abstract: OPINION STATEMENT: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a major public health problem with neurobehavioral sequelae contributing to the long-term disability that is often associated with the moderate to severe levels of injury. Rehabilitation of cognitive skills is central to encouraging the full participation of the individual in home, vocational, and social roles. The review of available evidence points to four major recommendations for the rehabilitation of cognition following @entity1545 : 1) Access to subacute rehabilitation that is holistic in nature and involves a multidisciplinary or transdisciplinary team to work in an integrated fashion to support physical, cognitive, and social skill retraining is vital to support positive outcome following @entity131 . The collaborative effort of these individuals allows for continual reinforcement and evaluation of treatment goals and will often involve the family and/or important others in the individual's life to prepare for community re-entry. 2) Trials of medication, especially @entity2727 , to assist individuals with significant attention and @entity2414 appear well supported by the available evidence. Though some data suggest that the use of cholinesterase inhibitors may be of use for individuals with @entity2414 , there is less support for this practice and there are indications that it may worsen the behavioral sequelae of the injury. 3) Randomized controlled trials demonstrate the utility of specific rehabilitation approaches to attention retraining and retraining of executive functioning skills. Future research is needed on rehabilitation techniques in other domains of cognition. 4) Training in the use of supportive devices (either a memory book or more technologically enhanced compensatory devices) to support the individual's daily activities remains central to the independent function of the individual in the community. Though emerging treatments (eg, virtual reality environments) show relative degrees of promise for inclusion in the rehabilitation of the individual with @entity131 , these need further evaluation in systematic trials.

title: Cognitive rehabilitation in traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairments', 'memory impairment']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['brain injury']


abstract: It is not known precisely how marine mammals are able to maintain muscle function during active swimming in breath-hold dives, when ventilation stops and heart rate falls. Examination of muscle biochemistry and histochemistry can provide information on the relative importance of different metabolic pathways, the contractile potential of the muscle fibres, the @entity26 storage capacity of the muscle and the capillary distribution in these animals. In this study, samples of locomotory muscle were taken from wild @entity19694 ( @entity19694 ), harbour seals ( @entity16341 ) and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella); @entity35 @entity35 muscle was analysed for comparative purposes. Activities of @entity1792 synthase and @entity19137 dehydrogenase were higher in the harbour seal muscle than in the @entity19694 muscle, suggesting that harbour seals have a greater aerobic capacity. Both phocid muscles had a greater reliance on @entity844 oxidation than the fur seal or @entity35 muscles. The @entity10943 data demonstrate that the @entity19694 have the highest @entity26 storage capacity of the three pinniped species, which correlates with their greater diving ability. @entity10943 levels were higher in all three pinniped species than in the @entity35 @entity35 . The fibre type compositions suggest that the muscles from the fur seals have higher glycolytic capacities than those of the phocid seals [fur seal pectoralis, 7% slow-twitch oxidative fibres (SO), 25% fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres (FOG), 68% fast-twitch glycolytic fibres (FG); @entity19694 57% SO, 5% FOG, 38% FG; area per cents]. However, the pectoralis muscle of the fur seal, although the most glycolytic of the pinniped muscles studied, has the highest capillary density, which indicates a high capacity for fuel distribution. These results show that, while pinniped muscle has an increased @entity26 storage potential compared with the muscle of a typical terrestrial @entity1 , there are no distinct adaptations for diving in the enzyme pathways or fibre type distributions of the pinniped muscle. However, the muscle characteristics of each species can be related to its diving behaviour and foraging strategy.

title: The metabolic characteristics of the locomotory muscles of @entity19694 ( @entity19694 ), harbour seals ( XXXX ) and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella).

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity19694 :: ('9711', 'Species') :: ['grey seals', 'Halichoerus grypus', 'grey seal']

entities_list: @entity19137 :: ('CHEBI:20060', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-hydroxyacyl CoA']

entities_list: @entity16341 :: ('9720', 'Species') :: ['Phoca vitulina']

answer: @entity16341 :: (9720,Species) :: ['Phoca vitulina']


abstract: Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy is the standard treatment for @entity957 of the anal canal. Failures are often not associated with distant recurrence and are therefore potentially amenable to salvage abdominoperineal resection. The aim of this study was to review our experience with abdominoperineal resection following failure of chemoradiation therapy for @entity957 of the anus. Between 1980 and 1998, 17 @entity1 underwent salvage abdominoperineal resection following failure of chemoradiation therapy. Four @entity1 were excluded from survival analysis because resection was performed with palliative intent. Survival curves were based on the method of Kaplan and Meier, and univariate analysis of predictive variables was performed using the log-rank test. Twelve @entity1 underwent abdominoperineal resection for persistent disease and five @entity1 for recurrent disease. No operative @entity204 occurred, but local complications including perineal @entity2737 and wound breakdown was seen in 8 of 17 @entity1 and 6 of 17 @entity1 , respectively. @entity1 undergoing omental flap reconstruction (n = 3) or no pelvic reconstruction (n = 5) had a higher incidence of perineal breakdown compared to those undergoing muscle flap reconstruction (n = 9) (P <0.05). The median follow-up time for the @entity1 operated on with curative intent was 53 months. The 5-year actuarial survival was 47%. Potential prognostic factors that were not found to have an impact on survival included margin status of resection, sphincter invasion, and degree of differentiation. Only pathologic @entity5 size greater than 5.0 cm (P <0.001) and age over 55 years (P <0.05) adversely affected survival. Selected @entity1 with recurrent or persistent @entity189 following chemoradiation therapy can be offered salvage abdominoperineal resection. This operation is associated with a high incidence of local wound complications, and muscle flap reconstruction should be considered when possible. Prolonged survival can be achieved in some @entity1 following salvage resection for @entity957 of the anal canal.

title: Results of salvage abdominoperineal resection for recurrent XXXX following combined chemoradiation therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['epidermoid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['anal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['wound infection']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['anal carcinoma']


abstract: Excitatory @entity1522 (EAAs), such as @entity2227 and @entity492 , are found in large concentrations in presynaptic boutons of a variety of important hypothalamic nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, organum vasculosa of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and preoptic area (POA). Likewise, the different ionotropic/metabotropic EAA receptor subtypes are found in the same regions of the hypothalamus although there are differences in their individual patterns of localization. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting the presence of ionotropic @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors and non- @entity143 ( @entity4176 and @entity140 ) receptors in the anterior lobe, intermediate lobe and posterior lobe of the pituitary. The majority of work to date has focused on the role of EAAs in the control of LH secretion. Administration of @entity2227 , @entity143 , @entity4176 or @entity140 leads to rapid LH release mediated through the stimulation of hypothalamic @entity1176 release. The major site of @entity143 action appears to be the OVLT/preoptic area--where @entity1176 cell bodies reside, whereas @entity140 and @entity4176 have been suggested to act primarily at the arcuate nucleus/median eminence--the site of @entity1176 nerve terminals. There is evidence that some of the effects of @entity2227 on @entity1176 release may involve activation of the novel neurotransmitter @entity842 and possibly @entity2661 . The physiological importance of EAAs in the control of LH surge expression is evidenced by the findings that the @entity134 -induced LH surge in ovariectomized animals and the preovulatory LH surge in cycling animals and in PMSG-primed animals is blocked by treatment with specific @entity143 receptor antagonists, or non- @entity143 receptor antagonists. EAAs also appear to be important in regulating the normal pulsatile pattern of LH release as evidenced by the finding that both the @entity143 antagonist, AP5, and the @entity140 / @entity4176 antagonist, @entity10639 , lower mean LH levels, LH pulse amplitude and LH pulse frequency in the adult ovariectomized @entity35 . A role for @entity143 receptors in the achievement of puberty has been suggested since activation of @entity143 receptors has been shown to advance the time of vaginal opening in the immature female @entity35 , while @entity4176 and @entity10639 were without effect. @entity230 have been reported not to affect @entity143 receptor binding in the hypothalamus; however, @entity230 appear to up-regulate @entity140 receptor @entity4860 subunit levels and non- @entity143 receptor binding in the hypothalamus. @entity230 also increase the release rates of @entity2227 and @entity492 in the POA during the @entity134 -induced LH surge in the ovariectomized adult @entity35 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX : a major excitatory transmitter in neuroendocrine regulation.

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroids', 'steroids']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['Glutamate']


abstract: For initiating the minimum-size (0.25 microg/hour) transdermal @entity3575 patch ( @entity12046 ), 45 mg a day of oral @entity1286 is the recommended minimum dose (RMD) in Japan according to the prescribing information. However, little is known about the validity of the RMD, and we can presume there are many cases where clinicians are inclined to initiate the minimum-size @entity12046 at the early stage contrary to the RMD due to the high morbidity rate of digestive system @entity5 in Japan. In order to verify the validity of the RMD, we collected 71 retrospective cases where the minimum-size @entity12046 was initiated against the restriction of RMD. The prior @entity1286 (or equivalent doses of other opioids) was prescribed by palliative care specialists at 5 facilities which belong to Symptom Control Research Group (SCORE-G). Then, the side effects and @entity158 control from the 1st to the 4th day were analyzed. The mean age of subjects was 68, and the main reason for initiating @entity12046 therapy was gastrointestinal symptoms (63.4%). The frequency of side effects such as @entity2147 , @entity390 , @entity391 and constipation did not show a significant correlation with the prior opioid dose.However,severe @entity1353 and respiration @entity308 were documented in two @entity1 , and the above rate was three times higher than the nationwide result of the same side effects (0.9 8%). According to the Numeric Rating Scale (from 0: no @entity158 to 10: the @entity158 ), the @entity158 intensity decreased from 6.6 on the 1st day to 2.8 on the 2nd day, 3.3 on the 3rd day, and 2.9 (p < 0.001) on the 4th day. We conclude that, although introducing the minimum-size @entity12046 against the RMD served to decrease the @entity158 intensity,it raised the side effects on the respiratory system even when prescribed by palliative care specialists. Therefore,the RMD regulation is valid for general practitioners from a medical safety standpoint.

title: [Validity of recommended minimum dose of prior XXXX to initiate transdermal @entity3575 patch in prescribing information - multicenter survey of on prescriptions by palliative care specialists in Japan].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['somnolence']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'worst pain']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']


abstract: Transganglionic transport of horseradish @entity3698 - @entity3505 germ agglutinin conjugate (HRP-WGA) entrapped in hypoallergenic @entity2975 gel was used to study the patterns of termination of primary afferents that innervate the lower and upper tooth pulps within the trigeminal sensory nuclear complex (TSNC). HRP injections were made into the @entity129 in order to compare the central projections of the whole nerve with those from tooth pulps. In addition, the relationship between the distribution of the trigeminothalamic tract cells and the projection sites of the tooth pulp afferents was investigated by injecting HRP into the posterior ventral thalamus. HRP-labeled tooth pulp afferent fibers innervating the lower and upper teeth projected to the subnucleus dorsalis (Vpd) of pars principalis, the rostrodorsomedial part (Vo.r) and nucleus dorsomedialis (Vo.dm) of pars oralis, the medial regions of pars interpolaris, and laminae I, II, and V of pars caudalis. Terminal fields of the lower tooth pulp afferents formed a rostrocaudally running, uninterrupted column from the midlevel of Vpd to the caudal tip of caudalis. In contrast, the column of termination of upper tooth pulp afferents was discontinuous at the Vpd/Vo.r transition, and ended at the more rostral level of the caudalis than that of the lower tooth pulp afferents. The representation of the lower and upper teeth in the TSNC was organized in a somatotopic fashion which varied from one subdivision to the next, although terminal zones of the @entity129 overlapped within the Vo.r, Vo.dm, and dorsomedial part of rostral pars interpolaris. The lower and upper teeth were represented in the Vpd, Vo.r, Vo.dm, medial region of pars interpolaris, and laminae I, II, and V, in a ventrodorsal or caudorostral, dorsoventral, lateromedial, dorsoventral, and mediolateral or dorsomedial-ventrolateral sequence, respectively. The smaller, more focal terminal areas of the teeth contrasted sharply with more @entity2194 . The HRP injections within the thalamus indicated that neurons in Vpd, the caudal pars interpolaris, and laminae I/V of caudalis, which are subdivisions of TSNC that receive pulpal projections, sent their axons to the ipsilateral and contralateral posterior ventral thalamus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Topographic representation of lower and upper teeth within the trigeminal sensory nuclei of adult cat as demonstrated by the transganglionic transport of horseradish XXXX .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['inferior and superior alveolar nerves']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['extensive terminal fields of the alveolar nerves']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity3698 :: (543313(Tax:4565),Gene) :: ['peroxidase']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gray matter (GM) lesions are frequently found in @entity15 ( @entity15 ) and their in-vivo detection has been improved using new magnetic resonance imaging sequences, such as double inversion recovery (DIR). However, little is known about progression of @entity62 over time. OBJECTIVE: To study the @entity146 and to explore their relation to @entity73 in @entity15 . METHODS: DIR images were acquired from 13 @entity15 @entity1 and seven healthy controls at two time points with a median interval of 3 years. At follow-up, all subjects underwent cognitive testing. Lesions were classified as white matter, cortical or hippocampal lesions. RESULTS: In @entity1 , median cortical lesion number had increased from 18 to 26 at follow-up (P = 0.01), median white matter (WM) lesion number had increased from 56 to 65 (P = 0.02), and no significant increase over time was found for hippocampal lesions. @entity75 number at follow-up was significantly higher in secondary progressive (SP) than in relapsing-remitting @entity1 . Significant relations were found between cortical and WM lesion number at follow-up on the one hand and visuospatial memory and processing speed on the other hand. Hippocampal lesion number was related to visuospatial memory. CONCLUSION: Cortical lesions increase significantly over a 3-year time period, are most frequent in SP @entity1 , and are associated with @entity73 .

title: Accumulation of XXXX in @entity15 : relation with @entity73 .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal behavior of GM lesions']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Cortical lesion']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['GM lesions']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['cortical lesions']


abstract: PURPOSE: The development of @entity1398 in a @entity1 treated with @entity1761 is reported. SUMMARY: A 45-year-old Caucasian @entity1 with severe @entity31 arrived at the emergency department with complaints of worsening @entity490 , @entity390 , and @entity391 and was found to have extensive portal vein and superior @entity715 with additional thrombi in the distal aortic and left common iliac arteries on an abdominal computed tomography angiography scan. A heparin i.v. drip was started, and the following day the @entity1 underwent thrombectomy and thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator of the superior mesenteric vein thrombus. @entity548 and a decrease of approximately 2 g in the @entity1 's hemoglobin concentration while receiving heparin, the decision was made to forego additional use of tissue plasminogen activator for the @entity715 , and a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure was performed to improve portal blood flow. After consultation with the gastroenterology and hepatology departments, the decision was made to initiate @entity1761 400 mg orally every eight hours for the prevention of @entity99 after the TIPS procedure. The @entity1 ' @entity1762 blood cell (WBC) count was 6800/ L on the day of @entity1761 initiation. On day 4 of @entity1761 treatment, the @entity1 's WBC count reached its nadir at 1200/ L. The primary internal medicine team then decided to discontinue @entity1761 therapy. During this time, the @entity1 showed no other signs of @entity281 . The @entity1 's WBC count rebounded to 3300/ L three days after discontinuation of @entity1761 therapy. CONCLUSION: A 45-year-old Caucasian @entity1 with severe @entity31 developed @entity1398 after the initiation of @entity1761 .

title: Probable XXXX -induced @entity1398 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Secondary to rectal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity1761 :: ('MESH:C042734', 'Chemical') :: ['rifaximin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['portal vein thrombosis', 'mesenteric vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic encephalopathy']

answer: @entity1761 :: (MESH:C042734,Chemical) :: ['rifaximin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical data have shown that an increased level of serum soluble @entity2936 ligand (sCD40L) is associated with atherosclerogenesis. We hypothesize that sCD40L induces proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). METHODS: @entity1 VSMCs were treated with sCD40L (1 or 5 microg/mL). Cell proliferation and migration were studied using a nonradioactive cell proliferation assay (MTT) and a modified Boyden chamber combined with a scrape-wound assay, respectively. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of @entity1476 and @entity1495 were measured with real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Neutralizing antibodies against @entity1476 or @entity1495 were used to evaluate their effects on sCD40L-induced cell proliferation and migration. RESULTS: @entity98 assay showed a 35% increase in cell proliferation in the high-dose (5 microg/mL) sCD40L-treated group. Cell migration was also increased by 33% (Transwell assay) to 3-fold (scrape-wound assay) after high-dose sCD40L treatment. When cells were treated with 5 microg/mL of sCD40L for 24 hours, significant decreases in @entity1476 and increases in @entity1495 mRNA and protein levels were observed. Neutralizing antibodies against @entity1495 effectively blocked sCD40L-induced cell proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that sCD40L increases VSMC proliferation and migration through the @entity1495 pathway, which may be a potential mechanism through which sCD40L induces intimal @entity1373 and @entity731 .

title: Soluble @entity2936 ligand induces XXXX coronary artery smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration.

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Recently, endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) okay? has become the surgical procedure of choice for removing @entity6112 from the maxillary sinus. The aim of our study was to determine the relationship between symptomatic relief and ESS with or without endoscopic excision of maxillary cysts. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were symptomatic maxillary cysts filling at least 50% of the sinus space. We conducted a prospective, randomized study comprising 80 @entity1 . Of the @entity1 , 41 underwent endoscopic ethmoidectomy, middle meatus antrostomy, and excision of the cysts (group A); and 39 underwent ethmoidectomy and antrostomy without @entity1713 (group B). During follow-up an attempt was made to correlate symptomatic failure with type of surgery, computed tomography (CT) score, cyst size, and ratio of cyst size/antral size. RESULTS: Symptomatic failure occurred in nine cases: four in the group A and five in group B. There was no relationship between success rates and type of surgery, CT score, cyst size, and ratio of cyst size/antral size. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ethmoidectomy and middle meatus antrostomy without @entity1713 yielded similar outcomes with cyst extirpation through the antrostomy. Our treatment should be aimed in restoring ventilation and drainage of the dependent maxillary sinus.

title: Symptomatic maxillary sinus XXXX : should they be removed?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6112 :: ('MESH:D016055', 'Disease') :: ['retention cysts']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['cyst detachment']

answer: @entity6112 :: (MESH:D016055,Disease) :: ['retention cysts']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Sestamibi scintigraphy and neck ultrasonography have both been proposed as screening modalities for the detection of abnormal parathyroid glands in @entity1 with @entity459 . As a result, many surgeons use both techniques prior to surgery. The goal of this study was to independently evaluate both ultrasound and sestamibi as single-modality preoperative screening tools for @entity459 . METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive @entity1 who underwent surgery for @entity459 from January 1999 to December 2009. Imaging results were compared to surgical findings. RESULTS: 440 @entity1 were found to meet inclusion criteria. Sensitivities for correct localization of a single parathyroid @entity652 for sestamibi versus ultrasound were: 83% (95% CI 78-86) versus 72% (95% CI 67-76). Ultrasound operator had no influence on sensitivity, and ultrasound identified nodular thyroid disease in 31% of @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography alone can be used as the primary screening modality in @entity1 with @entity459 . Ultrasound sensitivity is conserved despite operator variability, and identifies concomitant thyroid pathology.

title: Can ultrasound be used as the primary screening modality for the localization of parathyroid disease prior to surgery for XXXX ? A review of 440 cases.

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: The NF-kB transcription factors control many physiological processes, including @entity32 , immunity, and apoptosis. Its activity contributes to the development of various cell @entity5 . @entity8127 ( @entity8127 ) plays a pivotal role in NF-kB activation. However, the molecular mechanism to stabilize and activate @entity8127 remains elusive, although it is known that @entity22557 ) ubiquitinate @entity8127 for degradation. Here, we report a novel NF-kB-related @entity22558 ( @entity22558 ) that stabilizes and activates @entity8127 in a ubiquitination-dependent manner. We show that @entity22558 interacts with and promotes the Lys(63)-linked ubiquitination of @entity8127 and subsequent processing of @entity7286 to @entity7286 . The results of in vitro biochemical assays indicate that @entity22558 functions as an E3 ligase directly to @entity8127 . Remarkably, the ubiquitination of @entity8127 coincides with its Thr(559) phosphorylation. Furthermore, knockdown of @entity22558 expression by RNA interference inhibits the @entity2936 ligation-induced activation of @entity8127 and @entity7286 processing as well as the expression of noncanonical NF-kB target genes. These data clearly indicate that @entity22558 is an important regulator of the noncanonical NF-kB pathway.

title: An atypical E3 ligase XXXX stabilizes and activates NF-kappaB-inducing kinase via Lys63-linked ubiquitination.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity22557 :: ('329;330', 'Gene') :: ['cIAP1/2 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 and 2']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity8127 :: ('9020', 'Gene') :: ['NIK', 'NF-kB-inducing kinase']

answer: @entity22558 :: (7644,Gene) :: ['zinc finger protein 91']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intraparenchymal cavities communicating with the ventricles may appear in @entity1 with chronic obstructive @entity1276 despite no identifiable surgerical, vascular or traumatic causes. The rate, features, pathogenesis, evolution and clinical impact of intraparenchymal @entity7261 have not been outlined, yet. METHODS: Brain MRIs of 130 @entity1 (mean age: 11.3  years; age range: 0-67; 60 females) with chronic obstructive @entity1276 were analyzed. The pathogenesis, neurosurgical treatment, ventricle size, signs of transependymal reabsorption and septum pellucidum integrity of the @entity1276 were recorded. Subarachnoid outpouching of the ventricles, post-hemorrhagic parenchymal cavities, paths of ventricular shunting and cavities not communicating with the ventricles were excluded. Of @entity1 with intraparenchymal @entity7261 , all previous available CT and MRI scans were evaluated. RESULTS: Eight @entity1 (6.2  %, mean age: 18.7  years; age range: 2-42) harbored 11 intraparenchymal @entity7261 sprouting from the temporal (6), occipital (3) or frontal (2) horns of the lateral ventricles. Intraparenchymal @entity7261 were more frequent in males (p   =   0.04) and older @entity1 (18.7        12.7 vs 11.3        9.8  years, p   =   0.04). Their presence or evolution (mean neuroradiological follow-up 3.6  years; range: 0-8) showed a trend of association with @entity1276 severity (bifrontal index) and did not correlate with the surgical treatment. In three @entity1 the @entity7261 progressed during follow-up. One @entity1 presented with @entity1269 consistent with the intraparenchymal lesion and improved after ventricular shunting. A DTI study revealed that the cortico-spinal tract was partly included in the septum between the ventricle and the intraparenchymal diverticulum. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians dealing with chronic severe obstructive @entity1276 should be aware of ventricular intraparenchymal diverticulation. Studies aiming at clarifying their pathogenesis and proper management are warranted.

title: Intraparenchymal ventricular diverticula in chronic obstructive XXXX : prevalence, imaging features and evolution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity7261 :: ('MESH:D004240', 'Disease') :: ['diverticula']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Introduction The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) currently recommends the use of total hip replacement (THR) for displaced intracapsular @entity173 in @entity1 who meet certain mobility, cognitive and health criteria. Methods A multicentre prospective audit was conducted within a defined geographic region to assess current practice and variation in provision of THR for displaced intracapsular @entity173 . Results A total of 879 @entity1 with @entity173 , admitted to 8 acute @entity130 units, were included in this study. Of 462 @entity1 with displaced intracapsular @entity173 , 169 fulfilled the NICE criteria for THR. THR was performed for only 49 of (29%) the eligible @entity1 . There was significant variation in THR provision between the eight units (0% to 50% THR usage, p<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in age, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) grade, abbreviated mental test score and walking ability prior to the injury between @entity1 who underwent fixation, THR or hemiarthroplasty (all p <=0.05). There was a significantly increased chance of not undergoing THR if a @entity1 was older than 77 years (median age for the THR eligible cohort; relative risk [RR]: 7.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.8-22.0, p<0.001). There was also a trend for this with @entity1 who were ASA grade  3 compared with ASA grade 1 or 2 (RR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.3, p=0.06). The surgeons gave multifactorial reasons for not performing THR in eligible @entity1 . Conclusions There is significant variation in the provision of THR for eligible @entity173 @entity1 , which is influenced by both @entity1 demographics and the unit to which a @entity1 is admitted.

title: The provision of total hip replacement for displaced intracapsular XXXX .

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures', 'hip fracture']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fractures']


abstract: Thirty-five @entity1 with @entity0 ( @entity0 ) entered a phase II study of pegylated liposomal @entity632 35 mg/m2 intravenously (i.v.) on day 1 plus @entity1206 30 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1 every 4 weeks. @entity1 were required to have measurable disease, previous chemotherapy with an @entity4349 -containing regimen, and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Thirty-four @entity1 were assessable for response and @entity137 . The overall response rate (on an intent-to-treat basis) was 35% (12 of 34; 95% CI, 20%-54%). One complete response and 11 partial responses were noted. In addition, 14 @entity1 (41%) had stable disease of > 4 months duration, and 7 @entity1 (20.5%) had disease progression. The response rates to the combination when it was used as first- and second-line chemotherapy were 31% (4 of 13) and 38% (8 of 21), respectively. Median time to disease progression was 7 months (range, 1-35 months) and median overall survival was 13 months (range, 2 to > 62 months). @entity1398 was the most frequent @entity137 (grade 4 in 44% of @entity1 and 19% of cycles), but @entity221 was seen in only 3 cases. No septic deaths occurred. Nonhematologic grade 3 side effects included @entity137 ( @entity5515 , 6%) and @entity33 (15%). Late @entity1665 was seen in 53% of @entity1 (grade 1 in 41%, and grade 2 in 12%). The median LVEFs were 64% (range, 50%-81%) at baseline and 62% (range, 37%-70%) after treatment. Three @entity1 presented an LVEF decrease to < 50%; however, no clinical @entity712 was noted, and 2 of these @entity1 recovered normal values after cessation of therapy. The combination of pegylated liposomal @entity632 and @entity1206 can be safely administered to @entity1 with @entity4349 -pretreated @entity0 and is active in this population.

title: Phase II study of pegylated liposomal @entity632 plus XXXX in @entity0 with previous @entity4349 exposure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic breast cancer', 'MBC']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['Neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic fever']

entities_list: @entity5515 :: ('MESH:D017499', 'Disease') :: ['palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome']

answer: @entity1206 :: (MESH:C030852,Chemical) :: ['vinorelbine']


abstract: One hundred sixteen @entity299 ( @entity299 ) were implanted in 113 @entity1 by 29 centers between April 4, 1969 and March 1, 1988. Five were permanent and 111 were temporary implants (3 @entity1 received second implants). Eight different types of TAHs have been used. The ages ranged from 15 to 62 (mean age: permanent 57, temporary 42). Sixty-seven percent (72/108) of @entity1 receiving the @entity299 for temporary support were transplanted; 6 @entity1 were waiting for a transplant. Forty-seven percent (34/72) were alive after transplantation. Of the 92 @entity1 receiving the Jarvik @entity299 (the most frequently used device) as a temporary device, 67% (62/92) were transplanted (6 currently supported) and 55% were alive after transplantation; 85% were back to work, with a normal life-style. The @entity1031 rate for @entity1 who received the device as a temporary support was 10%, with 3 @entity1 having residual sequellae. No deaths resulted from mechanical failure. Experience to date suggests that the use of the @entity299 as a temporary device can be beneficial if @entity1 are carefully selected.

title: Nine year experience with the clinical use of XXXX as cardiac support devices.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['TAH', 'total artificial hearts']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['total artificial hearts']


abstract: Plasma cells are found surrounding the inflammatory infiltrates of macrophages, T, and B cells in the synovial tissue of @entity1 with @entity309 . This characteristic arrangement suggests that in the synovial tissue @entity2225 + B cells differentiate into plasma cells. To examine clonal relationships, we have used micromanipulation to separately isolate @entity2225 + B cells and plasma cells from single infiltrates. DNA was extracted, and from both populations the VH/VL gene repertoires was determined. The data show that in the inflamed synovial tissue activated B cells are clonally expanded. During proliferation in the network of follicular dendritic cells, V gene variants are generated by the hypermutation mechanism. Surprisingly, we do not find identical rearrangements between @entity2225 + B cells and plasma cells. Nevertheless, the finding of clonally related plasma cells within single infiltrates suggests that these cells underwent terminal differentiation in the synovial tissue. These results indicate that B cell differentiation in the synovial tissue is a dynamic process. Whereas @entity2225 + B cells may turnover rapidly, plasma cells may well be long lived and thus accumulate in the synovial tissue. The analysis of individual B cells recovered from synovial tissue opens a new way to determine the specificity of those cells that take part in the local immune reaction. This will provide new insights into the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases like @entity309 .

title: Plasma cell development in synovial germinal centers in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid or reactive arthritis', 'rheumatoid and reactive arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid and reactive arthritis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Treatment with @entity817 inhibitors (BRAFi) leads to complete remissions (CR) in 3-6% of @entity1 with @entity817 mutant @entity320 . In cases of CR, it is unclear whether BRAFi therapy should be continued. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical course of @entity1 with @entity320 who discontinued BRAFi therapy after achieving a CR. In 12 @entity1 , CR of @entity320 was diagnosed after a median BRAFi treatment duration of 13 (range 0.3-32) months. Reasons for discontinuation were side effects in seven @entity1 and @entity1 demand in five @entity1 . Six @entity1 are still in CR after a median of 17 (range 2-26) months after discontinuation of @entity817 inhibition. Six @entity1 developed a @entity320 recurrence after a median of 3 (range 2-17) months of discontinuation of BRAFi therapy. Subsequently, these @entity1 were again treated with a BRAFi, which resulted in three CR, one stable disease, and one progressive disease; one @entity1 could not be assessed. @entity320 @entity1 achieving CR during BRAFi therapy represent a heterogeneous group. Discontinuation of BRAFi therapy after a CR has to be balanced carefully with the potential risk of nonresponding to BRAFi retreatment in the case of relapse.

title: Complete remission of @entity320 upon XXXX inhibitor treatment - what happens after discontinuation?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'metastatic melanoma', 'Melanoma']

answer: @entity817 :: (673,Gene) :: ['BRAF']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently a technique of imaging the @entity989 ( @entity989 ) has been developed that takes advantages of its intrinsic fluorescence derived from lipofuscin. The purpose of this study was to document the distribution of fundus autofluorescence in @entity1 with various @entity989 and its change over time. METHODS: The intensity and spatial distribution of fundus autofluorescence was documented in 318 eyes from 159 @entity1 with various @entity989 using a confocal Laser Scanning Ophthalmoscope. Thirty @entity1 with @entity1020 and 30 with age-related @entity1020 underwent serial examinations over a period of 1-3 years in order to monitor the changes over time of fundus autofluorescence. RESULTS: Absent autofluorescence corresponded well spatially with outer @entity2479 in eyes with @entity6391 and @entity6391 . Abnormally high background autofluorescence was seen in the macular region in some @entity1 with dominant and recessive @entity6391 and @entity6391 . In areas of @entity1103 fundus autofluorescence was abnormal. Fundus autofluorescence showed changes over time in most of the eyes with @entity989 studied. CONCLUSION: Fundus autofluorescence allows documentation of areas of photoreceptor cell loss in eyes with @entity6391 and @entity6391 . If abnormal high background autofluorescence in the surviving areas occurs only in some @entity1 with @entity6391 , the technique may serve to distinguish the regional from the diffuse type of disease. Over time, fundus autofluorescence may demonstrate change or may remain stable.

title: Distribution of pigment epithelium autofluorescence in XXXX state recorded in vivo and its change over time.

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal atrophy']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['macular edema']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa', 'rod-cone dystrophies', 'rod-cone dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal pigment epithelium', 'RPE', 'retinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular dystrophies', 'macular disease']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinal disease']


abstract: @entity17583 ( @entity17583 ), a @entity1568 mustard that irreversibly inhibits @entity1063 uptake, cyclizes in solution to form an @entity17584 ion. The first-order rate constants for cyclization at 23 degrees and 37 degrees are 0.12 min-1 and 0.40 min-1, respectively. The @entity17584 ion is relatively stable at 23 degrees but hydrolyzes at 37 degrees with a half-time of 70 min. A dimeric compound was indirectly shown to form at 1 mM @entity17583 through a reaction between the parent mustard and its @entity17584 ion. A similar reaction between the @entity17585 and the @entity17584 ion does not take place at pH 7.4. The @entity17584 ion, its hydrolysis product, and the dimer were synthesized to evaluate directly their effects on @entity1063 uptake in @entity95 thoracic aorta. The @entity17584 ion was as potent as @entity17583 as an irreversible uptake inhibitor, and the effects of both compounds were @entity1372 -dependent. The dimer was a weak competitive inhibitor of @entity1063 uptake, with an IC50 of about 10 microM. The @entity17585 , at 100 microM, competitively inhibited only 20% of control @entity1063 accumulation. These results demonstrate that the @entity17584 ion is responsible for @entity17583 's uptake blocking activity and that the other @entity17583 derivatives do not influence this action.

title: Chemical transformations of XXXX ( @entity17583 ) in solution. Pharmacological activity of the species derived from this irreversible @entity1063 uptake inhibitor.

entities_list: @entity17583 :: ('MESH:C026131', 'Chemical') :: ["N-2'-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-methylbenzylamine", 'xylamine', 'Xylamine']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity17585 :: ('CHEBI:16000', 'Chemical') :: ['2-hydroxyethylamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity17584 :: ('CHEBI:50929', 'Chemical') :: ['aziridinium']

answer: @entity17583 :: (MESH:C026131,Chemical) :: ['xylamine']


abstract: The efficacy and tolerability of @entity5305 ( @entity5305 , GVG), given as add-on therapy to 23 adult outpatients with severe @entity302 (17 with partial @entity410 ), were studied using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. The study consisted of two 7-week periods during which @entity5305 and placebo were administered in random sequence. Dosage was 1.0 g twice daily for @entity1 weighing less than or equal to 65 kg and 1.5 g twice daily for @entity1 weighing greater than 65 kg. Three @entity1 were dropped from the study, two for reasons unrelated to treatment and one because of the appearance of vertigo, @entity10 , @entity4653 , and @entity2055 , which subsided rapidly when @entity5305 was stopped (3 g daily). Sixteen of the 20 @entity1 available for analysis showed a decrease in the total number of @entity410 as compared with the placebo period. Of these, 12 showed a greater than 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency and 4 of the 12 showed a greater than 75% reduction. Both the total number of @entity410 and the number of partial @entity410 were significantly reduced by @entity5305 (p less than 0.01). Only in the @entity1 who dropped out were severe adverse effects seen. The most frequently reported unwanted effect was mild drowsiness, which developed in seven @entity1 on @entity5305 and in one on placebo. Positive effects, however, were also seen with six @entity1 who reported an improved sense of well-being while receiving @entity5305 as compared with only 1 during the placebo period. No consistent changes in electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and visual-, auditory-, and somatosensory-evoked potentials were seen during the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX in the treatment of @entity302 : a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity5305 :: ('MESH:D020888', 'Chemical') :: ['vigabatrin', 'gamma-vinyl GABA']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['drug-resistant epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity5305 :: (MESH:D020888,Chemical) :: ['Vigabatrin']


abstract: The association between the risk of @entity2 and @entity286 smoking, dietary factors and occupational exposures was examined in a hospital-based case-control study. The study involved 123 consecutive cases and 123 controls, matched by age (+/- 3), sex, and race. In this first study of @entity2 risk in Brazil, we found that @entity286 smoking is the strongest risk factor with an odds ratio (OR) for current and former smokers of 22 (CI, 6.5-76) and 7.7 (CI, 2.2-27), respectively. An OR of 2.8 (CI, 1.0-7.7) was found for users of black @entity286 in the form of hand-rolled cigarettes) in combination with conventional cigarettes, after adjustment for life-time consumption of any kind of @entity286 ; users of conventional cigarettes only were considered as a reference group. Cessation of smoking had an important influence in reducing the @entity2 risk, whereas early initiation of smoking increased the risk. Among dietary factors, frequent consumption of meat (P < 0.01) and pasta (P = 0.02) were positively associated with @entity2 risk after adjusting for smoking and income. No association was found with green/yellow vegetables or fruits. We were unable to detect any significant association related to occupational exposures. This study confirmed the association of @entity2 with smoking as the most important predictor of risk. It also indicates the increase in risk associated with the use of black @entity286 in combination with conventional cigarettes.

title: Risk factors for XXXX in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: It has been proposed that key enzymes of ureagenesis and the @entity493 aminotransferase activity predominate in periportal hepatocytes. However, ureagenesis from @entity493 , when measured in the perfused liver, did not show periportal predominance and even the release of the direct products of @entity493 transformation, @entity880 and @entity2388 , was higher in perivenous cells. An alternative way of analyzing the functional distributions of @entity493 aminotransferase and the @entity1133 cycle along the hepatic acini would be to measure @entity493 and @entity1133 production from precursors such as @entity880 or @entity2388 plus @entity3265 . In the present work these aspects were investigated in the bivascularly perfused @entity35 liver. The results of the present study confirm that gluconeogenesis and the associated @entity26 uptake tend to predominate in the periportal region. @entity493 synthesis from @entity880 and @entity2388 plus @entity3265 , however, predominated in the perivenous region. Furthermore, no predominance of ureagenesis in the periportal region was found, except for conditions of high @entity3265 concentrations plus oxidizing conditions induced by @entity2388 . These observations corroborate the view that data on enzyme activity or expression alone cannot be extrapolated unconditionally to the living cell. The current view of the hepatic @entity3265 -detoxifying system proposes that the small perivenous fraction of @entity1160 synthesizing perivenous cells removes a minor fraction of @entity3265 that escapes from ureagenesis in periportal cells. However, since @entity1133 synthesis occurs at high rates in all hepatocytes with the possible exclusion of those cells not possessing @entity12116 synthase, it is probable that ureagenesis is equally important as an @entity3265 -detoxifying mechanism in the perivenous region.

title: Flexibility of the hepatic zonation of carbon and nitrogen fluxes linked to @entity880 and @entity2388 transformations in the presence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12116 :: ('MESH:D002221', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamoyl-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine', 'Alanine']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity3265 :: (MESH:D000641,Chemical) :: ['ammonia']


abstract: The prevention of @entity6 complications is a challenge to the health services. A health survey was carried out in the Nord-Tr  ndelag county of Norway during the period 1984-1986 (77,224 respondents) and repeated in 1995-1997 (65,599 respondents). In this study, self-reports of @entity6 and impairments in the two screenings are compared. Did respondents report more or less morbidity in 1995-1997 than in 1984-1986? Comparisons between self-reports in the two surveys show higher morbidity among young @entity1 (below 40 years of age) in 1995-1997 than in 1984-1986, both among @entity1 with and without @entity6 , but the change was not statistically significant. For the middle-aged (40-59 years of age), there were smaller changes. For older @entity1 (above 60 years of age) with @entity6 , there was a decrease in some of the reported morbidity, namely for @entity64 , mobility @entity73 due to other physical diseases, compared to older @entity1 without @entity6 . There was a slight increase in reported @entity227 , but smaller than for @entity1 without @entity6 . The changes in relative risk for @entity1 with @entity64 , mobility and @entity227 , and other physical disease are statistically significant. Splitting the sample according to gender, this trend was only significant among @entity1 .

title: XXXX and comorbidity. Change between 1984-1986 and 1995-1997: results of the Nord-Tr  ndelag Health Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['vision impairment']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'cerebral stroke']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetes and other diseases']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment, and impairment']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes mellitus']


abstract: @entity4025 exhibits potential anti-carcinogenic activities. @entity13975 ( @entity13975 ) is involved in angiogenesis and @entity5 @entity3 . Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes in the degradation of extracellular matrix, and their expression may be dysregulated in @entity2 @entity3 . In this study, we investigated the anti-invasive mechanism of @entity4025 in @entity2 cells. @entity13975 was shown to be elevated (approximately 4.7-fold) in @entity2 samples as compared with matched normal tissues. After treatment of @entity2220 cell line A549 cells with @entity4025 (50 microM) for 24 h, the migratory and invasive abilities (38 and 30% inhibition, respectively) of A549 cells were significantly reduced. @entity4025 significantly inhibited @entity13975 -mediated @entity1495 (35% inhibition) and @entity1476 (28% inhibition) expression in @entity2 cells. @entity2451 inhibitor induced a marked reduction in @entity1495 and @entity1476 expression, suggesting NF-kappaB pathway could play an important role. Furthermore, @entity13975 inhibition and silencing significantly suppressed MMPs and invasion of @entity2 cells. Our results suggest that @entity4025 inhibited @entity13975 and subsequently @entity1495 and @entity1476 expression in @entity2 cells. The inhibitory effects of @entity4025 on MMP expression and invasion of @entity2 cells are, in part, associated with the @entity13975 -mediated NF-kappaB pathway.

title: @entity4025 inhibits human XXXX cell @entity3 by suppressing @entity13975 -mediated nuclear factor-kappaB pathway and subsequently downregulating expression of matrix metalloproteinases.

entities_list: @entity2451 :: ('4790', 'Gene') :: ['Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'lung cancer tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity4025 :: ('MESH:C059514', 'Chemical') :: ['resveratrol', 'Resveratrol']

entities_list: @entity2220 :: ('MESH:C538231', 'Disease') :: ['lung adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2220 :: (MESH:C538231,Disease) :: ['lung adenocarcinoma']


abstract: @entity392 ( @entity392 ) are low-level acoustic sounds of cochlear origin that can be recorded from the external auditory canal under well-controlled conditions. They are a natural by-product of normal auditory physiology and may be divided into two general categories: spontaneous and evoked emissions. These emissions provide an objective, non-invasive measurement of cochlear function that is accurate, rapid, and simple to perform. The clinical utility of @entity392 has been extensively described in both normally hearing subjects and subjects with @entity1274 . The primary clinical applications of these emissions appear to be in neonatal screening and @entity2167 monitoring. In this study, the effects of @entity2171 on the production of evoked @entity392 in @entity1 were assessed using preoperative tympanometric and otoacoustic emissions testing. The study subjects were @entity1 with a history of @entity102 media who had otoscopic findings suggestive of @entity2171 . An attempt was made to correlate the type of @entity2171 found at surgery with the presence or absence of preoperative otoacoustic emissions. Statistical analysis indicated that the type of effusion in the middle ear does affect the presence or absence of emissions. These results tend to refute previous notions that @entity392 are not measurable if the tympanogram is abnormal or fluid is present in the middle ear space. A review of the pertinent literature in included, along with a general description of the types of @entity392 and their clinical significance.

title: The effects of XXXX media with effusion on the measurement of transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic otitis']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensori-neural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['Otoacoustic emissions', 'OAEs']

entities_list: @entity2171 :: ('MESH:D010034', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear effusion']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic otitis']


abstract: This study was designed to investigate adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), @entity701 , and @entity17955 responses to @entity1854 -induced @entity551 in adult @entity742 . Five @entity742 were surgically prepared with carotid arterial skin loops at least 1 yr before these experiments. After catheterization of the carotid arteries and external jugular veins the @entity742 were infused with @entity1854 intravenously at rates of 0, 10, 15, or 20 micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 for 10 min. @entity1854 produced significantly dose-related decreases in mean arterial pressure and increases in heart rate, plasma ACTH and @entity701 concentrations, and plasma @entity17955 activity. Hematocrit was significantly increased in the 10- and 20-micrograms . kg-1 . min-1 groups during @entity1854 , probably reflecting contraction of the spleen. After the end of the period of @entity551 , hematocrit was significantly decreased in all @entity1854 infusion groups, probably reflecting transcapillary movement of fluid into the vascular space. A posteriori analysis of the data suggests that the ACTH response to @entity1854 infusion was better predicted by the nadir in mean arterial pressure and that the @entity17955 activity response was better predicted by the initial rate of decrease of mean arterial pressure during @entity1854 infusion.

title: ACTH, @entity701 , and @entity17955 responses to arterial @entity551 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitroprusside', 'nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: AIM: Show the ability of uroflowmetry to record episodes of @entity393 of urine at an altitude cough bursts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 49 @entity1 with a genital prolapse and @entity3142 . The study was conducted during bladder filling 150-300 ml of urine. A @entity1 chair being Uroflowmeter three times at intervals of 3-5 coughs seconds. Episodes of involuntary discharge of urine at an altitude cough shocks on uroflowgramme recorded as separate trapezoidal or triangular peaks. The same procedure was carried out and after surgery. RESULTS: All @entity1 graphically documented episodes of involuntary discharge of urine at an altitude cough shocks before operation. Uroflowmetry after surgery confirmed the fact of continence. DISCUSSION: The study is simple, not cumbersome for the @entity1 . The opportunity to document the diagnosis @entity3142 . CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method of uroflowmetry in examining @entity1 with @entity3142 allows not only to estimate the total evacuation function of the bladder and urethra, but also graphically record the episodes of @entity393 of urine during coughing.

title: [Uroflowmetry in examination of the female with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'women']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['involuntary loss']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress urinary incontinence']

answer: @entity3142 :: (MESH:D014550,Disease) :: ['stress urinary incontinence']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the biocompatibility of a @entity298 ( @entity298 ) solution containing @entity1522 compared to @entity298 solutions containing @entity413 . DESIGN: The biocompatibility of three dialysis solutions containing 1.1% @entity1522 , 1.36% @entity413 , and 3.86% @entity413 , respectively, was evaluated in vivo in @entity95 . METHODS: After 60 days of @entity298 , peritoneal histological changes in @entity95 were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. The parameters investigated were: (1) mesothelial damage; (2) @entity4 ; (3) submesothelial cell infiltration; (4) submesothelial @entity82 ; and (5) vascular alterations. Semiquantitative evaluations were performed for all the above alterations; quantitative morphometric evaluation was performed for mesothelial damage (cubic transformation of the mesothelium, areas devoid of mesothelium, @entity4 ) and thickness of peritoneal arteriole walls. RESULTS: (1) Mesothelial damage was practically nonexistent in @entity95 dialyzed with the solution containing @entity1522 , and intermediate and severe with low- @entity413 and high- @entity413 solutions, respectively. Both controls and @entity95 dialyzed with @entity535 solution showed flat continuous mesothelium; @entity95 dialyzed with low- @entity413 solution showed cubic continuous mesothelium; and @entity95 dialyzed with high- @entity413 solution showed cubic discontinuous mesothelium. Cytopathic mesothelial effects were slight with the solution containing @entity1522 and severe with both the low- and high- @entity413 solutions. Duplication and thickening of mesothelial basement membrane were never observed. (2) @entity4 showed a worsening trend from controls to @entity95 dialyzed with solution containing @entity1522 , low @entity413 , and high @entity413 . (3) No difference in submesothelial infiltration was found between groups. (4) Submesothelial @entity82 was never observed. (5) Vascular alterations were never observed. CONCLUSION: These results are evidence that @entity298 solution with @entity1522 is more biocompatible than high- and also low- @entity413 solutions.

title: Biocompatibility of a @entity298 solution with @entity1522 : histological evaluation in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['Submesothelial edema', 'submesothelial edema']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To report on a three-year follow-up evaluation in Canada of nursing care indicators following the implementation of the Adult Asthma Care Best Practice Guideline and the Reducing Foot Complications for @entity1 with @entity6 Best Practice Guideline and to describe the contextual changes in the clinical settings. BACKGROUND: The Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario in Canada has developed and published more than 42 guidelines related to clinical nursing practice and healthy work environments. To date, evaluation has involved one-year studies of the impact of guideline implementation on the delivery of care in hospital and community settings, but little is known about whether changes in practice that were made during the initial implementation period have been sustained. DESIGN: Longitudinal follow-up study. METHODS: Site observations and interviews were conducted with key informants at two hospitals. Indicators of nursing care changes identified six months post-implementation were compared with indicators found during a retrospective chart audit at the same sites three years later. Fisher exact tests were used to compare outcomes for the two time periods. RESULTS: Three out of 12 indicators related to @entity565 care remained consistently high (>=  84% of audited charts) and four indicators declined significantly (p < 0.01). There were significant (p  <= 0.05) improvements in nine out of 12 indicators related to @entity6 foot care. Important contextual changes were made to better address the guideline recommendations for foot care in the out- @entity1 program and the electronic documentation system. CONCLUSIONS: Sustainability of guideline implementation recommendations was enhanced with the use of an electronic documentation system. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Long-term follow-up of both clinical indicators and contextual factors are important to monitor to promote sustained implementation of guidelines.

title: Implementation of clinical guidelines for adults with XXXX and @entity6 : a three-year follow-up evaluation of nursing care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'People']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 predictors of early @entity2023 ( @entity2166 ) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify environmental exposures and host factors during infancy that predict @entity2166 at age 3 years. METHODS: High-risk @entity1 from greater Cincinnati were followed annually from ages 1 to 3 years. @entity2166 was defined as sneezing, runny, or blocked nose in the prior 12 months and a positive skin prick test (SPT) response to 1 or more aeroallergens. Environmental and standardized medical questionnaires determined exposures and clinical outcomes. Primary activity area dust samples were analyzed for house dust endotoxin (HDE) and (1-3)-beta-D-glucan. Fine particulate matter sampled at 27 monitoring stations was used to estimate personal elemental @entity505 attributable to traffic exposure by using a land-use regression model. RESULTS: Of 361 @entity1 in this analysis, 116 had @entity2166 , and 245 were nonatopic and nonsymptomatic. Prolonged breast-feeding in African American @entity1 (adjusted odds ratio [ @entity2166 ], 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-0.9) and multiple @entity1 in the home during infancy was protective against @entity2166 ( @entity2166 , 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8). Food SPT response positivity and tree SPT response positivity in infancy increased the risk of @entity2166 at age 3 years ( @entity2166 of 4.4 [95% CI, 2.1-9.2] and @entity2166 of 6.8 [95% CI, 2.5-18.7], respectively). HDE exposure was associated with @entity2166 ; the effect was dependent on exposure level. Elemental carbon attributable to traffic and environmental @entity286 smoke exposure showed no effect on @entity2166 . CONCLUSION: Prolonged breast-feeding in African American subjects and multiple @entity1 in the home during infancy reduced the risk of @entity2166 at age 3 years. SPT response positivity to food and tree allergens enhanced risk. The HDE effect on @entity2166 was related to exposure.

title: Breast-feeding, aeroallergen sensitization, and environmental exposures during infancy are determinants of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Infant']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['childhood allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['childhood allergic rhinitis']


abstract: Comparison of current and estimated premorbid IQ in @entity161 suggests that there are subgroups with @entity258 , deteriorated IQ (DIQ), or preserved IQ and that this is established by @entity716 onset. There are no controlled studies examining the trajectory of these IQ subgroups longitudinally or their relationship with clinical and social outcomes. Of 129 individuals with @entity161 or @entity914 , 25% showed stable @entity258 , 31% showed stable IQ in the average/high range, and 44% demonstrated intellectual deterioration by 10 points or more. @entity1 in the low and deteriorated groups were equally impaired on tests of memory and executive function compared with the preserved average/high-IQ group and controls and showed more negative and disorganization symptoms than the preserved average/high-IQ group. Sixty @entity1 and 27 controls were assessed again 1 and 3 years later. There was no evidence that those with IQ deterioration at baseline continued on a declining cognitive trajectory or that those with preserved average/high IQ experienced subsequent IQ decline. The @entity258 group showed no change in IQ, whereas both the DIQ and the preserved IQ groups improved. However, the rate of improvement of these 2 subgroups was no greater than that of the healthy controls, suggesting that this reflected practice effects. Both the low and the deteriorated groups had longer index admissions, more @entity1109 , and worse occupational outcomes at 3 years. These data suggest that following @entity716 onset, IQ is stable and that it is IQ at @entity716 onset rather than premorbid IQ predicts a more severe illness.

title: IQ trajectory, cognitive reserve, and clinical outcome following a first episode of XXXX : a 3-year longitudinal study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['core negative symptoms']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['schizoaffective disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'first-episode schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychosis']


abstract: During the 10-year period 1970-79, 88 @entity1 underwent valve replacement for complications of @entity3555 . The mean age of the @entity1 was 42 (15-60) years. There were 64 @entity1 and 22 @entity1 . Thirty-three @entity1 had a history of @entity4789 . In 11 cases the murmur was heard already in childhood. In 44 cases (50%) no @entity299 was diagnosed before the onset of symptoms of @entity3555 . Strepto- and staphylococci were the most common organisms found in culture. In 12 cases a dental and in 12 a respiratory tract @entity281 preceded the @entity884 . In 51 cases, however, the origin of the @entity281 remained unestablished. Intractable @entity712 were most common indications for operation. Only 9 @entity1 underwent operation in the acute phase. @entity886 ( @entity886 ) was performed in 58 cases, mitral valve replacement (MVR) in 19, both @entity886 and MVR in 6, @entity886 and @entity439 repair in 3 cases, @entity886 and repair of @entity1757 in one and @entity886 combined with myocardial revascularization and replacement of the ascending aorta for @entity439 in one case. The early mortality was 9 @entity1 (10%) and late mortality 9 @entity1 . During follow-up times of up to 10 years, 7 @entity1 experienced @entity887 . They recovered uneventfully. One valve prosthesis was replaced because of @entity715 and another due to paraprosthetic leak. Two @entity1 had a late recurrent @entity3555 and 8 years postoperatively. They were treated conservatively and recovered. It was concluded that after valve replacement for @entity3555 , the risk of recurrent @entity281 is relatively low and that results approaching those for elective valve replacement can be achieved.

title: Valve replacement for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic fever']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure and embolizations']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['AVR', 'Aortic valve replacement']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolic complications']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm of sinus Valsalva', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3555 :: ('MESH:D004697', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial endocarditis 5', 'bacterial endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity3555 :: (MESH:D004697,Disease) :: ['bacterial endocarditis']


abstract: Understanding the dynamic relationship between components of a system or pathway at the individual cell level is a current challenge. To address this, we developed an approach that allows simultaneous tracking of several endogenous proteins of choice within individual living @entity1 cells. The approach is based on fluorescent tagging of proteins at their native locus by directed gene targeting. A fluorescent tag-encoding DNA is introduced as a new exon into the intronic region of the gene of interest, resulting in expression of a full-length fluorescently tagged protein. We used this approach to establish @entity1 cell lines simultaneously expressing two components of a major antioxidant defense system, @entity14688 ( @entity14688 ) and @entity18012 ( @entity18012 ), labeled with @entity9861 and YFP, respectively. We find that the distributions of both proteins between nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments were highly variable between cells. However, the two proteins did not vary independently of each other: protein levels of @entity14688 and @entity18012 in both the whole cell and the nucleus were substantially correlated. We further find that in response to a stress-inducing drug (CPT), both @entity14688 and @entity18012 accumulated in the nuclei in a manner that was highly temporally correlated. This accumulation considerably reduced cell-to-cell variability in nuclear content of both proteins, suggesting a uniform response of the @entity14688 system to stress. These results indicate that @entity14688 and @entity18012 act in concert in response to stress in regard to both time course and variability. Thus, our approach provides an efficient tool for studying dynamic relationship between components of systems of interest at a single-cell level.

title: Generation of double-labeled reporter cell lines for studying co-dynamics of endogenous proteins in individual XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity14688 :: ('7295', 'Gene') :: ['thioredoxin', 'Trx', 'thioredoxin 1']

entities_list: @entity18012 :: ('7296', 'Gene') :: ['TrxR1', 'thioredoxin reductase 1']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Extensive chromosome and DNA content heterogeneity within and between @entity1 @entity5 has been observed using both classical karyotype and DNA cytometry. Experimental evidence suggests, at least in some @entity5 types, that DNA stemline heterogeneity in @entity5 progression is according to a three-compartment model with diploidy shifting to tetraploidy and then to hypotetraploidy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The @entity1 @entity2513 sequence appears as one of the most potentially informative systems for the study of DNA stemline heterogeneity in @entity1 @entity5 since @entity652 , @entity652 with @entity5 , and @entity420 in nontreated @entity1 represent clear morphologically distinct stages of @entity5 progression. The quantitative measurement of DNA content in the G0.1 phase of the cell cycle was performed by high resolution flow cytometry in a large number of cases using multiple fresh or frozen samples. RESULTS: The distribution of the degree of DNA aneuploidy values, also known as DNA index, (DI not equal to 1) among 467 @entity1 precancer and @entity14 was clearly nonrandom and showed modes at DI = 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.2 with a clear valley at DI = 1.3. Whereas DNA aneuploid subclones @entity75 were up to about 80% near-diploid (DI < or = 1.3), DNA subclones within advanced @entity5 were in the vast majority with DI = 1.5-1.8 and, in a small fraction, with DI > 2. In addition, in @entity652 with @entity5 , which represent a link in @entity14 progression, early and late DNA stemlines often coexisted. CONCLUSIONS: The natural history of the @entity2513 sequence appears to be characterized by near-diploid subclones as early events and by late-stage hypotetraploidy. A new model is proposed that predicts the origin of the near-diploid subclones by "loss of symmetry" in cell division and their evolution (in particular hypodiploid) to the late-stage hypotetraploidy by tetraploidization. This model agrees with recent data associating molecular biology events, cytogenetic data, and DNA stemline heterogeneity in @entity14 systems.

title: A model of DNA aneuploidization and evolution in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'solid tumors', 'cancer', 'early cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['within early lesions']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal and other tumor', 'cancer colorectal lesions', 'colorectal tumor']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenoma-carcinoma']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hyperfiltration (HF) has been linked to the development of @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ), but the causative or predictive role of HF in the pathogenesis of @entity2316 still remains unclear. To date, there have been no studies of HF in Indigenous Australians, a population with high rates of both @entity6 and @entity454 . We aimed to compare the characteristics and frequency of HF in Indigenous Australians with and without @entity164 2 @entity6 . METHODS: Indigenous Australian @entity1 , recruited across five pre-defined strata of health, @entity6 status and kidney function, had a reference glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured using plasma disappearance of @entity6111 [measured GFR(mGFR)] over 4 h. HF was defined in various ways: (i) mGFR > 144 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2), which is mGFR > 1.96 * SD above the mean of the mGFR in non-diabetic @entity1 with normal @entity633 and normal renal function (mGFR > 90 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)); (ii) age-corrected mGFR (>144 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)) to account for the effect of ageing on GFR in subjects over 40 years of age with cut-off 1 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2) lower for every year; (iii) mGFR > 144 mL/min, without correction for body surface area or age, as well as (iv) mGFR > 125 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2), without adjustment for age. RESULTS: A total of 383 Indigenous @entity1 , 125 with and 258 without @entity6 , with mGFR > 90 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2) were studied. The proportion of @entity1 with HF was 7% using mGFR > 144 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2), 11% using the age-adjusted definition, 19% using mGFR > 144 mL/min and 27% using mGFR > 125 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2). @entity6 was more common in @entity1 with HF (40-74%) compared with normofiltering @entity1 (28-31%), regardless of the definition of HF. CONCLUSIONS: HF exists in Indigenous Australians with and without @entity6 . A greater proportion of @entity1 had @entity6 in HF group compared with normofiltration group. Long-term follow-up of this cohort is necessary to determine if HF plays a role in the development of @entity2316 and non- @entity2316 .

title: Hyperfiltration in Indigenous Australians with and without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['DKD', 'diabetic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage kidney disease']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: PURPOSE: An in vivo @entity5 model for the study of @entity1 @entity189 is desirable. Orthotopic xenografts are useful in order to better approximate @entity1 @entity5 cell behavior in situ. A prior model has been described in the nude @entity19 . However, its small bladder size limits both histologic characterization and the application of intravesical therapeutics. In the absence of preirradiation, orthotopic xenografts of @entity1 @entity1606 in the nude @entity35 has not been previously reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nude @entity35 2 to 4 weeks of age were inoculated with 1-5 x 10(6) cells of RT4 (well differentiated papillary @entity1 @entity150 cell line). Inoculation was performed via open cystotomy. Techniques of @entity3137 including acid treatment and cautery were explored in an effort to optimize @entity5 implantation and growth. Animals were sacrificed at varying intervals and histologic assessment was performed. RESULTS: The overall rate of @entity5 implantation and growth was 93.4% (57 of 61). @entity5 reliably grew within the muscularis and mucosal growth was seen as well. Intramuscular @entity5 growth was less differentiated and had a higher fraction of @entity1697 . @entity5 growth was consistently seen as early as 2 weeks after inoculation which facilitates experimental trials. Distant metastasis was not observed. @entity3137 did not increase the rate of @entity5 implantation. CONCLUSION: This model is highly reproducible and will prove useful in the further study of @entity150 progression as well as in the development of therapeutic modalities for both superficial and muscle invasive @entity150 .

title: A model of @entity150 xenografts in the nude XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['mitotic cells than mucosal tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor', 'bladder carcinoma', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['Mucosal injury', 'mucosal injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Seventy-eight hips with @entity2444 ( @entity2444 ) were treated with an intertrochanteric varus osteotomy. The hips were preoperatively graded according to Catterall's classification. There were 7 Group II, 32 Group III, and 39 Group IV hips. Good results occurred in 5 of the Group II hips, 19 of the Group III hips, and 12 of the Group IV hips. The average age of the @entity1 at the onset of symptoms was 6 years and 6 months, and the average age at the time of the osteotomy was 7 years and 8 months. This means that the average age of @entity1 was high and that the operations were performed in a late state of the disease. A control group consisting of 52 hips was treated conservatively with a Thomas splint. In 11 hips classified as Catterall's Group IV, there were 8 poor results. The results indicate that with osteotomy the results improve in Group IV of Catterall's classification. There are, however, still about 30% poor results in the Group IV. A prolonged prevention of weight-bearing after osteotomy may be indicated in @entity1 with unfavorable results.

title: Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2444 :: ('MESH:D007873', 'Disease') :: ['LCPD', "Perthes' disease"]

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity2444 :: (MESH:D007873,Disease) :: ['Perthes' disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Long-term survival of @entity1778 has become a reality with treatment advancement; hence, the need to assess the survivors' @entity283 ( @entity283 ) is essential. Although a growing number of Western studies have documented the considerable impact of diagnosis and treatment on @entity283 in pediatric @entity1778 survivors, little finding has been reported in non-Western developing countries. METHODS: We used a previously validated 14-dimensional questionnaire, @entity1 Health Questionnaire 50-item Parent Form (CHQ- @entity14483 ), to examine the perceived @entity283 of 32 @entity1 /adolescent survivors, currently aged 13.17    2.49 years, who had experienced first complete continuous remission from @entity1778 for at least 3 years. The @entity283 status was compared with that obtained from community subjects (N = 154) and survivors' nonadult siblings (N = 30). Intelligence quotients (IQ) and computerized neuropsychological assessments were performed for subjects. RESULTS: The @entity283 of @entity1778 survivors was noted to be worse than that of community @entity1 and nonadult siblings as reflected by significantly lower scores in both the physical summary and the psychosocial summary score of CHQ- @entity14483 . 15.6% of the survivors had impaired intelligence (estimated IQ below 70). 27.8% of the adolescents were impaired in the cognitive domains as assessed by neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSIONS: In this Taiwanese single institution experience, pediatric @entity1778 survivors carried a morbidity burden into their teen years as reflected by worse @entity283 than controls. These findings may guide the support required by this population.

title: Health-related quality of life and cognitive outcomes among XXXX and @entity1778 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'Child', 'children']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia', 'childhood leukemia']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['HRQL', 'health-related quality of life']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Preoperative @entity887 was introduced to minimize complications after extended hepatectomy. This retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare outcomes with and without @entity887 before hepatectomy for @entity201 . METHODS: This study was conducted with 35 @entity1 who underwent right extended hemihepatectomy for @entity201 from 2001 to 2008. Preoperative @entity887 was performed in 14 @entity1 (embolization group) and not performed in 21 @entity1 (non-embolization group). RESULTS: The groups did not differ in terms of sex, age, operative time, transfusion, postoperative serum @entity648 level, @entity556 time, and length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Although @entity190 was higher in the embolization group than in the non-embolization group (P = .009), no major complications were observed between embolization and resection. At presentation, future liver remnant was smaller in the embolization group (19.8%, range 16-35%) than in non-embolization group (28.3%, 15-47%; P = .001). After embolization, the volume of the future liver remnant increased significantly to 27.2% (range, 23-42%; P = .001). Future liver remnants just before operation were similar in both groups (P > .99). There was no significant difference in terms of the rate of morbidity and in-hospital mortality. No statistically significant differences were observed in disease-free survival (P = .52) and overall survival (P = .30). CONCLUSIONS: Portal vein embolizations do not increase the rate of morbidity, in-hospital mortality, local recurrence and system @entity3 . Therefore it can be considered safe and effective for @entity1 with small future liver remnants. Embolization can lessen postoperative @entity1578 and widen the indication of the surgical resection, especially in @entity1 with marginal future liver remnants.

title: The efficacy of XXXX prior to right extended hemihepatectomy for @entity201 : a retrospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['portal vein embolization']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['hilar cholangiocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity887 :: (MESH:D004617,Disease) :: ['portal vein embolization']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We wanted to establish independent associations of various clinical variables, computed tomographic (CT) scan features, presenting @entity64 subtypes, and outcome with the presence of silent @entity1188 on CT. METHODS: We studied 755 consecutive @entity1 in a prospective registration of @entity1 with first-ever supratentorial atherothrombotic, cardioembolic, or @entity64 or @entity64 of undetermined cause by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred six @entity1 (27%) with a first symptomatic territorial or small deep @entity385 had one or more silent @entity1188 on CT. Of all silent lesions, 169 (82%) were small and deep. @entity1188 were significantly more strongly associated with a lacunar than atherothrombotic (odds ratio [OR], 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 2.47; P = .039) or cardioembolic (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.99; P = .005) index @entity64 . Silent territorial lesions were more strongly associated with cardioembolic than with @entity64 but not with @entity64 . In this respect, no differences were found between the atherothrombotic and undetermined-cause group. Advanced age and @entity101 were the only risk factors that were significantly associated with silent @entity1188 (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.71; P = .011; and OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.21; P = .007; respectively), mainly because of a strong independent association of these risk factors with silent small deep @entity1188 (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.79; P = .018; and OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.24; P = .014; respectively). A cardioembolic source or @entity955 in specific was not independently associated with any type or number of silent @entity1188 . Significant @entity543 (diameter reduction > 50%) was not significantly associated with any type of silent lesion. Initial severe handicap (Rankin Scale score > 3), 30-day case fatality rate, and 1-year mortality were not affected by the presence of silent @entity1188 . CONCLUSIONS: The strong association of silent small deep lesions with first symptomatic small deep @entity1188 suggests a common underlying mechanism (presumably small-vessel vasculopathy), whereas @entity887 and @entity1031 are the most likely causes in both silent and first symptomatic territorial @entity1188 . Single or multiple silent @entity1188 do not predict a @entity64 mechanism in first symptomatic supratentorial @entity4798 . As silent @entity1188 do not predict the cause of carotid @entity64 in first symptomatic @entity4798 , their presence should not influence the decision on carotid surgery. @entity1188 do not affect the degree of initial handicap, 30-day case fatality, or 1-year mortality. The significance of silent @entity1188 for predicting possible future @entity73 and risk of recurrent @entity64 deserves further study.

title: Silent @entity4798 in 755 consecutive @entity1 with a first-ever supratentorial @entity385 . Relationship with index- XXXX subtype, vascular risk factors, and mortality.

entities_list: @entity4798 :: ('MESH:D020520', 'Disease') :: ['brain infarcts']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['lacunar stroke', 'atherothrombotic stroke', 'embolic stroke', 'cardioembolic stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic embolism']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Silent infarcts', 'infarcts']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['large-vessel thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECT: The purposes of bone substitutes for @entity11375 ( @entity11375 ) are immediate biomechanical support and osteointegration of the graft. The authors report their preliminary results in performing @entity11375 in which @entity505 fiber cages (CFCs) containing coralline @entity692 (HA) are used as bone substitute. METHODS: During a 24-month period, anterior microsurgical discectomy was performed in 45 consecutive @entity1 for soft-disc cervical herniation. In all cases @entity11375 was performed using a CFC containing a core of granulated coralline HA. Fifty-seven CFCs were implanted in 33 single-level and 12 two-level procedures. The mean operative time was 83 minutes for one-level and 97 minutes for two-level procedures. The mean hospital stay was 1.51 days, and there were no permanent complications. At a mean follow up of 22.3 months, the @entity158 had decreased or disappeared in all @entity1 , and the @entity1 ' satisfaction rate was very high. Good results were also obtained in @entity1 who smoked cigarettes. @entity1 underwent radiographic evaluation at Day 1, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Implant-related complications were not observed and revision surgeries were not performed. Twelve-month cervical x-ray films demonstrated complete fusion in all cases, without evidence of breakage, collapse, @entity1516 , subsidence, @entity85 , or protrusion. Signs of pathological absorption and @entity39 were not found in contiguous vertebral bodies, and inflammatory reactions were never seen around cages. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that implants composed of CFC containing granulated coralline HA are promising bone substitutes to be used in @entity11375 , with a good rate of incorporation and no significant complications.

title: Anterior cervical fusion with XXXX fiber cage containing coralline hydroxyapatite: preliminary observations in 45 consecutive cases of soft-disc herniation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity11375 :: ('MESH:D007714', 'Disease') :: ['anterior cervical fusion', 'ACF']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['angular deformity']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudarthrosis']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: Is it more than a linguistic accident that the same term, craving, is used to describe intense desires for both foods and for a variety of drugs of abuse? There is strong evidence for common pathways that are affected by most addictive drugs. As the other contributors to this volume will indicate, a strong case can also be made for some shared substrates for food and drug rewards in animals. There has been less explicit work on this topic in @entity1 but many lines of evidence support the common mechanism view: Opioid peptides seem to influence food palatability for @entity1 . There is mounting evidence for comorbidity between drug/ @entity167 abuse and excessive craving or liking for sweets. Anecdotally, elderly individuals tend to 'age-out' of @entity734 , and the elderly also experience markedly fewer food cravings with age. If we focus on the compulsive aspects of food and drug cravings, there is also evidence for overlap: for example, activity in the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with @entity2072 and @entity167 craving. This area is also implicated in the pathology of @entity3119 . Although there is no direct evidence of orbitofrontal involvement in food cravings, there is indirect evidence such as higher than expected co-occurrence of @entity3119 . As a result of bringing together evidence for common substrates for food and for drug rewards, we hope to be able to advance fundamental knowledge of motivational processes and to promote the development of better treatments for @entity1277 .

title: Of XXXX bondage: food craving, obsession, @entity3119 , and addiction.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['drug addiction and for eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive-compulsive disorder', 'obsessive-compulsive behavior and eating disorders']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']