abstract: Metabotropic @entity2227 receptor (mGluR) activation has been extensively studied under steady-state conditions. However, at central synapses, mGluRs are exposed to brief submillisecond @entity2227 transients and may not reach steady-state. The lack of information on the kinetics of mGluR activation impairs accurate predictions of their operation during synaptic transmission. Here, we report experiments designed to investigate mGluR kinetics in real-time. We inserted either CFP or YFP into the second intracellular loop of mGluR1beta. When these constructs were coexpressed in PC12 cells, @entity2227 application induced a conformational change that could be monitored, using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), with an EC(50) of 7.5 microM. The FRET response was mimicked by the agonist @entity11724 , abolished by the competitive antagonist MCPG, and partially inhibited by @entity9446 -selective allosteric modulators. These results suggest that the FRET response reports active conformations of @entity9446 dimers. The solution exchange at the cell membrane was optimized for voltage-clamped cells by recording the current induced by co-application of 30 mM @entity972 . When @entity2227 was applied at increasing concentrations up to 2 mM, the activation time course decreased to a minimum of approximately 10 ms, whereas the deactivation time course remained constant (approximately 50 ms). During long-lasting applications, no desensitization was observed. In contrast, we observed a robust sensitization of the FRET response that developed over approximately 400 ms. Activation, deactivation, and sensitization time courses and amplitudes were used to derive a kinetic scheme and rate constants, from which we inferred the EC(50) and frequency dependence of @entity9446 activation under non-steady-state conditions, as occurs during synaptic transmission.

title: Optical measurement of XXXX conformational changes reveals fast activation, slow deactivation, and sensitization.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity9446 :: (14799(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['mGluR1']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: @entity7936 ( @entity7936 ) is characterized by @entity1560 and @entity32 , which can further progress into @entity82 and @entity82 . Recently, we demonstrated that combined deletion of the two main scavenger receptors, @entity4302 and @entity38245 ( @entity38245 ), which are important for modified @entity165 -rich lipoprotein uptake, reduced @entity7936 . The individual contributions of these receptors to @entity7936 and the intracellular mechanisms by which they contribute to @entity32 have not been established. We hypothesize that @entity4302 and @entity38245 contribute independently to the onset of @entity32 in @entity7936 , by affecting intracellular @entity165 distribution inside Kupffer cells (KCs). METHODS _ RESULTS: Ldlr(-/-) @entity19 were transplanted with wild-type (Wt), @entity4302 (-/-) or @entity38245 (-/-) bone marrow and fed a Western diet for 3 months. @entity4302 (-/-)- and @entity38245 (-/-)- transplanted (tp) @entity19 showed a similar @entity99 compared to Wt-tp @entity19 . While the total amount of @entity165 inside KCs was similar in all groups, KCs of @entity4302 (-/-)- and @entity38245 (-/-)-tp @entity19 showed increased cytoplasmic @entity165 accumulation, while Wt-tp @entity19 showed increased lysosomal @entity165 accumulation. CONCLUSION: @entity4302 and @entity38245 contribute similarly and independently to the progression of @entity32 in @entity7936 . One possible explanation for the inflammatory response related to expression of these receptors could be abnormal @entity165 trafficking in KCs. These data provide a new basis for prevention and treatment of @entity7936 .

title: Internalization of modified lipids by @entity4302 and XXXX leads to @entity99 and lysosomal @entity165 storage in Kupffer cells.

entities_list: @entity38245 :: ('20288(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['Msr1', 'macrophage scavenger receptor 1', 'MSR1']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatosis']

entities_list: @entity7936 :: ('MESH:D005235', 'Disease') :: ['NASH', 'Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in hepatic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity38245 :: (20288(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['SR-A']


abstract: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new proprietary processed corncob bedding material (PCC)compared with standard corncob in ventilated and static @entity19 housing systems. Intracage @entity3265 levels, bacterial growth, and absorptive capacity of bedding were measured for cages of C57BL/6 @entity19 under nonautoclaved and autoclaved conditions on static and ventilated racks in a barrier facility. @entity3265 concentration was measured daily, and cages were removed from the study when measurements reached or exceeded 25 ppm. Bacterial growth in bedding was quantified and speciated before exposure to @entity19 and at the time of cage removal. The absorptive capacity of all bedding material was determined under autoclaved and nonautoclaved conditions. Ventilated cages with PCC or autoclaved corncob took longer to reach @entity3265 concentrations of 25 ppm than did those with corncob or autoclaved PCC; PCC-filled cages remained below 25 ppm @entity3655 for at least 3 wk. The type of bedding material did not affect the number of days required to reach 25 ppm in static cages. Compared with other bedding types in the absence of @entity19 , 1/4-in. PCC had a lower and 1/8-in. corncob a higher bacterial load. Autoclaving altered the absorptive capacity of 1/4-in. bedding materials, and for 1/8-in. bedding, corncob was more absorptive than PCC regardless of autoclaving. The results of this study indicate that PCC is comparable to autoclaved corncob in controlling intracage @entity3265 levels, and a cage-change interval of 3 wk is possible when ventilated cages are used with this bedding.

title: Processing and treatment of corncob bedding affects cage-change frequency for C57BL/6 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3265 :: ('MESH:D000641', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonia', 'Ammonia']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Current @entity120 (PH) diagnostic algorithms include some testing specifically for paediatrics, but it is unclear if this is used in clinical practice. We describe the current diagnostic workup of the TOPP (Tracking Outcomes and Practice in @entity120 ) registry for suspected PH. We investigated 456 @entity1 enrolled until February 2010. The majority had ECGs (94%), echocardiograms (96%) and/or chest radiographs (89%) performed and these were the noninvasive tests most frequently used for evaluation of suspected PH. No @entity1 had all three tests considered normal, suggesting the potential for the combined use to rule out PH. For evaluation of complications associated with @entity299 ( @entity299 ) we analysed a total of 908 HCs reported until February 2012. Of these, 554 were at diagnosis and 354 in follow-up. Complications were reported in 5.9% with five deaths considered related to @entity299 , suggesting a higher rate of @entity299 compared to adult studies. However, current recommendations support @entity299 in paediatric PH. A proper application of the risk/benefit ratio for @entity299 requires further data. Most @entity1 did not undergo the diagnostic workup currently recommended for adults, which highlights either incomplete awareness of current guidelines and/or challenges their appropriateness for @entity1 .

title: Diagnostic evaluation of XXXX in current clinical practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['Paediatric Pulmonary hypertension', 'paediatric pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart catheterisation', 'HC complications', 'HC']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['paediatric pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to evaluate the surgical invasiveness and the safety of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for @entity5 . METHODS: Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomies were performed on 43 @entity1 with clinical stage IA @entity1149 . We compared the surgical invasiveness parameters with 42 @entity1 who underwent lobectomy by conventional thoracotomy. RESULTS: Intraoperative @entity190 was significantly less than that in the conventional thoracotomy group (151+/-149 vs. 362+/-321 g, p<0.01). Chest tube duration (3.0+/-2.1 vs. 3.9+/-1.9 days) was significantly shorter than those in the conventional thoracotomy group (p<0.05). The visual analog scale which was evaluated as @entity282 level on postoperative day 7, maximum white blood count and @entity1851 level were significantly lower than those in the conventional thoracotomy group (p<0.05). The morbidity rate was significantly lower than that in the conventional thoracotomy group (25.6% vs. 47.6%, p<0.05). Sputum retention and @entity943 were significantly less frequent than in the conventional thoracotomy group (p<0.05). We experienced no operative deaths in both groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for stage I @entity1149 @entity1 is a less invasive and safer procedure with a lower morbidity rate compared with lobectomy by thoracotomy.

title: Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy reduces the morbidity after surgery for stage I XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage I lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity0 detection using mammography has improved clinical outcomes for many @entity1 , because mammography can detect very small (5 mm) @entity5 early in the course of the disease. However, mammography fails to detect 10 - 25% of @entity5 , and the results do not distinguish benign and @entity5 . Reducing the false positive rate, even by a modest 10%, while improving the sensitivity, will lead to improved screening, and is a desirable and attainable goal. The emerging application of magnetic relaxometry, in particular using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensors, is fast and potentially more specific than mammography because it is designed to detect @entity5 -targeted @entity1933 magnetic nanoparticles. Furthermore, magnetic relaxometry is theoretically more specific than MRI detection, because only target-bound nanoparticles are detected. Our group is developing antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles targeted to @entity0 cells that can be detected using magnetic relaxometry. METHODS: To accomplish this, we identified a series of @entity0 cell lines expressing varying levels of the plasma membrane-expressed @entity1 epidermal growth factor-like receptor 2 ( @entity1722 ) by flow cytometry. Anti- @entity1722 antibody was then conjugated to superparamagnetic @entity1933 nanoparticles using the @entity26408 method. Labeled nanoparticles were incubated with @entity0 cell lines and visualized by confocal microscopy, Prussian blue histochemistry, and magnetic relaxometry. RESULTS: We demonstrated a time- and antigen concentration-dependent increase in the number of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles bound to cells. Next, anti @entity1722 -conjugated nanoparticles injected into highly @entity1722 -expressing @entity5 xenograft explants yielded a significantly higher SQUID relaxometry signal relative to unconjugated nanoparticles. Finally, labeled cells introduced into breast phantoms were measured by magnetic relaxometry, and as few as 1 million labeled cells were detected at a distance of 4.5 cm using our early prototype system. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles are promising reagents to apply to in vivo @entity0 cell detection, and that SQUID-detected magnetic relaxometry is a viable, rapid, and highly sensitive method for in vitro nanoparticle development and eventual in vivo @entity5 detection.

title: Detection of XXXX cells using targeted magnetic nanoparticles and ultra-sensitive magnetic field sensors.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity26408 :: ('CHEBI:53091', 'Chemical') :: ['carbodiimide']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Minipigs have become a popular alternative to the traditional non-rodent species although little information is available on their P450 system. The total P450, the enzyme activity and immunochemical levels of some of the most important drug metabolizing isoenzymes @entity46072 , @entity46073 , CYP2C19, CYP2D6, @entity46074 and CYP3A4 were measured in liver microsomes from 8 minipigs and 12 conventional @entity1707 of both sexes and castrate conventional @entity1707 . The mRNA expression was analyzed for 3 isoenzymes: @entity46072 , @entity46073 and @entity46074 . The total P450 activity was slightly higher in minipigs compared to conventional @entity1707 but no sex differences were detected. @entity46072 activity was 4 times higher in female than in male minipigs. The activity of the male minipigs possessed the same activity as were identical to the conventional females, males and castrates. The activity of @entity46074 was 4 times higher in female than in male minipigs and 2 times higher in female than in male @entity1707 . No activity of CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 could be detected. The CYP3A4 activity detected in minipigs was higher than the activity in conventional @entity1707 . A slight sex difference was seen in both strains. Correlations between enzyme activity and immunochemical levels were found for @entity46072 , @entity46073 and CYP3A4 but not for @entity46074 . The mRNA concentration of @entity46072 , @entity46073 and @entity46074 was determined because the activity of these enzymes showed marked sex differences. A Spearman ranking correlation analysis between mRNA expression and enzyme activity showed a weak correlation for @entity46073 , but not for @entity46072 and @entity46074 . These results seem to indicate that @entity46073 could be transcriptionally regulated, whereas @entity46072 might be post-transcriptionally regulated.

title: Cytochrome P450 sex differences in minipigs and conventional XXXX .

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity4144 and @entity101 (FHHt) is caused by mutations in WNK kinases. Its pathogenesis is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the mechanism of @entity5200 in FHHt. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a study of a large family with FHHt and @entity22144 @entity26545 mutation and of control subjects at a referral medical center. SUBJECTS: Forty-six members of a family with FHHt and @entity22144 @entity26545 mutation, 23 of them affected, and 12 control subjects participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Urinary @entity460 and @entity1372 concentrations, endogenous @entity1091 clearance, age of @entity101 appearance were assessed. RESULTS: In 40 urine samples of 20 affected subjects, urinary @entity460 was correlated to urinary @entity1372 (r = 0.567; P = 0.0001). In 28 urinary samples of 22 unaffected members, no correlation was found (r = 0.285; P = 0.14). Mean ratio of urinary @entity460 to urinary @entity1372 was 2.7-fold higher in affected compared with unaffected members (58.7 +/- 25.9 vs. 22.1 +/- 14.0 micromol/mmol, P < 0.0001). Endogenous @entity1091 clearance in eight affected members was about 50% lower than in 12 controls (16.2 +/- 7.7 vs. 28.8 +/- 9.8 ml/min, P = 0.0073). @entity101 was detected in males 12 yr earlier than in females (26.0 +/- 7.5 vs. 37.9 +/- 11.3 yr; P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: @entity5200 in FHHt seems to be dependent on urinary @entity1372 . According to molecular studies, FHHt @entity1 are presumed to have increased distal nephron @entity1372 reabsorption and therefore decreased proximal reabsorption of @entity1372 , @entity1091 , and @entity460 . The observed decreased @entity1091 clearance reflects probable abnormal renal handling of @entity1091 , i.e. distal nephron @entity1091 reabsorption. Therefore, @entity5200 may result from proximal nephron aberration. Finally, earlier appearance of @entity101 in males may be the result of sex-hormone activity.

title: @entity4144 and XXXX : pathogenetic insights based on @entity1091 clearance.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity4144 :: ('MESH:D006947', 'Disease') :: ['Familial hyperkalemia']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5200 :: ('MESH:D053565', 'Disease') :: ['Hypercalciuria', 'hypercalciuria']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of detection of @entity794 carrier state in anterior nares of the @entity1 suffering from recurrent @entity6690 with the normal population and to determine the efficacy of @entity1215 in eradication of the carrier state. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Skin Department of Combined Military Hospital, Peshawar and Multan, from March 2004 to December 2005. @entity1 AND METHODS: The study consisted of 80 individuals. They were placed in two groups. Group I comprised of 40 @entity1 suffering from recurrent furuncles and group II included 40 healthy adults, kept as controls. Nasal swab was taken from the individuals belonging to both the groups, when they first reported to skin OPD. The @entity1 who were suffering from furuncles were treated with co-amoxiclav 375 or 625 mg three times a day. The @entity1 in whom @entity794 carrier state was detected were again divided into two groups. Group 1 was prescribed @entity1215 450-600 mg daily (depending on the body weight) for 10 days, while the group 2 was not offered any treatment. After this course, a second nasal swab was taken and submitted for cultures. RESULTS: Among the 40 @entity1 belonging to group I, @entity794 carrier state was detected in 23 (57.5%), while in group II the carrier state was found in 8 (20%) individuals (p<0.001). Among the 13 @entity1 who received @entity1215 , 10 got cured of carrier state, while in 3 @entity1 nasal swab was still positive after a course of @entity1215 . In 10 @entity1 , who were not offered any treatment, the nasal swabs remained positive (p<0.001). These @entity1 were followed-up in skin OPD for another 3 months, and did not develop any recurrence of the @entity281 . CONCLUSION: Nasal swab for detection of @entity794 carrier state should be done in all @entity1 of recurrent @entity6690 . If the nasal swab culture is positive, then as the @entity281 gets cured, the @entity1 should receive a course of @entity1215 for 10 days. This may eradicate the carrier state in majority of cases and prevent the recurrence of the @entity281 .

title: Efficacy of @entity1215 in eradication of carrier state of XXXX in anterior nares with recurrent @entity6690 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity6690 :: ('MESH:D005667', 'Disease') :: ['furunculosis']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Reproductive tract infections (RTI) present major health, social, and economic problems in developing countries. Our objective was to describe the prevalence and risk factors of RTIs in a population based sample of @entity1 aged 18-45 years. METHOD: 2494 @entity1 of 3000 randomly selected from the population defined by a primary health centre catchment area consented to participate. @entity1 were interviewed regarding complaints and risk factors. Laboratory specimens were collected for the diagnosis of RTIs. Analyses of risk factors were carried out separately for the outcomes of @entity2953 : @entity1047 , gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis; and endogenous infections: @entity6981 . RESULTS: Endogenous infections were relatively common (BV 17.8%; candida 8.5%), and @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ) were infrequent (4.2%). Factors indicative of poverty and marginalisation were associated with STIs and BV. Gender disadvantage, particularly spousal violence, was associated with BV, while concern about a husband's extramarital relationships, an indicator of sexual risk, was associated with @entity2953 . Husband's discharge was strongly associated with @entity2953 , and a non-white vaginal discharge was associated with both @entity2953 and BV. Condom use and oral contraceptive use were associated with a reduced risk of BV. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the population burden of RTIs is attributed to endogenous infections. Socioeconomic deprivation and gender disadvantage are associated with raised risk for BV, while the risk factors for STIs indicated that disadvantaged @entity1 were likely to be infected by their husbands.

title: The burden and determinants of reproductive tract infections in India: a population based study of XXXX in Goa, India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity6981 :: ('MESH:D016585', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candida']

entities_list: @entity1047 :: ('MESH:D002690', 'Disease') :: ['chlamydia']

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['STI', 'sexually transmitted infections']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: Routine Trichinella meat inspection at the slaughterhouse detected one larva in a pooled batch of 100 @entity1707 samples. The larva was sent to the Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI) for species identification.Morphological examination revealed that the larva was not Trichinella spp. Molecular analysis was performed. PCR and sequencing of 5S/ITS identified the larva as @entity9157 . A second round of digests was carried out at the meat inspection laboratory, in smaller batches to try to identify the infected animal. No further larvae were detected and it was not possible to identify which of the 100 animals the larva had come from. This is the first time that @entity9157 has been reported in slaughterhouse @entity1707 in Norway.Although the infected individual could not be identified, the meat originated from one of six potential farms. A small survey regarding rodent control and @entity468 was sent to each of these farms. @entity468 had restricted access to food storage areas (two farms reported that @entity468 had access) whilst none of the farms allowed @entity468 into the production housing. @entity468 were, however, present on all the farms (mostly stray @entity468 of unknown health status). Half of the farms also reported seeing rodents in the @entity1707 housing during the previous six months and half reported finding rodents in the feed and straw storage areas. We were unable to narrow down the source of @entity281 - however contamination of food or bedding material, with cat faeces or infected rodents, in addition to the presence of infected rodents in @entity1707 housing remain potential routes of @entity281 .

title: XXXX larva migrans in domestic pigs--detected at slaughterhouse control in Norway.

entities_list: @entity9157 :: ('6266', 'Species') :: ['Toxocara cati']

answer: @entity9157 :: (6266,Species) :: ['Toxocara cati']


abstract: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) is a common cause of @entity73 and a major risk factor for @entity195 ( @entity195 ). PDAPP @entity19 , a transgenic line overexpressing a mutant @entity1 @entity477 ( @entity477 ) implicated in familial @entity195 , have markedly impaired behavioral performance in the Morris water maze relative to @entity164 ( @entity164 ) littermates. Performance further deteriorates following experimental @entity131 in both PDAPP and @entity164 @entity19 . However, the aspects of cognitive function involved are not well understood. Here, we have analyzed search strategies used in the water maze by 3-4 month old PDAPP and @entity164 C57Bl6 littermates both before and after moderate controlled cortical impact @entity131 . Prior to @entity131 , PDAPP @entity19 used less spatial strategies and more nonspatial systematic strategies and strategies involving repetitive looping than @entity164 @entity19 . With training, PDAPP @entity19 used more spatial strategies and less repetitive looping. After @entity131 , PDAPP @entity19 lost use of spatial strategies and relied more on repetitive looping. @entity131 in @entity164 @entity19 also reduced their use of spatial strategies but instead caused a switch to nonspatial systematic strategies. We also analyzed changes in the efficiency with which @entity19 used each individual strategy, but found that differences in which strategies were used quantitatively accounted for most of the differences in performance between groups. These results demonstrate that suboptimal search strategy use in addition to effects on spatial learning and memory underlies the impaired performance of PDAPP @entity19 and further deterioration following @entity131 . @entity1 @entity131 @entity1 may have analogous poor use of problem solving strategies.

title: Morris water maze search strategy analysis in PDAPP XXXX before and after experimental traumatic brain injury.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity477 :: ('351', 'Gene') :: ['APP', 'amyloid precursor protein']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ) is an alkylating agent primarily used to treat @entity5 of the central nervous system. We describe 2 @entity1 with apparent @entity2904 -induced central @entity2010 . Using our institution's Research @entity1 Database Registry, we identified 3 additional potential cases of @entity2904 -induced @entity2010 among a group of 1545 @entity1 treated with @entity2904 . CASE PRESENTATIONS: A 53-year-old male with an @entity816 and a 38-year-old male with an @entity3271 each developed symptoms of @entity4683 and @entity2011 approximately 2 months after the initiation of @entity2904 . Laboratory analyses demonstrated @entity3489 and urinary concentrating defects, consistent with the presence of @entity2010 , and the @entity1 were successfully treated with @entity7062 . @entity7062 was withdrawn after the discontinuation of @entity2904 , and @entity2010 did not recur. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary and hypothalamus was unremarkable apart from the absence of a posterior pituitary bright spot in both of the cases. Anterior pituitary function tests were normal in both cases. Using the Research @entity1 Database Registry database, we identified the 2 index cases and 3 additional potential cases of @entity2010 for an estimated prevalence of 0.3% (5 cases of @entity2010 per 1545 @entity1 prescribed @entity2904 ). CONCLUSIONS: @entity6659 is a rare but reversible side effect of treatment with @entity2904 .

title: @entity6659 : a previously unreported side effect of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity3271 :: ('MESH:D009837', 'Disease') :: ['oligodendroglioma']

entities_list: @entity7062 :: ('MESH:D003894', 'Chemical') :: ['Desmopressin acetate', 'desmopressin acetate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity4683 :: ('MESH:D059606', 'Disease') :: ['polydipsia']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['oligoastrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['Temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity6659 :: ('MESH:D020790', 'Disease') :: ['Central diabetes insipidus']

entities_list: @entity3489 :: ('MESH:D006955', 'Disease') :: ['hypernatremia']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity2903 :: (MESH:C047246,Chemical) :: ['temozolomide']


abstract: @entity3261 -mediated transformation (ATMT) has been proven to be a powerful strategy for gene disruption in plants and fungi. Patterns associated with transferred DNA (T-DNA) integration in plants and @entity375 have been studied comprehensively, whereas no detailed analysis of T-DNA integration has been reported yet in filamentous fungi. Here, we reported the T-DNA insertion patterns in the genome of filamentous fungus @entity8812 . Using ATMT, a T-DNA tagged population consisting of 6,179 transformants of @entity8812 was constructed. With thermal asymmetric interlaced-PCR (TAIL-PCR), 623 @entity8668 ( @entity8668 ) flanking sequences and 124 left border (LB) flanking sequences were generated. Analysis of these flanking sequences indicated a significant integration bias toward non-coding sequences, suggesting distribution of T-DNAs was not random. Comparing to T-DNA @entity8668 , LB was nicked inaccurately and truncated frequently during integration. Chromosomal rearrangements, such as deletion, inversion, and translocation, were associated with T-DNA integration in some transformants. Our data suggest that, comparing with plant cells, T-DNA integrates into this filamentous fungus with more precise and simpler patterns. Some phenotypic mutants were observed in our T-DNA tagged population, and these transformants will be very useful for functional genomics research of @entity8812 .

title: Characterization of T-DNA insertion patterns in the genome of @entity8812 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3261 :: ('358', 'Species') :: ['Agrobacterium tumefaciens']

entities_list: @entity8668 :: ('MESH:D001882', 'Disease') :: ['right border', 'RB']

entities_list: @entity8812 :: ('318829', 'Species') :: ['M. oryzae', 'Magnaporthe oryzae']

answer: @entity8812 :: (318829,Species) :: ['Magnaporthe oryzae']


abstract: Limited studies indicate a possible association of 5'-UTR @entity1382 enhancer region polymorphism and treatment outcome in @entity1 medicated with @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ). The study was designed to verify the relationship in @entity1 with @entity14 ( @entity14 ), a Polish population that received @entity1487 -based adjuvant chemotherapy. The study analyzed 145 Astler-Coller B2 and C @entity14 @entity1 . Genotyping for a variable number of tandem repeats and G to C single-nucleotide polymorphism in the 5'-UTR of the @entity1382 ( @entity1382 ) gene was carried out. @entity1382 genotypes were classified into high expression (high @entity1382 ) and low expression types (low @entity1382 ). High @entity1382 was found in 22.8% of @entity1 . The @entity5 were more frequently associated with high @entity1382 than the @entity5 (p=0.024). High @entity1382 was only found in 9.3% of @entity5 , but in 29.7% of @entity694 (p=0.0042). Disease-free survival after 20 months (DFS 20) was longer in subjects with low @entity1382 than in high @entity1382 (p=0.043). @entity1 who underwent chemotherapy had longer DFS 20 in the low @entity1382 than in the high @entity1382 subgroup (p=0.051). The low @entity1382 was found to be an independent good prognostic factor for DFS 20 in the whole group as well as in the subgroup treated with chemotherapy (p=0.024 and p=0.034, respectively). @entity1 with low @entity1382 did not show any differences in DFS 20 whether they were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy or not. @entity14 are characterized by higher @entity1382 expression genotypes than @entity5 , and are at significantly greater risk of early recurrence during the first 20 months after surgery.

title: Thymidylate synthase gene polymorphism and survival of @entity14 @entity1 receiving adjuvant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1382 :: ('MESH:D020159', 'Disease') :: ['thymidylate synthase', 'TS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal tumors', 'right-side tumors', 'distal tumors', 'left-side tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer', 'Proximal CRC tumors']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancers']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: @entity176 is a new orally administered agent for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity170 that reduces the risk of @entity173 . Evidence for the safety and efficacy of @entity176 comes from two large multinational trials, the SOTI (Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention) and TROPOS (Treatment Of @entity170 ) studies. The SOTI study evaluated @entity174 prevention in 1649 postmenopausal @entity1 with a mean age of 69 y. The subjects all had at least one previous @entity174 and a low spine bone mineral density (BMD) (equivalent to a Hologic spine T-score below -1.9). The @entity176 group had a 41% lower risk of a new @entity174 than the placebo group over the three-year study period (relative risk [RR] = 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48-0.73; p < 0.001). The TROPOS study evaluated non- @entity174 prevention in 5091 postmenopausal @entity1 with a mean age of 77 y. The subjects were aged 74 y and over (or 70-74 y with one additional risk factor) and a low femoral neck BMD (equivalent to an NHANES III [Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey] T-score below -2.2). Over the three-year study period there was a 16% reduction in all @entity174 (RR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.702-0.995; p = 0.04) and a 19% reduction at the principal sites for @entity174 . The TROPOS study was not powered to investigate @entity173 risk. However, in a high risk group of @entity1 aged 74 y and over and with an NHANES III femoral neck T-score less than -2.4 there was a 36% reduction in @entity173 risk (RR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.412-0.997; p = 0.046). The overall incidence of adverse events did not differ significantly from placebo and were generally mild and transient, the most common being @entity390 and @entity294 . @entity176 is a useful addition to the range of anti- @entity174 treatments available for treating postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity170 and is the only treatment proven to be effective at preventing both @entity173 in @entity1 aged 80 y and over.

title: @entity176 : a novel treatment for XXXX : a review of safety and efficacy.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture', 'non-vertebral fractures', 'vertebral fracture']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Postmenopausal Osteoporosis', 'postmenopausal osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral and hip fractures', 'hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity176 :: ('MESH:C081587', 'Chemical') :: ['strontium ranelate', 'Strontium ranelate']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']


abstract: The final number of Sertoli cells reached during the proliferative periods determines sperm production capacity in adulthood. It is well known that FSH is the major Sertoli cell mitogen; however, little is known about the signal transduction pathways that regulate the proliferation of Sertoli cells. The hypothesis of this investigation was that FSH regulates proliferation through a PI3K/ @entity2308 / @entity13407 pathway, and additionally, AMPK-dependent mechanisms counteract FSH proliferative effects. The present study was performed in 8-day-old @entity35 Sertoli cell cultures. The results presented herein show that FSH, in addition to increasing p- @entity2308 , p- @entity3470 , and p- @entity14446 levels, increases p- @entity49852 levels, probably contributing to improving @entity13407 signaling. Furthermore, the decrease in FSH-stimulated p- @entity2308 , p- @entity3470 , p- @entity14446 , and p- @entity49852 levels in the presence of @entity2307 emphasizes the participation of PI3K in FSH signaling. Additionally, the inhibition of FSH-stimulated Sertoli cell proliferation by the effect of @entity2307 and @entity3446 point to the relevance of the PI3K/ @entity2308 / @entity13407 signaling pathway in the mitotic activity of FSH. On the other hand, by activating AMPK, several interesting observations were made. Activation of AMPK produced an increase in @entity49853 phosphorylation, a decrease in @entity14446 phosphorylation, and a decrease in FSH-stimulated Sertoli cell proliferation. The decrease in FSH-stimulated cell proliferation was accompanied by an increased expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p19INK4d, p21Cip1, and @entity5447 . In summary, it is concluded that FSH regulates Sertoli cell proliferation with the participation of a PI3K/ @entity2308 / @entity13407 pathway and that AMPK activation may be involved in the detention of proliferation by, at least in part, a decrease in @entity13407 signaling and an increase in CDKI expression.

title: Signal transduction pathways in FSH regulation of XXXX Sertoli cell proliferation.

entities_list: @entity2307 :: ('MESH:C009687', 'Chemical') :: ['wortmannin']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['rapamycin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We compared antibody levels among serum, egg yolk extract, and @entity738 fluid in @entity1573 immunized with bovine serum albumin (BSA). One group of hens was immunized by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection of bovine serum albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by two subsequent booster injections in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Two other groups were surgically implanted with plastic, perforated wiffle balls (subcutaneous chambers). After a 30-day recovery period, one of the groups with subcutaneous chambers was immunized with BSA in sterile water with two subsequent boosts. The other group was injected with only sterile water. Serum samples, eggs, and @entity738 fluid were collected biweekly and analyzed to determine specific IgG, total IgG, and total protein. The subcutaneous chambers were well tolerated. Quantitative ELISAs of serum, egg yolk extract, and @entity738 fluid specimens disclosed that specific antibody levels were present in all specimens by 2 weeks after primary immunization. During the course of the experiment, specific antibody levels of serum and egg yolk specimens were significantly higher than those of @entity738 fluid (P less than 0.05). However, an additional injection of antigen into the subcutaneous chambers resulted in specific antibody levels in @entity738 fluid specimens that were comparable to those of serum and egg yolk extract. Use of subcutaneous chambers in @entity1573 may be a viable alternative to routine antibody production methods.

title: Evaluation of subcutaneous chambers as an alternative to conventional methods of antibody production in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chickens']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatment for @entity170 in the community in @entity1 who were operated for @entity173 appears to be suboptimal at best. Evidence regarding treatment beyond the 1st year after surgery is scarce. We examined the association between discharge recommendations for treatment of @entity170 in @entity1 suffering from @entity173 and treatment beyond the 1st year. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We performed a retrospective observational cohort study in @entity1 age 50 to 90 years operated for @entity173 between the years 2008 and 2014. We investigated the correlation between discharge recommendations and rates of @entity170 treatment postdischarge 1 to 7 years, and the influence of @entity170 diagnosis upon treatment. Exclusion criteria besides age included high-energy @entity130 , pathologic or @entity3564 , and @entity1 deceased within 1-year postsurgery. RESULTS: A total of 602 @entity1 files were examined. Univariate analysis showed that, of 283 @entity1 who were prescribed dietary supplementation of @entity560 and @entity460 , a significantly higher percentage of @entity1 received treatment if they had a recommendation (50.3% vs 36.1%, P = 0.0005), were diagnosed (43.8% vs 14.4%, P<0.0001), or were of female gender (84.1% vs 57.3%, P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) for receiving treatment compared with the control group ( @entity1 without a recommendation and a diagnosis) was higher among @entity1 who had both a recommendation and a treatment (OR = 5.4, P<0.0001) than the group with a diagnosis only (OR = 4.75, P<0.0001) or a recommendation only (OR = 2.06, P = 0.0006). CONCLUSIONS: A formal recommendation for @entity170 treatment in the discharge letters of @entity1 who suffered hip @entity174 increases treatment rate of @entity170 in the community compared with @entity1 without a recommendation. @entity1 who receive such a recommendation but also have a formal coded diagnosis of @entity170 in their medical files have an even higher chance of receiving treatment in the community. Our observations may assist in amplifying the overall treatment rates, which are still undoubtedly low.

title: Can orthopedic surgeons help create a better head start for @entity170 treatment after XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fragility fractures']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic hip fractures', 'hip fractures', 'hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3564 :: ('MESH:D057068', 'Disease') :: ['periprosthetic fractures']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']


abstract: Twenty-five cases of the congenital, idiopathic @entity1162 , occasionally diagnosed at birth and persisting after the 4th day of life, were analysed retrospectively to determine the medium-term prognosis and to identify risk factors. The age of the @entity1 varied: 13 neonates including 10 of less than 5 days of age, and 12 @entity1 1 to 12 years old. Eleven @entity1 belonged to families with @entity1162 . The recruitment also varied: @entity1163 or near @entity1163 (9 cases), @entity1168 or @entity591 (9 cases) or by systematic familial enquiry (7 cases). The corrected QT interval (QTc) was greater than 0.44 s in all @entity1 , and 17 @entity1 had conduction (atrioventricular or intraventricular) defects and/or @entity943 ( @entity591 , torsades de pointe or fibrillation). All except two older @entity1 were prescribed betablocker therapy and in 6 cases of resistant @entity943 a pacemaker was implanted. There were 6 @entity204 : 4 @entity204 occurred in neonates who had the longest QT intervals (greater than 0.65 s) complicated by @entity8526 and @entity591 . The other 2 fatalities were in older @entity1 who both died during @entity1163 . The 19 survivors were followed up for 3 months to 16 years: 4 @entity1 with the shortest QTc values (0.44 to 0.48 s) have completely recovered; 2 neonates treated for 9 months and then weaned off therapy without any complications and 2 older @entity1 who were not treated. The other 15 cases are all under treatment but do well and have had no @entity1163 during follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ XXXX . Mid-term prognosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['syncope', 'syncopal episodes']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia', 'tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity8526 :: ('MESH:C562490', 'Disease') :: ['conduction defects']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['long QT syndrome', 'long QT syndromes']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardias']

answer: @entity1162 :: (MESH:D008133,Disease) :: ['Congenital long QT syndrome']


abstract: Curative surgery of @entity1963 ( @entity1963 ) was performed in 32 @entity1 younger than 3 months of age from January 1, 1977, December 31, 1986. There were 24 males, seven of whom presented with @entity1963 . Preoperative relief of obstruction was carried out by only enemas in 25 @entity1 (81%), with addition of total parenteral nutrition of 8 to 27 days in case of severe @entity1964 . Colostomy was never performed as a routine procedure. Preoperative morbidity occurred in three cases: one @entity1964 and two sigmoid performations that were successfully treated by colostomy. Weight at operation ranged from 3.3 to 6.0 kg (mean, 4.9 kg). Swenson's (25), Duhamel's (5), and Soave's procedures (2) were performed. There was no mortality. Follow-up varied from 2 to 10 years. Postoperative morbidity occurred in five @entity1 (one @entity834 , two @entity850 , one @entity3313 , and one recurrent @entity1964 ). All other @entity1 are considered as definitively cured. Comparison with data in the literature permits one to advocate primary corrective treatment of @entity1963 without decompression in @entity1 less than 3 months of age.

title: Management of XXXX : curative surgery before 3 months of age.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leak']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1963 :: ('MESH:D006627', 'Disease') :: ['HD', 'total colonic aganglionosis', "Hirschsprung's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['enterocolitis']

answer: @entity1963 :: (MESH:D006627,Disease) :: ['Hirschsprung's disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2951 is a topic and specific @entity7183 afferent @entity2359 . After spinal-cord injury, @entity7183 afferent proliferate in the bladder mucosae and are involving in @entity427 AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate middle-term efficacy and tolerance of intravesical instillation of capsa  @entity8046 in spinal-cord injured @entity1 presenting severe @entity322 refractory to usual therapy due to @entity427 . METHODS: Thirty @entity1 receveid a first intravesical instillation of 1mMol/L Capsa  @entity8046 solution in 30% @entity167 . The efficacy (voiding diary, pads, quality of life, maximum cystometric capacity, maximum detrusor pressure, first and normal desire to void) and tolerance were evaluated before, 1 month and 3 months after each instillation, completed by anual cystoscopy. In @entity1 who responded favorably to this instillation, repeated instillations were proposed when symptoms recurred. RESULTS: 25 @entity1 (83.3%) were improved after the initial instillation (decrease of @entity322 -frequency-urgency, best quality of life, rise on maximal cystometric capacity), since the 15(th) day and for 3.2 months. 76 reiterative instillations were performed in 22 @entity1 (2 to 9 instillations per @entity1 ). 91.2% of them remained successfull, during an average period of 4.2 months. It does not appear loss of benefits after iterative instillations. Transient and moderate adverse effects followed 86% and 79% of the first and reiterated instillation (exacerbation of @entity322 , supra-pubic @entity158 ). Two @entity1 have presented a begnin and transient inflammatory @entity2335 after reiterated instillation. DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION: Intravesical instillation of capsa  @entity8046 are an effective treatment for @entity322 and associated symptoms caused by neurogenic detrusor hyperactivity. Propositions to improve immediate tolerance are debated.

title: [Reiterated intravesical instillation of XXXX in neurogenic @entity427 : a 5-years experience of 100 instillations].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['Capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['detrusor hyperreflexia']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity2951 :: (MESH:D002211,Chemical) :: ['capsaicin']


abstract: AIMS: @entity295 , a systemic inflammatory response to @entity281 , represents the leading cause of @entity204 in critically ill @entity1 . However, the pathogenesis of @entity295 remains incompletely understood. @entity1223 (CO), when administered at low physiologic doses, can modulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and @entity32 in pre-clinical tissue injury models, though its mechanism of action in @entity295 remains unclear. RESULTS: CO (250   ppm) inhalation increased the survival of C57BL/6J @entity19 injured by cecal ligation and puncture ( @entity12147 ) through the induction of autophagy, the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and by decreasing the levels of bacteria in blood and vital organs, such as the lung and liver. @entity19 deficient in the autophagic protein, Beclin 1 ( @entity34734 (+/-)) were more susceptible to @entity12147 -induced @entity295 , and unresponsive to CO therapy, relative to their corresponding wild-type ( @entity34734 (+/+)) littermate @entity19 . In contrast, @entity19 deficient in autophagic protein microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3B ( @entity33688 ) ( @entity33688 (-/-)) and their corresponding wild-type ( @entity33688 (+/+)) @entity19 showed no differences in survival or response to CO, during @entity12147 -induced @entity295 . CO enhanced bacterial phagocytosis in @entity34734 (+/+) but not @entity34734 (+/-) @entity19 in vivo and in corresponding cultured macrophages. CO also enhanced Beclin 1-dependent induction of macrophage protein signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule, a regulator of phagocytosis. INNOVATION: Our findings demonstrate a novel protective effect of CO in @entity295 , dependent on autophagy protein Beclin 1, in a @entity19 model of @entity12147 -induced @entity325 . CONCLUSION: CO increases the survival of @entity19 injured by @entity12147 through systemic enhancement of autophagy and phagocytosis. Taken together, we suggest that CO gas may represent a novel therapy for @entity1 with @entity295 .

title: @entity1223 confers protection in XXXX by enhancing beclin 1-dependent autophagy and phagocytosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['Carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['polymicrobial sepsis']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: The developmental effects of @entity10222 were studied in the @entity1573 embryo metanephros, the third renal rudiment that acquires morphological characteristics of functioning kidney already during the prenatal life. Lead exposure was obtained by applying a @entity10222 solution on the @entity1573 embryo chorioallantoic membrane at the days 9, 10 and 11 of incubation. Quantitative evaluation of the lead concentration assessed by furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry at the days 14 and 21 of incubation demonstrated metal presence both in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and in metanephros (MN). The lead concentration was higher in CAM than in MN; the metal amount was similar in the CAM of 14 and 21 day embryos, but significantly higher in the 14day embryo MN than in the 21 day embryo MN. Morphological observations on metanephros tissue of control and lead-treated embryos were performed under light, electron transmission and electron scanning microscopes. Peculiar attention was devoted to the expression of the junctional protein @entity25070 , the major component of the gap junctions in the renal cells. The results indicated that lead treatment does not intervene in the general differentiation of the metanephric nephrons. The lead is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule cells that are engulfed by endocytotic vacuoles and metal deposits and show long term degenerative changes. Expression of @entity25070 protein and ultrastructure of gap junctions between proximal tubule cells appeared to be unchanged. The morphological aspects of the MN corpuscles and tubules agree with the suggestion of a lead cytotoxic effect but do not corroborate, at least in this experimental model, the view of primary damage exerted by lead on the gap junctions of the renal epithelial cells.

title: Developmental effects of XXXX on the @entity1573 embryo metanephros.

entities_list: @entity10222 :: ('MESH:C008261', 'Chemical') :: ['lead acetate']

answer: @entity10222 :: (MESH:C008261,Chemical) :: ['lead acetate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Recently it was shown that the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1   value increased with the severity of @entity1575 in @entity35 with bile duct ligation. Using a @entity35 @entity4314 ( @entity14605 ) @entity99 model, this study further investigated the merit of T1   relaxation for @entity1575 evaluation. METHODS: Male @entity35 received intraperitoneal injection of 2 ml/kg @entity14605 twice weekly for up to 6 weeks. Then @entity14605 was withdrawn and the animals were allowed to recover. Liver T1   MRI and conventional T2-weighted images were acquired. Animals underwent MRI at baseline and at 2 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks post @entity14605 injection, and they were also examined at 1 week and 4 weeks post @entity14605 withdrawal. Liver histology was also sampled at these time points. RESULTS: Liver T1   values increased slightly, though significantly, on day 2, and then increased further and were highest at week 6 post @entity14605 insults. The relative liver signal intensity change on T2-weighted images followed a different time course compared with that of T1  . Liver T1   values decreased upon the withdrawal of the @entity14605 insult. Histology confirmed the animals had typical @entity14605 @entity99 and @entity82 progression and regression processes. CONCLUSIONS: MR T1   imaging can monitor @entity14605 -induced @entity99 and @entity82 . KEY POINTS:     MR T1   is a valuable imaging biomarker for @entity99 / @entity82 .     Liver T1   was only mildly affected by @entity4 and acute @entity32 .     Liver MR T1   decreased when @entity1575 and injury regressed.

title: MR T1   as an imaging biomarker for monitoring @entity99 progression and regression: an experimental study in XXXX with @entity4314 intoxication.

entities_list: @entity4314 :: ('MESH:D002251', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon tetrachloride']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: The effects of combinations of @entity7660 with two beta-lactamase inhibitors, @entity5899 and @entity798 , were determined in vitro against 22 clinical isolates of @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 . Combinations of cefpirome, @entity3524 , and @entity7048 with @entity5899 (10 micrograms/ml) showed synergistic effects against more than 70% of the strains. Combinations of @entity3256 and @entity3397 with @entity5899 also showed synergistic effects against 50 and 68% of the strains, respectively, while @entity35496 , @entity3399 , flomoxef, and @entity33910 in combination with @entity5899 showed such effects against only 40% or fewer. @entity798 was synergistic only when combined with @entity3397 , the effect probably being due to the beta-lactamase inhibition by the inhibitor. @entity5899 did not improve the antimicrobial activities of the @entity7660 against @entity3256 -susceptible @entity794 strains. At 42 degrees C the MICs of @entity3524 , @entity3256 , and flomoxef alone were markedly decreased from the values at 35 degrees C, and no synergy between these @entity7660 and @entity5899 appeared. The resistance to @entity3397 was not inhibited by incubation at 42 degrees C, and combinations of @entity3397 with @entity5899 and @entity798 showed synergy. The amounts of beta-lactamase produced were not related to the decreases in the MICs of the @entity7660 , except for @entity3397 combined with @entity5899 . @entity798 showed slightly stronger beta-lactamase-inhibiting activity than @entity5899 did. These results suggest that the synergy between @entity5899 and the @entity7660 , except for @entity3397 , may not be due to beta-lactamase inhibition but to suppression of the @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 -specific resistance based on other factors.

title: In vitro effects of @entity7660 combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors against XXXX -resistant @entity794 .

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity7048 :: ('MESH:D002437', 'Chemical') :: ['cefazolin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity7660 :: ('MESH:D047090', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactams']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanic acid', 'Clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity33910 :: ('MESH:D015311', 'Chemical') :: ['cefmetazole']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin G']

entities_list: @entity5899 :: ('MESH:D013407', 'Chemical') :: ['Sulbactam', 'sulbactam']

entities_list: @entity3399 :: ('MESH:D009070', 'Chemical') :: ['moxalactam']

answer: @entity3256 :: (MESH:D008712,Chemical) :: ['methicillin']


abstract: PURPOSE: Intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new technique based on infrared light that visualizes the arteries with a resolution of 10-20 microm. @entity5642 ( @entity5642 ) is the current in vivo reference standard and provides a resolution of 100-150 microm. This study compared OCT to @entity5642 and histopathology with respect to the ability to differentiate @entity731 and quantify vascular dimensions in peripheral crural arteries ex vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 50 segments of @entity731 arteries derived from five amputated @entity1 lower extremities were examined. The different plaque types (fibrous, high-lipid content, calcified) were assigned by two independent examiners, and the sensitivity and specificity of OCT in comparison with histopathology as well as intra- and interobserver consensus were calculated. A comparison of OCT with @entity5642 addressed the parameters: luminal area (LA), vascular wall area (VA) and plaque area (PA). RESULTS: When comparing OCT and histopathology with respect to the differentiation of various plaque types, sensitivities of 81 % and specificities of 89 % for fibrous plaques, of 100 % and 93 % for lipid-rich plaques and of 80 % and 89 % for calcified plaques were achieved (overall correlation 83 %). Intra- and interobserver consensus was very high (kappa = 0.86 and kappa = 0.89, p < 0.001, respectively). There was also a high correlation between quantitative measurements (Bland-Altman plot [LA]: mean bias, 0.1 mm(2) accuracy +/- 1.8 mm(2), r = 0.95 [p < 0.001] Bland-Altman plot [VA]: mean bias, 0.3 mm(2) accuracy +/- 2.3 mm(2), r = 0.94 [p < 0.001] Bland-Altman plot [PA]: mean bias, 0.4 mm(2) accuracy +/- 2.3 mm(2), r = 0.80 [p < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: OCT allows the differentiation of @entity731 plaque types in crural arteries with high accuracy compared to histopathology. Quantitative measurements show a high correlation with @entity5642 , the current reference standard.

title: [Intravascular optical coherence tomography: differentiation of XXXX and quantification of vessel dimensions in crural arterial specimens].

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['IVUS', 'Intravascular ultrasound']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerotic plaques']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic plaques']


abstract: OBJECT: The authors evaluated the efficacy and safety of so-called chimney sublaminar decompression, a new technique to decompress the degenerative stenotic lumbar spinal canal without stripping of the paravertebral muscles. METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 (nine @entity1 and nine @entity1 whose mean age was 67 years) with symptoms of @entity613 were selected to undergo chimney sublaminar decompression. The duration of symptoms was greater than 6 months in 17 @entity1 . Two lumbar segments were involved in seven @entity1 , three in eight, and four in the remaining three @entity1 . Central @entity850 was present in 13 @entity1 , and @entity850 in five @entity1 . Mild spondylolisthesis was noted in seven @entity1 . All the @entity1 underwent chimney sublaminar decompression. After surgery, mild @entity158 developed in 14 @entity1 , moderate @entity158 in two, and severe @entity158 in two. The postoperative hospital stay was 4 days or fewer in 14 @entity1 . At follow-up examination, excellent, good, and fair outcomes were achieved in 11, five, and two @entity1 , respectively. No @entity1 required a body brace, and no worsening of preexisting spondylolisthesis was detected. The spinal canal was increased to two- to 6.8-fold (mean 4.2-fold) the preoperative size. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with laminectomy or endoscopic surgery, the aforementioned chimney sublaminar decompression technique was an equally effective and less invasive technique in the treatment of @entity2649 .

title: Chimney sublaminar decompression for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative lumbar canal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['claudication']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['wound pain']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['lateral recess stenosis', 'canal stenosis']

answer: @entity2649 :: (MESH:C563613,Disease) :: ['degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis']


abstract: In an attempt to explain the wide individual variation seen in urinary @entity24826 phytoestrogen excretion, we conducted a series of 3 @entity1 feeding studies: a large cross-sectional study of @entity20788 production in @entity1 with a soy challenge, a comparison of phytoestrogen metabolism when subjects consumed fermented and unfermented soy products, and a dose-response study of urinary @entity24826 excretion at the low end of soy consumption. All studies were conducted in young, healthy @entity1 . Urinary @entity24826 were measured by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Similar to results from other studies, 35% of screened subjects (30 @entity1 and 30 @entity1 ) excreted equol (>2000 nmol/d). In @entity1 , equol excretion was associated with higher intake of dietary fiber and @entity1735 . Fermentation of soy decreased the @entity3093 content of the product fed but increased the urinary @entity24826 recovery, suggesting that fermentation increases availability of @entity6400 in soy. When soy-protein powder was fed at 0, 5, 10, and 20 g/d (0-36 mg @entity6400 ), there was a linear dose response of urinary @entity24826 excretion to soy consumption that did not differ between subjects with high and low equol excretion. These results suggest that equol excretion may be related to the fermentable @entity1735 content of the diet; additional study is needed. Processing of soy affects @entity3093 metabolism and must be considered in recommending exposure to @entity6400 from soyfoods. Although optimal @entity3093 exposure for disease protection has not been determined, urinary @entity24826 excretion appears linear at low-to-moderate soy consumption.

title: Influence of soybean processing, habitual diet, and soy dose on urinary XXXX excretion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'human', 'men']

entities_list: @entity24826 :: ('CHEBI:50753', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflavonoid', 'isoflavonoids']

entities_list: @entity3093 :: ('CHEBI:18220', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflavone']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity6400 :: ('MESH:D007529', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflavones']

answer: @entity24826 :: (CHEBI:50753,Chemical) :: ['isoflavonoid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors that are associated with the probability of @entity71 ( @entity71 ) diagnosis among U.S. elementary school @entity1 , including @entity1 , family, school, and policy factors. METHODS: Logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks associated with independent variables using a nationally representative sample of 9278 @entity1 in the 2002 follow-up of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten Cohort. Most @entity1 in the sample were in third grade at this point. Previous @entity71 diagnoses by professionals were reported by parent respondents. RESULTS: A total of 5.44% of @entity1 were reported to have received an @entity71 diagnosis. @entity1 , black @entity1 , and Hispanic @entity1 were less likely to have the diagnosis even after controlling for other characteristics. Living with one's biological father was negatively associated with @entity71 diagnosis. We also found regional variation in diagnosis with the western region of the United States having significantly lower instances of @entity71 cases. Higher diagnosis rates were associated with having an older teacher, and lower rates were associated with having a white teacher, relative to a nonwhite teacher. In schools that were subject to stricter state-level performance accountability laws, we found higher odds of @entity71 diagnoses, but we found no differences associated with larger class sizes or the presence of state laws that restrict school personnel from discussing @entity71 treatment options with parents. CONCLUSIONS: @entity71 diagnosis is likely to be influenced by a @entity1 's social and school environment as well as exogenous @entity1 characteristics. Concerns that increased pressures for school performance are associated with increased @entity71 diagnoses may be justified.

title: Who receives a diagnosis of XXXX in the United States elementary school population?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early @entity393 on the anatomy of the central auditory system, specifically, the ascending projections to the inferior colliculus (IC). We compared normal animals with animals deafened during early development by administration of @entity4509 , an @entity2167 antibiotic that is known to destroy the hair cells in the inner ear. The @entity4509 was injected subcutaneously every day from postnatal days P7 to P16. A retrograde tract tracer, Fluoro-Gold (FG), was then injected unilaterally directly into the IC at either 4 weeks of age or 12 weeks of age. After axonal transport the animals were sacrificed and their brains were prepared for histology. The FG labeled neurons in the cochlear nucleus (CN) and the dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus (DNLL) were counted for each of the animals in the two age groups. For deaf animals sacrificed at 4 weeks of age there was a significant reduction in the number of FG labeled neurons that was limited to the ventral CN ipsilateral to the tracer injection. For deaf animals sacrificed at 12 weeks of age, however, there was a significant decrease in the number of labeled cells in both dorsal and ventral CN on both sides of the brain. In DNLL there was no change in the number or pattern of labeled neurons. The results show that @entity2319 reduces the number of labeled neurons projecting from the CN to the IC with the effect being more evident during later stages of @entity2319 . In contrast, there are no significant changes in the projections from DNLL to IC.

title: Changes in projections to the inferior colliculus following early XXXX in rats.

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['deafness', 'neonatal deafness']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['hearing loss']


abstract: We compared the clinical efficacy of @entity1311 -eluting stents (PESs) and @entity3446 -eluting stents (SESs) in a contemporary cohort of @entity1 who had complex lesions. We collected data on 9-month outcomes in 529 @entity1 (281 in the PES group and 248 in the SES group) whose de novo lesions were treated with drug-eluting stents. The end point was per- @entity1 in-hospital and follow-up major adverse @entity299 , which were defined as a composite of @entity204 , @entity583 , and target vessel revascularization, including @entity75 revascularization. There were no in-hospital deaths or repeat revascularizations; however, 5.7% of the PES group and 2% of the SES group developed a @entity583 (p = 0.04). At a median follow-up of 10.6 months, the rate of major adverse @entity299 was similar between groups (18.1% vs 21%, adjusted hazard ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 1.25), without any difference in the occurrence of @entity204 or @entity583 . @entity6 were independent predictors of major adverse @entity299 . Propensity analysis confirmed the similarity between devices (hazard ratio 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 1.25). Most restenoses were focal and only 2 @entity1 required surgical revascularization. In conclusion, implantation of drug-eluting stents in complex lesions was associated with favorable results and most @entity1 remained free from surgical revascularization at follow-up. Overall, the 2 available stent platforms had similar performance characteristics.

title: Clinical outcome following aleatory implantation of @entity1311 -eluting or XXXX -eluting stents in complex coronary lesions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes and total stent length']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['target lesion']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['sirolimus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity346 ( @entity346 ) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterised by @entity2358 of the eyes accompanied by different degrees of @entity227 . Two genes have been identified as mainly causing @entity346 : @entity28674 and @entity46793 . The aim of our study was to identify the genetic basis of both sporadic @entity346 and @entity16391 . DESIGN: Prospective analysis. @entity1 : Twenty Chinese @entity1 , including 15 sporadic @entity346 cases and 5 from @entity16391 families, were recruited and underwent molecular genetic analysis. We first performed PCR-based DNA sequencing of the entire coding region and the splice junctions of the @entity28674 and @entity46793 genes in @entity1 . Mutational analysis and co-segregation confirmation were then performed. SETTING: All clinical examinations and genetic experiments were performed in the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. RESULTS: Two mutations in the @entity28674 gene, including one novel nonsense mutation ( @entity48724 , @entity48725 ) and one reported missense mutation ( @entity48726 , @entity48727 ), were identified in two of the five (40%) @entity16391 families. However, none of putative mutations were identified in @entity28674 or @entity46793 in any of the sporadic cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that mutations in @entity28674 appeared to be the major genetic cause of @entity16391 , but not of sporadic @entity346 . Our findings provide further insights into @entity28674 mutations, which could be helpful for future genetic diagnosis and genetic counselling of Chinese @entity1 with @entity346 .

title: Molecular genetic analysis of @entity1 with sporadic and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['vision impairment']

entities_list: @entity2358 :: ('MESH:D020820', 'Disease') :: ['involuntary rhythmic oscillations']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['IN', 'Infantile nystagmus', 'nystagmus']

answer: @entity16391 :: (MESH:C580539,Disease) :: ['X-linked infantile nystagmus']


abstract: 1. Twelve @entity1 with @entity4225 and not suffering a @entity308 were treated with @entity905 , a selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitor, in an open label trial. All of the @entity1 improved, and 75% were rated as much or very much improved. 2. Treatment was generally very well tolerated, but careful dosage titration was important in some @entity1 , especially to manage @entity2146 . 3. Improvement has been maintained with continued treatment throughout the follow-up period which ranged up to six months. 4. Incidental findings suggest @entity905 may also be of use in treating @entity734 , attention @entity71 , late luteal phase @entity74 , @entity308 . 5. These preliminary results support the hypothesis that @entity4225 may be related to a central serotonergic deficit.

title: @entity905 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4225 :: ('MESH:D001883', 'Disease') :: ['borderline personality disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['dysthymic and cyclothymic disorders, and seasonal pattern depression', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['dysphoria disorder']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse']

answer: @entity4225 :: (MESH:D001883,Disease) :: ['borderline personality disorder']


abstract: @entity48964 ( @entity48964 ) reactions play a crucial role in @entity5 cell nucleic acid @entity8690 synthesis utilizing @entity413 carbons, yet, current @entity5 treatments do not target this central pathway. Experimentally, a dramatic decrease in @entity5 cell proliferation after the administration of the @entity48964 inhibitor @entity24572 (OT) was observed in several in vitro and in @entity5 models. Here, we demonstrate that pentose cycle (PC) inhibitors, OT and @entity2494 ( @entity2494 ), efficiently regulate the cell cycle and @entity5 proliferation processes. Increasing doses of OT or @entity2494 were administered by daily intraperitoneal injections to Ehrlich's @entity5 hosting @entity19 for 4 days. The @entity5 cell number and their cycle phase distribution profile were determined by DNA flow histograms. @entity5 showed a dose dependent increase in their G0-G1 cell populations after both OT and @entity2494 treatment and a simultaneous decrease in cells advancing to the S and G2-M cell cycle phases. This effect of PC inhibitors was significant, OT was more effective than @entity2494 , both drugs acted synergistically in combination and no signs of direct cell or host @entity137 were observed. Direct inhibition of PC reactions causes a G1 cell cycle arrest similar to that of @entity897 treatment. However, no interference with cell energy production and cell @entity137 is observed. PC inhibitors, specifically ones targeting @entity48964 , introduce a new target site for the development of future @entity5 therapies to inhibit @entity413 utilizing pathways selectively for nucleic acid production.

title: @entity24572 and XXXX induce a G1 phase cycle arrest in Ehrlich's tumor cells through inhibition of the pentose cycle.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'vivo tumor', 'cancer', 'ascites tumor']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['DHEA', 'dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity24572 :: ('MESH:D010119', 'Chemical') :: ['oxythiamine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity897 :: ('MESH:D003847', 'Chemical') :: ['2-deoxyglucose']

answer: @entity2494 :: (MESH:D003687,Chemical) :: ['dehydroepiandrosterone']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity943 , antiarrhythmic therapy is known to carry a substantial risk of proarrhythmia. This risk is usually considered to be low when @entity943 or benign @entity943 are considered. We were able to collect data on four @entity1 without a history of life-threatening @entity943 , in whom antiarrhythmic therapy was used and resulted in documented @entity2224 or @entity1166 . In Cases No. 1 and 2, @entity955 was treated with either @entity5126 or @entity5126 and @entity2778 in combination. In both @entity1 Holter monitoring, 4-12 h after conversion to sinus rhythm, documented the spontaneous occurrence of @entity1166 into @entity2224 and requiring DC shock for termination. In Case No. 3, @entity955 was treated with @entity2778 and @entity2643 for 2 months when incessant episodes of @entity1166 were documented. In Case No. 4, frequent but unsustained @entity943 were treated with @entity2643 in a @entity1 suffering dilative @entity296 . After 6 days of treatment at a heart rate of 54 beats/min, a marked QT increase was associated with the occurrence of repetitive episodes of @entity1165 into @entity2224 . None of the @entity1 presented significant electrolyte abnormalities in the laboratory. A pathologic increase of the QTc-time was documented in Cases No. 1, 3, and 4. In all patients antiarrhythmic therapy was withdrawn after the proarrhythmic event and the @entity1 became free of @entity591 . Antiarrhythmic therapy also carries a considerable risk of proarrhythmia when "benign" @entity943 are treated. The risk seems to be lower than in @entity1 with malignant @entity943 , however it includes the occurrence of lethal @entity591 . Special attention should be paid to the selection of antiarrhythmic agents when used in combination.

title: @entity1166 complicating drug treatment of low-malignant forms of XXXX : four cases reports.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerating']

entities_list: @entity1166 :: ('MESH:D016171', 'Disease') :: ['torsade de pointes degenerating', 'torsade de pointes']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmias', 'malignant tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'supraventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias', 'cardiac arrhythmias', 'malignant ventricular arrhythmias']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['arrhythmia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although, in Western countries, @entity901 -based regimens have been established as a gold standard treatment for @entity1 with stage III or high risk stage II @entity694 after curative resection, in Japan @entity1487 -based regimens have been widely accepted and recommended in the guidelines for adjuvant settings in @entity1 with @entity5 . @entity11730 , an oral preparation evolved from @entity5537 and tegafur, has equivalent efficacy to @entity5537 and tegafur/leucovorin for treating @entity1 with advanced @entity14 and might be a suitable regimen in an adjuvant setting. However, the completion rate of the standard six-week cycle of the @entity11730 regimen is poor and the establishment of an optimal treatment schedule is critical. Therefore, we will conduct a multicenter randomized phase II trial to compare six-week and three-week cycles to establish the optimal schedule of @entity11730 adjuvant therapy for @entity1 with @entity5 after curative resection. METHODS/DESIGN: The study is an open-label, multicenter randomized phase II trial. The primary endpoint of this study is three-year disease-free survival rate. Secondary endpoints are the completion rate of the treatment, relative dose intensity, overall survival, disease-free survival, and incidence of adverse events. The sample size was 200, determined with a significance level of 0.20, power of 0.80, and non-inferiority margin of a 10% absolute difference in the primary endpoint. DISCUSSION: Although @entity11730 has not been approved yet as a standard treatment of @entity694 in an adjuvant setting, it is a promising option. Moreover, in Japan @entity11730 is a standard treatment for @entity1 with @entity5 after curative resection and a promising option for @entity1 with colorectal liver metastases in an adjuvant setting. However, a six-week cycle of treatment is not considered to be the best schedule, and some clinicians use a modified schedule, such as a three-week cycle to keep a sufficient dose intensity with few adverse events. Therefore, it will be useful to determine whether a three-week cycle has an equal or greater efficacy and tolerance to side-effects compared with the standard six-week cycle schedule, and thus may be the most suitable treatment schedule for @entity11730 treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000006750.

title: Optimal schedule of adjuvant chemotherapy with @entity11730 for XXXX : study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage II/III gastric cancer', 'stage III colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['stage III colon cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years considerable interest in the pathogenetic role of aeroallergens exacerbating @entity483 ( @entity483 ) has emerged. The 'atopy patch test' with aeroallergens was introduced by Platts-Mills et al. as an experimental model and as a diagnostic tool. However, its relevance for the clinical manifestation of @entity483 is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: We asked whether there is a relationship between the individual antigen exposure to the major allergen of @entity7130 (Der @entity3881 ) and the immunological markers of sensitization to Der @entity3881 or the clinical severity of @entity483 . METHODS: We investigated 92 @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity483 . For clinical evaluation the SCORAD severity score was used. Patch tests were performed with purified Der @entity3881 . Specific IgE was measured by a commercial assay. Der @entity3881 exposure was quantified in a sample of the @entity1 's mattress dust by using a commercial ELISA. RESULTS: No correlation between SCORAD, Der @entity3881 exposure and RAST could be established. However, there was an unexpected significant inverse correlation between the quantity of mite antigen in the mattress dust and patch test reactivity. @entity1 with a high antigen load (> 25 microg/g) mostly had a negative patch test. Also, when Der @entity3881 was correlated to the mattress area (m2) in this group all patch tests were negative. A possible explanation could be that continuous exposure of the skin to house dust mite allergen Der @entity3881 may induce a down-regulation of the skin immune system of @entity1 with @entity483 . CONCLUSION: Although the mechanism of this phenomenon is presently unknown, our study shows that a positive allergen patch test alone should not be an indication to undertake allergen exclusion measures in @entity483 @entity1 .

title: Inverse correlation of domestic exposure to @entity7130 pteronyssinus antigen patch test reactivity in XXXX with @entity483 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity7130 :: ('6956', 'Species') :: ['Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Interferons have been shown to increase in vitro @entity137 of @entity902 compounds. The Hoosier Oncology Group has conducted a Phase II clinical trial to determine if @entity4020 ( @entity4020 -2a) given in combination with @entity3003 ( @entity3003 ) can increase response rates or survival in @entity1 with metastatic or recurrent inoperable @entity1149 . Forty-four @entity1 with no prior chemotherapy and high KPS (80-100) were enrolled. @entity3003 400 mg/m2 was given intravenously on day 1 and @entity4020 -2a 9 million units was given subcutaneously on days 1, 3, and 5. Treatment was administered every 4 weeks until onset of progressive disease or to a maximum of 4 courses: 37 @entity1 (84%) received at least 2 courses, whereas only 16 (36%) received the full 4 courses. Dose-limiting @entity137 were @entity1431 (27%) and @entity882 (20%) attributable to @entity3003 . Grade 2-3 @entity417 occurred in 32%. Only 4-7% of @entity1 experienced severe @entity221 attributable to interferon administration. Of 41 @entity1 evaluable for response, there were no complete responses and only 3 (7.3%) partial remissions. The overall median survival was 6 months. The combination of @entity3003 and @entity4020 -2a given in this dose and schedule does not appear to have superior activity compared to @entity3003 alone in @entity1 with @entity1149 .

title: @entity3003 ( XXXX ) plus alpha interferon in metastatic @entity1149 . A Hoosier Oncology Group phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['CBDCA', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['fever, fatigue, or flu-like symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity4020 :: ('3440', 'Gene') :: ['interferon alpha-2a', 'IFN-alpha']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['CBDCA']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was aimed at determining whether different congenital lung masses represent diverse manifestations of a @entity851 associated with fetal @entity1224 . METHODS: We conducted a 3-year retrospective review of @entity1 who underwent surgical resection of a prenatally diagnosed lung mass. Prenatal imaging was used to define mass position and its effect on adjacent organs. Lung specimens were examined through careful full-specimen microdissections, as well as by plain and contrast roentgenograms. RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity1 underwent lung resection during this study period. Based on the final pathology reports, 56% were @entity2977 , 12% were @entity14943 , 8% were bronchopulmonary sequestrations, and 24% had features of both @entity2977 and bronchopulmonary sequestrations. No @entity5619 were present in this series. Overall, @entity2488 was identified in 77% of the examined specimens (n = 22) and was associated with all types of @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2488 is a common, unrecognized component of prenatally diagnosed @entity2977 , bronchopulmonary sequestrations, @entity14943 , and lesions of mixed pathology. Most congenital lung masses may be part of a spectrum of anomalies linked to obstruction of the developing fetal airway as an underlying component in their pathogenesis.

title: XXXX : the hidden pathology within a spectrum of prenatally diagnosed lung masses.

entities_list: @entity5619 :: ('MESH:D001994', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic cysts']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['single developmental abnormality']

entities_list: @entity2488 :: ('MESH:D001982', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial atresia', 'Bronchial atresia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung malformations']

entities_list: @entity14943 :: ('MESH:C535735', 'Disease') :: ['congenital lobar emphysemas']

entities_list: @entity2977 :: ('MESH:D015615', 'Disease') :: ['congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations', 'cystic adenomatoid malformation']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity2488 :: (MESH:D001982,Disease) :: ['Bronchial atresia']


abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves light activation of a photosensitizer, resulting in @entity26 -dependent, free radical-mediated cell death. Little is known about the efficacy of PDT in treating @entity1 @entity242 , despite an ongoing clinical trial treating i.p. sarcomatosis. The present study evaluates PDT treatment of a @entity1 @entity242 xenograft in @entity19 and explores the mechanism of PDT-mediated antitumor effect. Athymic @entity19 , 6-8 weeks of age, were s.c. injected with 5 x 10(6) cells of the A673 @entity1 @entity242 cell line. Tumors were allowed to grow to a diameter of about 10 mm. @entity17654 (PF), 10 mg/kg, was injected by tail vein, and 24 h later, 630 nm light was delivered to the @entity5 with fluences of 50, 100, 150, or 300 J/cm2 at a fluence rate of 250 mW/cm2. To assess the efficacy of PDT in the treatment of @entity242 , photosensitizer uptake/retention studies and dose-response studies were performed. Studies carried out to determine the mechanism of @entity5 response included @entity5 temperature measurements before, during, and after treatment; @entity5 vascular perfusion studies with laser Doppler; electron microscopic analysis of @entity5 sections for @entity432 ; and analysis of @entity5 cryosections for endothelial cell damage, apoptosis, and @entity39 . At all time points of analysis, photosensitizer levels were greater in @entity5 than in muscle. Dose-response studies showed that at 100 J/cm2, five of six @entity19 had a complete response to treatment, one of six had a partial response, and no @entity204 occurred. Temperature measurements indicated that @entity130 did not contribute to @entity5 response. Vascular perfusion studies demonstrated a significant reduction in blood flow as early as 6 h after PDT. Electron micrographs revealed erythrostasis in @entity5 microvessels starting as early as 2 h after treatment and complete occlusion of blood vessels by 12 h. Starting as early as 4 h after PDT, apoptosis first appeared in endothelial cells lining the occluded blood vessels and became more widespread at later time points. PDT is an effective treatment for this @entity1 @entity242 xenograft in @entity19 . The mechanism of @entity5 destruction in this model appears to be @entity1504 with initial apoptosis in @entity5 endothelial cells and delayed @entity5 cell apoptosis. This therapy may be valuable in the treatment of @entity1 with sarcomatosis.

title: @entity17654 -mediated photodynamic therapy induces @entity432 and apoptosis in a XXXX @entity242 xenograft model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity17654 :: ('MESH:D017323', 'Chemical') :: ['Photofrin']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['vascular damage']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vascular occlusion']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['thermal injury']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the effect(s) on @entity413 control, insulin dose, and circulating insulin levels of the addition of a @entity4136 ( @entity15506 ) to the treatment regimen of @entity1 with @entity6 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty seven @entity1 with @entity6 taking insulin for at least 1 year prior to study and treated with > or = 40 U of insulin per day were recruited for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. @entity1 were treated with 3 months of insulin + placebo (I + P) and 3 months of insulin + @entity15506 (I + G), with an intermediate 1 month washout period using insulin therapy alone. Adjustments were made initially to the maximum dose of @entity15506 (40 mg/day), followed by insulin dose adjustments. Twenty-nine of the 37 @entity1 demonstrated a significant C-peptide response to Ensure and were selected for analysis. RESULTS: The fasting plasma @entity413 in the I + G arm was 6.8 (121.8 mg/dl) vs. 8.7 mmol/L (156.0 mg/dl) in the I + P arm, P < 0.001. Mean plasma @entity413 over 24 hours was 9.8 (176.9 mg/dl) for I + G vs. 11.3 mmol/L (203.8 mg/dl) for I + P, P < 0.001. Glycated hemoglobin was significantly different (9.8 I + G vs. 11.4% I + P, P < 0.008). The total daily insulin dose required was significantly lower with I + G (69.1 vs. 87.3 U, P < 0.0005). However, there were no significant differences in free insulin levels. CONCLUSION: The addition of a @entity4136 ( @entity15506 ) to insulin therapy in @entity1 with @entity6 taking large doses of insulin results in a rapid and substantial improvement in @entity413 control despite a significant reduction in insulin dose. Therefore, this form of combination therapy should be considered for @entity1 with the above characteristics whose diet and exercise programs are correct but whose response to insulin therapy is inadequate.

title: Combination insulin and @entity4136 therapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity15506 :: ('MESH:D005913', 'Chemical') :: ['glipizide']

entities_list: @entity4136 :: ('CHEBI:26831', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus']