abstract: The adenovirus fiber protein is responsible for attachment of the virion to cell surface receptors. The identity of the cellular receptor which mediates binding is unknown, although there is evidence suggesting that two distinct adenovirus receptors interact with the group C (adenovirus type 5 [ @entity11650 ]) and the group B ( @entity16948 ) adenoviruses. In order to define the determinants of adenovirus receptor specificity, we have carried out a series of competition binding experiments using recombinant native fiber polypeptides from @entity11650 and @entity16948 and chimeric fiber proteins in which the head domains of @entity11650 and @entity16948 were exchanged. Specific binding of fiber to HeLa cell receptors was assessed with radiolabeled protein synthesized in vitro, and by competition analysis with baculovirus-expressed fiber protein. Fiber produced in vitro was found as both monomer and trimer, but only the assembled trimers had receptor binding activity. Competition data support the conclusion that @entity11650 and @entity16948 interact with different cellular receptors. The @entity11650 receptor distribution on several cell lines was assessed with a fiber binding flow cytometric assay. HeLa cells were found to express high levels of receptor, while @entity435 and @entity1 diploid fibroblasts did not. A chimeric fiber containing the @entity11650 fiber head domain blocked the binding of @entity11650 fiber but not @entity16948 fiber. Similarly, a chimeric fiber containing the @entity16948 fiber head blocked the binding of labeled @entity16948 fiber but not @entity11650 fiber. In addition, the isolated @entity16948 fiber head domain competed effectively with labeled @entity16948 fiber for binding to HeLa cell receptors. These results demonstrate that the determinants of receptor binding are located in the head domain of the fiber and that the isolated head domain is capable of trimerization and binding to cellular receptors. Our results also show that it is possible to change the receptor specificity of the fiber protein by manipulation of sequences contained in the head domain. Modification or replacement of the fiber head domain with novel ligands may permit adenovirus vectors with new receptor specificities which could be useful for targeted gene delivery in vivo to be engineered.

title: XXXX adenovirus serotypes 3 and 5 bind to two different cellular receptors via the fiber head domain.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: A new @entity8185 ( @entity4601 ) tablet formulation has been developed by the Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO). In this report, its in vitro dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetics as well as its safety in healthy volunteers were evaluated, using the @entity4601 tablet made by Dafra Pharma NV as a reference. A two-period crossover clinical study design was utilised. Twenty-four volunteers were randomly allocated to two sequences (12 volunteers in each) to receive a 200mg single oral dose of either the GPO or Dafra formulation with a wash-out period of 5-7 days. In vitro, the GPO formulation dissolved more readily. In vivo, the GPO formulation had a higher maximum plasma concentration and approximately 149% (90% CI 125-179%) greater bioavailability. Both formulations were well tolerated. Interestingly, significant decreases in haemoglobin and haematocrit values (P<0.001) were noted following administration of one dose of @entity4601 (decrease of 0.73 g/dl haemoglobin and 2.0% haematocrit compared with baseline) or two doses of @entity4601 (decrease of 0.95 g/dl haemoglobin and 3.3% haematocrit compared with baseline). The second dose was associated with additional @entity137 compared with one dose with regard to haematocrit (P<0.001) but not haemoglobin. This finding warrants further investigation, since the drug will be used for the treatment of @entity311 in which @entity417 is a consequence.

title: Evaluation of the safety and relative bioavailability of a new XXXX tablet formulation in healthy Thai volunteers.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8185 :: ('MESH:C039060', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydroartemisinin']

answer: @entity8185 :: (MESH:C039060,Chemical) :: ['dihydroartemisinin']


abstract: Three subtypes of neurotensin receptor have been described, two members of the heptahelical transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor superfamily @entity66606 and @entity66607 , and NT-3R unrelated to this family. We have generated @entity66606 deficient ( @entity66606 (-/-)) @entity19 . @entity66606 (-/-) @entity19 were born at the expected Mendelian frequency without @entity854 and they were fertile. The NT-induced @entity1337 on the writhing induced by @entity27842 administration remained at wild-type levels in the @entity66606 (-/-) @entity19 demonstrating that the @entity66606 is not implicated in the analgesic effect of NT in this test. The @entity66606 (-/-) @entity19 were hyperthermic; their body temperature was not affected by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of NT, contrasting with the @entity2332 induced in @entity66606 (+/+) @entity19 . @entity66606 (-/-) @entity19 showed a small significant increase in body weight compared to the @entity66606 (+/+) congeners as early as 10 weeks after birth, correlated with a higher food intake. @entity66606 (-/-) @entity19 showed similar spontaneous locomotion to the control littermates, but did not respond to i.c.v. NT-induced hypolocomotion. I.c.v. injection of NT inhibited feeding in fasted wild-type @entity19 , but had no effect on feeding of the @entity66606 (-/-) @entity19 . I.c.v. administration of the orexigenic @entity32327 (NPY) stimulated feeding to the same extent in both wild-type and @entity66606 (-/-) @entity19 . This analysis of @entity66606 -deficient @entity19 shows that the @entity66606 does not play a role in NT-induced @entity1337 , but that it is clearly implicated in thermal and feeding regulation, weight control, and NT-induced hypolocomotion.

title: Targeted inactivation of the neurotensin type 1 receptor reveals its role in body temperature control and feeding behavior but not in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity27842 :: ('MESH:C029322', 'Chemical') :: ['phenyl-p-benzoquinone']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['obvious abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo biocompatibility of novel single-walled @entity505 nanotubes (SWCNT)/ @entity7050 (PLAGA) composites for applications in bone and tissue regeneration. METHODS: A total of 60 @entity35 (125 g to 149 g) were implanted subcutaneously with SWCNT/PLAGA composites (10 mg SWCNT and 1gm PLAGA 12 mm diameter two-dimensional disks), and at two, four, eight and 12 weeks post-implantation were compared with control (Sham) and PLAGA (five @entity35 per group/point in time). @entity35 were observed for signs of morbidity, overt @entity137 , @entity1017 and food consumption, while haematology, urinalysis and histopathology were completed when the animals were killed. RESULTS: No mortality and clinical signs were observed. All groups showed consistent @entity1017 , and the rate of gain for each group was similar. All groups exhibited a similar pattern for food consumption. No difference in urinalysis, haematology, and absolute and relative organ weight was observed. A mild to moderate @entity137 (sumtox) score was observed for PLAGA and SWCNT/PLAGA implanted animals, whereas the control animals did not show any response. Both PLAGA and SWCNT/PLAGA showed a significantly higher sumtox score compared with the control group at all time intervals. However, there was no significant difference between PLAGA and SWCNT/PLAGA groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that SWCNT/PLAGA composites exhibited in vivo biocompatibility similar to the Food and Drug Administration approved biocompatible polymer, PLAGA, over a period of 12 weeks. These results showed potential of SWCNT/PLAGA composites for bone regeneration as the low percentage of SWCNT did not elicit a localised or general overt @entity137 . Following the 12-week exposure, the material was considered to have an acceptable biocompatibility to warrant further long-term and more invasive in vivo studies. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:70-7.

title: Biocompatibility of single-walled XXXX nanotube composites for bone regeneration.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'increase in the summary toxicity']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity7050 :: ('MESH:C043435', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate @entity136 - @entity900 (GC) neoadjuvant @entity900 -based chemotherapy (NAC) for pathologic response (pR) and @entity5 -specific outcomes following radical cystectomy (RC) for @entity150 and identify clinical parameters associated with pR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 150 consecutive cases of @entity150 that received GC NAC followed by open RC (2000-2013). A cohort of 121 @entity1 treated by RC alone was used for comparison. Pathologic response and @entity5 -specific survival (CSS) were compared. We created the Johns Hopkins Hospital Dose Index to characterize chemotherapeutic dosing regimens and accurately assess sufficient neoadjuvant dosing regarding @entity1 tolerance. RESULTS: No significant difference was noted in 5-year CSS between GC NAC (58%) and non-NAC cohorts (61%). The median follow-up was 19.6 months (GC NAC) and 106.5 months (non-NAC). @entity1 with residual non-muscle-invasive disease after GC NAC exhibit similar 5-year CSS relative to @entity1 with no residual @entity189 (P = 0.99). NAC pR ( <=pT1) demonstrated improved 5-year CSS rates (90.6% vs. 27.1%, P<0.01) and decreased nodal positivity rates (0% vs. 41.3%, P<0.01) when compared with nonresponders (>= pT2). Clinicopathologic outcomes were inferior in NAC pathologic nonresponders when compared with the entire RC-only-treated cohort. A lower pathologic nonresponder rate was seen in @entity1 tolerating sufficient dosing of NAC as stratified by the Johns Hopkins Hospital Dose Index (P = 0.049), congruent with the National @entity5 Network guidelines. A multivariate classification tree model demonstrated 60 years of age or younger and clinical stage @entity16065 as significant of NAC response (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic nonresponders fare worse than @entity1 proceeding directly to RC alone do. Multiple predictive models incorporating clinical, histopathologic, and molecular features are currently being developed to identify @entity1 who are most likely to benefit from GC NAC.

title: XXXX and @entity900 neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive @entity189 : Predicting response and assessing outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Comprehensive Cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['muscle-invasive bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['Gemcitabine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to analyze short-term outcomes of @entity1138 -augmented trabeculectomy combined with manual small-incision @entity231 surgery (MSICS/Trab). DESIGN: This was a retrospective, noncomparative single-center case series. METHODS: Records of eyes that underwent MSICS/Trab with @entity1138 performed between January 2006 and May 2007 were reviewed. Manual small-incision @entity231 surgery was done through a superior scleral tunnel; a Kelly punch was used for the trabeculectomy through the tunnel flap, and after a peripheral iridectomy, the scleral tunnel was opposed with two 10-0 nylon sutures. RESULTS: Of the 103 @entity1 , 64 (62.1%) had @entity725 ( @entity725 ), 23 (22.3%) had @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ), and 16 (15.5%) had @entity2747 ( @entity2747 ). The minimum follow-up was 6 months, and mean follow-up was 12.6 months. Demographics and mean intraocular pressure (IOP) at the time of surgery (30.4    10.3 mm Hg) were comparable in all 3 groups. Significant visual improvement and reduction in IOP levels from baseline were observed at 6 months (16.64    4.75 mm Hg) irrespective of the type of @entity726 (P = 0.035). Subgroup analysis showed a significant difference in IOP levels of @entity2747 group compared with the @entity1538 group (P = 0.035) at 6 months. However, no statistically significant difference was observed in IOP comparisons between @entity725 and @entity2747 groups or @entity725 and @entity1538 groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1138 -augmented MSICS/Trab appears to be safe and effective technique in tackling coexistent @entity231 and @entity726 in developing world.

title: XXXX -Augmented Trabeculectomy Combined With Single-Site Manual Small-Incision @entity231 Surgery Through a Tunnel Flap Technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity725 :: ('MESH:C562750', 'Disease') :: ['primary open-angle glaucoma', 'POAG']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['secondary open-angle glaucoma', 'SOAG']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C', 'Mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['CACG', 'chronic angle closure glaucoma']

answer: @entity1138 :: (MESH:D016685,Chemical) :: ['Mitomycin C']


abstract: OBJECT: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was twofold: to answer the question "What is the evidence for the effectiveness of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics for infection prevention in shunt surgery?" and to make treatment recommendations based on the available evidence. METHODS: The US National Library of Medicine PubMed/MEDLINE database and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried using MeSH headings and key words relevant to prophylactic antibiotic use in @entity1 undergoing a shunt operation. Abstracts were reviewed to identify which studies met the inclusion criteria. An evidentiary table was assembled summarizing the studies and the quality of evidence (Classes I-III). A meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate a cumulative estimate of treatment effect using risk ratio (RR). Heterogeneity was assessed using chi-square and I(2) statistics. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Based on the quality of the literature and the result of the meta-analysis, a recommendation was rendered (Level I, II, or III). RESULTS: Nine studies (4 Class I, 3 Class II, and 2 Class III) met our inclusion criteria. Of 7 @entity23 ( @entity23 ), 3 were downgraded from Class I to Class II because of significant quality issues, and all @entity23 were potentially underpowered. In only 2 Class in retrospective cohort studies were preoperative antibiotic agents found to be protective against @entity281 . When data from the individual studies were pooled together, the infection rate in the prophylactic antibiotics group was 5.9% compared with 10.7% in the control group. Using a random-effects model, the cumulative RR was 0.55 (95% CI 0.38-0.81), indicating a protective benefit of prophylactic preoperative intravenous antibiotics. A sensitivity analysis of @entity23 only (n = 7) also demonstrated a statistical benefit, but an analysis of higher-quality @entity23 only (n = 4) did not. Conclusions Within the limits of this systematic review and meta-analysis, administration of preoperative antibiotic agents for shunt surgery in @entity1 was found to lower the infection risk (quality of evidence: Class II; strength of recommendation, Level II). RECOMMENDATION: The use of preoperative antibiotic agents can be recommended to prevent @entity281 in @entity1 with @entity1276 . It was only by combining the results of the various underpowered studies (meta-analysis) that the use of preoperative antibiotics for shunt surgery in @entity1 was shown to lower the risk of @entity281 . STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION: Level II, moderate degree of clinical certainty.

title: Pediatric @entity1276 : systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines. Part 6: Preoperative antibiotics for shunt surgery in XXXX with @entity1276 : a systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['randomized controlled trials', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['shunt infection']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: In a phase I study conducted by the EORTC Soft Tissue and @entity79 Group, 40 @entity1 with @entity242 , most of whom had @entity674 ( @entity674 ), received @entity2213 at doses of 400 mg q.d., 300 mg b.i.d., 400 mg b.i.d., or 500 mg b.i.d. Dose-limiting @entity137 , including severe @entity390 , @entity391 , @entity4 and @entity1910 , were seen at the highest dose level; the maximum tolerated dose was therefore 400 mg b.i.d. @entity2213 was active in the group of 35 @entity1 with @entity674 , producing partial responses in 19 (54%) @entity1 and stable disease in 13 @entity1 (37%). Responding @entity1 have now been followed for a minimum of 10 months. The most common side effects seen in @entity1 continuing on therapy have been periorbital @entity4 (40%), peripheral @entity4 (37.5%), @entity1295 (30%), @entity1910 (30%) and @entity390 / @entity391 (25%). Severe late myelosuppression has also been seen occasionally. Eighteen (51%) @entity677 @entity1 continue to have partial responses and 11 (31%) continue with stable disease. Thus, 82% of @entity1 with @entity674 are still obtaining clinically important benefits with continued @entity2213 therapy. Some @entity1 showed accelerated progressive disease shortly after starting @entity2213 . On the other hand, following drug withdrawal, 2 @entity1 had reductions in @entity5 burden and remain alive without drug therapy. In summary, @entity2213 is generally well tolerated and has significant activity during long-term treatment of @entity1 with advanced @entity674 .

title: Update of phase I study of @entity2213 ( XXXX ) in @entity242 and @entity674 : a report of the EORTC Soft Tissue and @entity79 Group.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['advanced soft tissue sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['rash', 'skin rash']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Bone Sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['GISTs', 'gastrointestinal stromal tumors']

entities_list: @entity2213 :: ('MESH:C097613', 'Chemical') :: ['imatinib', 'Imatinib']

answer: @entity2213 :: (MESH:C097613,Chemical) :: ['STI571']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recurrent @entity1415 in @entity1884 ( @entity1884 ) @entity1 significantly decreases their quality of life. Treatment in therapy refractory @entity1 is limited although various options have been tested so far. CASE REPORT: Herein, one @entity1 is described that was treated for @entity1884 for over 20 years with only intermediate benefits. As @entity1415 duration and frequency increased continuously, bevacizumab 5 mg/kg was administered every 2 weeks. During the time of treatment (six doses) and up to 3 month afterwards clinical symptoms, blood pressure, cardiac output, @entity120 ( @entity120 ), @entity548 duration and frequency were assessed as criteria for treatment benefit. RESULTS: Duration and frequency of @entity1415 decreased immediately after the first application resulting in reduced need of blood transfusions. After completion of six cycles, a further decrease in frequency and duration of @entity548 was noted. Cardiac output and @entity120 decreased or remained stable, respectively, during time and after treatment. No increase in blood pressure could be found but a significant increase in heart rate was experienced after completion of all six applications. Unfortunately, the @entity1 died due to a @entity867 . CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab led to an improvement of @entity1884 related @entity1415 , refractory to other treatments.

title: Bevacizumab: an option for XXXX in @entity1884 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1415 :: ('MESH:D004844', 'Disease') :: ['epistaxis']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['PAH', 'pulmonary arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1884 :: ('MESH:D013683', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia', 'HHT']

entities_list: @entity867 :: ('MESH:D001922', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral abscess']

answer: @entity1415 :: (MESH:D004844,Disease) :: ['refractory epistaxis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and pathological features of @entity2401 . METHODS: Clinical presentation and follow-up data of three @entity1 with @entity2401 were collected.Gross, histopathological, immunohistological and ultrastructural findings of extransplantated hearts of the @entity1 were documented. RESULTS: Grossly, multifocal involvement of the myocardium with variably dilated cardiac chambers were observed in all 3 cases.Histological examination revealed pronounced focal inflammatory infiltrates with multinucleated giant cells. Multinucleated giant cells were positive for @entity469 and @entity9536 immunostains but were negative for @entity11772 in all cases. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the multinucleated giant cells derived from fusion of several macrophages with adherent lymphocytes and secretary cells. Clinically, the overall @entity1 condition improved in all three cases after heart transplantation.One @entity1 experienced acute cellular rejection (2R level) 4 months after transplantation, but recovered after treatment. One @entity1 developed multinucleated giant cells observed in heart biopsy two weeks after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Giant-cell @entity2401 is a rare disease of adult, and cardiac transplantation could improve the clinical outcome. Multinucleated giant cell in the @entity2401 were derived from macrophages, likely participating in the immune response. Endomyocardial biopsy is important for the diagnosis of @entity2401 .

title: [Histological and ultrastructural features of XXXX : report of 3 cases].

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis', 'giant cell myocarditis', 'myocarditis lesions']

answer: @entity2401 :: (MESH:D009205,Disease) :: ['giant cell myocarditis']


abstract: Ductus venosus (DV) sparing means the maintenance of blood flow through the DV following reduction of liver venous blood supply during fetal @entity519 . The present study compared the reactions of the isthmic portion of the DV and intrahepatic veins (IHVs) to @entity2661 in vitro. Vessel rings of 1 mm width and 3 mm diameter were obtained from 17 fetal @entity742 (88-136 days gestational age, median 120 days). The immunohistochemical examination of the DV and IHV was performed in eight cases using an antibody against alpha-smooth muscle actin and an antibody against alpha-adrenergic receptors. Five vessel rings of the DV in early gestation (median 95 days) did not respond to @entity4338 -induced depolarisation. Force development in response to @entity4338 of both vessel types increased with gestational age (P < 0.05). The IHV required 4.1 +/- 0.8 min (mean +/- S.E.M.) and the DV 14.5 +/- 4.0 min to reach the maximum tension in response to @entity4338 , which was 5.0 +/- 4.0 mN in the IHV and 2.2 +/- 1.9 mN in the DV (n = 12, P < 0.05). The maximum forces developed in response to @entity1063 ( @entity1063 ; 42 microM, n = 9) and @entity1425 ( @entity1425 ; 100 microM, n = 12) were about sixfold higher in the IHV rings than in the DV rings (P < 0.05). The EC50 values of the DV and the IHV rings to @entity1063 were 5.9 +/- 1.3 microM and 5.0 +/- 1.3 microM, respectively (P = 0.03). The EC50 values of the adrenaline responses were 2.5 +/- 0.5 microM for the DV and 2.2 +/- 0.7 microM for the IHV (not significant). The alpha-adrenergic receptors were present in the well-structured media of IHVs, but were less distinctive in the wall of the DV. DV sparing can be attributed to an increased resistance of IHVs to @entity2661 compared with the DV. The different responses can be explained by different anatomical and functional properties of the two vessel types.

title: Differential effects of XXXX on vascular rings from ductus venosus and intrahepatic veins of fetal @entity742 .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine', 'adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline', 'norepinephrine']

answer: @entity2661 :: (MESH:D002395,Chemical) :: ['catecholamines']


abstract: We have determined the profile of pressures in isolated perfused lungs of adult @entity35 and investigated the influence of vasomotor tone and cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition on total and segmental vascular resistance. We isolated and blood-perfused lungs of 30 @entity35 (480 +/- 21 g). Group 1 (n = 7) was untreated, group 2 (n = 8) was paralyzed with @entity3302 , group 3 (n = 11) was treated with @entity3352 , and group 4 (n = 4) was treated with @entity3352 and @entity17018 , a putative lipoxygenase inhibitor. Blood flow was adjusted initially to raise pulmonary artery pressure to approximately 15 cm @entity2507 and then held constant. Airway and left atrial pressures were held constant at 7 and 8 cm @entity2507 , respectively (zone 3 conditions). In all lungs, we measured pressures in subpleural 20-50-microns-diameter arterioles and venules using the micropuncture servonull technique. Thus, the pulmonary circulation was partitioned into three segments: arteries, microvessels, and veins. In group 1 lungs, arteries presented the largest fractional resistance to flow at 46% of total resistance, with microvessels and veins contributing 34% and 20%, respectively. In group 2 lungs that had no vasomotor tone, total vascular resistance was approximately 27% lower than in group 1 lungs, mainly due to a lower resistance in veins. In @entity3352 -treated lungs (group 3) and @entity3352 and @entity17018 -treated lungs (group 4), total and segmental vascular resistance was not significantly different from untreated lungs (group 1). We conclude that in isolated perfused @entity35 lungs, arteries are the predominant site of resistance to blood flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Segmental vascular resistance in isolated perfused XXXX lungs. Influence of vasomotor tone and cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition.

entities_list: @entity3302 :: ('MESH:D010208', 'Chemical') :: ['papaverine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Monitoring of complications in @entity1 undergoing cardiac surgery may be difficult because cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can lead to a systemic @entity32 because of exposure of blood to nonphysiological surfaces. The purpose of the study was to establish the baseline levels of @entity1904 (PCT) after cardiac surgery in our population in order to analyze a possible induction of the inflammatory response that might interfere with the diagnosis of @entity281 by PCT. METHODS: Serum samples from @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or valve replacement were collected at the time of admission to intensive care unit, after surgery as well as in the first and second postoperative days. @entity1 were followed for the development of @entity260 . PCT levels were measured by immunoluminometric assay. RESULTS: The mean PCT values were significantly higher in the first postoperative day in all the groups except the control group. No increased PCT levels were found related neither to duration of CPB, nor to time of aortic clamping. Only @entity1 who presented complications had significantly increased PCT values immediately after surgery (p = 0.004), in the first postoperative day (p < 0.0001), and in the second postoperative day (p < 0.0001) with respect to those who recovered uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS: A slight and transient increase in PCT levels was observed in the first postoperative day after cardiac surgery. Significant elevation of PCT was only observed when complications were present.

title: Serum concentrations of XXXX after cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory response syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1904 :: (MESH:C029100,Chemical) :: ['procalcitonin']


abstract: SETTING: Although modern @entity378 treatment relies on chemotherapy, surgery is accepted as adjuvant treatment for @entity6371 ( @entity6371 ). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of resectional surgery and @entity2887 on long-term treatment success and survival in a large group of @entity6371 cases. DESIGN: A total of 252 @entity1 with @entity6371 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine independent predictive factors for long-term treatment success, and survival analyses were done based on different treatment approaches with or without surgery. RESULTS: The mean age of the study cohort was 37.9 +/- 12.5 years; 204 (80%) were males. Long-term treatment success was associated with resistance to fewer drugs, female sex, younger age and limited disease. Sixty-six @entity1 (26.2%) had undergone resectional surgery after 2-16 months of treatment. The highest long-term treatment success and survival rates were achieved in @entity1 who both received @entity2887 and underwent surgery (P = 0.001 vs. other groups). CONCLUSION: Although the treatment success rate was higher in @entity1 treated with surgery and @entity2887 compared to other groups, an additional significant benefit from surgery could not be demonstrated. Larger scale studies are needed to clarify this issue.

title: The role of surgery and XXXX in the treatment of @entity6371 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity6371 :: ('MESH:D018088', 'Disease') :: ['MDR-TB', 'multidrug-resistant tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity2887 :: ('MESH:D024841', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoroquinolones']

answer: @entity2887 :: (MESH:D024841,Chemical) :: ['fluoroquinolones']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether @entity394 ( @entity394 ) would show significant differences in vestibular oculomotor reflex (VOR) parameters in @entity410 @entity1 before and after treatment with @entity4271 . STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study in a tertiary referral academic center. METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 (10 @entity1 , 13 @entity1 , mean age 45.57 years, mean length of disease 99.48 days, mean treatment 38.61 days), with vertigo due to @entity388 , underwent @entity394 testing before and after treatment with 5 mg of @entity4271 daily. RESULTS: The parameter improvement value (IV) resulted from subtracting posttreatment from pretreatment @entity394 numerical values. Regarding subjective improvement, 3 @entity1 (13%) said they had none, 5 (21.7%) expressed moderate progress, 9 (39.1) considered the results satisfactory, and 6 (26%) became asymptomatic. The @entity394 results gave high positive IV for horizontal restriction, low positive for horizontal and vertical gains and horizontal asymmetry, and negative IV for horizontal phase and vertical restriction. Regarding the individual frequencies, horizontal and vertical gains improved in all the frequencies tested except one. The horizontal phase improved at low frequencies (2.0 and 2.3 Hz) and deteriorated from 2.7 to 3.9 Hz. Vertical and horizontal restriction showed both improvement and deterioration. Horizontal asymmetry displayed improvement from -0.01 at 2.0 Hz to 0.50 at 5.9 Hz, deteriorating from -0.41 at 9.0 Hz. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4271 is useful in the treatment of vertigo caused by @entity388 . @entity394 is a valid instrument for the objective and quantitative evaluation of the vestibular-oculomotor reflexes.

title: Objective evaluation of the effect of @entity4271 on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['vertiginous']

entities_list: @entity394 :: ('MESH:D015837', 'Disease') :: ['VAT', 'vestibular autorotation tests']

entities_list: @entity4271 :: ('MESH:D005444', 'Chemical') :: ['Flunarizine', 'flunarizine']

entities_list: @entity388 :: ('MESH:D020338', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular neuritis']

answer: @entity388 :: (MESH:D020338,Disease) :: ['vestibular neuritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between protein expression of @entity0 susceptibility gene 1 ( @entity5345 ) and @entity23900 ( @entity23900 ) and clinical outcome of @entity1149 treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was conducted to detect the protein expression of @entity5345 and @entity23900 in 101 cases of NSCLC and to correlate these with clinical features, disease progression, and @entity1 survival. Chi-square test (   (2)-test) was used to evaluate categorical variables. Spearman's rank order correlation was used to analyze continuous variables. Overall survival rate of NSCLC @entity1 was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curve and log-rank test. Relevant factors affecting the survival of @entity1 with advanced NSCLC were analyzed by COX proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: A total of 101 NSCLC @entity1 were included in the present study. In @entity5 tissue specimens, positive expression rates of @entity5345 and @entity23900 proteins were 51.5 and 57.4  %, respectively. A significant correlation between the positive expression of @entity5345 and the positive expression of @entity23900 was observed (P  <  0.001, r  =  0.326). No significant correlation between @entity5345 / @entity23900 and age, gender, smoking status, performance status score, pathohistological type, or clinical stage was detected (P  >  0.05). During the follow-up period, 65 @entity1 died, and 86 @entity1 showed progression at the end of the study. The survival rate of @entity1 with negative @entity5345 protein expression was higher than that in @entity1 with positive @entity5345 protein expression [median overall survival (OS) 34 vs. 21  months, HR 1.913, 95  % CI 1.161-3.150, P  =  0.011]. Similarly, the survival rate of @entity1 with negative @entity23900 expression was higher than that in @entity1 with positive @entity23900 (median OS 36 vs. 23  months, HR 1.931, 95  % CI 1.157-3.224, P  =  0.012). No significant correlation between protein expression of @entity5345 or @entity23900 with NSCLC disease progression was observed (P  >  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates NSCLC @entity1 with negative @entity5345 and @entity23900 expression showed better prognosis than those with positive protein expression.

title: Correlation between @entity5345 and @entity23900 protein expression and clinical outcome of XXXX treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity23900 :: ('11073', 'Gene') :: ['TopBP1', 'topoisomerase IIb-binding protein 1']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: Background. To report a case of acute @entity14930 (AZOOR) with atypical electrophysiology findings. Case Presentation. A 23-year-old-female presented with visual acuity deterioration in her right eye accompanied by photopsia bilaterally. Corrected distance visual acuity at presentation was 20/50 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Fundus examination was unremarkable. @entity227 ( @entity227 ) testing revealed a large @entity1019 . Pattern and full-field electroretinograms (PERG and ERG) revealed macular involvement associated with generalized @entity989 . Electrooculogram (EOG) light rise and the Arden ratio were within normal limits bilaterally. The @entity1 was diagnosed with AZOOR due to clinical findings, @entity227 , and ERG findings. Conclusion. This is a case of AZOOR with characteristic @entity227 defects and clinical symptoms presenting with atypical EOG findings.

title: Acute XXXX with atypical findings.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['Visual field', 'visual field defect', 'VF']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity14930 :: ('MESH:C538223', 'Disease') :: ['zonal occult outer retinopathy']

answer: @entity14930 :: (MESH:C538223,Disease) :: ['zonal occult outer retinopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity740 ( @entity740 ) is public health concern even in Asian countries. TRK-100STP, a sustained release tablet of an orally-active @entity4770 analogue, beraprost @entity1372 , is suggested to suppress worsening of some parameters of renal filtration function, containing in slope of 1/serum @entity1011 (1/SCr) vs. time in a phase II clinical trial. METHODS/DESIGN: We describe the design of the phase IIb/III trial of TRK-100STP, CASSIOPEIR (CRF Asian Study with Oral PGI2 derivative for Evaluating Improvement of Renal function) conducted in approximately 160 centers in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. A total of 750 @entity1 (n = 250 per group) with primary @entity8 or @entity9161 were planned to be enrolled. @entity1 were randomized into one of three treatment groups in a double-bind, placebo-controlled manner: TRK-100STP 60  g b.i.d.; TRK-100STP 120  g b.i.d.; or placebo. The treatment period is planned to last 2 to 4 years. The primary efficacy endpoint is the renal composite endpoint including doubling of SCr and @entity454 (dialysis induction, renal transplantation, or increase in SCr to >=  6.0 mg/dL). DISCUSSION: This trial targeting @entity740 @entity1 is designed to (a) demonstrate the superiority of TRK-100STP over placebo using renal composite endpoints, (b) determine the recommended clinical dose, and (c) assess the safety of TRK-100STP in this population and setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01090037.

title: A multinational phase IIb/III trial of beraprost @entity1372 , an orally active @entity4770 analogue, in XXXX with primary @entity8 or @entity9161 (CASSIOPEIR trial), rationale and study design.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular disease']

entities_list: @entity9161 :: ('MESH:D009400', 'Disease') :: ['nephrosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic kidney disease', 'CKD']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Preclinical findings demonstrate procognitive actions of @entity112 3 (H3) receptor antagonists/inverse agonists. Since a prominent role of @entity528 of the hippocampus, such as theta band oscillation, has been recognized in numerous cognitive functions, in the present study, the potential involvement of H3 receptors in modulation of hippocampal theta activity has been investigated using various recording paradigms. Systemic administration of the selective H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists, @entity13686 and @entity10449 (0.1 mg/kg to 1 mg/kg i.v.), dose dependently increased hippocampal theta power, similarly to @entity2727 (0.1-1 mg/kg i.v.), in @entity22292 anesthetized @entity35 . When hippocampal theta oscillation was elicited by electrical brainstem (nucleus pontis oralis) stimulation, @entity10449 (1 mg/kg i.v.) augmented the power of stimulation-induced theta. In contrast, systemic administration of @entity2727 (1 mg/kg i.v.) did not modify elicited theta. To analyze the role of H3 receptors on stage- and behavior-dependent hippocampal theta activity, polysomnographic recordings were carried out together with field potential recordings at the hippocampal fissure in freely moving @entity35 for 8 h during the light phase of the circadian cycle. Systemic administration of @entity10449 (3.0 mg/kg, i.p.) promoted wakefulness with a concomitant reduction in cortical delta power and augmented novelty-induced hippocampal theta activity. These findings provide evidence that H3 receptors play an important role in regulation of hippocampal theta oscillation, representing one of the probable mechanisms involved in @entity112 -induced modulation of higher brain functions, such as attention and learning.

title: Modulation of hippocampal theta oscillation by XXXX H3 receptors.

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal network oscillations']

entities_list: @entity22292 :: ('MESH:D002697', 'Chemical') :: ['chloral hydrate']

entities_list: @entity13686 :: ('MESH:C052075', 'Chemical') :: ['thioperamide']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

entities_list: @entity10449 :: ('MESH:C115705', 'Chemical') :: ['ciproxifan']

answer: @entity112 :: (MESH:D006632,Chemical) :: ['histamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1205 (Taxotere) and @entity900 are two of the most active single agents used in the treatment of solid @entity5 . We examined the feasibility of using a combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 for the treatment of unknown @entity189 in order to prepare a larger scale prospective study. METHODS: Eligible @entity1 were aged 18 to 75 years, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2 or less and a life expectancy of 8 weeks or more, and had been diagnosed as having unknown @entity189 by the required examinations. @entity1 were not permitted to have received prior chemotherapy and had to have measurable lesions. @entity1205 (60 mg/m(2)) was given intravenously over a 1-h period immediately before @entity900 (80 mg/m(2)), which was given intravenously over a 2-h period, every 3 weeks. Premedication included @entity619 , @entity10442 , and standard hyperhydration. RESULTS: Twenty-six treatment courses in five @entity1 were tested according to the protocol and feasibility was assessed. Adverse events observed included grade 4 @entity1398 , @entity1431 , grade 3 @entity390 / @entity391 , grade 2 @entity294 , and @entity33 . These adverse events were well tolerated, reversible, and manageable. Doses were not reduced and all injections were given or their due date without any delay in all @entity1 . Four @entity1 achieved a partial response and one had stable disease. CONCLUSION: Treatment of @entity1 with unknown @entity189 with a combination of @entity1205 and @entity900 is feasible. Conduct of a phase II trial of this regimen is warranted.

title: Unknown @entity189 : a feasibility assessment of combination chemotherapy with @entity900 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['primary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity10442 :: ('MESH:D017829', 'Chemical') :: ['granisetron']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: It is well known that @entity53 derived from neural aromatization of @entity251 plays a crucial role in the development of the male brain and the display of @entity146 in adulthood. It was recently found that male aromatase knockout @entity19 ( @entity26958 ) deficient in @entity53 due to a mutation in the aromatase gene have general deficits in @entity146 and are sexually less motivated. We wondered whether these behavioral deficits of @entity26958 males could be related to changes in activity, exploration, @entity148 and " @entity308 -like" symptomatology. @entity26958 and @entity164 ( @entity164 ) males were subjected to open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM), and forced swim tests (FST), after being exposed or not to chronic mild stress (CMS). CMS was used to evaluate the impact of chronic stressful procedures and to unveil possible differences between genotypes. There was no effect of genotype on OF, EPM and FST behavioral parameters. @entity164 and @entity26958 @entity19 exposed to CMS or not exhibited the same behavioral profile during these three types of tests. However, all CMS-exposed @entity19 ( @entity26958 and @entity164 ) spent less time in the center of the EPM. Additionally, floating duration measured in the FST increased between two tests in both @entity164 and @entity26958 @entity19 , though that increase was less prominent in @entity19 previously subjected to CMS than in controls. Therefore, both @entity26958 and @entity164 males displayed the same behavior and had the same response to CMS however CMS exposure slightly modified the behavior displayed by @entity19 of both genotypes in the FST and EPM paradigms. These results show that @entity26958 males display normal levels of activity, exploration, @entity148 and " @entity308 -like" symptomatology and thus their deficits in @entity146 are specific in nature and do not result indirectly from other behavioral changes.

title: Male aromatase-knockout XXXX exhibit normal levels of activity, @entity148 and " @entity308 -like" symptomatology.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['coital behavior', 'sexual behaviors', 'sexual behavior']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the return-to-play rates, @entity1 -reported outcome (PRO) scores, and satisfaction between high-level amateur @entity2587 and recreational @entity2587 and to evaluate for differences in ability to return to sport in these groups based on @entity1 -related and sport-related characteristics. METHODS: Clinical data were retrieved for 66 (26 male/40 female) consecutive @entity2587 undergoing hip arthroscopy for @entity1743 . Athletes were classified as high-level amateur or recreational. Athletes were also divided into 6 distinct sporting categories based on the physical demands on the hip. Preoperative and 2-year PROs including a sport-specific questionnaire, modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS), and Hip Outcome Scores with Activities of Daily Living ( @entity5187 -ADL) and Sports-Specific ( @entity5187 -SS) subscales were collected. RESULTS: Of the 66 @entity1 , 49 were recreational and 17 were high-level amateur @entity2587 (10 high school and 7 collegiate). High-level @entity2587 were significantly younger than recreational @entity2587 (18.4    2.3  years vs 29.7    6.8  years; P < .001). After 2  years, all PROs had improved significantly, with no differences between the 2 athletic groups. There was a high overall rate of return for both recreational and high-level amateur @entity2587 (94% vs 88%; P  = .60). Increasing preoperative withdrawal time from sport prior to surgery was associated with @entity5187 (r  = 0.33; P  = .04) and MHHS scores (r  = 0.02; P  = .02). Overall, @entity2587 who had withdrawn from sport for greater than 8  months before surgery returned to sport significantly more slowly (P  = .01). Increasing body mass index (BMI) was associated with lower improvements in @entity5187 (r  = 0.26; P  = .04) and MHHS scores (r  = 0.38; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Recreational @entity2587 , despite being significantly older than their high-level counterparts, return to play at a similar high rate and with comparable PROs. Increasing preoperative cessation time from sport significantly prolongs return to sport. Additionally, increasing preoperative cessation from sport and higher preoperative BMI were associated with decreased improvements in PROs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

title: Amateur and Recreational Athletes Return to Sport at a High Rate Following Hip Arthroscopy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1743 :: ('MESH:D057925', 'Disease') :: ['femoroacetabular impingement']

entities_list: @entity5187 :: ('MESH:C535326', 'Disease') :: ['decreased HOS-SS', 'HOS']

answer: @entity1743 :: (MESH:D057925,Disease) :: ['Femoroacetabular Impingement']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the various @entity854 in @entity1 with proven @entity378 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: The case records of 23 @entity1 with proven @entity378 were evaluated retrospectively for various @entity854 . Twenty-two @entity1 had secondary involvement of esophagus in the form of direct extension of @entity1907 or @entity3083 . Only 1 @entity1 had primary involvement of the esophagus with no evidence of disease elsewhere. The diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic and CT-guided biopsy/aspiration cytology in 7 and 6 cases, respectively. Diagnosis was made on the basis of surgical biopsy of lymph node and autopsy in 1 @entity1 each. In the remaining 8 @entity1 the diagnosis was based on radiological and endoscopic findings and the response to antituberculous treatment. RESULTS: Chest radiography (CXR) was abnormal in 65% @entity1 . While the findings were non-conclusive for @entity378 , @entity75 of @entity378 in lungs or spine were suggestive of @entity378 etiology. In 15 @entity1 , CT of the chest confirmed the corresponding CXR findings and also showed additional findings of @entity3329 when CXR was normal. Fourteen @entity1 showed @entity3329 on CT of the chest. In all these @entity1 , more than one group of lymph nodes was involved. The characteristic hypodense center of lymph nodes suggestive of @entity378 was seen in 12 @entity1 . @entity854 seen in barium swallow examination were extrinsic compression, traction diverticula, strictures, @entity50 /fistulous tracts, kinking and @entity6437 mass of esophagus in decreasing order of frequency. The middle third of the esophagus was found to be the most frequent site of involvement.

title: XXXX : a review of 23 cases.

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinal lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['characteristic lesions']

entities_list: @entity6437 :: ('MESH:D006104', 'Disease') :: ['pseudotumor']

entities_list: @entity3083 :: ('MESH:D014399', 'Disease') :: ['spinal tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['radiological abnormalities', 'Radiological abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal tuberculosis', 'tuberculous', 'tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['mediastinal and pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['Imaging of esophageal tuberculosis']


abstract: Current antithrombotic therapy in acute coronary symptoms is only partially effective and exhibits @entity548 complications. These experiments were designed to address the antithrombotic and hemorrhagic interactions of the novel glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonist @entity64724 in combination with the indirect inhibitor of factor Xa, @entity64725 / @entity64725 . Thrombogenesis was initiated by electrolytic injury of the intimal surface of the carotid artery, and @entity715 formation was assessed by recording carotid blood flow and by measuring @entity715 weight 45 min after electrical stimulation. @entity64724 was an efficacious antithrombotic agent in this model (ED50 = 16.3+/-0.3 mg/kg, p.o.), whereas heparin (4.5 mg/kg, i.v.) and @entity64725 / @entity64725 [1 mg/kg (850 aXa anti-units/kg), i.v.] were only marginally effective (17 and 27% inhibition of carotid blood flow reduction, respectively). Coadministrations of heparin (4.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or @entity64725 / @entity64725 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) were found to potentiate the antithrombotic efficacy of threshold doses of @entity64724 (5 or 10 mg/kg, p.o.). The enhancement of the antithrombotic efficacy of @entity64724 by @entity64725 / @entity64725 was--contrary to the association of @entity64724 with heparin--not accompanied by an increased @entity190 from the incised @entity95 ear. Coadministrations of heparin or @entity64725 / @entity64725 did not influence the ex vivo antiaggregatory activity of @entity64724 . @entity64724 coadministration did not alter the systemic anticoagulant activities in heparin or @entity64725 / @entity64725 -treated animals. These data suggest the potential for optimized antithrombotic treatment in @entity1187 when a @entity24404 /IIIa antagonist ( @entity64724 ) is combined with an antithrombin-dependent factor Xa inhibitor ( @entity64725 / @entity64725 ).

title: The antithrombotic efficacy of the @entity24404 /IIIa antagonist @entity64724 is potentiated by antithrombin-dependent factor Xa inhibition without an increase in the XXXX risk in the @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: @entity5 can be preferentially damaged and killed at temperatures above 41.0 degrees C. However, the @entity299 at this temperature, limiting the application of systemic @entity221 in the treatment of @entity5 . We created a hyperthermic perfusion system that maximizes the temperature differential produced and extends the safe hyperthermic time. Mongrel @entity235 were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Temperature probes were placed in the rectum, bladder, peritoneal cavity, proximal aorta, pulmonary artery, and right tympanic canal. Venoarterial perfusion was instituted and the perfusate was warmed to 44 to 45 degrees C. The @entity235 ' rectal temperature was elevated to > or = 42 degrees C for 4 hours. A small amount of venous blood was cooled to 28 to 30 degrees C and reperfused into the right atrium to maintain the pulmonary artery temperature < or = 38 degrees C. At the end of the perfusion, the @entity235 were decannulated, recovered, and returned to their cages for observation. Ten of 11 @entity235 survived the operative procedure, and no @entity51 were observed. The rectal temperature was successfully elevated to > or = 42 degrees C for 4 hours while maintaining the heart and brain at < or = 38 degrees C. Moderate serum biochemical changes were observed postprocedure. However, only the @entity5906 transaminase and alkaline phosphatase levels remained elevated above both the baseline and @entity235 reference values by day 7. Lower abdominal and pelvic @entity221 at 42 degrees C can be safely produced and maintained for 4 hours using an extracorporeal perfusion circuit, while protecting the heart and brain from temperature elevation.

title: Perfusion induced XXXX for oncologic therapy with cardiac and cerebral protection.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart and brain malfunction']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['hyperthermia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity11530 ( @entity11530 ) is characterized by patchy alopecia of hair bearing areas. This is because of compulsive urge to pull the hair. Scalp is the most common site for pulling hair. Usually, @entity1 may have only small areas of @entity1665 , in severe forms, tonsure pattern of @entity1665 is observed. Diagnosis is by history and clinical examination. However, it is difficult to differentiate from other causes of noncicatricial alopecia. Here, authors observed trichoscopic patterns and evaluated their importance in the diagnosis of @entity11530 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in S. Nijalingappa Medical College, Bagalkot, from January 2014 to July 2014. Ten @entity1 with clinically suspected @entity11530 were included in the study. Informed consent was taken and ethical clearance was obtained. Dermlite3 dermoscope was used with Sony camera attachment to save the images. Histopathological examination was conducted in all the @entity1 to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 were included in the study. Mean age of the @entity1 was 34 years. Most common symptom was @entity3067 in the frontal area (100%). Common trichoscopic feature was decreased hair density and broken hairs. Trichoptilosis (split ends) and irregular coiled hairs were seen in 80% @entity1 . Novel diagnostic signs like black dots, flame hair, v-sign, follicular @entity548 , were seen in 30% each. Tulip hair and hair powder were observed in 10% of @entity1 . All @entity1 had the noninflammatory alopecia with distorted and collapsed inner root sheath in histopathology. CONCLUSION: @entity11530 is often chronic and difficult to treat. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment is necessary. Authors believe that the trichoscopy plays a vital role in the diagnosis of this condition by demonstrating specific trichoscopic patterns.

title: Trichoscopy in XXXX : a useful diagnostic tool.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity3067 :: ('MESH:C531609', 'Disease') :: ['patchy loss of hair']

entities_list: @entity11530 :: ('MESH:D014256', 'Disease') :: ['TTM', 'Trichotillomania']

answer: @entity11530 :: (MESH:D014256,Disease) :: ['trichotillomania']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of radiofrequency electrothermal energy to treat genuine @entity3142 (GSI). DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective, single-arm, longitudinal study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). SETTING: Six North American university-affiliated and private clinic sites. @entity1 : Ninety-four @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic treatment for GSI. INTERVENTION: Radiofrequency bipolar treatment of paravaginal tissue to induce tissue shrinkage causing bladder neck elevation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: @entity1 underwent complete urogynecologic evaluations, with urodynamic testing, including Valsalva leak point pressure, to confirm the diagnosis of GSI. Paravaginal tissue was treated lateral from the urethra and bladder neck out to the arcus white line, with bipolar electrothermal energy to shrink bladder-supporting connective tissue. Treatment resulted in 30% shrinkage in paravaginal endopelvic fascia surface area by direct measurement. At 1 year the objective cure rate was 79% by urodynamic testing, improvement in quality of life by questionnaire was 81%, decrease in leaking episodes and pad use was significant (p <0.001), and @entity1 satisfaction was 83%. Complications (7%) were secondary to laparoscopy. There were no injuries from the radiofrequency probe. CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency bipolar electrothermal energy appears to be a safe an efficient means of treating mild to moderate GSI. It results in shrinkage and elevation of paravaginal connective tissue, stabilizing the urethra and bladder neck, thereby restoring continence. Long-term follow-up is necessary.

title: A prospective multisite study of radiofrequency bipolar energy for treatment of genuine XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress incontinence']

answer: @entity3142 :: (MESH:D014550,Disease) :: ['stress incontinence']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore the relationship between serum @entity251 levels, age, length of stay, admission, discharge and changes in functional capacity over time among @entity1 with @entity131 treated in a rehabilitation hospital. DESIGN: This study used a nonrandomized chart review of 54 males, consecutively admitted to a @entity1545 rehabilitation hospital. METHODS: The charts of 54 males consecutively admitted to a @entity1545 rehabilitation unit between the periods of December 2004 and May 2005 were included in this study. Individuals were included in this study if they were 18 years of age or older, had suffered a @entity131 , undergone admission and discharge, @entity177 ( @entity177 ) testing and had received a serum @entity251 level check within one to seven days from admission. MAIN OUTCOME AND RESULTS: The main outcome measure of this study was the @entity177 changes over time, as compared with admission @entity251 levels. Low serum @entity251 levels on admission to the in- @entity1 rehabilitation unit were associated with longer lengths of stay, lower average admission @entity177 scores, less improvement in @entity177 scores, and a lower @entity177 efficiency. Although not statistically significant, individuals presenting to our unit with low @entity251 levels, on average, stayed 26 days longer than did those with normal levels. Age and the presence of multi- @entity130 did not appear to be factors associated with serum @entity251 levels. Changes in discharge cognitive @entity177 scores between the two groups approached statistical significance (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests that @entity251 levels may be important in the recovery of @entity1 with @entity131 , treated at an in- @entity1 rehabilitation hospital.

title: The role of serum @entity251 and TBI in the in- XXXX rehabilitation setting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['functional independence measure', 'FIM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: PURPOSE: The prognostic significance of the level of venous involvement in @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) is controversial. It has been suggested that the 1997 TNM classification of venous involvement system should be revised. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 226 @entity1 who underwent a nephrectomy and @entity5 thrombectomy, 117 for renal vein (RV) and 109 for inferior vena @entity33341 (IVC) involvement, between 1989 and 2001 were reviewed and compared to those of 654 @entity1 undergoing nephrectomy without venous involvement. RESULTS: In @entity1 with localized @entity1358 (N0M0), the risk of recurrence after nephrectomy was significantly increased in @entity1 with @entity1211 compared to @entity1 without @entity1211 (p = 0.005). However, the difference was not significant in a multivariate analysis including T stage (1, 2, 3 or 4), Fuhrman grade and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status. In @entity1 with localized @entity1358 disease specific survival was similar (p = 0.536) in @entity1 with RV (T3b) and IVC involvement below the diaphragm (T3b). However, @entity1 with IVC involvement above the diaphragm (T3c) had a significantly worse survival rate even after controlling for Fuhrman grade and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.020). All @entity1 treated for metastatic @entity1358 had a similar prognosis regardless of the level of venous involvement. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with pT3b disease, @entity5 stage and grade are better predictors of prognosis than extent of venous involvement. Based on our data we support the current TNM classification of venous involvement with RV and IVC invasion categorized as T3b and IVC involvement above the diaphragm categorized as T3c.

title: Prognostic significance of @entity1211 in @entity1358 . Are renal vein and inferior vena XXXX involvement different?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'local tumor']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombus']

answer: @entity33341 :: (763,Gene) :: ['cava']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Advances in genotyping technology, such as @entity5599 ( @entity5599 ), are making genomic prediction more attractive to reduce breeding cycle times and costs associated with phenotyping. Genomic prediction and selection has been studied in several crop species, but no reports exist in @entity1460 . The objectives of this study were (i) evaluate prospects for genomic selection using @entity5599 in a typical @entity1460 breeding program and (ii) evaluate the effect of @entity5599 marker selection and imputation on genomic prediction accuracy. To achieve these objectives, a set of @entity1460 lines sampled from the University of Nebraska @entity1460 Breeding Program were genotyped using @entity5599 and evaluated for yield and other agronomic traits at multiple Nebraska locations. RESULTS: Genotyping by sequencing scored 16,502 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor-allele frequency (MAF)   >   0.05 and percentage of missing values    <=   5% on 301 elite @entity1460 breeding lines. When SNPs with up to 80% missing values were included, 52,349 SNPs were scored. Prediction accuracy for grain yield, assessed using cross validation, was estimated to be 0.64, indicating good potential for using genomic selection for grain yield in @entity1460 . Filtering SNPs based on missing data percentage had little to no effect on prediction accuracy, especially when random forest imputation was used to impute missing values. The highest accuracies were observed when random forest imputation was used on all SNPs, but differences were not significant. A standard additive G-BLUP model was robust; modeling additive-by-additive epistasis did not provide any improvement in prediction accuracy. The effect of training population size on accuracy began to plateau around 100, but accuracy steadily climbed until the largest possible size was used in this analysis. Including only SNPs with MAF   >   0.30 provided higher accuracies when training populations were smaller. CONCLUSIONS: Using @entity5599 for genomic prediction in @entity1460 holds good potential to expedite @entity74 . Our results suggest that standard additive G-BLUP models can be used on unfiltered, imputed @entity5599 data without loss in accuracy.

title: Genotyping by sequencing for genomic prediction in a XXXX breeding population.

entities_list: @entity5599 :: ('MESH:D010855', 'Disease') :: ['GBS', 'genotyping by sequencing']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic gain']

entities_list: @entity1460 :: ('3847', 'Species') :: ['Soybean', 'soybean']

answer: @entity1460 :: (3847,Species) :: ['soybean']


abstract: @entity8708 ( @entity18399 ), administered weekly to @entity19 for 20 weeks, induces @entity5 in the distal segment of colon. @entity5 are preceded by @entity33 resulting from increases in the number of total cells and @entity665 labeled cells/crypt. Cells located in the crypt base normally undergo 2-3 division as they migrate toward the lumen, and they become post-mitotic in the upper crypt. It is not known if cells in these enlarged crypts have rates of turnover similar to cells in normal crypts. Groups of w/s female @entity19 were treated with @entity18399 (20 mg/kg body wt) for 3,8, or 16 weeks; controls were given 0.001 M @entity1098 . After treatment, the animals were injected with @entity665 and killed one hour or 1,2,4,7 or 17 days later. Autoradiographs were prepared from sections of distal colon. The total cells/crypt column in 30 crypts/animals were counted. Crypts were divided into 10 equal segments based on the crypt length and the labeled cells/segment were counted. The relative number of labeled cells and the distribution of these cells within crypts were similar in @entity18399 -treated and control animals after one hour. However, as the cells migrated toward the lumen, the number of labeled cells doubled after 2 days and tripled after 4 days in @entity18399 -treated animals but only doubled during the 4 days in controls. This difference caused by retention of an increased number of dividing cells in the lower 4 segments of the crypts and suggests an increase in those cells that divide twice. In addition, increased numbers of labeled cells were retained in the upper 3 segments of @entity18399 -treated animals after 4 days. These findings indicate that the crypt cells of @entity18399 -treated animals are generally more immature than those of controls and this immaturity contributes to the enlargement of @entity33 during @entity105 .

title: The effect of the carcinogen, XXXX , on turnover of @entity665 labeled cells from @entity33 of @entity19 colon.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['enlargement of the mucosal glands', 'mucosal glands']

entities_list: @entity8708 :: ('MESH:D019813', 'Chemical') :: ['1,2-dimethylhydrazine']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['3H-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity8708 :: (MESH:D019813,Chemical) :: ['1,2-dimethylhydrazine']


abstract: Epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between @entity387 ( @entity387 ) and @entity66 . A total of 114 male @entity1 , aged 40-65 years, referred to sleep laboratory for the evaluation of snoring and disturbed sleep were studied. Subjects were divided into three groups: habitual snoring, mild-moderate and @entity27 ( @entity27 ), respectively, determined by using three respiratory disturbance index (RDI) cut points (</=5, 5 < RDI < 30 and >/=30). Measurement of @entity121 ( @entity121 ) and the presence of plaque were determined by ultrasonographic evaluation. Major vascular risk factors such as @entity101 , @entity6 , smoking, @entity407 , and @entity28 were determined. The OSA groups had significantly higher @entity121 values compared with the habitual snoring group. Three groups were significantly different with regard to the presence of plaque. Age and body mass index were found to be significantly associated with @entity121 while age and RDI were found to be most probably predictive for plaque. There were no significant differences amongst the three groups with respect to age, prevalence of @entity101 and @entity6 , smoking, total @entity165 and total @entity412 levels. These findings suggested that @entity387 is a predisposing factor for the @entity731 process and precipitate plaque particularly when associated with higher RDI.

title: Is there a link between the severity of XXXX and @entity731 of the carotid arteries?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-disordered breathing', 'SDB']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome', 'OSAS']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'intima-media thickness']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['sleep-disordered breathing']


abstract: Autoimmunity is increasingly accepted as the origin or amplifier of various diseases. In contrast to classic autoantibodies (AABs), which induce immune responses resulting in the destruction of the affected tissue, an additional class of AABs is directed against G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs; @entity31679 -AABs). @entity31679 -AABs functionally affect their related GPCRs for activation of receptor mediated signal cascades. Diseases which are characterized by the presence of @entity31679 -AABs with evidence for disease-specific pathogenic activity could be named "functional autoantibody disease". We briefly summarize here the historical view on @entity792 in @entity296 , followed by an approach to the mechanistic @entity792 background. Furthermore, autoantibodies with outstanding importance for @entity296 as a functional autoantibody disease, such as @entity31679 -AABs, and mainly those directed against the beta1-adrenergic and muscarinic 2 receptor autoantibodies, are introduced. Anti-cardiac myosin and anti-cardiac troponin autoantibodies, as further potential players in @entity296 , are additionally taken into account. The basic view on the autoantibodies, their related receptor interactions and pathogenic consequences are presented. Focused specifically on @entity31679 -AABs, "pros and cons" of assays such as indirect assays (functional changes of cell preparations are monitored after @entity31679 -AAB receptor binding) and direct assays based on the ELISA technologies ( @entity31679 epitope mimics for @entity31679 -AAB binding) are critically discussed. Last but not least, treatment strategies for "functional autoantibody disease", such as for @entity31679 -AAB removal (therapeutic plasma exchange, immunoadsorption) and in vivo @entity31679 -AAB attack such as intravenous IgG treatment (IVIG), B-cell depletion and @entity31679 -AAB binding and neutralization, are critically reflected with respect to their @entity1 benefits.

title: XXXX - An approach to the autoimmune background.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune cardiomyopathy', 'cardiomyopathies', 'cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['Cardiomyopathy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Muscle invasive @entity150 (MIBC) is difficult to manage for @entity1 who progress during or after initial chemotherapy regimens. Current regimens offer low response rates with high @entity137 . The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors may represent a new opportunity for effective management of these @entity1 . Areas covered: Atezolizumab is an engineered humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody that binds selectively to @entity4634 and prevents its interaction with @entity63074 . It is administered intravenously and is given every 3  weeks as long as there is no evidence of @entity5 progression. Phase I trials confirmed antitumor activity of atezolizumab in @entity1 with advanced or metastatic @entity189 . Phase II trials showed an improved response rate and a longer durable response than current conventional therapy. Phase III trials are currently underway with an estimated accrual end date of 2017. Expert opinion: MIBC is a high-risk disease, and after progression on current chemotherapy regimens, second-line treatments leave much to be desired. Emerging evidence of efficacy and safety and a recent accelerated approval by the FDA presents atezolizumab as a promising treatment option. Current clinical challenges include the details of disease progression and determining where immune checkpoint inhibition will reside in the treatment algorithm.

title: Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of atezolizumab for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['urothelial carcinoma']


abstract: The main factors of @entity741 are @entity519 , substrate deprivation, @entity520 , and high extracellular @entity972 concentration ([K+]e), but the influence of each of these factors has not yet been evaluated in a cardiomyocyte (CM) culture system. Electromechanical responses to the individual and combined components of @entity63 were studied in CM cultured from newborn @entity35 ventricles. @entity2045 ( @entity2045 ) were recorded using glass microelectrodes and contractions were monitored photometrically. @entity413 -free @entity519 initially reduced AP duration, amplitude, and rate and altered excitation-contraction coupling, but AP upstroke velocity (Vmax) remained unaffected. Early afterdepolarizations appeared, leading to bursts of high-rate triggered impulses before the complete arrest of electromechanical activity after 120 min. @entity520 reduced Vmax whereas AP amplitude and rate were moderately decreased. Combining @entity520 and substrate-free @entity519 also decreased Vmax but attenuated the effects of substrate-free @entity519 on @entity2045 and delayed the cessation of the electrical activity (180 min). Raising [K+]e reduced the maximal diastolic potential and Vmax. Total @entity63 (substrate deletion, @entity519 , @entity520 , and high [K+]e) decreased AP amplitude and Vmax without changing AP duration. Moreover, delayed afterdepolarizations appeared, initiating triggered activity. Ultimately, 120 min of total @entity63 blocked @entity2045 and contractions. To conclude, @entity413 -free @entity519 caused severe functional defects, @entity520 delayed the changes induced by substrate-free @entity519 , and total @entity63 induced specific dysfunctions differing from those caused by the former conditions. Heart-cell cultures thus represent a valuable tool to scrutinize the individual and combined components of @entity63 on CMs.

title: Specific electromechanical responses of cardiomyocytes to individual and combined components of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['Action potentials', 'APs']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis', 'Acidosis']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: @entity19 heterozygously deficient in the peripheral myelin adhesion molecule P0 (P0+/- @entity19 ) are models for some forms of @entity5108 ( @entity5108 ) @entity16 . In addition to the characteristic hallmarks of @entity17 , elevated numbers of CD8-positive T-lymphocytes and F4/80-positive macrophages are striking features in the nerves of these @entity19 . These immune cells increase in number with age and progress of @entity17 , suggesting that they might be functionally related to @entity17 . In order to investigate the pathogenetic role of lymphocytes, the myelin mutants were cross-bred with @entity5350 ( @entity5350 )-deficient @entity19 , which lack mature T- and B-lymphocytes. The immunodeficient myelin mutants showed a less severe @entity17 . The beneficial effect of @entity37272 was reversible, since @entity17 worsened in immunodeficient myelin-mutants when reconstituted with bone marrow from wild-type @entity19 . Ultrastructural analysis revealed macrophages in close apposition to myelin and demyelinated axons. We therefore cross-bred the P0+/- @entity19 with spontaneous osteopetrotic (op) mutants deficient in the @entity9827 ( @entity9827 ), hence displaying impaired macrophage activation. In the corresponding double mutants the numbers of macrophages were not elevated in the peripheral nerves, and the @entity17 phenotype was less severe than in the genuine P0+/- @entity19 , demonstrating that macrophages are also functionally involved in the pathogenesis of genetically mediated @entity17 . We also examined other models for @entity74 for a possible involvement of immune cells. We chose @entity19 @entity3161 component @entity50870 , a model for the X-linked form of @entity5108 . Similar to P0-deficient @entity19 , T-lymphocytes and macrophages were elevated and macrophages showed a close apposition to degenerating myelin. We conclude that the involvement of T-lymphocytes and macrophages is a common pathogenetic feature in various forms of slowly progressive @entity74 .

title: Role of immune cells in animal models for XXXX : facts and visions.

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination', 'myelin degeneration', 'myelin damage', 'demyelinating']

entities_list: @entity9827 :: ('12977(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['M-CSF', 'macrophage colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity5108 :: ('MESH:D002607', 'Disease') :: ['Charcot-Marie-Tooth', 'CMT']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity3161 :: ('MESH:D020511', 'Disease') :: ['deficient in the gap junction']

entities_list: @entity5350 :: ('19373(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['recombination activating gene 1', 'RAG-1']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity37272 :: ('MESH:C566079', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocyte-deficiency']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['inherited neuropathies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests the acceptability of oats in a gluten-free diet in @entity66 . We investigated the impact of an oats-containing diet on quality of life and @entity344 . METHODS: Thirty-nine @entity66 @entity1 on a gluten-free diet were randomized to take either 50 g of oats-containing gluten-free products daily or to continue without oats for 1 year. Quality of life was assessed using the Psychological General Well-Being questionnaire and @entity344 using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale. Small-bowel mucosal villous architecture, CD3+, alphabeta+, gammadelta+ intraepithelial lymphocytes, serum endomysial and @entity8265 antibodies were investigated. RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects were randomized to the oats-containing diet and 16 to the traditional gluten-free diet. All adhered strictly to their respective diet. Quality of life did not differ between the groups. In general, there were more @entity344 in the oats-consuming group. @entity1 taking oats suffered significantly more often from @entity294 , but there was a simultaneous trend towards a more severe average constipation symptom score. The villous structure did not differ between the groups, but the density of intraepithelial lymphocytes was slightly but significantly higher in the oats group. The severity of symptoms was not dependent on the degree of @entity32 . Antibody levels did not increase during the study period. CONCLUSION: The oats-containing gluten-free diet caused more intestinal symptoms than the traditional diet. Mucosal integrity was not disturbed, but more @entity32 was evident in the oats group. Oats provide an alternative in the gluten-free diet, but coeliac @entity1 should be aware of the possible increase in intestinal symptoms.

title: Effect of an oats-containing gluten-free diet on symptoms and quality of life in XXXX . A randomized study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['coeliac disease']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity8265 :: ('7052', 'Gene') :: ['tissue transglutaminase']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['coeliac disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Brucellosis is an important zoonosis caused by Brucella spp., still prevalent in most areas of the world. Brucellosis control in animals is the key to protect @entity1 . The knowledge of Brucella spp. prevailing genotypes in a territory represents an important epidemiological tool to formulate policies and strategies for disease control and to trace back the introduction of new strains previously considered as exotic. In the last years, multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) has been proposed as complementary to classical biotyping methods. MLVA may add important information to the classical epidemiological investigation techniques, to help in tracing back sources of infection in @entity3377 outbreaks. Sardinia is an Italian region officially free from @entity742 and @entity1237 @entity3377 since 1998. In 2011, @entity6467 1, a biotype not reported in Italy since 1995, was isolated in one flock in the region. The genotyping MLVA-16 showed that isolates belonged to a rare American lineage, confirming it was introduced from other countries. The strain was considered as probably originating from Spain, where this lineage is endemic. BrucellaMLVA-16 has been proved to be useful to analyse the epidemiological correlation of strains enabling to trace its geographic origin by comparing their previously reported genetic patterns.

title: MLVA as an Epidemiological Tool To Trace Back XXXX 1 Re-Emergence in Italy.

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

entities_list: @entity6467 :: ('29459', 'Species') :: ['Brucella melitensis biovar']

answer: @entity6467 :: (29459,Species) :: ['Brucella melitensis Biovar']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate pregnancy outcomes of @entity1375 that were identified in a population-based prenatal screening program. STUDY DESIGN: This is a secondary analysis of a prospective prenatal population-based study in which serum thyroid analytes were obtained from November 2000 to April 2003. Initial screening thresholds were intentionally inclusive (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], >3.0 mU/L; free @entity1955 , <0.9 ng/dL); those who screened positive were referred for confirmatory testing in a hospital-based laboratory. @entity1375 was identified and treated if TSH level was >4.5 mU/L and if fT4 level was <0.76 ng/dL. Perinatal outcomes in these @entity1 and those who screened positive but unconfirmed to have @entity1375 were compared with @entity1 with @entity3214 . Outcomes were then analyzed according to initial TSH levels. RESULTS: A total of 26,518 @entity1 completed initial screening: 24,584 @entity1 (93%) were euthyroid, and 284 @entity1 (1%) had abnormal initial values that suggested @entity1375 . Of those referred, 232 @entity1 (82%) underwent repeat testing, and 47 @entity1 (0.2% initially screened) were confirmed to have @entity1375 . Perinatal outcomes of @entity1 with treated @entity1375 were similar to @entity1 with @entity3214 . Higher rates of pregnancy-related @entity101 were identified in the 182 @entity1 with unconfirmed @entity1375 when compared with @entity1 with @entity3214 (P < .001); however, this association was seen only in @entity1 with initial TSH >4.5 mU/L (adjusted odds ratio, 2.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.5). CONCLUSION: The identification and treatment of @entity1375 results in pregnancy outcomes similar to @entity1 with @entity3214 . Unconfirmed screening results suggestive of @entity1375 portend pregnancy risks similar to @entity1 with @entity1375 , specifically @entity1468 ; however, this increased risk was seen only in @entity1 with initial TSH levels of >4.5 mU/L and suggests that this is a more clinically relevant threshold than 3.0 mU/L.

title: An analysis of population-based prenatal screening for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothyroidism', 'subclinical hypothyroidism', 'overt hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity3214 :: ('MESH:D005067', 'Disease') :: ['euthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity1375 :: (MESH:D007037,Disease) :: ['overt hypothyroidism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment of @entity454 ( @entity378 ) of the knee remains a significant clinical challenge, and clinical data are lacking. This study aimed to retrospectively determine the outcome of single-stage knee arthrodesis with a unilateral external fixator combined with cannulated screws for the treatment of end-stage @entity378 . METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 with end-stage knee @entity378 were treated by single-stage arthrodesis. All @entity1 underwent open debridement and the insertion of a unilateral external fixator combined with crossed cannulated screws and received systemic antitubercular therapy. Clinical evaluations and radiographic analyses were performed after an average follow-up duration of 5.5  years. RESULTS: The mean time to radiographic bone fusion was 5.6  months. Primary full union was achieved in 25 @entity1 (96.2  %) within 8  months, and the remaining @entity1 achieved bone fusion at 14  months postoperatively. The mean post-operative alignment was 5.4   valgus and 12.5   flexion. The mean leg-length discrepancy was 2.8  cm. The mean VAS score improved from 67.3 before surgery to 16.2 at the last follow-up (P   <   0.01), and the mean WOMAC score improved from 58.8 to 13.7 (P   <   0.01). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and @entity1851 level returned to normal in 25 @entity1 by 3  months postoperatively. No recurrence in the target knee was noted. CONCLUSIONS: Single-stage arthrodesis with a unilateral external fixator combined with cannulated screws can be regarded as efficacious for the treatment of end-stage knee @entity378 . Additional studies are necessary to confirm the findings of our study.

title: Knee arthrodesis using a unilateral external fixator combined with crossed cannulated screws for the treatment of XXXX of the knee.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage tuberculosis']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage tuberculosis']


abstract: Targeted tumorigenesis in @entity19 has been a powerful tool for the study of gene expression and oncogenesis, as well as for the production of differentiated immortal cell lines from rare cell types. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is secreted by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland and plays a pivotal role in @entity1 reproduction. Here we have used the regulatory region of the ovine @entity12101 gene to direct expression of the SV40 T antigen oncogene to gonadotrope cells in the pituitary of @entity19 . Two of five transgenic @entity19 lines bearing this fusion gene rapidly developed @entity977 , with appearance of @entity1412 as early as 6 weeks of age, resulting in @entity204 by 12 weeks of age in both genders. Histologic examination of @entity5 development over time revealed that increases in cell proliferation and @entity1141 were accompanied by decreases in synthesis of pituitary hormones, indicating dedifferentiation of the pituitary cells. Histological features observed in these @entity5 were in agreement with this rapid transformation of cell phenotype. @entity5 were multifocal in origin, and the most highly transformed cell types observed consisted of giant pale basophilic cells with enormous hyperploid nuclei associated with infiltrating neuronal-like cells, which were very abundant at later stages of @entity5 development. Mitotic indices were much higher in transgenic than wild-type pituitaries, as expected. Morphologic analysis of the gonads of these @entity19 showed no major developmental differences, as compared to wild-type littermates, however the length of the seminiferous tubules in transgenic males was greater than age-matched wild-type animals. Despite this phenotype difference, both genders were fertile, with normal sperm development observed in males and normal estrous cycle stages in females. Moreover, while 8 -- 10-week-old transgenic males had much lower blood levels of FSH than littermates, transgenic female FSH levels were the same as those of wild-type females. These animals offer a unique and potentially useful model of organ-specific tumorigenesis, where a multistage pathway of @entity5 development is evident, both histologically and temporally. Study of such models will advance our knowledge on the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression as well as @entity5 formation.

title: Pituitary tumorigenesis targeted by the ovine @entity12101 gene regulatory region in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumors']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous foci']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['transgenic mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) with central nervous system (CNS) involvement in adults is uncommon, and studies of this subject are scant. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the clinical aspects, cytogenetic abnormalities, molecular gene mutations and outcomes of @entity3052 @entity1 with CNS involvement. Three hundred and ninety-five @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity3052 were reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty (5.1%) @entity1 had CNS involvement, including 7 (1.8%) with @entity6220 and 4 (1%) who suffered an isolated CNS relapse. The @entity1 with CNS involvement were younger, had higher leukocyte, platelet, and peripheral blast cell counts, @entity1334 M4 morphology, and chromosome translocations involving 11q23 (11q23 abnormalities) more frequently than did the @entity1 without CNS involvement. No differences in sex, haemoglobin levels, serum LDH levels, immunophenotype of @entity1778 cells, or molecular gene mutations were observed between the two groups. Multivariate analyses showed that age    <=   45  years (OR, 5.933; 95% CI, 1.82 to 19.343), leukocyte counts   >=    50,000/ l (OR, 3.136; 95% CI, 1.083 to 9.078), and the presence of 11q23 abnormalities (OR, 5.548; 95% CI, 1.208 to 25.489) were significant predictors of CNS involvement. @entity1 with @entity6220 had 5-year overall survival and relapse-free survival rates that were similar to those without @entity6220 . However, three of four @entity1 who suffered an isolated CNS relapse died, and their prognosis was as poor as that of @entity1 who suffered a @entity236 . CONCLUSION: CNS involvement in adult @entity1 with @entity3052 is rare. Three significant risk factors for CNS involvement including age    <=   45  years, leukocyte counts   >=    50,000/ l and the presence of 11q23 abnormalities were identified in this study. Future investigations to determine whether @entity3052 @entity1 having these specific risk factors would benefit from CNS prophylactic therapy are necessary.

title: Risk factors and clinical outcomes of XXXX with central nervous system involvement in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['initial CNS disease']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['Acute myeloid leukaemia', 'adult AML', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow relapse']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia']