abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term results of short-segment pedicle instrumentation for thoracolumbar and lumbar @entity174 . METHODS:    From February 1987 to June 1995, 89 @entity1 with thoracolumbar or lumbar burst @entity174 were treated with short-segment pedicle instrumentation, and 68 (76.4%) of them were followed up for an average of 8.0 years (range, 5-13 years). Radiographs were taken pre- and post- operatively, before implant removal and at final follow-up. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of the fractured vertebrae were done on 18 @entity1 , with their consent, at final follow-up. RESULTS: At final follow-up, neurological status had improved at least one grade in the Frankel Grading system in 90.8% @entity1 who had presented incomplete @entity912 preoperatively, and @entity1643 was evaluated as Denis' P(1) in 60.3%, P(2) in 35.3% and P(3) in 4.4% of @entity1 . An average of 2.5 mm (range, 0-6.5 mm) of implant deformation was recorded before implant removal, and implant failure was noted in 11 (16.2%) @entity1 . At final follow-up, loss of correction of the anterior vertebral body height and Cobb angle averaged 1.9% and 12.1  , leaving residual correction rates of 30.5% and 5.8  , respectively. The loss of correction occurred mainly at adjacent disc spaces, and collapse of the vertebral body was more severe at its center. CT scan revealed an obvious gap, which communicated with the adjacent disc space, in the vertebral body of 16 of the 18 @entity1 scanned. Local @entity1513 of more than 20   existed in five @entity1 and three of them had @entity1643 . CONCLUSION: Short-segment pedicle instrumentation provides satisfactory reduction for thoracolumbar and lumbar @entity174 . The relatively high incidence of implant failure and the loss of correction may be caused by various factors, and more adequate fusion is recommended.

title: Long-term results of thoracolumbar and lumbar XXXX after short-segment pedicle instrumentation, with special reference to implant failure and correction loss.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['burst fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['burst fractures']


abstract: As a result of having undergone computed tomography (CT), a 75-year-old @entity1 with type-C liver cirrhosiswas shown to have two @entity5 on the ventral and dorsal sides of subsegment 3 (S3). The @entity5 on the ventral side was diagnosed as a classic @entity157 ( @entity157 ), while that on the dorsal side was considered atypical for a @entity157 . Although the @entity3194 (ICG) findings indicated poor hepatic reserve, the prothrombin time (PT) was relatively good. An operation was performed in February 2007; however, this resulted in exploratory laparotomy. Dynamic CT performed 12 mo after the operation revealed that the @entity5 on the dorsal side of S3 had apparently increased. The marginal portion of the @entity5 was shown to be in the early and parenchymal phases, while the internal portion was found to have grown only slightly in the delayed phase. We diagnosed this @entity5 as a @entity201 ( @entity201 ). S3 subsegmentectomy was performed in April 2008. The @entity5 on the ventral side was pathologically diagnosed as a moderately differentiated @entity157 , and that on the dorsal side was diagnosed as a @entity201 . We can therefore report a rare case of synchronous development of @entity157 and @entity201 in the same subsegment of the liver in a @entity1 with type-C liver @entity82 . We also add a literature review for all the reported cases published in Japan and around the world, and summarize the features of double @entity5 exhibiting both @entity157 and @entity201 .

title: Synchronous development of @entity157 and XXXX in the same subsegment of the liver in a @entity1 with type C liver @entity82 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocellular carcinoma', 'CCC']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['CCC']


abstract: Free trade of animals and their products is based on the international or bilateral recognition of the health status of the animal populations being traded. This recognition is based on documentation of their health status by the exporting country, based on the results of continuing surveillance. According to the Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), this may be based on various methods of surveillance, such as: documenting non-specific surveillance (clinical surveillance, passive notification of suspect cases, etc.); documenting activities that increase the sensitivity of non-specific surveillance (training activities, rewards/sanctions for notification/failure to notify, etc.); documenting all specific surveillance and its results (random surveys, targeted and risk-based surveillance, convenience-testing activities, etc.). Usually, the @entity281 is the subject of the declaration of freedom. While clinical and passive surveillance can provide a high level of confidence that @entity4021 ( @entity4021 ) @entity281 is absent, this is not the case in vaccinated populations. In these populations, specific surveillance becomes much more important than non-specific clinical surveillance. Specific surveillance is severely restricted by the performance of the test(s) employed. The imperfect specificity of any serological test is further complicated when techniques to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are used, because imperfect purification of the antigen used for vaccination may foster the production of undesired antibodies in the vaccinated animals. The authors discuss various approaches to overcome this problem; their merits and flaws in documenting the absence of @entity281 or virus circulation for @entity4409 in general, and for @entity4021 in particular. Particular attention is paid to finding methods that can be applied in a variety of epidemiological conditions and organisational structures, since these vary greatly among OIE Members.

title: Surveillance strategies for XXXX to prove absence of disease and absence of viral circulation.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['animal diseases']

entities_list: @entity4021 :: ('MESH:D005536', 'Disease') :: ['foot and mouth disease', 'FMD']

answer: @entity4021 :: (MESH:D005536,Disease) :: ['foot and mouth disease']


abstract: There is a shortage of adequate screening instruments for @entity303 in poorly educated populations and non-English-speaking groups. An epidemiological survey was conducted in a population-based, largely illiterate, sample of 5,126 individuals aged 55 and older in 28 villages in the rural community of Ballabgarh in northern India. All @entity1 were administered a general mental status test, the @entity1032 ( @entity1032 ), and a brief battery of neuropsychological tests. Their informants answered a questionnaire assessing functional ability, the Everyday Abilities Scale for India (EASI). Six hundred thirty-two @entity1 underwent clinical diagnostic evaluation for @entity303 . We investigated whether the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value for @entity303 of the mental status test could be improved by the addition of the brief neuropsychological test battery or the functional questionnaire, comparing the instruments alone and in combination. In @entity1 who could be tested cognitively, the @entity1032 , the neuropsychological battery, and EASI had sensitivities of 81.3%, 81.3%, and 62.5%, respectively, with specificities of 60.2%, 74.5%, and 89.7%, respectively. The combination of all three was 93.8% sensitive and 41.8% specific. The sensitivity of the @entity1032 alone was nonsignificantly improved by the addition of either the EASI or the neuropsychological battery, whereas its specificity was significantly decreased by either addition. An advantage of the EASI was that it could also be administered to informants of subjects who were cognitively untestable. In this largely illiterate community, with a low prevalence of @entity303 , the combination of cognitive tests and a functional ability questionnaire had substantial value for population screening.

title: Sensitivity and specificity of cognitive and functional screening instruments for @entity303 : the Indo-U.S. XXXX Epidemiology Study.

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['Hindi Mental State Examination', 'HMSE']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['Dementia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Positive peritoneal cytology confers the same prognosis as clinical stage IV disease in @entity356 . Conventional cytology examination, however, has low sensitivity. We hypothesize that real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) may have increased sensitivity and provide more accurate staging information. METHODS: From February 2007 to April 2009, peritoneal lavage samples were collected prospectively from 156 @entity1 with biopsy-proven @entity356 undergoing staging laparoscopy. These washings were analyzed by both Papanicolaou staining and RT-PCR for the @entity5 marker @entity787 ( @entity787 ). RESULTS: Visible @entity6378 was seen at laparoscopy in 38 @entity1 ( @entity3813 +, 24%). Cytology was positive (CYT+) in 23 @entity1 , while RT-PCR was positive (PCR+) in 30. The sensitivity of CYT for the detection of visible disease was 61% compared to 79% for PCR (P   =   0.02). No visible @entity6378 was seen at laparoscopy ( @entity3813 -) in 118 (76%) @entity1 . Eight (7%) were CYT+, while 28 (24%) were PCR+. Predictors of PCR positivity included @entity5 (T3-4 vs. @entity5 ) and poor pathologic features such as vascular or perineural invasion. Long-term follow-up demonstrated a worse survival of @entity3813 -CYT-PCR+ (P   =   0.0003) and @entity3813 -CYT+PCR+ (P   =   0.0004) compared to @entity3813 -CYT-PCR- @entity1 . There was no significant difference in survival between CYT-PCR+ and @entity10104 +PCR+ @entity1 . PCR positivity also predicted a higher likelihood of disease recurrence after resection. An R0 resection was performed in 85 @entity3813 - @entity1 (54%): only 1 (1%) was CYT+, while 13 (15%) were PCR+. Of this group, PCR+ demonstrated a worse survival than PCR- @entity1 (P   =   0.02). Further analysis showed that, in R0 resection, stage III/IV, CYT- subgroup, PCR+ was associated with a trend towards worse survival (P   =   0.09) compared to PCR- @entity1 . CONCLUSION: RT-PCR for @entity787 increases the detection of subclinical @entity6378 and is more sensitive than cytology. Predictors of positive PCR included @entity5 , @entity1350 , and perineural invasion. PCR positivity was associated with increased disease recurrence and decreased survival. Further follow-up is required to determine if PCR positivity alone is an independent predictor of poor survival in @entity356 .

title: Rt-PCR increases detection of submicroscopic peritoneal metastases in XXXX and has prognostic significance.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'T1-2 tumors', 'advanced-stage disease']

entities_list: @entity6378 :: ('MESH:D010532', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal disease']

entities_list: @entity1350 :: ('MESH:D019043', 'Disease') :: ['vascular invasion']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: We previously demonstrated that an acidic variant (B1) of lysosomal @entity20109 from transplanted @entity1 @entity2 is phosphorylated on its protein and @entity1735 moieties (Gasa, S., and Makita, A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 5034-5039). The present study identifies that a @entity268 -dependent protein kinase is responsible for phosphorylation of @entity20109 . The protein kinase activity toward the @entity18056 was considerably higher in the transplanted @entity2 than in normal lung in the presence of @entity268 . B enzyme purified from normal @entity1 liver was found to contain 0.6 mol/mol B enzyme, and protein kinase treatment added further 1.3 mol of Pi to give a single phosphopeptide (X). On the other hand, B1 enzyme purified from the transplanted @entity1 @entity2 which had been labeled in vivo with 32Pi revealed at least two phosphopeptides (X and Y). Assuming that the @entity18056 from normal @entity96 possesses the same number of available phosphorylation sites, phosphorylation of site X which was available only by deliberate phosphorylation of the native, ordinary B enzyme appears to be @entity5 -associated. Increasing phosphorylation of the @entity18056 resulted in a maximum 50% elevation in arylsulfatase activity, followed by a decrease of the activity upon overphosphorylation, using an artificial substrate.

title: Phosphorylation of @entity1 lysosomal @entity20109 by XXXX -dependent protein kinase. Different sites of phosphorylation between normal and @entity5 tissues.

entities_list: @entity20109 :: ('411', 'Gene') :: ['arylsulfatase B']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver and lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity268 :: (CHEBI:17489,Chemical) :: ['cAMP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3917 ( @entity3917 ) @entity2783 is a disorder of plasma cells in which depositions of immunoglobulin light-chain fragments cause progressive organ failure and death with a median survival of one year, but autologous stem-cell transplantation can induce high response rates, especially in isolated renal involvement. METHODS: Six @entity1 aged between 43 and 59 years were diagnosed with @entity2783 and had stem cells mobilized with either recombinant @entity1 @entity1261 (rhG-CSF) alone (n = 2) or @entity786 (2-4 g/m(2)) and rhG-CSF (n = 4). All six @entity1 had kidney involvement and @entity1985 , four had cardiac involvement and two involvement of the vascular, nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Five of the @entity1 received high-dose @entity3601 (200 mg/m(2)) and autologous blood stem-cell support. RESULTS: One @entity1 died as a result of @entity295 after stem-cell mobilization. The other five @entity1 received high-dose melphalan but experienced severe @entity137 . One @entity1 died as the result of @entity344 on day 6, one presented with hyperfibrinolysis and spontaneous @entity397 , and another experienced severe @entity548 of the gastrointestine, @entity591 and @entity5714 . Four @entity1 had @entity810 : three required hemodialysis and one underwent renal transplant 21 months later. Restaging after a follow-up of 31-52 months revealed reversal of @entity1985 in all three @entity1 who regained adequate renal function. With respect to cardiac involvement (n = 2), one @entity1 showed a decrease in NYHA class from II to I but baseline wall thickness remained stable. CONCLUSION: Treatment of selected @entity1 with @entity2783 by high-dose melphalan and stem-cell support results in reversal of @entity66 in a substantial proportion of @entity1 and improved survival.

title: Autologous stem-cell transplantation in progressing XXXX is associated with severe transplant-related @entity137 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['AL-amyloidosis', 'amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid-related disease']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal perforation']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['rupture of the spleen']

entities_list: @entity5714 :: ('MESH:D000743', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['Amyloid light-chain', 'AL']

answer: @entity2783 :: (MESH:D000686,Disease) :: ['amyloidosis']


abstract: The poor management of the urban environment in sub-Saharan Africa is affecting @entity313 susceptibility to insecticides. A study was undertaken to assess the influence of breeding sites physicochemical parameters on @entity311 vectors population tolerance to insecticides. A total of 18, 262 larvae collected from 104 breeding sites were exposed to diagnostic concentrations of @entity315 and @entity316 . Larvae originating from cultivated sites were more tolerant than larvae from polluted or nonpolluted sites. No significant difference was observed between polluted and nonpolluted sites. Field larvae were 142 to 325 times and 6.08 to 9.57 times more tolerant to @entity316 and @entity315 , respectively, than larvae of the A. gambiae Kisumu strain used as control. A low but significant correlation was detected between physicochemical parameters and larval insecticide tolerance. Cultivated sites were negatively and significantly correlated to larval tolerance to both @entity316 (r = -0.421; P < 0.0001) and @entity315 (r = -0.392; P < 0.0001). Dissolved @entity26 (r = +0.466; P < 0.0001) and @entity3265 (r = -0.205; P = 0.04) appeared significantly correlated to larval tolerance to @entity316 . The data suggest a direct correlation between some characteristics from the breeding sites and larval tolerance to @entity312 .

title: Water Quality and XXXX Larval Tolerance to @entity312 in the Cities of Douala and Yaound   (Cameroon).

entities_list: @entity312 :: ('MESH:D011722', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrethroids']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity315 :: ('MESH:D026023', 'Chemical') :: ['permethrin']

entities_list: @entity316 :: ('MESH:C017180', 'Chemical') :: ['deltamethrin']

entities_list: @entity313 :: ('7165', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles gambiae']

answer: @entity313 :: (7165,Species) :: ['Anopheles gambiae']


abstract: The aim of this study was to compare gene expression profiles of leukocytes from blood (white blood cells; WBCs) and spleen harvested at an early time point after @entity130 in @entity19 subjected to @entity130 / @entity548 , @entity130 , or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion at three experimental sites. Groups of injured or LPS-infused animals and sham controls were killed at 2 h after injury and resuscitation, blood and spleen were harvested, and leukocyte populations were recovered after erythrocyte lysis. RNA was extracted from postlysis leukocyte populations. Complementary RNA was synthesized from each RNA sample and hybridized to microarrays. A large number (500-1,400) of genes were differentially expressed at the 2-h time point in injured or LPS-infused vs. sham animals. Thirteen of the differentially expressed genes in blood, and 46 in the spleen, were upregulated or downregulated in common among all three animal models and may represent a common, early transcriptional response to systemic @entity32 from a variety of causes. The majority of these genes could be assigned to pathways involved in the immune response and cell death. The up- or downregulation of a cohort of 23 of these genes was validated by RT-PCR. This large-scale microarray analysis shows that, at the 2-h time point, there is marked alteration in leukocyte gene expression in three animal models of @entity32 . Although there is some commonality among the models, the majority of the differentially expressed genes appear to be uniquely associated with the @entity130 and/or the inflammatory stimulus.

title: Commonality and differences in leukocyte gene expression patterns among three models of XXXX and injury.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'injury and inflammation']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['burn injury', 'type of injury', 'trauma', 'injury or sham injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: Umbilical cords are usually discarded after delivery, even though they contain a set of functional vessels. We investigated whether the @entity1 umbilical vein (HUV) is suitable as a storable scaffold for the tissue engineering of small-caliber vessel grafts. Isolated HUVs were cryopreserved by freezing or vitrification. The reaction of the vessels to vasoactive compounds and the mechanical properties were determined in an organ bath. Mitochondrial metabolism, release of antithrombotic compounds, and platelet adhesion were measured on the luminal vessel surface. Seeding with endothelial cells was tested on denuded HUVs. The vessels showed a weak response to @entity1063 but were readily contracted by @entity750 and by the thromboxane A2 mimetic @entity2872 . Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was weak, reaching significance only for @entity112 . However, the vessels relaxed to @entity1854 , and to @entity934 if sandwiched with @entity1 saphenous vein. Cryopreservation did not change the mechanical properties in the relevant tension range. Vasoconstriction to @entity4337 and @entity750 were reduced after freezing (22.9+/-7.6%, 27.7+/-10.2%) and after vitrification (2.6+/-5.8%, 4.3+/-7.1%). The mitochondrial metabolism was also attenuated after freezing (57.9+/-25.9%) and after vitrification (21.7+/-6.7%). Prostacyclin release was elevated after both cryopreservation procedures (4.0-fold, 3.9-fold), whereas there was no significant change in the adhesion of platelets. Denuded HUVs could readily be seeded with isolated endothelial cells before and after freezing. We conclude that HUV is suitable as a storable living scaffold with antithrombogenic properties.

title: Properties of the XXXX umbilical vein as a living scaffold for a tissue-engineered vessel graft.

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the characteristics of Veterans with @entity161 admitted for nonpsychiatric hospitalizations. METHOD: We conducted a review of the electronic medical record and data warehouse downloads of Veterans with @entity161 admitted to nonpsychiatric services of a large, academic Veterans Affairs hospital between 2004 and 2009 on whom psychiatry was consulted. RESULTS: Seventy-four veterans were admitted 89 times. Their mean age was 62 years. Among these veterans, the most common reasons for nonpsychiatric admission were @entity281 , @entity299 or @entity1032 . Thirty-three percent of consultations were for @entity1 who required intensive care. Consultation was requested most frequently for assessing psychotropic medication, decision-making capacity or @entity1032 , or for assistance with @entity146 . Thirty-seven percent of @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity933 , and 42% lacked decision-making capacity, mostly secondary to @entity933 . Twenty-seven percent of @entity1 died during the study period. CONCLUSION: In an aging cohort of Veterans with @entity161 , a substantial proportion of @entity1 developed @entity933 , lost decision-making capacity and required intensive care during nonpsychiatric hospital admission.

title: XXXX and decisional incapacity in veterans with @entity161 and medical illness.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['altered mental status']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral problems']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

answer: @entity933 :: (MESH:D003693,Disease) :: ['Delirium']


abstract: It has been suggested that @entity236 -like (BME) @entity75 in the knee are associated with progression of @entity571 ( @entity571 ). The purpose of our study in @entity1 with @entity571 was to evaluate prospectively changes of BME @entity75 over 2 years and their relationship with clinical features. Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the knee were obtained from 182 @entity1 (20% male; aged 43-76 years; mean age 59 years) who had been diagnosed with familial symptomatic @entity571 at multiple joint sites. MR images were made at baseline and at 2 years follow-up. BME @entity75 in 2 years were associated with clinical features assessed by Western Ontario and @entity571 (WOMAC) scores. A total of 327 BME @entity75 were recorded. Total size of BME @entity75 changed in 90 @entity1 (66%). Size of individual @entity75 changed in 147 foci (45%): new @entity75 appeared in 69 (21%), existing @entity75 disappeared in 32 (10%), increased in size in 26 (8%) and decreased in size in 20 (6%) @entity75 . Increase or decrease of BME @entity75 , over a 2-year time period, was not associated with severity of WOMAC scores. BME @entity75 fluctuated in the majority of @entity1 with @entity571 over a 2-year time period. These changes were not associated with severity of WOMAC scores at the study end point.

title: @entity236 change in volume in the majority of XXXX with @entity571 ; associations with clinical features.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['lesions']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow edema']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis', 'osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5011 is a potentially serious, acute, paralysing, probably @entity792 caused by @entity1897 . Recovery has been shown to be speeded by plasma exchange which replaces the @entity1 's own plasma with a plasma substitute. Intravenous immunoglobulin purified from donated blood is beneficial in other @entity792 and is easier to administer. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in comparison with no treatment or other treatments for treating @entity5011 and to determine the most efficacious dose. SEARCH STRATEGY: Search of the Cochrane @entity4094 Group register using @entity5011 and acute @entity8954 as the search terms, bibliographies of trials and contact with their authors and other experts. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers examined the titles and abstracts of all the papers retrieved by the search, extracted the data onto forms designed for this review, and independently assessed the quality of the trials. MAIN RESULTS: The only trial comparing intravenous immunoglobulin with supportive treatment was inadequate to establish its value. Another Cochrane systematic review has shown that plasma exchange (PE) hastens recovery. Plasma exchange has become the gold standard against which other treatments need to be compared. We found three randomised trials that compared intravenous immunoglobulin with PE. We were able to combine the results of the two largest trials in a metaanalysis involving 398 @entity1 . The primary outcome measure in this review was the change in a 7 grade disability scale four weeks after randomisation. The weighted mean difference of this measure was not significant, being only 0.11 (95% CI -0.14 to 0.37) of a disability grade more improvement in the intravenous immunoglobulin group than the PE group. There were also no significant differences in other outcome measures, including time to walk unaided, mortality, and proportion of @entity1 unable to walk without aid after a year but some of these outcome measures were only available for one trial. We also reviewed one trial involving 249 @entity1 which compared PE followed by intravenous immunoglobulin with PE alone and another involving 37 @entity1 which compared immunoabsorption followed by intravenous immunoglobulin with immunoabsorption alone. Neither revealed any significant differences between the regimens with and without intravenous immunoglobulin. We did not discover any dose ranging studies of intravenous immunoglobulin except for one that is ongoing. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There are no adequate trials to determine whether intravenous immunoglobulin is more beneficial than placebo. Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange have a similar ability to speed the recovery from @entity5011 . Giving intravenous immunoglobulin after plasma exchange is not significantly better than plasma exchange alone. Randomised trials are needed to decide whether intravenous immunoglobulin helps in mild @entity5011 or in disease which has lasted more than two weeks. Randomised trials also need to establish the optimal dose.

title: Intravenous immunoglobulin for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['Neuromuscular Disease']

entities_list: @entity8954 :: ('MESH:D011129', 'Disease') :: ['polyradiculoneuritis']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation of the peripheral nerves']

entities_list: @entity5011 :: ('MESH:D020275', 'Disease') :: ['Guillain-Barr   syndrome']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune diseases']

answer: @entity5011 :: (MESH:D020275,Disease) :: ['Guillain-Barr   syndrome']


abstract: The equilibrium of membrane fusion and fission influences the volume and copy number of organelles. Fusion of @entity375 vacuoles has been well characterized but their fission and the mechanisms determining vacuole size and abundance remain poorly understood. We therefore attempted to systematically characterize factors necessary for vacuole fission. Here, we present results of an in vivo screening for @entity13312 activity of an ordered collection deletion mutants, representing 4881 non-essential genes of the @entity375 @entity375 . The screen identified 133 mutants with strong defects in @entity1949 . These comprise numerous known fragmentation factors, such as the @entity49096 complex, @entity34056 , @entity9790 and the V-ATPase, thus validating the approach. The screen identified many novel factors promoting @entity1949 . Among those are 22 open reading frames of unknown function and three conspicuous clusters of proteins with known function. The clusters concern the ESCRT machinery, adaptins, and lipases, which influence the production of @entity2366 and @entity8558 . A common feature of these factors of known function is their capacity to change membrane curvature, suggesting that they might promote @entity1949 via this property.

title: Identification of genes affecting vacuole membrane fragmentation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2366 :: ('CHEBI:41847', 'Chemical') :: ['diacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['vacuole fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity13312 :: ('MESH:C536522', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies in vacuolar fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity8558 :: ('MESH:D010712', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: Immediate- and short-term follow-up results of balloon dilatation of @entity2333 following surgery have been well documented, but there is sparse data on long-term follow-up. During a 10-year period ending in August 1995, 33 @entity1 , aged 2 months to 14 years old, underwent balloon angioplasty of @entity2333 . Prior surgery included resection and end-to-end @entity254 (n = 9), subclavian flap (n = 16) or prosthetic (Dacron or Gore-Tex) patch (n = 5) angioplasty, and repair of an interrupted aortic arch (n = 3). Recoarctation developed 1 month to 14 years (mean +/- SD 29 +/- 44 months) after surgery. The indications for angioplasty were peak-to-peak systolic gradients > 20 mm Hg and systemic @entity101 and/or @entity712 . After balloon angioplasty, the peak-to-peak systolic pressure gradient across the @entity1498 decreased from 48 +/- 22 to 13 +/- 15 mm Hg (p <0.01), and the size of the coarcted segment increased from 3.3 +/- 1.4 to 6.5 +/- 2.3 mm (p <0.01). Follow-up angiography and/or magnetic resonance imaging were performed in 20 @entity1 17 +/- 12 months after angioplasty. No @entity439 were observed and improvement in the diameter of the coarcted aortic segment (9 +/- 3 mm) persisted. One- to 10-year (median 5) clinical follow-up was available in 32 @entity1 . During follow-up, 2 @entity1 required surgery to repair a long tubular isthmic narrowing. The residual gradients, determined by arm-leg systolic blood pressure difference, were 5 +/- 8 mm Hg. No @entity1 was symptomatic and only 1 @entity1 (3%) was @entity101 , controlled with antihypertensive medications. We conclude that balloon angioplasty of @entity2333 following all types of surgical repair is feasible, safe, and effective with good long-term results. We recommend balloon angioplasty as the procedure of choice in the management of postsurgical recoarctation with @entity101 and/or @entity712 .

title: Long-term follow-up results of balloon angioplasty of postoperative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic recoarctation']

answer: @entity2333 :: (MESH:D001018,Disease) :: ['aortic recoarctation']


abstract: Five hundred and sixty-five cases of @entity5 were analysed. There were 8 (1.4%) @entity5 , 296 (52.4%) @entity694 , 236 (41.8%) @entity5 , 6 (1.1%) @entity5 and 19 (3.4%) multiple primary @entity5 of the large bowel. Non-mucinous @entity420 was by far the commonest histological @entity5 (74.7%). This was followed by @entity189 (20.7%). Other histological types were relatively uncommon. They included @entity5 (1.8%), @entity2580 (1.5%), @entity957 (0.7%), @entity189 (0.4%) and @entity1962 (0.2%). The proportion of @entity189 was greater among the Indians and Malays than among the Chinese. There was a positive correlation between the grade and extent of spread of the @entity5 . The right colon had greater proportion of poorly differentiated @entity420 than the left colon; this tendency was more evident in females. @entity189 tended to occur more frequently in the younger age groups and in populations with low risk for @entity14 . Remnants of @entity652 , often with a prominent villous component, were found to associate with @entity189 in a significantly higher proportion (18.0%) than non-mucinous @entity420 (2.6%) (P less than 0.001). @entity5 were encountered in 26.2% of @entity189 compared to 13.4% of non-mucinous @entity420 (P less than 0.001). A greater proportion of @entity189 was located in the caecum-ascending colon compared with non-mucinous @entity420 . It is suggested that the histogenetic relationship with @entity652 , particularly villous @entity652 , was stronger in @entity189 than in non-mucinous @entity420 . The relationship between the amount of @entity3558 and the grade and stage of the @entity5 was not a linear one. In general, greater proportions of poorly differentiated and advanced @entity5 were encountered when the amount of @entity3558 exceeded 50% of the @entity5 area. @entity5 of the large bowel increased with age. Compared with single @entity5 , they tended to be smaller, better differentiated, less extensive in their spread and had a stronger association with @entity652 of the large intestine.

title: XXXX in Singapore--a pathological study.

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'anal cancers', 'Papillary structures within the tumour', 'cancer', 'tumour', 'rectal cancers', 'tumours', 'Multiple cancers', 'carcinoid tumours', 'large bowel cancer', 'appendiceal tumours', 'type of large bowel cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2580 :: ('MESH:D018279', 'Disease') :: ['signet-ring cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous carcinoma', 'Mucinous carcinoma', 'undifferentiated carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1962 :: ('MESH:D018196', 'Disease') :: ['adenosquamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic cancers']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Carcinoma of the large bowel']


abstract: @entity717 is a widely accepted concept that suggests an analogue mode of visual information-processing in certain visuospatial tasks. Typically, these tasks demand the discrimination between the image and mirror-image of rotated figures, for which @entity1 subjects need an increasing reaction time depending on the angular disparity between the rotated figures. In pigeons, tests of this kind yielded a time-independent rotational invariance, suggested as being the result of a non-analogue information-processing that has evolved in response to the horizontal plane that birds perceive from above while flying. Given that marine mammals use the water surface as the horizontal plane for orientation while diving, the ability of a @entity16829 to mentally rotate two-dimensional shapes was tested. Using a successive two-alternative matching-to-sample procedure, the animal had to decide between the image and mirror-image of a previously shown sample. Both stimuli were rotated by a multiple of 30 degrees with respect to the sample. The animal's reaction time was measured by a computer-controlled touch-screen device, rewarding the animal for pressing its snout against the stimulus matching the sample. A linear regression analysis of the animal's mean reaction time against the angular rotation of the stimulus yielded a significant correlation coefficient. Thus, the present data can be explained by the @entity717 model, predicting an image-like representation of visual stimuli in this species. The present results therefore correspond well with those found for @entity1 subjects, but are inconsistent with the data reported for pigeons.

title: @entity717 in a XXXX ( @entity16829 ).

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Mental rotation', 'mental rotation']

entities_list: @entity16829 :: ('9704', 'Species') :: ['California sea lion']

answer: @entity16829 :: (9704,Species) :: ['California sea lion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Psychological distress is frequently observed, however, it is underestimated in @entity5 @entity1 . The aim of this study is to develop a simple battery for screening for @entity458 , @entity2166 and @entity308 in Japanese @entity5 @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred and twenty-eight @entity5 @entity1 were interviewed by psychiatrists and tested using the Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 Scale (HADS), a 14-item self-assessment questionnaire. Psychiatric diagnoses were performed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , third edition-revised. RESULTS: Cronbach alpha values of the Japanese version of the scale were 0.77 for the subscale for @entity148 and 0.79 for @entity308 . By a receiver operating characteristic analysis, we determined that an optimal cut-off point for screening for @entity2166 and @entity308 was 10/11, which gave high enough sensitivity and specificity (91.5 and 65.4%, respectively). To screen for @entity308 alone, 19/20 was an optimal cut-off point with 82.4% sensitivity and 96.3% specificity. The subscales of HADS ( @entity148 and @entity308 ) also had high screening performance. CONCLUSIONS: The Japanese version of HADS is a sensitive and specific tool for screening for @entity458 in Japanese @entity5 @entity1 . This scale can be used for an early detection of @entity1 ' @entity458 which may be followed by @entity146 interventions.

title: Screening for @entity458 in Japanese XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression', 'major depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'Mental Disorders']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity2166 :: ('MESH:D000275', 'Disease') :: ['adjustment disorder']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) has emerged as one of several important intraovarian regulatory factors. In particular, NO has been implicated in the processes of ovulation and @entity1146 -related apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and distribution of the NO-generating @entity842 synthase (NOS) enzymes in the ovary during follicular development, ovulation and luteal formation of the @entity1641 chorionic gonadotrophin (ECG)/ @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)-primed @entity35 . @entity1110 diaphorase activity was used as a histochemical marker for NOS within the ovary. Diaphorase reactivity was most abundant in the stroma (S) of the ovary and in the theca (T) layer of the follicle. In luteinized ovaries, weaker diaphorase reactivity was present within the corpora lutea (CL). Two different isoforms of NOS, the constitutively expressed @entity2824 (eNOS) and the inducible isoform of NOS ( @entity1506 ), were immunolocalized in ovaries of immature @entity35 and in ECG/HCG-primed @entity35 during the periovulatory period from HCG injection until 2 days after ovulation. In addition, ovarian concentrations of eNOS and @entity1506 were quantified by immunoblotting. Immunoblotting with a monoclonal anti-eNOS antibody demonstrated the presence of eNOS mainly in the residual ovary (ROV) during the periovulatory period. In luteinized ovaries, higher concentrations of eNOS were seen in CL, while those in the ROV at this stage were lower than in the periovulatory ovary. Immature ovaries contained diminutive amounts of eNOS, detectable mostly in the ROV compartment. In contrast, @entity1506 was barely detectable during follicular development to the preovulatory stage. A slight elevation of @entity1506 was observed in the granulosa cells at 6 h after the HCG injection. The levels of @entity1506 during the luteal phase were also low. Immunohistochemical analysis using polyclonal eNOS and @entity1506 antibodies revealed the localization of these two isoforms primarily in the S and the T of the periovulatory ovary. In luteinized ovaries, positive immunoreactivity was also seen within the CL. With a monoclonal antibody against eNOS, intense immunoreactivity was observed in the S, T and within CL. There was a particularly strong staining in blood vessels. These data demonstrate the presence of an intraovarian NO-generating system. The localization of this system to the S, T and CL suggests a role for NO in the ovulatory process and in the regulation of CL function.

title: Cell-specific localization of XXXX synthases (NOS) in the @entity35 ovary during follicular development, ovulation and luteal formation.

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide', 'nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: CONTEXT: Limited information exists on the interaction between diet and @entity2453 reductase inhibitors (statins) and the interaction's effect on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels, insulin sensitivity, and circulating antioxidant @entity2221 and provitamin levels. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the separate and combined effects of diet and @entity3413 therapy on serum levels of lipids, lipoproteins, antioxidants, and insulin. DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Randomized, controlled crossover trial conducted from August 1997 to June 1998 in 120 previously untreated @entity753 @entity1 aged 35 to 64 years who were recruited from the community in Turku, southwestern Finland. INTERVENTIONS: After a 4- to 6-week placebo run-in period, @entity1 were randomly allocated to a habitual diet (n = 60) or dietary treatment group (n = 60), and each of these groups was further randomized in a double-blind crossover fashion to receive @entity3413 (20 mg/d) or placebo, each for 12 weeks (n = 30 in each group). The main goals of the dietary treatment were to reduce energy intake from saturated plus trans-unsaturated fats to no more than 10% by replacing them partly with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats rich in @entity9539 and to increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in levels of total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 ; @entity1674 ; @entity755 ; insulin; @entity413 ; and antioxidants at week 12 of each treatment period, compared among the 4 groups. RESULTS: Dietary treatment decreased levels of total @entity165 by 7.6% (P<.001), LDL @entity165 by 10.8% (P<.001), HDL @entity165 by 4.9% (P =.01), @entity755 by 5.7% (P =.003), serum insulin by 14.0% (P =.02), and @entity1881 by 3.5% (P =.04). @entity3413 decreased levels of total @entity165 by 20.8%, LDL @entity165 by 29.7%, @entity1674 by 13.6%, @entity755 by 22.4%, alpha- @entity4793 by 16.2%, @entity2066 by 19.5%, and @entity15401 -10 by 22.0% (P<.001 for all) and increased levels of HDL @entity165 by 7.0% (P<.001) and serum insulin by 13.2% (P =.005). @entity413 levels remained unchanged in all groups. The effects of dietary treatment and @entity3413 were independent and additive. CONCLUSIONS: A modified Mediterranean-type diet rich in @entity9539 efficiently potentiated the @entity165 -lowering effect of @entity3413 , counteracted the fasting insulin-elevating effect of @entity3413 , and, unlike @entity3413 , did not decrease serum levels of @entity2066 and @entity15401 -10.

title: Effects of diet and XXXX on serum lipids, insulin, and antioxidants in @entity753 @entity1 : a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity3413 :: ('MESH:D019821', 'Chemical') :: ['Simvastatin', 'simvastatin']

entities_list: @entity2066 :: ('MESH:D019207', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-carotene']

entities_list: @entity15401 :: ('MESH:C003741', 'Chemical') :: ['ubiquinol']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity1881 :: ('MESH:D024502', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-tocopherol']

entities_list: @entity4793 :: ('MESH:D024505', 'Chemical') :: ['tocopherol']

entities_list: @entity2221 :: ('CHEBI:33229', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin']

entities_list: @entity9539 :: ('MESH:D015525', 'Chemical') :: ['omega-3 fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity2453 :: ('MESH:C008047', 'Chemical') :: ['3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3413 :: (MESH:D019821,Chemical) :: ['simvastatin']


abstract: We previously reported the first cloning of a functional glycosaminoglycan synthase, the @entity8273 ( @entity8273 ) from Group A @entity4195 (spHAS) (DeAngelis, P. L., Papaconstantinou, J., and Weigel, P. H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19181-19184). Group A spHAS was unrelated to a putative Group C @entity15773 synthase reported by others (Lansing, M., Lellig, S., Mausolf, A., Martini, I. , Crescenzi, F., Oregon, M., and Prehm, P. (1993) Biochem. J. 289, 179-184). Here we report the isolation of a bona fide @entity15773 synthase gene from a highly encapsulated strain of Group C @entity30180 . The encoded protein, designated seHAS, is 417 @entity1522 long (calculated molecular weight, 47,778; calculated pI, 9.1) and is the smallest member of the @entity8273 family identified thus far. The enzyme migrates anomalously fast in @entity214 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis (approximately 42,000 Da). The seHAS protein shows no similarity (<2% identity) to the previously reported Group C gene, which is not an @entity15773 synthase. The seHAS and spHAS protein and coding sequences are 72 and 70% identical, respectively. seHAS is also similar to eukaryotic HAS1 (approximately 31% identical), HAS2 (approximately 28% identical), and HAS3 (28% identical). The deduced protein sequence of seHAS was confirmed by reactivity with a synthetic peptide antibody. Recombinant seHAS expressed in @entity526 was recovered in membranes as a major protein (approximately 10% of the total protein) and synthesized very large @entity15773 (Mr >7 x 10(6)) in the presence of @entity858 - @entity4826 and @entity858 -GlcA. The product contained equimolar amounts of both @entity3363 and was degraded by the specific Streptomyces hyaluronidase. Comparison of the two recombinant streptococcal enzymes in isolated membranes showed that seHAS and spHAS are essentially identical in the steady-state size distribution of @entity15773 chains they synthesize, but seHAS has an intrinsic 2-fold faster rate of chain elongation (Vmax) than spHAS. seHAS is the most active @entity15773 synthase identified thus far; it polymerizes @entity15773 at an average rate of 160 @entity7787 /s. The two bacterial @entity15773 synthase genes may have arisen from a common ancient gene shared with the early evolving vertebrates.

title: Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of the authentic XXXX from group C @entity30180 .

entities_list: @entity8273 :: ('MESH:C565742', 'Disease') :: ['hyaluronan synthase', 'HAS']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity7787 :: ('MESH:D009005', 'Chemical') :: ['monosaccharides']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity30180 :: ('119602', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus equisimilis']

entities_list: @entity4195 :: ('1314', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pyogenes']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity8273 :: (MESH:C565742,Disease) :: ['hyaluronan synthase']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to perform a computer analysis of the size of the @entity130 created by overlapping multiple thermal ablation spheres. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computer-assisted design system was used to create three-dimensional models of a spherical @entity5 , a spherical tissue volume consisting of the @entity5 plus a 1-cm @entity5 -free margin, and individual spherical ablations. These volumes were superimposed in real-time three-dimensional space in different geometric relationships. The effect of the size and geometric configuration of the ablation spheres was analyzed with regard to the ability to ablate the required volume of tissue ( @entity5 plus margin) without leaving untreated areas or interstices. RESULTS: The single-ablation model showed that if a 360-degree 1-cm @entity5 -free margin is included around the @entity5 targeted for ablation, radiofrequency ablation devices producing 3-, 4-, and 5-cm ablation spheres can be used to treat 1-, 2-, and 3-cm @entity5 , respectively. The six-sphere model, in which six ablation spheres are placed in orthogonal planes around the @entity5 , showed that the largest @entity5 that may be treated with a 3-cm ablation device is 1.75 cm, whereas 4- and 5-cm ablation spheres can be used to treat @entity5 measuring 3 and 4.25 cm, respectively. The 14- sphere model showed that addition of eight more spheres to the six-sphere model increased the treatable @entity5 size to 3, 4.6, or 6.3 cm, depending on the diameter of the ablation sphere used. For treating larger @entity5 , we found a cylindrical model to be less efficient but easier to control. CONCLUSION: Our computer analysis showed that the size of the composite @entity130 created by overlapping multiple thermal ablation spheres is surprisingly small relative to the number of ablations performed. These results emphasize the need for a methodic @entity5 ablation strategy.

title: Radiofrequency thermal ablation: computer analysis of the size of the XXXX created by overlapping ablations.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['thermal injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['thermal injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze and summarize the clinical aspects, diagnostic methods and treatment principle of the orbit @entity4585 . METHODS: It was a retrospective case series study. The clinical aspects of 17 @entity2694 cases were analyzed, which included symptoms, signs, imageology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. RESULTS: Orbit @entity4585 was more prevalent in males, and usually occurred in @entity1 and individuals under 14 years old. The main symptoms were @entity5768 and orbit masses. B ultrasonic examination was performed in 16 cases, which found that the mass was located in the temporal side of the orbit, with irregular shape and clear edge. Color doppler imaging was performed in 5 cases, which found that the sufficient blood supply signal was the main manifestation. CT scan was performed in 11 cases, which revealed that the mass was located in temporal side of the orbit, with irregular shape, regular density, a clear edge and seldom destruction of the orbital bone. Blood examination was performed in 17 cases, which revealed the increase of white blood cells and the presence of numerous immature blood cells. Sixteen cases were referred to the department of hematology for treatment. In 4 following cases, 2 cases were died within 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital @entity4585 can be easily misdiagnosed as other types of @entity5 in @entity1 . The diagnosis of @entity2694 can be established by radiology and hematological examinations. This @entity5 can be treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

title: [Clinical analysis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant orbital tumor']

entities_list: @entity5768 :: ('MESH:D005094', 'Disease') :: ['exophthalmos']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['orbital chloroma']

answer: @entity2694 :: (MESH:D009916,Disease) :: ['orbital chloroma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Complications from skeletal-related events (SREs) constitute a challenge in the care of @entity1 with @entity79 ( @entity79 ) that originated from any type of @entity5 . OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article was to compare the efficacy of @entity19160 , @entity5279 , and @entity4381 with that of placebo in reducing morbidity and overall mortality in @entity5 @entity1 with @entity79 . METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched (from inception to January 2009) to retrieve randomized clinical trials that evaluated the @entity171 of interest. The search included articles published in English, French, Italian, Portugese, and Spanish. @entity1 with a definite (ie, biopsy-proven) diagnosis of @entity79 were included in the analysis. We extracted and combined data from studies that reported the number of @entity1 with SREs and mortality data. A random-effects, meta-analytic model was applied in all calculations. The Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of study reporting. RESULTS: The literature search identified 62 potential full-text studies; 44 of these studies were excluded and 18 were evaluated. The mean (SD) quality of reporting of the included studies was 57.8% (22.6%), or 2.89/5 (1.1/5). Each of the 3 drugs was found to be more effective than placebo in preventing all SREs in @entity5 @entity1 with @entity79 . The relative risk of developing SREs was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.61-0.81; N = 1211) for @entity4381 , 0.81 (95% CI, 0.73-0.91; N = 2251) for @entity5279 , and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.75-1.00; N = 681) for @entity19160 . However, no clear advantage of one drug over the others was observed (CIs overlapped substantially). None of the @entity171 was more beneficial than placebo in reducing the number of @entity204 in the course of the trials (P = NS). CONCLUSION: @entity19160 , @entity5279 , and @entity4381 were associated with reductions in morbidity in @entity5 @entity1 with @entity79 with regard to preventing SREs, but were not associated with a reduction in overall mortality.

title: Efficacy of @entity19160 , XXXX , and @entity4381 in reducing morbidity and mortality in @entity5 @entity1 with bone metastasis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5279 :: ('MESH:C019248', 'Chemical') :: ['pamidronate']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic bone disease', 'MBD']

entities_list: @entity4381 :: ('MESH:C088658', 'Chemical') :: ['zoled-ronate', 'zoledronate']

entities_list: @entity19160 :: ('MESH:D004002', 'Chemical') :: ['clodronate', 'Clodronate']

answer: @entity5279 :: (MESH:C019248,Chemical) :: ['pamidronate']


abstract: An elevated urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) is associated with an increased risk of @entity65 , but the pathophysiological mechanism underlying this association is poorly understood. To investigate the role of @entity409 , leukocyte adhesion, and low-grade @entity32 (1) in the development of elevated UAER (study I) and (2) in linking elevated UAER with risk of @entity65 (study II), we performed a prospective study in an age-, sex-, and @entity413 tolerance- stratified sample of a population-based cohort aged 50 to 75 years. High levels of @entity2880 factor, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) were used as markers of @entity409 , leukocyte adhesion, and low-grade @entity32 , respectively. For study I, subjects who had normal UAER at baseline (n=316 subjects, 66 with type 2 @entity6 ) were reexamined after a mean follow-up of 6.1 years. The development of elevated UAER was defined as a mean albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio >2.0 mg/mmol at follow-up. Age-, sex-, and @entity413 tolerance- adjusted logistic regression analyses showed the development of elevated UAER to be significantly associated with levels of @entity1851 (odds ratio 1.14 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.27] per 10% increase of sVCAM-1 and odds ratio 1.17 [95% CI 1.04 to 1.32] per 50% increase of @entity1851 ). The results were not materially different after additional adjustment for @entity101 , body mass index, @entity65 , and @entity1011 clearance or stratification by the presence of @entity6 . For study II, the vital status of all subjects (n= 575) was determined after a mean follow-up of 6.6 years. Eighty-one of 575 subjects died (30 died of @entity65 ). The presence of elevated UAER at baseline was associated with a 4.1-fold (1.94 to 8.73) increased risk of @entity65 after adjustment for age, sex, and @entity413 tolerance status. Adjustment for levels of @entity2880 factor, sVCAM-1, or @entity1851 did not materially affect the results, nor did additional adjustment for the presence of @entity101 , @entity989 , and @entity65 and for levels of @entity1255 , @entity1674 , and high density lipoprotein @entity165 . Leukocyte adhesion (sVCAM-1) and low-grade @entity32 ( @entity1851 ) are determinants of the development of elevated UAER. However, these determinants do not explain the association between elevated UAER and @entity65 .

title: XXXX and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are associated with elevated urinary albumin excretion but do not explain its link with cardiovascular risk.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality', 'cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular death']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP', 'sVCAM-1 and CRP']

answer: @entity1851 :: (1401,Gene) :: ['C-reactive protein']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity12293 ( @entity12293 ) of the liver is very rarely reported, and we encountered two cases of @entity12293 of the liver in a @entity1 with @entity694 . CASE PRESENTATION: In the first case, a 77-year-old @entity1 was admitted for the surgical removal of a ascending @entity694 . A @entity99 in the left lobe was concurrently revealed by computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The appearance suggested liver @entity3 . Right hemicolectomy and partial hepatectomy were performed. On histopathological examination, lymphoid follicles with germinal centers were seen in the @entity5 -like lesion, and remarkable lymphoid infiltration with germinal centers was seen in the portal area around the nodule. Immunohistochemical studies revealed polyclonality of infiltrating lymphocyte. Consequently, this nodular lesion was diagnosed as @entity12293 of the liver. In the second case, a 64-year-old @entity1 who had a radical right hemicolectomy for stage II ascending @entity694 10 years ago was admitted with @entity3833 . A @entity99 in the left lobe was concurrently revealed by CT and MRI, suggesting @entity157 . A left lateral segmentectomy was performed. Microscopically, this lesion revealed the almost same findings as the first case, so this nodular lesion was diagnosed as @entity12293 of the liver. CONCLUSION: Our two cases were the first report of @entity12293 of the liver accompanying @entity694 . Because there are a very few cases, so it is not clear whether the @entity5 were involved in the onset of @entity12293 . But we believe that new factors involved in the onset mechanism of @entity12293 may be identified by carefully monitoring the clinical course of our two @entity1 .

title: Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the liver in a XXXX with @entity694 : report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity12293 :: ('MESH:D019310', 'Disease') :: ['Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia', 'RLH']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: The role of @entity842 (NO) in regulating lymphatic contractile function and, consequently, lymph flow has been the subject of intense study. Despite this, the precise effects of NO on lymphatic contractile activity remain unclear. Recent hypotheses posit that basal levels of endogenous NO increase lymphatic contraction strength as a consequence of lowering frequency (i.e. positive lusitropy), whereas higher agonist-evoked concentrations of NO exert purely inhibitory effects on contractile function. We tested both hypotheses directly by isolating and cannulating collecting lymphatic vessels from genetically modified @entity19 for ex vivo study. The effects of basal NO and agonist-evoked NO were evaluated, respectively, by exposing @entity164 ( @entity164 ), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)(-/-) and @entity13633 ( @entity13633 )(-/-) lymphatic vessels to controlled pressure steps followed by @entity3451 doses. To compare with pharmacological inhibition of eNOS, we repeated both tests in the presence of @entity6462 . Surprisingly, genetic removal of basal NO enhanced contraction amplitude significantly without increasing contraction frequency. Higher levels of NO production stimulated by @entity3451 evoked dilation, decreased tone, slowed contraction frequency and reduced fractional pump flow. We conclude that basal NO specifically depresses contraction amplitude, and that greater NO production then inhibits all other aspects of contractile function. Further, this work demonstrates definitively that @entity19 collecting lymphatic vessels exhibit autonomous, large-amplitude contractions that respond to pressure similarly to collecting lymphatics of other @entity1 species. At least in the peripheral lymphatic vasculature, NO production depresses contractile function, which influences lymph flow needed for fluid regulation, humoral immunity and cancer @entity3 .

title: Genetic removal of basal XXXX enhances contractile activity in isolated @entity19 collecting lymphatic vessels.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: Uptake by macrophages forms an important part of the mode of action of particulate adjuvants such as oil-in-water emulsions and alum. We have found previously that such adjuvants promote macrophage survival and suggested that this response may contribute to their efficacy. To explore this adjuvant activity further, we have investigated whether oil-in-water emulsion stimulates @entity413 uptake in macrophages and whether such uptake is relevant to the promotion of survival. We found that oil-in-water emulsion stimulated @entity413 uptake in a biphasic manner. The first acute phase was independent of mRNA and protein synthesis but appeared to require @entity10412 activity. In contrast, the second chronic phase was dependent on mRNA and protein synthesis. Importantly, the second phase of @entity413 uptake required @entity16629 as well as @entity10412 activity, indicating that the @entity16629 pathway can also contribute to cellular @entity413 uptake. The increased @entity413 transporter 1 expression during the second phase and long-term survival also appeared to be dependent on @entity10412 and @entity16629 signaling pathways. Metabolism of the @entity413 was required for the emulsion-stimulated survival as well as the increase of prosurvival @entity588 transcript levels and maintenance of @entity588 protein expression. As transgenic overexpression of @entity588 enhances the survival of macrophages in the absence of growth factor, the glycolytic control of @entity588 levels may play a central role in emulsion-stimulated macrophage survival. Enhanced @entity413 uptake by macrophages may therefore be critical to the action of particulate adjuvants.

title: Glycolytic control of adjuvant-induced macrophage survival: role of @entity10412 , XXXX , and @entity588 .

answer: @entity16629 :: (5604;5605,Gene) :: ['MEK1/2']


abstract: Between January 1985 and May 1989, 53 Thoroughbred @entity1641 (mean age 3.2 years) were surgically treated for dorsal cortical @entity174 of the third metacarpal bone (MC III). All @entity1641 were treated with cortical drilling through the @entity174 line (osteostixis). Diagnosis of the @entity174 was confirmed by xeroradiography. Lifetime racing records were obtained for all @entity1641 . Forty-seven @entity1641 returned to racing after surgery (89%). The mean time between surgery and the first race was 6.8 months. @entity1641 had a mean of 10.9 starts before surgery and 16.1 starts after surgery. The mean earnings per start before surgery was  6,459 and after surgery was  5,685. Of the 47 @entity1641 that raced after surgery, 70% raced at the same class or improved. Complications related to surgery were seen in 10 @entity1641 . Two @entity1641 had a second @entity174 of MC III at the same site, and were again treated by osteostixis, after which both @entity1641 returned to competition. Fractured drill bits were left in the MC III of 4 @entity1641 . One of these @entity1641 had catastrophic failure of MC III. Two @entity1641 developed @entity281 and 2 @entity1641 had catastrophic failure of MC III in the surgically treated limb. Osteostixis appears to be an effective treatment for returning @entity1641 affected with dorsal cortical @entity174 to racing.

title: Surgical treatment of dorsal cortical XXXX of the third metacarpal bone in thoroughbred racehorses: 53 cases (1985-1989).

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous infections']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: @entity369 vasopressin (AVP) is released in response to changes in blood osmolality and is also a putative secretagogue for @entity18551 . However, it is unclear whether osmotically generated increases in AVP in the physiological range influence @entity18551 secretion. We have studied this question using our unique noninvasive technique for collecting pituitary venous blood in six normal conscious @entity1641 that received an iv infusion of @entity4372 ( @entity4372 ; 5%, 0.07 ml/kg.min) for 45-60 min. Pituitary and jugular venous samples were collected every 5 min for 40 min before, during, and for 20 min after @entity4372 . During @entity4372 , mean blood osmolality rose (P less than 0.01), with a mean peak increase of 14.8 mosmol/kg (range, +6-+37 mosmol/kg). Jugular AVP rose (P less than 0.01) from 0.56 +/- 0.18 pmol/liter (mean +/- SEM) before @entity4372 to 2.16 +/- 0.86 pmol/liter during @entity4372 . Mean jugular AVP and osmolality were correlated (r = 0.82; P less than 0.05) during @entity4372 . Mean jugular @entity18551 concentrations increased (P less than 0.01) from 49 +/- 9 ng/liter before @entity4372 to 148 +/- 54 ng/liter during @entity4372 , while mean @entity701 levels during and after @entity4372 exceeded basal levels (P less than 0.05). Pituitary AVP and @entity18551 concentrations exceeded jugular concentrations by up to 100-fold, and mean (P less than 0.01 for both) and peak (P less than 0.001 for both) levels increased during @entity4372 . AVP and @entity18551 secretion during @entity4372 were pulsatile. The mean and peak changes in pituitary AVP were significantly correlated with those in @entity18551 . For the six @entity1641 together, pituitary @entity18551 and AVP concentration changes occurred synchronously during the experiment (P less than 0.001), and the paired AVP and @entity18551 concentrations were highly correlated (r = 0.73; n = 129 pairs; P less than 0.001). We conclude that 1) physiological changes in AVP secretion are closely associated with comparable changes in @entity18551 secretion, and 2) osmotic signals that presumably activate the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei may be physiologically relevant regulators of corticotrope function.

title: Effect of an osmotic stimulus on the secretion of arginine vasopressin and adrenocorticotropin in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity4372 :: ('MESH:D009122', 'Disease') :: ['HS', 'hypertonic saline']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['Arginine']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horse']


abstract: We examined the possible involvement of endogenous angiotensin II (ANG II) in @entity1063 (NE) overflow and antidiuresis induced by @entity8 ( @entity8 ). @entity8 at a frequency of 0.5-2.0 Hz, which did not influence renal hemodynamics, produced significant reductions in urine flow and urinary excretion of @entity1372 , and elevations in NE secretion rate (NESR) and @entity1122 secretion rate (RSR). Intrarenal arterial (i.r.a.) infusion of @entity5521 (10 micrograms/kg/min) abolished the @entity8 -induced antidiuresis. In @entity235 receiving @entity3371 (15 micrograms/kg/min i.v.), @entity8 -induced antidiuresis and increase in NESR were significantly attenuated. The i.r.a. administration of @entity1169 at 5 micrograms/kg/min, a dose that inhibited completely the @entity8 -induced increase in RSR, did not influence the alterations in NESR and urine formation in response to @entity8 . During ANG II infusion (1 ng/kg/min i.r.a.), @entity8 produced a reduction in urine formation and an increase in NESR, at a magnitude similar to that seen without ANG II infusion. These results suggest that @entity8 at a low frequency increased the NESR and RSR without affecting renal hemodynamics and that the antidiuretic effect was probably produced via the activation of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors, but not via the ANG II receptor, located on the renal tubules. The release of NE appears to be modulated by ANG II through the activation of a facilitatory prejunctional mechanism, which is maximally stimulated by endogenously and locally generated basal levels of ANG II.

title: The role of endogenous angiotensin II in antidiuresis and XXXX overflow induced by stimulation of renal nerves in anesthetized @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['RNS', 'renal nerve stimulation']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: The inhibition of the haematological alterations and prevention of @entity204 due to systemic @entity2021 after antigen challenge were investigated in @entity35 after various drug treatments. The i.v. injection of ovalbumin (250 micrograms/kg) into actively sensitized @entity35 induced marked @entity882 and haemoconcentration within 5 min and significant @entity491 within 30 min, lasting for 2 h after the challenge. Pretreatment with @entity31738 or @entity9691 (15-30 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited antigen-induced haemoconcentration, whereas @entity6849 (2-10 mg/kg i.p.) and @entity21327 (5-10 mg/kg p.o.), two platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists, interfered with @entity882 only. @entity24174 (1-20 mg/kg p.o.) dose dependently inhibited antigen-induced haemoconcentration and @entity882 but failed to @entity616 . @entity24174 also inhibited the @entity882 observed after the i.v. administration of PAF (4 micrograms/kg). Administration of ovalbumin at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg resulted in a lethal anaphylactic reaction in about 85% of the @entity35 . Pretreatment with @entity6849 (10 mg/kg i.p.), @entity31738 (30 mg/kg i.p.) or both increased the survival rate from 15 to 57, 68 and 87%, respectively. @entity24174 alone (20 mg/kg p.o.) completely blocked the lethal reaction. It was concluded that the ability of @entity24174 to antagonize @entity112 and PAF is important for its effectiveness against @entity2021 .

title: Interference of @entity24174 with XXXX induced by ovalbumin challenge in actively sensitized @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity24174 :: ('MESH:C020976', 'Chemical') :: ['Azelastine', 'azelastine']

entities_list: @entity31738 :: ('MESH:D008468', 'Chemical') :: ['meclizine']

entities_list: @entity9691 :: ('MESH:D016593', 'Chemical') :: ['terfenadine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['block leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity2021 :: ('MESH:D000707', 'Disease') :: ['anaphylaxis', 'anaphylactic shock']

answer: @entity2021 :: (MESH:D000707,Disease) :: ['anaphylaxis']


abstract: To assess the clinical significance of @entity41 ( @entity41 ) detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we analyzed samples from 26 @entity1 with @entity1073 ( @entity1073 ) who had undergone bone marrow transplantation (BMT) at the Dana-Farber @entity5 Institute. The @entity4910 /IgH translocation and clonally rearranged Ig heavy chain genes (IgH) provided molecular markers for detection and follow-up of @entity41 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification in 19 of the 26 (73%) @entity1073 @entity1 studied. IgH gene sequencing analysis showed somatic mutations in @entity1073 that are characteristic of an antigen driven process suggesting that, in @entity1073 , the final malignant transformation occurs in a mature B cell. Of the 19 @entity1 with a PCR amplifiable marker, 17 underwent autologous, 1 an allogeneic, and 1 a syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). All @entity1 had PCR-detectable @entity41 in the bone marrow (BM) at the time of BMT, irrespective of any history of histological BM involvement. In contrast to other B-cell @entity5 , we found that immunological purging with complement-mediated lysis eradicated PCR-detectable @entity1073 in only two @entity1 . Moreover reinfusion of @entity41 was associated with a poor outcome. More than half of the @entity1 undergoing autologous BMT had relapsed by the time of restaging at 2 years after autologous BMT. In four @entity1073 @entity1 in whom no residual @entity706 was reinfused, including the allogeneic and the syngeneic BMT, only one @entity1 relapsed. Persistence of @entity41 detection after BMT was also associated with a high probability of relapse, although one @entity1 did not have PCR-detectable @entity41 in peripheral blood or BM before relapse at nodal sites. We conclude that PCR amplification of disease-specific markers is a feasible and sensitive method to assess @entity41 and its clinical significance in @entity1 with @entity1073 . Moreover, PCR amplification provides a tool to evaluate modifications of purging and stem cell collection procedures that may be required for the management of this otherwise incurable disease.

title: Failure of immunologic purging in @entity1073 assessed by polymerase chain reaction detection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['MRD', 'minimal residual disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1073 :: ('MESH:D020522', 'Disease') :: ['mantle cell lymphoma', 'MCL']

answer: @entity41 :: (MESH:D018365,Disease) :: ['minimal residual disease']


abstract: We estimated the utility of daily oral administration of @entity2879 (ETOP) in 25 cases of refractory @entity1583 who had been admitted to our hospital between February, 1988 and October, 1995. @entity1 were 9 cases of @entity706 , 7 cases of @entity1619 ( @entity1619 ), 7 cases of @entity3052 , 1 case of @entity8057 , and 1 case of @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ). Eight cases were elderly @entity1 over 65 years old, 7 cases were refractory to previous chemotherapies, and 13 cases were relapsed cases. ETOP was administered at 25 or 50 mg per day for at least more than 3 consecutive weeks, if the peripheral white blood cell count exceeded 1,000/microliter. Complete and partial responses were obtained in 64% of all cases, especially in 81% of @entity706 and @entity1619 . Probability of survival for 3 years of @entity706 and @entity1619 was 36.7%. As mild @entity137 , 2 cases (8%) had @entity390 and @entity391 , 2 cases (8%) had @entity294 , and 3 cases (12%) had @entity3136 . Grade 3 @entity1431 was observed in 16% of cases. Twelve out of 16 evaluable @entity1 recovered in performance status (PS) after this therapy. Daily oral administration of ETOP might be an effective therapy for refractory @entity1583 , especially for @entity706 .

title: [Utility of daily oral administration of @entity2879 in 25 cases of refractory XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['adult T cell leukemia', 'ATL']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity8057 :: ('MESH:D008258', 'Disease') :: ['primary macroglobulinemia']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematological malignancies']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to increase the accuracy of the inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) procedure and reduce the false-negative rate through the addition of @entity4090 as a marker of pituitary venous outflow as well as validate this adjunct to the test process. CONTEXT: @entity50 sampling (IPSS) for ACTH is the current gold standard test for the differentiation of pituitary @entity699 from the @entity11060 . Although early studies with IPSS reported a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity approaching 100%, additional experience has revealed a false-negative rate of 1-10%. This has been attributed to either technical problems with unsuccessful petrosal sinus catheterization or @entity1211 of the pituitary. Previous studies have suggested that the measurement of other anterior pituitary hormones may be useful during IPSS as a guide to the effectiveness of cannulation and to improve the diagnostic accuracy of the procedure. DESIGN: We reviewed the data, in this retrospective cohort study, for all @entity1 who had undergone IPSS for the investigation of ACTH-dependent @entity699 . @entity1 : The study included 83 @entity1 who underwent IPSS at St. Thomas's hospital between 2005 and 2010. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma ACTH and @entity4090 levels were measured both centrally and peripherally. The normalized ACTH/ @entity4090 inferior petrosal sinus/peripheral ratio was then calculated to assess the accuracy of the sampling procedure. RESULTS: A total of 83 @entity1 with confirmed ACTH-dependent @entity701 excess underwent investigation with IPSS during the study period. Sixty-seven @entity1 initially had a positive IPSS result (i.e. a basal central/peripheral ACTH ratio >2  0 and >3  0 post-CRH). However, when the concurrent @entity4090 data were used, six @entity1 were additionally found to have positive results suggestive of pituitary Cushing's. The @entity4090 normalized ACTH @entity3465 /Peripheral ratios were all >0  8 in @entity1 with proven @entity699 , whereas they were all <0  6 in proven @entity11060 . The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed histologically in 72 of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Using @entity4090 as a concurrent index of pituitary venous effluent helps us recognize whether @entity1503 has been accurately sampled. Normalizing the @entity3465 /peripheral ratios with @entity4090 helps to improve the accuracy of the result and reduces the false-negative rate. With regards to the usefulness/validity of this test in clinical practice, it is relevant, reproducible and is easily adaptable from the existing diagnostic sequence.

title: Maximizing the accuracy of @entity50 sampling: validation of the use of XXXX as a marker of pituitary venous effluent in the diagnosis of @entity699 .

entities_list: @entity11060 :: ('MESH:D000182', 'Disease') :: ['ectopic ACTH syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's disease", 'hypercortisolism']

entities_list: @entity4090 :: ('5617', 'Gene') :: ['prolactin', 'Prolactin']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary venous blood']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['anomalous venous drainage']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['Inferior petrosal sinus']

answer: @entity4090 :: (5617,Gene) :: ['Prolactin']


abstract: Treatment of cells with @entity6579 and centrifugal extraction can separate @entity12874 synthetase ( @entity12982 ) and DNA synthetase activities, permitting the experimental analysis and comparison of both multienzyme systems. Only @entity12982 is being assayed by our system. @entity141 and @entity1025 have minor activating effects, and added histones are without activating action. Short end-blocked dsDNAs at nM concentrations and @entity8037 at mM concentrations are maximally activating coenzymes of @entity12874 synthesis. Comparison of non-proliferating non-malignant cells with rapidly growing @entity5 cells demonstrates that rates of @entity12874 synthesis and DNA synthesis are highest in pre-confluent non-malignant cells and in proliferating @entity5 cells, and lowest in contact-inhibited non-malignant cells. Rates of @entity12874 synthesis correlate with the number of enzymatically activable @entity12982 molecules per cell, determined under Vmax conditions where activity is linearly proportional to enzyme protein. Contact-inhibited non-malignant cells exhibit only trans- @entity857 -ribosylation that is not affected by @entity855 , while rapid growth, especially in @entity5 cells, demonstrates extensive auto-poly ( @entity857 )-ribosylation that is strongly inhibited by @entity855 at concentrations present in cells exhibiting normal bioenergetics. Rates of mRNA synthesis in non-proliferating non-malignant cells and in @entity5 cells were indistinguishable, indicating that the differences observed between cellular phenotypes are most likely due to reassembly of @entity12982 molecules in nuclei to homo-dimers (in @entity5 cells) and hetero-dimers (in non- @entity5 cells). A specific inhibitor and an inactivator of @entity12982 each inhibit DNA synthesis when intact @entity5 cells are pretreated with these drugs. Direct addition of these drugs to permeabilized cells performing DNA synthesis has no effect on DNA synthesis. The most striking diagnostic signal for @entity5 cells is activation of @entity12982 and of DNA synthesis.

title: Quantitative correlation between cellular proliferation and nuclear @entity12874 polymerase ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidyl choline']

entities_list: @entity12874 :: ('MESH:D011064', 'Chemical') :: ['poly (ADP-ribose)']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity8037 :: ('MESH:D013096', 'Chemical') :: ['spermine']

answer: @entity12982 :: (142,Gene) :: ['PARP-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present clinical electrophysiologic studies performed on the @entity528 ( @entity528 ) family linked to chromosome 17q21-22. METHODS: Nine @entity1 from this kindred were studied with 11 electroencephalograms (EEGs), 4 electroencephalographic background frequency analysis (BFA) studies, 4 electromyographic recordings (EMGs) including nerve conduction studies (NCSs), 4 electromyographic multichannel surface recordings (MSRs), one pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) study and one median nerve somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) study. RESULTS: EEGs revealed normal findings early in the disease and @entity73 which became more prominent with disease progression. BFA studies demonstrated rapid decrease in mean parietal frequencies with disease progression. EMGs and NCSs showed no abnormalities. MSRs revealed action @entity2045 and a @entity3520 . Long loop reflexes were absent in resting hand muscles. VEPs and SEPs were normal. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical neurophysiologic studies were consistent with a cortical and subcortical degenerative process. With clinical deterioration, there is a progressive decline in the mean parietal frequency and background rhythms. @entity400 studies were consistent with action @entity2045 and a @entity3520 and did not show parkinsonian features of resting @entity400 or agonist-antagonist cocontraction. There was no evidence of peripheral nerve involvement or slowing in central sensory pathways. Electrophysiologic findings are characteristic for this illness.

title: Clinical neurophysiologic findings in XXXX with rapidly progressive familial parkinsonism and dementia with @entity528 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['dystonic process']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonus']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse slowing']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['tremor', 'Tremor']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['PPND', 'pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: AIMS: To review the studies investigating the efficacy of the @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) procedure in anal canal @entity189 and to evaluate its potential role in guiding a more selective approach for @entity1 with the @entity5 . METHODS: A literature search in the PubMed database was preformed using the key words " @entity5 ". All indexed original articles (except case reports) on the @entity1600 procedure in @entity5 of the anal canal were analysed. RESULTS: There are five published series to date. Eighty-four @entity1 were studied. Rates of @entity1600 detection and removal ranged from 66 to 100% of @entity1 investigated. Nodal metastases were found in 7.1 to 42% of cases. No serious complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The technique has proven to be safe and effective in sampling inguinal SLNs. The detection of occult metastases in clinically unsuspicious nodes represents an important improvement in the process of staging these @entity1 , which has not been possible with any other method of diagnosis. Although @entity1600 procedure is still in an early phase of investigation in this type of @entity5 , it emerges as an objective method to guide individual therapeutic decisions.

title: Sentinel lymph node in XXXX of the anal canal: a review.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['sentinel lymph node" and "anal cancer', 'cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['sentinel lymph node', 'SLN']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: Characteristics of @entity6197 , including specificity of clinical diagnosis, efficacy of antimalarial regimens, and the influence of drug resistance remain poorly defined in many parts of the world. The utility of the Glasgow @entity772 scale and quantitative assessment of parasitaemia levels as diagnostic and prognostic indices in @entity6197 were determined in this study. Thirty-one pediatric @entity1 with admission diagnoses of @entity6197 in the emergency ward at Korle Bu Hospital, Accra, Ghana were evaluated. Mean age was 4.8 years. The initial diagnosis of @entity311 was confirmed in 65 per cent of @entity1 ; 16 per cent ultimately received another diagnosis including @entity55 , @entity693 or @entity198 . In 19 per cent the diagnoses were inconclusive. Mean @entity1503 level was 10(4.6) parasites per mm3, and mean initial Glasgow @entity772 score was 10.4. The initial Glasgow score was a better predictor of length of stay (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.66) than initial parasitaemia level (r = 0.17). For most treated @entity1 parasitaemia levels decreased a mean of 1.3 logs per day of therapy; however, in 33 per cent parasitaemia continued to rise or fluctuate. High parasitaemia levels were associated with deep levels of @entity772 , but only when both parameters were assessed throughout the hospital stay. Both deaths in this series occurred in @entity1 who had persistently negative blood smears for @entity311 parasites, but showed autopsy findings consistent with @entity6197 .

title: XXXX in Accra, Ghana.

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['initial blood parasitaemia']

entities_list: @entity6197 :: ('MESH:D016779', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral malaria', 'pediatric cerebral malaria']

answer: @entity6197 :: (MESH:D016779,Disease) :: ['Pediatric cerebral malaria']


abstract: The importance of the @entity787 -immunoscintigraphy (IS; BW 431/26 Fa Behring) for the diagnosis of @entity14 and its metastases was determined in a prospective trial including 60 @entity1 . The results were compared with results of the ultrasound, the CT-Scan and the Angio-CT. @entity1 suffered from a @entity14 (15), from a local @entity5 recurrence after bowel resection (10), from hepatic (39) and/or extrahepatic metastases (16). In 40 @entity1 the diagnosis was confirmed by laparotomy. Regarding the detection of hepatic metastases the sensitivity and specificity of the Angio-CT were superior to the IS (0.86 and 0.63 vs. 0.78 and 0.45). Ultrasound and Angio-CT together revealed true positive results in 89.2%. The IS did not improve this rate. Regarding the detection of extrahepatic metastases the sensitivity and the specificity of the CT were slightly superior to the IS (0.59 and 0.87 vs. 0.47 and 0.28). However, the IS increased the rate of true positive results by 18.8% (US + CT 43.7%; +IS 62.5% true positive results). Due to these results the IS is not recommended as the method of choice to detect liver metastases. But in @entity1 unfit for diagnostic laparotomy the IS may give additional information of the extrahepatic @entity5 stage.

title: [The value of XXXX immunoscintigraphy for diagnosis of @entity14 and its metastases: results of a prospective study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity787 :: (1084,Gene) :: ['CEA']