abstract: AIM: To estimate the incidence rates and major causes of registered @entity4064 in Kuwait. METHODS: Data on age, gender and cause of @entity4064 were collected from the @entity227 Committee while evaluating Kuwaiti citizens applying for a @entity1939 allowance from January 2000 to December 2004. Criteria for @entity1939 in Kuwait are visual acuity 6/60 or less in the better eye with best possible correction or a visual field less than 20 degrees around the central fixation point. Incidence rates per 100,000 @entity1 years of observation were calculated for both genders in four age subgroups and four severity categories. The causes of @entity1939 were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition. RESULTS: 412 @entity1 were registered as blind, 272 males (66.01%) and 140 females (33.98%), mean age 28.7 +/-25.2 years, 39.32% below 20 years of age, 31.79% 21-40 years, 18.68% 41-60 years, and 9.95% 61 years and over . Male gender was prevalent for all age subgroups. The overall incidence rate was 9.97 per 100,000 @entity1 years of observation, 13.33 for the male and 6.69 for the female @entity1 . The incidence rates rose from 7.35 for those 20 years and younger to 14.80 for the age subgroup 41-60 and 23.16 for those 61 years and above. The rates of severe @entity227 classified in categories 4 and 5 were higher than the rates for categories 2 and 3. @entity6391 was the leading cause of @entity1939 , followed by @entity154 and @entity1952 . In the subgroup below 20 the rate of @entity1952 was highest, followed by @entity600 , @entity6391 and @entity989 . In the next age subgroup (21-40 years), the rate of @entity6391 was three times as high as in the younger subgroup, followed by @entity1952 , @entity600 and @entity4068 . In the subgroup 41-60 the incidence rate for phthisis bulbi was twice as high as the rates for @entity6391 and @entity1952 . For those 61 years and older, the incidence rate of phthisis bulbi was almost five times as high as that for @entity1952 . The incidence rates for the male @entity1 were higher for the major causes of disability in all age subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The overall incidence rate of @entity1939 for Kuwait is less than in many other national registries. The marked prevalence of the male gender in all age subgroups is specific for Kuwait. The rates of the leading causes of @entity1939 reflect the prevalence of the younger subgroups in our registry. Additional data on co-morbidity and dedicated efforts to reveal unrecognized and unregistered @entity1939 , particularly among females, will overcome the limitations of the registry, and will serve to outline the tendencies in avoidable vision loss and monitor the efficacy of the prevention programs in the future.

title: Registered XXXX in Kuwait.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment', 'Visual Disability']

entities_list: @entity1952 :: ('MESH:D009896', 'Disease') :: ['optic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa', 'Retinitis pigmentosa']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['registered blindness', 'legal blindness', 'blindness']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy of prematurity']

entities_list: @entity4064 :: ('MESH:D015354', 'Disease') :: ['blindness and low vision']

answer: @entity4064 :: (MESH:D015354,Disease) :: ['blindness and low vision']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: An original technique for complete bladder replacement using an ileal segment--the @entity3549 pouch--is described. The long-term functional results and early and late complications are presented. METHODS: The records of 209 VIPs performed following radical cystectomy for @entity150 from 1987 through 1995 were reviewed. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 87 months (mean: 24 mo.); the age of the @entity1 ranged from 35 to 76 years (mean: 59.6 yrs.). RESULTS: 188 @entity1 with a follow-up of at least 6 months have been evaluated. There was 1 postoperative death from massive @entity1151 , 23 pts. died from @entity5 progression and 4 are still alive with @entity3 . Early complications were observed in 10.5% of the pts., comprising 9 cases of prolonged ileus (5 functional and 4 obstructive), 3 pelvic @entity1410 , 2 @entity1150 and 2 fistulas between the enteric @entity254 and the @entity3549 pouch. Late complications were observed in 39.5%, in particular, 28 @entity850 (15%), 21 urethro-ileal stenosis (11%) and 15 laparoceles (8%). Clinically relevant metabolic disturbance has not been observed. Complete daytime continence was achieved in more than 90% of the cases and night-time continence was observed in 75% of the @entity1 . The mean @entity3549 manometric capacity was around 400 ml with low pressure during reservoir emptying; 39 @entity1 (20%), showed voiding problems with a mean postmicturition residual of 150 ml (3 pts. require clean intermittent self-catheterization). CONCLUSIONS: @entity3549 offers a simple and easy-to-perform surgical technique to provide a good capacity, low pressure, non refluxing reservoir employing only a 40 cm. ileal segment. The clinical and urodynamic results are good and offer high quality of life to @entity1 undergoing cystectomy. The overall rate of late complications is fairly high, although conservative management is effective in most cases.

title: [Vesica ileale Padovana ( XXXX ): surgical technique, long-term functional evaluation, complications and management].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['invasive bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['uretero-ileal stenosis']

answer: @entity3549 :: (7432,Gene) :: ['VIP']


abstract: The expression pattern of the salT gene was analyzed in different cell types and organs of @entity579 ( @entity579 .) in response to saline and hormonal treatments to obtain detailed information on the physiological cues controlling gene expression. Gel blot analysis of RNA and in-situ hybridization performed on seedlings grown for 10 ds in the presence of 1% @entity1219 revealed that salT was expressed mainly in the younger tissues of the plant. In contrast, 6-week-old plants exhibited maximal salT mRNA accumulation in sheaths of older leaves. In addition, salT was normally expressed in rapidly dividing suspension-cultured cells, but not in quiescent ones. Altogether, these results may indicate that salT expression in each region of the plant is dependent on the metabolic activity of the cells as well as on whether or not they are stressed. The effects of two growth regulators, @entity2271 ( @entity2272 ) and @entity9635 , were investigated in combination with the effects of @entity1219 . @entity9635 had a synergistic effect on the induction of the salT gene when combined with 0.5% @entity1219 , but did not induce salT on its own. At 10 microM, @entity2272 induced salT both in the absence of @entity1219 and in its presence. Whereas 1 microM @entity2272 acted additively with @entity1219 to induce gene expression, 5 microM @entity2272 with @entity1219 was only as effective as @entity1219 alone. This may indicate that the two stimuli act independently and possibly through antagonistic signal transduction pathways.

title: The expression of the salt-responsive gene salT from XXXX is regulated by hormonal and developmental cues.

entities_list: @entity2271 :: ('MESH:D000040', 'Chemical') :: ['abscisic acid']

entities_list: @entity9635 :: ('MESH:C007842', 'Chemical') :: ['gibberellic acid', 'Gibberellic acid']

entities_list: @entity579 :: ('4530', 'Species') :: ['Oryza sativa L', 'rice']

answer: @entity579 :: (4530,Species) :: ['rice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To illustrate that severe @entity1375 alone may not be enough to cause @entity2753 in the otherwise healthy ambulatory @entity1 . METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted using an academic health center enterprise-wide electronic health record to identify 10 @entity1 with @entity1375 and same-day serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), @entity1372 , @entity1011 , and calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Same-day free @entity1954 or free @entity1955 was also recorded if tested. @entity1 were included in our case series if they met the following inclusion criteria: TSH level >100  U/mL and same-day @entity1372 and @entity1011 levels. All laboratory tests were collected on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: The 10 subjects (2 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 ) were ages 19 to 97 years (median, 51.5 years). Median TSH was 193  U/mL (range, 104.2 to 515.6  U/mL; normal, 0.40 to 5.50  U/mL) with median @entity1372 of 138 mmol/L (range, 136 to 142 mmol/L; normal, 135 to 146 mmol/L). The lowest @entity1372 was 136 mmol/L with concurrent TSH of 469.7  U/mL, free @entity1954 of 1.0 pg/mL (normal, 1.8 to 4.6 pg/mL), and free thyroxine of 0.2 ng/dL (normal, 0.7 to 1.8 ng/dL). Median GFR was 67.5 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m2 (range, 44 to 114 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m2; normal, 90 to 120 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m2). CONCLUSION: In our small series of @entity1 with extreme TSH elevations, none had a serum @entity1372 level below normal (<135 mmol/L), even in the presence of a reduced GFR. @entity2753 can be a common occurrence in hospitalized and/or chronically ill @entity1 ; however, in an otherwise relatively healthy ambulatory @entity1 , @entity1375 , even when severely undertreated, may be a less clinically relevant cause of @entity2753 .

title: @entity1375 as a cause of XXXX : fact or fiction?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism', 'primary hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia', 'Hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity2753 :: (MESH:D007010,Disease) :: ['hyponatremia']


abstract: Answering the above mentioned questions we conclude: 1. MRT is the method of choice to get a precise, clear and reproducible imaging of malformations and space occupying lesions of the CNS. 2. MRT is able to detect inflammatory processes of the CNS earlier than CT. Extension and localization of which are illustrated more precisely. Because there is no ionizing radiation MRT is of importance for follow-up studies. Concerning diffuse inflammatory diseases or early diagnosis of Herpes simplex @entity198 MRT yields more precise and earlier results. 3. In cases of @entity410 with or without lesions in EEG MRT should be used instead of CT. MRT offers multiplanar imaging; there are no bony artefacts. 4. CT is superior to MRT, if @entity730 or acute bleedings are expected. MRT provides better differentiation of subacute and chronic @entity548 . 5. To find out cerebral AV-Malformations MRT is better than angiography. Angiography, however, is important for preoperative questions, and for smaller AV-Malformations especially in the spinal canal. 6. @entity9555 as well as disturbances of white matter myelination are better seen in MRT due to high soft tissue contrast. 7. In newborns and @entity1 sonography is the best imaging modality and might be completed by MRT and/or CT.

title: [Indications for magnetic resonance tomography in diseases of the central nervous system in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral seizures']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['Encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity9555 :: ('MESH:D001928', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic and degenerative lesions']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The OK04 trial has shown that 48 weeks of @entity5195 - @entity486 monotherapy with reintroduction of @entity2642 as needed was noninferior to continuation of triple therapy with 2 @entity2642 and @entity5195 - @entity486 in @entity1 with prior stable suppression. However, it is still uncertain if this experimental strategy can maintain suppression in the long term. METHODS: @entity1 entered this noninferiority trial (upper limit 95% confidence interval: +12%) with no history of virological failure while receiving a protease inhibitor and receiving 2 @entity2642 plus @entity5195 / @entity486 , with @entity645 RNA <50 copies per milliliter for more than 6 months. Primary end point was percent of @entity1 without therapeutic failure, defined as confirmed @entity645 RNA >500 copies per milliliter with exclusion of monotherapy @entity1 who resuppressed to <50 copies per milliliter after resuming baseline @entity2642 , or loss to follow-up, or change of randomized therapy other than reinduction. RESULTS: Through 96 weeks, percentage of @entity1 without therapeutic failure was 87% (monotherapy, n = 100) vs. 78% (triple therapy, n = 98; 95% confidence interval: -20% to +1.2%). Percentage with @entity645 RNA <50 copies per milliliter (intention to treat, missing = failure, reinduction = failure): 77% (monotherapy) vs. 78% (triple therapy). Low-level viral rebound was more frequent in the monotherapy group. Twelve @entity1 in the monotherapy group (12%) needed reinduction with @entity2642 . Discontinuations due to adverse events were significantly more frequent in the triple therapy group (8%) than in the monotherapy group (0%); P = 0.003. CONCLUSIONS: At 96-week @entity5195 / @entity486 monotherapy with reintroduction of @entity2642 as needed was noninferior to continuation of triple therapy. Incidence of adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation was significantly lower with monotherapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00114933).

title: @entity5195 - XXXX monotherapy versus @entity5195 - @entity486 and 2 @entity2642 for maintenance therapy of @entity645 : 96-week analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2642 :: ('MESH:D009705', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleosides']

entities_list: @entity5195 :: ('MESH:D061466', 'Chemical') :: ['lopinavir']

entities_list: @entity486 :: ('MESH:D019438', 'Chemical') :: ['ritonavir']

answer: @entity486 :: (MESH:D019438,Chemical) :: ['ritonavir']


abstract: 1. Eight subjects performed two-legged exercise, one leg with low and the other with normal muscle glycogen content. The purpose was to study the effect of low initial muscle glycogen content on the metabolic response during 1 h of exercise and 2 h of recovery. This model allows direct comparison of net fluxes of substrates and metabolites over the exercising legs receiving the same arterial inflow. 2. Muscle glycogen breakdown during exercise was 60% lower in the leg with a reduced pre-exercise glycogen concentration and the rate of @entity413 uptake during exercise was 30% higher. 3. The amount of @entity2388 that was oxidized during exercise was calculated to be approximately 450 mmol in the low-glycogen leg and 750 mmol in the normal-glycogen leg, which suggests more fat and @entity535 oxidation in the low-glycogen leg. 4. During exercise, there was a significant release of @entity1522 not metabolized in the muscle, e. g. @entity669 and @entity815 , only from the low-glycogen leg, suggesting an increased rate of net protein degradation in this leg. 5. The release of @entity669 and @entity815 from the low-glycogen leg during the exercise period and the change in their muscle concentrations yield a net @entity669 and @entity815 production rate of 1.4 and 1.5 mmol h-1, respectively. The net rate of protein degradation was then calculated to be 7-12 g @entity27539 . The results suggest that the observed differences in metabolism between the low-glycogen and the normal-glycogen leg are induced by the glycogen level per se, since the legs received the same arterial supply of hormones and substrates.

title: Effect of muscle glycogen on XXXX , lactate and @entity535 metabolism during exercise and recovery in human subjects.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: AIMS: To prospectively determine the frequency of remission and possible mechanism of beta cell recovery in non-Whites with @entity6 in the setting of intensive glycaemic regulation using pharmacological agents. METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive, newly diagnosed African-American, @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 presenting primarily for severe hyperglycaemia (31.0+/-12.8 mmol/l) were followed for at least 1 year. Initial hospitalization included treatment with insulin, fluids and electrolytes. Outpatient intensive glycaemic regulation included insulin or @entity5217 , @entity6 education and diet that altered nutrient content. Plasma @entity413 and @entity2690 responses to an oral @entity413 tolerance test and HbA1c were measured at < 14, 15-56 and 57-112 days after presentation. Remission was defined as a HbA1c < or = 6.3% and fasting plasma @entity413 < 6.9 mmol/l, 3 months after discontinuing all pharmacological agents. RESULTS: Eleven of 26 @entity1 (42.3%) developed remission after a mean of 83 days of pharmacological treatment and remained in remission during follow-up for 248-479 days; one relapsed after 294 days. Fifteen @entity1 who did not develop a remission and were followed for 168-468 days, required continuing pharmacological therapy to be well-controlled. (mean @entity4051 c = 7.1%). There was no significant difference in age, sex, plasma @entity413 at presentation, initial glycaemic regulation, final body mass index, magnitude of weight change or pharmacological agents used for treatment between the two groups. Plasma @entity2690 response to oral @entity413 was initially (< 14 days) suppressed in all subjects and subsequently increased. The increase was significantly greater in those who underwent a remission than those who did not. Neither significant @entity353 nor severe hypoglycaemia was observed in either group during intensive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Forty-two per cent of newly diagnosed, unselected African-Americans with @entity164 2 @entity6 , treated intensively using pharmacological agents, education and diet developed near-normoglycaemic remission. Remission was associated with a greater recovery of @entity413 -stimulated insulin secretion suggesting that therapies directed at promoting beta cell recovery and preservation are potentially useful approaches to the treatment of @entity6 .

title: Near-normoglycaemic remission in African-Americans with XXXX is associated with recovery of beta cell function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'Type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glibenclamide']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Type 2 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: In 1896, in the Bulletin of the Medical Society of Paris, Antoine @entity1614 described a five-year-old @entity1 with @entity28179 . It took almost 50 years to fully elucidate this syndrome including @entity439 of the ascending aorta. It is critical to make an early diagnosis of @entity439 because there is a high frequency of dissection and @entity397 once the aortic diameter reaches 6 cm. Before the availability of the Bentall composite graft procedure in 1968, the operative results were very poor. The Bentall operation now carries a 30-day mortality rate of less than 5% at major cardiac surgical centers. Two hundred and thirty-one @entity1614 @entity1 underwent aortic root replacement at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between September 1976 and December 1997. The 30-day mortality for 198 @entity1 undergoing elective aortic root replacement was 0%. Two of 33 @entity1 undergoing urgent surgery died in the first 30 days after surgery; both of these @entity1 arrived in the operating room with ruptured aortas. The actuarial survival for the 231 @entity1 undergoing aortic root replacement was 88% at five years, 81% at ten years, and 75% at 20 years. Clearly, the outlook for @entity1614 @entity1 undergoing elective aortic root replacement has been excellent. Accompanying the steadily improving surgical results have been spectacular developments in understanding the genetic role in @entity1614 families. Since 1991, over 150 mutations have been discovered in the gene that is critical in the production of the structural protein fibrillin. The identification of mutations in the fibrillin gene has enabled the diagnosis of @entity66 in some @entity1 before they become symptomatic; prenatal diagnosis has been achieved in some @entity1 . The ultimate hope for @entity1614 families is to eliminate the disease by genetic manipulation; however, this may be years away.

title: Antoine XXXX and his syndrome: one hundred years later.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan disease']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity28179 :: ('MESH:D054119', 'Disease') :: ['arachnodactyly']

answer: @entity1614 :: (MESH:D008382,Disease) :: ['Marfan']


abstract: Chronic @entity9 is a frequent consequence of @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). Yet despite recent advances, upstream releasing mechanisms and effective therapeutic options remain elusive. Previous studies have demonstrated that @entity1566 results in excessive @entity855 release to the peritraumatic regions and that purinergic signaling, among glial cells, likely plays an essential role in facilitating inflammatory responses and nociceptive sensitization. We sought to assess the role of @entity16899 ( @entity16899 ) as a mediator of CNS @entity32 and @entity1118 . To determine the extent of @entity16899 involvement in @entity1118 , a weight-drop @entity1566 was performed on @entity19 with @entity16899 / @entity33247 deletions. @entity1566 induced robust and persistent @entity9 including @entity1931 and mechanical @entity1931 in wild-type control @entity19 , which developed after 4 weeks and was maintained after 8 weeks. Notably, @entity1566 -induced @entity1931 and mechanical @entity1931 were prevented in @entity19 with @entity16899 / @entity33247 deletions, but fully developed in @entity19 with only @entity33247 deletion. @entity1566 -induced @entity5219 , detected as upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the spinal cord astrocytes at different stages of the injury, was also reduced in the knockout @entity19 with @entity16899 / @entity33247 deletions, when compared with littermate controls. In comparison, a standard regimen of post- @entity1566 treatment of @entity1214 attenuated @entity9 to a significantly lesser degree than @entity16899 deletion. These findings suggest @entity16899 is critically linked to the development of central @entity9 following acute @entity1566 . Since @entity16899 / @entity33247 is expressed by astrocytes, these findings also support an important role of astrocytes in the development of @entity1118 .

title: Astrocytic CX43 hemichannels and gap junctions play a crucial role in development of chronic XXXX following @entity1566 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia', 'heat hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the better method of surgical management of craniopharygioma. METHODS: We treated 30 @entity1 with @entity976 ranged in age from 15 to 55 years (mean: 34.13 years old). MR image showed that the @entity5 ' diameter varied from 2.0 cm to 6.0 cm (mean, 3.34 cm). 17 @entity1 had the @entity5 in suprasellar region, 11 had @entity5 extension in the third ventricle 2 and had the @entity5 down to insellar. @entity5 was seen in 5 @entity1 , partial @entity5 in 17, and solid @entity5 in 8. Calcified @entity5 was found in 18 @entity1 . Frontal temporal craniotomy was performed in all @entity1 . The @entity5 was dissected in the parachiasmal opticocarotid, carotidotentorial spaces and lamina terminals. Great attention was paid to the preservation of the perforating arteries from the carotid, posterior and anterior communication and anterior choroidal arteries to the structure of the hypothalamus. The solid portion of the @entity5 was removed by piecemeal. RESULTS: The @entity5 was totally removed in 29 @entity1 and subtotally removed in 1 @entity1 by second surgery. Follow-up showed that 27 @entity1 resat normal life, 1 @entity1 needed assistance, 1 died 7 days after surgery from inhalation @entity1763 , and 1 died from complications of @entity2010 . CONCLUSIONS: Many different surgical approaches can be used in the treatment of carniopharyngioma according to the localization and extension of the @entity5 . However, avoidance of the @entity131 in the third ventricle and preservation of the perforating arteries to hypothalamus are essential to achieving a good surgical result.

title: [Total removal of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['neural structures injury']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Complete cystic tumor', 'cystic tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngioma']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity976 :: (MESH:D003397,Disease) :: ['craniopharyngioma']


abstract: @entity224 production contributes to osteoclastic bone resorption. Evidence strongly indicates that @entity1110 oxidase is an enzyme system responsible for @entity224 generation in osteoclasts. A membrane-bound subunit, p91, is the catalytic domain of @entity1110 oxidase. However, osteoclasts from p91 knockout @entity19 still produce @entity224 at a rate similar to that observed in wild type @entity19 . This unexpected phenomenon prompted us to examine the osteoclasts for an alternative to the p91-containing oxidase. In this study, the cloning of a @entity1110 oxidase subunit ( @entity14856 ) with 578 @entity1522 is reported. @entity14856 has 58% similarity in @entity1522 with the known p91 subunit of @entity1110 oxidase. @entity14856 is present and active in osteoclasts. Antisense oligonucleotides of @entity14856 reduced osteoclastic @entity224 generation as well as resorption pit formation by osteoclasts. This new oxidase complex was present and functional in osteoclasts from p91 knockout @entity19 , explaining the normal resorptive activity seen in the osteoclasts where no p91 is present.

title: A new @entity224 -generating oxidase in XXXX osteoclasts.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide', 'Superoxide']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: @entity12579 (ANP) actions are mediated by highly selective and specific receptors. Three subtypes have been characterized and cloned: ANP receptor-A (or @entity19242 ), -B (or @entity53368 (the so-called clearance receptor). In @entity35 adrenal gland, the mRNA for each subtype was detected using 35S- @entity1977 or @entity37425 specific labeled probes, and in situ hybridization at light and electron microscopic levels respectively. The three subtypes were expressed the most abundantly in the @entity4091 . The amount of @entity19242 mRNA expression, quantified using macro-autoradiography and densitometry, was higher than the amounts of @entity31246 mRNA and @entity28354 mRNA both in @entity4091 and medullary of adrenal gland. At electron microscopic level, the three subtypes of ANPR were revealed in glomerulosa cells. A noticeable signal was also present in the medullary area, especially for @entity19242 mRNA, in @entity1425 -containing chromaffin cells. No signal was detected in @entity1063 -containing chromaffin cells. The subcellular localization of the three mRNAs is similar: in the cytoplasmic matrix and in the euchromatin of the nucleus in each cell of glomerulosa, and in the same compartments of the adrenaline-containing chromaffin cells. These data indicate that the adrenal gland is an important target tissue for ANP action both in glomerulosa cells and adrenaline-containing chromaffin cells. The mRNA expression levels were different for each ANPR subtype.

title: The three subtypes of XXXX (ANP) receptors are expressed in the @entity35 adrenal gland.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['zona glomerulosa']

entities_list: @entity37425 :: ('MESH:C070202', 'Chemical') :: ['digoxigenin-11-dUTP']

entities_list: @entity12579 :: ('24602(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Atrial natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity12579 :: (24602(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['atrial natriuretic peptide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2232 ( @entity2232 ) may play a role in @entity105 . @entity2232 axis is overexpressed in @entity259 . We investigated the expression and the production of @entity2232 by @entity259 cells as well as the effect of @entity2232 receptor antagonism on cell proliferation. DESIGN: @entity1 papillary and @entity259 cell lines were cultured. MEASUREMENTS: (i) Prepro- @entity2232 , @entity2232 receptors ( @entity32306 ) and @entity17614 ( @entity17614 ) by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); (ii) the presence of @entity2231 by western blot; (iii) @entity2232 concentrations in medium by an enzyme immunometric assay; (iiii) the proliferation of cells by @entity1603 and tritiated @entity1014 incorporation. RESULTS: RT-PCR detected the presence of mRNA for prepro- @entity2232 , @entity2231 and @entity17614 in @entity1377 cells. @entity1627 was only expressed by follicular cells. @entity2231 was also detected in both cell types by western blot. Measurements of @entity2232 concentrations demonstrated a secretion of active @entity2232 by the cells. @entity2231 antagonism with @entity9469 reduced cell proliferation by 16% in @entity1377 cells (P < 0.05) and by 51% in @entity189 cells (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1377 cells express all components of the @entity2232 axis. @entity2231 antagonism exerts antiproliferative effects, which opens up new therapeutic perspectives in @entity259 .

title: Role of the endothelin axis in the proliferation of XXXX @entity259 cells.

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['Papillary and follicular carcinoma', 'papillary and follicular carcinoma', 'papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity17614 :: ('1889', 'Gene') :: ['ET-1 converting enzyme', 'ECE']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['follicular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity9469 :: ('MESH:C430623', 'Chemical') :: ['atrasentan']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer', 'thyroid carcinoma', 'follicular thyroid carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Surgery has always been considered to be the primary treatment in @entity1 with neuroendocrine gut and @entity788 , but a significant number of @entity1 present liver @entity3 already at the first visit. There is obviously a need for effective medical treatment and in the present paper we report our experience of treatment with chemotherapy, the @entity1943 analogue SMS 201-995 and interferons. In 30 @entity1 with @entity788 , chemotherapy including @entity3839 plus @entity1487 had an objective response rate of 63% with a mean duration of the objective response of 17.4 months. There was a difference between clinically functioning and nonfunctioning @entity5 , which had objective response rates of 68% and 50% and mean response duration of 21 and 9.4 months respectively. The new @entity1943 analogue SMS 201-995 was used in 10 @entity1 giving an objective response rate of 40% with a mean duration of 13.5 months. In a series of 22 @entity1 treated with @entity1 leukocyte interferon, an objective response rate of 77% was obtained with a mean duration of 8.5 months. A combination of @entity3839 plus @entity1487 gave an objective response rate of 10% with a mean duration of 2.7 months among 31 @entity1 with midgut @entity5 . The @entity1943 analogue SMS 201-995, tested in 22 @entity1 with @entity5 , gave an objective response rate of 28% with a mean duration of 18.5 months. Interferon has been tried in three separate studies. The first study, including 36 @entity1 with @entity5 treated with @entity1 leukocyte interferon, showed an objective response rate of 47% with a mean duration of 34 months. In a randomized controlled study, where @entity1 leukocyte interferon was compared with @entity3839 plus @entity1487 including 10 @entity1 in each arm, no objective response was obtained during the six months' observation in the group of @entity1 receiving chemotherapy, whereas 50% responded in the interferon-treated group. In the third study, IFN-alpha 2b or IntronA was tested in 20 @entity1 with @entity5 and gave an objective response rate of 55% during a six-month observation period. With regard to these data chemotherapy and interferons seem to be equally potent in the treatment of @entity788 , whereas interferons seem to be superior to both chemotherapy and the @entity1943 analogue SMS 201-995 in @entity5 . The @entity1943 analogue has proved to be particularly useful in the treatment of @entity1 with severe hormone-related clinical symptoms and in the perioperative period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Medical treatment of neuroendocrine gut and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors', 'pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant carcinoid tumors', 'carcinoid tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic tumors']


abstract: The anaesthetic potency of the @entity16346 isomer is approximately double that of racemic @entity3652 . The aim of this study was to compare the recovery of cerebral function after a bolus of 1.3 mg/kg racemic @entity3652 or 0.65 mg/kg @entity16346 followed by continuous application of 4 or 2 mg/kg x h over 15 minutes. METHODS: With their informed consent and approval of the local ethics committee 12 healthy volunteers were enrolled in a double-blind, cross-over study. All drugs were dissolved in identical volumes. On three dates with an interval of one week at least @entity3652 / @entity1219 , @entity16346 / @entity2607 or @entity16346 / @entity1219 was administered (table 1). The sequence was randomized. In addition, the unspecific antagonistic potential of the centrally acting, cholinergic agonist @entity2607 (0.012 mg/kg) after @entity16346 was tested against saline-placebo. Neuropsychological tests (tests 3-5 of the syndrome-short-test [Erzigkeit, see references]) were used to quantify cerebral function before and at 45, 75, 105, 135, 165 and 195 min after anaesthesia. All data are mean values and standard deviation. Comparisons over time and between drugs were carried out using two-dimensional analysis of variance (ANOVA). Wilcoxon-tests were used post-hoc. p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: After @entity16346 the subjects were able to carry out the tasks more rapidly than after racemic @entity3652 (p < 0.05). Mean time to reach preoperative test performance +10% was 117.5 min for @entity16346 / @entity2607 , 121.3 min for @entity16346 / @entity1219 and 141.6 min for racemic @entity3652 (p < 0.05 between @entity16346 and racemic @entity3652 ). No differences were found between @entity2607 and placebo. The incidence of side effects (mainly @entity390 , @entity391 ) was not different. DISCUSSION: @entity16346 offers a shorter recovery time after short anaesthesia compared to racemic @entity3652 . The investigated dose of @entity2607 was probably too low to produce antagonism of @entity16346 . An increased dosage of @entity2607 has yet to be studied, but is likely to cause a higher rate of side effects such as @entity390 , @entity391 , @entity1168 and possibly even @entity410 .

title: [Recovery time after (S)- @entity3652 or XXXX racemate. Recovery time after short anesthesia in volunteers].

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['tonic-clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity3652 :: (MESH:D007649,Chemical) :: ['ketamine']


abstract: In The Netherlands, accurate data on the epidemiology of @entity2506 are available through a clinical microbiology laboratory-based national surveillance of cerebrospinal fluid isolates. The Netherlands Reference Laboratory for @entity4008 receives isolates of about 80% of all @entity693 cases and about 40% of bacteraemic cases. The incidence of @entity2506 has increased slowly from 1.0/100,000 in 1990 to 1.5/100,000 since 1996. The highest age-specific incidence of @entity693 was observed in @entity1 < 5 y of age (8.2/100,000 in 1999). Of all isolates, 35% were from @entity1 < 5 y of age. The number of isolates from @entity693 @entity1 with @entity582 increased considerably since the early 1990s, especially among the elderly. The highest incidence was found in 1996, probably owing to a relatively severe winter. During 1995-1999, @entity2506 in The Netherlands was caused mainly by serotypes 3, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. Of the cases in @entity1 < 15 y, almost half were caused by serotypes 6B, 14, 18C, and 19F. The serotypes present in the 23-valent polysaccharide and 7-valent conjugate vaccines accounted for 87% and 47% of all @entity693 cases, respectively. Pneumococcal resistance to @entity114 in The Netherlands is still low, at about 1%. Genotypically, resistant strains belong to many clones. Horizontal transfer of capsular genes occurs among these isolates. In The Netherlands, 45% of cases of @entity2506 have severe predisposing factors. The case-fatality rate was significantly higher among @entity1 with impaired immunity than among those with a break in the integrity of the dura.

title: Epidemiology of @entity693 and XXXX due to Streptococcus pneumoniae in The Netherlands.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial Meningitis']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2506 :: ('MESH:D008586', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal meningitis']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['non-meningitis', 'meningitis']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemia']

answer: @entity582 :: (MESH:C531821,Disease) :: ['bacteraemia']


abstract: Treatment of @entity571 ( @entity571 ) with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diminishes @entity32 along with mediators of cartilage destruction. However, NSAIDs may exert adverse direct effects on cartilage, particularly if treatment is prolonged. We therefore compared the direct effects of @entity3352 , @entity1623 , @entity33360 and @entity12698 on matrix turnover in @entity1 @entity571 cartilage tissue. @entity1 clinically defined @entity571 cartilage from five different donors was exposed for 7 days in culture to @entity3352 , @entity1623 , @entity33360 and @entity12698 --agents chosen based on their @entity2247 selectivity. As a control, @entity16539 (a selective @entity9859 inhibitor) was used. Changes in cartilage proteoglycan turnover and @entity1421 production were determined. @entity571 cartilage exhibited characteristic proteoglycan turnover. @entity3352 further inhibited proteoglycan synthesis; no significant effect of @entity3352 on proteoglycan release was found, and proteoglycan content tended to decrease. @entity1623 treatment was not associated with changes in any parameter. In contrast, @entity33360 and, prominently, @entity12698 had beneficial effects on @entity571 cartilage. Both were associated with increased proteoglycan synthesis and normalized release. Importantly, both NSAIDs improved proteoglycan content. Inhibition of @entity1421 production indirectly showed that all NSAIDs inhibited COX, with the more @entity2247 specific agents having more pronounced effects. Selective @entity9859 inhibition resulted in adverse effects on all parameters, and @entity1421 production was only mildly inhibited. NSAIDs with low @entity2247 / @entity9859 selectivity exhibit adverse direct effects on @entity571 cartilage, whereas high @entity2247 / @entity9859 selective NSAIDs did not show such effects and might even have cartilage reparative properties.

title: Differential direct effects of cyclo-oxygenase-1/2 inhibition on proteoglycan turnover of XXXX osteoarthritic cartilage: an in vitro study.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity33360 :: ('MESH:C056498', 'Chemical') :: ['aceclofenac']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity1623 :: ('MESH:D009288', 'Chemical') :: ['naproxen', 'Naproxen']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['Indomethacin', 'indomethacin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity5 factor alpha ( @entity10659 ) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. In all vertebrate species the genes encoding @entity10659 are located within the major histocompatability complex. In the @entity1641 @entity10659 has been ascribed a role in a variety of important disease processes. Previously two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported within the 5' un-translated region of the @entity1641 @entity10659 gene. We have examined the @entity1641 @entity10659 promoter region further for additional SNPs by analysing DNA from 131 @entity1641 ( @entity1641 ), 19 @entity15382 ( @entity15382 ), 2 Grant's zebras (E. burchellii boehmi) and one @entity41479 ( @entity41479 ). Two further SNPs were identified at @entity377 positions 24 ( @entity29102 ) and 452 (T/C) relative to the first nucleotide of the 522 bp polymerase chain reaction product. A sequence variant at position 51 was observed between equidae. SNaPSHOT genotyping assays for these and the two previously reported SNPs were performed on 457 @entity1641 comprising seven different breeds and 23 @entity15382 to determine the gene frequencies. SNP frequencies varied considerably between different @entity1641 breeds and also between the @entity1641 species. In total, nine different @entity10659 promoter SNP haplotypes and their frequencies were established amongst the various equidae examined, with some haplotypes being found only in @entity1641 and others only in @entity15382 or zebras. The haplotype frequencies observed varied greatly between different @entity1641 breeds. Such haplotypes may relate to levels of @entity10659 production and disease susceptibility and further investigation is required to identify associations between particular haplotypes and altered risk of disease.

title: XXXX SNP haplotype frequencies in equidae.

entities_list: @entity1641 :: ('9796', 'Species') :: ['Equus caballus', 'horse', 'horses', 'equine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour necrosis']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity10659 :: (100033834(Tax:9796),Gene) :: ['TNF-alpha']


abstract: @entity1576 is a frequent complication of acute @entity788 . Two clinical studies of this association have demonstrated a high incidence of concomitant @entity2298 . Experimental studies were carried out using an ex vivo, isolated, perfused, ventilated, @entity235 pulmonary lobe to evaluate the effects of @entity412 elevations on pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange. Control lobes perfused for a four hour period remained stable. When 5g and 10g of @entity412 were added to the perfusate, the lobes became grossly @entity4 and @entity548 . Intrapulmonary shunting developed (23 and 46%), @entity1017 occurred (130 and 189g), effective compliance decreased, and the pressure-volume deflation curves became abnormal. Free @entity844 (FFA) levels increased markedly during the perfusion periods. When small quantities of FFA were infused directly into the pulmonary artery, similar changes, but less severe, occurred. These studies demonstrate that @entity412 elevations are capable of adversely affecting pulmonary gas exchange and mechanics. Such changes probably occur secondary to FFA release. These data thus add support to the concept that the @entity1576 that is seen in acute @entity788 could be mediated through @entity412 elevations.

title: @entity1576 in acute XXXX : a possible role for triglycerides.

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['Respiratory failure', 'respiratory insufficiency']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: The present study was undertaken to quantify selected neuropeptides ( @entity53977 , @entity10501 , @entity1853 and @entity368 enkephalin) in the cervical spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system of Wobbler @entity19 by radioimmunoassays during several stages of the @entity66 compared with age- and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates. In Wobbler spinal cord, @entity53977 is higher early in the disease, whereas in the brainstem it is higher at a later stage. @entity10501 in spinal cord is also higher late in the disease. @entity368 enkephalin levels are greater at all stages in diseased spinal cord and brainstem, but @entity1853 enkephalin increases only late in the disease. Highly significant increases of the peptides (except @entity53977 ) appear in @entity2339 and midbrain only late in the @entity66 . Regression analyses show that @entity53977 in spinal cord and brainstem decreases normally with age in the control @entity19 and at a faster rate related to the extent of @entity73 in Wobbler @entity19 . @entity53977 and @entity1853 enkephalin in the Wobbler brainstem correlate (P less than 0.05) with the progress of the @entity66 . @entity1853 enkephalin increases faster in Wobbler brainstem and decreases faster in control spinal cord with age. The increase of @entity368 enkephalin in the Wobbler spinal cord correlates significantly with age and with the progress of the disease, but @entity368 enkephalin declines slightly with age in the controls. The changes of @entity10501 in spinal cord and brainstem do not correlate significantly with the progress of the disease. In the @entity2339 , increasing values for @entity10501 in control specimens and enkephalins in Wobbler specimens are significantly correlated with age. However, in the midbrain, higher @entity1853 and @entity368 enkephalin levels are significantly associated with age only in the control @entity19 . Alterations of neuropeptides in the Wobbler @entity19 spinal cord and brainstem may result from the degeneration of bulbospinal raphe neurons projecting to the ventral spinal cord, or from primary afferent or interneuronal nerve terminals. The data imply that the @entity528 process in the Wobbler @entity66 is not limited to motoneurons. In the spinal cord, the data support our previous hypothesis that neuronal sprouting presynaptic to the motoneurons may account for increased neuropeptide concentrations. Alternatively, synthesis and/or degradation of these peptides may be altered. In addition, it is proposed that enkephalinergic neurons may develop abnormally in Wobbler @entity19 . The early increase of @entity368 enkephalin in the Wobbler spinal cord possibly indicates its importance in the etiology of the @entity66 .

title: Alteration in the levels of @entity53977 , XXXX and enkephalins in the spinal cord, brainstem, @entity2339 and midbrain of the Wobbler @entity19 at different stages of the @entity66 .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['motoneuron disease']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine', 'Leucine']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['motor impairment']

entities_list: @entity53977 :: ('22044(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Thyrotropin releasing hormone', 'thyrotropin releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['Methionine', 'methionine']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal degeneration']

answer: @entity10501 :: (21333(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['substance P']


abstract: The @entity1628 ( @entity1628 ) is a G protein-coupled receptor critical for maintaining energy homeostasis. Transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) of @entity1628 contains residues that were suggested to be essential in ligand binding and signaling. Several @entity1628 mutations in TM3 are associated with @entity1 @entity28 . To gain a better understanding of the functions of TM3, we analyzed the functions of 26 residues in TM3 using @entity493 -scanning mutagenesis. We showed that all mutants had normal cell-surface expression. Four mutants were defective in ligand binding and signaling and six mutants had normal ligand binding but impaired @entity268 production. @entity55813 had increased basal @entity268 level. To further characterize the function of L140, we generated 17 additional L140 mutants. Fifteen L140 mutants had significantly decreased cell-surface expression, with @entity55814 and @entity55815 expressed normally. Ten L140 mutants had increased basal @entity268 activities. Four L140 mutants were defective in ligand-stimulated @entity268 generation. Interestingly, with the @entity1366 pathway, we showed that nine constitutively active mutants had similar levels of basal pERK1/2 as that of @entity7097 , and two signaling defective mutants had similar levels of pERK1/2 as that of @entity7097 upon agonist stimulation, different from their @entity268 signaling properties, suggesting biased signaling in these mutant receptors. In summary, we identified 13 residues in TM3 that were essential for ligand binding and/or signaling. Moreover, L140 was critical for locking @entity1628 in inactive conformation and several mutants showed biased signaling in @entity268 and @entity1366 signaling pathways.

title: Functions of transmembrane domain 3 of XXXX @entity1628 .

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1628 :: ('4160', 'Gene') :: ['MC4R', 'melanocortin-4 receptor']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Since most @entity5 escape replicative senescence by re-activation of the enzyme telomerase, telomerase is a promising target in the treatment of @entity5 and a promising marker for diagnosis and therapeutic response. We evaluated the effects of @entity632 , one of the most active drugs in the treatment of @entity2828 , on telomerase in the @entity1 @entity2828 cell line STA-ET-1 in vitro and in STA-ET-1 xenografts in vivo. Telomerase activity (TA) was examined by TRAP-assay and real-time PCR. Real-time PCR was also used to quantify the mRNA expression of the catalytic subunit of telomerase ( @entity2215 ). In vitro growth inhibition was determined by the @entity98 -assay. @entity5 xenografts were analyzed for @entity5 volume, apoptosis, @entity39 , and proliferation. @entity632 concentrations that inhibited in vitro growth of STA-ET-1 by 50% compared to untreated controls ranged between 0.14 microM after 24 h and 0.01 microM after 72 h. Compared to untreated controls @entity632 reduced TA in STA-ET-1 at toxic concentrations, but increased TA at non-toxic concentrations. In comparison with untreated xenografts, TA was reduced to 65% and @entity2215 expression dropped to 25% within 72 h in xenografts treated with 17.5 mg/kg @entity632 i.p.; both recovered to initial values after 264 h. The rate of proliferating cells dropped to 70% within 96 h and increased thereafter. The highest rates of @entity39 and apoptosis were seen after 96 h. @entity2215 expression co-varied significantly with proliferation but not with TA, apoptosis, and @entity39 . No correlation was observed between TA, proliferation, apoptosis and @entity39 . The results suggest @entity632 induces down-regulation of @entity2215 gene expression that at least in part modulates TA in these @entity5 .

title: XXXX modulates telomerase activity in @entity2828 in vitro and in vivo.

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin', 'Doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['Doxorubicin']


abstract: Concern for a risk of @entity5 in @entity1 has been prompted by the appearance of @entity157 in @entity440 -treated @entity35 . However, there is no evidence of excess @entity157 among @entity440 -treated @entity1 . Moreover, @entity96 are not induced in @entity440 -treated @entity19 or hamsters. An explanation for the species selectivity of this toxic effect may relate to the greater rate of formation of reactive intermediates in @entity35 than either @entity19 or @entity1 . This results in persistent liver DNA adducts in @entity440 -treated @entity35 liver exceeding those produced in treated @entity19 or in background levels measured in @entity1 taking @entity440 . Another observation that reduces concern for @entity1 @entity105 is that bioactivation of @entity440 may be inducible at dosages used in rodent @entity5 bioassays but not in those used clinically. Suggestions that @entity1204 may be @entity440 related are not supported by rodent data for @entity1204 . Indeed, endometrial tissue lacks the necessary @entity440 bioactivating capacity of liver consistent with the absence of DNA adducts in the endometrium of @entity1 taking @entity440 . Finally, it seems doubtful that the colon is a target for @entity1 @entity105 of @entity440 given the negative epidemiologic studies and high-dose rodent studies. In summary, there is at present no sound scientific basis for extrapolation of @entity35 liver @entity5 findings to risks of liver, endometrial, and @entity694 in @entity1 receiving @entity440 .

title: Relevance of @entity35 @entity96 to XXXX hepatic and @entity1204 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: 1. Endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells in isolated, pre-contracted segments of @entity95 basilar artery in response to @entity934 (100 microM) was abolished in the presence of @entity5217 (10 microM). 2. @entity934 -evoked relaxation was unaffected by either @entity5217 or 65 mM @entity4337 , indicating that the change in membrane potential did not form an essential component of relaxation and that high concentrations of @entity972 did not inhibit the release or action of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in this vessel. 3. Saturated solutions of @entity842 (NO) gas in solution (150 microM), which evoked maximal relaxation of arterial segments pre-contracted and depolarized by @entity1063 (10-100 microM), did not alter the membrane potential of either unstimulated or depolarized smooth muscle cells. 4. The @entity972 channel opener @entity31802 , evoked concentration-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization in pre-constricted smooth muscle cells. The threshold concentrations for hyperpolarization and relaxation, the EC50 values and the maximally effective concentration of levcromakalim (around 30 nM, 150 nM and 10 microM, respectively) were not significantly different, and both components of the response were inhibited by @entity5217 (10 microM), indicating a close coupling between the two responses. 5. In the presence of 65 mM @entity4337 , the hyperpolarization to levcromakalim was abolished, while a small relaxation (25 +/- 4%) persisted, indicating an additional mechanism for relaxation to this agent. 6. These results show that different mechanisms underlie the relaxant action of @entity972 channel openers, NO and endothelium-derived factors in cerebral arteries and provide further evidence that in the basilar artery, in contrast to some other vessels, endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization to @entity934 is not important for smooth @entity121 .

title: Differential effects of @entity934 , XXXX and levcromakalim on smooth muscle membrane potential and tone in the @entity95 basilar artery.

entities_list: @entity31802 :: ('MESH:D019806', 'Chemical') :: ['levcromakalim']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glibenclamide']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle relaxation']

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine', 'Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity521 ( @entity521 ) is treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We assessed the effects of surgical resection on the outcome over a 23-year period at our institution. METHODS: 85 @entity1 were included with a median age at diagnosis of 2.0 (range 0.1-15) years. We assessed the correlation of the complete surgical resection (CR) rate, metastases, @entity4180 amplification (NMYCA) and chemotherapeutic response with the 5-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). RESULTS: The INSS stage of @entity521 was 1 in 11 (13  %) @entity1 , 2 in 10 (11  %), 3 in 13 (17  %), 4 in 46 (53  %) and 4S in five @entity1 (6  %). Fifty-two (61  %) @entity1 had high-risk @entity521 and 22 (26  %) had NMYCA. The resection was complete in 72 (85  %) @entity1 , incomplete (ICR) in seven (8  %) and six (7  %) @entity1 did not undergo surgery. Fifty-five @entity1 were administered neoadjuvant and 61 were administered adjuvant chemotherapy (high-dose, n  =  50). The @entity1349 (5  year) was 68  %: stage 1 (100  %), 2 (90  %), 3 (77  %), 4 (52  %), 4S (80  %) and high-risk @entity521 (52  %). The @entity1349 in high-risk @entity521 @entity1 was correlated with a good chemotherapeutic response of the primary @entity5 , with a RR for mortality  =  0.3 (95  % CI 0.1-0.7; p  =  0.01), but not with the CR, which had an RR  =  0.9 (95  % CI 0.3-2.4; p  =  0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity1349 in high-risk @entity521 @entity1 was related to a good histological chemotherapeutic response, but not with complete excision of the primary @entity5 .

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX : twenty-three years of experience at a single institution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['NB', 'Neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: MAS063DP cream has received marketing authorization in the US and the European Union for symptom relief of @entity483 ( @entity484 ) and @entity5526 . DESIGN: A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled, phase IV study was completed in the US. METHODS: 218 @entity1 aged 18 to 84 years joined this 50-day study. @entity1 self-administered MAS063DP cream (N=145) or vehicle cream (N=73) 3 times per day to affected areas and those areas prone to be affected. The primary endpoint for efficacy was the change in EASI at Day 22 of treatment, comparing the 2 treatment groups. Secondary outcomes included EASI scores at other time points, IGA, @entity111 (100mm VAS), % BSA, and the need for rescue medication. RESULTS: MAS063DP was statistically (p<.0001) more effective than vehicle in all outcomes at all time points. The incidence of @entity1910 was 2.1% in the MAS063DP group versus 5.5% in the vehicle group. Only 2 @entity1 discontinued MAS063DP due to an adverse event. CONCLUSION: MAS063DP cream was confirmed to be a safe and effective treatment for mild to moderate @entity483 in adults.

title: A multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study to examine the efficacy and safety of MAS063DP (Atopiclair) in the management of mild to moderate XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity5526 :: ('MESH:D003877', 'Disease') :: ['contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['atopic dermatitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5123 of the @entity50864 is uncommon but it is the most common @entity5 of this gland. In the literature few cases have been reported in @entity1 aged between 6 years and 80 years with a mean age of 39 years. A correct diagnosis and treatment is fundamental in order to avoid a relapse and sometimes their malignant transformation. An incisional biopsy is better to be avoided because it could injure the capsule, leading to dissemination of tumoral cells in the orbital tissues with a recurrence rate of 30% over 5 years. AIM: This papers want to support the use of mini-invasive surgery for the treatment of @entity2694 when it is possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report two clinical cases of @entity5123 affecting the @entity50864 treated with two different surgery approaches. The radiographic and photographic documentation of the @entity1 was collected in the pre-and post-operatively. All @entity1 underwent a CT scan and MRI. CONCLUSIONS: This lesions requires a well-grounded clinical and therapeutic protocol to avoid the risk of @entity5 recurrence, very dangerous at this site. CT scan and MRI scan are very important to recognize different types of lesions involving the @entity50864 and fossa. A mini-invasive surgery reduces hospitalization, risk of complications, surgical times and bleedings and guarantees an excellent functional and esthetic result when performed by a skilled surgeon.

title: @entity5123 of the XXXX : two clinical cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['benign epithelial tumor', 'malignant transformation or disease']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['orbital lesions']

entities_list: @entity50864 :: ('MESH:C562407', 'Disease') :: ['lacrimal gland']

entities_list: @entity5123 :: ('MESH:D008949', 'Disease') :: ['Pleomorphic adenoma', 'pleomorphic adenoma']

answer: @entity50864 :: (MESH:C562407,Disease) :: ['lacrimal gland']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity976 are @entity5 . As the survival rate after @entity976 is high (92 %), prognosis and quality of life (QoL) in survivors mainly depend on adverse late effects such as @entity28 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We analyzed 214 @entity1 and adolescents with @entity976 . The records of 185 @entity1 (86 %) were available for retrospective analysis of weight profiles and risk factors for @entity28 . Quality of life (QoL) was measured in 145 @entity1 by the Fertigkeitenskala M  nster/Heidelberg score (FMH) and in 77 @entity1 by PEDQOL questionnaire. RESULTS: Eighty-two of 185 @entity1 (44 %) developed severe @entity28 (body mass index [BMI] > 3 SD). @entity28 @entity1 were compared with 79 @entity1 (43 %) who kept normal weight (BMI < 2 SD). No differences between @entity28 and normal weight @entity1 were found in terms of gender distribution, age at diagnosis and follow-up period. However, the BMI @entity214 at the time of diagnosis was higher (p < 0.0001) in @entity1 who developed @entity28 than in those who did not. Furthermore, @entity28 @entity1 presented with bigger @entity5 (p < 0.05) and a higher rate of a @entity1276 requiring a shunt (p < 0.05) and @entity1640 involvement (p < 0.05). The mothers of @entity1 who developed severe @entity28 had a higher BMI (p < 0.001) at the time of diagnosis. @entity28 @entity1 had a higher height- @entity214 at diagnosis (p < 0.05) and at the time of last follow-up (p < 0.05) when compared with normal weight @entity1 . A prediction model for severe @entity28 after @entity976 was calculated by logistic regression based on the risk factors: @entity1 's BMI > 2 SD at diagnosis (p < 0.05; odds ratio: 16.4), @entity1640 involvement (p < 0.05; odds ratio: 3.4) and maternal BMI > 25 kg/m(2) (p < 0.05; odds ratio: 4.6). Significant increases in BMI (p < 0.001) occurred during the early post-operative period especially during the first three years after diagnosis. FMH percentiles correlated negatively with BMI @entity214 (Spearman r: - 0.37; p < 0.001). @entity1 with @entity976 rated their QoL more negative (p < 0.05) in regard to physical abilities, cognitive functioning and social functioning when compared with healthy @entity1 of the same age group. Severely @entity28 @entity1 with @entity976 estimated their QoL lower (p < 0.05) for all domains except for autonomy, cognition and familial integration in comparison with @entity28 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity2339 involvement and familial disposition for @entity28 are risk factors for the development of severe @entity28 in @entity1 with @entity976 . As @entity1017 starts early after diagnosis and severe @entity28 causes a reduction in QoL, early therapeutic efforts should be considered in @entity1 at risk. To confirm our results the prospective multicenter study Kraniopharyngeom 2000 on @entity1 and adolescents with @entity976 was initiated (www.kraniopharyngeom.com).

title: XXXX after @entity976 --German multicenter study on pre-operative risk factors and quality of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obese', 'non-obese', 'obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumorous embryogenic malformations', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothalamic tumor']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngioma', 'Craniopharyngiomas']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['Obesity']


abstract: Augmentation index (AI), a measure of enhanced wave reflection, has been proposed as a bedside measure of @entity2333 . However, because AI is potentially sensitive to various factors other than vessel wall stiffness, the utility of AI as a stiffness indicator may be limited. To assess relations between AI and vascular properties, we used arterial tonometry and aortic Doppler flow to evaluate trough (24 hours) and peak (4 hours) pulsatile hemodynamics and pulse wave velocity in 159 individuals with @entity101 at the completion of a 12-week period of monotherapy with the vasopeptidase inhibitor omapatrilat (80 mg; n=75) or the converting enzyme inhibitor @entity4688 (40 mg; n=84). Characteristic impedance (Zc) was calculated from the ratio of change in carotid pressure and aortic flow in early systole. Systolic ejection period (SEP), timing of wave reflection, and AI were assessed from the carotid waveform. Comparable acute reductions in mean pressure were associated with greater reductions in peripheral resistance with @entity4688 , whereas neither drug had an acute effect on Zc. Both drugs reduced AI, but neither drug altered the timing of wave reflection. Both drugs increased heart rate and shortened SEP. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the acute reduction in AI was most affected by reductions in SEP and peripheral resistance. Change in AI was inversely related to change in Zc and pulse wave velocity did not enter the model. Our findings indicate that AI is a complex surrogate marker that is inversely related to changes in proximal @entity2333 in @entity101 .

title: Changes in XXXX and augmentation index after acute converting enzyme or vasopeptidase inhibition.

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stiffness']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['systolic hypertension']

answer: @entity2333 :: (MESH:D001018,Disease) :: ['aortic stiffness']


abstract: @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) is one of the most common @entity1583 . Despite a variety of therapeutical approaches including high-dose cytostatic treatment with subsequent autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation, as well as vaccination, cures remain rare exceptions. An important issue for future immunological treatments is the identification and characterization of appropriate @entity5 -associated antigens. However, the number of @entity5 -associated antigens in @entity1582 is limited. PBK/ @entity24100 and activated serin kinase 2 ( @entity12799 ) are novel serin kinases that have recently been identified. PBK/ @entity24100 is overexpressed in @entity2109 , @entity981 , and @entity1582 ; @entity12799 is expressed in malignant lymphatic cells. The cyclin kinase inhibitor 1A ( @entity994 ) is overexpressed in @entity1582 compared to normal plasma cells. We hereby identified and characterized for the first time HLA-class-I-restricted immunogenic peptides in the @entity535 sequences of @entity12799 and @entity994 . Using two independent prediction algorithms, we identified two peptides in @entity12799 and three peptides in @entity10610 NA with high binding to HLA-A2. Using an @entity379 ELISPOT assay, we could demonstrate the presence and functional activity of @entity405 -peptide-specific T cells with all tested peptides. To show HLA-A2-restricted antigen recognition, the specific inhibition of T cell recognition was demonstrated with an anti-HLA-A2-blocking antibody. By analysis of peripheral blood of 34 healthy donors for the presence and functional activity of @entity405 T cells specific for these peptides, we could demonstrate that peptide T-cell precursors specifically recognizing at least one of the tested peptides are present in 50-60% of the tested donors and that these T-cell precursors can be expanded in vitro. We conclude that @entity12799 - and @entity994 -derived peptides can elicit a strong and consistent @entity405 T-cell response in an in vitro model. Further investigations will examine the presence and functionality of such T cells in the @entity5 -bearing host.

title: Identification and characterization of HLA-class-I-restricted T-cell epitopes in the putative @entity5 -associated antigens P21-activated serin kinase 2 ( @entity12799 ) and XXXX ( @entity994 ).

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['Burkitt lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancies']

answer: @entity994 :: (1026,Gene) :: ['cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A']


abstract: Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to play pivotal roles in @entity66 associated with the posttranscriptional regulation of protein-coding genes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of miRNAs in @entity6 . The miRNAs expression profiles were examined by miRNA microarray analysis of skeletal muscles from healthy and Goto-Kakizaki @entity35 . We identified four up-regulated miRNAs, and 11 miRNAs that were down-regulated relative to normal individuals. Among induced miRNAs were three paralogs of miR-29, @entity56284 , miR-29b, and @entity35129 . Northern blotting further confirmed their elevated expression in three important target tissues of insulin action: muscle, fat, and liver of @entity6 @entity35 . Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of @entity56284 /b/c in 3T3-L1 adipocytes could largely repress insulin-stimulated @entity413 uptake, presumably through inhibiting @entity2308 activation. The increase in miR-29 level caused insulin resistance, similar to that of incubation with high @entity413 and insulin in combination, which, in turn, induced @entity56284 and miR-29b expression. In this paper, we demonstrate that @entity2308 is not the direct target gene of miR-29 and that the negative effects of miR-29 on insulin signaling might be mediated by other unknown intermediates. Taken together, these data reveal the crucial role of miR-29 in type 2 @entity6 .

title: Overexpression of micro ribonucleic acid 29, highly up-regulated in XXXX @entity35 , leads to insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multifarious diseases']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: Three cases of primary @entity1893 of the larynx are described. Histologically, two @entity5 belonged to the category of low grade @entity1892 of the small cell type (extranodal marginal zone @entity1892 and @entity8057 ), and the third was classified as a @entity3191 of unspecified type. The clinical stage was IE in two cases, and IV in another case. In two cases, complete remission was obtained with radical radiotherapy. But in the other case, which was histologically @entity8057 , the response to radiotherapy was poor, and surgery was required. There was no relapse subsequent to treatment. Primary @entity1893 of the larynx is rare. Several reported cases have clinical features similar to those of @entity1074 arising in other extranodal sites. Although most of the reported cases have been cured with radiotherapy, in some cases dissemination to other extranodal sites may occur. Therefore careful periodic evaluation is imperative.

title: Primary XXXX of the larynx.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity1074 :: ('MESH:D018442', 'Disease') :: ['MALT-type lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity3191 :: ('MESH:D016411', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral T-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas', 'B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity8057 :: ('MESH:D008258', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity32414 ( @entity32414 ), a major antioxidant protein in mitochondria, enhances @entity842 bioavailability and inhibits @entity15051 -dependent apoptosis in endothelial cells (ECs). However, the in vivo role of @entity32414 in angiogenesis has not been defined. Here we used EC-specific transgenesis of @entity32414 ( @entity32414 ) in @entity19 to determine the in vivo function of @entity32414 in arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a femoral artery ligation model, @entity32414 @entity19 had enhanced capacity in limb perfusion recovery and ischemic reserve capacity compared to the nontransgenic littermates. @entity63 -initiated arteriogenesis in the upper limb was augmented in @entity32414 @entity19 . @entity32414 @entity19 also showed significantly enhanced capillary formation and maturation in the lower limb. In nontransgenic limb, @entity63 specifically induced a downregulation of @entity32414 protein, leading to increased oxidative stress, @entity15051 activation, and EC apoptosis. In contrast, @entity32414 maintained a constitutive level of @entity32414 , reducing the @entity63 -induced deleterious responses. We then defined the mechanism by which @entity32414 increases angiogenesis using ECs isolated from @entity32414 @entity19 . @entity32414 -TG ECs showed increased NO and NO-dependent migration. In addition, these cells were more resistant to oxidative stress-induced activation of @entity15051 signaling and apoptosis. Moreover, @entity32414 -augmented EC survival is NO-independent. To define the relative contributions of @entity32414 -increased NO and @entity32414 -reduced @entity15051 apoptotic activity to angiogenesis in vivo, we examined @entity32414 effects on @entity63 -induced angiogenesis in eNOS-deficient @entity19 . The eNOS deletion caused severe impairment in the functional flow recovery in response to @entity63 . @entity32414 expression in eNOS-KO @entity19 still dramatically inhibited @entity63 -induced @entity15051 and EC apoptosis, leading to an enhanced functional flow recovery. CONCLUSIONS: These in vivo and in vitro data support that @entity32414 maintains EC function by two parallel pathways-scavenging ROS to increase NO bioavailability and inhibiting @entity15051 activity to enhance EC survival, facilitating @entity63 -mediated arteriogenesis and angiogenesis.

title: Endothelial-specific expression of mitochondrial thioredoxin promotes XXXX -mediated arteriogenesis and angiogenesis.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: We retrospectively evaluated response to monoclonal antibody directed against CD3 (OKT3) treatment in 43 @entity1 with @entity134 -resistant @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Median duration of OKT3 therapy was 9 (range, 1-20) days. In all, 20 cycles were administered as second-line and 28 as third-plus line treatment. Side effects were mild to moderate. Overall response rate was 69 with 12% complete remissions and best response in skin involvement. Proportional reduction of concomitant @entity230 was higher in responding @entity1 . Five @entity1 (12%) achieved durable responses. Pharmacokinetic studies of OKT3 showed adequate plasma levels (> or = 1000 ng/ml) in 13 of 17 evaluable @entity1 after a median of 6 (1-11) days on treatment. OKT3 became undetectable shortly after discontinuation of therapy. Median survival for all @entity1 was 80 (2 to 2474+) days. There was a trend for better survival for @entity1 on second-line vs third-plus line treatment (146 vs 46 days; P=0.07) and significant longer survival for @entity1 with grade II when compared to those with grade III/IV @entity2132 (206 vs 47 days; P=0.039). We conclude that salvage treatment with OKT3 shows considerable efficiency, however, sometimes of transient nature, and is well tolerated in @entity1 with corticosteroid-resistant @entity2132 .

title: OKT3 muromonab as second-line and subsequent treatment in recipients of stem cell allografts with XXXX -resistant @entity2132 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['aGvHD', 'acute graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: Sensory nerves are implicated in gastroprotection and regulation of visceral circulation but their role in exocrine secretion and pancreatic circulation in intact pancreas and in acute @entity788 has not been established. We investigated the role of sensory fibers in pancreatic secretion in vivo and amylase release from pancreatic slices (containing nerve fibers) or isolated pancreatic acini, and in @entity8629 -induced @entity788 . In conscious @entity35 , the stimulation of sensory nerves by low dose of @entity2951 given intraduodenally (0.25-0.5 mg/kg) reduced basal pancreatic secretion, whereas dose of 1 mg/kg increased this secretion. @entity1897 by @entity2359 dose of @entity2951 (100 mg/kg over 3 days s.c.) 10 days before tests failed to affect basal secretion but diminished the secretion induced by feeding or the diversion of pancreatic juice. In pancreatic slices, @entity2951 (10(-10)-10(-6) M) increased enzyme secretion and this response was abolished by @entity3897 (10(-6) M) or previous deactivation of sensory nerves. In pancreatic acini, @entity2951 failed to affect basal and stimulated amylase secretion in response to @entity8629 or @entity9810 . In intact @entity35 , stimulatory dose of @entity2951 (0.5 mg/kg i.g.) caused about 32% increase of pancreatic blood flow and it was without any effect on the pancreatic DNA synthesis, weight, RNA, DNA and protein content. In contrast, @entity2359 dose of @entity2951 caused a reduction (by 27%) in pancreatic blood flow followed by a significant decrease in RNA content and DNA synthesis in pancreatic tissue. Infusion of @entity8629 (10 g/kg-h) for 5 h produced acute @entity788 accompanied by over 60% decrease in DNA synthesis, nearly 50% inhibition of pancreatic blood flow, and a significant increase in pancreatic weight, protein content and plasma amylase concentration. Stimulatory dose of @entity2951 attenuated the pancreatic tissue damage in @entity8629 induced @entity788 , as manifested by a significant reversal of pancreatic blood flow and DNA synthesis decrease. @entity2951 induced @entity1897 prior to @entity788 caused an increase of all parameters of @entity660 ; pancreatic blood flow dropped by 68%, DNA synthesis decreased by 70%; pancreatic weight, protein content and plasma amylase were also significantly enhanced. We conclude that sensory neurons are involved in the regulation of pancreatic secretion by an indirect mechanism and exhibit a beneficial effect on the pancreatic integrity, mainly due to improving the pancreatic blood flow.

title: XXXX in pancreatic secretion and @entity8629 -induced @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'edematous pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['Capsaicin', 'capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity9810 :: ('MESH:D001626', 'Chemical') :: ['urecholine']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic damage']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['inactivation of sensory nerves', 'Deactivation of sensory nerves']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity8629 :: ('MESH:D002108', 'Chemical') :: ['caerulein']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['Role of sensory nerves']


abstract: Cases of @entity2489 ( @entity2489 ) were investigated in a cardiothoracic surgery postoperative intensive care unit between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 1999. A total of 1716 @entity1 who had undergone cardiothoracic operations and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were included in the study. @entity1 - and laboratory-based prospective surveillance of @entity2489 was done along with other hospital-acquired @entity281 . During the study period a total of 26 585 @entity1 -days with 2708 ventilator-days were recorded. Forty-six cases of @entity2489 occurred in 36 of 1716 @entity1 who had undergone cardiothoracic operations (2.09%, 1.3 episodes of @entity55 per @entity1 ). The ventilator utilization rate at our institution was 0.10. There were 16.4 VAPs per 1000 ventilation days. Thirty-eight percent of @entity2489 were caused by Gram-negative enteric rods, 34% by @entity796 , and 17% by @entity794 . @entity2489 was polymicrobial in 9% of cases. No causative micro-organism was identified in 2% of cases. The same bacteria were isolated in both blood and endotracheal aspirate cultures in 10 of 46 @entity55 cases (22%). The crude mortality rate of @entity2489 was calculated as 30%

title: Ventilator-associated XXXX in a cardiothoracic surgery centre postoperative intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['ventilator-associated pneumonia', 'VAP']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonias']


abstract: Knowing the origin of @entity2008 detected in individuals with @entity1032 and @entity154 is essential to genetic counselling of affected families. To illustrate this, we report on six families with transmitted @entity2008 and discuss the genotype-phenotype correlations, including the possibility of the abnormalities being normal genomic variants. The abnormalities were detected using metaphase HR- @entity6740 ; their size was estimated to range from 1.6 to 7.5 Mb using tiling path array- @entity6740 and real-time PCR. The abnormalities were transmitted through two to four generations and included interstitial deletions of 1p31.3-p32.1, 2q13, 10q11.21-q11.23, and 13q31.1; a duplication of 1p34.1-p34.2; and in one family both a deletion of 18q21.1 and a duplication of 4q35.1-q35.2. The probands were @entity1032 and had nonspecific @entity154 except for one @entity1 with the @entity36779 . We considered the abnormalities in two families to be clinically significant: In one family, the proband's @entity75 was comparable to previously reported abnormalities in individuals with a similar duplication of 1p31-p32. @entity299 was previously mapped to the chromosomal region of 18q that was affected in the proband of another family. The carrier parents in both families had mild clinical features. In two families the abnormalities were considered as coincidental findings, and in two further families the abnormalities were insufficient to explain the phenotypes of the probands but possibly were related to a milder phenotype in other family members. These cases illustrate the need for careful assessment of the extended family in order to interpret the phenotypic consequences of abnormalities identified using array- @entity6740 .

title: Transmitted @entity2008 in @entity1 with XXXX : pathogenic or normal variants?

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['dysmorphic features']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation', 'mentally retarded']

entities_list: @entity36779 :: ('MESH:C537419', 'Disease') :: ['Bohring-Opitz syndrome']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain abnormality']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['cytogenetic abnormalities']

answer: @entity1032 :: (MESH:D008607,Disease) :: ['mental retardation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Information on @entity788 (pNENs) is mostly from retrospective studies in highly selected @entity1 . The aim of this prospective, multicentre study was to assess treatment and outcomes of malignant pNENs in clinical practice. @entity1 AND METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 with newly diagnosed, histologically-proven pNENs were included and followed-up for 2 years. @entity5 were defined as malignant when nodal or distant metastases were present or invasion of extrapancreatic structures/organs was evident. RESULTS: A total of 140 @entity1 with malignant pNENs were included. Ninety-eight @entity1 (70.0%) underwent a surgical resection (76 radical and 22 palliative). Other non-surgical treatments were used in 101 @entity1 (72.1%): @entity1943 analogues (n = 63), chemotherapy (n = 30), ablative treatments (n = 15) and peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy (n = 14). No relationship was observed between the 2010 WHO classification and type of treatment. A surgical resection was more often performed in incidentally detected @entity5 located in the pancreas body tail. Two-year progression-free survival was 63.8%: 82% after a radical resection, 44% after a palliative resection and 41% without a resection. A radical resection and Ki67 proliferative index >5% and >10% were the only significant prognostic determinants in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A radical resection is the cornerstone treatment of malignant pNENs and represents, together with Ki67 assessment, the most powerful prognostic factor for 2-year outcomes.

title: Treatment of XXXX : middle-term (2-year) outcomes of a prospective observational multicentre study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumours', 'tumours']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The non-union within the femur with @entity3207 of the limb as a consequence of @entity130 is an indication to choose external stabilisation as a method of treatment for that reason, that healing of the bone and surrounded soft tissues is disordered. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Authors discuss the results of treatment of 16 @entity1 with post-traumatic @entity79 and @entity1516 with femur @entity3207 . The injury was located in femur shaft in 8 cases, distal epiphysis in 5 cases and proximal epiphysis in 3 cases. 11 @entity1 were treated in one stage, 4 @entity1 were treated in two stages and 1 was held in three stages. First operation was made for achievement of union in place of @entity604 or @entity1516 - the second and third- for elongation and correction of the axis of the femur. The follow-up consisted of 10 @entity1 . In most cases subjective and objective improvement was achieved. RESULTS: The bone union was reached in 15 @entity1 and in 1 case @entity1516 was observed. @entity1 who were considered to have next procedures due to remaining femur @entity3207 or other @entity4218 didn't see necessity of following treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of the current study indicated that Ilizarov's method can be successfully used in most @entity1 with post-traumatic @entity79 and @entity1516 with femur @entity3207 . The method allows to reach the bone union, correct the deformity and lengthen the limb as well, what need mostly multi-stage treatment.

title: The results of treatment of @entity79 and non-union within the femoral shaft with XXXX of femur using Ilizarov method.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['limb deformity']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone defect']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudarthrosis', 'pseudarthroses']

answer: @entity3207 :: (MESH:C535850,Disease) :: ['shortening']


abstract: A simple reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method is developed for the simultaneous quantitation of the anticancerous drugs @entity1891 , @entity5713 , and their precursors @entity17891 and @entity17890 using a Merck Chromolith Performance reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography column. A better resolution is obtained in comparison with available particulate-type @entity6173 columns. The column provides good reproducibility and peak symmetry. Chromatography is carried isocratically with a mobile phase of @entity1626 -0.1M @entity1391 buffer containing 0.5% glacial @entity1543 (21:79, v/v; pH 3.5) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min and UV detection at 254 nm. Parameters such as linearity, limits of quantitation (LOQ) and detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, recovery, and robustness are studied. The method is selective and linear for alkaloid concentration in the range 0.25 microg-25 microg/mL. The LOQ and LOD are 25, 46, 56, and 32 microg/mL and 8, 14, 18, and 10 microg/mL, respectively. The results of accuracy studies are good. Values for coefficient of variation are 2.50, 1.82, 1.33, and 1.13, respectively. The percent recovery of the alkaloids was found to be 96%, 97%, 98%, and 98%, respectively. Peak purity and homogeneity of these compounds in plant extract is studied using a photodiode-array detector. This simple and rapid method of analysis is applied for the determination of these alkaloids in a large number of leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus..

title: Simultaneous determination of @entity1891 , @entity5713 , @entity17891 , and XXXX in leaves of catharanthus roseus by high-performance liquid chromatography.

entities_list: @entity17891 :: ('MESH:C017836', 'Chemical') :: ['catharanthine']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity17890 :: ('MESH:C009667', 'Chemical') :: ['vindoline']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity17890 :: (MESH:C009667,Chemical) :: ['vindoline']