abstract: PURPOSE: The role of @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ) after conservative surgery (CS) remains controversial for older @entity1 with @entity0 . Guidelines based on recent clinical trials have suggested that @entity1161 may be omitted in selected @entity1 with favorable disease. However, it is not known whether this recommendation should extend to other older @entity1 . Accordingly, we developed a nomogram to predict the likelihood of long-term breast preservation with and without @entity1161 . METHODS: We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data to identify 16,092 @entity1 age 66 to 79 years treated with CS between 1992 and 2002, using claims to identify receipt of @entity1161 and subsequent mastectomy. Time to mastectomy was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models determined the effect of covariates on @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). A nomogram was developed to predict 5- and 10-year @entity1349 , given associated risk factors, and bootstrap validation was performed. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 7.2 years, the overall 5- and 10-year @entity1349 rates were 98.1% (95% CI, 97.8% to 98.3%) and 95.4% (95% CI, 94.9% to 95.8%), respectively. In multivariate analysis, age, race, @entity5 size, @entity172 receptor status, and receipt of @entity1161 were predictive of time to mastectomy and were incorporated into the nomogram. Nodal status was also included given a significant interaction with @entity1161 . The resulting nomogram demonstrated good accuracy in predicting @entity1349 , with a bootstrap-corrected concordance index of 0.66. CONCLUSION: This clinically useful tool predicts 5- and 10-year @entity1349 among older @entity1 with @entity0 using readily available clinicopathologic factors and can aid individualized clinical decision making by estimating predicted benefit from @entity1161 .

title: Nomogram to predict the benefit of radiation for older @entity1 with XXXX treated with conservative surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['early breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['mastectomy-free survival', 'MFS']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Two case reports of emergent anesthesia of @entity6184 are presented. The use of extracorporeal circulation may be a lifesaving method for these @entity1 . Two @entity1 both with severe @entity6184 were admitted with severe @entity1353 . The first @entity1 had a tracheal tube inserted above the stenosis in the operating room, but ventilation was unsatisfactory, high airway pressure and severe hypercarbia developed, therefore extracorporeal circulation was immediately initiated. For the second @entity1 , we established femoral-femoral cardiopulmonary bypass prior to induction of anaesthesia, and intubated above the @entity5 orally under general anesthesia, then adjusted the endotracheal tube to appropriate depth after the @entity5 had been resected. The @entity1 was gradually weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. The two @entity1 all recovered very well after surgery. Surgery is lifesaving for @entity1 with @entity6184 , but how to ensure effective gas exchange is crucial to the anesthetic management. Extracorporeal circulation by the femoral artery and femoral vein cannulation can gain good gas exchange even if the @entity825 is totally obstructed. Therefore, before the induction of anesthesia, we should assess the site and degree of obstruction carefully and set up cardiopulmonary bypass to avoid exposing the @entity1 to unexpected risks and the anesthesiologist to unexpected challenges.

title: Anesthetic management of emergent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['inspiratory dyspnea']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tracheal tumor']

entities_list: @entity6184 :: ('MESH:D014135', 'Disease') :: ['lower tracheal stenosis', 'critical tracheal stenosis']

answer: @entity6184 :: (MESH:D014135,Disease) :: ['critical tracheal stenosis']


abstract: Coronary events and @entity64 are leading causes of @entity204 in Japan. However, the effects of @entity101 on the risk of coronary events and @entity64 have not been well established in Japanese @entity753 @entity1 . This study aimed to determine the relationship between the risk of coronary events or @entity64 and blood pressure and @entity165 levels during low-dose @entity3413 treatment using data from the Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT) study (a large scale nationwide cohort study). In the present study, 47,294 @entity753 @entity1 were treated with open-labeled @entity3413 (5 to 10 mg/day) for 6 years by a large number of physicians in a clinical setting. The adjusted incidence rates of coronary events in males and females were 8.9 and 2.3 and those of @entity64 were 17.6 and 11.3/1000 @entity1 during the 6-year period, respectively. The incidence rate of @entity64 was higher than that of coronary events in both males and females. An obvious sex difference was observed in terms of the incidence of coronary events. The risk of coronary events, @entity64 , and total @entity65 were increased, with elevations in blood pressure observed in @entity1 treated for @entity1007 . The risk of total @entity65 in the groups exhibiting less lipid control increased, with lower blood pressure levels than those of the well-controlled group. For @entity1 with @entity1007 and @entity101 , blood pressure should be strictly controlled in order to prevent both coronary events and @entity64 , and the serum total @entity165 levels should be maintained at low levels as well.

title: The risk of @entity65 in Japanese @entity101 XXXX with @entity1007 : sub-analysis of the Japan Lipid Intervention Trial (J-LIT) Study, a large-scale observational cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3413 :: ('MESH:D019821', 'Chemical') :: ['simvastatin']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Extensive research has been carried out in recent years to discover the potential risk factors contributing to cardiac allograft atherogenesis. Injury to endothelial cells has been regarded as an important early mechanism in the development of transplant @entity731 ; it leads to the manifestation of epicardial and microvascular @entity409 and development of intimal @entity1373 . Moreover, continuous minor endothelial cell damage contributes to @entity409 which reflects one of the first measurable steps in the cascade of atherogenesis without macroscopic evidence of @entity455 . The discovery of two important vasoactive substances @entity842 (NO) and endothelin (ET) has brought new insights but also new unsolved questions regarding the mechanisms leading to @entity731 . To date it is known that both substances play a major role in both prevention and development of @entity731 . NO appears to be protective in low concentrations by inhibiting leukocyte and platelet activation/adherence and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Impaired endothelial NO production, as one cause of @entity409 may occur in early stages of @entity731 before macroscopic lesions are evident. In addition, increased endothelin release also results in @entity409 by inducing vasoconstriction; it promotes @entity455 formation due to endothelial- and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Direct and indirect manipulation of both the NO and ET signal transduction systems may provide novel preventive and therapeutic approaches for limiting transplant atherogenesis and to treat native @entity731 . This review summarizes important experimental and clinical evidence which points to @entity842 and endothelin as potential therapeutic targets in the process of @entity299 .

title: XXXX and endothelin in the development of @entity299 . Potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesion', 'vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac allograft vasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['Nitric oxide']


abstract: 1. The effects of @entity35 and @entity1 alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alpha- @entity4655 ) were investigated in isolated smooth muscle preparations obtained from three levels of the @entity35 respiratory tract. 2. Neither peptide (10(-10)-10(-6) M) had any effect on resting tension or on @entity5402 (10(-6) M)-induced tone of @entity825 or main bronchus. In contrast, @entity4655 sometimes reduced spontaneous or @entity5402 -induced tone of lung parenchymal strips. 3. @entity4655 produced a significant rightward shift of the log concentration-response curves to @entity5402 and @entity750 ( @entity750 ) in the main bronchus. A rightward shift was also seen in @entity825 and parenchymal strips but this did not achieve the level of significance. The maximal response to @entity750 was reduced in the main bronchus and lung parenchyma whereas the maximal contraction to @entity5402 was decreased in parenchymal strip only. 4. In all three airway preparations, @entity4655 caused concentration-dependent inhibition of responses elicited by challenges with 10(-7) M @entity5402 or 5 x 10(-7) M @entity750 . The inhibitory effect of the peptide was inversely related to the size of the airways: the smaller the calibre, the greater the inhibition. 5. The inhibitory action of @entity4655 was not modified by pretreatment with @entity1022 (10(-6) M), @entity1169 (10(-6) M) or @entity3352 (10(-6) M). 6. The results strongly suggest that (a) @entity4655 has a nonspecific inhibitory action on airway smooth muscle cells, (b) @entity4655 may act as a potent inhibitor of responses elicited by bronchoconstrictor substances and (c) its inhibitory activity may be most powerfully expressed in peripheral regions of the respiratory tract.

title: @entity5402 - and XXXX -induced contraction in @entity35 isolated airways: inhibition by calcitonin gene-related peptide.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine', '5-HT']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamylcholine']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine']


abstract: Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus strains has been known for some time. This property is connected with production of many active substances by lactobacilli e.g., organic acids and @entity5618 -like substances which interfere with other indigenous microorganisms inhabiting the same ecological niche, including also anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens. Growing interest of clinical medicine in finding new approaches to treatment and prevention of common inflammatory infections of the digestive tract resulted in studies on a possible usage of @entity880 bacteria. Last years, several in vitro and in vivo experiments on antagonism of different Lactobacillus strains against @entity1534 and @entity2718 were performed. These observations had been done on already established, well known probiotic Lactobacillus strains. We tested antibacterial activities of Lactobacillus strains isolated from @entity1 digestive tract. As indicator bacteria, four species known as anaerobic bacterial etiologic agents of @entity281 : @entity1534 , @entity5363 , @entity6920 and @entity2718 were used. Some of them were obtained from international collections, others were clinical isolates from specimens taken from @entity1 with different defined @entity344 . We used a slab method of testing inhibitory activity described in details previously. Following conclusions were drawn from our study: All tested @entity1 Lactobacillus strains were able to inhibit the growth of all strains of anaerobic @entity1 gastrointestinal pathogens used in this study. Inhibitory activities of tested Lactobacillus strains against @entity1534 , @entity5363 spp., and @entity2718 as measured by comparing mean diameters of the inhibition zones were similar. Differences in susceptibility of individual indicator strains of @entity5363 spp. and @entity2718 to inhibitory activity of Lactobacillus strains were small. A similar mechanism of inhibition of anaerobic bacteria by lactobacilli is postulated.

title: [Antagonistic activity of Lactobacillus bacteria strains against anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens ( @entity1534 , @entity6920 , XXXX , @entity2718 )].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5618 :: ('CHEBI:48081', 'Chemical') :: ['bacteriocin']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteric infections']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['Helicobacter pylori']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium difficile']

entities_list: @entity5363 :: ('197', 'Species') :: ['Campylobacter jejuni', 'Campylobacter']

answer: @entity5363 :: (197,Species) :: ['Campylobacter jejuni']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An outbreak of dengue occurred among Chinese migrant workers at a construction site in Singapore that was characterized by a number of unusual features. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory data were prospectively collected from workers who were hospitalized with @entity221 . We compared the frequency of disease manifestations in these @entity1 with historical data from other cases of dengue admitted to the same centre. A serological survey was performed at the construction site one month after the onset of the outbreak. RESULTS: Thirty-nine @entity1 were admitted from the affected construction site with confirmed acute @entity281 in March and April 2002. Fever, @entity10 and @entity1910 were common and occurred at similar frequency in outbreak @entity1 and historical controls. Gastrointestinal manifestations were significantly more common in the outbreak @entity1 compared with controls ( @entity390 68%, @entity294 41%, @entity2753 47% and elevated @entity1133 20%). Of the 274 studied in the serological survey, 27 had serological evidence of acute dengue, of whom 24 (89%) had experienced a @entity221 in the previous month. The virus was cultured and identified as @entity779 . Few @entity1 had a positive IgG for dengue indicating that this was likely a @entity281 . CONCLUSION: This outbreak of primary @entity281 was characterized by unusually prominent @entity344 and a high proportion of symptomatic transmission. Manifestations of dengue may be altered when outbreaks involve immunologically na  ve adults who have migrated to dengue endemic areas.

title: An outbreak of primary XXXX among migrant Chinese workers in Singapore characterized by prominent @entity344 and a high proportion of symptomatic cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['dengue infection', 'primary infection']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile illness', 'fever']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['dengue infection']


abstract: The objective of this study was to describe the udder health management in Swiss dairy herds with udder health problems. One hundred dairy herds with a yield-corrected somatic cell count of 200'000 to 300'000 cells/ml during 2010 were selected. Data concerning farm structure, housing system, milking technique, milking procedures, dry- @entity291 and @entity1271 management were collected during farm visits between September and December 2011. In addition, quarter milk samples were collected for bacteriological culturing from @entity291 with a composite somatic cell count >=  150'000 cells/ml. The highest quarter level prevalence was 12.3 % for @entity4210 . Eighty-two percent of the pipeline milking machines in tie-stalls and 88 % of the milking parlours fulfilled the criteria for the vacuum drop, and only 74 % of the pipeline milking machines met the criteria of the 10-l-water test. Eighty-five percent of the farms changed their milk liners too late. The correct order of teat preparation before cluster attachment was carried out by 37 % of the farmers only. With these results, Swiss dairy farmers and herd health veterinarians can be directed to common mistakes in @entity1271 management. The data will be used for future information campaigns to improve udder health in Swiss dairy farms.

title: [ XXXX management in Swiss dairy farms with udder health problems].

answer: @entity1271 :: (MESH:D008413,Disease) :: ['Mastitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess outcome of assisted ventilation in @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) @entity1 with @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ), to identify risk factors associated with poor outcome and to compare long-term outcome of @entity1577 @entity1 who were mechanically ventilated for @entity1576 with unventilated @entity1577 controls. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Two large @entity1577 centres in the Netherlands. @entity1 : @entity1577 @entity1 who required assisted ventilation for @entity1576 and unventilated @entity1577 controls. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Thirty-one @entity1577 @entity1 required assisted ventilation for @entity1576 between January 1990 and March 2005. All five @entity1 (under 2 years of age) and seven adults (27%) survived. In the total population, age was a statistically significant risk factor for poor outcome (p=0.02). In @entity82 @entity1 who required invasive mechanical ventilation, @entity1576 was associated with poor outcome. In @entity1 who required mechanical ventilation for @entity1576 , lung function and @entity1577 related complications 5 years later were not significantly different compared with controls matched for age, gender and genotype. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1577 @entity1 younger than 2 years old, who are ventilated because of @entity1576 , have a good prognosis and their long-term outcome seems identical to unventilated @entity1577 controls. @entity1576 in @entity82 @entity1 still is associated with high mortality, especially among @entity1 with @entity1576 .

title: Outcome of assisted ventilation for @entity1576 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['ARF', 'acute respiratory failure', 'acute on chronic respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['adult CF']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['cystic fibrosis']


abstract: In this study we investigated the co-stimulatory signaling capacity of diverse proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) for @entity19 resting @entity1961 + T cells and @entity630 clone cells, activated by immobilized anti- @entity5168 mAb. ECM proteins used in various concentrations had no effect on @entity2047 production or proliferation of highly purified @entity1961 + T cell populations. When the preparation of @entity1961 + T cells contained contaminating accessory cells, @entity2047 secretion and proliferation was enhanced in the presence of co-immobilized collagens or fibronectin. However, the level of proliferation attainable by added irradiated splenocytes was not reached. Using @entity630 cell clone M4, enhanced production of @entity2047 in the presence of immobilized ECM proteins was observed. At a submitogenic anti- @entity5168 mAb dose, proliferation of M4 T cells was augmented by the ECM proteins in a concentration range that optimally induced @entity2047 production. @entity3783 @entity20081 was up-regulated on M4 T cells by collagen type IV and fibronectin to the same level that was induced by exogenously added @entity2047 , whereas added accessory cells induced a higher level of @entity3783 55 expression. Likewise, in dot-blot analysis a comparable quantity of @entity3783 @entity20081 - and @entity3721 -specific transcripts was induced by collagen type IV or fibronectin and by @entity2047 , which was lower than that induced by antigen-presenting cells. Our data suggest that the enhanced proliferation of M4 T cells induced by ECM proteins is not the consequence of direct up-regulation of @entity3783 , but appears to be due indirectly to elevated secretion of @entity2047 . At an optimal anti- @entity5168 mAb dose the collagens inhibited M4 T cell proliferation. Diminished cell surface expression of @entity3783 55 following stimulation with anti- @entity5168 mAb plus collagen type IV compared with anti- @entity5168 mAb alone was observed and may be responsible for growth inhibition.

title: Modulation of proliferation and lymphokine secretion of XXXX @entity1961 + T cells and cloned @entity630 cells by proteins of the extracellular matrix.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: AIMS: Heparin-induced antibody formation and @entity882 are well-established complications of heparin use and may be associated with @entity1031 events. Our study aimed to establish the prevalence of heparin-induced antibodies ( @entity882 ), otherwise known as @entity18042 ( @entity18042 ) antibodies, and their relationship to @entity882 and @entity715 events in a group of predominantly African-American hemodialysis @entity1 over 12 months. For comparison, the prevalence of @entity882 in @entity882 patients with serum @entity1011 of less than 2.0 mg/dl tested for the antibody in the same period was evaluated. METHODS: 36 hemodialysis @entity1 on thrice-weekly, in-center treatments receiving heparin on dialysis were selected to have blood drawn predialysis for @entity18042 @entity882 ( @entity882 ). Complete blood counts (CBC) were also checked that day and monthly for the next 3 months. Outpatient records were reviewed for @entity1031 events, including @entity715 of dialysis access lines, grafts and @entity292 . The @entity882 results for the dialysis @entity1 were compared with @entity882 performed at the same lab for non-dialysis @entity882 @entity1 during the same period. RESULTS: 17 out of 36 (47%) hemodialysis @entity1 had detectable @entity882 . There were no differences in gender, ethnicity, disease states, or duration of hemodialysis. None of the @entity1 had @entity882 , and the incidence of @entity1031 events was statistically not different from @entity1 without @entity882 . The non-CKD @entity882 group had a lower incidence, 16/88 (18%) of positive @entity882 . CONCLUSIONS: Heparin-induced antibodies are relatively common in @entity1 receiving hemodialysis. However, their presence does not appear to be associated with clinical consequences. Therefore, testing for @entity882 should be done only if a clinical indication is present.

title: Prevalence of heparin-induced antibody in African-American hemodialysis XXXX --comparison to non-dialysis @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['heparin antibodies', 'thrombocytopenic', 'HIA', 'thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis', 'thrombotic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The qualitative characteristics of the inotropic response to increase in extracellular @entity460 (Cao) were studied in isolated, electrically driven, isometrically contracting @entity35 papillary muscles. All experiments were done in the presence of adrenergic receptor blockers. Cao was increased in a cumulative way by exchanging a small fraction of the incubation solution with a corresponding solution with higher @entity460 concentration (8 mmol l-1). At any Cao level there was an almost proportional increase in parameters describing different parts of the contraction-relaxation cycle as compared with results at the preceding lower Cao level. Time to peak tension was prolonged at high compared with low Cao levels. The response to increased Cao was very similar to the @entity1919 ( @entity268 )-independent inotropic response elicited through activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors (alpha-type response, Skomedal et al. 1982) and strikingly different from the @entity268 -dependent inotropic response elicited, for example, through activation of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-type response, Skomedal et al. 1982). As the inotropic response to increased Cao is known to be @entity268 -independent (D  nges et al. 1977), the present results demonstrate the interrelationship between the regulatory function(s) and the direct effector function(s) of @entity460 in the myocardium.

title: Qualitative characteristics of the mechanical response in @entity35 papillary muscles to increase in extracellular XXXX concentration.

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: To evaluate the computed tomography (CT) findings of inflammatory lesions of the @entity2720 ( @entity2720 ) in @entity5145 . DESIGN AND @entity1 : CT scans of the SCJs were obtained in 23 @entity1 (group 1) with inflammatory @entity2720 lesions in @entity5145 . These scans were reviewed by four readers and compared with the CT scans of 23 matched controls (group 2). Each reader had to complete a 27-item grid. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the 23 @entity1 of group 1, the mean number of observed signs was 5.3 +/- 4.2 higher (P < 0.01) than in the group of 23 matched controls (2.4 +/- 1.6). Four signs were more frequently observed (P < 0.05) in group 1: surrounded subchondral @entity2681 and @entity45 , surrounded subchondral @entity27808 . A cyst and/or an erosion was associated with @entity4916 and/or @entity79 in 9 of 23 @entity1 in group 1. This association was not observed in group 2; the difference was significant (P < 0.001). @entity8 was observed 18 times in group 1 versus 11 times in group 2; the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Conversely, signs of @entity179 ( @entity5040 , @entity2001 , unevenness of joint surface) were no more frequently observed in controls than in group 1. This study emphasizes the diagnostic value of CT, in particular in the identification of inflammatory lesions, even when pre-existing @entity179 is present.

title: Computed tomography of XXXX in @entity5145 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4916 :: ('MESH:D015576', 'Disease') :: ['hyperostosis']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['A cyst and/or an erosive lesion']

entities_list: @entity2681 :: ('MESH:D014077', 'Disease') :: ['clavicular erosions']

entities_list: @entity5040 :: ('MESH:D054850', 'Disease') :: ['osteophytes']

entities_list: @entity2001 :: ('MESH:D001845', 'Disease') :: ['subchondral sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity27808 :: ('MESH:C537489', 'Disease') :: ['sternal cysts and sternal bone sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disease', 'degenerative lesions']

entities_list: @entity5145 :: ('MESH:D025242', 'Disease') :: ['spondylarthropathies']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['SCJ', 'sternoclavicular joints']

answer: @entity2720 :: (MESH:D007592,Disease) :: ['sternoclavicular joint lesions']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Some case of demyelinating @entity75 preceding the appearance of primary @entity706 have been reported. The relation between the two conditions is not known. We report the case of a @entity1 in whom a demyelinating @entity75 had been diagnosed on biopsy and who developed a primary @entity706 13 months later. CLINICAL CASE: In October 1997 a 38 year old @entity1 presented with a secondarily generalized focal motor @entity410 . Neuroimaging showed a @entity5 with marked @entity4 and uptake of contrast medium. Based on the clinicoradiological suspicion of a primary @entity5 or @entity3 , treatment was started with @entity619 . Approximately two weeks later a stereotaxic biopsy was done, in which there was @entity17 with conservation of the axons and perivascular inflammatory infiltration with polyclonal T and B lymphocytes. The diagnosis was 'a pseudotumoral form of a @entity17 '. Thirteen months later the @entity1 had episodes of falling to the floor, followed by subsequent slight confusion and difficulty in speaking. On neuroimaging studies (cerebral CAT and MR) there was a @entity5 of the left basal ganglia, considerable @entity4 and homogeneous marking following the injection of contrast. Anatomopathological study of the lesion showed a @entity1892 . CONCLUSION: In cases of pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions the possibility of a primary @entity706 of the central nervous system must be remembered.

title: [Demyelinating @entity75 prior to a primary XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination', 'demyelinating disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['pseudotumoral lesion', 'pseudotumoral lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral tumour', 'left frontal tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['cerebral lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to study the relationship between @entity1515 and @entity1468 . STUDY DESIGN: We studied @entity1515 of 52 primipara @entity1 with pregnancy-induced @entity101 and 59 normal primipara pregnant @entity1 . We determined the lumbar lordotic deviation (LLD) from @entity1515 measurement device in the lateral recumbent position and standing position. Roll-over test was performed for both groups. Resistance index (RI) of internal iliac artery was also measured by color Doppler sonography. RESULTS: The LLD was 33 +/- 6.1 degrees week 20-29 and 34 +/- 6.9 degrees week 30-40, respectively. In @entity1 with @entity1468 , the LLD was 19.8 +/- 6.3 degrees week 20-29, 21.3 +/- 7.9 degrees week 30-40. The LLD in @entity1 with @entity1468 was significantly lower than in the normal pregnant @entity1 . The LLD correlated to the increase diastolic pressure after roll-over test significantly. Hypolumbarlordosis was frequently associated with high resistance of peripheral vessel. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that hypolumbarlordosis is frequently associated with @entity1468 . It is also closely related to the mechanism for positive roll-over test and increase of resistance of vessels. As @entity1515 does not change greatly in individuals before pregnancy, hypolumbarlordosis may be a predisposing factor for @entity1468 .

title: Hypolumbarlordosis: a predisposing factor for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1515 :: ('MESH:D008141', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar lordosis']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['preeclampsia']


abstract: Evidence supporting the concept that the parasitic @entity2439 @entity380 may escape immune reactions from its vertebrate ( @entity1 ) or invertebrate (the freshwater snail @entity10300 ) hosts by using signal molecules it has in common with these hosts was obtained by the following experiments. The presence of immunoactive proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides [corticotropin (ACTH), beta-endorphin] in, and their release from, @entity383 was demonstrated. Coincubation of adult worms with @entity1 polymorphonuclear leukocytes or @entity10300 immunocytes led to the appearance of alpha-melanotropin (MSH) in the medium. The conclusion that this @entity4545 resulted from conversion of the parasite ACTH by @entity2282 ( @entity2282 ) present on these cells was supported by the fact that the @entity4545 level in the medium was markedly reduced by addition of the specific @entity2282 inhibitor @entity10743 . This interpretation is substantiated by the fact that no conversion was observed in comparable tests with @entity1 monocytes, which exhibit no @entity2282 activity. @entity4545 has the capacity to inactivate formerly active immunocytes not only from the definitive host ( @entity1 , hamster) but also from the intermediate host ( @entity10300 ), as determined by microscopic computer-assisted examination of conformational changes. POMC-derived peptides have been detected in @entity10300 hemolymph 2, 10, and 24 days after infection by @entity383 miracidia. Immunocytes from infected snails were found to be inactivated, and this inactivation was prevented by antibodies directed against ACTH and @entity4545 . The immunoactive beta-endorphin released from @entity383 does not appear to be subject to enzymatic conversion. Since it is active at lower concentrations, it may be used for distant signaling.

title: Immunosuppression in the definitive and intermediate hosts of the XXXX parasite @entity380 by release of immunoactive neuropeptides.

entities_list: @entity10300 :: ('6526', 'Species') :: ['Biomphalaria glabrata', 'B. glabrata']

entities_list: @entity2282 :: ('4311', 'Gene') :: ['neutral endopeptidase 24.11', 'NEP']

entities_list: @entity10743 :: ('MESH:C008890', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoramidon']

entities_list: @entity2439 :: ('MESH:D014201', 'Disease') :: ['trematode']

entities_list: @entity380 :: ('6183', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma mansoni']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A number of retrospective and prospective studies have demonstrated that radiotherapy of @entity263 must be actually conformal. Three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning consists in an as accurate as possible definition of target-volume, usually by CT-scan, and design of radiation fields shaped to this target-volume. Several steps are required, each step being important for the overall quality of the treatment. Conformal radiotherapy is better tolerated than conventional irradiation, with significantly less @entity137 . It allows dose-escalation up to 80 Gy. It is now possible to go beyond this dose with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. The benefit of these high doses was demonstrated by some large retrospective studies and some prospective dose-escalation trials. Several randomized trials are in progress, preliminary results of two of them have been published, both showing an improvement in disease control with the higher doses. The advantage of higher doses is clearly evident for @entity1 in the intermediate prognostic group, but is still discussed for @entity1 with a low risk @entity5 or treated in combination with hormone therapy. Late proctitis is the main @entity137 of these high doses. Some volume constraints have been defined during the last years and will allow a decrease of the rate of @entity137 . Because of these technological improvements, results of radiation therapy are now similar to those of surgery: no direct comparison with a randomized trial is available, but large comparative studies show that long-term disease control are identical with both techniques. Radiation therapy must be proposed to all @entity1 with a @entity263 as an alternative to surgery.

title: [Conformal radiotherapy of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'rectal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: @entity55174 , and its close relative @entity38207 , are extracellular proteins whose functions are complex, poorly understood, and controversial. In an attempt to determine the function of @entity55174 , we disrupted the @entity55175 gene by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, and generated @entity55174 -null @entity19 by blastocyst injection and appropriate breeding of mutant animals. @entity55175 -/- @entity19 were produced with the expected Mendelian frequency, appeared overtly normal, and were fertile. However, on closer examination, these @entity19 displayed a wide variety of abnormalities. Collagen fiber patterns in skin were disordered, and abnormally large fibrils with irregular contours were observed by electron microscopy in both skin and tendon. As a functional correlate of these findings, the skin was fragile and had reduced tensile strength, and the tail was unusually flexible. Mutant skin fibroblasts were defective in attachment to a substratum. An increase in total density and in cortical thickness of long bones was documented by histology and quantitative computer tomography. Mutant @entity19 also manifested an abnormal @entity548 time, and histologic surveys of @entity19 tissues, stained with an antibody to @entity2880 factor, showed a significant increase in blood vessels. The basis for the unusual phenotype of the @entity55174 -null @entity19 could derive from the structural role that @entity55174 might play in collagen fibrillogenesis in skin and tendon. However, it seems likely that some of the diverse manifestations of this @entity74 result from the ability of @entity55174 to modulate the cell surface properties of mesenchymal cells, and thus, to affect cell functions such as adhesion and migration.

title: @entity19 that lack XXXX display connective tissue abnormalities that are associated with disordered collagen fibrillogenesis, an increased vascular density, and a @entity548 diathesis.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disorder']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

answer: @entity55175 :: (21826(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['thrombospondin 2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to define the pharmacokinetic profile of free @entity2049 (F- @entity2050 ) in adult Omani @entity302 @entity1 in order to improve on dosing schedules through population pharmacokinetic analysis using the NONMEM program. METHOD: Steady-state trough F- @entity2050 serum concentrations, @entity2049 ( @entity2050 ) dosing history and associated information were collected prospectively. RESULTS: Forty-eight @entity1 with two or more available F- @entity2050 serum concentrations (total of 149 dose/serum concentration pairs) met our inclusion criteria. @entity1 were taking @entity2050 (200-1200 mg/day) in monotherapy. The analysis assumed a one-compartmental open model with first-order absorption and elimination. The apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) and their interindividual variabilities were estimated using the program. The population estimates for clearance (CL; modelled independently of dose) and volume of distribution were 13.2 +/- 0.6 l/h and 525 +/- 44 1, respectively. However, CL increased as a function of dosing rate and consequently was modelled as a linear function of steady-state concentration. In order to validate these results, the predictions of the population model were tested against data from 13 further @entity1 subjected to the same inclusion criteria but who were not included in the original analysis. The predictions were good, being unbiased (P=0.31), and had an average deviation from the observed values of 18%. CONCLUSION: In order to establish steady-state dosage regimens, a population pharmacokinetic model is proposed, based on the @entity1 's dose, to estimate the individual CL for an Omani @entity302 @entity1 receiving @entity2050 in monotherapy.

title: Population pharmacokinetics of free @entity2049 in adult Omani XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epileptic']


abstract: Under the assumption that the impaired inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on cell division is an important determinant in the progression of @entity21422 , it is postulated that the magnitude of proliferation and the resistance to glucocorticoids are correlated. To test this hypothesis, 67 @entity235 with pituitary-dependent @entity6392 were studied to determine whether a correlation could be demonstrated between the effect of @entity619 administration on the activity of the @entity1636 and the size of the pituitary gland as estimated by computed tomography. The volumes of the pituitary glands as calculated from summations of subsequent images of pituitary areas, ranged from 11.8 to 3238.6 mm3. Among the three dimensions, the height of the pituitary was the most sensitive indicator of enlargement. Calculation of the pituitary height/brain area ratio (P/B ratio) allowed correction for the size of the @entity235 . The P/B ratio had the highest discriminatory power in distinguishing enlarged (n = 41) from non-enlarged (n = 26) pituitaries. The effects of @entity619 (0.1 mg/kg) on the plasma concentrations of @entity701 and ACTH and on the urinary corticoid/ @entity1011 (C/C) ratios were expressed as percentage changes from the initial values. For ACTH, @entity701 and C/C ratios these figures for resistance to @entity619 were significantly correlated with the dimensions of the pituitary, particularly the height, volume and P/B ratio. It is concluded that the magnitude of the expansion of pituitary @entity21422 is dependent upon the loss of restraint by glucocorticoids, i.e. the degree of insensitivity to glucocorticoid feedback.

title: Correlation between impairment of glucocorticoid feedback and the size of the pituitary gland in XXXX with pituitary-dependent @entity6392 .

entities_list: @entity21422 :: ('MESH:D049913', 'Disease') :: ['corticotrophic adenomas']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary-adrenocortical axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity6392 :: ('MESH:D000308', 'Disease') :: ['hyperadrenocorticism']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The standard method of treating acute primary dislocation of the glenohumeral joint is immobilization of the arm in adduction and internal rotation with a sling. The recurrence rate for anterior instability after nonoperative treatment in young active @entity1 is extremely high (up to 90%) and well reported. A new method of immobilization with the arm in external rotation improves the position of the displaced labrum on the glenoid rim. With the use of control MRI before and after immobilization in external rotation, a study on this new repositioning of the labrum is evaluated. METHODS: Ten @entity1 (mean age 30.4 years) with primary @entity2065 and @entity75 as shown on MRI but with no hyperlaxity of the contralateral side were immobilized in 10-20 degrees of external rotation for 3 weeks. Scans with MRI were taken in internal and external shoulder rotation post @entity130 and in internal rotation after 6 weeks. All @entity1 were reevaluated after 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Dislocation and separation of the labrum were both significantly less with the arm in external rotation due to the tension of the anterior capsule and the tendon of the subscapularis muscle. In the MRI taken in internal rotation 6 weeks post @entity130 , all @entity75 were fixed in reposition after three weeks of immobilization in external rotation. At 12-month follow-up, the average Constant Score was 96.1 points (range 63-100), and the Rowe Score was 91.5 points (range 25-100). One @entity1 had traumatic redislocation after 8 months. CONCLUSION: After primary @entity2065 , immobilizing the arm in 10-20 degrees external rotation provided stable fixation of the @entity75 in an anatomic position. First long-term indications from an ongoing prospective study of recurrence rates after immobilization in external rotation are promising.

title: [Immobilization in external rotation after primary XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Bankart lesion', 'Bankart lesions']

entities_list: @entity2065 :: ('MESH:D012783', 'Disease') :: ['anterior dislocation of the shoulder', 'shoulder dislocation']

answer: @entity2065 :: (MESH:D012783,Disease) :: ['shoulder dislocation']


abstract: Both mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences have been employed in efforts to reconstruct deep-level phylogenetic relationships. A fundamental question in molecular systematics concerns the efficacy of different types of sequences in recovering clades at different taxonomic levels. We compared the performance of four mitochondrial data sets ( @entity13508 , cytochrome oxidase II, @entity2125 dehydrogenase subunit I, 12S rRNA-tRNA-16S rRNA) and eight nuclear data sets (exonic regions of alpha-2B adrenergic receptor, aquaporin, ss-casein, gamma-fibrinogen, interphotoreceptor @entity554 binding protein, kappa-casein, protamine, @entity2880 Factor) in recovering deep-level @entity1 clades. We employed parsimony and minimum-evolution with a variety of distance corrections for superimposed substitutions. In 32 different pairwise comparisons between these mitochondrial and nuclear data sets, we used the maximum set of overlapping taxa. In each case, the variable-length bootstrap was used to resample at the size of the smaller data set. The nuclear exons consistently performed better than mitochondrial protein and rRNA-tRNA coding genes on a per-residue basis in recovering benchmark clades. We also concatenated nuclear genes for overlapping taxa and made comparisons with concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes from complete mitochondrial genomes. The variable-length bootstrap was used to score the recovery of benchmark clades as a function of the number of resampled base pairs. In every case, the nuclear concatenations were more efficient than the mitochondrial concatenations in recovering benchmark clades. Among genes included in our study, the nuclear genes were much less affected by superimposed substitutions. Nuclear genes having appropriate rates of substitution should receive strong consideration in efforts to reconstruct deep-level phylogenetic relationships.

title: Mitochondrial versus nuclear gene sequences in deep-level XXXX phylogeny reconstruction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity554 :: ('CHEBI:26537', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate immunological mechanism of corneal melting perforation and @entity32 after thermal burn. METHODS: The models of severe @entity2687 were induced with thermal metal in @entity35 . Immunohistochemistry was carried out on wholemounts of the @entity267 , @entity1539 , @entity3193 comples, retina at different time point after @entity2687 , to derect T-lymphocytes and their subpopulation, macrophages, dendritic cells, MHC class II-positive cells. RESULTS: In the early stage of the burns, there were small number of increasing T-lymphocytes, MHC class II-positive cells in the @entity267 and @entity1539 . At the period of corneal melting and perforation, a massive influx of lymphocytes (CD3, @entity11264 , CD8), macrophages and dentritic cells were seen in the @entity267 adjacent to limbers and @entity1539 . @entity11264 positive cells were much more than CD8 in number obviously. MHC class II-positive cell were found not only at the limbus but also in the melting area and corneal centre. Morphological changes of these cells were also noted. At restoration stage positive cells decreased gradually. CONCLUSIONS: Immunological mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of the damage induced with @entity2687 , especially in the pathogenesis of corneal melting and perforation after burn.

title: [Immunohistochemistry studies on the thermal burn of XXXX in @entity35 ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['choroid-sclera']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal burns', 'corneal thermal burns']

answer: @entity267 :: (MESH:D065306,Disease) :: ['cornea']


abstract: This retrospective study compares the results of different therapies for fibular @entity397 in a homogenous group of professional athletes. The endpoint "competitive sports" was an outcome consideration. Subjects were examined by means of a standardized questionnaire and a structured interview. One hundred and seventy-nine of the questionnaires were completed and returned for evaluation. All of the basketball players with severe @entity3681 (supination @entity130 with @entity4 , @entity158 , and inability to bear stress) were included. Those players with @entity174 of the foot, pronation @entity130 , or additional distal fibula or tibia @entity174 were excluded from this study. Of the 179 basketball players 160 (89%) had suffered severe @entity3681 . The treatment was divided into three groups: primary surgery (N = 35), plaster cast (N = 39), and functional treatment (N = 89). While simple ligament injuries (Grade I and II) were mostly treated functionally, complex ligament injuries (Grade III) were usually operated on. A total of 119 (74%) of the players reported no further @entity158 . For @entity158 reduction surgical and functional treatments showed advantages over plaster treatment. In the surgical group 63% of the players judged their regained stability to be equivalent to that of their healthy leg. Only 50% of the players in the plaster and functional groups believed their ankle joints to have regained the same stability as before their injuries. Despite the achievement of good results through surgery, there were clear differences in the players' assessments of their performance in competitive sports. Most subjects (92%) did not have any problems in everyday life regardless of which kind of therapy had been chosen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Comparative study of therapies for fibular XXXX of the lateral ankle joint in competitive basketball players.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['ankle sprain']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ligament rupture']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['ligament rupture']


abstract: @entity12120 is only a descriptive clinical term designating a white patch or plaque of the mucosa and must be complemented by histology. On the other hand, @entity9284 is an exclusively histological term denoting pathological production and accumulation of keratin on the surface of the laryngeal epithelium. @entity12120 is usually @entity9284 , but not always. Keratosis can mask various epithelial changes, from simple @entity1373 to invasive @entity957 and is only the superficially visible manifestation of an underlying pathological process. Keratosis means total replacement of superficial epithelial cells by keratin filaments, and dissolution of the nuclei. When nuclei are retained in keratinized cells, the process is termed @entity8286 . Therefore, @entity9284 can be classified as a separate entity only when histopathological examination reveals superficial keratotic changes accompanying a normal squamous epithelium. To identify the presence of @entity9284 in various benign laryngeal entities divided according to severity of @entity854 , and to determine whether @entity9284 has any prognostic value, we performed a retrospective analysis on bioptic material on 4,291 tissue specimens over a period of 15 years. Our results suggest that @entity9284 must be considered as only one sign of the disorder within the complex of other pathological changes and not as a distinct pathological entity. For this very reason, keratinization of the epithelial surface was not included among significant parameters used for the grading of epithelial changes into the particular group according to Kambic-Lenart classification.

title: The interpretation of XXXX in laryngeal pathology.

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity8286 :: ('MESH:D010241', 'Disease') :: ['parakeratosis']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity9284 :: ('MESH:D007642', 'Disease') :: ['keratosis']

entities_list: @entity12120 :: ('MESH:D007971', 'Disease') :: ['Leukoplakia']

answer: @entity12120 :: (MESH:D007971,Disease) :: ['leukoplakia']


abstract: Subsets were analyzed of respondents from the Epidemiological Follow-up to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I (NHANES I) who (1) answered a general @entity625 question reflecting whether a doctor told the respondent that she or he had @entity625 , (2) answered seven @entity158 , @entity4 , and stiffness questions, and (3) had radiographs of knees and @entity572 assessed for @entity571 at the time of the initial survey during the early 1970s. Data for the follow-up were collected between 1982 and 1984 and included 1,491 fatalities in the largest subsample analyzed here. The dependent variable was months of survival after the initial interview. No distinction was drawn between @entity309 versus @entity571 . The NHANES I contained only limited information on @entity309 versus @entity571 . Additional covariates included age, age squared, education, race, marital status, diastolic blood pressure, and body mass. After adjusting for age, no statistically significant associations emerged between answers to the general @entity625 questions or any of the seven @entity158 questions on the one hand, and mortality on the other. Similar statistically insignificant results were found when the association between radiographic diagnoses of @entity571 in the @entity572 and months of survival was considered after adjusting for age. These statistically insignificant results persisted in repeated testing, which alternately included and excluded a number of covariates, and in separate subsamples of @entity1 , @entity1 , and @entity1 older and younger than age 50. Some evidence was found, however, for a negative, statistically significant association between radiographic knee diagnoses of @entity571 and survival, especially among @entity1 , even after adjusting for covariates. These mixed results (1) do not discredit findings elsewhere suggesting that @entity309 is associated with @entity204 , since it is likely that the great majority of respondents answering in the affirmative to the general @entity625 or seven @entity158 questions in the NHANES I had @entity571 , and (2) suggest that future surveys should make greater attempts to distinguish between @entity309 and @entity571 .

title: XXXX and mortality in the epidemiological follow-up to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['early death']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['Arthritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Catheter-associated @entity793 (CAB) with transurethral catheters is almost inevitable. Suprapubic catheters (SPCs) are widely considered to decrease the risk of CAB. However, SPCs are implants similarly prone to microbial biofilm formation. The spectrum of colonising pathogens has not been investigated. The aim of this prospective study was: (1) to assess the diversity of microbial suprapubic catheter colonisation (MSPCC), (2) to identify risk factors and (3) to investigate its association with CAB and @entity293 ( @entity293 ). METHODS: A total of 218 SPCs from 112 @entity1 were studied. Urine specimens were obtained after device replacement or removal. Sonication was performed to dislodge adherent microorganisms. Data of @entity1 sex, age, indwelling time, and underlying disease were recorded. RESULTS: Sonicate-fluid culture (SFC) detected MSPCC in 95 %. Increasing indwelling time correlated with MSPCC (p < 0.05). Negative SFC was more frequent when antibiotic prophylaxis was applied at time of catheter placement (15 vs. 2 %, p < 0.05). Most commonly isolated were Enterobacteriaceae (45.8 %), followed by Enterococcus spp. (25.7 %) and @entity796 (10.3 %). CAB and @entity293 were observed in 95 and 11 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first analysis of MSPCC. Indwelling time increases, whereas antibiotic prophylaxis decreases the risk of MSPCC. The spectrum of pathogens is comparable to the one obtained from urethral catheter biofilms. Urine specimens could not demonstrate the microbial diversity of MSPCC. SPCs are not preferable to urethral catheters to reduce CAB. Whether the risk of @entity293 could be minimised by SPCs remains to be clarified.

title: Microbial biofilm formation and catheter-associated @entity793 in XXXX with suprapubic catheterisation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['catheter-associated urinary tract infection', 'CA-UTI']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A plethora of stimuli including hormones and neurotransmitters mediate a rise of the cellular level of @entity268 and thereby activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA phosphorylates and thereby modulates the activity of a wide range of cellular targets. It is now appreciated that different stimuli induce the activation of PKA at specific sites where the kinase phosphorylates particular substrates in close proximity. The tethering of PKA to cellular compartments is facilitated by A kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs). The incorporation of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) into AKAP-based signalling complexes provides gradients of @entity268 that regulate PKA activity locally. An example for a process depending on compartmentalised @entity268 /PKA signalling is the @entity369 -vasopressin ( @entity1831 )-mediated water reabsorption in renal collecting duct principal cells. Upon activation through AVP, PKA phosphorylates the @entity7060 ( @entity7060 ) located on intracellular vesicles. The phosphorylation triggers the redistribution of @entity7060 to the plasma membrane. AKAP-anchored PKA has been shown to be involved in @entity7060 shuttling. Here, @entity40269 isoforms and members of the @entity1980 family of PDEs are shown to be differentially localised in renal principal cells.

title: Spatial organisation of XXXX and @entity1980 isoforms in renal collecting duct principal cells.

entities_list: @entity7060 :: ('359', 'Gene') :: ['water channel aquaporin-2', 'AQP2', 'AQP-2']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity40269 :: (9465,Gene) :: ['AKAP18']


abstract: AIM: To describe health-related quality of life (hrQOL) in adult subjects who had @entity370 in childhood. METHODS: Forty-six @entity1 (24 @entity1 ), all ethnic Danes <or=15 years of age with @entity370 were recorded in Denmark in 1979-1994. Three @entity1 were deceased prior to this study. At follow-up, the 43 surviving adult subjects were invited to complete the short-form health survey questionnaire SF-36, being completed by 34 subjects (14 @entity1 ). SF-36 scores were compared with the scores in the Danish reference population. RESULTS: At follow-up, 30/34 @entity1 had recovered from @entity370 and 4/34 @entity1 had persistent @entity3619 with @entity73 . SF-36 scores in all domains were similar to scores in the reference population; the four @entity1 with @entity3619 had lower scores in three domains. In the entire series, physical component summary (PCS) score and mental component summary (MCS) score was similar to the reference population. CONCLUSION: @entity370 has a favourable prognosis concerning health status in adulthood. The majority of adult subjects had a health status that was indistinguishable from a healthy reference population.

title: Health-related quality of life in adult survivors of childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'boys', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic active disease']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis', 'Childhood sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired lung function']

answer: @entity370 :: (MESH:D012507,Disease) :: ['sarcoidosis']


abstract: We have studied the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton in three related @entity35 @entity242 cell populations of differing @entity5 . They were derived by neoplastic progression from a population which had transformed spontaneously in vitro, and were distinguished by their ability to give rise to reproducibly different numbers of @entity3 , ranging from 10% to 80% of the animals inoculated. We found characteristic differences in the arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Confocal three-dimensional microscopy showed that nearly all of the least malignant population contained conspicuous actin stress fibres lying in the lower part of the cell parallel to the substratum and no other actin structures. Actin in the intermediate population was typically situated in a diffuse layer underlying the whole plasma membrane, in which no fibres could be seen. Two thirds of the most malignant population consisted of more rounded cells filled with a three-dimensional network of fine oblique actin fibres. There were focal contacts in all these cells; their area showed a regular decrease from 1.3 microns 2 to 0.4 microns 2. The differences in actin distribution were accompanied by differences in motility, which increased as @entity5 increased. When individual cells were fixed after they had been tracked by time-lapse, their cytoskeleton type correlated with the speed at which they had moved. All these differences were enhanced at low pH. These findings point to the possibility that the three-dimensional network of fine actin fibres in acid culture could be a measure of the malignant potential of transformed cells in vitro.

title: Actin cytoskeleton and motility in XXXX @entity242 cell populations with different metastatic potential.

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12436 ( @entity12436 ) gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, varying in ethnicities. This study aimed to investigate such association between the @entity12436 @entity51818 polymorphism and cardiometabolic risk factors in the turkish adult risk factor (TARF) study cohort, stratifying by gender and @entity28 . METHODS: Randomly selected 1548 individuals (757 male and 791 female, mean age 49.9  11.8 years) were genotyped for @entity51818 polymorphism using hybridization probes in a Real-Time PCR LC480 device. RESULTS: The -482TT genotype prevailed 9.9% in @entity1 and 11.5% in @entity1 . Association between @entity51819 polymorphism and @entity2299 (p=0.036, OR=1.42, 95%Cl=1.02-1.97) was found only in @entity1 . Analysis of variance showed that anthropometric and metabolic variables were not differently distributed in @entity12436 @entity51818 genotypes in the study population. In relation to @entity2299 and @entity28 , the @entity51818 polymorphism showed significant gender-by-genotype interactions (p<0.01). When the study population was stratified according to gender and @entity28 , homozygotes for the T allele were associated strongly with (by 45%) elevated fasting @entity412 concentrations in obese @entity1 (p=0.009) and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index in @entity28 @entity1 (p=0.013). Furthermore, in the same subgroups, the associations of the fasting @entity412 concentrations and HOMA index with the TT genotype remained after adjustment for risk factors (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity12436 -482TT genotype is independently associated with elevated fasting @entity412 concentrations in obese @entity1 . Presence of @entity28 seems to be required for this genotype to induce markedly elevated @entity1674 . Furthermore, it is associated with the @entity2299 in @entity1 , without requirement of @entity28 .

title: Gender- and @entity28 -specific effect of @entity12436 gene ( XXXX ) @entity51818 polymorphism on @entity412 concentration in Turkish adults.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['non-obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity12436 :: ('345', 'Gene') :: ['Apolipoprotein C3', 'APOC3']

answer: @entity12436 :: (345,Gene) :: ['APOC3']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent studies have shown the beneficial effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in @entity791 -related @entity7578 ( @entity7578 ). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the initial and follow-up imaging findings and survival in @entity1 with @entity7578 who were treated with HAART. METHODS: The clinical course and MR imaging findings on initial and follow-up MR studies in four consecutive @entity791 @entity1 with @entity7578 who were treated with HAART are described. RESULTS: Two @entity1 were short-term survivors and died after 3 months. Two @entity1 are still alive, with a survival time of 22 and 43 months, respectively. On initial MR studies, more extensive white matter changes were seen in the short-term survivors. Development of a mass effect and temporary enhancement (in one @entity1 ) was observed in two HAART responders on follow-up MR studies. Increased hypointensity on T1-weighted images with concomitant low signal on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery fast spin-echo (FLAIR-FSE) images was seen in two responders, representing @entity5719 . Atrophic changes of the involved areas of the brain, consistent with burnt out @entity7578 , were seen in two long-term survivors. In the short-term survivors, increased hypointensity was present on T1-weighted images with increased high signal on FLAIR-FSE images, representing @entity74 . CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a clinical and radiologic response can be seen in some @entity1 with @entity791 -associated @entity7578 on HAART while in others there may be no beneficial response. Development of a mass effect and temporary enhancement on MR images in the early phase of treatment might represent positive predictive factors for prolonged survival.

title: Initial and follow-up MR imaging findings in XXXX -related @entity7578 treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5719 :: ('MESH:D007969', 'Disease') :: ['leukomalacia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progressive destructive disease']

entities_list: @entity7578 :: ('MESH:D007968', 'Disease') :: ['PML lesions', 'progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'PML']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: It is desirable to reduce the number of treatments required to induce superovulation in @entity291 . In this study we examined whether dissolving FSH in @entity4280 ( @entity12468 ) would reduce the rate of absorption of FSH and allow it to be administered in a single dose for superovulation. In Experiment 1, 10 @entity291 each received a single dose of FSH which contains 0.6% luteinizing hormone ( @entity44503 ; 30 mg i.m.) dissolved in 30% @entity12468 (10 ml) or in saline. In Experiment 2, a single injection of 30 mg @entity44503 dissolved in 30% @entity12468 was given to 25 @entity291 , and 32 @entity291 were injected twice daily in declining doses to receive a total of 28 mg @entity44503 dissolved in saline. @entity3774 was given to all the @entity291 48 h after the first FSH treatment. Embryos were collected on Day 7 or 8 post insemination. In Experiment 1, the effect of FSH dissolved in @entity12468 was compared with that dissolved in saline (number of recovered ova and embryos; 9.4+/-4.1 vs. 0). In Experiment 2, the rate of transferable embryos by single injection of @entity44503 in @entity12468 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of treatment of multiple injection groups. @entity1420 concentration measured in serum collected 4 times from estrus (Day-0) to the day of embryo collection, indicated similar patterns in the 2 treatment groups. These findings suggest that @entity12468 is a suitable solvent for prolonging the absorption of FSH given in a single injection thus providing a more practical approach of FSH administration.

title: Superovulation in the XXXX with a single intramuscular injection of FSH dissolved in @entity4280 .

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity4280 :: ('MESH:D011205', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinylpyrrolidone']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['Prostaglandin F2alpha']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cow']


abstract: Celiac @entity616 is used as a palliative procedure in cases of severe upper @entity490 caused by @entity788 or @entity5 of the pancreas. It can be guided by bony landmarks, fluoroscopy, ultrasound (US), or computed tomography (CT). To avoid severe complications, methods visualizing soft tissue, like CT and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, are preferable. We describe celiac plexus blocks carried out in an open MR scanner, offering needle guidance with an optical tracking system and near real-time image acquisition. Eight @entity1 with severe chronic @entity490 were included. In these, 14 celiac blocks were carried out. Good or total @entity158 relief was achieved in 8 of the 14 blocks (57%), a moderate effect in 5 blocks (36%), and no effect in 1 block (7%). The placement of the needle was easily guided with MR in all cases. The MR technique ensures good visualization of soft tissue, direct monitoring of needle movement and avoids exposure to ionizing radiation. Celiac @entity616 can safely be carried out in an open MR scanner.

title: MRI-guided celiac XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['plexus block']

answer: @entity616 :: (MESH:D006327,Disease) :: ['plexus block']


abstract: Stromal-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha) is a key stem cell homing factor that is crucial for mobilization of stem cells from bone marrow to peripheral blood and subsequent engraftment to the tissue of diseased organs. It has been reported that SDF-1alpha is transiently over-expressed in ischemic myocardium. Therefore, there may be a limited time window after @entity583 ( @entity583 ) during which stem cells are recruited to injured myocardium for repair. This study aimed at investigating whether controlled release of SDF-1alpha via a novel conjugated @entity968 ( @entity970 ) (PEGylated) fibrin patch at the @entity1188 site would increase the rate of stem cell recruitment and offer potential therapeutic benefits. Recombinant @entity19 SDF-1alpha was covalently bound to the PEGylated fibrinogen as evidenced by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. The PEGylated fibrinogen, bound with recombinant @entity19 SDF-1alpha, was mixed with thrombin to form the PEGylated fibrin patch. The release kinetics of SDF-1alpha were detected in vitro using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using a @entity19 @entity583 model produced by a ligature on the left anterior descending coronary artery, a PEGylated fibrin patch bound with SDF-1alpha (100 ng) was placed on the surface of the @entity1188 area of the left ventricle. Infarct size, left ventricular (LV) function, and the percentage of @entity17776 / @entity17777 (+) cells within the @entity1188 area were measured at days 7, 14, and 28 after @entity583 . In vitro results showed that SDF-1alpha was successfully bound to the PEGylated fibrin patch and can be released from the patch constantly for up to 10 days. Two weeks after @entity1188 , the myocardial recruitment of @entity17777 (+) cells was significantly higher in the group treated with the SDF-1alpha PEGylated fibrin patch (n = 9) than in the @entity583 control group (n = 10) (p < 0.05; 11.20 +/- 1.71% vs. 4.22 +/- 0.96%, respectively). At day 28 post- @entity583 , unlike the control group, the group with the SDF-1alpha-releasing patch maintained stable release of SDF-1alpha concurrent with additional stem cell homing. Moreover, LV function was significantly better than in the control group. These data demonstrate that the PEGylated fibrin patch based SDF-1alpha delivery can improve the rate of @entity17777 (+) cell homing and improve LV function in hearts with postinfarction LV remodeling.

title: Controlled release of stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha in situ increases XXXX + cell homing to the infarcted heart.

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(ethylene glycol)']

answer: @entity17777 :: (16590(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['c-kit']


abstract: The @entity238 decapentaplegic ( @entity11453 ) gene, encoding a secreted protein of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, controls proliferation and patterning in diverse tissues, including the eye imaginal disc. Pattern formation in this tissue is initiated at the posterior edge and moves anteriorly as a wave; the front of this wave is called the @entity8145 ( @entity8145 ). @entity11453 is required for proliferation and initiation of pattern formation at the posterior edge of the eye disc. It has also been suggested that @entity11453 is the principal mediator of Hedgehog function in driving progression of the @entity8145 across the disc. In this paper, ectopic @entity11453 expression is shown to be sufficient to induce a duplicated eye disc with normal shape, @entity8145 progression, neuronal cluster formation and direction of axon outgrowth. Induction of ectopic eye development occurs preferentially along the anterior margin of the eye disc. Ectopic @entity11453 clones situated away from the margins induce neither proliferation nor patterning. The @entity11453 signalling pathway is shown to be under tight transcriptional and post-transcriptional control within different spatial domains in the developing eye disc. In addition, @entity11453 positively controls its own expression and suppresses wingless transcription. In contrast to the wing disc, @entity11453 does not appear to be the principal mediator of Hedgehog function in the eye.

title: Induction of XXXX eye development by decapentaplegic.

entities_list: @entity8145 :: ('MESH:D014063', 'Disease') :: ['morphogenetic furrow', 'MF']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Systemic corticosteroid therapy is central to the management of acute @entity565 The use of @entity16179 may also be beneficial in this setting. OBJECTIVES: To determine the benefit of @entity16179 for the treatment of @entity1 with acute @entity565 managed in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ). SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the Cochrane Airways Review Group register. Bibliographies from included studies, known reviews, and texts also were searched. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only RCTs or quasi-randomised trials were eligible for inclusion. Studies were included if @entity1 presented with acute @entity565 to the @entity341 or its equivalent, and were treated with @entity16179 or placebo, in addition to standard therapy. Two reviewers independently selected potentially relevant articles, and then independently selected articles for inclusion. Methodological quality was independently assessed by two reviewers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers if the authors were unable to verify the validity of extracted information. Missing data were obtained from the authors or calculated from other data presented in the paper. MAIN RESULTS: Seven trials were selected for inclusion, but data were not available for one of them. In the six usable trials, (4 adult, 2 paediatric), a total of 352 @entity1 were studied (179 @entity16179 , 173 non- @entity16179 treated). @entity1 treated with @entity16179 were less likely to be admitted to hospital (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.64). This benefit was confined to @entity1 not receiving concomitant systemic @entity230 (CS). @entity1 receiving concomitant CS showed a similar, but non-significant, trend towards reduced admissions compared to placebo treatment (OR 0.45; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.14). @entity1 receiving @entity16179 also demonstrated small, significant improvements in peak expiratory flows (PEFR WMD: 8%; 95% CI: 3, 13 %) and forced expiratory volumes (FEV1 WMD: 5%; 95% CI: 0.4, 10 %). The treatment was well tolerated, with few reported adverse side effects. A secondary analysis compared @entity16179 alone vs CS alone; in the four trials included, there was significant heterogeneity between the study results for admission rates which precluded meaningful pooling of the study results. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled @entity230 reduced admission rates in @entity1 with acute @entity565 , but it is unclear if there is a benefit of @entity16179 when used in addition to systemic @entity288 . There is insufficient evidence that @entity16179 therapy results in clinically important changes in pulmonary function or clinical scores when used in acute @entity565 . Similarly, there is insufficient evidence that @entity16179 alone is as effective as CS. Further research is needed to clarify if there is a benefit of @entity16179 when used in addition to CS.

title: Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the XXXX treatment of acute @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['emergency department']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the delay in presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of malignant @entity1745 and to define the effect of this delay on motor and bladder function at the time of treatment. DESIGN: Prospective study of all new @entity1 presenting to a regional @entity5 centre with this condition. SETTING: Regional @entity5 centre. SUBJECTS: 301 consecutive @entity1 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Interval from onset of symptoms to presentation and treatment, delay at each stage of referral, and functional deterioration. RESULTS: The median (range) delay from onset of symptoms of @entity1745 to treatment was 14 (0-840) days. Of the total delay, 3 (0-300) days were accounted for by @entity1 , 3 (0-330) days by general practitioners, 4 (0-794) days by the district general hospital, and 0 (0-114) days by the treatment unit. Initial presentation to the regional @entity5 centre with symptoms of malignant @entity1745 led to a significant reduction in delay to treatment and improved functional status at the time of treatment. Deterioration of motor or bladder function >=1 grade occurred at the general practice stage in 28% (57) and 18% (36) of @entity1 , the general hospital stage in 36% (83) and 29% (66), and the treatment unit stage in 6% (19) and 5% (15), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Unacceptable delay in diagnosis, investigation, and referral occurs in most @entity1 with malignant @entity1745 and results in preventable loss of function before treatment. Improvement in the outcome of such @entity1 requires earlier diagnosis and treatment.

title: Malignant XXXX : prospective study of delays in referral and treatment.

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity1745 :: (MESH:D013117,Disease) :: ['spinal cord compression']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Resection of @entity66 may be quite challenging; the acute inflammatory process, thick sigmoid mesentery, and any associated @entity292 or abscess can make this procedure technically demanding. The aim of this study was to compare the results between laparoscopic and laparotomy-type resections stratified by disease severity and thereby predict outcome and possibly a subset of @entity1 who may benefit from a laparoscopic approach. METHODS: From August 1991 to December 1995, all @entity1 with @entity66 were classified according to a modified Hinchey classification system. The laparoscopic group included 18 @entity1 who underwent a laparoscopic assisted colectomy, one with a loop ileostomy. The identical procedures were performed in 18 @entity1 by laparotomy. The mean age of the two groups were 62.8 and 67.1 years, respectively (p = NS). RESULTS: Seven of 18 @entity1 in whom laparoscopy was attempted (38.9%) had conversion to laparotomy. Six of seven (85.7%) conversions were directly related to the intense inflammatory process. Laparoscopic treated @entity1 with @entity66 had a morbidity rate of 33.3% and a conversion rate of 50% while all @entity1 with @entity66 were successfully completed without morbidity or conversions to laparotomy. However, after the first four cases, the intraoperative morbidity and postoperative morbidity rates were zero and 14.3% and after ten cases they were zero and zero, respectively. Furthermore, the median length of hospitalization for @entity196 @entity1 after laparoscopy was 5.0 days vs 7 days after laparotomy (p < 0.05). In Hinchey IIa and IIb @entity1 , the median length of hospitalization was almost 50% shorter with a laparoscopic approach (6 days vs 10 days, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, laparoscopic resection of @entity4436 can be performed without additional morbidity particularly in @entity196 @entity1 and with a reduced length of hospitalization in @entity1 with class I or II disease. @entity1 with class I disease, and after initial experience even those with class II disease, can benefit from the reduced morbidity and length of hospitalization associated with laparoscopic treatment.

title: Laparoscopic surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Hinchey I disease', 'Hinchey IIa or IIb disease', 'diverticular disease']

entities_list: @entity196 :: ('MESH:D020754', 'Disease') :: ['Hinchey I']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulitis']

answer: @entity4436 :: (MESH:D004238,Disease) :: ['diverticulitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has been increasingly adopted for its advantages over the open technique, but there is a possibility of conversion to @entity1538 ( @entity1538 ) if complications occur or the extent of @entity32 prohibits successful dissection. This study aimed to identify the preoperative predictors for conversion from laparoscopic to @entity1538 . STUDY DESIGN: Medical records of 705 consecutive @entity1 who underwent surgery for suspected @entity698 were reviewed retrospectively. LA was attempted in 595 @entity1 by 25 different surgeons. Factors evaluated were age, gender, body mass index, previous abdominal surgery, previous @entity698 attack, @entity158 , @entity390 , @entity391 , fever, duration of symptoms, local or diffuse tenderness, leukocyte count and surgeon's experience in LA. RESULTS: Conversion to @entity1538 occurred in 58 @entity1 (9.7%). The most common reason for conversion was dense adhesions due to @entity32 , followed by localized perforation and diffuse @entity298 . Based on 261 @entity1 evaluated by CT scan preoperatively, significant factors in the final multivariate analysis associated with conversion to @entity1538 were age > or = 65 [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.78, 95% CI:1.11-12.84], diffuse tenderness on physical examination (OR = 11.32, 95% CI: 1.32-96.62), and a surgeon with less experience in LA (< or = 10 operations, OR = 3.38, 95% CI:1.02-11.17). The presence of significant fat stranding associated with fluid accumulation, inflammatory mass or localized abscess in CT scan also significantly increased the possibility of conversion (OR = 5.60, 95% CI:2.48-12.65). CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the potential factors for conversion preoperatively may assist the surgeons in making decisions concerning the management of @entity1 with @entity698 and in the judicious use of LA.

title: Factors associated with conversion to laparotomy in XXXX undergoing laparoscopic appendectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open appendectomy', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity344 , i.e. @entity5 of the stomach, colon, liver, biliary tract or @entity788 , progressive undernutrition can be regularly observed during the course of @entity221 . Undernutrition significantly affects the @entity1 ' quality of life, morbidity and survival. Pathogenetically, two different causes are relevant in the development of undernutrition in @entity1 with @entity1820 . One cause is reduced nutritional intake. This condition is referred to as @entity448 and can be worsened by the side effects of @entity5 therapy. The other cause is the release of endogenous transmitters and/or other products of the @entity5 leading to the @entity3085 , which is characterized by loss of body weight, negative @entity1568 balance and @entity1295 . @entity5 and @entity5 @entity3085 may have synergistic negative effects in affecting the @entity1 ' status. In this review, current nutritional support strategies with respect to different clinically relevant situations are described. An algorithm of the treatment strategies, including dietetic counselling, oral supplements, enteral and parenteral nutritional support is given. One focus is the approach of nutrition-focused @entity1 care, which shows promising results. In addition, the possibilities of pharmacological intervention are discussed.

title: Review article: XXXX and @entity3085 in @entity1820 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer anorexia', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal malignancies']

entities_list: @entity3085 :: ('MESH:D002100', 'Disease') :: ['cachexia', 'cachexia syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1820 :: ('MESH:D005770', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal cancer']

answer: @entity448 :: (MESH:D000855,Disease) :: ['anorexia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Since 1995, the European Association of Pathologists and the Society for Hematopathology have been developing a new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of @entity1583 . The classification includes lymphoid, myeloid, histiocytic, and mast cell @entity5 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The WHO project involves ten committees of pathologists, who have developed lists and definitions of disease entities. A Clinical Advisory Committee (CAC) of international hematologists and oncologists was formed to ensure that the classification will be useful to clinicians. A meeting was held in November 1997 to discuss clinical issues related to the classification. RESULTS: WHO has adopted the 'Revised European-American Classification of @entity706 ' (REAL), published in 1994 by the International @entity706 Study Group (ILSG), as the classification of @entity706 . This approach to classification is based on the principle that a classification is a list of 'real' disease entities, which are defined by a combination of morphology, immunophenotype, genetic features, and clinical features. The relative importance of each of these features varies among diseases, and there is no one 'gold standard'. The WHO classification has applied the principles of the REAL classification to myeloid and histiocytic @entity5 . The classification of myeloid @entity5 recognizes distinct entities defined by a combination of morphology and cytogenetic abnormalities. The CAC meeting, which was organized around a series of clinical questions, was able to reach a consensus on most of the questions posed. The questions and the consensus are discussed in detail below. Among other things, the CAC concluded that clinical groupings of @entity706 were neither necessary nor desirable. @entity1 treatment is determined by the specific @entity706 , with the addition of grade within the @entity5 type, if applicable, and clinical prognostic factors such as the international prognostic index (IPI). CONCLUSION: The experience of developing the WHO classification has produced a new and exciting degree of cooperation and communication between oncologists and pathologists from around the world, which should facilitate progress in the understanding and treatment of @entity1583 .

title: The World Health Organization classification of XXXX of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting--Airlie House, Virginia, November, 1997.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoid neoplasms', 'type of lymphoma', 'Lymphoid Neoplasms', 'Lymphoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasms']


abstract: We previously found that @entity175 (CT), which inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption, abolished the cytoplasmic motility of @entity2527 . The transition from motility to immotility was accompanied by a characteristic change in cell shape which coincided with the loss of pseudopodial ruffling activity and gradual cytoplasmic retraction. In this report we used computer-assisted morphometry to quantify the reduction in cytoplasmic spreading induced by @entity1 CT (hCT). Osteoclasts, isolated from neonatal @entity35 long bones, were allowed to spread on a plastic surface for 120 min. The outlines of six osteoclasts were recorded on a time-lapse video recorder. hCT, other hormones, or plasma samples were then added. The outlines of the same six osteoclasts were recorded after incubation, and the area covered by the cells after incubation was calculated as a percentage of the area covered by the same cells before hormone addition. Osteoclastic spreading was reduced by hCT in a dose-dependent manner and was significantly decreased by concentrations of 2 pg/ml and above. High concentrations of PTH and @entity3873 had no effect on osteoclasts. This technique is a sensitive and quantitative assay of hCT concentration which is unaffected by the presence of other @entity460 -regulating hormones likely to be present in plasma.

title: The effect of XXXX calcitonin on the cytoplasmic spreading of @entity35 osteoclasts.

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity3873 :: ('MESH:D002117', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3']

entities_list: @entity2527 :: ('MESH:D001862', 'Disease') :: ['isolated osteoclasts']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Arterial @entity101 is a dominant pathogenetic factor for @entity631 . Nevertheless metabolic factors such as @entity2299 may significantly modify and accelerate the process of glomerular scarring. @entity407 and @entity66 are often encountered in @entity1 with @entity1985 and @entity740 . Although the significance of lipid deposition in renal tissue and the role of lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of @entity8 in @entity1 has not yet been clearly defined, experimental and clinical data indicate a damaging effect of disturbed lipid metabolism on the kidney. In @entity1 glomerular lipid deposition is observed in several @entity74 , including lecithin- @entity165 acyltransferase activity deficiency. Studies on animals with reduced renal mass, @entity6 or arterial @entity101 have shown that @entity1007 increases the incidence of @entity631 . Especially the interaction of arterial @entity101 and @entity2299 leads to a rapid and pronounced development of @entity631 . As most of these studies have been performed in the @entity35 , which has a different lipoprotein profile than @entity1 , these results should be carefully interpreted with regard to their relevance for @entity1 . In vitro cell culture studies on @entity1 glomerular cells have provided insight into the possible cellular mechanisms of lipid-induced @entity8 . Apoprotein E containing lipoproteins that are pathologically elevated in many @entity8 are avidly taken up by @entity1 glomerular cells. Mesangial cells seem to play a central role in the initiation of @entity631 by proliferation and production of excess extracellular matrix. Lipoproteins are able to stimulate DNA synthesis in these cells and increase the synthesis of mitogens and matrix proteins. The pathogenetic role of modified, oxidized lipoproteins has not yet been elucidated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Arterial @entity101 and XXXX as @entity631 .

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients', 'human', 'man']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular damage', 'renal diseases', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['lipoprotein abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['hyper- or dyslipoproteinemia', 'dyslipoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity407 :: (MESH:D006949,Disease) :: ['hyperlipidemia']