abstract: BACKGROUND: At the Alberta @entity1 's Hospital, the authors have been performing paediatric @entity231 extraction with @entity2790 ( @entity2790 ) implant for over 10 years. The authors examined the amount of myopic shift that occurs in various age groups and @entity231 types, in order to evaluate the success of predicting the appropriate power of @entity2790 to implant. METHODS: This study is a retrospective review @entity1 undergoing small incision posterior chamber foldable @entity2790 implantation between age 1 month and 18 years, from 1995 to 2005. 163 eyes of 126 @entity1 underwent surgery. All @entity1 were followed for a minimum of 6 months postoperatively. The @entity1 were divided into four groups at time of surgery: Group A: 1-24 months, Group B: 25-48 months, Group C: 49-84 months, Group D: 85 months-18 years. RESULTS: The mean target refraction for the groups were: Group A: +6.37 D, Group B: +4.66 D, Group C: +1.95 D, and Group D: +0.97 D. @entity1 under 4 years experienced the most myopic shift and the largest mean rate of refractive change per year. Mean change Group A: -5.43 D, Group B: -4.16 D, Group C: -1.58 D, Group D: -0.71 D. Eighty-nine per cent of @entity1 with unilateral @entity231 had a postoperative refraction within 3.00 D of the fellow eye at last follow-up visit (mean=3.16 years). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of myopic shift is high in @entity1 under age 4 years at time of surgery, shifting as much as -12.00 D. The mean postoperative target refraction should probably be increased from previous literature recommendations. The @entity1 's age at time of @entity231 surgery and the refractive power of fellow eye are all factors to consider when deciding what power @entity2790 to surgically implant in a paediatric @entity1 .

title: Paediatric pseudophakia: analysis of XXXX power and myopic shift.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['IOL', 'intraocular lens']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

answer: @entity2790 :: (MESH:D009798,Disease) :: ['intraocular lens']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although Bacillus Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) instillations are considered as the adjuvant treatment of choice for stage Ta-T1 grade G3 @entity150 , there is no consensus for a predictive factor to assess BCG success. This study attempted to evaluate if @entity1457 proteins (HSPs) could be useful predictive markers in BCG responses. METHODS: Thirty-three primary resected G3 superficial @entity150 were included in the study. All @entity1 received adjuvant BCG instillations. The mean follow-up was 56 mo (range: 24-132 mo). HSP expression was evaluated by immunochemistry. RESULTS: In the 33 @entity1 , 18 had no recurrence (group 1), 9 had recurrence with no muscular invasion (group 2), and 6 had an invasive recurrence (group 3). A significant correlation was found between lack of expression of @entity4041 and BCG response: the mean HSP expression was 92.7%, 84.4%, and 26.7% for groups 1, 2 and 3 @entity5 , respectively (p<0.0001). For the 6 @entity1 who did not positively respond to BCG, HSP expression was <40%. All the @entity5 with a @entity4041 expression >40% positively responded to BCG, corresponding to group 1 or 2 @entity1 . In contrast, @entity11217 expression was not correlated to the BCG response. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4041 could be considered as a very promising marker to assess BCG treatment response. Low @entity4041 expression (<40%) could be useful to predict BCG failure and early stage cystectomy could be proposed for these selected @entity1 with primary high-risk grade 3 superficial @entity150 .

title: @entity4041 expression: a new predictive factor for BCG response in stage Ta-T1 grade 3 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumours']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumours']


abstract: This study assessed the effects of the systemically administered @entity2951 analogue @entity43557 in an animal model of @entity3825 and @entity2915 . The effects of prophylactic administration of @entity43557 (in the dose range 0.05-1 mg/kg) on the @entity10478 ( @entity10478 ) and the referred viscero-somatic @entity1931 to mechanical stimuli (VSH) associated with @entity18409 @entity32 of the @entity35 urinary bladder were evaluated. @entity43557 attenuated both the @entity10478 and the VSH in a dose related fashion. In the @entity10478 model, following solvent control administration, intra-vesical @entity18409 administration was associated with a significant reduction in micturition threshold to 43.7% (SEM 6.3) of baseline, indicating the presence of a @entity10478 . This effect was not observed when animals were prophylactically treated with @entity43557 alone. At a dose of 0.1 mg/kg the micturition threshold was 90.7% (SEM 10.2) of baseline at 1 h after intra-vesical instillation of @entity18409 . In the VSH model, curves were plotted of the difference in fore and hind limb withdrawal latencies from a mechanical stimulus and the area under these curves (AUCs) were compared between different treatment protocols. Intra-vesical @entity18409 was associated with a negative deflection of the curve (AUC -5.2x10(3) SEM 1.7) in comparison with na  ve animals (AUC -0.02x10(3) SEM 0.6), indicative of a referred @entity1931 . This was prevented, in a dose-related manner, by prophylactic administration of @entity43557 . For example, at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg the AUC was +0.4x10(3) (SEM 0.8). These findings support previous work indicating that @entity2951 sensitive neurones participate in patho-physiological events occurring following @entity32 of the bladder, and provides evidence that systemically active @entity2951 based compounds may be developed for use in the clinical setting.

title: The XXXX analogue @entity43557 attenuates the @entity2915 and referred @entity1931 associated with @entity32 of the @entity35 urinary bladder.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity10478 :: ('OMIM:155310', 'Disease') :: ['viscero-visceral hyper-reflexia', 'VVH']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity18409 :: ('MESH:D014425', 'Chemical') :: ['turpentine']

entities_list: @entity3825 :: ('MESH:D059265', 'Disease') :: ['visceral pain']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyper-reflexia']

answer: @entity2951 :: (MESH:D002211,Chemical) :: ['capsaicin']


abstract: STUDY QUESTION: Is there an association between the number of CGG repeats in the @entity10308 gene in the normal and intermediate range and age at natural menopause? SUMMARY ANSWER: The number of CGG repeats in the normal and intermediate range in the @entity10308 gene was not associated with age at natural menopause. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Excessive triple CGG repeats in the @entity10308 gene have been widely associated with primary @entity11157 . Recently, the number of CGG repeats in the normal and intermediate range (up to 55 repeats) was found to be associated with serum levels of anti-M  llerian hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, as markers for ovarian ageing. This suggests that repeats in the normal and intermediate range could be involved in the rate of exhaustion of the ovarian primordial follicle pool and ultimately the timing of menopause. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE: Cross-sectional study in a population-based sample of 3611 Caucasian @entity1 with natural menopause. @entity1 /MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The @entity10308 CGG repeat number was determined by PCR amplification in 3611 @entity1 with a known age at natural menopause. A possible relation between CGG repeats in the normal and intermediate range (up to 55 repeats) and menopausal age were analysed in various ways, including linear regression analysis and analysis of variance. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The number of CGG repeats in the normal and intermediate range in the @entity10308 gene was not associated with age at natural menopause. The mean age at menopause was 50.30 (   4.2) years for @entity1 with <45 repeats and 50.64 (   3.4) years for @entity1 with intermediate-sized repeats (P = 0.37). Linear regression analysis of the number of CGG repeats showed no association with menopausal age (b = 0.019, P = 0.16). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: In our cohort, age at menopause was self-reported and determined retrospectively. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Earlier observations suggesting that the number of CGG repeats in the normal and intermediate range is associated with the individual variation of the ovarian ageing process could not be confirmed in the current, large sample size study. A relation between the number of CGG repeats in the normal and intermediate range and age at natural menopause appeared to be absent. This finding questions the role of CGG repeat sizes in the ovarian ageing process.

title: The association of CGG repeats in the XXXX gene and timing of natural menopause.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'women']

entities_list: @entity11157 :: ('MESH:D016649', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian insufficiency']

answer: @entity10308 :: (2332,Gene) :: ['FMR1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of @entity5578 by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in asymptomatic subjects. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Outpatient clinic. @entity1 : A total of 325 @entity1 who underwent MRI for suspected @entity1504 . Of those, 257 @entity1 lacked nasal or sinus symptoms. RESULTS: @entity50 were seen on MRI in 153 (47.1%) of 325 @entity1 , including 107 (41.6%) of the 257 asymptomatic @entity1 . Subjects older than 50 years had a significantly higher frequency of @entity50 on MRI (49.8%) vs those younger than 50 years (39.5%) (P < .05). The @entity1177 was observed in 99 @entity1 (38.5%) and the @entity50 was observed in 52 (20.2%) (P < .01). The most common abnormality was mucosal thickening in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of @entity50 was detected in asymptomatic subjects on MRI.

title: Clinical significance of asymptomatic XXXX on magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1177 :: ('MESH:D008444', 'Disease') :: ['maxillary sinus abnormality']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial disease']

entities_list: @entity5578 :: ('MESH:D010254', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of the paranasal sinus detected']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['Sinus abnormalities', 'ethmoid sinus abnormality', 'sinus abnormalities']

answer: @entity50 :: (MESH:D012851,Disease) :: ['sinus abnormalities']


abstract: PURPOSE: Our goal was to describe the MR findings of @entity1284 ( @entity1284 ) in the lower extremities. METHOD: Fifteen individuals were studied, including eight healthy controls and seven @entity1 with @entity1284 (four cardiac, three renal). MR evaluation included various SE techniques. @entity4 detection, localization, and symmetry were assessed subjectively. Relaxation time estimates were also made of the subcutaneous tissue, marrow, and three muscles. RESULTS: Subcutaneous tissue was markedly @entity4 in seven of seven @entity1 and asymmetric in four of seven, whereas marrow was normal in all @entity1 . @entity4 was mild and asymmetric in six and two of seven @entity1 , respectively. Perifascial fluid collections were identified in six of seven @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous tissue edema is the dominant feature of @entity1284 in the lower extremities. Perifascial fluid is common but does not necessarily distribute symmetrically. @entity4 is relatively mild. These findings should aid in identifying @entity1284 as the potential cause of swelling in @entity1 with swollen legs.

title: The MR appearance of XXXX in the lower extremities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous', 'Muscle edema', 'Edema']

entities_list: @entity1284 :: ('MESH:D019190', 'Disease') :: ['VO', 'volume overload']

answer: @entity1284 :: (MESH:D019190,Disease) :: ['volume overload']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5 stage and grade represent the best established predictors for the prognosis of @entity189 ( @entity189 ). However, controversies still exist regarding the role of @entity5 @entity39 , location, and multifocality in the prognosis of @entity189 . We share our experience with 305 @entity1 , reporting on the pathologic features in detail, @entity5 characteristics, and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data from @entity1 who had undergone surgery for @entity189 from 1983 to 2013. The @entity5 were staged according to the 1997 TNM classification and the 3-tiered World Health Organization grading system. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 305 @entity1 were eligible for analysis. The 5-year CSS for grade 1, 2, and 3 was 88%, 84%, and 60%, respectively. The CSS for stage @entity2558 , T2, T3, and T4 was 82%, 70%, 62%, and 0%, respectively. On univariate analysis, @entity5 stage, @entity5 grade, positive lymph node status, and micropapillary invasion had adverse effects on survival (P  = .006, P  = .045, P  = .01, and P  = .005, respectively). On multivariate analysis, only stage and micropapillary variant maintained significance (P  = .01). Multicentricity and @entity5 location affected CSS in the early follow-up period but did not in the late follow-up period. Neither @entity189 in situ nor adverse pathologic variants affected survival. CONCLUSION: The @entity5 stage and presence of a micropapillary variant are of paramount prognostic significance for survival in @entity1 with @entity189 . The @entity5 grade and lymph node status are also good predictors. In our series, multifocality and @entity5 location affected early and mid-term survival with no significant effects on late survival.

title: Histopathologic Characteristics of Upper Tract @entity189 With an Emphasis on Their Effect on Cancer Survival: A Single-Institute Experience With 305 XXXX With Long-Term Follow-Up.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['upper tract urothelial carcinoma', 'carcinoma', 'UTUC']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: CONTEXT: : Food @entity566 plays a significant pathogenic role among @entity1 with @entity483 ( @entity483 ). OBJECTIVE: : The aims of this study were to evaluate @entity566 to egg in these @entity1 and determine the egg specific @entity9416 ( @entity9416 ) cutoff point. DESIGN AND SETTING: : It was a cross-sectional study that took place at Immunology, Asthma and @entity566 Research Institute from 2005 to 2007. METHODS: : @entity1 younger than 14 years old with @entity483 entered the study. Careful medical histories were taken and skin prick and Immuno-CAP tests with the most commonly offending foods ( @entity291 's milk, egg, @entity3505 , peanut, and soy) were performed. @entity1 with a clear, positive history of @entity5419 and a positive @entity9416 -mediated test or those with positive responses to both @entity9416 -mediated tests were determined to have @entity5419 . The egg-specific @entity9416 level cutoff point was determined. RESULTS: : A hundred @entity1 entered the study (from 2 months to 12 years old). They were divided into 3 age groups: first <2 years, second from 2 to <6 years, and third from 6 to 14 years. The most common food allergens were egg (39.22%) in the first, @entity291 's milk (35.13%) and egg (32.43%) in the second, and peanut (25%) and egg (16.67%) in the third group. The egg-specific @entity9416 cutoff point value was 0.62 kUA/L (kilounits of allergen-specific @entity9416 per liter). The positive predictive value was 95%. CONCLUSION: : Prevalence of egg @entity566 is highly significant in @entity1 with @entity483 .To use egg-specific @entity9416 level cutoff point, the @entity1 population under study must be considered.

title: The study of egg XXXX in @entity1 with @entity483 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergy', 'food allergies']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergy', 'Allergy']

entities_list: @entity9416 :: ('3497', 'Gene') :: ['immunoglobulin E', 'IgE']

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been well documented that a variant allele of mitochondrial @entity264 dehydrogenase 2 ( @entity6921 ), @entity6921 *2, commonly occurs in East Asians but rarely in other ethnic populations. This unique allelic variation significantly influences drinking behavior and susceptibility to development of @entity988 . Previous structural, functional, and cellular studies indicate that the resulting variant polypeptide subunit K (Lys-487) exerts dominance of null activity and shorter half-life over the tetrameric enzyme molecules in distinct manners. However, the in vivo evidence for the proposed dominance mechanisms remains lacking. METHODS: To address this question, we investigated 33 surgical liver samples identified to be normal homozygous @entity6921 *1/*1 (n = 17), heterozygous @entity6921 *1/*2 (n = 13), and variant homozygous @entity6921 *2/*2 (n = 3). The @entity6921 activity was determined at a sufficient low @entity3094 concentration (3  M) and the isozyme protein amount by immunotitration using purified class-specific antibodies. RESULTS: The tissue @entity6921 activity in heterozygotes was 17% that of the @entity6921 *1/*1 genotype (p < 0.001), whereas the activity of @entity6921 *2/*2 was too low to be precisely determined. The protein amounts of tissue @entity6921 in variant homozygotes and heterozygotes were similar but only 30 to 40% that of normal homozygotes (p < 0.01). Linear regression analyses show that @entity6921 activities were significantly correlated with the protein contents in normal homozygotes and heterozygotes, respectively (p < 0.005). The specific activity of @entity6921 per enzyme protein in @entity6921 *1/*2 was 38% that of @entity6921 *1/*1 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results are in good agreement with those predicted by the model studies, thus providing in vivo evidence for @entity73 of hepatic @entity3094 oxidation with @entity167 metabolism in individuals carrying @entity6921 *1/*2 and @entity6921 *2/*2 genotypes.

title: Dominance of the inactive Asian variant over activity and protein contents of mitochondrial XXXX dehydrogenase 2 in human liver.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['differential impairments']

entities_list: @entity264 :: ('CHEBI:17478', 'Chemical') :: ['aldehyde']

entities_list: @entity3094 :: ('MESH:D000079', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaldehyde']

answer: @entity264 :: (CHEBI:17478,Chemical) :: ['aldehyde']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess @entity1068 's ( @entity167 's) effects on @entity2951 -induced @entity1931 in healthy @entity1 . Specifically, we investigated the change in area of @entity2951 -induced @entity1931 following 3 interventions: intravenous @entity167 at 2 targeted breath @entity285 concentrations (BrAC), or placebo. METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 participated in 3 test days in a randomized order. Each test day, @entity1 received an intradermal @entity2951 injection on the volar surface of the forearm, followed by either infusion of high concentration @entity167 (targeted BrAC  =  0.100  g/dl), low concentration @entity167 (targeted BrAC  =  0.040  g/dl), or placebo. The area of @entity1931 was determined by von Frey technique at 2 time points, prior to @entity167 infusion, and again when target BrAC was reached. The primary outcome was the percent change in the area of @entity2951 -induced @entity1931 . Additional outcome measures included the visual analogue scale of mood states (VAS), which was administered at each time point. RESULTS: There was a marked 30% reduction in the area of @entity2951 -induced @entity1931 with infusion of a high concentration of @entity167 (p  <  0.05). Low concentration @entity167 produced a 10% reduction in @entity1931 area, although this finding did not reach significance. Further, @entity1 reported significant feelings of euphoria and drowsiness at high concentrations of @entity167 (p  <  0.05), as measured by the VAS. CONCLUSIONS: In a @entity1 model examining @entity158 phenomena related to central sensitization, this study is the first to demonstrate that @entity2951 -induced @entity1931 is markedly attenuated by @entity167 . The @entity2951 experimental @entity158 paradigm employed provides a novel approach to evaluate @entity167 's effects on @entity158 processing. The antihyperalgesic effects of @entity167 observed have important clinical implications for the converging fields of @entity734 and @entity158 medicine and may inform why @entity1 with @entity1118 often report @entity285 use as a form of self-medication.

title: Effect of Intravenous @entity1068 on XXXX -Induced @entity1931 in @entity1 Subjects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity2951 :: (MESH:D002211,Chemical) :: ['Capsaicin']


abstract: The use of angiogenesis inhibitors may offer novel strategies in @entity1313 therapy. In contrast to traditional @entity5 treatments that @entity5 cells directly, angiogenesis inhibitors target at the formation of @entity5 -feeding blood vessels that provide continuous supply of nutrients and @entity26 . With respect to @entity1313 therapy, inhibitors of angiogenesis display unique features that are unknown to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. The most important features are independence of the blood-brain barrier, cell type specificity, and reduced resistance. Malignant @entity1313 , especially @entity11 , are among the most vascularized @entity5 known. Despite multimodal therapeutic approaches, the prognosis remains dismal. Thus, angiogenesis inhibitors may be highly effective drugs against these @entity5 . In a clinical setting, they could be applied in the treatment of @entity5 or postsurgically as an adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence. This article provides an overview of current anti-angiogenic treatment strategies with emphasis on substances already in clinical trials or candidate substances for clinical trials. The cellular and molecular basis of these substances is reviewed.

title: Anti-angiogenic treatment strategies for malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'multiple tumors', 'cancer', 'attack tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor', 'brain tumors']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']


abstract: Autoregulatory growth control of @entity6523 and rectum is an important factor in the success of sphincter-sparing surgical resections. It is the basis for the coexistence of billions of somatic cells in multicellular organisms. Similar to normal mucosa, @entity6523 in the colorectum show autoregulatory growth control in their tissues. This applies whether they are differentiated or undifferentiated. In most cases, their growth and expansion is controlled throughout life. While @entity2513 have malignant potential, their transformation to @entity5 is exceedingly rare (e.g., in @entity1412 , or @entity1941 , with a prevalence of only one in 10,000). It has been hypothesized that "fully developed @entity652 " frequently are a prestage of @entity14 . However, convincing evidence on a molecular level that this so-called @entity2513 sequence indeed occurs in vivo is lacking. In contrast, there is good evidence that @entity14 is a microevolutionary process and that the irrevocable loss of autoregulatory growth control is one of its features. The most prominent homing area for @entity14 is the rectum. If the rectum is resected, metachronous @entity5 occurs only very rarely. The most distal quarter of the rectum is cloacal in origin and a pivotal structure for anorectal continence. It should be preserved whenever a more proximal location of the @entity5 makes this possible. These conclusions are based on our extensive case series and observations extending over several decades.

title: [Autoregulatory growth control of XXXX and carcinogenesis in the colorectal region. Basics of @entity5 surgery Part I].

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancerous lesions', 'tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial polyposis']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps in the colon', 'adenomatous polyps']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinogenesis', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas', 'adenoma-carcinoma']

answer: @entity6523 :: (MESH:D018256,Disease) :: ['adenomatous polyps']


abstract: The ability of the host to modulate the granulomatous response around ova trapped in tissues determines the severity of @entity281 . Multiple factors may affect this modulation such as age, prior sensitization, history of treatment, and exposure. The present study examines the effect of different patterns of exposure on the sequential development and modulation of @entity738 in juvenile Kenyan @entity6599 ( @entity3474 ) after receiving either a single @entity281 (SI) of 1500 @entity380 cercariae or @entity281 ( @entity281 ) of 150 cercariae, once a week for 10 weeks. Prior to sacrifice at 17 weeks postinfection (p.i.), liver biopsies were obtained at Weeks 0, 6, 9, and 13. SI animals experienced more @entity353 compared to @entity281 animals. Peak hepatic @entity738 size (mean 355 +/- 65.5 microns diameter), the maximum percentage of eosinophils in the @entity738 (61%), and severity of disease occurred at 6 weeks in SI animals. Peak @entity738 size and pathology did not appear until Week 9 in the @entity281 animals (mean 317.7 +/- 67.3 microns diameter). @entity738 size, tissue @entity1712 , and gross pathology diminished by Week 13 p.i. and were virtually absent in both groups by Week 17. The decrease in @entity738 size, pathology, and clinical illness resolved more rapidly in the @entity281 @entity6599 . @entity281 @entity6599 were more susceptible to @entity281 (83 +/- 12% of cercariae developed into adult worms) compared to @entity281 @entity6599 (67 +/- 7%, P < 0.01). Eggs recovered from tissues at necropsy were primarily confined to the large intestine (85% of total egg recovered), followed by liver (10%) and small intestine (5%). Significantly more eggs were recovered from @entity281 compared to SI animals, indicating a higher fecundity of female worms in the @entity281 @entity6599 . These date demonstrate that granulomatous responses develop more slowly and modulate more rapidly with repeated @entity281 compared to a single heavy @entity281 and suggest the type of exposure may affect the pathologic response to @entity281 .

title: XXXX : development and modulation of the @entity738 after or multiple exposures in the @entity3474 ( @entity3474 ).

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged dysentery and greater weight loss']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma', 'Granuloma']

entities_list: @entity3474 :: ('9555', 'Species') :: ['Papio cynocephalus anubis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Singly infected', 'multiple infections', 'disease to schistosome infections', 'MI', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

answer: @entity380 :: (6183,Species) :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We want to detect the prevalence of cognitive prevalence deterioration in the elderly population of 80-years-old or older, their grade of deterioration and the causal pathogenic entity. METHOD:                 <AbstractText Label="DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">a cross-sectional population study, including a first phase of screening and a second one of diagnosis confirmation. STUDY SUBJECTS: a total of 877 elderly @entity1 of 80-years-old or older belonging to the basic health care area of Manlleu (Osona, Catalonia midlands). In the first phase, relatives and/or caregivers were interviewed, and the participating subjects underwent a set of tests. Those who obtained 24 points or less on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and/or an equal Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) or over 3 were admitted to the second phase. During the second phase, a general and a neurological examination were performed, along with blood tests, cranial computed tomography scan and a neuropsychological study. DSM-IV criteria were used for @entity303 diagnosis, NINCDS-ADRA criteria for @entity195 ( @entity195 ) and NINCS-AIREN for @entity1294 . RESULTS: Half of the @entity1 over 80-years-old had @entity73 . One-fourth had @entity303 . A total of 70.3% of these @entity303 corresponded to @entity195 (47.2% @entity195 without @entity455 and 23.1% @entity195 with @entity455 ) and 12% corresponded to @entity1294 . The percentage of other @entity303 was 17.6%. Age and gender were observed to be associated to @entity303 . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity303 in the COGMANLLEU study is similar to other European studies. AE is the most frequent @entity303 .

title: [Prevalence of @entity73 in XXXX over 80-years-old: COGMANLLEU study].

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementias', 'degenerative dementias', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity1294 :: ('MESH:D015140', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deterioration']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term outcome of hearing and @entity5 control of small @entity5513 treated with conservative management or radiation therapy. DATA SOURCES: A thorough search for English-language publications and "in-process" articles dating from 1948 to January 2011 was performed using Ovid MEDLINE. STUDY SELECTION: The principal criteria were @entity1 with no microsurgical intervention before their treatment, a follow-up of at least 5 years, and a useful hearing level at diagnosis. DATA EXTRACTION: Fourteen studies met our criteria. Hearing preservation outcome (worse, unchanged, and better) and @entity5 size outcome (growth, unchanged, and regression) data were collected from the articles, as well as all other significant observations. No studies using fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy met our criteria. Stereotactic radiation was the only radiation therapy analyzed. DATA SYNTHESIS: The data were analyzed using the Pearson   2 test. CONCLUSION: Current data on conservative management and stereotactic radiation do not provide enough evidence to make a clear conclusion on the outcome of useful hearing preservation in a long-term manner. In this study, however, stereotactic radiation is shown to have @entity5 control rates than conservative management. Additional studies reporting long-term follow-ups of @entity1 are required so as to provide the medical field with a better understanding of vestibular schwannoma treatment therapies.

title: Conservative management versus stereotactic radiation for @entity5513 : a meta-analysis of XXXX with more than 5 years' follow-up.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'better tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular schwannomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A 73-year-old @entity1 had undergone mastectomy for left @entity0 . One year later, bone @entity3 was detected. After 7 years, the @entity1 experienced epigastric discomfort, and @entity344 showed stenosis of the pylorus and enlarged gastric folds. @entity5 was suspected at first, but gastric @entity3 of @entity0 was diagnosed on the basis of endoscopic reexamination and computed tomography(CT)images. The @entity1 could not drink water, and therefore, gastrointestinal stenting was performed, which facilitated ingestion to some extent. However, at the same time, an elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen( @entity787 )level and @entity1087 were observed. Therefore, biliary tract stenosis due to @entity298 was diagnosed. We attempted to treat the @entity1087 with @entity10747 ( ERCP)or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography(PTCD), but the treatment was not successful, and an increase in @entity843 was noted. Accordingly, @entity136 was administered as systemic therapy. As a result, @entity843 decreased and @entity1087 improved. @entity1 with gastric @entity3 of @entity0 have poor quality of life(QOL)because of difficulties in @entity391 , and poor prognoses, because of frequent concurrent @entity298 . We experienced a case of gastric @entity3 and @entity298 , and were able to improve the @entity1 's QOL by gastrointestinal stenting and @entity136 administration.

title: [A case of gastric @entity3 and XXXX of @entity0 with improved QOL by stent implantation and @entity136 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity10747 :: ('MESH:D012183', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stomach cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['ingestion or vomiting']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal endoscopy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous peritonitis']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['carcinomatous peritonitis']


abstract: Enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) migrate from the anterior foregut in a rostrocaudal direction to colonize the entire gastrointestinal tract and to form the enteric nervous system. Genetic approaches have identified many signaling molecules regulating the migration of ENCCs; however, it remains elusive how the activities of the signaling molecules are regulated spatiotemporally during migration. In this study, @entity19 expressing biosensors based on F  rster resonance energy transfer were generated to video the activity changes of the signaling molecules in migrating ENCCs. In an organ culture of embryonic day 11.25 (E11.25) to E13 guts, ENCCs at the rostral wavefront migrated as a cellular chain faster than the following ENCCs that formed a network. The faster-migrating cells at the wavefront exhibited lower protein kinase A (PKA) activity than did the slower-migrating trailing cells. The activities of @entity5844 and @entity11120 exhibited an inverse correlation with the PKA activity, and PKA activation decreased the @entity5844 activity and migration velocity. PKA activity in ENCCs was correlated positively with the distribution of @entity7515 and inversely with the distribution of @entity42215 (ET-3). Accordingly, PKA was activated by @entity7515 and inhibited by ET-3 in cultured ENCCs. Finally, although the @entity42216 pathways were previously reported to control the migration of ENCCs, we did not find any correlation of @entity14032 or @entity13436 activity with the migration velocities. These results suggest that external cues regulate the migration of ENCCs by controlling PKA activity, but not @entity13436 or @entity14032 activity, and argue for the importance of live imaging of signaling molecule activities in developing organs.

title: XXXX and @entity42215 regulate migration of enteric neural crest-derived cells via protein kinase A and @entity5844 .

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['transgenic mice']

answer: @entity7515 :: (14573(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['GDNF']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1904 has been advocated as a marker of @entity2348 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate diagnostic markers of @entity281 in critically ill @entity1 , comparing @entity1904 with @entity1851 and leucocyte count in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: @entity1904 , @entity1851 , and leucocyte count were measured in 175 @entity1 , median age 16 months, on admission to the PICU. @entity1 were classified as: non-infected controls (43); @entity1800 (14); localised @entity2348 (25); @entity4008 / @entity198 (10); or @entity326 (77). Six @entity1 with "presumed @entity326 " (without sufficient evidence of @entity281 ) were analysed separately. Optimum sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were evaluated. RESULTS: Admission @entity1904 was significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity326 (median 94.6; range 3.3-759.8 ng/ml), compared with localised @entity2348 (2.9; 0-24.3 ng/ml), @entity1800 (0.8; 0-4.4 ng/ml), and non-infected controls (0; 0-4.9 ng/ml). @entity1 with @entity4008 had a median @entity1904 of 25.5 (7.2-118.4 ng/ml). Area under the ROC curve was 0.96 for @entity1904 , 0.83 for @entity1851 , and 0.51 for leucocyte count. Cut off concentrations for optimum prediction of @entity326 were: @entity1904 > 20 ng/ml and @entity1851 > 50 mg/litre. A @entity1904 concentration > 2 ng/ml identified all @entity1 with @entity4008 or @entity326 . CONCLUSION: In critically ill @entity1 the admission @entity1904 concentration is a better diagnostic marker of @entity281 than @entity1851 or leucocyte count. A @entity1904 concentration of 2 ng/ml might be useful in differentiating severe @entity4577 in @entity1 and @entity1 .

title: Diagnostic markers of @entity281 : comparison of @entity1904 with XXXX and leucocyte count.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningitis']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin', 'Procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection', 'bacterial infection without shock']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity4577 :: ('MESH:D017192', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial disease']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C reactive protein']

answer: @entity1851 :: (1401,Gene) :: ['C reactive protein']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Calcification of the yellow ligament sometimes compresses the spinal cord and can induce @entity602 . Usually, the calcification does not induce @entity12761 . We report a case of a @entity1 with @entity12761 caused by @entity24178 in a calcified cervical yellow ligament. CASE PRESENTATION: A 70-year-old Japanese @entity1 presented with @entity12761 . She had a moderately high fever (37.5    C), and her @entity4048 was so severe that she could not move her neck in any direction. Computed tomography showed a high-density area between the C5 and C6 laminae suspicious for calcification of the yellow ligament. Magnetic resonance imaging showed intermediate-signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging and high-signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging surrounding a low-signal region on both T1- and T2-weighted imaging with @entity1745 . There was a turbid, yellow fluid collection in the yellow ligament at the time of operation. Histologically, @entity24178 crystals were found in the fluid, and she was diagnosed as having a @entity4850 attack of the yellow ligament. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudogout attack of the cervical yellow ligament is rare, but this clinical entity should be added to the differential diagnosis of @entity12761 , especially when calcification of the yellow ligament exists.

title: Acute XXXX caused by @entity4850 attack of calcified cervical yellow ligament: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity24178 :: ('MESH:D002131', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['cord compression']

entities_list: @entity4850 :: ('MESH:D002805', 'Disease') :: ['pseudogout']

entities_list: @entity12761 :: ('MESH:D059787', 'Disease') :: ['acute neck pain']

answer: @entity4048 :: (MESH:D019547,Disease) :: ['neck pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: It has been generally assumed that interstitial cells of Cajal ( @entity5835 ) in the @entity1 gastrointestinal tract have similar functions to those in rodents, but no direct experimental evidence exists to date for this assumption. This is an important question because pathologists have noted decreased numbers of @entity5835 in @entity1 with a variety of @entity1319 , and some have speculated that loss of @entity5835 could be responsible for @entity66 . Our aims were to determine whether @entity5835 ( @entity5835 ) in @entity1 jejunum are pacemaker cells and whether these cells actively propagate pacemaker activity. METHODS: The mucosa and submucosa were removed, and strips of longitudinal muscle were peeled away to reveal the @entity5835 network. @entity5835 networks were loaded with the @entity141 indicator @entity20048 , and pacemaker activity was recorded via high-speed video imaging at 36.5 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C. RESULTS: Rhythmic, biphasic @entity141 transients (6.03 +/- 0.33 cycles/min) occurred in Kit-positive @entity5835 . These consisted of a rapidly propagating upstroke phase that initiated a sustained plateau phase, which was associated with @entity141 spikes in neighboring smooth muscle. Pacemaker activity was dependent on @entity671 receptor-operated stores and mitochondrial function. The upstroke phase of @entity141 transients in @entity5835 appeared to result from @entity141 influx through @entity7236 -resistant @entity141 channels, whereas the plateau phase was attributed to @entity141 release from @entity671 receptor-operated @entity141 stores. CONCLUSIONS: Each @entity5835 in @entity1 jejunum generates spontaneous pacemaker activity that actively propagates through the @entity5835 network. Loss of these cells could severely disrupt the normal function of the @entity1 small intestine.

title: The mechanism and spread of pacemaker activity through myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal in XXXX small intestine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity671 :: ('MESH:D015544', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate']

entities_list: @entity7236 :: ('MESH:C038806', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['motor dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5835 :: ('MESH:C566123', 'Disease') :: ['ICC-MY', 'ICC', 'myenteric ICC']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['motility disorders']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with clinical interest. It has been reported that MSCs can be isolated from the @entity1 term placenta. We investigated the ability of @entity1 placenta-derived MSCs to differentiate into a neural phenotype in coculture assays with astrocytes obtained from neonatal @entity35 . Placenta-derived MSCs were cocultured on a confluent monolayer of astrocytes obtained from the @entity35 cerebellum to evaluate the differences in morphology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by astrocytes as well as the growth factors produced by the astrocyte-conditioned medium were evaluated. The expression of the neural markers @entity538 ( @entity538 ) and Nestin was studied in MSCs by immunocytochemistry. MSCs were able to respond to the astrocyte niche in coculture assays. They expressed the neural markers @entity538 , Nestin, or b-Tubulin III, followed by an outgrowth of cell processes. The ECM from astrocytes was not effective in inducing the neural phenotype in MSCs, although the expression of b-Tubulin III was observed. When MSCs were cocultured with cerebellar astrocytes from newborn @entity35 , a neural phenotype was achieved. This was determined by immunocytochemistry to @entity538 , Nestin, or b-Tubulin III and by morphological changes. It was achieved without the addition of exogenous differentiation factors. This demonstrates that placenta-derived MSCs may be able to differentiate into neural cell types when in direct contact with a neural environment.

title: XXXX placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells acquire neural phenotype under the appropriate niche conditions.

entities_list: @entity538 :: ('2670', 'Gene') :: ['GFAP', 'glial fibrillate acid protein']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE--To test the hypothesis that the complement system may be activated in @entity1 with @entity2175 and CAD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--The plasma @entity8428 concentration was measured in 106 type II @entity6 @entity1 and 25 nondiabetic control subjects. The @entity1 group was subdivided according to AER, and the groups were adjusted for age, sex, and known duration of @entity6 . For the assignment to a given subgroup, normoalbuminuria was defined as AER < 15 microns/min, microalbuminuria as AER 16-250 micrograms/min, and macroalbuminuria as AER > 250 micrograms/min. The presence or absence of coronary disease was assessed through clinical examination, ECG, and coronary angiography. An RIA system was used for measurement of urinary albumin levels, and the plasma @entity8428 concentrations were measured by ELISA. RESULTS--Within each of the AER-defined subgroups, the plasma @entity8428 levels were significantly higher in @entity1 with IHD than in those without. Thus, in the normoalbuminuric group, plasma @entity8428 levels were 16.3 AU/ml (95% CI 13.9-19) in @entity1 with IHD vs. 11.6 AU/ml (95% CI 10.5-12.7) in those without (P < 0.001). The corresponding data for the microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric groups were 21.8 (95% CI 18.1-26.3) vs. 13.6 (95% CI 12.3-15.1) and 31.6 (95% CI 24.9-40) vs. 17.5 (13.6-22.6) AU/ml (P < 0.01), respectively. @entity1 with IHD also had significantly higher plasma @entity8428 levels than normal control subjects, regardless of AER subgroup. A multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated an association between the plasma @entity8428 concentration and IHD and AER. CONCLUSIONS--Activation of the complement system may play a role in the development of @entity66 in @entity2175 .

title: Plasma @entity8428 levels and ischemic heart disease in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['type II diabetes']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['macrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity2175 :: (MESH:D003924,Disease) :: ['type II diabetes']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Measuring disease progression is an important aspect of @entity15 ( @entity15 ) clinical trials. Commonly applied disability endpoints include time to clinically meaningful Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) change, or the number of @entity1 in whom such a change has occurred. Typically, clinically meaningful EDSS change has been defined as a change of 1.0 point on Kurtzke's EDSS in @entity1 with an entry EDSS score of 5.5 or lower, or 0.5 point in @entity1 with a higher EDSS score. Our goal was to evaluate whether these changes can be considered as similar. Therefore, we compared EDSS changes to corresponding changes in the Guy's @entity16 Scale (GNDS), which is a measure of @entity1 perceived disability, and the @entity15 Functional Composite (MSFC), which is an examination-based quantitative scoring of @entity16 . METHODS: From a large longitudinal database, we selected two groups of @entity1 with a clinically meaningful change in EDSS score according to the usual criteria: @entity1 with EDSS change > or = 1.0 for baseline EDSS < or = 5.5 and @entity1 with EDSS change > or = 0.5 for baseline EDSS > or = 6.0. We compared changes in GNDS sum score and in MSFC score between both groups. RESULTS: In the group with baseline EDSS > or = 6.0, GNDS and MSFC changes were higher than in @entity1 with baseline EDSS < or = 5.5. The difference in change was 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.35 to 2.36) for the GNDS and 0.412 (95% CI: 0.300-0.525) for the MSFC. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that a 0.5 point EDSS change in @entity1 with baseline EDSS > or = 6.0 cannot be considered equal to a 1.0 point change in @entity1 with baseline EDSS < or = 5.5.

title: How similar are commonly combined criteria for EDSS progression in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological impairment', 'Neurological Disability']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'Multiple Sclerosis', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: The first case of noncompaction was described in 1932 after an autopsy performed on a newborn @entity1 with @entity301 . Isolated noncompaction @entity296 was first described in 1984. A review on selected/relevant medical literature was conducted using Pubmed from 1984 to 2013 and the pathogenesis, clinical features, and management are discussed. Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a relatively rare @entity558 that results from arrest of the normal compaction process of the myocardium during fetal development. LVNC shows variability in its genetic pattern, pathophysiologic findings, and clinical presentations. The genetic heterogeneity, phenotypical overlap, and variety in clinical presentation raised the suspicion that LVNC might just be a morphological variant of other @entity296 , but the American Heart Association classifies LVNC as a primary @entity74 . The familiar type is common and follows a X-linked, autosomal-dominant, or mitochondrial-inheritance pattern (in @entity1 ). LVNC can occur in isolation or coexist with other @entity299 . The clinical presentations are variable ranging from asymptomatic @entity1 to @entity1 who develop @entity943 , @entity1031 , @entity712 , and @entity1164 . Increased awareness over the last 25 years and improvements in technology have increased the identification of this illness and improved the clinical outcome and prognosis. LVNC is commonly diagnosed by echocardiography. Other useful diagnostic techniques for LVNC include cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computerized tomography, and left ventriculography. Management is symptom based and @entity1 with symptoms have a poorer prognosis. LVNC is a genetically heterogeneous disorder which can be associated with other anomalies. Making the correct diagnosis is important because of the possible associations and the need for long-term management and screening of living relatives.

title: Left ventricular noncompaction XXXX : updated review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['congenital condition']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathies', 'cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['aortic atresia/coronary-ventricular fistula']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac and/or systemic anomalies']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While @entity439 neck length, angulation and width have all been previously assessed in endovascular @entity1028 repair (EVAR), @entity439 neck shape has not been considered. AIMS: To analyse the influence of @entity439 neck morphology on outcome following EVAR. METHODS: @entity439 neck morphology in 70 @entity1 undergoing EVAR from April 2001 to May 2004 was determined using pre-operative CT scans and graft plans. Necks were classified as flared, parallel, irregular, conical, barrel or hourglass. End-points were @entity204 , @entity1070 and graft migration. RESULTS: Forty-six per cent of necks were flared, 34% parallel, 9% irregular, 6% conical, 3% barrel and 3% hourglass. Mean follow-up was 20.2 months (range 4-35). There was one @entity1070 and one graft migration. There were no @entity439 related @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of @entity439 neck morphology should be part of the routine preoperative workup for EVAR. A classification system of AAA necks is suggested to facilitate this.

title: XXXX neck morphology: proposed classification system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['Type I endoleak']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['Aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['Abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: In a limited number of severe @entity14687 ( @entity14687 ) @entity1 , low-dose @entity205 ( @entity870 ) treatment was found to be effective. This open study aimed to extend this clinical observation and determine the safety of treatment with @entity870 . In addition, it aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of the autologous serum skin test (AST) in such @entity1 , and whether this test is affected by @entity870 treatment. Thirty-five @entity1 who suffered from severe @entity14687 (score 3), and who were followed for 6 months (using a clinical @entity110 -severity score [range 0-3]) were divided into three groups: 19/35 were treated for 3 months with low-dose @entity870 , and thereafter followed for an additional 3 months; 6/35 dropped out of protocol treatment; and 10/35 untreated @entity1 (followed for the same period) served as a disease controls. In the treated group, no side-effects were observed, and by the end of treatment, 13/19 (68%) @entity1 were in full remission (score 0) and the remainder scored 1. In contrast, the 10 @entity870 -untreated @entity1 scored 3 for the whole follow-up period of 6 months. Positive AST was found in 14/35 (40%) of @entity1 , whereas none were detected in 20 healty control subjects. AST neither correlated with disease activity nor predicted response to treatment. This uncontrolled study shows that low-dose @entity870 is effective in treating @entity14687 @entity1 , and can be given safely for 3 months. However, @entity14687 @entity1 requiring initially high doses of glucocorticosteroids and with a long clinical history are less amenable to @entity870 treatment.

title: Low-dose XXXX in the treatment of severe @entity14687 .

entities_list: @entity14687 :: ('MESH:D007566', 'Disease') :: ['chronic idiopathic urticaria', 'CIU']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporin A']


abstract: @entity320 are @entity5 with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether multimodality therapy of @entity19 @entity320 involving a combination of radiation with thermosensitive-liposome-encapsulated melphalan and local @entity221 would result in enhancement of therapeutic efficacy for a more effective management of @entity320 . Melphalan was entrapped in thermosensitive liposomes prepared from natural lipids: egg @entity2434 , @entity165 and @entity1068 to show phase transition at 42 +/- 0.5 degrees C and used in combination with localized heating of B16F10 @entity19 @entity320 transplanted into the legs of C57B1/6 @entity19 for selective drug targeting at the @entity5 and/or radiation for treatment of @entity320 . @entity19 @entity320 transplanted into C57B1/6 @entity19 were subjected to bimodality treatments involving a combination of radiation, @entity221 or melphalan. Partial @entity5 regression was observed in @entity19 receiving a combination of @entity221 and radiation (median @entity5 volume 427.3 mm3) or a combination of free @entity3601 and radiation (512.1 mm3) as compared to untreated controls (630.9 mm3). Each group consisted of 18 animals, and the results are expressed as median @entity5 volume +/- SD. Animals receiving multimodality therapy comprising irradiation followed by injection of thermosensitive liposomal melphalan and hyperthermic treatment of the @entity5 -bearing leg at 42 +/- 0.5 degrees C for 1 h showed marked @entity5 regression in comparison with untreated controls or animals treated with a combination of radiation and @entity221 or radiation and free-drug melphalan. Animals receiving thermoradiochemotherapy also showed prolonged survival; 70% of animals survived for more than 3 months. The study shows greater @entity5 cell killing, @entity5 growth delay and prolonged survival produced by a combination of radiation, thermosensitive-liposome-entrapped melphalan and @entity221 compared with animals receiving single-modality or bimodality treatments. It is concluded that this multimodality approach will be potentially useful for more effective management of @entity320 .

title: @entity221 potentiates antitumor effect of thermosensitive-liposome-encapsulated melphalan and radiation in XXXX @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'chemoresistent tumors']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Murine', 'murine']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidyl choline']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Malignant melanoma']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Four clonal cell lines of two types were established from a heterotransplantable mixed @entity5 of the @entity1 ovary. Biologic properties of these cell lines (designated @entity27846 , @entity37992 , @entity37993 , and @entity37994 ) were examined. Cells of one line ( @entity27846 ) had an epithelioid shape and grew in monolayers (C-type). The cells showed alkaline phosphatase activity, stained positively with antikeratin antiserum, and had an ultrastructure with @entity3909 characteristics. Cells of the other three cell lines ( @entity37992 , @entity37993 , and @entity37994 ) had an irregular shape and grew in multilayers (S-type). Most of the cells did not show alkaline phosphatase activity. They stained, not with antikeratin antiserum, but in fibrillar array with antifibronectin antiserum. Their ultrastructure had sarcomatous characteristics. By low cell density cultures, S-type sublines arose from @entity27846 cell line, but no C-type sublines arose from @entity37992 cell line. These findings may support the theory of the combination @entity5 as the cytogenesis of mixed @entity43 ; they also suggest the conversion of @entity3909 cells to sarcomatous cells.

title: Characteristics of cell lines established from a mixed @entity5 of the @entity1 ovary. XXXX cells are changeable to sarcomatous cells.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['mesodermal tumor of the ovary']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['mesodermal tumor', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity3909 :: ('MESH:D055756', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous']

answer: @entity3909 :: (MESH:D055756,Disease) :: ['Carcinomatous']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data, laboratory results, imaging findings, and histopathological features of 28 @entity1 who underwent ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy from a @entity99 and were diagnosed with @entity4281 . RESULTS: Among 28 @entity1 included in the study, 16 were females and 12 were males. The mean age of the studied population was 53    16 years, and the age range was 18-79 years. The most common presenting symptom was @entity490 , which was observed in 14 @entity1 . A total of 36 lesions were detected in the @entity1 ' livers, out of which 7 had a cystic appearance. Hepatic vascular involvement, bile duct involvement, and other organ involvement were depicted in 14, 5, and 7 @entity1 , respectively. The average number of cores taken from the lesions was 2.7, ranging between 2 and 5. In histopathological evaluation, PAS+ parasitic membrane structures were visualized on a @entity39 background in all cases. Regarding seven @entity1 , who were operated, the pathological findings of preoperative percutaneous biopsies were in perfect agreement with the pathological examinations after surgical resections. None of the @entity1 developed major complications after biopsy. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy is a minimally invasive, reliable, and effective diagnostic tool for the definitive diagnosis of @entity99 .

title: Efficacy of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of XXXX : a retrospective analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lesion', 'hepatic alveolar echinococcosis']

entities_list: @entity4281 :: ('MESH:C536591', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar echinococcosis']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic alveolar echinococcosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For more than 40 years, @entity4849 1% ( @entity40536 ) is considered as standard therapy for the conservative treatment of burn wounds. However, in the last 10 years, substantial disadvantages of @entity40536 have been reported in the literature and probably as a result of this, several new dressings for burn wounds have been developed and put on the market. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the available evidence on @entity40536 in the conservative treatment of burns, specifically in comparison with the newer burn dressings that are increasingly being used nowadays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search filter was composed to select randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from the MEDLINE database. Only RCTs studying the effect of conservative treatment on burns were selected. At least one of the two comparative groups was treated with @entity40536 . Each included article was analysed and relevant data (baseline parameters, interventions, outcomes and methodological parameters) were registered using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. RESULTS: Many dressings showed superior healing properties compared to @entity40536 , but no dressing was able to show a clear benefit over @entity40536 regarding infection. The number of dressing changes, @entity158 and @entity1 's satisfaction are more favourable in the newer dressings, especially with solid and biological dressings. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review clearly demonstrate that a faster wound healing is obtained with the newly developed burn dressings. Additionally, these new dressings tend to be more comfortable for the @entity1 and easier to use for care givers. The minor differences in antibacterial activity between @entity40536 and the new products did not seem to have any influence on the rate of wound healing. Since rapid wound closure is essential to obtain an optimal functional and aesthetic outcome, it can be concluded from the results of this systemic review that the standard use of @entity40536 in the conservative treatment of burn wounds can no longer be supported.

title: The role of XXXX in the conservative treatment of partial thickness burn wounds: A systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4849 :: ('CHEBI:9142', 'Chemical') :: ['silver sulphadiazine']

answer: @entity4849 :: (CHEBI:9142,Chemical) :: ['silver sulphadiazine']


abstract: Autoregulation of the @entity1 thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 ( @entity7066 beta 1) promoter was assessed by @entity2755 acetyltransferase and luciferase reporter assays of transient transfections into COS1 and GH3 cells, @entity3420 footprinting, and gel shift assays. A 5'-deletional analysis of the promoter showed that the region between -906 and -839 and the sequence from -438 to -130 were positively regulated by T3 in COS1 cells cotransfected with an @entity7066 beta 1 expression vector. We also transfected deletion constructs into GH3 cells and showed similar effects of T3 on the trans-activation of the reporters. @entity3420 footprinting showed a protected inverted palindromic thyroid response element (TRE) at position -890 to -866 in the distal fragment and a direct repeat at position -190 to -166 in the proximal fragment, which were protected by TRs. Mutation of each TRE significantly decreased the trans-activation of the promoter by T3. Gel mobility shift assays showed both proximal and distal TREs formed a retarded band with @entity7066 alpha 1 or @entity11112 1 expressed in COS1 cells and reticulocyte lysates. The bands formed on the distal TRE and the proximal TRE appear to be preferentially formed by a @entity7066 homodimer and a heterodimer, respectively. Furthermore, the band formed on the distal TRE disappeared after adding T3 but that on the proximal TRE did not. These results indicate that @entity7066 beta 1 expression is directly regulated by @entity7066 alpha 1, beta 1, and their ligand through two TREs. The different structure of the TREs in this promoter suggests their physiological role in transcriptional regulation may be different.

title: Two thyroid hormone response elements are present in the promoter of XXXX thyroid hormone receptor beta 1.

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN.: A prospective multicenter study and retrospective chart review. OBJECTIVE.: To compare health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures and @entity85 in @entity8322 (SK), operative @entity1615 ( @entity1615 ), and normal populations. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: No study to date has evaluated @entity1 reported HRQOL measures before surgery in operative @entity1 with SK. METHODS.: HRQOL data were prospectively collected pretreatment for operative @entity1 with SK using the SRS-22 outcomes instrument and visual analogue scale (VAS). Comparison was made with the SRS-22 from operative @entity1615 and normal populations. Eighty-six @entity1 with SK enrolled in the prospective study were compared with 184 @entity1 with @entity1615 from a prospective database and 31 normal controls. To study the correlation between T5-T12 @entity1513 magnitude and SRS-22 score, @entity1 with @entity1615 and SK were pooled together to create a larger continuum of @entity1513 . Analysis of covariance, Pearson correlation analysis, and Bonferroni pairwise comparisons were used to determine statistical differences between group demographics, HRQOL indicators, and radiographical variables. RESULTS.: @entity1 with SK had significantly lower scores in all domains of the SRS-22 than @entity1 with @entity1615 . @entity1 with SK with a thoracolumbar apex reported significantly lower mean scores in the @entity158 domain than those with a thoracic apex. Significant negative correlations were found between all domains of the SRS-22 and T5-T12 @entity1513 -the self-image domain demonstrated the highest correlation (r = 0.37). VAS score in the SK population correlated negatively to the @entity158 , self-image, and mental health domains. CONCLUSION.: Increasing @entity85 as a result of SK has a significant impact on HRQOL as determined by the SRS-22 outcome instrument. In this study, @entity1 with SK reported significantly decreased (worse) scores in all subdomains of the SRS-22 compared with @entity1 with @entity1615 .Level of Evidence: 1.

title: Effect of @entity85 on Adolescent Quality of Life: Comparison of Operative @entity8322 , XXXX , and Normal Controls.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity8322 :: ('MESH:D012544', 'Disease') :: ['operative Scheuermann kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['sagittal plane deformity', 'sagittal deformity']

answer: @entity1615 :: (OMIM:181800,Disease) :: ['Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis']


abstract: Although formation of @entity150 ( @entity150 ) requires multiple steps and proceeds along divergent pathways, the underlying genetic and molecular determinants for each step and pathway remain undefined. By developing @entity19 expressing single or combinatorial genetic alterations in urothelium, we demonstrated here that overcoming oncogene-induced compensatory @entity5 barriers was critical for @entity5 initiation. Constitutively active Ha-ras (Ras*) elicited @entity1373 that was persistent and did not progress to @entity5 over a 10 months period. This resistance to tumorigenesis coincided with increased expression of @entity876 and all @entity996 family proteins. Expression of a Simian virus 40 T antigen (SV40T), which disables @entity876 and @entity996 family proteins, in urothelial cells expressing Ras* triggered early-onset, rapidly-growing and high-grade papillary @entity150 that strongly resembled the @entity1 counterpart (pTaG3). Urothelial cells expressing both Ras* and SV40T had defective G(1)/S checkpoint, elevated Ras-GTPase and hyperactivated AKT- @entity3470 signaling. Inhibition of the AKT- @entity3470 pathway with @entity3446 significantly reduced the size of high-grade papillary @entity150 but hyperactivated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inhibition of AKT- @entity3470 , MAPK and @entity4104 altogether resulted in much greater @entity5 reduction and longer survival than did inhibition of AKT- @entity3470 pathway alone. Our studies provide the first experimental evidence delineating the combinatorial genetic events required for initiating high-grade papillary @entity150 , a poorly defined and highly challenging clinical entity. Furthermore, they suggest that targeted therapy using a single agent such as @entity3446 may not be highly effective in controlling high-grade @entity150 and that combination therapy employing inhibitors against multiple targets are more likely to achieve desirable therapeutic outcomes.

title: XXXX initiation requires deregulation of multiple signaling pathways: implications in target-based therapies.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'urothelial tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['UCB', 'urothelial carcinoma of the bladder']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Urothelial tumor']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) of @entity1 with resected @entity9910 administered active specific immunotherapy and low-dose interferon alfa-2b (IFN-alpha-2b) with the @entity1349 achieved using high-dose IFN-alpha-2b. @entity1 AND METHODS: An Ad Hoc @entity320 Working Group of 25 investigators treated 604 @entity1 from April 1997 to January 2003. @entity1 were stratified by sex and number of nodes and were randomly assigned to receive either 2 years of treatment with active specific immunotherapy with @entity320 lysates and low-dose IFN-alpha-2b (arm 1) or high-dose IFN-alpha-2b alone for 1 year (arm 2). Active specific immunotherapy was injected subcutaneously (SC) weekly for 4 weeks, at week 8, and bimonthly thereafter. @entity4020 b SC was begun on week 4 and continued thrice weekly at 5 MU/m2 for 2 years. IFN-alpha-2b in arm 2 was administered according to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 1684 study regimen. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 32 months for all @entity1 and 42 months for surviving @entity1 . Median @entity1349 time exceeds 84 months in arm 1 and is 83 months in arm 2 (P = .56). Five-year @entity1349 rate is 61% in arm 1 and 57% in arm 2. Estimated 5-year @entity4557 ( @entity4557 ) rate is 50% in arm 1 and 48% in arm 2, with median @entity4557 times of 58 and 50 months, respectively. The incidence of serious adverse events as a result of treatment was the same in both arms, but more severe @entity137 was seen in arm 2. CONCLUSION: @entity1349 and @entity4557 achieved by active specific immunotherapy and low-dose IFN-alpha-2b were indistinguishable from those achieved by high-dose IFN-alpha-2b. Long @entity4557 and @entity1349 times were observed in both treatment arms.

title: Randomized trial of an @entity320 lysate vaccine with low-dose interferon Alfa-2b compared with high-dose interferon Alfa-2b for Resected stage III cutaneous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4557 :: ('MESH:D012008', 'Disease') :: ['RFS', 'relapse-free survival']

entities_list: @entity9910 :: ('MESH:C563985', 'Disease') :: ['stage III melanoma']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['allogeneic melanoma', 'Melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: @entity2724 occurs during childhood in combination with @entity2725 in one-third of the subjects. Symptoms may develop rapidly over a few weeks or months, with excessive @entity25 and @entity2725 being the most dramatic and observable symptoms. It can be secondary to @entity1313 or several @entity395 , but in most cases @entity2724 with or without @entity2725 is a primary condition, better explained by the selective loss of hypocretin neurons in posterolateral hypothalamus. A specific HLA allele, @entity3098 *0602, is involved and the disease is thought to be autoimmune. Tribbles 2-specific antibodies have been identified. Recent medications have greatly improved the symptoms and wellbeing of young @entity1 . However, these treatments are delivered off-label in the pediatric population. There is an absolute necessity for well-conducted clinical trials in order to improve treatment in @entity1 and adolescents with @entity2724 and to evaluate clinical efficacy and good tolerance of medications. Nonpharmacological approaches are certainly helpful and should be promoted systematically, especially in very young @entity1 . @entity2724 of recent onset in @entity1 or adolescents should be considered a therapeutic emergency, even though immunotherapy is still controversial.

title: XXXX : clinical and therapeutical approaches.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2725 :: ('MESH:D002385', 'Disease') :: ['cataplexy']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity2724 :: ('MESH:D009290', 'Disease') :: ['narcolepsy', 'Narcolepsy']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare diseases']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['daytime sleepiness']

answer: @entity2724 :: (MESH:D009290,Disease) :: ['Pediatric narcolepsy']


abstract: The eukaryotic cell depends on multitiered homeostatic systems ensuring maintenance of proteostasis, organellar integrity, function and turnover, and overall cellular viability. At the two opposite ends of the homeostatic system spectrum are @entity1457 response and autophagy. Here, we tested whether there are interactions between these homeostatic systems, one universally operational in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the other one (autophagy) is limited to eukaryotes. We found that @entity1457 response regulates autophagy. The interaction between the two systems was demonstrated by testing the role of @entity22585 , the central regulator of @entity1457 gene expression. Knockdown of @entity22585 increased the @entity21684 lipidation associated with formation of autophagosomal organelles, whereas depletion of @entity22585 potentiated both starvation- and @entity3446 -induced autophagy. @entity2285 expression but not expression of its @entity4430 mutant inhibited starvation or @entity3446 -induced autophagy. We also show that exercise induces autophagy in @entity1 . As predicted by our in vitro studies, @entity1160 supplementation as a conditioning stimulus prior to exercise significantly increased @entity2285 protein expression and prevented the expected exercise induction of autophagy. Our data demonstrate for the first time that @entity1457 response, from the top of its regulatory cascade ( @entity22585 ) down to the execution stages delivered by @entity2285 , controls autophagy thus connecting and coordinating the two extreme ends of the homeostatic systems in the eukaryotic cell.

title: Regulatory coordination between two major intracellular homeostatic systems: XXXX response and autophagy.

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: Accurate measurement of @entity0 size determines staging and prognosis. Discrepancies amongst clinical examination (CE), ultrasonography (USG), mammography, @entity4122 ( @entity4122 ) and magnetic resonance imaging have been reported. However, few studies have evaluated changes in @entity0 size from the operating table to the laboratory. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: A prospective study was designed to assess the intra-operative (IO) @entity5 size in 29 @entity1 of @entity0 presenting to a tertiary care centre in Delhi and to compare it with CE, USG and @entity4122 . OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity1 (mean age: 47 years), presenting with invasive @entity189 (stage IIIA: 31%, stage IIB: 28%), were included in the study. Comparison with mean IO (4.2 cm) revealed that both USG and @entity4122 underestimated @entity5 size by a mean of 0.35 cm (8.4%) and 0.45 cm (10.7%), respectively, in most @entity1 . CE tended to overestimate size by 0.82 cm (19.8%). All three modalities showed statistically significant correlation with IO (maximum Pearson's correlation coefficient for @entity4122 =0.937, p<0.001; R(2)=0.877, maximum for @entity4122 ). Two-way analysis of variance revealed mean difference in size to be statistically significant (p=0.000) only between CE and IO. DISCUSSION: Formalin processing causes changes in @entity5 dimensions in the breast, causing @entity5 size. It may also have a bearing on the assessment of surgical margins in breast conservation surgery. Immediate post-operative measurement of the specimen is ideal. Protocols for specimen fixation should be standardized.

title: Intra-operative measurement of XXXX size in @entity0 and its comparison with other methods: a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4122 :: ('MESH:D004108', 'Disease') :: ['pathological examination', 'PE']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumour']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['duct carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: One hundred and eighty three @entity1 with @entity365 were randomly allocated to treatment with either @entity2380 in a single oral 150 mg dose, or @entity3102 , 200 mg twice daily for 5 days. Favourable clinical responses were obtained in 92% of the @entity1 in the @entity2380 group and in 89% of those in the @entity3102 group after 5-16 days. Long-term evaluation at 27-62 days showed favourable clinical responses in 86 and 88%, respectively. Candida was eradicated from the vagina in 77% of both treatment groups at the long-term evaluation. The relapse or reinfection rate was similar for both groups, ranging between 4-8%. One hundred and thirty two of the 160 @entity1 who had rectal swabs cultured for @entity375 at baseline, gave positive results. Of the 27 @entity1 in the @entity2380 group whose rectal cultures remained negative at the long-term evaluation, 26 maintained mycological cure of their @entity365 . In contrast, @entity1 with positive rectal cultures at this time were much less frequently associated with mycological cure. The results were similar for the @entity1 in the @entity3102 group. Treatment-related side effects in both groups were few and minor. This double-blind multicentre study showed that a single oral 150 mg dose of @entity2380 was as effective as 5 days of oral @entity3102 medication in the treatment of @entity365 .

title: A comparison of XXXX and @entity3102 in the oral treatment of @entity365 ; report of a double-blind multicentre trial.

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity3102 :: ('MESH:D007654', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoconazole']

entities_list: @entity365 :: ('MESH:D014627', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal candidiasis']

answer: @entity2380 :: (MESH:D015725,Chemical) :: ['fluconazole']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The study investigated whether kyphoplasty (KP) was superior to vertebroplasty (VP) in treating @entity1 with @entity3814 ( @entity3814 ). KP may be superior to VP for treating @entity1 with @entity3814 based on long-term VAS and ODI but not short-term VAS. Further large-scale trials are needed to verify these findings due to potential risk of selection bias. INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess whether KP was superior to VP in treating @entity1 with @entity3814 . METHODS: The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases and references within articles and proceedings of major meetings were systematically searched. Eligible studies included @entity1 with @entity3814 who received either KP or VP. Standard mean differences (SMDs) and relative risks (RRs) were used as measures of efficacy and safety in a random-effects model. RESULTS: Eleven studies enrolling 869 @entity1 with @entity3814 were identified as eligible for final analysis. Compared with VP, KP was associated with significant improvements in long-term ( @entity7126 , -0.70; 95  % confidence interval [CI]: -1.30, -0.10; P   =   0.023) visual analog scale (VAS); short-term ( @entity7126 , -1.50; 95  % CI: -2.94, -0.07; P   =   0.040) and long-term ( @entity7126 , -1.03; 95  % CI: -1.88, -0.18; P   =   0.017) Oswestry Disability Indexes (ODIs); short-term ( @entity7126 , -0.74; 95  % CI: -1.42, -0.06; P   =   0.032) and long-term ( @entity7126 , -0.71; 95  % CI: -1.19, -0.23; P   =   0.004) kyphosis angles; and vertebral body height ( @entity7126 , 1.56; 95  % CI: 0.62, 2.49; P   =   0.001) and anterior vertebral body height ( @entity7126 , 3.04; 95  % CI: 0.53, 5.56; P   =   0.018). KP was also associated with a significantly longer operation time ( @entity7126 , 0.73; 95  % CI: 0.26, 1.19; P   =   0.002) and a lower risk of cement extravasation (RR, 0.68; 95  % CI: 0.48, 0.96; P   =   0.030) compared with VP. No significant differences were found in the short-term VAS, posterior vertebral body height, and adjacent-level @entity174 . CONCLUSION: Acknowledging some risk of selection bias, KP displayed a significantly better performance compared with VP only in one of the two primary endpoints, that is, for ODI but not for short-term VAS. Further randomized studies are required to confirm these results.

title: Balloon kyphoplasty versus percutaneous vertebroplasty for treatment of XXXX ( @entity3814 ).

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures', 'OVCFs']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

answer: @entity3814 :: (MESH:D050815,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity176 is a new therapy for the treatment and prevention of @entity170 that has been shown in two phase III clinical trials (the @entity170 [ @entity170 ] and the Treatment Of @entity1897 Study [TROPOS] trials) to reduce the risk of @entity3604 at the vertebral, non-vertebral and hip level in postmenopausal @entity1 . The aim of this study was to estimate the potential cost-effectiveness of @entity176 in the treatment of @entity170 in postmenopausal Swedish @entity1 . METHODS: A Markov cohort model was adapted to fit @entity1 corresponding to the @entity1 in the @entity170 and TROPOS clinical trials. The model was populated with Swedish cost and epidemiological data. In the base case, the cost-effectiveness was estimated for 69-year old @entity1 with low bone mineral density (BMD) and prevalent @entity174 ( @entity170 ) and for 77-year old @entity1 with @entity79 (TROPOS). The cost-effectiveness analysis had a societal perspective. RESULTS: In the base case analysis, the cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained of @entity176 @entity1 compared to no treatment @entity1 was estimated at SEK 472,586 and SEK 259,643, including costs in added life years, based on the @entity170 and the TROPOS trials, respectively. Excluding cost in added life years, the cost per QALY gained was estimated at SEK 336,420 ( @entity170 ) and SEK 165,680 (TROPOS). In subgroup analyses, in @entity1 74 years and older with a T-score lower than -2.4 and @entity1 older than 80 years of age, @entity176 was found to be cost saving compared to no treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results in the base case analyses and the sensitivity analyses of this study indicate that, compared to no treatment, @entity176 is cost-effective in the treatment of postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity79 .

title: An economic evaluation of @entity176 in the treatment of @entity170 in a Swedish setting: based on the results of the XXXX and TROPOS trials.

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fractures']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fractures']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['SOTI', 'Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral OSteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity176 :: ('MESH:C081587', 'Chemical') :: ['strontium ranelate', 'Strontium ranelate']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['SOTI']


abstract: @entity2 @entity1 with a @entity5229 complication were studied. Pneumothorax appears rarely in @entity2 @entity1 , having been found in 18 out of 5567 (0.32%) at our hospital over a period of ten years. Of the 18 @entity1 , eight had @entity420 , seven @entity957 and three @entity133 . Unlike those of previous reports, our results showed @entity5229 not to be found exclusively on the same side as the @entity2 . It was contralateral in five cases. Pneumothorax was the initial manifestation of @entity2 in three cases and occurred as a complication in another 15. Of these 15 @entity1 , 11 were described as developing @entity5229 between one and twelve months after completion of radiation therapy for @entity2 . Another two @entity1 developed @entity5229 following cytotoxic chemotherapy. Pneumothorax occurred prior to any treatment for @entity2 in the remaining two @entity1 . The factors contributing to @entity5229 in the @entity2 @entity1 were the @entity397 of the necrotic neoplastic tissue into the pleural cavity, the @entity397 of a @entity4530 or the formation of interstitial air due to partial @entity5 , complications arising from radiation therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy, or any combination of such factors. Pneumothorax was an ominous sign for the @entity2 @entity1 . Most (12/14) died within six months of the onset of @entity5229 .

title: @entity2 complicated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5229 :: ('MESH:D011030', 'Disease') :: ['pneumothorax']

entities_list: @entity4530 :: ('MESH:D001768', 'Disease') :: ['subpleural bleb']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial obstruction by the tumor']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['epidermoid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'Eighteen lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5229 :: (MESH:D011030,Disease) :: ['pneumothorax']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4128 ventricular @entity1141 / @entity296 ( @entity4128 /C) is a @entity296 characterized by @entity943 and an abnormal right ventricle. @entity737 ( @entity737 ) therapy may prevent @entity1164 in @entity1 with @entity4128 /C. Currently, an overview of outcomes, @entity455 of @entity737 therapy in @entity4128 /C is lacking. METHODS AND RESULTS: A literature search was performed to identify studies reporting outcome and complications in @entity1 with @entity4128 /C who underwent @entity737 implantation. Of 641 articles screened, 24 studies on 18 cohorts were eligible for inclusion. In case of multiple publications on a cohort, the most recent publication was included in the meta-analysis. There were 610 @entity1 (mean age, 40.4 years; 42% @entity1 ), who had an @entity737 for primary or secondary prevention of @entity1164 . Risk factors for @entity1164 were @entity1163 (61%), @entity1163 (31%), previous @entity1167 (14%), @entity1165 (58%), and @entity2224 (6%). Antiarrhythmic medication consisted mostly of b-blockers (38%), @entity2643 (14%), or @entity2778 (30%). During the 3.8-year follow-up, annualized cardiac mortality rate was 0.9%, annualized noncardiac mortality rate was 0.8%, and annualized heart transplant rate was 0.9%. The annualized appropriate and inappropriate @entity737 intervention rates were 9.5% and 3.7%, respectively. @entity737 -related complications consisted of difficult lead placement (18.4%), lead malfunction (9.8%), @entity281 (1.4%), lead displacement (3.3%), and any complication (20.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac and noncardiac mortality rates after @entity737 implantation in @entity1 with @entity4128 /C are low. Appropriate @entity737 interventions occur at a rate of 9.5%/y. Inappropriate @entity737 interventions and complications lead to considerable @entity737 -related morbidity.

title: Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in @entity4128 ventricular @entity1141 / XXXX : @entity1 outcomes, incidence of @entity455 .

entities_list: @entity4128 :: ('MESH:D019571', 'Disease') :: ['ARVD', 'Arrhythmogenic right']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['appropriate and inappropriate interventions, and complications']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['syncope', 'presyncope']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['Implantable cardioverter defibrillator', 'ICD']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several cases of long term radiation sequelae have been reported in @entity1 with @entity1252 and @entity785 after breast or chest wall irradiation. To the authors' knowledge, no experience with such complications in @entity1 with @entity2406 ( @entity2406 ) has been reported previously. METHODS: A case of a @entity1 with occult @entity0 metastatic to the axilla and preexisting @entity2406 is presented. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report of the adverse effects of breast irradiation in a @entity1 with @entity2406 . The pathophysiology of such radiation injury to specific anatomic structures and technical dosimetric considerations of the radiation therapy and radiation dose are analyzed. The relevant literature on other @entity1413 with features related to @entity2406 is reviewed. RESULTS: A moderate dose of radiation to the breast and regional lymphatics resulted in marked early and late @entity137 to skin and subcutaneous tissues. The tissue injury was similar to that observed in @entity1 with @entity1252 and @entity785 . The early skin reaction (moist desquamation) was related to the daily radiation dose delivered at the depth of the epidermis, and the late reaction (subcutaneous @entity82 ) was related to the dose at the depth of the dermal capillaries and dermal connective tissue. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity2406 may develop exaggerated radiation reactions similar to those in @entity1 with @entity1252 and @entity785 . Although the incidence of such radiation reactions in @entity1 with @entity2406 is difficult to assess, the risks and benefits of radiation therapy should be carefully weighed in these @entity1 , particularly if an alternative therapy is available. If there is no alternative, judicious attention to radiotherapy technique may reduce or prevent @entity137 .

title: Mixed connective tissue disease and XXXX . A case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['collagen vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity2406 :: ('MESH:D008947', 'Disease') :: ['mixed connective tissue disease', 'MCTD']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['radiation toxicity']