abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the clinical usefulness of a sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification technique using contrast-enhanced sonography (CEUS) with 25% albumin. METHODS: The subjects were 23 @entity1 with @entity0 . Each was injected subcutaneously with 5 ml of 25% albumin solution as a negative contrast agent directly superficial to the @entity0 . The area was massaged, and the inferior axillary hairline was examined continuously using gray-scale sonography with a 7.5- or 10-MHz transducer. Any contrast-enhanced lymph node was considered a CEUS-detected SLN, was differentiated from other level I and II nodes, and was resected and pathologically assessed. RESULTS: In all 23 @entity1 , 1 or 2 CEUS-detected SLNs (mean, 1.3 SLNs) were identified. Their sizes ranged from 5 mm to 25 mm (mean, 11.3 mm), and their depths (from the skin surface) ranged from 5mm to 20 mm (mean, 12.6 mm). Pathologic examination revealed a @entity3 in 5 of the 23 @entity1 , all in CEUS-detected SLNs. CONCLUSION: In a clinical study using CEUS with 25% albumin, contrast-enhanced nodes were identified in all subjects. The pathologic findings suggested that any metastatic nodes observed were SLNs, indicating that this technique may represent a new modality for SLN identification.

title: Sentinel node detection in XXXX using contrast-enhanced sonography with 25% albumin--Initial clinical experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Survival of @entity1 with @entity2 is very poor, particularly for @entity1 with @entity1442 . There are no early clinical symptoms, and screening with chest radiography has not been recommended. Computed tomography (CT) is superior to radiography for detection of pulmonary nodules but usually is associated with relatively high radiation exposure. Recently, accuracy of low dose CT has been shown to be similar to conventional dose CT. The goal of the current study was to assess the findings of low dose CT of the chest in heavy smokers. METHODS: More than 700 heavy smokers (> 20 pack years; age: > 40 years) underwent unenhanced low dose CT of the chest. Detected nodules were classified according to their density (soft tissue, calcified, fat) and size (< 6 mm, 6-10 mm, > 10 mm). In nodules larger than 10 mm with no CT features to suggest a benign lesion, histology was obtained. RESULTS: In approximately 40% of smokers, nodules smaller than or equal to 10 mm were detected. None was resected. In less than 3% of individuals, lesions larger than 10 mm were detected; 8 were @entity153 . All eight @entity189 were resectable. Lesions for which no histology was obtained were followed with low dose CT. CONCLUSIONS: Low dose CT detected 8 @entity153 in more than 700 heavy smokers. All eight were resectable. Pulmonary nodules measuring up to 10 mm were found in 40% of smokers. The significance of these small lesions has remained unclear.

title: Screening for XXXX with low dose CT of the chest.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma', 'bronchogenic carcinomas']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['asymptomatic early bronchogenic carcinoma']


abstract: Previous observations that extracellular @entity460 ( @entity141 ) enhanced @entity3695 mRNA levels posttranscriptionally in GH3 @entity35 @entity977 cells were made using double-stranded transcription probes. The effects of @entity141 and the @entity141 ionophore, @entity1360 , on @entity3695 gene expression in GH3 and 235-1 cells were investigated using site- and strand-specific probes. Treatment of GH3 and 235-1 cells with 0.5 mM @entity141 in serum-free medium specifically increased @entity3695 mRNA levels by severalfold. In 235-1 but not GH3 cells @entity3695 gene transcription was comparably induced by @entity141 . Use of single-stranded 5' and 3' probes revealed no antisense transcription, nor any @entity141 effect on transcriptional elongation. Treatment with @entity141 plus @entity1360 inhibited @entity3695 mRNA levels and gene transcription in both cell lines. Although their @entity3695 gene transcription rates are similar, several basic differences were noted between the cell lines. The 235-1 cells exhibit a different profile of nuclear @entity3695 pre-RNAs than GH3 cells. Also, mRNA levels for a @entity141 -regulated gene ( @entity21205 ) did not change in @entity141 -treated GH3 cells but decreased in @entity141 -treated 235-1 cells. @entity1360 treatment increased @entity21205 mRNA levels in both cell lines. Thus, addition of extracellular @entity141 appears to affect [ @entity141 ]i in 235-1 but not GH3 cells, while @entity1360 affects [ @entity141 ]i in both cell lines. These data suggest that changing [ @entity141 ]i modulates @entity3695 gene transcription. The comparative data suggest that posttranscriptional @entity3695 regulation is @entity141 -regulated in GH3 cells, but is constitutive in 235-1 cells.

title: Effects of @entity460 and @entity460 ionophores on @entity3695 gene expression in GH3 and 235-1 XXXX @entity977 cells.

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['Ionomycin', 'ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumor']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The need to assess large numbers of chemicals for their potential @entity137 has resulted in increased emphasis on medium- and high-throughput in vitro screening approaches. For such approaches to be useful, efficient and reliable data analysis and hit detection methods are also required. Assessment of chemical effects on neuronal network activity using microelectrode arrays (MEAs) has been proposed as a screening tool for @entity2359 . The current study examined a Bayesian data analysis approach for assessing effects of a 30 chemical training set on activity of primary cortical neurons grown in multi-well @entity7582 plates. Each well of the @entity7582 plate contained 64 microelectrodes and the data set contains the number of electrical spikes registered by each electrode over the course of each experiment. A Bayesian data analysis approach was developed and then applied to several different parsings of the data set to produce probability determinations for hit selection and ranking. This methodology results in an approach that is approximately 74% sensitive in detecting chemicals in the training set known to alter neuronal function (23 expected positives) while being 100% specific in detecting chemicals expected to have no effect (7 expected negatives). Additionally, this manuscript demonstrates that the Bayesian approach may be combined with a previously published weighted mean firing rate approach in order to produce a more robust hit detection method. In particular, when combined with the weighted mean firing rate approach, the joint analysis produces a sensitivity of approximately 96% and a specificity of 100%. These results demonstrate the utility of a novel approach to analysis of @entity7582 data and support the use of neuronal networks grown on MEAs as a for @entity2359 screening approach.

title: Evaluation of microelectrode array data using Bayesian modeling as an approach to screening and prioritization for XXXX testing.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity2359 :: (MESH:D020258,Disease) :: ['neurotoxicity']


abstract: 62 tissue specimens with the only diagnosis @entity9161 (or @entity9161 with transition to secondary malignant @entity9161 ) were investigated attempting to correlate morphological findings (relative interstitial volume of the renal cortex, types of hyalinisation and kinds of periglomerular changes, vessel index) with each other and with the serum @entity1011 concentration as a parameter of renal function. There are significant correlations in form of exponential and parabolic functions between relative interstitial volume of the renal cortex and the serum @entity1011 concentration at the time of biopsy. Furthermore 5 types of glomerular and periglomerular changes, which could be discriminated, seem to influence renal function in a different way and at different stages of the disease. An additional factor are the arteriolar changes. There are positive rank correlations between vessel index and serum @entity1011 concentration as well as between vessel index and relative interstitial volume. In cases with a higher percentage of hyalinized glomeruli more pronounced arteriolar lesions (partly alterations which can be found in secondary malignant @entity9161 ) were observed. No connections seem to exist between mean blood pressure and the mentioned morphological and functional parameters. The reduction of renal function seems to be caused by tubular and interstitial factors: the often observed @entity194 of tubules in fibrotic areas possibly impairs resorptional capacity. The mechanisms of the glomerular-tubular-balance may lead to a diminished glomerular filtration. On the other hand alterations of the capillaries may induce perivascular @entity4 , which, if not reabsorbed, leads to @entity82 . The produced collagen fibres may reduce the cross sectional area of the postglomerular vessel network. This may lead to a slowing of the renal cortical and glomerular blood flow, thus inducing an increase of the serum @entity1011 concentration. Weighing all factors, the @entity82 seems to be the most important.

title: Renal insufficiency in XXXX ( @entity9161 resp. transition from benign to secondary malignant @entity9161 ) correlations between morphological and functional parameters.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity9161 :: ('MESH:D009400', 'Disease') :: ['nephrosclerosis', 'benign nephrosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity9161 :: (MESH:D009400,Disease) :: ['nephrosclerosis']


abstract: One of the obstacles to chronic GVHD research is the lack of standardized response criteria. The National Institute of Health (NIH) has recommended response criteria at a Consensus Conference. These need to be validated. We recently completed and reported a trial of @entity9392 in treating @entity134 -refractory chronic GVHD. During the trial, we prospectively collected percent body-surface-area (BSA) involvement of rash, superficial @entity1463 and @entity1463 . Here, we compare cutaneous responses using the NIH scale and the Hopkins scale. The two scales produced similar overall response rates but different domain response rates. There was 80% agreement in overall response at the final treatment evaluation, but only a 64% agreement for @entity9156 /non-moveable @entity1463 . There was more disparity in the measurement of @entity1463 than in that of erythema, which highlights the difficulty of quantifying @entity1463 . For @entity1463 , the Hopkins scale, which used skin softening, was more predictive of early response as compared with the NIH scale, which focused on percent BSA. Early assessment of skin softening may be important if trying to detect the activity of a particular agent in chronic GVHD. Further validation of the NIH scale is ongoing, which should produce a clinically useful and predictive scale.

title: Skin response using NIH consensus criteria vs Hopkins scale in a phase II study for XXXX -refractory chronic GVHD.

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity9392 :: ('MESH:D015649', 'Chemical') :: ['pentostatin']

entities_list: @entity9156 :: ('MESH:D005208', 'Disease') :: ['fasciitis']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['deep sclerosis', 'sclerosis']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Elevated anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody and @entity1851 are associated with proliferative @entity1988 (PLN). Progression of quantitative anti-dsDNA antibody in @entity1 with PLN has not been compared with that in @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) without LN before diagnosis. The temporal relationship between anti-dsDNA antibody and @entity1851 elevation has also not been evaluated. DESIGN, SETTING, @entity1 , _ MEASUREMENTS: This case-control Department of Defense Serum Repository (established in 1985) study compared longitudinal prediagnostic quantitative anti-dsDNA antibody and @entity1851 levels in 23 @entity1 with biopsy-proven PLN (Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1993-2009) with levels in 21 controls with @entity1252 but without LN matched for @entity1 age, sex, race, and age of serum sample. The oldest (median, 2601 days; 25%, 1245 days, 75%, 3075 days), the second to last (368; 212, 635 days), and the last (180; 135, 477 days) serum sample before diagnosis were analyzed. RESULTS: More @entity1 with PLN had an elevated anti-dsDNA antibody level than did the matched controls at any point (78% versus 5%; P<0.001), <1 year (82% versus 8%; P<0.001), 1-4 years (53% versus 0%; P<0.001), and >4 years (33% versus 0%; P=0.04) before diagnosis. A rate of increase >1 IU/ml per year (70% versus 0%; P<0.001) was most specific for PLN. The anti-dsDNA antibody levels increased before @entity1851 did in most @entity1 with an antecedent elevation (92% versus 8%; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated anti-dsDNA antibody usually precedes both clinical and subclinical evidence of @entity5442 , which suggests direct pathogenicity. Absolute anti-dsDNA antibody level and rate of increase could better establish risk of future PLN in @entity1 with @entity1252 .

title: Elevated subclinical double-stranded DNA antibodies and future proliferative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5442 :: ('MESH:D009220', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative LN']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: @entity22880 ( @entity22880 ), a proposed major @entity141 sensor in the central nervous system, has been hypothesized as functioning in an oligomerized state during neurotransmitter release. We previously showed that Syts I, II, VII, and @entity797 form a stable @entity214 -resistant, @entity5643 -insensitive, and @entity141 -independent oligomer surrounding the transmembrane domain (Fukuda, M., and Mikoshiba, K. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 28180-28185), but little is known about the molecular mechanism of the @entity141 -independent oligomerization by the synaptotagmin family. In this study, we analyzed the @entity141 -independent oligomerization properties of @entity22880 and found that it shows two distinct forms of self-oligomerization activity: stable @entity214 -resistant self-oligomerization activity and relatively unstable @entity214 -sensitive self-oligomerization activity. The former was found to be mediated by a post-translationally modified (i.e. fatty-acylated) cysteine ( @entity2569 ) cluster ( @entity2569 -74, @entity2569 -75, @entity2569 -77, @entity2569 -79, and @entity2569 -82) at the interface between the transmembrane and spacer domains of @entity22880 . We also show that the number of @entity2569 residues at the interface between the transmembrane and spacer domains determines the @entity214 - resistant oligomerizing capacity of each synaptotagmin isoform: @entity22880 II, which contains seven @entity2569 residues, showed the strongest @entity214 -resistant oligomerizing activity in the synaptotagmin family, whereas @entity44241 , which has no @entity2569 residues, did not form any @entity214 -resistant oligomers. The latter @entity214 -sensitive self-oligomerization of @entity22880 is mediated by the spacer domain, because deletion of the whole spacer domain, including the @entity2569 cluster, abolished it, whereas a @entity22880 (CA) mutant carrying @entity2569 to Ala substitutions still exhibited self-oligomerization. Based on these results, we propose that the oligomerization of the synaptotagmin family is regulated by two distinct mechanisms: the stable @entity214 -resistant oligomerization is mediated by the modified @entity2569 cluster, whereas the relatively unstable ( @entity214 -sensitive) oligomerization is mediated by the environment of the spacer domain.

title: Mechanism of the XXXX -resistant synaptotagmin clustering mediated by the cysteine cluster at the interface between the transmembrane and spacer domains.

entities_list: @entity22880 :: ('6857', 'Gene') :: ['Syt', 'Syt I', 'Synaptotagmin I']

entities_list: @entity5643 :: ('CHEBI:41218', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-mercaptoethanol']

answer: @entity214 :: (CHEBI:8984,Chemical) :: ['SDS']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes and safety of a refractive inlay (Flexivue Micro-Lens, Presbia Co  peratief U.A.) for the corneal compensation of @entity10818 . METHODS: This prospective, interventional clinical study comprised 47 emmetropic presbyopes with a mean age of 52  4 years (range: 45 to 60 years). The inlay was inserted, centered on the line of sight, inside a corneal pocket created in the @entity1 's nondominant eye, using a femtosecond laser. Follow-up was 12 months. Visual acuity, corneal topography, wavefront aberrometry, contrast sensitivity, structural corneal alterations, and questionnaires were evaluated. RESULTS: Twelve months after surgery, uncorrected near visual acuity was 20/32 or better in 75% of operated eyes, whereas mean uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of operated eyes was statistically significantly decreased from 0.06  0.09 logMAR (20/20) (range: -0.08 to 0.26) preoperatively to 0.38  0.15 logMAR (20/50) (range: 0.12 to 0.8) (P<.001), and mean binocular UDVA was not significantly altered (P=.516). Seventeen @entity1 lost one line of corrected distance visual acuity in the operated eye. No @entity1 lost 2 lines in CDVA in the operated eye. Overall, higher order aberrations increased and contrast sensitivity decreased in the operated eye. No tissue alterations were found using corneal confocal microscopy. No intra- or @entity260 occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Twelve months after implantation, the Flexivue Micro-Lens intracorneal refractive inlay seems to be an effective method for the corneal compensation of @entity10818 in emmetropic presbyopes aged between 45 and 60 years old.

title: Visual outcomes and safety of a refractive corneal inlay for XXXX using femtosecond laser.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10818 :: ('MESH:D011305', 'Disease') :: ['presbyopia']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

answer: @entity10818 :: (MESH:D011305,Disease) :: ['presbyopia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity309 @entity1 who develop refractoriness are left with no alternatives other than @entity6963 and costly biological response modifiers. @entity6963 , though effective, was associated with adverse events and has not been extensively studied in the Indian population. AIMS: Determination of safety and efficacy of @entity6963 alone and if not useful, in combination with @entity1499 in @entity1 refractory to conventional disease-modifying agents. SETTING AND DESIGN: Open labeled clinical trial with @entity6963 [100 mg, OD x 3 days followed by 20 mg, OD x 6 months], if no improvement at three months, combined with @entity1499 [5-7.5 mg, OD x 3 months] at a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The primary endpoint in the improvement in EULAR criteria and secondary endpoints were @entity1 and physician global evaluation, incidence of remission and biochemical and clinical adverse events. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi square test or Fisher's exact test and parametric and non-parametric repeat measure ANOVA were used for analysis. RESULTS: Among 84 @entity1 who were included in the study, @entity6963 showed improvement and remission in 52 [62%] and 6 [7%] in six months, by intention to treat analysis. Adverse events were observed in 15, discontinuation in 5 and 24 dropped out. With combination in 11 @entity1 , there was improvement and remission in nine [91%] and one [9%] after three months. Adverse events were observed in six and one discontinued. CONCLUSIONS: If regular monitoring of hepatic function and hematological parameters are performed, @entity6963 is an effective and safe drug in the Indian population in resistant @entity309 @entity1 , especially if used alone.

title: Efficacy and safety of @entity6963 alone and in combination with @entity1499 in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity6963 :: ('MESH:C045463', 'Chemical') :: ['leflunomide', 'Leflunomide']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'Rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['refractory rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: Ten years of research that has provided data regarding the prevalence of @entity250 is reviewed. A thorough review of the literature identified 52 studies published in the 10 years since an earlier review by Spector and Carey (Arch. Sex. Behav. 19(4): 389-408, 1990). Community samples indicate a current prevalence of 0%-3% for @entity10552 , 0%-5% for @entity323 , and 0%-3% for male @entity458 . Pooling current and 1-year figures provides community prevalence estimates of 7%-10% for @entity458 and 4%-5% for @entity2754 . Stable community estimates of the current prevalence of other @entity250 remain unavailable. Prevalence estimates obtained from primary care and sexuality clinic samples are characteristically higher. Although a relatively large number of studies has been conducted since the earlier review, the lack of methodological rigor of many studies limits the confidence that can be placed in these findings.

title: Prevalence of XXXX : results from a decade of research.

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile disorder']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['hypoactive sexual desire disorder', 'female orgasmic disorder']

entities_list: @entity2754 :: ('MESH:D061686', 'Disease') :: ['premature ejaculation']

entities_list: @entity10552 :: ('MESH:D005832', 'Disease') :: ['male orgasmic disorder']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunctions']

answer: @entity250 :: (MESH:D012735,Disease) :: ['sexual dysfunctions']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyze the importance of the starting time for pelvic floor physiotherapy in @entity1 with post radical prostatectomy @entity322 . METHODS: Between May 2003 and February 2004 18 @entity1 with the diagnosis of post radical prostatectomy @entity322 underwent physiotherapy of the pelvic floor. Each @entity1 received 12 sessions using kinesotherapy and electric stimulation on a weekly basis. @entity1 were divided into two groups: Group 1 included eight @entity1 that started therapy within the first six months after surgery; Group 2 included 10 @entity1 starting therapy after the sixth post operative month. All @entity1 were evaluated by the pad test and number of @entity322 pads per day. RESULTS: Evaluating pad tests before and after treatment, six @entity1 in group 1 had a reduction of the amount of @entity2478 in comparison to seven @entity1 in group 2. The statistical analysis showed significant differences before and after treatment for both groups (group 1: p = 0.028; group 2: p = 0.018). The evaluation of the number of pads showed: Group 1: all eight @entity1 using pods had a reduction in the number of pads. Group 2: 5 of the eight @entity1 using pads had a reduction and the other three continued using the same number. Statistical analysis comparing the number of pads per day before and after treatment showed a significant difference in group 1 (p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of pads per day before and after physiotherapy in group 2, although half of the @entity1 showed a diminishment in the number of pads required after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrate that early indication of physiotherapy for the treatment of post radical prostatectomy @entity322 is better than delayed treatment. New works may be developed in the future to confirm our results.

title: [Early versus delayed physiotherapy in the treatment of post-prostatectomy male XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2478 :: ('MESH:D019559', 'Disease') :: ['urine leak']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['urinary incontinence']


abstract: Although high-dose intravenous @entity3873 has been shown to be effective in suppressing parathyroid hormone ( @entity461 ) secretion in dialysis @entity1 with @entity3528 , an increasing number of @entity1 is refractory to treatment. Only a few studies have evaluated the factors that can predict a favorable response to @entity3873 , but contrasting results have been reported. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of high-dose intravenous @entity3873 on parathyroid function and to investigate the factors that can predict a favorable response to treatment. Thirty-five dialysis @entity1 were selected for intravenous @entity3873 treatment (2 microg after dialysis for 12 months) because of increased @entity461 levels (>325 pg/mL). Before starting the treatment, the set point of @entity460 and the @entity461 -ionized @entity460 (ICa) curve was evaluated in each @entity1 by inducing @entity3747 and, 1 week later, @entity2741 to maximally stimulate or inhibit @entity461 secretion. Parathyroid glands were assessed by high-resolution color Doppler ultrasonography. Throughout the study, @entity4959 or @entity598 dosage was modified to maintain serum @entity1391 less than 5.5 mg/dL. @entity2741 was managed by reducing dialysate @entity460 to 5 mg/dL and, if necessary, @entity3873 dose. The therapeutic goal was to reduce @entity461 levels below 260 pg/mL while maintaining normocalcemia. The @entity1 who achieved the therapeutic goal were considered responders. Taking the data from the 35 @entity1 together, we observed a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in alkaline phosphatase (from 252 +/- 106 IU/L to 194 +/- 81 IU/L) and @entity461 (from 578 +/- 231 pg/mL to 408 +/- 291 pg/mL), and a significant increase in serum ICa (from 5.1 +/- 0.2 mg/dL to 5.3 +/- 0.2 mg/dL; P < 0.001) after @entity3873 therapy. @entity461 changes after therapy were not correlated to serum ICa changes, serum @entity1391 levels during treatment, and @entity3873 dose. The response to therapy was heterogeneous because @entity461 levels markedly decreased over the treatment period in 18 responsive @entity1 , whereas they increased or remained unchanged in 14 of 17 nonresponders. In three additional refractory @entity1 , there was a decline in @entity461 of 20% to 35%, but this decline was associated with @entity2741 . Pretreatment parathyroid gland size, serum ICa, @entity461 , maximal @entity461 induced by @entity3747 , minimal @entity461 induced by @entity2741 , the set point of ICa, and the ICa levels at which maximal @entity461 secretion and inhibition occurred were higher in the 17 refractory @entity1 than in the 18 responsive @entity1 . However, logistic regression analysis showed that among these parathyroid function parameters, the only significant predictors of a favorable response to @entity3873 therapy were the parathyroid gland size and the set point of ICa. Throughout the study, serum @entity1391 and @entity3873 dose were comparable in the two groups. In conclusion, the response to intravenous @entity3873 therapy in dialysis @entity1 with @entity3528 is heterogeneous, consisting of @entity1 who are either responsive or refractory to treatment; refractoriness can be predicted by parathyroid volume and @entity460 set point.

title: Long-term effects of intravenous XXXX therapy on the control of @entity3528 .

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['Hypercalcemia', 'hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity3873 :: ('MESH:D002117', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitriol']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity3528 :: ('MESH:D006962', 'Disease') :: ['secondary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity4959 :: ('MESH:D002119', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium carbonate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity3873 :: (MESH:D002117,Chemical) :: ['calcitriol']


abstract: Chronic treatment with agonist analogs of @entity1176 or long term continuous administration of @entity1176 results in down-regulation of pituitary LH secretion. We investigated the changes in the LH subunits during the stimulatory and down-regulatory phases of @entity1176 action in @entity35 pituitary cell monolayer culture. The @entity35 pituitary cells in culture, pretreated with medium alone or @entity1176 agonist for 48 h, were incubated with graded doses of @entity1176 for 4 h, and LH, LH alpha, and @entity18378 concentrations in the media and cell pellets were measured by specific and sensitive RIAs. Cells pretreated with medium alone responded to @entity1176 with a dose-dependent increase in LH, LH alpha, and @entity18378 immunoreactivity in the medium. However, @entity35 LH, LH alpha, and @entity18378 concentrations in the cell pellets showed a dose-dependent decrease with @entity1176 treatment. Pretreatment with @entity1176 agonist led to a marked decrease in the LH response of cells to graded doses of @entity1176 . During this down-regulatory phase, the concentrations of @entity18378 in the medium remained undetectable even though LH alpha immunoreactivity remained persistently and disproportionately elevated. These data suggest that the alpha- and beta-subunits of @entity35 LH are both coordinately and differentially regulated. During the stimulatory phase of @entity1176 action, both subunits rise concordantly, but during the down-regulatory phase the secretion of the two subunits becomes unbalanced. The changes in the beta-subunit closely parallel the changes in the concentrations of LH dimer, pointing to the key role of beta-subunit in regulation of LH secretion.

title: Differential regulation of XXXX luteinizing hormone alpha- and beta-subunits during the stimulatory and down-regulatory phases of gonadotropin-releasing hormone action.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Primary @entity244 (primary SS) is characterized by lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltration of the lacrimal and salivary glands, sometimes extending to extraglandular sites. An increased incidence of B-cell @entity1071 has been observed in @entity1 with primary SS. We recently studied an unusual case of primary SS associated with multifocal nodular @entity1582 (amyloidomas), located in the lower respiratory tract and oral mucosa. A 66-year-old @entity1 with primary @entity244 since 1966 was hospitalized in 1996 because of multifocal nodular shadows on a chest radiograph. An open lung biopsy specimen was obtained, revealing a large mass of amorphous eosinophilic material with green birefringence when stained with Congo red. Numerous plasma cells surrounded the @entity527 , aggregated in nodules and around blood vessels. The cytoplasm of these cells stained monotypically with anti-lambda light chain, using a peroxidase technique. Amyloid material did not stain with antibodies directed against kappa and lambda light chains, or against IgG, IgA and IgM heavy chains. Immunofixation of the serum and concentrated urine did not demonstrate monoclonal immunoglobulins. @entity1582 might be a manifestation of local immunoglobulin production and @entity8709 . This plasmacytoma might be burned out, namely, overcome by the deposits and no longer recognizable.

title: [Multifocal nodular @entity1582 in primary XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposits']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoproliferative disorders']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['AL amyloidosis', 'AL-amyloidomas']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Sj  gren's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity8709 :: ('MESH:C537514', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid formation within extramedullary plasmacytoma']

answer: @entity244 :: (MESH:D014899,Disease) :: ['Sj  gren's syndrome']


abstract: The purpose of this work was to determine if the sub-bronchial epithelial cell model, Calu-3, expresses the functionally active @entity1262 ( @entity1262 ) efflux pump. @entity1 cells express lower levels of @entity1262 than both Caco-2 and A549 cells as determined by Western Blot analysis. In @entity1 cells, accumulation of the @entity1262 substrates @entity3514 ( @entity3514 ) and @entity10857 ( @entity10857 ) was increased in the presence of the specific @entity1262 inhibitors @entity205 (CsA), @entity5713 , and @entity1311 . Significant inhibition of @entity1262 activity was not observed until after 2 h in both cell lines. The organic @entity11092 ( @entity11092 ) inhibitors, probenecid and @entity3352 , did not affect @entity3514 accumulation, whereas an increase in @entity5384 accumulation was observed by both agents. The metabolic inhibitor @entity4627 decreased the efflux of @entity3514 out of @entity1 cells to the same degree as CsA, supporting inhibition of an active, efflux pathway. The basolateral-to-apical transport of @entity3514 was significantly higher than that in the reverse direction, indicating a secretory pathway of efflux that was inhibited 25-fold by CsA. Basolateral-to-apical transport of @entity3514 was inhibited slightly with both @entity11092 inhibitors; however, no significant effect of @entity3514 net secretion was observed. Mixed inhibitor studies demonstrated that @entity3514 efflux was mainly @entity1262 mediated. These results support an energy-dependent @entity1262 efflux pump pathway that is sensitive to inhibition with CsA in @entity1 cells.

title: @entity1262 efflux pump expression and activity in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity10857 :: ('MESH:C085925', 'Chemical') :: ['calcein acetoxymethyl ester', 'calcein-AM']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity11092 :: ('4363', 'Gene') :: ['anion/multidrug resistance associated protein-1', 'MRP1']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity4627 :: ('MESH:D019810', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium azide']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Calu-3']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria constitute risk factors for @entity454 and @entity204 in non-transplanted populations. Whether microalbuminuria (especially in non-proteinuric @entity1 ) and macroalbuminuria constitute risk factors for @entity393 and @entity204 is presently unknown in renal transplantation. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the association between urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and @entity454 and @entity204 in renal transplantation. RESULTS: UAE was measured in 616 (397 proteinuric; 219 non-proteinuric @entity1 ) renal transplant recipients. They were grafted for 62 months (range: 6-192). During the 40 months (3.7-99) thereafter, 31 @entity1 underwent dialysis and 32 died. Microalbuminuria (vs. normoalbuminuria) and macroalbuminuria (vs. microalbuminuria) were powerful risk factors for @entity393 [OR: 14.25 (2.88-52.3) and 16.41 (7.46-36.0), respectively, both p < 0.0001], even after adjustments on renal function and @entity6 . Among the 219 non-proteinuric @entity1 , microalbuminuria (vs. normoalbuminuria) was a significant risk factor for @entity393 [OR: 23.09 (1.93-276.4), p = 0.0132]. Both microalbuminuria (vs. normoalbuminuria) [OR: 5.55 (2.43-12.66), p < 0.0001] and macroalbuminuria (vs. microalbuminuria) [OR: 4.12 (1.65-10.29), p = 0.0024] were predictive of @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: Microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria are powerful independent predictors of @entity454 and @entity204 . Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for @entity393 even in non-proteinuric @entity1 . UAE provides additional information on renal and @entity1 prognosis as compared to @entity644 and renal function.

title: Urinary albumin excretion and the risk of @entity393 and XXXX in proteinuric and non-proteinuric renal transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['graft loss']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: In asphyxiated neonates, @entity519 is often responsible for @entity296 . To evaluate cardiac involvement in neonates with @entity649 , ECG and echocardiographic recordings were performed, and cardiac enzymes determined. These data were related to clinical presentation and @entity1 outcome. Three groups of neonates were studied: 22 healthy newborn @entity1 (group I) with 5 min Apgar scores > 9 and pH > 7.3; 15 neonates with moderate @entity649 (group II) which had Apgar scores ranging between 7 and 9, and pH between 7.2 and 7.3; and 13 neonates with severe @entity1763 , Apgar scores < 7, and pH < 7.2 (group III). The ECGs were evaluated according to the 4-grade classification proposed by Jedeikin et al. [8]. On the echocardiograms, fractional @entity3207 and aortic flow curve parameters were taken into account. Serum @entity908 kinase (CK), @entity908 kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and @entity880 dehydrogenase were determined. All of groups I and II survived, but 5 out of 13 in group III died within the 1st week. Grade 3 or 4 ECG changes were observed only in group III @entity1 , while all group II and 3 @entity1 of group I showed grade 2 ECG changes. Fractional @entity3207 , peak aortic velocity and mean acceleration were significantly reduced in group III, whereas the only abnormality found in group II was a reduced fractional @entity3207 . CK, CK-MB, CK-MB/CK ratio and @entity880 dehydrogenase were all increased in group III, while in group II only CK-MB and the CK-MB/CK ratio were abnormal. Severely asphyxiated newborn @entity1 reflect relevant ischaemic electrocardiographic changes, depressed left ventricular function and marked cardiac enzyme increase. These alterations are far less pronounced in neonates with mild @entity649 .

title: @entity296 in neonates with perinatal XXXX . Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and enzymatic correlations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity1763 :: (MESH:D001237,Disease) :: ['asphyxia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity8810 ( @entity8810 ) have @entity1671 , or both localized to the distribution of the @entity8810 that occurs in response to gustatory stimuli. In adults, the syndrome usually results from @entity3816 or @entity130 to the parotid gland. The condition is rare in @entity1 , but usually manifests during @entity950 with the introduction of solid food, thus leading to the misdiagnosis of @entity5419 by physicians unfamiliar with the syndrome. OBSERVATIONS: We describe 8 @entity1 with @entity8810 who manifested with @entity1671 only. The reaction was erroneously attributed to @entity5419 in most cases. Six of the 8 @entity1 were delivered with forceps assistance. The remaining 2 @entity1 , with disease onset during the first 3 months of life, had bilateral involvement without known @entity130 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity8810 may manifest during @entity950 as @entity1671 with eating food. In contrast to the syndrome in adults, @entity8810 is rarely associated. The known use of forceps to assist in the delivery of at least 14 of the 28 previously reported pediatric cases and in 6 of our 8 @entity1 suggests that @entity130 to the parotid region may be responsible for the condition in most @entity1 , as it is in adults. @entity8810 in @entity950 should be recognized as a benign condition that often resolves spontaneously. Treatment is ineffective and unnecessary.

title: Localized facial @entity1671 in @entity950 . XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1671 :: ('MESH:D005483', 'Disease') :: ['flushing', 'facial flushing, sweating']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergy']

entities_list: @entity8810 :: ('MESH:D013547', 'Disease') :: ['gustatory sweating', 'auriculotemporal nerve syndrome', 'auriculotemporal nerve', 'Frey syndrome', 'Auriculotemporal nerve syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['surgical injury']

answer: @entity8810 :: (MESH:D013547,Disease) :: ['Auriculotemporal nerve (Frey) syndrome']


abstract: Isolates of @entity3881 that had been presumed to carry the cysA14 lesion have been studied. Our data indicate that these strains contain four mutations, all of which are linked by transformation and lie in the region of the ribosomal markers. The requirement for @entity462 results from a defective @entity563 transacetylase that is coded for by the cysA locus. Therefore, these mutants grow only in the presence of @entity462 but not with @entity597 , @entity9735 , or @entity3287 as the sole source of @entity599 . A second @entity74 (css) can be recognized by an increased sensitivity to the @entity535 @entity462 . The inhibited enzyme(s) has not been determined but inhibition is overcome by a mixture of eight @entity1522 . The third mutation (hts) results in the overproduction and excretion of @entity3957 . This compound appears to be produced from @entity462 by the enzyme @entity462 desulfhydrylase and not by an increased activity of the @entity597 -reductive pathway. This locus presumably codes for a regulatory element involved in the control of @entity462 desulfhydrylase. The fourth mutation (cym) is not well characterized biochemically but results in a requirement for @entity462 or @entity1853 . The following order of these mutations has been established by transformation studies: hts, cysA, css, cym. The generally poor growth of these mutants in minimal-salts @entity413 media supplemented with @entity462 can now be explained by these observations. The cysA14 mutants not only require an @entity535 that is itself inhibitory to growth but they also overproduce the highly toxic compound @entity3957 .

title: Multiple mutations in cysA 14 MUTANTS OF XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine', 'L-cysteine']

entities_list: @entity9735 :: ('CHEBI:48854', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfite']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic lesion']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity3957 :: ('MESH:D006862', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen sulfide']

entities_list: @entity3287 :: ('CHEBI:26822', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfide']

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity3881 :: (1423,Species) :: ['Bacillus subtilis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Postoperative recurrence of @entity30 in adults has been extensively studied; however, the course of @entity30 after surgery in @entity1 has not been well defined. The aim of this study was to examine the postoperative course of pediatric @entity30 and the factors that may predict early postoperative recurrence. METHODS: We identified 100 resective surgeries in 79 @entity1 with @entity30 seen at the @entity1 's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1978 and 1996. A retrospective, multivariable analysis of factors potentially influencing postoperative clinical recurrence was performed. Preoperative and postoperative height measurements were compared, and z scores were computed for height-for-age. Two-tailed t test was used for the analysis. RESULTS: Clinical recurrence rates were 17% at 1 yr, 38% at 3 yr, and 60% at 5 yr. @entity1 with @entity30 had a significantly shorter postoperative recurrence-free interval (median 1.2 yr) than @entity1 with ileocecal (median 4.4 yr) or diffuse disease (median 3.0 yr) (p = 0.01). On multivariable analysis, a high @entity11618 Activity Index at the time of surgery (p = 0.01) and preoperative use of @entity4446 ( @entity7275 ) (p < 0.005) were also independently associated with higher postoperative recurrence rates. There was a significant improvement in z scores for height (p = 0.04) after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 undergoing resective surgery for @entity30 , high rates of postoperative @entity30 recurrence are associated with severe disease at the time of surgery, @entity30 , and the preoperative use of @entity7275 . @entity1 who require preoperative use of @entity7275 are likely to suffer from a more @entity146 and would benefit from postoperative @entity7275 prophylaxis. Height growth was improved after intestinal resection for @entity30 .

title: XXXX : risk factors for postoperative recurrence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive disease']

entities_list: @entity11618 :: ('MESH:C536215', 'Disease') :: ["Pediatric Crohn's Disease"]

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['6-mercaptopurine']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["colonic Crohn's disease", "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity11618 :: (MESH:C536215,Disease) :: ['Pediatric Crohn's disease']


abstract: The authors describe a case of a 74-year-old @entity1 with advanced @entity301 in whom @entity548 during therapy with @entity1396 and subsequently with @entity1397 and @entity2643 were observed. Fever and massive hemoptysis following five days of @entity1396 treatment, before elective coronary angiography, were noticed. Transient interstitial X-ray changes of the right lung were visible. Three months later a new episode on the third day of @entity1397 administration was manifested. He was after PCI, performed because of ACS complicated with @entity2224 . Two days following @entity1397 discontinuation hemoptysis remitted but after ten days occurred again (this time with bilateral X-ray changes). @entity2643 , given after VF, was stopped. Spectacular improvement with @entity134 treatment was observed. @entity29480 (reversible COX- 1 inhibitor) as an antiplatelet therapy was availed. The authors discuss therapeutic dilemma concerning the @entity1 with coexisting different diseases.

title: [Recurrent hemoptysis following thienopyridines and XXXX administration. therapeutic dilemma].

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone', 'Amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity1396 :: ('MESH:D013988', 'Chemical') :: ['ticlopidine']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hemorrhagic complications']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity29480 :: ('MESH:C020371', 'Chemical') :: ['Indobufen']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

answer: @entity2643 :: (MESH:D000638,Chemical) :: ['amiodarone']


abstract: The use of conformal radiotherapy in @entity2 has considerably evolved with the advent of improved staging technologies and methods of radiation delivery. @entity1 with limited disease, inoperable for medical reasons, may be treated with conformal radiotherapy alone; @entity1 with more @entity1442 are treated with combined chemo-radiotherapy. If local control may be improved by radiotherapy dose escalation according to several studies, @entity137 and more @entity358 seems to be related to radiation volume. Thus the use of elective nodal irradiation is being questioned. Data for early stage (stage I) @entity1149 treated with conformal radiotherapy or stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy strongly supports the use of smaller fields that do not incorporate elective nodal regions; local control and survival rates approach those of surgical series. In locally advanced @entity1149 , eliminating elective nodal irradiation allows to maximize @entity5 dose and minimize normal tissue @entity137 in combined modality treatments; results are encouraging. The use of staging modalities such as positron emission tomography and eventually oesophageal ultrasonography is increasing, allowing to encompass the @entity5 volume with more accuracy. Several studies have confirmed that involved-field irradiation results into a regional nodal rate of less than 10%. Further larger-scale studies would be needed to definitely establish "no elective nodal irradiation" as a standard in @entity1149 . There are very few data concerning @entity151 .

title: [ XXXX : is there a place for elective nodal irradiation?].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['particularly pulmonary toxicity']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung cancer']


abstract: A new, simple and sensitive flow cytometric assay for the determination of the cytotoxic activity of @entity1 natural killer cells is described. The assay is based on the use of two fluorochromes. The target cell population is stained with one fluorochrome ( @entity1752 - @entity2822 , @entity29786 ) prior to incubation with the effector cells. @entity29786 remains in the membrane of the target cells even when they are killed thereby permitting a clear separation between effector and target cells. Dead cells are determined by staining with a second fluorochrome ( @entity2667 ) after incubation of effector and target cells. staining with a second fluorochrome ( @entity2667 ) after incubation of effector and target cells. @entity29786 is not toxic and does not decrease the cytotoxic activity of @entity1 natural killer cells. It is also stable (exchange between labeled and non-labeled cells is negligible in a period of at least 4 h at 37 degrees C) and it remains in the membrane of the killed cells. A clear distinction between unlabeled effector and labeled target cells is obtained, even after incubation of target and effector cells for 4 h at 37 degrees C and using a high effector cell-target cell ratio (75:1). A good correlation with the 51Cr release assay was obtained. A potential application of the flow cytometric cytotoxicity assay using whole blood instead of isolated lymphocytes is presented.

title: A simple and sensitive flow cytometric assay for the determination of the cytotoxic activity of XXXX natural killer cells.

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity2822 :: ('CHEBI:37926', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein isothiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity1752 :: ('MESH:C009317', 'Chemical') :: ['octadecylamine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The GOLD 2011 document proposed a new classification system for @entity1030 combining symptom assessment by @entity1030 assessment test (CAT) or modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) @entity1353 scores, and exacerbation risk. We postulated that classification of @entity1030 would be different by the symptom scale; CAT vs mMRC. METHODS: Outpatients with @entity1030 were enrolled from January to June in 2012. The @entity1 were categorized into A, B, C, and D according to the GOLD 2011; @entity1 were categorized twice with mMRC and CAT score for symptom assessment, respectively. Additionally, correlations between mMRC scores and each item of CAT scores were analyzed. RESULTS: Classification of 257 @entity1 using the CAT score vs mMRC scale was as follows. By using CAT score, 60 (23.3%) @entity1 were assigned to group A, 55 (21.4%) to group B, 21 (8.2%) to group C, and 121 (47.1%) to group D. On the basis of the mMRC scale, 97 (37.7%) @entity1 were assigned to group A, 18 (7.0%) to group B, 62 (24.1%) to group C, and 80 (31.1%) to group D. The kappa of agreement for the GOLD groups classified by CAT and mMRC was 0.510. The mMRC score displayed a wide range of correlation with each CAT item (r = 0.290 for sputum item to r = 0.731 for @entity1353 item, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The classification of @entity1030 produced by the mMRC or CAT score was not identical. Care should be taken when stratifying @entity1030 @entity1 with one symptom scale versus another according to the GOLD 2011 document.

title: Differences in classification of @entity1030 group using XXXX assessment test (CAT) or modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) @entity1353 scores: a cross-sectional analyses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: We treated 27 @entity1 with regionally advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) with two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with @entity2879 , @entity7324 , and @entity900 . Twenty-three @entity1 were evaluable for response; 13 had a partial response while ten @entity1 had stable disease or disease progression. Subsequent local therapy consisted of surgery followed by radiotherapy in four @entity1 and of radiotherapy alone in 14 @entity1 . Five @entity1 did not receive local therapy. At completion of local therapy, seven @entity1 were considered free of disease including all four who had undergone surgery. Median time to disease progression for the 13 @entity1 who had a partial response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was eight months (three to 51+ months). The median survival for all @entity1 registered on study was eight months (three days to 53+ months). Chemotherapy induced @entity137 included moderate myelosuppression, @entity390 and @entity391 in all @entity1 , and occasional @entity2167 , @entity2359 , and @entity5653 . One @entity1 died of @entity1779 due to @entity882 . This trial shows that administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to @entity1 with locoregionally advanced @entity1149 is feasible and may yield an increased response rate compared to @entity1 with stage IV disease. While no clearly beneficial effect of the use of chemotherapy on @entity1 survival is apparent in this study, further studies utilizing neoadjuvant chemotherapy in @entity1 with @entity1149 are warranted and should attempt to identify more active combinations of drugs.

title: Neoadjuvant XXXX , @entity2879 , and @entity900 for locally advanced @entity1149 . Final report of a phase 2 study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity7324 :: ('MESH:D014751', 'Chemical') :: ['vindesine']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5653 :: ('MESH:D019282', 'Disease') :: ['wasting syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity7324 :: (MESH:D014751,Chemical) :: ['vindesine']


abstract: @entity3038 represent about 2% of @entity463 multiforme (WHO grade IV). They have mixed features of glial and sarcomatous components. The clinical presentation and prognosis are similar to @entity463 . Between 1997 and 2006, 16 @entity1 with @entity932 were treated in the Department of Neurosurgery in Kiel, Germany. Median age was 63 years (52-79 years). Eleven @entity1 were @entity1 and five were @entity1 . Six @entity5 were in the frontal lobe, four in the temporal lobe, three parietal, two in the thalamic area and one in the occipital lobe. Pre-operatively, in two @entity1 , we could perform magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. There was lactate peak, which is a sign of local @entity39 and @entity519 . Median survival time in our @entity1 group was 7 months (2-11 months). On histological examination, we found glial fibrillary acid protein positive cells surrounded by sarcomatous tissue and reticular fibers. The proliferation index @entity1758 was between 20 and 70%. The prognosis in this @entity1 group is still poor. MR spectroscopy and location of the @entity5 adjacent to the dura with inhomogeneous contrast enhancement might give hints pre-operatively for the differential diagnosis of @entity3038 . Further works with adjuvant chemotherapy are necessary.

title: XXXX : clinical experiences and additional information with MR spectroscopy.

entities_list: @entity3038 :: ('MESH:D018316', 'Disease') :: ['Gliosarcomas', 'gliosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial gliosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity3038 :: (MESH:D018316,Disease) :: ['Gliosarcoma']


abstract: Some of structural and functional analogs of juvenile hormones are now under field examinations as growth inhibitors of some pest-insect populations. So far however very little is known about the possible interference of these compounds with @entity1 cells or organisms. In this research the interference of a synthetic preparation of the insect @entity6173 juvenile hormone with @entity19 embryo fibroblasts (ME-cells) and @entity19 cells of an established line (L-cells) was studied. Aliquots of juvenile hormone solution or those of the solvent ( @entity3733 plus @entity1068 , 9:1) were included into the culture medium and after defined times of contact the cells were tested for their morphology, pattern of growth, proliferation rate and viability. The data for the parameters under examination were evaluated by means of the analysis of variance and checked by the Tuckey test. The sensitivity of ME-cells and L-cells to the agent tested was compared by means of the analysis of variance of the data for mitotic indices of these cells and by evaluation of the number of dead cells in cultures under the particular conditions of the experiments. The main findings can be summarized as follows: 1. Cells of both types are evidently more sensitive to juvenile hormone than to the solvent. 2. ME-cells are more sensitive to both agents than are L-cells. 3. The concentrations of the hormone in the medium required to evoked the cytocidal effect on the @entity19 cells similarly as those affecting some insect non-target cells were far above concentrations found in insect blood, but they were of the same order of magnitude as those used in physiological experiments with insect organs in vitro.

title: Interference of a synthetic @entity6173 juvenile hormone with XXXX cells in vitro, I. Effects on growth and morphology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: We planned to determine whether or not there is a difference in the level of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) between @entity101 @entity1 and @entity101 @entity1 . Sympathetic activation of @entity101 ( @entity101 ) has been associated with increased cardiovascular events, which are known to be less likely to occur in @entity1 than in @entity1 . Normal @entity1 have been reported to have less sympathetic nerve activity than @entity1 , but no reported data are available regarding gender differences in sympathetic activity in @entity101 subjects. We examined 36 @entity1 with untreated and uncomplicated @entity101 comprising 18 @entity1 and 18 @entity1 , and 36 normal controls comprising 18 @entity1 and 18 @entity1 . MSNA was quantified as the mean frequency of single units and as multiunit bursts using the technique of microneurography. The @entity101 groups had greater sympathetic nerve activity than the control groups. Female @entity101 had lower (P<0.001) single unit @entity2915 (56+/-1.7 impulses/100 cardiac beats) than male @entity101 (72+/-1.7 impulses/100 cardiac beats). Normotensive females had lower (P<0.01) single unit activity (42+/-3.6 impulses/100 cardiac beats) than normotensive males (56+/-4.6 impulses/100 cardiac beats). Similar results were obtained for the frequency of multiunit burst activity. @entity101 in @entity1 is associated with a lower level of central sympathetic @entity2915 than in @entity1 . It is suggested that this may at least partly explain the observed lower @entity101 -related cardiovascular events in @entity1 than in @entity1 . In addition, the findings may have implications for gender-specific management of @entity101 .

title: The effect of gender on the sympathetic nerve @entity2915 of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'EHT', 'essential hypertension', 'hypertension', 'Hypertension', 'hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['essential hypertension']


abstract: Four of 30 @entity1 cerebral cortex biopsies from @entity1 ranging from four days to about ten years treated for @entity1276 by shunt operations are described paying special attention to the vascular structures. The biopsy specimens were studied in semi-thin and ultrathin sections. Attention is drawn to the role of pinocytotic vesicles found in capillaries and smaller vessels as a possible transcellular route for the hydrocephalic @entity4 resolution. No intercellular dehiscences or the so called blisters were observed. With the passage of time, the number of membrane bound vesicles increased and arrays of pinocytotic vesicles were discernible both on the abluminal as well as luminal aspect of the capillary wall. Additionally, larger vacuoles containing electron-dense material, apparently undergoing autolysis, were also detected. The basal lamina was of uneven thickness and at places duplicated. @entity1184 pericytes exhibited remarkable oedamatous changes, increased vesicular or vascular transport, demonstrating pericyte @entity75 . Swelling of the astrocytic end-feet bordering the capillaries was remarkable. These findings indicate that the CSF or @entity4 fluid is absorbed into the vascular system via a transendothelial pathway.

title: Fine structural features of the cerebral microvasculature in hydrocephalic @entity1 XXXX : correlated clinical observations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain-barrier dysfunction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To systematically review all cases in the literature of @entity2681 associated with @entity118 ( @entity118 ) occluder devices. BACKGROUND: Delayed @entity2681 of the aortic or atrial wall is an infrequent but potentially lethal complication of percutaneous @entity1757 closure using an @entity118 device. The epidemiology is poorly understood. METHODS: The MEDLINE database was searched for cases of @entity118 occluder device-associated @entity2681 . RESULTS: Twenty-five articles present @entity2681 events associated with the AMPLATZER    septal occluder (ASO) device (March 2002-June 2011), documenting 21 independent, surgically confirmed cases. Another 79 distinct events are reported in case series and review articles. Of all identified independent cases, 73 were reported in the United States. No articles associate the HELEX    Septal occluder and @entity2681 . Additional events are reported in association with FDA-unapproved percutaneous defect closure devices (n = 16). Estimation of ASO @entity2681 incidence is unreliable because the numerator (number of @entity2681 events) and denominator (number of @entity1 with an implanted device) are unknown; estimates range from 0.1 to 0.3%. CONCLUSION: @entity299 is a rare but serious complication of the ASO device. Erosion events are most often ascribed to device over-sizing or deficient retro-aortic rims; however, both consensus and evidence for a cogent risk factor(s) is lacking. Further assessment of the root cause of @entity2681 and true incidence of this complication is required; analyses using control @entity1 and/or device registry establishment represent logical next steps.

title: Percutaneous XXXX and @entity299 : a review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2681 :: ('MESH:D014077', 'Disease') :: ['erosions', 'erosion']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['septal defect']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac erosion']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect', 'ASD']

answer: @entity118 :: (MESH:D006344,Disease) :: ['atrial septal occluder devices']


abstract: In both @entity1 and laboratory animals, the reports of cognitive effects following acute @entity4944 (Amph) administration are mixed and depend, for example, on the timing of administration (e.g. before or after task acquisition) and/or on the memory model used. Besides its cognitive effects, Amph produces other important behavioural effects, including alterations in @entity148 and general activity, which could modify the subject's internal state, thereby facilitating state-dependent learning. Importantly, state-dependency has been linked to @entity734 in @entity1 . This study evaluates the role of state-dependent learning in Amph-induced @entity2414 in @entity19 submitted to a discriminative avoidance task. @entity19 were given Amph (3 mg/kg) before training and/or before testing in the plus-maze discriminative avoidance task, an animal model that concomitantly evaluates learning, memory, @entity148 -like behaviour and general activity. Pre-training Amph administration did not affect the ability to learn the discriminative task, but rather induced anxiogenic-like effects and a marked retention deficit in the test session. This @entity2414 was completely absent when animals received Amph before both the training and the test sessions. Amph-induced @entity2414 of a discriminative avoidance task is state-dependent, such that a response acquired in the 'Amph state' cannot be recalled in the normal state. The involvement of @entity148 alterations in this 'Amph state' is discussed.

title: @entity4944 -induced @entity2414 in a discriminative avoidance task is state-dependent in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory deficits', 'memory impairment']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug dependence']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: This phase II study assessed the efficacy and @entity137 profile of a modified weekly @entity2600 and @entity900 for chemotherapy-na  ve @entity1 with metastatic/recurrent @entity1721 ( @entity957 ). METHODS: The eligibility criteria included histologically confirmed esophageal @entity957 , no prior chemotherapy, adequate organ functions and written informed consent. @entity1 received @entity2600 65 mg/m(2) plus @entity900 30 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-two @entity1 were assessed for response and @entity137 . Ten @entity1 achieved a partial response (31.3%; 95% CI, 16.0-50.0%). With a median follow-up of 19.0 months, median progression-free and overall survival was 4.4 and 9.6 months, respectively, with a 1-year survival rate of 27.4%. Grade (G) 3/4 @entity1398 was observed in 50.0% of the @entity1 , which was the most common cause of dose reduction or therapy delay. G3 non-hematologic @entity137 included seven (21.9%) asthenias, four (12.5%) diarrheas, and one (3.1%) @entity390 / @entity391 , but no G4 non-hematologic @entity137 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: This modified weekly @entity2600 and @entity900 failed to ameliorate hematologic @entity137 and to improve efficacy. However, easy administration and favorable non-hematologic @entity137 as well as modest anti- @entity5 activity against metastatic or recurrent esophageal @entity957 can make this regimen a potential treatment option, given the complexity of administration and @entity137 of conventional infusional @entity1487 and @entity900 .

title: A phase II trial of modified weekly @entity2600 and @entity900 for chemotherapy-na  ve XXXX with metastatic or recurrent @entity957 of the esophagus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Within a group of 1026 @entity1 aged 47-54, cause-specific death-rates and the incidence of non-fatal @entity583 and @entity64 in treatment group of 635 @entity101 @entity1 (casual systolic B.P. greater than 175 or diastolic B.P. greater than 115 mm Hg on two occasions) treated at a @entity101 clinic were compared with those in a control group of 391 @entity1 (causal systolic B.P. greater than 175 or diastolic greater than 115 mm Hg on only one occasion) who remained mainly untreated during their 4.3 years of follow-up. The predicted risk of @entity2195 (C.H.D.) at entry, calculated by a multiple logistic function, was slightly higher in the treatment group. Total death-rate during follow-up was significantly lower in the treatment group (3.3%) than in the control group (6.1%). The difference in death-rate for C.H.D. was of the same relative order (0.8% versus 1.5%), as was the incidence of non-fatal @entity583 (2.8% versus 5.4%), although none of the differences reached statistical significance. However, the pooled incidence of fatal and non-fatal C.H.D. was significantly lower in the treatment group (3.6%) than in the control group (6.9%). The results suggest that antihypertensive treatment might be effective in preventing or postponing C.H.D. in middle-aged @entity1 .

title: Coronary heart-disease after treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2195 :: ('OMIM:211750', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart-disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity15 ( @entity15 ) is an @entity6220 (CNS), characterised by focal destruction of myelin. Although it is evident that the immune system contributes to tissue destruction in @entity15 , it is still unclear as to whether this immune response is a cause or a consequence of the disease process. In addition, there is debate over the contribution of axonal damage to clinical progression. We have described a @entity19 model of relapsing-remitting @entity15 (RR- @entity15 ), the most common form of the disease, following immunisation with the myelin component, @entity6504 ( @entity6504 ). We showed that a single injection of a @entity6504 peptide ( @entity6504 (35-55)) in NOD/Lt @entity19 induces a paralytic relapsing disease with @entity17 . This model also mimics many of the immunological features associated with RR- @entity15 . To investigate the relationship between clinical episodes, @entity32 , and @entity17 /remyelination, we analysed lesions during each attack and remission over the course of the disease, using histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopy (EM) techniques. We show that morphological features of lesions in our model resemble those observed in @entity15 . Indeed, severe @entity32 and @entity17 coincide with the peak of clinical episodes while remissions are characterised by quiescent plaques. Furthermore, axonal damage is evident from the earliest stage of the disease and increases in severity with subsequent relapses. These data establish that in the model of @entity15 -like disease, the peak of clinical episodes coincides with severe @entity32 and @entity17 and that axonal pathology correlates with clinical progression.

title: Axonal degeneration is an early pathological feature in autoimmune-mediated demyelination in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6504 :: ('17441(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein', 'MOG']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination', 'extensive plaque-like demyelination']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: An Internet-based evaluation of Web sites using a validated assessment tool. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of information on @entity1635 Web sites recommended by UK NHS consultants. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: One of the most common sources of inquiry on the Web is for the purposes of health-related information. The number of Web sites in the field of @entity1635 has increased, yet the quality of information is reported to continue to be of poor quality. The 2 previous studies in this area identified Web sites for evaluation through the use of a single search term, " @entity1635 ," on the 5 most popular search engines. METHODS: Seven Web sites were identified for inclusion in this study from the results of a survey of UK NHS consultants. These were independently evaluated by 3 reviewers using a validated information assessment tool, the DISCERN instrument. DISCERN scores were analyzed for correlation between reviewers. Web sites were also analyzed for the presence or absence of the quality assurance certification, Health On the Net code. RESULTS: Significant correlations between the DISCERN scores were found for reviewers 1 and 2 (   = 0.878, P = 0.006) and reviewers 2 and 3 (   = 0.732, P = 0.029). The highest mean cumulative score for all items achieved by any of the Web sites evaluated was 49 (maximum = 80, minimum = 15). Only one Web site was found to display the Health On the Net code. CONCLUSION: Healthcare professionals should be aware of the content of Web sites that they recommend to @entity1 . Web sites should be designed so the content suits @entity1 needs. Web sites should be maintained such that content is up to date, evidence based, impartial, and written in plain language. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

title: An evaluation of web sites recommended by UK NHS consultants to XXXX with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis at the first point of diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Thirty-three @entity1 with central @entity2994 were evaluated for the effects of scatter xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation. Thirty-four eyes (2 eyes of 1 @entity1 ) were randomly divided into a treatment (15 eyes) and a nontreatment group (19 eyes). The average follow-up per eye has been 29 months. The visual prognosis was not significantly better in either group. There was no difference in the development of @entity3217 between groups. None of the @entity1 in the treated group developed rubeosis or @entity2297 . Two @entity1 in the nontreatment group initially had rubeosis and 3 developed it after entry. All 5 involved eyes developed @entity2297 . A significantly greater amount of central retinal capillary drop-out was present in the untreated eyes that developed rubeosis than those untreated eyes which did not. The eyes in the treated group had a similar range of capillary drop-out area, but none of these eyes developed rubeosis or @entity2297 . Panretinal photocoagulation prevented the development of rubeosis and @entity2297 in susceptible eyes.

title: Xenon arc panretinal photocoagulation for central XXXX : a randomised prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity3217 :: ('MESH:D015821', 'Disease') :: ['fundus neovascularisation']

entities_list: @entity2297 :: ('MESH:D015355', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular glaucoma']

answer: @entity2994 :: (MESH:D012170,Disease) :: ['retinal vein occlusion']


abstract: A number of growth factors have been implicated in @entity174 repair. @entity19255 ( @entity19255 ) is believed to be involved in osteoblast proliferation, @entity6722 , and collagen synthesis. The collagens act as the scaffolding for new bone matrix formation, whereas tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) may help regulate matrix remodeling in bone repair. Despite their hypothesized integral role in @entity174 repair, the temporal expression of these molecules in membranous bone @entity174 healing remains unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the temporal pattern of @entity19255 and @entity6930 ( @entity6930 ) expression in @entity35 mandibular @entity174 healing. Twenty-eight adult male @entity35 underwent a mandibular osteotomy, and the healing regenerate was harvested on postoperative days 3, 5, 7, 9, 23, and 37. Total cellular @entity10731 was isolated, and Northern analysis was performed. @entity19255 expression was downregulated dramatically 3 days after the osteotomy and remained less than 20% of control levels throughout repair. In marked contrast, @entity6930 gene expression, low during early repair, increased more than twofold over control at later time points. Understanding the temporal pattern of gene expression during membranous @entity174 healing has important clinical implications because elucidating these mechanisms may lead to appropriate biomolecular approaches to augment membranous bone @entity174 healing.

title: Gene expression of @entity19255 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 1 during membranous bone healing in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6722 :: ('MESH:C565534', 'Disease') :: ['chemotaxis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity19255 :: ('25717(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Transforming growth factor-beta 3', 'TGF-beta 3']

entities_list: @entity10731 :: ('CHEBI:33697', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleic acid']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Spontaneous follicular and @entity5 of the thyroid gland in the Han @entity35 @entity35 were examined using two morphologic procedures. Firstly, in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to localize thyroglobulin (TG) and @entity175 (CT) mRNAs. Secondly, the proteins for these markers were detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The aim was to study the morphology of the @entity5 and to examine the usefulness of TG and CT markers in the differential diagnosis of these lesions. @entity5 with cystic, papillary and follicular patterns showed relatively consistent expression of TG mRNA by ISH, thereby confirming the diagnostic value of this technique. However, no staining for TG markers was observed in solid lesions. In general, @entity5 comprised well-differentiated cells that continued to express CT mRNA and peptides even after embolic spread and @entity3 . Therefore, the performance of either ISH or IHC for CT markers can be used for diagnostic confirmation. Additional features noted in @entity5 included the appearance of @entity5 emboli or @entity3 in association with small primary lesions (less than 5 average follicular diameters in size) and the presence of eosinophilic (amyloid-like) material showing immunopositivity for CT peptides. Finally, evidence is provided for the sequestration of TG protein by proliferating C-cells.

title: Expression of thyroglobulin and XXXX in spontaneous thyroid gland tumors in the Han @entity35 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'C-cell tumors', 'Follicular tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity175 :: (MESH:D002116,Chemical) :: ['calcitonin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Low-amplitude whole-body vibration has been adopted for the @entity615 and @entity74 . However, there is limited knowledge of the impact of vibration on the intervertebral disc (IVD). This study was undertaken to examine the effects of acute vibration on anabolic and catabolic pathways in the IVD and to characterize the dependence of these changes on time and frequency. METHODS: Custom-designed platforms were developed to apply acute vibration to ex vivo and in vivo @entity19 models. Spinal segments (ex vivo) or @entity19 (in vivo) were subjected to vibration (for 30 minutes at 15-90 Hz with peak acceleration at 0.3g), and IVDs were examined at specific time points after vibration. Gene expression was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were examined by quantitative mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: In the ex vivo model, acute vibration at 15 Hz induced expression of anabolic genes (aggrecan, @entity29549 , decorin, type I collagen, and @entity430 ) and suppressed expression of @entity5782 , with the most pronounced changes detected 6 hours following vibration. These beneficial effects were frequency dependent and were no longer evident between 45 and 90 Hz. In vivo, the effects on anabolic gene expression were even more robust and were accompanied by decreased expression of @entity41759 , @entity31317 , and @entity18238 . Moreover, significant increases in the protein levels of aggrecan, @entity29549 , decorin, and type I collagen were detected in vivo. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate dramatic anabolic effects of acute vibration on IVD tissue, responses that are dependent on frequency. The similarity of the in vivo and ex vivo responses indicates that at least some effects of vibration are tissue autonomous.

title: Acute vibration induces transient expression of anabolic genes in the XXXX intervertebral disc.

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['treatment of back pain']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['spinal disorders']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: When MRL/Mp(-)+/+(MRL/+) @entity19 are lethally irradiated and then reconstituted with MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) bone marrow and/or spleen cells, these MRL/+ @entity19 develop " @entity2132 " which is similar to @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ). Using a @entity3512 congenic strain of MRL/lpr @entity19 (MRL/lpr- @entity3512 ), we analyzed T cell subpopulations in the thymus and spleen of MRL/+ @entity19 suffering from @entity2132 . @entity2132 was induced in MRL/+ @entity19 by transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMC) from MRL/lpr- @entity3512 @entity19 ; severe lymphocyte depletion associated with @entity82 was observed in the spleens after 7 weeks of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Thymocytes of the host MRL/+ thymus were replaced with donor-derived cells from the early stage of @entity2132 , whereas in the spleen, a small number of host T cells ( @entity3512 +) (4-5%) were retained until the late stage of @entity2132 . Donor-type ( @entity3512 +) T cell subsets were not different from those of nontreated MRL/+ @entity19 in the thymus, whereas in the spleen. CD8+ T cells ( @entity3512 +) reached a peak at 5 weeks after BMT, and CD4+ T cells ( @entity3512 +), a peak at 6 weeks. The elimination of T cells from MRL/lpr BMC had no evident effect on the prevention of @entity2132 . T cell subpopulations showed a similar pattern to @entity2132 elicited by MHC differences. Analyses of autoreactive T cells expressing V beta 5 or V beta 11 revealed that autoreactive T cells were deleted from the peripheral lymph nodes. Interestingly, the levels of IgG anti-ssDNA antibodies markedly increased, and both IgM and IgG rheumatoid factors slightly increased 5 to 7 weeks after BMT. These findings are discussed in relation to not only @entity2132 elicited by MHC differences but also @entity792 .

title: Analyses of acute graft-versus-host-like reaction in [MRL/lpr----MRL/+] chimeric @entity19 using MRL/lpr- @entity3512 congenic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'lpr-GVHD', 'acute graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Samples of household dust and garden soil were collected from twenty households in the vicinity of an ex-mining site in southwest England and from nine households in a control village. All samples were analysed by ICP-MS for pseudo-total @entity3494 (As) concentrations and the results show clearly elevated levels, with maximum As concentrations of 486 microg g(-1) in housedusts and 471 microg g(-1) in garden soils (and mean concentrations of 149 microg g(-1) and 262 microg g(-1), respectively). @entity3494 concentrations in all samples from the mining area exceeded the UK Soil Guideline Value (SGV) of 20 microg g(-1). No significant correlation was observed between garden soil and housedust As concentrations. Bioaccessible As concentrations were determined in a small subset of samples using the Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET). For the stomach phase of the PBET, bioaccessibility percentages of 10-20% were generally recorded. Higher percentages (generally 30-45%) were recorded in the intestine phases with a maximum value (for one of the housedusts) of 59%. Data from the mining area were used, together with default values for soil ingestion rates and @entity1 body weights from the Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment (CLEA) model, to derive estimates of As intake for @entity1 and small @entity1 (0-6 years old). Dose estimates of up to 3.53 microg kg(-1) bw day(-1) for housedusts and 2.43 microg kg(-1) bw day(-1) for garden soils were calculated, compared to the index dose used for the derivation of the SGV of 0.3 microg kg(-1) bw day(-1) (based on health risk assessments). The index dose was exceeded by 75% (18 out of 24) of the estimated As doses that were calculated for @entity1 aged 0-6 years, a group which is particularly at risk from exposure via soil and dust ingestion. The results of the present study support the concerns expressed by previous authors about the significant As contamination in southwest England and the potential implications for @entity1 health.

title: Bioaccessible XXXX in the home environment in southwest England.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity3494 :: ('MESH:D001151', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic', 'Arsenic']

answer: @entity3494 :: (MESH:D001151,Chemical) :: ['arsenic']


abstract: Distinction of @entity1204 from cellular smooth @entity11090 of the uterus is sometimes difficult. Immunohistochemistry is often not helpful because muscle actins and @entity2283 are expressed in both @entity5 . This study's goal was to determine whether h-caldesmon, a smooth muscle-specific isoform of a @entity460 , calmodulin, and actin binding protein, could effectively distinguish @entity8597 from uterine smooth @entity11090 . The authors analyzed immunohistochemical expression in 24 @entity1204 (21 @entity242 and three nodules), 29 @entity1822 , 32 @entity2909 (10 "usual," 14 @entity2909 , and eight "highly cellular" types), 40 myometria, and 25 endometria. h-Caldesmon was diffusely positive in all myometria, leiomyomata, and @entity1822 . Of note, 16 @entity1822 (55%) were positive for h-caldesmon in more than 50% of @entity5 cells. In five "highly cellular" @entity2909 , h-caldesmon expression was markedly decreased or absent in areas morphologically resembling @entity8597 , raising the possibility that these @entity5 may be mixed smooth muscle- @entity1204 . In contrast, h-caldesmon expression was absent in all endometria and @entity1204 apart from accompanying small vessels. @entity2283 was diffusely positive in all myometria and leiomyomata. The fraction of cells expressing @entity2283 was greater than that of h-caldesmon in only 10% of @entity1822 . Focal @entity2283 expression was also present in eight of 25 (32%) endometria and 12 of 24 (50%) @entity1204 . h-Caldesmon appears to be a more sensitive and specific marker of smooth muscle differentiation in the uterus than @entity2283 and may be a useful tool for distinguishing and classifying uterine @entity361 .

title: h-Caldesmon expression effectively distinguishes XXXX from uterine smooth @entity11090 .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial stromal neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity8597 :: ('MESH:D036821', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial stromal tumors']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity11090 :: ('MESH:D019042', 'Disease') :: ['muscle tumors']

entities_list: @entity361 :: ('MESH:C535700', 'Disease') :: ['mesenchymal tumors']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyomas', 'cellular leiomyoma']

answer: @entity8597 :: (MESH:D036821,Disease) :: ['endometrial stromal tumors']


abstract: Highly glycosylated apomucins are important to maintain the viscoelastic properties of the mucus. Changes in their expression are frequently associated with inflammatory and neoplastic conditions. We analyzed the expression of apomucins in normal respiratory tract (n = 8) and compared it with distal, peritumoral, and @entity5 epithelia from @entity1 with @entity957 (n = 20), @entity420 (n = 13), and @entity4153 (n = 12). @entity1544 (n = 16) was also analyzed. @entity2355 , @entity5091 , @entity5088 , @entity5089 , @entity21826 , and @entity26080 apomucins were detected by immunohistochemistry, and @entity3558 transcripts by in situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Bronchial epithelium from normal individuals and distal epithelium from @entity5 @entity1 showed a similar expression pattern: @entity2355 , @entity5088 , and @entity26080 were always present, @entity5091 and @entity5089 showed more variability, and @entity21826 was focally detected. @entity5089 was downregulated in peritumoral epithelium and @entity1544 , and @entity21826 was upregulated in peritumoral epithelium. A reduced expression of @entity5088 , @entity5089 , and @entity26080 was observed in @entity4153 , regardless of their histologic subtype. In small cell tumors, only @entity2355 was consistently expressed. CONCLUSIONS: (1) peritumoral epithelium and squamous metaplasia show an abnormal pattern of @entity3558 expression; (2) @entity957 and @entity420 display a similar pattern of @entity3558 gene expression, supporting the concept of a common cellular origin.

title: Mucins as differentiation markers in bronchial epithelium. @entity957 and XXXX display similar expression patterns.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma', 'non-small cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumoral', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['in squamous metaplasia', 'Squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Evidence suggests that @entity5 , including @entity788 , display heterogeneity in parameters that are critical for @entity5 formation, progression and @entity3 . Understanding heterogeneity in solid @entity5 is increasingly providing a plethora of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In this study, a particular focus was put on identifying a subpopulation of stem cell-like, slow cycling @entity5 cells in a @entity420 cell lines. Using a label retention technique a subpopulation of slow cycling cells (DiI+/SCC) was identified and further evaluated in the BxPC-3 and @entity1 cell lines. These slowly cycling cells managed to retain the lipophilic labeling dye DiI, while the bulk of the cells (>94%) did not. The DiI+/SCC population, showed only a partial overlap with the CSC markers CD24(+)/CD44(+), CD133(+) and ALDH but they survived chemotherapeutic treatment, and were able to recreate the initial heterogeneous @entity5 cell population. @entity18516 /SCCs exhibited an increased invasive potential as compared with their non-label retaining, faster cycling cells (DiI-/FCC). They also had increased tumorigenic potential and morphological changes resembling cells that have undergone an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Analysis of DiI+/SCC cells by real time PCR revealed a selective up-regulation of tell tale components of the Hedgehog/TGFbeta pathways, as well as a down-regulation of @entity470 , combined with a shift in crucial components implied in EMT. The presented findings offer an expanded mechanistic understanding that associates @entity5 initiating potential with cycling speed and EMT in @entity788 cell lines.

title: Characterization and functional analysis of a slow cycling stem cell-like subpopulation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'multiple tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['pancreas adenocarcinoma']