abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2646 ( @entity2646 ) is a disease causing progressive or relapsing and remitting @entity425 and @entity1183 . It is probably due to an @entity792 . Immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs would be expected to be beneficial. This review was first published in 2003 and has been most recently updated in 2013. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to review systematically the evidence from randomised trials of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents other than @entity288 , immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for @entity2646 . SEARCH METHODS: On 9 July 2012, we searched the Cochrane @entity4094 Group Specialized Register (July 2012), CENTRAL (2012, Issue 6 in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (January 1977 to July 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to July 2012), CINAHL (January 1982 to July 2012) and LILACS (January 1982 to July 2012). We contacted the authors of the trials identified and other disease experts seeking other published and unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We sought randomised and quasi-randomised trials of all immunosuppressive agents such as @entity500 , @entity786 , @entity1499 , @entity205 , @entity618 , and rituximab and all immunomodulatory agents such as interferon alfa and interferon beta, in @entity1 fulfilling standard diagnostic criteria for @entity2646 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently selected trials, judged their risk of bias and extracted data. We wanted to measure the change in disability after one year as our primary outcome. Our secondary outcomes were change in disability after four or more weeks (from randomisation), change in impairment after at least one year, change in maximum motor nerve conduction velocity and compound muscle action potential amplitude after one year and for those @entity1 who were receiving @entity288 or intravenous immunoglobulin, the amount of this medication given during at least one year after randomisation. @entity1 with one or more serious adverse events during the first year was also a secondary outcome. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials fulfilled the selection criteria, one of @entity500 (27 @entity1 ), two of interferon beta-1a (77 @entity1 in total) and one of @entity1499 (60 @entity1 ). The risk of bias in the two trials of interferon beta-1a for @entity2646 and the trial of @entity1499 was assessed to be low but bias in the trial of @entity500 was judged high. None of these trials showed significant benefit in the primary outcome (measured only in the @entity1499 study) or secondary outcomes selected for this review. Severe adverse events occurred no more frequently than in the placebo groups for @entity1499 and interferon beta-1a, but @entity1 numbers were low. There was no adverse event reporting in the @entity500 study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from randomised trials does not show significant benefit from @entity500 , interferon beta-1a or @entity1499 but none of the trials was large enough to rule out small or moderate benefit. The evidence from observational studies is insufficient to avoid the need for randomised controlled trials to discover whether these drugs are beneficial. Future trials should have improved designs, more sensitive outcome measures and longer durations.

title: Immunomodulatory treatment other than XXXX , immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'participant', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['Neuromuscular Disease']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['ciclosporin']

entities_list: @entity2646 :: ('MESH:D020277', 'Disease') :: ['CIDP', 'Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune process']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity288 :: (MESH:D000305,Chemical) :: ['corticosteroids']


abstract: The major mechanisms of @entity5990 formation include biliary @entity165 hypersecretion, supersaturation and crystallization, mucus hypersecretion, gel formation and @entity1157 . @entity1085 seems to be a key event that triggers the precipitation of @entity165 microcrystals from supersaturated lithogenic bile. Telocytes, a new type of interstitial cells, have been recently identified in many organs, including gallbladder. Considering telocyte functions, it is presumed that these cells might be involved in the signalling processes. The purpose of this study was to correlate the quantity of telocytes in the gallbladder with the lithogenicity of bile. Gallbladder specimens were collected from 24 @entity1 who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic @entity5990 . The control group consisted of 25 consecutive @entity1 who received elective treatment for @entity788 . Telocytes were visualized in paraffin sections of gallbladders with double immunofluorescence using primary antibodies against @entity2467 (anti- @entity2467 ) and anti-mast cell tryptase. @entity165 , phospholipid and @entity6741 levels were measured in gallbladder bile. The number of telocytes in the gallbladder wall was significantly lower in the study group than that in the control group (3.03    1.43 versus 6.34    1.66 cell/field of view in the muscularis propria, P < 0.001) and correlated with a significant increase in the @entity165 saturation index. The glycocholic and @entity7362 levels were significantly elevated in the control subjects compared with the study group. The results suggest that bile composition may play an important role in the reduction in telocytes density in the gallbladder.

title: Telocytes: new insight into the pathogenesis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['Gallbladder hypomotility']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic head tumours']

entities_list: @entity7362 :: ('MESH:D013656', 'Chemical') :: ['taurocholic acid']

entities_list: @entity1157 :: ('MESH:D001649', 'Disease') :: ['bile stasis']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstone disease', 'gallstone']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol', 'cholesterol']

answer: @entity5990 :: (MESH:D042882,Disease) :: ['gallstone disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In cases of stage 2 @entity1204 ( @entity1204 ), a radical hysterectomy is recommended; however, its benefits are poorly documented. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether a primary radical hysterectomy improves specific and overall survival compared with a simple hysterectomy in stage 2 EC. METHODS: Data from all @entity1 with type 1 EC and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 stage 2 who underwent surgical treatment between January 1998 and December 2012 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. @entity1 treated with radical hysterectomy were matched with @entity1 treated with simple hysterectomy according to @entity5 . The primary endpoint was @entity5 -related survival. RESULTS: One-to-two matching enabled a comparison of 273 @entity1 who underwent a radical hysterectomy for stage 2 EC (case group) with 546 @entity1 who received a simple hysterectomy (control group). The probability of @entity5 -related survival was not significantly different in the case group compared with the control group (p  =  0.08), and the 3-year @entity5 -related survivals in the radical and simple hysterectomy groups were 88.7 and 94.1  %, respectively. Following adjustment for radiation, survival analysis indicated there was no survival difference between the two groups with regard to @entity5 -related survival or overall survival. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that for @entity1 with stromal cervical invasion and type 1 EC, the type of hysterectomy does not impact @entity5 -related or overall survival, even after adjustment for adjuvant radiation. This finding suggests that additional, randomized clinical studies are required.

title: Impact of Radical Hysterectomy on Survival in @entity1 with Stage 2 Type1 XXXX : A Matched Cohort Study.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancers', 'ECs']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'demographic and tumoral criteria']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['Endometrial Carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The present study was conducted to clarify the role of @entity505 -11 @entity1877 ( @entity25249 ) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in the management of @entity189 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two @entity1 who underwent @entity25249 PET/CT and pelvic MRI were evaluated retrospectively. The images were reviewed by a board-certified radiologist and a nuclear medicine specialist who were unaware of any clinical information, and a consensus was reached. Diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT was evaluated for @entity5 . The reference standard consisted of histological examination (n = 17) and follow-up conventional CT (n = 5). In five @entity1 with @entity2622 , @entity25249 PET/CT was performed before and after treatment that consisted of @entity900 infusion and subsequent radiotherapy. Standardized uptake value (SUV) was compared with uni-dimensional and volumetric measurements that were made on magnetic resonance images (MRI) before and after treatment. RESULTS: Based on PET/CT interpretations, the reviewers correctly classified T stage in 8 @entity1 (47%), N stage in 21 @entity1 (96%), M stage in 20 @entity1 (91%), and @entity2802 stage in 15 @entity1 (88%). Tumor size, volume, and SUV decreased after treatment in five @entity1 with @entity2622 . Using the Pearson correlation test, a significant correlation was found between the reduction rate of SUV and reduction rate of @entity5 volume. CONCLUSIONS: @entity25249 PET/CT is an accurate means for the management of @entity1 with @entity189 . The combination of @entity25249 PET/CT and MRI increases the accuracy of @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity189 .

title: Role of @entity505 -11 XXXX PET/CT in the management of @entity189 : initial experience.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'staging']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['uterine carcinoma']

answer: @entity1877 :: (MESH:D002794,Chemical) :: ['choline']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to estimate the effect of extranodal @entity3 (EM) on recurrence and survival in @entity1 with @entity420 ( @entity420 ) after curative resection. METHODS: Clinical data from 284 node-positive @entity420 @entity1 who underwent curative resection were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to elucidate the effect of EM on @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). RESULTS: EM was detected in 70 (24.6%) of the 284 cases. It had a significant correlation with @entity5 size, Lauren type, histopathological grading, depth of @entity5 invasion, number of metastatic nodes, lymph node ratio, and @entity2802 stage. The 5-year @entity1349 and @entity1349 rates were 22.2% and 24.3%, respectively. @entity1 with EM had a significantly decreased @entity1349 (16 vs. 36 months, P   <   0.001) and @entity1349 (23 vs. 41 months, P   <   0.001) compared with those without EM. Multivariate analyses identified EM as an independent prognostic factor (P   =   0.003 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The presence of EM increases recurrence probability and reduces @entity1349 probability of @entity420 @entity1 with lymph node @entity3 . EM is a powerful prognostic factor reflecting a particularly aggressive biological behavior. Better understanding of EM status can help clinicians with regard to treatment decision and prognosis evaluation.

title: Extranodal @entity3 is a powerful prognostic factor in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['AEG', 'adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'RFS', 'recurrence-free survival', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction']


abstract: We reviewed @entity130 registry data (2004-06) from a Level 1 @entity130 center to describe the epidemiology of injury. There were 5,900 @entity130 @entity1 . Most admissions were among white @entity1 , age 20-29 years (mean age = 48 years). Most admissions occurred in the summer, on Saturday and Sunday evenings. @entity1913 (89%) and @entity174 (49%) predominated. Mean ISS = 9.7. ISS = 9-15 was highest among those 70+ years and lowest among @entity1 30-39 years (P < 0.01). Motor vehicle crashes and falls were the most common mechanism of injury. Violent assaults ranked highest in the injury prevention priority score. This research identified areas for further study and will help guide community injury prevention programs and policies.

title: Epidemiology of XXXX at a level 1 @entity130 center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1913 :: ('MESH:D014949', 'Disease') :: ['Blunt injuries']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: @entity1718 are important cellular constituents that may affect many metabolic processes relevant for the development of @entity6 and its complications. We showed previously that vegetarian diet leads to greater increase in metabolic clearance rate of @entity413 (MCR) than conventional hypocaloric diet. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the role of changes in @entity844 composition of serum phospholipids in diet- and exercise-induced changes in MCR in subjects with @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ). METHODS: Subjects with @entity2175 (n=74) were randomly assigned into a vegetarian group (VG, n=37) following vegetarian diet or a control group (CG, n=37) following a conventional diet. Both diets were calorie restricted (-500   kcal   day(-1)). @entity1 were examined at baseline, 12 weeks of diet intervention and 24 weeks (subsequent 12 weeks of diet were combined with aerobic exercise). The @entity844 composition of serum phospholipids was measured by gas liquid chromatography. MCR was measured by hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic clamp. @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: @entity4722 (LA; 18:2n6) increased in VG (P=0.04), whereas it decreased in CG (P=0.04) in response to dietary interventions. It did not change significantly after the addition of exercise in either group (group   time P<0.001). In VG, changes in 18:2n6 correlated positively with changes in MCR (r=+0.22; P=0.04) and negatively with changes in @entity1386 (r=-0.43; P=0.01). After adjustment for changes in body mass index, the association between 18:2n6 and MCR was no longer significant. The addition of exercise resulted in greater changes of phospholipid @entity1718 composition in VG than in CG. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that the insulin-sensitizing effect of a vegetarian diet might be related to the increased proportion of LA in serum phospholipids.

title: Vegetarian diet-induced increase in @entity4722 in serum phospholipids is associated with improved insulin sensitivity in subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['type 2 diabetes', 'T2D']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['Visceral fat', 'VF']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['Linoleic acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['Fatty acids', 'fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2175 :: (MESH:D003924,Disease) :: ['type 2 diabetes']


abstract: AIMS: To determine the efficacy of dacryocystoplasty with @entity384 in the treatment of complete and @entity3885 of the lacrimal drainage system. METHODS: The procedure was performed on 26 @entity1 with @entity9467 due to complete (n=16) or partial (n=10) obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system. A flexible tipped guide wire was introduced through the superior canaliculus into the inferior meatus and manipulated out of the nasal cavity. A 3 mm balloon was then introduced in a retrograde direction over the guide wire and dilated at the obstruction site. RESULTS: The procedure was technically successful in all @entity1 with @entity3885 , but unsuccessful in four of 16 cases with @entity3885 . Reobstruction occurred in eight of 12 @entity1 with @entity3885 , and in five of 10 @entity1 with @entity3885 . The overall success rate was 25% for complete and 50% for partial obstructions. The mean follow up was 14 months (8-37 months). CONCLUSION: Although the balloon dacryocystoplasty is a simple and minimally invasive technique, the outcome from our study indicates that it is not advisable for treatment of @entity3885 of the lacrimal drainage system. @entity384 may prove suitable for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity3885 below the level of the lacrimal sac, especially in those who are poor candidates for surgery, or who do not wish to undertake dacryocystorhinostomy. Even in the @entity3885 group the success rate was only 50%, so that further modification to the technique and controlled studies are likely to be required before it could be recommended for general use.

title: Treatment of obstructive XXXX in adults by balloon dacryocystoplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['balloon dilatation', 'Balloon dilatation']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['complete obstruction', 'partial obstruction']

answer: @entity9467 :: (MESH:D007766,Disease) :: ['epiphora']


abstract: Antibiotic treatment of @entity293 is less than completely successful. Factors involved in the outcome are complex and include host, bacterial and drug factors. Eradication of the bacterial strain from the urine after the discontinuation of drug administration is a critical index in the clinical evaluation. Categorical reports of in vitro bacterial susceptibility correlate poorly with clinical results. Achievement of a bacterial inhibitory concentration of drug in the urine is essential for cure and probably more important than the plasma concentration. The conditions associated with cure and failure in 368 episodes of @entity281 were examined. Distribution of the @entity1 into groups designated "anatomical normal", "systemic @entity8 " and "uronephropathy" showed each of these host factors to have a significant primary effect. In the latter two, but not in the former, the drug susceptibility of the infecting bacterial strain and whether or not it was @entity526 or another species of gram-negative bacillus were additional significant factors. When antibiotic treatment was assessed in host comparable episodes a significant rank order of the effectiveness of drugs could be made according to their class action. Bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis were best; drugs used primarily as urinary antiseptics were the least effective.

title: Methods for the clinical evaluation of antibiotics in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine the dose-limiting @entity137 (DLT), maximum tolerated dose, recommended dose (RD) and preliminary evidence of activity of escalating doses of @entity2600 ( @entity2600 ) fixed-dose-rate infusional @entity136 (FDR-GMB) and bevacizumab in pretreated metastatic @entity14 (mCRC) @entity1 . Pharmacogenomic analysis was performed to investigate the association between @entity7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and clinical outcome. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 89 mCRC @entity1 were recruited in a two-step study design; 28 were included in the dose-finding study and 59 in the pharmacogenomic analysis. The FDR-GMB of 1000   mg   m     , bevacizumab 5   mg   kg      and @entity2600 doses ranging from 100 to 160   mg   m      were explored. The @entity7 protein serum levels were quantified by EIA. Allelic discrimination was performed to genotype polymorphisms in the @entity7 gene. RESULTS: @entity2600 RD was 150   mg   m     . @entity294 and @entity1398 were the DLT. After a median follow-up of 42 months, the median @entity1054 ( @entity1054 ) and overall survival were 5.2 and 19.9 months, respectively. @entity7 levels were significantly correlated with @entity7 -2578AA and @entity7 -460CC genotypes, and a trend was observed with @entity7 +405GG genotype. The presence of any of these genotypes correlated with a longer median @entity1054 (8.8 vs 4.5 months, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: The triplet combination tested in this study is effective and well tolerated. A possible predictive role for @entity7 gene polymorphisms and baseline @entity7 circulating levels is suggested.

title: Dose-finding study and pharmacogenomic analysis of fixed-rate infusion of @entity136 , @entity2600 and bevacizumab in pretreated metastatic XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['Diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['TTP', 'time to progression']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe and estimate the rate of breakthrough @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in @entity1 receiving @entity11794 . METHODS: Retrospective, non-interventional study conducted in three University Hospitals. RESULTS: Nineteen @entity281 have been identified including 13 @entity2381 , 2 @entity2583 , a @entity22214 , a @entity281 and 2 possible @entity3 . Cases were equally distributed between the centres. Fourteen @entity1 had a @entity5 , four were transplant recipients (allogeneic haematopoietic stem cells in three, liver in one) and one had @entity1575 . @entity11794 has been prescribed as prophylaxis (n  =  3), empirical therapy (n  =  9) or directed therapy for @entity4963 (n  =  5) or @entity2381 (n  =  2). @entity17555 was positive in serum or in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 10 of the 13 @entity2381 . Median duration of @entity11794 treatment before breakthrough @entity3 was 15 days. Nine @entity1 died within twelve weeks. Rate of breakthrough @entity3 in onco-haematology @entity1 has been estimated to 7.3% for all @entity281 and to 4.2% when restricted to documented @entity2381 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data call for @entity17555 monitoring and close clinical and radiological examination in case of persistence or recurrence of @entity281 signs in high-risk @entity1 receiving @entity11794 .

title: Breakthrough invasive XXXX in @entity1 treated with @entity11794 .

entities_list: @entity2583 :: ('MESH:D009091', 'Disease') :: ['mucormycosis']

entities_list: @entity17555 :: ('MESH:C535390', 'Disease') :: ['Aspergillus galactomannan']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['haematologic malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4963 :: ('MESH:D058387', 'Disease') :: ['candidemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['breakthrough infections', 'mould infections', 'infection', 'Hormographiella aspergillata infection']

entities_list: @entity2381 :: ('MESH:D001228', 'Disease') :: ['aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive mould diseases', 'IMD']

entities_list: @entity22214 :: ('MESH:D060585', 'Disease') :: ['fusariosis']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity11794 :: ('MESH:C105417', 'Chemical') :: ['Caspofungin', 'caspofungin']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['mould infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical evidence on @entity1 -reported outcome measures (PROMS) in breast reconstruction is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate PROMs in implant-assisted latissimus dorsi (LDI) or tissue-only autologous latissimus dorsi (ALD) flap reconstruction in relation to complications and adjuvant treatments. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study involving six UK centres. Eligible @entity1 had primary @entity0 . The European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 quality-of-life questionnaire (QLQ)-C30 and QLQ-BR23, Functional Assessment of @entity5 Therapy-Breast @entity5 scale (FACT-B), Body Image Scale, and @entity148 and @entity308 Scale were completed before operation and at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 182 @entity1 (82 LDI and 100 ALD) were recruited between 2007 and 2010 with symptomatic (59  9 per cent) or screen-detected (39  6 per cent) @entity5 . Some 64  3 per cent had lymph node-negative disease; 30 per cent of the LDI group had radiotherapy, compared with 53  0 per cent in the ALD group (P = 0  004). Early complications up to 3 months after surgery were reported in 66 and 51  0 per cent of @entity1 in the LDI and ALD groups respectively (P = 0  062) and long-term complications (4-12 months) in 48 and 45  0 per cent (P = 0  845). Role functioning and @entity158 (P = 0  002 for both) were adversely affected in the ALD group compared with results in the LDI group, with no significant effects of radiotherapy on any health-related quality of life (HRQL). Chemotherapy and early complications adversely affected HRQL, which improved between 3 and 12 months after surgery (P < 0  010 for all). CONCLUSION: There is evidence of similar HRQL between types of latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction for up to a year after surgery. There appear to be no overarching effects for radiotherapy after mastectomy on the specific HRQL domains studied in the short term. The identification of variables that affect HRQL is important, including their integration into the analysis of PROMs.

title: Integration of XXXX -reported outcome measures with key clinical outcomes after immediate latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction and adjuvant treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['Hospital Anxiety']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Left ventricular (LV) @entity82 plays an important role in the development of @entity712 with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We investigated whether chronic @entity9781 (PPARy) agonism with @entity12098 can prevent the development of HFpEF. We also evaluated the role of Wnt-b-catenin signaling in the development of HFpEF and its relationship to PPARy signaling. Dahl salt-sensitive @entity35 placed on an 8% @entity4202 diet from age six weeks were used as a HFpEF model. @entity35 placed on 0.3% @entity4202 diet served as controls (n=7). HFpEF model @entity35 were randomized to no treatment (n=7) or treatment with @entity12098 (2.5 mg/kg/day, n=7) at age 13 weeks. @entity12098 administration from age 13 to 21 weeks attenuated the development of LV @entity82 and stiffening (both p<0.05), and subsequently prevented the development of HFpEF. In the untreated HFpEF model, @entity33491 mRNA and b-catenin protein expression levels in the LV increased in the HF stage, along with the increase in type I collagen mRNA expression levels. Administration of @entity12098 attenuated the activation of Wnt-b-catenin signaling. Our results show that @entity12098 prevented the development of LV @entity82 and HFpEF in a @entity35 model, at least partly due to attenuated Wnt-b-catenin signaling.

title: Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor y Prevents Development of XXXX with Preserved Ejection Fraction; Inhibition of Wnt-b-catenin Signaling as a Possible Mechanism.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity12098 :: ('MESH:C060836', 'Chemical') :: ['pioglitazone', 'Pioglitazone']

entities_list: @entity9781 :: ('25664(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart Failure']


abstract: Pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex are involved in learning and memory and have complex connections with other neurons through a very large array of dendrites. These dendrites can switch between long term @entity308 and long term potentiation depending on global summation of various inputs. The plasticity of the input into pyramidal neurons makes the neuronal output variable. Many interneurons in the cerebral cortex and distant neurons in other brain regions are involved in providing input to pyramidal neurons. All of these neurons and interneurons have neurotransmitters that act through receptors to provide input to pyramidal neurons. @entity750 is one of the important neurotransmitters involved with pyramidal neurons and has been implicated in @entity716 , psychedelic states and what are called sacred dreams. This review will discuss the various chemicals and receptors that are important with pyramidal neurons including opioids, @entity1239 , @entity5591 , @entity28203 , LSD, @entity28204 , ergot alkaloids, @entity28205 , ergine and other compounds that interact with opioid, nicotinic, muscarinic and serotonergic receptors. The natural compounds provide clues to structure activity relationships with the receptors. It has been postulated that each receptor in the body has a natural agonist and antagonist, in addition to the normal neurotransmitters. It is common for natural antagonists and agonists to be peptides. Various possible peptide structures will be proposed for natural antagonists and agonists at each receptor. Natural antagonists and agonists may provide new ways to explore the functions of pyramidal neurons in normal health and @entity158 management.

title: Chemical interactions with pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the cerebral cortex: control of XXXX and anxiety.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity28203 :: ('CHEBI:8614', 'Chemical') :: ['psilocybin']

entities_list: @entity28204 :: ('MESH:D008635', 'Chemical') :: ['mescaline']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity28205 :: ('MESH:C090499', 'Chemical') :: ['salvinorin A']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['Serotonin']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['scopolamine']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: @entity12953 and heparan @entity597 are currently under development as potential antithrombotic drugs. In our studies we have evaluated the relative antithrombotic and @entity548 effects of these two agents in comparison to heparin, the commonly used anticoagulant. In a @entity95 model of stasis @entity715 , a 500 micrograms/kg IV dose of @entity33377 or heparan produced 50-60% inhibition of induced in vivo @entity715 . At 750 micrograms/kg, both agents produced greater than 75% inhibition of @entity715 . Ex vivo measurement of plasma samples obtained from these animals demonstrated variable clotting effects at the lower dose and a proportional increase in the clotting activity at the higher dose. No anti-Xa or anti-IIa activity was observed in any sample. In contrast, animals treated with only 100 micrograms/kg heparin showed complete inhibition of induced @entity715 with significant anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities as well as prolongation of the clotting assays (APTT, TT and HeptestR). In the @entity548 studies utilizing a @entity95 ear @entity190 model, a 5.0 mg/kg IV dose of dermatan or heparan produced much less @entity190 than heparin. On a gravimetric basis, dermatan and heparan were 10 fold less @entity548 than heparin. These results indicate that the relative contribution of plasmatic and cellular sites to the mediation of the antithrombotic action of heparin, dermatan and heparan differ. Although the antithrombotic dosages of dermatan and heparan are higher than heparin, due to the different mechanisms of action of each agent, a better safety index may be provided by dermatan and heparan than heparin.

title: Comparative antithrombotic and @entity548 effects of dermatan XXXX , heparan @entity597 and heparin.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity33377 :: ('CHEBI:4439', 'Chemical') :: ['dermatan']

entities_list: @entity12953 :: ('MESH:D003871', 'Chemical') :: ['Dermatan sulfate']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity597 :: (CHEBI:16189,Chemical) :: ['sulfate']


abstract: SUMMARY: We evaluate the perianeurysmal environment and study parameters potentially influencing @entity397 of @entity438 . 101 consecutive @entity439 cases were retrospectively evaluated using radiological observation including imaging documents such as MR, CT and DSA studies. @entity439 contact with perianeurysmal environment was classified and correlated with @entity439 shape, size, location and likely @entity397 point. Topographic relation of the @entity439 to the cisternal compartment was studied. Presence of contact with the surrounding structures was evaluated for bone, dura, brain, cranial nerves, arteries, and veins. The @entity439 shape and likely @entity397 point was found to be significantly influenced by the @entity439 environment. Depending on @entity439 type, location and size, the growth pattern also exhibited signs of interaction with the environment. Overall, there was no significant difference in the largest average diameter of the dome of ruptured (7.8 mm) and unruptured (6.7 mm) @entity439 . When compared to unruptured @entity439 (6/42), the presence of a bleb was more frequent in @entity1756 (41/59). The perianeurysmal environment was found to have a significant influence on @entity1756 pattern, whenever direct contact between the @entity439 and the anatomical structures in the perianeurysmal environment was visualized. This influence was independent of @entity439 size. @entity439 size seems to be a poor indicator for the risk of @entity397 when compared to shape of the @entity439 and the degree of direct contact with the perianeurysmal environment.

title: Influence of the perianeurysmal environment on @entity397 of XXXX . Preliminary observation.

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal rupture', 'ruptured aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'Aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['cerebral aneurysms']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity102 media with effusion (OME) is the leading cause of @entity393 during childhood. In bacterial etiology of OME, the most frequent pathogens responsible are @entity327 followed by @entity328 and @entity6729 . This study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens in the identification of pathogens in the middle ear fluid (MEF) in @entity1 with OME. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross sectional, case-control study, 95 MEFs and 53 NP secretion specimens were obtained from 53 @entity1 . As a control group, 102 NP specimens were taken from @entity1 having an operation other than an otological disease. Conventional culture methods and multiplex-PCR method have been used to determine the etiology of OME; NP carriage between cases and control groups were compared using conventional culture methods. Pearson Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests were used in statistical analysis. RESULTS: Bacteria were isolated by culture in 37.9% of MEF specimens, 14.7% of which belonged to the group @entity327 , @entity2260 and @entity6729 . PCR was positive in 30.5% specimens targeting the same pathogens. There was a two-fold increase in carriage rate of @entity2260 and @entity327 in @entity1 than controls for each pathogen. CONCLUSION: PCR is a more reliable method to detect middle ear pathogens in MEF in comparison with the conventional culture methods. The NP colonization wasn't found to be an indicator of the pathogen in MEF although middle ear pathogens colonize more in nasopharynx of diseased @entity1 .

title: Efficacy of nasopharyngeal culture in identification of pathogen in middle ear fluid in XXXX media with effusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['H. influenzae', 'Haemophilus influenzae']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic otitis']

entities_list: @entity6729 :: ('480', 'Species') :: ['Moraxella catarrhalis', 'M. catarrhalis']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic otitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The activity of the @entity470 ( @entity470 )-directed monoclonal antibody cetuximab combined with @entity901 / @entity4181 / @entity1487 (FUFOX) was assessed in first-line metastatic @entity356 in a prospective phase II study showing a promising objective @entity5 response rate of 65% and a low mutation frequency of @entity984 (3%). The aim of the correlative @entity5 tissue studies was to investigate the relationship between @entity470 gene copy numbers, activation of the @entity470 pathway, expression and mutation of @entity5962 , @entity8554 @entity817 mutation and clinical outcome of @entity1 with @entity356 treated with cetuximab combined with FUFOX. METHODS: @entity1 included in this correlative study (n = 39) were a subset of @entity1 from the clinical phase II study. The association between @entity470 gene copy number, activation of the @entity470 pathway, abundance and mutation of @entity5962 which plays an important role in these disorders, @entity817 mutation and clinical outcome of @entity1 was studied. @entity470 gene copy number was assessed by FISH. Expression of the phosphorylated forms of @entity470 and its downstream effectors Akt and MAPK, in addition to @entity5962 was analysed by immunohistochemistry. The frequency of mutant @entity8554 @entity817 was evaluated by allele-specific PCR and the mutation profile of the @entity5962 gene @entity5962 was examined by DHPLC followed by direct sequence analysis. Correlations with @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), @entity1054 ( @entity1054 ) and overall response rate (ORR) were assessed. RESULTS: Our study showed a significant association between increased @entity470 gene copy number (>=  4.0) and @entity356 , indicating the possibility that @entity1 may be selected for treatment on a genetic basis. Furthermore, a significant correlation was shown between activated @entity470 and shorter @entity1054 and ORR, but not between activated @entity470 and @entity1349 . No @entity8554 @entity817 mutations were identified. On the other hand, an interesting trend between high @entity5962 expression levels and better @entity1349 was observed and two @entity5962 exon 9 missense mutations ( @entity30976 and @entity30977 ) were detected. CONCLUSION: Our finding that increased @entity470 gene copy numbers, activated @entity470 and the @entity5962 status are potentially interesting biomarkers needs to be confirmed in larger randomized clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Multicentre clinical study with the European Clinical Trials Database number 2004-004024-12.

title: Biomarker analysis of cetuximab plus XXXX / @entity4181 / @entity1487 in first-line metastatic @entity356 : results from a phase II trial of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie (AIO).

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor', 'EGFR']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['time to progression', 'TTP']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric and OGJ cancer', 'gastric and oesophago-gastric junction (OGJ) cancer', 'OS in gastric and OGJ cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity901 :: (MESH:C030110,Chemical) :: ['oxaliplatin']


abstract: AIM: To examine relationships between subgingival biofilm composition and levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokines in periodontal health and generalized aggressive @entity2521 (GAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Periodontal parameters were measured in 25 periodontally healthy and 31 GAP subjects. @entity527 and GCF samples were obtained from 14 sites from each subject. Forty subgingival taxa were quantified using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and the concentrations of eight GCF cytokines were measured using Luminex. Cluster analysis was used to define sites with similar subgingival microbiotas in each clinical group. Significance of differences in clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters among clusters was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: GAP subjects had statistically significantly higher GCF levels of @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ) (p<0.001), @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) (p<0.01) and @entity1356 / @entity688 ratio (p<0.001) and higher proportions of Red and Orange complex species than periodontally healthy subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean proportion of cytokines among clusters in the periodontally healthy subjects, while the ratio @entity1356 / @entity688 (p<0.05) differed significantly among clusters in the aggressive @entity2521 group. CONCLUSIONS: Different subgingival biofilm profiles are associated with distinct patterns of GCF cytokine expression. @entity146 subjects were characterized by a higher @entity1356 / @entity688 ratio than periodontally healthy subjects, suggesting an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in aggressive @entity2521 .

title: Relationships between subgingival microbiota and GCF biomarkers in generalized aggressive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['Subgingival plaque']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1beta', 'IL-1beta']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Aggressive periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: AIMS: Resuming insulin use due to waning function is common after islet transplantation. Animal studies suggest that gastrointestinal hormones, including @entity8243 and incretins may increase b-cell mass. We tested the hypothesis that @entity10112 plus @entity12350 , would restore insulin independence in islet transplant recipients with early graft insufficiency and determined whether this would persist after a 3-month washout. METHODS: Single-centre, uncontrolled, open label study of @entity12350 100 mg daily plus @entity10112 40 mg twice daily for 6 months. RESULTS: After 6 months of treatment, two of eight @entity1 (25%) achieved the primary endpoint, defined as HbA1C < 42 mmol/mol (6%), fasting plasma @entity413 < 7.0 mmol, C-peptide > 0.5 nmol and no insulin use. There was a significant reduction in mean insulin dose, but no change in HbA1C or weight. There were no changes in the acute insulin response to @entity369 , the mixed meal tolerance test or blinded continuous @entity413 monitoring. After the washout, no @entity1 met the primary endpoint and HbA1C increased from 45    8 mmol/mol (6.3    0.7%) to 51    6 mmol/mol (6.8    0.6%) (P < 0.05). Two @entity1 had mild-moderate transient gastrointestinal side effects. There were no episodes of hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: @entity12350 plus @entity10112 is well tolerated and safe and may restore insulin independence in some islet transplant recipients with early graft insufficiency, but this was not sustained when treatment was withdrawn. A larger, controlled trial is required to confirm the effectiveness of this combination to achieve insulin independence and to confidently exclude any persistent benefit for graft function. (Clinical Trials Registry No.: NCT00768651).

title: @entity12350 plus XXXX can restore but not maintain insulin independence after clinical islet transplantation: results of a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity10112 :: ('MESH:C064276', 'Chemical') :: ['pantoprazole']

entities_list: @entity12350 :: ('MESH:C496398', 'Chemical') :: ['Sitagliptin', 'sitagliptin']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity10112 :: (MESH:C064276,Chemical) :: ['pantoprazole']


abstract: Meckel's cartilage is a supporting tissue in the embryonic mandible that disappears during development; however, the precise mechanisms of this disappearance process are still undetermined. In this study, we observed morphological changes of Meckel's cartilage with development and analyzed the factors which might be related to this process. Meckel's cartilage of ICR strain @entity19 from 14 to 19 days gestation ( @entity9072 -19) were used in this study. Histological and immunohistochemical studies indicated the decrease in the amount of sulfated glycoconjugates and the localization of type I collagen in the Meckel's cartilage matrix during development. Chondrocytes also expressed high acid phosphatase activities at these stages. An organ culture study indicated that Meckel's cartilage at @entity32266 disappeared during the cultivation period, while the cartilage at @entity9072 did not disappear. Massive penetration of macrophages into the perichondrium was detected at E16. RT-PCR analysis of Meckel's cartilage indicated the expression of @entity1235 at @entity32266 , but not at @entity9072 . @entity12427 , the candidate molecule for macrophage chemoattractant factor, was expressed at @entity9072 . These results indicated the dynamic matrix changes of Meckel's cartilage during development and suggested that the functional changes of chondrocytes in synthesis of type I collagen might be induced by @entity635 secreted by the penetrating macrophages.

title: The role of macrophages in the disappearance of Meckel's cartilage during mandibular development in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1235 :: ('17395(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1b, type I collagen, MMP-9']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to relate the @entity544 ( @entity515 ) response of laryngeal receptors to their behavior during the breathing cycle (i.e. their response to transmural pressure changes, laryngeal movement or decreases in temperature) or during exposure to irritant stimuli (water or cigarette smoke). In 9 anesthetized mongrel @entity235 breathing spontaneously through a tracheostomy, unit activity from the superior laryngeal nerve was recorded while warmed and humidified gas mixtures (air or 10% @entity515 in O2) were passed, for 1 min, through the functionally isolated upper airway in the expiratory direction. None of the 10 cold receptors studied were affected by @entity515 . Eleven of 20 laryngeal non-modulated mechano-receptors were stimulated (from 0.3 to 1.6 imp/sec) by exposure to @entity515 . These @entity515 -responsive receptors were also stimulated by known irritant stimuli (cigarette smoke, water), although not all receptors which responded to these irritants were stimulated by @entity515 . Twelve of 33 respiratory-modulated receptors were affected by @entity515 ; 4 were stimulated and 8 inhibited. Receptors inhibited by @entity515 were also inhibited by negative pressure while receptors stimulated by @entity515 were also stimulated by negative pressure. These results show that @entity515 -responsive laryngeal receptors are not specialized endings. Although it is not clear to what extent each separate group of laryngeal receptors is involved, each may contribute to the reflex bradypnea which has been observed during exposure of the upper airway to elevated levels of @entity515 . However, the importance of @entity515 -responsive laryngeal receptors in physiological conditions remains unclear.

title: @entity544 -responsive laryngeal receptors in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibodies are promising anti- @entity1582 treatments. As immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies have the potential to be identified by serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE). Therapeutic antibody interference with standard clinical SPE and IFE can confound the use of these tests for response assessment in clinical trials and disease monitoring. METHODS: To discriminate between endogenous @entity1582 protein and daratumumab, a daratumumab-specific immunofixation electrophoresis reflex assay (DIRA) was developed using a mouse anti-daratumumab antibody. To evaluate whether anti-daratumumab bound to and shifted the migration pattern of daratumumab, it was spiked into daratumumab-containing serum and resolved by IFE/SPE. The presence (DIRA positive) or absence (DIRA negative) of residual @entity10805 in daratumumab-treated @entity1 samples was evaluated using predetermined assessment criteria. DIRA was evaluated for specificity, limit of sensitivity, and reproducibility. RESULTS: In all of the tested samples, DIRA distinguished between daratumumab and residual @entity10805 in commercial serum samples spiked with daratumumab and in daratumumab-treated @entity1 samples. The DIRA limit of sensitivity was 0.2 g/L daratumumab, using spiking experiments. Results from DIRA were reproducible over multiple days, operators, and assays. The anti-daratumumab antibody was highly specific for daratumumab and did not shift endogenous @entity10805 . CONCLUSIONS: As the treatment of @entity1582 evolves to incorporate novel monoclonal antibodies, additional solutions will be needed for clinical monitoring of @entity1 responses to therapeutic regimens. In the interim, assays such as DIRA can inform clinical outcomes by distinguishing daratumumab from endogenous @entity10805 by IFE.

title: Monitoring multiple @entity1582 XXXX treated with daratumumab: teasing out monoclonal antibody interference.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity2438 is a severe @entity245 , diagnosed on the basis of core behavioral symptoms. Although the mechanistic basis for the disorder is not yet known, genetic analyses have suggested a role for abnormal excitatory/inhibitory signaling systems in brain, including dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. In @entity19 , the constitutive knockdown of @entity143 receptors leads to @entity51 , @entity146 , and self-injurious responses that reflect aspects of the @entity2438 clinical profile. However, social phenotypes differ with age: @entity19 with reduced @entity143 -receptor function exhibit hypersociability in adolescence, but markedly @entity942 in adulthood. The present studies determined whether acute disruption of @entity143 neurotransmission leads to exaggerated social approach, similar to that observed with constitutive disruption, in adolescent C57BL/6J @entity19 . The effects of @entity3390 , an @entity143 receptor antagonist, were compared with @entity4944 , a @entity935 agonist, and @entity905 , a selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor, on performance in a three-chamber choice task. Results showed that acute treatment with @entity3390 led to social @entity51 at doses without effects on entry numbers. @entity4944 also decreased social preference, but increased number of entries at every dose. @entity905 (10 mg/kg) had selective effects on social novelty preference. Withdrawal from a chronic @entity1068 regimen decreased activity, but did not attenuate sociability. Low doses of @entity3390 and @entity4944 were also evaluated in a marble-burying assay for @entity146 . @entity3390 , at a dose that did not disrupt sociability or alter entries, led to a profound reduction in marble-burying. Overall, these findings demonstrate that moderate alteration of @entity143 , @entity935 , or @entity750 function can attenuate social preference in wild type @entity19 .

title: Disruption of social approach by @entity3390 , @entity4944 , and XXXX in adolescent C57BL/6J @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine', 'Fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['repetitive behavior']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2438 :: ('MESH:D001321', 'Disease') :: ['autism', 'Autism']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['neurodevelopmental disorder']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['social deficits', 'approach deficits']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine', 'Amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficient sociability']

answer: @entity905 :: (MESH:D005473,Chemical) :: ['fluoxetine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the HRCT appearances of @entity389 with @entity5173 . METHOD: Conducted a retrospective case review. The subjects comprised 11 @entity1 who were decisively confirmed by HRCT and exploratory tympanotomy. The result of temporal bone computed tomography scans (HRCT) were analyzed. RESULT: @entity389 were classified into 4 types according to HRCT findings. There were 4 @entity1 with @entity18129 , 2 @entity1 with common @entity154 , 2 @entity1 with @entity7173 , and 3 @entity1 with @entity7173 . Eight @entity1 had defects in the lamina cribrosa of the internal auditory canal. The development and aeration in the mastoid of involved ears was normal. Soft tissues were seen near the oval window in all involved ears. CONCLUSION: HRCT image has an important value in the diagnosis and treatment of @entity389 with @entity5173 .

title: [High-resolution CT findings of XXXX with @entity5173 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['cavity anomaly']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid leakage']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear malformations', 'Inner ear malformations', 'congenital inner ear malformations']

entities_list: @entity7173 :: ('MESH:D007184', 'Disease') :: ['IP-I anomaly', 'IP- II anomaly']

entities_list: @entity18129 :: ('MESH:D015834', 'Disease') :: ['cochlear aplasia']

answer: @entity389 :: (MESH:D007759,Disease) :: ['inner ear malformations']


abstract: Syngeneic liver grafts were implanted in the livers of 22 LEW/Sea strain @entity35 . To prolong the graft survival, anti- @entity11263 monoclonal antibody (MAb) or anti @entity13963 ( @entity13963 ) antibody (Ab) was injected, or splenectomy was performed in the @entity35 which were then followed until 10 to 11 weeks posttransplantation. The 22 @entity35 with chronic graft rejection showed increased CD8a-like antigen (probably Fas ligand) on the peripheral blood T cells. All the liver grafts had both @entity39 and apoptosis. The liver graft apoptosis was indicated by histopathological abnormalities, and by DNA strand breaks and hemosiderin depositions in the cytoplasm. @entity13963 expression in the apoptotic liver graft was demonstrated immunohistochemically. Among the 17 @entity35 injected with anti- @entity11263 MAb, @entity11263 signaling on host T cells was effectively suppressed by the injection of anti- @entity11263 MAb in 4 @entity35 with better-surviving liver grafts. In these 4 rats, @entity24083 antigen on thymic lymphocytes was down-modulated and high numbers (136-233-positive cells per lobe) of the epithelial reticular cells with apoptotic lymphocytes were counted. Anti- @entity13963 Ab caused high pulmonary secretions of growth factors and reticular @entity82 in the lungs of 5 @entity35 injected with the Ab. Anti- @entity13963 Ab injection reduced the host cell apoptosis in the lung and thymus, but did not prolong the survival of liver grafts. In the 9 @entity35 with both splenectomy and anti- @entity11263 MAb injection, pulmonary apoptosis was induced with the 6-16% reductions of @entity11264 + lymphocytes. Prolonged graft survival was observed in only one of the 9 rats. Anti- @entity11263 MAb was effective for prolonging the liver graft survival with suppressed @entity24083 antigen, but anti- @entity13963 Ab and splenectomy were not.

title: Better-surviving liver grafts by the injection of anti- @entity11263 antibody: the important roles of host CD8+ and @entity11263 + @entity24083 + T cells in chronic graft rejection and @entity13963 ( XXXX ) expression on apoptotic liver grafts.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity13963 :: ('24629(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['PDGFR-beta', 'beta type platelet-derived growth factor receptor']

answer: @entity13963 :: (24629(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['PDGFR-beta']


abstract: A Phase II randomized study testing the combination of @entity900 , @entity2879 , and @entity1260 ( @entity8681 ) in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) was performed. The standard combination of @entity900 and @entity2879 (PE) was used as the control arm. Since January 1987, 78 @entity1 were enrolled and then stratified for previous treatments and performance status (PS). The response rate (RR) of @entity8681 was 26% (95% confidence limits [95 CL], 12% to 40%), with one complete response (CR). The RR of PE was 26% (95 CL, 13% to 39%), with no CR. The median response duration was 5 months (range, 2 to 13 months) for @entity8681 and 4 months (range, 2 to 6 months) for PE. The median survival time was 6 months (range, 1 to 22+ months) for @entity8681 and 7 months (range, 1 to 21+ months) for PE. @entity1431 at recycling was similar in both arms (25% for @entity8681 and 29% of PE). The median leukocyte nadir was 2100/microliters (range, 430 to 4870/microliters) for @entity8681 @entity1 and 3150/microliters (range, 500 to 5000/microliters) for PE @entity1 . Three @entity1 had a drug-related death secondary to infections. This Phase II randomized study suggested that the combination of @entity900 plus @entity2879 and @entity1260 produces results similar to those obtainable with @entity900 and @entity2879 .

title: @entity900 , @entity2879 , and @entity1260 in @entity1149 . A phase II randomized study with @entity900 and XXXX as the control arm.

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['Leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity2879 :: (MESH:D005047,Chemical) :: ['etoposide']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the clinical characteristics and follow-up findings of subjects with @entity700 in a single, tertiary-care hospital in South Korea. METHODS: The study consisted of a retrospective analysis of 282 @entity700 @entity1 who underwent radiographic and endocrinological evaluations at Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, South Korea, between January 2004 and July 2011. RESULTS: Most (86.2%) of the subjects were found to have nonfunctioning @entity5 . Functioning @entity5 were seen in 39 @entity1 (13.8%). Among them, 28 (9.9%) had @entity699 ( @entity699 ), six (2.1%) had @entity1911 , and five (1.8%) had primary @entity1368 . @entity5 were discovered in three cases: two (0.7%) were primary @entity4304 , and one (0.4%) was a secondary metastasis from a @entity2 . Significant risk factors for functional @entity5 were female gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.386; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.611 to 7.117; p = 0.0013) and a noncontrast attenuation value of > 10 Hounsfield units (OR, 2.806; 95% CI, 1.231 to 6.397; p = 0.0141). During follow-up (mean, 22.5 months) of 72 of the @entity1 , three (4.2%) developed hormonal changes due to functional @entity5 . One was confirmed as @entity1911 by histopathology, and the others were diagnosed with @entity699 and followed routinely without surgical intervention. No malignant transformation was found in these @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, initial hormonal and radiographic evaluations for @entity700 appear to be more important than follow-up tests because functional or malignant changes are rare.

title: Clinical characteristics and follow-up of Korean @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant adrenal tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ['SCS', 'subclinical Cushing syndrome']

entities_list: @entity700 :: ('MESH:C538238', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal incidentaloma', 'adrenal incidentalomas']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['hyperaldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity4304 :: ('MESH:D000310', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal cancers']

answer: @entity700 :: (MESH:C538238,Disease) :: ['adrenal incidentalomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nailing @entity9256 may result in leg shortening, producing significant complications including pelvic tilt, narrowing of the hip joint space, mechanical and functional changes in gait, an increase in energy expenditures, and strains on spinal ligaments, leading to @entity85 . The frequency of this complication in @entity1 managed with an intramedullary (IM) nail for comminuted diaphyseal fractures is unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We therefore determined (1) the frequency of LLDs, (2) whether a specific @entity174 pattern was associated with LLDs, (3) the frequency of reoperation, and (4) whether revision fixation ultimately corrected the LLD. METHODS: We studied 83 @entity1 with 91 AO/OTA Type B or Type C fractures fixed with either an antegrade or retrograde IM nail from July 2002 through December 2005. There were 60 males and 23 females, with a mean age of 30 years (range, 15-79 years). All underwent a digitized CT scan in the immediate postoperative period. Measurements of both legs were performed. Any fixation producing a discrepancy and requiring a return to surgery was identified. RESULTS: An mean LLD of 0.58 cm was found in 98% of the @entity1 , but only six (7%) @entity1 had an LLD of greater than 1.25 cm. No @entity174 pattern or the presentation of bilateral injuries demonstrated a greater incidence of LLD. Of the @entity1 with LLD, two @entity1 refused further surgery while the remaining four @entity1 , two Type B and two Type C fractures, ultimately underwent revision fixation. Repeat CT scans after revision surgery of all four @entity1 demonstrated a residual LLD of only 0.2 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative CT scans appear to be an efficient method to measure femoral length after IM nailing. Although residual LLDs may be common in comminuted femurs treated with IM nails, most LLDs do not appear to be functionally relevant. When an LLD of greater than 1.5 cm is identified, it should be discussed with the @entity1 , who should be told that potential complications may occur with larger LLDs and that sometimes @entity1 may benefit from repeat surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic study. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

title: Assessing leg length after fixation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9256 :: ('MESH:D018460', 'Disease') :: ['comminuted femur fractures']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformities']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity9256 :: (MESH:D018460,Disease) :: ['comminuted femur fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study compared clinical and angiographic outcomes between Lvis and Enterprise stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2014 to December 2015, total 190 @entity1 with 208 unruptured @entity438 were coiled assisted by Lvis and Enterprise stents. Procedure-related complications, clinical outcomes and angiographic results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: 92 @entity1 with 96 @entity439 received Lvis stents and 98 @entity1 with 112 @entity439 were treated with Enterprise stents. Procedure-related complications occurred in 10.9% of @entity1 (2 hemorrhagic events and 8 @entity1031 events) in the Lvis stents group while 16.3%(1 @entity548 , 1 mass effect and 14 @entity1031 events) in the Enterprise stents group. No statistical significant differences in @entity1031 (p=0.263), @entity548 (p=0.611) and favorable clinical outcomes(mRS scores of 0-2)(p=0.379) were found between 2 groups. A higher initial complete or near-complete obliteration was found in the Lvis stents group compared to the Enterprise stents group (96.9% vs 88.4%, p=0.034). Larger @entity439 size(p=0.048) was an independent predictor of procedure-related complications in univariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Compared with Enterprise stents, Lvis stents may achieve higher complete or near-complete occlusion rate. There was no significant difference in procedural-related complications and clinical outcomes between Lvis and Enterprise stents.

title: Lvis stent versus Enterprise stent for the Treatment of Unruptured XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic complications', 'hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['Intracranial Aneurysms']


abstract: The detection of temporal regularity allows organisms to predict the occurrence of future events. When events occur in an irregular manner, uncertainty is increased, and negative outcomes can ensue (e.g., stress). The present study shows that spinal neurons can discriminate between variable- and fixed-spaced stimulation and that the detection of regularity requires training and engages a form of @entity143 receptor-mediated plasticity. The impact of stimulus exposure was assessed using a spinally mediated instrumental response, wherein spinally transected @entity35 are given legshock whenever one hindlimb is extended. Over time, they learn to maintain the leg in a flexed position that minimizes net shock exposure. Prior exposure to 180-900 tailshocks given in a variable (unpredictable) manner inhibited this learning. A @entity4207 was not observed when 900 tailshocks were applied using a fixed (predictable) spacing. Fixed-spaced stimulation did not have a divergent effect when fewer (180) shocks were presented, implying that the abstraction of temporal regularity required repeated exposure (training). Moreover, fixed-spaced stimulation both prevented and reversed the @entity4207 . The protective effect of fixed-spaced shock lasted 48 h, and was prevented by pretreatment with the @entity143 receptor antagonist @entity3390 . Administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor @entity1880 after training blocked the long-term effect. Inhibiting @entity2136 function, using @entity10864 -IgG, also eliminated the beneficial effect of fixed-spaced stimulation. The results suggest that spinal systems can detect regularity and that this type of stimulation promotes adaptive plasticity, which may foster recovery after spinal injury.

title: Timing in the absence of supraspinal input II: regularly spaced stimulation induces a lasting alteration in spinal function that depends on the @entity143 receptor, XXXX release, and protein synthesis.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning deficit']

answer: @entity2136 :: (24225(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['BDNF']


abstract: PURPOSE: The non-ergot @entity935 agonist @entity26742 has been formulated in a once-daily transdermal patch for 24-h application which ensures continuous @entity26742 release over 24 h. This open, prospective, non-interventional study investigated compliance with the patch under clinical practice conditions. METHODS: Data were collected by German practice-based neurologists, prescribing @entity26742 to @entity1 with @entity191 ; the observation period was 4 months. Following titration, 943 @entity1 (mean age 67.6 +/- 9.3 years; 59% male) were maintained on @entity26742 for at least 4 weeks (per-protocol population). At the end of the observation period, this @entity1 population was assessed for various aspects of compliance using a 4-item Morisky scale ranging from 1 = least compliance to 4 = maximal compliance. Safety was evaluated in all 1099 @entity1 receiving @entity26742 treatment. RESULTS: The mean satisfactory @entity26742 dose of 5.4 +/- 1.6 mg/24 h was reached after 27 +/- 17 days; 84% of the @entity1 did not require dose adjustments during maintenance. Complete compliance questionnaires were available for 863 @entity1 (92%) who achieved a mean compliance sum score of 15.1 +/- 1.6 points out of the maximum 16 points. Mean scores of 3.6-3.9 points for the four scale items indicate that the patch was applied once-daily and at the appropriate time by the majority of the @entity1 , independent of their clinical status. Skin reactions (3.7%) and known dopaminergic side-effects such as @entity390 (3.5%) were mostly mild or moderate in intensity. CONCLUSIONS: @entity26742 transdermal patch was associated with high compliance in @entity1 with @entity191 under clinical practice conditions.

title: High compliance with @entity26742 transdermal patch in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26742 :: ('MESH:C047508', 'Chemical') :: ['rotigotine', 'Rotigotine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["idiopathic Parkinson's disease", "Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['idiopathic Parkinson's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing emphasis on integrated control of @entity1057 ( @entity1057 ) requires identification of co-endemic areas. Integrated surveys for @entity3754 ( @entity3754 ), @entity2040 and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) @entity281 have been recommended for this purpose. Integrated survey designs inevitably involve balancing the costs of surveys against accuracy of classifying areas for treatment, so-called implementation units (IUs). This requires an understanding of the main cost drivers and of how operating procedures may affect both cost and accuracy of surveys. Here we report a detailed cost analysis of the first round of integrated NTD surveys in Southern Sudan. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Financial and economic costs were estimated from financial expenditure records and interviews with survey staff using an ingredients approach. The main outcome was cost per IU surveyed. Uncertain variables were subjected to univariate sensitivity analysis and the effects of modifying standard operating procedures were explored. The average economic cost per IU surveyed was USD 40,206 or USD 9,573, depending on the size of the IU. The major cost drivers were two key categories of recurrent costs: i) survey consumables, and ii) personnel. CONCLUSION: The cost of integrated surveys in Southern Sudan could be reduced by surveying larger administrative areas for @entity3754 . If this approach was taken, the estimated economic cost of completing @entity3754 , @entity2040 and STH mapping in Southern Sudan would amount to USD 1.6 million. The methodological detail and costing template provided here could be used to generate cost estimates in other settings and readily compare these to the present study, and may help budget for integrated and single @entity1057 surveys elsewhere.

title: Integrated surveys of XXXX in southern Sudan: how much do they cost and can they be refined?

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3754 :: ('MESH:D004605', 'Disease') :: ['lymphatic filariasis', 'LF']

entities_list: @entity1057 :: ('MESH:D058069', 'Disease') :: ['NTDs', 'neglected tropical diseases']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

answer: @entity1057 :: (MESH:D058069,Disease) :: ['neglected tropical diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome of secondary intraocular lens implantation, compare final visual outcome between different categories of surgeon, and evaluate care provided by teaching hospitals to @entity1 with capsular complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="SETTING" NlmCategory="METHODS">Teaching hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective study. Subjects were recruited by examination of electronic medical records. All @entity1 operated for corrective surgery following capsular complications during @entity231 surgery were included. All @entity1 medical records were reviewed, and data were collected for 359 eyes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity and major complications. All collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed by SPSS 17 software using cross tabulation and Chi-squared tests. RESULTS: Surgical intervention made a significant difference to the final visual outcome (P < 0.001). The category of the trainee had a significant effect on the final visual outcome (P = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Capsular complications during @entity231 surgery should be surgically treated to improve outcome.

title: Final visual outcome following re exploration of XXXX performed by trainee surgeons in India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataracts']


abstract: One major expectation from the transcriptome in @entity1 is to characterize the biological basis of associations identified by genome-wide association studies. So far, few cis expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have been reliably related to disease susceptibility. Trans-regulating mechanisms may play a more prominent role in disease susceptibility. We analyzed 12,808 genes detected in at least 5% of circulating monocyte samples from a population-based sample of 1,490 European unrelated subjects. We applied a method of extraction of expression patterns-independent component analysis-to identify sets of co-regulated genes. These patterns were then related to 675,350 SNPs to identify major trans-acting regulators. We detected three genomic regions significantly associated with co-regulated gene modules. Association of these loci with multiple expression traits was replicated in Cardiogenics, an independent study in which expression profiles of monocytes were available in 758 subjects. The locus 12q13 (lead SNP @entity31026 ), previously identified as a type 1 @entity6 locus, was associated with a pattern including two cis eQTLs, @entity31027 and @entity31028 , and 5 trans eQTLs, one of which ( @entity12084 ) is a potential candidate for mediating T1D susceptibility. The locus 12q24 (lead SNP @entity31029 ), which has demonstrated extensive disease pleiotropy, including type 1 @entity6 , @entity101 , and @entity1593 , was associated to a pattern strongly correlating to blood pressure level. The strongest trans eQTL in this pattern was @entity5259 , a known marker of cellular proliferation in @entity5 . The locus 12q15 (lead SNP @entity31030 ) was associated with a pattern driven by two cis eQTLs, @entity16977 and @entity31031 , and including 34 trans eQTLs, several of them tumor-related genes. This study shows that a method exploiting the structure of co-expressions among genes can help identify genomic regions involved in trans regulation of sets of genes and can provide clues for understanding the mechanisms linking genome-wide association loci to disease.

title: Integrating genome-wide genetic variations and monocyte expression data reveals trans-regulated gene modules in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['celiac disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Abstract It is not entirely clear whether or not atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) directly inhibits vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus. Recently, a novel peptide, brain natriuretic peptide (BMP), which has been isolated from the brain, has been shown to have a similar action to ANP on the regulation of vasopressin release. Intracerebroventricular injection of both @entity18107 and ANP inhibits stimulus-evoked increases of plasma vasopressin level. The present study was undertaken: 1) to investigate whether @entity18107 affects the activity of neurons in the region of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) and SON which are involved in the control of body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation, 2) to reassess effects of ANP on SON neurons, and 3) to test whether @entity18107 exerts its effects by mechanisms which are different from those of ANP. Extracellular recordings were made from 213 AV3V and 110 SON spontaneously firing neurons in the @entity35 coronal hypothalamic slice preparation. Of the AV3V neurons tested, @entity18107 inhibited 86 (40%) and excited 2 (1%) while 125 neurons remained unaffected. A dose-response relationship was obtained for 7 AV3V neurons at different @entity18107 concentrations ranging from 10(-11) M to 10(-6) M; the firing rates of all 7 neurons decreased. The threshold concentration to evoke inhibitory responses was approximately 10(-10)M in the AV3V. When @entity18107 and ANP were applied to the same neuron, most AV3V neurons which were inhibited by @entity18107 were also inhibited by ANP and the neurons which were unaffected by @entity18107 were also unaffected by ANP. Thus, these two peptides probably have a similar action on AV3V neurons. When @entity18107 and @entity1808 were applied to a group of 60 neurons in the AV3V, most of the responsive neurons showed either inhibitory responses to @entity18107 or excitatory responses to @entity1808 . Both @entity18107 and ANP were applied to a group of 110 SON neurons: @entity18107 (10 (-7) M) inhibited 52 (75%) of 69 phasic (putative vasopressin) neurons, while @entity18107 affected none of the 41 non-phasic (putative @entity398 ) neurons. By contrast, ANP inhibited only 20 (29%) of 69 phasic neurons tested but it also had no effect on 41 non-phasic neurons tested. Our results are consistent with the suggestion that @entity18107 is involved in the regulation of vasopressin release by acting on SON neurons and AV3V neurons.

title: Inhibition by brain natriuretic Peptide of vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and neurons in the region of the anteroventral third ventricle in XXXX hypothalamic slice preparations.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Syrup of ipecac is widely used following accidental drug overdosage in @entity1 . Proof of its efficacy, however, in reducing the risk of @entity4968 is limited. We prospectively studied the effect of early v late induction of @entity391 by ipecac in 50 @entity1 younger than 5 years of age with accidental @entity1443 @entity4968 . The mean estimated ingested dose was 165 mg/kg, and all @entity1 vomited within 15 to 255 (mean 78) minutes postingestion. Although the predicted four-hour plasma @entity1443 concentration was 97 +/- 4 micrograms/mL (mean +/- SEM, calculated on the basis of the estimated ingested dose), the measured four-hour plasma @entity1443 concentration was 34 +/- 5 micrograms/mL (P less than .01). To assess the efficacy of early v late ipecac-induced @entity391 , we used the ratio of measured to predicted four-hour @entity1443 plasma concentration. The ratio of the measured to predicted four-hour level increased as the delay in @entity391 increased (r = .60, P less than .001). Ipecac syrup was administered more promptly when available in the home than when obtained from a pharmacy or a medical facility (26 +/- 8 v 83 +/- 13 minutes postingestion, respectively; P less than .001) and vomiting occurred earlier (49 +/- 9 v 103 +/- 12 minutes postingestion; P less than .01). Although the mean estimated doses ingested were greater in @entity1 who received ipecac syrup at home, their four-hour plasma @entity1443 concentrations were lower. These data suggest that prompt administration of ipecac syrup results in a greater reduction in plasma @entity1443 concentrations in potentially toxic overdosages in @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Ipecac-induced XXXX and reduction of plasma concentrations of drugs following accidental overdose in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['time to vomiting', 'emesis']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

answer: @entity391 :: (MESH:D014839,Disease) :: ['emesis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This is a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant @entity1 @entity2124 (rhGH) in preventing the development or reducing the duration of @entity86 ( @entity86 ). METHODS: Informed consent was obtained from each prospective subject. A total of 48 consecutive @entity1 undergoing the elective abdominal operations were randomly divided into the rhGH group and the placebo group. The rhGH group was given daily rhGH 0.15 U/kg from day 3 to day 9 after operation. The two groups had similar nutritional intakes. Plasma proteins, fatigue (Christensen score) and body weight were investigated before and after operations. @entity1568 balance was measured from day 3 to day 9 after operation. RESULTS: On postoperative day 10, the fatigue score in rhGH group was significantly lower than that in control group (P < 0.05); the level of fibronectin in rhGH group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a positive @entity1568 balance was achieved and kept in the rhGH-treated group during the postoperative period from the third day onward, whereas it was not achieved in the control group till day 9 postoperatively. Cumulative @entity1568 balance was significantly higher in rhGH group than in control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in @entity353 after operation (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The application of low doses of recombinant @entity1 @entity2124 can improve positive @entity1568 balance and reduce the courses of @entity86 . The serum fibronectin level is proved to be a reliable biochemical indicator of @entity86 .

title: [Effect of XXXX combined with nutritional support on @entity86 in @entity1 after abdominal operations].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrogen', 'nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative fatigue syndrome', 'POFS']

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: A population based case control study of adult haematological @entity5 and distance from, and magnetic fields associated with, overhead ( @entity2145 ) power lines has been carried out in the North West and Yorkshire regions of England. Three-thousand, one hundred and forty-four cases with histologically proven disease were entered into the study. One control per case, matched for age, sex, year of diagnosis and health district of residence, was selected from hospital discharges. Seven per cent of cases and controls lived near to @entity2145 power lines as defined by the study protocol. The measure of exposure used was the calculated magnetic field strength at each of these addresses due to maximum load currents carried by @entity2145 power lines in the 5 years preceding diagnosis. The odds ratio (OR) for living within 50 m of an @entity2145 line was 1.29 with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of 0.99-1.68 but a chi 2 test for trend with distance was not statistically significant. The analysis of calculated magnetic fields, did not produce any statistically odds ratios. The OR for magnetic fields greater than or equal to 0.1 mG was 1.03 (95% CI 0.81 1.32). Analysis of magnetic fields greater than or equal to 3.0 mG gave an OR of 1.87 (95% CI 0.79 4.42), but this result is based on small numbers. No evidence was found for confounding by the type of dwelling which was used as a partial surrogate for socio-economic status.

title: A case/control study of adult haematological XXXX in relation to overhead powerlines.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancies']


abstract: The objectives of the study were to examine EEG activities using power spectral analysis (PSA) of @entity25 ( @entity25 ), psychophysiological (PsyI) and paradoxical (ParI) @entity22 sufferers on two consecutive nights. @entity1 completed three nights of @entity15203 recordings in a sleep laboratory following a clinical evaluation. @entity1 were 26 PsyI, 20 ParI and 21 @entity25 (mean age=40 years, SD=9.4). All sleep cycles of Nights 2 and 3 were retained for PSA. The absolute and relative activity in frequency bands (0.00 to 125.00 Hz) were computed at multiple frontal, central and parietal sites in REM and NREM sleep. Mixed model ANOVAs were performed with absolute and relative PSA data to assess differences between groups and nights. Over the course of the two nights, more absolute delta activity at F3, @entity30904 was observed in ParI compared with PsyI suggesting deactivation of the left hemisphere in ParI and/or hyperactivation in PsyI. Further analysis on absolute PSA data revealed that differences between groups relate mostly to NREM. In REM, lower relative activity in slower frequency bands was found in ParI in comparison with @entity25 and less relative theta activity was found in PsyI compared with @entity25 implying higher activation in @entity22 . In addition, between nights variability has been found in absolute powers of faster frequency bands (beta to omega). Signs of decreased cortical activity in absolute PSA in NREM combined with increased relative cortical activation in REM were found in ParI which might contribute to the misperception of sleep in ParI.

title: REM and NREM power spectral analysis on two consecutive nights in psychophysiological and XXXX sufferers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['good sleepers', 'GS']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity22 :: (MESH:D007319,Disease) :: ['paradoxical insomnia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2388 Kinase (PK) deficiency is the most common enzymopathy of the glycolytic pathway in erythrocytes. It constitutes one of the common causes of @entity14451 . The aim of this study was to screen newborns in India for @entity2388 kinase (PK) deficiency in relation to unconjugated @entity3638 . METHODS: Laboratory investigations done included complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, direct and indirect @entity648 , assay of @entity5035 and PK activity, @entity855 and 2,3 DPG levels. All variables were studied in 50-cord blood samples from normal deliveries and 218 neonates with @entity3638 . RESULTS: 7 of the 218 cases of @entity4837 were @entity24523 with 30-40% reduction in PK activity. These cases also had a 3-4-fold increase in 2,3 DPG: @entity855 ratios, which is one of the additional indicators for @entity24523 . Six of the 7 @entity1 had a severe clinical course. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the prevalence of @entity24523 in @entity4837 cases is 3.21%, which is relatively high. This emphasizes the need for screening neonatal @entity3638 cases in India for @entity24523 .

title: Red cell @entity2388 kinase XXXX cases in India.

entities_list: @entity4837 :: ('MESH:D007567', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal jaundice', 'Indian neonatal jaundice']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity24523 :: ('MESH:C564858', 'Disease') :: ['PK deficiency', 'PK deficient']

entities_list: @entity14451 :: ('MESH:D000745', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity3638 :: ('MESH:D006932', 'Disease') :: ['hyperbilirubinemia']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['Pyruvate', 'pyruvate']

answer: @entity4837 :: (MESH:D007567,Disease) :: ['deficiency in neonatal jaundice']


abstract: The plasma concentration of the corticosteroid-binding globulin (mCBG) has been measured in @entity5434 , during different stages of reproduction and under hormonal treatments. The mCBG level was determined by a specific electroimmunoassay. There was no difference between females in the follicular phase and intact males; mCBG concentrations were respectively (mean +/- SEM) 469 +/- 53 and 443 +/- 25.6 nmol/l. The mCBG levels levels were similar during both the luteal (469 +/- 33.5 nmol/l) and the follicular phase (469 +/- 53 nmol/l). Compared to intact males, the mCBG levels were higher (P less than 0.05) in castrated males (527 +/- 6.6 nmol/l). During gestation, no systematic variations were found and the mCBG levels were not statistically different from the values found during the follicular phase. When @entity4520 was administered to castrated animals, the mCBG concentrations increased rapidly. In contrast, the values were reduced slightly by @entity251 treatment. The sex- @entity134 action on the mCBG levels was discussed and compared with the @entity5351 levels. We question also, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the mCBG levels during pregnancy.

title: Regulation of plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin in adult @entity5434 ( XXXX ) during different reproductive states.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity5434 :: ('9541', 'Species') :: ['Macaca fascicularis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity4520 :: ('MESH:C074283', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol benzoate']

answer: @entity5434 :: (9541,Species) :: ['Macaca fascicularis']


abstract: The scheme of isolation and purification of @entity11137 IMV B-7324 peptidase has been developed. This scheme includes @entity1329 precipitation and chromatography on neutral and charged TSK-gels. It was found that the enzyme hydrolyzes elastin and fibrin. The molecular weight is 26 kDa. It was shown that the enzyme is an alkaline @entity563 peptidase. The optimal pH of hydrolysis of elastin and fibrin were 9.0 and 10.0, respectively. The optimal temperature of elastin and fibrin hydrolysis are 40 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The high stability of the purified preparation in the studied range of pH and temperature was shown. The stabilizing effect of @entity219 at a concentration of 1 mM on the elastase activity, and the inhibitory effect of other divalent cations under study have been established. The investigated @entity2865 and @entity598 anions reduced activity by 20%, while @entity4613 anions increased activity by 15-30%.

title: [Purification and physicochemical properties of XXXX IMB B-7324 peptidase with elastolytic and fibrinolytic activity].

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity11137 :: ('1428', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus thuringiensis']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity1329 :: ('MESH:D000645', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium sulfate']

answer: @entity11137 :: (1428,Species) :: ['Bacillus thuringiensis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hyaluronan (HA), a major extracellular matrix component in epidermis, has been found to accumulate in the epidermis after disruption of the epidermal barrier; however, the precise mechanisms underlying this process are not yet clear. Alterations in the epidermal @entity460 gradient are an important signal for permeability-barrier homeostasis. Thus, we hypothesized that epidermal @entity460 -ions might regulate HA expression. AIM: To investigate whether changes in the epidermal @entity460 gradient and subsequent induction of cytokines regulate HA, HA synthase (HAS) and HA receptor ( @entity3844 ) expression in @entity19 epidermis, and to clarify the mechanisms of HA induction. METHODS: Sonophoresis of 1.5 mmol/L @entity141 -containing gel or @entity141 -free gel was performed to manipulate the epidermal @entity141 content without disrupting the permeability barrier. We also manipulated the @entity141 gradient by tape-stripping with or without 2 h immersion in 1.2 mmol/L @entity141 -containing solutions. Next we inhibited cytokine activity using @entity5 @entity39 factor ( @entity637 or interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors before sonophoresis. Six hours after each treatment, the expression of HA, HAS and @entity3844 were analysed using reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemical stains. RESULTS: Sonophoresis of @entity141 -free gel significantly increased HA, @entity14659 and @entity3844 expression in epidermis and in tape-stripped skin. However, the inhibition of @entity141 decrease in the @entity1729 by sonophoresis of @entity141 -containing gel or immersion of barrier-disrupted skin into a @entity141 -containing solution attenuated these inductions. Specific inhibitors of @entity637 and IL-1 specific inhibitors also abolished the sonophoresis-induced expression of HA, @entity14659 and @entity3844 . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that modulations in epidermal @entity460 regulate HA and @entity3844 expression directly or via induction of cytokines.

title: Stimulation of epidermal @entity460 gradient loss increases the expression of hyaluronan and @entity3844 in XXXX skin.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper epidermis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']