abstract: Splenectomy increases the risk of contracting @entity281 with high mortality. Thus, splenic tissue should be repaired orthotopically whenever possible. If all attempts fail, splenic autotransplantation might be a suitable method for splenic salvage. The protective function of such transplants in adults has been questioned, leading to a decreased frequency of splenic autotransplantations. However, the regeneration of splenic tissue is better in the young organism than in the old, suggesting that the protection provided by regenerated splenic tissue might be more reliable in @entity1 than in adults. In addition, @entity1 are at a higher risk in the case of overwhelming @entity295 . The protection warranted by regenerated splenic tissue after autotransplantation at different ages was examined using a highly standardized animal model. Sham operation, splenectomy, and splenic autotransplantation were performed on adult, weanling, and newborn @entity35 , and @entity328 was applied intranasally 9 months after the operation. After pneumococcal challenge about 80% of the splenectomized animals in the different age groups died of infection, whereas only 20% of the sham operated @entity35 died. Regenerated splenic tissue resulting from splenic autotransplantation performed on adult or weanling @entity35 demonstrated no protective function. However, in newborn @entity35 with transplanted splenic tissue, both survival rate and survival time were increased significantly. Determination of lymphocyte subsets in the blood did not allow the protective role of splenic transplants to be predicted. This study indicates that disappointing results of splenic autotransplantation in adult @entity1 should not lead to false pessimism about the role of this operation in @entity1 .

title: Splenic autotransplantation provides protection against @entity295 in young but not in old XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['postsplenectomy sepsis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We describe the optimal timing of surgery in active @entity884 @entity1 with @entity1504 . (1) Non- @entity548 @entity1188 : elective surgery has been recommended in @entity1 with non- @entity548 @entity1188 . However, the timing is changing to an earlier phase. Recent studies have shown that silent @entity999 and small-size @entity1188 (15-20 mm) without @entity772 can be operated safely without delay. On the other hand, in @entity1 with large non- @entity548 @entity1188 with @entity1662 , early surgery is not recommended. (2) Non-ruptured @entity438 : treatment strategies for @entity1 with @entity439 without @entity397 remain controversial. However, the treatments are generally as follows. If the @entity438 without @entity397 decreases in size by administration of effective antibiotics, neurosurgery will not be required and cardiac surgery can be prioritized without delay. When the @entity439 without @entity397 enlarges and changes its morphology, neurosurgery or endovascular surgery should be prioritized to prevent its @entity397 . (3) @entity64 : this type is classified into primary @entity1779 due to simple necrotic @entity3468 , @entity548 transformation of @entity1188 , and @entity397 of @entity438 . Among these, primary @entity1779 is the most frequently observed. In @entity1 with the primary @entity1779 , surgery must be postponed for at least 4 weeks to prevent exacerbation of @entity548 . In @entity1 with @entity1756 , neurosurgery or endovascular surgery is performed initially and cardiac surgery should be postponed at least 2-3 weeks.

title: Current treatment of active XXXX with @entity1504 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['Hemorrhagic stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial infectious aneurysms', 'infectious intracranial aneurysm', 'intracranial aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured infectious aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['brain embolism']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['brain complications']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic infarcts', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['infectious aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['impaired consciousness']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intra-cerebral hemorrhage', 'intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['infective endocarditis']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of Wharton jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC) in a @entity2208 @entity35 model. METHODS: An abortion model was established using intravenous injection of @entity2847 . WJ-MSC were isolated and cultured from Wharton jelly of the @entity1 umbilical cord. The pathologic changes of placenta decidual tissues were observed after @entity1710 - @entity1711 staining. The embryo absorption rate was counted. The protein and mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-y and @entity7940 in each group were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: After @entity2847 injection, decidual cells degenerated and the connections between them loosened. Furthermore, some of the decidual cells were @entity39 and the nuclei had disappeared. However, the transplantation of a large population of WJ-MSC prevented these damages from occurring. The changes of levels of @entity13358 , IFN-y and @entity7940 in serum and placenta decidual tissues induced by @entity2847 were well restored by a high, but not a low, dose of WJ-MSC engraft. CONCLUSION: WJ-MSC can ameliorate early @entity393 . The mechanism may be related to its upregulation of @entity13358 and downregulation of IFN-y and @entity7940 .

title: Therapeutic effects of Wharton jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells on XXXX abortion models.

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous-abortion']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy loss']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite improvement in management of primary @entity5 , 2.6-32% of @entity1 develop local recurrence. A proportion of these @entity1 can be amenable to salvage surgery. The present article reviews the evidence for and against the surgical management for local recurrence of @entity5 , the role of adjuvant and intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), and evaluates short and long-term outcomes. METHOD: A literature search was performed using Medline, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane database for studies between 1980 and 2005 assessing surgical management of local recurrence of @entity5 and the evidence was critically evaluated. RESULTS: Nearly 50% of @entity5 recurrences are local and are therefore potentially amenable to curative resection. Preoperative imaging is important for appropriate selection of @entity1 for surgery and preoperative adjuvant therapy is essential. Five-year survival following resection ranges from 18% to 58% with 5-year survival following complete resection of over 35% though morbidity ranges from 21% to 82%. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is beneficial and IORT may have a contributory role in treatment. Aggressive surgical treatment favourably affects quality of life and is cost effective. Surgery for local recurrence can result in significant long-term survival with acceptable morbidity and improved quality of life in appropriately selected @entity1 . Assessment in a specialist centre familiar with these techniques is essential.

title: Surgery for local recurrence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: In an Indonesian population deprived of regular dental care, the experienced progression of disease between baseline (1987) and follow-up (1994) was investigated in relation to the composition of the subgingival microbiota at follow-up. At baseline the age ranged from 15 to 25 years. Clinical and microbiological evaluation was completed in 158 of the 167 subjects available at follow-up. METHODS: Plaque index (PI), @entity5951 ( @entity5951 ), @entity548 on probing (BOP), and @entity6730 ( @entity6730 ) were scored at the approximal surfaces of all teeth and @entity1608 on the approximal surfaces of the Ramfjord teeth only (number of sites with @entity1608 : NSC). A pooled sample of the deepest pocket in each quadrant was evaluated using microbiological culture techniques. RESULTS: At baseline the mean values of the clinical parameters were @entity6730 =0.35 mm, PI=1.01, BOP=0.80 @entity5951 =3.25 mm and NSC=6.04 and at follow-up @entity6730 =0.75 mm, PI=1.16, BOP=1.19, @entity5951 =3.34 mm and NSC=5.85. All parameters except @entity5951 and NSC showed a statistically significant increase. At follow-up the prevalence of @entity3841 was 40%, of @entity2523 67%, of @entity3288 66%, of @entity8209 79%, of @entity3289 16%, of Campylobacter rectus 4%, and of P. micros 6%. No differences in clinical parameters were found between groups with or without these micro-organisms. In 129 subjects @entity6730 of > or =2 mm at > or =1 site was found. Logistic regression showed three significant odds-ratio's for experienced progressive @entity2521 : Plaque index (12.2), gender (3.4) and @entity3841 (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this retrospective study suggest that plaque is the most important parameter related to experienced disease progression, and that the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans may be associated with increased chance of disease progression.

title: Untreated periodontal disease in Indonesian adolescents. Subgingival microbiota in relation to experienced progression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6730 :: ('MESH:D017622', 'Disease') :: ['attachment loss', 'AL']

entities_list: @entity8209 :: ('851', 'Species') :: ['Fusobacterium nucleatum']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3288 :: ('28131', 'Species') :: ['Prevotella intermedia']

entities_list: @entity1608 :: ('MESH:D002137', 'Disease') :: ['subgingival calculus']

entities_list: @entity3289 :: ('28112', 'Species') :: ['Bacteroides forsythus']

entities_list: @entity3841 :: ('714', 'Species') :: ['Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity5951 :: ('MESH:D005888', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'pocket depth']

entities_list: @entity2523 :: ('837', 'Species') :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: The use of medications on a p.r.n. basis on @entity146 inpatient wards is common and widespread but without clear evidence of effectiveness. While individual studies have explored the use of p.r.n. medications in @entity1 receiving scheduled psychotropic medications, no systematic review of the effectiveness of this use of p.r.n. medications has been done. A MEDLINE search was performed of all articles published in English between 1966 and November 2008. Studies were included only if they involved @entity146 @entity1 and if they quantitatively explored the effectiveness of p.r.n. medications. Ten retrospective studies were identified that met inclusion criteria. Among the studies involving adult inpatients, estimates of effectiveness, primarily in the management of @entity2146 , were consistently moderately high, averaging approximately 75%. These studies mainly involved use of antipsychotics and @entity1245 . Lower estimates of about 30% were obtained in studies involving non-adult inpatients who had few @entity914 and among whom there was only minimal use of p.r.n. @entity1245 . The meaning of effectiveness was often unclear across these retrospective studies. It also appears that important outcome measures, such as duration of hospitalization, may not be affected. Administration of p.r.n. medication was also associated with a greater risk of adverse events. Future studies concerning use of p.r.n. medications in @entity146 @entity1 should examine objective ratings of @entity2146 , medication effects, and adverse events.

title: Limited evidence for the effectiveness of p.r.n. Medications among XXXX inpatients.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic disorders']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: During the process of tissue remodeling in @entity1 @entity5 transplantation models, the roles of the inoculated @entity5 cells and host tissue in @entity5 progression is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships and interactions between these two sides using GFP-RFP double fluorescence tracing technique. METHODS: Red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene was stably transfected into @entity11 stem cell line SU3, then SU3-RFP cells were transplanted into the brain of athymic @entity19 with green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression. After the @entity5 were formed, the relationship and interaction between GFP cells and RFP cells were analyzed. Highly proliferative GFP cells were screened out, and monocloned with micro-pipetting. DNA content assay, chromosome banding and carcinogenicity test of the GFP cells were performed to observe the GFP cells' cancerous phenotype in @entity19 . RESULTS: In the transplantable @entity5 tissue, besides a great quantity of RFP cells, there were still a proportion of GFP cells and GFP/RFP fusion cells. The proportion of RFP cells, GFP cells and GFP/RFP cells were (88.99    1.46)%, (5.59    1.00)%, and (4.11    1.020)%, respectively. Two monoclonal host GFP cells (H1 and H9) were cloned, which demonstrated the properties of immortality, loss of contact inhibition, and ultra-tetraploid when cultured in vitro. Both H1 and H9 cells expressed @entity31247 , a specific marker of oligodendrocytes. The GFP cells also demonstrated 100% tumorigenic rate and high invasive properties in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: In this @entity8 tissues contained not only transplanted @entity11 stem cells but also cancerous host GFP cells. Our findings offer important clues to further research on the relationships among different members in the @entity5 microenvironment.

title: [Host glial cell canceration induced by XXXX stem cells in GFP/RFP dual fluorescence @entity11 models in @entity19 ].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glioma transplantation model, the transplanted tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intracerebral tumors']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: 1. The membrane potential of giant muscle fibres of Maia squinado was measured with an intracellular wire electrode. On applying @entity8854 to the fibre the cell deplorized and fluctuations of the membrane potential around its mean level-- @entity2227 noise--were seen. 2. The variance of the @entity2227 voltage noise is proportional to the mean level of depolarization. The noise can be regarded as being caused by numerous exponentially decaying elementary voltage events about 5 X 10(-10) V in amplitude. The miniature excitatory junctional potential (min.e.j.p.) is approximately 6000 times the amplitude of the elementary voltage event produced by @entity8854 . 3. The power spectrum of @entity2227 voltage noise is a Lorentzian with a half-power frequency of approximately 20 Hz. 4. Min. e.j.p.s. decay exponentially with a time constant that coincides with the average lifetime of the elementary @entity2227 voltage event. 5. When @entity2227 is applied locally to a spot where extracellular min. e.j.p.s. can be recorded with a focal glass pipette, extracellular @entity2227 noise is seen. @entity2227 noise could not be detected from elsewhere on the fibre. 6. The variance of the extracellular noise is proportional to the mean extracellular potential, and its power spectrum is a Lorentzian with a half-power frequency of about 110 Hz. 7. The extracellular min. e.j.p.s decay exponentially with a time constant that coincides with average lifetime of the elementary @entity2227 current event. 8. It is suggested that the decay of the quantal currents flowing at the excitatory junction is limited by the closure of the conductance channels in the post-synaptic membrane and not by the relaxation of the transmitter concentration in the synaptic cleft.

title: On the elementary conductance event produced by XXXX and quanta of the natural transmitter at the neuromuscular junctions of Maia squinado.

entities_list: @entity8854 :: ('CHEBI:29985', 'Chemical') :: ['L-glutamate']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamate', 'glutamate']

answer: @entity8854 :: (CHEBI:29985,Chemical) :: ['L-glutamate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare pregnancy outcomes in twin pregnancies based on maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Historical cohort study of all twin pregnancies >24 weeks managed by one maternal-fetal medicine practice from 2005 to 2012. We compared pregnancy outcomes between pre-pregnancy @entity28 (BMI >=  30 kg/m(2)) and normal weight @entity1 (BMI 18.5-24.99 kg/m(2)). We also compared pre-pregnancy normal weight @entity1 to overweight @entity1 (BMI 25-29.99 kg/m(2)) and underweight @entity1 (BMI <18.5 kg/m(2)). Chi square, Fisher's exact test, Student's t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used as appropriate. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Five hundred fourteen @entity1 with twin pregnancies were included. Pre-pregnancy @entity28 was associated with gestational @entity101 (34.1% versus 17.9%, p = 0.011), @entity1468 (27.3% versus 14.4%, p = 0.028), and gestational @entity6 (22.2% versus 4.7%, p < 0.001). Pre-pregnancy overweight was associated with gestational @entity6 (13.7% versus 4.7%, p = 0.002). Pre-pregnancy underweight was not associated with any adverse pregnancy outcomes. Comparing outcomes across normal weight, overweight, and @entity28 @entity1 , the rates of gestational @entity6 and gestational @entity101 increased significantly across the three groups. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with twin pregnancy, pre-pregnancy @entity28 is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational @entity6 , gestational @entity101 , and @entity1468 .

title: XXXX and adverse pregnancy outcomes in twin pregnancies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The magnitude of potential changes in Quality-of-Life (QoL) after structured institution-based or home-based @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) rehabilitation programs are largely unknown at present. This pilot study provides first QoL data after @entity3657 rehabilitation or a home-based @entity3657 training. @entity1 AND METHODS: In a non-randomized, open-label pilot study three groups of out- @entity1 were compared: group 1 (n = 18) @entity3657 rehabilitation; group 2 (n = 17) @entity3657 rehabilitation + @entity1397 75 mg once daily; group 3 (n = 20) home-based training. The training period was 3 months, which was followed by a 3-month observation phase (without prescribed training). The institution-based rehabilitation program consisted of 3 training hours per week whereas @entity1 training at home were instructed to walk for 1 hour per day on an outdoor track. QoL assessment was performed using MOS SF-36, PAVK-86 and @entity3657 -WIQ questionnaires. RESULTS: At baseline background variables, demographics and @entity613 distances were comparable between groups. After three months of training the percentage changes for the @entity613 ( @entity1479 , @entity13685 ) for groups 1, 2, and 3 amounted to 164%, 201%, 44% ( @entity1479 ) and 83%, 131%, 5% ( @entity13685 ), respectively. Statistically significant QoL improvements were recorded for physical functions, @entity158 and disease related @entity148 in all three study groups; statistically significant inter-group differences were not found. CONCLUSIONS: In sharp contrast to the development of the @entity613 distances the improvement in QoL, found after 3 months of training, was comparable and not consistently different between the groups.

title: Quality of life improvement after hospital- based rehabilitation or home-based physical training in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['PAD', 'peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['claudication', 'initial and the absolute claudication distance']

answer: @entity613 :: (MESH:D007383,Disease) :: ['intermittent claudication']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity697 ( @entity697 ) is a spontaneously remitting disease for @entity158 is the most distressing symptom. Antibiotics are now known to have less benefit than previously assumed. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of topical @entity1337 for @entity697 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2006), MEDLINE (1966 to May Week 3 2006), EMBASE (1990 to December 2005) and LILACS (1982 to September 2005) without language restriction, and the reference lists of articles. We also contacted manufacturers and authors. SELECTION CRITERIA: Double-blind randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing an otic preparation with an analgesic effect (excluding antibiotics) versus placebo or an otic preparation with an analgesic effect (excluding antibiotics) versus any other otic preparation with an analgesic effect, in adults or @entity1 presenting at primary care settings with @entity697 without perforation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Potential studies were screened independently and trial quality was assessed by three authors, and differences were resolved by discussion. Data was then independently extracted from the trials selected by two authors. We contacted the authors of three trials to acquire additional information not available in published articles. MAIN RESULTS: Our searches yielded 356 records; four trials met our criteria. One trial with 54 @entity1 compared treatment with anaesthetic ear drops versus an olive oil placebo immediately at diagnosis. All @entity1 were also given @entity1443 . There was a statistically significant @entity158 reduction of 25% in those receiving anaesthetic drops 30 minutes after instillation. Three trials (with one common co-author) compared anaesthetic ear drops with @entity2169 in 274 @entity1 . One of these trials also used antibiotics in both groups. There were statistically significant differences at instillation of drops, or 15 or 30 minutes after the instillation (or both) on one to three days after diagnosis, always favouring the naturopathic group in each trial. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from these four randomised controlled trials, only one of which addresses the most relevant question of primary effectiveness, is insufficient to know whether ear drops are effective or not.

title: Topical @entity1337 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['AOM', 'Acute otitis media']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['which pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity2169 :: ('MESH:D004427', 'Disease') :: ['naturopathic herbal ear drops']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute otitis media']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate @entity1 perceptions of subcutaneous denosumab or oral @entity561 in postmenopausal @entity1 with or at risk for @entity170 and how these perceptions influence adherence. METHODS: Postmenopausal @entity1 with low bone mass were randomized to denosumab 60 mg every 6 months for 1 year (treatment period 1 [ @entity22154 ]) followed by @entity561 70 mg once weekly for 1 year (treatment @entity5394 [ @entity26565 ]), or vice versa. Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire data were collected at baseline and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months; a @entity4998 ( @entity4998 ) was calculated for each time point. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the influences of baseline characteristics on nonadherence. RESULTS: @entity1 included 250 @entity1 ( @entity561 /denosumab, n = 124; denosumab/ @entity561 , n = 126). During @entity22154 , the @entity4998 at month 6 was higher with denosumab than with @entity561 (P = 0.0076). In @entity26565 , the @entity4998 was higher for @entity1 switched to denosumab than for @entity1 switched to @entity561 at 6 months (P = 0.0126) and 12 months (P = 0.4605). Denosumab was preferred to @entity561 regardless of treatment sequence (P < 0.0001). Covariate analysis revealed that higher @entity26565 baseline necessity scores were associated with lower odds of nonadherence (P = 0.0055), whereas higher concerns about medication scores were associated with higher odds of nonadherence (P = 0.0247). Higher @entity4998 scores were also associated with lower odds of nonadherence (P = 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 preferred denosumab to @entity561 while on treatment and had more positive perceptions of denosumab than @entity561 . These perceptions were associated with better adherence.

title: Influence of @entity1 perceptions and preferences for XXXX medication on adherence behavior in the Denosumab Adherence Preference Satisfaction study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['NCD', 'necessity-concerns differential']

entities_list: @entity561 :: ('MESH:D019386', 'Chemical') :: ['alendronate']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to describe a method that assesses the hyperemic microvascular blood plasma volume of the @entity291 musculature. The reversibly albumin binding contrast agent gadofosveset was used in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE MRI) to assess the microvascular status in @entity1 with @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) and healthy controls. In addition, the reproducibility of this method in healthy controls was determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten @entity3657 @entity1 with @entity613 and 10 healthy control subjects were included. @entity1 underwent contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the peripheral arteries, followed by one DCE MRI examination of the musculature of the @entity291 . Healthy control subjects were examined twice on different days to determine normative values and the interreader and interscan reproducibility of the technique. The MRI protocol comprised dynamic imaging of contrast agent wash-in under reactive @entity450 conditions of the @entity291 musculature. Using pharmacokinetic modeling the hyperemic fractional microvascular blood plasma volume (V(p), unit: %) of the anterior tibial, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles was calculated. RESULTS: V(p) was significantly lower for all muscle groups in @entity3657 @entity1 (4.3  1.6%, 5.0  3.3% and 6.1  3.6% for anterior tibial, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, respectively) compared to healthy control subjects (9.1  2.0%, 8.9  1.9% and 9.3  2.1%). Differences in V(p) between muscle groups were not significant. The coefficient of variation of V(p) varied from 10-14% and 11-16% at interscan and interreader level, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Using DCE MRI after contrast-enhanced MR angiography with gadofosveset enables reproducible assessment of hyperemic fractional microvascular blood plasma volume of the @entity291 musculature. V(p) was lower in @entity3657 @entity1 than in healthy controls, which reflects a promising functional (hemodynamic) biomarker for the microvascular impairment of @entity75 .

title: Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI assessment of hyperemic fractional microvascular blood plasma volume in XXXX : initial findings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['macrovascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['intermittent claudication']

answer: @entity3657 :: (MESH:D058729,Disease) :: ['peripheral arterial disease']


abstract: @entity12391 (peristernal @entity12391 or @entity9257 ) is a self-limited, painful inflammatory condition of the costochondral, sternoclavicular, manubriosternal or xiphisternal junctions. It is benign, and affects all ages, sexes and races equally. The principal manifestations are @entity158 and, frequently, a mass most commonly at the costochondral junctions. In 1974, C.J. described the first cases to be reported at the xiphisternal junction. We describe here 24 cases at that site. These @entity1 ' presenting symptoms suggested cardiac, pulmonary, intraabdominal and other severe disease processes. Diagnosis was made on clinical grounds based on a high index of suspicion. Treatment comprised infiltration of local anesthetic to the afflicted joints with prompt, complete and prolonged relief in 21 (87.5%) of the cases, and complete temporary relief in three (12.5%). We suggest that a possible mechanism for the referral of @entity158 is the relationship of the xiphisternal joint to a variety of structures including autonomic nerves that accompany the internal mammary arteries.

title: @entity9257 ( XXXX ) at the xiphisternal joint: a mimic of severe disease.

entities_list: @entity9257 :: ('MESH:D007818', 'Disease') :: ['perichondritis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity12391 :: ('MESH:D013991', 'Disease') :: ['chondritis', "Tietze's syndrome"]

answer: @entity12391 :: (MESH:D013991,Disease) :: ['Tietze's syndrome']


abstract: A 25-year-old female, 17 weeks pregnant presented to our hospital with complaints of progressively increasing @entity1353 . She was @entity101 with creatine of 1.0; she was transferred to ICU with multiple medications to control her blood pressure, without success. The @entity1 continued to decompensate, which required intubation. The @entity1 developed @entity810 , part of her work-up suggested bilateral @entity2791 . She was taken to the catheterization lab and was found to have @entity432 . The left renal artery was successfully opened. The @entity1 recovered and her blood pressure was controlled after the procedure. In the past, surgery was the preferred treatment in cases of @entity432 . This approach has been replaced increasingly by renal artery angioplasty, which is less invasive and is at least as effective as surgical reconstruction. Our case demonstrates a percutaneous approach can be tried for @entity8 with a successful outcome.

title: Complete resolution of @entity810 after left renal artery angioplasty and stent placement for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['totally occluded renal artery']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal artery occlusion', 'bilateral total renal artery occlusion']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['total renal artery occlusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, the alleviation of acute @entity741 and @entity5721 (MI/RI) during myocardial reperfusion has presented a significant clinical challenge. This study was performed to investigate the effects of @entity8232 (FH) postconditioning on MI/RI and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Seventy-two @entity35 were randomly divided into four groups: a Sham group, an @entity63 /reperfusion (I/ @entity7414 @entity8232 (FH) group, and a @entity8232 +PI3K inhibitor (FH+I) group. @entity583 size, cell apoptotic index (AI), and myocardial tissue expression of @entity23028 ( @entity23028 ), @entity1976 , @entity1976 associated X protein ( @entity2310 ), @entity4124 , @entity2308 and phosphorylated @entity2308 (P- @entity2308 ) were detected. RESULTS: All these parameters, except @entity2308 expression, were higher in the I/R group than in the Sham group (p < 0.05). Compared to the I/R group, @entity583 size, AI, @entity2310 and @entity4124 expression were significantly reduced in the FH group (p < 0.05), while @entity1976 expression was increased (p < 0.05). However, the @entity583 size and AI of the FH+I group were similar to those of the I/R group (p > 0.05). Compared to the FH group, @entity1976 expression was reduced in the FH+I group, while @entity2310 and @entity4124 expression was increased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, P- @entity2308 expression in the FH group was significantly higher than that of the I/R group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: FH post-conditioning alleviated MI/RI, with narrowing of the @entity1188 size and decreased apoptosis of @entity63 cardiocytes. The mechanism was associated with activation of the PI3K- @entity2308 signaling pathway.

title: Protective effects of @entity8232 post-conditioning on acute @entity741 / XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity8232 :: ('MESH:C049347', 'Chemical') :: ['fasudil hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity5721 :: ('MESH:D015427', 'Disease') :: ['reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity23028 :: ('81762(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ROCK1', 'Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarct', 'Myocardial infarct']

answer: @entity5721 :: (MESH:D015427,Disease) :: ['reperfusion injury']


abstract: Macrophages in the diaphragm of fetal, growing and adult @entity35 were investigated using electron microscopy. In addition, frozen sections of the diaphragm, muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and muscles of the @entity291 were stained for acid phosphatase activity and examined with the light microscope. Macrophages were frequently observed in the muscles at 20 days of gestation and until the animals were 2 weeks old. They were less frequently found in the 4-week-old @entity35 and very rarely found in the 8-week-old and adult @entity35 . They were found in intimate contact with, sometimes apparently surrounding, certain muscle fibres which were very electron dense and considered to be degenerating. In addition, myofibrils were found as phagosomes within the macrophage cytoplasm. There was evidence to support the theory that macrophages develop from mesenchymal cells in embryonic tissue. Cells considered to be early macrophages and containing small lysosomes were found in the muscles at 16 and 18 days of gestation. In all other respects these cells resembled mesenchymal cells. It is proposed that cell @entity204 may be a normal developmental event in skeletal muscle, in which macrophages play an important role in the removal of the dead fibres.

title: Macrophages in developing mammalian skeletal muscle: evidence for muscle fibre XXXX as a normal developmental event.

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The LiquoGuard   system is a new ventricular-type monitoring device that facilitates @entity428 ( @entity428 )-controlled or volume-controlled drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The purpose of this study is to report the authors' experience with the @entity428 monitoring system, as well as the clinical safety, usefulness, and limitations of this device in the management of @entity1 with @entity131 ( @entity131 ). METHODS: Intraventricular @entity428 monitoring was performed on 10 @entity1 with @entity131 using the LiquoGuard   monitoring system. @entity428 measurements, volume of drained CSF, and clinical outcomes were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS: @entity428 monitoring was performed on 10 @entity1 for a mean duration of 6.9 days. With a mean 82,718 records per @entity1 , the mean initial @entity428 was 16.4 mm Hg and the average @entity428 across the total duration of monitoring was 15.5 mm Hg. The mean volume of drained CSF was 29.2 cc/day, with no CSF drained in 4 @entity1 . Seven of 10 @entity1 showed 1 or 2 episodes of @entity428 . No @entity1 exhibited complications associated with @entity428 monitoring. CONCLUSION: The LiquoGuard   system is a versatile tool in the management of @entity131 @entity1 . Its use is both reliable and feasible for @entity428 monitoring and therapeutic drainage of CSF. However, episodes of @entity428 were frequently observed in @entity1 with slit ventricles, and further study may be needed to overcome this issue.

title: Early Experience of Automated Intraventricular Type Intracranial Pressure Monitoring (LiquoGuard  ) for Severe @entity131 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['LiquoGuard   ICP', 'abnormal ICP measurements', 'ICP', 'intracranial pressure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: The @entity1501 -dependent enzymes are attractive targets for @entity5 chemotherapy. @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ), which inhibits @entity9796 reductase, has been widely used for the treatment of @entity5 and @entity1583 . Raltitrexed ("Tomudex") ), which inhibits thymidylate synthase, is a novel anticancer agent active against @entity14 and some other @entity5 . We studied the optimal schedule of raltitrexed and @entity1500 in combination against four @entity1 @entity694 cell lines Colo201, @entity1 , LoVo, and WiDr. These cells were simultaneously exposed to raltitrexed and @entity1500 for 24 h, or sequentially exposed to raltitrexed for 24 h followed by @entity1500 for 24 h, or vice versa. Cell growth inhibition after 5 days was determined by using @entity2454 ( @entity98 ) assay. The effects of drug combinations at the concentrations of drug that produced 80% and 50% cell growth inhibition (IC(80) and IC(50)) were analyzed by the isobologram method (Steel and Peckham, 1979). Cytotoxic interactions between raltitrexed and @entity1500 were schedule-dependent. The simultaneous exposure to raltitrexed and @entity1500 showed additive effects in Colo201, LoVo and WiDr cells and antagonistic effects in @entity1 cells. The sequential exposure to raltitrexed followed by @entity1500 produced additive effects in all four cell lines. The sequential exposure to @entity1500 followed by raltitrexed produced synergistic effects in Colo201, LoVo and WiDr cells and additive effects in @entity1 cells. These findings suggest that the sequential administration of @entity1500 followed by raltitrexed produces more than the expected @entity137 and may be the optimal schedule at the cellular level. Further in vivo and clinical studies will be necessary to determine the @entity137 and to test the antitumor effects of sequential administration of @entity1500 followed by raltitrexed proposed on the basis of the in vitro synergism.

title: Schedule-dependent synergism and antagonism between raltitrexed ("Tomudex") and @entity1499 in XXXX @entity694 cell lines in vitro.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'solid tumors']

entities_list: @entity2454 :: ('MESH:C022616', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological cancers']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity9796 :: ('MESH:C010920', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrofolate']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: Provenge (Dendreon Corp, Seattle, WA) is an immunotherapy product consisting of autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with a recombinant fusion protein consisting of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) linked to @entity2841 . Sequential phase I and phase II trials were performed to determine the safety and efficacy of Provenge and to assess its capacity to break immune tolerance to the normal tissue antigen PAP. @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 had @entity263 . Dendritic-cell precursors were harvested by leukapheresis in weeks 0, 4, 8, and 24, loaded ex vivo with antigen for 2 days, and then infused intravenously over 30 minutes. Phase I @entity1 received increasing doses of Provenge, and phase II @entity1 received all the Provenge that could be prepared from a leukapheresis product. RESULTS: @entity1 tolerated treatment well. Fever, the most common adverse event, occurred after 15 infusions (14.7%). All @entity1 developed immune responses to the recombinant fusion protein used to prepare Provenge, and 38% developed immune responses to PAP. Three @entity1 had a more than 50% decline in @entity1486 level, and another three @entity1 had 25% to 49% decreases in @entity1486 . The time to disease progression correlated with development of an immune response to PAP and with the dose of dendritic cells received. CONCLUSION: Provenge is a novel immunotherapy agent that is safe and breaks tolerance to the tissue antigen PAP. Preliminary evidence for clinical efficacy warrants further exploration.

title: Immunotherapy of XXXX with antigen-loaded dendritic cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['hormone-refractory prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen (PSA)', 'PSA']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['hormone-refractory prostate cancer']


abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important factor in @entity295 . LPS given by intraperitoneal injection induces intestinal hyperpermeability and bacterial translocation in animals and stimulates hepatic Kupffer cells to release @entity1505 into the bile. This study aims to test the hypothesis that in response to LPS stimulation, hepatic Kupffer cells and extrahepatic macrophages release a large amount of the inflammatory cytokine @entity22520 ( @entity22520 ) into the bile and that bile containing @entity22520 contributes to gut barrier dysfunction in experimental @entity5694 . To test this, @entity35 common bile ducts were catheterized and bile flow rate was monitored before and during the LPS administration. Eight hours after LPS challenge, anti- @entity22520 neutralizing antibody or nonimmune (sham) IgG was injected into the duodenal lumen of endotoxemic @entity35 ; normal @entity19 were also gavaged with normal or endotoxemic @entity35 bile (bile collected from LPS-treated @entity35 ). We found that after LPS challenge, the bile flow rate in @entity35 was significantly decreased at the 4- to 12-h time points, @entity1505 concentration in the bile was markedly elevated at the 3- to 4-h time points, and bile @entity22520 levels were significantly increased at the 8- to 12-h time points. Duodenal injection with anti- @entity22520 antibody reversed LPS-induced gut barrier dysfunction in @entity35 . In addition, feeding endotoxemic @entity35 bile to normal @entity19 significantly increased both mucosal permeability and bacterial translocation. The increase in permeability and bacterial translocation was reversible following removal of @entity22520 from the endotoxemic @entity35 bile. These findings document that bile @entity22520 mediates gut barrier dysfunction in experimental @entity5694 .

title: Bile @entity22520 contributes to gut barrier dysfunction in experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

answer: @entity5694 :: (MESH:D019446,Disease) :: ['endotoxemia']


abstract: CASE 1. A 55-year-old @entity1 was admitted because of an abnormality in chest radiographs. Chest HRCT showed multiple @entity5409 with thick and thin walls, and nodules; and strongly suggested @entity5930 (EG). Open lung biopsy revealed @entity738 formation and a fibrotic area consistent with EG. CASE 2. A 28-year-old @entity1 was admitted because of @entity662 and @entity1353 . Chest radiography revealed bilateral pneumothorax. Chest HRCT showed multiple @entity5409 with thick walls involving the entire lung. As lung biopsy revealed, proliferative lesions and cavitation containing S-100 protein-positive histiocytes, we diagnosed this case as pulmonary EG in the active stage. CASE 3. A 32-year-old @entity1 was admitted because of @entity1353 . Chest CT showed bullous changes in the lung. As an open lung biopsy revealed, honeycomb changes with S-100 protein-positive histiocytes, this case was diagnosed as the regressive phase of EG. It is known that the chest radiography and HRCT findings of EG are characteristic and vary with the stage, so a surgical lung biopsy is necessary for diagnosis of EG. It is considered that the prognosis of the active phase of EG involving the entire lung is poor.

title: [Three cases of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity5930 :: ('MESH:D011657', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma']

answer: @entity5930 :: (MESH:D011657,Disease) :: ['pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Humour is a complex, dynamic phenomenon that mainly occurs in social situations between two or more @entity1 . Most humour research reviews rehearsed as opposed to spontaneous humour and rarely review the @entity1 ' perspective. AIM: We explore @entity1 ' perspectives on the use of humour in health care. We discuss the asymmetrical and divergent humour use between @entity1 and clinical nurse specialists and posit nurses' approaches to risk as a contributing factor. DESIGN: A constructivist grounded theory collated researcher-provoked (interviews, observation, field notes, pre-and post-interaction audio diaries) and non-researcher-provoked data (naturally occurring interactions) over 18 months. This paper is based upon four @entity1 focus groups. A constant comparison approach to data collection and analyses was applied using interpretative and illustrative frameworks that balanced what was 'known' and 'unknown' about humour. SETTING AND @entity1 : @entity1 were recruited from four @entity1 -peer groups. Three audio-taped (n = 20) and one observed focus group interactions (n = 12) were undertaken at the groups' regular meeting places. RESULTS: @entity1 hold a broad appreciation of humour and recognize it as being evident in subtle and nuanced forms. @entity1 wish health-care staff to initiate and reciprocate humour. CONCLUSION: A chasm exists between what @entity1 apparently want with regard to humour use in health-care interactions and what actually transpires. Initiating humour involves risk, and risk- @entity25515 requires a degree of self-esteem and confidence. Nurses are, arguably, risk-averse and have low self-esteem. Future research could review confidence and self-esteem markers with observed humour use in nurses and their interactions across a range of specialities.

title: Humour in health-care interactions: a risk worth XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

answer: @entity25515 :: (OMIM:601696,Disease) :: ['taking']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity1884 ( @entity1884 - @entity1884 ) in the Netherlands is 1:5000 but approximately 1:1300 in @entity1 from the Antilles. The disease is characterised by the development of @entity8721 and @entity2758 ( @entity2758 ) that may result in serious morbidity and mortality. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 31-year-old primigravid @entity1 consulted her general practitioner at 31 1/7 weeks gestational age with dyspnoea. She was referred for further diagnostics because of suspected @entity1151 . A CT scan showed haemothorax and a bleeding @entity2758 ( @entity2758 ) in the left lung. Family history suggested the possibility of @entity1884 . After multidisciplinary consideration, a primary caesarean section was performed, followed by embolisation of the @entity2758 during the same surgical session. The @entity1 had a gene mutation consistent with @entity1884 . CONCLUSION: Pregnant @entity1 with @entity1884 are at risk of serious morbidity, especially if they are not screened for @entity2758 . A multidisciplinary approach for such @entity1 , with consideration of various scenarios, is highly recommended.

title: [A pregnant @entity1 with spontaneous haemothorax: XXXX in pregnancy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations', 'arteriovenous malformation', 'AVMs', 'AVM']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1884 :: ('MESH:D013683', 'Disease') :: ['HHT type 2', 'hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia', 'HHT', 'Osler-Weber-Rendu disease']

answer: @entity1884 :: (MESH:D013683,Disease) :: ['hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Therapy for systemic complications in severe @entity788 remains symptomatic owing to the unavailability of more specific therapeutic targets. We investigated the differential gene expression in typically affected organs in a @entity19 model of severe @entity788 . METHODS: @entity656 was induced in @entity19 by retrograde infusion of @entity7362 into the common bile duct. Microarray hybridization was subsequently performed with mRNA isolated from the spleen, liver, intestine, and lungs. Additionally, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the microarray results. RESULTS: Severe @entity788 induced widespread changes in gene expression, affecting 27.20% of the genes tested in the spleen and 29.07% in the liver. Fewer genes were differentially regulated in the intestine (10.28%) and the lungs (10.75%). Only 10 genes were found to be upregulated in all 4 organs using microarray analysis. This upregulation in all organs was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for only 3 molecules. These molecules were @entity22028 , @entity36628 , and @entity5751 . Additionally we observed significantly aberrant gene regulation of inter-a-trypsin inhibitor family members in several organs. CONCLUSIONS: Differential gene regulation in severe @entity788 is far more organ specific than anticipated, with only 3 molecules uniformly regulated systemically. The inter-a-trypsin inhibitor family of molecules appears to play a crucial biologic role in the systemic inflammatory response in acute @entity788 . Finally, owing to its regulation and function, a1-microglobulin (or bikunin) may be a suitable predictive marker of the @entity1850 in acute @entity788 .

title: Systemic differential gene regulation of the inter-a-trypsin inhibitor family in XXXX in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'necrotizing pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity7362 :: ('MESH:D013656', 'Chemical') :: ['taurocholate']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['Acute necrotizing pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity36628 :: ('16006(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['systemic inflammatory response syndrome']

answer: @entity656 :: (MESH:D019283,Disease) :: ['acute necrotizing pancreatitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: In some mammals, serum albumin protein exists in the @entity3626 ( @entity3626 ), the space between photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. Serum albumin is synthesized largely in the liver, though low levels of extra-hepatic expression have been documented in several other tissues, including fetal @entity35 kidney, pancreas, lung, and heart. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether serum albumin protein and mRNA are found in @entity19 retina. METHODS: Using albumin rabbit antibodies and HRP goat anti-(rabbit IgG), we performed immunoassays on @entity19 @entity3626 washes to detect the presence of serum albumin protein. Protein extracts from @entity3626 washes were subjected to Affigel Blue chromatography. This resin has an affinity for serum albumin. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of retina total RNA was performed to search for albumin mRNA. Also, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-RT-PCR) was employed to look at the levels of expression in different age groups. RESULTS: A constituent of the @entity3626 washes specifically bound and eluted from Affigel Blue column, suggesting that the washes contained serum albumin. SDS PAGE revealed that the size of the constituent was 67 kDa, the size of serum albumin. This 67 kDa band reacted with mouse serum antibody. An RT-PCR amplified fragment of serum albumin mRNA from retina displayed the expected size. The sequence of this fragment is identical to authentic serum albumin cDNA sequence. RPE and choroid were negative for serum albumin mRNA. However, rd1(-)/rd1(-) retina was positive, suggesting that at least some serum albumin is synthesized in the inner layers of the retina. RT-RT-PCR showed that serum albumin mRNA levels in whole retina reached a maximum at about postnatal day 15 and gradually decreased to about one-sixth of maximum at 12 months age. CONCLUSIONS: Serum albumin protein and mRNA were found in @entity19 @entity3626 and retina, suggesting that the protein is synthesized in the retina. The previously demonstrated ability of serum albumin to bind @entity1718 and @entity4878 and its presence in the @entity19 @entity3626 suggest a role for serum albumin in transporting retinoids in the retina or @entity3626 , especially at young ages when concentrations appear greatest.

title: Extra-hepatic expression of serum albumin mRNA in XXXX retina.

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity3626 :: ('MESH:D018489', 'Disease') :: ['interphotoreceptor space', 'IPS']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Some aspects of proximal tubular @entity2827 reabsorption in Necturus kidney. Renal tubular reabsorption of fluid and @entity1372 was measured by clearance methods in the doubly perfused Necturus kidney in which the @entity3157 concentration was varied between 0 and 60 mEq/liter. The effects of Damox (2.2 times 10-3M), ocubain (10-5M) and @entity7734 (10-4M) and of @entity520 were also investigated. In addition to clearance experiments, stationary microperfusion experiments were carried out on promimal tubules to measure volume flow and steady-state @entity1372 and @entity2865 concentration differences across the tubular epithelium. In some experiments, the transepithelial electrical potential difference was also measured using an axial electrode system. The following results were obtained: 1) @entity3157 is not essential to the operation of renal tubular fluid and @entity1372 transport. 2) Total renal and proximal tubular fluid and @entity1372 transport are partially inhibited by Diamox, ouabian and @entity7734 . 3) The proximal tubule maintains a significant transepithelial @entity1372 and @entity2865 concentration difference and a significant electrical potential difference (lumen-negative) in the presence of a poorly permeant nonelectrolyte. The direction and magnitude of the electrical polarization fully accounts for the observed @entity2865 concentration difference. The data support the thesis that @entity2827 transport accross the proximal tubular epithelium takes place by active @entity1372 transport and electically coupled passive @entity2865 reabsorption. Important species differences with respect to @entity1 transport mechanisms are discussed.

title: Some aspects of proximal tubular XXXX reabsorption in Necturus kidney.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate', 'Bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity7734 :: ('MESH:D004976', 'Chemical') :: ['ethacrynic acid']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

answer: @entity2827 :: (MESH:D012965,Chemical) :: ['sodium chloride']


abstract: Regeneration of severed limbs in adult animals is restricted to urodele amphibians. Mammals, including @entity1 , have very limited regenerative capabilities and even with proper treatment, only the tips of our digits can grow back. Teleost fish can regenerate amputated fins, the evolutionary ancestors of limbs. To elucidate the principles of limb-fin regeneration, we performed an Affymetrix microarray screen on regenerating caudal fins 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post amputation. Approximately 15,000 @entity3392 transcripts were analyzed, identifying 829 transcripts as differentially expressed during regeneration. Of those, 563 were up-regulated and 266 were down-regulated. We constructed a comprehensive database containing expression data, functional assignment, and background information from the literature for each differentially expressed transcript. In order to validate our findings, we employed three approaches: (1) microarray expression analysis of genes previously implicated in fin regeneration, (2) RT-PCR analysis of genes newly identified as differentially expressed during regeneration, and (3) in situ hybridization of the up-regulated genes bambi, @entity19253 , and @entity44273 . Moreover, we show that @entity44274 /8 proteins, effector molecules of Bmp signaling, are phosphorylated during fin regeneration. Taken together, we provide a comprehensive database of fin regeneration that will serve as an important tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms of regeneration.

title: Transcriptional profiling of caudal fin regeneration in XXXX .

answer: @entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['zebrafish']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Type II accessory naviculars are frequently associated with @entity85 . Operative treatment for @entity1 recalcitrant to nonoperative treatment involves resection, with or without takedown, and reattachment of the tibialis posterior tendon as described by Kidner. This does not address the @entity85 . The authors hypothesized that adding a subtalar arthroereisis to the Kidner procedure would lead to improvement of @entity158 and function and correction of the deformity. METHODS: Institutional Review Board-approved, prospectively collected data were reviewed for 20 @entity1 (23 feet), who underwent a combined modified Kidner and subtalar arthroereisis for @entity158 with @entity85 recalcitrant to nonoperative treatment. The average age at the time of surgery was 18 years. @entity1 were evaluated preoperatively and at final follow-up clinically, radiographically, and via the visual analog @entity158 scale (VAPS), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle hindfoot score, and a satisfaction rating. Mean follow-up was 53.9 months. RESULTS: The mean AOFAS scores improved from 53 preoperatively to 95 at final follow-up and the mean VAPS score decreased from 7.4 preoperatively to 1.7 at final follow-up. Radiographically, the average Meary's angle improved from 18.5   apex plantar preoperatively to 3   apex plantar on weight-bearing lateral radiographs, and the average talar head uncoverage percentage on weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographs improved from 24% preoperatively to 3%. Nineteen of 20 @entity1 reported good or excellent results. Three @entity1 required implant removal because of @entity158 ; no recurrence of @entity85 occurred after implant removal. No @entity1 developed @entity625 . CONCLUSION: The modified Kidner procedure combined with a subtalar arthroereisis resulted in significant @entity158 . The deformity correction obtained at surgery was maintained even if the arthroereisis plug was removed. The extra-articular plug did not lead to @entity625 .

title: Outcome of modified Kidner procedure with subtalar arthroereisis for painful accessory navicular associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['planovalgus deformity']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['subtalar arthritis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain and functional improvement', 'painful type II accessory navicular', 'pain']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['planovalgus deformity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of interferon beta in @entity1 with recurrent cervical @entity1082 ) lesions. METHODS: @entity1 with recurrent HPV of the cervix were assigned randomly to received either 3 million IU of interferon beta daily for 5 days, followed by 2 days of rest for 3 weeks, or placebo on the same schedule (N = 61 in each group). They were evaluated at 6 and 12 months after cytology, colposcopy, and directed punch biopsy. Comparison between groups was carried out by chi(2), Fisher exact test, and Student t test, depending on the variable. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate influence of variables to treatment and categorical and continuous variables were compared by Mantel-Haenszel and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: When treatment success rates for all @entity1 at 6 and 12 months were compared, a highly significant statistical difference was found in the treated group compared with the placebo group [48 of 61 (79%) versus 33 of 61 (54%), P =.001, and 43 of 61 (70%) versus 26 of 61 (43%), P =.002, respectively]. Multivariable analysis showed treatment success rates with interferon beta were higher between the group with initial histopathology of @entity3146 ( @entity3146 ) (odds ratio 4.86; 95% confidence interval 1.75, 13.49), and the group receiving placebo (P =.002). Side effects treatments were minimal in 70% of @entity1 ; the most severe events were @entity10 and flulike symptoms that did not interfere with the treatment. No clinically significant changes were found in laboratory measurements of @entity413 or transaminases during treatment or follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Intramuscular injections of interferon beta were effective for treating recurrent @entity66 , particularly when associated with @entity3146 . The only side effects were mild and controllable.

title: Randomized placebo-controlled evaluation of intramuscular interferon beta treatment of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['HPV lesions']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia', 'CIN']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: Imaging is frequently requested to evaluate @entity1 with @entity320 for @entity3 . When @entity320 metastasizes to the head, the lesions can have a variety of appearances and can occur in a variety of locations. The usual appearances of @entity320 on magnetic resonance images include the melanotic and amelanotic patterns. The melanotic pattern consists of high signal intensity on T1-weighted images and low signal intensity on T2-weighted images. In the amelanotic pattern, the lesion is hypointense or isointense to the cortex on T1-weighted images and hyperintense or isointense to the cortex on T2-weighted images. However, there is frequent deviation from these patterns. Other patterns include small and rapidly growing @entity3 , miliary @entity3 , and subependymal @entity3 . Although the brain is the most common site of @entity3 to the head from @entity320 , @entity320 can @entity3 to almost any intracranial or extracranial structure. Structures in the head that can be involved by @entity3 from @entity320 include bone, muscle, the nasopharynx and mucosa, the parotid gland, the meninges, the choroid plexus, the internal auditory canal, and the orbit. The radiologist needs to be aware of these varied appearances and the relatively ubiquitous sites of involvement to better detect these lesions.

title: A variety of appearances of XXXX in the head: a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'malignant melanoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastasize']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['malignant melanoma']


abstract: The clinical results of using medial epicondylar osteotomies to correct varus deformities in total knee arthroplasties were investigated. Unlike the traditional method of subperiosteal stripping of tibial ligaments, this alternative does not damage ligaments. Between 1991 and 1996, the senior author performed medial epicondylar osteotomies in 80 @entity1 (93 knees) with primary total knee arthroplasty; of these, 60 @entity1 (70 knees) were available for 2- to 4-year followup. At followup, no @entity1 reported knee instability. Mean varus and valgus stability measured 14.2 points (Knee Society scale, 0-15 points). The Knee Society clinical score was 93 points, compared with a preoperative score of 42 points. The mean range of motion at followup was 111 degrees, compared with a preoperative mean of 101 degrees. The postoperative tibiofemoral angle on full limb radiographs taken with the @entity1 weightbearing averaged 7 degrees valgus, compared with an average 6 degrees varus preoperative angle. Ninety-five percent of the @entity1 were satisfied and reported less @entity158 and improved knee function. Bone union occurred in 54% of the knees and @entity82 occurred in 46%. Focal tenderness, restricted motion, or other symptoms were not associated with @entity82 . The results show that epicondylar osteotomy for varus @entity85 provides excellent @entity1 satisfaction, knee stability, motion, and @entity85 correction.

title: Results of total knee arthroplasty with medial epicondylar osteotomy to correct XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity', 'knee deformity']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous union']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['varus deformity']


abstract: @entity519 associated with perinatal events can result in @entity75 in the neonate. In labor and @entity3036 , @entity519 can be intermittent, which may result in more severe damage than sustained @entity519 . The pathogenesis of @entity1545 in sustained @entity63 involves free radical production; therefore, we investigated whether higher levels of free radicals contribute to the greater injury induced by repetitive @entity63 . Brains were obtained from fetuses of near-term, pregnant @entity95 subjected to repetitive @entity63 -reperfusion (RIR), sustained uterine @entity63 -reperfusion (IR), or a control protocol. Compared with controls, fetal brains from RIR or IR groups had more @entity2657 . Brains from RIR fetuses exhibited higher levels of lipid peroxidation, @entity6837 , and @entity16425 , and lower total antioxidant capacity and cortical cellular viability than those of IR or control fetuses. Maternal administration of antioxidants following RIR and fetal @entity1168 resulted in lower levels of fetal cortical and hippocampal cell death. Coadministration of @entity22143 and @entity620 resulted in less @entity2657 and liquefaction, and fewer hippocampal ischemic nuclei as compared with the saline control. Higher free radical production may be responsible for the greater fetal @entity1545 following repetitive @entity519 -reoxygenation. Maternal antioxidant treatment resulted in transplacental passage of antioxidants and amelioration of @entity1545 , and may be a viable clinical option following diagnosis of @entity147 .

title: Increased injury following intermittent fetal hypoxia-reoxygenation is associated with increased free radical production in fetal XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity6837 :: ('CHEBI:44454', 'Chemical') :: ['3-nitrotyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['fetal distress']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity3036 :: ('MESH:D004461', 'Disease') :: ['eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity16425 :: ('MESH:D009589', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen oxides']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity801 and the other @entity581 are toxic antibiotics, but they are urgently needed to treat newborns with @entity295 . @entity581 are well known for their nephrotoxicity and @entity2167 . The @entity4028 dosage currently applied in Indonesia is derived from studies done in Caucasian populations. The safety and efficacy of this dosage regimen, however, has never been evaluated to date. The pharmacokinetic profile of drugs may vary between populations and this may be influenced by genetic factors, lifestyle, drug interactions, etc. The detection of @entity4028 @entity137 in newborns is usually problematic. The present study aims to know the proportion of @entity2167 in newborns in the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital treated with @entity801 or @entity4509 in relation to their trough serum concentration. METHODS: The serum level of @entity801 and @entity4509 were quantified using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MSMS), and is assumed to be safe if the trough serum concentrations are < 2 mcg/ml and effective if it is between 5 - 12 mcg/ml. For @entity4509 the desired trough serum concentrations are < 10 mcg/ml and the peak is between 20 - 30 mcg/ml. The hearing function was assessed by Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) instrument. This study is registered with the www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01624324. CONCLUSION: Our study indicated that there was no relationship between @entity581 serum trough concentration and @entity2167 in neonates with @entity295 .

title: Lack of a relationship between the serum concentration of XXXX and @entity2167 in neonates.

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin', 'Gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides', 'Aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

answer: @entity581 :: (MESH:D000617,Chemical) :: ['aminoglycosides']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The helical contrast CT plays an important role in the management of @entity1661 . For surgeons its reliability and utilization remain questionable. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at correlating CT results at admission with surgical findings in @entity1 undergoing laparotomy for blunt @entity1661 , detecting CT @entity2915 for therapeutic laparotomy and uncovering organ injury. The group of @entity1 is from one hospital; therefore mistakes from different result interpretations or data collecting are not present. METHOD: A rentgenologist's conclusion during @entity1 admission, late independent CT evaluation by an experienced rentgenologist and surgical finding were statistically correlated. RESULTS: 101 out of 139 @entity1 underwent laparotomy after initial CT. Mean ISS were 27.8. CT @entity2915 ( @entity2915 ) for indicating therapeutic laparotomy was 88.77/ 89.88%, predictive value positive result (PVPR) 92.94/94.11%, and false negativity (FN) 11.23/10.11 %. @entity2915 in liver and spleen trauma was 88.76/95.50%, PVPR 96.34/93.41%, and FN 11.24%/ 4.50%. @entity2915 in bowel and @entity130 was 27.27/18.18 %, @entity2915 in @entity130 was 33.33 %. CONCLUSION: the study presented high @entity2915 of CT forecasting therapeutic laparotomy for blunt @entity1661 . The high @entity2915 of CT in liver and spleen injuries is useful in indicating conservative therapy. The CT accuracy was not confirmed in bowel. mesenteric or @entity130 . It strongly recommend @entity1 observation even with negative CT.

title: [The role of CT for indicating laparotomy in blunt XXXX : comparing CT results and surgical findings in a group of 101 @entity1 . Prospective study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['sensitivity', 'SE']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragm injury', 'mesenteric injury']

answer: @entity1661 :: (MESH:D000008,Disease) :: ['abdominal trauma']


abstract: The ovine @entity12550 (oGH) response to GRF (1-44 @entity6346 ) was evaluated in 74 chronically catheterized fetal and neonatal @entity742 . After a 1-h control period, GRF was administered iv, and the oGH response was studied during the next 60 min. The following variables were analyzed: GRF dose, fetal or neonatal age, breeding season, and singleton or multiple pregnancy. One and 10 micrograms/kg GRF elicited a similar oGH response, which was greater (P less than 0.001) than the response to 0.1 microgram/kg GRF. GRF-stimulated oGH release was strikingly age dependent. The mean peak incremental oGH response in fetuses of 89-122 days gestation (294 +/- 55 ng/ml) was higher (P less than 0.05) than that in fetuses of 127-145 days gestation (136 +/- 19 ng/ml); the fetal response was much greater (P less than 0.005) than the mean peak increment in neonatal @entity742 (46 +/- 7 ng/ml). A remarkable difference in basal and GRF-induced oGH secretion was observed in both fetuses and @entity742 of ewes bred in the normal breeding season (on-season) and those bred out of season (off-season). In the neonatal lamb, the mean basal oGH concentration was higher (P less than 0.005) in the on-season (12 +/- 2 ng/ml) than in the off-season (7 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) neonatal @entity742 , as was the mean peak incremental oGH response to GRF (70 +/- 12 vs. 33 +/- 7 ng/ml; P less than 0.01). In contrast, in singleton, late gestational fetuses (127-145 days), the mean basal oGH concentration was lower (P less than 0.03) in the on-season (74 +/- 9 ng/ml) than in the off-season (124 +/- 18 ng/ml) fetuses, as was the mean peak incremental oGH response to GRF (136 +/- 9 vs. 292 +/- 41 ng/ml; P less than 0.005). Further, compared to the on-season, late gestational singletons, on-season twin fetuses had higher (P less than 0.0001) basal oGH levels (199 +/- 19 ng/ml) and peak incremental oGH responses (248 +/- 11 ng/ml). Moreover, off-season twin fetuses had the highest basal @entity12550 concentrations and the most striking increment in @entity12550 concentration after GRF treatment of any of the groups. The strikingly age-dependent pattern of the GRF-induced oGH response in fetal and neonatal @entity742 is compatible with the concept that the inhibitory influences or their effects on the somatotrope increase gradually during late gestation and sharply at birth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Hormone ontogeny in the ovine fetus and neonatal lamb. XX. Effect of age, breeding season, and twinning on the XXXX ( @entity12550 ) response to GH-releasing factor: evidence for a homeostatic role of fetal @entity12550 .

answer: @entity12550 :: (443329(Tax:9940),Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2299 is not routinely evaluated in @entity341 ( @entity341 ) @entity1 . We hypothesized that many @entity341 @entity1 would qualify for lipid therapy and that methods of follow-up for @entity1 would not achieve adequate treatment goals. METHODS: We performed an observational study of @entity341 @entity1 with symptoms consistent with @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). Lipid profiles and data about @entity301 risk factors were obtained. The National Institutes of Health/National @entity165 Education Program guidelines were used to determine whether @entity1 qualified for drug therapy. Six-week and 6-month follow-ups were performed. RESULTS: Three hundred ninety-four @entity1 presenting to the @entity341 with possible @entity1187 were enrolled in the study; 47 @entity1 were subsequently excluded. The remaining 347 included @entity1 who were 63.7% African American and 53.6% female. Proportions of @entity1 with low-density lipoprotein > or = 130 and > or = 160 were 30.8% and 10.1%, respectively. Fifty-seven (16.4%, 95% CI 12.9%-20.7%) qualified for immediate drug therapy. Of the 44 @entity1 meeting treatment criteria for whom follow-up was obtained, only 1 (2.3%) had received lipid-lowering medications with outpatient referral within 6 weeks. At 6 months, 4 (9.5%) of 42 @entity1 with follow-up had received lipid-lowering therapies. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2299 meeting criteria for therapy is present in a significant proportion of @entity341 @entity1 . Most of these @entity1 do not get appropriately treated on medical follow-up. Our study suggests that lipid screening and subsequent appropriate lipid-lowering therapy could be considered for @entity341 @entity1 with possible @entity1187 .

title: Evaluation of @entity2299 in the XXXX : impact of @entity165 testing on subsequent therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['Dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['emergency department']


abstract: Mortality of wild aquatic birds has recently been attributed to cyanobacterial toxins. Despite this, no experimental studies on the effects of defined doses of @entity22022 administered orally to birds exist. In this experiment, four groups of male @entity5872 daily ingesting 10ml of Microcystis biomass containing 0.045, 0.459, 4.605 or 46.044mug of microcystins, respectively, for 10 and 30 days, showed no mortality. Histopathological hepatic changes in birds after the biomass exposure included @entity4 , @entity13312 , @entity1560 and @entity1373 of lymphatic centres. On subcellular level, shrunken nuclei of hepatocytes containing ring-like nucleoli, cristolysis within mitochondria and vacuoles with @entity2383 were present. @entity13312 of the testicular germinative epithelium was found in two exposed males. Statistically significant differences in biochemical parameters were on day 10 of exposure only. They comprised increased activities of @entity880 dehydrogenase and a drop in blood @entity413 in birds receiving the highest dose of the biomass. Principal component analysis revealed a pattern of responses in biochemical parameters on day 10 that clearly separated the two greatest exposure groups from the controls and lower exposures. The results indicate that diagnosis of @entity12219 intoxication solely based on clinical biochemical and haematological parameters is hardly possible in birds.

title: Effects of cyanobacterial biomass on the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatosis']

entities_list: @entity22022 :: ('MESH:D052998', 'Chemical') :: ['microcystins']

entities_list: @entity13312 :: ('MESH:C536522', 'Disease') :: ['Vacuolar degeneration', 'vacuolar dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['cloudy swelling of hepatocytes']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity12219 :: ('MESH:C078588', 'Chemical') :: ['microcystin']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity5872 :: ('93934', 'Species') :: ['Japanese quails']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomyelin structures']

answer: @entity5872 :: (93934,Species) :: ['Japanese quail']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Avalanche transceivers are essentials tools in locating @entity1 who were buried by an avalanche. In the past few years, avalanche transceivers have become widely available and affordable, but it is largely unknown whether they are a source of electromagnetic interference for implanted cardiac devices. We aimed to determine the potential interaction between avalanche transceivers and pacemakers or @entity737 ( @entity737 ). METHODS: One hundred and one @entity1 , 41 with pacemakers and 60 with @entity737 , were enrolled (mean age 66    15 years). Four avalanche transceivers (Pieps DSP [Pieps GmbH, Lebring, Austria], Ortovox x1, Ortovox m2, and Ortovox f1 [Otovox Sportartikel GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany]) were evaluated in transmit as well as in receive mode. Surface electrocardiograms, intracardiac electrograms, and marker channels were continuously recorded and observed by an experienced physician. Electromagnetic interference events were categorized as direct interference with the function of the implanted device itself or as interference with the telemetric communication without compromising device function. RESULTS: Among all @entity1 , there was no interference with the intrinsic function of their pacemakers or @entity737 . A total of 120 episodes of telemetry interference occurred in 48% of the @entity1 . Of those episodes, 112 of 404 (28%) were observed in transmit and eight of 404 (2%) in receive mode (P < 0.0001). The digital avalanche transceiver (Pieps DSP) was associated with significantly less telemetry interference (20/202; 10%) than the analog transceiver (Ortovox f1) (39/202; 19%) (P = 0.0108). CONCLUSIONS: Avalanche transceivers are safe for @entity1 with pacemakers and @entity737 . Despite the observed telemetry interferences, the intrinsic function of the implanted devices was never compromised.

title: Electromagnetic interference of avalanche transceivers with cardiac pacemakers and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['persons', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICDs', 'implantable cardioverter defibrillators']

answer: @entity737 :: (MESH:D057873,Disease) :: ['implantable cardioverter defibrillators']


abstract: The @entity3405 -based antibiotics are among the most prescribed and effective antibacterial agents. Widespread use of these antibiotics, however, has created tremendous pressure for the emergence of resistance mechanisms in bacteria. The most common cause of antibiotic resistance is bacterial production of actamases that efficiently degrade antibiotics. The metallo-beta-lactamases are of particular clinical concern due to their transference between bacterial strains. We used @entity74 ( @entity74 ) simulations to further study the conformational changes that occur due to binding of an inhibitor to the dicanzinc metallo-beta-lactamase from @entity2868 . Our studies confirm previous findings that the major flap is a major source of plasticity within the active site, therefore its dynamic response should be considered in drug development. However, our results also suggest the need for care in using @entity74 simulations in evaluating loop mobility, both due to relaxation times and to the need to accurately model the @entity219 active site. Our study also reveals two new robust responses to ligand binding. First, there are specific localized changes in the @entity219 active site--a local loop flip--due to ligand intercalation that may be critical to the function of this enzyme. Second, inhibitor binding perturbs the dynamics throughout the protein, without otherwise perturbing the enzyme structure. These dynamic perturbations radiate outward from the active site and their existence suggests that long-range communication and dynamics may be important in the activity of this enzyme.

title: Molecular dynamic simulations of the metallo-beta-lactamase from XXXX in the presence and absence of a tight-binding inhibitor.

entities_list: @entity2868 :: ('817', 'Species') :: ['Bacteroides fragilis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['molecular dynamics', 'MD']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

answer: @entity2868 :: (817,Species) :: ['Bacteroides fragilis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We have previously described a @entity19 model of @entity1 @entity19770 ( @entity19770 ) and localized the causative mutation to a 6.2 Mbp region of chromosome 2, termed @entity41010 . We now show that the gene rearrangement linked to @entity19 @entity41010 is a 3.9 Mbp chromosomal inversion flanked by 81 Kbp and 542 bp deletions. This recombination event leads to deletion of @entity41918 bp Exons 8 through 11, @entity41919 Exons 20 and 21, and the pseudogene Znf133. In addition, we identified translocation of novel downstream sequences to positions adjacent to @entity41918 and @entity41919 Exon 20. Twelve novel fusion transcripts involving @entity41920 or @entity41919 linked to downstream sequences have been identified. Eight are expressed at detectable levels in @entity41010 but not wildtype eyes. Upregulation of two @entity41920 fusion transcripts, as well as upregulation of the adjacent gene, @entity41921 , was observed. Absence of the @entity41010 phenotype in animals haploinsufficient for @entity41920 or both @entity41920 and @entity41919 rules out haploinsufficiency of these genes as a cause of @entity19 @entity41010 . Complementation experiments confirm that @entity41010 @entity2085 is due to disruption of @entity41920 expression. The ocular expression pattern of @entity41920 is consistent with a role for this protein in corneal development and pathogenesis of @entity41010 .

title: Association of a Chromosomal Rearrangement Event with @entity19 Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy and Alterations in XXXX , @entity41919 , and @entity41921 Gene Expression.

entities_list: @entity19770 :: ('MESH:C562745', 'Disease') :: ['PPCD', 'posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic lethality']

answer: @entity41920 :: (228714(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Csrp2bp']


abstract: @entity3969 , or @entity3969 , is an @entity703 that occurs mainly in young @entity1 . This is a very rare @entity5 among adults, with an incidence rate of less than 0.2 per million per year. The aims of this study were to report the survival of adults diagnosed with @entity3969 in Europe and to analyse time trends and geographic variations in survival. All the adults (age range 15-99 years) diagnosed with a @entity3969 during 1983-1994 and registered by one of the 22 @entity5 registries in 16 countries contributing to the EUROCARE (European @entity5 registries study on @entity5 @entity1 ' survival and care) database were analysed. Relative survival at 1 and 5 years after diagnosis was estimated by age, sex, geographic area, period of diagnosis and @entity5 stage. A total of 143 @entity1 , with a median age of 34 years, were included in the analysis. Crude annual incidence rates varied geographically between 0.17 and 0.27 per million. Overall relative survival was 69.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 61.8-78.0%) at 1 year and 47.3% (38.2-56.4%) at 5 years. Survival was 2.1-fold higher for @entity1 than for @entity1 (95% CI 1.3-3.5). There was a non-significant trend for better survival for younger @entity1 and localised @entity5 , but no improvement in survival by period of diagnosis. Survival was not different between geographic areas. Our results suggest a poorer outcome of @entity3969 in adults compared with published results in @entity1 . This may, at least partly, be explained by the rarity of this diagnosis. Prognosis may be improved by the use of specific treatment guidelines for @entity3969 in adults.

title: Incidence of and survival from XXXX in adults in Europe: data from the EUROCARE study.

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["Wilms' tumour", 'nephroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal cancer of the kidney']

answer: @entity3969 :: (MESH:D009396,Disease) :: ['Wilms' tumour']


abstract: Repair of asymptomatic @entity886 was performed in 12 @entity1 (9 female, 3 male, mean age 57.5 years) undergoing other cardiac surgery. @entity850 was the predominant @entity886 in 7 (group A) with a mean gradient of 33.4 mmHg and regurgitation of mean grade 1.4 was predominant in 5 (group B). @entity4206 debridement +/- commissurotomy was performed in 9; commissural resuspension in 6 and repair of @entity4206 perforation in 2. Perioperative transoesophageal echocardiography was used to assess the adequacy of repair in 4 @entity1 . Prospective precordial echocardiographic follow-up is complete (mean 4.3 months). In group A there has been a significant reduction is peak aortic pressure gradient (33.4 vs 22.1 mmHg, p less than 0.05) and in @entity4206 thickness (2.25 to 1.64 mm, p less than 0.05). In group B the degree of @entity337 has improved in 3 of the 5 @entity1 . Three @entity1 have worsened @entity340 following repair; in all these there was mixed @entity340 of rheumatic origin. Aortic valve repair of @entity10094 during other cardiac surgery is a feasible technique which does not accelerate the disease process in the short term. Long-term follow-up is in progress to assess the prognosis of this preventive intervention.

title: Repair of asymptomatic XXXX during other cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve disease']

entities_list: @entity10094 :: ('MESH:D058070', 'Disease') :: ['asymptomatic disease']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve lesion', 'aortic valve disease']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['incompetence']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Stenosis']

answer: @entity886 :: (MESH:C563178,Disease) :: ['aortic valve disease']


abstract: @entity2332 is uncommon. An immobile/fixed and exposed suspension apparatus is seen in almost all cases of hanging. A 50-year-old @entity1 , who was drunk, was trying to steal an @entity68 rod by hiding it under his clothing. To secure hiding, he attached it to his body by a loose ligature around the neck, the waist belt of the sarong, and another band around the waist and by his underwear. Sometime later, because of @entity1068 intoxication, he fell asleep in the sitting position. While he was sitting on the floor, the @entity68 rod was lifted up accidentally, and its upper end was wedged against the wall behind the victim, and the lower end was fixed against the floor. When he fell asleep, the weight of the tilted head acted as the constricting force compressing the neck by the ligature that was used to attach the @entity68 rod to the neck. The cause of @entity204 was concluded as hanging in a @entity1 with @entity1068 intoxication. This case highlights a novel mobile suspension apparatus partially hidden inside the clothes, in a case of @entity2332 . A similar case has not been reported in the forensic literature.

title: XXXX : a novel mobile suspension apparatus partially hidden inside the clothes.

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['Accidental hanging', 'accidental hanging']

answer: @entity2332 :: (MESH:D007035,Disease) :: ['Accidental hanging']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Survival after @entity788 surgery is determined by @entity5 characteristics, resection margins, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Few studies have analyzed the long-term impact of postoperative morbidity. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of @entity260 on long-term survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for @entity5 . METHODS: Of 294 consecutive pancreatectomies performed between January 2000 and July 2011, a total of 101 pancreatic head resections for @entity1124 were retrospectively analyzed. @entity260 were classified on a five-grade validated scale and were correlated with long-term survival. Grade IIIb to IVb complications were defined as severe. RESULTS: Postoperative mortality and morbidity were 5 and 57 %, respectively. Severe @entity260 occurred in 16 @entity1 (16 %). Median overall survival was 1.4 years. Significant prognostic factors of survival were the N-stage of the @entity5 (median survival 3.4 years for N0 vs. 1.3 years for N1, p = 0.018) and R status of the resection (median survival 1.6 years for R0 vs. 1.2 years for R1, p = 0.038). Median survival after severe @entity260 was decreased from 1.9 to 1.2 years (p = 0.06). Median survival for N0 or N1 @entity5 or after R0 resection was not influenced by the occurrence and severity of complications, but @entity1 with a R1 resection and severe complications showed a worsened median survival of 0.6 vs. 2.0 years without severe complications (p = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative severe morbidity per se had no impact on long-term survival except in @entity1 with R1 @entity5 resection. These results suggest that severe complications after R1 resection predict poor outcome.

title: Severe XXXX adversely affect long-term survival after R1 resection for @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic head adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications', 'Postoperative complications']

answer: @entity260 :: (MESH:D011183,Disease) :: ['postoperative complications']