abstract: Acute changes in diet composition and/or origin alter gastric emptying and @entity344 . One of the hypotheses explaining these alterations involves changes in the sensitivity of duodenal vagal sensory neurons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of multimodal duodenal vagal sensory neurons in 20 @entity1707 feed either with milk-based or plant-based diets of identical caloric content. Twenty duodenal vagal afferents were recorded in anesthetized animal from the cervical vagus using the single fiber method. 10 @entity1707 were fed with a @entity1267 ( @entity1267 ) for one month while the diet of the 10 other @entity1707 was changed for @entity7189 ( @entity7189 ) the day preceding the recording session. The behavior of the receptors was tested in basal resting conditions and after challenges with duodenal intralipid and close intra-arterial injection of CCK, @entity750 or @entity2951 with and without isovolumetric duodenal distensions at 20, 40 and 60 mmHg. All receptors were slowly adapting C type fiber with a receptor field located 6-7 cm distal to the pylorus. The rate of discharge during distension (20, 40 and 60 mmHg) combined with duodenal intralipid was significantly larger for @entity1267 compared with @entity7189 . Similarly, the rate of discharge observed during distensions performed with CCK and with @entity750 were greater for @entity1267 compared with @entity7189 while CCK and @entity750 without distension were equally stimulating for @entity1267 and @entity7189 . No significant difference was found between groups during @entity2951 infusion irrespective of the stimulating pressure. In conclusion, a switch to @entity7189 , when compared to a @entity1267 , results in an overall decrease in mechanical sensitivity of duodenal neurons during lipid, 5HT and CCK challenges, but not in basal conditions or after @entity2951 . This reduced sensitivity to distension may explain the diet-induced alteration of gastric emptying that is controlled primarily through a vago-vagal reflex.

title: Reduced mechanosensitivity of duodenal vagal afferent neurons after an acute switch from milk-based to plant-based diets in anaesthetized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity1267 :: ('MESH:D010319', 'Disease') :: ['milk-based diet', 'MD']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal motility']

entities_list: @entity7189 :: ('MESH:D010939', 'Disease') :: ['plant-based diet', 'PD']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: Previous studies have shown that common bile duct ligation in the @entity95 is followed by a reduction of the extracellular water compartment. To further elucidate the mechanisms leading to volume depletion in this model, water and @entity1372 balances and changes in plasma concentrations of @entity27856 (ANP), vasopressin ( @entity6085 ), plasma @entity28637 activity (PRA) and @entity1369 (Ald) were investigated during the first 4 days after common bile duct ligation (group OJ,) or sham operation (group SO). Water and chow intakes were lower in group OJ (148 +/- 30 versus 226 +/- 40 mL/4 days; p = 0.004 and 12 +/- 9 versus 171 +/- 40 g/4 days; p = 0.0001). There were no differences in urine output. @entity1372 urinary losses were marginally higher in group OJ (12.4 +/- 7 versus 6.7 +/- 5 mEq/4 days; p = 0.06). Water balance was lower in group OJ (-50 +/- 56 versus 101 +/- 71 mL/4 days; p = 0.0001). At 24 hours, plasma ANP (41 +/- 7 versus 10.7 +/- 1 fmol/mL, p = 0.0001), @entity6085 (21.8 +/- 7 versus 12.3 +/- 6 pg/mL, p = 0.008) and Ald (14.5 +/- 5 versus 3.7 +/- 3 ng/dL, p = 0.001) were higher in group OJ. These alterations persisted 72 hours after bile duct ligation, when a concomitant increase in PRA (10.7 +/- 5 versus 3 +/- 1.6 ng/dL, p = 0.006) was also observed. A group of pair-fed pair-watered sham-operated controls (group SO2, n = 13) showed a metabolic profile similar to group OJ but a low ANP concentration. Multiple venous sampling in five @entity95 24 hours after bile duct ligation showed the highest plasma levels of ANP in the aorta and infrarenal vena cava. These results suggest that common bile duct ligation in the @entity95 is followed by marked hypodipsia and hypophagia, possibly mediated by ANP, leading to @entity17823 and secondary activation of the water and @entity1372 retaining hormones.

title: Rapid increase in plasma levels of @entity27856 after common bile duct ligation in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity27856 :: ('100009087(Tax:9986)', 'Gene') :: ['atrial natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity1372 :: ('MESH:D012964', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium', 'Sodium']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity17823 :: ('MESH:C537477', 'Disease') :: ['isotonic volume depletion']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pulsatility index (PI) shows continuous blood flow to the end organs and is a significant factor believed to decrease in @entity1498 . Correction of this factor is of great importance in the treatment of stenotic lesions of the aorta. However, there are minimal data regarding the trend of changes in the PI after stent implantation. Furthermore, the association between the PI and other echocardiographic indices in @entity1 undergoing stent implantation is unclear. This study was designed to evaluate changes in the PI following stenting and its correlation with other echocardiographic indices. METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity1498 consecutively underwent two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic imaging modalities twice (before and after stenting). The @entity1 were divided into two groups based on the percentage of increase in the PI after stenting (< 50% or >=  50%). The relation between the post-stenting PI and the baseline echocardiographic indices was assessed. RESULTS: The PI was increased from 0.89 (SD = 0.30) to 1.75 (SD = 0.51) after stenting (p value < 0.001). Baseline diastolic/systolic velocity (D/S velocity) ratio of the abdominal aorta (p value = 0.013), mean velocity (p value = 0.033), and peak gradient of the descending aorta (p value = 0.033) were significantly higher in the @entity1 with >=  50% increase in the PI after stenting. CONCLUSION: OUR FINDINGS SHOWED THAT ELEVATION IN THE PI AFTER STENTING WAS A PREDICTABLE CRITERION IN @entity1 WITH AORTIC COARCTATION: it was predicted by some baseline clinical and echocardiographic indices. Baseline D/S ratio velocity of the abdominal aorta, mean velocity and peak gradient of the descending aorta, and baseline systolic blood pressure were the statistically significant indices to predict >=  50% increase in the PI in our @entity1 .

title: Pulsatility index in XXXX : a possible way to evaluate factors affecting stenting outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['aortic coarctation']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['aortic coarctation']


abstract: @entity565 is the most frequent chronic @entity66 . Management is based on assessment of severity and should normalize lifestyle as well as pulmonary function. Mild @entity565 is treated with intermittent @entity2263 -agonists. Moderate @entity565 should receive non- @entity230 prophylactic anti-inflammatory drugs. Immunotherapy should be considered. Severe @entity565 requires inhaled @entity230 . At each stage inhaled medications should be preferred. Therefore inhalation delivery system must be adapted for @entity1 of different ages and degree of @entity1353 . The importance of environment control is well recognized. Establishing a partnership with the @entity1 and its family and with the medical staff and with the @entity1 's school is always necessary.

title: [The asthmatic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric disease']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'Asthma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Outcomes following surgical treatment of @entity1 with anal @entity292 are related to eradication of tracts and the internal opening. In this study, the results of surgery based on endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) findings were evaluated. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 102 @entity1 with primary cryptogenetic anal @entity292 were prospectively examined with EAUS, using a 360-degree rotating 10-MHz probe, equipped with a three-dimensional (3-D) imaging system. Injection of @entity273 through the external opening was also used. @entity1 underwent operation on the basis of the EAUS findings. The agreement between findings from EAUS and from surgery was calculated. Clinical results were reported as treatment success, @entity292 recurrence, and @entity1241 . RESULTS: Amongst 102 @entity1 , the overall concordance between EAUS and surgical findings was 94.1 % for primary tracts, 91.2 % for internal openings, 96.1 % for secondary tracts, 100 % for abscesses, and 96.1 % for horseshoe tracts. Diagnostic accuracy was improved when @entity273 injection or 3-D imaging were used. Fistulotomy was performed in 46 @entity1 (45.1 %), fistulectomy in 17 (16.7 %), fistulotomy plus seton placement in 19 (18.6 %), fistulectomy plus seton in 18 (17.6 %), and mucosal flap advancement in 2 (2.0 %). The operation was curative in 100 @entity1 (98.0 %), and unsuccessful in 2 (2.0 %) due to recurrence of the @entity292 . Fecal continence was preserved in all @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight the diagnostic accuracy of EAUS, particularly when @entity273 injection or 3-D imaging are used. Basing our surgical decision making on EAUS findings allowed us to carry out curative operations in a significantly large number of @entity1 ; the recurrence rate was very low. The accurate EAUS assessment of the relationship between @entity292 and sphincters has been the main factor in choosing a sphincter-saving surgical procedure, avoiding @entity1241 .

title: Endoanal ultrasound-guided surgery for anal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['fecal incontinence']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistula']


abstract: Studies of the long-term outcome of pulmonary rehabilitation have measured quality of life (QOL) mainly as disease-specific functional impairment, but long-term effects on overall satisfaction with health or life have not yet been adequately evaluated. Furthermore, the influence of personality traits on the long-term outcome of pulmonary rehabilitation have not so far been examined. The following questions were studied: 1) What are the short- and long-term effects of a rehabilitation programme on lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second as percentage of predicted (FEV1 % pred)), on satisfaction with life (defined as quality of life), and on @entity283 ( @entity283 )? 2) Are there physical or psychosocial predictors for the success of pulmonary therapy? In this prospective clinical study, baseline data (FEV1 % pred, arterial @entity26 tension (Pa,O2), QOL, @entity283 , dyspnoea, coping scales) were studied at entry (t1); follow-up on discharge (t2); and 1 yr after hospitalization (t3) in 54 consecutive @entity1 (mean age 64 yrs) with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). Complete data were obtained at follow-up on 32 subjects. FEV1 % pred improved from 42% (t1) to 52% (t2) (p<0.001) but dropped to 46% at t3 (t1-t3: p<0.05). QOL improved significantly during hospitalization but dropped to initial levels 1 yr after discharge. A significant increase in @entity283 during hospitalization was maintained at follow-up. Improvements in lung function were greater in @entity1 with higher QOL scores on entry; subjects with the greatest tendency to use wishful thinking as a coping strategy had less improvement. In conclusion, the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on lung function and @entity283 are positive and enduring. Quality of life and coping have an effect on the long-term outcome of pulmonary rehabilitation, probably as expressions of @entity1 ' personality traits.

title: Psychosocial predictors of long-term success of in- @entity1 pulmonary rehabilitation of XXXX with @entity1030 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['HS', 'health satisfaction']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia seems to be superimposed upon a preexisting hemodynamic, hemostatic, autoimmune or @entity209 . We tested the hypothesis that in normotensive thrombophilic formerly preeclamptic subjects, the non-pregnant circulatory volume status predicts the development of subsequent @entity1592 . METHODS: In 250 non- @entity6 formerly preeclamptic @entity1 and 15 normal parous controls, we measured and calculated the following variables at least 5 months postpartum at day 5 (+/-2) of the menstrual cycle: mean arterial pressure, body mass index, plasma volume and the clotting function. In the subsequent pregnancy we determined, birth weight, birth-weight centile and the incidence of @entity600 , @entity1592 , pregnancy-induced @entity101 , @entity1468 and @entity2102 . We only included in the final analysis normotensive subjects with a thrombophilic phenotype at the time of the pre-pregnant screening, who had a subsequent singleton pregnancy, ongoing beyond 16 weeks gestation within 1 year after pre-pregnant evaluation. As a consequence, 23 formerly preeclamptic @entity1 and 12 controls were eligible for final analysis. The thrombophilic formerly preeclamptic @entity1 received @entity117 in combination with low-molecular-weight heparin throughout pregnancy. If @entity49 was diagnosed on the basis of @entity3562 , the treatment consisted of @entity117 , @entity2764 and @entity1501 , instead. RESULTS: Among 250 formerly preeclamptic 131/250 (52%) had a normotensive thrombophilic phenotype. Only 23 (18%) of these 131 @entity1 had an ongoing pregnancy within 1 year. They were allocated to subgroup THROMB. None of the controls had @entity101 or @entity49 . In contrast, 12/15 (80%) controls had an ongoing pregnancy within a year. The observations in the THROMB subgroup were compared with those in the control group. None of the baseline demographic and blood pressure variables differed between THROMB and controls. With respect to pregnancy outcome, the incidence of the following pregnancy complications were observed in THROMB subjects: @entity600 : 9%, pregnancy-induced @entity101 : 44%, @entity1468 : 13%, @entity2102 : 13%, and @entity1592 : 30%. A low non-pregnant plasma volume was found to predispose for @entity101 complications in a subsequent pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Pre-pregnant plasma volume in normotensive thrombophilic formerly preeclamptic @entity1 have predictive value with respect to @entity101 complications in the subsequent pregnancy.

title: Non-pregnant circulatory volume status predicts subsequent pregnancy outcome in normotensive thrombophilic formerly preeclamptic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity2764 :: ('MESH:D011736', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridoxine']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2102 :: ('MESH:D017359', 'Disease') :: ['HELLP-syndrome']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophilia']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive pregnancy and/or fetal growth restriction', 'fetal growth restriction']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorder']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhomocysteinemia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the association between the functional polymorphism of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the development of @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). METHODS: 147 @entity1030 @entity1 and 120 healthy smoking controls were selected. Spirometry and chest X-rays had been taken. Questionnaires including sex, age, smoking history, occupational exposure were completed. @entity1495 ( @entity15606 ), @entity3334 (-1607 1G/2G), @entity10885 ( @entity16730 ), @entity10885 (-357 @entity2734 / Ser) alleles were determined using PCR-RFLP method. Independent samples T test analysis was carried out to compare @entity1 ' age, smoking index, FEV1 /FVC, FEV1 % pred with that of healthy controlled group. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles between groups were analyzed by chi-square tests and multilogistic regression. RESULTS: @entity10885 @entity2734 / @entity2734 , CT/AsnAsn were risk factors for smoking-induced @entity1030 . The ORs were 2.361 (95% CI: 1.369-4.017) and 2.433(95% CI: 1.159-5.342) respectively while CC/1G1G/ @entity56929 seemed to be a protective factor for smoking-induced @entity1030 , with OR as 0.457 and 95% CI as 0.231-0.911. CONCLUSION: @entity2734 / @entity2734 , CT/AsnAsn might be susceptible genotypes while CC/GG/SerSer might serve as protective genotype.

title: [Study on @entity3334 , 9, 12 polymorphisms and susceptibility to XXXX among Han nationality in northern China].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: Bile acidification is a key factor in preventing @entity4959 precipitation and @entity5990 formation. @entity56225 ( @entity56225 ), that is inhibited by @entity3791 , plays a role in regulation of the acid-base balance in many tissues. This study examines the effect of @entity3791 on @entity11384 - and vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity18646 )-stimulated gallbladder mucosal @entity3157 and acid secretion. Gallbladders in anaesthetized @entity468 were perfused with a @entity3157 buffer bubbled with @entity515 in air. In 20 experiments @entity18646 (10 microg kg(-1) h(-1)) and in 10 experiments @entity11384 (4 microg kg(-1) h(-1)) were infused continuously intravenous (i.v.). Hepatic bile and samples from the buffer before and after perfusion of the gallbladder were collected for calculation of ion and fluid transport. During basal conditions a continuous secretion of H+ by the @entity1085 was seen. Intravenous infusion of vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity18646 ) and @entity11384 caused a secretion of @entity3157 from the @entity1085 (P < 0.01). This secretion was reduced by intraluminal (i.l.) @entity3791 (P < 0.01). Bile flow was enhanced by infusion of @entity18646 and @entity11384 (P < 0.01) but this stimulated outflow was not affected by i.v. @entity3791 . The presence of @entity56225 in the gallbladder was demonstrated by immunoblotting. Biliary CA activity has an important function in the regulation of @entity18646 - and @entity11384 -stimulated @entity3157 secretion across the @entity1085 .

title: XXXX inhibits stimulated feline liver and gallbladder @entity3157 secretion.

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder mucosa']

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstone']

entities_list: @entity56225 :: ('101094903', 'Gene') :: ['Carbonic anhydrase II', 'CA II']

entities_list: @entity4959 :: ('MESH:D002119', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium carbonate']

answer: @entity3791 :: (MESH:D000086,Chemical) :: ['Acetazolamide']


abstract: High-dose @entity2592 alone or in combination with @entity2664 has been shown to be active against @entity1893 in therapeutic trials. We administered these two drugs to 16 @entity1 with advanced and @entity1893 . @entity2592 was administered at 3 g/m2 as a 2-h intravenous infusion every 12 h on days 1-4 (8 doses) and @entity2664 at 6 mg/m2/day as a 1-h intravenous infusion on days 1-5. The clinical efficacy and @entity137 were assessed according to the WHO criteria. Five @entity1 (31%, 95% CI: 8-54%) attained complete remission and two had partial remission. In three of the five complete remission @entity1 , the remission lasted for > 4 months. The remaining two @entity1 had complete remission for only 1.3 months. Myelosuppression with subsequent @entity281 was the major @entity137 of this regimen. Severe @entity1431 (WBC < 1000/microliter) lasted for an average of 20 days and @entity882 (< 25000/microliter) 18 days. Five @entity1 (31%) died of treatment-related complications: @entity1398 -associated @entity295 in three, @entity55 in one and electrolyte imbalance in one. Nonmyeloid @entity137 included alopecia in 100% (19% Gr.2, 75% Gr.3), @entity3136 in 88% (13% Gr.2, 31% Gr.3), hepatotoxicity in 38% (6% Gr.2, 6% Gr.3), @entity1909 in 31% (19% Gr.2), CNS @entity137 in 25% (6% Gr.2, 6% Gr.3), @entity281 in 38% (13% Gr.3, 19% Gr.4) and @entity2024 in 6% (Gr.2). We conclude that a proportion of @entity1893 cases will respond to high-dose @entity2592 + @entity2664 , but that the treatment seems too toxic to be acceptable as salvage therapy for @entity1893 .

title: High-dose @entity2592 and @entity2664 as salvage therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['Cytarabine', 'cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['chemical conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The effects of fetal @entity167 exposure on the risks of @entity651 and @entity281 remain under investigation. The resident alveolar macrophage (AM) is the first line of immune defense against @entity358 . In utero @entity1068 ( @entity167 ) exposure deranges the function of both premature and term @entity840 AM. We hypothesized that fetal @entity167 exposure would increase the risk of @entity358 in vivo. METHODS: We developed a novel in vivo model of @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ) @entity55 using our established @entity840 model of fetal @entity167 exposure. Timed-pregnant @entity840 were pair fed +/- @entity167 and some were supplemented with the @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) precursor @entity7726 (SAM-e). Term pups were given @entity1892 intratracheally while some were pretreated with inhaled @entity2197 prior to the experimental @entity1892 . Neonatal lung and whole blood were evaluated for @entity1892 while isolated AM were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy for @entity1892 phagocytosis. RESULTS: @entity1068 -exposed pups demonstrated @entity358 and @entity295 while AM phagocytosis of @entity1892 was deficient compared with control. When SAM-e was added to the maternal diet containing @entity167 , neonatal lung and @entity281 from @entity1892 was attenuated and AM phagocytosis was improved. Inhaled @entity2197 therapy prior to @entity1892 similarly protected the @entity167 -exposed pup from lung and @entity281 . CONCLUSIONS: In utero @entity167 exposure impaired the neonatal lung's defense against experimental @entity1892 , while maintaining @entity2197 availability protected the @entity167 -exposed lung. This study suggested that fetal @entity167 exposure deranges the neonatal lung's defense against @entity2348 , and support further investigations into the potential therapeutic role for exogenous @entity2197 to augment neonatal AM function.

title: In utero @entity1068 exposure impairs defenses against experimental group B streptococcus in the term XXXX lung.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'ETOH']

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['guinea pigs', 'guinea pig']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal lung injury']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'systemic infection']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['group B Streptococcus', 'GBS']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infections', 'increased lung infection', 'pulmonary infection']

entities_list: @entity7726 :: ('MESH:D012436', 'Chemical') :: ['S-adenosyl-methionine']

entities_list: @entity1068 :: ('MESH:D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethanol', 'ethanol']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['Guinea pig']


abstract: To investigate the long term effects of @entity3674 , bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and analysis of lung @entity3440 were performed in @entity35 (n = 20) one, four, and 12 months after exposure to intratracheally instilled crystalline @entity3440 . Total and relative concentrations of @entity3440 in the lungs were highest one month after exposure. At this time BAL fluid concentrations of total cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes increased five to 10-fold compared with saline instilled controls (n = 19). The number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) increased about 200-fold. The increased number of PMNs persisted during the year. Furthermore, albumin and fibronectin concentrations increased continually during the year, about two to fivefold the values of controls. Hyaluronan, by contrast, increased during the four month period (about eightfold) but decreased after one year to the one month concentration. Phospholipids in BAL fluid, raised already after one month, remained high at one year. The findings suggest progressive damage of the alveolar and interstitial tissues. Moreover, the increases in components of the extracellular matrix capable of building fibrotic networks are in agreement with the microscopical findings of @entity82 . Because only total cells, macrophages, and albumin concentrations correlated weakly with the @entity3440 contents of the lung, it is unlikely that the relation between quartz burden and the reaction in the lung is simple.

title: Extracellular matrix components in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in quartz exposed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: In previous studies we and others have described several mitochondrial proteins which are synthesized in response to acute hormone stimulation in several steroidogenic tissues. In both MA-10 @entity19 @entity5 cells and primary cultures of @entity35 adrenal cortex cells, these proteins consist of a family of 37 kilodalton (kDa) and 32 kDa precursor forms and fully processed forms which are 30 kDa in molecular weight. The nature of the appearance of these proteins and their subcellular localization to the mitochondria, the site of the rate limiting step in steroidogenesis, has led to the speculation that they may be involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. In the present study we have taken advantage of another steroidogenic cell, the R2C @entity35 @entity5 cell, to perform studies which further indicate that these mitochondrial proteins are involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis. Unlike the MA-10 cell which requires hormone stimulation for @entity134 production, the R2C cell is a constitutive @entity1420 producer whose @entity134 production cannot be further increased with hormone stimulation. We have shown that the R2C cell line is less sensitive to the inhibition of @entity134 production by the metal chelator @entity56639 (OP) than is the MA-10 cell. We have demonstrated that @entity1420 production and the 30 kDa mitochondrial proteins remain present in the R2C cells at a concentration of OP which completely inhibits @entity1420 production and totally eliminates the 30 kDa proteins in MA-10 cells. As further evidence for the role of these proteins in steroidogenic regulation, we have isolated several revertants of the R2C parent (P) cell line which have lost the ability to synthesize @entity1420 constitutively, but which can be stimulated to synthesize this @entity134 by trophic hormone and @entity268 analog. In these revertants, designated (R), the normally constitutively present 30 kDa proteins are greatly decreased compared to controls, but reappear in large amounts following hormone stimulation. Taken together, these data provide further evidence that the 30 kDa mitochondrial proteins are involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis in Leydig cells.

title: Further evidence that the mitochondrial proteins induced by hormone stimulation in MA-10 @entity19 XXXX cells are involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig tumor']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity56639 :: ('MESH:C001635', 'Chemical') :: ['orthophenanthroline']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Leydig tumor']


abstract: Distinction of @entity189 in situ ( @entity2735 ) from reactive atypia on the basis of morphology alone may be difficult in some cases. Because this distinction is therapeutically and prognostically critical, we attempted to determine if an immunohistochemical panel would help in this differential diagnosis. The immunoprofile of 21 cases of @entity2735 and 25 non-neoplastic urothelia (15 urothelial biopsies with reactive atypia from @entity1 without a history of @entity150 and 10 normal ureter sections from nephrectomies performed for @entity1358 ) was determined using antibodies against @entity2225 ( @entity2225 ), @entity876 , and @entity1759 (standard isoform). In the normal urothelium @entity2225 showed patchy cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in only the superficial umbrella cell layer and @entity1759 stained only the basal cells. Nuclear immunoreactivity to @entity876 varied from negative to weak and patchy. Reactive urothelium also showed @entity2225 immunoreactivity in only the umbrella cell layer in all 15 cases, and @entity876 nuclear staining was predominantly negative with occasional weak positivity in the basal and parabasal intermediate cells. @entity1759 was overexpressed in the entire reactive urothelium in 9 cases (60%) or focally positive in intermediate cells in 6 cases (40%). In contrast, @entity2735 showed intense @entity2225 and @entity876 positivity (81% and 57%, respectively) in the majority (>50%) of malignant cells. @entity1759 staining revealed residual basal cells with membranous reactivity in 44% of the cases of @entity2735 ; however, the neoplastic cells were immunonegative in all cases. At least one positive immunomarker ( @entity2225 or @entity876 ) was abnormally expressed in all cases of @entity2735 . Abnormal expression of @entity2225 (increased), @entity876 (increased), and @entity1759 (decreased) in urothelial @entity2735 , and increased expression of @entity1759 in reactive atypia allows more confident distinction of urothelial @entity2735 from non-neoplastic urothelial atypias. From a differential diagnosis perspective, use of a panel of all three antibodies with morphologic correlation would be essential.

title: Discriminatory immunohistochemical staining of XXXX in situ and non-neoplastic urothelium: an analysis of @entity2225 , @entity876 , and @entity1759 antigens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['urothelial carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of Boston keratoprosthesis (K-pro) type I implantation for @entity6716 . METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records of every @entity1 with @entity6716 who underwent Boston K-pro type I implantation at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from January 1, 2009, through December 31, 2011 was performed. The main outcome measures were visual acuity, graft retention, and @entity260 . RESULTS: A total of 7 eyes (7 @entity1 ) met the inclusion criteria. The mean @entity1 age was 52 years (range, 12-85 years). The preoperative visual acuity was 20/1600 in 6 eyes (85.7%) and hand motions in 1 eye (14.3%). After a median follow-up period of 18 months (range, 3-30 months), the median final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/200 (range, 20/100 to light perception). This included 2 eyes (28.6%) that were 20/100 and 5 eyes (71.4%) that were better than 20/300. Compared with the preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, the final vision was improved in 6 eyes (85.7%) and worse in 1 eye (14.3%). The K-pro graft was retained in all 7 eyes (100%). The most common complication was the formation of a retroprosthetic membrane in 3 eyes (42.9%), none of which required either a YAG capsulotomy or a vitrectomy. One eye (14.3%) developed a wound dehiscence that required surgical repair. CONCLUSIONS: The Boston K-pro type I is a good option for the visual rehabilitation of eyes with @entity6716 .

title: Treatment of XXXX with Boston type I keratoprosthesis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6716 :: ('MESH:D015783', 'Disease') :: ['congenital aniridia']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

answer: @entity6716 :: (MESH:D015783,Disease) :: ['aniridia']


abstract: Our approach to management of the @entity15342 entails a program of comprehensive early reconstruction, including abdominoplasty, bilateral orchiopexy, reduction cystoplasty, and selective ureteral tailoring and reimplantation. Of 20 @entity1 with the @entity15342 treated at our institution during the last 18 years 15 underwent comprehensive reconstruction. Abdominoplasty was performed in 16 @entity1 . Results were evaluated as to cosmetic appearance, functional performance, and preoperative and postoperative electromyography. Immediate good results were obtained in 9 @entity1 . Of 16 @entity1 6 required more than 1 abdominal wall tailoring and 3 had minor complications that did not compromise the ultimate result. Transabdominal orchiopexy was performed on 32 testes; 28 (88 per cent) are in the scrotum and growing. Of the 4 failures 3 occurred in @entity1 greater than 2 years old at repair. Selective urinary tract reconstruction has been performed; 13 @entity1 underwent tapering and reimplantation of 1 or both ureters. Reduction cystoplasty was done in all 15 @entity1 . Functional assessment of the upper urinary tract by improved radiological techniques and the necessity for long-term antibiotic prophylaxis have led to a more conservative approach in 5 recent @entity1 . Renal function as measured by serum @entity1011 and/or glomerular filtration rate has remained stable in 12 of 15 @entity1 (92 per cent) undergoing comprehensive reconstruction. Aggressive surgical management of @entity1 with the @entity15342 provides improved abdominal wall function and appearance, and offers excellent testicular salvage. Surgical reconstruction of deformed ureters should be selective and decided on longitudinal studies of renal function.

title: The XXXX : a comprehensive approach to management.

entities_list: @entity15342 :: ('MESH:D011535', 'Disease') :: ['prune belly syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity15342 :: (MESH:D011535,Disease) :: ['prune belly syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: To find out the optimum treatment parameters and the proper indications for treatment of @entity5513 , univariate and multivariate actuarial analyses of @entity16 after stereotactic radiosurgery for @entity5513 were performed. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The subjects were 46 @entity1 with @entity5513 who underwent unilateral radiosurgery between June 1990 and June 1994 and were followed up at the University of Tokyo. Age ranged from 13 to 77 years (median, 54 years). @entity5 diameter ranged from 0 to 25 mm (mean, 12 mm) at the cerebellopontine angle and from 2 to 15 mm (mean, 8.3 mm) in the internal auditory meatus. Maximum @entity5 doses ranged from 20 to 40 Gy (mean, 31.4 Gy), and peripheral doses from 12 to 25 Gy (mean, 16.8 Gy). One to eight isocenters were used (mean, 3.2). Median follow-up was 39 months. Eight events concerning @entity16 were chosen, and the potential risk factors for them were analyzed by the actuarial analyses (univariate and multivariate). The events examined include @entity393 , vestibular function loss, @entity21591 . In order to point out potential risk factors for @entity16 , univariate analyses were performed using both the Wilcoxon test and the log rank test, and multivariate analyses were performed with the Cox proportional hazards model. Variables nominated as potential risk factors were 1) demographic variables such as @entity1 age and sex, 2) @entity5 dimensions, 3) treatment variables such as @entity5 doses and number of isocenters, and 4) pretreatment hearing levels. A variable with significant p-values (p < 0.05) in two or more of the three actuarial analyses (two univariate and one multivariate) was considered a possible risk factor. RESULTS: The possible variables that increase the risk for each event analyzed were: @entity8605 ( @entity13755 ) and the number of isocenters for total @entity393 ; experience of prior operation, the @entity5 diameter in the internal auditory meatus, and @entity13755 for hearing threshold elevation; peripheral @entity5 dose for vestibular function loss; @entity1 age or midporus transverse @entity5 diameter (the two variables were correlated), and the number of isocenters for @entity3541 ; and the number of isocenters for @entity16 . CONCLUSION: @entity13755 and the @entity5 diameter were the common risk factors for @entity393 in previous studies and ours. For the 5th/7th nerve dysfunction, the @entity5 diameter was the common risk factor. The risk of using more isocenters remains controversial. The difference in risk factors for @entity393 and vestibular function loss suggests different mechanisms for the two. Further studies with larger populations and longer follow-up periods are required in order to draw conclusions on the risk factors in radiosurgery.

title: XXXX after radiosurgery for @entity5513 .

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['acoustic neurinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal neuropathy', 'neuro-otological complications']

entities_list: @entity21591 :: ('MESH:D020433', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy, and trigeminal nerve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity8605 :: ('MESH:D016518', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibromatosis type II']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss', 'hearing impairment']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['Analyses of neuro-otological complications']


abstract: The mechanism of mRNA export is a complex issue central to cellular physiology. We characterized previously @entity375 @entity53961 , a protein with a @entity368 -rich (LR) nuclear export sequence (NES) that is essential for poly(A)+ RNA export in @entity375 . To characterize elements of the vertebrate mRNA export pathway, we identified a @entity1 homologue of @entity375 @entity53961 and analyzed its function in @entity1 cells. @entity19850 encodes a predicted 75-kDa polypeptide with high sequence homology to @entity375 @entity53961 , but @entity19850 does not contain a sequence motif matching any of the previously characterized NESs. @entity19850 can complement a @entity375 @entity53961 temperature-sensitive export mutant only if a LR-NES is inserted into it. To determine whether @entity19850 played a role in nuclear export, anti- @entity19850 antibodies were microinjected into HeLa cells. In situ hybridization of injected cells showed that poly(A)+ RNA export was inhibited. In contrast, there was no effect on the nuclear import of a glucocorticoid receptor reporter. We conclude that @entity19850 functions in poly(A)+ RNA export, and that @entity1 cells facilitate such export with a factor similar to @entity375 but without a recognizable LR-NES. With @entity19850 localized at the nuclear pore complexes, @entity19850 is positioned to act at a terminal step in the export of mature RNA messages to the cytoplasm.

title: The @entity1 homologue of XXXX @entity53961 is required for poly(A)+ RNA export.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: Since the 1991 enactment of mandatory helmet legislation (MHL) for cyclists in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, there has been extensive debate as to its effect on @entity542 rates at a population level. Many previous studies have focused on the impact of MHL around the time of enactment, while little has been done to examine the ongoing effects. We aimed to extend prior work by investigating long-term trends in cyclist head and @entity14141 over the period 1991-2010. The counts of cyclists hospitalised with head or @entity14141 were jointly modelled with log-linear regression. The simultaneous modelling of related @entity130 avoids the need for actual exposure data and accounts for the effects of changes in the cycling environment, cycling behaviour and general safety improvements. Models were run separately with population counts, bicycle imports, the average weekday counts of cyclists in Sydney CBD and cycling estimates from survey data as proxy exposures. Overall, @entity14141 were higher than @entity542 throughout the study period, consistent with previous post-MHL observations. The trends in the two injury groups also significantly diverged, such that the gap between rates increased with time. The results suggest that the initial observed benefit of MHL has been maintained over the ensuing decades. There is a notable additional safety benefit after 2006 that is associated with an increase in cycling infrastructure spending. This implies that the effect of MHL is ongoing and progress in cycling safety in NSW has and will continue to benefit from focusing on broader issues such as increasing cycling infrastructure.

title: Long term bicycle related XXXX trends for New South Wales, Australia following mandatory helmet legislation.

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury', 'head injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury mechanisms']

entities_list: @entity14141 :: ('MESH:D001134', 'Disease') :: ['arm injuries']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injury']


abstract: @entity5868 ( @entity5868 ) consists of @entity75 , @entity528 , and elevation of @entity3265 , certain @entity1522 , and liver enzymes in the blood. It is most characteristically a disease of @entity1 and has been considered to have a poor prognosis despite the use of various treatment regimens. Exchange transfusion (ET) with fresh blood (less than 24 hours old) for the removal of toxic metabolic byproducts in @entity1950 is a relatively recent development which appears to have improved the survival rates. However, because @entity5868 may occur in epidemic proportions at any time the demand for fresh blood can place an excessive stress on blood resources. We have, therefore, utilized saline-washed (to remove potentially toxic metabolites) red blood cells (RBC's) less than six days old, and fresh frozen @entity1792 - @entity1391 - @entity413 (CPD) plasma in treating this disorder. Nine @entity1 in the Milwaukee community with severe @entity75 secondary to @entity5868 were treated with ET. These @entity1 collectively required 151 units of washed RBC's for 21 ET. Eight of nine @entity1 survived without sequelae. Age of blood used did not correlate with the number of exchanges required or the eventual outcome. A continual computerized EEG in five @entity1 provided objective evidence of the effectiveness of ET. We conclude that ET with saline-washed RBC's reconstituted with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is a fast, safe, and effective means of treating @entity1 with @entity5868 .

title: Exchange transfusion in XXXX with saline-washed red blood cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['dextrose']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity5868 :: ('MESH:D012202', 'Disease') :: ["Reye's syndrome", 'RS']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['fatty degeneration of viscera']

answer: @entity5868 :: (MESH:D012202,Disease) :: ['Reye's syndrome']


abstract: AIM: To compare the efficacy, safety and tolerability of @entity15464 gel 0.1% vs. tretinoingel 0.025% in a Chinese @entity1 population. BACKGROUND: Although @entity5477 is a common problem among Asians and Asian-Americans, little has been published on the specific manifestations, sequelae, and treatment-responsiveness of this disorder in Asian skin types. Since Asian skin types tend to be more highly pigmented than those of white @entity1 of European descent, many Asians share the predisposition toward @entity2117 seen in Africans, African-Americans and other dark-skinned @entity1 . It is generally assumed that the efficacy and safety of topical @entity4878 is the same in Asians as in white @entity1 . @entity1968 has been available in China for decades; @entity15464 became available in 1998. METHODS: A total of 150 @entity1 with @entity5477 seen at three dermatology clinics were randomized to 8 weeks of daily treatment with either @entity15464 gel 0.1% or @entity1968 gel 0.025%. Counts of @entity75 , inflammatory lesions and non-inflammatory lesions were made at baseline and again at treatment weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. Global assessment ratings, based on percent lesion reduction from baseline were also made. Erythema, burning, @entity111 , scaling and dryness were rated on a 0-3 severity scale. RESULTS: A total of 139 @entity1 completed the efficacy evaluation, and 144 @entity1 completed the safety evaluation. Both @entity15464 and @entity1968 produce dramatic reductions in total, inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion counts, in the range of 69-74% on average. More than 70% of @entity1 in both groups had complete clearance or marked improvement. In general, irritation was mild, but was both more common and more severe in the @entity1968 group vs. the @entity15464 group. No systemic side effects were seen. CONCLUSIONS: @entity15464 offers comparable efficacy to @entity1968 , but is less irritating. It represents a good alternative for the treatment of mild to moderate @entity5477 in Chinese @entity1 .

title: A comparison of XXXX gel 0.1% vs. @entity1968 gel 0.025% in the treatment of @entity5477 in China.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people', 'peoples']

entities_list: @entity5477 :: ('MESH:D000152', 'Disease') :: ['grade II-III acne vulgaris', 'acne vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['total lesions']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['postinflammatory hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity15464 :: ('MESH:C063610', 'Chemical') :: ['Adapalene', 'adapalene']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['Tretinoin', 'tretinoin']

answer: @entity15464 :: (MESH:C063610,Chemical) :: ['adapalene']


abstract: L-asparaginase is important in the induction regimen for treating @entity981 . @entity137 complications are clinically significant problems lacking mechanistic insight. To reveal tissue-specific molecular responses to this drug, @entity19 were administered asparaginase from either @entity526 (clinically used) or @entity23585 (novel, glutaminase-free form). Both enzymes abolished serum @entity2734 , but only the @entity526 form reduced circulating @entity1160 . @entity526 asparaginase reduced protein synthesis in liver and spleen but not pancreas via increased phosphorylation of the translation factor @entity29242 . In contrast, treatment with Wolinella caused no untoward changes in protein synthesis in any tissue examined. Treating @entity19 deleted for the @entity29242 kinase, @entity54678 , with the @entity526 enzyme showed @entity29242 phosphorylation to be @entity54678 -dependent, but only initially. Furthermore, although @entity29242 phosphorylation was not increased in the @entity788 , expression of the @entity535 stress response genes, @entity2734 synthetase and CHOP/GADD153, increased as a result of both enzymes, even in tissues demonstrating no change in @entity29242 phosphorylation. Finally, signaling downstream of the @entity1 target of @entity3446 kinase was repressed in liver and pancreas by @entity526 but not Wolinella asparaginase. These data demonstrate that the nutrient stress response to asparaginase is tissue-specific and exacerbated by @entity1160 depletion. Importantly, increased expression of @entity2734 synthetase and CHOP does not require @entity29242 phosphorylation, signifying alternate or auxiliary means of inducing gene expression under conditions of @entity535 depletion in the whole animal.

title: Role of XXXX depletion in directing tissue-specific nutrient stress responses to L-asparaginase.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas or by Wolinella asparaginase']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxic']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2734 :: ('CHEBI:17196', 'Chemical') :: ['asparagine']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity23585 :: ('844', 'Species') :: ['Wolinella succinogenes']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity1160 :: (CHEBI:28300,Chemical) :: ['glutamine']


abstract: In a German multicenter trial, previously untreated @entity1 with unresectable stages IIIA and IIIB @entity1149 were randomly assigned to receive either radiotherapy alone (arm A) or chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (arm B). Chemotherapy in arm B consisted of @entity1260 1,500 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 to 5 and 29 to 33, and @entity7324 3 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1 and 5 and 29 and 33. Radiotherapy started on day 1 in arm A and on day 56 in arm B. Single doses of 2 Gy were given 5 days a week for 3 weeks and after a 2-week interval for an additional 2 weeks. The total radiation dose was 50 Gy. Concurrent to radiotherapy, @entity900 was given as a radiosensitizer at a dose of 20 mg/m2 once a week. From July 1986 to March 1989, 85 @entity1 were randomized, of whom 78 were evaluable. Main prognostic factors were well balanced. Of the @entity1 receiving chemotherapy, 25% had a partial remission after two cycles, 46% showed no change, and 29% had progressive disease. After radiotherapy, response rates were 49% in arm A and 58% in arm B, including a 10% complete remission rate in both groups. After two thirds of the projected sample size had been included, an analysis of survival was performed and showed a statistically significant advantage for the treatment group including chemotherapy (P = .016). Median survival was 9.0 months versus 13.7 months and 2-year survival was 12% versus 24%, both in favor of the group receiving chemotherapy. These results caused premature discontinuation of @entity1 accrual according to the study protocol and the recommendations of the Ethics Review Board of the Philipps-University Hospital. The results of this trial indicate that chemotherapy is able to prolong survival of @entity1 with locally advanced unresectable @entity1149 and should be considered for treatment of these @entity1 .

title: Radiotherapy alone versus chemotherapy with XXXX / @entity7324 followed by radiotherapy in unresectable locally advanced @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity1260 :: (MESH:D007069,Chemical) :: ['ifosfamide']


abstract: PURPOSE: This prospective randomized multicenter trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of @entity3003 plus @entity2879 and @entity1732 (CEB) versus @entity900 plus @entity2879 and @entity1732 ( @entity12962 ) in first-line chemotherapy of @entity1 with good-risk nonseminomatous @entity2971 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between September 1989 and May 1993, a total of 598 @entity1 with good-risk nonseminomatous @entity2971 were randomized to receive four cycles of either @entity12962 or CEB. In each cycle, the @entity2879 dose was 120 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, and 3, and the @entity1732 dose was 30 U on day 2. @entity12962 @entity1 received @entity900 at 20 mg/m2/d on days 1 to 5 or 50 mg/m2 on days 1 and 2. For CEB @entity1 , the @entity3003 dose was calculated from the glomerular filtration rate to achieve a serum concentration x time of 5 mg/mL x minutes. Chemotherapy was recycled at 21-day intervals to a total of four cycles. RESULTS: Of @entity1 assessable for response, 253 of 268 (94.4%) of those allocated to receive @entity12962 achieved a complete response, compared with 227 of 260 (87.3%) allocated to receive CEB (P = .009). There were 30 treatment failures in the 300 @entity1 allocated to @entity12962 and 79 in the 298 allocated to CEB (log-rank chi 2 = 26.9; P < .001), which led to failure-free rates at 1 year of 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88% to 94%) and 77% (95% CI, 72% to 82%), respectively. There were 10 deaths in @entity1 allocated to @entity12962 and 27 in @entity1 allocated to CEB (log-rank chi 2 = 8.77; P = .003), which led to 3-year survival rates of 97% (95% CI, 95% to 99%) and 90% (95% CI, 86% to 94%), respectively. CONCLUSION: With these drug doses and schedules, combination chemotherapy based on @entity3003 was inferior to that based on @entity900 . This @entity12962 regimen that contains moderate doses of @entity2879 and @entity1732 is effective in the treatment of @entity1 with good-prognosis metastatic nonseminoma.

title: Randomized trial of @entity1732 , @entity2879 , and @entity900 compared with XXXX , @entity2879 , and @entity3003 in good-prognosis metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell cancer: a Multiinstitutional Medical Research Council/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity1732 :: (MESH:D001761,Chemical) :: ['bleomycin']


abstract: The cis-acting elements that regulate production of germ-line transcripts from Ig heavy chain genes and subsequent switch recombination to those genes are poorly defined. We reported that a 17-kb transgene that includes Igamma1, Sgamma1, and @entity54507 is regulated for germ-line transcription like the endogenous gamma1 gene. Transcripts from such transgenes are expressed only in B cells treated with both @entity558 and @entity58 , and not in B cells treated with @entity558 alone or in thymocytes or nonlymphoid tissues. We have now found that transcripts from these transgenes are induced by treatment of transgenic B cells by @entity58 alone. As reported by others, @entity60 acts to inhibit the @entity58 -mediated induction of germ-line transcripts of the endogenous gamma1 gene. We have found that @entity558 -plus @entity58 -induced germ-line transcription of gamma1 transgenes is likewise inhibited by treatment of B cells with @entity60 , so the gamma1 gene must include the cis-acting element(s) that confers this inhibition. It is also known that @entity14636 ligation induces a modest amount of germ-line transcripts from the endogenous gamma1 gene and synergizes with @entity58 to induce large amounts of germ-line transcripts. The gamma1 transgenes are likewise induced by @entity14636 ligation, suggesting that the response element(s) for @entity14636 ligation can be found in the gamma1 gene. The promoter region for the germ-line transcripts and the I exon are likely to include some of these cis-acting elements. A series of @entity19 with the promoter/Igamma1 region conferred low level, lymphoid-specific, RNA expression to a reporter gene, including significant expression in thymocytes. However, the promoter/Igamma1 transgenes were not regulated like the endogenous gamma1 gene, in that transcription in splenic B cells was not increased by @entity558 plus @entity58 .

title: gamma1 heavy chain transgenes are responsive to XXXX repression and @entity14636 ligation.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['transgenic mice']

answer: @entity60 :: (15978(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IFN-gamma']


abstract: The effect of in vivo protease treatment on @entity8 was investigated in passive @entity8667 in @entity19 and @entity35 . BALB/c @entity19 were injected intravenously with soluble immune complexes (IC) of cationic @entity291 gamma-globulin (BGG) antigen and rabbit anti-BGG antibody, or IC of native BGG and rabbit antibody. One hour after receiving IC, the time of maximal deposition, the @entity19 were treated with chymopapain and subtilisin via five intraperitoneal doses at 10-minute intervals, and they were sacrificed 20 minutes after the last treatment. Only 2 of 15 treated @entity19 given cationic IC had capillary wall deposits of antibody versus 13 of 16 control @entity19 (p less than 0.001); only 1 of 16 treated @entity19 given the more neutral IC had mesangial antibody deposits versus 11 of 16 control @entity19 (p less than 0.001). Differences in BGG antigen were not apparent. In parallel studies, soluble IC containing rabbit antibody and cationic BGG antigen were administered intravenously to @entity35 . After 1 hour, the @entity35 received a single intravenous dose of chymopapain and subtilisin. Ninety minutes later the @entity35 were sacrificed. As determined by immunofluorescence microscopy only 1 of 13 enzyme-treated @entity35 had bright capillary wall deposits of BGG antigen versus 10 of 11 control @entity35 (p less than 0.001); only 6 of 13 treated @entity35 had deposits of rabbit antibody versus 10 of 11 control @entity35 (p less than 0.05). Glomeruli isolated from enzyme-treated @entity35 that had been injected with radioactive IC contained 44% less radioactivity (p less than 0.005). These observations indicate that treatment with proteases can promote the @entity8 in vivo.

title: Removal of glomerular immune complexes in passive XXXX nephritis by treatment in vivo with proteolytic enzymes.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['removal of glomerular IC deposits', 'glomerular immune complex deposits']

entities_list: @entity8667 :: ('MESH:D012713', 'Disease') :: ['serum sickness']

answer: @entity8667 :: (MESH:D012713,Disease) :: ['serum sickness']


abstract: Ninety-seven cases of @entity4888 ( @entity4888 ) @entity706 were evaluated employing published criteria for the categorization of B- and T-cell cutaneous @entity5 . Included in the study were 77 primary and secondary cutaneous @entity1892 , in which the diagnosis was supported by immunohistochemical studies identifying lineage. These cases were randomized with 20 cases of @entity4888 and @entity784 . @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H _ E)-stained slides from each case were reviewed by at least two dermatopathologists, who were unaware of the previous diagnoses, and a judgment regarding histologic pattern was rendered. The histologic criteria employed emphasized architectural features. For B-cell patterns, these included the presence of dense perivascular, periappendageal and/or nodular collections of lymphocytes, centering in the deep dermis, and separation from the epidermis by a grenz zone. Employed criteria for cutaneous T-cell pattern included location restricted primarily to the @entity1729 , interstitial pattern, the presence of epidermotropism, and the lack of a grenz zone. Three @entity1892 were judged to have indeterminate patterns. Four of 74 (5.4%) of the remaining @entity1892 were incorrectly categorized as @entity784 by architectural criteria. The most striking findings included epidermotropism in rare @entity1892 . Three of the four miscategorized cases were @entity706 . A preference for B-cell pattern was also confirmed in @entity4888 @entity784 . We conclude that most @entity1892 in the skin demonstrate a recognizable B-cell pattern, but rarely a pattern more reminiscent of @entity784 may be seen. This may occur more often with @entity1892 . In addition, this study supports previous work indicating that many @entity4888 @entity784 show prominent architectural features typically ascribed to @entity1892 . In summary, our findings support the impression that the vast majority of @entity706 show a B-cell pattern regardless of their lineage. As such, caution is indicated with regard to pattern interpretation.

title: Evaluation of classic architectural criteria in XXXX @entity706 .

entities_list: @entity4888 :: ('MESH:D009182', 'Disease') :: ['non-MF', 'non-mycosis fungoides']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous lymphoma', 'non-MF lymphomas', 'large-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphomas', 'T-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas', 'B-large-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['Hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper dermis']

answer: @entity4888 :: (MESH:D009182,Disease) :: ['non-mycosis fungoides']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of the deletions of @entity9288 / @entity986 genes in @entity1619 ( @entity1619 ) cells and to evaluate their value in the diagnosis of clinical subtypes of @entity1619 @entity1 and the prediction of their clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral-blood samples from 114 @entity1 with @entity1619 were examined by Southern blot analysis. In five chronic-type @entity1 who showed disease progression to acute type, serial samples also were examined. RESULTS: Among 114 @entity1 , 28 (24.6%) showed the deletions of @entity9288 and/or @entity986 genes. The results were well correlated with the clinical subtypes. @entity1 with deleted @entity9288 and/or @entity986 genes had significantly shorter survival times than the @entity1 in whom both genes were preserved (P < .0001). A similar decline in survival time was observed in the analyses within the same subtypes. In multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model, the deletions of @entity9288 and/or @entity986 genes emerged as an independent prognostic indicator. Moreover, three of the five chronic-type @entity1 who progressed to acute type lost the @entity986 gene alone or both the @entity9288 and @entity986 genes at their exacerbation phase. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the following: (1) that the deletions of @entity9288 and/or @entity986 genes play a key role in the progression of @entity1619 ; and (2) that these deletions are reliable prognostic factors that predict shortened survival times.

title: Deletions of @entity9288 and/or XXXX genes as a poor-prognosis factor in @entity1619 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['ATL', 'adult T-cell leukemia']

answer: @entity986 :: (1029,Gene) :: ['p16']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of dental and periodontal treatments to the course of @entity9645 in @entity1 with @entity2403 ( @entity2403 ). METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive @entity2403 @entity1 with @entity9645 were studied. Twenty-nine @entity1 were in the intervention group (F/M: 15/14, mean age: 39.6 +/- 6.9 years) and 29 (F/M: 15/14, 39.4 +/- 10.6 years) were followed with a conventional treatment approach. In addition to oral hygiene education, dental and periodontal treatments were carried out in the intervention group, whereas the control group was only given oral hygiene education. @entity1 were evaluated in the pre-treatment observation period (1 month), treatment period (1 month) and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: An increase in the number of new @entity9645 (4.1 +/- 3.5) was observed within 2 days during the treatment compared with 3-30 days during treatment month (2.3 +/- 1.2) (P = 0.002). However, 6 months after the treatment, the number of @entity9645 (1.9 +/- 1.5) was significantly lower compared with the pre-treatment observation (4.8 +/- 3.2) (P = 0.000) and treatment periods (6.4 +/- 2.3) in the intervention group (P = 0.05), whereas a similar oral ulcer presence was observed in the control group (2.8 +/- 2.4, 3.7 +/- 2.3 and 4.8 +/- 4.3, respectively) (P > 0.05). Dental and periodontal indices were also better in the intervention group during the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, in @entity2403 @entity1 , dental and periodontal therapies could be associated with a flare-up of @entity9645 in the short term, but may decrease their number in longer follow-up. They also lead to a better oral health.

title: The close association between dental and periodontal treatments and oral ulcer course in XXXX : a prospective clinical study.

entities_list: @entity2403 :: ('MESH:D001528', 'Disease') :: ['BD', "Behcet's disease"]

entities_list: @entity9645 :: ('MESH:D019226', 'Disease') :: ['oral ulcers']

answer: @entity2403 :: (MESH:D001528,Disease) :: ['behcet's disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The @entity341 ( @entity341 ) is a common setting for evaluation of @entity1 with @entity1791 based on acute symptoms and a propensity for recurrent disease. We sought to characterize practice patterns in the emergency treatment of stone disease, and to identify potential disparities in care based on non-medical factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of @entity341 visits using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2005-2009. Visits with a diagnosis of @entity1791 were identified. The associations between @entity1 , provider and institutional characteristics were analyzed with regard to timing of clinical assessment, use of diagnostic imaging, and use of medical expulsive therapy (MET). RESULTS: The likelihood of a delay in clinical assessment ranged from 30.8%-37.9%. Neither @entity1 nor provider characteristics were associated with a delay in assessment, although urban location (p = 0.004) was more likely, and proprietary ownership was less likely (p = 0.002) to be associated with delay. Factors associated with use of CT included ambulance arrival (p = 0.043), initial @entity341 visit (p = 0.000), and Northeast region (p = 0.030). @entity1 seen by a resident/intern were more likely to receive MET (p = 0.028). Overall, 10.8% of @entity1 were presenting for follow up treatment, and 7.1% had been seen in the same @entity341 within the last 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1290 are associated with a high rate of repeated presentations to the @entity341 . Certain non-medical factors did impact details of management. Future efforts should focus on optimizing clinical pathways to improve the efficiency of acute care for @entity1290 @entity1 .

title: Practice patterns in the emergency care of @entity1290 XXXX : an analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['kidney stone', 'Kidney stones']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess healthcare provider accuracy in recognizing the physical examination findings of @entity697 ( @entity697 ) and @entity2346 media with effusion (OME) and technical competence in performing tympanocentesis using a simulation model. DATA SOURCES: A descriptive study of 1,271 pediatricians and 206 nurse practitioners (NPs) who viewed 9 different video-recorded pneumatic otoscopic examinations of tympanic membranes (TMs) during a continuing medical education (CME) course. Diagnostic differentiation of @entity697 , OME and normal was ascertained. A mannequin model of a one-two year old @entity1 was used to assess technical proficiency of performing tympanocentesis on artificial tympanic membranes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the average correct diagnosis by all healthcare providers was 46% (range = 25% to 71%); by pediatricians it was 50% (25% to 71%) and by NPs 42% (25% to 68%). Pediatricians and NPs correctly recognized the absence of normality 86% to 99% and 68% to 99% of the time; they over-diagnosed @entity697 in 7% to 58% (average 27%) and 10% to 65% of examinations (average 31%), respectively. Performance of tympanocentesis was optimally performed by 73% of NPs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The distinction between @entity697 and OME is important for antibiotic management decisions; tympanocentesis may be useful in diagnosis of @entity697 in selected @entity1 . Healthcare providers may misdiagnose @entity697 and OME with some frequency. Nurse practitioners and pediatricians have the skills to be trained in the tympanocentesis procedure. Interactive CME courses with simulation technology may enhance skills and lead to a willingness to change and improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment paradigms.

title: Assessing diagnostic accuracy and tympanocentesis skills by nurse practitioners in management of XXXX media.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute otitis media', 'AOM']

answer: @entity2346 :: (MESH:D010031,Disease) :: ['otitis']


abstract: @entity1575 is commonly observed in @entity409 . However, the immunological mechanisms underlying @entity1575 due to chronic @entity32 are not well defined, mainly because suitable experimental models have not been established. We have found that weekly i.v. administration of concanavalin A (Con A) in BALB/c @entity19 brought about a striking @entity493 aminotransferase increase, resulting in @entity39 with bridging @entity82 in the parenchyma. Using this @entity82 model, we demonstrated the kinetics of cytokine mRNA expression in liver. @entity641 , @entity13898 , @entity10245 ( @entity10245 ) and hepatocyte growth factor mRNAs were up-regulated after each Con A administration. Furthermore, either anti- @entity60 , anti- @entity5 @entity39 factor ( @entity637 or anti- @entity641 mAb given together with Con A markedly inhibited the development of @entity1575 . Treatment with either anti- @entity60 or anti- @entity637 mAb also completely prevented @entity99 ; in contrast, treatment with anti- @entity641 mAb did not. The treatment with anti- @entity641 mAb did not affect the levels of hepatic mRNAs for either @entity60 or @entity637 after Con A injection. Treatment with either anti- @entity60 or anti- @entity637 did not affect the expression levels of @entity641 in the liver. In conclusion, the continuous presence of both severe @entity409 and up-regulation of @entity641 synthesis is necessary to induce @entity1575 in this model.

title: Immunopathogenesis of XXXX in chronic liver injury induced by repeatedly administered concanavalin A.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injury']

entities_list: @entity10245 :: ('14173(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['basic fibroblast growth factor', 'bFGF']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'piecemeal necrosis']

entities_list: @entity641 :: ('21803(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1', 'TGF-beta']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease', 'liver damage']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic fibrosis', 'Liver fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity1575 :: (MESH:D008103,Disease) :: ['hepatic fibrosis']


abstract: The @entity63 threshold of protein synthesis and energy state was determined 1, 6, and 12 h after @entity2500 in @entity35 . Local blood flow and @entity535 incorporation were measured by double tracer autoradiography, and local @entity855 content by substrate-induced bioluminescence. The various images were evaluated at the striatal level in cerebral cortex by scanning with a microdensitometer with 75 microns resolution. Each 75 x 75 microns digitized image pixel was then converted into the appropriate units of either protein synthesis, @entity855 content, or blood flow. The @entity63 threshold was defined as the flow rate at which 50% of pixels exhibited complete metabolic suppression. One hour after @entity2500 , the threshold of protein synthesis was 55.3 +/- 12.0 ml 100 g-1 min-1 and that of energy failure was 18.5 +/- 9.8 ml 100 g-1 min-1. After 6 and 12 h of @entity2500 , the threshold of protein synthesis did not change (52.0 +/- 9.6 and 56.0 +/- 6.5 ml 100 g-1 min-1, respectively) but the threshold of energy failure increased significantly at 12 h following @entity2500 to 31.9 +/- 9.7 ml 100 g-1 min-1 (p less than 0.05 compared to 1 h @entity855 threshold value; all values are mean +/- SD). In focal @entity2806 , therefore, the threshold of energy failure gradually approached that of protein synthesis. Our results suggest that with increasing duration of @entity63 , survival of brain tissue is determined by the high threshold of persisting inhibition of protein synthesis and not by the much lower one of acute energy failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Ischemic thresholds of cerebral protein synthesis and energy state following middle cerebral artery occlusion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['MCA occlusion', 'middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Published lead time estimates in @entity0 screening vary from 1 to 7 years and the percentages of overdiagnosis vary from 0 to 75%. The differences are usually explained as random variations. We study how much can be explained by using different definitions and methods. METHODS: We estimated the clinically relevant lead time based on the observed incidence reduction after attending the last screening round in the Norwegian mammography screening programme. We compared this estimate with estimates based on models that do not take overdiagnosis into account (model-based lead times), for varying levels of overdiagnosis. Finally, we calculated overdiagnosis adjusted for clinical and model-based lead times and compared results. RESULTS: Clinical lead time was about one year based on the reduction in incidence in @entity1 previously offered screening. When overdiagnosed @entity5 were included, the estimates increased to 4-9 years, depending on the age at which screening begins and the level of overdiagnosis. Including all @entity0 detected in @entity1 long after the end of the screening programme dilutes the level of overdiagnosis by a factor of 2-3. CONCLUSION: When overdiagnosis is not taken into account, lead time is substantially overestimated. Overdiagnosis adjusted for model-based lead time is a function tending to zero, with no simple interpretation. Furthermore, the estimates are not in general comparable, because they depend on both the duration of screening and duration of follow-up. In contrast, overdiagnosis adjusted for clinically relevant @entity5 is a point estimate (and interpreted as percentage), which we find is the most reasonable method.

title: Overestimated lead times in XXXX screening has led to substantial underestimation of overdiagnosis.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast cancers']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is well documented that a daily oral dose of 0.625 mg of conjugated @entity1641 @entity172 or 1-2 mg of @entity53 is needed to prevent @entity14577 . Recent studies have indicated that a lower dose of @entity172 maybe as effective in maintaining bone mass. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3 dosages of transdermally administered @entity53 gel in postmenopausal @entity1 stratified by oophorectomy and natural menopause. METHODS: One hundred and twenty postmenopausal @entity1 were randomly selected to form 4 groups. Three groups of @entity1 were treated with a transdermal administration of @entity53 gel at a daily dosage of 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 g (containing 0.75, 1.5, and 3 mg of @entity53 /day), respectively. The 4th group of @entity1 , receiving @entity11111 2 mg/day p.o., was studied concurrently as a control. Bone mineral density was measured by quantitative computed tomography of the vertebrae from T12 to L3 at baseline, then at 6-month intervals for 1 year. RESULTS: @entity1 in all groups receiving @entity53 gel obtained a significant increase in bone mass, with the exception of the 1.25 g/day group, which showed a minimal increment at the 6-month period, compared with the control group. Comparisons of the increments in bone mass after @entity172 therapy for both natural and surgical menopausal subjects found that there was a more prominent response in surgical menopausal @entity1 receiving a dosage of 2.5 g/day. CONCLUSION: @entity53 gel at the dosage of 1.25 g/day, equivalent to @entity53 0.75 mg/day, effectively prevented @entity604 in postmenopausal @entity1 after a 12-month treatment period. The therapeutic effect of @entity53 gel on bone mass was more prominent in the surgical menopausal groups at the dosage of 2.5 g/day. The @entity43 may therefore play a crucial role in the subsequent decades of postmenopausal @entity1 .

title: A clinical trial of 3 doses of transdermal @entity53 for preventing XXXX : a preliminary study.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic ovaries']

entities_list: @entity14577 :: ('MESH:D015663', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal bone loss']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol', '17beta-estradiol', 'Estradiol']

answer: @entity14577 :: (MESH:D015663,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal bone loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The formation of functional @entity42 has been recognized as one of the side effects of @entity1176 agonist administration. The formation of cysts during IVF treatment may be of no clinical significance or may negatively influence its outcome. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of @entity42 formation following @entity1176 agonist administration and to examine their effect on IVF outcome. METHODS: A prospective study of 1317 IVF @entity1 who developed one or more functional @entity42 of >or=15 mm following @entity1176 agonist treatment was performed. Transvaginal ultrasonographic-guided cyst aspiration was carried out in 76 randomly allocated @entity1 out of 122 @entity1 who were found to have functional @entity42 before starting ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. RESULTS: The incidence of follicular cyst formation was 9.3%. Cyst cycles in comparison with non-cyst cycles had significantly elevated day 3 basal FSH (mean+/-SD of 8.3+/-3.2 versus 5.3+/-2.6 mIU/ml, P<0.05) and required more ampoules of gonadotropins (46.3+/-16.5 versus 35+/-14.6, P<0.01). Furthermore, they showed a statistically significant decrease in the quality and number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, number and quality of embryos, implantation and pregnancy rates, with a significant @entity101 and abortion rates. @entity1 with @entity45 had a significantly lower number of oocytes and embryos retrieved, with a lower proportion of metaphase II oocytes. They also had a higher proportion of poor quality embryos. Cyst aspiration was not associated with a significant difference in the above parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of cyst formation during @entity1176 agonist treatment is lower than previously reported. In such cases, the quality of oocytes and embryos were significantly compromised, with a significant increase in the cycle cancellation rate and a decrease in the implantation and pregnancy rates. Neither conservative management nor cyst aspiration improved the IVF outcome.

title: XXXX formation following @entity1176 agonist administration in IVF cycles: incidence and impact.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increase in cancellation']

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cyst', 'ovarian cysts']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral cysts']

answer: @entity42 :: (MESH:D010048,Disease) :: ['Ovarian cyst']


abstract: The potential of recombinant glycosylated @entity1 @entity650 (rhIL-6) for enhancing immunohematopoietic reconstitution and survival after syngeneic and semiallogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in BALB/c @entity19 subjected to @entity348 ( @entity348 ) was investigated. rhIL-6 produced enhanced reconstitution of white blood cells as assessed on days 8 and 14 after syngeneic BMT and of platelets as assessed on day 10. Moreover, rhIL-6 treatment produced significant improvement of survival in lethally irradiated @entity19 receiving either syngeneic or semiallogeneic BMT with limiting number of BM cells. This effect of @entity777 was not seen with large BM cell inocula producing high survival by themselves. rhIL-6 showed no toxic effects and did not affect the survival of @entity19 that were lethally irradiated but not reconstituted by BM cells. However, the sensitivity of @entity19 to sublethal irradiation was increased by rhIL-6 in the absence of BM cell transplantation. In experimental conditions inducing @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ), in which lethally irradiated (BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1 @entity19 received mixtures of BM and spleen cells from C57BL/6 donors, rhIL-6 was found to enhance @entity2132 manifestations. No consistent enhancement of T-cell in vitro proliferative responses to allogeneic spleen cells or T- and B-cell-dependent mitogens were seen in the splenocytes obtained from recipients of syngeneic or semiallogeneic BMT. Our data suggest that rhIL-6 may be useful in BMT procedures to enhance thrombopoiesis and hematologic recovery, as well as to increase overall survival rates. In addition, the potentiation of @entity2132 , which is considered to correlate with graft-versus- @entity1778 effects, may be of interest in enhancing @entity2132 -dependent antitumor effects in protocols combining radiochemotherapy with BMT.

title: Potential use of XXXX in bone marrow transplantation: effects of recombinant @entity1 @entity650 after syngeneic and semiallogeneic bone marrow transplantation in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'total body irradiation']

answer: @entity650 :: (3569,Gene) :: ['interleukin-6']


abstract: The persistent efficacy of four commercially available @entity35606 (ML) in maintaining reduced faecal egg counts in @entity291 grazing naturally infested pastures was evaluated in 44 @entity7040 animals aged 1-2 years in Zambia. The study started in February (rainy season) when the strongyle egg output was increasing. Four days before the start of the trial, all animals were treated with a double dose of @entity13486 . They were then divided into five groups which were again treated on day 0. Groups A, D, I and M received 0.2 mg kg-1 of abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin and moxidectin, respectively. Animals of group C received @entity3753 (7.5 mg kg-1). Faecal samples were collected twice a week for egg counts and larval differentiation. Faecal egg counts in the C group increased from day 21 onwards and plateaued from day 42 between 180 and 380 eggs per gram. The main genera found in cultures were Cooperia (90%) and Haemonchus (7%). @entity644 in groups M, A, D and I started on day 35, 42, 42 and 45, respectively. Subsequently and until day 84, average counts in these four groups were always significantly lower than in group C. Compared with @entity3753 , all four ML gave over 95% reduction in cumulative faecal egg counts for 42 days after treatment. The percentage efficacy was still over 84% by day 84 when an average cumulative egg count of 11320 eggs per gram faeces was calculated in group C. In addition, there was no significant difference in efficacy between the four ML groups at any of the sampling dates. During the trial no significant difference in weight gain between any of the groups was observed.

title: Comparison of the persistent activity of ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin and moxidectin in XXXX in Zambia.

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['Faecal egg excretion']

entities_list: @entity13486 :: ('MESH:C011030', 'Chemical') :: ['oxfendazole']

entities_list: @entity35606 :: ('CHEBI:63944', 'Chemical') :: ['macrocyclic lactones']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: Overexpression of @entity5 suppressor gene @entity876 , cell proliferation nuclear antigen Ki-67, and proto-oncogene @entity1722 are associated with poor prognosis in some @entity5 . We studied @entity876 , Ki-67, and @entity1722 immunohistochemical expression in archival biopsies of 37 @entity1 with @entity2828 ( @entity2828 ). @entity1 with @entity2828 were treated at four Israeli hospitals between 1982 and 2000. @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained by immunohistochemistry for @entity876 , Ki-67, and @entity1722 . More than 300 cells were counted on each slide, and the percentage of positively stained nuclei was computed. @entity876 overexpression was defined as nuclear staining of >2.3% of cells, Ki-67 overexpression as nuclear staining of >8.3% malignant cells. @entity1722 staining was scored semiquantitatively on a scale of 0 to 4+. Twenty-two of 37 @entity1 are alive and well, with mean follow-up time of 38 months. There was overexpression of @entity876 in 16 @entity1 (43%) and of Ki-67 in 21 @entity1 (57%). The correlation between @entity876 and Ki-67 overexpressions was 0.61. We found no overexpression of @entity1722 . Median @entity4557 ( @entity4557 ) was statistically significantly shorter for @entity1 with @entity876 overexpression (25 months) than for @entity1 with negative staining (>92 months). The prognostic value of @entity876 overexpression was also significant after adjusting for @entity5 location and age. Median @entity4557 was shorter for @entity1 with positive Ki-67 staining (40 months) than for @entity1 with negative staining (80 months) but did not reach statistical significance. Our study suggests that @entity876 is a predictor of @entity4557 in @entity1 with @entity2828 . More @entity1 must be studied to assess the validity of this observation.

title: Expression of @entity876 gene product and cell proliferation marker Ki-67 in XXXX : correlation with clinical outcome.

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ['ES', "Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity4557 :: ('MESH:D012008', 'Disease') :: ['RFS', 'relapse-free survival']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['Formalin']

answer: @entity2828 :: (MESH:D012512,Disease) :: ['Ewing's sarcoma']


abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical usefulness of ultrasmall superparamagnetic @entity1933 (USPIO) MR contrast media (Sinerem, Guerbet Laboratories, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France) with precontrast MRI in the diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes in @entity1 with @entity213 , using histology as gold standard. Eighty-one previously untreated @entity1 were enrolled in a multicenter phase-III clinical trial. All @entity1 had a noncontrast MR, a Sinerem MR, and surgery within a period of 15 days. The MR exams were analyzed both on site and by two independent radiologists (centralized readers). Correlation between histology and imaging was done per lymph node groups, and per individual lymph nodes when the @entity851 was > or = 10 mm. For individual lymph nodes, Sinerem MR showed a high sensitivity (> or = 88%) and specificity (> or = 77%). For lymph node groups, the sensitivity was > or = 59% and specificity > or = 81%. False-positive results were partially due to inflammatory nodes; false-negative results from the presence of undetected micrometastases. Errors of interpretation were also related to motion and/or susceptibility artifacts and problems of zone assignment. Sinerem MR had a negative predictive value (NPV) > or = 90% and a positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ) > or = 51%. The specificity and @entity2286 of Sinerem MR were better than those of precontrast MR. Precontrast MR showed an unexpectedly high sensitivity and NPV which were not increased with Sinerem MR. The potential contribution of Sinerem MR still remains limited by technical problems regarding motion and susceptibility artifacts and spatial resolution. It is also noteworthy that logistical problems, which could reduce the practical value of Sinerem MR, will be minimized in the future since Sinerem MR alone performed as good as the combination of precontrast and Sinerem MR.

title: Lymph node metastases from @entity213 : MR imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic XXXX particles (Sinerem MR) -- results of a phase-III multicenter clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short axis']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1933 :: (MESH:C000499,Chemical) :: ['iron oxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: Recent reports on the use of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have failed to provide an applicable method to identify @entity1 who have little chance of surviving CPR. We prospectively evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcome of 140 consecutive hospitalized @entity1 who had @entity1167 and received CPR, and we propose a method for predicting survival in this setting. @entity1 AND METHODS: The study period was July 1 through December 31, 1985, and the @entity1 population consisted of 91 @entity1 and 49 @entity1 (age range, 18 to 92 years). We devised a multifactorial scoring system, the Pre-Arrest Morbidity (PAM) Index, to evaluate pre-arrest morbidity in individual @entity1 . RESULTS: Seventy-seven (55%) of these @entity1 were successfully resuscitated, 34 (24.3%) were discharged from the hospital alive, and 29 (20.7%) were long-term survivors (alive three months after discharge). Multivariate analysis of pre-arrest clinical variables demonstrated a significant association with mortality for @entity551 , @entity2629 , and age 65 years or older, although none of these factors was absolutely predictive of a fatal outcome. The PAM Index was found to correlate inversely with the frequency of successful resuscitation, and the probability of short-term and long-term survival after CPR. @entity1 with PAM scores of 7 or greater had an extremely low likelihood of long-term survival (less than 15%), and no @entity1 with a score of more than 8 survived to discharge. When the PAM score was considered in multivariate analysis of pre-arrest variables, it became the only significant independent predictor of mortality. CONCLUSION: The PAM Index may be useful in identifying @entity1 in whom CPR may be ineffective.

title: Pre-arrest morbidity and other correlates of survival after in-hospital XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiopulmonary arrest']


abstract: Fifty nine @entity1 suffering from a first attack of acute @entity788 were investigated during the first ten days of illness with computerized tomography (CT scan) and biological signs of Ranson. The prognostic value of the combination of these two classes of signs was evaluated. The grading of initial CT scan findings was accorded to the Ranson and Balthazar classification. In addition, the authors evaluated the presence and extent of @entity39 and studied phlegmonous extrapancreatic spread. A high risk group of @entity1 was determined: grade C, D, E, with at least three prognostic signs. Twelve of these high risk @entity1 with grade D and E had a glandular @entity39 as detected on initial contrast enhanced CT scan. This was an important prognostic value sign (sensibility 100 percent; specificity 92 percent) as all morbidity was 100 percent compared with 8.5 percent among the 47 other @entity1 who did not exhibit this CT sign; mortality was 25 percent compared with 0 percent among the other @entity1 . Phlegmonous extrapancreatic spread in three or more areas also influenced the prognostic but to a lesser extent (sensibility 100 percent; specificity 62 percent). Forty-four @entity1 among the fifty-nine had a morphologic follow-up of the course of lesions by repeated CT scan. Local complications occurred only in @entity1 at high risk: 9 pancreatic abscesses (20.4 percent) and 6 @entity9007 (15 percent). One-third of the twenty-one grade D and E @entity1 had spontaneous resorption of the phlegmonous extrapancreatic areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Acute XXXX : prognostic value of early x-ray computed tomography coupled with Ranson's criteria and its role in surveillance of the course].

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pseudocysts']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']