abstract: To characterize @entity1 with @entity733 admitted to a Danish tertiary care centre and evaluate our management. This is a retrospective chart review. All records of @entity1 with @entity733 admitted to the Ear-Nose-Throat Department at Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark, from January 2001 through December 2011 were reviewed. In total, 63 @entity1 (41 males), aged 4-89 years (median, 45 years) were included in the study. The mean annual incidence of @entity733 was 0.9 cases/100,000 population. Thirty-three (52%) @entity1 had @entity17107 . In two @entity1 the @entity733 was accompanied by @entity39 . The most frequent surgical approach used was intrapharyngeal incision in combination with tonsillectomy. The most commonly used antibiotic regimen was @entity3397 plus @entity868 . Seven (13%) @entity1 returned to the operating theatre due to post-tonsillectomy @entity548 or @entity1887 . Tonsillectomy and internal incision of the abscess in combination with a narrow-spectrum intravenous @entity114 and @entity868 is a safe and efficient approach for managing parapharyngeal abscesses. This approach, however, carries a relatively high complication rate, requiring close surveillance in the early post-operative period. This is especially true for @entity733 @entity1 without @entity17107 . In our series, these @entity1 were more ill, more likely to experience complications, require intensive care, intubation, and tracheotomy, than @entity733 @entity1 with concurrent @entity17107 . The frequent co-existence of @entity733 and @entity17107 favours careful consideration of addition of tonsillectomy to intrapharyngeal incision.

title: @entity733 is frequently associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing fasciitis']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['insufficient abscess drainage']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['parapharyngeal abscess']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['benzylpenicillin']

entities_list: @entity17107 :: ('MESH:D000039', 'Disease') :: ['peritonsillar abscess', 'concomitant peritonsillar abscess']

answer: @entity17107 :: (MESH:D000039,Disease) :: ['concomitant peritonsillar abscess']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2893 antibiotics (CBPMs) may significantly reduce the serum concentration of @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ), but the extent of this effect among various CBPMs is unknown. This study compared the extent and onset of the interactions among @entity6543 , @entity2892 / @entity9234 , and @entity2889 . METHODS: A 5-year retrospective study was performed. Hospitalized @entity1 over 18 years old who received @entity3262 and a CBPM concurrently were enrolled via the pharmacy computer system. @entity1 who lacked @entity3262 serum concentration measurements before or during CBPMs' use, had concurrent medication(s) that might interfere with @entity3262 metabolism, or had a history of liver @entity82 were excluded. Total @entity3262 serum concentrations before and during CBPMs' use and after its discontinuation were recorded, and differences among various CBPMs were analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-two @entity1 were included in this analysis. Irrespective of the route of administration, @entity3262 serum concentrations were subtherapeutic in 90% of the subjects during CBPMs' use. There was a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in @entity3262 serum concentrations during the use of CBPMs: 72%    17%, 42%    22%, and 67%    19% in the @entity6543 (N = 9), @entity2892 / @entity9234 (N = 17), and @entity2889 (N = 26) groups, respectively. The effect of @entity6543 and @entity2889 on @entity3262 was significantly more expressed than that of @entity2892 / @entity9234 (P < 0.005). The onset of this drug interaction occurred within 24 hours of CBPMs' administration, and @entity3262 serum concentrations returned to 90% of baseline within 7 days of CBPMs' discontinuation along with a 20% increase in @entity3262 dose. Increasing @entity3262 dose during the use of @entity6543 or @entity2889 did not result in elevating @entity3262 serum concentrations to therapeutic levels during the combined therapy period. CONCLUSIONS: CBPMs reduced @entity3262 serum concentration within 24 hours of administration by approximately 60%. Ertapenem and @entity2889 had a greater effect on @entity3262 serum concentration than @entity2892 / @entity9234 . Because of the dramatic reduction of @entity3262 serum concentration during CBPMs' use, concomitant use of @entity3262 and CBPMs should be avoided.

title: The Effect of Different Carbapenem Antibiotics (Ertapenem, @entity2892 / XXXX , and @entity2889 ) on Serum @entity1092 Concentrations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity9234 :: ('MESH:D015377', 'Chemical') :: ['cilastatin']

entities_list: @entity2889 :: ('MESH:C059500', 'Chemical') :: ['meropenem']

entities_list: @entity2893 :: ('CHEBI:46765', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbapenem']

entities_list: @entity6543 :: ('MESH:C446479', 'Chemical') :: ['ertapenem']

answer: @entity9234 :: (MESH:D015377,Chemical) :: ['Cilastatin']


abstract: The chemical synthesis of @entity9925 ) cDNA combined with the cell-free synthesis of infectious particles yielded virus whose @entity19 neurovirulence was highly attenuated (J. Cello, A. V. Paul, and E. Wimmer, Science 297:1016-1018, 2002). Compared to the wild-type @entity37190 (Mahoney) [ @entity37190 (M)] sequence, the synthetic virus genome harbored 27 @entity377 (nt) changes deliberately introduced as genetic markers. Of the 27 @entity377 substitutions, the UA-to-GG exchanges at @entity2036 102/103, mapping to a region between the cloverleaf and the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5'-nontranslated region, were found to be involved in the observed attenuation phenotype in @entity19 . The UA/GG mutation at nt 102/103 in the synthetic @entity37190 (M) [ @entity15399 (M)] background conferred also a ts phenotype of replication to the virus in @entity1 @entity521 cells. Conversely, the exchange of GG to wild-type (wt) UA at 102/103 in an @entity15399 (M) background restored wt neurovirulence in @entity27279 transgenic (tg) @entity19 and suppressed the ts phenotype in @entity1 cells. All @entity9925 variants replicated well in HeLa cells at the two temperatures, regardless of the sequence at the 102/103 locus. Analyses of variants isolated from sPV(M)-infected @entity27279 tg @entity19 revealed that the G(102)G(103)-to-G(102)A(103) reversion alone reestablished the neurovirulent phenotype. This suggests that a single mutation is responsible for the observed change of the neurovirulence phenotype. @entity15399 (M) RNA is translated in cell extracts of @entity1 cells with significantly lower efficiency than @entity37190 (M) RNA or @entity15399 (M) RNA with a G(102)-to-A(102) reversion. These studies suggest a function for the conserved @entity377 (A(103)) located between the cloverleaf and the IRES which is important for replication of PV in the central nervous system of @entity27279 tg @entity19 and in @entity1 cells of neuronal origin.

title: Mutation of a single conserved XXXX between the cloverleaf and internal ribosome entry site attenuates @entity9925 neurovirulence.

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity9925 :: ('138950', 'Species') :: ['poliovirus (PV', 'poliovirus']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: The group G streptococci are beta-haemolytic streptococci which are characterised by the presence of the Lancefield group G antigen, and have been implicated in a variety of @entity281 . Underlying @entity5 has been reported in up to 67% of @entity1 with group G @entity883 in some series. The clinical records of 11 @entity1 with positive blood cultures for group G streptococci over the period from January 1993 to December 1997 were evaluated. Group G streptococci were recovered from only 0.025% (19 out of 77,323 total cultures) of blood cultures during this period. The source of @entity582 was determined to originate from skin in seven @entity1 (64%). @entity582 in the other four @entity1 was probably due to @entity7288 , @entity5414 , @entity4034 , and a central venous catheter. All of the @entity1 had an underlying @entity102 or other predisposing factor such as a joint prosthesis or venous catheter. Only one @entity1 in this series had an underlying @entity5 , a metastatic @entity530 . One @entity1 died of @entity881 after several days in the hospital. All surviving @entity1 were successfully treated with antibiotics, typically a @entity3405 agent. This study suggests that in the community-hospital setting, @entity272 is the most common source of group G @entity883 , typically in @entity1 with underlying @entity102 ; however, @entity5 appears to be an uncommon predisposing factor.

title: Group G XXXX in a community teaching hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['streptococcal bacteraemia']

entities_list: @entity7288 :: ('MESH:D004716', 'Disease') :: ['endometritis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity5414 :: ('MESH:D001170', 'Disease') :: ['septic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin infection']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemia', 'Bacteraemia']

answer: @entity883 :: (MESH:D013290,Disease) :: ['streptococcal bacteraemia']


abstract: In the present study, we analyzed the cytokine network among @entity25229 , @entity20573 , @entity20574 , and @entity45320 ( @entity45320 ) in a @entity95 experimental model of @entity697 . The production of @entity25229 in synovial fluids reached the peak at 2 hours after the intra-articular injection of @entity414 (MSU) crystals. The production of @entity20573 and @entity20574 reached the first peak at 2 hours and the second peak at 9 and 12 hours, respectively. The production of endogenous @entity45320 reached the peak at 9 hours. The source of @entity25229 and the first phase of @entity20574 was synovial cells, whereas infiltrating leukocytes were the source of the second phase of @entity20574 and also of @entity20573 and @entity45320 . The production of @entity25229 was not altered by either anti-lL-8 IgG or @entity45320 . The first @entity20573 peak was reduced only with a combination of anti- @entity25229 mAb and anti-lL-8 IgG, whereas the second peak was significantly reduced by either inhibitor. The first @entity20574 peak was not altered with anti- @entity25229 mAb or @entity45320 , whereas the second @entity20574 peak was reduced with @entity45320 . Anti- @entity25229 mAb or anti-lL-8 IgG significantly reduced the peak level of endogenous @entity45320 . These cytokine inhibitors also attenuated the maximal leukocyte accumulation at 9 hours, but not the initial phase, which occurred within 2 hours. These results provide evidence that @entity20574 and @entity25229 were responsible for the production of @entity20573 and @entity45320 , and that @entity20573 was responsible for the second phase of @entity20573 and @entity20574 production. Our data also suggest that the initial and the maximal phases of leukocyte influx are differently regulated. Finally, the intravenous injection of @entity3812 inhibited neutrophil infiltration without affecting the production of @entity25229 or the first peak of @entity20574 , suggesting that @entity3812 inhibits MSU crystal-induced @entity625 by directly inhibiting the migration of neutrophils.

title: Analysis of the cytokine network among tumor necrosis factor alpha, @entity20573 , @entity20574 , and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in XXXX crystal-induced @entity95 @entity625 .

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute gout']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['monosodium urate']

answer: @entity414 :: (MESH:D014527,Chemical) :: ['monosodium urate']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare outcomes between laparoscopic and open surgery for @entity1 with @entity66 by using meta-analytic techniques. METHODS: Comparative studies published between 1996 and 2004 of open vs. laparoscopic surgery for @entity66 were included. The end points that were evaluated are operative and functional outcomes and adverse events. A random effects model was used during analysis of these outcomes; heterogeneity was assessed and sensitivity analysis was performed to account for bias in @entity1 selection. RESULTS: Twelve nonrandomized studies, incorporating 19,608 @entity1 , were included in the analysis. One study with 18,444 @entity1 accounted for 94.5 percent of the total sample. Laparoscopic surgery resulted in reduced infective (odds ratio, 0.61; P = 0.01), pulmonary (odds ratio, 0.4; P < 0.001), gastrointestinal tract (odds ratio, 0.75; P = 0.03), and @entity65 (odds ratio, 0.28; P = 0.0008) with no significant heterogeneity. Operative time was longer with laparoscopic surgery (weighted mean difference, 67.59; P = 0.04), and length of stay was significantly shorter (weighted mean difference, -3.81; P < 0.0001); however, these outcomes demonstrated significant heterogeneity. These results remained significant throughout all the sensitivity analyses except when evaluating high-quality studies (when the study with 18,444 @entity1 was excluded), in which only @entity190 and length of stay were significantly in favor of the laparoscopic group. CONCLUSIONS: The results for @entity1 selected for laparoscopic surgery compared with open surgery for @entity66 are equivalent with a potential reduction in complications and hospital stay. Laparoscopic surgery for @entity66 performed by appropriately experienced surgeons in the elective setting may be safe and feasible; because of the potential of significant bias arising from the included studies, a randomized, controlled trial is recommended.

title: Laparoscopic vs. open surgery for XXXX : a meta-analysis of nonrandomized studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diverticular disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['diverticular disease']


abstract: A cohort study was conducted to estimate the risk of @entity0 recurrence among @entity1 diagnosed with @entity3821 ( @entity3821 ) and to identify @entity5 or @entity1 characteristics that influence that risk. A population-based @entity5 registry was used to identify a cohort of 709 female residents of western Washington who were diagnosed with @entity3821 between January 1980 and June 1992 and were treated with breast-conserving surgery. Information about @entity0 recurrences, treatment, and several @entity1 characteristics and exposures was obtained from postal questionnaires. Recurrences were confirmed using information from the @entity5 registry or hospital pathology reports. Approximately 15% of @entity1 experienced a recurrence within the first 5 years after diagnosis [95% confidence interval (CI), 12-18%]; 31% had a recurrence within 10 years (95% CI, 24-38%). There was a suggestion that risk was slightly elevated for @entity1 with @entity5 (> or =1.5 cm) and @entity5 of comedo subtype. Relative risks (RRs) were elevated for @entity1 who were premenopausal at diagnosis of @entity3821 (RR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-5.0). @entity1 in the upper decile of body mass index were at twice the risk of a recurrence as those @entity1 in the lower four deciles (RR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.8). There was also a suggestion that @entity1 who used menopausal hormones for at least 2 years after their diagnosis of @entity3821 were at increased risk of recurrence compared to nonusers of menopausal hormones (RR = 1.8; 95% CI, 0.7-5.0). Our results suggest that the risk of recurrence may be related to some @entity5 characteristics as well as the hormonal milieu of the @entity1 at or after her diagnosis of @entity3821 . However, larger studies are needed to more clearly document predictors of disease recurrence after @entity3821 .

title: Risk of recurrence after XXXX of the breast.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ', 'DCIS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'larger tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity3821 :: (MESH:D002285,Disease) :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ']


abstract: The anti- @entity5 effect of a @entity10178 selective inhibitor or a non-specific immunostimulant (PSK) alone, as well as the anti- @entity5 effect of their combined administration were examined on a hepatic @entity3 model of @entity694 using a colon 26 cell line (CT26) and its highly metastatic variant. Anti- @entity5 effects were assessed by the number of hepatic metastases. Serum @entity1235 , @entity641 and @entity777 were also measured. In a preliminary experiment, cells (5*10(5)) of a @entity19 @entity694 26 cell line (CT26) and its highly metastatic variant were implanted below the splenic capsule in BALB/c and CDF1 @entity19 . The number of hepatic metastatic CT26 cell lesions in the CDF1 @entity19 of the non-spleen-removed group at 2 weeks was found to be optimum for the experiments. Although no significant difference was found, etodolac treatment showed the highest inhibitory effect on the number of hepatic metastases at a concentration of 30 mg/kg. In contrast, intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg PSK showed an inhibitory effect on hepatic metastases, but a significant difference was not observed. PSK (p=0.002) or the combined use of etodolac and PSK (p=0.001) exhibited a significant inhibition of the number of hepatic metastases. In addition, @entity1235 was significantly inhibited by the single use of etodolac or PSK, and was inhibited with an additive effect by the combined use of etodolac and PSK. @entity777 and @entity641 were significantly inhibited following the combined use of etodolac and PSK. In conclusion, etodolac did not exhibit any significant hepatic @entity3 inhibitory effect, whereas it significantly reduced the @entity1235 level. PSK reduced both the number of hepatic metastases and @entity1235 . Combined use of etodolac and PSK did not show any additive effect in the inhibition of the number of hepatic metastases, whereas it inhibited @entity1235 , @entity641 and @entity777 , suggesting the benefit of a combined effect.

title: A review of the anti- @entity5 effect of the combined administration of a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor and a non-specific immunostimulant protein-bound polysaccharide on an advanced XXXX model using @entity694 cell lines.

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: @entity12354 have complex life cycles that involve phases of asexual and sexual reproduction. Some genera have intermediate insect hosts, for example, Plasmodium spp. (the cause of @entity311 ), but related genera such as Eimeria spp. (causative agents of @entity7843 in poultry) have a direct life cycle occurring in only a single host. Mechanisms that regulate the life cycles of apicomplexan parasites are unknown, but the intracellular growth of avian Eimeria spp. is easily shortened by serial selection for the first parasites to complete the transition from @entity458 (to yield so-called precocious lines). To investigate the genetic basis of such an abbreviated life cycle, we have used the species @entity12917 and analyzed the inheritance of 443 polymorphic DNA markers in 22 recombinant cloned progeny derived from a cross between parents that had selectable phenotypes of precocious development or resistance to an anticoccidial drug. The markers were placed in 16 linkage groups (which defined 12 chromosomes) and a further 57 unlinked groups. Two linkage groups showed an association (P =.0105) with the traits of precocious development or drug-resistance and were mapped to chromosome 2 (ca 1.2 Mbp) and chromosome 1 (ca 1.0 Mbp), respectively. The map provides a framework for further studies on the identification of genetic loci implicated in the regulation of the life cycle of an important protozoan parasite and a representative of a major taxonomic group. [A table with the segregation data is available as an online supplement at http://www.genome.org.]

title: A genetic linkage map of the apicomplexan protozoan parasite XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7843 :: ('MESH:D003048', 'Disease') :: ['coccidiosis']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['asexual to sexual reproduction']

entities_list: @entity12354 :: ('MESH:D011528', 'Disease') :: ['Apicomplexan protozoan parasites']

answer: @entity12917 :: (5802,Species) :: ['Eimeria tenella']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine (1) the incidence of microalbuminuria in @entity1 with recent @entity385 , (2) its relationship to risk factors for @entity64 , (3) its prevalence in the major subtypes of @entity385 , and (4) its potential for identifying @entity1 at increased risk for recurrent @entity64 , @entity583 , or @entity204 . DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. SETTING: Outpatient clinics at the medical centers affiliated with the Department of Veterans Affairs and Oregon Health Sciences University in Portland, Ore. @entity1 : A total of 186 older @entity1 and @entity1 (median age, 65 years) who were enrolled in a prospective study of risk factors for recurrent @entity64 , including 97 @entity1 with recent (6-8 weeks) @entity385 , 51 with similar clinical risk factors for @entity64 , including 24 with a history of remote @entity64 or transient @entity63 attack, and 38 community-dwelling volunteers. RESULTS: Microalbuminuria was 3 times more prevalent in @entity1 with @entity64 (29%) than in those with clinical risk factors for @entity64 (10%), and was undetectable in healthy elderly controls (P<.001). The presence of microalbuminuria in @entity64 as well as in the combined recent and remote @entity64 or transient @entity63 attack group (n = 121) was predicted by @entity6 (odds ratio [OR], 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6-27.0; P<.001; serum albumin levels (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03-0.50; P<.005); age (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.2; P<.01), and @entity741 (OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.0-9.1; P<.05). Among @entity1 with @entity64 the prevalence of microalbuminuria did not differ among major @entity385 subtypes, ie, @entity11986 , 23%; cardioembolic, 30%; and lacunar, 33%. During a mean +/- SD of 1.5 +/- 0.9 years of follow-up, 20% of @entity1 with @entity64 , 14% with risk factors for @entity64 , and 0% of healthy elderly volunteers had vascular end points (P<.004), with events being as frequent in @entity1 with microalbuminuria (32%) as in @entity1 with macroalbuminuria (33%). After controlling for major clinical risk factors, microalbuminuria remained an independently significant predictor of future @entity64 in the combined @entity64 and remote @entity64 or transient @entity63 attack group (Cox proportional hazard ratio, 4.9; 95% CI, 1.4-17.6; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Microalbuminuria is a common finding in @entity1 with @entity66 and is associated with increased risk for @entity64 even after correction for the presence of confounding clinical risk factors. These data suggest that microalbuminuria merits further examination as a potentially inexpensive and easily measured marker of increased risk for @entity64 .

title: Microalbuminuria in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'recent stroke']

entities_list: @entity11986 :: ('MESH:D017700', 'Disease') :: ['atheroembolic']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['vascular death']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are no data on social acceptability of @entity1635 . Aim. To elicit evidence-based opinions on therapeutic strategies for @entity1615 in a sample of families with not affected @entity1 , so to understand the social perception of this issue. METHODS: Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Secondary schools in 4 northern Italian regions. @entity1 . Parents of @entity1 in the age group at risk of and not affected by @entity1635 (Pre-test group = 100, Study group = 3,162). Interventions. Questionnaire: five specific and evidence-based questions regarding @entity1635 treatment options and a socio-demographic section. Methodology. "Role-playing" in which it was required to normal @entity1 to answer what they would have chosen if they had been in the situation proposed. Main outcome measures. Perception of acceptability of treatments for @entity1615 in the general population (social acceptability). RESULTS: The families support the use of screening (94.8%) at school, immediate bracing (76.4%) for @entity1635 with a 60% risk of progression, but also therapeutic exercises (86.9%) in cases with a 25% risk of progression. CONCLUSION: There is a growing tendency to consider not only the efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of treatments, but also their acceptability. This @entity1 -centred aspect is especially more important in areas (like @entity1615 ) in which there is some evidence on the efficacy of treatments, but not strong and definitive (RCTs). Adolescent @entity2112 treatments should thus be carefully considered also in the light of their social acceptability.

title: Social acceptability of treatments for XXXX : a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

answer: @entity1615 :: (OMIM:181800,Disease) :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and also is an important factor affecting the outcome of transplantation. Some researches showed that either @entity2132 is often accompanied by @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) effect, and this positive effect is associated with the @entity1778 relapse and the prolongation of disease-free survival of recipients. This study was to assess the influence of @entity2132 on the outcome of allo-HSCT. METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 with @entity1583 received allo-HSCT from Mar. 1995 to Oct. 2005. The occurrence of @entity2132 , @entity1778 , and survival of recipients were analyzed retrospectively, and the correlations of @entity2132 to @entity1778 relapse and @entity1 ' survival were evaluated. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 20 months (range 2-127 months) after transplantation, 20 (76.9%) @entity1 developed @entity2132 , 1 of which had @entity5 relapsed; 3 of the 6 @entity1 without @entity2132 had @entity5 relapsed. The relapse rate was significantly lower in the recipients with @entity2132 than in the recipients without @entity2132 (P<0.05). After transplantation, 16 @entity1 survived disease-freely, and 10 died. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the 3-year disease-freely survival rate was 60%. The disease-freely survival rate was significantly higher in the recipients with @entity2132 than in the recipients without @entity2132 (15/20 vs. 1/6, log-rank=7.30, P<0.05). Cox regression models showed a significantly decreased risk of @entity204 in the recipients with @entity2132 (risk ratio=0.2, P<0.05). Of the 20 recipients with @entity2132 , 17 achieved complete response (CR), 15 of whom survived disease-freely; no survived in the 3 @entity1 who did not achieve CR. The disease-freely survival rate was significantly higher in the recipients achieved CR than in the recipients did not (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2132 is an important factor that may influence the outcome of allo-HSCT. Treatment efficacy of @entity2132 is significantly associated with the disease-free survival of recipients. Early recognition and treatment of acute @entity2132 is the key factor of successful treatment.

title: [Influence of graft-versus-host disease on long-term survival of 26 XXXX with @entity1583 after transplantation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['decrease of leukemia', 'relapse of leukemia', 'leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'acute or chronic GVHD', 'Graft-versus-host disease', 'GVL', 'graft-versus-leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity788 has a poor prognosis. The benefit of chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both as a palliative treatment of advanced or @entity66 is uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in the management of @entity788 in @entity1 with inoperable advanced disease. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), which includes the Cochrane Upper Gastrointestinal and @entity660 (UGPD) Group Trials Register (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 1); CANCERLIT (1975-2002); MEDLINE (1966 to January 2005); and EMBASE (1980 to January 2005). We handsearched reference lists from trials revealed by electronic searches to identify further relevant trials. We searched published abstracts from relevant conference proceedings. We contacted colleagues and experts in the field, and asked them to provide details of outstanding clinical trials and any relevant unpublished materials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (single- or double-blind) in @entity1 with advanced inoperable @entity788 , in which one of the intervention types (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) was contrasted with either placebo or another type of intervention. Studies comparing non-chemotherapy agents such as biological agents, hormones, immunostimulants, vaccines and cytokines were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were assessed for eligibility and quality. Data were extracted by groups of two independent reviewers, with conflicts resolved by a third reviewer. Study authors were contacted for more information. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty trials (7043 @entity1 ) were included. Chemotherapy significantly reduced the one-year mortality (odds ratio (OR) 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.57, P value < 0.00001) when compared to best supportive care. Also, chemoradiation improved one year survival (0% versus 58%, P value 0.001) when compared to best supportive care. There was no significant difference in one-year mortality for 5FU alone versus 5FU combinations (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.30); single-agent chemotherapy versus @entity136 (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.88 to 2.02, P value 0.17); or @entity136 alone versus @entity136 combinations (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.05). However, subgroup analysis showed that @entity902 - @entity136 combinations reduced six-month mortality compared to @entity136 alone (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.81, P value 0.001). A qualitative overview suggested that chemoradiation produced better survivals than either best supportive care or radiotherapy. Chemoradiation treatment was associated with more @entity137 . AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy appears to prolong survival in @entity1 with advanced @entity788 and can confer clinical benefits and improve quality of life. Combination chemotherapy did not improve overall survival compared to single-agent chemotherapy. @entity136 is an acceptable control arm for future trials investigating scheduling and combinations with novel agents. There is insufficient evidence to recommend chemoradiation in @entity1 with locally advanced inoperable @entity788 as a superior alternative to chemotherapy alone.

title: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for inoperable advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['relapsed disease']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic Diseases']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['Gemcitabine', 'gemcitabine']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that @entity842 (NO) is involved in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) and natriuresis in response to high @entity1372 intake. We investigated the role of @entity1506 (iNOS) in response to an increased salt intake. METHODS: Conscious, chronically catheterized @entity35 were exposed to a high-salt (6%) diet for 14 days while receiving vehicle or @entity5118 ([AG]; 250 mg/kg/24 h), which selectively inhibits iNOS. A group of @entity35 on normal salt intake + AG were also studied. RESULTS: @entity5118 had no impact on BP (120 +/- 2 v 116 +/- 1 mm Hg, control v day 14) or 24-h urinary @entity3542 and @entity1507 excretion (UNOxV), in @entity35 on normal salt but prevented lipopolysaccharide-induced @entity551 . High salt alone had no impact on BP (120 +/- 1 v 121 +/- 1 mm Hg), whereas UNaV (1.3 +/- 0.2 v 3.5 +/- 0.6 microeq/min, P < .001) and UNOxV increased with high salt intake. The natriuretic response persisted (1.5 +/- 0.2 v 4.3 +/- 0.8 microeq/min, P < .005), but the increase in UNOXV was prevented with chronic AG although BP fell slightly (121 +/- 1 v 115 +/- 1 mm Hg, P < .05). There was no change in plasma volume with high salt, and 24-h UNaV increased appropriately in the presence of AG. The in vitro NOS activity was not increased in kidney homogenates by high salt diet, nor was it affected by chronic AG treatment. CONCLUSION: We conclude that NO from an iNOS source is not essential for the regulation of @entity1372 excretion and BP in the presence of a high-salt diet in a normal @entity35 .

title: Inhibition of inducible XXXX synthase during high dietary salt intake.

entities_list: @entity5118 :: ('MESH:C004479', 'Chemical') :: ['Aminoguanidine', 'aminoguanidine']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish the normal reference range of fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in Kunming Chinese pregnant @entity1 in the first trimester. METHODS: The study samples comprised of 1790 Kunming pregnant @entity1 who attended antenatal visit in the first trimester in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. The general information including maternal date of birth, past pregnant history and other related conditions were recorded. The crown rump length (CRL) and NT thickness at 11 - 13(+6) gestational weeks were measured according to guidelines from @entity2241 ( @entity2241 ). RESULTS: The total 1790 of normal fetuses was recruited for final analysis. The mean and median values of CRL were (59.6    9.2) mm and 58.3 mm, respectively. The mean and median values of NT thickness were (1.7    0.5) mm and 1.7 mm, respectively. While the CRL were at between 45.0 - 54.9 mm, 55.0 - 64.9 mm, 65.0 - 74.9 mm and 75.0 - 84.0 mm, the corresponding values of NT thickness were 1.0 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.5 mm at the 5(th) percentile and 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 2.7 mm, 2.9 mm at the 95(th) percentile, respectively, and the corresponding medial values of NT thickness were 1.4 mm, 1.7 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.0 mm, respectively. The NT thickness had no relationship with maternal age (P > 0.05). The mean value of NT thickness was (1.8    1.1) mm in male fetuses. The mean value of NT thickness was (1.7    0.6) mm in female fetuses. The NT thickness in male fetuses was significantly thicker than that of females (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study established a reference range of normal fetal NT thickness corresponding with CRL in early pregnancy with reliable @entity2241 quality control.

title: [Distribution and normal reference range of fetal nuchal translucency thickness in Kunming pregnant XXXX in the first trimester].

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['FMF', 'Fetal Medicine Foundation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Relapse into problematic @entity167 drinking is a serious problem in the treatment of @entity988 . Free-choice drinking @entity2608 show relapse-like behaviour after imposed abstinence of @entity167 , by immediately reinitiating @entity1068 intake at an increased level. The relapse-like behaviour of the monkeys seems not induced by physical withdrawal, but rather argues for a resistance to extinction of @entity1068 -reinforced behaviour. It has been suggested that endogenous opioids play a role in the positive reinforcing effect of @entity1068 . In this study, the effect of the opiate antagonist @entity836 was investigated in eight adult male @entity2608 ( @entity2608 ) who had about 1 year experience with @entity167 drinking, under two conditions: 1) (expt 1) during continuous and concurrent supply of drinking water and two @entity1068 /water solutions (16% and 32% (v/v], and 2) (expt 2) after 2 days of @entity167 abstinence. In both experiments, each monkey received six doses of @entity836 (0.02, 0.06, 0.17, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg.kg-1); each dose was paired with a placebo injection (im) in a cross-over design. Consumption was measured from 16.00 hours in the afternoon (30 min after injection) to 9.00 hours the next morning. In experiment 1 @entity836 reduced total net @entity1068 intake in a graded dose-dependent manner. The effect of @entity836 was apparent shortly after injection, and lasted until the following day. Consumption of drinking water was reduced only shortly after injection. In expt 2, reduction of net @entity1068 intake was largely restricted to the first few hours of reinitiation of @entity167 drinking, i.e. the period in which the abstinence-induced increase was manifest. Consumption of drinking water was not affected by @entity836 . @entity836 hardly influenced consumption of the non-preferred @entity1068 solution of 32%. It is postulated that the opioid modulation specifically interacted with positively reinforced behaviour. In expt 2 @entity836 reduced @entity1068 intake at a lower dose (0.17 mg.kg-1) compared to expt 1 (0.50 mg.kg-1), but net @entity1068 intakes however remained higher. It might be that @entity167 abstinence resulted in altered opioid activity, leading to increased @entity1068 -seeking behaviour. The renewed presentation of @entity1068 solutions (also) might have stimulated reinitiation of @entity167 drinking, representing conditioned incentive stimuli. The reported monkey model of relapse in @entity167 drinking could be a useful tool to evaluate new hypotheses and experimental treatments with respect to @entity1 @entity988 .

title: Effect of XXXX on @entity167 consumption during chronic @entity167 drinking and after a period of imposed abstinence in free-choice drinking @entity2608 .

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['naltrexone', 'Naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys', 'Macaca mulatta']

answer: @entity836 :: (MESH:D009271,Chemical) :: ['naltrexone']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ) often have low @entity79 ( @entity79 ) for their chronological age (CA). However, pediatric cases frequently have @entity851 and delayed bone age (BA) and @entity1240 ( @entity1240 ). Do they really have the amount of @entity170 as measured by @entity79 and calculated for their CA? The aim was to compare z-scores for @entity79 in relation to CA and z-scores corrected for BA or @entity1240 in pediatric @entity1 . A group of 43 pediatric @entity1 (mean age, 12 years; 14 @entity1 , 29 @entity1 ) with @entity30 in remission, prospectively had @entity79 (measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) and BA. Abnormally low z-score for @entity79 (below 2 standard deviation [SD] for CA was found in 19 @entity1 (44%). Among these, 9 @entity1 (21% overall) had a BA of more than 2 SD lower than their CA and 12 had @entity1240 at least 2 years below CA. When the @entity79 z-score in these @entity1 was corrected for their BA and @entity1240 , 6 of 9 and 8 of 12 @entity1 had a normal @entity79 . In conclusion, when corrected for BA or CA delay, @entity79 was abnormal in 26 to 30% rather than 44% of cases. Correct assessment of @entity79 in @entity30 @entity1 with bone age delay requires interpretation in terms of BA or @entity1240 , rather than CA.

title: Interpretation of XXXX values in pediatric @entity30 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth failure']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone mineral density']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Resection of @entity320 metastatic to the liver remains controversial. We evaluated the efficacy of hepatic resection in @entity1 with metastatic ocular and @entity320 and assessed factors that could affect survival after resection. METHODS: Forty @entity1 with hepatic @entity320 underwent resection at four major hepatobiliary centers. Clinicopathologic factors were evaluated with regard to recurrence and survival by using chi(2) and log-rank tests. RESULTS: The @entity5 was ocular in 16 @entity1 and cutaneous in 24. The median disease-free interval from the time of @entity5 treatment to hepatic @entity3 was the same for both groups (ocular, 62.9 months; cutaneous, 63.1 months; P = .94). Most @entity1 underwent either an extended hepatic resection (37.5%) or hemihepatectomy (22.5%). Twenty-six @entity1 (65%) received perioperative systemic therapy. Thirty (75.0%) of 40 @entity1 developed @entity5 recurrence. The median time to recurrence after hepatic resection was 8.3 months (ocular, 8.8 months; cutaneous, 4.7 months; P = .3). @entity1 with primary @entity320 were more likely to experience recurrence within the liver (53.3% vs. 17.4%; P = .015), whereas @entity1 with a cutaneous @entity5 more often developed extrahepatic involvement. The 5-year survival rate for @entity1 with a primary @entity320 was 20.5%, whereas there were no 5-year survivors for @entity1 with @entity320 (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of recurrence and prognosis after resection of hepatic @entity320 differ depending on whether the primary @entity320 is ocular or cutaneous. Resection should be performed as part of a multidisciplinary approach, because recurrence is common.

title: Hepatic resection for metastatic XXXX : distinct patterns of recurrence and prognosis for ocular versus cutaneous disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanoma metastasis', 'cutaneous melanoma', 'ocular melanoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We reviewed the clinical and follow-up data of 89 cases with @entity1779 and summarized the disease characteristics, diagnostic strategies and treatment experience, with an expectation of establishing standard diagnosis and treatment for @entity1779 . METHODS: A total of 89 cases (age: 2-64 years) of @entity1779 admitted and treated in our hospital in the past 10 years were included in this study. The clinical symptoms were manifested by @entity10 , @entity302 , @entity912 , etc. In order to confirm the diagnosis, we performed imaging examinations (e.g., CT and MRI) and laboratory tests (ELISA and eosinophil counting). Seventy-two @entity1 received oral administration of @entity2039 only, 16 cases received surgical resection of the lesions and 33 cases received appropriate anti- @entity302 therapies. The diagnostic, treatment and follow-up data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Follow-up was performed for 73 cases for a period of 6-48 months and the original symptoms were markedly improved without recurrence. 15 @entity1 were lost to follow-up after discharge. One @entity1 died of @entity159 , high fever and @entity410 . Although 4 @entity1 still had @entity410 within 6 months of treatment, @entity410 frequency was significantly reduced. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated inflammatory changes with esoinophilic infiltration in all 16 @entity1 who underwent surgical resection. CONCLUSIONS: Young @entity1 (age: <18 years) are more likely to have @entity1779 . SWI imaging contributes to the diagnosis of @entity548 . @entity1779 can cause @entity302 , especially grand @entity410 .

title: XXXX : a retrospective analysis of 89 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'mal seizures', 'convulsions']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic lesions']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['epilepticus insult']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral paragonimiasis', 'cerebral paragonimiasis', 'cerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2039 :: ('MESH:D011223', 'Chemical') :: ['praziquantel']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['Cerebral paragonimiasis']


abstract: PURPOSE:: @entity1 -reported outcomes (PROs) have become essential clinical trial end points. However, a comprehensive, multidimensional, @entity1 -relevant, and precise @entity726 -specific PRO instrument is not available. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify content for a new, @entity726 -specific, quality-of-life (QOL) item bank. METHODS:: Content identification was undertaken in 5 phases: (1) identification of extant items in @entity726 -specific instruments and the qualitative literature; (2) focus groups and interviews with @entity726 @entity1 ; (3) item classification and selection; (4) expert review and revision of items; and (5) cognitive interviews with @entity1 . RESULTS:: A total of 737 unique items (extant items from PRO instruments, 247; qualitative articles, 14 items; focus groups and semistructured interviews, 476 items) were identified. These items were classified into 10 QOL domains. Four criteria (item redundancy, item inconsistent with domain definition, item content too narrow to have wider applicability, and item clarity) were used to remove and refine the items. After the cognitive interviews, the final minimally representative item set had a total of 342 unique items belonging to 10 domains: activity limitation (88), mobility (20), visual symptoms (19), ocular surface symptoms (22), general symptoms (15), convenience (39), health concerns (45), emotional well-being (49), social issues (23), and economic issues (22). CONCLUSIONS:: The systematic content identification process identified 10 QOL domains, which were important to @entity1 with @entity726 . The majority of the items were identified from the @entity1 -specific focus groups and semistructured interviews suggesting that the existing PRO instruments do not adequately address QOL issues relevant to individuals with @entity726 .

title: Identifying Content for the XXXX -specific Item Bank to Measure Quality-of-life Parameters.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['Glaucoma']


abstract: The prevalence of @entity1082 ) in paired cervical scrape and urine specimens from 144 @entity1 attending a clinic for genitourinary medicine was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR, using degenerate and general primer pairs localized within the L1 region. HPV typing was by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), type-specific PCR (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 33), and partial DNA sequencing of PCR products. HPV DNA was detected in 114 (84%) @entity1 . HPV DNA was detected in the specimens of 58 @entity1 after amplification with MY09/MY11 primers and in a further 54 @entity1 after nested PCR with the GP5+/GP6+ primers. A total of 106/136 (78%) of @entity1 had HPV DNA positive cervical scrapes and 89 (65%) had HPV DNA positive urine specimens. Both the urine and cervical specimens of 81 @entity1 were positive. In 25 @entity1 HPV DNA was detected in the cervical specimen only, and in 8 @entity1 HPV DNA was detected in the urine specimens only. A total of 108 specimens from 75 @entity1 were typed. For 33 @entity1 HPV typing was achieved in both the cervical and the urine specimens and 19 @entity1 had identical types in paired specimens. @entity1083 could be detected in 15 (20%) of 75 @entity1 where either the cervical and urine specimen or both of the specimens could be typed. More then one HPV type was found in 8 specimens and from multiple sites (cervix and urinary tract) in the same @entity1 on 7 occasions. The results of this study indicate that the detection of HPVs in the urogenital tract can be maximised through the testing of both cervical scrapes and urine specimens in conjunction with the use of a nested PCR to increase the sensitivity of HPV DNA detection. Also, urine cannot be a direct substitute for a cervical scrape as different HPV types are often detected in the urine compared with those detected in the cervix.

title: Detection and typing of XXXX DNA in paired urine and cervical scrapes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity1083 :: ('MESH:D030361', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple HPV infections']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: The expansion of @entity1582 cells is regulated by cytokines, among which @entity650 is a major growth factor. It has been recently suggested that serum @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ), a cytokine found in large amounts in alpha-granules of platelets, might play a role in @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ). It was the purpose of this study to determine serum @entity2533 levels in @entity1582 @entity1 and to seek a correlation with disease parameters. Measurements were done by ELISA. We studied 35 @entity1582 @entity1 (19 stage II, 16 stage III, 20 IgG, 8 IgA and 6 BJ, 1 IgD) in different phases of the disease, 27 healthy individuals and 17 @entity882 @entity1 with other @entity66 (three @entity4289 , three @entity882 , 11 @entity3039 ). Overall samples from @entity1582 @entity1 were included: 10 at diagnosis, 18 in remission and 32 in relapse. In normal controls @entity2533 serum levels ranged from 1 to 33 ng/ml (median 16.5 ng/ml). In both @entity882 controls with other diseases and @entity1582 @entity1 (seven samples), @entity2533 serum levels were very low (median 3.2 and 4.5 ng/ml respectively). In @entity1582 @entity1 with PLT > 100 x 10(9)/L (53 samples), @entity2533 serum levels were in the normal range in @entity1 without immunoparesis (1 to 27 ng/ml, median 16.6 ng/ml), whereas they were higher in @entity1 with immunoparesis (polyclonal immunoglobulins (Igs) below lower normal reference values) ranging from 10.2 to 45 ng/ml (median 26.8 ng/ml) (P < 0.01). Serum @entity2533 levels fluctuated in the same @entity1 at different times but not according to relapse or remission. Correlation was found only between serum @entity2533 levels and immunoparesis and not between serum @entity2533 levels and disease stage or Ig subtype nor with prognostic factors for @entity1582 (serum CRP, beta 2M or @entity650 ). This finding suggests that the remaining normal plasma cells are sensitive to the inhibitory action of @entity2533 on Ig production. In conclusion @entity2533 serum levels are very low in @entity882 @entity1 confirming that platelets are the major source of this cytokine. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between @entity2533 serum levels and immunoparesis in @entity1582 @entity1 .

title: Serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 is related to the degree of immunoparesis in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['haematological diseases']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenic', 'congenital thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenic MM', 'multiple myeloma', 'myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGF beta 1', 'transforming growth factor beta 1']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: 1. The basal and @entity7034 -stimulated adenylate cyclase activities of @entity20984 mantle tissue were studied at different temperatures. 2. There are no significant differences in the Km for @entity855 at 13 degrees C and 20 degrees C in both basal and @entity7034 -stimulated conditions. 3. @entity7034 increases the Vmax of the enzyme (5-fold) and decreases about 50% the Km for @entity855 at both temperatures assayed. 4. Activation energy of the enzyme reaction @entity16222 .4 kJ/mol. K in basal conditions and 29.4 kJ/mol. K when @entity7034 is present. The Q10, at saturating substrate concentrations, is approximately 1.5 and this value is constant in the temperature range studied, 10-30 degrees C. 5. The adenylate cyclase starts being inactivated from 30 degrees C. The enzyme shows greater sensitivity to denaturalization by temperature in @entity7034 -stimulated than in basal conditions.

title: Effect of temperature on the adenylate cyclase activity of XXXX mantle tissue.

entities_list: @entity20984 :: ('29158', 'Species') :: ['Mytilus galloprovincialis']

answer: @entity20984 :: (29158,Species) :: ['Mytilus galloprovincialis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: (1)To assess the diagnostic utility of quantitative cultures of non-bronchoscopic lung lavage (NBL) in @entity2489 and evaluate the role of the Bacterial Index; (2) To assess the predictive value of NBL surveillance quantitative cultures in ventilated @entity1 ; (3) To evaluate the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) system in ventilated @entity1 . DESIGN: A prospective comparison of NBL with bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage and protected specimen brush. SETTING: Three intensive care units in academic tertiary care centres. @entity1 : 145 adults ventilated for 72 h, with and without clinical signs of @entity55 . INTERVENTIONS: Sampling of lower airway secretions by NBL, bronchoalveolar lavage and protected specimen brush. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Diagnostic reliability of quantitative cultures, Bacterial Index and CPIS. RESULTS: 34 episodes of clinical @entity2489 were documented in 32 @entity1 . 9 episodes were confirmed by concordant blood/pleural culture or post-mortem lung examination. Qualitative concordance of the predominant pathogen between sequential NBL: bronchoalveolar lavage and protected specimen brush was 83 %. Sensitivity and specificity of non-directed bronchial lavage at a threshold of 10(4) CFU/ml were 68 % and 70 % respectively (p = 0. 003) and were comparable with the bronchoscopic methods. However, the low positive predictive value of NBL indicates that quantitation in the absence of clinical signs is unlikely to be useful. Bacterial Index did not improve discriminatory power of quantitation compared with bacterial load of predominant organism. Mean CPIS for confirmed @entity55 cases was 8.4 +/- 1.01, significantly higher than for non- @entity55 observations (p = < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: NBL is a simple, safe, cheap, readily-available method of diagnosing @entity2489 with comparable diagnostic accuracy to bronchoscopic techniques. Quantitation of respiratory tract cultures can exclude @entity55 in @entity1 with equivocal clinical signs. The diagnostic threshold should vary depending on the length of ventilation, likelihood of @entity55 and antibiotic administration. The Bacterial Index is a flawed mathematical device that has no contributory role in @entity55 diagnosis. The CPIS has some diagnostic role in selected cohorts of ventilated @entity1 .

title: The diagnosis of XXXX using non-bronchoscopic, non-directed lung lavages.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

answer: @entity2489 :: (MESH:D053717,Disease) :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epidural @entity1286 is accepted as an efficient means of @entity282 management. However, development of side effects such as @entity390 and @entity391 and @entity111 has been reported. This study compared the efficacy of intravenous infusions of @entity5889 or @entity1510 in the prevention of epidural @entity1286 -related side effects. METHODS: Seventy-five female @entity1 undergoing epidural anesthesia for total hysterectomy were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind study. At the end of the surgery, all @entity1 received epidural 3 mg @entity1286 (every 12 hours) for @entity282 . Meanwhile, @entity1 in group 1 received an adjuvant intravenous infusion of @entity5889 60 microg/kg/h, @entity1 in group 2 received intravenous infusion of @entity1510 2 microg/kg/h, and @entity1 in group 3 received intravenous saline infusion only. A rescue analgesic of intramuscular 50 mg @entity6882 (every 4 hours) was available for each @entity1 . @entity1 were observed for 24 hours. RESULTS: All @entity1 had adequate @entity282 relief. However, the proportion of @entity1 requiring rescue analgesia and the total consumption of rescue analgesic were higher in group 2 than in the other two groups. The incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 and @entity111 was higher in group 3 than in the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found that coadministration of either @entity5889 or @entity1510 with epidural @entity1286 reduces the incidence of @entity1286 -related side effects. However, unlike @entity1510 , @entity5889 did not attenuate the analgesic effect of epidural @entity1286 .

title: Comparison of intravenous XXXX infusion versus @entity1510 in the prevention of epidural @entity1286 -related side effects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['meperidine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity5889 :: ('MESH:D009266', 'Chemical') :: ['nalbuphine']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity5889 :: (MESH:D009266,Chemical) :: ['nalbuphine']


abstract: We have prospectively monitored 268 @entity1 by our previously described method of routine immunofluorescence of endomyocardial biopsy specimens. We have classified these @entity1 according to their rejection pattern: cellular, vascular, and mixed. The criteria for these designations have been previously described. In this study we retrospectively reviewed coronary angiograms of these @entity1 to assess the presence and time-course of developing allograft @entity453 . All available explanted hearts and postmortem hearts were also assessed by light microscopic examination for acute @entity1333 and allograft @entity453 and by immunofluorescent microscopy for vascular immune complex deposition in a manner identical to immunofluorescent microscopic examination of endomyocardial biopsy specimens. @entity1 were also monitored for sensitization to immunoprophylactically administered murine monoclonal CD3 antibody (OKT3) and those demonstrated to be sensitized were separately analyzed. Clinical features and treatment of @entity1 were retrospectively reviewed. We found that 141 @entity1 could be classified as having cellular rejection, 76 as having vascular rejection, and 52 as having a mixed rejection pattern. The allograft survival in vascular rejection @entity1 was significantly worse than in allografts of @entity1 with cellular or mixed rejection, confirming our earlier results. Most importantly, we found a significant difference in the time to the development of allograft @entity453 based on the rejection pattern. This difference existed whether or not @entity1 sensitized to OKT3 were excluded from evaluation. @entity1 with mixed rejection had an intermediate time to the development of allograft @entity453 between that of @entity1 with cellular and vascular rejection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Vascular rejection and its relationship to allograft XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['coronary vasculitis']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity1943 receptor subtype 2 (sst2A) protein expression has been demonstrated to positively correlate with @entity1943 analog treatment outcome in GH-secreting @entity652 . Recently, a new rabbit monoclonal anti-sst2A antibody (clone UMB-1) has been validated as a reliable method to selectively detect sst2A protein levels in @entity406 -fixed tissues. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to establish whether the evaluation of sst2A protein levels, assessed with a routine reproducible immunohistochemistry protocol using UMB-1 antibody, may predict the successful adjuvant therapy with @entity1943 analogs in acromegalic @entity1 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Thirty-six acromegalic @entity1 from our referral hospital were evaluated retrospectively. Sst2A expression analysis was performed by immunohistochemistry in 25 @entity1 and by quantitative RT-PCR in 26 @entity1 . Sst2A immunoreactivity was evaluated using an immunoreactivity score (IRS), which takes into account both the percentage of positive cells and staining intensity. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 with persistent disease after surgery (n = 26) were treated with @entity1943 analogs for a median duration of 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: GH and @entity442 levels were measured before and after postoperative treatment. RESULTS: Sst2A IRS showed a significant positive correlation with both GH (P = 0.039) and @entity442 (P = 0.001) suppression by octreotide. Sst2A IRS was negatively associated with @entity442 levels reached after treatment (P = 0.001), and @entity1 that achieved @entity442 normalization showed significantly higher sst2A IRS compared to the group that was not normalized (P = 0.002). A sst2A IRS of at least 5 showed a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 91% in predicting @entity442 normalization during adjuvant octreotide treatment. CONCLUSION: Sst2A IRS with the anti-sst2A antibody UMB-1 represents a valid tool in the clinical practice to identify acromegalic @entity1 likely to be responders to adjuvant therapy with the currently available @entity1943 analogs.

title: Immunoreactivity score using an anti-sst2A receptor monoclonal antibody strongly predicts the biochemical response to adjuvant treatment with XXXX analogs in acromegaly.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin', 'Somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity1943 :: (MESH:D013004,Chemical) :: ['somatostatin']


abstract: Cytokine production by T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and central nervous system (CNS) of SJL/J @entity19 during @entity10927 ( @entity10927 )-induced @entity56 ( @entity56 ) was examined. Reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) was used to measure @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ) and @entity60 ( @entity60 ) mRNA levels from perfused CNS tissue (brain and spinal cord) and from cells isolated from CSF. Animals were grouped according to @entity56 severity, ranging from asymptomatic (adjuvant only) to @entity66 ( @entity912 or severe @entity1269 ). Cytokine signals, normalized to actin, were almost undetectable in control tissues, and only slightly elevated in whole CNS tissue from animals with mild @entity56 . Both cytokine messages were strongly upregulated in CNS tissues derived from severely affected animals, consistent with previous observations correlating disease progression with infiltration by memory/effector CD4+ T cells, the major source of these cytokines. This cytokine upregulation was specific to the CNS, since other organs from the same animals did not express significant levels of @entity2047 and @entity60 . CSF was obtained from the cisterna magna of unperfused @entity19 and verified as such by absence of red blood cells (RBCs) and by immunoglobulin concentration orders of magnitude lower than in serum. Cytokine message was measured in RNA isolated from cells in CSF. Levels of @entity2047 and @entity60 mRNA in CSF cells were significantly elevated in mild @entity56 and strongly upregulated in @entity66 , correlating with those in total CNS tissue. These results confirm the CSF as representative of the immune status of the CNS and indicate a role for @entity2047 and @entity60 in inflammatory CNS disease.

title: Cytokine production by cells in cerebrospinal fluid during @entity56 in SJL/J XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['severe disease']

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['experimental allergic encephalomyelitis', 'EAE']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: AIM: To assess the efficacy and feasibility of alternating chemoradiotherapy for @entity418 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 , with previously untreated @entity418 , Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 2, age 20 to 75 years and sufficient organ function, were eligible for this study. Three cycles of systemic chemotherapy with the continuous infusion of 3500 mg/m2 of @entity1487 ( @entity1487 : days 1-5) and a 6-h infusion of @entity1814 (NDP; day 6: 120-140 mg/m2), were accompanied by thoracic irradiation of 63 Gy in 35 fractions over 7 weeks. Radiation therapy was stopped during systemic chemotherapy (alternating setting). In the phase I part, the dose of @entity1814 was increased to define dose-limiting @entity137 . For the phase II part, @entity1 with distant @entity3 were excluded. RESULTS: From 1998 through 2002, 40 @entity1 were recruited for this protocol study. The median @entity1 age was 54 years (range, 49-65 years) for the phase I and 58 years (range, 44-73 years) for the phase II trials. There were 35 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 in this study. For the phase I part (n = 15), the maximal tolerated dose of NDP was 140 mg/m2; thus, the recommended dose was 130 mg/m2. Twenty-five @entity1 were treated with the recommended doses in the phase II part of the study. Ten @entity1 had T4 disease and 14 @entity1 had stage IV disease in the phase II part of the study. The overall survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 58.9% and 45.9%, respectively. The most frequent @entity137 were @entity1431 (grade 3 or greater: 80%), followed by @entity882 (56%), @entity3028 (56%) and @entity417 (28%). @entity1208 of grade 3 or greater developed in 6 @entity1 (24%). Two @entity1 died of radiation @entity55 . The actual dose intensities of @entity5688 and @entity1487 were 68.8% and 73.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This intensive treatment for @entity418 was feasible and effective; however, moderate-to-severe @entity137 occurred. This protocol warrants further clinical evaluation in a multi-institutional prospective study.

title: Single-institute phase I/II trial of alternating chemoradiotherapy with @entity1487 and XXXX for @entity418 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity1208 :: ('MESH:D004935', 'Disease') :: ['Radiation esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1814 :: ('MESH:C053989', 'Chemical') :: ['nedaplatin']

answer: @entity1814 :: (MESH:C053989,Chemical) :: ['nedaplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe adolescents' @entity1643 , investigate its prevalence and explore its associations with backpack load, time spent carrying loads, time sitting, and time playing sports, to determine whether relationships exist among these variables. METHOD: One hundred urban middle school students in Manchester, New Hampshire completed a questionnaire (55% response rate). @entity1 were between 13-14 years old. Weights of students, loaded backpacks, backpack contents, and students' heights were measured separately. RESULTS: Eighty-nine percent of the @entity1 wore the two-straps backpack. Over eighty percent of them preferred to carry the load over two shoulders. The average load weighed 4.9 kg (approximating 9.6% of the @entity1 ' body weight). There was a significant association found between backpack carrying time and adolescent @entity1643 . CONCLUSION: Daily backpack carrying is a frequent cause of musculoskeletal discomfort for adolescents. The association between backpack carrying time and @entity1643 may provide the impetus for parents, teachers, and school administrators to decrease the prolonged carrying of backpacks. Further investigations should be conducted to evaluate the intervention effectiveness after implementation of controls.

title: Gender-age environmental associates of middle school students' XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: DNA damage response failure may influence the efficacy of DNA-damaging treatments. We determined the expression of 16 genes involved in distinct DNA damage response pathways, in association with the response to standard therapy. Twenty @entity1 with locoregionally advanced, squamous cell @entity135 were enrolled. The treatment included induction chemotherapy (iChT) with @entity1205 , @entity900 and @entity1487 followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy (ChRT) or radiotherapy (RT) alone. The volumetric metabolic therapeutic response was determined by @entity419 -PET/CT. In the @entity5 and matched normal tissues collected before treatment, the gene expressions were examined via the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The down-regulation of @entity876 was apparently associated with a poor response to iChT, its up-regulation with complete regression in 2 cases. 7 cases with down-regulated @entity43153 expression showed complete regression after ChRT/RT, while 1 case with @entity43153 overexpression was resistant to RT. The overexpression of @entity50213 was an independent predictor of @entity5 relapse. Our results suggest that an altered expression of @entity43153 predicts sensitivity to RT, while @entity50213 overexpression is an unfavorable prognostic factor.

title: The Expression of Checkpoint and DNA Repair Genes in XXXX as Possible Predictive Factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['Head and Neck Cancer']


abstract: Selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and @entity1245 are frequently used to treat maternal @entity308 during pregnancy, however the effect of increased @entity750 (5HT) and @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) agonists in the fetal @entity1 brain remains unknown. 5HT and @entity1246 are active during fetal neurologic growth and play early roles in @entity158 modulation, therefore, if prolonged prenatal exposure alters neurodevelopment this may become evident in altered @entity158 responses. To examine biologic and behavioral effects of prenatal exposure, neonatal responses to acute @entity158 ( @entity814 heel lance) in @entity1 with prolonged prenatal exposure were examined. Facial action (Neonatal Facial Coding System) and cardiac autonomic reactivity derived from the relationship between respiratory activity and short term variations of heart rate (HRV) were compared between 22 @entity1 with @entity926 ( @entity926 ) [ @entity905 (n = 7), @entity903 (n = 11), @entity3756 (n = 4)]; 16 @entity1 exposed to SSRIs and @entity2053 ( @entity926 +) [ @entity903 (n = 14), @entity905 (n = 2)]; and 23 nonexposed @entity1 during baseline, lance, and recovery periods of a heel lance. Length of maternal SSRI use did not vary significantly between exposure groups-[mean (range)] @entity926 : @entity926 + 183 (31-281):141 (54-282) d (p > 0.05). @entity1 exposed to @entity926 and @entity926 + displayed significantly less facial activity to heel lance than control @entity1 . Mean HR increased with lance, but was significantly lower in @entity926 @entity1 during recovery. Using measures of HRV and the transfer relationship between heart rate and respiration, SSRI @entity1 had a greater return of parasympathetic cardiac modulation in the recovery period, whereas a sustained sympathetic response continued in the control group. Prolonged prenatal @entity926 appears to be associated with reduced behavioral @entity158 responses and increased parasympathetic cardiac modulation in recovery following an acute neonatal noxious event. Possible 5HT-mediated @entity158 inhibition, pharmacologic factors and the developmental course remain to be studied.

title: Prolonged prenatal psychotropic medication exposure alters neonatal acute XXXX response.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-amino-butyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity814 :: ('MESH:D010661', 'Disease') :: ['phenylketonuria']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'neonatal pain']

entities_list: @entity926 :: ('MESH:C537268', 'Disease') :: ['SSRI exposure', 'SE']

entities_list: @entity2053 :: ('MESH:D002998', 'Chemical') :: ['clonazepam']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: Recent studies have shown major gene effects for @entity28 in randomly ascertained families. To investigate the @entity1423 of a specific subset of @entity28 , which is particularly prone to medical complications, families with @entity5845 were studied. This condition occurs in 1%-2% of the population and is defined as 45.5 kg (100 pounds) or more over ideal weight. First-degree relatives of 221 morbidly @entity28 probands (1560 adults) were identified, and height and weight (current and greatest) were obtained from each family member. @entity5845 occurred in the family members of the probands 8 times more often than in the general population. Of the morbidly @entity28 probands, 48% had one or more first-degree relatives who were also morbidly @entity28 compared to a 6% population estimate. By the ages of 20-24, 12% of the morbidly @entity28 probands were already 45.5 kg or more overweight, and 45% were 22.7 kg (50 pounds) or more overweight. There was little difference in the prevalence of familial @entity5845 by the gender of the probands: 47% of the male probands and 48% of the female probands had another morbidly @entity28 relative, while 67% and 53% of the early onset (before age 25) male and female probands, respectively, had one or more first-degree relatives who were also morbidly @entity28 . In addition to the extreme degree of @entity1423 , the prevalence of @entity5845 in parent-offspring sets was calculated within the morbidly @entity28 families. Morbidly @entity28 families who have one or two morbidly @entity28 parents have a 2.6 times increased risk (p<0.002) of having one or more morbidly @entity28 adult offspring, compared to families who have neither parent morbidly @entity28 . Evidence for trimodality of the body mass index distribution was found for each gender (p = 0.0006 for male relatives and p = 0.075 for female relatives). The strong @entity1423 of @entity5845 indicates the need for further understanding of the genetic determinants of this extreme clinical disorder and how environmental factors affect the genetic expression of the trait.

title: XXXX of @entity5845 .

entities_list: @entity5845 :: ('MESH:D009767', 'Disease') :: ['Morbid obesity', 'morbid obesity']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['familial aggregation']

answer: @entity1423 :: (MESH:D001791,Disease) :: ['Familial aggregation']


abstract: The risks inherent in the use of homologous blood products have increased efforts toward identifying alternatives to transfusion. We have previously shown that the administration of recombinant @entity1 @entity1307 (rhEpo) enhances the erythropoietic response to acute @entity190 . Recombinant @entity1 @entity2772 (rh-IL-3) is a hematopoietic growth factor that has been shown to act synergistically with rhEpo in accelerating erythropoiesis in vitro. The purpose of this study in a primate model was to determine if the administration of rhIL-3 in combination with rhEpo could augment the erythropoietic response to acute @entity190 more than rhEpo therapy alone. Twenty-four adult male @entity6599 were randomized into four groups. The induction of acute @entity417 to a hematocrit of 20% was accomplished via exchange-transfusion with 6% hetastarch. The groups were then treated for 7 consecutive days with the following growth factors: group I (n = 7), no growth factors; group II (n = 5), rhIL-3 alone (100 micrograms/kg/d); group III (n = 6), rhEpo alone (1000 U/kg/d); group IV (n = 6), rhEpo (1000 U/kg/d) plus rhIL-3 (100 micrograms/kg/d). All animals received @entity1501 , @entity2186 , and intravenous @entity68 -dextran immediately following the exchange-transfusion. Response to therapy was monitored for 35 days. There were no adverse reactions following growth factor administration. The analysis of erythropoietic rates between study days 1 through 11, as determined via linear regression analysis, revealed that hematocrits increased significantly faster in the groups receiving rhEpo compared to controls. The administration of rhIL-3, however, did not increase the rate of erythropoiesis when compared to controls, nor did it augment response when added to the rhEpo regimen. The results of this study demonstrate that the administration of rhIL-3 alone had no significant effect on erythropoiesis in this setting of acute @entity190 . Further, despite promising in vitro data, rhIL-3 provided no additional stimulation of erythropoiesis in animals receiving rhEpo. Nevertheless, the study confirms that the pharmacologic acceleration of erythropoiesis by rhEpo alone remains an attractive alternative to homologous transfusion.

title: Effects of recombinant @entity1 @entity1307 and XXXX on erythropoietic recovery from acute @entity417 .

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['normovolemic anemia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

answer: @entity2772 :: (3562,Gene) :: ['interleukin-3']


abstract: @entity46114 oxidase catalyzes the @entity26 -dependent aromatization of protoporphyrinogen IX to @entity13880 and is the molecular target of @entity37941 -type herbicides. Structural features of @entity375 protoporphyrinogen oxidase were assessed by circular dichroism studies on the enzyme purified from @entity526 cells engineered to overproduce the protein. Coexpression of the bacterial gene ArgU that encodes tRNAAGA,AGG and a low induction temperature for protein synthesis were critical for producing protoporphyrinogen oxidase as a native, active, membrane-bound flavoprotein. The secondary structure of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase was 40.0 +/- 1. 5% alpha helix, 23.5 +/- 2.5% beta sheet, 18.0 +/- 2.0% beta turn, and 18.5 +/- 2.5% random-coil. Purified protoporphyrinogen oxidase appeared to be a monomeric protein that was relatively heat-labile (Tm of 44 +/- 0.5 degreesC). @entity46115 , a potent inhibitor that competes with the @entity13417 substrate, and to a lower extent FAD, the cofactor of the enzyme, protected the protein from thermal denaturation, raising the Tm to 50.5 +/- 0.5 degreesC ( @entity46115 ) and 46.5 +/- 0.5 degreesC (FAD). However, @entity3056 , a slow tight-binding inhibitor that competes with @entity26 , did not protect the enzyme from heat denaturation. Acifluorfen binding to the protein increased the activation energy for the denaturation from 15 to 80 kJ. @entity46116 . The unfolding of the protein was a two-step process, with an initial fast reversible unfolding of the native protein followed by slow aggregation of the unfolded monomers. Functional analysis indicated that heat denaturation caused a loss of enzyme activity and of the specific binding of radiolabeled inhibitor. Both processes occurred in a biphasic manner, with a transition temperature of 45 degreesC.

title: Stability of recombinant XXXX protoporphyrinogen oxidase: effects of @entity37941 -type herbicides and @entity3056 .

entities_list: @entity46114 :: ('MESH:C011539', 'Chemical') :: ['Protoporphyrinogen']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'dioxygen']

entities_list: @entity37941 :: ('MESH:C031538', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenyl ether']

entities_list: @entity46115 :: ('MESH:C018425', 'Chemical') :: ['Acifluorfen', 'acifluorfen']

entities_list: @entity13880 :: ('MESH:C028025', 'Chemical') :: ['protoporphyrin IX']

entities_list: @entity3056 :: ('MESH:C007517', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenyleneiodonium']

entities_list: @entity13417 :: ('CHEBI:26932', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrapyrrole']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: In order to study @entity174 in various study populations, we earlier prepared a database of vertebral dimensions derived from spinal radiographs of 191 normal @entity1 seen regularly over 25 years. In this report we have expanded the range of measurements to include vertebral levels T3 to L5. We report means and standard deviations on anterior and posterior heights, on wedge shape and on heights relative to adjacent vertebrae. When one or both of the latter two quantities are 'far' below the mean, a vertebra is called deformed. We also describe a more flexible way of expressing damage using the number of deformed vertebrae, the @entity85 of individual vertebrae, or the total damage to the entire spine. In assessing damage we use criteria for deformity adjusted to the limits detected by an experienced diagnostician, replacing an earlier approach based on 95% probability limits of normal variation. The normal @entity1 from whom these variations are ascertained are a low-prevalence group with respect to @entity85 , with prevalence of 2.8%. When the criteria developed from these @entity1 were applied to a moderate-prevalence group (37%) the model had a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 89% and an accuracy of 92% as regards the identification of subjects with damaged vertebrae. When used epidemiologically for a moderate-prevalence group the model has a known overestimation of 15%. the model is compared with other schemes for identifying @entity85 .

title: Revisable criteria for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['degree of deformity', 'vertebral deformity', 'vertebral deformities']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fractures']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['vertebral deformity']


abstract: The aim of the study was to compare the quantitative and qualitative similarities and differences in the performance of @entity1 with @entity191 , @entity2033 and @entity76 on a number of reaction time tasks. Simple reaction time (SRT), uncued and fully cued four choice (CRT) tasks were performed by eight @entity1 with @entity191 after withdrawal of dopaminergic medication for an average of 14.4 hours; by seven @entity3257 @entity1 with @entity2033 and by eight @entity1 with @entity76 . An S1 (warning signal/precue)-S2 (imperative stimulus) paradigm was used in all tasks, with the S1-S2 interval randomly varying between 0, 200, 800, 1600 and 3200 ms across trials. The @entity1 with @entity2033 had a significantly longer SRT than those with @entity191 . None of the other group differences in uncued and unwarned SRT and CRT was significant. For the @entity1 with @entity191 and those with @entity76 , unwarned SRT was faster than uncued and unwarned CRT. For the @entity1 with @entity2033 , this CRT/SRT difference was not significant. A warning signal before the imperative stimulus resulted in a reduction of reaction time in all three groups. Advance information provided by S1 about the response that would be required by S2 was used by @entity1 in all three groups, evident from reaction times in the fully cued CRT task being faster than those in the uncued CRT condition. @entity1 with @entity76 had slower movement times in the SRT and CRT conditions compared with the @entity1 with @entity191 and @entity2033 , whose times did not differ. In one SRT condition, when the absence of a warning signal was predictable, @entity1 with @entity76 , and to a lesser extent those with @entity2033 , were able to maintain a general motor readiness before the imperative stimulus. This was not the case for the @entity1 with @entity191 who seemed more dependent on the presence of a warning signal to reduce their reaction time. With a few exceptions, the pattern of results of the three groups were qualitatively similar. It may be concluded that similar reaction time deficits are found in @entity191 , in @entity1 with other disorders of the basal ganglia ( @entity2033 ), as well as those with a disease sparing the basal ganglia ( @entity76 ). The non-specific slowness observed at the behavioural level may, however, have diverse central mechanisms.

title: A comparative study of simple and choice reaction time in @entity191 , XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Huntington's disease"]

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar disease']

entities_list: @entity3257 :: ('MESH:C580335', 'Disease') :: ['non-demented']

answer: @entity2033 :: (MESH:D006816,Disease) :: ['Huntington's and cerebellar disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Progressive deterioration in renal function occurs in 20-50% of @entity1 with @entity8 ( @entity8 ). Several treatment regimens have been used to reverse this with varying effect and @entity137 . METHODS: Thirteen @entity1 (10 males, 3 females, median age 56 years) with @entity8 and progressive @entity177 were treated with oral @entity617 20-60 mg/day and @entity500 1.3-2.7 mg/kgBW/day. All @entity1 were followed up for a minimum of 2 years with a median follow-up of 73 months (range 24-103 months). RESULTS: Ten @entity1 responded to treatment with a fall in serum @entity1011 and renal function stabilized in the remainder. Two @entity1 relapsed, one of whom responded to an increase in immunosuppression, the other is now on dialysis. @entity644 has significantly reduced in 10 @entity1 , and only four @entity1 still have @entity1985 -range @entity644 . Mean (+/- SE) peak pretreatment serum @entity1011 of 229 (+/- 161) mumol/l and urinary protein of 11.8 (+/- 1.8) g/24 have fallen to 163 (+/- 65) mumol/l and 3.25 (+/- 1.0) g/24 h after 12 months treatment (P < 0.005, Wilcoxon matched pairs test). Immunosuppressive treatment has been successfully withdrawn in four @entity1 after intervals ranging from 12 to 60 months. Adverse effects, which occurred in 10 @entity1 , have been mild and have not led to treatment withdrawal though dose reductions have been necessary in some @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Oral @entity617 and low-dose @entity500 is an effective therapy for progressing @entity177 due to @entity8 , and induces remission of @entity1985 . Side-effects are less than other immunosuppressive regimens.

title: Treatment of @entity177 in XXXX with @entity500 and @entity617 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria', 'Proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IMN', 'idiopathic membranous nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome', 'nephrotic']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['idiopathic membranous nephropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Descending @entity39 @entity1764 (DNM) is a severe @entity281 spreading from the cervical region to the mediastinal connective tissue. The mortality rate was reported as 40% until the 1980s. Since DNM is uncommon, few reports of large series of @entity1 with DNM (i.e. more than 10 cases) have been published. The present aim was to evaluate our treatment strategy for DNM by retrospective chart review. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed in 10 @entity1 with DNM between 1991 and 2003. The mean age was 53.8+/-23.3 years (median 58, range 16-82). The causes of DNM were primary peritonsillar or @entity733 in 5 @entity1 , post-extraction odontogenic @entity733 in 3, cervical @entity733 of post-tracheostomy in 1, and unknown in 1 @entity1 . In nine cases, the @entity733 extended from the cervical region to the lower mediastinum. Immediately after the diagnosis of DNM, broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered empirically, and surgical treatments consisting of cervical drainage, thoracotomy with radical surgical debridement of the mediastinum and excision of @entity39 tissue, decortication, and irrigation were performed in all cases. Post-operatively, mediastinopleural irrigation with saline was performed once or twice a day until a culture of @entity1143 became negative. RESULTS: The mean duration of chest tube retention was 26.7+/-17.0 days, and the mean hospital stay was 62.3+/-33.9 days. Five @entity1 suffered from severe complications including @entity326 , acute @entity649 , @entity5642 , and @entity298 due to duodenal perforation. The outcome was favorable in 8 @entity1 . Of those with severe complications, two @entity1 , who were older than 75 and had @entity6 , died of @entity881 due to @entity326 . Therefore, the mortality rate was 20%. CONCLUSION: Our treatment strategy for severe DNM was efficacious for early treatment and reduced the mortality rate. Early detection of DNM, and immediate thoracotomy and irrigation of the mediastinum and @entity1514 , are recommended.

title: Early open thoracotomy and mediastinopleural irrigation for severe descending XXXX @entity1764 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1764 :: ('MESH:D008480', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinitis']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic cavity']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['disseminated intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['parapharyngeal abscess', 'abscess']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['pan-peritonitis']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrotizing']