abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors report the clinical application of a new microsurgical technique. The cervical anterior foraminotomy (uncoforaminotomy), which is used for the surgical treatment of unilateral @entity614 secondary to posterolateral disc herniations or spondylotic foraminal stenoses. METHOD: Between June 2000 and May 2001, 34 @entity1 (16 @entity1 and 18 @entity1 with a mean age of 43.8 years, range 29 to 80 years) underwent anterior cervical foraminotomy (uncoforaminotomy) for the treatment of @entity614 at one or two adjacent levels in the Neurosurgical Department of the University of Vienna. This surgical technique was devised to accomplish direct anterior decompression of the affected nerve root by removing an offending posterolateral sponylotic spur or disc fragment. The nerve root is decompressed from its origin in the spinal cord to the point were it passes behind the vertebral artery laterally. The intervertebral disc of the affected level is maintained in its form and function. Thus, the functioning motion segment is preserved and fusion related sequelae, including graft related complications, graft site complications and the adjacent level disease, are avoided. Prior to its clinical application, anatomical features of the anterior cervical spine were reviewed, and an anatomical morphometric analysis and work-up of the technique was performed in 4 cervical specimens. FINDINGS: The follow-up period varied from two to 17 months with a mean of 8.2 months. The large majority (97%) of @entity1 were pleased with the results of their operation. The relief of @entity4048 and @entity158 in the affected dermatome was immediate in all @entity1 . Motor-weakness and @entity51 improved dramatically immediately postoperatively, and improved to normalisation in the majority of @entity1 within 3 to 6 months. Two of the @entity1 sustained an incomplete transient recurrent @entity3746 , which fully resolved within two to 4 weeks. One of the @entity1 had a repeat herniation on the second postoperative day, but recovered completely after re-operation and continued to do well at the 6-month follow-up. No permanent surgery related morbidity or associated complications were encountered. INTERPRETATION: The results indicate that this new microsurgical technique is an attractive treatment option for adequate anterior decompression of the cervical nerve root via a minimized approach. It was associated with excellent clinical outcome and a less @entity158 postoperative course, allowing @entity1 an almost immediate return to unrestricted full activity.

title: Microsurgical anterior cervical foraminotomy (uncoforaminotomy) for XXXX : clinical results of a new technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['sensory deficit']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['redicular pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity3746 :: ('MESH:D014826', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['cervical radiculopathy']

answer: @entity614 :: (MESH:D011843,Disease) :: ['unilateral radiculopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have found an abnormal temporal correlation between @entity4365 ( @entity4365 ) in @entity148 ( @entity148 ). However, alterations in the amplitudes of these @entity4365 remain unclear. METHODS: This study included 20 @entity148 @entity1 and 20 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired using a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence, and the amplitudes of @entity4365 were investigated using the @entity4365 ( @entity4365 ) approach. Two frequency bands (slow-5: 0.01-0.027Hz; slow-4: 0.027-0.073Hz) were analyzed. RESULTS: Significant differences in @entity4365 were observed between the two bands in widespread regions including the postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, putamen, and insula. Compared with the healthy controls, the @entity148 @entity1 showed lower @entity4365 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), MPFC, superior temporal gyrus, and insula but higher @entity4365 in the middle occipital gyrus. Furthermore, we found that the @entity148 @entity1 had reduced @entity4365 in the MPFC in the slow-5 band. LIMITATION: The small sample size may decrease the statistical power of the results. CONCLUSIONS: @entity148 @entity1 had frequency-dependent alteration in intrinsic brain activity. This finding may provide insights into the understanding of the pathophysiology of @entity148 .

title: Frequency-dependent alterations in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['social anxiety disorder', 'SAD']

entities_list: @entity4365 :: ('MESH:C565121', 'Disease') :: ['LFO', 'low-frequency oscillations', 'amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation', 'ALFF']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['social anxiety disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Infertility is a concern to young @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 . Advances in fertility technology have made it possible to bank fertilized embryos. METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 , ages 27 to 40 years, underwent stimulation/oocyte retrieval before the start of adjuvant therapies. Time intervals between retrieval and therapeutic procedures were analyzed. RESULTS: The average stimulation to egg retrieval was 11.5 days (range 9-20 d). The average time interval from first evaluation to oocyte retrieval was 33.3 days (range 10-65 d). Overall, the mean time from definitive surgery to initiation of chemotherapy was 46.8 days (n = 20). For 6 @entity1 referred by surgeons, the mean time from fertility consult to retrieval was 48.8 days (range 16-118 d), and from definitive surgery to initiation of chemotherapy was 45 days (range 15-93 d). CONCLUSIONS: Egg retrieval cryopreservation can be integrated with @entity0 work-up and surgical procedures. Early referrals to a fertility specialist by surgeons will help @entity1 ' safeguard future childbearing.

title: Egg retrieval with cryopreservation does not delay XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: We have attempted throughout this review to identify the issues surrounding @entity531 as well as to highlight their origins. It should be clear that many aspects of TOS remain controversial from the definition of the entity through pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The conflicts surrounding TOS are underlined most poignantly in the many letters to the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine in response to Urschel's 1972 publication. It is incumbent upon those of us who treat @entity1 with TOS to dispel the ignorance surrounding this syndrome with astute, accurate, and reproducible observations. We must clearly define TOS as a clinical entity such that we may analyze the characteristics of the @entity1 we treat. We must continue to search for innovative and specific diagnostic criteria. We must quantitatively and reproducibly measure subjective end points of @entity158 severity and quality of life. The use of these methods will provide yardsticks for therapeutic success and act as determinants for the natural history of TOS. The objectives of treatment will remain the alleviation of symptoms and the restoration of function. We have applied these principles to the formulation of a protocol in which we record, in a prospective manner, both routine and innovative clinical parameters. With quantification of subjective end points, we may be able to correlate clinical presentation with outcome. We also may be able to define with some accuracy this entity we call @entity531 .

title: XXXX . Thoracic surgery perspective.

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome']

answer: @entity531 :: (MESH:D013901,Disease) :: ['Thoracic outlet syndrome']


abstract: Green tea was prepared by extracting 12.5 g of green tea leaves twice with 500 ml of boiling water, and the extracts were combined. This 1.25% green tea extract (1.25 g of tea leaves/100 ml of water) contained 4.69 mg of green tea extract solids per ml and was similar in composition to some green tea beverages consumed by @entity1 . A 2.5% green tea extract (2.5 g of tea leaves/100 ml of water) was prepared similarly. Treatment of female SKH-1 @entity19 with 180 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet B light (UVB) once daily for 7 days resulted in red sunburn lesions of the skin. The intensity of red color and area of these lesions were inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by the administration of 1.25 or 2.5% green tea extract as the sole source of drinking water before and during UVB treatment. Treatment of female SKH-1 @entity19 with 180 mJ/cm2 of UVB once daily for 10 days followed 1 wk later by twice weekly application of @entity864 for 25 wk resulted in the development of @entity1489 . The formation of @entity1489 was inhibited by administration of 1.25% green tea extract as the sole source of drinking water prior to and during the 10 days of UVB treatment and for 1 wk after UVB treatment. In additional experiments, female SKH-1 @entity19 were treated with 200 nmol of @entity3653 followed 3 wk later by irradiation with 180, 60, or 30 mJ/cm2 of UVB twice weekly for 30 wk. UVB-induced formation of @entity1489 and increased spleen size were inhibited by administration of 1.25% green tea extract as the sole source of drinking water prior to and during the 30 wk of UVB treatment. In these experiments, treatment of the animals with the green tea extract not only decreased the number of @entity1489 but also decreased substantially the size of the @entity5 . In additional studies, SKH-1 @entity19 were initiated by topical application of 200 nmol of @entity3653 followed by twice weekly application of @entity864 for 25 wk. Administration of 1.25% green tea extract as the sole source of drinking water during promotion with @entity864 reduced the number and incidence of @entity1489 .

title: Inhibitory effect of green tea in the drinking water on tumorigenesis by ultraviolet light and @entity864 in the skin of SKH-1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To compare the mobilizing effects and @entity137 of two different doses of @entity786 (CY) plus @entity31941 (glycosylated @entity1261 ), we performed a prospective randomized study by enrolling @entity1 suffering with either high-risk @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) or @entity0 undergoing ablative chemotherapy. METHODS: The @entity1893 @entity1 received 4 cycles of @entity3726 and the @entity0 @entity1 received 2-3 cycles of @entity7366 (FEC) adjuvant chemotherapy. Then, the @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive CY 4 g/m2 (arm A) or 1.5 g/m2 (arm B) in combination with lenograstim. Large volume leukapheresis was carried out and it was continued daily until the target cell dose of 2 x 10(6) @entity2280 + cell/kg was reached. RESULTS: Twenty-seven @entity1 were enrolled in the study. The median number of leukaphereis sessions actually performed was 2.5 sessions in arm A and 3 sessions in arm B. The target cell dose was obtained with the median number of one leukapheresis session in both arms of the study (p=0.09). The collected number of @entity2280 + cells in the leukapheresis products was higher in arm A than arm B (22.4 vs. 9.9 x 10(6)/kg, respectively, p=0.05). Grade III or IV @entity1431 was present in 14/15 @entity1 (94%) in arm A and in 1/12 @entity1 (8%) in arm B (p<0.0001). Grade Ill or IV @entity882 was present in 8/15 @entity1 (54%) in arm A, but this was not present in any @entity1 of arm B (p=0.0004). @entity221 occurred in 6/15 @entity1 (40%) in arm A, and in 1/12 @entity1 (8%) in arm B (p=0.09). The hematological recovery of the leukocytes and platelets after transplantation was not statistically different between the two doses. CONCLUSION: Low-dose CY plus lenograstim is a safe and effective mobilizing regimen.

title: High-dose versus low-dose @entity786 in combination with XXXX for peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity31941 :: ('MESH:C082437', 'Chemical') :: ['lenograstim']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['NHL', "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['Neutropenic fever']

answer: @entity1261 :: (1440,Gene) :: ['G-CSF']


abstract: Anesthesia and surgery both affect the @entity25 . Aside from the postoperative effects of anesthesia and surgery, sleep deprivation and fragmentation have been shown to produce @entity386 or desaturations even in @entity1 without presumed sleep @entity386 . Recent epidemiologic data have placed the prevalence of @entity27 ( @entity27 ) at about 5% among Western countries. The problem is further hindered by the difficulty in diagnosing @entity27 , as @entity1 with @entity27 may present for surgery without a prior diagnosis. Clinical suspicion for @entity27 may first be recognized intraoperatively. Adverse surgical outcomes appear to be more frequent in @entity27 @entity1 . Immediate @entity260 may intuitively be attributed to the negative effects of sedative, analgesic, and anesthetic agents, which can worsen @entity27 by decreasing pharyngeal tone, and the arousal responses to @entity519 , hypercarbia, and obstruction. Later events are, however, more likely to be related to @entity1319 (REM) sleep rebound. In the severe @entity27 @entity1 , REM sleep rebound could conceivably act in conjunction with opioid administration and supine posture to aggravate @entity387 . REM sleep rebound has also been suggested to contribute to mental @entity911 and @entity260 , @entity741 / @entity1188 , @entity64 , and wound breakdown. Although the data to guide the perioperative management of @entity1 with moderate-to-severe @entity27 is scarce, heightened awareness is recommended. The selected use of therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure before surgery and after extubation may be beneficial. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1. Identify common @entity25 affected by anesthesia and surgery in the perioperative period. 2. State a perioperative @entity27 @entity1 . 3. Identify perioperative interventions and management techniques that best facilitate improved @entity27 @entity1 care.

title: Unrecognized sleep XXXX in the surgical @entity1 : implications for the perioperative setting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-disordered breathing']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['complication in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome', 'OSAS', 'obstructive sleep apnea syndrome']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications', 'postoperative delirium']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['architecture of sleep', 'sleep architectures']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative rapid eye movement']

entities_list: @entity386 :: ('MESH:D001049', 'Disease') :: ['apnea', 'apneas']

answer: @entity386 :: (MESH:D001049,Disease) :: ['apnea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We investigated the effect of @entity12837 (LA) on reperfusion injury in a @entity35 ovarian torsion-detorsion model. The changes in tissue and plasma levels of @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ), end-product of lipid peroxidation, @entity224 dismutase (SOD), @entity3624 oxidase (XO) and @entity842 (NO), were determined. Ovarian histopathological findings were scored and compared among groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two female @entity35 were divided into four groups. Sham operation was performed in group I; in group II only ovarian torsion was performed. Group III received intraperitoneal injections of saline, and group IV received LA via intraperitoneal injections (LA group: aqueous solution at 36 mg/kg of body weight per day, saline group: equal volume of saline) 21, nine, and one hour before torsion of the ovary. @entity35 in the torsion group were killed after 360 degrees clockwise adnexial torsion for three hours, and ovaries were harvested. After three hours of adnexial detorsion, the @entity35 in saline group and LA group were killed and adnexa were surgically removed. RESULTS: Ovarian tissue damage scores were significantly different among groups and were seen to correlate with tissue @entity1865 levels. Ovarian tissue and serum @entity1865 , NO and serum XO levels in the group III were significantly higher than those of the groups I and IV (P<0.05). The serum levels of SOD in the group III were significantly lower than those of the groups I and IV (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that LA pretreatment has beneficial effects in the prevention of ischaemia-reperfusion injury of the ovaries.

title: The protective effect of XXXX in experimental ovarian ischaemia-reperfusion injury.

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity12837 :: ('MESH:D008063', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-lipoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity12837 :: (MESH:D008063,Chemical) :: ['alpha-lipoic acid']


abstract: This study investigates the hypotheses that (1) the fetal inflammatory response to @entity281 can occur in early stages of maternal inflammatory response and (2) a difference in early @entity4685 exists at different sites in the cord. Placentas accessioned in our department over a 4-year period with a differential in umbilical vessel @entity32 between proximal and distal sections were evaluated for @entity4685 using a 0 to 4 graded scale. Cases were also evaluated for acute @entity1333 and extent of maternal inflammatory response. Of 5566 placentas, 1004 (18%) had some degree of @entity4685 ; 120 (12%) had a differential in @entity32 between the 2 cord sites. @entity4685 was divided almost equally between proximal (59) and distal (61) sections. Twenty-two cases had 1 or both arteries involved in 1 cord section only. The proximal section had the greater degree of @entity32 in 21 (95%) of these cases. Early or no maternal inflammatory response was seen in 63 of 120 cases (52%). Acute @entity1333 was identified in 57 of 106 cases (54%) with at least 2 chorionic vessels present. Fetal inflammatory response can be seen in early @entity281 , occasionally without finding maternal inflammatory response. The absence of differences in @entity4685 depending on cord site and the finding that @entity3468 occurs close to the placental cord insertion site suggest that cord vessel blood flow dynamics play a role in neutrophil margination. At least 2 cord sections representing proximal and distal sites are recommended to exclude fetal inflammatory response.

title: Fetal inflammatory response is often present at early stages of XXXX , and its distribution along cord is variable.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['chorionic vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intra-amniotic infection', 'amniotic infection']

entities_list: @entity4685 :: ('MESH:D009187', 'Disease') :: ['cord vein inflammation', 'Greater cord inflammation', 'cord inflammation']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['intra-amniotic infection']


abstract: There have been major advances in the management of @entity886 . Because @entity4503 is common and predicts an increased risk of adverse aortic events, these @entity1 merit aortic surveillance and consideration for ascending aortic replacement when its diameter exceeds 4.0 cm. Serial quantitative echocardiographic analysis, as compared with traditional clinical markers, can result in better timing of surgical intervention for @entity337 . Furthermore, echocardiographic analysis of @entity337 can classify the mechanism based on cusp mobility to guide aortic valve repair. In aortic root replacement, aortic valve preservation with reimplantation is a mainstream surgical option in @entity1614 to offer freedom from valve-related anticoagulation. Prosthetic aortic root replacement has further alternatives with the introduction of the aortic neosinus design and acceptable clinical outcomes with the porcine xenograft. Because aortic valve prosthesis- @entity1 mismatch (PPM) may adversely affect @entity1 outcome, its perioperative prevention is important. Furthermore, significant functional @entity339 in association with @entity472 often resolves after aortic valve replacement. Echocardiographic assessment of the aortic valve must include valve area because the transaortic pressure gradient may be low in severe @entity850 . Aortic valve replacement with partial sternotomy is safe and offers a reasonable less invasive alternative. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement, whether transfemoral or transapical, has revolutionized aortic valve replacement; it remains a major theme in the specialty for 2009 and beyond.

title: Recent advances in XXXX : highlights from a @entity4503 to transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

entities_list: @entity4503 :: ('MESH:C562388', 'Disease') :: ['bicuspid aortic valve']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve disease']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

answer: @entity886 :: (MESH:C563178,Disease) :: ['aortic valve disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Placental-site trophoblastic @entity5 are a rare form of @entity1469 and consequently information about optimum management or prognostic factors is restricted. We aimed to assess the long-term outcome of stage-adapted management by surgery, chemotherapy, or both for @entity1 with the disorder. METHODS: 35 550 @entity1 were registered with @entity1469 in the UK (1976-2006), of whom 62 were diagnosed with @entity5 and included, retrospectively, in the study. @entity1 were treated by surgery, chemotherapy, or both. We estimated the probabilities of overall survival and survival without recurrence of disease 5 and 10 years after the date of first treatment, and calculated the association of these endpoints with prognostic factors, including time since antecedent pregnancy, serum concentration of beta- @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin, and stage of disease, with both univariate and multivariate analyses. FINDINGS: Probabilities of overall and recurrence-free survival 10 years after first treatment were 70% (95% CI 54-82) and 73% (54-85), respectively. @entity1 with stage I disease had a 10-year probability of overall survival of 90% (77-100) and did not benefit from postoperative chemotherapy. By contrast, @entity1 with stage II, III, and @entity66 required combined treatment with surgery and chemotherapy; probability of overall survival at 10 years was 52% (3-100) for @entity1 with @entity34 and 49% (26-72) for stage III or @entity66 . Outcome for @entity1 who had recurrent or refractory disease was poor: only four (22%) @entity1 achieved long-term survival beyond 60 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the only significant independent predictor of overall and recurrence-free survival was time since antecedent pregnancy. A cutoff point of 48 months since antecedent pregnancy could differentiate between @entity1 ' probability of survival (<48 months) or @entity204 (>/=48 months) with 93% specificity and 100% sensitivity, and with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 98%. INTERPRETATION: Stage-adapted management with surgery for stage I disease, and combined surgery and chemotherapy for stage II, III, and @entity66 could improve the effectiveness of treatment for @entity5 . Use of 48 months since antecedent pregnancy as a prognostic indicator of survival could help select @entity1 for risk-adapted treatment. FUNDING: National Commissioning Group.

title: Prognostic markers and long-term outcome of XXXX : a retrospective observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['IV disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['placental-site trophoblastic tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity1469 :: ('MESH:D031901', 'Disease') :: ['gestational trophoblastic disease']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['stage II disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['placental-site trophoblastic tumours']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Twin pregnancy with @entity1475 and coexistent fetus (CHM_CF) is a rare situation and a challenge for diagnosis. Results related to fetal outcome and maternal risk of subsequent @entity1469 ( @entity1469 ) are controversial. We here display a series from the French Trophoblastic Disease Reference Center, which is to date the third in number of cases registered by the same center. STUDY DESIGN: By retrospective method based on @entity1 from the French Trophoblastic Disease Reference Center data base between November 1999 and December 2006, 17 assumed cases were reviewed. In 14 cases the diagnosis of CHM_CF was ascertained. All files were reviewed to confirm diagnosis. Methods of initial diagnosis, outcome of pregnancy and evolution to @entity1469 were studied. RESULTS: In 10 cases (71%) diagnosis was made by ultrasonography. Differential diagnoses were @entity1475 and @entity361 . Three @entity1 in 14 (21%) delivered a healthy @entity1 . In only one case, delivery occurred after 37 weeks of gestation. Seven @entity1 (50%) had a diagnosis of @entity1469 . No @entity1 had fatal evolution. Clinical events, such as @entity3556 , @entity1468 or @entity1378 , had no effect on the evolution to @entity1469 . Continuation of the pregnancy did not increase the risk of @entity1469 . CONCLUSION: In case of prenatal diagnosis of CHM_CF, and even if delivery of a healthy @entity1 is possible, @entity1 should be aware of a possibly higher risk of @entity1469 than in @entity12705 .

title: Twin pregnancy with XXXX and coexistent fetus: obstetrical and oncological outcomes in a series of 14 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1469 :: ('MESH:D031901', 'Disease') :: ['gestational trophoblastic neoplasia', 'GTN']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1475 :: ('MESH:D006828', 'Disease') :: ['complete hydatidiform mole', 'partial hydatidiform mole']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['pre-eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity361 :: ('MESH:C535700', 'Disease') :: ['mesenchymal dysplasia']

answer: @entity1475 :: (MESH:D006828,Disease) :: ['complete hydatidiform mole']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to characterize the skin absorption and distribution of VX (O-ethyl-S-[2 (diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) in the @entity12526 in order to evaluate the animal as a potential model for assessing pretreatments against toxic anti-cholinesterase compounds. A liquid droplet (equivalent to a 2 x LD50 dose) of radiolabelled VX was applied to the inner ear-skin of each anaesthetized animal. Blood and tissue samples (liver, lung, kidney, heart and skin exposure sites) were obtained post-mortem. The amount of radioactivity in each sample was measured by liquid scintillation counting, from which the skin absorption rate and dose distribution of VX were calculated. A substantial proportion (22 +/- 3%) of the applied dose remained within the skin at the site of application. It is conceivable that strategies to minimize or remove this reservoir may be of benefit in the early treatment of VX-exposed casualties. Image analysis of autoradiographs of exposed skin sites indicated that each milligram of radioactive VX covered an area of 1.2 +/- 0.5 cm2. The average skin absorption rate of @entity3209 -VX was 661 +/- 126 microg/cm2 per hour. Comparison of these data with previous studies suggests that @entity1 skin is less permeable to VX than @entity1707 skin, but VX spreads over a greater surface area when applied to @entity1 skin. Thus, paradoxically, while @entity1707 -ear skin is more permeable than @entity1 skin, the difference in skin surface spreading may lead to the absorption of an equivalent systemic dose.

title: In vivo skin absorption and distribution of the nerve agent VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) in the domestic white XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: PURPOSE: To study @entity1877 metabolism in biopsies from nonenhancing Grade 2 (AS2) and Grade 3 ( @entity14410 ) @entity816 to determine whether (1) @entity2945 (PC) dominates in @entity14410 , and (2) PC is associated with proliferation or angiogenesis. PC and @entity15001 (GPC) are involved in phospholipid metabolism that accompanies mitosis. PC is the predominant peak in Grade 4 @entity816 (GBM) while GPC dominates in AS2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used high resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare the concentrations of 10 metabolites in 41 biopsies (16 AS2 and 25 @entity14410 ) from 24 @entity5 . Immunohistochemistry was performed on paired biopsies to determine the cell density, Ki-67 proliferation index, and @entity7 ( @entity7 ) angiogenic marker expression. RESULTS: @entity14410 had higher PC than AS2; however, the PC:GPC was less than 1 in all cases irrespective of @entity5 grade. Within @entity5 , GPC increased with Ki-67 and PC and tCho increased with cell density. There was no association between any @entity1877 compound and @entity7 . CONCLUSION: These data suggest that PC:GPC less than 1 is not unique to low grade @entity11 . Furthermore, the PC concentration that is a marker of aggressive @entity5 is not tightly linked to cell proliferation or angiogenesis in nonenhancing @entity816 .

title: @entity1877 metabolism, proliferation, and angiogenesis in nonenhancing grades 2 and 3 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['glial tumors', 'tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma', 'astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity2945 :: ('MESH:D010767', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocholine']

entities_list: @entity15001 :: ('CHEBI:55397', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerophosphocholine']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Genetic polymorphisms of the  -opioid receptor gene @entity6253 @entity17014 have been shown to influence opioid efficacy. The association of the @entity6253 @entity17014 genetic polymorphism with side effects, such as @entity390 and @entity391 , caused by opioids during @entity1337 has not been well-represented by the literature . This study aimed to investigate whether the genetic polymorphism of @entity6253 @entity17014 contributed to the variability in @entity390 and @entity391 during @entity3575 @entity1337 in @entity1 undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy or myomectomy. METHODS: One hundred sixty-five @entity1 , of Han nationality, aged 20-50 yrs, of ASA I or II, and scheduled for elective total abdominal hysterectomy or myomectomy under general anesthesia were enrolled. Intravenous @entity3575 , @entity1 -controlled @entity1337 was provided postoperatively for @entity158 control. The presence and scores of @entity1209 for 24 hours were recorded and measured using rating scales. @entity158 was measured with a visual analog scale, and @entity3575 consumption over 24 hours was recorded, as well. Genotyping of the @entity17014 allele was conducted by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and @entity1 were divided into three groups according to their genotype. RESULTS: The frequency of the @entity17014 allele was 32.4% for the @entity1 in this study. @entity1 homozygous for 118G required more @entity3575 to achieve adequate @entity158 relief compared with the other two @entity1 groups ( @entity1 homozygous for 118A and heterozygous). However, there were no statistically significant differences among the frequencies and scores of @entity390 and @entity391 . CONCLUSION: @entity6253 @entity17014 has no effect on the individual variation of @entity1209 , the side effects of @entity3575 @entity1337 , in Chinese @entity1 undergoing gynecologic surgery.

title: Study of the XXXX @entity17014 genetic polymorphism associated with @entity1209 induced by @entity3575 intravenous @entity1337 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity6253 :: (4988,Gene) :: ['OPRM1']


abstract: A venom preparation from @entity10236 , a wasp ectoparasitoid of @entity238 pupae, was assayed for lethality in different stages of insects representing ten different orders and in cultured insect cells. In most cases, the motor activity of the injected insects remained completely normal for 1-2 days after the injection and displayed none of the symptoms of @entity912 commonly reported for venoms of the Hymenoptera. A natural host, the flesh @entity238 Sarcophaga bullata, was highly sensitive in the pupal stage (LD50 = 5.4 and 5.5 VRE/g for nondiapausing and diapausing pupae, respectively), the stage that is normally parasitized, and larvae and adults were as susceptible to the venom as the pupae. Adults of another @entity238 host, @entity4058 , were nearly as sensitive (LD50 = 6.5 VRE/g), but nonhost adult flies were more tolerant. Among the other orders tested, pupae of several species (Plodia interpunctella, Trichoplusia ni, Tenebrio molitor) were more susceptible to @entity5900 than larval or adult stages. In fact, the highest sensitivity observed in this study (LD50 = 0.58 VRE/g) was with pupae of the cabbage looper, T. ni, a species that is not a natural host. In contrast, the larvae (LD50 = 7.23 VRE/g) and adults (LD50 = 7.48) of T. ni were far less sensitive. Adults of @entity10236 were not sensitive to their own venom (LD50 = > 533 VRE/g), although adults of another hymenopteran, @entity5157 , were suceptible (4.62 VRE/g). Adults of @entity13476 , Oncopeltus fasciatus, Aphis nerii, Euborellia annulipes, Diapheromera femorata, @entity13377 , @entity564 , and @entity39017 demonstrated a high tolerance to Nasonia venom. When tested in vitro, the venom caused cultured Lepidoptera ( @entity7928 ) and Diptera (NIH SaPe4) cells to round up, swell, and eventually die. The LC50S were 0.0014 and 0.0010 VRE/microliters for @entity7928 and SaPe4 cells, respectively. @entity137 was observed within 10 min after exposure to LC99 levels of venom, with 100% cell mortality at 100 min for the NIH SaPe4 cells and 24 hr for @entity7928 cells. It is possible that the venom component responsible for in vivo and in vitro activities may be different, but results from the cell culture work suggest that this method offers a promising assay for quickly screening venom samples. The high susceptibility of flies and pupae of other insects to the venom, as well as its novel (nonparalytic) action suggest that it may have considerable potential for development as a biopesticide.

title: @entity137 of the venom from @entity10236 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) toward XXXX hosts, nontarget insects, different developmental stages, and cultured insect cells.

entities_list: @entity39017 :: ('36989', 'Species') :: ['Reticulitermes flavipes']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity10236 :: ('7425', 'Species') :: ['Nasonia vitripennis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity5157 :: ('7460', 'Species') :: ['Apis mellifera']

entities_list: @entity13377 :: ('6973', 'Species') :: ['Blattella germanica']

entities_list: @entity13476 :: ('13123', 'Species') :: ['Lymantria dispar']

entities_list: @entity564 :: ('6978', 'Species') :: ['Periplaneta americana']

entities_list: @entity4058 :: ('13632', 'Species') :: ['Phaenicia sericata']

entities_list: @entity5900 :: ('MESH:D012909', 'Disease') :: ['envenomation']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['fly']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of @entity1 with germ cell @entity5 of the testis has Improved over the past two decades following @entity900 -based chemotherapy. Currently, staging and risk assessment of the disease is crucial in order to provide curative therapy for @entity1 with poor risk features and not over-treat good risk @entity1 . METHODS: We reviewed the case records of 71 @entity1 diagnosed to have germ cell @entity5 between January 1993 and October 1999. Their clinical characteristics, staging, treatment outcome and prognostic factors for response and survival were analysed. RESULTS: The median age of the @entity1 was 30 years (range: 3-65 years); 69% were in the third and fourth decades. Sixty-one @entity1 (86%) had a primary @entity5 while in 10 (14%) the @entity5 was extragonadal. Histopathologically, 53 @entity1 (75%) had non-seminomatous germ cell @entity5 and 15 (21%) had a @entity4797 . Twenty-seven @entity1 (62%) had evidence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. On prognostication, non-seminomatous @entity5 @entity1 could be divded into good, intemediate and poor prognostic groups comprising 41%, 17% and 40% of @entity1 , respectively. All @entity1 with a @entity4797 were in the good prognostic subgroup. Fifty-eight @entity1 were evaluable for response. Overall, 91% of @entity1 responded: complete response 71% and partial response 20%. Complete response rates were signiflcantly higher for the good risk (95%) compared to the intermediate (49%) and poor risk (47%) categories (p< 0.003). At a median follow up of 26 months, the 2-year overall and progression-free survival for all @entity1 was 70% and 57%, respectively. The predictors for decreased overall and progression-free survival were age >35 years, presence of poor risk features and mediastinal primary disease. CONCLUSION: The outcome for germ cell @entity5 in @entity1 with good risk is excellent. A protocol consisting of @entity1732 , @entity2879 and @entity900 is effective. Tailoring of chemotherapy In good risk @entity1 to minimize @entity137 and Improving results in poor risk @entity1 are areas that need further work.

title: Germ cell XXXX of the testis: clinical features, treatment outcome and prognostic factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular tumour', 'tumour', 'germ cell tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'cisplatinum']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumours']


abstract: Albino @entity35 were maintained in 60% @entity26 from birth through 14 days of age. Control @entity35 were simultaneously maintained in room air. At the end of the exposure period some animals from both groups were prepared for electroretinography and, following this analysis, were sacrificed for histological scrutiny of retinal vasculature. The rest of the @entity35 were removed to room air and allowed to remain for various periods of time before electroretinography and sacrifice. Some of the retinas from the latter group were analyzed for the presence of @entity40 ( @entity40 ) by immunocytochemistry. @entity26 exposed @entity35 had a permanent reduction of the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). The a-waves of the two groups were indistinguishable. Control @entity35 showed @entity40 reactivity in the retinal astrocytes at all times. The @entity26 -treated @entity35 showed positive @entity40 -staining in astrocytes at all times and in M  ller cells from 2 weeks post-treatment through 8 weeks post-treatment, the last time point. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that the anti- @entity40 reacted with a protein having a molecular weight and solubility characteristics like those of @entity40 . These results indicate that M  ller cells produce @entity40 in response to @entity26 -rearing in newborn @entity35 and that this production occurs in the absence of any detectable neuronal cell death.

title: Effects of @entity26 rearing on the electroretinogram and GFA-protein in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity40 :: ('24387(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['GFAP', 'glial fibrillary acidic protein']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Histopathologic features alone fail to reliably stratify @entity1 with clinical Stage A nonseminomatous @entity2971 of the testis into groups with high and low risk for occult @entity3 . Previous flow cytometric studies at Indiana University demonstrated a significant correlation between high proliferative activity and @entity3 . The current study evaluated the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical markers related to @entity5 proliferation and @entity146 in a consecutive series of clinical Stage A nonseminomatous @entity2971 @entity1 who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Archival material of the orchiectomy specimens of 62 @entity1 (45 pathologic Stage A, 17 with @entity3 ) was reviewed and immunohistochemically stained for Ki-67 antigen ( @entity1758 ), proliferation-associated nuclear antigen (PC10), @entity876 protein (Pab1801), and Factor-VIII-related antigen ( @entity2295 ). Staining with @entity1758 was significantly higher in the metastatic group (mean 80.2%, standard deviation [SD] 15.5) than in pathologic Stage A cases (66.3%, SD 27.9; P = 0.0032) and was predictive of metastatic status with a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 69%. In this study, no @entity1 with a @entity1758 value less than 52% had @entity3 . Proliferation-associated nuclear antigen and @entity876 staining correlated with @entity1758 values (R = 0.63 and 0.55, respectively) but did not correlate with metastatic status. @entity5 angiogenesis was also not predictive of metastatic status. Assessment of proliferation rates using @entity1758 antibody in clinical Stage A nonseminomatous @entity2971 @entity1 may prove helpful in predicting metastatic status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical proliferation markers (Ki-67/ @entity1758 and proliferation-associated nuclear antigen), @entity876 protein accumulation, and XXXX in clinical stage A nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ-cell-tumor', 'germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity2295 :: (MESH:D015861,Disease) :: ['neovascularization']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and surgical intervention for treating @entity158 has been a topic of much debate in recent years. There has been a resurgence in the implication of this joint as the @entity158 generator for many @entity1 experiencing @entity1643 , and new surgical methods are gaining popularity within both the orthopedic and neurosurgical fields. There is no universally accepted gold standard for diagnosing or surgically treating @entity158 . The authors systematically reviewed studies on SIJ fusion in the neurosurgical and orthopedic literature to investigate whether sufficient evidence exists to support its use. METHODS A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and OvidSP-Wolters Kluwer Health for all articles regarding SIJ fusion published from 2000 to 2014. Original, peer-reviewed, prospective or retrospective scientific papers with at least 2 @entity1 were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included follow-up shorter than 1-year, nonsurgical treatment, inadequate clinical data as determined by 2 independent reviewers, non-English manuscripts, and nonhuman subjects. RESULTS A total of 16 peer-reviewed journal articles met the inclusion criteria: 5 consecutive case series, 8 retrospective studies, and 3 prospective cohort studies. A total of 430 @entity1 were included, of whom 131 underwent open surgery and 299 underwent minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for SIJ fusion. The mean duration of follow-up was 60 months for open surgery and 21 months for MIS. @entity528 / @entity4040 was the most common pathology among @entity1 undergoing surgical intervention (present in 257 @entity1 [59.8%]), followed by @entity2720 (79 [18.4%]), postpartum instability (31 [7.2%]), posttraumatic (28 [6.5%]), idiopathic (25 [5.8%]), pathological @entity174 (6 [1.4%]), and @entity1530 +/ @entity309 (4 [0.9%]). Radiographically confirmed fusion rates were 20%-90% for open surgery and 13%-100% for MIS. Rates of excellent satisfaction, determined by @entity158 reduction, function, and quality of life, ranged from 18% to 100% with a mean of 54% in open surgical cases. For MIS @entity1 , excellent outcome, judged by @entity1 ' stated satisfaction with the surgery, ranged from 56% to 100% (mean 84%). The reoperation rate after open surgery ranged from 0% to 65% (mean 15%). Reoperation rate after MIS ranged from 0% to 17% (mean 6%). Major complication rates ranged from 5% to 20%, with 1 study that addressed safety reporting a 56% adverse event rate. CONCLUSIONS Surgical intervention for @entity158 is beneficial in a subset of @entity1 . However, with the difficulty in accurate diagnosis and evidence for the efficacy of SIJ fusion itself lacking, serious consideration of the cause of @entity158 and alternative treatments should be given before performing the operation.

title: Surgical and clinical efficacy of XXXX : a systematic review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low-back pain']

entities_list: @entity4040 :: ('MESH:C537208', 'Disease') :: ['arthrosis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['SIJ pain or dysfunction', 'pain', 'SIJ pain']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['SIJ dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['SIJ degeneration']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['sacroiliac joint fusion']


abstract: Intravenous loop diuretics are still the cornerstone of therapy in acute decompensated @entity712 , however, the optimal dosage and administration strategies remain poorly defined particularly in @entity1 with an associated @entity8 . This is a single-center, pilot, randomized trial involving @entity1 with @entity810 . @entity1 were assigned to receive continuous @entity1483 infusion ( @entity4609 ) or bolus injections of @entity1483 (iIV). Primary end points were the evaluation of urine output volumes, renal function, and @entity3876 ( @entity3876 ) levels during treatment time. Secondary end point included: weight loss, length of hospitalization, differences in plasma electrolytes, need for additional treatment, and evaluation of @entity299 during follow-up period. 57 @entity1 were included in the study. The @entity4609 group showed an increase in urine output (2,505      796 vs 2140      468  ml/day, p  <  0.04) and a more significant decrease of @entity3876 levels in respect to the iIV group (679.6      397 vs 949      548  pg/ml, p  <  0.04). We observed a significant increase in @entity1011 levels (1.78      0.5 vs 1.41      0.3  mg/dl, p  <  0.01), and a reduction of the estimated glomerular filtration rate in @entity4609 (44.8      6.1 vs 46.7      6.1  ml/min, p  <  0.05). We observed a significant difference in @entity470 (p  =  0.01), @entity1011 (p  =  0.02) and @entity3876 levels (p  =  0.03) from baseline to the end of treatment in both groups. A significant increase of in-hospital additional treatment as well as length of hospitalization was observed in @entity4609 . Finally, @entity4609 revealed a higher rate of adverse events during the follow-up period (p  <  0.03). @entity4609 appears to provide a more efficient diuresis and @entity3876 level reduction during hospitalization, however, it was associated with increased rate of worsening renal function during hospitalization. @entity4609 also appears related to a longer hospitalization and an increased number of adverse events during follow-up. For all of these reasons, a larger multi-center study is required to determine whether high-dose diuretics are responsible for worsening renal function and to define the best modality of administration.

title: Short and long-term effects of continuous versus intermittent loop diuretics treatment in @entity712 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity3876 :: ('4879', 'Gene') :: ['BNP', 'b-type natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute HF and renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood lymphocytes play an important role in antitumour immunity. We examined the relationship between the minimum absolute lymphocyte counts (Min ALCs) during radiotherapy (RT) and clinical outcomes in @entity1 with @entity157 ( @entity157 ). METHODS: Data from a total of 69 @entity157 @entity1 who had received RT were retrospectively analysed. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were measured before RT, weekly during RT and after RT. @entity2357 and mixed-effect models were used to assess the relationships with and potential predictors of @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to define optimal cut-off points of continuous variables for outcomes. RESULTS: The median follow up was 30 months (range, 4-68 months). The @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), 1-year @entity1349 rate and 2-year @entity1349 rate of the whole group were 25 months, 51% and 39%, respectively. The average circulating lymphocyte counts declined during RT (1493.19 versus 503.48 cells/  l, p < 0.001). A lower Min ALC was associated with worse @entity1349 (p = 0.001), with a cut-off value of 450 cells/  l (sensitivity and specificity, 50% and 70.6%, respectively). The MSTs, 1-year @entity1349 rates and 2-year @entity1349 rates were 15 months versus 47 months, 27% versus 78% and 4% versus 71% for @entity1 with relatively lower (   450 cells/  l) and higher Min ALCs (>450 cells/  l), respectively (p < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that Min ALC independently predicted @entity1 ' @entity1349 (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.15-0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Lower Min ALCs during RT may act as a worse prognostic factor for @entity157 after RT.

title: Minimum absolute lymphocyte counts during radiation are associated with a worse prognosis in XXXX with unresectable @entity157 .

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival', 'median survival time', 'MST']

entities_list: @entity2357 :: ('MESH:C537770', 'Disease') :: ['Regression']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity2963 and @entity2679 were thought to be rare in Africans. It is now seen more frequently than previously thought. The essence of this study is to determine the prevalence of @entity2963 and @entity2679 in a Nigerian population, changing pattern and outcome. DESIGN: Descriptive study over a five-year period in an urban teaching hospital in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All cases of inflammatory @entity1085 seen in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, from January 1997 to December 2001 were studied prospectively. Only those who had a surgical operation and histological confirmation of @entity2963 and @entity2679 were included in the study. The @entity1 ' demographic details, clinical presentation, findings at surgical operation and histological results of gallbladder specimens and outcome were studied. RESULTS: In this study, 46 @entity1 had cholecystectomy for @entity2963 and @entity2679 in five years. In the first three years, 18 (39.1%) cases were seen, but in the next two years 28 (60.9%) @entity1 had cholecystectomy. The male:female ration was 1:4.8. Only four (8.7%) of these @entity1 were @entity28 . Thirty-two (69.6%) were multiparous. Only four (8.7%) of the @entity1 had pigmented stones, the majority of which were mixed stones. Many of the @entity1 have been on treatment for suspected @entity10189 for a period ranging from four weeks to five years. One of the @entity1 had @entity13083 . Abdominal ultrasound was found useful in the diagnosis. All @entity1 had open cholecystectomy. Outcome of treatment was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: We are beginning to have an increase in @entity1085 probably as a result of changing dietary habits (increase in intake of calories and @entity165 /fats) of the population. A high index of suspicion and careful clinical judgment coupled with the use of simple ancillary investigation like ultrasound will make early diagnosis and treatment feasible.

title: XXXX and @entity2679 : changing prevalence in an African community.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder disease']

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease']

entities_list: @entity13083 :: ('MESH:D057792', 'Disease') :: ['Mirizzi syndrome type 1']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['Cholelithiasis', 'cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2963 :: (MESH:D002769,Disease) :: ['Cholelithiasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the pathogenesis of @entity8 in early phase of @entity326 . METHODS: Eleven macaques were anesthetized and randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n=6), receiving a dose of 2.8 mg/kg lipopolysaccharides (LPS) by intravenous injection, and a control group (n=5), injected with normal saline of 1 ml/kg. The animals were sacrificed 120 minutes following endotoxin injection. With immunohistochemical technique endothelium @entity842 synthases (eNOS) and inducible @entity842 synthases ( @entity3623 ) protein of the renal tissue were determined. The ultrastructure was studied with electron microscope. Acid phosphatase (ACP) was also assayed. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty minutes after LPS challenge, damages to the glomerulus and renal tubules were found, and lysosomes were increased in the renal cells. @entity3623 was positively expressed in vascular endothelium of glomerulus and epithelium of renal tubules in the experimental group, but not in the control group. eNOS was positively expressed in vascular endothelium of glomerulus; and peri-vascular region in both groups. CONCLUSION: The present findings indicate that NO contributed to the pathogenesis of @entity8 in the early phase of @entity326 in primates.

title: [Effects of @entity842 synthases on kidney in early phase of XXXX in macaque].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney injury', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxic shock']

answer: @entity326 :: (MESH:D012772,Disease) :: ['endotoxic shock']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We have recently demonstrated that @entity1110 oxidase hyperactivity, NF-kB activation and increased @entity12220 phosphorylation lead to @entity194 of glycolytic muscle in @entity712 ( @entity712 ). Aerobic exercise training (AET) is an efficient strategy to counteract skeletal @entity2057 in this syndrome. Therefore, we tested whether AET would regulate muscle redox balance and protein degradation by decreasing @entity1110 oxidase hyperactivity, reestablishing NF-kB signaling, @entity12220 phosphorylation and proteasome activity in plantaris muscle of @entity583 ( @entity583 ) @entity35 . Thirty-two male @entity35 underwent @entity583 or fictitious surgery (SHAM) and were randomly assigned into untrained (UNT) and trained (T; 8 wk of AET on treadmill) groups. AET prevented @entity712 signals and skeletal @entity2057 in @entity583 , which showed an improved exercise tolerance, @entity299 and increased plantaris fiber cross sectional area. To verify the role of @entity32 and redox imbalance in triggering protein degradation, circulating @entity1505 levels, @entity1110 oxidase profile, NF-kB signaling, @entity12220 protein levels and proteasome activity were assessed. @entity583 showed a reduced @entity1505 levels, @entity1110 oxidase activity and @entity8562 mRNA expression toward SHAM-UNT levels. The rescue of @entity1110 oxidase activity induced by AET in @entity583 @entity35 was paralleled by reducing nuclear binding activity of the NF-kB, @entity12220 phosphorylation, @entity18467 mRNA levels and 26S chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity. Taken together our data provide evidence for AET improving plantaris redox homeostasis in @entity712 associated with a decreased @entity1110 oxidase, redox-sensitive proteins activation and @entity2915 further preventing @entity194 . These data reinforce the role of AET as an efficient therapy for @entity2057 in @entity712 .

title: Exercise training decreases @entity1110 oxidase activity and restores skeletal muscle mass in @entity712 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['proteasome hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['attenuated cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Wistar rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'myocardial infarcted-induced HF', 'MI-T']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle atrophy', 'muscle wasting']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the nature of a series of unusual low-grade mucin-producing @entity703 diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic since 1985. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of 13 unusual low-grade @entity703 with features most suggestive of collecting duct origin. RESULTS: In 8 cases, the @entity5 was discovered incidentally. Presenting symptoms in the other 5 @entity1 were similar to those of typical @entity703 . Imaging studies and angiography disclosed solid, cystic, or complex masses that were relatively avascular. Pathologic assessment revealed good circumscription, minimal @entity548 and/or @entity39 , minimal tendency to extend beyond the kidney, tubulocystic architecture, a fibrotic interface with adjacent normal renal parenchyma, low nuclear grade, and minimal mitotic activity. Mucin production was noted in all evaluable cases. All @entity5 expressed keratins @entity2278 and/or Cam 5.2. The @entity5 showed immunoreactivity to antibodies directed against keratin 34 beta E12 (8 of 13 cases), and Ulex Europeus antigen 1 (6 of 10 cases). Follow-up ranged from 12 to 114 months (mean 62). No @entity3 occurred in 12 @entity1 . One @entity1 died of @entity189 morphologically identical to the primary @entity703 46 months after his @entity5 had been misinterpreted as a benign condition. CONCLUSIONS: We believe the @entity5 described in this article may be of collecting duct origin, representing the low-grade end of a spectrum of @entity5 arising in collecting duct epithelium.

title: Low-grade collecting duct XXXX : report of 13 cases of low-grade mucinous @entity703 of possible collecting duct origin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['tubulocystic renal cancers', 'renal carcinoma', 'renal carcinomas', 'renal neoplasm']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the kidney']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nephrotoxic medication exposure represents a common cause of @entity810 (nephrotoxin-AKI) in hospitalized children. Systematic serum @entity1011 (SCr) screening has not been routinely performed in @entity1 receiving nephrotoxins, potentially leading to underestimating nephrotoxin-AKI rates. We aimed to accurately determine nephrotoxin exposure and nephrotoxin-AKI rates to drive appropriate interventions in non-critically ill hospitalized @entity1 . METHODS: We conducted a prospective quality improvement project implementing a systematic electronic health record (EHR) screening and decision support process (trigger) at a single quaternary pediatric hospital. @entity1 were all noncritically ill hospitalized @entity1 receiving an intravenous @entity4028 for >= 3 days or >= 3 nephrotoxins simultaneously (exposure). Pharmacists recommended daily SCr monitoring in exposed @entity1 . AKI was defined by the modified pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and @entity454 criteria (>= 25% decrease in estimated @entity1011 clearance). We developed 4 novel metrics: exposure rate per 1000 @entity1 -days, AKI rate per 1000 @entity1 -days, AKI rate (%) per high nephrotoxin admission, and AKI days per 100 exposure days (AKI intensity). RESULTS: This study included 21   807 @entity1 accounting for 27   711 admissions. A total of 726 (3.3%) unique exposed @entity1 accounted for 945 hospital admissions (6713 @entity1 -days). AKI occurred in 25% of unique exposed @entity1 and 31% of exposure admissions (1974 @entity1 -days). Our EHR-driven SCr nephrotoxin-AKI surveillance process was associated with a 42% reduction in AKI intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Nephrotoxin-AKI rates are high in noncritically ill @entity1 ; systematic screening for nephrotoxic medication exposure and AKI detection was accomplished reliably through an EHR based trigger tool.

title: Electronic health record identification of nephrotoxin exposure and associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['End-stage Renal Disease']

answer: @entity810 :: (MESH:D058186,Disease) :: ['acute kidney injury']


abstract: @entity76 and @entity76 after @entity590 have occasionally been reported, mostly in @entity3326 , but neuropathologic studies are extremely rare. We studied 3 @entity1 (a 74-year-old @entity1 , a 63-year-old @entity1 , and an 80-year-old @entity1 ) who had @entity64 during heat waves in France. One @entity1 had generalized @entity410 and died 28 hours after admission. The other @entity1 survived one month and 2 months after admission; both had palatal @entity2045 , and in one case, magnetic resonance imaging showed high signal intensity in the cerebral peduncles. The main neuropathology in the 3 cases was severe diffuse loss of Purkinje cells associated with @entity1457 protein 70 expression by Bergmann glia. In situ end labeling was negative in surviving Purkinje cells, suggesting that the mechanism of @entity528 was not apoptosis. Degeneration of Purkinje cells axons resulted in myelin pallor of the white matter of the folia and of the hilum of the dentate nuclei. DNA internucleosomal breakages were identified by in situ end labeling in the dentate nuclei and centromedian nuclei of the thalamus and were associated with degeneration of the cerebellar efferent pathways: superior cerebellar peduncles, decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles (Wernekinck commissure), and dentatothalamic tract. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of @entity528 in the dentate nuclei and centromedian nuclei of the thalamus was different from that in Purkinje cells and more likely resulted from deafferentation. Ammon's horn and other areas susceptible to @entity519 were spared. These observations confirm the selective vulnerability of Purkinje cells to heat-induced injury and involvement of the cerebellar efferent pathways in palatal @entity2045 .

title: Brain damage after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3326 :: ('MESH:D009459', 'Disease') :: ['neuroleptic malignant syndromes']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['heat stroke']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonus']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebellar syndromes', 'radiologic cerebellar atrophy']

entities_list: @entity590 :: ('MESH:D008305', 'Disease') :: ['hyperpyrexia']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['heat stroke']


abstract: @entity3935 ( @entity3935 ) is a rare complication of @entity1378 . It can be observed not only in thyroid autonomy with @entity6392 after exposure to @entity1496 , but also in @entity2743 with @entity6392 . Adequate management of @entity3935 is still controversial. We report about four @entity1 (four @entity1 , mean age 75 years) with @entity2743 who developed @entity3935 during therapy with antithyroid drugs so that surgical intervention became necessary. The @entity1 had been admitted to the hospital for nonspecific symptoms such as @entity10 , cachexy, and @entity716 . Thyroid hormone levels had reached twice the normal range prior to surgery. All @entity1 showed severe @entity51 leading to @entity772 . In three cases euthyroidism was achieved within two days after surgery. The @entity16 disappeared after an average of four days. The postoperative course did not show severe complications and all @entity1 recovered completely. Especially in the elderly a monosymptomatic or nonspecific course of @entity3935 with @entity16 may represent a severe and life-threatening situation. In these cases surgery can become necessary even if euthyroidism has not been achieved preoperatively.

title: XXXX in @entity2743 : indication for immediate surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3935 :: ('MESH:D013958', 'Disease') :: ['Thyrotoxic crisis', 'thyrotoxic crisis', 'thyroid storm']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity6392 :: ('MESH:D000308', 'Disease') :: ['latent hyperfunction', 'overt hyperfunction']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity3935 :: (MESH:D013958,Disease) :: ['Thyrotoxic crisis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the possibilities for early detection of @entity694 , some @entity1 present with locally advanced @entity5 with invasion of adjacent organs. A case of right @entity694 with infiltration of the duodenum and pancreas that was treated with hemicolectomy and duodeno-pancreatectomy (DP) en bloc is reported. CASE REPORT: A 76-year-old @entity1 was admitted to the local hospital due to @entity417 , @entity353 and worsening clinical condition. Clinical examination, including upper and lower intestinoscopy and computed tomography of the abdomen, revealed right-sided @entity694 with infiltration of the duodenum and the pancreas causing a bleeding duodenal ulcer that was the origin of the @entity417 . The @entity1 was transferred to our hospital for surgical therapy. The primary @entity694 seemed to be resectable without suspicion of hepatic metastases or peritoneal seeding, and a right-sided hemicolectomy with en bloc duodeno-pancreatectomy was carried out. Histopathological examination classified the @entity5 as pT4 pN1 (3/24) M0 G3 R0 according to stage III of the UICC classification. The @entity1 recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates that even common diseases such as @entity694 may require a careful preoperative diagnosis so that a @entity1 with a locally advanced @entity5 may be transferred to a specialist centre. With @entity14 , monobloc resection is standard, but a monobloc hemicolectomy on the right side and pancreatic head resection can only be performed in hospitals having sufficient expertise in pancreatic surgery.

title: Pancreatic head resection for invasive XXXX --apropos of a case.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['loss of weight']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic cancer', 'colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the impact of perinatal weight change on @entity28 , @entity1017 , and development of @entity28 -related illnesses 15 years after pregnancy. METHODS: Pregnancy-related factors and weights of 795 @entity1 were recorded at first prenatal visit and 6 months postpartum and were available through medical record review at 4, 10, and 15 years. Obesity-related illnesses were recorded 15 years later. RESULTS: A total of 484 (61%) original cohort members were available for follow-up. @entity1017 during pregnancy, @entity353 by 6 months postpartum, and baseline body mass index (BMI) were all related to current BMI and @entity1017 at follow-up. @entity1 who breastfed beyond 12 weeks and participated in postpartum aerobic exercise had lower BMI and @entity1017 15 years later. By follow-up, 13% had developed @entity6 or @entity5710 . Thirty percent had developed @entity299 , @entity101 , or @entity2299 . Baseline BMI and weight change over 15 years were significant predictors of both diseases. Smoking status at last follow-up was also a significant predictor of @entity299 or @entity299 . CONCLUSION: Excess pregnancy @entity1017 and failure to lose weight in an appreciable time are indicators of @entity28 in midlife. Excess @entity1017 and @entity28 status are predictors of @entity6 and @entity299 , although pregnancy-related weight changes alone are not directly related.

title: Impact of perinatal weight change on long-term XXXX and @entity28 -related illnesses.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity5710 :: ('MESH:D011236', 'Disease') :: ['prediabetes']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain', 'weight gain']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['pre-heart disease', 'heart disease']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: The maternal to zygotic transition can be viewed as a cascade of events that begins when fertilization triggers the zygotic clock that delays early ZGA until formation of a 2-cell embryo. Early ZGA, in turn, appears to be required for expression of late ZGA, and late ZGA is required to form a 4-cell embryo. ZGA in mammals is a time-dependent mechanism rather than a cell cycle-dependent mechanism that delays both transcription and translation of nascent transcripts. Thus, zygotic gene transcripts appear to be handled differently than maternal mRNA, a phenomenon also observed in @entity1238 (55). The length of this delay is species-dependent, occurring at the 2-cell stage in @entity19 , the 4-8-cell stage in @entity291 and @entity1 , and the 8-16-cell stage in @entity742 and @entity95 (4). However, concurrent with formation of a 2-cell embryo in the @entity19 and @entity95 (47,56), perhaps in all mammals, a general chromatin-mediated repression of promoter activity appears. Repression factors are inherited by the maternal pronucleus from the oocyte but are absent in the paternal pronucleus and not available until sometime during the transition from a late 1-cell to a 2-cell embryo. This means that paternally inherited genes are exposed to a different environment in fertilized eggs than are maternally inherited genes, a situation that could contribute to genomic imprinting. Chromatin-mediated repression of promoter activity prior to ZGA is similar to what is observed during @entity1238 embryogenesis (31,32) and ensures that genes are not expressed until the appropriate time in development when positive acting factors, such as enhancers, can relieve this repression. The ability to use enhancers appears to depend on the acquisition of specific co-activators at the 2-cell stage in @entity19 and perhaps later in other mammals (47,56), concurrent with ZGA. Even then, the mechanism by which enhancers communicate with promoters changes during development (Fig. 2), providing an opportunity for enhancer-mediated stimulating of TATA-less promoters (e.g. housekeeping genes) early during development while eliminating this mechanism later during development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Regulation of gene expression at the beginning of XXXX development.

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: 1. The patch-clamp technique, both cell attached and inside-out patches, was used to examine the effects of @entity17230 (LBK) and @entity3365 on ion channels in cultured Colony 29 epithelial cells derived from a @entity1 @entity420 . 2. LBK and @entity3365 applied directly to the intact cell stimulated the opening of a number of types of ion channel including @entity141 -activated K+ channels. 3. By use of inside-out patches, anion channels could be stimulated to open by application of protein kinase A and @entity855 to the cytosolic surface. @entity141 -activated K+ channels were also identified in isolated membrane patches. 4. The results suggest that the anion secretion which is stimulated by LBK is a complex event, involving the activation of a number of different types of ion channel, and that part of the response is the result of hyperpolarization of the cell by activation of @entity141 -activated K+ channels. From the data presented in this and the accompanying papers it appears that the @entity141 -sensitive K+ channels would be equally effective in either the apical or basolateral membranes.

title: Activation of ion channels by @entity17230 in the HCA-7 colony 29 @entity1 XXXX cell line.

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity17230 :: ('MESH:D007609', 'Chemical') :: ['lysylbradykinin']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Compartment-oriented lymph node dissection in @entity1 with @entity259 and macroscopic lymph node @entity3 reduces recurrence and improves survival. However, the extent of lymph node dissection remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of selective lateral compartment neck dissection (LCND) for @entity259 . METHODS: We completed a retrospective review of @entity1 with @entity259 who underwent selective LCND from 1992-2012 to determine the extent of lymph node resection, morbidity, recurrence, subsequent operations, mortality, and duration of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 45 LCNDs (five bilateral) were performed in 40 @entity1 , 35 with @entity259 ( @entity259 ) and five with @entity189 . Nineteen LCNDs (42%) were completed at the time of thyroidectomy. Levels IIA, III, IV, and VB were included in 43  LCNDs (96%) and levels IIA, III, and IV in two LCNDs (4%). Morbidity included neck or ear numbness in 19 @entity1 (48%), @entity1109 in 14 (35%), @entity4820 in two (5%), marginal mandibular nerve paresis in two (5%), and wound @entity281 in one (3%). Recurrence rate was 25% (10 @entity1 ) and one or more reoperations were performed in seven @entity1 (18%) with a mean follow-up of 58      60  mo (range, 1-244  mo). There were 3  ipsilateral recurrences (8%) after 40 LCNDs for @entity259 . Four @entity1 died from systemic disease: three with @entity189 and one with PTC. CONCLUSIONS: Selective LCND is an effective therapeutic strategy for macroscopic lymph node @entity3 , with an 8% recurrence rate in the @entity135 in @entity1 with @entity259 . @entity1109 , however, remain an important source of morbidity.

title: Selective lateral compartment neck dissection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral neck']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic symptoms', 'Neuropathic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['medullary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['DTC', 'thyroid cancer', 'differentiated thyroid cancer']

entities_list: @entity4820 :: ('MESH:D006732', 'Disease') :: ['Horner syndrome']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid cancer']


abstract: A prospective, randomized trial was done to evaluate the prevalence of @entity1150 following primary unilateral or bilateral total hip arthroplasty with use of @entity551 epidural anesthesia, external pneumatic-compression boots, and @entity117 (Group I) and with use of @entity551 epidural anesthesia and @entity117 (Group II). All operations were performed by two of us (E. A. S. and T. P. S.) through a posterolateral approach. Two hundred and thirty-one @entity1 who were more than thirty-nine years old and who had a total of 250 primary total hip arthroplasties were included in the study. There were 113 @entity1 (124 hips) in Group I and 118 @entity1 (126 hips) in Group II. All @entity1 had venography on the sixth, seventh, or eighth postoperative day. Group I had no proximal thrombi, seven distal thrombi (6 per cent), and one late @entity358 (1 per cent). Group II had one proximal thrombus (popliteal) (1 per cent), eight distal thrombi (6 per cent), and one late @entity358 (1 per cent). The difference was not significant (p = 0.65). However, a significant difference may have been noted if the study population had been larger. The combination of @entity551 epidural anesthesia and @entity117 is effective prophylaxis against @entity1150 in @entity1 who have a primary total hip arthroplasty. The extremely low rate of @entity1150 in the present study may be attributed to the use of @entity551 epidural anesthesia and the associated decrease in @entity190 and transfusion requirements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The prevalence of @entity1150 after total hip arthroplasty with XXXX epidural anesthesia.

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolus']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['hypotensive']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify the underlying genetic cause of a @entity16 in a 5-year-old @entity1 as part of a cohort of 32 @entity1 from 23 families with genetically unresolved @entity16 . METHODS: We used autozygosity mapping coupled with next-generation sequencing to investigate a consanguineous family from Lebanon with 1 affected and 2 healthy @entity1 . Variants were investigated for segregation in the family by Sanger sequencing. A splice site mutation was further evaluated on the messenger RNA level by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Subsequently, a larger cohort was specifically screened for @entity29686 ( @entity29686 ) gene mutations. RESULTS: We detected a homozygous splice donor mutation in @entity29686 ( @entity59948 , p.F62Kfs23*; NM_022912) that cosegregated with the phenotype in the family, leading to complete skipping of exon 4 and a premature stop codon. The phenotype of the @entity1 is similar to @entity2057 with respiratory distress type 1 ( @entity32855 ) with additional @entity8482 and involvement of the upper motor neuron manifested by pronounced @entity427 . CONCLUSION: To date, only dominant @entity29686 mutations have been reported to be associated with a slowly progressive @entity9718 . The findings from our @entity1 expand the phenotypical spectrum and the mode of inheritance of @entity29686 -associated disorders. Recessive mutations in @entity29686 should be considered in the molecular genetic workup of @entity1 with a @entity4094 resembling @entity32855 , especially if additional signs of upper motor neuron involvement and @entity8482 are present.

title: Recessive @entity29686 mutation is associated with XXXX and diaphragmatic palsy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular disorder']

entities_list: @entity9718 :: ('MESH:D015419', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary spastic paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity29686 :: ('65055', 'Gene') :: ['REEP1', 'receptor expression-enhancing protein 1']

entities_list: @entity8482 :: ('MESH:D001176', 'Disease') :: ['distal arthrogryposis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['congenital neuropathy', 'neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['spinal muscular atrophy']

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['hyperreflexia']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['congenital axonal neuropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: According to a recent randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing the combination of @entity18111 and @entity25928 (VOR+ANI) with VOR monotherapy for @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in @entity1 with @entity1503 or with hematopoietic stem cell transplant, mortality was lower after 6 weeks with VOR+ANI than with VOR monotherapy in a post hoc analysis of @entity1 with galactomannan-based @entity3 . The objective of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of VOR+ANI with VOR, from the perspective of hospitals in the Spanish National Health System. METHODS: An economic model with deterministic and probabilistic analyses was used to determine costs per life-year gained (LYG) for VOR+ANI versus VOR in @entity1 with galactomannan-based @entity3 . Mortality, adverse event rates, and life expectancy were obtained from clinical trial data. The costs (in 2015 @entity7634 [   ]) of the drugs and the adverse event-related costs were obtained from Spanish sources. A Tornado plot and a Monte Carlo simulation (1,000 iterations) were used to assess uncertainty of all model variables. RESULTS: According to the deterministic analysis, for each @entity1 treated with VOR+ANI compared with VOR monotherapy, there would be a total of 0.348 LYG (2.529 vs 2.181 years, respectively) at an incremental cost of    5,493 (   17,902 vs    12,409, respectively). Consequently, the additional cost per LYG with VOR+ANI compared with VOR would be    15,785. Deterministic sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. In the probabilistic analysis, the cost per LYG with VOR+ANI was    15,774 (95% confidence interval:    15,763-16,692). The probability of VOR+ANI being cost-effective compared with VOR was estimated at 82.5% and 91.9%, based on local cost-effectiveness thresholds of    30,000 and    45,000, respectively. CONCLUSION: According to the present economic study, combination therapy with VOR+ANI is cost-effective as primary therapy of @entity3 in galactomannan-positive @entity1 in Spain who have @entity1503 or hematopoietic stem cell transplant, compared with VOR monotherapy.

title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of combination antifungal therapy with @entity18111 and @entity25928 versus @entity18111 monotherapy for primary treatment of XXXX in Spain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity25928 :: ('MESH:C102786', 'Chemical') :: ['anidulafungin']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive aspergillosis', 'IA']

entities_list: @entity18111 :: ('MESH:D065819', 'Chemical') :: ['voriconazole']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['invasive aspergillosis']


abstract: Extreme environmental situations are useful tools for the investigation of the general processes of adaptation. Among such situations, high altitude of more than 3000 m produces a set of @entity74 that includes both cerebral (cAS) and respiratory (RAS) @entity1109 . High altitude exposure further induces @entity148 responses and behavioural disturbances. The authors report an investigation on @entity148 responses, @entity1314 traits, and @entity1109 ( @entity1109 ) in climbers participating in a 31-day period of confinement and gradual decompression in a hypobaric chamber equivalent to a climb from sea-level to Mount Everest (8848 m altitude). Personality traits, state-trait @entity148 , and @entity1109 were assessed, using the Cattell 16 Personality Factor questionnaire (16PF), the Spielberger's State-Trait @entity148 Inventory (STAI), and the Lake Louise concensus questionnaire. Results show significant group effect for state- @entity148 and @entity1109 ; state- @entity148 and @entity1109 increased as altitude increased. They also show that state-type @entity148 shows a similar time-course to cAS, but not RAS. Alternatively, our results demonstrate a significant negative correlation between Factor M of the 16PF questionnaire, which is a @entity1314 trait that ranges from praxernia to autia. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between @entity1314 traits and @entity1109 . This suggests that @entity1109 could not be predicted using @entity1314 traits and further support that @entity1314 traits, such as praxernia (happening sensitivity), could play a major role in the occurrence of state-type @entity148 responses in extreme environments. In addition, the general processes of coping and adaptation in individuals participating in extreme environmental experiments are discussed.

title: An @entity148 , XXXX and altitude symptomatology study during a 31-day period of hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber (experiment 'Everest-Comex 1997').

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['AS', 'altitude symptoms']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['pathological disorders']

answer: @entity1314 :: (MESH:D010554,Disease) :: ['personality']


abstract: Reactive @entity26 species (ROS) are central to cardiac @entity63 and reperfusion injury. They contribute to @entity1562 , @entity1188 and apoptosis, and possibly to the genesis of @entity943 . Multiple laboratory studies and clinical trials have evaluated the use of scavengers of ROS to protect the heart from the effects of @entity63 and reperfusion. Generally, studies in animal models have shown such effects. Clinical trials have also shown protective effects of scavengers, but whether this protection confers meaningful clinical benefits is uncertain. Several IV anesthetic drugs act as ROS scavengers. In contrast, volatile anesthetics have recently been demonstrated to generate ROS in the heart, most likely because of inhibitory effects on cardiac mitochondria. ROS are involved in the signaling cascade for cardioprotection induced by brief exposure to a volatile anesthetic (termed "anesthetic preconditioning"). ROS, therefore, although injurious in large quantities, can have a paradoxical protective effect within the heart. In this review we provide background information on ROS formation and elimination relevant to anesthetic and adjuvant drugs with particular reference to the heart. The sources of ROS, the means by which they induce @entity299 or activate protective signaling pathways, the results of clinical studies evaluating ROS scavengers, and the effects of anesthetic drugs on ROS are each discussed.

title: Reactive XXXX species as mediators of @entity299 and protection: the relevance to anesthesia practice.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial stunning']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: The majority of the imaging techniques in cardiology could be applied in @entity627 ( @entity627 ), such as echocardiography, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), radionuclide ventriculography, angiography, @entity65 and CT. Inflammatory pericardial involvement is the most common cardiac manifestation in various forms of RD. Echocardiography is the gold standard for diagnosis of @entity854 , demonstrating location and amount of @entity2294 . Cardiac MRI and CT can be used to assess the features of @entity2294 and pericardial structures. In @entity1 with @entity340 in RD, transoesophageal echocardiography is a superior method and offers reliable information about valve morphology, the severity of the disease and left ventricular (LV) function. In addition, cardiac MRI is a valuable tool for the evaluation of @entity849 and regurgitation severity. Myocardial involvement in RD is demonstrated by abnormalities in LV size and function, indicating @entity296 . In these @entity1 Doppler echocardiography and myocardial tissue imaging can provide essential diagnostic information. Both LV angiography and cardiac MRI can provide reliable information on LV size, function and mass. In @entity1 with @entity301 associated with RD, LV ejection fraction and ventricular wall motion can be assessed by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, gated SPECT and MRI. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is considered superior to 2D echocardiographic techniques. Stress echocardiography is the most used method for detection of @entity296 . The only accurate visualization of the coronary arteries is by selective coronary arteriography, which remains the gold standard. Although new non-invasive techniques have been developed, including CT and MRI angiography, some limitations apply.

title: Cardiac imaging in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischaemia', 'myocardial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic diseases', 'RDs']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusions', 'pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['valvular stenosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular MRI']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic diseases']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article was to report the results of heart transplantations (HTs) carried out in Spain from the first use of the technique until December 2006. METHODS: A descriptive analysis of all HTs carried out since the first transplant in May 1984 up to December 31, 2006. RESULTS: In total, 5241 transplants have been performed. The majority (94%) were de novo transplants in adults. The percentages of pediatric transplants and retransplants were low, at 4% and 2%, respectively. The percentage of transplants that were combined with lung, kidney or pancreas transplants was also low (2%). The typical clinical profile of a Spanish heart transplant recipient was that of a 52-year-old male who had been diagnosed with nonrevascularizable @entity741 along with severely depressed ventricular function and a poor functional status. The implanted heart was typically from a 34-year-old donor who had died from a @entity542 . The average waiting time was 125 days. The mean survival time has increased progressively over the years. Whereas for the whole series, the probabilities of survival at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years were 75%, 64%, 51% and 35%, respectively, over the past 5 years, the probabilities of survival at 1 and 5 years were 80% and 75%, respectively. The most frequent cause of @entity204 was infection (21%), followed by @entity810 (18%), the combination of graft @entity455 and @entity944 (13%), @entity5 (10%) and acute rejection (8%). CONCLUSIONS: The survival rates obtained in Spain with @entity101 , especially in recent years, ensure that @entity101 is the treatment of choice for @entity1 with end-stage @entity712 and a poor functional status. There are no other well-established medical or surgical alternatives.

title: [Spanish Heart Transplantation Registry. 18th official report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on XXXX , Heart Transplantation and Associated Therapies (1984-2006)].

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute graft failure']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart Failure']