastatic @entity1 , the figures are 17% (SE = 15%) and 14% (SE = 13%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that @entity3003 is an active agent in the treatment of newly diagnosed @entity421 .

title: Activity of intraarterial XXXX as a single agent in the treatment of newly diagnosed @entity421 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['recurrent osteosarcoma', 'extremity osteosarcoma', 'osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic osteosarcoma', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: @entity409 and changes in arterial wall morphology including thickening of the tunica intima, excess synthesis of collagenous matrix (fibroblastic intimal thickening) and permanent or dynamic deposition of lipids ( @entity1856 ) already occur in childhood or adolescence. @entity731 in the carotid arteries usually do not manifest themselves before menopause in @entity1 or age 40 in @entity1 . Obviously, cumulative (long-term) and excessive exposure of the vessel wall to risk factors is required to overcome highly effective defense mechanisms which have not yet been fully investigated. Initiation and early progression of @entity731 rely on conventional vascular risk factors such as @entity407 , @entity101 , smoking, severe @entity167 consumption and @entity281 . Plaque extension is effectively compensated by a focal widening of the vessel, thereby preventing the development of lumen obstruction (vascular remodeling). For @entity850 to emerge conventional plaques must convert to complicated plaques characterized by @entity397 and consecutive atherothrombosis. This process usually starts with small- to medium-sized plaques. Potential determinants of @entity397 are the composition of the lesion (large lipid-rich core), damage of the fibrous cap (destabilization by @entity32 ) and hemodynamic stress. According to pathological observations, fissuring of @entity731 is a frequent event, while the formation of overlying large thrombi (with progression of @entity850 or @entity432 ) is definitely rare. This conjecture emphasizes the significance of local and systemic @entity715 -promoting factors. Actually, the risk profile of advanced @entity731 in the Bruneck Study was primarily composed of markers of enhanced prothrombotic capacity, attenuated fibrinolysis and clinical conditions known to interfere with coagulation. Almost all subjects with > or =3 procoagulant risk conditions developed @entity543 or showed progression of preexisting @entity850 during a 5-year period. Increasing insights into the complex biology of arterial @entity1856 and awareness of the etiologic peculiarities of advanced complicated plaques may serve as a basis for identifying high-risk subjects and for novel vascular prevention strategies with focus on plaque stabilization and antithrombotic/anticoagulant measures.

title: Biology of arterial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['chronic infections']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['plaque rupture']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vessel occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['atheroma', 'fatty streaks']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'Definite atherosclerotic plaques', 'atherogenesis', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity1856 :: (MESH:D058226,Disease) :: ['atheroma']


abstract: Adiponectin is a multifunctional cytokine that has a role in regulating @entity32 . Here we determined whether adiponectin modulates ischemic @entity810 . Compared with wild-type @entity19 , adiponectin-knockout @entity19 were found to have lower serum @entity1011 and less tubular damage or apoptosis following @entity63 /reperfusion injury. This latter process was associated with decreased @entity1380 and reduced activation of @entity899 and @entity185 . Targeted disruption of adiponectin was also found to inhibit the infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells into the injured kidneys. This was associated with inhibition of NF-kB activation and reduced expression of the proinflammatory molecules @entity777 , @entity637 , @entity8929 , and @entity9701 in the kidney after @entity63 /reperfusion injury. Wild-type @entity19 engrafted with adiponectin-null bone marrow had @entity8 and tubular damage than adiponectin-null @entity19 engrafted with wild-type bone marrow. Conversely, adiponectin-null @entity19 engrafted with wild-type bone marrow had similar @entity8 and tubular damage compared with wild-type @entity19 engrafted with wild-type bone marrow. In cultured macrophages, adiponectin directly promoted macrophage migration: a process blocked by the PI3 kinase inhibitor, @entity2306 . Thus, our results show that adiponectin has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute @entity8 /reperfusion injury and may be a potential therapeutic target.

title: Genetic deficiency of adiponectin protects against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia', 'renal dysfunction', 'less kidney dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute kidney injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: The porphyrias are a defect in the biosynthesis of @entity1446 which can be associated with different @entity16 during acute attacks such as @entity1897 , mental disturbance and @entity410 . So far, there have only been a few case reports of @entity159 , none of which were of @entity10895 partialis @entity10895 (EPC). We present here two cases of @entity10154 ( @entity10154 ) manifesting EPC as part of the clinical presentation. METHOD: The @entity1 ' medical charts, EEG and imaging studies were carefully reviewed. RESULTS: Case 1 is a 49-year-old male who first presented a @entity410 . Case 2 is a 30-year-old male who came to the emergency room for a @entity159 . Both evolved to EPC over the next days. EPC persisted despite several antiepileptic drug trials. Diagnosis of @entity10154 was confirmed by a high level of urine, fecal and serum @entity7889 in both cases and by genetic testing in one. Over the last 3 years, the first @entity1 has continued to present non-disabling EPC and has had four @entity410 associated with @entity167 consumption. The second @entity1 died from @entity2657 one month and half after admission. CONCLUSION: @entity6052 should be included in the differential diagnosis of new onset @entity159 , including EPC. Their recognition is important as it modifies significantly @entity1 management, since many anticonvulsants are porphyrogenic.

title: @entity6052 presenting as XXXX partialis @entity10895 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures', 'tonic-clonic seizures', 'tonic-clonic seizure']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity7889 :: ('MESH:D011166', 'Chemical') :: ['porphyrins']

entities_list: @entity10895 :: ('MESH:D017036', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsia', 'continua']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity6052 :: ('MESH:D017118', 'Disease') :: ['Acute porphyrias']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus', 'convulsive status epilepticus']

entities_list: @entity10154 :: ('MESH:D046349', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary coproporphyria', 'HCP']

answer: @entity10895 :: (MESH:D017036,Disease) :: ['epilepsia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess and report the results of left thoracophrenotomy + cervical approach in the surgery of distal third oesophagus and @entity5 . METHODS: Thirty @entity1 who were treated between 1999 and 2003 were retrospectively reviewed taking into consideration the result of the surgical method used. RESULTS: Eighteen (60%) @entity1 were @entity1 with a mean age of 61.3 +/- 8.5 years (range, 32-75 years). The main complaints were @entity1282 (particularly with hard food), @entity353 and odynophagia. There were 14 cases of @entity420 and 16 cases of @entity957 . The serum albumin and protein levels were found to be low in 90% of the cases. Minimal @entity417 was detected in 80% of the cases. Fifteen (50%) of the cases were stage III, 10 (35%) were stage IIb and five (15%) were stage IIa. Histopathologically, intrathoracic lymph node @entity3 was present in eight (27%) @entity1 and intra-abdominal lymph node @entity3 was present in 12 (40%) cases. There were no mortalities related to surgery. Early @entity254 leakage occurred in two (6%) cases. Minor complications occurred in three cases. The mean hospitalization time was 10 days postoperatively. Five years of follow up was possible in 20 of the cases. The mean survival was 26 months in four cases with stage IIa, 22 months in six cases with stage IIb and 16 months in 10 cases with stage III. CONCLUSION: This exposure from this technique provides easy access to both the oesophagus and stomach. Surgical dissection is easy and safe, and complications related to surgery are rare. Lymph node dissections of both systems can be made and a safe surgical margin is possible with cervical @entity254 . It is highly tolerable by the @entity1 . This technique can be used in distal third oesophageal and @entity5 . It has acceptable morbidity and mortality, with some potential benefits.

title: Left thoracophrenotomy and cervical approach in the surgery of distal third oesophageal and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cardia tumours']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cardia tumours']


abstract: @entity143 -receptors are a major target in the prevention and treatment of @entity158 states in @entity9 . However, previous studies revealed equivocal results depending on study design and efficacy parameters. We tested the analgesic (generalized reduction of generation and processing of nociceptive signalling) and anti- @entity1931 (prevention of central sensitization) properties of the @entity143 -receptor antagonist @entity32739 and the @entity972 channel opener @entity29588 in the intradermal @entity2951 injection model. Furthermore, we tested the effect on @entity158 summation (wind up). Eighteen healthy subjects received either a single dose of @entity32739 (40 mg p.o.), @entity29588 (100 mg) or placebo in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. @entity158 evoked by intradermal @entity2951 injection as well as @entity158 evoked by pinpricks was significantly reduced by @entity32739 (-22% to -30% vs. placebo) in the non-sensitized skin indicating a marked analgesic effect. Moreover, dynamic mechanical @entity1931 ( @entity158 to light touch) was also significantly attenuated by @entity32739 (-28% vs. placebo). However, static secondary @entity1931 to pinprick stimuli after @entity2951 injection was not significantly reduced (-9% vs. placebo). @entity29588 showed no analgesic or anti- @entity1931 effect. Mechanically-evoked wind up of @entity158 sensation was not affected by any treatment. The results suggests that in a @entity1 surrogate model of @entity1931 a single low-dose of @entity32739 had a marked analgesic effect in the sensitized and in the non-sensitized state and thus may be a useful drug to treat the enhanced @entity158 sensitivity in @entity9 @entity1 . Its efficacy may be based on @entity1337 rather than anti- @entity1931 or anti-windup. In contrast, @entity29588 showed neither an analgesic nor an anti- @entity1931 effect at a dose used for the treatment of @entity282 .

title: Antihyperalgesic and analgesic properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate ( @entity143 ) receptor antagonist @entity32739 in a @entity1 surrogate model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32739 :: ('MESH:C114144', 'Chemical') :: ['neramexane']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia', 'hyperalgesia', 'neurogenic hyperalgesia', 'hyperalgesic']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity29588 :: ('MESH:C034161', 'Chemical') :: ['flupirtine', 'Flupirtine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain', 'hyperalgesic pain']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity1931 :: (MESH:D006930,Disease) :: ['neurogenic hyperalgesia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: There is debate regarding the clinical significance of well-established racial differences in HbA1c. We compared the associations of @entity6 diagnostic categories for HbA1c and fasting @entity413 with clinical outcomes in black and white @entity1 in the community. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of @entity1 without @entity6 or @entity65 from the @entity731 Risk in Communities study. We examined the associations of clinical categories of HbA1c (<5.7%, 5.7-6.4%, >= 6.5%) and fasting @entity413 (<100, 100-125, >= 126 mg/dL) with outcomes separately among 2,484 black and 8,593 white @entity1 and tested for race interactions. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics differed significantly in blacks compared with whites, including HbA1c (5.8 vs. 5.4%; P<0.001). During 18 years of follow-up, there were trends of increased risk of @entity8 , fatal and nonfatal @entity301 , and @entity64 across categories of HbA1c in both blacks and whites. The adjusted hazard ratios for each outcome across categories of @entity4051 c were similar in blacks and whites (P for interaction>0.05) except for all-cause mortality. Patterns of association were similar, but weaker, for fasting @entity413 . HbA1c and fasting @entity413 both were more strongly associated with all-cause mortality in whites compared with blacks, largely explained by racial differences in the rate of @entity65 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity4051 c is a risk factor for vascular outcomes and mortality in both black and white adults. Patterns of association for HbA1c were similar to or stronger than those for fasting @entity413 . With respect to long-term outcomes, our findings support a similar interpretation of HbA1c in blacks and whites for diagnosis and treatment of @entity6 .

title: No racial differences in the association of XXXX and cardiovascular outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular deaths', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glycated hemoglobin with kidney disease']


abstract: Previous investigations have reported the presence of @entity20548 ( @entity856 ) and @entity6883 ( @entity855 ) receptors triggering phospholipase C (PLC) activation in the frog semicircular canal. The aim of this work was to characterize the molecular subtypes of these @entity377 receptors. Due to the lack of molecular tools for purinoceptors in amphibia, this study was performed on the @entity35 . The stria vascularis, organ of Corti and spiral ligament were microdissected from Long Evans @entity35 cochlea. RNA was extracted from four cochleas and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed after reverse transcription (RT) using oligonucleotides for sequences of @entity863 , @entity12700 , @entity12701 and @entity12702 receptors. Various tissues were used as negative controls (testis for @entity863 and @entity12702 receptors, brain for @entity12700 and @entity12701 receptors and liver for @entity12701 receptors). Data show the expression of the four transcripts in the stria vascularis, organ of Corti and spiral ligament. When results were normalized to the signal obtained with S14 mRNA, a ribosomal protein used as an internal standard, expressions were similar in the three structures. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the mRNA expression of the three @entity856 receptors ( @entity12700 , @entity12701 and @entity12702 ) and of the @entity863 @entity855 receptor in both sensory and secretory structures of the @entity35 inner ear. Their functional roles remain to be defined.

title: Identification of @entity20548 receptor mRNA in XXXX cochlear tissues.

entities_list: @entity6883 :: ('CHEBI:15422', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 5'-triphosphate"]

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity20548 :: ('CHEBI:15713', 'Chemical') :: ["uridine 5'-triphosphate"]

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many adverse events (AEs) associated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) involve symptoms related to the depletion of circulating @entity172 , and may be related to efficacy. We assessed the relationship between specific AEs [ @entity11170 ( @entity11170 ) and @entity85 ( @entity85 )] and survival outcomes in Dutch and Belgian @entity1 treated with @entity17082 (EXE) in the @entity440 @entity17082 Adjuvant Multinational (TEAM) trial. Additionally, the relationship between @entity5282 expression and AEs was assessed. METHODS: Efficacy end points were @entity4557 ( @entity4557 ), overall survival (OS) and @entity0 -specific mortality (BCSM), starting at 6 months after starting EXE treatment. AEs reported in the first 6 months of treatment were included. Specific AEs comprised @entity11170 and/or @entity85 . Landmark analyses and Cox proportional hazards models assessed survival differences up to 5 years. RESULTS: A total of 1485 EXE @entity1 were included. @entity1 with @entity11170 had a better @entity4557 than @entity1 without @entity11170 [multivariate hazard ratio (HR) 0.393, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.813; P = 0.012]. The occurrence of @entity85 versus no @entity85 did not relate to better @entity4557 (multivariate HR 0.677, 95% CI 0.392-1.169; P = 0.162). Trends were maintained for OS and BCSM. Quantitative @entity5282 expression was not associated with specific AEs. CONCLUSIONS: Some AEs associated with @entity172 depletion are related to better outcomes and may be valuable biomarkers in AI treatment.

title: Relationship between specific adverse events and efficacy of @entity17082 therapy in early postmenopausal @entity0 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['Tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity4557 :: ('MESH:D012008', 'Disease') :: ['RFS', 'relapse-free survival']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity17082 :: ('MESH:C056516', 'Chemical') :: ['Exemestane', 'exemestane']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal AEs', 'MSAE']

entities_list: @entity5282 :: ('3164', 'Gene') :: ['hormone receptor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Radical nephrectomy was performed in 30 cases of @entity1358 in which CT scan and angiography findings had indicated the possible suitability of enucleation. The lesions were then enucleated from the operative specimens and assessed histologically to find the feasibility of @entity5 enucleation and to determine its indications. Histological investigation demonstrated that the @entity5 was completely surrounded by the pseudocapsule in only 17 cases, and even in such @entity5 the thickness of the pseudocapsule was not always regular and sometimes @entity5 invasion was seen in the pseudocapsule. It is therefore advisable to resect the @entity5 with no less than several mm of surrounding renal tissue when the pseudocapsule can not be clearly distinguished. Success of the enucleation was confirmed histologically in 22 out of 30 cases (73.3%). The factors related to failure of the enucleation were invasion throughout the renal capsule in 2, @entity5 exposure on the resected surface in 5, @entity41 in the @entity5 bed in 2 and venous invasion in 6 cases. Satellite @entity5 were not detected in any case. Favorable results were obtained in low grade, @entity5 less than 6 cm in diameter and clearly distinct from normal renal tissue, therefore such cases were thought to be appropriate indications for enucleation. Although we selected the cases thought to be appropriate for enucleation by imaging techniques preoperatively, success was not obtained in all cases. Enucleation is a useful and recommendable operative technique for @entity1358 or @entity1358 in a solitary kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Histological evaluation of enucleation for XXXX using radical nephrectomy specimens].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'low stage tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'bilateral renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aims to determine whether severity-adjusted outcomes including mortality are adversely impacted by readmission to a @entity954 ( @entity954 ) during the same hospital stay. METHODS: The study included all @entity1 admitted to the 20-bed tertiary care @entity954 in an urban teaching Level I @entity130 center and multiorgan transplant center from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 2001. This was a prospective observational study with secondary data analysis. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and Simplified Acute Physiology (SAPS) severity scores were calculated by a clinical information system. Outcomes were extracted from a computerized data warehouse. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality and @entity954 length of stay (LOS) were measured for @entity1 admitted and readmitted to the @entity954 . Of 10,840 @entity1 admitted to the @entity954 , 296 (2.73%) required readmission to the @entity954 during the same hospital stay. The length of the original @entity954 stay was 4.9 +/- 6.7 days for readmitted @entity1 compared with 3.2 +/- 6.0 days for nonreadmitted @entity1 (p < 0.001). Readmitted @entity1 had a higher mean APACHE II score on the day of original @entity954 discharge compared with nonreadmitted @entity1 , 15.7 +/- 6.7 versus 13.8 +/- 7.1 (p < 0.001). The average APACHE II score increased from 15.7 +/- 6.7 to 18.1 +/- 8.6 between the day of @entity954 discharge and readmission (p < 0.001) and SAPS increased from 12.2 +/- 4.8 to 13.5 +/- 5.4 (p < 0.001). The distributions of severity-adjusted hospital mortality for both APACHE II and SAPS revealed that readmission to the @entity954 significantly increased mortality independent of the admission severity score. CONCLUSIONS: Readmission to the @entity954 significantly increases the risk of @entity204 beyond that predicted by the APACHE II or SAPS scores alone. Higher APACHE II and SAPS scores upon discharge from the @entity954 and longer @entity954 LOS are associated with an increased incidence of readmission to the @entity954 on the same hospital stay. These results may be used to optimize the timing of @entity954 discharge and reduce the chance of readmission to intensive care.

title: Readmission to surgical intensive care increases severity-adjusted XXXX mortality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['surgical intensive care unit', 'SICU']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: To study @entity1 eosinophils, their efficient purification from peripheral blood is crucial. Although a number of purification procedures, including discontinuous Percoll and metrizamide density gradient centrifugation, have been used, it has been difficult to isolate eosinophils from normal donors with consistently high yields and purities. Recently, a new isolation technique called magnetic cell separation system (MACS) was reported. To evaluate this procedure, we isolated eosinophils from @entity1 peripheral blood using either MACS or the standard discontinuous Percoll density methods, and compared cellular viability, morphology, and response to degranulation stimuli. MACS gave a higher yield of eosinophils than Percoll density centrifugation; for example, 6.6 +/- 1.1 x 10(6) eosinophils were isolated from 20 ml of blood by MACS compared to 6.4 +/- 2.4 x 10(6) from 120 ml by Percoll density gradient. Further, the purity of eosinophils isolated by MACS was 97.1 +/- 0.5% (X +/- SEM) compared to 77.8 +/- 2.9% with Percoll. As part of the MACS protocol, erythrocytes are lysed with either 155 mM @entity5819 or @entity2421 . With 155 mM @entity5819 treatment, the eosinophils showed a striking reduction in cytokine mediated survival due to @entity2772 , @entity225 and @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ), marked @entity154 and a reduced degranulation response. With @entity2421 , no differences were observed in survival and morphology between eosinophils purified by MACS and Percoll methods; the degranulation responses to stimuli were essentially the same between the two methods. Taken together, these observations suggest that the exposure of eosinophils to 155 mM @entity5819 results in cellular damage. Therefore, MACS with @entity2421 is a useful technique to isolate eosinophils for biological study.

title: XXXX exposure inhibits cytokine-mediated eosinophil survival.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['morphologic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonic lysis']

entities_list: @entity5819 :: ('MESH:D000643', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium chloride']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity5819 :: (MESH:D000643,Chemical) :: ['Ammonium chloride']