abstract: BACKGROUND: Glycoproteins are often associated with @entity5 and are important in serum studies, for which glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification. METHODS: We used multilectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC) to isolate glycoproteins from the sera of @entity0 @entity1 and controls. The proteins were identified by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry ( @entity15 / @entity15 ) analysis of the corresponding tryptic digests. We used the FuncAssociate Gene Ontology program for association analysis of the identified proteins. Biomarker candidates in these groups were comparatively quantitated by use of peak area measurements, with inclusion of an internal standard. We analyzed data for concordance within the ontology association groups for vector of change with the development of @entity0 . RESULTS: Detection of the known low-concentration biomarker @entity1722 (8-24 mug/L) enabled us to establish a dynamic range of 10(6), relative to the amount of albumin, for the depletion step. We then used ELISA to confirm this range. Proteins associated with lipid transport and metabolism, cell growth and maintenance, ion homeostasis, and protease inhibition were found to be differentially regulated in serum from @entity1 with @entity0 compared with serum from @entity1 without @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: M-LAC for isolation of the serum glycoproteome, coupled with liquid chromatography- @entity15 / @entity15 and the use of gene ontology associations, can be used to characterize large panels of candidate markers, which can then be evaluated in a particular @entity1 population.

title: Multilectin affinity chromatography for characterization of multiple glycoprotein biomarker candidates in serum from XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The presence of nodal @entity13425 @entity3 (NSM) has been found to be of clinical importance in @entity1149 , but the study of this phenomenon in @entity418 is relatively rare. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors influencing NSM and to assess its prognostic value in @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ). METHODS: A total of 207 @entity1 with thoracic @entity1721 who underwent three-field lymphadenectomy and who had lymph node @entity3 were reviewed. Associations of NSM occurrence with the clinicopathological characteristics of @entity1 and @entity5 were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. The influence of NSM on the @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was assessed by log-rank tests and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: NSM were present in 58 (26%) @entity1 . No factor was significantly associated with the incidence of NSM except for the location of @entity5 . There were no NSMs in the 29 @entity1 from our study with upper thoracic @entity1721 , and the rates of @entity5 occurrence in the middle and lower third of the esophagus were 38.9 and 14.9%, respectively. The median @entity1349 was 30 months, and no significant difference in @entity1349 was found between the @entity1 with or without NSM (p=0.767). Only N status was found to be the independent risk factor for @entity1349 by Cox multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: NSM is common in thoracic @entity1721 , especially in @entity1 with @entity5 located in the middle and lower third of the esophagus. However, the presence of NSM did not predict prognosis.

title: Nodal @entity13425 XXXX is not a predictor of survival in @entity1721 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma', 'ESCC']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that variation in the length of the poly-C repeat in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the b2-adrenergic receptor gene ( @entity2162 ) may contribute to interindividual variation in b-agonist response. However, methodology in previous studies limited the assessment of the effect of sequence variation in the context of poly-C repeat length. The objectives of this study were to design a novel genotyping method to fully characterize sequence variation in the @entity2162 3'UTR poly-C repeat in @entity565 @entity1 treated with inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting b2-adrenergic agonist (ICS/LABA) combination therapy, and to analyze the effect of the poly-C repeat polymorphism on clinical response. METHODS: In 2,250 @entity565 @entity1 randomized to treatment with @entity4184 / @entity6410 or @entity5023 / @entity10453 in a six-month study (AstraZeneca study code: SD-039-0735), sequence diversity in the @entity2162 poly-C repeat region was determined using a novel sequencing-based genotyping method. The relationship between the poly-C repeat polymorphism and the incidence of severe @entity565 exacerbations, and changes in pulmonary function and @entity565 symptoms from baseline to the average during the treatment period, were analyzed. RESULTS: @entity26316 repeat genotypes were assigned in 97% (2,192/2,250) of @entity1 . Of the 13 different poly-C repeat alleles identified, six alleles occurred at a frequency of >5% in one or more population in this study. The repeat length of these six common alleles ranged from 10 to 14 @entity2036 . Twelve poly-C repeat genotypes were observed at a frequency of >1%. No evidence of an association between poly-C repeat genotype and the incidence of severe @entity565 exacerbations was observed. @entity1 ' pulmonary function measurements improved and @entity565 symptoms declined when treated with ICS/LABA combination therapy regardless of poly-C repeat genotype. CONCLUSIONS: The extensive sequence diversity present in the poly-C repeat region of the @entity2162 3'UTR did not predict therapeutic response to ICS/LABA therapy.

title: Effect of b2-adrenergic receptor gene ( XXXX ) 3' untranslated region polymorphisms on inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting b2-adrenergic agonist response.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['budesonide']

entities_list: @entity10453 :: ('MESH:C057823', 'Chemical') :: ['salmeterol']

entities_list: @entity6410 :: ('MESH:C012629', 'Chemical') :: ['formoterol']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['fluticasone']

answer: @entity2162 :: (154,Gene) :: ['ADRB2']


abstract: PURPOSE: We prospectively compared the effectiveness of foam- and gauze-based negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) systems on wound healing, @entity158 , cost, and hospital length of stay. We also compare ease of use and time in performing dressing changes reported by nurses. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing foam- and gauze-based NPWT systems. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: Eleven adult subjects with physician orders for NPWT participated in the study. Subjects were middle-aged, white, and male. METHODS: Six subjects were randomly allocated to foam-based and 5 to gauze-based NPWT systems. Wound healing rates and @entity158 at the first dressing change were measured using a centimeter ruler and a visual analog scale, respectively. Wound care costs were tabulated from a checklist of supplies used and nurse perceptions were measured by responses to Likert-type surveys. Relationships between NPWT system and selected variables were measured using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. RESULTS: Median wound healing rates did not differ significantly between foam-based and gauze-based NPWT systems when measured in centimeters at first dressing change for length (10.6 vs 16.5, P = .58), width (2.7 vs 4.2, P = .41), depth (2.2 vs 2.5, P = .78), and tunneling and undermining (both 0 vs 0, P = .82 and .79, respectively). No differences were detected in @entity158 rating at first dressing change (3.2 vs 2.4, P = .77), cost of wound care ( 510.18 vs  333.54 P = .86), or hospital length of stay (26.33 vs 14.8 days; P = .58), respectively. There were no differences in nurses' experiences in ease of performing dressing changes and mean time to perform the first dressing change for foam- or gauze-based NPWT systems: 32.3 vs 38.8 minutes; P = .52, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In a pilot study comparing the effectiveness of foam- and gauze-based NPWT systems, no statistically significant differences were found in @entity1 wound healing, @entity158 , length of stay, or cost of wound care. Nursing time and perceptions about the ease of preparing and completing dressing changes did not differ between systems. Additional research is needed to more definitively determine any differences in wound healing or nurse satisfaction using gauze- versus foam-based NPWT systems.

title: Do XXXX and nurse outcome differences exist between 2 negative pressure wound therapy systems?

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate how the knowledge and attitudes have influence in @entity5 ( @entity5 ) screening among Venezuelan @entity1 , by realizing a cross-sectional descriptive study based on a structured non disguised questionnaire with closed ended questions: yes/no questions and multiple choices. The survey was performed on 691 volunteers, of which 595 were analyzed. Each @entity1 was asked to fill in the questionnaire. Four hundred ninety three of 522 (94.4%) answered that they knew that @entity975 smear is for screening @entity5 . Knowledge of @entity975 smear was statistically significant when it was compared to high educational level (p < 0.0001) although 185 (76%) of 244 low educational level interviewees answered that they had the knowledge that the @entity975 smear is used for screening of @entity5 . Four hundred four of 504 (84.7%; p < 0.001) mentioned that they had a @entity975 smear at least once. One hundred ninety two (38.1%) of 504 @entity1 were adherent to an annual @entity975 smear test and more than half of the @entity1 (n = 337, 67%) had the last @entity975 smear in the last 1-3 years. @entity1 with a high educational level showed higher adherence to the annual @entity975 smear screening (68.2%). Two hundred fifty seven (87.4%) of 294 said that they remembered when they got the information about @entity975 smear. The conclusions of this investigation were that our @entity1 were aware about @entity975 smear, had a good attitude to have a @entity975 smear and to be adherent to a regularly performed screening.

title: Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of @entity5 screening among XXXX in a Venezuelan urban area.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['CC', 'Cervical Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'Women']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: The stalk eye of Onchidium sp. (Gastropoda, Mollusca) is the principal photoreceptor in a multiple photoreceptive system that consists of the stalk and dorsal eyes, dermal photoreceptor cells, and photosensitive neurons. To examine the localization of photopigments, the @entity735 were immunostained with specific antibodies to @entity8695 , retinochrome, and retinal-binding protein (RALBP), which had been generated against squid retinal proteins. The retina of the stalk eye was divided into villous, pigmented, somatic, and neural layers. It was comprised mainly of two types of visual and pigmented supportive cells. The type 1 visual (VC1) cell was characterized by well-developed microvilli on its apical protrusion and photic vesicles in the cytoplasm. The photic vesicles were specifically blackened by prolonged osmification. The type 2 visual (VC2) cell had less numerous, shorter microvilli on its concave apical surface and lacked photic vesicles. The anti-squid @entity8695 antiserum was localized specifically to the villous layer that corresponded to the VC1 microvilli. With the anti-retinochrome peptide antibody, the somatic layer showed specific but patchy, positive staining that corresponded to the cytoplasm of the VC1 cells. Because the photic vesicles are known to contain retinochrome, these results indicate that this retinochrome is localized in the VC1 cytoplasm. Anti-RALBP antibody stained the supranuclear cytoplasm to the distal cytoplasm of VC1 cells. This is the first demonstration of the localization of RALBP in the Gastropoda @entity735 . In squid retina that were immunostained as positive controls, the anti- @entity8695 antibody stained rhabdomeric microvilli, the anti-retinochrome antibody stained the inner segment and the basal region of the outer segment, and the anti-RALBP antibody stained the outer and inner segments, respectively. These results suggest that the @entity8695 -retinochrome system that has been established in @entity735 is present in the @entity735 .

title: Demonstration of a XXXX -retinochrome system in the stalk eye of a marine gastropod, Onchidium, by immunohistochemistry.

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['Onchidium stalk eye', 'cephalopod eyes', 'stalk eyes']

answer: @entity8695 :: (6010,Gene) :: ['rhodopsin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate mid-term results of endovascular treatment of penetrating aortic @entity1066 . METHODS: Between February 2000 and November 2006, 18 consecutive @entity1 underwent endovascular treatment of the descending thoracic aorta (N=16) and abdominal infrarenal aorta (N=2) for penetrating aortic @entity1066 , in a single University Hospital. Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. Mean follow-up was 41 months (range 4 to 77 months). RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all @entity1 . No perioperative @entity204 occurred. No conversion to open repair or secondary procedures were required. Two @entity1 died in the follow-up period for reasons not related to penetrating aortic @entity1066 . One @entity1070 was observed. It was still present, unchanged, twelve months after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment of penetrating aortic @entity1066 of the descending thoracic and infrarenal aorta were safe and effective in the mid-term in this small series of @entity1 .

title: Endovascular treatment of penetrating aortic XXXX : mid-term results.

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['type II endoleak']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcers']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare artificial eye amplitudes in @entity1 who randomly received either a @entity692 or an acrylic, scleral-covered spherical implant after enucleation. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled trial. @entity1 : Thirty-four consecutive @entity1 who underwent enucleation because of an intraocular @entity320 and 21 healthy control @entity1 from the hospital staff. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 randomly received a @entity692 or an acrylic, scleral-covered spherical orbital implant. Fourteen @entity1 were fitted with a @entity692 implant, and 16 were fitted with an acrylic implant. We measured horizontal and vertical saccadic amplitudes of both the @entity735 . Measurements were performed with the magnetic search coils technique. Saccadic amplitudes of the artificial eye were compared with the healthy eye of the @entity1 . The amplitudes of the healthy eyes were compared with saccadic amplitudes of control @entity1 . The interval from surgery to measurements was at least 3 months in all @entity1 . Saccadic gain (artificial eye and eye amplitude divided by target amplitude) and saccadic symmetry ( @entity735 divided by healthy eye amplitude) were calculated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Saccadic gain and saccadic symmetry. RESULTS: The gain in the healthy eyes of the @entity1 was comparable with the gain of the control eyes. Saccadic symmetry was 1.0 in control @entity1 . In @entity1 , it was 0.334 in horizontal saccades and 0.577 in vertical saccades. However, saccadic symmetry did not differ significantly between the acrylic group and the @entity692 group (P: > 0.1 for any saccadic direction). Equivalence was detectable with a power more than 90% for horizontal saccades and more than 80% for vertical saccades. Curvilinearity was rejected for both @entity1 groups and for all saccadic directions (P: > 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: When no motility peg is placed, acrylic and @entity692 spherical implants yield comparable saccadic amplitudes of the artificial eye. @entity735 were markedly more restricted horizontally than vertically. In all saccadic directions, the relation between target amplitude and @entity735 was linear.

title: XXXX with acrylic and @entity692 spherical enucleation implants.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['Artificial eye amplitudes', 'artificial eye and the healthy eye', 'artificial eye amplitude']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

answer: @entity735 :: (MESH:D005124,Disease) :: ['Comparison of artificial eye amplitudes']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Nearly 50% of @entity1 have residual motor deficits after @entity64 , and long-term motor outcome is difficult to predict. We assessed the predictive value of axonal damage to the corticospinal tract indexed by diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy for long-term motor outcome. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 with middle cerebral @entity64 underwent multimodal MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging  <=12 hours, 3 days, and 30 days after onset. Clinical severity, @entity1188 volume, location of corticospinal tract damage on diffusion tensor tractography, and ratios of fractional anisotropy (rFA) between affected and unaffected sides of the corticospinal tract at the pons were evaluated. Severity of @entity51 at 2 years was categorized using the Motricity Index as no deficit (Motricity Index, 100), slight-moderate deficit (Motricity Index, 99-50), or severe deficit (Motricity Index, <50). RESULTS: We evaluated 70 @entity1 (28 @entity1 ; 72  12 years). rFA values at day 30 correlated with the degree of @entity51 at 2 years (P<0.001). rFA at day 30 was the only independent predictor of long-term motor outcome (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-2.03; P<0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the cutoffs rFA<0.982 for predicting slight-moderate deficit and rFA<0.689 for severe deficit were 94.4%, 84.6%, 73.9%, and 97.1%, respectively, and 100%, 83.3%, 81.3%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: rFA at day 30 is an independent predictor of long-term motor outcome after @entity64 .

title: Decreased corticospinal tract fractional anisotropy predicts long-term motor outcome after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['motor deficit']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'artery stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Malignant transformation of Barrett's mucosa is associated with the accumulation of genetic alterations. Stepwise radical endoscopic resection of the Barrett's segment with @entity5 is a promising new treatment resulting in complete re-epithelialization of the esophagus with neosquamous epithelium. It is unknown whether radical resection also eradicates @entity74 . The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate whether @entity74 as found in the Barrett's segment before radical resection are effectively eradicated and absent in the neosquamous epithelium. METHODS: Nine @entity1 with @entity5 who successfully underwent radical resection were included. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to assess @entity876 protein overexpression. DNA fluorescent in-situ hybridization was (DNA-FISH) performed for evaluation of numerical abnormalities of chromosomes 1 and 9, and losses of @entity986 and @entity876 . Immunohistochemistry and DNA-FISH were performed on endoscopic resection specimens of the @entity5 and on follow-up biopsies of the neosquamous epithelium. RESULTS: DNA-FISH and IHC showed alterations in the pretreatment samples of all @entity1 . All showed aneusomy of chromosome 1 and 9. Loss of @entity986 and @entity876 were seen in 6 and 8 @entity1 . IHC showed intense @entity876 nuclear staining in seven @entity1 . Post-treatment biopsies showed neosquamous epithelium with a normal diploid signal count for all DNA-FISH probes and normal IHC stainings in all @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Radical resection of @entity355 with @entity5 successfully eradicates pre-existing @entity74 and results in neosquamous epithelium without these @entity74 .

title: Stepwise radical endoscopic resection of the complete @entity355 with XXXX successfully eradicates pre-existing @entity74 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['early neoplasia', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic abnormalities']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['early neoplasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of an @entity281 is becoming an increasing economic problem. The additional costs of treatment are insufficiently represented in the diagnosis-related groups (DRG) categories. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the costs can be covered under the German DRG system and to identify the extent of the surplus or negative balance. @entity1 AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the treatment costs of total hip arthroplasty was carried out. Data from all @entity1 treated at the orthopedic clinic of the University Hospital in Rostock were collected from @entity1 records and from the hospital information system and calculation of the personnel and material costs using data from the central pharmacy and control centre of the University of Rostock. RESULTS: In this study a total of 49  @entity1 were included. The average treatment costs were 29,331.36  EUR per @entity1 for an infected and 6,263.59  EUR for a primarily non- @entity281 . A comparison between the calculated and compensated costs resulted in an average deficit of 12,685.60  EUR per @entity1 and an average surplus of 781.41  EUR per @entity1 in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: An economically viable treatment of @entity281 was not possible mostly due to the increased personnel and material costs but also to the lack of inclusion of the procedures in the DRG system. Further multicenter cost analysis studies and extensive quality assurance measures are necessary with respect to a comprehensive medical standard for a medically meaningful and economically reasonable treatment of @entity281 .

title: [Economic impact of XXXX in the German diagnosis-related groups system].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infected total hip arthroplasty', 'periprosthetic infections']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infected total hip arthroplasty']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: There are conflicting reports on the reliable measurement of platelet count and mean platelet volume ( @entity16165 ) using @entity1098 or @entity3736 . The anticoagulant properties of @entity2399 ( @entity2400 ) are known from the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity2400 as an in vitro anticoagulant for platelet count, @entity16165 , platelet distribution width, and platelet activation. METHODS: Whole blood from volunteers was anticoagulated by @entity1098 , @entity3736 , or @entity2400 Platelets were counted by the XE 5000 (Sysmex, Norderstedt, Germany) impedance and fluorescence optical technique. RESULTS: The mean impedance platelet counts were 227.7, 197.0, and 201.1 * 10(9)/L in @entity1098 -, @entity3736 -, or @entity2400 -anticoagulated blood, respectively. The counts were 4.7% higher ( @entity1098 ) after 3   hours of storage but 4% lower in @entity3736 -anticoagulated blood. The counts in @entity1760 samples remained stable. The @entity16165 was 10.4 fL ( @entity1098 ), 9.5 fL ( @entity3736 ), and 9.3 fL ( @entity2400 ). @entity1098 samples showed cell swelling within the first 3   hours. This was lower in @entity3736 and only marginal in @entity1760 samples. High activation of platelets was observed only in @entity1098 samples. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1760 anticoagulation might be advantageous for more reliable @entity16165 measurements. Although platelet count is underestimated when the impedance method is used, the platelet count reveals similar results when measured by the fluorescent optical method.

title: XXXX as an Alternative In Vitro Anticoagulant for the Measurement of Platelet Parameters?

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium', 'Magnesium']

entities_list: @entity2399 :: ('MESH:D008278', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium sulfate']

answer: @entity2399 :: (MESH:D008278,Chemical) :: ['Magnesium Sulfate']


abstract: AIM: @entity3930 ( @entity3930 ), the most frequent @entity154 in @entity1 males, is a clinical disease occurring mainly in adolescence and old age. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze 126 consecutive cases of mixed @entity247 , in order to assess the incidence of @entity260 and to evaluate the aesthetic results and the quality of life after surgery. METHODS: From January 1st, 2000, to December 31st, 2006 a total of 126 cases of @entity3930 were performed by the Plastic Surgery Units of Siena and Pisa. @entity1 ' average age was 28 years, 111 @entity1 (88%) presented bilateral @entity3930 , and 15 (11.9%) had monolateral @entity3930 . The prevalent surgical approach was adenomammectomy with @entity75 or inverted "Omega" incision, other technique included circumareolar or vertical scar incision and liposuction. Before and one year after surgery, all @entity1 were given a questionnaires to evaluate the motivations leading to the request of a treatment ,the degree of satisfaction related to the result and the improvement of the quality of life. RESULTS: Overall complication rate was 17.72% All @entity1 reported an improvement in their quality of life with an average score of satisfaction of 8.2/10. CONCLUSION: @entity1 ' degree of satisfaction was high, surgery, in fact, has contributed in all cases to improve their quality of life. On the basis of the short operating time and of the few sequele, we suggest to the @entity1 affected by @entity247 to undergo surgery always and as soon as possible. A separated analysis of the data obtained by the two University Centres show that they overlap in respect to the sample, the employed technique and results.

title: Management of XXXX : an outcome analysis in a multicentric study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['mammary anomaly']

entities_list: @entity3930 :: ('MESH:D005834', 'Disease') :: ['MG', 'Male gynecomastia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['periareolar inferior']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['early and late postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity247 :: ('MESH:D006177', 'Disease') :: ['gynecomastia']

answer: @entity247 :: (MESH:D006177,Disease) :: ['gynecomastia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of alexithymia in a sample of general @entity1118 @entity1 , to explore possible differences in @entity308 and @entity158 variables between alexithymic and nonalexithymic @entity1118 @entity1 and to analyze if @entity308 is a mediator between alexithymia and @entity158 disability. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-one @entity1 making their first visit to a @entity158 clinic completed the study questionnaire including various @entity158 measures, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). The sample was dichotomized to alexithymic and nonalexithymic groups. The means of the study variables were compared between the groups. The correlation analysis of the variables was carried out separately in both groups. Path analysis was done to ascertain the mediation effect of BDI-II between the TAS-20 and @entity158 disability. RESULTS: Every fifth @entity1118 @entity1 was alexithymic. The BDI-II and @entity158 variable scores were significantly higher in the alexithymic group than in the nonalexithymic group. @entity158 variables were not associated with alexithymia when BDI-II was controlled for. BDI-II worked as a full mediator between TAS-20 and @entity158 disability. CONCLUSION: The alexithymic @entity1 group was more morbid than the nonalexithymic group. The results suggest that @entity308 is the main factor in @entity158 conditions of alexithymic @entity1118 @entity1 . The authors recommend screening and treatment of @entity308 in alexithymic @entity1118 @entity1 .

title: Alexithymia and @entity308 in a @entity1118 XXXX sample.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is known that cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex regulates @entity32 in peripheral tissues. Nicotinic @entity934 receptors (nAChRs) are mediators of this anti-inflammatory pathway and also non-neuronal cells express functional nAChrs. A role for a7-subtype @entity934 cholinergic receptor (a7nAChR) in insulin sensitivity improvement has already been shown in rodents both in vivo and in vitro. However, no data are available on a7 @entity6786 expression in @entity1 adipocytes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and protein content of a7 @entity6786 in @entity1 @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) and in isolated mature adipocytes. DESIGN: A total of 39 @entity1386 biopsy specimens obtained from @entity28 and normal-weight subjects were used to assess a7 @entity6786 messenger RNA levels and to stimulate a7nAChR with a specific agonist and antagonist in vitro. Additional SATs from eight @entity6 subjects were also studied, before and after a 3-month lifestyle intervention. RESULTS: a7 @entity6786 expression was significantly lower in the @entity1386 of @entity28 subjects compared with that of normal-weight subjects. In mature adipocytes isolated from morbidly @entity28 subjects (body mass index > 40 kg m(-2)), a7 @entity6786 expression was 75% lower compared with adipocytes from normal-weight subjects. In adipocytes of @entity28 subjects, a7 @entity6786 was downregulated also at protein level. In eight @entity6 subjects, a lifestyle intervention (3 months of diet and physical activity) induced a significant @entity353 and an increase in a7nAChR @entity1386 expression. In vitro stimulation of adipocytes with the specific a7nAChR agonist @entity2510 induced a significant anti-inflammatory effect. Furthermore, a similar downregulation of the inflammatory profile, associated with a significant increase in a7 @entity6786 protein level, was observed after @entity670 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence that a7nAChR expression levels are significantly decreased in @entity28 subjects, and that this receptor modulates inflammatory gene expression in @entity1 adipocytes. The upregulation of a7nAChR by @entity670 stimulation opens new insights for the management of low-grade @entity32 linked to @entity1 @entity28 .

title: The nicotinic @entity934 receptor a7 in subcutaneous mature adipocytes: downregulation in XXXX @entity28 and modulation by diet-induced @entity353 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['non-diabetic obese']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous adipose tissue', 'SAT']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECT: The aim in this study was to determine the outcomes of boost stereotactic radiosurgery, specifically Gamma Knife surgery (GKS), for recurrent primitive @entity4969 (PNETs) in @entity1 in whom initial multimodality management had failed. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 7 @entity1 who underwent a total of 15 GKS procedures for locally recurrent or metastatic PNETs. Nine procedures were directed at the primary site, whereas 6 were directed at distant brain sites. All @entity1 received multimodality therapy, including resection, fractionated radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The mean interval from diagnosis to first stereotactic radiosurgery was 25.8 months (range 11-35 months). The mean @entity5 volume was 3.9 cm(3) (range 1.1-13.1 cm(3)), and an average marginal dose of 14.5 Gy (range 9-20 Gy) was administered. RESULTS: Following salvage GKS, 2 @entity1 had early disease progression (median survival of 5 months after GKS). Five @entity1 had late disease progression (complete response in 3, partial response in 1, and stable disease in 1) and a median survival of 30 months after GKS. Four of the 5 @entity1 who had late progression underwent repeat GKS for marginal recurrence. No adverse radiation effects were observed in these 7 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The GKS modality was a well-tolerated and useful boost strategy in pediatric @entity1 with @entity6196 and a poor prognosis in whom initial multimodality management had failed. However, local or distant disease progression or diffuse leptomeningeal spread ultimately proved fatal to these @entity1 .

title: Boost radiosurgery as a strategy after failure of initial management of pediatric primitive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4969 :: ('MESH:D017599', 'Disease') :: ['neuroectodermal tumors']

answer: @entity4969 :: (MESH:D017599,Disease) :: ['neuroectodermal tumors']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Recent publications of @entity0 classification based on gene expression profile analyses indicate that @entity0 ( @entity0 ) may be considered part of the basal-like @entity189 spectrum made up of ER-negative, PR-negative and @entity1722 -negative cells ("triple-negative phenotype"). On the other hand, there are also data showing that a proportion of @entity0 ( @entity0 ) is ER, PR and/or @entity1722 positive. Therefore, we have decided to immunohistochemically analyze ER, PR, @entity1722 and basal/myoepithelial markers @entity4205 , @entity4206 and @entity470 expression in our archival paraffin-embedded @entity0 and @entity0 samples from 48 @entity1 . METHODS: Immunohistochemical evaluation of samples which were derived from @entity1 operated on at our two hospitals between 1999 and 2005. RESULTS: Typical @entity0 was found in 39 @entity1 and @entity0 in 9 @entity1 . The @entity1 ranged in age from 32 to 84 years (median 55). Modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection was performed in 30/48 @entity1 (63%) while breast segmentectomy with axillary dissection was performed in 18/48 @entity1 (37%). @entity3 in axillary lymph nodes were observed in 15/48 @entity1 (31%). ER positivity was present in 3/48 @entity1 (6%), PR positivity in 8/48 (17%), and a positive @entity1722 reaction was present in 14/48 @entity1 (29%). @entity4205 was positive in 20/48, @entity4206 in 24/48 and @entity470 in 8/48 @entity1 . Adjuvant therapy was applied in all but 2 @entity1 . Alive were 45/48 (94%) of @entity1 . With the exception of PR expression, 39 @entity1 with typical @entity0 and 9 @entity1 with @entity0 were comparable in the analyzed parameters. Positive @entity1722 antigen expression in the analyzed sample was not found to be associated to a statistically significant degree with the @entity0 or @entity0 histological @entity5 type, @entity5 size, axillary lymph node metastases, ER and PR status nor with @entity1 survival. CONCLUSIONS: The data from our study seem to be generally comparable with the relatively scarce published data on clinicopathological parameters of @entity0 and @entity0 .

title: Immunohistochemical analysis of ER, PR, @entity1722 , @entity4205 , XXXX and @entity470 antigen expression in medullary @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['medullary breast carcinomas', 'AMBC', 'breast cancer', 'MBC', 'MBC and atypical MBC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastases']

answer: @entity4206 :: (8626,Gene) :: ['p63']


abstract: In previously published studies, we employed a photoreactive radioiodinated derivative of @entity558 from @entity526 0111:B4 to identify and characterize a membrane-localized specific @entity558 binding protein of approximately 80-kDa molecular mass. Our more recent studies demonstrating that mAb with specificity for this 80-kDa protein will act as an agonist in mediating macrophage activation have established that this protein serves as a specific receptor for @entity558 . In the experiments reported here, we have more accurately determined the apparent molecular mass of this protein to be 73 kDa ( @entity40324 ). We have also extended the sources of @entity558 -derivatized photo-cross-linking preparations (including Re- @entity558 ) to determine generality of @entity558 binding to this receptor. Binding to the @entity40324 @entity558 receptor is demonstrated with all of the @entity558 derivatives synthesized in our laboratory, as well as probes synthesized by other investigators. Binding of S- @entity558 is readily inhibited by Re chemotype @entity558 , and we have shown that this competitive inhibition is most likely not the result of formation of @entity558 aggregates. These results confirm and extend our earlier studies suggesting that the binding of @entity558 to the @entity40324 receptor is lipid A specific. We further demonstrate that, in contrast to results published in a recent report, the @entity40324 @entity558 receptor has no significant binding specificity for a variety peptidoglycan polymer preparations. Finally, we show that this @entity558 receptor can be detected on @entity19 fibroblast, macrophage, and @entity9600 cell lines. Differences have been observed in the level of expression of @entity558 receptors on the various cell lines studied.

title: Specific endotoxic lipopolysaccharide-binding receptors on XXXX splenocytes. III. Binding specificity and characterization.

entities_list: @entity9600 :: ('MESH:D034801', 'Disease') :: ['mastocytoma']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: There is an expanding research interest in high-grade @entity11 because of their significant population burden and poor survival despite the extensive standard multimodal treatment. One of the obstacles is the lack of individualized monitoring of @entity5 characteristics and treatment response before, during and after treatment. We have developed a two-stage semi-automatic method to co-register MRI scans at different time points before and after surgical and adjuvant treatment of high-grade @entity11 . This two-stage co-registration includes a linear co-registration of the semi-automatically derived mask of the preoperative contrast-enhancing area or postoperative resection cavity, brain contour and ventricles between different time points. The resulting transformation matrix was then applied in a non-linear manner to co-register conventional contrast-enhanced T1 -weighted images. Targeted registration errors were calculated and compared with linear and non-linear co-registered images. Targeted registration errors were smaller for the semi-automatic non-linear co-registration compared with both the non-linear and linear co-registered images. This was further visualized using a three-dimensional structural similarity method. The semi-automatic non-linear co-registration allowed for optimal correction of the variable brain shift at different time points as evaluated by the minimal targeted registration error. This proposed method allows for the accurate evaluation of the treatment response, essential for the growing research area of @entity1313 imaging and treatment response evaluation in large sets of @entity1 . Copyright    2016 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

title: Validation of a semi-automatic co-registration of MRI scans in XXXX with @entity1313 during treatment follow-up.

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Equitable recruitment strategies, designed to ensure improved opportunities to participate in the research, are needed to include @entity196 ( @entity196 ) communities. The purpose of this article is to report on a set of successful strategies trialed with rural and @entity196 communities in Canada. The strategies discussed were designed as part of a larger mixed-method study examining the effectiveness of Group Medical Visits (GMVs) on the quality of primary healthcare (PHC) in both @entity196 reserve and northern communities in British Columbia (BC). METHODS: Community partners and the study's decision-maker partners helped to identify and recruit primary care practices and reserve communities who were offering GMVs. Eleven communities (6 rural and 5 @entity196 reserve) within the Northern Health Authority, BC participated in the study. @entity1 completed a survey either in @entity1 or via telephone. Content analysis was conducted on team meeting and field notes, focusing on issues related to the data collection process. Financial analysis was conducted on monetary resources spent on recruitment efforts in the various communities. Data were recorded regarding the number of times potential @entity1 were contacted and mode of interview. Descriptive statistics were used to examine whether there were differences by mode of data collection, gender, and @entity196 status. Logistic regression was used to examine whether @entity196 status remained statistically significant after controlling for sex, education, employment status, age and health status. RESULTS: Once @entity1 were contacted, participation rate was 68% with 269 (n=90 @entity1 , n=179 @entity1 ) @entity1 . Of those who participated in the survey, 42% were from @entity196 communities. Content analysis revealed two overarching categories: (1) communication and coordination of the geographically dispersed research team and participating communities was maintained using synchronous and asynchronous methods; and (2) flexibility was needed to tailor recruitment strategies. Financial resources required to achieve equitable recruitment across these communities can cost up to 17 times more than travel to sites accessible by a direct flight or car. The farther away from Prince George (BC's capital in the north), the more resources were needed to ensure equitable recruitment from a community. Community partners played a critical role in recruiting potential @entity1 . Team members, particularly those from urban areas, require support to successfully navigate working in small northern communities. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving equity in recruitment requires flexibility, trusting partnerships within each community and regular communication among the research team. A significant portion of time and resources needs to be allocated towards travel to these communities. While achieving equity in recruiting research @entity1 poses a number of challenges, including greater costs, research that ensures participation opportunities for rural and @entity196 communities is likely to better inform effective strategies to meet the needs of these communities.

title: Strategies for moving towards equity in recruitment of rural and Aboriginal research XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'people', 'Participants', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity196 :: ('MESH:D020754', 'Disease') :: ['First Nations', 'FN']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['participants']


abstract: The @entity791 epidemic continues to spread in Georgia. Almost every medical specialty is affected in some manner by the increased number of @entity1 being diagnosed and treated with @entity791 or the @entity16888 . Radiology has a pivotal role in documenting various opportunistic complications so that further testing and therapy may be instituted. Because of the large number of @entity791 @entity1 that develop @entity1514 , we have reviewed many of the @entity358 and their radiographic findings. Certain patterns of disease may suggest etiologies, though admittedly the chest radiograph is nonspecific. Diagnosis must be confirmed with sputum culture, bronchial lavage, and biopsy or open lung biopsy. There are key features that should be kept in mind. @entity33697 , the most common pathogen, and several other opportunistic agents usually present with a fine bilateral interstitial or ground glass appearance. The presence of mediastinal adenopathy and/or @entity1143 suggests an etiology other than @entity212 . These findings are indicative of @entity281 , KS, or @entity706 . PCP can present as a focal @entity358 , but this is unusual, and @entity2028 must be considered. Finally, a small percentage of @entity1 will present with a normal chest x-ray despite the presence of @entity358 or @entity5 . In those cases @entity2719 lung scanning can help identify the affected individuals.

title: XXXX in @entity791 : the radiographic manifestations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity16888 :: ('MESH:D000386', 'Disease') :: ['AIDS-related complex']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['mycobacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infection', 'pulmonary consolidation', 'potential pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity2028 :: ('MESH:D018410', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial pneumonia']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary complications']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity281 in poikilothermic (cold blooded) animals have received very little attention and the literature concerning natural infections of these animals is limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in reptiles, imported into Slovenia and intended to be pets in close contact with @entity1 . A total of 297 reptiles (22 snakes, 210 lizards and 65 turtles) were tested for specific antibodies against serovars of @entity2928 sensu stricto using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Live cultures of different serovars were used as antigens. MAT was performed according to standard procedures and the degree of reaction was interpreted by estimating the percentage of agglutinated leptospires. Samples showing titres of    >=     50 against one or more serovars were considered as positive. RESULTS: Antibodies against seven pathogenic serovars of @entity2928 sensu stricto were detected in 46 of 297 reptiles. Among 22 snakes, specific antibodies against pathogenic serovars of three @entity160 species ( @entity2928 , L. kirschneri and @entity160 ) at titre levels from 1:50 to 1:400 were detected in 6 snakes. In 31 of 210 lizards, specific antibodies were found in titres from 1:50 to 1:1000 and, finally, among 65 turtles (terrapins and tortoises), 9 had specific antibodies at titre levels between 1:50 and 1:1600. Animals imported from non-EU countries showed significantly higher prevalence (25.0%; 95 confidence interval: 16.7-33.3%) than animals from EU member states (10.4%; confidence interval: 6.1-14.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Reptiles may be considered as potential reservoirs of @entity2928 sensu stricto. Origin of the animals is a risk factor for presence of leptospiral antibodies, especially in lizards. Special attention should be focused on animals from non-EU member states.

title: Prevalence of antibodies against XXXX sp. in snakes, lizards and turtles in Slovenia.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Leptospiral infections']

entities_list: @entity2928 :: ('173', 'Species') :: ['Leptospira interrogans', 'L. interrogans']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Species') :: ['Leptospira', 'L. borgpetersenii']

answer: @entity160 :: (174,Species) :: ['Leptospira']


abstract: Because @entity1 corneal endothelial cells do not proliferate once the endothelial monolayer is formed, corneal wound healing is thought to be mediated by cell enlargement or @entity4222 rather than proliferation. However, the cellular mechanisms involved in corneal wound healing have not been fully determined. Because @entity6474 ( @entity6474 ) isoform is present in high concentrations in normal @entity1 @entity7462 , it may play a role in @entity1 corneal endothelial cell wound healing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of @entity6474 on the proliferation and @entity4222 of cultured @entity1 corneal endothelial cells (HCECs). To achieve this, we first examined the effect of @entity6474 on the wound closure rate in an in  vitro HCEC wound healing model. However, unexpectedly @entity6474 had no effect on the wound closure rate in this model. Therefore, a real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES) system and the @entity1603 incorporation assay were used to determine the effect of @entity6474 (0.1-10  ng/ml) on cultured HCEC proliferation during in  vitro wound healing. The specificity of this effect was confirmed by adding the @entity2533 receptor I kinase inhibitor. @entity6474 inhibited the proliferation of HCECs in a dose dependent way and was blocked by @entity2533 receptor I kinase inhibitor. Next, the Boyden chamber assay was used to determine how @entity6474 (10  ng/ml) affect HCEC @entity4222 . Exposure to @entity2533 (2) increased cell @entity4222 , and a synergistic effect was observed when @entity540 was added. To determine whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is involved in the @entity4222 of HCECs, western blot analysis and Bio-Plex    suspension array were used to detect phosphorylation of @entity1366 , @entity3963 , and @entity4675 in HCECs stimulated by @entity6474 and/or @entity540 . The effect of the @entity3963 MAPK inhibitor, @entity40226 (10   M), on @entity6474 and/or @entity540 -induced cellular @entity4222 was determined by the Boyden chamber assay. Both @entity6474 and @entity540 -induced @entity3963 phosphorylation, and a synergistic effect was observed with exposure to both growth factors. @entity40226 inhibited @entity6474 and @entity540 -induced @entity4222 of HCECs. These results indicate that @entity6474 reduces proliferation but stimulates @entity4222 of cultured HCECs. In addition, @entity6474 and @entity540 may have synergistic effects on the @entity4222 of HCECs mediated by @entity3963 MAPK phosphorylation.

title: Involvement of P38MAPK in @entity1 corneal endothelial cell XXXX induced by @entity2533 (2).

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['migration']

entities_list: @entity7462 :: ('MESH:C562390', 'Disease') :: ['aqueous humor']

entities_list: @entity6474 :: ('7042', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-b(2)', 'transforming growth factor-b(2)']

answer: @entity4222 :: (MESH:D014085,Disease) :: ['migration']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Detailed injury epidemiology is an invaluable tool for reducing risks associated with sporting @entity130 . Very little accurate injury surveillance data exist regarding @entity3331 in professional rugby. HYPOTHESES: (1) @entity3331 have a greater impact on the game than @entity130 to other body locations. (2) Anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament @entity130 cause the greatest days absent from training and match play. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: Medical personnel prospectively reported time-loss @entity130 sustained by 546 professional rugby union players from 12 clubs in England over 2 seasons, and the @entity3331 were evaluated. RESULTS: @entity130 to the knee accounted for the highest number of days absent due to injury (7776 days, 21%) and were characteristically severe, with a disproportionately high number of days missed per injury (37 days). Anterior cruciate ligament @entity130 accounted for the greatest proportion of days missed of all @entity3331 (29%), followed by medial collateral ligament @entity130 (25%). Most severe @entity130 occurred during contact, mostly during a tackle, and most commonly in the final 20 minutes of a match. @entity130 tended to be more common in backs. @entity130 sustained during training accounted for 16% of all @entity3331 . Each club studied had a mean of 10 @entity3331 per season resulting in a total of 353 days absent. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of @entity3331 sustained during matches was higher than that reported in all other football codes, surpassed only by rugby union at the international level. @entity3331 accounted for the highest player absence due to injury; 5% of an average playing squad were absent at any one time due to @entity3331 .

title: The epidemiology of XXXX in English professional rugby union.

entities_list: @entity3331 :: ('MESH:D007718', 'Disease') :: ['knee injuries', 'Knee injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'Injuries']

answer: @entity3331 :: (MESH:D007718,Disease) :: ['knee injuries']


abstract: Diffuse @entity1362 ( @entity1362 ) of the knee is a rare, locally aggressive disease. Since 1995 the senior author has been treating @entity1 with diffuse intra- and extra-articular @entity1362 of the knee with a bimodality treatment protocol, consisting of anterior and posterior open synovectomies in conjunction with external-beam radiation. The purpose of this study was to describe the surgical technique, evaluate our protocol's efficacy in limiting local recurrences, and assess its functional implications and associated morbidities. The medical records of nine consecutive @entity1 were analyzed. Functional results were measured using the Knee Society score. The mean follow-up was 67 months (range 37-103 months). Eight @entity1 were disease free and one @entity1 had local recurrence, which was extra-articular, localized and non-progressive. The mean knee rating and functional rating had significantly improved from 65.2 and 70 preoperatively to 93.7 and 96.6 postoperatively respectively. Maximal knee flexion ranged from 90 degrees to 130 degrees, and only 3 @entity1 developed @entity1159 of 5 degrees. In conclusion our bimodality protocol of anterior and posterior open synovectomies, in conjunction with external-beam radiation, limited the recurrence of diffuse intra- and extra-articular @entity1362 of the knee. All @entity1 showed good-to-excellent functional outcomes and were able to return to their previous level of activity.

title: Two incision synovectomy and radiation treatment for diffuse XXXX of the knee with extra-articular component.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1362 :: ('MESH:D013586', 'Disease') :: ['pigmented villonodular synovitis', 'PVNS']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['flexion contractures']

answer: @entity1362 :: (MESH:D013586,Disease) :: ['pigmented villonodular synovitis']


abstract: T-cell tolerance to @entity5 antigens represents a major hurdle in generating @entity5 immunity. Combined administration of agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the costimulatory receptors @entity25909 plus @entity31175 can program T-cells responding to tolerogenic antigen to undergo expansion, and effector T-cell differentiation, and also elicits @entity5 immunity. Nevertheless, @entity25909 and @entity31175 agonists can also engage inhibitory immune components. To understand how immune stimulatory versus inhibitory components are regulated during @entity25909 plus @entity31175 dual costimulation (DCo), the current study utilized a model where DCo programs T-cells encountering a highly tolerogenic self-antigen to undergo effector differentiation. @entity379 was found to have a pivotal role in maximizing the function of effector T-cells, while simultaneously limiting the expansion of @entity404 (+) @entity2902 (+) @entity403 (+) Tregs. In antigen-responding effector T-cells, @entity379 operates via a direct cell-intrinsic mechanism to cooperate with @entity1199 to program maximal expression of @entity10807 . Simultaneously, @entity379 limits expression of the @entity1199 receptor alpha chain ( @entity2902 ) and @entity1199 signaling through a mechanism that does not involve T-bet-mediated repression of @entity1199 . @entity379 also limited @entity2902 and @entity403 expression on bystanding @entity404 (+) @entity403 (+) Tregs, and limited the potential of these Tregs to expand. These effects could not be explained by the ability of @entity379 to limit @entity1199 availability. Taken together, during DCo @entity379 interacts with @entity1199 through distinct mechanisms to program maximal expression of effector molecules in antigen-responding T-cells, while simultaneously limiting Treg expansion.

title: XXXX / @entity31175 dual costimulation-elicited @entity379 maximizes effector T-cell function but limits Treg expansion.

answer: @entity25909 :: (7293,Gene) :: ['CD134']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and acceptability of a novel dosing regimen of @entity1499 to treat ectopic pregnancy. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Three academic medical centers. @entity1 (S): One hundred one @entity1 with ectopic pregnancy who elected to have medical therapy. INTERVENTION(S): Intramuscular @entity1499 50 mg/m(2) was administered on days 0 and 4; additional doses of @entity1499 were given on day 7 and/or day 11 if @entity3566 levels did not decrease by 15% during the follow-up period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Adverse events, acceptability, and resolution of pregnancy without surgical treatment. RESULT(S): With this protocol, 87% of @entity1 were treated successfully. Of those protocols that were considered failures, only 3% of @entity1 experienced @entity397 of ectopic pregnancy. Treatment was well-tolerated; most side effects were reported as mild and transient. Ninety-one percent of the 61.5% of @entity1 who responded to the satisfaction questionnaire reported satisfaction with this regimen. CONCLUSION(S): This "2-dose" protocol minimizes the number of injections and surveillance visits, compared with the "multiple dose" regimen, and @entity1499 is administered more frequently than with the "single dose" regimen. The protocol may optimize the balance between convenience and efficacy. In a limited number of @entity1 , no safety concerns were noted with up to 4 doses of @entity1499 in a 2-week period without leucovorin rescue.

title: Use of "2-dose" regimen of XXXX to treat ectopic pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: An @entity3082 of @entity3328 caused by @entity9925 type 1 occurred in The Gambia from May to November 1986. Descriptive findings and vaccination coverage levels are reported in part I. This article (part II) describes a case-control study to estimate the clinical efficacy of three or more doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine compared with zero doses. "Cases" were 1- to 7-year-old @entity1 paralyzed during the @entity3082 who were diagnosed as having @entity3328 by designated referral physicians. They were identified by reports from referral physicians during the @entity3082 and by a nationwide village-to-village search after the @entity3082 . Up to five controls were randomly selected for each case from among @entity1 of the same age and sex living in neighboring households. In a matched analysis of 195 cases and 839 controls, the efficacy of three or more doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine was 72% (95% confidence interval 57-82) when @entity1 without vaccination cards were considered unvaccinated. The efficacy of three or more doses in 1- to 2-year-old @entity1 , in whom the determination of vaccination status was considered to be more accurate than in older @entity1 , was 81% (95% confidence interval 66-90). Vaccine failure was not associated with short intervals between doses. Higher levels of vaccination coverage and efficacy than those achieved in The Gambia may be needed in African countries to prevent the return of @entity3328 as an @entity66 after it has been controlled as an @entity66 .

title: @entity3328 in The Gambia following the control of XXXX as an @entity66 . II. Clinical efficacy of trivalent oral polio vaccine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['epidemic disease', 'endemic disease']

entities_list: @entity3328 :: ('MESH:D011051', 'Disease') :: ['poliomyelitis']

answer: @entity3328 :: (MESH:D011051,Disease) :: ['poliomyelitis']


abstract: Purpose. In the study presented, preoperative examinations and surgical methods were discussed along with literature, regarding two cases who were operated with the prediagnosis of @entity697 and for whom caecum @entity4436 was determined. Case 1. 21 years old male @entity1 who had applied to hospital with complaint of @entity490 , underwent an operation with a prediagnosis of @entity697 . Right hemicolectomy was performed with mass perioperatively determined in caecum. Histopathological examination revealed @entity39 and @entity32 in diverticulum wall. Case 2. 36 years old female @entity1 applied to emergency department with @entity490 and underwent an operation with a prediagnosis of @entity697 . Appendectomy and diverticulectomy were performed for whom inflame diverticula in caecum was determined perioperatively. Histopathological examination was revealed acute @entity32 in diverticulum wall. Conclusion. Although solitary caecum @entity4436 is a rarely encountered disease, it must be considered in the differential diagnosis of right lower @entity158 .

title: An unusual cause of right lower XXXX : the caecum @entity4436 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['abdomen pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['quadrant pain']


abstract: AIMS: The aim is to investigate @entity4148 in @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ) by combining echocardiographic morphological and functional parameters with the analysis of the autonomic responses to orthostatic stress. METHODS: A 10-min tilting test and a transthoracic echocardiogram focused on ventricular septal systolic (S wave) and diastolic function (isovolumic relaxation time) were performed. Low frequency on high frequency ratio (LF/HF) and RR variation (variation of beat to beat intervals) in response to passive orthostatism were used as measures of sympathetic reflex activation [delta LF/HF (D-LF/HF) and delta RR (DRR), respectively]. Brain natriuretic peptide was measured. RESULTS: A total of 50 @entity1121 @entity1 were categorized in two groups: D-LF/HF more than 0 (group 1, sympathetic response) and D-LF/HF 0 or less (group 2, parasympathetic response). @entity1 in group 2 had higher New York Heart Association class, a more frequent history of @entity955 (38 versus 9% P=0.04) or @entity1163 (46 versus 12% P=0.01) and an increased septal isovolumic relaxation time (122 versus 82ms P=0.02). The same categorization was made according to lowest quartile DRR (DRR at least 23ms, group 1: sympathetic response; DRR less than 23ms, group 2: parasympathetic response). In group 2, @entity1 were older, with advanced New York Heart Association class and higher history of @entity955 . CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic response to passive orthostatism in @entity1121 appears correlated with specific functional features of the @entity1184 heart. Altered neural afferent traffic from the localized area of segmental @entity1184 resulted in autonomic changes with a blunted sympathetic response, and an inappropriate vagal activation, especially in @entity1 with history of @entity955 or @entity1163 .

title: Clinical correlates of autonomic response during tilting test in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic', 'hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic nervous system imbalance']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['HCM', 'hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity1121 :: (MESH:D002312,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: Central venous catheter (CVC) @entity455 are difficult to diagnose, and they cause serious complications. From 1985 to 1987, ten @entity1 receiving the surgical services at the University of Florida suffered CVC @entity455 . By chest roentgenogram, nine CVC tips were in the superior vena cava ( @entity6480 ), although three catheter tips abutted the lateral wall of the @entity6480 . One catheter tip was in the right atrium. All @entity1 had sudden onset of symptoms, the most common of which was @entity1353 . Initial diagnosis was @entity1576 in five @entity1 , @entity712 in three @entity1 , @entity1151 in one, and @entity295 in one. Four @entity1 required intensive care. Two @entity1 suffered @entity2293 , and @entity1143 developed in eight @entity1 . One @entity1 died of @entity1167 . The average time interval from CVC placement to onset of symptoms was 60.2 hours, and from the onset of symptoms to the time of diagnosis, the interval was 16.7 hours. The mean volume obtained at thoracentesis was 1324 ml and at pericardiocentesis was 250 ml.

title: Central XXXX . Diagnosis and clinical course.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusions']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular erosions']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial tamponade']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity455 :: (MESH:D014652,Disease) :: ['venous catheter vascular erosions']


abstract: Both spinal and trigeminal somatosensory systems use the @entity32112 channel as a principal transducer for detecting cold stimuli. It is currently unclear whether this cold transducer may play a role in trigeminal @entity9 manifesting cold @entity1931 and @entity1931 . In the present study, trigeminal @entity16 was induced by chronic @entity128 of the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI). Behavioral responses to cold stimuli in orofacial regions were assessed by the newly developed orofacial operant test in the ION-CCI @entity35 . We tested @entity4746 and @entity4413 , two compounds that can activate and inhibit @entity32112 respectively, on orofacial operant responses to cold stimuli in ION-CCI @entity35 . Testing animals performed operant tasks by voluntarily contacting their orofacial regions to a cold stimulation module in order to access sweetened milk as a reward, and contact time and number of the operant behaviors were automatically recorded. Total contact time was significantly reduced at the cooling temperatures of 17  C and 12  C in ION-CCI group in comparison with sham group, indicating the presence of cold @entity1931 and @entity1931 in ION-CCI @entity35 . When @entity4746 was administered to ION-CCI @entity35 , total contact time was further reduced and total contact number increased at the cooling temperatures. In contrast, after administration of @entity4413 to ION-CCI @entity35 , total contact time was significantly increased at the cooling temperatures. The behavioral outcomes support the idea that @entity32112 plays a role in cold @entity1931 and @entity1931 following chronic @entity7198 .

title: Operant behavioral responses to orofacial cold stimuli in @entity35 with chronic constrictive @entity7198 : effects of @entity4746 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'allodynia']

entities_list: @entity7198 :: ('MESH:D061221', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity4413 :: ('MESH:C071423', 'Chemical') :: ['capsazepine']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['constrictive nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity4413 :: (MESH:C071423,Chemical) :: ['capsazepine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: According to the 7th edition of the TNM staging system, stage IV metastatic @entity14 ( @entity14 ) at the time of initial diagnosis is sub-classified into stage @entity3480 or @entity66 . @entity298 ( @entity15310 ), considered to have a dismal prognosis, is exclusively sub-classified into stage IVB, even though other metastases to a sole organ are sub-classified into stage @entity3480 , which is considered to be associated with better survival. This retrospective study was undertaken to investigate the overall survival in metastatic @entity14 @entity1 , focusing on @entity15310 @entity1 . METHODS: We reviewed data on @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 at initial diagnosis surgically treated between January 2006 and June 2011. A survival analysis was performed paying special attention to @entity15310 and sub-classifying @entity1 with @entity15310 into three categories according to metastatic sites. RESULTS: There were 69 stage @entity3480 @entity1 ( @entity3480 group) and 83 stage IVB. Among stage IVB @entity1 , 20 had isolated @entity15310 ( @entity15310 ), 28 had @entity15310 with one or more other sites of @entity3 ( @entity15310 -II group), and 35 had at least 2 metastatic without peritoneal involvement (NPC group). Of 152 stage IV @entity1 , 132 (87 %) underwent resection of the @entity5 and 19 (12 %) underwent radical resection of metastatic disease with microscopic free margins (R0 resection) including 5/20 (25 %) @entity1 in the @entity11620 group. A total of 139 @entity1 received @entity901 -based chemotherapy in a palliative (n = 125), neoadjuvant (n = 3), or adjuvant setting after R0 resection (n = 11). Compared with 36.6 months in the @entity15310 , median survival was 32.5 months (P = 0.48) in the @entity3480 group, 14.7 months (P = 0.07) in the @entity15310 -II group, and 12.9 months (P < 0.01) in the NPC group. CONCLUSIONS: The sub-classification of isolated @entity15310 into stage @entity3480 instead of IVB might be more appropriate in the era of modern chemotherapy. Further investigation is warranted.

title: Should @entity298 from XXXX be sub-classified into stage IVB in era of modern chemotherapy?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['IVB disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['Peritoneal carcinomatosis']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: @entity425 , @entity393 and exaggerated reflex responses to proprioceptive and cutaneous stimuli are typical features of @entity64 . Since the extent to which altered fusimotor drive contributes to these deficits has not been established, this study was designed to assess fusimotor function in @entity64 @entity1 by comparing three aspects of muscle spindle afferent behaviour (background discharge rate, responses to reflex inputs and responses to @entity2472 ) in 11 subjects affected by @entity75 , with those in 18 healthy volunteers. The mean background discharge rates of muscle spindle afferents in the radial nerve when subjects attempted to relax the recorded limb completely were 6.6 +/- 5.3 Hz (n = 26) in @entity1 and 6.4 +/- 6.1 Hz (n = 76) in control subjects. The variability of discharge rate of active afferents was also similar (0.12 +/- 0.07 and 0.09 +/- 0. 10, respectively). Reflex activation of fusimotor neurons was assessed using trains of electrical stimuli to the superficial radial nerve or to the palm of the hand, and using natural skin stimuli. Neither type of cutaneous stimulation affected muscle spindle afferent discharge in the absence of an EMG response. During deliberate @entity2472 muscle spindle discharge rates were enhanced similarly in both the control and @entity1 groups, indicating that volitional drives could access fusimotor neurons in the @entity1 . Qualitatively, spindle behaviour was similar in @entity1 and control subjects. These findings suggest that fusimotor function is not disturbed any more or less than skeletomotor function in hemiparetic @entity1 and it is concluded that fusimotor dysfunction probably contributes little to their deficit.

title: Muscle spindle activity in the affected upper limb after a unilateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'hemiparetic stroke']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['recent cerebrovascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['Weakness']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of dexterity']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary contractions']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: The author argues that minimal @entity0 does not represent a distinct disease entity but comprises three discrete components, each with unique characteristics. The natural history of @entity1137 in situ and @entity5 , two of the components of minimal @entity0 , is described. The dangers of relying on a data base established on the strength of retrospective anecdotal information is underscored. @entity1137 in situ has a propensity for multicentricity and bilaterality. In 25% of @entity1 with @entity1137 in situ, invasive @entity0 will develop subsequently, and the majority of these @entity5 will be of ductal origin. The average interval from the diagnosis of @entity1137 in situ to the development of subsequent @entity3 is over 15 years and both breasts are at equal risk. Based on this information, the use of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy is unjustified. In contrast to @entity1137 in situ, 25% to 50% of @entity1 with @entity3821 will subsequently have infiltrating @entity5 , at an average of 10 years after the initial biopsy. Although the putative incidence of multicentricity is 50%, virtually all subsequent invasive @entity5 occur not only in the same breast but in the same quadrant as the initial lesion. In light of the momentum for breast-preserving operations in @entity3 , clinical trials should be implemented to assess the propriety of conservative management with and without radiotherapy in @entity1 with @entity3821 .

title: Minimal XXXX : advance or anachronism?

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['Lobular carcinoma', 'lobular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'intraductal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between herd dry period (DP) intramammary @entity281 (IMI) incidence and elimination rates. A cohort of 91 Canadian dairy herds was recruited and followed in 2007 and 2008. Universal dry @entity291 therapy was widely adopted among the participating herds. At the beginning of years 2007 and 2008, a sample of 15 @entity291 was selected in each herd. A series of quarter-milk samples consisting of 2 predry and 2 postcalving samples were collected on each quarter of these 30 @entity291 . Milk samples were analyzed using routine bacteriological milk culture, and predry and postcalving IMI statuses of these quarters were established using parallel interpretation of the 2 predry and 2 postcalving tests, respectively. Intramammary @entity281 status was defined as IMI by @entity794 , streptococci other than @entity5967 , coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), or Corynebacterium spp. Incidence and elimination rates of DP IMI were computed for each herd. Lowess curves and linear regression were used to investigate the association between DP IMI incidence and elimination rates. Significant negative associations were found between incidence and elimination rates of Staph. aureus and CNS. The relationship between incidence and elimination rates was nonlinear for CNS, with a relatively strong negative relationship between DP IMI incidence and elimination rates for herds with relatively low DP IMI incidence (<0.10 new IMI/quarter-month). For herds with higher DP IMI incidence (>=  0.10 new IMI/quarter-month), a weaker negative relationship was observed between rates. No significant associations could be seen between DP incidence and elimination rates of streptococci other than Strep. agalactiae and of Corynebacterium spp. These results suggest that, conversely to the general belief, acquisition of new IMI and elimination of existing IMI during the DP may be driven, at least for staphylococci, by common mechanisms. The use of management strategies that would lead to the selection of pathogens less well adapted to the host could explain the associations observed between acquisition and elimination of IMI over the DP.

title: Short communication: relationship between herd intramammary XXXX incidence and elimination rate during the dry period.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5967 :: ('1311', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus agalactiae']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: PURPOSE: The Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project investigates the impact of vision on functional status in a population-based sample of elderly @entity1 . The prevalence of self-reports of functional status and the association with @entity227 loss are described. METHODS: A random sample of @entity1 and @entity1 65 to 84 years of age from Salisbury, Maryland were recruited for home interviews and clinic examinations. Of the eligible sample, 78% responded to the home questionnaire and 65% responded to the questionnaire and the clinic examination. Binocular @entity227 of each @entity1 was measured using ETDRS charts and protocols. Questions were asked concerning activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, physical function, social interaction, and activities of daily vision. Analyses of the association of presenting @entity227 worse than 20/40 with the measures of function were carried out and adjusted for age, race, and sex. RESULTS: All measures of functional status showed a decline with age; @entity1 and blacks were more likely to report difficulties. The age-adjusted proportions of those with @entity227 were not significantly different between @entity1 and @entity1 (7.2% versus 6.7%; P = 0.60). Black @entity1 had almost twice the rate (10.4%) of white @entity1 (5.6%; P < 0.001). Age, race, gender, and @entity227 were all significantly related to declines in functional status in multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: Data on functional status in the project population were similar to national data and confirmed higher rates of disability in @entity1 and blacks. Binocular @entity227 worse than 20/40 appeared to have an impact on all the self-report measures of functional status. Further analyses on the interaction of vision with other comorbid conditions on function status clearly are indicated.

title: Function and XXXX in a population-based study of older adults. The SEE project. Salisbury Eye Evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'person', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual acuity', 'visual impairment']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['visual impairment']


abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the reliability of single-slice phase-contrast angiography (SSPCA) as a rapid technique for the investigation of suspected dural @entity432 . Images were obtained on 25 normal volunteers to document the accuracy of SSPCA in the demonstration of slow flow states. Normal volunteers were imaged using sagittal and coronal SSPCA (slice thickness 13 cm, matrix 256 x 256, TR 14 ms, TE 7 ms, flip angle 20 degrees, peak velocity encoding rate 30 cm/s). @entity50 patency and flow rate were confirmed by measurement of flow in the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses using quantified single-slice phase difference images. Imaging was performed in 50 @entity1 undergoing routine brain scans in order to determine the optimal slice orientation for clinical use. Twenty-one @entity1 with suspected dural @entity50 were also investigated with SSPCA and the diagnosis confirmed by one or more alternative imaging techniques. Imaging time was 29 s per acquisition and image quality was good in all cases. Variations in dural sinus patency and flow in normal volunteers were accurately predicted by SSPCA (kappa = 0.92). Use of a single angulated slice (130 mm thick, para-sagittal image angled 30 degrees towards coronal and 30 degrees towards transverse) provided sufficient separation of right- and left-sided venous structures to allow use of a single projection. The presence and extent of @entity432 in 14 @entity1 and the absence of @entity715 in 7 were accurately identified by SSPCA. Sensitivity and specificity in this limited study were both 100%. The SSPCA technique takes less than 30 s and provides a reliable and rapid technique for the diagnosis of dural @entity50 .

title: Use of single-slice thick slab phase-contrast angiography for the diagnosis of dural XXXX .

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous sinus occlusion', 'sinus occlusions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['venous sinus thrombosis', 'Sinus']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity50 :: (MESH:D012851,Disease) :: ['venous sinus thrombosis']


abstract: Primary cultures from three serially transplanted @entity19 @entity977 , Furth 97A, 97B, and 97C, and one newly generated @entity5 , NIH 101A, were shown to secrete free alpha subunits and a beta subunit ( @entity28009 ) in addition to intact TSH. The three glycopeptides were measured in specific, heterologous radioimmunoassays. Basal secretion of alpha subunit was found to be in excess in all four @entity5 cultures, ranging from 5.7- to 8.9-fold higher than that of intact TSH and 30- to 35-fold higher than that of free @entity28009 . In cultures from 97A, @entity1218 (10(-7) M) stimulated the secretion of @entity37085 subunit, and @entity28009 by 175-185% and (T4, 10(-5) M) inhibited TSH to 19%, alpha subunit to 68%, and @entity28009 to 58% of control. Secretion of TSH and its subunits in cultures from 97B was not consistently affected by @entity1218 or T4. In cultures from 97C, TSH and alpha secretion was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by T3 from 2.5 x10(-9) to 1.6x10(-7) M. Gel chromatography of incubation media from @entity5 97A revealed elution volumes of TSH and alpha similar to those of purified @entity35 glycopeptides and confirmed the excess secretion of free alpha subunit. In contrast, the alpha to TSH ratios in media from cultures of pituitary cells from normal and thyroidectomized @entity35 were 1.6 and 0.8, respectively. The total production of TSH and its subunits was measured in cultures from @entity5 97A and confirmed that alpha subunit was synthesized excessively. The ratio of the plasma concentrations of alpha to TSH in @entity5 -bearing @entity19 was 1.6 compared to 1.3 in thyroidectomized @entity19 , and 0.36 in thyroidectomized @entity35 . The alpha to TSH ratios in extracts of the corresponding thyrotropic tissues ( @entity5 or pituitary) were 2.7, 1.7, and 0.40, respectively. These data are analogous to those reported in @entity1 with thyrotropic and certain other @entity977 , and support hypothesis that the subunits of glycoprotein hormones are independently synthesized.

title: Excess production of free alpha subunits by @entity19 XXXX cells in vitro.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'thyrotropic tumor']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary thyrotropic tumors', 'pituitary tumors']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary thyrotropic tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to retrospectively analyze our initial clinical experience with percutaneous multiple-electrode radiofrequency ablation and evaluate its safety and efficacy for treating @entity99 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight malignant @entity99 (mean diameter, 2.7 cm; range, 0.7-10.0 cm) in 23 @entity1 (12 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 ; mean age, 65 years; range, 40-84 years) were treated in 26 radiofrequency ablation sessions with an impedance-based multiple-electrode system. One, two, or three (mean, 2.4) 17-gauge electrodes were placed, and @entity5 were ablated using a combination of CT and sonography for guidance and monitoring. Electrodes were placed in close proximity (mean spacing: two electrodes, 1.0 cm; three electrodes, 1.4 cm) to treat large @entity5 or were used independently to treat several @entity5 simultaneously. Contrast-enhanced CT scans were obtained immediately after ablation to determine technical success and evaluate for complications. Follow-up CT scans at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (mean, 4 months) after ablation were obtained to assess for @entity5 progression and new @entity3 . RESULTS: Local control was achieved in 37 of 38 @entity5 , 34 of which were treated in one session. Ablations created with closely spaced electrodes had a mean diameter of 4.9 cm. The total ablation time was reduced by approximately 54% compared with an equivalent number of ablations performed with a single-electrode system (1,014 vs 2,196 minutes). Three complications occurred: one death from a presumed postprocedure @entity358 , one pneumothorax, and one asymptomatic perihepatic @entity548 . CONCLUSION: Multiple-electrode radiofrequency ablation appears to be a safe and effective means of achieving local control in large or multiple @entity99 at short-term follow-up.

title: Multiple-electrode radiofrequency ablation of XXXX : initial clinical experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolus']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic tumors', 'hepatic malignancies']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic malignancies']


abstract: 2 cases of @entity1204 arising in @entity1 with @entity444 are reported. A 29-year-old @entity1 originally presenting with @entity931 was found to have developed Grade 1 @entity420 5 years later. The @entity1 showed some features of @entity2689 , and analysis of blood lymphocytes revealed chromosomal mosaicism. Total hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy were performed, and an extensive @entity5 was found. The @entity1 has shown no evidence of @entity5 recurrence for 13 years. A 2nd @entity1 , presenting with @entity931 at 21 years of age, was found to have focal @entity1412 Grade 2 within a year. She was placed on cyclic hormone therapy. 6 years after 1st examination Grade 1 @entity420 with @entity1544 was diagnosed and removed by hysterectomy with wedge resection of the ovaries. This @entity1 has also remained well for 7 years after the surgery. Perhaps the development of @entity1204 in these cases, theoretically improbable because of the infantile uteri, is due to the high levels of unopposed endogenous @entity172 . In light of this possibility, cyclic @entity172 -progestogen therapy might be more appropriate than the traditional @entity172 replacement therapy for treatment of cases of @entity444 .

title: XXXX in @entity444 with and without @entity172 therapy.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'adenosquamous tumor']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ["Turner's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal dysgenesis']

entities_list: @entity931 :: ('MESH:D008595', 'Disease') :: ['menorrhagia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['Endometrial carcinoma']


abstract: @entity2686 ( @entity2686 ) is a primary @entity10 with excruciatingly @entity158 attacks that are strictly unilateral. About 10% of cases experience no significant remission, and about 15% of these do not respond to medication, so surgery is considered. Neuroimaging studies show that the posterior inferior @entity2339 is activated during @entity2686 attacks and is plausibly the @entity2686 generator. We report on 16 chronic @entity2686 @entity1 , with @entity10 refractory to all medication, who received long-term hypothalamic stimulation following electrode implant to the posterior inferior @entity2339 . After a mean follow-up of 23 months, a persistent @entity158 -free state was achieved in 13/16 @entity1 (15/18 implants; 83.3%) a mean of 42 days (range 1-86 days) after monopolar stimulation initiation. Ten @entity1 (11 implants) are completely @entity158 -free. A common side effect was transient @entity892 , which limited stimulation amplitude. In one @entity1 , a small non-symptomatic @entity548 into the 3rd ventricle occurred following implant, but regressed 24 h later. Persistent side effects are absent except in one @entity1 with bilateral stimulation, in whom stimulation was stopped to resolve vertigo and worsened @entity1168 , but was resumed later without further problems. @entity1640 stimulation is an effective, safe and well tolerated treatment for chronic drug-refractory @entity2686 . It appears as a valid alternative to destructive surgical modalities, and has the additional advantage of being reversible.

title: Deep brain stimulation in craniofacial XXXX : seven years' experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1640 :: ('MESH:D007027', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothalamic']

entities_list: @entity2686 :: ('MESH:D003027', 'Disease') :: ['CH', 'Cluster headache']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-free to almost pain', 'pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache', 'headaches']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In hospital clinics exercise challenge is used as a simple, non-invasive, non-pharmacological test for @entity565 in childhood. Little is known of its value in a community setting. An exercise test was therefore evaluated as an adjunct to a respiratory questionnaire in the course of an @entity565 survey. METHODS: From a cohort of 4003 primary school @entity1 , 607 of 799 with respiratory symptoms answered a detailed respiratory questionnaire. From the same cohort 135 of 229 randomly selected asymptomatic @entity1 were also interviewed. A stratified selection of one in four of the @entity1 interviewed was then invited to take part in a six minute cold air enhanced exercise challenge test; 128 symptomatic and 26 asymptomatic @entity1 attended. RESULTS: @entity6587 , a fall of FEV1 > or = 10% at five, 10, or 15 minutes following the exercise challenge, was identified in 15 of 128 symptomatic @entity1 and in one of 26 asymptomatic @entity1 . @entity6587 was found in only one of three @entity1 with frequent @entity1353 and one of five with frequent wheeze. It was found in 13 of 58 @entity1 whose parents were aware of the diagnosis of @entity565 ; in 10 of 26 @entity1 who were on regular prophylactic treatment; in only 11 of 70 @entity1 with a history of exercise induced symptoms; and seldom in @entity1 with mild symptoms. Gestational age and ventilator support in the neonatal period were significant predictors of @entity6587 . CONCLUSIONS: Exercise testing enhanced by cold air adds very little to a well designed respiratory questionnaire in community studies of @entity565 in childhood.

title: Is exercise testing useful in a community based XXXX survey?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity6587 :: ('MESH:D016535', 'Disease') :: ['Bronchial hyperreactivity', 'bronchial hyperreactivity']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to collect data on the direct and indirect economic cost of @entity1118 among @entity1 attending a @entity158 management clinic in Ireland. SETTING: A tertiary @entity158 management clinic serving a mixed urban and rural area in the West of Ireland. DESIGN: Data were collected from 100 @entity1 using the Client Services Receipt Inventory and focused on direct and indirect costs of @entity1118 . METHODS: @entity1 were questioned about health service utilization, payment methods, and relevant sociodemographics. Unit costs were multiplied by resource use data to obtain full costs. Cost drivers were then estimated. RESULTS: Our study showed a cost per @entity1 of US 24,043 over a 12-month period. Over half of this was attributable to wage replacement costs and lost productivity in those unable to work because of @entity158 . Hospital stays and outpatient hospital services were the main drivers for health care utilization costs, together accounting for 63% of the direct medical costs per study @entity1 attending the @entity158 clinic. CONCLUSION: The cost of @entity1118 among intensive service users is significant, and when extrapolated to a population level, these costs represent a very substantial economic burden.

title: The cost of @entity1118 : an analysis of a regional XXXX management service in Ireland.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'participant', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']