abstract: @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) causes severe and long lasting @entity3481 , @entity1118 , and @entity12805 . @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ) has shown to produce neuroprotective effect in a broad range of @entity179 animal models. This study designed to test the efficacy of intravenous infusion of @entity3090 for 36 h, in acutely injured @entity35 ' spinal cord: within first 4 h post-injury and, in chronically SC injured @entity35 : after one year of injury. Functional outcomes measured using standard BBB scale, The @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) and, @entity158 behavior assessment tests. 72 Female adult @entity35 subjected to moderate @entity1514 @entity1566 using MASCIS Impactor, blindly randomized as the following: (I) Acute @entity1566 + @entity3090 (II) Acute @entity1566 + saline. (III) Chronic @entity1566 + @entity3090 . (IV) Chronic @entity1566 + saline and, sham @entity1566 animals. @entity3090 i.v. treatment of acute and, chronic @entity1566 animals resulted in significantly better recovery of motor and sensory functions, BBB and @entity2653 (P < 0.005) and (P < 0.05) respectively. Tactile @entity1931 , mechanical nociception (P < 0.05) significantly improved. Paw withdrawal and, tail flick latencies increase significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, in the @entity3090 treated acute @entity1566 animals the percentage of lesion size area significantly reduced (P < 0.0001) and, the number of neurons in the spinal cord increased (P < 0.001). Percent areas of @entity9270 and @entity40 immunohistochemistry showed significant (P < 0.05) increase. We conclude that the therapeutic window of opportunity for @entity3090 to depict neurological recovery in @entity1566 animals, is viable up to one year post @entity1566 when intravenously infused for 36 h.

title: @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ) modulates neurological function when intravenously infused in acute and, chronically injured spinal cord of adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['Louisville Swim Scale', 'LSS']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia']

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate']

entities_list: @entity3481 :: ('MESH:D015417', 'Disease') :: ['motor and sensory deficits']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity12805 :: ('MESH:D020211', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic dysreflexia']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The @entity1 was a 23-year-old @entity1 with @entity2662 carrier and was diagnosed as @entity21361 soon after her birth. In November 1990 at her age of 16, she began to have @entity221 and @entity4841 which were not improved despite the administration of antibiotics. Her laboratory findings showed the positive antinuclear antibody and anti-RNP antibody suggesting one of collagen diseases. A tentative diagnosis as unclassified connective tissue disease (UCTD) was made since her symptoms and laboratory findings were not satisfied with any criteria for @entity627 . The @entity134 therapy was started in February 1991 and showed a good response. On April 9th, 1996, however, she was admitted to our hospital because of recurrence of high @entity221 and chills. This time, she had @entity295 because of the evidence that @entity797 was detected in blood culture. Although her condition was improved by antibiotics on June 4th 1996, high @entity221 re-appeared and followed by @entity410 and disseminated @entity5642 . After the doses of prednisolone per day was increased to 40 mg with antibiotics and anticoagulant, her condition gradually improved. This @entity1 was a rare case of @entity21361 associated with UCTD and @entity295 in clinical course.

title: [A case of XXXX associated with unclassified connective tissue disease and @entity295 in clinical course].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity21361 :: ('MESH:D010916', 'Disease') :: ['pityriasis rubra pilaris']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic disorders']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsion']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity797 :: ('1351', 'Species') :: ['Enterococcus faecalis']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['polyarthralgia']

answer: @entity21361 :: (MESH:D010916,Disease) :: ['pityriasis rubra pilaris']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to prospectively evaluate whether intravenous contrast media in integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) with @entity419 ( @entity419 ) significantly contributes to evaluation of primary @entity135 compared with unenhanced PET/CT, regional contrast-enhanced CT of head and neck (neck CE-CT) and regional magnetic resonance imaging of head and neck (neck MRI). METHODS: Subjects were 42 consecutive @entity1 (35 @entity1 , 7 @entity1 ; age range: 36-91 years) with biopsy-proven primary @entity135 . Lesion detection of primary and nodal sites and TNM classification were assessed on a per- @entity1 basis. McNemar test and kappa statistics were employed for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Forty @entity1 (95%) were successfully followed up: 24 @entity1 had @entity66 and 3 had distant @entity3 . Contrast-enhanced and unenhanced PET/CT detected 98 and 95% of the primary @entity5 , respectively, and both detected 92% of @entity1 with @entity66 , which revealed no statistically significant difference. Accuracy for T status was 75 and 73%, respectively, which proved significantly more accurate than neck CE-CT, which had an accuracy of 53% (p = 0.0133 and 0.0233, respectively). Neck MRI correctly classified the T status in 58% of @entity1 ; however, no statistically significant difference was found between PET/CT and neck MRI. Contrast-enhanced PET/CT, unenhanced PET/CT, neck CT and neck MRI correctly staged the N status in 90, 90, 79 and 90% of @entity1 , respectively, with no statistically significant difference. Overall TNM classification was correctly classified in 68 and 65% of @entity1 , respectively. Weighted kappa values between enhanced and unenhanced PET/CT for primary @entity5 detection, nodal detection, T status and N status were 0.655, 1.000, 0.935 and 1.000, respectively. CONCLUSION: We found almost perfect correlation between enhanced and unenhanced PET/CT for lesion detection and initial staging of primary @entity135 . Routine contrast administration for PET/CT imaging may not be justified.

title: Staging primary XXXX with @entity419 PET/CT: is intravenous contrast administration really necessary?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancers']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose', '(18)F-FDG']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recovery after a major @entity64 is usually limited, but cell therapy for @entity1 with fixed @entity51 is emerging. Several recent clinical trials have investigated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for @entity1 with @entity385 . We previously reported the results of a controlled trial on the application of autologous MSCs in @entity1 with @entity385 with a long-term follow-up of up to 5 years (the 'STem cell Application Researches and Trials In NeuroloGy' (STARTING) study). The results from this pilot trial are challenging, but also raise important issues. In addition, there have been recent efforts to improve the safety and efficacy of MSC therapy for @entity64 . METHODS AND DESIGN: The clinical and preclinical background and the STARTING-2 study protocol are provided. The trial is a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint (PROBE) clinical trial. Both acute and @entity64 @entity1 will be selected based on clinical and radiological features and followed for 3 months after MSC treatment. The subjects will be randomized into one of two groups: (A) a MSC group (n = 40) or (B) a control group (n = 20). Autologous MSCs will be intravenously administered after ex vivo culture expansion with autologous @entity63 serum obtained as early as possible, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy ( @entity63 preconditioning). Objective outcome measurements will be performed using multimodal MRI and detailed functional assessments by blinded observers. DISCUSSION: This trial is the first to evaluate the efficacy of MSCs in @entity1 with @entity385 . The results may provide better evidence for the effectiveness of MSC therapy in @entity1 with @entity385 . TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01716481.

title: Intravenous transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells preconditioned with early phase XXXX serum: current evidence and study protocol for a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'chronic stroke']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: @entity2026 , @entity308 , and @entity73 are common consequences of @entity64 , but knowledge of their interrelationship is limited. This 1-year prospective study was designed to evaluate prevalence and course of post- @entity64 @entity2026 and to study its @entity146 , neurological, and cognitive correlates. We studied a series of 106 consecutive @entity1 (46 @entity1 and 60 @entity1 , mean age 65. 8 years) with first-ever ischaemic @entity4798 . The @entity1 were clinically examined, and presence and type of @entity2026 were evaluated during the 1st week after @entity64 and 3 and 12 months later. Psychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations were performed 3 and 12 months after @entity64 . @entity2026 was diagnosed in 34% of the @entity1 during the acute phase, and two thirds of them remained so 12 months later. Seventy percent of the aphasic @entity1 fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria of @entity308 3 months and 62% 12 months after @entity64 . The prevalence of @entity308 increased from 11 to 33% during the 12-month follow-up period. The non-verbal neuropsychological test performance in the aphasic @entity1 was significantly inferior to that of the @entity1 with dominant hemisphere lesion without @entity2026 . One third of the @entity1 with @entity64 suffer from @entity497 which seem to increase the risk of @entity308 and @entity73 . Although the prevalence of @entity308 in aphasic @entity1 decreases in the long term, the proportion of @entity1 suffering from @entity308 seems to increase. We emphasize the importance of the multidimensional evaluation of aphasic @entity64 @entity1 .

title: XXXX , @entity308 , and @entity73 in @entity64 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4798 :: ('MESH:D020520', 'Disease') :: ['brain infarction']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'ischaemic stroke']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive dysfunction', 'non-verbal cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity2026 :: ('MESH:D001037', 'Disease') :: ['Aphasia', 'aphasia']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['communicative disorders']

answer: @entity2026 :: (MESH:D001037,Disease) :: ['Aphasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alternative methods of calculating the albumin excretion rate (AER) in the absence of complete and accurate @entity1 documentation, since microalbuminuria in @entity1 with @entity6 is associated with serious complications and since @entity1 often make errors in recording the volume and timing of urine collection, making AER calculations inaccurate. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Recruitment sites, including all native reserves, across southern Alberta. @entity1 : Population-based group of 1286 subjects with @entity6 participating in the Southern Alberta Study of @entity6 . INTERVENTIONS: Timed AERs were measured in the subjects; urinary albumin concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. OUTCOME MEASURES: A formula for the prediction of AER was based on the clinical data from the subjects. Several factors were considered in developing the formula: insulin-using status, weight, sex and urine and serum @entity1011 concentrations. RESULTS: A mathematical model for estimation of the AER was developed; incorporation of insulin use, sex and weight provides a more accurate estimate of AER. According to this model, @entity1 typically appear to have a lower AER than @entity1 and heavier @entity1 appear to have a higher AER than @entity1 with lower body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The use of mathematical formulae to calculate the AER provides an accurate estimate of the AER, particularly when data related to the volume and timing of urine collection are missing. These formulae will be valuable in large epidemiologic screening programs.

title: Factors influencing the estimation of the albumin excretion rate in subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic Retinopathy', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes mellitus']


abstract: Induction of @entity1457 proteins (HSPs) following cell injury contributes to the protection of vital cell functions. It was, therefore, of interest to study the effects of transient @entity8 on the abundance and distribution of two HSPs, @entity28915 and @entity34445 , in renal tissue using Western-blot techniques. Analyses were performed on the supernatant ( @entity28915 , @entity34445 ) and pellet ( @entity28915 ) of homogenates obtained from cortex (CX) and outer (OM) and inner (IM) medulla of the @entity35 kidney immediately after 60 min of ischaemia followed by varying periods of reperfusion. Ischaemia of the left kidney caused @entity28915 contents to decrease in CX, OM and IM by 73, 89 and 54% respectively, compared with the corresponding zones of the contralateral control kidney. This initial decrease in supernatant @entity28915 was accompanied by an increased abundance of @entity28915 in the pellet. Following reperfusion, @entity28915 contents in the supernatant gradually increased in CX and OM, reaching, after 24 h, values that were 5.4- and 2.5-fold higher, respectively, than those in the control kidneys. After 7 or 14 days of reperfusion, @entity28915 contents had not completely normalised in CX, but had reached control levels in OM. In IM, the @entity28915 content remained below control throughout the entire reperfusion period. @entity34445 (supernatant) was below the detection limit in the CX of the control kidney. Similar to the level of @entity28915 , that of @entity34445 was also markedly lower in OM and IM immediately after ischaemia. The intrarenal distribution of @entity34445 and the sequence of zonal changes in @entity34445 contents were similar to those observed for @entity28915 . These results are compatible with the view that, during ischaemia and the initial reperfusion period, @entity28915 migrates from the cytoplasmic compartment (supernatant) into the nucleus and/or associates with cytoskeletal structures. The observation that both @entity28915 and @entity34445 are transiently induced in CX and OM, but not in IM, may be explained by the fact that, while all kidney cells are exposed to ischaemic stress, only inner medullary cells experience a major postischaemic attenuation of osmotic stress.

title: The response of XXXX proteins 25 and 72 to ischaemia in different kidney zones.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: @entity28 has been considered one of the leading causative agents for diseases such as type 2 @entity6 , @entity64 , and @entity299 . Due to their complex etiology, establishing a useful animal model is increasingly crucial for better molecular understanding of how @entity28 influences on disease development. OLETF @entity35 is a spontaneous model of type 2 @entity6 . We mapped 14 @entity4854 QTLs in the genome of the OLETF @entity35 and subsequently generated a panel of congenic strains each possessing @entity29614 mutation in F344 genetic background. Here we show that one of the loci, Nidd2/of, is highly responsive to @entity28 . When leptin receptor mutation is introgressed into the Nidd2/of congenic strain, the @entity35 showed @entity4854 equivalent to that of the parental OLETF @entity35 . This suggests that the Nidd2/of locus has a strong genetic interaction with leptin signaling pathway. Furthermore, when another @entity4854 QTL Nidd1/of is additionally combined, the strain developed overt @entity6 . A single QTL dissected out in spontaneous model normally exerts only mild effect on the quantitative trait, which makes it difficult to clone the gene. Our new model may help not only to identify the causative gene but also to investigate how @entity28 interacts with a QTL to regulate @entity6 traits.

title: Single @entity6 QTL derived from OLETF @entity35 is a sufficient agent for severe XXXX phenotype in combination with leptin-signaling deficiency.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart attack']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Glasgow Benefit Plot (GBP) is a graph showing the pure-tone thresholds preoperatively and postoperatively, and is meant to visualize the possible outcome of binaural hearing for individual @entity1 . We used our database comprising a large number of @entity1 data to test the usefulness of the GBP. STUDY DESIGN: Evaluation based on retrospective clinical data. SETTING: Tertiary referral center, University clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Audiometric assessment included bilateral preoperative and postoperative evaluation using conventional audiometry. Three preoperative groups (unilateral, asymmetric, and symmetric @entity393 ) were split into 6 postoperative categories in the GBP diagram. RESULTS: Considering the 509 operations, including 34 bilateral operations, the total outcome was distributed as follows: 34% resulted in bilateral normal hearing, 24% unilateral normal hearing (in operated ear), 14% still unilateral @entity393 (in operated ear), 13% symmetric @entity393 , 10% asymmetric @entity393 (operated ear best), 5% still asymmetric @entity393 (nonoperated ear best). The distribution of outcomes depended in part on the bone conduction level in the operated ear and in part on the hearing status in the contralateral ear. CONCLUSION: The GBP is a useful instrument that provides a means for judging the binaural hearing status. However, the outcome of stapes surgery for individual @entity1 and for a group depends critically on the preoperative audiometric criteria for @entity1 who are chosen for surgery. In cases of depressed bone conductions, the method does not indicate the upper limit for possible hearing improvement. A number of @entity1 with combined @entity393 were included in the present study population. In preoperative counseling, the GBP must be complemented with information with regard to the limitation of possible hearing improvement owing to the individual bone conduction level.

title: Using the Glasgow Benefit Plot as a prognostic instrument and for preoperative counseling in XXXX with otosclerosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing impairment', 'hearing impairments']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIMS: Evaluation of the cellular effects of Origanum compactum essential oil on @entity796 ATCC 27853 and @entity794 ATCC 29213. METHODS AND RESULTS: The damage induced by O. compactum essential oil on these two strains has been studied using different techniques: plate count, @entity972 leakage, flow cytometry (FC) and @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ). The results showed that oil treatment led to reduction of cells viability and dissipated @entity972 ion gradients. Flow cytometric analysis showed that oil treatment promoted the accumulation of @entity52642 and the membrane-impermeable nucleic acid stain @entity2667 (PI), indicating the loss of membrane potential and permeability. The ability to reduce @entity53242 was inhibited. Unlike in Ps. aeruginosa, membrane potential and membrane permeability in Staph. aureus cells were affected by oil concentration and contact time. Finally, @entity1579 showed various structural effects. Mesosome-like structures were seen in oil-treated Staph. aureus cells whereas in Ps. aeruginosa, coagulated cytoplasmic material and liberation of membrane vesicles were observed, and intracellular material was seen in the surrounding environment. Both FC and @entity1579 revealed that the effects in Ps. aeruginosa were greater than in Staph. aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Oregano essential oil induces membrane damage showed by the leakage of @entity972 and uptake of PI and @entity52642 . Ultrastructural alterations and the loss of cell viability were observed. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Understanding the mode of antibacterial effect of the oil studied is of a great interest in it further application as natural preservative in food or pharmaceutical industries.

title: Investigation of functional and morphological changes in @entity796 and XXXX cells induced by Origanum compactum essential oil.

entities_list: @entity53242 :: ('MESH:C075453', 'Chemical') :: ['5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['transmission electron microscopy', 'TEM']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: The lower urinary tract is affected by @entity15 in many @entity1 . We screened urologically and neurologically 120 @entity1 with a confirmed diagnosis of @entity15 . The mean age was 42 years (range 22 to 69 years). Urodynamic investigation as well as neuro-urophysiological investigations were performed in all @entity1 . Renal ultrasound was used to study morphology, and excretory urogram (IVU) was used to assess renal function and the upper urinary tracts in 105 @entity1 . Obstructive symptoms were found more commonly than irritative symptoms. The urinary symptoms were found to be related to disease duration and not to disability status. @entity854 were statistically significantly related to disease duration (X2 = 38.51; P = 0.0001), and to the disability status (X2 = 76.70; P = 0.0001). Few @entity1 , only 3.3%, had upper urinary tract dilatation. With medical management, @entity3041 disappeared in all of the @entity1 and did not recur. A combination of oral pharmacological agents and clean intermittent catheterization was used in the majority of the @entity1 . We conclude that lower @entity854 can be present in every @entity1 with @entity15 , and appear to be related to disease duration and disability status, thus early treatment based upon urodynamic evaluation and close follow-up can reduce morbidity and improve the quality of life.

title: Urinary tract dysfunction in XXXX : is there a relation with disease-related parameters?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Urodynamic abnormalities', 'urodynamic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: Prototypical microRNAs (miRNAs) are 21 approximately 25-base-pair RNAs that regulate differentiation, @entity105 , and pluripotency by eliminating mRNAs or blocking their translation, in a process that is collectively termed RNA interference (RNAi). In @entity3392 , RNAi mediated by miRNAs regulates early development, and in @entity19 embryos that lack the miRNA precursor processor Dicer are nonviable. However, the roles of miRNAs in @entity1 fertilization are unknown. In this report, we show using microarrays that miRNAs are present in @entity19 sperm structures that enter the oocyte at fertilization. The sperm contained a broad profile of miRNAs and a subset of potential mRNA targets, which were expressed in fertilizable metaphase II (mII) oocytes. Oocytes contained transcripts for the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) catalytic subunit, @entity49013 (formerly @entity49013 ). However, the levels of sperm-borne miRNA (measured by quantitative PCR) were low relative to those of unfertilized mII oocytes, and fertilization did not alter the mII oocyte miRNA repertoire that included the most abundant sperm-borne miRNAs. Coinjection of mII oocytes with sperm heads plus anti-miRNAs to suppress miRNA function did not perturb pronuclear activation or preimplantation development. In contrast, nuclear transfer by microinjection altered the miRNA profile of enucleated oocytes. These data suggest that sperm-borne prototypical miRNAs play a limited role, if any, in @entity1 fertilization or early preimplantation development.

title: A restricted role for sperm-borne microRNAs in XXXX fertilization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological evidence suggests that genetic factors can affect the course of @entity2412 produced by long-lasting @entity4854 . In this review, the current strategies applicable to identifying these genetic factors are examined, as are recent findings on the genetics of @entity2316 and whether these are applicable to type 1 @entity6 @entity1 care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole-genome screening and candidate gene strategies can be applied to the genetics of @entity2412 . The search for candidate genes can focus on enzymes involved in @entity413 metabolism or on those affecting non-glycemic-dependent vascular risk. For each candidate, the level of evidence may vary from case-control to intervention studies. Literature on @entity2412 and a possible role for genetics was examined systematically. RESULTS: The most significant results were obtained regarding a role for polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system in @entity2316 . Several studies suggest a role for @entity1289 insertion/deletion polymorphism in the development of @entity8 . However, the level of evidence is currently not sufficient to recommend treatment strategy based on this or any other polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS: The search for a genetic basis of @entity2412 is an important avenue to examine their pathophysiologies. However, it is still premature to apply the current findings in this domain to type 1 @entity6 @entity1 care.

title: Genetics and the prediction of complications in type 1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal complications']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin I converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['type 1 diabetes complications', 'diabetic complications']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the mechanisms of @entity158 caused by a @entity954 . The authors have developed a @entity35 model of @entity282 characterized by decreased withdrawal thresholds to punctate mechanical stimuli after plantar incision. The present studies examined the response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons receiving input from the plantar aspect of the foot before and after a plantar incision placed adjacent to the low threshold area of the @entity2194 ( @entity2194 ). METHODS: Individual dorsal horn neurons from the lumbar enlargement were antidromically identified and characterized as low threshold, wide dynamic range (WDR), and @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) based on their responses to brush and pinch. Thresholds (in millinewtons), the pinch @entity2194 , and stimulus-response functions (SRFs) to von Frey filaments characterized the neurons. SRFs were analyzed using area under the curve. Changes in background activity, punctate mechanical thresholds, SRFs, and @entity2194 were recorded after an incision was made adjacent to the most sensitive area of the @entity2194 . RESULTS: In all cells, an incision increased background activity; this remained elevated in 3 of 9 @entity2101 and 16 of 28 WDR neurons 1 h later. The SRFs were enhanced in 10 of 27 WDR neurons and in 2 of 8 @entity2101 cells after incision. Only the WDR neurons were responsive to filaments that produced withdrawal responses after incision in behavioral experiments. Increases in the RFs outside of the injured area occurred after incision in 15 of 29 WDR and 2 of 9 @entity2101 cells. CONCLUSION: A plantar incision caused dorsal horn cell activation and central sensitization. Because the threshold of @entity2101 neurons did not decrease to the range of the withdrawal responses in behavioral experiments, particular WDR dorsal horn neurons likely contribute to the reduced withdrawal threshold observed in behavioral experiments. Both WDR and @entity2101 neurons are capable of transmitting enhanced responses to strong punctate mechanical stimuli after incision.

title: Alterations in ascending dorsal horn neurons by a XXXX in the @entity35 foot.

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['RF', 'receptive field']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['HT', 'high threshold']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['surgical incision']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity954 :: (MESH:D016063,Disease) :: ['surgical incision']


abstract: @entity750 ( @entity750 ) plays an important role in controlling food intake and regulating body weight. In addition, clinical studies suggest a possible role for @entity750 in the @entity1278 . Recently, we have examined the effects of pharmacological manipulation of the @entity750 system in female @entity35 exposed to conditions that promote activity-based @entity448 (ABA). In this animal model of @entity1278 , @entity35 are food restricted (2 h access/day) while given the opportunity to exercise in running wheels. These conditions promote symptoms of @entity1278 including hypophagia, @entity2915 , progressive @entity353 , and disruptions of the ovarian reproductive cycle. Previously, we demonstrated that increased @entity750 activity increased the @entity353 associated with ABA in female @entity35 . Here, we investigated whether decreased @entity750 activity would attenuate symptoms of ABA. Food-restricted female @entity35 received injections of @entity10097 , a drug that reduces serotonergic neurotransmission, or saline vehicle 40 min prior to food access. During this restricted-feeding phase, food intake was similar between groups; however, @entity10097 prevented the @entity2915 observed in saline-treated @entity35 . This resulted in less @entity353 in @entity10097 -treated @entity35 , suggesting that decreased activation of the @entity750 system attenuates the development of ABA.

title: Treatment with @entity10097 attenuates the @entity353 associated with activity-based XXXX in female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1278 :: ('MESH:D000856', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia nervosa', 'etiology of anorexia nervosa']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

answer: @entity448 :: (MESH:D000855,Disease) :: ['anorexia']


abstract: In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of the Roche Kinetic Interaction of Microparticles in Solution (KIMS) screening assay for cannabinoid metabolites. Urine specimens (N = 1689) were collected during elimination of cannabinoids from 25 subjects with a history of marijuana use. Specimens were analyzed concurrently for cannabinoid metabolites by a customized Department of Defense ( @entity25739 ) cannabinoid KIMS kit (50-ng/mL cutoff) and for @entity50148 ( @entity839 - @entity1473 ) by GC- @entity15 (15-ng/mL cutoff). As compared to GC- @entity15 results, the sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the KIMS assay were 69.7%, 99.8%, and 88.6%, respectively. Many of the false-negative results had GC- @entity15 concentrations between 15 and 26 ng/mL (N = 151). The cannabinoid screening results for the @entity25739 samples tested by the laboratory during the same 8-month period were also evaluated. The linear regression analyses of GC- @entity15 results in the 15-50 ng/mL range and KIMS data resulted in regression coefficients of 0.689 for the research specimens and 0.546 for @entity25739 specimens. The results suggest that the KIMS cannabinoid screening assay is deficient in detecting positives around the cutoff (15-25 ng/mL @entity839 - @entity1473 ). This limitation of the KIMS cannabinoid screening method compromises the identification of true positive specimens, therefore reducing the effectiveness of the assay. The success of the @entity25739 program is dependent on sensitive and specific screening assays; the high prevalence of false-negative cannabinoid results compromises the program's primary objective of drug deterrence.

title: A comparison of Roche Kinetic Interaction of Microparticles in Solution (KIMS) assay for cannabinoids and GC- @entity15 analysis for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity50148 :: ('MESH:C016780', 'Chemical') :: ['11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol']

answer: @entity50148 :: (MESH:C016780,Chemical) :: ['11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the medical and technical feasibility of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in high-risk nonmetastatic @entity356 stage @entity1605 and III after primary gastrectomy and D2 lymphadenectomy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A prospective nonrandomized phase @entity1605 trial was performed on 25 consecutive @entity1 with @entity356 with high risk (T3-4, N1-3, G2-3, R0-1). The dose delivered was 45  Gy (1.80  Gy per fraction) in IMRT technique. Concurrent @entity1487 -based chemotherapy at 225  mg/m(2) was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion. Primary endpoints were @entity344 (CTC 4.0) and technical feasibility of IMRT in regard to dose planning and radiation delivery. RESULTS: Early acute events were defined as clinical and chemical adverse effects of IMRT and concurrent chemotherapy during treatment. By definition, 90  days after the end of IMRT has been evaluated as acute-phase @entity137 . No @entity1 had grade 4 or higher acute adverse events. Clinical grade 3 @entity137 occurred in two @entity1 (8  %) with @entity294 and in one case (4  %) with @entity390 . Hematological changes with grade 3 occurred in three cases (12  %) with hemoglobin decrease, in five cases (25  %) as @entity1431 , and in one case (4  %) with @entity882 . The mean dose for liver was 16  Gy and the percentage volume exceeding 30  Gy (V30) was 21  %. Mean dose for right and left kidney was 9 and 13  Gy, respectively, and V20 was 9  % and 13  %, respectively. Heart received a median dose of 15  Gy and V40 was 17  %. The mean dose to the bowel was 11  Gy and V40 was 6  %. Spinal cord had at maximum 33  Gy in median. Specifics of dose distribution, including the coverage, for the target region were as follows: minimum was 33  Gy, maximum 48.6  Gy, and mean dose 44.6  Gy. The prescribed dose (45  Gy) covered 99  % and 95  % of planning target volume (OTV) in 66  % and 92  % of cases, respectively. Median @entity343 was 15.77  ml (range, 805-3,604  ml). CONCLUSIONS: The data support the practical feasibility of IMRT in adjuvant treatment in high-risk @entity356 in the postoperative setting as a proof of principle. Acute @entity137 has been tolerable.

title: Image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for XXXX with locally advanced @entity356 : a clinical feasibility study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In previous studies, it was shown that @entity19 infected with @entity21552 adami have a deficiency in their production of @entity9686 immunoglobulin, suggesting isotype-specific immunoregulation. In order to examine this phenomenon in further detail the expression of Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma R) on T cells obtained from @entity19 infected with @entity21552 was studied by flow cytometry. There was an increase in the number of @entity1619 cells which expressed Fc gamma R during infection. At the peak of the acute stage of infection (10-15 days) up to 40% of T cells were positive for Fc gamma R expression. These Fc gamma R were present on about 40% of both @entity3414 + and L3T4+T cells. The isotype preference of these receptors on control Thy-1+ T cells is @entity9686 greater than @entity10986 greater than @entity9749 as determined by an inhibition assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. However, 2 to 3 weeks after infection this pattern was altered such that @entity10986 and @entity9749 represented the major isotypes binding to the Fc gamma R of the L3T4+ T cell. At this stage of infection Fc gamma R on L3T4+ cells fail to bind @entity9686 . In the @entity3414 % T cells @entity9686 and @entity10986 remained the best inhibitors. These data suggest that there may be changes in Fc gamma R expression on T cells during infection reflected particularly in a decreased ability of @entity9686 to bind to the Fc gamma R of L3T4+ cells.

title: Expression of Fc gamma receptors on @entity1619 cells of @entity19 infected with XXXX adami.

entities_list: @entity21552 :: ('5825', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium chabaudi', 'P. chabaudi']

answer: @entity21552 :: (5825,Species) :: ['Plasmodium chabaudi']


abstract: This article aims to define the incidence of complications in 867 thyroidectomies performed by residents with attending surgeons' supervision as part of a training programme, in a region of @entity4759 . Seven hundred and nine @entity1 were female and 158 were male. The age of the @entity1 ranged between 6 and 76 and mean age was 32.5. Cases were divided into two groups according to their disease nature. Group 1 included 805 @entity1 with nodular @entity5651 (NCG) and @entity652 . The remaining 62 cases, 25 with recurrence of @entity5651 (RG), 21 with @entity1374 ( @entity1374 ) and 16 with @entity1374 formed group 2. While the overall complication rate was 11.3% (93 cases) in group 1, it was 20.9% (13 cases) in group 2. The mortality rate was zero in both groups. The incidence of complications of 867 thyroidectomies performed by residents with the attending surgeons' supervision was within acceptable limits especially as far as group 1 was concerned. However we suggested that attending surgeons themselves, disregarding residents training, should perform the operation in special cases such as recurrent goiters, @entity259 with positive regional lymph nodes and @entity1374 with regional adhesions.

title: Complications of 867 thyroidectomies performed in a region of XXXX in Turkey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5651 :: ('MESH:D006042', 'Disease') :: ['goiter', 'colloidal goiter']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity4759 :: ('MESH:D006043', 'Disease') :: ['endemic goiter']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid malignancy', 'thyroiditis', 'TM']

answer: @entity4759 :: (MESH:D006043,Disease) :: ['endemic goiter']


abstract: Vaccinia phosphatase VH-1 and its @entity1 counterparts, including protein- @entity669 phosphatases (PTPase) @entity14520 and @entity42925 , constitute a novel subfamily of protein- @entity669 phosphatases that exhibits dual substrate specificity for @entity10393 - and @entity8283 / @entity1889 -containing substrates. The expression of @entity1 VH-1-like PTPase @entity14520 is rapidly inducible by mitogen stimulation and oxidative stress, suggesting that this gene is transcriptionally regulated. In order to study the mechanism underlying this transcriptional regulation, we isolated the first @entity1 gene of this subfamily, the @entity14520 gene, and characterized its promoter. The gene consists of four exons intervened by three short introns 400-500 base pairs in length. Analysis of the protein sequence encoded by each exon revealed that there is a second region of similarity between @entity14520 protein and @entity10609 in addition to the PTPase catalytic domain. Promoter analysis of the @entity14520 gene indicates that an 800-base pair region flanking the transcriptional initiation site is sufficient to confer a transcriptional response to serum and @entity864 stimulation. The @entity14520 gene is expressed in numerous tissues, including nonmitotic cells in the brain. Within the brain, @entity14520 mRNA is localized in discrete neuronal populations, suggesting that this PTPase is likely to play a key role in neurotransmission as well as in mitotic signaling. Finally, although extracellular signal-regulated kinase has recently been shown to act as substrate for @entity14520 in vitro, we find no clear correspondence between the distribution of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and @entity14520 mRNA in the brain. The potential significance of a second @entity10609 homology domain of @entity14520 is discussed.

title: Isolation and characterization of a XXXX dual specificity protein- @entity669 phosphatase gene.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity8283 :: ('CHEBI:15811', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoserine']

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity10393 :: ('CHEBI:74956', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphotyrosine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoid hormones, in interaction with @entity1063 , enable the consolidation of emotionally arousing and stressful experiences in rodents and @entity1 . Such interaction is thought to occur at least partly in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) which is crucially involved in emotional memory formation. Extensive evidence points to long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) as a mechanism contributing to memory formation. Here we determined in adolescent C57/Bl6 @entity19 the effects of stress on LTP in the LA-BLA pathway and the specific roles of corticosteroid and b-adrenergic receptor activation in this process. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Exposure to 20 min of restraint stress (compared to control treatment) prior to slice preparation enhanced subsequent LTP induction in vitro, without affecting baseline fEPSP responses. The role of glucocorticoid receptors, mineralocorticoid receptors and b2-adrenoceptors in the effects of stress was studied by treating @entity19 with the antagonists @entity3927 , @entity1482 or @entity1169 respectively (or the corresponding vehicles) prior to stress or control treatment. In undisturbed controls, @entity3927 and @entity1169 administration in vivo did not influence LTP induced in vitro. By contrast, @entity1482 caused a gradually attenuating form of LTP, both in unstressed and stressed @entity19 . @entity3927 treatment prior to stress strongly reduced the ability to induce LTP in vitro. @entity1169 normalized the stress-induced enhancement of LTP to control levels during the first 10 min after high frequency stimulation, after which synaptic responses further declined. CONCLUSIONS: Acute stress changes BLA electrical properties such that subsequent LTP induction is facilitated. Both b-adrenergic and glucocorticoid receptors are involved in the development of these changes. Mineralocorticoid receptors are important for the maintenance of LTP in the BLA, irrespective of stress-induced changes in the circuit. The prolonged changes in BLA network function after stress may contribute to effective memory formation of emotional and stressful events.

title: Stress-induced enhancement of XXXX amygdalar synaptic plasticity depends on glucocorticoid and   -adrenergic activity.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol', 'Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3927 :: ('MESH:D015735', 'Chemical') :: ['Mifepristone', 'mifepristone']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Despite acid secretion being normal in the majority of @entity1 with @entity354 ( @entity354 ) or @entity355 , acid inhibition represents the mainstay of treatment for both these conditions, with the aim of reducing the aggressive nature of the refluxate toward the esophageal mucosa. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) represent, therefore, the first choice medical treatment for @entity354 , in that they are able to provide an 80-85% healing rate for esophageal lesions, a 56-76% symptom relief and also reduce the incidence of complications, such as strictures as well as @entity1141 and @entity420 in @entity355 . According to a widely quoted systematic review, compared to @entity1 with @entity2910 , @entity1 with @entity354 (i.e., NERD) display a reduced symptom relief with PPIs, with about 20% reduction of therapeutic gain. In this issue of NeuroGastroenterology _ Motility, Weijenborg et  al. address for the first time the PPI efficacy in subpopulations of @entity1 with NERD. The study shows clearly that, when the diagnosis is accurately made by including a functional test, NERD @entity1 respond to PPI therapy in a similar way to those with @entity66 . Although not as frequent as previously suggested, however, PPI-refractory heartburn does exist. Some 20% (range: 15-27%) of correctly diagnosed and appropriately treated @entity1 do not respond to PPI treatment at standard doses. Although the pathophysiology underlying PPI failure in @entity354 is complex and likely multifactorial, acid (be it the sole component of refluxate or not) still remains a major causative factor. A better and more predictable form of acid suppression should therefore be pursued.

title: Poor effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in XXXX : the truth in the end!

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['erosive disease']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['erosive esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastro-esophageal reflux disease', 'GERD', 'non-erosive reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['non-erosive reflux disease']


abstract: Single-port laparoscopic surgery has undergone significant development over the past 5 years. Single port is used in various procedures, including bariatric surgery. The aim of this paper is to describe a surgical technique for gastric bypass with a transumbilical approach (transumbilical gastric bypass-TUGB) with hand-sewn gastrojejunostomy, in selected @entity1 who may be benefited by a better cosmetic result. The procedure begins with a transumbilical vertical incision. We use the GelPOINT single-port device and a 5-mm assistant trocar in the left flank (in the first two cases, a 2-mm subxiphoid liver retractor was used). A gastric pouch is made and calibrated with a 36-Fr bougie. The gastrojejunal @entity254 is performed by hand-sewing in two layers. A Roux-en-Y with a biliary limb of 50 cm and an alimentary limb of 120 cm is performed with a stapler. Three @entity1 were subjected to TUGB. The @entity1 were aged 28, 31, and 42 years; they had body mass indexes of 40.3, 33, and 38.2; and the operating times were 150, 200, and 150 min, respectively. The first two @entity1 underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and the last @entity1 underwent a RYGB with a resection of the stomach remnant. There were no conversions to open or multitrocar techniques. No complications or @entity204 occurred. The three @entity1 were satisfied with the cosmetic result. The technique described for TUGB is a feasible procedure for surgeons who have previous experience with the transumbilical approach.

title: Transumbilical laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with hand-sewn gastrojejunal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluates the effect of a novel coil with a @entity4832 ( @entity939 ) core that delivered basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to @entity439 in @entity95 induced by elastase. METHODS: @entity939 was processed to form small threads and inserted into the central core of a primary coil ( @entity939 -core coil). After immersion in saline or bFGF (500 or 2000 mug/ml), @entity939 -core coils were implanted into elastase-induced @entity439 in @entity95 in vivo. Follow-up angiography was performed 4 and 8 weeks after embolization, and the effects were histologically semiquantified according to a grading scale. RESULTS: Follow-up angiography showed that the coils did not compact or protrude and that clots did not form in any group. The score of gross neck healing was significantly higher in the 8-week 2000 bFGF group than in the 8-week @entity939 coil group (2.7 +/- 0.6 versus 0.0 +/- 0.0, P < 0.05). The dome healing score was significantly higher in the 4-week 2000 bFGF group than that of the 4-week @entity939 coil group (4.0 +/- 0.0 versus 2.7 +/- 0.6, P < 0.05). Cells positive for @entity9977 densely accumulated in the dome of the @entity439 embolized with @entity939 -core coils containing bFGF. CONCLUSION: Implantation of the @entity939 -core coil containing bFGF accelerated tissue growth at the neck as well as in the dome of @entity439 induced by elastase in @entity95 . These results suggested that @entity939 -core coils could prevent the recanalization of embolized @entity439 .

title: A @entity4832 core coil containing basic fibroblast growth factor evaluated in XXXX with @entity439 induced by elastase.

entities_list: @entity4832 :: ('MESH:D011142', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl alcohol']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the likelihood of nonsentinel axillary @entity3 in the presence of sentinel node @entity3 from a primary @entity0 . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Sentinel lymphadenectomy is a highly accurate technique for identifying axillary @entity3 from a primary @entity0 . Our group has shown that nonsentinel axillary lymph nodes are unlikely to contain @entity5 cells if the axillary sentinel node is @entity5 -free, but as yet no study has examined the risk of nonsentinel nodal involvement when the sentinel node contains @entity5 cells. METHODS: Between 1991 and 1997, axillary lymphadenectomy was performed in 157 @entity1 with a @entity5 -involved sentinel node. Fifty-three axillae (33.5%) had at least one @entity5 -involved nonsentinel node. The authors analyzed the incidence of nonsentinel node involvement according to clinical and @entity5 characteristics. RESULTS: Only two variables had a significant impact on the likelihood of nonsentinel node @entity3 : the size of the sentinel node @entity3 and the size of the @entity5 . The rate of nonsentinel node involvement was 7% when the sentinel node had a micrometastasis (< or =2 mm), compared with 55% when the sentinel node had a macrometastasis (>2 mm). In addition, the rate of nonsentinel node @entity5 involvement increased with the size of the @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: If a primary @entity0 is small and if sentinel node involvement is micrometastatic, then @entity5 cells are unlikely to be found in other axillary lymph nodes. This suggests that axillary lymph node dissection may not be necessary in @entity1 with sentinel node micrometastases from @entity6493 lesions, or in @entity1 with sentinel node metastases from @entity13712 lesions.

title: Do all @entity1 with sentinel node @entity3 from XXXX need complete axillary node dissection?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: A 48-year-old female carrier of @entity1555 had developed @entity712 but had no skeletal muscle symptoms. She was admitted to our hospital complaining of palpitation in December 1998. Her three sons had @entity1555 . Neurological examination was unremarkable with no evidence of @entity425 . Serum @entity908 kinase level was slightly increased. Echocardiography showed severe @entity1002 . Coronary angiography showed no abnormalities. Left ventriculography showed generalized hypokinesis and left ventricular ejection fraction was 28%. @entity4714 immunostaining of the skeletal muscle biopsy specimen showed a mosaic pattern. The @entity4714 negative fibers were scattered among positive fibers. @entity296 is the only clinical manifestation of @entity4714 gene mutation in carriers. Beta-blocker therapy( @entity1405 5 mg/day) was effective in this @entity1 .

title: [Female carrier of XXXX presenting with secondary dilated cardiomyopathy: a case report].

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity1405 :: ('MESH:C043211', 'Chemical') :: ['carvedilol']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity4714 :: ('1756', 'Gene') :: ['Dystrophin', 'dystrophin']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1555 :: (MESH:D020388,Disease) :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy']


abstract: @entity22025 ( @entity22025 ) gene variants are associated with red hair and fair skin color. We assessed the associations of common @entity22025 genotypes with the risks of 3 types of @entity1489 simultaneously in a nested case-control study within the Nurses' Health Study (219 @entity320 , 286 @entity957 ( @entity957 ), and 300 @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) cases, and 873 controls). We found that the 151 @entity2569 , 160Trp and 294His variants were significantly associated with red hair, fair skin color and childhood tanning tendency. The @entity22025 variants, especially the 151Cys variant, were associated with increased risks of the 3 types of @entity1489 , after controlling for hair color, skin color and other @entity1489 risk factors. Carriers of the 151Cys variant had an OR of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.04-2.59) for @entity320 , 1.67 (1.12-2.49) for @entity957 and 1.56 (1.03-2.34) for @entity1491 . @entity1 with medium or olive skin color carrying 1 nonred hair color allele and 1 red hair color allele had the highest risk of @entity320 . A similar interaction pattern was observed for red hair and carrying at least 1 red hair color allele on @entity320 risk. We also observed that the 151Cys variant contributed additional @entity320 risk among red-haired @entity1 . The information on @entity22025 status modestly improved the risk prediction; the increase was significant for @entity320 and @entity1491 (p, 0.004 and 0.05, respectively). These findings indicated that the effects of the @entity22025 variants on @entity1489 risk were independent from self-reported phenotypic pigmentation.

title: XXXX variants and @entity1489 risk.

entities_list: @entity22025 :: ('4157', 'Gene') :: ['MC1R', 'Melanocortin 1 receptor']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinoma', 'BCC']

answer: @entity22025 :: (4157,Gene) :: ['Melanocortin 1 receptor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity137 (1,3)Gal antibodies play a key role in the rejection of @entity1707 organs transplanted into primates. Regimens reducing anti-Galalpha(1,3)Gal antibodies were associated with severe side effects unable to prevent antibody rebound until soluble synthetic @entity57086 with terminal @entity14009 inhibiting antigen binding became available. We displayed kinetics of anti-pig and anti-Galalpha(1,3)Gal IgM and IgG antibody levels using @entity26185 , a Galalpha(1,3)Gal @entity20140 conjugated to @entity5731 , and investigated corresponding changes of parameters of heart function. METHODS: Using a working heart model, @entity9819 @entity1707 hearts were perfused with @entity1 blood containing @entity26185 (group 1). As controls @entity9819 @entity1707 hearts (group 2) and landrace @entity1707 hearts (group 3) were perfused with @entity1 blood only. Levels of anti- @entity14009 (IgM, IgG) and anti-pig antibodies were assessed to prove the effectiveness of @entity26185 . As parameters of heart function, cardiac output (CO), @entity64 work index (SWI), coronary blood flow (CBF) and coronary resistance were measured. @entity908 phosphokinases, @entity880 dehydrogenase and @entity492 aminotransferase were evaluated as markers of @entity296 . Histological and immunohistochemical investigations were performed at the end of perfusion. RESULTS: In group 1 an immediate and extensive reduction in both IgM and IgG anti-Galalpha(1,3)Gal was found. Anti-pig antibodies were eliminated accordingly. Antibody binding to @entity26185 was complete before the start of organ perfusion. Corresponding to rapid antibody elimination in group 1 @entity26185 not only was able to significantly prolong the beating time of the heart in @entity9819 @entity1707 , but also to clearly improve functional parameters. When switching to the working heart mode @entity9819 @entity1707 hearts perfused with @entity1 blood containing @entity26185 (group 1) revealed a CO starting at a significantly higher level than @entity9819 (group 2) and non-transgenic @entity1707 hearts (group 3) perfused with @entity1 blood only. Similarly, in group 1 SWI was significantly increased at the beginning of perfusion compared to that of group 2 and group 3. The increase in CBF during perfusion and the corresponding fall of coronary resistance occurred without significant differences between the groups revealing the independence of @entity9819 and @entity26185 . CONCLUSIONS: Due to an immediate and profound reduction in Galalpha(1,3)Gal-specific antibodies, soluble @entity14009 conjugates not only prolong survival, but also improve the hemodynamic performance of the heart in @entity9819 @entity1707 .

title: Soluble @entity14009 conjugate combined with XXXX preserves morphology and improves function of cardiac xenografts.

entities_list: @entity5731 :: ('CHEBI:61490', 'Chemical') :: ['poly-l-lysine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxic anti-Galalpha']

entities_list: @entity20140 :: ('CHEBI:27150', 'Chemical') :: ['trisaccharide']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['Creatine']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity57086 :: ('MESH:D009844', 'Chemical') :: ['oligosaccharides']

answer: @entity9819 :: (1604,Gene) :: ['hDAF']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Very low colorectal anastomoses are considered to be more prone to complications than other anastomoses. We aimed to analyze possible risk factors for the surgically most relevant complication, @entity834 . METHODS: Uni- and multivariate analysis of the relation between leakage and 18 @entity1 - and procedure-dependent variables were performed in 98 @entity1 after very low colorectal or coloanal @entity254 . RESULTS: In all, 18 @entity1 developed a dehiscence. Two @entity1 , both without a protective stoma, died because of the leakage (overall mortality 2%). From all analyzed variables, only smoking remained as an independent risk factor for anastomotic dehiscence. For all other parameters, such as protective stoma, experience of the surgeon, stage of @entity5 , radiation therapy, or the need for blood transfusions there was no significant correlation. CONCLUSIONS: From our study, a typical risk pattern for anastomotic dehiscence, with the exception of being a smoker, cannot be defined. Presumably, @entity834 is being caused by a multitude of factors, such as a preexisting or intra-/postoperatively developing reduction of microperfusion, which have a strong influence but cannot be as readily evaluated as other parameters. Until this situation improves, protective stomata, which do not prevent leakage but attenuate the consequences, should be used regularly.

title: [Risk factors for XXXX dehiscence after very deep colorectal and coloanal @entity254 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1735 are considered to play a role as osmotic impermeants and serve as an energy source for the organ during @entity63 . However, previous studies on the effectiveness of @entity1735 on organ preservation have yielded conflicting results. We compared the preservative effects of a @entity9928 ( @entity413 ), @entity7967 ( @entity7970 , @entity7969 , @entity969 ), and a @entity20140 ( @entity9592 ) to investigate whether the effects of @entity1735 on lung preservation depend on their molecular weight, energy-level maintenance, and cytoprotective effects. METHODS: We used an ex vivo @entity35 lung model using homologous blood as the perfusate. In the fresh group, the lungs were reperfused immediately after flush. In the other groups, the lungs were flushed with one of the solutions containing @entity413 , @entity7970 , @entity7969 , @entity969 , or @entity9592 and preserved for 14 hours. RESULTS: The results of the @entity7970 group were comparable to those of the fresh group. The @entity413 , @entity7969 , and @entity9592 groups showed significantly higher levels of shunt fraction, pulmonary artery pressure, and peak inspiratory pressure compared with the fresh and @entity7970 groups. There were no differences among the groups in the levels of total @entity3211 , @entity855 of the lung after flush, and preservation. However, after reperfusion, levels of total @entity3211 became significantly lower in the @entity413 , @entity969 , @entity7969 , and @entity9592 groups. Ultrastructural examination revealed @entity130 in the @entity413 , @entity969 , @entity7969 , and @entity9592 groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the effects of @entity1735 may depend on their cytoprotective effect rather than on impermeant activity or energy-level maintenance of the preserved lung. @entity7970 proved to be superior to the other @entity1735 .

title: Role of XXXX on lung preservation.

entities_list: @entity7970 :: ('MESH:D014199', 'Chemical') :: ['trehalose', 'Trehalose']

entities_list: @entity7967 :: ('MESH:D004187', 'Chemical') :: ['disaccharides']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity9928 :: ('CHEBI:35381', 'Chemical') :: ['monosaccharide']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial cell injury']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['Saccharides', 'saccharides']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity9592 :: ('MESH:D011887', 'Chemical') :: ['raffinose']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity3211 :: ('MESH:D000227', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine nucleotides']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['saccharides']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Study protocols involving experimental animals often require the monitoring of different parameters not only in anesthetized, but also in free moving animals. Most animal research involves small rodents, in which continuously monitoring parameters such as temperature and heart rate is very stressful for the awake animals or simply not possible. Aim of the underlying study was to monitor heart rate, temperature and activity and to assess @entity32 in the heart, lungs, liver and kidney in the early postoperative phase after experimental cardiopulmonary bypass involving 45 min of deep hypothermic @entity1167 in @entity35 . Besides continuous monitoring of heart rate, temperature and behavioural activity, the main focus was on avoiding uncontrolled @entity204 of an animal in the early postoperative phase in order to harvest relevant organs before autolysis would render them unsuitable for the assessment of @entity32 . FINDINGS: We therefore set up a telemetry-based system (Data Science International, DSI   ) that continuously monitored the @entity35 's temperature, heart rate and activity in their cages. The data collection using telemetry was combined with an analysis software (Microsoft excel   ), a webmail application (GMX) and a text message-service. Whenever an animal's heart rate dropped below the pre-defined threshold of 150 beats per minute (bpm), a notification in the form of a text message was automatically sent to the experimenter's mobile phone. With a positive predictive value of 93.1% and a negative predictive value of 90.5%, the designed surveillance and alarm system proved a reliable and inexpensive tool to avoid uncontrolled @entity204 in order to minimize suffering and harvest relevant organs before autolysis would set in. CONCLUSIONS: This combination of a telemetry-based system and software tools provided us with a reliable notification system of imminent @entity204 . The system's high positive predictive value helped to avoid uncontrolled @entity204 and facilitated timely organ harvesting. Additionally we were able to markedly reduce the drop out rate of experimental animals, and therefore the total number of animals used in our study. This system can be easily adapted to different study designs and prove a helpful tool to relieve stress and more importantly help to reduce animal numbers.

title: A mobile phone based alarm system for supervising vital parameters in free moving XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory arrest']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5924 remains the major limitation to long-term survival after lung transplantation. A thorough understanding of the factors that confer high risk of developing @entity5924 or its physiologic surrogate @entity4154 is important to help define therapeutic strategies. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of studies published since the beginning of 1990. The review excluded non- @entity1 studies, publications before 1990, small (less than 25 @entity1 ) studies that were predominantly concerned with investigating the pathogenesis of @entity5924 , studies solely concerned with diagnosis or treatment of @entity5924 , and overlapping studies from the same center. Onset of @entity4154 or @entity5924 was the outcome of interest. RESULTS: Acute rejection plays an important role in @entity5924 and @entity4154 onset, and late rejection is a significant risk factor. Lymphocytic @entity3617 / @entity5924 is also a risk factor, with some evidence that late onset is associated with greater risk. The effects of @entity2803 , other infectious organisms, and human @entity4107 matching are less clear and require further confirmation. There is little evidence that recipient and donor characteristics play a major role. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review supports the view that @entity5924 arises from @entity130 marked by clinically apparent acute rejection episodes and that inflammatory conditions, including @entity1800 or @entity63 , may also play a role. Implications for therapy are discussed.

title: Risk factors for XXXX : a systematic review of recent publications.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['alloimmunologic injury']

entities_list: @entity5924 :: ('MESH:D001988', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiolitis', 'Obliterative bronchiolitis', 'obliterative bronchiolitis']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity4154 :: ('MESH:D001989', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4107 :: ('3126', 'Gene') :: ['leukocyte antigen']

answer: @entity4154 :: (MESH:D001989,Disease) :: ['bronchiolitis obliterans']


abstract: The use of iontophoresis for facilitated diffusion of vasoactive agents into the dental pulp was investigated in lower incisor teeth of anaesthetized @entity35 . @entity934 , @entity5402 and @entity1063 were iontophoresed with anodal and @entity1854 with cathodal direct current through a superficial dentin exposure. Pulpal blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry. Current intensities below 100 microA of both polarities, using @entity2827 as a medium, caused no or minor afferent nerve-induced vasodilation, but excited sympathetic fibres of the pulp in a current-dependent manner. The current threshold for facilitated diffusion of @entity934 was about 20 microA. The vascular responses to the cholinergic and noradrenergic drugs appeared within a minute after the onset of current and they were abolished by systemic administration of @entity3897 and @entity5333 , respectively. Iontophoresis of @entity934 (40-100 microA for 20-120 s) caused a 3-fold increase of pulpal blood flow which was not dose-dependent; @entity5402 provoked a high-magnitude, long-lasting vasodilation and so did @entity1854 . @entity1063 caused a long-lasting vasoconstriction. In denervated @entity35 iontophoresis of @entity5402 had effects similar to those seen in intact animals. None of the drugs used locally had any effect on systemic blood pressure. The results of this study indicate that iontophoresis can be used for delivery of vasoactive agents from an exposed dentin surface into the pulp in sufficient quantity to elicit drug-specific local vascular responses without causing systemic vascular effects.

title: Facilitated diffusion by iontophoresis of vasoactive agents to the XXXX incisor pulp.

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity5333 :: ('MESH:D010643', 'Chemical') :: ['phenoxy benzamine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline', 'noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine', 'Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity55 is a common complication in @entity64 @entity1 ; it is associated with an adverse outcome, prolonged hospital stay and increased health costs. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of lung ultrasound to rule in or rule out @entity55 in @entity1 with @entity64 . @entity1 with @entity63 or @entity64 were included in the study if they had a clinical suspicion of @entity55 . Lung ultrasound imaging and chest X-ray studies were performed within 24 h from the onset of symptoms of @entity55 ; the sonographer and radiologists were unaware of the chest X-ray study and ultrasound imaging results, respectively. In case of discordant results, lung computed tomography (CT) was performed if a definitive diagnosis was required to optimize clinical management. Seventy @entity1 were included in the study. Among 24 @entity1 with unilaterally positive chest X-ray studies, the ultrasound imaging was unilaterally positive in 19 cases (79.2 %), bilaterally positive in 3 cases (12.5 %) and negative in 2 cases (8.3 %). Among 44 @entity1 with negative chest X-ray studies, ultrasound imaging was unilaterally positive in 17 cases (38.6 %), bilaterally positive in 2 cases (4.6 %), negative in 19 cases (43.2 %) and non-conclusive in 6 cases (13.6 %). A lung CT scan was performed in 9 of the 21 discordant cases, and it always confirmed the ultrasound imaging results. Ultrasound imaging and chest X-ray studies were concordant in 42 out of 63 cases, 66.7 % (Pearson   (2) = 11.97, p = 0.001). In conclusions, this study shows the utility of LUS imaging to rule in or rule out @entity55 in @entity1 with @entity64 . We believe that lung ultrasound imaging can help clinicians in the diagnosis of @entity64 -associated @entity55 .

title: Lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of @entity64 -associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'hemorrhagic stroke']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia', 'Pneumonia']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Oral antifibrinolytics, oral @entity230 , and no oral treatment are the preferred medical treatments for @entity5891 . Antifibrinolytics and @entity230 have decreased the chance of rebleeding in some studies but failed to alter the clinical course in others. Rate of secondary @entity548 seems variable among different geographic and ethnic groups of @entity1 . Comparison of the treatments in each population is necessary to document the most effective method of preventing recurrent @entity548 . DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. @entity1 : Two hundred thirty-eight @entity1 in whom @entity5891 developed after a blunt @entity130 entered the study. INTERVENTION: Eighty @entity1 received 75 mg/kg per day oral @entity927 (TA) divided into 3 doses, 80 @entity1 received a placebo with the same number of tablets and frequency as those of the TA group, and 78 @entity1 received 0.75 mg/kg per day oral @entity617 divided into 2 doses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Secondary @entity548 during the hospital course was measured. RESULTS: Secondary @entity548 occurred in 8 @entity1 (10%) of the TA group, 14 @entity1 (18%) of the @entity617 group, and 21 @entity1 (26%) of the placebo group. The difference between the incidence of rebleeding between TA and placebo groups was statistically significant (P = 0.008). @entity1 receiving a placebo had a greater chance of secondary @entity548 than did @entity1 receiving TA (odds ratios = 3.2; 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 7.5). The incidences of rebleeding were not significantly different in placebo versus @entity617 groups (P = 0.21) and TA versus @entity617 groups (P = 0.15). CONCLUSION: In a population with a high rate of secondary @entity548 , TA is more effective than oral @entity617 or no oral treatment in preventing rebleeding among @entity1 with @entity5891 .

title: Comparison of XXXX and @entity617 in the treatment of @entity5891 . A randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity5891 :: ('MESH:D006988', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic hyphema', 'hyphema']

answer: @entity927 :: (MESH:D014148,Chemical) :: ['tranexamic acid']


abstract: @entity10470 are rare @entity5 and must be considered in the evaluation of all lateral neck masses; early surgical removal has been recommended. In this study, the medical records of 29 @entity1 with 34 carotid body @entity1823 who were treated at our institution between 1971 and 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. An overview is provided of this lesion, including diagnosis, classification, metastatic potential, possible secretory function, operative techniques, and nonsurgical methods of management. @entity10470 may be familial and are more often bilateral in these instances; five @entity1 (17%) had @entity5 in this series. The criterion for @entity5 is demonstrated by @entity3 in lymph nodes or distant organs. Three @entity1 (10%) had @entity5 , one with hepatic metastases. One @entity1 (3%) in our series exhibited abnormal @entity750 production. Vascular reconstruction was necessary in eight cases (28%). No @entity64 occurred, however, two arterial @entity715 (7%), five permanent @entity129 (17%), and one @entity204 (3%) from massive @entity1151 were seen. Our experience demonstrates that early operative management is warranted to avoid the possibility of eventual @entity3 and progressive local invasion to the point of inoperability.

title: XXXX and review of a 30-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve deficits']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral tumors', 'malignant tumors', 'neoplasms', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['paragangliomas']

entities_list: @entity10470 :: ('MESH:D002345', 'Disease') :: ['Carotid body tumors']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses']

answer: @entity10470 :: (MESH:D002345,Disease) :: ['Management of carotid body paragangliomas']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose of @entity901 given synchronously with @entity1487 (5FU), @entity4181 (LV) and preoperative pelvic radiation for primary unresectable, locally advanced, @entity5 . Preoperative pelvic radiotherapy using a three- or four-field technique and megavoltage photons comprised 45 Gy given in 25 fractions, 1.8 Gy per fraction, and delivered with escalating doses of @entity901 in combination with low-dose LV and 5FU. Chemotherapy was given synchronously with radiotherapy in weeks 1 and 5. Escalating doses of @entity901 (85, 130 and 150 mg m(-2)) were given on days 2 and 30, followed by low-dose LV (20 mg m(-2)) and 5FU (350 mg m(-2)), both given on days 1-5 and 29-33. Surgery was performed 6-10 weeks later. The MTD was determined as the dose causing more than a third of @entity1 to have a dose-limiting @entity137 (DLT). Once the MTD was reached, a further 14 @entity1 were treated at the dose level below the MTD. In all, 32 @entity1 received @entity901 at the three dose levels, median age 60 years (range 31-79), 24 males and eight females. The MTD was reached at 150 mg m(-2) when four out of six @entity1 experienced DLT. Dose-limiting grade 3 or 4 @entity294 was reported in two out of six @entity1 at 85 mg m(-2), 5 out of 20 at 130 mg m(-2) and four out of 6 at 150 mg m(-2). Grade 3 @entity16 was reported at 130 mg m(-2) (1 out of 20) and at 150 mg m(-2) (two out of six), and serious haematological @entity137 was minimal; one grade 3 @entity417 at 150 mg m(-2). In all, 28 out of 32 @entity1 completed all treatments as planned; three had radiotherapy interrupted and three a chemotherapy dose reduction. Four @entity1 did not proceed to surgery due to the presence of metastatic disease (two), unfitness (one) or @entity1 refusal (one). Also, 28 @entity1 underwent surgical resection. Histopathology demonstrated histopathological complete response (pCR) 2 out of 27 (7%), Tmic 3 out of 27 (11%), pCR+Tmic 5 out of 27 (19%), pT0-2 6 out of 27 (22%) and histologically confirmed clear circumferential resection margins in 22 out of 27 (81%). Dose-limiting @entity137 with @entity901 is 150 mg m(-2) given days 2 and 30 when added to the described 5FU LV and 45 Gy radiation preoperatively. The acceptable @entity137 and compliance at 130 mg m(-2) recommend testing this dose in future phase II studies. The @entity5 downstaging and complete resection rates are encouragingly high for this very locally advanced group.

title: A phase I/II study of @entity901 when added to @entity1487 and @entity4181 and pelvic radiation in locally advanced XXXX : a Colorectal Clinical Oncology Group (CCOG) study.

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: Clinically significant @entity56 to latex have recently been reported with increasing frequency. Most instances of @entity2144 have been noted in adults who are atopic and are in the healthcare or latex manufacturing industries. Relatively few cases of @entity2144 occur in pediatric @entity1 and in these an @entity1668 is usually also recognized. The exception are the spina bifida @entity1 who have frequent mucosal exposure to latex medical items. The cooccurrence of @entity56 to certain fruits in latex- @entity56 @entity1 was reported by M'Rahai et al. in 1991, and this observation has since been amply confirmed in the literature. The objective was to describe a 6-year-old Caucasian @entity1 without known @entity402 who presented with a history of cutaneous and respiratory reactions to banana and avocado and from whom a history of adverse reactions to common latex products was also elicited. The results of the @entity566 evaluation of this @entity1 are presented. MEDLINE was searched for reports in English of @entity2144 and of latex plus fruit @entity566 in adults and @entity1 from 1979 through 1995. In the @entity1 presented here, immediate @entity56 to latex and fruit was assayed by RAST and skin tests. The RAST to latex was strongly positive, equivocal to avocado and chestnut, and negative to banana and kiwi fruit. The prick skin test was positive for banana, avocado and chestnut. Clinically significant @entity566 to latex and to certain fruit cooccurs. If one component of the dyad is present, the other should be sought and evaluated.

title: Cooccurrence of latex and fruit XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity1668 :: ('MESH:D004198', 'Disease') :: ['atopic diathesis']

entities_list: @entity2144 :: ('MESH:D020315', 'Disease') :: ['latex allergy']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic', 'allergic reactions', 'hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergies']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of biological features and therapy-related factors in @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ). METHODS: 123 @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity1582 between January 1998 and May 2005 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Biological features at presentation and therapy-related factors were analysed. The @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and @entity1054 ( @entity1054 ) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and the distribution of @entity1349 and @entity1054 were compared using log-rank test. Cox regression was used to identify the independent prognostic factors. RESULTS: (1) The univariate analysis indicated that more immature plasma cells in bone marrow biopsy, C-reactive protein >8. Omg/L, @entity2467 expression, serum @entity2262 ( @entity2262 ) (3.5 approximately 5.5 mg/L), abnormal cytogenetics aberration of chromosome 13 ( @entity27204 ), hypodiploid, poor response to chemotherapy, interferon(IFN) therapy less than 6 months were associated with shorter @entity1349 (P <0.05). @entity79 at presentation, more immature plasma cells in bone marrow biopsy, serum @entity2262 (3.5 approximately 5.5 mg/L), poor response to chemotherapy, and IFN therapy less than 6 months as well as abnormal cytogenetics, hypodiploid and @entity27204 were associated with shorter @entity1054 (P <0.05). (2) Multivariable COX analysis indicated IFN therapy more than 6 months was a protective factor for @entity1349 and @entity1054 , and more immature plasma cells in bone marrow biopsy was an independent poor prognostic factor for @entity1054 . CONCLUSION: The morphology of @entity1582 cells is useful for assessing the prognosis. And IFN therapy more than 6 months could lengthen @entity1349 and @entity1054 .

title: [The analysis of prognostic variables in 123 XXXX with @entity1582 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta2-MG', 'beta2-microglobulin']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['Lytic bone lesions']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['TTP', 'time to progression']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A few landmarks in the development of dose response in toxicology are presented, with an explanation of why dose should only be considered on a logarithmic scale. Examples are shown, illustrating that the current practice of labeling dose-response curves for @entity105 as supralinear, linear or sublinear, is meaningless unless the dose-response scales are defined. Since many reports labeling such curves as supralinear, linear, or sublinear are carried out with dose on a linear scale, the scientific significance of the shape of the curve is obscured. Examples of dose-response curves for @entity105 from @entity5997 , @entity107 , @entity11189 , and @entity30365 are shown. In addition, more than 500 National Toxicology Program Technical Reports (NTP-TR) on carcinogenicity were examined; from this database, three groups of studies were selected. The first group consisted of those studies in which the lowest dose produced no @entity5 and the study had a positive dose response. The second group consisted of those studies with three or more doses, with a positive dose response producing @entity5 , but in which there were no @entity5 in the control group. The third group of more than 50 studies was from NTP-TR-00 to NTP-TR-52 that had only two data points with a positive dose response. These studies were all evaluated on the Rozman et al. scale, since it conforms to the laws of nature and allows evaluation of all doses. It was observed that virtually all of these NTP-TR carcinogenicity studies show a linear response when dose is on this logarithmic scale; a clear threshold for carcinogenicity is typical for nearly all of these chemicals. An exponential dose-response curve was a better fit for a few, but experimental error could account for this deviation from linearity. It is pointed out that there is strong experimental evidence that the mere presence of DNA adducts does not necessarily lead to @entity5 production. Hormesis probably applies to @entity105 and proof of this will require abandoning the no threshold concept. Experiments showing that cumulative dose is a better metric than daily dose may require reevaluating almost all carcinogenicity studies.

title: Critique of dose response in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity107 :: ('MESH:D004052', 'Chemical') :: ['N-nitrosodiethylamine']

entities_list: @entity11189 :: ('MESH:D000348', 'Chemical') :: ['aflatoxins']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity5997 :: ('MESH:D015073', 'Chemical') :: ['2-acetylaminofluorene']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['carcinogenesis']


abstract: Thalamic ventrobasal (VB) relay neurons receive information via two major types of glutamatergic synapses, that is, from the medial lemniscus (lemniscal synapses) and primary somatosensory cortex (corticothalamic synapses). These two synapses influence and coordinate firing responses of VB neurons, but their precise operational mechanisms are not yet well understood. In this study, we compared the composition of @entity2227 receptors and synaptic properties of corticothalamic and lemniscal synapses. We found that the relative contribution of @entity143 receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) to non- @entity143 receptor-mediated EPSCs was significantly greater in corticothalamic synapses than in lemniscal synapses. Furthermore, @entity143 receptor 2B-containing @entity143 receptor- and @entity4176 receptor-mediated currents were observed only in corticothalamic synapses, but not in lemniscal synapses. EPSCs in corticothalamic synapses displayed the postsynaptic summation in a frequency-dependent manner, in which the summation of the @entity143 receptor-mediated component was largely involved. The summation of @entity4176 receptor-mediated currents also partially contributed to the postsynaptic summation in corticothalamic synapses. In contrast, the contribution of @entity143 receptor-mediated currents to the postsynaptic summation of lemniscal EPSCs was relatively minor. Furthermore, our results indicated that the prominent @entity143 receptor-mediated component in corticothalamic synapses was the key determinant for the late-persistent firing of VB neurons in response to corticothalamic stimuli. In lemniscal synapses, in contrast, the onset-transient firing in response to lemniscal stimuli was regulated mainly by @entity140 receptors.

title: Different composition of XXXX receptors in corticothalamic and lemniscal synaptic responses and their roles in the firing responses of ventrobasal thalamic neurons in juvenile mice.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship among self-reported ethnicity, metabolic control, and blood pressure during treatment of @entity164 2 @entity6 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 2,999 newly diagnosed @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 recruited to the U.K. Prospective @entity6 Study who were randomized to conventional or intensive @entity413 control policies if their fasting plasma @entity413 levels remained >6 mmol/l after a dietary run-in. A total of 2,484 @entity1 (83%) were white Caucasian (WC), 265 @entity1 (9%) were Afro-Caribbean (AC), and 250 @entity1 (8%) were Asian of Indian origin (IA). Variables were assessed at 3, 6, and 9 years. RESULTS: During the 9-year study period, body weight increased more in WC @entity1 (mean 5.0 kg) than in AC (3.0 kg) and IA (2.5 kg) @entity1 (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, baseline value, treatment allocation, and change in weight, there were no consistent ethnic differences in mean change in fasting plasma @entity413 or HbA(1c). After adjustment for antihypertensive therapy, increase in systolic blood pressure at 9 years was greatest in AC @entity1 (7 mmHg; P < 0.01 vs. WC @entity1 ). Mean diastolic blood pressure, total @entity165 , and LDL @entity165 decreased progressively during the 9 years in each group. In AC @entity1 , the mean increase in HDL @entity165 (0.16 mmol/l) at 3 years, maintained to 9 years, and the mean decrease in plasma @entity412 level (0.4 mmol/l) at 9 years were greater than in WC and IA @entity1 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows important ethnic differences in body weight, lipid profiles, and blood pressure, but not glycemic control, during 9 years after diagnosis of @entity164 2 @entity6 . AC @entity1 maintained the most favorable lipid profiles, but @entity101 developed in more AC @entity1 than WC or IA @entity1 . Ethnicity-specific glycemic control of @entity164 2 @entity6 seems unnecessary, but other risk factors need to be addressed independently.

title: Relationship between ethnicity and glycemic control, lipid profiles, and blood pressure during the first 9 years of @entity164 2 XXXX : U.K. Prospective @entity6 Study (UKPDS 55).

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']