abstract: OBJECTIVES: Does phaco-ECP reduce intraocular pressure? Is phaco-ECP safe? DESIGN: Retrospective case note review of all @entity1 undergoing phaco-ECP between June 2008 and June 2009. All @entity726 subtypes were included. SETTING: Single District General Hospital Ophthalmology Department within the UK. @entity1 : 58 @entity1 case notes reviewed. Mean age 79.0 years (SD   9.8). INTERVENTIONS: All @entity1 received combined @entity231 surgery and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation. OUTCOME MEASURES: Follow-up was 1 day, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement. Number of medications, visual acuity and presence of complications were also assessed. RESULTS: Of the 58 cases performed, 56 case notes (97%) were available for analysis. Mean age 79.0 years (SD   9.8). Mean pre-procedural IOP was 21.54 mm   Hg (95% CI 19.86 to 23.22, n=56). Mean IOP was 14.43 mm   Hg (95% CI 13.65 to 15.21, n=53) at 18 months and 14.44 mm   Hg (95% CI 13.63 to 15.25, n=41) at 24 months. The mean drop from baseline to 18 and 24 months was 7.1 mm   Hg. Statistically significant decrease in IOP was demonstrated at all time points (p<0.001). Mean medication usage was 1.97 agents (95% CI 1.69 to 2.25) at baseline, 1.96 agents (95% CI 1.70 to 2.22) at 18 months and 2.07 agents (95% CI 1.76 to 2.38) at 24 months. No statistically significant change throughout. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the safety of phaco-ECP. In this case series, the IOP-lowering effect was significant at all time points; however, the effect of @entity231 surgery alone was not controlled. A randomised controlled trial is required to draw efficacy conclusions. The authors proposed endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation's main role is to optimise control of low-risk @entity726 of low-risk @entity1 at the time of @entity231 surgery. However, the authors do not propose that phaco-ECP is a substitute for filtration surgery in high-risk eyes or when low target pressures (<14 mm   Hg) are indicated.

title: 'Phaco-ECP': combined endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation and @entity231 surgery to augment medical control of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The inward rectifier K+ current ( @entity25140 ) plays an important role in governing cardiac electrical activity and is well known to have different properties in the atrium compared with the ventricle. Several @entity19378 ( @entity19378 ) subunits ( @entity19378 , HH- @entity12397 , HIR, and @entity50328 ) with different properties have been cloned from @entity1 tissues, but their relative expression in cardiac tissues has not been quantified. The present study was designed to define the relative levels of mRNA for various IRKs in @entity1 atrium and in failing and nonfailing ventricle. METHODS AND RESULTS: Competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify in @entity1 atrium and ventricle the mRNA levels of @entity19378 , HH- @entity12397 , HIR, and @entity50328 . The absence of important noncardiac contamination was confirmed by demonstrating a lack of detectable mRNA markers for neuronal ( @entity934 receptor) and vascular (maxi-K channel) tissue. mRNA of HIR was more abundant in normal atrium (7.1+/-1.3 amol/ microg total RNA) than ventricle (0.6+/-0.1 amol/ microg, P<0. 05), whereas @entity50328 mRNA was more concentrated in ventricle (18. 1+/-4.3 amol/ microg) than atrium (1.4+/-0.3 amol/ microg, P<0.05). Concentrations of @entity19378 (42.7+/-6.7 amol/ microg in atrium vs 57. 1+/-9.2 amol/ microg in ventricle) and @entity12397 (2.0+/-0.5 amol/ microg in atrium vs 1.5+/-0.5 amol/ microg in ventricle) were comparable. No significant differences in @entity19378 subunit transcript concentrations were found between normal and failing ventricles. CONCLUSIONS: mRNAs for all 4 IRKs are detected in @entity1 atrium and ventricle, but the mRNA copy number of a low-conductance subunit (HIR) is larger in atrium and the copy number of a weakly rectifying subunit ( @entity50328 ) is larger in ventricle. These differences in relative message levels may provide a potential molecular basis for different properties of @entity25140 in @entity1 atrium compared with ventricle.

title: Differential distribution of inward rectifier potassium channel transcripts in XXXX atrium versus ventricle.

entities_list: @entity19378 :: ('3768', 'Gene') :: ['hIRK', 'inward rectifier K+ channel', 'IRK']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Molecular subtyping has allowed for the beginning of personalized treatment in @entity1 suffering from @entity2946 ( @entity2946 ). However, resistance inevitably emerges against these therapies, particularly in the @entity4851 ( @entity4851 ) subtype. We found that @entity1 with @entity4851 subtype have the worst outcome underscoring the need to identify new therapeutic targets. PROCEDURE: High content screening of a 129 compound library identified agents that inhibited @entity4851 @entity2946 growth. Lead molecular target levels, p90 ribosomal S6 kinase ( @entity34562 ) were characterized by immunoblotting and qRT-PCR. Comparisons were made to @entity1 neural stem cells (hNSC). Impact of inhibiting @entity34562 with the small molecule @entity46856 or siRNA was assessed in growth assays (monolayer, neurosphere, and soft agar). NanoString was used to detect @entity34562 in a cohort of 66 @entity1 with @entity2946 . To determine @entity46856 pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, 100   mg/kg was I.P. injected into @entity19 and tissues were collected at various time points. RESULTS: @entity1 , ONS76, UW228, and UW426 @entity2946 cells were exquisitely sensitive to @entity46856 but unresponsive to @entity4851 inhibitors. Anti- @entity5 growth corresponded with inactivation of @entity34562 in @entity2946 cells. @entity46856 had no effect on hNSCs. Inhibiting @entity34562 with siRNA or @entity46856 suppressed growth, induced apoptosis, and sensitized cells to @entity4851 agents. Notably, @entity34562 expression is correlated with @entity4851 @entity1 . In @entity19 , @entity46856 was well-tolerated and crossed the blood-brain barrier (BBB). CONCLUSIONS: @entity34562 inhibitors are promising because they target @entity34562 which is correlated with @entity4851 @entity1 as well as cause high levels of apoptosis to only @entity2946 cells. Importantly, @entity46856 crosses the BBB, acting as a scaffold for development of more long-lived @entity34562 inhibitors.

title: Overcoming resistance to XXXX inhibition by targeting p90 ribosomal S6 kinase in pediatric @entity2946 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patients', 'Daoy']

entities_list: @entity2946 :: ('MESH:D008527', 'Disease') :: ['medulloblastoma', 'MB']

answer: @entity4851 :: (6469,Gene) :: ['Sonic Hedgehog']


abstract: As myogenesis, muscle growth and differentiation and growth factor expression are influenced by thyroid and @entity7318 ( @entity7318 ) levels, it is important to investigate the possibility that altered activity of the @entity121 prevents the lethal progression of @entity3986 and/or contributes to the muscle fiber @entity1184 of limb muscles. The ultrastructure of pituitary and thyroid tissues in age-matched control and mdx @entity19 at 2 and 12 months of age was examined. Pituitary @entity7318 , and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormone (T4), and @entity908 kinase (CK) levels were measured. Mdx thyroid gland structure was similar to age-matched control glands. Mdx thyroid gland weighed significantly more than in age-matched controls, but was unchanged relative to body weight. TSH and T4 levels were not different from levels in control @entity19 . High CK levels reflected the active @entity3986 in mdx muscles. Somatotrophs in mdx pituitaries were @entity1184 in comparison to controls, indicating increased secretory activity, and pituitary @entity7318 was slightly but significantly greater in old mdx female @entity19 compared to age-matched female controls. These observations rule out hypopituitary or hypothyroid function as a reason for the low impact of @entity942 in mdx muscles. Results suggest a contribution by raised @entity7318 to the fiber @entity1184 in mdx limb and heart muscle, which might also assist the large capacity for limb muscle regeneration in mdx @entity19 .

title: The XXXX in mdx dystrophic @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy', 'hypertrophied']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['mdx dystrophy', 'dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary-muscle axis']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['dystrophin deficiency']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['pituitary-muscle axis']


abstract: The morphological development of motoneuron pools of two hindlimb muscles of the @entity35 , soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA), was studied in @entity35 ranging in age between 8 and 30 postnatal days (P8-P30). Motoneurons were retrogradely labelled by injecting a cholera toxin B subunit solution directly into the muscles. This resulted in extensive labelling of motoneurons as well as their dendritic trees. The distribution of cross sectional areas of neuronal somata was determined for both muscles at various ages. Somal size increased considerably between P8 and P12, whereas growth was moderate between P12 and @entity10276 . The size distribution of SOL motoneurons was bimodal from @entity10276 , whereas the size distribution of TA motoneurons remained largely unimodal. The morphological development of the dendritic tree was studied qualitatively. The development of dendritic arborization within the SOL and the TA motoneuron pool showed major differences. The arborization pattern of dendrites of TA motoneurons was basically multipolar at all ages. In contrast, dendrites of SOL neurons tended to line up with the rostro-caudal @entity2270 and became organized in longitudinal bundles from @entity11754 onwards. The relatively late appearance of dendrite bundles in the soleus motoneuron pool suggests that they might be related to the fine-tuning of neuronal activity rather than patterning of motor activity. The occurrence of dendrite bundles in SOL and not in TA motoneuron pools suggests that they may be related to the different afferent organization of this postural muscle or to its tonic activation pattern.

title: Structural changes of the soleus and the tibialis anterior motoneuron pool during development in the XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential mechanism of @entity148 ( @entity148 ). METHODS: Ten @entity148 @entity1 and 10 sex- and age-matched healthy @entity1 underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 2 stages by block design: auditory presentation of the stimulation task. In experiment 1 emotionally neutral words were given and then alternated with a no word period for 8 cycles. In experiment 2 emotionally neutral words and threat-related words were given alternately for 8 cycles. The subjects were asked to listen carefully and then judge their subjective feeling in mind. By the end of experiment they were asked to fill in a state anxiety inventory (STAI-S) so as to calculate the STAI-S scores. RESULTS: The mean STI-S score of the @entity1 in the experiment 1 was 57 +/- 5, significantly higher than that of the healthy @entity1 (37 +/- 3, P < 0.01); and the mean STAI-S score in the experiment 2 of the @entity1 was 66 +/- 6, significantly higher than that of the healthy @entity1 (41 +/- 4, P < 0.01). The fMRI findings showed that in the experiment 1 the activated cerebral regions of the 2 groups were mostly overlapped, including bilateral superior temporal gyri (BA22/42) and middle temporal gyri (BA21), premotor areas (B46), and supplementary motor areas (BA6), and cerebellar hemisphere, and left inferior prefrontal gyrus (BA44/45). However, the activation intensity levels (mean T values) of the bilateral superior temporal gyri of the @entity1 were both significantly higher than those of the control (for the left side: P = 0.051, and for the right side: P = 0.035). In addition, activation of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (BA8/9) and bilateral inferior parietal lobules (BA39/40). In the experiment 2 activation of brain areas could be seen only in the @entity1 , including bilateral superior temporal gyri, middle temporal gyri, inferior prefrontal gyri, inferior parietal lobules, anterior motor areas, supplemental motor areas, and anterior cingulate gyri (BA8/24/32), and left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. No significantly activated brain area could be shown in the control at the same stringent statistic level (P < 0.01, uncorrected); however, when the threshold value (P value) was reduced to 0.01, the left anterior cingulate gyrus (BA24/32), posterior cingulate gyrus (BA29/30), and inferior parietal lobules (BA40) were all significantly activated. CONCLUSION: Dysfunction of superior temporal lobe and dorsal prefrontal cortex, characterized by @entity2915 in response to outer stimuli, may play an important role in the psychopathologic mechanism of @entity148 .

title: [Prefrontal and superior temporal lobe hyperactivity as a biological substrate of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['GAD', 'generalized anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['generalized anxiety disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish the influence of genotypic resistance-guided treatment decisions and @entity1 -reported adherence on the virological and immunological responses in @entity1 failing a potent antiretroviral regimen in a randomized, controlled trial in a tertiary care infectious diseases department. @entity1 : A total of 174 @entity1 with virological failure were randomly assigned to receive standard of care (SOC) or additional genotypic resistance information (G). Adherence was measured by a self-administered questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Primary endpoints were the proportion with @entity645 -RNA < 500 copies/ml at 3 and 6 months by intention-to-treat analysis. Secondary endpoints were changes from baseline @entity645 -RNA levels and @entity404 cell counts. RESULTS: At entry, 25% had failed three or more highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens and 41% three drug classes; there were more resistance mutations in G. In 127 evaluable questionnaires, 43% reported last missed dose during the previous week. At 3 months, 11 of 89 @entity1 (12%) in SOC and 23 of 85 (27%) in G had @entity645 -RNA < 500 copies/ml (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.12-6.26); the relative proportions were 17 and 21% at 6 months. @entity404 cell changes did not differ between arms. Six month @entity404 cell changes were +62 in adherent and -13 cells/microl in non-adherent @entity1 (P < 0.01). Being assigned to G, good adherence, previous history of virological success, fewer experienced HAART regimens and lower baseline viral load were independently predictive of 3 month virological success. CONCLUSION: The virological benefit of genotype-guided treatment decisions in heavily pre-exposed @entity1 was short term. @entity1 adherence and residual treatment options influenced outcomes.

title: Usefulness of monitoring XXXX drug resistance and adherence in individuals failing highly active antiretroviral therapy: a randomized study (ARGENTA).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Hemodialysis with @entity8608 (CU) membranes induces mononuclear cell activation, leading to increased expression of adhesion molecules, formation of cell aggregates, and apoptosis. It is likely that structure(s) of the CU membrane interact with mononuclear cell surface molecules which transduce biochemical signals to the cell. Interactions between adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix have been implicated in cell activation, proliferation, and/or apoptosis. In the present work, we study whether adhesion molecules may be involved in CU-induced mononuclear cell @entity1423 and/or apoptosis. METHODS: The present study was performed using THP-1 cells, a @entity1 monocytic cell line, cultured in the presence of the CU membrane. @entity9536 and @entity2071 expression was studied with fluorescent monoclonal antibodies. Cell @entity1423 was quantified using a phase-contrast microscope. Apoptosis was evaluated by either light microscopy or annexin V labeling. RESULTS: The results show that incubation of CU membranes with the proteins @entity9536 , @entity1454 , and @entity2071 or the blockade of these cell surface molecules with specific monoclonal antibodies inhibited the CU-induced @entity1423 and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CU membranes interact selectively with these specific proteins to induce cell activation which ultimately results in apoptosis.

title: Role of adhesion molecules in mononuclear cell apoptosis induced by XXXX hemodialysis membranes.

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['aggregation']

entities_list: @entity8608 :: ('MESH:C009865', 'Chemical') :: ['Cuprophan']

answer: @entity8608 :: (MESH:C009865,Chemical) :: ['cuprophan']


abstract: The significant association with @entity286 and @entity167 combined with advanced age at time of diagnosis predispose @entity213 ( @entity213 ) @entity1 to increased risk of comorbidities. The presence of comorbidity affects treatment, treatment selection and subsequent outcome. Multiple studies have demonstrated comorbidity to be a strong prognostic factor for survival, and therefore comorbidity can be a major confounder in clinical trials. This review provides a summary of the current literature on comorbidity in @entity135 , measurements of comorbidity, the impact of comorbidity on treatment, treatment selection, and survival. A systematic search was performed in six electronic databases. In all, 31 papers were selected for this review. A meta-analysis on the prognostic impact of comorbidity was performed including 10 studies. Furthermore, 21 studies concerning comorbidity were reviewed. Several valid indices to classify comorbidity were described in the literature, none proven to be superior over the other. The prevalence of comorbidity increased with age and the presence of comorbidity influenced treatment and treatment selection. Furthermore, comorbidity was associated with lower socio economic status and increased the risk of early retirement after treatment. The meta-analysis on comorbidity as a prognostic factor, including 22,932 @entity1 , showed that overall survival was significantly worsened among @entity1 with comorbidity (HR=1.38 (1.32-1.43)). Increasing comorbidity-score was associated with increased risk of @entity204 . Comorbidity is important in @entity213 and significantly impacts on overall survival. Trials concerning @entity213 should always include information on comorbidity and randomized trials should stratify @entity1 according to comorbidity in order to avoid bias in the study.

title: Impact of comorbidity on treatment outcome in XXXX - a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', 'HNSCC']

answer: @entity213 :: (MESH:C535575,Disease) :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The contribution of @entity5345 and @entity2674 to the incidence of @entity2675 ( @entity2675 ) in the United Kingdom is not known, and the importance of these genes in the increased risk of female @entity0 associated with a family history of @entity0 in a male first-degree relative is unclear. METHODS: We have carried out a population-based study of 94 @entity2675 cases collected in the UK. We screened genomic DNA for mutations in @entity5345 and @entity2674 and used family history data from these cases to calculate the risk of @entity0 to female relatives of @entity2675 cases. We also estimated the contribution of @entity5345 and @entity2674 to this risk. RESULTS: Nineteen cases (20%) reported a first-degree relative with @entity0 , of whom seven also had an affected second-degree relative. The @entity0 risk in female first-degree relatives was 2.4 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-4.0) the risk in the general population. No @entity5345 mutation carriers were identified and five cases were found to carry a mutation in @entity2674 . Allowing for a mutation detection sensitivity frequency of 70%, the carrier frequency for @entity2674 mutations was 8% (95% CI = 3-19). All the mutation carriers had a family history of @entity43 . However, @entity2674 accounted for only 15% of the excess familial risk of @entity0 in female first-degree relatives. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that other genes that confer an increased risk for both female and @entity2675 have yet to be found.

title: XXXX and @entity2674 mutations in a population-based study of @entity2675 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['breast, ovarian, prostate or pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['MBC', 'male breast cancer']

answer: @entity5345 :: (672,Gene) :: ['BRCA1']


abstract: @entity661 is a clinical entity mimicking an ST elevation @entity583 recently identified. Are associated a @entity662 , electrocardiographics abnormalities, minor elevation of enzyme biomarkers in @entity1 who don't have any significant angiographic @entity850 on the coronary angiography and where left ventricle angiography shows apical regional wallmotion abnormalities with a characteristic apical ballooning aspect. Between march 2003 and march 2005, we included 11 @entity1 for whom this syndrom was suspected. Mean age was 70, 3 years old. Electrocardiogram was abnormal in all cases. Biological markers show for all @entity1 an elevation of troponin I. All @entity1 had a coronary angiography and coronary arteries were normal. Left ventricle angiography showed in all cases wall-motion abnormalities in the apex with a ballooning aspect. A psychological or physical inducing factor has been found for 8 @entity1 . The evolution was simple for all @entity1 with no complications noted and no recurrence with a mean follow up of 15 months. @entity661 or transient @entity661 have a good long-term prognosis even if serious complications sometimes deathly can be seen. The cause of this syndrom is unknown but it must be considered as a possible diagnosis of ST elevation @entity583 with normal coronary arteries.

title: [Transient XXXX or @entity661 . About 11 cases].

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular apical ballooning syndrom', 'Takotsubo cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity661 :: (MESH:D054549,Disease) :: ['left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome']


abstract: Nonspecific @entity6587 (NSBHR) has been observed in @entity1 who have undergone lung transplantation, but studies have provided conflicting reports as to the incidence and significance of this finding. To delineate more clearly the natural history of NSBHR after lung transplantation, data from 111 consecutive @entity1 undergoing double lung transplantation between February 1988 and May 1994 were reviewed. @entity2710 challenge testing was requested in conjunction with regular postoperative follow-up. Among 60 @entity1 tested at 3 mo, 18 (30%) had a positive @entity2710 challenge; at 6 mo, the incidence was 14 of 59 (24%). Of 21 @entity1 for whom complete testing was performed for 12 mo or longer, 13 (62%) had exclusively negative challenges. @entity1 with a positive challenge at 3 mo were significantly more likely to develop @entity4154 ( @entity4154 ) (p < 0.006). Mean time to development of @entity4154 was 16.9 mo in the group with positive challenges versus 43.9 mo for those with negative challenges. We conclude that increased NSBHR is a common, but by no means universal, finding after lung transplantation. Furthermore, early positive @entity2710 challenges are associated with development of @entity4154 . We hypothesize that NSBHR may represent an early marker of chronic rejection in these @entity1 .

title: XXXX after lung transplantation predicts early @entity4154 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4154 :: ('MESH:D001989', 'Disease') :: ['BOS', 'bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6587 :: ('MESH:D016535', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial hyperreactivity']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine', 'Methacholine']

answer: @entity6587 :: (MESH:D016535,Disease) :: ['Bronchial hyperreactivity']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Reassortment of @entity683 A viruses can give rise to viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) with elevated polymerase activity and the previous three pandemic @entity683 viruses contained reassorted vRNPs of different origins. These suggest that reassorted vRNP may be one of the factors leading to a pandemic virus. In this study, we reconstituted chimeric vRNPs with three different viral strains isolated from avian, @entity1 and @entity1707 hosts. We applied a statistical strategy to identify the effect that the origin of a single vRNP protein subunit or the interactions between these subunits on polymerase activity. DESIGN: Eighty one chimeric vRNPs were reconstituted in 293T cells at different temperatures. Polymerase activity was determined by luciferase reporter assay and the results were analysed by multiway anova and other statistical methods. RESULTS: It was found that PB2, @entity16166 , NP, @entity16166 interaction, PB2-PA interaction and @entity16166 -NP interaction had significant effect on polymerase activity at 37  C and several single subunits and interactions were identified to lead to elevation of polymerase activity. Furthermore, we studied 27 out of these 81 different chimieric vRNPs in different combinations via fractional factorial design approach. Our results suggested that the approach can identify the major single subunit or interaction factors that affect the polymerase activity without the need to experimentally reproduce all possible vRNP combinations. CONCLUSIONS: Statistical approach and fractional factorial design are useful to identify the major single subunit or interaction factors that can modulate viral polymerase activity.

title: A statistical strategy to identify recombinant viral ribonucleoprotein of avian, XXXX , and @entity1707 @entity683 A viruses with elevated polymerase activity.

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 have been identified with @entity7593 ( @entity7593 ) caused by @entity778 since 2009. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of clinical symptoms, laboratory examinations, epidemiological factors, and therapeutic responses in @entity1 with @entity7593 ( @entity7593 ). METHODS: A total of 57 @entity1 with a suspected @entity7593 were admitted to the Department of @entity166 , the Affiliated Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College between June 2009 and October 2010. A potential infection with HYSV was determined by indirect immunofluorescent assay and reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR. The clinical symptoms, epidemiological characteristics, laboratory examinations, and therapeutic responses of these @entity1 were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-eight out of 57 @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity7593 . They displayed diverse clinical symptoms, such as an acute febrile    u-like illness, and progressed to @entity644 , hemorrhagic manifestations, and @entity75 . Some @entity1 exhibited progressive @entity1431 , @entity882 , @entity8 , and @entity262 . Following symptom-specific treatment, 35 @entity1 recovered completely and 13 @entity1 died from severe complications, including central nervous system manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity7593 displayed diverse clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Such @entity1 should be treated immediately and closely monitored to prevent severe complications.

title: Infection with a novel virus causes XXXX in China.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Huaiyangshan virus (HYSV) infection']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['liver and kidney dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity7593 :: ('MESH:D006478', 'Disease') :: ['Huaiyangshan hemorrhagic fever', 'hemorrhagic fever', 'HYSHF', 'HF']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic cell injury']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious Diseases']

answer: @entity7593 :: (MESH:D006478,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic fever']


abstract: Our aim was to estimate the rate of osteogenesis by using @entity803 double labeling and to correlate it with the radiological grading of @entity170 in @entity1 of intertrochanteric fracture of the femur in different age groups. Thirty-two cases of intertrochanteric fracture of the femur of either sex, without any associated @entity558 , who were admitted for surgery constituted the clinical material. The cases were divided into three age groups: group I, <45 years; group II, 45-60 years; and group III, >60 years. @entity170 was graded in all groups on plain X-rays by Singh's index (SI) and @entity16419 ( @entity16419 ). The @entity1 were labeled with a single large dose (1.5 g) of @entity803 orally on day 1 and day 8. An iliac crest bone biopsy specimen was obtained from each of the @entity1 during surgical intervention. Thin undecalcified sections were made by the hand grinding technique. The sections were studied under UV light for presence of fluorescence, and rate of osteogenesis (mineral appositional rate, @entity9688 ) was calculated for each of the groups. Only 7 @entity1 were found to have radiological @entity170 (by Singh's index). The average @entity16419 and @entity9688 were found to be 46.5% and 1.48 microm/day, respectively. The single-dose labeling schedule has shown good fluorescent bands, comparable to the conventional dose schedule. No correlation was found between Singh's index and @entity16419 in group I and III, whereas in group II it was significant. There is no significant correlation between the rate of new bone formation and the radiological grading of @entity170 .

title: Estimation of the rate of osteogenesis by @entity803 double labeling in intertrochanteric fractures of the femur in different age groups and its correlation with radiological grading of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenic conditions']

entities_list: @entity16419 :: ('MESH:C564824', 'Disease') :: ['metacarpal index', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: Biventricular pacing ( @entity3032 ) has documented benefit in New York Heart Association functional class III @entity1 . Whether @entity3032 offers benefit to class IV @entity1 on inotropic therapy is unclear. Retrospective review was performed on 38 consecutive @entity712 @entity1 who received @entity3032 while on inotropic support or within 30 days of inotropic administration; the mean age was 63 +/- 13 yrs; 9 were @entity1 . Fourteen who received inotropic agents did so in conjunction with coronary artery bypass grafting, or valve or @entity1188 exclusion surgery. Twenty-three @entity1 received inotropic therapy only before @entity3032 Nine other @entity1 received inotropic therapy before @entity3032 and at another point (5 at implant and 4 after @entity3032 ); 6 were on inotropic support only at implant. Mean follow-up was 1.2 +/- 0.9 years. There were 14 @entity204 . Survival estimates at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years were 74%, 71%, and 61%, respectively. When @entity1 on inotropic therapy before @entity3032 (n=32) were compared with @entity1 never on such therapy before @entity3032 (n=6), there was a survival difference (P <0.0001); all 6 @entity1 not on inotropic therapy before @entity3032 died within the first 2 years. Estimated 6-month and 1-year survival for those on inotropic support before @entity3032 was 84 % and 81 %, compared with 23% and 23% for the other group. @entity1 who required inotropic agents only before @entity3032 fared better than those requiring inotropic support at other times. Although the @entity1 in this survey were a very high-risk group, a small subset was weaned and had stable short-term survival.

title: Biventricular pacing for XXXX @entity1 on inotropic support: a review of 38 consecutive cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: 56 consecutive @entity1 with portal @entity101 were studied with percutaneous transhepatic portography and the results were correlated to clinical findings and the number of upper @entity360 and the size of the individual @entity548 . An abundance of collateral paths was noted in most @entity1 . No regularity in development of these collaterals was found. It was not correlated to @entity409 etiology, sex or liver function parameters. Portal pressure was not correlated to the size or amount of collaterals. In four @entity1 with @entity1575 hepato-fugal flow in one segment of the liver was noted proving that portal flow through the liver is not uniform in this disease. The size of the @entity548 was only correlated to presence of hepato-fugal flow in the main stem of the portal vein. It was not correlated to the estimated size of the oesophageal varices or to portal pressure. Percutaneous transhepatic portography seems to be of little help in selecting "high risk bleeders" in portal @entity101 . Other factors may be of greater help in this task as indicated by the findings in this investigation that @entity1 with @entity167 @entity82 had larger @entity548 than those with @entity82 of another etiology and that @entity1 with none or few @entity548 episodes had higher thrombocyte count than those with several @entity548 .

title: Correlation between percutaneous transhepatic portography and clinical findings in 56 @entity1 with portal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhages', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal haemorrhages']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity409 occurring in pregnancy can be categorized into three groups. The first group includes diseases unique to pregnancy and caused by it. Among these are @entity7494 gravidarum, cholestasis of pregnancy, and disorders associated with @entity1468 . Liver involvement may be expected in 50% of @entity1 with @entity7494 gravidarum. @entity1468 has been associated with both the @entity2102 ( @entity2142 , elevated liver tests, and low platelets), which includes @entity99 and @entity397 , and with @entity19887 ( @entity19887 ). In @entity1 with @entity2102 , liver test abnormalities do not correlate with @entity99 . Therefore, this and other disorders associated with @entity1468 require aggressive treatment, primarily with delivery. The second group of @entity409 are those exacerbated by pregnancy. @entity1800 involving the liver that are usually benign, such as @entity99 and herpes simplex, are more likely to be exacerbated in pregnant @entity1 and are more likely to lead to @entity879 . @entity2963 and @entity3181 are more prevalent in pregnant @entity1 . The third group is comprised of @entity409 that are preexisting in the pregnant @entity1 and includes @entity3619 and @entity2360 . The number of @entity1 in the last group is small, as @entity409 is rare in @entity1 who are able to bear @entity1 .

title: XXXX in pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'women', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity19887 :: ('MESH:C537957', 'Disease') :: ['AFLP', 'acute fatty liver of pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity2102 :: ('MESH:D017359', 'Disease') :: ['HELLP syndrome']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['fulminant hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity7494 :: ('MESH:D006939', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemesis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease', 'liver diseases', 'Liver disease']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['Cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['Viral infections']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['Preeclampsia', 'preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity2360 :: ('MESH:D006527', 'Disease') :: ["Wilson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3181 :: ('MESH:D006502', 'Disease') :: ['Budd-Chiari syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune chronic active hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic infarction', 'liver injury', 'hepatitis E']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['Hepatic disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to compare the dosimetric parameters of whole-pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) for @entity5 among plans involving 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), or spot-scanning proton therapy (SSPT). The dose distributions of 3D-CRT-, IMRT-, and SSPT-based WPRT plans were compared in 10 @entity1 with @entity5 . All of the @entity1 were treated with a prescribed dose of 50.4 Gy in 1.8-Gy daily fractions, and all of the plans involved the same planning target volume ( @entity343 ) constrictions. A 3D-CRT plan involving a four-field box, an IMRT plan involving seven coplanar fields, and an SSPT plan involving four fields were created. The median @entity343 D95% did not differ between the 3D-CRT, IMRT and SSPT plans. The median conformity index 95% and homogeneity index of the IMRT and SSPT were better than those of the 3D-CRT. The homogeneity index of the SSPT was better than that of the IMRT. SSPT resulted in lower median V20 values for the bladder wall, small intestine, colon, bilateral femoral heads, skin, and pelvic bone than IMRT. Comparing the Dmean values, SSPT spared the small intestine, colon, bilateral femoral heads, skin and pelvic bone to a greater extent than the other modalities. SSPT can reduce the irradiated volume of the organs at risk compared with 3D-CRT and IMRT, while maintaining excellent @entity343 coverage. Further investigations of SSPT are warranted to assess its role in the treatment of @entity5 .

title: Whole-pelvic radiotherapy with spot-scanning proton beams for XXXX : a planning study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['uterine cervical cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between heart rate and its variability with the parameters that assess vascular, renal and cardiac target organ damage. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed including a consecutive sample of 360 @entity101 @entity1 without heart rate lowering drugs (aged 56    11 years, 64.2% male). Heart rate (HR) and its standard deviation (HRV) in clinical and 24-hour ambulatory monitoring were evaluated. @entity8 was assessed by glomerular filtration rate and albumin/ @entity1011 ratio; vascular damage by carotid intima-media thickness and ankle/brachial index; and @entity299 by the Cornell voltage-duration product and left ventricular mass index. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between ambulatory, but not clinical, heart rate and its standard deviation with glomerular filtration rate, and a negative correlation with carotid intima-media thickness, and night/day ratio of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was no correlation with albumin/ @entity1011 ratio, ankle/brachial index, Cornell voltage-duration product or left ventricular mass index. In the multiple linear regression analysis, after adjusting for age, the association of glomerular filtration rate and intima-media thickness with ambulatory heart rate and its standard deviation was lost. According to the logistic regression analysis, the predictors of any target organ damage were age (OR = 1.034 and 1.033) and night/day systolic blood pressure ratio (OR = 1.425 and 1.512). Neither 24 HR nor 24 HRV reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: High ambulatory heart rate and its variability, but not clinical HR, are associated with decreased carotid intima-media thickness and a higher glomerular filtration rate, although this is lost after adjusting for age. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01325064.

title: Office and 24-hour heart rate and target organ damage in @entity101 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Renal damage']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac damage']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several international surveys have reported low levels of @entity565 control compared to the levels set by the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. METHODS: In @entity233 , 8350 households were surveyed and 400 current asthmatics responded a structured questionnaire on symptom severity, activity limitations and disease management. RESULTS: Most of the 55 @entity1 and 345 adults were classified as having persistent @entity565 (72.7% and 88.1%, respectively). In adult asthmatics, 31.3% reported current cigarette smoking and 10.7% being former smokers. Guideline-based @entity565 control was achieved in only 1.3% of @entity1 . Three-quarters of @entity1 and more than 90% of adults were experiencing daytime symptoms. Most of adult @entity1 and @entity1 reported an unfavorable impact of @entity565 on their social lives, and only half had ever had a lung function test. Daily anti-inflammatory therapy, including inhaled @entity288 , was low in @entity1 with persistent disease. @entity1 underestimated their disease severity and overestimated their level of disease control. CONCLUSIONS: The low level of @entity565 control in this Turkish population, together with the underestimation of disease severity and control by the @entity1 , high smoking rates and low level of preventive medicine usage indicate a need for better implementation of current guidelines and @entity1 education on @entity565 in @entity233 .

title: Asthma insights and reality in XXXX (AIRET) study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: Transcription of Cab genes has been previously shown to be regulated by a circadian oscillator coupled to the red light-absorbing plant photoreceptor phytochrome in various plant species. In addition, it has recently been suggested that rhythmic expression of the Cab genes could also be affected by a phytochrome-independent circadian oscillator in a developmentally regulated fashion. This study has shown that a red light-insensitive oscillator and a phytochrome-coupled circadian clock indeed coregulate the oscillating expression of individual Cab genes at the level of transcription at an early developmental stage. The study involved analysing the expression patterns of transgenes, containing short fragments of the @entity958 @entity49742 or the @entity3505 Cab-1 promoter fused to the firefly luciferase reporter gene, by a video-imaging system in single, etiolated @entity286 seedlings. Germination and red/far-red light treatments applied between 12 and 36 h after sowing lead to the appearance of two independent circadian rhythms. These rhythms coexist, both exhibiting period lengths close to 25 h but phased differently. However, repeated red-light treatments given 60 h or later after sowing synchronize these free-running rhythms and induce a single new circadian oscillation. These data indicate that both oscillators regulate the expression of the Cab genes studied at the level of transcription and that the cis-acting element(s) of the @entity3505 Cab-1 and A. thaliana @entity49742 genes mediating these responses are located on short, 250 bp promoter regions. Furthermore, these red-light induced rhythms are also inducible by far-red light treatments alone. Therefore, in @entity286 , the phytochrome-coupled oscillator is regulated, at least partially, by the very low fluence response of phytochrome A.

title: Transcription of @entity958 and @entity3505 Cab genes in single XXXX transgenic seedlings exhibits independent rhythms in a developmentally regulated fashion.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: The thymus is a specialized organ that provides an inductive environment for the development of T cells from multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Self-nonself discrimination plays a key role in inducing a productive immunity and in preventing @entity792 . Tolerance represents a state of immunologic nonresponsiveness in the presence of a particular antigen. The immune system becomes tolerant to self-antigens through the two main processes, central and peripheral tolerance. Central tolerance takes place within the thymus and represents the mechanism by which T cells binding with high avidity self-antigens, which are potentially autoreactive, are eliminated through so-called negative selection. This process is mostly mediated by medullary thymic epithelia cells (mTECs) and medullary dendritic cells (DCs). A remarkable event in the process is the expression of @entity3145 ( @entity3145 ) by mTECs driven by the transcription factor @entity11115 ( @entity11115 ). Mutations in this gene result in @entity12010 ( @entity12010 ), a rare @entity74 (OMIM 240300). Thus far, this syndrome is the paradigm of a genetically determined failure of central tolerance and autoimmunty. @entity1 with @entity12010 have a variable pattern of @entity792 , involving different endocrine and nonendocrine organs. However, although @entity12010 is a @entity74 , it is characterized by a wide variability of the clinical expression, thus implying a further role for disease-modifying genes and environmental factors in the pathogenesis. Studies on this polyreactive @entity792 contributed enormously to unraveling several issues of the molecular basis of @entity792 . This review focuses on the developmental, functional, and molecular events governing central tolerance and on the clinical implication of its failure.

title: Genetic basis of altered central tolerance and XXXX : a lesson from @entity11115 mutations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue-specific antigens', 'TSA']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['monogenic disorder', 'autosomal recessive disease']

entities_list: @entity12010 :: ('MESH:D016884', 'Disease') :: ['APECED', 'autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity', 'autoimmune reactions', 'autoimmune syndrome']

entities_list: @entity11115 :: ('326', 'Gene') :: ['AIRE', 'autoimmune regulator']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Delayed @entity9440 (DSR) is a rare manifestation of blunt @entity130 , and splenectomy remains the primary treatment for @entity1 with DSR. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with nonsurgical management of DSR with the use of @entity1416 ( @entity1416 ) as an adjunct treatment. METHODS: This retrospective study included @entity1 with DSR treated at our institution from January 2001 to December 2008. Management included initial resuscitation and close observation in the intensive care unit. Further interventions were based on the @entity1 's hemodynamic status and followed a treatment protocol. These interventions included @entity1416 or surgery. RESULTS: There were 15 @entity1 included in the analysis. Three @entity1 underwent emergent surgery, and 12 @entity1 received nonsurgical management initially. Of these 12 @entity1 , five underwent @entity1416 . One of these five @entity1 subsequently underwent splenectomy because of recurrent @entity548 . Of the remaining seven @entity1 who received nonoperative management, one required a splenectomy because of recurrent @entity548 and @entity551 . There were no mortalities; however, two surgery-associated complications occurred. The success rate of nonsurgical therapy was 83%. @entity1416 was used for splenic salvage with a success rate of 80% (4 of 5). The overall failure rate of DSR was 33% (5 of 15). CONCLUSIONS: Nonsurgical management can safely be used in selected @entity1 with DSR, especially for those with a good response to resuscitation. @entity1416 is as effective for DSR as it is for acute @entity130 . Physicians should consider @entity1416 as an option for the treatment of DSR.

title: Nonsurgical management of delayed XXXX after @entity130 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['SAE', 'splenic artery embolization']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity9440 :: ('MESH:D013161', 'Disease') :: ['splenic rupture']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['splenic injury', 'splenic trauma']

answer: @entity9440 :: (MESH:D013161,Disease) :: ['splenic rupture']


abstract: The influence of pregnancy on @entity79 ( @entity79 ) was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 73 @entity1 (mean age 29 years, range 20-44 years) postpartum. Fifty-five age-matched @entity1 served as controls. The influence of lactation was evaluated in 65 of the delivered @entity1 who were followed with repeated measurements, a mean of 4.5 +/- 0.1 and 11.5 +/- 0.1 months after the delivery. The influence of multiple pregnancies was evaluated in 39 premenopausal @entity1 (mean age 38 years, range 31-54 years) with a minimum of four pregnancies (range 4-7). Fifty-eight age-matched healthy premenopausal @entity1 with a maximum of two pregnancies (range 0-2) served as controls. Data are presented as mean +/- SEM. @entity79 data are adjusted for differences in total fat mass and total lean mass. Lumbar spine @entity79 was 7.6 +/- 0.1% and total body @entity79 3.9 +/- 0.1% lower in @entity1 postpartum compared with controls (both p<0.001). @entity79 did not decrease significantly in non-breastfeeding mothers. Mothers breastfeeding for 1-6 months decreased femoral neck @entity79 by 2.0 +/- 1.0% during the first 5 months postpartum (p<0.001). No further @entity604 was seen between 5 and 12 months postpartum. @entity79 12 months after delivery was 1.3 +/- 0.8% lower than after delivery in mothers breastfeeding for 1-6 months (p = 0.05). Mothers breastfeeding for more than 6 months decreased Ward's triangle @entity79 by 8.5 +/- 1.0% and lumbar spine @entity79 by 4.1 +/- 0.8% during the first 5 months postpartum (both p<0.05). No further @entity604 was seen between 5 and 12 months postpartum. @entity79 12 months after delivery was 4.0 +/- 1.1% lower and Ward's triangle @entity79 5.3 +/- 1.9% lower than after delivery in mothers breastfeeding for more than 6 months (both p<0.05). @entity604 was higher during the first 5 months following delivery in the lactating @entity1 compared with the non-lactating @entity1 (p<0.05 comparing lumbar spine @entity604 in lactating mothers versus non-lactating mothers). However, in @entity1 with a minimum of four pregnancies the @entity79 was no lower than in age-matched @entity1 with fewer pregnancies. Total duration of lactation was not correlated with the present @entity79 . In summary, pregnancy seem to confer a low @entity79 with additional @entity604 during 5 months of lactation. Even if complete restoration in @entity79 was not reached within 5 months of weaning, @entity1 with four pregnancies or more had a @entity79 no lower than @entity1 with two pregnancies or fewer. We conclude that neither an extended lactation period nor multiple pregnancies could be used as a risk factor when predicting @entity1 at risk for future @entity170 .

title: Pregnancy and lactation confer reversible XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD', 'Femoral neck BMD']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

answer: @entity604 :: (MESH:D016301,Disease) :: ['bone loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent surgical reports on @entity1498 have primarily focused on the relative merits of various operative techniques. However, appropriate timing for elective repair remains unclear. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis we examined the surgical outcomes in 176 consecutive @entity1 undergoing repair of @entity1498 in our institution over a 25-year period. Ninety-nine percent of the @entity1 had follow-up for a median of 7.5 years. RESULTS: A total of 13 @entity1 have died (7.4% overall mortality). Nine of these @entity1 had associated @entity154 . There was no mortality in the 113 @entity1 with @entity1498 . Residual or recurrent @entity1498 occurred in 27 @entity1 (15.3%). The age at operation and the type of surgical repair did not have an effect on the incidence of recurrence. Persistent or late @entity101 was identified in 18 of the 107 @entity1 who have been followed up for more than 5 years (16.8%). A total of 48 @entity1 operated on during infancy have been followed up for more than 5 years. Only 2 have developed late @entity101 (4.2%). Both of these @entity1 had recurrence. In contrast, 16 of the 59 @entity1 operated on after a year of age had late @entity101 (27.1%). CONCLUSIONS: To minimize the risk of persistent @entity101 , elective repair of @entity1498 should be performed within the first year of life.

title: Repair of XXXX during infancy minimizes the risk of late @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['complex intracardiac anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'isolated coarctation', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['coarctation of the aorta']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic tendon pathology in the elbow, shoulder, and @entity1411 . This prospective study examines the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of chronic @entity74 . METHODS: Twenty-three @entity1 (23 feet) were treated with extracorporeal shockwave therapy for Achilles @entity924 , insertional @entity924 , or both. Indications for treatment were a minimum of 6 months of conservative care, and a visual analog @entity158 score >5. The mean follow-up was 20 months (range, 4-35 months). RESULTS: Ninety-one percent (14 @entity1 ) were satisfied or very satisfied (23 @entity1 ) with treatment. Eighty-seven percent (20 @entity1 ) stated that extracorporeal shockwave therapy improved their condition, 13% (3 @entity1 ) said it did not affect the condition, and none stated that it made them worse. Eighty-seven percent (20 @entity1 ) stated they would have the procedure again if given the choice. Four months after extracorporeal shockwave therapy, the mean visual analog score for morning @entity158 decreased from 7.0 to 2.3, and activity @entity158 decreased from 8.1 to 3.1. CONCLUSION: High-power extracorporeal shockwave therapy is safe, noninvasive, and effective, and it has a role in the treatment of @entity924 .

title: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of Achilles XXXX : a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['chronic Achilles tendinopathy', 'tendonitis', 'tendinosis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Achilles tendon disorders']

entities_list: @entity1411 :: ('MESH:D016523', 'Disease') :: ['plantar fascia']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['tendinopathies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Injury to the facial skeleton and the adjoining soft tissues is a frequently occurring condition. The main aim of this work was to assess the value of multiplanar and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction computed tomography (CT) images obtained by using multi-detector row technology in spiral data acquisition in @entity1 with @entity8494 . THE AUTHORS ATTEMPTED TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: Are there particular mechanisms and types of @entity130 or locations of @entity174 which can be diagnosed significantly more effectively by conducting additional multiplanar image reconstructions? Do 3D image reconstructions contribute to the diagnostic process, to what extent? Compared to other imaging techniques, is the spiral CT data acquisition a more convenient for the @entity1 and a faster investigation method of diagnosing @entity66 involving the facial skeleton? MATERIAL/METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity1 diagnosed with @entity8494 were referred for emergent CT scanning. Each @entity1 underwent a CT scan with the use of a GE HiSpeed Qx/i scanner. The scans were conducted with the use of spiral data acquisition technique in the transverse plane. THE FOLLOWING SECONDARY IMAGE RECONSTRUCTIONS WERE CONDUCTED FOR EACH @entity1 : a two-dimensional (2D) multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP), and 3D volume rendering (VR). @entity66 of the facial skeleton were assessed and the presence of any loose displaced bone fragments was taken into consideration. RESULTS: As far as @entity174 imaging is concerned, the 2D image reconstruction and volume rendering proved to be the most effective in the majority of locations. 3D image reconstructions proved the most sensitive in most cases of loose displaced bone fragments, except for fine structures such as the ethmoid bone and the inferior orbital wall. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Multiplanar computer reconstructions increase the effectiveness of visualisation of @entity174 , especially in the case of @entity174 in the inferior orbital wall. 2. 3D reconstructions are a good complementary technique allowing to locate loose bone fragments precisely and to assess the degree of displacement. 3. Spiral CT data acquisition increases @entity1 's convenience due to shorter time required for examination, and allows to conduct reconstructions of satisfactory value.

title: CT Imaging of facial XXXX . Role of different types of reconstruction. Part I - bones.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Post-injury lesions', 'post-injury lesions']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity8494 :: ('MESH:D005151', 'Disease') :: ['facial skeleton injury', 'injury to the facial skeleton']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 prevalence has reached epidemic proportions. @entity6 self-management education (DSME) has been shown to improve preventive care practices and clinical outcomes. In this study, we discuss the barriers faced during the implementation of DSME programs in medically underserved rural areas of Arkansas. CONTEXT: Arkansas is a rural state, with most southeastern counties experiencing a shortage of health care professionals. The Arkansas @entity6 Prevention and Control Program and its partners established 12 DSME programs in underserved counties with a high prevalence of @entity6 . METHODS: DSME programs were delivered by a registered nurse and a dietitian who provided 10 to 13 hours of education to each program @entity1 . Baseline, 6-month, and year-end data were collected on preventive care practices, such as daily blood @entity413 monitoring, foot examination, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin level, among the @entity1 in newly established DSME programs. CONSEQUENCES: Of the 12 DSME programs established, 11 received American @entity6 Association recognition. The number of @entity1 in the DSME programs increased 138% in 1 year, from 308 in February 2003 to 734 in March 2004. Preventive care practices improved: daily blood @entity413 monitoring increased from 56% to 67% of @entity1 , and daily foot examinations increased from 63% to 84% of @entity1 . Glycosylated hemoglobin decreased by an average of 0.5 units per @entity1 who completed the program. However, many anticipated and a few unanticipated barriers during the implementation of the program could not be overcome because of the lack of an evaluation plan. INTERPRETATION: Although results point to potential benefits of preventive care practices among DSME @entity1 , interpretation of findings was limited by sample size. Sample size limitations are traced to barriers to assessing program outcome. Program evaluation should be integrated into the planning phase to ensure adequate measures of program effectiveness.

title: Barriers to XXXX self-management education programs in underserved rural Arkansas: implications for program evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatment with specific beta-blockers reduces mortality and hospitalisation in @entity712 . AIM: To describe trends and inequities in beta-blocker prescribing for @entity712 . DESIGN OF STUDY: Repeated cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative primary care database (DIN-LINK). SETTING: A total of 152 UK general practices. METHOD: Prescribing of beta-blockers between 2000 and 2005 was examined among a yearly average of 7294 @entity1 aged>or=50 years who had actively managed @entity712 - defined as a recorded diagnosis of @entity712 and two prescriptions of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker during the calendar year. The main outcome was the prescription of a guideline-recommended beta-blocker ( @entity2179 , @entity1405 , @entity1406 , or @entity23191 ) in the year. Determinants of beta-blocker prescribing were analysed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2005, age-adjusted use of recommended beta-blockers rose from 6.1% to 27.0% in @entity1 , and from 4.2% to 21.5% in @entity1 . In 2005, younger @entity1 were more likely to be treated; the fully adjusted odds ratio was 4.83 (95% confidence interval=3.78 to 6.17) for @entity1 aged 60-64 years compared with those aged 85 years. @entity1 and @entity1 living in areas of socioeconomic deprivation were less likely to be treated. In 2005, in addition to treatment with guideline-recommended beta-blockers, a further 11.7% of @entity1 and 12.5% of @entity1 were prescribed other beta-blockers. CONCLUSION: Recommended beta-blocker use has risen in the UK but remains low and inequitable, with many @entity1 still treated with beta-blockers that are not recommended in guidelines. This suggests further improvements in prescribing are still possible.

title: Trends and inequities in beta-blocker prescribing for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity23191 :: ('MESH:C052753', 'Chemical') :: ['nebivolol']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1405 :: ('MESH:C043211', 'Chemical') :: ['carvedilol']

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity2179 :: ('MESH:D017298', 'Chemical') :: ['bisoprolol']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Active immunization of @entity1 utilizing viral oncolysates (VO) has been studied in clinical trials. VO are extracts of cultured @entity5 cells that have been infected with certain types of viruses, particularly surface budding varieties. The objectives of the current studies were to examine the trafficking patterns of @entity4343 (In)-111-labeled leukocytes or lymphocytes in two groups of @entity1 with @entity5 to determine whether these cells migrate to sites of active immunization after VO. Eight @entity1 with @entity43 received VO intraperitoneally followed by In-111-labeled leukocytes or lymphocytes (500 _Ci) intravenously. In a separate trial, three @entity1 with @entity5 received In-111-labeled lymphocytes after they had been treated with VO administered by the intralymphatic route. Gamma camera imaging was performed to evaluate the distribution patterns of the labeled cells at several time intervals after injection. Results indicate that metastatic @entity5 sites exposed to VO therapy show significant uptake of In-111 cells. These sites of @entity5 were confirmed by computerized tomography and ultrasound scans. In @entity1 with @entity43 no uptake of the radiolabeled cells was observed in @entity3 of the liver and lymph nodes. In @entity1 with @entity5 , lymph node metastases exposed to intralymphatic VO therapy were visualized very well. Other known @entity5 sites not exposed to VO therapy showed no uptake of radioactivity. These findings confirm that VO induces immune responses. This diagnostic nuclear medicine technique may prove to be a useful method for following-up responses to immunotherapy.

title: XXXX -111 labeled leukocytes in evaluation of active specific immunotherapy responses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cervical cancer', 'malignancies', 'gynecologic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumors']

answer: @entity4343 :: (MESH:D007204,Chemical) :: ['Indium']


abstract: AIM: We investigated the effects of intraperitoneal honey on the development of postoperative @entity1320 and oxidative stress in a model of @entity298 . METHODS: @entity298 was induced in 18 @entity35 by cecal ligation and puncture. The @entity35 were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1 (n=6) received honey intraperitoneally, group 2 (n=6) received 5% @entity413 intraperitoneally, and the third group received no fluid or medicine intraperitoneally one day after cecal ligation and puncture procedure. All animals were killed 14 days later so we could assess the adhesion score. Tissue antioxidant levels were measured in 1-g tissue samples taken from the abdominal wall. RESULTS: Adhesion scores of honey treated group were significantly lower according to the control group (P<0.05) and statistically significant. Adhesion scores of honey were lower from 5% @entity413 but not statistically significant (P>0.05). Malondialdehyde values of honey group were significantly lower from the control group (P<0.05) and levels in 5% @entity413 group was higher than the honey group. @entity12609 levels were high in control and 5% @entity413 groups. @entity224 dismutase levels were higher in the control group than the honey group (statistically significant). CONCLUSIONS: Intraperitoneal honey decreased the formation of postoperative @entity1320 without compromising wound healing in this @entity298 @entity35 model. Honey also decreased the oxidative stress during @entity298 .

title: Administration of honey to prevent XXXX in a @entity35 @entity298 model.

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial peritonitis', 'Bacterial peritonitis', 'peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal adhesions']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['Superoxide']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['dextrose']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritoneal adhesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Free @entity1346 injection for breast augmentation, which became widespread in the 1960s and continues illicitly to this day, has well-known adverse effects. In this retrospective chart review of 14 @entity1 treated for @entity1346 @entity1271 from 1990 to 2002, we present our experience with the surgical management of @entity1 with @entity1346 @entity1271 . METHODS: All the @entity1 were @entity1 , ranging in age from 49 to 76  years old (mean age  =  58.8). @entity1 presented to us a mean of 29.9  years after their free @entity1346 breast injection. Treatment modalities were analyzed, and, specifically, methods of breast reconstruction involving autologous tissue transfers, implants, or a combination were evaluated. RESULTS: The majority of @entity1 (12 of 14) required mastectomies for extensive @entity1346 -infiltrated tissues. The remaining two @entity1 had focal areas of disease and were successfully treated with excision and local breast parenchyma flaps. Autologous reconstruction was performed with a total of 20 flaps, including 12 free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps, 4 free superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flaps, and 4 pedicled latissimus dorsi (LD) flaps. Two @entity1 had bilateral implant-based breast reconstruction. CONCLUSION: A variety of reconstructive options are available for @entity1 presenting with @entity1346 @entity1271 . Once an appropriate @entity0 workup has been performed, the surgical goal is to excise as much of the @entity1346 -infiltrated tissues as possible before reconstruction. To our knowledge, this is the first reported series that incorporates the use of SGAP and LD flaps as a means of autologous tissue reconstruction for @entity1346 -infiltrated breasts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

title: Surgical management of XXXX @entity1271 : case series and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['silicone']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: gastric bypass is the surgical procedure that is carried out most frequently in the treatment of @entity5845 . @entity850 of the gastro-jejunal @entity254 is a relatively frequent complication that requires endoscopic management. However, the optimal dilation technique is yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of dilation with a hydrostatic balloon (CRE) without radioscopic guidance in morbidly @entity28 @entity1 treated by laparoscopic bypass. MATERIAL AND METHODS: retrospective review of the data elicited from 525 @entity1 treated against @entity5845 with laparoscopic gastric bypass from January, 2006 to November, 2010. RESULTS: a total of 22/525 @entity1 (4.1%) developed @entity850 of the @entity254 [20 @entity1 (91%), 2 @entity1 (9%)]. In four @entity1 (18.2%), there was an associated anastomotic @entity1066 , and in one case, there was a history of bleeding of an @entity1066 treated with @entity1463 one month earlier. The diagnosis of @entity850 was done in most @entity1 during the first 90 days after the bypass. All cases were resolved by means of @entity384 without adioscopic guidance, 15 cases (68.1%) required a single session, 6 cases (27.2%) two sessions, and 1 case (4.5%) required four sessions. This last case had an associated anastomotic @entity1066 . The diameter of the balloons ranged from 12 to 20 mm, generally using diameters of 12-15 mm in the first session, and increasing them in the following sessions according to the previous result. One @entity1 treated with a 20 mm balloon presented with a small tear, without showing any evidence of leak of contrast medium in the radioscopic guidance, and was thus managed conservatively. In the follow-up, no re-stenoses were detected. CONCLUSIONS: in our experience, @entity850 of the @entity254 in the laparoscopic gastric bypass is an infrequent complication. When it happens, dilation with a hydrostatic balloon is an effective and safe treatment. Radioscopic guidance during dilation is not strictly necessary if norms of progressive dilation are followed.

title: XXXX in laparoscopic gastric bypass: management by @entity384 without fluoroscopic guidance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic dilation']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity5845 :: ('MESH:D009767', 'Disease') :: ['morbid obesity']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Stenosis', 'stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['Stenosis']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and the efficacy of administering @entity11397 by a slow-releasing polymer disc that was implanted interstitially into a U251 ( @entity1 @entity463 multiforme) @entity5 grown in @entity19 . Tumor-bearing animals, with a @entity5 nodule 0.8 cm3 in size, were distributed to groups receiving combinations of empty or drug-containing polymer implants in the @entity5 or contralateral leg, intraperitoneal (i.p.) drug, and/or irradiation. The drug (i.p.) alone (14 mg/kg x6) or in combination with @entity5 drug implant (2 mg) did not significantly increase the @entity5 volume doubling time compared to that of control animals. Given with 12 Gy of irradiation in twice a day 2-Gy fractions, combined i.p. drug and @entity5 drug implant significantly delayed @entity5 growth compared to irradiation alone, which was not achieved with either drug treatment alone added to irradiation. @entity137 , as manifested by transient @entity353 , was primarily seen in animals receiving radiation and i.p. @entity11397 . These results indicated that a slow-releasing @entity11397 disc can be produced and the addition of an interstitially implanted @entity11397 disc further increased the effectiveness of i.p. @entity11397 .

title: Effect of interstitial and/or systemic delivery of @entity11397 on the radiosensitivity of XXXX @entity463 multiforme in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity11397 :: ('MESH:C049947', 'Chemical') :: ['tirapazamine']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: 1. The development of @entity302 in response to tetanic stimulation of the Schaeffer collaterals was studied by using extracellular field potential recordings in @entity1249 , @entity1251 , dentate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex and intracellular recordings in @entity1249 neurons in @entity35 hippocampal-parahippocampal slices, which were cut so as to maintain reciprocal connections between entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in vitro. 2. The first type of @entity302 to develop was an immediate afterdischarge, which grew in duration and amplitude with repeated stimulation trains at 10-min intervals, until it plateaued after five to nine trains at 40-s duration, on average. This afterdischarge, when fully developed, consisted of an early, high frequency tonic component, followed by a later, @entity410 . Fully developed primary afterdischarges were all-or-none, in that they had a definite threshold, and varied little in amplitude or duration when activated by threshold or suprathreshold stimulation. The primary discharge could be recorded simultaneously throughout the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice, providing evidence for the intact reciprocal connections between hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Intracellular recordings in @entity1249 neurons revealed that during the tonic phase of the afterdischarge, neurons were depolarized by 15-30 mV and gradually repolarized during the clonic component. 3. After full development of the primary afterdischarge, a delayed secondary @entity302 began to appear after five to nine stimulation trains. This late discharge began 2-5 min after the stimulation train and progressed in amplitude and duration with repeated stimulation, in some cases to 2-3 h long self-sustained @entity302 . Like the primary afterdischarge, the secondary discharge could be recorded simultaneously throughout the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice, and individual bursts comprising the secondary discharge occurred at earliest latency in the dentate gyrus, followed by activation in @entity1251 , @entity1249 , and finally in the entorhinal cortex. Intracellular recordings in @entity1249 neurons established that the secondary discharge occurred without an accompanying depolarization. Rather, it appeared as synaptic bursts developing in an escalating frequency barrage, initiated 2-5 min after the primary afterdischarge. 4. Lesioning studies were conducted to begin determining the site of origin of the secondary @entity302 . After appearance of the secondary discharge, the mossy fibers were cut. This lesion abolished the secondary discharge but did not block the primary afterdischarge. Moving the stimulating electrodes from the Schaeffer collaterals to the mossy fibers proximal to the cut reestablished a truncated secondary discharge. In a second lesioning experiment, a cut was made through the subicular region of the hippocampal-parahippocampal slice before the onset of stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Generation and propagation of XXXX in a combined entorhinal cortex/hippocampal slice.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['lower frequency clonic component']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptiform discharge', 'epileptiform discharges']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epileptiform discharges']


abstract: A cDNA sequence of bone morphogenetic protein 3 @entity35163 b) of @entity4378 antler was produced with degenerative homology primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An in situ hybridization study of @entity35163 b mRNA in 1-month-old antler showed expression in most differentiated cells in the antler center. In addition, the bone-inductive capacity of the @entity4378 antler matrix was evaluated. Decalcified and powdered antler matrix of different stages of antler maturity was implanted in gelatin capsules under the @entity35 dorsal muscle fascia for two implantation periods: 3 and 8 weeks. Allogenic matrix prepared from @entity35 long bones was used as a positive control implant. @entity2736 was evaluated histomorphometrically and densitometrically. Allogenic bone matrix induced rapid osteogenesis and mineral accumulation. Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification was evident, endochondral ossification being the dominant form. Mineral density in the induced ossicle was 115 +/- 48 mg/cm(3) as early as at 3 weeks and 350 +/- 69 mg/cm(3) at 8 weeks. The proportional areas of von Kossa-stained mineral were 3.67 +/- 2.1% and 11.6 +/- 0.07%, respectively. The antler preparations induced mineralization, but significantly less than the allogenic bone matrix. At 8 weeks, mineral density was significantly lower in the cast antler preparation than in the allogenic implants. The morphology of the mineralized areas of the antler preparations showed no ossification.

title: Bone morphogenetic protein 3b expressing XXXX antler.

entities_list: @entity2736 :: ('MESH:D009999', 'Disease') :: ['Heterotopic ossification']

answer: @entity4378 :: (9870,Species) :: ['reindeer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review evidence published since the 2001 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice parameter regarding the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of @entity230 and antiviral agents for @entity4401 . METHODS: We searched Medline and the Cochrane Database of Controlled Clinical Trials for studies published since January 2000 that compared facial functional outcomes in @entity1 with @entity4401 receiving @entity230 /antivirals with @entity1 not receiving these medications. We graded each study (Class I-IV) using the AAN therapeutic classification of evidence scheme. We compared the proportion of @entity1 recovering facial function in the treated group with the proportion of @entity1 recovering facial function in the control group. RESULTS: Nine studies published since June 2000 on @entity1 with @entity4401 receiving @entity230 /antiviral agents were identified. Two of these studies were rated Class I because of high methodologic quality. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: For @entity1 with new-onset @entity4401 , @entity230 are highly likely to be effective and should be offered to increase the probability of recovery of facial nerve function (2 Class I studies, Level A) (risk difference 12.8%-15%). For @entity1 with new-onset @entity4401 , antiviral agents in combination with @entity230 do not increase the probability of facial functional recovery by >7%. Because of the possibility of a modest increase in recovery, @entity1 might be offered antivirals (in addition to @entity230 ) (Level C). Patients offered antivirals should be counseled that a benefit from antivirals has not been established, and, if there is a benefit, it is likely that it is modest at best.

title: Evidence-based guideline update: @entity230 and antivirals for XXXX : report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4401 :: ('MESH:D020330', 'Disease') :: ['Bell palsy']

answer: @entity4401 :: (MESH:D020330,Disease) :: ['Bell palsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: New technologies for the detection of @entity43 are urgently needed. Pathological changes within an organ might be reflected in proteomic patterns in serum. We developed a bioinformatics tool and used it to identify proteomic patterns in serum that distinguish neoplastic from @entity5 within the ovary. METHODS: Proteomic spectra were generated by mass spectroscopy (surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionisation). A preliminary "training" set of spectra derived from analysis of serum from 50 unaffected @entity1 and 50 @entity1 with @entity43 were analysed by an iterative searching algorithm that identified a proteomic pattern that completely discriminated @entity5 from @entity5 . The discovered pattern was then used to classify an independent set of 116 masked serum samples: 50 from @entity1 with @entity43 , and 66 from unaffected @entity1 or those with non-malignant disorders. FINDINGS: The algorithm identified a cluster pattern that, in the training set, completely segregated @entity5 from @entity5 . The discriminatory pattern correctly identified all 50 @entity43 cases in the masked set, including all 18 stage I cases. Of the 66 cases of non-malignant disease, 63 were recognised as not @entity5 . This result yielded a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 93--100), specificity of 95% (87--99), and positive predictive value of 94% (84--99). INTERPRETATION: These findings justify a prospective population-based assessment of proteomic pattern technology as a screening tool for all stages of @entity43 in high-risk and general populations.

title: Use of proteomic patterns in serum to identify XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'early-stage ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['non-neoplastic disease', 'cancer', 'non-cancer']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In many countries low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are increasingly used for hemodialysis (HD). Low-range activated clotting time (ACT-LR) values and anti-Xa activity had been used to monitor the degree of anticoagulation caused by LMWH. However, the facilities are not easily available at most hospitals. Such data are limited in Taiwan. METHODS: A total of 76 @entity1 receiving maintenance HD were prospectively enrolled. The HD @entity1 were randomized to receive either nadroparin or enoxaparin and checked the ACT-LR values and anti-Xa activity. We aimed to analyze ACT-LR values and anti-Xa activity along with the clotting of the dialyzer or @entity548 events associated with two LMWHs after they were administered. We also aimed to determine the dose necessary to reach maximum safety and efficacy. RESULTS: We found no significant differences in LMWH dosage, ACT-LR values, and anti-Xa activity between the two groups. There were no significant differences in @entity548 /adverse events and extracorporeal circuit @entity715 between the two groups. Most of the @entity548 and adverse events were subcutaneous @entity548 . No major @entity548 or mortality was found. We found significant differences in mean dosage, cost, @entity548 /adverse effect, and extracorporeal circuit @entity715 between excessive and reduced @entity11270 dosage groups. CONCLUSION: LMWH is not still routinely used due to its high cost in Taiwan. In our clinical experience, nadroparin and enoxaparin exhibited high levels of safety and efficacy in chronic HD @entity1 . Reduced LMWHs dosage could promote @entity1 's safety and decreased HD cost in HD @entity1 with excessive dosage of LMWHs.

title: Clinical safety and anticoagulation efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparins in chronic hemodialysis XXXX : a single medical center experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity11270 :: ('MESH:D017762', 'Chemical') :: ['nadroparin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'minor bleeding']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about predictors of antitachycardia pacing ( @entity855 ) failure in @entity737 ( @entity737 ) recipients. Distance between the stimulation site and the @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) site of origin may critically affect @entity855 effectiveness. We hypothesized that @entity855 may be less effective in @entity737 @entity1 who had basal @entity1165 than in those who had apical @entity1165 . METHODS: We reviewed data from 52 @entity1 with sustained monomorphic @entity1165 and left @entity67 referred for @entity737 implantation. @entity855 was delivered exclusively at the right ventricular apex. The clinical VTs site of origin (basal, midventricular, or apical) was determined in each @entity1 , using 12-lead electrocardiogram. VTs episodes treated with @entity855 during the 1-year follow-up were studied. @entity855 success rate (%), defined as the ratio between the number of successful @entity855 sequences and the number of delivered @entity855 sequences, was determined in each @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity1165 exit site was apical in 19 @entity1 (36%), basal in 18 @entity1 (35%), and midventricular in 15 @entity1 (29%). In those 52 @entity1 , 1,393 @entity855 sequences, delivered to treat 761 @entity1165 episodes, were analyzed. @entity855 success rate was found to be associated with the @entity1165 site of origin (median [interquartile range]): basal (33%[11-67]), midventricular (50%[37-100]), apical (100%[41-100]) (P = 0.027). Multivariate analysis identified basal @entity1165 site of origin as an independent predictor of @entity855 failure (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: @entity855 is less effective in @entity737 @entity1 who had basal @entity1165 than in those who had apical @entity1165 before @entity737 implantation.

title: Basal exit site of clinical XXXX is an independent predictor of antitachycardia pacing failure in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators recipients.

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICD', 'implantable cardioverter defibrillator']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular disease']

answer: @entity1165 :: (MESH:D017180,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachycardia']


abstract: In this study, the overfed @entity35 was employed as a model for examining the influence of @entity28 on the regulation of hepatic cytochromes P450 3A and 2C11 ( @entity12531 and @entity11042 , respectively). These proteins represent the predominant constitutive hepatic P450 enzymes of male @entity35 . @entity35 were chronically fed a standard pelleted diet or an energy-dense diet which typically results in significant increases in body weight, serum @entity412 levels and liver lipid content. Obesity did not influence baseline levels of spectral cytochrome P450 content. Similar baseline activities of @entity12531 ( @entity251 6 beta-hydroxylation), comparative @entity12531 protein levels (Western blot) and steady-state @entity12531 mRNA (slot blot), were found in @entity35 fed either diet. Likewise, @entity28 did not appear to influence @entity11042 at the enzyme activity ( @entity251 2 alpha-hydroxylation) or mRNA levels. Half of the animals in each group received 20 mg @entity109 (intraperitoneal injection) per animal every 12 hours for three consecutive days. This resulted in similar @entity109 plasma concentrations in both groups. @entity109 treatment increased the concentrations of total cytochrome P450 in both lean and @entity28 @entity35 to the same extent. @entity12531 activity, protein and mRNA levels were induced to a similar magnitude in @entity35 fed either diet. Furthermore, @entity28 did not influence @entity11042 activity or mRNA levels following administration of @entity109 . A lack of an effect of @entity28 and the altered lipid environment on the regulation of @entity12531 and @entity11042 is in contrast to other enzymes studied previously. It is apparent that the consequences of @entity28 on hepatic cytochrome P450 may be enzyme-specific.

title: Expression of the @entity12531 and @entity11042 enzymes in a nutritionally XXXX rodent model: response to @entity109 treatment.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital', 'Phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To review the outcomes of management of @entity4810 following @entity1566 in a specialised fertility clinic. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records. SETTING: The Fertility Clinic of a 45-bed @entity1566 service in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS: The medical and fertility clinic records of 113 males who attended the clinic between 1987 and 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: The rates of semen retrieval using vibroejaculation and electroejaculation were 67% and 97% respectively. Thirty-one individuals (37%) and their partners sought assistance with the primary aim of achieving a pregnancy. Intravaginal insemination (IVI) undertaken at home following vibroejaculation resulted in a pregnancy rate per cycle of 22%. Electroejaculation and IVI proved less successful with a pregnancy rate per cycle of only 5%, although with intrauterine insemination (IUI) this rate improved to 30%. Micromanipulation @entity52 ( @entity52 ) procedures, primarily intracytoplasmic sperm injection, were used in 18 couples resulting in a pregnancy rate per cycle of 19%. In the 31 couples there have been a total of 17 pregnancies in 97 cycle attempts for an overall pregnancy rate per cycle of 18% and a cumulative pregnancy rate per couple of 55%. Twelve of the pregnancies have resulted in 14 live births (including two sets of twins), there were three pregnancies ongoing at the date of review and there have been two spontaneous abortions. CONCLUSION: The benefits of a specialised fertility clinic offering a comprehensive, client-focused approach with education, fertility assessment and a range of semen retrieval and assisted reproduction options, are highlighted.

title: A comprehensive approach to the management of @entity4810 following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilisation']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['male infertility']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity4929 ( @entity4929 ) of the pancreas is an indolent @entity5 by nature; however, it sometimes acquires invasive potential and has been classified as invasive @entity4929 . The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinicopathologic difference between invasive @entity4929 and a common type of @entity1124 . METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 with invasive @entity4929 underwent pancreatectomy between 1992 and 2004. Clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic factors were retrospectively analyzed. The resulting data were compared with those of 274 @entity1 with a common type of @entity1124 who underwent surgery during the same period. RESULTS: The total size of @entity5 of invasive @entity4929 , including cystic and invasive components, was statistically larger than that of a common type of @entity513 (62 vs 40 mm, P < 0.001), but the size of invasive component of invasive @entity4929 was smaller than that of a common type of @entity513 (21 vs 40 mm, P < 0.001). Negative lymph node @entity3 and relatively limited @entity5 spreading were frequently observed in @entity1 with invasive @entity4929 . On microscopic examination, the @entity5 infiltrating the surrounding tissue had a less invasive growth pattern, and a lower frequency of lymphatic invasion, @entity3 , and intrapancreatic neural invasion was also observed in @entity1 with invasive @entity4929 . The 5-year survival rate of invasive @entity4929 was significantly higher than that of common-type @entity513 (42% vs 20%, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: An increased awareness of invasive @entity4929 has enabled pancreatectomies to be performed at an earlier stage, relative to that for ordinary @entity788 . The less frequent detection of pathological factors concerned with @entity5 invasiveness in @entity1 with invasive @entity4929 suggested the lower aggressive behavior of this @entity5 .

title: Invasive carcinoma originating in an XXXX : a clinicopathologic comparison with a common type of @entity513 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity4929 :: ('MESH:C565310', 'Disease') :: ['Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm', 'IPMN']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic ductal carcinoma', 'invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'local tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['invasive ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'venous invasion']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas']