abstract: BACKGROUND: In healthcare economics, the cost factor plays a leading role, particularly for @entity102 such as @entity454 because of the growing number of @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: An international comparison was made of the costs and reimbursement/funding of a selection of key dialysis modalities--centre haemodialysis (CHD), @entity9053 ( @entity9053 ), home haemodialysis (home @entity2033 ), @entity298 ( @entity298 ) and automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)--in various industrial countries. The focus was on treatment costs plus erythropoietin medication and reimbursement of transportation costs. RESULTS: Reimbursement/funding of dialysis is different from country to country, with some healthcare system-specific commonalities: in 'public' systems, the funding is based more on global budgets, whereas in mixed public and private countries it is based mainly on reimbursement rates per treatment. Only in the 'private system' of the US is there one DRG (diagnostic-related group)-type rate for dialysis. By comparing the costs (in public countries) or reimbursements (in mixed countries) of treatment modalities within each country, we could see similar curves: the costs were the highest for public CHD, followed by private CHD. They were lower on @entity9053 and the lowest for home @entity2033 and @entity298 , which were at nearly the same level. The cost level for APD was almost the same as that of @entity9053 . The reimbursements followed the cost pattern. Some countries introduced increases for @entity298 and APD with the intention of increasing the share of home care. The costs and reimbursement patterns in the majority of countries (except the US and Japan) were very similar and therefore did not explain the different distribution of modalities in these countries. One explanation could be, however, the difference in microeconomics, CHD being a treatment with high fixed costs (personnel and structure) and @entity298 being a treatment with low fixed costs, but high variable costs (supplies) and a low need for investments. DISCUSSION: The choice of treatment modality seems to be influenced strongly by the provider's perspective, being either public with limited @entity2033 capacity or private having invested in @entity2033 capacity. For public providers (and healthcare payers), @entity298 is less expensive than CHD and offers a number of potential savings. In many countries, two @entity298 @entity1 could be treated for the same costs as one CHD @entity1 . The microeconomics of private centres, however, are meant to use the investments maximally for CHD. Only if capacity limits are reached, is @entity1726 , with mainly supply costs, interesting. The future with constantly increasing numbers of @entity1 and growing cost constraints will force all providers to make the best use of their resources by also offering home therapies such as @entity1726 to @entity1 . The latter are cost efficient and offer comparable survival and quality of life.

title: Healthcare systems and @entity454 ( XXXX ) therapies--an international review: costs and reimbursement/funding of @entity454 therapies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9053 :: ('MESH:D045745', 'Disease') :: ['limited care haemodialysis', 'LCHD']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis', 'CAPD']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['ESRD']


abstract: @entity2929 , a @entity7646 antibiotic, has recently been shown to have a motilin like effect on gastrointestinal muscle strips. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of @entity2929 on @entity1 with delayed @entity356 and healthy subjects using the dual radionuclide technique. Twelve @entity1 with @entity7623 diabeticorum and ten healthy age- and sex-matched controls were studied. Gastric emptying of solids and liquids was determined using 99mTc-SC scrambled egg and 111In- @entity12306 in water. Following a baseline study and on a separate day, each @entity1 and control received a 15-min i.v. perfusion of @entity2929 starting at meal ingestion. Eleven out of the 12 @entity1 were restudied after a 3-wk oral administration. In @entity1 and controls, i.v. @entity2929 dramatically accelerated @entity356 of both solids and liquids which were emptied at the same rate. After chronic oral administration, solid and liquid emptying remained significantly accelerated. @entity2929 appears to be a very powerful gastrokinetic drug. Derived compounds with the gastrokinetic effect and without the antibiotic activity could be useful in dyspeptic @entity1 with delayed @entity356 .

title: Intravenous XXXX dramatically accelerates @entity356 in @entity7623 diabeticorum and normals and abolishes the emptying discrimination between solids and liquids.

entities_list: @entity7646 :: ('CHEBI:25106', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolide']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin', 'Erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity7623 :: ('MESH:D018589', 'Disease') :: ['gastroparesis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric emptying']

answer: @entity2929 :: (MESH:D004917,Chemical) :: ['erythromycin']


abstract: A 68-year-old @entity1 was referred to our hospital because of an abnormal chest shadow. @entity420 was detected using percutaneous needle aspiration cytology from the left supraclavicular lymph node. The @entity1 was diagnosed as having primary @entity2220 (cT1bN3M1b: BRA OSS). Exon 18G 719X and exon 20 @entity9513 mutations of the @entity470 gene were detected in the same specimen. For first-line chemotherapy, four courses of @entity900 plus @entity1205 were used. The @entity75 and a brain metastasis were reduced after the first-line chemotherapy. About four months later, he developed a recurrent brain metastasis and @entity3909 . He was treated with @entity3866 (150mg/day)after wholebrain irradiation. The @entity3909 findings on a head CT image and the @entity1 's @entity1662 improved after treatment. @entity470 -TKI therapy was effective in a case with @entity3909 , and coexisting EGFRsensitive and @entity470 -resistant mutations.

title: [A case of XXXX with coexisting G719X and @entity9513 @entity470 mutations in which @entity3866 was effective for the treatment of @entity3909 ].

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity3909 :: ('MESH:D055756', 'Disease') :: ['leptomeningeal carcinomatosis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['Adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['consciousness disorder']

entities_list: @entity2220 :: ('MESH:C538231', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity2220 :: (MESH:C538231,Disease) :: ['lung adenocarcinoma']


abstract: In 1989, a localized outbreak of 10 cases of @entity3328 occurred in Saudi Arabia. Wild @entity9925 type 1 was isolated from 5 @entity1 . To determine the patterns of @entity9925 circulation, partial nucleotide sequences of the @entity9925 isolates were compared. These isolates were remarkably diverse. Two isolates were closely related to each other and to viruses isolated during the 1988 epidemic in Oman. Two other isolates were very similar to viruses found in Egypt. The fifth isolate was distantly related to the latter pair. The molecular data suggest that the 10 cases represented three separate outbreaks. The virologic findings underscore the potential for Saudi Arabia, which receives millions of guest workers and their families each year from countries in which polio is endemic, to be exposed to frequent importations of wild polioviruses. To restrict the circulation of imported polioviruses, Saudi Arabia must maintain high population immunity to @entity9925 in all geopolitical divisions.

title: Outbreak of XXXX in Gizan, Saudi Arabia: cocirculation of wild type 1 polioviruses from three separate origins.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3328 :: ('MESH:D011051', 'Disease') :: ['poliomyelitis']

answer: @entity3328 :: (MESH:D011051,Disease) :: ['poliomyelitis']


abstract: Previous studies in the male @entity35 have demonstrated that @entity1246 acting via GABAB receptors can abolish @entity1510 -induced LH secretion. The purpose of the present study was to determine if an analogous situation exists in the female @entity35 . @entity1510 administered to ovariectomized immature @entity35 had no effect on LH release. In contrast, @entity1510 potently stimulated LH release in @entity172 -primed ovariectomized immature @entity35 . Elevation of endogenous brain levels of @entity1246 by administering @entity11086 , an inhibitor of @entity1246 catabolism, prevented the @entity1510 -stimulated release of LH. This effect appeared to be both GABAA and GABAB receptor mediated, since exogenous administration of either @entity6341 (GABAA agonist) or @entity1772 (GABAB agonist) prevented the @entity1510 -induced release of LH. Neither @entity1246 agonist had any effect on LHRH-stimulated LH release in vivo, suggesting that their effect was specific and achieved at the level of the CNS. In contrast to its inhibitory effect on @entity1510 -stimulated LH and FSH release, @entity6341 increased basal LH and FSH release in vivo and from hemipituitaries incubated in vitro, while having no effect on LHRH release from mediobasal hypothalamic and preoptic area fragments in vitro. Thus, under conditions of basal LH release, activation of GABAA receptors in the anterior pituitary can actually lead to enhanced LH secretion. Finally, @entity1510 -stimulated LH release was found to be inhibited by the alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic blockers, @entity3159 and @entity3160 , suggesting that @entity1510 -stimulated LH release is mediated via @entity2922 neurotransmission involving alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor activation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX -opioid interactions in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the immature female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity11086 :: ('MESH:D000625', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-oxyacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['gamma-Aminobutyric acid']


abstract: We investigated total @entity1255 (tHcy) concentrations and relations between tHcy and @entity1501 , @entity2186 ( @entity2187 ), genetic polymorphisms ( @entity9769 @entity9770 , @entity9769 @entity24038 , @entity9769 @entity39652 ), blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), @entity165 , @entity1674 , sports activities, family and individual history of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) and lifestyle issues in 264 healthy @entity1 and adolescents (2-17 y). THcy concentrations significantly increased while @entity1501 and @entity2187 decreased with age without gender differences. Age, @entity1501 and @entity2187 were significant predictors for tHcy concentrations. THcy was higher but within normal ranges in @entity9769 677TT homozygotes (10.6%) and carriers of the @entity9769 1793A allele (8%). Only two individuals (0.8%), both with low tHcy concentrations, were homozygous for @entity9769 1793AA. THcy concentration correlated positively with @entity1011 , @entity1674 , BMI and systolic BP and was not related to @entity165 , sports activities and family history of @entity65 . In conclusion, tHcy concentrations in this pediatric population were significantly influenced by age, @entity1501 and @entity2187 concentrations. No gender differences for tHcy, @entity1501 or @entity2187 concentrations were observed. Both the @entity9769 677TT genotype and the @entity9769 1793A allele were not associated with @entity3562 . The prevalence of the @entity9769 1793AA genotype was too low for meaningful interpretation.

title: Total @entity1255 , XXXX , and @entity2186 , and their relation to genetic polymorphisms, lifestyle and body mass index in healthy @entity1 and adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity2186 :: ('MESH:D014805', 'Chemical') :: ['cobalamin']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhomocysteinemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1501 :: (MESH:D005492,Chemical) :: ['folate']


abstract: AIMS: No data exist regarding the relationship between @entity117 / @entity1397 resistance and intra-stent thrombi on follow-up optical coherence tomography (OCT) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between @entity117 / @entity1397 resistance and intra-stent thrombi on the follow-up OCT in DES-treated @entity1 . METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 308 DES-treated @entity1 who underwent follow-up OCT and simultaneous measurement of @entity117 reaction unit (ARU) and @entity3075 reaction unit (PRU) using the VerifyNow assay system were selected for the study. @entity117 and @entity1397 resistance were defined as ARU >= 550 and PRU >= 275, respectively. Intra-stent thrombi were detected in 29 @entity1 (9.4%). The mean time interval from DES implantation to OCT was 195    133 days (202.9    103.0 days for @entity1 with intra-stent thrombi vs. 194.7    136.0 days for @entity1 without intra-stent thrombi; P = 0.750). There were no significant differences between @entity1 with and without intra-stent thrombi with regard to the incidence of @entity117 resistance (13.8 vs. 11.1%, respectively; P = 0.630) or @entity1397 resistance (72.4 vs. 50.5%, respectively; P = 0.056). The percentage of uncovered struts was 17.9    15.8% in @entity1 with intra-stent thrombi and 12.7    17.3% in @entity1 without intra-stent thrombi (P = 0.098). Stent length was significantly longer in @entity1 with intra-stent thrombi (22.9    6.0 vs. 19.4    5.0 mm, P = 0.006). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that stent length (odds ratio = 1.152, 95% confidential interval 1.025-1.295; P = 0.017) was the only independent risk factor for the presence of intra-stent thrombi on OCT. CONCLUSION: This OCT study suggested that the presence of intra-stent thrombi may not be associated with @entity117 / @entity1397 resistance in DES-treated @entity1 .

title: Relationship between XXXX / @entity1397 resistance and intra-stent thrombi assessed by follow-up optical coherence tomography after drug-eluting stent implantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin', 'aspirin']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: Sorting nexins (SNX) comprise a family of proteins with homology to several @entity375 proteins, including @entity44276 and @entity44277 , that are required for the sorting of proteins to the @entity375 vacuole. @entity1 @entity44278 have been proposed to play a role in receptor trafficking and have been shown to bind to several receptor @entity669 kinases, including receptors for epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and insulin as well as the long form of the leptin receptor, a glycoprotein 130-associated receptor. We now describe a novel member of this family, SNX6, which interacts with members of the transforming growth factor-beta family of receptor @entity563 - @entity1889 kinases. These receptors belong to two classes: type II receptors that bind ligand, and type I receptors that are subsequently recruited to transduce the signal. Of the type II receptors, SNX6 was found to interact strongly with ActRIIB and more moderately with wild type and kinase-defective mutants of TbetaRII. Of the type I receptors, SNX6 was found to interact only with inactivated TbetaRI. SNXs 1-4 also interacted with the transforming growth factor-beta receptor family, showing different receptor preferences. Conversely, SNX6 behaved similarly to the other SNX proteins in its interactions with receptor @entity669 kinases. Strong heteromeric interactions were also seen among SNX1, -2, -4, and -6, suggesting the formation in vivo of oligomeric complexes. These findings are the first evidence for the association of the SNX family of molecules with receptor @entity563 - @entity1889 kinases.

title: Sorting nexin 6, a novel SNX, interacts with the transforming growth factor-beta family of receptor XXXX - @entity1889 kinases.

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity563 :: (CHEBI:17822,Chemical) :: ['serine']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate factors predicting resolution of @entity4457 and the time course of improvement in VA in @entity1 3 to 7 years old with @entity4457 treated with spectacles alone. DESIGN: Prospective, noncomparative intervention. METHODS: Measurement of corrected amblyopic logMAR visual acuity (VA) in newly diagnosed @entity1 at four-weekly intervals until VA stabilized or @entity4457 resolved. The time course of improvement in VA and the factors related to @entity4457 resolution were assessed. RESULTS: Sixty @entity1 with a mean age of 5.3 years and mean @entity9340 of 2.95 diopters (D) were included. Amblyopia improved by 2 or more logMAR lines in 56 @entity1 (93%) and resolved in 27 @entity1 (45%), with a mean improvement in VA of 0.38 logMAR. The improvement in VA in the amblyopic eye was considerable at four to 12 weeks then reached a plateau, after which it improved only slowly. Resolution of @entity4457 was related to better initial VA (0.2 to 0.6 logMAR) and lesser amounts of @entity9340 (<4 D). The time to resolution ranged from four to 40 weeks, but no @entity1 with residual @entity4457 showed an improvement in VA of more than 0.1 logMAR over four consecutive visits. CONCLUSIONS: With spectacle correction alone, 3- to 7-year-old @entity1 with previously untreated @entity4457 achieved approximately four-line improvement and resolved nearly in half. The nearly two-month plateau periods during improvement of VA should be noticed. After four months with no improvement in VA, occlusion therapy or @entity3897 penalization may be considered.

title: XXXX treated with spectacle correction alone: possible factors predicting success and time to start patching.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9340 :: ('MESH:D015858', 'Disease') :: ['anisometropia']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['anisometropic amblyopia', 'amblyopia']

answer: @entity4457 :: (MESH:D000550,Disease) :: ['Anisometropic amblyopia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To quantify intratumoral ultrasonographic (US) contrast agent flow at gray-scale imaging as a measure of functional @entity5 vascularity in an orthotopic @entity19 @entity521 model treated with angiogenesis inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, retroperitoneal @entity521 were established in @entity19 with unmodified NXS2 cells (n = 13) or with cells engineered to overexpress an angiogenesis inhibitor--either tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (n = 22) or a truncated soluble form of the @entity11132 (truncated soluble @entity11132 ; n = 13). When @entity5 were approximately 600 mm3, contrast material-enhanced gray-scale US was performed, and the imaging was recorded on cine clips. Regions of interest within @entity5 were analyzed off-line to determine postcontrast change in signal intensity (SI) from baseline to initial peak (deltaSI), rate of SI increase from baseline to initial peak (RSI), and contrast material washout. The Mann-Whitney test was used to evaluate potential differences in these US parameters between treatment groups. The mean intratumoral endothelial cell ( @entity22416 ) and pericyte ( @entity3960 [ @entity3960 ]) counts at immunohistochemical analysis were also evaluated. Spearman correlation test was used to investigate the relation between US parameters and these histologic markers. RESULTS: The deltaSI and RSI were lower in @entity5 overexpressing an angiogenesis inhibitor than in control @entity5 (all P < .03). Contrast material washout did not differ between groups. For the entire cohort, the RSI correlated with the immunohistochemical assessment of @entity5 vascularity ( @entity3960 and @entity22416 counts) (P < .003). CONCLUSION: Quantification of intratumoral flow of a US contrast agent at gray-scale imaging shows promise for monitoring @entity5 vascular response to antiangiogenic therapy.

title: Angiogenesis inhibitors in a @entity19 XXXX model: quantitative assessment of intratumoral blood flow with contrast-enhanced gray-scale US.

entities_list: @entity11132 :: ('16542(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['fetal liver kinase-1', 'vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3960 :: ('MESH:D018235', 'Disease') :: ['SMA', 'smooth muscle actin']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastomas', 'neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: Neutrophil influx into the lung is an important event in the pathogenesis of @entity647 in gram-negative @entity295 . We hypothesized that administration of a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54), a molecule mediating neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells, would decrease neutrophil sequestration and transmigration in the lung and @entity651 in @entity526 @entity295 . @entity295 was induced in 12 @entity6599 primed with heat-killed @entity526 (1 x 10(9) CFU/kg) 12 h before infusion of live bacteria (1 x 10(10) CFU/kg). Six animals received monoclonal antibody to CD54 (1 mg/kg) intravenously at the time of live @entity526 infusion. After 48 h or when blood pressure could not be maintained, tissues were harvested and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were obtained. Median survival time was decreased in anti-CD54-treated animals. This group also had decreased mean arterial pressure, increased @entity520 , and decreased urine output. Measures of @entity651 including gas exchange, lung lavage protein and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH), lung @entity4466 -reactive species, and lung histology, including alveolar neutrophil volumes, were unaffected by treatment. The effect of anti-CD54 on neutrophil influx into tissues as measured by myeloperoxidase was organ specific. These data show that monoclonal antibody to CD54 does not ameliorate @entity647 in @entity526 @entity295 , and septic primates given anti-CD54 have worsened metabolic parameters and decreased survival.

title: Antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54) decreases survival and not XXXX in @entity6599 with @entity295 .

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury', 'attenuate lung injury']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity4466 :: ('MESH:C029684', 'Chemical') :: ['thiobarbituric acid']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity651 :: (MESH:D055370,Disease) :: ['lung injury']


abstract: Twin studies suggest that both @entity615 have a genetic component. We were interested in estimating the heritability of @entity1643 in @entity1 and examining whether genetic influences on @entity615 are mediated through genetic influences on @entity1797 . Thus, we conducted a classic twin study with multivariate quantitative genetic models to estimate the degree to which genetic (or environmental) effects on @entity615 were correlated with genetic (or environmental) effects on @entity1797 . Subjects included 147 monozygotic and 153 dizygotic male twin pairs (N=600 subjects) from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort. All subjects underwent lumbar magnetic resonance imaging and completed an extensive interview, including @entity615 history and exposure to suspected risk factors. Disc height narrowing was the degenerative finding most associated with @entity158 history, and was used to index @entity1797 in the models. Statistically significant genetic correlations were found for disc height narrowing and different @entity615 , such as duration of the worst @entity615 episode (r(g)=0.46) and hospitalization for back problems (r(g)=0.49), as well as disability in the previous year from @entity615 (r(g)=0.33). The heritability estimates for these @entity615 variables ranged from 30% to 46%. There also were statistically significant, but weaker, environmental correlations for disc height narrowing with back symptoms over the prior year. A substantial minority of the genetic influences on @entity158 was due to the same genetic influences affecting @entity1797 . This suggests that @entity1797 is one pathway through which genes influence @entity615 .

title: Heritability of XXXX and the role of @entity1797 .

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity1797 :: ('MESH:D055959', 'Disease') :: ['disc degeneration']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['definitions of back pain', 'back pain', 'disc degeneration and back pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the frequency and @entity8619 and @entity12120 in a large group of oral medicine @entity1 . Study included 12 508 @entity1 who were referred between 1998 and 2007 to the Department of Oral Medicine. The frequency of OLP was 4.30%, @entity12120 1.11%, and combined diagnoses 0.14%. In primary biopsies @entity1141 was found in 12.96% of @entity1 with @entity12120 and not in one with OLP and combined lesions. The highest frequency of @entity12120 was found in smokers. @entity1 were found as predominant sufferers of both diseases and their combination. During the observed period often years @entity5 was not detected, unlike @entity12120 where it was 0.64%. The frequency of OLP and @entity12120 in our study are comparable to other similar studies. The highest frequency of malignant transformation was observed in those @entity1 who did not respond to our invitation to regular check-up. It is therefore neccessary to perform a detailed examination of the oral cavity in these @entity1 and to raise @entity1 awareness of the disease and the importance of regular follow-up.

title: The frequency and @entity8619 and XXXX --a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformation of OLP']

entities_list: @entity12120 :: ('MESH:D007971', 'Disease') :: ['leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity8619 :: ('MESH:D017676', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformation rate of oral lichen planus']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity12120 :: (MESH:D007971,Disease) :: ['leukoplakia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine retrospectively the efficacy of combined therapy using @entity1307 ( @entity1307 ) and erythrocytapheresis (EA) in @entity1 with @entity9595 ( @entity9595 ) who did not tolerate phlebotomy. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 (age range, 43-74 years) with genetically confirmed @entity9595 had received low-dose @entity1307 (4,000 IU) in accordance to the @entity1 's hemoglobin levels between each EA session. Laboratory parameters including hemoglobin, ferritin, @entity69 , and @entity68 were measured at regular intervals. RESULTS: @entity417 did not occur in a single @entity1 and no serious side effects were observed. Combined treatment with @entity1307 and EA was well tolerated, and all 18 @entity1 who suffered from fatigue prior to therapy recovered. Median ferritin values were 678.5 ng/L before treatment and 145 ng/L after treatment. CONCLUSION: EA in combination with @entity1307 is safe and effective in treating @entity1 with @entity9595 . Prospective studies comparing this therapeutic option to phlebotomy are warranted. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2016.    2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

title: Efficacy and safety of erythrocytapheresis and low-dose @entity1307 for treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin', 'EPO']

entities_list: @entity9595 :: ('MESH:D006432', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary hemochromatosis', 'HH']

answer: @entity9595 :: (MESH:D006432,Disease) :: ['hemochromatosis']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of crystalloid and crystalloid-colloid solutions administered at different times after isolated @entity131 . Male @entity35 were randomized to receive one of three intravenous treatments (4 mL/kg body weight) at 10 min or 6 h after moderate @entity131 . Treatments included @entity4372 saline, @entity4372 albumin, and normal albumin. Moderate injuries were produced using the controlled cortical @entity130 model set at 2.0 mm, 4.0 m/sec, and 130 msec. Tissue damage and @entity2657 were measured to evaluate the effect of treatments for @entity131 . Blood brain barrier permeability was assessed at different time points after injury to identify a mechanism for treatment effectiveness. Injury volume was the smallest for animals treated with @entity4372 albumin at 6 h after injury compared to all other treatments and administration times. Ipsilateral brain water content was significantly attenuated with immediate normal saline-albumin treatment. The presence of colloid in the infusion solutions was associated with an improvement in tissue damage and @entity4 following isolated @entity542 while @entity4372 saline alone, when given immediately after injury, worsened tissue damage and @entity4 . When @entity4372 saline was administered at 6 h after injury, tissue damage and @entity4 were not worsened. In conclusion, the presence of colloid in solutions used to treat @entity131 and the timing of treatment have a significant impact on tissue damage and @entity4 .

title: Effects of crystalloid-colloid solutions on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity4372 :: ('MESH:D009122', 'Disease') :: ['hypertonic']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['impact injury']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['traumatic brain injury']


abstract: Intracellular recordings of spontaneous synaptic activity and synaptic responses to fibre tract stimulation were taken from neurones of ganglia isolated from the left atrium and interatrial septum of the @entity35 . In six out of 57 neurones studied, spontaneous fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded. Single stimulation of fibre tracts approaching the ganglion resulted in an all-or-none response consisting of an EPSP, from which an action potential abruptly appeared. This response disappeared in @entity141 -free/high- @entity1025 solution, indicating that it was orthodromic in origin. EPSPs were markedly exaggerated and prolonged by @entity1339 (1-5 microM). EPSPs produced by high-frequency (0.1-20 Hz) fibre tract stimulation were markedly attenuated when compared with responses to single fibre tract stimulation, although they usually remained suprathreshold for spike initiation. High concentrations of @entity4033 (1 mM) and @entity2899 (300 microM) failed to inhibit responses to single fibre tract stimulation, although they completely abolished responses to high-frequency stimulation. Responses to single fibre tract stimulation were abolished by @entity13673 (greater than or equal to 100 microM). No slow synaptic responses were detected during single or high-frequency fibre tract stimulation. All cardiac neurones that responded orthodromically were highly excitable: they had a short post-spike after-hyperpolarization (AHP) and responded with multiple firing to prolonged membrane depolarization. It is concluded that cardiac neurones, in the region of the heart studied here, receive single 'strong' cholinergic inputs from some fibre tracts approaching the ganglion that elicit EPSPs accompanied by spikes. EPSPs are rather resistant to ganglion-blocking agents and subject to frequency modulation.

title: Synaptic transmission in XXXX cardiac neurones.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity13673 :: ('MESH:D014294', 'Chemical') :: ['trimetaphan']

entities_list: @entity2899 :: ('MESH:D014403', 'Chemical') :: ['d-tubocurarine']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard for symptomatic @entity9975 . Technical maturation and advances in instrumentation have enabled the application of this procedure for acute @entity2679 (AC). We review the evolving role of LC for AC in our institution. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of @entity1 who received LC for AC between January 1994 and June 2001. @entity1 ' demographics, clinical findings and perioperative outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 140 @entity1 and 141 @entity1 with a mean age of 56.9 years (range, 23-89 years). Two hundred and eighteen of these @entity1 underwent successful LC. There were 63 conversions (22.4%) for uncertain anatomy and difficult dissection (41), @entity1085 (16) and @entity548 (6). The conversion rates as stratified to surgeon's seniority were 25.1%, 22.8% and 9.7% for registrar, senior registrar and consultant, respectively. The mean operative time was 84.3 minutes (range, 30-255 minutes) and the mean postoperative stay was 5.8 days (range, 1-35 days). The overall complication rate was 11.6%, including two @entity1157 and two perioperative @entity204 . CONCLUSION: LC for AC is safe and effective and associated with a low incidence of complications when routinely applied by surgical residents. The conversion rate is related to operators' surgical experience.

title: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute XXXX : the evolving trend in an institution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gangrenous or perforated gallbladder']

entities_list: @entity9975 :: ('MESH:D041761', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct injuries']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

answer: @entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['cholecystitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the @entity1494 mucosal eversion (BNM-eversion) during radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) reduces the risk of @entity1494 ( @entity1494 ) and of peri-anastomotic extravasation (PAE) in postoperative cystography. METHODS: Two hundred and eleven @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 underwent RRP and were prospectively randomized into @entity1 with BNM-eversion (group I) and without BNM-eversion (group II). All @entity1 underwent an evaluation of PAE by retrograde cystography on postoperative day 8. We assessed @entity1494 after 6 months. RESULTS: Ninety-two @entity1 with and 113 @entity1 without BNM-eversion were included. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics, including age, TNM-classification, Gleason score, PSA, prostate volume, and @entity190 in both groups. A complete follow-up of 6 months for @entity1494 was available for 188 @entity1 (89.1 %). Sixteen @entity1494 out of 188 @entity1 were recorded, 4.7 % (n = 4) in group I and 11.7 % (n = 12) in group II (p = 0.09). Data from 205 out of 211 @entity1 were available for the evaluation of the extravasation by cystography. Peri-anastomotic extravasation was detectable in 11.96 %, (11/205) in group I and in 21.24 % (24/205) in group II (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: BNM-eversion does not have a positive influence on the prevention of @entity1494 . Peri-anastomotic extravasation detected by cystography does not correlate with a formation of @entity1494 .

title: The impact of @entity1494 mucosal eversion during open radical prostatectomy on XXXX and urinary extravasation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['BNS', 'bladder neck stricture', 'bladder neck', 'bladder neck strictures']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder neck stricture']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Traditionally @entity4854 in surgical inpatients has been managed with six-hourly sliding-scale regular insulin. However, this approach is usually ineffective in preventing @entity4854 since no basal insulin is provided. We compared glycemic control using NPH and regular insulin versus glargine insulin alone in @entity1 after cardiovascular surgery on a general surgical ward. METHODS: Ninety-four @entity1602 @entity1 were randomized to subcutaneous insulin using twice-daily NPH/regular or once-daily glargine if they required at least 1 unit/h of intravenous insulin at the time of transfer from the ICU. NPH/regular was adjusted twice daily; glargine was adjusted once daily. Blood @entity413 was measured four times daily and targeted to 80-140 mg/dL. RESULTS: The mean blood @entity413 after NPH/regular (124 mg/dL) and glargine (131 mg/dL) was similar (P = 0.065). In the subgroup of @entity1 with a history of @entity6 , mean blood @entity413 was significantly lower after NPH/regular (133 mg/dL) versus glargine (154 mg/dL) (P = 0.016). Blood @entity413 less than 60 mg/dL was significantly less common after glargine (0.5%) as compared with NPH/regular (2%) (P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily glargine insulin provides good glycemic control in @entity1602 @entity1 after cardiovascular surgery. Although twice-daily NPH/regular insulin provided better control than glargine insulin monotherapy, the simplicity and safety of glargine insulin make it an attractive option for the management of postoperative @entity4854 . @entity1 with established @entity6 will achieve better @entity413 control with NPH/regular insulin as compared with glargine but have a higher incidence of @entity4053 .

title: Comparison of once-daily glargine insulin with twice-daily NPH/regular insulin for control of XXXX in inpatients after cardiovascular surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: The pathogenesis of @entity2657 , which is a major complication of @entity879 , is poorly understood. In previous studies, increased regional brain water content was observed in @entity35 at an early stage of @entity879 caused by @entity11485 . At a later stage when the animals had developed @entity772 , brain water content was reduced, possibly as a result of generalized dehydration. In the present investigation, we have determined brain water content at a late stage of @entity1578 , 48 hours after @entity11485 , in animals that had been maintained in fluid balance by continuous intraperitoneal infusion of @entity413 solution. In these animals, brain water content, determined from the ratio of wet to dry weight, showed a greater increase than that observed previously at the early stage (hindbrain region [cerebellum, pons, and brain stem] increased by 4.2%; forebrain region increased by 1.4% compared with controls). Regional analysis of brain water, using a tissue-specific gravity method, showed a significant increase in cerebellar gray matter water content. Analysis of @entity2865 space showed the extra fluid to be mainly extracellular in the hindbrain region, but not in the forebrain region. Ultrastructural examination of capillaries in gray matter from cerebellum and cerebrum showed no evidence of gross disruption of the tight junctions. Swelling of the astroglial foot processes was observed in the cerebellar gray matter. These results suggest that both vasogenic and cytotoxic mechanisms of @entity4 formation occur in the brain during @entity1578 .

title: XXXX and @entity2865 space in @entity11485 -induced @entity1578 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity11485 :: ('MESH:D005688', 'Chemical') :: ['galactosamine']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['acute liver failure', 'fulminant hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['deep coma']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

answer: @entity2657 :: (MESH:D001929,Disease) :: ['Regional cerebral edema']


abstract: PURPOSE: The effect of study-level factors on the proportion of time spent with International Normalized Ratio (INR) values inside the therapeutic range in @entity1 treated with @entity1229 in the United States was evaluated. METHODS: Studies evaluated in a previous meta-analysis were screened for potential inclusion, in addition to a systematic literature search of databases from January 2005 through February 2008. Studies were included if they (1) contained at least one @entity1229 dosing group that enrolled >25 @entity1 for whom INR control was monitored for at least three weeks, (2) included only @entity1 treated in the United States, (3) used a @entity1 -time approach to report outcomes, and (4) reported proportion of time spent in the therapeutic INR range. Analyses included determining how study-level factors, such as study setting, year of study publication, INR interpolation method, study design, and presence of self-management, affected outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies, including a total of 43 unique @entity1229 groups, were included in the analysis. Overall, @entity1 spent 57% of their time in the therapeutic range (95% confidence interval [CI], 55-59%). Compared with anticoagulation clinics, community management resulted in less time (-13%; 95% CI, -18% to -7.9%) and prospective studies resulted in more time (7.3%; 95% CI, 1.5-13.1%) spent in the therapeutic range than retrospective studies. When studies from both the United States and Canada were included, similar results to those in the base-case analysis were seen; however, study year and interpolation method were also found to be significant modifiers of INR control. CONCLUSION: @entity1 included in the meta-analysis maintained INR values within the therapeutic range 57% of the time, although the use of anticoagulation clinic services appeared to be superior to standard community care in this regard. However, @entity1 treated in anticoagulation clinics had INR values within the therapeutic range less than two thirds of the time.

title: Evaluating the impact of study-level factors on XXXX control in U.S.-based primary studies: a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['warfarin']


abstract: There is a significant literature describing @entity23398 ( @entity23398 ) controlling blood pressure (BP) in the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) @entity35 . In studies to identify the genes underlying BP @entity23398 it has been common practice to place chromosomal segments from low BP strains on the genetic background of the S @entity35 and then reduce the congenic segments by substitution mapping. The present work suggests a model to simulate genetic interactions found using such congenic strains. The @entity23398 are considered to be switches that can be either in series or in parallel represented by the logic operators AND or OR, respectively. The @entity23398 switches can be on/off switches but are also allowed specific leak properties. The @entity23398 switches are represented by a "universal" switch consisting of two molecules binding to form a complex. Genetic inputs enter the model as allelic products of one of the binding molecules and environmental variation (including dietary salt- and sex-related differences) enters as an influence on the concentration of the other binding molecule. The pairwise interactions of @entity23398 are very well simulated and fall into recognizable patterns. There is, however, often more than one assumed model to predict a given pattern so that all patterns do not necessarily have a unique solution. Nevertheless, the models obtained provide a framework for placing the @entity23398 in pathways relative to one another. Moreover, based on their leak properties pairs of @entity23398 could be identified in which one @entity23398 may alter the properties of the other @entity23398 .

title: Theoretical model for gene-gene, gene-environment, and gene-sex interactions based on congenic-strain analysis of blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity23398 :: ('OMIM:612306', 'Disease') :: ['quantitative trait loci', 'QTL']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The appearance of @entity1002 in chronic @entity741 often precedes @entity299 . @entity741 and increased @entity460 loading have been implicated in the genesis of increased left ventricular stiffness. We have assessed the effects of long-term therapy with different classes of @entity460 channel-blocking drugs on left ventricular peak filling rate in @entity1 with @entity5749 and @entity712 secondary to @entity741 . Therapeutic effects of @entity3360 (30 mg t.i.d.), @entity10129 (10 mg b.i.d.), and @entity1855 (120 mg t.i.d.) (4 weeks) have been assessed on radionuclide left ventricular diastolic filling parameters in @entity1 with @entity5749 using placebo-controlled studies. All three drugs significantly improved exercise capacity as compared with placebo. Verapamil produced significant improvements in peak filling rate (p less than 0.005), time to peak filling rate (p less than 0.01), and first one-third filling fraction (p less than 0.005), whereas @entity3360 only improved peak filling rate (p less than 0.005); neither drug altered the mean ejection fraction (n = 20). @entity10129 did not significantly alter diastolic filling parameters or ejection fraction (n = 10). @entity10129 and digoxin were also assessed in @entity712 (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classes II and III) associated with @entity741 (n = 26) (open parallel design). Neither produced significant alterations in peak filling rate and ejection fraction after 3 months of therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effects of long-term treatment with @entity460 antagonists on left ventricular diastolic function in stable angina and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['chronic stable angina']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['systolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3360 :: ('MESH:D009529', 'Chemical') :: ['nicardipine']

entities_list: @entity10129 :: ('MESH:D015737', 'Chemical') :: ['nisoldipine', 'Nisoldipine']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease', 'Myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['impaired left ventricular diastolic function']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Botulinum toxin type A has been shown to relieve @entity10 , @entity158 and various @entity9 . @entity923 ( @entity923 ) is a common disorder resulting from @entity2850 at the wrist. As reports of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of @entity923 were limited, this study set out to evaluate the safety and tolerability of botulinum toxin A and its effects on the relief of nerve entrapment and @entity158 in @entity1 with @entity923 . METHODS: We conducted an open-label, prospective pilot study using 60 units of botulinum toxin A injected intracarpally in @entity1 with primary @entity923 . Changes in median nerve conduction velocities, distal latencies, compound muscle action potentials and visual analogue scale (VAS) @entity158 scores were evaluated for 3 months following injection. All adverse experiences, reported spontaneously or observed directly by the investigator, were recorded. RESULTS: Five @entity1 aged 52.2 +/- 2.5 years with 1-2 years' history of @entity923 were enrolled. Botulinum toxin A was well tolerated and safe. No exacerbated hand weakness was observed in any of the @entity1 . At 3 months, @entity158 was lessened in three @entity1 , remained static in one @entity1 , and was aggravated in one @entity1 . The VAS @entity158 score showed a trend to improvement during the 3 months of follow-up, although it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.2). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest long-lasting antinociceptive effects of botulinum toxin A rather than electrophysiological restoration in @entity1 with @entity923 . Intracarpal injection of botulinum toxin A was shown to be well tolerated and safe. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin A in @entity923 is warranted since the current study may have been confounded by the placebo effect of intracarpal injection.

title: Efficacy of botulinum toxin type a in the relief of XXXX : A preliminary experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['median nerve compression']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['myofascial pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['CTS', 'Carpal tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['primary headaches']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pains']

answer: @entity923 :: (MESH:D002349,Disease) :: ['Carpal tunnel syndrome']


abstract: GOALS: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of @entity56 in Turkish @entity1 with @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ). BACKGROUND: The @entity1744 is a @entity344 characterized by @entity490 , distension, meteorism and either @entity294 or @entity1142 . The role of diet in the pathogenesis of @entity1744 remains controversial. Many investigators have shown that individual foods can trigger symptoms in some @entity1 ; nevertheless, the percentage of @entity1 that benefit from dietary manipulation ranges from 15% to 67% in different reports. STUDY: Skin prick test to 11 common allergens, total IgE, eosinophilic cationic protein and eosinophil counts were evaluated in 100 @entity1 satisfying the Rome II criteria and compared with 25 healthy controls. The history and physical examination of the groups were recorded and Beck @entity308 and @entity148 Inventories were performed. RESULTS: One hundred @entity1 were entered into the study with a mean age of 45.63+/-12.91 years. Of the @entity1 53 had @entity1142 predominant, 19 had @entity294 predominant, and 28 had alternating type @entity1744 . Skin prick tests positivity were more common among the @entity1744 @entity1 in comparison with controls (25% and 1%, respectively, P<0.05). Mean IgE values were higher in @entity1 than controls (70.83+/-66.05 and 15.20+/-14.01 IU/mL, respectively, P<0.000). Eosinophilic cationic protein values were also higher in @entity1744 @entity1 than controls (16.75+/-11.28 and 11.56+/-4.72, respectively, P<0.05) Evaluation of Beck @entity308 Inventory showed that tendency to @entity308 in @entity1 with @entity1744 was 38% and 4% in controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, in @entity1 complaining of @entity1744 it is of importance to search for a food component. Clinical improvements can be observed after the introduction of an adequate exclusion diet.

title: Risk factors for XXXX in Turkish population: role of food allergy.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['food hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome', 'IBS']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']


abstract: @entity23007 is an economically important @entity1707 pathogen which can be disseminated from infected @entity1707 herds via movement of contaminated manure. The process of manure handling and inadequate cleaning of transport vehicles are commonly implicated as sources of @entity23007 transmission. Stability of @entity23007 in @entity1707 manure at different temperatures is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine @entity23007 -infectivity half-life in manure and in a cell culture medium at 4, 20, 60 and 80  C. To assure sample consistency across the study, all samples were prepared from common homogenized solutions (MEM and manure) and frozen at -20  C. Samples were thawed, transferred to a water bath set at a specific temperature, inoculated with 100  l of @entity23007 at designated time points and then tested for virus infectivity. Regression models were created to estimate @entity23007 half-life based on incubation temperature. There was an exponential decrease in @entity23007 infectivity with increasing temperature. At every temperature tested, @entity23007 had shorter half-life when incubated in manure compared to MEM. @entity23007 half-life in MEM and manure was estimated at 112.6 and 120.5 h at 4  C, 14.6 and 24.5 h at 20  C, 1.6 and 1.7 h at 40  C, 2.9 and 8.5 min at 60  C, and 0.36-0.59 min at 80  C, respectively. Results of this study can be used as basis for developing strategies to inactivate @entity23007 present in manure-contaminated environments using heating treatments. For example, these data suggest that submitting transport trailers to temperature of 50  C for 8h would decrease @entity23007 from 10(6) TCID(50)/ml to less than 10(1) TCID(50)/ml.

title: Infectivity of PRRS virus in XXXX manure at different temperatures.

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effective therapy methods of foreign bodies in respiratory tract to lower its complications and the mortality rate. METHOD: Review the anesthesia methods, operation methods and therapeutic efficacy of 1276 cases of foreign body in respiratory tract and report three cases of @entity204 . RESULT: Under total intravenous anesthesia we took out foreign bodies by bronchoscope in 1197 cases and did that successfully for the first time in 1196 cases. Under aspiration anesthesia by ether we took out foreign bodies by bronchoscope in 78 cases and did that successfully for the first time in 65 cases, we took foreign bodies for the second time in 12 cases. We carried out tracheotomy in three cases. @entity4 was found in 12 cases among which 11 cases were under aspiration anesthesia by ether and one case was under total intravenous anesthesia. Under total intravenous anesthesia, the longest time of operation was 45 minutes, we could carry out the examination by bronchoscope for five times and no @entity4 was found in all cases. Under aspiration anesthesia by ether, the longest time of operation was limited to 5 - 10 minutes, we could carry out the examination by bronchoscope for three times at most; otherwise, @entity4 was very severe. Three cases died over @entity386 . Mortality rate is about 0.24%. CONCLUSION: Total intravenous anesthesia combined with surface anesthesia of respiratory tract mucosa is the ideal anesthesia method for taking out foreign bodies in respiratory tract by bronchoscope. It is more dangerous in cases that the foreign bodies are bean or that @entity891 is found. We should notice that the less the @entity1 are, the more dangerous the operation is. In some cases tracheotomy is needed.

title: [Clinical analysis of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in XXXX in 1276 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema of larynx', 'Edema of larynx']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['atelectasis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity765 are the second leading cause of mortality in @entity1 with @entity1412 who have undergone proctocolemy. Both medical and surgical treatment of these non-metastasizing but locally aggressive @entity5 are difficult. CASE REPORT: A 20-years-old @entity1 consulted 6 years after coloproctectomy for @entity1412 . A @entity765 was found. Resection was not possible. The @entity5 progressed under sulindac treatment and subocclusion developed. The @entity1 was given @entity440 , 20 mg/d and the size of the @entity5 began to regress within a few days together with @entity158 and signs of compression. The treatment was well tolerated for 4.5 years and @entity5 volume has remained unchanged after a 20-fold reduction compared with the size prior to treatment. The @entity1 has remained symptom-free. DISCUSSION: In this critical clinical situation, @entity440 provided rapid and prolonged effect and was well tolerated.

title: [ @entity765 sensitive to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['Desmoid tumors', 'mesenteric desmoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis']

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: The diagnosis of @entity1150 is usually established on the basis of technical procedures. Clinical signs such as @entity4 , erythema or warming are unreliable. Plethysmographic measures have a low specificity, nuclear medicine studies enable assessment, limited to the lower leg, only after 24 hours. Continuous-wave Doppler sonography, as is the case with plethysmography, does not allow differentiation between intra- or extravascular cause of the obstruction to flow; hemodynamically-unimportant, floating thrombi cannot be detected. Ascending phlebography is an invasive procedure exposing the @entity1 to contrast medium with its possible @entity56 , radiation and @entity715 or @entity32 . Duplex-sonography enables the combination of high-resolution ultrasonic B-imaging with a pulsed Doppler unit which provides a noninvasive means for direct visualization of the involved vessel. For the examination, preferably, linear scanners are employed with a frequency of at least 5 megahertz. With the @entity1 in the supine position, first, the iliac vein, medial to the artery, is imaged, then the common femoral vein and the great saphenous vein (Figure 1). Then the @entity1 is turned and the popliteal vein and, as far as possible, the veins of the lower leg are examined from the back. Direct proof of @entity715 is considered the documentation of intraluminal echo-intense structures (Figure 2) associated with absence of complete compressibility of the vascular lumen in cross-section with slight pressure of the transducer (Figures 3a and 3b).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Duplex sonography diagnosis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['local inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis of the deep leg veins or pelvic veins']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reactions']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep leg- and pelvic vein thromboses']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Brief repetitive total umbilical cord occlusions were used to induce @entity2241 and to evaluate the interrelationships with @entity551 and fetal heart rate decelerations. STUDY DESIGN: In 21 chronically instrumented fetal @entity742 (gestational age 126.8 +/- 0.6 days), repetitive total umbilical cord occlusion was performed 1 out of 2.5 minutes (n = 7), 2 out of 5 minutes (n = 9), or not at all (shams, n = 5). @entity432 proceeded until fetal blood pressure was < 20 mm Hg or failed to recover to baseline before the next occlusion. RESULTS: At the nadir of @entity1763 pH (mean +/- SEM) was 6.84 +/- 0.02, base excess 23.1 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, and @entity880 14.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/L. Two fetuses died. The pattern of fetal heart rate decelerations remained relatively consistent throughout the experiments. In contrast, after an initial phase of sustained @entity101 a progressive fall in trough blood pressure occurred after approximately 15 minutes of occlusion. The blood pressure recovery time in almost all fetuses lengthened abruptly near the end of the occlusion series, at a variable metabolic threshold. This was accompanied by a significant delay in fetal heart rate recovery in only five fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal compromise presented with the development of @entity551 , without change in the pattern of fetal heart rate response. These data illustrate the limited diagnostic value of fetal heart rate monitoring to identify the development of cardiovascular compromise associated with severe decelerations in the previously healthy fetus.

title: Fetal heart rate changes do not reflect cardiovascular deterioration during brief repeated umbilical cord occlusions in near-term fetal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['Occlusions']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['fetal asphyxia']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['lambs']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Multiple copies of genes encoding the catalytic subunit (c) of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are commonly found in plants. For some of these genes, expression is up-regulated under water stress. The aim of this study was to investigate expression and characterization of @entity39830 from @entity3505 , and to evaluate the effects of @entity39830 on Nicotiana benthamiana in response to water stress. METHODS: @entity39830 cDNA was isolated from @entity3505 by in silico identification and RT-PCR amplification. Transcript levels of @entity39830 were examined in @entity3505 responding to water deficit. Copy numbers of @entity39830 in @entity3505 genomes and subcellular localization in onion epidermal cells were studied. Enzyme properties of the recombinant @entity39830 protein were determined. In addition, studies were carried out in @entity286 plants with pCAPE2- @entity39830 under water-deficit conditions. KEY RESULTS: @entity39830 cDNA was cloned from @entity3505 . Transcript levels of @entity39830 in @entity3505 seedlings were up-regulated under drought condition. One copy for this @entity39830 was present in each of the three @entity3505 genomes. @entity39830 fused with GFP was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of onion epidermis cells. The recombinant @entity39830 gene was over-expressed in @entity526 and encoded a functional @entity563 / @entity1889 phosphatase. Transgenic @entity286 plants over-expressing @entity39830 exhibited stronger drought tolerance than non-transgenic @entity286 plants. CONCLUSIONS: @entity286 plants with pCAPE2- @entity39830 appeared to be resistant to water deficit, as shown by their higher capacity to maintain leaf relative water content, leaf cell-membrane stability index, water-retention ability and water use efficiency under water stress. The results suggest that the physiological role of @entity39830 is related to drought stress response, possibly through its involvement in drought-responding signal transduction pathways.

title: A XXXX ( @entity3505 ) protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit gene provides enhanced drought tolerance in @entity286 .

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity3505 :: ('4565', 'Species') :: ['Triticum aestivum', 'wheat']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity3505 :: (4565,Species) :: ['wheat']


abstract: We characterized @entity1812 (BK)-induced changes in the intracellular @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) and membrane potential in cultured @entity35 myenteric neurons using ratiometric @entity141 imaging with @entity593 and the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, respectively. BK evoked a dose-dependent increase of [ @entity141 ]i that was abolished by @entity19616 , a B2 receptor antagonist but not by [Lys-des- @entity534 (9)]-BK, a B1 receptor antagonist. [Lys-des- @entity534 (9)]- @entity19616 , a B1 receptor agonist, failed to cause a [ @entity141 ]i response. Double staining with antibodies against the B2 receptor together with @entity4119 or S100 indicated that B2 receptors were expressed in neurons and glial cells. The BK-evoked [ @entity141 ]i increase was suppressed by @entity3352 , a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, and potentiated by @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ). The release of @entity1421 from cultured myenteric plexus cells was increased by BK. BK induced a large increase in [ @entity141 ]i in neurons when myenteric plexus cells were cultured at the high density but not at the low density, and caused a small increase in [ @entity141 ]i in neurons when proliferation of enteric glial cells was suppressed. BK evoked a slow and sustained depolarization in myenteric neurons, which was sensitive to @entity3352 . These results indicated that BK caused a [ @entity141 ]i increase and depolarization in @entity35 myenteric neurons through the activation of B2 receptors, which was partly associated with @entity1421 released from glial cells in response to BK. It is suggested that a neuron-glial interaction plays an important role in the effect of BK in the @entity35 myenteric plexus.

title: Involvement of XXXX derived from enteric glial cells in the action of @entity1812 in cultured @entity35 myenteric neurons.

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE(2)', 'prostaglandin E(2)']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity1421 :: (MESH:D015232,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin E(2)']


abstract: AIMS: There are clinical observations that operation during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (with high @entity53 levels) may positively influence prognosis in @entity0 . However, few studies have information on plasma levels of hormones pre-operatively. METHODS: We studied 774 @entity1 treated for @entity0 where plasma levels of @entity53 had been measured 1-2 days pre-operatively. Date and cause of death were ascertained from the files of the Swedish @entity5 Register and 5434 @entity1 -years were observed. The endpoint was death with @entity0 as the underlying cause (n=41 and n=158 in the pre- and post-menopausal group, respectively). RESULTS: In life-table analyses, only pre-menopausal @entity1 with @entity53 500 pmol/l and above had a tendency (not statistically significant) for better survival. Multivariate Cox models with @entity53 modelled in continuous form yielded relative hazards (RH) close to unity in all @entity1 and in strata according to menopausal status. CONCLUSIONS: When @entity53 was analysed in categorized form, only @entity1 with the highest levels had a tendency for improved prognosis (RH around 0.7; not statistically significant). Moreover, this pattern was not apparent for pre-menopausal @entity1 . Our findings contradict the notion that the pre-operative @entity53 level is independently associated with @entity0 prognosis.

title: Pre-operative XXXX levels - relation to survival in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['oestradiol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are sporadic reports, with different verdicts, of restorative proctectomy by laparoscopic transanal pull-through (LTPT) without the use of a minilaparotomy for a part of the procedure. This study aimed to explore the applicability and advantages of LTPT with colon pouch-anal @entity254 for @entity5 , and to evaluate the results. METHODS: From January 2002 to July 2003, 10 of 12 @entity1 (6 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 ) undergoing a laparoscopic procedure for @entity5 (<6 cm from the anal verge) underwent LTPT. The mean age of these @entity1 was 58 years. The results have been compared with those for 12 similar non-pull-through procedures performed during the same period. RESULTS: There was no operative mortality. An @entity834 and a @entity548 occurred in the LTPT group. During a mean follow-up period of 18 months (range, 12-26 months), there was no local relapse. Four @entity1 manifested moderate @entity322 . No significant differences in functional outcome were observed between the LTPT and control groups. CONCLUSION: The authors' experience supports use of the LTPT procedure with colonic pouch-anal @entity254 for selected lower @entity5 with indications for a laparoscopic approach as an appropriate and reproducible surgical treatment.

title: Restorative proctectomy with colon pouch-anal XXXX by laparoscopic transanal pull-through: an available option for @entity5 ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic gastropathy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['low rectal cancer', 'rectal cancers']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: We compared color Doppler flow mapping data to angiographic data in 294 @entity1 with suspected @entity340 . Thirty-one @entity1 had @entity339 and 37 had @entity339 due to @entity3454 by angiography. Ten @entity1 had no angiographic regurgitation (4 rheumatic, 6 prolapse). The remaining @entity1 included 86 with suspected @entity337 and 130 with suspected @entity997 . Angiographically 74 had @entity337 and 111 @entity997 . The maximum size of regurgitant jets was evaluated in each @entity1 by color flow mapping. The width of the jets was also taken into consideration. In 29 of the 31 with @entity627 and 67 of the 74 with @entity337 by angiography, abnormal regurgitant signals were detected by color flow mapping. In both @entity339 and @entity337 , color Doppler estimation of the jets correlated well with angiographic grading. The regurgitant jets in these regurgitation were not eccentric. In the 37 with @entity339 in @entity3454 by left ventriculography, abnormal jets were detected in 35 by color flow mapping. However, the regurgitant jets were eccentric and color Doppler estimation of the jets correlated poorly with angiographic grading. In @entity1 with @entity997 , color Doppler grading of regurgitation correlated poorly with right ventriculographic grading. A color Doppler underestimation was observed in 48%. In conclusion, color Doppler flow mapping is useful in the noninvasive detection and semiquantification of @entity339 and @entity337 having non-eccentric jets, although this technique often underestimates the severity of regurgitation in @entity3454 .

title: Value and limitations of color Doppler flow mapping in the detection and semiquantification of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation', 'rheumatic mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve prolapse']

entities_list: @entity997 :: ('MESH:D014262', 'Disease') :: ['tricuspid regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular regurgitation']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['valvular regurgitation']


abstract: High dose @entity7839 treatment was given to 20 @entity1 with @entity1358 . Distant @entity3 occurred before the perifascial nephrectomy in 11 @entity1 and following nephrectomy in 9. Tumor @entity3141 content was analyzed by flow cytometry in 8 fresh samples from each @entity5 . Four @entity1 had homogeneously diploid @entity5 , 5 had @entity5 with diploid and aneuploid samples, and all 8 @entity5 samples were aneuploid in 10 @entity1 . @entity3141 analysis was unsuccessful in 1 @entity1 . One @entity1 with a diploid @entity5 died of an intercurrent disease. Three @entity1 (16 per cent) had objective remissions and 1 had a long-lasting stable disease. Of the 4 @entity1 with any response to @entity11796 treatment 3 had diploid @entity5 , and 1 had 8 diploid and 2 aneuploid samples in the @entity5 . The remaining 14 @entity1 showed no response to treatment and had progressive disease (11 of these @entity1 died within 14 months). All 14 @entity1 had @entity5 . The results indicate that @entity5 ploidy might be related to response to @entity11796 treatment. @entity3141 content seems to be an important parameter to consider in planning treatment of @entity1358 .

title: XXXX content and @entity11796 treatment in @entity1358 .

entities_list: @entity3141 :: ('CHEBI:16991', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxyribonucleic acid', 'Deoxyribonucleic acid']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity7839 :: ('MESH:D008525', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'primary tumors', 'aneuploid primary tumors', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity3141 :: (CHEBI:16991,Chemical) :: ['Deoxyribonucleic acid']


abstract: @entity5619 are @entity600 of the embryonic tracheobronchial tree and are the most common cause of @entity20068 , encountered mainly in pediatric @entity1 and young adults. Conservative treatment has been proposed for asymptomatic @entity1 . However, malignant transformation occurs occasionally and the clinicopathological features of secondary malignancy are not well characterized. In this report, we present a @entity5 found in the thymic bronchogenic cyst of a 41-year-old female complaining of mild @entity662 . The thymic tissue also shows @entity706 . Atypical imaging features were found in her chest computed tomography. Additional 22 cases of @entity5619 with malignant transformation were also reviewed from the literature. The clinicopathological data were summarized. The tumorigenesis of these @entity5 is unclear, but @entity5619 of the lung may undergo malignant changes at a younger @entity1 age and more frequently than mediastinal ones. @entity5 were also seemingly overrepresented in mediastinal cases. Some atypical imaging features may serve as clues for early detection and guide clinical management.

title: XXXX arising in a thymic bronchogenic cyst associated with thymic follicular hyperplasia.

entities_list: @entity5619 :: ('MESH:D001994', 'Disease') :: ['Bronchogenic cysts', 'bronchogenic cysts']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity20068 :: ('MESH:D008476', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinal cysts']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['follicular lymphoid hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoid tumors', 'carcinoid tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Carcinoid tumor']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The @entity908 kinase (CK) energy shuttle of cardiomyocytes channels metabolic energy from the mitochondria to sites of energy utilization at contracting myofibrils and sarcolemmal and sarcoplasmic reticular ion pumps. Although plasticity of the myocardial CK system in response to hemodynamic overload has been repeatedly demonstrated, the effects of aerobic exercise training on myocardial CK are less well understood. This investigation tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training increases the capacity of the CK system in @entity235 myocardium. METHODS: Mongrel @entity235 were conditioned by a 9-wk treadmill running program or cage-rested for 4 wk. Total CK activity was measured colorimetrically; CK( @entity23768 ) was separated from other CK isoforms and measured by electrophoresis. RESULTS: Relative to sedentary controls, training increased left ventricular total CK activity 46% (P < 0.05) but did not alter total CK activity in right ventricular myocardium. Also in left ventricular myocardium, training increased CK( @entity23768 ) isoenzyme activity 4.5-fold and the CK( @entity23768 ) fraction of total CK threefold from 1.1+/-0.4 to 3.4+/-0.8% (P < 0.05). In contrast to left ventricle, CK( @entity23768 ) activity and its fraction of total CK activity were not altered by training in right ventricular myocardium. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic exercise training increases total myocardial CK activity and CK( @entity23768 ) content in @entity235 left ventricular myocardium, although CK( @entity23768 ) remains a minor component of the myocardial CK system. The right ventricular CK system was not affected by training.

title: Exercise training increases XXXX kinase capacity in @entity235 myocardium.

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: Recent work has shown that some @entity4365 ( @entity4365 ) protocols can induce long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal synapses. As @entity4365 mimics certain aspects of @entity4365 during slow-wave sleep, @entity4365 -LTP may be relevant to processes of sleep-dependent consolidation. Here, alternating @entity4365 (1 Hz) of heterosynaptic inputs arising in the medial septum and area @entity1251 induced LTP at hippocampal @entity1249 synapses of anesthetized @entity35 . Remarkably, this LTP was absent when delivered 3 h, but not 8 or 24 h, after training in the hidden platform version of the Morris water maze, suggesting a time-specific occlusion of @entity4365 -LTP following spatial learning. LTP assessed 3 h after training was intact in yoked swim controls and @entity35 trained in darkness. Visible platform training resulted in heterogeneous effects, with about half of the animals showing @entity432 . Pharmacological experiments revealed that @entity1024 ( @entity143 )-receptor activation was required for both @entity4365 -LTP and the retention of spatial learning. To test whether a learning-related, @entity143 -dependent potentiation accounted for the occlusion effect, we blocked @entity143 receptors immediately following spatial training. This manipulation reversed @entity432 3 h after training. Together, these experiments indicate a mechanistic overlap between heterosynaptically induced @entity4365 -LTP and processes mediating the consolidation of spatial information at hippocampal synapses.

title: Occlusion of low-frequency-induced, heterosynaptic long-term potentiation in the XXXX hippocampus in vivo following spatial training.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-d-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['LTP occlusion']

entities_list: @entity4365 :: ('MESH:C565121', 'Disease') :: ['LFS', 'low-frequency stimulation', 'low-frequency oscillations']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The influence of an absorbable glucosidase inhibitor (Bay o 1248) on the endocrine and exocrine @entity35 pancreas was evaluated. @entity35 fed a standard diet containing Bay o 1248 over 10 days consumed less food, gained about 30% less body weight than controls and showed meteorism. In these animals postprandial plasma insulin and @entity413 levels were decreased, but the total pancreatic insulin content was not different versus controls. The early insulin secretory response studied by pancreas perfusions was found reduced after a stimulatory @entity413 load (10 mM). Addition of the glucosidase inhibitor (1 mM) to the incubation medium diminished the @entity413 -induced insulin release from isolated islets of @entity35 fed a standard diet. The compound added to the perfusion medium (10 microM) induced a slight reduction of half-maximal @entity413 -induced (10 mM) insulin release from the perfused pancreas. This inhibitory effect disappeared during maximal stimulation (20 mM @entity413 ) of insulin secretion. The compound neither altered basal nor @entity369 -induced (15 mM) insulin release from the perfused organ. The exocrine pancreas was studied after feeding a Bay o 1248-enriched standard diet over 10 days. Amylase and trypsin concentration and total output into the biliary-pancreatic juice in response to CCK and @entity11384 (20 IU or CU/kg body weight each) were diminished. The pancreatic enzyme content did not differ compared to controls. A significant role of @entity1735 maldigestion, systemic effects of the glucosidase inhibitor, and endocrine-exocrine pancreatic interrelations are discussed to account for the effects of the compound on the @entity35 pancreas.

title: Influence of an absorbable alpha-glucosidase inhibitor (Bay o 1248) on the endocrine and exocrine pancreas of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Tamm-Horsfall protein ( @entity7312 ) from normal urine has been shown to protect against the cytotoxic effects of toxic urinary cations (TFs) in vivo and in vitro. This study investigated the effect of desialylation on the cytoprotective activity of @entity7312 . METHODS: From pooled 24-hour urine specimens from healthy individuals, both TFs and @entity7312 were obtained. @entity35 received intravesical @entity1219 or @entity4338 , and the baseline urodynamic percentage of nonvoiding contractions (NVCs) was recorded. Then, rehydrated TF, TF plus @entity7312 , or TF plus @entity7312 -desialylated ( @entity7312 -d) were instilled, followed by @entity4338 , and the urodynamic measurements were repeated. In vitro, @entity1 HTB4 bladder cells were incubated overnight with the rehydrated TF, TF plus @entity7312 , TF plus @entity7312 -d, or assay media alone, and the @entity137 levels were determined. RESULTS: Acid hydrolysis resulted in an 88% loss of @entity3167 . TFs consistently demonstrated a greater than 50% @entity137 for @entity1 HTB4 cells compared with cells incubated in media (P <0.01). TF cytotoxic activity was blocked by preincubation with @entity7312 but not by preincubation with @entity7312 -d. Similarly, @entity35 bladder NVCs increased significantly over baseline when @entity4338 was infused after TF infusion (1.68 NVCs/min; P <0.0001). NVCs were significantly reduced by preincubating TFs with @entity7312 (0.42 NVCs/min) but not by preincubating with @entity7312 -d (1.55 NVCs/min, P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The cytoprotective function of urinary @entity7312 in the bladder can be compromised when a decrease is present in the @entity3167 residues on @entity7312 . Such a decrease in @entity7312 cytoprotective activity may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of @entity2335 .

title: Role of XXXX in urinary cytoprotective activity of Tamm-Horsfall protein.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity3167 :: ('MESH:D019158', 'Chemical') :: ['sialic acid']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial cystitis']

answer: @entity3167 :: (MESH:D019158,Chemical) :: ['sialic acid']


abstract: @entity571 ( @entity571 ) is a @entity179 and one of the leading causes of disability in the United States and across the world. As a disease of the whole joint, @entity571 exhibits a complicated etiology with risk factors including, but not limited to, ageing, altered joint loading, and injury. Subchondral bone is hypothesized to be involved in @entity571 development. However, direct evidence supporting this is lacking. We previously detected measurable transport of solute across the mineralized calcified cartilage in normal joints, suggesting a potential cross-talk between subchondral bone and cartilage. Whether this cross-talk exists in @entity571 has not been established yet. Using two models that induced @entity571 by either ageing or surgery (destabilization of medial meniscus, DMM), we tested the hypothesis that increased cross-talk occurs in @entity571 . We quantified the diffusivity of @entity941 (mol. wt. 376Da), a marker of small-sized signaling molecules, within calcified joint matrix using our newly developed @entity393 induced by photobleaching (FLIP) method. Tracer diffusivity was found to be 0.30  0.17 and 0.33  0.20 m(2)/s within the calcified cartilage and 0.12  0.04 and 0.07  0.03 m(2)/s across the osteochondral interface in the aged (20-24-month-old, n=4) and @entity2720 (5-month-old, n=5), respectively, which were comparable to the control values for the contralateral non-operated joints in the DMM @entity19 (0.48  0.13 and 0.12  0.06 m(2)/s). Although we did not detect significant changes in tissue matrix permeability in @entity571 joints, we found i) an increased number of vessels invading the calcified cartilage (and sometimes approaching the tidemark) in the aged (+100%) and @entity38094 (+50%) joints relative to the normal age controls; and ii) a 60% thinning of the subchondral bone and calcified cartilage layers in the aged joints (with no significant changes detected in the DMM joints). These results suggested that the capacity for cross-talk between subchondral bone and articular cartilage could be elevated in @entity571 . Further studies are needed to identify the direction of the cross-talk, the signaling molecules involved, and to test whether subchondral bone initiates @entity571 development and could serve as a pharmaceutical target for @entity571 treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled " @entity571 ".

title: Elevated cross-talk between subchondral bone and cartilage in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative joint disease']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['DMM OA joints']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['fluorescence loss']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritic joints']


abstract: Deregulation of the Wnt pathway has been implicated in oncogenesis of numerous tissues including the pituitary gland. Immunohistochemical localization and quantification of @entity3546 , @entity4910 , @entity517 and Survivin expression in 47 @entity977 (35 non-functioning, seven GH-secreting, three @entity2013 , two ACTH-secreting @entity5 ) and six normal controls was undertaken in this study and correlation of protein expression to @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics analysed. @entity3546 was strictly membrane-bound with no difference observed between normal and @entity5 tissue. In contrast, @entity4910 and @entity517 localization was nuclear and significantly higher in @entity5 versus normal tissue (p < 0.05). @entity517 expression correlated negatively with age at diagnosis (p = 0.006, R = -0.395) while @entity4910 expression correlated positively with age (p = 0.036, R = 0.306) and was higher in males than in females (p = 0.036). @entity517 expression was significantly lower in @entity1 with functional @entity5 requiring octreotide treatment and in @entity1 with non-functioning @entity5 suffering from @entity4614 . Survivin expression was extremely low in @entity5 and absent in normal controls. Involvement of the canonical Wnt pathway appears to be minimal, given the segregation of @entity3546 to the membrane. Our data suggest that @entity517 may have an important role in early pituitary tumorigenesis while @entity4910 is likely to promote @entity5 growth at a later stage. We also report a novel gender difference in @entity4910 expression, the biological significance of which merits further analysis. The reported reduction of @entity517 in functional @entity5 subsequently treated with @entity2390 further supports a role of @entity517 in early tumorigenesis and not in recurrence. The decrease in @entity517 in @entity1 with @entity4614 provides the first in vivo evidence for hormonal regulation of @entity517 expression.

title: Expression and clinical significance of Wnt players and survivin in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['prolactinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['pituitary tumours']


abstract: The use of @entity270 -bonded cellulose membrane dialyzers has been reported to cause a decrease in oxidative lipid marker levels (Nakai et al., Ther Apher Dial 14:505-540, 1; Nakai et al., J Jpn Soc Dial Ther 45:1-47, 2; Mashiba et al., Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21:1801-1808, 3). However, few studies have identified this effect with @entity270 -bonded @entity2264 membranes, and no studies report the same effect on alpha (1) antitrypsin-LDL complex, a new oxidative lipid marker. This prompted us to examine the influence of use of VPS-HA @entity270 -bonded @entity2264 high-flux membrane dialyzers on this new oxidative lipid marker. The subjects were 17 @entity1 who had been dialyzed with VPS-HA for 12 months. The subjects' baseline characteristics were as follows. Their average age was 65.6    13.1 years, comprising 8 males and 9 females; hemodialysis vintage was 83.8    85.4 months. Eight had chronic @entity8 and five had @entity2316 . The primary outcome was defined as alpha (1) antitrypsin-LDL complex level after 12 months, as a post-study using VPS-HA. Secondary outcomes included @entity1674 , total @entity165 , HDL @entity165 and LDL @entity165 levels. The data were analyzed pre-study and after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months for alpha (1) antitrypsin-LDL complex, and pre-study and post-study for the other indicators. Twelve months after switching to VPS-HA, alpha (1) antitrypsin-LDL complex, total @entity165 and LDL @entity165 had significantly decreased. @entity1674 and HDL @entity165 had not significantly changed. Hemodialysis therapy with VPS-HA was shown to decrease alpha (1) antitrypsin-LDL complex, an index of oxidative stress, and also to decrease some lipid markers.

title: The effect of @entity270 -bonded XXXX membrane dialyzer on a new oxidative lipid marker.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity2264 :: ('MESH:C017662', 'Chemical') :: ['polysulfone']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides', 'Triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2264 :: (MESH:C017662,Chemical) :: ['polysulfone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Efficacy of high-dose @entity904 (VA) in @entity1 suffering from severe acute @entity3147 ( @entity4 ) has recently been questioned. This study compared the efficacy of a single high-dose (200,000 IU) in addition to daily low-dose (5000 IU) VA in the management of @entity1 suffering from @entity4 with @entity294 and/or @entity1729 ( @entity1729 ). METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial in icddr,b, Bangladesh during 2005-07, @entity1 aged 6-59 months with weight-for-height <-3 @entity4 ( @entity4 ) received either a high-dose VA or placebo on admission day. Both the groups received 5,000 IU/day VA in a multivitamins drop for 15 days and other standard treatment which is similar to WHO guidelines. RESULTS: A total 260 @entity1 (130 in each group) were enrolled. All had @entity294 , 54% had concomitant @entity1729 , 50% had @entity4 , 48.5% were @entity1 with a mean  SD age of 16  10 months. None had clinical signs of @entity38569 . Mean  SD baseline serum @entity904 was 13.15  9.28   g/dl, @entity904 binding protein was 1.27  0.95 mg/dl, and pre-albumin was 7.97  3.96 mg/dl. Median (inter quartile range) of @entity1851 was 7.8 (2.1, 22.2) mg/L. @entity1 of the two groups did not differ in any baseline characteristic. Over the 15 days treatment period resolution of @entity294 , @entity1729 , @entity4 , anthropometric changes, and biochemical indicators of VA were similar between the groups. The high-dose VA supplementation in @entity1 with @entity4 did not show any adverse event. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy of daily low-dose VA compared to an additional single high-dose was not observed to be better in the management of @entity1 suffering from @entity4 with other acute illnesses. A single high-dose VA may be given especially where the @entity1 with @entity4 may leave the hospital/treatment center early. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00388921.

title: Efficacy of a high-dose in addition to daily low-dose XXXX in @entity1 suffering from severe acute @entity3147 with other illnesses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girl', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'SAM', 'Z-score and/or bipedal edema']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A', 'retinol']

entities_list: @entity38569 :: ('MESH:D014802', 'Disease') :: ['VA deficiency']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['ALRI', 'acute lower respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity904 :: (MESH:D014801,Chemical) :: ['vitamin A']