abstract: UNASSIGNED: The optimal concurrent chemotherapy regimen with radiotherapy for @entity418 is unknown. Here, we compared the survival outcomes and @entity137 of definitive chemoradiotherapy with either @entity900 / @entity1487 (PF) or @entity1205 / @entity900 (DP) in @entity1 with unresectable @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ). In this study, we identified 317 @entity1 with @entity1721 who received PF or DP concurrently with definitive radiotherapy. PF group @entity1 received two cycles of @entity900 (60 mg/m2) and @entity1487 (300 mg/m2) at 4-week intervals during radiotherapy. DP group @entity1 received a concurrent three-weekly schedule of @entity1205 (60 mg/m2) and @entity900 (80 mg/m2) or @entity900 (25 mg/m2) and @entity1205 (25 mg/m2) weekly. The @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared using propensity score (-adjusted, -weighted, -stratified, and -matched) analyses. A sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the impact of unmeasured confounders. Inverse probability of treatment weighting for propensity score demonstrated an improvement in @entity1349 and PFS with DP group in comparison with PF group (hazard ratio, 0.700; 95% CI, 0.577-0.851) and similar results were achieved with propensity score matching and stratification. Grade 3-4 @entity2910 was more common (16/102 vs. 4/102) and grade 3-4 @entity882 and @entity137 were less common (3/102 vs. 10/102; 7/102 vs. 19/102; respectively) in the PF group than the DP group. In conclusion, concurrent chemoradiotherapy with the DP regimen resulted in better @entity1349 and PFS compared to concurrent PF regimen with tolerable @entity137 in @entity1721 @entity1 . Prospective randomized trials are required to confirm the efficacy of the DP regimen.

title: Concurrent @entity900 and @entity1487 versus concurrent XXXX and @entity1205 with radiotherapy for @entity1721 : a propensity score-matched analysis.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombopenia']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: A sagittal-Z osteotomy was used for reconstruction of symptomatic grade I and grade II @entity13793 in 10 @entity1 using the Regnauld classification system. This surgical method was also used in a @entity1 to reconstruct a structurally elevated first metatarsal as an adverse sequela of previous @entity4553 surgery. All @entity1 exhibited evidence of radiographic @entity4553 ( @entity4553 ) and/or an anatomically elongated first metatarsal (EM). Linear comparison of first and second metatarsal length was performed in the transverse plane on dorsoplantar weightbearing radiographs. A long first metatarsal (positive metatarsal protrusion distance) was considered an anatomically elongated metatarsal. Metatarsus primus elevatus was evaluated by comparing the dorsal cortical margin of the first and second metatarsals and/or comparing the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint @entity2270 with the @entity2720 . Metatarsus primus elevatus was therefore defined as a position of the dorsal cortical margin of the first metatarsal 5 mm superior to that of the second. A dorsal position of the first metatarsal-cuneiform joint @entity2270 in relation to the @entity2720 also established @entity4553 . A total of 11 @entity1 underwent a total of 13 procedures. There were eight excellent results (73%) and three good results (27%). There were no fair or poor results.

title: Reconstruction of XXXX using a first metatarsal sagittal-Z osteotomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity13793 :: ('MESH:D020857', 'Disease') :: ['hallux limitus deformity']

entities_list: @entity4553 :: ('MESH:D006215', 'Disease') :: ['MPE', 'hallux valgus', 'metatarsus primus elevatus']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['talonavicular joint axis']

answer: @entity13793 :: (MESH:D020857,Disease) :: ['hallux limitus deformity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors and @entity1 characteristics associated with permanent stomas after sphincter-saving resection for @entity5 . METHOD: Between 2000 and 2007, 2,362 @entity1 underwent sphincter-saving surgery [low anterior resection or ultra-low anterior resection (uLAR)] for @entity5 . These @entity1 were divided into two groups: 71 @entity1 with permanent stomas and 2,291 @entity1 without permanent stomas after @entity5 surgery. RESULTS: Of the 71 permanent stomas (3 % of the @entity1 ), 34 (48 %) were ileostomies, 11 (15 %) were loop colostomies, 10 (14 %) were treated by Hartmann's operation, and 16 (23 %) were treated by abdominoperineal resection. Diverting stomas were created in 364 @entity1 ; 3 % (n = 11) of them could not be reversed due to @entity532 . Permanent stomas were constructed at a median of 20 months after sphincter-saving surgery for @entity5 . The main causes of permanent stomas were local recurrence (n = 27), @entity834 (n = 12), @entity292 (n = 9), and @entity254 site stricture (n = 7). The main causes of early permanent stomas (<1 year) were @entity532 , whereas for late permanent stomas (>= 1 year), the main cause was @entity5 recurrence. The independent risk factors for permanent stomas were local recurrence, postoperative @entity530 , male gender of the @entity1 , the uLAR operation type, and perioperative radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In a high-volume surgical center, sphincter-saving surgery for @entity5 is associated with a low incidence of permanent stoma.

title: Characteristics and risk factors associated with permanent stomas after sphincter-saving resection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['local cancer', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis-related complications']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic sepsis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: To study the association between smoking and @entity1374 ( @entity2743 [E05.0], nodular toxic goiter [E05.2], and @entity12012 [E03.9]) in a low- @entity1496 intake area a case-control study was undertaken. A self-administered questionnaire was issued to 864 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1378 and 628 @entity1 with @entity12012 treated at five university or regional endocrinologic clinics in Denmark between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1998. Each respondent was compared to an age- (+/- 5 years) and gender-matched normal control @entity1 randomly drawn from the background population. A total of 621 @entity1 with @entity1378 (72%) and 411 @entity1 with @entity12012 (66%) responded. Of these, 617 (542 females) and 408 (364 females) could be analyzed, respectively. There was an increased risk of both @entity2743 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-3.5), @entity137 (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.5), and @entity12012 (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-2.1) with ever smoking compared to never smoking in @entity1 , but not in @entity1 . With the high proportion of ever-smokers among @entity1 (56%), the attributable risk of smoking in @entity1 was 45% in @entity2743 , 28% in @entity137 , and 23% in @entity12012 . Ever use of oral contraceptives was associated with a slightly lower risk of @entity2743 in @entity1 , but not of @entity137 or @entity12012 . In conclusion, smoking is a powerful risk factor for @entity1374 , especially in populations with a high smoking frequency. Oral contraceptive use is associated with a slightly lower frequency of @entity2743 .

title: Smoking as a risk factor for @entity2743 , @entity137 , and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxic nodular goiter']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity12012 :: ('MESH:C562768', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disease']

answer: @entity12012 :: (MESH:C562768,Disease) :: ['autoimmune hypothyroidism']


abstract: @entity816 is an infrequently encountered, generally low-grade @entity5 . No study has extensively looked at both @entity4910 and @entity1758 labeling indices in @entity816 and their relation to clinical outcome. This study retrospectively examines the clinicopathologic features of 48 @entity1 with @entity816 including @entity1758 (cell proliferation marker) and @entity4910 (protein that regulates progression from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle) immunohistochemistry. Of 48 @entity1 (27 females and 21 males; mean age, 12.7 years; age range, 2 to 57 years), 26 initially underwent gross total resection; 17, subtotal resection; four, biopsy alone; in one @entity1 , the extent of @entity5 resection was unknown. Histological features observed included Rosenthal fibers (83.3%), granular bodies (75%), @entity455 (56.2%), vascular proliferation (56.2%), prominent nuclear pleomorphism (14.6%), @entity39 (10.4%), and identifiable mitotic figures (2.1%). @entity1758 labeling indices (n=45) (positive staining @entity5 nuclei per 1,000 nuclei evaluated) ranged from 0 to 3.5% (mean, 0.6%); seven @entity5 had a labeling index greater than 1.0%. @entity4910 labeling indices (n=45) ranged from 0 to 0.8% (mean, 0.1%). Most @entity5 (N=29, 66.7%) had no immunostaining. At last known follow-up, 27 @entity1 were alive with no evidence of disease (mean, 49.2 months), 17 @entity1 were alive with evidence of disease (mean, 36.8 months), three died with @entity5 at 2, 22, and 156 months, and one @entity1 was lost to follow-up. Eight @entity1 had at least one @entity5 recurrence requiring additional surgery; seven of these @entity1 had an initial subtotal resection. In summary, @entity1758 labeling indices were generally low (mean, 0.6%) and are reflective of the slow growth of the @entity5 . @entity4910 immunostaining does not appear to be significantly increased in @entity816 . Adverse outcome in @entity1 with @entity816 may be related to extent of surgical resection and does not seem to correlate with histology, @entity1758 labeling indices, or @entity4910 immunoreactivity.

title: @entity4910 and @entity1758 immunohistochemistry in XXXX : a study of 48 cases.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['pilocytic astrocytoma', 'Pilocytic astrocytoma']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['pilocytic astrocytomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between @entity1547 experience, degree of @entity3296 and different concentrations of @entity1388 in the drinking water of @entity1 . SAMPLE AND METHODS: The study included 282 @entity1 aged 10-15 years, who lived continuously since birth in three different naturally fluoridated areas (Leeu Gamka, 3.0; Kuboe 0.48 and Sanddrif 0.19 p.p.m. F), with virtually no dental care or any @entity1388 therapy The teeth of the @entity1 were examined for @entity1547 using the DMFT index according to th WHO criteria and for @entity3296 , using Dean's criteria according to the WHO guidelines. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity3296 (scores 2, 3, 4 and 5) among the school @entity1 was 47% in Sanddrif, 50% in Kuboes and 95% in Leeu Gamka. Almost half the @entity1 in the two low @entity1388 areas had no @entity3296 (scores 0 and 1), whereas only 5% in Leeu Gamka had no @entity3296 . Of the @entity1 in Sanddrif, 42.5% had very mild/mild (scores 2 and 3) @entity3296 , 44.3% in Kuboes and 34.1% in Leeu Gamka. Except for one individual in Kuboes, severe @entity3296 (score 5) was only observed in the high @entity1388 area in 30% of the @entity1 . According to the Bonferroni adaptation for multiple comparisons, the degree of @entity3296 in Leeu Gamka differed significantly from both those of Sanddrif and Kuboes. The mean DMFT for the @entity1 in Sanddrif and Kuboe was similar (164 +/- 0.30 and 1.54 +/- 0.24, respectively) but the @entity1547 experience of Leeu Gamka (198 +/- 0.22) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of both the other two areas. A strong positive correlation (P < 0.05) was found between the @entity1547 experience and the @entity3296 scores of @entity1 in the high @entity1388 area (Leeu Gamka) but no correlation could be found in the other two areas. Significantly (P < 0.01) more @entity1 had decayed teeth in the high F area (Leeu Gamka) than in the other two areas. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a positive association between high F levels in the drinking water and dental @entity1547 . Furthermore, a low @entity1547 experience and no difference in DMFT and @entity3296 between the two low @entity1388 areas were found.

title: XXXX and @entity1547 experience in relation to three different drinking water @entity1388 levels in South Africa.

entities_list: @entity3296 :: ('MESH:D009050', 'Disease') :: ['fluorosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride']

answer: @entity3296 :: (MESH:D009050,Disease) :: ['Dental fluorosis']


abstract: Transamination of the branched-chain @entity1522 produces @entity2227 and branched-chain alpha-ketoacids. The reaction is catalyzed by branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT), of which there are cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms ( @entity6762 and @entity20996 ). @entity6762 accounts for 70% of brain BCAT activity, and contributes at least 30% of the @entity1568 required for @entity2227 synthesis. In previous work, we showed that @entity6762 is present in the processes of glutamatergic neurons and in cell bodies of GABAergic neurons in hippocampus and cerebellum. Here we show that this metabolic enzyme is expressed throughout the brain and spinal cord, with distinct differences in regional and intracellular patterns of expression. In the cerebral cortex, @entity6762 is present in GABAergic interneurons and in pyramidal cell axons and proximal dendrites. Axonal labeling for @entity6762 continues into the corpus callosum and internal capsule. @entity6762 is expressed by GABAergic neurons in the basal ganglia and by glutamatergic neurons in the hypothalamus, midbrain, brainstem, and dorsal root ganglia. @entity6762 is also expressed in hypothalamic peptidergic neurons, brainstem serotoninergic neurons, and spinal cord motor neurons. The results indicate that @entity6762 accumulates in neuronal cell bodies in some regions, while elsewhere it is exported to axons and nerve terminals. The enzyme is in a position to influence pools of @entity2227 in a variety of neuronal types. @entity6762 may also provide neurons with sensitivity to nutrient-derived BCAAs, which may be important in regions that control feeding behavior, such as the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, where neurons express high levels of @entity6762 .

title: Widespread neuronal expression of branched-chain aminotransferase in the CNS: implications for leucine/ @entity2227 metabolism and for signaling by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: Liposomal @entity900 (Lipoplatin) is a new agent, a @entity900 formulation that has been investigated in a number of studies and compared with @entity900 with respect to @entity137 and effectiveness. It has been administered once weekly and in combination with a second agent, once every two weeks. The main outcome of the studies was that lipoplatin has no @entity8 and is as equally effective as @entity900 . The present study investigated @entity137 and effectiveness when @entity25777 is administered on two consecutive days, repeated every two weeks. Between January 2011 and November 2011, a total of 21 @entity1 with histologically- or cytologically-confirmed @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) were enrolled in the study. All but two @entity1 , who had not been pretreated, had received one or two series of chemotherapy and some had undergone radiotherapy. @entity25777 monotherapy was infused for 8 h the first and second days and repeated every 2 weeks with the aim of administering 6 cycles. The dose per day was 200 mg/m(2). Eight out of 21 (38.10%) @entity1 had a partial response, 9 (42.86%) had stable disease and 4 (19.05%) had progressive disease. Results showed that there was no @entity177 and no other adverse reactions apart from grade 1 myelotoxicity in only 2 @entity1 who had been heavily pretreated, and grade 1 @entity390 / @entity391 in 4 @entity1 . Liposomal @entity900 is an agent with negligible @entity137 and reasonably high effectiveness even when administered to pretreated @entity1 with @entity1149 .

title: Two consecutive days of treatment with liposomal @entity900 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity25777 :: ('MESH:C503131', 'Chemical') :: ['Lipoplatin', 'lipoplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure toxicity']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: @entity1 undergoing kidney transplantation often suffer from @entity101 and @entity453 , for which perioperative treatment with @entity594 proved to be effective. If @entity460 -channel blockers and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants are used simultaneously, their synergistic effect at the neuromuscular cleft must be considered. On the other hand because of its extrarenal elimination no significantly altered effects are expected for @entity1 with @entity177 . This prospective study comprised 30 @entity1 undergoing kidney transplantation who were 2 kg over normal weight after a preoperative dialysis and infusion of lactated Ringer solution. Fifteen minutes after introduction of balanced anaesthesia with @entity5161 , @entity3810 and @entity3575 , @entity1 were assigned to the treatment group (N) with @entity101 (mean arterial pressure (MAP > 110 mmHg) and subsequent management with @entity594 or to the control group (0). Treatment was aimed at keeping MAP between 90 and 110 mmHg. The neuromuscular status was electromyographically assessed by the train-of-four-principle. There were evaluated the duration of action of the initial dose of @entity5159 (0.5 mg/kg) from injection time to T1 = 2% (WZ 2), the dose of @entity5159 for a continuous @entity4094 (DD 98 in mg/kg/h), the recovery time and the recovery index. Fourteen @entity1 with @entity101 received a bolus of 10 micrograms/kg @entity594 . A significant reduction in blood pressure (p < 0.05) to the desired range was achieved by a subsequent infusion of @entity594 of 5 to 40 micrograms/kg/h. In 16 @entity1 MAP was kept between 90 and 100 mmHg without any additional therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Anesthesia for renal transplantation: continuous @entity4094 with XXXX and the management of intraoperative @entity101 with @entity594 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular blockade']

entities_list: @entity5159 :: ('MESH:D001279', 'Chemical') :: ['atracurium']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['essential hypertension', 'hypertension']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['terminal renal failure']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity5159 :: (MESH:D001279,Chemical) :: ['atracurium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Restorative proctocolectomy and IPAA has become the treatment of choice in @entity1412 . However, several cases of @entity652 and @entity189 arising in the ileal pouch were reported. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and natural history of @entity652 and the development of @entity189 in @entity1 with restorative proctocolectomy for @entity1412 . DESIGN AND SETTING: We prospectively studied @entity1 who underwent IPAA during the past 20 years at the surgical unit of the University of Florence in Italy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We investigated the extent of the risk and the factors that are involved in the development of neoplastic changes of the pouch. Furthermore, because it is not entirely clear when and how @entity1127 should be treated, we have revised our modality of treatment for this unusual pathology. @entity1 : Sixty-nine @entity1 with @entity1412 underwent restorative proctocolectomy. In 66 @entity1 , handsewn @entity254 with anal canal mucosectomy was performed. After surgery, all @entity1 underwent endoscopic surveillance. RESULTS: After 10 years of follow-up, 1 ileal pouch @entity652 was found in 64.9% of restorative proctocolectomy @entity1 , and @entity189 occurred in 2 @entity1 (29 and 59 years old), 3 and 11 years after restorative proctocolectomy. The number of colonic @entity6523 influenced the occurrence of pouch @entity652 . No @entity1 with <200 colonic @entity652 experienced pouch @entity652 , but 46% of @entity1 with >1000 @entity1586 had pouch @entity652 , and 25% of @entity1 with 200 to 1000 @entity1586 had pouch @entity652 at follow-up. No relationship was found between @entity652 and pouch shape (J, S, or straight @entity254 with @entity156 ) or the @entity1412 mutation. Polyps larger than 5 mm were removed by endoscopy or surgery. CONCLUSIONS: @entity652 were common after restorative proctocolectomy. @entity1 >50 years of age and @entity1 with >1000 colonic @entity652 at the time of colectomy were more prone to @entity652 . The development of @entity5 in the terminal ileum can present a fast course and does not seem to follow the classic @entity2513 sequence.

title: @entity652 and @entity189 after restorative proctocolectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['ileoanal anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis', 'APC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'ileal pouch carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity156 :: ('MESH:D000015', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myotomies']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Ileal pouch adenomas', 'adenomas', 'ileal pouch adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity1586 :: ('MESH:D003111', 'Disease') :: ['colonic polyps']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma-carcinoma']

answer: @entity1412 :: (MESH:D011125,Disease) :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis']


abstract: In @entity401 , the number of alveolar macrophages (AMs) can be increased. This may be caused by recruitment of precursor cells from peripheral blood and/or local proliferation in the lung. We therefore analysed proliferation, by studying both the expression of the nuclear proliferation antigen, Ki67, and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, using the Feulgen reaction followed by cytometry. The @entity1 had @entity401 , i.e. @entity370 (n = 20), @entity7448 (n = 20), @entity82 or lung involvement in @entity1413 (n = 19). In all @entity1 groups there was a significant increase in proliferating AMs compared to healthy controls (4.2 versus 1.4% Feulgen, 2.1 versus 0.5% Ki67), with a significant correlation between these two parameters. A positive correlation was also found in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) between numbers of lymphocytes and proliferating cells in @entity370 and in @entity82 . In @entity82 , numbers of eosinophils and proliferating cells were also positively correlated. Our main finding was, however, a positive correlation between numbers of proliferating cells (Feulgen) and lung function parameters, especially vital capacity and @entity26 tension ( @entity4095 ) at rest, in @entity1 with @entity370 and @entity82 . By contrast, in @entity7448 , no correlation could be observed between proliferating cells and cell population or lung function. Our results suggest that local proliferation of macrophages is an important element in @entity401 .

title: Proliferating alveolar macrophages in BAL and lung function changes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic lung fibrosis', 'fibrosis', 'lung fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7448 :: ('MESH:D000542', 'Disease') :: ['extrinsic allergic alveolitis']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial lung disease']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['collagen-vascular disease']

answer: @entity401 :: (MESH:D017563,Disease) :: ['interstitial lung disease']


abstract: @entity66 , frequent in proteinuric @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 , may contribute to the progressive GFR loss in overt @entity2316 . @entity66 were examined in @entity1 who have type 1 @entity6 with a wide range of albumin excretion rates (AER). Renal biopsies from five normoalbuminuric @entity1 , five microalbuminuric @entity1 , six proteinuric @entity1 , and five control subjects were studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy specimens were serially sectioned to find and classify glomerulotubular junctions. Glomerular structural parameters were estimated using stereologic methods. @entity66 were found in 2% of glomeruli from control and normoalbuminuric @entity1 and in 4% of glomeruli from microalbuminuric @entity1 . In contrast, 71% of glomeruli from proteinuric @entity1 had @entity66 , including five (8%) atubular glomeruli. Electron microscopy findings were typical of @entity2316 . Piece-wise linear regression models with @entity8 , and interstitial parameters as independent variables provided greater GFR (92%; P < 0.005) and AER (95%; P < 0.01) prediction than multiple regression models (81% for GFR and 72% for AER). Thus, @entity8 and @entity66 help to explain the progressive GFR loss that is associated with onset of @entity644 in type 1 @entity6 . Moreover, nonlinear models provide better fit for structural-functional relationships in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 .

title: @entity66 are associated with @entity644 in type 1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular adhesions', 'glomerular, glomerulotubular junction']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Glomerulotubular junction abnormalities', 'glomerulotubular junction abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: The metastrongyloid @entity2199 genus @entity22032 includes 18 species, two of which are relevant from a medical standpoint, @entity22032 and @entity23699 . The first was described from Costa Rica in 1971 and causes @entity3853 in the Americas, including in Brazil. @entity23699 , first described in 1935 from Canton, China, is the causative agent of @entity693 . The natural definitive hosts are rodents, and molluscs are the intermediate hosts. Paratenic or carrier hosts include crabs, freshwater shrimp, amphibians, flatworms, and fish. @entity1 become infected accidentally by ingestion of intermediate or paratenic hosts and the parasite does not complete the life cycle as it does in @entity35 . Worms in the brain cause @entity693 . This zoonosis, widespread in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands, has now been reported from other regions. In the Americas there are records from the United States, Cuba, Jamaica, Brazil, Ecuador, and Haiti. In Brazil seven @entity1 cases have been reported since 2007 from the southeastern and northeastern regions. Epidemiological studies found infected specimens of @entity35 and @entity5698 as well as many species of molluscs, including the giant African land snail, Achatina fulica, from various regions of Brazil. The spread of angiostrongyliasis is currently a matter of concern in Brazil.

title: @entity23699 and XXXX disease in Brazil.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'Humans']

entities_list: @entity3853 :: ('MESH:C536369', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal angiostrongyliasis']

entities_list: @entity5698 :: ('10117', 'Species') :: ['Rattus rattus']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic meningitis']

entities_list: @entity23699 :: ('6313', 'Species') :: ['Angiostrongylus cantonensis']

entities_list: @entity22032 :: ('334426', 'Species') :: ['Angiostrongylus', 'Angiostrongylus costaricensis']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Rattus norvegicus', 'rats']

answer: @entity23699 :: (6313,Species) :: ['rat lungworm']


abstract: A single-chain variable fragment (Fv) version of a murine monoclonal antibody, Se155-4, specific for Salmonella serogroup B O-polysaccharide, was used as a model system for testing monovalent phage display as a route for enhancing the relatively low affinities that typify anti- @entity1735 antibodies. Random single-chain Fv mutant libraries generated by chemical and error-prone polymerase chain reaction methods were panned against the serogroup B lipopolysaccharide. Panning of a randomly mutated heavy chain variable domain library indicated selection for improved serogroup B binders and yielded six mutants, five of which showed wild type activity by enzyme immunoassay. Two of these were apparently selected on the basis of better functional single-chain Fv yield in @entity526 . A heavy chain mutation ( @entity47738 ) in one mutant, 3B1, appeared to have a particularly dramatic effect, resulting in yields of approximately 120 mg/liter of functional periplasmic product. The sixth mutant, 4B2, had complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) and CDR2 mutations and demonstrated 10-fold improved binding, by enzyme immunoassay, relative to the wild type. Extensive analysis of antigen-antibody interactions indicated that the improved binding properties of 4B2 were attributable to a higher association rate constant and interaction with an epitope that is larger than the @entity20140 recognized by the wild type. None of the mutations involved known @entity20140 contact residues; this was consistent with analysis of wild type and mutant single-chain Fvs by titration microcalorimetry. Examination of the structure indicated that two mutations in the heavy chain CDR2 provided improved surface complementarity between the protein and the extended epitope encompassing 2 additional @entity12015 residues. However, introduction of only the CDR2 mutations into the wild type structure failed to confer the improved binding properties of 4B2, indicating an indirect effect by the more distant mutations. Panning of randomly mutated light chain variable domain and full-length single-chain Fv mutant libraries did not yield mutants with improved assembly or binding properties.

title: Selection of antibody single-chain variable fragments with improved XXXX binding by phage display.

entities_list: @entity20140 :: ('CHEBI:27150', 'Chemical') :: ['trisaccharide']

entities_list: @entity47738 :: ('p|SUB|I|77|T', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Ile77-->Thr']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: Experiments were done to determine if endogenous opiates cause the arousal response decrement that follows repeated exposure to @entity519 during sleep in @entity742 . Five @entity742 were anesthetized and instrumented for sleep staging and measurement of arterial Hb @entity26 saturation. No sooner than 3 d after surgery, measurements were made in quiet @entity25 during control periods when the @entity742 were breathing 21% @entity26 and during experimental periods when the @entity742 were breathing 5% @entity26 . The experimental period was terminated during each epoch by changing the inspired gas mixture back to 21% @entity26 , once the lamb aroused from sleep. After each lamb had been exposed to 5% @entity26 during 100 consecutive epochs of sleep, @entity1510 --an opiate antagonist--was given i.v. in a dose of 3 mg/kg as a bolus. The animals continued to be exposed to 5% @entity26 during six more epochs of sleep after the administration of @entity1510 . Arousal occurred from both sleep states during rapidly developing @entity519 but was delayed in active sleep compared to quiet sleep. The arterial Hb @entity26 saturation at arousal was significantly lower, and the time to arousal was significantly longer with repeated exposure to @entity519 during both quiet @entity25 . @entity1510 did not alter this arousal response decrement to @entity519 . Thus, our data provide evidence that endogenous opiates do not play a major role in causing the arousal response decrement that follows repeated exposure to @entity519 during sleep in @entity742 .

title: @entity1510 does not alter the arousal response decrement after repeated exposure to XXXX during sleep in @entity742 .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep and active sleep']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxemia']


abstract: Cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a tomographic method of assessing regional ventricular function in any desired plane. It has not been possible to obtain adequate images during dynamic exercise, and this has limited its value in @entity1 with @entity453 ( @entity453 ). Therefore, an infusion of @entity452 was used to study 25 @entity1 with exertional @entity662 and abnormal exercise electrocardiograms. Areas of abnormal wall motion were compared with areas of abnormal myocardial perfusion imaged by @entity452 thallium emission tomography and with coronary arteriography. Twenty-two @entity1 had significant @entity453 . Twenty-one (96%) of these @entity1 had reversible @entity741 shown by @entity452 thallium tomography, and 20 (91%) had reversible wall motion abnormalities shown by @entity452 MRI. Comparison of abnormal segments of perfusion and wall motion showed 96% agreement at rest, 90% agreement during stress, and 91% agreement for the assessment of functional reversibility. The normalized magnetic resonance signal intensity of the @entity63 segments showed a small but significant reduction when compared with that of normal segments (-67 units [9.2%]; p less than 0.05). @entity452 infusion was well-tolerated, despite causing chest discomfort in 24 @entity1 (96%). Nine @entity1 (36%) developed a minor @entity943 that was usually ventricular premature complexes, but this did not limit infusion, and other side effects were mild. The short plasma half-life of @entity452 makes it ideal as a stress agent for imaging techniques (such as MRI), and these results suggest that it is more effective in the provocation of wall motion abnormalities than is @entity4341 in @entity1 with @entity453 .

title: Magnetic resonance imaging during XXXX stress in @entity453 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['Dobutamine', 'dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['dysrhythmia']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: AIM: To detect the @entity1 with @entity6523 or those with @entity420 areas with a view to prevent and to treat the @entity5 . MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective study including 309 @entity1 hospitalized between 2000-2005 diagnosed with isolated @entity6523 after repeated colonoscopies. The research method was selective screening with identification of risk factors regarding the evolution of @entity14 , using colonoscopy and histopathological examination. RESULTS: We identified 464 single or multiple isolated @entity1127 of which 399 were @entity652 , 59 @entity1127 and 6 other types of lesions. Histologically we recorded 41 (13.27%) @entity1127 with a low grade of @entity1141 , 56 (18.12%) with severe @entity1141 and 30 (9.7%) @entity420 with @entity3 . TREATMENT: Colonoscopic polypectomy was used for @entity2735 . In case of @entity420 is probable the invasion of submucosal lymphatics being shown a colorectal resection as appropriate. We performed 279 colonoscopic polypectomies and 30 conventional resections. CONCLUSIONS: High grade of @entity1141 , the number of @entity1127 , @entity1066 , @entity548 , intraepithelial areas of neoplastic transformation are predictive factors for early @entity14 . Depth of @entity3 of @entity1127 are important pathological factors to predict lymphatic metastasis and to select the therapeutic procedure.

title: [Correlation of @entity6523 and early XXXX . Diagnostic and therapeutic implications].

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['malignant transformed polyps', 'polyps', 'hyperplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity2735 :: ('MESH:D002278', 'Disease') :: ['benign polyps and in situ carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomatous polyps', 'adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal polyps in early cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['submucosal invasion']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['intramucosal adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: 1. We investigated the effect of activation @entity10712 -adrenoceptors on the process of lipolysis in @entity1 volunteers. Ten male subjects underwent a single-blind randomized cross-over trial using infusions of @entity4183 (a specific @entity2162 agonist), @entity18293 (a partial @entity8652 -agonist with @entity2162 blocking activity) and saline (placebo control). The effect of these infusions on plasma @entity972 , @entity413 , free @entity1718 (FFA) (total and individual) and insulin levels was studied. 2. @entity4183 infusion induced a significant rise in plasma @entity413 and a fall in plasma @entity972 in keeping with its @entity2162 stimulant properties. @entity18293 infusion had no significant effect on these values. @entity4183 infusion caused a greater rise in total and individual FFA than @entity18293 , but both effects were significantly different from placebo. 3. The possible reasons for these results and their implications on the beta-adrenergic control of lipolysis are discussed.

title: The lipolytic effect of XXXX - and beta 2-adrenoceptor activation in healthy @entity1 volunteers.

entities_list: @entity2162 :: ('154', 'Gene') :: ['beta 2-adrenoceptor']

entities_list: @entity18293 :: ('MESH:D017307', 'Chemical') :: ['xamoterol', 'Xamoterol']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity4183 :: ('MESH:D013726', 'Chemical') :: ['terbutaline', 'Terbutaline']

answer: @entity8652 :: (3779,Gene) :: ['beta 1']


abstract: Motor neuron (MN) degeneration is the pathological hallmark of @entity4681 , a group of @entity179 clinically manifested as @entity2901 and @entity427 , followed by @entity912 , @entity1576 , and @entity204 . Ample evidence supports a role of @entity3264 -mediated excitotoxicity in @entity204 . In previous work we showed that stimulation of @entity3264 release from nerve endings by perfusion of the @entity3529 -channel blocker @entity973 ( @entity974 ) in the @entity35 hippocampus induces @entity410 and @entity179 , and that @entity140 infusion in the spinal cord produces @entity912 and @entity528 . On these bases, in this work we have tested the effect of the chronic infusion of @entity974 in the spinal cord, using implanted osmotic minipumps, on motor activity and on MN survival, and the mechanisms underlying this effect. @entity974 produced @entity2901 and @entity51 assessed in two motor tests, which start 2-3 h after the implant, which ameliorated spontaneously within 6-7 days, but no @entity179 . These effects were prevented by both @entity140 and @entity3391 receptors blockers. The role of GABAA receptors was also explored, and we found that chronic infusion of @entity1027 induced moderate @entity528 and enhanced the hyperexcitation produced by @entity974 . Unexpectedly, the GABAAR agonist @entity6341 also induced @entity51 and failed to prevent the @entity528 induced by @entity140 . We conclude that motor alterations induced by chronic @entity974 infusion in the spinal cord in vivo is due to ionotropic @entity3264 receptor overactivation and that blockade of GABAergic neurotransmission induces @entity528 under chronic conditions. These results shed light on the role of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in the regulation of MN excitability in the spinal cord.

title: Motor Alterations Induced by Chronic @entity973 Infusion in the Spinal Cord In vivo: Role of XXXX and GABA Receptors.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity973 :: ('MESH:D015761', 'Chemical') :: ['4-aminopyridine']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['MN diseases']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['motor deficits']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration', 'neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'motor death']

entities_list: @entity2901 :: ('MESH:D005207', 'Disease') :: ['muscle fasciculations']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['MN degeneration', 'MN death']

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['hyperreflexia']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity3264 :: (D018698,Chemical) :: ['Glutamate']


abstract: Background: The best treatment options for @entity5550 are unclear. Purpose: To summarize evidence about the benefits and harms of psychological and pharmacologic therapies for adults with @entity5550 . Data Sources: English-language publications in EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Academic OneFile, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov through 18 November 2015, and in MEDLINE through 12 May 2016. Study Selection: 9 waitlist-controlled psychological trials and 25 placebo-controlled trials that evaluated pharmacologic (n  = 19) or combination (n  = 6) treatment. All were randomized trials with low or medium risk of bias. Data Extraction: 2 reviewers independently extracted trial data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence. Data Synthesis: Therapist-led cognitive behavioral therapy, @entity23695 , and second-generation antidepressants (SGAs) decreased binge-eating frequency and increased binge-eating abstinence (relative risk, 4.95 [95% CI, 3.06 to 8.00], 2.61 [CI, 2.04 to 3.33], and 1.67 [CI, 1.24 to 2.26], respectively). @entity23695 (mean difference [MD], -6.50 [CI, -8.82 to -4.18]) and SGAs (MD, -3.84 [CI, -6.55 to -1.13]) reduced @entity6426 and @entity3119 , and SGAs reduced symptoms of @entity308 (MD, -1.97 [CI, -3.67 to -0.28]). @entity10 , @entity344 , @entity25 , and sympathetic nervous system arousal occurred more frequently with @entity23695 than placebo (relative risk range, 1.63 to 4.28). Other forms of cognitive behavioral therapy and @entity1771 also increased abstinence and reduced binge-eating frequency and related psychopathology. @entity1771 reduced weight and increased sympathetic nervous system arousal, and @entity23695 reduced weight and appetite. Limitations: Most study @entity1 were overweight or @entity28 white @entity1 aged 20 to 40 years. Many treatments were examined only in single studies. Outcomes were measured inconsistently across trials and rarely assessed beyond end of treatment. Conclusion: Cognitive behavioral therapy, @entity23695 , SGAs, and @entity1771 reduced binge eating and related psychopathology, and @entity23695 and @entity1771 reduced weight in adults with @entity5550 . Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

title: XXXX in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity6426 :: ('MESH:D002032', 'Disease') :: ['binge-eating-related obsessions']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbance']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal upset']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['Headache']

entities_list: @entity23695 :: ('MESH:C514020', 'Chemical') :: ['Lisdexamfetamine', 'lisdexamfetamine']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['topiramate', 'Topiramate']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['compulsions']

entities_list: @entity5550 :: ('MESH:D056912', 'Disease') :: ['binge-eating disorder']

answer: @entity5550 :: (MESH:D056912,Disease) :: ['Binge-Eating Disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The German national nosocomial @entity281 surveillance system, KISS, has a component for very low birth weight (VLBW) @entity1 (called NEO-KISS) which changed from a system with @entity2798 and confidential data feedback to a system with mandatory participation and confidential feedback. METHODS: In order to compare voluntary and mandatory surveillance data, two groups were defined by the surveillance start date. Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) parameters and @entity281 rates of the NICUs in both groups were compared. In order to analyze the surveillance effect on primary @entity281 rates (BSI), all VLBW @entity1 within the first three years of participation in both groups were considered. The adjusted effect measures for the year of participation were calculated. RESULTS: An increase from 49 NICUs participating in 2005 to 152 in 2006 was observed after the introduction of mandatory participation. A total of 4280 VLBW @entity1 was included in this analysis. Healthcare-associated incidence densities rates were similar in both groups. Using multivariate analysis with the endpoint primary BSI rate and comparing the first and third year of participation lead to an adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 0.78 (CI95 0.66-0.93) for old (voluntary) and 0.81 (CI95 0.68-0.97) for new (mandatory) @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The step from a voluntary to a mandatory HCAI surveillance system alone may lead to substantial improvements on a countrywide scale.

title: The step from a voluntary to a mandatory national nosocomial @entity281 surveillance system: the influence on XXXX rates and surveillance effect.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'bloodstream infection']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary participation']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: During the first phase of the Fundus Photography vs Ophthalmoscopy Trial Outcomes in the Emergency Department study, 13% (44/350; 95% confidence interval [CI] 9% to 17%) of @entity1 had an ocular fundus finding, such as @entity1829 , relevant to their @entity341 ( @entity341 ) management found by nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography reviewed by neuro-ophthalmologists. All of these findings were missed by emergency physicians, who examined only 14% of enrolled @entity1 by direct ophthalmoscopy. In the present study, we evaluate the sensitivity of nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography, an alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy, for relevant findings when photographs are made available for use by emergency physicians during routine clinical care. METHODS: Three hundred fifty-four @entity1 presenting to our @entity341 with @entity10 , focal @entity227 greater than or equal to 120 mm Hg had nonmydriatic fundus photography obtained (Kowa nonmydriatic a-D). Photographs were placed on the electronic medical record for emergency physician review. Identification of relevant findings on photographs by emergency physicians was compared with a reference standard of neuro-ophthalmologist review. RESULTS: Emergency physicians reviewed photographs of 239 @entity1 (68%). Thirty-five @entity1 (10%; 95% CI 7% to 13%) had relevant findings identified by neuro-ophthalmologist review (6 disc @entity4 , 6 grade III/IV @entity101 retinopathy, 7 @entity548 , 15 optic disc pallor, and 1 @entity732 ). Emergency physicians identified 16 of 35 relevant findings (sensitivity 46%; 95% CI 29% to 63%) and also identified 289 of 319 normal findings (specificity 91%; 95% CI 87% to 94%). Emergency physicians reported that photographs were helpful for 125 @entity1 (35%). CONCLUSION: Emergency physicians used nonmydriatic fundus photographs more frequently than they performed direct ophthalmoscopy, and their detection of relevant abnormalities improved. Ocular fundus photography often assisted @entity341 care even when results were normal. Nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography offers a promising alternative to direct ophthalmoscopy.

title: Diagnostic accuracy and use of nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography by emergency physicians: phase II of the FOTO- XXXX study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit, visual change, or diastolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['isolated hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['papilledema']

entities_list: @entity732 :: ('MESH:D015356', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vascular occlusion']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['ED']


abstract: The flexion or flexor reflex (FR) recorded in the lower limbs in @entity1 (LLFR) is a widely investigated neurophysiological tool. It is a polysynaptic and multisegmental spinal response that produces a withdrawal of the stimulated limb and resembles (having several features in common) the hind-paw FR in animals. The FR, in both animals and @entity1 , is mediated by a complex circuitry modulated at spinal and supraspinal level. At rest, the LLFR (usually obtained by stimulating the sural/tibial nerve and by recording from the biceps femoris/tibial anterior muscle) appears as a double burst composed of an early, inconstantly present component, called the RII reflex, and a late, larger and stable component, called the RIII reflex. Numerous studies have shown that the afferents mediating the RII reflex are conveyed by large-diameter, low-threshold, non-nociceptive @entity477 fibers, and those mediating the RIII reflex by small-diameter, high-threshold nociceptive A-delta fibers. However, several afferents, including nociceptive and non-nociceptive fibers from skin and muscles, have been found to contribute to LLFR activation. Since the threshold of the RIII reflex has been shown to correspond to the @entity158 threshold and the size of the reflex to be related to the level of @entity158 perception, it has been suggested that the RIII reflex might constitute a useful tool to investigate @entity158 processing at spinal and supraspinal level, pharmacological modulation and pathological @entity158 conditions. As stated in EFNS guidelines, the RIII reflex is the most widely used of all the nociceptive reflexes, and appears to be the most reliable in the assessment of treatment efficacy. However, the RIII reflex use in the clinical evaluation of @entity9 is still limited. In addition to its nocifensive function, the LLFR seems to be linked to posture and locomotion. This may be explained by the fact that its neuronal circuitry, made up of a complex pool of interneurons, is interposed in motor control and, during movements, receives both peripheral afferents (flexion reflex afferents, FRAs) and descending commands, forming a multisensorial feedback mechanism and projecting the output to motoneurons. LLFR excitability, mediated by this complex circuitry, is finely modulated in a state- and phase-dependent manner, rather as we observe in the FR in animal models. Several studies have demonstrated that LLFR excitability may be influenced by numerous physiological conditions (menstrual cycle, stress, attention, sleep and so on) and pathological states (spinal lesions, @entity508 , @entity5487 , @entity239 , @entity10 and so on). Finally, the LLFR is modulated by several drugs and neurotransmitters. In summary, study of the LLFR in @entity1 has proved to be an interesting functional window onto the spinal and supraspinal mechanisms of @entity158 processing and onto the spinal neural control mechanisms operating during posture and locomotion.

title: The lower limb flexion reflex in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity5487 :: ('MESH:D014854', 'Disease') :: ["Wallenberg's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To clarify the frequency of Japanese @entity1 who are resistant to antiplatelet agents, and then clarify correlations between resistance and @entity1031 adverse events in neurointervention. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 163 @entity1 who were taking antiplatelet agents and received neurointervention, with 128 samples collected just before neurointervention. Residual platelet function was measured using a point-of-care platelet function test, VerifyNow  , and then the frequency of @entity1 resistant to drugs (low-responders), correlations between resistance and @entity1031 events, and effects of adding @entity1924 to @entity1397 administration were analyzed. Cut-off values were defined as 550 @entity117 Reaction Units (ARU), 230 @entity3075 Reaction Units (PRU), and 50%inhibition of @entity3075 , respectively. RESULTS: Three of 105 @entity1 (2.9%) taking @entity117 at 100 mg/day were low-responders, whereas 48 (41.0%, as measured by PRU) or 80 (68.4%, as measured by %inhibition) of 117 @entity1 taking @entity1397 at 75 mg/day were low-responders. Among the 19 @entity1 taking @entity1924 200 mg/day in addition to @entity1397 75 mg/day, platelet functions were significantly more strongly inhibited compared to @entity1 taking @entity1397 alone (p=0.02 by PRU, p=0.005 by %inhibition). @entity1031 adverse events occurred in 7 @entity1 . Among these 7 @entity1 , 6 who were taking @entity117 were all responders to @entity117 , while 4 of the 6 @entity1 taking @entity1397 were low-responders to @entity1397 . In 69 @entity1 who received @entity439 , 2 @entity1031 complications occurred among low-responders (p=0.09). CONCLUSION: @entity117 resistance is rare in Japanese individuals. With @entity439 , @entity1031 events tended to occur among @entity1397 low-responders. Addition of @entity1924 may offer one method of overcoming @entity1397 resistance.

title: [Resistance to antiplatelet agents assessed by a point-of-care platelet function test and XXXX adverse events in neurointervention].

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin', 'aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1924 :: ('MESH:C045645', 'Chemical') :: ['cilostazol']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal transarterial embolization']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['Thromboembolic', 'thromboembolic']

answer: @entity1031 :: (MESH:D013923,Disease) :: ['thromboembolic']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The use of ipsilateral irradiation techniques to treat @entity1 with @entity189 reduces the acute radiation reaction in the contralateral pharynx and late damage to the contralateral salivary tissue. However, this may also spare microscopic disease in apparently uninvolved contralateral lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to analyse the survival and recurrence rates and sites of recurrance in a group of @entity1 with @entity189 treated with ipsilateral techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1975 and 1993, 271 @entity1 with invasive @entity1544 were referred to the @entity5 Centre (VCC). One hundred and seventy-eight received ipsilateral radiation treatment. Three received surgery only, six post-operative radiation, 12 supportive treatment only and 72 bilateral radiation treatment. In the absence of bilateral neck nodes and extensive lymphodenopathy, field sizes were generally kept small to include the primary @entity5 and the first echelon of nodes. The most common dose was 60 Gy in 25 daily fractions in 5 weeks (2.4 Gy per day). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The disease specific survival for all @entity1 treated by radical radiation treatment was 61% at 5 years. For the 178 @entity1 who received ipsilateral radiation treatment the overall primary @entity5 control rate by ipsilateral radiation treatment alone was 75% and for T1 and T2 @entity5 84%. Eight (7.5%) of 101 of these @entity1 with N0 nodes at presentation and without prior failure at the primary site, developed nodal recurrence (four within the initially radiated high dose volume). Two developed contralateral nodes, and two developed field edge nodal recurrence, one cured by surgery. In 54 @entity1 with N1 disease, five developed nodal recurrence, two within field, two contralateral, one of whom was cured by surgery, and one at field edge. In 23 @entity1 with N2a, N2b or N3 disease node control was achieved from radiation treatment in 11 and two more were cured by surgery. All nodal failures were within the radiated volume. Overall, 10 of the 25 @entity1 with nodal failure were cured by subsequent surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilateral treatment of @entity1 with @entity189 gives survival results that are at least as good as those reported with bilateral treatment with fewer side effects and a very low risk of failure in the contralateral neck.

title: XXXX : the results of ipsilateral radiation treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancer of the tonsil']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Vancouver Cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the tonsil']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer of the tonsil']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) is an important messenger molecule with a wide range of actions in virtually all cell systems and organs. In kidneys it participates in glomerular and medullary hemodynamics, tubuloglomerular feed-back, @entity916 secretion, and extracellular fluid balance. Although the role of NO in regulating renal function in adults is well-established, it has recently been suggested that NO has a more critical role in maintaining basal renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the developing kidney. NO is rapidly metabolized to the stable end products @entity3542 and @entity1507 , which are more slowly excreted into the urine. Thus these metabolites can be recommended as useful markers of endogenous NO synthase activity, despite limited data about age-related changes in in-vivo NO production. The aims of this study were to determine age-related normal reference values of serum and urinary NO metabolites and to assess the probable relationship between these metabolites and the GFR. Normal levels of NO end products in blood and urine of 296 healthy @entity1 (117 female, 179 male) between the ages of 0 and 16 were investigated, as was whether these values change with age. Serum and urinary @entity1507 levels did not differ according to sex. Serum @entity1507 levels are higher in younger @entity1 , especially in the newborn period, and decrease with age. @entity1507 levels in urine are higher in younger @entity1 with a peak in infancy (1 month to 1 year) and decrease with age. It was demonstrated that this decrease in serum and urinary @entity1507 levels with age parallels the increase in GFR. In conclusion, urinary NO products may be an indirect marker of serum NO levels and NO might have an important regulatory function both in the maintenance of renal function and in the maturation of the developing kidneys.

title: Plasma and urine XXXX levels in healthy Turkish @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrate', 'nitrate']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: Direct imaging of @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ) and @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) with CT, and potentially with MR, will continue to replace V/Q scintigraphy. @entity1211 with MR far detecting @entity1150 is used in a few centers, and their published accuracy figures are impressive. Recent studies of MR pulmonary angiography for @entity1151 reported that sensitivity of MRA was 85-100%, specificity 95-96%, but this data must be confirmed in other centers and @entity1 populations. MR has advantages compared with CT, which make it worthwhile to continue MR development. Ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast material are not used. Imaging the pulmonary arteries and then imaging whichever venous region is of clinical interest is practical in a single examination. Repeated examinations can be performed safely. New contrast materials will facilitate the practicality and accuracy of the MR technique and perfusion imaging may increase sensitivity. MR also has disadvantages compared with CT. It does not image effectively the non-vascular compartment of the lungs. It is more expensive, @entity1 monitoring is more cumbersome, and a routine technique, which embodies all of MR's potential advantages, has not been packaged and tested. Accordingly, helical CT is a realistic option in clinical management of @entity1 with suspected @entity1151 in most centers, while clinical application of MR is limited to centers with appropriate MR expertise and technology. However, MR has a number of fundamental characteristics that make it a potentially ideal modality for evaluating @entity1 with suspected @entity1211 and further clinical research with MRA is warranted.

title: MRA for diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['acute venous thromboembolic disease', 'Venous imaging']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: We report a case of a giant @entity9155 @entity439 (GSA) located at the @entity3538 (ICA) and @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ) treated by ligation of the left ICA with superficial temporal artery- @entity2500 (STA- @entity2500 ) @entity254 . The @entity439 form changed variously during the follow-up period. A 35-year-old @entity1 was admitted with severe @entity10 and @entity410 . CT scan demonstrated @entity510 . Left carotid angiogram demonstrated a giant @entity9155 @entity439 . Ligation of the ICA with STA- @entity2500 @entity254 was performed because of the difficulty involved in clipping. Right carotid angiogram obtained 5 years later revealed disappearance of the tortuous vascular channel and a new aneurysmal shadow at the left carotid bifurcation. The size of the aneurysmal shadow increased gradually over 10 years. MRI and MR angiography which clearly demonstrated the presence of the @entity439 and the vascular channel simultaneously were considered useful methods for diagnosis of GSA. The authors reviewed previous reports of 19 cases and investigated the mechanism of GSA.

title: [Giant XXXX @entity439 followed up for more than 10 years: report of a case and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsion']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery', 'MCA']

entities_list: @entity3538 :: ('MESH:D002341', 'Disease') :: ['left internal carotid artery']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity9155 :: ('CHEBI:46670', 'Chemical') :: ['serpentine']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity9155 :: (CHEBI:46670,Chemical) :: ['serpentine']


abstract: The widespread use of computed tomography (CT) scanning technology frequently leads to the incidental discovery of thickened bowel wall. The clinical significance of such a CT scan finding is largely under-investigated. The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence of significant clinical pathology and, particularly, @entity5 in @entity1 with abnormally thickened bowel on CT scan examination. This is a single institution retrospective analysis of @entity1 that underwent CT scanning of their abdomen. The radiological picture was correlated with colonoscopic findings. A total of 40 consecutive @entity1 with thickened bowel on CT scan that also underwent colonoscopy were identified and their records were reviewed. Thirty-five @entity1 had no history of previous @entity344 and form our study group. The median age of the @entity1 was 69 years (range, 24-97 years). There were 26 female and 9 male @entity1 . The incidental CT finding of bowel wall thickening was the only reason for the colonoscopy in 14 (35%) out of the 40 @entity1 . Eight (23%) @entity1 with thick bowel had @entity694 based on pathology. Five (14%) @entity1 had invasive @entity694 . Four (11%) of the 5 @entity1 with @entity694 did not have any associated @entity344 or signs. One (3%) @entity1 had @entity706 and two (6%) had @entity1127 . Colonoscopy was unremarkable in 10 (28%) @entity1 . The incidental finding of colonic thickening on CT imaging could be associated with underlying @entity694 and, more importantly, represent the initial disease presentation. Therefore, we propose that these @entity1 should undergo colonoscopy.

title: Colonic wall thickening on computed tomography scan and clinical correlation. Does it suggest the presence of an underlying XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['benign polyps']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma of the colon']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms', 'gastrointestinal disorder']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the colon', 'colon adenocarcinoma', 'colonic malignancy', 'colonic neoplasia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasia']


abstract: @entity46158 (AC) is an experimental antitumour agent that is being considered for phase I trials. After i.p. administration of 150 mg/kg [3H]-AC to @entity5 -bearing @entity19 , AC was absorbed rapidly into the plasma and tissues such as the heart, @entity8 but more slowly into the s.c. @entity5 . The maximal AC concentration (86 +/- 36 mumol/kg) in the @entity5 occurred at 35-60 min and was 3-fold the maximal plasma concentration, which occurred at 15 min. Although higher maximal concentrations were observed in other tissues, these concentrations fell rapidly in parallel with plasma concentrations. In contrast, AC concentrations in the @entity5 remained elevated, the t1/2 value (16.3 h) and mean residence time (MRT, 9.5 h) being prolonged in comparison with those in the plasma and other tissues (t1/2 range, 1.0-2.9 h; MRT, 1.2-1.4 h). AC concentrations were not detectable by our high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method (limit of detection, 0.02 mumol/l) in the plasma or other tissues at 24 or 48 h after administration but were measurable in the @entity5 (1.6 +/- 0.8 and 0.6 +/- 0.3 mumol/kg, respectively). Radioactivity concentrations in the plasma, tissues and @entity5 were very variable but were greater than the corresponding levels of unchanged parent AC. By 24 h, radioactivity concentrations in the plasma, tissues and @entity5 had fallen to similar levels with prolonged elimination profiles. Thus, the exposure of the s.c. implanted @entity5 to a threshold AC concentration for a prolonged time (> 24 h) @entity5 , whereas the shorter period of exposure of blood and other tissues may explain its low haematological @entity137 .

title: Tumour profile of XXXX after intraperitoneal administration in the @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity46158 :: ('MESH:C058332', 'Chemical') :: ['N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['liver, kidney and brain']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity46158 :: (MESH:C058332,Chemical) :: ['N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide']


abstract: Physical loading creating high peak strains on the skeleton at high strain rates is suggested to be the most effective type of activity in terms of bone mineral acquisition. This study assessed the effects of sudden impact loading on mineral and mechanical bone properties in 13-week-old @entity35 . The @entity35 were randomly assigned as @entity23 ( @entity23 , n = 10), control animals receiving low-intensity exercise (EX, n = 15), and experimental animals receiving low-intensity exercise combined with sudden impact-loading (EX + @entity15129 , n = 15). In the EX group, the @entity35 walked in a walking mill at a speed of 10 cm/s for 20 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 9 weeks. In the EX + @entity15129 group, the program was identical to the EX group except for the additional sudden impacts administered to their skeleton during the walking exercise. At the start, there were 50 impacts per session, after which their number was gradually increased to 200 impacts per session by week 6 and then kept constant until the end of the experiment, week 9. These horizontally and vertically directed body impacts were produced by a custom-made walking mill equipped with computer-controlled high-pressure air cylinders. After sacrifice, both femora of each @entity35 were removed and their dimensions, bone mineral content (BMC) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and mechanical properties by femoral shaft three-point bending and femoral neck compression were determined. The cortical wall thickness increased significantly in the EX and EX + @entity15129 groups as compared with @entity11736 (+7.6%, p = 0.049 and +10%, p = 0.020, respectively). The EX + @entity15129 group showed +9.0% (p = 0.046) higher cross-sectional moment of inertia values than the EX group. No significant intergroup differences were seen in the BMC values, while the breaking load of the femoral shaft (EX + @entity15129 vs. @entity23 +8.8%,p = 0.047) and femoral neck (EX + @entity15129 vs. @entity23 +14.1%, p = 0.013) was significantly enhanced by the impact loading. In conclusion, this study indicates that mechanical loading can substantially improve the mechanical characteristics of a @entity35 femur without simultaneous gain in its mineral mass. If this is true in @entity1 too, our finding gives an interesting perspective to the numerous longitudinal exercise studies (of @entity1 ) in which the exercise-induced gains in bone mass and density have remained mild to moderate only.

title: Randomized controlled study of effects of sudden impact loading on XXXX femur.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['SED', 'sedentary controls']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The antler cycle of pudu is similar to other cervids, but unlike most boreal deer, male Southern pudu (Pudu puda) exhibits two seasonal peaks of LH and @entity251 . In that respect, pudu is similar to roe deer. Whereas the antler cycle in some deer species, such as roe deer or @entity4325 , is very sensitive to variation of @entity251 , in other cervids, such as fallow deer or @entity4378 , a blockade of androgens with @entity3429 (CA) has little or no effect on the timing of the antler casting. In order to test the sensitivity of pudu antlers to variations of @entity3800 , CA (administered 2x weekly at 50 mg/buck) was injected intramuscularly for 3 weeks in 5 adult male pudu, starting February 19 (late summer). Four other males of similar age served as controls. The experiment was performed at the University of Concepcion, Chile, latitude 36.6 degreeS. Blood samples were taken once a week between January 19 and April 3. In @entity15296 , the antlers were cast approximately 3 weeks after the initiation of CA treatment and a new antler growth began almost immediately. The antlers reached about 5 cm in length, before ceasing to grow at the end of April, when they became mineralized and were subsequently polished. CA had no effect on the already declining levels of LH. Plasma levels of @entity251 in controls increased from February 15, whereas in @entity15296 remained @entity308 until March 21. It is concluded that similarly to @entity4325 , the antler cycle of Southern pudu is very sensitive to manipulation of @entity342 levels.

title: Effect of antiandrogen XXXX on the development of the antler cycle in Southern pudu (Pudu puda).

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity3429 :: ('MESH:D017373', 'Chemical') :: ['cyproterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depresses']

entities_list: @entity15296 :: ('MESH:D019553', 'Disease') :: ['CA-treated bucks']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity4325 :: ('9874', 'Species') :: ['white-tailed deer']

answer: @entity3429 :: (MESH:D017373,Chemical) :: ['cyproterone acetate']


abstract: PURPOSE: Pulmonary @entity242 (PAS) are rare malignant @entity5 that originate from the intimal layer of the pulmonary artery, occur in middle age and have a poor prognosis. In planning appropriate treatment, @entity5 should be suspected whenever there are specific clinical and radiological manifestations, in order to establish the differential diagnosis with @entity1151 or chronic @entity120 , with which this @entity5 is most commonly confused. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2008 and 2012, we managed four adult @entity1 with a nonspecific clinical presentation who, at the conclusion of the diagnostic process, were found to be affected by PAS. Because of the initial suspicion of @entity1151 , all @entity1 underwent chest radiograph, lung perfusion scintigraphy, trans-oesophageal echocardiography, and computed tomography (CT) angiography of the chest. Then, because of the peculiar CT findings and lack of response to anticoagulation therapy, a clinical suspicion of PAS was considered and all @entity1 underwent positron-emission tomography (PET)-CT, and one @entity1 also magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest. Subsequently, all @entity1 underwent thromboendoarterectomy with histological investigation of the surgical specimen, which confirmed the clinical and radiological suspicion of PAS. RESULTS: CT is the technique that enabled the first step in the differential diagnosis between PAS and @entity1151 . The CT characteristics suggestive of PAS included the particular filling defect occupying the entire lumen of the pulmonary trunk with increase in diameter of the involved vessel and patchy and delayed contrast enhancement at CT angiography, more evident in the venous phase. PET-CT was used to differentiate between PAS and @entity1151 on the basis of the intensity of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake. MRI was used in one case of equivocal results on PET-CT, to improve tissue characterisation of the lesions and differentiation between the thrombotic and neoplastic components. CONCLUSIONS: The radiologist is usually the first to raise a suspicion of PAS in @entity1 with severe dyspnoea and filling defect in the pulmonary artery, unresponsive to anticoagulation therapy. Combining CT and PET-CT proved to be extremely useful in assessing @entity1 with suspected PAS. Early diagnosis with the help of integrated imaging remains today the main direction to pursue in order to obtain improvements in prognosis.

title: Pulmonary artery intimal XXXX . Problems in the differential diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['artery sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'tumours', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism', 'acute pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Non-injective routes of immunotherapy are thought to be valuable therapeutic options for @entity1576 . We investigated the clinical efficacy and the effects of sublingual/oral immunotherapy on @entity32 in @entity1 with mite-induced @entity1576 . METHODS: We used a double-blind placebo-controlled design. 20 @entity1 with mite-induced @entity7370 (six of whom also had mild @entity565 ) were randomly assigned sublingual/oral immunotherapy (n=10) or placebo (n=10) for 2 years. We assessed symptom score by diary cards and inflammatory-cell infiltrate, and expression of @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) in the conjunctiva after specific allergen challenge at enrollment and after 12 and 24 months of treatment. FINDINGS: We found significantly lower symptom scores in the immunotherapy group than in the placebo group in most of the winter months (p=0.05). Compared with the placebo group, inflammatory-cell infiltration after conjunctival challenge, and @entity2071 expression on conjunctival epithelium decreased significantly in the first year of treatment in the immunotherapy group (p=0.04 and p=0.02, respectively). These effects were also seen for the minimum persistent @entity32 , in symptom-free @entity1 exposed constantly to allergens (p=0.02). Serum concentrations of eosinophil cationic protein decreased significantly (p=0.04). Immunotherapy was well tolerated and compliance was good. INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that this immunotherapy is clinically effective in @entity7370 and that it decreases the immune-mediated inflammatory responses to the allergen.

title: Randomised controlled trial of local allergoid immunotherapy on @entity32 in mite-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctival allergic inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7370 :: ('OMIM:613207', 'Disease') :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory allergy']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule 1']

answer: @entity7370 :: (OMIM:613207,Disease) :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The primary goal of therapy is to reduce the frequency and intensity of Raynaud's attacks and to minimize the related morbidity rather than to cure the underlying condition. Treatment strategies depend on whether @entity2407 ( @entity2407 ) is primary or secondary. All @entity1 should be instructed about general measures to maintain body warmth and to avoid triggers of @entity2407 attacks. Pharmacologic intervention can be useful for @entity1 with severe and frequent @entity2407 episodes that impair the @entity1 's quality of life. @entity460 channel blockers are currently the most prescribed and studied medications for this purpose. There has been limited evidence for the efficacy of alpha-1-adrenergic receptor antagonists, angiotensin receptor blockers, topical @entity3362 or @entity905 to treat @entity2407 . The intravenously administered @entity4770 analogue iloprost can reduce the frequency and severity of @entity2407 attacks and is considered a second-line therapy in @entity1 with markedly impaired quality of life, critical digital ischaemia and @entity4537 who are at risk for substantial tissue loss and amputation. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g., @entity7855 ) can also improve @entity2407 symptoms and @entity1066 whereas @entity2231 antagonists (e.g., @entity12584 ) are mainly considered treatment options in secondary prevention for @entity1 with @entity4537 related to @entity785 . However, their use in clinical practice has been limited by their high cost. Antiplatelet therapy with low-dose @entity117 is recommended for all @entity1 who suffer from secondary @entity2407 due to ischaemia caused by @entity75 . Anticoagulant therapy can be considered during the acute phase of digital ischaemia in @entity1 with suspected @entity432 attributed to the occurrence of new @entity715 . In @entity1 with critical digital ischaemia, consideration should be given to hospitalisation, optimisation of medical treatment in accordance with the underlying disease and evaluation for a secondary, possibly reversible process that is causing or aggravating the clinical symptoms.

title: XXXX and digital ischaemia - pharmacologic approach and alternative treatment options.

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['structural vessel damage']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer healing']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity2407 :: ('MESH:D011928', 'Disease') :: ["Raynaud's phenomenon", 'RP']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vascular occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium']

entities_list: @entity4537 :: ('MESH:D012883', 'Disease') :: ['digital skin ulcers', 'skin ulcers']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses']

entities_list: @entity2231 :: ('1909', 'Gene') :: ['endothelin-1 receptor']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity2407 :: (MESH:D011928,Disease) :: ['Raynaud's phenomenon']


abstract: @entity2695 belong to one of the most common type of @entity5 occurring in childhood. They are benign and often do not require any treatment, with the tendency to. frequently disappearing spontaneously at the age of 5-7 years. The @entity5 usually develop in the head and neck @entity1462 ( @entity1462 ) are rare @entity154 , which may occur anywhere. In upper limb, they may amount to 30-60% of cases. It is common for these changes not to require any surgical treatment. In case they do, the main indications for such treatment of @entity3140 may be as follows: signs of @entity1897 , limited mobility of the fingers because of the @entity5 , which entails difficulties in the functioning of the whole arm, @entity158 and aesthetic considerations. AIM OF THE STUDY: was to present the results of surgical treatment of @entity5 ( @entity2695 and @entity1462 ) in the upper limb that was applied in our department, as well as a broader discussion on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these changes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2003-2011 period we treated 11 @entity1 aged 24-39, suffering from @entity5 ( @entity2695 / @entity1462 ) in the upper limb; the group included 3 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 . In this group we diagnosed 2 cases with arm @entity2695 , 2 cases of @entity2695 of the forearm, 2 cases of @entity2695 in metacarpal area, 2 cases of @entity1462 of the finger and metacarpal area, and 4 cases of @entity1462 (mainly @entity2758 ) of the fingers. All preparations were examined histologically. RESULTS: No complications or recurrence were found in 7 cases, recurrences of @entity1462 were observed in 4 @entity1 with finger changes. In one @entity1 with @entity1462 of the index finger, we observed a treble recurrence, which severely impaired functioning of his hand. We eventually suggested to him the finger amputation, to which the @entity1 agreed. CONCLUSIONS: Upper extremity is a rare location of @entity2695 and other @entity1462 requiring surgery. @entity2695 are more common in @entity1 , and the occurrence of @entity1462 in both males and females is similar. Surgical treatment of @entity2695 and @entity1462 of the upper extremities is doubtlessly an arduous task, which calls for great microsurgical skills.

title: Surgical treatment of @entity2695 and XXXX in upper extermity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['intramuscular hemangiomas', 'Hemangiomas', 'hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'vascular tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3140 :: ('MESH:D038062', 'Disease') :: ['upper limb AVMs']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['compression of the peripheral nerves']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['AVMs', 'isolated vascular malformations', 'area, whereas vascular malformations', 'vascular malformations']

answer: @entity2758 :: (MESH:D001165,Disease) :: ['arteriovenous malformations']


abstract: In this study, we investigated whether the fast-twitch skeletal muscle sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum @entity141 transport pump (SERCA1a) can functionally substitute the cardiac @entity14571 isoform and how its overexpression affects cardiac contractility. For this purpose, we generated transgenic (TG) @entity19 that specifically overexpress SERCA1a in the heart, using the cardiac-specific @entity12077 heavy chain promoter. Ectopic expression of SERCA1a resulted in a 2.5-fold increase in the amount of total SERCA protein. At the same time, the level of the endogenous @entity14571 protein was decreased by 50%, whereas the level of other muscle proteins, including calsequestrin, phospholamban, actin, and tropomyosin, remained unchanged. The steady-state level of SERCA phosphoenzyme intermediate was increased 2.5-fold, and the maximal velocity of @entity141 uptake was increased 1.7-fold in TG hearts, demonstrating that the overexpressed protein is functional. Although the basal cytosolic @entity460 signal was decreased by 38% in TG cardiomyocytes, the amplitude of cytosolic @entity460 signal was increased by 71.8%. The rate of @entity460 resequestration was also increased in TG myocytes, which was reflected by a 51.6% decrease in the normalized time to 80% decay of @entity460 signal. This resulted in considerably increased peak rates of myocyte shortening and relengthening (50.0% and 66.6%, respectively). Cardiac functional analysis using isolated work-performing heart preparations revealed significantly faster rates of contraction and relaxation in TG hearts (41.9% and 39.5%, respectively). The time to peak pressure and the time to half-relaxation were shorter (29.1% and 32.7%, respectively). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the SERCA1a pump can functionally substitute endogenous @entity14571 , and its overexpression significantly enhances @entity141 transport and contractile function of the myocardium. These results also demonstrate that the SERCA pump level is a critical determinant of cardiac contractility.

title: Enhanced myocardial contractility and increased @entity141 transport function in transgenic hearts expressing the fast-twitch skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum XXXX -ATPase.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: The @entity470 ( @entity470 ) and its major ligands EGF and @entity310 ( @entity7790 ) play an important role in the development of multiple @entity1 @entity5 . However, little is known of the comparative effects of each ligand on the regulation of @entity470 expression. To investigate this issue we used two similar @entity1 @entity5 cell lines that overexpress EGF-Rs (KB and A431). In KB cells, EGF and @entity7790 increased @entity470 mRNA and protein levels by 2-3 fold over 8 h, associated with a greater than 4-fold stabilization of @entity470 mRNA half-life. EGF and @entity7790 also increased transcription of @entity470 mRNA 2-3-fold in KB cells. In contrast, EGF and @entity7790 only minimally increased @entity470 mRNA and protein in A431 cells, without changing @entity470 mRNA half-life. Basal @entity470 mRNA half-life was 2 fold greater in A431 cells than in KB cells (6-7 h versus 2-3 h), whilst the half-life of a mutant 2.6 kb @entity470 mRNA present in A431 cells, which lacks the 3-untranslated region (3'-UTR), was 2 fold greater than the full-length @entity470 mRNA. RNA gel-shift studies demonstrated that KB and A431 cells contain cytoplasmic proteins that bind specifically to an AU-rich sequence from the 3'-UTR of @entity470 mRNA. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in KB cells EGF and @entity7790 upregulate @entity470 expression at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The identification of AU-rich @entity470 mRNA-specific RNA-binding proteins from @entity5 cells that overexpress EGF-Rs suggests that regulated RNA-protein interactions involving this region may play a central role in modulating @entity470 mRNA stability.

title: Regulation of EGF-receptor expression by EGF and XXXX in @entity5 cells is cell type-specific.

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor', 'EGF-R']

entities_list: @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor alpha']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'epidermoid cancer']

answer: @entity7790 :: (7039,Gene) :: ['TGF alpha']


abstract: Inhibitory regulatory functions of @entity49045 regarding T-cell activation have been reported recently. Little is known about the significance of @entity1 @entity49045 expression in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), and we conducted the present study to address this issue in cell lines and @entity5 tissue from 70 @entity1 . @entity25032 is over-expressed by all six @entity1149 cell lines on both mRNA and protein level. @entity32261 is only transcripted by one cell line in which an alternatively spliced form was discovered. In @entity5 tissues, expression of @entity49045 was found both on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. Thirty-seven percent of the specimens expressed @entity25032 and 43% @entity32261 . The number of T infiltrating lymphoid cells (TILs) in the @entity5 tissues that expressed @entity25032 or @entity32261 was much lower than those who did not. There was a significant positive relation between the expression of @entity49045 , and high @entity25032 or @entity32261 expression was significantly more common in cases with lymph node @entity3 . These observations suggest the contribution of @entity49045 to @entity1200 and @entity5 progression in @entity1149 @entity1 . B7-H3 and @entity32261 may be an important target for diagnosis and/or therapy of @entity1149 .

title: XXXX expression in @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity49045 :: (80381;79679,Gene) :: ['B7-H3 and B7-H4']