abstract: A controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study compared the effects of ViviScal (a new food supplement incorporating special marine extracts and a @entity3440 compound) with those of a fish extract in the treatment of young males with @entity1665 . The pretreatment histological diagnosis was @entity1665 with a mild to moderate @entity32 zone. The study consisted of 20 subjects who received two tablets of ViviScal once daily and 20 who received two tablets of fish extract once daily for 6 months. The mean @entity1 age and mean duration and severity of @entity1665 compared well between the two groups. Most @entity1 had been treated with long-term topical 2% minoxidil for 1 year or more prior to the study. At baseline and after 6 months' treatment, a biopsy was taken for histological examination. A non-vellus hair count was performed at baseline and after 2, 4 and 6 months. In the fish extract treatment group three @entity1 withdrew from the study before the fourth month due to lack of therapeutic effect. After 6 months' treatment, @entity1 receiving ViviScal showed a mean increase in non-vellus hair of 38% compared with a 2% increase in the fish extract treatment group (P < 0.0001). In the ViviScal group, 19 (95%) subjects showed both clinical and histological cure, whereas none treated with fish extract showed any clinical or histological difference after 6 months' treatment (P < 0.0001). In both groups, a minimal decrease in the erythemal index was observed. In conclusion, ViviScal appears to be the first highly active treatment for @entity1665 in young males.

title: A comparative study of a new food supplement, ViviScal, with fish extract for the treatment of XXXX in young males.

entities_list: @entity1665 :: ('MESH:D000505', 'Disease') :: ['baldness', 'androgenic alopecia', 'alopecia', 'hereditary androgenic alopecia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['perifollicular inflammation']

answer: @entity1665 :: (MESH:D000505,Disease) :: ['hereditary androgenic alopecia']


abstract: AIM: The purpose of this study was to present an intrasurgical decision making in teeth showing clinical signs and symptoms of incomplete vertical root @entity174 . METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 with one tooth in which an incomplete vertical root @entity174 was diagnosed, involving only the buccal side, underwent a flap elevation procedure to visualize the pattern of @entity604 and assess the type of root @entity174 . If the intraoperative diagnosis confirmed the presurgical one, a new root @entity174 repair technique was used. If the intraoperative diagnosis consisted of a complete or multiple @entity174 , the tooth was extracted and a postextraction implant insertion procedure was performed, in combination with the use of plasma rich in growth factors in order to enhance implant osseointegration. RESULTS: A total of nine vertical root @entity174 repair procedures were performed. The mean @entity1 follow-up was 22.5 months. All @entity1 reported full satisfaction for mastication function and phonetics. One @entity1 was not satisfied for the esthetic result. A total of seven implants were immediately inserted in fresh postextraction sockets, and loaded four months later. The mean @entity1 follow-up was 25.2 months. Overall implant success and survival was 100% after one year of functional loading. All @entity1 reported full satisfaction for mastication function, phonetics and esthetics. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative diagnosis allowed to choose an appropriate surgical approach that led to excellent results in terms of clinical outcomes and @entity1 satisfaction.

title: Surgical decision making in coronally located vertical root XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: @entity934 ( @entity1617 ), derived both from nerve fibres and from non-neuronal sources such as epithelial cells, is a major regulator of airway function. There is evidence that dysfunction of the neuronal cholinergic system is involved in the pathogenesis of @entity565 . Here, we asked whether the pulmonary non-neuronal @entity1617 -synthesis and release machinery is altered in a @entity35 and a @entity19 model of @entity56 . Animals were sensitized against ovalbumin, challenged by allergen inhalation, and sacrificed 24 or 48 h later. Targets of investigation were the high-affinity @entity1877 transporter-1 (CHT1), that mediates cellular uptake of @entity1877 , the @entity1617 -synthesizing enzyme @entity1877 acetyltransferase ( @entity4268 ), the vesicular @entity1617 transporter (VAChT), and the polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCT1-3), which are able to translocate @entity1877 and @entity1617 across the plasma membrane. With cell-type specific distribution patterns, immunohistochemistry identified these proteins in airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Real-time RT-PCR revealed significant decreases in @entity4268 -, CHT1-, VAChT-, OCT-mRNA in the lung of sensitized and allergen challenged animals. These data were supported by immunohistochemistry, demonstrating reduced labeling intensity of airway epithelial cells. @entity4268 -, CHT1-, VAChT-, and OCT1-mRNA were also significantly reduced in cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from sensitized and challenged @entity35 . In conclusion, the pulmonary non-neuronal cholinergic system is down-regulated in @entity32 . In view of the role of @entity1617 in maintenance of cell-cell-contacts, stimulation of fluid-secretion and of ciliary beat frequency, this down-regulation may contribute to epithelial shedding and ciliated cell dysfunction that occur in this pathological condition.

title: Down-regulation of the non-neuronal XXXX synthesis and release machinery in @entity32 of @entity35 and @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['acute allergic airway inflammation']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic airway disease']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: Thirteen semiconstrained total knee arthroplasties (TKA) were performed in nine @entity1 with @entity447 . The average age at surgery was 38 years, the average Factor VIII administration during hospitalization was 84.222 units, and the average hospitalization time was 33 days. Four @entity1 (44%) died during the observation period, three from @entity791 ( @entity791 ) contracted through contaminated Factor VIII plasma concentrates and one from @entity1164 . One of the @entity1 who died from @entity791 had a positive test for @entity1 @entity465 virus (HIV) at surgery. He died three months after the arthroplasty. The remaining two @entity1 contracted @entity791 one year and four years after the arthroplasty. All but one @entity1 were followed for at least one year, with an average follow-up period of 43 months. Using The Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Rating Scale, the overall result was excellent in nine knees and good in three knees. All @entity1 were completely relieved of @entity158 . TKA in hemophiliacs is an effective treatment for otherwise intractable chronic @entity158 due to severe @entity528 . However, caution should be taken in @entity645 -positive @entity1 owing to the challenge of the @entity1 's immune system and the risk of transmitting the virus to the hospital staff.

title: Total knee arthroplasty in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['classic hemophilia']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'knee pain']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['acquired immunodeficiency syndrome', 'AIDS']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['joint degeneration']

answer: @entity447 :: (MESH:D006467,Disease) :: ['classic hemophilia']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: To identify the association of social support and socioeconomic factors with risk of early mortality among @entity1 with @entity1566 . SETTING: @entity1 were identified from a large specialty hospital in the Southeastern United States. METHODS: Data were collected by mailed survey, and mortality status was ascertained approximately 8 years later. The outcome was time from survey to mortality or censoring. Mortality status was determined using the National Death Index and the Social Security Death Index. There were 224 observed @entity204 (16.2%) in the full sample (n=1386). Because of missing data, the number of @entity204 used in the final analysis was 188 (out of 1249 @entity1 ). RESULTS: Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to build a comprehensive predictive model. After controlling for biographic and injury-related factors, two of four environmental predictors were retained in the final model including low income and general social support. Years of education and the upsets scale, another aspect of social support, were not retained in the final model. Inclusion of these variables resulted in only modest improvement in the prediction of survival compared with biographic and injury variables alone, as the pseudo-R(2) increased from 0.121 to 0.134 and the concordance from 0.730 to 0.751. CONCLUSION: Environmental factors are important predictors of mortality after @entity1566 .

title: Risk of mortality after XXXX : relationship with social support, education, and income.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: The objective of this review is to consider the mechanisms by which @entity560 affects muscle and the evidence that @entity560 status is important for muscle performance and fall prevention in older adults. @entity560 receptors have been identified in @entity1 skeletal-muscle cells. Activation of these receptors by @entity10692 is involved in the action of @entity560 on the myocyte. Several studies have examined the effect of supplemental @entity560 on muscle strength, balance and falls. Among those examining muscle strength, results have been either positive for @entity560 or null. A recent meta-analysis of seventeen such trials revealed no significant effect of @entity560 overall, but a significant improvement in strength was observed in the trials in which the mean starting level of @entity14257 was 25 nmol/l or below. Evidence for an effect of @entity560 on balance, measured as sway, is less abundant but more consistently positive. Many trials have evaluated the effect of supplemental @entity560 on falls. Overall, there is about a 20% lower risk of falling with supplementation. One meta-analysis considered the @entity560 dose administered and concluded that doses up through 15  g (600 IU) were ineffective and doses of 17  5-25  g/d (700-1000 IU/d) significantly lowered fall risk. The minimal @entity14257 level needed for benefit was 60 nmol/l.

title: Serum XXXX and muscle atrophy in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity10692 :: ('MESH:C097949', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity14257 :: ('MESH:C104450', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D', 'Vitamin D']

answer: @entity14257 :: (MESH:C104450,Chemical) :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to compare tissue blood flow at various sites before and after stellate ganglion block (SGB) and to discuss the redistribution of tissue blood flow after SGB. METHODS: We studied 16 male @entity95 . For SGB, the tip of a 26-gauge needle was placed on the left transverse process of the cervical vertebra, 1 to 2 mm caudal to the cricoid cartilage. Either 0.2 mL of 1% @entity3303 ( @entity3303 group) or normal saline solution (saline group) was injected. In the @entity3303 group, data were recorded immediately before SGB and at the time when the maximal change in the common carotid arterial blood flow was observed after SGB. In the saline group, data were recorded immediately before SGB and 3 minutes after SGB. Observed variables were blood pressure, heart rate, common carotid arterial blood @entity450 , mandibular bone marrow blood flow (BBF), masseter @entity121 ( @entity121 ), quadriceps @entity121 , liver blood flow, and renal blood flow. RESULTS: Common carotid arterial blood @entity450 , BBF, and @entity121 on the block side were increased, whereas BBF and @entity121 on the nonblock side and quadriceps @entity121 , liver blood flow, and renal blood flow were decreased after SGB in the @entity3303 group. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that lower limb and visceral blood flow as well as blood flow on the nonblock side are redistributed to the block side after SGB. Redistribution from peripheral tissue may have a more important role than that of visceral blood flow redistribution after SGB.

title: Redistribution of tissue blood flow after stellate ganglion block in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Japanese white rabbits']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle blood flow', 'MBF']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['flow, tongue mucosal blood flow']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: A gene of unknown function located in band Xp21 on the short arm of the @entity1 X chromosome gives rise to @entity3986 , of either @entity1555 , when mutated. The gene encodes a large muscle-specific transcript of about 14 kilobases (kb) and its genomic size extends over more than 1,800 kb. The high mutation rate (about 10(-4) per generation) is likely to result from the large target size. Submicroscopic deletions, detectable with one or more of the dozen cloned DNA probes available for regions within the gene, constitute a significant proportion of the mutations. Because no such deletions have been found in normal individuals, it is assumed that intragenic deletions are the molecular basis of the mutations. The origin of deletions can be traced in families. With sufficient data collected, it will soon be possible to answer questions about the relative frequencies of mutations in male and female gametogenesis and about the timing of mutational events in mitotic or meiotic stages of germ cell development. We have studied a four generation family containing males who have @entity1555 due to deletion of the sequence recognized by intragenic probe J-Bir. The deletion was present in two of five daughters of a @entity1 who herself did not have the deletion. Haplotype analysis on 15 members of this family using nine informative restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers indicated that the J-Bir deletion chromosome was transmitted from the unaffected father.

title: A partial deletion of the XXXX gene transmitted twice by an unaffected male.

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne or Becker type', 'Duchenne muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked recessive muscular dystrophy']

answer: @entity3986 :: (MESH:D009136,Disease) :: ['muscular dystrophy']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study aims to screen microRNAs (miRNAs), for an early diagnosis of @entity14 , by deep sequencing and evaluation of total miRNAs using clinical samples from a Chinese @entity1 population. METHODS: Total small RNAs from normal colonic mucosa, colonic @entity652 , and @entity14 tissues were prepared for miRNA analysis by deep sequencing. The sequencing data were then analyzed by bioinformatics for candidate diagnostic miRNAs, which were further validated for their up- or downregulation status. RESULTS: Comparison of @entity5 tissues with normal mucosa identified 99 upregulated and 90 downregulated miRNAs. Comparison of @entity652 and normal mucosa found 114 upregulated and 107 downregulated miRNAs. Comparison of @entity5 and @entity652 tissues found 70 upregulated and 27 downregulated miRNAs. Selected up- and downregulated miRNAs were validated for their expressions in 12 cases of @entity1 with @entity5 and @entity1127 . Specifically, for the upregulated miRNAs, miR-18a-5p and @entity19956 were significantly upregulated in @entity652 and @entity5 tissues, compared with the normal mucosa; miR-135b-5p, @entity12425 , @entity35377 , miR-200a-5p, and miR-200c-3p were significantly upregulated in @entity5 tissues compared to the normal mucosa, but their differential expression was not significant in @entity652 tissues when compared with the normal mucosa. miR-183-5p and miR-96-5p were significantly upregulated in @entity652 tissues when compared with normal mucosa, but these differences were not significant in @entity5 tissues when compared to normal mucosa. For the downregulated miRNAs, miR-133a-3p was significantly downregulated in both @entity652 and @entity5 tissues when compared to normal mucosa; miR-204-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-139-5p, miR-100-5p, and miR-30a-5p were significantly downregulated in @entity5 tissues compared to the normal mucosa, but their differential expression was not significant in @entity652 tissue compared to normal mucosa. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study show that a number of miRNAs might be important in the diagnosis and prognosis of @entity14 in Chinese @entity1 using the method of small RNA deep sequencing. Upregulation of miR-18a-5p and @entity19956 or downregulation of miR-133a-3p in @entity652 and @entity5 tissues may serve as an index for early screening of @entity14 . Other miRNAs, such as miR-135b-5p, @entity12425 , @entity35377 , miR-200a-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-183-5p, and miR-96-5p, which were either up- or downregulated, in @entity5 tissues, but not in @entity652 tissues, have limited significance in early diagnosis. Further study is needed to determine a screening index with diagnostic value.

title: Screening miRNAs for early diagnosis of @entity14 by small RNA deep sequencing and evaluation in a Chinese XXXX population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Appropriate 3D culture models of @entity1 prostatic epithelial cells resembling normal growth pattern and architecture of prostate gland and its malignant development are scarce. METHODS: Here, we optimized the 3D culture conditions of the immortalized non-transformed @entity1 prostatic epithelial cell line BPH-1 in Matrigel and developed a 3D culture model closely mimicking prostatic glandular structure. RESULTS: Our results showed that @entity1 cells cultured in Matrigel formed acinus-like spheroids with lumen formation and polarized differentiation. To establish an @entity342 -stimulated differentiation in AR-negative BPH-1, we generated AR-transduced @entity1 cells, which displayed @entity342 -induced secretory differentiation and growth suppression in 3D culture. We also evaluated the spheroid forming capacity of tumorigenic derivative BPH-1(CAFTD) sublines in 3D culture and their responses to @entity10412 inhibitor @entity2306 . Results showed that these tumorigenic BPH-1(CAFTD) sublines did not exhibit polarized differentiation in Matrigel culture. Interestingly, polarization could be restored by @entity2306 treatment of BPH-1(CAFTD1) but not of BPH-1(CAFTD3) subline. Finally, we employed this 3D culture model to examine the significance of an EMT-regulatory transcription factor @entity4245 in @entity263 development by its stable transduction into @entity1 cells. Results showed that @entity1 - @entity4245 cells lost their spheroid forming capacity and exhibited an invasive phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, we established a 3D culture model of @entity1 prostatic epithelial cells with structural and functional relevance to normal prostate gland and @entity263 development and also demonstrated that this 3D model might be useful to assess the ability of drugs to restore differentiation as a potential surrogate measure of efficacy for @entity263 therapy.

title: Development of a three-dimensional culture model of prostatic epithelial cells and its use for the study of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibition of @entity10412 pathway in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most research publications on Chronic Care Model (CCM) implementation originate from organizations or countries with a well-structured primary health care system. Information about efforts made in countries with a less well-organized primary health care system is scarce. In 2003, the Belgian National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance commissioned a pilot study to explore how care for type 2 @entity6 @entity1 could be organized in a more efficient way in the Belgian healthcare setting, a setting where the organisational framework for chronic care is mainly hospital-centered. METHODS: Process evaluation of an action research project (2003-2007) guided by the CCM in a well-defined geographical area with 76,826 inhabitants and an estimated number of 2,300 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 . In consultation with the region a program for type 2 @entity6 @entity1 was developed. The degree of implementation of the CCM in the region was assessed using the Assessment of @entity102 Care survey (ACIC). A multimethod approach was used to evaluate the implementation process. The resulting data were triangulated in order to identify the main facilitators and barriers encountered during the implementation process. RESULTS: The overall ACIC score improved from 1.45 (limited support) at the start of the study to 5.5 (basic support) at the end of the study. The establishment of a local steering group and the appointment of a program manager were crucial steps in strengthening primary care. The willingness of a group of well-trained and motivated care providers to invest in quality improvement was an important facilitator. Important barriers were the complexity of the intervention, the lack of quality data, inadequate information technology support, the lack of commitment procedures and the uncertainty about sustainable funding. CONCLUSION: Guided by the CCM, this study highlights the opportunities and the bottlenecks for adapting chronic care delivery in a primary care system with limited structure. The study succeeded in achieving a considerable improvement of the overall support for @entity6 @entity1 but further improvement requires a shift towards system thinking among policy makers. Currently primary care providers lack the opportunities to take up full responsibility for chronic care. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00824499.

title: Implementation of a program for type 2 XXXX based on the Chronic Care Model in a hospital-centered health care system: "the Belgian experience".

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic Illness']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of @entity1 with @entity991 ( @entity991 ) can be accurately determined using the Mayo Clinic Score ( @entity7748 ), a mathematical model which predicts @entity1 survival. The purpose of our study was to determine the risk of graft loss and/or @entity204 among @entity1 who were listed or transplanted because of @entity991 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We analyzed the data of 52 @entity1 , who were placed on the transplant list due to @entity991 between January 2000 and November 2008 and either did or did not undergo liver transplantation (OLT). The primary end point ( @entity7700 ) of the study was the @entity1 @entity204 for any cause. The secondary end point ( @entity7701 ) was recurrence of @entity991 or appearance of CCC or @entity204 related to the primary @entity409 after OLT ( @entity991 recurrence). The observation time was 60 months. According to the calculated @entity7748 , @entity1 were divided into 3 groups: group A ( @entity7748 < 0.56); group B (0.56 < or = @entity7748 < 1.56), and group C ( @entity7748 > 1.56). The analysis was performed using the LIFETEST and PHREG Procedures of the SAS System. RESULTS: The risk of @entity7700 occurrence was 2.0 per 1 point of @entity7748 (P < .0006). The risk of @entity7701 was 2.1 per 1 point of @entity7748 (P < .001). Groups B and C compared with group A showed risks of @entity204 of: 0.79 (P = NS) and 6.59 (P < .08), respectively. The percentage of 5-year @entity1 survival rate were 94%, 94%, and 45% according to groups A, B, and C, respectively. CONCLUSION: The risk of @entity204 in @entity1 with @entity7748 > 1.56 was 6.59-fold higher than those with @entity7748 < 0.56. @entity7748 > 1.56 significantly decreased 5 year survival among @entity1 with @entity991 .

title: Prediction of graft loss and @entity204 in XXXX with @entity991 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['PSC', 'primary sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity4053 serum lipoproteins (LP) were separated into VLDL, LDL and HDL by ultracentrifugation and the content of @entity165 and @entity1674 analyzed in each LP class in 69 consecutive @entity1 attending a lipid clinic. The effect of using different cut off points in the definition of @entity5522 was discussed. It was pointed out that by using lower values for the cut off points there is only an increase in the number of subjects with @entity5522 ( @entity5522 ) but also shifts in the proportions between the various types of @entity5522 , particularly with increase in the amount of types IIB and IV. In addition to the @entity66 inherent in the definition of each type of @entity5522 other @entity66 were observed. Thus type IIA @entity5522 had @entity165 rich VLDL with an increased ratio @entity165 / @entity1674 . The types of @entity5522 with increased VLDL @entity1674 had characteristic changes in both LDL and HDL. For LDL its @entity412 content was increased and HDL showed a lowering of its @entity165 content and a rise in @entity1674 . These changes were more pronounced the higher the VLDL @entity412 concentration was. Both normo- and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects having the second pre-beta LP on agarose gel electrophoresis of the VLDL fraction called LPB (Late Pre Beta) had two characteristic LP features. VLDL had an increased @entity165 / @entity412 ratio. LDL had a raised @entity412 content. The relation of LPB to so called intermediary particles was discussed. When the SPB (Sinking Pre Beta) LP variant was present this had negligible effects on the LP composition. Type IIA was present in 14 percent of the 609 @entity1 . None had @entity924 . The LP pattern of this common type IIA was compared to the LP pattern of the uncommon type IIA where @entity924 are present, called IIA-X. Type IIA-X had much higher LDL @entity165 and in relation to the @entity412 content a more @entity165 rich LDL. Furthermore type IIA-X had lower VLDL lipids than the common type IIA, but type IIA-X was more @entity165 rich. The differences in clinical appearance as well as in quantitative and qualitative LP composition between the common type IIA and type IIA-X makes it important to separate these two types of @entity5522 from each other.

title: Serum lipoprotein composition in different types of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['LP abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendinous xanthomata']

entities_list: @entity5522 :: ('MESH:D006951', 'Disease') :: ['HLP', 'hyperlipoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity5522 :: (MESH:D006951,Disease) :: ['hyperlipoproteinemia']


abstract: Sonicates from unstimulated @entity1 neutrophils produce no measurable @entity224 since the @entity224 -generating enzyme, @entity1110 oxidase, is inactive in these preparations. Previous attempts to activate the oxidase in disrupted cells with conventional neutrophil stimuli have been unsuccessful. This report describes a cell-free system in which @entity1426 (82 microM) was able to activate @entity224 generation that was dependent upon the presence of @entity1110 and the sonicate. For activation to occur, both the particulate and supernatant fractions of the sonicate must be present. @entity460 ions, which are required for activation of intact neutrophils by @entity3899 , were not necessary in the cell-free system. In quantitative terms, the @entity224 -generating activity in the cell-free system could account for at least 20-50% of the @entity224 rate observed in intact neutrophils stimulated with @entity3899 . Sonicates from @entity1 with @entity1117 ( @entity1117 ) could not be activated by @entity1426 in the cell-free system. In three @entity1 representing both genetic forms of @entity1117 , the defect appeared to reside in the particulate fraction. The soluble cofactor was normal in all three @entity1 and could be used to activate normal neutrophil pellets in the presence of @entity1426 . Thus, at least a portion of the activation mechanism in the neutrophil, that residing in the soluble phase, appeared to be normal in @entity1 with @entity1117 .

title: Activation of @entity1 neutrophil @entity1110 , reduced ( XXXX , reduced) oxidase by @entity1426 in a cell-free system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1117 :: ('MESH:D006105', 'Disease') :: ['chronic granulomatous disease', 'CGD']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3899 :: ('CHEBI:32395', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity1110 :: (MESH:D009249,Chemical) :: ['triphosphopyridine nucleotide']


abstract: Gap junctions are critical for spermatogenesis. They are composed of integral proteins, the connexins. In mammals, a loss of @entity25828 expression results in the inhibition of spermatogenesis. We have shown that @entity25828 is expressed in the Sertoli cells of @entity5660 and that @entity268 and @entity1954 (T(3)) regulate testicular @entity25828 expression in @entity12943 testis. The objective of this study was to determine if @entity268 and T(3) act at the level of the @entity25828 promoter to regulate its expression. A 607 bp 5' flanking sequence of the @entity25828 promoter was obtained by Genome Walking. A TATA box was predicted to be located between positions -36 and -30 relative to the transcriptional initiation site. 5'-Rapid amplification of cDNA ends indicated a single transcriptional start site. Single C/EBP (-164 to -156) and tr-beta (-112 to -107) response elements were identified and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated the presence of competitive protein binding sites at each region. Immortalized @entity5660 gonadal cell line (RTG-2) which express @entity25828 and tr-beta transcripts were transfected with a vector containing the @entity25828 promoter inserted into a luciferase expression vector. Transactivation of the reporter genes was stimulated by either @entity268 or T(3). Sequential deletion and point mutations in either the C/EBP or tr-beta response element indicated that T(3) but not @entity268 directly induced luciferase transactivation of the luciferase gene by acting on different sites of the @entity25828 promoter. Together, these data indicate that T(3) stimulates @entity25828 expression via direct regulation of gene transcription.

title: Regulation of the connexin 43 promoter in the @entity12943 testis: role of the thyroid hormones and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity268 :: (CHEBI:17489,Chemical) :: ['cAMP']


abstract: We report our experience with repair of a variety of @entity4297 utilizing a ministernotomy incision. A ministernotomy was used in 79 @entity1 with a variety of congenital @entity299 from November 2004 to August 2007. @entity1 included 36 males and 43 females with ages ranging from 1 month to 122 months (median age, 22 months). The weight ranged from 3.5 kg to 40 kg (median weight, 10.9 kg). There were no deaths, and one conversion to full median sternotomy (1/79, 1.3%). The median cardiopulmonary bypass time was 59 min, and median aortic cross-clamp time was 38 min. One @entity1 underwent @entity118 ( @entity118 ) repair with fibrillatory arrest time of 35 min. The operating time ranged from 103 min to 312 min (median operating time, 168 min). The intensive care unit (ICU) stay ranged from 1 to 21 days (median ICU stay, 1 day) and the hospital stay ranged from 2 to 56 days (median hospital stay, 4 days). There were no reinterventions for residual @entity299 . We demonstrate the safety and efficacy of ministernotomy for the correction of a range of @entity4297 with improved cosmetic results.

title: Ministernotomy for repair of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect', 'ASD']

entities_list: @entity4297 :: ('MESH:D006330', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart defects']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac defects', 'heart diseases']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital cardiac disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity9 remains a prevalent and persistent clinical problem due to incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the role of @entity4124 in the @entity9 in @entity35 with @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ). METHODS: SD @entity35 were randomly assigned four groups (n=18 per group): sham group, normal saline group (NS group), @entity35545 group (DEVD group) and RNA interference group (siRNA group). @entity35545 (1 U/30  l), siRNA targeting @entity4124 (10  g/30  l) and NS of equal volume were intrathecally administered once daily for 5 days starting 1 day before surgery in the DEVD, siRNA and NS group, respectively. Thermal @entity1931 was assessed at one day before and 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10 days after surgery. The mRNA and protein expressions of @entity4124 were measured by real time PCR and immunofluorescence assay. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. @entity9270 expression was measured by immunofluorescence and western blot assays. RESULTS: The right paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was decreased after @entity8638 (P<0.05). TUNEL-positive neurons and the mRNA and protein expressions of @entity4124 in the spinal cord were increased significantly. After @entity35545 or siRNA treatment, TUNEL-positive neurons were decreased, PWLs increased (P<0.05) and the mRNA and protein expressions of @entity4124 decreased. The expression of @entity9270 , a sprouting related protein, was decreased in the DEVD and siRNA group as compared to NS group (P<0.05). Up-regulation of @entity9270 following @entity8638 was decreased following @entity4124 inhibition. Following sciatic nerve ligation, the gene expression, translation and transcription are significantly changed in the neurons which finally results in neuron apoptosis. The neuron apoptosis induce the up-regulation of @entity9270 expression leading to @entity1931 . CONCLUSION: @entity4124 mediated neuron apoptosis is probably responsible for the @entity9 in @entity8638 @entity35 . Inhibition of @entity4124 may serve as a treatment of @entity9 .

title: Down-regulation of @entity9270 by inhibition of caspases-3 in a XXXX model of @entity9 .

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic constriction injury', 'CCI']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain', 'Neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The @entity3449 -angiotensin system promotes @entity1283 after @entity583 . The purpose of this study was to measure @entity3449 and angiotensinogen in plasma and myocardium 10 days after @entity583 . @entity1188 involving 45 +/- 4% of left ventricular circumference with accompanying @entity1184 was induced in @entity35 (n = 14). Plasma and @entity296 @entity3449 were increased after @entity1188 compared with sham controls (n = 8) (27.4 +/- 3.2 vs. 7.5 +/- 1.8 ng ANG I. ml plasma. h-1, P < 0.0002; and 8.8 +/- 1.6 vs. 2. 5 +/- 0.1 ng ANG I. g myocardium-1. h-1, P < 0.008, respectively). After @entity1188 , @entity296 @entity3449 was correlated with @entity1188 size (r = 0.62, P < 0.02) and plasma @entity3449 (r = 0.55, P < 0.04). Plasma angiotensinogen decreased in @entity1188 animals, but @entity296 angiotensinogen was not different from shams (1.1 +/- 0.08 vs. 2.03 +/- 0.06 nM/ml plasma, P < 0.002; and 0.081 +/- 0.008 vs. 0.070 +/- 0.004 nM/g myocardium, respectively). In conclusion, @entity296 @entity3449 increased after @entity1188 in proportion to plasma @entity3449 and @entity1188 size, and @entity296 angiotensinogen was maintained after @entity1188 despite decreased plasma angiotensinogen and increased levels of @entity296 @entity3449 .

title: Active XXXX and angiotensinogen in cardiac interstitial fluid after @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction', 'Infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity3449 :: (24715(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1318 is a primary @entity1208 characterized by degenerative changes of the myenteric plexus. The pathophysiologic abnormalities may be the final result of several intermeshing mechanisms, and more than one single factor may cause the @entity4681 . AIMS: To report our experience in investigating the myenteric plexus of @entity1318 @entity1 undergoing esophagomyotomy. @entity1 AND METHODS: Tissue samples from 12 @entity1 undergoing Heller myotomy for @entity1318 were evaluated and compared with esophageal tissue specimens from 7 controls. Enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were assessed by immunohistochemical methods, and the presence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ergic fibers and of CD3 lymphocytes. The possible presence of herpesvirus was also assessed by immunohistochemistry, whereas that of papillomavirus was assessed by in-situ hybridization. RESULTS: Compared with controls, @entity1318 @entity1 displayed a significant decrease of both enteric neurons and ICC. Immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was completely absent in each @entity1 . CD3 staining disclosed myenteric plexitis in 5 (42%) @entity1 ; no control @entity1 had plexitis. All @entity1 were completely negative for the presence of both @entity778 and @entity1082 . CONCLUSIONS: The enteric nervous system of the lower esophageal sphincter area is impaired in @entity1 with "idiopathic @entity1318 ," and the @entity66 and neurons in many @entity1 . The triggering factors for these abnormalities are, however, still unknown.

title: An immunohistochemical study of the myenteric plexus in idiopathic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia', 'Achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities involve ICC']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['motor abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1208 :: ('MESH:D004935', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal motor disorder']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) remains a major therapeutic challenge in pediatric oncology even with intensified @entity2592 (ara-C)-based chemotherapy. Therefore, new therapies are urgently needed to improve treatment outcome of this @entity66 . In this study, we evaluated antileukemic interactions between @entity19859 (a second-generation purine @entity2353 analog) and @entity1092 ( @entity2052 , a FDA-approved agent for treating @entity302 in both @entity1 and adult and a histone deacetylase inhibitor), in @entity3052 . METHODOLOGY: In vitro @entity19859 and @entity2052 cytotoxicities of the @entity3052 cell lines and diagnostic blasts were measured by using @entity98 assays. The effects of @entity19859 and @entity2052 on apoptosis and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were determined by flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting, respectively. Active form of @entity589 was measured by Western blotting post-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: We demonstrated synergistic antileukemic activities between @entity19859 and @entity2052 in both @entity3052 cell lines and diagnostic blasts sensitive to @entity2052 . In contrast, antagonism between the two agents could be detected in @entity3052 cells resistant to @entity2052 . @entity19859 and @entity2052 cooperate in inducing DNA DSBs, accompanied by @entity589 activation and apoptosis in @entity3052 cells. CONCLUSION: Our results document synergistic antileukemic activities of combined @entity2052 and @entity19859 in @entity3052 and suggest that this combination could be an alternative treatment option for the disease.

title: XXXX synergistically enhances the cytotoxicity of @entity19859 in pediatric @entity3052 cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['deadly disease']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['Acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML', 'pediatric AML']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity19859 :: ('MESH:C068329', 'Chemical') :: ['Clofarabine', 'clofarabine']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproic acid']


abstract: Primary cultures of epidermal cells from newborn @entity19 skin have been established. These cultures proliferate and express typical epidermal functions for limited time in vitro. The cultured cells keratinize and exhibit strong reactivity with an epidermis specific membrane antiserum. These cells can be transformed with @entity106 either in standard cultures or more easily in cultures using 3T3 feeder cells. Transformed cells have increased proliferation rate. They do not pile up or form multilayered cultures like normal counterparts. They also keratinize less. When transformed cells were grown in the air on collagen gels they formed irregular clumps with central (horn-pearl) keratinization whereas normal controls formed stratified structures. Transofmred cells exhibited reduced reactivity with tissue specific membrane antiserum. There was masking or rearrangement of tissue specific membrane antigens with simultaneous exposition of new fetal-like antigens. Their reactivity with histocompatibility antisera was only slightly reduced. Transformed cells had both @entity2008 . They grew in soft agar and they induced @entity5 upon transplantation in the convenient host. When transplanted as cultures (on collagen) or as suspensions into the host, transformed cells were able to form epithelial cell cords invading the underlying mesenchyme with histological aspect typical of @entity189 . Cell cultures derived from in vivo @entity106 induced @entity5 behaved like in vitro transformed cells.

title: Characteristics of chemically transformed XXXX epidermal cells in vitro and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['numerical and structural chromosome aberrations']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the inflammatory reactions induced by three commonly used nonabsorbable suture materials in a @entity95 model. METHODS: Three suture materials were tested: braided polyester suture (Ethibond), braided blend of @entity2635 and @entity691 suture (FiberWire), and monofilament @entity7502 suture ( @entity7502 ). Thirty-six @entity95 were randomly allocated to three suture groups, equal in number. Each suture type was placed bilaterally in the quadriceps muscle, patellar tendon, knee joint capsule, and Achilles tendon. Six animals in each group were sacrificed in the third and sixth weeks. The @entity32 induced by each suture was assessed using light microscopy and the width of the @entity32 zone (WIZ) was measured. RESULTS: Ethibond was found to cause the most severe reaction in the muscle and tendon in the third week; in the sixth week, however, it showed the lowest inflammatory reaction in all tissue types. Reaction to @entity23137 was moderate in the third week, whereas it caused the largest WIZ in all tissue types in the sixth week, such that the eventual size of the WIZ induced by @entity23137 (6.6 + or - 2.1 mm) was significantly greater than that of Ethibond (1.6 + or - 0.9 mm) in muscle specimens (p<0.05). Except for the largest WIZ seen in joint capsule specimens in the third week, inflammatory reactions associated with FiberWire were low or moderate in all tissue specimens throughout the study. FiberWire was associated with some @entity39 areas in two muscle and one tendon specimens. CONCLUSION: The extent of inflammatory reaction to nonabsorbable suture materials depends on the type of suture material, tissue type, and the duration of postoperative time.

title: [Evaluation of soft tissue reactions to three nonabsorbable suture materials in a XXXX model].

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['Polypropylene', 'polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity23137 :: ('MESH:C013658', 'Chemical') :: ['Propylene']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity2635 :: ('CHEBI:60160', 'Chemical') :: ['polyester']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to estimate the annual and per- @entity1 budget impact of the treatment of moderate to severe @entity1569 in Greece before and after the introduction of ustekinumab. METHODS: A budget impact model was constructed from a national health system perspective to depict the clinical and economic aspects of @entity1569 treatment over 5 years. The model included drug acquisition, monitoring, and administration costs for both the induction and maintenance years for @entity1 in a treatment mix with etanercept, adalimumab, infliximab, with or without ustekinumab. It also considered the resource utilization for non-responders. Greek treatment patterns and resource utilization data were derived from 110 interviews with dermatologists conducted in February 2009 and evaluated by an expert panel of 18 key opinion leaders. Officially published sources were used to derive the unit costs. Costs of adverse events and indirect costs were excluded from the analysis. Treatment response was defined as the probability of achieving a PASI 50, PASI 75, or PASI 90 response, based on published clinical trial data. RESULTS: The inclusion of ustekinumab in the biological treatment mix for moderate to severe @entity1569 is predicted to lead to total per- @entity1 savings of    443 and    900 in years 1 and 5 of its introduction, respectively. The cost savings were attributed to reduced administration costs, reduced hospitalizations for non-responders, and improved efficacy. These results were mainly driven by the low number of administrations required with ustekinumab over a 5 year treatment period (22 for ustekinumab, compared with 272 for etanercept, 131 for adalimumab, and 36 for infliximab). CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of ustekinumab in the treatment of moderate to severe @entity1569 in Greece is anticipated to have short- and long-term health and economic benefits, both on an annual and per- @entity1 basis.

title: Budget impact analysis of ustekinumab in the management of moderate to severe XXXX in Greece.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

answer: @entity1569 :: (MESH:D011565,Disease) :: ['psoriasis']


abstract: @entity3092 is one of the most abundant dietary @entity3088 widely present in many fruits and vegetables. Previous in vitro studies has shown that @entity3092 acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent and it has potent anticarcinogenic properties as an apoptosis inducer. In this study we examined apoptotic effects of @entity3092 on the K562 @entity6007 cell line. K562 cells were induced to undergo apoptosis by @entity273 . Cell viability and apoptosis level were assessed by @entity4404 and PI staining methods using flow cytometry. Viability of K562 cells was increased by low dose of @entity3092 (5-100  M) for 3 hours. High doses of @entity3092 proved toxic (100-500  M, 24 hours) and resulted in decrease of K562 cell viability as expected (P<0.01). As to results, 100  M @entity3092 was defined as a protective dose. Also, K562 cell apoptosis due to @entity273 was decreased in a dose dependent manner. As indicated in previous studies, reduction of @entity224 by free radical scavengers like @entity3092 could be beneficial for prevention of @entity5 but consumption of such @entity3088 during @entity5 treatment may weaken effects of chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy. Especially @entity5 @entity1 should be carefully considered for traditional phytotherapy during @entity5 treatment, which can lead to controversial results.

title: Antioxidants may protect XXXX cells from apoptosis signals and enhance cell viability.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity6007 :: ('MESH:D004915', 'Disease') :: ['erythroleukemia']

entities_list: @entity3088 :: ('MESH:D005419', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonoids']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity3092 :: ('MESH:D011794', 'Chemical') :: ['quercetin', 'Quercetin']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxides']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the expression of neurotrophic factors (nerve growth factor (NGF), @entity2252 ( @entity2252 ), @entity6352 ( @entity6352 )) and their association with the clinical-radiological characteristics and outcome of @entity1 with viral and @entity2348 ( @entity5422 ). METHODS: Prospective observational clinical study performed on 13 @entity1 with @entity5422 and 12 controls with non-inflammatory obstructive hydrocephalus. Neurotrophic factor levels in the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) and plasma were measured using an immunoenzymatic assay. RESULTS: High levels of NGF and @entity2252 were demonstrated in all @entity1 , while @entity6352 levels did not undergo significant variations. NGF expression in the CSF was higher in viral @entity5422 than in bacterial @entity5422 and was correlated with CSF cellularity (particularly mononuclear cells). @entity2252 expression in the CSF was higher in bacterial @entity5422 than in viral @entity5422 and was correlated with CSF cellularity and blood platelet count. No relationships were noted between CSF protein or serum C-reactive protein levels and the expression of neurotrophic factors. Regarding clinical and radiological features, elevated NGF/ @entity2252 levels in the CSF correlated with higher incidence of @entity410 and prolonged @entity772 state and with specific radiological lesions. No correlation was found between NGF/ @entity2252 levels and final outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The variations in neurotrophic factor levels may reflect an endogenous attempt at neuroprotection against biochemical and molecular changes during both viral and bacterial @entity5422 . The expression of these factors is likely to play a neuro-immunomodulatory or neurosurvival role in @entity281 .

title: Expression of neurotrophic factors in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of XXXX with viral and @entity2348 .

entities_list: @entity6352 :: ('2668', 'Gene') :: ['glial-derived neurotrophic factor', 'GDNF']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningoencephalitis']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['comatose']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['ME infections']

entities_list: @entity2252 :: ('627', 'Gene') :: ['brain-derived neurotrophic factor', 'BDNF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose was to estimate the risk and severity of @entity65 associated with selected targeted agents. METHODS: We searched English-language literature for randomized clinical trials published between January 1, 2000 and November 30, 2013 of targeted @entity5 therapy drugs approved by the FDA by November 2010. One hundred ten studies were eligible. Using meta-analytic methods, we calculated the relative risks of several @entity65 [ @entity712 ( @entity712 ), decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (DLVEF), @entity583 ( @entity583 ), @entity943 , and @entity101 ( @entity101 )], adjusting for sample size using the inverse-variance technique. For each targeted agent and side effect, we calculated the number needed to harm. RESULTS: Regarding @entity712 , trastuzumab showed significantly greater risk of all-grade and high-grade @entity712 . There was significant increased risk of all-grade DLVEF with @entity2857 , @entity2240 , and trastuzumab and high-grade DLVEF with bevacizumab and trastuzumab. @entity2857 was associated with significant increased all-grade risk of @entity583 based on one study. None was associated with high-grade risk of @entity583 or increased risk of @entity943 . Bevacizumab, @entity2857 , and @entity2240 had significant increased risk of all-grade and high-grade @entity101 . CONCLUSIONS: Several of the targeted agents were significantly associated with increased risk of specific @entity65 , @entity712 , DLVEF, and @entity101 . Several had significant increased risk for high-grade @entity65 ( @entity712 , DLVEF, and @entity101 ). @entity1 receiving such therapy should be closely monitored for these @entity137 and early and aggressive treatment should occur. However, clinical experience has demonstrated that some of these @entity137 may be reversible and due to secondary effects.

title: Meta-analysis of @entity65 risks in @entity5 XXXX on selected targeted agents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'HTN']

entities_list: @entity2240 :: ('MESH:C473478', 'Chemical') :: ['sunitinib']

entities_list: @entity2857 :: ('MESH:C471405', 'Chemical') :: ['sorafenib', 'Sorafenib']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular toxicities']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Non-adherence and non-persistence to anti- @entity1602 agents are associated with worse clinical and economic outcomes in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . This study evaluated treatment persistence and adherence across newer anti- @entity1602 agents ( @entity16813 , @entity16814 , @entity12350 , @entity15072 , @entity35742 , liraglutide, or exenatide). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study of Truven Health Analytics Marketscan databases included adult @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 whose first pharmacy claim for a newer anti- @entity1602 agent was between February 1, 2014 and July 31, 2014. Treatment persistence and adherence were assessed for 12 months after the first claim (post-index). Persistence was defined as no gap >= 90 days between the end of one pharmacy claim and the start of the next pharmacy claim post-index. Adherence used two definitions: proportion of days covered (PDC) and medication possession ratio (MPR). Multivariable analyses of non-persistence (hazard ratios) and adherence (odds ratios) were adjusted for baseline demographics, drug cost, clinical characteristics, and other anti- @entity1602 agents. RESULTS: A total of 11,961 @entity1 met all study selection criteria. Persistence rates at 12 months were significantly greater (p   <   0.05 for each comparison) for @entity16813 100   mg (61%) compared with @entity16814 5   mg (40%), @entity16814 10   mg (41%), @entity12350 (48%), @entity15072 (42%), @entity35742 (52%), liraglutide (47%), exenatide (23%), and long-acting exenatide (39%). The persistence rate was greater (p   <   0.05) for @entity16813 300   mg (64%) vs @entity16813 100   mg. Median adherence rates for @entity16813 100   mg (MPR   =   0.83; PDC   =   0.79) and @entity16813 300   mg (MPR   =   0.92; PDC   =   0.81) were greater than for the other index anti- @entity1602 agents (MPR   =   0.33-0.75; PDC   =   0.33-0.72). Consistent results for treatment persistence and adherence were observed in multivariable analyses that were adjusted baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: @entity16813 was associated with better treatment persistence and treatment adherence compared with other anti- @entity1602 agents in real-world settings.

title: Comparative persistence and adherence with newer anti- @entity1602 agents to treat XXXX with @entity164 2 @entity6 in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16814 :: ('MESH:C529054', 'Chemical') :: ['dapagliflozin']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity15072 :: ('MESH:C502994', 'Chemical') :: ['saxagliptin']

entities_list: @entity35742 :: ('MESH:C568794', 'Chemical') :: ['linagliptin']

entities_list: @entity16813 :: ('MESH:C552334', 'Chemical') :: ['canagliflozin', 'Canagliflozin']

entities_list: @entity12350 :: ('MESH:C496398', 'Chemical') :: ['sitagliptin']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of @entity1127 in the general population is 10%. Hormonal alterations in @entity2012 stimulates adenomatose @entity1127 development making that increase it prevalence. Colonoscopy has elevated sensibility and specificity in detection of @entity2513 . OBJECTIVE: Identify @entity1586 in @entity1 with @entity2012 and establish the importance of colonoscopy as a detection method. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study made in Colon and Rectum Surgery Department from March 2000 to March 2007 in @entity1 with @entity2012 and colonoscopy. Analyzed variables were: gender,age, endoscopy findings and histopathological results. Descriptive statistics were used to analysis of results. RESULTS: Thirty-two @entity1 were included: 14 (44%) @entity1 , 18 (56%) @entity1 . The mean age was 48 (range 22 to 75 years old). In 9 (28%) @entity1 were detected @entity1127 , predominately in the sigmoid. @entity1127 were found: 7 (46.6%) @entity652 : 5 (33.3%) tubular and 2 (13.3) villous, 6 (40%) hyperplasic, 1 (6.6%) inflammatory and 1 (6.6%) @entity189 . Colonoscopy was complete in 30 (93.7%) @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity1586 inpatients with @entity2012 undergoing colonoscopy,was 28%, higher than expected in the general population. Colonoscopy constitutes an important diagnosis technique in early @entity5 detection.

title: [Colonic poliposis and XXXX . Colonoscopy prevalence and detection].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['Fifteen polyps lesion', 'colorectal polyps', 'polyps']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1586 :: ('MESH:D003111', 'Disease') :: ['colonic polyps']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: @entity32088 reductase from @entity526 consists of a 1/1 complex of two nonidentical subunits called proteins B1 and B2. The enzyme reduces the four common @entity32088 to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides and is allosterically regulated by @entity9953 which influence its substrate specificity as well as its overall activity. The B1 subunit contains binding sites for the effectors while B2 contains @entity68 and an organic free radical essential for catalytic activity. We now establish that only protein B1 binds substrates. Competition experiments support the presence of two identical substrate binding sites, distinct from the effector binding sites. The catalytic site of the enzyme thus is formed from both the B1 and B2 subunits. Dissociation constants for substrates ranged from 2 X 10(-5) to about 10(-3) M. In all cases effectors decreased these constants in agreement with their influence on the substrate specificity of @entity2151 reductase, but did not induce cooperative effects. The increase in binding was pronounced at 20 degrees but only marginal at 0 degrees. Arrhenius plots of the influence of temperature on the catalytic activity of the enzyme showed sharp breaks at 12 degrees. The temperature effects can be interpreted as a conformational change occurring in the structure of protein B1 at the critical temperature.

title: Binding of substrates to @entity526 XXXX reductase.

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity32088 :: ('CHEBI:17668', 'Chemical') :: ['Ribonucleoside diphosphate', 'ribonucleoside diphosphates']

entities_list: @entity9953 :: ('CHEBI:17326', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside triphosphates']

entities_list: @entity2151 :: ('CHEBI:26561', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleotide']

answer: @entity2151 :: (CHEBI:26561,Chemical) :: ['ribonucleotide']


abstract: In the present study we explored the effect of three polymorphisms of the @entity1950 gene on overall and progression- free survival of @entity14 ( @entity14 ) @entity1 subjected to 5FU chemotherapy. A 28 bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), a @entity9063 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and a deletion of 6 bp at position 1494 were studied. The possible combined effect of these DNA polymorphisms on the clinical outcome of @entity1 was also evaluated. A retrospective study was carried out on paraffin-embedded sections from 113 @entity1 diagnosed of advanced @entity14 . @entity1950 genotyping methods were polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for VNTR and PCR, followed by restriction length fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for SNP and @entity32016 . To study the combined effect of @entity1950 polymorphisms, four categories were defined accordingly to the level of expression attributed to SNP and @entity32016 genotypes: C_allele 6-, C_6+/6+, G_allele6- and G_6+/6+. VNTR and @entity32016 genotypes varied with @entity5 anatomical site: 2R/2R genotype was rare in @entity5 (7.0% vs. 26.3% of right-sided and 24.1% of @entity5 ; P<0.01), where the variant allele 6- was very frequent (69.0%). Instead, most @entity1 with right-sided @entity5 were wild-type homozygous 6+/6+ (63.9%) (P<0.01). Heterozygous 6+/6- genotype was more frequent among @entity5 classified as C (50.0%) and D (76.5%) Dukes stages (P=0.05). None of the studied polymorphisms alone affected overall or progression-free survival (PFS). C_6+/6+ and G_6+/6+ combined genotypes were respectively associated to the best and worst PFS (P=0.03 when compared with each other), while combinations carrying the allele 6- determined an intermediate evolution that might be indicative of a variable response to chemotherapy. The rate of @entity5 was unexpectedly high (59.1%) among @entity1 with the unfavourable G_6+/6+ combination. In our study the combination of high @entity1950 expression genotypes G_6+/6+ identifies a group of high risk within @entity14 @entity1 treated with 5FU.

title: Combination of polymorphisms within 5' and 3' untranslated regions of thymidylate synthase gene modulates survival in 5 fluorouracil-treated XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9063 :: ('c|SUB|G||C', 'DNAMutation') :: ['G/C']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Dukes B stage tumours', 'left-sided tumours', 'rectal cancers', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity32016 :: ('|INDEL||6', 'DNAMutation') :: ['ins/del 6 bp']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Invasive @entity57 (IPA) occurs predominantly in immunocompromised hosts, however increasing numbers of cases of @entity9348 have been reported among basically immunocompetent @entity1 who have some @entity358 such as @entity2 and @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). CASE: Case 1. A 67-year-old @entity1 was admitted because of hemoptysis and @entity4125 . He had @entity1030 and @entity151 and had finished chemotherapy 5 years previously. Chest X-ray showed @entity55 -like infiltration in his right lower lung field, and marked @entity882 was pointed out. We started antibiotics and corticosteroids for @entity497 ( @entity497 ) and @entity3039 . During treatment, we found @entity54 in his sputum culture and therefore added antifungal agents to his treatment. Despite intensive care, he died due to @entity881 . Case 2. An 80-year-old @entity1 was admitted with fever and productive cough. He had @entity1030 and @entity1149 and finished chemotherapy 2 months previously. Chest X-ray showed @entity55 -like infiltration in his right upper lung field. We started antibiotics and corticosteroids for acute exacerbation of @entity1030 because of @entity497 . Several weeks later, after we observed initial improvement of his condition, @entity55 -like infiltration re-developed and @entity54 was detected in his sputum. We started antifungal agents and the treatment of IPA was successful, but he died because of idiopathic perforation of the sigmoid colon. CONCLUSION: In @entity1 without myelosuppression, IPA could develop @entity55 -like pulmonary infiltrations.

title: [Two cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mimicking @entity55 in @entity2 XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity57 :: ('MESH:D055732', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multi-organ dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['CAP', 'community-acquired pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity54 :: ('746128', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is little consensus over the optimal timing of ligation of a patent processus vaginalis ( @entity2286 ) in @entity1 with hydrocele. We hypothesized that a proportion of procedures may be unnecessary because they are performed at an age before which the @entity2286 may be expected to close spontaneously. Such excess may expose the @entity1 to unnecessary surgery and have significant cost implications. METHODS: A systematic literature review relating to timing of @entity2286 ligation and a population-based study to define number of @entity2286 ligations performed annually in England and age at surgery were conducted. RESULTS: Most hydroceles resolve before 2 years of age, but their natural history beyond this age is poorly documented. Current guidelines recommend @entity2286 ligation at 2 years of age. An average of 2878 operations for hydrocele is performed per year in @entity1 in England. Commonest age at repair is 2 years. There are no randomized controlled trials comparing @entity2286 ligation with an observational nonoperative approach. CONCLUSIONS: The natural history of hydrocele is poorly documented beyond the age of 2 years. There is no good evidence to support current practice. Delaying surgery may reduce the number of procedures necessary without increasing morbidity. A prospective study to investigate this is warranted.

title: Surgery for hydrocele in XXXX -an avoidable excess?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'boys', 'children']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Hematemesis and @entity360 are not uncommon presenting complaints in @entity1 . The amount of @entity190 reported by the parent is likely to influence the pediatrician's decision regarding investigations and management. Currently, there are only very limited data regarding the ability of laypersons to estimate @entity190 visually. This study investigated the accuracy of parents, in comparison to pediatric health care professionals, in estimating @entity190 volumes. @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, single-blinded study including 227 @entity1 , comprising 131 parents, 58 nurses, and 38 doctors. @entity1 visually estimated the volume of 1 randomly allocated sample from each of the 2 categories: (1) 1, 5, or 10 mL of artificial blood applied to a diaper (simulated @entity360 ) and (2) 5, 10, or 50 mL placed in a kidney-dish (simulated hematemesis). An "error factor" (=, estimated volume/actual volume shown) was used to facilitate comparisons. RESULTS: Parents provided the most inaccurate estimates overall, although individual accuracy varied considerably. The largest overestimate (518 mL) and the highest error factor (23.4) were recorded in a parent; overall, 71% of the estimates provided by parents were overestimates. The highest proportion of accurate estimates (+/-50% of actual volume) was recorded by nurses (29%). Doctors had a tendency to underestimate volumes (62% of the estimates were less than half the actual volume). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the performance of nurses and doctors. Health care professionals tended to overestimate small volumes and underestimate large volumes. Professional experience had no relevant impact on accuracy, nor did parental gender or age. CONCLUSIONS: Visual estimation of @entity190 is highly inaccurate, both by laypersons and by health care professionals. Physicians should, therefore, base management decisions primarily on clinical findings and not overly rely on the history provided, or their own estimates.

title: Estimating XXXX : comparative study of the accuracy of parents and health care professionals.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'PATIENTS', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['hematochezia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood losses', 'blood loss']

answer: @entity190 :: (MESH:D006473,Disease) :: ['blood loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( @entity970 ) tube placement in @entity746 ( @entity746 ) @entity1 with impaired respiratory function is associated with an increased risk of peri-procedural and post-interventional complications. It was the aim of the study to analyze peri- and post-interventional complications and survival after @entity970 tube placement under noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in @entity746 @entity1 with various degrees of @entity1576 . METHODS: Twenty-six subjects were included in this retrospective case study. Prior to @entity970 tube placement, training with ventilatory support via an oronasal mask was performed with @entity746 subjects on the pneumology ward. @entity970 placement was then performed under continuous NIV. FVC, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure, and demographic data were assessed. Complication rates and 1-month and overall survival rates were analyzed. RESULTS: There were no deaths within 24 hours after @entity970 placement. One subject died within the first month. The mean survival rate after @entity970 was 12    10 months (range 0.6-42 months). There was no difference in post- @entity970 survival between subjects with moderately (> 50%) and severely (< 50%) impaired FVC. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series, @entity970 tube insertion was associated with minimal peri- and post-procedural complications. The low complication rate might be due to the systematic use of procedural NIV in @entity746 subjects.

title: Outcomes of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube insertion in XXXX @entity746 @entity1 under noninvasive ventilation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory impairment']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory impaired']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to prospectively evaluate the surgical management of @entity6713 by Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation (Doppler @entity34957   ). @entity1 AND METHODS: This study was conducted between April 2008 and September 2009. The Doppler @entity34957    technique was performed in @entity1 with grades II to IV, irrespective of whether they had previously undergone medical or instrumental management or not. The other demographics of the studied population, the operative and post-operative results as well as the functional outcome at one month and at one year were recorded prospectively and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixty-one consecutive @entity1 (mean age 45 [range 28-85]) underwent Doppler @entity34957   . The mean duration of operation was 26minutes [range 18-45]. The average number of ligations per @entity1 was seven. Three @entity1 left the hospital the same day, 51 @entity1 were discharged on day 1 and five @entity1 on day 2. Post-operative mortality was nil. The post-operative morbidity rate was 4.9%. Functional results evaluated at one month and one year showed that initial symptoms had disappeared in more than 78% of @entity1 . The recurrence rate for @entity6713 was 10.5% during the first year. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of @entity6713 by the Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal artery ligation technique is mini-invasive, with low morbidity, and satisfactory short and medium term functional results. This technique represents a reliable surgical alternative to classical hemorrhoidectomy and hemorrhoidopexy in the therapeutic strategy of @entity6713 .

title: French experience in the management of @entity6713 by XXXX    Doppler.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6713 :: ('MESH:D006484', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhoidal disease', 'hemorrhoids', 'hemorrhoidal related disease']

answer: @entity34957 :: (3034,Gene) :: ['HAL']


abstract: @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ) kinases are a large family of enzymes composed of about four subfamilies, each containing several isoforms and splicing variants. Many @entity3457 kinases are coexpressed in each eukaryotic cell and coactivated in response to various stimuli. It is, therefore, difficult to explore the specific downstream effects of each species of MAPK. Expression of an intrinsically active variant of a MAPK, while other MAPKs are not active, allows for tracking of a specific array of substrates, target genes, and biological/pathological effects corresponding to the expressed molecule. This chapter describes a method for obtaining such intrinsically active MAPKs. Because of the unique mode of MAPK activation, which is absolutely dependent on unconventional phosphorylation (on neighboring Thr + Tyr residues), a rational design of mutations that would render the kinase intrinsically active is currently unfeasible. Our method is based, therefore, on a "Molecular Evolution" approach that uses the power of @entity375 genetics and is unbiased toward the mutation sites. We describe in detail how to prepare a large population of randomly mutated molecules of the desired MAPK and how to screen this library in a @entity375 lacking the relevant MAPK kinase (MAPKK). The idea is to identify MAPK variants that are fulfilling all MAPK functions and allow growth of this strain - namely, MAPK molecules that function biologically in the complete absence of their upstream activator. We further describe the details of the "plasmid-loss" assay used for distinguishing between true positive and false positive clones. Finally, we report on a new @entity375 lacking four MAPKKs that could serve as a universal target for screening for active MAPK of all subfamilies.

title: A "molecular evolution" approach for isolation of intrinsically active (MEK-independent) XXXX kinases.

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast strain', 'yeast']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['Mitogen-activated protein', 'MAP']

answer: @entity3457 :: (OMIM:612348,Disease) :: ['MAP']


abstract: 1. The various isozymes of @entity1 @entity167 dehydrogenase have been examined by Blue Sepharose column chromatography. 2. The products (alpha, @entity10483 of the common alleles at the three @entity6085 loci ( @entity32094 @entity5873 and @entity17608 respectively) were found to show slight, but significant differences in their affinities for Blue Sepharose. The order of affinity of the homodimeric isozymes was: alphaalpha less than gamma1gamma1 less than beta1beta1. The heterodimeric isozymes showed intermediate affinities. 3. The products (gamma1 and gamma2) of the common alleles (ADH31 and ADH32 respectively) at the @entity17608 locus showed a pronounced difference in their affinities: the gamma1gamma1 isozyme was firmly adsorbed by Blue Sepharose, whereas the gamma2gamma2 isozyme was not adsorbed. The heterodimeric gamma1gamma2 isozyme was intermediate in its behaviour. 4. The 'usual' and 'atypical' forms of @entity6085 were indistinguishable by Blue Sepharose column chromatography. 6. The 'anodal' form of @entity6085 showed no affinity for Blue Sepharose.

title: Blue Sepharose chromatography of XXXX @entity167 dehydrogenase: evidence for interlocus and interallelic differences in affinity characteristics.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The appropriate surgical intervention for sigmoidal esophagus in the setting of @entity1318 remains controversial. The objective of this study is to review our experience with minimally invasive myotomy (MIM) and minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) in the treatment of these @entity1 . METHODS: We reviewed the records of 30 @entity1 (19 @entity1 , 11 @entity1 ); mean age 59.1 years (range 25-83 years) who underwent MIM (n = 24) or MIE (n = 6). Primary variables included perioperative and long-term outcomes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinical variables predictive of @entity177 . RESULTS: The operative mortality was zero and median hospital stay was 2 days (MIM) and 7 days (MIE). On follow-up (mean 30.5 months), nine (37.5%) @entity1 undergoing primary MIM had failure requiring redo myotomy (n = 1) or esophagectomy (n = 8). Univariate analysis showed that previous myotomy and duration of symptoms were significant predictors of failure of MIM, with @entity1 age trending toward significance. Multivariate analysis showed age and longer symptom duration to be significant. CONCLUSIONS: MIM affords symptomatic improvement in many @entity1 . Age and symptom duration may be preoperative indicators of MIM failure. MIE offers similar symptom relief but is associated with a longer hospital stay. Further prospective studies are required to define the optimum treatment algorithm in the management of these @entity1 .

title: Minimally invasive surgical treatment of sigmoidal esophagus in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['myotomy failure']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists for @entity1337 is limited due to a narrow therapeutic window. Definition of the role of alpha receptor subtypes in alpha agonist mediated @entity1337 may identify strategies to separate the analgesic from sedative and cardiovascular effects. METHODS: Analgesic activity of @entity16495 , @entity1338 , and @entity21819 was investigated in wild-type @entity11897 , @entity23433 , and @entity27888 knockout @entity19 with @entity1931 induced by @entity1024 or @entity6002 . The alpha receptor selectivity of the alpha agonists was assessed using functional in vitro recombinant assays. RESULTS: @entity16495 , @entity1338 , and @entity21819 reduced @entity1024 - and @entity6002 -induced @entity1931 in wild-type @entity19 , but not @entity23433 knockout @entity19 . In @entity27888 knockout @entity19 , @entity16495 and @entity21819 reduced @entity1931 in both models, whereas @entity1338 only reduced @entity1024 -induced @entity1931 . In vitro, @entity1338 and @entity21819 activated alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors with similar potencies, whereas @entity16495 was selective for alpha-2 receptors. In @entity27888 knockout @entity19 with @entity6002 -induced @entity1931 , blockade of @entity1338 's alpha-1 receptor agonist activity restored @entity1338 's analgesic efficacy. In wild-type @entity19 , the analgesic potency of intrathecal @entity1338 and @entity21819 was increased 3- to 10-fold by coadministration with the @entity1226 -selective antagonist @entity19169 without affecting sedation. Following intraperitoneal administration, the therapeutic window was negligible for @entity1338 and @entity21819 , but greater for @entity16495 . @entity19169 enhanced the therapeutic window of intraperitoneal @entity1338 and @entity21819 approximately 10-fold. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1226 receptor agonist activity can counterbalance alpha-2 receptor agonist-induced @entity1337 . Greater alpha-2 selectivity may enhance the therapeutic window of alpha-2 agonists in the treatment of @entity158 .

title: Alpha-1-adrenergic receptor agonist activity of clinical alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists interferes with alpha-2-mediated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia']

entities_list: @entity21819 :: ('MESH:C023754', 'Chemical') :: ['tizanidine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity6002 :: ('MESH:C016767', 'Chemical') :: ['sulprostone']

entities_list: @entity16495 :: ('MESH:C015620', 'Chemical') :: ['brimonidine', 'Brimonidine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity19169 :: ('MESH:C057446', 'Chemical') :: ['5-Methylurapidil', '5-methylurapidil']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: Twenty @entity1 with @entity816 recurrent after surgery +/- radiation were treated on a phase II protocol of the new anthracycline derivative @entity19647 115 mg/m2 administered intravenously once per week. Sixteen @entity1 were evaluable for treatment efficacy. No @entity1 achieved a major therapeutic response. Three @entity1 (19%) had stable disease for greater than 8 weeks, including one who showed minor evidence of @entity5 regression, but less than 50%. Thirteen @entity1 failed. Treatment was well tolerated. One @entity1 developed @entity3028 , while none developed @entity882 . Four @entity1 required an interruption in their treatment for one to two weeks because of development of @entity3028 (one @entity1 ) or other reasons. Other toxic effects included arm vein @entity3527 and skin irritation, skin discoloration of the infused arm, mild to moderate @entity390 and @entity391 , @entity294 , @entity3136 , and a fatal central @entity1212 . Despite the fact that @entity19647 appeared to have therapeutic activity against recurrent @entity816 in our phase I studies, we could not document any activity in this phase II study.

title: Phase II study of weekly intravenous @entity19647 in the treatment of recurrent XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1212 :: ('MESH:D055499', 'Disease') :: ['venous catheter infection']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity19647 :: ('MESH:D017290', 'Chemical') :: ['menogaril']

entities_list: @entity3527 :: ('MESH:D010689', 'Disease') :: ['phlebitis']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytopenia']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytomas']


abstract: Complement split products @entity4417 and @entity10287 are reportedly elevated in @entity1 with @entity697 . We have now examined these immunologic markers in @entity1 with @entity102 compared to appropriate disease controls. The study population consisted of 29 healthy controls, 445 @entity1 with @entity102 , 11 @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) and six @entity1 with @entity791 . The @entity3001 @entity1 were divided according to @entity85 (324 @entity1 ) or predominant neurologic symptoms (121 @entity1 ). @entity4417 and @entity10287 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. All @entity1 with @entity102 and @entity791 had normal @entity4417 levels compared to controls, whereas @entity1 with @entity1252 had significantly increased levels of this marker. @entity1 with @entity85 of @entity3001 and @entity791 @entity1 had significantly increased levels of @entity10287 compared to either controls, @entity1 with predominant neurologic symptoms of @entity3001 or @entity1252 @entity1 . Response to antibiotic therapy in @entity102 was associated with a significant decrease in the @entity10287 level, whereas lack of response was associated with a significant increase in this marker. In contrast, @entity791 @entity1 had persistently increased @entity10287 levels despite antiretroviral therapy. Lyme @entity1 with positive single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) scans had significantly lower @entity10287 levels compared to Lyme @entity1 with normal SPECT scan results. @entity1 with @entity85 of @entity3001 have normal @entity4417 and increased @entity10287 levels. This pattern differs from the increase in both markers seen in @entity697 , and @entity10287 changes correlate with the response to therapy in @entity102 . @entity10287 appears to be a valuable immunologic marker in @entity1 with persistent symptoms of @entity3001 .

title: Complement split products XXXX and @entity10287 in @entity102 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute Lyme disease']

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme disease']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic Lyme disease']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['predominant musculoskeletal symptoms']

answer: @entity4417 :: (718,Gene) :: ['c3a']


abstract: In this study, we target the @entity519 inducible factor-1 alpha ( @entity1965 ) pathway by short hairpin RNA interference therapy targeting @entity10783 hydroxylase-2 (shPHD2). We use the minicircle (MC) vector technology as an alternative for conventional nonviral plasmid (PL) vectors in order to improve neovascularization after unilateral hindlimb @entity63 in a @entity19 model. Gene expression and transfection efficiency of MC and PL, both in vitro and in vivo, were assessed using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and firefly luciferase (Luc) reporter gene. C57Bl6 @entity19 underwent unilateral electrocoagulation of the femoral artery and gastrocnemic muscle injection with MC-shPHD2, PL-shPHD2, or @entity1391 -buffered saline (PBS) as control. Blood flow recovery was monitored using laser Doppler perfusion imaging, and collaterals were visualized by immunohistochemistry and angiography. MC-Luc showed a 4.6-fold higher in vitro BLI signal compared with PL-Luc. BLI signals in vivo were 4.3*10(5)  3.3*10(5) (MC-Luc) versus 0.4*10(5)  0.3*10(5) (PL-Luc) at day 28 (p=0.016). Compared with PL-shPHD2 or PBS, MC-shPHD2 significantly improved blood flow recovery, up to 50% from day 3 until day 14 after @entity63 induction. MC-shPHD2 significantly increased collateral density and capillary density, as monitored by alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and @entity5231 (+) expression, respectively. Angiography data confirmed the histological findings. Significant downregulation of @entity34925 mRNA levels by MC-shPHD2 was confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Finally, Western blot analysis confirmed significantly higher levels of @entity1965 protein by MC-shPHD2, compared with PL-shPHD2 and PBS. This study provides initial evidence of a new potential therapeutic approach for @entity3657 . The combination of @entity1965 pathway targeting by shPHD2 with the robust nonviral MC plasmid improved postischemic neovascularization, making this approach a promising potential treatment option for @entity63 .

title: Short hairpin RNA gene silencing of XXXX hydroxylase-2 with a minicircle vector improves neovascularization of hindlimb @entity63 .

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral artery disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'critical limb ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity10783 :: (CHEBI:26274,Chemical) :: ['prolyl']


abstract: @entity1 @entity788 is an aggressive @entity5 , with systemic @entity3 ultimately accounting for its grave prognosis. @entity1426 metabolites known to affect platelet function also interfere with @entity5 growth and @entity3 . We evaluated the effect of @entity4770 on the hepatic @entity3 of a @entity1 @entity788 in a nude @entity19 model. The mean surface area of @entity5 on the liver was significantly reduced in all treatment groups. In the control group 485 mm2 of @entity5 was present on the liver surface. Animals treated with 200 micrograms of @entity4770 0.5 hr prior to the injection of @entity5 cells had 21 mm2 of @entity5 present on the liver surface (P = 0.004). Similarly, 400 micrograms of @entity4770 caused a reduction of @entity5 surface area to 20 mm2 (P = 0.004). The maximal reduction of @entity5 surface area, 11 mm2, was observed when 200 micrograms of @entity4770 was given 0.5 hr prior to and 4.0 hr after the injection of @entity5 cells (P = 0.003). For the group given 200 micrograms of @entity4770 4.0 hr after the injection of @entity5 , the surface area of @entity5 was 85 mm2 (P = 0.017). The number of @entity5 colonies on the liver surface was significantly reduced from 20 to 11 when 200 micrograms of @entity4770 was administered intraperitoneally 0.5 hr before and 4.0 hr after the injection of @entity5 cells (P = 0.047). These results indicate that @entity4770 has antimetastatic activity on hepatic @entity3 from a @entity1 @entity788 in the nude @entity19 .

title: Effects of @entity4770 on hepatic @entity3 from @entity1 @entity788 in the nude XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['Arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: 1. The contribution to the diastolic depolarization of the hyperpolarization-activated current, if, relative to other components was investigated in isolated @entity95 sino-atrial (SA) node myocytes. 2. During the diastolic phase the membrane potential depolarized by 0.1096 +/- 0.014 V/s, which requires only about 3 pA of inward current in a cell with an average capacity of 30 pF. The problem of which ionic component is responsible for initiating the diastolic depolarization was investigated by analysing the composition and the properties of the net inward current in the diastolic range of voltages. 3. The measured instantaneous 'background' current activated during voltage clamp steps from a holding potential of -35 mV was outward positive to approximately -61 mV, and had a region of negative slope conductance from -45 to -35 mV. 4. The instantaneous component lost its rectifying behaviour in the presence of @entity3411 (100 microM) and @entity9805 (10 microM). These blockers of @entity141 -dependent currents modified the instantaneous I-V relation at voltages positive to -45 to -50 mV, thus implying that @entity141 currents become important at less negative potentials than -50 mV, towards the very end of diastolic depolarization. 5. Possible errors introduced by voltage clamp analysis with the whole-cell method on the instantaneous current and on if measurement were evaluated. Leakage through the seal resistance caused the instantaneous I-V relation to be displaced in the inward direction at negative voltages. Correction for the seal leakage moved the reversal potential for the instantaneous current toward the negative direction from -61 to approximately -66 mV. Thus, no depolarization can be driven by the background current beyond -66 mV. 6. During voltage clamp analysis, lack of series-resistance compensation led to lack of intracellular voltage control, as was apparent using a second pipette on the same cell. This slowed activation of if and led to a 1.5- to 2-fold reduction of if size in the range -55 to -115 mV. Thus, uncorrected measurements of the instantaneous component and of if may concur to underestimate the role of if in pacemaking. 7. These results lead to the conclusion that in the SA node cells analysed, pacemaker activity is generated with the essential contribution of the hyperpolarization-activated current, if. Numerical computation of SA node cell activity using an extension of the DiFrancesco-Noble model shows that the if-activation hypothesis can account for the presence of spontaneous action potentials and their sensitivity to if changes.

title: The contribution of the 'pacemaker' current (if) to generation of spontaneous activity in XXXX sino-atrial node myocytes.

entities_list: @entity9805 :: ('MESH:D009568', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrendipine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']