abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion with use of recombinant @entity1 @entity1841 (rhBMP-2) was tested in @entity95 by implanting composites of rhBMP-2 and collagen carrier. OBJECTIVES: To examine the bone-formation-inducing activity of rhBMP-2 and find the optimal amount of rhBMP to add to a collagen carrier to constitute bone-formation-inducing implants to be substituted for bone graft in posterolateral spinal fusion in @entity95 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In animal models, rhBMP-2--impregnated collagen has been successfully used for posterolateral spinal fusion, indicating that it is a potential substitute for the autogenous corticocancellous bone graft currently used most routinely in posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion. METHODS: Nine @entity95 were divided into three equal groups. The bilateral L4-L5 transverse processes were exposed, and collagen strips impregnated with rhBMP-2 (10, 50, or 200 micrograms) were placed on the left transverse processes, and collagen strips alone were inserted on the right. All @entity95 were killed 24 weeks after surgery. The implanted sites were assessed for new bone formation and bony fusion by radiography and histologic examination. RESULTS: New bone formation was noted in intertransverse spaces on the left side of all @entity95 except one (10 micrograms rhBMP-2). Twelve weeks after implantation, no new bone formation was seen on the right side of all animals. The newly formed bone masses were significantly larger in the 50-microgram and 200-microgram rhBMP-2 groups than in the 10-microgram rhBMP-2 group (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between bone formation in the 50-microgram and 200-microgram groups (P = 0.647). CONCLUSIONS: The rhBMP-2/collagen composite implant was an effective bone graft substitute for achieving posterolateral spinal fusion. When combined with a collagen carrier, the optimal rhBMP-2 dose for achieving posterolateral spinal fusion seemed to be approximately 50 micrograms per segment in @entity95 .

title: Experimental spinal fusion with use of recombinant XXXX @entity1841 .

entities_list: @entity1841 :: ('650', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein 2']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report the long-term follow-up results of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal at Walter Reed Army Medical Center during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom from February 2003 through November 2005 and to determine the prognostic factors for visual outcome in this @entity1 population. DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. @entity1 : Seventy-nine eyes of 70 United States military soldiers deployed in support of operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom sustained IOFB injuries and subsequently were treated at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up. INTERVENTION: The principal procedure performed was 20-gauge 3-port vitrectomy with IOFB removal through limbal or pars plana incision. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Final visual acuity, rate of proliferative @entity1715 , rate of @entity3225 . RESULTS: Average @entity1 age was 27 years, with an average of 331 days of postoperative follow-up. Average IOFB size was 3.7 mm (range, 0.1-20 mm). Median time to IOFB removal was 21 days (mean, 38 days; range, 2-661 days). Mean preoperative visual acuity was 20/400 (1.36 logarithm of mean angle of resolution [logMAR] units) and mean final visual acuity was 20/120 (0.75 logMAR). Of the @entity1 , 53.4% achieved visual acuity of 20/40 or better, whereas 77.5% achieved visual acuity of better than 20/200. There were no cases of @entity3225 (0/79 eyes; 95% confidence interval, 0%-3.1%), siderosis bulbi, or @entity10352 . Among the eyes, 10.3% evolved to no light perception or had been enucleated by the 6-month follow-up visit. Poor visual outcome correlated with @entity2790 (P<0.032). Seventeen of 79 eyes (21%) experienced proliferative @entity1715 . Proliferative @entity1715 correlated with poor initial vision (hand movements or worse; P = 0.035) and @entity2790 (P<0.001). Timing of vitrectomy did not correlate with visual outcome. The most common systemic antibiotic administered was @entity800 , whereas the most common topical antibiotic administered was @entity3477 . CONCLUSIONS: Poor visual outcome and @entity260 rates are related to @entity2790 . @entity2790 with a combination of systemic and topical antibiotic coverage can result in good visual outcome without an apparent increased risk of @entity3225 or other deleterious side effects.

title: @entity2790 without XXXX during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1715 :: ('MESH:D018630', 'Disease') :: ['vitreoretinopathy']

entities_list: @entity3477 :: ('MESH:C104727', 'Chemical') :: ['moxifloxacin']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['Delayed IOFB removal', 'extensive intraocular injury']

entities_list: @entity10352 :: ('MESH:D009879', 'Disease') :: ['sympathetic ophthalmia']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['endophthalmitis']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['levofloxacin']

answer: @entity3225 :: (MESH:D009877,Disease) :: ['endophthalmitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of treated @entity454 and low transplant rates in Africa leads to longer durations on dialysis. Dialysis should not only be aimed at prolonging lives but also improve quality of life (QOL). Using mixed methods, we investigated the QOL of @entity1 on chronic haemodialysis (HD) and @entity298 ( @entity298 ). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. All the @entity298 @entity1 were being treated with continuous ambulatory @entity298 . The KDQOL-SF 1.3 questionnaire was used for the quantitative phase of the study. Thereafter, focus-group interviews were conducted by an experienced facilitator in groups of HD and @entity298 @entity1 . Electronic recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed manually to identify emerging themes. RESULTS: A total of 106 @entity1 completed questionnaires and 36 of them participated in the focus group interviews. There was no difference between @entity298 and HD @entity1 in the overall KDQOL-SF scores. @entity298 @entity1 scored lower with regard to symptoms (P   =   0.005), energy/fatigue (P   =   0.025) and sleep (P   =   0.023) but scored higher for work status (P   =   0.005) and dialysis staff encouragement (P   =   0.019) than those on HD. Symptoms and complications were verbalised more in the @entity298 @entity1 , with fear of @entity298 keeping some housebound. @entity298 @entity1 were more limited by their treatment modality which impacted on body image, sexual function and social interaction but there were less dietary and occupational limitations. @entity1 on each modality acknowledged the support received from family and dialysis staff but highlighted the lack of support from government. @entity298 @entity1 had little opportunity for interaction with one another and therefore enjoyed less support from fellow @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity298 @entity1 experienced a heavier symptom burden and greater limitations related to their dialysis modality, especially with regards to social functioning. The mixed-methods approach helped to identify several issues affecting quality of life which are amenable to intervention.

title: Quality of life in XXXX on chronic dialysis in South Africa: a comparative mixed methods study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal dialysis', 'PD', 'peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The development of new drugs against @entity5 requires established cell lines. They are needed for in vitro studies to identify candidate drugs and in xenograft models to measure drug efficacy in vivo. Specific criteria need to be fulfilled by cell lines used in the evaluation of potential novel therapeutic agents. It is imperative that they display the features of the particular @entity5 under investigation. Given the documented heterogeneity of @entity5 , relevant subtypes need to be represented. In this study, we have examined these aspects for pediatric @entity981 . A panel of 13 @entity1778 cell lines recently established in our laboratory was analyzed. We used cDNA microarrays to define the gene expression profiles and compared the data with immunophenotyping and cytogenetic analyses. The expression profiles obtained showed excellent concordance with corresponding protein levels. Importantly, the panel of lines displayed the critical genetic features identified in clinically important @entity981 subtypes in @entity1778 @entity1 .

title: Gene expression profiles in a panel of XXXX cell lines mirror critical features of the disease.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia', 'childhood leukemia']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['childhood leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cost-effectiveness of early lens extraction with intraocular lens implantation for the treatment of primary @entity2747 (PACG) compared to standard care. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a multicentre pragmatic two-arm randomised controlled trial. @entity1 were followed-up for 36   months, and data on health service usage and health state utility were collected and analysed within the trial time horizon. A Markov model was developed to extrapolate the results over a 5-year and 10-year time horizon. SETTING: 22 hospital eye services in the UK. POPULATION: Males and females aged 50   years or over with newly diagnosed PACG or primary angle closure (PAC). INTERVENTIONS: Lens extraction compared to standard care (ie, laser iridotomy followed by medical therapy and @entity726 surgery). OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs of primary and secondary healthcare usage (UK NHS perspective), quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for lens extraction versus standard care. RESULTS: The mean age of @entity1 was 67.5 (8.42), 57.5% were @entity1 , 44.6% had both eyes eligible, 1.4% were of Asian ethnicity and 35.4% had PAC. The mean health service costs were higher in @entity1 randomised to lens extraction:   2467 vs   1486. The mean adjusted QALYs were also higher with early lens extraction: 2.602 vs 2.533. The ICER for lens extraction versus standard care was   14   284 per QALY gained at three years. Modelling suggests that the ICER may drop to   7090 per QALY gained by 5   years and that lens extraction may be cost saving by 10   years. Our results are generally robust to changes in the key input parameters and assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: We find that lens extraction has a 67-89% chance of being cost-effective at 3   years and that it may be cost saving by 10   years. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN44464607; Results.

title: Early lens extraction with intraocular lens implantation for the treatment of primary XXXX : an economic evaluation based on data from the EAGLE trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['angle closure glaucoma']

answer: @entity2747 :: (MESH:D015812,Disease) :: ['angle closure glaucoma']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of combined radiation therapy and continuous infusion of @entity1487 in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity788 . METHODS: Between January 1992 and June 1999, 31 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity420 were treated in our Institute. In 20 @entity1 , the @entity5 (65%) was located in the head of the pancreas and in 11 (35%) in the body or tail; 13 cases also showed involved nodes. Radiation therapy consisted in a median dose of 63 Gy in 33-36 fractions applied to the @entity5 and regional lymph nodes. Chemotherapy with @entity1487 in continuous infusion, 250 mg/m2 daily, was administered in the first and fifth week of the radiation therapy. Thereafter, 22 @entity1 received 3-10 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with same doses. Median follow-up of the series was 20 months. The @entity137 of the treatment was scored according to WHO criteria. All @entity1 underwent nutritional assessment at the time of radiochemotherapy. RESULTS: The median overall survival was 15.2 months (range, 4-42). At restaging, 17 cases (55%) showed no change and 14 (45%) a partial remission. At the end of radiochemotherapy in 8 (26%) of the cases there was indication for pancreatectomy, which was executed in 4 @entity1 . At the time of the study, 2 @entity1 (6.4%) were surgically proven disease free. Eleven of the 13 cases (85%) presenting involved nodes showed that the enlarged lymph nodes had disappeared. Nineteen @entity1 (61%) are alive with clinical evidence of disease anti 2 cases are alive with liver metastases; 8 @entity1 (26%) died for disease. In 74% of cases there was complete pain control. Tolerance to the regimen was good. Nutritional assistance was evaluated and was found to be correlated to survival. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the series confirm a good tolerance with low acute @entity137 . Tumor down-staging and resectability rates were high, together with prolonged survival and a good quality of life.

title: Concomitant radiotherapy with protracted @entity1487 infusion in locally advanced XXXX : a phase II study.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the pancreas']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the pancreas']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Our aims were to determine if @entity39151 ( @entity39151 ) is correlated with @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) histology and oncologic outcomes using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and an institutional @entity3145 ( @entity3145 ). METHODS: Clinicopathological data obtained from the TCGA consisted of 415 samples diagnosed with @entity1358 . A @entity3145 was constructed from @entity5 of 207 @entity1 who underwent radical nephrectomy for @entity1358 . @entity39151 expression by immunohistochemistry on @entity3145 was assessed by a genitourinary pathologist. Clinical data were extracted and linked to @entity3145 cores. @entity39151 and @entity875 mRNA coexpression were evaluated in the TCGA cohort. @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), @entity5 -specific survival, and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank statistics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Median follow-up time for the TCGA cohort was 3.07 years. @entity875 and @entity39151 mRNA coexpression were significantly correlated (Pearson correlation = 0.918). High @entity39151 mRNA expression was associated with advanced stage, @entity3 , poor @entity1349 , and @entity1349 . Median follow-up time for the @entity3145 cohort was 5.3 years. Elevated @entity39151 protein expression, defined as greater than 75th percentile staining intensity, was identified in 47/207 (22.7%) @entity1 . Increased @entity39151 immunostaining was associated with poor @entity1349 (P = 0.0327, 53% 5-year mortality), @entity5 -specific survival (P<0.01, 47.8% 5-year @entity5 -specific mortality), @entity1349 (P = 0.0313, 73.6%, 5-year recurrence rate), grade, T stage, and @entity3 . Multivariate analysis demonstrated elevated expression served as an independent predictor of @entity1349 (hazard ratio = 3.62 (1.13-11.55), P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: We show @entity39151 , a regulator of @entity875 , is associated with high grade and stage of @entity1358 , and is an independent predictor of recurrence. Future studies are warranted testing its role in @entity1358 biology, and its potential as a therapeutic target.

title: @entity39151 as a prognostic indicator and potential therapeutic target in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue microarray', 'TMA']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['clear cell renal cell carcinoma', 'ccRCC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity39151 :: ('22974', 'Gene') :: ['TPX2', 'targeting protein for Xklp2']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'RFS', 'Overall survival', 'recurrence-free survival']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['clear cell renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Significantly injured @entity130 @entity1 commonly require damage control laparotomy (DCL). These @entity1 undergo either primary fascial closure during the index hospitalization or are discharged with a planned @entity4037 . Hospital and long-term outcomes of these @entity1 have not been extensively studied. METHODS: @entity1 who underwent DCL for @entity130 from 2003 to 2012 at a regional Level I @entity130 center were identified and a comparison was made between those who had primary fascial closure and planned @entity4037 . RESULTS: DCL was performed in 154 @entity1 , 47  % of whom sustained penetrating @entity130 . The mean age and injury severity score (ISS) were 40 and 25, respectively. Hospital mortality was 19  %. Primary fascial closure was performed in 115 (75  %) of those undergoing DCL during the index hospitalization. Of these, 11 (9  %) had reopening of the fascia. Of the surviving @entity1 , 22 (19  %) never had primary fascial closure and were discharged with a planned @entity4037 . @entity1 with primary fascial closure and those with planned @entity4037 were similar in age, gender, ISS, and mechanism. Those with planned @entity4037 underwent more subsequent laparotomies (3.0 vs 1.3, p  <  0.001), and had more enteric fistulas (18.2 vs 4.3  %, p  =  0.041) and @entity1320 (46 vs 15  %, p  =  0.007), and had a greater number of hospital days (38 vs 25, p  =  0.007) during the index hospitalization. Sixteen (73  %) @entity1 with a planned @entity4037 had definitive reconstruction (mean days  =  266). Once definitive abdominal wall closure was achieved, the two groups achieved similar rates of return to work and usual activity (71 vs 70  %, p  =  NS). CONCLUSIONS: Following DCL for @entity130 , @entity1 with a planned @entity4037 have definitive reconstruction nearly 9  months after the @entity130 . Once definitive abdominal wall closure has been achieved; @entity1 with primary fascial closure and those with planned @entity4037 have similar rates of return to usual activity.

title: Planned @entity4037 following damage control laparotomy in XXXX : an added year of recovery but equal long-term outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4037 :: ('MESH:D006555', 'Disease') :: ['ventral hernia', 'ventral hernias']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal infections']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['initial injury', 'injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1943 analogs and interferon alfa control hormone-active/functional @entity5 . In addition to hormonal control, variable degrees of antiproliferative effects for both agents have been reported. Until now, however, no prospective, randomized studies in therapy-naive @entity1 have compared @entity1943 analogs or interferon alfa alone with a combination of the two. METHODS: Eighty therapy-naive @entity1 with histologically verified @entity8799 (primary localization: foregut, n = 36; midgut, n = 30; hindgut, n = 3; unknown, n = 11; functional, n = 29; nonfunctional, n = 51) were randomly treated either with @entity18245 (1 mg three times a day administered subcutaneously [SC]) or interferon alfa (5 x 106 U three times a week SC) or both. All @entity1 had disease progression in the 3 months before study entry, verified with imaging procedures. RESULTS: Twenty-five @entity1 were treated with @entity18245 , 27 @entity1 were treated with interferon alfa, and 28 @entity1 were treated with the combination. Partial @entity5 remission was seen in four @entity1 (one @entity1 who received @entity18245 , one @entity1 who received interferon alfa, and two @entity1 who received the combination). During the 12 months of therapy, stable disease was observed in 19 @entity1 (seven @entity1 who received @entity18245 , seven @entity1 who received interferon alfa, and five @entity1 who received the combination), whereas @entity5 progression occurred in 14 of 25 @entity1 ( @entity18245 ), 15 of 27 @entity1 (interferon alfa), and 14 of 28 @entity1 (combination). Side effects leading to an interruption of therapy were more frequent in the combination group than in the monotherapy arms. CONCLUSION: This prospective, randomized, multicenter study shows for the first time that @entity1943 analogs, interferon alfa, or the combination of the two had comparable antiproliferative effects in the treatment of metastatic @entity5 . Response rates were lower compared with those published in previous, nonrandomized studies. The antiproliferative effect of the tested substances was similar for functional and nonfunctional @entity5 .

title: Prospective, randomized, multicenter trial on the antiproliferative effect of @entity18245 , interferon alfa, and their combination for therapy of metastatic XXXX --the International @entity18245 and Interferon Alfa Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8799 :: ('MESH:D018358', 'Disease') :: ['neuroendocrine tumor disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors', 'neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity18245 :: ('MESH:C060347', 'Chemical') :: ['lanreotide']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin', 'Somatostatin']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors']


abstract: Numerous reviews of @entity420 arising in @entity355 have been reported, but detailed pathologic findings or survival analysis have rarely been provided. This retrospective study analyzed 67 @entity1 (mean age, 64 years; male-to-female ratio, 10:1) with an @entity420 arising in @entity355 treated by surgical resection. Prevalence of smokers was 63%, @entity167 users, 45%, and @entity1 with @entity357 , 73%. Five @entity1 had another @entity5 , and seven @entity1 , previous esophageal surgery. Forty percent of the @entity5 were well differentiated, 31% moderately differentiated, 15% poorly differentiated, 7% mucinous, and 6% composed of signet-ring cells. Depth of invasion in the esophageal wall was limited to mucosa in 13% of cases and submucosa in 18%. Invasive @entity420 extended to the muscular layer in 12% of cases, to adventitia in 33%, and to periesophageal tissue in 24%. Vascular and perineural neoplastic invasion was present in 67 and 38% of cases. Regional lymph node involvement and distant @entity3 were found in 51 and 9% of cases. Overall, 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates were 63, 41, and 32%, respectively. Five-year survival rate was significantly better for @entity1 with superficial @entity5 or submucosa (82 vs. 12%) or without regional lymph node involvement (59 vs. 10%). Tumor differentiation, vascular and perineural invasion, extranodal spread, distant @entity3 , and resection margins status also had a significant prognostic value on univariate analysis. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis for overall survival, depth of invasion in the esophageal wall and regional lymph node involvement were independent prognostic factors. Careful pathologic staging is of value in determining the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity420 arising in @entity355 .

title: Surgical pathology of @entity420 arising in XXXX . Analysis of 67 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer limited to mucosa', 'synchronous cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['hiatal hernia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity355 :: (MESH:D001471,Disease) :: ['Barrett's esophagus']


abstract: Type X collagen is a short, non-fibril-forming collagen restricted to the @entity1184 , calcifying zone of growth plate cartilage. It is developmentally regulated and found exclusively in @entity1184 cartilage. Here we report on the structure and distribution of @entity1 type X collagen based on the cloning of a PCR fragment covering 292 bp of the @entity1473 -terminal, non-triple-helical domain. Seventy-five percent of the sequence are identical to that of @entity1573 type X collagen at nucleic acid level and 84% at @entity535 level. This probe was used for in situ hybridization analyses of type X collagen expression in a @entity1 growth plate. @entity1 fetal cartilage, which is different from the avian cartilage-bone transition zone, showed strong type X collagen expression confined to the lower @entity1184 zone of the growth plate. The upper zone of @entity1184 chondrocytes did not contain alpha 1(X) transcripts, indicating that type X collagen expression follows cellular @entity1184 . The distribution of type X collagen mRNA has been previously unreported in chondrocytes from zones of secondary ossification and in chondrocytes associated with endochondral bone trabecules containing calcified cartilage. In situ hybridization analyses with probes for type I and II collagen on consecutive sections indicated a spatial gradient in chondrocyte differentiation in the @entity1 epiphysis. Chondrocytes of low type II collagen expression in the resting zone are followed by proliferating columnar chondrocytes with strong type II collagen expression and a zone of @entity1184 chondrocytes synthesizing type X and type II collagen. In contrast to findings in avian growth cartilage in some of our samples of @entity1 epiphyseal cartilage @entity1184 chondrocytes continued to strongly express type II collagen down to the chondro-osseous junction. Transcripts of the @entity4173 gene, however, were detected only in perichondrium, vascular cavities, and bone, but not in @entity1184 or any other chondrocytes. The above observations demonstrate that the isolation of the @entity1 type X collagen DNA will contribute to studies of pathways of chondrocyte differentiation in the @entity1 growth plate.

title: In situ hybridization studies on the expression of type X collagen in fetal XXXX cartilage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic', 'hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1473 :: ('CHEBI:46883', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity322 ( @entity322 ) has been associated with sexual complaints. The Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-IUGA Revised (PISQ-IR) has been validated to measure sexual function in sexually active (SA) and non-SA (NSA) @entity1 with @entity3087 ( @entity3087 ) including @entity322 . We describe symptoms in @entity1 with PFDs including @entity322 using this instrument. METHODS: This was a planned secondary analysis of data collected for the validation of the PISQ-IR. SA and NSA @entity1 with symptoms of @entity3577 , @entity322 ( @entity322 ) and/or @entity322 at 12 US and 5 UK sites were recruited. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and PISQ-IR were completed in addition to the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory (PFDI), and other measures. RESULTS: Of 872 @entity1 enrolled, 90 (10  %) reported @entity322 . Compared with @entity1 without @entity322 , @entity1 with @entity322 were more likely to report stress @entity322 (p   =   0.007), urgency @entity322 (p   <   0.001), mixed @entity322 (p   <   0.001), @entity6 (p   =   0.036) and @entity308 (p   <   0.001), and to show larger genital hiatus measurements (p   =   0.005) and more underactive pelvic floor muscles (p   =   0.011). Furthermore, scores on the PFDI showed greater bother (p   =   0.013), particularly the colorectal subscale (p   <   0.001). While sexual activity was similar between the groups, FSFI desire (p   =   0.016), PISQ-IR 'condition-specific' (p   =   0.03) and 'global quality' (p   =   0.046) domains were worse in @entity1 with @entity322 . In logistic regression analysis, only the PISQ-IR 'condition-specific' domain was associated with @entity322 when controlling for other confounders (OR 0.27, 95  % CI 0.10  -  0.72, p   =   0.009). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity322 have similar rates of sexual activity but poorer sexual function than @entity1 without @entity322 . The PISQ-IR may be most appropriate to characterize these conditions.

title: Sexual function in XXXX with anal incontinence using a new instrument: the PISQ-IR.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['AI', 'urinary incontinence', 'UI', 'Anal incontinence']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity3087 :: ('MESH:D059952', 'Disease') :: ['PFD', 'pelvic floor disorders']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic organ prolapse']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR) does not access prenatal diagnostic facilities to ascertain cases. Objectives of the study were to determine how many cases may be missing from the registry as a result, and to assess the feasibility and utility of prenatal surveillance for @entity600 , through a pilot test in one region of Texas. METHODS: A trained abstractor reviewed medical records of all @entity1 with abnormal ultrasound findings during 2004 in all prenatal diagnostic facilities in Texas Health Region 11 (n = 6 facilities). When @entity600 were prenatally detected, demographic and diagnostic data were abstracted. Prenatal abstractions were matched to cases in the TBDR. Those that did not match to registry cases were matched to vital records to determine where and when the pregnancy ended; delivery hospital medical records were reviewed for these cases. RESULTS: Approximately 760 @entity1 charts were reviewed at prenatal diagnostic facilities and 365 were abstracted. Of these, 165 (45%) matched to cases in the TBDR. Delivery medical records were located and reviewed for 177 prenatal abstractions, with 170 (47%) indicating at delivery no defects monitored by the registry. Delivery records for one (0.3%) prenatal abstraction were not found by the hospital. Date and place of delivery were unknown for 22 (6%) prenatal abstractions. Only eight additional @entity1 and fetuses (one twin pair) eligible for the registry were identified. CONCLUSIONS: For Texas Health Service Region 11, it is not necessary to conduct surveillance in prenatal diagnostic facilities, and to do so would be very labor-intensive.

title: Pilot test of prenatal surveillance for XXXX in South Texas.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['birth defects']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['birth defects']


abstract: The relationship between mitosis, ovarian hormones, decidual stimuli and decidualization was investigated using progestagen-treated ovariectomized @entity19 . @entity53 , or the intraluminal instillation of oil or saline, all stimulated stromal mitosis. When oil or saline was instilled following @entity53 , the response depended on the dose of @entity53 , the interval between the @entity53 and the instillation, and the time when the @entity19 were killed. After 20 ng @entity53 , the instillation of oil 7 h later induced large mitotic and decidual responses that were evident within 17 h of instillation and increased with time. Smaller mitotic and decidual responses were obtained when the interval between @entity53 and oil was 24 h; there was no response when the interval was 42 h. When a higher dose (100 ng) of @entity53 was given, oil injected 7 h later initially stimulated mitosis (at 17 h), but this effect was reduced at 24 h and no decidualization occurred. After instilling oil 24 or 42 h after 100 ng @entity53 , the mitotic response was limited, and there was no decidual response. Regardless of the dose of @entity53 , saline induced only a transient mitotic response and no decidualization occurred. It is concluded that there are three stimuli that can cause stromal mitosis in the progestagen-treated @entity19 uterus: @entity2931 , an intraluminal stimulus (blastocyst, oil or saline) and factors associated with decidualization. @entity53 not only induces mitosis, but also produces a period of heightened sensitivity to the mitotic effects of intraluminal stimuli. In addition, low doses of @entity53 induce a period of sensitivity to decidual stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Control of uterine stromal mitosis in relation to uterine sensitivity and decidualization in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol', 'Oestradiol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Transmission of @entity97 and @entity3531 from @entity1 who work in medical professions to their @entity1 is still an unsolved @entity1939 . In Germany, cases of @entity1956 in health care units have received great public interest. Medical examinations of the employees according to occupational safety regulations aim at the employees only. Legal regulations including regulations of the European Union limit the purpose of these examinations on safety and health of the employees. These examinations do not serve the safety of @entity1 . Protection against infections is regulated by the relevant German public health law, however regulations--especially those that concern the protection of the public--are incomplete. In Germany it is mandatory to inform the public health departments only in cases of acute @entity99 . Doctors do not need to give @entity409 . This may lead to the situation that a health care worker is unaware of a chronic, potentially infectious condition and his immunological status may remain unknown for a long period. Examinations in occupational medicine cannot solve this problem. In order to improve the protection of the public, there is a need to extend the regulations concerning the notification of chronic @entity99 and to implement solutions for this difficult and sensible problem in Germany.

title: [Nosocomial transfer of XXXX and @entity3531 by public health workers].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial hepatitis virus infection']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['information about chronic liver infections']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['hygienic and legal problem']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity97 :: (10407,Species) :: ['HBV']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 6725 Background: The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze clinicopathological features, survival and @entity5 response data in @entity1 with localized primary @entity6595 . METHODS: Between 1980 and 2003, we treated 73 @entity1 with histologically proven primary @entity6595 . The @entity1 population comprised of 38 males and 35 females. RESULTS: The median age of the @entity1 was 51 years (range, 18-87). Sixty-seven percent of them presented with B symptoms. Histologically, 48% was @entity4812 ( @entity4812 ) and 33% was @entity706 . Lymph node involvement was present in 52%. @entity1534 was detected in 20%. Surgery, chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) were used as treatment modalities in 78%, 89% and 21% of the @entity1 respectively. Most of the @entity1 were treated with combined modality therapy approach consisting of surgery/CT in 58%, CT/RT/surgery in 14%, and CT/RT in 5% of the cases. @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 and @entity229 ( @entity3726 ) was the most commonly employed regimen (64%). Fifty-eight (89%) @entity1 received @entity5948 -based regimens. Complete remission was achieved in 94% of the @entity1 . During the median follow-up of 52 months (2-223), 10 @entity1 relapsed and 11 @entity1 died. Two @entity1 were primary refractory. Disease-free survival (DFS) and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) at 10 years were 79% and 64%, respectively. @entity1349 was similar in @entity1 treated with combination of surgery/CT or CT/RT/surgery or CT/RT (74%, 75% and 74%, respectively). @entity1349 was better in @entity1 with @entity4812 (77% compared to @entity1 with @entity706 (34%). In univariate analysis, age was not a prognostic factor for @entity1349 and DFS. Surgery and achievement of CR with CT were favorable prognostic factors for DFS. For @entity1349 , normal LDH, female sex, surgery and achievement of CR with CT were the favorable factors. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4812 and @entity706 are the two most common histologies in primary @entity6595 . The @entity1349 is similar with combined modality treatments consisting of surgery/CT or CT/RT/surgery or CT/RT. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

title: Clinicopathological features and outcome of primary XXXX : A series of 73 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malt lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity6595 :: ('MESH:C535648', 'Disease') :: ['gastric lymphomas', 'gastric lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity4812 :: ('MESH:D016403', 'Disease') :: ['DLCL', 'diffuse large cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity5948 :: ('D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1534 :: ('210', 'Species') :: ['Helicobacter pylori']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival', 'Ten-year OS']

answer: @entity6595 :: (MESH:C535648,Disease) :: ['gastric lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: " @entity135 " caused by neck @entity425 has been reported in a variety of @entity4094 . Previously published reports include isolated cases with @entity746 ( @entity746 ). In this report, nine @entity1 with @entity746 and @entity135 seen during a 20 year period are described. @entity1 AND INVESTIGATIONS: Between 1981 and 2000, 683 @entity1 with @entity746 were diagnosed, based on El Escorial criteria. Nine of these had profound neck @entity425 observed as an early feature, or developing during the later stages of the disease. The protocol for evaluation included detailed clinical history, neurological examination, electromyography, and nerve conduction studies. Investigations were undertaken to exclude @entity1071 , @entity1374 , and @entity1413 . RESULTS: The incidence of @entity135 was 1.3%. The mean (SD) age of the affected @entity1 was 53.3 (10.3) years (range 33 to 65), with an equal distribution of cases in the fourth to seventh decades. In six @entity1 , head drop was an early feature (mean interval from onset of illness 11.6 months (range 3 to 24)); in three it was late (between three and eight years after onset). In five @entity1 , mild @entity425 was present in addition to severe @entity425 . In all nine @entity1 there were diffuse upper and lower motor neurone signs. None of the @entity1 had difficulty in breathing but all had difficulty in swallowing and social embarrassment, both of which could be corrected by simple measures. CONCLUSIONS: @entity135 is an important clinical sign and usually occurs as an early feature within the first one to two years after the onset of @entity746 . The cause of @entity135 in these nine cases could be easily established as @entity746 by the presence of generalised signs.

title: Early or late appearance of " @entity135 " in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['dropped head syndrome', 'Dropped head syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular disorders']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy, lymphoproliferative disorders']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['neck flexor weakness', 'extensor weakness']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['collagen vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid dysfunction']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']


abstract: Besides the classical functions, neutrophils (PMNs) are able to release DNA in response to infectious stimuli, forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and killing pathogens. The pathogenesis of @entity7288 in the mare is not completely understood. The aim was to evaluate the in vitro capacity of @entity1641 PMNs to secrete NETs by chemical activation, or stimulated with @entity11674 (Szoo), @entity526 (Ecoli) or Staphylococcus capitis (Scap) strains obtained from mares with @entity7288 . Ex vivo endometrial mucus from mares with bacterial @entity7288 were evaluated for the presence of NETs. @entity1641 blood PMNs were used either without or with stimulation by @entity4514 ( @entity4515 ), a strong inducer of NETs, for 1-3h. To evaluate PMN ability to produce NETs when phagocytosis was impaired, the phagocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin (Cyt) was added after @entity4515 . After the addition of bacteria, a subsequent 1-h incubation was carried out in seven groups. NETs were visualized by @entity14939 ( @entity14939 ) and anti-histone. Ex vivo samples were immunostained for @entity56989 and neutrophil elastase. A 3-h incubation period of PMN+ @entity4515 increased NETs (p<0.05). Bacteria+25nM @entity4515 and bacteria+ @entity4515 +Cyt increased NETs (p<0.05). Szoo induced fewer NETs than Ecoli or Scap (p<0.05). Ex vivo NETs were present in mares with @entity7288 . Scanning electron microscopy showed the spread of NETs formed by smooth fibers and globules that can be aggregated in thick bundles. Formation of NETs and the subsequent entanglement of bacteria suggest that @entity1641 NETs might be a complementary mechanism in fighting some of the bacteria causing @entity7288 in the mare.

title: Neutrophil extracellular traps formation by bacteria causing XXXX in the mare.

entities_list: @entity7288 :: ('MESH:D004716', 'Disease') :: ['endometritis']

entities_list: @entity14939 :: ('MESH:C007293', 'Chemical') :: ["4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole", 'DAPI']

entities_list: @entity4514 :: ('MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol-myristate-acetate']

entities_list: @entity11674 :: ('40041', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity7288 :: (MESH:D004716,Disease) :: ['endometritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Management of @entity2348 as a common cause of hospitalization and a life threatening clinical syndrome is a challenge. In previous studies, incorrect diagnosis of @entity295 and unnecessary treatment have been frequently reported. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnosis and treatment of cases with a primary diagnosis of @entity295 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Of 410 medical files of @entity1 with primary diagnosis of @entity2348 , 187 fulfilled our criteria and were enrolled in the study. The study was conducted in Razi Hospital of Ahvaz, southwest Iran, from 2009 to 2011. Data included demographic characteristics, underlying disease, clinical symptoms, laboratory and imaging findings, administrated antibacterial drugs, and nurses and doctors-analyzed notes. For evaluation of the diagnosis, @entity1 were divided to two groups, @entity295 group and pseudosepsis group, and for evaluation of the treatment, @entity1 were categorized in appropriate and inappropriate treatment groups and compared using @entity13028 software version 16 by chi-square and fisher exact tests. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Out of 187 cases, 61 were in the intensive care unit (ICU), 98 in the infectious disease ward, and 28 in the internal medicine ward. Correct diagnosis of @entity295 in the ICU, internal and @entity166 wards were made in 16 (26.2%), 4 (14.3%) and 71 (72.4%) cases, respectively. Appropriate treatments for @entity295 in the ICU, internal and infectious wards were applied in 12 (19.7%), 3 (10.7%) and 61 (78.2%) cases, respectively. Ninety-one @entity1 (48.6%) were diagnosed correctly (true @entity295 ) and 76 (40.6%) were treated with proper regimes. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate and unnecessary use of antibiotics by @entity1 with preliminary diagnosis of @entity295 in our hospital, similar to other parts of the world, was high.

title: XXXX : challenges of diagnosis and treatment in a teaching hospital southwest of iran.

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial sepsis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

answer: @entity2348 :: (MESH:D001424,Disease) :: ['Bacterial sepsis']


abstract: Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are considered primary cyclical vectors that transmit pathogenic trypanosomes in Africa. They harbour a variety of microbes including Wolbachia, Sodalis and the @entity1184 ( @entity1184 ) which are all vertically transmitted. Knowledge on tsetse microbiome and their interactions may identify novel strategies for tsetse @entity238 and @entity7246 control. Area-wide application of such strategies requires an understanding of the natural microbiome frequency in the different species and subspecies of Glossina in their geographical populations. Consequently, this study determined the prevalence of Sodalis, @entity2803 in Glossina morsitanscentralis from two sites of Western Zambia. We also explored possible associations of the microbes with trypanosome infections. Male G. morsitanscentralis samples were collected from two sites (Lyoni and Lusinina) in Western Zambia. The age structure of the flies at each site was determined using the wing fray method. DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed for Wolbachia, Sodalis, @entity1184 and trypanosome presence using PCR. Associations and measures of associations between @entity281 and microbes in the @entity238 were determined. The flies from the two locations (Lusinina, n=45 and Lyoni, n=24) had a similar age structure with their median fray category not being significantly different (p=0.698). The overall prevalence of Wolbachia was 72.5% (95% CI: 61.6-83.3%), Sodalis was 15.9% (95% CI: 7.1-24.8%), @entity1184 was 31.9% (95% CI: 20.6-43.2%) and Trypanosoma species was 23.2% (95% CI: 13-33.4%). The prevalence of Wolbachia was significantly higher in Lusinina than Lyoni (p=0.000). However this was not the case for Sodalis, @entity1184 and Trypanosoma species. Despite the low number of flies that were positive for both trypanosome and Sodalis (6; 8.7%), a statistically significant association (p=0.013; AOR 6.2; 95% CI: 1.5-25.8) was observed in G. morsitanscentralis. The study showed that the prevalence of microbiota may vary within the same species of the tsetse depending on the geographical location as was the case of Wolbachia. Further it showed that infection with Sodalis could affect vector competence. The study concludes that Sodalis could be an ideal candidate for symbiont-mediated @entity7246 control interventions in G. morsitanscentralis.

title: Microbiome frequency and their association with XXXX in male Glossina morsitans centralis of Western Zambia.

entities_list: @entity7246 :: ('MESH:D014352', 'Disease') :: ['trypanosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['Wolbachia, SGHV and trypanosome infections']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['salivary gland hypertrophy virus', 'SGHV']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['trypanosome infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['trypanosome infection']


abstract: In this investigation, @entity281 with @entity9463 hyosynoviae was followed in groups of individual @entity1707 in three different herds with regard to occurrence of tonsillar carrier state, clinical @entity625 and development of antibodies in serum and in synovial fluid. Antibodies were detected by a polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) developed for experimental use. The @entity281 with M. hyosynoviae progressed very differently in the three herds investigated. In one herd, the @entity281 was apparently limited to adult @entity1707 . In a second herd, all @entity1707 became tonsillar carriers of M. hyosynoviae, but no mycoplasma-related @entity625 nor any serological response was demonstrated within the growing-finishing period. In the third herd investigated, @entity281 was detected in all @entity1707 , clinical cases of M. hyosynoviae @entity625 followed and a moderate serological response was observed in some, but not all, @entity1707 . In all three herds, M. hyosynoviae @entity281 was carried in the tonsils of the adult @entity1707 , but it was only occasionally transmitted from sows to piglets. Maternal antibodies were transferred to the piglets and persisted for approximately 8-12 weeks. After weaning, some @entity1707 became infected before 20 weeks of age, while others did not. In the majority of cases, the @entity281 was established from 11 weeks of age or older. A @entity281 was present for a period of several weeks within the group of investigated @entity1707 before cases of generalized @entity281 and @entity625 were seen. In some cases, generalization of M. hyosynoviae @entity1503 was observed in spite of the detection of an active serological response a few weeks earlier. The present work suggests that generalization of the @entity281 and development of @entity625 may depend on age, immunity, virulence factors and/or @entity281 pressure; in some herds maybe combined with certain triggering mechanisms such as stress and lowered general resistance.

title: Progression of @entity9463 in three @entity1707 herds. Development of tonsillar carrier state, XXXX and antibodies in serum and synovial fluid in @entity1707 from birth to slaughter.

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['Mycoplasma']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['infection in the blood and in joints']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['latent tonsillar infection', 'natural infection', 'infection', 'tonsillar infection']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report a case of @entity2741 associated with @entity4293 ( @entity4293 ) in large cell @entity2 . METHODS: We present a case of @entity4293 -mediated @entity2741 in a @entity1 with a large cell @entity2 and review the related literature. RESULTS: A 43-year-old African American @entity1 required medical attention because of lethargy, @entity911 , and poor oral intake. He had @entity2415 attributable to a 50-pack-year smoking history. On physical examination, vital signs were normal, he was oriented to place and @entity1 but not time, and he had @entity3085 . Breath sounds were decreased in the left lower lung field. Findings on cardiac and abdominal examination were normal. Results of laboratory studies (and corresponding reference ranges) were as follows: @entity460 12.1 mg/dL (8.5 to 10.5), albumin 2.0 g/dL (3.5 to 5.0), @entity3151 2 mg/dL (2.5 to 4.5), alkaline phosphatase 68 U/L (40 to 150), intact parathyroid hormone 5 pg/mL (10 to 60), @entity4293 7.0 pmol/L (0.0 to 1.5), @entity10692 20.8 pg/mL (25.1 to 66.1), and @entity14257 3.7 ng/mL (10 to 60). Computed tomographic scans of the chest showed a large complex lesion in the left lower hemithorax, a small right @entity1143 , and extensive @entity2542 bilaterally. Open lung biopsy revealed a large cell @entity189 . Abdominal and pelvic computed tomographic scans showed no evidence of metastatic involvement. A bone scan was negative for osseous metastatic lesions. CONCLUSION: Although the finding is rare, @entity1 with large cell @entity2 and @entity2741 may have humoral @entity2741 mediated by @entity4293 .

title: Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in a XXXX with large cell @entity2 : report of case and review of literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity10692 :: ('MESH:C097949', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity4293 :: ('5744', 'Gene') :: ['PTHrP', 'parathyroid hormone-related protein']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['undifferentiated carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['bullous emphysema']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity14257 :: ('MESH:C104450', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity2542 :: ('MESH:D011656', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary emphysema']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of once-daily, extended-release @entity2181 on urinary urgency in @entity1 with @entity2182 . METHODS: @entity1 with urinary frequency (eight or more micturitions per 24 hours) and urge @entity322 (five or more episodes per week) were randomized to oral treatment with @entity2181 extended release 4 mg once daily (n=398) or placebo (n=374) for 12 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by use of @entity1 perception evaluations. RESULTS: The results presented are a secondary analysis of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Of @entity1 treated with @entity2181 extended release, 44% reported improved urgency symptoms (compared with 32% for placebo), and 62% reported improved bladder symptoms (placebo, 48%) (both P<.001 compared with placebo). The odds of reducing urgency and improving bladder symptoms were 1.68 and 1.78 times greater, respectively, for @entity1 in the @entity2181 extended release group than for @entity1 receiving placebo. In response to urgency, there was a more than six-fold increase in the proportion of @entity1 able to finish a task before voiding in the @entity2181 extended release group. The proportion of @entity1 unable to hold urine upon experiencing urgency was also decreased by 58% with @entity2181 , compared with 32% with placebo (P<.001). The proportion of @entity1 reporting "much benefit" from treatment was greater for @entity2181 extended release than for placebo (43% versus 24%; P<.001). The only adverse events with an incidence of greater than 5% were @entity2133 , @entity10 , and @entity1142 , with only @entity2133 markedly more frequent with @entity2181 than with placebo. CONCLUSION: @entity2181 extended release has demonstrable efficacy in reducing the severity of urinary urgency and is associated with improvements in @entity2182 that are meaningful to @entity1 .

title: Reduced perception of urgency in treatment of @entity2182 with extended-release XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2181 :: ('MESH:C099041', 'Chemical') :: ['Tolterodine', 'tolterodine']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder symptoms', 'overactive bladder']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity2181 :: (MESH:C099041,Chemical) :: ['tolterodine']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity231 constitute a morphologically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases that are a major cause of childhood @entity1939 . @entity9762 with Sutural Opacities (CCZS) have been mapped to chromosome 17q11-q12 near the betaA3A1-crystallin gene ( @entity63221 ). The betaA3A1-crystallin gene was investigated as the causative gene for the @entity231 . METHODS: The betaA3/A1-crystallin gene was sequenced in affected and control individuals. Base changes were confirmed and assayed in additional family members and controls using NlaIII restriction digestion of PCR amplified DNA sequences. Base changes were assessed for their effects on splicing by information analysis. RESULTS: The @entity231 are associated with a sequence change in the 5' (donor) splice site of intron 3: GC(g->a)tgagt. The sequence change also creates a new NlaIII site. This base change cosegregates with the @entity231 in this family, being present in every affected individual. Conversely, this base change was not seen in 140 chromosomes examined in 70 unaffected and unrelated individuals. Information theory mutational analysis shows that the base change lowers the information content of the splice site from 6.0 to -6.8 bits, so that splicing would not be expected to occur at the altered site. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these observations suggest that the observed mutation might be causally related to the @entity231 in this family.

title: XXXX with sutural opacities is associated with a splice mutation in the betaA3/A1-crystallin gene.

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity9762 :: ('MESH:C535342', 'Disease') :: ['Autosomal Dominant Zonular Cataracts']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'Congenital cataracts']

answer: @entity9762 :: (MESH:C535342,Disease) :: ['Autosomal dominant zonular cataract']


abstract: AIM: To establish the usefulness of @entity984 mutational analysis in the diagnosis of @entity788 by comparing this technique with conventional cytology in aspirates obtained by endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration. METHODS: All consecutive @entity1 with @entity660 undergoing endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration were included. Samples were obtained with the concurrence of an attendant cytopathologist. Detection of codon-12 @entity984 mutations was performed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction method. The effectiveness of conventional cytology, @entity984 mutational analysis and their combination was established with respect to the definitive diagnosis. A cost-effectiveness analysis was also performed. RESULTS: Thirty-three @entity1 had @entity788 and 24 @entity1 had other lesions. A total of 136 samples was obtained. In @entity1 in whom specimens were adequate (93% for cytology; 100% for mutational analysis), the specificity of both techniques was 100%, whereas the sensitivity favoured cytology (97% vs. 73%). When inadequate samples were considered as misdiagnosed, a combination of both techniques reached the highest overall accuracy (cytology, 91%; mutational analysis, 84%; combination of both, 98%). CONCLUSIONS: Cytology from aspirates obtained by endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration is the most precise single technique for the diagnosis of @entity788 . However, when adequate specimens are not available to reach a cytological diagnosis, the addition of @entity984 mutational analysis represents the best strategy.

title: Clinical usefulness of @entity984 mutational analysis in the diagnosis of XXXX by means of endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic focal lesions']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ OBJECTIVE: In previous reports, orthotopic transplantation models of @entity11 were produced by injecting cell suspension into the brain of @entity19 , which is complex, time-consuming, and nearly impossible to prepare in a large scale within a short period. This study was to establish @entity1 @entity11 orthotopic transplantation model in @entity19 by transplanting @entity5 tissue in the brain, and investigate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the transplanted @entity5 . METHODS: @entity1 @entity11 cells were injected subcutaneously into @entity19 to form @entity1 @entity11 . The transplantable @entity1 @entity11 tissues (2 mm3) were put into trocar and directly injected into the caudate nucleus of @entity19 . Thirty days later, the @entity5 were detected by 1.5T superconduct MR machine with micro-23 coil and measured by Dicomworks (V1.35) software. @entity5 morphology was observed under light microscope with HE staining. @entity5 volume was measured under stereomicroscope. The feasibility of measuring @entity5 volume according to MRI data was evaluated. RESULTS: MRI showed that in the 15 @entity19 received orthotopic transplantation in the caudate nucleus, 14 developed @entity11 . Under microscope, @entity11 tissues were found at the same sites as where MRI indicated. @entity5 volume was (23.45+/-11.64) mm3 as measured by MRI and (23.19+/-10.18) mm3 as detected under stereomicroscope (P>0.05). The successful rate of @entity5 model preparation was 93% (14/15). The successful rate of @entity5 imaging by MRI was 100% (14/14). CONCLUSIONS: Tissue quantitative transplantation via trocar is simple, time-saving, and easy to construct @entity5 model in a large scale with high successful rate. The 1.5T MR machine with micro-23 coil can be used to observe @entity5 position and size of orthotopic transplantation models of @entity1 @entity11 in @entity19 .

title: [Transplantation and magnetic resonance imaging of transplantable @entity1 @entity11 tissue in the brain of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['nude mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: Evaluation of the efficacy and side effects profile of Clobazam in a 24-week open-labelled trial involving 26 cases of drug na  ve adult @entity1 with @entity302 . METHODS: The study was an open labelled unicentre trial in which only drug na  ve cases with @entity302 were included. A total of 26 cases were recruited. One case was dropped because he did not complete the desired follow up. @entity410 type and frequency were recorded and follow up was done at 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 weeks after initiation of therapy. The change in @entity410 severity, the dose of Clobazam required and development of side effects were recorded. RESULTS: The @entity410 types included GTCS (n=16), complex partial @entity410 (n=4), focal @entity410 with secondary generalisation (n=3) and juvenile @entity3148 (n=2). Out of 25 @entity1 , 16 (64%) became @entity410 free, while five (20%) had >50% reduction in their @entity410 frequency. Thus, these 21 @entity1 (84%) were considered to be well controlled. The commonest side effect seen was sedation, which was noted in 4 of the 25 @entity1 (16%). However, in none of these four @entity1 sedation was significant enough to warrant stoppage of therapy. @entity1017 , @entity302 were noted in one @entity1 each. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of Clobazam coupled with the lack of significant side effects noted in our study makes it merit consideration as monotherapy in adult @entity1 with @entity302 .

title: Clobazam monotherapy in drug na  ve adult @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'motor seizures', 'seizures', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain, gait ataxia']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['loss of short-term memory and breakthrough seizures', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3148 :: ('MESH:D004831', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonic epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether thoracic epidural anesthesia ( @entity1041 ) provides better postoperative @entity158 relief and recovery than general anesthesia (GA) for modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgery. Sixty-four @entity1 rated as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1 to 3 who underwent MRM surgery were included in the study. In @entity1041 group @entity1 , 2% @entity3303 (15-20 ml) was administered via the epidural route as primary anesthesia, in conjunction with @entity1363 (5-10 mg) and @entity3575 (<250 microg) for @entity2730 . The GA @entity1 were maintained with @entity5161 and 50% @entity3810 in @entity26 . After operation the @entity1 were given @entity6882 (1 mg/kg IM) as required for @entity158 relief. The time to first @entity6882 requirement, total @entity6882 consumption, worst @entity158 score, bed rest time, satisfaction score, and anesthesia-related side effects were recorded for 2 days after surgery. The results show that @entity1041 provided a more prolonged analgesic effect than GA after operation. A longer time to first @entity6882 requirement (19.2 +/- 1.5 vs. 7.6 +/- 2.5 hours) (p < 0. 001) and decreased @entity6882 consumption (17.2 +/- 7.0 vs. 76.3 +/- 17.4 mg) (p < 0.001) were observed in the @entity1041 group than in the GA group, respectively. A worse visual analog scale (VAS) @entity158 score was observed in the GA group (5.7 +/- 0.6) than in @entity1041 @entity1 (4.3 +/- 0.4) (p < 0.01). The average bed rest time was significantly shorter in the @entity1041 group (16.9 +/- 0.9 hours) (p < 0.01) than in the GA group (27.1 +/- 4.1 hours). Overall satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the @entity1041 group (4.4 +/- 0.1) (p < 0.01) than in the GA group (3.5 +/- 0.2). Side effects were observed at a higher frequency in the GA group (16/32) (p < 0.0001) than in the @entity1041 group (3/32). The frequency of @entity6882 injection for @entity158 relief was significantly lower in the @entity1041 group (8/32) (p < 0.0001) than in the GA group (24/32). The total hospital cost (NT 64,392 +/- 3,523 vs. NT 53,806 +/- 2,817) (p = 0.0342) and anesthesia cost (NT 7,968 +/- 246 vs. NT 5,268 +/- 262) (p < 0.0001) are also significantly lower in the @entity1041 group than the GA group. In conclusion, @entity1041 provided better postoperative @entity158 relief and recovery and lower cost than GA for MRM surgery.

title: Thoracic epidural anesthesia for XXXX relief and postoperation recovery with modified radical mastectomy.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['pethidine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: OBJECT Antithrombosis (AT), defined here as either antiplatelets or anticoagulants, is a significant risk factor for the development of @entity6087 ( @entity6087 ). Resuming AT following the evacuation of cSDH is a highly variable practice, with scant evidence in the literature for guidance. Here, a retrospective analysis of a cohort of @entity1 from a single institution undergoing surgical drainage of cSDH was performed to evaluate @entity260 and determine the optimal timing of the resumption of common antithrombotic agents. METHODS This retrospective analysis was performed on 479 @entity1 undergoing surgical evacuation of cSDH at St. Michael's Hospital over a 5-year period (2007-2012). The collected variables included the type of AT agent, indications for AT, timing and @entity260 , and the restart intervals for the AT agents, when available. @entity260 were classified as major @entity548 , @entity548 , orthromboembolic events. RESULTS Among all 479 study @entity1 , 71 experienced major @entity548 (14.8%), 110 experienced minor @entity548 (23.0%), and 8 experienced @entity1031 (1.67%) postoperatively. @entity1 on any type of preoperative AT regimen were at a higher risk of major @entity548 (19.0% vs 10.9%; OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.15-2.71; p = 0.014). The type of AT agent did not affect the frequency of any @entity260 . @entity1 on any preoperative AT regimen experienced earlier postoperative major @entity548 (mean 16.2 vs 26.5 days; p = 0.052) and @entity1031 events (mean 2.7 vs 51.5 days; p = 0.036) than those @entity1 without a history of AT; the type of AT agent did not affect timing of complications. @entity1 who were restarted on any AT therapy postoperatively were at decreased risk of major rebleeding following resumption than those @entity1 who were not restarted (OR 0.06; 95% CI 0.02-0.2; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS @entity1 with a history of preoperative AT experienced @entity1031 complications significantly earlier than those @entity1 without AT, which peaked at 3 days postoperatively with no increase in @entity548 risk when AT was restarted. Cursory evidence is presented that shows resuming AT early following the surgical evacuation of cSDH at 3 days postoperatively may be safe. However, much larger prospective studies are required prior to providing any definitive recommendations regarding the optimal timing and method of resumption of individual agents.

title: Timing of the resumption of antithrombotic agents following surgical evacuation of XXXX : a retrospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['minor hemorrhages', 'hemorrhage', 'hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['type of postoperative complications', 'postoperative complications', 'Postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity6087 :: ('MESH:D020200', 'Disease') :: ['cSDHs', 'chronic subdural hematomas']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'thromboembolic']

answer: @entity6087 :: (MESH:D020200,Disease) :: ['chronic subdural hematomas']


abstract: @entity560 has been reported to inhibit the growth of @entity263 cells and model systems. In this study, we examined the interaction between @entity3873 (1,25 D) in the presence or absence of endogenous @entity251 on the growth and development of the adult @entity35 prostate. Male @entity35 (165 days old) were either kept intact or castrated. Seven days after castration, the @entity35 were treated with vehicle (control) or 1,25 D for 3 weeks and then sacrificed. Both ventral and dorsal lateral prostates were harvested; whole tissue lysates were collected and @entity16311 protein levels were analyzed by immunoblot analyses. Administration of 1,25 D in the intact animals decreased the prostatic size by 40%, compared to control animals, whereas 1,25 D did not influence the size of the prostate in castrated @entity35 . 1,25 D administration in intact groups also increased both the AR and @entity16311 protein levels by approximately twofold, whereas in castrated groups, 1,25 D only increased the AR protein level by 1.5-2.5-fold. 1,25 D in the presence of endogenous @entity251 inhibits prostatic growth, whereas 1,25 D in the absence of endogenous @entity251 does not affect prostatic growth. The growth inhibitory activity of 1,25 D in the presence of @entity251 may be mediated through the ligand activated AR and @entity16311 pathways. These studies may reveal important information about the potential efficacy of 1,25 D as well as hormonal status in understanding the development of @entity4623 .

title: XXXX and androgen regulation of prostatic growth.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity3873 :: ('MESH:D002117', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)']

entities_list: @entity4623 :: ('MESH:D011469', 'Disease') :: ['prostate diseases']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['Vitamin D']

answer: @entity560 :: (MESH:D014807,Chemical) :: ['Vitamin D']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report long-term efficacy and safety results of the SANTE trial investigating deep brain stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) for treatment of localization-related @entity302 . METHODS: This long-term follow-up is a continuation of a previously reported trial of 5- vs 0-V ANT stimulation. Long-term follow-up began 13 months after device implantation with stimulation parameters adjusted at the investigators' discretion. @entity410 frequency was determined using daily @entity410 diaries. RESULTS: The median percent @entity410 reduction from baseline at 1 year was 41%, and 69% at 5 years. The responder rate (>= 50% reduction in @entity410 frequency) at 1 year was 43%, and 68% at 5 years. In the 5 years of follow-up, 16% of subjects were @entity410 -free for at least 6 months. There were no reported unanticipated adverse device effects or symptomatic @entity932 . The Liverpool @entity410 Severity Scale and 31-item Quality of Life in @entity302 measure showed statistically significant improvement over baseline by 1 year and at 5 years (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Long-term follow-up of ANT deep brain stimulation showed sustained efficacy and safety in a treatment-resistant population. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This long-term follow-up provides Class IV evidence that for @entity1 with drug-resistant partial @entity302 , anterior thalamic stimulation is associated with a 69% reduction in @entity410 frequency and a 34% serious device-related adverse event rate at 5 years.

title: Long-term efficacy and safety of thalamic stimulation for drug-resistant partial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: @entity1368 has been recognized as a common cause of secondary @entity101 , accounting for approximately 10% of the @entity101 population. Screening should be applied in @entity101 @entity1 presenting with one of the following: @entity1371 , refractory @entity101 , suggestive family history, or an incidentally detected @entity774 . The most advocated screening test at present is the @entity1369 -to- @entity916 ratio, which has a high sensitivity but low specificity. The specificity increases if @entity1 with low @entity1369 concentrations are excluded. Published cut-off values vary depending on the hormone assay and the investigated population. Before screening, antihypertensive treatment, especially @entity1369 antagonists and beta-blockers, should be discontinued. A pathologic result requires additional work up to prove mineralocorticoid excess. Subtype differentiation is performed by adrenal venous sampling combined with imaging (CT or MRI). One-third of cases are due to @entity1369 -producing @entity652 , for which the preferred treatment is laparoscopic adrenalectomy. @entity774 ( @entity1368 ) underlies two-thirds of cases and requires treatment with @entity1369 antagonists. Treatment is started with low doses of @entity1482 (25-50 mg once daily), which often results in substantial improvements in @entity101 .

title: XXXX : current knowledge and controversies in @entity1368 .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic aldosteronism', 'Primary aldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity1482 :: ('MESH:D013148', 'Chemical') :: ['spironolactone']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia', 'adrenal mass']

answer: @entity1368 :: (MESH:D006929,Disease) :: ['Primary aldosteronism']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the potential effectiveness of @entity3174 ( @entity29597 ) in preventing early postoperative @entity410 in @entity1 undergoing craniotomy for @entity1313 . METHODS: Two hundred @entity1 requiring elective craniotomy for @entity1313 were randomized to two groups of equal size, with a prospective, open-label, controlled design. One group received @entity29597 (18 mg/kg as an intravenous intraoperative load, followed by additional daily doses aimed at maintaining serum @entity29597 concentrations within the 10- to 20-aeg/ml range) for 7 consecutive days. In the other group, @entity29597 was not administered. More than 90% of @entity1 in both groups continued to take preexisting anticonvulsant medication (AEDs) with @entity2049 or @entity109 throughout the study. The primary efficacy end point was the number of @entity1 remaining free from @entity410 during the 7-day period after the operation. RESULTS: Of 100 @entity1 allocated to @entity29597 , 13 experienced @entity410 during the 7-day observation period, compared with 11 of 100 @entity1 in the placebo group (p > 0.05). Most @entity410 occurred in the first day after surgery in both groups. There were no differences between groups in the proportion of @entity1 experiencing more than one @entity410 , but there was a trend for generalized @entity410 to be more common in @entity29597 -treated @entity1 than in controls (11 vs. five @entity1 , respectively). @entity159 occurred in one @entity1 in the @entity29597 group and in two @entity1 in the control group. Of the 13 @entity29597 -treated @entity410 @entity1 , 11 had serum @entity29597 concentrations within the target range, and only two had concentrations below range on the days their @entity410 occurred. CONCLUSIONS: @entity29597 , given at dosages producing serum concentrations within the target range, failed to prevent early postoperative @entity410 in @entity1 treated with concomitant AEDs. Prophylactic administration of @entity29597 cannot be recommended in these @entity1 .

title: Add-on XXXX fails to prevent @entity410 after surgery for @entity1313 : a randomized controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['supratentorial brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['Status epilepticus']

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['phenytoin']


abstract: @entity63 has been associated with the presence of free radicals. In this study, two enzyme systems involved in free-radical metabolism were used to compare a distal skin flap to a skin graft. Forty-two @entity35 were divided into several test groups. @entity65392 3 cm dorsal @entity35 flap was used, and tissue biopsies for @entity3624 oxidase and @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) were obtained 2.5, 5.5, and 8.5 cm from the base of the flap at the hours given. In group I (control), the flap was outlined but not elevated, and biopsies were obtained. In group II, the flap was elevated, and biopsies were obtained at 6 hours. In group III, the flap was elevated, the distal 4 X 3 cm was amputated and replaced as a full-thickness skin graft, and biopsies were obtained at 6 hours. In group IV, the flap was elevated, and biopsies were obtained at 12 hours. In group V, the flap was treated as in group III, and biopsies were obtained at 12 hours. In group VI, the flap was elevated, and biopsies were obtained at 24 hours. In group VII, the flap was treated as in group III, and biopsies were obtained at 24 hours. RESULTS: @entity3624 oxidase was significantly higher in all distal biopsies compared to proximal biopsies. @entity3624 oxidase also increased with time. @entity1234 increased over time as well as with distance from the flap base. Distal flap biopsies at 24 hours had greatly increased levels of @entity1234 compared to skin grafts (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The critical relationship between free radicals and degrees of XXXX : evidence for tissue intolerance of marginal perfusion.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Skin-flap ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['Xanthine', 'xanthine']

entities_list: @entity65392 :: ('p|SUB|A|10|X', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['A 10 X']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malonyldialdehyde', 'Malonyldialdehyde']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: In @entity2332 the underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for poor outcome during rewarming through 32 degrees C remain obscure, although possible associations include changes in acid-base balance, divalent cations, and inflammatory markers. This study investigated the metabolic and inflammatory changes that occur during the rewarming of hypothermic @entity1 . METHODS: Eight @entity1 , four @entity1 and four @entity1 , age 45 to 85 years, admitted with core temperatures <35 degrees C were included in the study. @entity1 were rewarmed with dry warm blankets and fluid replaced by crystalloid at 40 degrees C. Bloods for pH, ionised @entity460 ( @entity141 ) and @entity1760 ( @entity1025 ), @entity461 ( @entity461 ), @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ), @entity650 ( @entity650 ), tissue @entity39 factor alpha ( @entity310 ), were collected at presentation, during rewarming, and at 24 hours. RESULTS: Four @entity1 were admitted with mild (32 degrees -35 degrees C) and four with moderate (28 degrees -32 degrees C) @entity2332 . Rewarming to 32 degrees C had no significant effect on the presenting @entity520 (p=0.1740), although above 32 degrees C pH increased with temperature (p<0.0001). There was a negative correlation between pH and both @entity141 (p=0.0005) and @entity1025 (p=0.0488) below 32 degrees C; above this temperature the relation was significant only for @entity141 (p=0.0494). @entity461 and @entity141 correlated positively (p=0.0041) and negatively (p=0.0039) below and above 32 degrees C respectively. There was no relation between @entity1192 or @entity310 with @entity141 during rewarming, but @entity650 and @entity141 correlated positively (p=0.0039) and negatively (p=0.0018) when presentation temperature was below and above 32 degrees C respectively. CONCLUSIONS: During rewarming pH remains unchanged until @entity1 temperature approaches 32 degrees C. @entity141 and @entity1025 decline is associated with the pH increase above 32 degrees C. Poor outcome is associated with presentation temperature (<32 degrees C), non-physiological correlation between @entity650 - @entity461 - @entity141 , and age (>or=84 years).

title: XXXX and active rewarming: the metabolic and inflammatory changes observed above and below 32 degrees C.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['accidental hypothermia', 'hypothermia']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity2332 :: (MESH:D007035,Disease) :: ['Accidental hypothermia']


abstract: Conventional methods of cardiac output monitoring using pulmonary artery catheters may not be feasible in @entity1 with @entity299 because of @entity1 ' small size or aberrant anatomy. We studied the accuracy of a new device, which uses pulse contour analysis to measure continuous cardiac output, in @entity1 and adults undergoing congenital heart surgery. Sixteen @entity1 , median ages 7 yr old, were included in this prospective study. One-hundred-ninety-one data points were obtained in the pre- and postcardiopulmonary bypass periods and in the first 12 h after intensive care unit admission. We evaluated the relationship between cardiac index (CI) derived from transpulmonary thermodilution (TDCI) and CI derived from pulse contour analysis (PCCI). Bias and limits of agreement between TDCI and PCCI over all time periods were 0.1 +/- 1.94, indicating a wide dispersion of the data. Coefficient of correlation (r) between the TDCI and PCCI was 0.7. Although in previous studies, PCCI has been suggested to be accurate in adult cardiac surgery, we found it to be less reliable in our study @entity1 , even after shunt correction. The relationships of the volume and pressure based measures of preload, intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI), and central venous pressure with CI were also investigated. After repair, correlation (r) between PCCI or TDCI and ITBI (0.56 and 0.71, respectively) was better than that between PCCI or TDCI and CVP (0.16 and 0.11, respectively), indicating greater validity of ITBI as a measure of preload. IMPLICATIONS: Our results suggest that the pulse contour analysis cardiac output (CO) monitoring in @entity1 undergoing congenital heart surgery may not provide as accurate or reliable measures of CO as previously suggested. The volume-based variable of preload intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBI) has better correlation with cardiac index (CI) than the central venous pressure, suggesting that ITBI may be a better indicator of preload.

title: Pulse contour analysis for cardiac output monitoring in cardiac surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'children']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital heart disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Selective @entity172 receptor modulators are novel compounds that bind to the @entity172 receptor and have mixed agonistic and antagonistic activities. Recently, an increase in @entity322 has been reported with hormone replacement therapy use. A decrease in surgical procedures for pelvic floor relaxation has been recently reported with @entity441 , a selective @entity172 receptor modulator that is not uterotropic. @entity46018 is a selective @entity172 receptor modulator that was developed for the purpose of the treatment and prevention of @entity170 . STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicentered prospective study of healthy @entity1 aged >or=65 years with @entity170 who were randomized to blindly receive placebo or @entity46018 0.5 mg or 1.25 mg daily as part of a planned 3-year @entity170 treatment study. Multiple medical and gynecologic evaluations were performed. Adverse events were reported to investigators and coded with the use of World Health Organization terminology. This study was halted after 10 months because of the large number of gynecologic and other adverse events. RESULTS: Among 2924 @entity1 who were studied, those @entity1 who were treated with @entity46018 had a marked increase compared with placebo in @entity20942 (30% vs 3%), increased endometrial thickness on ultrasound scan (19% vs 1%), enlarged uterus (17% vs 3%), @entity3134 (7% vs 2%), @entity322 (17% vs 4%), increased micturition frequency (9% vs 4%), lower @entity490 (17% vs 6%), hot flushes (10% vs 3%), and leg cramps (6% vs 0.8%). All of these differences were highly statistically significant with a probability value of.0001 for each. CONCLUSION: @entity46018 results in multiple adverse gynecologic and other events in postmenopausal @entity1 with @entity170 .

title: Adverse events that are associated with the selective XXXX receptor modulator @entity46018 in an aborted phase III @entity170 treatment study.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity20942 :: ('MESH:D007973', 'Disease') :: ['leukorrhea']

entities_list: @entity3134 :: ('MESH:D011391', 'Disease') :: ['uterovaginal prolapse']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity46018 :: ('MESH:C108255', 'Chemical') :: ['levormeloxifene', 'Levormeloxifene']

entities_list: @entity441 :: ('MESH:D020849', 'Chemical') :: ['raloxifene']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In essential @entity101 , especially in @entity1184 , global diastolic function is impaired. But, whether the left ventricular (LV) geometric pattern influences regional systolic and diastolic function or not, is unknown. This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of left ventricular geometric pattern on regional systolic and diastolic function in @entity101 @entity1 . DESIGN: Ninety untreated mild to moderate @entity101 @entity1 were studied. M-mode parameters, standard Doppler and PW tissue Doppler indices were measured. @entity1 were divided into four groups according to left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness: normal geometry (n = 16), concentric remodeling (n = 16), @entity1184 (n = 32) and @entity1184 (n = 26). RESULTS: Age, gender, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were similar among groups. E/A ratio was significantly lower in the @entity1184 group compared with the normal geometry group. Em velocity and Em/Am ratio in basal septum and Em velocity in basal inferior were statistically lower in the @entity1184 group compared with the normal geometry group. In the @entity1184 group, the number of segments with @entity67 was significantly higher compared with the normal geometry group. LV ejection fraction and regional S velocity could be compared among groups. CONCLUSION: LV regional diastolic function is being impaired in @entity1184 . LV regional systolic function does not show a difference according to the LV geometric pattern.

title: Influence of left ventricular geometry on regional systolic and diastolic function in XXXX with essential @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['eccentric hypertrophy', 'concentric hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were 1) to assess the degree of agreement between @entity2841 flow dynamics determined by MR and @entity428 monitoring in the diagnosis of NPH, and 2) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of @entity2841 flow dynamics studied by MR in predicting improvement after shunting. @entity1 AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out in 35 consecutive @entity1 with suspected NPH. @entity2841 velocity (Phase Contrast) through the aqueduct was determined in sagittal plane. @entity1 were classified as "normal" or hyperdynamic in comparison with a control group of 27 healthy volunteers. Continuous extradural @entity428 monitoring was performed for at least 72 hours and @entity1 were classified as having active, compensated, or ex-vacuo @entity1276 . @entity1 with active or compensated @entity1276 were shunted. RESULTS: The degree of agreement between MR dynamics and @entity428 monitoring was 82%. Sensitivity of @entity2841 velocity was 90% and specificity was 50%. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of agreement between @entity428 monitoring and @entity2841 velocity is high. High @entity2841 velocity through the aqueduct is a good predictor of improvement after surgery. However, @entity1 with normal velocity in MR required additional tests before a diagnosis of NPH is ruled out.

title: Agreement between @entity2841 flow dynamics in MRI and @entity428 monitoring in the diagnosis of normal pressure XXXX . Sensitivity and specificity of @entity2841 dynamics to predict outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: AIMS: Data regarding the prevalence of @entity1277 ( @entity1277 ) and their influence on clinical outcomes among @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (T2DM) are scarce. Our aim is to investigate the frequency of positive screening for @entity1277 , specifically @entity5550 ( @entity5550 ), in a T2DM sample and analyze whether there are any differences among T2DM subjects with a positive screening for @entity1277 or @entity5550 . METHODS: Three hundred and twenty subjects with T2DM were recruited randomly. All @entity1 were evaluated for the presence of @entity1277 by completing the "Eating Attitudes Test-26" (EAT-26). In addition, the "Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised" (QEWP-R) for the screening of @entity5550 was also implemented. Sociodemographic, clinical and biochemical parameters were also recorded. RESULTS: According to EAT-26, 14  % of subjects screened positive for @entity1277 . Regarding QEWP-R, 16  % had a positive screening for @entity1277 , with @entity5550 having a frequency of 12.2  %, being the most prevalent one. There was a positive correlation between the scores obtained with the EAT-26 and the Beck Depression Inventory (p  =  0.0014). @entity1 with @entity5550 were younger (57.5      11.1 vs 63.3      10.3  years; p  =  0.004), with a lesser T2DM duration (8.5      6.1 vs 12.1      9.6  years; p  =  0.002). Weight and BMI among subjects with @entity5550 were greater (89.1      1.3 vs 82.4      16.7  kg; p  =  0.04 and 39.4      10.3 vs 30.7      5.5  kg/m(2); p  =  0.01). The frequency of subjects with one admission related to T2DM or any other condition during the last year was higher (10 vs 3  %; p  =  0.04 and 33 vs 21  %; p  =  0.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1277 among T2DM are frequent. Due to their deleterious effect on different metabolic and psychological outcomes, they should be diagnosed promptly, especially @entity5550 .

title: @entity1277 are frequent among @entity164 2 XXXX @entity1 and are associated with worse metabolic and psychological outcomes: results from a cross-sectional study in primary and secondary care settings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['eating disorders', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity5550 :: ('MESH:D056912', 'Disease') :: ['BED', 'binge eating disorder']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']