abstract: Forty-nine @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) were block-randomized in four groups to investigate, if different degrees of @entity134 -load influenced the effect of pneumococcal-vaccination on antibody level and clinical variables during 6 months of follow-up. The groups included 13 @entity1 without systemic @entity230 for the previous 3 months, all vaccinated at entrance in the study and treated with @entity230 for 4 weeks. Nine @entity1 had chronic @entity134 treatment both before and during the investigation; they were vaccinated at the entrance in the study. Fifteen @entity1 without systemic @entity230 for the previous 3 months were vaccinated after the end of a 4-week @entity134 treatment. Twelve @entity1 served as controls, and were not vaccinated. Totally, 60%-78% of vaccinated @entity1 in the three groups had a rise in antibody level, and a later decrease compared to two of the 12 control @entity1 (p<0.01). This difference was also significant (p<0.05) for the @entity1 vaccinated at entrance in the hospital. No differences were observed among the clinical variables: @entity55 , exacerbations, admittance to hospital, increase in the use of @entity230 or beta-agonists, and the use of antibiotics. We conclude that a rise in antibody level after pneumococcal vaccination can be expected in @entity1 with @entity1030 despite of the use of systemic @entity230 . The clinical effect of vaccination is debatable.

title: Response to pneumococcal vaccine in XXXX --the effect of ongoing, systemic @entity134 treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive lung disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive lung disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Syphilis remains a significant cause of morbidity in many developing countries and in some areas within North America and Europe. Mathematical models of the transmission dynamics of @entity2953 have provided insights of relevance both to the interpretation of observed epidemiological patterns and to the design of control programs. Their use for the study of syphilis has been limited to date. GOALS AND STUDY DESIGN: The authors investigated the transmission dynamics of syphilis against a template based on the natural history of @entity281 in individual @entity1 with the aim of (1) identifying gaps in our understanding of the biology of @entity281 , and (2) providing insights of relevance to the design of control policies. RESULTS: Analyses reveal that @entity14329 has a moderate to high probability of transmission during contact between susceptible and infectious sexual partners. This, combined with questions over the existence of any immunity to reinfection, helps to ensure the long-term persistence of syphilis within "core" activity groups. Patterns of treatment in North America are shown to have significantly altered the relative frequency of individuals in the different stages of disease. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses emphasize the benefits to be gained from treating infected @entity1 early in the primary stage of @entity281 to reduce the effective period during which infected @entity1 can transmit to others. This form of treatment is beneficial for both the individual and the community. Treatment has greatly altered the incidence of different disease stages, but the full implications of treatment depend on whether immunity is present.

title: The natural history of syphilis. Implications for the transmission dynamics and control of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity14329 :: ('160', 'Species') :: ['Treponema pallidum']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted infections']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: Topical and systemic sympathicomimetics have been used for many years as a treatment of nasal congestion in diseases such as coryza and @entity1244 . The aim of this study was to perform an objective measurement of the decongestive capacity of topical @entity14411 and oral @entity8402 in normal subjects and @entity1 with chronic @entity1244 . Ten healthy subjects and 10 @entity1 with chronic @entity1244 were included in this study. @entity14411 (0.1%) and @entity8402 (120 mg) were each administered to 5 healthy subjects and to 5 @entity1 with chronic @entity1244 . Decongestion was measured with active anterior rhinomanometry before, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after administration. Before and about 90 minutes after drug administration a MRI was performed to visualize the decongestive effect on the turbinates and the mucosa of the sinuses. @entity14411 reduces the nasal airway resistance for an average 37.3% in all @entity1 and healthy subjects during 8 hours. @entity8402 does not show a clear and long lasting decongestive effect on the turbinates. Important interindividual differences are also noted. MRI clearly shows a clear cut superiority of @entity14411 over @entity8402 concerning decongestion of the nasal mucosa. However, there was no decongestive effect whatsoever on the mucosa of the sinuses with either sympathicomimetic.

title: Comparison of decongestive capacity of @entity14411 and XXXX with rhinomanometry and MRI.

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity14411 :: ('MESH:C009695', 'Chemical') :: ['Xylometazoline', 'xylometazoline']

entities_list: @entity8402 :: ('MESH:D054199', 'Chemical') :: ['pseudoephedrine', 'Pseudoephedrine']

answer: @entity8402 :: (MESH:D054199,Chemical) :: ['pseudoephedrine']


abstract: Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are the processes responsible for the development of the circulatory system during embryonic and adult life. Vasculogenesis occurs during embryogenesis while angiogenesis refers to blood vessel formation from any preexisting vasculature. Postnatal angiogenesis resumes during reproduction, wound healing, and @entity63 . Excess blood vessel formation may contribute to initiating and maintaining many diseases such as chronic inflammatory disorders, @entity5 growth, @entity256 , and @entity731 . In contrast. insufficient blood vessel formation is responsible for tissue @entity63 , as in @entity453 . An increasing number of @entity1 with advanced @entity453 remain symptomatic despite maximal interventional, surgical or medical treatment. Ideally, they would benefit most from additional arterial blood supply to ischemic areas of myocardium. Therapeutic angiogenesis, the ability to induce the growth of new blood vessels, is one of the most intriguing new frontiers in interventional cardiology for this growing @entity1 group. Several approaches are currently undergoing intensive experimental investigations or have already entered early clinical trials involving either local angiogenic peptide administration or the transfection of angiogenic genes. Gene therapy for therapeutic @entity296 is the most promising synthesis of two emerging technologies. In the following article, we will review the fundamental pathophysiological concepts of gene-based angiogenic therapy, the technical approaches and delivery systems, and the results of the first clinical trials. We will also discuss the controversies and unresolved issues of this new revascularization therapy.

title: Gene therapy for XXXX : has it come of age?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial angiogenesis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial angiogenesis']


abstract: Understanding the costs associated with early detection of disease is important for determining the fiscal implications of government-funded screening programs. We estimate the lifetime medical costs for @entity1 with screen-detected versus undetected @entity1127 and early-stage @entity14 . Typically, cost-effectiveness studies of screening account only for the direct costs of screening and @entity5 care. Our estimates include costs for unrelated conditions. We applied the Kaplan-Meier Smoothing Estimator to estimate lifetime costs for beneficiaries with screen-detected @entity1127 and @entity5 . Phase-specific costs and survival probabilities were calculated from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database for Medicare beneficiaries aged >or=65. We estimate costs from the point of detection onward; therefore, our results do not include the costs associated with screening. We used a modified version of the model to estimate what lifetime costs for these @entity1 would have been if the @entity1127 or @entity5 remained undetected, based on assumptions about the 'lead time' for @entity1127 and early-stage @entity5 . For younger @entity1 , polyp removal is cost saving. Treatment of early-stage @entity5 is cost increasing.

title: The impact of detection and treatment on lifetime medical costs for XXXX with precancerous polyps and @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4254 ( @entity4254 ) usually leads to paroxysms of short lasting but very severe @entity158 . Between the attacks the @entity1 is usually asymptomatic, but a constant dull background @entity158 may persist in some cases. The mechanisms associated with the development of this @entity1118 are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To determine trigeminal nociceptive fiber impairment in @entity1 with @entity4254 comparing symptomatic and nonsymptomatic sides using the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR) and @entity158 -related evoked potentials (PREP) and to identify possible central mechanisms of @entity158 chronicity. METHODS: We investigated 24 @entity1 with @entity4254 without and 18 @entity1 with @entity4254 with concomitant chronic @entity158 . PREP and nBR were investigated following nociception specific electrical stimulation on both sides of the face and in each division of the trigeminal nerve (V1, V2, and V3). RESULTS: We found prolonged PREP and nBR latencies and reduced amplitudes comparing symptomatic and nonsymptomatic sides in all @entity1 with @entity4254 . In @entity1 with chronic @entity158 , however, PREP amplitudes were larger and latencies shorter compared to @entity1 with @entity4254 without @entity158 , while nBR results were similar across groups. CONCLUSION: The data suggest an impairment of the trigeminal nociceptive system due to @entity17 on the symptomatic side and locate this defect close to the root entry zone in the brainstem. Moreover, central facilitation of trigeminal nociceptive processing was observed in @entity1 with @entity4254 with concomitant chronic @entity158 indicating overactivation of central sensory transmission. This may represent a possible adaptive mechanism for the development of @entity1118 .

title: Impaired trigeminal nociceptive processing in XXXX with @entity4254 .

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination and/or axonal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4254 :: ('MESH:D014277', 'Disease') :: ['Trigeminal neuralgia', 'TN', 'trigeminal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The study was designed to determine whether sex and fat calories altered hepatic @entity3009 (PG) F2 alpha status; a factor which may reflect susceptibility to @entity5 development. For 4 weeks, groups of 8 male and 8 female F344/ @entity35 were fed diets with 9% of energy (en%) from @entity4722 and 15.5, 20, 30 or 40 en% fat. Females had greater hepatic @entity9525 , @entity3899 and PGF2 alpha whereas males had greater hepatic @entity18257 , @entity2365 and oleate. Females also had greater plasma stearate levels. Greater hepatic @entity3899 may have stimulated PG production in females. Hepatic oleate increased and hepatic palmitate decreased with increasing en% fat (p < 0.05). Hepatic stearate was greater and hepatic @entity4722 less when 40 en% fat was fed compared with other levels of dietary fat (p < 0.05). Plasma oleate was greater at 30 or 40 en% fat than at lower levels of fat, whereas plasma @entity4722 was less at 40 en% than at 15.5% en% fat. The ability of a 30 en% fat diet, containing equal proportions of @entity4722 and oleate, to suppress hepatic PG production may be related to the effects of dietary fat content and composition on plasma @entity844 profiles. Because suppressed PG production has been linked with @entity5 development, dietary recommendations to consume 30 en% fat with a P:M ratio of 1:1 may be @entity5 -protective.

title: Sex and dietary fat modulate hepatic prostaglandin F2 alpha in F344/ XXXX .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity18257 :: ('MESH:D019814', 'Chemical') :: ['myristate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['suppression of cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity9525 :: ('CHEBI:25629', 'Chemical') :: ['stearate']

entities_list: @entity2365 :: ('CHEBI:7896', 'Chemical') :: ['palmitate']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity3899 :: ('CHEBI:32395', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonate']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['N rats']


abstract: Here we compare the management and survival outcomes of @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ) @entity1 who had early or late @entity2213 (IM) therapy. The cytogenetic and molecular responses of 189 @entity1860 @entity1 were analyzed. Of this group, 121 @entity1 were classified as the early chronic phase (ECP) group and started IM within 12 months of diagnosis. The other 68 @entity1 were classified as the @entity2212 ( @entity2212 ) group who had been treated with @entity4020 and crossed over to IM more than 12 months after diagnosis. The overall rates of complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and major molecular response (MMR) at last follow-up were 83.6 and 78.1% in the ECP and @entity2212 groups, respectively. The CCyR rates were 89.3 (for ECP @entity1 ) versus 73.5% (for @entity2212 @entity1 ; p < 0.0001). At last follow-up, 82.4% ECP and 64.2% @entity2212 @entity1 had achieved an MMR (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were noted between the two groups with regard to survival outcomes. Our experience reveals that IM is an effective rescue therapy in most @entity2212 @entity1 who are intolerant or in whom @entity4020 therapy fails. Such therapeutic options should be considered in @entity2212 @entity1 , particularly in countries where IM may not be available.

title: Evaluation of long-term outcomes, cytogenetic and molecular responses with @entity2213 in early and late chronic-phase XXXX : a report from a single institute.

entities_list: @entity2212 :: ('MESH:D015466', 'Disease') :: ['CML LCP', 'LCP', 'late chronic phase']

entities_list: @entity4020 :: ('3440', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-alpha', 'interferon (IFN)-alpha-2']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2213 :: ('MESH:C097613', 'Chemical') :: ['imatinib mesylate']

answer: @entity1860 :: (MESH:D015464,Disease) :: ['chronic myeloid leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Drugs that can be obtained without a medical prescription in community pharmacies are used to treat minor pathologies that can easily be diagnosed by the @entity1 . Some of these drugs contain psychoactive substances with a potential for abuse and @entity734 . However, there is a lack of data concerning their problematic use in a wide population. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of a pharmacoepidemiological method to investigate misuse, non-medical use, abuse and @entity734 on drugs used for self-medication. METHODS: This cross-sectional pilot study, conducted during a 2-month period (from 15 January to 15 March 2007), was based on the participation of community pharmacies in the Midi-Pyr  n  es region of France to collect @entity1 data. @entity1 requesting one drug from a list of available drugs used for self-medication and containing psychoactive substances ( @entity10425 in analgesics, @entity8402 , @entity14031 and @entity112 H(1) receptor antagonists [antihistamines]) were included in the study. A control group was set up that consisted of @entity1 requesting antacid drugs. The pharmacy staff proposed to the @entity1 that they filled in an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to investigate patterns of drug use and the harmful consequences of overuse (abuse). In addition, questions on lack of control over drug use were adapted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , 4th edition (DSM-IV) criteria for evaluation of @entity734 . RESULTS: Thirty-two percent (n = 74) of the solicited pharmacies participated in the survey. Only 4.8% of the solicited @entity1 (n = 817) refused to complete the questionnaire distributed by the pharmacy staff. The questionnaire was completed inside the pharmacy by 53.3% of the @entity1 . The other @entity1 took the questionnaire away from the pharmacy and 31.7% of them returned it in a prepaid envelope. The @entity1 participation rate was 64.9%, and was higher for the psychoactive substance groups than the control group. Statistically significant differences on misuse (and/or non-medical use), abuse and @entity734 were obtained between the @entity10425 and antacid groups. In the @entity10425 group, among the @entity1 having used the product in the previous month (n = 53), 15.1% misused the drug and/or used the drug for a non-medical reason, 7.5% were cases of abuse and 7.5% presented criteria of lack of control over drug use related to @entity734 on the substance for the psychoactive effects or for @entity158 relief. CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this pilot study indicate that using anonymous self-administered questionnaires offered to @entity1 by pharmacy staff is a reliable method to obtain information on the problematic use of drugs containing psychoactive substances purchased in a pharmacy for self-medication.

title: Evaluation of abuse and XXXX on drugs used for self-medication: a pharmacoepidemiological pilot study based on community pharmacies in France.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Mental Disorders']

entities_list: @entity14031 :: ('MESH:D003915', 'Chemical') :: ['dextromethorphan']

entities_list: @entity8402 :: ('MESH:D054199', 'Chemical') :: ['pseudoephedrine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['dependence']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity311 is the commonest imported @entity281 in the UK. @entity311 requiring ICU admission has a reported mortality of up to 25%. The relationship between ethnicity, immunity, and risk of @entity311 is complex. The @entity311 Score for Adults (MSA) and @entity772 ( @entity772 ) score have recently been proposed to risk stratify @entity1 with @entity311 . METHODS: Retrospective study of @entity1 with WHO severe @entity9231 @entity311 admitted to ICU at the Hospital for @entity66 , London, UK. The relationship between clinical variables and risk of @entity204 or a prolonged ICU stay were examined with logistic regression. The predictive value of the MSA and @entity772 score were calculated. RESULTS: 124 @entity1 were included. @entity6197 and @entity810 occurred earlier (median day 1) than @entity649 (median day 3). Six @entity1 had community acquired @entity2348 . Eight @entity1 were co-infected with @entity645 , five of whom were newly diagnosed. The positive predictive value of a @entity772 score >= 2 or an MSA >= 5 for @entity204 were 12% and 22% respectively. Five @entity1 died. No variable was significantly associated with risk of @entity204 . There were no significant differences between individuals raised in endemic countries compared to non-endemic countries. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in @entity1 managed in a specialist centre was low. @entity1 who died succumbed to complications associated with a prolonged stay on ICU rather than @entity311 per se. The clinical usefulness of the MSA and @entity772 score was limited. @entity325 with @entity645 was relatively common but compared to studies in @entity1 , @entity582 was uncommon. The relationship between ethnicity and immunity to severe disease is complex.

title: Severe imported @entity9231 XXXX among adults requiring intensive care: a retrospective study at the hospital for @entity66 , London.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Tropical Diseases']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial co-infection']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['CAM', 'Coma Acidosis Malaria']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity9231 :: ('MESH:D016778', 'Disease') :: ['falciparum']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['Co-infection']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity6197 :: ('MESH:D016779', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral malaria']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemia']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The major goal of non-surgical periodontal therapy is to reduce or eliminate the subgingival pathogenic microbial flora that is known to be associated with volatile @entity599 compounds (VSC). AIM: The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the concentration of VSC in mouth air of young adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Four hundred subjects, grouped into two based on the absence or presence of @entity2520 , were involved in this study. Basic periodontal examination was used for the grouping. The measurement of the concentration of the VSC in the mouth air of the subjects was done objectively, using the Halimeter, before and after the therapy, and at recall visits 2 weeks and 6 weeks after therapy. Chi-square and Paired t-test were used to find statistical significance. RESULTS: The results revealed that at baseline, 78.7% (48/61) of the subjects who had VSC concentration more than 250 parts per billion (ppb) were from the group with @entity2520 . Immediately after non-surgical periodontal therapy, only 8.5% (17/200) of the subjects with @entity2520 had VSC concentration of more than 250 ppb while all the subjects with no @entity2520 had VSC concentration less than 181 ppb. The same pattern of reduction in the concentration of the VSC and improvement in oral hygiene was also obtained 2 weeks and 6 weeks after therapy. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that non-surgical periodontal therapy brought about reduction in the concentration of volatile @entity599 compounds in mouth air of young adults.

title: Effect of non-surgical periodontal therapy on the concentration of volatile XXXX compound in mouth air of a group of nigerian young adults.

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['periodontal diseases', 'periodontal disease']

answer: @entity599 :: (MESH:D013455,Chemical) :: ['sulfur']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is yet unclear whether @entity2067 antagonist treatment should be stopped abruptly or gradually after an episode of @entity1211 . The mode of withdrawal might influence a potential development of a @entity49 state, which could influence the risk for recurrent disease. METHODS: We prospectively studied 37 consecutive @entity1 in whom @entity11271 was discontinued either abrupt (18) or gradually (19) (2/3 and 1/3 of the initial dose for one week). Blood sampling was performed at various time points up to 18 days after complete withdrawal and was analysed for INR, prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and D-dimer. All @entity1 were clinically followed-up for the assessment of the association between @entity49 and occurrence of disease such as recurrent @entity1211 or @entity5 . RESULTS: An approximately fourfold increase was observed (median increase from 0.3 to 1.3 nmol/l) in the F1 + 2 levels after both abrupt and gradual withdrawal and in the D-dimer concentrations in the abrupt withdrawal group (0.10 to 0.44 mg/l), while those in whom @entity11271 was discontinued gradually showed a less pronounced increase of the D-dimer levels (0.11 to 0.29 mg/L) (not significant). During follow-up one recurrent venous @entity1031 occurred in each group, and a diagnosis of @entity5 was made four times. All these @entity1 had the highest D-dimer concentrations measured in the entire study group. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates the potential for a @entity49 state after @entity11271 discontinuation, which was not prevented by tapering the @entity11271 dose. D-dimer, measured 2 to 3 weeks after @entity11271 withdrawal, might be an important tool to identify @entity1 at risk for recurrent @entity1211 and/or for the presence of an underlying @entity5 .

title: Abrupt versus gradual withdrawal of XXXX antagonist treatment in @entity1 with @entity1211 : assessment of @entity49 and clinical outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity11271 :: ('MESH:D000074', 'Chemical') :: ['acenocoumarol']

entities_list: @entity2067 :: ('MESH:D014812', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin K']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulable', 'hypercoagulability']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic event']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity2067 :: (MESH:D014812,Chemical) :: ['vitamin K']


abstract: 1. Acute @entity1642 , which could be related to the release of a large amount of @entity2661 , may cause @entity1319 . Therefore, the aim of our study was to elucidate the influence of adrenoceptor agonists on the striated muscle portion of the oesophagus by use of isolated strips from @entity235 . 2. Contractions were evoked in isolated striated muscle strips by electrical field stimulation (1 pulse min-1, 1 ms/pulse, submaximal voltage). The effects induced by administration of adrenoceptor agonists alone or in the presence of antagonists were tested to determine the nature of the adrenoceptors on this muscle preparation. 3. The administration of both the natural adrenoceptor agonists, @entity1425 and @entity1063 , and the synthetic beta-adrenoceptor agonists, @entity3044 (beta 1 + beta 2), @entity452 (beta 1) or @entity9994 (beta 2), enhanced the amplitude of the contractions induced by electrical stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner. The maximum responses were 82.6 ( @entity1425 ), 66.2 ( @entity1063 ), 86.2 ( @entity3044 ), 34.6 ( @entity452 ) and 80.8% ( @entity9994 ). The EC20 values obtained were respectively 2 nM, 0.2 microM, 0.91 nM, 3 microM and 80 nM. The administration of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist, @entity2647 , also enhanced the contractile response in a concentration-dependent manner (EC20 value = 0.3 microM) and the maximum response was 64.6%, but the administration of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, @entity1338 , did not influence the contractile response. These data suggest the involvement of beta 2- and possibly alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the responses of these adrenoceptor agonists. 4 The selective P2-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity10342 (3-100nM) shifted the concentration-effect curves for @entity1063 , @entity2647 and @entity9994 to the right in a concentration-dependent manner. @entity10342 (3 nM) also shifted the concentration-effect curves for @entity1425 and @entity3044 to the right, but increasing the concentration of @entity10342 did not cause any further antagonist activity until a concentration of 100 nM, when a further rightward shift was obtained.5. The selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, @entity3159 (30-300 nM), did not affect the increased contractile responses induced by @entity1425 , @entity1063 , @entity2647 , @entity3044 or @entity9994 .6. In conclusion, it appears that beta2-adrenoceptors are present in the striated muscle portion of the @entity235 oesophagus, where they mediate an enhancement of contractile responses evoked by electrical stimulation. The alpha l-agonist, @entity2647 , appears to interact with beta2-adrenoceptors on this preparation.beta 3-Adrenoceptors have already been demonstrated in smooth muscle from various parts of the gastrointestinal tract, and our study does not exclude the possibility that there is an additional population of beta 3-receptors in the @entity235 striated muscle part of the oesophagus.

title: Effect of adrenoceptor agonists on striated muscle strips of the XXXX oesophagus.

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity9994 :: ('MESH:D012312', 'Chemical') :: ['ritodrine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['psychological stress']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['oesophageal motility disorders']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII participates in the regulation of the metabolism of @entity412 -rich lipoproteins and it is a major component of chylomicrons and VLDL. The @entity12436 gene is on chromosome 11q23 and is highly polymorphic. The less common allele (S2) of the SstI polymorphism on the 3' untranslated region of the @entity12436 gene has been previously associated with increased @entity1674 , total @entity165 (TC), and @entity12436 levels and cardiovascular risk on several, but not all, studies. The aim of this study was to examine the association of this polymorphism with plasma lipid levels, lipoprotein subfractions and @entity301 ( @entity301 ) risk in a population-based study: The Framingham Offspring Study. The frequency of the S2 allele was 0.086, consistent with previous reports in Caucasian populations. In @entity1 , the S2 allele was associated with lower concentrations of high-density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C; P<0.04) and HDL2-C (P<0.02) and a significant increase in @entity12436 non-HDL (P<0.05). TG levels were higher in @entity1 carriers of the S2 allele, but this association did not reach statistical significance (P=0.30). Conversely, in @entity1 , the S2 allele was associated with increased TC (P<0.03), low-density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C; P<0.03), and @entity755 levels (P<0.04). Lipoproteins subfractions were also examined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. S2 male carriers had significantly lower concentrations of large LDL and a significant reduction in LDL particle size (P<0.04). In @entity1 , there was a significant increase in intermediate LDL particles (P<0.05) with no significant effect on lipoprotein diameters. We also examined the associations between the S2 allele and biochemical markers of @entity413 metabolism. In @entity1 , the S2 allele was associated with elevated fasting insulin concentrations (P<0.04), whereas no significant associations were observed in @entity1 . Despite the described associations with lipid and @entity413 metabolism related risk factors, we did not find any significant increase in @entity301 risk associated with the S2 allele in this population.

title: Association of the Sst-I polymorphism at the @entity12436 gene locus with variations in lipid levels, lipoprotein subclass profiles and XXXX risk: the Framingham offspring study.

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: We examined the effects of beta-blockers on the associations between heart rate and number of premature ventricular beats (PVBs) and on heart rate variability and @entity741 in @entity1 with @entity301 . After 2 weeks of run-in placebo treatment, 18 @entity1 with @entity453 were randomized to a 7-day treatment with either @entity1169 (40 mg) three times a day or placebo. During run-in and after 7 days of treatment, @entity1 underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring and exercise tests. We analyzed the 24-hour Holter recordings with customized software that computes the correlation between heart rate and occurrence of PVBs. We also computed spectral measures of heart rate variability on the same recordings. @entity1169 caused a significant decrease in the log-transformed total number of PVBs recorded over 24 hours and during the day. The number of PVBs was much lower during the night than during the day both after placebo and after @entity1169 . There were no differences between the two treatments. During the day, there was a positive correlation between heart rate and the number of PVBs in all 18 @entity1 . The mean correlation coefficients between heart rate and number of PVBs increased significantly after @entity1169 treatment both during the 24-hour monitoring (p < 0.05) and during the day (p < 0.05). The night-recorded correlation coefficients between heart rate and number of PVBs were not significantly different in the placebo versus @entity1169 group. @entity1169 significantly increased the total power during the day. Placebo caused a significant decrease in the low-frequency band (LF) and a significant increase in the high-frequency band (HF) during the night compared with the day. During the day, @entity1169 significantly reduced LF power and increased HF power, with respect to placebo. After @entity1169 treatment, the values of LF and HF power during the day were comparable to those recorded at night. The LF/HF ratio decreased significantly after @entity1169 treatment with respect to placebo in the day and became similar to that recorded during sleep. @entity1169 significantly reduced heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest and at peak exercise and reduced signs of @entity741 . @entity1169 administration reduces PVBs in @entity1 with @entity453 and severe @entity943 possibly through an improvement of cardiac autonomic regulation and through anti- @entity63 effects, antiarrhythmic effects, or both.

title: Effect of beta-blockade on the premature ventricular beats/heart rate relation and heart rate variability in @entity1 with @entity301 and severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol', 'Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']


abstract: @entity923 is common during pregnancy. The symptoms usually disappear after delivery, but how soon has not been established. Thirty pregnant @entity1 with the syndrome reported to us the degree of @entity158 in their hands every week before, and daily after, delivery. @entity158 was graded on a scale from 0 (none) to 10 (worst imaginable). The prevalence of the syndrome during pregnancy was about 2%. The mean @entity158 score was 5.6 (SD 2.0) at referral and this was reduced by 1.2 (SD 2.2) after wearing an orthosis for a week. After this, it stayed almost unchanged until delivery. The score fell by half during the first week after parturition and by half again during the next week. The reduction in score was strongly correlated with loss of the weight gained during pregnancy (r = 0.97; p <0.001). Although symptoms may persist for some weeks after delivery, the severity declines quickly.

title: XXXX during pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['Carpal tunnel syndrome']

answer: @entity923 :: (MESH:D002349,Disease) :: ['Carpal tunnel syndrome']


abstract: 14 cases of @entity3762 rapidly progressive @entity631 (I. R. P. G. N.) treated by heparin between 1968 and 1974 were collected by the authors. Extra-capillary crescents (E. C. C.) occurred in 75 to 100% of glomeruli in ten @entity1 and in 50 to 75% in four. Gross @entity644 , @entity811 and @entity177 were always present. 9 @entity1 were admitted with primary @entity177 . 11 @entity1 were treated by repeated hemodialysis before and during anticoagulant treatment. Heparin was given by intra-venous injection every 3 hours for one to two months with Howell times range from 150 to 200% of control. @entity6950 was the only treatment in 6 cases, and was given with @entity4341 in 4, with @entity229 in 3 and with @entity500 in one case. 5 severe or @entity455 were observed. The clinical course was usually unfavorable with 5 early deaths, 3 provisional steady-states with 2 late deaths. Six @entity1 were treated by periodic hemodialysis. Repeat kidney biopsies were obtained in 8 @entity1 . The findings suggest that heparin affects mainly the E. C. C. and fibrinoid deposits but not @entity8 . The inefficiency of all current treatments of primary oligo-anuric IRPGN is stressed. In @entity1 with better initial renal function choice between anticoagulant and/or immuno-depressive drugs must be scrutinized in individual cases bearing in mind potential iatrogenic complications. In equivocal cases, @entity1 should be referred to the chronic hemodialysis and/or transplantation program.

title: The use of heparin in the treatment of @entity3762 rapidly progressive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['fatal hemorragic complications']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'oligo-anuric renal failure']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: It is rare for low-grade @entity11 to disseminate to the leptomeninges. However, low-grade @entity11 with dissemination to the leptomeninges have been occasionally reported in @entity1 , and have generally been associated with local recurrence. A 16-year-old @entity1 sought evaluation for @entity892 and gait disturbance. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed pontine mass, which was proved to be fibrillary astrocytoma on biopsy, later. Radiation therapy (5400 cGy) was given and the @entity1 's symptoms were improved. He was followed-up radiologically for @entity75 . Seven months after diagnosis he @entity615 and gait disturbance. A brain MRI showed a newly-developed lesion at the left cerebellopontine angle without an interval change in the @entity75 . A spinal MRI demonstrated leptomeningeal dissemination of the entire spine. Radiation therapy (3750 cGy) to the spine, and adjuvant chemotherapy with a @entity3003 plus @entity1891 regimen were administered. However, he had a progressive course with tumoral @entity548 and expired 13 months after diagnosis. We report an unusual case of a low-grade @entity11 with spinal dissemination, but without local recurrence, and a progressive course associated with @entity548 .

title: Leptomeningeal Dissemination of a Low-Grade XXXX without Local Recurrence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesion', 'primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas', 'brainstem glioma']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['complained of back pain']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['Brainstem Glioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term efficacy of @entity2682 as a treatment of @entity158 after @entity1566 . DESIGN: All @entity1 with traumatic-onset @entity1566 treated with @entity2682 were identified and followed up using a longitudinal observational design with two contact points (6 and 36 months after the trial) using a semi-structured interview. The first follow-up interview attempted to capture all 31 @entity1 placed on therapeutic trial. The second follow-up interview attempted to capture those reporting a favorable response (n = 14) to the therapeutic trial at the first follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 27 @entity1 contacted at the first follow-up (87% response rate), 6 (22%) discontinued the trial secondary to intolerable side effects; therefore, the @entity158 analgesic effects of @entity2682 in these @entity1 could not be determined. Of the remaining 21 @entity1 , 14 (67%) reported a favorable response (i.e., a 2 or greater point reduction on a 0-10 @entity158 ). The second follow-up interview captured 11 (79% response rate) of the 14 @entity1 reporting a favorable response at the first interview, and 91% (10 of 11 @entity1 ) continued to report that @entity2682 was an effective analgesic. There was no evidence to suggest dosing difficulties due to tolerance over the 3-year period. Sedation, dizziness, and forgetfulness were the most common side effects. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2682 may be an effective treatment of @entity158 after @entity1566 among those able to tolerate initial and long-term side effects.

title: Long-term use of @entity2682 for treatment of @entity158 after traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-rating scale', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity2682 :: ('MESH:C040029', 'Chemical') :: ['Gabapentin', 'gabapentin']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: The changes in systemic circulation during hyperthermic isolated lower limb perfusion with @entity3003 and interferon-beta were investigated in 19 @entity1 with @entity320 . The cardiac output (CO) increased significantly (p < 0.01) from 3.81 +/- 0.22 L/min before the procedure to 5.30 +/- 0.49 L/ @entity1009 h after hyperthermic perfusion. The double product (mean arterial pressure x heart rate) also increased significantly (p < 0.01) from 5,145 +/- 372 mm Hg/min to 6,760 +/- 486 mm Hg/min. In some @entity1 , it increased to more than twice the control value. These changes were accompanied by an increase in body temperature, presumably caused by the systemic leakage of both warmed blood and interferon-beta. Blood chemistry data demonstrated no significant changes in the liver or renal function. However, the serum @entity9153 level increased markedly on the first postoperative day, and persisted for 1 week, thus suggesting that some @entity121 occurred during the procedure. There was no operative @entity204 or severe complications. From these data, we concluded that hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion with interferon-beta is a relatively safe therapeutic method for @entity320 of the extremities. However, care should be taken in @entity1 with @entity741 who may suffer a @entity299 due to the rapid increase in cardiac work during the procedure.

title: Systemic effects of hyperthermic isolated lower limb perfusion with XXXX and interferon-beta.

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart attack']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle damage']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: Operations were performed on 131 @entity1 for @entity16950 at Wenckebach Hospital, between 1977 and 1986. Roughly two thirds of all @entity1 had never had @entity1066 before. Persistent @entity548 was recorded from about 20 per cent of these cases by emergency gastroscopy. Immediate surgical action had to be taken on 23.7 per cent. Interval interventions were possible for 28.2 per cent, while almost 50 per cent had to be laparotomised for early recurrent @entity548 . Mortality in the wake of immediate emergency operations and surgery for recurrent @entity548 was nearly twice as high as that in the context of interval interventions. Resection was performed on 70 per cent, haemostasis only on 26 per cent, and additional vagotomy on 14 per cent. Overall mortality amounted to 27.5 per cent including 36.6 per cent for @entity1 and 22.8 per cent for @entity1 . Ulcer localisation had no impact on mortality. The highest mortality rate, 38.2 per cent, was recorded from @entity1 on whom only haemostasis had been performed, while 16.7 per cent were recorded from those to whom additional vagotomy had been applied. Lethality in the context of resection amounted to 25.6 per cent. Twenty-three @entity1 had to be relaparotomised (17.6 per cent), which pushed up the mortality rate to 43.5 per cent.

title: [Results of surgery of the XXXX stomach and duodenal @entity1066 --a 10-year retrospective study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity16950 :: ('MESH:D010438', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic peptic ulcer']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhaging']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity328 is the leading cause of community acquired @entity55 and a frequent cause of @entity2346 media, @entity1244 and @entity693 . Although most pneumococci remain susceptible to @entity114 , relatively less susceptible and resistant strains have been recognized with increasing frequency throughout the world (1). The aim of this study was to determine whether and to what degree pneumococci isolated in our laboratory were resistant to @entity114 and other frequently used antimicrobial agents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the period from 1991 to 1995 1139 @entity328 strains isolated from @entity1 with different @entity7706 were tested for their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents at the Department of Bacteriology and Parasitology of the Institute of Public Health in Novi Sad. Antimicrobial agents tested included: @entity114 , @entity869 , @entity7265 , @entity2929 , @entity207 - @entity206 and @entity3402 . Susceptibility test was performed by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated @entity291 blood (5). RESULTS: Susceptibility of @entity328 to seven antimicrobial agents used in the study is shown in Table 2. There was a resistance to all antimicrobial agents tested. It was the lowest to @entity2929 (1.6%) and the highest to @entity207 + @entity206 (67.3%). The rate of resistance of @entity114 was 3.3%. In Table 3 and 4 we can also see that the lowest resistance was to @entity2929 , and the highest to @entity207 + @entity206 , both for isolates from nose and other sources. Strains of @entity328 isolated from nasal swabs were more susceptible to @entity114 than those isolated from blood, sputum and cerebrospinal fluid. DISCUSSION: For many years @entity114 has been the mainstay of therapy for @entity66 . Clinical resistance to @entity114 was first reported in 1960's. Since this early reported, @entity114 resistance has been encountered with increasing frequency in strains of @entity328 from around the world. In our study resistance to @entity114 was low (3.3%). This is in accordance with the authors from Italy, Great Britain, USA and Germany (7, 8, 9, 10). Much higher prevalence of resistant pneumococci we found in the reports from Spain, France and Hungary (13, 14, 15, 17). Many of these strains have been resistant to multiple drugs and have been isolated from @entity1 with invasive @entity281 ( @entity693 , @entity55 , @entity2259 ). Percentage of @entity114 resistant pneumococci isolated from blood, sputum and cerebrospinal fluid in our study was relatively low (7.7%), but it was higher than the percentage of resistant isolates from nasal swabs (2.0%). These findings are in accordance with other reports (20, 21). CONCLUSION: The increasing number of @entity328 isolates resistant to @entity114 and other antimicrobial agents indicates the need to perform susceptibility testing for every isolated strain in order to avoid possible therapeutic failure.

title: [Sensitivity of XXXX pneumoniae to antimicrobial drugs].

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity7706 :: ('MESH:D011008', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal infections']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal diseases']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity7265 :: ('MESH:D002506', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalexin']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3538 ( @entity3538 ) is of proven benefit in recently-symptomatic @entity1 with severe @entity543 . Its role in asymptomatic @entity850 is still debated. The Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) more than doubled the number of @entity1 randomised to @entity3538 trials. This revised review incorporates the recently published ACST results. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to determine the effects of @entity3538 for @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity543 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity64 Group Trials Register (searched May 2004), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2004), EMBASE (1980 to June 2004), Current Contents (1995 to January 1997), and reference lists of relevant articles. We contacted researchers in the field to identify additional published and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All completed randomised trials comparing @entity3538 to medical treatment in @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity543 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers extracted data and assessed trial quality. Attempts were made to contact investigators to obtain missing information. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials with a total of 5223 @entity1 were included. In these trials, the overall net excess of operation-related perioperative @entity64 or @entity204 was 2.9%. For the primary outcome of perioperative @entity64 or @entity204 or any subsequent @entity64 , @entity1 undergoing @entity3538 fared better than those treated medically (relative risk (RR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57 to 0.83). Similarly, for the outcome of perioperative @entity64 or @entity204 or subsequent @entity64 , there was benefit for the surgical group (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90). For the outcome of any @entity64 or @entity204 , there was a non-significant trend towards fewer events in the surgical group (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.02). Subgroup analyses were performed for the outcome of perioperative @entity64 or @entity204 or subsequent carotid @entity64 . @entity3538 appeared more beneficial in @entity1 than in @entity1 and more beneficial in younger @entity1 than in older @entity1 although the data for age effect were inconclusive. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment effect estimates in @entity1 with different grades of @entity850 but the data were insufficient. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Despite about a 3% perioperative @entity64 or @entity204 rate, @entity3538 for asymptomatic @entity543 reduces the risk of @entity64 , and any @entity64 , by approximately 30% over three years. However, the absolute risk reduction is small (approximately 1% per annum over the first few years of follow up in the two largest and most recent trials) but it could be higher with longer follow up.

title: @entity3538 for asymptomatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral stroke', 'stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity3538 :: ('MESH:D002341', 'Disease') :: ['CEA', 'Carotid endarterectomy']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

answer: @entity543 :: (MESH:D016893,Disease) :: ['carotid stenosis']


abstract: The study compares @entity1205 plus @entity900 (DC) and @entity1205 plus @entity136 (DG) regimens for the treatment of advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 were randomized to receive either the DC or the DG combination. They were stratified according to age, performance status (PS) and stage of disease. Three hundred seventeen @entity1 entered the study. Of them, 162 received the DC regimen and 155 the DG regimen. There were no differences in the @entity1 ' characteristics between the two study arms. Preliminary analysis included 132 evaluable @entity1 in the DC arm and 114 in the DG arm. Three complete responses (CR) (2.3%) and 39 partial responses (PR) (30%) were documented in the DC arm (response rate (RR) 32.3%; 95% CI 23.87-39.76%), whereas 1 CR (0.9%) and 38 PR (33%) were documented in the DG arm (RR: 33.9%; 95% CI 25.5-42.92%). No differences in the RR, response duration, time to @entity5 progression, overall survival and 1-year survival were observed between the two groups. Regarding @entity137 , there were no significant differences in grade 3-4 @entity417 and @entity882 between the two arms. However, grade 3-4 @entity1398 occurred in 40 @entity1 (33%) treated with the DC regimen and in 31 @entity1 (22%) treated with the DG regimen (P=0.01). Twenty-four (16%) @entity1 in the DC arm and 20 (14%) in the DG arm developed @entity1398 . There was one death due to @entity295 in each arm. Non-haematological @entity137 was mild and equal in the two arms, with the exception of grade 3-4 @entity390 and @entity294 , which were more frequent in the DC arm. In conclusion, preliminary results showed that the DG regimen was as effective as the DC regimen. The @entity137 profile of the DG combination was relatively milder. Hence, @entity900 cannot be considered longer as a mandatory component of chemotherapy against @entity1149 .

title: Comparison of @entity1205 / @entity900 to XXXX / @entity136 as first-line treatment of advanced @entity1149 : early results of a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: A pilot study was conducted to enumerate the most common evaluations done in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) of a community hospital in assessing @entity1 presenting with a first episode of @entity1163 and to determine the feasibility of defining a clinically useful set of investigations to identify the subset of @entity1163 @entity1 that can be safely discharged from the @entity341 . The study was conducted as a retrospective chart review of @entity1 seen during an 8 week period. In the course of the study, 33 consecutive adult @entity1 presenting to the @entity341 with first episodes of @entity1163 were identified. @entity1 were excluded if they had previous recurrent @entity1163 or a @entity74 leading to @entity1163 . @entity341 charts of the @entity1 were reviewed to determine the types of investigations for @entity1163 done by unblinded emergency physicians, which investigations showed abnormal results, and which were useful in determining etiology of @entity1163 or in deciding which @entity1 needed admission. The average number of investigations performed on each @entity1 was 7 +/- 4, with a range of 1-17 investigations. Twelve percent of @entity1163 @entity1 (4/33) were deemed, retrospectively, to have required hospital admission based on a review of their charts and follow-up interviews. Without specific clinical indicators, laboratory and radiologic investigations were not useful in determining either the etiology of the @entity1163 or the need for admission. In this small study, few @entity1 presenting with new onset @entity1163 required admission. The number and types of investigations performed on these @entity1 was inconsistent. Further study is needed to determine whether @entity1163 @entity1 requiring admission can be identified in the @entity341 with a small number of standard inexpensive laboratory investigations.

title: Establishing an approach to @entity1163 in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['syncopal', 'syncope', 'syncopal episodes', 'syncopal episode']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['known disorder']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['emergency department']


abstract: Plasma membrane proteins involved in transport processes play a crucial role in cell physiology. On account of these properties, these molecules are ideal targets for development of new therapeutic and agronomic agents. However, these proteins are of low abundance, which limits their study. Although @entity375 seems ideal for expressing heterologous transporters, plasma membrane proteins are often retained in intracellular compartments. We tried to find @entity375 mutants potentially able to improve functional expression of a whole set of heterologous transporters. We focused on @entity958 ureide transporter 1 ( @entity50315 ), previously cloned by functional complementation in @entity375 . Tagged versions of @entity50315 remain mostly trapped in the endoplasmic reticulum and were able to reach slowly the plasma membrane. In contrast, untagged @entity50315 is rapidly delivered to plasma membrane, where it remains in stable form. Tagged and untagged versions of @entity50315 were expressed in cells deficient in the ubiquitin ligase @entity55067 , involved in various stages of the intracellular trafficking of membrane-bound proteins. @entity55067 mutants displayed improved steady state amounts of untagged and tagged versions of @entity50315 . @entity55067 cells are thus powerful tools to solve the many problems inherent to heterologous expression of membrane proteins in @entity375 , including ER retention.

title: Heterologous expression of a plant uracil transporter in XXXX : improvement of plasma membrane targeting in mutants of the @entity55067 ubiquitin protein ligase.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: Nineteen @entity1 with 20 clinically occult @entity1317 were prospectively followed without surgery in order to define the natural history of these lesions. The @entity1 were predominantly male (74%), with a mean age of 31 years. The mechanism of injury was penetrating in 13 cases and blunt in seven cases. The @entity1317 were located in the lower extremity (45%), @entity2045 (35%), neck (15%), and abdominal aorta (5%). @entity16 (55%) and musculoskeletal @entity130 (40%) were the most common associated @entity130 . There was no clinical manifestation of @entity1317 in any case. All lesions were identified by arteriography, which was performed for high-risk blunt @entity130 and proximity of penetrating wounds to major vessels. Intimal flap was the most commonly demonstrated form of injury (65%), followed by focal narrowing (30%) and false @entity439 (5%). Followup of 19 @entity130 (95%) was obtained for periods ranging from 3 days to 19 months (mean, 3.8 months). Arteriographic followup was obtained in 15 cases (79%). @entity130 (5%), a false @entity439 , enlarged after 10 weeks and was surgically repaired without clinical sequelae. All other lesions either resolved (53%), improved (16%), or remained unchanged (26%). These results suggest that nonoperative observation may be a safe and feasible method of managing clinically occult @entity1317 .

title: The natural history of clinically occult XXXX : a prospective evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['upper extremity']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurologic trauma']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury', 'arterial injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['One injury', 'injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1317 :: (MESH:D057772,Disease) :: ['arterial injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antireflux therapy, including surgery, has been advocated for @entity565 @entity1 with @entity354 ( @entity354 ). A recent review of medical antireflux therapy reported improvements in @entity565 symptoms and medication requirements but no improvement in pulmonary function. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature on the effects of antireflux surgery in @entity565 . METHOD: Using the Medline 1966 to August 1998 database, @entity358 , @entity565 , and pulmonary function were combined with @entity354 and different antireflux surgeries, including fundoplication. Reference lists of identified articles were also reviewed. RESULTS: Combining the terms @entity565 and @entity354 identified 271 articles, including 193 in English. Searching the term fundoplication identified 497 articles, including 413 in English. Twenty-four reports addressed the effects of antireflux surgery in @entity565 . Only two studies were controlled. Asthmatic data could not be distinguished from that of other subjects in five articles. The remainder were case series, retrospective reviews, or uncontrolled studies. Ten reports included data on < or = 10 @entity1 . Two studies were only published as abstracts. A total of 417 @entity565 @entity1 were included in the identified reports. Antireflux surgery improved @entity354 symptoms, @entity565 symptoms, @entity565 medication use, and pulmonary function in 90%, 79%, 88%, and 27%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Antireflux surgery may improve @entity354 and @entity565 symptoms and decrease medication requirements, but it has little effect on pulmonary function. The effects of antireflux surgery on @entity565 are similar to those of medical antireflux therapy.

title: The effects of antireflux surgery on asthmatics with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux', 'GER']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to describe the different clinical profiles of @entity1 with @entity2299 based on lipid phenotype, in an urban setting. METHODS: a survey was carried out among college students and general population. A structured interview was conducted. Blood was drawn for @entity413 and lipid profile from subjects considered to be healthy. RESULTS: we included 1286 subjects. They were grouped by socioeconomic status (low income = 437, medium income = 162 and high income = 133) and 554 college students who had lived in the area for at least one year. @entity1 composed 61 % of the cohort; 86 % of the cases were studied after an overnight fasting period. The prevalent lipid phenotype was @entity9680 , followed by @entity407 . Among medium income group, @entity1007 was a common finding. High fasting @entity413 and low @entity6599 were observed among the low income group. Male gender and age are predictors for @entity1007 . The BMI is the only identified predictor of @entity2298 (OR = 10.089). We identified that age > 55-year old (OR = 2.6), male gender (OR = 1.6), and sedentary life (OR = 1.35), were predictors of @entity9680 . CONCLUSION: the most common lipid phenotype was @entity9680 .

title: [The XXXX diagnosis based on phenotype].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['mixed hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['isolated hypercholesterolemia', 'hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity9680 :: ('MESH:D052456', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalphalipoproteinemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity407 :: (MESH:D006949,Disease) :: ['hyperlipidemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated in @entity35 and @entity19 that agonists of A(2A)- @entity859 receptors (A(2A)-ARs) reduce @entity8 following @entity63 -reperfusion. We now extend these studies and examine the effects of ATL-146e (formerly @entity44732 ), an A(2A)-AR agonist, and @entity7428 , a type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE 4) inhibitor, on @entity19 @entity8 following @entity63 -reperfusion. METHODS: C57BL/6 @entity19 were treated with @entity7428 , ATL-146e, or both compounds combined and were subjected to @entity8 for 32 minutes and reperfusion for 24 to 48 hours. In vitro studies were performed on suspended and adhering @entity1 neutrophils. RESULTS: Continuous delivery of @entity7428 or ATL-146e during reperfusion reduced @entity8 in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal protection was observed when ATL-146e was infused for six hours during reperfusion. Elevated plasma @entity1011 and @entity10873 activity produced by @entity63 -reperfusion were reduced by @entity7428 (0.1 ng/kg/min) and ATL-146e (10 ng/kg/min) by up to approximately 60% and 70%, respectively. Co-infusion of both compounds produced a maximum reduction of plasma @entity1011 of approximately 90% and @entity10873 activity. In vitro studies on suspended and adhering @entity1 neutrophils demonstrated that selective stimulation of A(2A)-ARs by ATL-146e increased @entity268 accumulation, reduced oxidative activity of activated neutrophils, and decreased activated neutrophil adherence. These responses were potentiated by @entity7428 . CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the combined infusion of ATL-146e and @entity7428 leads to enhanced renal tissue protection from @entity63 -reperfusion by mechanisms that may include reduced neutrophil adherence/recruitment and release of reactive @entity26 species.

title: Enhanced protection from @entity8 -reperfusion [correction of XXXX :reperfusion] injury with A(2A)- @entity859 receptor activation and PDE 4 inhibition.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal ischemia', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity7428 :: ('MESH:D020889', 'Chemical') :: ['rolipram']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: The role of organic anion transporters in the mitochondrial uptake of @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) was investigated by assessing competition with substrates or inhibition with inhibitors of specific carriers and modulation of mitochondrial energetics. Potential artifacts in the transport methodology, including contamination of matrix space with extramitochondrial fluid, changes in matrix volume during incubations, efflux of transported @entity2197 during sample processing, induction of the membrane permeability transition, contamination of the mitochondrial preparation with plasma membranes and @entity2197 degradation, were corrected or eliminated. Substrates (i.e., @entity5910 , @entity4588 ) and an inhibitor (i.e., @entity34481 ) of the @entity17636 carrier, an inhibitor (i.e., phenylsuccinate) of the @entity15706 carrier, and @entity2227 produced significant inhibition of @entity2197 uptake whereas substrates and inhibitors of the mono- and tricarboxylate carriers were generally without effect. @entity7954 , which is a substrate for the @entity47809 carrier, inhibited @entity2197 uptake, but this was due to induction of the membrane permeability transition and not to competition for uptake. Although @entity2227 inhibited @entity2197 uptake, the converse did not occur. @entity2197 uptake was pH-independent and @entity492 had no effect, which suggest that the @entity2227 and @entity2227 - @entity492 carriers are not involved in @entity2197 uptake but that the @entity16394 residue of @entity2197 may be important in its transport. @entity2197 uptake was dependent on @entity1391 and @entity855 generation. Hence, we conclude that both the @entity17636 and @entity15706 carriers of the inner membrane can catalyze uptake of @entity2197 into the matrix. The function of an additional, novel transporter cannot be excluded at present. This is the first study to define the function of mitochondrial anion carriers in @entity2197 transport.

title: Evidence for mitochondrial uptake of @entity2041 by XXXX and @entity15706 carriers.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity47809 :: ('CHEBI:27092', 'Chemical') :: ['tricarboxylate']

entities_list: @entity16394 :: ('CHEBI:32483', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamyl']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity15706 :: ('MESH:C029743', 'Chemical') :: ['2-oxoglutarate']

entities_list: @entity7954 :: ('MESH:D010728', 'Chemical') :: ['Phosphoenolpyruvate']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity34481 :: ('MESH:C027734', 'Chemical') :: ['butylmalonate']

entities_list: @entity17636 :: ('CHEBI:28965', 'Chemical') :: ['dicarboxylate']

answer: @entity17636 :: (CHEBI:28965,Chemical) :: ['dicarboxylate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the depth of tissue destruction and the minimum light dose required for @entity39 in interstitial photodynamic therapy (PDT), as a prerequisite for the investigational therapy of @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven adult @entity235 were given 2 mg/kg of the photosensitizer @entity17654 intravenously and two controls received none. After 24 h, 450 J/cm of 630 nm wavelength laser light was delivered interstitially to the prostate via a 2 cm long diffuser fibre. Seven single-fibre treatments were performed in five sensitized @entity235 and two single-fibre treatments in the controls. The two remaining sensitized @entity235 had two fibres placed 10 mm apart within the prostate to determine the coalescence of PDT lesions. The penetration depth of light was measured in all prostates, and after PDT the extent of @entity39 was assessed histologically. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation, SD) radius of PDT destruction around each diffuser was 5.3 (1.4) mm and PDT lesions overlapped in prostates treated with two fibres placed 10 mm apart. There was no observable tissue damage in the controls. The mean (SD) minimum light dose required for PDT @entity39 was 84 (64) J/cm2. Differences among animals in the light penetration depth were small, with a mean of 2.14 (0.2) mm, and did not correlate with the depth of @entity39 (P = 0.07). Bleeding around the optical diffuser fibre impeded light penetration. CONCLUSION: Interstitial PDT in the @entity235 prostate using @entity17654 produced modest volumes of tissue @entity39 . The minimum light dose required to induce @entity39 was variable because @entity548 was unpredictable in relation to the optical fibre.

title: Interstitial photodynamic therapy in the XXXX prostate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity17654 :: ('MESH:D017323', 'Chemical') :: ['Photofrin']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['canine', 'beagle dogs', 'dogs']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: As @entity344 have been described in @entity6 @entity35 , we studied the simultaneous release of, and muscular response to, @entity934 , vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and @entity6883 in isolated preparations of gastric fundus from control and 8-week @entity3839 -treated @entity6 @entity35 . Muscular responses were measured in longitudinal muscle strips prepared from one half of the gastric fundus and release was studied in the other half. The contractile response to @entity934 and electrical field stimulation was not different in control and @entity6 @entity35 . In the presence of @entity3897 , and when tone was increased with @entity3774 , electrical field stimulation, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and @entity6883 induced relaxation with a similar response in control and @entity6 @entity35 . The basal release of @entity934 , vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and @entity6883 was not significantly different in control and @entity6 @entity35 . Electrical field stimulation significantly increased the release of the three substances and this increase was @entity1022 -sensitive. While the stimulation-induced increase of @entity934 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was not different in control and in @entity6 @entity35 , the stimulation-induced release of @entity6883 increased 3-fold in @entity6 compared to control gastric fundus. Desensitization to alpha,beta-methylene @entity6883 reduced the relaxant response to @entity6883 and to electrical field stimulation, suggesting a role of @entity6883 in non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmission of @entity35 gastric fundus. The reduction of the non-adrenergic non-cholinergic relaxation by alpha,beta-methylene @entity6883 was greater in @entity6 tissues. This, with the increase in stimulation-induced @entity6883 release, suggests that the purinergic component of the vagal non-adrenergic non-cholinergic response of the stomach may be increased in diabetics.

title: Motor activity and neurotransmitter release in the gastric fundus of @entity3839 - @entity6 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity6883 :: ('CHEBI:15422', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine-5'-triphosphate"]

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies of the cholinergic and non-adrenergic non-cholinergic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: AIMS: To examine the relevance of sentinel node biopsy in @entity1 with @entity1352 . METHODS: Between July 2004 and February 2007 11 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1352 treated in our clinic underwent sentinel node biopsy after a preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. A handheld gamma-probe was used during the procedure to identify the sentinel nodes, which were then resected and submitted for histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS: At least one sentinel node was identified in every @entity1 . Of a total of 15 sentinels, one was positive and 14 negative. The @entity1 with the positive sentinel underwent a regional lymph node dissection and remains disease-free 17 months later. One @entity1 developed regional nodal metastases despite negative sentinel node biopsy and died 12 months after the procedure. No biopsy-associated complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy can be successfully and safely applied to @entity1 with @entity1352 . Further prospective studies are required to determine the optimal treatment approach, the false negative rate and the prognostic significance of a positive sentinel node biopsy.

title: Sentinel node biopsy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1352 :: ('MESH:D013584', 'Disease') :: ['synovial sarcoma']

answer: @entity1352 :: (MESH:D013584,Disease) :: ['synovial sarcoma']


abstract: An in vitro superfusion method was used to test sex hormone release from different kinds of ovarian follicle (growing follicles, postovulatory follicles, and atretic follicles) in the lizard @entity17176 sicula. Sex hormone output changes with the stage of follicle evolution and sexual cycle. Previtellogenetic follicles prevail in early-spring quiescent ovaries and secrete mainly @entity1420 , which is probably utilized at that phase to delay ovarian resumption. In the acute ovary, @entity1420 output from previtellogenetic follicles decreases, whereas vitellogenetic follicles produce a significant amount of @entity53 , which is necessary for sustaining vitellogenin synthesis by the liver and oviduct growth. As follicles become ripe, @entity1420 production is resumed, and it increases in young postovulatory follicles. This is in line with the functions assigned to the hormone at that phase of the sexual cycle, i.e., the induction of oocyte maturation and the regulation of egg retention in the oviduct. Postovulatory follicles can also synthetize @entity53 . After oviposition, this hormone, which is secreted by the old postovulatory follicles, can reinitiate vitellogenin synthesis, allowing the development of a new oocyte set. Our data confirm that active, although ephemeral, corpora lutea are also formed in oviparous species. A limited contribution to ovarian sex @entity134 production derives also from atretic follicles, at least at the early stages of the breeding cycle.

title: Changes in ovarian follicles and in vitro sex hormone release in the lizard XXXX sicula.

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity17176 :: ('65484', 'Species') :: ['Podarcis sicula']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17 beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity17176 :: (65484,Species) :: ['Podarcis sicula']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Incisional @entity547 is a serious complication after abdominal surgery and occurs in 11-23% of laparotomies. Repair can be done, for instance, with a direct suture technique, but recurrence rates are high. Recent literature advises the use of mesh repair. In contrast to this development, we studied the use of a direct suture repair in a separate layer technique. The objective of this retrospective observational study is to assess the outcomes (recurrences and complications) of a two-layered open closure repair for primary and recurrent midline incisional @entity547 without the use of mesh. METHODS: In an observational retrospective cohort study, we analysed the hospital and outpatient records of 77 consecutive @entity1 who underwent surgery for a primary or recurrent incisional @entity547 between 1st May 2002 and 8th November 2006. The repair consisted of separate continuous suturing of the anterior and posterior fascia, including the rectus muscle, after extensive intra-abdominal adhesiolysis. RESULTS: Forty-one @entity1 (53.2%) and 36 @entity1 (46.8%) underwent surgery. Sixty-three operations (81.8%) were primary repairs and 14 (18.2%) were repairs for a recurrent incisional @entity547 . Of the 66 @entity1 , on physical examination, three had a recurrence (4.5%) after an average follow-up of 2.6 years. The 30-day postoperative mortality was 1.1%. @entity2737 was seen in five @entity1 (6.5%). CONCLUSIONS: A two-layered suture repair for primary and recurrent @entity547 without mesh with extensive adhesiolysis was associated with a recurrence rate comparable to mesh repair and had an acceptable complication rate.

title: Low recurrence rate of a two-layered closure repair for primary and recurrent midline incisional XXXX without mesh.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['Wound infection']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['hernia', 'incisional hernia repair']

answer: @entity547 :: (MESH:D006547,Disease) :: ['hernia']


abstract: Nearly 35% of all mutations identified in the muscle glycogen phosphorylase gene ( @entity16861 ) in @entity1 with @entity9847 result in premature termination codons (PTCs), particularly the @entity23097 mutation. The latter accounts for more than 50% of the mutated alleles in most Caucasian @entity1 populations. Mutations resulting in PTC could trigger the degradation of mRNA through a mechanism known as @entity1547 ( @entity1547 ). To investigate if @entity1547 affects the levels of transcripts containing @entity16861 mutations, 28 Spanish @entity1 with @entity9847 , harboring 17 different mutations with PTCs in 77% of their alleles, were studied. Transcripts levels of @entity16861 were measured and sequenced. We assessed that 92% of @entity1 showed @entity1547 . The most frequent mutation ( @entity23097 ) elicited decay in all the genotypes tested. Other PTC producing mutations resulting in @entity1547 were: @entity56827 , @entity56828 , @entity56829 , @entity56830 , @entity56831 , @entity56832 , and @entity56833 . Located in the last exon, the mutation @entity56834 was not affected by @entity1547 . Missense mutations did not appear to be affected by @entity1547 . In the cDNA sequences they appeared as homozygous, despite being heterozygous in the genomic DNA sequences. Exceptions to the rules governing @entity1547 were found in the mutations @entity56835 and @entity56836 .

title: Expression of the muscle glycogen phosphorylase gene in XXXX with @entity9847 : the role of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['NMD', 'nonsense mediated decay']

entities_list: @entity9847 :: ('MESH:D006012', 'Disease') :: ['McArdle disease']

entities_list: @entity23097 :: ('p|SUB|R|50|X', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.R50X']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity694 with a dramatic presentation requiring urgent operation is a rare occurrence. We report two such cases in conjunction with a review of the literature on @entity694 . Clinicopathologic features of two @entity1 who required urgent resection were studied. The preoperative diagnosis of @entity694 was suggested on imaging study in one case. A MEDLINE search was conducted with a special goal of revealing cases with a dramatic presentation. One @entity1 presented with @entity548 and intussusception related to a partially infarcted 4.5-cm @entity362 of the lower descending colon. The second @entity1 presented with @entity1321 related to a near-totally infarcted 6-cm @entity362 at the @entity4558 . In both cases a florid reactive vascular and fibro-/myofibroblastic proliferation and associated @entity5072 mucosal pattern were present at the base and edge of the @entity362 . Among 275 previously reported cases of @entity694 28 @entity1 had a dramatic presentation with @entity158 and/or @entity548 being the most significant prodromal symptom. In this subset the @entity362 tended to be larger, frequently had associated marked @entity39 /ulceration, and were less likely to be located in the ascending colon/cecum. Whereas @entity694 are relatively common occasional cases present dramatically with @entity548 , intussusception, or even perforation for which emergency operation is required. @entity362 usually reveal marked ischemic changes.

title: The dramatic presentation of XXXX : report of two cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['rectal bleeding', 'massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity362 :: ('MESH:D008067', 'Disease') :: ['submucosal lipoma', 'lipoma', 'lipomas', 'Such lipomas']

entities_list: @entity5072 :: ('MESH:D000796', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic']

entities_list: @entity4558 :: ('MESH:D013158', 'Disease') :: ['splenic flexure']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic lipoma', 'colonic lipomas', 'colonic lipomata', 'Colonic lipoma']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colonic lipomata']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity1 with @entity3039 have a response to corticosteroids or intravenous immune globulin, but improvement is often transitory. Splenectomy may provide only a short-term benefit. Because pulsed high-dose therapy with potent synthetic corticosteroids is inexpensive, well tolerated, and effective in @entity1 with @entity1892 , a similar regimen was examined for its efficacy in @entity1 with @entity3039 that was resistant to other treatments. METHODS: Ten consecutively referred @entity1 who had persistent symptomatic @entity3039 after undergoing at least two standard therapies were treated with six cycles of @entity619 (40 mg per day for 4 sequential days every 28 days). RESULTS: All @entity1 had @entity1423 (mean [+/- SD] count before treatment, 12,000 +/- 8200 per cubic millimeter; after treatment, 248,000 +/- 130,000 per cubic millimeter). The platelet counts remained above 100,000 per cubic millimeter for at least six months after the last cycle of treatment. There were no serious side effects. Features of @entity6392 due to prior corticosteroid therapy resolved during treatment. The cost of the drug was approximately  100 per @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Although the possibility of spontaneous remission and a delayed benefit from prior therapy cannot be excluded in this small group of @entity1 , pulsed high-dose treatment with @entity619 may provide a low-cost therapeutic option with minimal side effects in @entity1 with refractory @entity3039 .

title: Response of resistant @entity3039 to pulsed high-dose XXXX therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['increased platelet counts']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['secretory B-cell neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity6392 :: ('MESH:D000308', 'Disease') :: ['hyperadrenocorticism']

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The lymph nodes along the splenic artery (No. 11) and at the splenic hilum (No. 10) are classified in group 2 (n2) in the Japanese Classification of @entity356 . Pancreaticosplenectomy is performed to achieve complete D2 dissection, but its efficacy remains controversial. To clarify the indications for pancreaticosplenectomy in @entity356 , surgical results were investigated. METHODOLOGY: This study investigated 111 @entity356 @entity1 who underwent potentially curative total gastrectomy with pancreaticosplenectomy accompanied by D2 or more extensive lymph node dissection. The rate of lymph node @entity3 and the number of Nos. 10 and 11 lymph nodes that contained @entity3 were ascertained from several histopathological findings. Predictive factors for @entity3 in lymph nodes Nos. 10 and 11 and prognostic factors for survival were calculated and compared using the univariate and Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: Lymph node @entity3 to No. 10 or 11 was observed in 19 @entity1 . Of these, 8 (42.1%) had paraaortic lymph node @entity3 . The average number of metastatic lymph nodes in the 19 @entity1 was 19.4 +/- 19.2. The location of the @entity5 and the number of metastatic lymph nodes were correlated to lymph node @entity3 to Nos. 10 and 11. Of the regional lymph nodes, the right paracardial lymph nodes and those along the short gastric vessels frequently metastasized to No. 10 or 11. The 5-year survival rate of @entity1 with @entity3 in lymph nodes No. 10 or 11 was 23.8% and that with No. 16 @entity3 was 24.5%, whereas that in n2 without @entity3 in No. 10 or 11 was 41.4%. The independent prognostic factor was the number of metastatic lymph nodes. Of the @entity260 , @entity3472 was observed in 43 @entity1 (38.7%) and followed by @entity834 in 6 (5.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Pancreaticosplenectomy is indicated in @entity1 with advanced @entity356 in the upper third or the whole of the stomach and with lymph node @entity3 at right paracardial or along the short gastric vessels. To obtain good surgical results, pancreaticosplenectomy with paraaortic lymph node dissection (D3) should be carried out in @entity1 with as few metastatic lymph nodes as possible.

title: Indications for pancreaticosplenectomy in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity3472 :: ('MESH:D010185', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic fistula']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'Gastric Carcinoma']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: Registration of all hospitalized @entity64 @entity1 is practiced in Sweden in order to assess care quality. Data in this register, Riks- @entity64 (RS), may be biased due to incomplete registration. The purpose of this paper was to report changes in @entity64 outcome in relation to fluctuations in registration. @entity1 registered in RS at a hospital during the period 1994-2005 were analyzed. Case fatality at 28 days, living conditions, and activities of daily living (ADL) performance at 3 months were correlated to the number of @entity1 registered and follow-up frequency. A total of 4994 @entity64 cases were registered during the period. A high annual registration rate was significantly correlated to a high case fatality ratio. A low annual follow-up rate was associated with a low proportion of @entity1 living in their own home without any need of help. Quality parameters are sensible for selection bias, which make them difficult to compare over time and between hospitals. We suggest that by weighing outcome data against @entity64 severity, safer conclusions may be drawn. Additionally, hospitals considering setting up quality registers should make every effort to attain complete case ascertainment at all times, including @entity1 managed outside the hospital, in order to avoid selection bias.

title: A national XXXX quality register: 12 years experience from a participating hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: AIMS: to determine if postoperative feeding of @entity135 @entity1 , using an enteral diet supplemented with @entity369 , improves immunological and nutritional status, and clinical outcome, i.e., reduces postoperative @entity166 and length of stay, when compared with an isocaloric, isonitrogenous control diet. METHODS: at operation 44 @entity1 were randomized into two groups to receive: a) an enriched diet (n=23);b) an isocaloric, isonitrogenous control diet (n=21). Thirteen @entity1 with a history of significant @entity353 (> or = 10% over the last 6 months) were considered malnourished. Preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 4 and 8 the following parameters were evaluated: albumin, prealbumin, @entity69 , total number of lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets (CD3, @entity404 , @entity405 and @entity404 / @entity405 ratio) and immunoglobulins. @entity260 and length of stay were recorded. RESULTS: 'visceral' serum proteins and immunological parameters decreased on postoperative day 1 in both groups. However, only the enriched group demonstrated a significant increase (P<0.05) in the total number of lymphocytes, @entity404 , @entity404 / @entity405 on postoperative day 4, and total number of lymphocytes, CD3, @entity404 , @entity404 / @entity405 on postoperative day 8. In the malnourished subgroup the administration of the enriched formula significantly reduced both postoperative @entity166 and length of stay compared with the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: enteral immunonutrition of @entity135 @entity1 improves postoperative immunological response. Significant clinical advantages were observed in malnourished @entity1 .

title: Postoperative enteral immunonutrition in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious/wound complications']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']