abstract: Twenty-three @entity1 with recurrent macroscopic @entity811 have been observed. Six @entity1 presented with @entity8 with mesangial deposits of IgG and IgA ( @entity28295 ). The @entity811 episodes occurred in the 48 hours following an @entity281 , more often respiratory. Renal functions were not impaired. On light microscopy, glomerular lesions were minimal, or were lesions of focal and segmental @entity631 . Ten @entity1 seemed to have @entity3686 . In 5 cases, @entity1310 was accompanied by @entity2319 ( @entity3686 ). In 5, @entity1310 was hereditary but isolated. The electron microscopy examination of basement membranes showed lesions consistent with @entity3686 . In cases of @entity3686 without @entity2319 , basement membranes were less impaired. In 7 @entity1 , no specific etiology was found.

title: [Recurrent @entity811 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular disorder']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity3686 :: ('MESH:D009394', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary nephritis', "Alport's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity28295 :: ('MESH:D005922', 'Disease') :: ["Berger's disease"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activities were measured in peripheral blood obtained from healthy @entity1 to compare a standard 51Cr release assay with a nonradioactive @entity17568 ( @entity27996 ) release assay based on time-resolved fluorescence. The two types of @entity137 assays were first compared in paired determinations performed on 28 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy @entity1 who had normal pap smears or no biopsy evidence of cervical @entity2784 ( @entity2784 ). Target cells (NK-sensitive K562 and NK-resistant Raji cell lines) were labeled with @entity27996 only, 51Cr only, or both labels and compared in @entity137 assays using fresh or @entity1199 ( @entity1199 )-activated effector cells. Spontaneous release in the @entity27996 release assay was comparable to that observed in the 51Cr release assay, but maximum @entity27996 release always exceeded that of 51Cr. In 4-h assays, specific release of @entity27996 from target cells was more rapid than that of 51Cr, consistently resulting in 30 to 40% higher levels of activity. However, a significant linear correlation (P < 0.001) was observed between @entity137 levels based on measurements of @entity27996 and 51Cr release in 4-h assays. The @entity27996 release assay was then used to measure NK and LAK activities in the peripheral blood of @entity1 with @entity2784 or @entity957 (SCC). Mean NK activity of @entity1 with advanced @entity2784 (121 lytic units [LU]) or SCC (93 LU) was found to be similar to that of controls (101 LU) or @entity1 with normal cervical biopsies (90 LU), as was the ability to generate @entity1199 -stimulated NK activity. However, LAK activity during 18 h of incubation in the presence of @entity1199 was reduced in @entity1 with cervical SCC (P < 0.05) compared with that in normal controls. Results of 51Cr assays performed in parallel with @entity1 samples gave comparable results. Advantages of @entity27996 release assays for routine evaluation of @entity137 are discussed.

title: Comparison of XXXX and chromium release assays: @entity137 in healthy individuals and @entity1 with cervical carcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['cervical squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2784 :: ('MESH:D065310', 'Disease') :: ['SIL', 'squamous intraepithelial lesions', 'cervical SIL']

answer: @entity17568 :: (MESH:D005063,Chemical) :: ['europium']


abstract: Twenty-seven @entity1 with @entity177 ( @entity177 ) were studied over a period of 6 to 57 months. The mean serum @entity1011 (Scr.) was 4 mg/dl. All @entity1 were started on conservative therapy. The rate of progression of @entity177 was assessed by least square linear regression analysis using reciprocal of Scr. (1/Scr.) versus time plots. Group I (13 @entity1 ) showed steady progression to @entity454 (mean slope 0.013328). 7 of 13 @entity1 had chronic @entity631 . 11 had @entity1985 . In group II (14 @entity1 ), the regression line remained static indicating arrest of progression of @entity8 (mean slope 0.0087858). 6 of 14 had @entity9161 . 3 had @entity1985 . We conclude that (1) assessment of progression of @entity177 by linear regression analysis of 1/Scr. vs time is a useful method. (2) persistent @entity1985 is an adverse longterm risk factor. (3) conservative therapy has a definite role in the management of @entity177 .

title: Assessment of progression of @entity177 --using reciprocal of serum XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity9161 :: ('MESH:D009400', 'Disease') :: ['nephrosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity1011 :: (MESH:D003404,Chemical) :: ['creatinine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop percentage of fat and waist circumference cut-points in prepubertal @entity1 with the intention of defining @entity28 associated with @entity65 ( @entity65 ) risk. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A cross-sectional analysis of 87 prepubertal @entity1 aged 4 to 11 years was used. Percentage of body fat was determined by DXA. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest millimeter. Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses of percentage of fat and waist circumference were used to develop cut-points for individuals with adverse levels of @entity65 risk factors. RESULTS: The risk factors selected for analyses (i.e., fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein @entity165 , low-density lipoprotein @entity165 , @entity1674 , and total @entity165 /high-density lipoprotein @entity165 ) were significantly related to percentage of body fat and waist circumference. Likelihood ratios were used to identify percentage of fat and waist circumference cut-points associated with adverse cardiovascular risk profiles. Two cut-points, an upper cut-point of 33% body fat and a lower cut-point of 20% body fat, were derived. Waist circumference cut-points indicative of adverse and normal risk-factor profiles were 71 cm and 61 cm, respectively. DISCUSSION: The data indicate that @entity1 with > or =33% body fat and @entity1 with a waist circumference > or =71 cm were more likely to possess an adverse @entity65 risk-factor profile than a normal risk-factor profile. The likelihood of @entity1 with < 20% body fat or a waist circumference < 61 cm possessing an adverse @entity65 risk-factor profile as opposed to a normal risk-factor profile was small. The cut-points describe an adequate health-related definition of @entity28 .

title: Defining health-related @entity28 in prepubertal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['childhood obesity', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: An understanding of the genetic and environmental basis of genotype environment interaction (GEI) is of fundamental importance in plant breeding. In mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs), suitable genetic populations are grown in different environments causing QTLs environment interaction (QEI). The main objective of the present study is to show how @entity1625 ( @entity1625 ) regression and Factorial Regression (FR) models using genetic markers and environmental covariables can be used for studying QEI related to GEI. Biomass data were analyzed from a multi-environment trial consisting of 161 lines from a F(3:4) @entity2829 segregating population originally created with the purpose of mapping QTLs loci and investigating adaptation differences between highland and lowland tropical @entity2829 . @entity1625 and FR methods detected 30 genetic markers (out of 86) that explained a sizeable proportion of the interaction of @entity2829 lines over four contrasting environments involving two low-altitude sites, one intermediate-altitude site, and one high-altitude site for biomass production. Based on a previous study, most of the 30 markers were associated with QTLs for biomass and exhibited significant QEI. It was found that marker loci in lines with positive GEI for the highland environments contained more highland alleles, whereas marker loci in lines with positive GEI for intermediate and lowland environments contained more lowland alleles. In addition, @entity1625 and FR models identified maximum temperature as the most-important environmental covariable for GEI. Using a stepwise variable selection procedure, a FR model was constructed for GEI and QEI that exclusively included cross products between genetic markers and environmental covariables. Higher maximum temperature in low- and intermediate-altitude sites affected the expression of some QTLs, while minimum temperature affected the expression of other QTLs.

title: Interpreting genotype       environment interaction in tropical XXXX using linked molecular markers and environmental covariables.

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['Partial Least Squares', 'PLS']

answer: @entity2829 :: (4577,Species) :: ['maize']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The factors influencing the diagnosing of salpingemphraxis by X- @entity16039 hysterosalpingography (HSG) are identified and summarized, to provide a reference for improving the precision of the diagnosis procedure. @entity1 AND METHODS: In order to analyze the collected data, the methods of stratified sampling and retrospective analysis were adopted. Two county-level medical units, two medical units in prefecture-level cities and two provincial medical units in our province were chosen. @entity1 were selected from a group of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity249 and probable salpingemphraxis who were admitted to a hospital for further studies between February 2010 and January 2015. From those, 3 individual cases were selected in each month summing up to a total of 1,080 cases. Surgical processes and results were analyzed to identify the determining factors that lead to a precise diagnosis. RESULTS: The success rate of the surgical procedures had nothing to do with the trauma level of hospitals, instead it is positively correlated with the period of sampling (p < 0.05). The precision of surgeries correlates with the age group of the @entity1 , the selection time bracket of samples, the types of contrast agents used, the location of the salpinx, whether anticholinergic agents are used before operations, the depth of catheter with double-cavity saccule, and the procedures for injecting contrast agents (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the precision of the surgeries has nothing to do with the level of hospitals, the types of X- @entity16039 machines used or the types of salpingemphraxis. Through multi-factor regression analysis, it can be seen that the selection time period of samples, the location of the salpinx, whether anticholinergic agents are used before operations, the depth of catheter with double-cavity saccule and the procedures for injecting contrast agents are independent risk factors that determine the precision of the procedure (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical factors that seem to influence the precision of HSG are proposed based on analysis of a large sample in a small area using a stratified sampling method.

title: The analysis of factors influencing the success of diagnosing salpingemphraxis by x- XXXX hysterosalpingography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

answer: @entity16039 :: (255564,Species) :: ['ray']


abstract: Administration of @entity4259 in humans has anticarcinogenic effects. However, the boundary between @entity5 -protecting and toxic levels of @entity4259 is extremely narrow. The mechanisms of @entity4259 @entity137 need to be fully understood. In @entity375 , @entity11822 in the millimolar range is well tolerated by cells. Here we show that the lethal dose of @entity11822 is reduced to the micromolar range by the presence of @entity1433 in the growth medium. @entity2041 and @entity11822 spontaneously react to produce several @entity4259 -containing compounds ( @entity19875 , @entity39206 , @entity39207 , and elemental @entity4259 ) as well as reactive @entity26 species. We studied which compounds in the reaction pathway between @entity2041 and @entity11822 are responsible for this @entity137 . Involvement of @entity19875 , elemental @entity4259 , or reactive @entity26 species could be ruled out. In contrast, extracellular formation of @entity39207 can fully explain the exacerbation of @entity11822 @entity137 by @entity1433 . Indeed, direct production of @entity39207 with @entity39208 desulfhydrase induces high mortality. @entity4259 uptake by @entity375 is considerably enhanced in the presence of external @entity1433 , most likely through internalization of @entity39207 . Finally, we discuss the possibility that @entity4259 exerts its @entity137 through consumption of intracellular reduced @entity2041 , thus leading to severe oxidative stress.

title: Extracellular production of @entity39207 accounts for thiol-assisted @entity137 of @entity11822 against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39206 :: ('CHEBI:64729', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathioselenol']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['Selenium', 'selenium']

entities_list: @entity19875 :: ('MESH:C017710', 'Chemical') :: ['selenodiglutathione']

entities_list: @entity39207 :: ('MESH:C026372', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen selenide']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione', 'Glutathione']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity39208 :: ('CHEBI:16375', 'Chemical') :: ['D-cysteine']

entities_list: @entity11822 :: ('MESH:D018038', 'Chemical') :: ['selenite', 'sodium selenite']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'S. cerevisiae']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']


abstract: Neonatal, fetal, and very old animals are particularly sensitive to chemical @entity105 . Reasons for this increased sensitivity could be due to increased susceptibility of "target" organs or cells, peculiar hormonal levels at these age groups, relatively @entity3230 , or combinations of these and/or other factors. During the late fetal and first three weeks of neonatal life, the immune system is rapidly maturing, is relatively incompetent, and its diverse components are developing at different rates. For example, thymus-dependent (T) alloreactive cells capable of proliferating in mixed lymphocyte reactions (T helper cells) develop by 7 days of age, but precursors of T killer cells are not competent until approximately 14 days of age. Bursa equivalent-dependent (B) cells capable of generating antibody responses are present in fetal liver but are extremely sensitive to tolerance induction until 10-14 days of age when IgD cell surface receptors are detectable. Marrow-dependent (M) cells responsible for regulation of suppressor cells and for natural @entity137 to transformed @entity5 cells do not mature until 3 weeks of age. In very old animals, the thymus is atrophic and cell-mediated immunity is moderately suppressed. Natural @entity137 against @entity5 cells is less than normal but antibody formation (B cell function) is adequate. Gonadotrophic hormones of the pituitary or placenta are high during pregnancy, the early neonatal period, after the menopause, and in a large fraction of @entity1 over 60 years of age. These and other hormones are immunosuppressive and could theoretically facilitate @entity105 . The particular immune cell type, if any, responsible for resistance to chemically induced @entity5 has not been determined. One can only state that susceptibility to chemical @entity105 is associated with a relative dysfunction of the immune system and that age is an important factor.

title: Effect of age on immune function in terms of chemically induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity3230 :: ('MESH:C565469', 'Disease') :: ['deficient immune functions']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation methods that generate increased tendon force and motion have been advocated to improve results following @entity1795 . However, the effects of rehabilitation force and motion on tendon-healing may be masked by the high stiffness produced by newer suture methods. Our objective was to determine whether the biomechanical properties of tendons repaired by one of two multistrand suture methods were sensitive to an increased level of applied rehabilitation force. METHODS: Two hundred and fourteen flexor digitorum profundus tendons from 107 adult @entity235 were transected and repaired. @entity235 were assigned to one of four groups based on the rehabilitation method (low force [<5 N] or high force [17 N]) and the repair technique (four-strand or eight-strand core suture) and were killed between five and forty-two days after the procedure. Repair-site structural properties were determined by tensile testing, and digital range of motion was assessed with use of a motion-analysis system. RESULTS: Tensile properties did not differ between the low and high-force rehabilitation groups, regardless of the repair technique (p > 0.05). In contrast, tensile properties were strongly affected by the repair technique, with tendons in the eight-strand group having an approximately 35% increase in ultimate force and @entity2003 compared with those in the four-strand group (p < 0.05). Ultimate force did not change significantly with time during the first twenty-one days (p > 0.05); there was no evidence of softening in either of the repair or rehabilitation groups. Force increased significantly from twenty-one to forty-two days, while @entity2003 increased throughout the forty-two-day period (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the level of force applied during postoperative rehabilitation from 5 to 17 N did not accelerate the time-dependent accrual of stiffness or strength. Suture technique was of primary importance in providing a stiff and strong repair throughout the early healing interval. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings suggest that there be a reexamination of the concept that increases in force produced by more vigorous mobilization protocols are @entity924 . While more vigorous rehabilitation may help to improve hand function, we found no evidence that it enhances tissue-healing or strength in the context of a modern suture repair.

title: XXXX . An experimental study comparing low and high levels of in vivo force during rehabilitation in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['beneficial to tendon-healing']

entities_list: @entity1795 :: ('MESH:D052582', 'Disease') :: ['intrasynovial flexor tendon repair']

answer: @entity1795 :: (MESH:D052582,Disease) :: ['Intrasynovial flexor tendon repair']


abstract: The aim of the study was to estimate the risk factors associated with the 2009 H1N1 influenza @entity281 , during pregnancy; to describe complications and obstetric and perinatal outcomes of pregnancies during the H1N1 pandemic in 2009; to identify if there is teratogenicity at birth after antiviral treatment. Medical records of 168 pregnant @entity1 treated in Reina Sofia University Hospital (Cordoba, Spain) for suspected influenza A H1N1 from September 2009 to February 2010 were analysed. Using the PCR test, 76 pregnant @entity1 were diagnosed with H1N1 + @entity281 , and @entity281 was ruled out in the remaining 92. To manage the pandemic, recommendations of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention were followed. Results showed that the majority of pregnant @entity1 were attended at the hospital between October and December 2009 (91.27%). Most of them were in the third-quarter of pregnancy (42.9%). In our sample, being aged between 29 and 37 years reduces the risk of acquiring @entity281 (odds ratio, OR 0.379, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.188-0.763). However, in pregnant @entity1 who have required hospitalisation, the risk of @entity281 increased five-fold (OR = 4.999; 95% CI = 1.178-21.212). No differences were found between obstetric and perinatal outcomes of both affected and unaffected or treated and untreated cohorts. No teratogenicity was observed at birth. It was concluded that maternal age and 3rd trimester pregnancy were found related to the risk of acquiring H1N1. No differences in obstetric outcomes or worse perinatal outcomes were found in @entity1 affected by the pandemic. Early prophylactic treatment may be related to better maternal-fetal results.

title: Early prophylactic treatment in pregnant XXXX during the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic: obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: AIM: The combination of @entity167 and smoking takes a place in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of @entity354 and @entity5 of the esophagus. Therefore, a study was designed to assess the impact of these agents alone or in combination on the structure and function of squamous epithelium of @entity95 esophagus. METHODS: @entity95 esophageal epithelium was mounted in Ussing Chambers, exposed luminally for @entity1068 (1-10%), extract of cigarette smoke (EOCS) and combinations or sequential application of these agents. An in-vivo model was also used to mimic conditions more representative of @entity1 @entity167 consumption. RESULTS: @entity1068 (1-10%) dose dependently decreased tissue resistance. Extract of cigarette smoke caused a reduction on transepithelial @entity841 ( @entity841 ), short circuit current. Combinations of EOCS, @entity1068 (5-10% @entity167 and EOCS 1-2) showed a more pronounced decrease than agents alone, mainly the result of EOCS. In vivo studies showed that EOCS administration dropped @entity841 dose dependently. In-vivo 10% @entity167 , EOCS-2 dropped @entity841 (55%) similar to in-vitro 5% @entity167 , EOCS-1. The effect was clearly additive; boluses of 10% @entity1068 (36%) and EOCS-2 (17%) decreased @entity841 and combination of agents resulted in a 55% drop on @entity841 which is a very similar decrease compared to the sum of the separate effects of agents (53%). CONCLUSION: @entity1068 affected the barrier and cigarette smoke altered ion transport on @entity95 esophageal epithelium under conditions reflecting @entity1 consumption. Results were consistent with in vivo and in vitro conditions except higher concentrations were needed in vivo. When applied, these agents showed an additive effect. @entity1068 predisposed the tissue to the effect of EOCS.

title: The additive effect of XXXX and extract of cigarette smoke on @entity95 esophagus epithelium.

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'EtOH']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cancers']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit', 'Rabbit']

entities_list: @entity841 :: ('MESH:C537245', 'Disease') :: ['potential difference', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity1068 :: ('MESH:D000431', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethanol', 'ethanol']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of one and two intra-articular (IA) injections of the new viscosupplement, hylastan, compared with a single IA corticosteroid injection for @entity158 due to @entity626 ( @entity571 ). Hylastan is a high-molecular-weight hyaluronan derivative prepared from bacterial fermented @entity4023 that was developed to remain in the joint for longer than most other viscosupplements. METHODS: This 6-month, double-blind, randomized, parallel group, multicenter trial enrolled @entity1 aged >= 40 years who met American College of Rheumatology criteria for knee @entity571 and had continued @entity158 despite conservative treatment. @entity1 were randomized 1:1:1 to one of three arms: 2   4 mL hylastan (n = 129; arthrocentesis then IA hylastan Day 0, same treatment Week 2); 1   4 mL hylastan (n = 130; arthrocentesis then IA hylastan Day 0, arthrocentesis only Week 2); @entity134 (n = 132; arthrocentesis then IA @entity8745 40 mg Day 0, arthrocentesis only Week 2). @entity1 and evaluators were blinded to treatment. The primary clinical outcome measure was change from baseline in WOMAC A @entity158 score over all postbaseline visits to Week 26. RESULTS: Statistically significant @entity158 reduction was observed in all three arms, with similar mean (95 % CI) changes in WOMAC A: 2   4 mL hylastan -0.9 (-1.0, -0.7); 1   4 mL hylastan -0.8 (-0.9, -0.7); @entity134 -0.9 (-1.0, -0.8); all P < 0.0001 versus baseline. Changes in secondary outcomes (OMERACT-OARSI and WOMAC A responder rates, @entity1 /clinical observer global assessments, and WOMAC A1 @entity158 ) were similar in all three arms. Target knee adverse events were comparable for all treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Both IA hylastan injection regimens were effective in relieving @entity158 with an acceptable safety profile. IA hylastan did not show a difference versus IA @entity228 ; therefore, the hypothesis of superior @entity158 relief was not met. Further research is needed to compare the efficacy and safety of hylastan with other viscosupplements.

title: Intra-articular hylastan versus @entity134 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'walking pain']

entities_list: @entity8745 :: ('MESH:C000873', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone acetate']

entities_list: @entity4023 :: ('MESH:D006820', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hyaluronate']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: India has seen rapid unorganized urbanization in the past few decades. However, the burden of @entity66 and @entity3147 in such populations is difficult to quantify. The morbidity experience of @entity1 living in semi-urban slums of a southern Indian city is described. METHODS: A total of 176 @entity1 were recruited pre-weaning from four geographically adjacent, semi-urban slums located in the western outskirts of Vellore, Tamil Nadu for a study on water safety and enteric infections and received either bottled or municipal drinking water based on their area of residence. @entity1 were visited weekly at home and had anthropometry measured monthly until their second birthday. RESULTS: A total of 3932 episodes of illness were recorded during the follow-up period, resulting in an incidence of 12.5 illnesses/ @entity1 -year, with more illness during infancy than in the second year of life. Respiratory, mostly upper @entity1729 , and @entity344 were most common. Approximately one-third of @entity1 were stunted at two years of age, and two-thirds had at least one episode of @entity851 during the two years of follow up. No differences in morbidity were seen between @entity1 who received bottled and municipal water. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a high burden of @entity66 and @entity3147 among urban slum dwellers in southern India. Frequent illnesses may adversely impact @entity1 's health and development, besides placing an additional burden on families who need to seek healthcare and find resources to manage illness.

title: Burden of @entity66 and XXXX in a semi-urban slum in southern India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth failure']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['childhood diseases']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal illnesses']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

answer: @entity3147 :: (MESH:D044342,Disease) :: ['malnutrition']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies in a few countries (including the US) have reported that mortality rates in the population from @entity146 are much higher when they are based on all causes of @entity204 ("multiple causes" or "mentions") coded on @entity204 certificates versus only the underlying cause. Studies appear to be lacking on geographic variation within the US in mortality rates from @entity146 based on multiple causes of @entity204 . METHOD: The present study examined the US age-standardized rate (ASR) for @entity204 with @entity308 using multiple causes versus underlying cause alone in each of the Census Bureau's four regions and nine divisions. ASRs for @entity161 were also examined for comparison. RESULTS: For the entire US, the ratio of the ASR based on multiple causes to the ASR based on underlying cause was 20.9 for @entity308 and 9.2 for @entity161 ; in analyses by region and division, these ratios showed limited variation. The most consistent finding for both @entity308 and @entity161 was that ASRs, whether based on multiple causes or only on underlying cause, were highest in the Midwest region (especially the East North Central division) and lowest in the South (and in each of its three divisions). For ASRs (using multiple causes of @entity204 ) from @entity308 , these regional differences were evident within each of several levels of urbanization. For deaths with @entity308 coded as other than the underlying cause, ASRs for each of the three most common underlying causes ( @entity65 , intentional injuries, and @entity5 ) were highest in the Midwest and lowest in the South. CONCLUSION: Studies are needed to determine if these regional differences in mortality from @entity308 are due to regional differences in: certifier practices (i.e., in assigning causes of @entity204 among @entity1 with @entity146 conditions); the prevalence (among @entity1 with @entity146 ) of lifestyle-related factors (e.g., @entity286 use and @entity28 ) that mediate mortality risks; and/or in unmet need for @entity146 treatment and medical care for other @entity102 in @entity1 with @entity146 conditions. Similar studies are needed of regional variation within other countries.

title: US regional differences in @entity204 rates from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and the effect of @entity16337 ( @entity16337 ) on @entity73 ( @entity73 ). METHODS: This study examined the administration of @entity16337 ([Formula: see text]; angelica and peony formula) and was conducted at Uijeongbu Health Center in Gyeonggi-do, Korea, in 2013. Ninety-five of 118 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity73 were followed up for 1 year after the study ended, and their medical records were analyzed. RESULTS: The @entity1 included 36 @entity1 (37.9%) and 59 @entity1 (62.1%). When the results from before the study began were compared with the results 1 year after the study ended, the overall average score according to the Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (K- @entity5664 ) showed a statistically significant increase, from 15.46        5.30 to 18.54        5.11, respectively. Both male and female @entity1 recorded a significant increase in K- @entity5664 scores for all sections, including the visuospatial/executive section, the naming section, the attention section, the language section, the abstraction section, the delayed recall section, and the orientation section. Scores assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination for @entity303 Screening (MMSE-DS) showed a statistically significant increase, from 21.84        3.59 before the study to 24.43        3.13 after the study, but decreased slightly to 23.04        3.36 at the 1-year follow-up. However, MMSE-DS scores measured before the study began increased significantly when compared with scores measured 1 year after the study ended. CONCLUSIONS: DGJYS improved the cognitive skills of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity73 , and no adverse effects were observed. In the future, the efficacy of DGJYS must be objectively verified by using a randomized controlled trial.

title: The Effect of Dangguijagyag-san on Mild XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16337 :: ('MESH:D009084', 'Disease') :: ['dangguijagyag-san', 'DJS']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['MCI', 'mild cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['Cognitive Impairment']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical trial results suggested that @entity1486 screening can reduce @entity263 mortality. Nevertheless, because the specificity of the @entity1486 test for @entity5 detection is low, it leads to many negative biopsies. The Beckman Coulter Prostate Health Index (PHI) testing demonstrates improved specificity compared with the @entity1486 -only screening and therefore may improve the cost-effectiveness of @entity263 detection. OBJECTIVE: To examine the cost-effectiveness of adding PHI testing to improve @entity5 detection for @entity1 with elevated serum @entity1486 . METHODS: A microsimulation model, based on the results of the European Randomized Study of Screening for @entity263 trial, was used to evaluate the effects of @entity1486 screening and PHI reflex testing. We predicted the numbers of @entity263 , negative biopsies, @entity204 , quality-adjusted life-years gained, and cost-effectiveness of both @entity1486 (cutoff 3 ng/mL) and PHI (cutoff 25) testing methods for a European population, screened from age 50 to 75 years at 4-year intervals. RESULTS: When the PHI test was added to the @entity1486 screening, for @entity1 with a @entity1486 between 3 and 10 ng/mL, the model predicted a 23% reduction in negative biopsies. This would lead to a 17% reduction in costs for diagnostics and 1% reduction in total costs for @entity263 . The cost-effectiveness (3.5% discounted) was 11% better. Limitations found were the modeling assumptions on the sensitivity and specificity of PHI by @entity5 stage and cutoff values. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with @entity1486 -only screening, the use of a PHI test can substantially reduce the number of negative biopsies and improve the cost-effectiveness of @entity263 detection.

title: The Cost-Effectiveness of XXXX Detection with the Use of Prostate Health Index.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'prostate cancers', 'Prostate Cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen (PSA)', 'PSA']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate Cancer']


abstract: There are multiple factors in cases of @entity3572 . One of these factors is elongated coronoid process. Two cases are presented to illustrate elongated coronoid process leading to @entity3572 to help prevent misdiagnosis by clinicians. Coronoid process elongation is a rare condition. Both cases reported here had @entity11624 on the teeth, however endodontic treatment could not be performed due to the @entity3137 opening in both cases. There were clinical findings of restricted range of motion, especially during protrusive movements. The restrictive movements did not cause @entity158 for either @entity1 , and the @entity1 were not aware of their @entity3137 opening. Panoromic radiographs were taken and evaluated. The radiographs showed elongated coronoid process bilaterally. Three-dimensional computerized tomography was taken in one case only, due to the @entity1 's financial restrictions. In cases of restricted mandibular opening, elongated coronoid process must be considered when diagnosing the cause.

title: Elongated mandibular coronoid process as a cause of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3572 :: ('MESH:D008336', 'Disease') :: ['mandibular hypomobility']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['restricted mouth']

answer: @entity3572 :: (MESH:D008336,Disease) :: ['mandibular hypomobility']


abstract: Heart and @entity32 (HSMI) is an @entity166 causing losses to the Norwegian salmon farming industry due to increased mortality and high morbidity in infected salmon. The disease is listed as a notifiable disease on list 3 (national list) by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. HSMI is believed to be a @entity1800 , but the association to the recently discovered Piscine reovirus ( @entity4247 ) remains unclear. Undoubtedly, other factors interact to determine whether @entity4247 -infected fish develop disease or not. In this study, logistic regression was used to model the risk of an outbreak of HSMI at the cohort level, by including spatio-temporal risk factors. The data consisted of fish cohorts grown on geo-referenced farms from 2002 to 2010. The risk factors included were: infection pressure, cohort size (maximum number of fish), cohort index (smolt characteristics), cohort lifespan (months in sea) and a geo-index calculated as the position along a local polynomial regression line based on the longitude and latitude of each farm included in the study. The results showed that the risk of developing HSMI increased with increasing cohort lifespan, increasing infection pressure and increasing cohort size, and was mostly low for cohorts grown on farms in Southern-Norway, high for farms in Mid-Norway and variable for farms in Northern-Norway (based on the geo-index). The final model was used to explore three different scenarios with regards to the risk of developing HSMI, and to calculate the probability for each cohort of developing HSMI, independent of their actual disease-status. The model suggested that the probability of developing HSMI was much higher in Mid-Norway than in the rest of the country. Even though @entity4247 seems to be widely distributed in the environment, the finding that infection pressure has a large influence on the probability of developing HSMI, suggests that it might be possible to reduce the number of clinical outbreaks, if measures are taken to reduce infection pressure. However, the prospects of controlling the spread of HSMI and reducing clinical outbreaks might be difficult because of indications of large distance spread of the disease.

title: Risk mapping of heart and XXXX in salmon farming.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal muscle inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral disease']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious disease']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['skeletal muscle inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The empirical administration of a broad-spectrum @entity3405 antibiotic, either as monotherapy or in combination with an @entity4028 , is an essential component of the initial management of @entity1 with @entity221 and severe @entity1398 . Multiple antibiotics have been tested for this indication. @entity6944 is a fourth-generation cephalosporin with in vitro activity against most gram-negative and many gram-positive bacteria. We have studied the use of this agent as monotherapy in this indication. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six episodes of @entity1398 in 98 adults with @entity1583 were treated with @entity6944 monotherapy. @entity6944 was given at a dose of 2 g every 8 h i.v. Most episodes (49%) were @entity221 of unexplained origin, while a microbiologically documented and clinically documented @entity281 occurred in 25% episodes each. Seventy-six (61%) episodes occurred after conventional chemotherapy, while 51 (41%) after a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. RESULTS: Twelve episodes (10%) were not evaluable for response. Among the 114 evaluable episodes, 69 (55% of the initial sample and 61% of those evaluable) responded to @entity6944 monotherapy, while therapy failed in 45 cases (36% of the initial sample and 39% of those evaluable), including 14 cases who developed @entity2259 during therapy. There were no deaths due to @entity2348 . At the end of all antibiotic therapy (final outcome) 69 episodes were cured only with monotherapy, 47 were cured with modification of therapy and 10 @entity1 died from an unrelated cause. The only variable that appeared to correlate with response to therapy was the duration of @entity1398 , which was longer among @entity1 who failed or developed @entity2259 than among those who responded to monotherapy. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Initial empirical antibiotic therapy with @entity6944 as a single agent in @entity1 with @entity1398 and a @entity1583 is effective, but @entity1 with prolonged @entity1398 appear to be at higher risk for failure. However, with appropriate therapeutic changes the risk of dying from a @entity2348 is very low.

title: Treatment of @entity1398 with XXXX monotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3405 :: ('CHEBI:35627', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-lactam']

entities_list: @entity6944 :: ('MESH:C043266', 'Chemical') :: ['Cefepime', 'cefepime']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancies', 'hematological malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['breakthrough bacteremia']

answer: @entity6944 :: (MESH:C043266,Chemical) :: ['cefepime']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In this study we aimed to assess site heterogeneity of early, intermediate, and late mortality prediction in @entity1 with severe @entity3964 @entity311 in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Medical records of 26,036 @entity1 admitted with severe @entity3964 @entity311 in six hospital research centers between December 2000 to May 2005 were analyzed. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data of @entity1 who died within 24 hours (early), between 24 and 47 hours (intermediate) and thereafter (48 hours or later, late mortality) were compared between groups and survivors. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 4  3% (N=1,129). Median time to @entity204 varied across sites (P<0  001), ranging from 8 h (3 h-52 h) in Lambar  n   to 40 h (10 h-100 h) in Kilifi. Fifty-eight percent of @entity204 occurred within 24 hours and intermediate and late mortality rate were 19% and 23%, respectively. Combining all sites, deep @entity1353 , prostration and @entity4053 were independent predictors for early, intermediate and late mortality (P<0  01). Site specific independent predictors for early @entity204 included prostration, @entity772 and deep @entity1353 at all sites (P<0  001). Site specific independent predictors for intermediate and late @entity204 largely varied between sites (P<0  001) and included between 1 and 7 different clinical and laboratory variables. CONCLUSION: Site heterogeneity for mortality prediction is evident in African @entity1 with severe @entity311 . Prediction for early mortality has the highest consistency between sites.

title: Mortality patterns and site heterogeneity of severe @entity311 in African XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The @entity2500 , with diffuse narrowing of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, was present in 10 of 18 @entity1 with @entity3297 (55%). There were 3 thoracic coarctations, and 2 abdominal coarctations, with gradients greater than 20 mmHg across the zone of narrowing. Seven @entity1 had mild @entity2791 , and 6 had visceral arterial stenoses. Ten were @entity101 . Measured dimensions of the aortic lumen failed to increase with age in 3 males who had serial angiographic studies. One developed @entity2791 , with mild bilateral renal arterial stenoses, between the ages of 9 and 19 years. Aortic intravascular ultrasound performed in 2 @entity1 confirmed abnormally thick vessel walls with small lumens. Diffusely narrowed and thick-walled stiff arteries, lacking @entity2362 , are a feature of @entity3297 . The @entity4065 tends to progress with age, and systemic @entity101 is common in teenagers and beyond. The @entity2500 was present in more than half our @entity1 , and does not necessarily reflect a bias because of cardiologic referral. Aortography with measurement of aortic diameters and delineation of the visceral branches is an important requirement for complete evaluation of @entity1 with @entity3297 .

title: The XXXX : an important feature of @entity3297 .

entities_list: @entity4065 :: ('MESH:C537440', 'Disease') :: ['arteriopathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle aortic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric arterial stenosis', 'renal arterial stenosis']

entities_list: @entity3297 :: ('MESH:D018980', 'Disease') :: ["Williams' syndrome"]

answer: @entity2500 :: (MESH:D020244,Disease) :: ['middle aortic syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to prepare a new @entity2295 targeting antitumor drug delivery system mediated by single-walled @entity505 nanotubes (SWNTs). METHODS: In this study, antiangiogenesis agent @entity22487 was loaded by SWNTs via   ~   accumulation. The SWNTs were then linked with @entity43493 ( @entity43494 ) peptide, which could target @entity5 angiogenesis. This drug delivery system was characterized by transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscope analysis. The suppression efficacy of @entity5 growth in @entity0 cell line was evaluated by the @entity2454 assay. The in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated on the @entity242 (S180) @entity5 -bearing @entity19 model. RESULTS: The characteristics of this drug delivery system showed that the particle of complex was 190    4.3 nm in size distribution and    23.56    2.03 mV in zeta potential. The inhibition ratio of this SWNTs drug delivery system at 24, 48, and 72 h was about 57.7%, 83.6%, and 88.2%. Compared with normal saline group, the relative @entity5 volumes in the 2ME, SWNTs-2ME, and @entity43493 -SWNTs-2ME groups were decreased 1 week after administration. CONCLUSION: This novel @entity2295 targeting drug delivery system containing @entity43493 -SWNTs-2ME may be beneficial to improve treatment efficacy and minimize side effects in future @entity5 therapy.

title: Single-walled @entity505 nanotubes mediated XXXX targeted antitumor drug delivery system.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['cultured breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularity']

entities_list: @entity2454 :: ('MESH:C022616', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide']

entities_list: @entity22487 :: ('MESH:C022830', 'Chemical') :: ['2-methoxyestradiol']

answer: @entity2295 :: (MESH:D015861,Disease) :: ['neovascularity']


abstract: Excessive @entity167 drinking is often linked to the experience of stress, but experimental approaches using animal models of @entity167 self-administration have had widely varying outcomes. The objective was to determine how daily exposure to brief, predictable social stress would change @entity167 self-administration in @entity35 in a daily limited access protocol. Male Long-Evans @entity35 had either access to a 10% @entity1068 solution for 15 min in the home cage setting (n=20) or were reinforced with 15% @entity1068 deliveries for every fifth lever press (n=10). Subsequently, all @entity35 were subjected to brief social stress for five consecutive days. @entity6100 consisted of attacks by an opponent for 5 min followed by exposure to threats while in a protective cage for 30 min. In both the home cage drinking and operant conditioning groups, social stress exposure significantly decreased @entity167 intake or rate of @entity167 reinforcements, respectively. When @entity167 intake was scheduled immediately before social stress (i.e., 24 h after the previous @entity6100 ), a decrease was observed with a delay of 1 or 2 days. When @entity167 intake was scheduled 4 h after stress, no changes in intake or @entity167 reinforcements were observed. Animals that consumed a low dose of @entity1068 displayed less @entity146 compared to water-drinking animals, and showed an increased @entity427 reflex at 8 and 56 h after discontinuation of daily @entity1068 access. The current experimental protocols of social defeat stress reveal a transient suppression rather than a facilitation of @entity167 consumption.

title: Persistent suppression of XXXX self-administration by brief social stress in @entity35 and increased @entity427 response as index of withdrawal.

entities_list: @entity6100 :: ('OMIM:300082', 'Disease') :: ['Social stress', 'social stress episode']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['defensive behavior during social stress']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: Selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been reported to reduce @entity1423 induced by @entity857 . @entity857 induces @entity1423 through two purinergic receptors @entity15094 and @entity3075 . We characterized the inhibitory properties of SSRIs on @entity857 -induced @entity1423 and investigated the effects of SSRIs on the signaling pathways downstream of @entity15094 and @entity3075 receptors. Specific antagonists were used to evaluate which purinergic receptor-mediated aggregation was influenced by SSRIs. The primary phase of @entity857 -induced aggregation was not inhibited by @entity837 . @entity837 failed to influence @entity857 -induced platelet shape change, intracellular @entity460 mobilization and the early phosphorylation of @entity10185 . Differently, @entity837 inhibited the secondary phase of @entity857 -induced @entity1423 in a concentration-dependent manner. Other SSRIs, including @entity905 and @entity3756 , exhibited the same anti-platelet effects. Under @entity15094 blockade, @entity837 inhibited @entity1423 and integrin aIIbb3 activation in response to @entity857 , indicating that @entity837 inhibited @entity3075 -mediated aggregation. @entity837 concentration-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of @entity584 , @entity9459 , @entity1435 MAPK and @entity10255 induced by @entity857 , but showed no effect on the decrease of @entity268 and VASP phosphorylation. With integrin aIIbb3 blockade, however, the phosphorylation of @entity584 triggered by @entity857 was unaltered by the addition of @entity837 . Taken together, under the stimulation of @entity857 , SSRIs inhibit the amplification of @entity1423 secondary to the activation of @entity3075 receptor, and subsequently reduce the activation of the downstream molecules of the outside-in signaling pathways.

title: Selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors reduce XXXX receptor-mediated amplification of @entity1423 .

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['citalopram', 'Citalopram']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity3075 :: (64805,Gene) :: ['P2Y12']


abstract: The incidence of clinically significant, nonfunctioning @entity977 , requiring surgical treatment, has not been established. According to previous studies, both surgery type and subsequent radiotherapy may have an impact on quality of life (QOL), and some studies have shown increased cardiovascular mortality in @entity1 with @entity4611 . We studied all @entity1 with functionless, suprasellar @entity977 who were operated on during the period 1985-1996 (N = 192; transsphenoidal surgery = 160, craniotomy = 32). QOL was evaluated from Short Form 36 and Major @entity308 Inventory questionnaires. Causes of @entity204 were obtained from the Danish Register of Causes of @entity204 . Incidence was 5.6/mill/year. Postoperatively, 27% of the @entity1 had normal pituitary function and 27% were panhypopituitary. Fifty three @entity1 had died. @entity204 from cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and malignant diseases was not increased. Overall, QOL was not different from QOL of an age- and sex matched background population. QOL was, however, impaired in @entity1 who had undergone craniotomy as compared to @entity1 undergoing transsphenoidal surgery. QOL was not reduced in hypopituitary @entity1 or in @entity1 receiving radiotherapy.

title: Nonfunctioning XXXX : incidence, causes of @entity204 and quality of life in relation to pituitary function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary disease']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenoma']


abstract: Empirical reports suggest that oral habits (e.g., teeth clenching) may be behavioral mediators linking stress to @entity121 and the development of @entity158 . Another report suggests that excessive behavioral adjuncts develop in conjunction with fixed-time stimulus presentation. The present study assessed the extent to which the oral habits exhibited by @entity158 @entity1 are schedule-induced. Subjects with @entity2956 ( @entity2956 ) symptomatology (n = 15) and @entity158 -free controls (n = 15) participated in a 4-phase experiment (adaptation, baseline, task, recovery) designed to elicit schedule-induced behaviors. Self-report of oral habits and negative affect were recorded after each phase. Objective measures of oral habits were obtained via behavioral observation and masseter EMG recordings. Results revealed that negative arousal significantly increased during the fixed-time (FT) task and was also associated with increased oral habits among the @entity2956 subjects. Moreover, 40% of the @entity2956 subjects and none of the controls exhibited a pattern of EMG elevations in the early part of the inter-stimulus interval that met a strict criteria for scheduled-induced behavior per se. Taken together, these results suggest that the @entity2956 subjects were engaging in schedule-induced oral habits. The adjunctive behavior literature seems to provide a plausible explanation as to how oral habits develop and are maintained in @entity2956 @entity1 , despite their painful consequences.

title: Schedule-induced masseter EMG in XXXX subjects vs. no- @entity158 controls.

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle hyperreactivity']

entities_list: @entity2956 :: ('MESH:D013705', 'Disease') :: ['Temporomandibular Disorder', 'TMD']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['facial pain']


abstract: The inferior olivary complex is the sole source of climbing fibers to the cerebellar cortex. Physiologically these afferents have been shown to have a powerful excitatory effect on their target neurons, namely Purkinje cells. Thus, any modulation of olivary firing rate or responsiveness will alter Purkinje cell firing and @entity76 . Neuropeptides have been shown to modulate neuronal activity in several systems. The intent of the present study is to determine the olivary distribution of five peptides previously shown to be present and functional in cerebellar circuitry including @entity8586 , calcitonin gene-related peptide, @entity8740 , enkephalin and @entity10501 . These studies were carried out in the adult C57BL/6J @entity19 using the peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. All five peptides labeled varicosities of varying sizes. Varicosities labeled for @entity8586 , calcitonin gene-related peptide and @entity8740 were densely distributed throughout the inferior olive. In contrast, varicosities immunostained for @entity10501 and @entity3000 , were more restricted in their distribution. The overlap in the distribution of these peptides suggests that they may be colocalized with each other as well as with excitatory or inhibitory @entity1522 known to be present in afferents to the inferior olive. Because of the extensive distribution of the peptides, it is likely that they are derived from multiple brainstem sources. These findings serve as baseline data for future physiological studies designed to address the functional role of peptides in olivary circuitry.

title: Peptide localization in the XXXX inferior olive.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity8740 :: ('12918(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['corticotropin releasing factor']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['ultimately cerebellar function']

entities_list: @entity3000 :: ('MESH:D004745', 'Chemical') :: ['enkephalin']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Guidelines recommend against the use of Papanicolaou (Pap) or @entity1082 ) testing when determining eligibility for the HPV vaccine. Optimally, the HPV vaccine should be administered before sexual initiation. Guidelines recommend that age-eligible @entity1 with past exposure to HPV should still be vaccinated. Little is known about how primary care providers (PCPs) use sexual history and HPV and Pap tests in their HPV vaccine recommendations. METHODS: Data from the 2007 Cervical Cancer Screening Supplement (CCSS) administered with the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) were used to assess HPV vaccination recommendations. The CCSS investigates @entity5 screening practices, HPV testing and HPV vaccine recommendations among PCPs. A summary measure of compliance with guidelines was defined as rarely or never using the number of sexual partners and HPV tests and Pap tests to determine vaccine receipt. A total of 421 PCPs completed the CCSS in 2007. RESULTS: Among NAMCS and NHAMCS providers who recommend the HPV vaccine, only 53% (95% CI 42% to 63%) reported making guideline-consistent recommendations. The majority reported sometimes to always recommending the HPV vaccine to @entity1 with a history of an abnormal Pap result (85%; 95% CI 75% to 91%) and a positive HPV test (79%; 95% CI 70% to 86%). CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of providers report practices that are inconsistent with guidelines. Providers may also be recommending the vaccine to @entity1 who may receive little benefit from the vaccine. Provider and system-level efforts to improve guideline-consistent practices are needed.

title: XXXX vaccine practices in the USA: do primary care providers use sexual history and @entity5 screening results to make HPV vaccine recommendations?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['Human papillomavirus']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Erosions of the @entity2720 ( @entity2720 ) on pelvic radiographs of @entity1 with @entity1691 ( @entity1691 ) are an important feature of the modified New York classification criteria. However, @entity2720 are often difficult to identify. Recent studies have shown that erosions can be detected also on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the @entity2720 early in the disease course before they can be seen on radiography. The goals of this study were to assess the reproducibility of @entity2681 and related features, namely, extended @entity2681 (EE) and backfill (BF) of excavated @entity2681 , in the @entity2720 using a standardized MRI methodology. METHODS: Four readers independently assessed T1-weighted and short tau inversion recovery sequence (STIR) images of the @entity2720 from 30 @entity1691 @entity1 and 30 controls (15 @entity1 with @entity615 and 15 healthy volunteers)  <= 45 years old. Erosions, EE, and BF were recorded according to standardized definitions. Reproducibility was assessed by percentage concordance among six possible reader pairs, kappa statistics ( @entity2681 as binary variable) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ( @entity2681 as sum score) for all readers jointly. RESULTS: @entity2720 erosions were detected in all @entity1691 @entity1 and six controls by >=  2 readers. The median number of @entity2720 quadrants affected by @entity2681 recorded by four readers in 30 @entity1691 @entity1 was 8.6 in the iliac and 2.1 in the sacral joint portion (P < 0.0001). For all 60 subjects and for all four readers, the kappa value for @entity2681 was 0.72, 0.73 for EE, and 0.63 for BF. ICC for @entity2681 was 0.79, 0.72 for EE, and 0.55 for BF, respectively. For comparison, the kappa and ICC values for @entity236 were 0.61 and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Erosions can be detected on MRI to a comparable degree of reliability as @entity236 despite the significant heterogeneity of their appearance on MRI.

title: Can erosions on MRI of the @entity2720 be reliably detected in @entity1 with XXXX ? - A cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['non-specific back pain']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylitis', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['SIJ', 'radiographic SIJ erosions', 'sacroiliac joints']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow edema']

answer: @entity1691 :: (MESH:D013167,Disease) :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous reports have suggested that abnormally reduced water diffusivity and T2 prolongation involving cerebral gray matter in @entity1 with early @entity13895 ( @entity13895 ) involves all areas of neocortex with similar frequency, except for primary sensorimotor cortex (Rolandic cortex) and visual cortex. Rolandic cortex often appears to be spared even in the presence of extensive surrounding neocortical signal intensity abnormality in adjacent frontal and parietal gray matter. A quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) analysis was designed to investigate whether this unusual pattern results from pathophysiologic sparing of Rolandic cortex or from reduced conspicuity of signal intensity abnormality on MR imaging echo-planar diffusion-weighted images (epiDWI) related to unknown underlying features of Rolandic cortex. METHODS: ADC maps were derived from epiDWI of 6 @entity1 with @entity13895 and 8 control @entity1 . Bilateral regions of interest were manually selected in precentral gyri, superior frontal gyri, postcentral gyri, supramarginal gyri, thalamus, putamen, and caudate nuclei. ADC and relative ADC (rADC) values were calculated for each region of interest. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity3605 had significantly lower ADC values than control @entity1 in all areas (P < or = 0.05). The trend toward decreased ADC values in the deep nuclei correlates well with previously published reports. rADC were not significantly different between @entity3605 and control groups in any area (P > 0.25 in all cases). CONCLUSION: Quantitative ADC measurements in @entity1 with early @entity13895 demonstrate a similar degree of reduced water diffusivity in the primary somatosensory cortex as in other neocortical areas, despite the normal appearance of these areas on visual inspection of epiDWI.

title: XXXX involvement of rolandic cortex: a quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity13895 :: ('MESH:C565143', 'Disease') :: ['sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease', 'sCJD']

answer: @entity3605 :: (MESH:D007562,Disease) :: ['Creutzfeldt-jakob disease']


abstract: @entity438 remains fraught with complications, even in the present era of microneurosurgery. In a series of 1150 consecutive @entity1 with @entity438 from a defined catchment area with 870,000 inhabitants, 93 with vertebrobasilar artery @entity439 were treated by two surgeons during a 14-year period. Sixty-three @entity1 had surgery, 36 during the first week after @entity548 . There was no surgical mortality among 33 good grade @entity1 . Nine (14%) of the 63 surgical cases had died at 1 year. Forty-nine (53%) of the total group of 93 @entity1 were functioning independently at 1 year. Overall management mortality was 37%. All 11 @entity1 admitted in Grade V died. In spite of improvements in surgical techniques, we are far from achieving ideal results. Early diagnosis and surgery before rupture are urgently needed. @entity439 remain untreatable.

title: Management outcome for vertebrobasilar artery XXXX by early surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'Arteriosclerotic giant aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral aneurysms', 'Treatment of vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysms']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The need for rapid and high-throughput screening in analytical laboratories has led to significant growth in interest in suspension array technologies (SATs), especially with regard to cytometric assays targeting a low to medium number of analytes. Such SAT or bead-based assays rely on spherical objects that constitute the analytical platform. Usually, functionalized polymer or @entity3440 ( @entity3758 ) microbeads are used which each have distinct advantages and drawbacks. In this paper, we present a straightforward synthetic route to highly monodisperse @entity3758 -coated @entity852 core-shell (CS) beads for SAT with controllable architectures from smooth to raspberry- and multilayer-like shells by varying the molecular weight of @entity4280 ( @entity12468 ), which was used as the stabilizer of the cores. The combination of both organic polymer core and a structurally controlled inorganic @entity3758 shell in one hybrid particle holds great promises for flexible next-generation design of the spherical platform. The particles were characterized by electron microscopy (SEM, T-SEM, and TEM), thermogravimetry, flow cytometry, and @entity1568 adsorption/desorption, offering comprehensive information on the composition, size, structure, and surface area. All particles show ideal cytometric detection patterns and facile handling due to the hybrid structure. The beads are endowed with straightforward modification possibilities through the defined @entity3758 shells. We successfully implemented the particles in fluorometric SAT model assays, illustrating the benefits of tailored surface area which is readily available for small-molecule anchoring. Very promising assay performance was shown for DNA hybridization assays with quantification limits down to 8 fmol.

title: @entity852 Core- XXXX Shell Particles with Defined Nanoarchitectures as a Versatile Platform for Suspension Array Technology.

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity4280 :: ('MESH:D011205', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(vinylpyrrolidone)']

answer: @entity3440 :: (MESH:D012822,Chemical) :: ['Silica']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the findings of contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography (MSCT) that characterize @entity4929 of bile ducts (IPNB). METHODS: The MSCT findings and clinical data of 16 cases of IPNB proven by surgical pathology were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Among the 16 cases, nine were @entity652 ( @entity66 , n = 5; single lesions, n = 4) and seven were @entity420 ( @entity66 , n = 4; single lesions, n = 3). Among the nine @entity652 cases, seven showed nodules or masses in the expanding intrahepatic bile ducts with asymmetrical low density on plain scan, and two showed obvious expansion of biliary ducts and the inner wall of bile ducts was rough. All seven of the @entity420 cases showed nodules or masses in the expanding intrahepatic bile ducts with asymmetrical low density-like @entity652 . When contrast enhancement was applied, the nine @entity652 cases manifested slight-to-moderate degrees of asymmetrical enhancement. For the seven @entity420 cases, two showed asymmetrical enhancement similar to that of the @entity652 cases and five showed continued enhancement; one case showed malignant infiltration of the bile duct and evident damage in the adjacent hepatic tissue. The CT plain scan findings for the two groups ( @entity652 and @entity420 ) were not significantly different (t = -1.17, P = 0.2632). Significantly different findings were obtained with the MSCT imaging analysis for the arterial phase (t = 6.53, P less than 0.01) and the portal vein phase (t = 5.63, P less than 0.01). All cases showed asymmetrical expansion of intrahepatic biliary ducts, diffuse or local, and four cases showed moderate expansion of the common bile duct. One @entity420 case showed intumescence in the celiac lymph node by moderate asymmetrical enhancement. CONCLUSION: MSCT is helpful for the differential diagnosis of IPNB from other @entity99 .

title: [Dynamic contrast-enhanced MSCT findings of XXXX of the bile ducts].

entities_list: @entity4929 :: ('MESH:C565310', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal papillary neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multi-lesions']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lesions']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity4929 :: (MESH:C565310,Disease) :: ['intraductal papillary neoplasm']


abstract: Sections of @entity1 pulp tissue taken from the region of a carious exposure in four young @entity1 each having a clinical history of spontaneous @entity158 were examined with the electron microscope. All the tissues examined exhibited a generalized @entity4 , and an infiltration with lymphocytes, plasma cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Varying degree of lysis of pulp and inflammatory cells were evident. The unmyelinated nerve axons of the pulp appeared to be least affected. Extracellular lysosomes were present in many of the @entity39 areas. Edematous vacuoles were noted in two of the pulp specimens. In some of the sections these vacuoles appeared to be responsible for a physical distortion of adjacent unmyelinated nerve axons. It was postulated that such distortion may be a contributing factor to the @entity158 of @entity11624 . In another of the pulp specimens, micro-organisms were found intracellularly and extracellularly. Intracellularly they were present within the cytoplasm of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages and exhibited evidence of lysis. Only two morphological forms, a gram positive rod, and a gram positive coccus were identified.

title: Changes in the fine structure of the XXXX dental pulp subsequent to carious exposure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['dental pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Occupational exposure limits (OELs) for individual substances are established on the basis of the available toxicological information at the time of their promulgation, expert interpretation of these data in light of industrial use, and the framework in which they sit. In the United Kingdom, the establishment of specific OELs includes the application of uncertainty factors to a defined starting point, usually the NOAEL from a suitable animal study. The magnitude of the uncertainty factors is generally determined through expert judgment including a knowledge of workplace conditions and management of exposure. PBPK modeling may help in this process by informing on issues relating to extrapolation between and within species. This study was therefore designed to consider how PBPK modeling could contribute to the establishment of OELs. PBPK models were developed for @entity3636 ( @entity19 and @entity1 ) and @entity4314 ( @entity35 and @entity1 ). These substances were chosen for examination because of the extent of their toxicological databases and availability of existing PBPK models. The models were exercised to predict the rate ( @entity3636 ) or extent ( @entity4314 ) of metabolism of these substances, in both rodents and @entity1 . Monte Carlo analysis was used to investigate the influence of variability within the @entity1 and animal model populations. The ratio of the rates/extent of metabolism predicted for @entity1 compared to animals was compared to the uncertainty factors involved in setting the OES. Predictions obtained from the PBPK models indicated that average @entity35 and @entity19 metabolism of @entity4314 and @entity3636 , respectively, are much greater than that of the average @entity1 . Application of Monte Carlo analysis indicated that even those @entity1 who have the fastest rates or most extensive amounts of metabolism in the population are unlikely to generate the levels of metabolite of these substances necessary to produce overt @entity137 in rodents. This study highlights the value that the use of PBPK modeling may add to help inform and improve toxicological aspects of a regulatory process.

title: The utility of PBPK in the safety assessment of @entity3636 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'humans', 'people']

entities_list: @entity4314 :: ('MESH:D002251', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon tetrachloride']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

answer: @entity4314 :: (MESH:D002251,Chemical) :: ['carbon tetrachloride']


abstract: @entity6579 ( @entity15002 ) is one of the major lysophospholipids mainly generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated hydrolysis of @entity2434 (PC). We previously found that @entity15002 displays neurotrophin-like activity in the @entity35 pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and in cerebellar granule neurons, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We report here that @entity15002 specifically enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced signals in PC12 cells. When PC12 cells were treated with NGF, MAPK was phosphorylated, but this phosphorylation was significantly elevated when @entity15002 was added together. In accordance, NGF-induced expression of immediate early genes, @entity5019 and @entity11970 , was upregulated by @entity15002 . Phosphorylation of the upstream components, MEK and NGF receptor @entity3249 , was also promoted by @entity15002 , which was in line with increased phosphorylation of Akt. In contrast, @entity15002 did not enhance epidermal growth factor (EGF)-, basic fibroblast growth factor-, or insulin-like growth factor-1-induced signals. Studies using @entity3249 /EGF receptor chimeras demonstrated that the extracellular domain, but not the transmembrane or intracellular domains, of @entity3249 is responsible for the effect of @entity15002 . Exogenously-added secretory PLA2 ( @entity25191 ) enhanced NGF-induced MAPK phosphorylation at a comparable level to @entity15002 , suggesting that @entity15002 generated in situ by @entity25191 -mediated hydrolysis of membrane PC stimulated NGF- @entity3249 signal. Taken together, these results indicate a specific role and function of @entity15002 on NGF- @entity3249 signaling pathway.

title: @entity6579 enhances NGF-induced MAPK and Akt signals through the extracellular domain of XXXX in PC12 cells.

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['Lysophosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

answer: @entity3249 :: (59109(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['TrkA']


abstract: Arterial platelet adhesion is an initiating event in the @entity887 of @entity731 and may also accelerate the development rate of @entity731 . Psychosocial stress has been shown to accelerate atherogenesis in animals, an effect probably mediated via beta-adrenoceptor activation. In view of the postulated roles of platelets and beta-adrenoceptor activation in @entity731 development, we decided to test whether beta blockade affects arterial platelet accumulation. We studied the accumulation of radioactivity from 111In-labelled platelets on the wall of the thoracic aorta of @entity95 as a measure of platelet accumulation. During the exposure to the labelled platelets, the animals were also exposed to 3 hours of chloralose anesthesia. This is a reproducible model of experimental sympathetic activation, including beta-adrenoceptor activation, which we used to amplify possible effects of beta-blockade on platelet-vessel wall interaction. The effectiveness of the anesthesia in increasing sympathetic activity was verified by significant rises in mean arterial blood pressure (from 77 to 88 mmHg), heart rate (190 to 290 bpm), and plasma levels of @entity1063 (1.0 to 3.3 nM) and @entity1425 (0.13 to 0.83 nM). In @entity4486 anesthetized @entity95 , approximately 30 x 10(-9)% of the injected 111In accumulated in each square millimeter of intima at unbranched thoracic aorta. Platelet accumulation was significantly higher at arterial branching points, 70% higher at intercostal artery bifurcations, and 150% higher at coronary artery bifurcations than in unbranched aortic intima. Pretreatment with @entity1406 in a dose resulting in "therapeutic" plasma levels significantly reduced platelet accumulation by 48% in unbranched aorta, 65% at intercostal, and 53% at coronary artery bifurcations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Inhibition of platelet accumulation by beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade in the thoracic aorta of XXXX subjected to experimental sympathetic activation.

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['chloralose']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['thrombo-embolic complications']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic disposition of @entity10083 ( @entity2445 ) and @entity21562 (FLR) after oral administration of each at a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight in @entity11320 @entity11320 held in freshwater at 25.0    1.0  C. The @entity2445 and FLR concentrations in the hemolymph, muscle, and hepatopancreas were determined by HPLC. The profiles of hemolymph @entity2445 and FLR concentrations versus time were best described by a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption. The peak concentration (C max), peak time (T max), absorption half-life (t 1/2ka) and elimination half-life (t 1/2b) of @entity2445 in hemolymph were 7.96  g/mL, 2 h, 0.666 h, and 10.659 h, respectively. The corresponding values for FLR were 5.53  g/mL, 2 h, 1.069 h, and 17.360 h, respectively. After oral administration, @entity2445 and FLR were rapidly absorbed in @entity11320 and @entity2445 in hemolymph was absorbed and eliminated more quickly than FLR. The parameters in muscle and hepatopancreas were calculated by a noncompartment model based on statistical moment theory. The C max, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-t ), mean residue time (MRT0-t ), and half-life (t 1/2z) in muscle were 2.98  g/g, 29.10 mg/kg  h, 9.77 h, and 6.84 h, respectively. The corresponding values for FLR were 1.91  g/g, 15.97 mg/kg  h, 19.40 h, and 18.32 h, respectively. In muscle @entity2445 was eliminated more quickly than FLR. The peak concentrations of @entity2445 and FLR in the hepatopancreas were 204.25 and 164.22  g/g, respectively, and the values for AUC0-t were 1,337.74 and 871.73 mg/kg  h, respectively, which were much higher than those in hemolymph and muscle. The in vitro protein-binding value of @entity2445 (28.38%) was lower than that of FLR (37.91%), which might be related to the finding that @entity2445 in @entity11320 was absorbed and eliminated more quickly than FLR. Received July 21, 2012; accepted November 23, 2012.

title: Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of @entity10083 and @entity21562 in @entity11320 XXXX in freshwater following oral administration.

entities_list: @entity10083 :: ('MESH:D013839', 'Chemical') :: ['thiamphenicol']

entities_list: @entity11320 :: ('6689', 'Species') :: ['Pacific white shrimp', 'white shrimp', 'Litopenaeus vannamei']

entities_list: @entity21562 :: ('MESH:C035534', 'Chemical') :: ['florfenicol']

answer: @entity11320 :: (6689,Species) :: ['Litopenaeus vannamei']


abstract: @entity2600 unexpectedly causes severe @entity137 of @entity1431 or @entity294 . @entity2600 is metabolized to form active @entity2600 , which is further conjugated and detoxified by @entity858 -glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 enzyme. Genetic polymorphisms of the @entity6912 would affect an interindividual variation of the @entity137 by @entity2600 via the alternation of bioavailability of @entity2600 . In this case-control study, retrospective review of clinical records and determination of @entity6912 polymorphisms were performed to investigate whether a @entity1 with the variant @entity6912 genotypes would be at higher risk for severe @entity137 by @entity2600 . All @entity1 previously received @entity2600 against @entity5 in university hospitals, @entity5 centers, or large urban hospitals in Japan. We identified 26 @entity1 who experienced severe @entity137 and 92 @entity1 who did not. The relationship was studied between the multiple variant genotypes ( @entity6912 *28 in the promoter and @entity6912 *6, @entity6912 *27, @entity6912 *29, and @entity6912 *7 in the coding region) and the severe @entity137 of grade 4 @entity1431 (< or =0.9 x 10(9)/liter) and/or grade 3 (watery for 5 days or more) or grade 4 ( @entity548 or @entity2700 ) @entity294 . Of the 26 @entity1 with the severe @entity137 , the genotypes of @entity6912 *28 were homozygous in 4 (15%) and heterozygous in 8 (31%), whereas 3 (3%) homozygous and 10 (11%) heterozygous were found among the 92 @entity1 without the severe @entity137 . Multivariate analysis suggested that the genotype either heterozygous or homozygous for @entity6912 *28 would be a significant risk factor for severe @entity137 by @entity2600 (P < 0.001; odds ratio, 7.23; 95% confidence interval, 2.52-22.3). All 3 @entity1 heterozygous for @entity6912 *27 encountered severe @entity137 . No statistical association of @entity6912 *6 with the occurrence of severe @entity137 was observed. None had @entity6912 *29 or @entity6912 *7. We suggest that determination of the @entity6912 genotypes might be clinically useful for predicting severe @entity137 by @entity2600 in @entity5 @entity1 . This research warrants a prospective trial to corroborate the usefulness of gene diagnosis of @entity6912 polymorphisms prior tb @entity2600 chemotherapy.

title: Polymorphisms of @entity858 -glucuronosyltransferase gene and @entity2600 XXXX : a pharmacogenetic analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['Irinotecan', 'SN-38', 'irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To characterize the demographic, clinical, and epidemiologic features of @entity7305 -associated @entity1398 in @entity2072 or @entity4521 users. METHODS: State health departments were recruited for participation when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was notified of potential cases by a clinician, a health department official, or a poison center between October 15, 2009, and May 31, 2010. A case was defined as a @entity1 with an absolute neutrophil count less than 1,000 cells/ L (or a WBC count <2,000 cells/ L) and a self-reported history or laboratory confirmation of @entity2072 or @entity4521 use. Health department officials abstracted data from medical charts, attempted a @entity1 interview, and submitted data to CDC for descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Of the 46 potential cases reported from 6 states, half met eligibility criteria and had medical chart abstractions completed (n=23; 50%). Of these, close to half of the @entity1 were interviewed (n=10; 43%). The average age was 44.4 years; just over half were @entity1 (n=12; 52%). The majority of @entity1 presented to emergency departments (n=19; 83%). More than half presented with infectious illnesses (n=12; 52%), and nearly half reported active @entity272 (n=10; 44%). The majority of interview respondents used @entity2072 greater than 2 to 3 times a week (n=9; 90%), used @entity2072 more than 2 years (n=6; 60%), and preferred crack @entity2072 (n=6; 60%). All were unaware of exposure to @entity7305 through @entity2072 and of @entity7305 's inherent @entity137 (n=10; 100%). CONCLUSION: Physicians should suspect @entity7305 exposure in @entity1 using illicit drugs, @entity2072 in particular, who present with unexplained @entity1398 . Most @entity1 reported chronic @entity2072 use and were unaware of @entity7305 exposure. @entity2072 use is more prevalent among @entity1 ; however, our results identified a higher-than-expected proportion of female users with @entity1398 , suggesting @entity1 may be at higher risk. Emergency physicians and practitioners are uniquely positioned to recognize these @entity1 early during their hospital course, elucidate a history of @entity2072 or other drug exposure, and optimize the likelihood of confirming exposure by arranging for appropriate drug testing.

title: Passive multistate surveillance for @entity1398 after use of @entity2072 or @entity4521 possibly contaminated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7305 :: ('MESH:D007978', 'Chemical') :: ['levamisole']

entities_list: @entity2072 :: ('MESH:D003042', 'Chemical') :: ['Cocaine', 'cocaine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity7305 :: (MESH:D007978,Chemical) :: ['levamisole']


abstract: @entity7960 ( @entity7960 ) is a progressive genetic @entity16 associated with degeneration of the dorsal columns, spinocerebellar tracts and other regions of the nervous system. The disorder results from mutations in the gene referred to as @entity5602 . Almost all mutations are expansions of an intronic GAA repeat in this gene, which gives rise to decreased transcription of the gene product (called @entity5602 ). Following these discoveries, drug discovery has moved at a rapid pace. Therapeutic trials in the next 5 years are expected to address amelioration of the effects of @entity5602 deficiency and methods for increasing @entity5602 expression. These therapies are directed at all levels of biochemical dysfunction in @entity7960 . Agents such as @entity4161 potentially improve mitochondrial function and decrease production of reactive @entity26 species. @entity4161 is presently in a phase III trial in the US and in Europe, with the primary outcome measure being neurological function. @entity23224 , an atypical @entity68 chelator, may decrease build-up of toxic @entity68 in the mitochondria in @entity1 . It has entered a phase II trial in Europe, Australia and Canada directed toward improvement of neurological abilities. Finally, targeted histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and @entity1307 increase levels of @entity5602 when used in vitro, suggesting that they may provide methods for increasing @entity5602 levels in @entity1 . @entity1307 has been tested in a small phase II trial in Austria, while HDAC inhibitors are still at a preclinical stage. Symptomatic therapies are also in use for specific symptoms such as @entity508 ( @entity1772 ). Thus, there is substantial optimism for development of new therapies for @entity7960 in the near future, and we suggest that one or several may be available over the next few years. However, continued development of new therapies will require creation of new, more sensitive measures for @entity51 in @entity7960 , and clinically relevant measures of @entity299 .

title: Pharmacotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7960 :: ('MESH:D005621', 'Disease') :: ['Friedreich ataxia', 'FA']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorder']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity23224 :: ('MESH:C044919', 'Chemical') :: ['Deferiprone']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin', 'Erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity4161 :: ('MESH:C036619', 'Chemical') :: ['idebenone', 'Idebenone']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

answer: @entity7960 :: (MESH:D005621,Disease) :: ['Friedreich ataxia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We performed a decision analysis comparing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) versus chemotherapy in first complete remission for @entity1 with cytogenetically intermediate-risk acute @entity2800 , depending on the presence or absence of @entity7801 -internal tandem duplication (ITD), @entity8102 ( @entity8102 ), and @entity6863 ( @entity6863 ) mutations. Adjusted means of the @entity1 -reported EQ-5D index were used as quality-of-life (QOL) estimates. In 332 @entity1 , @entity7801 -ITD status was available, and @entity7801 -ITD was present in 60. In 272 @entity1 without @entity7801 -ITD, @entity8102 mutations were present in 83. @entity6863 biallelic mutations were detected in 53 @entity1 . For @entity1 harboring @entity7801 -ITD, allo-HCT improved life expectancy (LE) (52 versus 32  months during 10-year observation) and QOL-adjusted life expectancy (QALE, 36 versus 21). Monte-Carlo simulation identified allo-HCT as the favored strategy in 100% of simulations. In @entity1 without @entity7801 -ITD, allo-HCT improved LE/QALE with or without @entity8102 mutations. However, sensitivity analyses showed that the results were not robust enough. For @entity1 harboring @entity6863 biallelic mutations, chemotherapy was favored (LE, 53 versus 84; QALE, 37 versus 59), whereas, for @entity1 with monoallelic mutations or wild-type @entity6863 , allo-HCT was favored (LE, 68 versus 54; QALE, 48 versus 37). Sensitivity analyses did not change the results in either group. In conclusion, based on a Markov decision analysis, allo-HCT was a favored postremission strategy in @entity1 with @entity7801 -ITD, and chemotherapy was favored in @entity1 with biallelic @entity6863 mutations. A prospective study is warranted to determine the value of allo-HCT, especially in @entity7801 -ITD-negative @entity1 .

title: Decision Analysis of Postremission Therapy in Cytogenetically Intermediate-Risk Acute XXXX : The Impact of @entity7801 Internal Tandem Duplication, @entity8102 , and @entity6863 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2800 :: ('MESH:D007951', 'Disease') :: ['myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity6863 :: ('1050', 'Gene') :: ['CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha', 'CEBPA']

answer: @entity2800 :: (MESH:D007951,Disease) :: ['Myeloid Leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS OF THE STUDY: The incidence and impact of @entity712 and @entity453 on late survival after surgical correction of @entity339 are poorly defined. In addition to the uncertainty about the frequency of this complication, the mechanisms of @entity712 have not been fully analyzed. METHODS: To determine survival and the incidence and mechanisms of @entity712 after mitral valve surgery for @entity339 , we analyzed the long-term outcome of 576 consecutive postoperative survivors. RESULTS: The analysis demonstrated that preserved preoperative left ventricular function (ejection fraction > or = 60%) was associated with improved survival (adjusted risk ratio 0.49; 95% C.I. 0.36-0.661) and reduced incidence of @entity712 (adjusted risk ratio 0.30; 95% C.I. 0.20-0.441), while concomitant @entity453 was associated with an excess mortality (adjusted risk ratio 1.80; 95% C.I. 1.34-2.41) and incidence of @entity712 (adjusted risk ratio 2.12; 95% C.I. 1.48-3.031). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that @entity1002 and @entity453 are major determinants of mortality and morbidity after surgical correction of @entity339 . For the prevention of postoperative @entity712 , early surgical correction of @entity339 should be considered before @entity1002 occurs.

title: Outcome after surgery for XXXX . Determinants of postoperative morbidity and mortality.

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral regurgitation']