abstract: The mechanisms of induction of early reperfusion @entity943 were studied in @entity742 cardiac Purkinje's fibers superfused in vitro. Transmembrane potentials, intracellular @entity1372 activity (aiNa), and contractile force were recorded. Stoppage of the flow of Tyrode's solution ( @entity63 ) for 1 hour initially decreased slightly aiNa (-0.57 mmol -7.2%), increased the action potential amplitude (+6.1%) and duration (+7.8%), and decreased diastolic depolarization slope (-45.2%). As the @entity63 continued, aiNa increased progressively (to 12.53 mmol, +56.2%), whereas force peaked (+395%) after about 30 minutes and then began to decrease. By the end of @entity63 , there was a decrease in action potential amplitude (-14.9%) and duration (-39.6%), whereas diastolic depolarization slope reincreased again almost to control value (-7%). When the flow of Tyrode's solution was resumed (reperfusion), force markedly increased (+211.1%) and oscillatory potentials initiated @entity943 (extrasystoles and repetitive fast discharge) in 64% of tests. Force and aiNa decreased relatively rapidly. The @entity943 initiated after 58.4 +/- 1.8 seconds of reperfusion and lasted 101.5 +/- 3.2 seconds. When [Na]o was increased by +19.2%, reperfusion @entity943 occurred after only 30 minutes of @entity63 . Thus, in Purkinje's fibers superfused in vitro, early reperfusion @entity943 are induced by oscillatory potentials caused by @entity460 overload, which is enhanced by the increase in aiNa during @entity63 .

title: Electrical and ionic mechanisms of early reperfusion @entity943 in XXXX cardiac Purkinje's fibers.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 7323 Background: @entity1 with NSCLC usually present or relapse with metastatic or unresectable disease resistant to standard therapy. @entity4562 is an orally active, selective @entity4149 kinase inhibitor targeting the @entity470 . Two large phase II monotherapy trials (IDEAL)-1 _ (IDEAL)-2 have established Iressa as an effective therapy for NSCLC pts having failed chemotherapy (Cx). The present study evaluates the efficacy and safety of Iressa for pts treated through an @entity11664 in Eastern France. METHODS: pts were eligible if they had histologically proven NSCLC and had failed two or more prior Cx regimens at least one of which was @entity902 based. All @entity1 gave written informed consent. @entity4562 was given 250 mg od. Therapies other than supportive care were not permitted. All @entity1 were prospectively followed with monthly clinical examination, blood tests and chest X- @entity16039 . RESULTS: 82 pts were eligible in 6 centers. Median age was 58 yrs (range, 34-79) with 49/33 M/F. Histological subtypes were epidermoid (21%), @entity420 (67%) and other (12%). Median WHO PS was 2 (range, 0-4). The number of previous Cx regimens was 2 (35pts), 3 (36 pts), 4 or more (11 pts). 16 @entity1 were not evaluable for response due to @entity204 or insufficient follow-up. Among the 66 evaluable pts 3 PR were observed (4.5%), 26 pts experienced @entity168 (39.4%) and 37 progressed, for a clinical benefit (PR + @entity168 ) in 43.9% of pts. @entity137 was mild with mostly grade1-2 @entity294 , grade 1 xerodermia and grade 1-2 acneiform @entity1910 . No cases of @entity401 were suspected. Median duration of treatment was 2 mo (range, 0-11), 30 pts usually with poor PS having been treated for 1 mo or less. Median survival was 3 mo (range, 0.0-15+). CONCLUSION: Our results are similar to those reported in the global monotherapy trials IDEAL 1 _ 2 with a disease control rate (including both @entity5 response and stable disease) of 44%. Our lower response rate (4.5% versus 19% for IDEAL 1) could be due to the fact that many pts were treated at a very advanced stage of disease, 30 could not complete more than one month of Iressa. This urges for an earlier use of Iressa in the course of the disease. [Table: see text].

title: XXXX in heavily pretreated non small cell lung cancer: Results of the expanded access program in Eastern France.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['Gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['early death']

answer: @entity4562 :: (MESH:C419708,Chemical) :: ['Gefitinib']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of three cannulated screws and dynamic hip screw (DHS) combined with antirotation screw in treating @entity1 with @entity2249 . METHODS: From January 2008 to December 2012,67 @entity1 with @entity2249 were treated with three cannulated screws or DHS combined with antirotation screw. Among them, 36 @entity1 were treated with DHS combined with antirotation screw including 24 males and 12 females with an average of 43.7 years old ranging from 22 to 58 years old; 31 @entity1 were treated with three cannulated screws including 22 males and 9 females with an average of 43.0 years old ranging from 24 to 56 years old. The incision size, operation time, @entity190 , blood transfusion rate, postoperative hospital stay, walking time, weight-bearing time, union time, incidence of complication were recorded and compared between two groups, and functional outcomes were evaluated by Harris scoring. RESULTS: All incision healed at stage I. The differences in operation time, @entity190 , blood transfusion rate and postoperative hospital stay between two groups were not significant (P > 0.05). Incision size of DHS group (5.00    0.86) cm was larger than that of cannulated screw group (3.30    0.57) cm (P < 0.01). All @entity1 were followed up more than one year, and the follow-up time showed no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). Walking time of DHS group (19.0    3.5) d was less than that of cannulated screw group (37.0    6.3) d (P < 0.01. Partial and full weight-bearing time of DHS group (23.0    7.0) d and (138.0    13.0) d was less than that of cannulated screw group (38.0    5.7) d and (164.0    12.0) d (P < 0.01). Union time of DHS group (151    11) d was less than that of cannulated screw group (162    11) d (P < 0.01). Harris hip score of DHS group (91.0    5.7) was higher than that of cannulated screw group (85.0    12.0) (P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in the incidence of @entity260 between two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The DHS combined with antirotation screw is superior to three cannulated screws for treatment of @entity2249 due to earlier weight-bearing, faster @entity174 healing and better hip function

title: [Comparison among three cannulated screws and dynamic hip screw combined with antirotation screw for comminut- ed fractures of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['comminuted fractures of femoral neck']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['femoral neck']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: (i) To report the successful treatment of 10 cases of @entity1641 periocular @entity957 (PSCC) with surgical excision and photodynamic therapy (PDT) using verteporfin. (ii) To evaluate time to first @entity5 recurrence between PDT-treated @entity1641 and @entity1641 treated with surgical excision and cryotherapy. METHODS: A total of 24 @entity1641 PSCC cases were included: group 1 (n = 14) had excision and cryotherapy (1993   2003), group 2 (n = 10), excision and local PDT (2006   2010). Evaluated data: signalment, treatment method, @entity5 location, size, and time to first recurrence. Groups were compared via chi-square test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test for numeric variables. Time to @entity5 recurrence was examined using Kaplan   Meier product-limit survival analysis. RESULTS: Of 24 cases, nine breeds were affected. Mean age at treatment in years: 14 (range 5   24) in group 1; 11 (range 8   18) in group 2. Median @entity5 size: 163 mm2 (range 20   625 mm2) in group 1; 195 mm2 (range 45   775 mm2) in group 2. Signalment, @entity5 laterality, and size were not significantly different between groups. Time to recurrence was significantly different between groups (Logrank test, P = 0.0006). In group 1, 11/14 @entity1641 had @entity5 regrowth with median time to recurrence in months: 10 (range 1   44). In group 2 (minimum follow-up of 25 months; range 25   50), no @entity1641 demonstrated @entity5 recurrence after one treatment with excision and PDT. CONCLUSIONS: This represents the first report of local PDT using verteporfin for treatment of @entity1641 PSCC. Following surgery, the likelihood of @entity5 recurrence was significantly reduced with local PDT compared with cryotherapy.

title: Local photodynamic therapy delays recurrence of XXXX periocular @entity957 compared to cryotherapy.

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1641 :: ('9796', 'Species') :: ['horse', 'horses', 'equine']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['equine']


abstract: AIMS: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of @entity4481 in treating @entity9 associated with @entity1897 in Japanese @entity1 . METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre 14 week clinical trial was conducted. Japanese @entity1 with @entity1897 (n = 317) were randomized to receive placebo or @entity4481 at 300 or 600 mg/day. The primary efficacy measure was a change of mean @entity158 score from baseline to end-point from @entity1 ' daily @entity158 diaries. RESULTS: Significant reductions in @entity158 were observed in @entity1 treated with @entity4481 at 300 and 600 mg/day vs. placebo (P < 0.05). Improvements in weekly @entity158 scores were observed as early as week 1 and were sustained throughout the study period (300 and 600 mg/day difference from placebo at study end-point, -0.63 and -0.74, respectively). @entity4481 produced significant improvements in weekly sleep interference scores, the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Medical Outcomes Study-Sleep Scale, the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey scale, and the @entity1 and Clinical Global Impression of Change. @entity1 impressions of @entity1183 , @entity158 and paraesthesia were also significantly improved. Regarding treatment responders, 29.1 and 35.6% of @entity1 treated with 300 and 600 mg/day, respectively, reported >=  50% improvement in mean @entity158 scores (vs. 21.5% for placebo). @entity4481 was well tolerated; somnolence (26%), @entity1296 (24%), peripheral @entity4 (13%) and @entity1017 (11%) were the most common adverse events and generally were reported as mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4481 was effective in reducing @entity158 and improving @entity25 due to @entity158 , and was well tolerated in Japanese @entity1 with @entity158 .

title: Efficacy and safety of @entity4481 for treating XXXX associated with @entity1897 : a 14 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbances']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful DPN', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity4481 :: ('MESH:C080245', 'Chemical') :: ['Pregabalin', 'pregabalin']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: Recent studies have shown that most newly diagnosed @entity302 @entity1 can be satisfactorily treated with a single antiepileptic drug. We therefore undertook a prospective randomised pragmatic trial of the comparative efficacy and @entity137 of four major antiepileptic drugs, utilised as monotherapy in newly diagnosed @entity302 @entity1 . Between 1981 and 1987 243 adult @entity1 aged 16 years or over, newly referred to two district general hospitals with a minimum of two previously untreated tonic-clonic or partial with or without secondary generalised @entity410 were randomly allocated to treatment with @entity109 , @entity3174 , @entity2049 , or @entity1092 . The protocol was designed to conform with standard clinical practice. Efficacy was assessed by time to first @entity410 after the start of treatment and time to enter one year remission. The overall outcome with all of the four drugs was good with 27% remaining @entity410 free and 75% entering one year of remission by three years of follow up. No significant differences between the four drugs were found for either measure of efficacy at one, two, or three years of follow up. The overall incidence of unacceptable side effects, necessitating withdrawal of the randomised drug, was 10%. For the individual drugs @entity109 (22%) was more likely to be withdrawn than @entity3174 (3%), @entity2049 (11%), and @entity1092 (5%). In @entity1 with newly diagnosed tonic-clonic or partial with or without secondary generalised @entity410 , the choice of drug will be more influenced by considerations of @entity137 and costs.

title: @entity109 , XXXX , @entity2049 , or @entity1092 for newly diagnosed @entity302 : a randomised comparative monotherapy trial.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium valproate']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbitone']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['phenytoin']


abstract: @entity2657 and @entity428 are major complications of @entity879 . We investigated the development of @entity2657 and monitored intracranial pressure in @entity95 with toxic @entity99 induced by @entity11485 . Using a gravimetric technique to assay small tissue samples, we found that brain water was increased in cortical grey matter, but not in subcortical, @entity3308 , and pontine white matter, or in the cerebellum. The proportion of water in cerebral grey matter in control animals was 80.96% +/- 0.49% with significant elevations to 81.96% +/- 0.47% and 82.95% +/- 1.49% in mild and severe @entity75 , respectively. This corresponds to mean increases in tissue volume of 5.5% and 11.7%. The hippocampal grey matter also accumulated water in severe @entity75 with a 30% increase in mean tissue volume. The regional increase in brain water was confirmed by the wet-dry weight method. Neither @entity551 , @entity519 , nor severe @entity4053 were present to account for the @entity4 . Intracranial pressure was monitored continuously in unanesthetized @entity95 via an intraventricular cannula as @entity75 developed. The pressure was normal in the mild stage, but was intermittently elevated in animals with severe @entity75 . The normal range of intracranial pressure was 2-9 mmHg and the range of peak values in @entity11485 -treated @entity95 was 18-55 mmHg. The regional differences in brain water accumulation suggest that cellular swelling and abnormalities in the movement of water across the blood-brain barrier may account for the @entity2657 in this model.

title: @entity2657 in @entity95 with XXXX -induced @entity879 . Regional differences and effects on intracranial pressure.

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['Brain edema', 'brain edema']

entities_list: @entity3308 :: ('MESH:D020295', 'Disease') :: ['mesencephalic']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity11485 :: ('MESH:D005688', 'Chemical') :: ['galactosamine']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['fulminant hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity11485 :: (MESH:D005688,Chemical) :: ['galactosamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 aged 65   years and older represent a heterogeneous group whose prevalence in the USA is expected to markedly increase. Few investigations have examined the @entity66 attributable to lower levels of income in a single number that accounts for morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We ascertained respondents' health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores and mortality status from the 2003 to 2004, 2005 to 2006, 2007 to 2008 and 2009 to 2010 cohorts of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with mortality follow-up through 31 December 2011. A mapping algorithm based on respondents' age and answers to the 4 core Healthy Days questions was used to obtain values of a preference-based measure of HRQOL, the EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D) index, which enables quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to be calculated. We included only respondents aged 65   years and older at the baseline, yielding a total sample size of 4952. We estimated mean QALYs according to different categories of income based on the percentage of Federal Poverty Level (FPL). RESULTS: After adjusting for age, gender and education, the remaining QALYs decreased with each successive decrement of category of income, ranging from 18.4 QALY (>= 500% FPL) to 8.6 QALY (<100% FPL). Compared with @entity1 with a mean income of >= 250% FPL, @entity1 with an income <250% FPL had significant losses in QALY for most of the sociodemographic groups examined. In contrast, @entity1 with a lower educational attainment did not show a corresponding loss in QALY according to income category. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the association between lower income category and greater burden of disease, as measured by QALYs lost, among the US population aged 65   years and older. Our findings provide additional evidence of the role played by other key determinants of health and how factors not traditionally addressed by the healthcare system impact the life cycle of individuals and communities.

title: XXXX associated with lower levels of income among US adults aged 65 and older.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['persons', 'Persons', 'participants']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['total burden of disease']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Burden of disease']


abstract: 1. The @entity219 contents of plasma, erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leucocytes and mononuclear leucocytes from 18 normal control subjects, 31 @entity1 with @entity30 and 15 @entity1 with @entity31 were measured. 2. Plasma @entity219 levels were low in @entity30 , particularly in malnourished @entity1 , and related to plasma albumin concentrations, but were normal in @entity31 . 3. Erythrocyte @entity219 levels were normal in both @entity30 and @entity31 . 4. Mean polymorphonuclear leucocyte @entity219 levels were normal in @entity30 and @entity31 . Ten per cent of @entity30 @entity1 had subnormal levels, which were associated with inactive disease, while 10% had elevated levels, which were associated with active disease. Seven per cent of @entity31 @entity1 had subnormal levels. Mononuclear leucocyte @entity219 levels were normal in @entity30 and in @entity31 . 5. Tissue @entity219 depletion occurs in only a few @entity1 with @entity30 and @entity31 .

title: XXXX status in inflammatory bowel disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

answer: @entity219 :: (MESH:D015032,Chemical) :: ['Zinc']


abstract: Type III @entity6708 -inhibited phosphodiesterases (PDE3s) play important roles in hormonal regulation of lipolysis, @entity1423 , myocardial contractility, and smooth @entity121 . We have recently characterized two @entity14888 subtypes ( @entity21252 and @entity21253 ) as products of distinct but related genes. To elucidate their biological roles, in this study we compare cellular patterns of gene expression for these two enzymes during @entity35 embryonic and postnatal development using in situ hybridization. @entity21253 [corrected] mRNA is abundant in adipose tissue and is also expressed in hepatocytes throughout development. This mRNA is also highly abundant in embryonic neuroepithelium including the @entity1274 , but expression is greatly reduced in the mature nervous system. Finally, @entity21253 [corrected] mRNA is localized in spermatocytes and renal collecting duct epithelium in adult @entity35 . @entity21253 mRNA is highly expressed in the cardiovascular system, including myocardium and arterial and venous smooth muscle, throughout development. It is also abundant in bronchial, genitourinary and gastrointestinal smooth muscle and epithelium, megakaryocytes, and oocytes. @entity21252 [corrected] mRNA demonstrates a complex, developmentally regulated pattern of gene expression in the central nervous system. In summary, the two different @entity14888 s show distinctive tissue-specific patterns of gene expression suggesting that @entity21253 [corrected] is involved in hormonal regulation of lipolysis and glycogenolysis, while regulation of myocardial and smooth muscle contractility appears to be a function of @entity21252 [corrected]. In addition, the present findings suggest previously unsuspected roles for these enzymes in gametogenesis and neural development.

title: Distinctive anatomical patterns of gene expression for XXXX -inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases.

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural retina']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle relaxation']

answer: @entity6708 :: (CHEBI:16356,Chemical) :: ['cGMP']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The combination of low-dose @entity117 and @entity4341 is more effective than @entity117 alone in reducing the risk of recurrent @entity64 and other major @entity65 in @entity1 with a recent transient @entity63 attack or minor @entity64 . It is unknown whether this also applies to @entity1 with a disabling @entity64 . METHODS: We reanalyzed the data of 5700 @entity1 from ESPRIT and ESPS-2 to study the effect of @entity117 and @entity4341 according to @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) score at baseline. Primary outcome was vascular events ( @entity64 , @entity583 , or @entity204 ). We used proportional hazards regression to estimate the treatment effect across @entity2653 strata at baseline, and we tested for interactions with treatment. RESULTS: In total, 426 @entity1 (7.5%) had @entity2653 score of 4 or 5 at baseline. The risk of an outcome event increased with @entity2653 score. The relative risk associated with the combination of @entity117 and @entity4341 compared to @entity117 alone in @entity1 with @entity2653 score 0 to 5 was 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.69-0.91). The relative risk according to @entity2653 subcategory score 0 to 4 at baseline varied between 0.73 and 0.96 for vascular events and between 0.62 and 0.96 for @entity64 . The number of @entity1 with @entity2653 score 5 was too small for reliable estimates, but the data suggest a beneficial effect. There was no evidence of interaction between treatment effect and @entity2653 score at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The beneficial effect of the combination of low-dose @entity117 and @entity4341 was present in all subcategories of the @entity2653 score.

title: Prevention with low-dose @entity117 plus @entity4341 in XXXX with disabling @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['mRS', 'modified Rankin scale']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['vascular death']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laboratory tests are widely used to screen @entity1 with planned surgery to detect unknown @entity3459 . This study investigates the predictive value of commonly used coagulation tests (thromboplastin time, partial thromboplastin time and thrombocyte count) compared with a standardized @entity548 history. @entity1 : In 702 @entity1 500 adenoidectomies and 500 tonsillectomies were done, results of laboratory evaluation and individual @entity548 history were evaluated. RESULTS: 9.4 % of all laboratory tests showed abnormal results. 30.5 % of the @entity1 awaiting adenoidectomy had a suspicious @entity548 history as had 22 % of @entity1 undergoing tonsillectomy. In the clinical course of adenoidectomy no @entity548 occurred. After tonsillectomy 15 @entity1 (3 %) showed moderate, 12 @entity1 (2.4 %) severe @entity86 . The positive predictive value of coagulation screening reached 6.8 % whereas history alone predicted 9.2 % of observed post tonsillectomy @entity548 . CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate the lacking effect of laboratory tests to predict @entity260 . Taking a careful history of @entity548 risks and testing only @entity1 with suspicious history reduces the risk of @entity548 more effective. Counseling about @entity548 symptoms and postoperative survey of @entity1 are additional measures which may protect the @entity1 .

title: [ XXXX screening prior to adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding complications']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['coagulation defects']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding']

answer: @entity3459 :: (MESH:D025861,Disease) :: ['Preoperative coagulation']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide a critical review of the literature concerning the significance of @entity33 as a predictor of future clinical and endoscopic course in @entity1 with @entity29 . Particular focus is given to articles published within the last year. RECENT FINDINGS: In @entity1 with @entity30 , @entity33 appears to predict future endoscopic activity. The ability to predict future clinical activity is uncertain, likely limited by present techniques for assessment of clinical activity. Recent studies provide support for escalation of treatment in response to ongoing @entity66 activity. However, guidance regarding de-escalation of medical therapy is lacking. In @entity1 with @entity31 , @entity33 appears to be an important predictor of future endoscopic and clinical activity. Recent evidence suggests that @entity33 is also an important predictor of long-term outcomes such as need for future colectomy. SUMMARY: Assessment of @entity33 is an important tool in the management of @entity1 with @entity29 . The pursuit of endoscopic remission has a clear role in the management of @entity1 with @entity31 , but the application of this parameter to the care of @entity1 with @entity30 requires further research.

title: @entity33 in XXXX and @entity31 : what does it tell us?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic disease']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal healing']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To critically reevaluate the indications for @entity1545 of the extremities. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Level I @entity130 center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred sixty-three @entity1317 to the extremeties were analyzed. Fasciotomy as an adjunct to vascular repair was performed in 45 limbs (28%), based either on the nature of injury or measured compartment pressure of greater than 35 mm Hg. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Need for fasciotomy or limb amputation. RESULTS: Fasciotomy was performed for 29.5% of isolated @entity1317 , 15.2% of isolated @entity1317 , and 31.6% of combined arterial and @entity1317 , and was not related to venous repair or ligation. Seven delayed fasciotomies were performed either for vascular repair failure (5 @entity1 ) or @entity2054 (2 @entity1 ). The highest incidence was for popliteal vessel injury (arterial 57%, combined 61%). Of the 33 @entity1746 , 58% were for popliteal vessel injury. In 51 combined injuries of the lower extremity, only 7 (19%) of 38 @entity1 with injury above the knee required fasciotomy, as compared with 8 (62%) of 13 with @entity1317 . There were 3 amputations, all resulting from vascular repair failure. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a combined @entity1317 or the need for venous ligation does not necessitate routine fasciotomy. The need for fasciotomy may be maximal for injuries to popliteal vessels.

title: A critical reappraisal of indications for fasciotomy after extremity vascular XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['fasciotomy in vascular trauma']

entities_list: @entity1746 :: ('MESH:D020335', 'Disease') :: ['lower-extremity fasciotomies']

entities_list: @entity2054 :: ('MESH:D003161', 'Disease') :: ['compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['venous injuries', 'vascular injury', 'vascular injuries', 'injury to the popliteal vessels (P<.001), with or without venous repair', 'arterial injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity11 are a heterogeneous group of primary @entity1221 that represent less than 2% of all @entity5 yet carry a significant burden to society. They are frequently associated with considerable and progressive @entity16 and are ultimately intractable to all forms of treatment. @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ) is a new second generation DNA alkylating agent that has become part of @entity5 management paradigms because of its proven efficacy, ease of administration, and favorable @entity137 profile. AIMS: To review the role of @entity2904 in the management of malignant @entity816 (World Health Organization grades III and IV) including newly diagnosed (n) and recurrent (r) @entity816 ( @entity816 ) and @entity463 . EVIDENCE REVIEW: A series of pivotal clinical trials have established a role for @entity2904 in the treatment of malignant @entity816 . A large phase II trial examining the role of @entity2904 in rAA showed a response rate of 35%, and a 6-month progression-free survival of 46%. This led to the accelerated approval of @entity2904 by the FDA and the EU for the treatment of rAA. Evidence for a role of @entity2904 in nAA is currently limited but research is ongoing in this area. The role of @entity2904 in the management of @entity463 at the time of recurrence (rGBM) is less impressive but evidence for its activity was demonstrated in two large phase II trials that led to the approval of @entity2904 for this indication in Europe and Canada but not in the US. A recent large prospective randomized phase III trial showed that the addition of @entity2904 during and after @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ) in newly diagnosed (nGBM) @entity1 prolonged median overall survival by 2.5 months; perhaps more importantly, the 2-year survival rate for @entity1 receiving @entity2904 and @entity1161 was 26% compared with 10% for those receiving @entity1161 alone. Concurrent @entity2904 with @entity1161 followed by adjuvant @entity2904 has become the standard of care for nGBM @entity1 . Based on the evidence presented in this trial, @entity2904 received approval from the FDA and the EU for @entity1 with nGBM in 2005. PLACE IN THERAPY: THERE IS EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE USE OF @entity2904 FOR THE FOLLOWING DISEASES IN THE ORDER OF MOST TO LEAST CONVINCING: nGBM, rAA, rGBM, and nAA. This order may quickly change as more trials are being designed and implemented, particularly with novel @entity2904 dosing schedules.

title: XXXX : The evidence for its therapeutic efficacy in malignant @entity816 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant astrocytoma', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disability']

entities_list: @entity1221 :: ('MESH:D016543', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant gliomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic astrocytomas', 'AA', 'astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['Temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas', 'glioblastoma']

answer: @entity2903 :: (MESH:C047246,Chemical) :: ['Temozolomide']


abstract: PURPOSE: Hitherto, studies on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) initiation have shown partly inconsistent results. Our study investigated the clinical course and course of immune status after HAART initiation at @entity404 -cell-count/ l of treated @entity1 between 250 and 349 (group 1), compared to 350-449 (group 2), on the basis of the cohort of the Competence Network for @entity645 / @entity791 (KompNet cohort). METHODS: @entity1 had to be HAART-na  ve. Medication had to start at the earliest in 1996, being at least triple combination therapy. The primary endpoints of @entity204 , first @entity791 illness and first drop of @entity404 -cell-count/ l below 200 were evaluated as censored event times between the initiation of HAART (t (0)) and the date of the first event/date of last observation. Probabilities of event-free intervals since t (0) were calculated by Kaplan-Meier estimation, compared by logrank tests. The results were adjusted for confounders using Cox regression. Additionally, incidences were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 822 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria (group 1: 526, group 2: 296), covering 4,133 @entity1 years (py) overall. In group 1, 0.64 @entity204 cases/100  py were found, with the corresponding vale being 0.17 in group 2. In group 1, 1.38 @entity791 events/100  py occurred, whereas it was 0.78 in group 2. In group 1, 2.64 events of first drop of @entity404 -cell-count/ l below 200 occurred per 100  py, compared to 0.77 in group 2. Kaplan-Meier estimations showed borderline significant differences regarding @entity204 (p  =  0.063), no differences regarding first @entity791 illness (p  =  0.148) and distinct differences regarding the first drop of @entity404 -cell-count/ l below 200 (p  =  0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: The results gave a strong hint for a therapy initiation at higher @entity404 -cell-count/ l regarding the outcome of @entity204 in treated @entity1 . A distinct benefit was shown regarding the first decline of @entity404 -cell-count/ l  below 200.

title: Impact of earlier HAART initiation on the immune status and clinical course of treated XXXX on the basis of cohort data of the German Competence Network for @entity645 / @entity791 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['AIDS-defining', 'AIDS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Growth and survival of @entity5 at a site of @entity3 involve interactions with stromal cells in the surrounding environment. Stromal cells aid @entity5 cell growth by producing cytokines as well as by modifying the environment surrounding the @entity5 through modulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Small @entity368 -rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are biologically active components of the ECM which can be altered in the stroma surrounding @entity5 . The influence @entity5 cells have on stromal cells has been well elucidated. However, little is understood about the effect metastatic @entity5 cells have on the cell biology and behavior of the local stromal cells. Our data reveal a significant down-regulation in the expression of ECM components such as collagens I, II, III, and IV, and the SLRPs, decorin, biglycan, lumican, and @entity21876 in stromal cells when grown in the presence of two @entity263 cell lines PC3 and DU145. Interestingly, @entity2533 down-regulation was observed in stromal cells, as well as actin depolymerization and increased vimentin and a5b1 integrin expression. @entity1551 expression was upregulated and localized in stromal cell protrusions which extended into the ECM. Moreover, enhanced stromal cell migration was observed after cross-talk with metastatic @entity263 cells. Xenografting @entity263 cells together with "activated" stromal cells led to increased tumorigenicity of the @entity263 cells. Our findings suggest that @entity263 cells create a metastatic niche by altering the phenotype of local stromal cells, leading to changes in the ECM.

title: Fibroblast and XXXX cell cross-talk: fibroblast differentiation, @entity2533 , and extracellular matrix down-regulation.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer', 'prostate tumor']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical features, treatment, outcome and factors that affected the outcome of @entity1737 ( @entity1737 ) in @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHOD: @entity1 aged 16 years or less with diagnosed @entity1737 ( @entity1737 ) seen at Queen Sirikit National Institute of @entity1 Health over a 15-year period with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were reviewed. Demographic, clinical characteristics, treatment and the outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen @entity1737 @entity1 , 100 @entity1 (84%) were @entity1737 ( @entity1737 ) and 19 @entity1 (16%) were generalized @entity1737 (GMG). Median age of onset was 4.1 years. @entity1737 @entity1 had the age of onset earlier than GMG @entity1 (p = 0.01). Female to male ratio was 1.8: 1. @entity1736 was a clinical feature in 99%, accompanied with @entity4610 in 63%, @entity892 in 19.3%, extremity @entity425 in 13.4%, @entity425 in 9%, head tilt in 10.1%, @entity1282 in 7.5%, @entity1378 in 3.4% and @entity302 in 2.5%. One hundred and six @entity1 who had @entity1736 as the initial symptom 67% were bilateral @entity1736 , 33% were unilateral @entity1736 , 10 @entity1 progressed to GMG in 2 years. Almost all @entity1 were treated with @entity4836 and @entity617 . At the end of follow-up, 60.5% had pharmacological remission for more than 3 months, 18.5% had complete remission without medication. No definite factors associated with the remission were identified. CONCLUSION: @entity1737 is the majority of @entity1737 @entity1 and the age of onset is earlier than GMG. Early treatment by @entity617 may have the favorable effect on @entity1737 in the progression to GMG and subsequent involvement to the other eye.

title: Childhood XXXX : clinical features and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity4836 :: ('MESH:D011729', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['MG', 'OMG', 'myasthenia gravis', 'ocular MG']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness', 'respiratory muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity4610 :: ('MESH:D009886', 'Disease') :: ['ophthalmoplegia']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity1736 :: ('MESH:D001763', 'Disease') :: ['Ptosis', 'ptosis']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity1737 :: (MESH:D009157,Disease) :: ['myasthenia gravis']


abstract: Streptofil is a biological product obtained from streptococcus beta haemoliticus, with molecular weight of 700 D and antigenic properties. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and reparative effects. The objective of our study was to test the Streptofil therapy effect on @entity158 . Testing included 73 @entity1 . One ml of @entity14381 was used locally in the projection of m. supraspinatus insertion five days a week; treatment lasted 3 weeks in average. Therapy effect estimate was made according to Constant and Murley method. As full clinical effect we considered @entity158 (score 90-100) and @entity158 and incomplete function recovery (score less than 90). Control radiography was performed only in @entity1 with @entity730 @entity924 . In 46% of @entity1 @entity730 had disappeared. Full clinical effect was achieved in 80% of the @entity1 in whom @entity730 disappeared after therapy, and in 58% of those in whom it remained. This finding coincided with results obtained in the group of @entity1 without @entity730 .

title: [Our experience in the treatment of XXXX by Streptofil].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendinitis']

entities_list: @entity14381 :: ('MESH:C525625', 'Chemical') :: ['Streptofil']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['tendon calcification', 'calcification']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful shoulder syndrome', 'pain loss and complete function restitution', 'incomplete reduction or loss of pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['painful shoulder syndrome']


abstract: Elder abuse was first described almost 30 years ago. Today, approximately 1 in 25 elders is abused each year in the United States. A newly described form of domestic violence, the incidence of elder abuse will surely increase as the elderly population grows. Physical abuse/inflicted @entity130 is generally considered the most extreme form of elder mistreatment and includes @entity130 , @entity458 , @entity130 , and burns. Elder homicide is usually due to gunshot wounds, @entity130 , stab wounds, or @entity1763 . However, the difficult aspect of assessing the possible elder abuse homicide victim is delineating such inflicted @entity130 from accidental @entity130 . We report the case of a 94-year-old "demented" male, who reportedly fell out of his wheelchair. He was transported to a local emergency room, where he became unresponsive during examination. He experienced @entity649 and was pronounced dead shortly thereafter. At autopsy, he had periorbital contusions and a midline abrasion between the eyes, with underlying supraorbital contusion. The skull, brain, and spinal cord were unremarkable for signs of @entity130 . The major traumatic finding was in the neck region. Neck dissection revealed @entity548 extending from the base of the skull to the level of T-1 and anteriorly about the soft tissues, strap muscles, and vasculature. The strap muscles were individually examined and were free of @entity548 . The carotid arteries and jugular veins were unremarkable. The larynx, hyoid, and thyroid were intact, with only surrounding @entity548 . Further examination revealed a horizontal fracture of the C5 vertebral body and a medial laceration of the left vertebral artery at the C5 level; @entity510 was absent. What initially appeared to be @entity130 to the neck, worrisome for strangulation or blunt force @entity130 , was a large retropharyngeal @entity1410 from the left @entity5525 . @entity397 of the vertebral artery usually occurs at the C1 and C2 levels, with resultant @entity510 . This is an especially vulnerable location since it is where the artery turns and then enters the skull. Associated injuries include @entity1566 or contusion, @entity2685 , pharyngoesophageal injury, and @entity174 . @entity548 may result from @entity281 , @entity5 , and @entity130 . @entity548 associated with @entity130 often involves flexion of the cervical spine, followed by @entity3579 . The accumulation of blood slowly impinges on the pharynx/larynx and vasculature structures. The exact injuries and etiology of the @entity548 must be determined to distinguish strangulation from blunt force @entity130 . The presentation of signs and symptoms can be helpful in assessing the decedent; however, in the practice of forensic pathology such a history is more often lacking.

title: XXXX mimicking elder abuse.

entities_list: @entity5525 :: ('MESH:C538664', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral artery laceration']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'Retropharyngeal hemorrhage', 'Hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fractures']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual assault']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep neck infection']

entities_list: @entity3579 :: ('MESH:C536192', 'Disease') :: ['hyperextension']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic rupture']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord transection']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['blunt trauma', 'traumatic alopecia', 'trauma']

entities_list: @entity2685 :: ('MESH:C536265', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus injury']

answer: @entity5525 :: (MESH:C538664,Disease) :: ['Vertebral artery laceration']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Sentinel node navigation surgery (SNNS) is performed for @entity1 with early @entity356 . Because sentinel nodes (SNs) to @entity356 exist but they have not been well-described, we attempted to validate the SN concept at the micrometastasis level. METHODS: For 53 @entity1 who underwent curative gastrectomy for @entity6493 (<4 cm) N0 @entity356 , SNNS was performed with radioactive tin colloid and/or @entity3194 , and subsequent modified D1 lymphadenectomies were added. Whole formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of all resected lymph nodes from these @entity1 were cut into 5-mum thick serial step sections at 85-mum intervals, and occult @entity3 were examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS: Metastases were detected in 3 (1.5%) of 204 SNs and 3 (0.33%) of 901 non-SNs in pN0 cases and in 18 (46%) of 39 SNs and 3 (1.9%) of 158 non-SNs in @entity3121 cases. On a @entity1 basis, @entity3 were detected in 4 (9%) of 46 pN0 @entity1 , 2 (4%) each in SNs and non-SNs, and in 7 @entity3121 @entity1 , of whom 7 and 4 had SN and non-SN @entity3 , respectively. The sensitivity, false-negative rate, and accuracy of SN identification by SNNS were 82%, 18%, and 96%, respectively, at the occult @entity3 level. However, on the basis of the concept of the @entity3329 ( @entity3329 ), which represents all lymphatic stations to which SNs belong, @entity3 were always limited to the lymph nodes in @entity3329 in the 11 cases with @entity3 . Non-SN @entity3 occurred in 3 (60%) of 5 @entity1 with SN @entity3 >2.0 mm in diameter but not in 4 @entity1 with SN @entity3 </=2.0 mm in diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The sentinel node concept held true at the occult @entity3 level in 96% of @entity1 with @entity356 , and the accuracy of SNNS was elevated to 100% by introducing the concept of the @entity3329 . The size of SN @entity3 was a predictive factor for @entity3 beyond the sentinel node.

title: Analysis of sentinel node involvement in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['SLS', 'sentinel lymphatic station']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: @entity9611 ( @entity9612 ) is the antiretroviral drug most frequently used for the treatment of @entity791 . Its low oral bioavailability demands the development of innovative strategies to overcome the first pass metabolism. The nasal route is an option for enhanced therapeutic efficacy and to reduce the extent of the first-pass effect. In this article, @entity9612 loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by a modified ionotropic gelation method with @entity6224 . The increase proportion of CS ( @entity11915 10:01 (w/w)) promoted the formation of smaller nanoparticles (260 nm), while raising the proportion of @entity8331 ( @entity11916 5:1 w/w) increased the nanoparticles size (330 nm). The incorporation of @entity9612 increased the nanoparticles size for both @entity9612 -loaded nanoparticles @entity9612 -loaded @entity11915 (406 nm) and @entity9612 -loaded @entity11916 (425 nm). The incorporation of @entity9612 into @entity11915 did not change the electrophoretic mobility, however, in @entity9612 -loaded @entity11916 there was a significant increase. The positive surface of the nanoparticles is very important for the mucoadhesive properties due interaction with the sialic groups of the mucin. Nuclear resonance magnetic data showed that the higher concentration of chitosan in the nanoparticles favored the interaction of few @entity4613 units ( @entity9955 ) by ionic interaction Scanning electron microscopy, revealed that the nanoparticles are nearly spherical shape with porous surface. The entrapment efficiency of @entity9612 , was 17.58%    1.48 and 11.02%    2.05 for @entity11915 and @entity11916 , respectively. The measurement of the mucoadhesion force using mucin discs and nasal tissue obtained values of @entity11915 = 2.12 and @entity11916 = 4.62. In vitro permeation study showed that the nanoparticles promoted an increase in the flux of the drug through the nasal mucosa. In view of these results, chitosan nanoparticles were found to be a promising approach for the incorporation of hydrophilic drugs and these results suggest that the CS-containing nanoparticles have great potential for nasal @entity9612 administration.

title: Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles for XXXX Nasal Delivery.

entities_list: @entity9611 :: ('MESH:D015215', 'Chemical') :: ['Zidovudine']

entities_list: @entity9955 :: ('MESH:C107241', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrophosphate']

entities_list: @entity791 :: ('MESH:D000163', 'Disease') :: ['Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6224 :: ('MESH:C005692', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium tripolyphosphate']

answer: @entity9611 :: (MESH:D015215,Chemical) :: ['Zidovudine']


abstract: We have used serial electron microscopy and 3-dimensional reconstructions of dendritic spines from Purkinje spiny branchlets of normal adult @entity35 to evaluate 2 questions about the relationship of spine geometry to synaptic efficacy. First, do relationships between spine geometry and other anatomical indicators of synaptic activity suggest that spine size and shape might be associated with synaptic efficacy? Reconstructed spines were graphically edited into head and neck compartments; the area of the @entity8491 ( @entity8491 ) was measured; the volume of spine smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) was computed; and all of the vesicles in the axonal varicosities were counted. Spine head volume and the volume of SER contained in the head are well correlated with the area of the @entity8491 and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosity. Spine neck diameter does not fluctuate with @entity8491 area, head volume, or the vesicle number. These results suggest that the dimensions of the spine head, but not of the spine neck, are likely to reflect differences in synaptic efficacy. Second, does the geometry of cerebellar spine necks reduce the transfer of synaptic charge to the recipient dendrite from the theoretical maximum that could be transferred if the synapse were on a dendritic shaft? Comparison of volume to surface area showed that the spine heads are approximately spherical and the necks are approximately cylindrical. Application of results from a biophysical model that assumed these geometrical shapes for spines (Wilson, 1984) showed that the cerebellar spine necks are unlikely to reduce transfer of synaptic charge by more than 5-20% even if their SER were to completely block passage of current through the portion of the neck that it occupies. We suggest that the constricted spine neck diameter might serve to isolate metabolic events in the vicinity of activated synapses by reducing diffusion to neighboring synapses, without significantly influencing the transfer of synaptic charge to the postsynaptic dendrite.

title: Dendritic spines of XXXX cerebellar Purkinje cells: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics.

entities_list: @entity8491 :: ('MESH:D020294', 'Disease') :: ['PSD', 'postsynaptic density']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Measurement of the fractional exhaled @entity842 (FeNO) and eosinophils in induced sputum are noninvasive markers for assessing airway inflammation in @entity565 . The clinical usefulness of the correlation between raised FeNO and sputum @entity1712 is controversial. We aimed to examine dissociation between FeNO and sputum eosinophils in a clinical series of @entity565 @entity1 and to determine whether dissociation between these noninvasive markers was associated with clinical and inflammatory differences in these @entity1 . METHODS AND FINDINGS: A total of 110 @entity1 with @entity565 were included in a cross-sectional study. All of them were on maintenance treatment for @entity565 . All @entity1 underwent the following on the same day: FeNO, induced sputum, spirometry, serum total IgE levels and skin prick test. The level of @entity565 control was determined by the Asthma control Test Questionnaire. In 46 (41.8%) @entity1 , a discrepancy between FeNO and sputum eosinophil count was observed, of those, 34 (73.9%) had a FeNO <50   ppb and high eosinophil count, and were characterized by having a predominance of @entity565 with bronchial eosinophilic inflammatory phenotype. Also, 12 (26.1%) @entity1 had FeNO >= 50   ppb and sputum @entity1712 within the normal reference values, and were characterized by having a predominance of atopy with a paucigranulocytic inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of @entity1 with dissociation between results of FeNO and sputum eosinophils was observed. These @entity1 showed differential clinical and inflammatory features.

title: Clinical and inflammatory features of XXXX with dissociation between fractional exhaled @entity842 and eosinophils in induced sputum.

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['nonallergic asthma', 'asthma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: Rengachary J, d'Avossa G, Sapir A, Shulman GL, Corbetta M. Is the Posner Reaction Time Test more accurate than clinical tests in detecting left neglect in acute and @entity64 ? OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of common clinical tests for left neglect with that of a computerized reaction time Posner test in a @entity64 population. DESIGN: Neglect measures were collected longitudinally in @entity1 with @entity64 at the acute ( approximately 2wk) and chronic ( approximately 9mo) stages. Identical measures were collected in a healthy control group. SETTING: Inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation. @entity1 : @entity1 with @entity64 (n=59) with left neglect, 30 of whom were tested longitudinally; healthy age-matched controls (n=30). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A receiver operating characteristic analysis ranking the measures' sensitivity and specificity using a single summary statistic. RESULTS: Most clinical tests were adequately accurate at the acute stage, but many were near chance at the chronic stage. The Posner test was the most sensitive test at both stages. The most sensitive variable was the reaction time difference for detecting targets appearing on the left compared with the right side. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized reaction time tests can be used to screen for subtle but potentially clinically relevant left neglect, which may not be detectable by conventional clinical tests, especially at the chronic stage. Such tests may be useful to assess the severity of the @entity1 ' deficits and provide more accurate measures of the degree of recovery in clinical trials than established clinical measures.

title: Is the posner reaction time test more accurate than clinical tests in detecting left neglect in acute and XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'chronic stroke', 'acute stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['chronic stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of @entity3034 ( @entity3034 ) and cZi-DBS (deep brain stimulation in caudal zona incerta) on spontaneous speech intelligibility in @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spontaneous utterances were extracted from anechoic recordings from 11 @entity1 with @entity191 preoperatively (off and on @entity3034 medication) and 6 and 12  months post bilateral cZi-DBS operation (off and on stimulation, with simultaneous @entity3034 medication). Background noise with an amplitude corresponding to a clinical setting was added to the recordings. Intelligibility was assessed through a transcription task performed by 41 listeners in a randomized and blinded procedure. RESULTS: A group-level worsening in spontaneous speech intelligibility was observed on cZi stimulation compared to off 6  months postoperatively (8 adverse, 1 positive, 2 no change). Twelve months postoperatively, adverse effects of cZi-DBS were not frequently observed (2 positive, 3 adverse, 6 no change). @entity3034 administered preoperatively as part of the evaluation for DBS operation provided the overall best treatment outcome (1 adverse, 4 positive, 6 no change). CONCLUSIONS: cZi-DBS was shown to have smaller negative effects when evaluated from spontaneous speech compared to speech effects reported previously. The previously reported reduction in word-level intelligibility 12  months postoperatively was not transferred to spontaneous speech for most @entity1 . Reduced intelligibility due to cZi stimulation was much more prominent 6  months postoperatively than at 12  months.

title: Speech intelligibility in @entity191 XXXX with zona incerta deep brain stimulation.

entities_list: @entity3034 :: ('MESH:D007980', 'Chemical') :: ['Levodopa', 'l-dopa']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The use of artificial nerves for the repair of @entity1897 is restricted by the limited sources of Schwann cells (SCs). @entity1 mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)  -derived Schwann  -like cells are considered an alternative and desirable cell source. The aim of the present study was to establish a method of inducing directional differentiation of @entity1 umbilical cord blood (hUCB) MSCs into Schwann  -like cells. Cells isolated from hUCB were cultured in MesenCult complete medium, a specialized culture medium for MSCs, to expand hUCBMSCs. hUCBMSCs were purified by repeated changing of the medium, and they were identified by detection of the specific cell surface markers for MSCs. For differentiation of Schwann  -like cells from hUCBMSCs, the purified cells were sequentially cultured in DMEM/F12 medium with various additives. Differentiated Schwann  -like cells were identified by the detection of SC  -specific markers, including @entity4483 , glial fibrillary acidic protein and @entity2251 , by immunocytochemisty, reverse transcription  -polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results demonstrated that the majority of the differentiated cells presented classical dipolar and fusiform SC morphology. Notably, a large proportion of these cells expressed the three SC markers. These results suggest that hUCBMSCs can undergo directional differentiation into Schwann  -like cells in  vitro and may be an important source of SCs for the treatment of @entity1897 with @entity15589 .

title: Differentiation of Schwann  -like cells from XXXX umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells in  vitro.

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve defects']

entities_list: @entity15589 :: ('MESH:D009380', 'Disease') :: ['tissue  -engineered artificial nerves']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The loss of epithelial polarity and tissue architecture is a diagnostic feature of @entity5 . In @entity238 , genetic studies identified 3 neoplastic @entity5 suppressor genes (nTSGs), and a loss of nTSGs has been shown to result in a disruption of apical-basal polarity and @entity5 in epithelial cells. @entity12490 is one type of the @entity238 nTSGs, which encodes a membrane-associated cytoplasmic protein containing the multi-PDZ domain. In contrast to @entity238 @entity12490 , the oncogenic roles of its @entity1 homologues have not yet been established. We herein immunohistochemically examined the distributions of @entity12491 protein in @entity1 @entity14 using affinity-purified antibody. In 50 cases of @entity2513 and @entity420 , the accumulation of @entity12491 protein was commonly observed in comparison with the adjacent normal epithelia. Furthermore, the overexpression and distribution of @entity12491 was observed to extensively overlap with the cytoplasmic accumulation of @entity3546 . Like @entity3546 , the intense immunoreactivity of @entity12491 was often observed in small @entity652 , thus, suggesting that @entity12491 could be involved in an early step of @entity694 . Five corresponding liver metastases showed a comparable immunoreactivity for anti- @entity12491 in comparison with their primary sites. In an immunofluorescence analysis on cultured cell lines, the loss of membranous staining of @entity12491 was observed according to the cytoplasmic translocation of @entity3546 . We herein demonstrate that the accumulation of @entity12491 protein might therefore be involved in @entity694 while also providing a possible link between @entity12491 and @entity3546 .

title: @entity1 XXXX accumulates in @entity14 in association with an altered distribution of @entity3546 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'neoplastic growth']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity12490 :: (44448(Tax:7227),Gene) :: ['scribble']


abstract: A series of 16 cases of @entity1779 associated with @entity1313 are described. The literature is reviewed and the incidence of these cases is reported to be low, but we had clinically encountered these cases more commonly than reported, since CT was introduced to the neurosurgical field as a diagnostic aid. The presenting symptoms were those of spontaneous @entity1779 or @entity1313 . The @entity1779 associated with @entity1313 may mask the cause of @entity548 and confuse the diagnosis. The majority of the @entity5 causing the @entity1779 are highly malignant as @entity463 or metastatic @entity1313 , but there are some @entity5 such as @entity977 , @entity279 , benign @entity816 and @entity1653 , which would have good survival rates if discovered early. The mechanisms of @entity548 with @entity1313 are not clear. From pathological findings of our cases and other reports, the mechanism seems to be due to the vascular endothelial proliferation with subsequent obliteration of the lung of the vessel. Thin walled, poorly formed vessels in @entity5 may also become distorted with growth of the @entity5 and these may easily @entity397 and bleed. @entity39 with subsequent loss of vessel support may be a factor in production of @entity548 . Radiation therapy may be a predisposing factor. @entity1 are rarely involved in these cases. The prognosis in the majority of cases would seen to be poor, since the majority of the @entity5 are highly malignant and most such @entity1 are seen by the neurosurgeon some time after the @entity548 has accomplished its fatal mischief.

title: [ XXXX in @entity1313 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity279 :: ('MESH:D018325', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor', 'brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['Necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningioma']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['Intracerebral hemorrhage']


abstract: @entity9784 ( @entity9785 ) is an important reactive @entity26 species (ROS), non-radical, and taking part in physiological processes concerned with the defense of the organism, but there has been limited information regarding its scavenging by @entity6398 . This study was designed to examine the @entity9785 scavenging activity of several @entity6398 and microwave assisted extracts of herbal teas. @entity9785 scavenging activity has usually been determined spectrophotometrically by KI/ @entity2226 assay at 350 nm. Since some @entity6398 (i.e., @entity15476 and @entity15602 ) have a strong UV absorption in this range, their @entity9785 scavenging activity was alternatively determined without interference by using @entity15603 ( @entity6153 ) as a fluorogenic probe. In the present assay, @entity9785 induces the chlorination of @entity15603 into its non-fluorescent products. @entity6398 as @entity9785 scavengers inhibit the chlorination of the probe by this species. Thus, the IC25 (25% inhibitive concentration) value of @entity6398 was determined by using the relative increase in fluorescence intensity of @entity15603 probe. The @entity9785 scavenging activities of the test compounds decreased in the order: @entity3089 > @entity3092 > @entity11676 > @entity15604 > @entity12919 > @entity15605 . The present study revealed that @entity3089 (IC25=0.1   M) was the most effective scavenging agent. In addition to @entity6398 , four herbal teas were evaluated for their @entity9785 activity using the @entity15603 method. The proposed spectrofluorometric method was practical, rapid, and less open to interferences by absorbing substances in the range 200-420 nm. The results hint to the possibility of @entity6398 to have beneficial effects in diseases such as @entity731 in which @entity9785 plays a pathogenic role.

title: Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of XXXX from Herbal Teas and Evaluation of Their in vitro @entity9784 Scavenging Activity.

entities_list: @entity9784 :: ('MESH:D006997', 'Chemical') :: ['Hypochlorous acid']

entities_list: @entity15605 :: ('MESH:C006552', 'Chemical') :: ['kaempferol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['epigallocatechin gallate']

entities_list: @entity15603 :: ('MESH:C031389', 'Chemical') :: ['resorcinol']

entities_list: @entity3092 :: ('MESH:D011794', 'Chemical') :: ['quercetin']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity6398 :: ('MESH:D059808', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyphenols', 'polyphenols']

entities_list: @entity11676 :: ('MESH:D005707', 'Chemical') :: ['gallic acid']

entities_list: @entity6153 :: ('MESH:C034221', 'Chemical') :: ['1,3-dihydroxy benzene']

answer: @entity6398 :: (MESH:D059808,Chemical) :: ['Polyphenols']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress on the renal tubules has been implicated as a mechanism of injury in both @entity4854 and contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of these effects has a synergistic effect on accentuating renal tubular apoptosis and therefore increasing the risk of contrast-induced nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity235 kidney cells were incubated with 5- and 30-mmol/L @entity413 solutions and no @entity413 and then exposed for 2 hours to three types of contrast media-high osmolar (370 mg I/mL), low osmolar (300 mg I/mL), and isoosmolar (320 mg I/mL)-and a @entity2656 control solution. In an identical experiment, each group of cells was pretreated with an antioxidant- @entity898 or @entity2226 -to evaluate the protective effect, if any. Apoptosis was assessed with fluorescence-activated cell sorter flow cytometry. RESULTS: The high-osmolar contrast medium was associated with significantly elevated levels of apoptosis compared with the @entity2656 control (percentage apoptosis, 27.98 +/- 1.08 vs 6.19 +/- 0.771; p < 0.001). This effect was less pronounced after incubation with the low-osmolar agent but was still significant (percentage apoptosis, 20.19 +/- 0.3665 vs 6.19 +/- 0.771; p < 0.001). The isosmolar agent did not have a significant effect. Both the high- and low-osmolar contrast media coupled with @entity4854 (30-mmol/L @entity413 ) were associated with a significantly increased level of apoptosis. In all contrast medium groups, @entity2226 had a greater protective effect on attenuation of cell apoptosis than did @entity898 . CONCLUSION: The combination of contrast medium and an elevated @entity413 level has a synergistic effect on apoptosis. @entity2226 may be a more effective prophylactic antioxidant than the currently advocated antioxidant, @entity898 .

title: Contrast-induced nephrotoxicity: possible synergistic effect of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity2226 :: ('MESH:D013654', 'Chemical') :: ['taurine', 'Taurine']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylcysteine']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['stress hyperglycemia', 'hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['stress hyperglycemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Elevated plasma levels of @entity6511 ( @entity6511 ) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) events. Direct inhibition of this proinflammatory enzyme with @entity22311 may benefit CV @entity1 when given as an adjunct to standard of care, including lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapies. METHODS: STABILITY is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, international, multicenter, event-driven trial. The study has randomized 15,828 @entity1 with chronic @entity301 ( @entity301 ) receiving standard of care to @entity22311 enteric-coated (EC) tablets, 160 mg or placebo. RESULTS: The primary end point is the composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE): CV death, nonfatal @entity583 , and @entity64 . The key secondary end points will include major coronary events, total coronary events, individual components of MACE, and all-cause mortality. Prespecified substudies include 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, @entity633 progression, changes in cognitive function, and pharmacokinetic and biomarker analyses. Health economic outcomes and characterization of baseline lifestyle risk factors also will be assessed. The study will continue until 1,500 primary end points have occurred to achieve 90% power to detect a 15.5% reduction in the primary end point. The median treatment duration is anticipated to be 2.75 years. CONCLUSIONS: STABILITY will assess whether direct inhibition of @entity6511 with @entity22311 added to the standard of care confers clinical benefit to @entity1 with @entity301 .

title: Study design and rationale for the clinical outcomes of the STABILITY Trial (STabilization of Atherosclerotic plaque By Initiation of XXXX TherapY) comparing @entity22311 versus placebo in @entity1 with @entity301 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['nonfatal stroke']

entities_list: @entity22311 :: ('MESH:C529040', 'Chemical') :: ['darapladib']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity6511 :: ('7941', 'Gene') :: ['Lp-PLA(2)', 'lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2)']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity22311 :: (MESH:C529040,Chemical) :: ['darapLadIb']


abstract: Muscular tension is assigned an important role in the development and maintenance of chronic @entity158 syndromes. It is seen as a psychophysiological correlate of learned fear and avoidance behavior. Basic theoretical models emphasize classical conditioning of muscular responses as a mechanism of @entity158 chronification. However, the empirical basis for this field is very small. Our aim was to investigate muscular factors in relation to unconditioned and conditioned @entity158 stimuli. An experimental study was conducted using a differential classical conditioning paradigm with 18 @entity1 with @entity615 (BP) and @entity2701 ( @entity2701 ), and 18 @entity23 ( @entity23 ). A high-pitched sound served as the CS+, paired with an intracutaneous electric @entity158 stimulus (US), while a neutral sound was used as the CS-. Simultaneously, integrated surface electromyograms (iEMGs) were recorded for seven muscle sites. Our hypothesis was that the @entity158 @entity1 would demonstrate enhanced conditionability. Baseline values between @entity1 ( @entity2701 , BP) and @entity23 showed no significant differences. Although the perception and @entity158 thresholds were balanced, both @entity1 groups revealed a higher number of significant muscular responses to the @entity158 stimulus (UR) than the @entity23 . All @entity1 showed significant conditioned muscular responses, however, the @entity1 displayed a higher number than the @entity23 . Furthermore a significant relation was found between muscular responses and the experience of @entity158 1day after the experiment. Muscular responses can be learned via classical conditioning. @entity2701 and BP @entity1 revealed a higher number of unconditioned and conditioned responses.

title: Unconditioned and conditioned muscular responses in @entity1 with XXXX and chronic @entity2701 and in @entity23 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['chronic back pain']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['healthy controls', 'HC']

entities_list: @entity2701 :: ('MESH:D018781', 'Disease') :: ['tension-type headache', 'TTH']

answer: @entity615 :: (MESH:D001416,Disease) :: ['chronic back pain']


abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the significance of stenotic lesion of an unoccluded vessel in a manifestation of myocardial " @entity63 at a distance" during acute @entity1563 . The left anterior descending artery (LAD) was ligated in @entity235 in which constriction of the circumflex artery (LCx) of different degrees was carried out beforehand. Ischemic changes were detected by epicardial and intramyocardial electrocardiograms. Systemic and coronary hemodynamics were monitored. In @entity235 without LCx constriction (Group-I) and those with LCx constriction of such a degree as to reduce the percent repayment of the blood flow debt to 150% (Group-II), the LAD-ligation produced no ischemic changes in the LCx area. In @entity235 with severe constriction of LCx such as eliminating reactive @entity450 (Group-III), an expansion of @entity2806 to the LCx area was observed. @entity2224 was observed more frequently in Group-III as compared to Group-I and Group-II. After LAD-ligation LCx blood flow was increased in Group-I and Group-II, but remained unchanged in Group-III. After LAD ligation, distal coronary perfusion pressure (DCPP) of LCx remained unchanged in Group-I, while further decrease of DCPP was observed in both Group-II and Group-III. Some @entity235 in Group-III showed a sudden reduction of the flow associated with a decrease of DCPP after the ligation. These results show that hemodynamic changes, especially a sudden decrease in coronary perfusion pressure after LAD-ligation, play a significant role in inducing ischemic changes in the area perfused by the unoccluded coronary artery with severe @entity850 (LCx).

title: The significance of stenotic lesion in an unoccluded coronary artery. A manifestation of myocardial " XXXX at a distance" during acute @entity1563 .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic damage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary occlusion']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if daily use of colognes could elevate mood in middle-aged @entity1 . Sixty @entity1 ranging in age from 40 to 55 years participated in the study. Half were European-American and half were African-American. Mood ratings were obtained twice daily for 12 days using the Profile of Mood States questionnaire (POMS). The first 2 days of the experiment were used as baseline information to establish each @entity1 's mood prior to the administration of the colognes. The following 10 days of the study consisted of two conditions of 5 days each, the fragrance condition and the placebo condition. Main effects of condition (baseline, fragrance, placebo) were found for all POMS factors including @entity2701 , @entity308 , anger, vigor, fatigue, and @entity911 , as well as for the @entity1316 ( @entity1316 ). The scores for the fragrance condition were significantly better than those for the baseline condition for @entity2701 , @entity308 , anger, fatigue, and @entity911 factors, as well as for the @entity1316 . Also, the scores for the fragrance condition were significantly better than those for the placebo condition for all factors and the @entity1316 . There was a main effect for race, with European-American subjects having significantly worse scores for @entity2701 and fatigue and significantly better scores for @entity308 than African-American subjects. An interaction was present between race and condition for the @entity308 , vigor, and @entity911 factors. The main conclusion of this study was that use of pleasant odors improved the mood of males at midlife.

title: Effect of pleasant odors on mood of males at midlife: comparison of African-American and European-American XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['TMD', 'Total Mood Disturbance score']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: Between September 1992 and May 1997 in the Department of Surgery at the Medical University of L  beck 240 colorectal procedures were performed by laparoscopic techniques. Fifty-seven @entity1 underwent laparoscopic colectomy for @entity4436 . In 52 cases sigmoid resections were performed laparoscopically, including 4 cases with simultaneous laparoscopic rectopexy. Anterior resections were necessary in 3 @entity1 , whereas 2 @entity1 with extended localization of diverticula required left hemicolectomies. Using atraumatic instruments and an ultrasound dissector, laparoscopic resection involved tubular dissection and preperitoneal @entity254 . The mean operative time was 234 min. In 8 cases (14%) conversion to an open procedure was necessary. Complications occurred in 6 @entity1 (10.5%). One @entity1 died because of an @entity834 . In conclusion, with increasing experience laparoscopic resection for @entity4436 can be performed without additional morbidity in comparison to open colectomy. In particular, the benefits of the minimally invasive method are quicker reconvalescence with reduced @entity282 and improved cosmesis.

title: [Laparoscopic sigmoid resection in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity4436 :: (MESH:D004238,Disease) :: ['diverticulitis']


abstract: This study evaluates the use of a hand-held spirometer (pocket spirometer, Buhl type) in monitoring pulmonary function as a part of a homebased pharmacokinetic service for @entity1 with @entity1576 . To calibrate the spirometer and determine its accuracy, six healthy volunteers were trained in its use by the pharmacist. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were determined for each volunteer once a month for six months. The T test for the presence of outliers showed no statistical difference at p less than 0.05. Seven @entity1 on chronic therapy with @entity2544 derivatives for respiratory problems were randomly referred by their physicians to the pharmacokinetic service. The pharmacist counseled each @entity1 and measured FVC and FEV1 once a month for six months. The ratio, (FEV1:FVC) X 100, was calculated for each @entity1 before and after steady-state serum level determination and dosage adjustment. The mean value for this ratio was 45.1 before pharmacokinetic intervention and 57.5 after intervention. Using the Student's t-test, these results were significant (p less than 0.05). The correlation coefficient was calculated to determine if a correlation existed between the increase in the ratio and the increase in serum @entity2544 levels. Serum levels were ordered before and after intervention for five of the seven @entity1 receiving pharmacokinetic intervention. The change in serum levels vs. change in the ratio was associated with a correlation coefficient of 0.718. Monitoring pulmonary function may be a useful adjunct for the pharmacist who provides pharmacokinetic counseling to @entity1 with @entity1576 , but expanded studies are needed to judge the value of routine spirometric measurements on homebased @entity1 .

title: Using a hand-held spirometer as a monitoring tool in chronic XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory disease']

answer: @entity2544 :: (MESH:D013806,Chemical) :: ['theophylline']


abstract: The purpose of this study was twofold: to measure the overall direct costs of @entity308 for 1990 in the UK, and to develop a model to illustrate issues in the evaluation of the relative cost-effectiveness of the pharmacological treatment of @entity308 . We compared a tricyclic antidepressant, @entity2645 , with @entity903 , a newer antidepressant. For assessing the cost of illness, we used a top-down approach. We calculated direct but not indirect costs. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated by developing a simulation model based on the theory of clinical decision analysis to compare the costs and outcome of each treatment. From this we estimated the expected cost per @entity1 and the cost per successfully treated @entity1 . The total cost to the nation of @entity308 was estimated to be 222 pounds million. The expected costs per @entity1 were found to be similar for @entity903 and @entity2645 (430 pounds v. 424 pounds). The costs per successfully treated @entity1 were found to be lower for @entity903 (824 pounds) than for @entity2645 (1024 pounds). The results were stable when a sensitivity analysis was applied to the variables employed in the model. The most sensitive variable was the cost of treatment failure. Our model thus reveals that medication that appears expensive in terms of cost per day may not be so when @entity1 compliance and the total costs of treatment are taken into account.

title: What price XXXX ? The cost of @entity308 and the cost-effectiveness of pharmacological treatment.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive illness', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: PURPOSE: The Malone antegrade continence enema procedure has changed the lives of many school-aged @entity1 who would otherwise be in diapers. Unfortunately, our current procedures to flush the Malone antegrade continence enema are difficult to accomplish independently and require an extensive time commitment. In this study we confirm that a new device, the ACE Malone @entity10804 device (ACE-MAID) is safe and effective, will decrease the time it takes to perform the flush and will increase independence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine @entity1 were prospectively enrolled for a 1-year study. @entity1 age ranged from 4 to 16 years, and diagnoses included @entity3570 (3 cases), imperforate anus (4) and @entity693 (1). The study consisted of initial and followup questionnaires, an "ACE-O-Gram," quality assurance testing of the ACE-MAID and an objective observation of current flushing technique. RESULTS: The average objective start to finish flush time decreased from 45 minutes initially to 31 minutes using the ACE-MAID. @entity1 who initially had more than 1 accident per month had a decrease in the number of stool accidents. When asked to compare the ACE-MAID device to the previous form of flushing 100% of @entity1 stated that it was better. When asked if they would use the pump when the study was over 100% reported yes. CONCLUSIONS: The new ACE-MAID proved safe and effective, decreased flush times, may decrease stool accidents and facilitates independence for @entity1 treated with a MACE procedure.

title: The new Malone antegrade continence enema XXXX device allows independence and decreases flush times.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['infantile meningitis']

entities_list: @entity10804 :: ('MESH:C537069', 'Disease') :: ['automatic instillation']

answer: @entity10804 :: (MESH:C537069,Disease) :: ['automatic instillation']


abstract: Abstract The use of immunotherapeutics in @entity320 has received much attention, and recent advances to further characterize the regulatory components of the immune system and the importance of co-stimulatory molecules have opened a new area for clinical investigation. @entity4386 ( @entity4386 ) serves as a negative regulator of immunity. Recent trials administering fully human anti- @entity4386 monoclonal antibodies to @entity320 @entity1 have demonstrated clinically meaningful responses. Treatment with @entity4386 blocking antibodies, however, is not without potential @entity137 . Autoimmune side-effects, the most common being @entity1960 -associated @entity294 , are frequently associated with clinical responses. In efforts to build upon prior vaccination efforts as well as attempt to offer @entity1 clinically meaningful immune responses with a @entity4386 blockade but without significant @entity137 , we conducted a clinical trial in @entity1 who previously received autologous @entity5 cells engineered to secrete @entity2841 (GVAX; Cell Genesys, South San Francisco, CA, USA) with periodic infusions of @entity4386 blocking antibodies. This sequential treatment resulted in clinically significant anti- @entity5 immunity without grade 3 or 4 @entity137 in most @entity1 . Pathological analyses following treatment of pre-existing @entity5 revealed a linear correlation between @entity5 @entity39 and the ratio of intra-tumoral @entity405 + effector cells to @entity403 + regulatory cells (T(regs)). Effective anti- @entity5 immunity and serious autoimmunity can be disassociated. Further targeting of anti- @entity5 T(regs)in combinatorial therapy approaches may be a rich avenue of future investigation.

title: Overcoming immunological tolerance to @entity320 : Targeting XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity4386 :: ('1493', 'Gene') :: ['CTLA-4', 'Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4']

answer: @entity4386 :: (1493,Gene) :: ['CTLA-4']


abstract: Altered glomerular metabolism of @entity1426 (AA) has already been demonstrated in experimental @entity1310 . The enhanced synthesis of @entity2404 ( @entity3447 ) in isolated glomeruli that has been found may mediate changes in renal hemodynamics. The objectives of this investigation were: to check whether glomerular AA metabolism is also altered in a model of @entity8 in which no leukocyte infiltration or platelet deposition could be demonstrated; to establish a correlation between the altered AA metabolism and @entity644 ; and to explore whether the alteration of the @entity3009 (PG) pathway found in isolated glomeruli is an in vitro artifact or reflects a modification in vivo. We used a model of @entity8 characterized by heavy and persistent @entity644 , which was induced in the @entity35 by a single intravenous injection of @entity632 . At light microscopy, minimal @entity8 were found in this model. Electron microscopy showed profound alterations of glomerular epithelial cells with extensive fusion of foot processes and signs of epithelial cell activation. Electron microscopy of numerous glomeruli showed no platelet deposition or macrophage and leukocyte infiltration in this model. Isolated glomeruli from @entity1985 @entity35 studied 14 or 30 d after a single intravenous injection of @entity632 (7.5 mg/kg) when animals were heavily proteinuric generated significantly more TxB2, the stable breakdown product of @entity3447 , than normal glomeruli. No significant changes were found in the other major AA metabolites formed through cyclooxygenase. Urinary excretion of immunoreactive TxB2 was also significantly higher in @entity1985 than in normal animals. Administration of a selective Tx synthetase inhibitor, UK-38,485, from day 14 to day 18 after @entity632 resulted in a significant reduction of @entity644 compared with pretreatment values. Glomerular synthesis and urinary excretion of TxB2 were normal during the UK-38,485 treatment. Additional experiments showed that elevated glomerular synthesis and urinary excretion of @entity3448 were not a consequence of increased substrate availability. Maximal stimulation of the @entity3449 -angiotensin @entity2270 with @entity1483 increased glomerular TxB2 synthesis in normal @entity35 , which was significantly lower than in @entity1985 animals. Finally, experiments using a unilateral model of @entity632 @entity3450 indicated that the enhancement of glomerular TxB2 synthesis is not simply a consequence of the @entity1985 . We conclude that: there is an @entity8 metabolism in @entity751 , which leads to increased @entity3447 production; the increased Tx generation correlates with @entity644 and might be responsible for altering the glomerular basement membrane permeability to protein; and the alteration found in isolated glomeruli probably reflects a modification in vivo, in that urinary excretion of immunoreactive TxB2 is also consistently increased in @entity632 @entity3450 .

title: Increased glomerular thromboxane synthesis as a possible cause of @entity644 in experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria', 'protein excretion']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotoxic nephritis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['abnormality of glomerular AA', 'glomerulopathy', 'glomerular damage', 'glomerular abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome', 'nephrotic']

entities_list: @entity2404 :: ('MESH:D013928', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane A2']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity3450 :: ('MESH:D009401', 'Disease') :: ['nephrosis']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['nephritic syndrome']

answer: @entity3450 :: (MESH:D009401,Disease) :: ['nephrosis']