abstract: Relatively little is known about the type and number of nicotinic @entity934 receptors (nAChRs) that mediate secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells. In these studies, we investigated nAChR reserve pools and their modulation using @entity934 (brACh) and the anti-nAChR antibody mAb35. By using brACh under acetylating conditions, adrenal @entity2922 release was reduced (IC50, approximately 0.3 microM). This effect was slowly reversible. Submaximal concentrations of brACh caused shifts to the right in concentration-response curves of approximately 4-fold, as well as decreases in Emax values for the agonists @entity1239 and @entity26331 . @entity10446 is a nAChR agonist (EC50, approximately 46 microM) that was somewhat less efficacious than @entity1239 (Emax, approximately 85% of 10 microM @entity1239 ) in adrenal chromaffin cells. Submaximal concentrations of brACh caused a small shift to the right in the concentration-response curves for the agonist @entity10446 , as well as a decrease in the Emax value. mAb35, which causes a slowly developing loss of nAChR-mediated secretion, produced a time-dependent shift to the right in agonist concentration-response curves and a reduction in Emax for @entity1239 and @entity26331 . mAb35 treatment produced only a reduction in the Emax value of @entity10446 . Finally, we cloned and sequenced a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction product from @entity291 adrenal chromaffin RNA that shares a high degree of homology with beta 4 nAChR subunits. Northern analysis provided evidence for the presence of this transcript in chromaffin cell cultures. Together, these studies support the presence of a nAChR reserve in adrenal chromaffin cells that is down-regulated by mAb35. These studies also support the presence of more than one nAChR population mediating secretion and the presence of beta 4 nAChR subunits.

title: Evidence for spare nicotinic @entity934 receptors and a beta 4 subunit in XXXX adrenal chromaffin cells: studies using @entity934 , @entity26331 , @entity10446 and mAb35.

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['bromoacetylcholine', 'acetylcholine']

entities_list: @entity26331 :: ('MESH:C082748', 'Chemical') :: ['epibatidine']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity10446 :: ('MESH:C004712', 'Chemical') :: ['Cytisine', 'cytisine']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: To increase individual male fitness, males of various species remain near a (potential) mating partner and repel their rivals (mate-guarding). Mate-guarding is assumed to be mediated by two different types of motivation: sexual motivation toward the opposite sex and competitive motivation toward the same sex. The genetic/molecular mechanisms underlying how mate presence affects male competitive motivation in a triadic relationship has remained largely unknown. Here we showed that male @entity7021 fish prominently exhibit mate-guarding behavior. The presence of a female robustly triggers male-male competition for the female in a triadic relationship (2 males and 1 female). The male-male competition resulted in one male occupying a dominant position near the female while interfering with the other male's approach of the female. Paternity testing revealed that the dominant male had a significantly higher mating success rate than the other male in a triadic relationship. We next generated @entity7021 mutants of @entity369 - @entity10063 (avt) and its receptors (V1a1, V1a2) and revealed that two genes, avt and V1a2, are required for normal mate-guarding behavior. In addition, behavioral analysis of @entity146 in a dyadic relationship and @entity146 within a male group revealed that avt mutant males displayed decreased sexual motivation but showed normal aggression. In contrast, heterozygote V1a2 mutant males displayed @entity146 , but normal mate-guarding and courtship behavior. Thus, impaired mate-guarding in avt and V1a2 homozygote mutants may be due to the loss of sexual motivation toward the opposite sex, and not to the loss of competitive motivation toward rival males. The different behavioral phenotypes between avt, V1a2 heterozygote, and V1a2 homozygote mutants suggest that there are redundant systems to activate V1a2 and that endogenous ligands activating the receptor may differ according to the social context.

title: An Essential Role of the XXXX Vasotocin System in Mate-Guarding Behaviors in Triadic Relationships of @entity7021 Fish ( @entity7021 ).

entities_list: @entity10063 :: ('MESH:D014668', 'Chemical') :: ['vasotocin']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behaviors', 'decreased aggression', 'courtship behaviors']

answer: @entity369 :: (CHEBI:29016,Chemical) :: ['Arginine']


abstract: We collected and completely sequenced 32,127 full-length complementary DNA clones from @entity579 . ssp. japonica cv. "Nipponbare." Mapping of these clones to genomic DNA revealed approximately 20,500 transcriptional units (TUs) in the @entity579 genome. For each TU, we selected 60-mers using an algorithm that took into account some DNA conditions such as base composition and sequence complexity. Using in situ synthesis technology, we constructed oligonucleotide arrays with these TUs on glass slides. We targeted RNAs prepared from normally grown @entity579 callus and from callus treated with @entity2271 ( @entity2272 ) or @entity15150 (GA). We identified 200 @entity2272 -responsive and 301 GA-responsive genes, many of which had never before been annotated as @entity2272 or GA responsive in other expression analysis. Comparison of these genes revealed antagonistic regulation of almost all by both hormones; these had previously been annotated as being responsible for protein storage and defense against pathogens. Comparison of the cis-elements of genes responsive to one or antagonistic to both hormones revealed that the antagonistic genes had cis-elements related to @entity2272 and GA responses. The genes responsive to only one hormone were rich in cis-elements that supported @entity2272 and GA responses. In a search for the phenotypes of mutants in which a retrotransposon was inserted in these hormone-responsive genes, we identified phenotypes related to seed formation or plant height, including sterility, vivipary, and dwarfism. In comparison of cis-elements for hormone response genes between @entity579 and @entity958 , we identified cis-elements for dehydration-stress response as @entity958 specific and for protein storage as @entity579 specific.

title: Transcriptional profiling of genes responsive to @entity2271 and @entity15150 in @entity579 : phenotyping and comparative analysis between XXXX and @entity958 .

entities_list: @entity2271 :: ('MESH:D000040', 'Chemical') :: ['abscisic acid']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana', 'Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity15150 :: ('CHEBI:28833', 'Chemical') :: ['gibberellin']

entities_list: @entity579 :: ('4530', 'Species') :: ['Oryza sativa L', 'rice']

answer: @entity579 :: (4530,Species) :: ['rice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The term "pediatric @entity209 " includes a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors such as insulin resistance, @entity2299 (including increased @entity1674 and decreased HDL @entity165 ), @entity101 , and @entity28 in @entity1 . No studies have been performed on this syndrome in a pediatric population in Costa Rica. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of @entity209 and its components in 8- to 10-year-old prepuberal overweight and @entity28 schoolchildren. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 214 overweight and @entity28 @entity1 and @entity1 , aged 8 to 10 years, who were selected from six urban schools from San Jos  , Costa Rica. Anthropometric measurements and determinations of blood @entity413 , insulin, @entity1674 , total @entity165 , HDL @entity165 , and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were performed. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and the Castelli index were calculated to assess insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk, respectively. Social and lifestyle variables were obtained through validated questionnaires. RESULTS: A total of 110 @entity1 and 104 @entity1 participated in this study; 37.9% of them were overweight and 62.1% were @entity28 . Compared with @entity1 , @entity1 were more sedentary and had higher insulin levels (16.05 +/- 10.45 microIU/ mL vs. 12.72 +/- 7.63 microIU/mL, p = .008), body fat (36.5% vs. 30.9%, p < .001), and HOMA-IR indexes (3.5 +/- 2.4 vs. 2.8 +/- 1.7, p = .014) but lower HDL @entity165 (0.99 +/- 0.23 mmol/L vs. 1.08 +/- 0.27 mmol/L, p = .009). Obese @entity1 had significantly higher mean serum concentrations of insulin, hs-CRP, and @entity1674 and higher insulin resistance (estimated by HOMA-IR) than overweight @entity1 , but lower mean serum levels of HDL @entity165 . The prevalence of @entity209 in the study population was 5.6%. Other risk factors for developing @entity65 and @entity164 2 @entity6 had high prevalence rates among the @entity1 : sedentarism (40.6%),family history of @entity164 2 @entity6 (73.3%), high LDL @entity165 levels (> or = 2.84 mmol/L) (57.0%), @entity3190 (> 10.5 microIU/mL) (59.8%), insulin resistance (estimated by HOMA-IR > or = 2.4) (55.1%), and total @entity165 (> 4.39 mmol/L) (60.7%). @entity1 with @entity209 had significantly higher body mass indexes, @entity413 levels, and @entity412 levels and lower HDL @entity165 levels than @entity1 without @entity209 . Insulin had a very strong positive correlation with HOMA-IR values (r = 0.982), and hs-CRP had a mild positive correlation with body mass index (r = 0.296) and body fat (r = 0.320). CONCLUSIONS: This study reported a prevalence of 5.6% of @entity209 among a sample of Costa Rican overweight and @entity28 prepuberal @entity1 . Lifestyle interventions focusing on weight reduction and increasing physical activities should be promoted by education and health authorities in order to avoid the early development and onset of @entity164 2 @entity6 and @entity731 in childhood.

title: Components of the XXXX among a sample of overweight and @entity28 Costa Rican schoolchildren.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: Background   This study describes a modified classification and management protocol for perineal soft tissue injuries associated with @entity174 . Methods   A total of 11 @entity1 with perineal soft tissue injuries associated with open @entity174 were studied retrospectively. The @entity1 were classified into three types based on the area of defect: type A (urogenital zone), type B (anal zone), and type C (both urogenital and anal zones). Each type included the following subclasses: A1 (without urethra injuries), A2 (with urethra injuries), B1 (without @entity130 ), B2 (with @entity130 ), C1 (with types A1 and B1), C2 (with types A2 and B1), C3 (with types A1 and B2), and C4 (with types A2 and B2). The management protocol was planned according to the individual classifications. Protocol A1 (for type A1) involved skin graft or myocutaneous flap transplantation. Protocol A2 (for type A2) involved the same protocol combined with urine diversion. Protocol @entity7444 involved skin graft or myocutaneous flap transplantation. Protocol B2 (for type B2) involved the same management combined with fecal diversion. Protocol C involved the correspondent protocol used for each subtype of type C. Results   Out of the 11 @entity1 , there were 5, 3, and 3 cases of types A, B, and C, respectively. One @entity1 died due to @entity295 , and the wounds of the remaining @entity1 healed well. No anal @entity322 had occurred. Conclusions   Perineal soft tissue injuries associated with @entity174 can be classified into three types, and the management protocol can be planned according to the classification.

title: Modified Classification and Repair of Perineal Soft Tissue Injuries Associated with Open XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic fractures']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['anorectal injuries']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Pelvic Fractures']


abstract: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the changes of the metabolism of circulating and storage lipids in @entity1 with @entity31 after restorative proctocolectomy. Fifteen consecutive @entity1 and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Disease activity, diet, inflammatory parameters, plasma lipoprotein concentrations, and @entity1718 (FA) of serum phospholipids and of the subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed at colectomy and at ileostomy closure. In @entity31 @entity1 , total @entity165 and @entity4600 were lower than in healthy subjects (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). The median interval between colectomy and ileostomy closure was 6 (range 2-9) months. During that interval, the inflammatory parameters improved, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) @entity165 increased (p < 0.01), and low-density (LDL) @entity165 decreased (p = 0.01). At ileostomy closure, serum @entity1426 levels were increased (p = 0.04), whereas serum @entity3952 level was decreased (p = 0.02). In this interval, no significant alteration, either in serum n-3 FA precursors or in the FA of subcutaneous adipose tissue, was observed. The increase of serum @entity1426 after colectomy might suggest a lower utilization for inflammatory process. The reduction of LDL @entity165 is an index of @entity8884 probably due to the accelerated transit and to the exclusion of the terminal ileum caused by the covering ileostomy.

title: Restorative proctocolectomy for XXXX : impact on lipid metabolism and adipose tissue and serum @entity1718 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3952 :: ('MESH:D019301', 'Chemical') :: ['oleic acid']

entities_list: @entity8884 :: ('MESH:D008286', 'Disease') :: ['malabsorption']

entities_list: @entity4600 :: ('CHEBI:28125', 'Chemical') :: ['docosahexaenoic acid']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of quantitative metabolic parameters measured on @entity29786 FDG PET/CT (FDG PET/CT) at the time of the first relapse in @entity1 with relapsed @entity43 ( @entity43 ). METHODS: Fifty-six relapsed @entity43 @entity1 were retrospectively included. Quantitative metabolic parameters including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), whole-body metabolic @entity5 volume (WBMTV), and whole-body total lesion glycolysis (WBTLG) were measured on FDG PET/CT at the time of the first relapse. @entity4557 ( @entity4557 ) was calculated from the date of diagnosis of @entity66 to the date of @entity204 or last follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analyses for @entity4557 were performed using clinical and quantitative metabolic parameters. RESULTS: Thirty-two @entity1 died from the disease during the follow-up period (median: 46.2months). On univariate and multivariate analyses, the platinum-free interval, type of second-line treatment, WBMTV, and WBTLG were all significant prognostic factors for @entity4557 . The subgroup of @entity1 who were platinum-sensitive with low WBMTV and low WBTLG showed better prognosis, when compared with other subgroups (log-rank test, p<0.001). @entity1 treated with secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) followed by second-line chemotherapy showed significantly longer duration of @entity4557 than @entity1 treated with second-line chemotherapy only (mean @entity4557 =61 vs. 36months,   (2)=8.68, p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that quantitative metabolic parameters measured on FDG PET/CT at the time of the first relapse have significant predictive values for @entity4557 . Incorporating quantitative metabolic parameters and conventional clinical parameters has a superior prognostic discrimination compared with conventional clinical parameters alone.

title: Quantitative metabolic parameters measured on @entity29786 FDG PET/CT predict survival after relapse in @entity1 with relapsed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['EOC', 'epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity4557 :: ('MESH:D012008', 'Disease') :: ['PRS', 'Post-relapse survival']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['relapsed disease']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of taking low-molecular-weight heparin at home was previously demonstrated in a clinical trial in which @entity1 with acute proximal @entity1150 were randomized to receive either intravenous standard heparin in the hospital or subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home. Treatment in the home has the potential to substantially reduce the cost to the health care system. METHODS: To conduct an economic evaluation we prospectively collected data on resource use and health-related quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36) on the 300 @entity1 who formed the trial stratum presenting with proximal vein @entity715 as outpatients, of whom 151 received standard heparin and 149 received low-molecular-weight heparin. The primary viewpoint of the analysis was societal, and costs included health care costs, @entity1 travel costs, and productivity costs as a result of time off work. Costs were assessed over a period of 3 months from randomization. Quality of life was assessed as the change in Short-Form 36 domain scores from baseline to day 7 for each treatment group. All costs are reported in 1997 Canadian dollars. RESULTS: There were 11 recurrent @entity1031 and 1 bleed in the 151 @entity1 who received standard heparin; the corresponding data for the 149 @entity1 receiving low-molecular-weight heparin were 10 and 4, respectively. The mean cost per @entity1 who received standard heparin was Can  5323 compared with Can  2278 for low-molecular-weight heparin, a total societal cost savings per @entity1 using low-molecular-weight heparin of Can  3045 (95% confidence interval, Can  2012- 4050). There was no difference in quality of life between the 2 groups except for the domain of social functioning, where a greater improvement from baseline to day 7 was observed for the low-molecular-weight heparin group vs the standard heparin group (P =.005). CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1 with acute proximal @entity1150 , treatment at home with low-molecular-weight heparin is less costly than hospital-based treatment with standard heparin. The economic evidence in favor of outpatient treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin exhibits dominance; a situation of reduced cost is created with no compromise in clinical outcomes or @entity1 ' quality of life.

title: Economic evaluation of outpatient treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for proximal vein XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic events']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Pediatric @entity9128 are a heterogeneous group of @entity5 with unpredictable clinical and biologic behavior. As part of ongoing studies to identify potential biologic and therapeutic markers, we analyzed the role of @entity1 telomere reverse transcriptase ( @entity2215 ; the catalytic subunit of telomerase) expression as a prognostic marker for this disease. @entity1 AND METHODS: Primary @entity9128 that were resected at our institution between 1986 and 2004 were identified through the pathology and oncology databases. A tissue array was constructed from the @entity1 samples and @entity2215 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Twenty-one samples were also analyzed for telomerase activity (telomerase repeat amplification protocol assay). RESULTS: Eighty-seven @entity5 from 65 @entity1 were analyzed. Five-year progression-free survival was 57% (SEM, 12%) and 21% (SEM, 8%) for @entity2215 -negative and @entity2215 -positive @entity5 , respectively (P = .002). Five-year overall survival was 84% (SEM, 7%) and 41% (SEM, 7%) for @entity2215 -negative and @entity2215 -positive @entity5 , respectively (P = .001). There was good correlation between telomerase activity and @entity2215 expression (kappa = 0.637). Multivariate analysis revealed @entity2215 expression to be the single most important predictor of survival of all known pathologic, clinical, and treatment factors (hazard ratio, 60.4; 95% CI, 6.4 to 561). All four @entity1 with @entity2215 -negative @entity5 at relapse are still alive, with median follow-up of 11.2 years. CONCLUSION: In this study, @entity2215 expression was the strongest predictor of outcome and was independent of other clinical and pathologic prognostic markers. It represents a simple and reliable biologic prognostic factor for @entity9128 . These results should be confirmed in larger prospective trials.

title: @entity1 telomere reverse transcriptase expression predicts progression and survival in pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9128 :: ('MESH:C531673', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial ependymomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'tumors']

answer: @entity9128 :: (MESH:C531673,Disease) :: ['intracranial ependymoma']


abstract: Removal of endothelial cells on rings of @entity35 aorta increased the sensitivity to the selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist @entity2647 , to the nonselective alpha adrenoceptor agonist @entity1063 and to the selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist @entity1338 . In the case of the first two, which are strong agonists for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor-mediating contraction, removal of endothelium increased sensitivity 4- and 6-fold at the EC30 level, but produced little or no increase in maximum. In the case of @entity1338 , a partial agonist for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor, which gave only about 15% of the maximum given by @entity2647 on endothelium-containing rings, removal of the endothelium not only shifted the curve to the left but also increased the maximum to about 50% of that given by @entity2647 . The @entity308 of sensitivity to these agonists in rings with endothelium appeared to be due to the vasodepressor action of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), as hemoglobin, a specific blocking agent of EDRF, abolished this @entity308 . It is unlikely that the endothelium-dependent @entity308 was due to stimulation of release of EDRF, because @entity1338 did not produce endothelium-dependent relaxation in precontracted rings even when its contractile action was blocked by the alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist @entity3159 . Further evidence against alpha adrenoceptor agents stimulating release of EDRF was that neither @entity2647 nor @entity1338 induced a rise in @entity8262 in aortic rings, whereas @entity934 , which does release EDRF, caused a large rise in @entity8262 content. The possibility that the muscle cells of intact @entity35 aortic rings were under the tonic influence of released EDRF was supported by the finding that, in the absence of any contractile agent, hemoglobin induced a fall in the basal level of @entity8262 in endothelium-containing rings. Also consistent with EDRF being released spontaneously was the finding that contraction induced by @entity750 , like that by alpha-adrenergic agonists, was also depressed in endothelium-containing rings of aorta. When the efficacy of @entity2647 as an alpha-1 agonist was reduced to about the initial efficacy of @entity1338 by irreversible inactivation of a very large fraction of alpha-1 adrenoceptors of the smooth muscle cells by pretreatment with @entity34776 , the concentration-contraction curves for @entity2647 for both endothelium-containing rings and for endothelium-denuded rings now became very similar to the corresponding curves obtained for @entity1338 before receptor inactivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX of contractile responses in @entity35 aorta by spontaneously released endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity34776 :: ('MESH:D003983', 'Chemical') :: ['dibenamine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity8262 :: ('MESH:D006152', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['Depression']


abstract: The reported coincidence of @entity459 and @entity2963 led us to investigate the effects of acute and chronic @entity2741 on bile secretion in @entity468 . Acute @entity2741 (6-7 mmol/liter) was induced by an intravenous @entity460 infusion. Chronic @entity2741 (3-4 mmol/liter) was induced and maintained for 8-10 weeks by treatment with subcutaneous @entity3875 , oral @entity19295 , and feeding a @entity460 -rich diet. Bile secretion was then studied in acute experiments. We found that @entity460 concentrations in serum and hepatic bile were similar during all experimental normo- or hypercalcemic conditions (y = 1.12x - 0.85; r = 0.76). @entity998 were significantly decreased during both @entity353 compared with normocalcemic controls. Acute @entity2741 also decreased total @entity6741 outputs (P less than 0.05), but had no effect on biliary @entity6741 concentrations. The inhibitory effect of acute @entity2741 on biliary fluid and @entity6741 secretion was dose dependent and not antagonized by @entity3897 . These findings suggest that @entity460 is secreted in hepatic bile at similar concentrations as present in the serum and that elevations of serum @entity460 concentration inhibit biliary volume and @entity6741 secretion in @entity468 . Similar effects of @entity2741 on bile composition in @entity1 might promote @entity460 salt precipitation in bile.

title: Bile secretion in acute and chronic XXXX in the cat.

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['acute (P less than 0.002) and chronic (P less than 0.05) hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['Biliary volume outputs']

entities_list: @entity19295 :: ('MESH:D004097', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotachysterol']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

answer: @entity2741 :: (MESH:D006934,Disease) :: ['hypercalcemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) are the procedures of choice for @entity1 with superficial @entity1721 . However, esophagectomy is highly invasive, and CRT is associated with the risk of local failure. A study was conducted of a novel treatment, EMR combined with CRT, for @entity1 with superficial @entity418 . EMR was performed for the purpose of complete @entity5 control and chemoradiotherapy was performed for regional and distant control. METHODS: EMR combined with CRT was performed for @entity1 with @entity418 invading the muscularis mucosae or upper submucosa who refused esophagectomy. The planned treatment after EMR was 40 to 46 Gy of external beam radiation to the mediastinum, including the supraclavicular fossa or @entity418 . Chemotherapy was given during weeks 1 and 5 ( @entity1487 , 700 mg/m(2) per 24 hours in a 120-hour infusion, and @entity900 15 mg/m(2) per day intravenously on days 1 to 5). RESULTS: During the study period, 16 @entity1 underwent EMR combined with CRT (EMR plus CRT group) and 39 @entity1 with similar stage @entity5 underwent esophagectomy (surgical resection group). None of the @entity1 in the EMR plus CRT group have had local recurrence or @entity3 . Overall survival rates at 5 years in the EMR plus CRT and surgical resection groups were estimated to be, respectively, 100% and 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study was not randomized, the results suggest that EMR combined with CRT is a safe and effective method for treating @entity1 with superficial @entity418 . The results were equivalent or, in view of the lower degree of invasiveness, superior to surgical resection.

title: EMR combined with chemoradiotherapy: a novel treatment for superficial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'local tumor']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['cardia', 'esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1721 :: (MESH:C562729,Disease) :: ['esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma']


abstract: A mathematical model was created to test the hypothesis that a partially covered febrile @entity1 may develop potentially lethal temperature elevation. @entity1 may be at special risk to develop @entity221 because, unlike older @entity1 , @entity1 may not be able to remove blankets in response to temperature elevation. The model compared heat production (MTsk) with @entity393 (Qtot). The difference between these terms is the excess energy (E): MTsk - Qtot = E. In most situations the simulated @entity1 transfers heat to the environment as rapidly as it is produced (E less than 0), so @entity221 does not result. In some situations, heat production exceeds @entity393 (E greater than 0), causing progressive warming. The time was calculated for the simulated @entity1 to progress from 41 to 43.4 degrees C (defined as a lethal end point). In certain circumstances, this may occur in less than 90 min. An @entity1 at high risk of @entity221 may not appear to be covered by a @entity3887 (less than or equal to 3.5 cm may be sufficient). In many situations, @entity393 is more closely determined by exposed body surface area than by blanket thickness. These findings have important implications for understanding the antecedents of @entity221 in @entity1 and may help in understanding the role of @entity221 in certain pediatric illnesses.

title: A mathematical model of life-threatening XXXX during infancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'Infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['heat loss']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity3887 :: ('MESH:C531600', 'Disease') :: ['conspicuous excess of insulation']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['hyperthermia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The literature regarding pulmonary function in adult @entity1 with @entity85 is limited, and the effect of @entity85 surgery on pulmonary function has not been clearly understood. We hypothesized that adult @entity1 with @entity85 who had preoperative @entity358 (a percent-predicted value of <65% forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] as measured by pulmonary function test) or who were undergoing revision surgery may be at risk for exacerbated @entity358 . METHODS: Pulmonary function test results were prospectively collected for 164 adult @entity1 with @entity85 (mean age, 45.9 years) who underwent surgical treatment at a single institution and were followed for a minimum of two years (mean, 2.8 years). One hundred (61%) of the @entity1 underwent primary surgery, and sixty-four (39%) of the @entity1 had revision surgery. For the majority of @entity1 (77%), a posterior-only surgical approach was used. Radiographs for 154 @entity1 were analyzed for major thoracic and sagittal T5-T12 curve magnitude/correction. RESULTS: For all @entity1 , we noted a significant change in major thoracic Cobb angle, from a mean of 47.4   to 24.9  (p < 0.001), and in sagittal Cobb angle, from a mean of 35.5   to 30.0  (p < 0.001), as well as a significant decline in absolute and percent-predicted pulmonary function values, with percent-predicted FEV1 and percent-predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) decreasing 5.3% (p < 0.001) and 5.7% (p < 0.001), respectively. A clinically significant decline (a decline of >= 10% in percent-predicted FEV1) was observed in 27% of the @entity1 . The number of @entity1 with @entity358 increased nonsignificantly from seventeen (10%) preoperatively to twenty-three (14%) after surgery (p = 0.31). @entity1 with preoperative @entity358 demonstrated a significant improvement in absolute and percent-predicted FEV1 after surgery compared with those without @entity73 (2.7% compared with -6.2%; p < 0.001). @entity1 who underwent revision surgery did not differ from primary surgery @entity1 in terms of postoperative percent-predicted results. However, revision surgery more frequently resulted in a significant @entity358 (twenty-three @entity1 [36%] compared with twenty-two [22%]; p = 0.05). There was no difference in pulmonary function when comparing surgical approaches (anterior/combined anterior-posterior or posterior-only) or when comparing results by upper-instrumented vertebra (UIV). CONCLUSIONS: We found a significant decline in absolute and percent-predicted results of pulmonary function tests following surgical correction for @entity85 in adults. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

title: Pulmonary Function Following Adult XXXX Surgery: Minimum Two-Year Follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['preoperative impairment']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary impairment', 'decline in pulmonary function']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['Spinal Deformity']


abstract: Sixty-six South African Landrace gilts were used in the experiments. At the age of 21 weeks, 47 of the @entity1707 were challenged with @entity1508 exposure. As a result 17 of the @entity1707 died, and were classified @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ), whereas the 30 survivors were classified stress resistant (SR). The other 19 @entity1707 were subjected to treadmill exercise. Four of the exercised @entity1707 died. The @entity1707 that survived the treadmill exercise were later exposed to @entity1508 . The @entity1707 that died as a result of the @entity1508 exposure (n = 5) or the treadmill exercise (n = 4), were classified @entity1642 (n = 9) and the survivors as SR (n = 10). A biopsy of the M. semitendinosus was used for measurement of difference in muscle @entity880 , @entity855 , @entity3776 , @entity1734 , @entity413 and glycogen concentrations. The results show that in all @entity1707 exercise resulted in the higher stimulation of glycogenolysis than did @entity1508 exposure. However, @entity1642 @entity1707 overall showed a greater stimulation of glycogenolysis and glycolysis and general anaerobic metabolism, compared to SR @entity1707 . Under @entity1508 exposure, glycogenolysis and anaerobic metabolism were stimulated in the @entity1642 @entity1707 to a much greater extent than in SR @entity1707 , with significant differences between all the muscle metabolites determined. However, treadmill exercise, although sufficient to cause @entity204 in some @entity1707 , resulted only in significantly higher @entity880 and @entity3776 concentrations. SR @entity1707 exposed to @entity1508 had significantly higher @entity855 , @entity1734 and glycogen concentrations, but a lower @entity413 concentration than exercised SR @entity1707 , indicating less severe stimulation of glycogenolysis by @entity1508 than exercise. No significant differences were found in the determined muscle metabolites in @entity1642 @entity1707 exposed to @entity1508 compared to exercised @entity1642 @entity1707 . In conclusion, these differences suggest that different mechanisms of stimulation of metabolism on exposure to @entity1508 and exercise may exist, although both types of stress cause stimulation of glycogenolysis.

title: A comparison of some muscle metabolites in XXXX and resistant Landrace gilts after @entity1508 exposure or exercise stress.

entities_list: @entity1734 :: ('CHEBI:17287', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocreatine']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['SS', 'stress susceptible']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity3776 :: ('MESH:D019298', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose 6-phosphate']

answer: @entity1642 :: (MESH:D015775,Disease) :: ['stress susceptible']


abstract: The effect of dietary fibre and starch content on digestibility, microfaunal population and caecal function was investigated in a subterranean mole- @entity35 , @entity25095 (Rodentia). Mole- @entity35 were fed on a diet of either sweet potato (neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) 65 g/kg @entity62 ( @entity62 ), starch 638 g/kg @entity62 ) or @entity10786 (NDF 157 g/kg @entity62 , starch 258.7 g/kg @entity62 ) for 4 weeks. Daily intake and faecal output were monitored. Thereafter caecal microfaunal population, density and function were assessed using light and scanning electron microscopy and by measuring both gas and short chain @entity844 ( @entity14559 ) production. A 2.4-fold increase in fibre and 2.5-fold decrease in starch content resulted in a decrease in caecal @entity62 content (390 g/kg). A concomitant dramatic decline (by 93%) in ciliate protozoa with a corresponding 2-fold increase in bacteria also accompanied this change in diet. Fermentative efficiency as indicated by gas production was 2.6 times greater on a @entity10786 diet than on sweet potato. Microbial fermentation resulted in higher @entity14559 concentrations on the @entity10786 diet, with a 42% reduction in @entity14559 concentration on the sweet potato diet. Here, @entity14559 contributed 5.1% of daily energy expenditure and this increased 5.0-fold on the @entity10786 diet. Caecal micro-organism function, therefore, played an important role in the nutritional physiology of these @entity25095 , and enabled maximum utilization of the food substrate.

title: The effect of diet on microfaunal population and function in the caecum of a subterranean XXXX , @entity25095 .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'dry matter']

entities_list: @entity25095 :: ('10181', 'Species') :: ['Heterocephalus glaber', 'naked mole-rats']

answer: @entity25095 :: (10181,Species) :: ['naked mole-rat']


abstract: A critical step in bone resorption is the fusion of mononuclear osteoclast precursors to form multinucleated osteoclasts. However, little is known of the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for this important process. Since the expression of proteins in the cadherin family of homophilic @entity460 -dependent cell adhesion molecules is involved in the fusion process for certain other cells, we examined their role in osteoclast formation. Immunohistochemical examination of @entity1 and @entity19 bone using monoclonal antibodies to @entity1 and @entity19 @entity3112 clearly demonstrated positive staining in osteoclasts. N- and @entity17818 were not detected. In cultures of @entity19 marrow mononuclear cells in which osteoclasts form by cell fusion, @entity3112 expression determined by Western blotting reached the highest levels as fusion was taking place. Expression of @entity3112 gene fragment was also detected in the marrow cultures by polymerase chain reaction. To study the functional role of @entity3112 expression in osteoclastic differentiation, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were examined for their effects on osteoclast formation. The antibodies decreased the number of @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase (a marker of @entity19 osteoclast)-positive multinucleated cell (TRAP-positive MNC) by inhibiting the fusion of mononuclear osteoclast precursors, but not proliferation of these cells or their attachment to plastic dish surfaces. This inhibitory effect was reversible. Furthermore, synthetic peptides containing the cell adhesion recognition sequence of cadherins also decreased TRAP-positive MNC formation. The antibodies and peptides inhibited not only osteoclast formation but also bone resorption. Antibodies to other types of cadherins and control rat IgG had no effects in these culture systems. Our findings suggest that @entity3112 expression may be involved in fusion (differentiation) of hemopoietic osteoclast precursors into mature multinucleated osteoclasts.

title: The role of cadherin in the generation of multinucleated osteoclasts from mononuclear precursors in XXXX marrow.

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['tartrate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Results from the @entity1 's Health Initiative showed that postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prevents @entity174 but has an overall unfavorable risk:benefit ratio, leading to the recommendation that HRT be used only for @entity1 with troublesome menopause symptoms, and for as short a time as possible. This recommendation has important implications for the timing and duration of HRT and the prevention of @entity170 . The large number of @entity1 participating in the National @entity170 Risk Assessment (NORA) program provided the opportunity to evaluate @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and 1-year @entity174 risk in analyses stratified by duration and recency of HRT. DESIGN: @entity1 were 170,852 postmenopausal @entity1 aged 50 to 104, without known @entity170 , who were recruited from primary physicians offices across the US. @entity79 was measured at one of four peripheral sites, and the 1-year risk of @entity3604 was assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS: At baseline, current HRT users had the highest T-scores at every age. Among current hormone users, @entity1 who had used HRT longest had the highest @entity79 levels. @entity1 who had stopped HRT more than 5 years previously, regardless of duration of use, had T-scores similar to never-users. Current but not past hormone use at baseline was associated with a 25% to 29% lower risk of @entity3604 (P < 0.0001) in 1 year, compared with nonusers. These findings were independent of age, ethnicity, body mass index, lifestyle, years postmenopausal, and site of @entity79 measurement. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that postmenopausal @entity79 and @entity174 are closely associated with current, but not prior, HRT use. Use of HRT for 5 years or less, as proposed for treatment of symptomatic @entity1 during menopause transition, is unlikely to preserve bone or significantly reduce @entity174 risk in later years.

title: Recency and duration of postmenopausal hormone therapy: effects on XXXX and @entity174 risk in the National @entity170 Risk Assessment (NORA) study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fracture']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone mineral density']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of intrathecal @entity1772 (ITB) therapy on outcomes of functional independence, @entity158 , subjective improvement, performance, and standard measures of @entity508 . DESIGN: A noncomparative, multicenter, prospective cohort trial of @entity1 with implanted pumps followed up over a 12-month period for the assessment of @entity508 , @entity158 , and function. SETTING: Twenty-four European centers of neurology or rehabilitation familiar with implantable pump technique participated. @entity1 : @entity1 with intractable @entity508 (N=138) who responded positively to a trial dose of @entity1772 (n=133) and who began ITB therapy (n=129) were enrolled. INTERVENTION: Implantation of a Medtronic SynchroMed Infusion System with the administration of ITB therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ashworth Scale assessment, Penn Spasm Frequency Scale scores, @entity158 assessment, FIM instrument scores or WeeFIM scores for @entity1 , Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), and subjective ratings of overall relief were the tools administered. RESULTS: Muscle tone, @entity2473 scores, and @entity158 intensity reductions were observed. Overall FIM scores increased significantly in cognitive and motor function. COPM scores for both performance and satisfaction also improved significantly. @entity1 reported increased relief from @entity158 and @entity508 , supported by physician reports. Forty-three percent of @entity1 reported adverse events, mostly related to @entity1 ' underlying conditions (20%), the device implant surgery (10%), or complications with the catheter (9%). CONCLUSIONS: ITB therapy using a programmable pump is clinically effective and well tolerated, despite a seemingly high level of adverse events, in @entity1 with intractable @entity508 of spinal or cerebral origin and may offer improvements in @entity158 relief and function.

title: A clinical study of intrathecal @entity1772 using a programmable pump for intractable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

answer: @entity508 :: (MESH:D009128,Disease) :: ['spasticity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Articular cartilage is separated from subchondral bone by the tidemark and a calcified cartilage zone. Advancement of the calcified region and tidemark duplication are both @entity571 ( @entity571 ). Currently the mechanisms controlling post-natal articular cartilage mineralization are poorly understood. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that cellular communication between different cartilage layers regulates articular chondrocyte mineralization. DESIGN: Co-culture models were established to evaluate the interaction of chondrocytes derived from the surface, middle and deep zones of articular cartilage. The cultures were stimulated with @entity1954 (T3) to promote chondrocyte @entity1184 . The effects of zonal chondrocyte interactions on chondrocyte mineralization were examined over time. RESULTS: Co-culture of deep zone chondrocytes (DZCs) with surface zone chondrocytes (SZCs) suppressed the T3-induced increase in @entity623 ( @entity623 ) activity and related mineralization. Moreover, SZC-DZC co-culture was associated with a significantly higher @entity4293 ( @entity4293 ) expression when compared to controls. When @entity4293 (1-40) was added to the DZC-only culture, it suppressed DZC @entity623 activity similar to the inhibition observed in co-culture with SZC. In addition, treatment with @entity4293 reversed the effect of T3 stimulation on the expression of @entity1184 (Indian hedgehog, @entity623 , matrix metalloproteinases-13, Type X collagen) in the DZC cultures. Moreover, blocking the action of @entity4293 significantly increased @entity623 activity in SZC+DZC co-culture. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate the role of zonal chondrocyte interactions in regulating cell mineralization and provide a plausible mechanism for the post-natal regulation of articular cartilage matrix organization. These findings also have significant implications in understanding the pathology of articular cartilage as well as devising strategies for functional cartilage repair.

title: Interaction between zonal populations of articular chondrocytes suppresses chondrocyte mineralization and this process is mediated by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['hallmarks of osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity4293 :: ('5744', 'Gene') :: ['PTHrP', 'parathyroid hormone-related peptide']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy', 'hypertrophic markers']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity4293 :: (5744,Gene) :: ['PTHrP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Local @entity5 control (LC), overall survival (OS), symptom palliation, and late @entity137 for @entity1 with locally recurrent @entity5 treated with a computed tomography (CT)-guided interstitial brachytherapy implant were examined. METHODS: The medical records of 20 consecutive @entity1 who had received interstitial brachytherapy for locally recurrent @entity5 from 2000 through 2012 were reviewed. Seventeen @entity1 (85 %) had @entity5 and three had @entity5 [median follow-up time for living @entity1 , 23 months (range 13-132)]. Brachytherapy was used most commonly at the second pelvic recurrence (n = 13, 65 %). The implant dose was prescribed to 80 Gy to a 1-cm margin or 120 Gy to 100 % of the gross @entity5 volume. Endpoints were OS, LC, @entity137 , and symptom palliation rate, all calculated from the time of implant. RESULTS: The actuarial 1-year rates of LC and OS were 80 and 95 %, respectively. At presentation, 17 @entity1 (85 %) had symptoms related to the treated @entity5 which were palliated in 13 @entity1 (76 %) at a median time of 3 months (range 1-6); palliation was permanent for seven @entity1 (54 %), and the other six @entity1 lost palliation after a median 8 months (range 5-17). One @entity1 experienced a grade 3 late complication requiring a stent for @entity3041 ; five had grade 2 @entity137 , and four had grade 1 @entity137 . CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy for locally recurrent @entity5 produced durable @entity5 control and long-term survival, with effective palliation and minimal long-term morbidity.

title: Interstitial Brachytherapy for the Treatment of Locally Recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'anorectal cancer', 'anorectal tumors', 'anal cancer', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Anorectal Cancer']


abstract: Background. There are few reports of @entity645 viral load (VL) testing among @entity1 on ART in Vietnam. Methods. From a public clinic in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), we reviewed cases of VL measurements from adults on ART. Results. We identified 228 cases. Median age was 30 years (27-34), 85% were male, and 77% had a history of IDU. The mean ART duration was 26 months (95% CI 25-27); d4T/3TC/ @entity16333 was the most common regimen. Viral suppression was seen in 160/228 (70%). @entity646 (>1000   copies/mL) was associated with prior ART exposure (OR 5.68, P < .0001) and immunologic failure (OR 4.69, P = .0001). Targeted testing accounted for 13% of cases, only half of which yielded @entity646 . Conclusion. We demonstrate a high @entity645 suppression rate among @entity1 on ART in HCMC, Vietnam. In this setting, routine testing detects @entity646 missed by targeted testing.

title: @entity645 Suppression among @entity1 on Treatment in Vietnam: A Review of XXXX Viral Load Testing in a Public Urban Clinic in Ho Chi Minh City.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity646 :: ('MESH:D014766', 'Disease') :: ['Viremia', 'viremia']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: Aberrant removal of @entity39 is considered a feature with inflammatory consequences in @entity1252 . Herein, primary @entity244 ( @entity244 ) @entity1 were investigated for the first time for the capacity of their sera to degrade secondary @entity39 cell remnants (SNEC) and DNA (endonuclease @entity8118 activity), as well as for uptake of SNEC by blood-borne phagocytes. For comparison, specimens from unselected @entity1252 and @entity309 @entity1 and from @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ) were also studied. Compared to @entity1503 , the sera from @entity244 and @entity1252 @entity1 studied (but not @entity309 ) were found to exhibit significantly impaired capacity for degradation of SNEC (both for p  =  0.007) and deficient @entity8118 activity (both for p  <  0.0001). The deficient @entity8118 activity in @entity244 and @entity1252 sera did not owe to decreased @entity8118 protein levels. It correlated inversely with increased serum levels of circulating nucleosomes and cell-free DNA (p  <  0.0001), as well as with the disease activity indices of @entity244 (r  =  -0.445, p  =  0.0001) and @entity1252 (r  =  -0.500, p  =  0.013). In ex-vivo whole blood analyses, @entity244 and @entity1252 @entity1 (but not @entity309 ) also manifested significantly increased SNEC-phagocytosis by monocytes and granulocytes (all for p  <  0.0001) that also correlated with disease severity indices of @entity244 (p  =  0.001) and @entity1252 (p  =  0.01). In various cross-admixture experiments, such aberration was found to reside in the hyperfunctional activity of phagocytes, the impaired degrading activity of serum @entity8118 and the SNEC-binding capacity of serum IgG of @entity244 and @entity1252 @entity1 . The sera of @entity244 and @entity1252 @entity1 (but not of @entity309 ) induced significant SNEC-phagocytosis by healthy monocytes that correlated inversely with the @entity8118 activity (r  =  -0.634, p  <  0.0001) of these sera. In line with this, the inhibition of @entity8118 in @entity1503 sera by G-actin was found to lead to significantly diminished SNEC degradation and increased SNEC uptake by healthy phagocytes (p  =  0.0009), supporting the important physiologic role of serum @entity8118 in the prevention of SNEC-phagocytosis. Purified serum IgG preparations from @entity244 and @entity1252 @entity1 manifested increased binding to SNEC and were able to enhance significantly the engulfment of SNEC by healthy phagocytes both directly (under serum-free conditions, p   <=  0.009) and via the prevention of physiologic degradation of SNEC by serum, most likely due to their "shielding" against endonuclease digestion (p  =  0.0005). These data indicate that upon cell necrosis, the immune system of @entity244 and @entity1252 @entity1 may be overly exposed to the @entity39 , a fact that probably holds a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune reactions observed in these disorders.

title: Impaired degradation and aberrant phagocytosis of XXXX cell debris in the peripheral blood of @entity1 with primary @entity244 .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'necrotic debris']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['healthy blood donors', 'HBD']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Sj  gren's syndrome", 'SS']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrotic']


abstract: We proposed that a rapidly turning over protein, induced in response to @entity2922 stimulation of C6-2B @entity35 @entity816 cells, inhibits subsequent hormonal activation of adenylate cyclase. Studies upon which our hypothesis is based and confirmatory work in a variety of other cell lines and in vivo have utilized @entity4316 and @entity1880 to inhibit RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. These inhibitors, however, are not specific and have been reported also to interfere with other cellular processes. @entity7394 toxin is a specific protein synthesis inhibitor that acts only by @entity857 -ribosylating elongation factor 2, thus preventing peptide chain elongation. We thus tested whether diphtheria toxin could prevent @entity2922 -induced desensitization in A431 @entity1 @entity957 cells. The toxin inhibited protein synthesis and altered the time course of @entity3044 -stimulated @entity268 accumulation as did the less-specific protein synthesis inhibitor @entity1880 . Cellular @entity268 content after a 30-min exposure to @entity3044 was similar in control and in toxin-treated cells. However, after 4 hr of treatment with @entity3044 , toxin-treated cells accumulated up to six times more @entity268 than controls. When cells or cell-free adenylate cyclase preparations were rechallenged with agonists, toxin-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis prevented desensitization. These results show that diphtheria toxin, a specific inhibitor of protein synthesis, can interfere with the normal physiological regulation of @entity268 metabolism in eukaryotic cells and provide compelling evidence that @entity2922 stimulation of adenylate cyclase promotes the synthesis of a protein(s) that, in some way, inhibits hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase.

title: @entity7394 toxin prevents @entity2922 desensitization of A431 @entity1 XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['epidermoid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity7394 :: ('MESH:D004165', 'Disease') :: ['Diphtheria']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['epidermoid carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present the results of a small retrospective study in @entity1 after they have undergone lumbar scar resection and ADCON-L application to prevent recurrent formation of peridural @entity82 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between May 1996 and December 1999 nineteen @entity1 underwent surgery for peridural @entity82 . Sixteen @entity1 were eligible for statistical analysis. The mean age was 46.2 years (range 29 to 69 years) and the mean follow-up period was 9.7 months with a range of 3 to 38 months. In 10 @entity1 scar formation was the main factor for nerve root compression. Three out of these @entity1 showed concomitant recurrent disc herniation. Six @entity1 presented with peridural @entity82 but concomitant recurrent disc herniation as the main factor for clinical deterioration. After scar resection and decompression of the nerve roots ADCON-L was applied intraoperatively. RESULTS: Excellent or good results (Prolo score 8 - 10) were achieved in 5 of 16 @entity1 , fair results (Prolo score 6 - 7) in 5 and poor results (Prolo score 2 - 5) in 6 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: ADCON-L may improve the chances of a satisfactory outcome in a small subgroup of @entity1 following scar resection in the postoperative course of lumbar discectomy. Further investigations are necessary to identify clinical and radiographic factors predicting outcome.

title: Use of ADCON-L to prevent peridural XXXX following re-operation for recurrent lumbar radiculopathy: clinical results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: We aimed to measure temperament and investigate personality in @entity1 with high @entity3467 considering that these could modify the individual response to uncorrected high @entity3467 . METHODS: Fifteen @entity1 (age range, 5 to 12 years) with orthotropia and @entity4457 in the presence of uncorrected high @entity3467 were identified (group 1). Among the @entity1 with refractive accommodative @entity5971 , 15 @entity1 (age range, 5 to 12 years) were enrolled to form group 2. We measured the temperament by using the @entity1 's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) Short Form. The @entity1 's Apperception Test (CAT-H) was also administered to all subjects. RESULTS: Regarding the temperament scales measured by CBQ, themes of discomfort, fear, and shyness were more dominant in group 2; high-intensity pleasure and smiling-laughter were dominant in group 1. However the difference was statistically significant only for fear scale (P = 0.045). CAT-H results revealed that aggression toward the parents was the most commonly encountered behavioral pattern in both groups. The @entity1 in group 1 were more likely to express passive-aggressive behavioral pattern. Obstinacy and anal period characteristics dominate in the @entity1 in group 2. Themes of narcissistic injury was more frequently expressed by these @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The temperament scales and personality traits could play a role in the modification of the individual response to uncorrected high @entity3467 . This finding deserves more research in a larger study group.

title: Could personality traits modify the response to uncorrected high XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hyperopia']

entities_list: @entity5971 :: ('MESH:D004948', 'Disease') :: ['esotropia']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['ametropic amblyopia']

answer: @entity3467 :: (MESH:D006956,Disease) :: ['hyperopia']


abstract: AIMS: @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) inhibitors have proven their ability to affect vascular wall remodelling, in addition to their anti- @entity101 effects. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of @entity4687 on the development of @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) in a @entity35 model, and its correlation to enzyme activities involved in vascular wall remodelling. METHODS: The model of the decellularised aortic xenograft in Lewis @entity35 was chosen. @entity35 were randomised to two groups: group P fed with 3 mg kg(-1) of @entity4687 daily during 30 days, or control group C (n = 15 per group)). @entity35 were euthanised at 30 days for analysis. @entity1028 growth and histological changes in the aortic wall were measured by histomorphometry. Proteolytic activities were measured by gelatin zymography of conditioned medium for activematrix metalloproteinase 9/pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9 ( @entity6929 /pro- @entity6929 ) and activeMMP2/pro- @entity11017 , and by quantitative immunofluorescence tissue for elastase and plasmin. RESULTS: The mean maximal diameter of AAAs at 30 days was significantly lower in the treated group P compared with the control group C (2.5    1.0 vs. 4.9    2.1 mm; P < 0.01). The expansion rate of AAAs after 30 days was significantly reduced in group P compared with group C (36    14% vs. 67    23%; P < 0.01). Pro- @entity6929 and @entity6929 activities were significantly decreased in relative intensity (RI) in group P compared with group C (0.43    0.64 RI vs. 1.02    0.61 RI, P = 0.01; 0.18    0.57 RI vs. 0.66    1.19 RI, P = 0.004). The activation rate of @entity11017 was also significantly lower in group P compared with group C (1.27    0.42 vs. 1.67    0.44; P = 0.002). Elastase and plasmin tissue activities were significantly lower in group P compared with group C, respectively (3.9    3.3 vs. 5.8    3.7 IF min(-1) g(-1),and 25.9    23.9 vs. 49.1    38.7 IF min(-1) g(-1); P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After 30 days of treatment by @entity4687 , a significant decrease in @entity439 of the decellularised aortic xenograft @entity1028 model was observed. This phenomenon appears to be induced by a downregulation of enzymes involved in the aortic wall remodelling during @entity439 .

title: Downregulation of remodelling enzymatic activity induced by an @entity1811 inhibitor ( @entity4687 ) reduces the degeneration of experimental @entity1028 in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'Angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'AAA']

entities_list: @entity4687 :: ('MESH:D020913', 'Chemical') :: ['perindopril']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Executive functions (EF) in @entity15 ( @entity15 ) have been only partially studied, mainly trough the evaluation of subfunctions. The main objective was to analyse the EF alteration profile in a @entity1 with @entity15 sample. @entity1 AND METHODS: Case-control study, 100 @entity1 with @entity15 and 30 controls were evaluated by the following tests: Comprehensive @entity2205 Making Test, Stroop Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, picture completion, letter-number sequencing, comprehension and similarities of the WAIS-III scale, phonological and semantic fluency, zoo map test, temporal judgment and behavioural Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-Q) of the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome. Scores below normative values were considered pathological. Factorial analysis was used to simplify the deficits, and multiple regression and ANOVA statistics were used to analyse the relationship between clinical and cognitive variables. RESULTS: Seventy-four @entity1 had a recurrent-relapsing course, the mean degree of disability by Expanded disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 2.7 and the mean time of evolution was 9.94  years. Eighty-five per cent presented alterations in 3 or more EF tests and 71% in 5 or more. In the factorial analysis, three groups of functions were involved: (i) @entity73 (ii) inhibition and (iii) abstraction ability. @entity1 with a progressive course and a high EDSS had a significantly worse performance (P  <  0.05). The @entity1 showed a low awareness of their deficit in the DEX-Q. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive flexibility, inhibition and abstraction ability were the three components of @entity177 . The @entity1 with the worst performance were those with progressive forms and a high EDSS.

title: Alteration profile of executive functions in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive flexibility']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['EF most deficient']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of PROGRESS is to determine reliably the efficacy of lowering blood pressure for the prevention of @entity64 in @entity1 with a history of @entity66 . DESIGN: PROGRESS is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects on the incidence of @entity64 and other major cardiovascular events and @entity303 of treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor @entity4687 , alone or in combination with the diuretic @entity7486 . METHODS: The study population comprises 6000 normotensive or @entity101 @entity1 with a history of @entity64 or transient ischaemic attack within the previous 5 years. The study is being conducted in over 160 centres in seven regions: Australia and New Zealand, The @entity1 's Republic of China, France and Belgium, Italy, Japan, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Computerized randomization to active treatment or placebo is performed by fax direct to Auckland, New Zealand. The primary study outcome is @entity64 and secondary outcomes include @entity583 events and @entity204 , cognitive function and disability. @entity1 will be followed for a minimum of 4 years after randomization. RESULTS: By 16 July 1996, 162 local clinical centres had been registered across the seven regions, and 1682 @entity1 , 49% with a history of @entity101 , had been randomly assigned to receive active treatment or placebo, with 65% allocated to the combination of @entity4687 and @entity7486 or double placebo, and 35% to @entity4687 alone or single placebo. Three months after randomization, the blood pressure difference between the treatment and control groups among the first 182 @entity1 randomized was 11.9 mmHg (systolic) and 3.9 mmHg (diastolic). Six @entity64 and two non- @entity64 @entity65 have been recorded after a total of 3174 @entity1 -months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Observations made so far confirm that full recruitment into the study is feasible and that treatment with @entity4687 and @entity7486 is well tolerated in the study population. The blood pressure differences between control and treatment groups recorded so far suggest that the study should have the power to achieve its primary objectives, provided compliance with treatment is satisfactory and 6000 @entity1 are successfully recruited and followed for 4-5 years.

title: PROGRESS-- @entity4687 protection against recurrent XXXX study: status in July 1996. PROGRESS Management Committee.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['People', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke', 'total stroke']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity7486 :: ('MESH:D007190', 'Chemical') :: ['indapamide']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['fatal or non-fatal stroke, total major cardiovascular']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular deaths']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: @entity101 is a main risk factor for both initial and recurrent @entity64 . Compared to the post @entity64 situation in normotension, the @entity75 is larger in @entity101 , and the treatments may not be as effective. Thus, the results from healthy individuals may not be directly applied to the @entity101 . In fact, the high prevalence of @entity101 in @entity64 @entity1 and its devastating effect urge the necessity to integrate arterial @entity101 in the study of @entity64 in order to better mimic the clinical situations. The first step to do so is to have an appropriate @entity101 animal model for @entity64 studies. @entity64 -prone @entity2792 @entity35 (RHRSP) introduced in 1998, is an animal model with acquired @entity101 independent of @entity74 . The blood pressure begins to increase during the first week after constriction of bilateral renal arteries, and becomes sustained since around the 3rd month. Because the morphological and physiological changes of cerebral arteries are similar to those in @entity101 @entity1 , the @entity35 represent a higher than 60% incidence of spontaneous @entity64 . The animal model has several advantages: one hundred percent development of @entity101 without gene modification, high similarity to @entity1 @entity101 in cerebrovascular pathology and physiology, and easy establishment with low cost. Thus, the model has been extensively used in the investigation of @entity385 , and has been shown as a reliable animal model. This paper reviewed the features of RHRSP and its applications in the treatment and prevention of @entity64 , as well as the investigations of secondary lesions @entity64 .

title: @entity64 -prone @entity2792 @entity35 as an animal model for XXXX studies: from artery to brain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['postischemic stroke', 'stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['High blood pressure', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesion']

entities_list: @entity2792 :: ('MESH:D006978', 'Disease') :: ['renovascular hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic deficiency']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: Owing to their conservation and immunogenicity, @entity1457 proteins (hsps) represent a class of potential autoantigens. Moreover, they could be targets for gamma delta T lymphocytes, which are prominent in various @entity1200 . We studied the T cell proliferative primary responses to recombinant @entity2499 65 kDa hsp ( @entity11217 ) and @entity8118 70 kDa hsp ( @entity2285 ) in 31 @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ), 19 @entity1 with @entity16 ( @entity16 ) and 19 healthy individuals. Positive responses to @entity2285 , but not to @entity11217 were significantly more frequent in @entity1 with @entity15 than in @entity1 with @entity16 or in healthy individuals. In order to verify and refine these results and to characterize the hsp reactive T lymphocytes, we screened 147 PPD-specific long-term T cell lines (76 from 10 @entity1 with @entity15 and 71 from 12 healthy donors) for their proliferative response to @entity11217 and @entity2285 . @entity2285 -reactive T lines were significantly more common in @entity1 with @entity15 than in healthy controls. The number of T lines responding to @entity11217 increased in the @entity15 group only slightly. In 19 T lymphocyte lines from @entity1 with @entity15 and healthy donors, a cytofluorometric analysis was performed with special attention paid to distinct T cell receptor gamma delta determinants. With one exception, in each line the population of gamma delta T cells remained a minority. We conclude that an increased T cell response to mycobacterial @entity2285 may be present in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: T-lymphocyte reactivity to the recombinant mycobacterial 65- and 70-kDa XXXX proteins in @entity15 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8118 :: ('1773', 'Species') :: ['M. tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['other neurological diseases', 'OND']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune disorders']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: @entity1575 is a common scarring response to all forms of @entity7009 and is always associated with @entity32 that contributes to fibrogenesis. Although a variety of cell populations infiltrate the liver during @entity32 , it is generically clear that CD8 T lymphocytes promote while natural killer (NK) cells inhibit @entity1575 . However, the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which are abundant in the liver, in hepatic fibrogenesis, remains obscure. Here we show that @entity14434 @entity19 are more susceptible to @entity4314 ( @entity14605 )-induced @entity99 and @entity32 . The protective effect of naturally activated iNKT in this model is likely mediated via suppression of the proinflammatory effect of activated hepatic stellate cells. Interestingly, strong activation of iNKT through injection of iNKT activator @entity10380 (alpha-GalCer) accelerates @entity14605 -induced @entity99 and @entity82 . In contrast, chronic @entity14605 administration induces a similar degree of @entity99 in @entity14434 and wild-type @entity19 , and only a slightly higher grade of @entity1575 in @entity14434 @entity19 than wild-type @entity19 2 weeks but not 4 weeks after @entity14605 injection, although iNKT cells are able to kill activated stellate cells. An insignificant role of iNKT in @entity7009 and @entity82 may be attributable to hepatic iNKT cell depletion. Finally, chronic alpha-GalCer treatment had little effect on @entity99 and @entity82 , which is attributable to iNKT tolerance after alpha-GalCer injection. CONCLUSION: Natural activation of hepatic iNKT cells inhibits, whereas strong activation of iNKT cells by alpha-GalCer accelerates @entity14605 -induced @entity99 , @entity32 , and @entity82 . During @entity7009 , hepatic iNKT cells are depleted and play a role in inhibiting @entity1575 in the early stage but not the late stage of @entity82 .

title: Diverse roles of invariant natural killer T cells in @entity99 and XXXX induced by @entity4314 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4314 :: ('MESH:D002251', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon tetrachloride']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['acute liver injury', 'liver injury']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity7009 :: ('MESH:D056487', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver injury']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver fibrosis', 'Liver fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity14434 :: ('MESH:C566492', 'Disease') :: ['iNKT-deficient']

entities_list: @entity10380 :: ('MESH:C493154', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-galactosylceramide']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The qualitative recommendation to 'drink water instead of caloric beverages' may facilitate pediatric @entity28 treatment by lowering total energy intake. The quantitative recommendation to 'drink enough water to dilute urine' might further facilitate @entity353 by increasing fat oxidation via cell hydration-mediated changes in @entity2690 . METHODS: This 8 week randomized intervention tested whether both qualitative-plus-quantitative (QQ) drinking water recommendations result in more @entity353 than the qualitative recommendation alone (Q) in 25 @entity1 (9-12y) with body mass index at or above the 85(th) Percentile, given a reduced glycemic diet and usual physical activity. Random urine osmolality, saliva @entity2690 , and body weight were assessed weekly. Mixed models explored if @entity2690 mediated an effect of urine osmolality on @entity353 . RESULTS: In intention-to-treat analyses, QQ and Q @entity1 did not differ significantly with respect to level of urine osmolality, saliva @entity2690 , or @entity353 . Only 4 out of 16 QQ @entity1 complied with instruction to drink enough water to dilute urine, however. In completers analyses, the compliant QQ @entity1 , who diluted urine osmolality from 910    161 mmol/kg at baseline to below 500 mmol/kg over time (8 week mean  SE: 450    67 mmol/kg), had significantly lower saliva @entity2690 over time (8 week mean  SE: 13    8 pmol/l vs. 22    4 pmol/l) and greater @entity353 (mean    SE: -3.3    0.7kg vs. -2.0    0.5 kg) than compliant Q @entity1 (7 out of 9 @entity1 ) who maintained elevated urine osmolality over time (8- week mean  SE: 888    41 mmol/kg). Urine osmolality below 500 mmol/kg was significantly associated with @entity353 . Change in saliva @entity2690 partially explained the association. CONCLUSIONS: QQ recommendations may increase @entity353 for those able to dilute urine. Work is warranted to pursue cell hydration effects of drinking water for pediatric @entity28 treatment.

title: Qualitative and/or quantitative drinking water recommendations for pediatric XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The associations between autonomic function and biventricular function in @entity1 with the indeterminate form of @entity1526 remains to be elucidated. METHODS: In 42 asymptomatic @entity1 and 19 healthy volunteers, the autonomic function was assessed by time domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV), analyzed for 24 h; the right ventricular function was assessed by fraction area change, right ventricle shortening, and systolic excursion of the tricuspid valve; and the left ventricular function was assessed by ejection fraction and transmitral flow velocities. Data were expressed as mean+/-SD or medians (including the lower quartile and upper quartile). Groups were compared by Student's t or Mann-Whitney U test. Autonomic and ventricular function were correlated by Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient. The level of significance was 5%. RESULTS: Right and left ventricular systolic function indexes were comparable between groups. Transmitral flow velocities were decreased in the @entity1526 group (p<0.05). The @entity1 presented impaired HRV as indicated by the values of SDNN-day (80 (64-99) ms vs. 98 (78-127) ms; p=0.045), SDNNI-24 h (54 (43-71) vs. 65 (54-105) ms; p=0.027), SDNNI-day (49 (42-64) vs. 67 (48-76) ms; p=0.045), @entity38407 50-day (2.2 (0.7-5)% vs. 10 (3-11)%; p=0.033); and pNN50-24 h (3 (1-7)% vs. 12 (8-19)%; p=0.013). There were no correlations between the left ventricular diastolic indices and autonomic dysfunctional indices (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with the indeterminate form of @entity1526 have both @entity8053 and @entity1002 . However, the right ventricular function is preserved. Importantly, ventricular @entity67 and @entity8053 are independent phenomena.

title: @entity8053 and @entity67 in the indeterminate form of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ['Chagas disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity8053 :: ('MESH:D054969', 'Disease') :: ['dysautonomia']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular diastolic dysfunction']

answer: @entity1526 :: (MESH:D014355,Disease) :: ['Chagas disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical and multimodal imaging findings in acute @entity7375 without clinically evident exudative @entity1713 (ERD). We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 18 @entity1 (36 eyes), diagnosed with @entity7375 without clinically evident ERD. All @entity1 underwent complete ophthalmic examination, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), B-scan ultrasonography, @entity941 angiography (FA), and @entity3194 angiography (ICGA). Of 18 @entity1 , twelve (66.7  %) were female and 6 (33.3  %) were male. Mean age was 39  years (range, 23-60). Ten @entity1 had been referred with an erroneous diagnosis of primary @entity1781 (8; 44.4  %) or isolated anterior @entity1596 (2; 11.1  %). Anterior chamber or vitreous inflammatory reaction was noted in 22 eyes (61.1  %), each. Fundus findings included @entity1781 swelling in 30 eyes (83.3  %), @entity2479 (55.5  %), and yellowish deep lesions in 3 eyes (8.3  %). OCT showed a shallow, localized subclinical ERD in 18 eyes (50  %), and @entity5995 pigment epithelial folds in 23 eyes (63.9  %). B-scan ultrasonography showed diffuse, low- to medium-reflective choroidal thickening in all eyes. FA disclosed delayed choroidal perfusion in at least one eye of all @entity1 (100  %), mild pinpoint leakage in 21 eyes (58.3  %), @entity1781 hyperfluorescence in 35 eyes (97.2  %) and @entity2194 (36.1  %). ICGA findings included delayed @entity2194 (66.7  %), decrease in the number of large choroidal vessels in 36 eyes (100  %), fuzzy choroidal vessels in 35 eyes (97.2  %), and hypofluorescent dark dots in 28 eyes (77.8  %). The association of bilateral @entity3171 with retinal striae and intraocular inflammatory reaction highly suggests @entity7375 . A multimodal imaging approach including fundus photography, OCT, B-scan ultrasonography, FA, and ICGA provides important clues for the definite diagnosis and help differentiate @entity7375 from primary @entity1781 .

title: Clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics of acute XXXX unassociated with clinically evident exudative @entity1713 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal perfusion in 24 eyes', 'choroidal folds in 13 eyes']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal striae in 20 eyes']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic disc', 'optic nerve disorders', 'optic nerve disorder']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity7375 :: ('MESH:D014607', 'Disease') :: ['VKH disease', 'acute VKH disease', 'Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease']

entities_list: @entity3171 :: ('MESH:C531767', 'Disease') :: ['optic disc edema']

answer: @entity7375 :: (MESH:D014607,Disease) :: ['Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease']


abstract: In their active state, beta(2)-integrins, such as @entity1453 , mediate the firm arrest of leukocytes by binding intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) expressed on endothelium. Although the primary function of @entity1453 is assumed to be the ability to mediate firm adhesion, recent work has shown that @entity1453 can contribute to cell tethering and rolling under hydrodynamic flow, a role previously largely attributed to the selectins. The inserted (I) domain of @entity1453 has recently been crystallized in the wild-type (wt) and locked-open conformations and has been shown to, respectively, support rolling and firm adhesion under flow when expressed in alpha(L)beta(2) heterodimers or as isolated domains on cells. Here, we report results from cell-free adhesion assays where wt I-domain-coated @entity852 particles were allowed to interact with @entity2071 -coated surfaces in shear flow. We show that wt I-domain can independently mediate the capture of particles from flow and support their rolling on @entity2071 surfaces in a manner similar to how @entity1735 -selectin interactions mediate rolling. Adhesion is specific and blocked by appropriate antibodies. We also show that the rolling velocity of I-domain-coated particles depends on the wall shear stress in flow chamber, I-domain site density on microsphere surfaces, and @entity2071 site density on substrate surfaces. Furthermore, we show that rolling is less sensitive to wall shear stress and @entity2071 substrate density at high density of I-domain on the microsphere surface. Computer simulations using adhesive dynamics can recreate bead rolling dynamics and show that the mechanochemical properties of @entity2071 -I-domain interactions are similar to those of @entity1735 -selectin interactions. Understanding the biophysics of adhesion mediated by the I-domain of @entity1453 can elucidate the complex roles this integrin plays in leukocyte adhesion in @entity32 .

title: I-domain of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 mediates rolling of @entity852 particles on XXXX under flow.

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity2071 :: (3383,Gene) :: ['ICAM-1']


abstract: For the scheduled future revision of the TNM staging system for @entity2 , it is important that the present 1997 version be evaluated in a large population. In 2001, the Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry sent a questionnaire to 320 Japanese institutions regarding the prognosis and clinicopathological profiles of @entity1 who underwent the resection for primary @entity2 in 1994. We compiled the data for 7408 @entity1 from 303 institutions (94.7%). Among these, 6644 @entity1 with non-small cell histology were studied in terms of prognosis. The 5-year survival rate of the entire group was 52.6%. The 5-year survival rates by clinical (c-) stage were as follows: 72.1% for IA (n = 2423), 49.9% for IB (n = 1542), 48.7% for IIA (n = 150), 40.6% for IIB (n = 746), 35.8% for IIIA (n = 1270), 28.0% for IIIB (n = 366) and 20.8% for IV (n = 147). The difference in prognosis between neighboring stages was significant except for between IB and IIA and between IIIB and IV. The 5-year survival rates by pathological (p-) stage were as follows: 79.5% for IA (n = 2009), 60.1% for IB (n = 1418), 59.9% for IIA (n = 232), 42.2% for IIB (n = 757), 29.8% for IIIA (n = 1250), 19.3% for IIIB (n = 719) and 20.0% for IV (n = 259). The difference in prognosis between neighboring stages was significant except for between IB and IIA and between IIIB and IV. The survival curves of stages IB and IIA were almost superimposed in both c- and p-settings. These findings indicated that the present stages IB and IIA should be merged into the same stage category. Otherwise, the present TNM staging system seemed to well characterize the stage-specific prognosis in @entity1149 . The future revision should focus on the subdivision of stages I and II.

title: Prognosis of 6644 resected XXXX in Japan: a Japanese @entity2 registry study.

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'lung neoplasms']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Ruptures of the distal part of the biceps brachii tendon are rare. The diagnosis is often delayed and only late repair can be considered. In this study, the recovery of muscle strength after late repair of the @entity924 was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 with a @entity397 were analysed. The mean delay from the primary @entity130 to the operation was 35 weeks. The tendon was anatomically re-attached with bone anchors. In three cases a tendon graft was needed. The operated arms were immobilised postoperatively for four weeks, after which mobilisation was allowed. Maximal static flexion and supination strength was measured after an average follow-up time of 124 weeks by using a computer-based isokinetic dynamometer. RESULTS: @entity1 satisfaction and overall muscle strength recovery were very good. Compared to the non-operated side, average flexion strength recovery was 90% and corresponding recovery of supination strength 78%. @entity425 on supination remained in the cases where a tendon graft was used. One @entity1 needed a re-operation for a re-rupture. There were three cases of transient paresthesia of the cutaneous nerve. All @entity1 resumed their previous work. CONCLUSION: Late anatomical repair of the biceps @entity924 and moderate supination strength. This operation should always be considered when the primary diagnosis is delayed.

title: Recovery of muscle strength after late repair of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['brachii tendon restores very good flexion', 'distal biceps brachii tendon']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['Weakness']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured distal biceps brachii tendon']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['distal biceps brachii tendon']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The activation of cardiac @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channels is reported to protect myocardium during @entity63 . However, the behavior and role of this channel during reperfusion remain uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity840 right ventricular walls were studied by use of microelectrodes and a force transducer. Each preparation was perfused via the coronary artery at a constant flow rate and was stimulated at 3 Hz. In the first protocol, the preparation was subjected to 10 minutes of no-flow @entity63 , which was followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Introduction of @entity63 shortened the @entity2045 ( @entity2045 ) to 58.7 +/- 3.1% of the preischemic values, in association with a decrease in the resting membrane potential (by 12 +/- 0.8 mV) and action potential amplitude (by 34.6 +/- 1.8 mV). On reperfusion, although the @entity2045 was restored, it remained shortened for up to approximately 30 minutes of reperfusion. In the presence of @entity5217 (10 mumol/L), the shortening of the @entity2045 during @entity63 was significantly attenuated and the restoration of @entity2045 after reperfusion was significantly facilitated. When @entity5217 was applied from the onset of reperfusion, the persistent @entity2045 shortening was significantly suppressed. The developed @entity2701 decreased during @entity63 and recovered after 60 minutes of reperfusion (up to 92.0 +/- 6.4% of preischemic values) in the untreated preparations. The application of @entity5217 that was started before @entity63 or from the onset of reperfusion significantly suppressed the recovery of contractility (P < .05 versus untreated preparations). In the second series of experiments, 20 minutes of no-flow @entity63 and 60 minutes of reperfusion were applied. This protocol produced a sustained @entity409 after reperfusion (to 34.0 +/- 3.2% of preischemic values). In the presence of cromakalim (2 mumol/L), the @entity2045 shortening was enhanced during both @entity63 and the early reperfusion period. Cromakalim significantly improved the contractile recovery (to 79.3 +/- 4.1% of preischemic values, P < .05 versus untreated preparations). The application of cromakalim that was started from the onset of reperfusion also improved the contractile recovery during this phase and this effect was associated with enhanced @entity2045 shortening. However, the cromakalim-treated preparations demonstrated a higher incidence of @entity2224 during reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channels are activated by @entity63 , and a fraction of these channels remains activated during the early reperfusion phase. The resulting shortening of the @entity2045 prevents the heart from developing @entity1562 .

title: Pharmacological evidence for the persistent activation of XXXX -sensitive K+ channels in early phase of reperfusion and its protective role against @entity1562 .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['APD', 'action potential duration']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glibenclamide']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['contractile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial stunning']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']