abstract: PURPOSE: In spite of improved surgical techniques and the use of multiple modality treatment schemes the local recurrence rate of @entity14 could not be successfully reduced up to now. Besides surgical treatment of local recurrences in some cases radiation therapy may be indicated. @entity1 AND METHOD: In the Department of Radiotherapy of the University of M  nster 37 @entity1 with recurrent @entity189 were treated between the end of 1985 and September 1992 either with fast neutrons alone or with a combined photon-neutron therapy. Eighteen @entity1 received radiotherapy with fast neutrons (14 MeV d,T) alone; the @entity5 dose was between 10 and 15 Gy neutrons. Nineteen @entity1 were irradiated with a mixed-beam schedule consisting of 30 to 45 Gy photons (X 10 MV) and neutron doses ranging from 5 to 10 Gy. RESULTS: In 30 @entity1 a good or complete @entity158 relief could be observed immediately after the last irradiation. Sixteen out of 37 @entity1 had local @entity5 regrowth during the follow-up period. The median survival for all 37 @entity1 was 15.9 months. The probability for survival was 86% after 6 months and 61% after 12 months (Kaplan-Meier). The side effects were slight to moderate (EORTC/RTOG I-II). CONCLUSIONS: This therapy showed good results concerning a fast and effective @entity158 relief. Additionally the results seem to show a good effect concerning local control and overall survival in this negatively selected @entity1 .

title: [Results of the treatment with fast neutrons (d.T 13 MeV) in recurrent XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinomas']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['rectal carcinoma']


abstract: AIM: To study the prevalence of @entity308 in primary care, the detection of @entity308 by primary care physicians, and the factors that influence detection. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SETTING: Gav   II Primary Care Center, in Barcelona, Spain. @entity1 : A total of 400 @entity1 between the ages of 18 and 65 years were chosen randomly from among those who attended appointments with their primary care physician. MAIN MEASURES: A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) screening test were administered, and the @entity1 s medical record was reviewed. In a subsample of 40 @entity1 , the Mini-International @entity146 Interview (MINI) was also administered. The optimum cutoff score for the BDI was estimated with reference to the MINI results. RESULTS: A cutoff score of 20/21 for the BDI had a sensitivity of 86.7% and a specificity of 92%, when the MINI score was used as a reference. The adjusted prevalence of @entity308 in our primary care setting was 20.2% overall, 8.1% in @entity1 , and 26.8% in @entity1 (odds ratio 4.15, p < 0.01). The physician detected depressive symptoms in 55.7% of all likely cases of @entity308 . @entity1 who scored >= 21 on the BDI made more visits to their primary care physician, and had more stressful life events, than those who scored 20. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity308 in our primary care setting is high. The disorder was underdiagnosed in as many as 44.3% of the @entity1 likely to have @entity308 (especially @entity1 , widows and widowers, retired @entity1 , @entity1 who had experienced stressful life events, and frequent users of primary care services).

title: [Prevalence and detection of XXXX in primary care].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Persons', 'women', 'participant', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorders', 'depressive disorder', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Neuropsychiatric']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depressive disorders']


abstract: Chemical inactivation of microorganisms is a common process widely employed in many fields such as in treatment of water, preservation in food industry and antimicrobial treatments in healthcare. For economy of applications and efficiency of treatment establishment the minimum dosage of breakpoint in the chemical application becomes essential. Even though experimental investigations have been extensive, theoretical understanding of such processes are demanding. Commonly employed theoretical analyses for the inactivation of microorganisms and depletion of chemicals include kinetics expressing the rates of depletion of chemical and microorganisms. The terms chemical demand (x) and specific disinfectant demand (alpha) are often used in theoretical modeling of inactivation. The value of specific disinfectant demand (alpha) has always been assumed to be a constant in these models. Intracellular concentration built up within the cells of the microorganisms during inactivation could lead to possible weakening effects of microorganisms thereby requiring lower doses as disinfection proceeds makes the assumption of constant alpha inaccurate. Model equations are formulated based on these observations co-relating the parameters alpha and x with a progressive inactivation (N/N(0)). The chemical concentration (C) is also presented in terms of the inactivation time (t) and the survival ratio (N/N(0)) for given @entity8487 and temperature conditions. The model is examined using experimentally verified Ct data of @entity45 / @entity3878 system. The respective values of x for different survival ratios were evaluated from the data using MatLab software. Proposed model correlating for the disinfectant demand (x) with the survival ratio (N/N(0)) fits satisfactorily with those evaluated from data. The rate constants for different @entity8487 and temperature conditions are evaluated which showed compatibility with the Arrhenius model. The dependence of frequency factors with @entity8487 indicated compatibility with accepted models. The Ct values regenerated with the kinetic data shows a very accurate fit with published data.

title: Theoretical considerations and modeling of chemical inactivation of microorganisms: inactivation of XXXX by free @entity3878 .

entities_list: @entity3878 :: ('MESH:D002713', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorine']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['Giardia Cysts']

answer: @entity45 :: (MESH:D010181,Disease) :: ['Giardia Cysts']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: @entity1 with asymptomatic or poorly managed @entity1593 can experience @entity604 , placing them at risk for @entity173 . We analyzed the cost-effectiveness of @entity20926 ( @entity20926 ) vs @entity304 ( @entity304 ) strategies for @entity1593 because of the risk of nontraumatic @entity173 if untreated or undiagnosed. METHODS: We developed a lifetime Markov model of the screening strategies, each with male or female cohorts of 1000 @entity1 who were 12 years old when screening began. We screened serum samples for levels of immunoglobulin A, compared with tissue transglutaminase and total immunoglobulin A, and findings were confirmed by mucosal biopsy. Transition probabilities and quality of life estimates were obtained from the literature. We used generalizable cost estimates and Medicare reimbursement rates and @entity5856 deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: For @entity1 , the average lifetime costs were  8532 and  8472 for @entity20926 and @entity304 strategies, respectively, corresponding to average quality-adjusted life year gains of 25.511 and 25.515. Similarly for @entity1 , costs were  11,383 and  11,328 for @entity20926 and @entity304 strategies, respectively, corresponding to quality-adjusted life year gains of 25.74 and 25.75. Compared with the current standard of care ( @entity304 ), @entity20926 produced higher average lifetime costs and lower quality of life for each sex. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses showed that the model was robust to realistic changes in all the variables, making @entity20926 cost-ineffective on the basis of these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: @entity20926 and @entity304 are similar in lifetime costs and quality of life, although the current @entity304 strategy was overall more cost-effective in preventing @entity604 and @entity174 among @entity1 with undiagnosed or subclinical disease. On the basis of best available supportive evidence, it is more cost-effective to maintain the standard celiac screening practices, although future robust population-based evidence in other health outcomes could be leveraged to reevaluate current screening guidelines.

title: Cost-effectiveness of XXXX to prevent nontraumatic @entity173 in @entity1 with @entity1593 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac disease']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['symptomatic at-risk screening', 'SAS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip and vertebral fractures']

entities_list: @entity20926 :: ('MESH:C563594', 'Disease') :: ['USS', 'universal serologic screening']

answer: @entity20926 :: (MESH:C563594,Disease) :: ['universal serologic screening']


abstract: @entity3645 are known to promote the growth of @entity1820 . However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We examined whether @entity3645 induce @entity5 growth via the @entity2247 angiogenic pathway. In vitro, @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ) cells and @entity420 cells were studied. Production of @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) and @entity7 ( @entity7 ) in response to treatment with @entity10140 ( @entity13656 ) was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @entity2247 protein and @entity7 protein were measured by immunoblot analysis, and @entity2247 activity was measured by ELISA. In vivo, @entity13656 was administered to @entity1721 cell-bearing @entity19 . @entity5 tissues were analyzed immunohistochemically, and microvessel density was evaluated. Clinically, 134 @entity1 with @entity1721 who underwent esophagectomy were studied. In vitro, @entity13656 induced the production of @entity1421 and @entity7 in dose- and time-dependent manners, and these effects were attenuated by a selective @entity2247 inhibitor, mitogen-activated protein kinases inhibitor, or @entity470 inhibitor. @entity13656 -induced @entity2247 in the cell lysate increased the secretion of @entity7 into the culture medium. In vivo, @entity13656 markedly enhanced @entity5 growth and increased vascularization. Clinically, @entity1 whose @entity5 expressed both @entity2247 and @entity7 had poor outcomes. Our results suggest that @entity3645 , important constituents of duodenal fluid, stimulate the development of @entity1 @entity418 by promoting angiogenesis via the @entity2247 pathway.

title: @entity10140 stimulates the progression of @entity1 @entity418 cells: A possible mechanism of angiogenesis in XXXX with @entity418 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2', 'PGE2']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal cancer']

entities_list: @entity10140 :: ('MESH:D002635', 'Chemical') :: ['chenodeoxycholic acid']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['Bile acids', 'bile acids']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity354 is a common disease. Erosive @entity354 is a more advanced stage of @entity354 . Although death from @entity354 is uncommon, significant morbidity and mortality from complications, such as esophageal ulcer, stricture, and @entity5 , are not uncommon. Proton pump inhibitors are the popular medication for @entity354 . The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous infusion of @entity10112 in the treatment of severe @entity2910 . METHODS: From February 2005 to November 2006, all @entity1 with grade 4 erosive @entity354 were screened for the study. Eligible @entity1 were randomized into two groups. Each @entity1 in the study group received intravenous @entity10112 80 mg loading dose over 5 min, followed by 8 mg/h intravenous infusion for 72 h, then 40 mg orally once a day for 4 days. Each @entity1 in the control group received 40 mg @entity10112 intravenously once a day for 72 h, then orally once a day for 4 days. A second endoscopic gastrointestinal examination (EGD) was performed on treatment days 6-8 (+/-1 day if day 7 was on a weekend) to document any healing of @entity2910 in either the study or the control group. RESULTS: In the study group, severe @entity2910 healed completely in three @entity1 and significantly in the other three by the time of the second endoscopy. In the control group, severe @entity2910 healed partially in five @entity1 , and no improvement was seen at all in one @entity1 by the time of second endoscopy. The difference in the intervention between those two groups was statistically different (P = 0.015). There were no significant complications in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Severe @entity2910 can be completely healed in a few days if @entity10112 is given intravenously and continuously for 72 h. It is safe to give @entity10112 intravenously and continuously for treatment of severe @entity2910 .

title: A pilot study of efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous infusion of @entity10112 in the treatment of severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['erosive esophagitis', 'esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity10112 :: ('MESH:C064276', 'Chemical') :: ['pantoprazole']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux disease', 'reflux esophagitis', 'Reflux esophagitis']

answer: @entity2910 :: (MESH:D004941,Disease) :: ['erosive esophagitis']


abstract: This review of the literature has shown that a delayed flash P2, in the presence of a normal flash P1 and pattern-reversal @entity9508 , can distinguish groups of @entity195 @entity1 from groups who are healthy, psychiatrically ill, or suffering from other types of @entity303 . The VER's usefulness in the individual @entity1 remains undetermined. With today's techniques, too many @entity1 are misclassified. False negatives may result if @entity195 @entity1 with @entity227 are a distinct subgroup. Those with a normal flash VER may have @entity409 outside the visual association areas. This would most likely be in the earliest stages of the disease before the @entity194 becomes widespread. It may be that a VER test would only be valid in established disease. Future research should use adequate numbers of @entity1 who are in a single category of mild, moderate or severe, so that the applicability of a VER test in the early stages of the disease can be determined. Strict diagnostic criteria such as the NINCDS-ADRDA guidelines should be used. @entity1 should be drug free, or at least not taking medications with anticholinergic properties. Flash VER should be obtained using a strobe light with eyes closed, and the pattern VER using a black and white television with a large pattern and high contrast.

title: Visual evoked responses in XXXX : a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual symptoms']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['cortical dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: To study @entity358 in @entity1201 , five autopsy cases were histopathologically examined. Case 1 (BL type) died of @entity177 , case 2 (LL type) of @entity583 , case 3 (TT type) and 4 (BL type) of @entity1779 and case 5 (BL type) of pancreas cancer. The mean age was 78 years old. @entity358 (case 1), old @entity66 (case 3) and metastatic @entity420 (case 5) were demonstrated. @entity891 and mild @entity2415 were seen in all cases. @entity1174 was found in all but case 4. Small foci of @entity1412 were found in cases 1 and 5. In addition, pulmonary findings of 13 outpatients with @entity1201 were roentgenologically examined. No @entity1 except one with mild @entity2415 showed any abnormality in the lung. In our cases, no characteristic @entity358 to @entity1201 was found.

title: [Pathological examination of the lung in @entity1201 XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous lesion']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary congestion']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['Aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary lesion', 'Uremic lung', 'pulmonary lesions']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Plasma @entity2661 , plasma @entity1122 activity, plasma @entity1369 and plasma @entity701 during @entity551 induced by @entity1854 and @entity3360 were studied in 27 mongrel @entity235 under 0.87% @entity1508 in @entity26 . They were randomly divided into three groups: @entity1854 (group S: n = 8), @entity3360 (group N: n = 8) and controls (group C: n = 9). Group C received no vasodilator therapy and served as a control. Mean arterial pressure was reduced and maintained at 60 mmHg for 60 minutes in @entity551 groups. No changes were noted in plasma @entity2661 and plasma @entity701 in group C throughout the experiment, but plasma @entity1122 activity and plasma @entity1369 decreased progressively. During @entity551 induced by @entity1854 and @entity3360 , plasma @entity1425 was significantly higher than the control value. However, after the @entity551 drugs were discontinued, plasma @entity1425 decreased slightly. During and after induced @entity551 , plasma @entity1122 activity of group N and group S were significantly higher than the control values. The highest levels of plasma @entity1122 activity 36.7 ng.ml-1.hr-1 in group N and 23.2 ng.ml-1.hr-1 in group S were observed. Plasma @entity1369 concentration was significantly higher than the control value in group N. The maximum increase occurred 30 minutes after discontinuation of the @entity3360 and the highest concentration of plasma @entity1369 was three times control value. In contrast, in group S, plasma @entity1369 was unchanged from the control value. Plasma @entity701 concentration of group N was significantly increased than the control value. However, in group S, plasma @entity701 concentration showed a slight but not significant increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A comparison of the endocrine effects of @entity551 induced by @entity3360 with those by @entity1854 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity3360 :: ('MESH:D009529', 'Chemical') :: ['nicardipine']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'hypotension']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical stability and anchorage value of @entity702 screws in orthodontic tooth movement. Nine @entity1 , who needed maximum anchorage for @entity235 retraction, were selected. Records of 10 @entity1 with similar @entity3232 who had received conventional treatment were used as controls. In the maxilla and mandible 27 mini-screws, diameter 2mm and length 9 or 11 mm, were used. At the end of the first stage of orthodontic treatment the first premolar teeth were extracted after taking a lateral cephalometric radiograph. After 1 week, a retraction force of 180 g was applied to the @entity235 . The second cephalometric X-rays were taken and evaluated after the completion of @entity235 retraction (mean duration of 23.2 weeks). Results were analysed using Fisher Exact, Wilcoxon signed ranks and paired t-tests. Displacement of the first molars and screws before and after treatment showed no significant changes in either the vertical or horizontal plane. The first molar movements in the study and control groups were only significant in the antero-posterior plane in both maxilla and mandible. Of the 9 screws in maxilla and 18 screws in mandible, 2 and 3 screws showed clinical failure, respectively. The failed screws were replaced by other screws that withstood the applied force until the end of treatment. In conclusion, @entity702 screws can be used reliably as a form of anchorage.

title: Anchorage value of surgical XXXX screws in orthodontic tooth movement.

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3232 :: ('MESH:D008310', 'Disease') :: ['malocclusions']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['canine', 'canines']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2118 is a rare @entity5 of the skin and constitutes 1-5% of all @entity241 . Most cases present as polypoid multinodular growth. Occasional cases may be @entity3202 . We report an extraordinary case with progressive @entity194 . OBSERVATION: A 24-year-old @entity1 came to us for a diffuse bluish @entity66 over the left infraorbital area. The lesion progressed gradually over 2 years. Histologic examination revealed mature spindle cell proliferation in the lower dermis and hypodermis. Interspersed were some heavily pigmented melanocytes. CONCLUSION: We report an unusual case of progressive bluish discoloration and @entity194 of the infraorbital area. This is a rare manifestation of @entity241 .

title: XXXX presenting as infraorbital hyperpigmentation.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic lesion']

entities_list: @entity241 :: ('MESH:D018223', 'Disease') :: ['dermatofibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['Pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['infraorbital atrophy', 'atrophy']

answer: @entity2118 :: (MESH:D010859,Disease) :: ['Atrophic pigmented dermatofibrosarcoma']


abstract: Earlier, we isolated and purified five different P450 isoforms from @entity95 kidney cortex microsomes, three of which are members of the CYP4A subfamily ( @entity53371 , @entity53372 , and @entity53373 ), with the others being @entity11422 and @entity53374 . In contrast, P450s in parotid glands were unknown. The fact that the parotid glands bear a marked morphological and functional resemblance to kidney tissue prompted us to investigate P450s in these glands. The present study was undertaken to determine which P450 isoforms are expressed in this tissue. Microsomes from parotid glands of untreated @entity95 were found to contain 42.3 pmol of P450/mg protein and to catalyze the omega-hydroxylation of laurate. Administration of @entity5248 ( @entity5248 ) resulted in a 7-fold @entity101 . This enzyme activity was greatly inhibited by pretreatment with antibodies against @entity53371 . Furthermore, parotid gland @entity53371 , @entity53372 , and @entity53373 mRNAs were identified by RT-PCR. Moreover, the CYP4A enzymes were demonstrated immunohistochemically to be localized exclusively in the ducts of these glands. In addition to the CYP4A enzymes, immunoblot analysis revealed that @entity11422 is constitutively present, and that @entity53374 is induced in these glands by treatment with @entity5954 . Taken together, we can conclude that the P450 isoforms expressed in @entity95 kidney cortex and parotid glands are identical in composition.

title: Expression and induction of cytochrome P450s in XXXX parotid glands.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increase of laurate omega-hydroxylation']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity5248 :: ('MESH:D004051', 'Chemical') :: ['DEHP', 'di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate']

entities_list: @entity5954 :: ('MESH:D008748', 'Chemical') :: ['3-methylcholanthrene']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: @entity706 has become one of the most successfully treated @entity5 . The success of treatment and long-term prognosis depend on accurate staging in which imaging plays a pivotal role. In addition to staging, imaging assists in the evaluation of early and late response to therapy, detecting disease activity in a residual mass and locating sites of recurrence. The mainstay of imaging remains computed tomography (CT), which has replaced lymphangiography, and staging laparotomy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has additional value in detecting disease in @entity236 . Recent technical developments in CT and MRI have improved acquisition times and resolution, but the main drawback of cross-sectional imaging techniques is their reliance on size criteria to define disease, with consequent failure to detect disease in small lymph nodes and exclude disease in large, but treated, masses. Diffuse visceral involvement is likewise difficult to detect by both modalities. Functional imaging with nuclear medicine techniques offers an answer to these problems. Imaging with the fluorinated @entity413 analogue, @entity419 positron emission tomography (PET), can detect metabolically active disease by its increased glycolysis that is proportional to mitotic activity. It can separate high from low-grade @entity5 and aid in prognostication. Recent publications suggest that imaging with @entity419 PET should be an important component in staging; assessment of response to therapy and restaging. Like other imaging modalities, it has its own drawbacks including inability to detect very small lesions (<5 mm) and reduced specificity due to increased uptake in metabolically active inflammatory and infective tissues. The new generation of hybrid PET-CT combines anatomical and functional imaging and is considered the state-of-the-art imaging technique for the assessment of @entity706 and other @entity5 .

title: Anatomic and functional imaging in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'Lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow, the musculoskeletal and central nervous system']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity583 is an important cause of @entity712 because it cause tissue loss and contractility disturbances. In chronically infarcted hearts the increase in the collagen content in the extracellular matrix of the surviving viable myocardium has been considered a major factor contributing to development of @entity712 . Postinfarction neuroendocrine activation involving the renin-angiotensin system has been implicated in this @entity299 . METHODS AND RESULTS: As collagen synthesis and degradation are dynamic processes and postinfarction remodeling is a time-dependent phenomenon, @entity35 submitted to coronary artery ligation to produce @entity583 were treated with @entity3371 after @entity1188 (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, daily) to investigate whether blockade of the renin-angiotensin system can prevent postinfarction @entity1283 and reactive @entity82 . Groups of @entity35 with @entity583 were treated with @entity3371 throughout the protocol period (6 weeks), or during the first 3 weeks after @entity1188 (early therapy), or only during the last 3 weeks of the protocol (late therapy). Untreated groups of @entity35 with or without @entity583 were used as control subjects. All animals were killed 6 weeks after surgery to evaluate @entity1184 of @entity299 and collagen deposition in the right ventricle wall and in surviving left ventricular muscle. Protein and @entity720 concentrations were assayed biochemically in these tissue homogenates. Only @entity35 with an @entity1188 covering 20 to 40% of the left ventricular surface were included in the study. In the control uninfarcted group (n = 12), @entity720 content was 152 +/- 12 micrograms in the right ventricle and 370 +/- 30 micrograms in the left ventricle. These values increased (P < .05) to 232 +/- 13 and 630 +/- 46 micrograms, respectively, in the group with @entity583 (n = 8) without treatment. These values were significantly reduced (P < .05) to 160 +/- 9 micrograms in the right ventricle and 520 +/- 40 micrograms in the left ventricle in the group with @entity583 treated with @entity3371 for 6 weeks. The percentage decreases in collagen content and myocardial weight produced by @entity3371 were similar. Thus, @entity720 concentration (mg @entity720 muscle), which increases significantly in both ventricles after @entity583 , was not modified by @entity3371 therapy. Protein concentration in the right and left ventricular muscles decreased after @entity583 . This decrease was enhanced in the infarcted groups submitted to @entity3371 treatment, mainly in the group treated for 6 weeks. Lesser effects on @entity1184 and @entity720 content were observed in the groups of @entity35 treated with @entity3371 in only the earlier or later phase of @entity1188 . CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that @entity3371 reduces similarly postinfarction @entity1184 and collagen deposition in surviving myocardium. These effects, although less intense, also occur when the drug is used for a short period immediately after @entity583 or when used later, when ventricular remodeling is almost fully developed.

title: Effects of @entity3371 on interstitial collagen in the myocardium after XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart chambers', 'cardiac fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'Myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Delayed or missed diagnosis of @entity1906 continues to fuel the global @entity1906 , especially in resource limited settings. Use of serology for the diagnosis of @entity378 , commonly used in India, is another factor. In the present study a commercially available serodiagnostic assay was assessed for its diagnostic value in combination with smear, culture and clinical manifestations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 2300 subjects were recruited for the study, but 1041 subjects were excluded for various reasons. Thus 1259 subjects were included in the study of which 470 were @entity1907 cases (440 of 470 were culture-positive) and 789 were their asymptomatic contacts. A house-to-house survey method was used. Blood samples were tested for IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies using the Pathozyme Myco M (IgM), Myco A (IgA) and Myco G (IgG) enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Out of 470 PTB cases, BCG scar was positive in 82.34%. The Mantoux test and smear positivity rates in PTB cases were 94.3% (430/456), and 65.32% (307/470), respectively. Among the asymptomatic contacts, BCG scar was positive in 95.3% and Mantoux test was positive in 80.66% (442/548) contacts. No contact was found falsely smear positive. The sensitivity of IgM, IgA, and IgG EIA tests was 48.7%, 25.7% and 24.4%, respectively, while the specificity was 71.5%, 80.5%, 76.6%, respectively. Performance of EIAs was not affected by the previous BCG vaccination. However, prior BCG vaccination was statistically significantly (p=0.005) associated with Mantoux test positivity in PTB cases but not in contacts (p=0.127). The agreement between serology and Mantoux test was not significant. CONCLUSION: The commercial serological test evaluated showed poor sensitivity and specificity and suggests no utility for detection of @entity1907 .

title: Poor performance of serological tests in the diagnosis of XXXX : evidence from a contact tracing field study.

entities_list: @entity1906 :: ('MESH:D014390', 'Disease') :: ['TB epidemic', 'TB']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity1907 :: (MESH:D014397,Disease) :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']


abstract: Considerable interest has focused on the possibility of using viral vectors to deliver genes to the central nervous system for the purpose of decreasing @entity528 . To that end, we have previously shown that a @entity778 ( @entity778 ) vector expressing @entity1976 could protect neurons from @entity63 . In that study, vector was delivered before the @entity63 . However, for such gene therapy to be of clinical use, vectors must be protective even if delivered after the onset of the insult. In the present study, we show that an @entity778 vector expressing @entity1976 protects striatal neurons when delivered after focal @entity63 . @entity35 were exposed to @entity2500 for 1 hour, followed by reperfusion, and damage was assessed 48 hours later. Delivery of the @entity1976 vector 30 minutes after reperfusion (i.e., 1.5 hours after @entity63 onset) prevented any significant loss of virally-targeted neurons in the striatum. In contrast, in @entity35 microinfused with a vector only expressing a reporter gene, a highly significant loss of neurons occurred. By 4 hours into the reperfusion period (5 hours after @entity63 onset), delivery of the @entity1976 vector was no longer protective. These data show the efficacy of postinsult gene therapy strategies for the brain, underline the finite length of this temporal therapeutic window, and support the growing evidence attesting to the neuroprotective potential of @entity1976 .

title: Herpes simplex viral vectors expressing XXXX are neuroprotective when delivered after a stroke.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['HSV', 'herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic neuronal injury']

answer: @entity1976 :: (24224(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Bcl-2']


abstract: Thirty newborn babies delivered by elective caesarean section were studied. They were randomly placed in two groups. The first group consisted of newborns who scored 3 or less on the Apgar scale at one minute and 8 or more after five minutes. The other group included newborns which scored 8 or higher at one minute and 9 at five minutes. Blood samples were obtained from the umbilical cord which allowed for the measuring of the infants' pH, serum gases and pyruvic @entity880 levels. An increased level @entity880 was found in asphyctic @entity1 . Five cases presented @entity8193 which continued to be persistent in four of them an hour after they were born. Although increased levels of @entity880 were found also in the control group, they never presented @entity8193 . No correlation was found between the pH and @entity880 levels nor between @entity880 and @entity3157 . A clear correlation between @entity147 was documented. It was concluded that @entity880 quantification is a useful indicator of @entity1763 . @entity8193 ; Apgar scores; @entity1763 .

title: [ XXXX in recovered asphyctic newborn @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['lactic acidosis and fetal distress']

entities_list: @entity8193 :: ('MESH:D000140', 'Disease') :: ['lactic acidosis', 'Lactic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1763 :: ('MESH:D001237', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal asphyxia', 'asphyxia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid', 'lactate']

answer: @entity8193 :: (MESH:D000140,Disease) :: ['Lactic acidosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation was to assess the dose-effect characteristics of @entity1209 after intrathecal administration of small doses of @entity1286 (from 0.015 to 0.25 mg) in opioid-na  ve, non-surgical @entity1 . METHODS: With Ethic Committee approval and written informed consent 144 opioid-na  ve @entity1 suffering from @entity615 , and receiving intrathecal @entity1286 as diagnostic test for their @entity1118 , were randomly allocated to receive intrathecal injection of 0.015 mg (Group I, n=25), 0.03 mg (Group II, n=30), 0.06 mg (Group III, n=31) or 0.25 mg (Group IV, n=33) morphine. The control group consisted in 25 further @entity1 not included in the dose-effect study and receiving a placebo injection of normal saline in the interspinous ligament. A blinded observer recorded the occurrence of @entity111 , @entity390 , @entity391 , urinary retention and @entity1576 (respiratory rate<6 bpm) at 2, 4 and 24 h after injection. RESULTS: Clinically significant @entity158 relief was observed in all @entity1 receiving intrathecal @entity1286 but only six @entity1 (25%) of the control group (P=0.0005). The incidence of @entity111 was lower in @entity1 of Groups III (6%) and IV (3%) than in Groups I (12%) and II (20%) (P=0.002). The incidence of @entity390 and @entity391 was higher at 2- and 4-h observation times, and decreased 24 h after intrathecal injection. Surprisingly, @entity390 was more frequent in Groups I (56%) and II (50%) than in Groups III (33%) and IV (24%) (P=0.0005). Vomiting was higher in @entity1 receiving @entity1286 than in control group, but without differences among the four doses. No urinary retention was observed in the control group, while 2 h after intrathecal injection urinary retention was observed in 20-40% of cases, and decreased to less than 10% 24 h after spinal injection without differences among the four doses. CONCLUSIONS: The onset and incidence of minor opioid-related side-effects after intrathecal @entity1286 administration do not depend on its dose, occurring with even very small doses of @entity1286 . Accordingly, they can be considered as a @entity1 -dependent effect of the drug, suggesting the presence of a primary dose-independent excitatory component that might be related to the theory of the bimodal activation of opioid receptors. The very low incidence major @entity1576 prevents us from drawing any conclusion about the dose-effect relationship for this side-effect, and further properly powered studies should be advocated to evaluate major @entity1576 after spinal @entity1286 .

title: Opioid-related side-effects after intrathecal XXXX : a prospective, randomized, double-blind dose-response study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['non-cancerous chronic back-pain']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']


abstract: Reactive @entity26 species (ROS), consisting mainly of @entity224 , @entity273 and @entity3787 radical, have been implicated in many diseases including @entity5 . ROS have been known to play an important role in the initiation and promotion of multistage @entity105 . The cellular antioxidant defence plays a crucial role in @entity5 . However, very little is known about the tissue antioxidant defence in @entity259 . We therefore undertook a study to assess the role of ROS in the pathogenesis of @entity259 . Our samples consisted of post-operated thyroid tissues (normal, @entity5651 , @entity652 , @entity189 and @entity1377 ). The parameters studied were lipid peroxidation (LP), antioxidant enzymes-- @entity224 dismutase (SOD), @entity2196 ( @entity2196 ) and @entity2041 peroxidase (GPx)--and non-protein @entity1433 ( @entity2197 ). Compared to normal thyroid no changes were seen in @entity5651 . LP was significantly higher in @entity652 (16%) and @entity189 (60-69%). SOD was decreased by 15% in @entity652 while in @entity189 it increased by 9-12%. GPx was raised in @entity189 by 10-21%. @entity189 showed a 4% increase in @entity2196 activity while @entity2197 was raised in @entity652 and @entity1377 by 17%. Thus, in @entity652 (initial stage) involvement of @entity224 radicals and in @entity189 (later stage) @entity273 and, possibly, @entity3787 radical involvement cannot be ruled out. These ROS may be responsible for elevated LP observed in @entity652 and @entity189 .

title: Role of tissue antioxidant defence in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic disease', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'follicular carcinomas', 'Follicular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancers']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['follicular adenomas', 'adenomas']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid cancers']


abstract: Optimizing @entity282 control is an important aspect in perioperative @entity1 care. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of preincision local anesthetic infiltration in @entity282 management for thyroid surgery and its relationship to @entity2981 and wound cosmesis. In a randomized single-blinded study, 39 consecutive @entity1 listed for thyroid surgery were assigned into two groups. Group I (n = 19) received subcuticular preincision infiltration with 10 ml of @entity1341 (0.5%) and Group II (n = 20) received no infiltration. Postoperatively, the @entity158 experienced was evaluated by two methods: verbal response scores and linear analogue scores (0-100 mm) at different time intervals following surgery. @entity2981 and cosmetic effects resulting from surgery were assessed using a linear analogue score at discharge. The two groups were well matched for confounding variables. @entity158 scores were significantly different at 6 hours post operatively (p = 0.0341) with mean scores Group I = 33 and Group II = 50, but this difference disappeared at 24 hours. No @entity1 (0%) received IV @entity1286 in Group I compared to 5 @entity1 (25%) in Group II. There was no significant difference in the mean @entity2981 scores (p = 0.8864) and mean cosmetic scores (p = 0.3339) at discharge. Preincision infiltration with @entity1341 provides easy and better analgesic control postoperatively in @entity1 following thyroid surgery with no effects on @entity2981 or wound cosmesis.

title: Pre-incision infiltration of local anesthetic reduces @entity282 with no effects on XXXX and wound cosmesis after thyroid surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity2981 :: ('MESH:D003288', 'Disease') :: ['Bruising', 'bruising']

answer: @entity2981 :: (MESH:D003288,Disease) :: ['bruising']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Open discectomy is the standard surgical procedure in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity13549 caused by @entity890 . Minimally invasive approaches such as microendoscopic discectomy have gained attention in recent years. Reduced tissue @entity130 allows early ambulation, short hospital stay and quick resumption of daily activities. A comparative cost-effectiveness study has not been performed yet. We present the design of a randomised controlled trial on cost-effectiveness of microendoscopic discectomy versus conventional open discectomy in @entity1 with @entity890 . METHODS/DESIGN: @entity1 (age 18-70 years) presenting with sciatica due to @entity890 lasting more than 6-8 weeks are included. @entity1 with disc herniation larger than 1/3 of the spinal canal diameter, or disc herniation less than 1/3 of the spinal canal diameter with concomitant lateral recess stenosis or sequestration, are eliglible for participation. Randomisation into microendoscopic discectomy or conventional unilateral transflaval discectomy will take place in the operating room after induction of anesthesia. The length of skin incision is equal in both groups. The primary outcome measure is the functional assessment of the @entity1 , measured by the Roland Disability Questionnaire for Sciatica, at 8 weeks and 1 year after surgery. We will also evaluate several other outcome parameters, including perceived recovery, leg and back @entity158 , incidence of re-operations, complications, serum @entity908 kinase, quality of life, medical consumption, absenteeism and costs. The study is a randomised prospective multi-institutional trial, in which two surgical techniques are compared in a parallel group design. @entity1 and research nurses are kept blinded of the allocated treatment during the follow-up period of 2 years. DISCUSSION: Currently, open discectomy is the golden standard in the surgical treatment of @entity890 . Whether microendoscopic discectomy is more cost-effective than unilateral transflaval discectomy has to be determined by this trial.

title: Cost-effectiveness of microendoscopic discectomy versus conventional open discectomy in the treatment of XXXX : a prospective randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN51857546].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity13549 :: ('MESH:D012585', 'Disease') :: ['long-lasting sciatica']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar disc herniation']

answer: @entity890 :: (MESH:D007405,Disease) :: ['lumbar disc herniation']


abstract: @entity29 is not so frequent as is @entity3313 of the colon. A delayed diagnosis and surgical treatment result in high rate bowel @entity1188 which can lead to perforation and stercoral @entity298 . If perforation does not take place, the infarcted bowel has to be resected causing multiple complications and mortality. The small bowel @entity3313 is caused by @entity362 in about 5% of cases. We present a 77-year-old @entity1 operated on for @entity1321 . The @entity1 was admitted in a serious condition with a five-day history of @entity490 . On admission he vomited a small bowel content (miserere), he was dehydrated and with high blood @entity1133 and @entity1011 values. Plain X-ray showed a number of air fluid levels in the small bowel. At operation a small bowel @entity3313 caused by @entity362 (18 x 11 x 10 cm in diameter) with bowel @entity1188 but without free perforation and @entity298 , was found. The @entity5 was removed together with 10 cm of resected bowel with end-to-end @entity254 . The recovery was uneventful. The @entity1 is still symptom free.

title: [ XXXX causing @entity3313 of the small intestine].

entities_list: @entity362 :: ('MESH:D008067', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric lipoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['Volvulus of the small bowel']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain and vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity362 :: (MESH:D008067,Disease) :: ['Mesenteric lipoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study is to compare hospital admissions and @entity204 rates from @entity565 between pre (1987 to 1989)- and post (1992 to 1994)-Gulf War periods. METHODS: Data on annual hospital admissions by nationality and age, per International Statistical Classification of Diseases 493, were collected from the Health Statistics Department, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, and were analyzed with population data from the Annual Statistical Reports, Ministry of Planning, Kuwait. RESULTS: A total of 12,113 @entity1 with @entity565 were admitted to various hospitals in Kuwait during the pre-Gulf War period compared with 9,771 @entity1 during the post-Gulf War period. The average annual admissions rates per 100,000, @entity1 were 205 and 217, respectively, for the pre- and postwar periods. Total number of admissions showed an increase among Kuwaiti nationals during the study period. There were 95 deaths during the prewar period compared with 72 deaths during the postwar period. The mean annual @entity204 rates per 100,000 @entity1 were 1.60 and 1.59 respectively, for the pre- and post-Gulf War periods. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not show any statistically significant differences in either hospital admissions for or @entity204 rates attributable to @entity565 in the pre- and post-Gulf War periods in Kuwait. However, the number of hospital admissions in young adult Kuwaiti nationals increased. This study suggests hospital admissions and deaths from @entity565 did not increase after the invasion of Kuwait.

title: Hospital admissions and XXXX rates from @entity565 in Kuwait during pre- and post-Gulf War periods.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: RATIONALE: @entity56 ( @entity56 ) is mediated by a @entity630 immune response. Transcription factor @entity19986 ( @entity19986 ) is believed to be a key regulator of @entity61 differentiation and thus might play regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of @entity56 ( @entity56 ). OBJECTIVES: We examined the effect of @entity19986 overexpression on the development of @entity56 in @entity19 . METHODS: Wild-type C57BL/6 @entity19 and @entity19986 -overexpressing @entity19 of the same background were used in this study. @entity56 was induced by repeated exposure to Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, the causative antigen of @entity8007 . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Antigen exposure resulted in a marked inflammatory response with enhanced pulmonary expression of @entity19985 and the @entity630 cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma in wild-type @entity19 . The degree of @entity55 was much less severe in @entity19986 -overexpressing @entity19 . The induction of @entity19985 and @entity60 genes was suppressed, but a significant induction of @entity61 cytokines, including @entity59 and @entity1312 , was observed in the lungs of @entity19986 -overexpressing mice after antigen exposure. Supplementation with recombinant @entity60 enhanced lung inflammatory responses in @entity19986 -overexpressing @entity19 to the level of wild-type mice. Because antigen-induced @entity60 production predominantly occurred in CD4+ T cells, @entity19 were transferred with CD4+ T cells from either wild-type or @entity19986 -overexpressing @entity19 and subsequently exposed to antigen. Lung inflammatory responses were significantly lower in @entity19 transferred with CD4+ T cells from @entity19986 -overexpressing @entity19 than in those with wild-type CD4+ T cells, with a reduction of lung @entity60 level. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that overexpression of @entity19986 attenuates the development of @entity56 by correcting the @entity630 -polarizing condition.

title: Overexpression of XXXX protects against the development of @entity56 .

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8007 :: ('MESH:D005203', 'Disease') :: ["farmer's lung"]

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Hypersensitivity pneumonitis', 'HP', 'hypersensitivity pneumonitis']

answer: @entity19986 :: (14462(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['GATA-3']


abstract: Gram stain examination of amniotic fluid is a method used for the rapid diagnosis of @entity281 in @entity1 with preterm @entity397 of membranes and @entity3152 . The management of these @entity1 relies heavily on the Gram stain results. Therefore, it is critical that the diagnostic value and limitations, optimal technique, and outcome correlates be precisely established. Most studies have focused on culture results rather than on Gram stain results to describe neonatal and maternal outcome. However, management is based on the Gram stain because culture results are not immediately available. One hundred eighty-seven amniocenteses were performed in 131 @entity1 with preterm @entity397 of the membranes (n = 90) and @entity3152 (n = 41). Spun and unspun Gram stains were performed. Centrifugation of the sample did not improve the sensitivity of the technique significantly. The agreement between the two methods was substantial (kappa index 0.89, p less than 0.001). The sensitivity of the Gram stain was 44.8% and the specificity was 97.6%. The sensitivity of the Gram stain was directly proportional to the number of bacteria present in amniotic fluid. In the presence of greater than 10(5) colony forming units per milliliter, 80% of the Gram stains were positive. The absence of both bacteria and white blood cells in a smear was associated with a negative culture of amniotic fluid in 95% of the cases. Clinical @entity5870 was associated with a positive Gram stain of amniotic fluid (p less than 0.001). There was a trend toward a higher incidence of @entity7288 in @entity1 with a positive Gram stain compared with those with a negative Gram stain (p = 0.07). There was no neonatal infectious morbidity in @entity1 with a true negative Gram stain. @entity1 with a false negative Gram stain had a 25% incidence of @entity166 (proved and suspected @entity295 ).

title: The value and limitations of the Gram stain examination in the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labor']

entities_list: @entity7288 :: ('MESH:D004716', 'Disease') :: ['endometritis']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['chorioamnionitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intraamniotic infection']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['premature rupture']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal infectious complications']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['intraamniotic infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have explored the long-term function of cryopreserved homograft valves used for reconstruction of the right ventricular tract (RVOT) in @entity1 with @entity299 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 205 @entity1 receiving cryopreserved homografts for reconstruction of the RVOT between November 1985 and April 1999, the outcome of 220 homografts in 183 operative survivors was analyzed. There were 150 pulmonary and 70 aortic homografts used. Median age at implantation was 4.4 years (mean 6.9+/-7.6 years, range 3 days to 48 years). End points included (1) @entity1 survival, (2) homograft failure (valve explant or late death), and (3) homograft dysfunction (homograft insufficiency or homograft stenosis). Survival was 88% at 10 years. Freedom from homograft failure was 74+/-4% at 5 years and 54+/-7% at 10 years. Univariable analysis identified younger age, longer donor warm ischemic time, valve Z: value <2, and previous procedure as risk factors for homograft failure and dysfunction. Aortic homograft type and extracardiac operative technique predicted homograft failure but not dysfunction. For @entity1 </=1 year of age, valve type did not predict @entity177 . Multivariable analysis identified younger age and longer donor warm ischemic time as risk factors for homograft failure and dysfunction, whereas, Z: value <2 and aortic valve type predicted homograft valve failure. CONCLUSIONS: Homograft valves used for RVOT reconstruction provide effective intermediate palliation with excellent late survival. Factors that adversely affect graft longevity include younger age, longer donor warm ischemic time, smaller homograft size, use of aortic homograft in the older @entity1 , and extracardiac operative technique.

title: Factors affecting longevity of homograft valves used in right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['failure or dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital heart disease']


abstract: Stress and its attendant psychosocial and lifestyle variables have been associated with @entity453 ( @entity453 ), yet the contribution of socioeconomic status (SES) has not been addressed. The aim of this study is to determine if stress assessment is associated with @entity453 independent of SES, and is incremental to the Framingham Score. The study group consisted of 325 executive @entity1 undergoing comprehensive health assessment. Stress was assessed utilizing the validated "Self-Rated Stress" ( @entity1168 ) instrument. @entity729 ( @entity729 ) served to assess the degree of @entity731 , a @entity453 equivalent and risk assessment tool. The relationship between @entity1168 and @entity729 was assessed, with adjustment by potential confounders. @entity729 was modeled by a variety of cut points (>0, >=5, >=100, >=200) for the test of trend across stress levels per Mantel-Haenszel chi-square (1 df) with nonsignificant P values of 0.9960, 0.5242, 0.1692, 0.3233, respectively. A logistic regression model with @entity1168 as a categorically ranked and continuous variable to predict binary outcome of @entity730 yielded P values of 0.2366 and 0.9644; this relationship, further adjusted by age, fruit and vegetable consumption, exercise, and education, yielded no statistically significant association. No improvement of fit was observed for the established Framingham Score to @entity729 relation utilizing @entity1168 . The study concluded that @entity1168 did not play a role in early @entity453 when focusing on a population in higher socioeconomic strata, and @entity1168 did not add predictive value beyond @entity1 age or calculated Framingham risk. Future studies should focus on additional validated instruments of stress to differentiate between subtypes of stress for varying SES strata.

title: Self-rated stress is noncontributory to XXXX in higher socioeconomic strata.

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary artery calcification', 'CAC']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: The effect of @entity2449 on @entity413 metabolism was examined in eight @entity28 (percent ideal body weight, 151 +/- 9%) and six lean (percent ideal body weight, 104 +/- 4%) @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) subjects before and after 3 months of @entity2449 treatment (2.5 g/day). Fasting plasma @entity413 (11.5-8.8 mmol/L), hemoglobin-A1c (9.8-7.7%), oral @entity413 tolerance test response (20.0-17.0 mmol/L; peak @entity413 ), total @entity165 (5.67-4.71 mmol/L), and @entity1674 (2.77-1.52 mmol/L) uniformly decreased (P less than 0.05-0.001) after @entity2449 treatment; fasting plasma @entity880 increased slightly from baseline (1.4 to 1.7 mmol/L; P = NS). Body weight decreased by 5 kg in @entity28 @entity2175 subjects, but remained constant in lean @entity2175 . Basal hepatic @entity413 production declined in all diabetics from 83 to 61 mg/m2.min (P less than 0.01), and the decrease correlated (r = 0.80; P less than 0.01) closely with the fall in fasting @entity413 concentration. Fasting insulin (115 to 79 pmol/L) declined (P less than 0.05) after @entity2449 . During a 6.9 mmol/L hyperglycemic clamp, @entity413 uptake increased in every @entity2175 subject (113 +/- 15 to 141 +/- 12 mg/m2.min; P less than 0.001) without a change in the plasma insulin response. During a euglycemic insulin clamp, total @entity413 uptake rose in @entity28 @entity2175 subjects (121 +/- 10 to 146 +/- 9 mmol/m2.min; P less than 0.05), but decreased slightly in lean @entity2175 (121 +/- 10 to 146 +/- 0.5; P = NS). Hepatic @entity413 production was suppressed by more than 80-90% in all insulin clamp studies before and after @entity2449 treatment. In conclusion, @entity2449 lowers the fasting plasma @entity413 and insulin concentrations, improves oral @entity413 tolerance, and decreases plasma lipid levels independent of changes in body weight. The improvement in fasting @entity413 results from a reduction in basal hepatic @entity413 production. @entity2449 per se does not enhance tissue sensitivity to insulin in @entity2175 subjects. The improvement in @entity413 metabolism under hyperglycemic, but not euglycemic, conditions suggests that @entity2449 augments @entity413 -mediated @entity413 uptake. @entity2449 has no stimulatory effect on insulin secretion.

title: Mechanism of XXXX action in @entity28 and lean @entity2175 subjects.

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['NIDD', 'noninsulin-dependent diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['Metformin', 'metformin']

answer: @entity2449 :: (MESH:D008687,Chemical) :: ['metformin']


abstract: The overall objectives of this study were to determine whether the rapid decrease in @entity172 receptor (ER) binding in the @entity35 uterus after an injection of @entity53 and subsequent recovery of ER levels was accompanied by similar changes in ER mRNA levels. Furthermore, the effect of @entity1420 administered under conditions known to decrease ER binding, in the @entity35 uterus, on ER mRNA levels was also investigated. Ovariectomy for 14 days brought about a 3-fold increase in @entity35 uterine ER mRNA levels, and these elevated levels were decreased by a 3-day treatment with 2 micrograms of @entity53 in @entity1068 /saline injected i.p. In the ovariectomized @entity35 , 1 and 5 micrograms of @entity53 brought about small but significant decreases in ER mRNA levels in 1 h, which did not parallel the rapid decrease in ER binding at that time reported earlier. The 10-micrograms dose of @entity53 brought about a bigger decrease in ER mRNA levels. In the ovariectomized @entity35 primed with @entity53 (2 micrograms/day in @entity1068 /saline), the administration of 2 micrograms of @entity53 brought about no change in uterine ER mRNA levels at 6 h as compared to the 1-h time point if the values were not corrected for @entity4644 , which was significantly increased at 6 h. A dramatic increase in ER mRNA levels 12 h after the @entity53 injection preceded the increase in ER binding observed at 18 h. @entity1420 (0.8 mg/kg body weight [BW]) in the absence of @entity172 priming brought about minimal but significant inhibition of ER mRNA levels 12 and 18 h after administration, with no effects at 1 and 6 h. In the presence of @entity172 priming, the 0.8-mg/kg BW dose of @entity1420 did not cause any changes in ER mRNA levels beyond those brought about by @entity172 alone after 1 h, even though it has been shown to significantly decrease ER binding. This was also true when a larger dose of @entity1420 (2.0 mg/kg BW) was used, a dose that decreases ER binding to a significantly greater extent than the 0.8-mg/kg BW dose. However, the 4.0-mg/kg BW dose of @entity1420 decreased ER mRNA levels. Thus a single injection of @entity53 appears to cause a decrease in ER binding primarily by accelerated receptor processing and degradation with small changes in ER mRNA within the first hour. A significant increase in uterine ER mRNA at 12 h precedes increased ER binding at 18 h. This indicates new synthesis of ER during the recovery period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Changes in @entity35 uterine @entity172 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels during @entity172 - and XXXX -induced @entity172 receptor depletion and subsequent replenishment.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The energy dissipation between gunshot and shotgun blasts is very different. Injuries from shotgun blasts vary depending on the distance of the victim from the shooter, the choke of the shotgun, the pellet load, and the wad of the ammunition. We postulated that gunshot and shotgun blasts create different injury patterns that dictate different treatment plans. METHODS: Medical records of @entity1 with gunshot and shotgun @entity130 were reviewed from 1998 through 2007 at our university-based @entity130 center. Statistical comparisons were made via Fisher's test or t-test calculations. RESULTS: We evaluated 2833 @entity1 injured by firearms; of these 61 had shotgun wounds (2.2%). The remainder sustained gunshot wounds. Mortality between shotgun and gunshot @entity130 @entity1 was similar (7% versus 9%, respectively, P=0.8). There was no difference in the mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) (13.7+/-1.6 versus 12.9+/-0.2; P=0.6). Overall, 61% of @entity1 underwent operative intervention after @entity130 versus 36% of @entity1 with gunshot wounds (P<0.0001). @entity1 surviving @entity130 had a longer length of stay (10.1+/-2.0 d versus 5.9+/-0.21, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although the injury severity was similar, injuries from shotguns required more operations and resource utilization. Shotgun blasts can create impressive superficial injuries as well as significant deep organ damage. An aggressive operative approach to managing shotgun @entity130 is advantageous.

title: Despite the increasing use of nonoperative management of firearm @entity130 , XXXX still require aggressive operative management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'shotgun injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['shotgun injuries']


abstract: The @entity19 local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a method for the predictive identification of chemicals that have a potential to cause @entity272 . Activity is measured as a function of lymph node cell (LNC) proliferative responses stimulated by topical application of test chemicals. Those chemicals that induce a threefold or greater increase in LNC proliferation compared with concurrent vehicle controls are classified as skin sensitizers. In the present investigations we have evaluated further the reliability and accuracy of the LLNA. In the context of an international interlaboratory trial the sensitization potentials of six materials with a history of use in topical medicaments have been evaluated: @entity18575 , @entity8156 , @entity3397 , @entity3639 , @entity9373 , and @entity27178 . Each chemical was analyzed in the LLNA by all five laboratories. Either the standard LLNA protocol or minor modifications of it were used. @entity18575 and @entity8156 , both @entity1 contact allergens, elicited strong LLNA responses in each laboratory. @entity3397 , another material shown previously to cause @entity3408 in @entity1 , was also positive in all laboratories. @entity3639 induced equivocal responses, in that this material provoked a positive LLNA response in only one of the five laboratories, and then only at the highest concentration tested. @entity9373 dissolved in a 3:1 mixture of @entity1324 with water, or in 4:1 @entity1324 :olive oil (one laboratory), was uniformly negative. However, limited further testing with the free base of @entity9373 yielded a positive LLNA response when applied in @entity1324 :olive oil (AOO). Finally, @entity27178 , a nonsensitizing skin irritant, was negative at all test concentrations in each laboratory. Collectively these data serve to confirm that the local lymph node assay is sufficiently robust to yield equivalent results when performed independently in separate laboratories and indicate also that the LLNA is of value in assessing the @entity272 potential of topical medicaments.

title: Assessment of the XXXX potential of topical medicaments using the local lymph node assay: an interlaboratory evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity9373 :: ('MESH:C031234', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylenediamine dihydrochloride', 'Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride', 'ethylene diamine']

entities_list: @entity3408 :: ('MESH:D017449', 'Disease') :: ['allergic contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity8156 :: ('MESH:C031927', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroquinone']

entities_list: @entity18575 :: ('MESH:D001585', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzoyl peroxide', 'benzoyl peroxide']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['Streptomycin sulfate', 'streptomycin sulfate']

entities_list: @entity27178 :: ('MESH:C033069', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl salicylate']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['Penicillin G', 'penicillin G']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin sensitization']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin sensitization']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The 45-item Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary (FACT-Hep) questionnaire assesses health-related quality of life in @entity1 with liver, bile duct, and @entity788 . Although the FACT-Hep was initially derived from @entity1 input, this study's researchers sought to verify adequate coverage of items by soliciting open-ended input from @entity1 with @entity1442 . METHODS: As part of a larger study in collaboration with the National @entity5 Network (NCCN), 50 @entity1 (60% male, 80% caucasian, average age 60.4 years) with stage 3 or 4 hepatobiliary or @entity788 were recruited. @entity1 generated and ranked up to 10 important symptoms and concerns that physicians should monitor when assessing the value of chemotherapy. @entity1 were also able to provide open-ended, qualitative information that was evaluated systematically. Ten expert physicians also provided input on priority symptoms. RESULTS: The resulting 18-item NCCN-FACT Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Symptom Index (NFHSI-18) demonstrated high internal consistency (a = .89) and moderate to strong correlations with measures of physical well-being (   = .76), emotional well-being (   = 0.52), and functional well-being (   = 0.57). Scores on the NFHSI-18 were also highly correlated with the original hepatobiliary scale of the FACT-Hep (   = .82; all P < .001). Compared with @entity1 with better performance status, @entity1 with poor performance status had worse NFHSI-18 symptom scores, F(3,47) = 9.74; P = .0003. CONCLUSIONS: The NFHSI-18 assesses symptoms of importance to @entity1 with @entity788 and demonstrates promising measurement properties. The scale is a good candidate for brief symptom assessment in clinical trials.

title: Development and validation of a symptom index for advanced XXXX : the National @entity5 Network Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (NCCN-FACT) Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Symptom Index (NFHSI).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers', 'pancreatic cancers']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Comprehensive Cancer']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of glucagon- like peptide 2 on intestinal mucosa immunity after @entity63 /reperfusion injury and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS: A total of 70 ICR @entity19 were randomly divided into three groups including normal control group(N), I/ @entity12388 ) and @entity52082 treatment group(T) (treated with @entity52082 ,200 microg/kg). The @entity19 were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day after I/R injury. Liver,spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes samples were collected for bacterial culture. The endotoxin levels in plasma were also measured. Small intestine washing were obtained for IgA and the intestine homogenized were analyzed for @entity630 / @entity61 cytokines. RESULTS: The rate of bacterial translocation and the level of endotoxin in group C were significant higher than those in group T and group N. The IgA level in the lavage of the intestine was significantly decreased on the 1st day after I/R in group C and T compared with that in group N, while there was no difference between group C and T. The IgA level increased on the 3rd day and returned to normal on the 5th day after I/R in group T, while that in group C was still lower than normal. In group C, the levels of @entity2047 and @entity60 ) cytokines increased, the levels of @entity58 and @entity1618 ) decreased significantly on the 1st day and then increased gradually. The change pattern of cytokines levels in group T resembled that in group C, but the levels of @entity58 and @entity1618 in group T returned to normal on the 5th day after I/R. CONCLUSIONS: @entity52082 supplementation can partly protect the intestinal mucosal immunity. The mechanism may probably be related to the restitution of the balance of @entity630 / @entity61 cytokines in the intestinal mucosa in @entity19 .

title: [Effect of glucagon-like peptide 2 on the intestinal mucosal immunity and correlative cytokines in XXXX with gut @entity63 /reperfusion injury].

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: Although the total number of self poisonings in England and Wales has dropped by 32%, the number involving @entity284 and/or @entity4521 rose by 900% in 1974-92. Because of concern about the role of @entity284 in this increase, the part played by @entity284 and @entity4521 in @entity4968 @entity204 in England and Wales in 1974-92 was investigated. DESIGN: A proportional mortality design was used to study whether the ratio between @entity204 involving @entity284 or @entity4521 and other substances had increased. The time trend was examined with logistic regression. SETTING: England and Wales, 1974-92. SUBJECTS: Accidental, undetermined, and suicidal @entity4968 @entity204 (n = 43,231). MAIN RESULTS: The proportions of @entity4968 @entity204 involving @entity284 (alone or in combination with @entity4521 ) rose by 80% (95% CI 69%, 92%) per 3 year period. The proportion of @entity4968 @entity204 involving @entity4521 without @entity284 rose by 76% (95% CI 60%, 93%) per 3 year period. Similar results were obtained when @entity4968 @entity204 were examined in relation to gender and legal category (suicide and undetermined versus accidental @entity204 ). CONCLUSIONS: The impact of @entity4784 on rates of death by @entity4968 is rising quickly. This may reflect the growth of the addict population and is an important public health problem. There is no evidence that @entity284 's involvement in these @entity204 has risen disproportionately in relation to that of @entity4521 up to 1992.

title: Fatal XXXX and @entity4521 overdoses: time trends in England and Wales.

entities_list: @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['opiate addiction']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

answer: @entity284 :: (MESH:D008691,Chemical) :: ['methadone']


abstract: The authors followed the collection of 77 eyes with @entity726 (54 eyes with @entity725 , 16 eyes with PACG and 7 eyes with CG) after ECCE or phacoemulsification with implantation of IOL. The @entity1 were operated in 1990-1991 at the Ophthalmological Clinic FNKV and 3rd Medical Faculty in Prague. The authors evaluated IOP, therapy and visual acuity 6 weeks and 6 months after operation. After 6 months period IOP was decreased in average about 3 mmHg; in @entity725 the reduction was 1.9 mmHg and in PACG the reduction was 4.7 mmHg. In this time the authors also registered decreasing antiglaucomatous therapy at 38 eyes (i.e. 49.3% operated eyes). The reducing therapy represents 50% eyes with @entity725 and 69% eyes with PACG. The visual acuity is in 70% 6/6-6/12. @entity1 with PACG have more expressive postoperative effect. The authors draw the attention to late diagnosis CG, after successful operation the visual acuity is reduced on account of advanced changes of the optic disc.

title: [Cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: Our purpose is to describe seven cases of disseminated aseptic abscesses with regard to clinical, biological, radiological, and histological information, treatment, and outcome. Data were collected on seven Caucasian @entity1 who had proven sterile deep abscesses diagnosed in French university hospitals. The onset of the disease related to abscesses began at times from June 1988 to August 1994. Follow-up periods were 1 year, 7 months to 8 years, 2 months. The age of the @entity1 ranged from 15 to 26 years old. At onset, all had @entity221 and six had @entity490 . Abscesses involved spleen and abdominal lymph nodes in six cases; liver in three; pancreas, brain, and chest in one. All had @entity491 . Pathological examination showed @entity738 . Direct and indirect investigations failed to identify any causal microorganism. On six occasions, @entity30 was revealed 1 to 41 months later and in one case, it preceded the onset of abscesses. One subsequently developed @entity7250 . Various antibiotic regimes were inefficient. @entity230 , associated in three cases with immunosuppressive agents, resulted in a rapid improvement in six @entity1 . In one case, splenectomy followed by @entity3504 therapy was used successfully. The dramatic effectiveness of @entity230 and immunosuppressive agents as well as follow-up suggest that disseminated aseptic abscesses might be an extraintestinal manifestation of @entity30 . Although the pathogenesis of this condition remains unknown, this entity may be related to @entity7250 in which sterile deep abscesses have been reported.

title: Disseminated aseptic abscesses associated with XXXX : a new entity?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous abscesses']

entities_list: @entity7250 :: ('MESH:D016463', 'Disease') :: ["Sweet's syndrome", 'neutrophilic dermatosis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroids', 'steroids']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['polymorphonuclear leukocytosis']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The aim was to determine the time courses for the changes in airway function, airway reactivity, influx of inflammatory cells and levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, @entity6171 and @entity24907 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the plasma levels of @entity701 and ACTH after antigen challenge to determine whether a temporal link could be established between these events. METHODS: Airway function was measured as specific airway conductance (sGsw) in conscious ovalbumin (OvA)-sensitized @entity840 using whole body plethysmography at intervals after an inhalation challenge with ovalbumin (0.5% for 10 min). Airway responses to the inhaled spasmogen, @entity2872 (30 ng/ml, 60 s), were measured at 3, 6 and 24 h after challenge. In separate animals, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was obtained after anaesthetic @entity1445 either before challenge or at 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h after OvA challenge. Total and differential cell counts of @entity1712 and neutrophils were performed on BALF and levels of @entity6171 and @entity24907 determined by scintillation proximity assays and ELISA, respectively. Plasma @entity701 and ACTH levels were determined by RIA kits in blood removed by cardiac puncture at intervals after challenge. RESULTS: An early phase bronchoconstriction occurred which resolved by 3 h and was followed by a late phase between 17 and 24 h. Airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled @entity2872 , was evident at 3, 6 and 24 h after antigen challenge. Increased @entity6171 [BALF] was observed by 60 min post challenge implicating a performed storage site. In contrast, @entity24907 [BALF] was not raised until 3 h post challenge. There was a significant infiltration of neutrophils and @entity1712 by 3 and 6 h, respectively. @entity6171 [BALF] further increased up to 24 h, during the appearance of the late phase of bronchoconstriction and whilst @entity1712 was maximal. Plasma @entity701 levels were increased 1 and 3 hours after antigen challenge, thereafter returning to baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS: The hyperresponsiveness appears to be dissociated from the appearance of @entity1712 in lavage fluid. The early appearance of @entity6171 , however, could be a trigger for the migration of @entity1712 and development of @entity2915 . The increased plasma @entity701 levels occurring after antigen challenge were presumably due to the stress involved and these would be expected to exert an endogenous anti-inflammatory effect.

title: Temporal relationships between leukocytes, @entity6171 and @entity24907 in XXXX lungs, plasma @entity701 and airway function after antigen challenge.

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia', 'eosinophils']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyper-responsiveness']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity8781 mediates angiogenesis and impacts the process of @entity5 growth and disease progression. We evaluated the associations of the gene variations @entity8781 IVSn @entity52814 ( @entity52815 ), -506 Ins/Del ( @entity52816 ) and @entity27902 ( @entity52817 ) with @entity1358 pathology and @entity5 specific survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes of 236 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1358 . Genotyping was done using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplicons and sequencing. RESULTS: The IVSn -14 @entity5066 genotype was associated with a 3.13-fold increased risk of distant metastases (p = 0.015). In addition, @entity5 specific survival of @entity1 with IVSn -14 @entity5066 was significantly worse than in those with @entity1129 /TT (HR 2.98, p = 0.019). The 1 and 4-year @entity5 specific survival rate for @entity5066 vs @entity1129 /TT was 89% vs 99% and 82% vs 92%, respectively. After adjusting for the stage, size, grade and @entity39 (SSIGN) score on multivariable analysis, IVSn -14 @entity5066 was identified as an independent adverse prognostic factor (HR 2.72, p = 0.044). The variations -506 Ins/Del and @entity27902 were not significantly associated with pathological factors or @entity5 specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the @entity5066 genotype of the @entity8781 variation IVSn @entity52814 is associated with an increased risk of @entity3 and poorer prognosis of @entity1358 . Therefore, assessing the individual risk based on genotypes may be a helpful adjunct to identify subgroups at high risk for a poor clinical outcome.

title: The @entity8781 gene variation IVSn XXXX is associated with distant @entity3 and @entity5 specific @entity1358 .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity52814 :: (c|SUB|A|-14|T,DNAMutation) :: ['-14 A>T']


abstract: Initial combination drug regimens containing @entity900 in @entity1 with stage III and @entity135 produce a high percentage of clinical response. We initiated the current trial to assess the role of multimodality treatment (CT plus @entity138 ) versus CT alone in eliciting @entity5 response rates, and the duration of @entity5 free survival. @entity1 were randomised to CT followed by @entity138 (arm A: 36 @entity1 ) or CT alone (arm B: 44 @entity1 ). Of 96 @entity1 entered into this study 80 are evaluable at the time of analysis. There were 13 @entity1 and 67 @entity1 with a median age of 52 years and a median performance status of 90%. All of them presented measurable stage T4N0-3M0-1 or T3N2-3M0-1 @entity189 . The chemotherapy consisted of @entity900 , @entity1732 and @entity1499 and was given in 2 cycles over 35 days. Local radiotherapy with 6,000 rad followed. In arm B, 3 cycles of chemotherapy were given without radiotherapy. The overall @entity5 responses after CT were 75% in arm B, and 70% in arm A. After @entity138 the @entity5 response fell to 59%. Median @entity5 remission was 4 months and median survival 11 months. @entity137 effects were mild mainly consisting of @entity1665 , @entity390 and @entity391 . Myelotoxicity was moderate, but significant renal or @entity2167 side effects did not occur. 10 cases of @entity1732 related pulmonary @entity82 were found. Our main findings show that @entity1 receiving 2 cycles of CT do not have a statistically shorter survival compared to those who were treated by CT plus @entity138 .

title: [Chemotherapy or chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced XXXX . A prospective, randomized study comparing the 2 therapeutic modalities].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['IV head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['Cisplatin', 'Cisplatinum']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['Bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck tumors']


abstract: Age, late repair, loss of nerve tissue, @entity2701 , and other factors are now known to influence axon regeneration and the quality of recovery after nerve repair. Many of the factors cannot be controlled by surgery. However, a few important ones depend on surgical technique, and some could be minimized, e.g., suture with @entity2701 , scarring due to foreign material, and misdirected axon growth. In this study, the authors tried to assess the functional consequences of misdirected axon growth in the sciatic nerve of the @entity35 . They used a strainless coaptation nerve-repair technique with bioabsorbable plate support ( @entity7049 ), permitting them to study only the consequences of misdirected axon growth, without @entity2701 or suture in the area of nerve repair. Sixty @entity35 were divided into three groups. In Group 1, 20 sciatic nerves were repaired without rotation of the @entity9 . In Group 2, 20 sciatic nerves were repaired with a 90-degree rotation of the @entity9 . In Group 3, 20 sciatic nerves were repaired with a 180-degree rotation of the @entity9 . Functional analyses were performed with the sciatic functional index. The results showed the poor consequences of incorrect nerve-end alignment in nerve repair (p < 0.05). Nerve repair with bioabsorbable plate support is known to allow good stump coaptation, without @entity2701 and without foreign material. The authors suggest an adaptation or modification of this technique, which might minimize misdirected axon growth, one of the factors whose effects can be mitigated by surgical technique.

title: Functional assessment of misdirected axon growth after nerve repair in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['distal nerve stump']

entities_list: @entity7049 :: ('MESH:C010506', 'Chemical') :: ['polylactic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Supernumerary ring X [r(X)] chromosomes are often found in @entity1 with @entity2689 . The phenotypic effects of the r(X) chromosome are variable, and largely depend on the presence or absence of the X inactivation ( @entity6630 ) locus. Ring(X) chromosomes in males are rare and have been previously reported in only four cases, with 47,XY, + r(X) or mos47,XY, +r(X)/46,XY karyotypes. These @entity1 all had @entity245 and @entity154 . We describe a 2.5-year-old male @entity1 with @entity2652 , @entity851 , @entity4242 , @entity245 , and microphallus. Cytogenetic analysis from peripheral blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts identified mosaicism for two cell lines: mos48, @entity252 , + r(?X)/47, @entity252 . Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an X chromosome paint showed the ring chromosome to be X chromosome derived. This is the first case of an r(X) chromosome described in a 47, @entity252 @entity1 . FISH analysis of the r(X) chromosome with an @entity6630 probe showed that the @entity6630 locus was absent. Functional disomy of genes in the r(X) chromosome most likely accounts for the abnormal phenotype in the proband.

title: Mosaicism for a small supernumerary ring X chromosome in a dysmorphic, growth-retarded male: mos47, @entity252 /48, XXXX , +r(X).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['dysmorphic features']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['facial dysmorphia']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay', 'global developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ['Turner syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4242 :: ('MESH:D008831', 'Disease') :: ['microcephaly']

answer: @entity252 :: (MESH:D007713,Disease) :: ['XXY']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this review is to discuss the efficacy of immunotherapy on combined lung and nasal symptoms, as well as data suggesting that @entity6542 ( @entity6542 ) may, by altering the natural course of @entity56 , have a preventive effect on @entity2490 and @entity565 . DATA SOURCES: A review of literature published on @entity6542 in the treatment of @entity2023 and @entity565 was performed. The review represents a synthesis of these sources and the expert opinion of the author. STUDY SELECTION: The expert opinion of the authors was used to select the relevant data for the review. RESULTS: Epidemiologic studies have consistently shown that @entity565 and @entity2490 often co-exist in the same @entity1 , and @entity2490 often precedes the onset of @entity565 . @entity6542 has been shown to be effective as a curative treatment for these @entity56 , but there is increasing evidence indicating that @entity6542 also may have a preventive effect. A study of @entity1 monosensitized to house dust mites showed that immunotherapy altered the natural course of @entity566 in preventing the development of additional sensitizations. CONCLUSIONS: At present, @entity6542 seems to be the only treatment that may modify the course of the disease, either by preventing the development of new sensitivities or by altering the natural history of @entity565 . When @entity6542 is introduced to @entity1 with only @entity56 , it may stop the development of @entity565 . @entity6542 should be started early in the disease process, as soon as @entity566 has been diagnosed, to modify the spontaneous long-term progress of the @entity32 and disease.

title: Specific immunotherapy in XXXX and @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity6542 :: ('MESH:C562465', 'Disease') :: ['allergen-specific immunotherapy', 'SIT']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['allergic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases', 'allergic rhinoconjunctivitis', 'allergic disease']

answer: @entity2490 :: (MESH:D012220,Disease) :: ['rhinitis']


abstract: Five per cent of @entity526 and @entity295 isolates from the European Study Group on Antibiotic Resistance (ESGAR) study in 1987 to 1988 showed reduced susceptibility or resistance to @entity3524 , @entity5505 and/oraztreonam. Six of 15 isolates studied were susceptible to cefoxitin and MICs of @entity2261 , @entity3524 , @entity5505 and @entity5646 were reduced by @entity798 . The isoelectric points of their beta-lactamases were in the range of 5.3-7.6. DNA hybridization showed that four of these beta-lactamases belonged to the TEM or SHV family. Transfer of @entity3524 resistance by conjugation was seen in two of the strains. Nine strains were resistant to @entity3398 (MIC > 16 mg/L) and MICs of @entity2261 , @entity3524 , @entity5505 and @entity5646 were only slightly reduced in the presence of @entity798 . All nine strains produced at least one beta-lactamase of chromosomal origin with pI > 8.4, and four of these strains also harboured beta-lactamases with a pI range of 6.6-8.2. Cefoxitin resistance could be transferred by conjugation in one strain. Thus @entity526 and @entity4005 spp. from the ESGAR @entity295 isolates were found to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases of both chromosomal and plasmid origin.

title: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in @entity526 and XXXX spp. in European @entity295 isolates.

entities_list: @entity2261 :: ('MESH:D002444', 'Chemical') :: ['cefuroxime']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['klebsiella septicaemia', 'septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity3398 :: ('MESH:D002440', 'Chemical') :: ['cefoxitin']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime']

entities_list: @entity5646 :: ('MESH:D001398', 'Chemical') :: ['aztreonam']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity4005 :: (MESH:D007710,Disease) :: ['Klebsiella']