abstract: BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-associated @entity294 (AAD) may range from mild disturbances to severe @entity8307 . Many antibiotics affect several intestinal microflora-associated characteristics, such as @entity14559 ( @entity14559 ) pattern. In the present study we investigated SCFAs in 31 @entity1 on admittance to the hospital for severe AAD. Nine @entity1 were followed up more extensively after they had received an enema containing faecal microflora from a healthy @entity1 on a Western diet. METHODS: Faecal SCFAs were determined by gas chromatography. The enema was characterized before use. RESULTS: AAD @entity1 showed significant disturbances in faecal SCFA pattern. Clinically, most enema-treated @entity1 recovered within days and had no relapses within 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal microflora showed great disturbances, and the amounts of SCFAs were reduced, although the @entity294 was not related to total amount SCFAs. Administration of a faecal enema resulted in the clinical recovery of most @entity1 with severe @entity294 within 4 days.

title: Faecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with antibiotic-associated XXXX , before and after faecal enema treatment.

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomembranous colitis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity14559 :: ('CHEBI:26666', 'Chemical') :: ['short-chain fatty acid', 'SCFA']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['diarrhoea']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation is a critical event that accentuates @entity731 by promoting an inflammatory environment within the vessel wall. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms responsible for monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and subsequently, the effect of @entity2449 in regressing Angiotensin-II-mediated @entity1856 formation in @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 . AMPK activity was dose- and time-dependently down-regulated during @entity4515 -induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation which was accompanied by an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Interestingly, AMPK activators @entity2449 and AICAR significantly attenuated @entity4515 -induced monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. However, inhibition of AMPK activity alone by compound C was ineffective in promoting monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in the absence of @entity4515 . On the other hand, inhibition of JNK activity inhibited @entity4515 -induced @entity32 but not differentiation. Thereby suggesting that, @entity32 and differentiation are independent events. In contrast, inhibition of @entity10433 activity inhibited both @entity32 and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. @entity2449 and AICAR by decreasing @entity10433 phosphorylation via increased AMPK activation caused inhibition of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. @entity2449 attenuated @entity15395 -induced @entity449 in @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 partly by reducing monocyte infiltration. We conclude that AMPK- @entity10433 @entity2270 plays a pivotal role in regulating monocyte-to- macrophage differentiation and that AMPK activators by decreasing @entity10433 phosphorylation through increased AMPK activity inhibit monocyte-tomacrophage differentiation.

title: @entity2449 inhibits monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation via AMPK mediated inhibition of @entity10433 activation: Potential role in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['atheromatous plaque formation and aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['atheromatous plaque']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['Metformin', 'metformin']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: Microdialysis continuously monitors the chemistry of a small focal volume of the cerebral extracellular space. Conversely, positron emission tomography (PET) establishes metabolism of the whole brain, but only for the duration of the scan. The objective of this study was to apply both techniques to head-injured @entity1 simultaneously to assess the relation between microdialysis ( @entity413 , @entity880 , @entity880 / @entity2388 [L/P] ratio, and @entity2227 ) and PET (cerebral blood flow [CBF], cerebral blood volume, @entity26 extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral metabolic rate of @entity26 ) parameters. Microdialysis catheters were inserted into the frontal cerebral cortex and adipose tissue of the anterior abdominal wall of 17 severely head-injured @entity1 . Microdialysis was performed during PET scans, with regions of interest defined by the location of the microdialysis catheter membrane. An intervention (hyperventilation) was performed in 13 @entity1 . The results showed that combining PET and microdialysis to monitor metabolism in ventilated @entity1 is feasible and safe, although logistically complex. There was a significant relation between the L/P ratio and the OEF (Spearman r = 0.69, P = 0.002). There was no significant relation between CBF and the microdialysis parameters. Moderate short-term hyperventilation appeared to be tolerated in terms of brain chemistry, although no areas were sampled by microdialysis where the OEF exceeded 70%. Hyperventilation causing a reduction of the arterial @entity544 tension by 0.9 kPa resulted in a significant elevation of the OEF, in association with a reduction in @entity413 , but no significant elevation in the L/P ratio or @entity2227 .

title: Correlation between cerebral blood flow, substrate delivery, and metabolism in head injury: a combined microdialysis and triple XXXX positron emission tomography study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: PURPOSE: Organ motion, due to swallowing, can significantly affect the @entity343 margins used in head and neck @entity1 . Evaluation of swallowing motion 2016 AAPM Annual Meeting Program Medical Physics, Vol. 43, No. 6, June 2016 3412 3412 may be performed using x- @entity16039 fluoroscopy. However, regions such as the soft palette and epiglottis may be difficult to visualize due to the presence of bone (mandible, teeth). The goal of this phantom study is to determine if dual energy (DE) subtraction would improve the visualization in these regions. METHODS: An Alderson head/neck anthropomorphic phantom was positioned on the treatment table of the linac (iX, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Lateral @entity302 ( @entity302 ) kV images of the phantom were obtained with the On-Board Imager (OBI) using our standard protocol (70 kVp, 3.2 mAs). Subsequently, DE images were obtained sequentially at 60 kVp and 120 kVp. The mAs settings for the individual DE component images were determined by varying the x- @entity16039 exposure time, while maintaining a constant tube current, with the goal of producing a dose at the surface that was comparable to the @entity302 dose. Subtraction images were created offline using in-house software. RESULTS: Optimal DE images were produced using 120 kVp (0.5 mAs) and 60 kVp (2 mAs). The DE images showed good subtraction of the overlying bony anatomy. In particular, subtraction of the mandible resulted in improved visualization of the airway and soft palette. An analysis of the relative contrast of the soft palette showed an increase of 25-400% using DE vs. @entity302 . The imaging dose at the surface was estimated as 0.22 mGy using @entity302 and 0.23 mGy using DE. CONCLUSION: DE imaging may provide an effective means for visualizing the soft palette and epiglottis in @entity135 @entity1 . Combining such an approach with fluoroscopy may provide data on organ motion due to swallowing that may be incorporated in @entity343 design.

title: SU-F-J-31: Dual Energy Imaging in the Treatment of XXXX : A Phantom Study.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['SE', 'single energy']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['Head and Neck Tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity102 constitute a primary concern because of their burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Integrated care strategies enhancing the interface between tertiary care and primary care are pivotal to improve chronic care. AIM: To asses the prevalence of @entity102 on hospital discharges and their impact on unplanned admissions and mortality. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of discharge information over 1 year (2004) in one University hospital. METHODS: Adoption of an operational definition of @entity102 based on the WHO. MAIN OUTCOME: co-morbid conditions, emergency room and hospital admissions, outpatient consultations and mortality. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of @entity1 presented at least one chronic condition (19 192 @entity1 , 53% males, 63 +/- 18 years) as primary (12 526 @entity1 , 38%) or secondary diagnosis. The Charlson index was 2 +/- 3. Each chronic condition was associated with a 30% increase of having had an admission in the previous year. Up to 9% (1 656) of chronic @entity1 showed multiple admissions in the previous year: two (917 @entity1 , 55%), three (360, 22%) and four or beyond (379, 23%), being mostly unscheduled hospitalizations. The three most prevalent @entity102 were @entity5 , @entity65 and @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). The rate of admissions was associated with co-morbidity (P < 0.001) and mortality (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study shows a high impact of @entity5 on planned hospitalizations whereas @entity65 and @entity1030 generates a high percentage of unscheduled admissions. We conclude that integrated care services including @entity1 -oriented guidelines are strongly needed to enhance both health and managerial outcomes.

title: The burden of XXXX on hospital admissions prompts the need for new modalities of care: a cross-sectional analysis in a tertiary hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disorders', 'Chronic disorders', 'chronic disorder']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic disorders']


abstract: The administration of 0.1-0.5% of @entity1068 produces a slow increase in the transepithelial potential (TEP) of about 2 mV in the @entity291 pigment epithelium (RPE) under ordinary room lighting. However, virtually no response could be observed when @entity1068 was administered in the dark. Because of this apparent light sensitivity, the @entity1068 induced response (EIR) was investigated to determine its spectral response characteristics, temporal interaction with light, and the effects of a variety of metabolic inhibitors as well as pertussis and @entity3081 . The spectral response curve peaked at 520 nm with a @entity543 width. The EIR was found to be inhibited by pertussis toxin but not cholera toxin. Inhibition of either @entity56576 or lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase resulted in a marked inhibition of the EIR. The incubating solutions of the apical surface of @entity291 and cultured @entity1573 embryo RPE were analyzed by RP-HPLC under conditions of weak white light and darkness. Two peaks in the chromatogram were observed to vary with these conditions and the presence of @entity2604 simulated the effects of darkness. The RP-HPLC studies did not involve the employment of @entity1068 . Two different experimental procedures revealed the photosensitivity of the isolated RPE to weak light and suggest that light initiates or promotes @entity1426 metabolism. A possible regulatory effect of @entity4878 was also indicated.

title: Photosensitivity of the isolated pigment epithelium and XXXX metabolism: preliminary results.

entities_list: @entity3081 :: ('MESH:D002771', 'Disease') :: ['cholera toxins']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity2604 :: ('MESH:D009637', 'Chemical') :: ['nordihydroguaiaretic acid']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['narrow half']

answer: @entity1426 :: (MESH:D016718,Chemical) :: ['arachidonic acid']


abstract: Nine dairy herds (mean size, 149 @entity291 ) with bulk-tank milk somatic cell counts of less than 300,000 cells/ml and greater than 80% of @entity291 with Dairy Herd Improvement Association linear somatic cell counts less than or equal to 4 were selected for study. Each herd was monitored for 12 consecutive months. Duplicate quarter-milk specimens were collected from each @entity291 for bacteriologic culturing at beginning of lactation, cessation of lactation, and at the time of each clinical episode of @entity1271 . @entity5967 was never isolated and @entity794 was isolated from less than 1% of all quarters. There were 554 episodes of clinical @entity1271 . During the year of study, the incidence rate of clinical @entity1271 varied from 15.6 to 63.7% of @entity291 among the 9 herds. Mean costs per @entity291 per year in herd for @entity1271 prevention were:  10 for paper towels,  3 for nonlactating @entity291 treatment, and  10 for teat disinfectants. Mean cost associated with clinical @entity1271 was  107/episode. Approximately 84% ( 90) of the costs attributed to a clinical episode were associated with decreased milk production and nonsalable milk. Costs of medication and professional veterinary fees per clinical episode varied significantly among the 9 herds. Three of the herds did not have a veterinarian treat a clinical episode of @entity1271 during the year of study even though 2 of these herds had the first and third highest incidence rates of clinical @entity1271 . When calculated on a per @entity291 in herd basis, mean costs of  40/ @entity291 /year were attributed to clinical @entity1271 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Costs associated with selected preventive practices and with episodes of clinical XXXX in nine herds with low somatic cell counts.

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity5967 :: ('1311', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus agalactiae']

answer: @entity1271 :: (MESH:D008413,Disease) :: ['mastitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1410 expansion is a major predictor of morbidity and mortality after @entity1779 ( @entity1779 ). Both baseline @entity1410 volume and the CT-angiogram (CTA) spot sign predict @entity1410 expansion. Because the CTA spot sign may represent foci of active @entity548 , we hypothesized that @entity1 with smaller baseline @entity1410 volumes are less likely to be spot sign positive, and therefore less likely to expand. AIM: We sought to validate our prior finding that small @entity1410 are unlikely to expand, and to determine the relationship between baseline @entity1410 volume, spot sign status, and risk of @entity1410 expansion. METHODS: Data were from the prospective PREDICT @entity1779 study. @entity1 presenting within 6   h of symptom onset with completed baseline CT, CTA, and follow-up CT were included. Baseline @entity1410 volume was categorized a priori (<3   mL, 3-10   mL, 10-20   mL, >20   mL). The primary outcome was significant @entity1410 expansion (>= 6   mL, >= 12.5   mL or >= 33%) and secondary outcomes were early neurological worsening, good clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0-3), and mortality at 90 days. RESULTS: Among 315 @entity1 meeting the inclusion criteria, baseline @entity1410 volume category predicted absolute @entity1410 expansion (p   <   0.001), spot sign prevalence (p   <   0.001), early neurologic worsening (p   =   0.002), clinical outcome (p   <   0.001), and mortality (p   <   0.001). Very small @entity1410 (<3   mL) were unlikely to be spot positive (7.7%), unlikely to expand (2.6%), and were associated with a 73% chance of good clinical outcome. Spot sign appeared to be most predictive of expansion in the 3-10   mL baseline @entity1410 volume category. CONCLUSION: Very small @entity1410 are unlikely to expand and have a low spot sign prevalence. Hemostatic therapy trials may be best targeted at hemorrhages >3   mL in volume.

title: Small XXXX have a low spot sign prevalence and are less likely to expand.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas', 'Hematoma', 'hematoma']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['ICH', 'intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['intracerebral hemorrhages']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1378 ( @entity1378 ) is a widespread condition in which cardiovascular manifestations are frequently occur, but there is still a debate about the vascular responsiveness in it. Measuring @entity384 ( @entity384 ) and @entity121 ( @entity121 ) are used to evaluate endothelial function in these @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five @entity1 with a diagnosis of exogenous @entity1378 and 25 full matched healthy subjects were enrolled. At first @entity384 and @entity121 of common carotid artery were obtained from all the @entity1 . In the second phase, in the second phase of study, the dosage of @entity1955 was reduced at least 25% of prior dosage, and this was continued until thyroid stimulating hormone became normal range. Measuring @entity384 and @entity121 was repeated after this intervention in the case group. RESULTS: The mean age of case and control groups were 38.48    12.05 and 36.72    11.15 years, respectively. The mean of @entity384 in healthy @entity1 was dramatically higher than the subclinical @entity1378 @entity1 (P < 0.001) but no statistically significant difference was found for @entity121 (P = 0.459). After intervention in the case group, @entity384 was meaningfully increased (P < 0.001) but @entity121 of common carotid artery was not considerably changed (P = 0.491). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that @entity384 decreased in exogenous subclinical @entity1378 @entity1 which could be partially restored by treatment. These findings suggest that treatment of subclinical @entity1378 state could improve @entity409 and at the end decreased the @entity65 .

title: Evaluation of endothelial function in exogenous subclinical XXXX and the effect of treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['flow-mediated dilation', 'FMD of brachial artery', 'FMD']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['levothyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['Subclinical hyperthyroidism', 'SHy', 'hyperthyroid']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intimae-media thickness']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular complications']

answer: @entity1378 :: (MESH:D006980,Disease) :: ['hyperthyroidism']


abstract: In recent years, marked progress has been made in the treatment of chronic @entity1956 . Several agents have been approved: interferon alpha-(IFN), pegylated @entity4020 ( @entity970 -IFN alpha2a), @entity16332 , @entity24488 , @entity17705 , @entity14278 and recently, @entity15833 . Each drug has advantages and limitations. IFN and @entity970 - @entity4020 a have the advantage of inducing a sustained virologic response after a defined, limited course of treatment. However, these drugs are only effective in a minority of @entity1 and have frequent side effects. Analogues have the advantage of being administered orally, with good safety profiles and a potent antiviral effect. However, these drugs need to be administered indefinitely since withdrawal of therapy is generally associated with reactivation, and a sustained response is uncommon except in HBeAg positive @entity1 who develop HBe seroconversion. In case of HBe seroconversion, therapy should usually be continued for at least another 24 weeks. The efficacy of @entity16332 is limited by the emergence of @entity16332 -resistant @entity97 . Adefovir is associated with a moderate incidence of resistance but its antiviral effect is not optimal. Entecavir has shown to be more effective with a favourable safety profile and a low incidence of resistance. @entity14278 is more potent and has a lower rate of resistance than @entity16332 but the resistance rate is significantly higher than other approved drugs. @entity15833 has a potent antiviral effect with a good resistance profile.

title: [Treatment of chronic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16332 :: ('MESH:D019259', 'Chemical') :: ['lamivudine']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity14278 :: ('MESH:C487779', 'Chemical') :: ['Telbivudine', 'telbivudine']

entities_list: @entity17705 :: ('MESH:C413685', 'Chemical') :: ['entecavir']

entities_list: @entity4020 :: ('3440', 'Gene') :: ['interferon alpha2a', 'IFN alpha2']

entities_list: @entity15833 :: ('MESH:C096918', 'Chemical') :: ['tenofovir', 'Tenofovir']

answer: @entity1956 :: (MESH:D006509,Disease) :: ['hepatitis B']


abstract: In 50 transhiatal esophageal mobilizations done from 1988 to 1998 at the @entity5 Institute (W.I.A.) in Chennai, India, injuries to the @entity825 were detected on 3 occasions: 1 in a @entity1 with @entity189 in @entity1 (1 male, 1 female) with @entity957 of the esophagus. The incidence of @entity130 during esophageal mobilization varies in different series. This is usually on the membranous posterior wall of the @entity825 . When recognized on the table, repair of the rent must be carried out. Persistent air leak through the intercostal tube or surgical @entity2415 developing over the face and neck in the postoperative period indicates an injury to the airway. A bronchoscopy will reveal the site of injury. If the lung is fully expanded and the stomach abuts the rent completely, the @entity1 may be observed. However, if the lung is collapsed and does not expand on applying negative suction to the intercostal tube or the injury is in the bronchi, the @entity1 is best reexplored to close the rent. With proper case selection and careful dissection of the esophagus, the problem of @entity130 can be avoided.

title: XXXX during transhiatal mobilization of the esophagus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the hypopharynx and 2']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Tracheal injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of cervical screening in the prevention of @entity3 among age groups, using a population-based case-control study in the province of Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Exposure was defined as cervical cytology history greater than 3 months before the diagnosis date of @entity5 (index date). Cases were @entity1 who were diagnosed with @entity5 between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2008. Controls were @entity1 without a diagnosis of @entity5 on, or before, December 31, 2008. Two controls were matched to each case on year of birth and income quintile, as of the index date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for having been screened among those with @entity5 . RESULTS: @entity5 screening performed between 3 and 36 months before the index date was protective against @entity3 in @entity1 aged 40 through 69 years. In @entity1 younger than 40 years, @entity5 screening performed 3 to 36 months before the index date was not protective. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical screening is associated with a reduced risk for @entity3 among @entity1 older than 40 years. @entity5 resources should be focused on maximizing the risk reduction.

title: Association between cervical screening and prevention of XXXX in ontario: a population-based case-control study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cervical cancer', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cervical cancer']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['invasive cervical cancer']


abstract: AIM: To compare the mucosal concentrations of @entity2983 ( @entity3504 ) resulting from different pharmaceutical formulations and analyse the influence of @entity32 on the mucosal concentrations. METHODS: The study included 130 @entity29 ( @entity29 ) @entity1 receiving @entity3504 as pH-dependent-release formulations (73 @entity1 ), time-dependent-release formulations (11 @entity1 ), or pro-drugs (18 @entity1 ). In addition, 28 @entity1 were receiving topical treatment (2-4 g/d) with pH-dependent-release formulations. Endoscopic biopsies were obtained from the sigmoid region during the colonoscopy. The @entity3504 concentrations (ng/mg) were measured in tissue homogenates using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The t test and Mann-Whitney test, when appropriate, were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: @entity1 receiving pH-dependent-release formulations showed significantly higher mucosal concentrations of @entity3504 (51.75    5.72 ng/mg) compared with @entity1 receiving pro-drugs (33.35    5.78 ng/mg, P = 0.01) or time-dependent-release formulations (38.24    5.53 ng/mg, P = 0.04). @entity1 with endoscopic remission had significantly higher mucosal concentrations of @entity3504 than @entity1 with active disease (60.14    7.95 ng/mg vs 35.66    5.68 ng/mg, P = 0.02). Similar results were obtained when we compared @entity1 with the histological appearance of remission and @entity1 with active histological @entity32 (67.53    9.22 ng/mg vs 35.53    5.63 ng/mg, P < 0.001). Significantly higher mucosal concentrations of @entity3504 were detected in @entity1 treated with both oral and topical treatments in combination compared with @entity1 who received oral treatment with pH-dependent-release formulations alone (72.33    11.23 ng/mg vs 51.75    5.72 ng/mg, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: @entity29 @entity1 showed significant variability in mucosal @entity3504 concentrations depending on the type of formulation, and the highest mean concentration was achieved using pH-dependent-release formulations.

title: XXXX colonic mucosal concentrations resulting from different pharmaceutical formulations in ulcerative colitis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminosalicylic acid']

answer: @entity3504 :: (CHEBI:6775,Chemical) :: ['5-ASA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal (MS) @entity158 is responsible for poor quality of life and decreased productivity. Objective information about the burden of @entity85 among the general community in India is scanty, and the few reports that exist are based on a small sample size. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This paper examines the issue of @entity4512 and its associated risk factors in a cross-sectional study of 2086 subjects from National Capital Region (NCR). RESULTS: Overall prevalence of @entity4512 was found to be 25.9%. @entity158 was found to be more frequent among females (31.3%) as compared with males (20.9%). Significant association of @entity158 in joints/limbs/knee/lower legs with @entity28 (OR = 2.1, P < 0.001) and high body fat (OR = 2.2, P < 0.001) was established. More than 50% of the subjects @entity615 . CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that @entity4512 is a significant @entity66 among the residents of NCR. @entity1 and subjects doing heavy work load, like agriculture and dairy farming, constitute the chief demographic groups. It is high time that a policy is framed to reduce this load of sickness.

title: XXXX and its associated risk factors in residents of National Capital Region.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['burden of disease']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['complained of backache']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal disorders']

answer: @entity4512 :: (MESH:D059352,Disease) :: ['Musculoskeletal pain']


abstract: Elevated or reduced velocity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) has been associated with @entity1645 (CMI). Thus, quantification of hydrodynamic parameters that describe the CSF dynamics could help assess disease severity and surgical outcome. In this study, we describe the methodology to quantify CSF hydrodynamic parameters near the CVJ and upper cervical spine utilizing subject-specific @entity5173 ( @entity5173 ) simulations based on in vivo MRI measurements of flow and geometry. Hydrodynamic parameters were computed for a healthy subject and two CMI @entity1 both pre- and post-decompression surgery to determine the differences between cases. For the first time, we present the methods to quantify @entity3057 ( @entity3057 ) to CSF motion, a subject-specific hydrodynamic parameter that may have value to help quantify the CSF flow blockage severity in CMI. In addition, the following hydrodynamic parameters were quantified for each case: maximum velocity in systole and diastole, Reynolds and Womersley number, and peak pressure drop during the CSF cardiac flow cycle. The following geometric parameters were quantified: cross-sectional area and hydraulic diameter of the spinal subarachnoid space (SAS). The mean values of the geometric parameters increased post-surgically for the CMI models, but remained smaller than the healthy volunteer. All hydrodynamic parameters, except pressure drop, decreased post-surgically for the CMI @entity1 , but remained greater than in the healthy case. Peak pressure drop alterations were mixed. To our knowledge this study represents the first subject-specific @entity5173 simulation of CMI decompression surgery and quantification of @entity3057 in the CSF space. Further study in a larger @entity1 and control group is needed to determine if the presented geometric and/or hydrodynamic parameters are helpful for surgical planning.

title: Hydrodynamic and XXXX analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics at the craniovertebral junction in @entity1645 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['CFD', 'computational fluid dynamics']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['type I Chiari malformation']

entities_list: @entity3057 :: ('MESH:D017887', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal impedance', 'LI']

answer: @entity3057 :: (MESH:D017887,Disease) :: ['longitudinal impedance']


abstract: Coordinated regulation of neuronal progenitor differentiation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) is a fundamental feature of adult neurogenesis. However, the molecular control of this process remains mostly undeciphered. Here, we investigate the role of neuregulins (NRGs) in this process and show that a NRG receptor, @entity21522 , is primarily expressed by polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule immature neuroblasts but is also detected in a subset of GFAP+ astroglial cells, ependymal cells, and @entity34516 + precursors in the SVZ. Of the NRG ligands, both @entity59332 are expressed by immature polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule neuroblasts in the SVZ. @entity59333 is also expressed by some of the GFAP+ putative stem cells lining the ventricles. Infusion of exogenous @entity33342 leads to rapid aggregation of @entity34516 + cells in the SVZ and affects the initiation and maintenance of organized neuroblast migration from the SVZ toward the olfactory bulb. In contrast, the infusion of @entity59333 increased the number of @entity14231 and GFAP+ precursors in the SVZ. An outcome of this @entity59333 effect is an increase in the number of newly generated migrating neuroblasts in the rostral migratory stream and GABAergic interneurons in the olfactory bulb. The analysis of conditional null @entity19 that lack NRG receptor, @entity21522 , in the nervous system revealed that the observed activities of @entity59333 require @entity21522 activation. These results indicate that different NRG ligands affect distinct populations of differentiating neural precursors in the neurogenic regions of the mature forebrain. Furthermore, these studies identify @entity59333 as a factor capable of promoting SVZ proliferation, leading to the formation of new neurons in vivo.

title: The role of neuregulin- XXXX interactions on the proliferation and organization of cells in the subventricular zone.

answer: @entity21522 :: (13869(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['ErbB4']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In July 1999, a rare strain of multidrug-resistant @entity11621 serovar Senftenberg was isolated from the sputum of a @entity130 @entity1 . Over a 6-year period (1999-2005) in northeast Florida, this @entity11621 serovar spread to 66 other @entity1 in 16 different healthcare facilities as a result of frequent transfers of @entity1 among institutions. To our knowledge, this is the first outbreak of healthcare-associated infection and colonization with a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of S. Senftenberg in the United States. OBJECTIVES: To investigate an outbreak of infection and colonization with an unusual strain of S. Senftenberg and assist with infection control measures. DESIGN: A case series, outbreak investigation, and microbiological study of all samples positive for S. Senftenberg on culture. SETTING: Cases of S. Senftenberg infection and colonization occurred in hospitals and long-term care facilities in 2 counties in northeast Florida. RESULTS: The affected @entity1 were mostly elderly @entity1 with multiple medical conditions. They were frequently transferred between healthcare facilities. This @entity11621 serovar was capable of long-term colonization of chronically ill @entity1 . All S. Senftenberg isolates tested shared a similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. CONCLUSION: A prolonged outbreak of infection and colonization with multidrug-resistant S. Senftenberg was identified in several healthcare facilities throughout the Jacksonville, Florida, area and became established when infection control measures failed. The bacterial agent was capable of long-term colonization in chronically ill @entity1 . Because the dispersal pattern of this strain suggested a breakdown of infection control practices, a multipronged intervention approach was undertaken that included intense education of personnel in the different institutions, interinstitutional cooperation, and transfer paperwork notification.

title: Outbreak of healthcare-associated infection and colonization with multidrug-resistant XXXX serovar Senftenberg in Florida.

entities_list: @entity11621 :: ('28901', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella', 'Salmonella enterica']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

answer: @entity11621 :: (28901,Species) :: ['Salmonella enterica']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the potential benefits of automatic monitoring of accumulated @entity1 and staff dose indicators, i.e., CAK and @entity25108 , from DICOM Radiation Dose Structured Reports (RDSR) in x- @entity16039 angiography (XA). METHODS: Recently RDSR has enabled the convenient aggregation of dose indices and technique parameters for XA procedures. The information contained in RDSR objects for three XA systems, dedicated to different types of clinical procedures, has been collected and aggregated in a database for over one year using a system developed with open-source software at the Karolinska University Hospital. @entity1 weight was complemented to the RDSR data via an interface with the Hospital Information System (HIS). RESULTS: The linearly approximated trend in @entity25108 over a time period of a year for cerebrovascular, pelvic/peripheral vascular, and cardiovascular procedures showed a decrease of 12%, 20%, and 14%, respectively. The decrease was mainly due to hardware/software upgrades and new low-dose imaging protocols, and partially due to ongoing systematic radiation safety education of the clinical staff. The CAK was in excess of 3 Gy for 15 procedures, and exceeded 5 Gy for 3 procedures. The dose indices have also shown a significant @entity734 on @entity1 weight for @entity65 ; a 10 kg shift in mean @entity1 weight can result in a dose index increase of 25%. CONCLUSION: Automatic monitoring of accumulated dose indices can be utilized to notify the clinical staff and medical physicists when the dose index has exceeded a predetermined action level. This allows for convenient and systematic follow-up of @entity1 in risk of developing deterministic skin injuries. Furthermore, trend analyses of dose indices over time is a valuable resource for the identification of potential positive or negative effects (dose increase/decrease) from changes in hardware, software, and clinical work habits.

title: SU-E-I-10: Automatic Monitoring of Accumulated Dose Indices From DICOM RDSR to Improve Radiation Safety in X- XXXX Angiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and pelvic/peripheral vascular procedures']

answer: @entity16039 :: (255564,Species) :: ['Ray']


abstract: @entity3555 due to @entity796 arising from arteriovenous (AV) fistula and graft infection is unusual. We report an uncommon case of a 55-year-old @entity1 housewife with chronic @entity631 who had received hemodialysis (HD) for 5 years. She was admitted due to frequent episodes of @entity2548 and graft infections in the past 5 years. She was admitted to our hospital because of a @entity221 of unknown origin. During hospitalization, cardiac sonography and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed a vegetation over the mitral valve. Blood culture yielded @entity796 . @entity735 was diagnosed by funduscopy because of painful @entity2194 with exudative discharge. The @entity1 was treated with @entity5505 for 9 weeks. Since then, she has been well, without any sequale after 1 year of following up. Physicians should be aware of the possibility of @entity884 in an @entity1381 @entity1 who suffers from @entity221 of unknown origin. Early diagnosis with an adequate tool such as TEE and appropriate treatment will lead to an excellent prognosis.

title: @entity796 XXXX associated with endophthalmitis caused by @entity2548 and graft infection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['redness of the right eye']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['Endophthalmitis of the right eye']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['AV fistula']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity3555 :: ('MESH:D004697', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['endocarditis']


abstract: Up to September, 1993, several questions were open on the use of @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors after @entity583 . The SAVE trial has shown that @entity1 with @entity1002 and a recent (mean 11 days) @entity583 benefit from assuming captopril per os during the subsequent clinical course. The SOLVD trials have indicated that therapy with @entity4688 per os increases the survival of @entity1 with @entity1002 , a history of @entity583 and hemodynamic decompensation. However, the CONSENSUS II trial has not shown similar results on @entity1 with all range left ventricular function, treated within 24 hours of @entity1188 with i.v. enalaprilat and then enalapril per os. In this study, 6-month mortality has been slightly better in the placebo group, and there seems not to be any subgroup benefitting from the @entity1289 inhibitor. In October and November, 1993, the International Cardiologic Community has received the results of 3 large multicenter trials on postinfarction @entity1 : the @entity11115 (ramipril per os), the GISSI 3 (lisinopril per os) and the ISIS 4 (captopril per os) studies. These trials has pointed out the followings: 1) prompt therapy (within 24 hours of @entity662 ) with @entity1289 inhibitors is able to improve short term survival in @entity1 with clinical evidence of @entity712 , in @entity1 and old @entity1 ; 2) @entity1289 inhibitors and @entity6836 derivatives are complementary therapies in the acute and subacute phase of @entity1188 , and their association produces the best improvement in short-term survival. There seems to be no intelligible reason, up to now, to deem that any @entity1289 inhibitor should be considered better than another one in the acute phase of @entity1188 , but still during the first 72 hours after the onset of @entity662 the advantages have been shown only with @entity3593 and @entity3371 . The negative results of the CONSENSUS II trial are probably dependent on the excessively abrupt acute @entity551 effect of i.v. enalaprilat. This last "large trial" decade has taught us that many treatments can be advantageous for @entity583 but, apart from thrombolysis, all other medical therapies should not be given extensively, but to peculiar @entity1 carefully selected on clinical grounds. Guidelines from official consensus conferences are expected now, to segregate different patterns of clinical presentations to be treated differently.

title: [ @entity1289 inhibitors during acute phase of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['lisinopril']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarct']


abstract: PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To study the psychosocial adjustment of partners/spouses of @entity1 with @entity5 at four specific stages of the illness trajectory time of diagnosis, period of first remission, first recurrence, and period of metastatic disease. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey. SETTINGS: A university @entity5 center, a private @entity5 clinic, and a clinic in a large city serving @entity1 who are uninsured and unable to pay for their treatment. SAMPLE: 175 partners of @entity1 who were in one of four specific stages of the illness trajectory participated in this study, Various types of @entity5 were represented. Seventy-seven @entity1 were @entity1 , and 98 were @entity1 ; their mean age was 49 years. METHODS: A survey questionnaire was used to collect data on psychosocial adjustment, specific sources of social support, dyadic adjustment, coping strategies, emotional response, cognitive response, and personal control. FINDINGS: Results indicate that partners of @entity1 who were experiencing a recurrence of their illness or who were in the metastatic stage of the disease were more vulnerable to increased distress and problems of adjustment. @entity1 also reported higher levels of distress than @entity1 . Variables that had the most significant direct affect on adjustment were emotional response, cognitive response, family support, and partner cohesion. Coping strategies influenced emotion and cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Caring for partners is essential to promoting quality of life for the @entity1 and the family. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Assessment, providing an opportunity to express concerns, and referral for psychosocial intervention as necessary are important to promote the highest possible quality of life for partners and @entity1 .

title: Coping with a partner's XXXX : adjustment at four stages of the illness trajectory.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'Women', 'patient', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: So far there are no published data on optimal duration of chemotherapy for advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ); six or more courses are usually recommended. We have carried out a multicenter randomized trial comparing three versus six courses of chemotherapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with stage IIIb or IV @entity1149 were randomized at start of treatment to receive either three or six courses of @entity1138 8 mg/m(2) (courses 1, 2, 4, and 6), @entity5713 6 mg/m(2), and @entity900 50 mg/m(2) (MVP) every 21 days. Treatment was stopped early in both arms for progressive disease or unacceptable @entity137 . Key end points were overall survival, duration of symptom relief, and quality-of-life assessment using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) core questionnaire QLQ-C30 with @entity2 -specific module QLQ-LC13. RESULTS: Three hundred eight @entity1 were randomized. Seventy-two percent of the 155 @entity1 randomized to three courses completed treatment. In the 153 @entity1 randomized to six courses, 73% completed three courses and 31% six courses. Median survival was 6 versus 7 months, respectively, and 1-year survival 22% versus 25% (P =.2). Median duration of symptom relief was 4.5 months (both arms), and 8% versus 18% had continuing symptom relief (P =.4). Quality-of-life parameters were the same or improved for @entity1 randomized to only three courses, including significantly decreased fatigue (P =.03) and a trend toward @entity1209 (P =.06). CONCLUSION: Our findings show no evidence for additional clinical benefit by continuing MVP chemotherapy beyond three courses. This challenges current orthodoxy of six courses or more. Further trials addressing duration of chemotherapy are now warranted, particularly with newer chemotherapy schedules.

title: Duration of chemotherapy in advanced @entity1149 : a randomized trial of three versus six courses of @entity1138 , @entity5713 , and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['decreased nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: Twenty-seven @entity1 treated with high-dose @entity1505 , @entity379 and melphalan by isolated limb perfusion were histologically documented. There were 20 cases of @entity320 -in-transit metastases and 7 cases of high-grade soft-tissue @entity242 . Biopsies were taken before @entity379 , after @entity379 , before @entity310 and between 2 hr and 60 days after the @entity310 perfusion. Immunohistochemistry was performed for adhesion molecules ICAM-I, @entity4105 -I (E selectin), VCAM-I and PECAM. During the first hours after beginning perfusion, the endothelial cells of the @entity5 capillaries appeared swollen. Significant @entity5 @entity39 was already observed 3 hours after the perfusion in @entity320 cases. The overall predominant feature was @entity39 associated or not with @entity6243 . @entity310 induced increased expression of @entity4105 -I and VCAM-I adhesion molecules on intratumoral endothelial cells. The activated @entity5 vessels were progressively destroyed. Significant intravascular recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) was observed 3 hr after starting @entity310 ; it was followed by diapedesis and @entity5 colonization 3 days later. T lymphocytes and macrophages were detected during the first 7 days and B lymphocytes during the second week. @entity320 in transit metastases treated with alkylating agent alone did not show significant @entity39 and did not express high levels of adhesion molecules ( @entity4105 -I, VCAM-I) nor infiltration by PMN.

title: Early endothelium activation and polymorphonuclear cell invasion precede specific @entity39 of @entity1 @entity320 and @entity242 treated by intravascular high-dose XXXX @entity39 factor alpha ( @entity1505 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6243 :: ('MESH:D006474', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis', 'coagulative necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Melanoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Malignant transformation of cells is frequently associated with abnormalities in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression. These abnormalities may play a role in the clinical course of the disease, because HLAs mediate interactions of @entity5 cells with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. @entity995 is the most common intraocular @entity5 in childhood and is characterized by direct spread to the optic nerve and orbit as well as hematogeneous and lymphatic spread. Little is known about the role of HLA expression in the progression of this @entity5 . METHODS: @entity1531 , @entity2262 ( @entity2262 ), HLA Class II antigens, and the antigen-processing molecules (APMs) of the HLA Class I pathway, including proteasomal subunits ( @entity10553 [ @entity10553 ] and @entity8459 ), the transporter-associated protein ( @entity16595 ) subunit, the binding protein tapasin, and the chaperone molecule @entity3395 , were studied in 30 archival @entity995 specimens by immunohistochemistry. Immunoanalysis was performed based on the International Histocompatibility Working Group Project Description. RESULTS: @entity1531 , @entity2262 , HLA Class II antigen, and APMs were positive in 12 @entity5 with no invasion and were @entity5 with @entity1781 . The difference in HLA and APM expression between the 2 groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased expression of HLA was observed in aggressive @entity5 and in poorly differentiated @entity5 . The current findings support a role for both CTLs and NK cell-mediated control of @entity5 growth in the clinical course of @entity995 .

title: Major histocompatibility antigens and antigen-processing molecules in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant disease', 'decreased in 13 tumors', 'malignant tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta2-microglobulin', 'beta2-m']

entities_list: @entity10553 :: ('5698', 'Gene') :: ['low-molecular mass polypeptide 2', 'LMP-2']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal and optic nerve invasion']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['Retinoblastoma', 'retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastoma']


abstract: Obesity, a well-known phenomenon in Western society, is frequently associated with @entity65 . @entity64 , @entity583 , @entity6 and @entity407 are classical reasons for the high mortality and morbidity of overweight @entity1 . For this reason, intensive weight-reduction programs have been proposed: low-calorie diets, total starvation, drugs and even surgery. Total starvation and some low-calorie diets are, however, also associated with @entity944 , most probably of cardiac origin. Experimental data from our laboratory show that total starvation is accompanied by a severe depletion of @entity1760 in myocardial tissue. Protein-sparing modified low-calorie diets, however, can protect against this mineral loss even if @entity1760 supplementation alone cannot obtain this goal. Applying these principles in overweight @entity1 show @entity353 without mineral loss or cardiac disturbance. Surgery with 'ileal bypass' procedures gives rise to severe @entity1272 and @entity3747 with @entity116 and @entity116 . New procedures, derived from experimental surgery, are 'gastric bypass' and 'gastroplasty'. These methods, only applied in very @entity28 @entity1 (body mass index greater than 40, normal 23-27) show no change in mineral concentrations of @entity460 and @entity1760 and no clinical symptoms suggestive for mineral loss. A good, controlled weight-reduction program under strict medical surveillance can, in this way, offer new perspectives in the treatment of one of our most frequent 'culture-induced' diseases.

title: @entity1760 and XXXX : effects of treatment on @entity1760 and other parameters.

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['Strokes']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight reduction']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity1272 :: ('MESH:C537153', 'Disease') :: ['hypomagnesemia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity116 :: ('MESH:D013746', 'Disease') :: ['tetany', 'spasmophilia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular and endocrine disease']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: Optimal hemodialysis prescription through real-time blood @entity1133 (BU) monitoring and closed loop control of @entity1133 removal would be of significant clinical value. Progress toward a bedside BU analyzer and a control system is described here. An Amicon Minifilter inserted into the arterial bloodline provides a 1 ml/min stream of protein free ultrafiltrate for analysis. In vitro tests with @entity291 blood have shown excellent @entity1867 ( @entity1867 ) and ultrafiltrate (CU) @entity1133 levels: @entity1867 = 0.961CU + 0.071, (n = 34, r = 0.998). In clinical hemodialysis studies, CU accurately represented the decay in @entity1867 . The BU analyzer uses a standard UV endpoint assay with a proportioning roller pump. The absorbance of the reacted mixture is read in a spectrophotometer after a 5 min incubation. For future control system design, the transfer function (TF) of the BU analyzer was measured using multifrequency binary testing. The data indicated that the analyzer may be modeled by a second order TF with a pure time delay. The same form of TF was also found to describe the Minifilter. Control of the removal rate of @entity1219 (substituted for @entity1133 ) through automatic dialysate flow adjustment has been achieved with a simulated dialyzer- @entity1 circuit (using a conductivity probe in place of the BU analyzer). A modified BU analyzer using computer controlled precision syringes for improved sample processing time and accuracy is also reported.

title: Development of a blood XXXX monitoring system for the closed loop control of dialysis.

entities_list: @entity1867 :: ('MESH:D008796', 'Disease') :: ['correlation between plasma', 'CP']

answer: @entity1133 :: (MESH:D014508,Chemical) :: ['urea']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the @entity20376 formed on root canal walls during canal preparation of extracted @entity1 teeth by Twisted, Mtwo, and ProTaper rotary nickel @entity702 instruments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty single rooted @entity1 premolar teeth with root curvature <25(0) were selected and randomly divided into three Groups (n= 20 teeth per Group). Three types of rotary nickel @entity702 instruments were used, Twisted (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA), Mtwo (VDW, Munich, Germany) and ProTaper (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) according to manufacturer's instructions to instrument the root canals. Irrigation for all groups was performed after each instrument change with 3ml of 3% @entity8830 followed by Glyde (File Prep, Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) as chelator paste and lubricant. Three different areas (coronal, middle and apical thirds) of the root canal were evaluated using @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ). The canal wall of each sample was assessed and compared using a predefined scale for the presence or absence of @entity20376 . Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey HSD test Results: All three groups showed statistically significant more @entity20376 in the apical thirds of the canal as compared to the coronal and middle thirds (p<0.001). Mtwo rotary file system produced significantly less @entity20376 (p<0.001) compared to Twisted and ProTaper rotary instruments in the apical portion. Twisted Files resulted in less @entity20376 formation in the apical thirds of the canal compared to ProTaper rotary instruments but were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: Completely clean root canals were not found after instrumentation with any of the three instruments. Under the confines of this study Mtwo instruments produced significantly cleaner dentin wall surfaces throughout the canal length in comparison to Twisted and ProTaper rotary files. Twisted Files proved to be comparable to ProTaper rotary instruments with respect to @entity8782 in the apical thirds of the root canal.

title: A Comparative XXXX Investigation of Smear Layer Remaining on Dentinal Walls by Three Rotary NiTi Files with Different Cross Sectional Designs in Moderately Curved Canals.

entities_list: @entity8782 :: ('MESH:D056735', 'Disease') :: ['canal cleanliness']

entities_list: @entity8830 :: ('MESH:D012973', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hypochlorite']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity20376 :: ('MESH:D016369', 'Disease') :: ['smear layer']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscopy']

answer: @entity4653 :: (MESH:D004401,Disease) :: ['SEM']


abstract: We have previously described an alternative form of RNA polymerase II in @entity375 lacking the Srb and Med proteins but including Pafl, @entity62539 , Hprl, and @entity37443 . The Pafl-RNA polymerase II complex ( @entity54415 complex) acts in the same pathway as the @entity19623 -mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and is required for full expression of many cell wall biosynthetic genes. The expression of several of these cell integrity genes, as well as many other @entity54415 -requiring genes identified by differential display and microarray analyses, is regulated during the cell cycle. To determine whether the @entity54415 complex is required for basal or cyclic expression of these genes, we assayed transcript abundance throughout the cell cycle. We found that transcript abundance for a subset of cell cycle-regulated genes, including @entity28255 , HO, @entity19684 , and @entity46887 , is reduced from 2- to 13-fold in a paf1delta strain, but that this reduction is not promoter dependent. Despite the decreased expression levels, cyclic expression is still observed. We also examined the possibility that the @entity54415 complex acts in the same pathway as either SBF ( @entity34099 / @entity34100 ) or MBF ( @entity34101 / @entity34100 ), the partially redundant cell cycle transcription factors. Consistent with the possibility that they have overlapping essential functions, we found that loss of @entity54415 is lethal in combination with loss of @entity34099 or @entity34100 . In addition, overexpression of either @entity34099 or @entity34101 suppresses some paf1delta phenotypes. These data establish that the @entity54415 complex plays an important role in the essential regulatory pathway controlled by SBF and MBF.

title: The XXXX pafl-rNA polymerase II complex is required for full expression of a subset of cell cycle-regulated genes.

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: While @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) is an infamous carcinogen, it is also an effective chemotherapeutic agent for @entity2799 and some solid @entity5 . In @entity1 @entity957 A431 cells, we found that @entity9188 induced cell death in time- and dose-dependent manners. Similarly, dependent regulation of the @entity994 ( @entity994 ) promoter, mRNA synthesis, and resultant protein expression was also observed. Additionally, transfection of a small interfering RNA of @entity994 could block the @entity9188 -induced cell growth arrest. The @entity9188 -induced @entity994 activation was attenuated by inhibitors of @entity470 and @entity8047 in a dose-dependent manner. Using a reporter assay, we demonstrated the involvement of the @entity470 -Ras-Raf- @entity1366 pathway in the promoter activation. In contrast, @entity4675 inhibitor enhanced the @entity9188 -induced @entity994 activation, also in a dose-dependent fashion. Over-expression of a dominant negative @entity4675 plasmid likewise also enhanced this activation. Furthermore, @entity8047 inhibitor attenuated the anti- @entity5 effect of @entity9188 . In contrast, in combination with @entity4675 inhibitor and @entity9188 enhanced cellular @entity137 . Therefore, we conclude that in A431 cells the @entity1366 and @entity4675 pathways might differentially contribute to @entity9188 -induced @entity994 expression and then due to cellular @entity137 .

title: Opposite effect of XXXX and @entity4675 on p53-independent @entity994 activation involved in the @entity4447 -induced @entity1 @entity957 A431 cellular @entity137 .

entities_list: @entity4447 :: ('MESH:C006632', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic trioxide']

entities_list: @entity2799 :: ('MESH:D015473', 'Disease') :: ['acute promyelocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['epidermoid carcinoma']

answer: @entity1366 :: (5595;5594,Gene) :: ['ERK1/2']


abstract: The importance of @entity859 for reactive hyperaemia in subcutaneous adipose tissue was studied in healthy volunteers, using the @entity859 uptake inhibitor @entity4341 (bolus 0.1 mg/kg i.v. followed by infusion of 0.7 microgram/kg/min) and the @entity859 receptor antagonist @entity2544 (4 or 6 mg/kg i.v.). Basal blood flow, total blood flow and hyperaemia (total minus basal flow) after a 20-min arterial occlusion were measured in the distal femoral region by the 133Xe washout technique with and without drug treatment. Basal blood flow (mean +/- SEM) was 2.4 +/- 0.3 ml/min/100 g, while total post-occlusive flow and total reactive hyperaemia were 97.3 +/- 8.4 and 61.8 +/- 6.5 ml/100 g, respectively, without drug treatment. Basal blood flow was unaffected by @entity4341 but the total flow and hyperaemia were enhanced by 49 +/- 24 and 60 +/- 31%, respectively (P less than 0.05 for both). This enhancement was due to increases in both amplitude and duration of the hyperaemia. Neither basal blood flow, total post-occlusive flow nor hyperaemia were significantly altered by @entity2544 . The amplitude of the enhanced hyperaemia during @entity4341 was not significantly counteracted by simultaneous @entity2544 treatment (6 mg/kg) but the duration of hyperaemia was reduced from 13 +/- 1 to 8 +/- 1 min (P less than 0.01). The results suggest that endogenous @entity859 does not regulate basal blood flow or reactive hyperaemia of limited duration in @entity1 adipose tissue. However, reactive hyperaemia may be enhanced by pharmacological elevation of endogenous @entity859 levels.

title: Effects of @entity4341 and XXXX on reactive hyperaemia in subcutaneous adipose tissue in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

answer: @entity2544 :: (MESH:D013806,Chemical) :: ['theophylline']


abstract: Evidence at the scene of @entity204 and the postmortem examination led the pathologist to conclude suicide by intentional @entity2690 @entity1445 . The examination was conducted one day after the @entity1 's @entity204 . The amount of @entity2690 injected is not known, but levels of @entity2690 in the vitreous gel were extremely high. While @entity413 and @entity2690 are more stable in vitreous than in postmortem blood, the longer the delay between @entity204 and sample collection, the greater the uncertainty of the exact concentrations of substances at the time of @entity204 [42]. @entity1 with @entity6 may have at their disposal the resources to end their lives; misuse of @entity2690 and suicide by @entity2690 @entity1445 are presumably underreported events. Not only do diabetics have @entity2690 available, but they may also have narcotics, tricyclic antidepressants or other drugs that are toxic at high doses. Even in the absence of @entity308 , all @entity1 with @entity6 face multiple emotional issues related to the diagnosis and course of the disease. @entity6 often requires significant lifestyle changes, such as diet and physical activity, upon its diagnosis. @entity1 face the possibility of long-term, possibly debilitating, complications: @entity1018 , @entity250 , and amputation. Any podiatrist who treats a large number of @entity6 @entity1 will encounter the situation of a @entity1 at risk of losing a limb. A @entity1 may consciously or unconsciously view amputation as punishment; limb loss interferes physically with bodily function and has extensive emotional consequences as well. It is important for @entity1 to be involved with a healthcare team (including primary care physician, nurse educator, ophthalmologist, and podiatrist) that provides support throughout their lives [3]. As learned early on in podiatry school, podiatric physicians don't treat feet; they treat @entity1 who have foot problems. It is as important to know when to refer a @entity1 to the primary care physician or a psychiatrist for mental health complaints as it is to know when to refer a @entity1 to an orthopedic surgeon for hip @entity158 or to an ophthalmologist for vision problems. We do not propose that this @entity1 's @entity6 was the direct cause of his @entity308 and suicide; however, the prevalence of @entity308 in the general population and its even higher rates in @entity1 with chronic medical illness require awareness of these problems by all members of the medical profession.

title: @entity308 and chronic XXXX . A case report of suicide.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['vision loss']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetic foot disease']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic foot disability']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and radiologic spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation of 4H ( @entity17 , @entity2651 , hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) @entity8431 caused by mutations in @entity21168 or @entity57632 . METHODS: We performed a multinational cross-sectional observational study of the clinical, radiologic, and molecular characteristics of 105 mutation-proven cases. RESULTS: The majority of @entity1 presented before 6 years with gross motor delay or regression. Ten percent had an onset beyond 10 years. The disease course was milder in @entity1 with @entity57632 than in @entity1 with @entity21168 mutations. Other than the typical neurologic, dental, and endocrine features, @entity1714 was seen in almost all and short stature in 50%. Dental and hormonal findings were not invariably present. Mutations in @entity21168 and @entity57632 were distributed throughout the genes. Except for French Canadian @entity1 , @entity1 from European backgrounds were more likely to have @entity57632 mutations than other populations. Most @entity1 carried the common @entity57633 @entity57632 mutation on one allele, homozygosity for which causes a mild phenotype. Systematic MRI review revealed that the combination of @entity17 with relative T2 hypointensity of the ventrolateral thalamus, optic radiation, globus pallidus, and dentate nucleus, @entity76 , and thinning of the corpus callosum suggests the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: 4H is a well-recognizable clinical entity if all features are present. Mutations in @entity21168 are associated with a more severe clinical course. MRI characteristics are helpful in addressing the diagnosis, especially if @entity1 lack the cardinal non-neurologic features.

title: Clinical spectrum of 4H XXXX caused by @entity21168 and @entity57632 mutations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['hypomyelination']

entities_list: @entity2651 :: ('MESH:D000848', 'Disease') :: ['hypodontia']

entities_list: @entity8431 :: ('MESH:D007966', 'Disease') :: ['leukodystrophy']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar atrophy']

answer: @entity8431 :: (MESH:D007966,Disease) :: ['leukodystrophy']


abstract: A @entity263 screening study of 315 asymptomatic @entity1 comparing digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound identified 23 @entity5 , for a detection rate of 7.3%. Of the @entity5 17 (5.4%) were diagnosed by digital rectal examination. Contrary to the experience of others, this was a higher rate than achieved by transrectal ultrasound (14 cases or 4.4%). Systematic multiple needle biopsies of both lobes with ultrasound guidance were routinely performed. As a result of this technique 7 of 23 @entity5 (30%) were fortuitously diagnosed. In addition, only unilateral disease was suspected in 4 of 7 @entity1 with bilateral disease on biopsy. Digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound identified the same number of @entity1 with small (less than 1.5 cm.) @entity5 , contrary to other reports that found transrectal ultrasound to be superior. Digital rectal examination is considered an effective screening examination, equivalent to transrectal ultrasound and preferable because of lower cost. An algorithm for screening is outlined with digital rectal examination and @entity1486 determinations.

title: XXXX : comparison of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound for screening.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe adaptations in power output, quadriceps muscle strength, and fatigability that occur during a 13-week regimen of Functional Electrical Stimulation Leg Cycle Ergometry (FES-LCE) in @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). To identify differences in outcomes between individuals with @entity73 . DESIGN: Observational and longitudinal. SETTING: Rehabilitation and biomechanics research laboratory. @entity1 : Eleven (N = 11) individuals with @entity1566 and no previous FES-LCE experience. INTERVENTION: 40 sessions of FES-LCE at a rate of three sessions per week. Continuous exercise was performed at a pedal cadence of 45 RPM against a constant resistance for up to 60 minutes. OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean power output was recorded for each session. Before and after the training regimen, each subject performed a fatigue test in which electrically stimulated knee extension torque and Fatigue Index were measured. RESULTS: @entity1 demonstrated significant increases in mean power output (9.0 to 20.3 W; p < 0.001), peak isometric knee extension torque (3.8 to 16.9 Nm; p = 0.006) and sustainable isometric knee extension torque (4.9 to 14.4 Nm; p = 0.001) after FES-LCE training (95% confidence intervals). @entity1 with incomplete @entity73 demonstrated a decrease in Fatigue Index (p = 0.021), and improved mean power output more than those with @entity73 (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvements in muscle conditioning and exercise performance are possible following the 13-week regimen of FES-LCE described in this article. Individuals with incomplete @entity73 experience greater improvements in mean power output than individuals with @entity73 .

title: Strength and endurance adaptations to functional electrical stimulation leg cycle ergometry in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal Cord Injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['motor impairment', 'complete motor impairment', 'complete and incomplete motor impairment']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: Epigenetic aberrations have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of most @entity5 . To investigate the clinical significance of epigenetic changes in @entity521 , we evaluated the relationship between clinicopathologic variables and the pattern of gene methylation in @entity521 cell lines and @entity5 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Methylation-specific PCR was used to evaluate the gene methylation status of 19 genes in 14 @entity521 cell lines and 8 genes in 70 primary @entity5 . Associations between gene methylation, established prognostic factors, and outcome were evaluated. Log-rank tests were used to identify the number of methylated genes that was most predictive of overall survival. RESULTS: Epigenetic changes were detected in the @entity521 cell lines and @entity5 , although the pattern of methylation varied. Eight of the 19 genes analyzed were methylated in >70% of the cell lines. Epigenetic changes of four genes were detected in only small numbers of cell lines. None of the cell lines had methylation of the other seven genes analyzed. In primary @entity5 , high-risk disease and poor outcome were associated with methylation of @entity3051 , @entity8186 , and @entity21210 individually. Although methylation of the other five individual genes was not predictive of poor outcome, a trend toward decreased survival was seen in @entity1 with a methylation phenotype, defined as > or =4 methylated genes (P = 0.055). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that clinically aggressive @entity5 have aberrant methylation of multiple genes and provides a rationale for exploring treatment strategies that include demethylating agents.

title: Methylation of @entity8186 , XXXX , and @entity21210 in @entity521 is associated with poor outcome.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'cancers', 'neuroblastoma tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity3051 :: (8793,Gene) :: ['DCR2']


abstract: @entity31937 ( @entity31938 ) is a redox active essential nutrient that can generate or scavenge @entity224 depending on its microenvironment. @entity31938 has been shown previously to be neuroprotective in a @entity64 model. Here we test whether @entity31938 interacts with reactive @entity1568 species, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of @entity64 . Using @entity35 forebrain neurons in culture, we determined that the @entity137 of SIN-1 was mediated by @entity6710 and that @entity31938 could block this toxic action. However, @entity31938 could not block the @entity137 of @entity6710 itself. Both SIN-1 and @entity6710 caused @entity855 depletion, but only SIN-1 evoked @entity855 depletion was blocked by @entity31938 . In a cell-free system, @entity31938 blocked nitration of bovine serum albumin produced by SIN-1, but potentiated @entity6710 -induced nitration. @entity31938 was unable to block @entity855 depletion and cell death induced by NO. donors (DEA/NO, @entity12952 /NO and @entity2471 /NO), indicating that it does not directly interact with @entity842 , and suggesting that it acts as a @entity224 scavenger. @entity31938 significantly potentiated @entity6708 accumulation evoked by SIN-1, similar to the effect of @entity224 dismutase (SOD). However, unlike SOD, which potentiated @entity2359 induced by SIN-1, @entity31938 blocked its @entity137 , arguing against the possibility that @entity31938 functions simply as a SOD mimetic. Indeed, substantially less @entity274 was produced by the incubation of SIN-1 with @entity31938 , when compared to SOD. These results suggest that @entity31938 scavenges @entity224 without forming toxic levels of @entity274 . Therefore, the protective effect of @entity31938 on @entity64 might be due, at least in part, to the suppression of @entity6710 formation.

title: The essential nutrient XXXX may act as a neuroprotectant by suppressing @entity6710 formation.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'rodent stroke']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity6710 :: ('MESH:D030421', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxynitrite']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity31937 :: ('MESH:D045542', 'Chemical') :: ['Pyrroloquinoline quinone']

answer: @entity31937 :: (MESH:D045542,Chemical) :: ['pyrroloquinoline quinone']


abstract: In this enzyme-antigen immunoassay for @entity1 placental alkaline phosphatase ( @entity623 ; EC 3.1.3.1.) in serum and tissue extracts, polyclonal rabbit antiserum to mouse IgG2b is adsorbed to the wells of a microtiter plate, its excess binding sites are blocked, then it is incubated with murine monoclonal anti- @entity623 and mixed with serially diluted standard or sample antigen. The amount of antigen bound is determined by measuring its enzymic activity. The standard curve is linear for @entity623 concentrations of 0.2 to 1 U/L. The mean within-assay CV was 3.8% (SD 0.9%) for a serum sample and 6.1% (SD 3.0%) for a tissue extract. The respective mean between-assay CVs were: 6.7% (SD 2.0%), and 7.0% (SD 2.0%). Serum @entity623 concentrations, determined in four different dilutions, had a CV of 5.5%. We evaluated the method by standard additions and by comparing dilution curves for purified @entity623 , @entity623 in serum, and @entity623 in tissue extracts. The upper limit of activity in normal subjects was 0.1 U/L for serum samples, and 1.0 mU/g wet weight of tissue for tissue extracts. @entity623 activity was increased in 9.8% of all @entity5 @entity1 , and in 40% of @entity43 @entity1 . Almost half of the @entity5 biopsies were positive for @entity623 activity, and 94% of the biopsies from @entity43 had an increased activity of this isoenzyme. Of the nonmalignant tissues examined, normal lung tissue had the highest @entity623 activity.

title: Enzyme-antigen immunoassay for @entity1 placental alkaline phosphatase in serum and tissue extracts, and its application as a XXXX marker.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian neoplasia', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: Current understanding of the genesis of @entity532 suggests that @entity455 , such as @entity731 and @entity101 , are associated with changes in structural and functional parameters. Experimental and epidemiological data suggest that activation of the renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system plays an important role in the development of micro- and @entity455 . Most of the negative cardiovascular actions of @entity2178 are mediated through @entity7743 receptors, whereas the @entity19496 receptors mediate largely beneficial effects. Hence, compared to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), selective @entity7743 receptor blockers (ARBs) should provide additional end organ protection via @entity19496 receptors activation. Although ACEIs are useful therapeutically, they are being currently displaced by ARBs. Enhanced @entity460 ion channel activity is reported in vascular smooth muscles from @entity6 animal models. Clinical benefits of @entity460 channel blockers (CCBs) in @entity6 @entity101 @entity1 are controversial, but there is increasing experimental evidence for the beneficial effects of @entity7236 -type CCBs. Although the treatment of @entity101 in @entity65 , the ideal strategy for treating @entity101 in @entity6 has not been well defined and warrants a combination approach. Only limited clinical data regarding the use of ARBs in combination with CCBs in @entity6 are available. The experimental data suggest that combination of a CCB and an @entity7743 receptor blocker, or a hypothetical dual blocker of @entity7743 receptors as well as of @entity460 channels would be an ideal regimen. There is, however, no conclusive clinical evidence to support the combined use of these drugs. This review highlights the available experimental data that support the therapeutic benefits of this combination.

title: Saga of renin-angiotensin system and XXXX channels in @entity101 @entity6 : does it have a therapeutic edge?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular complications', 'macro-vascular complications']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity7236 :: ('MESH:C038806', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics reduces cardiovascular and microvascular complications']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: @entity1963 is rare in adults and represents a unique problem in the diagnosis and therapy. The permanent symptoms of the disease are persistent chronic @entity1142 and meteorism. The degree of @entity1142 depends on the length and narrowing of the aganglionary segment, diet and compensatory capacities of the bowel. Already known characteristics of agangliosis (absence of ganglions cells in intramuscular and submucous plexus, changes in nerve fibers and increased cholinesterase activity of the parasympathetic nerve fibers) cause impairment in peristalsis of the aganglionary segment and insufficient relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. The result is a functional refractory @entity1142 . The disease can be diagnosed on the basis of the history, RTG examination, electromanometry and histopathology. In the majority of cases RTG examination is very reliable if performed according to generally accepted criteria. It is important to reveal the narrowed aganglionary area by oblique and profile images during irrigoscopy and irrigography. The treatment is surgical. The preferred operations are those with a combined transabdominal-transanal approach. Such operations are the most successful in management of @entity1142 and maintenance of contingency. The authors present three cases. Three @entity1 were old between 21 and 23 years. Their stools ranged from 10 days to two months (a stool per 10 days to two months). The diagnosis was established for all three @entity1 by RTG examinations and histopathological findings. All bore the operation very successfully. Three various operation techniques were used according to surgeon's choice.

title: [Megacolon congenitum ( XXXX ) in adults].

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ["Hirschsprung's disease"]

answer: @entity1963 :: (MESH:D006627,Disease) :: ['Hirschsprung's disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: To investigate the patterns of care and outcomes in @entity1 with @entity976 in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). This study included 697 @entity1 (166 pediatric and 531 adult cases) treated for @entity976 between 2004 and 2012 in the NCDB. Adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) was defined if within 6 months of surgery. @entity1104 ( @entity1104 ) was defined as biopsy or subtotal resection. Proportional-hazards models were used to evaluate associations between covariates and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). A time-dependent analysis of RT was performed to account for @entity204 after surgery. Median follow-up was 46 months. Overall, 21% of @entity1 received adjuvant RT. Of @entity1 with known surgical extent (n   =   195), 71% had @entity1104 . Utilization of adjuvant RT increased from 18% in 2004-2007 to 24% in 2008-2012. Patterns of care regarding adjuvant RT or @entity1104 were not significantly different between adult and pediatric @entity1 . @entity5 size, low comorbidity, and @entity1104 were associated with increased utilization of adjuvant RT. The 5-year @entity1349 among @entity1 treated with @entity1104 , @entity1104 +RT, and gross total resection were 75, 85, and 82% (p   =   0.02). On multivariate analysis of the 195 @entity1 with known surgical extent, @entity1104 +RT was associated with improved @entity1349 compared to @entity1104 (HR 0.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.99, p   =   0.04), but was not significant when @entity204 (<2  months from surgery) were removed to adjust for immortal-time bias. Medical practice regarding surgical approach and adjuvant RT are similar for pediatric and @entity976 . Immortal-time bias may confound assessment of @entity1349 for adjuvant RT. Prospective studies comparing adjuvant RT versus observation after @entity1104 are warranted.

title: Patterns of care and treatment outcomes of XXXX with @entity976 in the national @entity5 database.

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['adult craniopharyngiomas', 'craniopharyngioma']

entities_list: @entity1104 :: ('MESH:D000267', 'Disease') :: ['LS', 'Limited surgery']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['early deaths']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The possibility that pulmonary surfactant, characterized by a @entity3634 deficiency, as in early fetal life, might have inferior surface properties was evaluated. We obtained this specific surfactant from adult @entity95 by withholding @entity413 and giving them an excess of @entity8580 by mouth and intravenously. Controls were given a similar quantity of @entity413 . The @entity8580 resulted in a drastic reduction of surfactant @entity3634 , from 7.2 to 0.3% of phospholipids, and a corresponding increase in @entity4357 from 4.8 to 11.3%. In addition, the @entity8580 treatment increased the @entity8580 that was disaturated from 18.5 to 27.3% (p less than 0.05). The corresponding figures for disaturated phosphatidyl- @entity1877 were 56.0 and 60.5%, respectively (NS). The @entity8580 treatment for 4 days increased the pool size of alveolar surfactant by 32% (p less than 0.01). The surface activity was studied with modified Wilhelmy balance and the pulsating bubble surfactometer. Surfactant containing @entity4357 rather than @entity3634 was not inferior, as compared to surfactant that contained @entity3634 (minimum surface tension: 2.0 versus 2.2 mN X m-1; collapse rate at 10 nM X m-1: 1.85 versus 1.95 min-1; rate of adsorption from subphase to surface: 32 versus 35 mN X m-1 X 30 s-1), nor was there a difference in the ability of the two surfactants to improve lung stability of 27-day-old @entity95 fetuses (air retention at 35 cm @entity2507 : 1.8 versus 1.8 ml/30 g; air retention at 0 cm H20: 0.8 versus 0.9 ml/30 g). We conclude that @entity4357 surfactant does not have inferior surface properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Composition and surface activity of normal and XXXX -deficient lung surfactant.

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['myoinositol']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity3634 :: ('MESH:D010715', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylglycerol']

answer: @entity3634 :: (MESH:D010715,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidylglycerol']


abstract: PURPOSE: To develop a prognostic model to predict 30-day mortality following @entity14 ( @entity14 ) surgery using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare-linked data and to assess whether race/ethnicity, neighborhood, and hospital characteristics influence model performance. METHODS: We included @entity1 aged 66 years and older from the linked 2000-2005 SEER-Medicare database. Outcome included 30-day mortality, both in-hospital and following discharge. Potential prognostic factors included @entity5 , treatment, sociodemographic, hospital, and neighborhood characteristics (census-tract-poverty rate). We performed a multilevel logistic regression analysis to account for nesting of @entity14 @entity1 within hospitals. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test for calibration. RESULTS: In a model that included all prognostic factors, important predictors of 30-day mortality included age at diagnosis, @entity5 stage, and mode of presentation. Race/ethnicity, census-tract-poverty rate, and hospital characteristics were independently associated with 30-day mortality, but they did not influence model performance. Our SEER-Medicare model achieved moderate discrimination (AUC = 0.76), despite suboptimal calibration. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a prognostic model that included @entity5 , treatment, sociodemographic, hospital, and neighborhood predictors. Race/ethnicity, neighborhood, and hospital characteristics did not improve model performance compared with previously developed models.

title: Postoperative 30-day mortality in XXXX undergoing surgery for @entity14 : development of a prognostic model using administrative claims data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Excretion of albumin in the urine is highly variable, ranging from nondetectable quantities to milligrams of albumin and even grams of albumin. Microalbuminuria is defined as low levels of urinary albumin excretion of 30 to 300 mg/d. Microalbuminuria is highly prevalent; in @entity101 and @entity6 populations, its prevalence varies from 10 to 40%. It is interesting that microalbuminuria also is found frequently in seemingly healthy individuals (5 to 7%). The variable excretion of albumin in the urine is related to the risk for the individual to develop @entity65 : Absence or very low levels of @entity633 is associated with low CV risk, whereas the CV risk increases markedly with increasing amount of albumin in the urine (even within the now considered normal range). The predictive power of urinary albumin levels for CV risk is independent of other CV risk factors and not only is present in individual with @entity6 and/or @entity101 but also in healthy individuals. Treatments that lower @entity633 are associated with CV protection, as demonstrated in randomized, controlled trials of @entity1 with @entity6 as well as in @entity1 with @entity101 . There is preliminary evidence that @entity633 lowering is CV protective in healthy individuals with an elevated albumin excretion rate. Differences between individuals in their level of albumin excretion are already observed at a very early age (just after birth). In fact, the interindividual variability seems to be relatively constant in the first 5 decades of life, indicating that microalbuminuria is not necessarily a consequence of vascular damage at later age. Higher levels of urinary albumin seem to reflect the ordinary interindividual variability in (renal and systemic) endothelial function. Experimental data show that between strains and even within strains, @entity35 at young age show a remarkable difference in individual endothelial function, and this is strongly related to the susceptibility of that @entity35 to organ damage. In conclusion, @entity633 seems to be a sensitive marker very early in life for the susceptibility of an individual to CV disease. It therefore may be an ideal target for early primary prevention using CV-protective therapy regimens.

title: Microalbuminuria as an early marker for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular (CV) disease']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity86 ( @entity86 ) is an important complication that is commonly observed postoperatively and is also one of the most serious obstacles to postoperative convalescence. However, the risk factors for @entity86 have not been fully addressed, and there is no effective method to predict @entity86 . The aim of the present study was to investigate the risk factors for @entity86 and to explore prediction of the degree of @entity86 . METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted of @entity1 undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery. Fatigue score, grip strength, length of postoperative hospital stay (LOS), as well as preoperative and intraoperative factors were collected.   (2) was used to compare categorical variables, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to further analyze correlation between @entity86 and preoperative and intraoperative factors. RESULTS: A total of 155 @entity1 were included in our analysis without loss in follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustment for factors with severe @entity86 in univariate analysis including preoperative @entity1295 , plasma albumin and hemoglobin level, and cardiopulmonary function demonstrated that old age, gastrectomy, and a nutritional risk screening 2002 score >= 3 were associated with a higher relative risk of severe @entity86 .  Moreover, laparoscopic-assisted surgery was associated with lower relative risk of severe @entity86 . CONCLUSIONS: Old age, nutritional risk screening 2002 score >= 3 and gastrectomy were risk factors for @entity86 in @entity1 undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery. @entity86 was reduced in laparoscopic-assisted surgery. Consideration of these factors could be important for the prevention and treatment of @entity86 .

title: Risk factors for postoperative XXXX after gastrointestinal surgery.

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['POF', 'Postoperative fatigue']

answer: @entity1295 :: (MESH:D005221,Disease) :: ['fatigue']