abstract: BACKGROUND: An oral combination chemotherapy for @entity0 may be of advantage for many @entity1 , if its activity is equivalent to that of i.v. treatments. The bioavailability of oral @entity8779 and of oral @entity1013 allows for their use in an oral 3 drug regimen. @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity8779 29 mg/m2 was given on day 1, @entity1013 1500 mg and @entity42870 60 mg were given daily for 10-14 days (7 days/m2) in 17 @entity1 with @entity0 . Cycles (1 to 18) were repeated every 4 weeks or delayed if required by toxic effects. RESULTS: Nine responses were observed with durations ranging from 2 to 16 months. Responding lesions were the @entity5 , or skin, liver and bone metastases. WHO grade 3-4 toxic effects included @entity1431 (7 @entity1 ), @entity294 and emesis (2 and 1 @entity1 ). There were no toxic deaths. CONCLUSIONS: If our results are confirmed, this oral 3-drug-combination is a safe and effective treatment that may improve the quality of lives of @entity0 @entity1 with poor venous access.

title: Phase II study of an oral combination of @entity1013 , @entity42870 and XXXX (FUPRIDA) for first line treatment of @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity42870 :: ('MESH:D011238', 'Chemical') :: ['prednimustine']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity8779 :: ('MESH:D015255', 'Chemical') :: ['idarubicin', 'Idarubicin']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1013 :: ('MESH:C025034', 'Chemical') :: ['doxifluridine']

answer: @entity8779 :: (MESH:D015255,Chemical) :: ['idarubicin']


abstract: @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) is overexpressed in @entity5 , contributing to disease progression. We previously showed that @entity2232 stimulated proliferative, migratory, and contractile tumorigenic effects via the @entity2231 receptor. Here, for the first time, we evaluate @entity46865 , a specific @entity2231 receptor antagonist, in the setting of @entity14 , in cellular models. Pharmacologic characteristics were further determined in @entity1 tissues. @entity14 lines (n = 4) and fibroblast strains (n = 6), isolated from uninvolved areas of @entity14 specimens, were exposed to @entity2232 and/or @entity2231 /(B) receptor antagonists. Proliferation ( @entity6693 ), migration (scratch wounds), and contraction (gel lattices) were assessed. Receptor distribution and binding characteristics (K(d), B(max)) were determined using autoradiography on tissue sections and homogenates and cytospun cells, supported by immunohistochemistry. Proliferation was inhibited by @entity2231 ( @entity46865 > @entity11344 ; P < 0.05), migration by @entity1627 > @entity2231 , and contraction by combined @entity2231 and @entity1627 antagonism. Intense @entity2232 stromal binding correlated with fibroblasts and endothelial cells. @entity14 lines and fibroblasts revealed high density and affinity @entity2232 binding (B(max) = 2.435 fmol/1   10(6) cells, K(d) = 367.7 pmol/L; B(max) = 3.03 fmol/1   10(6) cells, K(d) = 213.6 pmol/L). In @entity5 tissues, @entity2231 receptor antagonists ( @entity46865 ; @entity11344 ) reduced @entity2232 binding more effectively (IC(50): 0.1-10  mol/L) than @entity1627 receptor antagonist @entity11345 (   IC(50), 1 mmol/L). @entity2232 stimulated @entity5 -contributory processes. Its localization to @entity5 stroma, with greatest binding/affinity to fibroblasts, implicates these cells in @entity5 progression. @entity2231 receptor upregulation in @entity5 tissues and its role in tumorigenic processes show the receptor's importance in therapeutic targeting. @entity46865 , the most specific @entity2231 receptor antagonist available, showed the greatest inhibition of @entity2232 binding. With its known safety profile, we provide evidence for @entity46865 's potential role as adjuvant therapy in @entity14 .

title: Efficacy of the specific endothelin a receptor antagonist @entity46865 ( XXXX ) in @entity14 : a preclinical study.

entities_list: @entity46865 :: ('MESH:C511404', 'Chemical') :: ['Zibotentan', 'zibotentan']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity6693 :: ('MESH:D008751', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene blue']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity46865 :: (MESH:C511404,Chemical) :: ['ZD4054']


abstract: An 11 yr old spayed female Labrador retriever was diagnosed with a right @entity5 . At surgery, adhesions to the right kidney were dissected, allowing the right kidney to be preserved. The @entity5 showed extensive invasion into the suprarenal vena cava. It was felt that @entity715 removal via venotomy could not be performed. Instead, the vena cava was ligated caudal to the liver and cranial to the right renal vein. The neoplastic gland was then excised en bloc together with the portion of the invaded caudal vena cava. Hind limb @entity4 had developed preoperatively and increased transiently in the first days postoperatively. The animal was discharged 6 days postoperatively with no other clinical disorders, and hind limb @entity4 resolved over time. Histopathology identified a @entity1911 . The @entity235 died 49 mo later. A neoplastic @entity715 of the vena cava may require venotomy to allow @entity715 removal. Occasionally, removal of the @entity715 by venotomy may prove impossible. In such a situation, en bloc removal of the concerned portion of the vena cava may be performed with a good long-term outcome provided that gradual occlusion of the vena cava by the @entity715 has allowed time for collateral circulation to develop.

title: 49-month survival following caval venectomy without nephrectomy in a XXXX with a @entity1911 .

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'adrenal tumor']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) in @entity1 with small @entity5 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: From July 1991 to March 1997, 80 @entity1 with a total of 121 brain or skull-base @entity5 were treated with FSRT alone, and were followed for periods ranging from 3 to 62 months (median 9.8). The majority of @entity1 received 42 Gy in 7 fractions over 2.3 weeks, but in July 1993, protocols using smaller fraction doses were introduced for @entity1 whose radiation-field diameters were larger than 3 cm or whose @entity5 were close to critical normal tissues. RESULTS: For 64 @entity1 with metastatic @entity1313 the overall median survival was 8.3 months and 1-year actuarial survival rate was 33%. Significant prognostic factors were: the presence of @entity5 , pre-treatment performance status, and the lung as a primary site. @entity1 without @entity5 prior to FSRT had a median survival of 21.2 months. For seven @entity1 with high-grade @entity11 , 1-year actuarial local control rate was 75%, with a median survival of 10.3 months. For @entity1 with skull-base @entity5 the local control was achieved in 6 of 6 @entity1 (100%), with a median survival of 30.7 months. No one suffered from acute complications, but three @entity1 , two of whom had undergone FSRT as the third course of radiotherapy, developed late @entity1161 . CONCLUSION: Overall high local control and low morbidity rates suggest that FSRT is an effective and safe modality, even for those with a history of prior irradiation. However, @entity1 with risk factors should be treated with smaller fraction doses.

title: Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of small XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['extracranial tumors', 'intracranial malignancies', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation injuries']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['intracranial malignancies']


abstract: Diminished suppression of the @entity2451 component of the evoked potential following repeated auditory stimuli is one example of a @entity51 in @entity161 . Normal subjects suppress the @entity2451 evoked potential to the second of two paired auditory stimuli. Although normal @entity2451 suppression is occasionally observed in @entity161 @entity1 , it generally disappears with subsequent testing. The object of this experiment was to determine conditions for the reproducible normalization of @entity2451 suppression in @entity161 @entity1 . After baseline recordings, 12 @entity161 subjects were allowed to sleep for 10 minutes. The depth of sleep obtained was assessed by electroencephalography (EEG). Normalization of @entity2451 suppression was observed for approximately 3 minutes in all subjects who entered slow wave sleep, but not in those whose EEG records remained desynchronized. Some change was even observed in subjects who had only persistent alpha waves. The amount of normalization was correlated with the deepest stage of sleep reached. Normal control subjects did not show this phenomenon but instead had a transient decrease in sensory gating after waking from sleep. The results suggest that @entity161 @entity1 may have a defect that causes a neuronal mechanism critical to sensory gating to fail after brief use, although its activity can be transiently restored by a short period of inactivity. A rapidly desensitized neurotransmitter receptor is one possible mechanism of such an effect.

title: Normalization of auditory sensory gating in XXXX @entity1 after a brief period for sleep.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['deficit in elementary sensory processing']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenic']


abstract: Concomitant primary @entity157 ( @entity157 ) with @entity1086 is a rare @entity66 . To the best of our knowledge, this coexistence has rarely been reported. An 80-year-old male presented with right-sided @entity158 and a low fever. Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed a hypodense @entity409 and a regular intraluminal polypoid mass in the gallbladder. The @entity1 underwent a partial hepatectomy of the right lobe of the liver and a cholecystectomy. Following pathological examination, the @entity1 was diagnosed with @entity157 combined with @entity420 . The @entity1 and his family refused post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The @entity1 succumbed to intrahepatic and lung metastases at six months post-surgery. In conclusion, concomitant @entity1086 and @entity157 may occur. Surgery-based multimodal treatment is the preferred strategy for compound @entity5 . Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be necessary for the high risk hepatobiliary @entity5 .

title: Concomitant early @entity1086 with primary XXXX : A case report.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['type of hepatobillary disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['lesion in the right lobe of the liver']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['epigastric pain']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma', 'SHC']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: The effects of @entity3371 on myocardial segment function in different degrees of transient @entity1563 were studied using ultrasonic dimension gauges in 15 open-chest @entity235 . The occlusion procedures (OP) were performed on the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) in eight @entity235 and on the left circumflex coronary artery (Cx) in seven @entity235 . To measure the changes in segment shortening in the subendocardium we used eight @entity235 ( @entity63 and control zones: four @entity235 LAD and four @entity235 Cx). To measure the changes in wall thickening we used seven @entity235 ( @entity63 and control zones: three @entity235 LAD and four @entity235 Cx). Total coronary OP lasting 1 min and partial OP (70-80%) lasting 1 min and 2 min 30 s, before and after @entity3371 (0.25 mg/kg i.v.) were performed. Left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, coronary flow, and ECG were monitored. Total coronary OP (1 min) changed segment shortening (18% LAD; 14% Cx) and wall thickening (19% LAD; 18% Cx) to values of dyskinesis (-3% and -4% for shortening; -6% and -5% for thickening). @entity3371 improved regional function maintaining positive values for shortening (4% LAD; 3% Cx) and thickening (0.3% LAD; 4% Cx). Similar responses were obtained during partial OP and @entity3371 . Results suggest that @entity3371 produced a significant improvement in the regional function parameters affected by @entity63 both in total and partial obstructions.

title: Effects of @entity3371 on regional segment motion during acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

answer: @entity1563 :: (MESH:D054059,Disease) :: ['coronary occlusion']


abstract: Although Ras and @entity19705 cause transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, only Ras causes transformation of RIE-1 intestinal epithelial cells. To determine if the inability of @entity19705 to transform RIE-1 cells is due to a failure to deregulate cell cycle progression, we evaluated the consequences of sustained Ras and @entity19705 activation on steady state levels of @entity1896 , @entity5207 (CIP/WAF), and @entity7919 ( @entity7919 ). Both Ras- and @entity19705 -transformed NIH 3T3 cells showed up-regulated expression of @entity1896 , @entity5207 , and @entity7919 protein, increased @entity995 ( @entity995 ) hyperphosphorylation, and increased activation of E2F-mediated transcription. Similarly, Ras-transformed RIE-1 cells also showed up-regulation of @entity1896 , @entity5207 , and hyperphosphorylated @entity995 . In contrast, Ras-mediated down-regulation of @entity7919 was seen in RIE-1 cells. Conversely, stable expression of activated @entity19705 alone caused only a partial up-regulation of @entity5207 and @entity995 hyperphosphorylation but no activation of E2F-responsive transcription or down-regulation of @entity7919 in RIE-1 cells. Moreover, we found that the AP-1 site was dispensable for Ras-mediated stimulation of the @entity1896 promoter in NIH 3T3 cells but was essential for Ras-mediated stimulation in RIE-1 cells. Thus, up-regulation of @entity5207 , rather than the down-regulation seen in previous transient expression studies, is seen with sustained Ras activation. Additionally, @entity7919 may serve a positive (NIH 3T3) or negative (RIE-1) regulatory role in Ras transformation that is cell type-dependent. The involvement of @entity19705 and @entity4357 3-kinase in mediating Ras changes in @entity1896 , @entity5207 , and @entity7919 was also very distinct in NIH 3T3 and RIE-1 cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of @entity19705 -independent pathways in mediating oncogenic Ras deregulation of cell cycle progression in epithelial cells.

title: Ras inactivation of the XXXX pathway by distinct mechanisms in NIH 3T3 fibroblast and RIE-1 epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma', 'Rb']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In the surgery for a @entity438 which is applied with a vertical head position, the dome of the @entity439 makes it difficult the expose the neck and the proximal artery. This study was performed to evaluate the applicability of the alternative contralateral interhemispheric approach with a horizontal head position for clipping these @entity439 . METHOD: The head of the @entity1 was placed in the horizontal position such that the @entity439 side remained at the top and then tilted 45 degrees superiorly. On the contralateral side, the craniotomy, interhemispheric dissection and clipping were performed in 12 @entity1 with 13 @entity439 . RESULTS: All @entity439 were clipped successfully. Problems in the standard supine position such as the obstruction of the access to the @entity439 and the proximal artery by the dome were not encountered. @entity2553 developed in 4 @entity1 and @entity2845 mutism in 1 @entity1 ; postoperative @entity410 due to an inadvertent cortical @entity1317 in one @entity1 resolved with medical treatment. @entity1276 developed in 2 @entity1 ; one @entity1 needed placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt while the other responded to occasional lumbar punctures. Mortality or permanent morbidity did not occur. CONCLUSION: The horizontal head position may be an alternative for circumventing difficulties posed by the location of @entity438 .

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX with horizontal head position.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsion']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['Hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm', 'aneurysm neck']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['venous injury']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['Vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms', 'distal anterior cerebral aneurysm']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms']


abstract: This multicenter retrospective study is based on 192 @entity1 with advanced @entity43 in pathological complete response at second-look surgery. Ninety-four (48.9%) @entity1 developed @entity66 after a median time of 18 months (range, 4-89 months) from surgical reassessment. The recurrence involved the pelvis in 45 (47.9%) cases, the abdomen in 42 (44.7%), the retroperitoneal lymph nodes in 13 (13.8%), and distant sites in 20 (21.2%). On the whole series, 5- and 7-year disease-free survival rates after negative second-look were 47.4 and 44.5%, respectively. By log-rank test the disease-free survival rate was related to FIGO stage (P = 0.008), @entity5 grade (P = 0.0021), size of @entity66 after initial surgery (P = 0.0038), and type of second-look (laparoscopy vs laparotomy, P = 0.0061), but not to histological type and first-line chemotherapy. Cox proportional hazard model showed that @entity5 grade, size of @entity66 , and type of second-look were independent prognostic variables for disease-free survival. The risk ratio of relapse was 2.386 (95% CI, 1.140-4.990) for grade 2 and 3.118 (95% CI, 1.515-6.416) for grade 3 compared to grade 1 disease. For @entity1 with @entity66 1-2 cm and > 2 cm the risk ratio was, respectively, 1.877 (95% CI, 1.117-3.156) and 2.156 (95% CI, 1.324-3.511) compared to @entity1 with @entity66 < 1 cm. The risk ratio was 1.826 (95% CI, 1.121-2.973) for @entity1 who were submitted to a laparoscopic second-look compared to those who underwent a laparotomic reassessment. Poorly differentiated grade and large @entity66 after initial surgery are the strongest prognostic variables for recurrence after a negative second-look.

title: Analysis of failures after negative second-look in XXXX with advanced @entity43 : an Italian multicenter study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease', 'recurrent disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Refractory sprue with @entity8884 carries a risk of @entity706 . AIM: To examine whether a good clinical but poor histological response during a strict gluten-free diet predicts a poor outcome. METHODS: The study involved all coeliac @entity1 who showed no histological recovery within 2 years on a strict gluten-free diet. Small intestinal biopsy and bone mineral density were investigated in 2001 and clinical features were followed up until 2005. The results were compared to those in 18 coeliac @entity1 with a good histological recovery. RESULTS: Thirteen coeliac @entity1 had persistent small intestinal @entity194 despite maintaining gluten-free diet. All had demonstrated a good clinical response. @entity170 was found in 58% and 22% of the non-responders and responders, respectively (P = 0.04). In 2005, two of the non-responders had developed symptomatic refractory sprue, one died of @entity5 , and one @entity356 was operated. None of the 18 controls had developed refractory sprue or @entity5 . The frequency of histological @entity66 was 1.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent @entity194 in @entity66 , even in the absence of symptoms, carries a risk of subsequent severe complications. The follow-up biopsy is important in detecting these individuals.

title: Persistent small bowel mucosal @entity194 without symptoms in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['non-responsive disease', 'adult coeliac disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity8884 :: ('MESH:D008286', 'Disease') :: ['malabsorption']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'lymphoma and one of carcinoid tumour']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['villous atrophy']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['coeliac disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of aerosolized @entity4184 therapy (with metered dose inhaler and spacer) early in the emergency room treatment of acute moderate exacerbations of @entity565 in @entity1 . DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Paediatric Emergency Service of an urban teaching hospital and a tertiary case referral centre. STUDY POPULATION: Sixty @entity1 between 3 and 12 years of age with an acute moderate exacerbation of @entity565 . INTERVENTION: All @entity1 received humidified @entity26 (5-8 L/min by Venturi(R) mask; Hudson Respiratory Care, Temecula, CA, USA), nebulized @entity3045 (0.15 mg/kg in 3 mL saline) and were randomized to receive either @entity4184 (400 microg) or placebo inhalation ( @entity13521 and spacer) at half hourly intervals for three doses. If there was an inadequate response or no response to treatment at the end of 2 h, @entity26 and @entity3045 therapy were continued and the @entity1 was given one of dose intravenous @entity701 and was started on an @entity3416 infusion. If there was no response at the end of a further 4 h, the @entity1 was hospitalized. INITIAL EVALUATION AND MONITORING: Colour, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate, accessory muscle usage, chest retraction, wheeze, @entity26 saturation (by pulse oximetery) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was recorded at admission and thereafter at hourly intervals for 3 h or until till the @entity1 recovered. The need for @entity26 therapy after 2 h and need for hospitalization were recorded. MAIN RESULTS: Both groups showed a significant improvement in respiratory status at the end of 2 h. However, @entity1 in the intervention group showed greater improvements in RR and PEFR (P < 0. 05) and respiratory distress score (P < 0.1). A significantly lower proportion of the intervention group @entity1 required @entity26 therapy for more than 2 h (23% vs 50%; P < 0.05) and @entity3416 infusion and systemic corticosteroid therapy (7% vs 27%; P < 0.05). None of the @entity1 in the @entity4184 group, in contrast to 23% of those in the placebo group, required hospitalization (P < 0.05). The length of hospital stay (i.e. time taken to recover from acute @entity565 ) was significantly shorter in the intervention group (3.2 +/- 2.5 h) than in the placebo group (7.8 +/- 11.3 h; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Aerosolized @entity4184 therapy (with @entity13521 and spacer) together with nebulized @entity3045 early in the emergency room treatment of acute moderate exacerbations of @entity565 helped in early recovery and decreased the need for hospitalization. It may be worthwhile calculating this regimen for home-based early treatment of acute exacerbations.

title: Inhaled @entity4184 in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3416 :: ('MESH:D000628', 'Chemical') :: ['aminophylline']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['budesonide']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Time to definitive care is a major determinant of @entity130 @entity1 outcomes yet little is empirically known about prehospital times at the national level. We sought to determine national averages for prehospital times based on a systematic review of published literature. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search for all articles reporting prehospital times for @entity130 @entity1 transported by helicopter and ground ambulance over a 30-year period. Forty-nine articles were included in a final meta-analysis. Activation time, response time, on-scene time, and transport time were abstracted from these articles. Prehospital times were also divided into urban, suburban, rural, and air transports. Statistical tests were computed using weighted arithmetic means and standard deviations. RESULTS: The data were drawn from 20 states in all four U.S. Census Regions and represent the prehospital experience of 155,179 @entity1 . Average duration in minutes for urban, suburban, and rural ground ambulances for the total prehospital interval were 30.96, 30.97, and 43.17; for the response interval were 5.25, 5.21, and 7.72; for the on-scene interval were 13.40, 13.39, and 14.59; and for the transport interval were 10.77, 10.86, and 17.28. Average helicopter ambulance times were response 23.25, on-scene 20.43, and transport 29.80 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the emphasis on time in the prehospital and @entity130 literature there has been no national effort to empirically define average prehospital time intervals for @entity130 @entity1 . We provide points of reference for prehospital intervals so that policymakers can compare individual emergency medical systems to national norms.

title: A meta-analysis of prehospital care times for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Microelectrodes were used to measure simultaneously the effects of @entity9634 ( @entity6207 ) on membrane potential and cytosolic pH of @entity4336 coleoptile cells. @entity6207 caused an initial depolarization followed by hyperpolarization, the latter displaying @entity1021 . The extent of the changes in membrane potential was dependent on @entity6207 concentration, and hyperpolarization, but not depolarization, could be detected with concentrations of @entity6207 as low as 10 nM. Membrane hyperpolarization was preceded by a decrease in cytosolic pH. The decrease commenced approximately 5 min after adding @entity6207 and continued for 15-20 min before reaching a new steady state approximately 0.1 pH unit lower than the original pH. The decrease in pH was readily detectable after treatment with 0.1 muM @entity6207 . @entity46742 and @entity598 , which, like @entity6207 , induce elongation growth, caused a similar drop in cytosolic pH and subsequent membrane hyperpolarization, the decrease in pH commencing within seconds. The addition of @entity46742 to @entity6207 -treated cells resulted in a further cytosolic acidification and membrane hyperpolarization. The two substances probably change cytosolic pH via different mechanisms. The results imply that one of the primary effects of auxins in coleoptiles is to lower cytosolic pH.

title: @entity9634 and XXXX cause cytosolic acidification of @entity4336 coleoptile cells.

entities_list: @entity46742 :: ('MESH:C007808', 'Chemical') :: ['fusicoccin', 'Fusicoccin']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity1021 :: ('MESH:D020922', 'Disease') :: ['rhythmic oscillations']

entities_list: @entity9634 :: ('MESH:C030737', 'Chemical') :: ['indole-3-acetic acid']

answer: @entity46742 :: (MESH:C007808,Chemical) :: ['fusicoccin']


abstract: Discrepancies in body fluid estimates between segmental bioimpedance spectroscopy (SBIS) and gold-standard methods may be due to the use of a uniform value of tissue resistivity to compute extracellular fluid volume (ECV) and intracellular fluid volume (ICV). Discrepancies may also arise from the exclusion of fluid volumes of hands, feet, neck, and head from measurements due to electrode positions. The aim of this study was to define the specific resistivity of various body segments and to use those values for computation of ECV and ICV along with a correction for unmeasured fluid volumes. Twenty-nine maintenance hemodialysis @entity1 (16 @entity1 ) underwent body composition analysis including whole body MRI, whole body @entity972 (40K) content, @entity6189 , and @entity17613 dilution, and segmental and wrist-to-ankle bioimpedance spectroscopy, all performed on the same day before a hemodialysis. Segment-specific resistivity was determined from segmental @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ; by MRI), hydration status of @entity1386 (by deuterium and @entity17613 ), tissue resistance (by SBIS), and segment length. Segmental @entity1386 was higher and extracellular hydration of @entity1386 was lower in @entity1 compared with @entity1 . Segment-specific resistivity values for arm, trunk, and leg all differed from the uniform resistivity used in traditional SBIS algorithms. Estimates for whole body ECV, ICV, and total body water from SBIS using segmental instead of uniform resistivity values and after adjustment for unmeasured fluid volumes of the body did not differ significantly from gold-standard measures. The uniform tissue resistivity values used in traditional SBIS algorithms result in underestimation of ECV, ICV, and total body water. Use of segmental resistivity values combined with adjustment for body volumes that are neglected by traditional SBIS technique significantly improves estimations of body fluid volume in hemodialysis @entity1 .

title: Segment-specific resistivity improves body fluid volume estimates from bioimpedance spectroscopy in hemodialysis XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity17613 :: ('MESH:C027938', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bromide']

entities_list: @entity6189 :: ('MESH:D003903', 'Chemical') :: ['deuterium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['fat-free mass', 'FFM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The aim of this review is to establish the relationship between treatment with hypnotics and the risk of postural instability and as a consequence, falls and @entity173 , in the elderly. A review of the literature was performed through a search of the MEDLINE, Ingenta and PASCAL databases from 1975 to 2005. We considered as hypnotics only those drugs approved for treating @entity22 , i.e. some @entity1245 and the more recently launched 'Z'-compounds, i.e. @entity9038 , @entity2492 and @entity12124 . Large-scale surveys consistently report increases in the frequency of falls and @entity173 when hypnotics are used in the elderly (2-fold risk). @entity1245 are the major class of hypnotics involved in this context; falls and @entity174 in @entity1 taking Z-compounds are less frequently reported, and in this respect, @entity2492 is considered as at risk in only one study. It is important to note, however, that drug adverse effect relationships are difficult to establish with this type of epidemiological data-mining. On the other hand, data obtained in laboratory settings, where confounding factors can be eliminated, prove that @entity1245 are the most deleterious hypnotics at least in terms of their effects on body sway. Z-compounds are considered safer, probably because of their pharmacokinetic properties as well as their selective pharmacological activities at @entity1245 -1 (BZ(1)) receptors. The effects of hypnotics on balance, gait and equilibrium are the consequence of differential negative impacts on vigilance and cognitive functions, and are highly dose- and time-dependent. Z-compounds have short half-lives and have less cognitive and residual effects than older medications. Some practical rules need to be followed when prescribing hypnotics in order to prevent falls and @entity173 as much as possible in elderly insomniacs, whether institutionalised or not. These are: (i) establish a clear diagnosis of the @entity25 ; (ii) take into account chronic conditions leading to balance and gait difficulties (motor and cognitive status); (iii) search for concomitant prescription of psychotropics and sedatives; (iv) use half the recommended adult dosage; and (v) declare any adverse effect to pharmacovigilance centres. Comparative pharmacovigilance studies focused on the impact of hypnotics on postural stability are very much needed.

title: Postural instability and consequent falls and XXXX associated with use of hypnotics in the elderly: a comparative review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzodiazepines', 'benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity9038 :: ('MESH:C515050', 'Chemical') :: ['zopiclone']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disorder']

entities_list: @entity2492 :: ('MESH:C049109', 'Chemical') :: ['zolpidem']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fractures']


abstract: We investigated @entity900 -induced apoptosis and the effects on cell cycle-related proteins and cell cycle changes. Two @entity1 @entity157 cell lines, HepG2 (with wild-type @entity876 ) and Hep3B (with deleted @entity876 ), were treated with different concentrations of @entity900 . @entity900 induced apoptosis in both cell lines as assessed by cell morphology, DNA fragmentation analysis, @entity10730 -mediated @entity1977 nick end labeling assay and flow cytometry. HepG2 cells were more sensitive to @entity900 than Hep3B. Low-dose @entity900 induced a transient G(1) arrest, S phase block and upregulation of @entity876 and @entity994 ( @entity994 / @entity994 ) expression in HepG2, but not in Hep3B cells. With @entity900 at a high dose, both cell lines underwent apoptosis that was accompanied by downregulation of @entity5438 ( @entity13525 ) and @entity1836 . In HepG2, upregulation of @entity876 and @entity994 ( @entity994 / @entity994 ) was observed before apoptosis occurred, suggesting that @entity900 -induced apoptosis in HepG2 might be @entity876 -dependent. Expression of Fas was also increased following @entity900 treatment in HepG2. However, there was no induction of @entity876 , @entity994 ( @entity994 / @entity994 ) and Fas observed in Hep3B cells. In conclusion, @entity900 induced apoptosis in @entity157 cells via both @entity876 -dependent and -independent pathways.

title: Induction of apoptosis by @entity900 and its effect on cell cycle-related proteins and cell cycle changes in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatoma']


abstract: Membrane dynamics is necessary for cell homeostasis and signal transduction and is in part regulated by @entity4357 . Pikfyve/ @entity49096 is a @entity7425 kinase that phosphorylates @entity8736 into @entity12498 [ @entity12498 ] and is implicated in membrane homeostasis in @entity375 and in @entity1 cells. These two @entity4357 are substrates of myotubularin phosphatases found mutated in @entity4094 . We studied the roles of @entity49097 kinase 3 ( @entity49098 ), the orthologue of PIKfyve/ @entity49096 , in a multicellular organism, @entity2199 . Complete loss of @entity49098 function induces developmental defects characterized by @entity2085 , whereas partial loss of function leads to @entity851 . At the cellular level, @entity49098 mutants display a striking enlargement of vacuoles positive for lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 in different tissues. In the intestine, @entity49099 -positive late endosomes are also enlarged. Membranes of the enlarged lysosomes originate at least in part from smaller lysosomes, and functional and genetic analyses show that the terminal maturation of lysosomes is defective. Protein degradation is not affected in the hypomorphic @entity49098 mutant and is thus uncoupled from membrane retrieval. We measured the level of @entity12498 and showed that its production is impaired in this mutant. This work strongly suggests that the main function of @entity49098 is to mediate membrane retrieval from matured lysosomes through regulation of @entity12498 .

title: The phosphoinositide kinase PIKfyve/ @entity49096 regulates terminal lysosome maturation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular diseases']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic lethality']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity8736 :: ('MESH:C055525', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate']

entities_list: @entity7425 :: ('CHEBI:18179', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoinositide']

entities_list: @entity49097 :: ('CHEBI:28765', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol phosphate']

entities_list: @entity12498 :: ('MESH:C106336', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate', 'PtdIns(3,5)P2']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoinositides']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of coamoxiclav in @entity1 aged 6 months to 12 years with recurrent @entity697 . DESIGN: A randomised double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. SETTING: General practice in the Netherlands. @entity1 : 121 @entity1 with recurrent @entity697 , defined by onset of @entity7867 and otoscopic signs of @entity2172 within four to 52 weeks after the previous attack. Confirmation of diagnosis and randomisation was done by otolaryngologists. INTERVENTION: Oral co-amoxiclav or placebo in weight related doses for seven days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: An irregular clinical course defined as the presence of @entity7867 or a body temperature greater than or equal to 38 degrees C, or both, after three days. RESULTS: Eleven (16%; 95% confidence interval 9% to 28%) @entity1 had an irregular course in the co-amoxiclav group and 10 (19%; 9% to 31%) in the placebo group (difference not significant). Age, dichotomised at 2 years, was the only significant prognostic factor for irregular course of the disease (odds ratio 5.9; 1.8 to 19.1). Among @entity1 aged below 2 years, 28% (4/14) in the co-amoxiclav group and 58% (7/12) in the placebo group had irregular courses. For @entity1 2 years and older these percentages were 13% (7/52) and 7% (3/41). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with recurrent @entity697 are at greater risk of an irregular clinical course of the disease than @entity1 with a first episode of @entity697 . Co-amoxiclav has no significant benefit over placebo in treating @entity1 over 2 years with @entity697 .

title: Co-amoxiclav in recurrent XXXX : placebo controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute otitis media']

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear infection']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute otitis media']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and polysomnographic evolution of @entity1 with severe @entity12203 who underwent supraglottoplasty. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University hospital. @entity1 : Seven @entity1 with severe @entity12203 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The @entity1 were evaluated with a questionnaire given to their parents and with polysomnographic examination before and 3 months after surgery. The clinical data of respiratory and swallowing symptoms as well as the parameters of minimum @entity26 saturation and respiratory disturbance index were evaluated after bilateral supraglottoplasty and compared with the preoperative data. RESULTS: Two @entity1 had pharyngolaryngomalacia and required tracheotomy. Four @entity1 had a marked improvement of respiratory and deglutition symptoms. Polysomnographic data showed a significant improvement in the respiratory disturbance index after surgery (P<.05) but not in the minimum @entity26 saturation level. However, this improvement was only partially achieved in 3 @entity1 , in whom there were associated airway or neurologic changes. No serious surgical complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Supraglottoplasty led to a marked improvement in all 5 @entity1 without pharyngolaryngomalacia, but the 2 @entity1 with pharyngolaryngomalacia required tracheotomy.

title: Evaluation of the efficacy of supraglottoplasty in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome associated with severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity12203 :: ('MESH:D055092', 'Disease') :: ['laryngomalacia']

answer: @entity12203 :: (MESH:D055092,Disease) :: ['laryngomalacia']


abstract: Information about the mechanisms of meiotic arrest and resumption of meiosis in feline oocytes is still limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the presence of gonadotropins during IVM, on meiotic progression in relation to the status of gap junction mediated communications between oocyte and cumulus cells, to the @entity268 intracellular content, and to the intra-oocyte concentration of @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) in feline oocytes. Our results indicated that about 50% of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) showed functionally open communications at the time of collection, while the remainder were partially or totally closed. After 3h of culture, the percentage of COCs with functional gap junctions was significantly greater in the group matured in the presence of gonadotropins than in those matured without them, where an interruption of communications was observed. Moreover, this precocious uncoupling was associated with a moderate increase of @entity268 concentration in the oocyte, lower than in the group exposed to gonadotropins. Intra-oocyte @entity2041 levels decreased significantly after 24h of IVM, whether gonadotropins were present or absent during the culturing process. The presence of thiol compounds in the IVM medium induced an intra-oocyte @entity2197 concentration significantly higher than that found in oocytes cultured without these compounds, and similar to the @entity2197 content of immature oocytes. Moreover, the intracellular @entity2197 concentration increased as meiosis progressed. The present study suggests that in feline oocytes, gonadotropins affect the dynamic changes in communications between oocyte and cumulus cells during IVM. However, the intracellular concentration of @entity2197 is not influenced by the gonadotropin stimulation. Moreover, the presence of gonadotropins and @entity1432 compounds results in an increase of @entity2197 levels along with meiotic progression of the oocytes.

title: Effect of gonadotropins during in vitro maturation of feline oocytes on oocyte-cumulus cells functional coupling and intracellular concentration of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of the present study was to compare the techniques of dynamic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) in @entity1 with @entity356 . Implementation of the IMRT technique does not significantly affect the minimum and maximum dose levels in the planning target volume ( @entity343 ), but more effectively protects the critical organs. The study group consisted of 25 @entity1 . The results of the analysis of the conformity index (CI) and the homogeneity index (HI) showed that the doses in the @entity343 regions were at a comparable level. The CI for the @entity343 was 0.95 for the 2-field technique, 0.95 for the 3-field technique, 0.96 for the 4-field technique and 0.94 for the IMRT technique. The CIs for these techniques for the clinical target volume (CTV) were 0.96, 0.96, 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, and the CIs for the gross @entity5 volume (GTV) were 0.99, 0.99, 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. The HI values for the @entity343 were 1.12 for the 2-field technique, 1.12 for the 3-field technique, 1.09 for the 4-field technique and 1.09 for the IMRT technique, and the HI values for the CTV were 1.12, 1.12, 1.09 and 1.08 for the same techniques, respectively. The HI values for the GTV were 1.09, 1.09, 1.07 and 1.06, respectively, which indicated significantly superior performance in the regions of healthy tissue. Statistical study was based on Friedman's rank analysis of variance to determine the level of reliability of the tested groups of variables (P<0.001). The present study demonstrated that the IMRT technique in the pre-operative radiotherapy of @entity356 @entity1 results in superior treatment tolerance and reduces the risk of damage to healthy tissue that is in close proximity to the irradiated area.

title: Protection of organs at risk during neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for XXXX based on a comparison between conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: One important factor in the virulence of infections with @entity3964 is the adherence of infected erythrocytes to small vessel endothelium. In infections that lead to serious, life-threatening disease accumulation of large numbers of infected cells in particular organs is thought to lead to organ dysfunction or failure. This is of particular relevance when the affected organ is the brain, leading to the development of @entity6197 . Many different endothelial receptors for infected red blood cells have been identified. Some receptors such as @entity4210 and thrombospondin are used by all parasite isolates, whereas others such as @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) or vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) are used by a subset of field and laboratory isolates. While it has been speculated that the ability to bind or affinity of binding to a particular endothelial receptor may be related to the pattern of disease, only studies with limited numbers of @entity1 have been carried out to date and these have been in general inconclusive. Here we have taken parasite isolates from 150 @entity1 with defined clinical syndromes as well as isolates from 50 healthy but parasitized community controls and quantitatively assessed their binding to purified endothelial receptors in vitro. Our results show that disregarding the level of adhesion, all parasites bind to @entity4210 , most bind to @entity2071 , few bind to VCAM, and almost none bind to @entity4105 . In assessing the degree of binding we show that 1) binding to all receptors was reduced in parasites taken from severely anemic @entity1 ; 2) binding to @entity4210 is identical in parasites from @entity6197 @entity1 and community controls but slightly elevated in parasites from nonsevere cases; and 3) binding to @entity2071 is highest in @entity6197 @entity1 . Because rosette formation by uninfected cells has also been a phenotype associated with disease severity and one that may interfere in vitro with receptor binding, we also assessed rosette formation in all isolates. In this study the highest level of rosette-forming parasites was found in the anemic group and not the @entity6197 group. Stratifying the data for the frequency of rosette formation showed that the above results were not significantly altered by this phenomenon. Our data are not consistent with a role for binding to @entity4210 in the development of severe disease but show an association between the degree of binding to @entity2071 and clinical illness in nonanemic @entity1 .

title: Receptor-specific adhesion and clinical disease in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6197 :: ('MESH:D016779', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral malaria']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity79 ( @entity79 ) can predict @entity174 , however, the common use of historical risk factors to predict low @entity79 is unproven. AIMS: To identify significant historical risk factors for @entity2331 . To establish predicting equations for @entity79 and test their ability to identify those who should be referred for @entity79 scanning. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty female and 131 male volunteers underwent questionnaire assessment of risk factors and @entity79 by dual photon absorptiometer at hip and spine. Significant risk factors (P < 0.05) were used to construct a linear regression model to predict @entity79 . This was cross validated on a second sample of 107 females and 131 males selected from the electoral roll analysing the ability to detect those subjects with @entity79 in the lower third of the age matched normal range. RESULTS: In @entity1 lower @entity79 at the spine was associated with increased age, decreased weight, smoking, and delayed menarche. Lower femoral @entity79 was associated with increased age, decreased weight, family history, inactivity, and smoking. In @entity1 lower @entity79 at the lumbar spine was associated with lower weight, and inactivity. Lower @entity79 at the femur was associated with increased age, decreased weight, family history, and low @entity460 intake. When cross validated on the second sample, the models produced sensitivity of 86-89% and sensitivity of 25-46%. Referring those with these risk factors could save 10-23% on scanning. Measuring @entity79 at the site in question remains the only accurate way of assessing an individual's risk of @entity2331 .

title: Historical assessment of risk factors in screening for XXXX in a normal Caucasian population.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity2331 :: (MESH:D001851,Disease) :: ['osteopenia']


abstract: All organisms react to noxious and mechanical stimuli but we still lack a complete understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms by which somatosensory information is transformed into appropriate motor outputs. The small number of neurons and excellent genetic tools make @entity238 larva an especially tractable model system in which to address this problem. We developed high throughput assays with which we can simultaneously expose more than 1,000 larvae per @entity1 -hour to precisely timed noxious heat, @entity10795 , air current, or optogenetic stimuli. Using this hardware in combination with custom software we characterized larval reactions to somatosensory stimuli in far greater detail than possible previously. Each stimulus evoked a distinctive escape strategy that consisted of multiple actions. The escape strategy was context-dependent. Using our system we confirmed that the nociceptive class IV multidendritic neurons were involved in the reactions to noxious heat. Chordotonal (ch) neurons were necessary for normal modulation of head casting, crawling and hunching, in response to mechanical stimuli. Consistent with this we observed increases in @entity460 transients in response to @entity10795 in ch neurons. Optogenetic activation of ch neurons was sufficient to evoke head casting and crawling. These studies significantly increase our understanding of the functional roles of larval ch neurons. More generally, our system and the detailed description of wild type reactions to somatosensory stimuli provide a basis for systematic identification of neurons and genes underlying these behaviors.

title: High-throughput analysis of stimulus-evoked behaviors in XXXX larva reveals multiple modality-specific escape strategies.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: AIM: This retrospective cohort study analyzes the impact of possible risk factors on the survival chance of @entity1 with @entity1330 . These factors include the @entity1 's socio-economic background, age, gender, presenting symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory findings and, in particular, non-adherence versus adherence to therapy. METHODS: Data were collected from all adult @entity1 admitted to Kalafong Hospital with laboratory confirmed @entity1330 over a period of 24 months. We analyzed the data by the presentation of descriptive summary statistics, logistic regression was used to assess factors which showed association between outcome of measure and factor. Furthermore, multivariable logistic regression analysis using all the factors that showed significant association in the cross tabulation was applied to determine which factors had an impact on the @entity1 ' mortality risk. RESULTS: A total of 87 @entity1 were identified. All except one were @entity16090 -positive, of which 55.2% were antiretroviral therapy na  ve. A history of previous @entity378 was given by 25 @entity1 (28.7%) and 49 (56.3%) were on @entity378 treatment at admission or started during their hospital stay. In-hospital mortality was 31%. Statistical analysis showed that antiretroviral therapy na  ve @entity1 had 9.9 (CI 95% 1.2-81.2, p   <   0.0032) times greater odds of dying compared to those on antiretroviral therapy, with 17 from 48 @entity1 (35.4%) dying compared with 1 out of 21 @entity1 (4.8%) on treatment. Defaulters had 14.7 (CI 95% 1.6-131.6, p   <   0.016) times greater odds of dying, with 9 from 18 @entity1 dying (50%), compared to the non-defaulters. In addition, @entity1 who presented with @entity390 and @entity391 had a 6.3 (95% CI 1.7-23.1, p   <   0.005) times greater odds of dying (18/47, 38.3%); this remained significant when adjusted for antiretroviral therapy na  ve @entity1 and defaulters. CONCLUSION: @entity1330 is still a common @entity1292 in @entity1 living with @entity16090 / @entity791 resulting in hospitalization and a high mortality. Defaulting antiretroviral therapy and presentation with @entity390 and @entity391 were associated with a significantly increased mortality risk.

title: XXXX in a tertiary hospital in Pretoria, mortality and risk factors - A retrospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1330 :: ('MESH:D016919', 'Disease') :: ['cryptococcal meningitis', 'Cryptococcal meningitis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infection']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity1330 :: (MESH:D016919,Disease) :: ['Cryptococcal meningitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper is to classify @entity5 observed in the @entity235 retina and optic nerve, describe the histopathological features and provide prognostic information on these @entity5 . METHODS: The database of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) was searched to collect @entity235 @entity11 cases. Clinical and follow-up information was gathered from submission forms and an extensive follow-up survey. Slides were reviewed to describe the histopathological characteristics of the @entity5 and classify them. Immunohistochemistry for @entity4869 ( @entity4869 ) was performed in all cases. RESULTS: 18 @entity235 @entity11 cases were found in the COPLOW database. There was no breed or gender predilection. The mean age was 9.33 +/- 3.67 years. Follow-up information was available for 12 @entity235 , 8 of which were dead at the time of most recent contact, with a survival time ranging from 0 days (globes received after euthanasia) up to 20 months post-enucleation. In 6 of the 8 @entity235 that had died during this stud), @entity5 extended to the margin where the optic nerve had been sectioned. Light microscopic examination of the optic nerve of the affected eyes of four @entity235 that were still alive during this study revealed no @entity5 at this surgical margin. One @entity5 was classified as low-grade @entity816 , 5 @entity5 as medium-grade @entity816 , 11 @entity5 as high grade- @entity816 and 1 @entity5 as @entity3271 . @entity4869 was positive in all but two @entity5 . CONCLUSION: Retinal and @entity5150 may be considered as differential diagnoses of intraocular and orbital masses. The metastatic potential appears to be low, but ascending invasion into the ventral aspect of the brain is possible.

title: @entity235 XXXX : a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['glial tumors', 'tumor', 'tumors', 'neoplasms', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity4869 :: ('480495(Tax:9615)', 'Gene') :: ['Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein', 'GFAP']

entities_list: @entity5150 :: ('MESH:D020339', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve gliomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendroglioma']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['ocular gliomas']


abstract: @entity3494 , @entity3407 , and @entity3406 are reported in several epidemiologic studies to be associated with @entity2 . However, the health effects of @entity3494 , @entity3407 , and @entity3406 exposures are equivocal for @entity1 . Therefore, we performed a cross-sectional study to investigate possible associations between the internal concentrations of @entity3494 , @entity3407 , and @entity3406 and the level of oxidative stress to DNA in @entity1 . We measured urinary levels of @entity3494 , @entity3407 , and @entity3406 for 142 nonsmoking @entity1 using atomic absorption spectrometry. As a biomarker for oxidative stress, urinary @entity7599 ( @entity7599 ) levels were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The median urinary @entity7599 level for our subjects was 11.7 ng/mg @entity1011 . No obvious relationship between the levels of urinary @entity3406 and @entity7599 was found. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that @entity1 with higher urinary @entity3407 had greater urinary @entity7599 than did those with lower urinary @entity3407 . Similarly, subjects with higher urinary @entity3494 had greater urinary @entity7599 than did those with lower urinary @entity3494 . Furthermore, @entity1 with both high urinary @entity3494 and high urinary @entity3407 had the highest @entity7599 levels (mean +/- SE, 16.0 +/- 1.3; vs. low @entity3494 /low @entity3407 , p < 0.01) in urine, followed by those with low @entity3494 /high @entity3407 (13.7 +/- 1.6; vs. low @entity3494 /low @entity3407 , p = 0.25), high @entity3494 /low @entity3407 (12.9 +/- 1.6 vs. low @entity3494 /low @entity3407 , p = 0.52), and low @entity3494 /low @entity3407 (11.5 +/- 1.3); the trend was significant (p < 0.001). Thus, environmental carcinogenic metal exposure to @entity3407 and @entity3494 may play an important role in oxidative DNA damage to @entity1 .

title: Increased levels of XXXX attributable to carcinogenic metal exposure among schoolchildren.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity7599 :: ('MESH:C040791', 'Chemical') :: ['8-OHdG', '8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3407 :: ('MESH:D002857', 'Chemical') :: ['chromium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3494 :: ('MESH:D001151', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic', 'Arsenic']

answer: @entity7599 :: (MESH:C040791,Chemical) :: ['8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine']


abstract: Structural, cellular and nuclear abnormalities of hepatocytes are a histological hallmark of well-differentiated, @entity157 ( @entity157 ) or its borderline lesion. This study revealed that several @entity99 found in these hepatocellular @entity5 were also found in non-cirrhotic stages of @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) in which @entity157 is unlikely to develop. These changes are small cell changes, consisting of the appearance of small hepatocytes arranged in thin trabecular or compact patterns with increased cellularity and basophilic cytoplasm. This was found in 36%, 71% and 100% in specimens of stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Large cell changes occurred and consisted of large hepatocytes with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli, found in 27%, 47% and 22% of the stages, respectively. Finally, liver cell rosettes were seen, showing variable acinar formation and present in 0%, 41% and 33% of the stages, respectively. These lesions were identified microscopically as irregularly shaped areas or vague nodules of hepatocytes without a fibrous rim, in the hepatic lobules. They showed an expansive growth or shaggy border against the surrounding @entity99 . Follow-up studies, including autopsies, failed to show development of @entity157 or its borderline lesion in @entity2835 cases. Pathologists must make a diagnosis of @entity157 and its borderline lesion bearing in mind the occurrence of such unusual hepatocellular lesions probably of a reactive nature.

title: @entity99 in XXXX resembling but unrelated to hepatocellular @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'small hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular abnormalities', 'hepatic parenchyma']

answer: @entity2835 :: (MESH:D008105,Disease) :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Macroprolactin primarily comprises a complex of @entity4090 molecules, particularly anti- @entity4090 autoantibodies. However, it is unknown why autoantibodies against @entity4090 develop in certain subjects. This study aimed to elucidate post-translational modifications in the @entity4090 molecule that may be involved in the pathogenesis of macroprolactinaemia. METHODS: Macroprolactinaemia was screened with a @entity968 method in 238 @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) and 302 control subjects and confirmed by gel chromatography. We examined the relationship between macroprolactinaemia and several @entity309 -related laboratory tests including @entity1549 ( @entity1549 ) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody titres. The effect of @entity1549 on the @entity4090 molecule was examined by western blotting. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity309 exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of macroprolactinaemia (15/238; 6.3%) than the young control subjects (5/219 subjects; 2.3%), but the prevalence was not different from that observed in the elderly control subjects (5/83 subjects; 6.0%). The prevalence of macroprolactinaemia in @entity1 with elevated @entity1549 levels (9.68%) was significantly higher than that in those with normal @entity1549 levels (2.63%). Digestion of @entity4090 with @entity1549 produced vasoinhibins with several molecular species. Serum total and free @entity4090 levels in @entity309 @entity1 were higher than those in the age- and gender-matched control subjects. The levels of macroprolactin were not significantly correlated with those of @entity309 -specific anti-CCP antibody. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that elevated @entity1549 levels may lead to the formation of new epitopes on the @entity4090 molecule that might trigger an immune response to produce anti- @entity4090 autoantibodies in some @entity1 with @entity309 . Such post-translational modifications may possibly contribute to the increased prevalence of macroprolactinaemia in elderly subjects.

title: Possible involvement of @entity1549 in the pathogenesis of macroprolactinaemia in some @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1549 :: ('4314', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase-3', 'MMP-3']

entities_list: @entity4090 :: ('5617', 'Gene') :: ['PRL', 'prolactin (PRL) and IgG']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasingly, @entity263 is diagnosed through screening. However, little is known regarding factors that influence a @entity1 's decision concerning the treatment choices presented to him. METHODS: Subjects were @entity263 @entity1 detected through the Washington University @entity1486 Prostate Cancer Screening Program between September 1989 and June 1998. The sources of data were the @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) screening database and follow-up questionnaire. RESULTS: Among 1809 study subjects, 79.2% chose radical prostatectomy (RP), 12.4% chose radiation therapy, and 8.4% chose watchful waiting (WW) as their decision regarding primary treatment. In bivariate analyses, education, income, age, indication for prostate biopsy, comorbidity score, serum @entity1486 level, clinical stage, and pretreatment urinary and sexual function were associated significantly with treatment choice, but race, marital status, and Gleason grade were not. In a multivariate analysis, age, race, clinical stage, @entity1486 level, and pretreatment urinary and sexual function were found to be associated significantly with treatment choice. For every 5-year decrease in age, the odds for choosing RP versus WW increased by 276%; for every 1-ng increase in @entity1486 , the odds for choosing RP versus WW increased by 12%. Non-African-American @entity1 were greater than four times more likely to select RP versus WW. @entity1 with T2 @entity5 and those with normal pretreatment urinary function were three times more likely and twice more likely to choose RP versus WW, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, RP was the most widely used treatment in @entity1 with screen-detected @entity263 . Age, race, @entity1486 level, clinical stage, and pretreatment urinary and sexual function were significant factors influencing treatment selection.

title: Primary treatment choices for XXXX with clinically localized @entity263 detected by screening.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['PSA', 'prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Amyloid-b (Ab) aggregation into synaptotoxic, prefibrillar oligomers is a major pathogenic event underlying the neuropathology of @entity195 ( @entity195 ). The pharmacological and neuroprotective properties of a novel Ab aggregation inhibitor, @entity45033 , were investigated on aggregation and cell viability and in test systems relevant to synaptic function and memory, using both synthetic Ab(1-42) and cell-derived Ab oligomers. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Surface plasmon resonance studies measured binding of @entity45033 to Ab(1-42) . @entity7732 fluorescence and @entity98 assays were used to measure its ability to block Ab(1-42) -induced aggregation and reduction in cell viability. In vitro and in vivo long-term potentiation (LTP) experiments measured the effect of @entity45033 on deficits induced by synthetic Ab(1-42) and cell-derived Ab oligomers. Following i.c.v. administration of the latter, a complex (alternating-lever cyclic ratio) schedule of operant responding measured effects on memory in freely moving @entity35 . KEY RESULTS: @entity45033 demonstrated direct binding to monomeric Ab(1-42) , produced a concentration-related blockade of Ab(1-42) aggregation and protected neuronal cell lines exposed to Ab(1-42) . In vitro, @entity45033 @entity51 in hippocampal LTP induced by Ab(1-42) and cell-derived Ab oligomers. In vivo, @entity45033 reduced the deficits in LTP and memory induced by i.c.v. administration of cell-derived Ab oligomers. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: @entity45033 protected cells exposed to Ab(1-42) , displayed central activity with respect to reducing Ab-induced @entity2359 and was neuroprotective in electrophysiological and behavioural models of memory relevant to Ab-induced @entity179 . It represents a promising lead for designing inhibitors of Ab-mediated @entity137 as potential neuroprotective agents for treating @entity195 .

title: Ab oligomer @entity137 inhibitor protects memory in models of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['synaptic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['alleviated deficits']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity7732 :: ('MESH:C009462', 'Chemical') :: ['Thioflavin-T']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['synaptic toxicity']


abstract: A 7-year-old @entity1 presented with @entity158 in her back and legs. The physical examination revealed a loud opening sound of the mitral valve and @entity2003 . With the exception of significantly increased anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) levels, the immunological findings did not show any other abnormal parameters, also spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound examination of the abdomen and pelvis yield no pathological findings. The lumbar puncture showed a lymphocytic pleocytosis as well as an intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia-specific antibodies. Echocardiography showed a thickened mitral valve with mild regurgitation. No other signs of @entity884 or @entity2401 could be detected. Due to these findings, the diagnosis @entity9144 was made and an intravenous antibiotic therapy was given. The clinical symptoms subsided. Six months later, she had an almost normal mitral valve with only trivial @entity339 . The association between the @entity2003 and the thickened mitral valve remains unclear. The case of our @entity1 with @entity615 may be considered a rare case of @entity9144 with @entity9144 in @entity1 , and to our knowledge these symptoms together with cardiac involvement, such as a significantly thickened mitral valve, have not yet been described in the literature.

title: Diastolic heart murmur, @entity615 , and @entity2003 in a 7-year XXXX : an unusual manifestation of lyme disease in childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar rigidity']

entities_list: @entity9144 :: ('MESH:D020852', 'Disease') :: ['meningoradiculitis', 'Lyme neuroborreliosis']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['nocturnal back and leg pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['nocturnal pain']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['florid endocarditis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['girl']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1311 has been demonstrated to have significant activity in recurrent or metastatic @entity135 ( @entity135 ). In addition, the combination of @entity1311 and @entity900 is active in untreated @entity1 with inoperable @entity135 . Substitution of @entity3003 for @entity900 allows the treatment to be delivered on an outpatient basis. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the activity and @entity137 of the combination of @entity1311 by three-hour infusion and @entity3003 as first-line chemotherapy in @entity1 with recurrent or metastatic @entity135 . @entity1 AND METHODS: From March 1994 until August 1996, 49 @entity1 with recurrent or metastatic @entity135 were treated with @entity1311 (200 mg/m2, by three-hour infusion) followed by @entity3003 at an AUC of 7 mg.min/ml, every four weeks. @entity1261 was administered prophylactically on days 2 to 12 of each cycle. There were 41 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 with a median age of 57 years (range 23-73). The majority of the @entity1 were symptomatic and they had recurrent disease locoregionally. Fourteen @entity1 had @entity5 ( @entity5 ) and 35 had @entity1544 of other areas of the head and neck region (non- @entity5 ). RESULTS: At the completion of treatment, two @entity1 with @entity5 demonstrated complete and six partial responses for an overall response rate of 57% (95% CI 29%-82%). Among @entity1 with non- @entity5 , the response rate was 23% (95% CI 9%-37%). After a median follow up period of 15 months, the median time to progression was 4.3 months in the non- @entity5 group and 16.5 months in the @entity5 group. At the time of the analysis, median survival had not been reached in @entity5 while it was 7.3 months in non- @entity5 @entity1 . Grade 3-4 @entity137 included @entity417 (2%) and @entity1431 , @entity882 , @entity3136 , @entity390 / @entity391 and @entity294 (4% each). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity1311 and @entity3003 appears to be well tolerated but only moderately active in @entity1 with advanced non- @entity5 of the head and neck region. However, its activity appears promising in @entity5 and deserves further investigation.

title: XXXX by three-hour infusion and @entity3003 in advanced carcinoma of nasopharynx and other sites of the head and neck. A phase II study conducted by the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['HNC', 'head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities', 'toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['NPC', 'nasopharyngeal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['Paclitaxel', 'paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancers']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the cross-sectional association between dietary @entity1760 intake and @entity626 ( @entity571 ) among African American and white @entity1 and @entity1 . METHODS: The presence of radiographic knee @entity571 was examined among @entity1 from the Johnston County @entity571 Project and was defined as a Kellgren/Lawrence grade of at least 2 in at least 1 knee. The Block Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to assess @entity1760 intake. Effect modifiers were explored by testing interactions of @entity1760 intake and selected factors based on previous studies. The multivariable logistic regression model with standard energy adjustment method was used to estimate the relationship between @entity1760 intake and radiographic knee @entity571 . RESULTS: The prevalence of knee @entity571 was 36.27% among the 2,112 @entity1 . The relationship between @entity1760 intake and radiographic knee @entity571 was found to be modified by race (P for interaction = 0.03). An inverse threshold association was observed among whites. Compared to @entity1 in the lowest quintile, the relative odds of radiographic knee @entity571 were cut by one-half for @entity1 in the second quintile of @entity1760 intake (odds ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.34-0.79); further @entity1760 intake did not provide further benefits (P for trend = 0.51). A statistically significant association was not observed among African Americans. CONCLUSION: A modest inverse threshold association was found between dietary @entity1760 intake and knee @entity571 in whites, but not in African Americans. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action for the racial modification.

title: Association of dietary @entity1760 intake with XXXX : results from a population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['radiographic knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['radiographic knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: Reactive @entity26 species (ROS) including @entity842 (NO) are thought to be involved in inflammatory processes, exacerbating @entity32 and tissue damage in @entity15 ( @entity15 ). The oil extracts of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) has been known as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that N. sativa components provide protection against oxidative stress induced by @entity6503 ( @entity6503 ) in @entity35 . For this purpose, @entity6503 was induced in @entity35 by using @entity840 @entity7998 ( @entity7998 ) in Freud's adjuvant with addition of heat-killed @entity12603 to test this hypothesis. In study groups, N. sativa was given by oral gavage to the @entity35 . Treatment of the @entity35 with N. sativa inhibited ROS production induced by @entity6503 showing diminished levels of @entity1865 of both brain and medulla spinalis tissues. Although there was a significant decrease in brain NO level, there was an increase in medulla spinalis NO level after @entity6503 induction in @entity35 . N. sativa regulated tissue NO levels in some extend when applied together with @entity6503 . When N. sativa was given alone to the @entity35 , no changes were shown in brain, medulla spinalis, and serum oxidant/antioxidant parameters. In conclusion, N sativa may protect brain and medulla spinalis tissues against oxidative stress induced by @entity6503 . In addition, N. sativa display its antioxidant and regulatory effects via inflammatory cells rather than the host tissue (brain and medulla spinalis) for @entity6503 in @entity35 .

title: The effect of Nigella sativa oil against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis via XXXX and other oxidative stress parameters.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity6503 :: ('MESH:D004681', 'Disease') :: ['EAE', 'experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: AIMS: The proliferation factor Ki67 is prognostic in @entity0 and included in international therapy guidelines, but measurement procedures differ between laboratories. We compared the reproducibility and prognostic value of different Ki67 sampling and measurement methods. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 237 T(1,2) N(0) M(0) @entity0 without adjuvant systemic treatment, strictly standardized section thickness, automated antigen retrieval and immunohistochemistry were used. The percentages of Ki67-positive nuclei were assessed using (i) a 'quick-scan rapid estimate', (ii) ocular-square-guided counts by independent pathologists, (iii) computerized point-grid-sampling interactive morphometry (CIM) and (iv) automated @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ). Quick-scan rapid estimates were poorly reproducible. The optimal prognostic thresholds of Ki67 counts by two pathologists differed greatly (4%, 14%; kappa: 0.36), with many therapeutic differences. CIM-Ki67 and @entity2996 -Ki67 were strongly prognostic (P<0.0001) and reproducible. @entity2996 -Ki67 (threshold: 6.5%) was the strongest and most robust prognosticator (the threshold could vary from 4 to 15% without significant @entity393 ). Ki67 was prognostically strongest in the periphery of the @entity5 . CONCLUSION: In node-negative @entity0 without adjuvant systemic treatment, Ki67% by @entity2996 , but not subjective counts, is reproducible and prognostically strong. This casts serious doubt on therapeutic guidelines using subjective counts of Ki67.

title: Comparison of the effect of different techniques for measurement of Ki67 proliferation on reproducibility and prognosis prediction accuracy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['prognostic loss']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['DIA', 'digital image analysis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early discharge after @entity583 is safe and feasible. Factors that delay discharge need to be identified in order to improve care and reduce bed occupancy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential of the restricted weekend service that operates in most hospitals to delay @entity1 discharge. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: 2541 consecutive @entity1 with @entity583 admitted to the coronary care unit of three local district hospitals over a 12 year period. RESULTS: Clinical factors affecting the duration of stay were age, sex, and severity of @entity1188 . Thus older @entity1 and @entity1 stayed significantly longer, as did @entity1 with enzymatically large @entity1188 . Day of week also had an important influence on duration of stay. Discharge occurred most often on a Friday (p = 0.006) and least often over the weekend (p = 0.0001). @entity1 were preferentially discharged on a Friday if the length of stay was more than 72 hours. Thus @entity1 admitted on a Sunday or Monday were usually discharged the following Friday, corresponding to a median duration of stay of five or four days, respectively. For @entity1 admitted on Tuesday to Saturday, weekend discharge was avoided and the median duration of stay was six to eight days. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with @entity583 , discharge decisions were influenced appropriately by clinical indicators of risk, but inappropriately by the day of the week. Thus weekend discharge was generally avoided, leading to variations in length of stay that were largely determined by the day of the week on which admission occurred rather than clinical need.

title: Restricted weekend service inappropriately delays discharge after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcts', 'infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: @entity8116 ( @entity8116 ) is one of the immunological agents used as an adjuvant in @entity5 therapy; it has been associated with improved quality of life during @entity5 chemotherapy. Based on these previous findings and on the observed clinical benefits attributed to @entity8116 in other types of @entity5 , we investigated its clinical and immunological effects as a therapy adjuvant on @entity0 @entity1 who received only chemotherapy, as compared to @entity1 administered @entity291 @entity8116 (bDLE) as an adjuvant. This study included 43 @entity0 @entity1 who were about to begin chemotherapy. This group was divided as follows: 25 received chemotherapy and bDLE as an adjuvant therapy, and 18 received only chemotherapy without the adjuvant. All @entity1 clinical and immunological responses were monitored. Among @entity1 in the group that received bDLE as adjuvant, 60% showed a complete response, 32% showed a partial response and 8% did not respond. By contrast, in the group without the adjuvant, 39% showed a complete response, 50% displayed a partial response and 11% were non-responders. In addition, bDLE treatment in combination with chemotherapy resulted in the enhancement of the Karnofsky performance scale during chemotherapy. Even though @entity1 underwent several cycles of chemotherapy without bDLE, the lymphocyte population dropped to below the reference value. On the other hand, in @entity1 with bDLE as adjuvant, the @entity404 (+) and @entity405 (+) lymphocytes and the B lymphocytes were maintained within the median range of the reference value. The number of natural killer cells also increased after chemotherapy treatment with bDLE as an adjuvant. In conclusion, bDLE treatment contributes to significant immunological recovery in @entity1 that have undergone heavy chemotherapy, increasing the clinical response and quality of life during chemotherapy.

title: Clinical and immunological assessment in @entity0 patients receiving anticancer therapy and XXXX dialyzable leukocyte extract as an adjuvant.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity8116 :: ('MESH:D007960', 'Disease') :: ['DLE', 'Dialyzable leukocyte extract']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion tensor imaging may reflect pathology of the optic nerve; however, the ability of DTI to evaluate alterations of the optic nerve in @entity6391 has not yet been assessed, to our knowledge. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of reduced FOV-DTI in @entity1781 of @entity6391 at 3T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight @entity1 and thirty-five healthy controls were enrolled in this study. @entity227 in all subjects were performed. A reduced FOV-DTI sequence was used to derive fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient, principal eigenvalue, and orthogonal eigenvalue of the individual optic nerves. Mean fractional anisotropy, ADC, and eigenvalue maps were obtained for quantitative analysis. Further analyses were performed to determine the correlation of fractional anisotropy, ADC, principal eigenvalue, and orthogonal eigenvalue with optic nerves in @entity1 with mean deviation of the @entity227 , respectively. RESULTS: The optic nerves of @entity1 with @entity6391 compared with control subjects showed significantly higher ADC, principal eigenvalue, and orthogonal eigenvalue and significantly lower fractional anisotropy (P < .01). For @entity1 with @entity6391 , the mean deviation of the visual field of the optic nerve was significantly correlated with mean fractional anisotropy (r = 0.364, P = .001) and orthogonal eigenvalue (r = -0.254, P = .029), but it was not correlated with mean ADC (P = .154) and principal eigenvalue (P = .337). Moreover, no correlation between any DTI parameter and visual acuity in @entity1 with @entity6391 was observed (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Reduced FOV-DTI measurement of the optic nerve may serve as a biomarker of axonal and myelin damage in @entity1781 for @entity1 with @entity6391 .

title: Reduced Field-of-View Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Optic Nerve in XXXX at 3T.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field and visual acuity', 'Measures of visual field and visual acuity of both eyes']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa']

answer: @entity6391 :: (MESH:D012174,Disease) :: ['Retinitis Pigmentosa']


abstract: A caspase-mediated release of the 40-kDa catalytic fragment of the delta isoform (CF-delta) of protein kinase C ( @entity6164 ) is involved in apoptosis, but its actual role in apoptosis development is still unknown. In an effort to understand this role, we have used polyomavirus-transformed pyF111 @entity35 fibroblasts, which are hypersusceptible to apoptosis as they constitutively hyperexpress @entity6164 , but cannot make the antiapoptotic @entity1976 and @entity5613 proteins, while making the proapoptotic @entity2310 protein. @entity11616 is reportedly both a specific inhibitor of @entity6164 activity (C. Keenan, N. Goode, and C. Pears, 1997, FEBS Lett. 415, 101-108) and an effective apoptogen (M. Murata et al., 1997, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 53, 737-743). Exposure of pyF111 cells to @entity11616 (75 nM) stimulated the translocation of the @entity6164 holoenzyme (holo- @entity6164 ) onto the @entity18309 ( @entity18309 ) fraction between 15 and 45 min, which was after the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c but before the activation of cytoplasmic DEVD-specific caspases. The CF-delta fragment started accumulating only between 2 and 4 h, while apoptosis occurred mostly within 6 h. Incubating pyF111 cells with the much slower acting, apoptogenic topoisomerase-II inhibitors @entity2879 ( @entity2879 ) and @entity2663 ( @entity2663 ) also caused within 6 h a doubling of the @entity18309 -bound holo- @entity6164 -related activity but with no significant translocation of the holoenzyme to the @entity18309 fraction. Again this occurred after the release of cytochrome c but before the activation of DEVDases and the accumulation of the CF-delta. However, while @entity11616 did not affect the delta-related activity in the @entity231 ( @entity231 ) and nucleoplasmic (NP) fractions, @entity2879 and @entity2663 caused a prompt, large, and irreversible drop in the delta activity at the @entity231 and a transient surge followed by a fall in the NP-associated activity. Hence, a surge of @entity18309 -anchored holo- @entity6164 activity is a common part of the signals given by various apoptogenic drugs to pyF111 cells. On the other hand, inhibition of delta-related activity, first at the @entity231 and then in the NP fraction, is a specific feature only of the signals given by apoptogenic DNA-damaging agents.

title: Increased activity of the protein kinase C-delta holoenzyme in the @entity18309 fraction precedes the activation of caspases in polyomavirus-transformed pyF111 @entity35 fibroblasts exposed to XXXX or topoisomerase-II inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['nuclear membrane', 'NM']

entities_list: @entity18309 :: ('MESH:D020774', 'Disease') :: ['CP', 'cytoplasmic particulate']

entities_list: @entity11616 :: ('MESH:C058819', 'Chemical') :: ['Calphostin C', 'calphostin C']

answer: @entity11616 :: (MESH:C058819,Chemical) :: ['calphostin C']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present a general overview of the etiology, definition, and prevalence of @entity73 ( @entity73 ), as well as outline possible treatment strategies. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search was conducted for relevant references generated from 1990 to 2000 concerning @entity73 , mild to moderate @entity195 ( @entity195 ), and therapeutic strategies. Several books were also used in the compilation of data for this review, as well as the authors' experience in designing and conducting @entity73 trials. DATA EXTRACTION: All of the references listed were assessed, and all relevant information was included in this review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Forgetful individuals most likely to develop @entity195 have a condition known as @entity73 previous to their development of @entity303 . This condition is hallmarked by @entity2414 that is abnormal for the individual's age and educational level. While not all individuals with @entity73 develop @entity195 , it is apparent that the condition can serve as a potential marker for early onset of @entity195 . CONCLUSIONS: As many clinicians can attest, occasional forgetfulness is a common aspect of the aging process. Eventually, however, a large portion of forgetful individuals, especially those with @entity73 , will be diagnosed with @entity195 or some other form of @entity303 . Indeed, many researchers have suggested that @entity73 should be regarded as incipient @entity195 and that these individuals would benefit from drug therapy. Thus, @entity73 screening may be beneficial in terms of both early @entity195 intervention and perhaps even @entity195 prevention.

title: Mild XXXX : emerging therapeutics.

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['MCI', 'mild cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairment']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'Alzheimer disease']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive impairment']


abstract: PURPOSE: To study the histology of the trabecular meshwork of eyes with @entity726 by intravitreal injection of @entity2995 (TA). DESIGN: Two cases report. @entity1 /METHODS: A 68-year-old Japanese @entity1 with @entity2994 and a 48-year-old Japanese @entity1 with @entity1596 were treated by @entity231 surgery, intraocular lens implantation, and TA-assisted pars plana vitrectomy. At the end of surgery, TA suspension (4 mg) was intravitreously injected. During the follow-up period, the intraocular pressure (IOP) of the @entity1 increased over 30 mm Hg even with full medication. Trabeculectomy was performed at 4 months after TA injection in case 1 and at 6 months in case 2, and intraocular pressure returned to the normal range in both cases. Light and electron microscopic studies of the resected trabecular tissue were carried out. RESULTS: The histology showed minimal deposition of extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork in case 1. Case 2 showed the beginnings of deposition of extracellular matrix including fingerprintlike material in the trabecular meshwork with decreased intertrabecular spaces. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork of eyes with @entity726 after treatment with intravitreal TA might resemble those with @entity726 after topical corticosteroid treatment.

title: Ultrastructure of the trabecular meshwork in secondary XXXX eyes after intravitreal @entity2995 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'man', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['branch retinal vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']