abstract: In the present study we describe the establishment of serial cultures of @entity1 bronchial epithelial cells derived from biopsies obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The cell cultures were initiated from small amounts of material (2 mm forceps biopsies) using either explants or epithelial cell suspensions in combination with a feeder-layer technique. The rate of cell proliferation and the number of passages (up to 8 passages) achieved were similar, irrespective of whether the explants or dissociated cells were used. To modulate the extent of differentiation, the bronchial epithelial cells were cultured either under submerged, low @entity460 (0.06 mM) (proliferating), normal @entity460 (1.6 mM) (differentiation enhancing) conditions, or at the air-liquid interface. Characterization of the bronchial epithelial cell cultures was assessed on the basis of cell morphology, cytokeratin expression, and ciliary activity. The cells cultured under submerged conditions formed a multilayer consisting of maximally three layers of polygonal-shaped, small cuboidal cells, an appearance resembling the basal cells in vivo. In the air-exposed cultures, the formed multilayer consisted of three to six layers exhibiting @entity1544 . The cytokeratin profile in cultured bronchial epithelial cells was similar in submerged and air-exposed cultures and comparable with the profile found in vivo. In addition to cytokeratins, @entity2277 was co-expressed in a fraction of the subcultured cells. The ciliary activity was observed in primary culture, irrespective of whether the culture had been established from explants or from dissociated cells. This activity was lost upon subculturing and it was not regained by prolongation of the culture period. In contrast to submerged cultures and despite the @entity1544 appearance, the cells showed a reappearance of cilia when cultured at the air-liquid interface. @entity1 bronchial epithelial cell cultures can be a representative model for controlling the mechanisms of regulation of bronchial epithelial cell function.

title: Serial culturing of XXXX bronchial epithelial cells derived from biopsies.

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity28 has been demonstrated to predict biochemical progression in @entity1 undergoing radical prostatectomy for @entity263 , and is associated with a higher risk of biochemical and clinical relapse after @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ). We evaluated if @entity28 , determined by body mass index (BMI), is associated with adverse disease characteristics, pre-treatment serum @entity251 , biochemical disease free survival (bDFS), disease-specific survival (DSS), or @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) in @entity1 undergoing radical external beam @entity1161 for @entity263 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A cohort of 706 @entity1 with @entity263 treated with @entity1161 between 1993 and 2001 were categorized as @entity28 (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)), overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) or normal (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)). The association between BMI, disease characteristics, and progression were evaluated by Chi-square and ANOVA tests, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: 195 @entity1 (27.6%) were normal weight, 358 (50.7%) were overweight and 153 (21.7%) were @entity28 . Obese @entity1 had lower serum @entity251 levels than overweight and normal-weight @entity1 (means 12.8, 14.1, and 15.7 nmol/L, respectively; p < 0.001). The BMI groups did not differ in Gleason score, pretreatment PSA, or stage. On multivariate analysis, BMI group was predictive of reduced bDFS (p = 0.02) and DSS (p = 0.008), with a trend toward reduced @entity1349 (p = 0.062). CONCLUSION: @entity28 was associated with lower serum @entity251 levels but not with adverse pretreatment pathological features. Obese @entity1 have a higher risk of biochemical recurrence and @entity263 specific @entity204 after @entity1161 .

title: @entity28 as a predictor of biochemical recurrence and survival after XXXX for @entity263 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate adenocarcinoma', 'prostate-cancer', 'localized prostate adenocarcinoma', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1161 :: (MESH:D011832,Disease) :: ['radiation therapy']


abstract: Seven cases of @entity439 that @entity397 and were treated surgically are reviewed. Six out of the seven presented with signs of @entity3976 , three of them for at least for four hours or more. They all died in spite of urgent decompression and drainage. Three others suffered from @entity3976 for less than four hours and they all did well. The seventh @entity1 had a small subdural haematoma with no signs of compression of the underlying neural structures. This last @entity1 also had a good outcome. The authors point out that the @entity439 causing the haematoma might be overlooked should one utilize CT (computerized tomography) scan alone without contrast. However, in most instances the history gives the @entity439 diagnosis despite the CT scan of haematoma only. Intravenous contrast CT scan may occasionally demonstrate the @entity439 , provided modern CT equipment is adequately utilised. Severe @entity51 and @entity3976 might still be reversible provided decompression can be carried out in less than four hours. If accessible the @entity439 should also be clipped at the same time.

title: Ruptured intracranial aneurysms as a cause of subdural haematoma. Potential diagnostic pitfalls and the surgical management of the acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3976 :: ('MESH:D004677', 'Disease') :: ['uncal herniation']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured into the subdural space']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: @entity6453 (PQ), a broad spectrum herbicide, produces severe @entity55 and @entity39 resulting in @entity3794 and @entity1576 . @entity4756 are peptides released by sensory C fibers and have the ability of influencing respiratory functions and cellular proliferation. To examine whether the damage caused by PQ involves @entity4756 , @entity35 were depleted in their content of @entity4756 by systemic treatment with @entity2951 prior to PQ exposure. The animal subjected to this treatment showed a 3-fold higher viability compared to those treated with PQ alone (75 vs 27%). Depletion of @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) is associated with oxidative stress produced by reactive @entity26 intermediates during PQ metabolism. This is considered to be critical in the pathogenesis of @entity358 by PQ. PQ treatment induced a significant depletion of @entity2197 during the first days and a similar effect was also observed in the group of @entity2951 -pretreated @entity35 . Four weeks after PQ treatment the levels of @entity2197 were similar to controls in @entity35 pretreated or not with @entity2951 plus PQ. This may indicate that the reduced levels of @entity2197 may be associated to the @entity137 observed in the acute phase, but not of importance in the final PQ-induced mortality. @entity8123 ( @entity8123 ) is an enzyme considered to be critical in controlling the levels of @entity4756 . Exposure of crude membrane preparations of @entity35 lung to PQ resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of @entity8123 activity. Since @entity8123 inactivation may occur in lung following a PQ exposure in vivo, the results indicate that during PQ intoxication a more sustained activity of @entity4756 may be present, producing effects such as cell proliferation, fluid extravasation and bronchoconstriction. In conclusion, this finding supports the hypothesis that neuropeptides released from @entity2951 -sensitive nerves could be involved in the modulation of PQ-induced @entity358 .

title: Involvement of XXXX -sensitive nerves in @entity6453 -induced mortality.

entities_list: @entity6453 :: ('MESH:D010269', 'Chemical') :: ['Paraquat']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8123 :: ('24590(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['NEP', 'Neutral endopeptidase']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['lung inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['reduced glutathione']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung damage']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity4756 :: ('MESH:D015320', 'Chemical') :: ['Tachykinins', 'tachykinins']

answer: @entity2951 :: (MESH:D002211,Chemical) :: ['capsaicin']


abstract: There is no detailed information on clinical and immunopathologic features of immunoglobulin M @entity8 (IgMN) in @entity1 with @entity3441 ( @entity3441 ) in Pakistan. We reviewed our native renal biopsies over 15 years (July 1995-July 2010) and identified 135 cases of IgMN in @entity1985 @entity1 ( <=17 years). Their demographic, clinical and immunopathologic data were retrieved from biopsy reports and case notes. Mean age of this cohort was 7.6    4.2 years. Males were 92 (68.1%) and females were 43 (31.9%). @entity134 -dependent @entity7031 was seen in 88 (65.2%) cases and @entity134 -resistant @entity7031 in 47 (34.2%). @entity811 was found in 42 cases (31.2%) and @entity101 in 27 (19.5%). The most common morphologic change was @entity8 , found in 89 (65.9%) biopsies. Minor changes were seen in 46 (34.1%) cases and @entity628 ( @entity628 ) in 37 (27.4%). Immunofluorescence microscopy showed diffuse mesangial positivity of IgM in all cases. C3 and @entity6300 were found in 72 (53.3%) and 40 (29.7%) cases, respectively. Our results show that IgMN is a fairly common cause of @entity3441 in @entity1 in Pakistan. It shows a spectrum of morphologic changes ranging from minor changes to @entity628 .

title: Clinicopathologic characteristics and XXXX response of @entity8 in @entity1 presenting with @entity3441 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3441 :: ('MESH:C535761', 'Disease') :: ['INS', 'idiopathic nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'glomerular mesangial proliferation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis', 'FSGS']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['Hematuria']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an effective and well-tolerated noninvasive treatment for medically inoperable @entity1 with peripheral @entity1149 . The term "peripheral" refers to lesions that lie 2   cm or more from the mediastinum and proximal bronchial tree and was instituted based on results from a specific dose and fractionation schedule. Improvements in immobilization, respiratory motion management, and image guidance have allowed for SBRT's highly conformal and accurate delivery of large radiation doses per fraction. Results from prospective and retrospective studies suggest that lung SBRT has superior outcomes when compared with conventionally fractionated treatments and is comparable with surgical resection. Investigations into the optimal SBRT dosing regimen for @entity1897 are ongoing, with recent trials suggesting comparable efficacy between single and multiple fraction schedules. Chest wall @entity137 after peripheral treatment is common, but it usually resolves with conservative management. @entity55 is less often observed after treatment of @entity1897 , and changes in pulmonary function tests are minimal. Studies in the frail and elderly suggest that neither baseline pulmonary function tests nor age should preclude treatment. Recent technical developments have reduced delivery time and resulted in more conformal treatments. This review is on behalf of the IASLC Advanced Radiation Technology Committee.

title: Treatment of Peripheral XXXX with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['Pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral lesions']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma']


abstract: AIMS: To examine the effect of @entity384 on the reliability of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head (ONH) assessments using Stratus OCT in a @entity726 clinic. METHODS: Observational study of 38 @entity1 attending a @entity726 clinic. The "fast optic disc" and "fast RNFL thickness" programs on Stratus OCT were used to measure the RNFL thickness and ONH cup to disc ratio (CDR). Two scans were done before dilatation and two after dilatation with @entity12023 1% drops. The mean values and reproducibility before and after dilatation were compared, along with the quality of scans as indicated by the "signal strength" score. RESULTS: In nine @entity1 (23.7%) no images were obtained undilated but after dilatation examination was possible in all @entity1 . Inability to obtain an undilated scan was associated with smaller pupil size and increasing @entity231 . The scan quality, as judged by the signal strength score, was higher dilated than undilated for both RNFL thickness (p = 0.011) and ONH CDR (p = 0.007). Reproducibility was higher with dilated scans for RNFL thickness but not for ONH CDR. There were significant differences between the dilated and undilated examinations for three of the five RNFL thickness variables and two of the three ONH CDR categories. CONCLUSIONS: Acquisition of high quality OCT images was not possible without @entity384 in about 25% of the @entity1 . The dilated scans were more reproducible and of higher quality than the undilated scans. The two methods of examination do not appear to be interchangeable, suggesting that in follow up examinations the pupil should be in the same condition as at baseline. @entity384 is recommended before @entity726 assessments using Stratus OCT.

title: Effect of XXXX on @entity726 assessments using optical coherence tomography.

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Pupillary dilatation', 'pupillary dilatation']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity12023 :: ('MESH:D014331', 'Chemical') :: ['tropicamide']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['pupillary dilatation']


abstract: @entity726 has been recognized as an infrequent but serious complication following surgery for congenital and acquired @entity231 in childhood. Little is known concerning the influence of factors on the risk of @entity726 such as age at surgery, type of @entity231 , associated @entity735 , and type of surgery. We reviewed records of 240 eyes of 155 @entity1 on whom @entity231 surgery had been performed between January 1965 and July 1990 at @entity1 's Hospital, Boston. After excluding those @entity1 who had been followed up less than 5 years after surgery, and those who had had surgery after the age of 10 years, 125 eyes of 82 @entity1 were included in the study group. We identified 14 eyes of 9 @entity1 that had developed @entity1538 5.3 to 13.1 years following surgery (average 7.4 years). An additional 4 eyes of 3 @entity1 developed @entity2747 , which was diagnosed at 146, 177, 2911, and 2939 days following surgery. A fifth @entity1 developed acute angle closure 1.7 years following primary @entity231 surgery and 53 days following secondary discission. All but one of the @entity1 who developed @entity726 had @entity231 surgery at less than 1 year of age. Age at surgery for the entire study group averaged 1.9 years, and ranged from 25 days to 9.6 years. We conclude that @entity1 having @entity231 surgery before 1 year of age are at the greatest risk of developing postoperative @entity1538 . Additional increased relative risk was found in eyes with @entity4354 , @entity13526 , and poor @entity384 with 1% @entity14433 ( @entity14433 ). No significant difference was seen among the various surgical methods of @entity231 removal.

title: XXXX following childhood @entity231 surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pupillary dilation']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma', 'glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity13526 :: ('MESH:D012410', 'Disease') :: ['congenital rubella syndrome']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['ocular abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity14433 :: ('MESH:D003519', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclogyl', 'cyclopentolate']

entities_list: @entity4354 :: ('MESH:C538287', 'Disease') :: ['microcornea']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['angle closure glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['Glaucoma']


abstract: Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) from @entity4576 ( @entity4576 ) were enriched using flow cytometry (EPICS V, 753). Parameters of forward angle and 90 degrees light scatter were utilized to sort cytolytically functional populations of NCC. Fullbright (GR. II) 9.75 microns diameter fluorescent @entity852 microspheres were used for optical alignment. Cells obtained from the anterior kidney, spleen and peripheral blood were analyzed by one and/or two parameters of @entity3917 ( @entity3917 ) and log integral 90 degrees light scatter (L90 degrees LS). Populations identified from @entity3917 or L90 degrees LS histograms were sorted and cells were tested for @entity137 against NC-37 target cells. Anterior kidney contained at least four different sized populations of NCC. Spleen cells were sorted by @entity3917 and four different populations of NCC detected. Peripheral blood contained little NCC activity. Enrichment of NCC activity from anterior kidney tissue was compared using Percoll density gradient separation and flow cytometry. Three to four fold higher cytotoxic activity was obtained from sorted cells compared to the population obtained from 45.5% Percoll. Additional experiments to determine the enrichment of sorted NCC were conducted by analyzing the number of enriched NCC required to kill an individual NC-37 target cell. Approximately 1.5-2.0 NCC could lyse a @entity8680 labelled target cell. These studies demonstrated that NCC could be enriched by size and granularity discrimination using flow cytometry. Effector:target cell ratios of 10:1 and lower produced significant lysis when sorted cells were analyzed.

title: Nonspecific cytotoxic cells in fish ( XXXX ). VI. Flow cytometric analysis.

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity4576 :: ('7998', 'Species') :: ['Ictalurus punctatus', 'channel catfish']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['forward angle light scatter', 'FALS']

answer: @entity4576 :: (7998,Species) :: ['Ictalurus punctatus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study had two aims. The first was to use the Ki 67 proliferation index (Ki-67 PI) to study the relationship between the proliferation potential and histopathological features such as mitosis, @entity39 , loss of architecture, small cell change, hypercellularity, pleomorphism, brain invasion, dura invasion, bone invasion, and histological grade. The second aim was to compare primary and recurrent @entity1653 with respect to morphological characteristics and Ki-67 PI values. BACKGROUND: @entity1653 are @entity5 whose histological features do not predict their biological behavior. Despite their slow growth and even after total resection, recurrence may occur METHODS: A total of 245 @entity1653 cases in whom Ki-67 PI was studied were included in the study. The cases were assessed with respect to 10 morphological characteristics, and a possible significant relationship between these and Ki 67 PI was statistically tested. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant relationship between Ki-67 PI and mitotic activity, @entity39 , loss of architecture, small cell change, brain invasion. In contrast to brain invasion, no significant relationship was present between dura or bone invasion and Ki-67 PI. We identified asignificant increase in the histological grade, mitotic activity and Ki-67 PI value of recurrent @entity5 , as compared to primary ones CONCLUSION: Ki-67 PI values overlap in different grades. This overlapping might be due to the heterogeneity of biological activity within the @entity5 tissue (Tab. 2, Fig. 7, Ref. 21).

title: The relationship between histomorphological characteristics and Ki-67 proliferation index in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['Meningiomas', 'meningioma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningiomas']


abstract: Middle-aged female @entity35 cease to display estrous cycles and exhibit a state of @entity400 ( @entity400 ). Under @entity400 and chronic @entity558 , there is a lack of spontaneous luteinizing hormone (LH) surges, but ovulations often occur after the females are caged with males. This study examined the effects of caging and mating with male @entity35 on LH release in @entity400 females, and assessed their reproductive capacity. Young cyclic @entity35 received intra-atrial cannulae, and subsequently were sampled every 90 min during 1400-2130 h on proestrus for plasma LH measurement. @entity400 females were similarly cannulated and sampled. Two days later, these @entity400 @entity35 received an s.c. injection of @entity4520 (EB) and were sampled on the following day. While young females exhibited the proestrous LH surge, @entity400 @entity35 maintained low plasma LH levels persistently and were unable to increase LH release after EB administration. On the other hand, when cannulated @entity400 females were caged with fertile males, 92% displayed lordotic responses, and 75% of those sexually receptive @entity400 females exhibited LH surges followed by ovulation. The initiations of the lordotic response and the LH surge both were more rapid in @entity400 females caged with males beginning at 1500 h than at 1400 h. In contrast, when individual @entity400 @entity35 were placed in clean boxes without males, only one of 13 females showed an increase in LH release followed by ovulation. Separate groups of @entity400 @entity35 were mated with fertile males, and subsequently used for counting the number of blastocysts in the uteri on Day 5 of pregnancy and the number of pups delivered at term.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Neuroendocrine control of luteinizing hormone secretion and reproductive function in spontaneously persistent-estrous aging XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4520 :: ('MESH:C074283', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol benzoate']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['anovulatory conditions']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['persistent estrus', 'PE']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Weight-related problems, including @entity28 , @entity1277 , and @entity1277 , are major public health problems in adolescents. The identification of shared risk and protective factors for these problems can guide the development of relevant interventions to a broad spectrum of weight-related problems. This paper examines the prevalence and co-occurrence of overweight, binge eating, and extreme weight-control behaviors ( @entity391 , diet pills, laxatives, and diuretics) in adolescents and identifies shared risk and protective factors from within the socioenvironmental, personal, and behavioral domains for these three adverse weight-related outcomes. METHODS: Data were collected at Time 1 (1998-1999) and Time 2 (2003-2004) on 2516 adolescents participating in Project EAT (Eating Among Teens). Data were analyzed in 2006-2007. RESULTS: Weight-related problems were identified in 44% of the female subjects and 29% of the male subjects. About 40% of overweight @entity1 and 20% of overweight @entity1 engaged in at least one of the @entity146 (binge eating and/or extreme weight control). Weight-teasing by family, personal weight concerns, and dieting/unhealthy weight-control behaviors strongly and consistently predicted overweight status, binge eating, and extreme weight-control behaviors after 5 years. Family meals, regular meal patterns, and media exposure to messages about weight loss were also associated with weight-related outcomes, although the strength and consistency of associations differed across outcomes and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-specific socioenvironmental, personal, and behavioral variables are strong and consistent predictors of overweight status, binge eating, and extreme weight-control behaviors later in adolescence. These findings support the need for research to determine if decreasing weight-related social pressures, personal weight concerns, and unhealthy weight-control behaviors can contribute to reductions in @entity28 in @entity1 and adolescents.

title: Shared risk and protective factors for overweight and XXXX in adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['disordered eating behaviors']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['disordered eating', 'eating disorders']

answer: @entity1277 :: (MESH:D001068,Disease) :: ['disordered eating']


abstract: The bionomics of Anopheles minimus, one of the main @entity311 vectors in Thailand, were conducted in Pakchong district, Nakhon Ratchasima province, from January 1984 to June 1985. The prevalence of An. minimus was influenced by monthly rainfall, relative humidity, temperature and wind velocity, with a major peak of density from September to November. An. minimus preferred to feed on animal rather than on @entity1 , tended to bite @entity1 more outdoors than indoors, and thus exhibiting zoophilic and exophilic behaviour. The biting activity of the mosquitoes on animal exhibited high densities throughout the night in all seasons, whereas on @entity1 they tended to be an early evening biter in the dry cool season, and early morning biter in the wet season, and thus increasing the chance of @entity1 -vector contact. The life expectancy of An. minimus varied from month to month, ranging from 2.7 to 11.5 days, with the longest longevity during the dry cool season. The natural @entity281 rate of this species was very low. Out of 1,518 dissected guts, only 0.4% were found infected with oocysts. There were no sporozoites detected in the 1,560 dissected salivary glands.

title: Bionomics of Anopheles minimus and its role in XXXX transmission in Thailand.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['malaria infection']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) is main organ complication developing in the course of primary @entity101 . Among 'candidates genes' related with development of @entity101 as well as @entity4346 ; the promoting, but not crucial, influence of ( @entity21330 ) @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) gene was found. The elevated @entity460 ions concentration in the cytosol of muscle cells, might be one of the element in the ethiopatomechanism of essential @entity101 development. The @entity855 -related ions pomp--SERCA2A regulates the intracellular @entity460 concentration. Mutations in the @entity21331 gene coding the SERCA2A protein, has been associated with elevated @entity460 level in cardiomyocytes. The aim of the study was to analyze frequency of the @entity7742 ( @entity21330 ) @entity2178 gene polymorphism. The new mutations in the @entity21331 gene was searched for in @entity101 @entity1 , independently to the @entity4346 presence in compare to the control group. 157 @entity1 participated in the study. Based on the echo-cardiographic examination @entity1 were divided into subgroups: @entity1 with essential @entity101 (NT) and @entity1 with NT and @entity4346 . 50 healthy volunteers served as the control group. The frequency of the CC homozygotes, of the @entity7742 ( @entity21330 ) @entity2178 gene polymorphism, was the highest in the @entity1 with essential @entity101 and @entity4346 in compare with @entity1 without @entity4346 (p = 0.67) and control group (p = 0.64). The value of the LVMI was the highest in CC carriers in compare to homozygotes TT (p = 0.33) and CT group (p = 0.66). In homozygotes TT as well as in the carriers of allel T, the elevated blood pressures value was detected. In the exon 15 of ATPA2A gene the new polymorphism A724A ( @entity21332 ) was found. only the presence of GG and heterozygotes GA was detected in analyzed group. The frequency of GA genotype was significantly higher in control group vs @entity1 with essential @entity101 with (p = 0.05)/or without @entity4346 (p = 0.04). The GA carriers had lower blood pressures values measured in doctor office as well as using ABPM method. The @entity10389 as well as LVMI values were lower in group with mutated genotype GA in compare to GG group (p = 0.107 for @entity10389 ; p = 0.154 for LVMI). Results suggest a protective role of the @entity21333 polymorphism of the @entity21331 gene against the @entity101 as well as @entity4346 development. It seems also that @entity21330 polymorphism of @entity2178 gene does not play crucial role in the essential @entity101 development.

title: [Role of the @entity7742 ( @entity21330 ) polymorphism of angiotensynogen gene as well as A724A ( XXXX ) polymorphism of SERCA2a gene in ethiopathogenesis of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential @entity101 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['AGT', 'angiotensinogen']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['Left ventricle hypertrophy', 'LVH']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity21333 :: (c|SUB|G|2171|A,DNAMutation) :: ['c.2171G>A']


abstract: Previous research by Hand et al. [10] showed that acquisition of lever pressing was retarded in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs) relative to @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKYs) when unsignaled delays of 15s separated lever presses from food delivery. The SHRs took longer to begin responding, exhibited a slower increase in response rates, responded at a lower asymptotic response rate and earned fewer reinforcers than the WKYs. The present experiment examined whether similar strain differences in acquisition would be observed if the same delay to reinforcement was signaled. Signaled delays of reinforcement typically result in lesser disruption of steady-state operant behavior than unsignaled delays, presumably because the signals function as conditioned reinforcers. Under a response-acquisition procedure, signals might be expected to facilitate acquisition which could minimize SHR-WKY strain differences. The present study exposed SHR and WKY @entity35 to a procedure where a single lever press illuminated the houselight and delivered a food pellet 15s later. Response acquisition was similar between SHR and WKY @entity35 under 15-s signaled delays of reinforcement; the responses emitted, delay resets and pellets earned by both strains were similar. Removal of the delay signal immediately decreased responding for both strains with the SHRs showing a significantly slower recovery over time. Overall the results suggest that signals occurring during response-reinforcer delays can mitigate the response-weakening effects of delayed reinforcement in a rodent model of @entity71 .

title: Response acquisition with signaled delayed reinforcement in a rodent model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['ADHD']


abstract: The effects of hen egg white lysozyme and the inorganic salt @entity13672 on the integrity of @entity6586 BHT were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Both control cells and cells exposed to @entity13672 possessed thick outer cell walls and densely staining inner cell walls juxtaposed to the plasma membranes. In the presence of @entity13672 , however, the @entity6586 BHT nucleoid was coagulated into thick electron-dense filaments. Exposure of @entity6586 BHT to 150 mug of hen egg white lysozyme per ml resulted in the progressive destruction of both the cell walls and the plasma membranes. The enzyme appeared to affect the region of the cell wall septum, and exposure to 150 mug of hen egg white lysozyme per ml for as short a time as 10 min resulted in visible morphological cell wall alterations. At 30 min, ultrastructural observations revealed that the majority of the cells were in the process of expelling a portion of their cytoplasmic contents from the septal and other regions of the cells at the time of fixation. After 3 h of incubation in the presence of this high lysozyme concentration, gelled protoplasmic masses, which were free from the cells, were evident. In addition, extensive damage to the outer and inner cell walls and to the plasma membranes was apparent, although the cells maintained their shape. On some areas of the cell surface, the outer cell wall and plasma membrane were completely absent, whereas at other locations the outer cell wall was either split away from the inner cell wall and plasma membrane or distended from an area free of inner cell wall and plasma membrane. Upon addition of @entity13672 to the hen egg white lysozyme-treated cells, both the gelled protoplasmic masses and the damaged cells exhibited an exploded appearance and existed as membrane ghosts, cell wall fragments, or dense aggregates of cytoplasmic components. The effects of a low lysozyme concentration (22.5 mug/ml) on @entity6586 morphology were less pronounced at short incubation times (i.e., 10 and 30 min) than those that were observed with a high enzyme concentration; however, breaks in the cell walls and dissolution of the plasma membranes with resulting cell lysis were visible after a prolonged (3-h) incubation and after subsequent addition of @entity13672 .

title: Effects of lysozyme and inorganic anions on the morphology of XXXX BHT: electron microscopic examination.

entities_list: @entity13672 :: ('MESH:C024553', 'Chemical') :: ['NaSCN', 'sodium thiocyanate']

entities_list: @entity6586 :: ('1309', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus mutans', 'S. mutans']

answer: @entity6586 :: (1309,Species) :: ['Streptococcus mutans']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 3609 Background: A more optimal selection of @entity1 that will benefit from the frequently used first-line treatment of @entity14 ( @entity14 ) consisting of the combination of @entity416 , @entity901 and bevacizumab (CAPOX-B) is warranted. We used a GWAS to find single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with the efficacy of CAPOX-B. This is the first pharmacogenetic GWAS with progression-free survival (PFS) as an endpoint. METHODS: Germline DNA was obtained from 547 previously untreated @entity14 @entity1 in the randomized phase III CAIRO2 trial of the DCCG, in which @entity1 were randomized between CAPOX-B or CAPOX-B plus cetuximab. Whole-genome genotyping was performed using 700 k Illumina OmniExpress BeadChip arrays. Associations between SNPs and PFS were tested using Cox-proportional hazard models. Associations were considered significant when P < 5 x 10(-8). RESULTS: Three SNPs located at 8p23.1 showed a trend toward significance for association with PFS ( @entity17253 , P = 1.24 x 10(-7); @entity17254 , P = 1.38 x 10(-7) and @entity17255 , P = 6.75 x 10(-7)). These SNPs are 20 kbp downstream of the @entity17256 gene. The @entity17256 gene encodes a protein that converts @entity4990 ( @entity4991 ) to @entity8558 (PA), the second step in de novo phospholipid biosynthesis, the major constituent of the cell-membrane. Additionally, @entity4991 is a potent mitogen that has been linked to the development and progression of @entity0 . There was significant interaction between treatment arm and the @entity17257 SNP in the @entity11317 gene (P = 4.16 x 10(-8)). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that genetic variation in the @entity17256 gene is associated with the efficacy of CAPOX-B. Validation is required before definitive conclusions can be made based upon these data.

title: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the efficacy of @entity416 , XXXX , and bevacizumab in metastatic @entity14 in the CAIRO2 trial of the Dutch @entity14 Group (DCCG).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity4990 :: ('MESH:C032881', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity8558 :: ('MESH:D010712', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['ACC', 'advanced colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity901 :: (MESH:C030110,Chemical) :: ['oxaliplatin']


abstract: Although well-differentiated @entity2615 (WDPM) is usually classified as benign, the natural history of this lesion has not been clearly established. We present a case of WDPM in 60-year old @entity1 developing @entity3620 with seeding mass on the trocar insertion site over a period of 2 years. The initial symptom exhibited by the @entity1 was abdominal distension from massive ascitic fluid. With an impression of peritoneal @entity189 , we performed a diagnostic laparoscopy. On the laparoscopic finding, a small whitish nodule was found on the liver surface and the pathologic result revealed @entity1373 . At exploro-laparotomy, multiple small nodules were found on the omentum and a biopsy revealed well-differentiated @entity2615 of the peritoneum. The @entity1 underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and omentectomy of the colon and was followed for 2 years without any further treatment. Subsequently, she presented with abdominal distention with massive @entity843 and palpable abdominal wall mass at the previous trocar insertion site. @entity3620 was confirmed histologically via re- exploration. The rare transformation of well-differentiated @entity2615 into a typically @entity3620 and the unusual seeding on trocar insertion site prompted us to report this case.

title: A Case of Well-differentiated @entity2615 Developing XXXX with Seeding Mass on the Trocar Insertion Site of Diagnostic Laparoscopy and Malignant Change.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['reactive mesothelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatosis']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['papillary mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant mesothelioma', 'malignant mesothelioma', 'malignant diffuse mesothelioma']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['Malignant Mesothelioma']


abstract: In a retrospective study of all @entity1 admitted with acute @entity788 to a single hospital over the 10 year period 1975-1984, 22 @entity1 operated upon for @entity788 complicating acute @entity788 were identified. The accuracy of the assessment by the surgeon of the extent of the @entity733 and the results of treatment by either local or wide drainage have been reviewed. The surgeon underestimated the extent of the @entity733 in 5 of the 22 @entity1 . Four of these five @entity1 were assessed as having a localized @entity733 presenting in the lesser sac and, in the other, the @entity733 was thought to be confined to the tail of the pancreas. Local exploration and drainage were performed in 13 @entity1 and resulted in a high morbidity and mortality (54 per cent). Wide exploration was performed in nine @entity1 with only two deaths, despite the greater extent of @entity733 formation. Improvement in outcome seen in the second 5 year period appears to be due to a more aggressive approach to exploration and drainage. The surgeon must be aware that abscesses in the lesser sac often signify more widespread @entity733 formation. Without wide exploration of the pancreas, assessment at laparotomy is likely to be unreliable. There appears to be additional benefit from wide drainage, even where @entity733 formation appears localized.

title: Surgical aspects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'pancreatic abscess']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic abscess']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to correlate findings of prevertebroplasty MRI with outcomes in the treatment of chronic @entity3814 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five @entity1 with @entity3814 of more than 1 year's duration were treated with vertebroplasty. Changes in @entity158 and mobility were assessed by follow-up of 1-28 months. Preprocedural MR images were reviewed using the Modic criteria and were correlated with outcomes. RESULTS: Fifteen @entity1 (33%) had marrow @entity4 on MRI and 30 (67%) of the 45 @entity1 did not. All 15 of the @entity1 with @entity4 had clinical benefit: six @entity1 (40%) achieved complete relief and nine (60%) experienced symptom improvement. Ten @entity1 (67%) had improvement in mobility, and the remaining five @entity1 (33%) had no change. Of @entity1 with no marrow @entity4 (n = 30), five (17%) had complete resolution of @entity158 , 19 (63%) were improved, and six (20%) were unchanged. None had worsening of their symptoms. Mobility was improved in 17 (57%) and unchanged in 10 (33%). Mobility was diminished in three @entity1 (10%). In two cases, @entity73 was due to causes other than spine disorders. CONCLUSION: Most (87%) of the 45 @entity1 with compression @entity174 older than 1 year derived clinical benefit from vertebroplasty irrespective of MRI findings. Although 100% of @entity1 with @entity236 had clinical benefit, no direct correlation was seen between symptom resolution and the presence of @entity4 on preprocedural MRI. In our experience, absence of abnormal marrow signal does not definitively predict the outcome of vertebroplasty in chronic @entity174 .

title: Correlation between preprocedural MRI findings and clinical outcomes in the treatment of chronic symptomatic vertebral compression XXXX with percutaneous vertebroplasty.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired mobility']

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic spinal compression fractures', 'osteoporotic compression fractures']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow edema']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: The extent of tau phosphorylation is thought to regulate the binding of tau to microtubules: Highly phosphorylated tau does not bind to tubules, whereas dephosphorylated tau can bind to microtubules. It is interesting that the extent of tau phosphorylation in vivo has not been accurately determined. Tau was rapidly isolated from @entity1 temporal neocortex and hippocampus, @entity2608 temporal neocortex, and @entity35 temporal neocortex and hippocampus under conditions that minimized dephosphorylation. In brain slices, we observed that tau isolated under such conditions largely existed in several phosphorylated states, including a pool that was highly phosphorylated; this was determined using epitope-specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. This highly phosphorylated tau was dephosphorylated during a 120-min time course in vitro, presumably as a result of neuronal phosphatase activity. The @entity73 forms of tau were shifted to faster-mobility forms following in vitro incubation with alkaline phosphatase. Laser densitometry was used to estimate the percent of tau in @entity73 , highly phosphorylated forms. Approximately 25% of immunoreactive tau was present as @entity73 (66- and 68-kDa) forms of tau. The percentage of immunoreactive tau in faster-mobility pools (42-54 kDa) increased in proportion to the decrease in content of 66-68-kDa tau as a function of neuronal phosphatases or alkaline phosphatase treatment. These data suggest that the turnover of phosphorylated sites on tau is rapid and depends on neuronal phosphatases. Furthermore, tau is highly phosphorylated in normal-appearing @entity1 , primate, and rodent brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Tau phosphorylation in @entity1 , primate, and XXXX brain: evidence that a pool of tau is highly phosphorylated in vivo and is rapidly dephosphorylated in vitro.

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkey']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['slow-mobility']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The in vitro demonstration of the ability of NK cells to secrete cytokines prompted in vivo studies that illustrated the importance of NK cell-derived cytokines in regulating immune responses. Cross-linking of @entity4071 on NK cells can stimulate cytokine production. @entity4071 -independent interactions capable of stimulating cytokine production have also been described, but molecules mediating such stimulations remain to be biochemically defined. We report here that cross-linking of @entity1195 specifically stimulates @entity379 production in @entity1 NK cells. The NK cells used were @entity1199 -activated adherent NK cells and from the NK3.3 cell line. The ability of @entity1195 mAbs to stimulate NK cells appears not to be dependent on @entity4071 , as @entity1195 mAbs of both IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes were equally stimulatory, as were F(ab')2 compared with whole anti- @entity1195 mAbs. Resting NK cells, like T cells, express predominantly CD45RA, whereas @entity1199 activated adherent NK cells acquire expression of CD45RO. Abs specific for CD45RO, but not CD45RA, were able to stimulate @entity379 production in NK cells. It has been reported that one ligand for CD45RO is @entity10317 beta. We tested the ability of @entity10317 -expressing transfectants to bind to and stimulate NK cells. Whereas NK cells bound to @entity10317 alpha and @entity10317 beta transfectants, this interaction was not inhibited by @entity1195 RO Abs. In addition, neither of the @entity10317 -transfectants were able to stimulate NK3.3 cells to secrete @entity379 . These observations collectively suggest that binding of NK3.3 cells to @entity10317 may be independent of CD45RO on NK3.3 cells.

title: @entity1195 -cross-linking stimulates XXXX production in NK cells.

answer: @entity379 :: (3458,Gene) :: ['IFN-gamma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity53 (E2) has been implicated to exert neuroprotective effects in the brain following @entity2806 . Classically, E2 is thought to exert its effects via genomic signaling mediated by interaction with nuclear @entity172 receptors. However, the role and contribution of extranuclear @entity172 receptors (ER) is unclear and was the subject of the current study. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To accomplish this goal, we employed two E2 conjugates (E2 dendrimer, EDC, and E2-BSA) that can interact with extranuclear ER and exert rapid nongenomic signaling, but lack the ability to interact with nuclear ER due to their inability to enter the nucleus. EDC or @entity24400 (10 microM) was injected icv 60 min prior to global @entity2806 (GCI). @entity2823 -tagged EDC or E2-BSA revealed high uptake in the hippocampal @entity1249 region after icv injection, with a membrane (extranuclear) localization pattern in cells. Both EDC and E2-BSA exerted robust neuroprotection in the @entity1249 against GCI, and the effect was blocked by the ER antagonist, @entity1299 . EDC and E2-BSA both rapidly enhanced activation of the prosurvival kinases, @entity2509 and Akt, while attenuating activation of the proapoptotic kinase, JNK following GCI, effects that were blocked by @entity1299 . Administration of an MEK or @entity21203 inhibitor blocked the neuroprotective effects of EDC and E2-BSA. Further studies showed that EDC increased p- @entity14889 and @entity2136 in the @entity1249 region in an @entity2509 - and Akt-dependent manner, and that cognitive outcome after GCI was preserved by EDC in an ER-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that activation of extranuclear ER results in induction of @entity2509 -Akt- @entity14889 - @entity2136 signaling in the hippocampal @entity1249 region, which significantly reduces @entity2806 and preserves cognitive function following GCI. The study adds to a growing literature that suggests that extranuclear ER can have important actions in the brain.

title: Extranuclear @entity172 receptors mediate the neuroprotective effects of XXXX in the rat hippocampus.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic neuronal injury', 'cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: The ability of synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence gene expression makes it a useful tool in biomedical research. However, effective and non-toxic functional siRNA delivery to @entity19 lungs in vivo is still a key challenge, and regulation of constitutively expressed genes is poorly characterized. Following in vitro validation of siRNA molecules, naked, stabilized siRNA (AtuRNAi) was applied intranasally (i.n.) by droplets or intratracheally (i.t.) by MicroSprayer in female C57BL/6 @entity19 . Distribution of Cy3-tagged siRNAs was examined. Pulmonary expression of ubiquitously ( @entity23733 ) or cell-specific ( @entity3112 , @entity7112 ), constitutive genes was analysed by TaqMan-realtime-PCR. Further, formulated lipoplex-siRNA, which has enhanced transfection efficiency, was applied i.t. or intravenously (i.v.). Single i.t. as compared to i.n. application of unformulated siRNA resulted in higher delivery efficiency and homogenous pulmonary distribution. After inhalation of target-specific siRNA, reduction of epithelial @entity3112 by 21%, but no significant reduction of endothelial @entity7112 or ubiquitously expressed @entity23733 was observed. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed rapid transfer of intact siRNA molecules into the vascular system and accumulation in the kidneys, calling lung specificity into question. I.t. application of lipoplex-siRNA evoked @entity32 . In contrast, i.v. application of lipoplex-siRNA specifically reduced expression of @entity7112 mRNA by about 50% in lungs without evoking lung cellular influx. In conclusion, sufficient pulmonary distribution of aerosolized siRNA was attained in @entity19 by MicroSprayer, however development of appropriate siRNA carriers is highly desirable to improve lung-specific functional inhalative siRNA delivery. Pulmonary knockdown of constitutive endothelial targets by 50% was achieved by i.v. application of lipoplex-siRNA.

title: RNAi-mediated suppression of constitutive pulmonary gene expression by small interfering RNA in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A significant number of @entity1 depend on the intake of @entity2067 antagonists for prevention and treatment of @entity1031 events. The development of portable anticoagulation monitors has enabled self-testing and self-adjustment of anticoagulation therapy. OBJECTIVE: To describe the principles of a training course to learn INR self-management and to illustrate reliability of our concept. DESCRIPTION: The training is divided into an early postoperative training, an ambulatory training six months later, and a 24 hours care and consultation. According to our concept, each @entity1 who depends on long-term anticoagulation therapy is able to learn INR self-management. Reliability of our concept has been proved in two prospective, randomized clinical trials. STUDY RESULTS: A study with 1,155 @entity1 has demonstrated that INR values lie more often in the predetermined target range in the INR self-management group if compared to the conventional group (79.2% vs. 64.9%; P < 0.001). Moreover, this study has demonstrated that self-management can lead to a reduction of @entity1031 (1.5% vs. 2.8%; P < 0.05), and to a lower lethality if compared to conventional INR management (3.5% vs 6.0%; P < 0.025). A second study with 1,816 @entity1 has confirmed that INR self-management results in a high percentage of INR values in the target range (76%), even though target INR-range is reduced and narrowed. Thus, low dose INR self-management did not increase the risk of @entity1031 while avoiding the zone of higher risk for @entity548 , beginning from INR > 3.5. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity1835 Oeynhausen concept of INR self-management is a promising tool to achieve @entity548 without increasing the risk of @entity1031 complications. It can thus be successfully applied to @entity1 with an indication for permanent anticoagulation therapy.

title: The XXXX Oeynhausen concept of INR self-management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'low hemorrhagic complications']

entities_list: @entity2067 :: ('MESH:D014812', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin K']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'thromboembolic']

answer: @entity1835 :: (572,Gene) :: ['Bad']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The cardiovascular hotline of the German @entity101 Society is a telephone information and support service which has been operated since 1992. This retrospective study was aimed at presenting a profile of the callers and the affected @entity1 , a summary of the personal inquiries as well as significant changes over time based on three samples. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 55,000 phone calls were made from 1992 to 2007. Data of 20,195 inquiries representing three periods (1992/1993, 1999/2000, 2006/2007) were analysed. RESULTS: There were almost equal numbers of female and male callers. The same applied to the gender of the affected @entity1 . In 80 % of the calls the concerned @entity1 themselves asked for informations. In 12 % relatives called for a parent, occasionally for a @entity1 or a friend. In the three samples the average age of the affected @entity1 increased from 56.4 to 63.7 years. In 1992/1993 calls mostly originated from areas of high population density in Germany but gradually from smaller towns, too. CONCLUSIONS: In the future more elderly @entity1 will use the hotline and there will be more questions concerning topics of old age.

title: [Analysis of 20,000 calls at the cardiovascular hotline of the German XXXX Society].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'child', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['Hypertension']


abstract: @entity1224 has been proposed to be an important determinant of severity of @entity565 and medication needs to control symptoms in adults. In this study we tried to determine if this relationship existed in childhood @entity565 . One hundred and forty-five @entity748 @entity1 aged 6 to 19 years with a positive @entity2710 (MCH) challenge test and a baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 56% to 118% predicted were studied. The MCH concentration required to decrease the FEV1 from baseline by 20% (PC20) ranged from 0.1 to 20 mg/mL (geometric mean = 1.85 mg/mL). @entity1109 in this population before the study ranged from 2 months to 14 years. They were followed for a mean of 10 months after the MCH challenge and then grouped into four groups according to overall severity of symptoms and treatment needed to control symptoms. The first grade was comprised of @entity1 with intermittent symptoms only, with a @entity1729 (URTI), and no medication; grade 2 symptoms were severe enough to require intermittent bronchodilators (BD); grade 3 symptoms were severe enough to require daily BD; and grade 4 symptoms were severe enough to require daily BD and @entity230 . Geometric means PC20 were significantly different among the four groups when they were analyzed by ANOVA P less than .01. There was, however, marked overlap between the individual levels of PC20 among the four groups. There was no significant difference in mean FEV1, age, sex, or duration of symptoms among the four groups. There was no significant correlation between baseline FEV1 and the degree of @entity1224 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Grading severity and treatment requirements to control symptoms in @entity748 @entity1 and their relationship with XXXX to @entity2710 .

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['Asthma symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['Airway hyperreactivity', 'airway hyperreactivity']

answer: @entity1224 :: (MESH:D000402,Disease) :: ['airway hyperreactivity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between antiinflammatory cytokine @entity688 production and perioperative @entity880 concentrations and their impact on postoperative outcomes in neonates undergoing the arterial switch operation (ASO). METHODS: Between August 2010 and August 2012, 80 neonates with @entity3886 (TGA) were enrolled. Serum @entity688 levels were measured immediately before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the first, third, and seventh days. Perioperative clinical data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: @entity1 underwent the ASO at a median age of 72 hours (4-144 hours). We found that serum @entity688 levels significantly correlated with a prolonged @entity1213 ( @entity1213 ) length of stay (r  = 0.3; p  = 0.020) and duration of ventilation (r  = 0.3; p  = 0.017). Serum @entity688 levels on the first day after the surgical procedure had predictive value for a prolonged @entity1213 stay (defined as an @entity1213 stay >6 days postoperatively) by receiver operator curve analysis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.65 (p  = 0.045). Logistic regression modeling indicated that serum @entity880 level (b  = 2.7; p  = 0.027), age at operation (b  = -4.0; p  = 0.007), and the nature (autologous or allogeneic) of blood products (b  = -3.5; p  = 0.030) used during CPB affected serum @entity688 levels. The strongest predictor of increased @entity688 on the first day after operation was a serum @entity880 level greater than 3 mmol/L measured after the surgical procedure on admission to the @entity1213 , recording an odds ratio of 15.31. Serum @entity880 levels after operation and at admission to the @entity1213 positively correlated with a prolonged @entity1213 stay (r  = 0.4; p  = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated @entity880 levels are associated with increased @entity688 production on the first postoperative day. Excessive production of @entity688 on the first day after the surgical procedure is associated with a prolonged @entity1213 stay.

title: Relationship Between Antiinflammatory Cytokine XXXX and @entity880 Concentrations in Neonates Undergoing the Arterial Switch Operation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity3886 :: ('MESH:D014188', 'Disease') :: ['transposition of the great arteries']

entities_list: @entity1213 :: ('MESH:D012555', 'Disease') :: ['intensive care unit', 'ICU']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity688 :: (3586,Gene) :: ['Interleukin-10']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Older @entity1 are less likely to have surgery for operable @entity0 . This population-based study examines operation rates by age and identifies groups which present with early or late disease. METHODS: 37 000 @entity5 registrations for 2007 were combined with Hospital Episode Statistics comorbidity data for England. Operation rates were examined by age, ethnicity, @entity1949 , comorbidity, screen-detection, @entity5 size, grade and nodal status. Early and late presentation were correlated with Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) groups and @entity5 size. RESULTS: The proportion of @entity1 not having surgery increased from 7-10% at ages 35-69 to 82% from age 90. From age 70, the proportion not having surgery rose by an average of 3.1% per year of age. @entity1 with a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of >= 1 (which increased with age), with @entity5 >50 mm or who were node positive, were less likely to have surgery. Although @entity1 aged 70-79 were more likely to have @entity5 , their @entity5 were also more likely to have an excellent or good NPI (p < 0.001). Good prognosis @entity5 were more likely to be screen-detected, and less likely in @entity1 aged 0-39, the deprived and certain ethnic groups (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: From age 70 there is an increasing failure to operate for @entity0 . Younger @entity1 and certain ethnic groups presented with more advanced @entity5 . Older @entity1 had @entity5 which were otherwise of good prognosis, and this would not account for the failure to operate which may in part be related to comorbidity in this age group.

title: A population based study of variations in operation rates for XXXX , of comorbidity and prognosis at diagnosis: failure to operate for early @entity0 in older @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'larger tumours', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['deprivation']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The architectural framework of the pericanalicular sheath composed of cytokeratin intermediate filaments (IFs) was examined after phalloidin treatment, bile duct ligation, and @entity7936 in @entity35 to assess the role of IFs in experimental @entity1448 . Electron microscopy examination of whole mount unembedded extracted liver slices was employed to visualize the cytoskeleton. Immunofluorescence staining and immunoelectron microscopy of the sheath were also performed using monoclonal antibodies to @entity35 hepatocyte cytokeratins CK49 and CK55. The thickness of the wall and the diameter of the lumens were measured. In the @entity6286 -treated @entity35 , the pericanalicular sheath was markedly dilated and thickened. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the CK49 and CK55 IFs were localized in the pericanalicular region, particularly in the pericentral area. Immunoelectron microscopy documented that the IFs at the thickened pericanalicular sheath consisted of both CK49 and CK55, which means that the thickening of the bile canaliculus was in part due to an increase of IFs and not just due to an increase in actin filaments. In the livers where the bile duct was ligated, the pericanalicular sheath was irregularly dilated and some parts of the sheath appeared thinned out or missing. The belt desmosome also appeared absent focally in the pericanalicular sheath. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the staining for CK49 and CK55 was reduced focally in the pericanalicular region. The CK55 antibody stained the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the periportal area more intensely when compared with the controls. These results indicated that the pericanalicular sheath and the belt desmosome were focally disrupted in response to @entity6687 . In the @entity1068 -fed @entity35 , the pericanalicular sheath was dilated, thickened and tortuous, and appeared focally flattened by large fat droplets. IFs in the cytoplasm were pushed to the cell periphery and were compressed against each other by the fat droplets. CK55 and CK49 appeared increased as indicated by the observed immunofluorescence at the pericanalicular region. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that IFs of the thickened pericanalicular sheath were composed of CK55 and CK49. It is suggested that the pericanalicular sheath functions to mechanically provide a scaffolding for the bile canaliculus which is vulnerable to the different forces involved in @entity1448 of different pathogenesis such as focal compression and distortion by fat, @entity1184 in response to increased F actin and focal destruction by increased intracanalicular pressure.

title: Pathologic changes in the cytokeratin pericanalicular sheath in experimental XXXX and @entity7936 .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity7936 :: ('MESH:D005235', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity6286 :: ('MESH:D010590', 'Chemical') :: ['phalloidin']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity6687 :: ('MESH:D001651', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic bile duct obstruction']

answer: @entity1448 :: (MESH:D002779,Disease) :: ['cholestasis']


abstract: The majority of @entity1 with @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) will require second-line chemotherapy for either relapsed or refractory disease. Currently, only allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) offers a curative option in this setting and no preferred regimen has been established. The reported efficacy of second-line regimens is widely disparate, thus limiting informed clinical decision making. A retrospective review of 77 @entity1 receiving therapy between 2001 and 2008 with relapsed, 42, and refractory, 35, @entity3052 was performed to determine overall response rate and survival following @entity2664 (8 mg/m(2)/day), @entity2879 (100 mg/m(2)/day), and @entity2592 (1,000 mg/m(2)/day) chemotherapy administered over 5 days. Among 77 @entity1 (median age of 54 years and 64% intermediate risk karyotype) with median follow-up of 153 days, 18% achieved a complete response and 8% a morphologic @entity1778 -free state. Fifty-seven (74%) experienced treatment failure, 10 of whom achieved a remission after additional therapy. Median overall survival (OS) was 6.8 months. Among @entity1 achieving a response, 50% received consolidation with allogeneic HCT, autologous HCT (5%), or consolidation chemotherapy alone (45%). A nonsignificant trend in overall response (50%, 27%, and 23.8%) and median OS (8.3, 6.8, and 4.7 months) was observed by cytogenetic stratification into favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable risk. @entity1 with refractory versus relapsed disease had similar overall responses (20% and 31%, P = 0.41) and median OS (5.3 and 7.6 months, P = 0.36). Despite risk stratification by the European Prognostic Index, our series demonstrates inferior rates of response and survival, illustrating the limited activity of this regimen in our cohort.

title: Second-line @entity2664 , @entity2879 , and @entity2592 for XXXX : a single-center experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']


abstract: The alterations in thigh muscle properties of @entity18826 @entity1 during isometric and dynamic endurance tests were studied using a variokinetic knee testing system linked to surface EMG. A total of 41 @entity1 ( @entity1844 group) with arthroscopically certified @entity18826 were studied. The control group consisted of 31 healthy adult volunteers with no history of knee @entity158 or @entity130 . Peak torque values were 21% (p < 0.01) and force output values 25% (p < 0.05) lower on the symptomatic side of the @entity1844 group than in the control group. The decrease in the ratio between integrated EMG (IEMG) and measured force were found in all parts of the quadriceps femoris muscle in @entity1 with @entity18826 in isometric extension. No change in the normalized IEMG levels of the thigh muscles were found between @entity1844 @entity1 and controls in dynamic endurance test. The severity of the @entity18826 did not affect the level of electromyographic activation in thigh muscles. The ratio of normalized EMG levels of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis did not differ between the groups. The present study showed that @entity18826 @entity1 have reduced force and electromyographic activation levels of quadriceps femoris muscle. Especially, the explosive strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle is reduced.

title: Decreased torque and electromyographic activity in the extensor thigh muscles in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['chondromalacia']

entities_list: @entity18826 :: ('MESH:D046789', 'Disease') :: ['chondromalacia of the patella', 'chondromalacia patellae']

answer: @entity18826 :: (MESH:D046789,Disease) :: ['chondromalacia patellae']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the imaging findings in a series of @entity1 with @entity2615 of the tunica vaginalis testis. METHODS: We reviewed clinical data, imaging findings and follow-up information in a series of 10 pathology-proven cases of @entity2615 (all had US; 2 had MR) of the tunica vaginalis. RESULTS: A variety of patterns could be observed, the most common (5/10) being a hydrocele with parietal, solid and hypervascular @entity47 ; one @entity1 had a septated hydrocele with hypervascular walls; one had multiple, solid nodules surrounded by a small, physiological quantity of fluid; one a @entity5409 with thick walls and @entity47 compressing the testis; two had a solid paratesticular mass. MR showed multiple small nodules on the surface of the tunica vaginalis in one case and diffuse thickening and @entity47 in the other one; lesions had low signal intensity on T2-w images and were hypervascular after contrast injection. CONCLUSIONS: A preoperative diagnosis of @entity2615 presenting as solid paratesticular masses seems very difficult with imaging. On the contrary, the diagnosis must be considered in @entity1 in whom a hydrocele with @entity47 is detected, especially if these show high vascularity. KEY POINTS:     Mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis are rare, often challenging to diagnose preoperatively.     Most common finding is a complex hydrocele with hypervascular @entity47 .     Septated hydrocele, nodules without hydrocele, a thick-walled paratesticular cyst are less common.     Preoperative diagnosis may @entity146 and, possibly, a better prognosis.

title: Imaging of XXXX of tunica vaginalis testis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesion']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['allow aggressive surgical approach']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesotheliomas', 'mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity47 :: ('MESH:D018458', 'Disease') :: ['vegetations', 'parietal vegetations']

answer: @entity2615 :: (MESH:D008654,Disease) :: ['mesothelioma']


abstract: @entity521 and @entity3969 are frequent pediatric @entity5 . The first is frequently detected in the adrenal gland and the second develops in the kidneys. The extension through the vena cava and the lung metastases are frequent in @entity3969 and are rarely seen in @entity521 . We present the cases of three @entity1 with @entity5 with @entity715 in the inferior vena cava and pulmonary metastases demonstrating a stage 4 @entity521 . The three male @entity1 were between 23 to 48  months old. They presented an abdominal mass, near the superior pole of the kidney. @entity715 of the vena cava was showed on imaging studies in all cases and pulmonary metastases were always found. @entity2922 metabolites were present in the first case and negative in the two others. Two out of three @entity1 had a radical nephrectomy. The pathological analysis always found a poorly differentiated or @entity3491 without @entity4180 amplification and confirmed the vein tumoral @entity715 in the second case. The evolution of the first two @entity1 was unfavorable and the third is alive. Invasion of the inferior vena cava and pulmonary metastases in @entity1 with @entity521 is uncommon and can modify the surgical management.

title: @entity521 presenting like a XXXX with @entity715 in inferior vena cava and pulmonary metastases: a case series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal tumors', 'solid tumors']

entities_list: @entity3491 :: ('MESH:C580334', 'Disease') :: ['undifferentiated neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['Neuroblastomas', 'neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['Catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["Wilms' tumors"]

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'Thrombus']

answer: @entity3969 :: (MESH:D009396,Disease) :: ['Wilms' tumor']


abstract: A cross-sectional seroepidemiological survey of @entity232 was carried out among @entity1 and adults from four villages and one district of Denizli province located in the Southern Aegean Region of @entity233 where 14 @entity1 @entity234 (HVL) cases including 4 adults were reported between 1993 and 2000. Blood samples were taken from 329 @entity1 , 217 adults and 140 @entity235 and a physical examination was also done. Indirect fluorescent antibody test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were performed for all sera. All 329 sera collected from @entity1 were found to be negative while 2 (0.09%) out of 217 adult sera were found to be seropositive. One seropositive adult @entity1 was confirmed parasitologically as HVL after @entity236 and treated with @entity237 isome while the other was followed only serologically because of the absence of symptoms. The overall @entity235 @entity232 seroprevalence was found to be 20.7%. Sand flies were collected using CDC light traps in three out of five study sites and midguts of females were checked for promastigotes after dissection/identification. Eight Phlebotomus species were found in the region. Phlebotomus neglectus and P. papatasi were determined as dominant species with the ratio of 43.52% and 37.35%, respectively. No promastigotes were found in the midgut specimens. In addition, the results showed the presence of vector sand @entity238 species, as well as a high seroprevalence of anti-Leishmania antibodies among @entity235 from rural and a suburban area of Denizli province with a large proportion of asymptomatic seropositive @entity235 .

title: Serological and entomological survey of zoonotic @entity234 in Denizli Province, Aegean Region, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow aspiration']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: A 3-step procedure for cloning @entity11250 parasites was developed. The first step involved the in vitro infection of a fixed number of @entity291 lymphocytes with titrated sporozoites. The cell lines obtained from infections initiated using sporozoite/lymphocyte ratios below 1:100 were then selected for cloning as these contained schizont-infected cells, each of which was derived from infection with a single sporozoite. In the second step, these cell lines were cloned by limiting dilution. As sporozoites infect lymphocytes and transform to induce clonal multiplication, this step produced infected cell lines containing both cloned parasites and cloned lymphocytes. In the third step, the cloned cell lines were used to infect @entity291 and isolation of the parasite in ticks was made during piroplasm parasitaemia. Finally, sporozoites were harvested from infected ticks and used for further characterization. Sporozoites derived from cloned cell lines of @entity11251 , Marikebuni, Boleni, Uganda and buffalo-derived 7014 were characterized using monoclonal antibody profiles, DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism detected using repetitive and telomeric probes, in vivo infectivity and, in one case, cross-immunity studies. Additionally, several distinct schizont-infected lymphocyte clones were isolated from the @entity11251 , Mariakani and buffalo-derived 7014 stocks. The combined results of the characterization revealed that the cloning procedure selected clones of @entity11250 from the parental stocks which were known to contain a mixture of genetically different parasite populations. The cloning method and the clones generated will be of value in studies of the biology of the parasite and in elucidating the strain specificity of immune responses in @entity291 .

title: Generation and characterization of cloned XXXX parasites.

entities_list: @entity11250 :: ('5875', 'Species') :: ['Theileria parva', 'T. parva']

entities_list: @entity11251 :: ('333668', 'Species') :: ['T. parva Muguga', 'Muguga']

answer: @entity11250 :: (5875,Species) :: ['Theileria parva']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the clinical outcome and complications of the Scott Foster procedure for treating @entity942 in @entity1 with @entity2896 . METHODS: A retrospective, interventional case series included 62 consecutive @entity1 (62 eyes: 38 eyes with @entity735 with @entity2896 ) who underwent the Scott Foster procedure for treatment of @entity942 . The main outcome measures were deviation, face turn, and @entity942 . RESULTS: In @entity1 with @entity2896 , mean distance deviation improved from 44.7+/-7.2 prism diopters (PD) before surgery to 12.5+/-4.0 PD after surgery (P<.05), and in @entity1 with @entity2341 , mean distance deviation improved from 31.5+/-4.3 PD preoperatively to 9.2+/-3.1 PD. Mean near deviation improved from 27.1+/-4.5 PD to 6.2+/-2.5 PD in @entity1 with @entity2341 and from 40.3+/-6.2 PD to 13.7+/-3.4 PD in @entity1 with @entity2896 . Mean @entity942 improved from -4 to -2 (P<.05) in both groups. Face turn improved significantly after surgery. No @entity1 had an overcorrection. No recurrence was detected. CONCLUSION: The Scott Foster procedure is effective for improving deviation, @entity942 , and face turn in @entity1 with @entity2341 and especially in those with @entity2896 .

title: Vertical rectus muscle transposition for correcting XXXX in @entity2896 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2341 :: ('MESH:D004370', 'Disease') :: ["Duane's syndrome type 1", "Duane's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ["Duane's syndrome and 24 eyes"]

entities_list: @entity2896 :: ('MESH:D020434', 'Disease') :: ["Duane's syndrome type 1 and sixth nerve palsy", 'sixth nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['abduction deficiency']

answer: @entity942 :: (MESH:D003677,Disease) :: ['abduction deficiency']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Purpose. To evaluate the variations in macular thickness in young Chinese myopic @entity1 and the association with @entity3656 ( @entity3656 ), @entity2516 ( @entity2516 ), age, intraocular pressure, and sex. Methods. In total, 133 young Chinese myopic subjects between 18 and 30 years of age were selected. The macular thickness was assessed using third-generation optical coherence tomography. @entity3656 , intraocular pressure, and @entity2516 were also measured. Results. The mean central foveal thickness was 191.1    15.3     m. The macula was consistently thinner in @entity1 than in @entity1 . Central foveal thickness had a significant positive correlation with @entity3656 and a negative correlation with @entity2516 . In the inner and outer regions, the macular thickness had a positive correlation with @entity2516 and negative correlation with @entity3656 . Conclusions. The retina was thinner in @entity1 than in @entity1 . Associated with myopic progression and @entity3656 extension, the central foveal thickness increased, while the retinal thickness of the inner and outer regions decreased.

title: Macular Thickness Assessed with Optical Coherence Tomography in Young Chinese Myopic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity3656 :: ('MESH:D007870', 'Disease') :: ['AL', 'axial length']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['SE', 'spherical equivalence refraction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Little is known about the @entity599 isotopic composition of @entity15371 ( @entity6862 ), the most abundant atmospheric @entity599 species. We present a promising new analytical method for measuring the stable @entity599 isotopic compositions (  @entity15372 ,   @entity15373 , and   @entity15372 ) of @entity6862 using nanomole level samples. The direct isotopic analytical technique consists of two parts: a concentration line and online gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) using fragmentation ions (32)S(+), @entity15372 , and @entity15373 . The current levels of measurement precision for @entity6862 samples greater than 8 nmol are 0.42   , 0.62   , and 0.23    for   @entity15372 ,   @entity15373 , and   @entity15372 , respectively. These    and    values show a slight dependence on the amount of injected @entity6862 for volumes smaller than 8 nmol. The isotope values obtained from the GC-IRMS method were calibrated against those measured by a conventional SF6 method. We report the first measurement of the @entity599 isotopic composition of @entity6862 in air collected at Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. The   (34)S value obtained for @entity6862 (4.9    0.3   ) was lower than the previous estimate of 11   . When the   (34)S value for @entity6862 from the atmospheric sample is postulated as the global signal, this finding, coupled with isotopic fractionation for @entity6862 sink reactions in the stratosphere, explains the reported   (34)S for background stratospheric @entity597 . This suggests that @entity6862 is a potentially important source for background (nonepisodic or nonvolcanic) stratospheric @entity597 aerosols.

title: Determination of the @entity599 Isotope Ratio in XXXX Using Gas Chromatography/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry on Fragment Ions (32)S(+), @entity15372 , and @entity15373

entities_list: @entity15371 :: ('MESH:C010063', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonyl sulfide']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity15371 :: (MESH:C010063,Chemical) :: ['Carbonyl Sulfide']


abstract: From 1975 to June 1987, a total of 664 @entity1 underwent breast-conserving therapy for invasive @entity189 at the University Hospital for @entity1 , Heidelberg, FRG (562 @entity1 : surgical procedure/radiotherapy, 102 @entity1 : only radiotherapy). A subgroup of 203 nonselected @entity1 was prospectively followed up for complications and side effects. The population examined was representative of the entire series with reference to age distribution, @entity5 stage and localisation. The mean follow-up period was 28.9 months after primary therapy. Complications of breast-conserving therapy (surgery, post-operative radiotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy for node-positive @entity1 ) were assessed by one investigator including evaluation of a standardized @entity1 ' questionnaire. The most frequent and serious single complication was @entity4269 ( @entity4269 ) of the arm. The incidence of severe @entity4269 (greater than or equal to 3 cm difference in circumference) was 6.4%. A total of 25.1% of all @entity1 reported some degree of swelling of the arm. The overall @entity4269 -rate was 23.1% according to the newly introduced @entity4269 -score combining the degree of difference in circumference, individual handicap and need for physiotherapy. The @entity4269 -rate was significantly increased in @entity1 with adjuvant chemotherapy (40.1%, p less than 0.01). General impairment of arm function was reported frequently (65.6%). Shoulder mobility was severely restricted (abduction of arm less than or equal to 90 degrees) in 3.6%. Further complaints were related to impairment of fine motor function (4.5%), shielding of the arm (15.4%), reduction in absolute force (22.1%) and/or rapid tiring of the arm (37.4%). Radiotherapy related @entity137 accounted for cutaneous @entity4 (50.3%) and @entity0 (slight: 33.8%, pronounced: 9.7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Side effects and complications in breast-saving therapy of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis of the breast']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['LE', 'lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation (Id) genes are the targets of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signals in various types of cells. We investigated the molecular basis of @entity21390 -induced gene expression of @entity19 @entity16639 in C2C12 myoblasts. @entity21390 -dependent @entity16639 expression occurred immediately without de novo protein synthesis and was blocked by an inhibitor of the BMP type I receptors. A reporter assay identified a @entity21390 -responsive region 3.0kb upstream of the transcription initiation site. The region showed sequence similarity to the @entity19 @entity21391 promoter and shared potential Smad binding sites with it, two GGCGCC palindromes and one GTCT element. Mutation analysis demonstrated the involvement of these elements in the BMP response. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed the physical binding of Smad proteins to these elements. The 3'-positioned GGCGCC palindrome and the GTCT element were separated by 5-bp and conformed to the canonical BMP-responsive sequence. In addition, the 5'-positioned GGCGCC was accompanied by a previously uncharacterized CGCC element, which were separated by a 5-bp space, and this configuration coincided with that of a similar but distinct sequence to which a @entity238 homolog of the Smad complex can bind. Reporter and gel shift assays revealed the importance of this bipartite sequence. Therefore, we have identified the BMP-responsive elements in @entity19 @entity16639 and also shown that the CGCC sequence contributes to target recognition by Smad proteins.

title: Identification of BMP-responsive elements in the XXXX @entity16639 gene.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity263 is the second leading cause of @entity5 -related @entity204 among US males. Pomegranate juice (PJ), a natural product, was shown in a clinical trial to inhibit progression of this disease. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in the anti-progression effects of PJ on @entity263 remain unclear. Here we show that, in addition to causing cell @entity263 cells, PJ also increases cell adhesion and decreases cell @entity4222 of the cells that do not die. We hypothesized that PJ does so by stimulating the expression and/or activation of molecules that alter the cytoskeleton and the adhesion machinery of @entity263 cells, resulting in enhanced cell adhesion and reduced cell @entity4222 . We took an integrative approach to these studies by using Affimetrix gene arrays to study gene expression, microRNA arrays to study the non-coding RNAs, molecules known to be disregulated in @entity5 cells, and Luminex Multiplex array assays to study the level of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. PJ up-regulates genes involved in cell adhesion such as @entity5962 , @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) and down-regulates genes involved in cell @entity4222 such as @entity16104 ( @entity16104 ) and type I collagen. In addition, anti-invasive microRNAs such as @entity16105 , @entity16106 , miR-200, and @entity10013 , were up-regulated, whereas pro-invasive microRNA such as @entity10017 and @entity16107 , were down-regulated. Moreover, PJ significantly reduced the level of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as @entity650 , IL-12p40, @entity1356 and @entity5737 , thereby having the potential to decrease @entity32 and its impact on @entity5 progression. PJ also inhibits the ability of the chemokine SDF1a to chemoattract these @entity5 cells. SDF1a and its receptor @entity436 are important in @entity3 of @entity5 cells to the bone. Discovery of the mechanisms by which this enhanced adhesion and reduced @entity4222 are accomplished can lead to sophisticated and effective prevention of @entity3 in prostate and potentially other @entity5 .

title: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pomegranate juice-induced anti-metastatic effect on XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'death of hormone-refractory prostate cancer', 'Prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['migration']

entities_list: @entity16104 :: ('3161', 'Gene') :: ['hyaluranan-mediated motility receptor', 'HMMR']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule 1', 'ICAM-1']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: Over the past 10 years, quality of life (QOL) has been increasingly recognised as an important outcome parameter in @entity135 . Validated questionnaires have emerged and there has been an increase in the number of papers published each year. The aim of this article is to review the literature over the past five years (2000-2005 inclusive), to identify papers reporting outcomes using @entity1 self-competed questionnaires and group these into themes. The tabulated summary allows for the areas of health related quality of life research to be identified and to explore issues that are perhaps deficit in the literature. The three authors independently searched the literature published in the English language using the ISI search engine with cross-reference using Pub Med and Ovid. The search terms were; quality of life, questionnaire, and @entity135 . Studies were placed in to one of five themes. There were 165 studies identified. The numbers in each theme were predictors of QOL [Hassanein KA, Musgrove BT, Bradbury E. Functional status of @entity1 with @entity5 and its relation to style of coping, social support and psychological status. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;39:340-5.], functional outcome [Klug C, Neuburg J, Glaser C, Schwarz B, Kermer C, Millesi W. Quality of life 2-10 years after combined treatment for advanced oral and @entity5 . Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;31:664-9.], questionnaire development [Hanna E, Sherman A, Cash D, Adams D, Vural E, Fan CY, et al. Quality of life for @entity1 following total laryngectomy vs chemoradiation for laryngeal preservation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:875-9.], randomised clinical trials [Kanatas AN, Rogers SN. A national survey of health-related quality of life questionnaires in head and neck oncology. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2004;86:6-10.], and reviews [Kanatas AN, Rogers SN. A national survey of health-related quality of life questionnaires in head and neck oncology. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2004;86:6-10.]. Although many facets of HRQOL following @entity135 have been explored over the last five years the paper identifies issues where research is still lacking.

title: A structured review and theme analysis of papers published on 'quality of life' in XXXX : 2000-2005.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['oropharyngeal cancer', 'oral cancer']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Both @entity32 and @entity82 may be detected in @entity30 ( @entity30 ). The molecular pattern of @entity540 ( @entity540 ) and @entity13221 ( @entity13221 ) expression is altered in stenosing @entity30 , but we do not know what the behaviour of this teamwork factor is in @entity30 in deep remission under treatment with anti- @entity310 antibodies. Our aim was to compare the expression of @entity540 , @entity13221 and @entity310 in @entity1 with @entity30 in deep remission under treatment with Infliximab (IFX) or Adalimumab (ADA) and a control group of @entity1 with active @entity30 . METHODS: We assessed the expression of @entity540 , @entity13221 and @entity310 in 10 @entity1 with active @entity30 and in 28 @entity1 with @entity30 in sustained deep remission for at least 6 months. All @entity1 underwent surveillance colonoscopy with biopsies, while receiving maintenance therapy with IFX or ADA. Analysis was conducted by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) in biopsy samples. RESULTS: We found that @entity540 , @entity13221 and @entity310 were significantly reduced under treatment with anti- @entity310 versus controls (p=0.000). @entity540 and @entity13221 expression were similar between IFX and ADA @entity1 (p=0.335 and p=0.289, respectively), while @entity310 was significantly under-expressed in ADA @entity1 (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: @entity540 , @entity13221 and @entity310 are significantly reduced in @entity30 @entity1 in deep remission under treatment with anti- @entity310 , likely as an expression of optimal control of @entity32 . The significance of the @entity310 under-expression in @entity1 under treatment with ADA with respect to those under treatment with IFX should be elucidated in further studies.

title: Mucosal expression of @entity540 , @entity13221 and tumour necrosis factor-a in XXXX in deep remission under treatment with anti- @entity310 antibodies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity540 :: ('2247', 'Gene') :: ['bFGF', 'Basic Fibroblastic Growth Factor']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's disease']