abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to analyze the etiology and underlying vascular risk factors of transient @entity63 attacks (TIAs) and minor @entity385 (MISs). METHODS: We prospectively studied the vascular risk factors and etiologic categories in 235 @entity1 with TIAs and MISs from a community-based register in a rural area of Spain. Five etiologic categories were considered: (1) cardioembolism, (2) large-artery @entity731 , (3) @entity455 , (4) other etiologies, and (5) undetermined etiology. Systematic investigations included neuroimaging (CT/MRI) and vascular studies (duplex scan/MR angiography and angiography in selected cases). RESULTS: The two most frequent etiologic categories were @entity455 (31%) and cardioembolism (26%). Large-artery @entity731 was detected in 11% of the @entity1 . Significant @entity543 (> or =50%) was present in 13% of @entity1 with carotid territory events. No cause could be found or it was uncertain in almost one third of the @entity1 . The distribution of etiologic categories was similar in TIAs and MISs. The most prevalent vascular risk factors were as follows: arterial @entity101 (50%), smoking (26%), @entity955 (20%), @entity1007 (17%), @entity6 (15%), @entity741 (12%), and @entity1095 (3%). Carotid bruits were detected in 3% of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: An etiologic classification of TIAs and MISs is feasible. The two most frequent pathogenetic mechanisms in our study were @entity455 and cardioembolism. The prevalence of large-artery @entity731 was low.

title: Etiopathogenesis of transient @entity63 attacks and minor XXXX : a community-based study in Segovia, Spain.

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['small-artery disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic strokes']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic strokes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to re-examine the oligonucleotide microarray dataset of Shipp et al., which contains the intensity levels of 6817 genes of 58 @entity1 with @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ) and 19 with @entity706 ( @entity706 ), by means of the combinatorics, optimisation, and logic-based methodology of @entity24507 ( @entity24507 ). The motivations for this new analysis included the previously demonstrated capabilities of @entity24507 and its expected potential (1) to identify different informative genes than those discovered by conventional statistical methods, (2) to identify combinations of gene expression levels capable of characterizing @entity706 , and (3) to assemble collections of such combinations that if considered jointly are capable of accurately distinguishing @entity706 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: The central concept of @entity24507 is a pattern or combinatorial biomarker, a concept that resembles a rule as used in decision tree methods. @entity24507 is able to exhaustively generate the collection of all those patterns which satisfy certain quality constraints, through a systematic combinatorial process guided by clear optimization criteria. Then, based on a set covering approach, @entity24507 aggregates the collection of patterns into classification models. In addition, @entity24507 is able to use the information provided by large collections of patterns in order to extract subsets of variables, which collectively are able to distinguish between different types of disease. RESULTS: For the differential diagnosis of @entity1892 versus @entity706 , a model based on eight significant genes is constructed and shown to have a sensitivity of 94.7% and a specificity of 100% on the test set. For the prognosis of good versus poor outcome among the @entity1892 @entity1 , a model is constructed on another set consisting also of eight significant genes, and shown to have a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 90% on the test set. The genes selected by @entity24507 also work well as a basis for other kinds of statistical analysis, indicating their robustness. CONCLUSION: These two models exhibit accuracies that compare favorably to those in the original study. In addition, the current study also provides a ranking by importance of the genes in the selected significant subsets as well as a library of dozens of combinatorial biomarkers (i.e. pairs or triplets of genes) that can serve as a source of mathematically generated, statistically significant research hypotheses in need of biological explanation.

title: Logical analysis of diffuse large XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['DLBCL', 'diffuse large B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity24507 :: ('MESH:C537032', 'Disease') :: ['logical analysis of data', 'LAD']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['FL', 'different types of lymphoma', 'follicular lymphoma']

answer: @entity1892 :: (MESH:D016393,Disease) :: ['B-cell lymphomas']


abstract: The purpose of this study is to describe a subset of atypical @entity99 that enhance rapidly and diffusely and to determine whether heavily T2-weighted images could distinguish between atypically enhancing @entity409 and @entity5 . A retrospective search of MR records identified seven @entity1 with @entity409 that demonstrated diffuse early enhancement and 23 @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity409 that were hypervascular on dynamic @entity2287 -enhanced MR images. Quantitative analysis of signal intensity measurements was performed on the T2-weighted images, heavily T2-weighted (TE > 140), and dynamic @entity2287 -enhanced images. Blinded reader comparison of the T2-weighted images and @entity2287 -enhanced images was performed. @entity2695 enhanced to a greater degree than @entity409 on the early phase @entity2287 -enhanced images. Perilesional parenchymal enhancement was demonstrated in five cases of rapidly enhancing @entity2695 . Signal intensity and contrast-to-noise ratios on the heavily T2-weighted images of the @entity2695 were significantly greater than that of the hypervascular @entity5 (P < .05). @entity2695 were differentiated from the @entity409 with high accuracy (97-100%) by three blinded readers based on the T2-weighted images. A subset of @entity2695 have atypical rapid diffuse enhancement on dynamic @entity2287 -enhanced images. These @entity2695 can be distinguished from @entity409 on T2-weighted MR images.

title: Rapidly enhancing XXXX at MRI: distinction from malignancies with T2-weighted images.

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['Hypervascular hemangiomas', 'hemangiomas', 'atypical hemangiomas', 'Hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lesions', 'hypervascular malignancies']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['malignant liver lesions', 'hypervascular malignant liver lesions', 'liver hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic hemangiomas']


abstract: AIM: To compare the efficacy, safety and tolerability of @entity15464 gel 0.1% vs. tretinoingel 0.025% in a Chinese @entity1 population. BACKGROUND: Although @entity5477 is a common problem among Asians and Asian-Americans, little has been published on the specific manifestations, sequelae, and treatment-responsiveness of this disorder in Asian skin types. Since Asian skin types tend to be more highly pigmented than those of white @entity1 of European descent, many Asians share the predisposition toward @entity2117 seen in Africans, African-Americans and other dark-skinned @entity1 . It is generally assumed that the efficacy and safety of topical @entity4878 is the same in Asians as in white @entity1 . @entity1968 has been available in China for decades; @entity15464 became available in 1998. METHODS: A total of 150 @entity1 with @entity5477 seen at three dermatology clinics were randomized to 8 weeks of daily treatment with either @entity15464 gel 0.1% or @entity1968 gel 0.025%. Counts of @entity75 , inflammatory lesions and non-inflammatory lesions were made at baseline and again at treatment weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. Global assessment ratings, based on percent lesion reduction from baseline were also made. Erythema, burning, @entity111 , scaling and dryness were rated on a 0-3 severity scale. RESULTS: A total of 139 @entity1 completed the efficacy evaluation, and 144 @entity1 completed the safety evaluation. Both @entity15464 and @entity1968 produce dramatic reductions in total, inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesion counts, in the range of 69-74% on average. More than 70% of @entity1 in both groups had complete clearance or marked improvement. In general, irritation was mild, but was both more common and more severe in the @entity1968 group vs. the @entity15464 group. No systemic side effects were seen. CONCLUSIONS: @entity15464 offers comparable efficacy to @entity1968 , but is less irritating. It represents a good alternative for the treatment of mild to moderate @entity5477 in Chinese @entity1 .

title: A comparison of @entity15464 gel 0.1% vs. @entity1968 gel 0.025% in the treatment of XXXX in China.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people', 'peoples']

entities_list: @entity5477 :: ('MESH:D000152', 'Disease') :: ['grade II-III acne vulgaris', 'acne vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['total lesions']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['postinflammatory hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity15464 :: ('MESH:C063610', 'Chemical') :: ['Adapalene', 'adapalene']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['Tretinoin', 'tretinoin']

answer: @entity5477 :: (MESH:D000152,Disease) :: ['acne vulgaris']


abstract: Entrainment of wheel running to two or three food access times per day was investigated in @entity35 with @entity75 . When two feeding times (1.5 hr each) were presented 8 hr apart, all @entity35 entrained to both. @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ) to the second feeding time was greatly diminished when the interval was reduced to 5 hr. An 8 hr phase delay of one feeding time resulted in delaying transients and a concomitant reduction of @entity3457 to the unshifted schedule. Seven @entity35 were maintained on 3 feeding times (1 hr each) per day at 6-6-12 hr intervals, followed by 8-8-8 hr intervals. Six @entity35 displayed some @entity3457 to two of three access times, but no rat anticipated all 3 access times simultaneously. @entity3457 occasionally shifted from one access time to another. In all conditions, entrainment was much less stable compared to single access times. Typically, the instabilities in @entity3457 were suggestive of transients, i.e., a temporary loss of entrainment. The results appear most consistent with a model consisting of 2 internally coupled pacemakers that are entrained by feeding.

title: Entrainment of activity to multiple feeding times in @entity35 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['SCN lesions']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['AA', 'Anticipatory activity']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['suprachiasmatic lesions']


abstract: The clinicopathologic features of three new cases of @entity43 with annular tubules are presented, thereby increasing to 23 the number of the published cases in the world literature. These three observations, along with another one which was previously published, were found in the files of the Institute of Pathology of the University of Lausanne from 1939 to 1978. Forty-seven @entity722 and eight Sertoli and/or Leydig cell @entity5 of the ovary were found during the same 40-year period. The @entity1 were 48, 64 and 71 years of age. No sign of the @entity2838 was noticed in the three @entity1 . All three @entity5 caused @entity1867 as a cardinal sign. They were bulky, unilateral and were formed by solid tissue with cystic spaces. Histologically, the most characteristic pattern consisted of simple and complex tubular structures as described by Scully in 1970. Two @entity1 , in which the mitotic indexes of the @entity5 were lower than 5 mitoses per 10 HPF, died without evidence of a recurrence 36 and 37 years after surgical ablation of the @entity5 . The third @entity1 , whose @entity5 featured fewer well differentiated tubular structures than the two previous ones and had a mitotic index of over 70 mitoses per 10 HPF, died from massive abdominal recurrence after 5 years and 5 months.

title: XXXX with annular tubules. Clinicopathologic report of two benign and one malignant cases with long follow-ups.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian sex cord tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity722 :: ('MESH:D006106', 'Disease') :: ['granulosa cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2838 :: ('MESH:D010580', 'Disease') :: ['Peutz-Jeghers syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1867 :: ('MESH:D008796', 'Disease') :: ['metrorrhagias']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['Ovarian sex cord tumor']


abstract: The experiments in this article were designed to establish an animal model analogous to @entity1 @entity6750 without altering maternal thyroid status and subsequently to observe the natural course of the disorder. The effect of ovine intrauterine fetal thyroidectomy during the second trimester was assessed by following maternal thyroid function and amniotic fluid T4 by column [T4(C)], T3 by radioimmunoassay (T3RIA), and ovine TSH (oTSH). Maternal serum T4(C) rose during pregnancy but unexpectedly both T3RIA and oTSH decreased. In amniotic fluid, T4(C) and oTSH values were lower than maternal serum values and T3RIA was not detectable. Amniotic fluid T4(C) at Cesarean section was identical in cretin @entity742 and twin controls and was thus not a useful diagnostic tool. Athyrotic @entity742 showed gross physical, behavioral, and pathologic changes of cretinism and expired during the first day of life. At birth, cretin serum T4(C) and T3RIA were markedly decreased and oTSH was elevated. Normal @entity742 had a gradual decline in T4(C) levels until 10 weeks of age, but T3RIA values changed erratically. In addition, one cryptocretin with a thyroid remnant had a high normal T4(C) and elevated T3RIA and oTSH at birth. Her course was normal until 7 months of age when @entity1375 suddenly developed. These observations could prove relevant in the interpretation of thyroid function of normal versus partially or completely athyrotic @entity1 @entity1 .

title: Experimental cretinism in XXXX : an intrauterine model with thyroid evaluation in surviving @entity742 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity6750 :: ('MESH:D003409', 'Disease') :: ['athyrotic cretinism']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['lambs']


abstract: AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of @entity17645 hydrolysis products (GHP) against plant pathogenic micro-organisms namely @entity3261 , Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas cichorii, Pseudomonas @entity523 , @entity17847 and @entity17847 juglandis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a disc diffusion assay, seven different doses of 10 GHP were tested against each bacteria. The results showed that the @entity9083 were potent antibacterials, whilst the other GHP were much less efficient. Moreover, the antibacterial effects were dose-dependent, increasing with the dose applied; @entity35433 and @entity8114 showed the strongest inhibitory effects. The overall results show a great potential for using the @entity9083 as an alternative tool to control undesired bacterial growth in plants. CONCLUSIONS: @entity17645 hydrolysis products and more specifically the @entity9083 : @entity9081 , @entity35433 , the @entity8009 Mix and @entity8114 , were effective phytochemicals against the in vitro growth of the phytopathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity exhibited by these phytochemicals reinforces their potential as alternatives to the traditional chemical control of phytopathogenic bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This current in vitro study is the first providing comparative data on GHP as potential control agents for plant pathogenic bacteria. However, more studies are needed to determine their possible allelopathic impacts e.g. inhibition of plant growth and negative effects on beneficial soil bacteria and fungi (mycorrhizae).

title: Initial in vitro evaluations of the antibacterial activities of XXXX enzymatic hydrolysis products against plant pathogenic bacteria.

entities_list: @entity35433 :: ('CHEBI:351346', 'Chemical') :: ['2-phenylethylisothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity17645 :: ('CHEBI:24279', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosinolate', 'Glucosinolate']

entities_list: @entity3261 :: ('358', 'Species') :: ['Agrobacterium tumefaciens']

entities_list: @entity17847 :: ('339', 'Species') :: ['Xanthomonas campestris', 'Xanthomonas']

entities_list: @entity9081 :: ('MESH:C031403', 'Chemical') :: ['benzylisothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity8009 :: ('MESH:C037152', 'Chemical') :: ['isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity8114 :: ('MESH:C016766', 'Chemical') :: ['sulforaphane']

entities_list: @entity9083 :: ('MESH:D017879', 'Chemical') :: ['isothiocyanates']

answer: @entity17645 :: (CHEBI:24279,Chemical) :: ['glucosinolate']


abstract: Four experiments were conducted with dairy @entity291 to determine the effects of initial feed particle size and moisture content on particle size of ingested masticates. Three mature Holstein @entity291 were used in either latin square or Youden square designs. Samples of masticated and ingested boli were collected at the cardiac opening through a ruminal fistula between 0 and 5, 5 and 10 and 10 and 15 min after meal initiation. In Exp. 1, masticate @entity5562 ( @entity5562 ) (ln microns, log normal distribution) were 3.50, 3.53 and 3.50 for @entity4336 silage, fine-chopped alfalfa haylage and coarse-chopped alfalfa haylage, respectively. In Exp. 2, boli @entity5562 for ground, chopped and long alfalfa hay were 3.11, 3.76 and 4.09, respectively. Boli @entity5562 in Exp. 3 for ground, chopped and long timothy hay were 2.93, 3.12 and 3.03, respectively. Exp. 4 compared the effect of addition of water to produce 30%, 47%, 64% and 82% @entity3918 in chopped alfalfa hay. Boli @entity5562 were 3.66, 3.56, 3.64 and 3.68 for the respective alfalfa hay @entity3918 contents. Feed @entity5562 was not reduced during mastication in Exp. 4, nor were there differences in @entity5562 due to time after feeding. Boli @entity5562 was affected by feed particle size of alfalfa hay, but there was no effect of feed particle size on masticate particle size in timothy hay. The magnitude of particle size reduction during mastication appears to be dependent on forage type and is not dependent totally on initial feed particle size and @entity3918 content of forages.

title: Particle size reduction during initial mastication of forages by dairy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5562 :: ('MESH:D015875', 'Disease') :: ['log mean particle sizes', 'LMPS']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: Comparative levels of LH, FSH, and PRL in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adult male @entity35 were studied at different periods following castration. Intact and sham-operated animals served as controls. Blood and CSF were collected at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 46 days following castration. The CSF was collected via cisterna-magna puncture, while the blood was collected from abdominal aorta. Serum gonadotropins increased progressively beginning day 1 post-castration to reach maximum by day 35 or 46 post-castration. Sham operation and castration did not affect mean CSF, LH and FSH levels compared to intact controls. Analysis of the temporal pattern of serum and CSF gonadotropin levels following castration revealed significant positive correlation between CSF and serum LH (r = 0.58) and FSH (r = 0.64) levels respectively. The data suggest that CSF gonadotropins may be derived from systemic circulation. Serum PRL levels were not affected by castration, but CSF PRL levels were significantly reduced at days 28, 35 and 46 post-castration compared to intact controls. CSF PRL levels showed negative correlation with serum LH and FSH levels but failed to show a correlation with serum PRL levels. @entity1640 @entity1063 turnover rate increased at days 28, 35 and 46 post-castration. @entity1640 @entity935 contents and turnover rates were reduced at days 21 and 28 post-castration. It is suggested that CSF PRL may have a role in the regulation of serum gonadotropins.

title: Cerebrospinal fluid and blood concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin following castration of adult male XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothalamic']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Photocatalytic decolorization of @entity24740 -dye Orange II in water has been examined in an external UV light irradiation slurry photoreactor using @entity1947 ( @entity1948 ) as a semiconductor photocatalyst. The effects of process parameters such as light intensity, initial dye concentration, photocatalyst loading and initial solution pH on the decolorization rate of Orange II have been systematically investigated. A two-stage photocatalytic decolorization of Orange II, the first stage of fast decolorization rate and the subsequent second stage of rather slow decolorization rate, was found. The efficiency of decolorization of Orange II increased as initial Orange II concentration decreased and UV light intensity increased. There was the optimal @entity1948 concentration being around 1000 mg L(-1). The optimal pH was around 7.7, which was at the natural pH of the dye solution. The effect of aeration rate on the decolorization of Orange II has been also investigated and the enhancement of decolorization of Orange II with increasing aeration rate was found. By using a model for the light intensity profile in the external UV light irradiation slurry photoreactor, the simulation model for the decolorization of Orange II with @entity1948 photocatalyst has been developed. The proposed model in which the slow decolorization in the second stage as well as the initial fast decolorization is also taken into account could simulate the experimental results for UV light irradiation satisfactorily. The proposed simulation model in which the change of light intensity with time due to the decolorization of Orange II and the light scatter due to solid photocatalysts are considered will be very useful for practical engineering design of the slurry photoreactor of wastewater including textile dyes.

title: Photocatalytic decolorization of XXXX -dye with @entity1947 powder in an external UV light irradiation slurry photoreactor.

entities_list: @entity1947 :: ('MESH:D015034', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc oxide']

answer: @entity24740 :: (CHEBI:33835,Chemical) :: ['azo']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The incidence of @entity5 in Appalachia exceeds the national rate; rural Appalachian @entity1 are at especially high risk. We assessed the attitudes and practices related to @entity1082 vaccination among providers in primary care practices in a contiguous 5-county area of @entity14755 . METHODS: In December 2006 and May 2007, all family medicine, pediatric, and gynecology practices (n = 65) in the study area were surveyed by 2 faxed survey instruments. RESULTS: Of the 65 practices, 55 completed the first survey instrument. Of these 55, 44 offered the vaccine to their @entity1 . Forty of the 44 practices offered it to @entity1 and @entity1 aged 9 to 26 years, and 11 were willing to accept referrals from other practices for vaccination. The average reported charge for each of the 3 required injections was  150. Of the 55 practices that responded to the first survey instrument, 49 responded to the second survey instrument, 46 of which recommended the vaccine to their @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The prevalence of offering the vaccine against @entity1082 was high in this area of @entity14755 . Future interventions may focus on community education because the vaccine is available from most providers.

title: HPV vaccine attitudes and practices among primary care providers in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus']

entities_list: @entity14755 :: ('MESH:D028227', 'Disease') :: ['Appalachian Pennsylvania']

answer: @entity14755 :: (MESH:D028227,Disease) :: ['Appalachian Pennsylvania']


abstract: Compared with normal control birds of the same breed, @entity28 ( @entity28 ) White Leghorn @entity1573 , exhibiting classical symptoms of @entity1375 , were generally half as responsive to an @entity2931 challenge in terms of synthesis of @entity37768 and vitellogenins, despite having livers which were, on the average, twice as large. Even the few @entity28 birds which were laying eggs and therefore enjoying a degree of thyroid function, failed to exhibit normal responses to hyperdynamic doses of @entity2931 . However, simultaneous injections of @entity1954 (T3), in the physiological range, and hyperdynamic doses of oestrogenic substances (Ayerst Co., mainly @entity7042 ) into @entity28 @entity1573 resulted in serum levels of @entity37768 and vitellogenins which were more than double those achieved without @entity6145 treatment. Untreated @entity28 birds were found typically to exhibit a unique hyperlipaemia (i.e. increased synthesis of serum @entity412 and phospholipid without corresponding increases in synthesis of apoprotein B (normally associated with @entity37768 and LDL) or apoprotein A-1 (normally associated with HDL). This type of hyperlipaemia resulted in formation of large lipid micelles which imparted turbidity to the serum. Injection of oestrogenic substances into two @entity28 @entity1573 especially hyperlipaemic in this unique fashion resulted in rapid liver production of apoprotein B. By 2 days post injection the levels of apoprotein B in the sera were increased fifteen times over original levels. The initially turbid sera were completely cleared by 36 h post @entity2931 treatment. Since the @entity37768 present during the first 2 days floated at faster rates than those present at 6 days following injection of @entity2931 , it appears that newly synthesized apoprotein B (very likely as lipoprotein B) can combine with existing lipid micelles in the plasma, thus ultimately dispersing the larger lipid micelles into lipoproteins of a size consistent with the @entity393 .

title: Production of XXXX and vitellogenin(s) in @entity2931 -challenged @entity1375 @entity1573 .

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'obese strain']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen', 'oestrogens']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity7042 :: ('CHEBI:17263', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrone']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of turbidity']

entities_list: @entity6145 :: ('CHEBI:60311', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity37768 :: (396154(Tax:9031),Gene) :: ['VLDL']


abstract: @entity2 is the most lethal @entity5 in the United States, with 143,000 deaths predicted for 1991. The cure rate is extremely low (approximately 13%), in part because the propensity for early spread precludes surgical cure in most @entity1 . Thus, chemotherapy or other systemic therapies are the only way to improve the dismal results. @entity900 is an active agent in @entity151 ( @entity151 ) and perhaps the most active agent in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The @entity137 and inconvenience of @entity900 make it less than ideal for @entity2 therapy. @entity3003 was developed to provide a less toxic, more convenient alternative to @entity900 . The data presented in this review suggest that @entity3003 may be substituted for @entity900 in the treatment of extensive-stage @entity151 . In limited-stage @entity151 , there are insufficient data to determine whether it should replace @entity900 when used simultaneously with chest irradiation and @entity2879 . It may be substituted for @entity900 in cycles not using irradiation. In @entity1149 , @entity3003 may be used alone or with etoposide for the palliative management of @entity3 . Its role in earlier stages of @entity1149 needs investigation.

title: Clinical experiences with XXXX ( @entity3003 ) in @entity2 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'nonsmall cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: The SWR and SWXJ recombinant inbred strains of @entity19 develop heritable, @entity43 with characteristics similar to those observed for @entity1 juvenile @entity722 . We utilized this @entity19 model to determine: (a) whether spontaneous tumorigenesis is an intrinsic property of the susceptible ovary; (b) whether pubertal developmental stage affects tumorigenesis; and (c) whether tumorigenesis depends on extraovarian regulation provided by an immune system or a hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotropin system. To test these questions, ovaries from @entity5 -susceptible donors were grafted beneath the kidney capsules of hosts with differing immunological and hormonal capabilities. Hosts for these ovarian grafts were: (a) immunologically intact, syngeneic @entity19 ; (b) immune-deficient, allogeneic @entity19 homozygous for the severe @entity3230 (scid/scid) mutation; and (c) scid/scid @entity19 segregating for the hypogonadal ( @entity11745 ) mutation, yielding gonadotropin-deficient @entity11745 / @entity11745 scid/scid and gonadotropin replete +/? ( @entity11745 /+ or +/+) scid/scid littermates. Donors and hosts of differing ages were used to address questions of developmental effects on tumorigenesis. Grafts were examined 6 to 10 wk after implantation for ovarian morphology and @entity5 incidence. Results showed that ovary grafts from susceptible female @entity19 formed spontaneous @entity722 equally well in both syngeneic and immune-deficient scid/scid hosts. In each type of host, the incidence of grafts exhibiting @entity5 development declined significantly with increasing age of both donor and host. In addition, prepubertal ovary grafts formed spontaneous @entity5 in hormonally normal +/? scid/scid but not in hormonally deficient @entity11745 / @entity11745 scid/scid hosts. Finally, treatment of @entity11745 / @entity11745 scid/scid host @entity19 with the androgenic @entity134 hormone precursor, @entity2494 , resulted in GC @entity5 formation in the @entity5 -susceptible ovary grafts. We conclude that pubertal onset, spontaneous tumorigenesis in the susceptible ovaries is: (a) independent of an intact immune system; (b) terminated by completion of ovarian maturation as a cyclic organ; (c) not dependent on extraovarian factors unique to the genetically susceptible host; and (d) potentially initiated by androgenic @entity230 in the absence of an intact hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotropin axis. We hypothesize that ovarian androgens synthesized in response to normal gonadotropin stimulation initiate spontaneous tumorigenesis in the genetically susceptible ovary.

title: Granulosa cell tumorigenesis in genetically hypogonadal-immunodeficient @entity19 grafted with ovaries from XXXX -susceptible donors.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['pubertal onset ovarian granulosa cell (GC) tumors']

entities_list: @entity722 :: ('MESH:D006106', 'Disease') :: ['GC tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'spontaneous tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity3230 :: ('MESH:C565469', 'Disease') :: ['combined immune deficiency']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: A series of 155 cases of hepatic @entity66 , occurring in 121 @entity1 , were operated on at the Naval and Veterans Hospital of Athens. Ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography provided the preoperative diagnosis in 89 and 93 percent of the cases respectively in recent years. Thirty one percent of the cases presented with complications, the commonest of these being infection of the cyst (10 percent) and rupture of the cyst into the bile ducts (17 percent). Total cystectomy was performed in three cases and removal of the endocyst with its content in the remaining 152. The remaining cavity was either externally drained (57 cases), or filled with omentum (omentoplasty--95 cases). @entity11941 and infection of the residual cavity occurred in 32 and 56 percent after simple drainage and in 4 and 2 percent respectively after omentoplasty. Differences are statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Hospitalization was also significantly longer after drainage than after omentoplasty (p less than 0.01). @entity3883 after intrabiliary rupture of the cyst was more successfully managed after additional choledochoduodenostomy than after simple drainage of the common bile duct. Intrapericoneal recurrence of @entity66 occurred in two cases. The conclusion of the present study is, that ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography provide an acceptable rate in the diagnosis and that omentoplasty offers a very low complication rate in the management of @entity409 .

title: XXXX . Diagnosis and surgical treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['Obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['hydatid disease']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hydatid cystic disease of the liver']

entities_list: @entity11941 :: ('MESH:D017577', 'Disease') :: ['External fistula']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['Hydatid disease of the liver']


abstract: A 70-year-old @entity1 suffering from @entity472 and regurgitation and @entity997 was admitted to our hospital. At the operation, the right atrium and both ventricles were dilated, and a thrill was felt over the aortic root and right atrium. The aortic valve was bicuspid and heavily calcified. After aortic leaflets were resected, a defect was seen in the left ventricle. Then the right atrium was opened. The defect was located in the atrioventricular membranous septum just above the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. The defect was diagnosed to be a @entity1002 (group I according to Riemenschneider's classification). The defect was repaired directly and then the aortic valve was replaced with a prosthesis. After the operation, the heart murmur disappeared. Eleven days after the operation, the @entity1 developed a transient complete @entity713 for a month.

title: [An operative case of @entity1002 complicated with XXXX and regurgitation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity997 :: ('MESH:D014262', 'Disease') :: ['tricuspid valve regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular-right atrial communication']

answer: @entity472 :: (MESH:D001024,Disease) :: ['aortic valve stenosis']


abstract: AIMS: Decreased chemosensitivity to @entity2944 , a common finding in @entity6 , seems related to @entity4148 . We proposed to verify whether simple neuroautonomic cardiovascular tests or indexes of severity of @entity6 and @entity1576 can identify @entity1 with such a dysfunction, but no clinical evidence of @entity4148 . METHODS: Forty @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 , 20 with @entity4148 according to the results of a standardized test battery, were studied and compared with 40 normal subjects matched by age and sex. Spirometry and pulmonary diffusing capacity for @entity1223 were performed. The chemosensitivity to @entity2944 was tested by the rebreathing method. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between @entity1 with and without @entity4148 in chemosensitivity to @entity2944 , as expressed by the ventilation response to increasing end-tidal pressure of @entity544 ; however, it was lower in the whole group of @entity1 with @entity6 than in control subjects (1.71    0.80 vs. 2.45    1.11 l      min      mmHg, respectively, P=0.002). No significant correlation was found between ventilation response to increasing end-tidal pressure of @entity544 and the results of autonomic tests. In @entity1 with @entity6 , the ventilatory response to @entity2944 significantly correlated with pulmonary diffusing capacity for @entity1223 (Spearman's rho=0.387, P=0.013) and this was the only variable significantly associated with ventilation response to increasing end-tidal pressure of @entity544 in a multiple regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Chemosensitivity to @entity2944 was @entity308 in @entity1 with @entity6 , irrespective of @entity4148 , in comparison with control subjects. The correlation with pulmonary diffusing capacity for @entity1223 suggests that microcirculatory damage might contribute to depress the central chemosensitivity.

title: Pulmonary diffusing capacity for XXXX : a marker of @entity308 @entity6 ?

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'Type 1 diabetes mellitus', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['hypercapnia']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory impairment']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity1223 :: (MESH:D002248,Chemical) :: ['carbon monoxide']


abstract: Barriers are frequently hampering targeting of drugs and toxins to solid @entity5 and their microenvironment. Nano-conjugates are low molecular weight conjugates of a small drug or toxin and a targeting ligand coupled through a cleavable linker group. They offer potential advantages for @entity5 specific delivery in diffusion-limited situations. We have exploited fd phage-derived peptides for the targeting of low molecular weight drug conjugates to solid @entity5 . As a model we have chosen @entity632 conjugates targeted to the @entity8282 ( @entity8282 ). A library of phage expressing a cyclic nona-peptide was panned against @entity8282 . The apparent affinity of phages determined by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) increased with each cycle of the panning procedure. After five rounds approximately 80% of phages expressed the same peptide, which mediated a 30-50-fold increased receptor specific cellular uptake of the phages. The corresponding peptide was synthesised using solid phase peptide chemistry on a @entity11682 based safety catch resin. Crude mixtures of the peptide, as well as @entity69 itself, were able to inhibit the phage uptake significantly. The @entity632 conjugate of the peptide containing a cleavable linker was prepared and endosomal uptake confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.

title: Phage derived peptides for targeting of XXXX conjugates to solid @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity11682 :: ('CHEBI:35358', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamide']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity8282 :: ('7037', 'Gene') :: ['TfR', 'transferrin receptor']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: @entity2670 , with consequent permanent @entity249 , is one of the more common side-effects which occurs during chemotherapeutic treatment of @entity1 affected by @entity978 . This damage is morphologically represented by a marked loss of primordial and primary follicles. The administration of contraceptive drugs before starting chemotherapy enhances survival of a greater number of ovarian follicles, as revealed by morphometric analyses, nevertheless, total ovarian protection is not assured. This study evaluated the number and the morphology of ovarian follicles, by means of transmission electron microscopy, in @entity1 with @entity978 treated with multi-drug chemotherapeutic protocols following the administration of @entity11796 . Ovarian biopsies were performed prior to any pharmacological treatment, after @entity7839 therapy, and after this therapy plus chemotherapy. Particular attention was given to the ultrastructure of primordial follicles. After morphometric evaluation, primordial follicles were numerous in controls and @entity7839 therapy (28.55 +/- 6.59/mm3 of ovarian cortex). After chemotherapy and @entity11796 , the number of follicles was slightly reduced (19.37 +/- 3.41/mm3 of ovarian cortex) in contrast to the dramatic loss usually observed when protection is not given, although more follicles were @entity38887 . @entity7839 may protect follicles only from acute, toxic effects of chemotherapy, which dramatically reduce their number and lead to sterility. Nevertheless, the quality of follicles is still impaired, and many undergo @entity1146 , resulting in a shortened fertility period.

title: Ultrastructure of XXXX ovarian primordial follicles after combination chemotherapy for @entity978 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity7839 :: ('MESH:D008525', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone', 'Medroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['Ovarian damage']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of social deprivation on survival after cardiac surgery and to examine the influence of potentially modifiable risk factors. DESIGN: Analysis of prospectively collected data. Prognostic models used to examine the additional effect of social deprivation on the end points. SETTING: Birmingham and north west England. @entity1 : 44 902 adults undergoing cardiac surgery, 1997-2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Social deprivation with census based 2001 Carstairs scores. All cause mortality in hospital and at mid-term follow-up. RESULTS: In hospital mortality for all cardiac procedures was 3.25% and mid-term follow-up (median 1887 days; range 1180-2725 days) mortality was 12.4%. Multivariable analysis identified social deprivation as an independent predictor of mid-term mortality (hazard ratio 1.024, 95% confidence interval 1.015 to 1.033; P<0.001). Smoking (P<0.001), body mass index (BMI, P<0.001), and @entity6 (P<0.001) were associated with social deprivation. Smoking at time of surgery (1.294, 1.191 to 1.407, P<0.001) and @entity6 (1.305, 1.217 to 1.399, P<0.001) were independent predictors of mid-term mortality. The relation between BMI and mid-term mortality was non-linear and risks were higher in the extremes of BMI (P<0.001). Adjustment for smoking, BMI, and @entity6 reduced but did not eliminate the effects of social deprivation on mid-term mortality (1.017, 1.007 to 1.026, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking, extremes of BMI, and @entity6 , which are potentially modifiable risk factors associated with social deprivation, are responsible for a significant reduction in survival after surgery, but even after adjustment for these variables social deprivation remains a significant independent predictor of increased risk of mortality.

title: Social deprivation and prognostic benefits of cardiac surgery: observational study of 44 902 XXXX from five hospitals over 10 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the mechanisms of @entity158 caused by a @entity954 . The authors have developed a @entity35 model of @entity282 characterized by decreased withdrawal thresholds to punctate mechanical stimuli after plantar incision. The present studies examined the response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons receiving input from the plantar aspect of the foot before and after a plantar incision placed adjacent to the low threshold area of the @entity2194 ( @entity2194 ). METHODS: Individual dorsal horn neurons from the lumbar enlargement were antidromically identified and characterized as low threshold, wide dynamic range (WDR), and @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) based on their responses to brush and pinch. Thresholds (in millinewtons), the pinch @entity2194 , and stimulus-response functions (SRFs) to von Frey filaments characterized the neurons. SRFs were analyzed using area under the curve. Changes in background activity, punctate mechanical thresholds, SRFs, and @entity2194 were recorded after an incision was made adjacent to the most sensitive area of the @entity2194 . RESULTS: In all cells, an incision increased background activity; this remained elevated in 3 of 9 @entity2101 and 16 of 28 WDR neurons 1 h later. The SRFs were enhanced in 10 of 27 WDR neurons and in 2 of 8 @entity2101 cells after incision. Only the WDR neurons were responsive to filaments that produced withdrawal responses after incision in behavioral experiments. Increases in the RFs outside of the injured area occurred after incision in 15 of 29 WDR and 2 of 9 @entity2101 cells. CONCLUSION: A plantar incision caused dorsal horn cell activation and central sensitization. Because the threshold of @entity2101 neurons did not decrease to the range of the withdrawal responses in behavioral experiments, particular WDR dorsal horn neurons likely contribute to the reduced withdrawal threshold observed in behavioral experiments. Both WDR and @entity2101 neurons are capable of transmitting enhanced responses to strong punctate mechanical stimuli after incision.

title: Alterations in ascending dorsal horn neurons by a @entity954 in the XXXX foot.

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['RF', 'receptive field']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'high threshold']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['surgical incision']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A three-arm prospective randomized trial was designed to compare the effectiveness of single drug therapy with @entity31838 (IC), two-drug therapy with @entity5505 - @entity2176 (CV), and three-drug therapy with @entity4967 - @entity2176 - @entity4509 ( @entity29898 ) for the empirical antimicrobial treatment of @entity1398 events. The objectives of the study were to determine whether IC monotherapy was as effective as combination drug therapy (CV or @entity29898 ) and to assess the value of adding @entity2176 at initiation of treatment. One hundred eighty-three @entity1398 events were randomized and 125 were evaluable. Success rates were 73% with IC, 67% with CV, and 72% with @entity29898 . There were no statistically significant differences between the three treatment groups, regardless of the duration and severity of @entity1398 . Fifty-four bacterial isolates were recovered from 43 @entity1 . Among recovered bacterial strains, 55% were Gram-negative and 45% were Gram-positive. Rates of bacteriologically documented failures (14/33) and superinfections (3/33) were similar in the three groups. Adverse events were rare but two @entity1 given CV and three given @entity29898 developed severe @entity137 requiring modification of the antimicrobial regimen. IC alone showed similar effectiveness and less @entity137 , as compared with CV or @entity29898 . @entity2176 given initially increased @entity137 but failed to improve the success rate. @entity2176 may be appropriate only in @entity1 at high risk for @entity281 with @entity3256 -resistant staphylococci.

title: [Evaluation of three types of empirical antibiotherapy in @entity1 with @entity1398 : @entity31838 versus @entity5505 - XXXX versus @entity4967 - @entity4509 - @entity2176 ].

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin', 'Vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity4967 :: ('MESH:D013982', 'Chemical') :: ['ticarcillin']

entities_list: @entity31838 :: ('MESH:C044650', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenemcilastatin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime']

answer: @entity2176 :: (MESH:D014640,Chemical) :: ['vancomycin']


abstract: Apoptotic cells are potent complement activators; and proposed mechanisms include IgM-mediated classical pathway activation, @entity1851 ( @entity1851 )-mediated classical pathway activation, and IgM-mediated lectin pathway activation. While complement activation is beneficial in clearing apoptotic cells, the resulting complement-mediated @entity32 may extend damage to the surrounding cells and tissues, as observed in @entity63 /reperfusion injury. We previously engineered and characterized a single-chain Fv against @entity6300 globular heads ( @entity10390 (QuVHVL)) that blocked @entity6300 binding to immobilized IgG and to IgG-sensitized cells, and thereby inhibited IgG-mediated classical pathway activation [Hwang H.Y., Duvall M.R., Tomlinson S., Boackle R.J., 2008. Highly specific inhibition of @entity6300 globular-head binding to human IgG: a novel approach to control and regulate the classical complement pathway using an engineered single-chain antibody variable fragment. Molecular Immunology 45, 2570-2580]. In the present study, this @entity10390 (QuVHVL) was examined for its ability to restrict complement deposition on apoptotic cells in the presence of fresh normal human serum (NHS). Interestingly, the addition of @entity10390 (QuVHVL) to NHS decreased C1-mediated @entity9199 deposition on apoptotic cells by 60% as compared to appropriate buffer-treated control serum. By inhibiting initiation of the early complement components, the subsequent @entity4417 and membrane attack complex depositions were inhibited by 70%. Apoptotic cells may acquire serum @entity1851 , a known classical complement pathway activator. It was observed that @entity10390 (QuVHVL) blocked C1 binding to @entity1851 and blocked @entity1851 -mediated classical pathway activation using an ELISA format. However, under the experimental conditions used, the addition of exogenous @entity1851 to apoptotic cells did not further increase the levels of @entity9199 , @entity4417 , or MAC deposition significantly, suggesting predominance by other activation mechanisms, such as antibody-C1-mediated complement activation. In summary, the results indicated that C1-mediated classical pathway activation was a highly significant mechanism for complement activation by apoptotic cells. In the future, specific inhibition of classical complement pathway activation by a humanized form of @entity10390 (QuVHVL) may be useful in reducing inadvertent damage to healthy bystander tissue in a variety of acute, complement-mediated inflammatory conditions, including @entity63 /reperfusion injury.

title: Specific inhibition of the classical complement pathway with an engineered single-chain Fv to XXXX globular heads decreases complement activation by apoptotic cells.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity6300 :: (712,Gene) :: ['C1q']


abstract: @entity219 has been shown to enhance intestinal mucosal repair in @entity1 suffering from @entity9253 ; but the impact on mucosal integrity during acute ( @entity195 ) or persistent ( @entity1726 ) @entity294 is unknown. One hundred eleven @entity1 with @entity195 and 190 with @entity1726 aged between 3 and 24 months received, randomly and blind to the investigators, either an elemental @entity219 supplement of 5 mg/kg body wt/day or placebo in multivitamin syrup for 2 weeks while intestinal permeability and, biochemical and anthropometric markers were serially monitored. The permeability test was administered as an oral dose of 5 g @entity11884 /l g @entity2656 in a 20-ml solution followed by a 5-h urine collection. The ratio of the urinary probe @entity3363 was correlated to clinical, biochemical, and microbiological parameters. At presentation, @entity11884 excretion was increased and @entity2656 excretion decreased in both @entity195 and @entity1726 as compared with age-matched asymptomatic @entity1 . The @entity11884 / @entity2656 ratio (L/M) was higher in subjects with mucosal invasive pathogens (rotavirus and enteropathogenic @entity526 ) compared with @entity1 excreting @entity1838 and enterotoxigenic @entity526 . Two-week @entity219 supplementation significantly reduced @entity11884 excretion in both @entity195 and @entity1726 , whereas the change in @entity2656 excretion and L/M was similar between study groups in both studies. Changes in @entity11884 excretion were significantly influenced by @entity219 supplementation in @entity1 with @entity526 , @entity6835 sp., and @entity5363 stool isolates. The greatest reduction in total @entity11884 excretion was seen in supplemented @entity1 who on presentation were lighter (wt/age less than 80%), thinner (wt/ht less than 85%), and undernourished [middle upper arm circumference (MUAC) less than 12.5 cm] or with hypozincaemia (less than 14 mumol/L).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Impact of @entity219 supplementation on intestinal permeability in Bangladeshi XXXX with acute @entity294 and persistent diarrhoea syndrome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['lactulose']

entities_list: @entity1838 :: ('666', 'Species') :: ['Vibrio cholera']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity5363 :: ('197', 'Species') :: ['Campylobacter jejuni']

entities_list: @entity9253 :: ('MESH:C538178', 'Disease') :: ['acrodermatitis enteropathica']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Although most @entity75 will be typical of a @entity4013 , physicians must consider other possible diagnoses. @entity4013 can often be diagnosed on the basis of a positive @entity4014 examination. Topical and systemic antifungals are usually curative. @entity9585 rosea is characterized by small, fawn-colored lesions distributed along skin cleavage lines. Treatment is symptomatic. @entity738 annulare is characterized by nonscaly, annular plaques with indurated borders, typically on the extremities. One half of cases resolve spontaneously within two years. @entity370 can present as annular, indurated plaques similar in appearance to the lesions of @entity738 annulare. Diagnosis is based on histopathology and the involvement of other organ systems. @entity1201 can mimic @entity4013 by presenting as one or more annular, sometimes scaly, plaques. @entity110 may affect 10 to 20 percent of the population. The annular plaques lack scale and are evanescent. Subacute @entity3830 can present in an annular form on sun-exposed surfaces or in a papulosquamous form. Erythema annulare centrifugum typically presents as annular patches with trailing scale inside erythematous borders.

title: Differential diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma', 'Granuloma']

entities_list: @entity4013 :: ('MESH:D014005', 'Disease') :: ['tinea corporis', 'dermatophytosis', 'Tinea corporis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['annular lesions']

entities_list: @entity4014 :: ('MESH:C029943', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium hydroxide']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['Sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity3830 :: ('MESH:D008178', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity9585 :: ('MESH:D010915', 'Disease') :: ['Pityriasis']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['Urticaria']

entities_list: @entity1201 :: ('MESH:D007918', 'Disease') :: ["Hansen's disease"]

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['annular lesions']


abstract: When active @entity884 ( @entity884 ) involves a bioprosthetic valve, the infective process may involve only the cusps or sewing ring or both. We studied 34 @entity1 with infected bioprostheses to determine whether the @entity281 involved the cusps or ring, or both, because these locations could affect prognosis. In the 5 @entity1 in whom active @entity884 began < 60 days after operation, the @entity281 involved the cusps only in 2, the ring only in 2, and both in 1. The 29 @entity1 in whom signs and symptoms of active @entity884 appeared > 60 days after valve replacement were subdivided into 3 categories based on the valve or valves replaced. In the 16 @entity1 with isolated aortic valve replacement, the @entity281 involved the cusps only in 6, the ring only in 4, and both in 6. In the 6 @entity1 with isolated mitral valve replacement, the @entity281 involved the cusps only in 2, the ring only in 1, and both in 3. In the remaining 7 @entity1 , 15 native valves were replaced with bioprostheses, and 10 of them were infected. The @entity281 involved the cusps only in 7, and both the cusps and ring in 3. Of all 34 @entity1 , 13 had operative excision of the infected bioprosthesis: 1 died within 60 days of the bioprosthetic excision, and 1 was lost to follow-up; of the remaining 11 @entity1 , 4 died late (1.5, 3, 5 and 14 years), and the other 7 are alive 5 to 10 years after bioprosthetic excision (all in New York Heart Association functional class I or II). Thus, although @entity281 limited to the bioprosthetic cusps may reasonably allow a better outlook, reoperation with @entity281 involving the annular ring (8 of 13 reoperation @entity1 ) does not prevent successful outcome.

title: Frequency of ring abscess and XXXX in active @entity884 involving bioprosthetic valves.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis', 'IE']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['cuspal infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the presence and degree of endothelial injury, by measuring plasma concentrations of cellular fibronectin, in pregnancies complicated by @entity1468 or @entity1592 . STUDY DESIGN: A matched, nested, case-control study design was used. Plasma was collected prospectively from pregnant @entity1 throughout gestation. At least 12 weeks after delivery @entity1 with @entity1468 , both @entity1468 and @entity1592 , or @entity1592 alone were identified. Normal controls were matched to these @entity1 by age, race, and gestational age. Stored plasma, which had been obtained in the third trimester, was assayed for cellular fibronectin by means of a sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay. After an appropriate transformation of the data results were compared with one-way analysis of variance with Fisher's post hoc test. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity1468 (n = 18) had higher plasma cellular fibronectin concentrations than did control @entity1 (n = 68) with median values of 2.8 and 1.4 micrograms/ml, respectively (p < 0.001, using transformed data). @entity1 with @entity1592 alone (n = 10) had 2.3 micrograms/ml cellular fibronectin, significantly higher than values of controls (p < 0.02 using transformed data) and significantly lower than those of @entity1 with @entity1468 (p < 0.05 using transformed data). CONCLUSION: Pregnancies complicated by @entity1468 had significantly higher plasma cellular fibronectin concentrations than did pregnancies with @entity1592 alone, which in turn had significantly higher plasma cellular fibronectin concentrations than did control pregnancies. We speculate that endothelial involvement in @entity1592 is confined to the uteroplacental circulation, whereas it is systemic in @entity1468 .

title: Plasma cellular fibronectin as a measure of endothelial involvement in @entity1468 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity1592 :: (MESH:D005317,Disease) :: ['intrauterine growth retardation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mediastinal irradiation is known to cause @entity299 , but its effect on left ventricular diastolic function is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of @entity67 and its association with prognosis in asymptomatic @entity1 after mediastinal irradiation. METHODS: We recruited 294 @entity1 who had received at least 35 Gy to the mediastinum for treatment of @entity978 . Each @entity1 underwent resting echocardiography, stress echocardiography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Survival free from @entity299 was determined during 3.2 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The mean age of the included @entity1 was 42 years, and 49% were male. Adequate measurements of diastolic function were obtained in 282 (97%) @entity1 . @entity67 was considered mild in 26 (9%) and moderate in 14 (5%). Exercise-induced @entity63 was more common in @entity1 with @entity67 (23%) than those with normal diastolic function (11%, P = .008). After adjustment for @entity1 demographics, clinical characteristics, and radiation history, @entity1 with @entity67 had worse event-free survival than @entity1 with normal function (hazard ratio 1.66, 95% CI 1.06-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of @entity67 in asymptomatic @entity1 after mediastinal irradiation, and the presence of @entity67 is associated with stress-induced @entity63 and a worse prognosis. Screening with Doppler echocardiography may be helpful in identifying @entity1 at risk for subsequent @entity299 .

title: XXXX after mediastinal irradiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease', 'cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['Diastolic dysfunction', 'diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['Hodgkin disease']

answer: @entity67 :: (MESH:D018754,Disease) :: ['Diastolic dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the last two decades, short scar facelifts, often referred to as "mini" facelifts, have gained popularity. We use a @entity55231 ( @entity55231 ) superficial musculoaponeurotic system rhytidectomy (SMASectomy) shortscar facelift that combines a SMASectomy in the vertical direction and suspension sutures in order to improve structural facial support. In the case of visible platysma bands and/or local fat deposition, liposuction (frequently followed by an anterior plastysmaplasty procedure) was added to correct features that are not consistently correctable using only a short scar facelift. OBJECTIVE: This study retrospectively analyzes our experience with a new type of short scar facelift technique that combines both a superficial musculoaponeurotic system rhytidectomy (SMAS-ectomy) and suspension sutures with a thorough approach to the anterior surface of the neck. METHODS: Over a period of three years, the @entity55231 short scar facelift was performed in 137 @entity1 with a mean age of 55 years (range 23-79 years). In almost half of the @entity1 , the @entity55231 short scar facelift was preceded by a separate treatment of the anterior neck contour by liposuction (67/137 @entity1 ; 49%). In two-thirds of these @entity1 (42/67 @entity1 ), this liposuction was followed by an anterior plastymaplasty. RESULTS: Most @entity1 (129/137; 94%) were satisfied or very satisfied with their results at the end of the follow-up period. Eight @entity1 were not satisfied: five because of higher expectations, two because of insufficient improvement of the plastysma bands (which had not been treated by a plastysmaplasty procedure), and one because of the improper recognition of midface sagging (which had not been treated and was not properly discussed preoperatively). In the case of plastysma bands, platysmaplasty (n = 42) did improve the presence of these bands. There were no major complications in this series: 1 case had @entity346 of a buccal branch, which resolved after two months; two cases had @entity1410 , requiring evacuation on the outpatient clinic after one week; two cases with traction dimpling in the neck over the sternocleidomastoid region required late surgical revision; and one case had @entity1184 scarring in the preauricular area. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity55231 technique is a short scar facelift technique that is both simple and safe. Complications are uncommon and usually minor. However, in the presence of platysma bands and/or local fat deposition, an anterior neck procedure-liposuction and/or anterior platysmaplasty-should be incorporated in order to optimize the results.

title: The XXXX SMASectomy short scar facelift.

entities_list: @entity55231 :: ('MESH:C565452', 'Disease') :: ['PRS', 'purse-string reinforced']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['temporary neuropraxia']

answer: @entity55231 :: (MESH:C565452,Disease) :: ['purse-string reinforced']


abstract: Although many risk factors have been proposed for the aetiology of @entity5 , only a history of cryptorchidism is well established. All risk factors previously suggested have been explored in this study. This population-based case-control study was carried out in nine health regions in England and Wales and included 794 @entity1 , aged 15-49 years, diagnosed with a testicular germ cell tumour between 1 January 1984 and 30 September 1986, each with an individually age-matched control. Cases and controls were interviewed and data were abstracted from their general practitioner notes. Participation rates for cases and controls were 92.0% and 83.1% respectively. Where possible the mother of each interviewed @entity1 was sent a postal questionnaire for self-completion. @entity130 at least 2 years prior to diagnosis was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54-2.61]. Ever having had a @entity2953 was also associated with an increased risk (OR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.46-3.39). There was little evidence of an association with cigarette smoking. Sporting activity had a protective effect. Detailed exploration of testicular temperature (wearing of tight underpants, jeans or trousers, hot baths and central heating) failed to reveal any relationship with risk of @entity5 . There were no clear occupational associations.

title: Social, behavioural and medical factors in the aetiology of XXXX : results from the UK study. UK @entity5 Study Group.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted disease']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Testicular trauma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular cancer']


abstract: AIMS: To explore the subjective experience of a sample of @entity1 attending a dental teaching hospital emergency clinic with toothache. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects 21 female and 14 male dental @entity1 , of different ages, marital status, employment status and levels of education, presenting with toothache at a dental teaching hospital emergency clinic. Data collection Unstructured in-depth interviews, following a topic guide. Analysis Transcribing, sifting, indexing and charting data according to key issues and themes. FINDINGS: A dimension of toothache @entity158 that emerged was the perceived inability to @entity5786 . @entity1 reported a dependency on a dentist or other @entity1 to alleviate their @entity158 , suggesting connotations of helplessness, disempowerment and incapacitation. The perceived inability to @entity5786 was also expressed in terms of loss of control, despair and isolation. A number of care-seeking patterns for toothache was identified: repeated visits to the same dentist for emergency care, repeated visits to different dentists, attendance at the dental hospital emergency clinic and consulting non-dental health workers such as doctors and pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: The perceived inability to @entity5786 and care-seeking patterns are two unexplored dimensions of the toothache @entity158 experience. Both dimensions may be associated with @entity158 intensity, the clinical conditions that manifest as toothache, quality of treatment provided and management of demand for emergency dental care. A conceptual framework is proposed for future research to investigate these relationships.

title: Perceived inability to @entity5786 and care-seeking in XXXX with toothache: a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'person']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The effects of a period of 4 weeks training on treadmill exercise performance were evaluated in 27 @entity1 , mean +/- SD age 55 +/- 7 years, who had previously suffered a @entity583 (17 Q-wave) 3-24 months (mean 11 +/- 8). To ensure comparability of exercise levels only @entity1 who obtained their predicted maximal heart rate in the initial test were included. All trained 3-4 hours daily 5 days a week at an average maximal intensity of 85% of their initial peak heart rate. They performed 2 maximal exercise tests before and 1 after the training course. Maximal @entity26 consumption was 28.1 +/- 5.3 and 28.8 +/- 6.5 ml/kg/minute (NS) before, and increased by 16% to 33.4 +/- 7.2 after training (P less than 0.01). Treadmill exercise distance was 510 +/- 153 and 559 +/- 163 meters (10% increase, P less than 0.01) before, and increased by 14% to 638 +/- 156 after (P less than 0.01). Heart rate, ratio of respiratory gas exchange, and breathing frequency remained unchanged in all three tests at maximal exercise, but were significantly lower at identical submaximal levels after training, while the respiratory tidal volume increased. Resting heart rate decreased by 12% after (P less than 0.01). Thus, aerobic exercise performance is improved by short-term training after @entity583 . By the longitudinal design of the study, and the maximal initial exercise test, this physiological improvement can be differentiated from that of increased motivation, and of increased treadmill exercise distance due to improved exercise technique.

title: Physiological effects of short-term training after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: PURPOSE: Wrist arthrodesis after resection of a @entity2967 of the distal radius can be performed using a @entity455 ( @entity455 ) or a @entity4067 ( @entity4067 ). The purpose of this study was to compare the union times, functional outcomes, and complications after these procedures. METHODS: We identified 27 @entity1 at 2 centers: 14 underwent @entity455 , and 13 @entity4067 . The 2 groups were comparable for age, sex, and @entity5 grade. We assessed functional outcomes of the wrist with the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 1987 and 1993 scores, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores. RESULTS: Two local recurrences occurred in the @entity455 group and 1 in the @entity4067 group. The @entity455 group had 3 @entity1 who had already undergone or were planning to undergo surgery for improved appearance, hardware removal, or tendon release. In the @entity4067 group, 2 infections required debridement, one of which went on to free fibular transfer, but there were no reoperations for nonunion or donor site morbidity. The surgical time was significantly shorter for @entity4067 . Functional scores showed no differences between groups on any of the parameters studied for the upper limb. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity455 and @entity4067 were effective surgical techniques for wrist fusion after distal radial resection for @entity2967 . Vascularized free fibular transfer should be considered when a major @entity272 is anticipated, because it allows the inclusion of a vascularized skin paddle, or when the @entity154 is too long (> 10 cm) for @entity4067 . We were unable to demonstrate a difference in upper limb functional scores between @entity455 and @entity4067 . Because the surgical time is significantly shorter and the reoperation rate is lower for @entity4067 , we recommend @entity4067 whenever possible. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.

title: Functional results following vascularized versus nonvascularized bone grafts for wrist arthrodesis following excision of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['osseous defect']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascularized free fibular transfer', 'VFFT']

entities_list: @entity4067 :: ('MESH:D017675', 'Disease') :: ['nonvascularized structural iliac crest transfer', 'NICT']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin defect']

answer: @entity2967 :: (MESH:D005870,Disease) :: ['giant cell tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1205 and @entity1206 are active agents in the treatment of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The efficacy and @entity137 of this combination was evaluated in a Phase II study in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 . METHODS: Forty-six chemotherapy-naive @entity1 (44 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 with a median age of 64 years) with @entity1149 (11 with Stage IIIB and 35 with Stage IV disease) were entered into the study; the World Health Organization (WHO) performance status was 0, 1, and 2 in 32, 11, and 3 @entity1 , respectively. @entity1 received @entity1206 (25 mg/m2) on Day 1 and @entity1205 (100 mg/m2) on Day 2 in cycles repeated every 3 weeks. @entity1261 was given to all @entity1 from Day 3 to Day 10. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-seven courses of chemotherapy were administered. Adverse events included WHO Grade 4 @entity1398 (15 @entity1 ), Grade 3/4 @entity882 (3 @entity1 ), Grade 3 @entity417 (2 @entity1 ), Grade 2 and 3 @entity2359 (7 @entity1 and 1 @entity1 , respectively), and Grade 3 fatigue (2 @entity1 ). Twenty @entity1 (43%) required hospitalization: 11 (24%) for @entity221 (2 deaths from sepsis), and 9 (20%) for @entity358 (2 deaths from @entity1887 ). The median overall survival was 5 months and the 1-year survival was 24%. Four complete responses (9.8%) and 11 partial responses (26.8%) (overall response rate of 36.6%; 95% confidence interval, 21.8-51.3%) were documented in 41 evaluable @entity1 (intent-to-treat: 32.6%). Stable and progressive disease occurred in 13 @entity1 each (31.7%). The median duration of response was 5 months and the median time to progression was 3 months (6 months for the responders). CONCLUSIONS: This schedule of @entity1205 and @entity1206 combination is effective but its relatively high incidence of complicated @entity1398 precludes its general use in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 .

title: First-line treatment of advanced XXXX with @entity1205 and @entity1206 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic fever']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'nonsmall cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['nonneutropenic pulmonary infections']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['nonsmall cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: An aerosol bolus undergoes changes in shape between its inspiration and expiration. In comparison with the inhaled bolus, the exhaled bolus is more spread because of convective mixing, may have a shift in the location of the mode caused by asymmetries of filling and emptying of lung units, and contains fewer particles because of particle deposition. We hypothesized that the extent of these changes is related to lung health. To examine this, 11 @entity1 with @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) and 11 healthy subjects inhaled 70 cm3 boluses containing 1 micron monodisperse particles that were inspired to volumetric penetrations (Vp) of 100 to 700 cm3. As each bolus was expired, we measured spreading (volumetric width at one-half aerosol concentration peak height), modal shift, and particle deposition. @entity1 with @entity1577 exhaled boluses that were broader than those exhaled by normal subjects at all penetrations examined. At a Vp of 600 cm3, @entity1 had a mean bolus half-width that was 68% greater than that of healthy subjects (p less than 0.0001), and they exhaled the bolus mode 20% earlier (p less than 0.0002). Particle deposition was increased compared with that in normal subjects at all Vp. For example, mean deposition at a Vp of 600 cm3 was 46.2 +/- 2.6% (SE) for the @entity1 versus 25.8 +/- 1.6% for the normal subjects (p less than 0.0001). Among the @entity1 with @entity1577 , pulmonary function parameters indicating obstruction were significantly correlated with bolus spreading and aerosol deposition: the percent predicted FEV1/FVC was inversely correlated with spreading (r = -0.88, p less than 0.0004) and deposition (r = -0.84, p less than 0.0008).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of XXXX on inhaled aerosol boluses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis', 'CF']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity626 ( @entity571 ) is a multifactorial disease and strongly affected by mechanical factors. The aims of the present study were to assess validity and reliability of a new muscle strength measuring device, the Quadriceps Training Machine (QTM) and evaluate the relationship between quadriceps strength measured by QTM and radiographic knee @entity571 by epidemiological survey. METHODS: The isometric knee extension muscle strength of QTM was compared with BIODEX in 24 healthy adults. Then, the relationship between radiographic knee @entity571 and quadriceps strength using QTM was investigated with 2,032 knees in 1,016 subjects by an epidemiological survey (Matsudai Knee @entity571 Survey). RESULTS: Significant correlation was observed between QTM and BIODEX (r = 0.69, 0.82). In the Matsudai Knee @entity571 Survey, the prevalence of radiographic @entity571 (grade II or higher upon Kellgren-Lawrence classification) was: 13, 36.9, 67.8, and 86.5 %, regarding @entity1 in their fifties, sixties, seventies, and eighties, respectively, and was 1.7, 13.4, 33.5, and 66.2 % regarding @entity1 , respectively. @entity121 strength declined following 50 years of age, and significant decline was observed in the their sixties and seventies. @entity121 strength of the @entity571 group (grades II, III and IV) was significantly declined compared with that of the Non- @entity571 group (grade-0 and I). Furthermore, the tendency of the muscle strength level to decline with the progression of knee @entity571 grade was particularly observed between grade 0 and grade I in both @entity1 and @entity1 and between grade I and grade II in @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The relationship between radiographic knee @entity571 and quadriceps strength was quantitatively evaluated by an epidemiological survey, and we found a correlation between knee @entity571 and the decline in quadriceps strength. Furthermore, it was suggested that the decline in quadriceps muscle strength may be more strongly related to the incidence of knee @entity571 than to its progression.

title: @entity121 strength and its relationship to XXXX in Japanese elderly.

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['Knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['Quadriceps muscle']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'Osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['radiographic knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanism for declining sperm motility in older @entity1 . DESIGN: Retrospective and prospective study. SETTING: University-based andrology unit. @entity1 (S): Semen was collected from 2,111 @entity1 and sperm donors. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Age, sperm concentration, ejaculate volume, sperm motility (including velocity average path, velocity straight line, velocity curvilinear, linearity, and lateral head displacement), normal sperm morphology, percentage of @entity854 , FSH, and LH concentrations were analyzed. In addition, the @entity219 concentration in the seminal fluid, flagella, and the whole spermatozoa was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. RESULT(S): @entity1 age correlated negatively with T concentration and sperm motility, including velocity, but positively with the percentage of @entity854 and the flagellar @entity219 . Whereas the percentage of @entity854 correlated negatively with motility and sperm velocity, there was a positive relationship with the flagellar @entity219 content. Flagellar @entity219 content was negatively correlated with motility. @entity251 showed a positive relationship with motility and sperm concentration. CONCLUSION(S): Because the epididymis is functionally T-dependent, our data suggest that the removal of @entity219 from the outer dense fibers during epididymal sperm maturation is affected in aging @entity1 , which in turn will result in @entity1319 .

title: Molecular aspects of declining sperm motility in older XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient', 'PATIENT', 'men']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['Testosterone']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormally blue-stained flagella, and total and free T', 'abnormally stained flagella']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['decreased sperm motility']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: @entity14 is an @entity74 that predisposes its carriers to an almost 100% lifetime risk of @entity5 , in particular @entity14 . Germline mutations, resulting in a deficient DNA mismatch repair system, are responsible for the disease. Because of the lack of specific phenotypical features, clinical diagnosis in an individual @entity1 is impossible and relies heavily on family history. Genetic diagnosis by mismatch detection is now possible in a substantial proportion of families. Thus there is a great need for reliable but simple criteria that will help clinicians to recognize @entity1 and families who can be referred for genetic diagnostics. In this article the different criteria that have been formulated and published in recent years are reviewed and the results, in terms of the proportions of subjects satisfying the criteria who were found to have a germline mutation, are discussed. In most studies the criteria were evaluated in only a small number of subjects. A population-based study is currently being carried out in the north of The Netherlands that aims to include 400 @entity1 fulfilling one of a few simple criteria. Mutation analysis will be performed in all @entity1 . The results of this study will help in the formulation of accurate and simple criteria for use in clinical practice.

title: Clinical definition of XXXX : a search for the impossible?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant inherited disorder']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal and endometrial cancer', 'Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sexual problems are common but infrequently diagnosed. They are classified into four major categories: (1) @entity458 , (2) @entity458 , (3) @entity458 , and (4) @entity2531 . METHODS: MEDLINE files from 1966 to the present were searched using the specific @entity250 as key words along with the general key word " @entity250 " to review the published literature. Additional articles came from the reference lists of dysfunction-specific reviews. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The key to diagnosis often rests on the physician's willingness to raise the issue with @entity1 . A rational protocol can be followed to identify causative organic and psychogenic factors using the psychosexual and medical history, a comprehensive physical examination, psychological assessment instruments, laboratory tests, and special procedures. Current psychological treatment includes one or more of the following components: sensate focus exercises, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation training, hypnosis and guided imagery, and group therapies. Specific techniques, such as directed self-stimulation, the stop-start and squeeze techniques, the sexological examination, systematic desensitization, and Kegel exercises, are added therapy when appropriate. Marital therapy to improve communication and resolve conflict is also part of standard therapy. Medical management can include pharmacologic agents to correct endocrine dysfunctions or to alter the progression of the sexual response. Surgical management can involve arterial revascularization, venous ligation, and penile implants. A noninvasive vacuum constriction device is also used to treat @entity323 . The long-term prognosis of the @entity250 varies with the @entity74 and its causes. Generally good results (80 to 95 percent satisfaction) are obtained when treating vaginismus, @entity546 , @entity10552 , and female orgasmic dysfunctions. Long-term results are modestly successful (40 to 80 percent) when treating @entity3930 and @entity2754 . Long-term success is poorest at present for treating @entity458 .

title: XXXX , Part II: Diagnosis, management, and prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile disorders']

entities_list: @entity3930 :: ('MESH:D005834', 'Disease') :: ['inhibited male orgasm']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual arousal disorders', 'sexual desire disorders', 'orgasmic disorders']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['sexual pain disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['type of disorder']

entities_list: @entity2754 :: ('MESH:D061686', 'Disease') :: ['premature ejaculation']

entities_list: @entity10552 :: ('MESH:D005832', 'Disease') :: ['male erectile disorders']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['dyspareunia']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction', 'sexual dysfunctions']

answer: @entity250 :: (MESH:D012735,Disease) :: ['Sexual dysfunction']


abstract: Several lines of evidence suggest a regulatory role for the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nervous system in the airways of the @entity840 and @entity1 . We examined NANC frequency-response characteristics (0.2-90 Hz) with respect to segmental differences and effects of cyclooxygenase-inhibition ( @entity3352 10 microM). Furthermore, the neurogenic contribution to the contractile and the relaxatory NANC response was quantified with @entity1022 (1-10 microM). Frontally opened @entity840 airway rings (n = 3-7) were used. NANC responses were obtained by electrical field stimulation (0.5 ms; 1200 mA; 240 s). A relaxatory NANC response was demonstrated in the proximal and the distal @entity825 . A contractile NANC response was demonstrated in the distal @entity825 and the main bronchus. @entity3352 lowered the baseline @entity2701 , decreased the relaxatory and increased the contractile NANC response (p less than 0.05; at 0.8 Hz; n = 4). A relationship between the baseline @entity2701 and the NANC response is suggested. The relaxatory NANC response was @entity1022 -sensitive at 3 Hz stimulation frequency (p less than 0.05; n = 3). At this frequency, the contractile NANC response was also mainly @entity1022 -sensitive (p less than 0.05; n = 6) whereas at 60 Hz a dominant, @entity1022 -resistant contraction was demonstrated. The pronounced frequency-response relationship as well as the @entity1022 sensitivity at very low frequencies (0.2-1.6 Hz) indicates that @entity1022 -sensitive NANC nerves are stimulated optimally at low impulse frequencies.

title: Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic regulation of @entity840 airway smooth muscle- XXXX -induced changes and segmental differences.

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin', 'indomethacin']

answer: @entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of @entity2614 after severe @entity63 . We also examined the relationship between the duration of @entity63 and neuronal cell death. METHODS: Male @entity35 (300-380 g) were subjected to 6 (each n = 6) or 10 min (each n = 10) of near-complete forebrain @entity63 while anesthetized with either 50 mg/kg of @entity25169 given intraperitoneally or inhaled @entity2614 (2.3%). @entity63 was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion plus @entity551 (26-30 mmHg). Histologic outcomes were measured 7 days after @entity63 in @entity1249 pyramidal cells of the @entity35 hippocampus. RESULTS: The mean percentage of @entity39 cells in the hippocampal @entity1249 area decreased in the @entity2614 group compared to the @entity25169 group (25% vs. 40% after 6 min @entity63 , respectively: P = 0.004 and 44% vs. 54% after 10 min of @entity63 , respectively P = 0.03). The percentage of apoptotic cells was similar in all groups. The percentage of @entity39 cells in each anesthetic groups was significantly higher in the 10 min @entity63 group compared to the 6 min @entity63 group (P = 0.004 in the @entity2614 group, P = 0.03 in the @entity25169 group). CONCLUSIONS: The present data show that @entity2614 has neuroprotective effects in @entity35 subjected to near-complete @entity2806 . Longer duration of @entity63 is associated with more @entity528 when compared to @entity63 of shorter duration.

title: Effects of XXXX on @entity528 after severe @entity2806 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'forebrain ischemic injury', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic hypotension']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal injury']

answer: @entity2614 :: (MESH:C009250,Chemical) :: ['sevoflurane']


abstract: This study was carried out to determine the effects of a transient doe-litter separation on plasma @entity16731 , LH, FSH, @entity53 -17beta and @entity1420 concentrations before artificial insemination and during the subsequent pregnancy. Control does (n=12) had free access to nursing, whereas separated does (n=12) were kept away from their litters for 48 hours before artificial insemination. Both groups were inseminated on day 11 after parturition. Teat stimulation by suckling caused a high increase in @entity16731 concentrations in separated does (p < 0.0001). Basal @entity16731 concentrations were observed in both groups on days 8 and 18 of pregnancy. No effect of the treatment was detected on LH and FSH concentrations during the sampling period. A rise of @entity53 -17beta concentrations was observed 48 hours after doe-litter separation, compared to control does and to previous values (p < 0.003). Both groups showed low @entity1420 concentrations before artificial insemination. Pregnant @entity95 in both groups showed increased @entity1420 concentrations on days 8 and 18 of pregnancy. Lower @entity53 -17beta concentrations were observed in control does on day 18 of pregnancy compared with separated @entity95 (p < 0.003). The results suggest that a transient separation of nursing does from their litters before artificial insemination may promote high follicular steroidogenesis activity leading to increased @entity53 -17beta concentrations. This hormonal change could be a result of several stimulatory actions probably triggered by the absence of suckling episodes and may affect the luteotrophic function during the subsequent pregnancy.

title: Endocrine profiles during doe-litter separation and the subsequent pregnancy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']