abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the most common and efficient methods for detecting mutations in genes is PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing. Until recently, the process of designing PCR assays has been to focus on individual assay parameters rather than concentrating on matching conditions for a set of assays. Primers for each individual assay were selected based on location and sequence concerns. The two primer sequences were then iteratively adjusted to make the individual assays work properly. This generally resulted in groups of assays with different annealing temperatures that required the use of multiple thermal cyclers or multiple passes in a single thermal cycler making diagnostic testing time-consuming, laborious and expensive.These factors have severely hampered diagnostic testing services, leaving many families without an answer for the exact cause of a @entity74 . A search of GeneTests for sequencing analysis of the entire coding sequence for genes that are known to cause @entity3986 returns only a small list of laboratories that perform comprehensive gene panels.The hypothesis for the study was that a complete set of universal assays can be designed to amplify and sequence any gene or family of genes using computer aided design tools. If true, this would allow automation and optimization of the mutation detection process resulting in reduced cost and increased throughput. RESULTS: An automated process has been developed for the detection of deletions, duplications/insertions and point mutations in any gene or family of genes and has been applied to ten genes known to bear mutations that cause @entity3986 : @entity1555 ; @entity15587 ; @entity15341 ; @entity16559 ; @entity15273 ; @entity4223 ; @entity11156 ; @entity6707 ; @entity16560 ; @entity16561 . Using this process, mutations have been found in five @entity1555 @entity1 and four LGMD @entity1 (one in the @entity16559 gene, one in the @entity15587 gene, and two likely causative heterozygous pairs of variations in the @entity15341 gene of two other @entity1 ). Methods and assay sequences are reported in this paper. CONCLUSION: This automated process allows laboratories to discover DNA variations in a short time and at low cost.

title: Automated DNA mutation detection using universal conditions direct sequencing: application to ten XXXX genes.

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['muscular dystrophy', 'muscular dystrophies']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['familial genetic disease']

answer: @entity3986 :: (MESH:D009136,Disease) :: ['muscular dystrophy']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1 troponin I (TROP), the soluble receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (sFLT) and angiostatin (ASTAT) are potent inhibitors of endothelial cell proliferation, angiogenesis and @entity5 growth in vivo. Transfer of these genes into @entity5 may induce changes not only in perfusion, but also more general ones such as changes in metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess these reactions using FDG-PET and high-throughput methods such as gene profiling. METHODS: We established @entity7283 (MH3924A) cell lines expressing TROP, sFLT or ASTAT and quantified @entity419 ( @entity419 ) uptake by dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) after @entity5 inoculation in ACI @entity35 . Furthermore, expression of @entity413 transporter-1 and -3 ( @entity13345 and @entity13346 ) as well as @entity13347 were investigated by RT-PCR and immunohistomorphometry. In addition, gene array analyses were performed. RESULTS: @entity419 uptake, vascular fraction and distribution volume were significantly higher in all genetically modified @entity5 . Immunohistomorphometry showed an increased percentage of @entity13347 as well as @entity13348 immunoreactive (ir) cells. Using gene arrays and comparing all three groups of genetically modified @entity5 , we found upregulated expression of 36 genes related to apoptosis, signal transduction, stress or metabolism. CONCLUSION: TROP-, sFLT- or ASTAT-expressing MH3924A @entity5 show enhanced influx of @entity419 , which seems to be caused by several factors: enhanced exchange of nutrients between blood and @entity5 , increased amounts of @entity413 transporters and hexokinases, and increased expression of genes related to apoptosis, matrix and stress, which induce an increased demand for @entity413 .

title: Changes in @entity413 metabolism and gene expression after transfer of anti-angiogenic genes in XXXX hepatoma.

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose', '(18)FDG']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity7283 :: ('MESH:D008114', 'Disease') :: ['Morris hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A cell line was derived from midgestation chorioallantoic placental explants of the outbred Holtzman @entity35 . The cell line was found to express characteristics of extraembryonic membranes and to grow when introduced into allogeneic hosts. Growth in allogeneic hosts was detected following intraperitoneal injection of the cells but not following subcutaneous injection. The transplanted cells grew as cystic structures free in the peritoneum and as solid masses adhered to various abdominal organs. @entity2383 had a homogeneous morphology consisting of an epithelial-like cell layer surrounding a fluid-filled sac. Solid masses had a heterogeneous morphology, containing parts resembling normal components of the extraembryonic membranes (trophoblast, parietal, and visceral yolk sacs). Biochemical analysis of the placenta-derived cell line and transplanted structures derived from the cell line indicated that the cells had the potential to produce a variety of proteins characteristic of extraembryonic tissues. Cultured cells and both types of in vivo transplants produced the basement membrane protein, laminin. Peritoneal cystic structures also contained @entity12074 mRNA and very high levels of @entity5019 mRNA. Solid masses demonstrated elevated alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker of trophoblast cells. Cells grown in vitro expressed elevated @entity4569 mRNA levels, whereas, @entity4569 mRNA levels were reduced in the in vivo transplants. The behavior of the cell line in vitro and following in vivo transplantation suggests it contains elements capable of differentiation toward various components of the extraembryonic membranes. The results indicate that the @entity35 placental cell line will be valuable for future studies on the differentiation of trophoblast cells and other components of the extraembryonic membranes.

title: Establishment of a XXXX placental cell line expressing characteristics of extraembryonic membranes.

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['Cystic structures']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: One-third of @entity1 @entity0 exhibit @entity172 -dependent proliferation. It appears that @entity172 functions as a mitogenic factor in these @entity189 . As aromatase is the rate-limiting enzyme in @entity172 biosynthesis. It could play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity172 -dependent @entity0 . The aromatase gene consists of at least six exons 1, each containing a promoter, and the tissue-specific expression is regulated by alternative use of these multiple promoters. The expression of aromatase in the breast and abdominal adipose tissues is regulated by a promoter flanking exon 1b. Molecular and epidemiological analyses of tissue-specific utilization of multiple exons 1 and promoters revealed a switching from use of the adipose-specific exon 1b to exon 1c in adipose tissues adjacent to the @entity189 in most @entity0 @entity1 . Exon 1c has been shown to be specific for the ovary. Aromatase mRNA in adipose tissues distal to the @entity5 of the same @entity1 was normally transcribed from exon 1b as was breast tissue in healthy controls. It is noteworthy that a switching from exon 1b to exon 1c was often observed in @entity0 @entity1 having metastatic lymph nodes. These data suggest that switching from an adipose-specific exon 1b to exon 1c could cause a deviation from strict regulation of tissue-specific expression of the adipose aromatase leading to over-expression of the adipose aromatase. Consequently overproduction of local @entity172 may promote @entity105 or proliferation of @entity0 cells.

title: Molecular and epidemiological analyses of abnormal expression of aromatase in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The primary aim of this paper was to assess the relevance of high-frequency ultrasound examination in qualifying @entity1 for either surgical or conservative treatment of posttraumatic @entity1897 . The study was conducted in a group of 47 @entity1 aged 16-65 (mean age 33) who in 2009-2011 were referred to ultrasound examinations due to a clinical suspicion of posttraumatic @entity1897 . The group included 30 females and 17 males. The @entity1 examined presented with @entity16 of the following peripheral nerves: median, ulnar, common peroneal, digital, cutaneous in the deltoid area, mental, PIN and RSNR. In 21 @entity1 , nerve @entity130 were partial, and in 24 - complete. In 2 cases, the nerve was entrapped between bony fragments. 17 of 21 @entity1 with @entity128 (80.95%) underwent an EMG examination. No functional tests were conducted in the cases of complete @entity130 when ultrasound imaging had confirmed the result of the clinical examination. All @entity1 underwent the interview, physical examination and ultrasound examination. Ultrasound examinations were performed with Esaote MyLab 50 and MyLab 60 systems using high-frequency broadband linear transducers: 6-18 MHz. The nerves were evaluated in the gray-scale and in the power Doppler mode in longitudinal and transverse sections for localization, morphology and the grade of injury as well as for possible anatomic variants of the nerve trunk and pathologies of the adjacent tissues. Moreover, a dynamic examination was performed, and it was attempted to induce @entity158 or @entity809 by palpation at the site of the visualized pathology. Additionally, the motor and sensory-motor nerves were assessed indirectly based on the images of the skeletal muscles innervated by these nerves. The analyses of the collected material were performed by means of descriptive statistics. The results of clinical and surgical verification were consistent with ultrasound findings in 100% of cases. The results obtained indicate that high-frequency ultrasonography is a valuable method in qualifying @entity1 for various types of treatment of @entity1897 resulting from @entity130 .

title: Assessment of the utility of ultrasonography with high-frequency transducers in the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['paresthesia']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['partial nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['posttraumatic neuropathies']


abstract: @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) is a family of @entity563 / @entity1889 -isozymes that are involved in many signaling events in normal and disease states. Previous studies from our lab have demonstrated that   @entity7131 plays a pivotal role in neuroprotection induced by @entity63 preconditioning. However, the role of   @entity7131 during and after @entity2806 is not clearly defined. Therefore, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that activation of   @entity7131 during an @entity63 event is neuroprotective. Furthermore, other studies have demonstrated that   @entity7131 mediates cerebral @entity63 tolerance in the @entity35 brain by decreasing vascular tone. Thus, we also tested the effects of   @entity7131 activation during @entity63 on cerebral blood flow (CBF). We found that     -Receptors for Activated C Kinase (RACK), a   @entity7131 -selective peptide activator, injected intravenously 30min before induction of global @entity2806 conferred neuroprotection in the CA1 region of the @entity35 hippocampus. Moreover, measurements of CBF before, during, and after @entity2806 revealed a significant reduction in the reperfusion phase of @entity35 pretreated with     RACK as compared to Tat peptide (vehicle). Our results suggest that   @entity7131 can protect the @entity35 brain against @entity2806 by regulating CBF. Thus,   @entity7131 may be one of the treatment modalities against @entity63 .

title: Post- XXXX activation of protein kinase C    protects the hippocampus from @entity2806 via alterations in cerebral blood flow.

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['brain ischemia', 'cerebral ischemia', 'ischemic damage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury', 'ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['PKC', 'Protein kinase C']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: This study investigated the numbers of @entity8205 in Turkish @entity1 and adolescents. The research was conducted on 2783 subjects (age range, 7-14 yrs) at three elementary schools in Malatya, @entity233 (latitude 38 degrees N). Numbers of @entity8205 per subject were counted using a standard international protocol. Comparisons were made with subjects categorized according to age, sex and skin type. The mean melanocytic nevus count was 1.07 +/- 2.37. A significant positive correlation was found between nevus count and age (p < 0.001). The mean count for @entity1 was significantly higher than that for @entity1 (p < 0.001). Subjects with skin type II had a higher mean melanocytic nevus count than the other three groups. This is the first study related to numbers of @entity8205 in @entity233 . The findings reveal that Turkish @entity1 and adolescents have few @entity8205 compared to those elsewhere in the world. In line with previous reports on other populations, analysis showed that older age, skin type II, and male sex are associated with higher melanocytic nevus counts. The results underline the importance of ethnic background in melanocytic nevus development.

title: Melanocytic nevi in 2783 XXXX and adolescents in @entity233 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity8205 :: ('MESH:D009508', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic nevi']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, insulin resistance, and @entity409 , all of which contribute to increased risk of @entity65 . We hypothesized that @entity356 would produce rapid improvements in endothelial function, reduce @entity32 , and lead to a decrease in cardiovascular risk. METHODS: We performed a prospective study of morbidly @entity28 @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y @entity356 (RYGB). Clinical data, biochemical markers of @entity32 , and parameters indicative of cardiovascular risk were collected preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Metabolic and inflammatory mediators that were quantified included C-reactive protein, @entity2002 , @entity2289 , @entity650 , @entity688 , @entity1193 , @entity1254 , @entity1243 , @entity1674 , total @entity165 , HDL, LDL, @entity413 , insulin, and HbA1c. Brachial artery reactivity testing (BART) was performed to assess peripheral arterial endothelial function, and @entity65 ( @entity65 ) was calculated on all study @entity1 pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: Fifteen @entity1 (11 female) were enrolled (age = 49.2    10.4 years; BMI = 48.1    5.3 kg/m(2)). Six months post RYGB, mean BMI decreased to 35.4    4.5, corresponding to 51.7% excess @entity353 (P < 0.001). Mean waist circumference decreased significantly from 132 cm at baseline to 110 cm at 3 months (P = 0.003) and 107 cm at 6 months (P < 0.001). Six months after RYGB, @entity353 led to significant improvements in clinical parameters indicative of @entity65 or risk, including brachial artery diameter, endothelial independent vasodilation, and @entity65 . Favorable improvements in the proinflammatory markers CRP (P = 0.01) and @entity1243 (P = 0.005), the anti-inflammatory mediator @entity1254 (P = 0.002), and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR, P = 0.007) were evident at 3 months. At 6 months, improvements in CRP, @entity1243 , and fasting insulin were maintained and @entity2002 levels also decreased (P = 0.047). @entity1254 continued to increase at 6 months (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Gastric bypass is associated with early reversal of @entity409 , a more favorable inflammatory milieu, and, most importantly, a reduction in cardiovascular risk.

title: Early effects of XXXX on endothelial function, @entity32 , and cardiovascular risk in @entity28 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1254 :: ('9370', 'Gene') :: ['adiponectin', 'Adiponectin']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease', 'FRS', 'Framingham cardiovascular risk score']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric bypass']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric bypass']


abstract: The effect of repeated intraamygdaloid injection of @entity4781 (BM) was studied in @entity35 . Chemitrodes for both microinjection and electrographic recording were implanted into the left basolateral amygdala. Two weeks after the surgery, a subconvulsive dose of BM (0.2 or 0.4 nmol) was administered through the chemitrodes every fourth day. Repeated injections caused a progressive @entity410 development which was comparable to that seen with electrical kindling. The kindling effect persisted after a 6-month interruption of the stimulation. When a mixture of BM and @entity1246 agonist ( @entity1246 20 nmol, @entity6341 2 nmol, or @entity1772 5 nmol) was injected into the amygdala of kindled @entity35 , @entity410 activity was markedly suppressed to stage 0 or 1. On the other hand, an intraamygdaloid injection of @entity5094 (0.8 nmol) brought about the same @entity410 as induced by BM, whereas no @entity410 was observed with @entity1026 (4 nmol). No histological change specific to this kindling was detected. The present results indicate that chemical kindling can be induced by repeated local injection of BM into the amygdala, and that the mechanism underlying this kindling is closely associated with local postsynaptic @entity1246 receptors in the amygdala. This GABAergic system may also be important in other types of kindling.

title: Amygdaloid kindling with XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1026 :: ('MESH:D013331', 'Chemical') :: ['strychnine']

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity5094 :: ('MESH:D010852', 'Chemical') :: ['picrotoxin']

entities_list: @entity4781 :: ('MESH:C017069', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline methiodide']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

answer: @entity4781 :: (MESH:C017069,Chemical) :: ['bicuculline methiodide']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: @entity65 is a common complication in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ). The study aim was to identify the characteristics and risk factors of @entity340 , and its relationship to @entity731 , in @entity740 . METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 135 @entity1 with @entity740 (mean age 52 +/- 11 years) included 58 pre-dialysis @entity1 , 36 dialysis @entity1 , and 41 renal transplant recipients. A control group of 58 subjects was also examined. The characteristics of @entity340 were assessed using transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: The combined prevalences of mitral or @entity7874 were 31% in pre-dialysis @entity1 , 50% in dialysis @entity1 , 29% in renal transplant recipients, and 12% in controls (p = 0.001). The prevalences of @entity730 were 17%, 31%, 27% and 2%, respectively (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the risk factors for @entity340 in @entity740 were age, duration of dialysis treatment and @entity650 level. @entity730 proved to be five-fold more common in @entity6 @entity1 than among non-diabetics. A close association between @entity340 and @entity1 with or without increased carotid intima-media thickness (44% versus 15%, p < 0.001), carotid plaque (77% versus 49%, p = 0.002), @entity543 (65% versus 26%, p = 0.001), @entity453 (40% versus 15%, p = 0.003) and @entity3657 (46% versus 9%, p < 0.001) was found. CONCLUSION: @entity340 is common in @entity740 , and is closely associated with findings of intimal @entity455 . The presence of @entity32 and the duration of dialysis treatment contribute to this complication. @entity6 is also a prominent risk factor for @entity730 in @entity740 .

title: @entity340 and its relationship to XXXX in @entity740 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity7874 :: ('MESH:C562942', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve calcification']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['mitral annular calcification', 'Mitral annular calcification']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular calcification', 'Valvular calcification']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['calcified carotid plaque']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular calcification']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnostic pathways experienced by a large, representative group of Australian @entity1 with @entity43 , and to document the time between first presentation to a medical professional and clinical diagnosis. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity1 : 1463  @entity1 with @entity43 from an Australia-wide population-based study (2002-2005) completed a telephone interview in which they described the events that led to the diagnosis of their @entity5 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number and type of doctors consulted, investigations performed, referral patterns and the time from first presentation to diagnosis. RESULTS: Of the 1463  @entity1 , 145  had their @entity5 diagnosed incidentally and were excluded from analysis. Most of the remaining 1318  @entity1 (1222, 93%) presented first to their general practitioner. As a result of their first medical consultation, 75  @entity1 (6%) were given a diagnosis, and 484  (37%) were referred to a gynaecologist, gynaecological oncologist or oncologist for further assessment. Overall, 85% of @entity1 visited three or fewer doctors before their @entity5 was diagnosed; 66% of @entity5 were diagnosed within 1  month of the initial presentation, and 80% were diagnosed within 3  months. For 12% of @entity1 , the diagnostic process took longer than 6  months; this was more likely for @entity1 residing in remote Australia, those with lower incomes, and those presenting with @entity490 or bowel symptoms, or with more than one symptom. CONCLUSIONS: Despite anecdotal suggestions to the contrary, most @entity1 with @entity43 in Australia are investigated and diagnosed promptly. The diagnostic process is more protracted for a minority of @entity1 , and the factors we found to be associated with diagnostic delay warrant further investigation.

title: Pathways to the diagnosis of XXXX in Australia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: Within 20 years 22 @entity1 with @entity14943 were observed. 13 @entity1 were @entity1 , 9 were already older than a year, thus, clearly deviating from the age structure reported in literature. 15 @entity1 underwent an operation, in 2 @entity1 the alterations disappeared completely respectively partially. One @entity1 prematurely born died before operation. The upper lobe was concerned most frequently (11 times), followed by the right upper lobe (6 times) and the right middle lobe (4 times). Bronchoscopy was showing in surprising frequency a @entity850 of the @entity825 (2 times) respectively of the main bronchus (7 times). In 13 of 15 cases bronchographically investigated the displacement and compression of the adjacent lobar bronchi were predominant. The regression of the @entity2415 observed in a x-ray picture series initially with an "opaque lung" and later on with @entity14943 is more fully described. In the opinion of the authors the analysis of their cases is justifying a change in the conception concerning age structure and urgency of surgery. Bronchological examination is considered of importance for differential diagnostics especially to delimit cystic pulmonary alteration.

title: [Diagnosis and course of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity14943 :: ('MESH:C535735', 'Disease') :: ['congenital lobar emphysema', 'spontaneous disappearance of the lobar emphysema']

answer: @entity14943 :: (MESH:C535735,Disease) :: ['congenital lobar emphysema']


abstract: AIM: To test the hypothesis that @entity670 stimulates the osteoblastic differentiation through the p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-core-binding factor 1 ( @entity2447 ) pathway. METHODS: The activation of @entity1995 was detected by Western blotting. @entity4972 ( @entity4972 ) activity and @entity460 deposition were assessed for osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) cultures. The expression of @entity2447 was analyzed at both the mRNA and protein levels. The activity of @entity2447 was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Bone sialoprotein (BSP), @entity4972 , @entity2450 ( @entity2450 ), and @entity1189 ( @entity1189 ) gene transcription were also evaluated by either RT-PCR or Northern blotting. RESULTS: @entity670 (0.01-1 micromol/L) dose dependently led to the rapid and sustained activation of the @entity1995 pathway in @entity19 BMSC cultures. Treatment with @entity670 (1 micromol/L) resulted in increased @entity4972 activity and @entity460 deposition of BMSC cultures as a function of time. @entity670 also enhanced @entity2447 DNA binding activity and promoted the expressions of @entity2447 itself as well as several @entity2447 -regulated genes, including @entity4972 , BSP, @entity2450 , and @entity1189 . Concurrent treatment with @entity1995 inhibitor ( @entity1441 ) diminished the @entity670 -induced osteoblastic maturation and @entity13145 activation in @entity19 BMSC cultures. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that @entity670 could stimulate the osteoblastic differentiation of BMSC cultures through the @entity13145 pathway.

title: XXXX stimulates osteoblastic differentiation via @entity13145 pathway in bone marrow culture.

entities_list: @entity4972 :: ('MESH:C562645', 'Disease') :: ['ALP', 'Alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein', 'Genistein']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity670 :: (MESH:D019833,Chemical) :: ['Genistein']


abstract: In therapy study @entity981 -BFM 83 a total of 630 @entity1 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) have prospectively been evaluated for initial response on therapy with @entity288 . It was the aim to qualify the in vivo cytoreduction as a new predictor for therapy failure. All @entity1 were exposed for 7 days to @entity229 before combination chemotherapy at day 8 has been started. At day 0 one additional dose of @entity1499 was given intrathecally. Therapy for all @entity1 with non-B- @entity981 has been stratified according to initial @entity5 burden (risk factor) providing four therapy branches: standard risk low (SR-L), standard risk high (SR-H), medium risk (MR), @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ). After a median duration of study of 21 months, event-free survival (EFS) is for all 630 @entity1 73%, 81% for SR-L, 76% for SR-H, 69% for MR, and 35% for @entity2101 @entity1 (date of evaluation Jan. 1, 1987). In this prospective study, a small subgroup of @entity1 (n = 48; 7.6% of total group) is characterized by greater than 1000 leukemic blasts/mm3 peripheral blood at day 8 after exposure to @entity229 . In this subgroup the EFS is only 43% in contrast to 76% in the complementary group of 582 @entity1 with less than 1000 leukemic blasts/mm3 peripheral blood at day 8. @entity1 of that risk group are derived from therapy branches SR-H, M and @entity2101 , the latter contributing relatively most @entity1 . In this negatively selected group all @entity1 with an initial high white blood count, @entity149 at diagnosis, immune subtypes as @entity981 (n = 6), @entity981 (n = 18), null- @entity981 (n = 5), and males clearly dominate. Of 48 @entity1 with greater than 1000 blasts/mm3 at day 8 4 subsequently failed to enter remission and 8 were qualified as lateresponders. 18 @entity1 relapsed, most of them earlier compared to those of the complementary group. The initial in vivo response on corticosteroid therapy is considered a supplementary prognostic predictor for early failure. It will be utilized in trial @entity981 /NHL-BFM 86 to qualify @entity1 at the highest risk for relapse. This group of @entity1 is supplemented in addition by non- and lateresponders and @entity1 with @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). The in vivo corticosteroid test is simple, generates early and reliable results and can be obtained almost always. Thus it may be recommended for use in a multicenter trial.

title: [Corticosteroid-dependent reduction of leukocyte count in blood as a prognostic factor in XXXX in childhood (therapy study @entity981 -BFM 83)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['T-ALL', 'prae-T-ALL', 'ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['CNS disease']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute undifferentiated leukemia', 'AUL']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Major anterior circulation @entity385 caused by @entity432 or proximal middle cerebral artery or both account for about one third of @entity385 with mostly poor outcomes. These @entity64 are treatable by intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and endovascular methods. However, dynamics of @entity1188 growth in these @entity64 are poorly documented. The purpose was to help understand @entity1188 growth dynamics by measuring acute @entity1188 size with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) at known times after @entity64 onset in @entity1 with documented internal carotid artery/middle cerebral @entity432 . METHODS: Retrospectively, we included 47 consecutive @entity1 with documented internal carotid artery/middle cerebral @entity432 who underwent DWI within 30 hours of @entity64 onset. Prospectively, 139 @entity1 were identified using the same inclusion criteria. DWI lesion volumes were measured and correlated to time since @entity64 onset. Perfusion data were reviewed in those who underwent perfusion imaging. RESULTS: Acute @entity1188 volumes ranged from 0.41 to 318.3 mL. @entity1188 size and time did not correlate (R2=0.001). The majority of @entity1 had @entity66 that were <25% the territory at risk (<70 mL) whether they were imaged <8 or >8 hours after @entity64 onset. @entity66 corresponded to areas of greatly reduced perfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Poor correlation between @entity1188 volume and time after @entity64 onset suggests that there are factors more powerful than time in determining @entity1188 size within the first 30 hours. The observations suggest that highly variable cerebral perfusion via the collateral circulation may primarily determine @entity1188 growth dynamics. If verified, clinical implications include the possibility of treating many @entity1 outside traditional time windows.

title: Time and diffusion lesion size in major anterior circulation XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['DWI lesions']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery', 'artery occlusions']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic strokes']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic strokes']


abstract: PURPOSE: To examine the impact of 2001 and 2005 quality use of medicines (QUMs) @entity6 programs implemented by National Prescribing Service (NPS) on the prevalence of utilisation of @entity2449 and @entity2690 among the Australian @entity6 . METHODS: A retrospective observational study using Department of Veterans' Affairs pharmacy claims data. @entity6 population was defined as all veterans aged 55 and over who were dispensed medicines indicative of @entity6 between 2000 and 2007. Prevalence of utilisation of @entity2449 and @entity2690 were assessed. Time series regression analysis was undertaken to study the effect on drug utilisation of NPS @entity6 intervention programs. RESULTS: Of the @entity6 population, over 55% has been dispensed @entity2449 , and around 20% @entity2690 . Across 2000-2007, @entity2449 used as monotherapy has risen from 22.7 to 28.6% of the @entity6 population and @entity2449 concurrent with other @entity6 medicines has increased from 32.3 to 36.5%. @entity2690 monotherapy has decreased from 13.9 to 11.5%, while @entity2690 in combination with oral hypoglycaemics has increased from 6.1 to 11.1%. Twenty-four months post the onset of second NPS @entity6 intervention, there was 4.2% relative increase in @entity2449 use, and 13.5% relative increase in @entity2690 used concurrently with oral hypoglycaemics, compared to the estimates without the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in oral hypoglycaemics trends are towards @entity2449 dispensing as part of ongoing @entity6 management. @entity2690 trends have been away from monotherapy and towards concurrent dispensing with oral antidiabetic drugs. NPS QUMs programs for @entity6 management were positively associated with these changes.

title: Improvement in @entity2449 and XXXX utilisation in the Australian veteran population associated with quality use of medicines intervention programs.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes', 'diabetes veteran population']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: Although the primary treatment of chronic @entity2686 is medical, surgical treatment is sometimes used. The authors reviewed the charts of seven @entity1 (ages 36 to 68 years) with chronic @entity2686 to identify who responded best to percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy after medical treatment failed. All @entity1 had immediate @entity158 relief after surgery. At follow-up (median 5 years, range 2 to 20 years), two @entity1 remained @entity158 -free 7 and 20 years later (excellent results); three @entity1 had mild @entity158 recurrence that was well controlled on medications (good results) 6 to 12 months after surgery; and two @entity1 had major @entity158 recurrence 4 days and 2 months after surgery (poor results). Six @entity1 had relief of vasomotor symptoms. One @entity1 had transient @entity892 and @entity1036 without permanent sequelae. Both @entity1 with excellent results had preoperative major @entity158 around the eye; both @entity1 with poor results had major @entity158 around the temple, ear, and cheek; and the three @entity1 with good results had @entity158 equally severe in the eye, temple, and cheek. There was no association between @entity1 age or sex, @entity158 duration, preoperative response to @entity3303 blockade, or previous surgery with @entity158 relief. No differences occurred in @entity158 relief between @entity1 with dense hypalgesia and @entity1 with @entity1337 . The authors conclude that (1) some @entity1 with chronic @entity2686 treated by percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy achieve long-term @entity158 relief, and (2) surgery on the trigeminovascular system alone may not cure the condition in @entity1 with major @entity158 around the temple, ear, and cheek.

title: Long-term results of radiofrequency rhizotomy in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['keratitis']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity2686 :: ('MESH:D003027', 'Disease') :: ['cluster headache']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

answer: @entity2686 :: (MESH:D003027,Disease) :: ['cluster headache']


abstract: The existing data on @entity2918 indicate that they are involved in @entity1 parturition and regulation of fetoplacental blood flow. The interference of endogenous and exogenous @entity398 and @entity2918 and, on the other hand, betamimetics, which are commonly used during pregnancy, in the regulation of these phenomena is poorly understood. The production of @entity2918 by fetal placental cotyledons was studied using an in vitro perfusion technique. Isolated cotyledons were perfused without (control) or with @entity398 (200 pg/ml, 2000 pg/ml) or the betasympathomimetic drug @entity9994 (10 micrograms/ml, 50 micrograms/ml). The release of @entity3774 (PGF2 alpha), @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ), @entity9077 (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) was measured by radioimmunoassay. The release of @entity2918 was also studied during a recovery period after the drug infusion. @entity398 at a concentration of 200 pg/ml significantly decreased the release of PGF2 alpha. A higher concentration of @entity398 did not cause any changes in @entity3009 production. During @entity9994 infusion the perfusion pressure was decreased, but the addition of @entity9994 to the perfusion medium had no effect on @entity3009 release. During the recovery period, after @entity9994 infusion, the release of PGF2 alpha was significantly decreased. It is suggested that @entity398 at the physiological concentration may protect the fetus from adverse effects of PGF2 alpha before labor in decreasing the release of PGF2 alpha, yet this small decrease in formation of PGF2 alpha is obviously of minor clinical importance because the perfusion pressure remained constant. @entity9994 had no effect on @entity3009 release and so the decrease in the perfusion pressure is probably the result of beta 2-receptor stimulation.

title: The effect of XXXX and betamimetic stimulation on @entity3009 release in perfused @entity1 fetal placenta.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin', 'Oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity9994 :: ('MESH:D012312', 'Chemical') :: ['ritodrine', 'Ritodrine']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity9077 :: ('MESH:D015121', 'Chemical') :: ['6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha']

answer: @entity398 :: (MESH:D010121,Chemical) :: ['oxytocin']


abstract: Although they have become a widely used experimental technique for identifying differentially expressed (DE) genes, DNA microarrays are notorious for generating noisy data. A common strategy for mitigating the effects of noise is to perform many experimental replicates. This approach is often costly and sometimes impossible given limited resources; thus, analytical methods are needed which increase accuracy at no additional cost. One inexpensive source of microarray replicates comes from prior work: to date, data from hundreds of thousands of microarray experiments are in the public domain. Although these data assay a wide range of conditions, they cannot be used directly to inform any particular experiment and are thus ignored by most DE gene methods. We present the SVD Augmented Gene expression Analysis Tool (SAGAT), a mathematically principled, data-driven approach for identifying DE genes. SAGAT increases the power of a microarray experiment by using observed coexpression relationships from publicly available microarray datasets to reduce uncertainty in individual genes' expression measurements. We tested the method on three well-replicated @entity1 microarray datasets and demonstrate that use of SAGAT increased effective sample sizes by as many as 2.72 arrays. We applied SAGAT to unpublished data from a microarray study investigating transcriptional responses to @entity2690 resistance, resulting in a 50% increase in the number of significant genes detected. We evaluated 11 (58%) of these genes experimentally using qPCR, confirming the directions of expression change for all 11 and statistical significance for three. Use of SAGAT revealed coherent biological changes in three pathways: @entity32 , differentiation, and @entity844 synthesis, furthering our molecular understanding of a type 2 @entity6 risk factor. We envision SAGAT as a means to maximize the potential for biological discovery from subtle transcriptional responses, and we provide it as a freely available software package that is immediately applicable to any @entity1 microarray study.

title: Using pre-existing microarray datasets to increase experimental power: application to XXXX resistance.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: @entity148 and @entity308 are widely distributed symptoms among @entity15 @entity1 and in the general population. We assessed the prevalence of @entity148 and @entity308 in the @entity15 population in Nord-Tr  ndelag County, Norway compared with Norway's general population. The Hospital @entity148 and @entity308 Scale questionnaire was completed by 172 @entity15 @entity1 and 56,000 controls. A cut-off of > or =8 was used to define significant symptoms of @entity148 and @entity308 . Fatigue was measured using Krupp's Fatigue Severity Scale, with a mean cut-off of >4. Among @entity1 , 31.1% of the @entity15 @entity1 reported @entity148 , while only 12.1% of the control population reported this symptom (p = 0.002). For @entity1 , the prevalence of @entity148 was 29.7% versus 17.4% (p < 0.001). @entity308 was reported by 26.2% of the @entity1 with @entity15 compared with 10.8% of the controls (p < 0.001). The corresponding figures for @entity1 were 25.2% versus 10.4% (p < 0.001). @entity148 and @entity308 were not correlated with duration of @entity717 measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Among @entity1 , @entity1295 was associated with @entity148 (p < or = 0.010) and @entity308 (p = 0.007). No such association was found among @entity1 . @entity148 and @entity308 occur more frequently in @entity15 @entity1 than in the general population. Fatigue was associated with these neuropsychiatric manifestations in only @entity1 .

title: XXXX and @entity308 in @entity15 . A comparative population-based study in Nord-Tr  ndelag County, Norway.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['disease or disability']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['Anxiety']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Using a model for the dynamics of the full somatic nervous system of the @entity2199 @entity2199 , we address how biological network architectures and their functionality are degraded in the presence of @entity4 ( @entity4 ) arising from @entity179 and/or traumatic @entity1545 . Using biophysically measured @entity4 distributions and swelling sizes, we are able to simulate the effects of injuries on the neural dynamics of @entity2199 , showing how damaging the network degrades its low-dimensional dynamical responses. We visualize these injured neural dynamics by mapping them onto the worm's low-dimensional postures, i.e. eigenworm modes. We show that a diversity of functional deficits arise from the same level of injury on a connectomic network. Functional deficits are quantified using a statistical shape analysis, a procrustes analysis, for deformations of the limit cycles that characterize key behaviors such as forward crawling. This procrustes metric carries information on the functional outcome of injuries in the model. Furthermore, we apply classification trees to relate injury structure to the behavioral outcome. This makes testable predictions for the structure of an injury given a defined functional deficit. More critically, this study demonstrates the potential role of computational simulation studies in understanding how neuronal networks process biological signals, and how this processing is impacted by @entity130 .

title: Functionality and Robustness of Injured Connectomic Dynamics in XXXX : Linking Behavioral Deficits to Neural Circuit Damage.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'C. elegans']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['FAS', 'focal axonal swellings']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['network injury']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['C. elegans']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The pathways underlying rectal @entity56 to @entity661 in @entity1 with @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ) are not known. The aim of this study was to characterize the involvement of sacral and thoracolumbar afferents in the perception of rectal distention. METHODS: @entity661 was performed in 15 normal control subjects, 6 @entity1 with @entity1566 , and 50 @entity1 with @entity1744 using a slow-volume ramp (40 mL/min) or rapid phasic step distension. Additional studies were performed in the presence of 2% intrarectal @entity3303 . RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity1566 with lesions below T7 reported sensations only during phasic distention. Sixty percent of @entity1 with @entity1744 (n = 50) were @entity56 for discomfort during phasic distention, whereas only 4% were @entity56 during ramp distention. Less than 15% of @entity1 were @entity56 for the sensation of stool. In normal @entity1 , @entity3303 increased thresholds in response to slow ramp distention by 40%-70% but had no effect on perception in response to other types of distention. @entity3303 had no effect on (1) thresholds in response to either ramp or phasic distention in normosensitive or @entity56 @entity1 with @entity1744 or (2) the rate of receptive relaxation or rectal compliance in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid phasic distention preferentially stimulates splanchnic afferents. @entity56 of these afferents in @entity1 with @entity1744 is unaffected by mucosally applied @entity3303 .

title: Evidence for the @entity56 of lumbar splanchnic afferents in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Lidocaine', 'lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitive', 'hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['balloon distention', 'Rectal balloon distention']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome', 'IBS']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Simultaneous @entity174 of the @entity8546 and fibula are the result of high-energy injuries. Open surgical treatment of both @entity174 can be performed with incisions based on the described blood supply of the lower extremity. METHODS: A retrospective review for all @entity1 with @entity174 of the @entity8546 and fibula was performed over an eight-year period. Thirty-eight @entity1 were identified. Eleven @entity1 (28.9%) were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through two separate incisions. Average follow-up was 48.8 weeks. RESULTS: Two @entity1 (18.1%) required a secondary procedure. Three @entity1 (27.2%) developed incisional @entity2688 that resolved with oral antibiotics and one @entity1 required local wound care. All @entity174 united. CONCLUSIONS: Ipsilateral @entity174 of the @entity8546 and fibula require open reduction and internal fixation when closed or percutaneous treatment is not appropriate. We describe an operative approach based on the angiosomes of the lower extremity that allows for treatment of these complex injuries and report the associated complications.

title: Open surgical management of high energy @entity174 of the fibula and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8546 :: ('MESH:C566069', 'Disease') :: ['calcaneus']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'ipsilateral fractures']

answer: @entity8546 :: (MESH:C566069,Disease) :: ['calcaneus']


abstract: LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After studying this article, the @entity1 should be able to: 1. Assess the @entity1 's history, clinical examination, and radiographic findings to diagnose and stage basilar joint @entity625 . 2. Recall the cause and epidemiology of the condition. 3. Formulate a management plan including nonoperative management, and evaluate the candidacy for surgical treatment. 4. Understand the rationale for the various surgical options available (including rehabilitation), their potential complications, and the evidence related to outcomes. SUMMARY: This article has been prepared to accompany practice-based assessment with ongoing surgical education for the Maintenance of Certification for the American Board of Plastic Surgery. It is designed for clinicians to analyze and structure their care of a @entity1 with @entity625 of the trapeziometacarpal joint.

title: Evidence-Based Medicine: Thumb Basal Joint XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participant', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['Arthritis']


abstract: To determine the minimal effective dose of @entity5894 to suppress frequent ventricular premature complexes (VPCs), 23 @entity1 with at least 30 VPCs/hour on 2 baseline 24-hour Holter recordings were studied. The initial dose of @entity5894 was 10 mg/day orally, and this dose was doubled at weekly intervals until @entity943 suppression was achieved, adverse effects appeared, or a maximal dose of 160 mg/day was reached. After each dose level a 24-hour ambulatory Holter monitor was recorded. A pharmacokinetic trial was conducted in @entity1 who responded to @entity5894 treatment. Frequent VPCs were suppressed at least 75% by @entity5894 in 11 of 23 @entity1 (48%) and the minimal effective dose was 10 mg/day in 3 @entity1 , 20 mg/day in 4, 40 mg/day in 3 and 80 mg/day in 1 @entity1 . At these doses, minimal steady-state levels of @entity5894 in serum (Cmin) ranged from 3.9 to 47.0 ng/ml, and these serum concentrations were proportional to the oral dose of @entity5894 (r = 0.753, p less than 0.001). No relation, however, was observed between Cmin levels and percent reduction of VPCs. Cmin and heart rate changes were comparable between responders and nonresponders, suggesting that the degree of beta blockade was similar between these 2 groups. Adverse reactions were noted in 6 @entity1 , and 2 had an asymptomatic increase in the frequency of VPCs and 1 @entity1 an increase in beats of @entity1165 . This study details the importance of selecting an individualized dose for @entity5894 for control of @entity943 ; in more than half of the @entity1 doses of 20 mg/day or less were effective.

title: Effectiveness of low-dose XXXX for @entity943 .

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

answer: @entity5894 :: (MESH:D009248,Chemical) :: ['nadolol']


abstract: In vitro synergism between interferons (IFNs) and chemotherapeutic drugs has been demonstrated, and an enhancement of IFN's antiproliferative effects when combined with @entity4444 has been suggested in @entity320 @entity1 . In this pilot study, 12 @entity1 with advanced @entity320 received HuIFN beta by 30 min i.v. infusion at 30 X 10(6) u/m2 day for 4 days, followed by i.v. @entity2699 ( @entity2699 ) 1.0 g/m2 on day 5, repeated every 4 weeks. Oral @entity4444 , 300 mg q.i.d., was given continuously. All the @entity1 had visceral (bulky) metastases. No objective responses were observed; however, two @entity1 had stable diseases for 16 and 20 weeks, respectively. Mild chills and fever with IFN, and mild to moderate emesis with @entity2699 , were noted. No additive @entity99 was observed. Combination of HuIFN beta, @entity2699 , and @entity4444 is relatively nontoxic, but does not appear to have a significant antitumor activity in @entity1 with advanced @entity320 .

title: Combination of fibroblast interferon (HuIFN beta), carboxamide ( @entity2699 ), and XXXX for advanced @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2699 :: ('MESH:D003606', 'Chemical') :: ['decarbazine', 'DTIC']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['haemopoietic or hepatic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity4444 :: (MESH:D002927,Chemical) :: ['cimetidine']


abstract: When used with an infrared laser, scanning laser technology allows imaging of subretinal structures. In the indirect mode (scattered light), @entity4 , and other changes in the retinal pigment epithelial complex can easily be visualized as pseudoprominent structures. This study was undertaken to determine the role of infrared imaging in @entity989 . A total of 22 @entity1 affected by @entity697 were recruited for the study. All @entity1 underwent @entity941 angiography (488 nm) and infrared imaging (788 nm) using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO 101; Rodenstock). The confocal mode was used for the @entity941 angiography, but the indirect mode was applied for infrared imaging. In all @entity1 , @entity1713 could be visualized by infrared imaging as pseudoprominent, oval-shaped structures. The size was at least one disk diameter and correspondend very well to the clinical appearance. In all @entity1 , late-phase (20 min) @entity941 studies revealed the typical focal leakage with progressive hyperfluorescence. In six @entity1 (27%) the extent of the @entity1713 could be seen in a slightly hyperfluorescent rim. Digital image analysis showed that the extent of the @entity1713 in the @entity941 angiogram was similar to the size of the thickened structures in the infrared image (r2 = 0.94). This initial study suggests that noninvasive infrared imaging can be a very useful indicator of @entity1713 . Further studies regarding the influence of medical or laser treatment must be carried out to prove the clinical relevance.

title: Digital imaging of XXXX using infrared illumination.

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute central serous retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['serous detachment']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['drusen, subretinal edema']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['central serous retinopathy']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['central serous retinopathy']


abstract: We report here the neurotransmitter characteristics of neurons cultured from the same ganglia of fetal and embryonic @entity840 . Both the celiac ganglion and the superior mesenteric ganglion were examined. In a previous paper we described the neurotransmitter properties of adult @entity840 prevertebral sympathetic neurons grown in dissociated cell culture, including the expression by these cells of immunoreactivity for @entity669 hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y and @entity1943 . @entity669 hydroxylase immunoreactivity was ubiquitously expressed in all fetal embryonic cultures, as was the case for adult neurons. Fetal-derived celiac and superior mesenteric gangli neurons displayed neuropeptide Y and @entity1943 immunoreactivity in the same percentage of neurons as in adult cultures but at markedly lower levels. Embryonic neurons also expressed @entity1943 immunoreactivity in roughly the same proportion of neurons as in adult and fetal cultures; however, the expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in both celiac and superior mesenteric gangli cultures was significantly different. Specifically, neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in embryonic celiac cultures was greatly reduced in both the number of positive-labeled neurons and the amount of immunoreactive product, while neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in embryonic superior mesenteric gangli cultures was markedly increased compared to their adult and fetal counterparts. The expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in celiac neurons was found to be specifically elevated by culturing the neurons in medium conditioned by disassociated vascular cells, this treatment having no effect on @entity669 hydroxylase or @entity1943 immunoreactivity. Heart cell-conditioned medium did not effect neuropeptide Y or @entity1943 immunoreactivity, although it did result in a significant reduction of @entity669 hydroxylase immunoreactivity and an increase in @entity750 immunoreactivity. We conclude that the expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity develops independently in cultures of adult and near-term fetuses but that embryonic neurons require interactions with target cells to express this phenotype. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity can be induced in embryonic sympathetic neurons by a target-derived factor(s).

title: Neurotransmitter properties of XXXX sympathetic neurons grown in dissociated cell culture--II. Fetal and embryonic neurons: regulation of neuropeptide Y expression.

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['guinea-pig', 'guinea-pigs']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyrosine', 'tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: The number of preganglionic inputs that innervate @entity95 ciliary @entity4494 cells is directly correlated with the number of dendrites arising from each @entity4494 cell (Purves and Hume, 1981). In general, the innervation of multiply innervated ciliary neurons by individual preganglionic axons is regionally restricted to a portion of the postsynaptic surface that usually includes the cell body and some, but not all, of the dendrites (Forehand and Purves, 1984). These observations suggest that dendrites modulate convergence to each cell by providing relatively separate postsynaptic domains for individual inputs. To examine this possibility further, I have assessed the distribution of synaptic boutons from individually labeled preganglionic axons on ciliary @entity4494 cells at the ultrastructural level. The results show that at least a third of the dendrites of these neurons are contacted exclusively by synaptic boutons from a single preganglionic axon. However, at least half of the dendrites (and nearly all of the cell bodies) of multiply innervated @entity4494 cells are innervated by at least 2 different preganglionic axons. Moreover, synapses from 2 different inputs often coexist in close proximity on the postsynaptic surface. Thus, individual preganglionic axons do not require exclusive dominion over a particular part of a postsynaptic cell in order to maintain their connection with the cell. These results suggest that competitive interactions between the inputs to these cells occur between the sets of boutons arising from different inputs, rather than at the level of individual boutons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Ultrastructural analysis of the distribution of synaptic boutons from labeled preganglionic axons on XXXX ciliary neurons.

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: SETTING: @entity6550 are commonly observed @entity854 in @entity1906 ( @entity1906 ). OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the predictors and prognostic significance of @entity6551 in @entity1 with @entity1906 . DESIGN: In a retrospective follow-up study, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was performed at study inclusion and after 9 months of follow-up. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to identify predictive factors for @entity6551 . Prognosis ( @entity204 and severe disability) was assessed using the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: At inclusion, 43 of 110 @entity1 had @entity1779 . Seven @entity1 developed paradoxical @entity6551 . Predictors of @entity6551 were raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein (>3 g/l) and meningeal enhancement. Multivariate analysis did not show any significant predictors. During follow-up, the only significant predictor of paradoxical development of @entity6551 was raised CSF protein (>3 g/l). After 9 months of follow-up, 32 @entity1 had died or had severe disability. Survival analysis revealed that @entity1 with @entity6551 and those without @entity6551 had a similar prognosis. CONCLUSION: @entity6551 occurred in approximately 39% of the @entity1 with @entity1906 . Significant predictors were meningeal enhancement and raised CSF protein. @entity1906 @entity1 with or without @entity6551 had a similar prognosis.

title: @entity6550 in @entity1 with XXXX : predictors and prognostic significance.

entities_list: @entity6551 :: ('MESH:D014375', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculomas', 'Tuberculomas', 'tuberculoma']

entities_list: @entity1906 :: ('MESH:D014390', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous meningitis', 'TBM']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['neuroimaging abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity6550 :: ('MESH:D016862', 'Disease') :: ['Intracranial tuberculomas']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral tuberculomas']

answer: @entity1906 :: (MESH:D014390,Disease) :: ['tuberculous meningitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Combined treatment approaches targeting @entity5 cells as well as stromal cells may control @entity5 . In the current study, the authors sought to test one such combined approach in the treatment of @entity320 and soft tissue @entity242 . METHODS: A Phase II trial was initiated to analyze the activity of a continuously administered molecularly targeted treatment regimen (daily @entity12098 [45 mg administered orally] and @entity13586 [25 mg administered orally]) combined with sequentially added angiostatic chemotherapy for @entity1 with previously treated @entity320 (n = 19) or soft tissue @entity242 (n = 21). Angiostatic chemotherapy consisted of @entity23301 (50 mg) administered orally 3 times daily beginning on the 15th day after the start of molecularly targeted therapy. RESULTS: Forty @entity1 were evaluable for response and @entity137 . Major side effects (World Health Organization Grade 3 or 4) were not observed. Objective responses and disease stabilization lasting longer than 6 months were noted in 11% and 11%, respectively, of all @entity1 with @entity320 and in 19% and 14%, respectively, of all @entity1 with soft tissue @entity242 . Complete remission was noted in one @entity1 with @entity320 and in three @entity1 with @entity242 . Both normal @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) levels and @entity1851 levels that decreased by > 30% during the 14-day biomodulator pretreatment period were found to be predictive of prolonged progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the current study is the first to demonstrate that a novel, completely orally administered combined biomodulator/metronomic chemotherapy regimen may be active and well tolerated in @entity1 with @entity5 .

title: @entity12098 and @entity13586 combined with angiostatically scheduled @entity23301 in the treatment of far-advanced XXXX and soft tissue @entity242 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity13586 :: ('MESH:C116926', 'Chemical') :: ['rofecoxib']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'chemorefractory malignancies']

entities_list: @entity12098 :: ('MESH:C060836', 'Chemical') :: ['pioglitazone']

entities_list: @entity23301 :: ('MESH:C003726', 'Chemical') :: ['trofosfamide']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'chemorefractory melanoma', 'metastatic melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: To determine the characteristics of @entity1 re-admitted after unstable @entity951 (UA) pectoris, 120 consecutive @entity1 hospitalized due to primary UA pectoris were prospectively studied 22 +/- 3 months after discharge. The @entity1 were grouped based on the readmission rate. Those in group A (50) had recurrent admissions (mean 2.6, range 2 to 5). Seventy @entity1 (group B) did not have readmissions during the follow-up period. All @entity1 underwent coronary angiogram and symptoms-limited exercise stress test before discharge. The univariate characteristics for readmission were: age over 70 years (p = 0.02), nondiagnostic exercise stress testing (p = 0.03), angiographically diffuse @entity453 (p = 0.004), and non-interventional management (P < 0.001). @entity1 readmitted had increased incidence of @entity583 (p = 0.004) but similar survival at 2 years. By regression analysis, important variables for readmission were non-interventional management (Chi-Square = 7.6, p = 0.01), non diagnostic treadmill test (Chi-Square = 6.9, p = 0.03) and diffuse @entity453 (Chi-Square = 6.2, p = 0.04). It is concluded that in the interventional era the most important factor for readmission after primary UA pectoris is non-interventional management. Coronary revascularization should not be denied solely on the basis of age.

title: Readmission in unstable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['angina']


abstract: The objective of this double-blind study was: 1) to evaluate and compare the effects of treatment with two @entity19346 -- @entity4768 and @entity9805 --on basal and circadian blood pressure and on 24-h platelet activity; and 2) to investigate the influence of low-dose @entity117 on the antihypertensive, antiplatelet (antiaggregatory) efficacy of @entity19346 . After a 4-week placebo period, 39 @entity1 with mild-to-moderate essential @entity101 were treated for 8 weeks, according to a double-blind design, with either @entity4768 at 2.5 mg/day (n = 20) or @entity9805 at 10 mg/day (n = 19). After this treatment period, @entity117 at 100 mg/day was added to both treatments for a further 8 weeks. At week 0 (after placebo), week 8 (after @entity19346 ), and week 16 (after @entity19346 + @entity117 ), blood pressure, plasma levels of @entity4938 ( @entity4938 ) and @entity1423 induced by @entity750 ( @entity750 ) were measured six times a day (at 5:30 AM, 9:00 AM, noon, 3:30 PM, 7:00 PM, and 11:30 PM). Both @entity4768 and @entity9805 significantly lowered basal and circadian blood pressure with no differences in antihypertensive efficacy between them. Low doses of @entity117 did not interfere with the antihypertensive efficacy of either agent. All @entity1 exhibited @entity1423 after the placebo period in the form of increased @entity4938 levels with circadian changes. The steepest increase in @entity4938 was observed during the morning hours until midday. Treatment with the @entity19346 inhibited platelet aggregability, shifting the @entity4938 curve toward lower values. Addition of @entity117 to @entity9805 produced a significant decrease and flattening of the @entity4938 curve, whereas the combination of @entity117 and @entity4768 was accompanied by a partial increase in plasma @entity4938 levels. In conclusion, treatment with @entity19346 alone or in combination with low-dose @entity117 can prevent circadian increases in platelet activity in @entity1 with essential @entity101 .

title: Effects of XXXX and their combination with @entity117 on blood pressure and circadian platelet activity in @entity1 with essential @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity19346 :: ('MESH:D004095', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropyridines']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['increased platelet activity', 'platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity9805 :: ('MESH:D009568', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrendipine']

entities_list: @entity4768 :: ('MESH:D017275', 'Chemical') :: ['isradipine']

entities_list: @entity4938 :: ('5473', 'Gene') :: ['beta-TG', 'beta-thromboglobulin']

answer: @entity19346 :: (MESH:D004095,Chemical) :: ['dihydropyridines']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: In order to identify @entity5253 @entity1 being at risk of carrying potentially drug-resistant Candida, the aim of the study was to detect local, systemic, demographic, and health-related factors influencing (I) @entity375 spectrum composition and (II) antifungal administration frequency. Additionally, the aim was to investigate (III) species shift occurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 798 @entity1 (496 females, 302 males; mean age 59.7) with @entity5253 diagnosed based on positive clinical and microbial findings (species identification and CFU count) between 2006 and 2011 were retrospectively analyzed using Pearson's chi(2) test and regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 958 isolates, @entity5132 was the most frequently detected (76.8  %). Also, species intrinsically resistant to @entity8201 were frequently isolated (15.8 and 17.7  % of isolates and @entity1 ). (I) Infections only caused by @entity5132 were significantly associated with the use of inhalation @entity230 (p  =  0.001) and antibiotics (p  =  0.04), @entity281 of lichen planus (p  =  0.002), and the absence of removable dentures (p  <  0.001). (II) Anti-mycotics were significantly more frequently administered in @entity1 using inhalation @entity230 (p  =  0.001), suffering from @entity565 /COPD, or smoking heavily (p  =  0.003) and if @entity5132 and non-albicans species were detected together (p  =  0.001). (III) Pathogen composition did not change over time within the examined period (p  =  0.239). CONCLUSIONS: Different variables enhance the presence of certain Candida and the antifungal prescription frequency. No species shift was evident. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The major pathogen in @entity5253 remains @entity5132 . Nevertheless, therapeutic problems may be caused by the frequent presence of species intrinsically resistant to @entity8201 , especially in @entity1 wearing dentures.

title: Local, systemic, demographic, and health-related factors influencing pathogenic @entity375 spectrum and antifungal drug administration frequency in XXXX : a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity5253 :: ('MESH:D002180', 'Disease') :: ['oral candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['super-infection']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity5253 :: (MESH:D002180,Disease) :: ['oral candidiasis']


abstract: This study addresses the issue of endpoint selection in the evaluation of neuroprotective drugs in experimental focal ischaemia. Previous work with the permanent @entity2500 model in the @entity35 has demonstrated that the @entity75 does not acquire its final appearance until at least 28 days after the ictus. Therefore, the effect of the @entity143 receptor blocker @entity3390 ( @entity3390 ) was evaluated both early (3 days) and late (28 days) after @entity2500 to determine if the previously reported protective effect of a single post-ischaemic dose of @entity3390 found in acute experiments remained after 28 days. @entity3390 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or isotonic saline was randomly given to @entity35 30 min after @entity2500 . @entity1188 volume and volume of ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres were estimated from camera lucida drawings of 8 defined coronal histological sections of the brain. As expected, a 40% (p < 0.05) reduction of @entity1188 size was found in @entity3390 treated @entity35 after 3 days. In animals evaluated 28 days after @entity2500 , no significant difference in @entity1188 size, total tissue loss ( @entity1188 volume+ipsilateral hemisphere @entity194 ) or remaining non-infarcted tissue (contralateral hemisphere--total tissue loss) was seen between the @entity3390 and placebo treated @entity35 . The results suggest that the single dose treatment with @entity3390 postponed the evolution of the @entity1188 , which at 3 days after @entity2500 is still in progress, possibly by ameliorating @entity4 formation. It remains to be shown if a multiple dose treatment with @entity143 receptor antagonists improves the final neuropathological outcome after experimental @entity64 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Neuropathological endpoints in experimental XXXX pharmacotherapy: the importance of both early and late evaluation.

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['MCA occlusion', 'middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic lesion']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity3390 :: ('MESH:D016291', 'Chemical') :: ['Mk-801', 'MK-801', 'dizocilpine maleate']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: SUMMARY: It is difficult to predict the compaction of Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC) after endovascular surgery for @entity439 . Therefore, we studied the relationship between the coil packing ratio and compaction in 62 @entity1 with acute @entity1756 that were small (< 10 mm) had a small neck (< 4 mm) and were coil-embolized with GDC-10. We recorded the maximum prospective coil length, L, as the length that correspond with the volume of packed coils occupying 30% of the aneurysmal volume. L was calculated as L (cm) = 0.3 x a x b x c and the coil packing ratio expressed as packed coil length/L x 100, where a, b, and c are the aneurysmal height, length, and width in mm, respectively. Angiographic followup studies were performed at three months and one and two years after endovascular surgery. Of the 62 @entity1 , 16 (25.8%) manifested angiographic coil compaction (ten minor and six major compactions); the mean coil packing ratio was 51.9 +/- 13.4%. The mean coil packing ratio in the other 46 @entity1 was 80.5 +/- 20.2% and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). In all six @entity1 with major compaction the mean packing ratio was below 50%. We detected 93.8% of the compactions within 24 months of coil placement. In @entity1 with small, necked @entity439 , the optimal coil packing ratio could be identified with the formula 0.3 x a x b x c. The probability of compaction was significantly higher when the coil packing ratio was under 50%. To detect coil compaction post-embolization, follow-up angiograms must be examined regularly for at least 24 months.

title: Evaluation of the Stability of Small XXXX with a Small Neck after Embolization with Guglielmi Detachable Coils. Correlation between Coil Packing Ratio and Coil Compaction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity1756 :: (MESH:D017542,Disease) :: ['Ruptured Aneurysms']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The value of pleural lavage cytology (PLC) in assessing the prognosis of early stage @entity2 is still controversial. No systematic review has investigated the relationship between PLC and @entity2 recurrence. Our primary goal was to investigate the association between positive pre-resection PLC and @entity5 recurrence in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection. METHODS: Medline, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases were searched up to 2011. All studies reporting relevant outcomes in both @entity1 groups were included. Data were extracted for the following outcomes of interest: overall, local and distant recurrence; and freedom from death (survival-overall and @entity1 with stage I disease only). Random effects meta-analysis was used to aggregate the data. Sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis were performed. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of eight studies at maximum follow-up demonstrated a significant association between positive pre-resection PLC and increased risk of post-resection overall recurrence (OR 4.82, 95% CI 2.45 to 9.51), @entity456 (OR 9.89, 95% CI 5.95 to 16.44) and distant @entity5 recurrence (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.57 to 6.46). Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 17 studies suggested that positive pre-resection PLC was also associated with unfavourable survival (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.52). These findings were supported by sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION: Positive pre-resection PLC is associated with higher overall, distant and local @entity5 recurrence and unfavourable @entity1 survival outcomes. This technique may therefore act as a predictor of @entity5 recurrence and adverse survival. Furthermore, its role in including adjuvant chemotherapy to the management protocol should be investigated within randomised controlled trials.

title: Positive pre-resection pleural lavage cytology is associated with increased risk of XXXX recurrence in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection: a meta-analysis of 4450 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pleural, distant and overall tumour', 'cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural recurrence']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: A highly differentiated @entity35 @entity413 -responsive insulin producing cell line INS-1 expresses high levels of @entity2620 ). Basal levels of @entity2620 gene mRNA were expressed in cells cultured at 1-6 mmol/l @entity413 . At @entity413 concentrations of 10-20 mmol/l, @entity2620 mRNA was increased more than threefold after 44 h of incubation. Levels of @entity2620 mRNA in INS-1 cells incubated at 5.6 and 20 mmol/l @entity413 in the presence of 4 micrograms/ml @entity4316 are comparable and are not reduced during 20 h of treatment, indicating the high stability of @entity2620 mRNA in this cell line. From the three @entity35 @entity2620 promoters, promoter 3 is by far the most active in INS-1 cells. The @entity2620 promoter 3 activity and @entity2620 mRNA production at high @entity413 concentrations increased threefold over their respective levels at low @entity413 concentration, suggesting that the @entity413 -induced @entity2620 gene expression in this beta-cell line might be transcriptionally controlled. The up-regulation of @entity2620 mRNA by @entity413 was not due to the increased intracellular @entity1919 levels or protein kinase C activation. A protein kinase C activator had no effect on @entity2620 gene expression, and an adenylate cyclase activator ( @entity1928 ), suppressed the stimulatory effects of @entity413 on the @entity2620 mRNA. Under all the experimental conditions examined, the @entity2620 and insulin genes were differentially regulated in INS-1 cells. The @entity2620 gene expression and DNA synthesis, however, were regulated in parallel, suggesting that these two cellular activities are closely associated.

title: Insulin-like growth factor-II gene expression in a @entity35 insulin-producing beta-cell line (INS-1) is regulated by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2620 :: ('24483(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-II', 'insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe diagnosis and management of @entity5849 using bedside transvaginal ultrasound (US) in an established emergency US program. METHODS: This was a retrospective study on @entity1 presenting over a 2-year period performed at a level I urban academic @entity341 ( @entity341 ). The @entity341 sees 78,000 @entity1 annually and has a residency and active US program. @entity1 were eligible for inclusion if they were pregnant, seen in the @entity341 for a first-trimester complication, and underwent a bedside emergency US suggesting an @entity5849 . Emergency department US logs were reviewed for findings suggestive of @entity5849 . Medical records were reviewed for history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, additional diagnostic testing, management, hospital course, and a discharge diagnosis by the admitting @entity2143 ( @entity2143 ). @entity1 with incomplete data were excluded from analysis. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Seventy-four @entity1 ranging in age from 16 to 39 years (mean, 25 years) were included in the study. Eight @entity1 with incomplete data were excluded from analysis. Emergency-physician US diagnoses included @entity5849 (6/74), probable @entity5849 (28/74), and possible @entity5849 (40/74). Forty-seven (64%) of these @entity1 were eventually diagnosed with @entity5849 by the @entity2143 . During initial consultation, the @entity2143 disagreed with the diagnosis of @entity5849 in 15 (32%) of the 47 eventual @entity1 with @entity5849 , calling them miscarriages. Other eventual diagnoses included 9 (12%) @entity1 with possible @entity5849 , 11 (14%) @entity1 with @entity2208 , and 7 (9%) with intrauterine pregnancy. Emergency sonologists found tubal rings in 9 (19%) @entity1 with eventual @entity5849 , complex adnexal mass in 29 (61%) @entity1 , and a large amount of echogenic fluid in the cul-de-sac in 10 (21%) @entity1 . Six (13%) @entity1 had live @entity5849 . The @entity2143 ordered a radiology US in 10 cases but did not change the diagnosis or management. Beta- @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels ranged from 41 to 59846 mIU/mL (mean, 4602 mIU/mL), but for live @entity5849 , the range was 2118 to 59,846 mIU/mL (mean, 36,341 mIU/mL). Seventeen (36%) @entity1 had beta-hCG levels of lower than 1000 mIU/mL. Of 47 eventual ectopic pregnancies, 29 (62%) @entity1 underwent operative intervention, 17 (36%) @entity1 received @entity1499 , and 1 @entity1 left against medical advice. Five (11%) of these @entity1 with @entity5849 were initially managed by emergency physicians with follow-up @entity341 visits and serial US examinations without @entity2143 consultation. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that with increased experience, emergency sonologists can accurately diagnose @entity5849 . Furthermore, @entity1 at risk for @entity5849 should not be denied US examinations if their beta-hCG levels fall below an arbitrary discriminatory zone.

title: Diagnosis and management of @entity5849 using bedside transvaginal ultrasonography in the XXXX : a 2-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriage']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity2143 :: ('MESH:D048949', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric service', 'OB']

entities_list: @entity5849 :: ('MESH:D011271', 'Disease') :: ['definite ectopic pregnancy', 'ectopic pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['ED']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity63 -reperfusion injury is among the most serious problems in cardiac surgery. @entity3089 , a major polyphenolic component of green tea, is thought to be cardioprotective through its antioxidant activities. We investigated cardioprotective effects of oral @entity3089 pretreatment against @entity63 -reperfusion injury in isolated @entity35 hearts and considered possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS: @entity35 were given @entity3089 solution orally at 0.1, 1, or 10 mmol/L (n=12 per group) for 2 weeks; controls (n=12) received tap water alone for 2 weeks. Subsequently, Langendorff-perfused hearts were subjected to global @entity63 for 30 minutes, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. RESULTS: Recoveries at 60 minutes after reperfusion of left ventricular developed pressure and maximum positive and minimum negative first derivatives of left ventricular pressure were significantly higher in 1-mmol/L group than in 0.1-mmol/L (P<.0001), 10-mmol/L (P<.05), and control (P<.0001) groups. @entity66 after reperfusion, as reflected by @entity7599 index, was lower in 1-mmol/L group than in control (P<.01) and 0.1-mmol/L (P<.05) groups. Western blot analysis after reperfusion showed @entity12220 activation and active @entity4124 expression to be lower in 1-mmol/L group than in control group (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Oral pretreatment with @entity3089 preserved cardiac function after @entity63 -reperfusion, an effect that may involve its antioxidative, antiapoptotic properties, although a high dose did not lead to dramatic improvement in cardiac function. Oral @entity3089 pretreatment may be a novel and simple cardioprotective method for preventing perioperative @entity299 in cardiac surgery.

title: Oral pretreatment with a green tea polyphenol for cardioprotection against XXXX -reperfusion injury in an isolated @entity35 heart model.

entities_list: @entity7599 :: ('MESH:C040791', 'Chemical') :: ["8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine"]

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Oxidative stress']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['epigallocatechin-3-gallate', 'Epigallocatechin-3-gallate']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac dysfunction']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: @entity2914 ( @entity2914 ) in many @entity1 is diagnosed in utero. In these @entity1 , the delivery can be planned as an elective cesarean, induced vaginal, or spontaneous vaginal delivery. The optimal method has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of @entity1 with @entity2914 delivered by different methods. METHODS: The @entity2914 Study Group was formed in 1995 to compile data on liveborn babies with @entity2914 . Beginning in 2001, data concerning delivery were collected. By October 2005, delivery data were available on 1039 term and near-term @entity1 without @entity299 . Five hundred forty-eight had a prenatal diagnosis and complete data on delivery (194 delivered by elective cesarean delivery, 121 by induced vaginal delivery, and 233 by spontaneous vaginal delivery). @entity1 delivered by a nonelective cesarean delivery were assigned to the delivery group for which they were originally planned. RESULTS: The overall survival among the 548 @entity1 was 69%. It was highest in @entity1 delivered by cesarean delivery (71%) followed by those delivered through induced vaginal delivery (70%) and spontaneous vaginal delivery (67%). The difference was not statistically significant. Fifty-three percent of all @entity1 survived without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). This was significantly higher after cesarean delivery (60%) than after induced vaginal delivery (49%) or spontaneous vaginal delivery (49%) (P < .05). At 30 days of age, 45% of the @entity1 delivered by cesarean delivery had survived and were on room air. This was slightly lower after induced vaginal delivery (37%) or after spontaneous vaginal delivery (37%), although not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Cesarean delivery was associated with a slightly better outcome in terms of a significantly higher survival without the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, although there was no significant difference in total survival. Because this study was not randomized, it is not possible to determine if the elective cesarean delivery was the cause for the better outcome or if centers favoring elective cesarean delivery by protocol are more skillful in the management of @entity1 with @entity2914 . Mode of delivery for term and near-term @entity1 with @entity2914 deserves further prospective study.

title: Prenatal diagnosis of XXXX : how should the babies be delivered?

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital diaphragmatic hernia', 'Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia', 'CDH']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac malformations']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['congenital diaphragmatic hernia']


abstract: A 61-year-old @entity1 with lesions of the bilateral @entity3057 ( @entity3057 ) and left paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) caused by an @entity1188 in the pontine tegmentum was reported. On admission, the ocular position of the left eye on forward gaze was fixed at the midline, while the right eye was abducted, and skew deviation was observed. On leftward gaze, neither eye could pass the midline, and on rightward gaze the right eye was abducted with monocular nystagmus, indicating paralytic pontine @entity5770 . On the fifth day, the bilateral eyes were abducted on forward gaze. On leftward gaze, the left eye was abducted slightly with monocular nystagmus. On rightward gaze, the right eye was abducted with monocular nystagmus. This issue was considered to be @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ). On the 37th day, @entity12790 was noted. About 2.5 months later, the disturbances of @entity1319 disappeared. T2-weighted MRI showed high signal intensity lesions in the bilateral paramedian portion of the midpontine tegmentum. It suggests that @entity1319 is caused by a lesion in the pons, and that paralytic pontine @entity5770 , one and a @entity751 and @entity1319 are considered to be analogous to one another. The associated abnormality of vergence eye movements suggests that these are also generated by the PPRF in the pons.

title: [A case of @entity1188 in the pontine tegmentum involving the bilateral XXXX and unilateral paramedian pontine reticular formation].

entities_list: @entity5770 :: ('MESH:D005099', 'Disease') :: ['exotropia']

entities_list: @entity12790 :: ('MESH:C536134', 'Disease') :: ['right MLF syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['half syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['walleyed bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia', 'WEBINO', 'ocular movement']

entities_list: @entity3057 :: ('MESH:D017887', 'Disease') :: ['medial longitudinal fasciculus', 'MLF']

answer: @entity3057 :: (MESH:D017887,Disease) :: ['MLF']


abstract: A systematic investigation was undertaken to study the effects of varying concentrations of additives in the @entity1626 /water high performance liquid chromatography mobile phase, especially @entity5189 and @entity5189 , on the negative ion electrospray response of a @entity4880 compound. The study showed that the response progressively decreased with increase in the @entity5189 concentration. While such a decrease in the response could be qualitatively explained by the decrease in the concentration of the ionized form of the @entity4880 compound due to the lower pH of the mobile phase, the change in response was not as large as expected from the change of the concentration of the ionized form. The response also progressively decreased with increase in the @entity5189 concentration but the decrease cannot be explained by the change in the pH of the mobile phase. Although the best negative ion electrospray response was obtained with a water/ @entity1626 mobile phase that contained no additives at all, the retention time of the analyte was not found to be adequately reproducible on repeated injections. Thus, this mobile phase was deemed unacceptable for practical, routine use. Comparing @entity5189 against @entity5189 , the former was preferable since it caused a smaller attenuation of the negative ion response. Equally important was the fact that addition of @entity5189 had the desirable effect of maintaining a reasonably high capacity factor (k') for the analyte even at a relatively high @entity1626 concentration. A concentration of 1 mM @entity5189 in the mobile phase was large enough to achieve the reproducible elongated retention time for the analyte, with a loss in the analyte response of about 60% only. It should be noted that the sensitivity achieved with the 1 mM @entity5189 mobile phase, in which the @entity4880 is expected to be about 10% in the ionized form, is about 9 times better than the sensitivity achieved in the 1 mM @entity5189 mobile phase, in which the @entity4880 is expected to be about 99% in the ionized form.

title: High performance liquid chromatography mobile phase composition optimization for the quantitative determination of a XXXX compound in human plasma by negative ion electrospray high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

entities_list: @entity4880 :: ('CHEBI:33575', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxylic acid']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity5189 :: ('MESH:C030544', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium formate', 'formic acid']

answer: @entity4880 :: (CHEBI:33575,Chemical) :: ['carboxylic acid']