abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the authors' experience and benefit in diagnosis and management of @entity66 by Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical procedures (VATS) using a non trocar technique. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective review of sixty-eight consecutive @entity1 who underwent seventy-one VATS procedures between January 1997 and December 2004. Indications included recurrent or persistent pneumothorax (n = 21 @entity1 ), @entity3509 thoracis (17), lung nodules or masses (8), clot haemothorax (6), @entity1143 (4), @entity456 or masses (3), mediastinal masses or cysts (3), pericardial effusion (2), removal of bullets from the @entity1143 (2), bronchiectasis with hemoptysis (1) and inspection of @entity130 (1) (Table. 1). An alternative method of manipulating thoracoscopic instruments without using a trocar was described. RESULTS: Of the 71 VATS procedures in 68 @entity1 , 62 (87.3%) procedures were successfully performed in 59 @entity1 . Three of them underwent VATS bilaterally. (1 Tuberculous @entity3509 and 2 spontaneous pneumothorax). Four @entity1 requried conversion to thoracotomy due to bleeding in 1 who had excision @entity358 , extensive adhesion in 2 with @entity102 and unlocated lesion in 1 with @entity5474 ( @entity5474 ). There were 5 postoperative complications: prolonged air leak for more than 7 days was seen in 4 @entity1 . This complication occurred in a @entity1 with spontaneous pneumothorax (3 @entity1 ) and bilateral @entity9130 at the left side (1 @entity1 ). @entity2737 and mild effusion occurred in 1 @entity1 with unilateral @entity9130 (no additional drainage was required). VATS in diagnostic procedures were effective in 90% (9 of 10 @entity1 ) and the procedures were 4 wedge excision, 3 pleural biopsies, 1 wedge excision for @entity401 1 inspection of @entity130 and 1 required conversion. Sixty one therapeutic procedures were effective in 50 @entity1 (85.9%) (50 of 58 @entity1 ). None of them had a recurrence of pneumothorax after VATS procedures or other complications. Only small doses of analgesics were needed. There was no intraoperative mortality. The mean operative time was 67 minutes and the average postoperative hospital stay was 5.4 days for successful VATS group. CONCLUSION: VATS using of a non-trocar technique is a safe and effective method for diagnosis and treatment of @entity66 . @entity1 had benefit in reduced @entity282 , short hospitalization, short recovery times and good cosmetic result.

title: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the diagnosis and treatment of XXXX at Ratchaburi Hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion', 'pleural cavity']

entities_list: @entity9130 :: ('MESH:D004654', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous empyema']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['intrathoracic diseases']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic empyema thoracis']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['Wound infection']

entities_list: @entity5474 :: ('MESH:D003074', 'Disease') :: ['solitary pulmonary nodule', 'SPN']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung bleb']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial lung disease']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragmatic injury']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural thickening']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['intrathoracic diseases']


abstract: We reported 2 @entity1 treated with @entity1499 ( @entity1500 )- @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) sequential therapy combined with @entity1013 ( @entity1013 ). The method of administration was as follows: @entity1500 60 mg was given intravenously (iv) followed by @entity1487 600 mg iv 2 hours later in @entity694 and 5 hours later in @entity356 . @entity4181 20 mg was administered 3 times every 6 hours beginning 6 hours after @entity1487 infusion. This cycle was repeated once a week for 5 weeks. @entity1013 1,200 mg was given orally daily and continued after @entity1500 . @entity1487 therapy. @entity1 1 was a 60-yr-old female with recurrent @entity694 developed four years after sigmoidectomy. She was referred to our hospital for further examinations of elevated serum @entity787 ( @entity787 ). The enlarged intraabdominal lymph nodes due to recurrence were demonstrated on computer tomography and the chemotherapy was performed as described above. The swelling of lymph nodes showed marked reduction in size and @entity787 value was normalized. @entity1 2 was a 59-yr-old @entity1 with advanced @entity356 accompanied by @entity409 . Both primary and metastatic lesion responded favorably to this regimen. There was no remarkable side effect in either @entity1 . These results suggest that this method is worth performing in further clinical trials for @entity5 @entity1 .

title: [Two cases of gastrointestinal cancers with major responses to sequential methotrexate XXXX plus @entity1013 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['Leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['giant liver metastasis']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity1013 :: ('MESH:C025034', 'Chemical') :: ['Doxifluridine', "5'-DFUR"]

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-FU', 'Fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-FU']


abstract: The records of 20 @entity1 with @entity410 who had @entity5 confirmed histologically between 1979 and 1989 have been reviewed. These @entity1 represented 2.9% of all @entity1 presenting with @entity410 . Forty percent were aged 15 months or younger, all of whom presented with partial @entity410 . Initial misdiagnosis of @entity410 occurred in 25% of these @entity1 . Examination was normal in 75% of the study group. @entity146 was present in 50%, with deterioration occurring in 60% of these. Electroencephalograms revealed focal abnormalities in 62% and generalized abnormalities in 25% when performed. Cranial ultrasound was performed in two cases, with false-negative results. Computed tomographic scan findings were not diagnostic of @entity5 in 40%. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of @entity5 in all @entity1 in whom it was performed. Tumors most frequently involved the temporal lobes (55%) and the frontal lobes (40%). Surgical intervention resulted in considerable improvement in @entity410 control in 75%. Surgery is useful in the control of @entity5 -related @entity410 and should be considered early in the treatment of this disorder. Suspicion of @entity5 should increase when @entity410 are partial or refractory, particularly if intelligence and physical examination are normal or if there is progressive deterioration in behavior. The most appropriate type of brain imaging is magnetic resonance imaging scan.

title: @entity5 in XXXX presenting with epilepsy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cerebral tumor']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Behavior disturbance']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Renal function is usually normal or only marginally affected in @entity1 with unilateral @entity1695 due to the vicarious function of the contralateral kidney. Few reports exist in which unilateral @entity8 is associated with @entity1696 (reflex @entity1696 , @entity309 ) and @entity810 . We report the clinical case of a female @entity1 who was referred to the emergency department due to @entity1696 of 72 h duration and @entity810 (serum @entity1011 9 mg/dl) associated with several episodes of violent right @entity812 with @entity811 following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). A few weeks before ESWL, urography showed a 2-cm stone located in the right pelvis whilst the left kidney was functionally normal. On admission, renal ultrasound documented a normal left kidney, whilst the right pelvis was hydronephrotic and there were two indwelling stones at the right pyeloureteral junction. After the @entity1 passed a urinary stone, diuresis restarted and @entity810 was resolved. Thereafter, urography confirmed that the left kidney, the left ureter and bladder were functionally and morphologically normal. @entity309 with @entity810 has been so scarcely documented that it is considered to be legend by many clinicians. Major textbooks do not discuss @entity309 with @entity810 . @entity2553 related in part to a peculiar hyperexcitability of the autonomic nervous system may explain @entity309 . We suggest that nephrologists should always consider @entity309 when evaluating @entity810 . On the other hand, @entity309 might be relatively common and we cannot rule out that only the most severe and/or better-documented cases have been reported in the medical literature.

title: Reflex XXXX from unilateral @entity1695 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral obstruction']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['Vascular or ureteral spasm']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity1696 :: (MESH:D001002,Disease) :: ['anuria']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to emphasize the importance of seeing mucosal lichen planus (LP) as a @entity262 and not an isolated @entity790 and to analyze the proportion of thyroid antibodies among @entity1 with multimucosal LP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All @entity1 examined by the authors and diagnosed with mucosal LP within 1 year were consecutively included. Full medical histories were collected with special emphasis on autoimmune and @entity1374 . Sera were analyzed for thyroid antibodies and underwent serologic test for herpes virus. The control group comprised 83 healthy volunteers matched regarding sex and age. RESULTS: Of the @entity1 , 120 were included, 89 (74%) of whom were @entity1 and 31 (26%) were @entity1 . The vast majority of the @entity1 had @entity75 , whereas @entity75 solely were found in 28% of @entity1 and 36% of @entity1 . Of the @entity1 , 28% had at least 1 additional @entity792 . Approximately half of the @entity1 were treated with @entity1955 owing to @entity1374 . Antibodies against @entity778 were found in 60% of the @entity1 and 44% of the controls (p < .03). CONCLUSIONS: @entity33 should be considered and taken care of as a @entity262 and not as an isolated @entity790 . Contradictory to many former reports, most of our @entity1 have a multimucosal disease that emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary clinic to get optimal care and treatment.

title: Mucosal lichen planus, a XXXX requiring multidisciplinary care: a cross-sectional clinical review from a multidisciplinary perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['multifocal lesions', 'oral lesions']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['Lichen planus with mucosal involvement']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['levothyroxine']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['oral or genital disease', 'oral and/or genital lichen']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disease', 'thyroid diseases']

answer: @entity262 :: (MESH:D034721,Disease) :: ['systemic disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the @entity5601 ( @entity5601 ) a/  /y and essential @entity101 (EH). METHODS: @entity1 were recruited within the framework of a cohort populations survey from the PMMJS (Prevention of Multiple @entity209 and @entity15 in Jiangsu Province) which was conducted in the urban community of Jiangsu province from 1999 to 2007. Eight hundred and twenty subjects (551 non- @entity101 subjects, 269 @entity101 subjects) were randomly selected but were not related to each other. Ten SNP ( @entity28710 , @entity28712 , @entity28711 of @entity5601 ; @entity28713 , @entity28714 of @entity5601  ; @entity28715 , @entity28716 , @entity28719 , @entity28717 and @entity28718 of PPARy) were selected from the HapMap database.   (2) test was used to determine whether the whole population was in H-W genetic equilibrium. SHEsis software was used to examine the relations of SNP and linkage equilibrium. Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between ten SNP in the @entity5601 and EH. RESULTS: Difference on the distribution of four SNP genotypes including @entity28712 , @entity28714 , @entity28715 and @entity28719 between high blood pressure and @entity101 group, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) and normal SBP group, high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and normal DBP group was significant (P < 0.05). After adjusting factors as age, sex, body mass index, fasting plasma @entity413 , high density lipoprotein @entity165 -C, high-fat diet and compared with wild-type gene carriers, the OR (95%CI) of objects with @entity28712 V allele appeared in high blood pressure, high SBP and high @entity11559 were 0.60 (0.41 - 0.89), 0.57 (0.37 - 0.88) and 0.61 (0.39 - 0.96), respectively. The OR (95%CI) of objects with G allele of @entity28714 were 0.63 (0.46 - 0.87), 0.51 (0.36 - 0.73) and 0.68 (0.47 - 1.01). The OR (95%CI) of objects with G allele of @entity28715 were 1.62 (1.19 - 2.20), 1.59 (1.14 - 2.22) and 1.53 (1.07 - 2.18), respectively. While the OR (95%CI) of objects with @entity28719 T allele were 1.42 (1.04 - 1.94), 1.38 (1.03 - 1.92) and 1.37 (1.00 - 1.88), respectively. CONCLUSION: The four SNPs including @entity28712 of @entity5601 , @entity28714 of @entity5601   and @entity28719 , @entity28715 of PPARy influenced high blood pressure, high SBP and high DBP to different degrees.

title: [Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gene polymorphism and essential XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'non-high blood pressure', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity5601 :: ('5465', 'Gene') :: ['PPARa', 'PPAR', 'peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic Disorders']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The active transport of proteins into and out of the nucleus is mediated by specific signals, the @entity2631 ( @entity2631 ) and nuclear export signal (NES), respectively. The best characterized @entity2631 is that of the SV40 large T antigen, which contains a cluster of basic @entity1522 . The NESs were first identified in the protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) and @entity645 Rev protein, which are rich in @entity368 residues. The SV40 T- @entity2631 containing transport substrates are carried into the nucleus by an importin alpha/beta heterodimer. Importin alpha recognizes the @entity2631 and acts as an adapter between the @entity2631 and importin beta, whereas importin beta interacts with importin alpha bound to the @entity2631 , and acts as a carrier of the @entity2631 /importin alpha/beta trimer. It is generally thought that importin alpha and beta are part of a large protein family. The @entity368 rich NES-containing proteins are exported from the nucleus by one of the importin beta family molecules, @entity15200 / @entity15200 . A Ras-like small GTPase @entity5856 plays a crucial role in both import/export pathways and determines the directionality of nuclear transport. It has recently been demonstrated in living cells that @entity5856 actually shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and that the recycling of @entity5856 is essential for the nuclear transport. Furthermore, it has been shown that @entity39260 ( @entity39260 ) mediates the nuclear import of RanGDP. This review largely focuses on the issue concerning the functional divergence of importin alpha family molecules and the role of @entity5856 in nucleocytoplasmic protein transport.

title: Nucleocytoplasmic protein transport and recycling of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['nuclear localization signal', 'NLS']

entities_list: @entity39260 :: ('10204', 'Gene') :: ['NTF2', 'nuclear transport factor 2']

answer: @entity5856 :: (5901,Gene) :: ['Ran']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To relate habitual (cups per day) tea and coffee consumption to conventional coronary risk factors and subsequent risk of @entity301 and @entity204 . DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Nationwide random population study. @entity1 : Over 11,000 @entity1 and @entity1 aged 40-59 who took part in the Scottish Heart Health Study lifestyle and risk factor survey in 1984-87. @entity1 were followed up to the end of 1993, an average of 7.7 years, for all cause mortality, @entity204 , or any major coronary event ( @entity204 , non-fatal @entity1188 or coronary artery surgery). Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard in consumers of tea and coffee relative to the zero consumption group, both before and after correction for other factors. MAIN RESULTS: Coffee and tea consumption showed a strong inverse relation. For many conventional risk factors, coffee showed a weak, but beneficial, gradient with increasing consumption, whereas increasing tea consumption showed the reverse. Increasing coffee consumption was associated with beneficial effects for mortality and coronary morbidity, whereas tea showed the opposite. Adjusting for age and social class had some effect in reducing associations. Multiple adjustment for other risk factors removed the associations for tea and most of those for coffee although there was a residual benefit of coffee consumption in avoiding @entity299 among @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological differences shown in this study occurred despite the pharmacological similarities between tea and coffee. Either they differ more than is realised, or they identify contrasting associated lifestyle and health risks, for which this multiple adjustment was inadequate.

title: Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, XXXX , and all cause mortality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['coronary death', 'death']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary disease']


abstract: The roles of particular @entity1522 in substrate and coenzyme binding and catalysis of @entity3776 dehydrogenase of @entity14921 have been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic analysis, and determination of binding constants. The enzyme from this species has functional dual @entity1110 / @entity2125 specificity. Previous investigations in our laboratories determined the three-dimensional structure. Kinetic studies showed an ordered mechanism for the @entity1110 -linked reaction while the @entity2125 -linked reaction is random. His-240 was identified as the catalytic base, and @entity534 -46 was identified as important for @entity1110 but not @entity2125 binding. Mutations have been selected on the basis of the three-dimensional structure. Kinetic studies of 14 mutant enzymes are reported and kinetic mechanisms are reported for 5 mutant enzymes. Fourteen substrate or coenzyme dissociation constants have been measured for 11 mutant enzymes. Roles of particular residues are inferred from k(cat), K(m), k(cat)/K(m), K(d), and changes in kinetic mechanism. Results for enzymes @entity46282 , @entity46283 , @entity37717 , and @entity46284 establish Lys-182 and Lys-343 as important in binding substrate both to free enzyme and during catalysis. Studies of mutant enzymes @entity46285 and @entity46286 showed no significant contribution for Tyr-415 to substrate binding and only a small contribution for Tyr-179. Changes in kinetics for @entity46287 , @entity46288 , and @entity46289 enzymes implicate these residues, to differing extents, in coenzyme binding and discrimination between @entity1110 and @entity2125 . By the same measure, Lys-343 is also involved in defining coenzyme specificity. Decrease in k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) for the @entity46290 mutant enzyme defines the way @entity2574 -374, unique to @entity14921 G6PD, modulates stabilization of the enzyme during catalysis by its interaction with Lys-182. The greatly reduced k(cat) values of enzymes @entity46291 and @entity46292 indicate the importance of the cis conformation of Pro-149 in accessing the correct transition state.

title: Delineation of the roles of @entity1522 involved in the catalytic functions of XXXX @entity3776 dehydrogenase.

entities_list: @entity46289 :: ('p|SUB|R|46|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['R46A']

entities_list: @entity46288 :: ('p|SUB|Q|47|E', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Q47E']

entities_list: @entity14921 :: ('1245', 'Species') :: ['Leuconostoc mesenteroides', 'L. mesenteroides']

entities_list: @entity3776 :: ('MESH:D019298', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose-6-phosphate']

answer: @entity14921 :: (1245,Species) :: ['Leuconostoc mesenteroides']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of four low-glycaemic index (GI) and one high-GI cereal-based evening meals on @entity413 tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast. DESIGN: @entity3505 kernels, @entity2247 kernels, spaghetti, spaghetti with added @entity3505 bran and white @entity3505 bread (WWB) were consumed in the evening in a random order at five different occasions. At the subsequent breakfast, blood @entity413 , serum insulin, plasma short chain @entity844 , plasma free @entity844 (FFA) and breath @entity3884 were measured. SETTING: The study was performed at Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited. One subject was later excluded owing to abnormal blood @entity413 values. RESULTS: The blood @entity413 response (0-120 min) to the standardised breakfast was significantly lower after consuming @entity2247 kernels in the evening compared with evening meals with WWB (P=0.019) or spaghetti+ @entity3505 bran (P=0.046). There were no significant differences in insulin concentrations at breakfast. Breath @entity3884 excretion at breakfast was significantly higher after an evening meal with @entity2247 kernels compared with WWB, @entity3505 kernels or spaghetti (P=0.026, 0.026 and 0.015, respectively), and the concentration of plasma @entity4919 at breakfast was significantly higher following an evening meal with @entity2247 kernels compared with an evening meal with WWB (P=0.041). In parallel, @entity6334 concentrations were significantly lower after @entity2247 kernels compared with WWB (P=0.042) or spaghetti evening meals (P=0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The improved @entity413 tolerance at breakfast, following an evening meal with @entity2247 kernels appeared to emanate from suppression of FFA levels, mediated by @entity694 of the specific indigestible @entity3363 present in this product, or, to the combination of the low-GI features and @entity694 .

title: Effects of GI and content of indigestible XXXX of cereal-based evening meals on @entity413 tolerance at a subsequent standardised breakfast.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic fermentation']

answer: @entity3363 :: (MESH:D002241,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrates']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1791 is endemic in @entity233 and characteristics of @entity1791 vary in different regions of the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the etiological and clinical characteristics and course of pediatric @entity1791 in south-east @entity233 . METHODS: The study population consisted of 81 @entity1 (52 @entity1 ) with @entity1791 at a mean age of 6.2 +/- 4.2 years who were followed up for 1-32 months. RESULTS: @entity209 , anatomical defects and @entity281 stones were found to be the etiological factor in 34.6, 29.6 and 22.2% of @entity1 , respectively, while 13.6% of @entity1 were considered idiopathic. Of all @entity1 , 28.4% were admitted with @entity810 ( @entity810 ) and 72.8% had @entity293 . Recurrence was seen in 19.8% of @entity1 at presentation. The localization of the stone was found to be in the upper urinary tract, the lower urinary tract or both in 65.4, 14.8% and 17.3% of @entity1 , respectively. @entity1 with multiple and bilateral stones had a higher risk for @entity810 than the others. The risk for @entity177 was significantly higher in @entity1 with multiple, bilateral or recurrent stones and with @entity810 at presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and management of @entity1290 and @entity293 is necessary to prevent the development of @entity810 or @entity177 and to improve the quality of a @entity1 's life.

title: Characteristics of pediatric XXXX in south-east Anatolia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['renal stones']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['ARF', 'acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic disorders']

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis', 'Urolithiasis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity1791 :: (MESH:D052878,Disease) :: ['urolithiasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Among Russian adults, @entity167 consumption with binge drinking was high and increased during past decades. Little is known regarding adolescents' drinking. The present study investigates changes in @entity167 -related behaviour among Russian youth between 1995 and 2004. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the 15-year-old youths from all schools in @entity41417  ranta, Republic of Karelia, Russia. In 1995, 385 students participated (response 95%), in 2004-395 (response 85%). RESULTS: The proportion of abstainers decreased: @entity1 from 26% to 13% (P = 0.002), @entity1 from 23% to 12% (P = 0.007). The age of first @entity167 consumption decreased among both genders. First @entity167 drinking with friends increased among @entity1 from 65% to 79% (P = 0.031), among @entity1 from 49% to 70% (P = 0.001). Weekly drinking increased: @entity1 from 13% to 28% (P < 0.001), @entity1 from 6% to 15% (P = 0.001). The prevalence on inebriation increased among @entity1 from 45% to 60% (P = 0.012), beer consumption from 8% to 21% (P = 0.006) by 2004. Gender differences were less prominent in 2004. CONCLUSION: Negative changes: early drinking initiation and more frequent @entity167 consumption were observed among Russian youth by 2004. Regular monitoring, effective policy measures, and health education are necessary to prevent further increase in @entity167 consumption and subsequent burden of @entity167 -related diseases in Russia.

title: Changes in XXXX behaviour among adolescents in North-West Russia between 1995 and 2004.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: @entity10725 ( @entity47372 ) and @entity50812 ( @entity50812 ) are highly allergenic compounds used in the chemical industry. The aim of this study was to characterize the protein adducts in erythrocytes following exposure to @entity47372 and @entity50812 . Blood and urine samples were obtained from 51 @entity47372 - and @entity50812 -exposed workers. Erythrocytic proteins from @entity47372 - and @entity50812 -exposed workers were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. In vitro synthesized conjugates between @entity4463 -labeled and unlabeled @entity47372 and hemoglobin (Hb) were hydrolyzed by acid or digested by Pronase E. Levels of in vivo formed anhydride-Hb adducts and urinary/plasma levels of the corresponding acids were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and correlated. The decay of adducts was studied in workers leaving employment or during vacation. More than 85% of the adduct forming protein in vivo coeluted with Hb in gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. At least 70% of the @entity47372 in the in vitro formed adducts was found on @entity376 by GC-MS. Similar findings were obtained using Pronase E-digested @entity4463 -labeled Hb- @entity47372 . The adduct levels in workers ranged 0-26 pmol/g Hb (mean 2. 7 pmol/g Hb) for @entity47372 , and the range for @entity50812 was 0-55 pmol/g Hb (mean 4.1 pmol/g Hb). The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between urine data and adducts was for @entity47372 rs = 0.80 and for @entity50812 , rs = 0.78. For the plasma, the correlation using @entity47372 data was rs = 0.80 and for @entity50812 , rs = 0.69. The adducts seemed to be stable in vivo. The adduct levels may be used as biomarkers of exposure to @entity47372 and @entity50812 .

title: Human hemoglobin adducts following exposure to @entity10725 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4463 :: ('CHEBI:29304', 'Chemical') :: ['tritium']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity50812 :: ('CHEBI:55461', 'Chemical') :: ['MHHPA', 'methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride']

entities_list: @entity10725 :: ('MESH:C005752', 'Chemical') :: ['Hexahydrophthalic anhydride']

answer: @entity50812 :: (CHEBI:55461,Chemical) :: ['methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity3570 ( @entity3570 ) is a @entity600 of the spinal cord, nerves, and adjacent covering structures, with different levels of severity and functional disability. The economic cost of @entity3570 and its prevention using @entity1501 have never been estimated in Italy. This study was conducted to define the cost of illness of @entity3570 in Italy. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter observational study on the social cost of @entity1 with @entity3570 was carried out in three @entity3570 centers in Italy. Cost data were collected relating to the 12 months preceding the enrollment time (T0), and subsequently 3 months after the T0 time (  20 days) through a case report form designed to collect the relevant information on the costs incurred during the period considered. The data for all @entity1 were analyzed through multivariate analysis on the main parameters. RESULTS: We enrolled 128 @entity1 equally divided between males and females, with a mean age of 13 years (minimum, 0; maximum, 29). Diagnosis was mostly postnatal, with 64 cases diagnosed at birth and 33 cases diagnosed subsequently. The lesion severity levels, as defined in the inclusion criteria, were walking (52 @entity1 ); walking with simple orthoses (33 @entity1 ); walking with complex orthoses (16 @entity1 ); and nonwalking, (25 @entity1 ). The anatomic type identified is open @entity3570 in most cases (84 @entity1 ), followed by closed @entity3570 (37 @entity1 ) and @entity3570 occulta (3 @entity1 ). The most significant cost per year was for assistive devices, for a total of 4307.00    , followed by hospitalization (907.00    ), examinations (592.00    ), and drug therapy (328.00    ). Cost breakdown by age range shows that the highest costs are incurred in the 0-4 age range. The highest cost was for cases of open @entity3570 (12,103.00    ). The cost/degree of severity ratio showed that the highest cost was for nonwalking @entity1 (14,323.00    ), followed by @entity1 walking with complex orthoses (13,799.00    ). CONCLUSION: The data from this study show that the mean total cost for a @entity1 with @entity3570 was 11,351.00     per year. Based on data provided by the Italian Institute of Health, we can estimate a total annual social cost of about 60 million @entity7634 per year for @entity3570 in Italy. Cost of illness was correlated with age and degree of severity of @entity3570 .

title: A cost-of-illness study of XXXX in Italy.

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['SB', 'spina bifida', 'Spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformation']

answer: @entity3570 :: (MESH:D016135,Disease) :: ['spina bifida']


abstract: Background. Individual randomized trials have suggested that @entity2239 -eluting stents may have improved clinical outcomes compared to @entity1311 -eluting stents, but individual trials are underpowered to examine outcomes such as mortality and very late stent @entity715 . Methods. Medline, Cochrane, and conference proceedings were searched for randomized trials comparing @entity2239 versus @entity1311 -eluting stents for percutaneous coronary intervention. Results. 6792 @entity1 were included from 4 randomized controlled trials. Stent @entity715 was reduced with @entity2239 stents versus @entity1311 stents (0.7% versus 2.3%; OR: 0.32; CI: 0.20-0.51; P < 0.00001). The reductions in stent @entity715 were observed in (i) early stent @entity715 (within 30 days) (0.2% versus 0.9%; OR: 0.24; P = 0.0005), (ii) late (day 31-365) (0.2% versus 0.6%; OR: 0.32; P = 0.01), and (iii) very late stent @entity715 (>365 days) (0.2% versus 0.8%; OR: 0.34; P = 0.009). The rates of cardiovascular mortality were 1.2% in @entity2239 group and 1.6% in @entity1311 group (OR: 0.85; P = 0.43). @entity1 receiving @entity2239 -eluting stents had significantly lower @entity583 events and target vessel revascularization as compared to @entity1311 -eluting stents. Interpretation. @entity2239 compared to @entity1311 -eluting stents reduced the incidence of early, late, and very late stent @entity715 as well as target vessel revascularization.

title: XXXX -Eluting versus @entity1311 -Eluting Stents in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2239 :: ('MESH:C107135', 'Chemical') :: ['Everolimus', 'everolimus']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity2239 :: (MESH:C107135,Chemical) :: ['Everolimus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A survival paradox between Stage IIB/C and Stage IIIA @entity694 exists. It is unclear how adequate lymph nodes dissection (LN) and post-surgery chemotherapy contribute to the survival paradox. We intended to assess the impact of these two factors on the survival paradox. RESULTS: We evaluated 34,999 @entity1 diagnosed with stage IIIA or stage IIB/C @entity694 in 2003-2012 from the National Cancer Data Base. The 5-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was 73.5  % for stage IIIA and 51.1  % for stage IIB/C (P   <   0.0001). The 5-year @entity1349 was 84.1  % for stage IIIA with post-surgery chemotherapy, 70.8  % for stage IIB/C with   >=    12 LNs retrieved with chemotherapy, 53.9  % for stage IIB/C   <   12 LNs with chemotherapy, 49.5  % for stage IIIA without chemotherapy, 43.7  % for stage IIB/C   >=    12 LNs retrieved without chemotherapy, to 27.7  % for stage IIB/C   <   12 LNs without chemotherapy. Even among stage IIB/C who had optimal treatment (>= 12 LNs retrieved, received chemotherapy), @entity1349 remains lower than stage IIIA with chemotherapy. After adjusting LN dissection and chemotherapy in addition to the adjustment of other clinical factors, the survival paradox was reduced from HR   =   1.76 (95  % CI: 1.68-1.85) to HR 1.51 (95  % CI: 1.44-1.59). CONCLUSIONS: LN dissection and post-surgery chemotherapy partially explained the survival paradox. More research is warranted to identify other factors that contribute to this paradox. Future iteration of TNM staging system should take this into consideration.

title: Poor survival in stage IIB/C (T4N0) compared to stage IIIA (T1-2  N1, T1N2a) XXXX persists even after adjusting for adequate lymph nodes retrieved and receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer', 'colon cancers']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are no surrogate serum markers for @entity775 ( @entity775 ) and @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). An @entity775 scoring system was reported by the International @entity775 Group; however, the criteria did not focus on making the distinction between @entity775 and @entity1561 . We examined the effectiveness of using the @entity775 score for diagnosing @entity775 in @entity1561 @entity1 . We also identified the prevalence of autoimmune phenomena, in terms of various auto-antibodies, including antinuclear antibodies (ANA), to determine whether these markers had any clinicopathological significance, and whether they were related to the @entity1 ' clinical courses. METHODS: We studied 212 @entity1 (103 males and 109 females) with biopsy-proven @entity1561 . The @entity775 score of each @entity1 was calculated without including the liver biopsy results. The @entity1 were divided into three groups based on their clinicopathological features: the overlap group (those with clinical and histological features of both @entity1561 and @entity775 ), the systemic group (those with @entity792 other than @entity775 ), and the "other" group ( @entity1 with no @entity792 ). To evaluate the clinicopathological significance of ANA in @entity1561 @entity1 , those without @entity792 (the "others" group) were classified according to their ANA positivity and ANA titer. RESULTS: Seventy @entity1 (33.0%) were positive for ANA. Among the female @entity1 , 106 @entity1 (97.2%) had an @entity775 score of 10 or more. Of the 103 male @entity1 , 21 (20.4%) had an @entity775 score of 10 or more. However, after liver biopsy, only 1 @entity1 (0.5%) could be classified as "definite @entity775 ." In the @entity1561 @entity1 without @entity792 ("other" group), multivariate logistic regression analysis found that female sex was an independent predictor of the presence of ANA (P = 0.029). In contrast, multivariate logistic regression analysis found that severe @entity28 (body mass index [BMI], >or=30 kg/m2) was the only independent predictor of the presence of an ANA titer of 1 : 80 or more (P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity775 score without liver biopsy findings was not useful for diagnosing @entity775 in @entity1561 @entity1 . In @entity1 with elevated ANA titers and risk factors for @entity1561 , it is very important to perform a liver biopsy to make a definitive diagnosis before treatment.

title: Diagnosing @entity775 in @entity1561 : is the International XXXX Group scoring system useful?

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['NAFLD', 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune diseases', 'systemic autoimmune disease']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['AIH', 'autoimmune hepatitis', 'Autoimmune Hepatitis']

answer: @entity775 :: (MESH:D019693,Disease) :: ['Autoimmune Hepatitis']


abstract: The SENTRY Program was established in January 1997 to measure the predominant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nosocomial and @entity5046 over a broad network of sentinel hospitals in the United States (30 sites), Canada (8 sites), South America (10 sites), and Europe (24 sites). During the first 6-month study period (January to June 1997), a @entity281 (BSI) were reported by North American SENTRY @entity1 (4,119 from the United States and 939 from Canada). In both the United States and Canada, @entity794 and @entity526 were the most common BSI isolates, followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci. @entity4005 spp., Enterobacter spp., @entity796 , @entity328 , and beta-hemolytic streptococci were also among the 10 most frequently reported species in both the United States and Canada. Although the rank orders of pathogens in the United States and Canada were similar, distinct differences were noted in the antimicrobial susceptibilities of several pathogens. Overall, U.S. isolates were considerably more resistant than those from Canada. The differences in the proportions of @entity6101 -resistant @entity794 isolates (26.2 versus 2.7% for U.S. and Canadian isolates, respectively), @entity2176 -resistant enterococcal isolates (17.7 versus 0% for U.S. and Canadian isolates, respectively), and @entity5505 -resistant Enterobacter sp. isolates (30.6 versus 6.2% for U.S. and Canadian isolates, respectively) dramatically emphasize the relative lack of specific antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, vanA, and vanB) in the Canadian microbial population. Among U.S. isolates, resistance to @entity6101 among staphylococci, to @entity2176 among enterococci, to penicillin among pneumococci, and to @entity5505 among Enterobacter spp. was observed in both nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens, although in almost every instance the proportion of resistant strains was higher among nosocomial isolates. Antimicrobial resistance continues to increase, and ongoing surveillance of microbial pathogens and resistance profiles is essential on national and international scales.

title: Bacterial pathogens isolated from @entity1 with XXXX : frequencies of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (United States and Canada, 1997).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity5505 :: ('MESH:D002442', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftazidime']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['total of 5,058 bloodstream infections']

entities_list: @entity6101 :: ('MESH:D010068', 'Chemical') :: ['oxacillin']

entities_list: @entity5046 :: ('MESH:D017714', 'Disease') :: ['community-acquired infections']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['bloodstream infection']


abstract: The @entity994 protein, which is a downstream mediator of @entity876 , functions as a universal inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. The functional link between @entity876 and @entity994 suggests the possibility that alteration in @entity994 function constitutes an alternative mechanism to @entity876 inactivation. However, there are few reports describing somatic mutations of the @entity994 gene in various @entity1 @entity5 . A polymorphism in the @entity994 gene, a @entity50836 resulting in the change of a @entity563 (Ser) to an @entity369 ( @entity534 ), is well known. We found this substitution in 42 of 54 @entity1204 @entity1 . Allele frequency was 0.44/0.56 for the codon 31 polymorphism (Ser/ @entity534 ), the difference of allele frequency between @entity1 and normal controls being significant (0.59/0.41 in normal controls). In addition, individuals carrying the codon 31 @entity534 allele had a tendency to develop histologically high-grade (odds ratio, 6. 11) and clinically advanced @entity5 . We investigated the association of the @entity534 allele with the known risk factors of @entity1204 . Statistical analyses of 42 cases and 32 controls carrying the codon 31 @entity534 allele identified @entity101 (odds ratio, 4.33) and family history of @entity5 (odds ratio, 2.81) as positive risk factors. This implies that these two parameters may be associated with a tendency to develop @entity1204 in individuals carrying the codon 31 @entity534 allele of the @entity994 gene.

title: XXXX genotype and @entity1204 susceptibility.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'endometrial carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity50836 :: ('c|SUB|C|31|A', 'DNAMutation') :: ['C-to-A transversion at codon 31']

answer: @entity994 :: (1026,Gene) :: ['WAF1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity34 ( @entity34 ) for @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) is a treatment modality that is increasingly used in dermato-oncology. Currently, 2 topical photosensitizers, @entity8454 (ALA) and @entity16326 ( @entity7671 ) are widely used, but their efficacy in @entity1491 has not yet been compared in a clinical setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect, degree of @entity158 , and costs of @entity34 in nodular @entity1491 (nBCC). METHODS: @entity1 suffering from @entity1491 were randomly assigned to either ALA- @entity34 (n=22) or MAL- @entity34 (n=21) in a pilot study. In each group, half of the @entity5 were debulked prior to @entity34 . Eight weeks after treatment, the therapeutic outcome was checked histologically. @entity158 scores were assessed using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: @entity41 tissue was detected in 6 BCCs of each study group. No significant difference between ALA- @entity34 and MAL- @entity34 was found with regard to therapeutic efficacy and @entity158 scores. Of note, however, the costs of MAL- @entity34 were 6-fold higher than those of ALA- @entity34 . CONCLUSIONS: In this study we did not observe any differences in short-term efficacy between ALA- @entity34 and MAL- @entity34 . Therefore, both ALA and MAL can be equally recommended as topical photosensitizers in @entity34 .

title: Similar effectiveness of XXXX and @entity8454 in topical photodynamic therapy for @entity1491 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['Residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity8454 :: ('MESH:D000622', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminolevulinate']

entities_list: @entity16326 :: ('CHEBI:724125', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl aminolevulinate']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma', 'BCC']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['Photodynamic therapy', 'ALA-PDT versus MAL-PDT', 'PDT']

answer: @entity16326 :: (CHEBI:724125,Chemical) :: ['methyl aminolevulinate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Based on the excellent results with combination chemotherapy such as M-VAC ( @entity1499 , @entity5713 , @entity632 , and @entity900 ) in @entity1 with advanced disease, neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been advocated to improve survival and in some cases to permit bladder conservation. METHODS: A Phase II study of neoadjuvant M-VAC chemotherapy was performed in @entity1 with T2-T4N0M0 @entity150 . After clinical staging, three cycles of M-VAC were given. After @entity1 underwent postchemotherapy clinical restaging, pathologic restaging (partial or radical cystectomy) was planned. RESULTS: Forty-six @entity1 are evaluable. A clinical response was attained in 78%. Six @entity1 (13%) had stable disease, and four (9%) had progression. After chemotherapy, 17 @entity1 underwent radical cystectomy, none of whom were pTO. In this group, 10 of the 17 (59%) are alive at a median follow-up of 37+ months (range, 8-62+ months). Eleven @entity1 had a partial cystectomy; 7 of the 11 (64%) are alive, 6 (55%) with a preserved bladder. Eighteen @entity1 had clinical restaging only, and did not have pathologic staging. Median follow-up for this group is 36+ months (11-65+ months). Twenty-one of the 29 (72%) @entity1 managed with conservative surgery or transurethral resection of the bladder alone are alive with a functional bladder. Median survival for all @entity1 has not yet been reached. Two-year survival is 82%, and 3-year survival is 70%. CONCLUSIONS: The current study is of interest in terms of bladder conservation. Assessment of the true success of any bladder-preserving treatment will require longer follow-up.

title: Neoadjuvant M-VAC ( XXXX , @entity5713 , @entity632 , and @entity900 ) for infiltrating transitional cell @entity150 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: @entity4128 ventricular @entity1141 / @entity296 (ARVC) is characterized histologically by massive infiltration of the right ventricular wall by fat tissue, with surviving strands of cardiomyocytes bordered by or embedded in @entity82 . ARVC has been recognized as a cause of @entity944 , especially in the young. The purpose of our autopsy study was to examine the clinical characteristics and the pathological patterns in the hearts of 20 @entity1 who died suddenly of ARVC. In view of our findings and the literature, we discussed the possible causes and pathogenesis of ARVC, as well as the mechanisms by which @entity944 occurs in this disease. During the 7-year study period, 20 hearts from 9 @entity1 and 11 @entity1 fulfilled the criteria for ARVC. The mean age was 41 years (range, 17 to 80). The disease was unknown prior to death in all cases. Fourteen @entity1 died at rest, and six on effort. In 9 of the 20 cases, the trigger of @entity944 was an acute emotional stress, sometimes associated with a moderate physical activity. The mean heart weight was 380 g (range, 280 to 520). Both ventricles were involved in 40% of the cases. Inflammatory infiltrates consisting of lymphocytes were present in 60% of the cases, but myocyte @entity39 was found in only one case. ARVC is more likely to result from a degenerative process than a @entity4670 . Genetic factors, viral or autoimmune @entity32 or both, and apoptosis are also involved in the @entity179 .

title: Pathology of @entity4128 right XXXX / @entity1141 --an autopsy study of 20 forensic cases.

entities_list: @entity4128 :: ('MESH:D019571', 'Disease') :: ['Arrhythmogenic right']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity4670 :: ('MESH:D009358', 'Disease') :: ['congenital disorder']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disorder']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['ventricular cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiac sympathetic activation is one of the major and earlier changes observed in @entity1 with @entity712 . Its relation to the severity of the disease and its independent prognostic value show that it may directly contribute to the progression of @entity712 . beta-Blockers are the most effective tool to counteract the untoward effects of sympathetic activation on the cardiovascular system. METHODS AND RESULTS: We reviewed the results of the placebo-controlled, double-blind studies about the effects of beta-blockers in @entity1 with @entity712 . These studies have involved almost 10,000 @entity1 to date and have consistently shown that the long-term administration of beta-blockers is associated with a highly significant improvement in both left ventricular function and prognosis of the @entity1 with @entity712 . The evidence supporting the use of beta-blockers now equals or even surpasses that of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; therefore beta-blockers should be considered part of standard therapy. Issues that remain unclarified include the mechanisms through which beta-blockers may improve cardiac function and their tolerability and efficacy in specific groups of @entity1 (such as those with asymptomatic @entity1002 , severe @entity712 , the elderly, or those with @entity1002 ). It is not currently clear whether the pharmacologic differences between individual beta-blockers are clinically relevant. If they are, the potential for even greater benefit with certain agents exists. It is hoped that these issues will be clarified by the results of ongoing multicenter trials.

title: A rationale for the use of beta-blockers as standard treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular diastolic dysfunction', 'left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Recent evidence suggests that the transmembrane topology of ionotropic @entity2227 receptors differs from other members of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. However, the structure of the segment linking membrane domains M3 and M4 (the M3-M4 loop) remains controversial. Although various data indicate that this loop is extracellular, other results suggest that @entity563 residues in this segment are sites of phosphorylation and channel modulation by intracellular protein kinases. To reconcile these data, we hypothesized that the M3-M4 loop structure is dynamic and, more specifically, that the portion containing putative phosphorylation sites may be translocated across the membrane to the cytoplasmic side during agonist binding. To test this hypothesis, we mutated Ser 684, a putative @entity268 -dependent protein kinase site in the @entity4176 -type @entity2227 receptor @entity2373 , to @entity2569 . Results of biochemical and electrophysiological experiments are consistent with @entity2569 684 being accessible, in the unliganded state, from the extracellular side to modification by a @entity2569 -specific biotinylating reagent followed by streptavidin (SA). Interestingly, our data suggest that this residue becomes inaccessible to the extracellular biotinylating reagent during agonist binding. However, we find it unlikely that @entity2569 684 undergoes membrane translocation, because the addition of SA to @entity2569 -biotinylated @entity2373 ( @entity50796 ) has no effect on peak @entity2227 -evoked current and only a small effect on macroscopic desensitization. We conclude that residue 684 in @entity2373 is extracellular in the receptor-channel's closed, unliganded state and does not cross the membrane after agonist binding. However, an agonist-induced conformational change in the receptor substantially alters accessibility of position 684 to the extracellular environment.

title: Agonist-induced changes in substituted cysteine accessibility reveal dynamic extracellular structure of M3-M4 loop of @entity2227 receptor XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

answer: @entity2373 :: (2898,Gene) :: ['GluR6']


abstract: In German healthcare facilities, research-based knowledge of pressure @entity1066 and their relation to @entity1 characteristics is limited. To provide information for national and international comparison on pressure @entity1066 and related issues, two cross-sectional surveys were conducted among 21,574 German hospital @entity1 and nursing home residents (147 institutions total) in 2002 and 2003. Prevalence and frequency rates of pressure @entity1066 in @entity1 at risk (Braden score of </=20) in different institution types were compared and descriptive data on severity, location, history, and origin of 3,857 wounds were analyzed to examine the relationship between age, body mass index, and Braden score and the frequency and severity of wounds. The studies found that among all @entity1 at risk, pressure ulcer prevalence was 21.1% and that the number of pressure @entity1066 per @entity1 was higher in hospitals (1.91, 24.6%) than in nursing homes (1.42, 13.9%). In addition, in hospital @entity1 and nursing home residents, 36.4% and 46.7% of wounds, respectively, were grade 2 severity and higher. In both types of institutions, the most common pressure ulcer locations were the lower back and the heels. In hospital @entity1 , 51.4% of pressure @entity1066 were facility-acquired, compared to 60.2% in nursing homes. In hospital @entity1 and nursing home residents, 7.4% and 29.7% of wounds, respectively, had existed for more than 3 months. The studies also found that @entity1 with lower Braden scale scores had more @entity1066 and more severe pressure @entity1066 . Analysis of wounds in this large @entity1 population provides more detailed information about the problem of pressure @entity1066 and should help improve prevention and treatment.

title: Pressure XXXX in German nursing homes and acute care hospitals: prevalence, frequency, and ulcer characteristics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person', 'people', 'persons']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcers']


abstract: Eighty-six newly diagnosed @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) @entity1 from a public hospital of S  o Paulo (Brazil) were evaluated by @entity8946 -FISH for the presence of del(13)(q14), t(4;14)( @entity986 .3;q32) and del(17)( @entity4668 ). These abnormalities were observed in 46.5, 9.3, and 7.0% of the @entity1 , respectively. In order to identify the possible role of del(13)(q14) in the physiopathology of @entity1582 , we investigated the association between this abnormality and the proliferative and apoptotic indexes of plasma cells. When cases demonstrating t(4;14)( @entity986 .3;q32) and del(17)( @entity4668 ) were excluded from the analysis, we observed a trend towards a positive correlation between the proportion of cells carrying del(13)(q14) and plasma cell proliferation, determined by Ki-67 expression (r = 0.23, P = 0.06). On the other hand, no correlation between the proportion of cells carrying del(13)(q14) and apoptosis, determined by @entity4404 staining, was detected (r = 0.05, P = 0.69). In general, @entity1 carrying del(13)(q14) did not have lower survival than @entity1 without del(13)(q14) (P = 0.15), but @entity1 with more than 80% of cells carrying del(13)(q14) showed a lower overall survival (P = 0.033). These results suggest that, when del(13)(q14) is observed in a high proportion of malignant cells, it may have a role in determining @entity1582 prognosis. Another finding was a statistically significant lower overall survival of @entity1 with t(4;14)( @entity986 .3;q32) (P = 0.026). In the present study, almost half the @entity1 with t(4;14)( @entity986 .3;q32) died just after diagnosis, before starting treatment. This fact suggests that, in S  o Paulo, there may be even more @entity1 with this @entity2008 , but they probably die before being diagnosed due to unfavorable socioeconomic conditions. This could explain the low prevalence of this @entity2008 observed in the present study.

title: Evaluation of chromosomal abnormalities by @entity8946 -FISH and association with proliferative and apoptotic indexes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormality']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: @entity189 ( @entity189 ) of the lung is rare and is considered to be low-grade @entity5 . Intracranial @entity3 of @entity2 has not previously been reported according to our search of the literature. We report a case of skull @entity3 as the initial manifestation of @entity2 . An 81-year-old @entity1 complained of @entity425 . Neurological examination showed @entity1269 . Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an @entity5 in the right frontal bone with invasion to the dura and subdural space, attached to the superior sagittal sinus. @entity5 was performed, and the @entity1269 showed improvement. Histopathological study revealed the @entity5 to consist of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. Pulmonary @entity189 was diagnosed. The @entity1758 index in @entity75 was approximately 10%. The skull and dura are possible sites for @entity3 from @entity2 . The @entity1758 index is a predictive marker of malignant potential.

title: Skull @entity3 as initial manifestation of XXXX : a case report of an unusual case.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'osteolytic tumor', 'Subtotal removal of the tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['left hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary EMC']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma', 'EMC']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['left leg motor weakness']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['pulmonary epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma']


abstract: The neisserial opacity (Opa) proteins are phase-variable, antigenically distinct outer membrane proteins that mediate adherence to and invasion of @entity1 cells. We previously reported that @entity6368 Opa protein expression appeared to be selected for or induced during experimental @entity19 @entity5860 . Here we further defined the kinetics of recovery of Opa variants from the lower genital tracts of female @entity19 and investigated the basis for this initial observation. We found that the recovery of different Opa phenotypes from @entity19 appears cyclical. Three phases of @entity281 were defined. Following intravaginal inoculation with primarily Opa- gonococci, the majority of isolates recovered were Opa+ (early phase). A subsequent decline in the percentage of Opa+ isolates occurred in a majority of @entity19 (middle phase) and was followed by a reemergence of Opa+ variants in @entity19 that were infected for longer than 8 days (late phase). We showed the early phase was due to selection for preexisting Opa+ variants in the inoculum by constructing a @entity2755 -resistant (Cm(r)) strain and following Cm(r) Opa+ populations mixed with a higher percentage of Opa- variants of the wild-type (Cm(s)) strain. Reciprocal experiments (Opa- Cm(r) gonococci spiked with Opa+ Cm(s) bacteria) were consistent with selection of Opa+ variants. Based on the absence in @entity19 of @entity1 carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules, the major class of Opa protein adherence receptors, we conclude the observed selection for Opa+ variants early in @entity281 is not likely due to a specific adherence advantage and may be due to Opa-mediated evasion of innate defenses.

title: In vivo selection for @entity6368 opacity protein expression in the absence of XXXX carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules.

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5860 :: ('MESH:D060737', 'Disease') :: ['genital tract infection']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIM: To analyse the effect of @entity6086 paste, endodontic irrigants and time of application on the bond strength of fibre posts to root canal dentine. METHODOLOGY: Seventy @entity291 incisors were divided into 7 groups according to removal of @entity6086 and distilled water (CHW) (immediate - I; 21  days - 21  days; 6  months - 6  months) and endodontic irrigant (1% @entity8830 - SH; 1% @entity8830  +  17% @entity1098 - SHE). Fibre posts were cemented (RelyX U100), after which the roots were serially sectioned and submitted to a micro-push-out test. Data were analysed using two-way anova followed by the Tukey's and the Dunnett's tests (a  =  0.05). RESULTS: The CHW groups were not significantly different from the control group in 13 of the 18 associated factors (P  >  0.05). There were significant reductions in bond strength in the cervical (P  =  0.0216) and middle (P  =  0.0017) thirds of the root at 6  months in groups irrigated with SH. Irrigation with SHE reduced the bond strength significantly in the middle (P  =  0.0488) and apical (P  =  0.0252) thirds of the roots in the immediate groups and in the middle third (P  =  0.0287) in the 21-day group. Bond strength was greater in the cervical than in the apical thirds of all immediate and 21-day groups (P  <  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bond strength of groups that received CH paste was similar to that found in the control group in 13 of the 18 associated factors. EDTA and SH reduced bond strength in specimens in the immediate (middle and apical thirds) and 21-day (middle third) groups. There was a significant reduction in bond strength in the groups irrigated with SH and tested at 6  months (cervical and middle thirds). There was a predominance of adhesive failures between resin cement and dentine in all groups.

title: Effect of XXXX and endodontic irrigants on fibre post bond strength to root canal dentine.

entities_list: @entity6086 :: ('MESH:D002126', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium hydroxide']

entities_list: @entity8830 :: ('MESH:D012973', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hypochlorite']

answer: @entity6086 :: (MESH:D002126,Chemical) :: ['calcium hydroxide']


abstract: Secondary @entity86 due to @entity432 is the most detrimental insult to free microvascular flaps. In an experimental @entity35 free flap model the efficacy of long acting @entity4770 analogues iloprost (Ilomedin) and cicaprost in @entity432 induced @entity86 was studied. Free, microvascular groin flaps were transplanted to the neck and the draining veins were temporarily occluded on the first postoperative day for a total of 20 min. In the untreated control group, @entity548 flap @entity39 occurred. Intravital microscopy after secondary ischaemia revealed flap areas without reperfusion. The functional vessel density was significantly reduced. Reperfused capillaries were tortuous and significantly dilated. After reperfusion the interstitial leakage of macromolecular dextran increased, indicating loss of microvascular endothelial integrity. Intraarterial and intravenous applications of iloprost were able to diminish the ischaemic effects, giving a flap survival rate of 83%. Similar results were obtained by intravenous and enteral administration of cicaprost. Transcutaneous @entity26 partial pressure measurements confirmed the viability of the surviving flaps. We conclude that both iloprost and cicaprost are effective in preventing @entity432 induced failure of free microvascular groin flaps.

title: Secondary ischaemia in experimental free flaps--treatment by long acting XXXX analogues.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion']

answer: @entity4770 :: (MESH:D011464,Chemical) :: ['prostacyclin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to describe sonographic findings in @entity1 with @entity545 that may explain persistent @entity546 in these @entity1 . We propose the term penile compartment syndrome for use in radiology and urology practice to describe this condition. METHODS: Thirty-five consecutive @entity1 were examined. All these @entity1 had clinically "mature" plaques with @entity545 . Penile duplex sonography was performed as part of the @entity1 evaluation before possible corrective surgery. RESULTS: All @entity1 had the classic sonographic finding of plaques in the tunica albuginea. Persistent @entity4096 was noted in 3 @entity1 (8.6%); we observed @entity9085 during dynamic evaluation of blood flow in 2 (5.8%); and in 2 cases, a low peak systolic velocity was accompanied by an abnormal cavernous artery structure. Four @entity1 (11.4%) had extensive circular plaques in the tunica albuginea, limiting expansion of the cavernous body during erection, as shown by a constant cavernous body diameter of the affected side compared with an increasing diameter of the unaffected side during the progressive phases of erection. @entity1 with a constricting ring of plaques had persistent @entity546 during erection as well as after injection during penile duplex sonography. CONCLUSIONS: @entity545 is caused by replacement of penile tunica albuginea tissue with inelastic scarring. One manifestation of @entity545 is @entity158 erection. In @entity1 with persistent @entity158 , we found circumferential inelastic scarring of the tunica albuginea. The findings of penile compartment syndrome on penile sonography may influence the urologist's choice of surgical technique for treating @entity545 .

title: @entity546 : a possible explanation for XXXX in @entity545 shown by penile sonography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity545 :: ('MESH:D010411', 'Disease') :: ['Peyronie disease']

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['arterial insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity4096 :: ('MESH:D014689', 'Disease') :: ['venous insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['erectile pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['penile pain']

answer: @entity546 :: (MESH:D004414,Disease) :: ['penile pain']


abstract: PURPOSE: Gamma Knife treatment is traditionally limited to @entity5 with a diameter not exceeding 3-3.5 cm. The current paper presents 97 @entity1 with @entity1653 with a minimum volume of 10 cm(3), treated with a prescription dose of 12 Gy (or sometimes less to protect neighbouring structures). The post-treatment assessment of these @entity1 , the early response to treatment and the complications of treatment are presented. METHODS: There were 97 @entity1 , 70 females and 27 males. The mean age was 48.1 years (range 20.4-87.2 years). The mean follow-up was 54 months (range 25-86 months). All @entity5 had a volume of 10 cm(3) or more. The mean volume was 15.9 cm(3) (range 10.0-43.2 cm(3)). Post-treatment follow-up used quantitative and qualitative assessments, which are described. RESULTS: No @entity5 continued to grow. Twenty-seven were smaller and 72 unchanged in volume. Three @entity1 suffered adverse radiation effects (defined as a new post-treatment @entity4 detected on the magnetic resonance image with or without contrast leakage). In one case this was silent. In two cases the clinical and radiological effects were temporary and resolved completely. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested on the basis of this material that the dosimetry used here permits the safe Gamma Knife treatment of larger @entity1653 within the range reported. The early radiological response is encouraging, but further follow-up is needed to check long term @entity5 control. A qualitative method of @entity5 volume assessment is presented. It seems to be a simpler and more reliable way of assessing @entity5 volume changes than other methods currently in routine use.

title: Gamma Knife surgery of large XXXX : early response to treatment.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningiomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: To design effective pediatric @entity130 care delivery systems, it is important to correlate site of care with corresponding outcomes. Using a multistate administrative database, we describe recent @entity1 allocation and outcomes in @entity130 . METHODS: The 2000 Kids' Inpatient Database, containing 2,516,833 inpatient discharge records from 27 states, was filtered by E-code to yield @entity130 cases. Injury Severity Scores (ISSs) were derived for each discharge using ICDMAP-90 (Tri-Analytics, Inc, Forest Hill, @entity601 ). After weighting to estimate national trends, cases were grouped by age (0-10, >10-20 years), @entity2992 (< or =15, >15), and National Association of @entity1 's Hospitals and Related Institutions-designated site of care. Measured outcomes included mortality, length of stay, and total charges. Analysis was completed using Student's t test and chi2. RESULTS: Among 79,673 injury cases, mean age was 12.2 +/- 6.2 years and @entity2992 was 7.4 +/- 7.6. Eighty-nine percent of injured @entity1 received care outside of @entity1 's hospitals. In the subgroup of @entity1 aged 0 to 10 years with @entity2992 of greater than 15, the mean @entity2992 for adult hospitals and @entity1 's hospitals was not significantly different (18.9 +/- 9.1 vs. 19.4 +/- 9.3, P = .08). However, in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and charges were all significantly higher in adult hospitals (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Younger and more seriously injured @entity1 have improved outcomes in @entity1 's hospitals. Appropriate triage may improve outcomes in pediatric @entity130 .

title: Outcomes and delivery of care in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['pediatric injury']


abstract: The aim of the study was to measure the occurrence (prevalence and incidence) of episodes of @entity1643 (definite effect) in a wide sample of health workers assisting disabled @entity1 . A questionnaire was used for the study both of true @entity1643 and of episodes of ingravescent @entity1643 controlled pharmacologically at the onset. The questionnaire identified overall acute and pharmacologically controlled episodes occurring in the previous 12 months, both in the course of work and over the whole life of the subject. Appropriately trained operators administered the questionnaire to 551 subjects; 481 valid answer cards were obtained from 372 females and 109 males working in medical, orthopaedic and geriatric departments. 75.4% of the sample had high exposure index levels for @entity1 lifting. The prevalence of true @entity1643 was 9% in males and 11% in females referred to the previous 12 months. Taking acute true and pharmacologically controlled @entity1643 together the prevalences rose to 13.8% for males and 26.9% in females. Data from the reference populations showed that @entity1643 did not exceed 3% on average in the previous year. Since work seniority in the hospital wards was known, the incidences were calculated, giving 7.9% in females and 5.29% in males for @entity1643 , and 19% in females and 3.49% in males for pharmacologically controlled @entity1643 . Considering the number of episodes in 100 workers/year, @entity1643 alone reached prevalences of 13-14%. This therefore appears to confirm the positive ratio between episodes of @entity1643 and duties involving assistance to disabled @entity1 .

title: [Acute lumbago due to the manual lifting of XXXX in wards: prevalence and incidence data].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain', 'acute low back pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We have studied 250 @entity1 with mild to moderate @entity101 (diastolic blood pressure 95-114 mmHg) and dyslipidaemia (high-density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) below 1.03 mmol.l-1, total @entity165 5.17-9.05 mmol.l-1, and @entity1674 2.26-5.64 mmol.l-1) in a controlled double-blind, multicentre, parallel group trial. The @entity1 took a fat-modified diet. After a 4-week placebo period, @entity1 who continued to fulfil the selection criteria were randomly allocated to treatment with either @entity1405 (a vasodilating beta-blocker) 25-50 mg o.d. (n = 116) or @entity3371 (an @entity1289 inhibitor) 25-50 mg o.d. (n = 117) for 6 months. In both groups there were favourable effects on the serum lipids. The relative changes (medians) in the @entity1405 and @entity3371 group were respectively: increase in HDL-C by 11% and 8%, decrease in total @entity165 by 11% and 10%, in low-density lipoprotein @entity165 by 16% and 12%, and in @entity1674 by 13% and 14%. Equivalence of the two treatments was confirmed for the target variable change in HDL-C at a significance level of 5%. @entity551 were comparable in the two groups ( @entity1405 : 23/19 mmHg, @entity3371 : 20/18 mmHg). The improvement in lipid metabolism in @entity1 treated with @entity1405 is probably due to its alpha 1-blocking properties.

title: A double-blind comparison of the effects of @entity1405 and @entity3371 on serum lipid concentrations in @entity1 with mild to moderate XXXX and dyslipidaemia.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['essential hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity1405 :: ('MESH:C043211', 'Chemical') :: ['carvedilol']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Reductions in supine systolic/diastolic blood pressures']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['essential hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiobiological implications of clinical use of respiratory-gated techniques for postoperative radiation therapy of early-stage left-sided @entity0 after breast-conserving surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Radiation therapy treatment plans of 80 @entity1 with @entity0 (stage I-II), receiving whole breast irradiation after breast-conserving therapy, were analyzed. The control group consisting of 47 @entity1 received standard radiation therapy, and the respiratory-gated group consisting of 33 @entity1 received deep inspiration-gated radiation therapy. Normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCP) for @entity299 and for clinical radiation-induced @entity55 were calculated for all @entity1 included in present study, using relative seriality model. NTCP data were analyzed for 113 radiation therapy plans, which included free breathing plans for the respiratory-gated groups. RESULTS: @entity55 probability was 0.6% (range 0.0-2.8%) and 0.3% (0.0-1.2%) for control and respiratory-gated group, respectively. Cardiac mortality was 1.3% (0.0-5.0%) and 0.2% (0.0-2.8%) for control and respiratory-gated group, respectively. Using respiratory-gated radiation therapy, NTCP was reduced in comparison with the control group by 83% (P<0.00001) and by 55% (P=0.01270) for @entity299 and for clinical radiation-induced @entity55 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Use of respiratory-gated radiation therapy, for postoperative treatment of @entity0 , significantly reduces excessive @entity299 probability and @entity358 probability, as compared to standard radiation therapy techniques. This is especially important from @entity299 probability point of view, as @entity299 remains one of the important issues of postoperative breast irradiation in @entity1 with early stage @entity0 .

title: Analysis of cardiac and @entity358 probabilities after radiation therapy for XXXX with @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis', 'Pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complication']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart complication', 'cardiac mortality']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Previous studies suggested that @entity4396 gene transcripts in @entity1 tissues may be derived from an upstream transcriptional start site in addition to the well characterized hypothalamic start site. To resolve this issue we characterized the transcriptional start sites of the @entity1 @entity4396 gene in a @entity1 @entity5 cell line (JEG) and a @entity1 @entity0 cell line ( @entity1865 ). Using primer extension and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, we identified a discrete upstream transcriptional start site 579 bases up-stream from the hypothalamic site in both JEG and MDA cell lines. The up-stream start site lacks the TATA and CAAT elements often present in RNA polymerase-II promoters, but contains the sequence GGTCTTGCT located 84 bases 5' to the up-stream start site similar to other genes that lack TATA/CAAT boxes. RT-PCR quantitation shows that the up-stream start site is the major transcriptional start site, representing 74% of the cytoplasmic transcripts in JEG cells and 67% in MDA cells. Supporting this observation, transfection assay using a @entity1 @entity4396 promoter/luciferase reporter gene construct containing only the up-stream transcription start site has a higher level of transcriptional activity than the @entity1 @entity4396 promoter/luciferase reporter construct containing only the down-stream start site. A high relative abundance (approximately 45%) of total @entity4396 mRNAs were also found in the nucleus of both cell lines, which did not appear to be a consequence of the nuclear/cytoplasmic fractionation procedure. To determine if this upstream start site was used in normal @entity4396 -expressing @entity1 tissues, we analyzed RNA from a variety of postmortem/surgical procedure tissue samples. RT-PCR analysis together with Southern blot analysis demonstrated the presence of @entity4396 mRNA in @entity1 pituitary, cerebral cortex, testes, ovary, and mammary gland for the first time as well as verified @entity4396 gene expression in hypothalamus and placenta. The up-stream transcriptional start site is used only in reproductive tissues, such as placenta, testes, ovary, and mammary gland, suggesting tissue-specific regulation at this site.

title: Identification of a major up-stream transcription start site for the XXXX progonadotropin-releasing hormone gene used in reproductive tissues and cell lines.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['placental tumor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: High-dose @entity2879 (2.0-2.4 g m(-2)) with @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ) is an effective strategy to mobilize peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs), although in some @entity1 this is associated with significant @entity137 . Sixty-three @entity1 with @entity5 were enrolled into this non-randomized sequential study. The majority (55/63, 87%) had received at least two prior regimens of chemotherapy, and seven @entity1 had previously failed to mobilize following high-dose @entity786 with @entity1261 . Consecutive @entity1 groups received @entity2879 at three dose levels [2.0 g m(-2) (n = 22), 1.8 g m(-2) (n = 20) and 1.6 g m(-2) (n = 21)] followed by daily @entity1261 . Subsequent leukaphereses were assayed for @entity2280 + cell content, with a target total collection of 2.0 x 10(6) @entity2280 + cells kg(-1). @entity137 was assessed by the development of significant @entity33 , the requirement for parenteral antibiotics or blood component support and rehospitalization incidence. Ten @entity1 (16%) had less than the minimum target yield collected. Median collections in the three groups were 4.7 (2 g m(-2)), 5.7 (1.8 g m(-2)) and 6.5 (1.6 g m(-2)) x 10(6) @entity2280 + cells kg(-1). Five of the seven @entity1 who had previously failed @entity786 mobilization achieved more than the target yield. Rehospitalization incidence was significantly lower in @entity1 receiving 1.6 g m(-2) @entity2879 than in those receiving 2.0 g m(-2) (P = 0.03). These data suggest that high-dose @entity2879 with @entity1261 is an efficient mobilization regimen in the majority of heavily pretreated @entity1 , including those who have previously failed on high-dose @entity786 with @entity1261 . An @entity2879 dose of 1.6 g m(-2) appears to be as effective as higher doses but less toxic.

title: High-dose XXXX with @entity1261 for mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells: efficacy and @entity137 at three dose levels.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

answer: @entity2879 :: (MESH:D005047,Chemical) :: ['etoposide']


abstract: Export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was studied in mature @entity1238 oocytes. In vitro transcribed, capped 32P-labeled mRNA was microinjected into nuclei, and its appearance in the cytoplasm measured by counting radioactivity or by RNA extraction and gel electrophoresis. Both for a 5.0-kb @entity49476 receptor mRNA and a 2.0-kb @entity39154 antigen heavy chain mRNA we found saturable transport with an apparent Km of 3.6 x 10(8) molecules per oocyte nucleus. Under non-saturating conditions the half-time for mRNA export from the nucleus was approximately 2 min at 20 degrees C. At higher concentrations of injected mRNA this half-time was prolonged, and the maximal transport rate was reached at approximately 1.6 x 10(8) molecules/min. mRNA transport showed properties of an energy-dependent mechanism, since it was inhibited at 4 degrees C or by @entity855 depletion. Co-injection of the cap dinucleotide m7GpppG blocked the export effectively, suggesting a role for the cap in this process. The export was also inhibited by the pre-injection of @entity3505 germ agglutinin. The effect of the lectin was specific and abolished by co-injection of @entity3954 . Finally, we found significant competitive inhibition in mRNA export by the presence of tRNA. Our results suggest that mRNA transport is a facilitated process which may share common steps with tRNA transport. Preliminary gel retardation experiments show that injected mRNA associates with endogenous nuclear proteins and suggest an exchange of some of the bound components during the transport to the cytoplasm.

title: Export of mRNA from microinjected nuclei of XXXX oocytes.

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

entities_list: @entity3954 :: ('CHEBI:28009', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylglucosamine']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus laevis']


abstract: Sigma receptors are @entity141 -sensitive, ligand-operated receptor chaperones at the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This study describes the effect of the sigma receptor 1 agonist @entity10768 on intraocular pressure (IOP) and sigma receptor 1 expression in @entity35 retinas after @entity2790 . @entity2790 was induced by occlusion of episcleral veins. Retinal histological sections were obtained to determine inner plexiform layer thickness and the number of cell bodies in the @entity4494 cell layer. Sigma receptor expression in @entity35 retinas was analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Cauterization caused IOP to increase >73%, and the pressure was maintained for 2 months. A time-dependent @entity393 cells and retinal thickness occurred at elevated IOP. High IOP decreased sigma receptor 1 expression during the first week, but expression was increased at 8 weeks. Injected @entity3333 significantly decreased IOP, prevented @entity4494 cell loss, protected inner plexiform layer thickness, and increased sigma receptor 1 expression in episcleral vein-cauterized @entity35 . Sigma receptors appear to be neuroprotective and potential targets for @entity726 therapeutics.

title: @entity10768 decreases intraocular pressure and changes expression of sigma receptor in a model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3333 :: ('MESH:D011284', 'Chemical') :: ['pregnenolone']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['chronic ocular hypertension', 'Chronic ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of ganglion']

entities_list: @entity10768 :: ('MESH:C018370', 'Chemical') :: ['pregnenolone sulfate']

answer: @entity2790 :: (MESH:D009798,Disease) :: ['chronic ocular hypertension']


abstract: Previously we found that male @entity19 carrying either of two @entity536 thymidine kinase reporter transgenes displayed low level ectopic expression of the reporter gene in the testis and, although fertile, exhibited reduced fecundity. In contrast to males of later generations, many of the founder males failed to transmit the transgene to their progeny. This led to the suggestion that these fertile non-transmitting males are mosaic, with the sperm developing from the non-transgenic lineage outperforming those from the @entity24180 lineage. Here we present the results of artificial insemination (AI) and @entity52 ( @entity52 ) experiments designed to test this hypothesis. Albino @entity1577 (1) hybrid females were inseminated with mixtures of equal numbers of sperm from @entity24180 ( @entity24180 ) males (equivalent to C57BL/6 x CBAF(2)) and @entity1577 (1) males. Similar mixed inseminations were carried out in parallel with sperm from non-transgenic (NT) siblings of the @entity24180 @entity19 and 13-day fetuses were scored by eye color to determine their paternity. The pooled data from five experiments gave ratios of @entity1577 (1) to @entity24180 and @entity1577 (1) to NT offspring of 8.13 and 0.22 respectively, implying a calculated @entity24180 to NT ratio of 0.027. This indicates that, in competition with each other, the NT sperm would be almost 40 times more successful in fertilization than the @entity24180 sperm. Smaller differences were observed between @entity24180 and NT when AI was performed with unmixed sperm, consistent with the fertility of @entity24180 non-founder males. However, in five @entity52 experiments carried out with unmixed sperm, 142/212 oocytes exposed to NT sperm were activated and divided, while only 8/226 oocytes treated with @entity24180 sperm reached the two-cell stage. This confirms that @entity24180 sperm are defective and indicates that the @entity52 method employed amplified these deficiencies, which may have only a small effect upon natural reproduction when the @entity24180 sperm are not in competition with normal sperm.

title: Failure of founder transgenic male XXXX to transmit an attenuated HSV thymidine kinase transgene results from mosaicism and sperm competition.

entities_list: @entity24180 :: ('MESH:C535776', 'Disease') :: ['heterozygous transgenic', 'HT']

entities_list: @entity536 :: ('MESH:C538265', 'Disease') :: ['attenuated herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilization']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate first-pass i.v. gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography in @entity1 with peripheral @entity432 for visualization of the pedal arteries and @entity850 or occlusion of those arteries with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography as the reference standard. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with peripheral @entity432 (nine @entity1 , 11 @entity1 ; age-range 58-83 years) were prospectively enrolled. Gadofosveset first-pass contrast-enhanced MR angiography was performed with a 1.5-T system, a dedicated foot coil, and cuff compression to the @entity291 . Arterial segments were assessed for degree of @entity2791 , arterial visibility, diagnostic utility, and venous contamination. @entity850 or occlusion was evaluated in comparison with findings at digital subtraction angiography. The unpaired Student's t test was used to test arterial visibility with the two techniques. RESULTS: First-pass MR angiography with gadofosveset had good diagnostic utility in 83.9% of all segments and no venous contamination in 96.8% of all segments. There was no difference between the performance of intraarterial digital subtraction angiography and that of i.v. contrast-enhanced MR angiography in arterial visibility overall (p = 0.245) or in subgroup analysis of surgical arterial bypass targets (p = 0.202). The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of i.v. gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography for characterization of clinically significant @entity850 and occlusion were 91.4%, 96.1%, and 93.9%. In the subgroup analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85.5%, 96.5%, and 92.1%. CONCLUSION: Gadofosveset-enhanced MR angiography of the pedal arteries in @entity1 with peripheral @entity432 has arterial visibility equal to that of digital subtraction angiography and facilitates depiction of clinically significant @entity850 and occlusion.

title: Pedal angiography in peripheral XXXX : first-pass i.v. contrast-enhanced MR angiography with blood pool contrast medium versus intraarterial digital subtraction angiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['arterial stenosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Detection of vessel stenosis', 'stenosis']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['arterial occlusive disease']