abstract: OBJECTIVES: To obtain epidemiological data on hospitalization for @entity360 ( @entity360 ) in a demographically defined population. METHODS: Adults hospitalized in 1991 with @entity360 [from a San Diego health maintenance organization (270,699 adult members)] were identified from discharge codes in the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modifications, and their records were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 276 hospitalizations among 258 @entity1 , an annual incidence rate of 102.0 hospitalizations per 100,000. @entity1 analysis, including the first admission of 15 @entity1 with multiple hospitalizations, revealed rates of 128.3 in males and 65.8 in females. The rate increased with age in males (p = 0.008) and females (p = 0.001) more than 30-fold between the 3rd and 9th decades of life. @entity360 started before admission in 242 (93.8%) @entity1 and after admission for other disorders in 16 (6.2%) @entity1 . Endoscopy was performed in 241 (93.4%) @entity1 . Diagnoses were: peptic @entity1066 , 159 (61.6%); @entity3137 , 37 (14.3%); varices, 16 (6.2%); miscellaneous, 25 (9.7%); and unknown, 21 (8.1%). @entity10189 @entity1 were similar to other @entity1 (mean +/- SE) in age [60.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 60.7 +/- 1.5 yr] and gender [104 (65.4%) vs. 60 (60.6%) males], but were more often nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-users [87 (54.7%) vs. 34 (34.3%) (p = 0.002)]. Older age, female gender, and NSAID use independently predicted @entity2275 (p < or = 0.03). The severity of @entity548 was similar in @entity1 with peptic ulcers and in those with @entity3137 and was not related to NSAID use in peptic @entity1066 @entity1 . @entity1 whose @entity360 started after admission were older than those whose @entity360 began before admission [70.4 +/- 2.9 vs. 60.0 +/- 1.0 yr (p = 0.002)], and they had a higher mortality rate [4 (25%) vs. 9 (3.7%) (p = 0.005)]. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The annual incidence of hospitalization for @entity360 was 102.0 per 100,000, increased markedly with age, and was twice as high in males as in females. 2) @entity10189 was the most common cause. 3) Gastric @entity1066 was associated with older age, female gender, and NSAID use. 4) Mortality rates were high when @entity360 started after hospitalization for another disorder.

title: Epidemiology of hospitalization for XXXX : a population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['Peptic ulcer']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage', 'AUGIH']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal erosive disease']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Adherence is generally associated with improved treatment outcomes. Risk factors for non-adherence must be understood to improve adherence. A systematic review was undertaken to determine which variables were consistently associated with non-adherence to oral medication in @entity29 ( @entity29 ). METHODS: The databases EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO were searched for titles relating to adherence, medication, and @entity29 (1980-2008). Primary, quantitative studies were included if they concerned adult @entity1 with @entity29 , measured adherence to oral medication, and measured characteristics associated with adherence. The resulting 17 papers were independently reviewed by two researchers who also assessed their quality according to pre-defined criteria. The main outcome was the frequency with which demographic, clinical, treatment, and psychosocial variables were found to be statistically significantly associated with non-adherence. RESULTS: Non-adherence rates ranged from 7 to 72%, with most studies reporting that 30-45% of @entity1 were non-adherent. No demographic, clinical, or treatment variables were consistently associated with non-adherence. @entity458 and @entity1 ' beliefs about medications were both related to non-adherence in four out of five studies, and doctor- @entity1 discordance was associated with non-adherence in two out of three studies. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest review of factors associated with non-adherence in @entity29 . Demographic, clinical, and treatment variables were not consistently associated with non-adherence. @entity458 , @entity1 ' beliefs about medications, and doctor- @entity1 discordance were associated with non-adherence. These findings call into question some of the conclusions of earlier reviews that did not take into account nonsignificant findings. Practical suggestions for gastroenterologists and future research are discussed.

title: Factors associated with non-adherence to oral medication for XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['Psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this study was to compare small size aspiration and large size cutting needles on the diagnostic yield in the biopsies of liver and especially to investigate the reliability on percutaneous biopsy of @entity409 . METHODS: Nine hundred fifty @entity1 with percutaneous ultrasonography-guided liver biopsies were evaluated retrospectively. This study enrolled 841 @entity1 biopsied with either large size cutting needle (Tru-cut 14G-18G) or small size aspiration needle (WestCott 20G). Further evaluation was performed in 312 @entity1 with @entity3 and 48 @entity1 with @entity2695 . RESULTS: Diagnostic yield was higher in the large size cutting needle group (96.8%, 150/155) than in the small size aspiration needle group (84.1%, 132/157) in liver @entity3 (P<0.001). There was no significant difference among diagnostic accuracies of Tru-cut 14G, 16G, and 18 G needles in @entity3 (P=0.255). Accuracy rate was 77.9% (208/267) in benign and 89.5% (514/574) in @entity5 . Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 81.2% (514/633), 100% (208/208), and 85.8% (722/841), respectively. Only two major complications were found (0.16%) with small needles. CONCLUSION: The authors suggest the use of large size cutting needles, because they provide more accurate diagnosis, and should be used in liver @entity3 instead of small aspiration needles, if there is no on-site pathologist at aspiration biopsies or a more specific diagnosis is required. Among them, 18G cutting needle should be chosen. All the needles, including the large cutting type, were found safe in the biopsies of @entity409 .

title: Accuracy and safety of percutaneous US-guided needle biopsies in liver XXXX and @entity2695 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant diseases']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: When groups of @entity11250 parva Muguga-immunized @entity291 were given a homologous lethal challenge at different times after immunization, it was found that 4/6, 5/6, 6/6 and 6/6 animals survived when challenged on Days 5, 10, 20 and 30, respectively, post-immunization. With a heterologous challenge (T. @entity12109 Marikebuni), 2/6, 5/6, 4/6, 4/6 and 5/6 @entity291 survived when challenged on Days 5, 10, 20 and 30, respectively, after immunization. All controls, except one, died of @entity12110 ( @entity12110 ). The survivor underwent severe @entity12110 and recovered after a prolonged convalescence. When two T. @entity12109 Muguga-immunized animals were each given homologous challenge by application of 1000 infected ticks ( @entity281 rate of 20 infected acini (i.a.) per tick), both survived a mild @entity12110 reaction. When groups of T. @entity12109 Muguga- or T. @entity12109 Muguga/Marikebuni-immunized @entity291 were challenged with different doses of T. @entity12109 Muguga sporozoites (equivalent of 140, 1400 and 14,000 i.a. per animal), 28/29 @entity291 survived. All controls died of @entity12110 . It was concluded that @entity291 could be safely exposed to tick challenge 1 week after immunization by @entity281 and treatment using appropriate immunizing stock(s). Massive homologous challenge did not break through the immunity induced by the immunization procedure.

title: Effect of timing and intensity of challenge following immunization against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12110 :: ('MESH:D013801', 'Disease') :: ['East Coast fever', 'ECF']

entities_list: @entity11250 :: ('5875', 'Species') :: ['Theileria parva']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity12110 :: (MESH:D013801,Disease) :: ['East Coast fever']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Aquaporins (AQPs) are expressed in many different @entity5 cell types in @entity1 . New evidence for the involvement of AQPs in cell migration and proliferation adds AQPs to an expanding list of effectors in @entity5 biology. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate whether @entity18810 expression in the @entity1 @entity356 cell lines, @entity15206 and SGC7901, enhances cell migration and proliferation. RESULTS: Here, we showed that @entity18810 is expressed in the @entity1 @entity356 cell lines, @entity15206 and SGC7901. The @entity4179 induced @entity18810 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner and increased @entity356 cell migration and proliferation. @entity18810 knockdown by siRNA inhibited @entity4179 -induced @entity18810 expression and thus cell migration and proliferation. Furthermore, a @entity8047 ( @entity8047 )/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor U0126 inhibited @entity4179 -induced @entity18810 expression and cell migration or proliferation. METHODS: Cultured @entity15206 or SGC7901 cells were treated with @entity1 epidermal growth factor ( @entity4179 ) and subjected to cell migration assay and cell proliferation assay. The expression or activation level of proteins was analyzed by western blot. @entity18810 knockdown was obtained by small interfering (si)RNA. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings provide for the first time that @entity18810 plays a critical role in @entity4179 -induced @entity5 cell migration and proliferation and that @entity4179 induces @entity18810 expression via ERK signal transduction pathways. These finds provide evidence for a novel role of @entity18810 in @entity1 @entity356 as a potentially important determinant of @entity5 growth and spread.

title: Critical role of aquaporin-3 in the XXXX epidermal growth factor-induced migration and proliferation in the @entity1 @entity356 cells.

entities_list: @entity8047 :: ('5609', 'Gene') :: ['mitogen-activated protein kinase', 'MEK']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ) is the second and third most common @entity5 in Iranian males and females, respectively. Treatment of @entity1721 is largely ineffective due to lack of detection at early stages of the disease. In recent years, miRNA, a small RNA molecule, has drawn much attention to researchers as a potential biomarker for @entity418 . @entity6956 and @entity6957 are two miRNA molecules reported to be frequently deregulated in various @entity5 , including prostate, stomach, cervix, and etc. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression levels of these miRNAs and evaluate their diagnostic and therapeutic potential in @entity1721 . In this study, total RNA was extracted from 30 @entity5 tissues and 30 nontumor tissues of @entity5 margins, using RNX-plus solution. After validating the quality and quantity of total RNA, cDNAs of interest were synthesized using microRNA-specific cDNA Synthesis Kit. The expression level of @entity6956 and @entity6957 was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR with miRNA-specific primers. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by SPSS ver.20 software and paired t test was performed to observe the significance of difference between groups. The expression level of @entity6956 was significantly increased and of @entity6957 was significantly decreased in most of the examined @entity5 tissues, compared to nontumor tissues. Also, our findings did not detect correlation between @entity6956 and @entity6957 expressions in regard to stage and grade of the samples. These findings suggest that the deregulation of these miRNAs may play an important role in @entity1721 . Both @entity6956 and @entity6957 might be used as potential biomarkers in @entity1721 . However, more studies with large population of samples are necessary.

title: Deregulation of XXXX and @entity6957 in human @entity418 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'esophageal tumor', 'cancers', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity6956 :: (407051,Gene) :: ['miR-93']


abstract: A number of immune parameters were examined in Snell dwarf @entity19 and compared with normal littermates. The number of splenocytes per gram of body weight were significantly decreased in dwarf animals, and the decrease was distributed throughout the @entity1961 , CD8, @entity8236 , and @entity3804 subsets. The percentage of @entity1961 and CD8 splenocytes was markedly increased, and the percentage of @entity8236 and @entity3804 splenocytes markedly decreased, in dwarf animals. In addition, the percentage of splenocyte T cells constitutively expressing @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ) receptors and prolactin (PRL) receptors was decreased, with the @entity1961 subset presenting the most dramatic effect. The effects of replacing the hormones deficient in the Snell dwarf @entity19 (i.e., @entity7318 [ @entity7318 ], prolactin [PRL], and @entity1955 [T4] on the above immune parameters were also examined. The administration of T4 alone for 10 days corrected the defect in splenocyte cell numbers per grams body weight for both the @entity1961 and CD8 subsets, but only partially corrected the defect for the @entity8236 and @entity3804 subsets. The addition of rbGH and rbPRL for the last 3 days of T4 injection had little additive effect on the number of @entity1961 and CD8 cells but increased the number of @entity8236 and @entity3804 subsets to values comparable to those of normal animals on the basis of body weight. The decrease in the percentage of @entity1961 splenocytes in dwarf animals constitutively expressing @entity3783 was partially corrected by T4 injection and completely corrected by the addition of rbGH and rbPRL for the last 3 days. The decrease in @entity1961 splenocytes constitutively expressing @entity11084 was partially corrected by T4 injection alone and the addition of rbGH and rPRL resulted in percentages comparable to that of normal animals. The results indicate that Snell dwarf animals are @entity3230 and that the administration of the hormones lacking in this animal can correct the deficiencies.

title: Influence of @entity1955 and @entity1955 with @entity7318 and prolactin on splenocyte subsets and on the expression of @entity2047 and prolactin receptors on splenocyte subsets of Snell dwarf XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity3230 :: ('MESH:C565469', 'Disease') :: ['deficient in immune parameters']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We conducted an anonymous cross-sectional telephone survey among @entity1 who had never undergone @entity645 testing to determine their socio-demographic characteristics, behaviour, risk perception and reasons for not being tested. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to adult callers to the Italian National @entity791 Help-Line who reported that they had never been tested for @entity645 . RESULTS: The study sample consisted of 539 individuals. The individual who does not undergo testing is young (median age 30 years), male (85.5%), unmarried (79.0%), employed (70.1%) and with a high educational level (81.6%). More than two-thirds of the respondents had little or no perception of risk. Among @entity1 who had more than one sexual partner, 47.0% do not use a condom. When dividing the respondents into two groups (i.e. high risk and lower risk), the results showed that the proportion of respondents with a high risk was higher among @entity1 (73.1%), among @entity1 >35 years (76.3%) and among @entity1 with a low educational level (77.8%). Individuals who had hadbeen seen in health-care facilities also reported high-risk behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the socio-demographic characteristics, behaviours, risk perception and reasons for not being tested among a sample of callers to Italy's National @entity791 Help-Line, and they confirm the necessity of gearing prevention activities towards heterosexuals and young adults with a low perception of risk.

title: Social and behavioural characteristics of a sample of XXXX Help-Line users never tested for @entity645 in Italy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['persons', 'women']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: The @entity8612 represent a heterogeneous group of bullous diseases all inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. The prognosis is usually good and the @entity4530 heal without @entity2318 . We present here three @entity1 affected with @entity2640 of the Dowling-Meara type with varying prognoses. Case n. 1. This 4-year-old @entity1 was first seen at the age of 15 months for @entity4530 distributed over her entire skin surface and on her oral mucosa. The blisters, first noted shortly after birth, showed an herpetiform distribution and a thick and hyperkeratotic roof. A yellowish @entity709 was also present. At the age of four the @entity203 remained extremely severe. The family history revealed no similar @entity74 . Histology showed focal intraepidermal separation and ultrastructural examination revealed that the split occurred above the dermoepidermal junction within the basal cell cytoplasm. Tonofilament clumping was observed. The dermoepidermal junction was normal with hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibrils showing no significant abnormalities. Case n. 2. This 8-year-old @entity1 presented at the age of 5 with @entity4530 involving most of the skin surface and mucosa. The family history was unremarkable. The blisters, present since birth, were numerous and were often circinate with central healing. @entity709 was noted. Electron microscopy showed intraepidermal separation occurring in the basal cell layer with tonofilament clumping.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Dowling-Meara XXXX . An @entity2640 which hides its prognosis well].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity4530 :: ('MESH:D001768', 'Disease') :: ['bullous lesions', 'numerous bullous lesions']

entities_list: @entity203 :: ('MESH:D003875', 'Disease') :: ['bullous eruption']

entities_list: @entity2640 :: ('MESH:D004820', 'Disease') :: ['intraepidermal epidermolysis bullosa']

entities_list: @entity709 :: ('MESH:D007645', 'Disease') :: ['Palmoplantar keratoderma', 'palmoplantar keratoderma']

entities_list: @entity8612 :: ('MESH:D016110', 'Disease') :: ['epidermolysis bullosa simplex (intraepidermal) disorders']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous disorders']

answer: @entity2640 :: (MESH:D004820,Disease) :: ['dominant epidermolysis bullosa']


abstract: We attempted to detect natural mutations existing in the Jcl:ICR closed colony of @entity19 which is maintained by random mating. We used ordinary genetic backcrosses to efficiently detect recessive mutations carried by individual @entity19 in the colony. Crosses of @entity7840 /2 females and ICR males were performed to obtain F(1) @entity19 . Four F(1) females randomly selected from each cross were backcrossed to the male parent. More than thirty backcross progeny were obtained from each F(1) female by several deliveries. Phenotypes of the backcross progeny were observed macroscopically at about one month of age. As a result, 18 (26.1%) of 69 Jcl:ICR males carried 11 recessive mutation(s). Based on the phenotypes, the tentative names were abnormal kidney, @entity4218 , circling, @entity4241 , heterotaxy, hind limb @entity912 , @entity1276 , @entity2003 (or rigor), @entity10523 , @entity400 , and wobbling. The genes responsible for @entity4218 and @entity4241 were each carried by two males, the genes responsible for @entity1276 and @entity10523 were each carried by three males and the gene responsible for wobbling by four males. It was strongly suggested that the genes shared by several males originated from an identical mutated gene. Surprisingly, male No. 43 had the responsible genes of abnormal kidneys and @entity10523 , and No. 79 had those of @entity4241 and @entity400 . The results obtained in this study suggest that breeders need to be aware of the presence of natural mutations in their colonies.

title: Phenotype-based search of natural mutations related to hereditary diseases existing in a closed colony of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10523 :: ('MESH:D013733', 'Disease') :: ['testicular hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['aplasia of eyelids/hind limb digits']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many @entity1 are daily exposed to prolonged preoperative fasting time. The choice of intraoperative maintenance fluid continues to be an issue of controversy. This study assesses the duration of preoperative fast among @entity1 undergoing ambulatory surgery and the appropriateness of the maintenance solutions used. @entity1 AND METHODS: Seventy-eight @entity1 undergoing ambulatory surgery were prospectively randomised to receive lactated Ringer's (LR) solution or 4.3% @entity413 in 0.18% saline (DS) as maintenance fluid. The duration of preoperative fast was noted and the blood @entity413 measured at induction, but before infusion of any intravenous fluid, and subsequently every 30 min. Data were analysed with Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences 16.0 (SPSS incorporated, Chicago Ill, USA). P < 0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: The age range was 3 months to 15 years (mean = 4.9    3.6 years); mean weight was 16.3    7.8 kg. The mean duration of fasting was 13.4    3.5 h (range = 4-18.5 h), but no @entity1 was hypoglycaemic throughout the study. The mean blood @entity413 in the LR group rose steadily from 5.18    0.98 mmol/L post-induction to a peak value of 7.40 mmol/L at 120 min. In the DS group, the mean blood @entity413 level increased from the post-induction value of 5.56    0.86 mmol/L to 12.7    3.98 mmol/L at 120 min. CONCLUSION: Most @entity1 undergoing ambulatory surgery at our facility are still exposed to prolonged fasting time. @entity413 containing fluid often administered as maintenance fluid to treat the presumed hypoglycaemia causes worsening hyperglycaemia, which may be harmful.

title: Perioperative blood XXXX in a paediatric daycase facility: Effects of fasting and maintenance fluid.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'PATIENTS', 'child']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'dextrose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Ectopic @entity730 and mediacalcinosis can be promoted by corticosteroid use. Aim of the present investigation is to describe @entity66 features in @entity1 with long-term corticosteroid therapy and symptomatic lower limb @entity8901 ( @entity8901 ). METHODS: A consecutive series of 2783 @entity1 undergoing clinical and angiographic work-up of @entity8901 were screened for long-term (>5 years) corticosteroid use (group A). Comparison was performed to a randomly selected age-, sex- and risk factor-matched @entity8901 control cohort from the same series without corticosteroid use (group B). @entity1 with @entity6 or severe @entity177 were excluded. @entity729 was evaluated by qualitative assessment on radiographic images. Severity of @entity731 was analysed from angiographic images using a semi-quantitative score (Bollinger score). RESULTS: In general, 12 @entity1 (5 males, mean age 78.5 +/- 9.0 years) with 15 ischaemic limbs qualified to be enrolled in group A and were compared to 23 matching control @entity1 (6 2 males, mean age 79.5 +/- 6 years) with 32 ischaemic limbs. Incompressibility of ankle arteries determined by measurement of the ankle-brachial index was seen in 12 limbs (80%) in group A compared to 3 limbs (9%) in group B (p = 0.0009). No significant difference was found comparing group A and B for segmental @entity730 , whereas comparison of the @entity731 burden using the angiographic severity score showed a significantly higher score at the infragenicular arterial level in group A (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the long-term corticosteroid therapy is associated with a distally accentuated, calcifying @entity1897 inducing arterial incompressibility. This occlusion pattern is comparable to @entity1 with @entity177 or @entity6 . Further research is required to support our observations.

title: Impact of long-term corticosteroid therapy on the distribution pattern of lower limb XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['macrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity8901 :: ('MESH:C564658', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arterial occlusive disease', 'PAD']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['Arterial calcification']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: AIM: No previous studies have evaluated the long-term anti- @entity731 effects of @entity12098 in Asian @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Therefore, the present study investigated the protective effects of @entity12098 on the progression of carotid @entity121 ( @entity121 ), an established surrogate marker of cardiovascular events in Japanese @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 without a recent history of @entity65 . METHODS: This 2.5-4-year, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint study was conducted in 6 centers across Japan. @entity1 received @entity12098 with or without other oral @entity413 -lowering drugs (excluding another @entity12585 ) (n=89) or oral @entity413 -lowering drugs, excluding @entity12721 (n=97). Treatment was adjusted to achieve HbA(1c) <6.5%. The primary endpoints of the study were the absolute changes from the baseline to final visit in max- and mean- @entity121 in the average of bilateral common carotid arteries. RESULTS: @entity12098 induced carotid @entity121 regression compared to baseline measurements (from 1.060    0.2368 to 0.992    0.1921 mm; p=0.0042 in max- @entity121 and from 0.839    0.1873 to 0.780    0.1571 mm; p=0.0019 in mean- @entity121 ). Although the between-group difference did not reach statistical significance, the regression of carotid @entity121 values was greater in the @entity12098 -treatment group than in the non- @entity12098 group, (max- @entity121 : -0.069    0.2199 mm vs -0.031    0.2327 mm, respectively; p=NS, mean- @entity121 : -0.058    0.1718 mm vs -0.043    0.1644 mm, respectively; p=NS). CONCLUSIONS: @entity12098 induced and maintained the long-term regression of carotid @entity121 in Japanese @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 . This suggests that @entity12098 may inhibit the progression of @entity731 in this @entity1 group. Further studies are required to verify these findings.

title: Long-term effects of @entity12098 on carotid XXXX in Japanese @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 without a recent history of macrovascular morbidity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity12585 :: ('MESH:C089946', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazolidinedione']

entities_list: @entity12098 :: ('MESH:C060836', 'Chemical') :: ['pioglitazone', 'Pioglitazone']

entities_list: @entity12721 :: ('MESH:D045162', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazolidinediones']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: Immunopotentiation on oral feeding of standardized aqueous extract of Withania somnifera (Linn. Dunal, Family Solanaceae) was evaluated in laboratory animals immunized with @entity7394 ( @entity7394 , Pertussis, @entity116 ) vaccine. The immunostimulation was evaluated using serological and hematological parameters. Treatment of immunized animals with test material (100 mg/kg/day) for 15 days resulted in significant increase of antibody titers to @entity7320 (P=0.000007). Immunized animals (treated and untreated) were challenged with @entity7320 18,323 strain and the animals were observed for 14 days. Results indicate that the treated animals did show significant increase in antibody titers as compared to untreated animals after challenge (P=0.000003). Immunoprotection against intracerebral challenge of live @entity7320 cells was evaluated based on degree of sickness, @entity912 and subsequent death. Reduced mortality accompanied with overall improved health status was observed in treated animals after intracerebral challenge of @entity7320 indicating development of protective immune response. Present study indicates application of the test material as potential immunopotentiating agent possible applications in immunochemical industry. The test material also offers direct therapeutic benefits resulting in reduced morbidity and mortality of experimental animals.

title: Immune response modulation to XXXX vaccine by aqueous extract of Withania somnifera in experimental system.

entities_list: @entity7394 :: ('MESH:D004165', 'Disease') :: ['Diphtheria', 'DPT']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity7394 :: (MESH:D004165,Disease) :: ['DPT']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The epidemiological situation of ovine @entity281 in continental Europe, especially Germany is poorly characterised. Using the German state of Thuringia as a model example, the chlamydial sero- and antigen prevalence was estimated in thirty-two randomly selected @entity742 flocks with an average abortion rate lower than 1%. Seven vaccinated flocks were reviewed separately. RESULTS: A wide range of samples from 32 flocks were examined. Assumption of a seroprevalence of 10% (CI 95%) at flock level, revealed that 94% of the tested flocks were serologically positive with @entity281 (i.e. animals with seroconversion) in nearly half (47%) of the flocks. On the basis of an estimated 25% antigen prevalence (CI 95%), PCR and DNA microarray testing, together with sequencing revealed the presence of chlamydiae in 78% of the flocks. The species most frequently found was @entity4441 ( @entity4441 (50%) followed by @entity11292 (47%) and @entity4441 genotype A (25%). @entity325 occurred in 25% of the tested flocks. Samples obtained from the vaccinated flocks revealed the presence of @entity4441 field samples in 4/7 flocks. @entity11292 was isolated from 2/7 flocks and the presence of seroconversion was determined in 3/7 flocks. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply that @entity281 occur frequently in German @entity742 flocks, even in the absence of elevated abortion rates. The fact that @entity11292 and the potentially zoonotic @entity4441 were found alongside the classical abortifacient agent @entity4441 , raise questions about the significance of this reservoir for animal and @entity1 health and underline the necessity for regular monitoring. Further studies are needed to identify the possible role of @entity4441 infections in @entity742 .

title: High frequency of @entity325 in clinically healthy XXXX flocks.

entities_list: @entity4441 :: ('83555', 'Species') :: ['C.) abortus', 'C. abortus', 'C. psittaci', 'Chlamydophila']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['ongoing infection', 'chlamydial infections']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['Mixed infections']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are: 1) To known the frequency of ovarian @entity3 , 2) to define the role of the surgical therapy and 3) to establish the mechanism of spread of @entity14 to the ovaries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1989 and 1993 624 @entity1 with @entity14 ; were treated, 19 (7.7%) had ovarian @entity3 ; they were divided in 2 groups according to the diagnostic time: A) synchronous; B) metachronous. In most @entity1 a peritoneal lavage were performed; the @entity5 was resected. RESULTS: The median age was 41.4 years. In group A: there were 9 @entity1 ; in 3 of them underwent elective surgery and in 6 an exploratory celiotomy due to @entity694 or perforation. The @entity5 was located in the sigmoid in 8 @entity1 and in cecum in 1; the stage of the @entity5 was follows: @entity19561 . The ovarian @entity3 were located in the left ovary in 6; right, 2, and bilateral 1. The peritoneal lavage was positive in 6, and negative in 3. In group B: there were 10 @entity1 ; one underwent elective surgery and 9 exploratory celiotomy. The @entity5 was located in the sigmoid in 9, caecum in 1. The stage of the @entity5 were: B2, 4; C2 4; D, 2. The ovarian @entity3 were located: left, 5; right, 1; bilateral, 4. The peritoneal lavage was positive in 6, negative in 2. The 5-year survival in group A was 16% in group B, 0%. CONCLUSION: Ovarian @entity3 were associated with advanced metastatic diseases. The treatment of @entity43 is the resection of @entity5 plus bilateral oophorectomy, and in metachronous @entity3 it is palliative. The mechanism of spread to the ovaries is by direct implantation and hematogenous.

title: [The mechanisms of the dissemination and the treatment of ovarian metastases in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous ovarian metastasis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenocarcinoma', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic obstruction']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colonic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Twenty seven @entity1 with cervical @entity5 were treated with @entity12468 therapy including @entity900 50mg/m2, @entity5713 4mg/m2 and @entity6030 15mg/body during the period from 1984 to 1989. Fourteen @entity1 had a @entity75 . Five of 14 @entity1 were treated with @entity12468 as the primary therapy because of pathological findings which suggested no radiotherapy effect. Nine @entity1 had a radio-resistant lesion and were treated following @entity12468 . Twelve of 14 cases responded and median survival time was 32.5 months (2-101 months). Thirteen @entity1 were treated with @entity12468 because of recurrent cervical @entity5 . Five of those which recurred after radiotherapy and other 8 cases had been treated with radical hysterectomy and radiotherapy. Two of 5 cases with previous radiotherapy responded and one of 2 @entity1 is still alive with no evidence of disease, but the @entity1 treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic irradiation showed no sign of a @entity12468 effect and all of them died within 1 year. Primary cases responded even after radiation and some are still alive after more than 5 years. But @entity12468 had no effect on the in @entity1 which there was recurrence. It is necessary to determine which regimen is better, how to select the dose of @entity900 and how to combine the chemotherapy and other therapy. @entity1 who responded survived for a long time and @entity12468 is an effective therapy. To obtain a better prognosis for @entity5 , we need a prospective randomized study of radio-chemotherapy or chemo-radiotherapy.

title: [Long time survival after combination chemotherapy with @entity900 , XXXX and @entity6030 for cervical @entity5 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['advanced cervical cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

entities_list: @entity6030 :: ('MESH:D017663', 'Chemical') :: ['peplomycin']

answer: @entity5713 :: (MESH:D014747,Chemical) :: ['vinblastine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the etiology, respiratory severity of illness, and outcome in @entity1 with pediatric @entity1576 who were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). To identify predictors of @entity204 , and to compare our morbidity and mortality rates with those rates of a previously reported series of @entity1 with pediatric @entity1576 managed conventionally. DESIGN: Survey, case series. SETTING: Intensive care unit in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. @entity1 : Twenty-eight pediatric @entity1 (3 wks to 20 yrs of age) who underwent ECMO for pediatric @entity1576 between 1985 and 1991. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen (46%) of the 28 @entity1 survived. The most common diagnoses were adult @entity649 and nonspecific @entity55 . @entity881 occurred in only four (14%) @entity1 ; most @entity1 died of @entity1576 . The occurrence of persistent airleak during ECMO was significantly greater in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Furthermore, nonsurvivors had significantly less response to lung reexpansion maneuvers compared with survivors, as measured by a calculated compliance index (effective tidal volume/mean airway pressure x 100). The mortality rate was comparable with those rates of other published studies of conventionally managed and ECMO-treated @entity1 with pediatric @entity1576 . Moreover, our @entity1 appeared to exhibit more severe @entity1576 at the start of ECMO than those @entity1 in other studies. CONCLUSIONS: ECMO appears to be a rational therapy for @entity1 with pediatric @entity1576 who are likely to die with continued conventional management. Recovery of lung function by the end of the first week of ECMO may be a favorable prognostic indicator. Persistent airleak may be a nonfavorable prognostic indicator.

title: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric XXXX : five-year experience at the University of Pittsburgh.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple organ system failure']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['respiratory failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To discuss the prognostic factors and outcomes of treatment in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity7172 . DESIGN: Retrospective observational case review. SETTING: Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the tertiary referral teaching hospital of Parma. @entity1 : Ninety-seven @entity1 diagnosed with PTMC and surgically treated between January 1998 and December 2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical and histopathological characteristics of the study group were identified and statistically analysed. RESULTS: No @entity5 were registered. Incidence of recurrent disease was 9% after a 43 month mean follow-up (range 12-120). Univariate analysis detected that metastases in neck lymph nodes at diagnosis (p = 0.025), a @entity5 >5 mm in size (p = 0.011), the presence of bilateral tumoural foci (p = 0.007), the presence of capsular invasion (p = 0.001), and the presence of vascular invasion (p = 0.004) were related to recurrent disease. On multivariate analysis, the presence of bilateral tumoural foci (p = 0.030), and the presence of capsular invasion (p = 0.005) were significantly related to @entity5 recurrence. CONCLUSION: The prognosis for @entity1 with @entity7172 in this series was excellent, with a 100% survival rate and minimal surgical-related morbidity. Nevertheless, approximately 10% of @entity1 developed recurrent disease; aggressive treatment may be justified depending on the presence or absence of prognostic risk factors.

title: Treatment and prognostic factors of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer-related deaths', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity7172 :: ('MESH:C563277', 'Disease') :: ['papillary thyroid microcarcinoma']

answer: @entity7172 :: (MESH:C563277,Disease) :: ['papillary thyroid microcarcinoma']


abstract: Five intrabony lesions in a 40-year-old healthy, white female @entity1 suffering with severe @entity2521 were removed en bloc, 13 to 18 months after flap debridement and graft placement. At the time of debridement, the position of the gingival margin and the most apically located calculus were notched in the root to serve as reference points. All lesions received @entity9039 ceramic implants, and the lesions healed uneventfully. The sites were professionally cleaned frequently during the experimental period. At the time of block removal, clinical measurements demonstrated @entity1464 (average = 2.6 mm) and a gain in clinical closure (average = 2.3 mm). Histologic evaluation of step serial sections of these blocks showed limited presence of graft particles. The particles were surrounded by dense connective tissue. They did not induce @entity32 , nor did they appear to enhance osteogenesis or cementogenesis. Closure of lesions was essentially done by a long junctional epithelium adhesion and limited evidence of new connective tissue--root attachment. In the 18-month specimen, active root resorption was seen immediately apical to the junctional epithelium at a site demonstrating significant @entity32 in some sections. Fibrils apparently arising from the resorbing dentinal wall were seen in these sections. Serial sections of this site showed cellular cementum and functional fiber attachment at the resorption sites. These variations in resorption/repair/regeneration within the same surgical site were seen 18 months postsurgery and thus may reflect local tissue responses to inflammatory fluctuations rather than surgical sequellae.

title: @entity1 intraosseous healing responses to the placement of XXXX ceramic implants. II. 13 to 18 months.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1464 :: ('MESH:D005889', 'Disease') :: ['gingival recession']

entities_list: @entity9039 :: ('MESH:C018392', 'Chemical') :: ['tricalcium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

answer: @entity9039 :: (MESH:C018392,Chemical) :: ['tricalcium phosphate']


abstract: @entity637 induces @entity548 ( @entity548 ) when injected into skin exposed to bacterial agents but not when injected into normal skin. In this paper, we present several lines of evidence suggesting that @entity637 requires the fifth component of complement (C5) to induce @entity548 in skin exposed to bacteria. First, @entity19 strains that do not have C5 did not develop @entity548 after injection of @entity637 and bacteria into skin. Second, plasma from C5-sufficient @entity19 could correct the defect in these @entity2244 @entity19 . Third, heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min inactivated the capacity of plasma to reconstitute @entity2244 @entity19 . Fourth, CVF, which is known to inactivate complement, abrogated the capability of C5-sufficient @entity19 to respond. Fifth, depleting plasma of hemolytic activity while generating @entity12920 did not affect the capacity of the activated plasma to reconstitute @entity2244 @entity19 . Finally, only the plasma fraction containing molecules of the size range of @entity12920 reconstituted @entity2244 @entity19 . These findings indicate that @entity12920 and not the membrane attack complex is required for @entity548 . Although we do not know through which mechanism @entity12920 participates in the development of @entity548 , we propose that the described @entity548 response is related to a local defense mechanism in which @entity637 and @entity12920 lead to the disruption of capillaries in the direct vicinity of bacteria. By this mechanism the rapid spread of bacteria or their products into the circulation is prevented. Such a tissue response is consistent with the known higher susceptibility of @entity2244 @entity19 to @entity2348 and provides a model with which to search for the multiple steps involved in this important local defense mechanism.

title: Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin. Induction of XXXX in normal tissue requires the fifth component of complement (C5).

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['HN', 'hemorrhagic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic necrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Pipeline @entity887 device (PED) is a new endoluminal construct designed to exclude @entity439 from the parent cerebrovasculature. We report the very late (>1 year) @entity715 of a PED construct placed for the treatment of a left @entity439 . CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A @entity1 with an @entity5525 and a large, fusiform @entity438 was treated with PED and coil reconstruction. A durable, complete occlusion of the @entity439 was confirmed with control angiography at 1 year. The @entity1 remained neurologically normal for 23 months until he experienced a transient @entity227 followed weeks later by a minor @entity64 . INTERVENTION: Imaging evaluation showed @entity715 of the PED construct with complete occlusion of the left vertebral artery. After this @entity64 , he was initially treated with dual antiplatelet therapy and was then converted to @entity1229 . The @entity1 remained neurologically stable for 5 months until he experienced progressive basilar @entity715 that ultimately resulted in a fatal @entity64 . CONCLUSION: The PED represents a promising new endovascular technology for the treatment of @entity438 ; however, as an investigational device, long-term follow-up data are sparse at this point. The etiology of the very late @entity715 of the PED construct in this case remains unknown; however, this report underscores the need for a continued, careful systematic evaluation and close long-term follow-up of treated @entity1 .

title: Very late XXXX of a pipeline @entity887 device construct: case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5525 :: ('MESH:C538664', 'Disease') :: ['occluded right vertebral artery']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual disturbance']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'brainstem stroke']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolization']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'vertebral aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral aneurysms', 'intracranial left vertebral artery aneurysm']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study investigated population pharmacokinetics of @entity903 , and then performed an integrated analysis of exposure and clinical outcome using population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates in @entity308 @entity1 treated with @entity903 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 271 therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data were retrospectively collected from 127 @entity146 outpatients. A population nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach was used to describe serum concentrations of @entity903 . For 83 @entity1 with major @entity308 , the treatment response rate and the incidence of @entity137 ( @entity137 ) were characterized by logistic regression using daily dose or area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) estimated from the final model as a potential exposure predictor. RESULTS: One compartment model was developed. The apparent clearance of @entity903 was affected by age as well as daily dose administered at steady-state. Overall treatment response rate was 72%, and the incidence of @entity137 was 30%. The logistic regression showed that exposure predictors were not associated with treatment response or @entity137 in the range of dose commonly used in routine practice. However, the incidence of @entity137 increased with the increase of daily dose or AUC for the @entity1 with multiple concentrations. CONCLUSION: In @entity308 @entity1 treated with @entity903 , TDM may be of limited value for individualization of treatment.

title: Exposure-outcome analysis in @entity308 XXXX treated with @entity903 using population pharmacokinetics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder', 'depressed']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['ADR', 'adverse drug reaction']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) is still the leading cause of @entity5 . The effect of the @entity10160 / @entity983 / @entity584 / @entity3470 signaling pathway on @entity5 treatment, including @entity1149 , has been well documented. In this study, we analyzed associations between genetic variations within this pathway and clinical outcomes following @entity902 -based chemotherapy in 168 @entity1 with stage IIIB (wet) or stage IV @entity1149 . Sixteen tagging SNPs in five core genes ( @entity10160 , @entity983 , @entity584 , @entity23698 , and @entity19213 ) of this pathway and identified SNPs associated with development of @entity137 and disease progression. We observed significantly increased @entity137 for @entity1 with @entity10160 : @entity24190 (OR: 3.86, 95% CI: 1.08-13.82). In contrast, a SNP in @entity983 was associated with significantly reduced risk for @entity137 (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20-0.95). We identified three SNPs in @entity584 resulting in significantly decreased risks of distant progression in @entity1 carrying at least one variant allele with HRs of 0.66 (95% CI: 0.45-0.97), 0.52 (95% CI: 0.35-0.77), and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.42-0.91) for @entity24191 , @entity24192 , and @entity24193 , respectively. Furthermore, these same variants conferred nearly 2-fold increased progression-free survival times. The current study provides evidence that genetic variations within the @entity10160 / @entity983 / @entity584 / @entity3470 signaling pathway are associated with variation in clinical outcomes of @entity1149 @entity1 . With further validation, our findings may provide additional biomarkers for customized treatment of @entity902 -based chemotherapy for @entity1149 .

title: XXXX / @entity983 / @entity584 / @entity3470 pathway genetic variation predicts @entity137 and distant progression in lung cancer @entity1 receiving @entity902 -based chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'chemotherapeutic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer-related deaths']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'Non-small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity10160 :: (5290,Gene) :: ['PI3K']


abstract: @entity656 ( @entity656 ) is a rare and life-threatening manifestation of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical features of @entity656 in our @entity1252 population. @entity656 was defined according to the presence of @entity490 associated to an increase of @entity660 . Of note, in the last 26 years, 5367 @entity1 were followed up at our Pediatric Rheumatology Unit and 263 (4.9%) of them had @entity1252 diagnosis (ACR criteria). @entity656 was observed in 4.2% (11/263) of @entity1252 @entity1 . The median of age of the @entity1252 @entity1 at @entity656 diagnosis was 12.4 years (8.8-17.9). All of them had @entity1252 activity at @entity656 onset. Three @entity1 were receiving corticosteroids before @entity656 diagnosis. Interestingly, 10/11 @entity1252 @entity1 fulfilled preliminary guidelines for @entity15835 , three of them with macrophage hemophagocytosis in @entity236 and @entity6737 . The hallmark of this syndrome is excessive activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and macrophages with massive hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines and clinically it is characterized by the occurrence of unexplained fever, @entity1503 and @entity6737 . @entity656 treatment was mainly based on intravenous @entity1667 . Four @entity1252 @entity1 with @entity656 died and two developed @entity6 . In conclusion, @entity656 was a rare and severe manifestation in active pediatric lupus. The association between @entity656 and @entity15835 suggests that the pancreas could be a target organ of this syndrome and that pancreatic enzyme evaluation should also be carried out in all @entity1 .

title: Acute XXXX : a manifestation of @entity15835 ?

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['Acute pancreatitis', 'AP']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity6737 :: ('MESH:C538137', 'Disease') :: ['hyperferritinemia']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic enzymes and/or pancreatic radiological abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus', 'lupus disease', 'JSLE']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['cytopenia']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain or vomiting']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow aspirate']

entities_list: @entity15835 :: ('MESH:D055501', 'Disease') :: ['macrophage activation syndrome']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: Mutations in the @entity876 @entity5 suppressor gene have been found to be the most frequent genetic alterations in @entity1 @entity5 . To further examine the idea that neoplastic progression is associated with mutations in the @entity876 gene, we analyzed matched primary and @entity3 samples. The samples included 15 pairs of @entity0 and @entity3 to lymph nodes, four pairs of @entity344 and @entity3 to liver, one @entity694 and @entity3 to a lymph node, and one @entity2 and @entity3 in the pleura. Genomic DNA or cDNA from each @entity5 sample was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and labeled by using one biotinylated primer. The DNA strands were separated with magnetic streptavidin beads and sequenced directly. @entity876 mutations were detected in 11 of 21 @entity1 (52%) in either @entity5 , @entity3 , or both. In six of these @entity1 the @entity5 and matched @entity3 shared the same single mutation. In the other @entity1 an additional mutation in the @entity5 only or a mutation in the @entity3 only was observed. Our data suggest that @entity5 development and progression toward @entity3 involves structural alterations in the @entity876 gene that occur early in @entity105 . In some cases, genetic changes in metastatic spreading may also include the appearance of a mutation in a @entity3 derived from a @entity5 expressing wild-type @entity876 , a selection of metastatic cells with a single mutation from a @entity5 expressing two different mutations, or loss of heterozygosity.

title: @entity876 mutations in matched primary and metastatic XXXX @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'primary tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Inhaled medications are the mainstay of @entity565 therapy, but significant deficiencies exist in the knowledge and skills of physicians regarding use of @entity4185 ( @entity4185 ) and spacer devices. OBJECTIVE: We developed, implemented, and evaluated the effects of a physician-targeted educational program on inhaled therapy in a group of pediatric residents in our institution. METHODS: @entity1 -directed instruction sheets on aerosol therapy were developed on the basis of literature review and expert guidelines. These served to establish a consistent foundation for the educational curriculum. The program was delivered through one-on-two teaching sessions (45 minutes). Residents were provided with a summary of theoretical and practical information and with devices for practice (a placebo @entity4185 , InspirEase and AeroChamber holding chambers, and the AeroChamber device with mask). Each session included review of an educational monograph, demonstration of proper technique, and practice with the different devices. The program was evaluated by a randomized-control design. Assessment of practical skills included number of correct steps for the use of @entity4185 (maximum score, 7), InspirEase (maximum, 7) and AeroChamber (maximum, 6). Theoretical knowledge was assessed with 25 multiple-choice questions. RESULTS: Pretest scores in the experimental group (n = 24) were 3.7 of 7, 1.9 of 7, and 0.3 of 6 steps correct for @entity4185 , InspirEase, and AeroChamber devices, respectively, and 13 of 25 for the theoretical knowledge assessment. The control group (n = 26) had similar pretest scores. After the program the experimental group significantly improved in all parameters: 6.3 of 7, 5.9 of 7, and 4.5 of 6 steps correct for @entity4185 , InspirEase, and AeroChamber devices, respectively, and 18 of 25 questions correct (p < 0.01 for all parameters). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a simple educational program among pediatric residents can significantly increase their skills in the use of inhalational therapy.

title: Physician-targeted program on inhaled therapy for childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4185 :: ('MESH:D058545', 'Disease') :: ['MDI', 'metered-dose inhalers']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between the @entity2533 gene @entity12172 and @entity12171 polymorphisms and @entity6331 ( @entity6331 ), as well as their clinical significance. METHODS: Seventy-three @entity1 with @entity6331 diagnosed by echocardiography (mean age 31.7 +/- 14.7 y, male: female ratio 20:53) and, fifty-five age and sex-matched unrelated healthy volunteers (normal control) were included. @entity1 were classified according to age into @entity1 (n=24, mean age 14.4 +/- 3.1 y, and adults (n=49, mean age 40.2 +/- 9.9 y). @entity2533 genomic DNA was extracted and amplified using primers specific for @entity12172 and, @entity12171 polymorphisms. Genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). RESULTS: @entity12171 TT genotype was found significantly more frequently in @entity6331 (total population) (OR: 3.27; [95% CI: 1.13-9.46]; P = 0.02), in @entity1 (OR: 6.0; [95% CI: 1.74-20.65]; P = 0.002) and in @entity1 with @entity340 ( @entity340 ) (OR: 4.06; [95% CI: 1.32-12.48]; P = 0.01) compared to control subjects. 869T allele frequency was significantly higher in adults (OR: 1.89; [95% CI: 1.07-3.33]; P = 0.02), @entity1 (OR: 2.32; [95% CI: 1.16-4.66]; P = 0.0 1) and the total population (OR: 2.02; [95% CI: 1.21-3.39]; P = 0.006). @entity12172 genotypes distributions were not different between @entity6331 @entity1 and control subjects. However, -509T allele seems to confer susceptibility to @entity6331 (OR: 1.78; [95% CI: 1.02-3.11]; P = 0.04). Both adults and @entity1 showed no significant difference in the genotypes distribution and allelic frequencies of @entity2533 @entity12172 polymorphism. In addition, genotype distribution and allelic frequencies of @entity12172 or @entity12171 did not have any relation with the severity of the valvular affection. CONCLUSION: @entity2533 @entity12171 TT genotype, 869T allele and 509T allele are possible risk factor for @entity6331 in Egypt. Future studies on larger populations are warranted.

title: @entity2533 gene @entity12172 and XXXX polymorphisms as possible risk factors in @entity6331 in Egypt.

entities_list: @entity6331 :: ('MESH:D012214', 'Disease') :: ['RHD', 'rheumatic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['combined valvular disease', 'CVD']

answer: @entity12171 :: (c|SUB|T|869|C,DNAMutation) :: ['T869C']


abstract: @entity288 are widely used as therapy for the @entity649 ( @entity649 ) without proof of efficacy. We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of @entity1667 therapy in 99 @entity1 with @entity519 , diffuse bilateral infiltrates on chest radiography and absence of @entity712 documented by pulmonary-artery catheterization. The causes of @entity649 included @entity295 (27 percent), @entity1174 (18 percent), @entity788 (4 percent), shock (2 percent), @entity7123 (1 percent), and miscellaneous causes or more than one cause (42 percent). Fifty @entity1 received @entity1667 (30 mg per kilogram of body weight every six hours for 24 hours), and 49 received placebo according to the same schedule. Serial measurements were made of pulmonary shunting, the ratio of partial pressure of arterial @entity26 to partial pressure of alveolar @entity26 , the chest radiograph severity score, total thoracic compliance, and @entity551 . We observed no statistical differences between groups in these characteristics upon entry or during the five days after entry. Forty-five days after entry there were no differences between the @entity1667 and placebo groups in mortality (respectively, 30 of 50 [60 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 46 to 74] and 31 of 49 [63 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 49 to 77]; P = 0.74) or in the reversal of @entity649 (18 of 50 [36 percent] vs. 19 of 49 [39 percent]; P = 0.77). However, the relatively wide confidence intervals in the mortality data make it impossible to exclude a small effect of treatment. Infectious complications were similar in the @entity1667 group (8 of 50 [16 percent]) and the placebo group (5 of 49 [10 percent]; P = 0.60). Our data suggest that in @entity1 with established @entity649 due to @entity295 , @entity1173 , or a mixed cause, high-dose @entity1667 does not affect outcome.

title: High-dose corticosteroids in @entity1 with the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'adult respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7123 :: ('MESH:D004620', 'Disease') :: ['fat emboli']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['refractory hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary-artery pressure']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosteroids']

answer: @entity649 :: (MESH:D012128,Disease) :: ['adult respiratory distress syndrome']


abstract: Isolation of viruses using @entity1573 embryos is a classical virological method. Inoculation of the allantoic cavity and use of allantoic fluid is a common method of passaging isolated avian @entity683 viruses. In the present study, 2490 fresh fecal samples and 4967 old fecal samples were investigated and subjected to conventional passaging (allantoic fluid method). Two newly developed methods-the allantochorion and allantoic fluid mixed method and the @entity1573 embryo and allantoic fluid mixed method-were also examined. The rates of @entity683 virus isolation for these three methods were compared. There appeared to be little difference among these methods when fresh fecal samples were used. However, for the old fecal samples, isolation rates for @entity683 virus were significantly higher for the @entity1573 embryo and allantoic fluid mixed method compared with the conventional allantoic fluid method. All viruses isolated using the conventional allantoic fluid method were isolated successfully using the two newly developed methods. These results suggest that using @entity1573 embryos in conjunction with allantoic fluid is effective for early virus isolation, especially for fecal samples that are not fresh. Additionally, practical @entity1573 embryo passage methods are described that improve significantly the rate of isolation of @entity683 viruses from fecal samples of migratory birds in a complex wild ecological environment.

title: Improved methods for isolation of avian XXXX virus.

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: Changes in pulmonary endothelial permeability and in microvascular hemodynamics in response to cumulative concentrations of @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) (10(-8) M to 10(-5) M) were investigated in isolated, perfused @entity95 lungs. The total pressure gradient was partitioned into four components: arterial, pre- and postcapillary and venous. The capillary filtration coefficient (Kf, c) also was evaluated. @entity1617 caused a significant increase in arterial and precapillary pressures at concentrations higher than 3 x 10(-6) M. The total pressure gradient and precapillary were significantly increased whereas arterial, postcapillary and venous pressure gradient remained unchanged. In @entity3302 (3 x 10(-4) M)-pretreated lungs, the vasoconstriction was abolished and a concentration-dependent increase in Kf,c was recorded from 10(-8) to 10(-5) M @entity1617 . This reaction was accompanied by @entity3126 . @entity3897 , @entity3352 , @entity117 , @entity6009 , @entity1338 , @entity1286 and (+/-)-CP 96-345, an antagonist of neurokinin NK1 receptors, completely prevented the effects of @entity1617 on Kf,c. In contrast, cromolyn @entity1372 and @entity21313 , a neurokinin @entity10125 antagonist, did not inhibit the response to @entity1617 . Terfenadine together with @entity4444 had a partially inhibitory effect. Changes in the Kf, c similar to those observed with @entity1617 were induced by @entity2951 (10(-4) M) by exogenous substance P (10(-7) M) and by @entity750 ( @entity750 ) (10(-4) M). The effects of SP were inhibited by @entity117 , (+/-)-CP 96,345 and @entity6009 , but not by @entity3897 and antihistaminics. @entity750 effects were prevented by @entity117 and not by (+/-)-CP 96,345. It was concluded that @entity1617 -induced @entity3126 was due to an increase in the capillary filtration coefficient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Role of neuropeptides in XXXX -induced edema in isolated and perfused @entity95 lungs.

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity3302 :: ('MESH:D010208', 'Chemical') :: ['papaverine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity6009 :: ('MESH:D007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ketanserin']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: The efficacy and safety of @entity21261 in @entity712 have been extensively investigated in an international clinical program in @entity1 with underlying @entity712 with @entity741 or @entity384 . @entity21261 in single doses of 1.25-5 mg produced a significant dose-dependent reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance and a significant increase in cardiac index. In placebo-controlled studies, 1-5 mg of @entity21261 once daily for 12 weeks prolonged predose exercise test duration and improved New York Heart Association classification status and signs and symptoms of @entity712 , including @entity8632 . Up to 86% of @entity1 receiving these dosages had improvement, with only 12% of @entity1 requiring the higher dose, 5 mg. These data indicate that @entity21261 is effective when administered once daily to @entity1 with @entity712 receiving concomitant therapy with digitalis and/or a diuretic. The safety of @entity21261 in @entity1 with @entity712 has been evaluated in 1,163 @entity1 administered from 0.5 to 15 mg once daily for treatment periods ranging from 1 day to 57 months. @entity21261 was administered to 500 @entity1 for at least 6 months, 264 @entity1 for at least 1 year, and 101 @entity1 for at least 2 years. The most frequently occurring adverse events were @entity1296 , coughing, @entity1353 , @entity1295 , @entity951 , and @entity10 . @entity21261 was equally well tolerated by young and elderly @entity1 . Treatment was discontinued due to adverse events in 12.9% of @entity1 , mainly as a result of coughing (1.7%) and @entity1296 (1%). Forty-four @entity1 (3.8%) died during @entity21261 therapy or during a period without treatment. Of these deaths, 93% were due to cardiac causes, especially rhythm disturbances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity712 therapy with XXXX : an overview.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure']

entities_list: @entity21261 :: ('MESH:D017315', 'Chemical') :: ['Cilazapril', 'cilazapril']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity8632 :: ('MESH:D004418', 'Disease') :: ['paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity21261 :: (MESH:D017315,Chemical) :: ['cilazapril']


abstract: The @entity1 spermatogenic pathway is a complex process that involves the mitotic proliferation of spermatogonia, the meiotic division of spermatocytes, chromosomal condensation, the production of sperm-specific proteins, and the morphogenic differentiation of spermatids to mature sperm. Elucidating the molecular basis of @entity1 spermatogenesis is of great importance, not only because spermatogenesis is a fundamental biological event in the organism but because understanding of this mechanism could lead to the development of new therapeutics to overcome certain @entity74 . Numerous cytological studies have described, in detail, the dramatic morphological changes of the differentiating spermatogenic cells, however, the molecular basis for many of these steps has yet to be elucidated. What has hampered the progress of such research is the lack of suitable experimental systems. Establishing cultured cell lines of testicular cells has been attempted for many times without much success. We have studied the molecular basis for the @entity1 spermatogenic pathway, making use of two unique systems; cell-free transcription reactions in nuclear extracts of animal organs and primary culture of @entity35 testicular cells. Expression of a variety of genes is activated or inactivated as the spermatogenic pathway progresses. The isozyme for glycolytic enzyme @entity16055 kinase (PGK) changes in spermatogenic cells from somatic-type @entity19590 to sperm-type @entity19591 . We showed that the PGK isozyme switch occurs at the mRNA level during the pachytene spermatocyte stage, suggesting that @entity19590 transcription ceases and @entity19591 transcription is instead induced at this stage. The mechanism of the Pgk transcription switch was then investigated by cell-free transcription and DNA transfection experiments. We found that the activation of @entity19591 transcription in the testis is caused mainly by an Ets family transcription factor named @entity16595 , and that the same protein is likely to be involved in the inactivation of the @entity19590 gene during spermatogenesis. Silencer-like negative regulatory DNA sequences and proteins bound to them seemed to be responsible for the repression of @entity19590 transcription in the somatic tissues. Throughout the spermatogenic pathway, spermatogenic cells remain in close contact with each other and with somatic Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules. Although a number of reports have suggested that Sertoli cells play an important role in spermatogenesis, little is known about the mechanism by which these cells influence spermatogenic cell differentiation.4+ f1p4

title: [Study on the XXXX spermatogenic pathway].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity16055 :: ('CHEBI:61304', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoglycerate']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: The first step in @entity130 care is establishing an adequate airway. With laryngotracheal injuries the airway itself is injured, making this primary task more difficult. Several areas of management for @entity1 with @entity130 are controversial, and treatment dilemmas exist. These dilemmas include initial airway management, indications for computed tomography, operative approach, and utilization of stents. This institution has utilized a standard protocol which addresses each of these management dilemmas for the past 3 years. Twenty-one @entity1 are reported. Voice results were good in 13, fair in six, and poor in two. Airway results were good in 16, fair in three, and poor in two. Complications included two wound @entity281 and one @entity204 . The protocol and management dilemmas for these injuries are discussed in detail.

title: Treatment dilemmas in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['laryngotracheal trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['laryngotracheal trauma']


abstract: Recent decades have witnessed an increase in liver resections. There is a need for an update on factors related to the management of @entity96 in view of newer published data. A systematic search using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for the years 1983-2008 was performed. The IHPBA classification provides a suitable nomenclature of liver resections. While one randomized trial has provided an objective time of 30 min as optimal for intermittent pedicle occlusion, another randomized study has demonstrated the feasibility of performing liver resections without pedicle clamping. A randomized trial has demonstrated the benefit of clamp crushing over newer techniques of liver transection. Cohort studies support anatomical resections when feasible in terms of outcomes. Nonrandomized studies also support nonanatomical and ablative therapies in @entity1 with @entity82 and small remnant livers. A randomized trial has shown comparable long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and surgery for @entity5 < 5 cm. No randomized trials comparing laparoscopy and open surgery exist. Surgery remains an important treatment modality for @entity99 . While anatomical resections provide improved survival, the choice of nonanatomical versus anatomical resections should be individualized taking into account factors such as @entity82 and function of the liver remnant. A clear margin of resection is essential in all surgically resected cases. RFA is emerging as a useful, often complimentary tool, to surgery when dealing with complex @entity5 or @entity5 in @entity1 with a poor liver function. Laparoscopic ultrasonography is useful in staging and performance of RFA.

title: Surgery for malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['malignant hepatic neoplasms']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver tumors']


abstract: 1. Subcutaneous injection (s.c.) of @entity3826 (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of @entity11640 (0.01-0.25 mg/kg), @entity2607 (0.05-0.2 mg/kg) and @entity2134 (0.75-3 mg/kg, i.p.) but not @entity1339 (0.1-1 mg/kg) induced ejaculation in @entity35 . 2. The responses of drugs were reduced by @entity1286 (1-6 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment. 3. The inhibitory effect of @entity1286 was reversed by @entity1510 (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.). 4. @entity1510 (0.75-3 mg/kg, s.c.) alone induced slight but significant ejaculation. 5. Ejaculatory responses induced by @entity3826 and @entity11640 but not those by @entity2607 and @entity2134 were reduced by @entity3216 (100 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment. 6. @entity2211 (1-30 mg/kg, i.p.) did not change the response induced by @entity3826 . 7. Pretreatment of animals with the cholinergic antagonist @entity3897 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the frequency of ejaculation induced by @entity3826 , @entity11640 , @entity2607 or @entity2134 . 8. It may be concluded that D-2 activation induces ejaculation through influence on cholinergic mechanisms and @entity1286 inhibits the ejaculation induced by activation of both cholinergic and dopaminergic systems via opiate receptor sites.

title: XXXX inhibits dopaminergic and cholinergic induced ejaculation in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity11640 :: ('MESH:D019257', 'Chemical') :: ['quinpirole']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity3216 :: ('MESH:D013469', 'Chemical') :: ['sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity2211 :: ('MESH:D004294', 'Chemical') :: ['Domperidone']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['Morphine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the actions of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in proliferative membrane formation of proliferative @entity1715 (PVR) and whether there is the existence of PDGF secreting cells and target cells. METHODS: Seven epiretinal membranes (ERM) and 7 subretinal membranes (SRM) obtained from eyes undergoing pars plana vitrectomy for @entity1713 complicated by PVR were studied. A panel of polyclonal antibodies against @entity9483 ligands, PDGF-alpha and -beta receptors, cytokeratin [the marker of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell] and glial fibrillary acidic protein (the marker of glial cell) was used in immune electron microscopy to examine the expression of PDGF and PDGF receptors (PDGFR) in the membranes. The relationship of PDGF protein and the main cellular composition of ERM and SRM, retinal pigment epithelial and glial cells, was detected by using the double-labeling techniques of immune electron microscopy. RESULTS: Positive protein expression of @entity6005 located in the cytoplasm of some cells was detected in 7 ERMs and 5 of 7 SRMs. Positive protein expression of @entity6006 was detected in 7 ERMs and 5 of 6 SRMs, and it was located in the cytoplasm of some cells, especially in the secreting granules. RPE cells and glial cells were identified in ERMs and SRMs. PDGF receptors were not detected in the ERM and SRM in this research. Double-labeling of PDGF and cytokeratin showed that RPE cells were the secreting cells of PDGF. Similarly, double-labeling of PDGF and glial fibrillary acidic protein showed that glial cells were the secreting cells of PDGF. CONCLUSIONS: PDGF can be secreted by the cells of ERM and SRM. PDGF plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PVR. RPE and glial cells are the secreting cells of PDGF. The results indicate that PDGF affects cellular behavior by autocrine or paracrine mode in the formation of PVR.

title: [The effect of platelet-derived growth factor on the formation of proliferative XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1715 :: ('MESH:D018630', 'Disease') :: ['vitreoretinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

answer: @entity1715 :: (MESH:D018630,Disease) :: ['vitreoretinopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship between demographic characteristics and suicide attempts, physically @entity146 , @entity734 , repeated hospitalizations, and continuous @entity221 course . METHOD: The medical records of @entity1 from three different treatment centers were assessed. The relationship between demographics and clinical characteristics were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the predicting factors for suicide attempts, physically @entity146 , heavy smoking, repeated hospitalizations, and continuous @entity221 course. RESULTS: The medical records of a total of 720 @entity1 with @entity161 were assessed. Of these @entity1 , 68% were never married, 56% were unemployed, and 69% were living with their parents. 35% of the @entity1 had a relative diagnosed with a @entity914 . The mean age for the onset of the @entity221 was found to be 23.5, with no difference between females and males. 50% of the @entity1 had had repeated hospitalizations. The duration of untreated @entity716 was 10.8 months and 28% of the @entity1 had been through a continuous course of the @entity221 . 57% of the @entity1 were found to be regular smokers; 55% of the @entity1 had physically @entity146 ; 52% had experienced a suicidal ideation and attempt; 28% had made at least one suicide attempt. The percentage of @entity1 having had a legal issue related to their @entity221 was 11%. Heavy smoking was predicted with the continuous @entity221 and male gender. Physically @entity146 was predicted with suicide ideation and attempts, being single, having insufficient family support, and having undergone frequent hospitalization. Repeated hospitalizations were predicted with suicide attempts and having a legal problems; continuous course of @entity221 was predicted with being unemployed and lack of family support; suicide attempt was predicted with duration of the @entity221 . CONCLUSION: When both sexes were compared, the lack of difference at the onset of disease between the two suggests that there might be other factors playing a role in this phenomenon. The relationship between suicidal ideation and behavior and physical @entity146 , indicates that these two might share common underlying mechanisms. Possible significant relationships between demographic and clinical characteristics should be kept in mind for the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation approaches in dealing with @entity161 .

title: [Demographic and clinical characteristics in XXXX : a multi center cross-sectional case record study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behavior']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Allergen immunotherapy is currently the only immune-modifying treatment for @entity56 . At the present time it is indicated for the treatment of @entity2023 , @entity565 and venom @entity56 . Efficacy appears to be dose dependent, and the immunological mechanisms responsible for the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy are still being elucidated. Immunological changes associated with immunotherapy include induction of T regulatory cells, increase in allergen-specific immunoglobulin G4, increase in @entity688 production and downregulation of the T helper 2 response. The disadvantages of allergen immunotherapy include risk of adverse events and @entity1 time and inconvenience. Risks of immunotherapy range from large local reactions to mild systemic reactions, such as @entity2490 . Fatalities from immunotherapy injections have been reported at a rate of approximately one fatality per 2.5 million injections. Conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy build-up schedules involve administration of a single-dose increase each visit and it may take several months before a @entity1 achieves the therapeutic maintenance dose. Accelerated schedules, such as rush and cluster, will allow the @entity1 to achieve the maintenance dose sooner but there may be a greater risk of a systemic reaction. The current focus of immunotherapy research is to develop safer and more effective vaccines. Another approach to enhancing immunotherapy safety is through an alternative delivery method. Sublingual immunotherapy is clearly safer than subcutaneous immunotherapy, but further investigation is needed to determine optimal dose and appropriate @entity1 selection.

title: Allergen immunotherapy: immunomodulatory treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic disease', 'hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic diseases']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The authors have successfully applied the endoscopic stapling diverticulostomy for three @entity1 with symptomatic @entity15809 . METHOD: Under light general anesthesia the hypopharynx was explored with a rigid, double lipped laryngoscope (Weerda, Storz). The common wall between the esophagus and and diverticulum was cut across and reunited with a endosurgical stapler. RESULTS: Operating time was 25 minutes in average. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. The oral feeding was started on the 2. postoperative day. The @entity1 were symptom-free and they were discharged on the fifth postoperative day. The preoperative symptoms were not reported at follow-up assessment. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic stapler diverticulostomy offers distinct advantages, including brief operative time, short hospitalization, reduced morbidity, early oral feeding and predictable resolution of symptoms. The authors proposed the technique in the treatment of the @entity1 with @entity15809 especially for elderly cases with diverticulum larger than 3 cm.

title: [Endoscopic stapling diverticulostomy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity15809 :: ('MESH:D016672', 'Disease') :: ['Zenker diverticulum', "Zenker's diverticulum"]

answer: @entity15809 :: (MESH:D016672,Disease) :: ['Zenker diverticulum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study aims to evaluate the protective effects of @entity7447 ( @entity7447 ) and Cynara scolymus L (CS) on @entity632 ( @entity3105 )-induced @entity137 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty male @entity35 were divided into six groups. Group 1 as a control. Group 2 received @entity3105 (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Group 3 received @entity7447 (200 mg/kg). Group 4 received CS (500 mg/kg). Group 5 received @entity7447 (200 mg/kg) and @entity3105 (10 mg/kg). Group 6 received CS (500 mg/kg) and @entity3105 (10 mg/kg). The @entity35 were then evaluated biochemically and immunohistochemically. RESULTS: @entity3105 produced a significant @entity177 . Moreover, an upsurge of oxidative stress and nitrosative stress markers. The expression of @entity1918 ( @entity1918 ) was increased and @entity1975 ( @entity1975 ) expression was decreased. Administration of @entity7447 and CS resulted in a significant improvement of @entity177 , and an improvement of both @entity1918 and @entity1975 . CONCLUSION: It is concluded that pretreatment with @entity7447 and CS is associated with up-regulation of favorable protective enzymes and down-regulation of oxidative stress. That can be advised as a supplement to @entity3105 -treated @entity1 .

title: Prophylactic role of XXXX and Cynara scolymus L on @entity632 -induced @entity137 in @entity35 : Biochemical and immunohistochemical study.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1918 :: ('25365(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['a-SMA', 'alpha-smooth muscle actin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['deterioration of hepatic and renal functional parameters', 'hepatic and renal functional parameters']

entities_list: @entity1975 :: ('25737(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

answer: @entity7447 :: (MESH:C024989,Chemical) :: ['coenzyme Q10']


abstract: Systemic and coronary hemodynamic, metabolic and humoral effects of a new intravenous angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalaprilat, were evaluated in 14 @entity1 with @entity712 . Onset of hemodynamic action occurred within 15 minutes and persisted for 6 hours. At the time of peak effect, there was a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (-21%) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (-33%). Systemic vascular resistance decreased by 32% and @entity64 volume index increased by 20%. These systemic hemodynamic changes indicate improved left ventricular function. There was a substantial sustained reduction in rate-pressure product initially without a change in coronary sinus blood flow or myocardial @entity26 consumption. There was also reduced myocardial @entity26 extraction and augmented coronary sinus @entity26 saturation at 30 minutes and 1 hour. In three @entity1 , abnormal myocardial lactate extraction, present before enalaprilat, changed to uptake after enalaprilat, indicating amelioration of @entity741 that was not clinically manifest. Systemic @entity2922 levels and myocardial @entity2922 balance did not change. Plasma @entity916 activity increased and plasma @entity1369 decreased. These findings suggest that enalaprilat produces inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme and consequent beneficial systemic hemodynamic changes in @entity712 . In some @entity1 with @entity712 , silent @entity741 at rest can occur and can be alleviated with enalaprilat. Decreased myocardial @entity26 extraction, increased coronary sinus @entity26 saturation and lack of expected decrease in coronary sinus blood flow despite reduced rate-pressure product suggest transient coronary vasodilation by enalaprilat.

title: Enalaprilat, a new parenteral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: rapid changes in systemic and coronary hemodynamics and humoral profile in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['chronic heart failure']


abstract: The goals of this investigation were to illustrate the use of pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling strategies in drug development based on a multiple-dose study of @entity4562 in a preclinical @entity5 model. @entity19 bearing s.c. LN229-wild-type @entity470 or LN229-EGFRvIII mutant (a sensitizing mutation) @entity5 were administered @entity4562 at oral doses of either 55 mg/kg/d p.o. x 15 days or 30 mg/kg/d p.o. x 15 days, respectively, as dictated by the equivalent PK/PD dosing strategy. In each @entity5 group, @entity4562 plasma and @entity5 concentrations were quantitated, as well as the tumoral amounts of phosphorylated- @entity3962 ( @entity7952 ), a selected PD end point, and @entity5 size. The resultant data provided the basis to develop hybrid physiologically based PK/PD/ @entity5 growth models for each @entity5 type. It was found that the 1.83-fold dose difference administered to the two @entity5 groups resulted in analogous @entity7952 profiles on both days 1 and 15, and further induced similar antitumor efficacy based on @entity5 size. In addition, using @entity1313 @entity1 PK data linked to the @entity7952 PD model, simulations were conducted to illustrate potential applications of a @entity5 model to @entity1 . The simulations provided insight on the relationships between blood-brain barrier penetration, @entity1313 @entity4562 concentrations, and the extent of inhibition of @entity7952 . The implementation of the PK/PD equivalent dosing strategy offers a new approach to drug development.

title: Demonstration of the equivalent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic dosing strategy in a multiple-dose study of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'target tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity3962 :: ('5594;5595', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2']

answer: @entity4562 :: (MESH:C419708,Chemical) :: ['gefitinib']