abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although as many as 50% of @entity1 in long-term care have @entity303 , it is often not diagnosed and therefore, undertreated. We determined whether an intervention could improve the diagnosis and management of @entity1 with @entity73 ( @entity73 ) in long-term care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : The assessment phase consisted of a record review of 60 consecutively admitted @entity1 to the San Francisco VA Nursing Home Care Unit (NHCU). @entity73 was determined by admission MMSE < or = 24, indication of cognitive problem on MDS, or chart diagnosis of @entity303 . The evaluation consisted of a repeat chart review of 60 additional consecutively admitted @entity1 . INTERVENTION: The intervention consisted of low-cost and easy-to-implement educational activities (training, focus groups), strategies to document cognitive status, and consultation with @entity303 experts. MEASUREMENTS/RESULTS: The 2 cohorts of 60 @entity1 did not differ on demographics or on other characteristics (P > .25 for all). Prior to the intervention, of the 23 @entity1 with @entity73 , 52% had an identified etiology, 35% had a physician management plan, and 22% had a multidisciplinary care plan. Postintervention, of the 22 @entity1 with @entity73 , 91% had an identified etiology (P = .007), 86% had a physician plan (P = .001), and 59% had a multidisciplinary plan (P = .016). CONCLUSIONS: Initial results confirmed the underdiagnosis and undertreatment of @entity73 in our long-term care facility. Our intervention with educational programs, increased documentation of cognitive status, and consultation resulted in increased identification of etiology and improved plans for management of @entity1 with @entity73 .

title: Improved evaluation and management of XXXX : results of a comprehensive intervention in long-term care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'CI', 'Cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive impairment']


abstract: The @entity189 occupies a special position among the @entity189 by its favourable prognosis. Responsible for this are the early appearance of symptoms due to the close neighbourhood to the common bile duct and the restriction of the metastasation to the first stage of lymphatic nodes in the majority of cases. Symptoms are @entity1087 , @entity158 and decrease of weight. In the @entity189 the duodenoscopy with biopsy and ERCP is the method of choice. The reliability of the biopsy is larger, when it is performed after an endoscopic sphincterotomy. For the delimitation of the @entity189 against other causes can further be used the @entity551 duodenography, the abdominal computerd tomography, the sonography and the PTC. A curative treatment is possible only surgically. On account of the better long-term results the partial duodenopancreatectomy is to be preferred to the local exstirpation of the papilla. Endoscopic drainages of the biliary tract carried out preoperatively may reduce the lethality of operations. A palliative drainage of the biliary tract on the endoscopic or percutaneous transhepatic way as well as the endoscopic sphincterotomy may improve the @entity1 ' quality of life and prolong the survival time, when there are non-resectable @entity5 or a general inoperability.

title: [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of XXXX of Vater's ampulla].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the papilla', 'periampullary carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['epigastric pain']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Liposomes have been widely used delivery systems, particularly relevant to the development of @entity5 therapeutics. Numerous liposome-based drugs are in the clinic or in clinical trials today against multiple @entity5 types; however, systematic studies of liposome interactions with solid or metastatic @entity5 nodules are scarce. This study is describing the in vitro interaction between liposomes and avascular @entity1 prostate (LNCaP-LN3) @entity5 spheroids. The ability of fluorescently labelled liposomal delivery systems of varying physicochemical characteristics to penetrate within multicellular @entity5 spheroids has been investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A variety of liposome characteristics and experimental parameters were investigated, including lipid bilayer composition, duration of liposome-spheroid interaction, mean liposome size, steric stabilization of liposomes. Electrostatic binding between cationic liposomes and spheroids was very efficient; however, it impeded any significant penetration of the vesicles within deeper layers of the @entity5 spheroid. Small unilamellar liposomes of neutral surface character did not bind as efficiently but exhibited enhanced penetrative transport capabilities closer to the @entity5 core. Polymer-coated (sterically stabilised) liposomes exhibited almost no interaction with the spheroid, indicating that their limited diffusion within avascular tissues may be a limiting step for their use against micrometastases. @entity5 spheroids were used as models of solid @entity5 interstitium relevant to delivery systems able to extravasate from the microcapillaries or as models of prevascularized micrometastases. This study illustrates that interactions between liposomes and other drug delivery systems with multicellular @entity5 spheroids can offer critically important information with respect to optimizing solid or micrometastatic @entity5 delivery and targeting strategies.

title: Engineering lipid vesicles of enhanced intratumoral transport capabilities: correlating liposome characteristics with penetration into XXXX prostate tumor spheroids.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Multicellular tumor', 'cancer', 'tumor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Despite recent progresses in @entity5 therapy and increased knowledge in @entity5 biology, @entity43 remains a challenging condition. Among the latest concepts developed in @entity5 biology, @entity5 stem cells and the role of microenvironment in @entity5 progression seem to be related. Indeed, @entity5 stem cells have been described in several solid @entity5 including @entity43 . These particular cells have the ability to self-renew and reconstitute a heterogeneous @entity5 . They are characterized by specific surface markers and display resistance to therapeutic regimens. During development, specific molecular cues from the @entity5 microenvironment can play a role in maintaining and expanding stemness of @entity5 cells. The @entity5 stroma contains several compartments: cellular component, cytokine network, and extracellular matrix. These different compartments interact to form a permissive niche for the @entity5 stem cells. Understanding the molecular cues underlying this crosstalk will allow the design of new therapeutic regimens targeting the niche. In this paper, we will discuss the mechanisms implicated in the interaction between @entity43 stem cells and their microenvironment.

title: Role of the microenvironment in XXXX stem cell maintenance.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancers', 'ovarian cancer']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Radiation therapy is often the primary treatment for advanced cases of @entity135 not considered suitable for radical surgery. In these cases @entity5 control rates are low and has warranted innovative treatment modifications, such as altered fractionation schedules and combination with chemotherapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: From October 1990 to December 1997, 239 @entity1 with @entity1544 originating in the head and neck region were randomized to one of three treatment options. Standard therapy consisting of conventional fractionation with 70 Gy in 7 weeks in 35 fractions ( @entity1577 ). The second treatment option consisted of a continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy delivering a total dose of 55.3 Gy in 33 fractions over 17 consecutive days (V-CHART). The third study arm had identical fractionation and dose as the above accelerated treatment, with the additional administration of 20 mg/m(2) @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) on day 5 of treatment (V-CHART+ @entity1139 ). RESULTS: Main @entity137 resulted from accelerated fractionation in confluent @entity33 (Grade 3-4 in 95%) requiring nasogastral tube feeding, analgetics and antiphlogistics in the majority of cases. @entity137 Grade 3-4 was seen after @entity1139 administration in 18%. @entity1139 administration did not influence mucosal reaction. Overall duration of @entity33 was not different in the three treatment groups. Loco-regional @entity5 control was 31% after @entity1577 , 32% after V-CHART and 48% after V-CHART+ @entity1139 , respectively (P<0.05). Overall crude survival was 24% after @entity1577 , 31% following V-CHART and 41% after V-CHART+ @entity1139 , respectively (P<0.05). Median follow up was 48 months (assessment performed in February 1999). CONCLUSION: Following shortening overall treatment time from 7 weeks to 17 consecutive days and dose of radiotherapy from 70 to 55.3 Gy the results in the radiotherapy only treated @entity1 are identical. A significant improvement regarding @entity5 control and survival was seen following administration of @entity1139 to the accelerated fractionated treatment.

title: Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy with/without @entity1138 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancers']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Haematological toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'local tumour', 'locoregional tumour']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancers']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck cancers']


abstract: @entity625 is the leading cause of disability in the United States. @entity571 , the most common form of @entity625 , is a @entity179 affecting both whites and African Americans similarly. African Americans have a high incidence rate of comorbidities, including @entity101 , @entity65 ( @entity65 ) risk factors and @entity6 . Treatment of @entity158 in @entity1 with comorbidities is often complicated by potential safety concerns. Traditional @entity734 ( @entity734 ) and @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) specific @entity734 have been shown to increase blood pressure in @entity101 patients taking antihypertensive medications. @entity1 with @entity65 risk factors taking low-dose @entity117 for secondary prevention may be at increased risk for @entity360 with @entity734 . Diabetics face an increased risk of @entity8 . Because @entity734 are associated with adverse renal effects, they should be used cautiously in @entity1 with advanced @entity8 . @entity1443 is the most appropriate initial analgesic for African Americans with chronic @entity158 and concurrent @entity101 , @entity65 risk factors or @entity6 , and is recommended by the American College of Rheumatology as first-line treatment. Many of the adverse effects commonly associated with @entity734 are not associated with @entity1443 . Safety concerns surrounding pharmacologic treatment of @entity571 in African Americans are reviewed.

title: Safe pharmacologic treatment strategies for @entity158 in African Americans with XXXX , and @entity8 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal complications', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis', 'Arthritis']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoarthritis', 'osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative joint disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritic pain']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetaminophen', 'acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['NSAIDs', 'nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate age-related effects on @entity1 corneal y-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) (ectoenzyme important to maintaining corneal hydration and antioxidant potential via @entity2041 recapture). METHODS: Age-related differences between total, endothelial, and epithelial GGT activity and endothelial cell density were determined for corneas from 29 donors (mean age, 53    17 years; age range, 13-83 years). GGT activity was determined using a standard colorimetric assay based on the transpeptidation reaction. Corneal GGT localization and expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Total corneal, endothelial, and epithelial GGT activities in the young (<50 years) donor corneas were 37% (P = 0.02), 44% (P = 0.001), and 36% (P = 0.06) higher, respectively, than in the senior (>= 50 years) corneas. The age-related rates of decline for GGT activity were 1.0 unit per year for total @entity267 , 0.4 to 0.5 unit per year for endothelium, and 0.3 to 0.4 unit per year for epithelium. Notably, endothelial cell density in the young corneas was 14% (P = 0.001) higher than in the senior corneas declining about 100 cells per square millimeter per decade (0.3% per year). GGT activity per 10 endothelial cells decreased at about 0.2 units per year and GGT activity per 10 endothelial cells in the young corneas was 41% higher (P = 0.01) than in the senior corneas. Fewer immunoreactive GGT-positive epithelial cells were detected in senior @entity267 . CONCLUSION: The age-related loss of @entity1 corneal GGT activity was associated with reductions in endothelial and epithelial GGT activity, being because of reduced number of GGT-positive endothelial and epithelial cells and reduced GGT activity per endothelial cell.

title: Age-related decrease in XXXX corneal y-glutamyltranspeptidase activity.

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is increasingly being used for the treatment of bulky and locally-advanced @entity5 . @entity900 and @entity1260 are known to be effective in @entity5 , while @entity1311 is one of the promising new drugs for the treatment of this @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: To assess the toxic effects and antitumor activity of a multidrug neoadjuvant regimen consisting of @entity900 , @entity1260 , and @entity1311 in bulky and locally advanced @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-eight @entity1 with pathology-confirmed @entity1544 (27 IB2-IIA, two IIB, eight IIIB, one @entity3480 ) were prospectively enrolled in the study. Their treatment consisted of @entity1311 175 mg/m2 given over three hours on day 1, @entity900 50 mg/m2 (75 mg/m2 in 10 @entity1 ), @entity1260 5 g/m2 in a 24-hour continuous infusion and mesna 5 g/m2 in a 24-hour continuous infusion on day 2, and mesna 3 g/m2 in a 24-hour continuous infusion on day 3. The course was repeated every three weeks for three courses and all of the @entity1 , except those with disease progression or who were inoperable, were scheduled for radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: All @entity1 are evaluable for response. Eleven achieved clinical complete responses, 21 had partial responses, five had stable disease and one had progression of disease. Of 34 @entity1 who underwent surgery, six (16%) had pathology-documented complete responses, seven (18%) had partial responses with only microscopic @entity66 in the cervix, 19 had sub-optimal partial responses, and two had stable disease, for an overall response rate of 84% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 68.7%-94%). Grade 3-4 @entity1398 was recorded for 27 (71%) @entity1 , grade 3-4 @entity882 for four (10.5%), and grade 2 @entity1897 for two (2.5%). At a median follow-up of 16 months (range 7-22), 29 (76%) @entity1 are alive without recurrence, seven are alive with persistent/recurrent disease and two have died of their disease. CONCLUSIONS: According to pathology examination, this regimen yields a 34% complete and optimal partial response rate with acceptable @entity137 , and it should be prospectively compared to other regimens.

title: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with XXXX , @entity1260 and @entity1311 for locally advanced @entity1544 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous-cell cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the results of primary transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) for selected posterior pole @entity320 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective non randomized study including 34 @entity1 with @entity320 treated with TTT using near-infrared radiation (810 nm) delivered from the diode laser. All treated @entity5 had either documented growth or clinical risk factors for future growth and/or @entity3 . The treatment was delivered using a specially modified infrared diode laser through a slit lamp adaptor. A contact lens was placed on the @entity267 to view the fundus and focus the laser beam. Treatment was initiated using a 60-second exposure and a low energy level at 300 mW with a 3.0 mm beam width. The energy was raised stepwise by 50 to 100 mW until the surface of the @entity5 develop a light grayish discoloration. The TTT sessions were delivered at 3-month intervals. RESULTS: Among these 34 @entity1 with @entity320 , 29 @entity1 presented with primary @entity320 . @entity5 (15%) were late recurrences after conservative treatment. The mean initial @entity5 basal diameter was 7.2 mm and @entity5 thickness was 2.9 mm. Seventeen @entity5 (50%) touched the optic disc and 10 (29%) were under the fovea. After a mean of three treatment sessions and 20 months of follow-up, the mean @entity5 thickness gradually decreased to 2.3 mm at month 3 and 2.0 mm at month 6 after the initial TTT. The percent reduction of @entity5 thickness was 20% at month 3 and 29% at month 6. The mean final thickness was 1.7 mm. Treatment was successful in 33 @entity1 (97%). @entity5 regrowth was documented in one @entity1 (3%) and required plaque radiotherapy. After treatment, visual acuity was the same or better than the pretreatment visual acuity in 21 eyes (62%) and worse in 13 eyes (38%). Intraocular complications included retinal traction in 12 eyes (34%) and @entity432 in 3 eyes (9%). CONCLUSION: This series confirms the efficacy of transpupillary thermotherapy in the management of selected posterior pole @entity320 . Longer follow-up is still required to assess late local recurrence and the impact on metastatic disease.

title: [Transpupillary thermotherapy in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Five tumors', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vascular occlusion']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['choroidal melanoma', 'choroidal melanomas']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['choroid melanoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and clinical efficacy of unilateral pedicle screw fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for the treatment of far @entity890 . METHODS: From January 2007 to January 2011, 18 @entity1 with far @entity890 underwent a unilateral TLIF procedure in conjunction with posterior unilateral pedicle screw fixation. There were 13 males and 5 females,ranging in age from 42 to 73 years (means 58.5 years). All cases had single segment involved 5 cases in L3, 4, 10 cases in L4,5,3 cases in LSS. The visual analog scale (VAS) of @entity1643 and @entity158 and @entity717 Index scores were observed in postoperative and followed-up period, and compared with preoperative. RESULTS: The operation of 18 @entity1 was successful,there were no severe complication. The average operative time was 105 min (85 to 125 min), the average amount of @entity190 was 145 ml (90 to 340 ml). During the followed-up, the visual analog scale and @entity717 index scores were significant improved compared with preoperative (P < 0.05). All @entity1 were followed up from 12 to 48 months with an average of 23 months, there was no implant break and displacement in postoperative X-ray. CONCLUSION: The surgical procedure of unilateral pedicle screw fixation with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion had the advantage including less invasion, quickly recovery, short operative time, and saving fixation cost, it may provide an alternative treatment for @entity1 with far @entity890 .

title: [Unilateral pedicle screw fixation and intervertebral fusion for the treatment of far XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry disability', 'Oswestry Disability']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['lateral lumbar disc herniation']

answer: @entity890 :: (MESH:D007405,Disease) :: ['lateral lumbar disc herniation']


abstract: Articles on early-stage squamous cell and @entity420 published between August 1990 and July 1991 are reviewed. A new monoclonal antibody used to distinguish endocervical from endometrial differentiation is described, as well as a histochemical means of distinguishing in situ from invasive @entity420 . In vitro and in vivo studies of cell lines immortalized with @entity1082 DNA are described with a discussion of the mechanism of the development of @entity5 . An animal model to test and develop an anti-human papillomavirus vaccine is presented. The epidemiology of @entity420 is also reviewed, and the development of @entity189 after conservative therapy or conization for @entity1141 is discussed. Computed tomography scanning has been found to be no more accurate than examination for staging of early @entity5 . Several studies in the review period have evaluated risk factors for recurrent disease in @entity1 treated for @entity5 , including a prospective surgical pathologic study by the Gynecologic Oncology Group. The optimal treatment of early stage I @entity420 is discussed, comparing the efficacy of primary surgical therapy with the efficacy of radiation therapy. The risk of @entity43 in @entity1 with @entity5 is very low for both squamous cell and @entity420 . The surgical technique and efficacy of laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy for @entity1 with @entity5 are discussed. Lateral transposition of the ovaries at the time of radical hysterectomy for @entity5 has significant potential benefits but also risks. Finally, surveillance methods that detect recurrent @entity5 after treatment for early-stage disease are discussed.

title: Early-stage squamous cell and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian metastases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['early-stage cervical cancer', 'cervical cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the cervix', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma of the cervix']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Unresectable @entity420 of the biliary tree have a very poor prognosis. No good chemotherapeutic regimen is available. @entity2600 has not yet been fully tested in this disease. We evaluated its activity in unresectable @entity1126 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive eligible @entity1 at our two institutions were treated with @entity2600 at a starting dose of 125 mg/m2. A cycle consisted of once-a-week treatments for four consecutive weeks, followed by two weeks of rest. All @entity1 were required to have histologically confirmed diagnosis, clinically documented metastatic or unresectable @entity189 and measurable disease. @entity1 were evaluated for response, @entity137 , and survival. RESULTS: A total of 83 cycles of therapy were delivered. Two @entity1 had a partial response (8%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0%-18%) and ten additional @entity1 had stable disease for at least two months (40%; 95% CI: 20.8%-59.2%). The therapy was well tolerated, with moderate myelosuppression and @entity294 as the main @entity137 . The overall median survival was 10 months. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2600 has minimal activity in @entity1125 , but is well tolerated with appropriate supportive care, and produces occasional objective responses.

title: A phase II trial of XXXX ( @entity2600 ) for unresectable biliary tree @entity189 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['Irinotecan', 'irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1126 :: ('MESH:D001650', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct cancers']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1125 :: ('MESH:D001661', 'Disease') :: ['biliary tree carcinomas']

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['irinotecan']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2172 and rhinosinusitis are commonly encountered illnesses in pediatric population. Literature reports have documented the association between the occurrence of these two conditions and even their almost identical microbiological findings. Until recently, the key factor in the association of these two conditions was considered to be the @entity1184 adenoid tissue, but within the past few years there have been evidences in the literature about the presence of bacterial biofilms on the adenoids suggesting biofilms to be also responsible for both conditions, @entity102 media with effusion and chronic rhinosinusitis. AIM: The aim of this study was to make a microbiological analysis of the adenoid tissue specimens taken from @entity1 with @entity102 media with effusion and chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis and to determine their potential for biofilms formation. METHODS: After the surgical intervention, adenoidectomy, microbiological evaluation and analysis of the adenoid tissue specimens taken from 20 @entity1 were made. Having in mind the disease history, @entity102 media with effusion was diagnosed in all 20 @entity1 and chronic rhinosinusitis in 9 @entity1 . RESULTS: The results obtained from the microbiological analyses showed many potentially pathogenic bacteria in the adenoids that were almost identical with the most common organisms incorporated in the etiopathogenesis of both conditions, in @entity102 media with effusion and in chronic rhinosinusitis. In 7 (35%) @entity1 Haemophylus influenzae was isolated, in 6 (30%) @entity328 , in 4 (20%) Moraxella cat  rrhalis, in 2 (10%) @entity1 @entity794 and in 1 (5%) @entity1 @entity4195 - group A was isolated. One bacterium was isolated from all @entity2347 , except in one case when two bacteria (Haemophylus influenzae and @entity794 ) were concurrently isolated. CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that the key role in @entity2347 in @entity102 media with effusion and chronic rhinosinusitis is not only the mechanism of @entity3885 , but also the presence of bacterial strains with a large potential for formation of biofilms adhered to their surface, especially in cases with symptoms of @entity102 media with effusion and chronic rhinosinusitis that were resistant to antibiotic therapy.

title: XXXX - Reservoir of Bacteria for @entity102 Media with Effusion and Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['Otitis media']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid vegetations']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['rhinopharyngeal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic otitis']

entities_list: @entity4195 :: ('1314', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pyogenes']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['Adenoid Vegetations']


abstract: @entity328 is a pathogen associated with a range of @entity3 . Despite the identification of the majority of virulence factors expressed by @entity2260 , knowledge of the strategies used by this bacterium to trigger @entity281 , especially those originating at wet-surfaced epithelia, remains limited. In this regard, we recently reported a mechanism used by a nonencapsulated, @entity2024 -causing strain of @entity2260 SP168) to gain access into ocular surface epithelial cells. Mechanistically, strain SP168 secretes a @entity219 metalloproteinase, encoded by a truncated zmpC gene, to cleave off the ectodomain of a vital defense component - the membrane mucin MUC16 - from the apical glycocalyx barrier of ocular surface epithelial cells and, thereby invades underlying epithelial cells. Here, we compare the truncated SP168 ZmpC to its highly conserved archetype from @entity2260 serotype 4 (TIGR4), which has been linked to pneumococcal virulence in previous studies. Comparative @entity377 sequence analyses revealed that the zmpC gene corresponding to strain SP168 has two stretches of DNA deleted near its 5' end. A third 3 bp in-frame deletion, resulting in the elimination of an @entity493 residue, was found towards the middle segment of the SP168 zmpC. Closer examination of the primary structure revealed that the SP168 ZmpC lacks the canonical LPXTG motif - a signature typical of several surface proteins of gram-positive bacteria and of other pneumococcal @entity219 metalloproteinases. Surprisingly, in vitro assays performed using recombinant forms of ZmpC indicated that the truncated SP168 ZmpC induces more cleavage of the MUC16 ectodomain than its TIGR4 counterpart. This feature may help explain, in part, why @entity2260 SP168 is better equipped at abrogating the MUC16 glycocalyx barrier en route to causing @entity2024 .

title: Identification of an atypical XXXX metalloproteinase, ZmpC, from an @entity2024 -causing strain of @entity328 .

entities_list: @entity2260 :: ('2104', 'Species') :: ['S. pneumoniae (strain', 'S. pneumoniae strain', 'S. pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive and noninvasive infections']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['epidemic conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity219 :: (MESH:D015032,Chemical) :: ['zinc']


abstract: In this study, we investigated whether pretreatment cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitter concentrations of @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ) and @entity3264 ( @entity367 ) were correlated with response to @entity109 treatment in @entity235 with primary @entity302 . Eleven untreated @entity235 , 6 males and 5 females, with a median age of onset of @entity410 of 3 years (range: 0.5-5 years) were selected for therapy based on progressive or serious @entity410 patterns. The median interval between the first observed @entity410 and start of @entity109 therapy was 485 days (range: 101-1,765 days). All @entity235 were purebred, with the exception of I male @entity235 . Oral @entity109 was started at 2.5 mg/kg every 12 hours. Trough serum @entity109 concentrations were measured at 15, 45, 90, 180, 360, 540, and 720 days after the start of treatment. There was no difference in the mean trough serum concentration or in the mean number of @entity410 recorded between each time period of @entity109 measurement over the 2-year evaluation. No correlation was found between CSF @entity367 , @entity1246 , or @entity367 : @entity1246 ratio and the total number of @entity410 recorded before or after initiation of @entity109 therapy. Lower CSF @entity1246 concentration, however, was correlated with a lower @entity410 frequency difference (the total number of @entity410 before @entity109 therapy minus the total number of @entity410 after @entity109 therapy for an identical time period of evaluation) and lower percentage reduction in @entity410 : ([total number of @entity410 before @entity109 therapy minus the total number of @entity410 after @entity109 therapy] divided by the total number of @entity410 before @entity109 therapy) x 100. There was no correlation between CSF @entity367 and the @entity410 frequency difference and percentage reduction in @entity410 . A negative correlation between the CSF @entity367 : @entity1246 ratio and @entity410 frequency difference was found. Thus, @entity235 with an initial lower CSF @entity1246 concentration before @entity109 therapy did not respond as well as did @entity235 with a higher CSF @entity1246 concentration.

title: Low concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid XXXX correlate to a reduced response to @entity109 therapy in primary @entity235 @entity302 .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: The author reviewed the records of 31 @entity1 with @entity3509 mostly seen in the wards of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University Hospital during the 27 years between 1961 and 1988, and obtained the following results. 1. There were 25 males and 8 females with an average age of 57.8 and 51.0 y/o (range, 25 to 79 y/o), respectively males more than forty years old occupied 74.2 percent of all cases. 28 @entity1 (90%) had underlying conditions. 2. The cases of @entity325 with anaerobes and aerobes were only 22.6%. 3. The isolated bacteria were microaerophilic streptococcus, Bacteroides spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Fusobacterium spp. etc. in this order. 4. There were no relationships between anaerobic infections with or without aerobes and putrid odor of @entity1143 . 5. Bacteroides spp. were isolated most in the group with putrid @entity1143 , however, they were not isolated in the group without putrid @entity1143 at all. This fact suggests that there is an intimate relationship between putrid odor and Bacteroides spp. 6. There was no deceased case which @entity1143 had been drained sufficiently with open or closed drainage. It suggests that sufficient drainage is the most important in therapeutic procedures of @entity3509 .

title: [Asporogenic anaerobic XXXX --clinical and bacteriological investigations of 31 @entity1 with anaerobic @entity3509 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity3509 :: ('MESH:D004653', 'Disease') :: ['asporogenic anaerobic empyema']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['mixed infections']

answer: @entity3509 :: (MESH:D004653,Disease) :: ['empyema']


abstract: The @entity8587 gene, located on chromosome 11p13, is mutated in a low number of @entity3969 ( @entity3969 ). Germ-line mutations in the @entity8587 gene are found in @entity1 with bilateral WT and/or associated genital tract malformations (GU). We have identified 19 hemizygous @entity8587 gene mutations/deletions in 64 @entity1 samples. The histology of the @entity5 with mutations was stromal-predominant in 13, triphasic in 3, blastemal-predominant in 1, and unknown in 2 cases. Thirteen of 21 @entity1 with @entity5 had @entity8587 mutations and 10 of these were present in the germ line. Of the @entity1 with germ-line alterations, six had GU and a @entity5 , two had a bilateral @entity5 and normal GU tracts, and two had a @entity5 and normal GU. Three mutations were @entity5 -specific and were found in @entity1 with @entity5 without GU. These data demonstrate a correlation of @entity8587 mutations with stromal-predominant histology, suggesting that a germ-line mutation in @entity8587 predisposes to the development of @entity5 with this histology. Twelve mutations are nonsense mutations resulting in truncations at different positions in the @entity8587 protein and only two are missense mutations. Of the @entity5 , 67% showed loss of heterozygosity, and in one @entity5 a different somatic mutation in addition to the germ-line mutation was identified. These data show that in a large proportion of a histopathologically distinct subset of @entity3969 the classical two-hit inactivation model, with loss of a functional @entity8587 protein, is the underlying cause of @entity5 development.

title: Correlation of germ-line mutations and two-hit inactivation of the @entity8587 gene with XXXX of stromal-predominant histology.

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ['Wilms tumors', 'WTs']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stromal-predominant tumors', 'unilateral tumor', 'unilateral tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity3969 :: (MESH:D009396,Disease) :: ['Wilms tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Repair of @entity1 with extent I and II @entity2334 ( @entity2334 ) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, whereas repair of more distal extent III and IV @entity2334 has a lower risk of @entity451 and @entity204 . Therefore, we describe an approach using @entity439 repair (TEVAR) as the index operation to convert extent I and II @entity2334 to extent III and IV @entity2334 amenable to subsequent open aortic repair to minimize @entity1 risk. METHODS: Between July 2007 and March 2012, 10 staged hybrid operations were performed to treat one extent I and nine extent II @entity2334 . @entity449 pathology included five chronic type B dissections, three acute type B dissections, and two penetrating aortic @entity1066 . Initially, the proximal descending thoracic aorta was repaired with TEVAR for coverage of the most proximal fenestration or penetrating @entity1066 , with seven elective and three emergent repairs. Interval open distal aortic replacement was performed in a short-term planned setting or for progressive dilation of the distal aortic segment. In the open repair, the proximal end of the graft was sewn directly to the distal end of the TEVAR and outer wall of the aorta. RESULTS: Average @entity1 age was 48 years, and 60% were @entity1 . Risk factors included @entity101 (80%), current @entity286 use (50%), and @entity1614 (30%). Complications after TEVAR included type IA (n=1) and type II (n=3) endoleaks, @entity1143 (n=3), and @entity810 (n=1). Three @entity1 required endovascular reinterventions. In @entity1 with dissection, persistent filling of the false lumen was common and associated with @entity384 . Complications of open repair included @entity810 in two @entity1 , but no cardiac, pulmonary, or neurologic morbidity. Median time between TEVAR and open repair was 14 weeks. Most importantly, no deaths or @entity51 occurred after either procedure during a median follow-up of 35 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: A staged hybrid approach to extensive @entity2334 combining proximal TEVAR, followed by interval open distal TAAA repair, is safe and appears to be an effective alternative to traditional open repair. This approach may decrease the significant morbidity associated with single-stage open extent I and II TAAA repairs and may be applicable to multiple TAAA etiologies.

title: Staged hybrid approach using proximal XXXX repair and distal open repair for the treatment of extensive @entity2334 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusions']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['distal thoracic aortic dilation']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity2334 :: ('MESH:D017545', 'Disease') :: ['thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms', 'TAAAs']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic endovascular aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['thoracic endovascular aneurysm']


abstract: Expression of the @entity3544 protein of the ras oncogene family was studied in a case of @entity1 @entity263 tissue and the cell line was derived from the @entity5 . Flow cytometry analysis of the @entity5 cells obtained from the @entity5 indicated that approximately 25 per cent of the cells were positive for this oncogene product. However, by the immunoperoxidase method almost all of the @entity5 cells at the vertebral metastatic sites in the same @entity1 were positive for the @entity3544 protein. The cell line established from the @entity5 displayed 2 distinct subpopulation growth patterns in vitro: a monolayer, density-inhibited growth and a multicellular aggregate type growth morphology. These 2 subpopulations could be separated by density elutriation centrifugation. The isolated subpopulation cells were noted to express prostatic acid phosphatase and @entity1486 at high frequency. High levels of expression of these 2 prostatic markers also were found in the @entity5 cells at the vertebral metastatic sites. However, when the isolated subpopulations were analyzed for the expression of @entity3544 protein, the multicellular grown cells were almost 90 per cent positive for the @entity3544 antigen, whereas only approximately 5 per cent of the monolayer grown cells were positive for the same protein. Our findings suggest that primary @entity263 are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations of neoplastic cells while only specific subpopulations have metastatic potential. Quantification of prostatic acid phosphatase and @entity1486 in the @entity5 cells probably will not offer a predictive value for the eventual behavior of the @entity5 . However, evaluation of oncogene products, such as the @entity3544 protein, may be useful as a clinical predictor for metastatic potential.

title: Heterogeneous subpopulations of XXXX @entity263 cells: potential usefulness of @entity3544 protein as a predictor for bone metastasis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic adenocarcinoma', 'prostatic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of computed tomography (CT) for the evaluation of @entity1 presenting to the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) with acute @entity490 has increased. We set out to investigate its effectiveness. METHODS: A prospective study conducted at a tertiary referral centre between August and September 2012, utilizing a questionnaire completed by the ordering doctors. @entity1 with acute @entity490 who underwent an abdominal CT scan were included in the study, excluding those with a history of recent abdominal trauma or abdominal, pelvic, groin or scrotal surgery. RESULTS: Of the 260 @entity1 undergoing an abdominal CT scan for the investigation of acute @entity490 , 60 had questionnaires completed. Fifty-seven per cent of abdominal CT scans were ordered by an @entity341 registrar or consultant. Sixty-five per cent of @entity1 were not discussed with the surgical team prior to @entity341 staff ordering the CT scan. 'To confirm clinical suspicion' and 'to rule out sinister aetiology' were the most important reasons for ordering an abdominal CT. In 54% of cases, there was a change in primary diagnosis post CT scan and in 50% of @entity1 , a change in disposition. Diagnostic confidence in the primary diagnosis did not change significantly post-CT scan. There was no significant difference between which group ordered a CT scan and the probability that the scan showed nil acute pathology. DISCUSSION: Abdominal CT scans frequently changed the clinical diagnosis and @entity1 disposition. Twenty-three per cent of @entity1 had no identifiable cause on CT scan for their acute @entity490 .

title: Computed tomography in acute XXXX : an overused investigation?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity490 :: (MESH:D015746,Disease) :: ['abdominal pain']


abstract: @entity1229 is increasingly prescribed in the elderly population for a number of medical conditions. Pre-tibial haematomas are a common cause of morbidity in this group. The aim of the study was to identify the proficiency of INR monitoring at a primary care level in correlation with their recommended INR range and to study the treatment outcome in this group. A retrospective single-centre study of @entity1 diagnosed with pre-tibial haematomas was conducted over a two-year period. Length of hospital stay, time delay until operative intervention, blood transfusion and @entity1229 reversal requirements, social care input and cost to the @entity9462 were considered. A total of 62 @entity1 were admitted with pre-tibial haematomas of which 20 were on @entity1229 . Females were predominantly more affected (5.6:1). The mechanism of injury was as a result of minor @entity130 . The mean INR level was 3.8 with a standard deviation of 3.1. Mean length of hospital stay was 11 days with a standard deviation of 13.6. Nine @entity1 required skin grafting. Average cost for the acute episode was   3500 per @entity1 . INR levels were significantly outwith the target range causing substantial @entity1 morbidity and imposing a significant financial @entity9462 . Tighter regulation at a primary care level should help reduce this risk.

title: A kick in the shins: the financial impact of uncontrolled XXXX use in pre-tibial haematomas.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9462 :: ('MESH:C538336', 'Disease') :: ['burden on the NHS', 'NHS']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['Warfarin', 'warfarin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['warfarin']


abstract: Radiation-induced @entity1781 is a rare complication (prevalence less than 1%) following radiotherapy of the sellar region. However, the @entity455 in @entity699 predisposes to radiation-induced injury. We report the case of a 24-year-old @entity1 with @entity699 since he was 16. The hormonal study including bilateral inferior petrosal sinus catheterization diagnosed a @entity4611 , but imagiology was always negative. He underwent a transsphenoidal microadenomectomy and the pathological study showed the presence of @entity1373 but no @entity652 . @entity1375 and @entity6126 as well as permanent @entity2010 were diagnosed and because the @entity1 was not cured he underwent a second transsphenoidal total hypophysectomy. After that and because he was still hypercortisolemic, pituitary external irradiation was given in a total dose of 6000 rad. Six months later he developed progressive bilateral @entity227 . Cerebral MR revealed focal enhancement of the enlarged optic nerves and chiasm, associated with @entity17 areas of the posterior visual pathways. Treatment was tried first with high doses of corticosteroids and later with anticoagulants-heparin EV. 1000 U/h during 7 days followed by @entity1229 , but unsuccessfully, probably because the @entity1 was already amaurotic at the beginning of the last treatment.

title: Inefficiency of the anticoagulant therapy in the regression of the radiation-induced XXXX in @entity699 .

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['Secondary hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['corticotrophic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's disease"]

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary right lesion']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity1781 :: (MESH:D009901,Disease) :: ['optic neuropathy']


abstract: @entity1238 Ig contain two distinct types of L chains, designated rho or L1 and sigma or L2. We have analyzed @entity1238 genomic DNA by Southern blotting with cDNA probes specific for L1 V and C regions. Many fragments hybridized to the V probe, but only one or two fragments hybridized to the C probe. Corresponding C, J, and V gene segments were identified on clones isolated from a genomic library prepared from the same DNA. One clone contains a C gene segment separated from a J gene segment by an intron of 3.4 kb. The J and C gene segments are nearly identical in sequence to cDNA clones analyzed previously. The C segment is somewhat more similar and the J segment considerably more similar in sequence to the corresponding segments of @entity1 kappa chains than to those of @entity1 lambda chains. Upstream of the J segment is a typical recombination signal sequence with a spacer of 23 bp, as in J kappa. A second clone from the library contains four V gene segments, separated by 2.1 to 3.6 kb. Two of these, @entity16728 , have the expected structural and regulatory features of V genes, and are very similar in sequence to each other and to @entity1 V kappa. A third gene segment, V2, resembles @entity16728 in its coding region and nearby 5'-flanking region, but diverges in sequence 5' to position -95 with loss of the octamer promoter element. The fourth V-like segment is similar to the others at the 3'-end, but upstream of codon 64 bears no resemblance in sequence to any Ig V region. All four V segments have typical recombination signal sequences with 12-bp spacers at their 3'-ends, as in V kappa. Taken together, the data suggest that @entity1238 L1 L chain genes are members of the kappa gene family.

title: Genes encoding XXXX Ig L chains. Implications for the evolution of kappa and lambda chains.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis', 'Xenopus']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus laevis']


abstract: To determine the incidence of @entity49 after long-term transvenous pacing in the Chinese, venograms were performed in 50 consecutive Chinese @entity1 seen at the pacemaker clinic. There were 25 @entity1 and 25 @entity1 . The mean age was sixty-six years (range thirty-two to eighty-one). The indications for pacing were @entity616 in 16 @entity1 and @entity1817 in the remainder. All pacemakers were of the single-chamber ventricular pacing type and had been implanted for a mean period of four years (range two to seven). In 27 @entity1 the route of entry for the pacing electrode was through the cephalic vein and in the other 23 @entity1 the subclavian veins were used. Of the 50 venograms, 1 showed partial and 1 showed total obstruction at the subclavian vein. Both @entity1 (4%) were asymptomatic. All others (96%) were normal. The incidence of @entity49 was not related to the routes of entry of the pacing electrodes. All @entity1 tolerated the procedure well and had no complications. It is concluded that the incidence of @entity49 after long-term transvenous pacing is extremely low in the Chinese (4%), and venograms are both safe and useful for identifying @entity49 related to transvenous pacing.

title: XXXX after long-term transvenous pacing in the Chinese.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['sick sinus syndrome']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['complete heart block']

answer: @entity49 :: (MESH:D019851,Disease) :: ['Venous thrombosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Owing to the anatomical difference between the far @entity890 (FHLD) and the intraspinal herniation of lumbar disc (iHLD), the outcome of transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESI) in @entity1 with FHLD seems to be different from that in @entity1 with iHLD. However, few studies have evaluated the efficacy of TFESI in FHLD. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of TFESI in FHLD and iHLD @entity1 . STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective design. METHODS: There were 15 and 70 @entity1 in the FHLD and iHLD groups, respectively. @entity1 received a fluoroscopically guided TFESI. Failure rates of TFESI were recorded, and questionnaires, including a visual analog scale (VAS) for @entity158 and @entity717 index (ODI) were administered before the initial injection, at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after the injections. RESULTS: There was no failure for TFESI in the iHLD group, while 9 @entity1 had to undergo alternative blocks in the FHLD group due to lancinating @entity158 when the needle was advanced for TFESI. In the iHLD group, there was a statistically significant improvement in the VAS and ODI score 12 weeks after injection. Considering only successful cases of the FHLD group, significant improvement in the VAS and ODI score was also demonstrated in the FHLD group 12 weeks after injection. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference of the VAS and ODI between the both groups. LIMITATIONS: A relatively small numbers of cases were included in the FHLD group. CONCLUSION: The current study suggests that an alternative needle placement technique for TFESI appears to be necessary for FHLD @entity1 .

title: The efficacy of transforaminal epidural steroid injection by the conventional technique in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry disability']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['lateral herniation of the lumbar disc']

answer: @entity890 :: (MESH:D007405,Disease) :: ['far-lateral herniation of lumbar disc']


abstract: Thirteen cases of @entity884 ( @entity884 ) diagnosed for the first time at autopsy or, in those @entity1 with a previous diagnosis of @entity884 , not thought to be active at the time of @entity204 , are presented. Of the six @entity1 who died within 24 h of the onset of symptoms, two died of obstruction of a valve orifice, two died of @entity295 , one died of @entity295 and @entity7926 , and one died of a coronary artery embolus. Of the five @entity1 with symptoms lasting more than 24 h, three died of @entity295 and @entity712 . One died from @entity295 alone and one died from @entity712 ( @entity712 ). In two @entity1 whose duration of symptoms is unknown, one died of @entity295 and @entity712 , and in the other the mechanism of @entity204 is unknown. Predisposing factors present in 11 of 13 @entity1 included @entity988 (three), intravenous (IV) drug abuse (three), prosthetic valves (three), @entity472 (two), past @entity4789 (one), and nonstenotic congenitally bicuspid valves (two). The reasons for no antemortem diagnosis were a missed or incorrect clinical diagnosis in three @entity1 seen by a physician shortly before @entity204 , no signs or symptoms or found dead (four), non-specific signs and symptoms (three), refusal of medical treatment (one), and a solitary lifestyle (one); there was insufficient information about one @entity1 . Individuals with needle tracks, generalized petechiae. Osler's nodes, @entity548 , intravenous catheters, pacemaker wires, and @entity886 (A-V) shunts are at risk of @entity884 . Blood and the vegetations should be cultured. The attending physician should be notified of the diagnosis in such cases.

title: Unexpected XXXX as a result of @entity884 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic fever']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['splinter hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['infected aortic-valve']

entities_list: @entity7926 :: ('MESH:D002310', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['IE', 'infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity933 (or acute confusional state) affects 35% to 65% of @entity1 after @entity173 repair, and has been independently associated with poor functional recovery. We performed a randomized trial in an orthopedic surgery service at an academic hospital to determine whether proactive geriatrics consultation can reduce @entity933 after @entity173 . DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded. SETTING: Inpatient academic tertiary medical center. @entity1 : 126 consenting @entity1 65 and older (mean age 79 +/- 8 years, 79% @entity1 ) admitted emergently for surgical repair of @entity173 . MEASUREMENTS: Detailed assessment through interviews with @entity1 and designated proxies and review of medical records was performed at enrollment to ascertain prefracture status. Subjects were then randomized to proactive geriatrics consultation, which began preoperatively or within 24 hours of surgery, or "usual care." A geriatrician made daily visits for the duration of the hospitalization and made targeted recommendations based on a structured protocol. To ascertain study outcomes, all subjects underwent daily, blinded interviews for the duration of their hospitalization, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the @entity933 Symptom Interview (DSI), and the Memorial @entity933 Assessment Scale (MDAS). @entity933 was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) algorithm. RESULTS: The 62 @entity1 randomized to geriatrics consultation were not significantly different (P>.1) from the 64 usual-care @entity1 in terms of age, gender, prefracture @entity303 , comorbidity, type of @entity173 , or type of surgical repair. Sixty-one percent of geriatrics consultation @entity1 were seen preoperatively and all were seen within 24 hours postoperatively. A mean of 10 recommendations were made throughout the duration of the hospitalization, with 77% adherence by the orthopedics team. @entity933 occurred in 20 /62 (32%) intervention @entity1 , versus 32 / 64 (50%) usual-care @entity1 (P =.04), representing a relative risk of 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.37-0.98) for the consultation group. One case of @entity933 was prevented for every 5.6 @entity1 in the geriatrics consultation group. There was an even greater reduction in cases of severe @entity933 , occurring in 7/ 60 (12%) of intervention @entity1 and 18 / 62 (29%) of usual-care @entity1 , with a relative risk of 0.40 (95% CI = 0.18-0.89). Despite this reduction in @entity933 , length of stay did not significantly differ between intervention and usual-care groups (median +/- interquartile range = 5 +/- 2 days in both groups), likely because protocols and pathways predetermined length of stay. In subgroup analyses, geriatrics consultation was most effective in reducing @entity933 in @entity1 without prefracture @entity303 or activities of daily living (ADL) functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Proactive geriatrics consultation was successfully implemented with good adherence after @entity173 repair. Geriatrics consultation reduced @entity933 by over one-third, and reduced severe @entity933 by over one-half. Our trial provides strong preliminary evidence that proactive geriatrics consultation may play an important role in the acute hospital management of @entity173 @entity1 .

title: Reducing XXXX after @entity173 : a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium', 'Delirium']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip-fracture', 'hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

answer: @entity933 :: (MESH:D003693,Disease) :: ['delirium']


abstract: From October 1995 until April 1996. CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting) was performed under the beating heart without @entity1167 ( @entity1167 ) in nine cases. They consisted of 7 males and 2 females ranging in age from 31 to 79 years old (mean 64.7 years). Single bypass grafting was performed in 6 cases, and double bypass grafting was done in 3 cases, involving 2 re-do cases. With regard to the major associated diseases, two @entity1 had required chronic hemodialysis three time a week, four @entity1 were administered with insulin for @entity6 . There were other three @entity1 with @entity8 not requiring hemodialysis, two @entity1 had @entity358 , and one @entity1 had @entity191 . Further more two @entity1 were older than 75th years in age. Graft @entity254 to the coronary artery was performed with 7-0 @entity7502 . In one case, left thoracotomy was done to approach the heart for the @entity254 to intermediate artery, and in the other eight cases, median sternotomy was done. The grafts used in the nine cases were 4 right internal thoracic arteries, 6 left internal thoracic arteries, one @entity432 and one saphenous vein, 12 grafts in total. @entity356 and cholecystectomy for @entity2679 was done in one @entity1 for each. Heterologous blood transfusion was required two cases (22.2%). The postoperative course was very good in all cases. Eleven grafts in postoperative angiographed 8 cases were all patent, although presenting the string sign in one case, and @entity951 disappeared in all cases. CABG under the beating heart without @entity1167 was considered to be useful for the @entity1 with considerable other diseases from the point of view of safety and ease of postoperative managements. We think that this procedure should be considered particularly for @entity1 on chronic hemodialysis who required CABG.

title: [Coronary artery bypass grafting without XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary problems']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['CPB', 'cardiopulmonary bypass']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['gastroepiploic artery']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['Subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiopulmonary bypass']


abstract: The present study investigated the Executive Functions (EF) of inhibition, mental flexibility and phonemic and semantic fluency in a 1-year follow-up assessment of @entity1 diagnosed with first episode @entity308 ( @entity308 ). In the acute phase, the @entity1 group performed significantly poorer compared to the control group (CG) in inhibition and semantic fluency. The present study pursued these findings from the acute phase to see if the impairment seen in inhibition and semantic fluency in the acute phase normalized or persisted in the follow-up assessment. In addition, the present study investigated the association between poor inhibition and semantic fluency performance and the experience of relapse during the 1-year period. Twenty eight @entity1 and 28 individually matched control subjects were included. EF was reassessed using three tests from the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in @entity308 severity score from the acute phase, showing that most of the @entity1 were in remission in the follow-up assessment. RESULTS showed a sustained impairment in inhibition and semantic fluency in the @entity1 group. However, the performance in inhibition was more severe when an additional requirement of mental flexibility was included. There were no group differences in the other EF functions measured. Further, @entity1 with a relapse in the course of 1 year performed significantly poorer in inhibition/switching at inclusion compared to @entity1 that did not relapse and the CG. This relationship was not found for semantic fluency. Poor performance in inhibition and semantic fluency are prolonged despite symptom reduction in @entity1 with a first episode of @entity308 . Moreover, although based on a small sample of @entity1 , the present study showed that there may be a relationship between impaired ability in the EF of inhibition/switching and vulnerability for the experience of relapse.

title: A follow-up study of first episode major XXXX . Impairment in inhibition and semantic fluency-potential predictors for relapse?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['MDD', 'depression', 'Major Depressive Disorder']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depressive disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine temporal, geographic, socioeconomic, and clinical determinants of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CNT) use in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database, because CNT is known to improve survival in @entity1 with @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). METHODS: Within the SEER database, we identified 6226 @entity1358 @entity1 , who were either treated with CNT (n = 2038) or underwent no surgery (n = 4188) between 1989 and 2004. Chi-square and chi(2) trend tests, as well as multivariate logistic regression models, were used to assess the effect of age, gender, race, region of residence, and year of surgery on the rate of CNT. Adjustment was made for the size of the @entity5 . RESULTS: The overall rate of CNT was 30.5%. The rate of CNT increased in the most recent year quartile (P <.001), was more frequent in white @entity1 (P = .005), males (P = .001), and younger @entity1 (P <.001). Moreover, CNT was more frequently performed for larger primary @entity5 (P <.001). Finally, important variability was found to exist in the rate of CNT between the 9 SEER registries (range 29.5%-38.6%, P = .002). In multivariate logistic regression models, age (P <.001), race (P <.001), year of surgery (P <.001), @entity5 size (P <.001), and SEER region (P = .003) were independent predictors of CNT rate. CONCLUSIONS: Racial and geographic variability in CNT rates is worrisome and warrants further attention. In view of the survival benefits of CNT, its access should be equal for all races and regions.

title: A population-based analysis of the rate of cytoreductive nephrectomy for XXXX in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic renal cell carcinoma', 'mRCC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['metastatic renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity5 of the liver are rare and pose both a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Our aim was to study the diagnosis and treatment of primary @entity99 and to highlight its incidence in relation to @entity157 in our series and review of literature. METHODOLOGY: Between March 1992 and May 2005, we managed 5 @entity1 (1 male, 4 females) with primary @entity99 in our center. RESULTS: The main presentation was upper @entity490 with palpable mass, while in one @entity1 @entity5 was discovered accidentally, none of them had @entity4303 . The @entity5 were located in the left lobe in one @entity1 , caudate lobe in two @entity1 and right lobe in two @entity1 . The diagnosis was confirmed histologically with light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Four @entity1 remain alive and disease free after follow-up of 72, 18, 16, and 4 months. One @entity1 died after 11 years of follow-up with recurrence after 10 years, with mean follow-up of 45.2 +/- 53.1 months in May 2005. CONCLUSIONS: Primary @entity99 is rare. It occurs on top of non-cirrhotic liver. Hepatic resection even in large-sized @entity5 is the treatment of choice.

title: Primary XXXX : one Egyptian center experience.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Carcinoid tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic carcinoid', 'hepatic carcinoid tumor']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic carcinoid tumor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity344 generally follows the @entity652 sequence and tumor @entity3 determines the survival time of the @entity1 . The expressions of @entity876 and ki-67 in @entity344 and @entity420 (GIA) were explored and their clinicopathological significance determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expressions of mutant @entity876 and ki-67 were examined on tissue microarray containing GIA, adjacent mucosa or @entity652 and @entity3 by immunostaining. Their expressions were compared with the clinicopathological parameters of @entity5 . RESULTS: The expressions of mutant @entity876 and ki-67 were gradually increased from gastrointestinal mucosa to @entity420 through @entity652 (p<0.05). Mutant @entity876 expression showed a positive association with depth of invasion, local invasion via vessels and lymph node @entity3 of GIA (p<0.05). Ki-67 expression was positively correlated with local invasion via vessels and negatively with dedifferentiation and liver @entity3 of GIA (p<0.05). The expressions of both markers in @entity3 of GIA were consistent with their corresponding primary foci (p < 0.05). A positive association between both markers was found in the primary foci of GIA (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The up-regulated expressions of mutant @entity876 and ki-67 are involved in the @entity105 and progression of GIA. They appear to be objective and effective markers to reflect the development of GIA.

title: An immunohistochemical study of @entity876 and Ki-67 in @entity344 and XXXX using tissue microarray.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal carcinogenesis', 'gastrointestinal adenoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma-adenocarcinoma', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['adenocarcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the influence of observer variation and treatment planner variation on the dose delivered to the target and @entity13382 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Nine @entity1 with paranasal @entity5 underwent debulking surgery and subsequent radiation therapy. Two observers from two different institutions delineated the clinical target volumes (CTVs) for the elective and the boost volumes. These volumes were expanded in three dimensions with a 5-mm margin. At both institutions, a three-dimensional conformal treatment plan of 46 Gy to the elective volumes, plus 20 Gy to the boost target volumes, was designed. The delineated volumes and treatment plans were compared. RESULTS: The mean volume ratio between institutions of the elective CTVs was 0.9 (standard error = 0.05). The differences were located mainly at the bottom of the nasal cavity and at the frontal border of the target areas. The differences in boost CTVs were large; the mean volume ratio was 2.6 (standard error = 0.58). After expansion of the CTV, the mean distance between the planning target volume ( @entity343 ) and the chiasm differed by 0.5 cm between the two institutions. Cases with smaller distances between the @entity343 and the chiasm had more underdosage to the @entity343 . This effect was less pronounced for institution A (1 vol.%/cm) than for institution B (10 vol.%/cm) treatment plans, which were less conformal. When the treatment plan was designed for the @entity343 of institution B, 23 volume % of the @entity343 of institution A received <95% of the prescribed dose. If the treatment plan was designed for the (on average larger) @entity343 of institution A, the underdosed volume of @entity343 at institution B was 17%. The relative underdosage to the "other" @entity343 was larger when the original treatment plan was more conformal. CONCLUSION: In the irradiation of @entity13382 , both the treatment planner and the observer have a significant influence on the dose to the target and organs at risk. Both effects are similar in magnitude. The observer effect increases with more conformal treatment plans. Minimizing the observer variation is important for adequate irradiation of @entity13382 .

title: Irradiation of paranasal XXXX , a delineation and dose comparison study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity13382 :: ('MESH:D010255', 'Disease') :: ['normal structures when irradiating paranasal sinus carcinomas', 'paranasal sinus cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['sinus tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['sinus tumors']


abstract: Fifty years since their introduction, @entity2740 diuretics are established as first-line therapy in the treatment of @entity101 . Because the dosing profile for @entity2740 agents lessened, the mechanism responsible for the blood pressure lowering effect may lie outside their diuretic properties. We evaluated the mechanism driving blood pressure reductions in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) and normotensive WKY by examining the effects of low-dose @entity918 ( @entity918 ) administration on renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. The 7-day, 1.5 mg/kg/day @entity918 did not change systolic pressure in WKY, but decreased SBP by 41 +/- 2 mm Hg (p < 0.0001) in SHR. This reduction was independent of increases in water intake, urine output, or alterations in electrolyte excretion. @entity918 significantly increased the plasma concentrations of angiotensin I (Ang I) and @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ) in both WKY and SHR while reducing @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) activity and the @entity1808 /Ang I ratio (17.1 +/- 2.9 before versus 10.3 +/- 2.9 after, p < 0.05) only in SHR. @entity918 increased cardiac @entity13928 mRNA and activity, and neprilysin mRNA in WKY, but not SHR. Conversely in SHR, @entity13928 activity was decreased and aside from a 75% increase in @entity1129 (1) mRNA in the @entity918 -treated SHR, the expression of the other variables remained unaltered. Measures of cardiac mas receptor mRNA showed no changes in response to treatment in both strains, although cardiac mas mRNA was significantly lower in untreated SHR. These data, which document for the first time the effect of low-dose @entity2740 on the activity of the @entity13928 /Ang-(1-7)/mas-receptor axis, suggest that the opposing arm of the system does not substantially contribute to the antihypertensive effect of low-dose @entity7206 in SHR.

title: Differential effect of low dose @entity7206 on the Renin Angiotensin system in genetically XXXX and normotensive @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['HCTZ', 'hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity7206 :: ('MESH:D049971', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazides']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: A key metabolic action of @entity2690 is the stimulation of non-oxidative @entity413 utilization in skeletal muscle, by increasing both @entity413 uptake and glycogen synthesis. The molecular mechanism underlying this process has been investigated using a variety of experimental systems. We report here the use of cultured @entity1 myoblasts to study @entity2690 control of glycogen synthesis in @entity1 . In these cells @entity2690 stimulates glycogen synthesis approx. 2.2-fold, associated with a similar activation of @entity3156 ( @entity3156 ) which occurs within 5-10 min of the addition of @entity2690 . @entity2690 also causes inactivation of @entity3156 kinase-3 (GSK-3) and activation of @entity25449 , both processes being sufficiently rapid to account for the effects of @entity2690 on @entity3156 . Activation by @entity2690 of the protein kinases @entity15080 , @entity22564 and @entity12206 ( @entity12206 ) is observed, but is significantly slower than the activation of @entity3156 . Selective inhibitors of the @entity15080 pathway ( @entity3446 ), the @entity12206 / @entity22564 pathway ( @entity4286 ) and @entity4357 3-kinase ( @entity2307 ) have been used to probe the contribution of these components to @entity2690 signalling in @entity1 muscle. Wortmannin blocks activation of both glycogen synthesis and @entity3156 and inactivation of GSK-3. @entity4286 is without effect on these events, while @entity3446 is without effect on inactivation of GSK-3 but partially blocks activation of glycogen synthesis and @entity3156 . Taken together, these findings suggest that @entity25449 is responsible for the inactivation of GSK-3, but that an additional @entity3446 -sensitive mechanism may contribute to the activation of @entity3156 and stimulation of glycogen synthesis.

title: XXXX action in cultured @entity1 myoblasts: contribution of different signalling pathways to regulation of glycogen synthesis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

entities_list: @entity3156 :: ('MESH:C566917', 'Disease') :: ['glycogen synthase', 'GS']

entities_list: @entity2307 :: ('MESH:C009687', 'Chemical') :: ['wortmannin']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['rapamycin']

entities_list: @entity12206 :: ('5595', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2', 'ERK2']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['Insulin']


abstract: Older adults who met criteria for major @entity308 were randomly assigned to behavioral, cognitive, or brief dynamic therapy. Symptoms were equally reduced across the three treatment conditions. Early in treatment, alliance ratings were obtained from both therapists and @entity1 and were related to outcome. We calculated one therapist alliance composite score and five @entity1 alliance factor scores. In general, no agreement was found between therapists' and @entity1 ' judgments of alliance. Levels of alliance were found to be not significantly different across the three treatment conditions. For the sample as a whole, only the @entity1 factor of @entity1 Commitment was found to be associated with @entity308 after treatment, with the strongest findings in the @entity73 . The @entity1 Commitment factor uniquely contributed to outcome over and above the contribution of initial symptomatology and symptomatic change at midpoint in therapy. Expected trends of association with outcome were observed for the therapist alliance composite score in brief dynamic therapy and for the @entity1 factor of @entity1 Working Capacity in both cognitive and brief dynamic therapy. Findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and clinical implications.

title: Alliance and outcome in late-life XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive therapy condition']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder', 'depressive symptoms']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: We performed a @entity521 cell (Neuro2a) culture assay modified slightly from a method reported previously to provide a simple and sensitive evaluation of @entity20301 ( @entity20301 ) @entity137 in shellfish. The cell bioassay was just as sensitive for C-toxins as for gonyautoxins. The sensitivity of our cell bioassay was 4 times that of the current standard @entity19 bioassay. Using the cell bioassay, we evaluated @entity137 in 361 shellfish samples collected from Mikawa Bay and Ise Bay, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, from April 1999-March 2002. The results were compared with those obtained in a postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatographic analysis. @entity20301 toxins were detected in 236/361 samples by both assays, and there was a fairly good correlation (r = 0.9001, n = 236, p < 0.001) between the results from the two assays. We applied this cell bioassay when short-necked clams in the bay turned poisonous in 2001. The chronological changes in @entity137 in the short-necked clams were analyzed and compared with those of the cell density of poisonous plankton (Alexandrium tamarense) occurring in the bay. The @entity137 in shellfish peaked 2 weeks after the cell density reached a maximum. We recommend using the cell bioassay for routine monitoring of @entity137 in shellfish living in natural marine environments.

title: Cell bioassay for @entity20301 ( @entity20301 ): comparison with postcolumn derivatization liquid chromatographic analysis and application to the monitoring of XXXX in shellfish.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'PSP toxicity']

entities_list: @entity20301 :: ('MESH:D057096', 'Disease') :: ['PSP', 'paralytic shellfish poisoning']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity20301 :: (MESH:D057096,Disease) :: ['PSP']


abstract: A phase I study was performed to determine the maximum tolerated doses of intravenous @entity2879 and @entity1311 for @entity1 with previously treated persistent or recurrent @entity43 . Starting doses were @entity1311 135 mg/m2 during 24 hours and @entity2879 50 mg/m2/day for 3 consecutive days. The study was designed to escalate first the dose of @entity2879 , and then the dose of @entity1311 , in successive cohorts of @entity1 . In an attempt to determine whether @entity137 was affected by sequence of the drugs, the order of administration of the two drugs was reversed on alternate cycles. The starting doses of @entity1311 (135 mg/m2/24 hours) and @entity2879 (50 mg/m2/day x 3) caused severe @entity1398 even with the addition of @entity1261 , and the trial was amended to administer the @entity1311 during 3 hours. However, this also proved too myelosuppressive without growth factor support. Twenty-one @entity1 were treated. A complete response was observed in one of nine @entity1 with measurable disease, and a major decrease in CA-125 was noted in two @entity1 who did not have measurable disease. Because of the severe myelosuppression observed in most @entity1 , dose reduction was often required after the first cycle. The power to detect sequence-dependent variation in @entity137 was minimal; however, no large differences were observed. A combination of the usual doses of these drugs will be difficult to administer in @entity1 who have received previous chemotherapy for @entity43 .

title: Phase I trial of @entity1311 and XXXX for recurrent @entity43 : a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

answer: @entity2879 :: (MESH:D005047,Chemical) :: ['etoposide']


abstract: @entity1619 cells (Treg) expand during pregnancy and are present at the fetal-maternal interface at very early stages in pregnancy. The migration mechanisms of Treg to the pregnant uterus are still unclear. @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin ( @entity1465 ) is secreted by the blastocyst immediately after fertilization and has chemoattractant properties. Therefore, we sought to analyze whether @entity1465 secreted by early trophoblasts attracts Treg to the uterus and hence contributes to maternal tolerance toward the fetus. Decidua and placenta tissue samples from @entity1 having @entity2208 or ectopic pregnancies were employed to evaluate Treg and @entity1465 levels. Age-matched samples from normal pregnant @entity1 served as controls. We further performed in vitro studies with primary first trimester trophoblast cells and a @entity1466 cell line (JEG-3) aiming to evaluate the ability of secreted @entity1465 to attract Treg. @entity1 having @entity2208 or ectopic pregnancy presented significantly decreased @entity1465 mRNA and protein levels associated with decreased @entity403 , @entity12867 , @entity688 , and @entity2533 mRNA levels as compared with normal pregnant @entity1 . Using migration assays we demonstrated that Treg were attracted by @entity1465 -producing trophoblasts or @entity1466 cells. Treg migration toward cells transfected with @entity1465 expression vectors confirmed the chemoattractant ability of @entity1465 . Our data clearly show that @entity1465 produced by trophoblasts attracts Treg to the fetal-maternal interface. High @entity1465 levels at very early pregnancy stages ensure Treg to migrate to the site of contact between paternal Ags and maternal immune cells and to orchestrate immune tolerance toward the fetus.

title: XXXX chorionic gonadotropin attracts regulatory T cells into the fetal-maternal interface during early @entity1 pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous abortions', 'miscarriages']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['Regulatory T']

entities_list: @entity1466 :: ('MESH:D002822', 'Disease') :: ['choriocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: In health care, choices are constantly being made about alternative uses of scarce resources, and health economics offers a framework for analysing these choices and for improving resource allocation. In cost-effectiveness analysis, the costs and consequences of alternatives are systematically measured and compared, with the objective of achieving maximum health gain with the available resources. Treatment options for @entity1 with @entity2655 /MND are severely limited, but @entity10891 has been shown to offer modest improvements in survival. However, decision-makers are likely to want convincing evidence on the cost-effectiveness of this therapy before recommending widespread adoption. Here, some initial estimates of cost-effectiveness are provided, using published effectiveness data and considering only the costs of therapy and of tracheostomy. Compared with placebo, the incremental cost per life year gained of 50 mg/day of @entity10891 is pound sterling 45630, and of 100 mg/day is pound sterling 44890. Increasing the estimated costs of tracheostomy reduces the cost per life year gained of 50 mg/day to pound sterling 34940. However, if quality of life during the increased period of survival is 80% of full health, the cost per quality adjusted life year gained of 50 mg/day becomes pound sterling 57040. These cost-effectiveness ratios are well in excess of the range that is normally considered to be acceptable in UK health technology assessment. However, the comparatively small number of @entity2655 /MND @entity1 and the lack of treatment alternatives should also be considered. Meanwhile, better information on costs is required in order to produce more precise estimates of cost-effectiveness.

title: XXXX /MND and the perspective of health economics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity2655 :: (MESH:C565957,Disease) :: ['ALS']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The three interferon beta preparations approved for treatment of relapsing-remitting @entity15 ( @entity15 ) differ in dose and frequency of administration. Interferon beta-1a 30 microg is administered once a week, interferon beta-1a 22 microg or 44 microg is given three times a week, and interferon beta-1b 250 microg is administered on alternate days. No clinical study directly comparing the different regimens has been published. The INCOMIN study was designed to compare the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) benefits of on-alternate-day interferon beta-1b 250 microg with once-weekly interferon beta-1a 30 microg. METHODS: INCOMIN was a 2-year, prospective, randomised, multicentre study. 188 @entity1 with relapsing-remitting @entity15 were assigned to interferon beta-1b (n=96) or interferon beta-1a (n=92). Primary outcome measures were the proportion of @entity1 free from relapses and that of @entity1 free from new proton density/T2 lesions at MRI assessment. Several secondary outcome measures were also assessed. Analysis was by intention to treat. FINDINGS: Over 2 years, 49 (51%) individuals administered interferon beta-1b remained relapse-free compared with 33 (36%) given interferon beta-1a relative risk of relapse 0.76; 95% CI 0.59-0.9; p=0.03); and 42 (55%) compared with 19 (26%), respectively, remained free from new T2 lesions at MRI (relative risk of new T2 lesion 0.6; 0.45-0.8; p<0.0003). In both groups, the differences between the two treatments increased during the second year. There were also significant differences in favour of interferon beta-1b in most of the secondary outcome measures, including delay of confirmed disease progression. INTERPRETATION: High-dose interferon beta-1b administered every other day is more effective than interferon beta-1a given once a week.

title: Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for XXXX : results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN).

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: Forty-eight @entity1 with disseminated @entity17 of the CNS, 28 with @entity6831 ( @entity6831 ), seven with multiphasic disseminated @entity1651 (MDEM) and 13 with @entity15 were studied for a mean follow-up period of 5.64 years. The presentation findings of the @entity6831 /MDEM group were compared with those of the @entity15 group. The following findings were more commonly seen in @entity6831 /MDEM presentation compared with the @entity15 presentations: predemyelinating @entity166 (74 versus 38%, P: < 0.05); polysymptomatic presentation (91 versus 38%, P: < 0.002); pyramidal signs (71 versus 23%, P: < 0.01); @entity75 (69 versus 15%, P: < 0.002); and bilateral @entity7995 (23 versus 8%, not significant). @entity410 occurred only in the @entity6831 /MDEM group (17 versus 0%, not significant). Unilateral @entity7995 occurred only in the @entity15 @entity1 (23 versus 0%, P: < 0.01). There were no differences in the frequencies of transverse @entity4685 , @entity3308 , cerebellar signs and sensory disturbance between the two groups. @entity6831 /MDEM @entity1 were more likely to have @entity1503 (64 versus 22%, P: < 0.05), @entity6113 (64 versus 42%, not significant) and CSF protein elevation (60 versus 33%, not significant). @entity1 presenting with @entity15 were more likely to have intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal bands on presentation (64 versus 29%, not significant). MRI showed that subcortical @entity62 were almost universal in both groups, though periventricular lesions were more common in @entity15 (92 versus 44%, P: < 0.01). By contrast, in @entity6831 /MDEM there was absolute and relative periventricular sparing in 56 and 78% of @entity1 , respectively. Follow-up MRI revealed complete or partial lesion resolution in 90% and no new lesions in the @entity6831 /MDEM group. All of the @entity15 @entity1 had new lesions on repeat MRI (five during relapse and six during asymptomatic convalescent phases). The outcome in the @entity6831 @entity1 was mixed; 57% of @entity1 made a complete recovery. The mean follow-up for the 35 @entity6831 /MDEM @entity1 was 5.78 years (range 1.0-15.4 years). Eight of the 13 @entity15 @entity1 relapsed within the first year; 11 had a relapsing-remitting course, one a primary progressive course and one a secondary progressive course. These differences in the presentation of @entity6831 /MDEM compared with @entity15 may help in the prognosis given to families regarding the possibility of later development of @entity15 .

title: Acute disseminated @entity1651 , multiphasic disseminated XXXX and @entity15 in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6113 :: ('MESH:D008218', 'Disease') :: ['CSF lymphocytosis']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['Seizures']

entities_list: @entity3308 :: ('MESH:D020295', 'Disease') :: ['brainstem involvement']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity6831 :: ('MESH:D004673', 'Disease') :: ['acute disseminated encephalomyelitis', 'ADEM']

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious disease']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['blood leucocytosis']

entities_list: @entity1651 :: ('MESH:D004679', 'Disease') :: ['encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter lesions']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity1651 :: (MESH:D004679,Disease) :: ['encephalomyelitis']