abstract: PURPOSE: Current sonographic technology has enhanced imaging. This study analyzes the sonographic findings in a large series of @entity1 with @entity1124 . METHODS: The sonograms of 62 @entity1 with pathologically confirmed @entity1124 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: @entity5 were an average of 4.5 x 3.5 cm in cross section. The largest lesion was 14.0 x 9.0 cm, and the smallest was 1.8 x 1.1 cm. Forty-three @entity5 (69%) were located in the head of the pancreas, 1 (2%) at the junction of the head and body, and 16 (26%) in the body or tail; 2 lesions (3%) were diffuse. @entity5 were ovoid or spherical in 37 @entity1 (60%) and irregular in 25 (40%). @entity5 (65%) markedly deformed the shape of the gland. Six lesions (10%) caused no glandular contour abnormality and were visualized only because @entity5 echogenicity differed from that of the normal pancreas. Thirty-four @entity5 (55%) were homogeneously hypoechoic compared with the normal pancreas, 2 (3%) were homogeneously hyperechoic, 1 (2%) was isoechoic, and 25 (40%) had heterogeneous echotextures. Many of the heterogeneous @entity5 were predominantly hypoechoic with areas of varied echogenicity. Calcifications were noted in 4 @entity1 (6%) and small intratumoral cystic areas in 9 @entity1 (15%). @entity9007 were found in 4 @entity1 (6%). Color Doppler flow information was available for 19 @entity1 ; internal flow was detected in only 1 @entity5 (5%). @entity432 was found in 3 @entity1 and circumferential vascular encasement in 8; the @entity5 in these @entity1 were unresectable. @entity5 were noted to touch vessels in another 6 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Current sonographic equipment allows the demonstration of new findings in @entity3123 . Color Doppler sonography can define @entity5 involvement of blood vessels and potentially affect clinical staging and treatment decisions.

title: Gray-scale and color flow sonography of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'Forty tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['Postobstructive pseudocysts']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['Vascular occlusion']

answer: @entity1124 :: (MESH:D021441,Disease) :: ['pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The goal of @entity1498 repair is laminar aortic blood flow resulting in a negative or absent arm:leg blood pressure (BP) gradient. Despite satisfactory relief of @entity1498 , associated @entity6127 can result in @entity101 . INTERVENTION: We devised a surgical strategy to create a tension-free @entity254 with a diameter as large as both the adjacent proximal and distal aorta using a radically extended end-to-end @entity254 via sternotomy and/or thoracotomy. Sternotomy is chosen when there is significant transverse @entity6127 defined as a distal transverse arch  <= diameter of the left carotid artery, presence of a common brachiocephalic trunk, or coexisting @entity75 requiring repair. Thoracotomy is used in all other cases. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2008, 95 consecutive @entity1 were repaired using this approach, 35 with sternotomy and 60 with thoracotomy. At a mean follow-up of 50    23 months, mean systolic BP was 94    10 mm Hg, and 84% of @entity1 had no residual arm:leg BP gradient. Mean arm:leg BP gradient was not statistically different between groups (-8.5    15 sternotomy and -7.0    10 mm Hg thoracotomy, P= .7). With Doppler echocardiography, 96% of @entity1 demonstrated normal early diastolic reversal of blood flow in the descending thoracic aorta. CONCLUSIONS: For @entity1498 repair in infancy, a strategy designed to directly address @entity8521 results in excellent intermediate-term results with normal BP, physiologic arm:leg BP relationship, and near normal descending aortic blood flow velocities by Doppler.

title: Surgical strategy for XXXX repair resulting in physiologic arm and leg blood pressures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8521 :: ('MESH:D001015', 'Disease') :: ['aortic arch hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['residual obstruction and postoperative upper body hypertension']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['intracardiac lesion']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['aortic coarctation', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity6127 :: ('MESH:D007569', 'Disease') :: ['arch hypoplasia']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['aortic coarctation']


abstract: Here we describe the case of a 41-year-old @entity1 with a history of @entity4923 who had previously undergone unsuccessful neurosurgery, followed by stereotactic radiosurgery. More than 4 years after this treatment, she presented severe @entity227 , which started in the @entity735 and was documented by neuro-ophthalmic evaluation. Radiological assessment by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging initially suggested the diagnosis of @entity5150 and the @entity1 started corticosteroid treatment (first with @entity229 , 80 mg/day, followed by @entity619 , 8 mg/day). Despite the therapy, vision in the @entity735 rapidly worsened until light was no longer perceptible; similar symptoms and signs also developed in the right eye, evolving to complete temporal @entity1805 . The clinical evidence was confirmed by the rapid progression of the MR picture, which showed homogeneous enhancement of the chiasm and optic nerves. On the basis of these findings, the original diagnosis of @entity11 was excluded, and radiation-induced @entity1781 was diagnosed. As @entity288 had proved inefficacious, hyperbaric @entity26 (HBO) therapy was promptly instituted and vision steadily started to improve. This improvement was documented and confirmed by the progressive recovery of the @entity2194 and the changes in the sequential follow-up MR scanning. @entity1781 is an infrequent but dramatic complication of radiation therapy. Symptoms develop, on average, 12 months after treatment, and the onset may be acute and characterized by the progressive @entity1018 in one or both eyes. HBO has already been used to treat this complication, but its efficacy is still controversial. Here, in addition to describing this particular case, which presented a significantly delayed @entity1161 of the optic pathways, we provide a brief literature review and discuss some important points.

title: Partial visual recovery from radiation-induced XXXX after hyperbaric @entity26 therapy in a @entity1 with @entity4923 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['visual field in the right eye']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation injury']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4923 :: ('MESH:D047748', 'Disease') :: ['Cushing disease']

entities_list: @entity5150 :: ('MESH:D020339', 'Disease') :: ['glioma of the optic nerve']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1805 :: ('MESH:D006423', 'Disease') :: ['hemianopsia']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy', 'Optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1781 :: (MESH:D009901,Disease) :: ['optic neuropathy']


abstract: The potential to generate both a systemic and local immune response makes the mucosal system an attractive site for immunization. However, mucosal administration of protein and peptide antigens generally results in a poor immune response. Successful mucosal vaccination is therefore largely dependent on the development of effective mucosal adjuvants. In this study we have examined the effect of mucosal administration of @entity116 toxoid (TT) in the presence of a non-ionic block copolymer, @entity12185 (F127), with chitosan or @entity6579 ( @entity15002 ) on the systemic and mucosal immune response. Balb/c @entity19 , immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with TT and boosted intranasally (i.n.) with TT in F127/chitosan, demonstrated a significant enhancement in the systemic anti-TT antibody response compared to @entity19 boosted i.n. with TT in PBS or @entity19 boosted i.n. with TT in F127/LPC. We determined the antigen specific IgA response in the nasal and lung washes of these animals and found a significant increase in anti-TT mucosal IgA response in the group boosted with TT in F127/chitosan. Similarly, @entity19 immunized and boosted i.n. with TT in F127/chitosan had a significant enhancement of their systemic anti-TT IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses compared to the animals immunized and boosted i.n. with TT in PBS or TT in F127/LPC. The results of these studies suggest that F127/chitosan represents a novel mucosal vaccine delivery system, consisting of two components, that appear to exert an additive or synergistic effect on the immune response.

title: ProJuvant ( @entity12185 /chitosan) enhances the immune response to intranasally administered XXXX toxoid.

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidylcholine']

answer: @entity116 :: (MESH:D013746,Disease) :: ['tetanus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ectopic bone marrow production, known as @entity1210 , may result in symptoms due to compression on normal structures. We present the multimodality imaging findings and subsequent management of a rare case of symptomatic @entity1210 within the calvarium. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 54-year-old male with a history of @entity4018 and no previous diagnosis of a @entity2794 presented to the emergency department with worsening severe @entity10 . A nonenhanced CT of the brain was performed and diffuse extra-axial nodular hyperdensities were visualized. MRI of the brain demonstrated diffuse extra-axial avidly enhancing nodular masses, dural thickening and marked susceptibility. No paravertebral masses, typical for @entity1210 , were present in the chest or abdomen. Although the clinical team considered a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis, we suggested a noninvasive confirmatory test. The subsequent Tc99m @entity599 colloid scan corroborated the diagnosis. The @entity1 was then referred to radiation oncology for treatment. CONCLUSION: In summary, @entity1210 is a @entity1503 that rarely occurs within the CNS and may cause @entity16 due to compression on underlying structures. The diagnosis can be made with noninvasive imaging and treated with low dose radiation therapy.

title: Intracranial extramedullary hematopoiesis: a rare cause of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological compromise']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic compensatory disorder']

entities_list: @entity4018 :: ('MESH:D055728', 'Disease') :: ['myelofibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2794 :: ('MESH:D020773', 'Disease') :: ['headache disorder']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral headaches']

entities_list: @entity1210 :: ('MESH:C536227', 'Disease') :: ['extramedullary hematopoiesis']

answer: @entity10 :: (MESH:D006261,Disease) :: ['headaches']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The potential role of whole grain in preventing various mortality outcomes has been inconsistently reported in a wealth of prospective observational studies. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the relations between whole-grain intake and risks of dying from any cause, @entity65 ( @entity65 ), and @entity5 through a meta-analytic approach. DESIGN: Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases and bibliographies of retrieved full publications. Summary RRs with 95% CIs were calculated with a random-effects model. RESULTS: Thirteen studies on total mortality (104,061 @entity204 ), 12 on @entity65 mortality (26,352 @entity204 ), and 8 on @entity5 mortality (34,797 @entity204 ) were included. Three studies reported whole-grain intake, and the remaining studies reported whole-grain product intake. In the dose-response analysis in which the intake of whole-grain products was converted to the amount of whole grain, the summary RRs for an increment in whole-grain intake of 50 g/d were 0.78 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.91) for total mortality, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.79) for @entity65 mortality, and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.96) for @entity5 mortality. A similar reduction was observed for the mortality from @entity741 (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.84) but not from @entity64 (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.62). There was evidence of nonlinear associations of whole-grain intake with total (P-nonlinearity < 0.001) and @entity65 mortality (P-nonlinearity <0.001), but not with @entity5 mortality (P-nonlinearity = 0.12), with the curves for the associations appearing slightly steeper at lower ranges (<35 g/d) of the intake than at higher ranges. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest significant inverse relationships between whole-grain intake and mortality due to any cause, @entity65 , or @entity5 . The findings support the recommendation of increasing whole-grain intake to improve public health.

title: Whole-grain intake and total, cardiovascular, and XXXX mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The present pilot study tested the clinical performance of a new pharmacokinetically guided dosing regimen of parenteral @entity172 in @entity1 with advanced @entity263 . The aim was to accelerate endocrine effects and to avoid cardiovascular side effects. METHODS: Seventeen @entity1 were randomized to intramuscular injections of 240 mg @entity21367 ( @entity7955 ) every second week for the first 8 weeks (five doses), followed by a maintenance dose of 240 mg every month; and 16 @entity1 were randomized to bilateral orchidectomy. The @entity172 dosing was calculated by pharmacokinetic modelling to achieve a rapid increase in serum @entity53 and thereby a fast decrease in @entity251 . RESULTS: The predicted increment in serum @entity172 was achieved, together with a subsequent decrease in @entity251 in the @entity7955 group. In addition, there were no signs of an increased @entity65 . This was probably due to a minimal estrogenic influence on the liver and was reflected by unchanged levels of @entity10133 . Clinical effects, during the first 2 years of treatment, were similar in the two treatment arms, with 12 @entity1 in the orchidectomy group and 14 @entity1 in the @entity7955 group responding to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The present parenteral regimen is an efficient and time-saving @entity172 regimen with a favorable side-effect profile. @entity7955 seems to offer a potential for revival of the most cost-effective endocrine treatment of @entity263 , i.e., @entity172 .

title: Time for revival of @entity172 in the treatment of advanced @entity263 ? Pharmacokinetics, and endocrine and clinical effects, of a parenteral XXXX regimen.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic carcinoma', 'cancer of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity10133 :: ('2155', 'Gene') :: ['coagulation factor VII']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

entities_list: @entity21367 :: ('MESH:C008958', 'Chemical') :: ['polyestradiol phosphate']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: Fifteen @entity1 with acute @entity5925 were evaluated with low field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and the results compared with those obtained using computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography (US). With MR imaging, abnormal muscles with areas of increased signal intensity were seen in every @entity1 , which probably reflects increased water content or increased mobility of water molecules caused by inflammatory reaction and @entity4 in the injured and necrotic muscles. Computed tomography without intravenous contrast medium demonstrated abnormal muscles in most @entity1 examined with this modality. The CT findings consisted of areas of focal hypodensity in muscles. With US, abnormal muscles were seen in less than half of the @entity1 studied. The normal structure of striated muscle was focally disturbed and areas of both decreased and increased echogenicity were found. Magnetic resonance imaging had a higher sensitivity in the detection of abnormal muscles than CT or US (100%, 62% and 42%, respectively). The findings of all these modalities are non-specific, but together with the clinical and laboratory data they confirm the diagnosis of @entity5925 . The information gained from imaging studies is useful in the assessment of the extent and distribution of @entity5925 . The precise identification of affected muscle compartments by MR imaging is valuable when surgical fasciotomy is considered for treatment; the procedure can then be appropriately directed to the compartments with clearly abnormal muscles.

title: Acute XXXX : evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging compared with computed tomography and ultrasonography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5925 :: ('MESH:D012206', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyolysis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

answer: @entity5925 :: (MESH:D012206,Disease) :: ['rhabdomyolysis']


abstract: C1-C2 vertebral dislocations have not been commonly recognized at autopsy. Among 66 subjects with @entity9389 , drawn from a series of 155 traffic fatalities, were 14 with @entity130 at the level of the atlantoaxial motion segment, ranging in age from 8 months to 93 years. Thirteen had @entity6475 or lacerations of the @entity9807 , and one had a healed C1 @entity174 . Six of the 14 had odontoid @entity174 . None had transverse ligament lacerations. Injuries of the alar ligaments and the tectorial membrane were frequent. Only 3 subjects had @entity130 . All 14 had evidence of impact to the head or neck. Four had @entity174 of the mandible or facial bones, and 5 had skull @entity174 . Subdural and @entity510 were found in 7 and 6, respectively. @entity4551 were not uncommon, but only one had a pontomedullary laceration. @entity1566 occurred in 5. Acute @entity1457 was the major mechanism of death in 9 of the 14, including 5 with major @entity65 . Delayed effects of @entity542 accounted for the majority of the remainder. The biomechanical mechanisms are discussed.

title: XXXX : II. Atlantoaxial dislocation--a pathologic study of 14 traffic fatalities.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity9389 :: ('MESH:D019838', 'Disease') :: ['neck injuries']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic shock']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['craniocerebral trauma']

entities_list: @entity4551 :: ('MESH:D022125', 'Disease') :: ['Brainstem lacerations']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['Spinomedullary cord injuries']

entities_list: @entity9807 :: ('MESH:C538196', 'Disease') :: ['atlantoaxial facet joints']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular lacerations']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'subaxial cervical injury']

answer: @entity9389 :: (MESH:D019838,Disease) :: ['Neck injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pediatric eye examinations include cycloplegia and dilation. Most clinicians use 2 or 3 different medications in drop or spray form to ease instillation. We studied whether a single drop of a cycloplegic agent would provide effective dilation as well. METHODS: @entity1 between the ages of 1 and 7 years, who presented for a routine eye examination, were recruited to participate. Each @entity1 received 1% @entity14433 in the right eye (group A), and either @entity6513 with @entity14433 (group B) or @entity6513 with @entity14433 with @entity2647 (group C) in the left eye. At the completion of the examination, a digital picture was taken of the @entity1 's pupils. A separate observer measured the pupil diameter and classified iris color. RESULTS: The mean pupil size for all subjects was: 6.19 mm +/- 1.33 mm, for group A, 6.56 mm +/- 1.25 for group B; and 6.47 mm +/- 1.12 for group C. Light-colored iris @entity1 had greater dilation as a group and darker iris @entity1 had less dilation as a group. Evaluation of the paired eyes pupil diameter found no statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: One drop of 1% @entity14433 provides cycloplegia and effective pupil dilation for completion of a pediatric eye examination. One drop is easier to instill than multiple drops and should be considered for use in a pediatric eye examination.

title: Dilation efficacy: is 1% XXXX enough?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracaine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity14433 :: ('MESH:D003519', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopentolate']

answer: @entity14433 :: (MESH:D003519,Chemical) :: ['cyclopentolate']


abstract: It is commonly thought that @entity792 are caused by the breakdown of self-tolerance, which suggests the recognition of specific antigens by autoreactive @entity1961 + T cells contribute to the specificity of @entity792 (Marrack et al., 2001; Mathis and Benoist, 2004). In several cases, however, even for diseases associated with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles, the causative tissue-specific antigens recognized by memory/activated @entity1961 + T cells have not been established (Mocci et al., 2000; Skapenko et al., 2005). @entity309 ( @entity309 ) and @entity625 in F759 knock-in @entity19 (F759 @entity19 ) are such examples (Atsumi et al., 2002; Brennan et al., 2002; Falgarone et al., 2009). These include associations with class II MHC and @entity1961 molecules; increased numbers of memory/activated @entity1961 + T cells; and improved outcomes in response to suppressions and/or deficiencies in class II MHC molecules, @entity1961 + T cells, and the T cell survival cytokine @entity10191 . Regarding the development of @entity625 in F759 @entity19 , it is not only the immune system, but also non-immune tissue that are involved, indicating that the importance of their interactions (Sawa et al., 2006, 2009; Ogura et al., 2008; Hirano, 2010; Murakami et al., 2011). Furthermore, we have shown that local events such as microbleeding together with an accumulation of activated @entity1961 + T cells in a manner independent of tissue antigen-recognitions induces @entity625 in the joints of F759 @entity19 (Murakami et al., 2011). For example, local microbleeding-mediated @entity13948 expression induce such an accumulation, causing @entity625 development via chronic activation of an @entity636 -dependent @entity777 signaling amplification loop in type 1 collagen+ cells that is triggered by @entity1961 + T cell-derived cytokine(s) such as @entity636 , which leads to the synergistic activation of @entity10433 and NFkB in non-hematopoietic cells in the joint (Murakami et al., 2011). We named this loop the @entity777 -mediated @entity32 amplifier, or @entity777 amplifier for short (Ogura et al., 2008; Hirano, 2010; Murakami et al., 2011). Thus, certain class II MHC-associated, tissue-specific @entity792 , including some @entity309 subtypes, may be induced by local events that cause an antigen-independent accumulation of effector @entity1961 + T cells followed by the induction of the @entity777 amplifier in the affected tissue. In other words, in certain cases, the target tissue itself may determine the specificity of the @entity792 via activation of the @entity777 amplifier. To explain this hypothesis, we have proposed a four-step model for MHC class II-associated @entity792 (Murakami et al., 2011): (1) T cell activation regardless of antigen specificity; (2) local events inducing a tissue-specific accumulation of activated T cells; (3) transient activation of the @entity777 amplifier; and (4) enhanced sensitivity to cytokines in the target tissue. The interaction of these events results in chronic activation of the @entity777 amplifier and subsequent manifestation of @entity792 . Thus, the @entity777 amplifier, which is chronically activated by these four events, is a critical regulator of chronic @entity32 in tissue-specific MHC class II-associated @entity792 .

title: A four-step model for the @entity777 amplifier, a regulator of chronic XXXX in tissue-specific MHC class II-associated @entity792 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'inflammations']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammations']


abstract: To determine how energy balance affects metabolic hormones hypothesized to play a role in the onset of a new reproductive cycle in iteroparous salmonids, food availability after spawning was restricted in female @entity5660 . These fish were compared with a control group that was fed a standard brood stock ration. Bodyweight, length, and muscle lipid content were determined, and blood was collected from fish at regular intervals; a subset of fish from each group was sacrificed at each sampling time for the collection of liver and ovary tissue, and to calculate @entity894 ( @entity894 ) and gonadosomatic index (GSI). Plasma hormone levels were quantified by radioimmunoassay, and tissue gene expression levels were analyzed using q-RT-PCR. The experiment was conducted twice, using two-year-old and three-year-old post-spawned fish. Food-restriction arrested ovarian growth and development within 15-20 weeks, as evidenced by lower GSI in restricted-ration fish. Food restriction also reduced Fulton's condition factor, muscle lipid content, and specific growth rate from one month onward, and reduced @entity894 after 3 months. In the liver, insulin-like growth factor ( @entity29114 and @entity34152 ) gene expression was reduced in three-year-old food-restricted fish within 2 months; however, no effect of ration on @entity29114 or @entity34152 expression was detected in two-year-old fish. In both years, @entity49880 ( @entity49880 ) gene expression decreased over time in both treatment groups. Liver leptin (slepA1) gene expression was lower in two-year-old food-restricted fish at 4 months. These results show that this feed restriction regime arrested reproductive development and affected factors associated with energy balance purported to play a role in initiating reproductive development within 2-4months after spawning.

title: Metabolic endocrine factors involved in spawning recovery and rematuration of iteroparous female XXXX ( @entity5660 ).

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['HSI', 'hepatosomatic index']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['rainbow trout']


abstract: @entity712 is a common, disabling disorder with high mortality. Oxidative stress may have both functional and structural effects on the myocardium, leading to @entity296 . In this study, the authors examined the relationship of oxidative stress and functional capacity in @entity1 with varying degrees of @entity712 . Fifty-one @entity1 with @entity712 and 31 control subjects were studied. The functional capacity of @entity1 was determined. Plasma @entity1234 , @entity270 , and @entity2066 levels were measured. The @entity1234 levels were significantly different between control subjects and @entity712 @entity1 (p=0.03). There was a positive correlation between @entity1 ' @entity1234 levels and New York Heart Association functional class (r=0.59; p<0.0001). There was a negative correlation between the functional class and @entity270 and @entity2066 levels (r=20.43; p<0.0001 and r=20.25; p<0.01, respectively). These data demonstrate that oxidative stress is increased systemically in @entity1 with @entity712 . It seems that this increase correlates with functional class. (c)2001 CHF, Inc.

title: Relation of functional capacity with the oxidative stress and antioxidants in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial decompensation']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure', 'Chronic heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity2066 :: ('MESH:D019207', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-carotene']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['chronic heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Tumor dissemination to cervical lymph nodes via lymphatics represents the first step in the @entity3 of @entity213 ( @entity213 ) and is the most significant predictor of @entity5 recurrence decreasing survival by 50%. The lymphatic suppressing properties of @entity3470 inhibitors are not yet well understood. METHODS: Lymphatic inhibiting effects of @entity3446 were evaluated in vitro using two lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) lines. An orthotopic @entity19 model of @entity213 (OSC-19 cells) was used to evaluate anti-lymphangiogenic effects of @entity3446 in vivo. The incidence of cervical lymph node @entity3 , numbers of @entity5 -free lymphatic vessels and those invaded by @entity5 cells in @entity19 lingual tissue, and expression of pro-lymphangiogenic markers were assessed. RESULTS: @entity3446 significantly decreased lymphatic vascular density (p = 0.027), reduced the fraction of lymphatic vessels invaded by @entity5 cells in tongue tissue (p = 0.013) and decreased @entity3 -positive lymph nodes (p = 0.04). @entity3446 also significantly attenuated the extent of @entity3 cell spread within lymph nodes (p < 0.0001). We found that @entity3446 significantly reduced LEC proliferation and was correlated with decreased @entity14531 expression in both LEC, and in some @entity213 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate anti-lymphangiogenic properties of @entity3470 inhibitors in @entity213 . @entity3470 inhibitors suppress autocrine and paracrine growth stimulation of @entity5 and lymphatic endothelial cells by impairing @entity18266 / @entity14531 axis and release of soluble VEGFR-2. In a @entity19 @entity213 orthotopic model @entity3446 significantly suppressed @entity3 , decreased cervical lymph node @entity3 and delayed the spread of @entity3 cells within the lymph nodes.

title: Anti-lymphangiogenic properties of XXXX inhibitors in @entity213 experimental models.

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['Rapamycin', 'rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastatic tumor', 'lymphovascular invasion']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', 'HNSCC']

answer: @entity3470 :: (21977(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['mTOR']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity117 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ASA/NSAIDs) are common causes of @entity56 . An oral provocation test is the only definitive diagnostic test. This study assessed the reliability of a flow cytometry-assisted basophil activation test (FAST) as a safe diagnostic method for ASA/NSAID-induced @entity56 , as its high sensitivity and specificity have been demonstrated for many other drugs. METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 and 11 controls were enrolled. Using a Flow-CAST kit   (B  hlmann Laboratories AG, Sch  nenbuch, Switzerland), 29 analyses with @entity117 , @entity5018 , and @entity3522 were performed by flow cytometry to detect double-positive staining of anti-IgE and anti- @entity5775 . The stimulation index was defined as the activated basophil percentage after drug stimulation/basally active basophil percentage. A stimulation index>= 2 and an absolute activated basophil percentage>= 5 were considered positive. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity56 to ASA/NSAIDs were predominantly female, and the prevalence of @entity402 was higher in @entity1 than in controls. A sensitivity of 61%, specificity of 91%, positive predictive value of 92%, and negative predictive value of 59% were achieved. CONCLUSIONS: FAST is a useful additional method for diagnosis of @entity56 reactions to ASA/NSAIDs. Further development is required to increase the sensitivity of the test.

title: Flow Cytometry-Assisted Basophil Activation Test as a Safe Diagnostic Tool for XXXX /NSAID Hypersenstivity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac']

entities_list: @entity5018 :: ('MESH:D007052', 'Chemical') :: ['ibuprofen']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin', 'aspirin']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['drug hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['Aspirin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To review the clinical features and management of circumscribed @entity3193 and determine factors predictive of poor visual outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective consecutive noncomparative interventional case series. @entity1 : Two hundred consecutive @entity1 with circumscribed @entity3193 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were analyzed in 155 @entity1 with follow-up of at least 3 months and included complete resolution of subretinal fluid, worsening of visual acuity (more than 2 Snellen lines), and poor final visual acuity (20/200 or worse). RESULTS: The @entity1 were seen at a mean age of 45 years with symptoms of decreased visual acuity (81%), @entity227 (7%), metamorphopsia (3%), floaters (2%), progressive @entity3467 (1%), photopsia (1%), @entity158 (1%), and no symptoms (6%). The referring diagnoses were @entity3193 (29%), @entity320 (29%), choroidal @entity3 (9%), @entity1713 (6%), @entity989 (5%), and others. The @entity5 had a median base of 6.0 mm and median thickness of 3.0 mm. Secondary @entity1713 in the foveal region was present in 81% of the @entity1 . Initial treatment included observation (51%), laser photocoagulation (44%), plaque radiotherapy (4%), external beam radiotherapy (1%), surgical repair of @entity1713 (1%), and enucleation for painful @entity2297 (1%). Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed complete resolution of subretinal fluid in 60% @entity1 at 5 years and 76% @entity1 at 10 years follow-up. By multivariable analysis, clinical factors predictive of complete resolution of subretinal fluid included shorter duration of symptoms (P = 0.03) and inferior quadrant location of @entity5 (P = 0.001). At initial presentation, 82 of 155 (53%) @entity1 had poor visual acuity (20/200 or worse), and 73 of 155 (47%) @entity1 had good to moderate visual acuity (20/100 or better). Of those 82 @entity1 with poor @entity227 was found in 54% at 5 years and 80% at 10 years. Of the 73 @entity1 with good to moderate @entity227 was found in 12% at 5 years and 43% at 10 years. By multivariable analysis, clinical factors predictive of poor final visual acuity included poor initial visual acuity (P < 0.001), failure of previous laser photocoagulation before referral (P = 0.01), and @entity5 management with observation after referral (P = 0.02). @entity227 (by more than 2 Snellen lines) was observed in 8% at 5 years and 28% at 10 years of those 82 @entity1 who were initially seen with poor vision. @entity227 was found in 10% at 5 years and 30% at 10 years of those 73 @entity1 who initially were seen with @entity227 . CONCLUSIONS: Circumscribed @entity3193 is a rare intraocular @entity5 . In 38% of cases, this @entity5 is initially misinterpreted before referral as @entity320 or @entity3 . Visual acuity is poor in more than 60% of @entity1 at 10 years, despite successful control of associated subretinal fluid in 76% @entity1 .

title: Circumscribed XXXX : clinical manifestations and factors predictive of visual outcome in 200 consecutive cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['initial vision, poor final vision', 'visual field defect', 'Worsening of visual acuity', 'good to moderate vision']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['central serous chorioretinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity3467 :: ('MESH:D006956', 'Disease') :: ['hypermetropia']

entities_list: @entity3193 :: ('MESH:D015862', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal melanoma']

entities_list: @entity2297 :: ('MESH:D015355', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular glaucoma']

answer: @entity3193 :: (MESH:D015862,Disease) :: ['choroidal hemangioma']


abstract: The results of 90 primary Putti-Platt operations were studied with an average follow-up of 9 years. Seventy of the @entity1 underwent a clinical examination, a functional assessment, and radiologic examination and completed a questionnaire. Twenty @entity1 completed only the questionnaire. The redislocation rate was 9%. Eleven percent of the @entity1 had @entity158 at rest, and 35% had @entity158 on activity. Ninety percent of the @entity1 had restriction of external rotation both at the side of the body (average loss 24 degrees) and in 90 degrees abduction (average loss 23 degrees). Twenty (29%) of the shoulders showed moderate and 1 (1%) shoulder severe @entity571 . Only 3 (4%) of the nonoperated shoulders showed moderate @entity625 , and none had severe @entity625 . Eighty-three percent of @entity1 were fully satisfied, 13% were partly satisfied, and 4% were not satisfied with the result of the operation. The authors conclude that the incidence and severity of @entity571 , the incidence of @entity158 , and the limitation of external rotation are significantly increased after the Putti-Platt operation.

title: The results of the Putti-Platt operation with particular reference to XXXX , @entity158 , and limitation of external rotation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: The efficacy of granisetron and ondansetron, two @entity750 antagonists, as antiemetic agents was studied and compared in the first 24 h follow, by chemotherapy administration. Sixty @entity5 @entity1 took part in this randomized prospective study. The @entity1 were categorized according to the chemotherapy which was administered. @entity1 in group A received combinations including the highly emetogenic agents, @entity900 or @entity632 , @entity1 in group B received regimens which included neither of these agents. Both @entity750 antagonists were highly effective, only 9 (16%) out of 58 @entity1 suffered from @entity391 , 7 (25%) of the @entity1 on ondansetron and 2 (7%) on granisetron. Splitting the @entity1 into both groups supported the above results. In group A ( @entity632 - @entity900 ) only 7 @entity1 (22%) reported @entity391 , 5 (33%) on ondansetron vs 2 (12%) on granisetron. In group B, only 2 @entity1 (8%) suffered from @entity391 , both @entity1 (15%) on ondansetron while no @entity391 was seen in the granisetron @entity1 . Similar results were obtained in preventing @entity390 in these @entity1 . We conclude that both @entity750 antagonists are effective in preventing @entity390 and @entity391 in @entity1 receiving chemotherapy. In all groups tested this study granisetron appeared to be superior, although, this difference failed to reach statistical significance due to the small number of @entity1 analyzed. However, there was no difference in cost effectiveness between the regimens.

title: Granisetron and ondansetron for chemotherapy-related @entity390 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatinum']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity391 :: (MESH:D014839,Disease) :: ['vomiting']


abstract: @entity413 utilization was studied in preimplantation embryos from normal and @entity6 @entity19 . With use of ultramicrofluorometric enzyme assays, intraembryonic free @entity413 in single embryos recovered from control and @entity3839 -induced @entity1602 @entity19 was measured at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after mating. Free @entity413 concentrations dropped significantly in @entity6 at 48 and 96 h, corresponding to the two-cell and blastocyst stages (48 h: @entity6 0.23 +/- 0.09 vs. control 2.30 +/- 0.43 mmol/kg wet wt; P < 0.001; 96 h: @entity6 0.31 +/- 0.29 vs. control 5.12 +/- 0.17 mmol/kg wet wt; P < 0.001). Hexokinase activity was not significantly different in the same groups. Transport was then compared using nonradioactive @entity897 uptake and microfluorometric enzyme assays. The @entity897 uptake was significantly lower at both 48 and 96 h in embryos from @entity6 vs. control @entity19 (48 h @entity6 , 0.037 +/- 0. 003; control, 0.091 +/- 0.021 mmol . kg wet wt-1 . 10 min-1, P < 0. 05; 96 h @entity6 , 0.249 +/- 0.008; control, 0.389 +/- 0.007 mmol . kg wet wt-1 . 10 min-1, P < 0.02). When competitive quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used, there was 44 and 68% reduction in the @entity29408 mRNA at 48 h (P < 0.001) and 96 h (P < 0.05), respectively, in @entity6 vs. control @entity19 . @entity41341 and @entity24031 mRNA values were decreased 63 and 77%, respectively (P < 0.01, P < 0.01) at 96 h. Quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated 49 +/- 6 and 66 +/- 4% less @entity29408 protein at 48 and 96 h and 90 +/- 5 and 84 +/- 6% less @entity41341 and -3 protein, respectively, at 96 h in @entity6 embryos. These findings suggest that, in response to a maternal @entity6 state, preimplantation @entity19 embryos experience a decrease in @entity413 utilization directly related to a decrease in @entity413 transport at both the mRNA and protein levels.

title: Maternal hyperglycemia alters @entity413 transport and utilization in XXXX preimplantation embryos.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

entities_list: @entity897 :: ('MESH:D003847', 'Chemical') :: ['2-deoxyglucose']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid metabolism. The biological roles of @entity3725 and @entity9781 are relatively well understood, but little is known about the function of @entity12578 . To address this question, and because @entity12578 is expressed to a high level in the developing brain, we used reaggregated brain cell cultures prepared from dissociated fetal @entity35 telencephalon as experimental model. In these primary cultures, the fetal cells initially form random aggregates, which progressively acquire a tissue-specific pattern resembling that of the brain. PPARs are differentially expressed in these aggregates, with @entity12578 being the prevalent isotype. @entity3725 is present at a very low level, and @entity9781 is absent. Cell type-specific expression analyses revealed that @entity12578 is ubiquitous and most abundant in some neurons, whereas @entity3725 is predominantly astrocytic. We chose @entity8595 synthetases (ACSs) 1, 2, and 3 as potential target genes of @entity12578 and first analyzed their temporal and cell type-specific pattern. This analysis indicated that ACS2 and @entity12578 mRNAs have overlapping expression patterns, thus designating the ACS2 gene as a putative target of @entity12578 . Using a selective @entity12578 activator, we found that the ACS2 gene is transcriptionally regulated by @entity12578 , demonstrating a role for @entity12578 in brain lipid metabolism.

title: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta regulates XXXX synthetase 2 in reaggregated @entity35 brain cell cultures.

answer: @entity8595 :: (MESH:D000214,Chemical) :: ['acyl-CoA']


abstract: We evaluated the effect of increased heart rate on cardiac output and @entity64 volume in the stage 24 @entity1573 embryo (day 4 of a 21-day incubation). Blood flow was measured with a 20 MHz pulsed-Doppler flowmeter. Heart rate was increased by pacing with square wave stimuli (1 ms duration, less than 4 mA). The sinus venosus was paced from bipolar @entity736 -coated @entity575 electrodes in eight embryos and the ventricular apex was paced in three embryos. The pacing rates were at the intrinsic heart rate (P:I); 125% of intrinsic heart rate (P:125%I); and 150% of intrinsic heart rate (P:150%I). Physiologic measurements during pacing were compared to those obtained at the control intrinsic rate (I). We also evaluated the velocity profile of atrioventricular inflow and conotruncal outflow at intrinsic rate and during sinus venosus and ventricular pacing. With sinus venosus pacing, mean dorsal aortic blood flow was similar at control (1.07 +/- 0.05 mm3/s) and P:I (1.06 +/- 0.06 mm3/s) (mean +/- SEM). However, at P:125%I and P:150%I, mean dorsal aortic blood flow decreased significantly (P:125%I, 0.88 +/- 0.05 mm3/s; P:150%I, 0.67 +/- 0.07 mm3/s) (p less than 0.05). @entity64 volume per beat also decreased with increasing heart rates (I, 0.41 +/- 0.02 mm3; P:I, 0.39 +/- 0.02 mm3; P:125%I, 0.28 +/- 0.02 mm3; P:150%I, 0.18 +/- 0.02 mm3) (p less than 0.05). With rapid sinus venosus pacing, the atrioventricular blood flow velocity profile showed a rate-dependent decrease in passive @entity67 while active filling remained the same or increased slightly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of heart rate increase on dorsal aortic flow in the stage 24 XXXX embryo.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['Teflon']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular filling']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of intraoperative lateral wall fracture in OTA 31A1 and A2 @entity174 treated with a cephalomedullary nail and to determine whether this contributed to the failure of treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: University hospital. @entity1 / @entity1 : A cohort of 291 @entity1 (31.A1/A2-231, A3-60) was assessed with pre- and postoperative radiographs. @entity1 with intact lateral wall @entity174 were included in the study. One hundred sixty-five of 231 @entity1 (77%) completed radiologic follow-up. They were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (129 @entity1 , 78%) consisted of @entity1 with an intact lateral wall postoperatively. Group 2 (36 @entity1 , 22%) consisted of @entity1 who sustained lateral wall fracture intraoperatively (FLW). INTERVENTION: Closed reduction and intramedullary nail insertion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Rate of failure/reoperation and collapse were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The incidence of intraoperative lateral wall fracture was 21% (48 of 165). @entity174 and failure rate were not statistically significant in either groups (group 1: 1%, group 2: 5%). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of intraoperative lateral wall fracture in OTA 31A1 and A2 pertrochanteric @entity174 after cephalomedullary nailing is similar to sliding hip screws. The presence of lateral wall fracture did not adversely affect healing of pertrochanteric @entity174 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

title: Incidence and radiologic outcome of intraoperative lateral wall @entity174 in OTA 31A1 and A2 XXXX treated with cephalomedullary nailing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'Fracture collapse']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: PURPOSE: Overexpression of @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in an @entity470 ( @entity470 ) @entity669 kinase inhibition (TKI)-resistant manner. Because preclinical data indicated that @entity5 @entity3840 expression caused resistance to @entity470 TKI, a phase I trial to establish the optimal biological dose (OBD), defined as the maximal decrease in urinary @entity49189 (PGE-M), and @entity137 profile of the combination of @entity12698 and @entity3866 in advanced @entity1149 was done. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Twenty-two subjects with stage IIIB and/or IV @entity1149 received increasing doses of @entity12698 from 200 to 800 mg twice daily (bid) and a fixed dose of @entity3866 . Primary end points included evaluation of @entity137 and determination of the OBD of @entity12698 when combined with @entity3866 . Secondary end points investigate exploratory biological markers and clinical response. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects were enrolled, and 21 were evaluable for the determination of the OBD, @entity137 , and response. @entity1910 and skin-related effects were the most commonly reported @entity137 and occurred in 86%. There were no dose-limiting @entity137 and no @entity65 related to study treatment. All subjects were evaluated on intent to treat. Seven @entity1 showed partial responses (33%), and five @entity1 developed stable disease (24%). Responses were seen in @entity1 both with and without @entity470 -activating mutations. A significant decline in urinary @entity18313 was shown after 8 weeks of treatment, with an OBD of @entity12698 of 600 mg bid. CONCLUSIONS: This study defines the OBD of @entity12698 when combined with a fixed dose of @entity470 TKI. These results show objective responses with an acceptable @entity137 profile. Future trials using @entity3840 inhibition strategies should use the OBD of @entity12698 at 600 mg bid.

title: A phase I trial to determine the optimal biological dose of @entity12698 when combined with @entity3866 in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity49189 :: ('CHEBI:73965', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E-M']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular toxicities']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: After potentially curative therapy of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), masses or symptoms suggestive of relapse are common but may be difficult to characterize. Early detection is important because salvage therapies are available for localized recurrence. This study evaluated whether @entity419 PET is useful and predictive of outcome in this setting. METHODS: For 63 consecutive @entity1 with suspected relapse >6 mo after definitive treatment of @entity1149 , the apparent extent of disease on conventional restaging was compared with that on FDG PET. @entity1 with already confirmed systemic metastases were excluded unless locally aggressive treatment of these was being considered. Serial imaging and pathologic results were obtained during a median follow-up of 19 mo to validate diagnostic findings. Prognostic significance was tested using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: PET had positive findings in 41 of 42 @entity1 with confirmed relapse (sensitivity, 98%). No disease was evident during a minimum follow-up of 12 mo in 14 of 15 @entity1 with clinically suspected relapse but negative PET findings (negative predictive value, 93%). PET induced a major management change in 40 @entity1 (63%), including 6 whose treatment was changed from curative to palliative, 3 whose treatment was changed from palliative to curative, and 9 for whom negative PET findings prevented active management. Both the presence (P = 0.012) and the extent (P < 0.0001) of relapse on PET were highly significant prognostic factors. There was also significant prognostic stratification based on the treatment delivered after the PET study (P = 0.011), but after adjustment for this treatment, PET status remained highly predictive of survival. CONCLUSION: PET better assesses the status of disease and stratifies prognosis than does conventional staging, affects @entity1 management, and should be incorporated into paradigms for suspected recurrence of @entity1149 .

title: The utility of XXXX PET for suspected recurrent @entity1149 after potentially curative therapy: impact on management and prognostic stratification.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity419 :: (MESH:D019788,Chemical) :: ['(18)F-FDG']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of repeat @entity1047 testing on annual population coverage estimates and to examine repeat testing patterns in a New Zealand district with high @entity1047 testing rates. METHODS: Chlamydia testing data for 15-44-year-old @entity1 and @entity1 in a single New Zealand district during February 2008 to January 2011 were analysed. Annual coverage of testing was estimated in two ways, using the number of tests and the number of individuals as the numerator. Rates of repeat testing were calculated using survival analysis. RESULTS: There were 73   879 tests (12   251 @entity1 , 61   628 @entity1 ) from 41   342 individuals (8437 @entity1 , 32   905 @entity1 ) during 3 years. Coverage estimates in 2010 using the number of individuals as the numerator were 17% lower for @entity1 and 26% lower for @entity1 than when the number of tests was used (5.9% vs 4.9% for @entity1 and 28.7% vs 21.2% for @entity1 ). The rate of repeat testing was 16.9 per 100 @entity1 -years among @entity1 (95% CI 16.2 to 17.7) and 31.6 among @entity1 (95% CI 31.1 to 32.2). Rates of repeat testing were higher among @entity1 , in younger age groups and following a positive rather than a negative baseline test (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Relatively high rates of repeat testing were observed among young @entity1 in Waikato district during 2008 to 2010. Estimates of population coverage by test for this group therefore considerably overestimate individual coverage. The findings will inform discussions about improving surveillance to capture more accurate @entity1047 testing coverage rates in New Zealand.

title: Repeat XXXX testing across a New Zealand district: 3 years of laboratory data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'person', 'women']

entities_list: @entity1047 :: ('MESH:D002690', 'Disease') :: ['chlamydia']

answer: @entity1047 :: (MESH:D002690,Disease) :: ['chlamydia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Prehypertension according to JNC7 is common and is associated with increased vascular mortality. The importance of management in high-normal blood pressure (BP) is underemphasized. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We analyzed major adverse @entity299 (MACEs) in the Korea Acute @entity583 Registry in normal BP (group I) and high-normal BP (group II) @entity1 . RESULTS: Among 14871 @entity1 , 159 (61  12.3 years, 122 males) satisfied the study indication. Six-month and one-year clinical follow-up rate was 88.9% and 85.8%, respectively. Group I had 78 @entity1 (60.9  12.4 years). Group II had 81 @entity1 (61.6  12.5 years). Demographics of @entity1 were not different between groups. Treatment strategy was not different. Initial Thrombolysis in @entity583 was less frequent in group II (n=32, 47.1%) than in group I (n=16, 21.9%) (p=0.001). Successful intervention rate was not different between group II (93.8%) and group I (97.1%) (p=0.590). Six-month MACE occurred in 3 @entity1 in group I (4.4%) and 10 in group II (15.6%) (p=0.031). Compared with normal BP, the odds ratio for @entity1 with high-normal BP was 1.147 (p=0.045, 95% confidence interval 1.011-1.402) for 6-month MACE. CONCLUSION: Even though high-normal BP @entity1 had a better baseline clinical status, the prognosis was poorer than @entity1 with normal BP. Therapeutic BP target goal for the @entity1 with @entity583 should be <140/90 mm Hg, which is recommended in JNC7.

title: Impact of high-normal blood pressure measured in emergency room on adverse @entity299 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial Infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction', 'Myocardial Infarction flow grade 0']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: A significant positive association has been reported between @entity986 expression and clinical outcome for @entity43 @entity1 . However, there is a reciprocal correlation between genetic alterations of single members of the @entity986 - @entity4910 / @entity8985 - @entity996 pathway (G1 pathway). Simultaneous evaluation of these four elements may produce a better prognostic factor than @entity986 alone. We studied the prognostic significance of the G1 pathway in 59 @entity43 @entity1 undergoing surgery and @entity902 -based chemotherapy by immunohistochemical technique. Abnormal expression of @entity986 or @entity996 was defined by negative nuclei staining, and that of @entity8985 and @entity4910 was defined by 50% nuclear staining. An abnormal G1 pathway was indicated in cases that have at least one abnormality among these four elements. Abnormal expression of @entity986 , @entity996 , and @entity4910 / @entity8985 was observed in 33.9, 3.4, and 15.3% of studied cases, respectively. Abnormal G1 pathway was detected in 49.2% (29 of 59) of all cases. The @entity1 with normal G1 pathway tended to achieve a higher complete response rate (81.0%) to chemotherapy, compared with @entity1 with abnormal G1 pathway (55.0%); however, there was no significant difference (P = 0.1001) between the two groups. Univariate analyses identified advanced stage [hazards ratio (HR), 3.665; P = 0.0218], histological low grade (HR, 3.625; P = 0.0066), and abnormal G1 pathway (HR, 2.935; P = 0.03) as prognostic factors for overall survival. The G1 pathway might help as a prognostic factor to select high-risk @entity1 .

title: The @entity986 - @entity4910 / @entity8985 - @entity996 pathway and clinical outcome in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']


abstract: CONTEXT: Abdominal aortic surgery is a high-risk procedure, with @entity449 and @entity432 being the main indications. These groups are often regarded as having equal perioperative risk profiles. Previous reports suggest that the haemodynamic and inflammatory response to aortic clamping is more pronounced in @entity1 with @entity449 , which may affect outcome. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this observational cohort study was to evaluate outcome after open elective abdominal aortic surgery, hypothesising a higher 30-day mortality, a higher incidence of @entity86 and a longer length of stay in @entity1 with @entity449 compared with @entity432 . DESIGN: Cohort observational study based on prospective registrations from national databases. SETTING: Eight Danish hospitals, including four university and four non-university centres, from 1 January 2007 to 1 March 2010. @entity1 : One thousand two hundred and ninety-three @entity1 scheduled for primary open elective, aortoiliac bypass or aortofemoral bypass procedures or @entity1028 repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mechanical ventilation, acute dialysis, use of vasopressors or inotropes, ICU stay more than 24h, hospital length of stay and mortality. RESULTS: Compared with @entity432 , more @entity1 with @entity449 had ICU stays more than 24h (62 vs. 45%, P<0.001) and more often needed acute dialysis or ventilatory support (17 vs. 11%, P=0.04). No difference was found in hospital length of stay, 30-day mortality or overall risk of @entity204 . Mortality after 1 year was higher in @entity1 with @entity449 (8 vs. 4.7%, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity1028 were at higher risk of developing @entity86 and required more ICU resources than @entity1 with @entity432 , despite no differences in hospital length of stay or 30-day mortality. Distinguishing between these two diseases may be useful in planning and distribution of ICU resources and for in future studies.

title: XXXX vs. @entity432 : differences in outcome and intensive care resource utilisation after elective surgery: an observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['aortic aneurysm disease', 'aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative organ dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['aortic occlusive disease', 'aortic occlusive diseases', 'occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity449 :: (MESH:D001014,Disease) :: ['Aortic aneurysm disease']


abstract: To clarify the role of the neural blood pressure control system in hemodynamic changes after @entity6948 ( @entity3784 ) administration, we examined the effects of an intravenous injection of @entity3784 (10 microg/kg) on heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP), central venous pressure (CVP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RNA) in @entity4774 -anesthetized @entity95 using direct recordings of RNA. The animals were divided into four groups: animals with an intact neuraxis (intact group; n = 12), cervical vagotomized animals (vagotomy group; n = 5), sino-aortic denervated animals ( @entity4696 group; n = 5), and animals with @entity4696 plus vagotomy (SADV group; n = 5). An initial HR decrease, which occurred in the intact group, did not occur in the other three groups, suggesting the mediation of the baroreflex. A subsequent HR decrease occurred in the three groups other than the vagotomy group, in which RNA recovered earlier than in the other groups. RNA in the intact group, associated with transient @entity101 , was suppressed shortly after the injection. Such an RNA drop was not eliminated even in the SADV group. Despite recovery of RNA, @entity551 lasted until the end of experiment in the intact and vagotomy groups. However, sustained @entity308 of RNA associated with lasting @entity551 was found in the @entity4696 and SADV groups. CVP in all groups did not change significantly after the injection. These results suggest the following: (1) Initial @entity1168 after @entity3784 is mediated via the baroreflex. Subsequently, HR reductions may result mainly from central sympathetic @entity308 . (2) An initial reduction in RNA is not mediated via the baroreceptor reflex, unlike HR responses, but by central sympatho-inhibitory effects. (3) Long-lasting @entity551 after @entity3784 is likely to be attributable to its peripheral vascular effects including the stimulation of pre-synaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors, rather than to central sympathetic @entity308 .

title: Effects of @entity6948 , an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist, on renal sympathetic nerve activity, blood pressure, heart rate and central venous pressure in XXXX -anesthetized @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity4774 :: (MESH:D014520,Chemical) :: ['urethane']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity189 of the breast is a rare @entity0 that is associated with incidence at a young age and an indolent course. The role for breast conservation and adjuvant radiation is unknown. METHODS: The SEER database was reviewed and 83 @entity1 were identified with @entity189 of the breast between the years 1983 and 2007. Baseline characteristics were compared with   (2) or Fisher's exact test. Overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Analyses were performed using PASW Statistics, version 18. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 70 months. Median @entity1 age was 53 years (range 11-86 years). 29 @entity1 (34.9%) had involved regional lymph nodes. 39 @entity1 (47.0%) underwent lumpectomy and 44 @entity1 (53.0%) underwent mastectomy. 35 @entity1 (42.2%) received radiation. @entity1 receiving radiation were more likely to have undergone lumpectomy, and the use of radiation increased over time. 5-year OS was 87.2%; 10-year OS was 76.5%. 5-year CSS was 94.4%; 10-year CSS was 91.4%. Among the lumpectomy @entity1 , 25 @entity1 (64.1%) received radiation. For lumpectomy @entity1 , those who did not receive radiation had a 5-year OS of 92.9% and 10-year OS of 72.2% while @entity1 who did receive radiation had a 5-year OS of 95.5% and 10-year OS of 85.9%. Only 1 @entity1 treated with lumpectomy only died of @entity5 (92.9% CSS) and no @entity1 treated with lumpectomy and radiation died of @entity5 (100% CSS). CONCLUSIONS: @entity189 of the breast commonly occurs at a later age than previously recognized, and is associated with good long-term survival.

title: XXXX of the breast: results from the survival, epidemiology and end results database.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Secretory carcinoma', 'secretory carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Secretory carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To contrast the effects of @entity2812 (LTG) and @entity1771 ( @entity22717 ) on cognitive task-related and resting-state EEG and evoked potential (EP) measures. METHODS: We used a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Healthy adults (N = 29) had two 8-week periods of dose escalation, 4 weeks of drug maintenance (300 mg daily), and 4 weeks of washout. EEG was recorded during working memory (WM) tasks and resting conditions at baseline, at the end of each maintenance phase, and after final washout. RESULTS. LTG did not affect overt performance on the tasks, although it reduced EEG power in both resting and WM task conditions, most prominently in the 6- to 12-Hz frequency range, and attenuated P300 evoked-potential amplitude equally in both WM task loads. TPM slowed responses and increased errors. It also increased EEG power below 6 Hz in all conditions, and reduced the amplitude of a slow wave observed in a difficult version of the WM task. CONCLUSIONS: The drugs produced both task-independent and task-related alterations in neurophysiologic measures. The EEG and EP changes produced by TPM are consistent with an impairment of WM, as evidenced by overt performance deficits on the behavioral tasks. By contrast, the reduction in synchronous cortical activity produced by LTG was not accompanied by @entity73 . It is unknown whether such effects would also be observed at lower doses, such as those that often are used in monotherapy for newly diagnosed @entity1 .

title: Distinct cognitive neurophysiologic profiles for @entity2812 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['topiramate']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['lamotrigine']

answer: @entity1771 :: (MESH:C052342,Chemical) :: ['topiramate']


abstract: It was recently shown that toll-like receptors (TLR) play a critical role in innate immunity. However, no study has been conducted on TLR expression in hemodialysis (HD) @entity1 . The present study was undertaken to examine innate immunity and the roles played by endotoxins (ET) contained in dialysate in HD @entity1 , by analysis of TLR expression and reactivity. @entity2938 and @entity2939 expression on monocytes was investigated by flow cytometry in the following groups of subjects: healthy controls, @entity1 on HD, @entity1 with @entity454 ( @entity454 ) and @entity1 on @entity298 ( @entity298 ). The expression of TLRs on monocytes under stimulation with lipopolysaccharide was also investigated. Expression of @entity2939 was lower in the HD group than in the healthy controls (p<0.05), while expression of @entity2938 was lower in the @entity298 group than in the healthy controls (p<0.05). As the duration of dialysis became longer, @entity2939 expression decreased (p<0.01). @entity2938 was not correlated with duration of dialysis, and the magnitude of decrease in @entity2939 expression following stimulation with ET became smaller (p=0.0006). Suppression of expression of @entity2939 was noted in HD @entity1 , and @entity2939 expression was reduced as the duration of dialysis became longer. Reduced @entity2939 expression may be associated with the compromised immune function in HD @entity1 . It seems possible that chronic stimulation with ET suppresses the expression of @entity2939 .

title: A study of innate immunity in @entity1 with XXXX : special reference to toll-like receptor-2 and -4 expression in peripheral blood monocytes of hemodialysis @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage renal disease']


abstract: One hundred nine @entity1 with idiopathic @entity2459 were treated with a "shotgun" regimen that included dextran, @entity112 , Hypaque, diuretics, @entity230 , vasodilators, and @entity15436 inhalation. Thirty-three @entity1 received the entire protocol and 76 @entity1 received most, but not all, of the protocol drugs. Some improvement of hearing (greater than 10 dB in pure-tone average) was seen in 52% of @entity1 treated with the complete protocol and in 54% of @entity1 who received the partial protocol. All @entity1 were analyzed for potential prognostic indicators. @entity1 with thresholds at 8000 Hz better than at 4000 Hz fared better than the group as a whole. Vertigo at the time of onset of @entity393 was a sign of poor prognosis. There was no correlation between hearing improvement and the age of the @entity1 or the sedimentation rate. Most importantly, there was no statistically significant difference in outcome between @entity1 treated with the complete protocol and those who received only part of the protocol. Furthermore, when the effect of each drug was examined individually, there was no significant difference between those @entity1 receiving and not receiving treatment. The results suggest that this "shotgun" approach for treatment of @entity2459 offers no better outcome than is reported in the literature for spontaneous recovery.

title: Evaluation of a "shotgun" regimen for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity2459 :: ('MESH:D003639', 'Disease') :: ['sudden hearing loss']

answer: @entity2459 :: (MESH:D003639,Disease) :: ['sudden hearing loss']


abstract: This study prospectively evaluates @entity49 @entity3290 in @entity1 under 51 years of age undergoing lower extremity revascularization for @entity63 and assesses early outcome after operation. Twenty @entity1 whose ages range from 23 to 50 years (mean 40.8 years) were identified prospectively who underwent lower extremity revascularization and evaluation of @entity49 . Fifteen @entity1 were male (75%), 10 were black (50%), six had @entity101 (30%), and four were @entity6 (20%). All but two were cigarette smokers (90%). Seven aortoiliac procedures and 13 infrainguinal procedures were performed. Six @entity1 had one or more abnormalities of regulatory proteins ( @entity4889 , four; @entity7131 , three; presence of lupus-like anticoagulant, three; @entity11820 , two). Eight of 17 @entity1 in whom platelet aggregation profiles were obtained showed increased reactivity (47%). Only 4 of 17 @entity1 (24%) were normal when tested for all parameters. Arterial or graft @entity715 developed in four of the 20 @entity1 within 30 days after operation. @entity49 was found in all four @entity1 whose revascularizations failed. A high incidence of @entity49 @entity3290 was found in @entity1 under 51 years of age with @entity63 requiring revascularization. @entity49 may have contributed to early postoperative @entity715 of the vascular procedure.

title: @entity49 XXXX and @entity63 in young adults.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'lower limb ischemia']

entities_list: @entity4889 :: ('MESH:D018455', 'Disease') :: ['protein S deficiency']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulable', 'Hypercoagulability', 'hypercoagulability']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['protein C deficiency']

entities_list: @entity11820 :: ('MESH:C580017', 'Disease') :: ['plasminogen deficiency']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity3290 :: (MESH:D062706,Disease) :: ['states']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An @entity1410 (IMH) is a form of @entity1580 ( @entity1580 ). IMHs regress with time or completely disappear in some @entity1 , whereas they progress to overt @entity1580 in other @entity1 . The purpose of the present study was to investigate how IMHs change serially during a follow-up period. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 44 consecutive medically treated @entity1 with IMHs, in whom transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed serially at both 1 and 6 months after the onset. After TEE, the @entity1 were followed with interviews (mean follow-up 1552+/-539 days). IMHs disappeared at 6 months in 21 @entity1 (48%) (disappearance group), whereas IMHs were still demonstrated at 6 months in 20 @entity1 (45%) (persistent group); in the disappearance group, IMHs disappeared at 1 month in 8 @entity1 (18%). In 3 @entity1 (7%) in whom an IMH was demonstrated at 1 month, overt @entity1580 occurred until 6 months. The disappearance group was younger than the persistent group (64+/-11 versus 72+/-8 years, P:<0.01), and the maximum diameter of the aorta was smaller in the disappearance group than in the persistent group (33+/-5 versus 42+/-7 mm, P:<0.01). During the long-term follow-up, overt @entity1580 occurred at 7 and 11 months in 2 @entity1 , and progressive @entity384 that required surgical treatment occurred at 12 and 24 months in 2 of the persistent group @entity1 , whereas neither overt @entity1580 nor progressive @entity384 occurred in the disappearance group. In the @entity1 in whom overt @entity1580 occurred, the maximal aortic diameter was >45 mm and an IMH was demonstrated at 1 month. On the other hand, those with a maximal aortic diameter of <45 mm or a disappeared IMH did not have overt @entity1580 . CONCLUSIONS: IMHs disappeared until 1 month in 18% and until 6 months in 48% of @entity1 with IMHs. The disappearance of IMHs was related to the maximum diameter of the aorta and age. Both a disappeared IMH and a maximal aortic diameter of <45 mm suggest a good prognosis.

title: Disappearance of XXXX and its significance to the prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['aortic intramural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissection', 'AD']

answer: @entity1410 :: (MESH:D006406,Disease) :: ['aortic intramural hematoma']


abstract: This review investigated the relative performance of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) (alone or with full field digital mammography (FFDM) or synthetic digital mammography) compared with FFDM alone for detecting @entity0 lesions in asymptomatic @entity1 . A systematic review was carried out according to systematic reviewing principles provided in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy. A protocol was developed a priori. The review was registered with PROSPERO (number CRD42014013949). Searches were undertaken in October 2014. Following selection, five studies were eligible. Higher @entity5 detection rates were observed when comparing DBT + FFDM with FFDM in two European studies: the summary difference per 1000 screens was 2.43 (95% CI: 1.8 to 3.1). Both European studies found lower false positive rates for individual readers. One found a lower recall rate based on conditional recall. The second study was not designed to compare post-arbitration recall rates between FFDM and DBT + FFDM. One European study presented data on interval @entity5 rates; sensitivity and specificity for DBT + FFDM were both higher compared to FFDM. One large multicentre US study showed a higher @entity5 detection rate for DBT + FFDM, while two smaller US studies did not find statistically significant differences. Reductions in recall and false positive rates were observed in the US studies in favour of DBT + FFDM. In comparison to FFDM, DBT, as an adjunct to FFDM, has a higher @entity5 detection rate, increasing the effectiveness of @entity0 screening. Additional benefits of DBT may also include reduced recalls and, consequently, reduced costs and distress caused to @entity1 who would have been recalled.

title: Systematic review of 3D mammography for XXXX screening.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the relationship between common bile duct diameter and the risk of sphincterotomy-induced @entity788 . METHODS: Two hundred and ten consecutive @entity1 were prospectively investigated. @entity1 were divided into three groups according to the indication for sphincterotomy: Group I had common bile duct stones (n = 108), group II had @entity1690 (n = 48), and group III had sphincterotomy for other indications (n = 54) (i.e., stent, dilation). RESULTS: There were 62 males and 148 females with a mean age of 60 yr (range 15-93 yr). Eleven of the 210 @entity1 (5.2%) developed @entity788 . Other sphincterotomy-induced complications were @entity548 (n = 2), @entity255 (n = 2), retroperitoneal duodenal perforation (n = 1), and bile duct leakage (n = 1). The percentages of @entity788 in groups I (3.7%), II (12.5%), and III (1.9%) were significantly different (p = 0.03). @entity1 with nondilated common bile ducts (< or = 10 mm) had more @entity788 than @entity1 with dilated common bile ducts (8.8% vs. 2.8%), but the difference was not significant (p = 0.07). However, when group III was excluded from the analysis, there was a significant difference in the percentage of @entity788 between the @entity1 with nondilated bile ducts and those @entity1 with dilated bile ducts (13.1% vs. 2.2%, respectively; p < 0.01). Analysis for trend did not show a significant inverse relationship between bile duct diameter and the rate of sphincterotomy-induced @entity788 . However, for all complications combined, the inverse relationship between bile duct diameter and rate of sphincterotomy-induced complications was significant: < or = 5 mm (23.1%), > 5-10 mm (13.8%), > 10-15 mm (3.2%), > 15 mm (2.4%) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic sphincterotomy is more hazardous in @entity1 with nondilated bile ducts and @entity1690 . Further studies are needed to determine whether pancreatic stenting reduces the risk of sphincterotomy-induced @entity788 in those clinical settings.

title: Endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced @entity788 : increased risk associated with nondilated bile ducts and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity1690 :: (MESH:D046628,Disease) :: ['sphincter of Oddi dysfunction']


abstract: PURPOSE: In the phase III PARAMOUNT trial, pemetrexed continuation maintenance therapy reduced the risk of disease progression versus placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.79; P < .001). Here we report final @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and updated safety data. @entity1 AND METHODS: In all, 939 @entity1 with advanced nonsquamous @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) received four cycles of pemetrexed- @entity900 induction therapy; then, 539 @entity1 with no disease progression and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1 were randomly assigned (2:1) to maintenance pemetrexed (500 mg/m(2) on day 1 of 21-day cycles; n = 359) or placebo (n = 180). Log-rank test compared @entity1349 between arms as measured from random assignment (a = .0498). RESULTS: The mean number of maintenance cycles was 7.9 (range, one to 44) for pemetrexed and 5.0 (range, one to 38) for placebo. After 397 deaths (pemetrexed, 71%; placebo, 78%) and a median follow-up of 24.3 months for alive @entity1 (95% CI, 23.2 to 25.1 months), pemetrexed therapy resulted in a statistically significant 22% reduction in the risk of @entity204 (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.96; P = .0195; median @entity1349 : pemetrexed, 13.9 months; placebo, 11.0 months). Survival on pemetrexed was consistently improved for all @entity1 subgroups, including induction response: complete/partial responders (n = 234) @entity1349 HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.59 to 1.11 and stable disease (n = 285) @entity1349 HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.01). Postdiscontinuation therapy use was similar: pemetrexed, 64%; placebo, 72%. No new safety findings emerged. Drug-related grade 3 to 4 @entity417 , @entity1295 , and @entity1398 were significantly higher in pemetrexed-treated @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Pemetrexed continuation maintenance therapy is well-tolerated and offers superior @entity1349 compared with placebo, further demonstrating that it is an efficacious treatment strategy for @entity1 with advanced nonsquamous @entity1149 and good performance status who did not progress during pemetrexed- @entity900 induction therapy.

title: PARAMOUNT: Final @entity1349 results of the phase III study of maintenance pemetrexed versus placebo immediately after induction treatment with pemetrexed plus @entity900 for advanced nonsquamous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyse the effects of infliximab infusions on serum levels of lipids in @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) treated for 2 years. METHODS: Fifty-two @entity1 (41 females and 11 males) with @entity309 undergoing infliximab treatment (3 mg/kg) were consecutively recruited into the study. The mean (+/-SD) age of the @entity1 was 54.6+/-12.5 years and mean disease duration was 14.1+/-8.6 years. Blood was sampled before infusion at baseline, and at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Forty-one of the @entity1 were also treated with @entity1499 , 13 with other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and 28 with @entity617 (<10 mg daily). For comparison, lipid levels were followed for 2 years in 70 consecutively included @entity1 with early @entity309 during treatment with conventional DMARDs. RESULTS: There was an initial increase in plasma levels of @entity165 , high density lipoprotein (HDL)- @entity165 , low density lipoprotein (LDL)- @entity165 , and LDL/HDL and total/HDL @entity165 ratios. However, after 3 months HDL- @entity165 decreased significantly, followed after 6 months by @entity165 and LDL- @entity165 . The LDL/HDL and total/HDL- @entity165 ratios remained significantly raised. HDL- @entity165 increased and the ratios improved in @entity1 with early @entity309 receiving conventional treatment. The changes over time differed significantly between the @entity1 groups. CONCLUSION: During infliximab infusion a pro-atherogenic lipid profile developed despite reduced inflammatory activity. The long-term decrease in HDL- @entity165 was unexpected considering the known effects of @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha ( @entity310 ).

title: Conversion towards an atherogenic lipid profile in @entity309 XXXX during long-term infliximab therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Galanin is widely distributed throughout the @entity35 neural and endocrine system. The highest concentrations are found in the anterior pituitary, and it can influence classical pituitary hormone secretion. The effects of endocrine manipulation on pituitary galanin content, mRNA, and immunostaining have been investigated in the @entity35 . In females, medical (39 +/- 4 fmol/gland), surgical (33 +/- 2), or combined (28 +/- 6) castration resulted in a highly significant decrease in galanin content (control, 223 +/- 14; P less than 0.0001). @entity172 in physiological and pharmacological doses produced a significant increase in galanin content (368 +/- 14 and 373 +/- 13, respectively; P less than 0.01) associated with an increase in galanin mRNA content. In the male, high dose @entity619 and thyroidectomy caused a fall in galanin content, while galanin mRNA levels showed a rise and fall, respectively. Adrenalectomy caused a rise in galanin content, while adrenalectomy and castration produced a dramatic decrease in tissue galanin content. No change in galanin mRNA was observed in these groups. Galanin immunostaining paralleled the results of tissue content in all groups examined, except in the medically castrated group, in which there was some intragroup variation in staining patterns. In normal and high-dose @entity172 -treated females, galanin expression was seen mainly in lactotrophs, with a small number of somatotrophs and thyrotrophs staining. In the male, galanin expression was confined to somatotrophs and thyrotrophs. Galanin mRNA was localized at the cellular level by in situ hybridization. In the normal pituitary only scattered lactotrophs contained message, while in high-dose @entity172 -treated animals the number of positive cells, mostly lactotrophs, was vastly increased. Thus, the cellular localization of galanin immunostaining varies between the sexes. Galanin peptide and mRNA levels in the pituitary are powerfully influenced by endocrine status.

title: Effect of endocrine manipulation on anterior pituitary galanin in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the possible impact of various treatment factors including split-course versus continuous course treatment on the incidence of @entity102 in @entity1 receiving adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective review was performed of records of 153 @entity1 treated with adjuvant external beam pelvic radiation therapy without brachytherapy for @entity14 . Continuous course radiotherapy was administered in 91 @entity1 (59%) and 62 @entity1 (41%) received split course treatment with a planned 2 week mid-treatment break. Mean pelvic dose and daily fraction size were 51.4 and 1.71 Gray, respectively. Multiple @entity1 and treatment variables were assessed for their possible @entity102 . Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out. RESULTS: Twenty-seven @entity1 (18%) developed @entity102 at a median interval of 12 months after radiotherapy. Of all factors analyzed, only the use of split course technique was associated with a significantly higher rate of @entity8638 and decreased complication-free survival (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: This study supports earlier suggestions that the use of split course rather than continuous course pelvic radiotherapy can increase late intestinal complication rates. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.

title: Increased XXXX with split-course pelvic irradiation.

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic bowel injury']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial and colorectal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['relationship to chronic bowel complications', 'chronic bowel complications']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic bowel complications']


abstract: The aim of this study was to compare oesophageal abnormalities observed in high-resolution CT with radionuclide transit in @entity1 with @entity785 . 76 @entity1 with @entity785 were evaluated by high-resolution CT and oesophageal transit scintigraphy. Residual activity > or =20% (in relation to peak activity) at 15 s after the beginning of the swallow of the labelled liquid (in supine position) was considered indicative of @entity409 . Supra-aortic and infra-aortic oesophageal coronal diameters were measured in high-resolution CT. Oesophageal dilatation was deemed present when the diameters exceeded 10 mm. 19 @entity1 (25%) had supra-aortic oesophageal dilatation and 48 @entity1 (63.1%) had @entity384 . The prevalence of radionuclide transit delay was 77.6%. All @entity1 (19/19) with supra-aortic dilatation had @entity409 , compared with 70.2% (40/57) of the @entity1 with no supra-aortic dilatation (p = 0.004). Oesophageal dysfunction was present in 97.9% (47/48) of @entity1 with @entity384 , compared with 42.9% (12/28) in @entity1 without it (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves have demonstrated that the supra-aortic and infra-aortic diameters had good discriminatory capacity for @entity409 in @entity785 (area under the curve, 95% confidence interval: 0.80, 0.70-0.89 and 0.92, 0.86-0.98, respectively). There is a clinically significant association between @entity4423 and high-resolution CT findings of oesophageal coronal dilatation. The evaluation of infra-aortic oesophageal coronal diameter can provide additional useful information about the functional and anatomic conditions of the oesophagus in @entity785 .

title: @entity4423 in XXXX : comparison of HRCT and scintigraphy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['infra-aortic dilatation']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['oesophageal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4423 :: ('MESH:D015154', 'Disease') :: ['oesophageal dysmotility']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis']

answer: @entity785 :: (MESH:D012595,Disease) :: ['systemic sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity888 (MA) abuse is a worldwide problem. Little is known about the co-morbidity of @entity734 ( @entity734 ) and other @entity146 of mothers who use MA prenatally. The @entity1 Development, Environment and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study is a prospective, investigation of prenatal MA use and @entity1 outcome in the United States (US) and New Zealand (NZ). This study examined prenatal MA use and the co-morbidity of @entity734 and @entity146 at 1-month postpartum. METHOD: Mothers who used MA (US=127, NZ=97) were compared to a matched comparison group (US=193, NZ=110). The Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3 was used to measure the probability of a @entity734 . The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) was used to measure the likelihood of a positive diagnosis of a @entity146 . RESULTS: In the US and NZ, MA groups had lower SES, increased single parenting, delayed prenatal care, and increased polydrug use. In the US only, MA mothers had lower income than the comparison group. MA users were 10 times more likely to have a @entity734 and twice as likely to meet BSI criteria for a diagnosable @entity146 . In NZ, but not the US, MA users were five times more likely to have co-morbidity of both. This disparity may be due to higher quantities of prenatal @entity167 use associated with @entity146 . CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that addressing both @entity734 and @entity146 in mothers who use MA may be required to effectively treat maternal MA use.

title: Co-morbidity of substance use disorder and psychopathology in XXXX who use @entity888 during pregnancy in the US and New Zealand.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Infant', 'child']

entities_list: @entity888 :: ('MESH:D008694', 'Chemical') :: ['Methamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['increased psychiatric symptoms', 'psychiatric disorders', 'psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse', 'substance use disorders', 'SUD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']