abstract: Following the treatment with @entity5393 ( @entity5393 ) in the absence of serum, a proportion of cultured @entity1 embryo retinoblasts will differentiate rapidly. This is characterized by cell rounding and the extension of @entity527 -type processes. A transformed cell line ( @entity9504 HER 10), developed by transfection of @entity1 embryo retinoblasts with @entity9504 ( @entity9504 ) early region 1 (E1) DNA, forms @entity995 in athymic @entity19 and retains the ability to extend @entity527 -like processes after treatment with @entity5393 in the absence of serum. This response, which occurs in almost all cells (over 98%), is accompanied by @entity851 and reverses rapidly after re-exposure to serum. Other agents known to increase intracellular @entity268 also mediate differentiation. @entity9504 HER 10 cells were shown to contain the neuronal markers, neurone-specific enolase and protein gene product 9.5, but not the glial cell marker @entity538 ( @entity538 ). Activity of the neurotransmitter enzyme acetylcholinesterase was also detected and found to increase after differentiation. Interestingly, the expression of the @entity9504 E1 transforming proteins did not change throughout differentiation. These results show first, that the @entity9504 HER 10 cell line can differentiate in a similar manner to that observed in a proportion of primary retinoblasts and second, that the expression of transforming proteins does not preclude at least part of that differentiative capacity. This is the first demonstration of in vitro differentiation in an adenovirus-transformed @entity1 cell line, as well as offering a useful system for the study of factors controlling growth and differentiation of tumorigenic @entity1 retinoblasts.

title: Differentiation of normal and adenovirus-12 E1 transformed XXXX embryo retinal cells.

entities_list: @entity5393 :: ('MESH:D003994', 'Chemical') :: ['dibutyryl cyclic AMP', 'dbcAMP']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['neuritic']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth arrest']

entities_list: @entity538 :: ('2670', 'Gene') :: ['GFAP', 'glial fibrillary acidic protein']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma-like tumours']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: We tested the discrimination ability of 2 monoclonal antibodies, mAB 90 and 2-2, in @entity703 , including @entity1358 and @entity1606 of the kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two monoclonal antibodies raised in @entity1358 (mAB 90, @entity5696 subclass and mAB 2-2, @entity9686 subclass), have been generated in our laboratory by hybridoma technique. The @entity5 associated antigens recognized by these IgG subclass monoclonal antibodies are located in the cell membrane of @entity5 cells. Antibodies were purified from @entity19 ascites through protein A-Sepharose 4B affinity column and then conjugated with @entity2822 fluorescence by @entity3733 method. The binding activity of these antibodies was measured by direct immunofluorescence method and analyzed in a flow cytometer. Forty-five cases of @entity1358 and 16 cases of transitional cell @entity703 were collected, and the recognition power of these 2 antibodies was tested. Frozen @entity5 tissues were prepared and allocated into single cell suspensions in @entity1391 buffered saline before adding diluted (1:10) conjugated antibodies. Irrelevant antibody and negative @entity5 cell lines without any reaction with these antibodies were used as background fluorescence control. RESULTS: Reactivities of mAB 90 and mAB 2-2 for @entity1358 tissues were 80 and 91%, respectively. On the contrary the reactivities of mAB 90 and mAB 2-2 for @entity1606 of renal pelvis tissues were 0 and 69%, respectively. mAB 90 (+)/mAB 2-2 (-) expression pattern had 76% accurate diagnostic rate for @entity1358 and mAB 90 (+)/mAB 2-2 (+) pattern had 69% accurate diagnostic rate for @entity1606 of the kidney. CONCLUSIONS: When facing pathologically ambiguous @entity703 , the binding specificity of mAB 90 and mAB 2-2 may be useful for discrimination between @entity1358 and transitional cell @entity703 .

title: Monoclonal antibodies against XXXX : the potential application in discrimination of ambiguous @entity703 .

entities_list: @entity2822 :: ('CHEBI:37926', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl sulfoxide']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal adenocarcinoma', 'renal cell carcinoma tumors', 'renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the renal pelvis', 'kidney tumors', 'renal carcinomas']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['renal tumors']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine if volumetric changes of diffusion-weighted and contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can help assess @entity5 response to intraarterial therapy (IAT) in neuroendocrine liver @entity3 (NELM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective single-center comprehensive imaging analysis was performed in compliance with HIPAA and was institutional review board approved. Informed @entity1 consent was waived. Seventy-one @entity1 (39 @entity1 ; mean age, 62.3 years) with NELM treated with IAT were analyzed retrospectively. MR studies were performed before and 3-4 weeks after therapy. The index lesion was segmented to provide volumetric functional analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the hepatic arterial phase (HAP) and portal venous phase ( @entity12468 ). @entity5 response was defined as increase in volumetric ADC of 15% or greater and decrease in volumetric enhancement of 25% or greater during the HAP or of 50% or greater during the @entity12468 . @entity1 overall survival was the primary end point after therapy initiation. Univariate analysis included Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to detect interactions between volumetric ADC and contrast-enhanced MR imaging and to calculate the hazard ratio. RESULTS: There was significant increase in mean volumetric ADC (27%, P < .0001) and significant decrease in mean volumetric enhancement during the HAP (-25.3%, P < .0001) and the @entity12468 (-22.4%, P < .0001) in all @entity1 . @entity1 who had 15% or greater volumetric ADC increase (n = 49) after therapy had better prognosis than those who had less than 15% increase in volumetric ADC (n = 22) (log-rank test, P < .002). @entity1 who had 25% or greater decrease in volumetric arterial enhancement (n = 40) or 50% or greater decrease in venous enhancement (n = 18) had better prognosis than those who had less than 25% decrease in volumetric arterial enhancement (n = 31) or less than 50% decrease in venous enhancement (n = 53) (log-rank test, P < .02). CONCLUSION: Volumetric functional MR imaging criteria may act as biomarkers of early response, indicating that these criteria may be important to incorporate in future NELM clinical trials.

title: Neuroendocrine liver XXXX treated by using intraarterial therapy: volumetric functional imaging biomarkers of @entity5 response and survival.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumor', 'early tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: Enteropathy defines @entity1944 , visible with the light microscope, of various etiologies, that can be separated into acute versus chronic conditions. This review focuses on these areas in which recent progress has been made. @entity281 increase mucosal permeability and induce local expression of co-stimulatory molecules allowing antigen penetration in the mucosa, T cell activation and possible disruption of oral tolerance. Biotherapeutics are of importance in the prevention and treatment of (chronic) enteropathy of infectious origin. @entity1593 and @entity291 's milk @entity566 are key examples of @entity102 . The dietary approach to @entity566 has evolved to include active stimulation of the immature immune system in order to support the establishment of tolerance. Supplementation with probiotics may provide maturational signals for the lymphoid tissue and improve the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Enteral polymeric feeding is effective in @entity30 . Dietary @entity2036 may improve growth and immunity, optimize maturation, recovery and function of rapidly dividing tissue. Adequate dietary lipids are important not just for caloric value but also for immune-modulatory effects. Lipids may prevent @entity56 sensitization by downregulating inflammatory response (n-3 but not n-6 @entity1718 ) whilst protecting the epithelial barrier, regulating immune function and modifying the adherence of microbes to the mucosa, thereby contributing to host-microbe interactions.

title: XXXX and feeding.

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['Celiac disease']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergy', 'protein allergy']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic enteropathy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Severe infections']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['Chronic enteropathy']


abstract: @entity5 cells show increased @entity413 uptake compared to normal cells. @entity1365 has been shown to be expressed in many @entity1 @entity5 , including transitional cell @entity150 (TCCB). The aim of this study was to determine the biologic significance of @entity1365 expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry, in TCCB. Using the polyclonal anti- @entity1365 antibody MYM, microwave-aided antigen retrieval, and standard immunoperoxidase ABC technique, we immunostained sections of @entity406 -fixed and @entity982 -embedded tissue from cystectomy specimens from 40 @entity1 with TCCB, who received no adjuvant therapy. The percent of positive @entity5 cells was scored on a semiquantitative scale as 1) 0%, 2) 1-10%, 3) 11-25%, 4) 26-50%, 5) 5.1-75%, and 6) > 75%. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier survival method, the Log rank test, and Fisher's exact test. @entity1365 immunoreactivity was detected in 58% of the cases. @entity1365 expression in > 10% of @entity5 cells was associated with worse @entity1 survival than expression in < 10% of the @entity5 cells (p = 0.0064). @entity5 with > 10% @entity1365 -positive @entity5 cells were more likely to be of pT2 stage or higher than @entity5 with < 10% @entity1365 -positive cells (100% vs 68%, respectively, p = 0.0109), but showed no significant difference in the incidence of nodal @entity3 (p = 0.4258). Our results suggest that @entity1365 expression in TCCB is a marker of aggressive biologic potential in @entity1 undergoing cystectomy.

title: @entity1365 expression in transitional cell XXXX is associated with poor @entity1 survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the urinary bladder']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the urinary bladder']


abstract: Previous research has shown that @entity375 culture increases @entity880 utilization and cellulose digestion by pure cultures of ruminal bacteria. Based on these pure culture results, in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations were conducted to determine the effects of 0.35 and 0.73 g/L of Sacc. cerevisiae culture on the fermentation of ground @entity4336 , @entity7969 , alfalfa hay, bermudagrass hay, and @entity880 . In addition, experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of Sacc. cerevisiae culture and monensin on the mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. In the presence of ground @entity4336 , both concentrations of Sacc. cerevisiae culture had little effect on final pH or fermentation products, except the 0.35 g/L treatment increased valerate concentration. @entity375 culture had little effect on final pH or fermentation products in @entity7969 or @entity880 fermentations. When alfalfa hay was the substrate, 0.73 g/L of Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased @entity4919 concentration and both treatments decreased the @entity598 to @entity4919 ratio. In the case of Coastal bermudagrass hay, 0.73 g/L Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased concentrations of @entity598 , @entity4919 , @entity578 , @entity4876 , @entity9460 , valerate, and decreased the @entity598 to @entity4919 ratio, whereas both treatments increased total volatile @entity844 concentrations. Similar to alfalfa hay, in vitro dry matter disappearance of Coastal bermudagrass hay was numerically increased in the presence of Sacc. cerevisiae culture. Monensin altered the fermentation by decreasing concentrations of @entity578 and @entity880 and increasing concentrations of @entity4919 . There was no interaction between Sacc. cerevisiae culture and monensin. In conclusion, the incorporation of Sacc. cerevisiae culture into mixed ruminal microorganism fermentations of ground @entity4336 , @entity7969 , or @entity880 had little effect on final pH and fermentation products. However, in the presence of alfalfa hay or Coastal bermudagrass hay Sacc. cerevisiae culture increased concentrations of several fermentation products and numerically increased in vitro dry matter disappearance of forage fiber.

title: Effects of a XXXX culture on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation.

entities_list: @entity4876 :: ('MESH:D002087', 'Chemical') :: ['butyrate']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity9460 :: ('CHEBI:48942', 'Chemical') :: ['isovalerate']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: Mutations in the @entity375 alpha-factor receptor that lead to improved response to @entity40716 alpha-factor were identified and sequenced. Mutants were isolated from cells bearing randomly mutagenized receptor gene ( @entity25220 ) plasmids by an in vivo screen. Five mutations lead to substitutions in hydrophobic segments in the core of the receptor ( @entity40717 , @entity40718 , @entity40718 - @entity40719 , @entity40720 , @entity40721 - @entity40722 ). Remarkably, strains expressing these mutant receptors exhibited positive pheromone responses to desTrp1,Ala3-alpha-factor, an analog that normally blocks these responses. The @entity40717 mutation appeared to affect only ligand specificity. The other mutations conferred additional effects on signaling or recovery. Two mutants were more sensitive to alpha-factor than wild type ( @entity40718 , @entity40720 ). One mutant was more sensitive to alpha-factor-induced cell cycle arrest initially, but then recovered more efficiently ( @entity40718 - @entity40719 ). One mutant ( @entity40721 - @entity40722 ) conferred positive @entity5681 responses to alpha-factor as assayed by @entity40723 -lacZ reporter induction, but did not display @entity851 . The hydrophobic receptor core thus appears to control activation by some ligands and to play roles in aspects of signal transduction and recovery.

title: Substitutions in the hydrophobic core of the alpha-factor receptor of XXXX permit response to @entity40716 alpha-factor and to antagonist.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth arrest']

entities_list: @entity40716 :: ('4934', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces kluyveri']

entities_list: @entity40717 :: ('p|SUB|M|54|I', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['M54I']

entities_list: @entity5681 :: ('CHEBI:26013', 'Chemical') :: ['pheromone']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of autophagy following @entity63 /reperfusion (I/R) injury in the @entity35 spinal cord and whether autophagy inhibition contributes to @entity16 . A spinal cord I/R model was induced via descending thoracic aorta occlusion for 10   min using systemic @entity551 (40   mmHg) in adult male @entity35 . Then, 600   nmol @entity2456 ( @entity8836 ) or vehicle was intrathecally administered. Ultrastructural spinal cord changes were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescent double-labeling. Western blots were used to determine the protein expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and @entity32923 . Autophagy was activated after spinal cord I/R injury as demonstrated by significantly increased LC3 and @entity32923 expression at 3-48   h after injury. Furthermore, TEM images indicated the presence of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the injured spinal cord. @entity8836 significantly decreased LC3 and @entity32923 expression and the number of LC3-positive cells in spinal cord of I/R versus vehicle groups. Moreover, the @entity8836 -treated @entity35 exhibited better neurobehavioral scores compared with control @entity35 . These findings suggest activation of autophagy leading to neuronal cell death in the I/R injured spinal cord. These effects were significantly inhibited by intrathecal @entity8836 administration. Thus intrathecal @entity8836 administration may represent a novel treatment target following spinal cord I/R injury.

title: Intrathecal Injection of @entity2456 Reduces Neuronal Damage and Promotes Functional Recovery via Autophagy Attenuation after Spinal Cord @entity63 /Reperfusion Injury in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2456 :: ('MESH:C025946', 'Chemical') :: ['3-methyladenine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neural tissue damage and locomotor impairment']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rats']


abstract: Two recent studies have described allelic loss of an @entity996 intragenic marker on chromosome 13q in aggressive and metastatic @entity977 that did not correlate with loss of @entity996 . The second report also showed that losses were more frequently associated with a more centromeric marker. Because both of these studies suggest the presence of another or other @entity5 suppressor genes (TSGs) on 13q, we carried out an allelotype analysis encompassing known and recently described @entity18566 loci on 13q, together with immunohistochemical analysis of @entity996 . We analyzed 82 @entity5 and 53 @entity10759 subdivided into invasive and noninvasive cohorts. A significantly higher frequency of loss, at one or more of 13 markers, was evident in the invasive @entity5 (54%, 26 of 48) than in their noninvasive counterparts (29%, 10 of 34). An approximately equal frequency of loss was apparent in invasive (28%, 5 of 18) and noninvasive (31%, 11 of 35) @entity10759 at one or more markers. In those @entity5 harboring deletion, loss at two or more markers was more frequent in invasive @entity5 65% (17 of 26) compared with 36% (4 of 11) of their noninvasive counterparts. In @entity10759 , 40% (2 of 5) of invasive @entity5 as compared with 64% (7 of 11) of noninvasive @entity5 had evidence of two or more deletions. In @entity5 showing loss at two or more loci, the majority showed large deletions; however, loss of the @entity996 intragenic marker D13S153 was infrequent. In most cases, loss at individual markers was more frequent in invasive @entity5 than their noninvasive counterparts. A marker 3 cM telomeric to @entity996 (D13S1319) showed the highest frequency of deletion in both invasive cohorts (29% of @entity10759 and 24% of @entity5 ). Immunohistochemical analysis of @entity996 showed frequent loss in @entity10759 (27%, 9 of 33) in comparison with 4% (2 of 53) of @entity5 . Although loss of @entity996 did not correlate with loss of an intragenic marker or @entity5 grade, it was significantly associated with the @entity10759 subtype (P = 0.002). These data suggest that chromosome 13q is a frequent target for allelic deletion in @entity977 and point to another or other @entity18566 loci in these regions.

title: Chromosome 13q deletion mapping in @entity977 : infrequent loss of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene ( @entity996 ) locus despite loss of XXXX protein product in @entity10759 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'non-functional tumors', 'nonfunctional tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumors']

entities_list: @entity10759 :: ('MESH:D049912', 'Disease') :: ['somatotrophinomas', 'somatotrophinoma']

answer: @entity996 :: (5925,Gene) :: ['RB1']


abstract: The EUROCARE Study is a European Union project to assemble survival data from population-based @entity5 registries and analyse them according to standard procedures. We investigated and compared liver, @entity788 survival in 17 countries from 1985 to 1989. Time trends in survival over the 1978-1989 period were also investigated in 12 countries. The overall European mean 1 year relative survival was 16% for primary @entity96 , 26% for @entity1125 and 15% for @entity788 . The corresponding 5-year relative survival was 5, 12 and 4%, respectively. Taking the European average as the reference, the relative risk (RR) of death was at least 20% higher for the three @entity5 in Denmark and Estonia. Survival tended to be higher in Spain for primary @entity96 and @entity1125 . Gender had little influence on survival whilst age at diagnosis was inversely related to prognosis. There was an improvement in 1-year relative survival rate for primary @entity96 : relative risk (RR) of 0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.60-0.77) for 1987-1989 versus 1978-1980 and @entity1125 (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.87). There was less variation in 5-year relative survival rate over time. Some intercountry survival differences for primary liver, biliary tract and @entity788 exist over Europe. Differences in quality of care, in particular treatment @entity146 , may explain some of these differences in survival. New approaches to the management of these @entity5 need to be found.

title: Survival of patients with primary XXXX , @entity788 and @entity1125 in Europe. EUROCARE Working Group.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic and biliary tract cancer', 'pancreatic cancers']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity1125 :: ('MESH:D001661', 'Disease') :: ['biliary tract cancer']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Propionibacteria are part of the @entity1 microbiota. Many studies have addressed the predominant colonizer of sebaceous follicles of the skin, @entity5478 , and investigated its association with the @entity272 @entity5477 , and lately with @entity263 . Much less is known about two other propionibacterial species frequently found on @entity1 tissue sites, @entity31048 and @entity5478 avidum. Here we analyzed two and three genomes of @entity31048 and P. avidum, respectively, and compared them to two genomes of @entity5478 ; we further highlight differences among the three cutaneous species with proteomic and microscopy approaches. RESULTS: Electron and atomic force microscopy revealed an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-like structure surrounding P. avidum cells, that is absent in @entity5478 and @entity31048 . In contrast, @entity31048 possesses pili-like appendices, which was confirmed by surface proteome analysis. The corresponding genes were identified; they are clustered with genes encoding sortases. Both, @entity31048 and P. avidum lack surface or secreted proteins for predicted host-interacting factors of @entity5478 , including several CAMP factors, sialidases, dermatan- @entity597 adhesins, hyaluronidase and a SH3 domain-containing lipoprotein; accordingly, only @entity5478 exhibits neuraminidase and hyaluronidase activities. These functions are encoded on previously unrecognized island-like regions in the genome of @entity5478 . CONCLUSIONS: Despite their omnipresence on @entity1 skin little is known about the role of cutaneous propionibacteria. All three species are associated with a variety of diseases, including postoperative and device-related @entity281 . We showed that the three organisms have evolved distinct features to interact with their @entity1 host. Whereas P. avidum and @entity31048 produce an EPS-like surface structure and pili-like appendices, respectively, @entity5478 possesses a number of unique surface-exposed proteins with host-interacting properties. The different surface properties of the three cutaneous propionibacteria are likely to determine their colonizing ability and pathogenic potential on the skin and at non-skin sites.

title: Comparative genomics reveals distinct host-interacting traits of three major XXXX -associated propionibacteria.

entities_list: @entity5477 :: ('MESH:D000152', 'Disease') :: ['acne vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5478 :: ('1747', 'Species') :: ['P. acnes', 'Propionibacterium', 'Propionibacterium acnes']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['abscesses and infections']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorder']

entities_list: @entity31048 :: ('33011', 'Species') :: ['Propionibacterium granulosum', 'P. granulosum']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity908 kinase (CK) plays a crucial role in myocardial energy metabolism. Alterations in CK gene expression are found in @entity1184 and failing heart, but the mechanisms behind these changes are unclear. This study tests the hypothesis that increased adrenergic stimulation, which is observed in @entity712 , induces changes of myocardial CK-activity, -isoenzyme distribution and -gene expression that are characteristic of the failing and @entity1184 heart. Isolated @entity35 hearts were perfused (constant pressure of 80 mmHg) with red cell suspensions. Following a 20-min warm-up period, perfusion for 3 h with 10(-8) M (iso 3 h) or without (control 3 h) @entity3044 was started or experiments were immediately terminated (control 0 h). Left ventricular tissue was analyzed for total CK-activity, CK-isoenzyme distribution and, by use of quantitative RT-PCR, for @entity19938 , @entity36651 , mito-CK and @entity32483 - (as internal standard) mRNA. After beta-adrenergic stimulation (iso 3 h) but not after control perfusion (control 3 h) a roughly threefold increase in @entity19938 mRNA levels and a decrease in @entity36651 mRNA levels by 18% was found. There were no significant differences among the three groups in total CK-activity and in distribution of CK-MM, @entity19938 , CK-MB and mito-CK. Thus, beta-adrenergic stimulation induces a switch in CK gene expression from @entity36651 to @entity19938 , which is characteristic for the @entity1184 and failing heart. This may be interpreted as an adaptive mechanism making energy transduction via CK more efficient at times of increased metabolic demand.

title: Acute changes of myocardial XXXX kinase gene expression under beta-adrenergic stimulation.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophied']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['Creatine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We explored whether there are diagnostically useful temporal trends in prehospital vital signs of @entity130 @entity1 . METHODS: Vital signs were monitored during transport to a level I @entity130 center and electronically archived. Retrospectively, we identified reliable vital signs recorded from the 0- to 7-minute interval and from the 14- to 21-minute interval during transport, and, for each subject, we computed the temporal differences between the two intervals' vital signs, the intrasubject 95% data ranges, the values during the initial 2 minutes, and the 21-minute overall means. We tested for differences between subjects with major @entity548 versus control subjects, and computed receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We conducted sensitivity analyses, exploring alternative clinical outcomes, temporal windows, and methods of identifying reliable data. RESULTS: Comparing major @entity548 cases versus controls, there were no discriminatory differences in temporal vital sign trends. @entity548 cases had significantly wider intrasubject data ranges for systolic blood pressure (SBP), respiratory rate (RR), and shock index (SI) versus controls. All results were consistent in several sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings add to a growing body of evidence that prehospital vital sign trends over 21 minutes or less are unlikely to be diagnostically useful because of substantial nondirectional fluctuations in vital signs that would obscure any subtle, progressive temporal trends. SBP, RR, and SI values were significantly different for high-acuity @entity1 , and had more variability. Taken together, these findings suggest that higher-acuity @entity1 experience episodes of instability rather than gradual, steady decline. Measures that account for data variability, such as taking the average of multiple measurements, may improve the diagnostic utility of prehospital vital signs.

title: Exploration of prehospital vital sign trends for the prediction of XXXX outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: @entity36808 , a potent immunomodulating drug, was incorporated into pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionic gelation of chitosan with @entity6224 anions and then coated with @entity21049 to improve the stability and the oral bioavailability. Nanoparticles particle size and zeta potential were measured by photo correction spectroscopy and laser Dopper anemometry. Its morphology was examined by environment scan electron microscope. The encapsulation efficiency and the release in vitro were determined by HPLC. Enzymatic stabilization was expressed by the enzymatic degradation of aminopeptidase. Biological activity of TP5 loaded in nanoparticles was assayed by lymphocyte proliferation test in vitro and the immune function (CD4+/CD8+) of irradiated @entity35 in vivo. The results obtained demonstrated that the average sizes of pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles were 175.6 +/- 17 nm, the zeta potential was 28.44 +/- 0.5 mV and the encapsulation efficiency was 76.70 +/- 2.6%. The cumulative release percentages of @entity36808 from the pH-sensitive nanoparticles were 24.65%, 41.01%, and 81.44% incubated in different medium, 0.1 N @entity5828 , pH 5.0 PBS, and pH 7.4 PBS, respectively. The pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles could efficiently protect TP5 from enzymatic degradation and prolong the degradation half-time of TP5 from 1.5 min to 15 min. It was demonstrated from the lymphocyte proliferation test that the nanoparticle-encapsulated TP5 still kept its biological activity. In immunosuppression @entity35 , the lowered T-lymphocyte subsets values were significantly increased and the raised CD4+/CD8+ ratio was evidently reduced. These results indicated that pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles may be used as the vector in oral drug delivery system for TP5.

title: XXXX -loaded pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles for oral administration: preparation, characterization, and pharmacodynamics.

entities_list: @entity36808 :: ('MESH:D016305', 'Chemical') :: ['thymopentin', 'Thymopentin']

entities_list: @entity6224 :: ('MESH:C005692', 'Chemical') :: ['tripolyphosphate']

answer: @entity36808 :: (MESH:D016305,Chemical) :: ['Thymopentin']


abstract: @entity1619 cells (Treg) have become an important player in regulating anticancer immune responses. In fact, published studies describe a correlation between @entity5 -infiltrating Tregs and poor prognosis. Once called "suppressor T cells," these T cells evaded isolation because of a lack of known markers that distinguished them from other T cells. However, the biology of these T cells is currently a major focus of immunologic research. Markers have since been discovered that identify these T cells and provide insights into how these T cells are regulated. Despite these advances, much needs to be learned about the subsets of Tregs and their specific roles in regulating immune responses. In addition, specific agents that target Tregs are currently unavailable. @entity786 has emerged as a clinically feasible agent that can suppress Tregs and allow more effective induction of antitumor immune responses. This review focuses on the use of @entity786 in targeting Tregs to augment @entity5 vaccine approaches. However, these principles can also be applied to other immunotherapy strategies.

title: XXXX -cell modulation using @entity786 in vaccine approaches: a current perspective.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['Regulatory T']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide', 'Cyclophosphamide']

answer: @entity1619 :: (MESH:D015458,Disease) :: ['Regulatory T']


abstract: Recent progress in magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) has enabled multidimensional studies of large, macroscopically unoriented membrane proteins with associated lipids, without the requirement of solubility that limits other structural techniques. Here we present initial sample preparation and SSNMR studies of a 144 kDa integral membrane protein, @entity526 cytochrome bo(3) oxidase. The optimized protocol for expression and purification yields approximately 5 mg of the enzymatically active, uniformly @entity7352 , @entity13140 -enriched membrane protein complex from each liter of growth medium. The preparation retains endogenous lipids and yields spectra of high sensitivity and resolution, consistent with a folded, homogenous protein. Line widths of isolated signals are less than 0.5 ppm, with a large number of individual resonances resolved in the 2D and 3D spectra. The @entity7352 chemical shifts, assigned by @entity535 type, are consistent with the secondary structure previously observed by diffraction methods. Although the structure is predominantly helical, the percentage of non-helical signals varies among residue types; these percentages agree well between the NMR and diffraction data. Samples show minimal evidence of degradation after several weeks of NMR data acquisition. Use of a triple resonance scroll resonator probe further improves sample stability and enables higher power decoupling, higher duty cycles and more advanced 3D experiments to be performed. These initial results in cytochrome bo(3) oxidase demonstrate that multidimensional MAS SSNMR techniques have sufficient sensitivity and resolution to interrogate selected parts of a very large uniformly @entity7352 , @entity13140 -labeled membrane protein.

title: Magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR of a 144 kDa membrane protein complex: XXXX cytochrome bo3 oxidase.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['E. coli']


abstract: The eggs of the endoparasite @entity380 are the causative agent of @entity2040 , an important disease of @entity1 , which is endemic in (sub-) tropical regions. The absence of a vaccine with sufficient protective qualities and increasing resistance to approved and established drugs like @entity2039 , justify the exploration of novel ways to fight schistosomes. Our strategy is based on interference with the sexual maturation of the female. Prerequisites for gonad development in adult females are a continuous pairing contact with the male and significantly increased mitotic activity. In this study we show that the male governs sexual maturation of the female, as the separation of couples causes a clear reduction of female mitotic activity and, consequently, egg production. We demonstrate that treatment of schistosomes with @entity11615 , an inhibitor of protein @entity669 kinases (PTKs), mimics the separation of couples as the drug blocks mitotic activity and egg production of paired females. However, the synthesis of the eggshell precursor protein p14 is elevated. Furthermore, we show for the first time in invertebrates that @entity11615 decreases @entity669 phosphorylation and PTK stability in schistosomes. Summarised, our data provide evidence that PTKs have key functions in regulating gonad development, eggshell gene expression and, consequently, egg production. Therefore, we suggest envisaging schistosome PTKs as novel targets for strategies to combat @entity2040 .

title: XXXX suppresses mitotic activity and egg production of female @entity380 .

entities_list: @entity11615 :: ('MESH:C020754', 'Chemical') :: ['Herbimycin A']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2039 :: ('MESH:D011223', 'Chemical') :: ['praziquantel']

answer: @entity11615 :: (MESH:C020754,Chemical) :: ['Herbimycin A']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that the increase in uterine tachyphylaxis to beta-adrenergic stimulation during pregnancy is associated with increased expression of the beta-adrenergic receptor-inactivating protein kinases. STUDY DESIGN: Messenger @entity10731 was isolated from snap-frozen myometrium collected from nonpregnant and pregnant @entity35 ranging from 10 to 22 days of gestation. Autoradiographic analysis of beta-adrenergic receptor-inactivating protein kinase messenger @entity10731 expression was performed after hybridization with specific complementary deoxyribonucleic acid probes for types 1 and 2 beta-adrenergic receptor-inactivating protein kinases. Probe-specific hybridization was normalized for ribosomal @entity10731 detected with @entity845 blue. Protein expression was detected by Western analysis with use of specific polyclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Myometrial beta-adrenergic receptor-inactivating protein kinase type 2 messenger @entity10731 and protein levels increased during the course of pregnancy and in postpartum day 1. In contrast, type 1 levels remained unchanged during the same period. @entity172 treatment resulted in a modest 20% decrease in messenger @entity10731 levels of both subtypes. This effect was reversed with @entity1420 treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the myometrium undergoes a functional remodeling late in pregnancy to a state promoting @entity2472 . The increased myometrial expression of type 2 beta-adrenergic receptor-inactivating kinase may explain the decreased effectiveness of beta 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated contraction inhibition at the end of pregnancy and labor.

title: Expression of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase subtypes in the pregnant XXXX myometrium.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity845 :: ('CHEBI:29358', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity10731 :: ('CHEBI:33697', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleic acid']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['myometrial contractions']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the perioperative analgesic effect between @entity284 and @entity12691 in @entity468 . DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS: 22 healthy female @entity468 . PROCEDURES: @entity468 admitted for ovariohysterectomy were allocated to a @entity12691 group (n = 10) or @entity284 group (12) and premedicated with @entity12691 (0.4 mg/kg [0.18 mg/lb], SC) or @entity284 (0.6 mg/kg [0.27 mg/lb], SC), respectively, in combination with @entity11988 (0.02 mg/kg [0.01 mg/lb], SC). Anesthesia was induced with @entity1875 (IV) and maintained with @entity5161 in @entity26 . A multidimensional composite scale was used to conduct @entity158 assessments prior to premedication and 5, 20, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 minutes after extubation or until rescue analgesia was given. Groups were compared to evaluate @entity5161 requirement, @entity1875 requirement, @entity158 scores, and requirement for rescue analgesia. RESULTS: @entity1875 and @entity5161 requirements and preoperative @entity158 scores were not different between groups. During recovery, dysphoria prevented @entity158 evaluation at 5 minutes. @entity158 scores at 20 minutes were significantly lower in the @entity284 group, and 6 of 10 @entity468 in the @entity12691 group received rescue analgesia, making subsequent @entity158 score comparisons inapplicable. After 6 hours, only 3 of 12 @entity468 in the @entity284 group had received rescue analgesia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In the present study, @entity284 appeared to be a better postoperative analgesic than @entity12691 and provided effective analgesia for 6 hours following ovariohysterectomy in most @entity468 .

title: Comparison of perioperative analgesic efficacy between XXXX and @entity12691 in @entity468 .

entities_list: @entity12691 :: ('MESH:D002077', 'Chemical') :: ['butorphanol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity11988 :: ('MESH:D000075', 'Chemical') :: ['acepromazine']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity468 :: ('9685', 'Species') :: ['domestic cats', 'Cats', 'cats']

answer: @entity284 :: (MESH:D008691,Chemical) :: ['methadone']


abstract: The main causes of @entity2210 are unexplained gastroduodenal symptoms (i.e. functional @entity2210 ), @entity10189 , @entity354 and, rarely, @entity5 . A careful clinical evaluation and upper endoscopy will exclude most of the major causes of @entity2210 . The absence of alarm features is reassuring. The yield of other diagnostic tests in this clinical situation is low, and repeat endoscopy is unlikely to be cost-effective. By definition, the difficult-to-treat @entity1 with functional @entity2210 has already had @entity1534 infection excluded or eradicated, has failed to respond to an adequate trial of acid-suppression therapy that used appropriate doses and, therefore, seeks other solutions. It is likely that @entity1 who have failed to respond to previous trials of a PPI will not experience therapeutic gains with high-dose PPI therapy. A major @entity1957 should be suspected if there is severe early satiation (inability to finish a normal-sized meal), postprandial fullness, or persistent @entity390 and @entity391 ; here, an assessment of gastric emptying or gastric accommodation can be considered, to tailor therapy. Antidepressants (especially low-dose tricyclic agents) and psychological therapies can be useful. Creation of a logical management plan that includes @entity1 education and support remains key.

title: How to manage the difficult-to-treat dyspeptic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal motor disorder']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['Helicobacter pylori']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: Data on the relationship between exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exhaled @entity842 (NO) in adult @entity1 with @entity565 are controversial. It is unclear whether endogenous NO may act as either a protective or stimulatory factor in the airway response to exercise or whether changes in exhaled NO simply reflect acute narrowing of the airway. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in the fraction of exhaled @entity842 (FE(NO)) before and after exercise challenge in @entity1 with @entity565 and to analyze the relationship between FE(NO) and @entity1224 . Twenty-five non-smoking, steroid-na  ve, @entity1097 , adult @entity1 with mild persistent @entity565 and 12 non-smoking, nonatopic, healthy subjects (control group) performed an exercise challenge on a cycloergometer, with monitored ventilation. FEV1 and FE(NO) were measured at baseline and 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes after the exercise challenge. Eleven of the @entity748 @entity1 had exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB group) and the remaining 14 did not (non-EIB group). Baseline FE(NO) was higher in the EIB and non-EIB @entity748 groups than in the control group. In the EIB group, FE(NO) was significantly lower 5, 10 and 15 minutes after exercise, and the changes in FE(NO) correlated with variation in FEV1 10 and 15 min after exercise. A significant correlation between baseline FE(NO) and maximal post-exercise decrease in FEV1 was found in @entity748 @entity1 (EIB group). In conclusion, exhaled @entity842 levels transiently decrease during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in adult @entity1 with @entity565 . Baseline FE(NO) might predict the @entity1224 resulting after exercise.

title: Exhaled XXXX and airway caliber during exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: Normal aging is associated with @entity73 , especially learning and memory. However, major individual differences are known to exist. Using the classical Morris Water Maze (MWM) task, we discriminated a population of 24-months old Long Evans aged @entity35 in two groups-- @entity2414 (AI) @entity2414 ( @entity2414 ) in comparison with 6-months old adult animals. AI @entity35 presented @entity2414 . At the molecular level, an increase in metabotropic @entity2227 receptors 5 ( @entity10092 ) was observed in post-synaptic densities (PSD) in the hippocampus of @entity2414 @entity35 after training. Scaffolding Homer 1b/c proteins binding to group 1 mGluR facilitate coupling with its signaling effectors while Homer 1a reduces it. Both Homer 1a and 1b/c levels were up-regulated in the hippocampus PSD of @entity2414 animals following MWM task. Using immunohistochemistry we further demonstrated that @entity10092 as well as Homer 1b/c stainings were enhanced in the @entity1249 hippocampus sub-field of @entity2414 animals. In fact @entity10092 and @entity14393 isoforms were more abundant and co-localized in the hippocampal dendrites in @entity2414 @entity35 . However, the ratio of Homer 1a/Homer 1b/c bound to @entity10092 in the PSD was four times lower for @entity2414 animals compared to AI @entity35 . Consequently, @entity2414 animals presented higher PKCy, ERK, @entity14446 , @entity3470 and @entity14889 activation. Finally the expression of immediate early gene @entity16625 was shown to be higher in @entity2414 @entity35 in accordance with its role in spatial memory consolidation. On the basis of these results, a model of successful cognitive aging with a critical role for @entity10092 , @entity14393 proteins and downstream signalling pathways is proposed here.

title: Successful cognitive aging in @entity35 : a role for @entity10092 @entity2227 receptors, XXXX proteins and downstream signaling pathways.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairments in cognition']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['deficits in learning, reverse memory and retention', 'memory-impaired', 'and memory-unimpaired', 'AU']

answer: @entity14393 :: (29546(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['homer 1']


abstract: Experimental, clinical, and epidemiological data support the growth-promoting role of endocrine @entity20514 ( @entity4090 ) in @entity5 . @entity4090 is also produced by the breast, where it is now recognized to act as a growth/survival factor via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Recent transgenic (Tg) @entity19 models have revealed the pro-oncogenic effect of @entity4090 over-expression in virgin mammary glands. To address the question whether @entity4090 tumorigenicity was maintained on differentiated mammary glands, we generated mammary-specific Tg @entity19 expressing @entity1 (h) @entity4090 under the control of the milk whey acidic protein promoter, which directs autocrine @entity4090 over-expression in late gestation throughout lactation. Minimal levels of transgene expression were detected in the mammary glands of virgin animals, which at best induced @entity513 in older nulliparous females. As expected, expression of mammary @entity4090 dramatically increased at the end of first pregnancy, and from this point it never returned to baseline, although it peaked at each gestation/lactation cycle. Over-expression of @entity4090 that starts when the gland is already well into the differentiation process led to various morphological mammary alterations, including abnormally differentiated epithelium, atropy of the myoepithelial layer, dilated ducts, cysts, and lymphocytic infiltrates. These phenotypes tended to worsen with successive pregnancies, also reflecting cumulative damage of failure of involution. Although some older, multiparous females developed @entity5 ( @entity1185 and metaplasias), none of the animals studied developed mammary @entity189 . In addition, we noticed that half of the Tg females exhibited lactation defects, leading to significantly increased pup mortality. This phenotype was due neither to failure of milk production nor to modification of its protein content, but rather it was correlated to lipid enrichment of the milk, which, in combination with profoundly altered morphology of the gland, led to impaired milk extrusion through the nipple. In summary, these data show that over-expression of autocrine @entity4090 in a differentiating mammary gland induces dramatic functional and morphological defects, but not @entity189 . This deserves further investigations on the emerging concept that autocrine @entity4090 may have different effects on pathological development of the mammary gland depending on the differentiation state of the latter.

title: Local over-expression of @entity20514 in differentiating XXXX mammary gland induces functional defects and benign lesions, but no @entity189 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['mammary tumors', 'benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['partial ductal branching and lobulo-alveolar structures']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test 4-year-olds, using 14 maneuvers of the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS), comparing healthy @entity1 with those with @entity8817 ( @entity6017 ). METHODS: Healthy 4-year-olds (n = 28) completed the CMAS. Their scores were compared with @entity1 with @entity8817 (n = 18) who had a @entity121 Activity Score (DAS-M) of 0. RESULTS: The healthy @entity1 achieved a mean    SD CMAS score of 46.6    2.3 (interquartile range 46-47). There were no significant differences between @entity1 and @entity1 , and the scores were not significantly associated with height or weight. The greatest variation involved items that assessed endurance. Item 1, neck raise, yielded a mean    SD score of 28.2    19.3 seconds, with a mean    SD CMAS score of 2.5    0.9 (maximum score 5). Item 3, leg lift, yielded a mean    SD score of 55.5    37.3 seconds, with a mean    SD CMAS score of 3.1    1.1 (maximum score 5). Item 5, sit-ups maneuver, yielded a mean    SD score of 5.3    1.1 sit-ups. Almost identical data were obtained for the 18 treated @entity1 with @entity8817 who had normal strength on the DAS-M. CONCLUSION: Healthy @entity1 ages 4 years do not achieve the total CMAS score of 52 attained by older @entity1 . Both @entity1 and @entity1 were remarkably consistent, with a mean CMAS score of 46.6. @entity1 ages 4 years with @entity8817 with a DAS-M of 0 also achieved a CMAS score of 46.6. We conclude that half of 4-year-old @entity1 achieve a mean CMAS score of 46 or 47, not a total CMAS score of 52, suggesting that weakness may be overdiagnosed in 4-year-olds with an @entity5442 .

title: Lack of achievement of a full score on the childhood XXXX assessment scale by healthy four-year-olds and those recovering from @entity8817 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity5442 :: ('MESH:D009220', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory myopathy']

entities_list: @entity8817 :: ('MESH:C538250', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile dermatomyositis', 'juvenile DM']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle Disease']

answer: @entity5442 :: (MESH:D009220,Disease) :: ['myositis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate mortality in @entity1 in Burkina Faso in the 4 years following a life-threatening near-miss @entity2143 complication and to identify the medical, social and health-care-related causes of @entity204 . METHODS: In total, 1014 @entity1 were recruited after hospital discharge and followed for up to 4 years: 337 had near-miss complications and 677 had uncomplicated pregnancies. Significant differences in mortality between the groups were assessed using Fisher's exact test. The medical causes of @entity204 were identified from medical records and verbal autopsy data; social and health-care-related factors associated with @entity204 were identified from interviews with the deceased @entity1 's relatives. FINDINGS: In the 4 years, 15 (5.3%) @entity1 died in the near-miss group and 5 (0.9%) died after uncomplicated pregnancies (P < 0.001). More than half the deaths after a near miss, but none after an uncomplicated delivery, were pregnancy-related. Indirect factors contributed to many of these deaths, particularly @entity1 @entity778 . Relatives' accounts suggested that the high cost and poor quality of health care, a lack of follow-up care and an unmet need for contraception contributed to the excess mortality in the near-miss group. CONCLUSION: @entity1 in Burkina Faso who initially survived a near-miss @entity2143 complication had an increased risk of all-cause and pregnancy-related @entity204 in the ensuing 4 years. The likelihood of survival over the longer term could be increased by offering a continuum of care that addresses the indirect and social causes of @entity204 and supplements the emergency intrapartum @entity2143 care provided by current safe motherhood programmes.

title: Mortality after near-miss XXXX complications in Burkina Faso: medical, social and health-care factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency virus infection']

entities_list: @entity2143 :: ('MESH:D048949', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric']

answer: @entity2143 :: (MESH:D048949,Disease) :: ['obstetric']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The @entity3 ( @entity3 ) is a serious @entity1292 caused by various species of Aspergillus in immunocompromised individuals. Basically, rapid and early diagnosis prevents @entity3 progression. In this study we performed a Real Time PCR/ Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) for diagnosis of @entity3 in @entity1583 and bone marrow transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty two @entity1 with @entity1583 and marrow transplant recipients were evaluated for @entity3 in Sari and Tehran from 2009 to 2010. The primer and hybridization probe were designed to amplify the specific sequence of 18S rRNA genes using Light Cycler system and FRET. Galactomannan (GM) assay was performed on serums which obtained from selected @entity1 using the Platelia Aspergillus kit. RESULTS: According to the criteria defined by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 and Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) for @entity3 , 18 (29%) @entity1 out of 62 @entity1 were stratified into probable and possible groups. The female-to-male ratio was 1:2; the mean age of the @entity1 was 36 years. The most common @entity5 in these @entity1 were @entity981 (38.9%). The minimum detection limit was 10 conidia (10(1) CFU/ml) equivalents (100 fg) per PCR reaction. GM assay was positive in 20.9% and real-time PCR probe set assay were positive in 17.7% @entity1 who had clinical signs and host factor according to the mentioned criteria. CONCLUSION: Using the Real-Time PCR/FRET assay in whole blood specimens seems to be a promising method for diagnosis of @entity3 , especially when used in combination with the GM detection test.

title: Detection of XXXX in bone marrow transplant recipients using real-time PCR.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive aspergillosis', 'IA']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infection']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['invasive aspergillosis']


abstract: Eighteen cases of @entity2615 , 7 benign and 11 malignant, were analyzed retrospectively. There were 5 females with @entity5 and 10 males with the malignant variety. The mean age was 59 years in the benign group and 55 years in those with @entity5 . Exposure to @entity1355 was documented in one benign and five @entity3620 . Three @entity1 with benign lesions were asymptomatic on presentation while all 11 with @entity5 had symptoms, @entity662 and @entity1353 being the most frequent. Abnormal physical findings were rarely noted in the benign group while all the @entity5 had abnormal findings on presentation. Signs of a @entity1143 were the most common abnormal physical findings, occurring in 8 of 11 @entity1 . @entity1143 was the most common roentgenologic finding in @entity3620 , while a @entity66 was the presenting finding in six of seven of the benign group. @entity1143 was a usual accompaniment of @entity5 and was an exudate, usually hemorrhagic with leukocyte counts up to 20,000/mm3. Thoracotomy established the diagnosis in each of the five benign and seven malignant cases in which it was attempted. Pleural biopsy was diagnostic in three of six with malignant and one of two with @entity5 . Pleural fluid cytology did not yield a diagnosis in the seven instances in which it was studied. Excisional surgery was performed in five of the benign cases and all have survived one to six years. No treatment was curative of @entity3620 . Ten of the 11 with @entity5 died from 3 to 24 months after onset of symptoms (mean 9.9 months). The clinical features of 82 benign and 160 @entity3620 from selected series in the literature are reviewed and compared with the present series. The roentgenographic features of 51 benign and 87 @entity5 are also presented. The clinical and diagnostic features which help differentiate @entity2615 from @entity153 are discussed. A careful approach to the diagnosis of @entity3620 may help avoid an unnecessary thoracotomy.

title: Pleural XXXX --an analysis of 18 cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion', 'Pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mass lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesotheliomas', 'mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesotheliomas']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinomas']

answer: @entity2615 :: (MESH:D008654,Disease) :: ['mesotheliomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: Unlike @entity189 , soft-tissue @entity242 (STS) rarely exhibit lymphatic spread. Consequently, we examined expression and function of @entity7 ( @entity7 )-C and STS-associated lymphatic vessel density (LVD) components of this process. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: @entity9961 and @entity7 mRNA and @entity9961 protein expression were evaluated in STS, STS cell lines, and @entity0 (reverse transcription-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and ELISA). STS cell conditioned medium after @entity9961 knockdown was examined for endothelial cell proliferation and migration effects (MTS and migration assays). @entity982 -embedded @entity1 lymph node-negative and lymph node-positive STS and lymph node-negative and lymph node-positive @entity0 were examined for @entity9961 , D2-40, and @entity2279 expression (immunohistochemistry). LVD differences were analyzed by Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. RESULTS: STS and @entity0 @entity9961 expression was comparable and higher than normal tissue levels. STS cells secreted functional @entity9961 : STS conditioned medium induced lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and migration, which was abrogated by STS cell @entity9961 knockdown. STS and @entity0 intratumoral LVD was similar. STS peritumoral LVD (PT-LVD) was reduced versus @entity0 PT-LVD (P < 0.001). Significantly higher PT-LVD was observed in lymph node-positive versus lymph node-negative STS; lymphatic spreading STS subtypes also had higher LVD. STS @entity9961 expression and PT-LVD lacked correlation, and many lymph node-negative STS had high PT-LVD, suggesting complexity in this metastatic process. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with @entity0 , STS exhibited lower PT-LVD independent of @entity9961 expression, which may underlie STS lymph node @entity3 rarity. Moreover, lymphatic vessels appear necessary but not sufficient to sustain STS lymphatic spread. Examining STS "nonlymphatic" dissemination may help elucidate mechanisms of lymphatic spread, insights critically important to cancer @entity3 control.

title: Increased @entity7 -C expression is insufficient to induce lymphatic XXXX in @entity1 soft-tissue @entity242 .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF', 'VEGF-A']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['Paraffin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Successful @entity6542 ( @entity6542 ) is associated with reduced @entity61 cytokine production and the induction of @entity1618 -producing regulatory T cells. To improve treatment efficacy, we investigated the impact of an @entity58 / @entity1312 inhibitor during @entity6542 . METHODS: BALB/c @entity19 were sensitized intranasally with ovalbumin (OVA) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, they were subjected to intranasal @entity6542 , with OVA being administered at doses increasing from 1 mug to 1 mg over 3 weeks with or without an @entity58 / @entity1312 inhibitor. Serum OVA-specific antibodies were measured and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids were checked for airway @entity1712 . Subsequently, lung tissue was examined histologically for inflammatory infiltrates. Cytokines were detected in BAL fluids and spleen cell cultures. Furthermore, CD4 CD25 double-positive spleen T cells were checked for intracellular @entity1618 production by flow cytometry. RESULTS: OVA sensitization resulted in persistent IgE synthesis and an eosinophil-rich @entity56 airway inflammation combined with increased @entity58 and @entity59 levels. Therefore, intranasal @entity6542 could efficiently reverse the @entity56 phenotype. This was associated with decreased @entity58 and @entity59 levels, and increased @entity1618 levels in BAL fluids as well as increased amounts of @entity1618 -producing CD25+ regulatory T cells. However, @entity19 treated with the @entity58 / @entity1312 inhibitor during @entity6542 did not produce significantly different results . CONCLUSION: The use of an @entity58 / @entity1312 inhibitor as an adjuvant for @entity6542 did not enhance anti- @entity56 effects. Thus, the observed reversal of @entity61 responses during @entity6542 may not be the keystone for successful therapy, but rather other factors, e.g. @entity1618 -producing regulatory T cells, may be crucial.

title: Inhibition of @entity58 / @entity1312 does not enhance the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy in XXXX @entity56 airway inflammation.

entities_list: @entity6542 :: ('MESH:C562465', 'Disease') :: ['allergen-specific immunotherapy', 'SIT']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Double-stranded (ds) RNA interacts with host Toll-like receptor ( @entity41494 ), leading to the induction of anti-viral host responses. The present study was designed to compare different routes of administration of a synthetic dsRNA ( @entity17761 :C) for induction of innate responses in @entity1573 spleen and lungs. @entity1573 were treated with @entity17761 :C via the aerosol, intra-air sac (i.a.s.), and intramuscular (IM) routes. Spleen and lungs were collected at 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h post-treatment and the expression of innate defence genes was quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). There was an up-regulation of @entity17024 , @entity41494 , and Toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-b ( @entity41495 ) at 6 h post-treatment in the spleen via IM administration of @entity17761 :C. There was also an increase in the expression of @entity41494 and @entity41495 in the spleen at 2 h post-treatment via the i.a.s. route. The expression of @entity41496 and @entity41495 was upregulated at 6 h post-treatment via the i.a.s. route in the lungs. Overall, our results indicate that administration of @entity14018 can locally and systemically induce the expression of innate response genes depending on the route.

title: A Toll-like receptor 3 agonist ( XXXX :C) elicits innate host responses in the spleen and lungs of @entity1573 .

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['Chickens', 'chicken']

answer: @entity17761 :: (MESH:D011069,Chemical) :: ['polyI']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The optimal antibiotic regimen is still controversial in open @entity174 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two different antibiotic regimens in management of type III-A open @entity174 . METHODS: From January 2001 to January 2008, @entity1 with type IIIA open @entity174 admitted in Shahid Beheshti Hospital Affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences were enrolled. @entity1 randomly received @entity7048 plus @entity801 (group I) or @entity7048 plus @entity2177 (group II). Both regimens were administered for 3 days. All @entity1 were followed for 3 months. The efficacy of both regimens was compared. RESULTS: One hundred-forty eight and 153 @entity1 were treated in group I and II, respectively. The mean age of the @entity1 treated in group I was 36.96  14.4 and in group II was 36.93  13.51 years. The rate of @entity281 in group I was 5.4% and in group II was 6.5%. The efficacy of regimen I was 94.6% and regimen II was 93.5%. CONCLUSION: @entity7048 plus @entity801 , or @entity7048 plus @entity2177 both can be successfully used for prevention of @entity4422 .

title: Comparison the Efficacy of XXXX plus @entity801 with @entity7048 plus @entity2177 in Management of Type -IIIA Open @entity174 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity7048 :: ('MESH:D002437', 'Chemical') :: ['Cefazolin', 'cefazolin']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity4422 :: ('MESH:D005597', 'Disease') :: ['infection in type IIIA open fractures']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infection']

answer: @entity7048 :: (MESH:D002437,Chemical) :: ['Cefazolin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and safety of trained cardiac technicians independently performing treadmill exercise stress tests as part of the assessment of @entity1 with suspected @entity951 . DESIGN: Retrospective comparison of 250 exercise tests performed by cardiac technicians and 225 tests performed by experienced cardiology clinical assistants (general practitioners who perform regular NHS cardiology duties), and consultant cardiologists over the same time period. SETTING: Regional cardiac centre with a dedicated cardiac @entity662 clinic. @entity1 : All @entity1 were referred by their general practitioners with a history of recent onset of @entity662 , which was suspected to be @entity951 . OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak workload achieved, symptoms, indications for termination, complications. RESULTS: The diagnostic yield of technician supervised tests (percentage positive or negative) was similar to that of medically supervised tests (76% v 69%, NS). The average peak workload achieved by @entity1 was less by 1.2 mets (p < 0.005). This was probably due to more tests being terminated earlier due to @entity662 and @entity308 in the technician group compared with doctors (10% and 16% v 5% and 11% respectively, p = 0.06 and 0.07). One @entity1 in the technician supervised group developed a @entity4710 during the recovery phase of the exercise test. CONCLUSIONS: Technician supervised stress testing is associated with a high diagnostic rate and low complication rate in @entity1 with suspected @entity299 . Its efficacy is comparable to tests supervised by experienced doctors and its use should be encouraged.

title: Evaluation of technician supervised treadmill exercise testing in a cardiac XXXX clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ST segment depression']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular tachycardia']

answer: @entity662 :: (MESH:D002637,Disease) :: ['chest pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Good, fully informed consent is critical to the ethical conduct of clinical @entity5 research. The authors examined clinician perspectives on informed consent for pediatric research by surveying clinicians at five major medical centers that routinely enroll @entity1 in @entity1 's Cancer Group studies. METHODS: Building on a pilot study, a questionnaire was designed to elicit clinicians' general opinions, approaches, and suggestions related to informed consent in pediatric @entity1778 trials. Questionnaires were mailed to 132 clinicians. Eighty-nine questionnaires were returned, along with 13 nonparticipant forms notifying us of the clinician's inability to participate because of a lack of experience in pediatric informed consent. The response rate was 75%. RESULTS: Providing information so that families can decide about study entry was ranked as the most important goal of the informed consent process, whereas parents' state of shock was rated the most significant obstacle to good informed consent. Clinicians cited high levels of parental comprehension of key aspects of clinical research studies and reported information overload and increased @entity148 as effects of the informed consent process on parents. Several key items were associated with clinicians' gender, race, and professional experience. Finally, one open-ended question yielded 126 suggestions for how to improve the informed consent process that were grouped into 10 meaningful categories. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians report a range of approaches, opinions, concerns, and suggestions for improving the informed consent process. The article proposes that their views and suggestions be integrated with those of parents and @entity1 in attempts to survey and improve informed consent in pediatric oncology.

title: Informed consent for pediatric XXXX research: clinician perspectives.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the failure of internal fixation on displaced @entity2249 in adults under fifty-five years old retrospectively inorder to pay more attention to the treatment of these @entity174 . METHODS: From Junary 2007 to June 2010,18 failed cases of internal fixation on displaced @entity2249 in adults under fifty-five years old were treated,there were 13 males and 5 females with an average age of (48.0 +/- 6.0) years old ranging from 27 to 55. Among them, 17 @entity1 were treated with cannulated screws and 1 @entity1 was treated with intramedullary nail; 16 @entity1 were diagnosed as @entity2530 and 2 @entity1 as @entity2530 associated with nonunion. RESULTS: The average time from internal fixation to failure was 23 months (ranged, 8 to 32 months). The quality of @entity174 reduction in Garden index was poor. The Harris Hip Score was (56.0 +/- 12.5) (ranged,33 to 80). Eight cases of @entity2530 and 2 cases of nonunion combinated @entity2530 were received total hip arthroplasty. Hip resurfacing arthroplasty were performed for other 5 @entity2530 . Because of no evident clinical symptoms,the other 3 cases received conservative treatment. The @entity1 with total hip arthroplasty and hip resurfacing arthroplasty were followed-up for 34 months ranging from 12 to 53 months. After operation,the Harris score was (94.0 +/- 3.0) ranged 89 to 96. CONCLUSION: @entity2530 is a common complication after internal fixation on displaced @entity2249 in adults under fifty-five years old. More attention should be paid to the treatment of displaced @entity2249 in those @entity1 .

title: [Failure of internal fixation on displaced XXXX in adults under fifty-five years old].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['femoral neck fracture', 'femoral neck fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['Osteonecrosis', 'osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Health Canada has defined @entity395 as life-threatening, seriously debilitating, or serious chronic conditions affecting a very small number of @entity1 (~1 in 2,000 @entity1 ). An estimated 9  % of Canadians suffer from a rare disease. @entity395 ( @entity395 ) are also known as orphan drugs. While Canada is currently developing an orphan drug framework, in the United States (US), the Orphan Drug Act (ODA) of 1983 established incentives for the development of orphan drugs. This study measured total annual expenditure of orphan drugs in Canada (2007-13) and estimated future (2014-18) orphan drug expenditure. METHODS: Orphan drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US were used as a proxy for the orphan drug landscape in Canada. Branded, orphan drugs approved by the FDA between 1983 through 2013 were identified (N   =   356 unique products). Only US orphan drugs with the same orphan indication(s) approved in Canada were included in the analysis. Adjustment via an indication factoring was applied to products with both orphan and non-orphan indications using available data sources to isolate orphan-indication sales. The IMS Health MIDAS database of audited biopharmaceutical sales was utilized to measure total orphan drug expenditure, calculated annually from 2007-2013 and evaluated as a proportion of total annual pharmaceutical drug expenditure (adjusted to 2014 CAD). RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2013, expenditure was measured for a final N   =   147 orphan drugs. Orphan drug expenditure totaled  610.2 million (M) in 2007 and  1,100.0  M in 2013, representing 3.3- 5.6  % of total Canadian pharmaceutical drug expenditure in 2007-2013, respectively. Future trend analysis suggests orphan drug expenditure will remain under 6  % of total expenditure in 2014-18. CONCLUSIONS: While the number of available orphan drugs and associated expenditure increased over time, access remains an issue, and from the perspectives of society and equity, overall spending on orphan drugs is lower relative to the number of @entity1 affected with an orphan disease in Canada. The overall budget impact of orphan drugs is small and fairly stable relative to total pharmaceutical expenditure. Concerns that growth in orphan drug expenditure may lead to unsustainable drug expenditure do not appear to be justified.

title: Pharmaceutical expenditure on drugs for XXXX in Canada: a historical (2007-13) and prospective (2014-18) MIDAS sales data analysis.

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare diseases', 'Drugs treating rare diseases', 'DRDs']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

answer: @entity395 :: (MESH:D035583,Disease) :: ['rare diseases']


abstract: In both health and disease, the colonic microbiota plays an important role in several areas of @entity1 physiology. This complex assemblage of microorganisms endows great metabolic potential on the large intestine, primarily through its degradative abilities. Many hundreds of different types of bacteria, varying widely in physiology and biochemistry, exist in a multitude of different microhabitats in the lumen of the large gut, the @entity3558 layer and on mucosal surfaces. Both microbiota and host obtain clear benefits from association. For example, growth substrates from diet and body tissues, together with a relatively stable environment for bacteria to proliferate are provided by the host, which in turn has evolved to use @entity4876 , a bacterial fermentation product, as its principal source of energy for epithelial cells in the distal bowel. The main sources of @entity505 and energy for intestinal bacteria are complex @entity3363 (starches, non-starch polysaccharides). @entity1735 metabolism is of great importance in the large intestine, since generically, and in terms of absolute numbers, the vast majority of culturable microorganisms are saccharolytic. The amounts and types of fermentation products formed by colonic bacteria depend on the relative amounts of each substrate available, their chemical structures and compositions, as well as the fermentation strategies (biochemical characteristics and catabolite regulatory mechanisms) of bacteria participating in depolymerization and fermentation of the substrates. Protein breakdown and dissimilatory @entity535 metabolism result in the formation of a number of putatively toxic metabolites, including @entity11572 , @entity27329 and @entity4478 . Production of these substances is inhibited or repressed in many intestinal microorganisms by a fermentable source of @entity1735 . Owing to the anatomy and physiology of the colon, putrefactive processes become quantitatively more important in the distal bowel, where @entity1735 is more limiting.

title: XXXX colonic microbiota: ecology, physiology and metabolic potential of intestinal bacteria.

entities_list: @entity4876 :: ('MESH:D002087', 'Chemical') :: ['butyrate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate', 'Carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Imlay and Linn show that exposure of logarithmically growing @entity526 to @entity273 ( @entity5568 ) leads to two kinetically distinguishable modes of cell killing. Mode one killing is pronounced near 1 mM concentration of @entity5568 and is caused by DNA damage, whereas mode-two killing requires higher concentration ([Formula: see text]). The second mode seems to be essentially due to damage to all macromolecules. This phenomenon has also been observed in Fenton in vitro systems with DNA nicking caused by @entity3787 radical ([Formula: see text]). To our knowledge, there is currently no mathematical model for predicting mode one killing in vitro or in vivo after @entity5568 exposure. We propose a simple model, using @entity526 as a model organism and a set of ordinary differential equations. Using this model, we show that available @entity68 and cell density, two factors potentially involved in ROS dynamics, play a major role in the prediction of the experimental results obtained by our team and in previous studies. Indeed the presence of the mode one killing is strongly related to those two parameters. To our knowledge, mode-one @entity204 has not previously been explained. Imlay and Linn (Imlay and Linn, 1986) suggested that perhaps the amount of the toxic species was reduced at high concentrations of @entity5568 because @entity3787 (or other) radicals might be quenched directly by @entity273 with the concomitant formation of @entity224 anion (a less toxic species). We demonstrate (mathematically and numerically) that free available @entity68 decrease is necessary to explain mode one killing which cannot appear without it and that @entity5568 quenching or consumption is not responsible for mode-one @entity204 . We are able to follow ROS concentration (particularly responsible for mode one killing) after exposure to @entity5568 . This model therefore allows us to understand two major parameters involved in the presence or not of the first killing mode.

title: XXXX induced cell @entity204 : One or two modes of action?

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity273 :: (MESH:D006861,Chemical) :: ['Hydrogen peroxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the magnetic resonance (MR) findings in @entity42 ( @entity548 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 21 @entity1 with 22 @entity548 , proven by follow-up ultrasound (US) in 11 @entity1 and surgery in 10 @entity1 , had US and MR examinations within 24 hours. The study was limited to cysts with obvious an echogenic pattern. All @entity1 had T2-weighted fast @entity9468 (FSE), T1-weighted @entity9468 ( @entity9468 ), and T1-weighted @entity9468 fat-suppressed sequences. RESULTS: Four cysts (18%) were hypointense on T1-weighted-images without and with fat suppression, and hyperintense on T2-weighted-images. Five cysts (23%) were hypointense on T1-weighted images without and with fat suppression but heterogenous on T2-weighted images. Five cysts (23%) were hypointense on T1-weighted images but showed intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted fat suppression images and heterogenous signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Two cysts (9%) were entirely intermediate on T1-weighted images. Five cysts (23%) displayed high signal intensity occupying less than 30% of the cystic content on T1-weighted images and one cyst (5%) displayed high signal intensity occupying more than 30% of the cystic content. CONCLUSION: Despite an obvious echogenic pattern on US, 64% of @entity548 were hypointense on T1-weighted images and 18% were also hyperintense on T2-weighted images. Only 36% demonstrated intermediate or high signal intensity on T1-weighted images.

title: Variable MR findings in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian functional hemorrhagic cysts']

answer: @entity42 :: (MESH:D010048,Disease) :: ['ovarian functional hemorrhagic cysts']


abstract: Aims. To evaluate thirteen years of hyoid suspension experience in multilevel @entity27 surgery, for which hyoidthyroidpexia represented the exclusive hypopharyngeal approach applied. Materials and Methods. From 1998 to 2011, a bicentric retrospective study was conducted: all adult @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity27 were enrolled. Specific eligible criteria were established. Pre-/postoperative data concerning ENT and sleep findings were recorded. Recruited subjects were surveilled for a follow-up range from 6 to 18 months. Results. A total of 590 hyoid suspensions were evaluated, but only 140 @entity1 met the specific inclusion criteria. A success rate of 67% was obtained. No intraoperative adverse events or major complications occurred. @entity25 was observed in 28% of nonresponders. Despite the homogeneous candidate anatomy, ENT awake findings changed differently after surgery. Statistical analysis revealed multilevel surgery to be more effective when AHI < 30. Postoperative AHI was statistically not influenced by preoperative BMI. Conclusions. Hyoid suspension in multilevel treatment is effective when short-term results are considered. The necessity of a more valuable anatomic-based diagnostic approach is crucial to guide the @entity1 selection. Long-term followups and randomized prospective trials with case-control series are needed to increase the level of evidence of this surgery.

title: Thirteen Years of Hyoid Suspension Experience in Multilevel XXXX Surgery: The Short-Term Results of a Bicentric Study.

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['Excessive daytime sleepiness']

answer: @entity27 :: (MESH:D020181,Disease) :: ['OSAHS']


abstract: @entity1 with tetralogy of Fallot had pulmonary function tests (PFT) after intracardiac repair (ICR). According to the age at time of ICR and to the existence or not of palliative surgery preceding ICR, they were divided into three groups. Group 1 had ICR at a mean of one year one month of age (range four months to one year seven months), that is, during the active period of postnatal lung growth. Groups 2 and 3 had ICR later in childhood, that is, respectively, at four years seven months (range two years nine months to 11 years 9 months) and at five years four months (range two years seven months to 11 years five months). In group 3, ICR was preceded by palliative surgery. The PFT at rest included measurement of lung volumes (functional residual capacity), vital capacity (VC), dynamic or static compliance (CL), total pulmonary resistance, lung transfer factor for CO (TLCO) and blood gases. Group 1 had normal lung function suggesting that early repair of @entity215 saves lung development. In groups 2 and 3, significant decrease in VC(p less than 0.01) and CL (p less than 0.01) were found suggesting @entity851 . @entity154 in TLCO (p less than 0.01) in group 3 suggested that palliative surgery induces abnormal vascular growth. Thus, the present functional results suggest repair of @entity215 during the two first years of life, ie, the active period of postnatal lung growth.

title: Resting lung function in XXXX after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['Additional defect']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['impaired alveolar growth']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: We report a case of cervical @entity1511 complicated by @entity7181 with @entity1688 during treatment of severe burns. The @entity1 was a 49-year-old @entity1 with 3rd-degree burns to 20% of his body, involving the lower extremities. We performed escharectomy of the 3rd-degree @entity39 on days 7 and 16, followed by the first skin graft on day 23. @entity796 was detected in the postoperative graft wound culture. On day 23 after the skin graft, he became febrile and began to experience cervical @entity158 and @entity425 of the extremities. By day 24, @entity1688 had developed. A cervical vertebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed @entity1511 with an @entity7181 , which was causing the @entity1688 . We treated the @entity1 by performing curettage of the pyogenic lesion and anterior fixation of the cervical vertebral bodies. The fact that @entity796 was detected in the pyogenic focus culture indicated that burn wound @entity295 was responsible for the @entity281 . This case reinforces that acting on a strong suspicion helps to establish a diagnosis and initiate appropriate treatment early.

title: Pyogenic XXXX with @entity1688 as a complication of severe burns: Report of a case.

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['quadriplegia']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity1511 :: ('MESH:D013166', 'Disease') :: ['pyogenic spondylitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity7181 :: ('MESH:D020802', 'Disease') :: ['epidural abscess']

answer: @entity1511 :: (MESH:D013166,Disease) :: ['cervical spondylitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Focused, highly targeted radiosurgery and fractionated radiotherapy using the Cyberknife are useful treatments for multiple or large @entity3 . Here we present our results of Cyberknife radiosurgery for 71 @entity1 with 148 metastatic @entity75 . METHODS: There were 32 @entity1 and 39 @entity1 with a median age of 63 (range: 30-88) years. Radiographic follow-up was available for 60 @entity1 with 104 lesions. The mean and median initial volumes of the @entity5 per lesion were 6.6 and 2.9 cm(3) (range: 0.1-53.2 cm(3)), respectively, at the time of the initial Cyberknife treatment. Forty @entity1 (56%) had a single lesion, and 31 (44%) had multiple lesions (range: 2-7) at initial treatment. The number of fractions ranged from 1 to 3, and forty (27%) of 148 lesions were treated by a fractionated course of Cyberknife therapy. The mean marginal dose was 20.2 Gy (range 7.8-30.1 Gy, median: 20.7 Gy). RESULTS: At 44 weeks of median follow-up, there were no permanent symptoms resulting from radiation @entity39 . Overall 6-month and 1-year survival rates were 74% and 47%, respectively, and the median survival time was 56 weeks. The Karnofsky performance score and extracranial @entity3 were significant prognostic factors at 6 months and 1 year, respectively, in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Age or multiple @entity3 did not influence prognosis at 6 months and 1 year. Local control was achieved in 83% (86 lesions). After additional radiosurgical or surgical salvage, no @entity1 died as a result of @entity1504 . Twenty-five @entity1 developed 92 new @entity3 (range 1-13) outside of the treated lesions with 22.4 weeks of median follow-up. Among them, 21 @entity1 (84 lesions) were treated by salvage Cyberknife. CONCLUSION: Despite the inclusion of an unfavorable group of @entity1 with large @entity5 , our results for survival and @entity5 control rates are comparable to those of published series. The Cyberknife provides the advantage of allowing for fractionated treatment to @entity5 .

title: The role of cyberknife radiosurgery/radiotherapy for brain XXXX of @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'multiple or large-size tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Caregivers of adolescents and young adults (AYA) with complex medical conditions, including @entity1313 survivors, have protracted and often complex roles, yet a gap exists in understanding their perceived competence. The aim of this study is to test a hypothesized model based on the theoretical and empirical literature: better caregiver health, better survivor health, and better family functioning contribute directly to fewer caregiving demands, which in turn contribute to greater caregiver competence. METHOD: Telephone interviews using structured self-report questionnaires were conducted in this cross-sectional study with a sample of 186 caregivers (mothers) of childhood @entity1313 survivors aged 14-40 years old who live with at least one parent. @entity2383 ( @entity2383 ) was used to test the hypothesized model. RESULTS: The final @entity2383 model suggests that survivor health and family functioning directly predict caregiver competence. Caregiver health indirectly predicts caregiver competence through caregiver demands and then family functioning. Family income directly predicts family functioning. The model showed adequate fit (CFI = 0.905, TFI = 0.880, and RMSEA = 0.081). Overall, the model accounted for 45% of variance in caregiver competence. CONCLUSIONS: For this sample of caregivers of AYA with medically complex conditions, family functioning and the health of survivors are both important to how they evaluate their skills as caregivers. The results of this study underscore the crucial role of care models that focus on optimizing the health of the survivor, caregiver, and family, along with supporting a family centered approach to their care.

title: Competence in caregivers of adolescent and young adult childhood XXXX survivors.

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'Structural equation modeling']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumor']