abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity10053 is a rare @entity5 of uncertain origin. Only a few scattered case reports and one small case series have described the radiologic appearance of this uncommon @entity5 . Many features previously identified are similar to those of other @entity1313 . We report the largest imaging series to date and further delineate the CT and MRI features of @entity10053 . We identify those features that may be useful in distinguishing @entity10053 from other @entity5 . METHODS: The radiologic images, pathology reports, and clinical information of 12 @entity1 with pathology-confirmed @entity10053 were retrospectively reviewed. CT and MRI findings including location, morphology, signal intensity, and presence and patterns of enhancement were tabulated. RESULTS: @entity1 ranged in age from 0 (newborn) to 50 years with a mean of 20 years at the time of initial diagnosis. A striking female preponderance (11:1) was found. All @entity5 were supratentorial. There were multiple intratumoral cysts in 7 (58%) of the 12 @entity1 . Nine (75%) showed strong rim enhancement and 3 (25%) showed no rim enhancement. CONCLUSION: The imaging features of @entity10053 are identified in 12 previously unreported cases. Distinguishing features that can be used to narrow the differential diagnosis with more common primary @entity1313 reflect a combination of age, anatomic location, and specific imaging findings such as demarcation, heterogeneous @entity5 enhancement, rim enhancement, and a multicystic "bubbly" appearance. Intraventricular location, @entity548 with a fluid-fluid level, and dural "tails" are less common but important additions to the imaging spectrum.

title: Neuroradiologic characteristics of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intratumoral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['primary malignant brain tumors', 'brain neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'glial tumor', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity10053 :: ('MESH:D018302', 'Disease') :: ['astroblastoma', 'Astroblastoma']

answer: @entity10053 :: (MESH:D018302,Disease) :: ['astroblastoma']


abstract: As part of a study in the North of France for screening @entity5 with plasma proteomic analysis, we included 82 @entity1 with @entity43 . We report here the consequences of organized screening with usual tests. CA 125 sampling and a transvaginal pelvic ultrasound by a radiologist were systematically conducted every 6 months. Seventy-two @entity1 were eventually evaluable. Two incident cases of @entity298 (FIGO IIIB, malignant epithelial serous high-grade @entity5 ) were discovered in two asymptomatic @entity1 with a deleterous @entity5345 mutation (2.7%). We did not observe any other primary @entity5 cases but an ovarian metastasis of a @entity0 . Forty @entity1 went off the study: 32 had a prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Consistent with the literature, biannual screening tests combining @entity10224 and pelvis ultrasound is ineffective for early detection of a @entity530 of tubal or ovarian origin. Testing for @entity5345 or @entity2674 deleterious mutations is then crucial for suspected family syndromes of @entity5344 . For @entity1 carrying a deleterous mutation on @entity5345 /2 a salpingo-oophorectomy is the only way, only the time of this surgery is debatable.

title: [Screening @entity5 for XXXX , a @entity5 center experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary risk of ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5344 :: ('MESH:D061325', 'Disease') :: ['breast and ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic tumours', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic tumor']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal carcinomatosis']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['hereditary risk of ovarian neoplasms']


abstract: Medico-social factors such as type of @entity249 , @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ), @entity734 , @entity323 , divorce, and polygamy were evaluated among 64 infertile @entity1 (i.e. 32 oligo-asthenozoospermic and 32 azoospermic) and 23 @entity1 of proven fertility in Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Of the 64 infertile @entity1 , 27 (42%) and 37 (58%) had primary and secondary @entity249 respectively. A history of @entity2953 , indicated by purulent urethral discharge, was recorded among 40 (63%) with 22 (55%) of this number having had repeated exposures to @entity2953 . While 17 (43%) of the infected infertile @entity1 were treated by qualified medical doctors, 23 (57%) either had self-medication or received treatment from quacks. Five (8%) of the 64 infertile @entity1 used hard drugs, 11 (17%) had @entity323 , 15 (23%) were re-married due to broken marriage relationship or divorce, and 7 (11%) were polygamous. All the fertile @entity1 were monogamous with no history of either @entity323 or usage of hard drugs. One (4%) of the fertile @entity1 had a history of a broken marriage relationships. Six (26%) had a history of @entity2953 with 5 (26%) of them having received treatment from qualified medical doctors. Although the study population is small, the results obtained in this study reveal higher incidences of @entity2953 , marital instability, and multiple marriage partnerships (polygamy) among infertile @entity1 than the fertile in Jos.

title: XXXX and medico-social factors associated with male infertility in Nigeria.

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['STD', 'sexually transmitted diseases']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

answer: @entity2953 :: (MESH:D012749,Disease) :: ['Sexually transmitted diseases']


abstract: OBJECT: Regulatory @entity1961 + @entity3783 + T cells have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the immune response. Whereas the presence of these cells has been associated with immune suppression, the lack of regulatory T (Treg) cells has been shown to induce @entity792 . The purpose of this study was to define the role of Treg cells in @entity1221 (CNS). METHODS: The authors implanted syngeneic GL261 @entity5 cells in the brains or flanks of C57BL/6 @entity19 . The resulting @entity5 were later removed at specific time points, and the presence of @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocytes was analyzed by performing flow cytometry for the presence of Treg cells. In a separate experiment, @entity19 with GL261 @entity5 were treated with injections of anti- @entity3783 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to determine whether depletion of Treg cells may have an impact on the length of survival in @entity19 with @entity1313 . @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocytes isolated from @entity19 with GL261 @entity5 were found to have a significant increase in the presence of Treg cells compared with control lymphocytes (p < 0.05). Moreover, Treg cells isolated in @entity19 @entity1313 expressed @entity3744 , @entity17796 , and @entity6232 . @entity19 treated with anti- @entity3783 mAb lived significantly longer than @entity5 -bearing control animals (p < 0.05). An analysis of brains in surviving animals showed a depletion of @entity1961 + @entity3783 + T cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that @entity1961 + @entity3783 + Treg cells play an important role in suppressing the immune response to CNS @entity5 . These Treg cells may therefore represent a potentially novel target for immunotherapy of @entity11 .

title: Prolongation of survival following depletion of XXXX + @entity3783 + regulatory T cells in @entity19 with experimental @entity1313 .

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1221 :: ('MESH:D016543', 'Disease') :: ['tumors of the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant gliomas']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity1961 :: (12504(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD4']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the genotype-phenotype relationship of a cohort of consecutive @entity1 with @entity22232 ( @entity20377 ) secondary to @entity32591 and @entity6099 mutations. METHODS: @entity1 underwent detailed ocular, cardiovascular, and skeletal examination. This was correlated with Sanger sequencing of @entity32591 and @entity6099 genes. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 were examined, including one with @entity3611 . Echocardiography and skeletal examination revealed no sign of @entity74 associated with @entity20377 , in particular @entity1614 ( @entity1614 ). Nine @entity1 (52.9%) were found to have mutations in @entity32591 , including four novel nonsense mutations. Four @entity1 (25%) were found to have novel @entity6099 mutations, not previously reported as causing classical @entity1614 . One additional @entity1 was found to have an @entity6099 mutation previously reported in classical @entity1614 . Four @entity1 (25%) were found to have no mutations in either gene. Median age of diagnosis of @entity20377 was 35 years in @entity1 with @entity6099 mutations and 2 years in @entity1 with @entity32591 mutations (P < 0.01). Mean axial length was 22.74 mm (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.3-24.2) ( @entity6099 ) and 27.54 mm (95% CI: 24.2-30.9) ( @entity32591 ) (P < 0.01). Other ophthalmic features, including corneal thickness and power, foveal thickness, visual acuity, and direction of lens displacement, were similar for both groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity32591 is the most important known causative gene in isolated @entity20377 . Mutations in @entity32591 appear to cause earlier manifestation of @entity20377 and are associated with increased axial length as compared to @entity6099 . We suggest that @entity32591 be screened in all @entity1 with isolated @entity20377 and that physicians be vigilant for the more severe ocular phenotype associated with mutations in this gene.

title: A genotype-phenotype comparison of @entity32591 and XXXX in @entity22232 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['MFS', 'Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity22232 :: ('MESH:C536184', 'Disease') :: ['isolated ectopia lentis']

entities_list: @entity3611 :: ('MESH:C563268', 'Disease') :: ['ectopia lentis et pupillae']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disorders']

answer: @entity6099 :: (2200,Gene) :: ['FBN1']


abstract: Treatment with continuous s.c. insulin infusion (CSII) provides better glycemic control and lower risk of @entity4053 than conventional therapy with multiple daily insulin injections. These benefits have been related to a more reliable absorption and an improved pharmacokinetic profile of insulin delivered through CSII therapy. However, even for @entity1 treated with CSII, exaggerated postmeal hyperglycemic excursions and late @entity4053 can still constitute a therapeutic challenge. Two female @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 who began treatment with CSII required to increase their previous breakfast insulin-to- @entity1735 ratio in order to achieve postprandial glycemic goals. However, they simultaneously presented recurrent episodes of late @entity4053 several hours after breakfast bolus. Advancing the timing of the bolus was ineffective and bothersome for @entity1 . In both cases, the best therapeutic option was to set a basal insulin rate of zero units per hour during 6h after breakfast. Even so, they need to routinely take a midmorning snack with 10-20g of @entity3363 to avoid late @entity4053 . They have been using this insulin schedule for about 3 years without complications. The action of prandial insulin delivered through insulin pumps can be inappropriately delayed for the requirements of some @entity1 . Although suspension of basal rate can be an acceptable therapeutic alternative for them, these cases demonstrate that new strategies to improve the bioavailability of prandial insulin infused through CSII are still needed. LEARNING POINTS: CSII remains the most physiologically suitable system of insulin delivery available today.Additionally, the duration of action of prandial insulin delivered through insulin pumps can be excessively prolonged in some @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 .These @entity1 can present recurrent late episodes of @entity4053 several hours after the administration of insulin boluses.The routine suspension of basal insulin for several hours, leaving meal bolus to cover both prandial and basal insulin requirements, can be a therapeutic option for these subjects.

title: Suspension of basal insulin to avoid XXXX in type 1 diabetes treated with insulin pump.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia', 'postabsorptive hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

answer: @entity4053 :: (MESH:D007003,Disease) :: ['hypoglycemia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Management of @entity358 of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) remains controversial. We reviewed our surgical treatment for @entity358 of @entity1149 . METHODS: Seventy-six @entity1 with @entity358 of @entity1149 underwent pulmonary resections in two institutes during the past 10 years. Eighteen @entity1 with simultaneous same lobe @entity3 as the @entity75 underwent mostly lobectomies. Sixteen @entity1 with simultaneous different lobe @entity3 underwent combined margin-free resections. Forty-nine pulmonary metastasectomies were performed in 42 @entity1 with recurrent @entity2 . Overall survival and disease-free survival in each group were examined, and factors affecting survivals were investigated. RESULTS: In the @entity1 with the same lobe @entity3 5-year survival was 79.6%, and median and 5-year disease-free survivals were 39.1 months and 41.3%. In the @entity1 with simultaneous different lobe @entity3 median survival and 5-year survival were 37.7 months and 30.7%, and median and 5-year disease-free survivals were 13.3 months and 12.5%, respectively. @entity358 and mediastinal node @entity3 were identified as significant factors affecting survivals. In the @entity1 with recurrent @entity358 median survival and 5-year survival were 40.0 months and 34.8%, and median and 5-year disease-free survivals were 23.7 months and 14.4%, respectively. Node @entity3 , higher age, and shorter interval from the prior resection were identified as significant factors affecting survivals. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the simultaneous same lobe @entity3 is under the same indication for the @entity75 , and that the simultaneous different lobe @entity3 and recurrent @entity358 should be removed in selected @entity1 .

title: Resection of @entity358 of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary metastasis', 'Multiple pulmonary metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An @entity75 of the talus is a relatively rare disorder of the ankle. While a number of treatment options have been reported, it appears to be difficult to manage all lesions with a single approach. We evaluated the indications for and the results of arthroscopic drilling for the treatment of an @entity75 of the talus. METHODS: Eighteen ankles (seventeen @entity1 ) with a symptomatic @entity75 of the talus were examined. The ages of the @entity1 ranged from ten to seventy-eight years (mean, 28.0 years) at the time of the operation, and the @entity1 were followed postoperatively for two to 9.5 years (mean, 4.6 years). After the continuity of the cartilage overlying the lesion and the stability of the lesion had been confirmed, arthroscopic drilling was performed with use of a Kirschner wire that was 1.0 to 1.2 millimeters in diameter. A cast was not applied postoperatively, and full weight-bearing was allowed six weeks after the procedure. RESULTS: The clinical result was good for thirteen ankles and fair for five; all ankles had improvement. Twelve of the thirteen ankles that were in @entity1 who were less than thirty years old had a good result. In contrast, only one of the five ankles in @entity1 who were fifty years old or more had a good result. Thus, the clinical results tended to be better for younger @entity1 . Improvement was seen radiographically in fifteen ankles. However, the three ankles in @entity1 who were more than sixty years old were found to have no improvement on radiographic examination. Analysis of the group of @entity1 who had a history of trauma revealed that the mean interval between the injury and the operation was 6.3 months for the three ankles that had a good radiographic result and 11.3 months for the six that had a fair result. Thus, the radiographic results tended to be better when the interval between the injury and the operation was shorter. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic drilling for the treatment of medial @entity75 of the talus does not require osteotomy of the medial malleolus or postoperative immobilization; thus, the procedure is less invasive than other types of operative treatment for the condition and it allows early resumption of daily activities and sports. On the basis of the results in this study, we believe that the procedure is effective and useful in young @entity1 , especially those who have not yet had closure of the epiphyseal plate. A specific indication for the procedure is an @entity75 with only mild @entity16455 of the surrounding talar bone, continuity of the cartilaginous surface, and stability of the osteochondral fragment.

title: Arthroscopic drilling for the treatment of XXXX of the talus.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondral lesion', 'osteochondral lesions', 'early lesion']

entities_list: @entity16455 :: ('MESH:D010026', 'Disease') :: ['osteosclerosis']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['osteochondral lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of local @entity221 in reducing possible penile shortening following radical retropubic prostatectomy. @entity1 AND METHODS: The study population comprised 40 @entity1 , aged 52-74 years, submitted to radical retropubic prostatectomy. @entity1 were divided into two groups of 20. In Group A, @entity1 were submitted to local @entity221 3 weeks after surgery, three times a week, with treatment lasting 30 min. @entity1 received a total of 10 applications, which reached a local temperature of 39-40 degrees C. A second cycle was repeated after 1 month. In Group B, @entity1 were submitted only to post-operative follow-up once a month. Penile length was measured in all @entity1 both before and 3 months after surgery in the 'stretching phase' from the pubo-penile junction to the tip of the glans. RESULTS: In Group A @entity1 ( @entity221 treatment), no variation in penile length was observed in 16 cases (80%), while the reduction ranged from 0.5-1.5 cm in four cases (20%). In Group B, 12 @entity1 (60%) showed a reduction in penile length ranging from 0.5-2.5 cm, while penile length remained unchanged in eight @entity1 (40%). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrate a mild but statistically relevant reduction in penile shortening following low-grade, externally delivered @entity546 , thus confirming the efficacy of this approach in preventing penile shortening caused by post-ischaemic @entity82 .

title: Use of local @entity221 as prophylaxis of XXXX and modification in penile length following radical retropubic prostatectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['penile hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In this study, the authors aim to describe the survival and clinical characteristics of 141 @entity995 cases treated at Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, @entity233 , between 1981 and 2004. METHOD: The authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of 141 @entity1 (177 eyes) diagnosed with @entity995 and treated between 1981 and 2004. Information on gender, laterality, age at diagnosis, presenting signs, @entity5 , treatment modality, survival rate, and family history were collected. RESULTS: A total of 105 cases (74.5%) were unilateral and 36 cases (25.5%) were bilateral. The mean age overall at the time of diagnosis was 25 months; in unilateral cases, 29 months; and in bilateral cases, 16 months. The most common presenting signs were leukocoria (116 cases, 82%), strabismus (14 cases, 10%) and proptosis (11 cases, 8%). A total of 28 cases had orbital extension, nine @entity1 had central nervous system invasion, and five cases exhibited bone marrow involvement. In total, 16 @entity1 (11%) had a family history of @entity995 . One case developed a secondary @entity5 . The 3 year cumulative survival rate of 141 @entity1 was 89.69% (unilateral, 90.74%; bilateral 87.35% P = 0.9371, P > 0.05, log rank test). CONCLUSION: The study's survival rate was similar to developed countries. The success in higher survival rates is based on the authors multidisciplinary team approach done by the same group and the support of the authors' clinic and government in sponsoring the medical insurance of all @entity1 .

title: @entity995 in XXXX : survival and clinical characteristics 1981-2004.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['spread of tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The study describes an abnormal convergence symptom, i.e. unilateral exophoria at near, in @entity1 with @entity161 ( @entity161 ) and @entity162 ( @entity162 ). The aim of this paper is to present the symptom and discuss its possible explanations. METHODS: 29 @entity1 with @entity161 , 15 @entity1 with @entity162 and 20 healthy controls (HC) took part in the study. The neurological assessment was done with International Co-operative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) and Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES). RESULTS: The abnormal vergence pattern was observed in 12 @entity1 with @entity161 , 1 @entity1 with @entity162 and 0 HC. Symptom appeared statistically more often in @entity161 @entity1 than in @entity162 @entity1 and HC. @entity161 @entity1 with vergence symptom performed significantly worst in oculomotor and dysarthia subscores of ICARS. CONCLUSIONS: The symptom can be linked to disruptions in cortico-ponto-cerebellar network and midbrain. It was the only neurological symptom that differed @entity161 and @entity162 groups, thus it might be used in differential diagnosis. Further research is needed to obtain a full clinical description of the symptom.

title: Convergence insufficiency with unilateral exophoria at near in XXXX and @entity162 - a preliminary study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder', 'BD']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'SZ']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: A gynecologist reports that 7.34% of the 18,520 pregnant @entity1 receiving prenatal care at the gynecology-obstetrics clinic of Aristide Le Dantec Hospital of Dakar, Senegal, during July 1986 to June 1989 were adolescents (age 12-17). 1.4% of the adolescents died during the same period. The most common causes of @entity204 were @entity101 conditions, infections, @entity548 , and @entity417 . The risks of adolescent pregnancy consist of those that accompany pregnancy and those that occur unexpectedly during delivery. The former include @entity2208 (12.9% among the Senegalese pregnant adolescents), @entity1468 (9.4%), @entity417 (7.3%), @entity5617 (3.4%), and @entity600 (5.8%). Unexpected risks during childbirth include @entity854 , often resulting in cesarean section (4.74%), @entity3036 , and abruptio placentae. Multiparity in adolescents increases these risks. Management and follow-up of these can turn them around. All problems of adolescent pregnancy lie at the level of management and follow-up. In fact, delay of the first prenatal care visit and the lack of monitoring increases the likelihood of @entity1468 , @entity3465 , @entity417 , and other risks. In Senegal, the first visit for a pregnant adolescent is usually late because the pregnancy is hidden and not well accepted. The risks are more associated with the development of the body than the age of the adolescent. Pregnancy acts like a brake to longitudinal growth. If it occurs after the first menstruation, it also adversely affects pelvis size. It appears that adolescent mothers who weighed less than normal before pregnancy deliver large @entity1 .

title: [An adolescent pregnancy carries grave risk for the mother and her XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriage']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhaging']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['premature birth']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal labor']

entities_list: @entity3036 :: ('MESH:D004461', 'Disease') :: ['eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity5617 :: ('MESH:D005313', 'Disease') :: ['fetal death']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is an increasing global burden of injury especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To address this, models of @entity130 care initially developed in high income countries are being adopted in LMIC settings. In particular, ambulance crews with @entity1442 ( @entity1442 ) training are being promoted in LMICs as a strategy for improving outcomes for victims of @entity130 . However, there is controversy as to the effectiveness of this health service intervention and the evidence has yet to be rigorously appraised. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the impact of @entity1442 -trained ambulance crews versus crews without @entity1442 training on reducing mortality and morbidity in @entity130 @entity1 . SEARCH METHODS: The search for studies was run on the 16th May 2014. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group's Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), Ovid MEDLINE(R), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process _ Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R), Embase Classic+Embase (Ovid), ISI WOS (SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, @entity21260 -S _ CPSI-SSH), CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), PubMed and screened reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials, controlled trials and non-randomised studies, including before-and-after studies and interrupted time series studies, comparing the impact of @entity1442 -trained ambulance crews versus crews without @entity1442 training on the reduction of mortality and morbidity in @entity130 @entity1 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors assessed study reports against the inclusion criteria, and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: We found one controlled before-and-after trial, one uncontrolled before-and-after study, and one randomised controlled trial that met the inclusion criteria. None demonstrated evidence to support @entity1442 training for pre-hospital personnel. In the uncontrolled before-and-after study, 'a priori' sub-group analysis showed an increase in mortality among @entity1 who had a Glasgow @entity772 Scale score of less than nine and received care from @entity1442 trained ambulance crews. Additionally, when the pre-hospital @entity130 score was taken into account in logistic regression analysis, mortality in the @entity1 receiving care from @entity1442 trained crews increased significantly. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: At this time, the evidence indicates that there is no benefit of @entity1442 training for ambulance crews on @entity1 outcomes.

title: Advanced training in XXXX life support for ambulance crews.

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced life support', 'ALS']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate left ventricular (LV) function and carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ) in @entity1 with axial @entity11028 in relationship to underlying disease severity. METHODS: We recruited 104 @entity1 with axial @entity11028 and 50 controls. Detailed transthoracic echocardiography was performed and analysed with two-dimensional speckle tracking strain analysis for systolic function and tissue Doppler-derived E/E' for diastolic function assessment. Carotid @entity121 was measured by ultrasonography to evaluate subclinical @entity731 . Radiological severity of @entity1 with axial @entity11028 was assessed by the modified Stoke @entity1691 Spine Score (mSASSS). RESULTS: Despite a similar LV ejection fraction [62.7% (s.d. 3.9) vs 62.8% (s.d. 3.8), P = 0.83], @entity1 with axial @entity11028 had impaired LV @entity296 ( @entity6475 ), circumferential strain (CS) and radial strain (RS) compared with controls [-18.1% (s.d. 2.4) vs -20.1% (s.d. 2.5), -17.2% (s.d. 2.2) vs -20.3% (s.d. 2.9) and 37.1% (s.d. 8.6) vs 43.2% (s.d. 10.9), respectively; all P < 0.01]. In addition, @entity1 with axial @entity11028 had a greater E/E' [7.9 (s.d. 2.5) vs 7.0 (s.d. 1.7), P < 0.01] and @entity1004 [0.78 mm (s.d. 0.19) vs 0.69 mm (s.d. 0.10), P < 0.01] than controls. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, axial @entity11028 remained independently associated with LV myocardial strains, E/E' and @entity1004 . Importantly, multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that mSASSS was independently associated with LV @entity6475 , E/E' and @entity1004 . CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that @entity1 with axial @entity11028 had impaired LV systolic and diastolic function and increased @entity1004 . Importantly, mSASSS was independently associated with LV @entity6475 , E/E' and @entity1004 after adjusting for confounding factors. Speckle tracking echocardiography may be a useful tool for early detection of impaired LV function in @entity1 with @entity11028 and @entity1004 examination can provide valuable assessment of subclinical @entity731 in @entity1 with @entity11028 .

title: Left ventricular myocardial dysfunction and @entity731 in XXXX with @entity1691 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1004 :: ('MESH:C563733', 'Disease') :: ['carotid IMT']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial longitudinal strain']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal strain', 'LS']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['Ankylosing Spondylitis']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity102 exerts a lasting and pervasive influence on personal experience of the world. It is commonly viewed as a phenomenon to be coped with, requiring an adaptive response on the part of an individual. @entity102 , however, is a culturally-influenced tool which in itself can be used to organize and implement an adaptive response to personal experience. Employing Hallowell's concept of the self in the behavioral environment, the uses of a chronic @entity221 , 'high-pertension', for personal adaptation are discussed. Data from research on health beliefs about @entity101 and @entity146 in a sample of 60 older African-American @entity1 in New Orleans are presented. 'High-pertension', a chronic @entity221 related to the biomedical ' @entity101 ', and involving blood and 'nerves', is described. Health beliefs and @entity146 associated with high-pertension are considered as part of an individual's total effort at adaptation within the behavioral environment. These points are made: (1) @entity102 can be used as a means to express one's self in relation to the behavioral environment. (2) @entity102 can be used to manipulate and manage the relation of self to environment. (3) @entity102 can be used to legitimize and announce role change. These uses are available to the individual by virtue of social interaction, cultural precedent and the chronicity and meaning of the illness itself. For @entity1 in a severely stressed, constrained, and disadvantaged social position, as are many older African-American @entity1 , @entity102 offers one of the few means of controlling the behavioral environment available to the individual. Although in anthropology and biology we speak of adaptation in terms of @entity1 groups, we are ultimately considering @entity1 -environment fit, that is, personal adaptation. @entity102 can be a part of a culturally-influenced adaptive response.

title: 'High-pertension'--the uses of a chronic XXXX for personal adaptation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['illness behavior']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic illness', 'chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['folk illness']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['folk illness']


abstract: To evaluate the association of @entity205 (CsA)-related nephrotoxicity with @entity842 (NO) and endothelin, the effects of @entity534 (LA) and branched-chain @entity535 (BCAA) infusions on renal hemodynamics in 5 normal volunteers and 12 renal transplant recipients were assessed. In normal @entity1 , LA, but not BCAA, reduced mean arterial pressure and renal vascular resistance while increasing RPF and urinary @entity1507 ( @entity8326 ) excretion. Group 1 included six transplant recipients not on CsA; Group 2 subjects (N = 6) were receiving CsA. In both groups, mean arterial pressure declined during the infusion of LA (116 +/- 4 to 109 +/- 4 mm Hg; P < 0.001) but not BCAA (116 +/- 3 to 115 +/- 3; P = not significant). In Group 1, LA increased RPF 33 +/- 13% (329 +/- 48 to 436 +/- 77 mL/min per 1.73 m2; P = 0.01) and GFR 37 +/- 16% (95 +/- 7 to 130 +/- 18 mL/min per 1.73 m2; P = 0.01); renal vascular resistance declined 27 +/- 6%. In Group 2, LA did not affect renal hemodynamics. No changes occurred with BCAA in either group. LA increased urinary @entity8326 -excretion by 27 +/- 17% in Group 1 (P < 0.05), but only by 16 +/- 13% in Group 2 (P = not significant). Urinary endothelin excretion was higher in Group 2 subjects (10.1 +/- 1.3 versus 5.3 +/- 0.8 pg/mL of GFR, P < 0.01). LA-induced @entity8 is associated with the increased urinary excretion of @entity8326 -.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity205 inhibits the renal response to @entity534 in XXXX kidney transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal vasodilation']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity548 from @entity2849 complicating @entity788 is an infrequent but very severe condition. In most cases, acute, massive @entity360 is typical at onset, and prognosis of these cases is usually poor. Nine cases of arterial lesions secondary to pancreatic @entity32 are presented, eight related to chronic @entity788 and one to @entity282 . Five @entity1 were evaluated during emergency episodes because of acutely @entity360 (four cases), and pseudocyst acute @entity548 (one case). Four @entity1 were selectively evaluated: three had a history of self-limiting @entity360 , whereas one had experienced no episodes of @entity360 . Angiography was performed in all cases and was always diagnostic, even in the two cases of very small @entity2849 . Transcatheter arterial blockade was attempted in five @entity1 and failed to control the @entity548 in one @entity548 @entity1 because of irreversible shock. Two cases of @entity548 not related to a pseudocyst were effectively and permanently treated by embolization. A case of a @entity2849 associated with a pseudocyst required surgery in addition to embolization for a definite treatment. Nevertheless, when a @entity2849 or a @entity548 acutely, transcatheter arterial blockade can control the @entity548 and improve the hemodynamic status of the @entity1 before surgery.

title: Arterial complications of XXXX : diagnostic and therapeutic role of radiology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage', 'bleeding', 'Hemorrhage', 'pseudocyst hemorrhages', 'acutely bleeding']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['acute postoperative pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding', 'gastrointestinal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm', 'pseudoaneurysms']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: @entity7493 is a notable problem in the management of @entity1 with chronic @entity788 . The effect of @entity3147 on pancreatic surgery is not well known. The records of 313 consecutive @entity1 who underwent lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ, n = 152), pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD, n = 78), or distal pancreatectomy (DP, n = 83) for chronic @entity788 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Subjective Global Assessment, Nutritional Risk Index, and Instant Nutritional Assessment were used to assess the nutritional state. An average of all three nutritional indexes was established, and @entity1 were categorized into well nourished (n = 101) as well as mild (n = 91), moderate (n = 94), and severe malnourished (n = 27). Poor nutritional state was associated with an increase in postoperative complication rate (LPJ: well nourished 14%, mild 25%, moderate 31%*, severe 50%*; PD: well nourished 44%, mild 44%, moderate 60%, severe 88%*; DP: well nourished 17%, mild 13%, moderate 30%, severe 55%*; *P < 0.045 vs well nourished). Low serum @entity2313 levels also increased operative morbidity. The increase in morbidity was reflected by a higher rate of infectious complications as well as increased ICU stay. Body mass index and @entity353 did not contribute to change in outcome. @entity3147 was associated with a higher incidence of @entity260 after surgery for chronic @entity788 . An increase in operative morbidity might be related to decreased protein synthesis and impaired immunocompetence.

title: The effect of XXXX on morbidity after Surgery for chronic @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7493 :: ('MESH:D011502', 'Disease') :: ['Protein-energy malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition', 'Malnutrition']

answer: @entity3147 :: (MESH:D044342,Disease) :: ['malnutrition']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: The occurrence of primary @entity405 T cell activation within the liver, unique among the non-lymphoid organs, is now well accepted. However, the outcome of intrahepatic T cell activation remains controversial. We have previously reported that activation initiated by hepatocytes results in a tolerogenic phenotype characterized by low expression of @entity2902 and @entity1199 , poor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function, and excessive expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim. METHODS: To investigate whether this phenotype was due to activation in the absence of co-stimulation, we generated bone marrow (bm) radiation chimeras in which adoptively transferred na  ve transgenic @entity405 T cells were activated in the presence of co-stimulation by liver bm-derived cells. RESULTS: Despite expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, high levels of @entity2902 and @entity2071 , donor T cells activated by liver bm-derived cells did not produce detectable @entity1199 and displayed poor CTL function, suggesting incomplete acquisition of effector function. Simultaneously, these cells expressed high levels of Bim and died by neglect. Transfer of Bim-deficient T cells resulted in increased T cell numbers. CONCLUSIONS: These results imply that expression of @entity2902 and @entity2071 is co-stimulation dependent and distinguishes T cell activated by hepatocytes and liver bm-derived cells. In contrast, low expression of @entity1199 , poor CTL function and excess Bim production represent a more universal phenotype defining T cells undergoing primary activation by both types of hepatic @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). These results have important implications for transplantation, in which all liver @entity1358 contribute to activation of T cells specific for the allograft.

title: Na  ve @entity405 T cell activation by liver bone marrow-derived cells leads to a "neglected" XXXX low Bimhigh phenotype, poor CTL function and cell death.

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['APC', 'antigen presenting cells']

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['IL-2']


abstract: PURPOSE: In this study, we compared second-line chemotherapy effects of nodal @entity3 with other @entity3 sites. METHODS: The medical records of 44 @entity1 with recurrent @entity43 who received second-line chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Median age at the time of second-line chemotherapy was 55 years (range: 31-74). Recurrent sites were as follows: 29 @entity1 had a solitary site (abdominal cavity: 8; lymph node: 3; pelvic cavity: 10; liver: 4; lung: 4) and 15 @entity1 had multiple sites In total, the response rate was 30% (CR: 8, PR: 5). The response rate in sensitive cases was higher than in refractory/resistant cases (50% vs 5% p = 0.002). However, age, chemotherapy regimen, histologic type and number of diseases were not related with chemotherapy effect. In all diseases, response rate tended to be higher in @entity1600 than in the others (44% vs 27%). In both sensitive and refractory/resistant cases, response rate tended to be higher in @entity1600 . CONCLUSION: The response rate for @entity1600 tended to be relatively high. Further study analyzing survival will be required to conclude the chemotherapy effect.

title: The chemosensitivity of nodal @entity3 in recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node diseases', 'lymph node disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: @entity8193 occurs in a number of clinical conditions, e.g. in surgeries, orthotopic liver transplant, and anesthetic agent administration, which has deleterious effects on the @entity1 's survival. The most rational therapy for these @entity1 , the @entity4388 administration, cannot prevent those @entity942 and may actually be harmful. In addition, @entity8973 adjusts the blood pH, it does not affect the @entity880 accumulation. Therefore, discovery of a therapeutic agent is still a major unsolved problem. In this study, the @entity35 were divided into different groups and @entity8193 was induced in them. Then, the effect of different injection doses of @entity11667 (0-20nmol) on @entity8193 was analyzed by measuring the @entity880 level and pH in the @entity35 blood samples. The results showed that @entity11667 effectively and simultaneously inhibited the @entity880 and pyruvate accumulations, and also adjusted the pH of bloodstream. On the other hand, it has been shown (Damuni et al., 1984; Rahmatullah and Roche, 1988) that @entity11667 increases the activity of phosphatase, leading to prevention of @entity880 accumulation. The results indicate that administration of only nanomole level of @entity11667 may be the best treatment in the liver transplant and other @entity1 suffering from @entity8193 .

title: @entity8193 treatment by nanomole level of XXXX in an animal model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity8193 :: ('MESH:D000140', 'Disease') :: ['Lactic acidosis', 'lactic acidosis', 'lactic acidosis type B']

entities_list: @entity8973 :: ('MESH:D014325', 'Chemical') :: ['tromethamine']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['accompanying deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity11667 :: ('MESH:D013095', 'Chemical') :: ['spermidine']

answer: @entity11667 :: (MESH:D013095,Chemical) :: ['spermidine']


abstract: PURPOSE: In @entity2 radiation therapy, the dose constraints are determined mostly by healthy lung @entity137 . Preclinical microirradiators are a new tool to evaluate treatment strategies closer to clinical irradiation devices. In this study, we quantified local changes in lung density symptomatic of @entity1207 ( @entity1207 ) after partial lung irradiation in @entity19 by using a precision image-guided small animal irradiator integrated with micro-computed tomography (CT) imaging. METHODS AND MATERIALS: C57BL/6 adult male @entity19 (n=76) were divided into 6 groups: a control group (0  Gy) and groups irradiated with a single fraction of 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20  Gy using 5-mm circular parallel-opposed fields targeting the upper right lung. A Monte Carlo model of the small animal irradiator was used for dose calculations. Following irradiation, all @entity19 were imaged at regular intervals over 39  weeks (10 time points total). Nonrigid deformation was used to register the initial micro-CT scan to all subsequent scans. RESULTS: Significant differences could be observed between the 3 highest (>10  Gy) and 3 lowest irradiation (<10  Gy) dose levels. A mean difference of 120      10 HU between the 0- and 20-Gy groups was observed at week 39. @entity1207 was found to be spatially limited to the irradiated portion of the lung. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the severity of @entity1207 in partial lung irradiation compared to large field irradiation in @entity19 for the same dose is reduced, and therefore higher doses can be tolerated.

title: A longitudinal evaluation of partial lung irradiation in XXXX by using a dedicated image-guided small animal irradiator.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1207 :: ('MESH:D017564', 'Disease') :: ['RILF', 'radiation-induced lung fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2758 ( @entity2758 ) are high-flow lesions with abnormal connections between arteries and veins without an intervening capillary bed. Infrequently, the radiographic diagnosis of a @entity455 will not support the clinical diagnosis of an @entity7026 . These "discrepant" lesions are not adequately captured within the current classification system and represent a treatment dilemma. The purpose of this study is to review our center's experience with @entity1462 where @entity1833 in a @entity1 's clinical and radiographic presentation produces a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of @entity1 with atypical @entity7026 pre sen ta tions was performed. Parameters reviewed included @entity1 history and demogra phics, clinical presentation, radiological imaging, and treatment modalities. RESULTS: Over a 15-year period, we identified 7 cases of @entity1462 with discrepant clinical and radiological findings concerning flow characteristics. All @entity1 were treated based on their radiological diagnosis and most were managed with sclerotherapy. No lesions evolved into a high-flow process, and there was no recurrence at a minimum of 24 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified and described a unique subcategory of @entity1462 that have clinical features of high-flow @entity600 but radiological features of @entity600 . These lesions behave like @entity600 and should be treated as such. We propose that @entity1462 are best evaluated by both clinical and specialized diagnostic radiological means; the radiologic diagnoses should supplant what is found clinically, and ultimately treatment should be preferentially based on a radiological diagnosis.

title: The "Little AVM": A New Entity in High-flow versus Low-flow XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesion']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['Arteriovenous malformations', 'AVMs']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations', 'low-flow malformations']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['incongruity']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['vascular malformations', 'complex vascular malformations']

answer: @entity1462 :: (MESH:D054079,Disease) :: ['Vascular Malformations']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Effective positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) guidance in radiotherapy of @entity2 requires estimation and mitigation of errors due to respiratory motion. An end-to-end workflow was developed to measure @entity1 -specific motion-induced uncertainties in imaging, treatment planning, and radiation delivery with respiratory motion phantoms and dosimeters. A custom torso phantom with inserts mimicking normal lung tissue and lung lesion was filled with @entity419 . The lung lesion insert was driven by six different @entity1 -specific respiratory patterns or kept stationary. PET/CT images were acquired under motionless ground truth, tidal breathing motion-averaged (3D), and respiratory phase-correlated (4D) conditions. Target volumes were estimated by standardized uptake value (SUV) thresholds that accurately defined the ground-truth lesion volume. Non-uniform dose-painting plans using volumetrically modulated arc therapy were optimized for fixed normal lung and spinal cord objectives and variable PET-based target objectives. Resulting plans were delivered to a cylindrical diode array at rest, in motion on a platform driven by the same respiratory patterns (3D), or motion-compensated by a robotic couch with an infrared camera tracking system (4D). Errors were estimated relative to the static ground truth condition for mean target-to-background (T/Bmean) ratios, target volumes, planned equivalent uniform target doses, and 2%-2   mm gamma delivery passing rates. Relative to motionless ground truth conditions, PET/CT imaging errors were on the order of 10-20%, treatment planning errors were 5-10%, and treatment delivery errors were 5-30% without motion compensation. Errors from residual motion following compensation methods were reduced to 5-10% in PET/CT imaging,  <5% in treatment planning, and  <2% in treatment delivery. We have demonstrated that estimation of respiratory motion uncertainty and its propagation from PET/CT imaging to @entity138 planning, and @entity138 delivery under a dose painting paradigm is feasible within an integrated respiratory motion phantom workflow. For a limited set of cases, the magnitude of errors was comparable during PET/CT imaging and treatment delivery without motion compensation. Errors were moderately mitigated during PET/CT imaging and significantly mitigated during @entity138 delivery with motion compensation. This dynamic motion phantom end-to-end workflow provides a method for quality assurance of 4D PET/CT-guided radiotherapy, including evaluation of respiratory motion compensation methods during imaging and treatment delivery.

title: Imaging and dosimetric errors in 4D PET/CT-guided radiotherapy from XXXX -specific respiratory patterns: a dynamic motion phantom end-to-end study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Laparoscopy has advanced the care of @entity1 for a variety of pediatric @entity66 . However, complication rates for laparoscopic interventions in neonates with @entity1699 ( @entity1699 ) have not been well described. The purpose of this study is to present the largest reported series of laparoscopic surgery performed in @entity1 with @entity1699 . METHODS: We conducted a single-institution, retrospective chart review for all neonates with @entity1699 who underwent a laparoscopic procedure from September 2002 to March 2005. Data regarding @entity1 characteristics, intraoperative monitoring, previous cardiac surgery, perioperative complications, and postoperative mortality were assessed. RESULTS: Twelve @entity1 with @entity1699 underwent a total of 13 operations during the study period (8 combined Nissen fundoplication and @entity5274 , 3 isolated @entity5274 , 1 Ladd procedure, and 1 combined Nissen fundoplication and gastrocutaneous fistula closure). All cases were completed laparoscopically. @entity1 had undergone palliative cardiac surgery but were not completely corrected; therefore, they were cyanotic. Perioperative complications were observed in 6 @entity1 (3 gastrostomy tube site infections, 1 @entity293 ). There was no mortality in this series. CONCLUSIONS: From this experience, it appears that laparoscopy can be performed safely and with satisfactory outcomes in @entity1 with @entity1699 . However, a multidisciplinary approach, including the availability of a skilled and experienced cardiac anesthesia team, is believed to be critical to optimize outcomes in these critically ill @entity1 .

title: Outcomes after laparoscopic surgery in neonates with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['surgical diseases']

entities_list: @entity1699 :: ('MESH:D018636', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplastic left heart syndrome', 'HLHS']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['gastrostomy tubes']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['small bowel obstruction, 1 postoperative sepsis, and 1 urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity1699 :: (MESH:D018636,Disease) :: ['hypoplastic heart left heart syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe four cases of an uncommon type of @entity7140 / @entity255 characterized by increased intraepithelial lymphocytes within the biliary epithelium. METHODS: Cases were prospectively compiled during regular surgical pathology sign-out. Clinical information was obtained from the electronic medical record and the gross appearance from the surgical pathology reports. Microscopic examination was performed with emphasis on the type, location, and distribution of the inflammatory pattern; presence of intraepithelial lymphocytes (>30 per 100 biliary cells); and presence of metaplasia and @entity2543 . Immunohistochemical stains for CD3, @entity405 , and IgG4 were performed in some cases. RESULTS: All @entity1 were adults who had either @entity158 or obstructive symptoms. All gallbladders had a relatively normal gross appearance and did not contain @entity5990 or @entity253 . Microscopic examination showed numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes in the biliary epithelium. The mucosa was frequently expanded by dense inflammatory cell infiltrates. The inflammatory process was more severe in the infundibulum and bile ducts than in the body of the gallbladder. The intraepithelial lymphocytes were CD3+, @entity405 +. IgG4+ plasma cells were absent. CONCLUSIONS: The term lymphocytic @entity2679 / @entity255 is proposed. The potential clinical implications and pathogenesis of this inflammatory pattern and the differential diagnosis with other forms of @entity7140 are discussed.

title: Lymphocytic @entity2679 / XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstones']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity7140 :: ('MESH:D042101', 'Disease') :: ['acalculous cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['biliary pain']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary sludge']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity255 :: (MESH:D002761,Disease) :: ['cholangitis']


abstract: Objective: This was to learn how chronic @entity16 ( @entity16 ) versus @entity16 ( @entity16 ) may influence attentional biases in proximal and distal space. Background: Prior research has suggested that the left hemisphere primarily attends to proximal space and the right hemisphere to distal space. The purpose of this study was to contrast line bisection performed in proximal versus distal space in @entity1 with chronic @entity16 versus @entity16 . Design/method: @entity1 were 32 @entity16 and 26 @entity16 @entity1 who sustained a @entity64 a mean of 3.4 years prior to testing, along with 9 healthy controls. Subjects attempted to bisect 30 lines in proximal space and 30 lines in distal space. Results: @entity1 with both @entity16 and @entity16 had a greater contralesional bias in proximal than distal space (rightward bias for @entity1 with @entity16 and leftward bias for @entity1 with @entity16 ). Compared to controls, @entity1 with @entity16 were most different in proximal space, and @entity1 with @entity16 were most different in distal space. Conclusions: Proximity appears to influence spatial judgments of @entity1 with @entity16 and @entity16 in an opposing manner. Relatively, both @entity1 groups bisect lines contralesionally in proximal space and ipsilesionally (relative to proximal) in distal space. @entity1 with @entity16 have the biggest difference between their proximal and distal judgments. The reason for these differences is unknown. However, these biases may be related to an attentional or action-intentional grasp or a learned compensation strategy, and proximity may increase the allocation of attention or intention and thereby enhance this grasp or use of this compensation strategy. Another contributing factor may be dominance of the left and right hemisphere for information presented in proximal and distal space, respectively.

title: The influence of stimulus proximity on judgments of spatial relationships in XXXX with chronic unilateral right or left hemisphere @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['RHD', 'left hemispheric damage', 'LHD', 'right hemispheric damage']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a @entity944 in a female carrier of @entity12654 and to describe the @entity299 associated with this disease. STUDY DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: University hospital. @entity1 : A 45-year-old carrier who died suddenly and two affected @entity1 who also died of cardiac manifestations of @entity12654 . MEASUREMENTS: Post-mortem gross pathologic and histopathologic study of the heart. RESULTS: All three hearts showed a unique pattern of pathologic findings. Marked loss of @entity955 had occurred. Myocardium had been replaced by adipose and fibrous tissue. The conduction system showed no significant abnormalities. Varying degrees of interstitial and replacement @entity82 were present in the ventricular myocardium. CONCLUSIONS: @entity12654 is associated with characteristic pathologic changes in the heart that can cause @entity204 in female carriers and affected @entity1 . Female carriers should be identified and evaluated because of the risk for @entity1164 .

title: XXXX of a carrier of @entity12654 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial myocardium']

entities_list: @entity12654 :: ('MESH:D020389', 'Disease') :: ['Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy']

answer: @entity944 :: (MESH:D003645,Disease) :: ['Sudden death']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1555 ( @entity1555 ) is characterised by progressive @entity425 . It has recently been reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the @entity1096 and @entity16563 loci can account for some of the inter-individual variability observed in the clinical disease course. The validation of genetic association in large independent cohorts is a key process for @entity395 in order to qualify prognostic biomarkers and stratify @entity1 in clinical trials. METHODS: Duchenne @entity1 from five European neuromuscular centres were included. Information about age at wheelchair dependence and steroid use was gathered. Melting curve analysis of PCR fragments or Sanger sequencing were used to genotype SNP @entity43697 in the @entity1096 gene in 336 @entity1 . The genotype of SNPs @entity58093 , @entity58094 , @entity58095 and @entity58096 in the @entity16563 locus was determined in 265 @entity1 by mass spectrometry. For both loci, a multivariate analysis was performed, using genotype/haplotype, steroid use and cohort as covariates. RESULTS: We show that corticosteroid treatment and the IAAM haplotype of the @entity16563 gene are significantly associated with prolonged ambulation in @entity1 with @entity1555 . There was no significant association between the SNP @entity43697 in the @entity1096 gene and the age of ambulation loss. CONCLUSIONS: This study underlines the importance of replicating genetic association studies for @entity395 in large independent cohorts to identify the most robust associations. We anticipate that genotyping of validated genetic associations will become important for the design and interpretation of clinical trials.

title: Validation of genetic modifiers for @entity1555 : a multicentre study assessing @entity1096 and XXXX variants.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'DMD']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare diseases']

answer: @entity16563 :: (8425,Gene) :: ['LTBP4']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Radiotherapy outcomes might be further improved by a greater understanding of the individual variations in normal tissue reactions that determine tolerance. Most published studies on radiation @entity137 have been performed retrospectively. Our prospective study was launched in 1996 to measure the in vitro radiosensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes before treatment with radical radiotherapy in @entity1 with @entity0 , and to assess the early and the late radiation skin side effects in the same group of @entity1 . We prospectively recruited consecutive @entity0 @entity1 receiving radiation therapy after breast surgery. To evaluate whether early and late side effects of radiotherapy can be predicted by the assay, a study was conducted of the association between the results of in vitro radiosensitivity tests and acute and late adverse radiation effects. METHODS: Intrinsic molecular radiosensitivity was measured by using an initial radiation-induced DNA damage assay on lymphocytes obtained from @entity0 @entity1 before radiotherapy. Acute reactions were assessed in 108 of these @entity1 on the last treatment day. Late morbidity was assessed after 7 years of follow-up in some of these @entity1 . The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) morbidity score system was used for both assessments. RESULTS: Radiosensitivity values obtained using the in vitro test showed no relation with the acute or late adverse skin reactions observed. There was no evidence of a relation between acute and late normal tissue reactions assessed in the same @entity1 . A positive relation was found between the treatment volume and both early and late side effects. CONCLUSION: After radiation treatment, a number of cells containing major changes can have a long survival and disappear @entity6632 , becoming a chronic focus of immunological system stimulation. This stimulation can produce, in a stochastic manner, late radiation-related adverse effects of varying severity. Further research is warranted to identify the major determinants of normal tissue radiation response to make it possible to individualize treatments and improve the outcome of radiotherapy in @entity5 @entity1 .

title: Early and late skin reactions to radiotherapy for XXXX and their correlation with radiation-induced DNA damage in lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity6632 :: ('MESH:C536353', 'Disease') :: ['very slowly']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The authors developed a @entity413 sensor that operates in vitro at 37 degrees C for at least three months without recharging. The use of fine @entity505 particles upon which to immobilize the @entity413 oxidase makes it possible to recharge the sensor when enzymatic activity diminishes. This may enable the sensor to perform for at least a year when implanted, and thus reduce the frequency of surgical replacement. Recharging is accomplished by inserting a hypodermic needle into the septum of an implanted reservoir. Three types of @entity505 were investigated: @entity15583 powder, @entity505 lamp black, and low-temperature isotropic @entity505 powder (ULTI). Two cross-linking procedures were tested. The sensor that remained operational for the longest time used the ULTI and the cross-linking procedure that mixed the enzyme, immobilized on @entity505 powder, with albumin and @entity3584 . This sensor operated continuously at 37 degrees C for at least three months. Further, it was put through four recharge cycles with ten days of successful operation after each without change. The sensor is very stable and the results obtained with it are reproducible.

title: Performances of potentially implantable rechargeable XXXX sensors in vitro at body temperature.

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: @entity3976 , the protrusion of the @entity547 sac through the sciatic foramen, is an extremely rare cause of @entity1695 . We describe a case revealed by severe @entity615 in a 72-year-old female. She was referred to our hospital for urological assessment of left @entity3041 observed by ultrasonography. Intravenous ureterography (IVU) showed findings compatible with a left sciatic ureter, a dilated ureter with a fixed kinking, which is known as the 'curlicue' sign. We decided to attempt recovery of the herniated ureter using a retrograde approach. Ureteral stent placement was performed to decompress the dilated upper urinary tract. The ureterosciatic @entity547 was relieved with the passage of a flexible guide wire and a double-pigtail stent. Three months after ureteral stenting, she refused continuing to have an indwelling stent and the stent was removed. Thereafter, IVU revealed recurrent ureterosciatic @entity547 ; however, there was no hydroureter or @entity3041 . The @entity1 is currently being under observation for 6 years after stenting and continues to be without @entity3041 or symptoms. Placement of an internal stent possibly provides the @entity2003 to the ureter, thereby reducing the @entity547 and @entity1876 . In the previous reports, most symptomatic @entity1 have been treated surgically, with conservative therapy reserved for asymptomatic @entity1 . For the @entity1 who is elderly or a poor surgical candidate, retrograde stenting may provide safe reduction and efficacious treatment. This endourological approach provides a minimally invasive means for the management of @entity1876 caused by @entity3976 .

title: Minimally Invasive Endourological Techniques may Provide a Novel Method for Relieving XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3976 :: ('MESH:D004677', 'Disease') :: ['Ureterosciatic herniation', 'ureterosciatic herniation']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['left back pain']

entities_list: @entity1876 :: ('MESH:D001748', 'Disease') :: ['urinary obstruction']

answer: @entity1876 :: (MESH:D001748,Disease) :: ['Urinary Obstruction due to Ureterosciatic Herniation']


abstract: Physicians must make decisions in day-to-day practice even when the balance of benefit and harm is not yet known. Adopting a clinical policy about screening is a case in point. Three controversies in screening healthy adults illustrate different aspects of resolving a dispute when the evidence is incomplete. The major controversy in @entity165 screening is whether to screen young adults. There has never been a randomized trial of treatment, let alone a trial of screening, in young adults. However, a patchwork of evidence strongly suggests that, because the baseline risk of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) is very small in young adults, the absolute reduction in risk from treatment would be very small. In @entity0 screening, randomized trials do not show conclusively that periodic mammography for @entity1 aged 40-49 years reduces @entity0 mortality. A 7-10 year delay between the first mammogram and a reduction in deaths from @entity0 suggests the hypothesis that the only benefit of screening @entity1 aged 40-49 years occurs from mammograms performed after age 50. There is no high quality evidence that early detection and treatment reduce the death rate from @entity263 . In lieu of randomized trial data, we must depend on a decision analysis that shows that screening middle-aged @entity1 is cost-effective relative to other preventive services. However, this result depends on using optimistic survival data in the decision model, and most organizations do not recommend routine screening. The best strategy is to discuss the harms and benefits, and let the @entity1 decide.

title: Current controversies in screening: @entity165 , XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer, and prostate cancer']


abstract: To define conditions for improved efficiency of retroviral-mediated gene transfer and expression in primate progenitor cells, four @entity2608 were treated with a 200 mg/kg intravenous bolus of @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ). The kinetics of @entity1583 and recovery were assessed in peripheral blood, bone marrow mononuclear cells, and bone marrow cells fractionated in an albumin density gradient. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were transduced with N2, a retroviral vector carrying the bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene (NPT), which confers resistance to the otherwise toxic @entity5154 analogue, G418. Circulating colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) disappeared at 2 days. CFU-GM, transducible CFU-GM, @entity59146 + cells, and the percent of cells in cycle decreased at 3 days in unfractionated bone marrow cells and in a light density population known to be enriched for these progenitors and for stem cells. NPT activity in the light-density fraction, marginally detectable before treatment, disappeared at 3 days as well. At day 7 the CFU-GM plating efficiency, the @entity59146 + cell content, and the percentage of cells in cell cycle began to increase in the light-density fraction. The NPT assay became faintly positive again but the CFU-GM were not yet transducible, implying that it was an earlier progenitor population that was dividing and differentiating. By day 15, there was a marked rebound in all of the progenitors measured, and transduction efficiency assessed by @entity56627 CFU-GM and NPT assay rebounded to several times pretreatment levels. The data suggest that CFU-GM are optimally transduced at 15 days but that earlier progenitors are more likely cycling and transducible before 5 days, a time when a gene transfer experiment would probably have the best chance to succeed.

title: Increased efficiency of retroviral-mediated gene transfer and expression in primate bone marrow progenitors after XXXX -induced @entity1583 and recovery.

entities_list: @entity5154 :: ('MESH:D009355', 'Chemical') :: ['neomycin']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic suppression']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimates of unexpected @entity242 following surgery for presumed benign @entity2909 that use age-stratification are lacking. @entity1 AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort of 2,075 @entity1 that had undergone myomectomy was evaluated to determine the case incidence of unexpected @entity242 . An aggregate risk estimate was generated using a meta-analysis of similar studies plus our data. Database-derived age distributions of the incidence rates of @entity242 and uterine @entity2909 surgery were used to stratify risk by age. RESULTS: Of 2,075 @entity1 in our retrospective cohort, 6 were diagnosed with @entity242 . Our meta-analysis revealed 8 studies from 1980 to 2014. Combined with our study, 18 cases of @entity1822 are reported in 10,120 @entity1 , for an aggregate risk of 1.78 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.8) or 1 in 562. Eight cases of other uterine @entity242 were reported in 6,889 @entity1 , for an aggregate risk of 1.16 per 1,000 (95% CI: 0.5-4.9) or 1 in 861. The summation of these risks gives an overall risk of @entity242 of 2.94 per 1,000 (95% CI: 1.8-4.1) or 1 in 340. After stratification by age, we predict the risk of @entity242 to range from a peak of 10.1 cases per 1,000, or 1 in 98, for @entity1 aged 75-79 years to <1 case per 500 for @entity1 aged <30 years. CONCLUSION: The risk of unexpected @entity242 varies significantly across age groups. Our age-stratified predictive model should be incorporated to more accurately counsel @entity1 and to assist in providing guidelines for the surgical technique for @entity2909 .

title: Age-Stratified Risk of Unexpected Uterine XXXX Following Surgery for Presumed Benign @entity2909 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyoma']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['uterine sarcoma', 'sarcomas']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['Sarcoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1 with @entity17631 have @entity121 due to loss-of-function mutations in the chloride channel in skeletal muscle, which causes spontaneous firing of muscle action potentials ( @entity8525 ), producing muscle stiffness. In @entity1 , muscle stiffness lessens with exercise, a change known as the warmup phenomenon. Our goal was to identify the mechanism underlying warmup and to use this information to guide development of novel therapy. METHODS: To determine the mechanism underlying warmup, we used a recently discovered drug to eliminate muscle contraction, thus allowing prolonged intracellular recording from individual muscle fibers during induction of warmup in a @entity19 @entity17631 . RESULTS: Changes in action potentials suggested slow inactivation of sodium channels as an important contributor to warmup. These data suggested that enhancing slow inactivation of sodium channels might offer effective therapy for @entity8525 . Lacosamide and ranolazine enhance slow inactivation of sodium channels and are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for other uses in @entity1 . We compared the efficacy of both drugs to mexiletine, a sodium channel blocker currently used to treat @entity8525 . In vitro studies suggested that both lacosamide and ranolazine were superior to mexiletine. However, in vivo studies in a @entity19 @entity17631 suggested that side effects could limit the efficacy of lacosamide. Ranolazine produced fewer side effects and was as effective as mexiletine at a dose that produced none of mexiletine's hypoexcitability side effects. INTERPRETATION: We conclude that ranolazine has excellent therapeutic potential for treatment of @entity1 with @entity17631 . Ann Neurol 2014.

title: Sodium channel slow inactivation as a therapeutic target for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity17631 :: ('MESH:D009224', 'Disease') :: ['model of myotonia congenita', 'myotonia congenita']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle hyperexcitability']

answer: @entity17631 :: (MESH:D009224,Disease) :: ['myotonia congenita']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the course of glucocorticoid (GC) therapy and associated adverse events in a population-based cohort of @entity1 with @entity226 ( @entity226 ). METHODS: We identified 125 Olmsted County residents with @entity226 diagnosed between 1950 and 1991 and obtained followup information on the 120 @entity1 who were diagnosed antemortem and agreed to participate in this study. Clinical variables, GC doses, and GC adverse events on each @entity1 were recorded. The relationship between GC therapy and the development of adverse events was studied by the Cox and Anderson-Gill proportional hazards models. RESULTS: All @entity1 were treated with GCs and responded rapidly (median initial dosage 60 mg @entity229 /day). The dosage was later reduced according to the treating physicians' judgment. The median duration required to reach 7.5 mg/day was 6.5 months and the median duration required to reach 5 mg/day was 7.5 months. Relapses or recurrences occurred in 57 @entity1 . For the 87 @entity1 followed to discontinuation of GC therapy and permanent remission of @entity226 (median of 22 months), the total median dose of @entity229 was 6.47 gm. Adverse events associated with GCs were recorded in 103 (86%) @entity1 and 2 or more events occurred in 70 @entity1 (58%). Age and higher cumulative dose of GCs were associated with the development of adverse GC side effects. CONCLUSION: GCs are therapeutically effective in @entity226 and the @entity229 dosage was reduced to physiologic levels in three-fourths of the @entity1 within 1 year. However, most @entity1 developed serious adverse side effects related to GCs, indicating that less toxic therapeutic measures are needed.

title: Glucocorticoid therapy in XXXX : duration and adverse outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity226 :: ('MESH:D013700', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell arteritis', 'GCA']

answer: @entity226 :: (MESH:D013700,Disease) :: ['giant cell arteritis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) are selectively vulnerable to damage and loss in a number of @entity179 that afflict the elderly, particularly @entity195 . The reasons for this selective vulnerability remain poorly understood. Given that intraneuronal accumulation of the amyloid-b peptide (Ab) has been shown to exert deleterious effects on neurons, we tested potential accumulation of Ab within BFCN in @entity2608 , which like the @entity1 display age-related accumulation of this peptide in plaques. The non-isoform-specific Ab antibodies 1282 and 6E10 and the specific antibodies to 1-40 amino acid isoform of Ab (Ab1-40) and 1-42 @entity3689 isoform of Ab (Ab1-42) species were used in immunohistochemical experiments of basal forebrain in young and aged @entity2608 . All four antibodies visualized cortical plaques in the same sections in which BFCN were examined, in aged but not in young animals. The basal forebrain region within which the BFCN are localized was virtually free of plaques. Appreciable Ab immunoreactivity was present within the nucleus basalis of Meynert-cholinergic cell group 4 (nbM-Ch4), the major component of BFCN, with all antibodies used. Quantitation of optical density indicated significant age-related increases in immunoreactivity in nbM-Ch4 neurons with the Ab1-40 (p<0.002) and 1282 (p<0.03) antibodies. Immunoreactivity for 6E10 displayed a small, non-significant age-related increase in nbM-Ch4 neurons (p>0.05). No age-related changes were detected in Ab1-42 immunoreactivity in these neurons. Unlike the BFCN, cortical neurons within the same sections were virtually devoid of Ab immunoreactivity, particularly with isoform-specific antibodies. Both smooth and granular intraneuronal Ab immunoreactivity, reminiscent of endosomal/lysosomal packaged peptide, were observed within nbM-Ch4 neurons. In some nbM-Ch4 neurons, 1282 immunoreactivity had the appearance of large peptide aggregates. Significant accumulation and age-related increase of Ab in BFCN is likely to interfere with the normal functioning of these neurons. It remains to be determined if similar accumulation of Ab occurs in @entity1 BFCN.

title: Accumulation and age-related elevation of amyloid-b within basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkey']


abstract: Complete mitochondrial genomes have proven extremely valuable in helping to understand the evolutionary relationships among metazoans. However, uneven taxon sampling may lead to unclear or even erroneous phylogenetic topologies. The decapod crustaceans are relatively well-sampled, but sampling is still uneven within this group. We have sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two shrimps @entity11320 and @entity33219 . As seen in other metazoans, the genomes contain a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and an AT-rich non-coding region. The gene arrangements are consistent with the pancrustacean ground pattern. Both the pattern of gene rearrangements and phylogenomic analyses using concatenated nucleic acid and @entity535 sequences of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes strengthened the support that Caridea and Palinura are primitive members of Pleocyemata. These sequences, in combination with two previously published penaeid mitochondrial genomes, suggest that genera within the family Penaeidae have the following relationship: (((Penaeus+ @entity33219 )+ @entity11320 )+Marsupenaeus). The analyses of nucleic acid and @entity535 sequences of the mitochondrial genomes also strongly support the monophyly of Penaeidae, Brachyura and Pleocyemata. In addition, the analyses of the average Ka/Ks in the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes of penaeid shrimps indicated a strong purifying selection within this group.

title: The complete mitochondrial genomes of two common shrimps ( XXXX and @entity33219 ) and their phylogenomic considerations.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity11320 :: ('6689', 'Species') :: ['Litopenaeus vannamei', 'Litopenaeus']

entities_list: @entity33219 :: ('139456', 'Species') :: ['Fenneropenaeus', 'Fenneropenaeus chinensis']

answer: @entity11320 :: (6689,Species) :: ['Litopenaeus vannamei']


abstract: Background. Surgical treatment in @entity2444 has been used for many years, but the choice of operation method still remains controversial. The aim of this work is to analyze long-term radiological results at @entity1 after @entity2444 treated by Salter osteotomy. Material and methods. 113 hips were analyzed at 110 @entity1 . Males were 90, females 20. Due to severity of changes in hips, @entity1 were divided into groups according to Catterall: group II - 25 hips (22.1%), group III - 14 hips (12.4%), group IV - 74 hips (65.5%). Average @entity1 's age at the time of surgery was 7.2 years. Follow-up time was 9 years (5-14years). Salter osteotomy was performed as described by its author. The material was analyzed according to age of disease onset, extensiveness of @entity39 (Catterall classification), and the length of follow-up period. Radiographs taken before surgery and during last examination were evaluated. For results estimation, Mose criteria and Stulberg classification were applied. Results. According to Mose criteria, 63 hips (55.3%) had good result, 25 (21.9%) - fair and 25 hips (21.9%) - bad result. Using Stulberg classification, group I included 55 hips (49.4%), group II - 33 hips (29.1%), group III - 14 hips (12.3%), group IV - 8 hips (7.8%), group V - 2 hips (1.5%). Radiological parameters of head coverage improved after surgery. Arthrotic changes were noted in 8 hips (7.8%). Conclusion. Salter osteotomy assures good head coverage by the acetabulum and creates favorable conditions for spherical head reconstruction. Results after Salter osteotomy are permanent and do not depend on the length of follow-up period.

title: Salter osteotomy in XXXX . Late radiological results.

entities_list: @entity2444 :: ('MESH:D007873', 'Disease') :: ["Perthes' disease"]

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity2444 :: (MESH:D007873,Disease) :: ['Perthes' disease']


abstract: Caspases are @entity462 proteases which participate in different stages of apoptosis. Apoptosis, cell @entity204 , programmed by its nucleus is associated also with a number of diseases and @entity3145 . To this process increasing attention is paid also in the sphere of forensic medicine, in particular to make use of the diagnostic contribution in investigation of cause of @entity204 , vital reaction and time when the injury developed. In damaged tissues by immunohistochemical methods caspase activity was assessed. @entity8186 activity (Flice) was detected in the heart muscle in @entity299 in a two-week old @entity1 but also in ischaemia in a 58-year old @entity1 with @entity715 of the coronary artery or in @entity1457 after an overdosage of pervitin in a 39-year-old @entity734 . In the liver there was a positive finding in hepatocytes in chronic inflammatory changes caused by @entity988 . An early @entity8186 reaction after an injury is suggested by positive findings in skeletal muscles of the neck and larynx in a 47-year-old @entity1 who was strangled. A positive reaction was proved only at the site of the line caused by the strangulation tool. However macroscopically nor by common histological staining the muscle tissue did not display any @entity130 at the mentioned sites. The results suggest that immunohistochemical evidence of @entity8186 can be used as a suitable complementary examination not only for detection of damaged tissue but also for evaluation of early stages of the vital reaction.

title: [Detection of caspase as a sign of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'man', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['acute circulatory failure']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic alcohol abuse']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug addict']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['signs of injury']

answer: @entity3145 :: (MESH:D017695,Disease) :: ['tissue damage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present retrospective study was to evaluate the results of open reduction and internal fixation of delayed unions and nonunions of @entity174 of the distal part of the humerus. METHODS: Between 1976 and 2001, fifty-two @entity1 with a delayed union (thirteen @entity1 ) or nonunion (thirty-nine @entity1 ) of the distal part of the humerus were treated with open reduction and internal fixation along with selective elbow joint arthrolysis and bone-grafting. The average time to presentation was eighteen months (range, two to 192 months) after the injury. Thirty-nine of the fifty-two @entity1 had undergone an average of 1.6 previous operations. There were twenty-seven supracondylar, six transcondylar, thirteen intercondylar, two lateral condylar, and four medial condylar delayed unions or nonunions. The average duration of follow-up was thirty-three months (range, three to 198 months). RESULTS: Fifty-one of the fifty-two @entity1 had healing of the delayed union or nonunion after the index operation; the average time to union was six months (range, two to twenty-four months). The average range of elbow motion increased from 71 degrees preoperatively to 94 degrees postoperatively. Complications included two superficial infections, two @entity281 , and five cases of @entity16 . Fifteen @entity1 (29%) needed additional surgery after the index procedure. Specifically, seven @entity1 underwent removal of prominent hardware; six underwent hardware removal along with excision of heterotopic bone, ulnar neurolysis, and/or manipulation under anesthesia; one underwent irrigation and d  bridement; and one underwent compartment release. CONCLUSIONS: Open reduction through an extensile exposure and rigid internal fixation consistently results in healing of a delayed union or nonunion of the distal part of the humerus. An improved range of motion of the elbow can be achieved by securing the site of the nonunion and performing @entity146 and soft-tissue releases in @entity1 with severe @entity1159 .

title: ORIF of delayed unions and nonunions of distal humeral XXXX . Surgical technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive elbow joint arthrolysis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['ulnar neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infections']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['contractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: We studied the relationship between @entity191 ( @entity191 ) and the @entity62464 polymorphism in the @entity5855 gene and the effect on this relationship of age at onset, smoking, and pesticides. @entity1 requested free health coverage for @entity191 to the Mutualit   Sociale Agricole (MSA), the French health insurance organization for @entity1 whose work is related to agriculture. Controls requested reimbursement of health expenses to the MSA. A maximum of three controls were matched to each case. Analyses included @entity1 with both parents born in Europe. There were no differences in @entity62464 genotypes between @entity1 (n = 209; 67% SS, 32% SY, 1% YY) and controls (n = 488; 66% SS, 30% SY, 4% YY). The relationship between @entity191 and @entity62464 was modified by age at onset (P = 0.03). The Y allele was inversely associated with @entity191 for @entity1 with onset before 61 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.99); there was no association for older @entity1 (62-68 years: OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 0.67-2.20; >68 years: OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 0.67-2.31). Among @entity1 , Y carriers had a later onset than noncarriers (P = 0.04). These findings were not modified or confounded by smoking and pesticides. In this community-based case-control study, carriers of the Y allele were at decreased risk of developing @entity191 at a young age, independently of pesticides and smoking.

title: @entity62464 polymorphism in the @entity5855 gene and XXXX : evidence for an age-dependent relationship.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity62464 :: ('p|SUB|S|18|Y', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['S18Y']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: We present a large series of @entity2335 including 8 cases; 3 of them had @entity5 -like lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The archives of pathology clinic of Inonu University Medical Faculty were reviewed from 1988 to 2002. The characteristics of @entity1 and their diseases were recorded. Data obtained from 180 cases (172 from the literature and 8 from the present series) was assessed. RESULTS: Seven cases had symptoms such as @entity3833 , frequency, @entity811 , @entity158 , and difficulty in voiding. One asymptomatic case with history of @entity150 was diagnosed during routine cystoscopy. The findings were microhematuria in 6 cases, macrohematuria in 2, @entity4658 in 3, @entity293 in 1, @entity1712 in 1, hyperazotemia in 1, and bladder masses in 3. Cystoscopies detected @entity4 and erythematous areas in 5 cases and lesions mimicking @entity150 in 3. One case did not take further treatment after cystoscopy and biopsy and completely recovered. Four cases underwent medical therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antihistaminics. They became asymptomatic and control cystoscopies showed no abnormal finding. Two of three @entity1 with mass lesions recovered after @entity134 therapy following transurethral resection. The lesion in the third recurred and he improved after a second course of @entity134 therapy. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2335 is a rare pathology. Sometimes, it may simulate @entity1494 . Biopsy is mandatory at diagnosis. Usually, it has a benign course and may be treated with fulguration, analgesics, antihistaminics and @entity230 , although recurrence is possible.

title: XXXX . A rare inflammatory pathology mimicking @entity150 .

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder malignancies']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['suprapubic pain']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['Eosinophilic cystitis', 'eosinophilic cystitis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary infection']

answer: @entity2335 :: (MESH:D003556,Disease) :: ['Eosinophilic cystitis']