abstract: AIM: Previous studies have shown that @entity2942 , a crude extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. that is commonly used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for @entity2414 , can reduce the secretion of @entity477 from cultured cells. However, the mechanism underlying this effect and the active compound derived from @entity2942 is unknown. In this study, a purified component of @entity2942 , @entity2943 , was examined and revealed to be an effective compound in vitro. METHODS: @entity477 secretion from three sets of COS-7 cells, each carrying a plasmid expressing a different form of APP was examined following the treatment with @entity2943 . Initially, @entity2943 was determined to have no inherent @entity137 to either the transfected or wild type cells at the effective concentrations. Cells were then treated with 0.5-2.0 microg mL(-1) @entity2943 for 12 h and their media were examined via an ELISA for Abeta1-40 and @entity477 -42. RESULTS: We found that treatment with 2.0 microg mL(-1) @entity2943 significantly decreased @entity477 secretion from COS-7 cells without altering the ratio of Abeta1-40 and @entity477 -42. This effect is most probably due to inhibition of the beta-site APP cleaving enzyme as @entity477 secretion was not inhibited from cells expressing the C99 fragment. CONCLUSION: @entity2943 is an effective compound from @entity2942 . We believe that this finding should lead the way for future experiments to determine the exact mechanism for @entity2943 's effect on @entity477 secretion.

title: XXXX , an extract derived from @entity2942 , inhibits amyloid-beta secretion in vitro.

entities_list: @entity2942 :: ('MESH:C493220', 'Chemical') :: ['tenuigenin']

entities_list: @entity2943 :: ('MESH:C532370', 'Chemical') :: ['Tenuifolin', 'tenuifolin']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory loss']

answer: @entity2943 :: (MESH:C532370,Chemical) :: ['Tenuifolin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Exposure to @entity9733 ( @entity9734 ) affects large populations worldwide. Pulmonary effects have been reported at concentrations relevant in the general (<0.5 ppm) and working environment (>0.5 ppm). @entity9734 is an irritant but the existing studies often emphasize only pulmonary effects and no clear dose-response relationship has yet been described. OBJECTIVES: Using a multi-level, multi-method approach, odor annoyance, sensory irritation and pulmonary effects of @entity9734 were to be investigated in an experimental exposure study. METHODS: Eye blink frequency, rhinomanometry, spirometry and symptom ratings of acute health effects were assessed before, during, and after the exposures. Each session lasted 4h and concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 ppm were investigated and compared to a control condition using clean air. Sixteen @entity1 volunteers (8 females/8 males) participated and during exposure light physical exercise was simulated with bicycle ergometry. RESULTS: Eye blink frequency, nasal airflow, and lung function were not affected by the acute @entity9734 exposure investigated. These physiological responses to moderate @entity9734 exposures were not significantly affected by gender. Regarding subjectively measured chemosensory sensations, only odor annoyance ratings increased in a dose-dependent manner, but the average magnitudes were labeled weak to moderate. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy volunteers, without hyperresponsiveness to @entity9734 , no dose-dependent effects of acute @entity9734 exposures up to 2 ppm could be measured. Due to olfactory perceptions subjects were aware of the different @entity9734 exposures but the associated annoyance was relatively low.

title: Sensory and pulmonary effects of acute exposure to XXXX (SO2).

entities_list: @entity9733 :: ('MESH:D013458', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur dioxide']

answer: @entity9733 :: (MESH:D013458,Chemical) :: ['sulfur dioxide']


abstract: The effects of endurance training and season on the function of the anterior pituitary-thyroid axis were studied in 18 female runners and their 12 controls, and in 13 joggers and their 11 controls in Northern Finland, with a large seasonal difference in environmental factors. The serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), @entity1955 (T4), free @entity1955 (fT4), @entity1954 (T3), @entity1955 binding globulin ( @entity3939 ) and @entity53 (E2) were measured during one menstrual cycle in the light training season (autumn) and in the hard training season (spring). The responses of TSH to intravenous @entity1218 stimulation were also measured in the luteal phase of the cycle during the hard training season. Endurance running did not affect the basal or @entity1218 -stimulated serum TSH concentrations, while those of T4 and fT4 in runners were lowered in both seasons and that of T3 in the light training season in relation to control subjects. The serum concentrations of @entity3939 were also significantly lower in runners than their controls in the luteal phase in both seasons. The effect of jogging on thyroid hormones was less pronounced. Serum concentrations of TSH, T4, fT4, T3 and @entity3939 were generally slightly higher in spring than in autumn. Strenuous endurance training seems to have minor changes on the function of the thyroid gland. Depressed T4 levels in runners may rather be due to lowered @entity3939 levels than due to direct effect of training. In spring the function of anterior pituitary-thyroid axis is more active than in autumn.

title: Serum concentrations of thyrotropin, @entity1955 , XXXX and @entity1955 binding globulin in female endurance runners and joggers.

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity1954 :: (MESH:D014284,Chemical) :: ['triiodothyronine']


abstract: The aim of this work was to assess magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion patterns of chronic, non-embolic @entity358 of congenital and neoplastic origin and to compare the findings with results obtained with pulmonary, contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography (CT) imaging to prove that congenital and neoplastic pulmonary conditions require MR imaging over the pulmonary perfusion cycle to successfully and directly detect changes in lung perfusion patterns. Twenty-five @entity1 underwent concurrent CT and MR evaluation of chronic @entity358 of congenital (n=15) or neoplastic (n=10) origin. Analysis of MR perfusion and contrast-enhanced CT datasets was realized by defining pulmonary and vascular regions of interest in corresponding positions. MR perfusion calculated time-to-peak enhancement, maximal enhancement and the area under the perfusion curve. CT datasets provided pulmonary signal-to-noise ratio measurements. Vessel center-lines of bronchial arteries were determined. Underlying perfusion type, such as pulmonary arterial or systemic arterial supply, as well as regions with significant variations in perfusion were determined statistically. Analysis of the pulmonary perfusion pattern detected pulmonary arterial supply in 19 @entity1 ; six @entity1 showed systemic arterial supply. In pulmonary arterial perfusion, MR and multislice CT imaging consistently detected the perfusion type and regions with altered perfusion patterns. In bronchial arterial supply, MR perfusion and CT imaging showed significant perfusion differences. @entity1 with bronchial arterial supply had bronchial arteries ranging from 2.0 to 3.6 mm compared with submillimeter diameters in pulmonary arterial perfusion. Dynamic MR imaging of congenital and neoplastic pulmonary conditions allowed characterization of the pulmonary perfusion type. CT imaging suggested the presence of systemic arterial perfusion by visualizing hypertrophied bronchial arteries.

title: Perfusion XXXX : comparison of MR perfusion and multislice CT imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary diseases']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['abnormalities in congenital and neoplastic pulmonary disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Delayed @entity548 after nonoperative management (NOM) of blunt @entity130 (BSI) is a feared complication, particularly in the outpatient setting. Significant resources, including angiography (ANGIO), are used in an effort to prevent delayed splenectomy (DS). No prospective, long-term data exist to determine the actual risk of splenectomy. The purposes of this trial were to ascertain the 180-day risk of splenectomy after 24 hours of NOM of BSI and to determine factors related to splenectomy. METHODS: Eleven Level I @entity130 centers participated in this prospective observational study. Adult @entity1 achieving 24 hours of NOM of their BSI were eligible. @entity1 were followed up for 180 days. Demographic, physiologic, radiographic, injury-related information, and spleen-related interventions were recorded. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to determine factors associated with DS. RESULTS: A total of 383 @entity1 were enrolled. Twelve @entity1 (3.1%) underwent in-hospital splenectomy between 24 hours and 9 days after injury. Of 366 discharged with a spleen, 1 (0.27%) required readmission for DS on postinjury Day 12. No Grade I injuries experienced DS. The splenectomy rate after 24 hours of NOM was 1.5 per 1,000 @entity1 -days. Only extravasation from the spleen at time of admission (ADMIT-BLUSH) was associated with splenectomy (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-12.4). Of @entity1 with ADMIT-BLUSH (n = 49), 17 (34.7%) did not have ANGIO with embolization (EMBO), and 2 of those (11.8%) underwent splenectomy; 32 (65.3%) underwent ANGIO with EMBO, and 2 of those (6.3%, p = 0.6020 compared with no ANGIO with EMBO) required splenectomy. CONCLUSION: Splenectomy after 24 hours of NOM is rare. After the initial 24 hours, no additional interventions are warranted for @entity1 with Grade I injuries. For Grades II to V, close observation as an inpatient or outpatient is indicated for 10 days to 14 days. ADMIT-BLUSH is a strong predictor of DS and should lead to close observation or earlier surgical intervention. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/epidemiological study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV.

title: The @entity130 outcomes trial: An American Association for the Surgery of XXXX multi-institutional study.

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['splenic injury', 'trauma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['splenic hemorrhage']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) induces @entity703 in hamsters. In previous studies, @entity4743 has been shown by 32P-post-labeling analysis to bind covalently to DNA in vivo and in vitro and @entity4743 -DNA adduct formation has been suggested to play a key role in @entity4743 -induced carcinogenicity. In this study, we have examined the influence of the dose of @entity4743 , age of animals and organ specificity on adduct formation in hamsters. In addition, we examined the characteristics of @entity4743 -DNA adduct formation in vitro and the structure of the major adduct. @entity4743 -DNA adducts were detected in liver and kidney of hamsters treated with at least 20 mg/kg @entity4743 . Adduct concentrations were higher at higher doses or in older compared to younger animals. The covalent binding of @entity4743 to DNA catalyzed by hamster liver microsomes required @entity2470 as cofactor, whereas with @entity1110 , adducts were barely detectable, presumably because the reactive metabolic intermediate @entity4743 @entity3276 was reduced to @entity4743 . The major @entity4743 -DNA adduct formed in vitro was purified by semipreparative and analytical high pressure liquid chromatography. It is concluded that @entity4743 -DNA adducts are formed from @entity19970 at very low rates in vitro and occur at low levels in vivo, even when hamsters receive very large doses of @entity4743 . The dependence of @entity4743 -DNA adduct concentrations in vitro on organic @entity273 cofactors required for cytochrome P450-mediated @entity4743 @entity3276 formation indicates that @entity19971 -DNA adduction may occur only under conditions of oxidative stress.

title: Regulation of the formation of the major XXXX -DNA adduct and some evidence of its structure.

entities_list: @entity19971 :: ('CHEBI:26775', 'Chemical') :: ['stilbene']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroperoxide']

entities_list: @entity19970 :: ('MESH:C039998', 'Chemical') :: ['DES quinone']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['Diethylstilbestrol']

entities_list: @entity2470 :: ('MESH:C007164', 'Chemical') :: ['cumene hydroperoxide']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['kidney tumors']

answer: @entity4742 :: (MESH:D004054,Chemical) :: ['diethylstilbestrol']


abstract: AIM: This naturalistic study aims to compare discontinuation rates for low-dose first-generation versus second-generation antipsychotics in first-episode @entity716 @entity1 . METHODS: The prescription of antipsychotic medication in 301 consecutively admitted @entity1 with first-episode @entity716 from four catchment areas is described. For the first year of inclusion a first-generation antipsychotic in low dose was recommended as the first medication. From the second year a second-generation antipsychotic was recommended as first choice. Switching was allowed when any drug was judged to be ineffective or to have serious side-effects. Switching during the first 2 years after inclusion is described. RESULTS: Switching from a low-dose first-generation antipsychotic was more frequent than from a second-generation antipsychotic (90.7 vs. 58.4%). Lack of therapeutic effect and side-effects were the more frequently recorded reasons for changing in the first-generation group. @entity2146 , @entity304 , @entity910 , @entity3519 and dysphoria were more often reported in @entity1 on first-generation drugs. Weight gain and sedation were more often reported in @entity1 on second-generation drugs. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a better adherence to and tolerability for second-generation antipsychotics than for low-dose first-generation antipsychotics in first-episode @entity716 .

title: Stability of medication in early XXXX : a comparison between second-generation and low-dose first-generation antipsychotics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['Akathisia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychosis']


abstract: 406 untreated @entity1582 @entity1 of stage I (n = 54), II (n = 148) and III (n = 204) were enrolled in the trial. 51/54 stage I and 60/148 stage II @entity1 were asymptomatic and followed without treatment until disease progression (progression free survival: 60% after 4 years for stage I versus 50% after 1 year for stage II). Symptomatic @entity1 of stage I (n = 3/54) and II (n = 88/148) presenting with @entity5 progression, received melphalan 15 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) and @entity229 60 mg/m2 oral days 1-4 (MP). Stage II disease remission rate was 59%, and 50% @entity5 ( @entity5 ) was 59 months. Stage III @entity1 were randomised to receive MP or VBAMDex ( @entity1891 / @entity3600 / @entity632 / @entity3601 / @entity619 ) treatment. 43% of MP treated @entity1 responded compared with 64% of the VBAMDex group. 50% @entity5 was 36 months in both groups without a detectable difference. 117 responders of stage II and III with stable disease were randomised to receive either @entity3027 (5 x 10(6) IU, subcutaneous (S.C.) 3 times per week) or no maintenance treatment. The relapse rate in both groups was 50% after 13 months. No survival benefit for @entity3027 treated @entity1 was observed (50% @entity5 : 45 months).

title: A comparison of polychemotherapy and melphalan/ @entity229 for primary remission induction, and interferon-alpha for maintenance treatment, in XXXX . A prospective trial of the German @entity1582 Treatment Group.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['TRS', 'tumour related survival', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: The time course of mRNA expressions of two cytoskeletal proteins, @entity217 and @entity9653 , was studied by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization in the same gerbil brains at various periods of recirculation following 10 min of @entity63 . On Northern blot analysis, @entity217 mRNA in the forebrain showed increase after 6 h and 24 h recirculation. There was wide variation in its expression 3 days postischemia (PI), and by 7 days PI it had returned to control. The @entity9653 mRNA in the forebrain was shown to be reduced 6 h PI in our previous study. In the present analysis of Northern blots of delayed postischemic periods, there was no significant change in its expression even though there were variations. In situ hybridization revealed a decline in the mRNA expressions of both @entity9653 and @entity217 in the @entity1399 region as early as 6-24 h PI with the reductions being prominent at 3 days PI. By 7 days PI, @entity217 was only faintly visible while @entity9653 was completely absent in the @entity1399 region. Neither RNA was detectable in @entity1399 1 month PI. The heat shock-70 protein was expressed by 1 h PI, and it continued to be expressed up to 24 h, returning to control by 3 days PI. These results indicate that @entity63 inhibits mRNA expressions of cytoskeletal protein in the selectively vulnerable region of the brain, i.e. @entity1399 . The time course of the reduction of the two mRNAs coincides with delayed @entity528 suggesting that the cytoskeletal proteins may play important roles in selective @entity528 .

title: Expression of @entity217 and XXXX mRNA in gerbil brain following transient @entity63 and reperfusion up to 1 month.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['forebrain ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death', 'postischemic neuronal injury']

answer: @entity9653 :: (10376,Gene) :: ['alpha-tubulin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Aphasia is an acquired @entity73 following @entity75 which affects some or all language modalities: expression and understanding of speech, reading and writing. Approximately one-third of @entity1 who have a @entity64 experience @entity2026 . OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of speech and language therapy (SLT) for @entity2026 following @entity64 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity64 Group Trials Register (last searched April 2009), MEDLINE (1966 to April 2009) and CINAHL (1982 to April 2009). In an effort to identify further published, unpublished and ongoing trials we handsearched the International Journal of Language and @entity497 , searched reference lists of relevant articles and contacted other researchers and authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing SLT versus no SLT, SLT versus social support or stimulation, and one SLT intervention versus another SLT intervention. SLT refers to a formal speech and language therapy intervention that aims to improve language and communication abilities and in turn levels of communicative activity and participation. Social support and stimulation refers to an intervention which provides social support or communication stimulation but does not include targeted therapeutic interventions. Direct comparisons of different SLT interventions refers to SLT interventions that differ in terms of duration, intensity, frequency or method of intervention or in the theoretical basis for the SLT approach. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted the data and assessed the quality of included trials. We sought missing data from study investigators if necessary. MAIN RESULTS: We included 30 trials (41 paired comparisons) in the review: 14 subcomparisons (1064 @entity1 ) compared SLT with no SLT; six subcomparisons (279 @entity1 ) compared SLT with social support and stimulation; and 21 subcomparisons (732 @entity1 ) compared two approaches to SLT. In general, the trials randomised small numbers of @entity1 across a range of characteristics (age, time since @entity64 and severity profiles), interventions and outcomes. Suitable statistical data were unavailable for several measures. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review shows some indication of the effectiveness of SLT for @entity1 with @entity2026 following @entity64 . We also observed a consistency in the direction of results which favoured intensive SLT over conventional SLT, though significantly more @entity1 withdrew from intensive SLT than conventional SLT. SLT facilitated by a therapist-trained and supervised volunteer appears to be as effective as the provision of SLT by a professional. There was insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions in relation to the effectiveness of one SLT approach over another.

title: Speech and language therapy for XXXX following @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['language impairment']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['Communication Disorders']

answer: @entity2026 :: (MESH:D001037,Disease) :: ['aphasia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous non-occlusive @entity63 involving the cecum alone (isolated cecal @entity39 ) is a rare condition that is generally due to a low-flow state: shock. It presents with right lower quadrant @entity490 and may resemble @entity697 . Little is known about postoperative @entity63 @entity39 of the remaining colon after surgical treatment of isolated cecal @entity39 . We report four cases of isolated cecal @entity39 mimicking @entity697 seen at our institution within a 4-year period. CASE PRESENTATION: The @entity1 were two @entity1 and two @entity1 with a mean age at diagnosis of 59 years (range 46-68). The @entity1 were of Turkish ethnic origin. All @entity1 presented to the emergency room with acute @entity490 and had symptoms of @entity390 and @entity391 . The medical histories for three of the @entity1 revealed @entity454 requiring hemodialysis. The other @entity1 had @entity1030 . Right hemicolectomy with @entity254 was performed in three @entity1 and cecal resection with ileocolostomy was performed in the remaining one @entity1 . All of the @entity1 healed without complications. Median follow-up of @entity1 was 24.5 (range: 17-37) months. There was no recurrence of @entity63 in the remaining colon during the follow-up period of the @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Isolated cecal @entity1188 should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute @entity158 in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, especially in those @entity1 on chronic hemodialysis. While @entity63 of the intestine has high morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates, @entity1 with isolated cecal @entity39 have a good prognosis with early diagnosis and surgical treatment compared to those with @entity63 .

title: @entity39 mimicking XXXX : a case series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic colitis', 'diffuse ischemic disease', 'ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute appendicitis']


abstract: AIMS: Obesity causes a high disease burden in Australia and across the world. We aimed to analyse the cost-effectiveness of weight reduction with pharmacotherapy in Australia, and to assess its potential to reduce the disease burden due to excess body weight. METHODS: We constructed a multi-state life-table based Markov model in Excel in which body weight influences the incidence of @entity64 , @entity741 , @entity101 @entity299 , @entity6 , @entity571 , @entity0 , @entity694 , @entity703 . We use data on effectiveness identified from PubMed searches, on mortality from Australian Bureau of Statistics, on disease costs from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, and on drug costs from the Department of Health and Ageing. We evaluate 1-year pharmacological interventions with @entity352 and @entity350 targeting obese Australian adults free of @entity28 . We use a lifetime horizon for costs and health outcomes and a health sector perspective for costs. Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios (ICERs) below A 50 000 per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted are considered good value for money. RESULTS: The ICERs are A 130 000/DALY (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 93 000-180 000) for @entity352 and A 230 000/DALY (170 000-340 000) for @entity350 . The interventions reduce the body weight-related disease burden at the population level by 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. Modest weight loss during the interventions, rapid post-intervention weight regain and low adherence limit the health benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with @entity352 or @entity350 is not cost-effective from an Australian health sector perspective and has a negligible impact on the total body weight-related disease burden.

title: Cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy to reduce XXXX .

entities_list: @entity350 :: ('MESH:C055122', 'Chemical') :: ['orlistat']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['post-menopausal breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity352 :: ('MESH:C058254', 'Chemical') :: ['sibutramine']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity-related disease']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer and kidney cancer']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Numbers and costs of @entity5281 and illnesses are significant in terms of morbidity and dollars, yet our understanding of time trends is minimal. We investigated trends and addressed some common hypotheses regarding causes of fluctuations. METHODS: We pulled data on incidence rates (per 100 full-time employed workers) for @entity130 and illnesses from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and on costs and benefits from the National Academy of Social Insurance for 1973 through 2007. Rates reflected all injury and illness cases, lost work-time cases, and cases resulting in at least 31 days away from work. We adjusted dollar costs (premiums) and benefits for inflation and measured them per employed worker. We plotted data in time-trend charts and ran linear regressions. RESULTS: From 1973 to 1991, there was a weak to nonexistent downward trend for @entity130 , and rates were strongly and negatively correlated with the unemployment rate. From 1992 to 2007, there were strong, consistent downward trends, but no longer were there statistically significant correlations with unemployment. Significant predictors (and signs) of workers' compensation premiums for 1973-2007 included medical price inflation (positive), number of lost-time @entity130 (positive), the Dow Jones Industrial Average (negative), and inflation-adjusted interest rate on U.S. Treasury bonds (negative). Dollars of benefits were positively and significantly predicted by medical inflation and number of lost-time cases. For 1992-2007, the Dow Jones variable was the only robust predictor of premiums; the number of @entity130 was not a significant positive predictor. CONCLUSION: We had two major conclusions. First, the year 1992 marked a sharp contrast in trends and correlations between unemployment and incidence rates for @entity5281 and illnesses. Second, for the entire time period (1973-2007), insurance carriers' premiums were strongly associated with returns on investments.

title: National trends in XXXX before and after 1992 and predictors of workers' compensation costs.

entities_list: @entity5281 :: ('MESH:D060051', 'Disease') :: ['occupational injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'injury and illness rates']

answer: @entity5281 :: (MESH:D060051,Disease) :: ['occupational injuries']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2009 ( @entity2009 ) is a rare @entity4297 . We reviewed our experience with this condition over the last two decades. METHODS: Between September 1993 and December 2013, 62 @entity1 underwent surgery for @entity2009 . Depending on the associated lesions, they were divided into two groups: Simple (Group 1) or complex (Group 2). In the complex group, six @entity1 had a @entity1757 , five @entity1 had interrupted aortic arch, three @entity1 had tetralogy of Fallot, two @entity1 had double outlet right ventricle, and one @entity1 had the right pulmonary artery arising from the ascending aorta. RESULTS: Mean age at repair was 21.6        32.02 months (median   =   6, range 0.1-144 months). By preoperative echocardiographic assessment 27 out of 62 @entity1 had severe @entity120 (52% of the cohort). Patch repair of @entity2009 was performed using the sandwich method (transwindow) (n   =   27; 43.5%), transaortic (n   =   18; 29%), and transpulmonary artery (n   =   5; 8.1%) approaches; 10 @entity1 (16.1%) underwent double ligation and two (3.2%) underwent division and suturing. Overall hospital mortality in group 1 was 6.97% (3/43) and in group 2 it was 21% (4/19), p   =   0.085. Mean hospital stay in group 1 was 6.9        2.4 days (median   =   7 days) and in group 2 was 12        6.1 days (median   =   13 days), p   =   0.0001. Follow-up in group 1 was 1.6-9.8 years (median   =   6 years); in group 2, it was 1.8-8.9 years (median   =   6.5 years). There were no late deaths. Two @entity1 needed reintervention for distortion of the right pulmonary artery origin. All @entity1 were in New York Heart Association Class I/II at last follow up. CONCLUSION: There are multiple acceptable surgical strategies for the treatment of @entity2009 . Despite a relatively advanced age and substantial number of @entity1 with severe @entity120 the outcomes can still be good. @entity154 complicate the repair. @entity1 in the complex group had a protracted hospital course and a higher early mortality but similar late survival.

title: XXXX : Morphology, diagnosis, and long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['Associated anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2009 :: ('MESH:C537782', 'Disease') :: ['Aortopulmonary window', 'aortopulmonary window', 'APW']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'pulmonary artery hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity4297 :: ('MESH:D006330', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart defect']

answer: @entity2009 :: (MESH:C537782,Disease) :: ['Aortopulmonary window']


abstract: PURPOSE: To present and compare findings from health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) interviews conducted with @entity1 enrolled in the SST Group B Trial evaluating surgical removal of subfoveal @entity66 associated with age-related @entity1020 versus observation. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. @entity1 : Eligible @entity1 had predominantly hemorrhagic subfoveal @entity66 (total lesion size of >3.5 disc areas, area of blood at least 50% of the lesion area, and at least 75% of blood posterior to the equator) and best-corrected visual acuity (VA) of 20/100 to <20/1600 but at least light perception in the study eye. Three hundred thirty-six @entity1 enrolled after baseline quality-of-life interviews, 168 assigned to each of surgery or observation. METHODS: Clinical and HRQOL data were collected before randomization and at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 months after enrollment. Baseline clinical evidence was used to stratify @entity1 as having unilateral or bilateral neovascularization at the time of randomization. The HRQOL interviews included the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ), the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, and the Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 Scale. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE: Two-year change in NEI-VFQ. RESULTS: At 24 months after enrollment, overall NEI-VFQ scores had a median decrease of 1 point from baseline in the observation arm (95% confidence interval [CI]: -4 to 3 points) and no change in the surgery arm (95% CI: -3 to 3 points) (P = 0.70). Changes from baseline on NEI-VFQ subscales also were similar between treatment arms. Differences in scores by unilateral or bilateral involvement seen at baseline in each treatment arm persisted throughout follow-up for most outcomes. Planned analyses stratified by VA showed trends (P = 0.17) in favor of surgery at 24 months in the @entity1 with baseline VA greater than 20/200 for the NEI-VFQ scale (3.5-point median increase from baseline in the surgery arm [95% CI: -4 to 7] vs. a 1-point median loss from baseline in the observation arm [95% CI: -6 to 4]). CONCLUSIONS: No difference was detected with respect to vision-targeted quality-of-life outcomes for @entity1 randomized to surgery or observation in the SST Group B Trial. This article contains additional online-only material available at www.ophsource.com/periodicals/ophtha.

title: Surgery for hemorrhagic @entity66 of age-related XXXX : quality-of-life findings: SST report no. 14.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal neovascular lesions']

answer: @entity1020 :: (MESH:D008268,Disease) :: ['macular degeneration']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The cause of pretruncal (perimesencephalic) @entity510 is not known. MRI of the brain or spine is often performed to exclude any other @entity455 . Its diagnostic value is not known. METHODS: We used MR imaging of the brain with routine sequences, @entity2287 enhancement, and additional thin T1-weighted axial sections following a triple dose of contrast. RESULTS: We performed MR imaging of the brain in 18 @entity1 with a pretruncal @entity510 . The focal nature of the @entity510 exclusively in front of the brain stem was confirmed in 14 @entity1 studied within 7 days of the ictus. No @entity455 were found in 17 cases, including 14 @entity1 with @entity2287 enhancement. An @entity8721 was found in 1 @entity1 . Fluid-attenuated inverse recovery MR additionally documented blood in the sulci due to cerebrospinal fluid recirculation of blood. Five @entity1 underwent MR imaging of the spine, and no @entity2758 were found. CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging did not reveal a source of pretruncal @entity510 . The cost of MR imaging probably outweighs the benefit in the evaluation of this variant of @entity510 .

title: MR imaging in pretruncal XXXX : is it worthwhile?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['incidental capillary telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: It has been shown in some articles that genetic and @entity854 cannot only be found in @entity5 tissues but also in adjacent regions that appear histologically normal. This phenomenon is metaphorically called field cancerization or field defect. Field cancerization is regarded as clinically significant because it is assumed to be an important factor in local recurrence of @entity5 . As the field showing these molecular abnormalities may not be removed completely by surgery, these changes might lead to @entity5 and subsequent transformation to a @entity5 . We aimed to investigate the applicability of the methylation status of six @entity5 suppressor genes as biomarkers for detecting field cancerization in @entity0 . METHODS: The promoter methylation status of @entity17946 , @entity2529 , @entity4191 , @entity21210 , @entity8724 and @entity15893 was determined by methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis. MS-HRM methods for @entity17946 , @entity8724 and @entity15893 were developed in-house, primer sequences for @entity2529 , @entity4191 and @entity21210 have already been published. Biopsy samples were taken from @entity5 , @entity5 -adjacent and @entity5 -distant tissue from 17 @entity0 @entity1 . Normal breast tissues of four healthy @entity1 served as controls. RESULTS: All MS-HRM methods proved to be very sensitive. LODs were in the range from 0.1 to 1.5  %, @entity21211 ranged from 0.3 to 5.3  %. A total of 94  %, 82  % and 65  % of the @entity5 showed methylation of @entity15893 , @entity21210 and @entity8724 promoters, respectively. The methylation status of these promoters was significantly lower in @entity5 -distant tissues than in @entity5 tissues. Tumor-adjacent tissues showed higher methylation status of @entity15893 , @entity21210 and @entity8724 promoters than @entity5 -distant tissues, indicating field cancerization. The methylation status of the @entity21210 promoter in @entity5 -adjacent tissues was found to correlate strongly with that in the corresponding @entity5 (r   =   0.785, p   <   0.001), but not with that in the corresponding @entity5 -distant tissues (r   =   0.312, p   =   0.239). CONCLUSIONS: Among the gene promoters investigated, the methylation status of the @entity21210 promoter can be considered the best suitable biomarker for detecting field cancerization. Further investigation is needed to test whether it can be used for defining surgical margins in order to prevent future recurrence of @entity0 .

title: Applicability of XXXX , @entity8724 and @entity15893 promoter methylation as biomarkers for detecting field cancerization in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['epigenetic abnormalities']

answer: @entity21210 :: (54726,Gene) :: ['HIN-1']


abstract: Previous studies have shown that a rosette formation represents an attempt to form embryonic retinal tissue, primarily rods and cones. To test the theories as to the origin and characteristics of @entity995 cells, we compared the characteristics of @entity5 rosettes with those of @entity6349 rosettes seen in @entity21747 using the glial, neuronal and photoreceptor markers. Forty-four @entity995 and one @entity21747 specimens were analyzed by indirect immunohistochemistry, using specific antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein, @entity4483 protein, @entity2610 , neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament, retinal S-antigen and retinal pigment epithelial antigen. In @entity1 @entity995 , all the glial, neuronal, retinal pigment epithelial, and photoreceptor cell markers, except for the neurofilament, were present in parts of rosette-forming @entity5 cells. However, their localization was different for each antigen and it was not clear whether each @entity5 cell possesses several antigens. These immuno-positive @entity5 cells were cytologically indistinguishable from other rosette-forming cells at the light microscopic level. In @entity21747 , neuron specific enolase and retinal S-antigen were diffusely expressed in the @entity6349 rosettes, however, other antigen were not seen in those rosettes. The staining pattern by immunocytochemistry is totally different in @entity5 rosettes from @entity6349 . We found varying localizations of different immunoreactivities within @entity5 rosettes. These results led us to suggest that @entity5 cells in the @entity995 may have the ability to differentiate into neural and glial cells. To prove the theory that @entity995 cells may have originated from a primitive neuroectodermal cell capable of multipotentiality, further investigation is needed.

title: Glial-, neuronal- and photoreceptor-specific cell markers in XXXX and @entity21747 .

entities_list: @entity2610 :: ('4155', 'Gene') :: ['myelin basic protein']

entities_list: @entity21747 :: ('MESH:D015792', 'Disease') :: ['retinal dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic', 'dysplastic ones']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma', 'rosettes of retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['rosettes of retinoblastoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To identify rehabilitation priorities that parents have for their @entity1 , including their adult-aged @entity1 , with @entity6038 ( @entity6038 ) and to determine the relation between these priorities and the @entity1 's levels of adaptive behaviour functioning. METHODS: Parents involved in organisations related to @entity6038 were invited to complete an online survey. The survey listed 54 skills/behaviours (e.g. toileting, expresses wants and needs and tantrums) representing 10 adaptive functioning domains (e.g. self-care, communication and problem behaviour). Parents rated their @entity1 's current level of ability/performance with respect to each skill/behaviour and indicated the extent to which training/treatment was a priority. RESULTS: Fifty-eight surveys were completed during the 4-month data collection period. Parents identified nine high-priority skills/behaviours from five different adaptive functioning domains. For most domains, parent priorities showed a significant linear relation to the @entity1 's adaptive behaviour deficits, in that priorities reflected areas where the @entity1 had the greatest deficits and the most problematic behaviours. CONCLUSION: Rehabilitation professionals should focus on the eating issues that arise in @entity6038 and identify the adaptive functioning deficits of these individuals because such deficits are high-priority areas for parents.

title: Rehabilitation priorities for individuals with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children']

entities_list: @entity6038 :: ('MESH:D011218', 'Disease') :: ['Prader-Willi Syndrome', 'PWS']

answer: @entity6038 :: (MESH:D011218,Disease) :: ['Prader-Willi Syndrome']


abstract: @entity16646 virus ( @entity16646 V) was discovered recently as a potential causative agent of non-A, non-B, non-C, and non-E (non-A to -E) @entity99 . The aim of this study was to obtain information about the prevalence of this virus in Japan and its association with non-A to -E @entity409 . Sixty-seven @entity1 hospitalized for non-A to -E @entity409 , including @entity157 (19 @entity1 ), @entity82 (7 @entity1 ), @entity3619 (18 @entity1 ), and acute @entity99 (23 @entity1 ), were tested, along with 49 blood donors. The @entity1 were admitted to Nihon University Hospital between 1991 and 1998. @entity16646 V DNA was detected by a nested polymerase chain reaction, targeting the 5' untranslated region. @entity16646 V DNA was detected in 14 of 49 (28.6%) blood donors and in 33 of 67 (49.3%) @entity1 with non-A to -E @entity409 . The prevalence of @entity16646 V DNA was similar among @entity1 with various @entity409 , including @entity157 (42.1%), @entity82 (57.1%), @entity3619 (55.6%) and acute @entity99 (47.8%) and among blood donors (28.6%). There were no significant differences in the clinical profiles of @entity1 with @entity16646 V DNA-positive or -negative @entity3619 , @entity82 , and @entity157 . Similarly, there were no significant differences in the clinical profiles between @entity1 with @entity16646 V DNA-positive and -negative acute @entity99 . In conclusion, @entity16646 @entity281 is present among many blood donors and is common in @entity1 with non-A to -E @entity409 . There are insufficient data to prove a causal role for @entity16646 @entity778 in non-A to -E @entity409 .

title: @entity16646 XXXX does not affect the progression of non-A to -E @entity409 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infection']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver diseases', 'liver disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['V infection']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['virus infection']


abstract: Mutations at the fl  gellos (fl) locus in @entity12638 give rise to wingless pupae and moths. To understand the developmental steps responsible for the fl wing defect, we compared the morphological changes and protein synthesis profiles between fl and @entity164 ( @entity164 ) wing discs during larval development. Morphologically, the four wing discs in the fl homozygote larva developed normally at least until the fourth instar, but they were slightly smaller than those of the @entity164 . After the last larval ecdysis, wing epithelial invagination and tracheal migration into the lacunar spaces evidently occurred in the @entity164 wing discs. However, there was no apparent morphological change in fl discs through the fifth instar. The fl wing discs cultured in medium containing @entity11088 (20E) did not grow and develop, although the @entity164 wing discs extended and differentiated under the same conditions. A comparison of protein synthesis in the wing discs revealed that several bands were differentially expressed between the fl and @entity164 . A 41-kDa band expressed abundantly from larval to pharate pupal stages in the @entity164 wing discs was rarely observed in fl discs. Furthermore, in vitro culture studies showed that the 41-kDa protein was induced by 20E and specifically synthesized in @entity164 wing discs after the wandering stage, but not in fl discs. The wing-specific protein synthesis and morphogenesis in fl wing discs may be blocked due to aberrant expression of the fl gene.

title: Developmental profiles of wing imaginal discs of fl  gellos(fl), a wingless mutant of the XXXX , @entity12638 .

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

answer: @entity12638 :: (7091,Species) :: ['silkworm']


abstract: The objective of the present study was to investigate changes in the expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage ( @entity21767 ), cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase ( @entity21768 ), and cytochrome P450 aromatase ( @entity4127 ) at different stages of the first follicular wave of the @entity291 estrous cycle. Groups of heifers (three to five per group) were ovariectomized on the day of initiation of the first follicular wave (as determined by ultrasonography, day 0) or on days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after initiation of the first follicular wave following estrus. Expression of mRNAs encoding @entity21767 , @entity21768 , and @entity4127 was detected by in situ hybridization and quantified by image analysis. @entity21767 mRNA was localized to theca interna cells of large preantral follicles and also to granulosa cells of follicles 4 mm or greater in diameter. mRNA for @entity21768 was localized exclusively to theca interna cells, whereas @entity4127 mRNA was localized to granulosa cells of follicles 4 mm or greater in diameter. There were changes in mRNA levels for all three enzymes in thecal and/or granulosa cells at different times of the first follicular wave. Before identification of the dominant follicle (i.e. on days 0 and 2), there was no change in expression of @entity21767 and @entity21768 mRNAs, whereas expression of @entity4127 mRNA was higher on day 2 than on day 0. Maximal mRNA levels for all three enzymes were observed on day 4. By day 6, @entity21767 and @entity21768 mRNA levels were reduced compared to those on day 4, whereas @entity4127 mRNA levels remained elevated. On day 8, mRNA levels for all three enzymes were reduced. After initiation of the second follicular wave (day 10), dominant follicles from the first wave were at an advanced stage of @entity1146 . @entity21767 and @entity4127 mRNAs were undetectable in granulosa cells, and very low levels of @entity21767 and @entity21768 mRNAs were observed in theca interna cells. Before identification of the dominant follicle, mRNA levels for all three enzymes were similar within a cohort of follicles. Therefore, expression of these enzymes may not be associated with the mechanism of selection of the dominant follicle during a follicular wave.

title: Expression of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage, cytochrome p450 17 alpha-hydroxylase, and cytochrome P450 aromatase in XXXX follicles during the first follicular wave.

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nuclear shape analysis of histologic sections from radical prostatectomy specimens has retrospectively predicted outcome in @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 . If outcome could be predicted preoperatively by nuclear shape analysis, @entity1 might be selected better for definitive surgical therapy. Morphometric analysis of preoperative biopsies, however, has not correlated positively with values obtained from analysis of prostatectomy specimens. METHODS: The nuclear shapes of histologic specimens of 20 organ-confined @entity189 , 10 periprostatic @entity189 , 10 seminal @entity189 , and 12 lymph node-metastatic @entity189 from 52 @entity1 who had undergone radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease were evaluated. RESULTS: Nuclei from areas of extraprostatic invasion or regional lymph node @entity3 were less round than those from the corresponding intraprostatic portion of the @entity5 (nuclear roundness factor (mean +/- SD) @entity2848 , 51.2 +/- 3.1 vs. 31.2 +/- 3.2; SV, 52.4 +/- 4.1 vs. 31.6 +/- 2.5; and LN, 57.3 +/- 3.1 vs. 36.4 +/- 1.8; paired Student's t tests, P < 0.001). Cells sampled from the periphery of organ-confined @entity5 had a greater nuclear roundness factor (49.1 +/- 1.5) than did those sampled from the center (34.5 +/- 2.0; P < 0.001) or randomly throughout the @entity5 (37.8 +/- 1.6; P < 0.001). Nuclear roundness factors for all @entity5 foci and for @entity1263 cells in organ-confined disease were similar (analysis of variance, P > 0.05). The intraprostatic portions of randomly sampled @entity5 had similar nuclear roundness factors, regardless of pathologic stage (P > 0.05). Among organ-confined @entity189 , nuclear shape was unrelated to @entity5 volume. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic stage in clinically localized @entity263 cannot be determined by the nuclear shape profiles of @entity5 cells. Thus, @entity1 with a poor prognosis or high pathologic stage can be recognized only when samples for morphometric analysis include high proportions of nuclei from the @entity263 and nuclei from the periphery of organ-confined @entity189 that may not be sampled routinely by prostate biopsy.

title: Nuclear shape analysis for the assessment of local invasion and @entity3 in clinically localized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['extra-prostatic carcinoma', 'prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1263 :: ('MESH:D010524', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intraprostatic tumor', 'primary tumors', 'extraprostatic tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['fat-invasive carcinomas', 'carcinomas', 'carcinoma', 'vesicle-invasive carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate carcinoma']


abstract: GRADE A RECOMMENDATIONS (based on good-quality @entity1 -oriented evidence): Advise @entity1 to stay active and continue ordinary activity within the limits permitted by @entity158 , avoid bed rest, and return to work early, which is associated with @entity717 . Consider McKenzie exercises, which are helpful for @entity158 radiating below the knee. Recommend @entity1443 or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) if medication is necessary. @entity2247 inhibitors, muscle relaxants, and opiate analgesics have not been shown to be more effective than NSAIDs for @entity1643 . Consider imaging if @entity1 have no improvement after 6 weeks, although diagnostic tests or imaging is not usually required. GRADE B RECOMMENDATIONS (based on inconsistent or limited-quality @entity1 -oriented evidence): Reassure @entity1 that 90% of episodes resolve within 6 weeks-regardless of treatment. Advise @entity1 that minor flares-ups may occur in the subsequent year. Consider a plain lumbosacral spine x-ray if there is suspicion of spinal @entity174 or compression. Consider a bone scan after 10 days, if @entity174 is still suspected or the @entity1 has multiple sites of @entity158 . Suspect @entity1971 or severe or progressive @entity51 if red flags are present. Obtain complete blood count, urinalysis, and sedimentation rate if @entity5 or @entity281 are possibilities. If still suspicious, consider referral or perform other studies. Remember that a negative plain film x-ray does not rule out disease. GRADE C RECOMMENDATIONS (based on consensus, usual practice, opinion, disease-oriented evidence, or case series): Recommend ice for @entity158 areas and stretching exercises. Discuss the use of proper body mechanics and safe back exercises for injury prevention. Refer for goal-directed manual physical therapy if there is no improvement in 1 to 2 weeks, not modalities such as heat, traction, ultrasound, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Do not refer for surgery in the absence of red flags.

title: Guideline update: what's the best approach to XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['acute low back pain']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity1971 :: ('MESH:D011128', 'Disease') :: ['cauda equina syndrome']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['less disability']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['acute low back pain']


abstract: Aims: The efficacy of @entity1311 -coated balloons ( @entity5241 ) for the treatment of superficial femoral artery (SFA) disease has been demonstrated in the clinical setting. Due to the high frequency of @entity729 found in this vascular territory, the adjunctive use of atherectomy plus @entity5241 has been proposed. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the biological effect on vascular healing and drug retention of this combination approach in the familial hypercholesterolaemic @entity1707 (FHS) model of @entity2791 . Methods and results: Eleven femoral arteries (six superficial and five profunda arteries) were included. Vessels were injured (x2) over a 28-day period and all animals were maintained on a high @entity165 diet for 60 days following @entity130 . Vessels were randomised to @entity5241 (n=5) or @entity2694 ( @entity2694 ) plus @entity5241 (n=6). At 28 days following therapy, vessels were followed with angiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Vessels were harvested for histological and pharmacokinetic analysis. Angiographic findings were comparable at termination between both groups. The OCT findings were comparable at termination. There were no differences in the vascular healing profile between both groups. The @entity1311 levels at termination were comparable between both groups ( @entity5241 =5.16 vs. @entity2694 + @entity5241 =3.03 ng/mg). Conclusions: In the experimental setting, the combination of @entity2694 + @entity5241 appears to be safe by demonstrating a vascular healing profile and drug tissue levels comparable to @entity5241 only. The vascular effect of @entity5241 may be enhanced by the use of @entity2694 by decreasing plaque burden and @entity165 crystals.

title: Biological effect of orbital atherectomy and adjunctive @entity1311 -coated balloon therapy on vascular healing and drug retention: early experimental insights into the familial hypercholesterolaemic @entity1707 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['initial injury']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['femoral artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['orbital atherectomy system', 'OAS']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['arterial calcification']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2791 :: (MESH:D012078,Disease) :: ['femoral artery stenosis']


abstract: Three sequential studies of alpha interferon were performed in a total of 84 evaluable @entity1 with @entity1358 . In Study I, conducted from 1981 to 1982, 43 @entity1 received @entity1 leukocyte alpha interferon ( @entity3027 ) 3 X 10(6) U/day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks. In Study II, performed in 1983, @entity5713 (0.1 mg/kg/week) was added to the same @entity3027 regimen in 22 subjects. Study III, held from 1984 to 1985, evaluated the effects of escalating doses of interferon alfa-2a (from 3 to 36 X 10(6) U/day) administered 5 days per week to 19 @entity1 . Overall, complete (CR) and partial responses (PR) totaled 17% (14%, 14%, and 26% in Studies I-III, respectively). Median survival of all @entity1 was 49 weeks. Median survival appeared to be superior in the third study, likely because of the @entity1 mix (skewed toward a Karnofsky performance status of 10, disease-free interval longer than 1 year, and disease confined to the lung). Those prognostic factors were also found to correlate with improved median survival in the total group of 84 @entity1 . Likewise, response to therapy was linked to prolonged survival; @entity1 with CR, PR, or minimal responses had a median survival of 72 weeks. In all the favorable subgroups, responders had better outcomes than nonresponders, but it was not clear whether response to therapy merely selected out @entity1 with better initial prognoses or actually led to improved survival.

title: Interferon in XXXX . The UCLA experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: The usefulness of intensive chemotherapy with the MACOP-B protocol was evaluated in 8 @entity1 with @entity791 -related @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ). Four @entity1 had a prior @entity791 diagnosis. The median @entity404 + lymphocyte count was 0.079 cells x 10(9)/l (range 0.016-0.330). All @entity1 responded to treatment. Four @entity1 finished chemotherapy, all with complete remission, while another 3 @entity1 deteriorated prior to finishing treatment and died. The median survival was 4 months (range 1 to 86 months). Major causes of the poor outcome were @entity791 -related @entity1292 and meningeal CNS involvement by @entity1893 developing during or after chemotherapy. @entity1 with @entity791 -related @entity1893 usually do not appear to benefit from treatment with MACOP-B protocol. Advanced @entity465 is associated with poor tolerance to treatment and inability to finish this chemotherapy protocol. MACOP-B chemotherapy does not prevent meningeal spread of @entity706 in spite of using repeatedly systemic @entity1499 crossing the blood-brain barrier. CNS prophylaxis with repeated application of intrathecal @entity1499 may lower the risk of meningeal spread of @entity706 , which developed in 1 of 5 @entity1 given CNS prophylaxis as compared to 2 of 3 @entity1 without CNS prophylaxis.

title: Intensive treatment of @entity791 -related XXXX with the MACOP-B protocol.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infections']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity510 is a debilitating disease. The treatment options include surgical clipping or endovascular embolisation. Still, many controversies exist about which method is more convenient. METHODS: In the retrospective study from January 2006 to December 2013, 129 @entity1 with @entity510 were analysed. They were classified according to the WFNS grade and Fisher scale. The diagnosis of @entity438 was based on computerised tomographic angiography and digital subtraction angiography. All @entity1 received the standard therapy against @entity2553 . The treatment outcome was evaluated with Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS: Of 129 @entity1 , surgery was employed in 40, endovascular obliteration in 86 @entity1 and 3 @entity1 received both forms of treatment. Four factors were statistically significant for worse results in the univariate analysis: the age, WFNS grade, Fisher grade and the presence of clinical @entity2553 . In the multivariate analysis, only the age, WFNS grade and the presence of clinical @entity2553 remained statistically significant for the outcome. There was a trend towards better outcome for the @entity1 that had endovascular treatment compared with @entity1 who were treated surgically, although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Although the endovascular embolisation in relation to the surgical clipping is becoming a more popular treatment method for @entity1756 it cannot offer reliable endovascular exclusion in all types of @entity439 . Based on our experience, it is therefore necessary to look at these two methods as complementary that may both be used separately or in combination for the well-being of the @entity1 .

title: Endovascular versus operative treatment of XXXX : a comparison of results from a low-volume neurosurgical centre.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage', 'Subarachnoid haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured cerebral aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['cerebral aneurysms']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The widespread use of immunosuppressive agents has significantly increased the rates of successful solid-organ and stem cell transplants, especially with liver and kidney. @entity205 and @entity1140 are most commonly used for this purpose. Although these agents have different mechanisms of action, both have various adverse effects, including @entity390 , @entity391 , @entity10 , @entity101 , nephrotoxicity, and rarely @entity302 . In our first case, a @entity1 presented with @entity302 and @entity1269 after a liver transplant, and posterior reversible @entity75 syndrome related to @entity205 @entity137 was considered. Once @entity205 levels in the blood decreased, the @entity1 had both clinical and radiologic improvements. In our second case, a @entity1 presented with @entity933 after a liver transplant. Again, when @entity205 levels in the blood decreased, the @entity1 showed improvement in clinical findings. @entity16 may develop after liver transplant, and these complications are encountered most frequently within the first postoperative month. @entity16 are multifactorial; insufficient graft function, @entity510 , @entity385 , @entity281 , and immunosuppressive @entity137 ( @entity1140 and @entity205 ) may be considered among these factors. As shown in our presented cases, most @entity16 can be successfully treated by correcting the underlying factor.

title: Two Cases With Developing XXXX After Liver Transplant.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'drug toxicity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurologic complications', 'neurologic complications']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine', 'cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarcts']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['Neurologic Complications']


abstract: The lymphatic endothelium plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis. It also participates in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms by which lymphatic endothelial cell responds to inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we explored the mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces @entity10178 expression in @entity19 lymphatic endothelial cells (SV-LECs). LPS caused increases in @entity10178 mRNA and protein levels, as well as in @entity10178 promoter luciferase activity in SV-LECs. These actions were associated with protein @entity20433 ( @entity20433 ), @entity15051 ( @entity15051 ), @entity11957 and @entity1995 activation, and NF-kB subunit @entity1992 and @entity19775 phosphorylation. @entity20433 - @entity15051 signaling blockade reduced LPS-induced @entity11957 , @entity1995 , @entity1992 and @entity19775 phosphorylation. Transfection with @entity20433 siRNA reduced LPS's effects on @entity1992 and @entity19775 binding to the @entity10178 promoter region. Transfected with the NF-kB or @entity19775 site deletion of @entity10178 reporter construct also abrogated LPS's enhancing effect on @entity10178 promoter luciferase activity in SV-LECs. Taken together, the induction of @entity10178 in SV-LECs exposed to LPS may involve @entity20433 - @entity15051 - @entity14032 and/or @entity1995 -NF-kB and/or @entity19775 cascade.

title: Protein @entity20433 in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in XXXX Lymphatic Endothelial Cells.

entities_list: @entity15051 :: ('26408(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ASK1', 'apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Murine']


abstract: @entity989 has been increasing in prevalence as a consequence of @entity164 2 @entity6 and a cluster of coexisting risk factors characterized as the @entity209 . However, the combined effects of these conditions on the retina are poorly understood. Therefore, we focused on the spontaneously @entity101 corpulent @entity35 (SHR/N-cp), a model with @entity164 2 @entity6 , @entity28 and features of the @entity209 to characterize retinal changes at a structural and functional level. SHR/N-cp males at 4 and 8 months of age were used in this study. Metabolic parameters and blood pressure were measured by standard methods. Morphology was investigated by histological techniques supplemented by @entity1110 -diaphorase staining of whole mounts and @entity941 angiography to analyze the retinal vasculature. The in vivo function of the retina was examined by electroretinography (ERG). Obese SHR/N-cp @entity35 were @entity101 and showed significant increases in body weight, serum levels of @entity413 , @entity1674 , total @entity165 and urinary @entity413 excretion compared with lean controls (P < 0.01 for each). Histology indicated an overall intact integrity of the retina and aspects of @entity455 in @entity28 SHR/N-cp @entity35 . ERG revealed intact processing of light signals but significantly decreased amplitudes of b-waves for all (P < 0.01) and of a-waves for some examined light intensities (P < 0.05). Oscillatory potentials were significantly protracted (P < 0.01), whereas amplitudes were not reduced. @entity455 and @entity51 combine to produce an early non-proliferative @entity989 phenotype in the @entity28 SHR/N-cp @entity35 . Thus, this model represents a valuable experimental tool to obtain further insights into the mechanisms of @entity989 in the context of @entity28 , @entity164 2 @entity6 and @entity209 .

title: Microangiopathy and visual deficits characterize the @entity989 of a spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 model with @entity164 2 XXXX and @entity209 .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['microangiopathy', 'Microangiopathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['electroretinographic deficits']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'Retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: @entity9672 (PUUV), the causal agent of @entity7594 epidemica in @entity1 , is one of the many hantaviruses included in the list of emerging pathogens. @entity9673 is not distributed evenly among PUUV reservoir hosts (i.e., bank voles [Myodes glareolus]). Besides environmental factors and local population features, individual characteristics play an important role in vole @entity778 risk. Identifying the relative importance of these individual characteristics can provide crucial information on PUUV transmission processes. In the present study, bank voles were monitored during the @entity7594 epidemica outbreak of 2005 in Belgium. Vole sera were tested for presence of immunoglobulin G against PUUV, and a logistic mixed model was built to investigate the temporal variation in individual characteristics and their relative importance to @entity778 risk in bank voles. Relative risk calculations for individual vole characteristics related to @entity778 in the reservoir host show that reproductive activity dominates infection risk. The gender effect is only found in reproductively active voles, where reproductively active males have the highest infection risk. Results also revealed a clear seasonal variation in the importance of reproductive activity linked to @entity778 . In contrast to the main effect found in other trapping sessions, no difference in infection risk ratio was found between reproductively active and nonactive voles in the spring period. Combined with increased infection risk for the reproductively nonactive group at that time, these results indicate a shift in the transmission process due to changes in bank vole behavior, physiology, or climate conditions. Hence, our results suggest that mathematical models should take into account seasonal shifts in transmission mechanisms. When these results are combined with the seasonal changes in population structure during the epizootic period, we identify vole reproductive activity and length of the breeding season as potential drivers of PUUV epizootics in west-central European regions.

title: Temporal variation in individual factors associated with @entity9673 in bank voles during an epizootic: implications for XXXX transmission dynamics.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['PUUV infection']

entities_list: @entity7594 :: ('MESH:D006480', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathia']

entities_list: @entity9672 :: ('11604', 'Species') :: ['Puumala virus']

entities_list: @entity9673 :: ('MESH:D018778', 'Disease') :: ['Hantavirus infection']

answer: @entity9672 :: (11604,Species) :: ['Puumala virus']


abstract: This study compares inducibility of @entity1165 by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart in @entity1 with @entity583 with and without reperfusion after streptokinase therapy. Sixty-two consecutive @entity1 admitted with an @entity583 were randomized to either combined intravenous and intracoronary streptokinase (streptokinase group) or to standard coronary care unit treatment (control group). Thirty-six of the 62 @entity1 (21 @entity1 from the streptokinase and 15 from the control group) with a first @entity583 were studied by programmed ventricular stimulation after a mean of 26 +/- 14 days. No @entity1 had a history of antiarrhythmic drug use or documentation of a @entity943 before the initial admission. A sustained @entity943 was induced in 10 (48%) of the 21 @entity1 randomized to streptokinase therapy and in all 15 (100%) control @entity1 (p less than 0.001). Sustained monomorphic @entity1165 was induced in 6 (29%) and 10 (67%) @entity1 , respectively (p less than 0.05). To terminate an induced @entity943 , direct current countershock was required in 33% of @entity1 in the streptokinase group and 73% of @entity1 in the control group (p less than 0.02). Seventeen of the 21 @entity1 treated with streptokinase and no control @entity1 had evidence of early reperfusion 200 +/- 70 minutes after the onset of @entity158 . In comparison with @entity1 without early reperfusion, @entity1 in the reperfused group had a lower maximal serum @entity908 kinase value (p less than 0.01), a shorter time to peak @entity908 kinase value (p less than 0.001) and a higher angiographic left ventricular ejection fraction (62 versus 45%, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of early reperfusion in XXXX on @entity943 induced by programmed stimulation: a prospective, randomized study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmias', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmia', 'arrhythmia']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: Over the last decade, extensive research has demonstrated sex differences in @entity158 perception and modulation. Several factors have been proposed to account for the differences observed between @entity1 and @entity1 , including @entity158 modulation through diffuse noxious inhibitory controls ( @entity17087 ). Studies investigating sex differences in @entity17087 have shown mixed results, with some reporting decreased @entity17087 effect in @entity1 compared with @entity1 , while others found no difference in @entity17087 between the sexes. Additional studies have investigated @entity17087 in both sexes without focusing on sex differences. This systematic review aimed to answer the following question: "In @entity1 of reproductive age without @entity1118 , are @entity1 more likely than @entity1 to have decreased Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls?" Relevant studies were identified by computerized searches of Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Biosis, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Cochrane (from January 1980 through February 2009). The search was limited to @entity1 studies with no language restriction. The initial search identified 718 titles and abstracts. Seventeen studies were included in the final stage and data regarding age and gender of @entity1 , methodology and outcome measurements were extracted and analyzed. The majority of studies using @entity158 report as the outcome found significantly more efficient @entity17087 in males than females (mean female/male ratio=0.54). Studies evaluating @entity158 thresholds and nociceptive flexion reflex indicated the opposite when simply averaged across studies; however, weighted analyses of threshold found more efficient @entity17087 in males. Gender differences in @entity17087 effect depend on both the experimental methodology and the modes of measurement of the effect.

title: Gender differences in XXXX modulation by diffuse noxious inhibitory controls: a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'humans', 'human', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity209 ( @entity209 ) and @entity5052 are important risk factors for @entity65 . However, findings regarding the relationship between serum @entity414 (UA) level and components of @entity209 have been inconsistent. This study was performed to explore the potential value of UA level as a marker of @entity209 among male and female Chinese of different ages. METHODS: A total of 5896 subjects (2960 females and 2936 males) were recruited from the Department of Health Management at the Chang Gung Medical Center. @entity5052 was defined as a serum UA value >7.0 mg/dL for males or >6.0 mg/dL for females. @entity209 was defined according to the criteria of the Adult Treatment Panel III, as modified for Chinese subjects. Serum UA was used to differentiate @entity209 and to calculate epidemiological indices by means of discriminate analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of serum UA concentration as a marker of @entity209 ranged from 55.2% to 61.4% and 61.9% to 68.4%, respectively. Subjects with high UA had a higher risk of @entity209 , with odds ratios ranging from 1.23 to 1.82 (P < 0.01). A positive correlation between serum UA and @entity209 was observed in both sexes. Serum UA and the occurrence of @entity209 rose with increasing age in females; in males, however, UA values did not vary with age. CONCLUSIONS: Serum UA is more closely associated with @entity209 in females than in males. High UA among middle-aged @entity1 may predict the development of @entity209 .

title: The relationship between serum XXXX level and metabolic syndrome: differences by sex and age in Taiwanese.

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia', 'Hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic syndrome', 'MetS']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity414 :: (MESH:D014527,Chemical) :: ['uric acid']


abstract: Nitric [correction of Nitrous] @entity8369 is most likely a queer "end mediator" giving rise to @entity7441 in @entity326 @entity1 . The study is aimed at comparative assessment of kinetic changes in the synthesis of nitric [correction of nitrous] @entity8369 in experimentally induced @entity295 model with the corresponding hemodynamic parameters. The laboratory animals-- @entity1707 --are divided up in two groups, and exposed to general @entity7908 induction, orotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation under controlled regimen. The hemodynamic parameters studied include: MAP, CO and SVR. Additional endotoxin (1 mg/50 ml) in the form of infusion is given to the animals in the @entity295 group. @entity1507 production mirrors NO synthesis, insofar as there are no other relevant mechanisms of @entity1507 synthesis. The kinetic parameters of @entity1507 production are estimated using stable @entity1507 isotopes--N15. The theory of compartment models and appropriate computerized simulation are used to calculate the respective constants. In the endotoxin treated group (n = 5) a significantly higher level of synthesis of induced NO production is documented--26 +/- 9 mumol/h, as compared to production in the control group--6 +/- 7 mumol/h, as well as a significant increase in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance reduction. The good correlation between enhanced NO production and hemodynamic response (increase in cardiac output and decrease in systemic vascular resistance) corroborates the validity of the method.

title: [Hemodynamic changes and nitric oxide production in an experimental model of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrate', 'nitrate']

entities_list: @entity7441 :: ('MESH:D056987', 'Disease') :: ['vasoplegia']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: Dynorphin, an opioid peptide, is thought to play an important role in the modulation of nociceptive neural networks at the level of the spinal cord. @entity5019 protein is involved in the transcriptional regulation of the dynorphin gene. Although several studies have been carried out on dynorphin gene expression by noxious somatic stimuli, few have evaluated the effect of noxious visceral stimuli on the expression of dynorphin gene. In the present studies we analysed the expression of the dynorphin gene mediated by a noxious visceral stimulus in a @entity35 model by exposure of abdominal tissue to carrageenan. Expression of @entity20543 and @entity5019 mRNAs in the spinal cord neuron was examined using ribonuclease protection assays. After @entity32 , a rapid increase in the levels of @entity5019 mRNA in the thoracic spinal cord was observed. @entity5019 mRNA levels rose within 30 minutes after injection, and remained elevated for 1 hour, subsequently falling to control levels. In contrast, @entity20543 mRNA began to increase from 30 minutes after injection and remained elevated for at least 2 days. In situ hybridization with alpha 35S-labeled cRNA probe demonstrated that in the lower thoracic spinal cord @entity20543 mRNA was expressed in dorsal horn neurons. In @entity21 , both @entity20543 and @entity5019 mRNAs were not detected. In the peripancreatic abdominal tissue, there was acute severe @entity32 consisting of @entity39 and marked polymorphonuclear leucocytic infiltration. These data demonstrate that after abdominal tissue @entity32 , activation of dynorphin biosynthesis occurred in thoracic spinal cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Expression of XXXX mRNA in the spinal cord after inflammatory abdominal stimulation in @entity35 ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['celiac ganglia']

answer: @entity20543 :: (29190(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['preprodynorphin']


abstract: @entity1 with T1G3 @entity150 have a considerable risk for recurrence and/or progressive disease. Until now no consensus has been achieved on the optimal treatment. Within the Dutch South Eastern @entity150 Study Group, 155 @entity1 with a T1G3 bladder @entity5 were seen between 1983 and 1988. After review of histology, 121 could be evaluated and recurrence-free interval was studied with regard to prognostic factors. Prognostic factors such as sex, age, blood group, abnormalities on intravenous urography, @entity5 configuration, number of @entity5 , number of locations involved in the bladder, voided urine cytology, results of random biopsies and mitotic index were evaluated, using a multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazard model. During the follow-up period, 70 (58%) @entity1 had recurrent @entity150 , and of these 30 (43%) had progression into invasive disease. Of the possible prognostic factors analysed, only multiplicity (P = 0.03) and the number of locations of the @entity5 (P = 0.03) were independent prognostic factors in relation to the risk of recurrence. The recurrence-free interval was influenced by the therapy. For @entity5 , additional intravesical immunotherapy/chemotherapy or radiotherapy after transurethral resection (TUR) increased the recurrence-free interval significantly. Because most other parameters did not show additional prognostic value, the @entity5 can be considered as homogeneous with regard to prognosis. Only multiplicity and the number of locations involved added to the prognostic significance of @entity1 with these @entity150 . In addition, it is advisable to give @entity1 with @entity5 additional treatment after the initial TUR.

title: Prognosis and treatment of @entity150 . A prognostic factor analysis of 121 @entity1 . Dutch South Eastern XXXX Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['Bladder Cancer', 'bladder cancer', 'bladder tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['T1G3 tumours', 'tumours', 'pretreatment tumour', 'tumour']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['Bladder Cancer']


abstract: @entity166 is frequently cited as a precursor of subsequent @entity792 in genetically susceptible hosts. However, the precise mechanisms required for the transition from infection to autoimmunity have not been well defined. We have developed a @entity19 model of @entity2401 initiated by infection with Coxsackievirus B3 to trace the cytokine pathways involved. We found that greater production of @entity635 ( @entity635 ) and @entity5 @entity39 factor-a during the early innate response to @entity778 is necessary and sufficient to induce a later heart-specific @entity792 . Severity of the @entity2401 is determined by the profile of a number of T helper 1 (Th1) and @entity61 cytokines. @entity61 responses are especially pronounced in the most severe forms of @entity2401 where @entity1712 are prominent. The Th1 pathway can lead to infiltration of the heart, but may be dampened by concurrent INF-y production. Th17 cytokines also contribute to disease, but the signature Th17 cytokine, @entity636 , is not required for @entity299 . Rather, @entity636 is needed for progression to @entity384 . These findings may provide useful markers to identify individuals prone to develop an autoimmune sequel after infection and suggest future early interventions.

title: Critical cytokine pathways to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophils']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infection']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune myocarditis', 'myocarditis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac inflammation']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac inflammation']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of the da Vinci S @entity2033 robotic system in mesorectal excision for @entity420 , with the aim to identify areas of potential advantage for the robot in this procedure. METHODS: This study was conducted as a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of 44 consecutive cases of robot-assisted mesorectal excision for @entity420 performed between August 2005 and February 2010. @entity1 demographics, perioperative outcomes, and complications were evaluated and compared with similar published reports and relevant literature. RESULTS: There were 28 (63.6%) @entity1 and 16 (36.4%) @entity1 , with a mean age of 63 years. The majority of @entity1 were either overweight or @entity28 and 88.7% of lesions were in the mid or low rectum. We performed 36 low anterior resections (6 intersphincteric) and 8 abdominoperineal resections with a median @entity190 of 150 mL (range, 50-1000), a median operative time of 347 minutes (range, 155-510), and a median length of stay of 5 days (range, 3-36). The median lymph node yield was 14 (range, 5-45) and the circumferential resection margin was negative in all @entity1 . We had 1 distal margin positivity (2.7%), 2 @entity834 (5.6%), 1 @entity204 (2.7%), and 2 conversions (4.5%) to the open approach. No robot-associated morbidity occurred in this series. CONCLUSIONS: This series compares favorably with similar published reports with regard to the safety and feasibility of robotic assistance in total mesorectal excision for @entity5 . The lower conversion rates reported for robotic rectal resection compared with laparoscopy require validation in large randomized trials.

title: Total mesorectal excision for XXXX : the potential advantage of robotic assistance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leaks']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['rectal adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT * Previous studies using short-lasting experimental @entity158 stimulations in healthy volunteers have shown differences in opioid effects regarding visceral @entity158 stimulations. However, these differences can be more pronounced in @entity1 due to a sensitized @entity158 system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to mimic the clinical situation by investigating opioid effects on experimental @entity158 in healthy volunteers after experimentally evoked @entity1931 . WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS? * We now know that @entity1286 and @entity1288 exerts different effects in the sensitized @entity158 system as we found a greater analgesic effect of @entity1288 in response to skin, muscle and @entity158 stimulation. This supports clinicians' experiences that @entity1288 can be superior to @entity1286 in the treatment of some @entity158 conditions. The evoked @entity1931 bridged findings from studies in healthy volunteers to @entity1 , and new fundamental knowledge on different analgesic effects in @entity1931 was found. AIM Similar analgesics may have different analgesic potencies especially in @entity1 in whom the @entity158 system is sensitized. The aim was to investigate different opioid effects on experimental @entity158 after the sensitized @entity158 system was mimicked evoking @entity1931 in healthy volunteers. METHODS Twenty-four healthy volunteers were randomized to treatment with @entity1286 (30 mg orally) and @entity1288 (15 mg orally) or placebo in a double-blind crossover study. @entity1931 was induced by oesophageal perfusion with acid and @entity2951 . Several exploratory endpoints were studied using skin heat, muscle pressure and oesophageal mechanical, heat and electrical stimulation. Effects on @entity158 from deeper structures were considered most important. RESULTS Different analgesic potencies were found. @entity1288 had a greater analgesic effect than @entity1286 attenuating @entity158 from: (i) heat stimulation of skin (P= 0.016); difference between the means of 0.39 degrees C, 95% CI 0.22, 2.09. (ii) muscle pressure (P < 0.001); difference between the means of 11.93kPa, 95% CI 5.4, 18.5. (iii) oesophageal heat stimulation (P < 0.001); difference between the means of 38.54 cm(2), 95% CI 15.37, 61.71 and (iv) oesophageal electrical stimulation (P= 0.016); difference between the means of 6.69mA, 95% CI 1.23, 12.13. CONCLUSION After sensitization of the @entity158 system different analgesic potencies of @entity1286 and @entity1288 were found in response to skin, muscle and @entity158 stimulation, in which @entity1288 had a greater effect. As similar differential analgesic potencies of the two opioids have been found in @entity1 with @entity1118 , the experimental @entity1931 model bridged findings from studies in healthy volunteers to @entity1 .

title: Different effects of @entity1286 and @entity1288 in experimentally evoked XXXX : a @entity1 translational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'Hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity1288 :: ('MESH:D010098', 'Chemical') :: ['oxycodone', 'Oxycodone']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['oesophageal pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity1931 :: (MESH:D006930,Disease) :: ['hyperalgesia']