abstract: BACKGROUND: A marked proportion of @entity15 ( @entity15 ) relapses is followed by incomplete recovery. Our aim was to considerably increase the evidence of the clinical use of immunoadsorption (IA) as escalation therapy for @entity1 with @entity15 relapse. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter study was performed in @entity15 @entity1 with @entity479 refractory relapse who were treated with @entity6635 IA. The main outcome parameter was change of acute relapse-related disability assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and visual acuity (VA) measurements for @entity1 with @entity7995 ( @entity7995 ). IA treatments were performed using single-use @entity6635 adsorbers. RESULTS: Data of 147 @entity15 @entity1 and 786 single IA treatments were analyzed. Treatment with IA was commenced in mean 32    35 days after the onset of relapse. One hundred and five out of 147 @entity1 (71.4%) improved functionally after mean 5.4 IA treatments within 7-10 days. EDSS improved from median 5 (interquartile range, IQR 3.5) to 4 (IQR 2.5) (p < 0.001). In @entity1 with @entity7995 (n = 32), VA improved after the IA series in 84% of cases from median 0.2 (IQR 0.6) to 0.6 (IQR 0.66) (p < 0.001). In 98.9% of IA treatments, no clinically relevant side effect was reported. CONCLUSION: @entity6635 IA was found to be effective and well tolerated as escalation therapy for @entity15 relapse.

title: Escalation Therapy of XXXX Refractory Multiple Sclerosis Relapse with @entity6635 Immunoadsorption - Observational Multicenter Study with 147 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6635 :: ('D014364', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan', 'Tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis', 'ON']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity479 :: (D013256,Chemical) :: ['Steroid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Thoracic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) @entity3609 is a rare and potentially devastating complication of the anterior thoracic approach to the spine. We present two cases in which this complication resulted in acute @entity129 and discuss the pathoanatomy and management options in this scenario. CASE REPORTS: Two male @entity1 presented to our department with @entity16 due to a @entity890 . The extruded disc fragment was noted pre-operatively to be calcified in both @entity1 . A durotomy was performed at primary disc prolapse resection in the first @entity1 , whereas an incidental durotomy during the procedure caused complication in the second @entity1 . These were repaired primarily or sealed with @entity16284 (  ). Both @entity1 re-presented with acute @entity892 . Imaging of both @entity1 confirmed a massive @entity3609 and evidence of intracranial changes in keeping with @entity551 , but no obvious brain stem shift. The hemithorax was re-explored and the dural repair was revised. The first @entity1 made a full recovery within 3 months. The second @entity1 was managed conservatively and took 5 months for improvement in his ophthalmic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of CSF leakage post-dural repair into the thoracic cavity is raised due to local factors related to the chest cavity. Dural repairs can fail in the presence of an acute increase in CSF pressure, for example whilst sneezing. @entity551 can result in subsequent @entity3609 and possibly haematoma formation. The resultant @entity129 may be managed expectantly except in the setting of symptomatic subdural haematoma or compressive pneumocephaly.

title: @entity551 with a sixth @entity129 subsequent to massive thoracic CSF XXXX : a rare complication of thoracic disc excision.

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity3609 :: ('MESH:D018191', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic cerebrospinal fluid hygroma', 'hygroma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hypotension', 'Intracranial hypotension']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['giant herniated thoracic disc']

answer: @entity3609 :: (MESH:D018191,Disease) :: ['hygroma']


abstract: In an experimentally-induced DTH model of @entity15 , we examined mRNA and protein expression of a range of MMPs and of @entity1505 to establish the contribution that individual MMPs might make to the pathogenesis. In control @entity35 brain, mRNA for all of the MMPs examined was detectable. However, by immunohistochemistry, only @entity11017 could be detected. In the @entity75 , significant increases in the level of mRNA expression were observed for @entity20742 , @entity28163 , @entity34499 , and @entity1505 . Where expression of MMP mRNA was increased, there was a corresponding increase in protein expression detected by immunohistochemistry. To determine whether the upregulated MMPs could invoke destructive events in the CNS, highly purified activated @entity20742 , @entity28163 , and @entity6929 were stereotaxically injected into the brain parenchyma. All provoked recruitment of leukocytes and BBB breakdown. In addition, @entity23826 induced loss of myelin staining. In conclusion, specific MMPs are upregulated in @entity75 ; for the most part, measurement of mRNA was a predictor of increased protein expression. From our injections of MMPs, it is clear that the upregulated MMPs in the @entity75 could participate in the disruption of the BBB, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue damage.

title: Matrix metalloproteinase expression in an experimentally-induced DTH model of @entity15 in the XXXX CNS.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['DTH lesions']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the feasibility and safety of radiocolloid as a tracer for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in @entity694 . METHODS: A feasibility study was conducted in consecutive @entity694 @entity1 who were surgically treated at our institute. During preoperative colonoscopy, radiocolloid was injected around the @entity5 , followed by scintigraphic imaging to identify SLNs. SLNs were identified intraoperatively by a gamma probe and postoperatively by additional ex-vivo scintigraphy of the resection specimen. All retrieved SLNs were examined by histopathological ultrastaging. Standard oncologic laparoscopic resections with lymphadenectomy were performed following the identification of SLNs in all @entity1 . RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 were included. At least one SLN was identified in 86% of @entity1 . In one @entity1 (7%) SLNs could be detected intraoperatively. In 83% of @entity1 , the SLNs accurately reflected the @entity5 status of the remaining lymph nodes. Aberrant lymphatic drainage was preoperatively identified in one @entity1 (7%), but this could not be confirmed intraoperatively. Sensitivity was 67% and the false-negative rate was 33%. Seventeen per cent of @entity1 were upstaged because of SLN micrometastases. CONCLUSION: SLN mapping in @entity694 using radiocolloid as a single tracer is feasible and safe. However, it was difficult to identify SLNs intraoperatively because of high radioactivity at the injection site. Furthermore, the protocol is labour intensive, especially because of the additional colonoscopic tracer injection. Sensitivity is not better than when blue dye is used, and aberrant lymphatic drainage patterns are scarce. Therefore, this technique is not preferred for SLN mapping in @entity694 .

title: Sentinel lymph node mapping in XXXX using radiocolloid as a single tracer: a feasibility study.

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Because international funding for @entity311 control is plateauing, affected countries that receive foreign funding are expected to maintain a constant budget while continuing to reduce Plasmodium transmission. To investigate the appropriateness of a @entity311 control policy in Madagascar, the effectiveness of all currently deployed @entity311 control interventions (MCIs) was measured. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2012-2013 at 62 sites throughout Madagascar. A total of 15,746 individuals of all ages were tested for Plasmodium infection using rapid diagnostic tests and were interviewed about their use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), intermittent preventive treatment of pregnant @entity1 (IPTp), and exposure to information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns. The association between Plasmodium infection and MCI exposure was calculated using multivariate multilevel models, and the @entity24882 ( @entity24882 ) of an intervention was defined as one minus the odds ratio of this association. RESULTS: The individual @entity24882 of regular LLIN use was high and significant (41  %, 95  % confidence interval [CI] 23-54), whereas its community @entity24882 was not. The @entity24882 of IRS at the household level was significant in one transmission pattern only (44  %, 95  % CI 11-65), and the community @entity24882 with high IRS coverage (>75  %) was high and significant overall (78  %, 95  % CI 44-91). Using LLINs after IRS increased the @entity24882 , and the reciprocal was also true. The maternal @entity24882 of IPTp was high but non-significant (65  %, 95  % CI -32 to 91). The @entity24882 of IEC was low, non-significant and restricted to certain areas (24  %, 95  % CI -34 to 57). CONCLUSIONS: This snapshot of the effectiveness of MCIs confirms that integrated vector control is required in @entity311 control policies in Madagascar and suggests combining MCIs when one is questionable. Policymakers should consider the local effectiveness of all deployed MCIs through a similar phase IV assessment.

title: Post-deployment effectiveness of XXXX control interventions on Plasmodium infections in Madagascar: a comprehensive phase IV assessment.

entities_list: @entity24882 :: ('MESH:D065606', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'protective effectiveness']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: @entity463 is the most common form of primary @entity1313 . A majority of @entity463 grow invasively into distant brain tissue, leading to @entity5 recurrence, which is ultimately incurable. It is, therefore, essential to discover master regulators that control @entity463 invasiveness and target them therapeutically. We show here that the transcriptional regulator @entity13863 plays a critical role in modulating the invasiveness of @entity463 cell lines and @entity463 cells. @entity13863 expression levels positively correlate with @entity11 cell invasiveness in culture and with histopathologic grades in @entity1 biopsies. @entity13863 knockdown dramatically reduces @entity463 cell invasion that is accompanied by profound morphologic changes and robust reduction in expression levels of "mesenchymal" markers, as well as inhibition of self-renewal potential and downregulation of @entity11 stem cell markers. Importantly, genetic knockdown of @entity13863 leads to a significant increase in survival in an orthotopic model of @entity1 @entity463 . Furthermore, we show that a nontoxic compound, @entity18865 , significantly downregulates @entity13863 gene expression and associated @entity11 cell invasiveness and self-renewal. In addition, @entity18865 significantly inhibits the invasion of @entity463 cells through an organotypic brain slice and @entity11 progression in vivo. Our results suggest that @entity13863 regulates multiple @entity5 -promoting pathways in @entity463 and that drugs targeting @entity13863 represent a novel and promising strategy for improving the therapy and outcome of @entity1 with @entity463 .

title: XXXX is a key transcriptional regulator of glioblastoma aggressiveness and a novel therapeutic target.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['adult brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity18865 :: ('MESH:D002185', 'Chemical') :: ['cannabidiol']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas', 'glioblastoma', 'primary glioblastoma', 'Glioblastoma']

answer: @entity13863 :: (3397,Gene) :: ['Id-1']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Variation in access to care has a significant impact on the disease management process and outcomes. Variable access to care might have similar effects on the management of @entity1963 ( @entity1963 ). However, such variation has not been highlighted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All @entity1 referred to 3 academic centers (ACs) with @entity1963 were reviewed. @entity1 presentations, referral patterns, timing, and type of surgical intervention were compared between @entity1 born in AC and those born in non-AC. Babies born with @entity154 ( @entity154 ) or total colonic @entity1963 were excluded. RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2011, 129 @entity1 were identified. After excluding 30 @entity1 , 99 were split into 20 inborn @entity1 (AC) and 79 outborn @entity1 . Outborn @entity1 more often presented with @entity1142 (95% vs 65%, P = .001), whereas inborn @entity1 presented with feeding intolerance or @entity391 (75% vs 39%, P = .004). Outborn @entity1 were diagnosed and had their pull-through (PT) at an older median age (in days) of 186 (1-2621) vs 4.5 (1-451) (P = .001) and 345 (11-2757) vs 92 (3-928) (P = .001), respectively. Moreover, inborn @entity1 were more likely to undergo primary PT (75% vs 46%, P = .02) and avoid bowel diversion (95% vs 66%, P = .02). CONCLUSION: Variation in access to care can have a significant impact on the quality of care delivery in @entity1963 . Limited access to AC is associated with staged PT in addition to delay in the diagnosis and management.

title: The impact of variation in access to care on the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['MCAs', 'major congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ['HD', 'Hirschsprung disease']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity1963 :: (MESH:D006627,Disease) :: ['Hirschsprung disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The use of @entity1707 organs transgenic for @entity1 decay accelerating factor ( @entity9819 ) has largely overcome the problems of hyperacute rejection. With improved immunosuppressive protocols, life supporting grafts are showing greater survival times bringing the possibility of clinical xenotransplantation closer. Examination of the histopathology of the rejection process provides insight into the underlying mechanism and may suggest ways in which new immunosuppressive strategies should be directed. METHODS: 44 @entity6599 ( @entity3474 ) underwent heart transplants of which 39 were from transgenic donors. The transplanted organs were examined histologically and stained for evidence of immunoglobulin and complement deposition as well as cellular infiltrates. RESULTS: In the transgenic animals survival times were 2 to 99 days (mean 23.5) and the heterotopic group and 1 to 39 days (mean 11.7) in the orthotopic group. There were 3 cases of hyperacute rejection between the 2 groups. Rejected organs showed areas of old and recent @entity583 associated with vascular @entity715 . There was widespread deposition within vessels of immunoglobulins IgM and IgG together with complement fractions C3 and C5b to 9 in those organs that were rejected. The amount of complement positive in the longer surviving organs was less than those rejecting early. Cellular infiltate was predominantly macrophage with some later appearing T or natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS: The histopathological changes support the importance of immunoglobulin and complement in delayed xenograft or acute vascular rejection. With time there is an increase in cellular infiltrate predominantly macrophages and these findings suggest an increasingly important role for the cells and the rejection process. The presence of areas of @entity1188 and underlying vascular @entity715 is in keeping with endothelial activation and the establishment of procoagulant phenotype which may be due to immunoglobulin, complement, secreted cytokines and direct cellular effects.

title: Histopathology of cardiac xenograft rejection in the XXXX -to- @entity3474 model.

entities_list: @entity3474 :: ('9555', 'Species') :: ['Papio anubis']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: @entity293 ( @entity293 ) are common and represent a substantial economic and public health burden. Roughly 80% of these @entity281 are caused by a heterogeneous group of uropathogenic @entity526 (UPEC) strains. Antibiotics are standard therapy for @entity293 , but a rise in antibiotic resistance has complicated treatment, making the development of a @entity293 vaccine more urgent. @entity68 receptors are a promising new class of vaccine targets for @entity293 , as UPEC require @entity68 to colonize the @entity68 -limited host urinary tract and genes encoding @entity68 acquisition systems are highly expressed during infection. Previously, three of six UPEC siderophore and @entity1446 receptors were identified as vaccine candidates by intranasal immunization in a @entity19 model of ascending @entity293 . To complete the assessment of @entity68 receptors as vaccine candidates, an additional six UPEC @entity68 receptors were evaluated. Of the six vaccine candidates tested in this study (FyuA, FitA, @entity68 , the gene product of the CFT073 locus c0294, and two truncated derivatives of ChuA), only FyuA provided significant protection (P = 0.0018) against UPEC colonization. Intranasal immunization induced a robust and long-lived humoral immune response. In addition, the levels of FyuA-specific serum IgG correlated with bacterial loads in the kidneys [Spearman's rank correlation coefficient   (14) = -0.72, P = 0.0018], providing a surrogate of protection. FyuA is the fourth UPEC @entity68 receptor to be identified from our screens, in addition to IutA, Hma, and IreA, which were previously demonstrated to elicit protection against UPEC challenge. Together, these @entity68 receptor antigens will facilitate the development of a broadly protective, multivalent @entity293 vaccine to effectively target diverse strains of UPEC.

title: Immunization with the yersiniabactin receptor, FyuA, protects against pyelonephritis in a @entity19 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity68 :: ('MESH:D007501', 'Chemical') :: ['iron', 'IroN', 'Iron']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['Urinary tract infections', 'UTI']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6949 ( @entity6949 ) is a highly sensitive and specific biomarker which has been shown to predict @entity1 outcome pre- and postoperatively following elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Whether preoperatively elevated @entity6949 levels similarly predict the outcome in @entity1 undergoing emergency CABG with @entity583 ( @entity583 ) is currently unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: A possible correlation between preoperative @entity6949 and in-hospital mortality and major adverse @entity299 (MACE) was investigated in 57 @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in group 1 and 197 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in group 2, who were operated within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. Primary study end point was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Secondary end points were @entity998 ( @entity998 ) and hospital course. @entity6949 levels on admission were higher in group 1 compared with group 2 (7.1+/-1.8 versus 1.4+/-1.8 ng/mL; P<0.001). Overall in-hospital mortality was higher in group 1 compared with group 2 (14.3 versus 4.1%; odds ratio [OR], 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3 to 12.3; P<0.01). @entity998 occurred in 16/57 (28.1%), and 18/197 (9.1%) @entity1 , respectively (OR, 3.9, 95% CI, 1.7 to 8.8; P<0.001). Postoperative ventilation time, intensive care, and hospital stay were significantly longer in group 1 versus group 2. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed preoperative @entity6949 as the strongest independent predictor for in-hospital mortality (P<0.001) and MACE (P<0.001) in all @entity583 @entity1 , regardless whether ST-elevation was included as an additional risk factor or not. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative @entity6949 measurement before emergency CABG appears as a powerful and independent determinant of in-hospital mortality and MACE in acute @entity583 and @entity583 .

title: Prognostic value of preoperative XXXX in @entity1 undergoing emergency coronary artery bypass surgery with non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['LCOS', 'low cardiac output syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6949 :: ('7137', 'Gene') :: ['cTnI', 'CTnI', 'Cardiac troponin I']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['STEMI', 'NSTEMI', 'AMI', 'ST-elevation AMI', 'Non-ST-elevation AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity6949 :: (7137,Gene) :: ['cardiac troponin I']


abstract: Our aim was to elucidate the factors which determine the MRI signal intensities of @entity977 . We examined 51 @entity1 with surgically-confirmed @entity977 . Using a spin-echo pulse sequence (SE 500/15), coronal and sagittal images (3 mm slices) were obtained. Signal intensities on T1-weighted images were measured in the parenchyma of the @entity652 and in normal grey matter. The relative intensity of the @entity652 was assessed by calculating the ratio of its signal intensity to that of the normal grey matter of the same @entity1 . @entity982 -embedded sections were used for @entity6175 and @entity1711 staining. The number of cells in a prescribed area was counted, and the mean of five such counts was taken as the cell density. Immunohistochemically stained sections using antibodies for various pituitary hormones were similarly examined; the ratio of the total number of hormone-positive cells to the overall total number of @entity652 cells was calculated. Four independent variables were used in the analysis: the age of the @entity1 , the maximum diameter of the @entity652 , the cell density and the proportion of hormone-positive cells in the @entity652 and, with the signal intensity ratio as the dependent variable, a multiple regression analysis was performed. This revealed that the the greatest influence upon the signal intensities on T1-weighted images was the proportion of hormone positive cells.

title: A clinical and histopathological study of factors affecting MRI signal intensities of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['Paraffin']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1713 with @entity1715 is a difficult to treat problem. The aim of our study was to assess the safety and efficacy of Densiron in the clinical management of complicated @entity1713 . HISTORY AND SIGNS: 6 eyes of 6 consecutive @entity1 presenting with a @entity1713 with @entity1715 grade 3 were treated with pars plana vitrectomy and injection of Densiron. The mean age of the @entity1 was 61 years. 3 @entity1 had a previous unsuccessful vitreoretinal surgery and 3 @entity1 had Densiron as a first procedure. The extent of detachment was at least 2 or more quadrants with macular involvement in 3 cases. Preoperatively the mean visual acuity was 29.2 letters with ETDRS. THERAPY AND OUTCOME: @entity11655 was removed after an average of 58 days. 5 @entity1 achieved retinal re-attachment without further tamponade, and 1 @entity1 after additional injection of conventional @entity6619 oil. 4 - 6 weeks after removal of Densiron the mean visual acuity was 50.2 letters with ETDRS. The most common complication was an elevated intraocular pressure during endotamponade, which resolved following removal of the agent. CONCLUSIONS: Densiron improves inferior tamponade, and in clinical practice may be considered to increase the anatomic success rate in selected cases of complicated @entity1713 with @entity1715 .

title: [Heavy tamponade in complicated inferior XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1715 :: ('MESH:D018630', 'Disease') :: ['inferior proliferative vitreoretinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['retinal detachment', 'Retinal detachment']

answer: @entity1713 :: (MESH:D012163,Disease) :: ['retinal detachment']


abstract: @entity451 is one of the major complications following repair of @entity449 or @entity600 and from trauma of the aorta. In a series of 12 surviving @entity1 we describe the clinical features as well as the evolution and pathophysiology of @entity75 of the spinal cord. The clinical characteristics: loss of tendon reflexes, preservation of light touch sensation and bladder function, and the special topography of pin prick impairment, suggest involvement of the central grey matter. This lesion of the grey matter is incomplete in most of the @entity1 and tends to extend for 2-10 segments. In some cases it can extend downward to the conus resulting in complete flaccid @entity451 . On follow-up we have observed limited improvement in most cases. No @entity1 has recovered fully. Except in cases of traumatic laceration, where symptoms existed before surgery, @entity451 followed surgical repair in all other cases. Ischaemia can be related to the duration and the site of crossclamping of the aorta. Clamping above the left subclavian artery and/or a ligation of the intercostal arteries without previous visualisation of the spinal cord arteries can be dangerous. Other factors such as the phenomena of revascularisation and the presence of free radicals are discussed. These could explain delayed @entity602 .

title: Ischaemic XXXX following aortic surgery or traumatic laceration of the aorta.

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic lesions']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['postischaemic spinal cord hypoperfusion']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital malformations']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['Paraplegia', 'paraplegia']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['myelopathy']


abstract: A 51-year-old male with @entity7025 had experienced a left @entity6658 14 years previously, in 1983. Left encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) was performed in that year. The left @entity6658 reoccurred in 1990 and in 1994. Left superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery @entity254 (STA-MCA @entity254 ) was performed. He was symptom free after the surgery. However, he suddenly suffered from @entity2319 in 1997, when computerized tomography (CT) revealed the right temporal subcortical @entity548 . @entity2319 continued for three days. It gradually improved and completely disappeared in two months. The damage to the bilateral auditory radiation was suggested as the cause of @entity2319 in this @entity1 . @entity9326 is a rare symptom that is most often associated with @entity385 . This may be the first report of @entity7025 which developed @entity9326 .

title: [ @entity9326 due to bilateral temporal subcortical @entity548 associated with XXXX : report of a case].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity9326 :: ('MESH:D006313', 'Disease') :: ['Cortical deafness', 'cortical deafness']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['deafness', 'Deafness']

entities_list: @entity7025 :: ('MESH:D009072', 'Disease') :: ['moyamoya disease']

entities_list: @entity6658 :: ('MESH:D020146', 'Disease') :: ['putaminal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity7025 :: (MESH:D009072,Disease) :: ['moyamoya disease']


abstract: The study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of @entity902 based anti- @entity5 drugs has done much to direct their development, at both preclinical and clinical levels. The clinical development of @entity900 depended on an understanding of its mechanism of action. The amelioration of the @entity8 of @entity900 with @entity2827 infusion and forced diuresis is thought to rely on a common ion effect to suppress the formation of aquated species in the renal tubule. Studies of the modulation of @entity900 @entity137 with other agents have followed, although none has yet achieved widespread acceptance. Following the demonstration of the important clinical role for @entity900 , studies of the relationship between @entity137 and the reactivity of the leaving groups led to the development of the less toxic but equally effective analogue, @entity3003 . The clinical development of @entity3003 has in turn been strongly influenced by the studies of its pharmacokinetics, with pharmacokinetically guided dosing now being standard in many @entity5 centres and also being widely used in current clinical trials. Pharmacokinetic studies in animals have demonstrated that it is possible to make analogues that have good oral bioavailability. Apart from the convenience of oral administration, there is also the suggestion that these molecules may possess activity against certain @entity900 resistant cell lines. For the future, the development of sensitive methodologies whereby the exact types of @entity902 -DNA adducts formed can be characterized may allow the reason for the remarkable anti- @entity5 activity of these complexes to be elucidated and further, more selective compounds to be designed. The history of the development of @entity902 compounds emphasizes the importance of performing intensive pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and mechanistic studies in concert with the clinical development of any class of agents.

title: XXXX complexes in @entity5 medicine: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to @entity137 and therapeutic activity.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity902 :: (MESH:D010984,Chemical) :: ['Platinum']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Streptococcosis/lactococcosis is a hyperacute @entity262 that can occur in marine and fresh waters of many species of fish. The aim of this work was to study the disease outbreak in the major @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ) production of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 108 Gram positive cocci isolates were obtained from diseased trout in seven provinces with major trout production during 2008 till 2009. These bacterial isolates were characterized using phenotypic and molecular studies. The isolates were also analysed phylogeneticaly and compared with the available data. RESULTS: 49 samples (45.37%) were identified as Streptococcus iniae, 37 samples (35.2%) matched with @entity30763 ; and 22 samples (19.43%) were identified as members of Streptooccus genus by culture-based and biochemical tests of API 50 CH, API 20 STREP and rapid 32 STREP systems. Using universal primers for differentiation of Streptococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp, all 108 samples were identified as Streptococcus sp. with a target region of 500 bp. Single specific PCR resulted in identification of 64 (59.2%) isolates as S. iniae and 44 (40.8%) isolates as @entity30763 . The phylogenetic analysis of the S. iniae isolates resulted in maximal similarity to some strains reported from Taiwan and to all Brazilian strains. Also, one strain showed less sequence similarity values with other tested strains although this strain has high similarity with ATCC 29178 strain, all reported Chinese, and some Taiwanian strains. Also, analysis of S. iniae LctO gene sequence showed that this isolate clustered within the S. iniae group. The sequence analysis of @entity30763 strains also showed that they have maximum similarity to all Japanese and Chinese strains, but one strain has lower sequence similarity values with all other recorded strains. CONCLUSION: [corrected] The results of this study clearly show that trout farming in Iran is severely affected by both species of S. Iniae and @entity30763 and requires serious preventive criteria.

title: Molecular epidemiology of zoonotic streptococcosis/lactococcosis in XXXX ( @entity5660 ) aquaculture in Iran.

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss', 'rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity30763 :: ('1363', 'Species') :: ['L. garvieae', 'Lactococcus garvieae']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['rainbow trout']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although numerous genetic studies have been performed, only 0.9% of blood pressure phenotypic variance has been elucidated. This phenomenon could be partially due to epistatic interactions. Our aim was to identify epistatic interaction(s) associated with blood pressure levels in a pre-planned two-phase approach. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a discovery cohort composed of 3,600 French individuals, we found rs6046A allele in F7 associated with decreased blood pressure levels (P <=3.7 10(-3)) and rs5355T allele in @entity4105 associated with decreased diastolic blood pressure levels (P=5 10(-3)). Both variants interacted in order to influence blood pressure levels (P <=0.048). This interaction was replicated with systolic blood pressure in 4,620 additional European individuals (P=0.03). Similarly, in this replication cohort, rs6046A was associated with decreased blood pressure levels (P <=8.5 10(-4)). Furthermore, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a subsample of 90 supposed healthy individuals, we found rs6046A positively associated with @entity26156 mRNA levels (P <=9.1 10(-5)), suggesting an eventual involvement of @entity26156 expression in blood pressure regulation. Confirming this hypothesis, further transcriptomic analyses showed that increased @entity26156 mRNA levels were positively correlated with @entity2071 , @entity1196 , @entity5038 , @entity23120 -3, and LL-37 genes expression (P <=5 10(-3)). The last two mRNA levels were positively associated with systolic blood pressure levels (P <=0.01) and explained 4% of its phenotypic variation. CONCLUSION: These findings reveal the importance of epistatic interactions in blood pressure genetics and give new insights for the role of @entity32 in its complex regulation.

title: Functional epistatic interaction between rs6046G>A in F7 and rs5355C>T in XXXX modifies systolic blood pressure levels.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

answer: @entity4105 :: (6401,Gene) :: ['SELE']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity311 is considered to have been eradicated in Greece and only sporadic cases in travelers are reported. However the migration of populations from endemic countries of Asia to Greece may have caused a re-emergence of the disease. METHODS: A cluster of nine @entity1 @entity311 cases due to @entity3965 infection in the area of Laconia (southern Peloponnesus) from 2009 to 2010 is presented. @entity1 were hospitalized in Sparta General Hospital. RESULTS: Eight @entity1 were diagnosed in 2009 and one in 2010. Two were refugees from Pakistan and Afghanistan and five were Romas living in a local camp. Apart from the two immigrants, no other @entity1 had any history of travel, blood transfusion, or organ transplantation. All @entity1 had a @entity221 , @entity1503 , and irregular liver function tests. Parasites were identified in peripheral blood smears, and PCR confirmed the presence of @entity3965 . Sensitivity testing showed @entity503 susceptibility. Combined treatment with @entity503 followed by @entity12433 was completed uneventfully. Entomological surveillance disclosed the presence of Anopheles saccharovi as the predominant mosquito species, however PCR testing failed to identify @entity3965 in the mosquito population. CONCLUSIONS: We have presented the first large outbreak of the local transmission of autochthonous @entity311 cases in Greece since the 1950s. Enhanced entomological surveillance and early detection of @entity311 cases are crucial in order to prevent the re-emergence of @entity311 , not only in Greece, but in Europe as well.

title: A local outbreak of autochthonous XXXX @entity311 in Laconia, Greece--a re-emerging infection in the southern borders of Europe?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3965 :: ('5855', 'Species') :: ['P. vivax', 'Plasmodium vivax']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematological abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity12433 :: ('MESH:D011319', 'Chemical') :: ['primaquine']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile illness']

answer: @entity3965 :: (5855,Species) :: ['Plasmodium vivax']


abstract: Forty-two @entity1 with angiographically documented left main coronary artery (LM) disease (luminal occlusion > or = 50%) and 30 @entity1 with left main equivalent (LMEQ) disease (> or = 70% luminal occlusion of both the proximal left anterior descending artery and proximal left circumflex artery) were studied to determine the role of right coronary artery (RCA) involvement on exercise test responses and survival. Significant (> or = 70%) RCA @entity850 was present in 30 (72%) of the 42 LM @entity1 and 16 (53%) of the 30 LMEQ @entity1 . No significant differences were observed between LM and LMEQ @entity1 in any clinical or exercise variables or survival. Thus both groups were combined for analysis of the influence of RCA involvement (i.e., LM/LMEQ with RCA versus LM/LMEQ without @entity453 ). Greater ischemic responses were observed in the LM/LMEQ group with significant @entity850 of the RCA. The presence of RCA @entity850 was associated with significantly greater horizontal or downsloping ST-segment @entity308 during exercise (2.4 +/- 1.2 mm vs 1.3 +/- 1.4 mm; p < 0.001), and prolonged recovery time until normalization of the ST segment (3.2 +/- 1.4 min vs 2.0 +/- 1.9 min; p < 0.01). The LM/LMEQ without @entity453 group behaved like the subgroup with two-vessel disease, and responses of the LM/LMEQ group with @entity453 were similar to the group with @entity66 . The annual survival in LM/LMEQ with @entity453 was worse than that in LM/LMEQ without @entity453 (average annual mortality rates = 7.5% vs 1.0%, respectively; p = 0.05). Infarct-free survival in LM/LMEQ with @entity453 was also lower than that in LM/LMEQ without @entity453 . Thus although @entity1 with LM and LMEQ were similar in terms of survival and exercise responses, the presence of RCA @entity850 was associated with significantly greater ST-segment @entity308 , a prolonged recovery time until normalization of the ST segment, a fivefold increase in the death rate, and higher morbidity from @entity583 over a 5-year period of follow-up. Involvement of the RCA should be considered when making decisions concerning medical-surgical management of @entity1 with severe @entity453 .

title: Influence of right coronary artery XXXX on exercise test responses and survival in @entity1 with left main or left main equivalent disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['three-vessel disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['RCA disease', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: The generation of reactive @entity26 species and lipid peroxidation are associated with @entity3145 following ischemic insult; therefore, the use of antioxidants appears rational in the improvement of @entity8 therapy. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and its active constituent, @entity24149 , on oxidative stress following @entity8 (IRI) in @entity35 . METHODS: The cellular redox status ( @entity4466 reactive species (TBARS) and total @entity1432 levels) and antioxidant power (using ferric reducing/antioxidant power test) were assessed in control and ischemic groups. The left kidney was exposed to warm @entity63 for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 90 min. The macerated aqueous extract of saffron (with doses of 5, 20 and 80 mg/kg, i.p.) and @entity24149 (with doses of 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.) were administrated prior to induction of @entity63 . Normal saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.) was injected to control group and a sham group that did not have @entity63 -reperfusion. RESULTS: @entity63 -reperfusion (IR) caused a significant increase in TBARS levels (p<0.001) and decrement in both antioxidant power (FRAP value) (p<0.05) and total @entity1432 concentration (p<0.001) in kidney homogenate samples. In @entity24149 pretreated groups, a reduction in TBARS levels (from 85.8 +/- 5.4 to 20.9 +/- 1.5 nmol/g tissue, p<0.001; 400 mg/kg) and elevation in antioxidant power (FRAP value) (from 3.05 +/- 0.16 to 4.15 +/- 0.16 micromol/g tissue, p<0.001; 400 mg/kg) and total @entity1432 concentrations (from 0.38 +/- 0.03 to 0.62 +/- 0.03 mM, p<0.001; 200 mg/kg), as compared with control group, were observed. The aqueous extract also reduced lipid peroxidation products (from 85.8 +/- 5.4 to 15.9 +/- 2.6 nmol/g tissue, p<0.001; 80 mg/kg) and increased antioxidant power (from 2.98 +/- 0.11 to 5.97 +/- 0.56 micromol/g tissue, p<0.001; 80 mg/kg) in @entity63 -reperfusion injured @entity35 kidneys. CONCLUSION: This study therefore suggests that the aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and its active constituent, @entity24149 , may be useful agents for the prevention of @entity8 -reperfusion (IR)-induced oxidative injury in @entity35 .

title: Protective effect of aqueous saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) and @entity24149 , its active constituent, on XXXX -reperfusion-induced oxidative damage in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney diseases', 'renal ischemia', 'renal ischemia-reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4466 :: ('MESH:C029684', 'Chemical') :: ['thiobarbituric acid']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal ischemia']


abstract: @entity788 is one of the deadliest types of @entity5 . Previously, we showed that @entity519 increases invasiveness through upregulation of @entity2751 ( @entity2751 ) transcription in @entity1124 ( @entity1124 ) cells. Here, we first evaluated whether @entity519 -induced increase in @entity2751 contributes to the proliferation of @entity1124 cells. We showed that @entity2751 , but not @entity8889 , inhibition decreases proliferation significantly under @entity519 conditions. To further investigate the effects of @entity2751 on @entity1124 growth, cell cycle analysis was carried out. Inhibition of @entity2751 under @entity519 led to G(0) /G(1) arrest and decreased S phase. As @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) and @entity136 , which are first-line drugs for @entity788 , are sensitive to S phase, we then evaluated whether @entity5050 -induced decreased S phase under @entity519 affected the chemosensitivity of @entity1487 and @entity136 in @entity1124 cells. @entity5050 treatment under @entity519 significantly decreased chemosensitivity to @entity1487 and @entity136 under @entity519 in both in vitro and in vivo models. In contrast, @entity900 , which is cell cycle-independent, showed significant synergistic effects. These results suggest that @entity519 -induced increase of @entity2751 directly contributes to the proliferation of @entity1124 cells through a hedgehog/ @entity8889 -independent pathway, and that decreased S phase due to the use of @entity2751 inhibitor under @entity519 leads to chemoresistance in S phase-sensitive anticancer drugs. Our results could be very important clinically because a clinical trial using @entity2751 inhibitors and chemotherapy drugs will begin in the near future.

title: Hedgehog inhibitor decreases chemosensitivity to XXXX and @entity136 under @entity519 conditions in @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['PDAC', 'pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cis-diamminedichloroplatinum']

entities_list: @entity5050 :: ('MESH:C000541', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopamine', 'Cyclopamine']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxia', 'hypoxic']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: Craniopagus twins (CPT) are an uncommon, highly fascinating accident of nature. The clinical pathology of this complex entity is reviewed and placed in perspective. A logical classification aids understanding of the @entity154 , and is essential to gauge outcome from separation attempts. 'Partial forms' lack significant shared dural venous sinuses (SDVS) and 'Total forms' with SDVS also exhibit more severe compressional brain distortion. Our classification consists of Partial Angular (PA), Partial Vertical (PV), Total Angular (TA) and Total Vertical (TV, formerly O'Connell Types I-III). Total vertical has a continuous cranium, and inter-twin axial facial rotation <40 degrees (Type I), 140-180 degrees (Type II) or intermediate (Type III). The term 'Angular' denotes an inter-twin longitudinal angle below 140 degrees , regardless of @entity717 . Our review categorized 64 well-delineated CPT, including 41 operative separation attempts in small @entity1 since initial success in 1952. Just over one-half were TV, almost one-third TA, and partial forms accounted for the remaining one-sixth. About 30% of @entity1191 had shared or fused brain tissue, and a similar percentage of TA twins shared a posterior fossa. Partial forms had significantly higher birth weights, were separated at an earlier age (6 versus 11 months) and had lower mortality and better outcome compared with Total forms. A multi-staged surgical separation for Total CPT had a significantly better mortality than single-staged separation. Discussion emphasizes embryological, anatomical and clinical aspects of the @entity600 , with emphasis upon obstacles to a successful outcome.

title: The craniopagus XXXX : classification and implications for surgical separation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['axial rotation']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['malformation']


abstract: The effects of @entity11384 (3 CU per kilogram) and vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity10299 ; 8 mug per kilogram) on @entity3157 and @entity1919 secretions in pancreatic juice (with pancreatic duct perfusion) and on pancreatic tissue @entity1919 were investigated as a function of time in 13 anesthetized @entity235 . The peptides were given by rapid intravenous injection. Even 30 sec. after peptide administration, tissue @entity1919 levels were elevated, reaching peak values within the first minute and a second peak at about 3 min. @entity3157 and @entity1919 secretions in pancreatic juice started with a lag of 1 min. after peptide injection. Following the injection of @entity10299 , peak pancreatic response developed within the first 5 min. and the pancreatic response actually disappeared after 15 min., whereas secretion evoked by @entity11384 was sustained for at least 30 min. The mean +/- S.D. observed maximal @entity3157 response to @entity10299 (100 +/- 49 muEq./5 min.) was about one sixth of the maximum output following @entity11384 (592 +/- 181 muEq./5 min.). Increases in pancreatic tissue and juice @entity1919 caused by @entity10299 were significant (p less than 0.05) at 1 and 4 min.; however, they were but moderate if compared with the rise achieved by @entity11384 . The results presented confirm previous reports that @entity10299 is a @entity11384 -like partial agonist of pancreatic @entity3157 secretion and are compatible with the hypothesis that both @entity11384 and @entity10299 elicit @entity235 pancreatic @entity3157 secretion via the second messenger system of @entity1919 .

title: @entity1919 and @entity3157 responses of the XXXX pancreas to vasoactive intestinal peptide ( @entity10299 ) and secretion.

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate', 'Bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: We report a case of ruptured stercoral ulceration due to chronic @entity1142 which is caused by @entity189 . This case suffered from difficulty of stool passage for 5 months. Periumbilical @entity158 and current-jelly stool were experienced before his admission. Physical examination revealed diffuse abdominal rebounding @entity158 and laboratory data showed @entity491 . Computed tomography demonstrated marked dilatation of the sigmoid colon with stool impaction due to @entity5 in the rectosigmoid junction. Thickening and @entity4 change of the colonic wall were noted. There was amorphous material with gas in the mesocolon, which indicated @entity298 . Emergent operation with Hartman's procedure and left colostomy was performed. Diffuse pressure gangrene of the sigmoid colon wall with a perforating hole was identified. Pathologically, the resected colon specimen showed non-specific-acute and chronic inflammatory change. The perforating hole was surrounded by a necrotic @entity1066 . After the operation, pelvic drainage was undertaken for 1 month and then the @entity1 was discharged uneventfully.

title: XXXX with stercoral ulcer perforation.

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['fecal peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic growth']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['border of ulcerative mucosa']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Rectal carcinoma']


abstract: The @entity74 @entity1468 is characterized by endothelial cell dysfunction that may be promoted by abnormal increases in circulating lipids, particularly @entity1674 and free @entity1718 . Serum @entity412 concentration is a major regulatory determinant of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size and density distribution. Smaller, denser LDL particles have several intrinsic properties capable of inducing @entity409 . The present nested, case-control study of gestationally matched preeclamptic and normal pregnant @entity1 tested the hypothesis that @entity2298 in @entity1468 is accompanied by decreases in LDL peak particle diameter (predominant LDL size). Plasma LDL peak particle diameter was determined by nondenaturing 2% to 16% @entity2975 gel electrophoresis. Correlations of LDL diameter with the concentration of serum @entity1674 , free @entity1718 , total @entity165 , LDL- @entity165 , and @entity755 (apo B) were determined. In the same individuals, we measured serum concentrations of a marker of @entity455 previously reported to be @entity1468 , soluble @entity4725 ( @entity4725 ), and examined the association of @entity4725 with LDL diameter and serum lipids. LDL peak particle diameter was decreased in @entity1468 relative to normal pregnancy (P < .01). The LDL- @entity165 :apo B ratio, which frequently decreases with decreasing LDL diameter, was also decreased (P < .04). @entity412 concentrations were @entity1468 (P < .0002), and there was a significant inverse relationship between LDL peak particle diameter and @entity1674 (r = -.55, P < .02). Serum soluble @entity4725 concentrations were markedly @entity1468 (P < .0003). Apo B (P < .004), free @entity1718 (P < .01), total @entity165 (P < .01), and LDL- @entity165 (P < .02) were also increased. @entity4725 correlated with apo B (r = .50, P < .03) and LDL- @entity165 (r = .50, P < .03), but showed no relationship with the LDL diameter, LDL- @entity165 :apo B ratio, or other lipids. We conclude that the predominance of smaller, denser LDL, a potential contributor to endothelial cell dysfunction, is a feature of @entity1468 . However, the serum @entity4725 level, one indicator of endothelial involvement, may be influenced more by quantitative lipoprotein changes (serum apo B or LDL- @entity165 ) than by LDL particle size.

title: Small low-density lipoproteins and XXXX are increased in association with hyperlipidemia in @entity1468 .

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['Triglyceride', 'triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['increased in preeclampsia', 'preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy disorder']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity4725 :: ('7412', 'Gene') :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1', 'VCAM-1']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity4725 :: (7412,Gene) :: ['vascular cell adhesion molecule-1']


abstract: @entity170 has become an issue of worldwide significance. This condition has been demonstrated in @entity1593 ( @entity1593 ) populations in Europe, South America and the United States. However, data from the Hispanic population is limited. METHODS: Record review containing @entity1 with @entity1593 in a Gastroenterology Clinic to evaluate the association of decreased bone density such as @entity170 and @entity2331 in subjects with @entity1593 in the southern population of Puerto Rico. We compared the results of Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Clinical manifestations of @entity1593 in Hispanic population are described. RESULTS: @entity1593 data was available for seven @entity1 ; of those 6 were female (86%). The average age was 46 yr Most @entity1 were overweight with a body mass index value of 29. @entity1593 @entity1 @entity854 in hemoglobin, TSH and @entity14257 . The screening markers for @entity1593 showed a high value on IgA. The data to excel is the association of IgA vs. TSH showing strength of 90%. There was significantly lower bone density in @entity1 with @entity1593 accounting for 86% of the cases. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity1593 were associated with lower bone density and a higher prevalence of @entity2331 but not @entity170 .

title: XXXX in celiac disease: a Hispanic pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['Celiac Disease', 'Celiac disease', 'CD']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['showed abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['Osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity14257 :: ('MESH:C104450', 'Chemical') :: ['25-Hydroxyvitamin D']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['Osteoporosis']


abstract: We have investigated the age-related change in factor of risk ( @entity14243 ) for the proximal femoral load during free fall in 548 females and 240 males aged 21-79 years. These individuals were divided into either young (age <50 years) or old group (age >/=50 years). Another 26 females with @entity173 were included for comparison. The @entity79 ( @entity79 ) of proximal femoral neck was measured by a Norland XR-26 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA). The estimated @entity174 load (L) of femoral neck was calculated from the @entity79 with the regression equation derived by Courtney et al. [2,3] and estimated fall force (F) by body weight and height according to the regression equation derived by Nakamura et al. [6] respectively. @entity14243 was defined as the quotient of F/L. The results showed an age-related decrease of @entity79 (P < 0.001) in both genders corrected for weight and height. By multiple linear regression analysis, the F decreased significantly with aging corrected for @entity79 in old males (partial r = -0.255, P < 0.01) and increased with aging in all females (young, partial r=0.287, p < 0.001; old, partial r = 0.252, P < 0.001). L decreased significantly with aging corrected for height and weight in males (young, partial r = -0.401, P < 0.01; old, partial r = -0.178, P < 0.05) and females (young, partial r = -0. 168, P < 0.05; old, partial r = -0.459, P < 0.001). However @entity14243 decreased with aging in young males (P < 0.01) and females (young: P < 0.001, old: P < 0.001). @entity14243 increased in old @entity1 but not in old @entity1 , and was higher in old @entity1 compared with old @entity1 . The 26 @entity1 with @entity173 had a significantly higher @entity14243 value than 85 age-matched @entity1 . In conclusion, @entity14243 may provide a comprehensive comparison of the risk of @entity173 in the elderly population.

title: Factor of risk for @entity173 in normal Chinese XXXX and @entity1 in Taiwan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fractures', 'hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: The pathophysiology and treatment of @entity308 involves @entity1154 neurotransmitters and the @entity1760 ( @entity4612 )-modulated monoaminergic pathway. Serum and platelet @entity4612 concentrations and platelet @entity750 concentrations were measured in 79 @entity308 @entity1 who had attempted suicide, and 101 @entity1 without suicidal behaviour, according to the ICD-10 diagnoses F 33.2 and F32.2, with or without intentional self-harm (X60-X84). The control group consisted of 77 voluntary blood donors. The platelet @entity750 concentration was determined using the competitive enzyme immunoassay test: @entity4612 concentrations in platelets and serum were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The ANOVA test showed significantly lower serum @entity4612 in the group of @entity308 @entity1 who had attempted suicide (N  =  257, F  =  8.32, p<0.001), compared to @entity308 @entity1 who had not, and the control group. Serum albumin was lower in the group of @entity308 @entity1 who had attempted suicide and showed a significant, positive correlation with serum @entity4612 concentrations. Platelet @entity4612 concentrations were found to be higher in @entity308 @entity1 who had not attempted suicide (N  =  257, F  =  3.90, p  =  0.012) compared to the control group, with no difference compared to @entity308 @entity1 who had attempted suicide. The Kruskal Wallis test (N  =  257, H  =  48.54, p<0.0001) showed the lowest concentration of platelet @entity750 in the groups of @entity308 @entity1 with and without suicidal behaviour, compared to the healthy control group. A positive correlation was found between platelet @entity4612 and @entity750 concentrations only in the healthy control group. In conclusion, differences were observed in serum and platelet @entity4612 concentrations, which represent progress in the study of @entity4612 status and its relation to @entity750 .

title: Platelet @entity750 and XXXX concentrations in suicidal and non-suicidal @entity308 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed', 'depression', 'depressive']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1760 :: (MESH:D008274,Chemical) :: ['magnesium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity451 remains a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic procedures resulting from @entity2759 and @entity5721 (SCIR). Pharmacologic interventions have not proven efficacious in attenuating this injury, with poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The resident macrophages, or microglia in the spinal cord, may play a significant role in SCIR. The macrolide antibiotic, @entity1214 , has been shown in @entity64 models to inhibit microglial activation. This study hypothesized that microglial inhibition by @entity1214 after SCIR will attenuate injury with preservation of motor function. METHODS: Mature male C57Bl/6 @entity19 underwent 4 minutes of thoracic @entity432 with reperfusion. @entity19 receiving @entity1214 30 minutes before @entity63 and daily thereafter (90 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg, respectively) were compared with @entity19 receiving vehicle controls. Hind-limb motor function was measured at 12-hour intervals, with spinal cord harvest for histologic and immunologic comparison at 60 hours. RESULTS: @entity1214 treatment significantly preserved hind limb motor function in all @entity19 (n = 7) compared with complete paralysis in all untreated @entity19 (n = 8), reaching significance from 24 hours of reperfusion through 60 hours. Immunofluorescent staining for @entity9271 revealed significant inhibition of microglial activation by @entity1214 treatment. Vehicle control sections demonstrated a greater degree of apoptosis compared with @entity1214 -treated spinal cord sections. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1214 limits microglial activation, paralleling functional preservation after aortic cross-clamping. These data suggest functional microglia contribute to @entity5721 after @entity2759 . The effects of @entity1214 demonstrate a potential pharmacological therapy as well as demonstrating a potential cellular target in preventing @entity451 after aortic intervention.

title: Preservation of motor function after XXXX and @entity5721 through microglial inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline', 'Minocycline']

entities_list: @entity5721 :: ('MESH:D015427', 'Disease') :: ['reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2759 :: ('MESH:D020760', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord ischemia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['aortic occlusion']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['Paraplegia', 'paraplegia']

answer: @entity2759 :: (MESH:D020760,Disease) :: ['spinal cord ischemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find out the association between social class and coronary risk factors in @entity1 . DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in six-twelve urban streets in each of five cities from various regions of India following a common study protocol and criteria of diagnosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We randomly selected 3257 @entity1 , aged 25-64 years inclusive, from the cities of Moradabad (n=902), Trivandrum (n=760) Calcutta (n=410), Nagpur (n=405) and Bombay (n=780). Evaluation was by questionnaires validated at Moradabad. All subjects, after pooling of data, were divided into social class 1 (n=985), social class 2 (n=790), social class 3 (n=674), social class 4 (n=602) and social class 5 (n=206), based on various attributes of socioeconomic status. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity101 , @entity6 , family history of @entity301 , @entity28 , @entity1144 and sedentary lifestyle were significantly associated with higher social classes and @entity286 consumption was not associated with social class. Oral contraceptive intake and postmenopausal status were also more common among higher social classes, which may be due to more education and a longer lifespan among the higher social classes, respectively. Mean total @entity165 , high density lipoprotein @entity165 , systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean body mass index and waist-hip ratio showed significant association with higher social classes. Mean age, body weight, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total @entity165 and 2-h blood @entity413 were significantly positively correlated with social class, as assessed by Spearman's rank correlation. Higher social classes 1-3 were more common in Trivandrum and Bombay than in Moradabad. The prevalence of @entity101 , @entity6 and being overweight (body mass index >25 kg/m2) were also more common in Trivandrum and Bombay compared to Moradabad. Undernutrition was negatively associated with higher social classes and was more common in Moradabad and Nagpur than Trivandrum. CONCLUSIONS: Higher social classes among Indian urban @entity1 have a higher prevalence of coronary risk factors, @entity101 , @entity6 , being overweight, @entity1144 , sedentary lifestyle, family history of @entity301 , oral contraceptive intake and postmenopausal status. Mean concentrations of total and high density lipoprotein @entity165 were also significantly associated with higher social classes.

title: Social class, coronary risk factors and undernutrition, a double burden of diseases, in XXXX during transition, in five Indian cities.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['central obesity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors play important roles in many neurophysiological processes. Evidence from previous studies indicate that @entity143 receptors contribute to the pathophysiology of @entity161 . Two @entity143 receptor subunit genes, @entity6806 and @entity11588 , are both good candidate genes for @entity161 . METHOD: We genotyped five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in @entity6806 and two in @entity11588 in 2455 Han Chinese subjects, including population- and family-based samples, and performed case-control and transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analyses. A microsatellite in @entity11588 was genotyped in population-based samples and a Mann-Whitney U test was performed. RESULTS: A highly significant association was detected at the 5' end of @entity6806 . Analyses of single variants and multiple-locus haplotypes indicate that the association is mainly generated by @entity47116 (case-control study: p = .0000013, odds ratio = .61, 95% confidence interval .50-.74; TDT: p = .0019, T/NT = 79/123). No association was found in the @entity11588 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide support for the hypothesis that @entity143 receptors are an important factor in @entity161 . Moreover, @entity47116 is located in 5' untranslated region where several functional elements have been found. Hence, the SNP is a potential candidate in altering risk for @entity161 and worthy of further replication and functional study.

title: Significant association between the genetic variations in the 5' end of the @entity1024 receptor subunit gene XXXX and @entity161 .

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity6806 :: (2902,Gene) :: ['GRIN1']


abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of @entity6448 ( @entity6449 ) and @entity17544 on the induction of hepatic @entity137 and on hepatocellular proliferation in @entity35 . In the first study, @entity35 were first subjected to partial hepatectomy and then injected with @entity665 (20 microCi/injection) at 23, 24, 25, 47, 48 and 49 h afterwards. After a 2 week recovery period, @entity35 were injected with one of four levels of @entity6449 (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 or 10 mg/kg/injection) in four i.p. doses every 14 days, or were fed 0.01% or 0.003% @entity17544 . Six days after the last @entity6449 injection and three days before the animals were killed, an osmotic minipump containing 20 mg/ml @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) was implanted s.c. for the measurement of DNA synthesis. Peroxisomal fatty @entity8595 oxidase activity was significantly enhanced in both @entity6449 and @entity17544 -treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Hepatotoxicity, measured as the loss of @entity665 from hepatic DNA, was not significantly affected by any of the treatments. Hepatic DNA synthesis was significantly increased only in @entity35 receiving the highest dose of @entity6449 . In order to determine the time course of @entity17544 - and @entity6449 -induced cell proliferation, we conducted another study with more time points. @entity35 were fed 0.01% @entity17544 or were injected every 14 days with 3 or 10 mg @entity6449 /kg body weight for 10 days, 24 days, 6 weeks, 26 weeks or 54 weeks. Cell proliferation was quantified as in the first study. @entity17544 increased cell proliferation at the early but not the later time points, whereas @entity6449 increased cell proliferation at most times throughout the study. This study demonstrates that @entity6449 and @entity17544 do not selectively induce hepatic @entity137 and that their effects on cell proliferation do not correlate with their carcinogenic or promoting activities.

title: Effect of the peroxisome proliferators XXXX and @entity6448 on hepatic cell proliferation and @entity137 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', "5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine"]

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity17544 :: ('MESH:C019304', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofibrate', 'Ciprofibrate']

entities_list: @entity6448 :: ('MESH:C036567', 'Chemical') :: ['perfluorodecanoic acid']

answer: @entity17544 :: (MESH:C019304,Chemical) :: ['ciprofibrate']


abstract: Recent studies have suggested important roles for certain proteases and protease inhibitors in the growth and development of the CNS. In the present studies, inhibitors of urokinase or @entity556 in cultured neural cells and serum-free medium from the cells were identified by screening for components that formed @entity3208 -stable complexes with 125I-urokinase or 125I- @entity556 . Rinsed @entity463 possessed two components that complexed 125I-urokinase. One was type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor ( @entity2289 ), because the 125I-urokinase-containing complexes were immunoprecipitated with anti- @entity2289 antibodies. The other component formed complexes with 125I-urokinase that were not recognized by antibodies to @entity2289 or @entity3121 ( @entity3121 ). Its identity is unknown. In addition to these cell-bound components, the @entity463 cells also secreted two inhibitors that formed complexes with 125I-urokinase; one was @entity2289 , and the other was @entity3121 . The secreted @entity3121 also formed complexes with 125I- @entity556 . It was the only @entity556 inhibitor detected in these studies. @entity1 @entity521 cells did not contain components that formed detectable complexes with either 125I-urokinase or 125I- @entity556 . However, @entity1 @entity521 cells did contain very low levels of @entity3121 mRNA and @entity3121 protein. Added @entity3121 bound to the surface of both @entity463 and @entity521 cells. This interaction accelerated the inhibition of @entity556 by @entity3121 and blocked the ability of @entity3121 to form complexes with 125I-urokinase. Thus, cell-bound @entity3121 was a specific @entity556 inhibitor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Inhibitors of urokinase and XXXX in cultured neural cells.

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity556 :: (2147,Gene) :: ['thrombin']


abstract: @entity2524 is a known risk factor of @entity195 ( @entity195 ). However, the association of @entity2524 with the molecular pathogenesis of @entity195 is still unknown. The hypothesis that the molecular pathogenesis of @entity195 is enhanced by molar @entity2524 was tested. Seventeen female @entity19 (J20) were divided into the experimental (EX, n=10) and control (C, n=7) groups. In the EX group, maxillary bilateral molar teeth were extracted at the age of 6 months. In the C group, however, these teeth remained intact. Passive avoidance test was performed to evaluate learning and memory abilities right after tooth extraction (6 months old) and 4 months later (10 months old). After the test at 10 months, amyloid beta (Ab) deposition and changes of neuronal cell number and area in the hippocampus were investigated using half of the brains. The other half was homogenized and used to determine Ab40 and Ab42 levels by ELISA. At the 10 months of age, learning and memory abilities were significantly impaired in the EX group compared to the C group (P<0.05). The neuronal cell number in the @entity4778 and @entity4779 regions was significantly lower in the EX group than in the C group (P<0.05). Total Ab, Ab40, and Ab42 levels showed no significant intergroup difference. Molar @entity2524 may cause neuronal cell loss in the hippocampus, leading to @entity2414 ; this process may be independent of the amyloid cascade.

title: XXXX induces @entity2414 and neuronal cell loss in APP @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity2524 :: ('MESH:D016388', 'Disease') :: ['Tooth loss', 'tooth loss']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairment']

answer: @entity2524 :: (MESH:D016388,Disease) :: ['Tooth loss']


abstract: We studied whether precursor lesions (monomorphic epithelial proliferations [MEPs]) contributed to @entity0 ( @entity0 ; local recurrences). Margin status and MEPs near (within 4.2 mm) of the initial excision margin in 70 @entity189 @entity1 with @entity0 and @entity74 clonality data were recorded. Of the @entity0 , 46 (66%) were clonal and 24 (34%) were second primary @entity189 . Control cases were 2 matching non-IBF cases for each study case. MEP lesions were predominantly single-cell layered, slightly overcrowded, monomorphic, clonallike luminal cell proliferations that unfolded terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) in an overgrowth extension pattern. MEPs often extended into TDLUs involved by hyperplasia of usual type. Clonal IBF cases had a mean of 6.24 MEPs near the initial excision margin compared with 3.85 MEPs in matched non-IBF control mples (P < .001). In the negative-margin subset, clonal IBF cases had mean of 7.82 MEPs near the margin, which was significantly greater than 4.26 in the distinct IBF group (P = .012) and 2.85 in the non-IBF matched control group (P < .001). MEPs seem to be the pool of partially transformed precursor lesions for most invasive @entity189 . Radiation therapy may reduce the IBF rate by eradicating these precursor lesions and preventing new @entity189 from emerging rather than eradicating microscopic @entity66 .

title: Monomorphic epithelial proliferations: characterization and evidence suggesting they are the pool of partially transformed lesions from which some invasive XXXX arise.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral breast failures', 'IBFs']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['allelic imbalance']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinomas']


abstract: @entity463 ( @entity463 ) is the most common and lethal of @entity1 primary central nervous system (CNS) @entity5 . Due to the @entity5 's intrinsic clinical and molecular heterogeneity, choice of initial treatment, prediction of survival, stratification of @entity1 , prediction and monitoring of response to therapy, represent some of the greatest challenges in the management of @entity463 @entity1 . @entity1 , despite optimal surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, still have a median survival of 14-16 months. A reason for this dismal prognosis is because of the relative inaccuracy of current prognostic markers, so far based on clinical or pathological variables. Molecular markers that effectively predict response to therapy and survival outcomes are limited. Consequently, there is a strong need to develop novel and independent markers of prognosis. Ideal biomarkers for @entity5 would serve one or more important functions. Telomeres, @entity2774 -rich tandem DNA repeats of the chromosomal end, provide chromosomal stability, regulates important cellular processes, and seem to be implicated in @entity1 @entity105 . Recently, telomeres have been shown either to be associated with clinical markers of disease progression or to be independent markers of @entity5 prognosis in solid @entity5 , including @entity463 . Nevertheless, a corresponding comprehensive discussion of these promising developments in @entity1313 has not yet been available in the literature. Therefore, here we reviewed studies focused on the assessment of telomeric length in @entity1313 with the aim to emphasized those findings indicating a potential clinical role of telomeres in @entity463 . With the aim to enhance the awareness of the potential clinical role of telomeres' length information in @entity463 , using a southern blot analysis, telomeric length in excised @entity5 samples was analyzed. Moreover, an attempt to correlated telomere length with @entity1 ' overall survival, was also performed. The findings here reviewed shows some contradictory results, due to different tissues used as controls, but mainly to cellular and molecular heterogeneity in GBMs that drive molecular mechanisms controlling telomere length, included telomerase and @entity10205 ( @entity10205 ), through multiple mechanisms. However, overall these studies, including our own, are consistent with the hypothesis that GBMs' telomeres were always shorter when compared with Normal Brain Tissue (NBT), and together with higher telomerase activity seem to be associated with @entity5 and poor outcome; while @entity5 with @entity10205 phenotype have longer telomeres, "less malignant" behaviour and better prognosis. We conclude that, although not entirely consistent in the type of telomere alteration, i.e., attrition vs. elongation, and unclear on the underlying mechanisms, multiple studies in @entity1313 have shown that telomere @entity409 are associated with parameters of clinical outcome in @entity1 with GBMs and therefore will be part of novel risk assessment and prognostic modalities for @entity1 with these still dismal disease.

title: Potential clinical role of telomere length in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity10205 :: ('MESH:C536801', 'Disease') :: ['ALT', 'Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['solid tumors', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'malignancy', 'tumors', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['dysfunctions']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'Glioblastoma Multiforme']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Hip arthroscopy is growing in importance and relevance in the detection and treatment of various pathologies affecting the hip joint. There are a number of indications, including diagnosis and treatment of labral tears, extraction of loose bodies, and synovial-based diseases. Reports in the literature cite few complications arising from this minimally invasive procedure in a joint that has been difficult to access. The purpose of our study was to assess the efficacy and role of hip arthroscopy in the management of @entity572 . TYPE OF STUDY: Retrospective review of a consecutive series of 22 @entity1 over a 44-month period. METHODS: The indications for surgery included ongoing @entity158 for more than 6 months. Sixteen @entity1 underwent contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging scans, including all @entity1 with mechanical symptoms. The procedure was performed as day surgery and all the @entity1 were available for follow-up. They were assessed for @entity158 , mechanical symptoms, activity levels, and sporting activities. RESULTS: All @entity1 were assessed by means of a questionnaire and allocated scores out of a maximum of 100 points. The most significant improvement was seen in the group of @entity1 (n = 10) who had mechanical symptoms with definite labral pathology confirmed and treated arthroscopically. Their scores improved from an average of 64 preoperatively to 90 postoperatively. There were no complications in our series. CONCLUSIONS: Hip arthroscopy represents an effective tool in treating @entity572 with reasonable expectations of success and a minimal complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

title: Role of hip arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip joint pathology']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'hip pain']

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['hip joint pathology']


abstract: Gene amplification is a common mechanism of proto-oncogene activation and contributes to @entity5 progression. Analysis of such genetic alterations is relevant to our understanding of @entity5 genetics and can provide prognostic information for the @entity1 . A rapid, non-radioactive approach based on qdPCR and fluorescent DNA technique was applied for determination of @entity10006 and @entity1722 gene amplification and correlated with other prognostic factors in 70 @entity0 samples. ER and @entity7273 were analysed by immunohistochemistry. The mixed template assay showed 96% concordance between calculated and measured gene copy number. @entity10006 gene and @entity1722 amplification were both found in 24% of the @entity5 . The amplification did not correlate with any of the other prognostic factors. 8% of the @entity5 showed amplification of both genes without significant correlations to any of the other parameters. The fd-PCR assay is a valuable tool for determination of amplification of @entity10006 and @entity1722 genes. Therefore, more detailed information about individual tumour biology and outcome may be acquired by this routine assay and probably provide prognostic impact.

title: @entity10006 and @entity1722 gene amplification detected in 70 frozen @entity1 XXXX by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinomas']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Over the last few decades, stem cell therapies have been highlighted for their potential to heal damaged tissue and aid in tissue reconstruction. However, materials used to deliver and support implanted cells often display limited efficacy, which has resulted in delaying translation of stem cell therapies into the clinic. In our previous work, we developed a mussel-inspired, @entity6153 -functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA-CA) hydrogel that enabled effective cell transplantation due to its improved biocompatibility and strong tissue adhesiveness. The present study was performed to further expand the utility of HA-CA hydrogels for use in stem cell therapies to treat more clinically relevant tissue defect models. Specifically, we utilized HA-CA hydrogels to potentiate stem cell-mediated angiogenesis and osteogenesis in two tissue defect models: critical limb @entity63 and critical-sized calvarial bone defect. HA-CA hydrogels were found to be less cytotoxic to @entity1 adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in vitro compared to conventional photopolymerized HA hydrogels. HA-CA hydrogels also retained the angiogenic functionality of hADSCs and supported osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs. Because of their superior tissue adhesiveness, HA-CA hydrogels were able to mediate efficient engraftment of hADSCs into the defect regions. When compared to photopolymerized HA hydrogels, HA-CA hydrogels significantly enhanced hADSC-mediated therapeutic angiogenesis (promoted capillary/arteriole formation, improved vascular perfusion, attenuated ischemic @entity121 / @entity82 , and reduced limb amputation) and bone reconstruction (mineralized bone formation, enhanced osteogenic marker expression, and collagen deposition). This study proves the feasibility of using bioinspired HA-CA hydrogels as functional biomaterials for improved tissue regeneration in critical tissue defects.

title: @entity6153 -Functionalized Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels Enhance Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis of XXXX Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Critical Tissue Defects.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle degeneration']

entities_list: @entity6153 :: ('MESH:C034221', 'Chemical') :: ['catechol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Electrolyte abnormalities are frequently observed in elderly long-term care (LTC) @entity1 . @entity1760 is a trace mineral, but is the second most abundant intracellular cation and the fourth most abundant cation in the body. This was a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of @entity1272 ( @entity1272 ) in non-selected elderly LTC @entity1 . A total of 159 @entity1 aged 65 years and older were included in the study. The attributes and variables related to the @entity1 ' hospital course were used to compare the two groups. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to correlate @entity1760 levels with demographic, clinical factors and laboratory data. @entity1272 was found in 36% of the @entity1 , of whom 35% presented with moderate @entity1272 (0.8-0.9 microequiv./l) and 18% with severe @entity1272 (<or=0.7 microequiv./l). @entity1 with @entity1272 had a higher number of comorbid diseases per @entity1 (p=0.038), low body mass index (BMI) (p=0.044) and more of them presented with laboratory markers of @entity3147 , such as low total @entity165 (TC) and serum albumin (SA) levels. Coexistence with other electrolyte abnormalities was higher among @entity1 with @entity1272 than without (p=0.006), predominantly @entity3747 and @entity1371 (p=0.023 and 0.032, respectively). Using regression analysis, independent variables significantly associated with serum @entity1760 levels were serum albumin, @entity460 , @entity972 , @entity1133 levels, @entity177 ( @entity177 ), @entity712 ( @entity712 ), @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and diuretic drugs (R(2)=0.877). Both early (up to 30 days) and late rate of @entity204 were higher in @entity1 with @entity1272 . The incidence of @entity1272 in LTC elderly @entity1 is high and multifactorial. Understanding the causes of @entity1272 , correction of @entity1760 level, and definitive and effective treatment of the cause leading to @entity1272 is important to improve @entity1 prognosis.

title: Prevalence of XXXX ( @entity1272 ) in a geriatric long-term care (LTC) setting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity1272 :: ('MESH:C537153', 'Disease') :: ['HM', 'hypomagnesemia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['Magnesium', 'magnesium']

answer: @entity1272 :: (MESH:C537153,Disease) :: ['hypomagnesemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Health facility data are more readily accessible for operational planning and evaluation of disease control programmes. The importance, potential challenges and limitations of using facility based survey as an alternative tool for monitoring changes in local @entity311 epidemiology were examined. METHODS: The study involved six areas within the administrative divisions of The Gambia. The areas were selected to reflect socioeconomic and @entity311 transmission intensities across the country. The study design involved an age stratified cross sectional surveys that were conducted during the wet season in 2008 and in the 2009 during the dry season. @entity1 were @entity1 attending clinics in six health centres and the representative populations from the catchment communities of the health centres. RESULTS: Overall @entity1 ' characteristics were mostly not comparable in the two methodological approaches in the different seasons and settings. More females than males were enrolled (55.8 vs. 44.2  %) in all the surveys. @entity281 was higher in the surveys in health centres than in the communities (p   <   0.0001) and also in males than in females (OR   =   1.3; p   <   0.001). Males were less likely than females to sleep under an insecticide treated net in the communities (OR   =   1.6; 95 % CI 1.3, 1.9) and in the health centres (OR   =   1.3; 95 % CI 1.1, 1.5). Representativeness of the ethnic groups was better in the health centre surveys than in the community surveys when compared to the 2003 national population census in The Gambia. CONCLUSION: Health facility based survey though a potential tool for monitoring changes in the local epidemiology of @entity311 will require continuous validation of the facility and @entity1 sociodemograhic characteristics as these may change over time. The effects of health seeking practices on service utilization and health facility surveys as an approach will also need continuous review.

title: Monitoring XXXX using health facility based surveys: challenges and limitations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria infection']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity528 begins soon after birth and accelerates throughout life. Vitreous liquefaction with a slowly progressive separation of the posterior hyaloid from the peripheral macula usually leads to @entity20699 . The purpose of this study is to measure the age-related prevalence of partial @entity15811 and the length of residual vitreous adhesion in an ophthalmology clinic population. METHODS: @entity1 examined by the senior author ( @entity2323 ) during a 6-month period were included in a retrospective chart review. Demographic data and spectral domain optical coherence tomography scan results were gathered. Data analysis with descriptive statistics focused on the prevalence and extent of partial @entity15811 . RESULTS: The mean age of the study @entity1 was 69.9 years, and 62% were phakic. The highest prevalence of partial posterior hyaloid separation from the internal limiting membrane (71.2%) was seen in the 50- to 54-year age group. This prevalence rate steadily decreased to 5.6% in the 95- to 99-year age group. The prevalence of complete @entity20699 as determined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy increased from 1.7% in the <50-year age group to a maximum of 29.2% in the 75- to 79-year group. The length of vitreomacular adhesion averaged 4.6 mm in the 50- to 54-year age group and steadily decreased to 2.1 mm in the 90- to 95-year group. CONCLUSION: @entity1172 affects the majority of eyes in the sixth decade of life. The prevalence of partial @entity15811 decreases with advancing age, probably because an increasing number of these @entity1 progress to @entity20699 .

title: Age-dependent XXXX from the macula in a clinic population.

entities_list: @entity15811 :: ('MESH:D014823', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous separation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1172 :: ('MESH:D001010', 'Disease') :: ['Vitreomacular separation']

entities_list: @entity20699 :: ('MESH:D020255', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous detachment', 'complete posterior vitreous detachment']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Vitreous degeneration']

answer: @entity15811 :: (MESH:D014823,Disease) :: ['vitreous separation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ascites fluid or a @entity1143 are common events in @entity189 , but they also can be associated with several other medical conditions. The standard for determination of @entity5 in these situations is cytologic evaluation of these fluids. Although this method is frequently successful, there are times when it fails, even when the @entity1 has a @entity5 , either because of insufficient cells in the fluid or for other reasons. This study addresses this problem taking advantage of the recent advances in technology for detection of rare epithelial cells in liquid specimens. METHODS: The authors examined fluid specimens from 59 @entity1 to determine the frequency of recovery of epithelial cells compared with that achieved by conventional cytopathology. The Dynal CELLection Epithelial Enrich (Dynal AS, Oslo, Norway) method was used. This method is based on immunomagnetic selection of cells binding to @entity5960 antibodies. @entity189 cells were confirmed by morphology and, when there was sufficient material, by @entity5962 staining. RESULTS: Grouping the cases by cytologic diagnosis, the authors found malignant cells using the cell enrichment assay in 11 of 12 malignant cases, 2 of 5 atypical cases, and 3 of 42 negative cases. Further investigations were conducted on the five cases that were cytologically negative or atypical but yielded epithelial cells after immunomagnetic enrichment. Four cases ultimately were proven malignant by other methods and one had incomplete follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The new methods available for epithelial cell enrichment in liquids may be used successfully on cytologic fluid specimens and may lead to increased sensitivity for detection of @entity5 , and consequently more accurate staging.

title: Use of magnetic enrichment for detection of XXXX cells in fluid specimens.

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma', 'metastatic carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']