abstract: Measurement of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography were compared to simultaneous measurements by thermodilution in 9 conscious @entity1641 . In the Doppler technique, mean blood flow velocities for estimation of cardiac output were recorded from the aorta and pulmonary artery. The flow area of each vessel was calculated from the vessel diameter, measured from a 2-dimensional ultrasound image. Differences in the site and method of measuring the vessel diameter altered the estimation of cardiac output by the Doppler method. Cardiac output was modified by the i.v. infusion of 4 micrograms/kg bwt/min @entity935 and 4 micrograms/kg bwt/min @entity452 and by the i.v. administration of 10 micrograms/kg bwt @entity4931 and 20 micrograms/kg bwt @entity12691 . Doppler measurements of cardiac output correlated closely with measurement by thermodilution. Measurements from the aortic outflow correlated more closely with thermodilution, than those from the pulmonary artery (r = 0.89 and r = 0.77, respectively). Doppler measurements when the mean flow velocity was recorded from the aorta and the flow area was measured from the ascending aorta using the leading edge method. There was no significant bias between the 2 techniques when Doppler flow velocities were recorded by this method and the limits of agreement were narrow (+/- 12.26 l/min). The differences between the 2 methods increased with increasing cardiac output. Doppler echocardiography is a safe noninvasive method of measuring cardiac output in @entity1641 . The agreement between Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution in this study is similar to that reported in @entity1 and is similar to that reported between thermodilution and other techniques in @entity1 .

title: Measurement of cardiac output in standing XXXX by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution.

entities_list: @entity12691 :: ('MESH:D002077', 'Chemical') :: ['butorphanol']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity4931 :: ('MESH:C041255', 'Chemical') :: ['detomidine']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horses']


abstract: For the purpose of clarifying lower esophageal sphincter function, which is representative of antireflux competence, 51 normal newborn and early @entity1 and 28 newborn and @entity1 with @entity354 were examined by standardized manometric studies. Barium studies and 24-hour pH monitoring in the distal esophagus were also performed, and the following results were obtained. 1) In normal @entity1 , there was no correlation between LES pressure and age, but LES length increased with age. 2) LES Pressure of GER @entity1 (22.2 +/- 6.4 cm @entity2507 ) was lower than normal @entity1 (37.6 +/- 8.8 cm @entity2507 ). This indicated LES function was lower in GER @entity1 . 3) In GER @entity1 , LES pressure increased to within normal range with clinical improvement. The critical point of LES pressure was 27 cm @entity2507 . 4) In radiological studies in GER @entity1 there was no correlation between the grade of Barium regurgitation and LES pressure, or between HIS angle, Fornix Index and LES pressure. 5) On 24-hour pH monitoring, pH score of GER @entity1 was very much higher than that of normal @entity1 . LES incompetence din GER @entity1 was also recognized in this investigation. Esophageal manometric study was very useful for diagnosis of LES dysfunction and assessment of therapeutic effect. For evaluation of anti-reflux cardiac function, multiple approaches were valuable, including not only manometric studies but also radiologic studies and 24-hour pH monitoring.

title: [Clinical study on abnormalities of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function in infancy and childhood with special reference to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Frictional stress on the walls of a tube increases with increased air flow and as the diameter of the tube is reduced. High values of frictional stress may occur in the nose during @entity8968 which could damage the nasal mucosa particularly when the mucosa is inflamed and fragile as in @entity2023 . The effect of nasal airflow induced frictional stress on the nasal mucosa was studied in @entity1 with @entity2023 . METHODS: We studied nasal peak flow rate in eight @entity1 with @entity2023 and @entity8968 comparing the change in peak expiratory flow after they breathed for 30 minutes through an obstructed and a patent nostril. @entity1 were studied in the right and left lateral decubitus positions to increase and decrease the resistance in the lower and upper nostril respectively and thus minimize any effects of cyclical changes in nasal resistance. Subjects breathed for 30 minutes through the upper patent nostril (schedule 1) and for a further 30 minutes through the lower obstructed nostril (schedule 2). Nasal peak expiratory flow rate was measured in both nostrils separately in both positions after each schedule. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in mean (SD) nasal peak flow rate (-12.8 (4.06) L/min) after subjects had breathed for 30 minutes through the obstructed nostril. There was no significant change in nasal peak flow rate after subjects had breathed through the patent nostril, or in the nostril that had no flow for 30 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that frictional stress due to airflow through an obstructed nostril induces @entity130 and swelling of the nasal mucosa of @entity1 with @entity2023 .

title: Does nasal breathing cause frictional @entity130 in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity8968 :: ('MESH:D015508', 'Disease') :: ['nasal obstruction']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: The presence of concomitant @entity1276 in cases with @entity4097 is relatively rare. Here, we describe a case of @entity424 of the @entity1971 starting with communicating @entity1276 in a 14-year-old @entity1 . The @entity1 presented to the clinic without underlying causes of @entity1276 on the neuroimaging data. After ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, despite the numerous malfunction incidents, the @entity1 was doing well. Eight years later, he developed progressive @entity425 and @entity5032 of the lower limbs. @entity5409 in the cervicothoracic area were found on magnetic resonance imaging. Decompressive hemilaminectomy of the cervicothoracic region was performed with temporary improvement of the @entity1 's condition. Because of persisting complaints, the sacral area of the spine was also observed and neuroimaging data for a @entity5 in the @entity1971 region were found. The lesion was surgically removed and the histological result was @entity424 . Therefore, cases presenting with internal @entity1276 without clear-cut intracranial etiology should have detailed neuroimaging of the whole central nervous system.

title: XXXX starting with communicating @entity1276 : a case report.

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['myxopapillary ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumoral lesion']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity4097 :: ('MESH:D013120', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord tumors']

entities_list: @entity1971 :: ('MESH:D011128', 'Disease') :: ['cauda equina']

answer: @entity1971 :: (MESH:D011128,Disease) :: ['Ependymoma of the cauda equina']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop and test the feasibility of an energy conservation programme to manage @entity1295 in @entity15 . DESIGN: A pilot randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Community setting. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with @entity15 reporting @entity1295 . INTERVENTIONS: An energy conservation programme was compared to a peer support group. Both interventions were delivered in group format with 2-hour sessions once a week for five weeks. @entity1 ' views about the interventions were sought in discussion groups one week post intervention. MAIN MEASURES: The primary feasibility outcomes were recruitment and adherence. Other outcome measures were the Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, MS-Impact Scale-29, MS Self-efficacy Scale, Beck's @entity308 Scale-Fast Screen and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Outcomes were administered at baseline, post intervention, 6-week and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS: Almost 30% of the @entity1 approached to take part in the study did not commit to participation because of transport/time issues. Twenty-three @entity1 took part in the study. Three @entity1 dropped out, one reporting adverse effects. A power calculation indicated that a sample of 56 (28 per group) would be required for a main randomized controlled trial. @entity1 valued peer support and those in the energy conservation group described the programme as useful, but reported difficulties completing some practice activities. CONCLUSION: An energy conservation programme in the community is feasible and welcomed by @entity1 with @entity15 . However, future research needs to consider longer follow-ups and practical issues to improve recruitment rate by accommodating to @entity1 ' needs.

title: Energy conservation for @entity1295 management in XXXX : a pilot randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'people', 'People']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the status of the therapeutic efficacy of @entity1484 for the treatment of uncomplicated @entity9231 to enable evidence based policy decisions. DESIGN: The study used the new WHO (2003) protocol for the assessment of the therapeutic efficacy of anti-malarial drugs. SETTING: Eleven health facilities located in malarious areas with seasonal transmission. SUBJECTS: @entity1 aged six months and above who presented to the health facilities for @entity221 and for whom consent was obtained to participate in the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportion of treatment failures. RESULTS: In eleven (90.9%) of the sites, where adequate sample was collected, a total of 598 subjects were enrolled and 487 (81.4%) completed the follow-up. A mean treatment failure rate of 35.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 31.8, 40.3) on the 14 days follow-up and 71.7% (95% CI 67.5, 75.9) on the 28-days follow-up was recorded (not PCR corrected). The mean clinical failure on the 14-days follow-up was 20.9% (95% CI 17.5, 24.7) and 70% (n=10) sites had aggregated clinical failure rates higher than 15%, while in 80% (n=10) sites the total treatment failure exceeded 25%. There was no significant difference in treatment failure rates in areas with @entity311 transmission duration of six months and above as compared to areas with below six months of transmission (odds ratio [OR] = 0.9, 95% CI 0.43,1.83 p = 0.75). The difference in mean treatment failure between the <5 and > or =15 years of age was not significant (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.39,1.67 P = 0.54). CONCLUSION: The level of treatment failure detected is much higher than the WHO recommended tolerable levels. The findings, therefore, strongly indicate the need for an immediate review of the existing national anti-malarial treatment guideline.

title: Efficacy of XXXX for the treatment of uncomplicated @entity9231 in Ethiopia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity1484 :: ('MESH:C001205', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine']

entities_list: @entity9231 :: ('MESH:D016778', 'Disease') :: ['falciparum malaria']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile illness']

answer: @entity1484 :: (MESH:C001205,Chemical) :: ['sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening for @entity14 will be introduced into the National Cancer Screening Programmes in England in 2013. @entity1 -reported outcome measures (PROMs) from trial @entity1 indicate high acceptability and no adverse physical or psychological consequences, but this may not generalize to routine screening in the community. This study examined PROMs in a community-based FS screening programme. METHODS: Eligible adults aged 58-59 (n = 2016) registered at 34 London general practices were mailed a National Health Service-endorsed invitation to attend FS screening. @entity158 and side-effects were assessed in a 'morning-after' questionnaire, and satisfaction was assessed in a three-month follow-up questionnaire. @entity148 , self-rated health and colorectal symptoms were assessed at prescreening and follow-up. RESULTS: In total, 1020 @entity1 attended screening and were included in the current analyses, of whom 913 (90%) returned the morning-after questionnaire, and 674 (66%) the follow-up questionnaire. The prescreening questionnaire had been completed by 751 (74%) of those who attended. The majority (87%) of respondents reported no @entity158 or mild @entity158 , and the most frequent side-effect (wind) was only experienced more than mildly by 16%. Satisfaction was extremely high, with 98% glad they had the test; 97% would encourage a friend to have it. From prescreening to follow-up there were no changes in @entity148 or self-rated health, and the number of colorectal symptoms declined. Satisfaction and changes in wellbeing were not moderated by gender, deprivation, ethnicity or screening outcome. CONCLUSIONS: PROMs indicate high acceptability of FS screening in 58-59 year olds, with no adverse effects on colorectal symptoms, health status or psychological wellbeing.

title: XXXX -reported outcomes following flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for @entity14 in a demonstration screening programme in the UK.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Anxiety', 'anxiety']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes after transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy (t- @entity25449 ) using an excimer laser and postoperative administration of autologous serum eyedrops. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. METHODS: Twenty-five eyes of 25 @entity1 with 3 to 12 recurrent @entity2687 were treated with t- @entity25449 using the Schwind Keratom broad-beam excimer laser (Schwind). Routine therapy consisted of 2 pulses x 40 pulses (18.82 +/- 2.56 mum ablation). Postoperatively, autologous serum eyedrops were administered 6 times a day for 6 weeks. Postoperative outcomes and rate of recurrent erosions were evaluated. RESULTS: The median of the follow-up after t- @entity25449 was 15.5 months (range 6 to 20 months), and the mean age of the @entity1 was 40.6 years +/- 12.0 (SD). Twenty of 25 eyes (80%) recovered without further @entity2687 . Five eyes had 1 further erosion, which was treatable in 4 cases with autologous serum eyedrops without additional excimer laser treatment. One @entity1 requested additional t- @entity25449 treatment and recovered without further complications thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy is a safe and effective therapy for recurrent @entity2687 . Additional treatment with autologous serum eyedrops can support the healing process following @entity2687 and t- @entity25449 and can be given as a long-term artificial tear treatment.

title: Combination of transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy and autologous serum eyedrops for treatment of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal erosions', 'corneal erosion']

answer: @entity2687 :: (MESH:D003316,Disease) :: ['corneal erosions']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity698 is one of the most common surgical conditions in @entity1 . Laparoscopy has become the standard approach to appendectomy over the past decade. Some critics cite a lack of evidence documenting clear advantages to laparoscopy. To define the pattern of approach compared to outcomes in the United States, we analyzed the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to document the impact on outcomes with the rise in laparoscopy. METHODS: After IRB approval, we queried the PHIS database for all @entity1 over 12 years. The percentages @entity1538 ( @entity571 ) and laparoscopically (LA) were established for each year. Annual complication percentages were identified for wound @entity1320 , subsequent laparotomy, and obstruction. For each complication, trend comparisons between LA and @entity571 were made with generalized linear models. RESULTS: There were 111,194 appendectomies with a positive trend in percentage of laparoscopy from 1999 (22.2%) to 2010 (90.8%), P<0.0001. Over 12 years, there were significant differential trends between LA and @entity571 in rates of wound @entity281 , abscesses, @entity1744 , and laparotomies within 30 days (P<0.0001 for each). There was no trend in wound @entity281 rates within @entity571 over time (P=0.31), while there was a decrease in @entity281 rates within LA over time (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of a national database analysis, laparoscopy has increased for appendectomy in @entity1 over the past 12 years and is associated with a significant @entity532 .

title: National trends in approach and outcomes with XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['of cases performed open']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['Appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in post-operative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['infection, intra-abdominal abscess']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstructions']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['appendicitis']


abstract: In this work we review two cases of @entity1755 which arose from @entity154 of the aortic wall structure. In the first case, a 16-year old, previously untreated @entity1 died, with no previous symptoms of an @entity449 . The @entity1 was suspected of taking drugs and even of committing suicide. A young couple found the @entity1 's body in the wood close to the bus stop. There were no signs of violence on the corpse and the body was fully and properly dressed. The autopsy revealed enlarged (true aneurysm) and @entity397 ascending aorta with about 700 ml of blood in the pericardial sac. Toxicological examination was negative. Histopathology showed abnormalities in the structure of the wall of aorta in the place of the @entity397 . All other body organs and vessels seemed to be normal and properly developed except the thoracic aorta, and no other @entity154 were present. In the second case, the corpse of a 30-year-old @entity1 was found in his apartment (he lived with his parents). The parents claimed he did not use drugs or @entity167 . The autopsy, as in the previous case, revealed a @entity1756 of the ascending aorta with 370 g of blood in the pericardial sac. The concaved thoracic cavity was also observed. After the autopsy, the @entity1 's parents reported that in childhood, their @entity5461 was diagnosed to suffer from @entity1614 .

title: [Sudden deaths due to non-traumatic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital abnormalities', 'morphologic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured', 'rupture']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured true aneurysm']

answer: @entity1755 :: (MESH:D001019,Disease) :: ['aortic aneurysms rupture']


abstract: Mechanism of @entity3069 . @entity3068 (Map) invasion through intestinal mucosa is not completely understood. In the present study, we developed an in vivo multiple-intestinal loop model in @entity742 to investigate (i) the type of cells involved in the bacterial uptake across the intestinal mucosa, (ii) the efficiency of bacterial uptake in different segments of the small intestine and (iii) the ability of different strains of Map to invade the various segments of the small intestine. Four loops on ileum and four loops each on Peyer's patch and non-Peyer's patch areas of jejunum were constructed by surgical procedure. The @entity36323 , @entity291 , and vaccine strains of Map were used for infection. Map-infected intestinal loop tissues were collected at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection and processed for electron microscopy, histology, bacterial culture and bacterial counting. All these parameters revealed that Map invaded through M cells and the enterocytes and bacterial translocation across M cells was greater than the enterocytes. Bacterial invasion was greater in ileal loops when compared to jejunal loops. Within the jejunal loops, bacterial uptake was higher in Peyer's patch areas than that of non-Peyer's patch areas. The @entity36323 and @entity291 strains of Map showed greater ability for invasion into the small intestinal mucosa than that of the vaccine strain.

title: @entity3069 . XXXX invades through M cells and enterocytes across ileal and jejunal mucosa of @entity742 .

entities_list: @entity3069 :: ('1764', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium avium subsp']

entities_list: @entity3068 :: ('MESH:D010283', 'Disease') :: ['paratuberculosis']

answer: @entity3068 :: (MESH:D010283,Disease) :: ['paratuberculosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Regenerative medicine, including cell therapy, is a promising strategy for recovery of the damaged myocardium. C-kit-positive cardiac stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to improve myocardial function after @entity63 in animal models and in early clinical experience. We used a chronic large animal model of @entity583 with substantial reductions in left-ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and adverse remodeling to examine the effect of late autologous CSC intramyocardial injection on long-term cardiac structure and function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thoracotomy and ligation of the proximal left anterior descending artery, additional diagonal branches, and atrial biopsy for CSC culture were performed in @entity235 . Baseline cardiac MRI was performed at 6 weeks postinfarct followed by repeat thoracotomy for randomization to intramyocardial injection of CSCs (n=13) or vehicle alone (n=6). At 30 weeks postmyocardial @entity1188 , repeat MRI was performed. Data were analyzed using nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon signed-rank and rank-sum tests). In control animals, LV end-systolic volume and end-diastolic volume increased from 6 to 30 weeks (median and interquartile range, 51.3 mL [43.3-57.4] to 76.1 mL [72.0-82.4]; P=0.03 and 78.5 mL [69.7-86.1] to 99.2 mL [97.1-100.4]; P=0.03). Left-ventricular ejection fraction declined further (35.2% [27.9-38.7] to 26.4% [22.0-31.0]; P=0.12). In the cell-treated animals, this late adverse LV remodeling was attenuated (LV end-systolic volume, 42.6 mL [38.5-50.5] to 56.1 mL [50.3-63.0]; P=0.01 versus control). There was a nonsignificant attenuation in the increase in LV end-diastolic volume (64.8 mL [60.7-71.3] to 83.5 mL [74.7-90.8]; P=0.14 versus control) and LV ejection fraction change over time differed (30.5% [28.4-33.4] to 32.9% [28.6-36.9]; P=0.04 versus control). CONCLUSIONS: Intramyocardial injection of autologous CSCs in a late phase model of chronic @entity1188 resulted in less increase in LV end-systolic volume and preservation of LV ejection fraction.

title: Effect of cardiac stem cells on left-ventricular remodeling in a @entity235 model of chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To see how initial differences in subchondral bone phenotype influence the development of @entity16 and changes in subchondral bone architecture in an @entity571 ( @entity571 )-induced @entity19 model. METHOD: Intra-articular collagenase injections (right knee joint) and saline controls (left knee joint) were applied in the knees of two @entity19 strains known to have either a low or a high bone mass phenotype: the low bone mass C57Bl/6 @entity19 with a thin subchondral bone plate and high bone mass C3H/HeJ @entity19 with a thick subchondral bone plate. The ages of the @entity19 were 16 and 30 weeks, with n=8 per group. The collagenase injection induced an osteoarthritic phenotype that was evaluated 4 weeks later in the tibia using histological analyses and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). RESULTS: Both strains developed @entity16 in the collagenase-injected right knee joints to a comparable extent, however, the spatial distribution of @entity16 differed significantly: C57Bl/6 @entity19 had most damage at the postero-lateral side, whereas in C3H/HeJ @entity19 the postero-medial region was the most affected. Spontaneous @entity16 was found in the saline-injected left control knees of C57Bl/6 @entity19 , but in C3H/HeJ @entity19 spontaneous @entity16 was virtually absent. In both strains the subchondral bone plate of collagenase-injected joints became thinner, independent of the site of @entity16 . TRAP-positive osteoclasts were observed underneath the subchondral bone plate, in line with the observed decreased thickness. No link was found between subchondral bone plate thickness and @entity16 in the collagenase-injected joints. The subchondral trabecular architecture only changed in the high bone mass C3H/HeJ @entity19 , with thinning of trabeculae and increased trabecular spacing. CONCLUSION: Thinning of the subchondral bone plate was found as a common observation 4 weeks after @entity571 had been induced in two strains of @entity19 having either a high or low bone phenotype, but no relation was found with the amount of @entity16 . In addition, this study shows that different strains of @entity19 can react differently to instability-induced @entity571 with respect to the spatial arrangement of @entity16 and changes in subchondral trabecular structure.

title: XXXX pattern in relation to subchondral plate thickness in a collagenase-induced model of @entity571 .

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cartilage damage']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['Cartilage damage']


abstract: A total of 316 @entity1 (167 @entity1 and 149 @entity1 ) with @entity8 was studied retrospectively by a multi-institute group. With advancing @entity1 age renal function decreased, and blood pressure, prevalence of @entity96 and probability of end @entity177 increased. The probability of end @entity177 was 39% in the @entity1 in their sixties. Regression analysis indicated that @entity8 @entity1 could expect to lose 1.1 ml. per minute of @entity1011 clearance per year, reaching a level of 10 ml. per minute, a point of end @entity177 , by the age of 72.7 years. The better prognosis in our study than that reported previously in white @entity1 might be due to the inclusion of more asymptomatic @entity1 and/or milder genotypic expression of @entity8 in Japan. There was no sex difference in the prevalence of @entity96 (54.6%), @entity45 (7.1%), @entity438 (8.0%) and @entity101 (63.6%). The occurrence of @entity45 was significantly associated with @entity96 . Our study clarifies several clinical characteristics of @entity8 in Japan.

title: Clinical aspects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic kidney disease', 'autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cysts']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['stage renal failure']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cysts']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['polycystic kidney disease']


abstract: Minimizing upper lip @entity272 is one of the most important factors in @entity3384 repair. Currently, Millard's procedure or one of its modifications is the most commonly used surgical repair procedure, yet several surgeons continue to prefer a more natural-looking straight scar. Some publications concerning the resultant scarring after Millard's procedure are available; on the other hand, those concerning that after straight line repair are limited. This study aimed to evaluate and analyse upper lip @entity272 following straight line repair in order to further refine our surgical procedure. Twenty-six @entity1 with ages ranging from 4 years and 11 months to 6 years and 10 months (17 @entity1 and nine @entity1 ) participated in this study. Each upper lip skin scar was divided into three portions and evaluated by three board-certified plastic surgeons who calculated the evaluation score. The score for each portion of the scar was analysed to determine the correlation of the score with the five following factors: type of cleft, age at operation, length of operation, skin texture regularity and skin brightness; the last two were determined using a facial-measurement instrument. Taking all the results into consideration together with practical experience, the @entity272 was thought to be correlated with the skin brightness and length of the operation, particularly in the case of the upper and middle third portions of the upper lip. In the lower third portion, the scar quality appeared to be more influenced by the age at operation. It is suggested that early surgical intervention may help minimize scarring because lip motion is weaker in younger babies than in older ones.

title: Detailed assessment of XXXX scar following straight line repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['quality of scars of the upper lip skin', 'skin scarring']

answer: @entity3384 :: (MESH:D002971,Disease) :: ['cleft lip']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to estimate muscle interstitial @entity1063 (NE) levels during exercise and to determine whether @entity842 (NO) modulates NE release in the skeletal muscle in @entity1 . We measured interstitial dialysate concentrations of NE with two microdialysis probes inserted into the forearm. Probes were perfused with saline and the NO synthesis inhibitor @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ), respectively. Dialysate samples were collected during two sequential 20-min intense dynamic handgrip periods, preceded by 40-min baseline periods. On a different day, @entity63 was performed instead of the first exercise period. Exercise increased dialysate NE from 172 +/- 42 to 270 +/- 45 pg/ml (83% increase, P < 0.02, n = 6). Probes perfused with @entity7293 had a 136 +/- 39% greater dialysate NE compared with probes perfused with saline (225 +/- 25 vs. 125 +/- 25 pg/ml, P < 0.001, n = 9). The exercise-induced increase in NE (125 +/- 52%) was attenuated if preceded by exercise (34 +/- 34%) or @entity63 (40 +/- 36%; P = 0.06, n = 6), suggesting a neural preconditioning effect. This attenuation was not observed in probes perfused with @entity7293 . We propose that NO modulates NE release in skeletal muscle, that ischemic exercise increases muscle interstitial NE, and that this increase can be attenuated by a preconditioning effect mediated in part by NO.

title: NO modulates XXXX release in @entity1 skeletal muscle: implications for neural preconditioning.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['forearm ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: @entity2718 toxins A and B were shown to share immunochemical and structural features, including shared sequential epitopes. Nineteen hybridomas generated after immunization of @entity19 with a mixture of toxoids produced monoclonal antibodies, all IgM(x), which bound to toxin A and toxin B in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). None of the antibodies neutralized the cytotoxicity of either toxin, alone or in pairs, nor did they neutralize @entity19 lethality. The antibodies did not inhibit hemagglutination by toxin A, and none of those tested neutralized the toxin's enterotoxic activity. Studies of binding of antibodies to native toxins in the RIA showed that the antibodies differed in their recognition of the toxins. Many of the antibodies bound with higher avidity to toxin A than to toxin B. In Western blots, all the antibodies recognized both toxins in the native state; in addition, some antibodies recognized the minor cytotoxic species of toxin B. When the toxins were denatured and reduced, five antibodies bound to both toxins, five to A only, and nine to neither, demonstrating that the antibodies had different epitope specificities. Further structural comparisons were made by investigation of mol. wts, subunit structures and @entity535 compositions. The native mol. wts of toxin A and toxin B, as determined by electrophoresis to equilibrium in 4-30% @entity2975 gel electrophoresis (PAGE), were 430,000 and 368,000, respectively. Denatured and reduced toxins each had a single subunit of 315,000. Both toxins had about 50% hydrophobic @entity1522 .

title: Immunochemical and structural similarities in toxin A and toxin B of XXXX shown by binding to monoclonal antibodies.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium difficile']

answer: @entity2718 :: (1496,Species) :: ['Clostridium difficile']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated by questionnaire analysis the success rate and overall @entity1 satisfaction after pubovaginal sling surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 @entity1 (mean age 65.7 years, range 45 to 79) underwent pubovaginal sling surgery for stress @entity322 due to @entity1690 . @entity1 completed a detailed questionnaire to assess voiding symptoms, urinary control and satisfaction. Of 40 @entity1 37 (92.5%) returned the questionnaire, with a mean postoperative followup of 48.2 months (range 24 to 60). RESULTS: @entity1 with preoperative stress @entity322 alone were more likely to be dry than were @entity1 with preoperative mixed @entity322 (67% versus 36%, p < 0.001). Ten @entity1 (27%) reported stress @entity322 recurrence. Of the @entity1 23 (62.2%) reported urgency symptoms at followup, with de novo urgency occurring in 4 @entity1 . Permanent retention was noted in 3 @entity1 , including 2 with sacral arc denervation. Overall @entity1 reported 86% postoperative improvement in urinary continence, and 81% would recommend the operation. CONCLUSIONS: At mean 4-year followup after pubovaginal sling surgery, this outcome study using a self administered questionnaire confirms high @entity1 satisfaction despite significant postoperative urgency symptoms.

title: Results of pubovaginal sling for the treatment of XXXX determined by questionnaire analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['intrinsic sphincteric deficiency']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

answer: @entity1690 :: (MESH:D046628,Disease) :: ['intrinsic sphincteric deficiency']


abstract: AIMS: Clinical management of premalignant and malignant lesions of the larynx is dependent on histopathological evaluation. The Scottish Pathology Consistency Group assessed interobserver variation in the evaluation of @entity7552 . METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred laryngeal biopsies ranging from normal to @entity189 were assessed. The overall Kappa result of 0.32 was disappointing. However, agreement on those categories which dictate significantly different management was more favourable. The Kappa figure for mild @entity1141 versus severe @entity1141 / @entity19933 was 0.7, the Kappa figure for mild @entity1141 versus severe @entity1141 / @entity19933 and @entity189 was 0.77. The Kappa figure for mild and moderate @entity1141 versus severe @entity1141 / @entity19933 and @entity189 was 0.57. An attempt to use a two grade system gave a Kappa figure of 0.52. CONCLUSIONS: Our group had a satisfactory agreement on the distinction of mild from severe @entity1141 and on @entity189 without any discussion as to histopathological criteria to be used. Clinical management--review endoscopy, repeat cord stripping, radiotherapy and laryngectomy--is in general dependent on histological assessment. Thus the agreement on categories which underpin clinical management is reassuring. However, assessment of moderate @entity1141 remains problematic. An attempt to utilize a two grade system--low grade from high grade @entity1141 / @entity19933 --may have merit. The implications of the terminology used must be agreed among pathologists and clinicians working closely within clinicopathological @entity5 groups.

title: Consistency of histopathological reporting of XXXX . The Scottish Pathology Consistency Group.

entities_list: @entity7552 :: ('MESH:D007827', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['microinvasive carcinoma', 'invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity7552 :: (MESH:D007827,Disease) :: ['laryngeal dysplasia']


abstract: In this electrophysiological study, changes in the responsiveness of neurons in the primary somatosensory (SmI) cortex in @entity35 were analyzed during the development of @entity6671 (CRG)-induced @entity32 , an animal model of acute inflammatory @entity1931 . SmI neurons were characterized as responding to non-noxious light touch, non-noxious articular movement, or noxious pinch. A total of 23 neurons so characterized in three groups were recorded for 60 min (17 of these neurons were recorded for up to 150 min) after an intraplantar injection of CRG. The possible modifications in their background and evoked activities were analyzed over this period of time. After CRG administration, cells responding to noxious pinch stimuli (n = 8) showed a nonsignificant increase in spontaneous activity, but a significant increase in their evoked response to pinch. These results were quite similar to past observations in the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus (VB). Cells responding to non-noxious articular stimulation (n = 6) showed variable modifications and no significant increase in the mean evoked response for up to 60 min. These results for articular cells were also quite comparable to results seen for VB responses for similar cells. However, mean spontaneous activity, which showed a highly variable increase, was significantly increased after 60 min. The @entity308 effect of a local anesthetic, @entity3303 , was tested on the activities of four cells (one pinch, three light touch units) 60 min after CRG administration over a 20-min interval. @entity3303 was found to depress both spontaneous activity and responses to the effective somatic stimulus, thereby implying that the observed central modifications in neuronal discharge are linked to the @entity32 . Modifications observed for each group of cells are compared with past observations in peripheral fibers, in spinal dorsal horn neurons, and especially in the VB under similar inflammatory conditions. These data confirm that the SmI cortex is involved in the nociceptive process. Furthermore, the contrast between some modifications observed at this level and past observations under similar inflammatory conditions suggests a unique role of some cortical neurons, which might partially account for mechanical @entity1931 .

title: Further evidence for the involvement of SmI cortical neurons in nociception: modifications of their responsiveness over the early stage of a XXXX -induced @entity32 in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'peripheral inflammation']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'allodynia']

entities_list: @entity6671 :: ('MESH:D002351', 'Chemical') :: ['carrageenin']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Xylocaine']

answer: @entity6671 :: (MESH:D002351,Chemical) :: ['carrageenin']


abstract: @entity1449 -resistant mutants from sake @entity375 show improved fermentative activity in sake mash and @entity6371 ( @entity6371 ). The @entity6371 mechanism is interpreted by overexpression of @entity855 -binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which extrude various kinds of drugs out of a cell. In a @entity1449 -resistant mutant, CTZ21, isolated from the haploid sake @entity375 HL69, the levels of mRNA for three major ABC transporter genes, @entity41157 , @entity50119 , and @entity49103 , markedly increased. These three genes of CTZ21 were disrupted to investigate which participated in the improved fermentative activity of CTZ21. The fermentative activities of deltapdr5 and deltasnq2 strains of CTZ21 were reduced to that of HL69 in the initial and middle stages of fermentation. In the last stage, however, the sake meter [(1/gravity - 1) x 1443] of the deltapdr5 and deltasnq2 strains rose faster than that of HL69. On the other hand, a deltayor1 strain of CTZ21 fermented sake mash in a manner nearly identical to that of CTZ21 until the last stage of fermentation. But in the last stage, fermentation of the deltayor1 slowed down compared with that of CTZ21. A deltayor1 strain of HL69 also exhibited much reduced fermentative activity in the middle and last fermentation stages. The @entity49103 gene seems necessary for sake fermentation to be completed efficiently. The @entity855 content in sake mash brewed with CTZ21 was drastically decreased throughout the whole fermentation period. This low @entity855 level was restored to a medium level in the cases of both the deltapdr5 and deltasnq2 strains of CTZ21. In contrast, the deltayor1 of CTZ21 exhibited a low @entity855 level in sake mash in the same manner as CTZ21. These results suggest that the low @entity855 level of CTZ21 contributes to a certain extent its improved fermentative activity in the initial and middle stages of sake fermentation.

title: Disruption of the ABC transporter genes @entity41157 , @entity49103 , and @entity50119 , and their participation in improved fermentative activity of a sake XXXX mutant showing @entity6371 .

entities_list: @entity1449 :: ('MESH:D003022', 'Chemical') :: ['clotrimazole', 'Clotrimazole']

entities_list: @entity6371 :: ('MESH:D018088', 'Disease') :: ['pleiotropic drug resistance', 'PDR']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A new @entity751 has been noted, characterized by an @entity56220 and @entity708 , and associated with @entity384 . OBJECTIVE: This describes the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of this new syndrome. METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 were examined clinically and histologically from 1970 to 1997. Cardiologic examinations were performed in 12 @entity1 . The cutaneous lesions were classified according to the presence of obligatory and facultative elements of the syndrome. RESULTS: @entity1 were born with @entity708 . Around the first year @entity709 and the other keratotic elements appeared. The first @entity299 are exclusively electrocardiographic and occur in asymptomatic @entity1 . In these @entity1 , dilation of the left ventricle together with alterations in muscle contractility are observed. The @entity384 can lead to @entity712 and @entity204 . CONCLUSION: The association of @entity708 and @entity709 with a histopathologic pattern of @entity5656 has not been previously described. Their frequent association with @entity384 defines a @entity751 . Whenever @entity708 is associated with any kind of @entity709 , a search for possible @entity299 is recommended.

title: @entity56220 with @entity708 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity708 :: ('MESH:C536745', 'Disease') :: ['woolly hair']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity5656 :: ('MESH:D017488', 'Disease') :: ['epidermolytic hyperkeratosis']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity709 :: ('MESH:D007645', 'Disease') :: ['palmoplantar keratoderma']

entities_list: @entity56220 :: ('MESH:D053546', 'Disease') :: ['epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['cardiocutaneous syndrome']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']


abstract: The risks incurred from increased exposure to UVA II (320-340 nm) (i.e. during sunscreen use and extended outdoor exposure, tanning parlors) are not well understood. Therefore, we explored the effects of UVA II on skin immune responses in @entity1 . After a single local exposure (4 minimum erythemal dose [MED]) using a xenon are lamp filtered with a narrow bandpass filter (335 +/- 5 nm full width at half maximum), individuals were contact-sensitized with @entity3304 ( @entity3304 ) through a UVA II exposure site or through normal skin. UVA II induced a marked decrease in the magnitude of skin immune responses (P < 0.0001). The UVA II group had only 29% successful sensitizations, as compared to 83% in the control group. The percentage of individuals who remained tolerant to @entity3304 after two sensitizations was 23.6% for the UVA II-exposed group, as compared to 3.8% in the controls (P = 0.006). UVA II also uniquely altered the type of antigen-presenting cells present in the epidermis. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ cells in control epidermal cell suspensions (C-EC) comprised a single, homogeneous population of Langerhans cells (LC) with the phenotype: @entity4896 ahi DRmid @entity9536 @entity4210 (1.5 +/- 0.3% of EC). UVA II irradiation reduced the number of such LC to 0.6 +/- 0.2% of EC. Although cells expressing the macrophage phenotype: @entity4896 - DRhi @entity9536 + @entity4210 + were increased in UVA II skin, relative to C-EC, these comprised only 10.1 +/- 6.1% of the DR+ cells, which is less than that after UVB exposure. Also distinct from UVB, a third population was found in UVA II-EC, which exhibited a novel phenotype: @entity4896 + DR+ @entity4210 + @entity9536 +; these comprised 11.1 +/- 6.9% of the DR+ UVA II-EC. In conclusion, despite the above differences in infiltrating DR+ cells, both UVB and UVA II reduce the skin's ability to support contact sensitization, induce active suppression (tolerance) and induce a reduction in LC.

title: UVA II exposure of XXXX skin results in decreased immunization capacity, increased induction of tolerance and a unique pattern of epidermal antigen-presenting cell alteration.

entities_list: @entity3304 :: ('MESH:D004137', 'Chemical') :: ['dinitrochlorobenzene', 'DNCB']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity9456 , the causal agent of @entity579 blast disease, differentiates a specialized infection structure called an appressorium that is crucial for host plant penetration. Previously, it was found that @entity268 regulates appressorium formation. To further understand the cellular mechanisms involved in appressorium formation, we have cloned a gene ( @entity55381 ) encoding adenylate cyclase, a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyzes the production of @entity268 from @entity855 , by using a polymerase chain reaction-based strategy. The entire gene was isolated and subcloned from a large insert bacterial artificial chromosome library. Sequence characterization showed that @entity55381 has a high degree of identity with other adenylate cyclase genes from several filamentous fungi as well as @entity375 . Gene deletion resulted in reduced vegetative growth, conidiation, and conidial germination. Transformants lacking @entity55381 were unable to form appressoria on an inductive surface and were unable to penetrate susceptible @entity579 leaves. @entity55381 - transformants were also sterile and produced no perithecia. Appressorium formation was restored in the presence of exogenous @entity268 derivatives. These results confirm that cell signaling involving @entity268 plays a central role in the development and pathogenicity of @entity9456 .

title: The adenylate cyclase gene XXXX of @entity9456 controls appressorium formation and other aspects of growth and development.

entities_list: @entity9456 :: ('148305', 'Species') :: ['Magnaporthe grisea', 'M. grisea']

answer: @entity55381 :: (855035(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['MAC1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical usefulness of an oral combination of @entity786 , @entity5537 plus tegafur (UFT) and @entity12749 in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity263 ( @entity263 ). METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 were treated with oral administration of @entity786 (100 mg/day), UFT (400 mg/day) and @entity13950 (560 mg/day). The median age of the @entity1 was 70 years. Twelve @entity1 had symptomatic bone @entity3 , 6 had asymptomatic bone @entity3 , 5 had @entity1600 , while 2 had only biochemical progression evaluated by @entity1486 (PSA). RESULTS: Twelve (57%) out of 21 @entity1 showed a PSA decline of 50% or greater. The median response duration was 7 months (range 2-15 months). Among the 20 @entity1 assessable for bone @entity158 , 2 (10%) improved, 12 (60%) remained stable and 6 (30%) progressed. Among the 10 @entity1 assessable for bone @entity3 , 1 (10%) improved, 5 (50%) were stable and 4 (40%) progressed on bone scan. Among 3 @entity1 assessable for measurable disease ( @entity1600 ), 2 (67%) showed partial response and 1 (33%) progression. Most @entity137 were mild. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity786 , UFT and @entity12749 is an active and well-tolerated regimen for @entity263 . To evaluate the survival benefit, further randomized studies are required.

title: Oral combination of XXXX , @entity5537 plus tegafur and @entity12749 for @entity263 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity12749 :: ('MESH:D004961', 'Chemical') :: ['estramustine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['hormone-refractory prostate cancer', 'HRPC']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node metastasis']

entities_list: @entity13950 :: ('CHEBI:68643', 'Chemical') :: ['estramustine phosphate']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: This anatomical investigation in the @entity35 was designed to illustrate the detailed organization of the tongue's muscles and their innervation in order to elucidate the actions of the muscles of the higher @entity1 tongue and thereby clarify the protrusor subdivision of the @entity5773 complex. The hypoglossal innervated, extrinsic styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus and the intrinsic transversus, verticalis and longitudinalis linguae muscles were observed by microdissection and analysis of serial transverse-sections of the tongue. Sihler's staining technique was applied to whole @entity35 tongues to demonstrate the @entity6256 . Dissections of the tongue demonstrate the angles at which the extrinsic muscles act on the base of the tongue. The Sihler stained hypoglossal nerves demonstrate branches to the styloglossus and hyoglossus emanating from its lateral division while branches to the genioglossus muscle exit from its medial division. The largest portions of both XIIth nerve divisions can be seen to enter the body of the tongue to innervate the intrinsic muscles. Transverse sections of the tongue demonstrate the organization of the intrinsic muscle fibers of the tongue. Longitudinal muscle fibers run along the entire circumference of the tongue. Alternating sheets of transverse lingual and vertical lingual muscles can be observed to insert into the circumference of the tongue. Most importantly in clarifying tongue protrusion, we demonstrate the transversus muscle fibers enveloping the most superior and inferior portions of the longitudinalis muscles. @entity121 are completely encircled and thus are likely to be compressed by transverse muscle fascicles resulting in elongation of the tongue. We discuss our findings in relation to biomechanical studies, that describe the tongue as a muscular hydrostat and thereby define the "elongation-protrusion apparatus" of the @entity1 tongue. In so doing, we clarify the functional organization of the @entity5773 complex.

title: Functional anatomy of the hypoglossal innervated muscles of the XXXX tongue: a model for elongation and protrusion of the @entity1 tongue.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity5773 :: ('MESH:D014060', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglossal-tongue']

entities_list: @entity6256 :: ('MESH:D020437', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglossal nerve branching patterns']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['Longitudinal muscle fascicles']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity4283 ( @entity4283 ) has been reported to relate to @entity571 ( @entity571 ), however, the role of @entity4283 genetic variants in @entity571 remains unknown. METHOD: A total of 233 @entity1 with primary knee @entity571 and 255 healthy volunteer were recruited. Three @entity4283 gene polymorphisms, namely, @entity52586 ( @entity32983 ). @entity40142 ( @entity52587 ) and @entity52588 ( @entity52589 ) were genotyped. RESULTS: Of all three @entity4283 gene polymorphisms, only the genotype distributions and alleles frequencies of 82G/S polymorphisms significantly differed between knee @entity571 and control subjects. The presence of SS genotype and S allele of 82G/S we significantly higher in knee @entity571 subjects than in controls (34.76% vs. 19.61%, P for trend =0.004; 57.64% vs. 48.59%, P for trend <0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significantly increased risk for knee @entity571 for the SS genotype compared with the AA genotype (OR= 1.984, 95% CI: 1.238-3.181; P =0.004). The adjusted OR for S allele carriage was significantly higher than G allele carriage (OR=1.440, 95% CI: 1.137-1.8231, P=0.002). Moreover, a significant multiplicative interaction was observed between @entity52586 polymorphisms with @entity28 (Pinteraction=0.028). Taking the non-obese 82GG genotype as references, the OR for @entity571 in non-obese SS carriers was 2.537 (95% CI 1.241-5.189, P=0.001). Notably, the OR in @entity28 carriers was 2.304 (95% CI: 1.218-4.357, P=0.009) and in obese SS was 3.392 (95% CI: 1.672-6.885, P=0.001). The @entity40142 and @entity52590 did not show positive interaction with @entity28 and smoking status. CONCLUSION: The AGE 82G/S polymorphisms, in interaction with @entity28 , may determine the susceptibility of @entity571 in Chinese population.

title: The interaction between XXXX and @entity4283 polymorphisms on the risk of knee osteoarthritis in Chinese population.

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese GS', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity4283 :: ('177', 'Gene') :: ['receptor for advanced glycation end products', 'RAGE']

entities_list: @entity52586 :: ('p|SUB|G|82|S', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Gly82Ser', '82G/S']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Monitoring the health status of the employed in the meat industry "Neoplanta", a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was observed. It was also observed that workers employed in the meat industry have specific dietary habits as a result of working practice. Their hypercaloric diet is with high dietary animal fat and protein intake. This particularly refers to the group of workers in charge of the quality control of meat products who, besides regular hot meal and frequent business lunches, consume certain quantities of these products on a daily basis. A common characteristic shared by members of this group is that they very seldom or never have preventive medical examination. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to determine cardiovascular risk factors in this group of workers and to evaluate educational program effects on the prevalence of risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cardiovascular risk factors were examined in 39 workers (28 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 ) involved in the daily control of meat products and performing executive jobs of different complexity levels in the meat industry "Neoplanta". @entity65 and lipid status were examined before and after a nine-month-long educational program. Occurrence of increased risks and lipid status elements were tested, p < 0.05. RESULTS: According to obtained results @entity1007 is present in 94.87%, @entity28 in 82.05%, positive family cardiovascular anamnesis in 74.48%, physical inactivity in 69.33%, continuous @entity285 consumption in 69.23%, excessive consumption of black coffee in 61.54%, @entity101 in 51.28%, "stress alleviation" with food in 46.15%, @entity2298 in 46.15% and cigarette smoking in 46.15% of examinees. Cigarette smoking, chi 2 = 1.85, @entity285 consumption, chi 2 = 0.26, black coffee drinking, chi 2 = 0.22, preparation of the meals on the fat, chi 2 = 0.10 has remained unchanged after educational program. The number of @entity1 "alleviating" stress with food, chi 2 = 5.26 and physically inactive @entity1 , chi 2 = 1.06 has significantly increased. Body mass, chi 2 = 0.06 and @entity101 , chi 2 = 1.42, has not reduced, hyperholesterolemia has remained unchanged, chi 2 = 2.22, LDL- @entity165 has decreased insignificantly, chi 2 = 0.60, while HDL- @entity165 has decreased significantly, chi 2 = 4.27. @entity731 index has increased significantly, chi 2 = 4.47. Thus, poor effects of the educational program can be attributed to unchanged lifestyle habits of the examined workers. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that cardiovascular risk factors as well as lipid status elements have not decreased in this group of workers after educational program and therefore continuous medical educational program is suggested with purpose to increase the motivation of workers.

title: [ XXXX risk factors in product quality control workers at the AD Neoplant facility in Novi Sad].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular risks']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['Cardiovascular disease']


abstract: The reduced levels of normal immunoglobulin in @entity1 with @entity1582 may be due to suppression of normal B-cell differentiation. However, reports on the numbers of B cells vary, with some finding decreases consistent with immunoparesis, and others reporting expansions of phenotypically aberrant cells. We have therefore assessed the phenotype and levels of B lymphocytes in @entity1 at presentation (n = 23), in plateau or complete remission (PB n = 42, BM n = 18), and in relapse (PB n = 17, BM n = 14), in comparison to normal individuals (n = 10). Phenotypic analysis was performed using five-parameter flow cytometry, with @entity5750 used to exclude monocytes where necessary. We found no evidence of a phenotypically distinctive blood or marrow B-cell population in @entity1 with @entity1582 , nor of an increase in the levels of any B-cell subset. Numbers of blood @entity1075 + 38+ normal plasma cell precursors were significantly reduced in presentation/relapse @entity1 , but not in @entity1 in plateau/remission. Total @entity1075 + cells were significantly reduced only in @entity1 with circulating @entity1582 cells, detected by IgH-PCR. In the marrow, @entity1075 + B cells expressing @entity5893 , @entity2282 , @entity2280 , @entity3053 , @entity1195 (low) and @entity13221 were significantly decreased at presentation/relapse, but not in @entity1 in plateau/remission. The majority of these antigens are expressed by normal B-cell progenitors, indicating that @entity1582 also affects the early stages of B-cell development. The suppression of progenitor cells was not restricted to B-lymphoid differentiation, as total @entity2280 + cells were also significantly reduced in the marrow of @entity1582 @entity1 at presentation. These results indicate that, if neoplastic B cells are present in @entity1582 , they are low in number and have a phenotype similar to their normal counterparts. Furthermore, there is a reversible suppression of @entity1075 + B lymphocytes that correlates inversely with disease stage, and specifically affects the early and late stages of normal B-cell differentiation.

title: B-lymphocyte suppression in multiple XXXX is a reversible phenomenon specific to normal B-cell progenitors and plasma cell precursors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['myeloma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: During the last decade, many molecular alterations have been described for @entity3123 . However, the clinical and prognostic value of these alterations has been discussed and is controversial. METHODS: An immunohistochemical study was performed in 82 cases of @entity420 . Using specific antibodies, expression of @entity43991 , @entity1722 , @entity876 , @entity994 , @entity4910 , @entity588 , @entity1197 and KI67 was evaluated. RESULTS: Overexpression of the different molecules was found in 44-69% of the @entity3123 . With regard to clinico-pathological features, @entity876 positivity was more frequently found in advanced and undifferentiated @entity5 (P<0.05), @entity4179 overexpression was significantly more frequent in advanced @entity5 (P<0.05) and @entity1197 overexpression was observed to a greater extent in undifferentiated @entity5 (P<0.05). Besides @entity4910 , none of the molecules tested was of prognostic significance. @entity1 whose @entity5 expressed @entity1364 -DI lived significantly shorter than @entity1 with @entity4910 -negative @entity5 . However, in subgroup analyses of @entity1 with the same @entity5 stage or @entity5 grade, even @entity4910 . expression had no prognostic significance. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that the prognostic significance of the molecules tested here is low. Nevertheless, with regard to tumorigenesis and @entity5 biology of @entity3123 , determination of molecular alterations could provide important information about @entity788 .

title: Prognostic significance of molecular alterations in XXXX @entity3123 --an immunohistological study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinomas', 'pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the pancreas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: With 17.6% of all primary parotid neoformations the benign @entity4724 (cystadenolymphoma) is the second common @entity5 . Males > 50 years are affected predominantly. After surgery the recurrence rate is less than 5%. Histomorphologically the @entity5 is characterized by cystoid ducts lined by epithelial cells as well as @entity706 . The lymphoid component has been described as radioresponsive whereas the epithelial parts are less radiosensitive. Since 1960 only one @entity1 treated by primary radiotherapy has been published. CASE REPORT: A 77-year-old @entity1 suffered from cystadenolymphoma (maximal diameter 7 cm). Because of its extension and the reduced performance status of the @entity1 surgery was no option. Radiotherapy was performed with a total dose of 50 Gy. Clinically, the @entity5 regressed completely after 30 Gy, which was confirmed by CT at 6 weeks after completion of radiotherapy. After 6 and 12 months the @entity1 stayed free of @entity5 . EPICRISIS: In our case the cystadenolymphoma was unusually large (7 cm). Radiotherapy with 50 Gy induced complete @entity5 regression. The good clinical response after 30 Gy suggests that the necessary dose may be lower for less extended cystadenolymphomas. CONCLUSION: We present a case of cystadenolymphoma treated by radiotherapy with 50 Gy resulting in a complete remission. Due to missing published experiences no common recommendation for the total dose can be given. In the following situations radiotherapy should be considered: 1. high surgical risk of @entity16 , 2. unfavorable cosmetic outcome after surgery, 3. inoperability for internal risks, 4. refusal of operation.

title: [Radiotherapy for an XXXX of the parotid gland ( @entity4724 )].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoid stroma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'parotid gland tumor']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['damage to the facial nerve']

entities_list: @entity4724 :: ('MESH:D000235', 'Disease') :: ["Warthin's tumor"]

answer: @entity4724 :: (MESH:D000235,Disease) :: ['adenolymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Bacterial biofilms are prevalent in @entity5274 (TTs) and are not completely cleared by standard cleaning with gauze and household detergents. We aimed to examine the effectiveness of different disinfecting solutions to remove @entity794 (SA) and Pseudomonas aerginosa (PA) biofilms from TTs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, controlled, in vitro microbiologic study. METHODS: Uniform coupons obtained from @entity2634 ( @entity2634 ) pediatric TTs were briefly exposed to @entity1 plasma. The samples were incubated in growth media with either PA or SA for 7 days, and total bacterial growth was monitored by media turbidity. Five sets of 18 coupons each were exposed for 5 minutes to one of five different solutions: 2% aqueous @entity5164 solution, 0.3% aqueous @entity8830 , Polident denture cleanser, 3% @entity273 , or preservative-free @entity1391 -buffered saline (PBS) as a negative control. Biofilm presence was measured with bacterial counts, and surface integrity was assessed with @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ). RESULTS: All treatments significantly reduced mean SA counts (P = <.001). @entity8830 and @entity1216 were more effective than @entity2625 and Polident. @entity1216 , @entity8830 , and @entity2625 reduced PA counts (P = .001, .001, and .002, respectively), but Polident tabs had no significant effect. @entity4653 revealed preserved TT surface integrity after exposure to all solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Disinfection with @entity8830 or @entity1216 solutions significantly reduces SA and PA biofilms on PVC TTs. Standard home care of reusable pediatric TTs may be improved by use of these readily available solutions.

title: Efficacy of disinfecting solutions in removing biofilms from XXXX tracheostomy tubes.

entities_list: @entity1216 :: ('MESH:D002710', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine', 'Chlorhexidine']

entities_list: @entity2634 :: ('MESH:D011143', 'Chemical') :: ['PVC', 'polyvinyl chloride']

entities_list: @entity2625 :: ('CHEBI:44785', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxide']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity8830 :: ('MESH:D012973', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hypochlorite', 'Sodium hypochlorite']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric tracheostomy tubes']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity5164 :: ('MESH:C010882', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine gluconate']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['scanning electron microscopy', 'SEM']

answer: @entity2634 :: (MESH:D011143,Chemical) :: ['polyvinyl chloride']


abstract: @entity158 and @entity1209 ( @entity1209 ) are common problems after gynaecologic laparoscopy. Two recent studies have shown that @entity1286 requirements and @entity1209 are lower when an LMA ProSeal    is used, rather than an endotracheal tube (ETT), for female @entity1 undergoing breast and gynaecological surgery. We conducted a @entity1 and observer-blinded randomised controlled trial, recruiting @entity28 @entity1 without @entity354 undergoing laparoscopic gynaecological surgery. @entity1 received a standardised relaxant general anaesthetic and then were randomised to receive either an LMA ProSeal or an endotracheal tube. @entity1 were assessed at two and 24 hours post-anaesthesia. The primary outcome was @entity282 score and secondary endpoints included @entity1286 consumption, postoperative emesis and adverse upper airway symptoms. We recruited 116 @entity1 to the study, 57 @entity1 in the ETT group and 59 @entity1 in the LMA ProSeal group. The @entity1 were similar in demographic and surgical characteristics. At two hours, the ETT group was similar to the LMA ProSeal group in regards to @entity158 scores (Visual Analogue Scale 3.0 vs 3.5, P=0.86), @entity1286 consumption (7.2 vs 7.4 mg, P=0.56) and @entity1209 (47.4 vs 47.5%, P=0.99). After 24 hours, @entity158 scores and @entity1209 rates were also similar. No significant difference in rates of sore throat or @entity1282 was observed between the ETT and LMA ProSeal groups. No significant complications were attributable to either airway device. The LMA ProSeal did not decrease @entity158 or @entity1209 in @entity1 undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy when compared to endotracheal intubation.

title: A prospective randomised comparison of the LMA ProSeal    versus endotracheal tube on the severity of XXXX following gynaecological laparoscopy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['non-obese']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-oesophageal reflux']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['PONV', 'postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['postoperative pain']


abstract: Reconstruction of the genitourinary tract, using engineered urological tissues, requires a mechanically stable biodegradable and biocompatible scaffold and cultured cells. Such engineered autologous tissue would have many clinical implications. In this study a highly porous biodegradable @entity48309 -foam, @entity56277 was evaluated with tissue engineered @entity1 primary bladder smooth muscle cells. The cell-polymer constructs were characterized by histology, scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and proliferation assays. Smooth muscle cells grown on @entity56277 showed the same morphology as when grown on control @entity852 surface. Positive immunostaining with alpha smooth muscle actin indicated the preservation of the specific cell phenotype. Micrographs from scanning electron microscopy showed that the cells grew on the foam surface as well as inside the pores. In addition they grew as cell aggregates within the foam. The smooth muscle cells proliferated on the @entity56277 ; however, proliferation rate decreased due to apoptosis with time in culture. This study showed that @entity56277 has the potential to be used as a scaffold.

title: XXXX foam scaffold for smooth muscle cell tissue engineering.

entities_list: @entity56277 :: ('MESH:C104154', 'Chemical') :: ['DegraPol', 'Degrapol']

entities_list: @entity48309 :: ('MESH:C081821', 'Chemical') :: ['polyesterurethane']

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

answer: @entity48309 :: (MESH:C081821,Chemical) :: ['Polyesterurethane']


abstract: We hypothesized that oxidative stress from hyperbaric @entity26 (HBO(2), 2.8 ATA for 90 min daily) exerts a trophic effect on vasculogenic stem cells. In a @entity19 model, circulating stem/progenitor cell (SPC) recruitment and differentiation in subcutaneous Matrigel were stimulated by HBO(2) and by a physiological oxidative stressor, @entity880 . In combination, HBO(2) and @entity880 had additive effects. Vascular channels lined by @entity22416 (+) SPCs were identified. HBO(2) and @entity880 accelerated channel development, cell differentiation based on surface marker expression, and cell cycle entry. @entity22416 (+) SPCs exhibited increases in @entity15052 ( @entity15052 ), Trx reductase, @entity519 -inducible factors (HIF)-1, -2, and -3, phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases, vascular endothelial growth factor, and stromal cell-derived factor-1. Cell recruitment to Matrigel and protein synthesis responses were abrogated by @entity898 , @entity16958 , @entity23496 , @entity12824 , @entity5732 , neutralizing anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, or anti-stromal cell-derived factor-1 antibodies, and small inhibitory RNA to Trx reductase, @entity880 dehydrogenase, @entity18511 (phox), HIF-1 or -2, and in @entity19 conditionally null for HIF-1 in myeloid cells. By causing an oxidative stress, HBO(2) activates a physiological redox-active autocrine loop in SPCs that stimulates vasculogenesis. Thioredoxin system activation leads to elevations in HIF-1 and -2, followed by synthesis of HIF-dependent growth factors. HIF-3 has a negative impact on SPCs.

title: Hyperbaric XXXX stimulates vasculogenic stem cell growth and differentiation in vivo.

entities_list: @entity16958 :: ('MESH:D004226', 'Chemical') :: ['dithioerythritol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetyl cysteine']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: Bilharziosis or @entity2040 is the third leading endemic @entity4801 in the world, following @entity311 and ambiasis. More than 300 million individuals are infested. Schistomosomes are @entity1503 which live in the perivisceral veins. Clinical signs result from ova migrations. Transmitted by urine and feces, the parasite cycle requires intermediary host, usually fresh water snails. Bilharsiosis is endemic in tropical zones where it is a major public health problem closely correlated with the socio-economic conditions. Liver, intestinal or urinary complications, depending on the species, lead to underestimated morbidity and mortality. @entity358 are attributed to 3 species: @entity4114 , @entity383 and @entity2043 . Although the lung is mandatory step in the parasite cycle, pulmonary manifestations are limited. They can be acute or chronic depending on the phase of the cycle, but are the most frequent extradigestive localization for @entity383 . Morbidity due to chronic manifestations is particularly severe and should be prevented whenever possible.

title: [Pulmonary manifestations of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['blood flukes']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary lesions']

entities_list: @entity4114 :: ('6185', 'Species') :: ['S. haematobium']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic disease']

answer: @entity2040 :: (MESH:D012552,Disease) :: ['schistosomiasis']


abstract: This study evaluated the @entity1489 -promoting activity of mezerein in SENCAR @entity19 . The effect of initiation dose of @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) on @entity5 promotion by mezerein was examined. Excellent dose-response relationships were observed for initiation with @entity106 at 0.2-20 micrograms per @entity19 with mezerein as a complete promoter. None of the mezerein-only promotion groups had @entity1185 responses similar to those of the corresponding groups receiving two-stage promotion with @entity864 ( @entity865 ) followed by mezerein, even when a 40-micrograms initiating dose of @entity106 was used. The effect delaying promotion with mezerein for 10 weeks was also examined in @entity19 initiated with either 0.2, 2, 20, or 40 micrograms of @entity106 per @entity19 . The 10-week delay led to a slight increase in the number of @entity1185 per @entity19 in some but not all treatment groups. Again, none of the delayed-mezerein-treatment groups had @entity1185 responses similar to those of the corresponding two-stage promotion ( @entity865 -mezerein) groups at any corresponding initiating dose of @entity106 . Finally, the progression of @entity1185 to @entity189 during promotion with mezerein was examined in groups of @entity19 initiated with either 2 or 20 micrograms of @entity106 . Higher ratios of @entity189 to @entity1185 were observed in @entity19 promoted with mezerein than in @entity19 receiving @entity865 promotion or two-stage promotion ( @entity865 -mezerein). However, the presence of two to four times more @entity1185 in some @entity18878 -treated groups did not lead to greater numbers of @entity189 than in the groups with fewer @entity1185 . The data do not support the idea that spontaneous stage I promotion can be induced by delaying mezerein treatment for 10 weeks. Furthermore, the data suggest that the higher ratio of @entity189 to @entity1185 observed with mezerein promotion may be a function of the lower @entity5 burdens obtained after promotion with this compound rather than a specific property of the chemical.

title: Further characterization of @entity1489 promotion and progression by mezerein in SENCAR XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumor']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papillomas', 'papilloma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess coronary flow reserve (CFR) before and after aortic valve replacement (AVR). BACKGROUND: Coronary flow reserve is impaired under conditions of left ventricular (LV) @entity1184 . It is not known whether CFR improves with regression of @entity4346 in @entity1 . METHODS: We investigated 35 @entity1 with pure @entity472 , @entity4346 and normal coronary arteriograms. @entity1 underwent @entity859 transthoracic echocardiography on two occasions--immediately before AVR and six months postoperatively. Left ventricular mass, distal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) diameter, flow and CFR were assessed on each occasion. RESULTS: Distal LAD diameter was successfully imaged in 30 @entity1 (86%), and blood flow was successfully imaged in 27 (77%). Paired data were subsequently available in 24 @entity1 , of whom 14 were @entity1 , mean age 68.1+/-12.5 years, body mass index 24.5+/-2.0 kg/m2, aortic valve gradient 93+/-32 mm Hg. Pre- to post-AVR a significant decrease was seen in LV mass (271+/-38 vs. 236+/-32g, p<0.01) and LV mass index (154+/-21 vs. 134+/-21 g/m2, p< 0.01). Distal LAD diameter fell from 2.27+/-0.37 to 2.23+/-0.35 mm, p = 0.08). Pre- to post-AVR there was no significant change in resting parameters of peak diastolic velocity (0.43+/-0.16 vs. 0.41+/-0.11 m/s), distal LAD flow 23.3+/-10.1 vs. 20.9+/-5.2 ml/min or distal LAD flow scaled for LV mass (8.7+/-3.8 vs. 9.0+/-2.5 ml/min/100 g LV mass), but there was significant increase in hyperemic peak diastolic velocity (0.71+/-0.26 vs. 1.08+/-0.24 m/s; p<0.01), distal LAD flow (37.8+/-11.3 vs. 53.5+/-16.1 ml/min; p<0.01) and distal LAD flow scaled for LV mass (14.3+/-5.0 vs. 23.3+/-8.5 ml/min/100 g LV mass; p<0.01). Coronary flow reserve, therefore, increased from 1.76+/-0.5 to 2.61+/-0.7. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary flow reserve increases after AVR for @entity472 . This increase occurs in tandem with regression of @entity4346 .

title: Coronary flow reserve improves after aortic valve replacement for @entity472 : an XXXX transthoracic echocardiography study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'humans', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['LV hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['adenosine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2742 remains a common clinical problem. Conversely, oversuppression of @entity461 ( @entity461 ), particularly in @entity6 @entity1 on peritoneal dialysis, has been implicated in @entity79 . Race may also be an important factor determining susceptibility to @entity2742 and the different forms of @entity8 . These compounding factors that might influence the severity of @entity2742 have been studied in US dialysis and predialysis populations. Dialysis-dependant Africans and Afro-Caribbeans (AC) are known to have higher circulating @entity461 concentrations than comparable Caucasians (C) but Indo-Asians (IA) living in temperate climates have not been studied. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of all @entity1 undergoing peritoneal dialysis at St Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospital on 1 May 2000. The highest historical recorded @entity461 was recorded with concurrent biochemical and demographic details. Regression models were used for the analysis of covariance and separate manova was performed incorporating the factors that were shown on univariate analysis to be significant. RESULTS: The current study confirmed that in 50 AC @entity1 on peritoneal dialysis, the mean (+/- SEM) peak @entity461 concentration (93.9 +/- 9.3 pmol/L) was higher than in 148 C (56.7 +/- 4.3 pmol/L) and 67 IA (60.2 +/- 5.7 pmol/L), P < 0.0001 and P < 0.002, respectively. This is despite there being no significant difference in serum @entity460 concentrations and AC having a lower serum @entity1391 concentration at the time of @entity2742 . There was no significant difference in mean peak @entity461 concentration between C and IA. Females were also found to have higher peak @entity461 concentrations, but the presence of @entity6 did not influence the peak @entity461 concentration in this study. CONCLUSION: Although we have demonstrated that @entity1 of African (but not Asian) descent undergoing peritoneal dialysis have more severe @entity2742 than Caucasians, other studies suggest that Afro-Americans develop @entity79 at higher @entity461 . This would suggest that @entity461 values should be interpreted with care and that bone biopsies to determine histology remain important. It may emerge that there are different optimal @entity461 concentrations according to race.

title: Race and sex: predictors of the severity of @entity2742 in peritoneal dialysis XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal osteodystrophy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['low bone turnover', 'low bone turnover disease']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['Uraemic hyperparathyroidism', 'hyperparathyroidism', 'peak hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2741 , once a common cause of hypercalcaemia, is now considered rare. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of @entity2741 among hypercalcaemic, @entity454 ( @entity454 ) inpatients of a University Hospital and identify @entity1 ' and syndrome characteristics. DESIGN AND @entity1 : In this retrospective chart review study, we identified @entity1 hospitalized with possible hypercalcaemia between November 1998 and October 2003 by a computer search of admission, discharge and consultation diagnoses. @entity1 with @entity8 (CKD-5) and those admitted for parathyroidectomy were excluded. The remaining @entity1 ' charts were reviewed for confirmation of hypercalcaemia and identification of the cause. In @entity1 with @entity2741 , additional historical, clinical, laboratory and imaging data were collected. RESULTS: We identified 125 @entity1 with hypercalcaemia, 11 (8.8%) of whom had @entity2741 , 42 (33.6%) had @entity5 and 37 (29.6%) @entity2742 . Thirty-five @entity1 had severe hypercalcaemia, defined as corrected serum @entity460 3.5 mmol/l. Malignancy accounted for 13 of those @entity1 (37.1%) and milk-alkali for nine (25.7%). Conditions prevalent among the milk-alkali inpatients were female gender, @entity101 , @entity740 , @entity170 , upper @entity344 , diuretic treatment and @entity560 derivative supplementation. Five of the @entity1 with @entity2741 were treated with @entity171 and all five developed hypocalcaemia, compared to one of the five who received conventional treatment (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION: Milk-alkali was the third leading cause of hypercalcaemia of any degree and the second cause of severe hypercalcaemia among inpatients without @entity454 . In @entity2741 , treatment with @entity171 contributes to post-treatment hypocalcaemia.

title: @entity2741 is a major cause of hypercalcaemia among XXXX ( @entity454 ) inpatients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal transplantation, stage 5 chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['Milk-alkali syndrome', 'milk-alkali syndrome']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity2742 :: ('MESH:D006961', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['non-end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD', 'non-ESRD']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['non-end-stage renal disease']


abstract: An 87-year-old @entity1 was admitted to another hospital with @entity4156 on May 31, 1991. On the 6th hospital day she suddenly developed transient complete @entity616 and @entity1165 . She was transferred to our hospital for the treatment of intractable @entity712 on the 18th hospital day. Two-dimensional echocardiography showed a saccular chamber with a narrow-necked connection to the left ventricle. Color Doppler echocardiography showed bidirectional blood flow between the left ventricle and saccular chamber during systole and diastole. There was 35% left to right shunt in the ventricular level on right heart catheterization. Acute @entity583 complicated with left @entity67 and @entity9009 was diagnosed. She died on the 26th hospital day without aggressive medical treatment. Autopsy demonstrated the @entity2849 in the posterior wall of the left ventricle and the connection to the right ventricle. The so-called double rupture could be diagnosed before death.

title: [A case of XXXX complicated with left @entity67 and @entity9009 ].

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity9009 :: ('MESH:D018658', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal perforation']

entities_list: @entity4156 :: ('MESH:D056989', 'Disease') :: ['acute inferior myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular pseudoaneurysm']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity161 which is perhaps the most disabling and puzzling form of a @entity146 is often conceptualized as 'gila' (lunacy or @entity3320 ) by the Malaysian society. The debilitating nature of the disorder and recurrent relapse of its @entity716 have often been misunderstood and lead to @entity911 among the family members, who play the role as primary caregivers. While @entity5785 ( @entity5785 ) has been widely studied in the Western world, it is not well understood in Malaysia. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at investigating the predictive role of relatives' @entity5785 index and components as well as @entity1314 traits in relapse among @entity161 @entity1 in Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley, Malaysia. METHODS: A total of 160 subjects consisting of 80 @entity1 diagnosed with chronic @entity161 and 80 relatives were recruited to participate in Phase 1 of the study. Only @entity1 - @entity1 were followed-up 6 months later for Phase 2 of the study in order to check for possible relapse. The Family Questionnaire (FQ) and the short scale Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) were administered to measure relatives' @entity5785 and @entity1314 traits, respectively. @entity1 ' were considered to relapse if they were readmitted into psychiatric wards 6 months post-hospital discharge. RESULTS: The findings revealed that the odds for @entity1 to relapse were increased by 8 times when relatives demonstrated high- @entity5785 level. Relatives' critical comments (CC) turned out to be the strongest predictor with the odds to relapse increased by 12% when they demonstrated an increase in CC level. Relatives' @entity1314 traits particularly the extraversion trait also turned out to be the significant direct predictor to @entity1 ' relapse. Our results showed that a unit decrease in extraversion trait score predicted the odds for @entity1 to relapse by 23%. DISCUSSIONS: Our findings supported the Western findings on the significant role of relatives' high- @entity5785 level particularly the CC scale on the course of @entity161 . The novelty of the current finding was demonstrated in the significant role of relatives' extraversion trait that directly predicted @entity1 ' relapse. Results also indicated the feasibility of @entity5785 in predicting relapse among @entity161 @entity1 in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

title: @entity161 relapse in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: do relatives' XXXX and @entity1314 traits matter?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mental disorder']

entities_list: @entity5785 :: ('MESH:D001039', 'Disease') :: ['EE', 'expressed emotion']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'Schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic episodes']

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality']

answer: @entity5785 :: (MESH:D001039,Disease) :: ['expressed emotion']


abstract: Aromatherapy and massage could provide a useful addition to psychological therapeutic interventions with clients suffering from @entity303 . The effects of aromatherapy and massage on disturbed behaviour in four individuals with severe @entity303 were evaluated using a single-case research design. Each @entity1 received 10 treatment sessions of aromatherapy, aromatherapy and massage combined, and massage alone. The effects on each individual's behaviour in the hour following treatment were assessed against 10 'no treatment' control sessions. Reliable individualized disturbed behaviour scales were designed. The effects of the treatments were mixed. The opinion of the staff providing treatment was that all @entity1 benefited. On close scrutiny, only one of the @entity1 benefited from the aromatherapy and massage to a degree that reached statistical significance. In two of the cases aromatherapy and massage led to an increase in agitated behaviour. The importance of the single case study approach with this client group is discussed.

title: Single case evaluation of the effects of aromatherapy and massage on disturbed behaviour in severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the best treatment of @entity5254 . METHOD: A retrospective study of 45 consecutive @entity1 who presented with @entity2841 leak,was conducted. Forty-two @entity1 were treated with transnasal endoscopic approach, three with double approach transnasal and extranasal. The fascia lata, the myoplasm, the free middle turbinate graft and the free inferior turbinate graft were used for @entity292 repairing. Four repair techniques as onlay technique, inlay technique, underlay technique and obliteration technique were used. RESULT: Postoperative follow-up lasted from 5 to 84 months. The overall success rate after the first operation was 97.8%. Three @entity1 got @entity693 ,one @entity1 got local @entity281 , but all of them were cured. CONCLUSION: In our study, The outcome was very good in endoscopic repair of a small @entity292 in anterior cerebrospinal, a @entity292 in dorsum delta and a @entity292 in slope with a free graft of autogenous. But it needed a perfect choose in operation approach, repair technique and graft material.

title: [Endoscopic repair of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity5254 :: ('MESH:D002559', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection in frontal sinus']

answer: @entity5254 :: (MESH:D002559,Disease) :: ['cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea']