abstract: We present a case of multiple sequential intussusceptions in a preterm neonate that resulted in mechanical @entity1744 . The differential diagnosis of @entity1625 in a neonate is extensive, requiring a thorough review of presentation and methodical workup to determine etiology (Teitelbaum DH. Obturation obstruction of the intestine. In: O'Neill JA, editor. Principles of pediatric surgery. St. Louis (MO): Mosby, 2003. p. 605-612). Rare causes must be considered in a @entity1 with no obvious etiology on contrast studies and persistent symptoms. Intussusception, a common cause of obstruction and @entity158 in older @entity1 and @entity1 , can rarely occur in neonates and is unfortunately difficult to diagnose preoperatively (J Pediatr. 1955;47:87-94; Pediatr Surg Int. 1998;13:232-236; Ann Saudi Med. 2000; 20:310-312; Eur J Pediatr. 1999;158:830-832; J Paedatr @entity1 Health. 2004;40:388-391; Radiology. 1977;125:463-466; J Perinat Med. 2004;32:190-194).

title: Multiple sequential intussusceptions causing XXXX in a preterm neonate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'children', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['bowel obstruction']


abstract: A 12 months longitudinal study was carried out in 214 consecutive Nigerian @entity1 using @entity42837 subdermal contraceptive implant (Uniplant) for the first time to establish the rates of different @entity3556 patterns according to WHO @entity548 /spotting classification, and to assess their relationship with Uniplant discontinuation. The results showed an initial rise in the number of @entity1 experiencing @entity3556 which continued to fall towards the 12th month of use (57.01% vs 26.17%). Similarly, a significant increase in mean menstrual cycle length occurred in the first trimester of use and this disappeared by the third trimester. The mean numbers of @entity548 /spotting days and @entity548 /spotting free intervals increased significantly from first trimester to the fourth trimester. No change was noted in the mean number of @entity548 /spotting episodes through, out the follow up period. The total discontinuation rate was 15.42%. Discontinuation on account of @entity3556 pattern was 3.27%. One accidental pregnancy occurred during follow up (Pearl index = 0.52). No significant change in haemoglobin levels was noted in the @entity1 . It was concluded that changes in menstrual patterns in Uniplant users occur mostly in the first six months of use and are unlikely to have any deleterious effects on the general health of the users.

title: @entity3556 patterns in Nigerian users of XXXX subdermal contraceptive implant.

entities_list: @entity3556 :: ('MESH:D014592', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal bleeding', 'altered vaginal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity42837 :: ('MESH:C038501', 'Chemical') :: ['Nomegestrol acetate']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity42837 :: (MESH:C038501,Chemical) :: ['nomegestrol acetate']


abstract: @entity1 with a history of @entity146 are at higher risk of suicide than @entity1 without such a history. The policy of reducing inpatient care in psychiatry has probably meant that some of the risk of suicide has shifted from the hospital to the community setting. We have quantified the risk of suicide within a year of @entity146 discharge in a population-based study in the Oxford health region, UK. We calculated suicide rates per 1000 @entity1 -years at risk (time from discharge to @entity204 , subsequent readmission, or the end of the study) and the standardised mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide, taking the value among the general population as 1. Among male @entity1 the SMR for suicide (defined by coroner's verdict of suicide) in the first 28 days after discharge from inpatient care was 213 (95% CI 137-317); the equivalent SMR for female @entity1 was 134 (67-240). The result was similar when we defined suicide more broadly as a suicide, open, or misadventure verdict. The suicide rate in the first 28 days after discharge was 7.1 (4.1-12) times higher for male @entity1 and 3.0 (1.5-6.0) times higher for female @entity1 than the rate during the remaining 48 weeks of the first year after discharge. Most of the @entity1 studied (both those who committed suicide and those who did not) had been @entity146 inpatients for only a short time. The findings confirm that there is significant clustering of suicide soon after discharge from @entity146 care. Skilled support after discharge for high-risk @entity1 in the community is essential. Audit of suicides that occur soon after discharge may help identify the @entity1 at highest risk and thereby reduce the number of avoidable deaths.

title: Suicide after discharge from XXXX inpatient care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person', 'people', 'People']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorder']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate long-term prognosis in a group of @entity1 with @entity8 and to analyse which clinical factors were associated with progression to @entity177 in adulthood. @entity1 AND METHOD: Retrospective study. 58 young adults with @entity8 diagnosed at 10.6(SD 2.9) years old and studied after a follow-up of 11.8 (SD 2.9) years. RESULTS: Relapses of macroscopic @entity811 and @entity644 were the most frequent symptoms at onset (75.9%). In 25.9% of @entity1 high plasmatic IgA levels were also detected. Most cases had grade I (44.8%)or grade II (44.8%) histological lesions at diagnosis. At the last control, clinical remision was observed in 21 @entity1 (36.2%) and 50% of the whole group remained with abnormal urine. 8 @entity1 (13.8%) reached @entity177 . Mean renal survival (defined as glomerular filtration rate above 50 ml/ @entity1009 .73 m2)was 100, 93.3 and 81.1% at 5, 10 and 15 years of evolution, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: About 14% of @entity1 with @entity8 had long-term renal bad prognosis. @entity101 at onset, plasma @entity1011 elevation and @entity644 during adolescence were significant risk factors associated with @entity177 during adulthood. Minimal lesions at @entity8 diagnosis in @entity1 did not exclude long-term poor prognosis.

title: [Long-term prognosis of childhood XXXX in adult life].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['terminal renal failure', 'chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['IgA nephropathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: Peritoneal recurrence is not an uncommon cause of @entity204 after surgery for @entity356 , even after surgery with curative intent. This indicates that there is undetected residual disease in the peritoneal cavity. We conducted this study to determine the value of peritoneal and serum @entity787 ( @entity787 ) levels and peritoneal washing cytology in predicting the locoregional and distant spread of @entity356 . METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 70 consecutive @entity1 with @entity356 by measuring peritoneal @entity787 (pCEA) and serum @entity787 (sCEA) levels and peritoneal washing cytology results, and studying their effect on the histopathologic properties. The effect of the pCEA level on disease-free survival (DFS) and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was also evaluated in @entity1 treated with curative intent. RESULTS: Twenty-one (30%) @entity1 had sCEA levels >10 ng/ml, whereas 25 @entity1 (35.7%) had pCEA levels >10 ng/g protein and 26 @entity1 (37.1%) had positive cytology. The pCEA levels were significantly higher in @entity1 with hepatic metastases (P = 0.034), or serosal (P = 0.028), and peritoneal (P = 0.026) involvement, whereas the sCEA levels were significantly higher only in @entity1 with hepatic metastases (P = 0.04). Similarly, positive cytology was mainly detected in @entity1 with hepatic metastases (P = 0.004). The pCEA levels significantly affected DFS (P = 0.002) and @entity1349 (P = 0.01) in 34 @entity1 treated with curative intent. CONCLUSION: Since pCEA levels are more useful for predicting locoregional recurrence, their measurement during surgery may help plan the most appropriate surgical strategy and adjuvant therapy.

title: Peritoneal @entity787 level for predicting locoregional and distant spread of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: Background. This article presents an evaluation of triple arthrodesis performed on @entity1 with @entity306 . The indication for surgery was significant @entity5109 causing disturbances in gait. Material and methods. From 1982 to 2000, triple arthrodesis was performed on 34 @entity1 (16 @entity1 , 18 @entity1 , average age 16,5) with @entity306 . The most common form of @entity2723 was diparegia, 20 @entity1 were operated unilaterally, 14 @entity1 bilaterally; 48 operations were performed altogether (14 equino-varus feet and 34 planovalgus feet with adduction of the forefoot). The triple arthrodesis was joined with an @entity924 , and the flexor digitorum and longus muscles. Follow-up was 6 years on the average (1-9 years). Results and conclusions. The results indicate that triple arthrodesis is a satisfactory method of @entity508 treatment with robust outcome in @entity1 with @entity306 (able to walk). It is demonstrated that @entity85 allows for better correction than @entity85 .

title: Triple tarsal arthrodesis in the treatment of @entity508 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity5109 :: ('MESH:D005530', 'Disease') :: ['foot deformity']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spastic foot']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['elongation of the Achilles tendon, the posterior tendon of the tibial muscle']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['equinovarus deformity', 'planovalgus deformity']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['cerebral palsy']


abstract: In this 2-week, randomized, crossover study, ophthalmic solutions of @entity19608 2% and @entity13205 0.1% were compared for effectiveness and acceptability in 28 @entity1 with @entity56 and previous @entity13205 experience. @entity1 received nedocromil twice daily or @entity13205 twice daily for 1 week, then were crossed over to the alternate medication for 1 week. Outcome measures were @entity1 satisfaction (questionnaire), severity of @entity1109 (daily diary scores), clinical signs (physician assessments), quality of life (questionnaire), and global assessments of effectiveness. Both medications were well accepted. Of the 28 @entity1 , 16 (57.1%) would request a @entity19608 prescription, 10 (35.7%) an @entity13205 prescription (P = .157); 22 @entity1 (78.6%) would recommend nedocromil to other @entity566 sufferers, while 18 (64.3%) would recommend @entity13205 (P = .480). Light sensitivity scores were significantly lower with nedocromil (P = .0125); other symptom scores were comparable between medications. Both drugs significantly (P < .01) and comparably decreased erythema, conjunctival injection, and overall conjunctival signs from baseline. Comparable improvement also occurred in quality-of-life scores. Both physicians and @entity1 judged nedocromil and @entity13205 to be similarly effective in preventing signs and symptoms. Nedocromil @entity1372 2% is an effective treatment for @entity56 . @entity1 receiving @entity13205 can be switched to nedocromil with no loss in efficacy or satisfaction, but with a reduction in cost.

title: Efficacy and acceptability of nedocromil @entity1372 2% and XXXX 0.1% in @entity56 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity19608 :: ('MESH:D017835', 'Chemical') :: ['nedocromil sodium', 'nedocromil']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['ocular symptoms']

entities_list: @entity13205 :: ('MESH:C074921', 'Chemical') :: ['olopatadine hydrochloride', 'olopatadine']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['perennial allergic conjunctivitis']

answer: @entity13205 :: (MESH:C074921,Chemical) :: ['olopatadine hydrochloride']


abstract: The present status of hepatic resection for @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is reviewed with special reference to the vascular aspects. Hepatic resection combined with portal @entity5 thrombectomy has been attempted in Japan. This procedure may be effective in the prevention of @entity397 of esophageal varices and making transcatheter arterial embolization possible. According to the report of Yamaoka and his associates, the 1- and 3-year survival rates of 29 @entity1 treated with this combined procedure were 53% and 12%, respectively. This surgical strategy may thus yield survival benefits. In @entity1 with a @entity5 near the confluence of the major hepatic vein and inferior vena cava, resection of segments 4b, 7, and 8 combined with hepatic vein reconstruction has been performed, which allows functional preservation of the residual liver. The historical development of @entity99 ( @entity99 ) is also reviewed. @entity99 can be performed safely using a centrifugal active pump, even in @entity1 with @entity82 . Hepatic resection combined with removal of @entity5 thrombus in the right atrium has been carried out using extracorporeal circulation. There are reports that at least two @entity1 undergoing this operation survived more than 2 years after surgery. The hepatic warm ischemic time should be less than 60 min. Vascular surgery techniques are being increasingly applied in Japan for the treatment of @entity157 . Such surgery can be performed safely even in @entity1 with @entity82 . Improvement of long-term survival in @entity1 undergoing such procedures remains an unresolved problem, however.

title: [Treatment of XXXX : application of vascular surgery].

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['HVE', 'hepatic vascular exclusion']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Innovative types of biologic mesh have provided new alternatives to @entity4037 , especially in the face of contamination. The authors studied the experience and outcomes of @entity1 who underwent repair of a @entity4037 with biologic mesh. METHODS: Online database and detailed reference searches were conducted. Studies chosen for review had a sample size of at least 40 @entity1 , level IV evidence at most, and a Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies index of at least 10. Indications for use of biologic mesh, type of mesh, @entity1 comorbidities, and surgical techniques were also noted. RESULTS: Eight studies fulfilled the search criteria and included 635 @entity1 using AlloDerm, Surgisis, and Strattice biologic tissue matrices. In one study, indications and surgical techniques were standardized, and follow-up was prospective. In the other seven studies, indications, surgical techniques, and follow-up were assessed retrospectively. The mean @entity1 age, when reported, was 55.7 years. Body mass index ranged from 30 to 35 kg/m2 in 44 percent of the reported @entity1 . In seven of the eight studies [565 @entity1 (89 percent)], the mean follow-up was 25.8 months and the mean hernia recurrence rate was 21 percent. Complication rate exceeded 20 percent in most studies. CONCLUSIONS: Biologic tissue matrices are mostly used in contaminated fields, which has allowed for a one-stage repair with no or little subsequent mesh removal. @entity4037 repair with these matrices continues to be plagued by a high recurrence rate and complications. Prospective randomized trials are needed to properly direct practice in the use of these meshes and evaluate their ultimate value.

title: A decade of XXXX repairs with biologic acellular dermal matrix: what have we learned?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4037 :: ('MESH:D006555', 'Disease') :: ['ventral incisional hernia', 'ventral incisional hernia repair', 'Ventral incisional hernia']

answer: @entity4037 :: (MESH:D006555,Disease) :: ['ventral incisional hernia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Family caregivers of @entity1 with poor prognosis upper @entity1820 are at high risk of experiencing @entity458 and carer burden. The early postoperative period is a time of high @entity1 care needs and transition of care, with carers new to the caring role. This study aimed to explore the experiences of family caregivers of @entity1 diagnosed with upper @entity1820 after surgical intervention to (1) identify their unmet supportive care needs and (2) investigate how family caregivers perceive their role during this time. METHODS: Family caregivers of newly diagnosed postsurgical upper @entity1820 @entity1 were recruited. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted at 3 weeks and 3 months post-surgery. Analysis involved a constant comparative approach. Sampling was discontinued when information redundancy was achieved. Fifteen family caregivers participated in the first interview and eight agreed to a second interview. RESULTS: Family caregivers reported significant information and support needs. Family caregiver distress was exacerbated by a lack of @entity1 care knowledge. Access to support was limited by caregivers' lack of understanding of the health system. Family caregivers view their role as part of their family responsibility. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new insight into the supportive care needs of family caregivers of upper @entity1820 @entity1 and the impact of unmet need on the emotional well-being of family caregivers. These results will inform future supportive care service development and intervention research aimed at reducing unmet supportive care needs and @entity458 of family caregivers of @entity1 with poor prognosis upper @entity1820 .

title: Coping with newly diagnosed upper XXXX : a longitudinal qualitative study of family caregivers' role perception and supportive care needs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal (GI) cancers', 'GI cancer']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

answer: @entity1820 :: (MESH:D005770,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal cancer']


abstract: The compound nerve action potential (CNAP) of the superficial peroneal nerve of @entity235 was investigated to determine: (1) the influence of the stimulation technique on the configuration of the CNAP, with particular attention to late components; (2) the @entity5562 ( @entity5562 ) distribution; and (3) the relationship between @entity5562 distribution and CNAP configuration, by reconstruction of CNAP made on the basis of @entity5562 distributions. The CNAP were evoked in 9 @entity235 under @entity1508 anesthesia by 2 stimulation methods: percutaneous needle electrode stimulation and direct stimulation of the exposed superficial peroneal nerve. Recordings were made with percutaneous needle electrodes. Full nerve cross sections of 7 superficial peroneal nerves were prepared for @entity5562 morphometric analysis. Reconstruction of CNAP were made on the basis of the @entity5562 distributions. Late components of the CNAP could be evoked with either stimulation method, but only with a stimulus intensity of 3 to 5 times maximal for the main (early) component of the CNAP. The @entity5562 histograms of 7 analyzed nerves had bimodal distribution. In 5 nerves, peaks were at 4.2 to 4.5 microns and 9.0 to 10.0 microns, with 60% of the fibers in the small-diameter group. In 2 nerves with lower maximal conduction velocities, peaks were shifted toward smaller values. The CNAP reconstructions made by use of @entity5562 data closely resembled actual recordings when a fifth-order polynomial function was applied to the relationship between nerve conduction velocity and @entity5562 . Reconstructions made by use of 1 or 2 linear functions did not accurately resemble actual recordings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Correlation of sensory electroneurographic recordings and myelinated fiber diameters of the superficial peroneal nerve of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5562 :: ('MESH:D015875', 'Disease') :: ['FD', 'fiber diameter']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: Pfiesteria piscicida is a dinoflagellate which has a lethal effect on fish and also causes a syndrome of toxic effects in @entity1 . @entity73 is a prominent aspect of Pfiesteria's @entity137 , and this neurocognitive effect resulting from toxin exposure has been demonstrated previously in a @entity35 model. Four experiments are presented here, which replicate, confirm and extend some of the initial research and also show that similar @entity73 result from exposure to the toxin of another species, Pfiesteria shumwayae. @entity35 were given intraperitoneal injections of filtered water taken from toxic Pfiesteria cultures and tested in the radial arm maze (RAM). In two experiments, exposure to toxin from either species (piscicida or shumwayae) retarded acquisition of RAM performance in a non-interrupted win-shift RAM paradigm. A @entity5591 challenge showed increased vulnerability to anticholinergic effects in exposed @entity35 , even after nondrugged RAM performance was not different from controls. A third experiment featured a more difficult RAM test which included a 150-min interruption-delay. Toxin exposure also degraded performance in this version of the RAM, and the impairment was potentiated by the @entity5591 challenge. The fourth experiment demonstrated retarded learning of the reversal of a RAM procedure which tested reference memory. In agreement with earlier research, these results indicate that Pfiesteria toxin interferes with the learning required to adapt to changing behavioral requirements. They also demonstrate that a latent toxin-produced @entity51 persists after behavior appears normal, as revealed by potentiation of @entity5591 's impairment of efficient RAM performance.

title: Behavioral effects and drug vulnerability in XXXX exposed to Pfiesteria toxin.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits', 'Cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['CNS dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['scopolamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: AIMS: The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are thought to contribute to @entity413 homeostasis. The aim of our study was to examine the response of the IGFs and their binding proteins to an intravenous load of @entity413 in a cohort of young @entity1 and @entity1 with normal @entity413 tolerance. METHODS: The intravenous @entity413 tolerance test (IVGTT) was used to quantify insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in 160 adults aged 20-21 years in Adelaide, Australia. Serum @entity442 , @entity5100 , @entity10116 and @entity2301 were measured during the IVGTT. RESULTS: @entity1 were less insulin sensitive than @entity1 with higher fasting insulin ( @entity1 55.6 +/- 4.4, @entity1 44.1 +/- 3.6 pmol L(-1), P = 0.001) and first phase insulin secretion ( @entity1 3490 +/- 286, @entity1 3038 +/- 271 pmol L(-1) min, P = 0.042). @entity1 showed lower fasting free @entity442 ( @entity1 0.29 +/- 0.02, @entity1 0.36 +/- 0.02 mug L(-1), P = 0.004) but higher @entity2301 ( @entity1 46.3 +/- 0.53, @entity1 43.3 +/- 0.58 mg dL(-1), P = 0.001) and higher @entity10116 concentrations ( @entity1 37.0 +/- 2.9, @entity1 24.8 +/- 2.3 mug L(-1), P = 0.012). @entity10116 fell by 5 min and remained suppressed. @entity2301 and total @entity442 fell until 60 min rising again by 2 h. IGF and IGFBP values were all higher in @entity1 . @entity10116 showed a negative association with fasting and stimulated insulin concentrations in both genders. First phase insulin secretion however showed positive correlations with @entity2301 (r = 0.321, P = 0.004) and @entity442 (r = 0.339 P = 0.002) in @entity1 but not @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Our data show that @entity10116 , @entity2301 and @entity442 show acute changes following a @entity413 load and there are marked gender differences in these responses.

title: Gender differences in the insulin-like growth factor axis response to a XXXX load.

entities_list: @entity10116 :: ('3484', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1', 'IGFBP-1']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: The effect of @entity2697 and @entity4807 on the spontaneous firing rate in the cat primary auditory cortex was investigated in 13 healthy @entity468 . Spontaneous firing rates were calculated for each single unit. A dose of 200 mg of @entity11141 per kg was administered intraperitoneally to six @entity468 , and the findings from the same single unit were recorded prior to application and continuously up to, on average, 6 hours after application. A dose of 100 or 200 mg of @entity4807 per kg was administered intramuscularly to seven @entity468 , and the findings from the same single unit were recorded in the same manner as for the @entity468 treated with @entity11141 . Twenty one single units in @entity2697 -treated @entity468 and 29 single units in @entity4807 -treated @entity468 were evaluated. All animals treated with @entity2697 showed a 20-30 dB threshold shift about 2 hours after application and showed no recovery during the course of the investigation. All animals treated with @entity4807 showed a 10-40 dB threshold shift about 1 hour after application and recovered during the course of the investigation. There was no consistent difference in overall spontaneous firing rate before and after application in either @entity2697 -treated @entity468 or @entity4807 treated @entity468 . In order to investigate a potential different effect on units with different spontaneous firing rates, we divided the @entity468 into two groups, a high-firing rate group (pre-application firing rate > 1 spike/s) and a low firing rate group (pre-application firing rate < 1 spike/s). A significant decrease in the high-firing rate group (p < 0.05) and a significant increase in the low firing rate (p < 0.01) were observed in @entity2697 -treated @entity468 . The same tendencies were observed in @entity4807 -treated @entity468 , but only the difference in the low firing rate group was significant (p < 0.05). The difference in the high-firing rate group was close to the significant level (p = 0.055). These changes in spontaneous firing rates in cat primary auditory cortex may be related to the generation of @entity392 .

title: [Effects of @entity2697 and XXXX on cat primary auditory cortex--spontaneous firing rate].

entities_list: @entity2697 :: ('CHEBI:30762', 'Chemical') :: ['salicylate']

entities_list: @entity11141 :: ('MESH:D012980', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium salicylate']

entities_list: @entity4807 :: ('MESH:D011803', 'Chemical') :: ['quinine', 'quinine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

answer: @entity4807 :: (MESH:D011803,Chemical) :: ['quinine']


abstract: Apoenzyme of the major @entity1110 -utilizing @entity1785 reductase FRG/FRase I from @entity7866 was prepared. The apoenzyme bound one FMN cofactor per enzyme monomer to yield fully active holoenzyme. The FMN cofactor binding resulted in substantial quenching of both the @entity1785 and the protein fluorescence intensities without any significant shifts in the emission peaks. In addition to FMN binding (K(d) 0.5 microM at 23 degrees C), the apoenzyme also bound @entity56625 , FAD and @entity8728 as a cofactor with K(d) values of 1, 12, and 37 microM, respectively, at 23 degrees C. The @entity56625 containing holoenzyme was about 40% active in specific activity as compared to the FMN-containing holoenzyme. The FAD- and @entity8728 -reconstituted holoenzymes were also catalytically active but their specific activities were not determined. FRG/FRase I followed a ping-pong kinetic mechanism. It is proposed that the enzyme-bound FMN cofactor shuttles between the oxidized and the reduced form during catalysis. For both the FMN- and @entity56625 -containing holoenzymes, @entity56625 was about 30% active as compared to @entity10698 as a substrate. @entity10697 and @entity8728 were also active substrates. FRG/FRase I was shown by ultracentrifugation at 4 degrees C to undergo a monomer-dimer equilibrium, with K(d) values of 18.0 and 13.4 microM for the apo- and holoenzymes, respectively. All the spectral, ligand equilibrium binding, and kinetic properties described above are most likely associated with the monomeric species of FRG/FRase I. Many aspects of these properties are compared with a structurally and functionally related @entity11784 @entity1110 -specific @entity1785 reductase FRP.

title: @entity1785 specificity and subunit interaction of @entity7866 general @entity1110 - XXXX oxidoreductase FRG/FRase I.

entities_list: @entity11784 :: ('669', 'Species') :: ['Vibrio harveyi']

entities_list: @entity7866 :: ('668', 'Species') :: ['Vibrio fischeri']

entities_list: @entity8728 :: ('MESH:D012256', 'Chemical') :: ['riboflavin']

answer: @entity1785 :: (MESH:C024132,Chemical) :: ['flavin']


abstract: Neutrophil activation occurs in @entity1 with @entity1468 and is resolved after delivery. The present study examined whether circulating factors in plasma of @entity1 with @entity1468 caused neutrophil activation and lipid peroxidation. Twenty-one @entity1 with @entity1468 were matched for age and gestational age with 19 normal pregnant @entity1 . Plasma was collected from all subjects before delivery and at 6 weeks postpartum and incubated with autologous white-cell buffy coat collected at the postpartum visit. Neutrophil activation was assessed by level of @entity9536 and @entity1454 expression after incubation with autologous antepartum or postpartum plasma. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by measurement of F(2)- @entity10329 in plasma, plasma-white cell incubates, and urine. Neutrophil @entity9536 and @entity1454 expression was not differentially altered by incubation with plasma from either @entity1 with @entity1468 or normal pregnant @entity1 and was similar between groups when incubation was performed with plasma collected after delivery. In @entity1468 , plasma F(2)- @entity10329 were significantly increased before and after delivery compared with controls. Plasma F(2)- @entity10329 were increased 2-fold after incubation of plasma with buffy coat, but preeclamptic @entity1 had higher levels compared with those of controls when either pregnant or postpartum plasma was used. In pregnant preeclamptics, plasma F(2)- @entity10329 were positively correlated with lymphocyte count. Six weeks after delivery, plasma F(2)- @entity10329 in the preeclamptic @entity1 were significantly positively associated with lymphocyte count and @entity165 and negatively associated with albumin. In conclusion, the present study does not suggest that a stable circulating factor causes neutrophil activation in @entity1468 . However, lipid peroxidation is elevated before and after delivery in @entity1 with @entity1468 , which suggests that these @entity1 may have an underlying predisposition to increased oxidative stress that may be driven by or contribute to a persistent low-grade inflammatory response.

title: Study of plasma factors associated with neutrophil activation and lipid peroxidation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10329 :: ('MESH:D028421', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprostanes']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia', 'proteinuric preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['preeclampsia']


abstract: Age-, sex-, and maturity-associated variation in @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) distribution is reviewed and then considered longitudinally in a sample of Polish youth. Current study of adipose tissue distribution places considerable emphasis on abdominal adiposity, specifically intra-abdominal or visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Most studies of @entity1 and adolescents do not include an abdominal skinfold, and when it is available, the skinfold is grouped with others as a sum of skinfolds. Correlations between abdominal VAT and @entity1386 based on computerized tomography in non-obese @entity1 are moderate to high, and those between the suprailiac and abdominal skinfolds and abdominal VAT are moderately high. Changes in three individual skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, abdominal) and ratios of the skinfolds were considered by chronological age and relative to the timing of peak height velocity (PHV), and in @entity1 of contrasting maturity status in @entity1 of the Wroclaw Growth Study, 193 @entity1 and 197 @entity1 , who were followed longitudinally from 8 to 18 years of age. Individual skinfolds behave differently during childhood and adolescence, and the changes are influenced by the timing of the adolescent growth spurt. Sex differences in estimated velocities are negligible up to about 2 years before PHV; then velocities tend to be higher in @entity1 . The velocity of the triceps skinfold is negative in @entity1 just before and after PHV; estimated velocities for the trunk skinfolds are positive through the growth spurt in both sexes, and are somewhat greater after PHV, especially in @entity1 . The individuality of changes in individual skinfolds during the adolescent spurt contributes to changes in the relative distribution of @entity1386 at this time. The timing of the adolescent growth spurt is an important factor influencing the distribution of @entity1386 both in the total sample and in youth classified as early and late maturing. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:189-200, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

title: Variation in XXXX distribution associated with age, sex, and maturation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous adipose tissue', 'SAT']

answer: @entity1386 :: (MESH:D018205,Disease) :: ['subcutaneous adipose tissue']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion is a widely used treatment that is expensive and carries a small degree of risk. The level of @entity417 that @entity1 tolerate and the indications for blood transfusion are controversial. METHODS: Review of pertinent English language literature. RESULTS: The risk of blood transfusion from viral transmission is very low. The risk of @entity417 increases as hemoglobin concentration decreases. The risk is very high when the hemoglobin concentration is below 6 g/dL. The risk of @entity204 or serious morbidity increases more rapidly in @entity1 with @entity65 than @entity1 without @entity65 . There is only one adequately powered clinical trial that demonstrates that a 7 g/dL transfusion threshold is as safe, and in some subgroups, safer than a 10 g/dL threshold. CONCLUSIONS: A restrictive transfusion threshold (7 g/dL) is recommended in most @entity1 . In @entity1 with @entity65 , a 9-10 g/dL may be advisable, but definitive guidelines await further clinical trials. However, as with all such treatments, the decision to transfuse should be based on individual assessment of @entity1 ' signs, symptoms, and co-morbidity.

title: Risk of XXXX and transfusion triggers: implications for bloodless care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity417 :: (MESH:D000740,Disease) :: ['anemia']


abstract: The mechanism by which (1S,3R)-ACPD, a metabotropic @entity2227 receptor agonist, induces burst firing in lateral septal neurons of the @entity35 was investigated in coronal brainstem slices. Membrane currents were characterized in voltage clamp using whole-cell recordings. In the presence of (1S,3R)-ACPD, following depolarizing voltage jumps, repolarization towards the holding potential generated an inward aftercurrent. It could have a plateau-like phase and decayed exponentially. This (1S,3R)-ACPD-dependent inward aftercurrent was accompanied by an increase in cell conductance and was reduced following partial replacement of extracellular @entity1372 by @entity21678 . It was unaffected by @entity1041 or barium, and persisted in Cs-loaded neurons or following partial replacement of extracellular @entity2865 by @entity20412 . This suggests that it was mainly carried by @entity1372 . Loading neurons with the @entity460 chelator, @entity18650 , or blocking transmembrane @entity460 currents, suppressed the (1S,3R)-ACPD-dependent aftercurrent. By contrast, partial replacement of extracellular @entity1372 by @entity1091 did not affect it. Thus, this current was dependent upon @entity460 influx but was not due to a @entity1372 / @entity460 exchanger. It was probably mediated by G protein activation. Indeed, in neurons loaded with @entity3007 -gamma-S, following depolarizing voltage jumps, repolarization towards the holding potential revealed an inward aftercurrent having properties similar to those of the (1S,3R)-ACPD-dependent current. We suggest that (1S,3R)-ACPD induced @entity460 -activated non-selective channels. In the presence of this agonist, a depolarization-evoked @entity460 influx could thus evoke a cationic inward current. This current probably promotes the burst firing observed in lateral septal neurons in current clamp.

title: Action of a metabotropic XXXX receptor agonist in @entity35 lateral septum: induction of a @entity1372 -dependent inward aftercurrent.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity20412 :: ('CHEBI:61904', 'Chemical') :: ['isethionate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity21678 :: ('CHEBI:59732', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-glucamine']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inter- @entity1 and intra- @entity1 reproducibility of the glycemic response to a mixed meal in individuals with @entity6 ( @entity6 ). SUBJECTS/SETTING: Six individuals with @entity6 were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center for 6 days. INTERVENTION: Subjects consumed 3 different meal plans consisting of 4 meals daily (breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack) on 2 separate occasions. Serum insulin and @entity413 levels were sampled at 19 time points every day. The glycemic response (GR) to a meal was calculated as the area under the @entity413 response curve after consumption of a given meal. In addition, the incremental area under the curve (IGR) was calculated assuming a pre-prandial (baseline) @entity413 value before each meal as zero. RESULTS: Intra- @entity1 correlation coefficients (R) of GR for meals in subjects with @entity6 were quite good, ranging 0.69-0.94. The range of the inter- @entity1 coefficients of variation (CV) for the same meals was 21.5-30.4%. For IGR, the R values ranged from 0.64 to 0.91 for 8 out of 12 meals, confirming good intra- @entity1 reproducibility for these meals. CV for IGR ranged from 31% to 113%. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with @entity6 , the GR of individual meals exhibits excellent intra- @entity1 reproducibility, allowing prediction of the glycemic response to a given meal in an individual subject. However, significant inter- @entity1 variability of the GR precludes its use for the prediction of post-prandial @entity413 concentrations in groups of @entity1 with @entity6 .

title: Reproducibility of a glycemic response to mixed meals in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'DM', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: Arterial tone in muscular conduit arteries may influence pressure wave reflection through changes in diameter and pulse wave velocity. We examined the relative specificity of vasodilator drugs for radial artery and forearm resistance vessels during intrabrachial arterial infusion. The @entity842 (NO) donors, @entity12118 and @entity1854 , and brain natriuretic peptide were compared with the a-adrenergic antagonist @entity5521 , @entity460 -channel antagonist @entity1855 , and @entity2514 . Radial artery diameter was measured by high resolution ultrasound, forearm blood flow by strain gauge plethysmography, and pulse wave velocity by pressure recording cuffs placed over the distal brachial and radial arteries. @entity1063 was used to constrict the radial artery to generate a greater range of vasodilator tone when examining pulse wave velocity. Despite dilating resistance vasculature, @entity5521 and @entity1855 had little effect on radial artery diameter (mean dilation <9%). By contrast, for comparable actions on resistance vessels, @entity12118 and @entity1854 but not brain natriuretic peptide had powerful actions to dilate the radial artery (dilations of 31.3    3.6%, 23.6    3.1%, and 9.8    2.0% for @entity12118 , @entity1854 , and brain natriuretic peptide, respectively). Changes in pulse wave velocity followed those in arterial diameter irrespective of the signaling pathway used to modulate arterial tone (R=-0.89, P<0.05). Basal tone in @entity1 muscular arteries is relatively unaffected by a-adrenergic or @entity460 -channel blockade, but is functionally or directly antagonized by NO donors. The differential response to NO donors suggests that there is potential to manipulate the downstream pathway to confer greater specificity for large arteries with a resultant decrease in pressure wave reflection and systolic blood pressure.

title: Regulation of vascular tone and pulse wave velocity in @entity1 muscular conduit arteries: selective effects of XXXX donors to dilate muscular arteries relative to resistance vessels.

entities_list: @entity12118 :: ('CHEBI:28787', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerine']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity2514 :: ('MESH:D006830', 'Chemical') :: ['hydralazine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Inflammation within @entity1856 is a known risk factor for plaque vulnerability. This can be detected in  vivo on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using ultrasmall superparamagnetic @entity1933 (USPIO) contrast medium. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of performing sequential USPIO studies over a 1-year period. METHODS: Ten @entity1 with moderate asymptomatic @entity543 underwent carotid MRI imaging both before and 36 hours after USPIO infusion at 0, 6, and 12 months. Images were manually segmented into quadrants, and the signal change per quadrant was calculated at these time points. A mixed repeated measures statistical model was used to determine signal change attributable to USPIO uptake over time. RESULTS: All @entity1 remained asymptomatic during the study. The mixed model revealed no statistical difference in USPIO uptake between the 3 time points. Intraclass correlation coefficients revealed a good agreement of quadrant signal pre-USPIO infusion between 0 and 6 months (0.70) and 0 and 12 months (0.70). Good agreement of quadrant signal after USPIO infusion was shown between 0 and 6 months (0.68) and moderate agreement was shown between 0 and 12 months (0.33). CONCLUSIONS: USPIO-enhanced sequential MRI of @entity1856 is clinically feasible. This may have important implications for future longitudinal studies involving pharmacologic intervention in large @entity1 cohorts.

title: Sequential imaging of asymptomatic @entity1856 using ultrasmall superparamagnetic XXXX -enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a feasibility study.

entities_list: @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['atheromatous plaques', 'atheromatous carotid plaques']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

answer: @entity1933 :: (MESH:C000499,Chemical) :: ['iron oxide']


abstract: AIM: To determine potential for amelioration of recurrent severe hypoglycaemia without worsening in overall control in individuals with long-standing Type 1 @entity6 (T1DM). METHODS: Twenty-one @entity1 with T1DM characterized by altered hypoglycaemia awareness and debilitating severe hypoglycaemia were randomized in a pilot 24-week prospective study to optimized analogue therapy (ANALOGUE; lispro/glargine); continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy (CSII; lispro); or re-education with relaxation of blood @entity413 targets on existing conventional insulin regimen (EDUCATION). Glycaemic profiles and duration of biochemical hypoglycaemia were measured by continuous subcutaneous @entity413 monitoring and self-monitored blood @entity413 . RESULTS: Further severe hypoglycaemia was prevented in five @entity1 (71%) in each group (P = 0.06). Incidence of severe hypoglycaemia was: 0.6 (ANALOGUE), 0.9 (CSII), and 3.7 (EDUCATION) episodes per @entity1 year. Restoration of hypoglycaemia awareness was confirmed by validated questionnaire in three (43%) ANALOGUE, four (57%) CSII and five (71%) EDUCATION @entity1 . Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was significantly improved in the ANALOGUE group between weeks 0 and 24 (8.6 +/- 1.1 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.8%; P = 0.04 for change). Non-significant improvement was seen in the CSII group (8.5 +/- 1.9 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.0%; P = 0.06). No change in HbA1c was seen in the EDUCATION group (8.5 +/- 1.1 vs. 8.3 +/- 1.0%; P = 0.54). There were no episodes of @entity6 or any other adverse events in any group. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot randomized trial comparing optimized ANALOGUE, CSII or EDUCATION alone in unselected individuals with recurrent severe hypoglycaemia, we show potential for restoring hypoglycaemia awareness and preventing further severe hypoglycaemia with concomitant improvement in glycaemic control in ANALOGUE and CSII groups.

title: A randomized pilot study in Type 1 XXXX complicated by severe hypoglycaemia, comparing rigorous hypoglycaemia avoidance with insulin analogue therapy, CSII or education alone.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic ketoacidosis', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: The mood stabilizers @entity1091 and @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ) are traditionally used to treat @entity162 ( @entity162 ), a severe @entity1032 arising from complex interactions between genes and environment that drive deficits in cellular plasticity and resiliency. The therapeutic potential of these drugs in other @entity6220 is also gaining support. This article reviews the various mechanisms of action of @entity1091 and @entity3262 gleaned from cellular and animal models of @entity16 . Clinical evidence is included when available to provide a comprehensive perspective of the field and to acknowledge some of the limitations of these treatments. First, the review describes how action at these drugs' primary targets--glycogen synthase kinase-3 for @entity1091 and histone deacetylases for @entity3262 --induces the transcription and expression of neurotrophic, angiogenic, and neuroprotective proteins. Cell survival signaling cascades, oxidative stress pathways, and protein quality control mechanisms may further underlie @entity1091 and @entity3262 's beneficial actions. The ability of cotreatment to augment neuroprotection and enhance stem cell homing and migration is also discussed, as are microRNAs as new therapeutic targets. Finally, preclinical findings have shown that the neuroprotective benefits of these agents facilitate anti- @entity32 , angiogenesis, neurogenesis, blood-brain barrier integrity, and disease-specific neuroprotection. These mechanisms can be compared with @entity66 mechanisms to suggest core cellular and molecular disturbances identifiable by specific risk biomarkers. Future clinical endeavors are warranted to determine the therapeutic potential of @entity1091 and @entity3262 across the spectrum of @entity6220 , with particular emphasis on a personalized medicine approach toward treating these disorders.

title: Therapeutic potential of mood stabilizers XXXX and @entity1092 : beyond @entity162 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder', 'BD']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system diseases']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['dysregulated disease']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders']

answer: @entity1091 :: (MESH:D008094,Chemical) :: ['lithium']


abstract: This study examined effects of nonpeptide angiotensin II ( @entity1808 ) receptor subtype antagonists on the interaction of sympathetic function and @entity1808 in pithed @entity35 . Effects of spinal cord stimulation (0.5-4 Hz) and @entity1063 (0.3-3 micrograms/kg i.v.) on mean arterial pressure (recorded with a carotid arterial catheter), cardiac output (measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter and flow probe around the thoracic ascending aorta), total peripheral resistance, and heart rate were determined. The subtype 1-selective @entity1808 receptor antagonist @entity9886 (previously known as @entity9886 ) at 10 mg/kg i.v. blocked the hemodynamic responses to @entity1808 at 1 microgram/kg i.v. It inhibited mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance responses but not cardiac output and heart rate responses to spinal cord stimulation. In contrast, it reduced mean arterial pressure and cardiac output responses but not total peripheral resistance and heart rate responses to intravenous @entity1063 . Given at 100 mg/kg i.v., the subtype 2-selective receptor antagonist @entity45929 did not reduce hemodynamic responses to intravenous @entity1808 , spinal cord stimulation, and intravenous @entity1063 . These results suggest that endogenous @entity1808 facilitates the release of @entity1063 from sympathetic nerve terminals in the vasculature of pithed @entity35 . Similar to the @entity1808 receptor in vascular smooth muscle, the prejunctional @entity1808 receptor in pithed @entity35 appears to be of subtype 1.

title: Effect of blocking angiotensin II receptor subtype on XXXX sympathetic nerve function.

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Cyclic intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy using @entity2664 via reservoir system was prescribed for 8 @entity1 with advanced @entity157 . According to the clinical staging system, two @entity1 were in Stage III and the other six @entity1 in Stage IV-A. Vp-3 portal invasion was observed in six out of the eight @entity1 . @entity2664 (5-8 mg/body) was administered intra-arterially via port-a-cath device every 4 weeks. For @entity5 response, there were two PR cases, four NC cases, and two @entity1726 cases. Thus, the response rate was 25%. The mean survival period was 6.5 months, and 1-year survival rate was 13%. In one of two PR cases, the survival time has been more than two years so far. @entity344 such as @entity1209 were not severe. Critical myelosuppression requiring medication was not observed. Although a temporary increase of serum @entity648 was found in two cases, no severe @entity99 was observed. From our preliminary data, this arterial infusion chemotherapy using @entity2664 via reservoir system can be safely performed on non-hospitalized @entity1 with advanced @entity157 , and may be a useful treatment modality.

title: [Clinical study of cyclic intra-arterial chemotherapy using @entity2664 for advanced XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['Mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal toxicities']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['damage to hepatic function']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: @entity5 ( @entity765 , aggressive @entity81 ) are rare connective tissue @entity5 , that grow infiltratively and destructively. The analysis of the course of disease in three @entity1 suffering from @entity5 in the head and neck region (regio submandibularis, regio parotidea, parapharyngeal space) confirmed the data in literature that @entity4 are the first non-specific signs of the disease. Morphologically reactive @entity81 and @entity1492 should be considered (amongst others) in differential diagnosis. CT and MR scans are useful in determining the extent of the @entity5 and help to distinguish the @entity5 from nerves, vessels and bone. Surgery is the therapy of choice in the head and neck region. Primary surgery was performed in our @entity1 . Due to recurrences two of our @entity1 have been operated on several times including major plastic reconstructive surgery. One @entity1 died three and a half years after primary treatment due to @entity528 . A large parapharyngeal recurrence was successfully reduced by percutaneous radiation therapy in our second @entity1 . Follow-up of our third @entity1 was @entity22801 15 months after resection of a large parapharyngeal/mediastinal process including blocking of two cervical vertebrae. Summing up, @entity5 are rare connective tissue @entity5 in the head and neck region with a destructive biological behaviour similar to @entity5 and a high recurrence rate. Surgery is the treatment of choice. In recurrences or if the @entity5 is not properly resectable, radiation must be considered, whereas the chemotherapeutical approach is not yet well established.

title: [Diagnosis and therapy of aggressive @entity81 ( XXXX ) in the head and neck area].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumours', 'Desmoid tumours', 'desmoid tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['extraabdominal desmoids']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['painless swelling and dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity81 :: ('MESH:D005350', 'Disease') :: ['fibromatosis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomatous degeneration']

answer: @entity765 :: (MESH:D018222,Disease) :: ['extra-abdominal desmoid']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine reasons for nonparticipation and drop out in a @entity6 self-management intervention. METHODS: A total of 468 recently screen-detected @entity1 , receiving usual care or intensive pharmacological treatment, were invited and randomized into either a control or intervention condition, consisting of a brief self-management course. A nonresponse survey was conducted, and @entity1 , nonparticipants, and dropouts were compared on sociodemographic variables, @entity6 attitudes, and self-care. RESULTS: A total of 227 @entity1 consented and were allocated to the control (n=108) or intervention group (n=119). Two hundred forty-one @entity1 declined participation, 41 dropped out, and 78 completed the intervention. Major reasons for refusal and drop out were hesitancy toward research and practical barriers. Nonparticipants were less educated and reported higher self-management, while participation also varied by treatment and disease duration: intensively treated @entity1 were more likely to participate in their first year, and usual-care @entity1 participated more often 2 to 3 years after diagnosis. Dropouts had a lower education level but did not differ on any other measure. CONCLUSION: @entity1 , nonparticipants, and dropouts did not differ in their attitudes toward @entity6 , but the intervention did attract @entity1 with lower self-care. Variations in participation by treatment and disease duration suggest that @entity1 prefer self-management interventions at different times depending on their medical treatment. Finally, education appears to be the most important factor determining participation. Alternative strategies are needed to attract and retain @entity1 with low education.

title: Who participates in XXXX self-management interventions?: Issues of recruitment and retainment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate adult heights attained by @entity1 with @entity12554 and to perform a meta-analysis of height outcomes reported in this population. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of our @entity1 >5 years of age (n = 65) who were followed up from 1978 to 1998 for @entity12554 was conducted. Final height (FH) SD scores and target height (TH) SD scores were determined. The impact of sex, time of diagnosis, and compliance was assessed. Meta-analysis of results from 18 studies was performed; TH was available for 204 of 561 @entity1 . RESULTS: Mean FH SD score-TH SD score for our 65 @entity1 was -1.03. For the meta-analysis, mean weighted FH SD score for all 561 @entity1 was -1.37, whereas weighted mean FH SD score-TH SD score for the 204 @entity1 for whom TH was available was -1.21. No difference in outcome was seen for males compared with females, although a statistically significant difference was seen for @entity1 identified early versus late. CONCLUSIONS: Adult height in @entity1 with @entity12554 is often within 1 SD of TH. Early diagnosis and good compliance appear to improve the outcome. Rather than pursuing alternate therapies for @entity774 , efforts may instead be focused on early detection and improved compliance with traditional medical therapy.

title: Height outcome in @entity774 caused by XXXX : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['congenital adrenal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity12554 :: ('MESH:C535979', 'Disease') :: ['21-hydroxylase deficiency']

answer: @entity12554 :: (MESH:C535979,Disease) :: ['21-hydroxylase deficiency']


abstract: We report a case of severe @entity120 associated with @entity370 with a unique histopathological presentation. This 43-year old @entity28 @entity1 first presented eight years ago with complaint of @entity1353 on exertion for four years and was diagnosed as @entity120 . Six years later, a skin biopsy performed on her left cheek to rule out squamous cell @entity189 revealed @entity370 . The @entity1 was then put on @entity134 therapy and subsequently, the @entity26 saturation improved transiently, although the mean pulmonary arterial pressure did not show improvement. The @entity1 was then started on @entity4770 infusion and was hemodynamically stable, but the pulmonary artery pressures worsened. The @entity1 died from complications subsequent to a diagnostic procedure. An autopsy limited to the lungs was performed and routinely prepared @entity1710 and @entity1711 stained sections were examined. Immunohistochemical stains for @entity2279 , factor VIII-related antigen and muscle-specific actin were performed on selected sections. The diagnosis of @entity370 was confirmed. However, @entity3794 was not seen. The @entity738 surrounded medium- and small-sized pulmonary arteries, but did not destroy the vessel wall. Plexiform lesions indicating severe @entity120 were identified in pulmonary arteries, which were not involved by @entity738 .

title: Sarcoidois and XXXX --a case report.

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'primary pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: The @entity141 /calmodulin-dependent pathway is a critical signal transduction pathway that mediates various cellular responses in multiple organisms. @entity14855 acts through zinc finger transcription factor Crz1 in fungi. In the present study, we identified an ortholog of Crz1, PdCrz1, in @entity18202 , the most important pathogen of postharvest citrus. To determine the function(s) of PdCrz1, a gene-disruption mutant was generated using an @entity3261 -mediated transformation (ATMT) procedure. The PdCrz1 disruption (/\PdCrz1) mutant was defective in conidiation, cell wall integrity and virulence, and was @entity56 to stresses caused by @entity141 , @entity274 or 14a-demethylation inhibitor ( @entity9956 ) fungicides. Expressions of cell wall synthase genes (CHS2, CHS3 and FKS1) and P-type ATPase genes (PMR1 and PMC1) were defective in the /\PdCrz1 mutant when compared with the wild type. Calcineurin inhibitors were shown to enhance the effect of @entity23412 on @entity18202 . In contrast, @entity141 ( <=0.2moll(-1)) could alleviate the antifungal activity by imazalil. These results indicate that PdCrz1 has important roles in conidiation, virulence and @entity9956 resistance in @entity18202 . In addition, this study also indicates that specific @entity460 signaling pathway inhibitors could be used as adjuvants in the conventional @entity9956 fungicides.

title: The calcineurin-responsive transcription factor Crz1 is required for conidation, full virulence and XXXX resistance in @entity18202 .

entities_list: @entity14855 :: ('CHEBI:53439', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcineurin']

entities_list: @entity3261 :: ('358', 'Species') :: ['Agrobacterium tumefaciens']

entities_list: @entity18202 :: ('36651', 'Species') :: ['P. digitatum', 'Penicillium digitatum']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity9956 :: (CHEBI:47781,Chemical) :: ['DMI']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in bone mineral density at the hip and calcaneus in the injured and uninjured sides after surgery for @entity174 . DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study. SETTING: University hospital. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 with a @entity174 were treated with a reamed and statically locked intramedullary nail with early weight-bearing. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at the proximal femur and quantitative ultrasonography at the calcaneus were performed bilaterally after surgery and after three, six, and twelve months. RESULTS: At three months, the bone mineral density in the trochanteric region in the injured limb had decreased almost 4 percent (p < 0.007), a reduction still present at twelve months, whereas in the femoral neck, the reduction was approximately 2.5 percent at twelve months (p < 0.03). The stiffness index and speed of sound at the calcaneus on the injured side decreased (p < 0.03 and p < 0.008, respectively) during the first three months, whereas at twelve months, there was no significant difference when compared with those measured directly after surgery. There were no significant changes at any time in the proximal femur or calcaneus of the uninjured limb. CONCLUSION: Treatment with a reamed statically locked intramedullary nail and early weight-bearing resulted in limited @entity604 in the proximal femur and calcaneus of the injured limb. After twelve months, the bone properties at the heel were restored, whereas there was still a small reduction at the hip. Compared with previous studies of @entity1 with similar @entity174 treated with casts and restricted weight-bearing, the loss in bone mineral density was less and not as longstanding.

title: Limited XXXX in the hip and heel after reamed intramedullary fixation and early weight-bearing of @entity174 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'tibial fractures', 'tibial fracture']

answer: @entity604 :: (MESH:D016301,Disease) :: ['bone loss']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study (1) examined the occurrence of exercise-related leg @entity158 (ERLP) in collegiate @entity2915 and (2) compared structural factors in runners with and without ERLP history. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional design comparing 2 groups of @entity2915 (with and without ERLP history). SETTING: Intercollegiate athletics. @entity1 : A total of 63 athletes (30 males, 33 females) representing 2 cross-country teams consented to participate. MEASURES: Athlete examination included self-report of ERLP history, active ankle dorsiflexion with knee extended and flexed, @entity1163 ( @entity1163 ), and 1st ray length. @entity1163 index was calculated by dividing @entity1163 by 1st ray length. Athletes on 1 team (n = 32) were followed through 1 season to identify incidence of ERLP over the course of 1 season. Independent t tests were used to compare structural measures of those with and without ERLP history, and chi2 was used to examine frequencies. RESULTS: Of the 63 athletes, 33 (52%) reported ERLP history; most reported medial leg @entity158 and also bilateral symptoms. No differences in structural measures were found between those with and without ERLP history. Ten of 32 athletes (31%) reported the occurrence of ERLP during the fall season, 8 of whom had a history of ERLP. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-related leg @entity158 was a common complaint among these athletes, usually occurring bilaterally and located along the medial leg. Athletes with ERLP history did not have a greater foot pronation as measured by @entity1163 , nor was there limited ankle range of motion as compared with those without ERLP history. Further research is needed to identify factors associated with the development of ERLP.

title: Intrinsic factors associated with exercise-related leg XXXX in collegiate cross-country runners.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['cross-country athletes']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['navicular drop', 'ND']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: An advantage of established @entity5 cell lines compared to fresh @entity1 @entity5 specimens used in sensitivity assessments is the possibility of repeated experiments. Ultimately a database of sensitivity profiles on a panel of cell lines can be made and the sensitivity to new drugs compared with historical data. A prerequisite of this strategy is a minimal interexperimental variation. The sensitivity of eight @entity1 @entity151 cell lines to @entity632 , @entity5699 , @entity30021 , and @entity2664 was tested in the clonogenic assay. A covariation in the sensitivity to the drugs emphasized the importance of simultaneous drug testing on the same batch of cells. On one cell line (NCI-N592) the interexperimental variation was further evaluated and a significant correlation was found between preexposure culture conditions, size of S-phase, and sensitivity to @entity632 , @entity5699 , and @entity2664 . Rigorous standardization of the growth conditions prior to clonogenic assay reduced the variation in the sensitivity to @entity632 from a factor of five to only 10-15%. It is concluded that simultaneous experiments on the same batch of cells in drug comparisons should be used if possible. Specification and standardization of culture conditions are necessary in the comparison of drugs tested in different experiments. Inclusion of the same reference drug in all experiments may further increase the validity of comparisons in different experiments.

title: Reduced variation in the clonogenic assay obtained by standardization of the cell culture conditions prior to drug testing on @entity1 XXXX cell lines.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity5699 :: ('MESH:D003630', 'Chemical') :: ['daunomycin']

entities_list: @entity30021 :: ('MESH:D015250', 'Chemical') :: ['aclacinomycin A']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity151 :: (MESH:D055752,Disease) :: ['small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Subintimal angioplasty (SIA) is an increasingly used method of lower extremity revascularization for @entity1 with chronic @entity432 . To assess the technical feasibility, safety, and 3-year outcomes of @entity1 treated with SIA, we performed a retrospective review of our early experience. METHODS: @entity1 information-including demographics, indications, procedures, noninvasive arterial studies, and postprocedural events-was recorded in a database. Outcomes were determined on an intention-to-treat basis, as well as by technical success, by using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Continuous data were compared by using the Student t test, and survival curves were compared by log-rank testing. RESULTS: From December 2002 through December 2003, 104 @entity1 (105 limbs) underwent SIA of 159 occlusive lesions involving the iliac (n = 10), superficial femoral (n = 85), popliteal (n = 48), or tibial (n = 16) arteries. Sixty-six (62.9%) @entity1 were treated for @entity63 , and 39 @entity1 (37.1%) were treated for disabling @entity613 . Technical success was achieved in 91 procedures (86.7%) and resulted in a mean increase in ankle-brachial index of 0.36 +/- 0.16. The mean follow-up was 23.4 months (range, 0-46 months). During this period, 18 @entity1 (17.0%) died, and 15 amputations (14.3%) were performed, 6 of which were performed for @entity1 on whom SIA had been unsuccessful. In @entity1 undergoing successful SIA, the primary patency was 55%, 43%, and 35% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Twenty-one @entity1 underwent a total of 23 percutaneous procedures to maintain or restore patency of the SIA during the study period. This resulted in secondary patency rates of 71%, 63%, and 51% at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed @entity63 to be the only predictor of reduced primary patency. Fifteen @entity1 with inoperable @entity63 underwent successful SIA. Limb salvage in this group was 54% and 43% at 12 and 36 months, respectively. Limb salvage in operative candidates was 100% and 88% at the same intervals. In @entity1 with disabling @entity613 , 94% experienced improvement in symptoms 3 months after the procedure, and 68% of @entity1 reported sustained improvement at 36 months. In all operative candidates successfully treated with SIA, freedom from surgical bypass was 83% and 73% at 12 and 36 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SIA for the treatment of lower extremity chronic @entity432 is technically feasible, results in minimal morbidity, and provides satisfactory revascularization without surgical bypass. Secondary patency is comparable to that of autologous vein bypass and is achieved with a low rate of reintervention. When used as first-line therapy, SIA provides most @entity1 with limb salvage and freedom from surgical bypass at 3 years.

title: Subintimal angioplasty for the treatment of @entity613 and XXXX : 3-year results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['claudication']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusions']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['critical limb ischemia']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['critical limb ischemia']


abstract: Twenty-eight primiparous sows were used to determine the effect of litter size on the growth of mammary glands and nursing @entity1707 during lactation. Litter size was set to 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 @entity1707 by cross-fostering immediately after birth. Four sows were allotted to each litter-size group. Sows were allowed to consume a daily maximum of 13.6 Mcal ME and 46.3 g of @entity376 during lactation. Sows were slaughtered on d 21 (20.6+/-1.1) of lactation. Mammary glands were collected at slaughter and trimmed of skin and the extraneous fat pad. Each gland was separated, weighed, and ground for chemical analysis. Dry matter, @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ), crude protein, ash, and DNA contents were measured. Only glands known to have been nursed were included in the data set. Wet and dry weights and the amounts of @entity1386 , protein, DNA, ash, and fat in individual nursed mammary glands linearly decreased (P<.05) as litter size increased. Percentages of @entity1386 , protein, and DNA were quadratically affected (P<.05) by litter size on d 21 of lactation. Total mammary wet and dry weights and total @entity1386 , protein, DNA, fat, and ash amount of all nursed mammary glands of each sow were increased as litter size increased (P<.05). Changing litter size from 6 to 12 @entity1707 resulted in 2,098, 432, 253, 227, 4.4, 178, and 20 g increases in the amounts of total mammary wet weight, dry weight, @entity1386 , protein, DNA, fat, and ash, respectively, on d 21 of lactation. Litter weight gain was 18.1 kg greater in sows with 12 @entity1707 than in sows with 6 @entity1707 . Sows with a larger litter size had a greater increase in total mass of mammary gland tissue and litter weight but had lower growth of individual nursed mammary glands and individual @entity1707 than sows with the smaller litter size. The need for nutrients to support additional mammary gland and litter growth as litter size increases should be considered when estimating nutrient requirements for lactating sows. Sows need an additional .96 g @entity376 per day to account for mammary gland growth for each @entity1707 added to a litter.

title: Mammary gland growth as influenced by litter size in lactating sows: impact on XXXX requirement.

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['DFFT', 'dry fat-free tissue']

answer: @entity376 :: (CHEBI:25094,Chemical) :: ['lysine']


abstract: PURPOSE: Extrahepatic metastasis represents a frequent pattern of disease progression when @entity10049 (FUDR) is given by the intraarterial route for the treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Systemic @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) plus @entity4181 was added to intrahepatic FUDR to prolong the duration of disease control. METHODS: Only @entity1 with @entity14 who had evidence of unresectable metastases confined to the liver were eligible. Laparotomy was performed to establish arterial perfusion of the liver. Cycles of intrahepatic FUDR followed by a 1-week rest period then intravenous chemotherapy with @entity1487 plus @entity4181 were administered until maximal regression of hepatic metastases. Maintenance chemotherapy with @entity1487 plus @entity4181 was then given until disease progression. RESULTS: Fifty-seven @entity1 entered this trial; four @entity1 (7%) were ineligible and 13 (23%) did not receive any chemotherapy on study because of findings at laparotomy. The 40 eligible @entity1 who began chemotherapy are included in the statistical analyses. Twenty-five @entity1 (62% of those who received chemotherapy) experienced regression of liver metastases. The median time to @entity5 progression was 9 months, but only 3% remained progression-free at 24 months. The median survival duration was 18 months. @entity137 was tolerable with no cases of @entity253 . One treatment-related fatality due to @entity295 was observed. CONCLUSION: Although short-term treatment results appear to be somewhat better than we have previously observed with intrahepatic FUDR alone, the sequential regimen did not have an impact on long-term, progression-free survival in @entity1 with unresectable liver metastases. We are now investigating this regimen as surgical adjuvant therapy in selected @entity1 following hepatic metastasectomy where this aggressive approach might have a greater therapeutic effect in the minimal residual disease setting.

title: Sequential intrahepatic XXXX and systemic @entity1487 plus @entity4181 for the treatment of metastatic @entity14 confined to the liver.

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity10049 :: ('MESH:D005467', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-FU', 'fluorouracil']

answer: @entity10049 :: (MESH:D005467,Chemical) :: ['fluorodeoxyuridine']


abstract: There is overwhelming evidence that solid @entity1 @entity5 grow within a unique micro-environment. This environment is characterised by an abnormal vasculature, which leads to an insufficient supply of @entity26 and nutrients to the @entity5 cells. These characteristics of the environment limit the effectiveness of both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Measurement of the oxygenation status of @entity1 @entity5 has unequivocally demonstrated the importance of this parameter on @entity1 prognosis. Tumour @entity519 has been shown to be an independent prognostic indicator of poor outcome in prostate, @entity135 . Recent laboratory and clinical data have shown that @entity519 is also associated with a more malignant phenotype, affecting genomic stability, apoptosis, angiogenesis and @entity3 . Several years ago, scientists realised that the unique properties within the @entity5 micro-environment could provide the basis for @entity5 -specific therapies. Efforts that are underway to develop therapies that exploit the @entity5 micro-environment can be categorised into three groups. The first includes agents that exploit the environmental changes that occur within the micro-environment such as @entity519 and reduced pH. This includes bioreductive drugs that are specifically toxic to @entity519 cells, as well as @entity519 -specific gene delivery systems. The second category includes therapies designed to exploit the unique properties of the @entity5 vasculature and include both angiogenesis inhibitors and vascular targeting agents. The final category includes agents that exploit the molecular and cellular responses to @entity519 . For example, many genes are induced by @entity519 and promoter elements from these genes can be used for the selective expression of therapeutic proteins in @entity5 cells. An overview of the various properties ascribed to @entity5 @entity519 and the current efforts underway to exploit @entity519 for improving @entity5 treatment will be discussed.

title: XXXX as a target for combined modality treatments.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck and cervical cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic tumour', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['Hypoxia']


abstract: Chemotherapy for @entity14 with liver @entity3 following surgical operation for @entity5 should be selected following surgical intervention. Continuous infusion chemotherapy using an infusional port was selected for unresectable @entity3 due to @entity14 in our department. The catheter was placed in the hepatic artery through a gastroduodenal by operative procedure. @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) and @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) were used as chemotherapeutic agents. After MMC was given at 10 mg/body by bolus, administration of @entity1487 was continuously infused at 250 mg/day for 2 weeks, followed by a 2-week interval. Drug administration was done by implanted pump hepatic arterial infusion. Seventeen of the @entity1 with liver @entity3 underwent this chemotherapy from 1986 through 1990. Results of the infusion chemotherapy were as follows. Value of serum @entity787 decreased until two courses were given in all cases. In 11 cases, the @entity5 size on CT was remarkably smaller. In these @entity1 , however, there were many complications due to the catheter used for catheter replacement, drug leakage, drug extravasation and so on. We concluded that although this chemotherapy was very effective, the method should be improved in terms of the material, the location of catheter tip and the like.

title: [Continuous infusion chemotherapy using an infusional port in @entity14 with liver XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: Disruptions of circadian rhythms are associated with the development of @entity74 . However, whether a disruption of the circadian @entity14731 can cause anomalies of the hemostatic balance remains unknown. The present study examines coagulation and fibrinolytic activities in circadian @entity14731 mutants, a homozygous @entity14731 mutant and @entity37922 / @entity26066 double knockout ( @entity37922 /2-deficient) @entity19 . The euglobulin clot lysis time (ELT) showed circadian variations that peaked at 21:00 (early night) in wild-type @entity19 , suggesting that fibrinolytic activity is lowest at this time. The ELT was continuously reduced in @entity14731 mutants, while the ELT was significantly increased and did not differ between day and night (9:00 and 21:00) in @entity37922 /2-deficient @entity19 . The prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial prothrombin time (APTT) were constant in all genotypes. To identify which factors cause the loss of ELT rhythm, we measured fibrinolytic parameters in @entity14731 mutant and @entity37922 /2-deficient @entity19 . The robust circadian fluctuation of plasma @entity15630 ( @entity15630 ) that peaked at early night was damped to trough levels in @entity14731 mutant @entity19 . On the other hand, @entity15630 levels in @entity37922 /2-deficient @entity19 remained equivalent to the peak levels of those in wild-type @entity19 at both 9:00 and 21:00. Circadian changes in plasma @entity15630 levels seemed to be regulated at the level of gene expression, because the plasma @entity15630 levels in @entity14731 mutant and @entity54662 -deficient @entity19 were closely correlated with the level of @entity15630 mRNA transcript in these @entity19 . Plasma plasminogen and hepatic mRNA levels were not rhythmic in wild-type @entity19 , and continuously higher in @entity14731 mutant than in wild-type or @entity37922 /2-deficient @entity19 . In contrast, the activity and mRNA levels of tissue type plasminogen activator ( @entity35311 ), plasma levels and mRNA levels of plasminogen, and plasma levels of @entity54663 ( @entity54663 ) in all genotypes were constant throughout the day. Coagulation parameters such as factor VII, factor X, prothrombin and fibrinogen remained constant throughout the day, and were not affected by @entity14731 gene mutations. These results suggest that circadian @entity14731 molecules play an important role in hemostatic balance by regulating the fibrinolytic systems.

title: Circadian @entity14731 molecules XXXX and CRYs modulate fibrinolytic activity by regulating the @entity15630 gene expression.

entities_list: @entity15630 :: ('18787(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['plasminogen activator inhibitor 1', 'PAI-1']

entities_list: @entity54663 :: ('18816(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['alpha2 plasmin inhibitor', 'alpha2PI']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['many disorders']

answer: @entity14731 :: (12753(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CLOCK']


abstract: A total of 4676 @entity1 and 1759 @entity1 were treated with @entity3593 and @entity594 respectively in a post-marketing surveillance study conducted in general practice in the UK. @entity1 were followed up for 12 months. Most of the @entity3593 @entity1 had @entity101 , but a small number (180) had @entity712 . Most of the @entity594 @entity1 had uncomplicated @entity101 , but some (22.57%) had other @entity65 with or without @entity101 . @entity3593 and @entity594 were equally effective in reducing blood pressure. During the study, 1.5% of @entity101 @entity1 assigned to @entity3593 died compared with 1.8% of @entity1 assigned to @entity594 , and 15.1% of @entity3593 @entity1 compared with 19.7% of @entity1 in the @entity594 group withdrew because of adverse events. Cough, @entity1209 were more frequent causes of withdrawal from @entity3593 than @entity594 . Conversely, @entity10 , pallor and @entity1671 , @entity4 and palpitations caused more frequent withdrawals from @entity594 . @entity417 was more often encountered on @entity594 treatment than on @entity3593 . In @entity101 @entity1 , the frequency of first-dose @entity551 was similar on both treatments. Serious events occurred in 0.8% and 0.5% of @entity1 given @entity3593 and @entity594 respectively. @entity3593 was well tolerated by @entity712 @entity1 : 16 @entity1 (8.88%) died and an incidence of 4.44% of serious adverse events was reported, a pattern to be anticipated in such @entity1 ; @entity1296 , giddiness, dyspnoea, cough, @entity390 and @entity391 were the most frequent causes of withdrawal; the incidence of first-dose @entity551 was low (2.22%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Post-marketing surveillance of XXXX in general practice in the UK.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['Lisinopril', 'lisinopril']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['malaise and fatigue, nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity3593 :: (MESH:D017706,Chemical) :: ['lisinopril']


abstract: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To objectively assess the visual acuity of @entity1957 ( @entity1957 ) in 3 Local Government Areas (LGA) of Ogun State of Nigeria in order to determine their eligibility to drive. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The visual acuities of @entity43442 in 3 LGAS of Ogun state in Nigeria (selected using a multistage sampling technique) were tested with Snellens acuity charts and the eyes examined with bright pen torches and ophthamoscopes. Visual acuity 6/12 or better in the worse eye was taken as adequate to obtain a driving license. The drivers with worse visual acuities were further examined to find the cause of @entity227 . RESULTS: The visual acuities of 524 drivers were determined and analyzed. Their ages ranged from 19-66 years with a mean of 46.8   7.2 years. Two hundred and twenty (41.9%) of the drivers were between 40 and 49 years old. Four hundred and four (77.1%) did not have any form of eye test prior to this study. Four hundred and sixty three drivers (88.4%) were eligible to drive while 61 drivers (11.6%) were not eligible. @entity227 was caused by @entity2516 in 22(36.1%), @entity231 in 19(31.2%), @entity726 in 12(19.7%), @entity267 in 5(8.2%) and @entity1347 in 3(4.9%). CONCLUSION: Objective assessment of vision should be an essential component of licensure. Middle aged and elderly drivers are prone to age related @entity2194 and require reassessment of visual status every 3 years when licenses are renewed.

title: Visual acuity of XXXX in Ogun State of Nigeria.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['decreased vision', 'Decreased visual acuity']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular diseases']

entities_list: @entity267 :: ('MESH:D065306', 'Disease') :: ['corneal scar']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive error']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['posterior segment lesions']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['commercial motor drivers', 'CMD']

answer: @entity1957 :: (MESH:D019957,Disease) :: ['commercial motor drivers']


abstract: Preoperative @entity5564 is usually obtained by means of using combinations of sympatomimetics and parasympatolytics. The disadvantages of this method are: longer preoperative preparing time, @entity2194 and adverse systemic effects in some @entity1 . The alternative to the standard dilating drops is use of intracameral @entity3303 during the surgery. In our study, we used intracameral @entity3303 1% to achieve the @entity5564 during the @entity231 surgery. By using this method, we operated on 38 eyes of 33 @entity1 , 12 @entity1 and 21 @entity1 . The age ranged between 54 years and 85 years (mean, 72.2 years). The mean pupil diameter before dilation was 3.04 +/- 0.62 mm. The time necessary to dilate the pupil was 8.82 +/- 2.54 sec and the mean pupil diameter after the dilation was 7.11 +/- 0.74 mm. The pupil enlarged even more after the instillation of the ophthalmic viscoelastic material. At the end of the surgery, the diameter of the pupil was 7.12 +/- 0.62 mm. The mydriatic effect of intracameral @entity3303 application is adequate and longstanding enough. This surgical method is wholly safe.

title: [Cataract surgery without preoperative XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['toxic effect of eye drops']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity5564 :: ('MESH:D015878', 'Disease') :: ['mydriasis']

answer: @entity5564 :: (MESH:D015878,Disease) :: ['mydriasis']


abstract: We developed an organotypic coculture preparation allowing fast and efficient identification of molecules that regulate developmental synapse elimination in the @entity1 brain. This coculture consists of a cerebellar slice obtained from @entity35 or @entity19 at postnatal day 9 (P9) or P10 and a medullary explant containing the inferior olive dissected from @entity35 at embryonic day 15. We verified that climbing fibers (CFs), the axons of inferior olivary neurons, formed functional synapses onto Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellum of cocultures. PCs were initially reinnervated by multiple CFs with similar strengths. Surplus CFs were eliminated subsequently, and the remaining CFs became stronger. These changes are similar to those occurring in developing cerebellum in vivo. Importantly, the changes in @entity1577 innervations in cocultures involved the same molecules required for @entity1577 synapse elimination in vivo, including @entity143 receptor, type 1 metabotropic @entity2227 receptor and @entity2227 receptor   2 ( @entity7336 ). We demonstrate that gain- and loss-of-function analyses can be efficiently performed by lentiviral-mediated overexpression and RNAi-induced knockdown of @entity7336 . Using this approach, we identified @entity52218 as a novel molecule that promotes @entity1577 synapse elimination in postsynaptic PCs. Thus, our coculture preparation will greatly facilitate the elucidation of molecular mechanisms of synapse elimination.

title: Organotypic coculture preparation for the study of developmental synapse elimination in XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lagophthalmos is a common functional and aesthetic problem in @entity1 with @entity3541 . The implantation of a rigid gold weight is one technique to improve eyelid closure. The effectiveness of lid loading was investigated, taking into consideration complications ascribed to rigid implants. @entity1 AND METHODS: We present 11 @entity1 with @entity3541 treated with that technique between April 2001 and October 2005. Before and after operation ophthalmological investigations were performed. The @entity1 were questioned about their subjective satisfaction, and the remaining eye lid gap in the closed state was assessed. RESULTS: A good up to perfect lid closure could be achieved. Of the 11 @entity1 , 9 reported being very contented with the result. Except for one case of extrusion, disturbed healing processes did not occur. We did not observe any occurrence of @entity940 as a result of the rigid lid load. All @entity1 reduced their use of eye ointment and eye covers. We observed a visible bulging of the implant contour in 4 of 11 @entity1 . However, not one of them felt discontented. All @entity1 stated that they would undergo the lid loading procedure again. CONCLUSIONS: The implantation of rigid gold weights for lid loading in @entity1 suffering from lagophthalmos due to @entity1897 is considered a simple and effective treatment for improving eyelid closure. Whether or not flexible implants will lead to better results needs to be further investigated.

title: [Restoration of lid function in XXXX by implanting gold weights].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral facial palsy']