abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity384 has been demonstrated in @entity101 and @entity1575 by lymphangiography and laparotomy and at autopsy. It is thought to be secondary to increased hepatic lymph flow and has been described in the absence of @entity843 or esophageal varices. The aim of the present study was to observe thoracic duct morphology by endoscopic ultrasound in various subsets of @entity1 with @entity101 and @entity1575 and also to validate existing radiologic/surgical data. METHODS: The thoracic duct of 33 @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity101 was studied by endoscopic ultrasound. @entity1 were divided into four groups: 1, @entity1 with @entity843 and esophageal varices; 2, esophageal varices without @entity843 ; 3, without esophageal varices or @entity843 ; 4, extrahepatic @entity101 due to @entity9451 . The thoracic duct diameter was also measured in 14 control subjects (group 5). RESULTS: When the thoracic duct diameter for the five groups was compared with analysis of variance, significance was p < 0.0001; by pairwise comparison, group 1 differed from the other four groups (p < 0.05). @entity384 (5.61 mm) was seen in group 1 @entity1 , whereas no dilation was present in groups 2 through 4. Additionally, thoracic duct diameter in 33 portal @entity101 and/or cirrhotic @entity1 was significantly different from that in the 14 control subjects (p = 0. 003). CONCLUSION: The thoracic duct can be reliably identified by EUS in @entity1 with @entity1575 and @entity101 . Dilation of the duct is seen only in @entity1 with @entity1575 , @entity843 , and esophageal varices. No thoracic duct dilation is present in extrahepatic @entity101 . Contrary to existing radiologic/surgical data, thoracic duct dilation is not seen in all @entity1 with @entity1575 and @entity101 signifying @entity1442 . A dilated thoracic duct by endoscopic ultrasound should be considered yet another sign of @entity101 .

title: Observation of thoracic duct morphology in XXXX by endoscopic ultrasound.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['portal hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Thoracic duct dilation']

entities_list: @entity9451 :: ('MESH:D010195', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic cirrhosis']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['portal hypertension']


abstract: AIM: To localize @entity55660 ( @entity55660 ) in pancreatic tissue of @entity19 of different ages. METHODS: Paraffin sections of 6-8 mum of fixed pancreatic samples were mounted on @entity5731 coated slides and used for Immunolocalization using appropriate primary antibodies (Nestin, Insulin, Glucagon), followed by addition of a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody. The antigen-antibody localization was captured using a confocal microscope (Leica SP 5 series). RESULTS: In 3-6 d pups, the @entity55660 were localized towards the periphery of the endocrine portion, as evident from immunolocalization of insulin and glucagon, while @entity55660 were absent in the acinar portion. At 2 wk, @entity55660 were localized in both the exocrine and endocrine portions. Interestingly, in 4-wk-old @entity19 @entity55660 were seen only in the endocrine portion, towards the periphery, and were colocalised with the glucagon positive cells. In the pancreas of 8- wk-old @entity19 , the @entity55660 were predominantly localized in the central region of the islet clusters, where immunostaining for insulin was at a maximum. CONCLUSION: We report for the first time the immunolocalization of @entity55660 in the pancreas of @entity19 of different ages (3 d to 8 wk) with reference to insulin and glucagon positive cells. The heterogeneous localization of the @entity55660 observed may be of functional and developmental significance and suggest(s) that @entity19 pancreatic tissue can be a potential source of progenitor cells. @entity55660 from the pancreas can be isolated, proliferated and programmed to differentiate into insulin secreting cells under the appropriate microenvironment.

title: Immuolocalization of nestin in pancreatic tissue of XXXX at different ages.

entities_list: @entity5731 :: ('CHEBI:61490', 'Chemical') :: ['poly-L-lysine']

entities_list: @entity55660 :: ('MESH:C563822', 'Disease') :: ['NPC', 'nestin positive cells']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent observations provide evidence that complement is involved in the pathophysiology of @entity63 / @entity5721 . In this study, we assessed the impact of complement inhibition on hepatic microcirculation and graft function using a @entity35 model of liver transplantation. METHODS: Arterialized orthotopic liver transplantation was performed in Lewis @entity35 after cold preservation (University of Wisconsin solution, 4 degrees C, 24 h). Eight animals received the physiological complement regulator soluble complement receptor type 1 (sCR1) intravenously 1 min before reperfusion. Controls received Ringer's solution (n=8). Microvascular perfusion, leukocyte adhesion, and Kupffer cell phagocytic activity were studied 30-100 min after reperfusion by in vivo microscopy. RESULTS: Microvascular perfusion in hepatic sinusoids was improved in the sCR1 group (87+/-0.7% vs. 50+/-1%; P < 0.001). The number of adherent leukocytes was reduced in sinusoids (68.3+/-4.7 vs. 334.1+/-15.8 [adherent leukocytes per mm < or = liver surface]; P < 0.001) and in postsinusoidal venules after sCR1 treatment (306.6+/-21.8 vs. 931.6+/-55.9 [adherent leukocytes per mm < or = endothelial surface]; P < 0.001). Kupffer cell phagocytic activity was decreased in the sCR1 group compared to controls. Postischemic bile production reflecting hepatocellular function was increased by almost 200% (P = 0.004) after complement inhibition. Plasmatic liver enzyme activity was decreased significantly upon sCR1 treatment, indicating reduced @entity4085 . CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide further evidence that the complement system plays a decisive role in @entity99 / @entity5721 . We conclude that complement inhibition by sCR1 represents an effective treatment to prevent @entity5721 in liver transplantation.

title: Complement inhibition by soluble complement receptor type 1 improves microcirculation after XXXX liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity5721 :: ('MESH:D015427', 'Disease') :: ['reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity4085 :: ('MESH:D009081', 'Disease') :: ['parenchymal cell injury']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic ischemia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate serum cardiac troponin I, a sensitive marker of @entity299 , in normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by @entity101 with and without significant @entity644 . DESIGN: Prospective cross sectional study. SETTING: University hospital delivery suite. SAMPLE: Serum samples obtained from @entity1 in normal pregnancy and in pregnancies complicated by @entity101 with and without significant @entity644 . METHOD: @entity1 with @entity101 in pregnancy (at least two readings of systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg) (n = 26) and normotensive @entity1 (n = 43) were included in the study. Serum cardiac troponin I was measured using Beckman Access immunoassay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Serum cardiac troponin I level in the pregnancies complicated by @entity101 (with and without significant @entity644 ) compared with the levels measured in normotensive @entity1 . RESULTS: The median serum cardiac troponin I level in pregnancies complicated by @entity101 was 0.118 ng/mL (n = 26) which was significantly greater than that measured in samples obtained from normotensive @entity1 in pregnancy (0.03 ng/mL; n = 43) (P < 0.0001). There were higher median serum cardiac troponin I levels in @entity101 @entity1 with significant @entity644 (0.155 ng/mL; n = 6), compared with those without @entity644 (0.089 ng/mL; n = 20; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Serum cardiac troponin I is elevated in @entity1 with @entity101 disorders of pregnancy indicating some degree of @entity299 in these disorders.

title: Cardiac troponin I in pre-eclampsia and gestational XXXX .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac myofibrillary damage', 'cardiac myocyte damage']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The evolutionary history of variation in the @entity1 Rh blood group system, determined by variants in the @entity6668 and @entity52444 genes, has long been an unresolved puzzle in @entity1 genetics. Prior to medical treatments and interventions developed in the last century, the D-positive ( @entity6668 positive) @entity1 of D-negative ( @entity6668 negative) @entity1 were at risk for @entity6570 , if the mother produced anti-D antibodies following sensitization to the blood of a previous D-positive @entity1 . Given the deleterious fitness consequences of this disease, the appreciable frequencies in European populations of the responsible @entity6668 gene deletion variant (for example, 0.43 in our study) seem surprising. In this study, we used new molecular and genomic data generated from four HapMap population samples to test the idea that positive selection for an as-of-yet unknown fitness benefit of the @entity6668 deletion may have offset the otherwise negative fitness effects of @entity6570 . We found no evidence that positive natural selection affected the frequency of the @entity6668 deletion. Thus, the initial rise to intermediate frequency of the @entity6668 deletion in European populations may simply be explained by genetic drift/founder effect, or by an older or more complex sweep that we are insufficiently powered to detect. However, our simulations recapitulate previous findings that selection on the @entity6668 deletion is frequency dependent and weak or absent near 0.5. Therefore, once such a frequency was achieved, it could have been maintained by a relatively small amount of genetic drift. We unexpectedly observed evidence for positive selection on the C allele of @entity52444 in non-African populations (on chromosomes with intact copies of the @entity6668 gene) in the form of an unusually high F( ST ) value and the high frequency of a single haplotype carrying the C allele. @entity52444 function is not well understood, but the C/c antigenic variant is clinically relevant and can result in @entity6570 , albeit much less commonly and severely than that related to the D-negative blood type. Therefore, the potential fitness benefits of the @entity52444 C allele are currently unknown but merit further exploration.

title: Evolutionary genetics of the XXXX Rh blood group system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'human', 'child']

entities_list: @entity6570 :: ('MESH:D004899', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic disease of the newborn']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In most reports different techniques have been described for combinations of primary and recurrent @entity547 . The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the results of endoscopic total extraperitoneal repair (TEP) of primary and recurrent @entity169 . METHODS: From January 1993 to July 1995, 221 @entity1 with an @entity169 (186 primary and 35 recurrent) underwent TEP repair. Follow-up, including physical examination, was performed at regular 3-month intervals. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 37.6 min. @entity532 occurred in 23 cases. Conversion was required for 16 @entity1 (7.2%). @entity260 were reported for 11.7% of the @entity1 . Hospital stay was short. Mean follow-up was 40.4 months. The recurrence rate was 3. 2% for primary @entity547 and 20% for recurrent @entity547 . CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the preliminary success of TEP for primary @entity169 repair, as previously reported. The high recurrence rate after endoscopic repair of recurrent @entity547 needs to be studied further.

title: Endoscopic total extraperitoneal repair of primary and recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Minor perioperative complications']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral inguinal hernia', 'inguinal hernias', 'inguinal hernia']

answer: @entity169 :: (MESH:D006552,Disease) :: ['inguinal hernias']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity356 ( @entity356 ) restricts food intake. Consequently, @entity1 consume less @entity460 . In addition, food no longer passes through the duodenum, the main site of @entity460 absorption. Therefore, @entity460 absorption is significantly impaired. The goal of this study is to compare two common @entity460 supplements in gastric bypass @entity1 . METHOD: Nineteen @entity1 were enrolled in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover study comparing the absorption of @entity460 from @entity4959 and @entity13621 salts. Serum and urine @entity460 levels were assessed for peak values (C (max)) and cumulative @entity460 increment (area under the curve [AUC]). Serum @entity461 was assessed for minimum values ( @entity461 (min)) and cumulative @entity461 decrement (AUC). Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated analysis of variance model. RESULTS: Eighteen subjects completed the study. @entity13621 resulted in a significantly higher serum C (max) (9.4 + 0.4 mg/dl vs. 9.2 + 0.3 mg/dl, p = 0.02) and serum AUC (55 + 2 mg/dl vs. 54 + 2 mg/dl, p = 0.02). @entity13621 resulted in a significantly lower @entity461 (min) (24 + 11 pg/ml vs. 30 + 13 pg/ml, p = 0.01) and a higher AUC (-32 + 51 pg/ml vs. -3 + 56 pg/ml, p = 0.04). There was a non-significant trend for higher urinary AUC in the @entity13621 group (76.13 + 36.39 mg/6 h vs. 66.04 + 40.82, p = 0.17). CONCLUSION: @entity13621 has superior bioavailability than @entity4959 in @entity356 @entity1 .

title: Comparison of the absorption of XXXX and @entity13621 after @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity13621 :: ('MESH:D019355', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium citrate', 'Calcium citrate']

entities_list: @entity4959 :: ('MESH:D002119', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium carbonate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['RYGB', 'Roux-en-Y gastric bypass']

answer: @entity4959 :: (MESH:D002119,Chemical) :: ['calcium carbonate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity189 is a little-known @entity259 , characterized by the presence of well-defined nidi of small uniform cells with frequent areas of @entity5 @entity39 and microfollicles with thyroglobulin. It was described by Carcangiu in 1984, but its prognosis is not yet clear. STUDY DESIGN: Six of 335 @entity1 undergoing surgery for @entity259 had the insular type. We studied age, gender, treatment, histology ( @entity5 size, coexistence of another @entity5 , extrathyroid spread, vascular invasion, multicentricity, and metastatic adenopathies), @entity2802 , and followup (recurrences, mortality, and survival). These results were compared with those published in the literature. RESULTS: @entity189 was more common in @entity1 (4 of 6), and mean @entity1 age was 32 years. Three @entity1 had metastatic adenopathies. Four @entity1 presented with other @entity259 (2 papillary, 1 follicular, and 1 anaplastic) and 2 were simple. Two @entity1 had vascular invasion, and another 2 were extrathyroid. Only 1 case was multicentric. Three recurrences were detected in 2 @entity1 over 50 years old: 1 lymph node at 60 months, 1 pulmonary at 132 months, and the other a bone recurrence at 8 months. Two @entity1 died at 12 and 140 months. CONCLUSIONS: @entity189 is a special type of @entity259 , and the prognosis is poorer than for the classic @entity259 .

title: XXXX : an infrequent subtype of @entity259 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Insular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid tumors', 'thyroid cancer', 'thyroid carcinoma', 'differentiated thyroid carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Insular carcinoma']


abstract: AIM: To elucidate the role of @entity29972 / @entity12747 signaling pathway in pancreatic development of @entity35 embryo. METHODS: The mRNAs of @entity12747 , @entity1412 , @entity12003 genes were amplified by means of semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from @entity788 in different periods and normal pancreas of @entity35 , respectively. Protein expression of these genes in @entity788 of E14.5-E18.5 was examined by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: In @entity788 of E14.5, the transcript amplification of @entity12747 and @entity12003 genes was detected. In @entity788 .5, the transcription levels of @entity12747 and @entity12003 genes became much higher than in other periods. But in adult @entity35 pancreas the transcription of @entity12003 gene could not be observed. Only until E18.5, the transcript amplification of mRNA of @entity1412 gene could be detected. Surprisingly, the transcription level of @entity1412 gene became much higher in adult @entity35 pancreas than in @entity788 . By means of immunohistochemical staining, identical results were obtained to the above by RP-PCR, except for @entity12747 protein in adult @entity35 pancreas. CONCLUSION: Active @entity29972 / @entity12747 signaling occurs in @entity35 @entity788 and is probably important for pancreatic development and organ formation.

title: XXXX / @entity12747 signaling pathway is active in pancreatic development of @entity35 embryo.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic pancreas', 'embryonic pancreas of E18']

answer: @entity29972 :: (114487(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Wnt']


abstract: We studied the putative role of the vasopressin receptors in the phenotypic response of @entity134 -secreting @entity16663 . A retrospective analysis of a series of 26 @entity16663 responsible for @entity699 (19 @entity652 and 7 @entity189 ) showed that @entity1951 (10 IU, i.m., @entity7188 ) induced an ACTH-independent @entity701 response (arbitrarily defined as a @entity701 rise above baseline of 30 ng/mL or more) in 7 cases (27%). In comparison, 68 of 90 @entity1 with @entity699 (76%) had a positive @entity701 response. We then prospectively examined the expression of vasopressin receptor genes in @entity16663 of recently operated @entity1 (20 @entity652 and 19 @entity1636 ). We used highly sensitive and specific quantitative RT-PCR techniques for each of the newly characterized @entity1 vasopressin receptors: V1, V2, and V3. The V1 messenger @entity10731 (mRNA) was detected in normal adrenal cortex and in all @entity5 . Its level varied widely between 2.0 x 10(2) and 4.4 x 10(5) copies/0.1 microgram total RNA, and @entity652 had significantly higher levels than @entity189 , although there was a large overlap. Among the 6 recently operated @entity1 who had been subjected to the vasopressin test in vivo, the @entity5 V1 mRNA levels were higher in the 4 responders (9.5 x 10(3) to 5.0 x 10(4)) than in the 2 nonresponders (2.0 x 10(2) and 1.8 x 10(3)). One @entity652 that had a brisk @entity701 response in vivo, also had in vitro @entity701 responses that were inhibited by a specific V1 antagonist. In situ hybridization showed the presence of V1 mRNA in the normal @entity1 adrenal cortex where the signal predominated in the compact cells of the @entity4091 . A positive signal was also present in the @entity5 with high RT-PCR V1 mRNA levels; its distribution pattern was heterogeneous and showed preferential association with compact cells. RT-PCR studies for the other vasopressin receptors showed a much lower signal for V2 and no evidence for V3 mRNA. We could not establish whether the V2 mRNA signal observed in normal and tumoral specimens was present within adrenocortical cells or merely within tissue vessels. We conclude that the vasopressin V1 receptor gene is expressed in normal and tumoral adrenocortical cells. High, and not ectopic, expression occurs in a minority of @entity5 that become directly responsive to vasopressin stimulation tests.

title: Variable expression of the V1 vasopressin receptor modulates the phenotypic response of XXXX -secreting @entity16663 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1951 :: ('MESH:D014667', 'Chemical') :: ['vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome", "Cushing's disease"]

entities_list: @entity7188 :: ('MESH:D008236', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['zona reticularis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity16663 :: ('MESH:D000306', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical tumors']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity10731 :: ('CHEBI:33697', 'Chemical') :: ['ribonucleic acid']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Brain metastases (BM) is one of the most common failures of locally advanced @entity1149 (LA-NSCLC) after combined-modality therapy. The outcome of trials on prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) has prompted us to identify the highest-risk subset most likely to benefit from PCI. Focusing on @entity1 with completely resected pathological stage IIIA-N2 (pIIIA-N2) NSCLC, we aimed to assess risk factors of BM and to define the highest-risk subset. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2005, the records of 217 consecutive @entity1 with pIIIA-N2 NSCLC in our institution were reviewed. The cumulative incidence of BM was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences between the groups were analyzed using log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was applied to assess risk factors of BM. RESULTS: Fifty-three (24.4   %) @entity1 developed BM at some point during their clinical course. On multivariate analysis, @entity1544 (relative risk [RR]: 4.13, 95   % CI: 1.86-9.19; P   =   0.001) and the ratio of metastatic to examined nodes or lymph node ratio (LNR)   >=    30   % (RR: 3.33, 95   % CI: 1.79-6.18; P   =   0.000) were found to be associated with an increased risk of BM. In @entity1 with @entity1544 and LNR   >=    30   %, the 5-year actuarial risk of BM was 57.3   %. CONCLUSIONS: In NSCLC, @entity1 with completely resected pIIIA-N2 @entity1544 and LNR   >=    30   % are at the highest risk for BM, and are most likely to benefit from PCI. Further studies are warranted to investigate the effect of PCI on this subset of @entity1 .

title: Risk factors of brain metastases in completely resected pathological stage IIIA-N2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['non-squamous cell cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Radiofrequency @entity221 using the newly-developed "cooled-tip" needle is one of the latest US-guided percutaneous treatments of @entity157 arising in @entity82 . The continuous cooling of the needle tip allows tissue heating and @entity39 far from the electrode without tissue charring, which was the major drawback of the old monopolar technique. Herein we report our preliminary results on feasibility and effectiveness of the thermoablation of mono- or paucifocal @entity157 with the cooled-tip needle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: November, 1996, to January, 1998, we treated thirteen cirrhotic @entity1 (mean age 69.5 yrs, 10 @entity1 , 12 @entity3531 -positive; 11 in @entity1 's Class A and 2 in Class B) with 19 @entity157 nodules (mean diameter: 27 mm; range: 10-41 mm; 6 with diameter > 3 cm). None of the @entity1 had portal @entity715 and/or extrahepatic spread. We used a radiofrequency generator (100 W power) connected to an 18 G perfusion electrode needle with an exposed tip of 2-3 cm. The circuit is closed through a dispersive electrode positioned under the @entity1 's thighs. A peristaltic pump infuses a chilled (2-5 degrees C) saline solution to guarantee the continuous cooling of the needle tip. The needle was placed into target lesions under US guidance. The interventional procedure was carried out under general anesthesia using @entity1875 without intubation. Dynamic CT (more recently with the helical technique) was carried out 15-20 days after thermoablation to assess treatment efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 31 thermal injuries (at 1000-1200 mA for 10-15 minutes) were caused in 21 sessions in the 19 @entity157 nodules (mean: 1.5 lesions per nodule and 1.6 sessions per @entity1 ). Complete @entity39 as assessed at dynamic CT (no enhancement during the arteriographic phase) was achieved in 16 of 19 nodules (84%). No side-effects occurred. During the follow-up (median: 11 months) no @entity204 occurred and five @entity1 had recurrent @entity157 appearing either as single nodule or as multinodular liver involvement. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience radiofrequency @entity221 with the cooled-tip needle permits effective and safe percutaneous ablation of @entity157 in @entity82 . In addition, treatment time is short and lesions > 3 cm can be treated. Further experience is needed to better define the role of percutaneous thermoablation in the treatment strategy of @entity157 .

title: [Echo-guided radiofrequency percutaneous ablation of XXXX in @entity82 using a cooled needle].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['Propofol']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The relatively rare @entity189 of the ampulla of Vater is a @entity5 with a good prognosis compared to @entity788 . Preoperative staging is important in planning the most suitable surgical intervention. AIM: To prospectively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) in comparison with conventional US and CT scan, in staging of @entity1 with @entity189 . @entity1 AND METHODS: 20 @entity1 (7 @entity1 and 13 @entity1 ) with histologically proven @entity189 of the ampulla of Vater were assessed by EUS, CT scan and US. Results were compared to surgical findings. RESULTS: Endoscopic biopsies were diagnostic in 76% of the @entity1 . Detection of @entity5 with US and CT scan was 15% and 20% respectively. Only indirect signs of the disease were identified in the majority of cases using these methods. Overall accuracy of EUS in @entity5 was 100%. The EUS was significantly (p < 0.001) superior than US and CT scan in @entity189 detection. @entity5 size, @entity5 extension and the existence of metastatic lymph nodes were also identified and EUS proved to be very useful for the preoperative classification both for the T and the N components of the TNM staging of this @entity5 . The diagnostic accuracy for @entity5 extension (T) was 82% and for detection of metastatic lymph nodes (N) was 71%. CONCLUSION: EUS is more accurate in detecting @entity5 than US and CT scan. @entity5 extension and locally metastatic lymph nodes are more accurately assessed by means of EUS than with other imaging methods.

title: Is endosonography an effective method for detection and local staging of the XXXX ? A prospective study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'detection of ampullary tumours', 'ampullary cancer', 'Tumour', 'Tumor', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma', 'ampullary carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['ampullary carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend regular use of @entity4185 ( @entity4185 )-containing medications for all @entity1 with persistent @entity565 and those with moderate to severe @entity1030 . It is important to identify indicators of inappropriate prescribing. AIMS: To test the hypothesis that @entity4185 are prescribed for the management of @entity1729 in some @entity1 lacking evidence of @entity1030 . METHODS: Medication dispensing data were obtained from the Australian national Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) for concessional @entity1 dispensed any respiratory medications during 2008. We identified @entity1 dispensed only one @entity4185 -containing medication and no other respiratory medications in a year, who were therefore unlikely to have @entity1030 , and calculated the proportion who were co-dispensed oral antibiotics. RESULTS: In 2008, 43.6% of the 115,763 @entity1 who were dispensed one-off @entity4185 were co-dispensed oral antibiotics. Co-dispensing was seasonal, with a large peak in winter months. The most commonly co-dispensed @entity4185 among adults were moderate/high doses of combination therapy, while lower doses of @entity4185 alone were co-dispensed among @entity1 . In this cohort, one-off @entity4185 co-dispensed with oral antibiotics cost the government  2.7 million in 2008. CONCLUSIONS: In Australia, many @entity1 who receive one-off prescriptions for @entity4185 -containing medications do not appear to have @entity1030 . In this context, the high rate of co-dispensing with antibiotics suggests that @entity4185 are often inappropriately prescribed for the management of symptoms of @entity1729 . Interventions are required to improve the quality of prescribing of @entity4185 and the management of @entity1729 in clinical practice.

title: Inappropriate prescribing of inhaled corticosteroids: are they being prescribed for XXXX ? A retrospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity4185 :: ('MESH:D058545', 'Disease') :: ['ICS', 'inhaled corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections', 'respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic airways disease', 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'airways disease']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['respiratory tract infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have reported synergistic effects of combined @entity221 and chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The response to irradiation and chemotherapy of well-oxygenated and vascularized @entity5 generally is better than that of @entity5 . Therefore, @entity5 oxygenation is recognized as an important predictive factor in the therapy of @entity5 . In practice, the head and neck area remains outside of the @entity221 chamber during whole-body @entity221 . It was the aim of this study to evaluate if the head and neck region receives sufficient warmth and, if so, if @entity5 oxygenation increases accordingly. @entity1 /METHODS: Whole-body @entity221 , as heat radiation (Enthermics Medical Systems RHS-7500), was applied to the narcotised 60-year-old male @entity1 with a local recurrence @entity5 pT3 pN2b M0 squamous cell @entity1697 . Tumor oxygenation and temperature were measured by LICOX catheters via one-point measurement during the entire @entity221 treatment (3.5 h). Parallelly, chemotherapy ( @entity1260 / @entity3003 ) was given in four cycles (one cycle/month). RESULTS: With a latency of 10 min the increase of intratumoral temperature was comparable to temperatures achieved in the esophagus. The maximum intratumoral temperature was 41.8 degrees C. The average increase in @entity5 oxygenation was more than 100%. The clinical outcome in the case presented was a partial @entity5 remission (PR). CONCLUSIONS: During combined whole-body @entity221 and polychemotherapy, @entity5 oxygenation is also significantly improved in the head and neck area, despite the fact that the head and neck area remained outside the @entity221 chamber. The intratumoral temperature was comparable to esophageal and rectal temperatures.

title: [Tumor oxygenation in combined whole body XXXX and polychemotherapy. Studies exemplified by recurrent @entity1697 cavity].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the oral cavity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'hypoxic tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['hyperthermia']


abstract: @entity2661 have been implicated in neuromodulation of peripheral chemosensitivity and central respiratory mechanisms. Because glucocorticoids can affect @entity2922 metabolism in the carotid body and brainstem, this study explored the possibility that, in @entity35 , @entity619 or adrenalectomy affects @entity2922 biosynthesis in carotid body chemoreceptors and the medullary areas (A2C2, A5, A6, A7) involved in the chemoreflex pathway and the @entity519 ventilatory response (HVR). One @entity619 injection (1 mg/kg body wt.) stimulated @entity669 hydroxylase activity in the carotid body and had no effect in brainstem @entity2922 areas, while HVR was reduced. Chronic @entity619 (1 mg/kg body wt. daily for 10 days) had a stimulatory influence on @entity669 hydroxylase activity in the carotid body and an inhibitory effect on A2C2, A5 and A7 cell groups. Breathing pattern, but not HVR, was altered. Adrenalectomy elicited an increase in @entity669 hydroxylase activity in A2C2, which was accompanied by a decreased respiratory frequency in @entity519 . The data show that glucocorticoids have differential effects on @entity2922 biosynthesis in peripheral and central structures involved in the chemoreflex pathway. Depending on the treatment, the neurochemical changes were accompanied by alterations of HVR or the breathing pattern, which are consistent with a neuromodulating influence of @entity2661 on peripheral chemosensory inputs or the central respiratory network.

title: @entity619 's influence on XXXX hydroxylase activity in the chemoreflex pathway and on the @entity519 ventilatory response.

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxia', 'hypoxic']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines', 'Catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: 1. Voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from gonadotrophs of the ovine pars tuberalis in dissociated cell culture, utilizing the whole-cell recording mode of the patch-clamp technique. 2. The amplitudes of @entity141 and @entity8594 currents were dependent on the extracellular concentration of divalent cation. 3. @entity8594 tail currents were observed on termination of depolarizing voltage steps. The extrapolated amplitudes of 'instantaneous' tail currents increased with membrane depolarization and showed saturation beyond +15 mV. 4. True inactivation of currents occurred in the presence of both external @entity141 and @entity8594 , judged from decrease in tail current amplitudes with progressive increases in duration of the activating voltage pulse. The inactivation process was fitted by a single-exponential function at membrane potentials below -25 mV, while at more depolarized potentials the inactivation was better described by a double-exponential function. The inactivation time constants decreased with positive shifts in membrane potential favouring a voltage-dependent inactivation. 5. The half-value of steady-state inactivation was observed at -40 mV using a two-pulse protocol. 6. Power spectral analysis of @entity8594 current noise from the steady-state portion of inward current showed a double Lorentzian fit of the power spectrum. 7. Two types of voltage-activated @entity141 currents were identified based on their kinetics, @entity734 , @entity734 on activation frequency, differential sensitivity to intracellular @entity855 and @entity1919 , and to extracellular application of @entity594 . The channels with faster kinetics had a lower activation threshold (-50 mV) and the amplitude of the current was sensitive to clamping frequency. 8. From ensemble noise analysis of mean maximal inward current, single-channel amplitude of about 1 pA was estimated in 50 mM- @entity8594 .

title: Characteristics of voltage-gated XXXX currents in ovine gonadotrophs.

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence', 'voltage dependence']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: A @entity1 presenting with progressive paraparesis was found to have a dural sacral arteriovenous (AV) @entity292 . His condition deteriorated abruptly after thoracolumbar angiography. Embolization of the @entity292 improved the @entity1 's status so that he was able to walk with crutches. One year later his @entity16 worsened. He was treated via an enlarged laminectomy because of uncertainty concerning a @entity362 noted on the initial computerized tomography scan. The lesion consisted of an intradural filum terminale @entity362 associated with an @entity2548 , both of which were excised. The @entity1 's condition was unchanged 6 months later. The different types of @entity362 and @entity2758 are reviewed, and mechanisms are proposed to explain the clinical deterioration in this @entity1 . @entity101 seems to be the most likely possibility. The @entity362 may have produced local hypervascularization of the dura mater with a subsequently acquired @entity2548 .

title: XXXX of the filum terminale with dural arteriovenous fistula. Case report.

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['spinal AV malformations']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Venous hypertension']

entities_list: @entity362 :: ('MESH:D008067', 'Disease') :: ['lipoma', 'spinal lipomas']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['AV fistula']

answer: @entity362 :: (MESH:D008067,Disease) :: ['Sacral lipoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Members of two seemingly unrelated kindreds of Arab Moslem origin presented with pronounced early onset @entity3500 of upper and lower limbs, mild @entity717 , @entity1513 , @entity31976 and @entity12737 . METHODS: The authors performed neurological and developmental examinations on the affected individuals. The authors conducted whole genome linkage and haplotype analyses, followed by sequencing of candidate genes; RNA and protein expression studies; and finally proof of principle investigations on knockdown morpholino oligonucleotide injected @entity3392 . RESULTS: The authors characterise a novel form of @entity74 ( @entity3500 ). MRI studies of brain and spinal cord were normal. Within a single significantly linked locus the authors ultimately identified a homozygous missense mutation @entity55722 ( @entity55723 ) in the @entity55724 ( @entity55724 ) gene, fully penetrant and segregating with the disease in both families. Mobility was significantly reduced in @entity55724 knockdown morpholino oligonucleotide injected @entity3392 , supporting the causal relationship between mutations in this gene and the phenotype described in the @entity1 of this study. CONCLUSIONS: The authors provide evidence for the involvement of @entity55724 , a member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system, in @entity4681 . The ESCRT system has been shown to play a central role in intracellular trafficking, in the maturation of multivesicular bodies and the sorting of ubiquitinated membrane proteins into internal luminal vesicles. Further investigation of mechanisms by which dysfunction of this gene causes @entity3500 will contribute to the understanding of intracellular trafficking of vesicles by the ESCRT machinery and its relevance to @entity3500 .

title: A founder mutation in @entity55724 causes XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3500 :: ('MESH:D020336', 'Disease') :: ['spastic paraparesis', 'CHSP']

entities_list: @entity12737 :: ('MESH:D006983', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrichosis']

entities_list: @entity31976 :: ('MESH:D066166', 'Disease') :: ['pectus carinatum']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['upper motor neuron disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive complex hereditary spastic paraparesis']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['intellectual disability']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['autosomal recessive complex hereditary spastic paraparesis']


abstract: The effects of @entity32495 and @entity32495 ( @entity2445 ) on the vasopressor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation and to i.v. administration of @entity1063 were studied in the pithed @entity35 to ascertain whether @entity32495 and @entity2445 would preferentially block pressor responses due to exogenous versus endogenous @entity1063 alpha-adrenergic receptor activation. @entity32495 (0.5 to 4 mg/kg i.v.) was more effective in blocking the response due to sympathetic nerve stimulation than that due to i.v. @entity1063 . On the other hand @entity2445 (0.5 to 4 mg/kg i.v.) produced greater inhibition of the i.v. @entity1063 response than the sympathetic nerve stimulation response. @entity2445 (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg i.v.) enhanced the nerve stimulation response, while at the 4 mg/kg dose the response was slightly reduced. This may be explained by a preferential block by @entity2445 at low doses, of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. In pithed @entity35 @entity32495 and @entity2445 showed dose-related blocking effects on the pressor response of @entity2647 and @entity1882 933, respectively. This suggest that @entity32495 preferentially blocks alpha-1 and @entity2445 alpha 2-adrenoceptors. The results suggest that @entity32495 and @entity2445 preferentially block the pressor responses of post-synaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor activation due to endogenous and exogenous @entity1063 , respectively.

title: [Differential inhibition of @entity32495 and @entity32495 on the vasopressor response to sympathetic nervous stimulation and intravenous @entity1063 in the pithed XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity32495 :: ('MESH:C005709', 'Chemical') :: ['raubasine', 'tetrahydroalstonine', 'Raubasine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity320 involving the oral cavity has a highly metastatic potential. Curative surgery is required to resect extensive oral tissues and often results in dysfunction as well as a severe @entity85 in @entity1 with the disease. An alternative technology for the local and sustained delivery of cytokines for @entity5 immunotherapy has been shown to induce @entity5 regression, suppression of @entity3 , and development of systemic antitumor immunity. However, local immunization of the oral cavity has not previously been studied. In this study, we examined the efficacy of particle-mediated oral gene transfer on luciferase and green fluorescent protein production. The results showed that these proteins were more significantly expressed in oral mucosa than the skin, stomach, liver, and muscle. Using an established oral @entity320 model in hamsters, particle-mediated oral gene gun therapy with interleukin (IL) 12 cDNA was then conducted. The results indicated that direct bombardment of @entity19 IL-12 cDNA suppressed @entity5 formation and improved the survival rate. The @entity1489 model created by inoculation of @entity320 cells was also significantly inhibited by the oral bombardment of IL-12 cDNA coupled with an irradiated @entity320 vaccine administrated to the oral mucosa, compared to treatment with a percutaneous vaccine. IL-12 gene gun therapy, combined with an oral mucosal vaccine, induced @entity379 mRNA expression in the host spleen for a long time. These results suggest that immunization of oral mucosa may induce systemic antitumor immunity more efficiently than immunization of the skin and that oral mucosa may be one of the most suitable tissues for @entity5 gene therapy by means of particle-mediated gene transfer.

title: Gene gun-mediated oral mucosal transfer of interleukin 12 cDNA coupled with an irradiated XXXX vaccine in a hamster model: successful treatment of oral @entity320 and distant skin lesion.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumor']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['cosmetic deformity']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the effectiveness of a single ultrasound-guided @entity134 injection in the treatment of @entity2950 and whether the response to injection correlates with the size of the @entity2950 . METHODS: Forty-three @entity1 with clinical features of @entity2950 underwent ultrasound scan assessment. Once the lesion was confirmed in the relevant web space, a single corticosteroid injection was given using 40 mg of @entity1667 along with 1% @entity3303 . All scans and injections were performed by a single musculoskeletal radiologist. @entity1 were divided into two groups on the basis of the size of the lesion measured on the scan. Group 1 included @entity1 with @entity2950 of 5 mm or less and group 2 @entity1 had @entity2950 larger than 5 mm. A visual analog scale (VAS) for @entity158 (scale 0 to 10), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and the Johnson satisfaction scale were used to assess @entity1 before injection and then at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months following the injection. Thirty-nine @entity1 had confirmed @entity2950 . Group 1 (lesion  <= 5 mm) included 17 @entity1 (mean age, 30 years) (7 males, 10 females) and group 2 (lesion >5 mm) had 22 @entity1 (mean age, 33 years) (8 males, 14 females). RESULTS: VAS scores, AOFAS scores, and Johnson scale improved significantly in both groups at 6 weeks (p < .0001). At 6 months postinjection, this improvement remained significant only in group 1 with all scores (p < . 001). At 12 months, there was no difference between both groups and outcome scores nearly approached preinjection scores. At the final review, two @entity1 in group 1 and four @entity1 in group 2 had severe recurrent symptoms and therefore underwent surgical excision of the @entity2950 after they rejected the offer for a repeat injection (p = 0.6). CONCLUSION: A single ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection resulted in generally short-term @entity158 relief for symptomatic @entity2950 . The effectiveness of the injection appears to be more significant and long-lasting for lesions smaller than 5 mm.

title: Efficacy of corticosteroid injection versus size of plantar XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity2950 :: ('MESH:D009463', 'Disease') :: ['neuroma', "Morton's neuroma", 'neuromas', "Morton's neuromas"]

answer: @entity2950 :: (MESH:D009463,Disease) :: ['interdigital neuroma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a new therapeutic paradigm that uses a very large dose per fraction treatments (ablative hypofractionation). We investigated the use of ablative hypofractionation in treating @entity1 @entity1358 using a nude @entity19 model. METHODS: @entity19 were injected subcutaneously with @entity1 @entity1 @entity703 cells. Tumour-bearing animals were radiated with three fractions (one per week) for a total dose of 48 Gy (n = 12), while untreated animals served as controls (n = 7). The @entity19 were weighed, and @entity5 volumes were measured at baseline and weekly until 7 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS: Control animals demonstrated progressive @entity5 growth and were sacrificed because of either @entity5 size or @entity1066 . @entity5 in the treatment group grew to three times their initial size over the 3 weeks of treatment but subsequently decreased progressively to less than 30% of their initial volume. All treated @entity5 exhibited marked cytologic changes. @entity5 from @entity19 sacrificed before post-treatment week 4 had a mitotic count of 1-4/10 hpf. @entity5 from @entity19 sacrificed more than 4 weeks post-treatment (n = 4) demonstrated no mitoses. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with high-dose-per-fraction radiation to 48 Gy resulted in a sustained decrease in @entity5 volume and marked cytologic changes. These results are preliminary--but promising--and encourage further research into this application of ablative hypofractionated radiation for @entity703 .

title: Efficacy of ablative high-dose-per-fraction radiation for implanted @entity1 @entity1358 in a nude XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'Nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['kidney cancer', 'renal carcinoma']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: There is a lack of studies comparing shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), @entity10747 ( @entity10747 ) and @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in renal stone treatment. This study compared treatment outcome, stone-free rate (SFR) and stone-free survival (SFS) with regard to stone size and localization. METHODS: This analysis included 482 first-time-treated @entity1 in the period 2001-2007. Detailed clinical information, stone analysis and metabolic evaluation were evaluated retrospectively. Outcome, SFR and SFS were analyzed with regard to size (<1 vs. >= 1  cm) and localization (lower vs. non-lower pole). RESULTS: Higher SFRs in lower and non-lower pole stones >= 1  cm were confirmed for @entity10747 and @entity3 (p  <  0.0001). A regression model confirmed a higher risk of non-lower pole stone persistence for SWL versus @entity10747 (OR: 2.27, p  =  0.034, SWL vs. @entity3 (OR: 3.23, p  =  0.009) and larger stone burden >= 1 versus <1  cm (OR: 2.43, p  =  0.006). In accordance, a higher risk of residual stones was found in the lower pole for SWL versus @entity10747 (OR: 2.67, p  =  0.009), SWL versus @entity3 (OR: 4.75, p  <  0.0001) and stones >= 1  cm versus <1  cm (OR: 3.02, p  =  0.0006). In @entity10747 and @entity3 @entity1 , more complications, stenting, prolonged disability, need/duration of hospitalization and analgesia were noticed (p  <  0.05). Overall SFS increased from SWL, @entity10747 , to @entity3 (p  <  0.001). SWL showed lower SFS for non-lower pole (p  =  0.006) and lower pole stones (p  =  0.007). CONCLUSIONS: @entity10747 and @entity3 were shown to have higher stone-free rates and SFS compared to SWL. The price for better outcome was higher, considering tolerable complication rates. Despite larger preoperative stone burden, @entity3 achieved high and long-term treatment success.

title: Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an alternative to XXXX and shockwave lithotripsy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10747 :: ('MESH:D012183', 'Disease') :: ['RIRS', 'retrograde intrarenal surgery']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy', 'MIP']

answer: @entity10747 :: (MESH:D012183,Disease) :: ['retrograde intrarenal surgery']


abstract: The ultrastructure of the thymus in the @entity1573 ( @entity1573 ) was studied after unilateral vagotomy at survival times of 3, 7 and 10 days. Ultrastructural changes in the ipsilateral thymus were observed in axon boutons as well as in myoid and cystic cells in the medulla, especially those situated near the corticomedullary junction. Structural changes in axon boutons ranged from @entity528 of the axonal cytoskeleton to vacuolation of the axoplasm. Myelin figures of different sizes and configurations and clumping of small agranular vesicles were commonly observed in the axon terminals. Degeneration of myoid cells appeared to peak at 7 days post-vagotomy. Changes ranged from oedematous appearance and intense vacuolation of the peripheral cytoplasm to disorganisation and clumping of myofibrils. In some myoid cells the sarcomeres showed @entity528 at the I-bands and in others, the myofibrils were completely degenerated such that amorphous material and partially degenerated organelles filled the entire cell. The majority of cystic cells at 3 days post-vagotomy showed a uniform increase in electron density. Numerous electron dense bodies, some displaying concentric lamellation, were observed throughout the expanse of the cytoplasm. At 7 days post-vagotomy, the cytoplasm of some cells gave a "moth-eaten" appearance. Dying cystic cells were encountered at 10 days after vagotomy. @entity528 and cystic cells suggests that these cellular components may be the putative targets of the vagal fibres in the @entity1573 thymus. The changes in these cells reflect a disturbance in the cell metabolism presumably brought about by the removal of vagal influence.

title: Ultrastructural changes in the XXXX thymus following unilateral vagotomy.

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chick', 'Gallus domesticus']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Degeneration in the myoid', 'granular degeneration']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: Invasive @entity57 ( @entity9348 ) occurs mostly in immunocompromised hosts and especially in @entity1398 @entity1 . Improved prognosis for @entity9348 requires early diagnosis. We report our experience in the management of @entity9348 in @entity1 with @entity1583 . In prolonged @entity1398 (> 10 days), thoracic CT scanning seems to be the best choice for the diagnosis of @entity9348 (with CT halo or air-crescent signs). Its systematic use allows a dramatic reduction in the time to achieve the diagnosis, if there is evidence of a halo sign. The systematic screening for the detection of Aspergillus antigenemia with an ELISA test is helpful for early diagnosis. The detection of Aspergillus antigen (with the less sensitive latex agglutination test) on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid may also be as useful. The treatment of @entity9348 relies on @entity2379 (or its lipid formulations) or on @entity5638 antifungal agents. Pulmonary surgical resection should be considered either as an emergency procedure (despite persistent @entity1398 ) to avoid massive hemoptysis, or as an elective or diagnostic procedure. This global strategy for the management of @entity9348 is associated with a 75-80% success rate in hematological @entity1 . Nevertheless, the control of underlying malignancy remains a major prognostic factor.

title: Role of early diagnosis and aggressive surgery in the management of invasive XXXX in @entity1398 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity57 :: ('MESH:D055732', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'neutropenic']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancies']

answer: @entity57 :: (MESH:D055732,Disease) :: ['pulmonary aspergillosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3675 are worldwide. Some dentists believe that they are at a higher risk for development of some @entity85 for the postures they should have during work. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of @entity4512 and their associated occupational factors among dentists from Shiraz, southern Iran. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 90 dentists of 375 members of Fars Dental Association were selected at random and asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. The questions were about personal characteristics, job history, some work characteristics mostly pertaining to dentistry including physical risk factors at work plus any report about the occurrence of @entity158 . RESULTS: Of the 90 questionnaires distributed, 82 (91%) were completed and returned for analyses. Of 82 studied dentists, 42 (51%) were female (mean  SD age of 36  6.6 yrs) and 40 (49%) were male (mean  SD age of 39.4  8.7 yrs). 27 (33%; 95% CI: 23%-43%) dentists had LBP; 23 (28%; 95% CI: 18%-38%) had @entity4048 ; and 10 (12%; 95% CI: 5%-19%) had both. Of these 60 dentists who had @entity158 , 27 (45%; 95% CI: 32%-58%) had @entity158 and 28 (47%; 95% CI: 34%-59%) felt numbness and/or @entity809 in their limbs. 33 (55%; 95% CI: 42%-68%) of 60 dentists with musculoskeletal complaint could not identify any factors for their @entity158 . The prevalence of neither @entity158 were significantly different between @entity1 and @entity1 . The place of work and the prevalence of complaint of @entity4512 were also not significantly correlated. None of the studied work-related risk factors had a significant association with the complaint of @entity4512 . CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of LBP and @entity4048 is high among dentists, we could not find any correlation between the studied work-related risk factors and @entity85 . We concluded that dentistry, per se, is probably not an initial factor for development of neither @entity158 , but it could accentuate the symptoms.

title: Prevalence of XXXX among dentists in Shiraz, Southern Iran.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal pain']

entities_list: @entity3675 :: ('MESH:D009784', 'Disease') :: ['Occupational diseases']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['paresthesia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['LBP nor neck pain', 'pain', 'radicular pain', 'low back pain (LBP) and neck pain']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal disorders']

answer: @entity4512 :: (MESH:D059352,Disease) :: ['musculoskeletal pain']


abstract: An unfavourable @entity174 , known as a bad split, is a common operative complication in bilateral sagittal split osteotomy ( @entity18661 ). The reported incidence ranges from 0.5 to 5.5%/site. Since 1994 we have used sagittal splitters and separators instead of chisels for @entity18661 in our clinic in an attempt to prevent @entity86 . Theoretically an increased percentage of bad splits could be expected with this technique. In this retrospective study we aimed to find out the incidence of bad splits associated with @entity18661 done with splitters and separators. We also assessed the risk factors for bad splits. The study group comprised 427 consecutive @entity1 among whom the incidence of bad splits was 2.0%/site, which is well within the reported range. The only predictive factor for a bad split was the removal of third molars at the same time as @entity18661 . There was no significant association between bad splits and age, sex, class of occlusion, or the experience of the surgeon. We think that doing a @entity18661 with splitters and separators instead of chisels does not increase the risk of a bad split, and is therefore safe with predictable results.

title: Bad split during bilateral sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible with separators: a retrospective study of 427 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hypoaesthesia']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Conventional treatment of @entity1963 consists of initial colostomy followed by pull-through (staged PT). During the past decade immediate definitive operation (primary PT) has been reported by several investigators with a complication rate ranging from 0% to 20%. In the authors' institution primary PT has been performed since 1992 in @entity1 with @entity1963 responsive to rectal irrigations. The authors reviewed the records of all @entity1 (n = 124) with @entity1963 diagnosed and treated between 1989 and 1995. One hundred sixteen @entity1 underwent a definitive operation. This study analysed the complications observed in 87 of these @entity1 with @entity1963 limited to the rectosigmoid colon. @entity1 were divided into groups according to the type of surgical treatment (staged versus primary), the year of operation (1989 through 1992 versus 1992 through 1995), and the age at primary PT (15 @entity1 age < or = 4 months versus 10 @entity1 age > 4 months). There were no deaths. There was no significant difference in complication rates between staged PT and primary PT. Similar complication rates were encountered in @entity1 and @entity1 who underwent primary PT. The rate of @entity260 did not change according to the year of the operation. Major complications were observed in all 3 @entity1 who had a primary @entity10745 compared with 20% who had a primary Duhamel PT. Staged Swenson and Duhamel PT had similar complication rates. The authors conclude that (1) staged PT for rectosigmoid @entity1963 is not any safer than primary PT; (2) primary PT can be performed safely in young @entity1 ; and (3) primary @entity10745 is less satisfactory than primary Duhamel PT.

title: Staged pull-through for rectosigmoid XXXX is not safer than primary pull-through.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ['rectosigmoid aganglionosis', 'aganglionosis', "Hirschsprung's disease"]

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

answer: @entity1963 :: (MESH:D006627,Disease) :: ['Hirschsprung's disease']


abstract: @entity4536 ( @entity4536 ) treatment is painful, and cosmetic results are often unsatisfying. @entity4580 has been reported to be effective in treatment of @entity4536 caused by @entity8436 . The efficacy of @entity4580 was compared with @entity17004 in treatment of Old @entity4536 . Of 49 @entity1 , 22 received 500 mg/day @entity4580 for 5 days/month. Treatment cycles were repeated monthly to a maximum of 4 months; 27 @entity1 received 60 mg/kg intramuscular @entity17004 for 20 days. Both groups were followed up for 16 weeks. In the @entity4580 group, 2 @entity1 withdrew because of @entity1109 . The response rates of 20 @entity1 (29 lesions) were as follows: full improvement, 10.3%; partial improvement, 27.6%; and 62.1%, no response. In the @entity17004 group with 27 @entity1 (58 lesions), these rates were 34.4%, 13.8%, and 51.7%, respectively (P = 0.036). @entity4580 was determined to be not as effective as @entity17004 in treatment of Old World @entity4536 .

title: Efficacy of XXXX versus systemic @entity17004 ( @entity17004 ) in the treatment of @entity4536 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity17004 :: ('MESH:C005278', 'Chemical') :: ['Glucantime', 'meglumine antimoniate', 'glucantime']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['GI symptoms']

entities_list: @entity4580 :: ('MESH:D017963', 'Chemical') :: ['azithromycin', 'Azithromycin']

entities_list: @entity4536 :: ('MESH:D016773', 'Disease') :: ['World leishmaniasis', 'Cutaneous leishmaniasis', 'CL']

entities_list: @entity8436 :: ('5660', 'Species') :: ['Leishmania viannia braziliensis']

answer: @entity4580 :: (MESH:D017963,Chemical) :: ['azithromycin']


abstract: AIMS: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of placebo, @entity1169 , and @entity905 in @entity1 with @entity907 ( @entity907 ). METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety-six consecutive @entity1 with @entity907 were randomized to treatment with placebo, @entity1169 , or @entity905 and followed-up for 6 months. Before and during treatment, they reported their @entity1163 and graded their well-being, expressed as the general evaluation of life, general activities, and everyday activities (each scaled from 1 = very good to 5 = very bad). Two @entity1 refused follow-up. Among the remaining 94, no difference between groups was observed regarding the distribution of time of vasovagal events ( @entity1163 or presyncopes) during follow-up (log-rank test). No difference was also observed when @entity1163 and presyncopes were assessed separately. Eighteen @entity1 discontinued therapy. Among the remaining 76 ('on-treatment' analysis), the mean time to a @entity2749 ( @entity1163 or @entity1163 ) was significantly longer in the @entity905 group when compared with the two other groups (log-rank test, P < 0.05). A significant difference in favour of @entity905 was also observed regarding presyncopes. The difference between groups regarding the @entity1163 -free period was not significant. During therapy, @entity1 ' well-being was improved (decreased) only in the @entity905 -group (13.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 15.4 +/- 0.9 before treatment, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: @entity905 seems to be equivalent to @entity1169 and placebo in the treatment of @entity907 . However, it improves @entity1 ' well-being and might be more effective in reducing presyncopes and total vasovagal events in some @entity1 with recurrent @entity907 .

title: @entity905 vs. @entity1169 in the treatment of XXXX : a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity2749 :: ('MESH:C580065', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal episode']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine', 'Fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal syncope', 'VVS']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['syncopes', 'syncope', 'presyncope', 'syncopal and presyncopal episodes']

answer: @entity907 :: (MESH:D019462,Disease) :: ['vasovagal syncope']


abstract: @entity5702 are the most common of all @entity5 . They rarely metastasize and very rarely kill. @entity320 , however, do kill! An estimated 20 @entity1 in Hawaii will die this year from @entity320 . Early diagnosis and treatment can save much morbidity--surgery, scars and other defects--and can save lives. This manuscript reviews @entity320 data from several agencies in Hawaii and from the experience of the author's private practice. In his private practice, he has seen the incidence of @entity320 jump from an average of one a year in 1970 to 1975 to 7.4 each year between 1986 and 1990. While @entity5702 and @entity320 occur more in Caucasians, they are seen in all races. Everyone can get @entity1489 and @entity320 . Physicians must teach their @entity1 to Practice Safe Sun--Hawaii.

title: XXXX in Hawaii (1993).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity5702 :: ('MESH:D018295', 'Disease') :: ['Basal cell cancers', 'basal cell cancers']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas', 'Melanomas', 'malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['Skin cancers']


abstract: Speech range profile (SRP) is a graphical display of frequency-intensity occurring interactions during functional speech activity. Few studies have suggested the potential clinical applications of SRP. However, these studies are limited to qualitative case comparisons and vocally healthy @entity1 . The present study aimed to examine the effects of @entity1740 on speaking and maximum voice ranges in a group of vocally untrained @entity1 . It also aimed to examine whether voice limit measures derived from SRP were as sensitive as those derived from voice range profile (VRP) in distinguishing dysphonic from healthy voices. Ninety dysphonic @entity1 with laryngeal pathologies and 35 @entity1 with normal voices, who served as controls, participated in this study. Each subject recorded a VRP for her physiological vocal limits. In addition, each subject read aloud the "North Wind and the Sun" passage to record SRP. All the recordings were captured and analyzed by Soundswell's computerized real-time phonetogram @entity36520 1.0 (Hitech Development AB, T  by, Sweden). The SRPs and the VRPs were compared between the two groups of subjects. Univariate analysis results demonstrated that individual SRP measures were less sensitive than the corresponding VRP measures in discriminating dysphonic from normal voices. However, stepwise logistic regression analyses revealed that the combination of only two SRP measures was almost as effective as a combination of three VRP measures in predicting the presence of @entity7364 (overall prediction accuracy: 93.6% for SRP vs 96.0% for VRP). These results suggest that in a busy clinic where quick voice screening results are desirable, SRP can be an acceptable alternate procedure to VRP.

title: Reliability of speaking and maximum voice range measures in screening for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity1740 :: ('MESH:D014832', 'Disease') :: ['voice disorders']

entities_list: @entity7364 :: ('MESH:D055154', 'Disease') :: ['dysphonia']

answer: @entity7364 :: (MESH:D055154,Disease) :: ['dysphonia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 who present with @entity158 in an oncology setting are often complex and require a multidisciplinary approach for symptom control. The @entity158 and Symptom Control Clinic at @entity13105 Baker Cancer Center includes two pharmacists who participate in weekly multidisciplinary clinics and provide a follow-up service to @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: This study will assess the impact of the pharmacists' follow-up service with respect to activities performed as well as @entity1 and health care professional satisfaction. The activities performed will also be compared to defined objectives for pharmacy practice in a hospital setting. METHODS: Activities performed by the pharmacists over a 10-week period were recorded and tabulated. Online surveys were completed by health care professionals and telephone surveys were completed by @entity1 1 month post clinic visit. RESULTS: Over 6 weeks, 44 @entity1 assessed in clinic required follow-up from a pharmacist. There was an average of 2.3 interactions per @entity1 and an average time of 85 min was spent on each @entity1 outside of clinic. The three activities that occurred most frequently included: (1) interacting with other health care professionals, (2) making alterations to @entity1 ' medication regimens, and (3) organizing refills. All health care professionals surveyed felt that the pharmacists' follow-up service was a valuable component of the @entity158 and Symptom Control Clinic and nearly all @entity1 surveyed reported a positive experience with the service received. CONCLUSION: The inclusion of pharmacists in the @entity158 and Symptom Control Clinic is favored by @entity1 and health care professionals and provides increased efficiency to the clinic.

title: Evaluation of clinical pharmacists' follow-up service in an oncology XXXX clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: The @entity1 received thoracotomy usually suffered from significant severe @entity158 postoperatively, which accompanied with @entity73 or increased incidences of @entity891 and @entity55 . So adequate @entity1337 for those @entity1 is indicated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency of @entity1 -controlled @entity1337 ( @entity4901 ) and determine whether it is better than conventional @entity1337 or not. Twenty-six @entity1 , ASA physical status class I and II, were randomized into two groups: @entity4901 and intramuscular (IM). The effect on @entity158 relief was assessed by a visual analogue @entity158 scale (VAPS) q 4 h postoperatively for two days. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and the questionnaire of nocturnal @entity25 by @entity158 were evaluated preoperatively, the first, second postoperative mornings. As result of this study, the @entity1 of @entity4901 group get less @entity158 than IM group after the first and second days of surgery. VAPS values are 3.7 +/- 1.1, 2.8 +/- 0.8 and 6.1 +/- 0.9, 5.3 +/- 1.1 respectively pertaining to @entity4901 and IM groups (p less than 0.05). The @entity1 of IM group get more disturbance of nocturnal sleep than @entity4901 group at initial two nights of postoperation as well (p less than 0.05). It is manifest to look out the significant difference between these two groups in accordance with FVC ratio records of post-surgery vs presurgery at initial two days after surgery on the subject of respiratory function recovery. @entity4901 group are 46.46 +/- 7.29%, 52.25 +/- 8.32% in a condition of more progress on lung function recovery than IM group of 38.13 +/- 10.25%, 42.15 +/- 7.82% (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Efficiency of @entity1 -controlled XXXX versus conventional @entity1337 in @entity1 after thoracotomy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired pulmonary function']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['atelectasis']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbance']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: Introduction and Objective. @entity9296 is a rare benign neoplasm of the liver with less than 200 cases being reported allover the world. We report a series of 13 cases highlighting the radiological findings and problems related to its management. Materials and Methods. Records of thirteen @entity1 who underwent surgery for biliary @entity9296 , between March 2006 and October 2011, were reviewed retrospectively. Results. Majority of the @entity1 were females (11 out of 13), with a median age of 46 (23-65) years. The most frequent symptom was @entity490 (92%). Seven @entity1 had presented with history of previous surgery for liver lesions. Five @entity1 had presented with recurrence after partial resection for a suspected hydatid cyst and two after surgery for presumed simple @entity96 . Ten of the 13 @entity1 had complete resection of the cyst with enucleation in 3 @entity1 , 2 of whom in addition required T-tube drainage of the bile duct. There has been no recurrence during the follow-up period ranging from 3 months to 5 years. Conclusion. @entity9296 must be differentiated from other benign cysts. Hepatic resection or cyst enucleation is the recommended treatment option.

title: XXXX : a case for complete resection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity9296 :: ('MESH:D003537', 'Disease') :: ['Biliary cystadenoma', 'cystadenomas']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cyst']

answer: @entity9296 :: (MESH:D003537,Disease) :: ['Biliary cystadenomas']


abstract: Retinal or preretinal neovascularization (NV) is the result of many @entity63 conditions of the retina and is an important factor leading to severe @entity227 in @entity6 . Panretinal photocoagulation does not always control its growth or @entity548 sequelae. A potential new treatment modality, photodynamic therapy (PDT), was evaluated for limiting the progression of experimental NV in the @entity95 eye. The NV was produced by injecting cultured dermal fibroblasts into the preretinal vitreous space after combined enzymatic and mechanical vitreolysis. This method results in traction @entity1713 with a rapid and consistent growth of NV. After administration of the @entity9335 dye rose bengal (20 mg/kg intravenously), PDT was done using a slit-lamp light source focused through a fundus contact lens (45 J/cm2). The NV was treated on two separate occasions during the active phase of growth (on days 13 and 21 after fibroblast injection). Control animals were exposed to light before injection of rose bengal. Eight randomly assigned animals in each group were followed between treatments and for 28 days after the second treatment. The appearance of NV was documented by frequent photography and @entity941 angiography. The PDT resulted in @entity715 of NV for at least 3 days. Reperfusion, however, was consistently noted at 7 days. @entity715 was associated with a delay in the growth and maturation of NV fronds, which resumed after reperfusion. Twenty-eight days after the second treatment, NV in both experimental and control eyes had undergone @entity194 . At that time (the conclusion of follow-up), however, the size of treated NV fronds (estimated from computerized image analysis of @entity941 angiograms) was significantly less than that of controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Treatment of experimental preretinal neovascularization using photodynamic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity9335 :: ('MESH:D010787', 'Disease') :: ['photosensitizing']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis', 'Thrombosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: Neocortical neurons that utilise @entity842 (NO) differ in morphology in different @entity1 species. In the present study we examine these differences in the neocortex of @entity19 , @entity35 , @entity840 , @entity95 , cat and monkey using histochemistry for @entity1110 -diaphorase ( @entity1110 -d) and immunocytochemistry for @entity842 synthase (NOS), @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ), calbindin (CB), @entity50808 ( @entity50808 ) and calretinin (CR). NO neurons are non-pyramidal and can be divided into two distinct types, both of which react for NOS and @entity1110 -d. Type I neurons have a relatively large soma with heavy reaction product filling even the fine processes. They occur in all species, mainly near the border between the cortex and white matter, with fewer in the cortex, mostly in the superficial layers (II-IV). Type II cells are more numerous, smaller, and lighter in reactivity. They are in all species examined here except rodents, and in all cortical layers, but mainly layers II-IV. Most intracortical and some subcortical Type I neurons express @entity1246 . A few intracortical Type I cells contain CB. All Type II cells express @entity1246 and most also CB. Neither Type I nor Type II cells stain for PV or CR. We conclude that there is a tendency for a reduction of Type I cells, and increase of Type II, in @entity1 neocortex with phylogeny.

title: Morphological diversity of @entity842 synthesising neurons in XXXX cerebral cortex.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma amino-butyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate', 'NADPH']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: Nuclear protein import requires a @entity2631 ( @entity2631 ) receptor and at least three other cytoplasmic factors. The alpha subunit of the @entity2631 receptor, @entity24822 ( @entity24822 ), enters the nucleus, probably in a complex with the beta subunit of the receptor, as well as other import factors and the import substrate. To learn more about which factors and/or events end the import reaction and how the import factors return to the cytoplasm, we have studied nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of @entity24822 in vivo. Recombinant @entity24822 microinjected into Vero or tsBN2 cells was found primarily in the cytoplasm. @entity24822 injected into the nucleus was rapidly exported in a temperature-dependent manner. In contrast, a mutant of @entity24822 lacking the first 243 residues accumulated in the nuclei of Vero cells after cytoplasmic injection. After nuclear injection, the truncated @entity24822 was retained in the nucleus, but either @entity24822 residues 207-217 or a heterologous nuclear export signal, but not a mutant form of residues 207-217, restored nuclear export. Loss of the nuclear transport factor @entity9605 (regulator of chromosome condensation) at the nonpermissive temperature in the thermosensitive mutant cell line tsBN2 caused nuclear accumulation of wild-type @entity24822 injected into the cytoplasm. However, free @entity24822 injected into nuclei of tsBN2 cells at the nonpermissive temperature was exported. These results suggested that @entity9605 acts at an earlier step in @entity24822 recycling, possibly the disassembly of an import complex that contains @entity24822 and the import substrate. Consistent with this possibility, incubation of purified RanGTP and @entity9605 with @entity2631 receptor and import substrate prevented assembly of receptor/substrate complexes or stimulated their disassembly.

title: Nucleocytoplasmic recycling of the @entity2631 receptor alpha subunit in vivo is dependent on a nuclear export signal, energy, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['nuclear localization signal', 'NLS']

answer: @entity9605 :: (1104,Gene) :: ['RCC1']


abstract: PURPOSE: To look for @entity75 by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in @entity1 with benign childhood @entity302 with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS), which is the most common @entity302 in @entity1 . METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 , aged 6-12 years, with typical BCECTS were examined with MRI, six of them twice. RESULTS: Some hippocampal abnormality was found in six (33%) of the @entity1 , all with the syndrome's typical electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern ipsilaterally. Hippocampal size asymmetry was found in five (28%) @entity1 (right side < left in two and left < right in three), and high signal intensities on T2-weighted images were found in three (17%). Two @entity1 also had other abnormalities; one had a heterotopic nodule near the contralateral frontal horn, and one had an @entity1645 . The hippocampal asymmetry remained unchanged in three of the @entity1 who were reexamined after 2 years. High signal intensities on T2-weighted images were seen beneath the cortex-white matter junction in the frontal and temporal lobes of five (28%) @entity1 , one of whom also had a hippocampal asymmetry. MRIs were normal in eight (44%) @entity1 . CONCLUSION: For the first time, hippocampal asymmetries and white-matter abnormalities have been detectable on the MRIs of @entity1 with typical BCECTS. The etiology of the former is unclear, whereas the latter may be a result of a maturational delay involving a defective myelination. Long-term follow-up studies are needed to evaluate the relation between these findings and the clinical course of BCECTS.

title: Hippocampal asymmetries and white matter abnormalities on MRI in benign childhood XXXX with centrotemporal spikes.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['Arnold-Chiari malformation']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy syndrome', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The global burden of the major @entity455 is projected to rise and to remain the dominant non-communicable disease cluster well into the twenty first century. The Department of Health in England has developed the @entity9462 Health Check service as a policy initiative to reduce population vascular disease risk. The aims of this study were to monitor population changes in @entity65 ( @entity65 ) risk factors over the first year of the new service and to assess the value of tailored lifestyle support, including motivational interview with ongoing support and referral to other services. METHODS: Randomised trial comparing @entity9462 Health Check service only with @entity9462 Health Check service plus additional lifestyle support in Stoke on Trent, England. Thirty eight general practices and 601 (365 usual care, 236 additional lifestyle support) @entity1 were recruited and randomised independently between September 2009 and February 2010. Changes in population @entity65 risk between baseline and one year follow-up were compared, using intention-to-treat analysis. The primary outcome was the Framingham 10 year @entity65 risk score. Secondary outcomes included individual modifiable risk measures and prevalence of individual risk categories. Additional lifestyle support included referral to a lifestyle coach and free sessions as needed for: weight management, physical activity, cook and eat and positive thinking. RESULTS: Average population @entity65 risk decreased from 32.9% to 29.4% (p <0.001) in the @entity9462 Health Check only group and from 31.9% to 29.2% (p <0.001) in the @entity9462 Health Check plus additional lifestyle support group. There was no significant difference between the two groups at either measurement point. Prevalence of high blood pressure, high @entity165 and smoking were reduced significantly (p <0.01) in both groups. Prevalence of @entity1144 was reduced significantly (p <0.01) in the group receiving additional lifestyle support but not in the @entity9462 Health Check only group. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity9462 Health Check service in Stoke on Trent resulted in significant reduction in estimated population @entity65 risk. There was no evidence of further benefit of the additional lifestyle support services in terms of absolute @entity65 risk reduction.

title: XXXX health checks through general practice: randomised trial of population cardiovascular risk reduction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['central obesity']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity9462 :: (MESH:C538336,Disease) :: ['NHS']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity32 might contribute to the beneficial effects of exercise. We hypothesized that 1) exercise would reduce carotid endothelial @entity53031 ( @entity53031 ) and that 2) in vivo detection of carotid @entity32 can be achieved in a large animal model using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) with @entity53031 -targeted microbubbles (MBs). METHODS: @entity753 ( @entity753 ) @entity1707 were divided into sedentary (Sed) and exercise-trained (Ex) groups. Ex @entity1707 underwent 16-20 wk of treadmill aerobic exercise. At the end of the study, in vivo CEU with @entity53031 -targeted MBs and assessment of @entity384 ( @entity384 ) were performed in carotid arteries. @entity53031 mRNA and protein expression were compared with markers of @entity731 and health, and in vitro @entity384 was assessed in carotid arteries. RESULTS: Exercise training neither reduced @entity32 nor improved @entity384 in carotid arteries of @entity753 @entity1707 . Markers of @entity731 including @entity53031 were prominent in the bifurcation compared with the proximal or distal common carotid artery and inversely associated with phosphorylated and total endothelial @entity842 synthase. Signal intensity from @entity53031 -to-control MBs positively correlated with carotid @entity53031 protein expression, validating our technique. CONCLUSION: These results first demonstrate that aerobic exercise has no effect on carotid endothelial inflammatory markers and @entity384 in @entity753 @entity1707 . Second, our findings indicate that CEU using @entity53031 -targeted MBs can detect @entity32 in vivo, providing strong foundations for longitudinal studies examining the effect of therapeutic interventions on the inflammatory status of the endothelium.

title: Carotid @entity32 is unaltered by exercise in @entity753 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'Reduction of vascular inflammation']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['FH', 'Familial hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['EDD', 'endothelial-dependent dilation']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic disease']

entities_list: @entity53031 :: ('396925(Tax:9823)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1', 'VCAM-1']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['Swine']


abstract: There is compelling evidence for the participation of excitatory and inhibitory @entity1522 in the neural regulation of blood pressure in the normotensive @entity35 . This is most clearly evident in the neural pathways which form the baroreceptor reflex arc. Excitatory @entity1522 are contained in baroreceptor afferents, neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Inhibitory neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) contain @entity1246 . Electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence indicates that @entity535 neurotransmitters are critically important to the normal function of these integrative sites in the baroreceptor reflex. Spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) differ from @entity35 Kyoto (WKY) controls in their responses to stimulation, inhibition or lesions of neurons in the baroreceptor arc. One week after baroreceptor denervation, blood pressure is elevated in WKY but not in SHR. Stimulation of the CVLM results in a greater fall in pressure in SHR than WKY, whereas injection of @entity1022 into the CVLM results in a smaller increase in pressure in SHR. Blockade of @entity2227 receptors in the spinal cord attenuates the response to stimulation of the RVLM in both SHR and WKY, but reduces resting blood pressure in SHR only. These experiments suggest that altered activity in @entity535 pathways contributes to the pathogenesis of @entity101 in SHR.

title: @entity535 neurotransmitters in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: We studied the outcome of 345 liver transplant @entity1 who received @entity1140 -based immunosuppressive therapy either as a dual regimen (with @entity288 , n=172) or as a triple regimen (with @entity288 and @entity500 , n=173) for 3 months after transplantation (3-month cohort). A further analysis was conducted for the first 195 @entity1 randomised (dual n=100, triple n=95) who were followed up for 12 months after transplantation (12-month cohort). For the 3-month cohort, @entity1 survival was 90.7% (dual) and 91.9% (triple), graft survival after 3 months was 88.4% (dual therapy) and 89.6% (triple therapy). Acute rejections were experienced by 67/172, 39.0% of @entity1 on dual therapy and by 60/173, 34.7% of @entity1 on triple therapy; @entity228 -resistant rejections were reported in 9 @entity1 (5.2%) in either treatment group. The overall safety profile was similar for the two treatment groups. Significant differences, however, were found for @entity882 (dual 13/172, 7.6%, triple 37/173, 21.4%, p<0.001) and @entity1431 (dual 4/172, 2.3%, triple 24/173, 13.9%, p<0.001). For the 12-month cohort, @entity1 survival was 85.6% (dual) and 88.4% (triple) after 1 year. Graft survival was 81.7% (dual) and 85.2% (triple) 12 months after transplantation. Acute rejections were reported for 38/100, 38.0% of @entity1 on dual therapy and 36/95, 37.9% of @entity1 on triple therapy, @entity228 -resistant rejections were 7/100, 7.0% (dual) and 7/95, 7.4% (triple) of @entity1 . In the 12-month cohort, no significant differences in the safety profiles of the treatment groups were found. We conclude that both @entity1140 -based dual and triple drug regimens provide effective and safe immunosuppression following orthotopic liver transplantation.

title: Low rejection rates with XXXX -based dual and triple regimens following liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1140 :: (MESH:D016559,Chemical) :: ['tacrolimus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Restorative proctocolectomy has become the surgical procedure of choice in @entity1 with @entity31 . Only smaller studies have compared postoperative to preoperative quality of life (QoL). METHODS: @entity1 with @entity31 who had undergone restorative proctocolectomy at least 5 years before and who had filled out a disease-specific validated questionnaire (Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index, GIQLI) prior to surgery (n = 128) were included into this follow-up study. Factors potentially influencing QoL at the time of operation were investigated with regard to pre- and postoperative QoL in univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 105 @entity1 responded (82%). QoL at least 5 years after colectomy was significantly improved compared to the preoperative situation (109 versus 75). This improvement was evident in all 5 dimensions (P < 0.0001). The @entity1960 Activity Index (CAI) (P < 0.00001), a shorter duration of the disease (P < 0.05), and a 3-staged procedure (<0.001) were negatively correlated with preoperative QoL, whereas @entity5 (P < 0.001) was positively correlated. Colectomy was the reason for most of the increase in QoL. Ileostomy closure resulted in a further improvement in 3 of 5 dimensions but not in overall QoL. Uni- and multivariate analysis of the difference in QoL before and 5 years after colectomy revealed CAI, the type of operation (both P < 0.001), and @entity5 as significant factors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity1 in the worst clinical situation profit the most from restorative proctocolectomy.

title: Quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy for XXXX : preoperative status and long-term results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']