abstract: @entity1760 ( @entity4612 ) plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) damage. This pathology is a serious problem in @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Its biochemical diagnosis is mainly based on @entity4483 protein observations. This study aims to analyse different forms of @entity4612 supplementation on serum @entity4483 concentrations in @entity1 who have undergone CABG. @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty adult @entity1 , who underwent CABG with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with normovolemic haemodilution (NH) under general anaesthesia, were examined. According to the dose of @entity4612 supplementation, @entity1 were divided into six groups: A) @entity1 receiving 3.33 @entity4612 of @entity2400 per min intravenously (i.v.), during surgery and the early postoperative period (18 hours); B) @entity1 receiving oral @entity4612 supplementation (OPS- @entity4612 ) and 3.33 @entity4612 of @entity2400 per min i.v., preoperatively; C) @entity1 receiving 6.66 @entity4612 of @entity2400 per min i.v.; D) @entity1 receiving OPS- @entity4612 and 6.66 @entity4612 of @entity2400 per min i.v.; E) @entity1 receiving 10 @entity4612 of @entity2400 per min i.v.; F) @entity1 receiving OPS- @entity4612 and 10 @entity4612 of @entity2400 per min i.v. Additionally, all @entity1 were divided into three groups: O) @entity1 , who did not receive @entity935 or @entity452 infusion, DOP) those receiving @entity935 infusion, and DOB) those receiving @entity452 infusion in doses dependent on their clinical state. Total serum @entity4612 concentrations ( @entity4612 (t)) were measured at five time-points: 1) just before anaesthesia; 2) 10 min after ECC; 3) just after surgery, 4) in the morning of the first postoperative day, 5) in the morning of the second postoperative day. RESULTS: ECC resulted in @entity4483 elevation in all @entity1 . In groups A, B and C, @entity4483 increased from the second to the fourth time-points; in groups D and F, @entity4483 increased at the second and third time-points; and in group E, @entity4483 increased only at the third time-point. The highest serum @entity4483 concentrations were noted in groups A and B, and the lowest concentrations were noted in groups E and F. There were significant correlations between serum @entity4483 and @entity4612 (t) concentrations at time-point 3 in groups A, B, C and F. Moreover, there were significant overall correlations between @entity4483 and @entity4612 in groups A and B. CONCLUSIONS: 1) ECC resulted in @entity4483 elevation, 2) infusion of 10 @entity4612 of @entity2400 per min reduced serum @entity4483 concentrations, and 3) @entity935 infusion resulted in the highest serum @entity4483 concentrations.

title: XXXX supplementation significantly reduces serum @entity4483 concentrations in @entity1 who have undergone coronary artery bypass surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['Magnesium']

answer: @entity1760 :: (MESH:D008274,Chemical) :: ['Magnesium']


abstract: Controversy exists over the contribution of dietary fiber and large bowel fermentation to @entity1 energy balance. It has been suggested that large bowel energy absorption, in the form of short-chain @entity1718 , can be predicted from in vitro fermentation of @entity1 ileal digesta. Because it is difficult to obtain ileal digesta from @entity1 with a functional large bowel to validate this approach, four normal @entity1707 and four @entity1707 fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 5, 10 or 15 g @entity3587 fiber per 100 g basal diet in two parallel experiments (Latin-square design). Energy contents of diets, urine, ileal digesta and feces were determined by bomb calorimetry. Apparent total tract energy digestibility did not differ (P > 0.05) between normal and cannulated @entity1707 . Apparent energy digestibility at the ileum decreased with increasing @entity3587 fiber intake (P < 0.05). The difference between ileal and fecal gross energy excretions in cannulated @entity1707 was defined as large bowel energy absorption. Aliquots (0.2 g) of freeze-dried ileal digesta were fermented in vitro for 24 h with @entity1 fecal inoculum from three donors. In vitro short-chain @entity844 production was correlated with large bowel energy absorption (r = 0.90, P < 0.0001). The metabolizable energy content of @entity3587 fiber was determined to be 9.2 kJ/g @entity3587 fiber (r = 0.90, P < 0.0001) by regressing metabolizable energy retention against @entity3587 fiber intake. The integrated ileostomy-in vitro fermentation model seems to provide accurate estimates of large bowel energy absorption.

title: Fiber and large bowel energy absorption: validation of the integrated ileostomy-fermentation model using XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: PURPOSE: The development of an effective antitumor immune response is compromised in @entity1 with @entity1358 . Despite significant infiltration by T lymphocytes into @entity703 , no detectable induction of gene expression is associated with the generation of an antitumor immune response. Tumor-induced down-regulation of @entity1199 expression may contribute to the impaired development of the T cell-mediated antitumor immune response. Within @entity703 , there is no detectable expression of @entity1199 or the @entity2902 chain, and only low levels of @entity379 ) mRNA are detected. Products in the @entity5 environment may suppress the expression of these genes, thus inhibiting production of type 1 helper T cell cytokines. METHODS: Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from healthy volunteers were exposed to supernatants from @entity1358 explants, and the immunologic consequences of this were assessed using a variety of molecular assays. RESULTS: Soluble products from @entity703 explants can inhibit the production of @entity1199 and @entity379 by peripheral blood lymphocytes and can suppress T-cell proliferation. Soluble products from @entity1358 explants appear to block the nuclear translocation of @entity2451 ( @entity2451 ) proteins @entity2451 and @entity9135 without affecting cytoplasmic levels of these proteins. In some experiments, a reduction in the nuclear translocation of other transcription factors involved in @entity1199 gene expression, including nuclear factor of activated T cells and accessory protein-1, was observed. Gangliosides isolated from @entity5 supernatants blocked the production of @entity1199 and @entity379 in response to @entity1360 plus @entity4514 stimulation. These @entity7746 also inhibited stimulus-dependent activation and nuclear accumulation of @entity2451 . Coculture experiments demonstrated that @entity1358 lines known to express gangliosides could inhibit the activation of @entity2451 in normal T cells and the Jurkat T-cell line. Supernatants from @entity1358 explants and @entity1358 cell lines can also suppress the proliferation of normal T cells, thus reproducing another defect observed in @entity5 -infiltrating lymphocytes. Supernatants from @entity1358 also appear to inhibit signaling through the @entity3647 . Although @entity5 supernatants had little effect on @entity47265 ) expression, they did block expression of @entity7803 , a key kinase involved in signaling through the @entity3647 pathway. Moreover, downstream events in @entity3647 signaling linked to @entity7803 were impaired in T cells treated with @entity5 supernatants. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that soluble products from @entity703 may suppress T-cell responses by blocking both @entity1199 production and normal @entity3647 signaling.

title: XXXX in @entity1199 production and @entity1199 receptor signaling: a mechanism of immune escape.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7746 :: ('MESH:D005732', 'Chemical') :: ['gangliosides']

entities_list: @entity47265 :: ('3559;3560', 'Gene') :: ['IL-2 receptor (alpha, beta or gamma']

entities_list: @entity2451 :: ('4790', 'Gene') :: ['p50', 'nuclear factor kappa B', 'NFkappaB']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma tumors', 'renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon gamma (IFN-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol myristate acetate']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal tumor', 'renal tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Tumor-induced dysfunction']


abstract: The commonly used beverage and psychostimulant @entity5834 is known to inhibit @entity1 acetylcholinesterase enzyme. This pharmacological activity of @entity5834 is partly responsible for its cognition enhancing properties. However, the exact mechanisms of its binding to @entity1 cholinesterases ( @entity16374 and butyrylcholinesterase; @entity10810 and hBuChE) are not well known. In this study, we investigated the cholinesterase inhibition by the @entity3624 derivatives @entity5834 , @entity1502 , and @entity22364 . Among them, @entity22364 was the most potent @entity10810 inhibitor ( @entity10810 IC      =6.40  M). The @entity10810 inhibitory potency was of the order: @entity5834 ( @entity10810 IC      =7.25  M)< @entity1502 ( @entity10810 IC      =6.60  M)  <= @entity22364 ( @entity10810 IC      =6.40  M). These compounds were less potent relative to the reference agent @entity8124 ( @entity10810 IC      =0.04  M). Moreover, they all exhibited selective inhibition of @entity10810 with no inhibition of hBuChE (IC      >50  M) relative to the reference agent @entity8124 (hBuChE IC      =13.60  M). Molecular modeling investigations indicate that @entity5834 binds primarily in the catalytic site (Ser203, @entity367 334 and His447) region of @entity10810 whereas @entity1502 and @entity22364 are able to bind to both the catalytic site and peripheral anionic site due to their increased bulk/size, thereby exhibiting superior @entity10810 inhibition relative to @entity5834 . In contrast, their lack of hBuChE inhibition is due to a larger binding site and lack of key @entity9750 . In summary, our study has important implications in the development of novel @entity5834 derivatives as selective @entity10810 inhibitors with potential application as cognitive enhancers and to treat various forms of @entity303 .

title: Selective inhibition of XXXX acetylcholinesterase by @entity3624 derivatives: in vitro inhibition and molecular modeling investigations.

entities_list: @entity22364 :: ('MESH:C032114', 'Chemical') :: ['propentofylline']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity1502 :: ('MESH:D010431', 'Chemical') :: ['pentoxifylline']

entities_list: @entity8124 :: ('MESH:C076946', 'Chemical') :: ['donepezil']

entities_list: @entity9750 :: ('CHEBI:33856', 'Chemical') :: ['aromatic amino acids']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: CONTEXT: Pregnancies complicated by abruption result in increased frequency of perinatal @entity204 and decreased fetal size and gestational duration, yet the extent of @entity5028 and its effect on these adverse outcomes is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of @entity5869 and extent of @entity5028 to @entity2209 , @entity3152 , and @entity1592 . DESIGN: Hospital-based, retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, NY. @entity1 : A total of 53,371 pregnancies occurring in 40,789 @entity1 who were delivered of singleton births between 1986 and 1996. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risks and relative risks for @entity2209 (>20 weeks), @entity3152 (<37 weeks), and @entity1592 (birth weight below 10th percentile for gestational age) in relation to abruption. RESULTS: The incidence of abruption was 1 % (n = 530). Abruption was associated with an 8.9-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.0-13.0) adjusted relative risk (aRR) of @entity2209 . @entity600 proportions among @entity1 with and without abruption were 39.6% and 9.1 %, respectively, yielding an aRR of 3.9 (95% CI, 3.5-4.4). In the abruption group, 14.3% of neonates were growth restricted, compared with 8.1 % among all other births (aRR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.4). Extent of @entity5028 had a profound effect on @entity2209 (aRR for 75% separation, 31.5; 95% CI, 17.0-58.4), although evident only among those with at least 50% separation. However, the risk of @entity3152 was substantially increased even for mild abruptions (aRR for 25% separation, 5.5; 95% CI, 4.2-7.3). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, @entity5869 had a profound impact on @entity2209 , @entity3152 , and @entity1592 . The risk of @entity2209 was dramatically increased for severe @entity5028 , but @entity3152 was common even among @entity1 with lesser degrees of @entity5028 .

title: XXXX and adverse perinatal outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity2209 :: ('MESH:D050497', 'Disease') :: ['stillbirth']

entities_list: @entity5028 :: ('MESH:D010922', 'Disease') :: ['placental separation']

entities_list: @entity5869 :: ('MESH:D000037', 'Disease') :: ['placental abruption']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['fetal growth restriction']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['Preterm birth']

answer: @entity5869 :: (MESH:D000037,Disease) :: ['Placental abruption']


abstract: Accelerated @entity713 is postulated to be due to enhanced @entity10804 of a high AV junctional focus. The @entity859 response of this rhythm was tested in 17 @entity1 (7 males, 12-83 years). The indications of electrophysiology study were nonspecific palpitation (n = 5), unexplained @entity1163 (n = 6), postablation of accessory pathways (n = 4), and postmodification of AV nodal reentry @entity591 (n = 2). The sinus node and AV nodal functions were normal. Pacing and programmed electrical stimulation failed to induce any @entity943 at baseline. The accelerated junctional rhythm (cycle length = 553 +/- 134 ms) was initiated spontaneously in all @entity1 after @entity3044 infusion (1-2 micrograms/min). It was not suppressible by overdrive pacing. Cessation of @entity3044 infusion terminated the rhythm in all @entity1 . @entity859 (6 mg) reproducibly terminated the accelerated junctional rhythm in all @entity1 . In six @entity1 , @entity859 suppressed the junctional rhythm without producing AV @entity616 . In the other 11 @entity1 , the junctional rhythm was terminated prior to the occurrence of AV @entity616 . @entity1855 was tested in ten @entity1 and 5 mg of intravenous @entity1855 terminated the junctional rhythm in all @entity1 . In conclusion, the mechanism of @entity2922 -induced accelerated @entity713 is most likely enhanced @entity10804 , and @entity2922 -induced accelerated AV junctional @entity10804 is sensitive to @entity859 and @entity1855 . @entity859 appears to have differential effects on @entity2922 -enhanced AV junctional @entity10804 and AV nodal conduction. This suggests that, under @entity2922 stimulation, @entity859 may have different mechanisms of action on AV nodal conduction and @entity10804 .

title: Effect of XXXX and @entity1855 in @entity2922 -induced accelerated @entity713 : insights into the underlying mechanism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine', 'Adenosine']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['AV junctional rhythm']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil', 'Verapamil']

entities_list: @entity10804 :: ('MESH:C537069', 'Disease') :: ['automaticity']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['nodal block']

answer: @entity859 :: (MESH:D000241,Chemical) :: ['adenosine']


abstract: REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Ultrasonographic (US) abnormalities of the suspensory ligament branch (SLB) have been poorly investigated but can have considerable impact on market value and career path when encountered in athletic @entity1641 . There is a need for determination of the prevalence and relationship to clinical injury of these @entity854 in the Thoroughbred (TB) racehorse. OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of, and the repeatability of an US grading system for, subclinical US @entity854 in a population of UK TB flat racehorses. METHODS: Ultrasonographic assessment of the forelimb SLBs of 60 TB racehorses free from history and clinical indication of SLB desmopathy in a single UK training yard was performed. Images were viewed independently by 2 blinded observers and graded for @entity854 . Interobserver agreement was assessed using Cohen's kappa statistic with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Prevalence of @entity1641 with subclinical @entity854 of the forelimb SLB of moderate severity was 6.7%. Medial branches were overrepresented. Inter observer agreement was substantial for US grade (kappa = 0.743; 95% CI 0.652-0.834) and almost perfect for appearance of sesamoid bone at ligament insertion (kappa = 0.817; 95% CI 0.66-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals that a proportion of TB racehorses in flat training free from history or clinical signs of @entity130 have @entity854 that could negatively impact on market value and career path. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware that @entity854 of the SLB may not always be related to clinical desmopathy. Further longitudinal studies are required to determine whether such findings are predictive for @entity130 .

title: Subclinical ultrasonographic abnormalities of the suspensory ligament branch of the athletic XXXX : A survey of 60 Thoroughbred racehorses.

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['US abnormalities', 'US abnormality', 'abnormalities of the forelimb SLB']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['future injury', 'SLB injury']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horse']


abstract: We studied the relation of the maximal upstroke velocity (Vmax) of action potentials to the peak @entity1372 current (INa) under voltage clamp in single, internally perfused, @entity235 cardiac Purkinje cells under conditions that ensured membrane action potentials due only to INa. Three different methods of altering @entity1372 channel availability were investigated: voltage-dependent inactivation, @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ) block, and use-dependent block by @entity5126 . Under all three conditions, the relation of Vmax to INa was nonlinear, and no relation was found that would allow prediction of INa results from Vmax measurements. With voltage-dependent inactivation or @entity4524 block, @entity1372 channel availability measured by Vmax was reduced less than availability measured by peak INa, so that Vmax overestimated @entity1372 channel availability. This overestimation of @entity1372 channel availability by Vmax could be attributed to greater @entity1372 channel mobilization during the slowed action potential upstrokes. The overestimation varied with experimental temperature as a consequence of changes in @entity1372 channel kinetics. Vmax also overestimated @entity1372 channel availability during @entity4524 exposure so that the Kd for @entity4524 block was 4.5 micron from Vmax measurements but only 1.6 microM from INa measurements. Use-dependent block of INa by @entity5126 had a striking voltage-dependent component under voltage clamp that could not be appreciated from action potentials. Consequently, block could be underestimated or overestimated by Vmax measurements. We conclude that Vmax measurements represent a convenient index for INa, but Vmax is not a reliable method for quantitative studies of @entity1372 channel behavior.

title: Nonlinear relation between Vmax and INa in XXXX cardiac Purkinje cells.

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: The @entity19 mast cell line PT-18 demonstrates @entity665 uptake in the presence of either @entity19 @entity3019 or @entity19 recombinant granulocyte-macrophage CSF ( @entity7421 ). Experiments were thus undertaken to determine whether @entity7421 would affect @entity3019 -dependent growth of mast cells from @entity19 bone marrow cells (BMC). BMC placed in liquid culture containing 50 U/ml of @entity3019 gave rise to cultures containing up to 95% mast cells by 2 to 3 wk. The rise in percentage of mast cells was accompanied by an increase in total cell-associated @entity112 . In contrast, BMC grown in the presence of 50 U/ml of @entity7421 gave rise to cultures containing primarily macrophages and granulocytes with less than 1% mast cells. The addition of increasing amounts of @entity7421 to BMC cultures grown in the presence of @entity3019 resulted in a decrease in the number of mast cells present in culture at 2 to 3 wk. Cells other than mast cells in these cultures consisted principally of granulocytes and macrophages. The @entity7421 -related inhibition of mast cell growth was not abrogated by the addition of @entity3352 to cultures. Granulocyte-macrophage cell populations added to @entity3019 -containing cultures did not inhibit mast cell growth. The suppressive effect of @entity7421 on @entity3019 -dependent mast cell growth may indicate an important role for @entity2304 in the down-regulation of mast cell proliferation in tissues.

title: Inhibition of the growth of XXXX -dependent mast cells from @entity19 bone marrow by recombinant granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor.

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H] thymidine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity3019 :: (16187(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IL-3']


abstract: Chondrocyte cultures grown in centrifuge tubes with intermittent centrifugation differentiate into @entity1184 chondrocytes and form @entity730 . We examined chondrocytes cultured in this system electron microscopically. @entity35 growth-plate chondrocytes were seeded in a plastic centrifuge tube and cultured in the presence of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 micrograms of @entity620 per ml. Specimens were examined by using electron microscopy and selected-area electron-diffraction techniques. In the early stage of culture, a few chondrocytes were scattered and extracellular matrices were not observed. In the middle stage of the cultures, the chondrocytes resembled proliferative cells. Matrix vesicles appeared to be budding from the cell surfaces of chondrocytes and were observed sparsely in the extracellular matrices, which were well formed around the chondrocytes. Matrix vesicles increased substantially during the following cultures. In the mature stage of the cultures, crystal formation related to matrix vesicles was observed. In the 33-day cultures, several masses of calcified matrix were formed and it was confirmed to be apatite by selected-area electron diffraction analysis. The chondrocytes appeared @entity1184 during this same stage. The 56-day culture was similar to the 33-day culture. It was concluded that this culture system provides an extracellular-matrix mineralization which is produced by chondrocytes per se.

title: Electron microscopy of XXXX during high-density suspension culture of chondrocytes.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

answer: @entity730 :: (MESH:D002114,Disease) :: ['calcification']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinicopathologic features and the roles of @entity876 and @entity1758 in @entity4153 . METHOD: Twenty @entity1 (14 @entity1 and 6 @entity1 ) with @entity4153 treated in our hospital from 1982 through 1996 were studied. The clinicopathologic features, treatment received, and survival data of these @entity1 were documented. Representative tissue was collected from each @entity5 , and immunohistochemical preparations for @entity876 protein and @entity1758 were made. RESULTS: Small cell @entity189 accounted for 1.3% of all esophageal @entity5 . The median age of @entity1 at presentation was 60 years. On gross examination, the @entity5 were large ulcerative lesions (median length, 7.5 cm). In 17 @entity1 in whom @entity876 immunohistochemical study was performed, @entity876 protein was detected in 65% (9 of 17). All stage IV @entity5 were negative for @entity876 expression. The median @entity5 cell @entity1758 score was high at 855 (range, 810-964) positive cells per 1000. Overall median survival was 3.4 months. In @entity1 who underwent chemotherapy, there was significant response. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4153 is an aggressive @entity5 . Overexpression of @entity876 is associated with early stages of @entity105 . The high proliferative index, as defined by the @entity1758 immunohistochemical method, may be related to @entity146 and high sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

title: @entity4153 : clinicopathologic parameters, XXXX overexpression, proliferation marker, and their impact on pathogenesis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal small cell carcinoma', 'esophageal small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behavior']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A reliable alternative to @entity230 for treating @entity2760 rheumatica has not yet been identified. Although infliximab has been used occasionally in @entity134 -resistant cases, its efficacy has not been demonstrated in a controlled study. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of @entity229 plus infliximab with that of @entity229 plus placebo in @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity2760 rheumatica. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: 7 rheumatology clinics in Italy. @entity1 : 51 @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity2760 rheumatica. @entity1 with associated @entity226 and those who had been previously treated with @entity230 or biological or immunosuppressive agents were excluded. INTERVENTION: Initial therapy with oral @entity229 tapered from 15 mg/d to 0 mg/d over 16 weeks according to a standard protocol, plus infusions of placebo or infliximab, 3 mg/kg of body weight, at weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, and 22. MEASUREMENTS: The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of @entity1 without relapse or recurrence through week 52. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of @entity1 no longer taking @entity229 , the number of relapses and recurrences, the duration of @entity229 therapy, and the cumulative @entity229 dose. RESULTS: Four @entity1 (3 in the infliximab group and 1 in the placebo group) did not complete the trial. The proportion of @entity1 who were free of relapse and recurrence at 52 weeks did not differ between groups (6 of 20 @entity1 [30%] in the infliximab group vs. 10 of 27 @entity1 [37%] in the placebo group; adjusted risk difference, -3 percentage points [95% CI, -31 to 24 percentage points]; P = 0.80). In a sensitivity analysis that included dropouts, the best-case scenario yielded a difference of 5 percentage points (CI, -21 to 31 percentage points) between the groups. The secondary outcomes at weeks 22 and 52 did not differ between the groups. LIMITATIONS: The study had a small sample and a short follow-up. A low dosage of infliximab was used, and the @entity229 dosage was rapidly tapered. CONCLUSIONS: Although too small to be definitive, the trial provides evidence that adding infliximab to @entity229 for treating newly diagnosed @entity2760 rheumatica is of no benefit and may be harmful. If there is benefit, it is unlikely to be large. Australian Clinical Trials Registry number: ACTRN012606000205538.

title: Infliximab plus @entity229 or placebo plus @entity229 for the initial treatment of XXXX rheumatica: a randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity226 :: ('MESH:D013700', 'Disease') :: ['giant cell arteritis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2760 :: ('MESH:D011111', 'Disease') :: ['polymyalgia']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity2760 :: (MESH:D011111,Disease) :: ['polymyalgia']


abstract: Despite surgery and adjuvant cytotoxic therapy anaplastic astrocytoma, @entity463 and @entity13 continue to have dismal prognosis. Differentiation induction is a new approach taking into account that @entity11 cells share many features with immature glial progenitor cells that are capable of terminal differentiation. The concept of differentiation therapy is currently evaluated for several @entity5 with or without multimodal standard therapy. @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) is a @entity27949 that is able to inhibit proliferation of neuroectodermal cells and to induce these cells along neuronal or glial lineage. Preclinical studies have shown that @entity2052 inhibits growth of @entity1 and rodent @entity5 cells in vitro and induces a distinct mature glial phenotype. In addition, growth of @entity1 @entity521 cells is inhibited in vitro and in vivo and exhibits marked evidence of differentiation. Treatment of @entity521 and @entity11 cells with @entity2052 was accompanied by changes of surface molecule expression that enhance immunogenicity and reduce their capability to metastasize. The antitumoral effects observed in preclinical studies were reached at concentrations that are readily achieved in @entity1 treated with @entity2052 for @entity302 . @entity302 @entity1 receiving @entity2052 have significantly enhanced hemoglobin F levels, supporting the hypothesis that nontoxic levels of @entity2052 can induce cellular differentiation. Broad clinical experience with @entity2052 and its low @entity137 encourage the evaluation of @entity2052 in @entity1 that have been submitted to postoperative combined chemo- and radiotherapy for pediatric @entity11 .

title: @entity1092 for the treatment of pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity13 :: ('MESH:C564230', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['glial tumor', 'pediatric malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity27949 :: ('CHEBI:35819', 'Chemical') :: ['branched chain fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epilepsy', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['malignant glioma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: i) To collect normative data for proximal femur @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in South Indian @entity1 using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and ii) to study the rate and significance of hip bone mineral loss with advancing age in this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty five @entity1 , whose age ranged from 16 to 84 years were studied. This sample was drawn randomly from general medical practice at KJ Hospital, Chennai, South India during November, 1997 to April, 1998. Of these 45 cases, 21 were pre-menopausal (mean +/- SD age = 30.9+/-8.8 years) and 24 post-menopausal (mean +/- SD age = 62.1+/-11.0 years). Subjects with secondary @entity79 were excluded. Also excluded were those taking any drugs known to affect @entity460 metabolism e.g., @entity2740 diuretics, @entity2931 and @entity460 . Subjects were divided into seven decadal age groups from 15-24 years to 75-84 years. @entity79 of the right proximal femur was evaluated using a QDR-1000 DXA bone densitometer (Hologic Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Data analysis was done with SPSS/PC statistical software package. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis showed significant (p < 0.001) negative correlations between all hip @entity79 variables at different regions of interest and @entity1 's age. Relative to that at 30 years of age, rates of @entity604 in the neck of femur, trochanter, intertrochanter, total hip and Ward's triangle were 0.68%, 0.65%, 0.58%, 0.61% and 1.05% per annum respectively. Over the age of 65 years, the above mentioned regions @entity79 decreased by 0.91%, 0.84%, 0.72%, 0.78% and 1.66% per annum respectively. CONCLUSION: Normative data for proximal femur @entity79 in South India @entity1 have been evaluated and it may prove useful for diagnosing @entity170 in the @entity1 of South India.

title: Age-related proximal femur bone mineral loss in South Indian XXXX : a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone diseases', 'bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: The role of oxidative stress has been evaluated in experimental models of @entity656 ( @entity656 ). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of @entity2493 on the ultrastructural changes in @entity8629 -induced @entity656 in @entity35 . Acute @entity788 was induced by two i.p. injections of @entity8629 at 2-hr intervals (50 microg/kg BW). One group received additionally @entity2493 (20 mg/kg BW) i.p. before each injection of @entity8629 . The @entity35 were sacrificed 12 hr after the last injection. Pancreatic oxidative stress markers were evaluated by changes in the amount of lipid @entity2627 and changes in the antioxidant enzyme levels, @entity224 dismutase (SOD), @entity12609 ( @entity12609 ), @entity2041 peroxidase (GPx) and total @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ) levels. Ultrastructural examination was performed using a transmission electron microscope. Formation of numerous, large autophagosomes, @entity2383 , dilatation of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) and Golgi apparatus, margination and clumping of nuclear chromatin were the major ultrastructural alterations observed in the @entity656 group. @entity2493 administration prevented mitochondrial and nuclear changes and dilatation of @entity1893 and Golgi apparatus. Rare, small autophagosomes were present within the cytoplasm of some of the acinar cells. @entity660 was accompanied by a significant increase in tissue @entity1865 levels (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in @entity12609 , SOD, GPx activities and @entity2197 levels (P < 0.005). @entity2493 administration significantly reduced @entity1865 levels but increased @entity12609 , SOD, GPx activities and @entity2197 levels (P < 0.005). @entity2493 also reduced serum amylase and @entity9112 activities, which were significantly elevated in @entity656 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005 respectively). These results suggest that oxidative injury is important in the pathogenesis of @entity656 . @entity2493 is potentially capable of limiting @entity660 produced during @entity656 by protecting the fine structure of acinar cells and tissue antioxidant enzyme activities.

title: Ultrastructural clues for the protective effect of XXXX against oxidative damage in @entity8629 -induced @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['RER', 'rough endoplasmic reticulum']

entities_list: @entity2627 :: ('MESH:D010545', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxides']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['AP', 'acute pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic damage', 'pancreatic damage']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['Melatonin', 'melatonin']

entities_list: @entity8629 :: ('MESH:D002108', 'Chemical') :: ['cerulein']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial damage']

answer: @entity2493 :: (MESH:D008550,Chemical) :: ['melatonin']


abstract: AIM: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of exercise electrocardiographic (ECG) @entity1619 changes and QRS duration changes as a means of @entity63 detection in a female population. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 101 @entity1 from a pool of 318 referred for ECG stress testing underwent standard testing using @entity1619 criteria with the additional measurement of QRS duration before and at peak exercise using a new computerized optic scanner for precise QRS duration measurement. The diagnostic accuracy of the test was determined using planar thallium stress testing as a "gold standard." For the overall population, the sensitivity of @entity1619 criteria was 47% with a specificity of 58%. The sensitivity of QRS duration changes was 91% with a specificity of 89%. For Group 1 (age 27-50) the sensitivity of the @entity1619 criteria was 40% with a specificity of 58%. The sensitivity of the QRS duration changes was 80% with a specificity of 83%. For Group 2 (age 51-83), the sensitivity of the @entity1619 criteria was 43% with a specificity of 56%. The sensitivity of the QRS duration changes was 94% with a specificity of 90%. CONCLUSION: In our female population exercise, QRS duration changes using our computerized method were better markers of @entity63 than standard @entity1619 criteria.

title: XXXX detection in @entity1 : the diagnostic value of exercise QRS duration changes.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['Ischemia']


abstract: The standardized mortality ratios for some @entity5 of the lymphohaematopoietic system were high in an early cohort analysis. Since the presence of large numbers of unexposed workers could conceal risks within a cohort, a case-control study was designed to examine the relationship between estimated exposures and the occurrence of these @entity5 . The results suggested that the risk for @entity1778 was associated with exposure to @entity21430 and with work in specific areas. Modelling, using rank scores, indicated an increase in the risk for @entity1778 with increasing exposure score. Use of cases validated by review of hospital records and selection of a new set of controls did not change the findings. The data indicated that comparison of scores within the same time frame improved the model and increased the estimated odds ratio, suggesting that exposure time or dose rate may prove to be the important variable for risk. Exact measurements from the companies involved showed significant correlations between assigned ranks and level of exposure derived from personal monitoring for @entity21430 but not for @entity8886 . Thus, use of the measured values might be expected to show an association between @entity1778 and exposure to @entity21430 . The standardized mortality ratio for @entity1778 among long-term workers hired before 1960 who had worked in the three plants where the geometric mean @entity21430 level was three to five times higher than those in the other plants is 1.8 times higher than that of the US population. An appropriate algorithm for comparing cases and controls on the bases of the measured samples is being developed.

title: @entity5 epidemiology among XXXX - @entity21430 rubber workers.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity21430 :: ('MESH:D002070', 'Chemical') :: ['butadiene']

answer: @entity8886 :: (MESH:D020058,Chemical) :: ['styrene']


abstract: @entity43 comprises three major histological subtypes (serous, mucinous, and endometrioid), and it is becoming clear that the developmental pathways for these subtypes are fundamentally different. In particular, @entity43 probably arise by the malignant transformation of ectopic endometrial implants called @entity46 and not the ovarian surface epithelium. The @entity983 /MMAC gene on chromosome 10q23 is a @entity5 suppressor implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of @entity5 , but to date, somatic mutations in @entity983 have not been identified in studies of @entity43 . In @entity1204 , @entity983 mutations are very common in @entity5 of the endometrioid type but have rarely been found in serous types, and we hypothesized that a similar histological subtype bias might be occurring in @entity43 . We have analyzed 81 @entity43 , including 34 endometrioid, 29 serous, 10 mucinous, and 8 clear cell @entity5 , for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 10q23 and for mutations in all 9 coding exons of @entity983 . LOH was common among the endometrioid (43%) and serous (28%) @entity5 but was infrequent among the other histological subtypes. Somatic @entity983 mutations were detected in seven (21%) of the @entity5 , and in all informative cases, the mutation was accompanied by loss of the wild-type allele. One @entity5 without 10q23 LOH was shown to harbor two somatic @entity983 mutations. In this @entity5 , the histological appearance of the mucinous areas was atypical, and the mucinous areas contained foci of endometrioid differentiation. The majority of @entity5 with @entity983 mutations were grade 1 and/or stage 1, suggesting that inactivation of @entity983 is an early event in ovarian tumorigenesis. No @entity983 mutations were found among the serous or clear cell @entity5 . The identification of frequent somatic @entity983 mutations in @entity43 indicates that it plays a significant role in the etiology of this subtype. The absence of mutations in other histological subtypes is consistent with the hypothesis that @entity43 arise through distinct developmental pathways.

title: Frequent @entity983 /MMAC mutations in endometrioid but not serous or XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['endometrioid ovarian cancers', 'ovarian tumors', 'epithelial ovarian cancers', 'ovarian cancer', 'predominantly serous ovarian cancers', 'endometrioid ovarian tumors', 'Epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'endometrioid tumors', 'mucinous tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['mucinous epithelial ovarian tumors']


abstract: Considering that fibrin deposition is observed in @entity631 as well as in @entity2316 , we performed studies to clarify the roles of the coagulation pathway and the active type of @entity48401 ) in the development of @entity740 ( @entity740 ) using animal models. Factor Xa activates various cell types through @entity23451 ( @entity23451 ). Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that @entity23451 can mediate factor Xa signaling, but not thrombin signaling. Coagulation processes proceed together with the extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation through factor V expression in @entity35 @entity18715 @entity1310 . DX-9065a, a factor Xa inhibitor, suppresses this type of @entity631 . The factor Xa inhibitor @entity10269 ameliorated @entity644 , cellular proliferation, and fibrin deposition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered activation of High IgA (HIGA) strain of ddY @entity19 . Another factor Xa inhibitor, @entity27408 , suppressed urinary protein, glomerular @entity1184 , and @entity1612 ( @entity1612 ), and ECM protein deposition together with angiogenesis in @entity6 db/db @entity19 . Finally, in the model of peritoneal @entity82 , fondaparinux treatment decreased the thickness of submesothelial fibrotic tissue and angiogenesis. In consideration of the results to potential @entity1 therapy, factor Xa regulation may be promising for the treatment of the aggravation in @entity631 and of the early phase of @entity2316 . In the near future, novel factor Xa inhibitors with the characteristics of oral administration and biliary elimination may appear in the clinical use for treatment of @entity65 .

title: [Roles of coagulation pathway and factor Xa in XXXX ( @entity740 )].

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity27408 :: ('MESH:C438268', 'Chemical') :: ['fondaparinux']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1612 :: ('14219(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['connective tissue growth factor', 'CTGF']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity10269 :: ('MESH:C035838', 'Chemical') :: ['danaparoid']

entities_list: @entity23451 :: ('14063(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['protease-activated receptor 2', 'PAR2']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity48401 :: ('14058(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['coagulation factor X (factor Xa']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['chronic kidney disease']


abstract: @entity1017 is a known side effect of @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) therapy, which is associated with @entity3190 and @entity3610 and unfavorable lipid changes in @entity1 . @entity3190 has also been observed in male and lean subjects as well. @entity3190 is associated with several health risks, such as @entity65 and the @entity209 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether @entity2052 -related @entity3190 is associated with other metabolic changes and whether there is any association between @entity1017 , other adverse effects related to @entity2052 , and the @entity209 . Fifty-one @entity1 under @entity2052 monotherapy and 45 healthy control subjects participated in the study. They were interviewed and clinically examined, and, after an overnight fast, blood samples were taken to evaluate fasting serum @entity2690 , lipid, free @entity844 , and @entity414 levels. Incidence of the @entity209 was determined as well. Compared with control subjects, @entity2052 -treated @entity1 had higher circulating @entity2690 concentrations relative to body mass index, higher @entity414 and @entity412 levels, and lower high-density lipoprotein @entity165 concentrations. There was no significant difference in the frequency of the @entity209 between the @entity2052 -treated @entity1 group and the control group. In conclusion, @entity1092 therapy, especially if started at a young age, is associated with increased circulating @entity2690 concentrations relative to body mass index, indicating that the high @entity2690 levels are not a consequence of @entity28 . Although the frequency of the @entity209 did not differ between @entity2052 -treated @entity1 and control subjects, @entity2052 -treated @entity1 had higher concentrations of @entity1674 and @entity414 and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein @entity165 than control subjects.

title: @entity2690 -related metabolic changes during treatment with XXXX in @entity1 with epilepsy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovary-like syndrome']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperinsulinemia', 'hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain', 'weight gain']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['valproate']


abstract: AIM: The current in vitro study was carried out to determine the chemical composition and inclusion level of @entity48720 treated olive cake on @entity8249 ( @entity8249 ) replacement basis in adult male @entity1237 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crude olive cake was collected and evaluated for proximate composition and protein fractionation. It was treated with 6% @entity48720 and incubated for 1 week under room temperature in 2 kg sealed @entity691 bags and was evaluated for proximate composition after incubation. Different isonitrogenous complete diets containing 0-50% of @entity48720 treated olive cake on @entity8249 replacement basis were formulated as per the requirement of adult male @entity1237 . In @entity8249 replacement, fiber and concentrate sources were replaced by @entity48720 treated olive cake by replacing the 0-50% @entity8249 percentage of the total 40% @entity8249 value of complete feed. The formulated complete diets were tested for in vitro degradation parameters. RESULTS: Treatment of olive cake with 6% slaked @entity48720 increased availability of cellulose and alleviated digestibility depression caused by high ether extract percentage. Organic matter, @entity1568 free extract, @entity8249 and neutral detergent fiber were significantly lowered by @entity48720 treatment of olive cake. The cornell net @entity1735 and protein system analysis showed that non-degradable protein represented by acid detergent insoluble @entity1568 (ADIN) was 21.71% whereas the non-available protein represented by neutral detergent insoluble @entity1568 (NDIN) was 38.86% in crude olive cake. The @entity62 ( @entity62 ) values were comparable at all replacement levels. However, a point of inflection was observed at 40% @entity8249 replacement level, which was supported by truly degradable organic matter (TDOM), microbial biomass production (MBP), efficiency of MBP and partitioning factor values (PF). CONCLUSION: In our study, we concluded that there is comparable difference in composition of Indian olive cake when compared with European olive cake. The most important finding was that about 78% of @entity1568 present in Indian olive cake is available to animal in contrary to that of European olive cake. We concluded from in vitro studies that Indian olive cake can be included in complete feed at 30% level (w/w; 40% @entity8249 replacement) for feeding in small ruminants without compromising in vitro degradability of the feed.

title: In vitro utilization of XXXX treated olive cake as a component of complete feed for small ruminants.

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polythene']

entities_list: @entity8249 :: ('MESH:D004916', 'Disease') :: ['acid detergent fiber', 'ADF']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['IVDMD', 'in vitro dry matter degradation']

answer: @entity48720 :: (159033,Species) :: ['lime']


abstract: Nervous, endocrine and immune systems are regarded as a complex functional unit, interacting by their specific chemical messengers-neurotransmitters, systemic hormones and hormone-like mediators of immune cells (cytokines). Cytokines are known to affect several endocrine axes. @entity3426 (IL) was administered in @entity35 intraperitoneally twice daily from day 17 to 21 of pregnancy. Some of the IL-treated mothers were rapidly decapitated 1.5 h after the last injection. The fetuses were delivered by cesarean section. Maternal plasma @entity3318 , ACTH and @entity2819 were found to be significantly elevated. Fetal adrenal and thymus weights were lower, and plasma @entity2819 did not differ from controls. Fetal plasma @entity251 was decreased in males, @entity2671 was increased in females. Open-field testing revealed a higher total locomotor activity of IL offspring than of controls. IL offspring showed worse results in Skinner box learning than controls. Sexual behavior was only affected in males, showing a higher percentage of female-type @entity1515 behavior after castration and @entity172 treatment compared to controls. At the age of 6 months responsiveness to 'novel-environment stress' of IL groups was significantly lower than that of controls in terms of plasma @entity2819 . These results indicate that prenatal treatment with @entity3426 results in long-lasting alterations in psychomotor development, behavior as well as in the neuroendocrine system.

title: Short- and long-term effects of perinatal XXXX -application in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

answer: @entity3426 :: (24494(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['interleukin-1 beta']


abstract: CONTEXT: Advanced @entity418 is aggressive with an expected median survival of 6-7 months. Combination chemotherapy regimens provide effective palliation, but result in substantial @entity137 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of @entity1 with advanced @entity418 , not amenable to definitive intent therapy who were treated with intravenous weekly @entity1311 . RESULTS: Between October 2010 and August 2011, 51 @entity1 were included. Median age was 56 years, with a male: female ratio of 2.9:1. 29% were mid esophageal and 55% were lower third and gastroesophageal junction @entity5 . 65% of the @entity5 had squamous histology. Performance status was > 2 in 45%. 61% @entity1 had received prior therapy, either definitive or palliative. 51% @entity1 were @entity902 -pre-treated and 29% had received prior 3 weekly @entity1311 . 76% @entity1 had distant metastases. Median number of cycles of weekly @entity1311 delivered was 11. 71% of @entity1 had improvement in @entity1282 , with a median time to symptom improvement of 9 days. In 72% @entity1 , the feeding nasogastric tube could be removed. Overall response rate was 49% (complete remission: 4%, partial remission: 45%, stable disease: 13%). Median progression free survival was 4.7 months (confidence interval [95% CI: 3.7-5.7 months]) and median overall survival was 7.5 months (95% CI: 3.1-11.8 months). Histopathology, performance status and pre-treatment albumin significantly affected survival. The most common grade 3/4 @entity137 included @entity2753 (14%), @entity1295 (16%), @entity294 (12%), @entity417 (31%), @entity1398 (10%) and @entity1398 (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Metronomic weekly @entity1311 chemotherapy may provide palliative benefit in advanced unresectable metastatic @entity418 with minimal @entity137 .

title: Metronomic weekly @entity1311 in advanced unresectable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To investigate the association of low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min with recurrent @entity64 risk and to evaluate whether add-on @entity916 -angiotensin system modulator therapy is associated with lower recurrent @entity64 risk in @entity1 with low eGFR. METHODS: We analyzed the database of a multicenter trial involving 18,666 @entity1 with recent @entity385 followed for 2.5 years. Primary outcome was time to first recurrent @entity64 . Independent associations of low eGFR with outcome in the entire cohort and add-on @entity9887 treatment with outcome among those with low eGFR were evaluated. RESULTS: Low eGFR was observed in 3630 (20.1%) @entity1 . @entity1 with low eGFR were older, more likely @entity1 , with a known history of @entity101 . In unadjusted analyses, @entity1 with low eGFR were more likely to experience a recurrent @entity64 (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-1.49). After adjusting for confounders, low eGFR was still associated with recurrent @entity64 but to a lesser extent (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.31). @entity9887 treatment among @entity1 with low eGFR was not independently associated with recurrent @entity64 (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.31). CONCLUSIONS: Low eGFR is independently associated with a higher risk of recurrent @entity64 , but short-term add-on @entity9887 therapy does not seem to mitigate this risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00153062.

title: Low glomerular filtration rate, recurrent @entity64 risk, and effect of XXXX -angiotensin system modulation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity9887 :: ('MESH:C084178', 'Chemical') :: ['telmisartan', 'Telmisartan']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity916 :: (5972,Gene) :: ['renin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Function of the @entity995 suppressor protein ( @entity996 ) may be compromised at a genetic level by gene loss or mutation or at a post-translational level by hyperphosphorylation. In this study, we examined @entity242 ( @entity242 ) to determine if alterations of @entity996 were associated with distinct patterns of @entity996 expression and clinical outcome. DESIGN: We investigated 86 @entity242 patients using monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between hyperphosphorylated and underphosphorylated @entity996 products. We also used microsatellite analysis to investigate the genetic status of the @entity995 locus. We correlated @entity996 alterations with proliferative activity, and with clinicopathological outcomes. RESULTS: Altered patterns of @entity996 expression are common in @entity242 occurring in 84% of cases, and it is significantly associated with proliferative activity (p<0.001). @entity1 whose @entity5 either lack expression of @entity996 , or express hyperphosphorylated forms of @entity996 , have poor survivals compared to @entity1 whose @entity5 exhibit a normal, underphosphorylated pattern of @entity996 expression (p=0.03). In addition, 63% of cases lacking expression of @entity996 showed loss-of-heterozygosity at the locus. CONCLUSIONS: Inactivation of @entity996 is common in adult STS, which may be due to either gene loss or post-translational modification, namely hyper-phosphorylation. Both mechanisms are associated with @entity5 cell proliferation and poor survival.

title: Altered patterns of @entity995 expression define groups of soft tissue XXXX @entity1 with distinct biological and clinical behavior.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['ASTS', 'adult soft tissue sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma tumor', 'RB']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of @entity1581 with @entity1582 and @entity8 is poor, and the indication for renal replacement therapy is controversial. Few studies address the value of renal histology for determining prognosis according to initial pathology findings. METHODS: We studied the course of 118 @entity1 with @entity1582 according to @entity8 . The monoclonal component was identified and quantified in serum and urine. Tumor cell mass was classified as stage 1, 2 or 3, according to Durie and Salmon. End-points were @entity204 , or survival on dialysis, or serum @entity1011 level at last examination. RESULTS: Renal biopsy showed @entity8 in 48 cases (41%), @entity1582 in 35 (30%), light chain deposit disease in 22 (19%), chronic @entity1986 in 12 (10%) and cryoglobulinaemic kidney with @entity1582 in 1. Maintenance haemodialysis was required in 46 @entity1 (39%), earlier (P<0.0001) in @entity8 (mean: 3 months after diagnosis) than in @entity1582 (mean: 15 months) and light chain deposit disease (mean: 18 months). Median survival was 12 months in @entity8 , 24 months in @entity1582 and 48 months in light chain deposit disease. Dialysis increased survival in light chain deposit disease, in contrast with @entity8 and @entity1582 @entity1 whose survival was shorter when dialysed. The main cause of @entity204 during first year of dialysis was cardiac involvement in @entity1582 , and @entity295 or @entity299 in @entity8 . There was a trend to increased survival with multidrug chemotherapy which seemed to slow progression to @entity454 . At last follow-up (median: 12 months, range 1-297), 65 (55%) @entity1 had died. By multivariate analysis, independent predictors of survival were: age < 70, serum @entity1011 < or = 300 micromol/l, and serum @entity460 < or = 2.5 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: Initial renal biopsy helps predict prognosis in @entity1 with @entity1582 and @entity8 . Maintenance haemodialysis is a reasonable indication in light chain deposit disease and @entity1582 , especially in @entity1 aged < 70. Multidrug therapy tends to prolong survival and slow progression to @entity454 .

title: Long-term outcome according to renal histological lesions in 118 patients with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal involvement', 'myeloma kidney', 'renal biopsy lesions']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['monoclonal gammopathies']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'AL-amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity1581 :: (MESH:D010265,Disease) :: ['monoclonal gammopathies']


abstract: Inflammatory reactions are involved in the pathogenesis of @entity2806 . Cytokines exacerbate @entity2806 by several mechanisms and they activate the synthesis of acute-phase reactants. We evaluated the association between cytokine-induced @entity32 and functional outcome in 41 @entity1 with acute @entity385 . Blood samples for @entity1193 ( @entity1193 ), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity1851 (CRP) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) count were taken within 48 h from @entity64 onset. Functional outcome was assessed at six months with the Modified Rankin Scale. @entity1 with a Rankin score > or = 3 were classified as dependent outcome. The effect of inflammatory variables on outcome was analyzed by logistic regression. Mathew score <75 on admission, @entity955 , non-lacunar infarct size, ESR>13 mm/h in @entity1 or >20 mm/h in @entity1 , PMNL count >8 x 10(9)/l, CRP>0.8 mg/dl and @entity1193 >500 pg/ml were associated with dependent outcome. On multiple logistic regression, severe @entity64 on admission, non-lacunar infarct size and ESR remain in the predictive model of outcome with a sensitivity and specificity of 76 and 80%, respectively. This study suggests that in addition to clinical evaluation and neuroimaging, measurement of ESR may be useful for the early detection of @entity64 @entity1 with poor long-term functional outcome.

title: Cytokine-induced @entity32 and long-term XXXX functional outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['c-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['brain ischemic injury', 'cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1193 :: ('3557', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1ra', 'interleukin-1 receptor antagonist']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Thiopental has been shown to protect against @entity2806 ; however, it has undesirable side effects. We have examined how thiopental alters histological, physiological, and biochemical changes during and after @entity519 . These experiments should enable the discovery of agents that share some of the beneficial effects of thiopental. METHODS: We made intracellular recordings and measured @entity855 , @entity1372 , @entity972 , and @entity460 concentrations from @entity1249 pyramidal cells in @entity35 hippocampal slices subjected to 10 minutes of @entity519 with and without 600 micromol/L thiopental. RESULTS: Thiopental delayed the time until complete depolarization (21+/-3 versus 11+/-2 minutes for treated versus untreated slices, respectively) and attenuated the level of depolarization at 10 minutes of @entity519 (-33+/-6 versus -12+/-5 mV). There was improved recovery of the resting potential after 10 minutes of @entity519 in slices treated with thiopental (89% versus 31% recovery). Thiopental attenuated the changes in @entity1372 (140% versus 193% of prehypoxic concentration), @entity972 (62% versus 46%), and @entity460 (111% versus 197%) during 10 minutes of @entity519 . There was only a small effect on @entity855 (18% versus 8%). The percentage of cells showing clear histological damage was decreased by thiopental (45% versus 71%), and thiopental improved protein synthesis after @entity519 (75% versus 20%). CONCLUSIONS: Thiopental attenuates neuronal depolarization, an increase in cellular @entity1372 and @entity460 concentrations, and a decrease in cellular @entity972 and @entity855 concentrations during @entity519 . These effects may explain the reduced histological, protein synthetic, and electrophysiological damage to @entity1249 pyramidal cells after @entity519 with thiopental.

title: Thiopental attenuates hypoxic changes of electrophysiology, biochemistry, and morphology in XXXX hippocampal slice @entity1249 pyramidal cells.

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemic damage']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies found that stress, @entity308 , burnout, @entity148 , and depersonalisation play a significant role amongst dental and medical students. We wanted to examine if students of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg also would report elevated values as can been found in similar publications. Furthermore, particularly coping strategies were investigated. METHODS: The data collection took place in April 2008 including 182 dental and medical students of the 4th and 5th academic year at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. Demographic data and the following screening instruments were used: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale (CDS-9), @entity148 and @entity308 Scale (HADS), Brief @entity5786 . RESULTS: Descriptive statistics showed higher pathological values in dental students than in medical students. The difference was especially pronounced on the depersonalisation scale (CDS-9), with 20.4% of the dental students, but only 5.5% of the medical students showing scores above a cut-off of 19. The scores decreased in the course of 3 semesters of dentistry. The students with elevated values showed a higher degree of dysfunctional coping. CONCLUSION: Our results obtained with the screening instruments are in line with the results of previous investigations of other authors and point out the importance of this issue. It might be useful to develop programs teaching dental students more adaptive coping strategies before their first @entity1 contact.

title: Burnout, XXXX and depersonalisation--psychological factors and coping strategies in dental and medical students.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety', 'Hospital Anxiety']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To use cost-consequences analysis to evaluate rehabilitation, and to discuss some practical limitations. DESIGN: Case study of a cost-consequences analysis. SETTING: Day hospital. SUBJECTS: @entity1 with @entity191 without major @entity73 , and their carers. INTERVENTION: A programme of multidisciplinary rehabilitation, delivered for one day per week over six weeks, and including 2 h of individual therapy (physical, occupational, speech and language, specialist nurse) and group activities on each occasion. MAIN MEASURES:                 <AbstractText Label="COSTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">direct and overhead costs of treatment; @entity1 travel. CONSEQUENCES: @entity1 outcomes (mobility, speech and language, disability, psychological well-being, health-related quality of life); carer outcomes (psychological well-being, health-related quality of life, strain); social service utilization; satisfaction. RESULTS: In this example the main costs were facility's overheads and hospital-provided transport. The consequences of the intervention were improved immediate outcomes for @entity1 that diminished over four months, discovery of unmet social services need, high satisfaction. No benefits for carers were observed. CONCLUSION: A cost-consequences analysis provides a clear descriptive summary for decision-makers that is easier to interpret than cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit analysis. It is a useful technique in rehabilitation research where multiple outcomes and several perspectives (health service, @entity1 , carer) are relevant. However limitations remain: it is difficult to capture all consequences because of data deficiencies and long-term effects; evaluations of individual interventions are partial and do not guarantee economic rationality; local studies may not be generalizable; fixed protocols impede the evaluation of alternative service configurations.

title: Evaluating rehabilitation using cost-consequences analysis: an example in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'participant', 'patient', 'People']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive loss']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The intervertebral disc is a multicomposite structure, with an outer @entity82 , the annulus fibrosus, retaining a gel-like core, the nucleus pulposus. The disc presents complex mechanical behaviour, and it is of high importance for spine biomechanics. Advances in multiscale modelling and disc repair raised a need for new quantitative data on the finest details of annulus fibrosus mechanics. In this work we explored inter-lamella and inter-bundle behaviour of the outer annulus using micromechanical testing and second harmonic generation microscopy. Twenty-one intervertebral discs were dissected from @entity291 tails; the nucleus and inner annulus were excised to leave a ring of outer annulus, which was tested in circumferential loading while imaging the tissue's collagen fibres network with sub-micron resolution. Custom software was developed to determine local tissue strains through image analysis. Inter-bundle linear and shear strains were 5.5 and 2.8 times higher than intra-bundle strains. Bundles tended to remain parallel while rotating under loading, with large slipping between them. @entity6475 was almost 3 times the intra-lamella one, but no slipping was observed at the junction between lamellae. This study confirms that outer annulus straining is mainly due to bundles slipping and rotating. Further development of disc multiscale modelling and repair techniques should take into account this modular behaviour of the lamella, rather than considering it as a homogeneous fibre-reinforced matrix. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The intervertebral disc is an organ tucked between each couple of vertebrae in the spine. It is composed by an outer fibrous layer retaining a gel-like core. This organ undergoes severe and repeated loading during everyday life activities, since it is the compliant component that gives the spine its flexibility. Its properties are affected by pathologies such as @entity1797 , a major cause of @entity615 . In this article we explored the micromechanical behaviour of the disc's outer layer using second harmonic generation, a technique which allowed us to visualize, with unprecedented detail, how bundles of collagen fibres slide relative to each other when loaded. Our results will help further the development of new multiscale numerical models and repairing techniques.

title: Lamellar and fibre bundle mechanics of the annulus fibrosus in XXXX intervertebral disc.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous ring']

entities_list: @entity1797 :: ('MESH:D055959', 'Disease') :: ['disc degeneration']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['Inter-lamella linear strain']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: @entity3604 are a major cause of morbidity in the population. Therefore, @entity174 prevention strategies should be a major concern, and one of the priorities in the primary health care system. The aim of the study was to assess @entity174 and fall risk factors, and @entity174 risk level in @entity1 with @entity173 , and to evaluate if there had been adequate @entity170 treatment prior to @entity174 in this group of @entity1 . METHODS: @entity174 and fall risk factors were assessed in 342 @entity1 , > or = 65 years old, hospitalized due to @entity173 at the Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Centre of Serbia in a 12-month period. Fall risk factors were assessed with the @entity174 Risk Assessment (FRAX) algorithm, and @entity1 were classified in respect to @entity174 risk level. RESULTS: @entity173 occurred in the majority of the @entity1 in the high risk group (74.2%), where no additional bone mineral density testing was needed. Less than 10% of the @entity1 had a diagnosis of @entity170 before injury, while less than 2% were treated. @entity73 (95.3%), @entity227 (58.2%), lower index of daily activities (51.8%), and @entity308 (47.1%) were the most frequently observed fall risk factors. CONCLUSION: The results of our investigation reveal insufficient identification of clinical @entity174 risk factors in the primary care setting, inadequate treatment of @entity170 and, consequently, ineffective prevention of @entity173 in the geriatric population. The introduction of FRAX into clinical practice enables more effective acknowledgment of @entity1 with elevated @entity174 risk, even if bone density measurement is not available. The results of this study have a special significance for everyday clinical practice, because they impose a need for reviewing the existing approaches to @entity170 prevention, and precise definiment of hip prevention strategies.

title: [Missed opportunities for prevention of @entity173 in older XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporotic fractures']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['Fracture', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['Hip fracture', 'acute hip fracture', 'hip fractures']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: DNA ploidy analysis has been accepted as an important prognostic factor for @entity1 with @entity1606 ( @entity1606 ). However, there was few information dealing with the clinical relevance of slightly aberrant DNA content by flow cytometry (FCM). Here we present five cases of near-diploid (ND) @entity5 , with @entity894 ( @entity894 ) varying from 0.92 to 1.14, obtained from a prospective study of fifty-one cases (9.8%). The frequency of @entity5 showed a tendency to decrease with increasing @entity5 stage. Higher fraction of @entity5 proliferation, defined by Ki-67 index, showed a steady increment from 3.4 to 23.5% with occurrence of gross chromosomal changes. In contrast, the expression of @entity470 ( @entity470 ) decreased from 48.3 to 35.3% for diploid (n = 29) through aneuploid (n = 17) @entity5 . All three @entity150 had recurrence of one to three times with median follow-up of 36 months. The incidences of @entity5 recurrence (60%) and @entity5 death (20%) in @entity5 were intermediate between the aneuploid and diploid TCCs. But, flow DNA analysis of paraffin-embedded @entity5 revealed wide and symmetrical G0/G1 peak with @entity894 varying from 5.6 to 13.0. Our limited experience suggests the necessity of special treatment for G0/G1 peaks having CV values greater than 5.5% from paraffin-embedded @entity189 .

title: Near-diploid XXXX : a preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['ND tumours', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma', 'TCC']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['ND bladder cancers']

answer: @entity1606 :: (MESH:D002295,Disease) :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']


abstract: The complications from the acute hospital stays of 235 @entity1 with unstable thoracolumbar fractures were reviewed and compared based on @entity1 who underwent surgical stabilization and those treated with an aggressive nonoperative course of 6 weeks on a kinetic bed. Complications such as @entity1150 , @entity1151 , and @entity6227 occur in @entity1 with spine @entity130 . The perception is that surgical intervention decreases such complications and allows for earlier mobilization. The authors sought to determine the actual rate of occurrence and compare the groups for surgical and nonoperative complications. Two hundred thirty-five charts were reviewed. One hundred seventeen @entity1 were treated with surgical stabilization, and 118 @entity1 were treated with a nonoperative course of 6 weeks on a kinetic bed. Complications were assessed from the medical record. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of @entity6227 , @entity1150 , @entity1151 , or mortality between the two groups. @entity2737 occurred in 8% of the operative cases. The length of stay was 24 days longer in the nonoperative group. Both operative and nonoperative treatments of thoracolumbar fractures are viable alternatives. The complication rates are similar, with the exception of wound @entity281 . The length of hospital stay is longer in the nonoperative group. The selection of treatment method remains a matter of controversy.

title: Treatment of thoracolumbar XXXX : comparison of complications of operative versus nonoperative treatment.

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary emboli']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thromboses']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['Deep wound infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity6227 :: ('MESH:D003668', 'Disease') :: ['decubitus']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) have been demonstrated in every form of amyloid examined to date. Based on temporal studies in @entity19 amyloidogenesis heparan @entity597 is deposited coincidentally with the amyloid protein. Our purpose was to follow in vivo GAG synthesis by monitoring 35SO4 incorporation during amyloidogenesis. Several necessary previously unexamined nonamyloidogenic controls were also examined. METHODS: @entity19 splenic amyloid was induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and amyloid enhancing factor (AEF). Splenic GAG synthesis was monitored by 35SO4 incorporation. Corrections were made for alterations in SO4 metabolism which occur during @entity32 . RESULTS: All animals with an inflammatory reaction had a marked increase in GAG synthesis. Those animals receiving AEF, or AEF+LPS, had a significant increase in heparan @entity597 synthesis. This was particularly profound in the group developing amyloid (i.e., AEF+LPS). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that critical factors in @entity527 include quantitative as well as qualitative changes that take place in tissue GAG synthesis. A distinct metabolic effect of AEF is demonstrated for the first time.

title: In vivo analysis of murine serum XXXX metabolism and splenic glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis during acute @entity32 and amyloidosis.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposition']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity597 :: (CHEBI:16189,Chemical) :: ['sulfate']


abstract: The @entity4042 proto-oncogene is involved in the genesis of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ). Rearrangements due to chromosomal translocations and somatic mutations of the 5' noncoding regulatory region of the @entity4042 gene are potential mechanisms for altering its expression in @entity1893 . To further elucidate the nature of the somatic mutations in the regulatory region of this gene, we have studied 10 healthy donors and 11 @entity1893 biopsy samples by extensive molecular cloning and sequencing. In addition, we analyzed the @entity4042 genes of @entity5 and nontumor cells from 2 of the cases. The germ line sequence of this region was defined, which differs in 7 positions from that previously reported. In addition, 1 polymorphic variation at position 397(G or C) was identified. Deletions, insertions, and repeated substitution mutations were detected among the molecular isolates in 8 @entity5 specimens, with a mutational incidence ranging from 1.3 x 10(-3) to 1.3 x 10(-2)/bp (base pair). A total of 20 distinct substitution mutations, 1 insertion and 3 deletions were observed. One of these deletion mutations and 2 of the substitutions were observed in more than 1 @entity5 specimen from different individuals. In 3 @entity5 samples, identical mutations affecting both alleles were observed. These findings suggest the presence of mutational hot spots and hot specific events, a finding supported by our compilation of previously published data. In 6 samples, the @entity377 sequences showed evidence of intraclonal heterogeneity, consistent with a stepwise ongoing mutational process affecting the @entity4042 gene in the @entity5 cells. These mutations accumulating in the regulatory region of the @entity4042 gene could play a role in @entity706 to @entity146 . (Blood. 2000;95:1400-1405)

title: Mutation analysis of the 5' noncoding regulatory region of the @entity4042 gene in XXXX : evidence for recurrent mutations and intraclonal heterogeneity.

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma progression and in the transformation of follicular lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['more aggressive large cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['NHL', 'non-Hodgkin lymphoma']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']


abstract: Induced sputum is increasingly used to detect and monitor airway @entity32 in @entity1576 . However, the processing of sputum has been rather laborious for clinical practice. The aim of this study was to improve the practicality of induced-sputum studies by simplifying sample processing. @entity11153 ( @entity11153 ), @entity29074 ( @entity29074 ), neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) and @entity3335 ( @entity3335 ) were used as biochemical markers of airway @entity32 and the results of the study method were compared with a previously validated (reference) method. Induced sputum was obtained from 42 healthy controls, 10 subjects with acute @entity1729 , eight @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) and 17 asthmatics. The sputum sample was divided into two parts and treated either: (i) by the reference method (released markers), where sputum was homogenized with @entity13833 and centrifuged to yield cell-free supernatant and a cell pellet, or (ii) by the study method (total markers), where the cells were lysed after homogenization so that cell-associated markers were released and solubilized. For comparison, the four biochemical markers were measured in sputum supernatant and in sputum lysate. The differential cell count was performed from the cell pellet in the reference method. Repeatability was assessed in a group of 16 subjects. The effect of reagents and the recovery of assays were also evaluated. Released and total markers correlated well ( @entity11153 r(s)=0.80, P<0.0001; @entity29074 r(s)=0.49, P<0.0001; HNL r(s)=0.87, P<0.0001; @entity3335 r(s)=0.71, P<0.0001). Incubation with @entity13833 and lysis reagent had no negative influence on marker assays. The within-subject variability of total @entity11153 , @entity3335 and HNL in both methods was small in two measurements taken I week apart. The study method, measuring total inflammatory markers, gave comparable results to the reference method, measuring released markers. In the study method the sputum processing was simplified, which may improve its applicability.

title: Granulocyte markers in induced sputum in XXXX with @entity1576 and healthy @entity1 obtained by two sputum-processing methods.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity29074 :: ('8288', 'Gene') :: ['eosinophil peroxidase', 'EPO']

entities_list: @entity3335 :: ('4353', 'Gene') :: ['MPO', 'myeloperoxidase']

entities_list: @entity11153 :: ('6037', 'Gene') :: ['Eosinophil cationic protein', 'ECP']

entities_list: @entity13833 :: ('CHEBI:18320', 'Chemical') :: ['dithiotreitol']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['COPD', 'chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIMS: Variants in the @entity3650 reductase gene ( @entity31413 ) have been implicated in the development of @entity6 and @entity8 , with the most convincing data identifying a (CA)(n) repeat microsatellite allele (Z-2), which has a functional role in gene expression. In this study the association between polymorphisms in the @entity31413 gene and @entity3949 was investigated. METHODS: The pupillary response to light was used as the major outcome in this study along with abnormal hot thermal threshold. Three hundred and sixty-three adolescents underwent genotyping of the @entity31413 gene. The microsatellite (CA)(n) repeat was sequenced and two single @entity377 polymorphisms, @entity51291 and @entity51292 , were investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of @entity1 had @entity2300 (45% with two, 15% with three abnormalities). Presence of the Z-2/Z-2 genotype increased the risk nearly three-fold for @entity2300 [odds ratio (OR) 3.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14, 7.98). The susceptibility genotypes (Z-2/Z-2 with -106C/-106C, Z-2/Z with -106C/-106C or Z/Z with -106C/-106C) were associated with resting @entity5562 when compared with the protective genotypes (Z+2/Z+2 or -106T/-106T) (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.25, 6.41). The combination of Z+2/-106T reduced the risk of @entity1650 (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23, 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: In this study we have shown that Z-2/Z-2 genotype is significantly associated with the development of @entity2300 , an early indicator of @entity4148 , in adolescent Australian @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 .

title: The association of XXXX reductase gene ( @entity31413 ) polymorphisms with @entity3949 in adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1650 :: ('MESH:D001308', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal heat discrimination']

entities_list: @entity3949 :: ('MESH:D003929', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity5562 :: ('MESH:D015875', 'Disease') :: ['pupil diameter abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity2300 :: ('MESH:D011681', 'Disease') :: ['pupillary abnormalities', 'pupillary abnormality']

answer: @entity3650 :: (CHEBI:15693,Chemical) :: ['aldose']


abstract: The present study describes the clinical characteristics of @entity1 with @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) from the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), one of the largest teaching hospitals in Lebanon. This is a retrospective chart review of 100 @entity1252 @entity1 seen over a 20 y period. There were 86 females and 14 males, with a median age of 26 y. 85 @entity1 were Lebanese and 15 @entity1 were Palestinians. The main clinical features were @entity625 and/or @entity4841 seen in 95% of our @entity1 , followed by @entity1910 (52%), and renal involvement (50%). Of the hematological manifestations, @entity882 was most commonly seen in 33% of @entity1 , followed by @entity1210 in 17% and @entity5714 in 10% @entity9645 and @entity11534 were both seen in 40% of @entity1 . Less frequent manifestations included @entity9821 (19%), @entity146 manifestations (19%), and photosensitivity (16%). Antinuclear antibodies were detected in 87% of patients, whereas anti-DNA antibodies were seen in 50% of cases. 25 @entity1 (25%) had a false-positive VDRL. A comparison between our findings and 3 other Arab @entity1252 groups revealed a higher incidence of @entity9645 , @entity9821 , articular manifestations, @entity882 and false-positive VDRL, and a lower incidence of photosensitivity, @entity1210 , @entity146 manifestations, and anti-DNA antibodies.

title: XXXX in Lebanon.

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['malar rash']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity9645 :: ('MESH:D019226', 'Disease') :: ['Oral ulcers', 'oral ulcers']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity9821 :: ('MESH:D008179', 'Disease') :: ['discoid lupus']

entities_list: @entity5714 :: ('MESH:D000743', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgias']

entities_list: @entity1210 :: ('MESH:C536227', 'Disease') :: ['leucopenia']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['Systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2057 ( @entity2057 ) is caused by degeneration of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, which leads to progressive @entity425 . @entity1 with @entity2057 will never be able to sit without support and usually die by the age of two years. There are no known efficacious drug treatments that influence the course of the disease. This is an update of a review first published in 2009. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether drug treatment is able to slow or arrest the disease progression of @entity2057 , and to assess if such therapy can be given safely. Drug treatment for @entity4574 and III is the topic of a separate updated Cochrane review. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane @entity4094 Group Specialized Register (8 March 2011), CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 1), MEDLINE (January 1991 to February 2011), EMBASE (January 1991 to February 2011) and ISI Web of Knowledge (January 1991 to 8 March 2011). We searched the Clinical Trials Registry of the U.S. National Institute of Health (www.ClinicalTrials.gov) (8 March 2011) to identify additional trials that had not yet been published. SELECTION CRITERIA: We sought all randomised or quasi-randomised trials that examined the efficacy of drug treatment for @entity2057 . @entity1 had to fulfil the clinical criteria and have a deletion or mutation of the @entity11280 gene (5q11.2-13.2) confirmed by genetic analysis.The primary outcome measure was time from birth until @entity204 or full time ventilation. Secondary outcome measures were development of rolling, sitting or standing within one year after the onset of treatment, and adverse events attributable to treatment during the trial period. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors (RW and AV) independently reviewed and extracted data from all potentially relevant trials. For included studies, pooled relative risks and standardised mean differences were to be calculated to assess treatment efficacy. MAIN RESULTS: One small randomised controlled study comparing @entity10891 treatment to placebo for 10 @entity2057 type 1 @entity1 was identified and included in the original review. No further trials were identified for the update in 2011. Regarding the primary outcome measure, three of seven @entity1 treated with @entity10891 were still alive at the ages of 30, 48 and 64 months, whereas all three @entity1 in the placebo group died; but the difference was not statistically significant. Regarding the secondary outcome measures, none of the @entity1 in the @entity10891 or placebo group developed the ability to roll, sit or stand, and no adverse effects were observed. For several reasons the overall quality of the study was low, mainly because the study was too small to detect an effect and because of baseline differences. Follow-up of the 10 included @entity1 was complete. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No drug treatment for @entity2057 has been proven to have significant efficacy.

title: Drug treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['Neuromuscular Disease']

entities_list: @entity4574 :: ('MESH:D014897', 'Disease') :: ['SMA types II']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal muscular atrophy', 'SMA type I', 'SMA']

answer: @entity2057 :: (MESH:D009133,Disease) :: ['spinal muscular atrophy type I']