abstract: Primary spermatic cord @entity3620 is an extremely rare @entity5 with only 12 cases reported so far. It is an aggressive @entity5 with a high recurrence rate. A 45-year-old @entity1 presented with a slow growing right inguinal swelling for the @entity26645 year. Physical examination revealed a well-circumscribed, hard, non-reducible swelling palpable along the medial extent of the inguinal canal with no cough impulse. Fine-needle aspiration cytology suggested @entity189 . Contrast-enhanced CT of the thorax and abdomen did not reveal any primary. Right high inguinal orchidectomy was performed at another institution. Postoperative histopathological examination (HPE) and immunohistochemistry suggested biphasic @entity3620 with resected margin positive. The @entity1 was referred to us for revision surgery and adjuvant therapy. Postoperative course was uneventful. Currently, he is undergoing radiotherapy.Surgery is the first-line treatment. @entity1 should receive adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy and long-term follow-up surveillance.

title: Primary XXXX of the spermatic cord.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesothelioma']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant mesothelioma']


abstract: @entity2675 ( @entity2675 ) is an uncommon @entity5 . The scarcity of cases has reduced the focus of research in this area as compared with female @entity0 . The incidence of @entity0 in males is slowly rising and it becomes important to study the biology of this uncommon illness. Aim of the present work was to study the clinico-pathological behaviour of @entity2675 at a @entity5 in India. 18 cases of @entity2675 were identified out of 1752 cases of @entity0 registered during a 10  year period. Clinical parameters and histopathological data were analysed. @entity2675 comprised of 1.03  % of total @entity0 cases. Median age of presentation was 60  years. Most of the @entity1 presented to us in advanced stage. Aggressive pattern of disease was recognised with high node positivity, more perineural spread and lymphovascular invasion. Most of the cases were positive for hormone receptors. @entity0 is seen at a relatively early age in Indian males. Disease is aggressive in nature with high hormone receptor positivity.

title: @entity2675 in India: Series from a XXXX Research Centre.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer research institute', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['Male breast cancer', 'MBC', 'male breast cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: Recent studies have suggested the involvement of a unique population of cells at the cervical squamo-columnar junction (SCJ) in the pathogenesis of early ( @entity2784 or @entity13763 ) and advanced ( @entity957 ) cervical @entity5 . However, there is little evidence to date showing that SCJ cells harbour carcinogenic HPV or are instrumental in the initial phases of @entity5 . This study was designed to (1) determine if normal-appearing SCJ cells contained evidence of @entity281 and (2) trace their transition to early @entity13763 . Sections of cervix from high-risk reproductive age @entity1 were selected and SCJ cells were analysed by using several techniques which increasingly implicated @entity281 : HPV DNA (genotyping and in situ hybridization)/RNA (PCR), immunostaining for @entity1799 E2 (an early marker of @entity281 ), @entity986 ( @entity986 ) , Ki67, and HPV L1 protein. In 22 cases with a history of @entity13763 and no evidence of @entity1613 in the excision specimen, HPV DNA was isolated from eight of ten with visible SCJ cells, six of which were @entity1799 /18 DNA-positive. In five of these latter cases, the SCJ cells were positive for @entity986 ( @entity986 ) and/or HPV E2. Transcriptionally active @entity281 (E6/E7 mRNAs) was also detected in microdissected SCJ cells. Early squamous atypia associated with the SCJ cells demonstrated in addition diffuse @entity986 ( @entity986 ) immunoreactivity, elevated proliferative index, and rare L1 antigen positivity. We present for the first time direct evidence that normal-appearing SCJ cells can be @entity281 . They initially express HPV E2 and their progression to @entity13763 is heralded by an expanding metaplastic progeny with increased proliferation and @entity986 ( @entity986 ) expression. Whether certain SCJs are more vulnerable than others to carcinogenic HPV genotypes and what variables determine transition to high-grade @entity13763 remain unresolved, but the common event appears to be a vulnerable cell at the SCJ. Copyright    2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

title: XXXX in the cervical squamo-columnar junction.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell and adeno-carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenic HPV infection', 'infected by carcinogenic HPV', 'HPV infection']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['preneoplastic lesion']

entities_list: @entity2784 :: ('MESH:D065310', 'Disease') :: ['squamous intraepithelial lesion']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['Carcinogenic HPV infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The potential cardioprotective effect of light-to-moderate @entity285 consumption is disputed, and the association between heavy drinking and @entity712 ( @entity712 ) risk is unclear. We examined the association between @entity285 consumption and risk of @entity583 ( @entity583 ) and @entity712 in two prospective cohorts. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Cohort of Swedish @entity1 (40,590 @entity1 ) and the Swedish Mammography Cohort (34,022 @entity1 ). @entity1 were free of @entity741 and @entity712 at baseline. @entity583 and @entity712 cases were ascertained by linkage with the Swedish National @entity1 Register. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: During follow-up (1998-2010), we ascertained 3678 and 1905 cases of @entity583 and @entity712 , respectively, in @entity1 and 1500 and 1328 cases of @entity583 and @entity712 , respectively, in @entity1 . @entity285 consumption was inversely associated with @entity583 in both @entity1 and @entity1 (P trend <0.001); compared with light drinkers, the multivariable HRs were 0.70 (95% CI, 0.56-0.87) in @entity1 who consumed >28 drinks/week and 0.32 (95% CI, 0.15-0.67) in @entity1 who consumed 15-21 drinks/week. @entity285 consumption was not inversely associated with @entity712 risk. However, in @entity1 , the risk of @entity712 was higher in never, former, and heavy drinkers (>28 drinks/week; HR=1.45; 95% CI, 1.09-1.93) compared with light drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: @entity285 consumption has divergent associations with @entity583 and @entity712 , with an inverse association observed for @entity583 but not @entity712 . Heavy drinking was associated with an increased @entity712 risk in @entity1 .

title: Contrasting association between @entity285 consumption and risk of XXXX and @entity712 : Two prospective cohorts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Men', 'Participants', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity285 :: ('D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: @entity5426 is typically a high-grade @entity242 that presents mainly in the skin and superficial tissues. @entity5426 arising in the small intestine is rare with only 11 cases documented in the English-language literature. Herein, we report a postradiation @entity5426 of the small intestine 9 years after radiotherapy for uterine cervical @entity420 . The @entity1 presented with symptoms of @entity1321 . At exploratory laparotomy, @entity5 nodules involved the small bowel. Microscopically, the @entity5 was composed of spindled and epithelioid cells arranged in solid aggregates and focally forming vascular channels. The diagnosis of @entity5426 was confirmed immunohistochemically by @entity5 cell expression of @entity2279 , @entity2280 , and factor VIII-related antigen. The @entity1 died 10 months after laparotomy. The diagnosis of PRA should be entertained for any poorly differentiated @entity5 arising in a previously irradiated site. The correct diagnosis of PRA depends upon histomorphologic identification of vascular differentiation, coupled with immunohistochemical expression of endothelial-related markers.

title: XXXX of the small intestine: a case report and review of literature.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcoma', 'Postradiation angiosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5426 :: (MESH:D006394,Disease) :: ['Postradiation angiosarcoma']


abstract: 1. The effects of electrical vagal stimulation on frequency-dependent gastric acid secretion were investigated in @entity4774 -anaesthetized @entity35 in vivo. 2. Stimulation at 4, 16 or 32 Hz was performed in @entity35 treated with @entity3897 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.), @entity4033 (10 mg kg-1, i.v. bolus and 1 mg kg-1 min-1, i.v. infusion) or @entity3897 and @entity4033 (doses as above); in some experiments pentagastrin (1.2 micrograms kg-1 h-1, i.v. infusion) was infused prior to stimulation. 3. Maximal acid secretion occurred at 16 Hz. This was significantly reduced but not abolished by @entity3897 or @entity4033 and completely abolished after @entity3897 and @entity4033 . In the presence of pentagastrin, the acid secretory response to 16 Hz stimulation was augmented, @entity3897 or @entity4033 reduced stimulated secretion by about 70%, whereas @entity3897 and @entity4033 completely abolished stimulated secretion. 4. In @entity35 in which the vagus nerve was pretreated with @entity2951 10-14 days before experimentation there was a significant reduction (by about 40%) in stimulated acid secretion at 16 Hz, which was virtually abolished by @entity3897 treatment. After acute treatment of the vagus nerve with @entity2951 (at the time of experimentation) maximally stimulated acid secretion was significantly reduced by about 50%. 5. Taken together, these results indicate that @entity2951 -sensitive afferent fibres contribute to the acid secretory response induced by electrical vagal stimulation in the @entity35 . Based on pharmacological evidence, the @entity2951 -sensitive afferent fibres may be cholinergic, since @entity3897 and @entity4033 totally abolish vagal stimulation-induced acid secretion.

title: XXXX -sensitive vagal stimulation-induced gastric acid secretion in the @entity35 : evidence for cholinergic vagal afferents.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

answer: @entity2951 :: (MESH:D002211,Chemical) :: ['Capsaicin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Adults with @entity64 at a young age (18-50 years) remain at an increased risk of @entity204 for decades. It is unclear what cause underlies this long-term excess mortality and whether this is sex and time specific. Therefore, we investigated sex-specific temporal changes in cause of @entity204 after transient @entity63 attack or @entity385 in young adults aged 18 to 50 years. We included all 845 consecutive 30-day survivors, of a first-ever transient @entity63 attack (n=261) or @entity385 (n=584), admitted to our hospital between 1980 and 2010. Survival status was assessed at April 1, 2013. Observed cause-specific mortality was compared with expected mortality, derived from mortality rates in the general population with similar age, sex, and calendar-year characteristics. During a median follow-up of 9.2 years, 146 @entity1 (17.3%) died, such that 29 years of life was lost by each individual. For all causes of @entity204 , observed mortality exceeded expected mortality. The absolute excess risk of @entity204 was for 74% attributable to a vascular cause (absolute excess risk, 2.8 per 1000 @entity1 -years [95% confidence interval, 1.8-4.1] for @entity64 and absolute excess risk, 4.3 per 1000 @entity1 -years [95% confidence interval, 2.9-5.9] for other vascular causes). The absolute excess risk was highest between 10 and 15 years after @entity64 and this peak was most pronounced in @entity1 and mainly attributable to @entity204 . Long-term excess @entity204 after @entity64 in young adults is mainly attributable to a vascular cause and most pronounced in @entity1 . Attempts to reduce the risk of @entity455 after @entity64 in young adults should extend beyond the acute phase into the long term.

title: Cardiovascular Disease Is the Main Cause of Long-Term Excess Mortality After XXXX in Young Adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['vascular death', 'death']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['Ischemic Stroke']


abstract: A new class of materials based on inorganic and organic species combined at a nanoscale level has received large attention recently. In this work the idea of producing hybrid materials with controllable properties is applied to obtain foams to be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Hybrids were synthesized by reacting @entity4832 in acidic solution with @entity23149 . The inorganic phase was also modified by incorporating a @entity460 compound. Hydrated @entity12374 was used as precursor. A surfactant was added and a foam was produced by @entity2146 , which was cast just before the gel point. @entity14039 solution was added in order to catalyze the gelation. The foamed hybrids were aged at 40 degrees C and vacuum dried at 40 degrees C. The hybrid foams were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, @entity349 Porosimetry, @entity1568 Adsorption, X-ray Diffraction and Infra-red Spectroscopy. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by compression tests. The foams obtained had a high porosity varying from 60 to 90% and the macropore diameter ranged from 30 to 500 microm. The modal macropore diameter varied with the inorganic phase composition and with the polymer content in the hybrid. The surface area and mesopore volume decreased as polymer concentration increased in the hybrids. The strain at @entity174 of the hybrid foams was substantially greater than pure gel-glass foams.

title: Preparation of bioactive glass- XXXX hybrid foams by the sol-gel method.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity4832 :: ('MESH:D011142', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(vinyl alcohol)']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['Mercury']

entities_list: @entity14039 :: ('MESH:D006858', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrofluoric acid']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['vigorous agitation']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity12374 :: ('MESH:D002122', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium chloride']

entities_list: @entity23149 :: ('MESH:C040733', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylorthosilicate']

answer: @entity4832 :: (MESH:D011142,Chemical) :: ['polyvinyl alcohol']


abstract: Several mutations of the TSH-receptor gene have been described in a variety of @entity1374 . Particularly in @entity1 and adolescents, somatic or germ cell mutations may lead to @entity1378 . In these cases, molecular analysis of the @entity5010 gene provides important information for further clinical management. We report a 3-year-old @entity1 with a rare somatic @entity5010 mutation causing autonomous @entity259 in order to illustrate how the genetic analysis of the lesion impacted on the surgical strategy. The @entity1 presented with a left neck mass, negative thyroid autoantibodies, and unifocal autonomy on thyroid scan. He underwent local resection of the @entity652 . Genetic workup demonstrated a somatic mutation of @entity5010 . Exons 9 and 10 of the @entity5010 gene (chromosome 14q3) from peripheral blood DNA and toxic thyroid @entity652 tissue DNA were amplified by PCR and analyzed by denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DGGE from the EDTA blood sample showed no difference compared to the wild-type, whereas material extracted from the tissue sample showed a mutation in exon 10. Direct sequencing of the PCR product from the tissue demonstrated a heterozygous mutation in codon 453 (ATG-->ACG), leading to a substitution of @entity1853 by @entity1889 . The genetic appraisal of resected thyroid tissue in cases with @entity57793 is important to formulate surgical and medical treatment plans. In cases with somatic mutations of the @entity5010 , simple resection of the @entity652 is sufficient, whereas total thyroidectomy should be considered in @entity1 with germ cell mutations.

title: Activating TSH-receptor mutation (Met453Thr) as a cause of adenomatous non-autoimmune @entity1378 in a 3-year-old XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity57793 :: ('MESH:C563786', 'Disease') :: ['nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma of the thyroid gland']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid diseases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['boy']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. PURPOSE: Facet joints are considered a common source of chronic @entity1643 . To determine whether pathogens related to the facet joint @entity625 have any effect on treatment failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Facet joint injection was applied to 94 @entity1 treated at our hospital between 2011 and 2012 (mean age 59.5 years; 80 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 ). For the purpose of analysis, the @entity1 were divided into two groups. @entity1 who only had facet @entity1184 were placed in group A (47 @entity1 , 41 @entity1 and 6 @entity1 , mean age 55.3 years) and @entity1 who had any additional major pathology to facet @entity1184 were placed in group B (47 @entity1 , 39 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 , mean age 58.9 years). Injections were applied around the facet joint under surgical conditions utilizing fluoroscopy device guidance. A mixture of @entity1667 and @entity3303 was used as the injection ingredient. RESULTS: In terms of @entity717 Index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores, no significant difference was found between preinjection and immediate postinjection values in both groups, and the scores of group A @entity1 were significantly lower (P < 0.005) compared with that of group B @entity1 at the end of the third, sixth, and twelfth month. CONCLUSION: For @entity1643 caused by facet @entity1184 , @entity479 injection around the facet joint is an effective treatment, but if there is an existing major pathology, it is not as effective.

title: Factors affecting results of fluoroscopy-guided facet joint injection: Probable differences in the outcome of treatment between pure facet joint XXXX and concomitant diseases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low-back pain']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry Disability']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['hypertrophy']


abstract: The components of @entity209 , such as @entity28 , @entity101 , and @entity6 , are thought to be associated with @entity1791 . However, there are few large-scale studies that have examined the association between @entity209 and @entity1791 , which prompted us to study and evaluate the relationship between @entity209 components and @entity1791 in a nationwide survey, using the cross-sectional study conducted by a professional investigation company, with 2,468 enrolled @entity1 , aged between 18 and 70 years, from 33 provinces in @entity233 . @entity1 were interviewed face-to-face by medical faculty students. @entity1 with a history of @entity1791 (Group 1) were compared with @entity1 without a history of @entity1791 (Group 2) in terms of @entity101 , @entity6 , body-mass index (BMI), waist size, and trouser size using Chi-square and odds ratio tests. Of the 2,468 @entity1 , 274 (11.1%) reported a history of urinary stone disease diagnosed by a physician. The percentage of @entity1 with @entity101 along with @entity1791 was significantly higher than that in @entity1 without @entity1791 (16.9 and 34.3%, p 0.000, OR 3.0). The percentage of @entity1 with @entity6 in groups 1 and 2 was 14.2 and 9%, respectively (p 0.001, OR 1.83). The mean BMI was 27.2 and 25.2, respectively (p 0.01). @entity1 with a BMI >30 had a 2.2-fold increased risk of having @entity1791 . The mean waist size was significantly greater in @entity1 with @entity1791 (p 0.000). Those with a waist size >100 cm had a 1.87-fold increased risk of having @entity1791 . The mean trouser size was also significantly larger in those @entity1 who were stone formers (p 0.003). The results indicate that @entity209 components are important factors in the development of @entity1791 .

title: Updated epidemiologic study of @entity1791 in XXXX II: role of @entity209 components on @entity1791 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1791 :: ('MESH:D052878', 'Disease') :: ['urolithiasis']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity7856 ( @entity7856 ) is a major isoform of @entity6708 phosphodiesterase in diverse tissues and plays a critical role in regulating intracellular @entity6708 concentrations. However, the distribution and expression of @entity7856 in @entity1960 -related @entity694 was still unclear, not even the function and mechanism. Western blotting and ELISA were performed to detect colonic @entity7856 expression in @entity20353 /DSS-induced @entity105 model. @entity7855 , a specific @entity7856 inhibitor, was used to treat @entity20353 /DSS-induced and @entity20353 -induced @entity694 model and DSS-induced @entity1960 model. The leukocyte infiltration in colonic tissue was examined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Further matrigel-based invasion assay was employed to determine the effects of @entity7855 on myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) in vitro. We first demonstrated the upregulation of colonic @entity7856 expression and the prevention role of @entity7856 inhibition in @entity20353 /DSS-induced @entity105 model. More importantly, @entity7856 inhibitor @entity7855 inhibited @entity694 dependent on @entity32 and suppressed DSS-induced @entity1960 . Molecular mechanism investigation indicated that @entity7855 regulated @entity32 microenvironment via directly inhibiting MDSC infiltration in colonic tissue. The study provides solid evidence for the use of @entity7856 inhibitor in preventing and treating @entity32 -related @entity105 .

title: Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition suppresses @entity32 -induced XXXX via blocking the recruitment of MDSC.

entities_list: @entity7856 :: ('8654', 'Gene') :: ['PDE-5', 'Phosphodiesterase 5']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['colonic inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['Sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['tumorigenesis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic tumorigenesis', 'colon cancer']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['tumorigenesis']


abstract: Surgery alone is not sufficient for a large group of @entity1 with @entity188 . With a combination of surgery and radiotherapy a significantly decreased local recurrence rate has been found, provided that the dose level has been sufficiently high. Whether a combined treatment has an impact on survival is too early to determine. An essential question is whether this additional treatment with irradiation should be given to all @entity1 with @entity189 , i.e. preoperatively or only to @entity1 in Dukes' stage B or C, i.e. postoperatively. For several reasons mentioned in this paper preoperative radiotherapy is to be preferred. Furthermore, a postoperative regime is more difficult to handle within the desired schedule times. Also, data obtained in the Uppsala trial further indicate that a brief, convenient and apparently safe preoperative regime may result in a lower rate of local recurrence than an optimized postoperative regime. It is too early, however, to state that all @entity1 with @entity189 should have combined treatment. Further controlled trials, preferably with preoperative high-dose irradiation schedules, have to be carried out before the benefit of radiotherapy can be said to be conclusively proved. It is also important, however, that the surgical procedure be optimal, since irradiation cannot, and should not, serve as a substitute for poor surgery.

title: Perioperative radiotherapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the rectum']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['rectal carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if earlier detection of pulmonary @entity3 by routine chest radiography (CR) is associated with a prolonged survival. DESIGN: A computer-assisted search of all CR reports on @entity1 with @entity320 between 1990 and 1994 at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Positive or suspicious findings for pulmonary @entity3 were further pursued through review of medical records and @entity5 registry files. SETTING AND @entity1 : A hospital-based population of @entity1 with @entity320 undergoing routine CR at Massachusetts General Hospital. RESULTS: Overall, of 994 @entity1 , 75 were identified as having pulmonary metastases by CR (1937 total chest radiographs). In addition, there were 63 @entity1 with suspicious findings that were later shown to be false positive. Chest radiographs provided the initial evidence of metastases in 41 asymptomatic individuals. Thirty-four @entity1 had known @entity320 metastases to other sites at the time of the first abnormal chest radiograph. Survival after identification of pulmonary @entity3 did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, there was no evidence to support the notion that earlier detection of pulmonary @entity3 in otherwise asymptomatic individuals confers a survival advantage in an unselected @entity320 population.

title: Early detection of asymptomatic XXXX metastases by routine chest radiographs is not associated with improved survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['pulmonary melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a "qualified yes" for participation by athletes with single kidneys in contact/collision sports. Despite this recommendation, most physicians continue to discourage participation in contact/collision sports for @entity1 with single kidneys. A major concern is the lack of prospective data quantifying the incidence of sport-related @entity8 . The objective was to quantify the incidence of sport-related @entity8 among high school varsity athletes and compare it with sport-related @entity130 of other organ systems. METHODS: Data from the National Athletic Trainers' Association High School Injury Surveillance Study, an observational cohort study collected during the 1995-1997 academic years, were used. Incidence rates for sport-specific @entity130 to select organs were computed and compared. RESULTS: Over 4.4 million athlete-exposures, defined as 1 athlete participating in 1 game or practice, and 23,666 @entity130 were reported. Eighteen @entity8 , none of which were @entity16839 or required surgery, were reported compared with 3450 knee, 2069 head/neck/spine, 1219 mild traumatic brain, 148 eye, and 17 testicle @entity130 . Student athletes incurring @entity8 were most often playing football (12 @entity130 ) or @entity1 ' soccer (2 @entity130 ). Sport-specific rates of @entity8 were significantly lower than sport-specific rates of mild traumatic brain, head/neck/spine, and @entity3331 for all sports as well as rates of baseball- and basketball-specific @entity4858 (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity8 occur significantly less often than other @entity130 during sport. These data do not support limiting sport participation by athletes with single kidneys.

title: Sport-related XXXX among high school athletes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney injury', 'kidney injuries', 'Kidney injuries']

entities_list: @entity3331 :: ('MESH:D007718', 'Disease') :: ['knee injuries']

entities_list: @entity4858 :: ('MESH:D005131', 'Disease') :: ['eye injuries']

entities_list: @entity16839 :: ('MESH:D002388', 'Disease') :: ['catastrophic']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney injury']


abstract: @entity7154 (MFA) has been associated with rare but severe cases of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, @entity344 , and @entity56 reactions that are believed to result from the formation of reactive metabolites. Although formation of protein-reactive acylating metabolites by phase II metabolism has been well-studied and proposed to be the cause of these toxic side effects, the oxidative bioactivation of MFA has not yet been competely characterized. In the present study, the oxidative bioactivation of MFA was studied using @entity1 liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant @entity1 P450 enzymes. In addition to the major metabolite 3'-OH-methyl-MFA, resulting from the benzylic hydroxylation by @entity5060 , 4'-hydroxy-MFA and 5-hydroxy-MFA were identified as metabolites resulting from oxidative metabolism of both aromatic rings of MFA. In the presence of @entity2197 , three @entity2197 conjugates were formed that appeared to result from @entity2197 conjugation of the two @entity56269 formed by further oxidation of 4'-hydroxy-MFA and 5-hydroxy-MFA. The major @entity2197 conjugate was identified as 4'-OH-5'-glutathionyl-MFA and was formed at the highest activity by @entity4914 and to a lesser extent by @entity5060 and @entity5322 . Two minor @entity2197 conjugates resulted from secondary oxidation of 5-hydroxy-MFA and were formed at the highest activity by @entity4914 and to a lesser extent by @entity5322 . Additionally, the ability of seven @entity1 glutathione S-transferases (hGSTs) to catalyze the @entity2197 conjugation of the @entity56269 formed by P450s was also investigated. The highest increase of total @entity2197 conjugation was observed with @entity4191 , followed by hepatic hGSTs @entity57368 and @entity9164 . The results of this study show that, next to phase II metabolites, reactive @entity56269 formed by oxidative bioactivation might also contribute to the idiosyncratic @entity137 of MFA.

title: Cytochrome p450-mediated bioactivation of @entity7154 to @entity56269 intermediates and inactivation by XXXX glutathione s-transferases.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity7154 :: ('MESH:D008528', 'Chemical') :: ['Mefenamic acid']

entities_list: @entity56269 :: ('CHEBI:50193', 'Chemical') :: ['quinoneimines']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This project tested the hypothesis that inhaled oxidants could cause lung damage by inactivating the @entity13608 inhibitors that normally protect the lung from proteolysis. @entity35 @entity20983 ( @entity20983 )2 was purified from blood plasma, and antibodies to this inhibitor were prepared. The activity of @entity20983 in lung lavage fluids from @entity35 was measured by elastase inhibition, and the immunological concentration of @entity20983 was quantified in an enzyme-linked immunoassay. The ratio of the amount of active @entity20983 relative to its immunological concentration was examined as a measure of the inhibitor's functional activity. This ratio and the ratio of the immunological concentration of @entity20983 to the total protein concentration were determined in lung lavage fluids from @entity35 exposed to air, 10 parts per million (ppm) @entity7459 , and diesel emissions (3.5 mg/m3 particulates) for 12, 18, and 24 months. Only diesel exposures resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the functional activity of @entity20983 of 30 percent (p less than 0.05). Similar studies were performed on @entity35 exposed to @entity7459 (0.5 ppm background with peaks of 1.5 ppm) and @entity1787 (0.06 ppm background with peaks of 0.25 ppm) for 12 and 18 months. No statistically significant effects were observed in the functional activity of @entity20983 or its immunological concentration. In other protocols, @entity35 were acutely exposed to 0.8 ppm or 1.2 ppm @entity1787 for two, four, or eight hours, and to 0.5 ppm or 0.8 ppm @entity1787 in conjunction with 8 percent @entity544 for two or seven hours. Although these acute exposure conditions did not reduce the functional activity of @entity20983 , the immunological concentration of @entity20983 and the elastase inhibitory activity, relative to other proteins, were significantly increased in relation to the total amount of @entity1787 inhaled. The functional activity of @entity20983 also was measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of @entity1 subjects exposed to @entity7459 (0.05 ppm with 2 ppm peaks, or to 1.5 ppm continuously) for three hours and to @entity1787 (0.4 ppm) for two hours during exercise. These exposures did not result in significant changes in the functional activity of @entity20983 or its immunological concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Oxidant effects on XXXX and @entity1 lung @entity13608 inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity7459 :: ('MESH:D009585', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen dioxide']

entities_list: @entity20983 :: ('24648(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor', 'alpha 1-PI']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Background. Outcomes following burn injury have im @entity130 iderably in recent years due to early excision and skin grafting. Despite a reduction in late b @entity455 ents experience @entity1 rm pain at both the in @entity158 d area and the skin-grafted scar. Current therapies do not ameliorate these symptoms for a majority of these patients. This repo @entity1 nts initial results of a new technique using a bilayer dermal substitute (Integra   , [Integra LifeSciences, Plainsboro, NJ]) for revision of painful scars. METH @entity158 a prospective cohort of six patients treated at @entity1 emorial Hospital Burn Center (Atlant @entity4808 A) from 2008 to 2009. Burn patients under @entity4808 g @entity1 odality pain therapy for ch @entity158 c, painful burns were identifi @entity4808 d consented for intervention. All patients underwent @entity1 e excision of the painful scar and pl @entity158 bilayer dermal matrix (Integra). After 3 weeks the silicone mesh was removed, excessive granulation tissue was debrided, and a new split-thickness skin graft was placed on the wound. Prescription history and a patient questionnai @entity1 used to collect data. RESULTS: All patients noticed im @entity1 t of symptoms post-operatively. Two patients (33%) expe @entity1 complete reduction @entity158 scontinued consumption of pain medications. A @entity158 mean follow up of 13 months, the average amount of narcotic-based pain medications de @entity158 sed from 63.3 MED ([morphine equivalent @entity1286 ], range: 30-135) before treatment to 7.5 MED (range: 0-20) postoperatively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Scar excision, interval placement of a bilayer dermal matrix, and subsequent skin grafting is a new technique that can improve, and in some cases ameliorate, burn scar related p @entity2318     .@entity158

title: Bilayer dermal matrix for the treatment of painful burn scars.XXXX

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in late burn complications']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['complete reduction of scar pain', 'pain', 'painful scars', 'painful scar']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['burn injury']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['painful burn scars']


abstract: The aims were to examine the percentage of female elite @entity2587 and controls reporting @entity458 ( @entity458 ), and whether a higher percentage of female @entity2587 with @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) had experienced @entity458 . A questionnaire was administered to the total population of female elite @entity2587 (n = 660) and controls (n = 780) aged 15-39 years. @entity458 and abuse were measured through 11 questions, ranging from light to severe @entity458 . In addition, questions about dietary-, menstrual- and training-history and the @entity1277 Inventory were included. The response rate was 88% for @entity2587 and 71% for controls. Athletes (n = 121) and controls (n = 81) classified as "at risk" for @entity1277 and non- @entity1277 controls participated in a clinical interview. A higher percentage of controls compared with @entity2587 reported experiences of @entity458 in general (59% vs. 51%, P < 0.001). A lower percentage of @entity2587 had experienced @entity458 inside sports than outside sport (28% vs. 39%, P < 0.001). A higher percentage of @entity1277 @entity2587 than non- @entity1277 @entity2587 had experienced @entity458 (66% vs. 48%, P < 0.01), both inside sport and outside sport. In spite of the fact that a higher percentage of controls compared with @entity2587 had experienced @entity458 , it is necessary to formulate clear guidelines, set up educational workshops and implement intervention programs for both @entity1277 and @entity458 in sport.

title: XXXX in female elite @entity2587 - a controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['Eating Disorder', 'eating disorders', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual harassment and abuse', 'SHAB', 'Sexual harassment']

answer: @entity1277 :: (MESH:D001068,Disease) :: ['Sexual harassment and eating disorders']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 9027 Background: Since few complete responses occur and a subset of @entity1 do not respond at all, additional biologically targeted interventions are needed for @entity1 with metastatic @entity677 . Among pleiotropic actions of IFNs are inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis-effects we postulated might occur in cell lines derived from @entity677 . METHODS: KIT-dependent GIST882 cells were treated with @entity4020 or @entity2391 at concentrations of 10-500 units and antiproliferative effects (cell counts) and apoptosis (flow cytometry) assessed at 3 and 7 days. Gene induction and signal pathway components were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS: At 10 units of @entity2391 cell counts decreased 70% and at 50 units 90%; @entity4020 decreased cell counts 10% (10 units) and 75% (50 units). @entity2213 (1 M) resulted in 75% inhibition. Apoptosis was assessed at 3 and 7 d with increasing doses of IFNs. A dose and time-related increase in apoptosis occurred with 100 units of @entity2391 resulting in >50% TUNEL positive cells at 7 d ( @entity2213 1 M=23% TUNEL positive cells at 7 d). By 48 hrs, @entity522 was activated by both @entity61366 , though more potently by @entity2391 . Potentially underlying apoptosis induction were interferon-stimulated genes that occurred as early as 6 hrs after @entity3027 , @entity4020 , and @entity2391 and with up to 8x increases in @entity29459 , phospholipid scramblase, @entity22768 and @entity2205 . To further explore signal transduction pathways underlying effects on apoptosis, @entity4104 , p- @entity4104 , @entity584 , p- @entity584 , and @entity2467 were assessed after 24, 48, and 72 hours of treatment with IFNs; @entity2391 , and to a lesser extent @entity4020 , suppressed p- @entity584 and activated @entity2467 expression at 48 and 72 hrs. CONCLUSION: @entity677 882 cells were quite sensitive to targeted gene modulation, antiproliferative effects and apoptosis by IFNs, particularly @entity2391 . This effect, associated with increase in IFN-stimulated, apoptosis-mediating genes and decrease in activated @entity2467 and the anti-apoptotic p- @entity584 , suggests a possible role for @entity2391 in @entity1 with @entity2213 -refractory @entity677 . No significant financial relationships to disclose.

title: Induction of @entity2205 and XXXX and inhibition of p- @entity584 and @entity2467 expression by interferons (IFNs) is associated with apoptosis in @entity677 cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2213 :: ('MESH:C097613', 'Chemical') :: ['imatinib', 'Imatinib mesylate']

answer: @entity22768 :: (54739,Gene) :: ['XAF-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Defective interdomain interaction within the @entity8452 receptor ( @entity40205 ) seems to play a key role in the pathogenesis of @entity712 , as shown in recent studies. In the present study we investigated the effect of oxidative stress on the interdomain interaction, its outcome in the cardiac function in @entity712 , and the possibility of preventing the problem with antioxidants. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles were isolated from @entity235 left ventricular (LV) muscle (normal or rapid ventricular pacing for 4 weeks with or without the antioxidant @entity4465 ). In the @entity4465 -treated paced @entity235 (EV+), but not in the untreated paced @entity235 (EV-), normal cardiac function was restored almost completely. In the SR vesicles isolated from the EV-, oxidative stress of the @entity40205 (reduction in the number of free @entity1433 ) was severe, but it was negligible in EV+. The oxidative stress of the @entity40205 destabilized interdomain interactions within the @entity40205 (EV-), but its effect was reversed in EV+. Abnormal @entity141 leak through the @entity40205 was found in EV- but not in EV+. The amount of the @entity40205 -bound FKBP12.6 was less in EV- than in normal @entity235 , whereas it was restored almost to a normal amount in EV+. The NO donor @entity10845 (SIN-1) reproduced, in normal SR, several abnormal features seen in failing SR, such as defective interdomain interaction and abnormal @entity141 leak. Both cell shortening and @entity141 transients were impaired by SIN-1 in isolated normal myocytes, mimicking the pathophysiological conditions in failing myocytes. Incubation of failing myocytes with @entity4465 restored the normal properties. CONCLUSIONS: During the development of @entity712 , @entity4465 ameliorated the defective interdomain interaction of the @entity40205 . This prevented @entity141 leak and LV remodeling, leading to an improvement of cardiac function and an attenuation of LV remodeling.

title: Correction of defective interdomain interaction within XXXX receptor by antioxidant is a new therapeutic strategy against @entity712 .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity4465 :: ('MESH:C005435', 'Chemical') :: ['edaravone']

entities_list: @entity8452 :: ('MESH:D012433', 'Chemical') :: ['ryanodine']

entities_list: @entity10845 :: ('MESH:C002385', 'Chemical') :: ['3-morpholinosydnonimine']

answer: @entity8452 :: (MESH:D012433,Chemical) :: ['ryanodine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reconstruction in the setting of prior breast irradiation is conventionally considered a higher-risk procedure. Limited data exist regarding nipple-sparing mastectomy in irradiated breasts, a higher-risk procedure in higher-risk @entity1 . METHODS: The authors identified and reviewed the records of 501 nipple-sparing mastectomy breasts at their institution from 2006 to 2013. RESULTS: Of 501 nipple-sparing mastectomy breasts, 26 were irradiated. The average time between radiation and mastectomy was 12 years. Reconstruction methods in the 26 breasts included tissue expander (n=14), microvascular free flap (n=8), direct implant (n=2), latissimus dorsi flap with implant (n=1), and rotational perforator flap (n=1). Rate of return to the operating room for mastectomy flap @entity39 was 11.5 percent (three of 26). Nipple-areola complex complications included one complete @entity39 (3.8 percent) and one partial @entity39 (3.8 percent). Complications were compared between this subset of previously irradiated @entity1 and the larger nipple-sparing mastectomy cohort. There was no significant difference in body mass index, but the irradiated group was significantly older (51 years versus 47.2 years; p=0.05). There was no statistically significant difference with regard to mastectomy flap @entity39 (p=0.46), partial nipple-areola complex @entity39 (p=1.00), complete nipple-areola complex @entity39 (p=0.47), implant explantation (p=0.06), @entity1410 (p=1.00), @entity2080 (p=1.00), or capsular contracture (p=1.00). CONCLUSION: In the largest study to date of nipple-sparing mastectomy in irradiated breasts, the authors demonstrate that implant-based and autologous reconstruction can be performed with complications comparable to those of the rest of their nipple-sparing mastectomy @entity1 .

title: Nipple-sparing mastectomy in @entity1 with prior breast irradiation: are XXXX at higher risk for reconstructive complications?

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIMS: @entity3562 ( @entity3562 ) is an independent risk factor of @entity731 and promotes unstable plaque formation. Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity731 induced by @entity3562 . However, the exact mechanism is still undefined. Lesional apoptotic cells and necrotic core formation contribute greatly to the progression of plaque. The present study sought to determine whether modification of histone methylation is involved in macrophage apoptosis and unstable plaque formation in the condition of @entity3562 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The unstable plaque formation, lesional apoptotic cells and status of histone methylation were monitored in the aortas of @entity3562 @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 induced by a high- @entity1853 (HM) diet for 20weeks. Involvement of histone methylation in macrophage apoptosis and foam cell formation were assessed in macrophage Raw 264.7 cells after being challenged with @entity1255 alone or in combination with the histone methylation inhibitor @entity50101 . KEY FINDINGS: The unstable plaque formation and lesion apoptotic cells are increased in @entity6970 (-/)(-) @entity19 supplemented with high- @entity1853 (HM), accompanied with a decreased expression of histone H3 @entity376 9 dimethylation. @entity3562 increases the apoptosis of macrophages and inhibits the histone H3 @entity376 9 dimethylation, as well as the expression of histone methyltransferase G9a in vitro. Inhibition of histone methylation by @entity50101 enhances macrophage apoptosis and foam cell formation in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE: Our data suggest that @entity3562 promotes the progression of @entity731 via macrophage apoptosis. Histone methylation might be involved in macrophage apoptosis and unstable plaque formation in @entity1853 induced hyperhomocysteinemic @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 .

title: Involvement of histone methylation in macrophage apoptosis and unstable plaque formation in XXXX -induced hyperhomocysteinemic @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['Hhcy', 'Hyperhomocysteinemia']

answer: @entity1853 :: (MESH:D008715,Chemical) :: ['methionine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We wanted to assess the @entity137 and efficacy of @entity1311 plus @entity136 in advanced @entity0 and to confirm whether circulating @entity1722 @entity3144 ( @entity3144 ) correlates with treatment response. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty-three @entity1 received @entity1311 150 mg/m2 followed by @entity136 2500 mg/m2, both on day 1 of 14-day cycles, with a maximum of eight cycles. Serum levels of @entity1722 @entity3144 were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS: All @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 and 42 for efficacy. Overall @entity137 was low. Grade 3 @entity1398 occurred in 12% of @entity1 and grade 4 in 17%, and other grade 3 @entity137 in <5%. One @entity1 had an allergic infusion reaction. Overall response rate was 71% [95% confidence interval (CI) 62% to 81%], with 11 @entity1 achieving a complete response (26%). With a median follow-up of 26 months, the median time to progression was 16.6 months. Response rate correlated significantly with @entity1722 @entity3144 , with 42% of @entity1722 @entity3144 -positive @entity1 responding versus 83% of @entity1722 @entity3144 -negative @entity1 (P = 0.02). Furthermore, response duration was shorter in @entity1 with positive @entity1722 @entity3144 levels (7.9 versus 14.4 months; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1311 plus @entity136 given as an every 2-weeks schedule is a well tolerated and active regimen in advanced @entity0 . This is an attractive combination to use when @entity8253 are not indicated, such as in @entity1722 positive cases that receive trastuzumab. In addition, elevated levels of @entity1722 @entity3144 adversely affect the efficacy of treatment.

title: Biweekly @entity1311 plus @entity136 in advanced XXXX : phase II trial and predictive value of @entity1722 @entity3144 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3144 :: ('MESH:C535509', 'Disease') :: ['ECD', 'extracellular domain']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND, AIMS, SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Poor adherence to oral maintenance chemotherapy can cause relapse of @entity981 ( @entity981 ). A multicenter study for the evaluation of adherence to oral @entity4446 ( @entity7275 ) maintenance chemotherapy for @entity981 in Egypt to identify contributing factors and possible steps to promote adherence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 129 @entity1 with @entity981 in complete remission receiving @entity7275 single daily oral dose in the evening. Evaluation was done through specific questionnaires for the @entity1 as well as serum @entity7275 measurements. RESULTS: Nonadherence was detected in around 56% by questionnaires and around 50% by serum @entity7275 level measurement. There was a highly significant correlation between nonadherence as found by the questionnaire and @entity7275 level (P - 0.001). Nonadherence was significantly associated with low socioeconomic standard, noneducation and low educational level and large family size by both methods. High cost to come for follow-up visits was significant by questionnaire but not by @entity7275 measurement. Adolescent age, the higher number of siblings, lack of written instructions, long time spent per visit, were all associated with higher rates of nonadherence, although none reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Nonadherence is a real problem in pediatric @entity1 . Specific questionnaires can be an excellent reliable method for the routine follow-up of these @entity1 , and drug level assay can be requested only for confirmation. This protocol is especially effective in developing countries where financial resources may be limited. Every effort should be made to uncover its true incidence, contributing factors, and best methods of intervention.

title: @entity981 : are Egyptian XXXX adherent to maintenance therapy?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['childhood ALL', 'ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity4446 :: ('MESH:D015122', 'Chemical') :: ['6-mercaptopurine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimates of the prevalence of @entity73 among @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ) range between 40 and 70%. The current @entity1779 ( @entity1779 ) of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is subjective. AIM: To define a new @entity1779 (NCFS) based on neuropsychological evaluation (NE). METHODS: We prospectively included 215 @entity15 @entity1 . NE evaluated cognitive functions. Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Impact Scale. The NCFS was devised with grades from 0 to 5, excluding @entity308 but including fatigue. Grade 1 of the NCFS was integrated in the EDSS as other functional scores. The NCFS and new EDSS including the NCFS were compared with the current @entity1779 and EDSS. RESULTS: 215 @entity1 (69% @entity1 , 67% with relapsing-remitting @entity15 , median EDSS 3.0) were assessed. 98% of these @entity1 presented @entity73 with the NCFS compared to 62% with the @entity1779 . The NCFS was higher than the @entity1779 , and the EDSS had changed in 31% of the 113 @entity1 with an EDSS <3.5. Change in functional score was not correlated to current age or age at onset of @entity15 . CONCLUSIONS: We propose a new @entity1779 grading based on NE, including fatigue, and integrating grade 1 at EDSS.

title: Integration of @entity73 in the expanded disability status scale of 215 @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'fatigue and/or cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['CFS', 'cerebral functional system']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity5 -related @entity158 frequently require the use of opioid pharmacotherapy. Unfortunately, many @entity5 @entity1 continue to be prescribed subtherapeutic doses of @entity158 medications resulting in undo suffering and diminished quality of life. The choice of analgesic pharmacotherapy should be individualized and based on the intensity and etiology of @entity158 reported by the @entity1 . Health care providers must be able to readily quantify the relative analgesic potency when converting from one opioid to another or from one route of administration to another. Transdermal @entity3575 is effective and well tolerated pharmacotherapy for the @entity5 @entity1 . However, clinicians need to be cognizant that the U.S./U.K. manufacturer's recommendations for equilalagesic dosing of transdermal @entity3575 may result in initial doses that produce subtherapeutic levels and unrelieved @entity158 in some @entity1 . A more aggressive dosing algorithm for transdermal @entity3575 using a 2:1 (mg/day of oral @entity1286 : mcg/hr of transdermal @entity3575 ) conversion ratio that considers both a review of the literature and clinical experience should help clinicians individualize @entity5 pharmacotherapy. Transdermal @entity4783 is now being prescribed in Europe and Australia for chronic and @entity5 management. @entity4783 's mixed agonist/antagonist activity, dosage ceiling, and high affinity to the opiate receptor limits its use to those @entity1 who do not already require large daily doses of opioids. Thus, @entity4783 may not be an appropriate medication for some @entity1 with advanced unremitting @entity5 .

title: Transdermal opioids for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer pain', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4783 :: ('MESH:D002047', 'Chemical') :: ['buprenorphine', 'Buprenorphine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV) B phototherapy is an established treatment option for @entity1569 . The optimum dosage regimen still has to be determined. Within-subject comparisons do not take into account the systemic effects of UVB phototherapy. The area of the body treated with low-dose UVB may benefit from the systemic effects of the site treated with a higher UVB dose. OBJECTIVES: To study the time to clearance in @entity1 with @entity1569 in a randomized controlled trial, in which @entity1 were treated with narrowband UVB in either a high-dose or a low-dose regimen. METHODS: One hundred and nine @entity1 were randomized to a high-dose regimen (group 1) or to a low-dose regimen (group 2). @entity1 of group 1 and 2 were irradiated with 40% and with 20% incremental doses, respectively, three times weekly. Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was measured at baseline and at every 4-week control visit. Treatment was stopped in cases of clearance (90% reduction of baseline PASI). RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the number of @entity1 achieving clearance. The high-dosage scheme resulted in four fewer treatments with no significant differences in cumulative UV dose, although more protocol adjustments were required in the beginning of the study because of erythema. After 3 months a significantly better clinical outcome was seen after high-dose UVB therapy. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose UVB therapy results in fewer treatments with better long-term efficacy, with cost-effective benefits for hospital and @entity1 . Therefore UVB phototherapy in a high-dose regimen for @entity1569 is recommended. However, a protocol adjustment in the second week with a high-dose regimen is desirable to prevent erythema.

title: Narrowband ultraviolet B therapy in XXXX : randomized double-blind comparison of high-dose and low-dose irradiation regimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

answer: @entity1569 :: (MESH:D011565,Disease) :: ['psoriasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The pathophysiology of @entity76 remains to be elucidated. The mechanism responsible appears to be deafferentation through the corticopontocerebellar tract, which terminates in the cerebellar gray matter. However, few studies have demonstrated the hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the cerebellar gray matter and pons in @entity76 . METHODS: Using positron emission tomography in 24 @entity1 with unilateral supratentorial @entity64 , we evaluated regional blood flow, metabolic rate of @entity26 , @entity26 extraction fraction, and blood volume in the cerebellar cortex and pons. Sixteen @entity1 with significant cerebellar blood flow asymmetry, defined as a percentage difference in blood flow beyond the upper 95% confidence limit defined in eight normal subjects, were selected as the group with @entity76 . RESULTS: In @entity1 with @entity76 , the metabolic rate of @entity26 was significantly decreased in the cerebellar cortex contralateral to the supratentorial @entity64 , compared with that in the @entity76 ; this decrease was less than the decrease in cerebellar blood flow. The degrees of cerebellar asymmetry in these two parameters were negatively correlated with the metabolic rate of @entity26 in the pons. The @entity26 extraction fraction was slightly, but significantly, increased. In contrast to the @entity63 state, however, the cerebellar blood volume was decreased, with no difference in the ratio of cerebellar blood flow to blood volume. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support interruption of the corticopontocerebellar tract as the mechanism of @entity76 . Our results also suggest a mild elevation in the @entity26 extraction fraction in this state, with a mechanism distinct from @entity63 .

title: Hemodynamic and metabolic changes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['crossed cerebellar diaschisis', 'crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion', 'ipsilateral cerebellar cortex']

answer: @entity76 :: (MESH:D002526,Disease) :: ['crossed cerebellar hypoperfusion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a model to predict the outcome before surgery for non-metastatic @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: The records of 660 @entity1 with non-metastatic @entity1358 , operated at three European medical institutes, were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the clinical and pathological variables affecting disease-free survival. RESULTS: The median (range) follow-up was 42 (2-180) months; the disease recurred in 110 @entity1 (16%). The 2- and 5-year overall survival was 87% and 54%, respectively. Five variables were significant in the univariate analysis, i.e. clinical presentation, clinical and pathological size, @entity5 grade and stage (P < 0.05). The preoperative variables, e.g. clinical presentation and clinical @entity5 size, were retained from the multivariate model. A recurrence risk formula (RRF) was constructed from this model, as (1.28 x presentation (asymptomatic = 0; symptomatic = 1) + (0.13 x clinical size)). Using this equation, the 2- and 5-year disease-free survival was 96% and 93% for an RRF of < or = 1.2 and 83% and 68% for an RRF of > 1.2. CONCLUSION: A formula was developed which, independent of stage, can be used to predict the rate of treatment failure in @entity1 who undergo nephrectomy for non-metastatic @entity1358 . The RRF might be useful for more accurate sub-grouping of good-prognosis @entity1 , and for counselling @entity1 before surgery, their personalized follow-up or adjuvant treatment once available.

title: A preoperative clinical prognostic model for non-metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Muscle wasting can be accelerated by @entity102 such as @entity712 and is one of the major causes of disability, morbidity, and mortality in this population. We aimed to investigate the incidence of @entity2057 and its associated factors in @entity384 patients younger than 55  years of age. METHODS: Between April 2014 and December 2015, all symptomatic patients with a diagnosis of @entity384 who were referred to @entity712 clinic were included in our study. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate body composition and identify @entity2057 . Muscle mass was calculated as the ratio of an individual's total lean mass of legs and arms (also called appendicular skeletal muscle) to their squared height (kg/m(2) ). The muscle mass values of less than 5.45  kg/m(2) for women and 7.26  kg/m(2) for men were considered low. RESULTS: A total of 55 patients (32 male) were included. The mean (standard deviation) of age was 37.3 (10.1)  years, and the mean of left ventricular ejection fraction was 21.4%. Most of the patients were in the New York Heart Association classes of II and II-III. Twenty-six patients (47.3%) met criteria for @entity2057 . Patients with @entity2057 had lower left ventricular ejection fraction, lower 6-min walk distance, and higher New York Heart Association function class and hospitalization rate. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that @entity2057 might be present in younger patients with @entity712 , particularly in those who are in worse clinical condition.

title: Muscle wasting in young patients with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy', 'dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle wasting']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']


abstract: This work describes the preparation and characterization of biomimetic chitosan/multiwall @entity505 nanotubes/nano- @entity692 (CTS/MWCNT/nHAp) scaffolds and their viability for bone tissue engineering applications. The cryogenic process ice segregation-induced self-assembly (ISISA) was used to fabricate 3D biomimetic CTS scaffolds. Proper combination of cryogenics, freeze-drying, nature and molecular ratio of solutes give rise to 3D porous interconnected scaffolds with clusters of nHAp distributed along the scaffold surface. The effect of doping in CNT (e.g. with @entity26 and @entity1568 atoms) on cell viability was tested. Under the same processing conditions, pore size was in the range of 20-150  m and irrespective on the type of CNT. Studies on cell viability with scaffolds were carried out using @entity1 cells from periosteum biopsy. Prior to cell seeding, the immunophenotype of mesenchymal periosteum or periosteum-derived stem cells (MSCs-PCs) was characterized by flow cytometric analysis using fluorescence-activated and characteristic cell surface markers for MSCs-PCs. The characterized MSCs-PCs maintained their periosteal potential in cell cultures until the 2nd passage from primary cell culture. Thus, the biomimetic CTS/MWCNT/nHAp scaffolds demonstrated good biocompatibility and cell viability in all cases such that it can be considered as promising biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.

title: Effect of doping in XXXX nanotubes on the viability of biomimetic chitosan- @entity505 nanotubes- @entity692 scaffolds.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: @entity10857 ( @entity5384 /AM) and some related cellular dyes with a cytoplasmic distribution were investigated with respect to cellular hydrolysis, accumulation, efflux and @entity137 in a panel of established @entity1 cell lines, including multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes. At 0.1-1 micrograms/ml, @entity5384 /AM was highly cytotoxic against several cell lines, even after short-term exposure (30 min). @entity5384 /AM induced no immediate loss (3 h) of membrane integrity and the drug was more active against low compared with high density plated cells. In cell lines with the MDR phenotype and in the @entity703 cell line ACHN, the drug was considerably less active. Non-esterified @entity5384 had no effect and @entity5384 /AM was significantly more potent than other structurally related @entity941 analogs and AM esters tested. Although MDR cell lines showed a decreased cellular hydrolysis and accumulation of the dye, there was no strict relationship between cytoplasmic @entity5384 exposure and cytotoxic activity. The rate of efflux was low in the two most sensitive cell lines, the @entity1 @entity706 and its @entity1891 (vcr) resistant subline U-937/vcr10, while the remaining cell lines showed similar biphasic efflux patterns, including cell lines of the MDR phenotype. The results show that @entity5384 /AM has cytotoxic activity against @entity1 @entity5 cell lines at low concentrations. The effect appears dependent on the intracellular trapping of the drug, although the specific cellular target remains unknown. Due to its cytotoxic efficacy and unique principle of cellular drug delivery, further investigation of @entity5384 /AM and related compounds as potentially new anticancer agents seems warranted.

title: Cytotoxic effect of XXXX on @entity1 @entity5 cell lines: drug delivery by intracellular trapping.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity10857 :: ('MESH:C085925', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcein acetoxymethyl ester']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity5384 :: ('MESH:C007740', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcein', 'calcein']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal carcinoma']

answer: @entity10857 :: (MESH:C085925,Chemical) :: ['calcein acetoxymethyl ester']


abstract: While @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ) is an infamous carcinogen, it is also an effective chemotherapeutic agent for @entity2799 and some solid @entity5 . In @entity1 @entity957 A431 cells, we found that @entity9188 induced cell death in time- and dose-dependent manners. Similarly, dependent regulation of the @entity994 ( @entity994 ) promoter, mRNA synthesis, and resultant protein expression was also observed. Additionally, transfection of a small interfering RNA of @entity994 could block the @entity9188 -induced cell growth arrest. The @entity9188 -induced @entity994 activation was attenuated by inhibitors of @entity470 and @entity8047 in a dose-dependent manner. Using a reporter assay, we demonstrated the involvement of the @entity470 -Ras-Raf- @entity1366 pathway in the promoter activation. In contrast, @entity4675 inhibitor enhanced the @entity9188 -induced @entity994 activation, also in a dose-dependent fashion. Over-expression of a dominant negative @entity4675 plasmid likewise also enhanced this activation. Furthermore, @entity8047 inhibitor attenuated the anti- @entity5 effect of @entity9188 . In contrast, in combination with @entity4675 inhibitor and @entity9188 enhanced cellular @entity137 . Therefore, we conclude that in A431 cells the @entity1366 and @entity4675 pathways might differentially contribute to @entity9188 -induced @entity994 expression and then due to cellular @entity137 .

title: Opposite effect of @entity1366 and @entity4675 on p53-independent @entity994 activation involved in the @entity4447 -induced XXXX @entity957 A431 cellular @entity137 .

entities_list: @entity4447 :: ('MESH:C006632', 'Chemical') :: ['arsenic trioxide']

entities_list: @entity2799 :: ('MESH:D015473', 'Disease') :: ['acute promyelocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['epidermoid carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of three different standard chemotherapy regimens for low-risk @entity1469 according to the FIGO staging system in a single-institute setting. METHODS: From 1980 until 2002, we retrospectively reviewed 108 cases with low-risk persistent @entity1469 who were treated with first-line chemotherapy. @entity1 were divided in three groups according to chemotherapy regimen: @entity1 treated with @entity1499 ( @entity1500 group; n=42), @entity1 treated with @entity4316 (ACT group; n=42) and @entity1 treated with @entity1499 and @entity4316 in combination (MACT group; n=24). We compared the number of chemotherapy courses for achieving remission, the duration of treatment, the adverse side effects, the efficacy of the treatment and the need for performing a hysterectomy among the groups RESULTS: The complete remission rates were 69%, 61.4% and 79.1% for @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ), @entity4316 (ACT) and the combination regimen (MACT) treated groups, respectively (p=0.7). The duration of the treatment and the number of chemotherapy courses were similar among the groups (p=0.2 and p=0.4, respectively). Adverse side effects rate was reported to be 62.5% in the MACT group, 28.6% in the @entity1500 group and 19.1% in the ACT group (p=0.0003). Second-line chemotherapy was indicated for 30 @entity1 . Hysterectomy was performed in 21 @entity1 overall, and there was no difference among the groups (p=0.6). CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates that single-agent chemotherapy regimens are as effective as combination chemotherapy for low-risk @entity1469 . @entity4316 is a less toxic drug and might offer the best cost-effective treatment option. @entity1499 must be considered as the regimen of choice for low resource areas because of the feasibility of its administration.

title: Treatment for low-risk @entity1469 : comparison of single-agent @entity1499 , XXXX and combination regimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1469 :: ('MESH:D031901', 'Disease') :: ['gestational trophoblastic disease']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['Dactinomycin', 'dactinomycin']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate', 'methotrexate']

answer: @entity4316 :: (MESH:D003609,Chemical) :: ['dactinomycin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1288 and @entity1287 are opioids which are widely used for @entity158 management and are also commonly misused and abused. The exposure to opioid analgesics has been associated with altered responses of D2-like @entity935 receptors (D2DRs). Our recent results suggest that various opioids will differentially modulate the responses of D2DRs. The D2DRs are known to be involved in the pathology of addiction and other mental illnesses, indicating the need to improve our understanding of the effects of opioid analgesics on the responses of the D2DRs. Thus, in this study, we first established equianalgesic oral doses of @entity1288 , @entity1287 , and @entity1286 using the tail withdrawal assay. Then, @entity19 were orally administered (gavage) with the various opioids or saline once daily for 6 days. Twenty-four hours later, the @entity19 were tested for their locomotor response to @entity11640 , a D2/D3 @entity935 receptor agonist. @entity19 pretreated with @entity1288 showed significantly greater locomotor supersensitivity to @entity11640 than did @entity1286 -pretreated @entity19 , while @entity1287 -pretreated @entity19 showed sensitivity in between that of @entity19 treated with @entity1286 and @entity1288 . This finding suggests that various opioids differentially modulate the responses of D2DRs. It provides further evidence supporting of the notion that various opioids carry differential risks to the @entity935 reward system.

title: Differential effects of @entity1288 , XXXX , and @entity1286 on the responses of D2/D3 @entity935 receptors.

entities_list: @entity11640 :: ('MESH:D019257', 'Chemical') :: ['quinpirole']

entities_list: @entity1288 :: ('MESH:D010098', 'Chemical') :: ['oxycodone', 'Oxycodone']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1287 :: ('MESH:D006853', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocodone']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

answer: @entity1287 :: (MESH:D006853,Chemical) :: ['hydrocodone']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether aortic valve replacement (AVR) is associated with improved survival in @entity1 with severe low-flow/low-gradient @entity472 (LF/LGAS) without contractile reserve (CR) on @entity452 stress echocardiography (DSE). BACKGROUND: @entity1 with LF/LGAS without CR have a high mortality rate with conservative therapy. The benefit of AVR in this subset of @entity1 remains controversial. METHODS: Eighty-one consecutive @entity1 with symptomatic calcified LF/LGAS (valve area <or=1 cm(2), left ventricular ejection fraction <or=40%, mean pressure gradient [MPG] <or=40 mm Hg) without CR on DSE were enrolled. Absence of CR was defined as the absence of increase in @entity64 volume of >or=20% compared with the baseline value. Multivariable analysis and propensity scores were used to compare survival according to whether or not AVR was performed (n = 55). RESULTS: Five-year survival was higher in AVR @entity1 compared with medically managed @entity1 (54 +/- 7% vs. 13 +/- 7%, p = 0.001) despite a high operative mortality of 22% (n = 12). An AVR was independently associated with lower 5-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio from 0.16 to 5.21 varying with time [95% confidence interval: 0.12-3.16 to 0.21-8.50], p = 0.00026). In 42 propensity-matched @entity1 , 5-year survival was markedly improved by AVR (65 +/- 11% vs. 11 +/- 7%, p = 0.019). Associated bypass surgery (p = 0.007) and MPG <or=20 mm Hg (p = 0.035) were independently predictive of operative mortality. Late survival after AVR (excluding operative @entity204 ) was 69 +/- 8% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with LF/LGAS without CR on DSE, AVR is associated with better outcome compared with medical management. Surgery should not be withheld from this subset of @entity1 solely on the basis of lack of CR on DSE.

title: Outcome after aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient @entity472 without contractile reserve on XXXX stress echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intensification of the infliximab (IFX) regimen is recommended if the treatment effect is inadequate. However, the rationale for this is not well defined as the underlying mechanisms vary. The aim of this study was to explore the association between changes in serum IFX and anti-IFX antibodies (Abs) after IFX intensification and clinical outcomes. METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial including 42 @entity30 @entity1 with IFX treatment failure, all treated with an intensified IFX regimen (5mg/kg every 4 week) for 12 weeks. Trough serum IFX and anti-IFX Ab concentrations were measured by a homogeneous mobility shift binding assay (HMSA) and a functional cell-based reporter gene assay (RGA) at treatment failure and the end of the trial. RESULTS: Twenty-one @entity1 (50%) regained clinical response on the intensified IFX regimen. The increase in serum trough levels of IFX during treatment intensification was higher among responders than non-responders (RGA, 8.8 versus 3.0  g/mL, p = 0.035; HMSA, 9.9 versus 4.7  g/mL, p = 0.040), and differentiated @entity1 by clinical outcome (RGA, area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.75 [0.53-0.97], p = 0.035; HMSA, AUC 0.74 [0.53-0.95], p = 0.042). All responders exhibited an IFX increase >= 2.6  g/mL (sensitivity 100%, specificity 50%). Anti-IFX Abs detected by HMSA in 13 @entity1 (32%) were often non-functional and became undetectable during IFX intensification. However, even functional anti-IFX Abs detected by RGA in six @entity1 (15%) became undetectable. CONCLUSION: Increase in IFX levels following treatment intensification was associated with improved clinical outcomes, indicating insufficient drug levels in a subgroup of patients. Anti-IFX Abs may become undetectable during treatment intensification, suggesting lowered production or the formation of immune complexes.

title: Changes in Serum Trough Levels of Infliximab During Treatment Intensification but not in Anti-infliximab Antibody Detection are Associated with Clinical Outcomes after Therapeutic Failure in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn's Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Implementation rates of interventions known to be beneficial for @entity1 with @entity6 are often suboptimal. Computer-aided decision support systems (CDSSs) can improve these rates. The complexity of establishing a fully integrated electronic medical record that provides decision support, however, often prevents their use. OBJECTIVE: To develop a CDSS for @entity6 care that can be easily introduced into primary care settings and @entity6 clinics. THE SYSTEM: The CDSS uses fax-machine-based optical character recognition software for acquiring @entity1 information. Simple, 1-page paper forms, completed by @entity1 or health practitioners, are faxed to a central location. The information is interpreted and recorded in a database. This initiates a routine that matches the information against a knowledge base so that @entity1 -specific recommendations can be generated. These are formatted and faxed back within 4-5 minutes. IMPLEMENTATION: The system is being introduced into 2 @entity6 clinics. We are collecting information on frequency of use of the system, as well as satisfaction with the information provided. CONCLUSION: Computer-aided decision support can be provided in any setting with a fax machine, without the need for integrated electronic medical records or computerized data-collection devices.

title: Using old technology to implement modern computer-aided decision support for primary XXXX care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: The effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium on @entity1 health has been examined for many years. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have confirmed the beneficial activity of some exogenous @entity880 bacteria in the treatment and prevention of @entity281 , antibiotic-associated @entity294 , @entity29 and other @entity344 . Probiotics support the action of the intestinal microflora and exhibit a favorable modulatory effect on the host's immune system. However, it should be remembered that relatively harmless lactobacilli can occasionally induce @entity1292 . Due to reaching almost 20x10(12) probiotic doses per year which contain live cultures of bacteria, it is essential to monitor the safety aspect of their administration. In recent years, @entity281 caused by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium made up 0.05% to 0.4% of cases of @entity884 and @entity2259 . In most cases, the @entity281 were caused by endogenous microflora of the host or bacterial strains colonizing the host's oral cavity. According to a review of cases of @entity281 caused by bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus from 2005 (collected by J.P. Cannot'a), 1.7% of @entity281 have been linked directly with intensive dairy probiotic consumption by @entity1 . Additionally, due to the lack of a precise description of most individuals' eating habits, the possible effect of probiotics on infection development definitively should not be ruled out. The present paper describes cases of diseases caused by @entity880 bacteria, a potential mechanism for the adverse action of bacteria, and the possible hazard connected with probiotic supplementation for seriously ill and hospitalized @entity1 .

title: [ @entity880 bacteria and health: are probiotics safe for XXXX ?].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disorders']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['rotaviral infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: It is important to clarify the molecular characteristics of @entity5 cells showing multidrug resistance (MDR) and to identify the novel targets or biomarkers for chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to establish resistant HeLa sublines through exposure to @entity2600 , an active metabolite of @entity2600 , and to investigate their molecular changes. HeLa cells were exposed to @entity2600 at 1, 10, or 100 nM, and resistant clones were isolated and named HeLa/SN1, HeLa/SN10, and HeLa/SN100, respectively. Their cellular changes were examined based on growth inhibition assays, the function of @entity10430 / @entity10430 , and a RT-PCR analysis of MDR-related protein. The sublines showed a decrease in sensitivity to not only @entity2600 but also other chemotherapeutic agents as compared with HeLa cells. mRNA and protein levels of @entity10430 / @entity10430 were increased, and the transport activity of @entity10430 / @entity10430 was enhanced, in the resistant cells. In addition, the expression levels of @entity11092 / @entity11092 , @entity22149 / @entity22149 , and @entity22477 / @entity22477 were higher than in HeLa cells. The mRNA levels of @entity15533 encoding a gamma-glutamyl transferase, but not GCS encoding a @entity2638 synthetase, were also higher. Other factors examined, i.e., topoisomerase, @entity6906 , and apoptosis-regulating factors, were comparable among the cells. The overexpression of @entity10430 / @entity10430 was involved in the mechanism of resistance in @entity2600 -tolerant cells, and @entity11092 / @entity11092 , @entity22149 / @entity22149 , @entity22477 / @entity22477 , and @entity15533 may also have participated.

title: Molecular changes to HeLa cells on continuous exposure to XXXX , an active metabolite of @entity2600 .

entities_list: @entity2638 :: ('MESH:C017341', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-glutamyl cysteine']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['SN-38', 'irinotecan hydrochloride']

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['SN-38']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate determinants of functional independence and study which functional abilities were determinants for 'health-related quality of life' in @entity1 with @entity9960 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional study by means of clinical assessment, 'disability' measurement and questionnaires. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression models were used to investigate factors that were determinants for these outcomes. Results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). SETTING: Outpatient @entity3570 clinic at a university hospital. SUBJECTS: One hundred and twenty-two @entity1 with @entity9960 . Mean age 7.9; range 1-18 years. MAIN MEASURES: Functional independence as measured by the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and quality of life as measured by the Spina Bifida Health Related Quality of Life Questionnaire. RESULTS: Lesion level below L3 (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.0), mental status of IQ > or =80 (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.2-14.9), having no contractures in lower extremities (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.3-8.8), and having normal strength of knee extensor muscles (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.4-11.5) were most strongly associated with independence in self-care. Mental status (OR 16.1, 95% CI 2.8-93.9), having no contractures in lower extremities (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4-5.3), and normal strength in knee extensors (OR 11.0, 95% CI 1.3-97.0) were the most important determinants for independence in mobility. Concerning functional abilities, being independent with regard to mobility was the most important determinant for 'health-related quality of life' (OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.6-17.4). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity9960 , good muscle strength, mental ability and being independent in mobility appeared to be much more important for daily life function and quality of life than other medical indicators of the disorder.

title: Determinants of functional independence and quality of life in XXXX with @entity3570 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity9960 :: ('MESH:D008591', 'Disease') :: ['myelomeningocele']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults from minority and disadvantaged populations is not well understood. This study examined the longitudinal association between physical activity and cognition in older Mexican Americans. The study methodology included a prospective cohort with longitudinal analysis of data from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly. General linear mixed models were used to assess the associations and interactions between physical activity and cognitive function over 14  years. Community-based assessments were performed in @entity1 ' homes. Physical activity was recorded for 1,669 older Mexican Americans using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. Cognition was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and separated into memory and nonmemory components. A statistically significant positive association was observed between levels of physical activity and cognitive function after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, education, and comorbid health conditions. There was a statistically significant difference in MMSE scores over time between @entity1 in the third (b  =  0.11, @entity2246 ( @entity2246 )  =  0.05) and fourth (b  =  0.10, @entity2246  =  0.2) quartiles of physical activity and those in the first. The protective effect of physical activity on @entity73 was evident for the memory component of the MMSE but not the nonmemory component after adjusting for covariates. Greater physical activity at baseline was associated with less @entity73 over 14  years in older Mexican Americans. The reduction in @entity73 appeared to be related to the memory components of cognitive function.

title: Role of physical activity in reducing XXXX in older Mexican-American adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['SE', 'standard error']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive decline']


abstract: BACKGROUND: During fish oocyte maturation, specific molecules are expressed and accumulated within oocyte until fertilization and embryo development. Special attention have been paid in members of the transforming growth factor (TGF-b) superfamily; growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9/gdf9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 ( @entity51772 / @entity51772 ), which exert regulatory functions during oocyte maturation and follicle development. However, little attention has been paid to the involvement of these molecules during embryogenesis considering its importance for the formation of a good quality egg and subsequent embryo survival. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of gdf9 and @entity51772 in previtellogenic oocytes and during early embryonic development in @entity59132 , a pelagic fish with increasing prospect for its aquaculture development, which however, show high mortality at embryo and larval stages. RESULTS: Through RT-qPCR it was found that gdf9 expression was higher in previtellogenic oocytes decreasing after ovulation. This expression profile agrees with its participation in early stages of the follicular development. The transcripts for @entity51772 also showed the highest levels in previtellogenic oocytes, however this expression was lower than obtained with gdf9. Conversely, in recently spawned oocytes mRNA @entity51772 levels were highest than observed to gdf9. This, is consequent with the main role proposed for this growth factor at the final fish oocyte maturation: avoid the ovulation of an immature oocyte. During embryo development, low levels of mRNA were detected to gdf9, with an increase in 48 H post-fertilization embryos. The @entity51772 expression did not change throughout development and was higher than gdf9 at 16 cells, blastula and appearance embryos stages. CONCLUSIONS: Both (gdf9 and @entity51772 ) expression profiles in previtellogenic oocytes and newly spawned eggs are consistent with the described functions for these growth factors in vertebrate ovarian physiology in early and late stages of the follicular development. So, these genes could be considered as quality biomarkers at these stages. However, further studies of these proteins throughout folliculogenesis, are necessaries to fully understand their functions during the oocyte formation. In addition, the persistent expression of these growth factors during development, allows us to speculate possible roles in embryonic processes, which must also be addressed.

title: Growth differentiation factor 9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15 expression in previtellogenic oocytes and during early embryonic development of Yellow-tail Kingfish XXXX .

entities_list: @entity59132 :: ('302047', 'Species') :: ['Seriola lalandi']

answer: @entity59132 :: (302047,Species) :: ['Seriola lalandi']


abstract: T cells expressing the Vgamma4 T-cell receptor (TCR) promote @entity2401 in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-infected BALB/c @entity19 . @entity2659 , a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule, is required for activation of Vgamma4(+) cells. Once activated, Vgamma4(+) cells initiate @entity2401 through @entity60 )-mediated induction of @entity1961 (+) T helper type 1 (Th1) cells in the infected animal. These @entity1961 (+) Th1 cells are required for activation of an autoimmune CD8(+) alphabeta TCR(+) effector, which is the predominant pathogenic agent in this model of CVB3-induced @entity2401 . Activated Vgamma4(+) cells can adoptively transfer @entity2401 into BALB/c @entity19 infected with a nonmyocarditic variant of CVB3 (H310A1) but cannot transfer @entity2401 into either uninfected or @entity2659 (-/-) recipients, demonstrating the need for both infection and @entity2659 expression for Vgamma4(+) cell function. In contrast, CD8(+) alphabeta TCR(+) cells transfer @entity2401 into either infected @entity2659 (-/-) or uninfected recipients, showing that once activated, the CD8(+) alphabeta TCR(+) effectors function independently of both virus and @entity2659 . Vgamma4(+) cells given to @entity19 lacking @entity1961 (+) T cells minimally activate the CD8(+) alphabeta TCR(+) cells. These studies show that Vgamma4(+) cells determine CVB3 pathogenicity by their ability to influence both the @entity1961 (+) and CD8(+) adaptive immune response. Vgamma4(+) cells enhance @entity630 ( @entity60 (+)) cell activation through @entity60 - and @entity2659 -dependent mechanisms. @entity1961 (+) Th1 cells promote activation of the autoimmune CD8(+) alphabeta TCR(+) effectors.

title: Vgamma4(+) T cells promote autoimmune CD8(+) cytolytic T-lymphocyte activation in coxsackievirus B3-induced @entity2401 in XXXX : role for @entity1961 (+) Th1 cells.

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'gamma interferon (IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']