abstract: We investigated the effects of branched-chain @entity1522 on DNA synthesis and proliferation in primary cultures of adult @entity35 hepatocytes. Of the branched-chain @entity1522 , only @entity368 (10(-5)-10(-3) M) induced hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The addition of @entity4857 or @entity6778 on its own had no significant effects on the hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation. When combined, @entity6778 competitively antagonized @entity368 -stimulated hepatocyte mitogenesis. @entity4385 (10(-6) M), @entity20830 (10(-7) M), @entity2307 (10(-7) M), @entity4286 (10(-6) M) and @entity3446 (10 ng/ml) inhibited the ability of @entity368 to stimulate the hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation, suggesting that phospholipase C, @entity669 kinase, @entity4357 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and p70 S6 kinase are involved in @entity368 signaling. The mitogenic effects of @entity368 are completely abolished by the addition of anti-transforming growth factor-alpha ( @entity18696 ) antibody to the culture medium. Furthermore, @entity368 stimulated @entity18696 secretion into the culture medium and the @entity368 effect was inhibited by @entity4385 . @entity6778 alone had no significant effect on @entity18696 secretion but this agent blocked @entity368 -induced @entity18696 secretion. The results suggest that @entity368 triggers @entity18696 secretion through a putative @entity368 receptor. The secreted @entity18696 then stimulates hepatocyte DNA synthesis and proliferation through activation of @entity18696 receptor to induce @entity669 kinase/MAP kinase activity and other downstream growth-related signal transducers.

title: Effects of branched-chain @entity1522 on DNA synthesis and proliferation in primary cultures of adult XXXX hepatocytes.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity2307 :: ('MESH:C009687', 'Chemical') :: ['wortmannin']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity6778 :: ('CHEBI:24898', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoleucine', 'isoleucine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Due to the high mortality and morbidity rates of esophagectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is increasingly used for the curative treatment of early low risk Barrett's @entity420 . OBJECTIVE: This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the prevalence of lymph node metastases (LNM) in submucosal (T1b) esophageal @entity420 (EAC) in relation to the absolute depth of @entity5 invasion and demonstrate the efficacy of EMR for low risk (well and moderately differentiated without @entity3 ) EAC with @entity895 invasion (submucosal invasion  <=500     m) according to the Paris classification. METHODS: The pathology reports of @entity1 undergoing endoscopic resection and surgery from January 1994 until December 2013 at one center were reviewed and 54 @entity1 with submucosal invasion were included. LNM were evaluated in surgical specimens and by follow up examinations in case of EMR. RESULTS: No LNM were observed in 10 @entity1 with @entity895 @entity420 that underwent endoscopic resection. Three of them underwent supplementary endoscopic eradication therapy with a median follow up of 27 months for @entity1 with @entity895 @entity5 . In the surgical series two @entity1 (29%) with @entity895 invasion according to the pragmatic classification (subdivision of the submucosa into three equal thirds), staged as @entity3578 -3 in the Paris classification, had LNM. The rate of LNM for surgical @entity1 with low risk @entity895 @entity5 was 10% according to the pragmatic classification and 0% according to Paris classification. CONCLUSION: Different classifications of the @entity5 invasion depth lead to different LNM risks and treatment strategies for @entity895 @entity420 . @entity1 with low risk @entity895 @entity420 appear to be suitable candidates for EMR.

title: XXXX and risk of @entity3 in early Barrett's @entity5 : potential impact of different classification systems on @entity1 management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'submucosal tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['lymphovascular invasion']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['Submucosal invasion']


abstract: The causes of @entity850 in the area of the nasolacrimal duct in adults are extremely variable. In general, the symptoms may vary, but most cases exhibit a common factor of circumstances in the prestenotic area which favor recurring @entity32 . The treatment of these disorders is limited to either a conservative therapeutic approach to control @entity32 , or surgically invasive measures. By using balloon catheters, which are usually applied in PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty), dilatation of the relative postsaccal @entity850 is obtained with the assistance of radiography. An exact diagnosis by means of various testing methods, including digital dacryocystography for the detailed localization and documentation of any pathological changes, is decisive for success. Only in cases of incomplete, postsaccal @entity850 is @entity384 of the distal nasolacrimal duct incated. The guide wire, designed for the PTCA balloon catheter set, is introduced via the canaliculus to the nasal cavity antegradely and caught with a thin hook and pulled from the naris. This is done under visual control using an image converter. The balloon catheter is retrogradely threaded over the guide wire. The balloon is then placed at the site of the pathological @entity850 under X-ray control and dilated with high pressure. To assure permeability of the system, a monocanalicular @entity1346 intubation has to be made immediately following this procedure. This procedure has been performed successfully on six @entity1 ; Follow-up time ranged from 6 to 22 months. The initial results are encouraging and sustain hope that this minimally invasive, interdisciplinary technique represents a new alternative in the treatment of incomplete, postsaccal lacrimal @entity850 .

title: [Monoca XXXX intubation of the lacrimal ducts after retrograde dilatation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['retrograde balloon dilation']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['silicone']


abstract: @entity6766 due to consumption of products contaminated with @entity2491 (S.T.), @entity5125 (L.m.), and @entity526 O157:H7 (E.c.) results in many deaths and significant economic losses each year. In this study, acetic (AA), @entity1792 (CA), @entity880 (LA), @entity5910 (MA), and @entity5272 (TA) and @entity2722 ( @entity2722 ), @entity3641 ( @entity3641 ), bitter @entity2487 seed (BMS), rasum, and fenugreek (FG) extracts were investigated as inhibitors against S.T., L.m., and E.c. in both broth-culture and meat systems. Brain Heart Infusion solutions containing 18.7, 37.5, and 75.0 mM organic acids and 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/mL extracts were challenged with approximately log 6 CFU/mL S.T., L.m., and E.c. A pH-adjusted control was included to determine pH effect on exhibited antibacterial activity. For the meat system, 1 to 2 g @entity1573 breast pieces were vacuum-infused with CA/MA/TA acid at 75 and 150 mM and @entity2722 and @entity3641 at 3000, 6000, and 9000 ppm in a partial factorial arrangement. @entity3641 and @entity2722 showed considerable activity in broth-culture. All organic acids were effective in broth-culture at 75 mM after 24 h (P < 0.05). CA and TA were effective at 37.5 mM. CA/MA/TA at 150.0 mM were the most effective in the meat system, reducing E.c., L.m. and S.T. by >5, >2, and 4-6 log CFU/g, respectively, although all organic acids showed some antibacterial activity at 75.0 and 150.0 mM. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of organic acids and plant extracts in the control of S.T., L.m., and E.c. O157:H7.

title: Effect of organic acids and plant extracts on @entity526 O157:H7, @entity5125 , and XXXX in broth culture model and @entity1573 meat systems.

entities_list: @entity2491 :: ('90371', 'Species') :: ['Salmonella Typhimurium']

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['tartaric acid']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['Foodborne illness']

entities_list: @entity1792 :: ('MESH:D019343', 'Chemical') :: ['citric acid']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity5910 :: ('MESH:C030298', 'Chemical') :: ['malic acid']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity2491 :: (90371,Species) :: ['Salmonella Typhimurium']


abstract: We reported previously the purification of @entity93 : @entity2945 cytidylyltransferase from @entity35 liver (Weinhold, P. A., Rounsifer, M. E., and Feldman, D. A. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5104-5110). The purified enzyme appeared to contain equal amounts of two nonidentical proteins, with Mr of about 38,000 and 45,000. We have now separated and purified these proteins. @entity2975 electrophoresis in the presence of @entity3208 indicated that each protein was homogeneous. The 45,000 protein contained the catalytic activity. Analysis by gel filtration chromatography and @entity653 gradient centrifugation indicated that the 38,000 and 45,000 proteins in the purified cytidylyltransferase were independently associated with Triton X-100 micelles. The apparent Mr of the complexes suggested that a tetramer of each protein was bound to one Triton X-100 micelle. The isolated 45,000 catalytic protein had the same lipid requirement and kinetic properties as the purified cytidylyltransferase containing both proteins. Enzyme activity was stimulated to maximal values by @entity2434 vesicles containing 9 mol % of either @entity3952 , @entity4357 , or @entity3634 . The @entity535 compositions of the isolated 38,000 and 45,000 proteins were distinctly different. Overall, the results suggested that a tetramer of the 45,000 protein possessed nearly optimal catalytic activity. A functional role of the 38,000 protein as part of a cytidylyltransferase enzyme complex could not be documented. However, the need for stabilizing concentrations of @entity6000 in the purified enzyme preparation may have prevented the association of the two proteins.

title: @entity93 : @entity2945 cytidylyltransferase from XXXX liver. Isolation and characterization of the catalytic subunit.

entities_list: @entity3952 :: ('MESH:D019301', 'Chemical') :: ['oleic acid']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity2945 :: ('MESH:D010767', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorylcholine']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity3634 :: ('MESH:D010715', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylglycerol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: AIMS: To compare acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary @entity137 for @entity1 positioned with an @entity1652 ( @entity1652 ) and @entity1 positioned with kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) during postoperative prostate radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1999 and April 2010, 196 @entity263 @entity1 were referred for postoperative salvage radiotherapy. @entity1 position was corrected using @entity1652 (1999 to December 2006, n=116) or CBCT (January 2007 to present, n=80). The treatment technique, number of beams, dose prescription, dose computation algorithm and planning target volume margins were not altered over time. Grade 1-3 acute gastrointestinal and genitourinary @entity137 were compared between the @entity1652 group and the CBCT group. RESULTS: The incidence of grade 1 and 2 genitourinary @entity137 was significantly reduced by 17 and 14%, respectively, in the CBCT group compared with the @entity1652 group (P<0.05). This was mainly attributed to a decrease in the following grade 1 symptoms: frequency (P<0.05), @entity2183 (P=0.06) and urgency (P=0.07). Grade 2 @entity322 (P=0.06) and frequency (P=0.06) were lower in the CBCT group. Grade 3 genitourinary @entity137 was comparably low ( @entity1652 3% versus CBCT 1%). There was no significant difference in gastrointestinal grade 1-2 @entity137 between both groups. No grade 3 gastrointestinal @entity137 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 positioning with CBCT significantly reduces acute genitourinary @entity137 compared with positioning with @entity1652 .

title: A comparison of the acute XXXX profile between two-dimensional and three-dimensional image-guided radiotherapy for @entity263 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1652 :: ('MESH:D009471', 'Disease') :: ['EPID', 'electronic portal imaging device']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: The present study was undertaken to investigate the interrelation of nutrition, core temperature, and thyroid function and their influence on survival of @entity1 aged > or = 70 y admitted to the hospital with acute conditions. Sixty-seven @entity1 entered the study. Nutritional state, thyroid function, rectal temperature, and the APACHE II score were recorded at admission. The @entity1 were followed until @entity204 or hospital discharge. @entity1 with a serum albumin concentration < 35 g/L showed a lower @entity1954 ( @entity3938 ) concentration, a higher reverse @entity1954 ( @entity3938 ) concentration, and a higher @entity204 rate. Prior @entity353 (> or = 10%) did not influence thyroid status but increased the mortality rate. Eleven @entity1 were hypothermic (< 36.5 degrees C) and had a higher mortality, lower total @entity3938 concentration, and higher @entity3938 concentration than the normothermic or hyperthermic subjects. Serum albumin, body weight, and total @entity3938 concentration were higher in survivors (n = 51) than in nonsurvivors (n = 16). Ongoing @entity353 and @entity4988 at admission are highly prevalent in elderly @entity1 with @entity697 , and influence their clinical outcome. Mild @entity2332 was a good predictor of @entity204 . @entity4988 and @entity2332 were associated with low @entity3938 and high @entity3938 values.

title: Influence of nutrition, thyroid hormones, and rectal temperature on in-hospital mortality of elderly XXXX with @entity697 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute disease']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia', 'Hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The transferability of antimicrobial resistance from @entity880 bacteria (LAB) to potential pathogenic strains was studied using in vitro methods and mating in a food matrix. Five LAB donors containing either @entity2929 or @entity803 resistance markers on transferable elements were conjugally mated with LAB ( @entity797 , @entity7878 ) and pathogenic strains (Listeria spp., Salmonella ssp., @entity794 , and @entity526 ). In vitro transfer experiments were carried out with the donors and recipients using both the filter and plate mating methods. The food matrix consisted of fermented whole milk (fermented with the LAB donors) with the pathogenic recipients added as contaminants during the production process. All transconjugants were confirmed by phenotypic and molecular methods. @entity2929 resistance transfer from LAB strains to Listeria spp. was observed using both in vitro mating methods at high transfer frequencies of up to 5.1 x 10(-4) transconjugants per recipient. Also, high frequency transfer (ranging from 2.7 x 10(-8) up to 1.1 x 10(-3) transconjugants per recipient) of both @entity2929 and @entity803 -resistance was observed between LAB species using in vitro methods. No resistance transfer was observed to Salmonella spp., @entity794 , and @entity526 . The only conjugal transfer observed in the fermented milk matrix was for @entity803 resistance between two LAB strains (at a transfer frequency of 2.6 x 10(-7) transconjugants per recipients). This study demonstrates the transfer of antimicrobial resistance from LAB to Listeria spp. using in vitro methods and also the transfer of resistance between LAB species in a food matrix. It highlights the involvement of LAB as a potential source of resistance determinants that may be disseminated between LAB and pathogenic strains including Listeria spp. Furthermore, it indicates that food matrices such as fermented milks may provide a suitable environment to support gene exchange.

title: Assessment of antimicrobial resistance transfer between XXXX bacteria and potential foodborne pathogens using in vitro methods and mating in a food matrix.

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin', 'Erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity797 :: ('1351', 'Species') :: ['Enterococcus faecalis']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity7878 :: ('1358', 'Species') :: ['Lactococcus lactis']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity880 :: (MESH:D019344,Chemical) :: ['lactic acid']


abstract: @entity6169 ( @entity3229 -y) has been shown to play an important role in the control of immunological and inflammatory responses. This study aims at investigating the potential role of @entity6170 , a strong @entity3229 -y agonist in a @entity19 model of @entity565 . METHODS: Adult male @entity840 were administered ovalbumin 100   mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) and 100   mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP). Treatment with @entity6170 [5   mg/kg/day, per oral (PO)] was assessed for 21 days. On day 21, the animals were challenged with the same dose of ovalbumin. The forced expiratory volume in 1   s (FEV1 ) to forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1 /FVC, was measured using a spirometer to diagnosis @entity3885 . Serum levels of @entity6171 ( @entity6171 ) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) were assessed. The activity of @entity224 dismutase (SOD) and catalase and the level of @entity2041 ( @entity6172 ) were determined in lung tissue homogenates. KEY FINDINGS: Our results demonstrated that treatment with @entity6170 resulted in a statistically significant improvement in lung function and histopathological features. Significant decrease in the serum levels of @entity6171 and IgE were observed. The activity of SOD and catalase as well as the @entity6172 level were significantly increased in the lung tissues of treated animals compared with untreated @entity748 animals. Serum IgE concentrations and @entity6171 levels were directly correlated to each other and inversely correlated to the SOD, @entity6172 and catalase levels in the all studied @entity840 . CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence that the @entity3229 -y agonist @entity6170 may have potential in the development of therapies for @entity565 .

title: In-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of @entity6170 , a @entity6169 ( @entity3229 -y) agonists in animal model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['reduced glutathione']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['lung obstruction']

entities_list: @entity6169 :: ('100729138', 'Gene') :: ['OBJECTIVES: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity6170 :: ('MESH:C089730', 'Chemical') :: ['rosiglitazone']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['bronchial asthma']


abstract: Inner ear hair cell loss is the most common pathology seen after @entity99 . While certain drugs such as @entity581 and @entity900 are well-known to have dramatic @entity2167 effects, it is probable that there are other drugs that cause occult degrees of hair cell loss and lesser degrees of @entity393 . Anti- @entity5 drugs are particularly strong candidates due to their general @entity137 . We have screened a library of 88 anti- @entity5 drugs (National Cancer Institute Approved Oncology Drugs Set) for drugs that damage hair cells of the @entity3392 lateral line. The screen identified four out of five known @entity2167 drugs. The screen also identified four out of seven suspected @entity2167 drugs (drugs that have isolated case reports of @entity1 developing @entity393 after administration). Five additional drugs with no known @entity2167 were identified as potentially novel ototoxins. Additional dose-response curves were performed to evaluate relative @entity137 . Since anti- @entity5 drugs are often used clinically in combination, we also performed dose-response curves for a variety of anti- @entity5 drug combinations and demonstrated @entity137 in five out of ten drug combinations that we tested. These findings support the use of the @entity3392 lateral line as a screening tool to detect @entity2167 effects in drugs and also suggest that @entity2167 should be considered in terms of drug regimens rather than individual drugs.

title: Hair cell @entity137 in anti- @entity5 drugs: evaluating an anti- @entity5 drug library for independent and synergistic toxic effects on hair cells using the XXXX lateral line.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'synergistic toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxic', 'ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxic drug injury']

answer: @entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['zebrafish']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8252 is a T(H)1-related cytokine that is involved in the inflammatory response in various infectious and @entity792 . @entity8252 has recently been shown to be upregulated in T-cell-mediated inflammatory disorders. The observations suggest a potential role for this cytokine in a variety of pathologic conditions, including T(H)1-mediated and T(H)2-mediated inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we searched for single @entity377 polymorphisms in the whole @entity8252 gene and investigated their association with inflammatory and/or @entity1097 phenotypes. METHODS: The screening for single @entity377 polymorphisms was performed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Genotyping of the identified polymorphisms was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genotypic association analysis used the Armitage trend test. Haplotype frequency estimation and subsequent testing for differences between cases and controls were performed by using the programs FASTEHPLUS and FAMHAP. RESULTS: We identified 5 novel noncoding @entity377 sequence variants, all of which were typed in our @entity748 , our @entity1097 , and our control population. According to the Armitage trend test, none of the 5 polymorphisms is associated with the phenotype bronchial @entity565 or @entity402 . However, multilocus haplotype analysis based on simulations to find out whether the haplotype frequencies differed between cases and controls by using the program FAMHAP yielded a P value of 6.1 x 10(-5) in the @entity748 versus the control population, which is highly significant. Furthermore, we obtained a nominally significant result of P=.0232 for the @entity1097 versus the control population by using FAMHAP. CONCLUSION: These results strongly underscore previous findings that suggest a potential role of this cytokine in @entity56 .

title: Multilocus haplotype analyses reveal association between 5 novel XXXX polymorphisms and @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity8252 :: (3600,Gene) :: ['IL-15']


abstract: Leucopenic @entity35 were injected i.v. with either allogeneic or syngeneic lymphocyte suspensions and their capacity to respond to @entity6671 tested at various intervals after the injection of the cells. The carrageenin-induced inflammatory response, which is characteristically attenuated in leucopenic animals, was partially but none the less definitely restored when allogeneic cells were transfused 20 min before the irritant, and less so when they were given 1 or 2 h before. Syngeneic cells were effective in restoring this response up to 2 h after injection. Only a small fraction of the exogenous cells, either allogeneic or syngeneic, remained in the blood, and this for short intervals. One hour after administration of cell suspensions blood leucocyte counts again attained previous values. The same rate of disappearance of the cells from blood was observed in splenectomized @entity35 . Removal of the cells from circulation was thought to reflect "homing" into lymphoid tissues and other tissues, but not selectively in the spleen. Lymphocyte constituents, obtained by cell disintegration and injected i.v. into leucopenic @entity35 , did not cause any change in blood leucocyte counts and yet restored the previously inhibited inflammatory response to carrageenin, as much as the viable cells. It is suggested that @entity32 -producing materials, either deposited in tissues or formed or transformed at a site of injury, might gain access to the lymphatics during the early stages of a non-immune, inflammatory response, and "stimulate" lymphoid cells in adjacent lymphoid tissues either to release pro-inflammatory factors or to migrate to the site of injury, where they would exert pro-inflammatory activities. Apparently, only a small number of these cells in involved in the response.

title: Some characteristics of the participation of lymphocytes in non-immune XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6671 :: ('MESH:D002351', 'Chemical') :: ['carrageenin']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: State of the art radiation treatment methods such as hypo-fractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) can successfully destroy @entity5 cells and avoid damaging healthy tissue by delivering high-level radiation dose that precisely conforms to the @entity5 shape. Though these methods work well for stationary @entity5 , SBRT dose delivery is particularly susceptible to organ motion, and few techniques capable of resolving and compensating for respiratory-induced organ motion have reached clinical practice. The current treatment pipeline cannot accurately predict nor account for respiratory-induced motion in the abdomen that may result in significant displacement of target lesions during the breathing cycle. Sensitivity of dose deposition to respiratory-induced organ motion represents a significant challenge and may account for observed discrepancies between predictive treatment plan indicators and clinical @entity1 outcomes. Improved treatment-planning and delivery of SBRT requires an accurate prediction of dose deposition uncertainties resulting from respiratory motion. To accomplish this goal, we developed a framework that models both organ displacement in response to respiration and the underlying random variations in @entity1 -specific breathing patterns. Our organ deformation model is a four-dimensional maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of tissue deformation as a function of chest wall amplitudes computed from clinically obtained respiratory-correlated computed tomography (RCCT) images. We characterize @entity1 -specific respiration as the probability density function (PDF) of chest wall amplitudes and model @entity1 breathing patterns as a random process. We then combine the @entity1 -specific organ motion and stochastic breathing models to calculate the resulting variability in radiation dose accumulation. This process allows us to predict uncertainties in dose delivery in the presence of organ motion and identify tissues at risk of receiving insufficient or harmful levels of radiation.

title: Quantifying variability in radiation dose due to respiratory-induced XXXX motion.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the antral follicle count can predict the number of retrieved oocytes in @entity1 undergoing @entity52 ( @entity52 ) and to correlate it with maternal age and pregnancy rate. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study based on a review of medical records from 193 @entity1 who underwent assisted reproduction techniques between September 2010 and September 2012 in a Clinic for @entity1 Reproduction. The study included @entity1 indicated for @entity52 who had follicle-stimulating hormone levels below 10 mIU/mL on third day of the menstrual cycle, with oocyte recipients being excluded. The @entity1 were divided into three groups according to the number of antral follicle (up to 10 follicles, 11-22 follicles, and 23 or more follicles). To compare these three groups with the group of @entity1 who became pregnant, @entity1 who had not developed oocytes and had not undergone embryo transfer were also excluded. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to measure the level of association between the numerical variables, and   2 test was used to compare pregnancy rates with antral follicle count. To assess the likelihood of pregnancy, we used multivariate logistic regression, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: The pregnancy rate of the sample was 35.6%. There was a positive significant correlation (sc) between antral follicle count and number of retrieved oocytes (sc=0.5; p<0.05) and a negative correlation between antral follicle count and age (sc= -0.5; p<0.05). There was no significant difference (p=0.16) when groups with different numbers of follicles were compared to the positive pregnancy test group; however, a cutoff of 27 antral follicles was observed in multivariate analysis, after which the probability of successful gestation tended to remain constant. CONCLUSIONS: The antral follicle count decreases over the years, is a predictor of the number of retrieved oocytes and can predict the likelihood of the success of @entity52 .

title: [Number of antral follicles and the success of XXXX : a multivariate analysis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilization']

answer: @entity52 :: (MESH:C566179,Disease) :: ['in vitro fertilization']


abstract: @entity299 is a major cause of mortality in heart transplant recipients. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion imaging in heart transplant recipients. We studied 166 @entity1 (age 54 +/- 10 years, 140 @entity1 ) by symptom-limited bicycle exercise or @entity452 (up to 40 microg/kg/min) stress myocardial perfusion imaging 7.4 +/- 2.5 years after heart transplantation. An intravenous dose of 370 MBq of @entity1136 tetrofosmin was injected at peak stress and 24 hours after the stress test. An abnormal test was defined as reversible or fixed perfusion defects. Perfusion abnormalities were detected in 55 @entity1 (33%). During a median follow-up of 2.5 years, 54 @entity204 (33%) occurred, 16 of which were due to cardiac causes. The incidence of perfusion abnormalities was higher in @entity1 with subsequent @entity204 than in @entity1 without subsequent @entity204 (69% vs 29%, p = 0.01). In an incremental multivariate Cox analysis, @entity204 was not predicted by age, gender, duration of transplantation, number of rejection episodes, or @entity2803 . In the next step, stress test parameters were added. The peak rate-pressure product was the only significant predictor at this step (risk ratio 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 0.97, chi-square 7.7, p = 0.006). In the final step, the presence of abnormal myocardial perfusion was an independent predictor of @entity204 (risk ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 11.7, chi-square 4.7, incremental to clinical and stress test variables, p = 0.01). It is concluded that stress myocardial perfusion imaging with @entity1136 tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography provides incremental data for the prediction of @entity204 in heart transplant recipients.

title: Prediction of mortality in heart transplant recipients by stress XXXX tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus infection']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac allograft vasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'cardiac death']

answer: @entity1136 :: (MESH:D013667,Chemical) :: ['technetium-99m']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk factors and incidence of @entity385 associated with @entity7555 ( @entity305 , @entity7555 , @entity2744 , @entity1581 , and skin changes) syndrome. METHODS: The Mayo Clinic dysproteinemia database was queried to identify @entity1 with coded diagnosis of @entity7555 . @entity1 with @entity385 , occurring after the onset of @entity7555 -related symptoms, were selected. A retrospective observational study design was used to evaluate potential predictors of @entity64 in @entity1 with @entity7555 . RESULTS: A total of 9 @entity1 (10%; 95% confidence interval 5.4-17.9) with @entity385 were identified (2 @entity1 , 22%). Traditional @entity64 risk factors were not significantly different between the @entity64 and nonstroke subgroups, but @entity1503 such as @entity1423 and @entity236 differed between the 2 groups. @entity385 occurrence after successful treatment of the underlying condition was not observed. CT and MRI data demonstrated a wide spectrum of infarct topography in these @entity1 . Common @entity64 etiologies comprised suspected @entity1504 leading to vessel dissection and @entity850 , in addition to @entity887 from a proximal source. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year risk of @entity385 in @entity1 with @entity7555 is 13.4%. Evidence of plasma cell proliferation within the bone marrow and elevated serum platelet count led to increased risk of @entity385 in this population. We conclude that known modifiable @entity64 risk factors should be aggressively managed. Treatment of @entity1148 should be considered in @entity1 without a contraindication. Treatment of the syndrome may be the best approach to decreasing risk of @entity385 in these @entity1 .

title: XXXX in @entity7555 : incidence, risk factors, and imaging characteristics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['monoclonal gammopathy']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['elevated platelet count']

entities_list: @entity305 :: ('MESH:D011115', 'Disease') :: ['polyneuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['vascular structural abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity2744 :: ('MESH:C567425', 'Disease') :: ['endocrinopathy']

entities_list: @entity7555 :: ('MESH:D016878', 'Disease') :: ['POEMS', 'organomegaly', 'POEMS syndrome']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow plasmacytosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral infarction', 'cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['Cerebral infarction']


abstract: Apoplexy of @entity977 with subsequent @entity4614 is a rare but well recognized complication following cardiac surgery. The nature of cardiac on-pump surgery provides a risk of damage to the pituitary because the vascular supply of the pituitary is not included in the cerebral autoregulation. Thus, pituitary tissue may exhibit an increased susceptibility to hypoperfusion, @entity63 or intraoperative @entity887 . After on-pump procedures, @entity1 often present with physical and @entity73 which resemble symptoms of @entity4614 . Therefore, we analyzed whether on-pump cardiac surgery may cause @entity4611 also in the absence of pre-existing @entity4611 . Twenty-five @entity1 were examined 3-12 months after on-pump cardiac surgery. Basal hormone levels for all four anterior pituitary hormone axes were measured and a short synacthen test and a @entity7704 plus @entity369 ( @entity7704 - @entity534 )-test were performed. Quality of life (QoL), @entity308 , subjective distress for a specific life event, sleep quality and @entity1295 were assessed by means of self-rating questionnaires. Hormonal alterations were only slight and no signs of anterior @entity4614 were found except for an insufficient growth hormone rise in two overweight @entity1 in the @entity7704 -ARG-test. @entity73 was pronounced, including symptoms of moderate to severe @entity308 in 9, reduced mental QoL in 8, dysfunctional coping in 6 and pronounced @entity25 in 16 @entity1 . @entity9646 levels did not correlate with @entity73 . On-pump cardiac surgery did not cause relevant @entity4614 in our sample of @entity1 and does not serve to explain the psychosocial symptoms of these @entity1 .

title: Can cardiac surgery cause XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity7704 :: ('2691', 'Gene') :: ['GHRH', 'growth hormone releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbances']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Psychosocial impairment', 'psychosocial impairments', 'psychosocial impairment']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary dysfunction', 'pituitary disease']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity4614 :: (MESH:D007018,Disease) :: ['hypopituitarism']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity8 ( @entity8 ) after coronary angiography is a serious complication with an unfavorable prognosis. If @entity8 is persistent in the chronic phase, the prognosis is much worsened. We evaluated the efficacy of a new clinical therapy consisting of cardiac catheterization combined with hydration, oral @entity898 , @entity4388 and iso-osmolar contrast agents. METHODS: The clinical therapy was applied to @entity1 with pre-existent @entity740 who underwent elective coronary angiography between December 2005 and December 2006. The incidence of @entity8 (defined as an increase > or = 25% and/or > or = 0.5 mg/dl in serum @entity1011 ) persisting in the chronic phase at 30-60 days was examined in therapy era @entity1 and compared with non-therapy era @entity1 treated between January 2004 and November 2005, as well as @entity1 with @entity1011 clearance < 40 ml/min. RESULTS: The clinical therapy was applied to 31 of 517 consecutive @entity1 who underwent coronary angiography. @entity8 persisting in the chronic phase at 30-60 days occurred in 28 of 808 consecutive non-therapy era @entity1 and 8 of 517 consecutive therapy era @entity1 (3.5% vs 1.8%, p < 0.05). Excluding emergent cases, it occurred in 23 of 752 non-therapy era @entity1 and 5 of 466 therapy era @entity1 (3.1% vs 1.1%, p < 0.05). The @entity1 with pre-existent @entity740 ( @entity1011 clearance < 40 ml/min) included 66 non-therapy era @entity1 , and 21 of 31 therapy patients. Serum @entity1011 increased in the non-therapy era group (p < 0.01), but not in the therapy group. @entity8 persisting in the chronic phase at 30-60 days occurred in 21 non-therapy era group but in none of the therapy group. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy for @entity1 with @entity177 consisting of cardiac catheterization combined with hydration, oral @entity898 , @entity4388 and iso-osmolar contrast agents is effective to prevent @entity8 in the chronic phase.

title: [Prevention of contrast-induced XXXX using cardiac catheterization combined with hydration, oral @entity898 , @entity4388 and iso-osmolar contrast agents].

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Contrast-induced nephropathy', 'CIN']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylcysteine']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['nephropathy']


abstract: The @entity2508 ( @entity2508 ) are important members of an intracellular signaling cascade that is involved in many aspects of the cellular physiology and development of neurons and glia. @entity2508 are expressed in many brain regions including the cerebellum; however, their role during cerebellar development is poorly understood. Immunohistochemical approaches using phosphorylation-state specific antiserum that recognizes only the activated- @entity2508 (pERK) were used to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of activated- @entity2509 in the developing and adult @entity35 cerebellum. The distribution and cell type-specificity of pERK-immunoreactivity (IR) followed an age-related pattern, with the density of pERK-IR Purkinje cells decreasing between P6 and @entity22163 and increasing at later times. Immunopositive granule cell neurons increased from P6 to P12, became decreased during much of late postnatal cerebellar development, and absent in adults. Co-localization of pERK with glial fibrillary acidic protein or the neuronal marker beta-tubulin revealed that activated @entity2509 is present in maturing Purkinje and granule cells, and the soma of Bergmann glia on P4, P10 and @entity22163 ; pERK was detected in astrocytes on P10 and @entity22163 . Associated with weaning, there was a general increase in activated- @entity2509 in all cell types on P22. In adults, pERK-IR was confined to the Purkinje cell layer and scattered cells in the corpus medullare. In summary, a high degree of developmental plasticity was observed in the spatiotemporal distribution of cerebellar pERK-IR suggesting that the @entity2509 -pathway plays a dynamic role in regulating neuronal and glial migration, proliferation and differentiation in the developing cerebellum. In the mature cerebellum, @entity2509 signaling may also mediate postsynaptic information processing.

title: Spatial, temporal, and cellular distribution of the activated XXXX in the developing and mature @entity35 cerebellum.

entities_list: @entity2508 :: ('50689;116590', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2', 'ERK1/2']

answer: @entity2508 :: (50689;116590,Gene) :: ['extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity1167 have lower survival rates, when resuscitation performance is low. In In-hospital settings the first responders on scene are usually nursing staff without rhythm analysing skills. In such cases Automated External Defibrillators (AED) might help guiding resuscitation performance. At the Wuerzburg University Hospital (Germany) an AED-program was initiated in 2007. Aim of the presented study was to monitor the impact of Automated External Defibrillators on the management of in-hospital @entity1167 events. METHODS: The data acquisition was part of a continuous quality improvement process of the Wuerzburg University Hospital. For analysing the CPR performance, the chest compression rate (CCR), compression depth (CCD), the no flow fraction (NFF), time interval from AED-activation to the first compression (TtC), the time interval from AED-activation to the first shock (TtS) and the post schock pause (TtCS) were determined by AED captured data. A questionnaire was completed by the first responders. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2012 there were 359 emergency calls. From these 53 were cardiac arrests with an AED-application. Complete data were available in 46 cases. The TtC was 34 (32-52) seconds (median and IQR).The TtS was 30 (28-32) seconds (median and IQR) . The TtCS was 4 (3-6) seconds (median and IQR) . The CCD was 5.5        1  cm while the CCR was 107        11/min. The NFF was calculated as 41  %. ROSC was achieved in 21 @entity1 (45  %), 8 @entity1 (17  %) died on scene and 17 @entity1 (37  %) were transferred under ongoing CPR to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). CONCLUSION: The TtS and TtC indicate that there is an AED-user dependent time loss. These time intervals can be markedly reduced, when the user is trained to interrupt the AED's "chain of advices" by placing the electrode-paddles immediately on the @entity1 's thorax. At this time the AED switches directly to the analysing mode. Intensive training and adaption of the training contents is needed to optimize the handling of the AED in order to maximize its advantages and to minimize its disadvantages.

title: Monitoring of in-hospital XXXX events with the focus on Automated External Defibrillators - a retrospective observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The national protocol for @entity565 management was released in 1995. There has been no national investigation to compare the actual care delivered at the Emergency Department to those recommended by these guidelines: To compare the documented management of acute @entity565 at the Emergency Room (ER) with the Saudi National Guidelines METHODS: Retrospective analyses of a total of 150 ER records, of @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity565 over a one year period (January through to December 2000), at King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Documentation of the history, indices of severity, treatment given, pre-discharge assessment and prescriptions were compared to the nationally recommended management. RESULTS: History of the present attack, its duration, frequency of b-agonist use and nocturnal symptoms were documented in less than 50% of @entity1 . Previous ER visits and hospitalization, peak flow rate and accessory muscle use were similarly recorded in less than 50% of @entity1 whereas intensive care unit admission and intubation were documented in less than 15% of asthmatics. @entity230 were given to only 46% of @entity1 with acute @entity565 who visited the Emergency Department. Pre-discharge clinical assessment and peak flow readings were documented in 48% and 29%. Only 64% of @entity1 were given a follow up appointment. CONCLUSION: The documented treatment of @entity1 with an acute @entity748 episode at the ER varies significantly from what is recommended by the National and International Asthma Management Guidelines. Failure to implement Asthma Guidelines probably results in an inadequate care of @entity748 @entity1 and raises the urgent need for a National Physician Asthma Education Program.

title: Implementation of the national XXXX management guidelines in the emergency department.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroids']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: A 78-year-old lady initially presented with @entity158 , lethargy and weight loss. She had a past history of @entity4772 . Investigations revealed evidence of malabsorption and jejunal biopsy revealed @entity194 in keeping with @entity66 . Peripheral blood film was within normal limits. She responded well clinically to a gluten-free diet and @entity460 and @entity560 supplementation. Four years after the initial diagnosis she presented acutely with @entity391 , @entity662 , @entity221 and @entity5143 . Blood cultures confirmed the presence of @entity328 and she was treated appropriately with @entity869 . Despite this she died shortly after admission. It is recognized that blood film examination alone cannot exclude hyposplenism complicating @entity66 and it is presumed that this was the reason for the development of fatal @entity295 in this @entity1 . Prophylactic vaccination may be appropriate in hyposplenism secondary to @entity66 .

title: Fatal XXXX in a coeliac @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritic chest pain']

entities_list: @entity4772 :: ('MESH:D010018', 'Disease') :: ['osteomalacia']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['coeliac disease']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['sub-total villous atrophy']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['painful hips, low back pain']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity5143 :: ('MESH:D001986', 'Disease') :: ['bronchospasm']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['pneumococcal septicaemia']


abstract: 1. Reperfusion of hindlimbs that had previously been exposed to either 10 or 60 min global ischaemia resulted in transient washouts of @entity5537 and @entity414 in approximate proportion to the interval of ischaemia. However, changing the interval of sequential @entity1808 infusions from 10 to 60 min did not affect the magnitude of sustained @entity5537 and @entity414 release. 2. Perfused @entity35 mesenteric artery arcade released @entity5537 and @entity414 and each was further increased approximately 2-fold by exposure to the vasoconstrictor, @entity750 (6.7 microM). 3. Incubated de-endothelialized @entity35 aorta also released @entity3042 and @entity6245 and this was increased further when subjected to increased work loads. 4. The increased rates of release of @entity3042 and @entity6245 from hindlimb, and the simpler vascular preparations of mesenteric arcade and aorta, were in proportion to the relative rates of increase in @entity26 consumption under maximum vascular load. 5. It is concluded that the release of @entity10043 and @entity7392 and their catabolites from perfused @entity35 hindlimb occurring as a consequence of vasoconstriction is not the result of release from previously ischaemic tissue. In addition, release of @entity3042 and @entity6245 appears to be a general feature of vascular smooth muscle subjected to high workloads.

title: Vasoconstrictor-mediated release of XXXX and @entity6245 from perfused @entity35 hindlimb, perfused mesenteric arcade and incubated de-endothelialized aorta.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity6245 :: ('MESH:D011743', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidines']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity7392 :: ('MESH:D011741', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine nucleosides']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity3042 :: (MESH:D011687,Chemical) :: ['purines']


abstract: Valve repair is often required to maintain haemodynamic performance in @entity1 with @entity166 . Localizations on the aortic valve are frequent and lead to rapid, often severe, deterioration, especially when the valve ring and the septum are also infected. Conduction disorders and @entity397 of the abscess into the heart cavities are formal indications for surgery. @entity339 requires surgical repair less often and has a slower clinical course. The tricuspid valve generally tolerates infection well and surgery is only exceptionally indicated. An emergency situation due to @entity712 occurring simultaneously with @entity16 (ruptured mitral chordae) and moderate regurgitation, can most often be managed medically. Inversely, surgery is required when blood cultures are persistently positive and @entity295 remains uncontrolled after 8 days of adapted antibiotics. Surgery is entertained when the risk of emboli is established echographically, although growth on valves is not in itself sufficient. Most operated cases also involve an initial embolic event. Conservative surgery (mitral or tricuspid plasty) should always be performed to avoid the long-term complications of prostheses: @entity340 (disinsertion or @entity715 ), bacterial resistance, risk of @entity887 especially for mechanical valves, risk of @entity932 related to anticoagulant therapy. When @entity884 develops on a prosthesis early after implantation reoperation is usually required, especially when certain organisms ( @entity375 , @entity794 ) are involved. Haemodynamic performance and bacterial resistance dominate the decision making processes which must be adapted to each individual case. Once the decision for surgery has been made, the operation should not be delayed in the hope a longer antibiotic course will be effective since prognosis worsens rapidly if the haemodynamic situation is allowed to deteriorate.

title: [ XXXX : the right time for surgery].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['Mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['brain haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['valve damage']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity166 :: (MESH:D003141,Disease) :: ['Infectious endocarditis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare long-term outcomes of systematic primary stent placement between Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC)-II C/D disease and TASC-II A/B disease. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2009, endovascular treatments with primary stent placement were performed for 533 lesions in 413 consecutive @entity1 with iliac @entity432 . Median follow-up term was 72 months (range, 1-144 months). Lesion severity in this retrospective study was classified according to TASC-II as type A in 134 @entity1 (32%), type B in 154 @entity1 (37%), type C in 64 @entity1 (16%), and type D in 61 @entity1 (15%). Technical success rates, procedure time, complication rates, and cumulative primary patency rates were compared between the complex lesion group (TASC-II type C/D) and the simple lesion group (TASC-II type A/B). Risk factors for in-stent restenosis were also analyzed. RESULTS: Technical success rates in TASC-II C/D and A/B were both 99%. Procedure times for TASC-II type A, B, C, and D lesions were 98    40, 124    50, 152    55, and 183    68 minutes, respectively. Procedure time was significantly longer in TASC-II C/D (167    63 minutes) than in TASC-II A/B (112    47 minutes; P < .001). The complication rate was significantly higher in TASC-II C/D (9%) than in TASC-II A/B (3%; P = .014). Cumulative primary patency rates at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years were 90%, 88%, 83%, and 71% in TASC-II C/D and 95%, 91%, 88%, and 83% in TASC-II A/B, respectively. No significant differences were apparent between groups (P = .17; Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test). In multivariate analysis, lesion length was an independent risk factor for in-stent restenosis (hazard ratio, 1.12, P = .03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: Primary stent placement for complex iliac @entity432 provides acceptable long-term outcomes, although the procedure takes relatively longer and is associated with a higher frequency of complications than for simple disease.

title: Long-term outcomes for systematic primary stent placement in complex iliac XXXX classified according to Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC)-II.

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery occlusive disease']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['artery occlusive disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The demand for @entity231 surgery is rising, calling for pathways that have good access and are cost-effective. Lean thinking is a management strategy, aimed at improving quality while reducing costs. Lean production processes are designed to identify gaps between expected and actual performance. AIM: To analyse the efficacy and efficiency of a lean @entity231 pathway. METHODS: Lean care delivered to a prospective cohort (616 @entity231 @entity1 ) was compared (1) with traditional care delivered to a historical cohort (591 @entity231 @entity1 ) and (2) with expected lean care in the prospective cohort. To evaluate efficacy, the authors analysed how many @entity1 received care that adhered to the lean pathway's specifications. To evaluate efficiency, the authors analysed how often @entity1 visited the hospital and how many additional @entity1 could access the pathway. RESULTS: In the lean pathway, @entity1 visits decreased by 23%, and access to the @entity231 pathway increased with 42%. A 40% decrease in @entity1 visits and a 76% increase in access could have been realised if healthcare staff would have adhered to the lean pathway's specifications. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Lean pathways can realise large improvements, and still have a significant gap between expected and actual care delivery. The challenge for healthcare teams is not to improve care delivery by using lean pathways as opposed to using traditional pathways, but to strive for optimal performance by consistently adhering to the specifications of the lean pathway.

title: Efficacy and efficiency of a lean XXXX pathway: a comparative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of @entity908 phosphokinase and its isoenzymes with fetal @entity1763 and risk at birth. METHODS: Thirty-five pregnant @entity1 with high-risk pregnancy were studied. RESULTS: In 21 @entity1 , fetal distress was diagnosed by interpretation of the fetal heart rate tracing (FHR). The remaining 14 @entity1 , having normal fetal cardiotocography, were considered as the control group. Total CK and its isoenzymes activity was measured in cord sera and 24 h after birth in peripheral blood. Abnormal FHR patterns correlate well with elevated enzyme activities. Total CK and its isoenzymes ( @entity16410 , CK-MB, and @entity9055 ) exhibited higher values in asphyxiated @entity1 as compared to normal neonates. @entity63 occurred in seven newborns who had elevated CK-MB and @entity9055 levels, both at birth and within 24 h postpartum. Chromatographic study showed in normal neonates that the predominant isoenzyme was @entity16410 , whereas @entity9055 activity was negligible. In the newborns with abnormal FHR, CK-MB and @entity9055 were increased with predominance of CK-MB. CONCLUSIONS: Antepartum fetal distress is associated with release of @entity9055 , and particularly CK-MB; therefore, these biochemical markers may indicate either brain or @entity296 .

title: Elevation of activity of XXXX phosphokinase (CK) and its isoenzymes in the newborn is associated with fetal @entity1763 and risk at birth.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Electrocardiographic ischemia']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

answer: @entity908 :: (MESH:D003401,Chemical) :: ['creatine']


abstract: Exposure to stress alters the behavioral and neurochemical effects of drugs of abuse. However, it is unknown if chronic stress can affect the serotonergic depletions induced by the psychostimulant drug @entity21435 ( @entity14842 ). @entity35 were exposed to 10 days of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) which resulted in the predicted elevation of basal plasma @entity2819 concentrations. On the 11th day, @entity35 received four challenge doses of @entity14842 (5 mg/kg every 2 h, i.p.) or saline. Five days later, @entity35 were killed and @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and @entity935 content were measured in the striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. @entity14842 produced greater depletions of @entity750 in all three brain regions of @entity35 pre-exposed to CUS compared to @entity35 not exposed to CUS. CUS-exposed @entity35 also had an augmented acute hyperthermic response but a similar increase in plasma @entity2819 after challenge injections of @entity14842 compared with non-stressed @entity35 similarly challenged with @entity14842 . Moreover, CUS-exposed @entity35 exhibited an @entity14842 -induced depletion of striatal @entity935 that was absent in non-stressed @entity35 that received @entity14842 . To investigate the role of @entity2819 in these effects, the @entity2819 synthesis inhibitor, @entity4235 (50 mg/kg i.p.), was administered prior to each stressor on each of the 10 days of CUS. @entity4235 blocked the chronic stress-induced elevation in basal plasma @entity2819 , prevented the enhancement of @entity14842 -induced @entity221 , and blocked the enhanced depletions of @entity750 and @entity935 in CUS-exposed @entity35 , but had no effect on the acute @entity14842 -induced increases in plasma @entity2819 . These findings suggest that @entity21436 alone can increase the basal level of @entity2819 that in turn, plays an important role in enhancing the sensitivity of both @entity750 and @entity935 terminals to the hyperthermic and monoamine depleting effects of @entity14842 without altering the acute @entity2819 response to an @entity14842 challenge.

title: Chronic unpredictable stress augments + XXXX -induced monoamine depletions: the role of @entity2819 .

entities_list: @entity4235 :: ('MESH:D008797', 'Chemical') :: ['metyrapone', 'Metyrapone']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity21435 :: ('CHEBI:1391', 'Chemical') :: ['3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity21435 :: (CHEBI:1391,Chemical) :: ['3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this case report is to explore the treatment of @entity227 secondary to @entity10751 ( @entity10751 ) on an 8 month-old baby. Treatments for corneal scarring,ocular protection, and @entity4457 were achieved by fitting a scleral lens with a unique piggyback combination involving a cosmetic soft contact lens. METHOD: The @entity1 was seen in February 2008, on referral from a corneal specialist, for a scleral lens fitting. This case was comanaged from Universit   de Montr  al with the help of the Boston Foundation for Sight.Examination revealed a right cornea with @entity231 . We planned to use scleral lenses to treat this eye and to protect the other one. Although the @entity1 's @entity2788 did improve, some concerns arose about potential impact on her visual development. Our treatment for @entity4457 involved the use of @entity3897 in both eyes and penalization of the good eye with a cosmetic opaque contact lens that we fitted onto a piggyback system over the scleral lens. The rationale behind this approach is explained in this article. RESULT: After the contact lens was fitted and after penalization and atropinization,the baby's @entity227 improved. Time will tell to what degree this treatment is effective. CONCLUSION: @entity10751 is a challenging condition for the eye because of the presence of alacrymia and lack of corneal sensitivity. Scleral contact lenses and cosmetic contact lenses offer a unique way of addressing many issues, such as @entity2687 and @entity4457 , raised in this case report. These devices may be considered for any other case that requires corneal tissue healing and visual development.

title: Piggyback cosmetic contact lens as an occlusion therapy in a @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual condition', 'ocular and visual complications']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['opacities']

entities_list: @entity10751 :: ('MESH:D004402', 'Disease') :: ['familial dysautonomia', 'Familial dysautonomia', 'Riley   Day syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2788 :: ('MESH:D015785', 'Disease') :: ['ocular condition']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal healing']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity10751 :: (MESH:D004402,Disease) :: ['familial dysautonomia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) disproportionately impacts Latino youth yet few @entity6 prevention programs address this important source of health disparities. OBJECTIVES: To address this knowledge gap, we describe the rationale, design, and methodology underpinning a culturally-grounded @entity2175 prevention program for @entity28 Latino youth. The study aims to: 1) to test the efficacy of the intervention for reducing @entity2175 risk, 2) explore potential mediators and moderators of changes in health behaviors and health outcomes and, 3) examine the incremental cost-effectiveness for reducing @entity2175 risk. Latino adolescents (N=160, age 14-16) will be randomized to either a 3-month intensive lifestyle intervention or a control condition. The intervention consists of weekly health education delivered by bilingual/bicultural promotores and 3 moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) sessions/week. Control youth receive health information and results from their laboratory testing. @entity2690 sensitivity, @entity413 tolerance, and weight-specific quality of life are assessed at baseline, 3-months, 6-months, and 12-months. We will explore whether enhanced self-efficacy and/or social support mediate improvements in nutrition/PA behaviors and @entity2175 outcomes. We will also explore whether effects are moderated by sex and/or acculturation. Cost-effectiveness from the health system perspective will be estimated by the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio using changes in @entity2690 sensitivity at 12-months. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study will provide much needed information on how @entity2175 prevention interventions for @entity28 Latino youth are developed, implemented and evaluated. This innovative approach is an essential step in the development of scalable, cost-effective, solution oriented programs to prevent @entity2175 in this and other high-risk populations.

title: Culturally-grounded XXXX prevention program for @entity28 Latino youth: Rationale, design, and methods.

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['T2D', 'Type 2 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Aversive olfactory learning was established in young @entity35 after odor exposure paired with foot shock through a classical conditioning paradigm. Using behavioral pharmacology and Western blotting, we previously reported that plasticity in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) underlies aversive olfactory learning. Since long-term potentiation (LTP) observed in the hippocampus is believed to be a cellular substrate for aspects of memory, we attempted to induce LTP in the MOB. Using brain slices containing the MOB, we found that five @entity116 of the lateral olfactory tract evoked LTP that was blocked by the @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor antagonist AP5. Although three @entity116 induced no significant changes in control slices, with @entity1063 (NA) application they produced clear LTP (NA-mediated LTP), which was not dependent on @entity143 receptors. NA's facilitating effect on LTP induction was blocked by the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity6839 but not by the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity5521 , and was mimicked by the beta-adrenoceptor agonist @entity3044 . The l-type @entity460 channel blocker @entity594 completely blocked LTP as well as NA-mediated LTP. In addition, we found that aversive olfactory learning was impaired by beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, @entity6839 but not by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, @entity5521 , and only odor training established olfactory learning by @entity3044 infusion. Moreover, we found that @entity594 but not AP5 prevented olfactory learning formation. These common properties provided evidence for neural correlates between NA-mediated LTP aversive olfactory learning in young @entity35 .

title: Common properties between synaptic plasticity in the main olfactory bulb and olfactory learning in young XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-d-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: To increase access of underserved/health disparities communities to National @entity5 Institute (NCI) clinical trials, the Radiation Research Program piloted a unique model - the @entity5 Disparities Research Partnership (CDRP) program. CDRP targeted community hospitals with a limited past NCI funding history and provided funding to establish the infrastructure for their clinical research program. METHODS: Initially, 5-year planning phase funding was awarded to six CDRP institutions through a cooperative agreement (U56). Five were subsequently eligible to compete for 5-year implementation phase (U54) funding and three received a second award. Additionally, the NCI Center to Reduce @entity5 Health Disparities supported their U56 @entity1 navigation programs. RESULTS: Community-based hospitals with little or no clinical trials experience required at least a year to develop the infrastructure and establish community outreach/education and @entity1 navigation programs before accrual to clinical trials could begin. Once established, CDRP sites increased their yearly @entity1 accrual mainly to NCI-sponsored cooperative group trials (~60%) and Principal Investigator/mentor-initiated trials (~30%). The total number of @entity1 accrued on all types of trials was 2,371, while 5,147 @entity1 received navigation services. CONCLUSION: Despite a historical gap in participation in clinical @entity5 research, underserved communities are willing/eager to participate. Since a limited number of cooperative group trials address locally advanced diseases seen in health disparities populations; this shortcoming needs to be rectified. Sustainability for these programs remains a challenge. Addressing these gaps through research and public health mechanisms may have an important impact on their health, scientific progress, and efforts to increase diversity in NCI clinical trials.

title: National XXXX Institute's @entity5 Disparities Research Partnership Program: Experience and Lessons Learned.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: The pathologic features in pulmonary specimens are reported from 32 open thoracotomies of 20 @entity1 with @entity1117 ( @entity1117 ). The pattern of @entity32 present in the resected material varied, but a granulomatous component was present in each case. In 78% of the specimens, a distinctive form of @entity738 was found: a neutrophilic microabscess surrounded by palisading histiocytes. In four specimens eosinophils were also found within the microabscesses. This feature was found exclusively in cases of @entity364 . Fungal organisms were found by culture in 18 specimens (56%) and in 17 of these specimens (94%), they also were seen by histopathology. In 9 cases (28%) routine bacterial cultures were positive, and in one case an atypical Mycobacterium was cultured. These organisms were not prospectively identified on special stains of histologic sections in any of the cases. @entity733 formation was found more commonly in pure @entity364 (41%) than in pure @entity2348 (14%). In contrast to earlier reports, well-formed @entity738 with giant cells were not specific for @entity364 . In this series, they were present in 57% of cases with pure @entity2348 . A subset of the @entity1 received gamma interferon therapy or granulocyte transfusions before the surgical procedures. No differences in the histopathology of the @entity32 were associated with granulocyte transfusions, but gamma interferon therapy was associated with a reduction in @entity39 granulomatous @entity32 . Additionally, one case of severe @entity55 is described in a @entity1117 @entity1 receiving chronic @entity134 therapy.

title: Surgical pathology of the lung in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas', 'granuloma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections', 'fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity1117 :: ('MESH:D006105', 'Disease') :: ['chronic granulomatous disease', 'CGD']

answer: @entity1117 :: (MESH:D006105,Disease) :: ['chronic granulomatous disease']


abstract: Pluripotent stem cells hold great promises for regenerative medicine. They might become useful as a universal source for a battery of new cell replacement therapies. Among the major concerns for the clinical application of stem cell-derived grafts are the risks of immune rejection and @entity5 formation. Pluripotency and @entity7433 are closely linked features of pluripotent stem cells. However, the capacity to form @entity5 is not sufficiently described by inherited features of a stem cell line or a stem cell-derived graft. The @entity7433 always depends on the inability of the recipient to reject the tumorigenic cells. This review summarizes recent data on the @entity7433 of pluripotent stem cells in immunodeficient, syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic hosts. The effects of immunosuppressive treatment and cell differentiation are discussed. Different immune effector mechanisms appear to be involved in the rejection of undifferentiated and differentiated cell populations. Elements of the innate immune system, such as natural killer cells and the complement system, which are active also in syngeneic recipients, appear to preferentially reject undifferentiated cells. This effect could reduce the risk of @entity5 formation in immunocompetent recipients. Cell differentiation apparently increases susceptibility to rejection by the adaptive immune system in allogeneic hosts. The current data suggest that the immune system of the recipient has a major impact on the outcome of pluripotent stem cell transplantation, whether it is rejection, engraftment, or @entity5 development. This has to be considered when the results of experimental transplantation models are interpreted and even more when translation into clinics is planned.

title: Effects of histocompatibility and host immune responses on the XXXX of pluripotent stem cells.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'teratomas or other tumors']

entities_list: @entity7433 :: ('MESH:D002471', 'Disease') :: ['tumorigenicity']

answer: @entity7433 :: (MESH:D002471,Disease) :: ['tumorigenicity']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Aging and @entity101 increase the risk of @entity323 ( @entity323 ) and @entity65 . @entity9085 is likely a primary factor in @entity101 -related @entity323 . Given the dominance of internal pudendal arteries in controlling penile vascular resistance, pathological changes in this vessel would be critical for inducing @entity323 in aged @entity101 . AIM: We assessed the age-related impact of @entity101 and its treatment on erectile function and pudendal artery structure in young and old spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs). METHODS: Erectile responses were monitored in 15- and 77-week-old SHR and @entity35 Kyoto (WKY) @entity35 using @entity3826 (80 mg/kg). At sacrifice, the vasculature was perfusion-fixed and aorta, renal, mesenteric, and internal pudendal arteries assessed morphometrically using light and electron microscopy. A separate group of 15-week SHR were treated with @entity4688 and @entity918 (30 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) followed by 2 weeks off treatment, after which the same vessels were assessed morphometrically. Arterial pressures were determined using radiotelemetry. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED: Erectile function, vessel morphology (lumen diameter, wall thickness, cross-sectional area, extracellular matrix [ECM]) and arterial pressure. RESULTS: Erectile responses were similar in young SHR and WKY (1.7    0.80 vs. 1.4    0.85) but declined significantly in aged SHR (0.3    0.49). Vascular aging in SHR was associated with striking pudendal remodeling, characterized by marked neointimal proliferation and disruptions of the internal elastic lamina. This remodeling involved thickening of the medial layer (35    6.0   m vs. 81    3.5   m, P < 0.01), decreased lumen diameter (282    6.3   m vs. 250    12.4   m, P < 0.05) and increased ECM (10    2.0   m   vs. 26    10.6   m  , P < 0.001). In old pudendals, there were significantly more round synthetic smooth muscle cells bordering the intima and in the @entity8233 . Antihypertensive treatment decreased the wall:lumen ratio in young SHR pudendal arteries (-17%). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular aging in SHR with @entity323 involved distinctive pathogenic remodeling in the internal pudendal artery. In young SHR, brief antihypertensive therapy was able to regress this abnormal morphology.

title: Impact of XXXX , aging, and antihypertensive treatment on the morphology of the pudendal artery.

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['Arterial insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['neointima']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: A prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, @entity1623 , was given continuously throughout the menstrual cycle at a dose of 250 mg twice daily to 10 healthy fertile @entity1 (group 1) and at a dose of 1000 mg per day to eight @entity1 in the secretory phase (group 2). Blood samples were withdrawn three times a week during a control cycle and during the treatment cycle. Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, @entity53 , and @entity1420 were analyzed. Endometrial biopsies were taken in the secretory phase of the control cycle and in the treatment cycle of group 1 and on the first day of menstruation of group 2. @entity1623 treatment did not suppress ovulation in any cycle and did not affect the corpus luteum function either in group 1 or in group 2. In only one of the endometrial samples taken in the secretory phase (group 1) was the density of the lysosomes increased in the treatment cycle compared to the control cycle. The specimen taken during the early menstrual period (group 2) showed an increase in glandular epithelium and height following @entity1623 treatment. Furthermore, a significant increase in the number of plasmolemmal vesicles per square micrometer was observed in the capillary endothelial cells after the administration of 1000 mg of @entity1623 per day. This suggests that the transcellular exchange of water-soluble molecules in the endothelial cells was more active after the administration of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor than in the control group. In spite of the significant morphologic changes observed in the @entity1623 -treated material the onset of @entity548 could not be prevented. The mechanism of the onset of menstruation needs to be further investigated.

title: The effect of a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor on the hormonal profile and the endometrium in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1623 :: ('MESH:D009288', 'Chemical') :: ['naproxen', 'Naproxen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: A retrospective follow-up examination of 117 cases results in: (1) The crude survival rates for 3 resp. 5 years are 19% resp. 15%. If those @entity1 whose cause of @entity204 has not been the @entity5 , are taken into consideration, the crude survival increases to 44.5 resp. 31%. The unfavourable prognosis depends on the enlarged stage of the @entity189 in the moment of diagnosis. (2) The survival chance decreases with increasing @entity5 size. Much more however it will be affected by the neck node metastases. In our @entity1 the survival rate for pN 1-3 is less by half of pN 0. Therefore not only the TNM-system (UICC) but also the staging (AJC) should be used for the classification of @entity189 . (3) The main cause of @entity204 are lymph node relapses. The high frequency of contralateral node relapses requires bilateral neck dissection in most of the cases. (4) Combined radio-surgery gives the best results in cases of @entity189 , no matter if radiation will be applied pre- or postoperatively. (5) Radiation alone may be useful only in @entity5 of stage IV. In our opinion, mutilating surgical intervention will not improve the survival chance in these cases.

title: [Effect of XXXX size on lymph node metastasis and type of treatment on the prognosis of @entity5 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'hypopharyngeal carcinomas', 'hypopharyngeal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumours', 'tumour']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the nature of urinary stones and the main lithogenic process in @entity1 with @entity15 who developed secondary @entity1791 . @entity1 AND METHOD: This is a retrospective study of 60 urinary stones from 49 @entity1 with @entity9279 including 30 @entity1 and 19 @entity1 . The stones have been analyzed by optical microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Our study clearly showed the net preponderance of phosphatic stones. Urinary stones were mainly located in the upper urinary tract (2/3 of cases). A particularly high frequency of struvite was observed among these stones (65% of cases in @entity1 and 45% of cases in @entity1 ), thus suggesting the main lithogenic mechanism in @entity15 @entity1 was a @entity293 by urea splitting-bacteria. The second lithogenic process among these @entity1 was metabolic. The high frequency of weddellite and @entity18205 , especially in @entity1 , suggested that mainly @entity5200 was involved in these metabolic stones. CONCLUSION: @entity1791 in @entity15 was mainly due to @entity293 , especially in @entity1 . @entity293 related to bladder and @entity74 is extremely frequent and polymorphic in @entity15 . Hence the importance of providing appropriate care to prevent complications of @entity293 and, especially, the ascending migration of microorganisms and the risk of @entity2885 and of @entity1290 .

title: [ XXXX and @entity1791 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5200 :: ('MESH:D053565', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalciuria']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['infectious kidney stones']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter disorders']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis', 'Urolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'urinary tract infections', 'Urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity9279 :: ('MESH:D020347', 'Disease') :: ['lithiasis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['Multiple sclerosis']


abstract: Appropriate control group selection in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a critical factor in generating results, which are both interpretable and generalizable. Control groups ideally encompass and realistically reflect prevailing medical practices. This goal can be challenging in investigations of standard therapies that are routinely titrated. To eliminate the heterogeneity in clinical practice from the trial design, recent investigations of titrated therapies have randomized @entity1 to fixed-dose regimens. Although this approach may produce statistically significant differences, the results may not be interpretable or generalizable. In this trial design, randomization disrupts the normal relationship between clinically important characteristics and therapy titration, thereby creating subgroups of @entity1 within each study arm that receive levels of therapy inconsistent with current practices outside of the clinical study. These misaligned subgroups may have worse outcomes than usual care. @entity893 can occur in any clinical trial of a preexisting therapy that is typically adjusted based on severity of @entity221 or other @entity1 characteristics. In this study, we review three recent RCTs to demonstrate how practice misalignments can affect the safety, results, and conclusions of RCTs. Furthermore, we discuss methods to prospectively identify potentially important relationships between therapy titration and @entity1 - and disease-specific characteristics. Finally, we review trial design options that may minimize the occurrence and impact of practice misalignments. Because these designs may limit the feasibility of a clinical trial, a thorough characterization of usual care is necessary to determine whether one of these designs should be used to protect @entity1 safety.

title: XXXX in randomized controlled trials: Identification, impact, and potential solutions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity893 :: ('MESH:D017760', 'Disease') :: ['Practice misalignments']

answer: @entity893 :: (MESH:D017760,Disease) :: ['Practice misalignments']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Finite treatment of @entity13211 -negative @entity6194 ( @entity6194 ) with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) is important in resource limited countries. Outcome of treatment discontinuation in @entity1 on long-term @entity16332 ( @entity18587 ) was assessed in a single center observational pilot study in the current study. METHODS: Non-cirrhotic @entity1 on @entity18587 for at least 5 years with undetectable @entity97 DNA on at least two consecutive assessments were offered to stop treatment. Biochemical, serological and virologic measures were determined at 3-6 month intervals after treatment discontinuation. Serum quantitative HBsAg was determined at treatment discontinuation and 5-6 years thereafter. NA treatment was re-instituted in @entity1 with confirmed viral rebound defined as @entity97 DNA >20 000 IU/mL. Relapser @entity1 were no longer followed but were re-assessed 6 years after treatment cessation. RESULTS: @entity18587 was discontinued in 23 @entity1 . Eight @entity1 relapsed within 1 year and NA treatment was restarted; 15 @entity1 (65%) were non-relapsers. Thirteen of them were followed for at least 5 years. Two @entity1 had undetectable HBVDNA throughout the follow-up period. In the rest, HBVDNA fluctuated at low levels. Two @entity1 cleared HBsAg 24 and 36 months after stopping treatment. Quantitative HBsAg levels 5-7 years after treatment discontinuation were lower in non-relapser compared to relapser @entity1 (1.21 IU/mL    0.98 vs. 2.71    0.76, p=0.002). Of 8 relapser @entity1 one @entity1 had HBsAg levels less than 100 IU/mL compared to 11 out of 13 non-relapser @entity1 (p=0.0022). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that cessation of NA treatment is a viable option after a reasonable treatment duration in @entity1 with @entity13211 -negative @entity6194 and that HBsAg clearance may become an achievable target in these @entity1 .

title: Discontinuation of XXXX treatment in @entity13211 -negative @entity6194 : a pilot study with long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity16332 :: ('MESH:D019259', 'Chemical') :: ['lamivudine']

entities_list: @entity6194 :: ('MESH:D019694', 'Disease') :: ['chronic hepatitis B', 'CHB']

answer: @entity16332 :: (MESH:D019259,Chemical) :: ['lamivudine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1707 constitute a well-characterized large animal model for kidney transplantation (K-Tx) although the uretero-neocystostomy represents a crucial aspect because of the very small caliber of the ureter and the mucosal susceptibility to the @entity4 during surgical management. Besides @entity432 limited the employment of a stent and the peculiar anatomy of the species prevents its removal without an operative approach. These features find an equivalent in @entity1 (<4 year old) candidates to urological surgery. We investigated an uretero-neocystostomy technique to be applied in case of narrow caliber without using endoluminal device. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty unrelated large-white piglets, divided into three equal groups (n = 10) on the basis of the uretero-neocystostomy technique used, underwent K-Tx while receiving a double immunosuppressive regimen. We developed a direct uretero-neocystostomy (Direct) technique and compare this with the gold standard Lich-Gregoir (LG) and Leadbetter-Politano (LP) techniques. RESULTS: After 60 days, the ureteral complication rates were: group 1 (LG): 60% (6/10, three early and three late strictures); group 2 (LP): 40% (4/10, two leakages, one early stricture, and one isolated @entity384 ); group 3 (Direct): 10% (1/10, one isolated @entity384 ). No @entity2335 or @entity1310 occurred; retrograde cystograms were negative for refluxes in every group. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison between the old techniques and the new one (LG and LP versus Direct) showed a lower incidence of complications among the animals that underwent the new direct technique (P < 0.05). This technique could be applied clinically in selected pediatric cases either of transplantation or reflux.

title: Uretero-neocystostomy in a XXXX model of kidney transplantation: a new technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral dilatation']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['infectious and occlusive complications']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial cystitis']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate what kind of mosquito sample is necessary for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in @entity311 vectors. METHODS: Larvae and pupae of @entity313 s.l. (An. gambiae) mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral and Oueme departments. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed male and female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. CDC susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed, blood fed and gravid female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old. These susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed and blood fed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old and 20 days old. CDC biochemical assay using synergist was also carried out to detect any increase in the activity of enzyme typically involved in insecticide metabolism. RESULTS: Female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations were more susceptible than the males when they were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The mortality rates of blood fed female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when females were unfed. In addition, the mortality rates of gravid female An. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when they were unfed. The mortality rate obtained when female An. gambiae Sekandji populations were unfed and aged 20 days old was higher than the one obtained when these populations were unfed and aged 2-5 days old. The results obtained after effects of synergist @entity114 in beeswax on F1 progeny of An. gambiae Ladji populations resistant to @entity315 showed that mono-oxygenases were involved in @entity315 resistant F1 progeny from Ladji. CONCLUSIONS: The resistance is a hereditary and dynamic phenomenon which can be due to metabolic mechanisms like overproduction of detoxifying enzymes activity. Many factors influence vector susceptibility to insecticide. Among these factors, there are mosquito sex, mosquito age, its physiological status. Therefore, it is useful to respect the World Health Organization criteria in the assessment of insecticide susceptibility tests in @entity311 vectors. Otherwise, susceptibility testing is conducted using unfed female mosquitoes aged 3-5 days old. Tests should also be carried out at (25  2)   C and (80  10)% relative humidity.

title: Comparative susceptibility to @entity315 of two XXXX s.l. populations from Southern Benin, regarding mosquito sex, physiological status, and mosquito age.

entities_list: @entity313 :: ('7165', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles gambiae']

entities_list: @entity315 :: ('MESH:D026023', 'Chemical') :: ['permethrin']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

answer: @entity313 :: (7165,Species) :: ['Anopheles gambiae']