abstract: This electrophysiological study examined the effects of NSAID administration on synaptically-elicited responses of @entity35 single spinal dorsal horn neurons to natural stimulation of peripheral receptive fields. Nociceptive responses consisted of a fast initial discharge during the stimulus followed by a slowly-decaying afterdischarge. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, @entity3352 (2.0-8.0 mg/kg, i.v.), was without effect on the on-going rate of discharge but dose-dependently inhibited synaptically-elicited responses to noxious cutaneous mechanical stimulation (fast initial discharge: n = 3/3 with 2 mg/kg, 5/8 with 4 mg/kg, 5/6 with 8 mg/kg; slowly-decaying afterdischarge: n = 3/3 with 2 mg/kg, 6/8 with 4 mg/kg, 6/6 with 8 mg/kg) and thermal (fast initial discharge: n = 7/9 with 8 mg/kg; slowly-decaying afterdischarge: n = 3/4 with 4 mg/kg, n = 7/9 with 8 mg/kg). The inhibitory effect of @entity3352 started within 2-4 min and lasted up to 120 min. To eliminate any effect of @entity3352 via cutaneous sensory receptors it was tested on the responses of some neurons to high intensity electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve; @entity3352 depressed these evoked responses (fast initial discharge: n = 5/6 with 2 mg/kg, n = 7/7 with 4 mg/kg; slowly-decaying afterdischarge: n = 6/6 with 2 mg/kg, n = 7/7 with 4 mg/kg). The brief excitatory responses to innocuous pressure (fast initial discharge: n = 2/3 with 2 mg/kg, n = 6/8 with 4 mg/kg, n = 4/6 with 8 mg/kg) and hair (n = 2/7 with 2 and 4 mg/kg, respectively) stimulation in both non-nociceptive and wide dynamic range neurons were also depressed but to a lesser extent. However, the prolonged excitation of three wide dynamic range neurons to continuous hair stimulation was almost entirely inhibited by @entity3352 . Overall, inhibition of the afterdischarge and the excitatory effect of long-lasting synaptic input were greater than inhibition of the fast synaptic input-evoked initial discharge. The evidence supports the suggestion that systemically-administered @entity3352 has an effect in the spinal cord and demonstrates an action specifically in the dorsal horn. The data are interpreted to suggest that sensory inputs are more involved than input-independent excitation of dorsal horn neurons in leading to de novo synthesis of @entity1813 and that the time course of this synthesis brings the levels to a point where COX inhibition can have an observable effect during prolonged excitation. Although the data suggest that COX inhibition differentially inhibits nociceptive versus non-nociceptive mechanisms at the cellular level, irrespective of the modality of the stimulus, this is the first direct demonstration that prolonged activation of synaptic mechanisms are preferentially inhibited. According to this it would be predictable that NSAIDs would be more effective on nociceptive types of @entity158 characterized by time or prolonged inputs of primary afferents.

title: NSAID-induced cyclooxygenase inhibition differentially depresses long-lasting versus brief synaptically-elicited responses of XXXX spinal dorsal horn neurons in vivo.

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity1813 :: ('MESH:D015777', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoids']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A two-part study examined wound healing and contraction occurring after mulesing and two alternative methods of preventing breech flystrike in @entity742 . OBJECTIVE: To quantify wound healing using a scoring system and to assess the contractility of the wound bed of the breech after mulesing, @entity14942 -intradermal treatment and application of clips. METHOD: The study group of 30 mulesed, 30 @entity14942 -intradermal treated, 30 control and 10 clip-treated @entity742 were humanely killed at six time points from 3 to 47 days after each treatment. Wound healing post treatment was assessed using a scoring system, and contractility was assessed by the quantification of myofibroblast expression. Statistical analyses allowed comparisons of temporal wound healing and contraction between treatment groups. RESULTS: Mulesing wounds healed faster in the first 11 days, but by 19 days wound healing was similar between the mulesing and @entity14942 -intradermal groups. By 32 days, all three treatment groups had similar wound healing scores. There was greater myofibroblast expression in the mulesing group in the first 11 days after treatment, but by 19 days expression was similar in both the mulesing and @entity14942 -intradermal groups. The clip group had significantly less myofibroblast expression from 32 days after treatment. CONCLUSION: Wound healing is initially most rapid after mulesing, but there are similar wound healing scores in the mulesing and @entity14942 -intradermal treatment groups by 19 days. Both mulesing and the @entity14942 -intradermal treatment induce a similar amount of wound bed contraction, with less contraction observed after application of clips.

title: Wound healing after mulesing and other options for controlling breech flystrike in Merino XXXX : quantitative and semiquantitative analysis of wound healing and wound bed contraction.

entities_list: @entity14942 :: ('MESH:C004322', 'Chemical') :: ['cetrimide']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['lambs']


abstract: The effects of 5 different growth factors [ @entity4179 , PDGF(bb), @entity7790 , @entity540 and @entity1199 ] were studied on @entity5 spheroids obtained from 5 different @entity1 @entity11 cell lines (U-251MG, D-263MG, D-37MG, D-54MG, GaMG). The expression of @entity4179 and PDGF receptors as well as the endogenous production of @entity7790 and PDGF were studied by Northern blot analyses. After growth-factor-exposure, @entity5 spheroid volume growth, and directional cell migration from the spheroids were studied. In addition, @entity5 -cell invasion was studied in vitro, where foetal @entity35 -brain aggregates were used as a target for the @entity5 cells. In all the assays a common stimulator for most of the cell lines was @entity4179 . The other growth factors had a more heterogeneous stimulatory effect. Tumour-cell invasion, cell growth and cell migration are biological properties which are not necessarily related to each other. This may explain why the @entity5 often responded differently to the growth factors in the various assay systems. Two of the cell lines studied were non-invasive (U-251MG, D-263MG). It is shown that these were stimulated both in the directional migration assay and in the spheroid-volume-growth assay. However, their non-invasive behaviour was not influenced by the growth factors studied.

title: Heterogeneous response to the growth factors [ XXXX , PDGF (bb), @entity7790 , @entity540 , @entity1199 ] on @entity11 spheroid growth, migration and invasion.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

answer: @entity4179 :: (1950,Gene) :: ['EGF']


abstract: Thirty-one (2%) of 1404 consecutive @entity1 with typical @entity4254 who underwent microvascular decompression between 1972 and 1993 were found to have @entity2850 by the vertebral artery (VA) or the basilar artery (BA). Compared to the remaining 1373 @entity1 , this subgroup was older (mean age 62 vs. 55 years, p < 0.001), was predominantly male (68% vs. 39%, p < 0.002), demonstrated left-sided predominance (65% vs. 39%, p < 0.002), was more likely to be @entity101 (65% vs. 18%, p < 0.001), and was more likely to have ipsilateral hemifacial @entity2473 (16% vs. 0.6%, p < 0.001). The trigeminal nerve was compressed by the VA in 18 cases (the VA alone in three and the VA plus other vessels in 15), the BA in 12 cases (the BA alone in four and the BA plus other vessels in eight), and the vertebrobasilar junction in one case. Twenty-nine of the 31 @entity1 underwent vascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve, one had a complete trigeminal root section, and one underwent partial root section with vascular decompression of the remaining nerve. All 31 @entity1 were @entity158 -free, off medication immediately after surgery, and this @entity158 -free, medication-free status was maintained at 1 year after surgery in 96% of cases, at 3 years in 92%, and at 10 years in 86%, based on life-table analysis. Minor trigeminal @entity1183 /hypalgesia was present preoperatively in 52%. New or worsened minor @entity1183 /hypalgesia developed in 41% of @entity1 , while transient @entity892 as well as @entity393 developed in 23% and 13% in the overall series, respectively. No @entity1 developed major trigeminal sensory loss or @entity425 after vascular decompression alone. There was no operative mortality. Vascular decompression is an effective treatment for @entity1 with @entity4254 who have vertebrobasilar compression of the trigeminal nerve. @entity1 should be warned that decompression of a tortuous vertebrobasilar system carries a higher risk of mild trigeminal dysfunction, @entity892 , and @entity393 than standard microvascular decompression.

title: Microvascular decompression for XXXX caused by vertebrobasilar compression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['hypesthesia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity4254 :: ('MESH:D014277', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['masseter weakness']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['vascular compression']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity4254 :: (MESH:D014277,Disease) :: ['trigeminal neuralgia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Associations between stomach and @entity418 and exposures to dusts, metals, chemicals, and endotoxin in the workplace are not very well understood, particularly in @entity1 . METHODS: We followed 267,400 female textile workers in Shanghai, China for @entity5 incidence from 1989 to 2006. Stomach (n   =   1374) and esophageal (n   =   190) @entity5 cases were identified and a comparison subcohort (n   =   3187) was randomly selected. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used, adjusting for age and smoking. RESULTS: Increasing @entity5 risk was observed with increasing duration of synthetic fiber dust exposure (p   =   0.03), although the magnitude of effect was small (20 + years: HR   =   1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4). Trends with endotoxin exposure were modestly inversed for @entity418 and increased for @entity5 , but with little deviation from a null association. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that long durations of synthetic fiber dust exposure can increase @entity5 risk in @entity1 , but provide limited support for associations with other textile industry exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Occupational exposures and risk of stomach and XXXX : Update of a cohort of female textile workers in Shanghai, China.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'stomach cancer']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancers']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of irrigation of the anterior chamber with heparin @entity1372 on postoperative @entity32 after pediatric @entity231 surgery. SETTING: Kartal Training and Research Hospital, First Eye Clinic, Istanbul, @entity233 . DESIGN: Randomized prospective double-blind study. METHODS: Fourteen consecutive eyes from 14 @entity1 aged 8.9 +/- 5.9 years, (range 3-18 years) (group 1) and 19 eyes from 19 @entity1 aged 9.1 +/- 5.2 (range 1.5-18 years) (group 2) underwent pediatric @entity231 surgery. Five @entity1 in group 1 were between three and five years old. One @entity1 was 1.5 years old and six @entity1 in group 2 were between three and five years old. During the procedure, group 1 received anterior chamber irrigation with heparin @entity1372 (5 IU/cc) and 1 ml of @entity6950 (concentration 10 IU/ml) added to the irrigating balanced salt solution (BSS Plus; Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) while group 2 received BSS without heparin @entity1372 only. Cases aged under three years received anterior vitrectomy in addition to posterior capsulorrhexis. One eye received anterior vitrectomy in group 1 and two eyes received anterior vitrectomy in group 2. Cases with preoperative complications were not included in the study. Early and late postoperative inflammatory complications, including fibrin formation, anterior and posterior @entity5862 , cyclitic and @entity47396 formation were recorded and compared. RESULTS: Mild anterior chamber reaction was observed in three @entity1 in Group 1, while nine cases in group 2 experienced marked anterior chamber reaction. In four of nine @entity1 from group 2, anterior chamber reaction was severe and resulted in @entity47396 and @entity5862 despite treatment in the postoperative 7th day, while in all three cases in group 1, reaction disappeared by the 7th day. CONCLUSION: Anterior chamber irrigation with heparin during pediatric @entity231 surgery may minimize early inflammatory reaction and decrease the number of postoperative inflammatory related complications.

title: Effect of heparin in the intraocular irrigating solution on postoperative @entity32 in the pediatric XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity47396 :: ('MESH:C562700', 'Disease') :: ['pupillary membrane']

entities_list: @entity6950 :: ('MESH:D006493', 'Chemical') :: ['heparin sodium']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of laparoscopic versus open mesh rectopexy for @entity3577 . METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted for 34 @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic versus open mesh rectopexy for @entity3577 between January 2006 and December 2013. RESULTS: Laparoscopic rectopexy (n = 15) and open surgery (n = 19) were performed. Two groups were matched with regards to age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score. Mortality was zero in each group. There were insignificant inter-group differences in operative duration, @entity260 , rate of long-term recurrence and improvement of @entity322 and @entity1142 . Perioperative @entity190 , time to first flatus and hospital stay were significantly shorter in laparoscopic rectopexy group. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic mesh rectopexy is as safe and efficient as open rectopexy. And both are suitable for senile @entity1 . Long-term outcomes are similar for two groups, but laparoscopic group has better short-term outcome.

title: [Laparoscopic versus open mesh rectopexy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['total rectal prolapse']

answer: @entity3577 :: (MESH:D056887,Disease) :: ['total rectal prolapse']


abstract: @entity2348 is common, and outcomes are often poor. Standard therapies fail in 31% of cases, and lower extremity amputation and loss of independent functional status are common. Innovative therapies are desperately needed, particularly in @entity6 @entity1 with @entity1095 at high risk for bad outcomes. Angiogenic gene therapy is a novel, logical and promising approach in these @entity1 . Adult bone is not well vascularized. @entity32 and bacterial toxin production result in further loss of vascularity, and produce @entity39 . Dead bone acts as a foreign body, and is permissive for persistent @entity281 . Poor blood supply prevents remodeling of dead bone, delivery of antibiotics, and phagocytosis of bacteria. Therefore, angiogenic gene therapy may be a useful therapeutic agent in @entity4034 . It is reasonable to pursue studies of angiogenic agents in established animal models of @entity6275 , not only with @entity7 ( @entity7 ), but also with the powerful bone angiogenic agent, @entity7309 , as well as other agents with tissue regenerative and angiogenic potential, such as sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins, @entity1495 , @entity11152 , and perhaps pluripotent stem cells. If successful, animal studies could lead to pilot studies of one or more of these agents as adjunctive therapy, in addition to antibiotics, in @entity6 @entity1 with @entity6275 who have failed conventional treatment.

title: Angiogenic gene therapy as a potential therapeutic agent in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Host inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6275 :: ('MESH:C535456', 'Disease') :: ['chronic osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity7309 :: ('5228', 'Gene') :: ['placental growth factor']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['bone necrosis']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase-9']

answer: @entity6275 :: (MESH:C535456,Disease) :: ['chronic osteomyelitis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled crossover study was conducted in 16 @entity1 with painful @entity1897 to assess the short-term efficacy and tolerability of inhaled @entity835 . In a cross-over design, each @entity1 was exposed to a single dosing session of placebo, low (1% @entity839 , @entity839 ), medium (4% @entity839 ), or high (7% @entity839 ) doses of @entity835 . Baseline spontaneous @entity158 , evoked @entity158 and cognitive testing were performed. Subjects were then administered aerosolized @entity835 or placebo and the @entity158 intensity and subjective highness score was measured at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and then every 30 minutes for an additional 3 hours. Cognitive testing was performed at 5 and 30 minutes and then every 30 minutes for an additional 3 hours. The primary analysis compared differences in spontaneous @entity158 over time between doses using linear mixed effects models. There was a significant difference in spontaneous @entity158 scores between doses (p<0.001). Specific significant comparisons were placebo versus low, medium, high dose (p = 0.031, 0.04 and <0.001 respectively) and high versus low, medium (both p<0.001). There was a significant effect of the high dose on foam brush and von Frey evoked @entity158 (both p<0.001). There was a significant negative effect (impaired performance) of the high dose on two of the three neuropsychological tests (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, @entity2205 Making Test B. IND#: 100862 Clinicaltrial.gov ID: NCT00781001 PERSPECTIVE: This small, short-term, placebo-controlled trial of inhaled @entity835 demonstrated a dose dependent reduction in @entity1897 pain in @entity1 with treatment-refractory @entity158 . This adds preliminary evidence to support further research on the efficacy of the cannabinoids in @entity9 .

title: Efficacy of Inhaled XXXX on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity839 :: ('MESH:D013759', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrahydrocannabinol', 'THC']

entities_list: @entity835 :: ('MESH:D002189', 'Disease') :: ['cannabis']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity835 :: (MESH:D002189,Disease) :: ['Cannabis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the management of @entity250 ( @entity250 ) due to @entity6220 . METHODS: The review was done according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Studies were identified independently by two reviewers using electronic searches of MEDLINE and OVID (from January 2004 to August 2014) and hand searches of reference lists and review articles. RESULTS: In @entity1 with @entity6220 , neuro-urological assessment is recommended for both genders before starting any treatment for @entity250 . For @entity1 , blood sexual hormones evaluation is the main investigation performed prior to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) treatment, whereas there is no consensus on routine laboratory tests for @entity1 . PDE5Is are the first-line medical treatment for @entity1 , with the most robust data derived from @entity1 with spinal cord lesion assessed by validated questionnaires, mainly the International Index of Erectile Function-15. There is no effective medical treatment for @entity250 in @entity1 . Sacral neuromodulation for lower urinary tract dysfunction may improve @entity250 in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity250 is a major burden for @entity1 with @entity6220 , high-evidence level studies are rare and only available for @entity7856 Is treating @entity323 . Well-designed prospective studies are urgently needed for both genders.

title: Management of @entity250 due to XXXX : A systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system disorders']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction', 'SD']

answer: @entity6220 :: (MESH:D020279,Disease) :: ['central nervous system disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Falls in the older adults are a major public health concern. The growing population of adults 65 years or older, advances in medical care and changes in the costs of care motivated our study of the acute health care costs of fall-related @entity130 among the older adults in the United States of America. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: The Market Scan Medicare Supplemental database 1998 was used to estimate reimbursed costs for hospital, @entity341 ( @entity341 ), and outpatient clinic treatments for unintentional falls among older adults. RESULTS: A fall on the same level due to slipping, tripping, or stumbling was the most common mechanism of injury (28%). Mean hospitalisation cost was 17,483 US dollars(S.D.: 22,426 US dollars) in 2004 US dollars. Femur @entity174 was the most expensive @entity130 (18,638 US dollars, S.D.: 19,990 US dollars). The mean reimbursement cost of an @entity341 visit was 236 US dollars and 412 US dollars for an outpatient clinic visit. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of the economic and social costs of falls in older adults underscores the need for active research in the field of falls prevention.

title: The acute medical care costs of fall-related XXXX among the U.S. older adults.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'type of injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: In recent years, there has been increased interest in the development and use of quantitative structure-activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) models. For the most part, this is due to the fact that experimental data is sparse and obtaining such data is costly, while theoretical structural descriptors can be obtained quickly and inexpensively. In this study, three linear regression methods, viz. principal component regression (PCR), @entity1625 ( @entity1625 ), and ridge regression (RR), were used to develop QSPR models for the estimation of @entity1 blood:air partition coefficient (logPblood:air) for a group of 31 diverse low-molecular weight volatile chemicals from their computed molecular descriptors. In general, RR was found to be superior to PCR or @entity1625 . Comparisons were made between models developed using parameters based solely on molecular structure and linear regression (LR) models developed using experimental properties, including saline:air partition coefficient (logPsaline:air) and olive oil:air partition coefficient (logPolive oil:air), as independent variables, indicating that the structure-property correlations are comparable to the property-property correlations. The best models, however, were those that used @entity35 logPblood:air as the independent variable. @entity40765 subgroups were modeled separately for comparative purposes and, although models based on the congeneric compounds were superior, the models developed on the complete set of diverse compounds were of acceptable quality. The structural descriptors were placed into one of three classes based on level of complexity: topostructural (TS), topochemical (TC), or three-dimensional/geometrical (3D). Modeling was performed using the structural descriptor classes both in a hierarchical fashion and separately. The results indicate that highest quality structure-based models, in terms of descriptor classes, were those derived using TC descriptors.

title: Prediction of XXXX blood: air partition coefficient: a comparison of structure-based and property-based methods.

entities_list: @entity40765 :: ('CHEBI:24469', 'Chemical') :: ['Haloalkane']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['partial least squares', 'PLS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Laminoplasty has been reported to achieve good operative results for treatment of cervical stenotic @entity602 . However, long-term results and prognostic factors have not been well documented. Among @entity260 , weakness of the shoulder girdle muscles has been reported as a particular complication of laminoplasty, but the cause is still poorly understood. PURPOSE: Our aim was to clarify the short-term complications and long-term operative results after unilateral open-door laminoplasty and to identify the predictors for operative outcome. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed short-term complications and long-term operative results associated with cervical stenotic @entity602 treated by unilateral open-door laminoplasty. @entity1 SAMPLE: There were 162 @entity1 and 42 @entity1 with an average age of 57 years who were treated by unilateral open-door laminoplasty in the two institutions. Pathogenesis of @entity602 was @entity4720 in 88 @entity1 , cervical disk herniation with a narrow spinal canal in 10, and @entity3057 in 106. OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity260 and their outcomes were examined clinically in 204 @entity1 , and causes of motor paresis were sought with postoperative computed tomography after myelography. Postoperative improvement of clinical symptoms was assessed by recovery rate calculated with the scores of the Japanese Orthopaedic Scoring System in 80 @entity1 . METHODS: The occurrence rate of short-term @entity260 , causes of motor paresis, and their outcomes were reviewed in 204 @entity1 . Clinical condition was assessed with the Japanese Orthopaedic Scoring System, recovery rate was calculated with the score, and prognostic factors for outcome were studied in 80 @entity1 who were followed up for 5 years or longer (average, 8 years; range, 5-17 years). RESULTS: Occurrence rate of complications, such as @entity425 , @entity281 , closure of opened laminae, and others, was 10.8%. Muscle weakness was observed in 7.8% of the @entity1 . However, this rate decreased in recent years. The cause of motor paresis is not known with certainty, but it may be secondary to operative @entity130 , posterior shift of the spinal cord, or to displacement of the lamina in the hinge side. Recovery rate of clinical symptoms was 62.1% at the final follow-up. Rates were 63.6% for @entity4720 , 87.1% for cervical disk herniation, and 61.3% for @entity3057 . There was no significant difference between pathologies. @entity1 age younger than 60 years at the time of operation and less than 1 year's duration of symptoms before surgery were significantly associated with recovery rate of clinical symptoms. Recovery rate was not correlated with either preoperative function judged by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association score or spinal sagittal diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The main cause of postoperative motor paresis of upper extremities is thought to be operative @entity130 , resulting from such procedures as air-drill and @entity12168 . Short-term complications may decrease with the use of nontraumatic procedures. Better operative outcomes may be achieved with careful operative procedures and early operative treatment in the @entity1 with @entity602 .

title: Short-term complications and long-term results of expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical stenotic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Patient', 'PATIENT', 'men']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications', 'Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infection']

entities_list: @entity12168 :: ('MESH:C562385', 'Disease') :: ['Kerrison rongeur handling']

entities_list: @entity4720 :: ('MESH:D055009', 'Disease') :: ['cervical spondylosis']

entities_list: @entity3057 :: ('MESH:D017887', 'Disease') :: ['ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['myelopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The placement of @entity1702 ( @entity1702 ) is known to be effective palliative treatment of @entity5 . There are two types of @entity1702 --covered and uncovered--each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This study was conducted to compare between the clinical outcomes of covered and uncovered stents in @entity1 with @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: The study was conducted prospectively from January 1998 to June 2007 and 154 @entity1 were included. All had symptomatic @entity10189 and were not candidates for curative operation. Seventy @entity1 received covered @entity1702 , while the other 84 received uncovered @entity1702 . We compared technical and clinical success rates, @entity5 ingrowth rate, stent migration rate, stent patency time and @entity1 survival in both @entity1702 groups. RESULTS: The technical and clinical success rates of the covered and uncovered stent groups did not differ. Stent migration was more frequent in the covered stent group than in the uncovered group (17.1% versus 0%; p=0.0001). @entity5 ingrowth was more frequent in the uncovered stent group than in the covered group (16.6% versus 2.9%; p=0.0066). Stent re-intervention rate, stent patency time and @entity1 survival did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Covered and uncovered stent insertions are technically feasible and effective palliative treatment of @entity5 . Covered stents can reduce the risk of @entity5 ingrowth, whereas uncovered stents are effective in preventing stent migration. However, covered stents did not differ from uncovered stents in regard to other clinical outcomes.

title: Palliative treatment of XXXX with metallic stent: prospective comparison of covered and uncovered stents.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'malignant gastroduodenal obstruction', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1702 :: ('MESH:D013651', 'Disease') :: ['self-expandable metallic stents', 'SEMS']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant gastroduodenal obstruction']


abstract: @entity1 with many types of diagnosis find that hope is an important strategy in coping with their illness. One purpose of this study was to identify and explore the sources that @entity1 with @entity102 report as being supportive of their hope. Another purpose was to determine if the sources differ between @entity1 with @entity5 and @entity1 with other @entity102 . A combination of Stotland's work on hope and Lazarus and Folkman's work on coping formed the conceptual framework for this study. Ninety @entity1 , 45 with @entity5 and 45 with other @entity102 , were interviewed using an investigator-developed interview guide. Using chi-square and t-test analyses, no statistically significant differences were found between @entity1 with @entity5 and @entity1 with other @entity102 in any responses to the interview questions. The most commonly reported sources for supporting hopefulness were family, friends, and religious beliefs. @entity1 were able to identify specific ways in which these sources helped to support their hope. The majority of @entity1 reported positive attitudes about their illnesses, with transient periods of lowered hope related to illness. They also described specific cognitive or behavioral strategies used for maintaining hope. The results of this study provide additional insight into the coping strategies of adults with a @entity102 .

title: Sources of hope in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illnesses', 'chronic illness']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Perioperative mortality, although seldom mentioned and rare after upper-extremity surgery, is one of the potential complications of @entity348 . The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with perioperative mortality after elbow arthroplasty. METHODS: The records of 1117 consecutive @entity1 who had undergone 1441 total elbow arthroplasties at our institution between 1970 and 2002 were reviewed to identify @entity1 who had died within ninety days after the procedure. A detailed analysis of the medical, surgical, anesthetic, and pathologic records of these @entity1 was performed. RESULTS: The ninety-day mortality rate was 0.62% (nine of 1441 cases). Seven of the @entity1 who died were female and two were male; their mean age at the time of surgery was sixty-six years. An underlying diagnosis of @entity174 (including pathologic @entity174 ) or nonunion was associated with an increased risk of @entity204 (p<0.001). Seven @entity1 died after primary arthroplasty and two, after revision arthroplasty. The average time from surgery to @entity204 was forty-five days. The causes of @entity204 were @entity712 (three @entity1 ) and @entity583 , acute @entity299 , @entity1576 , @entity55 , @entity177 , and @entity548 secondary to @entity2275 (one @entity1 each). All @entity1 had substantial comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of perioperative mortality after @entity348 is low. Most @entity1 who die after this procedure are elderly, have substantial comorbidities, and underwent the @entity348 for the treatment of a traumatic or pathologic @entity174 or nonunion.

title: Ninety-day mortality after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['distal humeral fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['total elbow arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart embolus']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric stress ulcer']

answer: @entity348 :: (MESH:C535338,Disease) :: ['total elbow arthroplasty']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of various computed tomography (CT) findings including distribution of infiltration or fluid collection in differentiating the major etiologies of acute @entity788 . METHODS: We reviewed 75 relatively severe cases of acute @entity788 of @entity988 (n = 43) or biliary stone (n = 32) etiology having infiltration or fluid collection on CT. We compared the pancreatic size, CT grading, presence or absence of @entity5990 , and dilatation of pancreatic or bile duct. We also evaluated degree and the distribution of infiltration and fluid collection in each group. RESULTS: The sizes of pancreas were not different between @entity285 group and stone group. @entity285 group showed higher CT grading than stone group (P < 0.05). Presence of biliary stone and duct dilatation was statistically significant in differentiating etiology (P < 0.05). @entity285 group showed significantly prominent peripancreatic pathology than stone group only in left peritoneal compartment (P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: @entity8883 tends to form more prominent peripancreatic changes than @entity788 in relatively severe cases. This is evident on the anterior aspect of left abdomen. Although clinical history and some CT findings usually are a major determinant of the etiology, this pattern of peripancreatic pathology may have an ancillary role in determining the etiologies of acute @entity788 in the equivocal cases.

title: Computed tomographic differentiation between XXXX : Significance of distribution of infiltration or fluid collection.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['gallstone pancreatitis', 'pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic']

entities_list: @entity8883 :: ('MESH:D019512', 'Disease') :: ['Alcoholic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['biliary calculi']

entities_list: @entity285 :: ('D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

answer: @entity8883 :: (MESH:D019512,Disease) :: ['alcoholic and gallstone pancreatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bilateral upper thoracic sympathectomy or sympathicolysis, currently the standard treatment for @entity1119 , is regarded as a safe procedure. This study evaluates the quantitative and qualitative incidence of @entity260 resulting from bilateral thoracic sympathicolysis. METHODS: From 1996 to 2004, 458 consecutive @entity1 with primary @entity1119 underwent surgery. These @entity1 comprised 143 @entity1 (31.2%) and 315 @entity1 (68.7%) with a mean age of 26 years (range, 14-52 years). In all but seven cases, the procedure was bilaterally synchronous. RESULTS: No mortality was recorded. The anhydrosis rate was 97.4%, with a @entity3797 rate of 2.4% and a failure rate of 0.2%. The latter was resolved with reintervention. The mean hospital stay was 17 h. The rate of major perioperative complications with conversion to thoracotomy was 0.4%. The overall rate of postoperative complications was 3.6%. The complications and rates observed were as follows: pneumothorax (2.06%), @entity9285 (1.08%), @entity548 (0.2%), hemothorax (0.1%), and @entity891 (0.1%). @entity1119 was observed in 48.4% of the @entity1 , but the sensation of compensatory @entity1119 was reported in 85.6% of the cases. Excessive dryness of the hands was reported in 0.38%, @entity4820 in 0.32%, and @entity8810 in 1.1% of the cases. The overall satisfaction rate was 88.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that endoscopic bilateral thoracic sympathicolysis is an effective method for managing primary @entity1119 , especially severe palmar @entity1119 , but it is necessary to inform @entity1 fully concerning the undesirable effects.

title: Thoracic sympathicolysis for primary XXXX : a review of 918 procedures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity9285 :: ('MESH:D013352', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous emphysema']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['pleural bleeding']

entities_list: @entity8810 :: ('MESH:D013547', 'Disease') :: ['gustatory hyperhidrosis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative and postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['atelectasis']

entities_list: @entity1119 :: ('MESH:D006945', 'Disease') :: ['palmar or axillary hyperhidrosis', 'Compensatory hyperhidrosis', 'hyperhidrosis']

entities_list: @entity3797 :: ('MESH:D007007', 'Disease') :: ['hypohidrosis']

entities_list: @entity4820 :: ('MESH:D006732', 'Disease') :: ["Horner's syndrome"]

answer: @entity1119 :: (MESH:D006945,Disease) :: ['hyperhidrosis']


abstract: @entity1260 (ifo) is a commonly used drug in chemotherapy. It is metabolized to @entity8697 (acro) and @entity36373 ( @entity3386 ), which are thought to be responsible for renal side effects. We studied the effects of ifo and @entity786 (cyclo) as well as their metabolites, acro and @entity3386 , on cellular protein content, @entity39 , apoptosis and cytosolic @entity460 concentration using a @entity1 proximal tubule cell line. The protein content decreased during acro or @entity3386 administration (15 to 300 micromol/l), but not during ifo or cyclo exposure over a time period of up to 72 h. Mild apoptosis was induced only by high acro (150, 300 micromol/l) and low @entity3386 concentrations (15, 75 micromol/l) and only in a narrow time window (24 h). Necrosis was increased after exposure to acro or @entity3386 at all concentrations. @entity3386 was more potent than acro. Ifo and cyclo did not induce @entity39 or apoptosis. @entity2041 abolished @entity3386 -induced cell @entity204 . Cytosolic @entity460 concentrations increased after acro or @entity3386 administration and showed an oscillating pattern. Cytosolic @entity141 chelation did not prevent @entity39 . We conclude that neither ifo nor cyclo induce cell damage, but that their metabolites acro and @entity3386 induce cell @entity204 . This cell @entity204 occurs mainly by @entity39 and not by apoptosis.

title: @entity36373 - and XXXX -induced @entity204 of @entity1 proximal tubule cells.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity36373 :: ('MESH:C004656', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroacetaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutathione']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['Ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity8697 :: ('MESH:D000171', 'Chemical') :: ['acrolein']

answer: @entity8697 :: (MESH:D000171,Chemical) :: ['acrolein']


abstract: Some of the component moieties of high density lipoproteins (HDL) were analyzed in normal subjects and in @entity1 with @entity407 . @entity5704 were quantified by radioimmunoassay, HDL @entity165 and @entity1674 were assessed on heparin- @entity13718 supernates of fasting plasmas. We found that HDL is enriched in @entity1674 in all forms of @entity407 , while the proportion of @entity3294 is unaltered and the proportion of @entity1675 is decreased. Thus, the composition of HDL is altered in hupertirglyceridemia. The molecular associations of @entity1675 and @entity3294 in plasma were also examined by assaying the apoprotein contents of plasma fractions prepared by ultracentrifugation and by gel filtration column chromatograpy. The @entity1675 contents of d smaller than 1.063 fraction increased in @entity407 from smaller than 0.5% to approximately 2%, but the @entity1675 contents of the d greater than 1.21 fraction remained at less than 12% of total plasmas with @entity412 levels smaller than 1500 mg/dl. d greater than 1.21 @entity1675 rose to 23% in one plasma with a @entity412 level of greater than 1700 mg/dl. On column chromatography, @entity1675 eluted with the lipoproteins and also in a fraction whose molecular weight (MW) appeared to be approximately 50,000 daltons. The proportion of plasma @entity1675 which eluted in the 50,000 MW peak was positively correlated with plasma @entity412 levels, but at @entity412 levels of less than 1500 mg/dl, less than 20% of @entity1675 was in the 50,000 MW peak. Between levels of approximately 2000 and 12,000 mg/dl, the percentage "50,000 M.W. @entity1675 " was 20-25%. The @entity3294 contents of d smaller than 1.063 fractions were also increased in @entity407 , but greater than 95% of @entity3294 was found in the HDL fractions in both normal and hyperlipidemic plasma both by column chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Thus, the molecular association of @entity1675 appears to be altered in @entity407 .

title: Plasma, apolipoprotein, A-I and XXXX levels in @entity407 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity5704 :: ('114548', 'Gene') :: ['Apoproteins A-I and A-II']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity5704 :: (114548,Gene) :: ['A-II']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate @entity1 with @entity1459 ( @entity1459 ) and the predictive factors of these @entity943 and to determine whether this complication behaves as an independent variable with regard to mortality, increased length of stay in an ICU/CCU, and the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). MATERIAL/METHODS: The retrospective cohort study included all @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1459 and included in the Spanish "ARIAM" database between June 1996 and December 2005. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the factors associated with these @entity943 . 17,616 @entity1 were included. RESULTS: @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) occurred in 0.5%. The factors associated with its development were age, @entity1455 , and non-sustained @entity1165 . @entity1165 was associated with mortality (adjusted OR: 9.836, 95%CI: 1.81-53.33). @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ) occurred in 1%. In the multivariate study the variables that persistently associated independently with the development of @entity2224 were gender, Killip class, and high degree @entity713 (HDAVB). @entity2224 was associated with higher mortality (27.1% vs. 0.9%). Nevertheless, @entity2224 was not seen to be a variable independently associated with mortality in @entity1459 @entity1 . Only @entity2224 was an independent variable in length of stay (adjusted OR: 2.059, 95%CI: 1.175-3.609). Neither @entity1165 nor @entity2224 were independent variables associated with PCI. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1459 complicated by @entity1165 or @entity2224 represent a special high-risk subgroup with poor prognosis, which could lead to their being stratified towards a poor prognosis subgroup.

title: Sustained XXXX in @entity1459 @entity1 : results of the ARIAM database.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia', 'Sustained ventricular tachycardia', 'SVT']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity1459 :: ('MESH:D000789', 'Disease') :: ['UA', 'unstable angina']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['VF', 'Ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']


abstract: PURPOSE: In @entity1 with nonmetastatic muscle invasive @entity150 , radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection represent a comprehensive surgical treatment. We tested the hypothesis that radical cystectomy performed at a high caseload hospital and/or by a high caseload surgeon is more likely to include pelvic lymph node dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 12,274 @entity1 with @entity150 treated with radical cystectomy between 1998 and 2007 within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Univariable and multivariable analyses tested the relationship between hospital and surgical caseload at radical cystectomy, and the pelvic lymph node dissection rate. Generalized estimating equation models were used to adjust for clustering among hospitals and surgeons. RESULTS: Overall 70% of @entity1 received comprehensive surgical treatment defined as radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. The pelvic lymph node dissection rate was 63% vs 67% vs 80% for low vs intermediate vs high annual hospital caseload tertiles, respectively (p<0.001). The pelvic lymph node dissection rate was 64% vs 68% vs 80% for low vs intermediate vs high annual surgical caseload tertiles, respectively (p<0.001). On multivariable analyses and after adjusting for clustering, annual hospital caseload and annual surgical caseload were independent predictors of the pelvic lymph node dissection rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that a potentially comprehensive surgical treatment, defined as radical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection, is only offered to a subset of @entity1 . Annual hospital caseload and annual surgical caseload represent important determinants of potentially comprehensive @entity150 surgery. Efforts should be made to ensure that virtually all @entity1 with @entity150 receive comprehensive surgical treatment.

title: Hospital and surgical caseload are predictors of comprehensive surgical treatment for XXXX : a population based study.

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUD: @entity360 is a common medical emergency with a hospital mortality of approximately 10 percent. Higher mortality rate is associated with rebleeding. Rockall scoring system identifies @entity1 at higher risk of rebleed and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and endoscopic profile of @entity360 to know the etiology, clinical presentation, severity of @entity548 and outcome. METHOD: This is a prospective, descriptive hospital based study conducted in Gastroenterology unit of College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal from January 2012 to January 2013. It included 120 @entity1 at random presenting with manifestations of @entity360 . Their clinical and endoscopic profiles were studied. Rockall scoring system was used to assess their prognosis. RESULT: Males were predominant (75%). Age ranged from 14 to 88 years, mean being 48.76+17.19. At presentation 86 @entity1 (71.7%) had both @entity6552 and malena, 24 @entity1 (20%) had only malena and 10 @entity1 (8.3%) had only @entity6552 . Shock was detected in 21.7%, severe @entity417 and high blood @entity1133 were found in 34.2% and 38.3% respectively. Upper @entity360 endoscopy revealed esophageal varices (47.5%), @entity10189 (33.3%), @entity3137 (11.6%), Mallory Weiss tear (4.1%) and @entity5 (3.3%). Median hospital stay was 7.28+3.18 days. Comorbidities were present in 43.3%. Eighty six @entity1 (71.7%) had Rockall score < 5 and 34 (28.3%) had >6. Five @entity1 (4.2%) expired. Risk factors for death being massive rebleeeding, comorbidities and Rockall score >6. CONCLUSION: @entity360 is a medical emergency. Mortality is associated with @entity548 , comorbidities and Rockall score >6. Urgent, appropriate hospital management definitely helps to reduce morbidity and mortality.

title: A study of clinical and endoscopic profile of acute upper, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity6552 :: ('MESH:D006396', 'Disease') :: ['hematemesis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding', 'acute upper gastrointestinal bleed', 'Gastrointestinal Bleeding', 'Acute Upper Gastrointestinal bleeding', 'upper gastrointestinal bleed']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['erosive mucosal disease']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity955 ( @entity955 ) after coronary bypass graft surgery may result in @entity551 , @entity712 , @entity887 , and prolongation in length of hospital stay (LOHS). The purpose of this study was to determine whether intravenous @entity3988 is more effective than digoxin for ventricular rate control in @entity955 after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A secondary end point was to determine whether ventricular rate control with @entity3988 reduces postoperative LOHS compared with digoxin. METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity955 and ventricular rate > 100 beats/min within 7 days after coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomly assigned to receive intravenous therapy with @entity3988 (n = 20) or digoxin (n = 20). Efficacy was measured with ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter monitoring). Safety was assessed by clinical monitoring and electrocardiographic recording. LOHS was measured from the day of surgery. Data were analyzed with the intention-to-treat principle in all randomly assigned @entity1 . In addition, a separate intention-to-treat analysis was performed excluding @entity1 who spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm. In the analysis of all randomly assigned @entity1 , those who received @entity3988 achieved ventricular rate control (> or = 20% decrease in pretreatment ventricular rate) in a mean of 10 +/- 20 (median 2) minutes compared with 352 +/- 312 (median 228) minutes for @entity1 who received digoxin (p < 0.0001). At 2 hours, the proportion of @entity1 who achieved rate control was significantly higher in @entity1 treated with @entity3988 (75% vs 35%, p = 0.03). Similarly, at 6 hours, the response rate associated with @entity3988 was higher than that in the digoxin group (85% vs 45%, p = 0.02). However, response rates associated with @entity3988 and digoxin at 12 and 24 hours were not significantly different. At 24 hours, conversion to sinus rhythm had occurred in 11 of 20 (55%) @entity1 receiving @entity3988 and 13 of 20 (65%) @entity1 receiving digoxin (p = 0.75). Results of the analysis of only those @entity1 who remained in @entity955 were similar to those presented above. There was no difference between the @entity3988 -treated and digoxin-treated groups in postoperative LOHS (8.6 +/- 2.2 vs 7.7 +/- 2.0 days, respectively, p = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular rate control occurs more rapidly with intravenous @entity3988 than digoxin in @entity955 after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. However, 12- and 24-hour response rates and duration of postoperative hospital stay associated with the two drugs are similar.

title: A randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous @entity3988 and digoxin for XXXX after coronary artery bypass surgery.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure symptoms']

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolic complications']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['Atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Interindividual differences in the structure and expression of the @entity935 receptor genes affect @entity935 availability and may be the genetic basis for variation in vulnerability to @entity286 smoking. In this study, prevalences of polymorphisms in the TaqIA allele (A1 and A2) and the @entity58199 ) of the D2 @entity935 receptor gene in 157 @entity2 case @entity1 and 126 control subjects were determined to assess whether individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the less common @entity40760 alleles are more vulnerable to @entity1239 addiction. METHODS: Case and control subjects were accrued from an ongoing epidemiologic study. Blood samples were collected from them and subjected to molecular genetic analyses. Subjects were interviewed to obtain relevant information. Current and former smokers were administered a questionnaire to quantify their addiction to @entity1239 . RESULTS: The combined B1B2 genotypes appeared to be more prevalent in ever smokers than in never smokers among case @entity1 (30.3% versus 13.3%; two-sided P = .233) and among control subjects (30.9% and 0%; two-sided P = .02); statistically significant differences were not observed among those with A1 genotypes. Statistically significant correlations between the presence of the @entity40760 alleles were observed (r = .73 for case subjects and r = .76 for control subjects; two-sided P<.001). Individuals with rarer genotypes reported having been substantially younger at the time of smoking initiation (statistically significant for both @entity40760 ) and having attempted to quit smoking fewer times (statistically significant for only A1). CONCLUSION: Variant alleles of the D2 @entity935 receptor gene may play a role in determining @entity1239 addiction, although the associations between the at-risk genotypes and measures of @entity1239 addiction were not entirely consistent.

title: Case-control study of the D2 @entity935 receptor gene and smoking status in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) complain of @entity1353 and @entity1295 . We sought to estimate the prevalence of high @entity1295 in this population and to determine whether individuals with high @entity1295 had a different response to pulmonary rehabilitation. This observational study was embedded within a randomized trial. @entity1 underwent 3 months of pulmonary rehabilitation including education and exercise training. We divided 251 individuals into low and high @entity1295 groups using population normal scores of the SF-36 vitality domain. Baseline data included spirometry, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), peak exercise capacity, constant workrate cycling endurance time, and questionnaires including the St. George's and Chronic Respiratory questionnaires (SGRQ, CRQ). The response to pulmonary rehabilitation was evaluated using changes in these measures at 3 months and 1 year after entry. High @entity1295 was present in 97/251 (39%) of @entity1 . High @entity1295 @entity1 were younger, had more @entity308 , greater @entity1353 and poorer SGRQ scores (p < 0.01). They also had lower 6MWD, endurance times, and peak volume of @entity26 consumption (VO(2); p < 0.05). @entity1 in both groups improved similarly in their @entity1353 , the 6MWD and endurance time. High- @entity1295 @entity1 had greater improvements in both the CRQ @entity1295 (by 0.74 more points) and the SGRQ scores (by 6.0 points; p < 0.01), with clinically significant gains maintained at 1 year. This study suggests that high levels of @entity1295 is a common feature in @entity1 with @entity1030 . They have a lower exercise capacity and a lower health status. However, they benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation.

title: Fatigue in XXXX : prevalence and effect on outcomes in pulmonary rehabilitation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: SETTING: Ivanovo Oblast, Russian Federation, 300 km north-east of Moscow, where a pilot DOTS @entity1906 control programme was implemented in October 1995. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of @entity1906 recurrence among @entity6371 ( @entity6371 ) @entity1 who achieved treatment 'success' on standard short-course chemotherapy. METHODS: All @entity1 with @entity6371 , defined as resistance to at least @entity3109 and @entity1215 , who were declared 'cured' or 'treatment completed', were identified using the district register and traced whenever possible. Eligible @entity1 underwent medical examination and, if necessary, chest radiography, sputum smear examination, culture and susceptibility testing. If the @entity1 had died, the relatives were interviewed to try to determine the reasons for death. RESULTS: Of 18 @entity1 eligible for analysis, five (27.8%) were documented to have recurrence (two of seven @entity1 resistant to HRSE, one of five @entity1 resistant to @entity9719 and two of six @entity1 resistant to HR). @entity1 receiving the Category I regimen were more likely to relapse than those receiving the Category II regimen (40% vs. 12.5%). The median time to relapse was 8 months; 2.46 recurrences were observed in 100 @entity1 -months (3.17 in category I and 1.3 in Category II @entity1 ). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of @entity1906 recurrence among @entity6371 @entity1 declared 'cured' after short-course chemotherapy is high. Improvements in treatment success, after removal of programme-related pitfalls in the treatment delivery process, must incorporate methods for early detection of @entity6371 , along with adequate treatment regimens including second-line drugs. Culture-based bacteriological confirmation at the end of treatment is recommended.

title: Frequency of recurrence among XXXX -tB cases 'successfully' treated with standardised short-course chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity6371 :: ('MESH:D018088', 'Disease') :: ['MDR-TB', 'multidrug-resistant', 'MDR tuberculosis', 'MDR']

entities_list: @entity3109 :: ('MESH:D007538', 'Chemical') :: ['isoniazid']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

answer: @entity6371 :: (MESH:D018088,Disease) :: ['MDR']


abstract: BACKGROUND: More than 460,000 preterm babies are born annually in the United States, with rates varying depending on the mother's race/ethnicity. Preliminary evidence suggests that the general public may have a lack of knowledge and misconceptions about @entity600 . METHODS: A national telephone survey of U.S. adults, over-sampling for black and Hispanic @entity1 , was conducted in 2002 to assess @entity1 's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs related to @entity600 (N=1967). Analyses included racial/ethnic differences among @entity1 's responses and comparisons to @entity1 's responses. RESULTS: Prematurity was named by <1% of @entity1 as the most important issue facing pregnant @entity1 and @entity1 . Overall, 34% of @entity1 and 31% of @entity1 felt that @entity3465 is a common problem in the United States, and 38% of @entity1 and 25% of @entity1 believed @entity3465 to be a serious problem in the United States. More black and Hispanic @entity1 considered @entity3465 to be common and serious. A majority of @entity1 (65%) and @entity1 (59%) attributed preterm births to risky prenatal maternal behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Although nearly one in eight babies is born prematurely, most U.S. adults do not consider @entity3465 to be a serious public health problem. While the etiology can be identified in only half of spontaneous preterm births, the public largely blames the mother's prenatal behavior. Misperceptions are prevalent and may impede future research and prevention efforts if not corrected.

title: Public perceptions about XXXX : a national survey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

answer: @entity3465 :: (MESH:C536271,Disease) :: ['prematurity']


abstract: Three hemorrhagic toxins with proteolytic activity were isolated from the venom of @entity9338 (red rattlesnake). Molecular weights of HT-1, @entity101 , and HT-3 were 60,000, 25,000, and 25,500, respectively. Although HT-3 was a basic protein, HT-1 and @entity101 were slightly acidic proteins. Total @entity535 residues were 482,207, and 221 for HT-1, @entity101 , and HT-3, respectively. Protease activity of all the toxins was inhibited in the presence of @entity1098 or @entity7437 , suggesting that the toxins are metalloproteins. Analyses for various metals by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry indicated that @entity1372 , @entity972 , @entity219 , and @entity460 atoms were present in significant quantities. With all three toxins, there was roughly 1 mol of @entity219 to 1 mol of protein; the results for @entity460 were not consistent. All three hemorrhagic toxins degraded the A alpha chain of @entity2002 , while HT-1 also degraded the B beta chain. Although @entity2002 was degraded by the three toxins, no clots were observed, indicating that the proteolytic specificities of the three toxins were different from those of thrombin. The hemorrhagic toxins increased @entity908 kinase activity in mice serum, indicating @entity121 , which was substantiated by histological examination.

title: Biochemical characterization of hemorrhagic toxins with fibrinogenase activity isolated from XXXX venom.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity9338 :: ('MESH:D008010', 'Disease') :: ['Crotalus ruber ruber']

entities_list: @entity7437 :: ('MESH:C025205', 'Chemical') :: ['o-phenanthroline']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle damage']

answer: @entity9338 :: (MESH:D008010,Disease) :: ['Crotalus ruber ruber']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low flow (LF) can occur with reduced (classic) or preserved (paradoxical) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare outcomes of @entity1 with @entity258 ( @entity258 ), @entity258 ( @entity258 ), and normal flow (NF) after aortic valve replacement (AVR). METHODS: We examined 1,154 @entity1 with severe @entity472 ( @entity472 ) who underwent AVR with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. RESULTS: Among these @entity1 , 206 (18%) had @entity258 as defined by LVEF of  <50%; 319 (28%) had @entity258 as defined by LVEF of  >= 50% but @entity64 volume indexed to body surface area (SVi) of   <=35 ml     m(-2); and 629 (54%) had NF, as defined by LVEF of  >= 50% and SVi of >35 ml     m(2). Aortic valve area was lower in low flow/LVEF groups ( @entity258 : 0.71    0.20 cm(2) and @entity258 : 0.65    0.23 cm(2) vs. NF: 0.77    0.18 cm(2); p  < 0.001). The 30-day mortality was higher (p  < 0.001) in @entity258 and @entity258 groups than in the NF group (6.3% and 6.3% vs. 1.8%, respectively). SVi and @entity258 group were independent predictors of operative mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 1.18, p < 0.05; and OR: 2.97, p = 0.004; respectively). At 5 years after AVR, overall survival was 72    4% in @entity258 group, 81    2% in @entity258 group, and 85    2% in NF group (p  < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity258 or @entity258 @entity472 have a higher operative risk, but pre-operative risk score accounted only for @entity258 and lower LVEF. @entity1 with @entity258 had the worst survival outcome, whereas @entity1 with @entity258 and normal flow had similar survival rates after AVR. As a major predictor of perioperative mortality, SVi should be integrated in @entity472 @entity1 ' pre-operative evaluation.

title: Impact of Classic and Paradoxical Low Flow on Survival After Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['AS', 'aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['PLF', 'low ejection fraction', 'paradoxical low flow', 'LEF']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['Aortic Stenosis']


abstract: @entity9463 iguanae proposed species nova was isolated from vertebral abscesses of two feral iguanas ( @entity10190 ) from Florida. Three strains were evaluated for sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for M. iguanae, assessed by broth dilution methods, of @entity3402 , @entity3403 , @entity14116 , @entity5385 , and @entity8588 (all <1 microg/ml) were lower than those of @entity2755 (32 micro/ml) and @entity2929 (64 microg/ml). The profile was identical to that of @entity9463 , previously isolated from @entity20085 ( @entity20085 ). M. iguanae strain 2327T was subcultured without antibiotics to assess mycoplasmacidal activity. @entity3402 , @entity3403 , @entity5385 , and @entity8588 were bacteriostatic from 0.1 to 0.5 microg/ml, whereas @entity14116 was bactericidal at 20 ng/ml. An @entity14116 dosage of 5-10 mg/kg achieves peak plasma concentrations >1 microg/ml, with an elimination half-life of 6-20 hr, in alligators. Although concentrations achieved in the vertebrae by i.m. or i.v. injection are probably lower than those in plasma, these data suggest that @entity14116 may be useful to treat M. iguanae mycoplasmosis in iguanas.

title: In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of XXXX iguanae proposed sp. nov. isolated from vertebral lesions of green iguanas ( @entity10190 ).

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['Mycoplasma alligatoris', 'Mycoplasma']

entities_list: @entity14116 :: ('MESH:C052904', 'Chemical') :: ['enrofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity10190 :: ('8517', 'Species') :: ['Iguana iguana']

entities_list: @entity20085 :: ('8496', 'Species') :: ['Alligator mississippiensis', 'American alligators']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity5385 :: ('MESH:D010118', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytetracycline']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin', 'Clindamycin']

answer: @entity9463 :: (MESH:D009175,Disease) :: ['Mycoplasma']


abstract: The @entity8639 -Munc18 (SM) proteins are required for cellular exocytosis, but their mechanistic function remains poorly understood. We examined SM-syntaxin complexes in @entity1 platelets, which are terminally differentiated, anuclear cells that secrete the contents of their intracellular granules through @entity23345 - and @entity62676 -dependent mechanisms. Munc18a, Munc18b, and @entity62677 were detected in @entity1 platelets by immunoblotting and/or PCR. The SM proteins and @entity23345 were found in the membrane and cytosolic fractions of cells, whereas @entity62676 was detected only in the membrane. Platelet membranes contain @entity62677 - @entity62676 complexes, but minimal if any @entity62677 - @entity23345 complexes were found. No significant amounts of Munc18a or Munc18b complexes were seen with either syntaxin. @entity62677 - @entity62676 complexes were dissociated when cells were activated to secrete. Two potential inhibitors of @entity62677 - @entity62676 complexes were generated to examine whether complex dissociation may lead to exocytosis. Peptides that mimic the projected intermolecular contact sites of @entity62677 with syntaxin enhanced @entity141 -triggered dense granule exocytosis in permeabilized cells. Similarly, an anti- @entity62677 monoclonal antibody that inhibited the @entity62677 -syntaxin complex potently amplified @entity141 -induced platelet granule secretion. In summary, Munc18 proteins bind to specific syntaxin isoforms in platelets despite the presence of other potential binding partners. Acute inhibition of the SM-syntaxin complex promotes @entity141 -induced exocytosis, suggesting that complex formation per se has a regulatory effect on triggered secretion.

title: Munc18-syntaxin complexes and exocytosis in XXXX platelets.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity6865 can be elicited by various factors (e. g. @entity130 , herpes zoster, @entity583 ). Independent of kind and site of a lesion, symptoms occur most often in the whole distal part of the affected extremity. There in most cases, a triad of autonomic, motor and @entity132 can be found clinically. For early diagnosis--beside clinical investigation--a comparative measurement of skin temperatures on both sides of finger or toe tips, respectively, is recommended. Hereby the clinical finding of a warmer or colder extremity can be proved, which supplies evidence of a disturbed skin blood flow. In case, the above mentioned triad and a disturbance of skin circulation is found, diagnosis of sympathetic @entity6865 can be made with great certainty. With regard to the underlying pathophysiology, symptoms can be explained at this time satisfactory only by the assumption of a vicious circle. Starting from a painful event (e.g. @entity130 , mark in a plaster cast, @entity66 or @entity583 ) a functional disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system is initiated. This results in a disturbance of the circulation in all of the affected tissues (skin, muscle, bone and joint), which finally gives rise to an abnormal excitation of afferent receptors, particularly of nociceptors. This excitation maintains the disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system at central nervous level (vicious circle). The most relevant pathomechanism in this process seems to be the occurrence of an imbalance between the activity of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons supplying arteries and those, supplying veins. A sympatholytic therapy, if applied in time, is able to cut off the vicious circle, which may lead to a restitutio ad integrum. Further investigations will show to what extent psychological factors are involved in developing the central nervous disturbance of the sympathetic nervous system and may also show if in addition the motor system is affected.

title: [New viewpoints on the clinical picture, diagnosis and pathophysiology of XXXX (Sudeck's disease)].

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbances']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nerve lesion']

entities_list: @entity6865 :: ('MESH:D012019', 'Disease') :: ['reflex dystrophy', 'Reflex sympathetic dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity6865 :: (MESH:D012019,Disease) :: ['reflex sympathetic dystrophy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the costs and health effects of a range of interventions for preventing the spread of @entity645 and for treating @entity1 with @entity645 / @entity791 in the context of the millennium development goal for combating @entity645 / @entity791 . DESIGN: Cost effectiveness analysis based on an epidemiological model. SETTING: Analyses undertaken for two regions classified using the WHO epidemiological grouping-Afr-E, countries in sub-Saharan Africa with very high adult and high @entity1 mortality, and Sear-D, countries in South East Asia with high adult and high @entity1 mortality. DATA SOURCES: Biological and behavioural parameters from clinical and observational studies and population based surveys. Intervention effects and resource inputs based on published reports, expert opinion, and the WHO-CHOICE database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted in 2000 international dollars (Int dollars). RESULTS: In both regions interventions focused on mass media, education and treatment of @entity2953 for female sex workers, and treatment of @entity2953 in the general population cost < Int150 dollars per DALY averted. Voluntary counselling and testing costs < Int350 dollars per DALY averted in both regions, while prevention of mother to @entity1 transmission costs < Int50 dollars per DALY averted in Afr-E but around Int850 dollars per DALY in Sear-D. School based education strategies and various antiretroviral treatment strategies cost between Int500 dollars and Int5000 dollars per DALY averted. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing @entity645 transmission could be done most efficiently through mass media campaigns, interventions for sex workers and treatment of @entity2953 where resources are most scarce. However, prevention of mother to @entity1 transmission, @entity2798 and testing, and school based education would yield further health gains at higher budget levels and would be regarded as cost effective or highly cost effective based on standard international benchmarks. Antiretroviral therapy is at least as cost effective in improving population health as some of these interventions.

title: Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies to combat @entity645 / XXXX in developing countries.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted infections']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary counselling']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: BACKGROUND: No established therapy is available for @entity1 with @entity2119 ( @entity2119 ) and @entity63 . Since @entity1200 appear to be involved in the pathogenesis, we investigated in this pilot study the efficiency of Ig immunoadsorption (IA) therapy. METHODS: Ten @entity1 with advanced @entity2119 underwent a single IA course over five consecutive days. Before IA angiography was performed. In addition, the following were conducted prior to IA, directly after, as well as 1, 3, and 6 months after IA: clinical examination, @entity158 scale (0-10), treadmill test for evaluation of maximum walking distances, and several angiological methods for evaluation of disease extent: photoplethysmography, ultrasound Doppler, and transcutaneous assessment of partial @entity544 (tcPCO(2)) and @entity26 (tcPCO(2)) pressure. RESULTS: Immunoadsorption treatment was tolerated without side effects. @entity158 intensity decreased rapidly from 7.7    0.8 (mean    SEM) before treatment to 2.0    1.2 at the second day of IA. One month after IA, all @entity1 were without @entity158 . This functional amelioration persisted over the follow-up period of 6 months. Correspondingly, maximum walking distances significantly increased from 301.7    191.4 to 727.0    192.7 m immediately after IA, and further continuously up to 1,811.0    223.7 at 6 months after IA. Healing of ischemic ulcerations was observed in all @entity1 during follow-up. (tcPCO(2)) and (tcPCO(2)) values as well as photopletysmographic data that were severely compromised before IA reflecting reduced tissue oxygenation and perfusion showed rapid amelioration reaching normal values at 1 month. CONCLUSION: Anti-Ig IA appears to be an effective therapeutic option for @entity1 with advanced @entity2119 .

title: Successful treatment of XXXX ( @entity2119 ) with immunoadsorption: results of a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['critical limb ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of the immune system']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity2119 :: ('MESH:D013919', 'Disease') :: ['thromboangiitis obliterans', 'TAO']

answer: @entity2119 :: (MESH:D013919,Disease) :: ['thromboangiitis obliterans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of symptomatic @entity179 of the lumbar spine in elderly @entity1 by standard surgical methods is often limited due to severe comorbidities (e.g., @entity66 , @entity4372 , @entity6 ). Minimally invasive procedures are more acceptable in this population, since they reduce surgical morbidity and the risk of complications. The @entity27760 ( @entity27760 ) technique was introduced by the authors to treat dynamic (and angular) instability of the symptomatic lumbar segment by injecting bone cement (polymethylmethacrylate, @entity4625 ) into the disc spaces showing vacuum phenomena via a posterolaterally positioned Jamshidi needle. The aim of this article is to describe the indication, method, and clinical results of @entity27760 . METHOD: A total of 81 @entity1 were treated with @entity27760 in a tertiary care referral center over a 6-year period. The current study includes the first group of 47 consecutive @entity1 to complete a pre- and postoperative questionnaire booklet regarding leg and back @entity158 using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the @entity717 index (ODI) questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 130 discs in these 47 @entity1 were treated with @entity27760 . The majority of @entity1 reported a @entity615 (69% and 66%, respectively; p   <   0.02) postoperatively. At 6-month follow-up, 61% of @entity1 had a minimum 10-point reduction in their ODI scores (p   <   0.01). CONCLUSION: Elderly @entity1 with symptomatic @entity850 and vacuum phenomenon in the intervertebral disc are suitable candidates for @entity27760 , particularly if they represent high-risk @entity1 for open surgery.

title: Experiences with XXXX cement as a stand-alone intervertebral spacer: Percutaneous cement discoplasty in the case of vacuum phenomenon within lumbar intervertebral discs.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity27760 :: ('MESH:C563017', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'percutaneous cement discoplasty']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in their lower back and leg pain']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disc disease']

entities_list: @entity4372 :: ('MESH:D009122', 'Disease') :: ['hypertonia']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry disability']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['dynamic foraminal stenosis']

answer: @entity4625 :: (MESH:D019904,Chemical) :: ['PMMA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In Europe, @entity1307 subsequent entry biologics (SEBs) have been in use since 2007. Canadian patents of erythropoietin stimulating agents are expiring in 2014, therefore it is predicted that @entity1307 SEBs will penetrate the Canadian market in the near future. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the economic impact and costs offsets associated with the uptake and use of one or more @entity1307 SEBs in Canada for the treatment of @entity417 in @entity740 . DESIGN: A Canada-wide epidemiological-based budget impact analysis was conducted to estimate cost outcomes under two scenarios: with and without the availability of @entity1307 SEB. SETTING: The analysis was conducted from the perspective of the Canadian healthcare payer, over a 5-year time horizon from 2015 to 2019. @entity1 : @entity1 included in the model were those with @entity740 stages 3 to 5, who have @entity8 and require treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents. METHODS: Only direct medical costs pertaining to drug acquisition of currently available erythropoietin stimulating agents in Canada were incorporated in the model. Cost of @entity1307 SEBs, market shares, uptake rates, and other model inputs were estimated from published sources or databases. No discounting of future costs was applied. RESULTS: Based on our analysis, under market phenomena similar to those seen in the Europe and without considering potential switching from originator @entity1307 to @entity1307 SEB, we could expect that Canadian adoption of @entity1307 SEBs could result in  35 million (2013 CAD, year 1) to  50 million (year 5) cost savings annually, with cumulative savings of  221 million after 5 years. In one-way sensitivity analyses, model variables with substantial impact on cost savings were the prevalence of @entity740 and @entity1307 SEB uptake rates. LIMITATIONS: We did not take into account costs associated with overhead, administration, or adverse events. CONCLUSION: The advent of SEBs represents an opportunity to relieve financial pressure in our healthcare system. Under the assumption that the efficacy and safety of @entity1307 SEBs are non-inferior to originator products, we have shown that the adoption of @entity1307 SEBs can lead to cost savings for the Canadian payer.

title: A budget impact analysis of the introduction of erythropoiesis stimulating agent subsequent entry biologics for the treatment of XXXX in Canada.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal anemia']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['anemia of chronic kidney disease']


abstract: The virulence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) variants of @entity6368 Gc40 was studied in vivo using the @entity840 subcutaneous chamber model. Survival of variants D1, D2, D4 and D5 was assessed by viable counts made on chamber fluid at various times after inoculation. Chemotactic effect was measured by counts of white cells in the chambers. Differential cell counts and assessments of the location of the gonococci were made on Giemsa-stained smears of chamber fluid. Sensitivity of the variants to normal guinea-pig serum was determined by in vitro bactericidal assays. D1 and D5 had relatively high Mr LPS which was shed in the medium, were serum resistant, produced intense @entity281 and were mainly extracellular. Large number of damaged white cells were present. D2 and D4, had low Mr LPS which was poorly shed in the medium, were serum sensitive and produced low grade @entity281 . D2 was the least infective and was seen mainly inside neutrophils. Collectively the data indicates that the type of LPS on the gonococcal surface and possibly the amount of shed LPS strongly influence the fate of gonococci in vivo, in an environment in which antibodies, complement and phagocytic cells are freely available. This may be decisive at some stages of the @entity1 @entity281 .

title: Alterations of the LPS determine virulence of @entity6368 in XXXX subcutaneous chambers.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: @entity2085 ( @entity2085 ) cells provide a potentially useful in vitro model for the study of in vivo tissue differentiation. We used @entity19 and @entity1 @entity2085 cells to investigate whether the lens regulatory genes @entity6484 and @entity25685 could induce lens cell fate in vitro. To help assess the onset of lens differentiation, we derived a new mES cell line ( @entity6484 -GFP mES) that expresses a GFP reporter under the control of the @entity6484 P0 promoter and lens ectoderm enhancer. @entity6484 or @entity25685 expression vectors were introduced into mES or hES cells by transfection or lentiviral infection and the differentiating @entity2085 cells analyzed for lens marker expression. Transfection of mES cells with @entity6484 or @entity25685 but not with other genes induced the expression of lens cell markers and up-regulated GFP reporter expression in @entity6484 -GFP mES cells by 3 days post-transfection. By 7 days post-transfection, mES cell cultures exhibited a>10-fold increase over controls in the number of colonies expressing yA-crystallin, a lens fiber cell differentiation marker. RT-PCR and immunostaining revealed induction of additional lens epithelial or fiber cell differentiation markers including @entity58036 , @entity18262 , a- and b-crystallins, and @entity58037 . Moreover, yA-crystallin- or @entity18262 -expressing lentoid bodies formed by 30 days in culture. In hES cells, @entity6484 or @entity25685 lentiviral vectors also induced lens marker expression. mES cells that express lens markers reside close to but are distinct from the @entity6484 or @entity25685 transduced cells, suggesting that the latter induce nearby undifferentiated @entity2085 cells to adopt a lens fate by non-cell autonomous mechanisms. In sum, we describe a novel mES cell GFP reporter line that is useful for monitoring induction of lens fate, and demonstrate that @entity6484 or @entity25685 is sufficient to induce @entity2085 cells to adopt a lens fate, potentially via non-cell autonomous mechanisms. These findings should facilitate investigations of lens development.

title: Pax6- and Six3-Mediated Induction of Lens Cell Fate in XXXX and @entity1 @entity2085 Cells.

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['ES', 'Embryonic stem']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of T1aN0M0 @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) with regular follow-up. METHODS: All @entity1 underwent surgery from March 2006 to March 2009. Eight cases were solitary kidney. Twenty-two cases of left @entity1358 and 18 cases of right @entity1358 were diagnozed by ultrasonography and CT scanning.All of the cases were T1aN0M0 stage. No @entity3 was found by iconography test. By ultrasound positioning, laparoscopic radiofrequency were performed on the @entity703 . All @entity1 were followed up with @entity470 and enhanced-CT. RESULTS: All @entity1 underwent laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation surgery successfully. The mean operation time was (101    19) minutes and the mean @entity190 was (90    14) ml (no blood transfusion pre- and post-operation). During postoperative follow-up, enhanced CT revealed complete ablation in 39 cases (the success rate was 97.5%), and 1 residue @entity5 was confirmed by enhanced CT 7 days post operation. This @entity1 was under close surveillance because of solitary kidney. No progression of the residue @entity5 was found during the follow-up. One case of recurrence was confirmed by enhanced CT in 6 month after operation. The 3-year recurrence rate was 2.5%. No further intervation was performed on this @entity1 and no change was found in the recurrence area during the follow-up. Both 3-year total survival rate and 3-year cancer specific survival rate were 100%. The mean @entity470 was (72    9) ml/(min  1.73 m(2)) in 3 years after surgery. There was no significant difference between pre-and post-operation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Mid-term follow-up results show the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation in the treatment for T1aN0M0 @entity1358 and have no negative influence on the renal function.

title: [Mid-term follow-up results of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation for XXXX of T1aN0M0 stage].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumor']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: Sixty @entity1 with primary @entity2 and under 40 years of age were operated from Jan. 1960 to June 1983. It comprised 3.7% of 1,635 @entity2 in all during the same period. The average age was 34.4 (17-39) years old. 35 were male and 25 female with a sex ratio of 1.4:1 which was lower than that reported for all @entity2 . Of the 60 @entity1 , 31 (51.7%) presented with cough, 27 (45%) with bloody sputum, 23 (43.3%) @entity662 and 13 (21.7%) feverishness. The average delay before the first medical examination was 6.4 months. It was over 1 year in 8 @entity1 . The misdiagnosis rate was 76.7%. According to the @entity2802 classification, the lesions were: stage I in 16.7%, stage II in 23.3% and stage III in 60%. By pathology, 45% were @entity420 , 25% @entity957 , 23.3% undifferentiated @entity189 and 6.7% squamous- @entity420 . The resection rate was 83.3% (50 @entity1 ). The 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 year survival rates were 83.3%, 42.5%, 32.3%, 18.5% and 21.1% which show that the survival rate of @entity2 in the young adults was similar to that of all ages. Most of the @entity1 treated only by exploration died within 1.5 years. The authors believe that early diagnosis, early resection supplemented by radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy might improve the survival rate of @entity2 in the young adults.

title: [ XXXX in the young adult and results of surgical treatment].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancers', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In evaluating small bowel @entity30 ( @entity30 ), @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) is emerging as an alternative to MR enterography (MRE). This retrospective study compared the diagnostic accuracy of @entity1944 and MRE with surgical findings, and their level of agreement. METHODS: We identified a cohort of @entity30 @entity1 investigated by either @entity1944 and/or MRE that subsequently required resective bowel surgery within 6 months. The accuracy and agreement of @entity1944 and MRE to detect small bowel complications were compared with intraoperative findings using kappa coefficient (k). Agreement between @entity1944 and MRE in those undergoing both modalities was also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 67 @entity1 were evaluated; 25 underwent @entity1944 and 17 MRE prior to surgery. Another 25 @entity1 underwent both and @entity1944 and MRE. When compared to intra-operative findings, the sensitivity of @entity1944 and MRE was 87.5% and 100% respectively, in detecting strictures, 87.7% and 66.7% for fistulae, 100% for both in identifying abscesses, 100% and 66.7% for bowel dilatation, and 94.7% and 81.8% in defining bowel wall thickening. When correlating @entity1944 and MRE with surgery, there was a high level of agreement in localising strictures (k=0.75, 0.88 respectively), fistulae (k=0.82, 0.79) and abscesses (k=0.87, 0.77). Concordance between @entity1944 and MRE was substantial or almost complete in identifying stricturing disease (k=0.84), their number and location (k=0.85), fistulae (k=0.65) and mucosal thickening (k=0.61). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1944 accurately identified small bowel complications and correlated well with MRE and intra-operative findings. @entity1944 offers an alternative in the pre-operative assessment of @entity30 .

title: Small intestinal contrast ultrasonography for the detection of small bowel complications in XXXX : correlation with intra-operative findings and MR enterography.

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['small intestine contrast-enhanced ultrasonography', 'SICUS']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']