abstract: The effect of @entity19473 on @entity750 ( @entity750 , @entity750 ) and @entity20532 ( @entity20533 ) induced short-circuit current (SCC) was studied in muscle-stripped @entity1707 jejunum in vitro. The selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist @entity20533 and @entity750 both induced a concentration-dependent increase in SCC. The maximal efficacy of @entity750 was twice that of @entity20533 . @entity19473 ( @entity19473 ) induced a small increase in SCC. Furthermore, @entity19473 reduced the @entity20533 but not the @entity750 induced increase in SCC, except at the 100 microM @entity19473 concentration. Pretreatment with @entity11623 reduced @entity750 , @entity20533 , and @entity19473 induced peak increases in SCC by 64, 75, and 58%, respectively. Pretreatment with @entity3897 reduced @entity750 , @entity20533 , and @entity19473 induced peak increases in SCC by 38, 75, and 58%, respectively. Pretreatment with @entity4033 reduced @entity750 , @entity20533 , and @entity19473 induced peak increases in SCC by 33, 50, and 36%, respectively. Pretreatment with @entity1022 reduced the peak increase in SCC elicited by @entity20533 and @entity19473 by 41 and 50%, respectively. This study demonstrates involvement of a @entity19473 , @entity4033 , @entity3897 , @entity11623 , and @entity1022 sensitive receptor in @entity20533 induced SCC in muscle-stripped @entity1707 jejunum in vitro. These data suggest involvement of a neuronal 5-HT4 receptor subtype and @entity934 in @entity750 elicited SCC and @entity2865 secretion in the @entity1707 jejunum.

title: @entity19473 reduces XXXX -induced short-circuit current in stripped @entity1707 jejunum.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity20532 :: ('MESH:D008735', 'Chemical') :: ['5-methoxytryptamine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', 'serotonin', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity11623 :: ('MESH:D002034', 'Chemical') :: ['bumetanide']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity20532 :: (MESH:D008735,Chemical) :: ['5-methoxytryptamine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Muscle degrades fat and @entity1735 ( @entity435 ) during exercise to meet the demand for @entity855 . Factors including exercise intensity/duration and fitness level are recognized as primary determinants of the relative contribution of these macronutrients to substrate metabolism, although exercise mode has also been identified. AIM: To determine potential differences in substrate metabolism during treadmill (TM) and cycle ergometer (CE) exercise performed at equal rating of perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS: Eleven recreationally active @entity1 (age =23.0  3.0 yr, body mass index = 20.7  1.7 kg/m2) performed one 30 min bout of endurance exercise on the CE and TM separated by 1 wk. Three 10 min stages of exercise were completed at RPE equal to 11, 13, and 15. During exercise, gas exchange data were continuously obtained to determine fat and @entity435 oxidation. Subjects fasted 3 h prior to exercise and standardized their dietary intake 48 h prior to each bout. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine differences in @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ) and fat and @entity435 oxidation between exercise modes. RESULTS: @entity1576 was higher (p < 0.05) during CE compared to TM at RPE equal to 11 (0.92  0.03 vs. 0.87  0.06), 13 (0.95  0.03 vs. 0.89  0.05), and 15 (1.00  0.03 vs. 0.93  0.04), leading to lower fat oxidation (p =0.009) and higher @entity435 oxidation in response to     versus CE (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Greater fat utilization occurred in response to treadmill walking at RPE ranging from 11 - 15 versus cycle ergometry.

title: Higher fat oxidation during treadmill walking versus cycle ergometry in active XXXX at equal RPE: a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory exchange ratio', 'RER']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: We prepared liposomal-encapsulated urokinases (LEUK) by detergent removal technique. The encapsulated efficiency of urokinase (UK) was 25.6%. The LEUKs were neutral large unilamellar vesicles and its average diameter was 60.4 +/- 13.6 nm under electron microscope. Measurements of UK activity indicated about 7.1% loss of activity or leakage in tris-buffered saline over a 48 hr period at a temperature of 4 degrees C. After the same time incubation of LEUK and UK in @entity1 platelet-poor plasma (PPP) at 37 degrees C, the percentage of UK activity in LEUK group was remaining higher than that of UK group (30 min: 84.3 +/- 3.0% to 46 +/- 4%; 60 min: 60 +/- 5% to 14.9 +/- 0.8%, P < 0.01). These results suggest that liposomes preserve the thrombolytic potential of UK and that the half-life of UK in liposomes prolongs more than two times. @entity235 model of @entity583 was based on a @entity3885 . Thrombolysis tests were compared for LEUK and UK (n = 5). The time for restoring vessel patency reduced more than 50% when compared with that in UK group (28 +/- 7 min to 69 +/- 7 min, P < 0.01). The total dosage of LEUK was correspondingly lower. After one-hour thrombolysis, the fibrinogen of LEUK group (g/L) was considerably higher than that of UK group (2.5 +/- 0.5 to 1.6 +/- 0.4, P < 0.01). These results suggested that LEUK may be of practical significance in accelerating thrombolysis and reduction in @entity548 complications.

title: [Accelerated thrombolysis by liposomal-encapsulated urokinase in a @entity235 model of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['thrombos obstruction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: One hundred and forty-seven @entity1 with @entity130 admitted to 18 different hospitals were included in a prospective multicentre study. The spleen was saved in 64 per cent. Out of the total series, 43 per cent of @entity1 were not operated upon, 5 per cent had exploratory laparotomy only, and in 16 per cent splenic repair was performed. Treatment is discussed with reference to the nature of the @entity75 , concomitant injuries, amount of blood transfusion given, and age of the @entity1 . No deaths were definitely related to the @entity130 . The frequency of serious recurrent @entity548 was not higher in the splenic salvage group when compared with the splenectomy group. Delayed @entity548 was detected in 4 per cent of the @entity1 . The mode of treatment varied considerably in different hospitals in that conservative treatment was performed in 14, splenic repair in 10 and splenectomy in 12 hospitals. Splenic salvage seems safe in most @entity1 with a @entity130 . However, meticulous surveillance of the @entity1 is mandatory.

title: @entity130 : a prospective multicentre study on non-operative and operative treatment. The XXXX Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['splenic lesion']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['splenic injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Splenic Injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to elucidate the antiviral efficacy and the predictors of @entity17705 treatment in @entity2353 -naive chronic @entity1956 @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 160 @entity1 treated with @entity17705 (0.5 mg daily) for at least 24 weeks were consecutively enrolled. The virologic response ( @entity97 DNA<2,000 copies/mL), biochemical response (ALT< or = upper limit of normal), and virologic breakthrough (>1 log(10) copies/mL increase in @entity97 DNA level above nadir on two consecutive occasions) were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration was 58.8 weeks, and 85 @entity1 (53.1%) showed HBeAg positivity. The median pretreatment levels of serum ALT and @entity97 DNA were 99 IU/L and 7.6 log(10) copies/mL, respectively. The cumulative rates at 12, 24, 48, and 72 weeks were 37.5%, 68.1%, 87.4%, and 95.8%, respectively, for the virologic response; 40.0%, 66.2%, 84.5%, and 92.7% for the biochemical response; 10.6%, 18.8%, 27.0%, and 34.5% for HBeAg loss; and 3.5%, 7.1%, 9.0%, and 13.2% for HBeAg seroconversion. There was no case of virologic breakthrough. An absence of HBeAg and a low serum HBV DNA level (<8 log(10) copies/mL) at baseline were significant predictors of the virologic response in a multivariate analysis (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity17705 therapy showed excellent efficacy in @entity2353 -naive chronic @entity1956 @entity1 . The predictors of a virologic response were an absence of HBeAg and a low baseline @entity97 DNA level.

title: [Efficacy and predictors of the virologic response to @entity17705 therapy in @entity2353 -naive XXXX with chronic @entity1956 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity17705 :: ('MESH:C413685', 'Chemical') :: ['Entecavir', 'entecavir']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We investigated the possible involvement of the autonomic nervous system in the effect of a long-term elevation of plasma free @entity844 (FFA) concentration on @entity413 -induced insulin secretion (GIIS) in @entity35 . @entity35 were infused with an emulsion of @entity1674 (Intralipid) for 48 hours (IL @entity35 ). This resulted in a twofold increase in plasma @entity6334 concentration. At the end of infusion, GIIS as reflected in the insulinogenic index (DeltaI/DeltaG) was 2.5-fold greater in IL @entity35 compared with control saline-infused @entity35 . The ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic nervous activities was sharply decreased in IL @entity35 relative to controls. GIIS was studied in the presence of increasing amounts of alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists. The lowest concentrations of the @entity11026 agonist @entity11027 , which were ineffective in control @entity35 , reduced GIIS in IL @entity35 . At the dose of 0.3 pmol/kg, GIIS became similar in IL and control @entity35 . The use of beta-adrenoreceptor agonist ( @entity3044 ) or antagonist ( @entity1169 ) did not result in a significant alteration in GIIS in both groups. GIIS remained as high in IL vagotomized @entity35 as in intact IL @entity35 , indicating that changes in parasympathetic tone were of minor importance. Altogether, the data show that lipid infusion provokes beta-cell hyperresponsiveness in vivo, at least in part through changes in alpha2-adrenergic innervation.

title: Lipid infusion lowers sympathetic nervous activity and leads to increased beta-cell responsiveness to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity11027 :: ('MESH:D010109', 'Chemical') :: ['oxymetazoline']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: Although corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are widely used for the treatments of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ), safer and more effective therapies are prerequisite. We and others have reported that anti- @entity2225 antibody rituximab targeting B cells are effective for refractory @entity1252 and, therefore, safety and clinical efficacy of rituximab in @entity1252 was evaluated by a multicenter phase I/II clinical trial. An open-label, multicenter study of 15 @entity1 with active and refractory @entity1252 (total British Isles Lupus Assessment Group [BILAG] score 8 to 17) was conducted. Rituximab was administered to 5 @entity1252 @entity1 as 4 infusions of 500 mg/body every week and to 10 @entity1252 @entity1 as 2 infusions of 1000 mg/body every other week. Assessment of safety, infusion reactions and adverse effects was used as the primary outcome for clinical tolerability and was evaluated by 28 weeks. Rituximab was well tolerated, with most experiencing no significant adverse effects. B cells rapidly reduced in all @entity1 and remained low until 6 months post-treatment. Four @entity1 developed human antichimeric antibodies without affecting efficacy of rituximab. Changes in routine safety laboratory tests clearly related to rituximab were not observed. Nine among 14 evaluable @entity1 achieved the major or partial clinical response of BILAG score and @entity617 dose significantly decreased at the 28 weeks. Rituximab therapy appears to be safe for the treatment of active @entity1252 @entity1 and holds significant therapeutic promise, at least for the majority of @entity1 experiencing profound B-cell depletion.

title: A multicenter phase I/II trial of rituximab for refractory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Benign non-peptic esophageal stricture (BNES) is a rare condition in routine clinical practice. The distribution of different diseases causing BNES is not known and the efficacy and safety of endoscopic treatment in this setting has not been established. @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 with BNES undergoing endoscopic treatment at our hospital between 2000 and 2006 were assessed retrospectively and questioned by telephone. RESULTS: A total of 26 @entity1 with BNES had been treated at our institution (median age 65 years, range 15-90) during this period. Common causes were esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (n=11), caustic ingestion (n=4) and @entity5202 (n=3). Other causes were @entity3521 , incomplete @entity1152 , @entity356 , mucosal pemphigoid, spondylotic caused @entity850 , @entity7261 , unspecified @entity850 . Median time until definitive diagnosis was five-and-a-half years. 20 @entity1 were treated by bougienage, 3 were treated by balloon dilatation, 2 by medication alone and one @entity1 did not require treatment. Lasting successful treatment was achieved in all There were no treatment-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: Benign, non-peptic esophageal stricture is a rare condition in routine clinical practice and can be caused by various diseases. Time to exact diagnosis is often very long. When the underlying diagnosis is clear, excellent results of symptomatic endoscopic therapy can be achieved in a gastroenterological center.

title: [Benign non-peptic esophageal XXXX : causes, treatment and outcome in routine clinical practice].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5202 :: ('MESH:D057765', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity1152 :: ('MESH:D004933', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal atresia']

entities_list: @entity7261 :: ('MESH:D004240', 'Disease') :: ['epiphrenic diverticulum']

entities_list: @entity3521 :: ('MESH:D012303', 'Disease') :: ['Schatzki (-Gary) ring']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['heterotopic gastric mucosa']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: Within a clinical trial on scanning time-domain optical mammography reported on in a companion publication (part I), craniocaudal and mediolateral projection optical mammograms were recorded from 154 @entity1 , suspected of having @entity0 . Here we report on in vivo optical properties of the subset of 87 histologically validated @entity189 which were visible in optical mammograms recorded at two or three near-infrared wavelengths. Tumour absorption and reduced scattering coefficients were derived from distributions of times of flight of photons recorded at the @entity5 site employing the model of diffraction of photon density waves by a spherical inhomogeneity, located in an otherwise homogeneous tissue slab. @entity5 radii, taken from pathology, and @entity5 location along the compression direction, deduced from off-axis optical scans of the @entity5 region, were included in the analysis as prior knowledge, if available. On average, @entity5 absorption coefficients exceeded those of surrounding healthy breast tissue by a factor of about 2.5 (670 nm), whereas @entity5 reduced scattering coefficients were larger by about 20% (670 nm). From absorption coefficients at 670 nm and 785 nm total haemoglobin concentration and blood @entity26 saturation were deduced for @entity5 and surrounding healthy breast tissue. Apart from a few outliers total haemoglobin concentration was observed to be systematically larger in @entity5 compared to healthy breast tissue. In contrast, blood @entity26 saturation was found to be a poor discriminator for @entity5 and healthy breast tissue; both median values of blood @entity26 saturation are the same within their statistical uncertainties. However, the ratio of total haemoglobin concentration over blood @entity26 saturation further improves discrimination between @entity5 and healthy breast tissue. For 29 @entity5 detected in optical mammograms recorded at three wavelengths (670 nm, 785 nm, 843 nm or 884 nm), scatter power was derived from transport scattering coefficients. Scatter power of @entity5 tends to be larger than that of surrounding healthy breast tissue, yet the 95% confidence intervals of both medians overlap.

title: Time-domain scanning optical mammography: II. Optical properties and tissue parameters of 87 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Effective tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinomas']


abstract: PURPOSE: The study aims to perform joint estimation of the risk of recurrence caused by inadequate radiation dose coverage of lymph node targets and the risk of @entity1370 caused by radiation exposure to the heart. Delivered photon plans are compared with realistic proton plans, thereby providing evidence-based estimates of the heterogeneity of treatment effects in consecutive cases for the 2 radiation treatment modalities. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty-one @entity1 referred for postlumpectomy comprehensive @entity2917 irradiation for left-sided @entity0 were included. Comparative proton plans were optimized by a spot scanning technique with single-field optimization from 2 en face beams. @entity1370 risk was estimated with the model of Darby et  al, and risk of recurrence following a compromise of lymph node coverage was estimated by a linear dose-response model fitted to the recurrence data from the recently published EORTC (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity5 ) 22922/10925 and NCIC-CTG (National @entity5 Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group) MA.20 randomized controlled trials. RESULTS: Excess absolute risk of cardiac morbidity was small with photon therapy at an attained age of 80  years, with median values of 1.0% (range, 0.2%-2.9%) and 0.5% (range, 0.03%-1.0%) with and without cardiac risk factors, respectively, but even lower with proton therapy (0.13% [range, 0.02%-0.5%] and 0.06% [range, 0.004%-0.3%], respectively). The median estimated excess absolute risk of @entity0 recurrence after 10  years was 0.10% (range, 0.0%-0.9%) with photons and 0.02% (range, 0.0%-0.07%) with protons. The association between age of the @entity1 and benefit from proton therapy was weak, almost non-existing (Spearman rank correlations of -0.15 and -0.30 with and without cardiac risk factors, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Modern photon therapy yields limited risk of @entity1370 in most @entity1 , but proton therapy can reduce the predicted risk of @entity1370 by up to 2.9% and the risk of @entity0 recurrence by 0.9% in individual @entity1 . Predicted benefit correlates weakly with age. Combined assessment of the risk from cardiac exposure and inadequate target coverage is desirable for rational consideration of competing photon and proton therapy plans.

title: Joint Estimation of @entity1370 and Recurrence Risks After Comprehensive Nodal Photon Versus Proton Therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2917 :: ('MESH:D013611', 'Disease') :: ['nodal photon']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiotoxicity', 'cardiac toxicity']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast Cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine if Norwegian surgeons had a passive attitude to treatment of @entity1 with local recurrence of @entity5 after primary treatment and if attitudes to treatment differed between hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All 46 departments for gastrointestinal surgery in Norway answered a questionnaire detailing their policy for workup, referral and treatment of @entity1 with pelvic recurrence after surgery for @entity5 . RESULTS: All hospitals used MRI for evaluation of the pelvis. Most clinics initially considered the @entity1 potentially curable. Many wished to refer the @entity1 to hospitals with more competence. Most @entity1 in Norway are treated in eight different departments. Most of the surgeons give preoperative chemoradiotherapy before surgical resection of the local recurrence. INTERPRETATION: There seems to be a reasonable consensus among Norwegian surgeons about treatment of recurrent @entity5 . The doctors themselves have to a certain degree centralized the treatment. @entity1 with recurrent @entity5 should be discussed in multidisciplinary teams.

title: [Recurrence of XXXX --treatment in Norwegian hospitals].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: 1. Whole-cell recordings were made from cerebellar granule cells cultured in high-K+ medium to induce expression of @entity141 -permeable AMPA receptors. Current-voltage (I-V) plots of agonist-evoked responses showed varying degrees of inward rectification, but became linear within 5-10 min. 2. Recombinant @entity141 -permeable kainate receptors, composed of @entity8035 (Q)/ @entity8036 subunits, exhibited rectifying whole-cell I-V plots that became linear in outside-out patches. 3. Loss of rectification in granule cells was prevented by including 100 microM @entity8037 in the pipette; the degree of rectification was then correlated with @entity141 permeability. 4. @entity8037 also prevented loss of rectification in patches containing @entity8035 (Q)/ @entity8036 receptors (IC50, 1.7 microM). 5. We suggest that @entity8037 , or a similar cellular constituent, may act as a cytoplasmic factor conferring inward rectification on @entity141 -permeable non- @entity143 receptors, and that 'washout' of this factor underlies the observed loss of rectification.

title: Intracellular XXXX confers rectification on rat calcium-permeable AMPA and kainate receptors.

entities_list: @entity8037 :: ('MESH:D013096', 'Chemical') :: ['spermine', 'Spermine']

answer: @entity8037 :: (MESH:D013096,Chemical) :: ['spermine']


abstract: At a resting pulse rate the heart consumes almost twice-as much @entity26 per gram tissue as the brain and more than 43 times more than resting skeletal muscle (1). Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot sustain anaerobic metabolism. Balancing @entity26 demand with availability is crucial to cardiac function and survival, and regulated gene expression is a critical element of maintaining this balance. We investigated the role of the @entity519 -inducible transcription factor @entity1965 in maintaining this balance under normoxic conditions. Cardiac myocyte-specific @entity1965 gene deletion in the hearts of genetically engineered @entity19 caused reductions in contractility, vascularization, high-energy @entity1391 content, and @entity880 production. This was accompanied by altered @entity460 flux and altered expression of genes involved in @entity460 handling, angiogenesis, and @entity413 metabolism. These findings support a central role for @entity1965 in coordinating energy availability and utilization in the heart and have implications for disease states in which cardiac @entity26 delivery is impaired. Heart muscle requires a constant supply of @entity26 . When @entity26 supply does not match myocardial demand cardiac contractile dysfunction occurs, and prolongation of this mismatch leads to apoptosis and @entity39 . Coordination of @entity26 supply and myocardial demand involves immediate adaptations, such as coronary vasodilatation, and longer-term adaptations that include altered patterns of gene expression (2-4). How the expression of multiple genes is coordinated with @entity26 availability in the heart and the impact of @entity26 -dependent gene expression on cardiac function are insufficiently understood. Further elucidating these relationships may help clarify the molecular pathology of various @entity65 states, including @entity296 and @entity1562 (5, 6).

title: Cardiac myocyte-specific XXXX deletion alters vascularization, energy availability, @entity460 flux, and contractility in the normoxic heart.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial hibernation']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1965 :: (15251(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['HIF-1alpha']


abstract: The @entity2182 ( @entity2182 ) is a pathological condition that affects millions of @entity1 round the world. Its incidence increases with ageing. The main therapeutic option for @entity2182 nowadays is anti-muscarinic drug therapy. AIM: To define and implement the diagnostic criteria, clinical guidelines in our country and to evaluate the results of @entity2180 therapy in @entity1 with @entity2182 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Along a three years period (2006-2009) 163 @entity2182 @entity1 were analyzed followed and treated. In our group of @entity1 106 (65.2%) are females and 57 (34.8%)--males. The diagnosis is based mainly on the complaints of the @entity1 , evaluated thoroughly with a detail anamnesis and questionnaires. Urodynamic studies were performed In some of the @entity1 . The efficacy of @entity2180 therapy has been validated with the same methods used in SUNRISE and VENUS studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The mean age of female @entity1 in our group is 63.8 years, and 65.6 years for males. The most commonly observed symptoms of @entity2182 are urgency--88.3% and frequency--92%. Urge-incontinence is observed in 48.8% of the cases. Therapy with @entity2180 5 and 10 mg has alleviated urgency in 82% and urge-incontinence in 88.9%. Mean number of pads used for 24 hours has decreased from 2.6 to 0.4 after therapy. CONCLUSION: Urgency is the main mandatory symptom for the diagnosis @entity2182 . Therapy with @entity2180 5 and 10 mg guarantees very good clinical results, and high degree of compliance of the @entity1 .

title: [ @entity2180 in treatment of the XXXX --diagnosis, clinical management and results].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2180 :: ('MESH:C441209', 'Chemical') :: ['Solifenacin']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder syndrome', 'OAB']

answer: @entity2182 :: (MESH:D053201,Disease) :: ['overactive bladder syndrome']


abstract: Although immunoregulation of alloreactive @entity1 CTLs has been described, the direct influence of @entity404 (+) Tregs on @entity405 (+) @entity137 and the interactive mechanisms have not been well clarified. Therefore, @entity1 @entity404 (+) @entity6978 (-) @entity2902 (+) @entity403 (+) Tregs were generated in MLR, immunoselected and their allospecific regulatory functions and associated mechanisms were then tested using modified (51)Chromium release assays (Micro-CML), MLRs and CFSE-based multi-fluorochrome flow cytometry proliferation assays. It was observed that increased numbers of @entity404 (+) @entity6978 (-) @entity2902 (+) @entity403 (+) cells were generated after a 7 day MLR. After immunoselection for @entity404 (+) @entity6978 (-) @entity2902 (+) cells, they were designated as MLR-Tregs. When added as third component modulators, MLR-Tregs inhibited the alloreactive proliferation of autologous PBMC in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibition was quasi-antigen specific, in that the inhibition was non-specific at higher MLR-Treg modulator doses, but non-specificity disappeared with lower numbers at which specific inhibition was still significant. When tested in micro-CML assays CTL inhibition occurred with PBMC and purified @entity405 (+) responders. However, antigen specificity of CTL inhibition was observed only with unpurified PBMC responders and not with purified @entity405 (+) responders or even with @entity405 (+) responders plus @entity784 "APC". However, allospecificity of CTL regulation was restored when autologous purified @entity404 (+) T cells were added to the @entity405 (+) responders. Proliferation of @entity405 (+) cells was suppressed by MLR-Tregs in the presence or absence of @entity1199 . Inhibition by MLR-Tregs was mediated through down-regulation of intracellular perforin, @entity10807 and membrane-bound @entity2902 molecules on the responding @entity405 (+) cells. Therefore, it was concluded that @entity1 @entity404 (+) @entity6978 (-) @entity2902 (+) @entity403 (+) MLR-Tregs down-regulate alloreactive cytotoxic responses. Regulatory allospecificity, however, requires the presence of cognate responding @entity404 (+) T cells. @entity405 (+) CTL regulatory mechanisms include impaired proliferation, reduced expression of cytolytic molecules and @entity2902 (+) activation epitopes.

title: Requirement of cognate @entity404 + T-cell recognition for the regulation of allospecific CTL by @entity1 XXXX + @entity6978 - @entity2902 + @entity403 + cells generated in MLR.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity404 :: (920,Gene) :: ['CD4']


abstract: Both @entity298 ( @entity298 ) and hemodialysis (HD) @entity1 have diminished quality of life (QOL) scores compared to healthy @entity1 . QOL tends to decline over time, with the perception of the quality of physical health deteriorating more than mental health. However, many @entity1 continue to feel hopeless, anxious, and worry about finances, loss of sexual function, family burden, and loss of independence. @entity308 is the most widely acknowledged psychosocial factor seen in @entity1 with @entity740 . @entity308 occurs in 25% of @entity1 facing impending dialysis. Once on @entity298 , the proportion with @entity308 sharply declines to approximately 6%. This may be due to adjustment to dialysis, but may also be because @entity308 are associated with an increased risk of @entity204 . A low QOL score and @entity308 are associated with higher comorbidity, poorer nutritional status, @entity417 , lower residual renal function, and increased hospitalization rates. Increased @entity308 scores are independently predictive of an @entity298 risk, perhaps due to inattentiveness, or alternatively from a decrease in immune defenses. Small molecule clearances appear to have little to do with @entity308 . @entity308 is a significant problem in @entity298 and other dialysis @entity1 . There is an interrelationship between psychosocial factors, perception of illness, and clinical outcome that requires further study. Serial and simple measures of both @entity308 and QOL should be obtained routinely in all @entity298 @entity1 . This permits rapid recognition of problems and may enhance @entity1 ' education on the importance of @entity308 . Further research on interventions is urgently needed.

title: Quality of life and psychological issues in @entity298 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depressive symptoms', 'depression', 'major depression', 'depressive', 'Major depression']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['elevated peritonitis', 'peritoneal dialysis', 'PD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A 71-year-old male with well-controlled @entity101 developed @entity4710 in 2002 and a @entity296 in 2006 to 2007. Sera from 1992, 2001, and 2006 to 2008 demonstrated activating autoantibodies against beta-adrenergic (AAbetaAR) and M2 muscarinic receptors (AAM2R). These sera have been characterized for bioactivity using in vitro assays of cardiac contractility and automaticity using a @entity235 cardiac Purkinje fiber assay as well as protein kinase assay activation in H9c2 cells. These assays demonstrated concurrent positive betaAR and inhibitory M2R effects that were blocked by @entity5894 and @entity3897 , respectively. In a @entity235 @entity358 , sera diluted 1:100 produced atrial hyperpolarization that was blocked by @entity3897 . @entity4710 developed in 2002 in the presence of a persistent @entity1168 . Serial echocardiograms demonstrated progressive @entity67 in the absence of @entity1283 between 2006 and 2007. A dual-chamber pacemaker was installed with combined betaAR (nadolol) and M2<3R ( @entity11440 ) blockade, resulting in marked suppression of @entity11706 and improved diastolic function. The estimated pulmonary artery pressure decreased and exercise tolerance returned. Blood pressure has remained normal with beta-blockade. AAbetaAR and AAM2R prospectively influenced atrial and ventricular function in this @entity1 , and specific receptor blockade was associated with improved cardiac function.

title: Development of XXXX and @entity4710 associated with activating autoantibodies to beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['restrictive cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity11706 :: ('MESH:D018880', 'Disease') :: ['atrial ectopy']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary vein atrial sleeve preparation']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity11440 :: ('MESH:C005419', 'Chemical') :: ['oxybutynin']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['Atrial tachyarrhythmias', 'atrial tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: PURPOSE: How corneal transparency is formed/maintained remains largely unclear. A group of enzymes which are referred to as enzymatic crystallins were proposed to contribute to corneal transparency in various animals. This study investigated whether the three classical @entity2092 , namely a-, b-, and y-crystallins, exist in @entity19 and @entity1 corneas. METHODS: @entity19 , @entity1 tissues, and cultured corneal cells were studied. The expression of @entity2092 in corneas or in cultured corneal cells were detected at the mRNA level by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (QRT-PCR) and at the protein level by immunohistochemistry or western blotting. To check the effect of exogenous factor on expression of @entity2092 , cultured corneal cells were challenged with lipopolysaccharide or @entity273 and the expression of @entity2092 was monitored. RESULTS: QRT-PCR revealed that the relative expression level of @entity2092 in C57BL/6 corneas were higher than in Balb/c corneas. Immunohistochemistry study showed that expression of aA-crystallin started from the embryonic stage, lasted untill old age, and was largely restricted to the epithelium or endothelium of the corneas. b- and y-crystallins also were found in @entity19 corneal epithelium. Upon treatment with lipopolysaccharide or @entity273 of cultured corneal epithelial cells, @entity2092 expression was significantly increased as detected by QRT-PCR or western blot assay. Further, both fetal corneal epithelial cultures and limbal stem cell cultures from adult @entity1 tissues were positive for lens crystallin immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry staining. CONCLUSIONS: Lens crystallins are expressed in @entity1 corneas and cultured corneal cells. The expression levels depended on the animal strains or cell status. The physiologic and pathological significance of @entity2092 in corneas deserves more investigation.

title: Physiological expression of lens a-, b-, and y-crystallins in @entity19 and XXXX corneas.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity2092 :: ('MESH:D007905', 'Disease') :: ['lens crystallins']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Our previous study found that blocking nuclear factor (NF)-kB signaling could protect @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from apoptosis and proliferation inhibition due to high @entity413 (HG). Intermittent HG makes @entity413 @entity137 more significant. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of NF-kB pathway on HUVECs induced by intermittent HG (a daily alternating 5.5 or 30.5 mmol/l @entity413 ). A recombinant adenovirus containing a RNAi cassette targeting the NF-kB/ @entity9135 gene was produced, and its silencing effect on @entity9135 gene was detected by Western blot analysis in HUVECs cultured with intermittent HG. The subsequent effect on proliferation of HUVECs in the indicated conditions was measured by the AlamarBlue assay. The @entity588 expression was also detected by Western blot. The results showed that the expression of @entity9135 protein could be inhibited efficiently by the RNAi adenovirus. Intermittent HG also induced the translocation of NF-kB in HUVECs. Inhibition of NF-kB with the RNAi adenovirus could prevent the effects. At the 6th day after HUVECs were exposed to intermittent HG, the proliferation of HUVECs with Ad-1566 was significantly higher than that of HUVECs with Ad-DEST (P < 0.01). Knockdown of NF-kB/ @entity9135 up-regulated the @entity588 expression of HUVECs under intermittent HG conditions (P < 0.01). These findings concluded that the NF-kB/ @entity9135 -targeting RNAi adenovirus is an important tool, which can efficiently inhibit the expression of @entity9135 gene in HUVECs. Intermittent HG reduces HUVECs proliferation with a concomitant increase in apoptosis. Knockdown of NF-kB/ @entity9135 partly protected HUVECs from proliferation inhibition and may reduce apoptosis.

title: The effect of NF-kB pathway on proliferation and apoptosis of XXXX umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by intermittent high @entity413 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Smoking is the main risk factor for @entity1030 , and it is estimated that 15-20% of smokers will develop the pathology. Characterising this risk population is an important step in improved diagnosis of @entity1030 , an increasing primary care challenge. AIMS: To determine the percentage of smokers identified in @entity1 aged 45-65 years old in a health centre, and their characterisation; to determine possible relationships between respiratory symptoms and abnormal obstruction of the small airways and the other variables studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study carried out in a Portuguese health centre. POPULATION: smokers aged 45-65 years old who filled in a questionnaire and underwent spirometry. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v.13.0 (level of significance 0.05). RESULTS: The sample was composed of 157 @entity1 (31% @entity1 and 69% womens); average age 53.85 years; average age at start of smoking 16.64 years; average @entity286 consumption 37.78 pack-years. Respiratory symptoms were present in 68.8% of the individuals, and were more frequent in @entity1 , those who started smoking earlier and those with higher @entity286 consumption (p<0.05). Thirty percent had abnormal obstruction of the small airways, with this more frequent in older smokers and those with heavier @entity286 consumption (p<0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The underdiagnosis of smoking raises awareness of the importance of identifying this risk population and the need to implement preventative measures. These, in tandem with a better characterisation of this population, may contribute to the improved diagnosis and management of @entity1030 .

title: Characterisation of a population at increased risk of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'men']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: AIM: To investigate that both the neuronal function of the contractile system and structural apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract are affected in @entity1 with longstanding @entity6 and auto mic @entity16 . METHODS: The evoked esophageal and duodenal contractile activity to standardized bag distension was assessed using a specialized ultrasound-based probe. Twelve type-1 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity4148 and severe @entity344 and 12 healthy controls were studied. The geometry and biomechanical parameters (strain, @entity2701 /stress, and stiffness) were assessed. RESULTS: The @entity6 @entity1 had increased frequency of distension-induced contractions (6.0 +/- 0.6 vs 3.3 +/- 0.5, P < 0.001). This increased reactivity was correlated with the duration of the disease (P = 0.009). Impaired coordination of the contractile activity in @entity6 @entity1 was demonstrated as imbalance between the time required to evoke the first contraction at the distension site and proximal to it (1.5 +/- 0.6 vs 0.5 +/- 0.1, P = 0.03). The esophageal wall and especially the @entity5932 had increased thickness in the @entity1 (P < 0.001), and the longitudinal and radial compressive stretch was less in @entity6 (P < 0.001). The esophageal and duodenal wall stiffness and circumferential deformation induced by the distensions were not affected in the @entity1 (all P > 0.14). CONCLUSION: The impaired contractile activity with an imbalance in the distension-induced contractions likely reflects @entity528 due to @entity4148 . However, structural changes and remodeling of the gastrointestinal tract are also evident and may add to the neuronal changes. This may contribute to the pathophysiology of @entity6 and impact on future management of @entity6 @entity1 with @entity344 .

title: Impaired contractility and remodeling of the upper gastrointestinal tract in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetic gut dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['mucosa-submucosa layer']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal abnormalities']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes mellitus type-1']


abstract: @entity4589 first suggested as a therapeutic measure in @entity358 by Steurtz (1911), who did simple phrenicotomy. Felix (1922) showed in 25% of cases this was ineffective owing to the presence of an accessory phrenic, and suggested phrenic exairesis, i.e. complete evulsion of the phrenic nerve. Goetze (1922) suggested radical phrenicotomy, i.e. division of the phrenic and excision of the nerve to the subclavius.Effects of diaphragmatic @entity912 .-The diaphragm rises to the full expiratory position (4-8 cm.). Paradoxical movement (Kienb  ch's phenomenon) on affected side. @entity2057 . Collapse of the lung produced, affecting base and apex also. Lung volume reduced by (1/6)th to (1/3)rd.Physical signs.-Indrawing of the epigastrium. @entity1514 breathing. Litten's sign absent. Less resistance to abdominal palpation on affected side. Diminished resonance at border of sternum and at base. Deficient inspiratory murmur at base.Radiography.-Paradoxical movement. Bittorf's test.Indications.-(A) @entity1907 .I. As the sole therapeutic measure.(1) In cases where pneumothorax has failed.(2) For relief of symptoms such as: (a) haemoptysis; (b) cough; (c) @entity591 (d) @entity390 and @entity391 ; (e) @entity158 ; (f) hiccup.II. Combined with pneumothorax.(a) For basal adhesions; (b) alternative to bilateral pneumothorax; (c) to lengthen interval between refills; (d) at conclusion of pneumothorax treatment.III. Combined with thoracoplasty.(B) Other diseases. @entity55 , @entity82 of the lung, @entity4595 , abscess of the lung, hydatid disease.

title: XXXX : A Critical Review of its Use as a Therapeutic Measure in Respiratory Disease: (Section of Medicine).

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity4589 :: ('MESH:D012133', 'Disease') :: ['Diaphragmatic paralysis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['Unresolved pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['Muscle atrophies']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity4589 :: (MESH:D012133,Disease) :: ['Diaphragmatic Paralysis']


abstract: Primary @entity706 (PTL) is a rare @entity1374 . Clinical diagnosis of PTL may not be easily established based on imaging studies, as the imaging features of PTL are similar to those of @entity1669 and primary @entity259 . The present study describes the case of a @entity1 who was confirmed to have PTL by intra-operative pathological diagnosis. On color Doppler ultrasound, the PTL was shown as a significantly enlarged thyroid with reduced gland echoes. Color Doppler flow imaging showed increased blood flow. By computed tomography, the thyroid was revealed to be enlarged with reduced tissue density, particularly in the left lobe and the isthmus. In addition, calcified spots and swollen lymph nodes were evident. The clinical history of the @entity1 was obtained and the imaging results were retrospectively analyzed. The imaging features of PTL were investigated through reviewing the literature. PTL exhibits specific features on medical imaging that aid in distinguishing it from other @entity1374 . PTL exhibits specific features on medical imaging that aid in distinguishing PTL from other @entity1374 , which may aid the support for clinical diagnosis and improve the clinical accuracy.

title: Identification of primary XXXX with medical imaging: A case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytic thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid malignancy', 'thyroid diseases']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['thyroid lymphoma']


abstract: CONTEXT: Working memory (WM) deficits in @entity1 with @entity161 have mainly been associated with @entity409 . However, the contribution of perceptual @entity51 in sensory areas has not been explored. The present study closes this important gap in our understanding of @entity2414 in @entity161 by monitoring neural activity during WM encoding and retrieval with event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neurophysiological changes that contribute to @entity73 in early-onset @entity161 at perceptual and cognitive stages using the ERP components P1, P3a, P370, and P570 and fMRI data from extrastriate visual areas. DESIGN: We conducted the study between June 1, 2003, and December 20, 2006. Electroencephalographic and fMRI data were acquired separately during a visual delayed discrimination task. @entity1 encoded up to 3 abstract shapes that were presented sequentially for 600 milliseconds each and decided after a 12-second delay whether a probe matched 1 of the sample stimuli. SETTING: Between-group study at an inpatient @entity146 hospital and outpatient @entity146 facilities. @entity1 : Seventeen adolescents with early-onset @entity161 according to DSM-IV criteria and 17 matched controls participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amplitude of the ERP components P1, P3a, P370, and P570 and the fMRI signal from extrastriate visual areas. RESULTS: The P1 amplitude was reduced in @entity1 during encoding and retrieval. The P1 amplitude increased with WM load during encoding only in controls. In this group, a stronger P1 amplitude increase predicted better WM performance. The P1 reduction was mirrored by reduced activation of visual areas in @entity1 in fMRI. The P370 amplitude during encoding and retrieval was also reduced in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The P1 amplitude reduction indicates an early @entity227 in adolescents with @entity161 . Our findings suggest that P1 is of particular relevance for successful WM encoding. Early @entity227 contribute to impaired WM in @entity161 in addition to deficits in later memory-related processes.

title: Contribution of impaired early-stage visual processing to working XXXX in adolescents with @entity161 : a study with event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deficits', 'visual deficit']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['WM impairment']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['prefrontal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['deficits and abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['WM dysfunction']

answer: @entity2414 :: (MESH:D008569,Disease) :: ['memory dysfunction']


abstract: A consecutive series of 21 previously untreated @entity1 with low-grade @entity1893 were treated with @entity2664 5 mg/m2 daily for 3 days every 3 weeks. The cumulative dose did not exceed 165 mg/m2 in any @entity1 . In this group, 7 @entity1 had @entity1072 , 10 @entity1 had follicular small cleaved cell lymphomas, and 4 @entity1 had follicular mixed small- and @entity706 . Of the 21 @entity1 , 20 obtained remission (complete in 6, partial in 14), and 15 of these are still in remission. Relapse-free survival is 68% at 2 years. None of the @entity1 has died. Nonhematologic @entity137 was modest. No severe @entity1665 was seen, and only 6 @entity1 had @entity390 and @entity391 (WHO grade 1-3). No @entity1370 was seen. In conclusion, @entity2664 is a highly active and well-tolerated drug in this subset of @entity1 . @entity1503 , especially @entity1431 , was dose limiting, and a reduction of the dose was necessary in 15 out of the 21 @entity1 .

title: High activity of XXXX in previously untreated @entity1893 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['large-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['small lymphocytic lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac toxicity']

answer: @entity2664 :: (MESH:D008942,Chemical) :: ['mitoxantrone']


abstract: Local antimicrobial therapy has been considered for use in the treatment of @entity7278 . This study evaluated @entity1216 , @entity868 , and @entity803 delivered into periodontal pockets in an acrylic resin vehicle and compared the results with root planed and untreated sites over a three-month follow-up period. One site per @entity1 where pocketing greater than or equal to 6 mm associated with a single rooted tooth was randomly allocated to one of the five possible regimens. Baseline and follow-up measurements included probing depth, loss of attachment, @entity548 on probing, crevicular fluid flow, and dark-field microscopy of a @entity527 sample. Intratreatment evaluations revealed no significant changes in any parameter for untreated sites. Significant improvements in many parameters occurred with all four therapies although the magnitude and duration were greater in @entity868 and root planing groups. The more important intertreatment comparisons indicated that most treatments produced significant benefits compared with the control group; however, again these were greater with @entity868 and root planing. Furthermore, significantly greater effects were noted for @entity868 and root planing compared with @entity803 and more particularly @entity1216 . It is concluded that some locally delivered antimicrobials alone may be useful in the treatment of @entity7278 . However, at this time local antimicrobial therapy should be considered as adjunctive to conventional debridement techniques.

title: Use of antimicrobial containing acrylic strips in the treatment of XXXX . A three month follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1216 :: ('MESH:D002710', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['subgingival plaque']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity7278 :: ('MESH:D055113', 'Disease') :: ['chronic periodontal disease']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity7278 :: (MESH:D055113,Disease) :: ['chronic periodontal disease']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In type 2 @entity6 , aggregation of islet amyloid polypeptide ( @entity2532 ) into amyloid is associated with beta cell loss. As @entity2532 is co-secreted with insulin, we hypothesised that @entity2532 secretion is necessary for amyloid formation and that treatments that increase insulin (and @entity2532 ) secretion would thereby increase amyloid formation and @entity137 . We also hypothesised that the unique properties of the @entity5445 ( @entity8142 agonist exendin-4 to maintain or increase beta cell mass would offset the amyloid-induced @entity137 . METHODS: Islets from amyloid-forming @entity1 @entity2532 transgenic and control non- @entity19 were cultured for 48 h in 16.7 mmol/l @entity413 alone (control) or with exendin-4, @entity4337 ( @entity4338 ), @entity6335 or @entity1943 . @entity1 @entity2532 and insulin release, @entity527 , beta cell area/islet area, apoptosis and AKT phosphorylation levels were determined. RESULTS: In control @entity1 @entity2532 transgenic islets, amyloid formation was associated with increased beta cell apoptosis and beta cell loss. Increasing @entity1 @entity2532 release with exendin-4 or @entity4338 @entity527 . However, while @entity4338 further increased beta cell apoptosis and beta cell loss, exendin-4 did not. Conversely, decreasing @entity1 @entity2532 release with @entity6335 or @entity1943 limited amyloid formation and its toxic effects. Treatment with exendin-4 was associated with an increase in AKT phosphorylation compared with control and @entity4338 -treated islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: @entity2532 release is necessary for islet amyloid formation and its toxic effects. Thus, use of insulin secretagogues to treat type 2 @entity6 may result in increased islet amyloidogenesis and beta cell death. However, the AKT-associated anti-apoptotic effects of @entity8142 agonists such as exendin-4 may limit the toxic effects of increased islet amyloid.

title: Exendin-4 increases islet @entity527 but offsets the resultant beta cell @entity137 in @entity1 islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic XXXX islets.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposition', 'increased amyloid deposition']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity6335 :: ('MESH:D003981', 'Chemical') :: ['diazoxide']

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity8142 :: ('2740', 'Gene') :: ['GLP-1 receptor', 'GLP-1) receptor']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity5445 :: ('2641', 'Gene') :: ['glucagon-like peptide-1']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6963 (LEF)-induced @entity401 ( @entity401 ) has been reported in @entity1 with @entity309 . In China, LEF is used off-label for the treatment of @entity8 . METHODS: Systemic review of the Chinese literature from 1999 to June 2010 for case reports and case series of LEF-induced @entity401 in @entity8 @entity1 . RESULTS: We identified seven cases of LEF-induced @entity401 (three males and four females), with an average age of 45.9 years (range: 9-69 years). Six cases had primary @entity1985 and one had @entity5417 . Four cases had diagnoses of renal pathology. Five @entity1 were given loading doses of LEF, followed by a maintenance dose of 10-30 mg/day. The mean duration of LEF use was 62.9    33.0 days (range: 20-120 days). The mean accumulated dose of LEF was 1192.5 mg (range: 830-1800 mg). LEF therapy was considered effective in four @entity1 . Four @entity1 died (57.1%), three of whom had developed fevers. All three male @entity1 died and both of the young @entity1 died. The mean duration of LEF treatment was 83 days for @entity1 who died and 37 days for survivors. CONCLUSIONS: LEF-induced @entity401 in @entity1 with @entity8 usually occurred after    2 months of treatment and an accumulated dose of 1192.5 mg. Duration of LEF use, male sex, young age and fever seemed to increase the risk of mortality.

title: @entity401 after @entity6963 use in XXXX : an analysis of reported cases in Chinese literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6963 :: ('MESH:C045463', 'Chemical') :: ['Leflunomide']

entities_list: @entity5417 :: ('MESH:D011695', 'Disease') :: ['Henoch-Schoenlein purpura']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['ILD', 'interstitial lung disease']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['nephropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risks and pattern of evolution of peritumoral @entity2657 (PTE) after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for asymptomatic @entity1653 . METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 320 @entity1 (median age 56 years, range 24-87 years) who underwent primary Gamma Knife radiosurgery for asymptomatic @entity1653 between 1998 and 2012. The median @entity5 volume was 2.7 cc (range 0.2-10.5 cc) and the median follow-up was 48 months (range 24-168 months). Volumetric data sets for @entity5 and PTE on serial MRIs were analyzed. The @entity4 index (EI) was defined as the ratio of the volume of PTE including @entity5 to the @entity5 volume, and the relative @entity4 indices (rEIs) were calculated from serial EIs normalized against the baseline EI. Risk factors for PTE were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Newly developed or increased PTE was noted in 49 @entity1 (15.3%), among whom it was symptomatic in 28 @entity1 (8.8%). @entity5 volume larger than 4.2 cc (p<0.001), hemispheric @entity5 location (p=0.005), and pre-treatment PTE (p<0.001) were associated with an increased risk of PTE. rEI reached its maximum value at 11 months after SRS and decreased thereafter, and symptoms resolved within 24 months in most @entity1 (85.7%). CONCLUSION: Caution should be exercised in decision-making on SRS for asymptomatic @entity1653 of large volume (>4.2 cc), of hemispheric location, or with pre-treatment PTE. PTE usually develops within months, reaches its maximum degree until a year, and resolves within 2 years after SRS.

title: Peritumoral XXXX after Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Asymptomatic @entity1653 : Risks and Pattern of Evolution.

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial meningiomas', 'meningiomas']

answer: @entity2657 :: (MESH:D001929,Disease) :: ['Brain Edema']


abstract: Several lines of evidence indicate that female sex @entity230 , especially @entity172 , interact with @entity1068 pharmacokinetics. Both animal and @entity1 studies are consistent in indicating that @entity2798 of @entity167 decreases with increasing @entity172 concentrations. Such effects are equivocal with @entity1420 and nonexistent with @entity251 . There is some suggestion that @entity172 modulates @entity1154 oxidase activity and via that mechanism alters sympathetic nervous system tone. Alterations in sympathetic nervous system tone, in turn, can alter gastric motility and absorption of @entity167 from stomach and intestines. Several types of studies, both animal and @entity1 , indicate that high @entity172 concentrations also impair @entity1068 metabolism. At present the exact mechanism of action for this effect is not known. Future studies investigating this aspect are indicated. At present the effect of sex @entity230 on performance and its interaction with @entity167 do not show a clear relationship. There are contrary pieces of information both for and against the view that menstrual cycle, performance and @entity167 interact.

title: Effects of sex @entity230 on XXXX pharmacokinetics and autonomic reactivity.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary intake']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1162 (LQTS) is a @entity299 characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization and increased risk of @entity1166 , and @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ). QT prolongation corrected for heart rate (QTc) is an important diagnostic and prognostic feature in LQTS. @entity27 ( @entity27 ) has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity65 , including @entity943 and @entity1164 . We tested the hypothesis that the presence of concomitant @entity27 in @entity1 with LQTS is associated with @entity1162 , both during sleep and while awake. METHODS AND RESULTS: Polysomnography with simultaneous overnight 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) was recorded in 54 @entity1 with congenital LQTS and 67 control subjects. @entity27 was diagnosed as @entity27 index (AHI) >=  5 events/h for adults and @entity6394 event/h for @entity1 . RR and QT intervals were measured from the 12-lead surface ECG. QTc was determined by the Bazett formula. Respiratory disturbance index, AHI, and arousal index were significantly increased in @entity1 with LQTS and with @entity27 compared to those without @entity27 and control subjects. QTc during different sleep stages and while awake was also significantly increased in @entity1 with LQTS and @entity27 compared to those without @entity27 . Severity of @entity27 in @entity1 with LQTS was directly associated with the degree of QTc. CONCLUSIONS: The presence and severity of @entity27 in @entity1 with congenital LQTS is associated with increased QTc, which is an important biomarker of @entity1164 . Treatment of @entity27 in LQTS @entity1 may @entity1162 , thus reducing the risk of LQT-triggered @entity1164 .

title: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in XXXX with @entity1162 : Implications for Increased Risk of @entity1164 .

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death', 'SCD']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1166 :: ('MESH:D016171', 'Disease') :: ['torsades de pointes-mediated syncope, seizures']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['apnea-hypopnea', 'Obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['familial arrhythmogenic cardiac channelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital long QT syndrome', 'increased QT intervals', 'reduce QT prolongation']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: We have investigated the role, if any, of inflammatory cytokines in herniated tissues in the development of @entity158 resulting from @entity890 . In histological examination of @entity890 , granulation tissue was observed in 16.7% of @entity2632 ,69.6% of extrusion type, and in 77.9% of sequestration type herniation. In homogenates of the herniated tissues. @entity1192 , @entity1356 , @entity650 , @entity310 and @entity2841 were detected in all types of @entity890 . Cells producing these cytokines were detected in the tissues after immunohistological staining In the protrusion type, cells producing these cytokines were detected in chondrocytes, and in extrusion or sequestration type, most of these cytokines producing cells were histiocytes or fibroblasts which constituted granulation tissue. The herniated tissue in culture produced these cytokines and @entity1421 , which ws remarkable decreased by the addition of @entity5935 . The production of @entity1421 in vitro was dramatically increased by the addition of @entity1192 and decreased by the addition of @entity310 . Furthermore, @entity1192 receptors and @entity310 were detected in cultured herniated tissue using radioimmunoassay techniques. The affinity of the IL-1-alpha receptor was higher than that of the @entity310 receptor. Based on these findings, it was suggested that inflammatory cytokines, such as @entity1192 , are produced in herniated tissue, which increased @entity1421 production and caused in @entity158 .

title: [A mechanism for @entity158 caused by @entity890 --involvement of inflammatory cytokines with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity5935 :: ('MESH:D001623', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2632 :: ('MESH:D057887', 'Disease') :: ['protrusion type herniation']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic pain']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['herniated discs', 'lumbar disc herniation']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['sciatic pain']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Tumor invasiveness depends on the ability of @entity5 cells to breach endothelial barriers. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism by which the adhesion of @entity320 cells to endothelium regulates adherens junction (AJ) integrity and modulates @entity5 @entity4222 ( @entity4222 ) by initiating @entity556 generation. We found that the ( @entity8554 )B- @entity8496 mutation in metastatic @entity320 cells upregulated tissue factor (TF) expression on cell membranes and promoted @entity556 production. Co-culture of endothelial monolayers with metastatic @entity320 cells mediated the opening of inter-endothelial spaces near @entity320 cell contact sites in the presence of platelet-free plasma (PFP). By using small interfering RNA (siRNA), we demonstrated that ( @entity8554 )B- @entity8496 and TF silencing attenuated the focal disassembly of AJ induced by @entity5 contact. @entity3545 ( @entity3545 ) disassembly was dependent on phosphorylation of @entity8780 on @entity563 , S879, and @entity3545 on @entity4149 , Y658, Y685 and Y731, which can be prevented by treatment with the @entity556 inhibitor, hirudin, or by silencing the @entity556 receptor, @entity8781 ( @entity8781 ), in endothelial cells. We also provided strong evidence that @entity5 -derived @entity556 enhanced @entity320 @entity4222 by inducing ubiquitination-coupled @entity3545 internalization, focal adhesion formation, and actin assembly in endothelium. Confocal microscopic analysis of @entity5 @entity4222 revealed that junctions transiently opened and resealed as @entity5 cells accomplished @entity4222 . In addition, in the presence of PFP, @entity5 cells preferentially transmigrated via paracellular routes. PFP supported @entity320 transmigration under shear conditions via a ( @entity8554 )B- @entity8496 - @entity556 -dependent mechanism. We concluded that the activation of @entity556 generation by @entity5 cells in plasma is an important process regulating @entity320 extravasation by disrupting endothelial junction integrity.

title: Mutant B- @entity8496 ( @entity8554 ) promotes @entity320 paracellular transmigration by inducing XXXX -mediated endothelial junction breakdown.

entities_list: @entity3545 :: ('1003', 'Gene') :: ['VE-cadherin', 'Vascular endothelial-cadherin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['TEM', 'transendothelial migration']

entities_list: @entity8781 :: ('2149', 'Gene') :: ['protease-activated receptor-1', 'PAR-1']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity556 :: (2147,Gene) :: ['thrombin']


abstract: A thirteen-year-old @entity1 was admitted complaining of @entity851 and @entity417 . The low titers of her serum T3 and T4 and the abnormally high TSH level represented @entity1375 . Although she had normal sellar size, CT demonstrated an intra- and suprasellar round mass with homogeneous enhancement. With thyroid replacement therapy the enhanced mass diminished on CT within 5 months, and her symptoms regressed. Twelve cases with radiological diminution of @entity4611 or @entity227 after thyroid replacement therapy are reviewed. They were considered to be @entity1373 , rather than @entity977 , caused by long-standing untreated @entity1375 . In four of them, the @entity4611 on CT was diminished after the therapy. Characteristic CT findings of @entity1373 , including our case, was a round isodensity mass with homogeneous enhancement in the midline of the pituitary region. In the experimental studies, @entity1373 is based on the feedback mechanism of @entity2339 , and ultimately autonomous @entity977 may occur. @entity4611 with @entity1375 , @entity227 , @entity2588 or @entity6726 tend to be mistaken for @entity2013 or non-functioning @entity652 with @entity1375 . Thorough endocrinological examination must be carried out. The first choice of treatment for this type of @entity4611 should be thyroid replacement therapy. If there is no improvement of visual field, no regression of @entity4611 on CT, or continuing high TSH levels, then pituitary surgery must be considered.

title: [A case of XXXX associated with @entity1375 ].

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism', 'primary hypothyroidism', 'pituitary hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defect', 'visual field improvement']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short stature']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['prolactinoma']

entities_list: @entity6726 :: ('MESH:D005687', 'Disease') :: ['galactorrhea']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['Pituitary mass', 'pituitary mass']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity1373 :: (MESH:D006965,Disease) :: ['pituitary hyperplasia']


abstract: CONTEXT: Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of @entity15 ( @entity15 ); however, there is no medication that has been approved specifically to treat @entity15 -related @entity1295 . OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effect of @entity560 analogue, @entity15199 , on @entity15 -related @entity1295 . DESIGN, SETTINGS, @entity1 : This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial in @entity1 with clinically definite @entity15 by McDonald criteria conducted in a single university-affiliated medical center in Israel. Randomly selected @entity1 from the Sheba @entity15 Registry computerized database (N=600) were assessed using the self-report Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). @entity1 with clinically meaningful @entity1295 (N=259) were further assessed for trial eligibility, and @entity15 @entity1 with significant @entity1295 (N=158; 61%, 118 females, mean age 41.1    9.2 years and mean disease duration of 6.2    5.5 years) were included in the study and randomized to receive treatment or placebo. INTERVENTION: @entity15199 (1 mcg/d, N=80) or placebo (N=78) was administered for six consecutive months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary endpoint of the study was the change between @entity15199 and placebo-treated @entity1 in the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) score; the cut-off point for improvement was defined as 30% decrease. All analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle and were performed for all @entity1 based on the group they were randomly allocated regardless of whether or not they dropped out. RESULTS: @entity15199 decreased the mean relative FIS score as compared with placebo (-41.6% vs. -27.4%, p=0.007, respectively). This advantage was further emphasized when the modified FIS (MFIS) relative change was calculated. Quality of Life (QoL) improved in @entity15199 -treated @entity1 as compared with placebo in the RAYS psychological (p=0.033) and social (p=0.043) sub-scales. The @entity15199 -treated group had reduced number of relapses (p=0.006) and higher proportion of relapse-free @entity1 (p=0.007). Reduction of relapses by @entity15199 became significant at 4 months of treatment, was sustained at 6 months and decayed 2 months after drug discontinuation. @entity15199 treatment was safe and no serious adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSION: @entity15199 is a safe and effective treatment strategy to decrease @entity1295 and improve QoL in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: Effect of XXXX on @entity15 -related @entity1295 : A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity15199 :: ('MESH:C008088', 'Chemical') :: ['Alfacalcidol']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity15199 :: (MESH:C008088,Chemical) :: ['Alfacalcidol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of @entity102 ( @entity102 ) or @entity102 with @entity1412 (CRSP) is typically clinical and based on the combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging. The recommendation to perform surgery and the type of surgery is tailored to the diagnosis. The objective of this study is to determine the accuracy of preoperative clinical @entity102 or CRSP diagnosis in @entity1 who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a case series of 380 consecutive @entity1 who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for the preoperative clinical diagnosis of @entity102 or bilateral CRSP. Data regarding symptoms, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography findings, preoperative diagnosis, and postoperative histopathology results were collected. RESULTS: The preoperative diagnoses were @entity102 (n = 180) and CRSP (n = 200). Two of the 180 @entity1 (1.1%) with the preoperative diagnosis of @entity102 had a different postoperative histopathological diagnosis. The histopathology in both @entity1 showed noncaseating granulomata, leading to a diagnosis of @entity370 . Nine of the 200 @entity1 (4.5%) with the preoperative diagnosis of CRSP had a different postoperative histopathological diagnosis. Of these nine @entity1 , five had inverted @entity1185 (bilaterally in one instance); one had @entity420 ; one had @entity957 ; one had chronic @entity3 ; and one had sinonasal @entity370 . CONCLUSION: The preoperative clinical diagnosis can be inaccurate in @entity1 with @entity102 and bilateral CRSP. The misdiagnosis is more common in CRSP, including @entity1 with recurrent @entity1412 .

title: Correlation between preoperative clinical diagnosis and histopathological findings in XXXX with rhinosinusitis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papilloma']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous-cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis', 'CRS']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive granulomatous fungal sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['polyposis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We reviewed 131 consecutive cases operated for hemifacial @entity2473 (HFS) by the same surgeon between January 1983 and April 1999. @entity5663 ( @entity5663 ) was performed via lateral suboccipital approach. Post-operative follow-up ranged from 1.5 to 10 years (average 34 months). The final outcome divided into three categories, excellent (total recovery) in 120 cases (91.6%), partial (> 75% recovery) in 4 cases (3.1%), and unchanged or recurrent in 7 cases (5.3%). Only 2 cases were re-operated, and final outcome of both was excellent. Based on these data, we aimed to determine a period of the final judgement of @entity5663 effect and the causative factors of delayed effects on HFS retrospectively. There were 102 complete recovered cases without @entity3541 ; immediate recovery from HFS was observed in 78 cases (76.5%), after 1 month in nine cases, 1-3 months in 5 cases, 3-6 months in 3 cases, 6-10 months in 2 cases, and 10-12 months in 5 cases. Thus, most cases were completely recovered within one year of observation. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference between immediate and delayed relief cases in clinical histories or operative observations. Therefore, our results suggest that the final judgement of the @entity5663 effect could be made at least one year after surgery.

title: Delayed effects of the microvascular decompression on hemifacial XXXX : a retrospective study of 131 consecutive operated cases.

entities_list: @entity5663 :: ('MESH:D003665', 'Disease') :: ['MVD', 'Microvascular decompression']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['hemifacial paralysis']

answer: @entity2473 :: (MESH:D013035,Disease) :: ['spasm']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the magnitude of effects of @entity7855 on respiratory parameters and heart rate variability (HRV) in @entity25 ( @entity25 ) and @entity1949 sleep of @entity1 with @entity27 ( @entity27 ). METHODS: Thirteen male @entity1 with untreated severe @entity27 (aged 43+/-10 years, body mass index of 26.7+/-1.9 kg/m(2)) were studied on two nights, one with @entity7855 50mg and one with a placebo, in a double-blind, randomized fashion. All-night polysomnography and HRV were simultaneously recorded. Short-term HRV measures were performed in @entity386 -free intervals. Respiratory parameters were separately assessed in non- @entity1949 and @entity1949 sleep and compared to @entity25 ( @entity25 ). Short-term HRV analysis was conducted in samples with regular respiration obtained in @entity25 and @entity1949 sleep. RESULTS: Comparing to placebo, during @entity7855 night there was an increase in @entity27 index (AHI) in @entity25 and also in non- @entity1949 and @entity1949 sleep. Increase in central AHI occurred in non- @entity1949 sleep; increase in obstructive AHI and decrease in oxyhemoglobin saturation occurred in both non- @entity1949 and @entity1949 sleep. Additionally, an increase in arousal index and in low/high frequency component of HRV ratio (LF/HF) was significant only in @entity1949 sleep. Correlation between @entity25 and respiratory parameters were more frequent in non- @entity1949 sleep for placebo and in @entity1949 sleep for @entity7855 . CONCLUSION: In severe @entity27 , the use of @entity7855 50mg at bedtime plays a detrimental role on respiratory parameters in both non- @entity1949 and @entity1949 sleep, @entity1949 , and a prolonged @entity299 after resumption of ventilation.

title: The effect of XXXX on sleep respiratory parameters and heart rate @entity27 .

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['REM', 'fragmentation in REM sleep']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['apnea-hypopnea', 'severe obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['increase in LH/HF component of HRV']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['TST', 'slow wave sleep', 'SWS', 'sleep architecture', 'total sleep time']

answer: @entity7855 :: (MESH:C101426,Chemical) :: ['sildenafil']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) provides a high en bloc resection rate with less invasiveness than surgical resection for large or scarring @entity1820 . However, detailed outcomes in colorectal ESD are still lacking. The aim of our study was to elucidate short- and long-term outcomes of colorectal ESD. @entity1 AND METHODS: 310 consecutive @entity14 (146 @entity652 , 164 @entity189 ), in 290 @entity1 , which fulfilled our indication criteria and were treated with ESD between July 2000 and December 2008 were studied. ESD was done by three skilled endoscopists. As short-term outcomes, rates of en bloc resection, en bloc plus R0 resection, and major complications were analyzed. As long-term outcomes, disease-free and overall survival were assessed in 224 @entity1 . RESULTS: Rates of en bloc resection and en bloc plus R0 resection were 90.3 % and 74.5 %, respectively. Eight @entity1 underwent additional colectomy due to histopathologically proven possible node-positive @entity5 . Intraoperative perforations occurred with 14 lesions (4.5 %), which were treated successfully only by endoscopic clipping. Emergent surgery was needed for one case of postoperative perforation. Blood transfusion due to intraoperative @entity548 was required in 1 case (0.3 %). @entity86 occurred with four lesions (1.3 %), and was endoscopically managed without blood transfusion. Local recurrence was detected in 4 lesions (4/202 @entity1 , 2.0 %); resection had been piecemeal in all 4. During a median follow-up of 38.7 months (range 12.8 - 104.2), the 3- and 5-year overall/disease-specific survivals were 97.1/100 % and 95.3/100 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal ESD showed favorable long-term outcomes. It may largely replace colectomy for node-negative @entity14 .

title: Long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal epithelial neoplasia', 'colorectal epithelial neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal epithelial neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Few studies have examined the risk of an @entity43 (SBT) associated with parity, @entity249 , @entity7280 ( @entity6862 ), or hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which was the study aim. METHODS: This nationwide case-control study included all @entity1 with an SBT diagnosis in Denmark, 1978-2002. SBTs were confirmed by centralized expert pathology review. For each case, 15 age-matched female controls were randomly selected using risk-set sampling. Cases and controls with previous @entity5 (except for @entity1489 ) and controls with bilateral oophorectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy were excluded. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We found a strongly decreased risk of SBTs among parous @entity1 which decreased with increasing number of @entity1 (p<0.01). Older age at first birth also decreased the SBT risk (p=0.03). An increased SBT risk was associated with @entity249 (OR=3.31; 95% CI: 2.44-4.49), which was present both among parous and nulliparous @entity1 . HRT use increased the SBT risk (OR=1.32; 95% CI: 1.02-1.72), whereas OC use decreased the risk (OR=0.40; 95% CI: 0.26-0.62). CONCLUSIONS: Our nationwide study with expert histopathologic review of all SBTs showed that parity, @entity249 , use of HRT, and use of @entity6862 , respectively, were strongly associated with the risk of SBTs. This is the first study to report a strong and significantly decreased SBT risk associated with OC use and a significantly increased risk with @entity249 , and HRT use. This supports that SBTs and serous @entity43 share similar risk factors.

title: Parity, XXXX , @entity7280 , and hormone replacement therapy and the risk of @entity43 : A nationwide case-control study.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian serous borderline tumor', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity7280 :: ('MESH:D003276', 'Chemical') :: ['oral contraceptives']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['non-melanoma skin cancer']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertility']


abstract: The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 22.5, 45, 90, 180, and 360 mins in anesthesized open-chest @entity235 and @entity1707 and thereafter reperfused for 30 min. Myocardial @entity26 consumption was varied in @entity235 by cholinergic stimulation ( @entity1168 ) and by cutting of the right and @entity4775 ( @entity591 ). Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive tracer microspheres at the end of the occlusion period and 5 and 30 min after reflow. Tissue content of @entity3211 and of @entity1734 were determined in the subendo- and subepicardium of transmural biopsies at the end of reflow. @entity1188 size was determined with @entity2387 and compared with risk region size. Porcine hearts developed @entity1188 sooner. Those @entity235 with a high MVO2 due to @entity591 had larger @entity1188 than those with @entity1168 and resembled @entity1188 development in the @entity1707 . The evolution of @entity1188 with time depended strongly on collateral flow which was significantly higher in @entity235 hearts. Higher collateral flow and lower MVO2 in one group of @entity235 hearts also resulted in better preserved tissue @entity855 . The fall in tissue @entity855 with time after coronary occlusion was compared with the @entity3612 -supply via collateral flow during occlusion. Assuming that the @entity26 entering @entity63 @entity1562 was used for @entity857 phosphorylation, we could estimate the degree of @entity855 -"overspending". Overspending was highest in low-flow @entity63 and it correlated well with the speed of @entity1188 . The @entity855 -data are best explained by the @entity1734 energy shuttle model and by assuming slow access of cytosolic @entity855 to the @entity855 -splitting sites at the myofibrils. In conclusion, we postulate that both collateral flow as well as myocardial @entity26 consumption before and during occlusion determine @entity1188 size.

title: Influence of collateral blood flow and of variations in MVO2 on tissue- @entity855 content in @entity63 and infarcted XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1734 :: ('CHEBI:17287', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocreatine']

entities_list: @entity2387 :: ('MESH:D009580', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrobluetetrazolium']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['dogs', 'canine', 'canines']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction', 'infarcts', 'infarct', 'Infarct']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardium']

entities_list: @entity4775 :: ('MESH:D020421', 'Disease') :: ['left vagus nerve']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity3211 :: ('MESH:D000227', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine nucleotides']

answer: @entity1562 :: (MESH:D017682,Disease) :: ['myocardium']


abstract: Under the conditions of these experiments, which consisted essentially of maintaining @entity35 on a ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except @entity904 , the following changes were produced in the nervous system. 1. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the @entity1930 , and less often of the vagus nerves. Such lesions were not found in the optic nerves. 2. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the sensory tracts on the periphery of the spinal cord and in the posterior columns. Much less frequently similar lesions were found in both the crossed and uncrossed pyramidal tracts. 3. Changes of the same nature in the posterior nerve roots and less frequently in the anterior nerve roots of the spinal cord. Evidence was adduced to indicate that the changes in the sensory tracts of the spinal cord followed those in the posterior nerve roots. With the onset of @entity425 and @entity2055 in these animals anatomic changes like those just described were found at necropsy, but they were not present for any appreciable period preceding the onset of these clinical signs. For a short but undetermined period following clinical signs of recovery from the nervous disease, @entity75 were still present in the nervous system at necropsy. These lesions in the nervous system were produced by a ration containing no cereals which might have contributed a "toxic" substance to account for the degeneration of the myelin sheaths. Neither does a deficiency in @entity1474 appear to have played a r  le in their development.

title: LESIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCY : I. XXXX ON A DIET LOW IN VITAMIN A.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['marked lesions']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscular weakness']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['unsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexuses and sciatic nerves']

entities_list: @entity2055 :: ('MESH:D001259', 'Disease') :: ['incoordination']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['RATS']


abstract: Azolla microphylla is an important fast-growing aquatic plant trusted for its agronomic, nutritious and therapeutic uses. The present work is undertaken to investigate the protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Azolla microphylla (EAM) against the @entity3044 ( @entity8670 ) induced @entity1370 in @entity35 . @entity35 were pre-treated with EAM (250 and 500mg/kg b.w.) for 28 days along with @entity8670 (85mg/kg; s.c.) on the 29th and 30th days. @entity8670 -induced @entity35 displayed significant diminution in cardiac antioxidant enzymes activities, increased lipid peroxidation and alteration in cardiac marker enzymes. The same group also displayed an increase in levels of serum lipid profiles and pro-inflammatory cytokines ( @entity568 and IL-8) accompanied with a significant reduction in the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels ( @entity13358 ). Moreover, the histopathological investigations in the heart tissue of @entity8670 -induced group exhibited @entity296 and @entity32 , which correlated with the increased immunoreactivity for @entity2310 / @entity1506 , whereas an absence of reactivity for @entity1976 proteins. However, in EAM pre-treated @entity35 , the activities of antioxidant enzymes, cardiac marker enzymes, membrane-bound ATPases together with the levels of lipid profile, non-enzymatic antioxidants, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines were maintained at normalcy that was further supported by improving histopathological changes and myocardial architecture. The IHC results of EAM pre-treated @entity35 indicate up-regulated and down-regulated expressions of @entity1976 and @entity2310 / @entity1506 proteins, respectively. Thus, the present study reveals that A. microphylla alleviates @entity296 in @entity8670 -induced @entity299 and demonstrates cardioprotective potential which could be attributed to its potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity. A possible mechanism for the protective effect is the elevated expression of endogenous antioxidant defense enzymes, anti-inflammatory cytokines, degraded lipid peroxidation products and improved energy metabolism of cardiac mitochondria, thus attenuating necrosis of the myocytes.

title: Protective effect of Azolla microphylla on biochemical, histopathological and molecular changes induced by XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial necrosis', 'myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxicity']

answer: @entity3044 :: (MESH:D007545,Chemical) :: ['isoproterenol']