abstract: Not all @entity263 are sonographically hypoechoic or palpable on digital rectal examination, and suspicious areas on transrectal prostatic ultrasonography or digital rectal examination often are not @entity5 . We present quadrant biopsy results from a multicenter @entity263 screening study in which @entity1 were evaluated with @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) and digital rectal examination. If the @entity1486 level was elevated (greater than 4.0 ng./ml., Hybritech Tandem assay) or digital rectal examination was suspicious quadrant biopsies were performed. Biopsy specimens were labeled separately, and histological findings were correlated by quadrant with the findings on ultrasonography and digital rectal examination. Of the 6,630 subjects enrolled into the study 16% were biopsied. Of 1,002 quadrants that were suspicious on digital rectal examination 110 (11%) had @entity5 , while 308 of 418 quadrants containing @entity5 (74%) were not suspicious on digital rectal examination. Of 855 quadrants that were sonographically suspicious 153 (18%) had @entity5 , while 282 of 435 quadrants containing @entity5 (65%) were not sonographically suspicious. Of 225 @entity1 with @entity5 137 (61%) would have been missed if only the exact site of the palpable induration had been biopsied. Of 251 @entity1 with @entity5 131 (52%) would have been missed if only the exact site of the @entity75 had been biopsied. We conclude that digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography have limited accuracy in identifying and @entity263 . Our study emphasizes the importance of obtaining systematic biopsies if the @entity1486 level is elevated, even in the absence of digital rectal examination or ultrasound anomalies.

title: Accuracy of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localizing prostate cancer', 'prostate cancers', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['hypoechoic lesion']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localizing prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Parenteral opioids are used for @entity158 relief in labour in many countries throughout the world. OBJECTIVES: To assess the acceptability, effectiveness and safety of different types, doses and modes of administration of parenteral opioids given to @entity1 in labour. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (January 2010) and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials examining the use of intramuscular or intravenous opioids (including @entity1 controlled analgesia) for @entity1 in labour. We looked at studies comparing an opioid with placebo or another opioid. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors independently assessed study eligibility, collected data and assessed risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS: We included 54 studies involving more than 7000 @entity1 that compared an opioid with placebo or another opioid administered intramuscularly or intravenously. The 54 studies reported on 27 different comparisons, and for many outcomes only one study contributed data. Overall the evidence was of poor quality regarding the analgesic effect of opioids, satisfaction with analgesia, adverse effects and harm to @entity1 and babies. There were few statistically significant results. Many of the studies had small sample sizes, and low statistical power. Overall, findings indicated that parenteral opioids provided some @entity158 relief and moderate satisfaction with analgesia in labour, although up to two-thirds of @entity1 who received opioids reported moderate or severe @entity158 and/or poor or moderate @entity158 relief one or two hours after administration. Opioid drugs were associated with @entity1209 and drowsiness, although different opioid drugs were associated with different adverse effects. There was no clear evidence of adverse effects of opioids on the newborn. We did not have sufficient evidence to assess which opioid drug provided the @entity158 relief with the least adverse effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Parenteral opioids provide some relief from @entity158 in labour but are associated with adverse effects. Maternal satisfaction with opioid analgesia was largely unreported but appeared moderate at best. We did not examine the effectiveness and safety of parenteral opioids compared with other methods of @entity158 relief in labour and this review needs to be examined alongside related Cochrane reviews. More research is needed to determine which analgesic intervention is most effective, and provides greatest satisfaction to @entity1 with acceptable adverse events for mothers and their newborns.

title: Parenteral opioids for maternal XXXX relief in labour.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'best pain']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['maternal nausea, vomiting']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: The objective of this study was to examine changes in diastolic function associated with progressive @entity296 and their implications. We used prospective sequential Doppler echocardiographic studies of left ventricular (LV) function. The study included 125 consecutive @entity1 (median age 6.3 years) receiving @entity8253 to cumulative doses between 45 and 1150 mg/m2 (median 270 mg/m2). We measured peak early (E) and atrial (A) phase filling velocities, EA ratio, deceleration and isovolumic relaxation times (EDecT and IVRT), heart rate, and fractional shortening (SF). Results were compared serially and with individually paired control data matched for body surface area. Progressive @entity296 was evidenced by a mean SF decrease of 1 absolute %/100 mg/m2 of @entity4349 . Six @entity1 developed @entity712 . After 1-100 mg/m2 of @entity8253 , the EA ratio decreased (mean 1.54-1.40, p = 0.02) and IVRT became prolonged (54 vs 52 msec in controls, p = 0.03). EA ratio increased again with the next dose, usually normalizing thereafter. Twelve @entity1 ended treatment with an EA ratio <1 (1 @entity204 ) and 17 with EA ratio >2 (2 @entity204 ). @entity854 were not strongly predictive of reduced SF. Modest changes in left ventricular diastolic filling patterns occur during @entity4349 treatment of childhood @entity5 . Although 20% of @entity1 have significant @entity854 filling by the end of treatment, considerable individual variability renders the pathophysiological and clinical implications of the early changes uncertain.

title: Left ventricular diastolic filling patterns associated with progressive XXXX -induced @entity296 : A prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of diastolic', 'Diastolic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death', 'cardiac deaths']

answer: @entity4349 :: (CHEBI:48120,Chemical) :: ['anthracycline']


abstract: Myocardial substrate extraction, coronary sinus flow, cardiac output, and left ventricular pressure were measured at increasing pacing rates before and after @entity1169 (0.2 mg/kg) in 13 @entity1 with @entity1121 ( @entity1121 ) during diagnostic cardiac catheterisation. At the lowest pacing rate myocardial @entity26 consumption varied considerably between @entity1 and very high values were found in several individuals (range 10.1 to 57.5 ml/min). These large differences between @entity1 were not explicable by differences in cardiac work; consequently, cardiac efficiency, estimated from the @entity26 cost of external work, varied between @entity1 and was lower than normal in all but two. The pattern of substrate extraction at the lowest pacing rate was similar to results reported for the normal heart, and measured @entity26 consumption could be accounted for by complete oxidation of the substrates extracted; thus there was no evidence of a gross abnormality of oxidative metabolism, suggesting that low efficiency lay in the utilisation rather than in the production of energy. Each of the four @entity1 with the highest myocardial @entity26 consumption and lowest values of efficiency sustained progressive reductions in @entity880 and pyruvate extraction as heart rate increased, and at the highest pacing rate had low (< 3%) or negative @entity880 extraction ratios. In three of these four, coronary sinus flow did not increase progressively with each increment in heart rate. One @entity1 with low @entity26 consumption and normal efficiency also failed to increase coronary flow with the final increment in heart rate, and produced @entity880 at the highest pacing rate. Thus the five @entity1 in whom pacing provoked biochemical evidence of ischaemia all had excessive myocardial @entity26 demand and/or limited capacity to increase coronary flow. @entity1169 did not change @entity880 extraction significantly at any pacing rate in either the ischaemic or non-ischaemic groups. In only one @entity1 was ischaemia at the highest pacing rate abolished after @entity1169 , and this was associated with a 30 per cent reduction in @entity26 consumption. These results do not demonstrate a direct effect of @entity1169 upon myocardial metabolism in @entity1 with @entity1121 , but emphasise the potential value of beta-blockade in protecting these @entity1 from excessive increases in heart rate.

title: Effects of XXXX on myocardial @entity26 consumption, substrate extraction, and haemodynamics in @entity1121 .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol', 'Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['HOCM', 'hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity1169 :: (MESH:D011433,Chemical) :: ['propranolol']


abstract: AIM OF THE STUDY: Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang (SJHXT) (Japanese name: Sokei-kakketu-to), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine composed of 17 crude drugs, has been prescribed over hundreds of years for treatment of @entity1118 . We evaluated if oral SJHXT could suppress @entity9 behaviors in @entity35 with chronic @entity130 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: (1) @entity35 received repeated oral SJHXT 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg once daily for 14 days starting 24 h after CCI surgery, while neuropathic manifestations were evaluated until day 20 post-CCI. (2) Other groups of @entity35 received single oral SJHXT 1.0 g/kg on day 14 post-CCI. (3) Additional groups of @entity35 received oral SJHXT 1.0 g/kg on day 14 post-CCI, concomitantly with intraperitoneal @entity3160 1 mg/kg or @entity3858 5 mg/kg. Neuropathic manifestations, including mechanical @entity1931 and @entity1931 , were evaluated with paw withdrawal responses to increasing mechanical pressure and radiant heat, respectively. RESULTS: Mechanical @entity1931 and @entity1931 developed by day 14 post-CCI. Repeated oral SJHXT for 14 days produced anti-allodynic and anti- @entity1931 effects that outlasted the period of drug administration. Single oral SJHXT on day 14 also produced significant anti-allodynic and anti- @entity1931 effects, which were inhibited by @entity3160 , an alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, but not by @entity3858 , a @entity750 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS: Oral SJHXT produced anti- @entity56 effects by actions on alpha-2 adrenoreceptors in CCI-neuropathic @entity35 , and chronic oral administration of SJHXT could produce the long-lasting anti- @entity56 effects.

title: Anti- XXXX effects of Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, a Chinese herbal medicine, in CCI-neuropathic @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['thermal hyperalgesia', 'allodynia', 'hyperalgesic']

entities_list: @entity3858 :: ('MESH:D008784', 'Chemical') :: ['methysergide']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain syndromes']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['hypersensitivity']


abstract: Itching ( @entity111 ) is perhaps the most common symptom associated with inflammatory @entity272 and can be a lead symptom of extracutaneous disease (e.g., @entity5 , @entity209 ). In @entity483 itching sensations constitute one of the most prominent and distressing features. The most characteristic response to itching is the scratch reflex: a more or less voluntary, often sub-conscious motor activity, to counteract the itch by slightly painful stimuli. The benefit of a short-termed relieve from itching through this scratch reflex though is counteracted by a simultaneous damage of the epidermal layer of the skin which leads to increased transepidermal water loss and drying, which in turn results in a cycle of more itching and more scratching. A wide range of peripheral itch-inducing stimuli generated within or administered to the skin are able to trigger @entity111 , one of them being @entity112 . Based on early experiments, @entity112 has been suggested to may play a key role in the pathogenesis of @entity195 . This is reflected by a history for antihistamines in the therapeutic medication of @entity195 patients. @entity8610 are believed to share a common antipruritic effect and therefore are prescribed to the vast majority of @entity195 @entity1 suffering from itch to act alleviating. The level of evidence in support of the benefits of antihistamine treatment, however, is low. To assess the benefit of antihistamines in the treatment of @entity195 in a better way, their mechanisms and specific effects need to be understood more precisely. In particular their precise indication is crucial for successful use. This book chapter will therefore summarize and assess the role of @entity112 in @entity195 and the efficacy of antihistamines in its treatment based on results of basic research and clinical studies.

title: @entity112 and @entity8610 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy, infection']

entities_list: @entity8610 :: ('MESH:D006633', 'Chemical') :: ['Antihistamines']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin diseases']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorders']

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['atopic dermatitis']


abstract: @entity134 hormones regulate the neuroendocrine and behavioral functions of the brain by using a number of diverse cellular mechanisms. Many @entity230 exert rapid electrophysiological effects on neurons, involving specific interactions with membrane components, such as neurotransmitter receptors. Previous studies suggest that the @entity230 , @entity172 and @entity10768 (PS), might directly modulate @entity2227 receptors. The present experiments utilized patch-clamp recording of @entity2227 receptor-channels in excised membrane patches to test for direct modulation by these @entity230 . Characteristic single-channel activity from @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors could be elicited in both inside-out and outside-out patches excised from acutely dissociated hippocampal neurons. PS, but not @entity53 , increased the open probability of @entity143 channel activity in inside-out and outside-out patches. The PS-induced increase in open probability could be attributed to an increase in both frequency of opening and mean open time of the @entity143 receptor, though the effect on frequency of opening was more prominent. The non- @entity143 agonist, @entity4176 , induced continuous shifts and increased noise in the baseline current of outside-out patches, but rarely activated clearly resolvable single-channel openings. 17 @entity10769 and PS had no apparent effect on the kainate-induced currents. These findings suggest that some @entity230 can directly modulate @entity2227 receptors, but other @entity230 may utilize indirect mechanisms for regulating glutamatergic synaptic transmission.

title: Patch-clamp analysis of direct steroidal modulation of XXXX receptor-channels.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17 beta-estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity10768 :: ('MESH:C018370', 'Chemical') :: ['pregnenolone sulfate']

entities_list: @entity10769 :: ('CHEBI:16469', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity2227 :: (CHEBI:29987,Chemical) :: ['glutamate']


abstract: Unstimulated whole saliva collection (U.W.S.C.) and stimulated parotid flow rate (S.P.F.R.) are routine tests for evaluation of @entity2133 . Different groups of investigators, however, use different normal values; some prefer one test (either one) more than the other. This prompted us to evaluate these tests in 81 well documented primary Sj  gren's syndrome (prim. SS) @entity1 and 188 age and sex matched normal volunteers. The U.W.S.C. as well as the S.P.F.R. were performed for 5 min. Lemon juice was used for stimulation and the saliva from the parotid gland was collected using modified Carlson-Crittenden cups. Normal individuals produced from between 0.20 and 6.81 ml/5 min (x +/- SD: 2.03 +/- 1.36 ml) of U.W.S. and from between 0.00 and 7.50 ml/5 min (x +/- SD: 1.00 +/- 1.10 ml) of S.P.F. No statistical differences were observed between the two salivary flow rates. Primary Sj  gren's syndrome @entity1 produced from 0.04 to 2.00 ml/5 min (x +/- SD: 0.47 +/- 0.50 ml) of U.W.S. and from 0.00 to 2.00 ml/5 min (x +/- SD: 0.37 +/- 0.56 ml) of S.P.F. Using the 95% confidence limit of the flow rates (U.W.S.: 1.25 ml/5 min and S.F.P.: 1.5 ml/5 min) observed in prim. SS @entity1 , it was observed that 57% of the U.W.S. and 78% of the S.P.F values produced from normal individuals fall into that range. Based on these findings we conclude that these two tests are not useful for the evaluation of @entity2133 .

title: Evaluation of unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and stimulated parotid flow as confirmatory tests for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['xerostomia']

answer: @entity2133 :: (MESH:D014987,Disease) :: ['xerostomia']


abstract: A new @entity4028 antibiotic, @entity10999 (HBK) was intramuscularly and intravenously administered to @entity235 at a dose of 10 mg/kg to study its distribution into various tissues. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Biological half-lives of HBK in serum after intramuscular and intravenous injection were 1.15 hours and 1.00 hour after administration, respectively. These half-lives were similar to the results obtained in previous studies. Maximum concentrations of HBK in tissues and biological fluids after intramuscular injection were the highest in kidney followed by vagina, serum, urinary bladder, uterus, ovarium, lung, parotid gland, @entity825 , tonsil, @entity1085 , pericardiac fluid, thymus, muscle, heart, liver, mandibular gland, bile, @entity7462 , pancreas, cerebrospinal fluid and brain, in this order. Maximum concentrations were found at 4 hours in @entity825 , @entity7462 and cerebrospinal fluid, and at 2 hours in pericardiac fluid. In other tissues and biological fluids, they were obtained at 0.5-1 hour. Maximum concentrations in tissues and biological fluids after 1 hour intravenous injection were the highest in kidney followed by serum, ovarium, vagina, lung, parotid gland, urinary bladder, uterus, spleen, thymus, pericardiac fluid, @entity1085 , @entity825 , tonsil, heart, liver, pancreas, muscle, mandibular gland, bile, @entity7462 , cerebrospinal fluid and brain in this order. Maximum concentrations were found at 4 hours in @entity825 , cerebrospinal fluid and bile, and at 2 hours in pericardiac fluid. In other tissues and biological fluids, they were obtained at the end of the infusion. Maximum concentrations in these biological fluids after both intramuscular and intravenous injection were similar to serum concentrations except kidney, @entity825 , and other biological fluids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Pharmacokinetics of @entity10999 in @entity235 . II. The distribution of XXXX in tissues].

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gall bladder']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['Beagle dogs']

entities_list: @entity7462 :: ('MESH:C562390', 'Disease') :: ['aqueous humor']

entities_list: @entity10999 :: ('MESH:C031986', 'Chemical') :: ['arbekacin']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

answer: @entity10999 :: (MESH:C031986,Chemical) :: ['arbekacin']


abstract: Prurigo nodularis of Hyde is a @entity272 characterized by pruritic excoriated nodules. Improvement in @entity111 and decrease in nodules was demonstrated in @entity1 treated with oral @entity2816 200-400 mg daily. We report a case of a 52 year old @entity1 with a history of widespread, persistent, and intensely pruritic lesions on all extremities and a histological diagnosis of " @entity9586 ". The @entity1 was treated with topical agents without significant improvement. @entity205 was administered with partial improvement but it had to be discontinued because of side effects. Treatment with @entity288 and antibiotics resulted in significant improvement, but at reduction of @entity134 dosage the @entity272 reappeared. @entity2816 was started at a dose of 100 mg once a day and after one month it was reduced to 50 mg and 100 mg orally on alternate days. Six months after starting @entity2816 treatment the @entity1 was in remission with a few residual scars and sporadic asymptomatic lesions. No significant side effects occurred. In this clinical case, a @entity1 with @entity9586 was successfully treated with low-dose of @entity2816 . We consider that in the treatment of @entity9586 is better to test a low dose of @entity2816 before starting higher dosages because low dose of this drug can be efficacy without clinical development of side effects.

title: Prurigo nodularis of Hyde treated with low-dose XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['Thalidomide', 'thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorder', 'skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity9586 :: ('MESH:D011536', 'Disease') :: ['prurigo nodularis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2816 :: (MESH:D013792,Chemical) :: ['thalidomide']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Graves' @entity6875 occurs in 50% of @entity2743 cases. Treatment is based on smoking cessation, and control of the euthyroidism and ocular repercussions associated with the disease. The active orbital forms are treated with glucocorticoids. Non-validated therapies have also been recently tested. Rituximab has been effectively used several times to treat @entity228 -resistant Graves' @entity6875 associated with an @entity1781 , but its use could be proposed only in inflammatory @entity6875 after failure of the @entity288 . We present six cases treated since early 2012 at the University Hospital Center of Tours, France. METHODS: Six @entity1 were treated at the University Hospital Center of Tours, France, between September 2012 and April 2014. The @entity1 had a Mourits' score greater than three after treatment with @entity288 and/or a severe NOSPECS score and/or orbital inflammation resistant to maximal treatment with intravenous injections of @entity1667 and an @entity1781 . They twice received one gram of rituximab by slow intravenous injection two weeks apart. Efficacy was assessed by a decrease of the orbital inflammatory clinical Mourits' score, and visual acuity and visual field testing. RESULTS: The inflammatory score of @entity1 improved and treatment helped to stop the progression of the sequelae due to @entity16 . The orbital inflammatory clinical score, and the visual acuity and visual field improved but orbital decompression was necessary to complete the treatment. CONCLUSION: Rituximab has been used for the treatment of active @entity228 -resistant Graves' @entity6875 . We also had positive results on @entity1 with visual threat and @entity1781 , when combined with surgical decompression.

title: Treatment by rituximab on six Grave's @entity6875 resistant to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity6875 :: ('MESH:D049970', 'Disease') :: ['ophthalmopathies', 'ophthalmopathy']

answer: @entity288 :: (MESH:D000305,Chemical) :: ['corticosteroids']


abstract: The aim of this case report was to evaluate the @entity146 co-morbidity and efficacy of @entity13332 treatment in young subjects with @entity16052 . This is a case series of 8 young subjects (age range of 6-16 years, 11.12    3.52 years) who were referred or consulted to @entity1 psychiatry department. They were referred or consulted by pediatric gastroenterology or surgery departments for the presence of non-remitting and medically unexplained @entity391 . They were investigated for co-morbid @entity146 disorders using a structured @entity146 interview. An open trial of @entity13332 was conducted for the treatment and/or prevention of @entity391 . Primary outcome measure was Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale. Subjects were diagnosed with chronic (n = 5) or cyclic (n = 3) @entity391 . Duration of @entity391 ranged from 6 months to 10 years (3.5    3.2 years). All subjects received multiple @entity146 diagnoses with @entity148 being the most frequent. Maximum @entity13332 dosage was 7.5-30 mg/day (16.00    6.16 mg/day). Three subjects showed complete remission and 5 subjects showed much to very much improvement in @entity391 . Most frequent side effects were increased appetite, weight gain and sedation. Young subjects with @entity16052 may frequently suffer @entity308 . @entity13332 could be an effective treatment option for the treatment of @entity391 and co-morbid @entity148 or @entity308 in these subjects. More systematic research are needed on this topic.

title: Psychiatric Co-morbidity and Efficacy of XXXX Treatment in Young Subjects With @entity16052 : A Case Series.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorders', 'anxiety and/or depressive symptoms or disorders']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting', 'vomiting syndromes']

entities_list: @entity13332 :: ('MESH:C035133', 'Chemical') :: ['mirtazapine', 'Mirtazapine']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety', 'anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity16052 :: ('MESH:C536228', 'Disease') :: ['chronic or cyclic vomiting', 'chronic or cyclic vomiting syndromes']

answer: @entity13332 :: (MESH:C035133,Chemical) :: ['Mirtazapine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the indications for and effects of pancreaticoduodenectomy (102 @entity1 ) or total pancreatectomy (15 @entity1 ) with extensive lymph node dissection performed upon 117 @entity1 for treatment of @entity420 . STUDY DESIGN: Presenting symptoms and postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were recorded. Cumulative survival rates were evaluated in relation to origin, size, and staging of @entity5 . Postoperative follow-up of clinical symptoms was done after one year. RESULTS: The postoperative mortality rate after Whipple's operation was 8 percent (eight @entity1 ). The median survival period was 1.1 year and the overall five year survival rate was 15 percent (confidence limits, 5 to 25 percent). The five year survival rate for @entity1 without @entity5 extension beyond the pancreas was 25 percent (confidence limits, 5 to 50 percent), and in @entity1 with @entity420 of the ampulla of Vater, 34 percent (confidence limits, 3 to 65 percent). The median survival rate in @entity1 with @entity420 of the ampulla of Vater was 3.3 years, which was significantly longer than in the other @entity1 . Fifty-nine @entity1 with distant spread could be divided into 14 @entity1 with para-aortic lymph node @entity3 who had a significantly shorter survival period than 45 @entity1 without para-aortic lymph node @entity3 (p = 0.004). Most @entity1 surviving more than one year were doing well, although 60 percent needed exocrine pancreatic substitution therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of @entity189 provides a better palliation and survival rate than nonoperative biliary drainage or bypass operation. An improved preoperative verification of para-aortic @entity3 could restrict resection to @entity1 with a prognostic five year survival rate of more than 25 percent and a postoperative mortality rate of less than 5 percent.

title: Pancreaticoduodenectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['periampullary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['periampullary adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['periampullary adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Inappropriate treatment or untreated @entity174 of the zygomaticoorbital area results in @entity85 such as loss of malar projection, enophthalmos, and @entity10244 . @entity85 can be corrected with osteotomies, contour restoration, or a combination of both. Contour restoration can be performed with using onlay grafting with autogenous material or alloplastic implants. In this study, mild to moderate @entity174 were corrected with porous a @entity691 implant, which is a highly biocompatible, durable, and stable material. The number of @entity1 who have no surgical treatment at the time of their initial injury was 15, whereas the number of @entity1 who have an initial treatment that resulted in @entity85 was seven. Twelve of 15 @entity1 had only loss of cheek projection and three of the 15 @entity1 had @entity10244 and loss of cheek projection. The remaining seven @entity1 had @entity85 resulting from skeletal surface contour abnormality as a result of comminuted @entity174 . In 17 of the @entity1 , we used a subciliary approach while using the old incision scar for access in the remainder. In 22 @entity1 , 24 implants were used. Porous @entity691 implant was carved outside in according to the existing contour deficit and was placed in the subperiosteal plane and fixed with @entity702 screws. The mean follow-up period was 13 months (range, 6-24 months). In this follow-up period, there was no implant extrusion, exposition, @entity281 , or any complication resulting from subciliary incision. @entity1 were satisfied with the results. The best result can be achieved with porous @entity691 implant in contour restoration of mild to moderate @entity174 . The use of this implant in the zygomaticoorbital area is safe and has minimal morbidity.

title: Contour restoration of the XXXX with porous @entity691 implant.

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'secondary deformities of zygomaticoorbital fractures']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['Secondary deformities', 'secondary deformities']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['secondary deformities of zygomaticoorbital fractures']


abstract: Intrathecal administration of the excitatory @entity535 (EAA) agonists, @entity1024 ( @entity143 ), @entity14425 (Quis) or @entity4176 (KA), in the spinal subarachnoid space of @entity19 produced a dose-related biting and scratching behavior. Higher doses appeared aversive, suggesting a nociceptive action for EAAs in the spinal cord. Intrathecally administered @entity143 , but not Quis or KA, produced a @entity1931 effect in the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. To test the hypothesis that EAA agonists are involved in transmission of nociceptive information in the spinal cord, we tested the effect of various opioid, sigma and @entity12781 compounds on the action of @entity143 in the tail-flick, hot-plate and biting and scratching nociceptive tests. Our results indicated that the involvement of mu, sigma and @entity12781 receptors was predominant in blockade of the behavioral and @entity1931 effects of intrathecally administered @entity143 . Delta receptors appeared less involved, and involvement of kappa receptors was not detectable in blockade of the behavioral and @entity1931 effects of intrathecally administered @entity143 . Quis and KA effects were not altered by any of these agonists. Agonist doses required to inhibit @entity143 -induced @entity1931 in the tail-flick and hot-plate tests were significantly less than those needed to inhibit biting and scratching behavior. The adrenergic agonist @entity1063 inhibited @entity143 - but not Quis- or KA-induced biting and scratching behavior. This action appeared to be alpha-1 mediated because it was reversed by @entity5521 but not by @entity3160 . These results suggest that the actions of EAAs in the spinal cord are differentially affected by various opioid @entity12781 , sigma and adrenergic receptor agonists and support the hypothesis that EAAs are involved in the transmission of nociceptive information in the spinal cord.

title: Nociceptive action of excitatory amino acids in the XXXX : effects of spinally administered opioids, @entity12781 and sigma agonists.

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'hyperalgesic']

entities_list: @entity14425 :: ('MESH:D016318', 'Chemical') :: ['quisqualate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity12781 :: ('MESH:D010622', 'Chemical') :: ['phencyclidine']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity4176 :: ('MESH:D007608', 'Chemical') :: ['kainic acid']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Protein A (PA) of @entity794 is known to elicit several cytokines such as @entity60 , @entity637 and IL1. However, it has not been delineated yet as to which differentiation pathway lymphocytes follow after stimulation by PA. In this report, we attempted to collect such evidences. Cytokines, such as @entity60 , @entity2047 , @entity58 , @entity777 , @entity1618 , @entity637 , @entity634 and @entity635 were measured in serum by ELISA. Our results show that 1 microg dose of PA stimulates the production of @entity60 (115 +/- 5 pg/ml), @entity637 (250 +/- 8 pg/ml) and @entity634 (100 +/- 5 pg/ml) as compared to control levels of, 22 +/- 2, 20 +/- 2 and 35 +/- 3 pg/ml respectively whereas @entity2047 and @entity635 secretion were less (beyond the lower detection limit of the kit and 25 +/- 1 pg/ml, respectively) as compared to control (28 +/- 2 and 52 +/- 4 pg/ml, respectively). Larger dose of PA (10 microg) increases the expression of @entity2047 (75 +/- 3 pg/ml), @entity637 (1380 +/- 120 pg/ml), @entity634 (495 +/- 10 pg/ml) and @entity635 (110 +/- 7 pg/ml) as compared to controls described above. We also observed that 1 microg dose of PA decreases @entity58 , @entity777 and @entity1618 secretion to 9 +/- 1, 10 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 2 pg/ml, respectively, whereas 10 microg dose also decreased them to 11 +/- 1, 12 +/- 2 and 30 +/- 4 pg/ml, respectively as compared to the background controls, i.e. 50 +/- 5, 50 +/- 2 and 215 +/- 9 pg/ml respectively. The ratio of @entity60 to @entity58 increased and the peak value at 4 h, came to 13 +/- 1 and 9.6 +/- 0.5 with 1 microg and 10 microg PA, respectively, which is an established parameter indicating a @entity630 type response. Flow cytometry analysis of @entity1961 +/CD8+ cells, and c-myc protein expression by splenocytes indicate that 1 microg dose of PA causes 2-fold increase of @entity1961 + cells with no change in CD8+ cells, and 10-fold increase in c-myc protein, whereas 10 microg dose increases @entity1961 + cells 4-fold, CD8+ cells 3-fold and c-myc protein 100-fold. The cell cycle data shows an induction of apoptosis in thymocytes and splenocytes with the large dose (10 microg), whereas the 1 microg dose does not show any apoptosis. This report indicates that a @entity630 response is induced in @entity19 , after PA inoculation at a dose of 1 microg animal. Thus, cytokine mediated therapeutic strategies should consider the fact that an induction of large concentration of some cytokines might become detrimental to the host.

title: Protein A of @entity794 evokes @entity630 type response in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECT: The use of intraventricular endoscopy to achieve diagnosis or to resect accessible intraventricular or paraventricular @entity5 has been described in the literature in both adults and @entity1 . Traditionally, these techniques have not been used in @entity1 with small ventricles due to the perceived risk of greater morbidity. The authors review their experience with the effectiveness and safety of endoscopic @entity1313 management in @entity1 with small ventricles. METHODS: Between July 2002 and December 2009, 24 @entity1 with endoscopically managed @entity1313 were identified. Radiological images were reviewed by a radiologist blinded to study goals and clinical setting. @entity1 were categorized into small-ventricle and @entity1276 groups based on frontal and occipital horn ratio. Surgical success was defined a priori and analyzed between groups. Trends were identified in selected subgroups, including complications related to pathological diagnosis and surgeon experience. RESULTS: Six @entity1 had small ventricles and 18 had @entity1276 . The ability to accomplish surgical goals was statistically equivalent in @entity1 with small ventricles and those with @entity1276 (83% vs 89%, respectively, p = 1.00). There were no complications in the small-ventricle cohort, but in the @entity1276 cohort there were 2 cases of @entity86 and 1 case of @entity281 . All @entity548 occurred in @entity1 with high-grade @entity5 histopathological type and were early in the surgeon's endoscopic career. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our experience, endoscopy should not be withheld in @entity1 with @entity2504 and small ventricles. Complications appear to be more dependent on @entity5 histopathological type and surgeon experience than ventricular size.

title: Small-ventricle neuroendoscopy for pediatric XXXX management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2504 :: ('MESH:D002551', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular tumors']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['ventriculomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor', 'brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic complications']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hemorrhages']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The pathways underlying rectal @entity56 to @entity661 in @entity1 with @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ) are not known. The aim of this study was to characterize the involvement of sacral and thoracolumbar afferents in the perception of rectal distention. METHODS: @entity661 was performed in 15 normal control subjects, 6 @entity1 with @entity1566 , and 50 @entity1 with @entity1744 using a slow-volume ramp (40 mL/min) or rapid phasic step distension. Additional studies were performed in the presence of 2% intrarectal @entity3303 . RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity1566 with lesions below T7 reported sensations only during phasic distention. Sixty percent of @entity1 with @entity1744 (n = 50) were @entity56 for discomfort during phasic distention, whereas only 4% were @entity56 during ramp distention. Less than 15% of @entity1 were @entity56 for the sensation of stool. In normal @entity1 , @entity3303 increased thresholds in response to slow ramp distention by 40%-70% but had no effect on perception in response to other types of distention. @entity3303 had no effect on (1) thresholds in response to either ramp or phasic distention in normosensitive or @entity56 @entity1 with @entity1744 or (2) the rate of receptive relaxation or rectal compliance in any group. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid phasic distention preferentially stimulates splanchnic afferents. @entity56 of these afferents in @entity1 with @entity1744 is unaffected by mucosally applied @entity3303 .

title: Evidence for the XXXX of lumbar splanchnic afferents in @entity1744 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Lidocaine', 'lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitive', 'hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['balloon distention', 'Rectal balloon distention']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome', 'IBS']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['hypersensitivity']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity2247 is an inducible isoform responsive to cytokines, mitogens, and growth factors, and is believed to be an important enzyme related to @entity14 ( @entity14 ). Existing evidence suggests that @entity2247 expression is normally suppressed by wild-type @entity876 but not mutant @entity876 , suggesting that loss of @entity876 function may result in the induction of @entity2247 expression. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between @entity2247 expression and @entity876 levels in @entity14 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 with sporadic @entity14 (n=161) who underwent curative surgery in Chosun University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Expression of @entity2247 and @entity876 proteins was examined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded @entity5 tissue blocks, and the relationship between @entity2247 and/or @entity876 expression with clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: Expression of @entity2247 was positive in 47.8% of @entity14 , and significantly associated with the depth of @entity5 invasion (p= 0.042). In contrast, @entity876 was positive in 50.3% of the cases, and was associated with both age (p=0.025) and the depth of @entity5 invasion (p=0.014). There was no correlation between @entity2247 expression and @entity876 expression (p=0.118). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that @entity2247 expression might play an important role in the progression of @entity14 . However, @entity2247 expression was not associated with mutational @entity876 . Further studies are needed to clarify the regulatory mechanisms governing @entity2247 overexpression in @entity14 .

title: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and its relationship to XXXX accumulation in @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancers', 'CRC', 'colorectal adenocarcinoma', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: Sixty-four @entity1 with refractory @entity3052 were treated with high-dose @entity2592 given at a dosage of 3 g/m2 intravenously over two hours every 12 hours for four to 12 doses, repeated at two- to three-week intervals. Complete remissions were observed in 16 @entity1 (25 percent), and the median duration of remission was three months (range, one to 10 months). Remission rates were similar for @entity1 with acute myelogenous and @entity981 (24 and 27 percent, respectively). Response rates were significantly higher in @entity1 with initial remission durations of more than six months than in those with shorter remissions or those in whom there was no response to front-line therapy (41 and 9 percent; p less than 0.01). Similarly, @entity1 with disease sensitive to conventional @entity2592 had higher response rates than did those with resistant disease (54 and 17 percent; p = 0.03). Serial in vivo measurements of intracellular concentrations of the active metabolite of @entity2592 in peripheral blasts following the initial dose demonstrated considerable individual variation. Favorable intracellular pharmacology of this active metabolite, manifested by its higher intracellular concentrations 12 hours after the first dose, by longer half-lives of active metabolite levels, and by higher values of the measured area under the curve of its accumulation and retention, was associated with higher response rates. @entity149 occurred in 24 percent of @entity1 , and @entity358 occurred in 22 percent; both were dose-limiting and dose-related. Other @entity137 included @entity390 , @entity391 , @entity294 , @entity2024 , @entity3917 , @entity2592 fever, @entity1910 , and @entity409 . Response rates were similar for schedules utilizing four to six doses at two-week intervals or nine doses at three-week intervals (27 percent versus 25 percent). The schedule of 12 doses had a more rapid antileukemic effect but resulted in significantly higher @entity137 and mortality rates during therapy with a similar overall response rate (21 percent). Thus, high-dose @entity2592 is an effective regimen with substantial @entity137 in @entity1 with @entity3052 .

title: Phase I-II clinical and pharmacologic studies of high-dose XXXX in refractory leukemia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['skin rashes']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['Central nervous system toxicity']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytosine arabinoside']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['photophobia']

answer: @entity2592 :: (MESH:D003561,Chemical) :: ['cytosine arabinoside']


abstract: @entity378 of the bile duct is extremely rare. @entity1 with this condition usually present with a @entity221 and @entity3883 , which may be @entity911 with @entity5 . A retrospective review of hospital records of @entity1 who presented with @entity378 of the bile duct between January 1986 and December 1996 was undertaken, and data were obtained concerning clinical presentation, investigations, treatment, and follow-up. Four @entity1 (one @entity1 and three @entity1 ) with a mean age of 44.8 years had @entity378 of the bile duct. Diagnostic imaging techniques showed bile duct dilation in all four @entity1 . Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed a stricture in the proximal common bile duct (CBD) in one @entity1 , a stricture in the distal CBD in one @entity1 , a stricture in the @entity99 ( @entity99 ) in one @entity1 , and multiple strictures in the @entity99 and left intrahepatic duct in one @entity1 . Bile cytology and fine-needle aspiration identified correctly the diagnosis in each @entity1 . Two @entity1 underwent laparotomy with the initial suspicion of @entity201 ; the correct diagnosis was made based on frozen sections taken intraoperatively. One @entity1 was treated with endoscopic stenting and three @entity1 underwent laparotomy for @entity1448 . All patients received antituberculous therapy. There were no deaths; all @entity1 remained healthy at a mean follow-up of 36.5 months. It is important to obtain a tissue diagnosis in all @entity1 with @entity3883 to avoid missing this rare but curable disease. The treatment of @entity378 of the bile duct involves relief of the @entity1448 and antituberculous therapy.

title: @entity378 of the bile duct: a rare cause of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hepatobiliary malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct obstruction']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confused']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculosis', 'tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'common hepatic duct']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['protracted illness']

answer: @entity3883 :: (MESH:D041781,Disease) :: ['obstructive jaundice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe @entity294 in newborns and young @entity1 worldwide, estimated to be responsible for over 300,000 childhood deaths every year, mostly in developing countries. Rotavirus-related deaths represent approximately 5% of all deaths in @entity1 younger than 5 years of age worldwide. @entity3857 are readily soluble in water and are approved by the US FDA for inclusion in beverages intended for @entity1 consumption. The addition of @entity3857 to existing water supplies offers a new form of intervention into the cycle of @entity6425 . We believe that @entity3857 will 'coat' the epithelium of the host's small intestine and prevent attachment of rotavirus. DISCUSSION: This experiment provides in vitro data for the possibility of including @entity3857 in drinking water to prevent infections of rotavirus. We demonstrate that microgram amounts of extract, while exhibiting no cell @entity137 or direct virucidal activity, prevent rotavirus from infecting its host cells. In addition, the presence of residual amounts of extract continue to block @entity1800 and render cells resistant to @entity281 for at least 16 h after the removal of the extract from the cell culture media. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that two Quillaja extracts possess strong antiviral activity at concentrations more than 1000-fold lower than concentrations exhibiting cell @entity137 . Extract concentrations as high as 1000  g/ml are not cytotoxic, but concentrations as low as 1.0  g/ml are able to block rotavirus and reovirus attachment and @entity281 .

title: Prevention of XXXX in vitro with aqueous extracts of Quillaja Saponaria Molina.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea disease']

entities_list: @entity3857 :: ('MESH:D012503', 'Chemical') :: ['Saponins', 'saponin', 'saponins']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity6425 :: ('MESH:D012400', 'Disease') :: ['rotavirus infection']

answer: @entity6425 :: (MESH:D012400,Disease) :: ['rotavirus infections']


abstract: Simple sequence repeat telomeric DNA is maintained by a specialized reverse transcriptase, telomerase. The integral RNA subunit of telomerase contains a template region that determines the sequence added to chromosome ends. Aside from providing the template, little is known about the role of the telomerase RNA. In addition, no hypotheses have been suggested to account for the striking evolutionary divergence in size and sequence between telomerase RNAs of ciliates, @entity375 , and mammals. We show that the two- to threefold increase in size of the @entity1 telomerase RNAs relative to ciliate telomerase RNAs is due to the presence of an extra domain resembling a box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA). The @entity1 telomerase RNA ( @entity7066 ) H/ACA domain is essential in vivo for @entity7066 accumulation, @entity11436 ' end processing, and telomerase activity. By substituting the @entity11437 box H/ACA snoRNA for the @entity7066 H/ACA domain, we demonstrate that a heterologous snoRNA can function to promote chimeric RNA accumulation and 3' end processing but not telomerase activity. In addition, we show that maturation of full-length @entity7066 and its assembly into active telomerase occur from an mRNA promoter-driven RNA polymerase II transcript but not from a U6 snRNA promoter-driven RNA polymerase III transcript. Finally, we show that a small percentage of @entity7066 is associated with nucleoli. These results have implications for the biogenesis and structure of @entity7066 and the @entity1 telomerase ribonucleoprotein complex. They also expand the structural and functional diversity of the box H/ACA snoRNA motif.

title: A box H/ACA small nucleolar RNA-like domain at the XXXX telomerase RNA 3' end.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The authors investigated the effects of spinal and supraspinal administration of the @entity1245 receptor agonist @entity1363 alone and with opioids on tests of nociception (tail-flick and hot-plate tests) and motor function ( @entity8364 ) in @entity35 . At the spinal level, the dose-response curves for peak effect and area under the curve for @entity1286 were shifted to the left (indicating potentiation) by a submaximal dose of intrathecal (i.t.) @entity1363 (20 micrograms) in both nociceptive tests. Additionally, 2.5 micrograms of i.t. @entity1363 , a dose having no effect when given alone, increased antinociception in both tests when given with i.t. @entity1286 . Isobolographic analysis confirmed that i.t. injection of @entity1363 potentiated antinociception induced by i.t. @entity1286 . At the supraspinal level, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 4 micrograms of @entity1363 inhibited @entity1286 antinociception, i.e., the dose-response curve for @entity1286 in the hot-plate test shifted to the right. @entity1363 did not affect @entity1286 antinociception in the tail-flick test. @entity8364 occurred only when the highest doses of i.t. or i.c.v. @entity1286 or @entity1363 were injected alone. The differing effect of @entity1363 on @entity1286 -induced antinociception suggests that different mechanisms are involved in the spinal cord and brain.

title: The spinal potentiating effect and the supraspinal inhibitory effect of XXXX on opioid-induced analgesia in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity8364 :: ('MESH:D002375', 'Disease') :: ['Catalepsy', 'catalepsy']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam', 'Midazolam']

answer: @entity1363 :: (MESH:D008874,Chemical) :: ['midazolam']


abstract: @entity2522 is one of the most common @entity66 . It is caused by dental plaque and by the factors produced/released from it. The black pigmented bacteria in @entity2413 are thought to be the periodontopathogens. @entity3288 and @entity2523 have been shown to be closely associated with @entity1 @entity2522 . Prevetella intermedia can use female sex hormones such as @entity1420 or @entity53 as a source of nutrients. In pregnant @entity1 , the concentrations of @entity1420 and @entity53 are markedly increased in serum and both are accumulated and found in the gingival tissue. The purpose of this study was to test levels of female sex hormones in gingival crevicular fluid and to observe the relationship between hormones and black pigmented bacteria in @entity527 . The results showed that the amount of @entity1420 found in the gingival crevicular fluid and percentage of black pigmented bacteria in @entity527 of pregnant @entity1 were markedly higher than in the postpartum stage. The percentage of black pigmented bacteria was positively correlated with the @entity1420 level, pregnancy and the severity of the @entity2522 . Severity of the @entity2522 was positively correlated with both the plaque index and the percentage of black pigmented bacteria in @entity527 .

title: [A study on sex hormones in gingival crevicular fluid and black pigmented bacteria in XXXX of pregnant @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity2413 :: ('MESH:D003773', 'Disease') :: ['subgingival dental plaque']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['subgingival plaque']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['oral diseases']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity2522 :: ('MESH:D005891', 'Disease') :: ['gingivitis', 'Gingivitis']

entities_list: @entity3288 :: ('28131', 'Species') :: ['Prevotella intermedia']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity2523 :: ('837', 'Species') :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis']

answer: @entity527 :: (MESH:D058225,Disease) :: ['subgingival plaque']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity281 is a frequent clinical condition. Prompt treatment has been shown to reduce hospital costs, morbidity and mortality. Recent advances in treatment have been variably implemented in clinical practice. This statement reviews the latest developments and concepts to improve clinical management and stimulate further research. The EACTS Thoracic Domain and the EACTS @entity456 Working Group established a team of thoracic surgeons to produce a comprehensive review of available scientific evidence with the aim to cover all aspects of surgical practice related to its treatment, in particular focusing on: surgical treatment of @entity3509 in adults; surgical treatment of @entity3509 in @entity1 ; and surgical treatment of post-pneumonectomy @entity3509 (PPE). In the management of Stage 1 @entity3509 , prompt @entity456 chest tube drainage is required. In @entity1 with Stage 2 or 3 @entity3509 who are fit enough to undergo an operative procedure, there is a demonstrated benefit of surgical debridement or decortication [possibly by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)] over tube thoracostomy alone in terms of treatment success and reduction in hospital stay. In @entity1 , a primary operative approach is an effective management strategy, associated with a lower mortality rate and a reduction of tube thoracostomy duration, length of antibiotic therapy, reintervention rate and hospital stay. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy is a reasonable alternative to primary operative management. Uncomplicated PPE [without @entity292 ( @entity292 )] can be effectively managed with minimally invasive techniques, including fenestration, @entity456 irrigation and VATS debridement. PPE associated with @entity292 can be effectively managed with individualized open surgical techniques, including direct repair, myoplastic and thoracoplastic techniques. Intrathoracic vacuum-assisted closure may be considered as an adjunct to the standard treatment. The current literature cements the role of VATS in the management of @entity4327 , even if the choice of surgical approach relies on the individual surgeon's preference.

title: EACTS expert consensus statement for surgical management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Pleural infection']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['BPF', 'bronchopleural fistula']

entities_list: @entity4327 :: ('MESH:D016724', 'Disease') :: ['pleural empyema']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['Pleural Diseases', 'pleural space']

answer: @entity4327 :: (MESH:D016724,Disease) :: ['pleural empyema']


abstract: Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are one of the potential treating tools for @entity15 ( @entity15 ). Therefore, the cell number and differentiation of OPCs in a demyelinated spinal cord are crucial for improvement of reparative process. In the present study, we investigated whether "Governor Vessel (GV)" electro-acupuncture (EA) could efficiently promote increase in cell number and differentiation of OPCs into oligodendrocytes, remyelination and functional recovery in the demyelinated spinal cord. The spinal cord of adult @entity35 was microinjected with @entity5611 (EB) at T10, to establish a demyelinated model. Six groups of animals were performed for the experiment. After 15 days EA treatment, @entity10862 (NT-3) level and number of NG2-positive OPCs were significantly increased. Compared with the sham group, more NG2-positive OPCs were distributed between neurofilament (NF)-positive nerve fibres or closely associated with them in the lesion site and nearby tissue. In @entity35 given longer EA treatment for 30 days, the number of @entity1412 ( @entity1412 )-positive oligodendrocytes was increased. Concomitantly, the number of newly formed myelins was increased. This was coupled by increase in endogenous oligodendrocyte involved in myelin formation. Furthermore, behavioural test and spinal cord evoked potential detection demonstrated a significant functional recovery in the EA+EB day 30 group. Our results suggest EA treatment can promote NT-3 expression, increase the cell number and differentiation of endogenous OPCs, and remyelination in the demyelinated spinal cord as well as the functional improvement of demyelinated spinal cord.

title: An experimental electro-acupuncture study in treatment of the @entity35 demyelinated spinal cord injury induced by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5611 :: ('MESH:D004996', 'Chemical') :: ['ethidium bromide']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyposis coli', 'APC']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity5611 :: (MESH:D004996,Chemical) :: ['ethidium bromide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in clinical features of @entity907 ( @entity907 ) in @entity1 . METHODS: From January 2000 to September 2009, 841 @entity1 with unexplained @entity1163 or prodromata were enrolled. They were assigned to two groups according to the period of visiting hospital: group A (from January 2000 to December 2004, n=129) and group B (from January 2005 to September 2009, n=712). They were assigned to three age groups: 4-6 years old, 7-10 years old and 11-18 years old. A @entity135 ( @entity135 ) was performed on all the subjects. RESULTS: The total positive rate of @entity135 was 45.3% (381/841). Compared with that in group A, the positive rate of @entity135 in group B increased significantly (47.5% vs 33.3%; P<0.05). The positive rate of @entity135 in female @entity1 was significantly higher than that in male @entity1 (49.3% vs 37.9%; P<0.05). The positive rate of @entity135 increased with age and it was the highest in @entity1 at age of 11-18 years (49.2%), followed by in @entity1 at age of 7-10 years (44.1%) and 4-6 years (37.1%) (P<0.05). The @entity1 at age of 7-10 years and 11-18 years from group B showed significantly higher positive rate of @entity135 than those from group A (46.2% vs 27.8%; 54.0% vs 32.6%, P<0.05). Vasodepressor type was the most common response type (70.9%) shown by @entity135 compared with mixed type (25.5%) and cardioinhibitory type (3.6%) (P<0.05). The proportion of @entity1 with vasodepressor response type in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (72.5% vs 58.1%; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were obvious changes in the prevalence of @entity907 and response types before and after five years, suggesting that the development of @entity907 may be attributed to many factors, such as social factors, mental factor and life style.

title: [Clinical analysis of @entity907 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head-up tilt table test', 'HUTT']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal syncope', 'VVS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Studies have shown that vaccination with seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) results in a decline in nasopharyngeal carriage of @entity114 -resistant @entity328 , in carriage of vaccine-type pneumococci, and in replacement by non-vaccine serotypes. Vaccines can reduce pneumococcal resistance in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations by reducing the carriage of antibiotic-resistant serotypes, which protects the vaccinated population and prevents spread of disease to others, and by decreasing antibiotic resistance through overall reduction in antibiotic use. However, while reducing the level of vaccine serotypes and drug-resistant serotypes in the nasopharynx, PCV7 also causes non-vaccine pneumococci replacement. The impact of serotype replacement on disease is not clearly understood. Pelton et al. surveyed two communities shortly after the introduction of the PCV7 immunization programme and found that while colonization with vaccine serotypes declined from 22% to 2% from 2000 to 2003, prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes increased from 7% to 16%. Although @entity114 -resistant colonizing @entity2260 isolates initially declined, @entity114 -intermediate isolates increased 2 years following PCV7 introduction. The change was primarily accounted for by an increase in @entity114 -intermediate serotype @entity5686 . Serotype @entity5686 is the only serotype not affected by PCV7 that is prevalent worldwide, clinically important, and highly multidrug-resistant. A study by Hicks et al. established serotype @entity5686 as the predominant post-PCV7 cause of invasive @entity66 (IPD) in @entity1 and the elderly. An increase in IPD rates caused by antibiotic-resistant serotype @entity5686 isolates can also occur without vaccination; reports indicate increases in regions characterized by extensive antibiotic use, underscoring the importance of strategies to contain antibiotic resistance.

title: Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on infections caused by antibiotic-resistant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Osteogenesis imperfecta is an @entity74 of the connective tissue characterized primarily by @entity174 with no or small causal antecedents and extremely variable clinical presentation. The disorder requires a global and, therefore, multidisciplinary therapeutic approach that should aim, among other aspects, at the prevention and treatment of @entity85 resulting from @entity6926 . Due to limitations related to @entity85 , it can be difficult to place these @entity1 in a variety of positions that would help remediate skull @entity85 , so a cranial orthosis becomes the therapy of choice. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the results obtained during treatment with a cranial remolding orthosis (helmet) in babies with @entity6926 . Case Description and Methods: For the first time in the scientific literature, this study describes the use of a cranial orthosis for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity6926 . Both @entity1 had severe asymmetrical @entity91 documented by laser digital scanning and were submitted to treatment with a cranial remolding orthosis. Outcomes and Conclusion: The study showed that there was a significant improvement in cranial proportion and symmetry, with a reduction in the cephalic index at reevaluation. It is concluded that the orthotic therapy is an effective therapeutic modality to improve the proportion and minimize the asymmetry in @entity1 with @entity6926 . Clinical relevance The clinical relevance of such a description is that @entity1 with @entity6926 may have @entity85 and minimizing them can be an important factor. This report showed a beneficial result as the orthotic therapy modality improved the proportions and minimized the asymmetry. This treatment offers too high levels of satisfaction to parents and brings these @entity1 closer to normal indices.

title: Orthotic treatment of positional @entity91 associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited disorder']

entities_list: @entity91 :: ('MESH:D003398', 'Disease') :: ['brachycephaly']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['numerous deformities', 'deformities', 'bony deformities']

entities_list: @entity6926 :: ('MESH:D010013', 'Disease') :: ['osteogenesis imperfecta']

answer: @entity6926 :: (MESH:D010013,Disease) :: ['osteogenesis imperfecta']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the role of @entity1507 @entity1136 sestamibi imaging in predicting the postrevascularization outcome of chronically hypoperfused asynergic territories. BACKGROUND: Rest @entity1136 sestamibi myocardial scintigraphy underestimates the presence of viable @entity1562 in asynergic territories. Stimulation that improves coronary blood flow could increase tracer uptake in hibernating territories. METHODS: Nineteen @entity1 with a previous @entity583 and @entity1002 scheduled for revascularization underwent quantitative @entity1136 sestamibi tomography under baseline conditions and during @entity3763 infusion. Global and regional function were assessed, respectively, before and after revascularization by radionuclide angiocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 (group A) showed postrevascularization regional function recovery, and 12 (group B) showed no significant changes. In group A, @entity1507 infusion induced a @entity5099 ([mean +/- SD] -37.4 +/- 21.6% of baseline value); in group B, no change or a slight increase was observed (+5.8 +/- 8.4%, p < 0.0005 vs. group A). The @entity1507 -induced changes in the extent of uptake defect correlated with postrevascularization changes in ejection fraction (r = -0.94, SEE 7.6). After revascularization, 11 asynergic vascular territories showed improvement (hibernating), and 34 remained unchanged (fibrotic). With administration of @entity3362 , 10 hibernating territories had a decrease in the extent of uptake defect, whereas only 4 of 34 of the fibrotic territories showed a @entity1507 -induced uptake improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term administration of @entity3763 immediately before injection of @entity1136 sestamibi increases tracer uptake in some chronically hypoperfused asynergic territories. This finding correlates with the observation of post-revascularization functional recovery. @entity1507 @entity1136 sestamibi myocardial scintigraphy could be a promising method for the noninvasive detection of viable hibernating @entity1562 .

title: Rest XXXX sestamibi tomography in combination with short-term administration of @entity3362 : feasibility and reliability for prediction of postrevascularization outcome of asynergic territories.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity3763 :: ('MESH:D007548', 'Chemical') :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrate', 'nitrate']

entities_list: @entity5099 :: ('MESH:C536778', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in the extent of the global uptake defect']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardium']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1136 :: (MESH:D013667,Chemical) :: ['technetium-99m']


abstract: The class-I mutants have provided a model system for understanding the generation of diversity of the genes encoding the histocompatibility molecules K, D, and L, and the relationship of their structure to function. The complex nature of the alterations found in Kb molecules from mutant @entity19 has been documented at the nucleic acid level for eight mutants. The clustered changes in the mutant genes are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic recombination between class-I genes generates the Kb mutants. Techniques using synthetic oligonucleotide probes to mutant DNA sequence demonstrated that other class-I genes were available as donors for interaction with the Kb gene to produce the mutations. Intriguingly, donor genes found in the K region (K1) and the D region (Db), as well as the Qa regions (Q4, Q10), were capable of the interactions. The amount of genetic transfer to Kb from other class-I donor genes may range from a potential minimum of 5 @entity2036 to a potential maximum of 95 @entity2036 . Genealogical analysis of several bm mutants has further indicated that at least some, if not all, of the gene interaction events generating Kb mutations occurred during mitotic amplification of the germ cells. Genetic recombination among class-I genes occurring in nature to the extent observed for the Kbm mutants could readily generate mosaic transplantation genes containing sequences derived from other class-I genes. Thus, it seems likely that genetic interaction plays a major role in the diversification and ongoing evolution of the MHC. The localization of altered @entity1522 in the in vivo mutant Kb molecules has directed our attention to recognition regions on the Kb product that play a major role in determining alloreactivity and @entity8200 associative recognition. The replacement of one or a few @entity1522 in either of the postulated recognition regions located in the alpha 1 domain (residues 70-90) or alpha 2 domain (residues 150-180) can have marked effects on biological function. While the majority of monoclonal antibodies recognize epitopes in one or the other recognition region, CTL recognize determinants dependent on the apparent interaction of @entity1522 located in both regions. These overall conclusions are supported to a large extent by studies on mutants derived from several sources, i.e. spontaneous mutants, mutagen-induced somatic variants, and products of hybrid @entity8200 genes. Studies of in vitro variants can provide a more refined approach for analysis of structure-function relationships through the introduction of minimal biochemical changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: XXXX major histocompatibility complex class-I mutants: molecular analysis and structure-function implications.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Murine']


abstract: Between April 1985 and February 1989, 19 @entity1 with advanced or recurrent @entity1204 were treated with the combination of @entity900 (50 mg/m2) and @entity632 (50 mg/m2) administered intravenously every 21 days. Eight @entity1 had @entity5 , two had Stage IV and nine had recurrent @entity5 . Eleven @entity1 had measurable disease at the start of therapy. There were 7 partial responses among the 19 @entity1 , for an overall response rate of 36%. The median survival for the whole group was 17 months with a median progression free interval of 5 months. @entity1 without measurable disease at the onset of therapy had median survivals and progression free intervals which were significantly better than those @entity1 with measurable disease, p < 0.011 and p < 0.025 respectively. @entity3028 (< 1000 microliters) occurred in 7 @entity1 . No important @entity882 , @entity1370 or @entity2359 was observed. Emesis and @entity1665 occurred in all @entity1 . No treatment related @entity204 were encountered.

title: Treatment of recurrent and metastatic @entity1204 with @entity900 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage III disease', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['Granulocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxicity nephrotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: Despite their common use in animal production the environmental fate of the veterinary @entity11682 antibiotics after excretion is only poorly understood. We performed irrigation experiments to investigate the transport of these substances with surface runoff on grassland. Liquid manure from @entity1707 treated with @entity13136 was spiked with @entity4766 , @entity13781 , the herbicide @entity12472 ( @entity22474 ), and the conservative tracer @entity4001 and spread onto eight plots. Four plots received the same amounts of the spiked substances in aqueous solution (controls). Apart from the application matrix we varied the time between application and irrigation. Manure increased the runoff volume up to six times compared with the controls. It seemed that manure enhanced the runoff by sealing the soil surface. On manured plots the relative antibiotic concentrations in runoff were higher than on the controls, reaching an average of 0.3% ( @entity4766 ), 0.8% ( @entity13781 ), and 1.4% ( @entity13136 ) of the input concentrations after a 1-d contact time. The corresponding values on the controls were 0.16% for @entity4766 and 0.08% for @entity13781 . After 3 d, the maximum values on the manured plots were even higher, whereas they had fallen below the limit of quantification on the controls. As a consequence, the @entity11682 losses were 10 to 40 times larger on the manured plots. The relative mobility of the @entity13135 on the control plots followed the trend expected from their chromatographic separation but the opposite was found on the manured plots. Hence it is important to consider explicitly the physical and chemical effects of manure when assessing the environmental fate of @entity13135 .

title: Surface runoff and transport of XXXX antibiotics and tracers on manured grassland.

entities_list: @entity4766 :: ('MESH:D013411', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadiazine']

entities_list: @entity4001 :: ('CHEBI:15858', 'Chemical') :: ['bromide']

entities_list: @entity11682 :: ('CHEBI:35358', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamide']

entities_list: @entity13135 :: ('MESH:D013449', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamides']

entities_list: @entity22474 :: ('CHEBI:15930', 'Chemical') :: ['2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine']

entities_list: @entity13781 :: ('MESH:C005312', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfathiazole']

entities_list: @entity13136 :: ('MESH:D013418', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfadimidine']

answer: @entity11682 :: (CHEBI:35358,Chemical) :: ['sulfonamide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of oral @entity3974 in the control of @entity900 -induced delayed @entity391 in @entity1 who do not require rescue antiemetic therapy for acute @entity391 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Five hundred thirty-eight chemotherapy-naive @entity1 who received @entity900 chemotherapy (> or = 70 mg/m2), and who were not rescued for acute @entity391 , were eligible to be randomized to receive one of the three oral regimens to control delayed @entity391 . Group I received placebo on days 2 to 6; group II received @entity3974 8 mg twice daily on days 2 and 3 and placebo on days 4 to 6; group III received @entity3974 8 mg twice daily on days 2 to 6. All @entity1 received intravenous @entity3974 (0.15 mg/kg every 4 hours for three doses) for the control of acute @entity391 on day 1. The number of @entity2749 on days 2 and 3 combined (days 2/3, when incidence and severity of delayed @entity391 were expected to be greatest) was considered the primary measure of efficacy. RESULTS: @entity1 who received odansetron had significantly fewer @entity2749 on days 2/3, 4, and 5 than those who received placebo (P < or = .002 on each day). Additionally, significantly more @entity1 who received @entity3974 had a complete plus major response (C+MR; < or = two two @entity2749 ) than those who received placebo on days 2/3 (56% v 37%, P = .001), 4 (94% v 85%, P = .005), and 5 (98% v 88%, P = .006). @entity1 who received @entity3974 had significantly less @entity390 on day 2/3 when day-1 @entity390 was used as the baseline score (P = .025). @entity1 who received @entity3974 also had significantly less @entity390 on day 4 (P = .042) and the results approached significance on day 5 (P = .066). CONCLUSION: Oral @entity3974 had a significant effect in the control of @entity900 -induced delayed @entity391 and @entity390 in @entity1 who had not required rescue antiemetics during the acute @entity391 period. The control of delayed @entity390 and @entity391 was most notable in the immediate 2 days following @entity900 administration, with the clinical difference narrowing between the two treatment arms on subsequent days.

title: Oral @entity3974 for the control of @entity900 -induced delayed @entity391 : a large, multicenter, double-blind, randomized comparative trial of XXXX versus placebo.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity2749 :: ('MESH:C580065', 'Disease') :: ['emetic episodes']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting', 'emesis']

answer: @entity3974 :: (MESH:D017294,Chemical) :: ['ondansetron']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many @entity1 diseases arise from or have pathogenic contributions from a dysregulated immune response. One pathway with immunomodulatory ability is the @entity6635 metabolism pathway, which promotes immune suppression through the enzyme @entity3035 2,3-dioxygenase ( @entity9218 ) and subsequent production of @entity8112 . However, in @entity1 with chronic @entity272 , such as @entity1569 and @entity483 ( @entity483 ), another @entity6635 metabolism enzyme downstream of @entity9218 , @entity9219 ( @entity9219 ), is heavily upregulated. The role of @entity9219 has not been explored in @entity1 with these @entity272 or in general @entity1 immunology. OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore the expression and potential immunologic function of the @entity6635 metabolism enzyme @entity9219 in @entity272 and its potential contribution to general @entity1 immunology. METHODS: Psoriatic skin biopsy specimens, as well as normal @entity1 skin, blood, and primary cells, were used to investigate the immunologic role of @entity9219 and @entity6635 metabolites. RESULTS: Here we show that @entity9219 (+) cells, predominantly of myeloid origin, infiltrate psoriatic lesional skin. @entity9219 expression positively correlates with disease severity and @entity32 and is reduced on successful treatment of @entity1569 or @entity483 . @entity6635 metabolites downstream of @entity9219 upregulate several cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesions. By mining data on several @entity1 diseases, we found that in @entity1 with @entity5 , @entity9218 is preferentially upregulated compared with @entity9219 , whereas in @entity1 with inflammatory diseases, such as @entity483 , @entity9219 is preferentially upregulated compared with @entity9218 . CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that @entity6635 metabolism might dichotomously modulate immune responses, with @entity9219 as a switch between immunosuppressive versus inflammatory outcomes. Although @entity6635 metabolism is increased in many @entity1 diseases, how @entity6635 metabolism is proceeding might qualitatively affect the immune response in @entity1 with that disease.

title: The @entity6635 metabolism enzyme XXXX is a novel inflammatory factor in @entity1569 and other inflammatory diseases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3035 :: ('CHEBI:28626', 'Chemical') :: ['indoleamine']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity6635 :: ('D014364', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan', 'Tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory skin disease', 'skin diseases']

answer: @entity9219 :: (8942,Gene) :: ['L-kynureninase']


abstract: aB crystallin is a chaperone protein with anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory functions and has been identified as a biomarker in age-related @entity1020 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether aB crystallin is secreted from @entity989 ( @entity989 ) cells, the mechanism of this secretory pathway and to determine whether extracellular aB crystallin can be taken up by adjacent retinal cells and provide protection from oxidant stress. We used @entity1 @entity989 cells to establish that aB crystallin is secreted by a non-classical pathway that involves exosomes. Evidence for the release of exosomes by @entity989 and localization of aB crystallin within the exosomes was achieved by immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic analyses. Inhibition of lipid rafts or exosomes significantly reduced aB crystallin secretion, while inhibitors of classic secretory pathways had no effect. In highly polarized @entity989 monolayers, aB crystallin was selectively secreted towards the apical, photoreceptor-facing side. In support, confocal microscopy established that aB crystallin was localized predominantly in the apical compartment of @entity989 monolayers, where it co-localized in part with exosomal marker @entity5775 . Severe oxidative stress resulted in barrier breakdown and release of aB crystallin to the basolateral side. In normal @entity19 retinal sections, aB crystallin was identified in the interphotoreceptor matrix. An increased uptake of exogenous aB crystallin and protection from apoptosis by inhibition of @entity185 and @entity8383 activation were observed in stressed @entity989 cultures. aB Crystallin was taken up by photoreceptors in @entity19 retinal explants exposed to oxidative stress. These results demonstrate an important role for aB crystallin in maintaining and facilitating a neuroprotective outer retinal environment and may also explain the accumulation of aB crystallin in extracellular sub- @entity989 deposits in the stressed microenvironment in age-related @entity1020 . Thus evidence from our studies supports a neuroprotective role for aB crystallin in @entity2194 .

title: aB crystallin is apically secreted within exosomes by polarized XXXX retinal pigment epithelium and provides neuroprotection to adjacent cells.

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular diseases']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal pigment epithelial', 'RPE']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the perinatal outcome of monochorionic twin pregnancies treated by fetoscopic laser coagulation for @entity14244 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: A university teaching hospital in Hong Kong. @entity1 : Thirty consecutive cases of fetoscopic laser coagulation of placental anastomoses for @entity14244 performed in a single centre. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Operative complications and perinatal survival rates. RESULTS: The median gestational age at initial presentation, laser photocoagulation, and delivery were 22 (range, 16-27) weeks, 23 (18-28) weeks, and 32 (21-37) weeks, respectively. To improve the visualisation, in three cases amnio-exchange was undertaken; the procedure was abandoned in two due to poor visualisation. The overall fetal survival rate, the double @entity1 survival rate, and survival rate for at least one twin were 72% (43/60), 60% (18/30), and 83% (25/30), respectively. The most common peri-operative complication was @entity548 from the uterine wall into the @entity2907 , which affected three (10%) @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Our results of fetoscopic laser surgery for @entity14244 were similar to those in specialised centres in other countries.

title: Fetoscopic laser photocoagulation in the management of XXXX : local experience from Hong Kong.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity2907 :: ('MESH:D000652', 'Disease') :: ['amniotic cavity']

entities_list: @entity14244 :: ('MESH:D005330', 'Disease') :: ['twin-twin transfusion syndrome']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity14244 :: (MESH:D005330,Disease) :: ['twin-twin transfusion syndrome']


abstract: During the 5-year period 1989-1993, the incidence of Candida krusei, and other non-albicans Candida spp., was analyzed in a 60-bed @entity5 department. The frequency of C. krusei, before @entity2380 was introduced into therapeutic protocols in 1990, was 16.5%, and after introduction of @entity2380 into prophylaxis in @entity3052 in 1991, the incidence of C. krusei was 12.7%. After 3 years of using this drug in therapy and prophylaxis, the incidence of C. krusei in 1993 was 14.8%, what was lower than before this drug was introduced in our country. 97.6% of all isolated fungi were @entity375 and only 2.4% were molds. Among @entity375 , the most frequently isolated pathogen was @entity5132 with 64.3% in 1989 and 74.2% in 1993. The next was C. krusei with 21.2% in 1992 and 16.5% in 1989, but 14.8% in 1993, and @entity9841 and @entity7408 with 9.03% in 1989 and 2.7% in 1993. Among the molds, Aspergillus spp. was the most frequently isolated genus. Analyzing the etiology of mycologically proven @entity364 confirmed by positive blood cultures or biopsies, @entity5132 and Aspergillus spp. were the most common causative organisms.

title: XXXX , Candida krusei, non-albicans Candida spp., and other fungal organisms in a sixty-bed national @entity5 center in 1989-1993: no association with the use of @entity2380 .

entities_list: @entity9841 :: ('5482', 'Species') :: ['Candida tropicalis']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity7408 :: ('5478', 'Species') :: ['Candida glabrata']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections']

answer: @entity7408 :: (5478,Species) :: ['Candida glabrata']


abstract: Mb. Whipple is a rare @entity74 with multiple manifestations. We present a case-story demonstrating the typical course: migrating, non-deforming arthralgies are years later followed by @entity294 , loss of weight, @entity1295 and pronounced biochemical disturbances. Intestinal biopsy shows numerous PAS-positive, diastaseresistent macrophages, and antibiotic treatment is initiated. After a somewhat prolonged course, complicated with @entity7014 and @entity884 , the @entity1 recovers. Four months after the cessation of antibiotic treatment, however, the @entity1 shows clinical signs of relapse, and treatment is restarted. The etiological agent has recently been identified as a gram-positive actinomycete called Tropheryma Whippleii. There are some, but not unequivocal, signs of a cellular @entity465 , perhaps predestinating certain @entity1 to the disease. The course is usually favourable, when treated with relevant antibiotics. Relapse is not uncommon, and is very problematic when the CNS is involved. Therefore, a combination treatment with good penetration of the blood-brain barrier is recommended--e.g. two weeks treatment with parenterally administered @entity3639 and @entity3397 followed by @entity207 - @entity206 orally for one year.

title: [Whipple disease. A rare XXXX with multiple manifestations].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disorder']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['benzylpenicillin']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity7014 :: ('MESH:D005873', 'Disease') :: ['Giardiasis']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['systemic disorder']