abstract: @entity11 are the most common form of @entity1313 , that extensively invade the surrounding normal brain tissue. The failure of chemotherapy treatment of these @entity5 is chiefly attributed to drug-resistance. From @entity1 @entity463 we developed two cell sublines resistant to @entity900 due to acute ( @entity1129 cells) or continuous (CT cells) treatment with clinically relevant doses of @entity900 . We examined their sensitivity to different cytostatics by colorimetric @entity98 assay. The concentrations of @entity2290 ( @entity2290 ) and @entity2289 ( @entity2289 ) were determined by the ELISA assay. The results reveal that both @entity1129 and CT cells became resistant to @entity900 and vincristine; @entity1129 cells became resistant also to @entity2879 . Both @entity1129 and CT cells did not significantly change their sensitivity to @entity632 , @entity1487 and @entity5805 . Concentrations of @entity2290 and @entity2289 were increased in CT cells, with no change in @entity1129 cells. In the conditioned medium of both, @entity1129 and CT cells, the level of @entity2290 were increased. No differences in concentrations of @entity2289 in the conditioned medium of these cells were found. Thus, our results show that drug-resistance of @entity463 cells may be accompanied with the increased levels of markers for @entity5 invasion.

title: @entity900 resistant @entity463 cells may have increased concentration of XXXX and @entity2289 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity2289 :: ('5054', 'Gene') :: ['plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1', 'PAI-1']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['intrinsic primary brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Gliomas']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity2290 :: ('5328', 'Gene') :: ['urokinase plasminogen activator', 'uPA']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity2290 :: (5328,Gene) :: ['urokinase plasminogen activator']


abstract: One hundred and twenty @entity1 with @entity2023 were enrolled in a single-centre, double-blind crossover study designed to compare the efficacy and safety of @entity9691 at doses of 60 mg bd and 120 mg bd. A two-week placebo run-in period was followed by the two treatment periods, each lasting two weeks. Assessments of @entity2023 were made daily by @entity1 and at each clinic visit by the investigator. Adverse events were recorded at the end of each treatment period. At the end of the study both investigator and @entity1 rated the overall efficacy and the @entity1 recorded treatment preference. The data were examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for treatment, period and crossover effects. Pollen counts were recorded for the duration of the study. Seventy-four @entity1 completed the study, the majority of withdrawals occurring during the placebo phase. There was no significant difference in symptom relief between the two doses of @entity9691 . The number of adverse events, including drowsiness, was similar for the two treatments and for placebo. Mean and peak pollen counts both correlated well with symptom severity. These data show that @entity9691 60 mg bd is an adequate dose for the treatment of @entity2023 .

title: A comparative study of @entity9691 at two dose levels in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9691 :: ('MESH:D016593', 'Chemical') :: ['terfenadine']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['hayfever symptoms', 'hayfever']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['hayfever']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2282 ( @entity2282 ) degrades vasoactive peptides, including the natriuretic peptides, @entity2178 , and @entity2232 . Systemic inhibition of @entity2282 does not consistently lower blood pressure, even though it increases natriuretic peptide concentrations and causes natriuresis and diuresis. We therefore investigated the direct effects of local inhibition of @entity2282 on forearm resistance vessel tone. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four separate studies were performed, each with 90-minute drug infusions. In the first study, 10 healthy subjects received a brachial artery infusion of the @entity2282 inhibitor candoxatrilat (125 nmol/min), which caused a slowly progressive forearm vasoconstriction (12+/-2%; P=0.001). In a second two-phase study, 6 healthy subjects received, 4 hours after enalapril (20 mg) or placebo, an intra-arterial infusion of the @entity2282 inhibitor @entity12064 (30 nmol/min). @entity12064 caused similar degrees of local forearm vasoconstriction (P=0.6) after pretreatment with both placebo (13+/-1%, P=0.006) and @entity4688 (17+/-6%, P=0.05). In a third three-phase study, 8 healthy subjects received intra-arterial @entity12064 (30 nmol/min), the endothelin @entity2231 antagonist @entity11344 (100 nmol/min), and both combined. @entity12064 caused local forearm vasoconstriction (13+/-1%, P=0.0001); @entity11344 caused local vasodilatation (33+/-3%, P=0.0001). Combined @entity12064 and @entity11344 caused vasodilatation (32+/-1%, P=0.0001) similar to @entity11344 alone (P=0.98). In a fourth study, 6 @entity101 @entity1 (blood pressure >160/100 mm Hg) received intra-arterial @entity12064 (30 nmol/min). @entity12064 caused a slowly progressive forearm vasoconstriction (10+/-2%, P=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of local @entity2282 causes vasoconstriction in forearm resistance vessels of both healthy volunteers and @entity1 with @entity101 . The lack of effect of ACE inhibition on the vasoconstriction produced by @entity12064 and its absence during concomitant @entity2231 receptor blockade suggest that it is mediated by @entity2232 and not @entity2178 . These findings may help to explain the failure of systemic @entity2282 inhibition to lower blood pressure.

title: Inhibition of @entity2282 causes vasoconstriction of XXXX resistance vessels in vivo.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity12064 :: ('MESH:D015244', 'Chemical') :: ['thiorphan', 'Thiorphan']

entities_list: @entity2282 :: ('4311', 'Gene') :: ['Neutral endopeptidase', 'NEP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity286 smoke contains carcinogens known to damage somatic and germ cells. We investigated the effect of @entity286 smoke on the risk of childhood @entity981 ( @entity981 ) @entity2800 ( @entity2800 ), especially subtypes of prenatal origin such as @entity981 with translocation t(12;21) or high-hyperdiploidy (51-67 chromosomes). METHODS: We collected information on exposures to @entity286 smoking before conception, during pregnancy, and after birth in 767 @entity981 cases, 135 @entity2800 cases, and 1,139 controls (1996-2008). Among cases, chromosome translocations, deletions, or @entity2007 were identified by conventional karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Multivariable regression analyses for @entity981 and @entity2800 overall showed no definite evidence of associations with self-reported (yes/no) parental prenatal active smoking and @entity1 's passive smoking. However, @entity1 with history of paternal prenatal smoking combined with postnatal passive smoking had a 1.5-fold increased risk of @entity981 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.23], compared to those without smoking history (ORs for pre- or postnatal smoking only were close to one). This joint effect was seen for B-cell precursor @entity981 with t(12;21) (OR = 2.08; 95% CI, 1.04-4.16), but not high @entity8625 . Similarly, @entity1 's passive smoking was associated with an elevated risk of @entity2800 with chromosome structural changes (OR = 2.76; 95% CI, 1.01-7.58), but not @entity2007 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that exposure to @entity286 smoking was associated with increased risks of @entity981 and @entity2800 ; and risks varied by timing of exposure (before and/or after birth) and cytogenetic subtype, based on imprecise estimates. IMPACT: Parents should limit exposures to @entity286 smoke before and after the @entity1 's birth.

title: XXXX smoke exposure and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic and @entity2800 by cytogenetic subtype.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['childhood ALL', 'ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2800 :: ('MESH:D007951', 'Disease') :: ['AML', 'and myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity8625 :: ('MESH:D015456', 'Disease') :: ['hyperdiploid B-cell ALL']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['Tobacco']


abstract: Isoperibol calorimetry was used to evaluate protein/ @entity1735 interactions after freeze drying. rh-DNase, rh-GH, rh-MetGH, and rh- @entity442 were freeze dried with either @entity2656 , @entity969 , @entity7970 , or dextran at concentrations ranging from 0% to 100% (w/w). Enthalpies of solution for both freeze-dried and physical mixtures were measured in water at 25 degrees C. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to monitor changes in the melting or crystallization temperatures of the lyoprotectants. Linear relationships between enthalpies of solution and the percentage of protein in the formulations were observed for all physical mixtures. In contrast, nonlinear relationships between the enthalpies of solution and protein content were observed for the freeze-dried mixtures. @entity2656 -containing mixtures were characterized by negative deviation from linearity, while positive deviations were detected for mixtures containing @entity969 or @entity7970 . Using DSC, @entity969 was found to be amorphous at low and not detected at high protein content in the freeze-dried mixtures. Melting of @entity2656 was observed through almost all of the protein concentration range examined. Two melting endotherms, however, were observed for @entity2656 at most protein/ @entity2656 ratios, indicating the presence of protein/ @entity2656 interactions. This work suggests that direct interactions occur between proteins and @entity3363 in lyophilized mixtures.

title: Investigation of protein/ XXXX interactions in the dried state. 1. Calorimetric studies.

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['Mannitol', 'mannitol']

entities_list: @entity7970 :: ('MESH:D014199', 'Chemical') :: ['trehalose']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: @entity5 of the intestinal tract have low malignant potential but can result in decreased survival if they spread to the liver. The estimated 5-year survival of @entity1 with liver @entity3 from @entity5 is only 20%. Further, morbidity related to the @entity4303 and other endocrine symptoms may also greatly reduce the quality of life. Treatment options for @entity96 include long-acting @entity1943 receptor antagonists (LAR), inteferon-alpha, chemotherapy and hepatic @entity432 with and without chemotherapy. Surgical resection is feasible in select @entity1 , but it may result in major morbidity and even mortality. In our series of 18 @entity1 with @entity96 , there was no operative mortality and acceptable morbidity. All 10 @entity1 with the @entity4303 had complete amelioration of symptoms and the 5-year actuarial survival was 80%. @entity96 @entity3 can be performed safely with acceptable mortality by experienced surgeons. Results have been similar for @entity1 with @entity7581 and @entity788 . Surgical resection appears to result in outstanding long-term survival and amelioration of symptoms. It should be the first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity96 in whom the @entity5 can be completely removed.

title: Endocrine @entity5 of the gastrointestinal tract. Surgical treatment of neuroendocrine XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['Aggressive major surgery for liver neuroendocrine tumor', 'liver neuroendocrine tumor', 'liver neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neuroendocrine tumor', 'tumor', 'Neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoid Syndrome', 'Carcinoid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery embolisation']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity7581 :: ('MESH:D015408', 'Disease') :: ['gastrinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: The movements of the tongue, hyoid, and jaw were recorded cineradiographically in preweaning @entity1707 as they suckled bariumized milk from a veterinary teat or drank it from a bowl. The movements were quantified by measuring the X, Y coordinates of radioopaque markers embedded in the tongue and attached to both jaws and to the hyoid. EMG activity in masseter, anterior digastric, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, sternohyoid, stylohyoid, and omohyoid muscles was recorded synchronously with cineradiography at 100 frames/sec. In both suckling and drinking, the movements were characterized by minimal movements of the jaw and hyoid but extensive movements of the tongue. In suckling, the movements were largely confined to the midposterior part of the tongue. A seal was formed between the @entity13680 while a @entity308 formed in the mid-tongue; this was associated with fluid moving into the @entity308 probably because of a reduced intraoral pressure. The @entity308 was associated with increased EMG activity in the genioglossus muscle and overlapping activity in digastric, geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and sternohyoid muscles. In drinking cycles, significant movement occurred in all parts of the tongue; milk ingestion was associated with tongue movements that combined elements characteristic both of suckling ( @entity308 with a posterior seal) and of lapping (extensive anteroposterior movements within the tongue itself). In drinking, compared to suckling, there was a major reduction in EMG activity in masseter, digastric, geniohyoid, and sternohyoid muscles. After milk had accumulated in the valleculae, swallows usually occurred in every other cycle during suckling and in every third or fourth cycle during drinking. The emptying of the valleculae was an event that was embedded in the early jaw-opening phase of an otherwise normal suckling or drinking cycle. Emptying of the valleculae was associated with posteriorly directed movement of the back of the tongue and increased EMG activity in hyoglossus, styloglossus, and omohyoid muscles. No differences were noted in the kinematics associated with swallowing in the two activities, but, in the normalized and averaged EMG data, there were significant differences in the timing of genioglossus activity and in the relative balance of hyoglossal and stylohyoid activity.

title: Transition from suckling to drinking at weaning: a kinematic and electromyographic study in miniature XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'mid-tongue depression']

entities_list: @entity13680 :: ('MESH:C562950', 'Disease') :: ['posterior tongue and soft palate']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: The permeability of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers to [125I]-labelled bovine serum albumin (BSA) was examined following pretreatment of the cells with various cytokines. The electrical resistance measured across untreated, confluent, intact HUVEC monolayers was 18.2 +/- 3.8 omega.cm2 (mean +/- S.D. of 4 observations). @entity1 recombinant (hr) @entity1192 ( @entity1192 alpha/beta), hr @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha ( @entity310 ), and hr @entity379 ( @entity379 ) each increased HUVEC monolayer permeability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects were inhibitable by neutralizing antibodies (nAb) to the corresponding cytokines, and were not due to contamination by endotoxin (abolition of cytokine effect by heat treatment, and no effect on cytokine action of the endotoxin inhibitor @entity6414 ). The effects of these cytokines were not due to endothelial cell (EC) @entity650 ( @entity650 ) induction ( @entity650 shown not to increase permeability) and the effect of hrTNF-alpha could not be accounted for by induction of @entity1192 (effect not inhibited by hrIL-1 alpha/beta nAb). The effects of three different combinations of the cytokines (each combination at two different concentrations) on HUVEC monolayer permeability were also examined. hrIFN-gamma with hrTNF-alpha or hrIL-1 alpha/beta gave an increase in permeability (at both concentration combinations) greater than that seen with either cytokine alone. hrTNF-alpha and hrIL-1 alpha/beta in combination however produced an enhanced effect only at low concentrations, high concentrations in combination producing an effect no greater than either agent alone. These results highlight the importance of investigating actions of cytokine combinations on in vitro models of endothelial cell activation.

title: Modulation of @entity1 endothelial cell permeability by combinations of the cytokines XXXX , @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha and @entity379 .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity6414 :: ('MESH:D011112', 'Chemical') :: ['polymyxin B']

entities_list: @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1', 'interleukin-1 alpha/beta']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon-gamma']

answer: @entity1192 :: (3552,Gene) :: ['interleukin-1 alpha/beta']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1961 +CD25+ @entity3744 + regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical regulators of @entity792 . Yet the number of Treg cells is paradoxically increased in @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 , and Treg cells show variable activity in @entity1 studies. The objective of this study was to characterize the expansion and function of Treg cells during the initiation and progression of experimental @entity625 . METHODS: To unequivocally identify Treg cells, we crossed @entity3744 gfp @entity19 with K/BxN @entity19 to generate arthritic @entity19 in which Treg cells express green fluorescence protein. We examined the expansion and function of Treg cells and effector T (Teff) cells during different stages of @entity625 , using flow cytometry and cell proliferation analyses. RESULTS: In K/BxN @entity19 , thymic selection of KRN T cells resulted in an enrichment of @entity3744 ( @entity3744 )-positive Treg cells. Treg cell numbers increased during @entity625 , with significant increases in spleens and draining lymph nodes, indicating selective tropism to sites of disease. In contrast to the in vitro unresponsiveness of Treg cells when cultured alone, substantial proportions of Treg cells proliferated in both nonarthritic and arthritic @entity19 . However, they also underwent greater apoptosis, thereby maintaining equilibrium with Teff cells. Similarly, enhanced Treg cell-suppressive activity during @entity625 was offset by greater resistance by their Teff cell counterparts and antigen-presenting cells. CONCLUSION: In this well-established model of @entity309 , the interplay of Teff cells and Treg cells in K/BxN @entity19 recapitulated many features of the @entity1 disease. We demonstrated an ordered expansion of Treg cells during @entity625 and dynamic changes in Treg cell and Teff cell functions. By elucidating factors that govern Treg cell and Teff cell development in K/BxN(gfp) @entity19 , we will gain insight into the pathophysiology of and develop novel therapeutics for @entity1 @entity309 .

title: Increased number and function of XXXX regulatory T cells during experimental @entity625 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity3744 :: (20371(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['FoxP3']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and @entity137 of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of @entity356 . Seven @entity1 with @entity356 were treated with IMRT. Six @entity1 (all Stage III) received post-operative chemoradiotherapy with concurrent @entity1487 and @entity4181 . One received planned pre-operative radiation, though did not proceed to surgery. All @entity1 were planned to receive 50.4 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions. IMRT planning was compared with opposed anterior-posterior: posterior-anterior (AP/PA) and 3-field conventional three-dimensional plans. When compared with either AP/PA or 3-field plans, IMRT significantly reduced the volume exceeding the threshold dose of the liver and at least one kidney. Target coverage with IMRT was excellent, with 98+/-1% of the target receiving >or=100% of the dose. Compared with AP/PA and 3-field plans, IMRT plans had a greater percentage of target receiving the prescribed dose, but also a greater volume receiving >110% of the dose. IMRT was well tolerated; no @entity1 developed @entity344 greater than grade 2. All seven experienced grade 2 @entity390 , three had grade 2 @entity294 and two had grade 2 @entity354 . Weight loss ranged from 0-12% (mean 6.1% and median 5.8%). IMRT in the treatment of @entity356 reduces the mean and above threshold doses to critical normal tissues. In an initial cohort of seven @entity1 , 50.4 Gy delivered by IMRT is well tolerated and safe.

title: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy in the treatment of XXXX : early clinical outcome and dosimetric comparison with conventional techniques.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['oesophagitis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreatic islet, in which insulin-producing b-cells are preferentially destroyed to varying degrees by the concerted action of autoreactive T-cells and monocytic cells. @entity1199 and @entity379 ) correlate with @entity1723 , whereas Th2 ( @entity3646 and @entity688 ), Th3 ( @entity2533 ), and T regulatory cell-type cytokines ( @entity688 and @entity2533 ) correlate with protection from @entity1723 . An altered balance between the proinflammatory and regulatory T-cell responses, in which T regulatory cells lose the battle, leads to @entity1723 . The aim of current study was to determine the role of @entity404 + @entity2902 + regulatory T cells and cytokines: @entity379 , @entity650 , @entity310 , @entity688 , @entity3646 , @entity4155 in pathogenesis of @entity1723 .The study was carried out on 71 @entity1 suffering from @entity1723 at the department of endocrinology, Tbilisi State Medical University and @entity6 @entity1 Association. The circulating levels of ( @entity379 , @entity650 , @entity310 , @entity688 , @entity3646 , @entity4155 ) were determined by ELISA according manufactures' protocol (R_D Systems Inc., USA). Tregs - @entity404 + @entity2902 + frequency was determined on cytofluorometer (BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer, USA). Statistical analysis was performed by using STATISTICA 8.0 for PC (Statsoft Inc., Minneapolis, USA) and Mann-Whitney U-test. Our study revealed significant decrease of @entity650 , @entity310 , @entity688 and @entity3646 plasma levels (1.197-, 1.188-, 1.504- and 1.840-times respectively) and increase of @entity4155 plasma level (2.311-times) on the background of almost unchanged frequency of Tregs in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 . In @entity1723 @entity1 @entity404 + @entity2902 + Tregs frequency did not correlate with @entity6 duration and positivly correlated with age and @entity3646 . We supposed that decreased level of @entity3646 and @entity688 reflects inhibited functional activity of these cells. We suggested that shifted balance of Th17/Tregs towards inflammatory @entity4155 producing cells and decreased levels of suppressive cytokines @entity3646 and @entity688 play crucial role in @entity1723 . Future studies are needed to clarify changes in which subsets of heterogenous population of regulatory cells are associated with @entity6 duration and how the therapy affects their frequency and function.

title: Cytokines and T regulatory cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['Type 1 diabetes', 'T1D']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Although the association remains controversial, enteroviruses have been implicated in the aetiology of several chronic diseases of @entity1 . To further understand the mechanism of enterovirus persistence and its relationship to organ pathology, @entity778 and viral RNA kinetics in the heart and other target organs during acute and persistent phases of @entity19 coxsackievirus B3 @entity281 were investigated. These studies revealed a biphasic pattern of virus clearance. Thus, there was a rapid but incomplete clearance of viral RNA from the myocardium following the acute phase of virus replication, which paralleled the elimination of @entity778 . The mean half-life of viral RNA between days 5 and 14 @entity17647 (p.i.) was 13.4 h. In contrast, a much slower rate of decline in viral RNA levels was observed during the post-infectious inflammatory phase of @entity2401 . The mean half-life of viral RNA between days 14 and 90 p.i. was 14.1 days. Viral RNA persisted in the myocardium beyond the resolution of @entity32 and was still detectable in a proportion of animals 90 days after @entity281 . Clearance of viral RNA from other target organs occurred more rapidly, but the rate of clearance was largely independent of the level of viral RNA present during the acute phase of @entity281 . Thus, while antiviral immune responses effectively eliminated infectious virus, clearance of residual viral RNA from the myocardium and other target organs was significantly delayed, despite a prolonged inflammatory response. These findings suggest that clearance of persistent @entity9488 requires mechanisms different from those responsible for the elimination of @entity778 .

title: Quantitative analysis of viral RNA kinetics in coxsackievirus B3-induced @entity19 XXXX : biphasic pattern of clearance following acute @entity281 , with persistence of residual viral RNA throughout and beyond the inflammatory phase of disease.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virus infectivity']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity9488 :: ('MESH:D004769', 'Disease') :: ['enterovirus infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity17647 :: ('MESH:C566214', 'Disease') :: ['post-infection']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

answer: @entity2401 :: (MESH:D009205,Disease) :: ['myocarditis']


abstract: 1. Field stimulation of adrenal nerves was used to study nervous control of adrenal @entity2922 secretion in isolated, retrogradely perfused, @entity291 adrenal glands. 2. Secretion of both @entity1425 and @entity1063 was maximal at 10 Hz. Secretion at 2 Hz was < 10% of maximum. Stimulating with trains of pulses at ten times the average frequency for 1 s out of every 10 s gave 2-fold greater secretion at 2 Hz average frequency, similar release at 5 Hz, and only half the secretion at 10 Hz, compared to continuous stimulation at the average frequency. 3. At 10 Hz, @entity1425 and @entity1063 secretion was virtually abolished by @entity1022 (1 microM), but was only reduced by 75% by prolonged perfusion with a combination of @entity6959 (5 microM) and @entity3897 (1 microM). @entity6959 and @entity3897 completely abolished the secretory response to 2 Hz stimulation. @entity1022 had no significant effect on secretion induced by perfusing glands with @entity1239 (5 microM), while @entity6959 abolished this response. @entity6959 and @entity3897 had no effect on secretion induced by K+ depolarization. 4. The secretion of @entity1425 and @entity1063 induced by 10 Hz stimulation was not inhibited by @entity1510 at either 1 or 30 microM. 5. The results suggest that @entity291 adrenal chromaffin cells, like those in the @entity35 , receive a significant non-cholinergic secretomotor innervation. In contrast to the @entity35 , however, the non-cholinergic component in the @entity291 adrenal is negligible at low-frequency nerve stimulation and substantial at higher frequencies, and is not antagonized by @entity1510 . The identity of the non-cholinergic transmitter remains to be determined.

title: Non-cholinergic nervous control of @entity2922 secretion from perfused XXXX adrenal glands.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetrodotoxin', 'tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity6959 :: ('MESH:D008464', 'Chemical') :: ['mecamylamine', 'Mecamylamine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: Eighteen @entity1 with @entity5 refractory to @entity900 , @entity5713 and @entity1732 ( @entity7297 ) were treated with a non-cross-resistant regimen including @entity632 , 60 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1, and @entity1891 , 1.2 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, alternated q 3 weeks with @entity786 , 600 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8, and @entity4316 , 1 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1 and 8. The median number of administered cycles was 8 (range 3-14). The results were analyzed according to previous response to @entity7297 . One of two @entity1 relapsing after the first-line therapy obtained a transient second complete response (CR) (duration 7 months). None of seven @entity1 who showed no response to @entity7297 obtained a CR; in 3/9 @entity1 with a partial response (PR) after @entity7297 , the achievement of CR could not be definitely attributed to salvage therapy. @entity137 was mild; no @entity712 or drug-related deaths were observed. In conclusion, these two alternating regimens were well tolerated, but this treatment was not found to be useful in @entity1 not responsive to @entity7297 , for whom new and alternative therapies are required. The favorable impact on prognosis, evident only in the subgroup of @entity1 with PR, was probably attributable to @entity7297 rather than to this salvage regimen.

title: Chemotherapy with @entity632 and @entity1891 alternated with XXXX and @entity4316 in testicular germ cell @entity5 refractory to @entity900 , @entity5713 and @entity1732 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: 1. Previous studies in @entity235 have demonstrated that the maximum change in airway pressure (DeltaPao) produced by a particular respiratory muscle is the product of three factors, namely the mass of the muscle, the maximal active muscle tension per unit cross-sectional area ( approximately 3.0 kg cm-2), and the fractional change in muscle length per unit volume increase of the relaxed chest wall (i.e. the muscle's mechanical advantage). In the present studies, we have used this principle to infer the DeltaPao values generated by the parasternal intercostal and triangularis sterni muscles in @entity1 . 2. The mass of the muscles and the direction of the muscle fibres relative to the sternum were first assessed in six cadavers. Seven healthy individuals were then placed in a computed tomographic scanner to determine the orientation of the costal cartilages relative to the sternum and their rotation during passive inflation to total lung capacity. The fractional changes in length of the muscles during inflation, their mechanical advantages, and their DeltaPao values were then calculated. 3. Passive inflation induced shortening of the parasternal intercostals in all interspaces and lengthening of the triangularis sterni. The fractional shortening of the parasternal intercostals decreased gradually from 7.7 % in the second interspace to 2.0 % in the fifth, whereas the fractional lengthening of the triangularis sterni increased progressively from 5.9 to 13.8 %. These rostrocaudal gradients were well accounted for by the more caudal orientation of the cartilages of the lower ribs. 4. Since these fractional changes in length corresponded to a maximal inflation, the inspiratory mechanical advantage of the parasternal intercostals was only 2.2-0. 6 % l-1, and the expiratory mechanical advantage of the triangularis sterni was only 1.6-3.8 % l-1. In addition, whatever the interspace, parasternal and triangularis muscle mass was 3-5 and 1-3 g, respectively. As a result, the magnitude of the DeltaPao values generated by a maximal contraction of the parasternal intercostals or triangularis sterni in all interspaces would be only 1-3 cm @entity2507 . 5. These studies therefore confirm that the parasternal intercostals in @entity1 have an inspiratory action on the lung whereas the triangularis sterni has an expiratory action. However, these studies also establish the important fact that the pressure-generating ability of both muscles is substantially smaller than in the @entity235 .

title: Mechanical advantage of the XXXX parasternal intercostal and triangularis sterni muscles.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is often assumed that a @entity75 that is nonenhancing on a magnetic resonance imaging study with @entity2287 contrast is a low grade @entity5 . Some physicians recommend observation rather than biopsy for such lesions. METHODS: The authors prospectively evaluated the incidence of @entity5 histology in a consecutive series of @entity1 who presented to a neuro-oncology service with a nonenhancing mass of the cerebral hemisphere. RESULTS: During a 5-month period, the authors evaluated 31 @entity1 who had a nonenhancing lesion in the cerebral hemisphere on initial magnetic resonance images. Thirty @entity1 underwent stereotactic biopsy (27%) or open resection (73%). The median @entity1 age was 36 years (range, 6-63 years). There was no mortality or permanent neurologic morbidity from surgery. Twenty-eight @entity1 had pathologic confirmation of diagnosis while their lesions were still nonenhancing. Of these @entity1 , 9 (32%) had Grade 3 lesions (anaplastic @entity816 or @entity816 ), 13 (43%) had Grade 2 lesions ( @entity816 , @entity3271 , or @entity816 ), and 2 (7%) had Grade 1 lesions ( @entity10053 ). Two additional @entity1 (ages 33 and 59 years) who developed enhancement within their lesions during preoperative periods of observation had @entity463 at surgery. Logistic regression was used to relate @entity1 age to the risk of @entity4575 in a nonenhancing @entity75 . Older age predicted a significantly higher risk of @entity4575 (P = 0.025). The model predicted that nonenhancing @entity1779 in @entity1 older than 44 years were more likely to be @entity5 than low grade @entity5 . There was no "safe" age below which low grade histology could be confidently assumed. CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance-nonenhancing @entity75 may be histologically anaplastic, even in young @entity1 . The risk of @entity4575 in magnetic resonance-nonenhancing lesions increases significantly with @entity1 age.

title: Age and the risk of @entity4575 in magnetic resonance-nonenhancing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral lesion', 'cerebral lesions', 'cerebral mass lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'anaplastic tumors', 'anaplastic tumor']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['oligoastrocytoma', 'astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity10053 :: ('MESH:D018302', 'Disease') :: ['dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors']

entities_list: @entity4575 :: ('MESH:D000708', 'Disease') :: ['anaplasia']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral masses']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendroglioma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['supratentorial cerebral tumors']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1069 ( @entity1486 ) screening has resulted in stage @entity263 . Smaller @entity5 volumes are being detected in radical prostatectomy specimens. This has coincided with increasing reports about the 'vanishing @entity5 phenomenon.' AIMS: To analyse the cases of robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) at our institute in which the pre operative prostate biopsy was positive for @entity420 but no @entity5 could be identified in the final histopathology, and to review the literature for possible reasons for such a phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine @entity1 were identified out of a total of 184 cases of RALP in which the final histopathology did not correlate with the initial biopsy report. The initial biopsy slides as well as the final histopathology slides were reviewed by a second pathologist. The specimens were processed in entirety and additional sections were taken until no tissue was left. RESULTS: Two @entity1 had @entity5 diagnosed on TURP (transurethral resection of prostate) chips, while the remaining @entity1 had undergone TRUS biopsy for elevated PSA. The final histopathological diagnosis was @entity1067 in two @entity1 , chronic @entity1069 in four @entity1 , and acute florid @entity1069 in one @entity1 , @entity1069 with @entity1373 in one @entity1 and TCC (transitional cell carcinoma) of prostate in one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Most cases of pT0 are due to inability of routine histopathological analysis to identify minute @entity5 focus. Urologists need to be aware of this in view of the potential medico legal implications.

title: Diagnostic dilemma in histopathology report following robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: XXXX 'hide and seek'.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['migration of prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous prostatitis', 'Widespread PSA', 'prostatitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['glandulostromal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: The present study aims to accurately localize epileptogenic regions which are responsible for @entity302 activities in @entity302 @entity1 by means of a new subspace source localization approach, i.e. @entity4002 ( @entity4002 ), using scalp EEG recordings. Computer simulations were first performed to assess source localization accuracy of @entity4002 in the clinical electrode set-up. The source localization results from @entity4002 were compared with the results from a classic subspace source localization approach, i.e. MUSIC, and their differences were tested statistically using the paired t-test. Other factors influencing the source localization accuracy were assessed statistically by ANOVA. The interictal epileptiform spike data from three adult @entity302 @entity1 with medically intractable @entity302 and well-defined symptomatic @entity75 were then studied using both @entity4002 and MUSIC. The comparison between the electrical sources estimated by the subspace source localization approaches and @entity75 was made through the coregistration between the EEG recordings and MRI scans. The accuracy of estimations made by @entity4002 and MUSIC was also evaluated and compared by R(2) statistic, which was used to indicate the goodness-of-fit of the estimated sources to the scalp EEG recordings. The three-concentric-spheres head volume conductor model was built for each @entity1 with three spheres of different radii which takes the individual head size and skull thickness into consideration. The results from computer simulations indicate that the improvement of source spatial resolvability and localization accuracy of @entity4002 as compared with MUSIC is significant when simulated sources are closely spaced, deep, or signal-to-noise ratio is low in a clinical electrode set-up. The interictal electrical generators estimated by @entity4002 and MUSIC are in concordance with the @entity1 ' structural abnormality, i.e. @entity75 , in all three @entity1 . The higher R(2) values achieved by @entity4002 than MUSIC indicate that @entity4002 provides a more satisfactory fitting of the scalp potential measurements than MUSIC in all @entity1 . The present results suggest that @entity4002 provides a useful brain source imaging technique, from clinical EEG recordings, for identifying and localizing epileptogenic regions in @entity302 @entity1 with focal partial @entity410 . The present study may lead to the establishment of a high-resolution source localization technique from scalp-recorded EEGs for aiding presurgical planning in @entity302 @entity1 .

title: 3D source localization of interictal spikes in @entity302 XXXX with @entity75 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4002 :: ('MESH:D011778', 'Disease') :: ['FINE', 'first principle vectors']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['MRI lesions']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy', 'partial epilepsy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We performed a comparative study between the @entity16397 antibiotic @entity5646 and the aminoglycoside @entity2890 in @entity1 diagnosed as having acute @entity2885 . The respective doses were 1 gr. IM daily for 7 days, and 100 mgr. IM q 12 h for the same period of time. Clinically, 100% of uncomplicated acute @entity2885 and 87.5% of complicated @entity281 cured with @entity5646 . @entity2890 achieved an 80% cure rate for both types of @entity281 . Microbiologically @entity5646 was effective in all uncomplicated acute @entity2885 , and in 69.56% of the complicated cases (overall microbiological cure rate = 78.7%). The therapeutic failures were ascribable to @entity281 from @entity797 , an organism naturally resistant to @entity5646 . Thus, the microbiological cure rate was 84.2% in complicated @entity2885 from organisms sensitive to this antimicrobial. The microbiological cure rate for @entity2890 was 70% in acute uncomplicated, and 80% in complicated @entity281 . We observed a good clinical and biological tolerance to both antimicrobials. No side effects were observed. Serum and blood biochemical analyses, and coagulation tests revealed no changes.

title: [ @entity5646 versus XXXX in acute @entity2885 . A comparative study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16397 :: ('CHEBI:50695', 'Chemical') :: ['monobactam']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['Tobramycin', 'tobramycin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity5646 :: ('MESH:D001398', 'Chemical') :: ['aztreonam']

answer: @entity2890 :: (MESH:D014031,Chemical) :: ['tobramycin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The recovery of Aspergillus and Candida from the respiratory secretions of @entity1 with @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) is common. Their relationship to the development of allergic sensitization and effect on lung function has not been established. Improved techniques to detect these organisms are needed to increase knowledge of these effects. METHODS: A 2-year prospective observational cohort study was performed. Fifty-five adult @entity1 with @entity1577 had sputum monitored for Aspergillus by culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction and Candida by CHROMagar and @entity505 assimilation profile (API/ID 32C). Skin prick tests and ImmunoCAP @entity20687 to a panel of common and fungal allergens were performed. Lung function and pulmonary exacerbation rates were monitored over 2 years. RESULTS: Sixty-nine percent of @entity1 sputum samples showed chronic colonization with Candida and 60% showed colonization with Aspergillus. There was no association between the recovery of either organism and the presence of specific IgE responses. There was no difference in lung function decline for @entity1 with Aspergillus or Candida colonization compared with those without (FEV    percent predicted, P = .41 and P = .90, respectively; FVC % predicted, P = .87 and P = .37, respectively). However, there was a significantly greater decline in FEV1 and increase in IV antibiotic days for those sensitized to Aspergillus (FEV    decline, P = .03; IV antibiotics days, P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Allergic sensitization is not associated with recovery of Candida or Aspergillus from the sputum of @entity1 with @entity1577 . Aspergillus but not Candida sensitization is associated with greater lung function decline and pulmonary exacerbations.

title: IgE-mediated immune responses and airway detection of Aspergillus and Candida in adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The development of @entity1002 is a frequent complication in @entity1 with chronic severe @entity339 ( @entity339 ) and implies a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of preoperative regional LV contractile function assessment using two-dimensional echocardiography-based speckle-tracking analysis in @entity1 with chronic severe @entity339 . METHODS: Thirty-eight consecutive @entity1 with chronic severe @entity339 scheduled for mitral valve replacement were prospectively enrolled. Preoperative two-dimensional echocardiography-based speckle-tracking analysis at the level of the interventricular septum (IVS) was carried out, and strain and strain rate values were obtained. LV dP/dt and Doppler tissue imaging-derived strain and strain rate measurements were also obtained. LV volumes and @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) were defined using three-dimensional echocardiography. RESULTS: Preoperative speckle tracking-derived longitudinal strain and strain rate values at the level of the IVS strongly predicted a postoperative @entity1002 decrease of >10%. Their predictive values were greater than those obtained for preoperative LV volumes and @entity1002 , LV dP/dt, and Doppler tissue imaging-derived strain and strain rate. The best discriminant parameter to detect a postoperative @entity1002 reduction of >10% with speckle tracking was a longitudinal strain rate at the level of the mid IVS < -0.80 s(-1) (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.88; sensitivity, 60%; specificity, 96.5%; positive predictive value, 90%; negative predictive value, 82.35%). CONCLUSIONS: IVS longitudinal speckle tracking-derived strain rate allows the accurate detection of early abnormalities in LV contractile function. It is a powerful predictor of early postoperative @entity1002 decreases in @entity1 with chronic severe @entity339 . Furthermore, speckle-tracking technology is more accurate than other methods. This new tool might assist clinicians in the optimal timing of surgery in @entity1 with chronic severe @entity339 .

title: XXXX : a pilot study to assess preoperative left ventricular contractile function using speckle-tracking echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LVEF', 'LV ejection fraction', 'postoperative left ventricular (LV) dysfunction']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['Chronic mitral regurgitation']


abstract: The objective of our study was to determine the frequency of @entity470 -gene rearrangement in relation to @entity5 -growth behaviour in an unselected group of @entity11 @entity1 . We investigated 73 @entity5 with different grades of @entity5 (17 low-grade @entity11 , 14 anaplastic variants, and 42 @entity11 ) by Southern analysis, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) amplification of mRNA, and Western analysis. An amplification of the @entity470 gene was present in 19/42 @entity11 but in only 1 anaplastic @entity816 . By RT-PCR, 4/19 @entity11 with gene amplification showed a specific @entity1472 -terminal aberrant splice mutation of 801 bp in addition to undeleted mRNA. By Western analysis, 27/42 @entity11 showed expression of the @entity470 protein. Protein levels, however, varied among individual @entity5 . Four @entity11 containing an aberrant splice mutation exhibited an immunoreactive protein of 130 kDa MW in addition to the normal @entity470 protein p170. All @entity11 @entity1 underwent surgery followed by a standard course of radiotherapy. Neuroradiological follow-up in 31/42 @entity11 @entity1 consisted of bimonthly MRI examinations. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean latency period until @entity5 regrowth of @entity1 suffering from @entity11 with and without @entity470 -gene amplification (9 weeks vs. 32 weeks). Our data indicate more rapid @entity5 regrowth kinetics of @entity11 with amplified EGF receptor genes in vivo.

title: Amplification of the @entity470 gene correlates with different growth behaviour in XXXX glioblastoma.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['glial tumours', 'tumours', 'malignancy', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas', 'GBM', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Transient increases in cytosolic free @entity460 concentration, [ @entity141 ]i, appear to be required for the migration of @entity1 neutrophils on @entity10662 -coated glass in the presence of dilute serum (Marks, P. W., and F. R. Maxfield. 1990. J. Cell Biol. 110:43-52). In contrast, no requirement for [ @entity141 ]i transients exists when neutrophils migrate on albumin-coated glass in the absence of serum. To determine the mechanism that necessitates [ @entity141 ]i transients on @entity10662 in the presence of serum, migration was examined on substrates consisting of purified adhesive glycoproteins. In the absence of external @entity141 , a treatment which causes the cessation of [ @entity141 ]i transients, migration on fibronectin (fn) and @entity4732 (vn) was significantly inhibited. Migration was also inhibited in @entity141 -buffered cells on these substrates, indicating that this effect was the result of an alteration of [ @entity141 ]i. In the absence of external @entity141 , the inhibition of migration on fn or vn was more pronounced when soluble fn or vn was added to cells migrating on these substrates. This effect of soluble adhesive glycoprotein was specific: in the absence of external @entity141 , soluble fn did not affect the migration of cells on vn, and soluble vn did not affect the migration on fn. No additional inhibition of migration was observed in @entity141 -buffered cells with the addition of soluble adhesive glycoprotein. These data indicate that [ @entity141 ]i transients are involved in continued migration of @entity1 neutrophils on fn or vn, proteins which are part of the extracellular matrix that neutrophils encounter in vivo.

title: Attachment to fibronectin or XXXX makes @entity1 neutrophil migration sensitive to alterations in cytosolic free @entity460 concentration.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity10662 :: ('CHEBI:61489', 'Chemical') :: ['poly-D-lysine']

answer: @entity4732 :: (7448,Gene) :: ['vitronectin']


abstract: @entity943 are a common and potentially life-threatening complication of @entity741 and @entity1188 in @entity1 . The structural pathways for the rapid intercellular conduction of the electrical impulse that stimulates coordinated contraction in the myocardium are formed by the gap junctions situated at intercalated disks. By raising antibodies to cardiac gap-junctional protein, and using these antibodies in an immunohistochemical procedure in combination with the technique of laser scanning confocal microscopy, we have succeeded in localizing gap junctions, with a clarity not previously possible, through thick volumes of @entity1 myocardial tissue. To explore the structural basis for @entity63 and @entity1188 -related arrhythmogenesis, antibody labeling and laser scanning confocal microscopy were applied to study the organization, distribution, and other characteristics of gap junctions in the explanted hearts of @entity1 undergoing cardiac transplantation for advanced @entity741 . In areas of myocardium free from histologically detectable structural damage, there was no significant difference in the size of distribution of labeled gap junctions, or in their number per intercalated disk, between left ventricular tissue (in which functional impairment was severe) and right ventricular tissue (in which functional impairment was minimal). However, in myocytes at the border of healed @entity1188 --zones to which the slow conduction responsible for @entity943 has been localized--the organization of gap junctions was markedly disordered; instead of being aggregated into discrete intercalated disks, gap-junctional immunostaining was spread extensively over myocyte surfaces. Some @entity1188 zones were bridged by continuous strands of myocytes, coupled to one another by gap junctions, thereby linking healthy myocardium on either side. At their thinnest, these bridges were in some instances no wider than a single attenuated myocyte. The conclusions @entity10065 ) a widespread, generalized derangement of gap junction organization does not appear to underlie functional impairment in the @entity63 heart, 2) a disorderly arrangement typifies gap junctions in myocytes of the @entity1188 , and this may contribute to alterations in conduction that are capable of precipitating @entity943 , and 3) delicate chains of myocytes traverse some healed @entity1188 , apparently forming electrically coupled bridges across what would otherwise constitute blocked zones. The weakest link in this chain can be a single, degenerating myocyte; avoidance of @entity943 may therefore depend on the continued survival of this single cell.

title: Altered patterns of gap junction distribution in @entity741 . An immunohistochemical study of XXXX myocardium using laser scanning confocal microscopy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct border zone', 'infarcts', 'infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease', 'myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['reentry arrhythmias', 'Arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Duplex ultrasonographic technology is now capable of detecting flow signals in the various splanchnic vessels and calculating the concomitant flow velocities using fast-Fourier transformation. AIM: To use Doppler sonography to investigate how splanchnic hemodynamics vary during the early stage of severe @entity656 . METHODOLOGY: Six @entity1 with severe @entity656 (age, 59.0 +/- 6.57 years; four @entity1 , two @entity1 ) and seven with mild to moderate @entity656 (age, 60.1 +/- 7.41 years; five @entity1 , two @entity1 ) were examined with Doppler sonography immediately after disease onset. The maximum velocity, minimum velocity, mean velocity, pulsatility index, and resistive index were determined from the Doppler spectra from the proper hepatic artery, celiac artery, and superior mesenteric artery. We also examined 15 healthy subjects (age, 59.3 +/- 4.60 years; 10 @entity1 , five @entity1 ) as controls. RESULTS: The maximum velocity of the proper hepatic artery in @entity1 with severe @entity656 was significantly higher than that in @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity656 (p = 0.011) and in control subjects (p = 0.0047). Similarly, significant increases in both the minimum velocity and the mean velocity of the proper hepatic artery were observed in @entity1 with severe @entity656 . Neither pulsatility index nor resistive index of the proper hepatic artery showed a significant difference among the three groups. There were no significant differences among the three groups with respect to the flow velocity of the superior mesenteric artery. In contrast, the pulsatility index of the superior mesenteric artery in @entity1 with severe @entity656 was significantly lower than that in @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity656 (p = 0.0058) or in control subjects (p = 0.0024). For @entity1 with @entity656 , a significant inverse correlation was obtained between the maximum velocity of the proper hepatic artery and the pulsatility index of the superior mesenteric artery (r = -0.658, p = 0.0145). CONCLUSION: The increase in the hepatic arterial flow velocity and the decrease in the superior mesenteric arterial pulsatility index may represent early events of the severe type of @entity656 .

title: Ultrasonographic splanchnic arterial flow measurement in severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute pancreatitis']

answer: @entity656 :: (MESH:D019283,Disease) :: ['acute pancreatitis']


abstract: To understand the hormonal regulation of the components of the plasminogen-plasmin system in @entity1 @entity0 , we examined the @entity53 (E2) regulation of plasminogen activators (PAs), namely @entity2290 ( @entity2290 ) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), @entity2289 ( @entity2289 ) and @entity10431 ( @entity10431 ), in our model system. We used stable transfectants of the MDA-MB-231 @entity1 @entity0 cells that express either the wild-type (S30 cells) or the mutant @entity46446 @entity2931 receptor (ER) ( @entity1 cells). Northern blot analysis showed that there was a concentration-dependent down-regulation of @entity2290 , tPA and @entity2289 mRNAs by E2. In contrast, @entity10431 mRNA was not modulated by E2. The pure anti- @entity2931 @entity1299 was able to block E2 action, indicating that the regulation of these genes is ER mediated. The E2 also inhibited the expression and secretion of @entity2290 , tPA and @entity2289 proteins as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cell extracts (CEs) and conditioned media (CM). Zymography of the CM confirmed the inhibitory effect of E2 on @entity2290 activity. Thus, we now report the regulation of @entity2290 , @entity2289 and tPA by E2 in both mRNA and protein levels in ER transfectants. The association between down-regulation of the @entity2290 by E2 and known E2-mediated growth inhibition of these cells was also explored. Our findings indicate that down-regulation of @entity2290 by E2 is an upstream event of inhibitory effects of E2 on growth of these cells as the addition of exogenous @entity2290 did not block the growth inhibition by E2.

title: XXXX regulation of the components of the plasminogen-plasmin system in MDA-MB-231 @entity1 @entity0 cells stably expressing the @entity2931 receptor.

entities_list: @entity2289 :: ('5054', 'Gene') :: ['plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1', 'PAI-1']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity2290 :: ('5328', 'Gene') :: ['urokinase-type plasminogen activator', 'uPA']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['Oestradiol']


abstract: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type or @entity3876 ( @entity3876 ) inhibit @entity1369 secretion in @entity1 both in vitro and in vivo. Unresponsiveness of @entity1369 -secreting @entity652 (aldosteronomas) to ANP in vitro and in vivo, might be due to reduced expression of the biologically-active @entity13380 ( @entity13380 ) and/or increased expression of the clearance receptor for natriuretic peptides ( @entity15580 ). Therefore, we have analyzed @entity19485 gene expression and ANP binding sites in @entity1 adrenals and aldosteronomas. Using reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, we cloned and characterized cDNAs for @entity13380 , @entity15580 , and the receptor ( @entity21694 ) for the @entity21695 ( @entity21695 ). Total RNA from three normal @entity1 adrenals (obtained at surgery from @entity1 with @entity703 ) and five aldosteronomas were used for Northern analysis. @entity13380 mRNA (approximately 4 kb) and @entity21694 mRNA (approximately 4 kb) were expressed without significant differences in adrenals and in aldosteronomas except in an aldosteronomas that contained only very low amounts of @entity19485 mRNAs. The gene expression of @entity15580 was barely detectable both in adrenals and in aldosteronomas. ANP binding sites were analyzed by autoradiography with 125I-labeled ligand in other six aldosteronomas. Only one of the @entity652 analyzed showed ANP binding sites with density of granules similar to nonadenomatous glomerulosa, whereas the others had significantly reduced densities. In summary, aldosteronomas express the genes encoding for @entity19485 but mainly @entity13380 , similarly to control adrenals. On the contrary, the binding sites for ANP are greatly reduced in most aldosteronomas. A somatic mutation or a post-transcriptional defect that reduces ANP binding sites might be present in some aldosteronomas.

title: Natriuretic peptides receptors in @entity1 XXXX -secreting @entity652 .

entities_list: @entity21695 :: ('4880', 'Gene') :: ['CNP', 'C-type natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity3876 :: ('4879', 'Gene') :: ['BNP', 'brain natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity13380 :: ('4881', 'Gene') :: ['natriuretic peptide receptor type A', 'NPr-A']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal cancer']

answer: @entity1369 :: (MESH:D000450,Chemical) :: ['aldosterone']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Cyclooxygenases (COX) are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of @entity1426 to @entity2918 . @entity2247 , unlike the constitutively expressed @entity9859 , is an inducible enzyme upregulated during cell proliferation and @entity32 . More recently, @entity2247 has been implicated in the development of numerous types of @entity5 . In addition, @entity2247 is highly expressed in several inflammatory diseases. Because of its dual role in @entity32 and @entity5 , we were interested in determining if @entity2247 plays a role in the development of @entity1 @entity259 and @entity2621 , an @entity792 frequently associated with @entity1374 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty paraffin-embedded @entity1 tissue specimens, including normal, inflammatory, and neoplastic thyroid sections, were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for expression of @entity1 @entity2247 . In addition, @entity2247 protein expression was verified by Western blot in two specimens. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of @entity2247 in @entity259 , including @entity1377 . Moreover, @entity2247 expression was observed in @entity1 with @entity2621 . @entity2247 expression, however, was not observed in normal thyroid tissue, @entity1376 , or @entity189 . CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that @entity3840 is expressed in @entity259 and thyroid epithelium from @entity1 with @entity2621 but not in normal thyroid. The expression of @entity2247 in both of these thyroid pathologies may provide a basis for the relationship between @entity105 and @entity792 .

title: @entity3840 expression in @entity1 XXXX and @entity2621 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary and follicular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2621 :: ('MESH:D050031', 'Disease') :: ["Hashimoto's thyroiditis"]

entities_list: @entity1376 :: ('MESH:C564546', 'Disease') :: ['multinodular goiter']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid epithelial neoplasms', 'thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune condition', 'autoimmunity']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid malignancy']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: In @entity1 with @entity14 ( @entity14 ), modulation of @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) by @entity4181 (FA) improves response rate and overall survival compared with @entity1487 alone. However, the optimal dose of FA is still debated. We investigated reduced @entity1501 pools in various tissues from @entity1 with @entity14 without and after prior administration of FA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A total of 186 specimens (normal colorectal mucosa, primary @entity14 , normal liver, and liver @entity3 ) from 86 consecutive @entity1 with @entity14 were obtained and investigated for levels of reduced folates. Before surgery, @entity1 did (n = 52) or did not (n = 34) receive FA as 15-minute i.v. infusion. FA-dose levels chosen were 20, 200, or 500 mg/m2. Tissue lysates were analyzed for reduced @entity1501 levels by means of the @entity4463 release assay. RESULTS: In normal mucosa, combined pools of @entity26028 and @entity26206 were significantly elevated at all FA dose levels compared with untreated controls. In @entity5 , only 200 and 500 mg/m2 FA resulted in a significant increase of reduced folates with highest values measured after 500 mg/m2 FA. In specimens from normal liver, @entity1501 levels did not increase after administration of FA. By contrast, in specimens from liver @entity3 , reduced @entity1501 levels were low without FA pretreatment compared with levels from normal liver samples. Infusion of 500 mg/m2 FA caused a significant increase of reduced @entity1501 levels in liver @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: From a pharmacologic point of view, high-dose FA should be recommended for optimal modulation of @entity1487 in @entity1 with mCRC.

title: Tissue levels of reduced folates in @entity1 with XXXX after infusion of @entity4181 at various dose levels.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity26206 :: ('MESH:C013123', 'Chemical') :: ['5,10-methylenetetra-hydrofolate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity26028 :: ('MESH:C030371', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrahydrofolate']

entities_list: @entity4463 :: ('CHEBI:29304', 'Chemical') :: ['tritium']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal tumor', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: @entity273 ( @entity274 ) has been implicated as a signaling agent in numerous signal transduction pathways in @entity1 cells. However, to date, no sensor for low concentrations (<10 microm) of @entity274 has been identified. Using a functional proteomic approach, nuclear extracts from @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells were analyzed by two-dimensional PAGE with or without prior treatment with a low concentration of @entity274 . A protein doublet with a molecular mass of 39-41 kDa and a pI of approximately 5.0 was observed to be consistently altered by the treatment. Using proteolytic peptide mass fingerprinting, the protein was identified as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1/C2, a nuclear restricted, pre-mRNA-binding protein. Upon two-dimensional PAGE, each heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-C splice form was present as multiple spots because of differing levels of phosphorylation. Upon treatment with @entity274 , there was an increase in phosphorylation at 10-20 min, which partially reversed by 30 min. Subsequently, at 60 min after treatment, a population of unphosphorylated protein was transiently present. The effects were observed with as little as 1 microm @entity274 and were maximal with 5-8 microm @entity274 . The @entity274 -stimulated phosphorylation was inhibited by catalase, but not by the transcriptional inhibitor @entity4316 .

title: Rapid phosphorylation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1/C2 in response to physiologic levels of XXXX in @entity1 endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

answer: @entity273 :: (MESH:D006861,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen peroxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity2205 ( @entity2205 ) and its receptors have recently been known to be responsible for apoptotic signaling molecules in @entity5 cell lines and tissues. These molecules have been reported to be expressed on merely a transcription level, but not on a protein level. Moreover, little is known about @entity2205 -mediated apoptosis in @entity1 @entity189 in vivo. METHODS: We investigated the presence and functional status of @entity2205 and its receptors, @entity4107 , @entity3049 , and @entity3051 on @entity5 as well as @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in primary ( n=37), and metastatic @entity356 from @entity5 ( n=37) by a flow cytometry. In addition, phenotypic proportions of major T-cell subsets or B-cells in TIL were also determined. RESULTS: Membrane-bound @entity2205 /its receptors are constitutively expressed at high levels in primary and metastatic @entity189 in nearly all the @entity1 . @entity5 cells detected by @entity10730 ( @entity10730 )-mediated @entity1977 nick and labeling (TUNEL) were barely identified in primary and metastatic @entity189 . TIL in @entity189 showed a very low level of expression of @entity2205 /its receptors and TUNEL-positive cells. In @entity189 , however, there was significant overexpression of @entity2205 /its receptors in TIL associated with a higher frequency of apoptotic cell death detected by TUNEL. The TIL within @entity189 , but not within @entity189 , revealed the increased proportions of CD3(+) T cells bearing @entity405 (+) @entity9536 (-), @entity405 (+) @entity9536 (+), and @entity404 (+)CD62L(-), @entity404 (+)CD62L(+) surface phenotype in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that @entity2205 (+) and @entity3051 (+) @entity189 from @entity5 could not only have resistance to @entity4107 / @entity3049 -induced apoptosis, but also might take the @entity2205 -mediated counterattack against activated CD3(+) T cells. These functions of the @entity5 cells would neutralize host immune responses at the effector phase, and accelerate further invasion and/or metastasis of @entity189 through the escape from immune attack.

title: Expression of XXXX ( @entity2205 ) and its receptors in @entity356 and @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocytes: a possible mechanism of immune evasion of the @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity10730 :: ('1791', 'Gene') :: ['TdT', 'terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant ascites', 'tumor', 'Apoptotic tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2205 :: ('8743', 'Gene') :: ['TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand', 'TRAIL']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma', 'primary carcinoma', 'metastatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity2205 :: (8743,Gene) :: ['TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the case-fatality rate (CFR) for measles in West Africa is 4%-6%. In @entity3456 , 50,138 measles cases and 201 @entity204 (CFR, 0.4%) were reported in 2003. We conducted an investigation to determine the epidemiology and the true CFR of measles in the Mirriah district in @entity3456 . METHODS: Twenty-two villages from the Mirriah district that reported measles cases in 2003 were included in the investigation. A comprehensive household search for measles cases and @entity204 was conducted, and serum samples from 12 villages were collected for laboratory confirmation. A measles case was defined as illness characterized by @entity221 , @entity1910 , and either cough, coryza, or @entity2024 , with @entity1910 onset during the period from 1 January 2003 to 15 April 2003. @entity204 occurring within 30 days after @entity1910 onset were attributed to measles unless they were obviously due to other causes. RESULTS: Measles was confirmed serologically in all villages from which samples were collected. Of 945 case @entity1 identified, 900 (95.2%) were aged <15 years, 114 (12.3%) were vaccinated, and 789 (83.5%) sought treatment at a health care facility. A total of 92 @entity204 were attributed to measles (CFR, 9.7%; 95% confidence interval, 7.9%-11.5%). The CFR was highest in @entity1 aged <1 year (15.6%). Households with >or=2 case @entity1 had a higher CFR (10.8%) than that of households with only 1 case @entity1 (6.0%). Households consisting of >or=8 members had a CFR of 12.8%, whereas the CFR of smaller households was 7.1%. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation suggests that the measles CFR in the Mirriah district may be 2-fold higher than the WHO regional estimate and 20-fold higher than the estimate derived from routine surveillance. Reducing measles mortality in @entity3456 will require wide-age-range vaccination campaigns, improvement in routine immunization services, and periodic "follow-up" campaigns.

title: Case-fatality rate during a measles outbreak in eastern XXXX in 2003.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Deaths', 'deaths']

answer: @entity3456 :: (4230,Species) :: ['Niger']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the impact of @entity209 on the development of cardio-cerebral vascular (CVD) events in a pre- @entity101 population. METHODS: The data used in this prospective study was derived from the Kailuan study cohort (n = 101 510). @entity1556 was diagnosed in 29 968 (mean age: 50    9 years and 23 744 males) individuals by the JNC VII criteria and these subjects were further classified into @entity209 positive ( @entity15 +, n = 3447) and @entity15 negative ( @entity15 -, n = 26 521) groups according to the modified 2004 Chinese @entity6 Society criteria. Subjects were followed up for 38 - 53 (mean 47    5) months and first-ever CVD events were recorded. Baseline anthropometric and laboratory features were obtained by physical examination from June 2006 to October 2007 and the last follow-up day was December 31, 2010. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the risk factors of first-ever CVD events. RESULTS: There were 354 CVD events during follow up. The incidences of CVD events (1.80% vs. 1.28%) and @entity385 (1.10% vs. 0.57%) were significantly higher in the @entity15 + group than in the @entity15 - group (all P < 0.05). After adjustment for other established CVD risk factors, the hazards ratio was 1.45 (95%CI: 1.10 - 1.92) for total CVD events and 1.84 (95%CI: 1.27 - 2.67) for @entity385 events in @entity15 + group. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, @entity209 is linked with increased risk for CVD events.

title: [Impact of XXXX on cardio-cerebral vascular events in pre- @entity101 population].

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1556 :: ('MESH:D058246', 'Disease') :: ['Prehypertension']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1150 is a common complication following pelvic and @entity174 . The hypothesis of this study was that pulsatile mechanical compression is superior to standard sequential mechanical compression for decreasing the prevalence of @entity1150 in @entity1 with pelvic or acetabular @entity174 . METHODS: A prospective, randomized, blinded study of two methods of mechanical prophylaxis against @entity1150 was conducted. One hundred and seven @entity1 were randomized into either Group A (fifty-four @entity1 ), in which a thigh- @entity291 low-pressure sequential-compression device was used, or Group B (fifty-three @entity1 ), in which a @entity291 -foot high-pressure pulsatile-compression pump was used. All @entity1 underwent duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance venography. The two groups were comparable with regard to demographics, @entity174 type, @entity174 treatment, time from the @entity130 , and @entity1 compliance. RESULTS: @entity1150 developed in ten @entity1 (19%) in Group A, with seven (13%) having a large or occlusive clot and one (2%) having a documented @entity1151 . @entity1150 developed in five @entity1 (9%) in Group B, with two (4%) having a large or occlusive clot and none having a documented @entity1151 . Nine of the nineteen detected @entity715 were in the deep pelvic veins. The difference in the prevalence of large or occlusive clots between the two groups demonstrated a trend but, with the numbers available, was not significant (p = 0.16). Increased @entity1 age and the time elapsed from the injury to the surgery were found to be associated with higher rates of @entity715 . CONCLUSIONS: Pulsatile compression was associated with fewer @entity1150 than was standard compression, with the difference representing a trend but not reaching significance with the number of @entity1 studied.

title: Mechanical prophylaxis against XXXX after pelvic and @entity174 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['acetabular fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep-vein thrombosis', 'deep-vein thromboses', 'Deep-vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses', 'thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the prophylaxis']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['deep-vein thrombosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3123 (ASqC) is an unusual histologic subtype of nonendocrine @entity5 of the pancreas. Although fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is now accepted as a reliable procedure for the diagnosis of @entity9451 , many of these @entity5 are still diagnosed after surgery or at necropsy. CASES: Between January 1995 and July 1996, 3 of 35 primary @entity788 were diagnosed as ASqC based on computed tomography-guided FNAC. After cytologic diagnosis, all three @entity1 were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Two @entity1 completed the treatment and underwent a surgical pancreatic-duodenectomy with antrectomy. The remaining @entity1 is currently under treatment. That @entity1 had a highly infiltrative pancreatic mass that affected the muscular small bowel wall. An endoscopic biopsy was performed. The cytologic diagnosis was confirmed by histology in all cases. Immunohistochemically both components, squamous and glandular, showed reactivity for several keratins, while only the glandular pattern was reactive with @entity787 ( @entity787 ). CONCLUSION: FNAC is an accurate, rapid and sensitive tool in the diagnosis of ASqC of the pancreas. We recommend a careful search for both malignant components. Immunoreactivity for @entity787 can be of help in the detection of the glandular component of this @entity5 .

title: FNAC guided by computed tomography in the diagnosis of primary XXXX . A report of three cases.

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'unusual tumors', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity9451 :: ('MESH:D010195', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['carcinoembryonic antigen', 'CEA']

answer: @entity3123 :: (MESH:C562463,Disease) :: ['pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aims to test the accuracy of the Nijmegen observer-rated @entity308 (NORD) scale, a new short scale for screening of @entity308 in nursing home (NH) residents with and without @entity303 . METHODS: This cross-sectional study with 103 residents with @entity303 (N   =   19 depressed) and 72 residents without @entity303 (N   =   10 depressed) was undertaken in 13 Dutch NH units. An elderly care physician and a psychologist of each unit assessed residents for the presence of clinical @entity308 . Primary professional caregivers administered the NORD scale. RESULTS: Five of the six proposed items showed acceptable performance in screening for @entity308 . Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed significant areas under the empirical curve (AUC) for the 5-item NORD scale in the total sample (AUC   =   0.83, p   <   0.001), as well as in residents with @entity303 (AUC   =   0.84, p   <   0.001) and without @entity303 (AUC   =   0.84, p   <   0.001). The cutoff score of >1 showed the highest sum of sensitivity (100) and specificity (69) in non- @entity303 and >2 the highest sum of sensitivity (79) and specificity (77) in @entity303 . The cutoff score of >1 showed the lowest negative likelihood ratio of 0.0 in non- @entity303 and of 0.2 in @entity303 . The highest positive likelihood ratios were found for the cutoff of >2 in non- @entity303 (3.4) and for >4 in @entity303 (26.5). CONCLUSION: The 5-item NORD scale showed acceptable accuracy comparable with those of more extensive scales in other studies. It is easy and quick to administer and can be used for screening of @entity308 in NH residents with or without @entity303 .

title: Nijmegen observer-rated @entity308 scale for detection of XXXX in nursing home residents.

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: Between March 1990 and July 1992, 42 @entity1 with @entity957 of the uterine cervix were prospectively treated with @entity3003 (260 mg/m2) on Day 1 and @entity900 (50 mg/m2) on Day 2 every 28 days. @entity1 had either stage IVb (FIGO) @entity5 (5 @entity1 ) or recurrent @entity5 (37 @entity1 ) and a Zubrod score < or = 2. Forty-one @entity1 had received either radiation or surgery as primary therapy; 179 cycles of chemotherapy were delivered. The mean number of cycles administered to each @entity1 was 4 (range, 2-8 cycles). Dose escalation was possible in 32 cycles (23.4%) and dose reduction was required in 10 cycles (7.3%). The dose-limiting toxic effect was myelosuppression, with grade 3-4 @entity882 in 39 cycles (22%) and @entity1398 in 19 cycles (11%). @entity2359 effects were observed in 3 @entity1 . Forty-two @entity1 were evaluable for response: 1 had a complete response and 11 had a partial response (response rate 28.6%, 95% confidence interval, 14.9-42.3%). For all @entity1 and for responders, median progression-free interval was 4.4 and 9.5 months, respectively, and median length of survival was 8.9 and 9.5 months, respectively. This regimen was well tolerated and had significant activity in the treatment of @entity5 . Comparison to other @entity902 -based regimens in a Phase III trial should be considered.

title: A phase II study of @entity3003 and XXXX in advanced or recurrent @entity957 of the uterine cervix.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['Neurotoxic']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: A major goal of @entity5 chemotherapy is the identification of cytotoxic compounds that are highly selective for @entity5 cells. We describe here one such compound - a novel @entity68 chelator, desferri-exochelin 772SM. This desferri-exochelin has unique chemical and pharmacological properties, including extremely high @entity68 binding affinity, the capacity to block @entity68 -mediated redox reactions, and lipid solubility which enables it to enter cells rapidly. At low concentrations, this desferri-exochelin kills T47D-YB and MCF-7 @entity1 @entity0 cells by inducing apoptosis, but only reversibly arrests the growth of normal @entity1 mammary epithelial cells without @entity137 . Since @entity68 -loaded exochelin is ineffective, @entity68 chelation accounts for the efficacy of desferri-exochelin. For both the killing of @entity0 cells and the growth arrest of normal breast epithelial cells, desferri-exochelin was effective at much lower concentrations than the lipid-insoluble @entity68 chelator @entity5532 , which has shown only limited potential as an anti- @entity5 agent. Growth arrest of @entity1420 receptor positive T47D-YB cells with the progestin R5020 transiently protects them from the cytotoxic effects of desferri-exochelin, but the cells are killed after cell growth resumes. Similarly, MCF-7 cells arrested with the @entity172 antagonist @entity1299 are transiently resistant to killing by desferri-exochelin. Thus the desferri-exochelin is cytotoxic only to actively growing @entity5 cells. Since desferri-exochelin 772SM can selectively and efficiently destroy proliferating @entity5 cells without damaging normal cells, it may prove useful for the treatment of @entity5 .

title: Desferri-exochelin induces death by apoptosis in @entity1 XXXX cells but does not kill normal breast cells.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5532 :: ('MESH:D003676', 'Chemical') :: ['deferoxamine']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: QUESTION: Video rasterstereography is a method for back surface measurement comprising automatic back surface reconstruction and shape analysis. Aim of this prospective study was to determine the accuracy of this method in comparison to the conventional frontal and lateral standing radiographs. METHOD: 95 @entity1 with @entity2112 or scoliotic postural abnormalities and 18 @entity1 with @entity1514 and @entity8322 were investigated. The Cobb angles, the sagittal profile and apical @entity717 as well as @entity530 and trunk decompensation were measured. The analysis was carried out by two independent observers. RESULTS: The root mean square (r.m.s.) deviation of the Cobb angle in the cases of @entity2112 ranged between 7 degrees and 8 degrees. In video rasterstereography there were no false negative results and two false positive results concerning differentiation between structural scoliosis and scoliotic postural abnormality. The r.m.s. deviation of apical @entity717 averaged 7.9 degrees and for @entity530 respectively trunk imbalance 0.65 cm respectively 1.07 cm. The @entity1514 in @entity8322 showed a r.m.s. deviation of 5.6 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Video rasterstereography is a reliable method in the three-dimensional evaluation of @entity85 and constitutes a valuable additional tool to the clinical examination and can reduce the number of radiographs.

title: [3-dimensional surface measurement of XXXX with video rasterstereography].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8322 :: ('MESH:D012544', 'Disease') :: ["Scheuermann's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic hyperkyphosis']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic obliquity']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral rotation']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformities']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['spinal deformities']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy of weekly @entity1311 / @entity3003 chemotherapy in @entity1 with locally advanced, metastatic, or recurrent @entity957 . METHOD: A prospective, single-arm, single-center pilot study was initiated to study response rate of 9 weekly courses of @entity1311 (60 mg/m) and @entity3003 (area under the curve, 2.7). We used this regimen in the neoadjuvant or metastatic setting when surgery would cause serious morbidity or was not an option owing to distant metastases. Primary outcome was response rate, measured according to Response Criteria in @entity5 criteria. Treatment @entity137 , surgical morbidity, and type of surgery were also evaluated. RESULTS: We treated 6 @entity1 in the period between May 2009 and May 2011, of which 4 @entity1 had a diagnosis of locally advanced disease and 2 @entity1 had a diagnosis of recurrent disease. A median number of 7.5 cycles of @entity1311 / @entity3003 weekly was administered (range, 3-9). No objective response was observed. @entity1311 / @entity3003 weekly was discontinued after a mean of 4.3 weekly cycles in 3 @entity1 owing to @entity66 progression. After a median follow-up of 4.2 months (range, 1-29 months), 3 @entity1 died owing to progressive disease and 1 @entity1 died owing to intercurrent disease. The 2 remaining @entity1 underwent radical vulvectomy + bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The main chemotherapy-related @entity137 was @entity417 and could be managed conservatively with @entity1307 and intravenous @entity68 therapy. CONCLUSION: Weekly administration of @entity1311 - @entity3003 has limited clinical benefit in the treatment of @entity957 .

title: Weekly XXXX / @entity3003 in the treatment of locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['local disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Solid Tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['vulvar squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: Two recently completed studies in our laboratory have evaluated the relationship between myocardial temperature during cardioplegic preservation and @entity460 accumulation within the cell. In the large animal model, the @entity1707 , we investigated the influence of normothermic versus hypothermic blood cardioplegic preservation on sarcoplasmic reticulum @entity460 ATPase activity and @entity460 uptake following 2-hour @entity1167 and 1 hour of normothermic reperfusion. The second investigation in the small animal model, the @entity35 , measured intracellular @entity460 concentration in hearts subjected to @entity1167 by continuous administration of cardioplegia at temperatures from 4 degrees to 37 degrees C. In the @entity1707 heart, global left ventricular function and coronary blood flow were improved, while @entity908 kinase release was reduced in the warm preserved heart. The rate of sarcoplasmic reticulum @entity460 uptake and @entity460 ATPase activity were impaired only in the presence of hypothermic preservation, and the higher @entity460 ATPase activity corresponded to the higher rate of sarcoplasmic reticulum @entity460 uptake observed in the warm preserved heart. Measurements of intracellular @entity460 concentration accomplished with a spectrofluorimeter documented a significant increase in free @entity460 in the 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C preserved @entity35 heart during normothermic reperfusion. At both 28 degrees and 37 degrees C preservation, the free @entity460 level did not increase. It is concluded that intracellular @entity460 accumulation is associated with hypothermic preservation. @entity2332 appears to jeopardize the control of @entity460 homeostasis, which then is manifested as a more rapid increase of intracellular @entity460 during reperfusion. This would be associated with @entity1562 in the hypothermic heart.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX : a temperature dependent phenomenon.

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['increased myocardial stunning']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardioplegic arrest']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothermia']

answer: @entity1562 :: (MESH:D017682,Disease) :: ['Myocardial stunning']