abstract: The @entity10867 costimulatory pathway is critical to T cell activation. Blockade of the interaction of @entity10867 with its ligands @entity8271 and @entity11787 using @entity17796 -Ig has been proposed as a therapy for a number of immune-based disorders. We have used a @entity19 model of @entity778 to study the role of @entity10867 -dependent costimulation in the development of antiviral immune responses. In vivo treatment with @entity17796 -Ig to block the interaction of @entity10867 with @entity8271 and @entity11787 reduced virus-specific @entity137 and @entity60 production by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro. It also resulted in decreased numbers of virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung, and spleen and lowered virus-specific Ab titers. @entity19 treated with @entity17796 -Ig were able to control and clear the @entity778 , but this was delayed compared with controls. Treatment with @entity53277 -Ig, a mutant form of @entity17796 -Ig which selectively binds to @entity8271 and blocks the @entity10867 - @entity8271 interaction leaving @entity10867 - @entity11787 binding intact, did not affect Ab production, spleen cytotoxic precursors, or clearance of virus. However, @entity53277 -Ig treatment had a clear effect on lung effector cell function. Secretion of @entity60 by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro was decreased, and the number of virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lungs of infected @entity19 was reduced. These results indicate that @entity10867 -dependent costimulation is important in the antiviral immune response to an @entity778 . The individual @entity10867 ligand, @entity8271 , is important for some lung immune responses and cannot always be compensated for by @entity11787 .

title: Differential requirement for XXXX and @entity8271 / @entity11787 -dependent costimulation in the lung immune response to an @entity778 .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['influenza virus infection', 'virus infection']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity8271 :: (12519(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD80']


abstract: @entity3157 secretion by duodenal mucosa just distal to the Brunner's glands area and devoid of pancreatic secretions was titrated in situ in anesthetized @entity35 . Intravenous injection of @entity3175 (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) significantly increased the secretion; this stimulation was abolished by proximal bilateral vagotomy. @entity5757 , a @entity1245 antagonist that also has well-known intrinsic activity, caused similar stimulation of the secretion when administered IV (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg). Intracerebroventricular infusion of @entity5757 (10 micrograms/h) resulted in a greater increase in secretion; again, this stimulation was prevented by vagotomy. Adrenoceptor blockade by @entity5521 increased basal alkaline secretion but did not affect the stimulation by @entity3175 . The tricyclic antidepressant @entity20364 (2.5 mg/kg IV) did not affect the duodenal @entity3157 secretion. For comparison, effects of @entity3175 and @entity5757 (10(-6)-10(-4) mol/L) were also tested in isolated bullfrog duodenal mucosa. Neither drug effected the alkaline secretion in vitro. The combined results strongly suggest that @entity1245 , as previously shown for certain brain peptides, influence the central nervous control of duodenal mucosal alkaline secretion and that their stimulation of secretion is vagally mediated. This action @entity1245 might be used in modulating mucosal protection against acid.

title: Effects of @entity3175 and @entity5757 on duodenal XXXX secretion in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate', 'Bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity20364 :: ('MESH:D014299', 'Chemical') :: ['trimipramine']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines']

answer: @entity3157 :: (CHEBI:17544,Chemical) :: ['bicarbonate']


abstract: Postoperative radiotherapy remains @entity0 in 2012. After conserving surgery, it reduces local recurrence risks from 50 to 70%, both for @entity513 in @entity3 . This was confirmed in several randomized trials and three meta-analyses. The boost increases local control in invasive @entity5 , but its role should be better defined in @entity513 in situ. Among the latter, there is no clearly identified subgroup for which radiotherapy could be avoided. Local recurrence risk factors are now well-identified both for @entity513 in @entity3 , with an inclusion, for the latter, of new molecular subgroups. After mastectomy, radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates from 60 to 70%, especially among @entity1 with axillary nodal involvement, with, in parallel, a 7 to 9% increased survival rate. In order to reduce the waiting list and to avoid under treatment, especially in the elderly, several hypofractionated radiotherapy schemes have been developed for several years. Three randomized trials confirmed similar results to classical radiotherapy. For ten years, several techniques of partial breast irradiation have been developed, with various doses and treated volumes. The optimal indications should be defined according to the new international guidelines.

title: [Radiotherapy for XXXX : which strategy in 2012?].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['essential in breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['situ and invasive cancers']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Basal transcription regulation of the @entity470 is dependent upon a CA simple sequence repeat polymorphism in the intron-1 (CA-SSR-1). Here, we evaluate the role of CA-SSR-1 in complete resected @entity418 ( @entity418 ) @entity1 without neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes of 241 @entity1 . To determine the number of the CA repeats in the CA-SSR-1, DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The results were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcome. Three genotypes were defined based on cut-off points for short allele (S) with  <=18 and long allele (L) >18 CA repeats. A steadily increasing risk was evident between LL, SL, and SS genotype for larger @entity5 size, presence of lymph node @entity3 , and disseminated @entity5 cells in bone marrow as well as @entity5 recurrence (P   <   0.001, chi-square test). A gradual decrease in disease-free and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was present among LL, SL, and SS @entity1 (P   <   0.001, log-rank test). The different outcomes were also evident in nodal status and histological type adjusted subgroup analyses. CA-SSR-1 was identified as the strongest independent prognosticator of @entity5 recurrence and @entity1349 (P   <   0.001, Cox regression analysis). CA-SSR-1 is a strong predictive factor for @entity5 recurrence and @entity1349 in @entity1 with complete resected @entity418 without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy.

title: XXXX intron-1 CA repeat polymorphism is a predictor of relapse and survival in complete resected only surgically treated @entity418 .

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'EC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['EGFR']


abstract: This study describes the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in @entity1 with @entity1157 after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Twelve consecutive @entity1 were studied over a one year period. In all @entity1 the biliary tree was visualised during ERCP. Four @entity1 had complete bile duct obstruction, seven @entity1 had a stricture (two with concomitant leakage), and one @entity1 had leakage from a hepatic branch. Three @entity1 with @entity3885 , presented with a relatively prolonged symptom free, 'silent' period before diagnosis. In all four @entity1 with complete transection, a proximal hepaticojejunostomy was performed. In one @entity1 with a tough @entity82 , secondary to incorrect clip placement, passage of the guidewire was impossible, leaving surgical reconstruction as the only therapeutic option. All remaining seven @entity1 with leakage or strictures, or both were successfully treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy only (n = 1) or sphincterotomy and subsequent stent placement (n = 6). When @entity1 do not recover uneventfully after laparoscopic cholecystectomy even without @entity1448 or @entity1087 , early ERCP is recommended as a safe and valuable method to detect @entity1157 and to suggest treatment. Subsequently, more than half of such @entity1 can be treated endoscopically. Extended follow up is needed to evaluate the longterm results.

title: XXXX after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous stricture']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct injury']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['complete obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

answer: @entity1157 :: (MESH:D001649,Disease) :: ['Bile duct injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the ethical dilemmas that medical students believe they encounter while working in hospitals or how students feel these dilemmas affect them. The authors examine how clinical students perceive their ethical environment, their feelings about their dilemmas, and whether these dilemmas erode students' ethical principles. METHOD: An anonymous mail survey was sent in 1992-93 to the 1,853 third- and fourth-year medical students enrolled at six Pennsylvania medical schools. The survey addressed whether students had encountered situations they felt were ethically problematic, their attitudes toward these situations, and their perceptions of their personal ethical development. Data were analyzed with logistic regression; respondents' comments were analyzed qualitatively. RESULTS: Of the 665 students (36%) who responded, 58% reported having done something they believed was unethical, and 52% reported having misled a @entity1 ; 80% reported at least one of these two behaviors. In addition, 98% had heard physicians refer derogatorily to @entity1 ; 61% had witnessed what they believed to be @entity146 by other medical team members, and of these students, 54% felt like accomplices. Many students reported dissatisfaction with their actions and ethical development: 67% had felt bad or guilty about something they had done as clinical clerks; 62% believed that at least some of their ethical principles had been eroded or lost. Controlling for other factors, students who had witnessed an episode of @entity146 were more likely to have acted improperly themselves for fear of poor evaluation [odds ratio, OR, 1.37 (95% CI, 1.18-1.60)] or to fit in with the team [OR 1.45 (1.25-1.69)]. Moreover, students were twice as likely to report @entity2681 of their ethical principles if they had behaved unethically for fear of poor evaluation [OR 2.25 (1.47-3.45)] or to fit in with the team [OR 1.78 (1.18-2.71)]. CONCLUSION: The ethical dilemmas that medical students perceive as affecting them while serving as clinical clerks are apparently common and often detrimental, and warrant the attention of physicians, educators, and ethicists.

title: Do clinical clerks suffer ethical XXXX ? Students' perceptions of their ethical environment and personal development.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['unethical behavior']

answer: @entity2681 :: (MESH:D014077,Disease) :: ['erosion']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To document in @entity1213 ( @entity1213 ) @entity1 the effect of dental plaque antiseptic decontamination on the occurrence of plaque colonization by aerobic nosocomial pathogens and @entity580 . DESIGN: Single-blind randomized comparative study. SETTING: A 16-bed adult @entity1213 in a university hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 consecutively admitted in the @entity1213 with a medical condition suggesting an @entity1213 stay of 5 days and requiring mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: After randomization, the treated group received dental plaque decontamination with 0.2% @entity1216 gel, three times a day during the @entity1213 stay. The control group received standard oral care. SPECIFIC MEASUREMENTS: Dental status was assessed by the Caries-Absent-Occluded index; the amount of dental plaque was assessed by a semi-quantitative plaque index. Bacterial sampling of dental plaque, nasal and tracheal aspirate, blood, and urine cultures were done on days 0, 5, 10, and every week. MAIN RESULTS: Sixty @entity1 were included; 30 in the treated group and 30 in the control one (mean age: 51 +/- 16 years; mean Simplified Acute Physiological Score II: 35 +/- 14 points). On admission, no significant differences were found between both groups for all clinical and dental data. Compared with the control group, the @entity580 rate and the incidence densities related to risk exposition were significantly lower in the treated group (18 vs 33% days in the @entity1213 and 10.7 vs 32.3% days of mechanical ventilation; P < 0.05). These results were consistent with a significant preventive effect of the antiseptic decontamination (Odds Ratio: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09; 0.80) with a 53% relative risk reduction. There was a trend to a reduction of mortality, length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: An antiseptic decontamination of dental plaque with a 0.2% @entity1216 gel decreases dental bacterial colonization, and may reduce the incidence of @entity580 in @entity1213 @entity1 submitted to mechanical ventilation.

title: Effects of dental plaque antiseptic decontamination on bacterial colonization and XXXX in critically ill @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1216 :: ('MESH:D002710', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine']

entities_list: @entity1213 :: ('MESH:D012555', 'Disease') :: ['intensive care unit', 'ICU']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection', 'nosocomial infections']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['nosocomial infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation is the main mechanism for @entity354 . Although there is evidence that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are neurally mediated, another school of thought is that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations result from @entity356 , which shortens the sphincter to the point where it opens and the pressure decreases. We assessed the relationship of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation to gastroesophageal junction opening in an unsedated @entity1 model. METHODS: Seven healthy volunteers (6 @entity1 and 1 @entity1 , aged 18-53 years) were studied while they were sitting. Manometry was performed by using a sleeve catheter passed through 1 nostril. A 5.3-mm endoscope was placed through the other nostril to obtain a retroflexed view of the @entity418 . The biopsy channel was connected to a barostat to distend the stomach with air at 15 mm Hg for 30 minutes. Manometric and endoscopic video-recording times were synchronized but scored independently. RESULTS: The transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation onset invariably preceded gastroesophageal junction opening (median, 5.0 seconds; range, 0.5-20.7 seconds; P < .001). The transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation nadir also typically occurred before gastroesophageal junction opening (median, 2.1 seconds; range, -4.2 to +19.5 seconds; P < .001). Once open, the gastroesophageal junction moved proximally for the duration of the transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Termination of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations occurred about the time the time of gastroesophageal junction closure. CONCLUSIONS: These data refute the hypothesis that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations result from passive mechanical distraction of the gastroesophageal junction. Rather, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations must occur before the gastroesophageal junction can open.

title: Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations do not result from passive opening of the @entity418 by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric distention']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric distention']


abstract: The International @entity0 Study Group (IBCSG) was established in 1978 as the Ludwig @entity0 Study Group. It involved member institutions from Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Italy, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Canada, Hong Kong and at various times from other countries. It has completed seven trials in three generations, and has a further eight trials currently open. Total accrual to December 1997 exceeds 12,000, and more than 9000 of these @entity1 are in active follow-up. Early trials established the pattern of addressing important biological questions and adapting the randomisation to the risk group of the @entity1 . The first two generations of trials demonstrated that combined modality chemoendocrine therapy was superior to endocrine therapy alone or no therapy in node-positive postmenopausal @entity1 ; that a single perioperative cycle improved disease-free survival (DFS) in node-negative @entity1 , but was inferior to more prolonged therapy in node-positive @entity1 ; and that six conventionally timed cycles of CMF were as effective as seven cycles commenced in the perioperative period. Recently reported trials in node-positive @entity1 showed that three early cycles of CMF chemotherapy added to @entity440 in postmenopausal @entity1 , while late reintroduction of chemotherapy appeared detrimental, particularly in @entity1 with @entity5 . In premenopausal @entity1 six initial cycles were superior to three, especially in younger @entity1 . Current studies in node-positive @entity1 are addressing the role of a gap between courses of different chemotherapy, and the relative value of the anti-estrogens @entity440 and @entity23392 . In node-negative premenopausal @entity1 ovarian suppression with goserelin is being tested either instead of or added to CMF, while the value of initial CMF before @entity440 is being tested in node-negative postmenopausal @entity1 . For high-risk @entity1 a triple-transplant regimen is being compared with conventional dose therapy. Planning for future trials recognises the need for rapid accrual of large numbers of similar @entity1 , and therefore the need for inter-Group collaboration. The emergence of the Breast International Group as a consortium of European, Australasian and Canadian cooperative Groups is important to the rapid evaluation of new agents and strategies.

title: International XXXX Study Group trials.

entities_list: @entity23392 :: ('MESH:D017312', 'Chemical') :: ['toremifene']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast Cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['ER-negative tumors']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast Cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bladder drainage by the duodenal segment technique is currently the preferred method of handling the exocrine secretions after vascularized pancreatic transplantation. Despite improving results, however, the management of metabolic and urologic complications associated with @entity1494 remains problematic. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective survey was performed of a consecutive case series of 196 pancreatic transplantations in 186 @entity1 with @entity6 over an 80-month period. All @entity1 underwent whole organ pancreatic transplantation with @entity1494 by the duodenal segment technique. RESULTS: A total of 25 conversions (13 percent) from @entity1494 to enteric drainage were performed in 24 @entity1 (24 side-to-side duodenoenterostomies, one Roux-en-Y limb duodenoenterostomy). The mean time of enteric conversion after pancreatic transplantation was 22 +/- 18 months (range, 1 to 72 months). All but two of the enteric conversions were performed at least 6 months after pancreatic transplantation. Indications for enteric conversion included dehydration with intractable @entity520 (n = 18; 9 percent), urologic complications (n = 5; 3 percent), or problems with the duodenal segment (n = 2; 1 percent). The mean length of hospitalization for enteric conversion was 12 +/- 7 days (range, 6 to 30 days). All @entity1 experienced improvement in their symptoms after enteric conversion. @entity834 developed postoperatively in five @entity1 ; two were managed operatively and three were managed nonoperatively. Oral @entity3157 supplementation was eliminated in all but one @entity1 after enteric conversion. @entity1 survival is 100 percent and pancreatic graft survival (insulin independence) is 96 percent after a mean follow-up of 22 months after enteric conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Enteric conversion after pancreatic transplantation with @entity1494 is a safe and effective therapy for refractory problems related to the duodenal segment, altered physiologic function, or urologic complications and should be considered after 6 months for @entity1 with persistent side effects.

title: Experience with enteric conversion after pancreatic transplantation with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['Anastomotic leaks']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder drainage']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder drainage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is a well-known risk factor of many pathologies, including cardiovascular and @entity8 . The prevalence of overweight and @entity28 has increased markedly in an epidemic way over the past three decades, including a dramatic increase in overweight and @entity28 among adolescents. METHODS: This study is part of the Sopkard 15 programme-a comprehensive analysis of the overall health of middle school students in the age range between 14 and 15 years with particular emphasis on the risk factors of @entity66 , including @entity209 , @entity740 ( @entity740 ) and @entity101 . Between 2006 and 2010, we examined 889 students (428 @entity1 , 461 @entity1 ) 14 years old, and 26% of them attended classes with an extended sports curriculum. From the three separate blood pressure (BP) measurements a mean value of systolic and diastolic BP from the second and third measurements was taken into analysis. Body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body fat mass calculated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), @entity633 and urine albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) estimated on the basis of serum @entity1011 according to Schwartz and abbreviated @entity8 ( @entity8 ) formula were explored. RESULTS: In the examined homogeneous population of adolescents, we found 8% of @entity1 to be overweight and a further 8% of @entity1 to be @entity28 . An abnormal BMI was statistically significant and was more often present in @entity1 compared with @entity1 . WHtR values typical for @entity1144 were reported in 17% of the population, significantly more often in @entity1 19.8 versus 12.4% in @entity1 , P < 0.02. @entity633 was detected in 16% of adolescents according to urinary albumin excretion (UAE) compared with 11% by an urine albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio (UACR) method. A higher number of @entity1 with elevated BP were observed to be statistically significant more often in subpopulations with overweight and @entity28 compared with adolescents with normal weight. The relationship between @entity28 and @entity101 was also confirmed in @entity1 with an increased WHtR. However, no significant relationship between @entity132 (BMI), as well as @entity1144 (WHtR), and @entity633 was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and @entity28 are present in a significant proportion of adolescents from a general, healthy population of middle school students in the age of 14 years. This phenomenon is strictly connected to the presence of @entity101 .

title: Overweight, @entity28 , XXXX and @entity633 in Polish adolescents--results of the Sopkard 15 study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['MDRD', 'renal diseases', 'Modification of Diet in Renal Disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['lifestyle diseases']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['weight disturbances']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria', 'Albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal obesity']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Serious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) include @entity2849 formation andABSTRACT @entity397 accompanying @entity3472 , and @entity2680 , which is commonly associated with mortality or @entity1578 . We report a case of the successful treatment of @entity397 after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) by covered stent placement. A 70-year-old @entity1 underwent PPPD for @entity189 . After the procedure, a @entity3472 was detected, and suction drainage was continued. The @entity1 was discharged on the twenty-first post-operative day. On the same day, @entity548 was detected from the pancreatojejunostomy drain, and emergency abdominal angiography showed a @entity2849 of 3-cm diameter at the @entity99 ( @entity99 ). Multiple embolization coils were placed in a @entity2849 . However, @entity548 still continued, so hemostasis with coils was considered unfeasible. The next strategy was to place a covered stent, but the @entity99 was thick; thus, a biliary covered stent was implanted. Angiographic examination subsequently revealed that hepatic arterial flow was maintained, and there were no @entity439 . However, a few days later, a coil that had migrated into a peripheral branch of the right hepatic artery caused multiple @entity99 , and percutaneous transhepatic abscess drainage was performed before the @entity1 was discharged. Although coils were initially sufficient for hemostasis, repeatedly recurrent @entity548 led to the consideration of a covered stent.

title: Successful treatment of XXXX after pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy by covered stent placement.

entities_list: @entity2680 :: ('MESH:D003763', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatojejunostomy leakage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'arterial bleeding']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['ampullary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity3472 :: ('MESH:D010185', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic fistula']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm rupture', 'rupture']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['PHA', 'hepatic abscesses', 'proper hepatic artery']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['pseudoaneurysm rupture']


abstract: The effect of @entity141 on @entity134 production was examined in electropermeabilized @entity291 adrenal zona glomerulosa and fasciculata cells. The cells were superfused with a medium mimicking cytosolic ionic content but deprived of @entity141 . The permeabilized glomerulosa cells produced @entity1369 at a low basal rate. Upon addition of @entity1110 + to the medium, a transient and concentration-dependent (EC50 = 6 microM) peak of @entity1369 production occurred. When the superfusion medium was supplemented with buffered @entity141 at submicromolar concentrations, a concentration-dependent and sustained increase of @entity1369 output was observed. The maximal response (2-3 times the basal secretion rate) was achieved with 1-2 microM ambient free @entity141 , and the EC50 for @entity141 was 0.5 microM. The continuous presence of @entity1110 + was found to be necessary for a @entity141 effect. The @entity141 -induced @entity1369 response was entirely blocked by @entity3739 red (1 microM), an inhibitor of mitochondrial @entity141 uptake, and by W-7 (5 microM), a calmodulin inhibitor. Qualitatively and quantitatively similar results were obtained for @entity2819 production in @entity774 cells. These results show that permeabilized adrenal cortical cells retain the ability to produce @entity230 . Moreover, @entity141 influx into the mitochondria and @entity141 /calmodulin-dependent reactions appear to be critical steps in the activation of steroidogenesis. These studies provide a further direct link between cytosolic free @entity460 concentration and biological responses induced by steroidogenic, @entity460 -mobilizing stimulators in the adrenal cortex.

title: @entity460 stimulates steroidogenesis in permeabilized XXXX adrenal cortical cells.

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity3739 :: ('MESH:D012428', 'Chemical') :: ['ruthenium']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal fasciculata']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In light of recent controversy about the safety and efficacy of intracranial stenting, we sought to evaluate our experience with @entity661 for symptomatic, high-grade @entity932 . METHODS: All intracranial angioplasty cases performed at Vanderbilt University Medical Center from 2006 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed for degree of @entity850 pre- and post-procedure. Immediate peri-procedural complications were evaluated as well as one-month and long-term outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 26 @entity1 were included in the study with a mean age of 63.0 years and a mean follow-up of 350.2 days. The average pre-procedure @entity850 was 71.2%. The immediate, average post-procedure @entity850 was 46.6%, and the average post-procedure @entity850 at last angiographic follow-up was 44.5%. Retreatment was required in only 3.8% of @entity1 . The primary end-point of major @entity64 or @entity204 at 30 days was observed in 11.5%, and the overall intra-procedural complication rate was 7.7%. The incidence of @entity64 or @entity204 at last follow-up was 15.4%, which is comparable to the one-year @entity64 or @entity204 rate in the medical arm of the SAMPRISS trial. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective series, @entity661 was found to be effective as a treatment option for symptomatic @entity932 with the risk of @entity64 or @entity204 at 30 days higher than the medical arm of SAMPRIS but lower than the stenting arm. The one-year risk of @entity64 was comparable to that reported for the one-year outcomes in the SAMPRISS medical arm.

title: @entity661 for symptomatic, high-grade XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial stenosis']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['primary balloon angioplasty']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity932 :: (MESH:D020300,Disease) :: ['intracranial stenosis']


abstract: Fifteen @entity1 with @entity439 were selected based on the following 3 criteria: 1) electrocardiographic evidence of old @entity583 , 2) presence of abnormal precordial impulse, 3) presence of dyskinesis or akinesis with diastolic bulging of the ventricular cavity by angiocardiogram. Eight @entity1 had @entity1002 and 7 apical @entity439 . The characteristic abnormal precordial impulse was diminished or absent A wave, pre-upstroke retraction, late systolic bulge, and diminished rapid filling wave, all of which were recorded over the restricted area of the broad precordial impulse. M-mode echocardiogram revealed increased or normal excursion of the posterior left ventricular wall. However, abnormal motion of the anterior left ventricular wall was detected in all, if the transducer was located over the abnormal precordial impulse or slightly inside of it. Compound M-mode echocardiographic scan toward the abnormal precordial impulse was able to detect asynergy of the anterior left ventricular wall and the apex, and distinguish it from motions of the interventricular septum and the anterior right ventricular wall. Abnormal motion of the anterior left ventricular wall was paradoxical in 13 @entity1 and flat in the others. Systolic posterior mortion of the posterior left ventricular wall was detected in 2 @entity1 with apical @entity439 . Cardiac ultrasonogram scanning over the abnormal precordial impulse demonstrated the bulging of the ventricular cavity in either systole or diastole depending on the site of lesion. There was a good correlation between cardiac ultrasonography and angiocardiography with respect to the site of lesion. Our study indicates that this method is useful in the diagnosis of anterior and apical @entity439 which ordinary technique failed to detect.

title: Ultrasonic diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['anterior left ventricular aneurysm']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['ventricular aneurysm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite modern treatment approaches and a focus on community care, there remains a group of @entity1 who cannot easily be discharged from @entity146 hospital directly into the community. Twenty-four hour residential rehabilitation (a 'ward-in-a-house') is one model of care that has evolved in association with @entity146 hospital closure programmes. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of 24 hour residential rehabilitation compared with standard treatment within a hospital setting. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity161 Group Trials Register (May 2002 and February 2004). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised or quasi-randomised trials that compared 24 hour residential rehabilitation with standard care for @entity1 with severe @entity1032 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Studies were reliably selected, quality assessed and data extracted. Data were excluded where more than 50% of @entity1 in any group were lost to follow-up. For binary outcomes we calculated the relative risk and its 95% confidence interval. MAIN RESULTS: We identified and included one study with 22 @entity1 with important methodological shortcomings and limitations of reporting. The two-year controlled study evaluated "new long stay @entity1 " in a hostel ward in the UK. One outcome 'unable to manage in the placement' provided usable data (n=22, RR 7.0 CI 0.4 to 121.4). The trial reported that hostel ward residents developed superior domestic skills, used more facilities in the community and were more likely to engage in constructive activities than those in hospital - although usable numerical data were not reported. These potential advantages were not purchased at a price. The limited economic data was not good but the cost of providing 24 hour care did not seem clearly different from the standard care provided by the hospital - and it may have been less. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: From the single, small and ill-reported, included study, the hostel ward type of facility appeared cheaper and positively effective. Currently, the value of this way of supporting @entity1 - which could be considerable - is unclear. Trials are needed. Any 24 hour care 'ward-in-a-house' is likely to be oversubscribed. We argue that the only equitable way of providing care in this way is to draw lots as to who is allocated a place from the eligible group of @entity1 with serious @entity1032 . With follow-up of all eligible for the placements - those who were lucky enough to be allocated a place as well as @entity1 in more standard type of care - real-world evaluation could take place. In the UK further randomised control trials are probably impossible, as many of these types of facilities have closed. The broader lesson of this review is to ensure early and rigorous evaluation of fashionable innovations before they are superseded by new approaches.

title: Twenty-four hour care for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental illness']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['Schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: AIMS: The aim was to evaluate total and @entity65 ( @entity65 ) mortality in relation to use of oral contraceptives (OC) in a cohort of @entity1 with a relatively high prevalence of smoking and high serum lipid levels. METHODS: In all 29,053 @entity1 aged 20-49 years were invited to a health survey in 1985-88. Of the total 82% attended and 20,282 @entity1 free of known @entity65 were included in this analysis. The relative risk (RR) of mortality during 14 years of follow-up was compared between OC users and non-users by means of proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: About 50% of 827 OC users were daily cigarette smokers, and the mean total @entity165 level in the cohort was 5.9 mmol/l. There were 518 @entity204 , of which 10 occurred among the @entity1 taking OC at baseline. Of three @entity204 from @entity65 among OC users, two occurred in the first year of follow-up. Among non-smokers using OC three @entity1 died during the follow-up; none of the @entity204 was due to @entity65 . @entity1 using OC of any type had no different adjusted total mortality (RR 0.87; 95% CI 0.46-1.65) or @entity65 mortality ( @entity4736 .41; 95% CI 0.44-4.56) compared with non-users. CONCLUSIONS: The results were consistent with previous evidence which does not indicate that mortality from all causes or @entity65 is elevated in @entity1 using OC.

title: Use of oral contraceptives and mortality during 14 years' follow-up of Norwegian XXXX .

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine a new therapeutic approach using @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) and pegylated @entity4020 (Peg-IFNa-2a) as adjuvant therapy in @entity1 with adult recurrent @entity1724 . STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive observational clinical trial. SETTING: Departments of Otolaryngology and Immunology. METHODS: Fourteen @entity1 with adult recurrent @entity1724 were examined regarding medical history and number of operations before and after treatment. @entity1740 and glottal stop were evaluated using the Voice-Related Quality-of-Life instrument. @entity1185 staging was determined using the Coltera/Derkay diagram. The @entity1 received Peg-IFNa-2a at 180 mcg weekly for 6 months. In the third month, the @entity1 began @entity2841 treatment at 400 mcg weekly for 2 months. The @entity1 were observed for 12 months after treatment ended. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 met the study criteria; 3 @entity1 had tracheotomies before treatment, and they were decannulated after treatment. Before treatment, the scale of voice quality ranged from 34 to 45 points (mean, 38.31). After treatment, the range was 12 to 35 points (mean, 21.09; P < .001). Prior to therapy, the glottal stop ranged from 50% to 90% (average, 62.27%). After therapy, the range decreased to 0% to 15% (mean, 4.63%; P < .001). The number of surgical interventions decreased. Two @entity1 each had 1 surgical intervention after treatment began. CONCLUSION: A new adjuvant treatment based on immunogenetic mechanisms against @entity1 @entity1724 virus, with expectations of reducing disease @entity146 and the number of operations, avoids the risks of surgery. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Peg-IFNa-2a and @entity2841 is an adjuvant therapy for treating adult recurrent @entity1724 .

title: Adult recurrent @entity1185 : a new therapeutic approach with pegylated @entity4020 (Peg-IFNa-2a) and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte monocyte-colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

entities_list: @entity1724 :: ('MESH:C535297', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory papillomatosis', 'laryngeal papilloma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['Papilloma']

entities_list: @entity4020 :: ('3440', 'Gene') :: ['interferon alpha 2a']

entities_list: @entity1740 :: ('MESH:D014832', 'Disease') :: ['Voice disorder']

answer: @entity2841 :: (1437,Gene) :: ['GM-CSF']


abstract: The oxidatively induced DNA lesions @entity38496 ( @entity38496 ) and @entity38494 (FapyA) are formed abundantly in DNA of cultured cells or tissues exposed to ionizing radiation or to other free radical-generating systems. In vitro studies indicate that these lesions are miscoding, can block the progression of DNA polymerases, and are substrates for base excision repair. However, no study has yet addressed how these lesions are metabolized in cellular extracts. The synthesis of oligonucleotides containing FapyG and FapyA at defined positions was recently reported. These constructs allowed us to investigate the repair of @entity75 in nuclear and mitochondrial extracts from wild type and knock-out @entity19 lacking the two major DNA glycosylases for repair of oxidative DNA damage, @entity35308 and @entity56813 . The background level of FapyG/FapyA in DNA from these @entity19 was also determined. Endogenous FapyG levels in liver DNA from wild type @entity19 were significantly higher than @entity25469 levels. FapyG and FapyA were efficiently repaired in nuclear and mitochondrial extracts from wild type animals but not in the glycosylase-deficient @entity19 . Our results indicated that @entity35308 and @entity56813 are the major DNA glycosylases for the removal of FapyG and FapyA, respectively. Tissue-specific analysis suggested that other DNA glycosylases may contribute to FapyA repair when @entity56813 is poorly expressed. We identified @entity56814 in liver mitochondria, which could account for the residual incision activity in the absence of @entity35308 and @entity56813 . FapyG and FapyA levels were significantly elevated in DNA from the knock-out @entity19 , underscoring the biological role of @entity35308 and @entity56813 in the repair of these lesions.

title: Repair of formamidopyrimidines in DNA involves different glycosylases: role of the @entity35308 , XXXX , and @entity56814 enzymes.

entities_list: @entity25469 :: ('MESH:C024829', 'Chemical') :: ['8-hydroxyguanine']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Fapy lesions']

entities_list: @entity38494 :: ('MESH:C039544', 'Chemical') :: ['4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine']

entities_list: @entity38496 :: ('MESH:C071023', 'Chemical') :: ['FapyG', '2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine']

answer: @entity56813 :: (102467538,Gene) :: ['NTH1']


abstract: A single exposure to the elevated plus-maze test (EPM) reduces or abolishes the anxiolytic efficacy of @entity1245 on a second trial. This phenomenon known as one-trial tolerance (OTT) is considered to be due to a shift in the emotional state of the animals across the test/retest sessions. Activation of the @entity1636 has been considered to be an adaptive response to stressful or challenging situations such as height and @entity1538 of the EPM. This work looks at the phenomenon of OTT to the @entity1245 compound @entity1363 through the conjoint examination of the novel ethological measures of the EPM and adrenocortical response of @entity35 exposed to single and repeated sessions of the EPM. The results obtained confirmed that the approach/avoidance conflict on the first trial of the EPM is very sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of @entity1245 . Moreover, stressful stimuli present upon initial exposure to the EPM render the standard measures of the EPM resistant to the anxiolytic effects of @entity1245 on retest. However, the increases in plasma @entity2819 and in risk assessment behavior observed in @entity35 submitted to single or repeated sessions in the EPM were reversed by pretreatment with @entity1363 . The administration of @entity4235 , a glucocorticoid synthesis blocker, decreased risk assessment but did not affect locomotion and @entity148 -like behaviors. It is suggested that the detection of the dangerous environment through the stretched-attend postures in the second trial leads to the known low level of exploration and the consequent OTT upon retest. Moreover, in view of the similarity between the risk assessment and plasma @entity2819 patterns in both naive and experienced @entity35 , this hormone-behavior profile may be crucial for the expression of OTT to @entity1245 in rodents exposed to the EPM.

title: Increases in plasma @entity2819 and stretched-attend postures in XXXX naive and previously exposed to the elevated plus-maze are sensitive to the anxiolytic-like effects of @entity1363 .

entities_list: @entity4235 :: ('MESH:D008797', 'Chemical') :: ['metyrapone']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: To help resolve the clinical ambiguity between @entity2341 with severe abduction deficit and @entity9175 , we performed orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to qualify abnormalities of the lateral rectus (LR) muscle in these entities. DESIGN: Prospective observational case series. METHODS: Orbital MRI was performed in 13 subjects with @entity2341 (19 eyes), 10 subjects with @entity9175 (10 eyes), and 10 orthotropic control subjects (18 eyes). High-resolution, surface coil, T(1)-weighted MRI was used to obtain contiguous, 2-mm thick quasi-coronal images of the orbits in central gaze. Digital image analysis was used to quantify cross-sectional area of the ipsilesional and contralesional LR to provide comparison with control measurements. RESULTS: Mean maximum LR cross-sectional area in @entity2341 was statistically similar to control (P = .454) and contralesional LR cross-sectional area (P = .227). However, in @entity9175 , mean maximum ipsilesional LR cross-sectional area was markedly smaller than contralesional (P = .003) and control cross-sectional areas (P < .0001), as well as smaller than the LR in @entity2341 (P= .0017). CONCLUSIONS: The LR muscle in @entity9175 exhibits profound @entity194 . The sparing of the LR in @entity2341 from denervation @entity194 despite absence of normal abducens innervation suggests existence of alternative LR innervation. High-resolution MRI can noninvasively demonstrate LR muscle size and distinguish @entity2341 from @entity9175 in uncertain cases.

title: Comparison of orbital magnetic resonance imaging in duane syndrome and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9175 :: ('MESH:C564661', 'Disease') :: ['abducens palsy', 'chronic abducens palsy']

entities_list: @entity2341 :: ('MESH:D004370', 'Disease') :: ['Duane syndrome']

answer: @entity9175 :: (MESH:C564661,Disease) :: ['abducens palsy']


abstract: There is considerable evidence that @entity6667 ( @entity6667 ) is important in the pathogenesis of @entity989 . The effects of this endothelial cell-specific mitogen are mediated by specific cell surface receptors. In this study we probed for the two @entity6667 receptors (VEGFRs) known to have highest affinity in the @entity35 -- @entity25603 and @entity12186 . Using a well-characterized @entity35 model of the @entity66 @entity989 ( @entity989 ), we performed immunohistochemical assays on @entity11379 sections of eyes from normal and @entity26 -injured animals at the time neovascularization is first observed (16 days of age) and at its peak (day 20). In day 16 room air retinas there was light, diffuse labeling of the inner nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer. In contrast, in 4 of 5 @entity26 -injured eyes on day 16, there was specific labeling of small neovascular growths and normal retinal vessels, and the outermost (sclerad) limit of the label had shifted inward to the vitread border of the inner nuclear layer and the inner plexiform layer. Day 20 room air eyes showed a pattern similar to day 16, although with stronger labeling. However, in @entity26 -injured eyes on day 20 the labeling pattern had shifted toward the vitreous, with extremely strong labeling of the preretinal neovascular growths. As on day 16 there was also labeling of the inner plexiform layer and the inner portion of the inner nuclear layer, but not the outer plexiform layer. Comparison of @entity6667 protein immunolabel with both of the VEGFR immunolabels revealed overlap and strong similarity on day 20 in the @entity26 -injured eyes. This is the first report of @entity6667 receptor protein being concentrated in preretinal neovascular growths in a model of @entity989 . These results lend themselves to further investigation of the roles of VEGFRs in preretinal neovascularization in @entity989 and other @entity989 and suggest avenues of research toward therapies using VEGFR antagonists.

title: Evidence for upregulation and redistribution of @entity6667 ( @entity6667 ) receptors @entity25603 and @entity12186 in the XXXX -injured @entity35 retina.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity11379 :: ('CHEBI:25218', 'Chemical') :: ['methacrylate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal neovascular diseases', 'retinopathy of prematurity', 'ROP', 'retinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity6667 :: ('83785(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a lack of consensus regarding the best option for the treatment of acute @entity397 . Treatment can be broadly classified as operative (open or percutaneous) or nonoperative (casting or functional bracing). Postoperative splinting can be performed with a rigid cast (proximal or distal to the knee) or a more mobile functional brace. The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify and summarize the evidence from randomized, controlled trials on the effectiveness of different interventions for the treatment of @entity697 . METHODS: We searched multiple databases (including EMBASE, CINAHL, and MEDLINE) as well as reference lists of articles and contacted authors. Keywords included Achilles tendon, @entity397 , and @entity1796 . Three reviewers extracted data and independently assessed trial quality with use of a ten-item scale. RESULTS: Twelve trials involving 800 @entity1 were included. There was a variable level of methodological rigor and reporting of outcomes. Open operative treatment was associated with a lower risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment (relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.64). However, it was associated with a higher risk of other complications, including @entity281 , and disturbed skin sensibility (relative risk, 10.60; 95% confidence interval, 4.82 to 23.28). Percutaneous repair was associated with a lower complication rate compared with open operative repair (relative risk, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 7.62). @entity1 who had been managed with a functional brace postoperatively (allowing for early mobilization) had a lower complication rate compared with those who had been managed with a cast (relative risk, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 2.76). Because of the small number of @entity1 involved, no definitive conclusions could be made regarding different nonoperative treatment regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Open operative treatment of @entity697 significantly reduces the risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment, but operative treatment is associated with a significantly higher risk of other complications. Operative risks may be reduced by performing surgery percutaneously. Postoperative splinting with use of a functional brace reduces the overall complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I.

title: Treatment of XXXX . A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute Achilles tendon ruptures']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection, adhesions']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['Achilles tendon rupture', 'rupture']

entities_list: @entity1796 :: ('MESH:D013708', 'Disease') :: ['tendon injuries']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute achilles tendon ruptures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical manifestations of first-time @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in 3 age groups of @entity1 and @entity1 who presented to the emergency departments of 3 acute tertiary care hospitals. DESIGN: An exploratory, descriptive design was used, and there were 2 phases to the project. Phase 1 was a retrospective chart audit of a systematic random sample of @entity1 charts, and phase 2 included a structured interview of a prospective random sample of emergency and intensive care unit nurses and physicians. The data were collected by using a chart audit tool and a semistructured interview, respectively. SETTING: The study took place at a western Canada university affiliated with acute tertiary care centres. SAMPLE: A systematic random sample of 153 (105 @entity1 and 48 @entity1 ) @entity1 charts were audited from the health records departments of 3 acute care hospitals. All of the @entity1 had experienced a first-time @entity583 . In addition, a random sample of emergency/intensive care unit nurses (n = 60) and physicians (n = 18) was interviewed. RESULTS: The results indicate that a statistically significant number of the oldest (75 years or older) male @entity1 present with atypical manifestations of @entity583 compared with the @entity1 in the younger age groups (P =.005). The same trend was not noted for female @entity1 . The results of the study are limited with respect to the small number of @entity1 in each age category. Caution must therefore be exercised in generalizing the results to the target population of @entity1 with @entity583 . The atypical manifestations are described. The results of the interviews revealed that many clinicians do not look for different clinical manifestations when assessing older @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: It is essential that nurses and physicians accurately assess @entity1 with @entity583 , especially @entity1 in the older age groups who may be presenting atypically. It is also important that professional and nonprofessional public health education initiatives include information regarding both typical and atypical presentation of @entity583 , particularly in the older @entity1 .

title: Atypical presentation of XXXX in 3 age groups.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity580 mortality ratios (HSMR) are widely used in quality improvement campaigns. No data exist on whether HSMR can be computed based on Danish administrative registries. We therefore used data from Danish registries to compute HSMRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By linking hospital discharge registries with the Danish Civil Registration System, we identified 77 primary discharge diagnoses that accounted for 80% of all @entity204 within 30 days of admission. We calculated overall death rates stratified by the 77 primary discharge diagnoses, age, gender, and type of admission and used these to compute the expected number of @entity204 . HSMR for each hospital was calculated as the ratio of observed to expected number of @entity204 . RESULTS: Pneumonia, non-specified was the diagnosis that accounted for most @entity204 within 30 days after admission. The crude mortality rate varied from 5.7% to 6.3%. HSMR varied little--from 95 and 98 in Hospitals B and D to 102 and 103 in Hospitals A and C, respectively. CONCLUSION: We found that it was possible to use data from Danish administrative registries to compute HSMR and that HSMR varied little between hospitals with comparable case-mixes.

title: [ XXXX mortality ratios based on data from administrative registries. A pilot project].

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Hospital standardised']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['Hospital standardised']


abstract: Hemidesmosomal attachment of the junctional epithelial cells to the tooth and the ability of the attached cells to divide are essential features of the healthy dentogingival junction. Short chain @entity1718 are bacterial metabolites associated with @entity32 and periodontal pockets. In vitro, short chain @entity1718 have been shown to inhibit epithelial cell division and increase the density of their keratin filaments. This study examined these keratin changes by making use of @entity1 gingival keratinocyte cultures, gel electrophoresis and Western blot. Short chain @entity1718 , @entity4876 and @entity4919 , increased the relative amount of keratin proteins in the cells, most strikingly keratin @entity9531 . The distribution of @entity9531 was further studied in a culture model for @entity1 junctional epithelium and in gingival biopsies. In butyrate-treated cultures of junctional epithelium, @entity9531 expression was markedly increased and extended to the basal cells and to the cells mediating the attachment of the explant to the substratum. In clinically healthy gingiva, @entity9531 was expressed predominantly in sulcular epithelium. The dividing basal cells and the cells attached to the tooth were negative. In advanced @entity2521 , a strong reaction for @entity9531 was localised to the pocket epithelium. The inhibition of epithelial cell division and the simultaneous upregulation of @entity9531 in vitro, and the strong expression of this protein in detached pocket epithelium suggest a role for the short chain @entity1718 in the degenerative process that leads to subgingival advancement of pathogens and, eventually, to periodontal pocket formation.

title: Effect of short chain XXXX on @entity1 gingival epithelial cell keratins in vitro.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['gingival inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4876 :: ('MESH:D002087', 'Chemical') :: ['butyrate']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: Chronic muscle disuse decreases the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to nondepolarizing relaxants, such as @entity43160 (MTC). In this study, the authors determined whether chronic conditioning would produce the opposite effect and increase the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to MTC. Five @entity235 were exercised by daily running over a period of 5 weeks. At the conclusion of this training period, a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the MTC dose-response relationship was performed. The same analysis was performed on four @entity235 housed in the same kennel who did not undergo conditioning. @entity4094 was measured and recorded bilaterally in both gastrocnemius muscles while the animal was anesthetized with @entity3810 and @entity4485 , 30 ml.kg-1. Plasma concentrations of MTC were measured by radioimmunoassay. The MTC concentration estimated in the effect compartment which produced 50% paralysis was 0.114 +/- 0.008 micrograms.ml-1 (mean +/- SD) in exercised @entity235 and 0.189 +/- 0.038 micrograms.ml-1 in nonexercised @entity235 , which was significant at P less than 0.005). The MTC concentration versus response curves were parallel. This supports the authors' hypothesis that exercise increases sensitivity to the nondepolarizing muscle relaxant @entity43160 .

title: Exercise produces sensitivity to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['Neuromuscular blockade']

entities_list: @entity43160 :: ('MESH:C032943', 'Chemical') :: ['metocurine']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

answer: @entity43160 :: (MESH:C032943,Chemical) :: ['metocurine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) alone and EST combined with @entity384 (ESBD) are important endoscopic techniques for stone extraction. We were to conduct a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of ESBD and EST. METHODS: Meta-analysis was performed respectively on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies comparing the efficacy and safety of ESBD and EST. RESULTS: The results of three RCTs showed that stone removal in first session (relative risk [RR] 1.01, 0.92-1.11, P=0.85) and the utility of endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy (EML) (RR 0.78, 0.49-1.23, P=0.29) were equivalent between ESBD and EST. ESBD has equivalent complications (RR 0.61, 0.17-2.25, P=0.46) and post-ERCP @entity788 (Peto odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 0.37-3.35, P=0.86), but less @entity548 (Peto OR 0.10, 0.03-0.30, P<0.0001). The analysis of six retrospective studies suggested higher initial success in stone removal (RR 1.11, 1.02-1.20, P=0.01) and less EML (RR 0.32, 0.22-0.46, P<0.00001) in ESBD group. Less complications (RR 0.60, 0.44-0.83, P=0.02) happened in ESBD group, but equivalent post-ERCP @entity788 (Peto OR 0.65, 0.37-1.15, P=0.14) and @entity548 (Peto OR 0.60, 0.29-1.26, P=0.18). For @entity1 with stones >=  15 mm, ESBD required less EML (RR 0.35, 0.24-0.51, P<0.00001) and caused fewer complications (RR 0.67, 0.38-0.92, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: ESBD is feasible for the treatment of @entity2877 without increased risk of complications, causing less @entity548 . However, it warrants more clinical trials to compare the efficacy and safety of ESBD and EST.

title: Endoscopic XXXX versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for @entity2877 : A meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['balloon dilation']

entities_list: @entity2877 :: ('MESH:D042883', 'Disease') :: ['choledocholithiasis']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['sphincterotomy plus balloon dilation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of @entity901 , @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ), and @entity4181 (LV) (FOLFOX-4) as second-line treatment in @entity1 with advanced @entity1125 ( @entity1125 ) failing @entity136 / @entity900 first-line chemotherapy. METHODS: Thirty-seven @entity1 with advanced @entity1125 refractory to @entity136 / @entity900 chemotherapy were included in the study. FOLFOX-4 regimen consisted of @entity901 (85 mg/m(2)) as a 2-hour infusion on day 1 and 2-hour infusion of LV (200 mg/m(2)/day) followed by a @entity1487 bolus (400 mg/m(2)/day) and 22-hour infusion of @entity1487 (600 mg/m(2)/day) for two consecutive days every 2 weeks. The primary end point was the @entity1054 ( @entity1054 ). RESULTS: Between January 2009 and January 2012, a total of 37 @entity1 were enrolled. The median age was 57 years (range 32-70) and male to female ratio was 21:16. Median @entity1054 was 3  1 months (95% CI 2  3-3  6). The objective response rate was 21  6% (eight partial responses), and disease control rate was 62  2% (15 stable disease). Grade 3-4 @entity137 were observed in 37  8% of the @entity1 with @entity1398 and fatigue being the most frequent (21  6%). CONCLUSIONS: FOLFOX-4 regimen is a feasible and moderately efficacious second-line chemotherapy for advanced @entity1125 .

title: A phase II FOLFOX-4 regimen as second-line treatment in advanced @entity1125 refractory to XXXX / @entity900 .

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['TTP', 'time to progression']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity1125 :: ('MESH:D001661', 'Disease') :: ['biliary tract cancer', 'BTC']

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study disturbances in sympathetic nervous system function in @entity1 with @entity7160 and the effect of @entity1338 on such disturbances. DESIGN: Cross-sectional physiologic and neurochemical evaluation of @entity1 with @entity82 and of healthy controls; an uncontrolled trial of intravenous @entity1338 in the cirrhotic @entity1 . @entity1 : Forty-four hospitalized @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity7160 and 31 healthy controls. INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous @entity1338 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Radiotracer-derived measures of @entity1063 release to plasma, central hemodynamics, wedge hepatic vein pressure, and measures of renal function. MAIN RESULTS: In @entity1 with @entity82 , @entity1338 reduced previously elevated @entity1063 overflow rates for the whole body, kidneys, and hepatomesenteric circulation. This sympathetic inhibition was accompanied by the following potentially clinically beneficial effects: the lowering of renal vascular resistance (median reduction, 24%; 95% CI, 14% to 31%), the elevation of glomerular filtration rate (median increase, 27%; CI, 14% to 39%), and the reduction of portal venous pressure (median reduction, 25%; CI, 18% to 32%). The @entity1063 and hemodynamic responses to graded @entity1338 dosing (1, 2, and 3 micrograms/kg body weight intravenously) indicated that the sympathetic outflow to the hepatomesenteric circulation was more sensitive to pharmacologic suppression with @entity1338 than was the sympathetic outflow to the systemic circulation. CONCLUSIONS: The sympathetic nerves to the kidneys, heart, and hepatomesenteric circulation are stimulated in @entity1 with @entity82 . @entity1338 inhibits these activated sympathetic outflows differentially, which could possibly provide a basis for the selective pharmacologic treatment of portal @entity101 in @entity1 with @entity82 .

title: Increased sympathetic nervous activity and the effects of its inhibition with @entity1338 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['Clonidine', 'clonidine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity7160 :: ('MESH:D008104', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic cirrhosis']

answer: @entity7160 :: (MESH:D008104,Disease) :: ['alcoholic cirrhosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity1082 )-positive @entity957 ( @entity957 ) have a better prognosis than @entity1 with HPV-negative @entity957 . Important factors contributing to this better prognosis are relatively low numbers of local/regional recurrences (LRRs) and second @entity5 (SPTs) in @entity1 with HPV-positive OPSCC. These low numbers may be explained in addition by the absence of a 'field cancerization' effect, which is a cause of LRRs and SPTs in @entity1 with HPV-negative OPSCC. We aimed to detect a possible 'field effect' in @entity1 with HPV-positive OPSCC. As HPV is involved in the early stage of @entity105 in @entity957 , its presence is considered a reliable marker for the detection of such a field effect. Therefore, the presence of transcriptionally active HPV was analyzed in the mucosa surrounding HPV-positive @entity957 . METHODS: We included 20 @entity1 who were surgically treated for an HPV-positive OPSCC in the period 2000-2006. Of each @entity1 , the @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded @entity5 sample and all available resection margins were collected. In total, 97 resection margins were investigated with an average of five resection margins per @entity5 . All samples were analyzed for the presence of @entity5 and the presence of transcriptionally active HPV by @entity1799 -E6-mRNA detection. RESULTS: All @entity5 were @entity1799 -E6-mRNA positive. @entity1799 -E6-mRNA could be detected in the resection margins that contained @entity5 (n = 6). All @entity5 -negative resection margins (n = 91) scored negative for @entity1799 -E6-mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, transcriptional active HPV could not be detected in the mucosa surrounding an HPV-positive OPSCC, which suggests the absence of field effect. This observation may explain the lower number of LRRs and SPTs in HPV-positive @entity1 .

title: No evidence for active XXXX ) in fields surrounding @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas', 'OPSCCs']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']


abstract: Our aims were to evaluate the prognostic usefulness of magnetic motor evoked potentials (MMEPs) in @entity385 , to study the evolution of @entity43964 and the relationships between @entity43964 and @entity1188 topography. We prospectively analyzed 50 consecutive @entity385 @entity1 who were followed up to 1 year. MMEPs were recorded 1, 3, 30 and 90 days after @entity64 and we measured amplitudes and latencies/central motor conduction times (CMCTs) of MMEPs from hypothenar, biceps brachiallis, gastrocnemius and quadriceps. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the clinical and MMEPs data were performed. @entity1 with Rankin 0-3 at 1 year had had acutely MMEPs with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes than @entity1 with Rankin 4-5 or deceased @entity1 . Increased blood pressure correlated with increased survival, whereas increased heart rate and @entity4854 correlated with increased mortality. The variables @entity1188 size on second CT, age, and first day CMCT-S1 correctly classified 1 year outcome on discriminant analysis. The inclusion of MMEPs values increased the probability of correct classification from 76% to 84%. We conclude that in @entity1 with nondisabling strokes MMEPs may have an independent value in the prediction of prognosis, increasing the accuracy of prognosis calculations made employing clinical and laboratory data. Topography of lesions should be considered when analyzing @entity43964 after @entity64 .

title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a prognostic tool in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43964 :: ('MESH:C537686', 'Disease') :: ['MMEP abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) confers an increased risk for @entity66 in apparently healthy @entity1 with essential @entity101 . METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 2363 initially untreated @entity101 @entity1 (mean age 51+/-12 years, 47% @entity1 ) free of previous @entity65 were followed up for up to 14 years (mean 5 years). At entry, all @entity1 underwent diagnostic tests, including ECG, echocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring. At entry, the prevalence of @entity4346 was 17.6% by ECG (Perugia score) and 23.7% by echocardiography (LVM >125 g/m(2)). Over the subsequent years, 105 @entity1 experienced a first @entity64 or transient @entity63 attack. The cerebrovascular event rate was higher among @entity1 with @entity4346 at entry, diagnosed by either ECG or echocardiography, than among those without @entity1184 (both P<0.01). After control for the significant influence of age, sex, @entity6 , and 24-hour mean ambulatory BP, @entity4346 by ECG conferred an increased risk for cerebrovascular events (relative risk [RR] 1.79; 95% CI 1.17 to 2.76). @entity4346 by echocardiography also conferred a higher risk for cerebrovascular events ( @entity4736 .64; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.68). For each increase in LV mass of 1 SD (29 g/m(2)), there was a significant independent increase in the risk for cerebrovascular events ( @entity4736 .31; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.58). CONCLUSIONS: In apparently healthy @entity1 with essential @entity101 , @entity4346 diagnosed by ECG or echocardiography confers an excess risk for @entity64 and transient @entity63 attack independently of BP and other individual risk factors.

title: @entity4346 as an independent predictor of acute cerebrovascular events in essential XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy', 'LVH']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity7295 ( @entity7296 )-degrading bacteria are believed to mediate natural attenuation of @entity7296 contamination and have potential for active bioremediation processes. This study addressed the very limited understanding of the distribution, diversity and substrate specificity of such bacteria from 13 soil samples, varying in levels of @entity7296 contamination, from four sites in Spain. @entity7295 removal occurred in 16 of 36 enrichment cultures. @entity7295 -degrading populations were clearly associated with @entity7296 -contaminated soils, and populations growing on the delta- @entity7296 isomer were only found in soil contaminated with @entity52226 . @entity52227 was persistent in enrichment cultures, and there was no evidence for populations growing on beta- @entity7296 . From alpha- and gamma- @entity7296 enrichment cultures, nine @entity7296 -degrading isolates were obtained, which were all Sphingomonas spp. Attempts to isolate organisms from delta- @entity7296 enrichment cultures failed. None of the isolates grew on @entity7296 as a sole organic substrate in pure culture. All isolates degraded alpha- and gamma- @entity7296 , and most degraded @entity52227 . delta- @entity7295 inhibited growth of most isolates, but could be degraded by cell suspensions of at least four strains. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that the isolates represented predominant populations in the enrichment cultures, but additional predominant populations, including some Pseudomonas spp., could not be isolated.

title: Distribution and phylogeny of XXXX -degrading bacteria in soils from Spain.

entities_list: @entity7295 :: ('MESH:D001556', 'Chemical') :: ['Hexachlorocyclohexane']

entities_list: @entity52227 :: ('MESH:C023888', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane', 'beta-HCH']

answer: @entity7295 :: (MESH:D001556,Chemical) :: ['hexachlorocyclohexane']


abstract: Severe @entity130 with @entity2054 were treated in five @entity1 by an immediate one-stage procedure. This procedure included the assessment of skin flap viability with accurate debridement of devascularized tissues. It was performed according to the split-thickness skin excision technique. Compartment pressures were measured and the fasciotomies were performed through open wounds or separate medial and lateral incisions. The medial incision was extended to release the tarsal tunnel. @entity174 were reduced and internally fixed and exposed bones were covered with locally transposed muscles. Skin grafts, taken earlier for the skin viability assessment, were meshed and applied to replace skin loss. All wounds and @entity174 healed uneventfully with no major functional loss. In @entity1230 , the physician should maintain a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis and treatment of severe @entity13256 . Early treatment leads to more desirable results, shorter hospitalization, and faster rehabilitation.

title: Crush injuries of the foot with XXXX : immediate one-stage management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Fractures']

entities_list: @entity2054 :: ('MESH:D003161', 'Disease') :: ['compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple trauma']

entities_list: @entity13256 :: ('MESH:D018409', 'Disease') :: ['foot injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['crush injuries']

answer: @entity2054 :: (MESH:D003161,Disease) :: ['compartment syndrome']


abstract: Innate immunity in @entity238 is characterized by the inducible expression of antimicrobial peptides. We have investigated the development and regulation of immune responsiveness in @entity238 embryos after infection. Immune competence, as monitored by the induction of @entity52726 -lacZ constructs, was observed first in the embryonic yolk. This observation suggests that the yolk plays an important role in the humoral immune response of the developing embryo by synthesizing antimicrobial peptides. Around midembryogenesis, the response in the yolk was diminished. Simultaneously, @entity52726 expression became inducible in a large number of cells in the epidermis, demonstrating that late-stage embryos can synthesize their own antibiotics in the epidermis. This production likely serves to provide the hatching larva with an active antimicrobial barrier and protection against @entity281 . @entity52726 expression in the yolk required the presence of a @entity23402 site in the promoter as well as the involvement of the @entity23402 -binding transcription factor Serpent ( @entity52727 ). In contrast, neither the @entity23402 site nor Serpent were necessary for @entity52726 expression in the epidermis. Thus, the inducible immune responses in the yolk and in the epidermis can be uncoupled and call for distinct sets of transcription factors. Our data suggest that Serpent is involved in the distinction between a systemic response in the yolk/fat body and a local immune response in epithelial cells. In addition, the present study shows that signal transduction pathways controlling innate and epithelial defense reactions can be dissected genetically in @entity238 embryos.

title: The XXXX factor Serpent is required for the onset of the humoral immune response in @entity238 embryos.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['systemic infections']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity23402 :: (42283(Tax:7227),Gene) :: ['GATA']


abstract: PURPOSE: The feasibility and safety of stem cell-based therapy with expanded adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) has been investigated in a phase I clinical trial. The present study was designed as a phase II multicenter, randomized controlled trial to further investigate the effectiveness and safety of ASCs in the treatment of complex perianal @entity292 . METHODS: @entity1 with complex perianal @entity292 (cryptoglandular origin, n = 35; associated with @entity30 , n = 14) were randomly assigned to intralesional treatment with fibrin glue or fibrin glue plus 20 million ASCs. @entity292 healing and quality of life (SF-12 questionnaire) were evaluated at eight weeks and one year. If healing was not seen at eight weeks, a second dose of fibrin glue or fibrin glue plus 40 million ASCs was administered. RESULTS: @entity292 healing was observed in 17 (71 percent) of 24 @entity1 who received ASCs in addition to fibrin glue compared with 4 (16 percent) of 25 @entity1 who received fibrin glue alone (relative risk for healing, 4.43; confidence interval, 1.74-11.27); P < 0.001). The proportion of @entity1 with healing was similar in @entity30 . ASCs were also more effective than fibrin glue alone in @entity1 with a suprasphincteric fistulous tract (P = 0.001). Quality of life scores were higher in @entity1 who received ASCs than in those who received fibrin glue alone. At one year follow-up, the recurrence rate in @entity1 treated with ASCs was 17.6 percent. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Administration of expanded ASCs (20 to 60 million cells) in combination with fibrin glue is an effective and safe treatment for @entity292 and appears to achieve higher rates of healing than fibrin glue alone.

title: Expanded adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of XXXX : a phase II clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas', 'Fistula', 'complex perianal fistula']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's and non-Crohn's subgroups", "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['complex perianal fistula']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Coronary stenting is associated with acute @entity32 within the arterial wall followed by neointimal growth. Acute inflammatory response is expressed by a marked systemic elevation of the inflammatory biomarker @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ). It has been shown that the degree and extent of @entity1851 increase may be related to clinical presentation or periprocedural treatment. AIM: To investigate whether an increase in @entity1851 level is associated with the extent of @entity1317 during stent deployment. METHODS: @entity1851 levels were measured with a high-sensitivity @entity1851 (hsCRP) assay. Seventy-three @entity1 (51 males) with normal baseline plasma @entity1851 (<3 mg/L) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation for stable @entity301 . Blood samples for hsCRP were drawn before the intervention, and 6, 12 and 24 hours after the procedure. Both quantitative (single vs multivessel coronary intervention) and qualitative analyses (including lesion classification according to the ACC/AHA grading system) were performed in all @entity1 . The examined angiographic parameters and procedural data obtained included reference diameter, lesion location, lesion length, total stented segment length, diameter of stent after deployment, maximal deployment pressure, total inflation number and duration. RESULTS: The mean hsCRP level increased in all @entity1 between baseline and 24 hours (1.36+/-0.93 mg/L and 4.34+/-3.3 mg/L, p <0.0001). Single vessel procedure was performed in 51 @entity1 and multivessel coronary intervention in 22 @entity1 . Mean hsCRP was similar at baseline and after 6 hours in both groups and the increase after 12 and 24 hours was higher among @entity1 with multivessel coronary intervention compared to @entity1 with single vessel procedure (2.69+/-2.48 vs 4.15+/-3.17; p=0.039 and 3.76+/-3.13 vs 5.69+/-3.38; p=0.021, respectively). There was no correlation between hsCRP and the degree of lesion complexity. Multiple regression analysis showed that the total stented segment length (p=0.01) contributed to the hsCRP increase after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: The inflammatory response expressed by hsCRP levels is higher in @entity1 with multivessel coronary intervention with longer total segment stented.

title: Changes in @entity1851 levels following coronary stent implantation depend on the extent of periprocedural XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['arterial injury']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1317 :: (MESH:D057772,Disease) :: ['arterial injury']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) are consistently effective as first-line treatments for @entity148 ( @entity148 ). Nevertheless, pharmacotherapy is often the first choice in clinical practice. In many countries, the first line of pharmacotherapy involves the administration of a selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Although a significant proportion of @entity1 with @entity4696 fail to respond to the initial SSRI administration, there is no standard approach to the management of SSRI-resistant @entity4696 . This paper describes the study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of CBT as a next-step strategy, concomitant with conventional treatment, for @entity1 with SSRI-resistant @entity4696 . METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This Prospective Randomized Open Blinded End-point study is designed with two parallel groups, with dynamic allocation at the individual level. The interventions for the two groups are conventional treatment, alone, and CBT combined with conventional treatment, for 16 weeks. The primary end-point of @entity4696 severity will be assessed by an independent assessor using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and secondary end-points include severity of other social anxieties, @entity308 . All measures will be assessed at weeks 0 (baseline), 8 (halfway point) and 16 (postintervention) and the outcomes will be analysed based on the intent-to-treat. Statistical analyses are planned for the study design stage so that field materials can be appropriately designed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study will be conducted at the academic outpatient clinic of Chiba University Hospital. Ethics approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Chiba University Hospital. All @entity1 will be required to provide written informed consent. The trial will be implemented and reported in accordance with the recommendations of CONSORT. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN000007552.

title: Strategy for treating selective XXXX reuptake inhibitor-resistant @entity148 in the clinical setting: a randomised controlled trial protocol of cognitive behavioural therapy in combination with conventional treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive severity and functional impairment']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['social anxiety disorders', 'SADs']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4878 have been increasingly used since the mid-1960s for the treatment of @entity12120 and @entity1141 of the head and neck. Studies of their use in the treatment of @entity189 of the head and neck, usually in combination with interferons, have also been published in recent years. METHODS: 30 @entity1 (25 @entity1 , five @entity1 ) with UICC stage IV were given adjunctive treatment with a combination of 3 x 3 million IU of interferon alfa SC weekly and 0.5 mg/kg body weight of 13-cis @entity1968 PO daily for a maximum duration of 6 months. The therapeutic benefits and side effects are reported here. RESULTS: Therapy was completed as scheduled in 16 out of 30 @entity1 . Reasons for stopping treatment: progressive disease (ten @entity1 ), side effects (four @entity1 ). 18 @entity1 were @entity5 -free following treatment. 16 @entity1 displayed a complete response one year after completion of adjunctive treatment. Retinoic-associated side effects observed included @entity2133 (90%), @entity1282 (67%), @entity353 (50%), flush (50%) and @entity3085 (7%). Interferon-associated side effects included pyrexia and moderate hematological changes. CONCLUSION: Adjunctive combination treatment with interferon alfa and 13-cis @entity1968 appears to be beneficial to @entity1 with @entity135 . The side effects are moderate.

title: Chemoprevention with interferon alfa and 13-cis @entity1968 in the adjunctive treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['Retinoids']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['xerostomia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity12120 :: ('MESH:D007971', 'Disease') :: ['leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: To evaluate the effect of insulin and/or @entity1674 on the pathogenesis of @entity631 , @entity11669 ( @entity11669 ), an inhibitor of intestinal alpha-glucosidases, was administered as a dietary admix (40 mg/100 g chow) to Zucker @entity28 @entity35 (ZOA), from 1.5 months until sacrifice at 1.5, 5, 8, 10 and 15 months. Obese (ZO) and lean (ZL) @entity35 served as controls. Despite a similar food intake, ZOA weighed less than ZO at all ages. @entity11669 reduced serum @entity1674 at all ages, and insulin until 10 months. Glycemia remained normal in all groups. @entity644 developed with age and to a greater degree in ZO than in ZOA @entity35 . In ZL, a faint @entity644 appeared only in the oldest animals. @entity631 , tubular and @entity75 rapidly affected ZO kidneys. These lesions were reduced in ZOA until 10 months. @entity11669 did not modify the @entity1184 of the glomeruli that developed after three months, but slowed down the expansion of the mesangial domain seen in ZO. Thus, by reducing the amount of ingested @entity413 , @entity11669 yielded a normal glycemia with a lesser production of insulin and reduced @entity8 . Therefore, insulin could be a key factor involved in the pathogenesis of @entity631 , either directly or through a control of @entity412 concentrations.

title: Reduction of insulin and @entity1674 delays @entity631 in @entity28 Zucker XXXX .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria', 'Proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial lesions']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity11669 :: ('MESH:D020909', 'Chemical') :: ['acarbose', 'Acarbose', 'BAYg5421']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['Glomerulosclerosis', 'glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity29260 or focal @entity29260 is a highly variable, @entity1112 with abnormalities of ectodermal and mesodermal origin. In 2007, mutations in the @entity55667 gene were found to be causative in @entity29260 . METHOD: A series of 17 @entity1 with @entity29260 is reported on, and their phenotype and genotype are described. RESULTS: In 14 @entity1 (13 females and one male), a @entity55667 mutation was found. Mutations included nonsense (n = 5), frameshift (n = 2), aberrant splicing (n = 2) and missense (n = 5) mutations. No genotype-phenotype correlation was found. All @entity1 with the classical features of the syndrome had a detectable mutation. In three females with atypical signs, no mutation was found. The male @entity1 had classical features and showed mosaicism for a @entity55667 nonsense mutation in fibroblasts. Two affected sisters had a mutation not detectable in their parents, supporting germline mosaicism. Their father had undergone radiation for @entity5 in the past. Two classically affected females had three severely affected female fetuses which all had midline @entity1514 and abdominal wall defects, resembling the pentalogy of Cantrell and the limb-body wall complex. @entity1514 and abdominal wall defects were also present in two surviving @entity1 . @entity55667 mutations can possibly cause pentalogy of Cantrell and limb-body wall complexes as well. Therefore, particularly in cases with @entity4218 , it seems useful to search for these. CONCLUSIONS: @entity55667 mutations can be found in all classically affected cases of @entity29260 , including males. Somatic and germline mosaicism occur. There is no evident genotype-phenotype correlation.

title: Phenotype and genotype in 17 @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked dominant syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['limb defects']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['Thoracic', 'thoracic']

entities_list: @entity29260 :: ('MESH:D005489', 'Disease') :: ['Goltz-Gorlin syndrome', 'dermal hypoplasia']

answer: @entity29260 :: (MESH:D005489,Disease) :: ['Goltz-Gorlin syndrome']