abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity205 ( @entity9472 ) and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are co-prescribed for some arthritic conditions. We tested the hypothesis that this combined regimen elicits exaggerated nephrotoxicity in @entity35 via the upregulation of endothelin (ET) receptor signaling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The effect of 10-day treatment with @entity9472 (20 mg.kg(-1) .day(-1) ), @entity3352 (5 mg.kg(-1) .day(-1) ), or their combination on renal biochemical, inflammatory, oxidative and structural profiles were assessed. The roles of @entity11081 receptor and @entity4645 ( @entity4645 ) pathways in the interaction were evaluated. KEY RESULTS: Oral treatment with @entity9472 or @entity3352 elevated serum @entity1133 and @entity1011 , caused @entity8 and @entity82 , increased renal @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ), and reduced immunohistochemical expressions of @entity11081 receptor and @entity4645 . @entity9472 , but not @entity3352 , increased renal ET-1, lipid peroxidation product @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ), and @entity2041 ( @entity6172 ) activity. Compared with individual treatments, simultaneous @entity9472 / @entity3352 exposure caused: (i) greater elevations in serum @entity1011 and renal @entity1865 , (ii) loss of the compensatory increase in @entity6172 , (iii) renal infiltration of inflammatory cells and worsening of @entity39 , and (iv) increased renal @entity1827 and @entity4645 expressions. Blockade of @entity11081 receptors by @entity9469 ameliorated biochemical, structural, inflammatory, and oxidative abnormalities caused by @entity9472 / @entity3352 regimen. Further, @entity9469 partly reversed @entity9472 / @entity3352 -evoked reductions in @entity11081 and @entity4645 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The exaggerated oxidative insult and associated dysregulation of the @entity11081 receptor/ @entity4645 / @entity1810 signaling might account for the aggravated nephrotoxicity caused by the @entity9472 / @entity3352 regimen. The potential renoprotective effect of @entity11081 receptor antagonism might be exploited therapeutically.

title: Endothelin @entity11081 receptor/lipid peroxides/ @entity4645 / @entity1810 signaling underlies aggravated nephrotoxicity caused by XXXX plus @entity3352 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal tubular atrophy']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity9469 :: ('MESH:C430623', 'Chemical') :: ['atrasentan']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['fibrotic and necrotic profiles']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity1827 :: ('24323(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ET-1 and decreased ETA receptor']

entities_list: @entity1810 :: ('59086(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-b1', 'TGF-b1']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: Since the major reviews on diet and @entity5 by the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and by the British Department of Health's Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) in 1997 and 1998, additional epidemiological studies relating (red) meat consumption and @entity14 have been published or found by search. These are collected here. Thirty adequate case-control studies have been published up to 1999 (from 16 different countries). Twenty of them found no significant association of (red) meat with @entity14 . Of the remaining 10 studies reporting an association, some obtained statistical significance only in rectal or @entity694 , another only in @entity1 , not @entity1 , or found a stronger association with pasta and @entity579 , or used an inadequate food list in the food frequency questionnaire. Fifteen cohort studies have now been published. Only in three were significant associations of (red) meat found with @entity14 . Two of these positive studies were from the same group in the USA (relative risk 1.7). The results of the third positive study appear to conflict with data from part of the vegetarians follow up mortality study. Here, five groups of vegetarians (in three different countries) with socially matched controls were followed up (total 76 000 @entity1 ). Mortality from @entity14 was not distinguishable between vegetarians and controls. While it is still possible that certain processed meats or sausages (with a variety of added ingredients) or meats cooked at very high temperature carry some risk, the relationship between meats in general and @entity14 now looks weaker than the 'probable' status it was judged to have by the WCRF in 1997.

title: Meat consumption and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancers']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer of the large bowel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The decreased reproductive capacity of @entity1 is an important factor contributing to @entity249 . Accumulating evidence has shown that Electromagnetic radiation potentially has negative effects on @entity1 health. However, whether radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) affects the @entity1 reproductive system still requires further investigation. Therefore, The present study investigates whether RF-EMR at a frequency of 900  MHz can trigger sperm cell apoptosis and affect semen morphology, concentration, and microstructure. METHODS: Twenty four @entity35 were exposed to 900  MHz electromagnetic radiation with a special absorption rate of 0.66        0.01  W/kg for 2  h/d. After 50d, the sperm count, morphology, apoptosis, reactive @entity26 species (ROS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), representing the sum of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, were investigated. Western blotting and reverse transcriptase PCR were used to determine the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and genes, including @entity1976 , @entity2310 , cytochrome c, and capase-3. RESULTS: In the present study, the percentage of apoptotic sperm cells in the exposure group was significantly increased by 91.42  % compared with the control group. Moreover, the ROS concentration in exposure group was increased by 46.21  %, while the TAC was decreased by 28.01  %. Radiation also dramatically decreased the protein and mRNA expression of @entity1976 and increased that of @entity2310 , cytochrome c, and capase-3. CONCLUSION: RF-EMR increases the ROS level and decreases TAC in @entity35 sperm. Excessive oxidative stress alters the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and triggers sperm apoptosis through @entity1976 , @entity2310 , cytochrome c and @entity4124 signaling pathways.

title: Electromagnetic radiation at 900  MHz induces sperm apoptosis through @entity1976 , @entity2310 and @entity4124 signaling pathways in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of global postural reeducation (GPR) relative to @entity1347 ( @entity29694 ) in the treatment of @entity7109 ( @entity7109 ) associated with @entity4048 . METHODS: @entity1 with @entity7109 and @entity4048 (n = 30) aged 18 to 65 years were randomly assigned to one of two groups: GPR and @entity29694 ( @entity29694 ). The upper extremity was assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire; function of the neck was estimated using the Neck Disability Index; @entity158 severity was measured using a visual analogical scale; and health-related quality of life was assessed using the Short Form-12. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after 10 weekly sessions (60 minutes each). The significance level adopted was a < .05. RESULTS: For pre-post treatment comparisons, GPR was significantly associated with improvements in function of neck and upper extremities, @entity158 , and physical and mental domains of quality of life (P < .05). Segmental exercises improved function of upper extremities and of the neck and severity of @entity158 (P < .05). When contrasting groups, GPR was significantly superior to @entity29694 in improving @entity158 and physical domains of the quality of life. CONCLUSION: This study showed that GPR and @entity29694 had similar effects on function of the neck and upper extremity in @entity1 with @entity7109 associated with @entity4048 . When comparing groups, GPR was superior to @entity29694 in improving @entity158 and quality of life.

title: Effectiveness of global postural reeducation compared to @entity1347 on function, XXXX , and quality of life of @entity1 with @entity7109 associated with @entity4048 : a preliminary clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['segmental exercises']

entities_list: @entity29694 :: ('MESH:D057896', 'Disease') :: ['stretching exercises', 'SE']

entities_list: @entity7109 :: ('MESH:C566638', 'Disease') :: ['scapular dyskinesis', 'SD']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: Body condition scoring (BCS) is a subjective semiquantitative method of assessing body fat and muscle. Scoring systems use a scale in which the midrange represents optimal body condition, lower values represent lean to emaciated conditions, and higher values indicate excessive body fat. A valid BCS system is clearly described, relevant to the species, shows agreement within and between raters, and is consistent with objective measures. The goal of the current study was to assess intra- and interrater variability of a BCS system that uses a 1-to-5 scale and entails the palpation of key anatomic sites (hips, spine, pelvis, thorax, and abdomen) to assess prominence of bony structures, muscle mass, and subcutaneous fat. To assess interrater variability, 4 raters independently assessed BCS in 616 @entity2608 ( @entity2608 ) in 4 age groups: @entity1 , younger than 1 y; juvenile, 1 to 4 y; subadult, 4 to 7 y; and adult, 7 to 17 y. To assess intrarater variability, each rater independently reevaluated a subset of adult macaques (n = 15) within 2 wk of initial evaluation. A weighted k score was used to analyze intra- and interrater variability. Agreement between raters was highest for subadult and adult macaques, intermediate for juveniles, and least for @entity1 . Intrarater agreement was high for all raters except one, for which it was moderate. Our results suggest that raters applied the BCS system most consistently to adult and subadult macaques and less so to juvenile and @entity1 animals. However, the percentage agreement between raters to within one half of a score unit increased markedly when raters scored @entity1 in the context of 'as is' rather than 'ideal for age.'

title: Validation of a body condition scoring system in XXXX ( @entity2608 ): inter- and intrarater variability.

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['Macaca mulatta', 'rhesus macaques']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus macaques']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Particle dose distributions are highly sensitive to anatomy changes in the beam path, which may lead to substantial dosimetric deviations. Robust planning and dedicated image guidance together with strategies for online decision making to counteract dosimetric deterioration are thus mandatory. We aimed to develop methods to quantify anatomical discrepancies as depicted by repeated computed tomography (CT) imaging and to test whether they can predict deviations in target coverage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dedicated software tools allowed for voxel-based calculations of changes in the water equivalent path length (WEPL) in beam directions. We prepared proton and @entity505 ion plans with different coplanar beam angle settings on a series of @entity2 @entity1 , for which planning and localization CT scans under high frequency jet ventilation (HFJV) for @entity5 fixation were performed. We investigated the reproducibility of target coverage between the optimized and recalculated treatment plans. We then studied how different raster scan and planning settings influence the robustness. Finally, we carried out a systematic analysis of the variations in the WEPL along different coplanar beam angles to find beam directions, which could minimize such variations. RESULTS: The Spearman's correlations for the GTV   V95 and   V98 with the   WEPL for the proton plans with a 0   and -45   two-field configuration were 0.701 (p = 0.02) and 0.719 (p = 0.08), respectively. For beam configurations 0   and -90  , or 0   and + 45  , with lower   WEPL, the correlations were no significant. The same trends were observed for the @entity505 ion plans. Increased beam spot overlap reduced dosimetric deterioration in case of large   WEPL. CONCLUSION: Software tools for fast online analysis of WEPL changes might help supporting clinical decision making of image guidance. Raster scan and treatment planning settings can help to compensate for anatomical deviations.

title: Changes in the radiological depth correlate with dosimetric deterioration in particle therapy for stage I NSCLC XXXX under high frequency jet ventilation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Portal vein embolisation (PVE) can be used to increase the remnant liver parenchyma volume before major hepatectomy but may stimulate @entity5 growth. The pattern of disease recurrence and long-term survival has not been adequately addressed. METHODS: Over a period of 7 years 36 @entity1 underwent preoperative PVE before resection of four or more liver segments for @entity14 ( @entity14 ) liver @entity3 . PVE was performed when the future liver remnant (FLR) assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan volumetry was less than 30%. Disease-free and overall survival was compared with a control group (65 @entity1 ) undergoing extended right/right hepatectomy for @entity14 @entity3 without PVE during the same time period. RESULTS: PVE was successful in all @entity1 . PVE increased the median FLR volume by 37% [295 ml (22%) to 404 ml (32%), p < 0.0001]. 61% of @entity1 undergoing PVE proceeded to liver resection (n = 22). Twelve @entity1 (33%) developed disease progression following PVE. The 5-year survival after liver resection with PVE was 25%, compared with 50% without PVE. The 5-year disease-free survival was 30% post PVE and 50% without PVE. CONCLUSION: We conclude that PVE significantly increases the future liver remnant. Only two-thirds of @entity1 proceed to resection because of disease progression. Long-term survival is less than in @entity1 who do not require PVE. The effect of PVE on @entity5 growth requires investigation.

title: Long-term survival and disease recurrence following portal vein embolisation prior to major hepatectomy for colorectal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous studies indicate that the @entity737 ( @entity737 ) has a large impact on the quality of life of @entity1 . The effects of having an @entity737 over longer periods of times has been less studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of life and well-being of @entity1167 who have received an @entity737 ( @entity737 ) or other treatment. METHODS: 168 @entity1 were monitored for 1 year and completed four questionnaires. RESULTS: No differences were found between the two treatments regarding quality of life (except for @entity158 , @entity737 @entity1 perceived @entity158 ) and well-being. A significant improvement in physical and social function, and in mental health was found in the first 6 months. Older @entity1 (60 years or older) perceived less improvement in their health than younger @entity1 . @entity1 reported having poorer social function. The prevalence of @entity148 and probable @entity308 was high irrespective of the treatment received: @entity148 and @entity308 symptoms did not change significantly between 1 and 12 months after discharge. @entity1 with higher @entity148 scores experienced less improvement in health and @entity1 with more @entity308 symptoms experienced poorer social function. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity148 and probable @entity308 was high in @entity1167 . Probable @entity308 affected social function. Those @entity1 who felt anxious experienced less health improvement. Quality of life and well-being were not affected by the type of treatment. We conclude that surviving an out-of-hospital @entity1167 has a greater impact on @entity1 than the treatment received.

title: A 12-month quality of life assessment of XXXX treated with or without an @entity737 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'depressive']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICD', 'implantable cardioverter defibrillator']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['less pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest survivors', 'cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest survivors']


abstract: A clinical study was designed to study @entity328 isolates recovered from a community hospital in Japan from April 2001 to November 2002. A total of 73 isolates were defined as derived from inpatient, outpatient, and hospital staff groups. The MIC results showed that 20 strains (27.4%) were susceptible to @entity3397 , 39 strains (53.4%) had intermediate resistance, and 14 strains (19.2%) had full resistance. Low susceptibility to macrolides was also detected: 32.9%, 32.9%, and 34.2% of all strains were resistant to @entity2929 , @entity4581 , and @entity4580 , respectively. Thirty strains (41%) were resistant to at least two different kinds of antibiotics. Nineteen disparate serotypes were detected besides two nontypeable strains, and the predominant serotypes were 19F and 23F. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern A was dominant in the serotype 19F group; this pattern was similar to that of the international clone Taiwan 19F. A total of 10 different patterns were detected in the 23F group and were distinguishable from those of the international clones Spain 23F and Taiwan 23F. Pattern b strains were identified in the same ward, and pattern d strains were found both in @entity1 with @entity580 ( @entity580 ) and in outpatients. In conclusion, drug-resistant @entity2260 was spreading rapidly, especially isolates of the serotype 19F and 23F groups. PFGE data revealed interpatient transmission and suggested that there might be some association between @entity580 @entity1 strains and outpatient strains.

title: Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics of XXXX isolates indicating possible nosocomial transmission routes in a community hospital in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity4580 :: ('MESH:D017963', 'Chemical') :: ['azithromycin']

entities_list: @entity3397 :: ('MESH:D010400', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin G']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['NPI', 'nosocomial pneumococcal infections']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']


abstract: @entity354 ( @entity354 ) is often associated with anomalies of other systems. The genetic contribution to the formation of the VACTERL association is not clear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of associated anomalies in two different racial populations. The associated anomalies in neonates with @entity354 managed in an Asian and a European paediatric surgical centre from 1982 to 1998 were reviewed. Non-Asian and non-European @entity1 were excluded from the respective centres. The incidence of anomalies was compared using Fisher's exact test, taking @entity42592 /E5# below 0.05 as statistically significant. Forty-eight consecutive Asian (25 @entity1 and 23 @entity1 ) and 34 consecutive European @entity1 (20 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 ) were included in the analysis. The percentage of @entity1 with at least one associated @entity154 was 50% and 74% in the Asian and European populations, respectively, which was significantly different ( @entity42592 /E5#=0. 04). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of associated cardiovascular (29% vs 39%), anorectal (11% vs 18%), and musculoskeletal (16% vs 22%) anomalies, duodenal @entity1146 (4% vs 3%), or @entity1467 (3% vs 6%) between the two populations. However, the European @entity1 had a significantly higher incidence of @entity790 (26% vs 4%, @entity42592 /E5#=0.006), the most common being agenesis (n=4) and @entity1141 (n=3) of one or both kidneys. Hereditary factors may influence the incidence of associated anomalies in @entity1 with @entity354 , particularly of the UG system. However, environmental factors cannot be excluded.

title: Anomalies associated with XXXX in Asians and Europeans.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['Oesophageal atresia', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['urogenital (UG) anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['oesophageal atresia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity13983 is one of the most bioactive antioxidants with important applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. However, there are few biotechnological processes developed for its production, because it requires precursors (ellagitannins) and the corresponding biocatalyst (ellagitannase). The aim of this study was to optimize the culture conditions for ellagitannase production by @entity11150 in solid-state fermentation (SSF). The bioprocess was carried out into a column bioreactor packed with @entity2636 foam impregnated with an ellagitannins solution as @entity505 source. Four strains of @entity11150 (PSH, GH1, HT4, and HC2) were evaluated for ellagitannase production. The study was performed in two experimental steps. A Plackett-Burman design was used to determine the influencing parameters on ellagitannase production. @entity65818 concentration, @entity4338 , and @entity2400 were determined to be the most significant parameters. Box-Behnken design was used to define the interaction of the selected parameters. The highest enzyme value was obtained by A. @entity3456 PSH at concentrations of 7.5  g/L ellagitannins, 3.04  g/L @entity4338 , and 0.76  g/L @entity2400 . The methodology followed here allowed increasing the ellagitannase activity 10 times over other researcher results (938.8  U/g ellagitannins). These results are significantly higher than those reported previously and represent an important contribution for the establishment of a new bioprocess for @entity13983 and ellagitannase production.

title: Optimization of Ellagitannase Production by XXXX GH1 by Solid-State Fermentation.

entities_list: @entity65818 :: ('MESH:D047348', 'Chemical') :: ['Ellagitannins']

entities_list: @entity11150 :: ('5061', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus niger']

entities_list: @entity2636 :: ('MESH:D011140', 'Chemical') :: ['polyurethane']

entities_list: @entity13983 :: ('MESH:D004610', 'Chemical') :: ['Ellagic acid', 'ellagic acid']

answer: @entity11150 :: (5061,Species) :: ['Aspergillus niger']


abstract: BackgroundEngineering of plants with a composition of lignocellulosic biomass that is more suitable for downstream processing is of high interest for next-generation biofuel production. Lignocellulosic biomass contains a high proportion of @entity27753 residues, which are more difficult to convert into fuels than hexoses. Therefore, increasing the @entity12015 /pentose ratio in biomass is one approach for biomass improvement. A genetic engineering approach was used to investigate whether the amount of pectic galactan can be specifically increased in cell walls of @entity958 fiber cells, which in turn could provide a potential source of readily fermentable @entity3649 .ResultsFirst it was tested if overexpression of various plant @entity858 - @entity413 4-epimerases (UGEs) could increase the availability of @entity858 - @entity3649 and thereby increase the biosynthesis of galactan. Constitutive and tissue-specific expression of a poplar UGE and three @entity958 UGEs in @entity958 plants could not significantly increase the amount of cell wall bound @entity3649 . We then investigated co-overexpression of @entity65042 together with the   -1,4-galactan synthase GalS1. Co-overexpression of @entity65042 and GalS1 led to over 80% increase in cell wall @entity3649 levels in @entity958 stems, providing evidence that these proteins work synergistically. Furthermore, @entity65042 and GalS1 overexpression in combination with overexpression of the @entity65043 master regulator for secondary cell wall biosynthesis resulted in increased thickness of fiber cell walls in addition to the high cell wall @entity3649 levels. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed that the increased @entity3649 was present @entity19 -galactan in secondary cell walls.ConclusionsThis approach clearly indicates that simultaneous overexpression of @entity65042 and GalS1 increases the cell wall @entity3649 to much higher levels than can be achieved by overexpressing either one of these proteins alone. Moreover, the increased galactan content in fiber cells while improving the biomass composition had no impact on plant growth and development and hence on the overall biomass amount. Thus, we could show that the gene stacking approach described here is a promising method to engineer advanced feedstocks for biofuel production.

title: A gene stacking approach leads to engineered plants with highly increased galactan levels in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: The cloacogenic zone of the anal canal is a vestigial remnant of the cloacal membrane. This region corresponds to the columnae anales and anal glands. The epithelial lining of the anal glands and of the cloacogenic zone is of the transitional variety. The anal glands are well known to the surgeon because of their role in the pathogenesis of perianal @entity733 and @entity292 in ano. @entity5 arising from the cloacogenic zone of the anal canal are rare. In most instants these @entity189 have characteristic clinicopathological features. These lesions are named transitional @entity48532 . The therapy of choice is an abdominal-perineal rectum amputation with wide excision of the perineal soft tissue. Inguinal node dissection is indicated if the nodes appear clinically involved. No conclusions have been reached to determine the radiosensitivity of cloacogenic @entity189 . Five cases of @entity48532 are reported and the clinicopathological and therapeutic aspects discussed.

title: XXXX of the anorectal junction.

entities_list: @entity48532 :: ('MESH:C562739', 'Disease') :: ['cloacogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['abscesses']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cloacogenic tumors']


abstract: PURPOSE: Proliferative index of @entity2184 cells serves as a prognostic factor. However, different methods are being used to determine proliferative index using immunostaining for proliferative markers. The major differences among assessment methods are whether the mean proliferative activity of all @entity5 cells in a section or for areas of rapidly proliferating cells is determined, and whether 10 or 20 fields are being evaluated. We aimed to assess the correlation among proliferative indexes obtained by different immunostaining evaluation methods. METHODS: Sections from 60 @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded @entity2184 were immunostained with @entity1758 antibody. Immunostaining was assessed by counting immunoreactive cells in semi-randomly selected fields (non-selective method) and in areas with maximal immunoreactivity (selective method). Proliferative activity indexes according to the two methods in 10 and 20 high power fields (one high power filed = 0.785 mm(2)) were calculated and compared. RESULTS: The mean positive cell counts per mm(2) (MPCC/mm( 2)) according to the selective and the non-selective methods were 29.8 +/- 8.1 and 10.7 +/- 2.4 respectively (p = 0.004, paired t-test). Despite these different values, there was a good correlation between the MPCC/mm( 2) obtained by the non-selective and the selective methods for each @entity5 (r = 0.737, p < 0.0001, Pearson correlation). In addition, according to both methods, the readings of the first 10 fields and those of fields 1-20 correlated well. CONCLUSIONS: Mean proliferative activity of @entity2184 cells correlates with the proliferative activity in localized areas of the @entity5 with rapidly proliferating cells. Therefore, @entity2184 are classified similarly by the selective and non-selective methods of immunostaining evaluation. However, the two methods yield different proliferative index values for the same @entity5 , a fact that should be taken into account when comparing results of studies in which different techniques were used for immunostaining evaluation.

title: The correlation among different immunostaining evaluation methods for the assessment of proliferative activity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2184 :: ('MESH:C536494', 'Disease') :: ['uveal melanoma', 'uveal melanomas']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

answer: @entity2184 :: (MESH:C536494,Disease) :: ['uveal melanoma']


abstract: Immigrants from South Asia, the Middle East, and Africa living in Northern Europe frequently have low @entity560 levels and more @entity158 compared to the native Western population. The aim of this study was to examine whether daily @entity3875 (25 g/d or 10 g/d) supplementation for 16weeks would improve @entity4512 or @entity10 compared to placebo. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial recruited 251 @entity1 aged 18 to 50years, and 215 (86%) attended the follow-up visit. The @entity158 measures were occurrence, anatomical localization, and degree of @entity4512 , as measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) score during the past 2weeks. @entity10 was measured with VAS and the @entity10 Impact Test (HIT-6) questionnaire. At baseline, females reported more @entity158 sites (4.7) than males (3.4), and only 7% reported no @entity158 in the past 2weeks. During the past 4weeks, 63% reported @entity10 with a high mean HIT-6 score of 60 (SD 7). At follow-up, @entity560 level, measured as serum @entity14282 , increased from 27nmol/L to 52nmol/L and from 27nmol/L to 43nmol/L in the 25- g and 10- g supplementation groups, respectively, whereas serum @entity14282 did not change in the placebo group. @entity158 scores and @entity10 scores were improved at follow-up compared with baseline. The use of @entity560 supplements, however, showed no significant effect on the occurrence, anatomical localization, and degree of @entity158 or @entity10 compared to placebo.

title: Effect of @entity560 on XXXX and @entity10 : A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among adult ethnic minorities in Norway.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache', 'Headache']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity4512 :: (MESH:D059352,Disease) :: ['musculoskeletal pain']


abstract: A retrospective cohort study was conducted by the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group (SPNSG) to address whether a longer initial course of corticosteroids in @entity1 with @entity3441 ( @entity3441 ) provides superior protection against relapse without increased adverse effects. In order to be included in the evaluation, @entity1 with @entity3441 must have responded to an initial @entity134 course, either standard or long regimen as defined here, and completed at least 1 year of follow-up. The standard regimen consisted of @entity229 2.0+/-0.3 mg/kg per day or 60+/-10 mg/m(2) per day for 28+/-4 days, followed by alternate-day @entity229 for 4-12 weeks. The long regimen consisted of daily @entity229 2.0+/-0.3 mg/kg per day or 60+/-10 mg/m(2) per day for 42+/-6 days, followed by alternate-day @entity229 for 6-14 weeks. The primary outcome measure was relapse of @entity7031 within 12 months of discontinuing the initial course of @entity229 . There were 151 @entity1 who met the criteria for the study; 82 received the standard regimen and 69 the long regimen. The two groups did not differ in age, race, blood pressure, serum albumin, or serum @entity165 prior to the initial @entity134 course. The cumulative @entity229 dose was 49% higher in the long regimen group than in the standard regimen group. Relapse within 12 months was reported in 72.5% of @entity1 who received the long regimen versus 84.1% of those who received the standard regimen. The odds ratio for relapse within 12 months was 0.496 (95% confidence interval 0.22, 1.088), long versus standard regimen. This did not reach statistical significance ( chi(2)=3.058, P=0.08). The odds ratio of experiencing at least one side effect was 3.76, long relative to standard regimen ( n=133, P<0.001). Our data suggest that prolongation of the @entity134 treatment for the initial episode of @entity134 -sensitive @entity7031 may have a beneficial effect, but at the cost of increased side effects. However, definitive conclusions are limited by the retrospective design of the study and the number of @entity1 . This may have caused failure to achieve statistical significance on the basis of a type II error.

title: Long versus standard initial @entity134 therapy for XXXX with the nephrotic syndromeA report from the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3441 :: ('MESH:C535761', 'Disease') :: ['INS', 'idiopathic nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: The treatment of @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) that is invading the chest wall is still debated. We aim to illustrate the improvements in treatment results that have occurred over last decade. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of our experience and an overview of the literature. SETTING: Department of Surgery, San Giuseppe Hospital, University of Milan. @entity1 : From January 1970 to December 1999, of 2,738 @entity1 with @entity1149 , we operated on 146 @entity1 (5.4%) with chest wall invasion by @entity1149 . @entity5 and @entity5 invading the diaphragm or mediastinum were excluded. We reclassified all cases according to the current TNM classification. RESULTS: We registered one postoperative death (0.69%) and five major complications (3.4%). From 1970 to 1979, of 32 @entity1 , 10 underwent an exploratory thoracotomy (ET) and 22 underwent a radical resection ( @entity5 , 17 @entity1 ; @entity5 , 5 @entity1 ). The 5-year survival rate was 22.7% (25% for @entity5 ). From 1980 to 1989, of 67 @entity1 , 11 underwent an ET and 56 underwent a radical resection ( @entity5 , 34 @entity1 ; @entity5 , 12 @entity1 ; stage IIIB disease, 5 @entity1 ; and stage IV disease, 5 @entity1 ). The survival rate following radical resection was 14.1%, ranging between 23.5% for @entity1 with @entity5 and 0% (3 years, 14%) for those with @entity5 . From 1990 to 1999, of 47 @entity1 , 2 underwent an ET, 2 underwent an exploratory thoracoscopy, and 43 underwent a radical resection ( @entity5 , 23 @entity1 ; @entity5 , 20 @entity1 ). The survival rate was 42.7% ( @entity5 , 78.5%; @entity5 , 7.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the low morbidity, mortality, and significant improvement in survival during the last decade, we advocate the performance of radical en bloc resection for the treatment of chest wall invasive @entity1149 .

title: XXXX with chest wall invasion: evolution of surgical treatment and prognosis in the last 3 decades.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Superior sulcus tumors', 'stage IIIA disease', 'stage IIB disease', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['Non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: CONTEXT: Appropriate risk stratification is @entity6677 (GDM) diagnosis to optimize therapeutic strategies during pregnancy. However, there are sparse data related to the newly recommended International Association of @entity6 Study Groups criteria and their use in early pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate clinical and pathophysiological characteristics less up to gestational week (GW) 21 in @entity1 with early and late GDM onset. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a prospective study conducted at the Medical University of Vienna. @entity1 AND INTERVENTIONS: Pregnant @entity1 (n = 211) underwent an oral @entity413 tolerance test at 16 GW (interquartile range, 14-18 wk) with multiple measurements of @entity413 , insulin, and C-peptide for evaluation of insulin sensitivity and   -cell function in addition to detailed obstetrical risk assessment. Clinical followups were performed until end of pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: We performed a metabolic characterization of early-onset GDM. RESULTS: Of 81 @entity1 , 49 (23%) showed early (GDMEarly  <= 21 GW) and 32 (15%) later manifestation (GDMLate >=  24 GW) whereas 130 (62%) remained normal- @entity413 -tolerant (NGT). In contrast with GDMLate, GDMEarly were affected by @entity1720 (GDMEarly vs NGT, P < .001; GDMEarlyvs GDMLate, P < .001; GDMLate vs NGT, P = .410). However, both early and late manifested subjects @entity73 in   -cell function. GDMEarly showed highest levels of preconceptional and actual body mass index (BMI), which was related to fasting @entity413 (r = 0.42, P < .001) and particularly insulin sensitivity (r = -0.51, P < .001). Differences in @entity413 disposal between the subgroups remained constant in multivariable analysis including the strongest risk factors for GDM, ie, age, history of GDM, and BMI in our population. CONCLUSIONS: Early manifestation of GDM is affected by insulin resistance that is partly explained by higher degree in @entity28 . However,   -cell dysfunction was also detectable in GDMLate, indicating defective compensatory mechanisms emerging already in early pregnancy.

title: Pathophysiological characteristics and effects of @entity28 in @entity1 with early and late manifestation of gestational @entity6 diagnosed by the international association of XXXX and pregnancy study groups criteria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6677 :: ('MESH:D016640', 'Disease') :: ['essential in gestational diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes and Pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['showed impairments']

entities_list: @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['decreased insulin sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background: @entity16058 ( @entity16058 ) are associated with an @entity2 ( @entity2 ) risk. However, data on the prognostic and therapeutic impact are limited. We therefore aimed to analyze the outcome of @entity16058 @entity1 with @entity2 under different treatment modalities.Methods: @entity1 with IIPs diagnosed in a tertiary @entity401 ( @entity401 ) center were reviewed for @entity2 diagnosis.Results:Of 265 @entity1 with @entity2416 ( @entity2416 ), 142 with @entity401 ( @entity401 ), and 71 with @entity3616 ( @entity3616 ), 16%, 4%, and 6% were affected byLC, respectively. @entity1 characteristics were: @entity2416 : 93% male, median age 67 years, forced vital capacity (FVC) 82%, diffusion capacity for Carbon monoxide (DLCO) 41%, mean survival 20 months. @entity401 : 67% male, median age 70 years, FVC 72%, DLCO 43%, mean survival 35 months. @entity3616 : 50% male, median age 66 years, FVC 93%, DLCO 77%, mean survival 88 months. Significant treatment-related @entity137 occurred in 55% @entity2416 , 20% @entity401 und 0% @entity3616 @entity1 . 30-days postoperative mortality was 25% in @entity2416 , and 0% in @entity401 / @entity3616 while rate of radiation @entity55 was 24% in @entity2416 .Conclusions: @entity2 is a frequent comorbidity in @entity16058 , with a higher incidence and reduced survival in @entity2416 compared to other IIPs. @entity2 treatment is associated with significant @entity137 , specifically in @entity2416 . Interdisciplinary evaluation of therapeutic options in @entity16058 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity2 is therefore mandatory.

title: Treatment and outcome of @entity2 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity16058 :: ('MESH:D054988', 'Disease') :: ['Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias', 'IIP']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['increased lung cancer', 'LC']

entities_list: @entity3616 :: ('MESH:D018549', 'Disease') :: ['cryptogenic organizing pneumonia', 'COP']

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis', 'IPF']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['ILD', 'NSIP', 'non-specific interstitial pneumonia', 'interstitial lung diseases']

answer: @entity16058 :: (MESH:D054988,Disease) :: ['idiopathic interstitial pneumonias']


abstract: Objective We investigated the distribution and characteristics of the FIB-4 index of liver @entity82 in 1,441 Japanese @entity1 (age 50.7  10.2 years) and 304 @entity1 (age 53.9  10.3 years) who underwent comprehensive general health checkups and were identified as having @entity1561 . With respect to the FIB-4 index, differences according to sex, metabolic indices, and ultrasonic findings were investigated. Methods Among 9,255 individuals who underwent comprehensive general health checkups, 2,750 (29.8%) were found to have mild @entity1560 based on ultrasound findings. After excluding @entity1 who consumed >= 150 g alcohol/week (818 individuals), those testing positive for hepatitis B surface antigens or @entity10745 virus antibody (184 individuals), and those for whom data were insufficient (three individuals), we investigated the FIB-4 indices in the remaining 1,745 subjects. Results There were no sex differences in the FIB-4 index. A total of 1,370 @entity1 (78.5%) exhibited a low @entity33795 ( @entity33795 ) (<1.30), 357 (20.5%), exhibited an indeterminate @entity33795 (1.30-2.67), and 18 (1.0%) exhibited a high @entity33795 (>2.67). There were no associations between the FIB-4 index and the constituent factors of @entity209 . In contrast, there was a significant difference in the ln FIB-4 index between the @entity1 with and without mild @entity1560 on ultrasound among @entity1 (0.006  0.43 and -0.092  0.39, p<0.001), but not @entity1 . Conclusion The FIB-4 index was is significantly lower in @entity1 , but not @entity1 , with @entity1560 . The FIB-4 index must be calculated separately during medical checkups and evaluated in conjunction with ultrasound findings.

title: Background of the FIB-4 Index in Japanese XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['fatty liver or fatty liver', 'fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity10745 :: ('MESH:D006526', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis C']

entities_list: @entity33795 :: ('MESH:C531754', 'Disease') :: ['COI', 'cut-off index']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['non-alcoholic fatty liver disease']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity1561 :: (MESH:D065626,Disease) :: ['Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To precisely delineate clinical risk factors for conversion from idiopathic @entity11755 ( @entity11755 ) to @entity191 , @entity303 with @entity1832 , and @entity9576 , in order to enable practical planning and stratification of neuroprotective trials against @entity179 . METHODS: In a 10-year prospective cohort, we tested prodromal @entity191 markers in 89 @entity1 with idiopathic @entity11755 . With Kaplan-Meier analysis, we calculated risk of @entity179 , and using Cox proportional hazards, tested the ability of prodromal markers to identify @entity1 at higher disease risk. By combining predictive markers, we then designed stratification strategies to optimally select @entity1 for definitive neuroprotective trials. RESULTS: The risk of @entity179 was high: 30% developed disease at 3 years, rising to 66% at 7.5 years. Advanced age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07), olfactory loss (HR = 2.8), @entity3641 (HR = 3.1), @entity66 (HR = 3.9), and nonuse of antidepressants (HR = 3.5) identified higher risk of disease conversion. However, mild @entity73 (HR = 1.8), @entity308 (HR = 0.63), @entity304 , treatment with @entity2053 (HR = 1.3) or @entity2493 (HR = 0.55), autonomic markers, and sex (HR = 1.37) did not clearly predict clinical @entity179 . Stratification with prodromal markers increased risk of @entity179 conversion by 200%, and combining markers allowed sample size reduction in neuroprotective trials by >40%. With a moderately effective agent (HR = 0.5), trials with fewer than 80 subjects per group can demonstrate definitive @entity179 . CONCLUSIONS: Using stratification with simply assessed markers, it is now not only possible, but practical to include @entity1 with @entity11755 in neuroprotective trials against @entity191 , @entity9576 , and @entity303 with @entity1832 .

title: @entity304 in idiopathic XXXX : preparing for neuroprotective trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['subtle motor dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson personality']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity9576 :: ('MESH:D019578', 'Disease') :: ['multiple system atrophy']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson disease']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity1832 :: ('MESH:D020961', 'Disease') :: ['Lewy bodies']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration', 'neurodegenerative disease', 'defined neurodegenerative synucleinopathy', 'reductions in neurodegenerative disease', 'neurodegenerative synucleinopathy']

entities_list: @entity11755 :: ('MESH:D020187', 'Disease') :: ['REM sleep behavior disorder', 'RBD']

entities_list: @entity3641 :: ('MESH:D003117', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal color vision']

entities_list: @entity2053 :: ('MESH:D002998', 'Chemical') :: ['clonazepam']

answer: @entity11755 :: (MESH:D020187,Disease) :: ['REM sleep behavior disorder']


abstract: This report concerns a Japanese family with genetically confirmed @entity10598 , including an autopsy case, and a review of Japanese autopsy cases of autosomal dominant @entity76 (ADCCA). The proband (Case 1) was a Japanese @entity1 . She developed gait disturbance at age 62. The father and younger sister (Case 2) had the same disorder. She died at age 67 due to @entity510 . Neuropathological examination revealed severe loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, prominently in the dorsal vermis, and absence of @entity528 in the inferior olives. Molecular genetic study showed the CAG-repeat expansion of @entity10598 gene. The younger sister (Case 2) developed gait disturbance at age 62. Neurological examination at age 66 revealed @entity76 without @entity132 . Neuroimaging at this time showed @entity76 , prominently in the vermis. She died of multiple @entity1582 at age 66. A neuropathological review of Japanese autopsy cases of ADCCA showed that there are two patterns in the distribution of cerebellar @entity75 of Japanese @entity1 with ADCCA. The distribution of cerebellar @entity75 in genetically confirmed Japanese @entity1 with @entity10598 is more prominent in the vermis than in the hemisphere.

title: A clinical, genetic, neuropathological study in a Japanese family with XXXX and a review of Japanese autopsy cases of autosomal dominant @entity76 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbance']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cortical lesions']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar atrophy', 'cortical cerebellar atrophy', 'cerebellar signs']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal loss']

answer: @entity10598 :: (773,Gene) :: ['SCA 6']


abstract: Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped viruses with positive sense, single-stranded RNA genomes. The family Astroviridae contains two genera, Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus, which     based upon our current @entity281 mammals and birds, respectively. However, recent seroprevalence study indicated that @entity1 with contact to @entity233 can develop serological responses to the @entity53745 and minks might have been infected with the avastrovirus. These data suggest that the "host species/astrovirus genus" association should be permeable; however, mamastrovirus infection has not been reported from avian species, yet. In this study, a novel astrovirus was identified by viral metagenomics and RT-PCR methods in 2 (11%) out of 19 faecal samples collected from a wild, carnivorous bird species, European rollers (Coracias garrulus) from two breeding territories in Hungary. The complete genome sequence of astrovirus Er/SZAL6/HUN/2011 (KP663426) was 7025 nt-long and had some unique genomic features including an unusually long spacer between the subgenomic RNA promoter and the ORF2 initiation codon. Using the BLASTp Er/SZAL6/HUN/2011 had the highest aa identities 35%, 61% and 34% to MAstV 32 (JF713710, host: porcine), to MAstV 23 (JF729316, host: @entity95 ) and to unclassified porcine astrovirus (JX684071) in ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF2, respectively. The same proteins of Er/SZAL6/HUN/2011 had 25%, 66% and 33% aa identities to the corresponding proteins of @entity19 astrovirus (JX544743) as the closest strain. The sequence- and phylogenetic analysis indicated that Er/SZAL6/HUN/2011 represents the first member of a novel mamastrovirus species. Data suggest that both mammals and birds could have been exposed to mamastroviruses and avastroviruses providing opportunities for cross-species infection and viral adaptation with cross-class astroviruses especially in carnivorous animals. Further investigation is needed to determine the origin, natural host species spectrum, distribution and spread of Er/SZAL6/HUN/2011 among vertebrates.

title: Detection of a XXXX -like astrovirus in bird, European roller (Coracias garrulus).

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['knowledge     infect']

entities_list: @entity53745 :: ('70793', 'Species') :: ['turkey astrovirus']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, surgical audit has identified and highlighted the incidence of adverse events complicating a @entity1 's care. The airline industry has taken this concept a step further back by identifying and studying near misses, i.e. events that have the potential to do harm. We have applied this approach to @entity1 with known or suspected @entity150 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A prospective study was performed by two urology firms on all @entity1 with known or suspected @entity150 over a 3-week period. @entity1 presented to either a central (hub) hospital, or to an associated (spoke) hospital. Four stages in @entity150 care were considered: (i) diagnostic or check flexible cystoscopy; (ii) admission to hospital prior to TURBT; (iii) peri-operative period; and (iv) first out- @entity1 consultation. A separate proforma, comprising various aspects of management was used for each of these stages of care. If any one criterion was not met, the episode was recorded as a near miss. Near misses were classified as due to capacity limitations in the system, clerical error, equipment failure, clinical error and @entity1 failure. RESULTS: A total of 115 completed episodes were recorded. A near miss was recorded in 65 (56.5%) of all episodes. Capacity limitations accounted for 54%, clinical error for 23%, clerical error for 16%, @entity1 failure for 5% and equipment failure for 2% of all recorded near misses. Of particular note is that near misses relating to diagnosis were more common at the spoke hospital, delayed referral from GPs accounted for more than 25% of clinical error, diagnosis of 5 new @entity150 was delayed and availability of upper tract imaging was a problem at all phases of @entity1 management. CONCLUSIONS: Near misses are very common in the management of @entity1 with @entity150 , and their identification should provide a useful framework for identifying potential areas for improvement in @entity1 care.

title: Near misses in XXXX - an airline safety approach to urology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer', 'bladder tumours']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 203 Background: SRT offers a second opportunity for @entity263 control after biochemical recurrence in @entity1 treated with radical prostatectomy. Although some retrospective data suggest an overall survival benefit, we hypothesized that in @entity1 with radio-resistant @entity5 , SRT may indeed promote transformation to a more @entity5 due to radiation-induced mutations. To test this, we used PSADT as a surrogate for @entity5 and compared PSADT before and after SRT in @entity1 who failed SRT. METHODS: Of 288 @entity1 who underwent SRT in the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database since 1988, we detected 78 with SRT failure defined as PSA >=  0.2 ng/mL above the post-SRT nadir. Of these, 44 had PSADT available before and after SRT, which was compared using Wilcoxon's paired test with @entity1 serving as their own controls. We also tested predictors of PSADT change using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There were no differences in PSADT before and after SRT (10.6 vs. 12.2 months; P=0.85). However, in some individual cases large changes were observed. Only seminal vesicle invasion showed a trend towards an association with a shorter post-SRT PSADT relative to the pre-SRT PSADT (P=0.067). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the PSADT after and before SRT were statistically similar suggesting that after SRT failure, @entity263 does not emerge with more aggressive biologic features. Further studies are needed to identify predictors and the clinical relevance of individual PSADT changes noted in our study. (Note: Authors R. L. Muller and S. J. Freedland received support from DoD Award Number W81XWH-10-1-0155).

title: Does salvage radiation therapy (SRT) change the biology of recurrent @entity263 ( XXXX ) based on PSA doubling times  (PSADT)?  Results from the SEARCH database.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer aggressiveness', 'aggressive cancer', 'tumors']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['PCa']


abstract: @entity3884 permeability of metal membranes is generally defined by the square-root law, as the proportional coefficient of permeation flux to the square-root difference of the pressures on both sides of the membrane. However, deviation from the law has been widely reported for @entity11720 , @entity60554 , etc. Although n-th power instead of the square root has often been employed to determine permeability for these membranes, it has no theoretical base. These approaches do not consider concentration dependency of @entity3884 diffusivity in the membrane. This study theoretically extended the definition of permeability by taking it into account, where square root of pressure was used throughout. The resultant permeability depended on pressure. This approach had the following four characteristics. First, the permeability could be qualitatively linked with pressure-dependent solution and diffusion coefficients. For this purpose, the solution coefficient was also extended from Sieverts' law. Second, the permeability could be easily evaluated from permeation flux dependent on feed-side pressure, usually measured in membrane study. Third, this approach enabled comparison of permeation ability irrespective of obeying permeation law. Fourth, permeation flux could be estimated for any pressure conditions visually and analytically. Thus, analytically estimated values were more precise than those using the conventional square-root law. These characteristics are successfully demonstrated using experimental results obtained not only for a @entity11720 membrane in this study but also for @entity11720 and @entity60554 membranes in the literature.

title: Pressure-dependent XXXX permeability extended for metal membranes not obeying the square-root law.

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrogen', 'hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity11720 :: ('MESH:D010165', 'Chemical') :: ['palladium']

answer: @entity3884 :: (MESH:D006859,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen']


abstract: Transition from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle is mediated by interactions between the @entity995 gene product ( @entity996 ), @entity986 , and @entity4910 . To determine the expression of these proteins in the sinonasal mucosa immunohistochemistry was carried out on archived tissue sections from 46 @entity1 (37 @entity1 , 9 @entity1 , age range 17 to 82 years, median 55 years). Nuclear immunostaining for these proteins was assessed and the expression rates (percentages of immunoreactive nuclei) in normal respiratory epithelium, @entity1179 , @entity1185 , and @entity957 were compared. Normal respiratory epithelium showed significantly higher @entity996 expression in surface cells compared to basal cells (p < 0.05). In contrast, abundant @entity996 expression in surface and basal cells was detected in columnar differentiation in @entity1185 and adjacent mucosa. @entity1544 in @entity1179 showed significantly reduced @entity996 expression in surface cells compared to columnar epithelium in @entity1179 (p < 0.05, respectively). Expression of @entity986 was detected in all epithelial cell layers of normal respiratory epithelium, @entity1185 , and adjacent mucosa. @entity1544 in @entity1179 showed increased @entity986 expression in surface cells compared to columnar epithelium in @entity1179 (p < 0.05 between squamous metaplasia and columnar epithelium). @entity957 showed the coexpression of @entity996 and @entity986 . Expression rates of @entity4910 higher than 10% were detected only in invasive @entity189 but not in @entity2735 or respiratory epithelium. Conclusively, @entity996 expression accompanies terminal differentiation in columnar surface cells. Expression of @entity996 in proliferating basal cells is present in @entity1185 and adjacent mucosa but not in normal respiratory epithelium. @entity1544 in @entity1179 involves downregulation of @entity996 expression along with increased @entity986 expression in surface cells. @entity957 coexpress @entity996 and @entity986 . Overexpression of @entity4910 in sinonasal lesions is confined to invasive @entity957 .

title: Expression of XXXX gene product in respiratory epithelium and sinonasal neoplasms: relationship with @entity986 and @entity4910 expression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2735 :: ('MESH:D002278', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma in situ, sinonasal papillomas']

entities_list: @entity1179 :: ('MESH:D018308', 'Disease') :: ['inverted papillomas', 'inverted sinonasal papillomas']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['cylindrical (oncocytic) sinonasal papillomas', 'sinonasal papillomas']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas', 'squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['Cuboidal and squamous metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['Retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastoma']


abstract: There are 18 histone deacetylases (HDAC) generally divided into four classes based on homology to @entity375 HDACs. HDACs have many protein substrates in addition to histones that are involved in regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, and cell death. Inhibition of HDACs can cause accumulation of acetylated forms of these proteins, thus altering their function. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi), such as the @entity781 -based @entity782 ( @entity782 ), inhibit the @entity219 -containing classes I, II, and IV, but not the @entity2125 -dependent class III, enzymes. HDACis are a group of novel anticancer agents. @entity782 is the first HDACi approved for clinical use in the treatment of the @entity5 cutaneous @entity784 . Factors affecting expression of HDACs are not well understood. This study focuses on the effect of the HDACi @entity782 on the expression of class I and class II HDACs. We found that @entity782 selectively down-regulates @entity42237 with little or no effect on the expression of other class I or class II HDACs. Fourteen cell lines were examined, including normal, immortalized, genetically transformed, and @entity1 @entity5 -derived cell lines. Down-regulation of @entity42237 by @entity782 is more pronounced in transformed cells sensitive to inhibitor-induced cell death than in normal cells or @entity5 cells resistant to induced cell death. Modulation of @entity42237 levels by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown or by @entity42237 overexpression is associated with growth arrest but without detectable changes in acetylation of histones or @entity3544 gene expression. Selective down-regulation of @entity42237 protein may serve as a marker of response of @entity5 to HDACi.

title: Histone deacetylase inhibitors selectively suppress expression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity781 :: ('MESH:D006877', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxamic acid']

entities_list: @entity782 :: ('MESH:C111237', 'Chemical') :: ['Vorinostat', 'suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid', 'vorinostat']

answer: @entity42237 :: (51564,Gene) :: ['HDAC7']


abstract: Purpose : To evaluate the differential effects of endograft fabric types on pulse wave velocity ( @entity122 ), a valid, clinically feasible marker of arterial stiffness, in @entity1 undergoing endovascular repair (EVAR) of @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ). Methods : As part of a registered study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00636766), 118 consecutive @entity1 (mean age 71  8 years) with AAA undergoing elective EVAR were divided into groups according to the type of fabric in the implanted endografts: 46 had polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stent-grafts and 72 received stent-grafts covered with polyester fabric. @entity1 with @entity1614 , @entity1413 , and @entity454 were excluded. @entity122 , clinical characteristics (comorbidities, body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, and glucose profile), novel biomarkers [interleukin (IL)-6, @entity687 , @entity688 , and osteoprotegerin ( @entity2159 )] were determined at baseline and prospectively after 12 months. Results : At baseline, standard multiple regression analysis revealed the independent association of mean blood pressure, @entity2159 , and AAA diameter with @entity122 after adjustment for age (R(2)=0.729, p=0.036). At follow-up, serum levels of both @entity687 and @entity688 were significantly increased, while @entity2159 decreased in both groups (p<0.05). However, between-group comparison revealed a more adverse effect of polyester covered endografts on serum @entity687 (p<0.001) and @entity2159 (p=0.048) levels. At the same time, @entity122 was considerably increased in both polyester (+4.12  0.33 m/s, p<0.001) and PTFE (+2.82  0.25 m/s, p=0.003) groups; the effect was more pronounced in the former group (p=0.033). In multivariate analysis, the polyester endograft type emerged as an independent determinant of @entity122 change after EVAR (R(2)=0.460, p=0.040). Conclusion : Both endograft types increased @entity122 , while recipients of polyester covered stent-grafts showed greater @entity122 elevation. Further investigation will clarify the inflammatory response and the differential clinical impact of endograft types.

title: Differential effects of stent-graft fabrics on arterial stiffness in XXXX undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['collagen-related disorders']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAAs']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: BACKGROUND @entity356 is one of the most common @entity5 , and has a high mortality rate. @entity21072 acts as a suppressor in some @entity5 and @entity9625 ( @entity9625 ) is a facilitator for cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but little is known about their effect in @entity356 . This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of @entity21072 in @entity356 . MATERIAL AND METHODS @entity21072 levels were quantitatively analyzed in @entity356 tissue and GES-1, SGC-7901, @entity1 , and HGC-27 cell lines by qRT-PCR. Levels of @entity21072 and @entity9625 were altered by cell transfection, after which cell migration and invasion were examined by Transwell and @entity5962 ( @entity5962 ); @entity2277 ( @entity2277 ), and alpha smooth muscle actin ( @entity17712 ) were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The interaction between @entity21072 and @entity9625 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS @entity21072 was significantly downregulated in @entity5 tissue and cell lines (p<0.05). Its overexpression inhibited cell migration and invasion, elevated @entity5962 , and inhibited @entity2277 and @entity17712 levels in @entity1 and HGC-27 cells. @entity21072 directly inhibited @entity9625 , which was upregulated in @entity356 tissue, and promoted cell migration and invasion, inhibited @entity5962 , and elevated @entity2277 and @entity17712 . CONCLUSIONS @entity21072 acts as a @entity5 suppressor in @entity356 by inhibiting cell migration and invasion, which may be associated with its direct inhibition on @entity9625 . These results suggest a promising therapeutic strategy for @entity356 treatment.

title: MicroRNA-495 Inhibits @entity356 Cell Migration and Invasion Possibly via Targeting @entity9625 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'Gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity9625 :: ('8091', 'Gene') :: ['HMGA2', 'high mobility group AT-hook 2']

answer: @entity9625 :: (8091,Gene) :: ['HMGA2']


abstract: Modified cervix cerclage was applied to 75 @entity1 with @entity5030 , between the 16th and 36th weeks of pregnancy. Results obtained from conservative treatment of @entity1 for @entity5030 are compared with those obtained from surgical treatment. Pregnancy was extended 38.4 days on average by cervix cerclage. Complaints were removed by surgery from 50.6 per cent of the @entity1 who were dismissed from hospital. They showed neither @entity548 nor any sings of imminent @entity600 . Perinatal mortality went down to 6.45 per cent. Average extension of pregnancy by conservative treatment was 12.8 days. Only 7.3 per cent of the @entity1 could be dismissed from hospital. Perinatal mortality went up to the order of 19.1 per cent. These data are interpreted as providing evidence to the advantage of surgical treatment of @entity5030 , as perinatal mortality is reduced.

title: [Results of conservative and surgical treatment for XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5030 :: ('MESH:D010923', 'Disease') :: ['placenta praevia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['premature birth']

answer: @entity5030 :: (MESH:D010923,Disease) :: ['placenta praevia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids provide analgesia. In this study, we evaluated the effects of adding @entity619 to a multimodal postoperative analgesic regimen, including a long-acting nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. METHODS: One-hundred @entity1 admitted for ambulatory @entity0 surgery were studied. They received @entity1443 2 g and @entity13586 50 mg orally 1 h before start of general anesthesia with @entity1875 and @entity1937 . The @entity1 were then randomized to receive, in a double-blind manner, either @entity619 16 mg IV or placebo. Both groups received @entity3575 1 mug/kg IV and 20-40 mL @entity1341 2.5 mg/mL wound infiltration before the end of surgery. RESULTS: There was no difference in @entity158 scores or rescue medication between the groups during the first 4 h after surgery. After discharge, the median @entity158 score during coughing or shoulder movement was 3 on a 0-10 scale in @entity1 receiving placebo, and 1 in the @entity1 receiving @entity619 , which did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06). From 24 to 72 h, the median @entity158 with coughing or shoulder movement in @entity1 receiving placebo was 2, and 1 in @entity1 receiving @entity619 , which did reach statistical significance (P < 0.05). Forty percent of @entity1 receiving @entity619 were @entity158 free from 4 to 24 h, compared with 24% of @entity1 receiving placebo, a difference that did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.09). Similarly, 46% of @entity1 receiving @entity619 were @entity158 free from 24 to 72 h, compared with 28% of @entity1 receiving placebo (P = 0.06). More @entity1 had slept poorly on the first night in the @entity619 group than in the control group, 68% vs 44%, (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity619 16 mg provides prolonged postoperative analgesia from 24 to 72 h after surgery when added to a multimodal regimen including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug ( @entity13586 ).

title: The prolonged postoperative analgesic effect when XXXX is added to a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug ( @entity13586 ) before breast surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity13586 :: ('MESH:C116926', 'Chemical') :: ['rofecoxib']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prevalence and characteristics of @entity231 in the Norwegian Buhund breed 20 years after high reported prevalence of especially pulverulent nuclear @entity231 (PNCs). ANIMALS STUDIED: Two hundred and fifty Norwegian Buhund @entity235 in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark (117 males and 133 females) with previously unknown eye health status were included. Forty-five @entity235 had multiple examinations (two to six times over a 6-year period). Median age was 4.4 years [0.2-15.2] at first examination and 5.3 years [0.2-15.2] at last examination. PROCEDURES: All @entity235 underwent regular screening for @entity2788 . RESULTS: At the last observation of each @entity235 , 52.4% were affected by PNC, categorized as minimal (33 of 250 @entity235 ; 13.2%), mild (31 @entity235 ; 12.4%), moderate (38 @entity235 ; 15.2%), or pronounced (29 @entity235 ; 11.6%). Moderate or pronounced changes were only seen in older @entity235 , and progressive changes were identified in some of the re-examined @entity235 . Some @entity235 , free of lenticular changes at early examinations, were affected by PNC at re-examinations. The odds for finding PNC increased with @entity235 's age up to approximately 8 years. Presumably inherited @entity231 other than PNC were found in 53 @entity235 (21.2%) with cortical (17.6%) and posterior polar (6.4%) locations as the most common ones. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of PNC in the breed reported 20 years ago persists. PNCs are not always visible in young @entity235 , and the rate of progression varies. The prevalence of other types of @entity231 is also high, but @entity231 rarely cause @entity1018 in this breed.

title: XXXX in the Norwegian Buhund-current prevalence and characteristics.

entities_list: @entity2788 :: ('MESH:D015785', 'Disease') :: ['inherited eye diseases']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['Cataracts']


abstract: Two typical cases of @entity4267 of the cervicocephalic arteries in two @entity1 of 61 and 48 years of age are reported. The angiograms revealed bilateral affectation of the internal carotid artery and of the right vertebral artery in one case, and of both @entity8 in the other. The @entity1 presented @entity16 corresponding to @entity63 of the vertebro-basilar territory. The first case was treated with anti-platelet aggregates with positive results. An extensive review of 70 similar published cases is presented. Several characteristics are studied such as: age, sex, localization, symptoms, clinical course and treatment. The quantitative evaluation of these factors agrees with those of other reviews carried out by some other authors. @entity4267 is an @entity4065 of unknown etiology which has a predominant incidence among middle age females (83 percent approximately). The disease usually involves the renal arteries and the cervical segment (adjacent to C1-C2 interspace) of the carotid arteries. There was an association with single or multiple intracranial aneurisms in 22.86 percent of the cases. Vertebral arteries were affected in 28.57 percent of the cases, although vertebral angiograms were not performed in 35.7 percent of them. Transient episodes of @entity2806 is the most frequent clinical manifestation (42.85 percent of the cases.).

title: [ XXXX of the cervicocephalic arteries. Report of two cases and review of the literature (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral and renal arteries']

entities_list: @entity4065 :: ('MESH:C537440', 'Disease') :: ['arteriopathy']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity4267 :: ('MESH:D005352', 'Disease') :: ['Fibromuscular dysplasia', 'fibromuscular dysplasia']

answer: @entity4267 :: (MESH:D005352,Disease) :: ['Fibromuscular dysplasia']


abstract: The @entity329 ( @entity329 ) is a susceptible model to @entity8436 ) spp.; however, available studies employ different @entity281 protocols, which account for clinical and pathological presentation differences. Herein, L. (V.) braziliensis preparations were standardized to contain 10(4), 10(5), or 10(6) parasites to determine an optimal inoculum that ensured @entity75 without causing a disseminated @entity281 in hamsters. Lesion development was followed for 105 days by size measurements, and skin, draining lymph node, spleen, and sera were investigated to check parasite load, spleen visceralization, cytokine expression, histopathological changes, and anti- @entity8436 IgG levels. The lesion emergence time was inversely proportional to the parasite concentration in the inocula. Animals infected by 10(4) parasites presented @entity75 , while those infected with 10(6) parasites often exhibited @entity1066 . The differences in the final lesion sizes were observed between 10(4) and 10(5) inocula or 10(4) and 10(6) inocula. High @entity65571 expression, anti- @entity8436 IgG levels, and parasite load occurred independently of the inoculum used. A mild inflammatory skin involvement was observed in animals infected with 10(4) parasites, while extensive @entity3145 and parasite spleen visceralization occurred with 10(5) and 10(6) parasites. These results indicate that inocula with different concentrations of parasites generate differences in the time of lesion emergence, clinical presentation, and systemic commitment, despite high and similar @entity65571 expression and parasite load. This suggests that a modulation in the immune response to different parasite numbers occurs in an early phase of the @entity281 , which could dictate the establishment and magnitude of the chronic phase of the disease.

title: Comparative evaluation of lesion development, @entity3145 , and cytokine expression in XXXX ( @entity329 ) infected by inocula with different @entity8436 concentrations.

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['nodular lesions', 'cutaneous lesions']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerated lesions']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['Mesocricetus auratus', 'golden hamster']

entities_list: @entity8436 :: ('5660', 'Species') :: ['Leishmania', 'Leishmania (Viannia']

answer: @entity329 :: (10036,Species) :: ['golden hamsters']


abstract: The hypothesis proposed here would provide near to optimum homeostasis for @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ) without the need for hemodialysis. This strategy has not been described previously in the scientific literature. It involves a targeted therapy that may prevent progression of the disease and help to improve the well-being of @entity740 @entity1 . It proposes a nanotechnological device, ie, a microarray-oriented homeostasis provider (MOHP), to improve homeostasis in @entity740 @entity1 . MOHP would be an auxiliary kidney aid, and would improve the filtration functions that @entity8 perform by their own. MOHP is composed of two main computer-oriented components, ie, a quantitative microarray detector (QMD) and a @entity4536 ( @entity4536 ). QMD detects and @entity4536 selectively removes defined quantities of uremic wastes, toxins and any other metabolites which is programmed for. The QMD and @entity4536 would accomplish this with the help of a peristaltic blood pump that would circulate blood aseptically in an extracorporeal closed circuit. During the passage of blood through the QMD, this microarray detector would quantitatively monitor all of the blood compounds that accumulate in the blood of a @entity1 with @entity8 , including small-sized, middle-sized and large-sized molecules. The electronic information collected by QMD would be electronically transmitted to the @entity4536 , which would adjust the molecules to the concentrations they are electronically programmed for and/or receive from QMD. This process of monitoring and removal of waste continues until the programmed homeostasis criteria are reached. Like a conventional kidney machine, MOHP can be used in hospitals and homes under the supervision of a trained technician. The main advantages of this treatment would include improved homeostasis, a reduced likelihood of side effects and of the morbidity resulting from @entity740 , slower progression of @entity8 , prevention of @entity454 , a decreased need for hemodialysis therapy, avoidance of dialysis-related side effects later on in the @entity1 's life, improved quality of life and increased life expectancy.

title: Design of a new therapy for XXXX with @entity740 : use of microarrays for selective hemoadsorption of uremic wastes and toxins to improve homeostasis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney impairment', 'impaired glomerular filtration', 'impaired kidneys cannot']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity4536 :: ('MESH:D016773', 'Disease') :: ['homeostasis-oriented microarray column', 'HOMC']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: MicroRNA-224 is overexpressed in various @entity5 with poor prognosis, which plays a critical role in biological processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis and several developmental and physiological progressions. However, the potential association between @entity14908 and clinical outcome in @entity1 with @entity1653 remains unknown. Here, we investigate @entity14908 expression and biological functions in @entity1653 . @entity14908 expression was measured by Northern blot analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in @entity1653 and normal brain tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to exam its correlation with clinicopathological features and prognostic value. The biological effects of @entity14908 on the cell proliferation and apoptosis in @entity1653 cells were examined by MTT assay and apoptosis assay. We found the expression levels of @entity14908 were significantly higher in @entity1653 tissues than that in normal brain, positively correlated with advanced pathological grade. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that @entity1653 @entity1 with low @entity14908 expression exhibited significantly prolonged overall and recurrence-free survival. Furthermore, we demonstrated that @entity25348 was an identical candidate target gene of @entity14908 in  vitro. Our results indicated that downregulation of @entity14908 suppressed cell growth and resulted in the enhancement of cell apoptosis through activation of the @entity25348 - @entity2428 -induced apoptosis pathway. Our findings imply the @entity14908 expression could predict the overall survival and recurrence-free survival of @entity1 with @entity1653 and it might be a promising therapeutic target for treating @entity5 .

title: MicroRNA-224 targets XXXX and contributes to malignant progressions of @entity1653 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant meningiomas', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningioma', 'meningiomas']

answer: @entity25348 :: (81033,Gene) :: ['ERG2']


abstract: Piperacillin-Tazobactam ( @entity4552 - @entity13807 ) is an evidence-based empirical treatment of @entity1398 in adolescents and adults. No data are available in @entity5 @entity1 <25 months of age. In this retrospective, multicenter data survey, the analysis focuses on safety, tolerance, and efficacy. The daily dose administered was 240 mg/kg given in three equally divided doses. Data on 156 @entity4552 - @entity13807 treatment courses in 69 @entity1 <25 months from five @entity5 treatment centers (2001-2005) were analyzed. The median duration of treatment with @entity4552 - @entity13807 was 5 days (range, 1-23 days; 1-12 @entity4552 - @entity13807 courses per @entity1 ). @entity4552 - @entity13807 was started on the first day of @entity221 in 90% of all courses, in 6% in the first 72 h, and in 4% as second- or third-line agent. Forty-five percent of all @entity1 were @entity1398 . In all @entity1 , the outcome was favorable independent whether @entity4552 - @entity13807 was given as monotherapy (42 courses; 27%) or in combination. Overall, @entity4552 - @entity13807 was well tolerated and discontinued due to adverse events in only two @entity1 who experienced non-life-threatening @entity56 ( @entity1910 and wheezing). The results of this study are preliminary due to the methodological limitations of a retrospective survey. Taking this bias into consideration, @entity4552 - @entity13807 appears to be a safe, and feasible alternative in @entity5 @entity1 with @entity1398 <25 months of age suggesting that the inclusion of @entity1 of all age groups in future prospective controlled studies evaluating @entity4552 - @entity13807 is justified.

title: Piperacillin-tazobactam in @entity5 XXXX younger than 25 months: a retrospective multicenter survey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reactions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Twelve @entity3176 were implanted with recombinant @entity1 @entity12017 (rhOP-1) placed on a @entity291 bone-derived Type I collagen carrier to characterize healing in an @entity79 model at 1, 3, 12, and 20 weeks postoperative. Defect healing was evaluated by plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), @entity79 ( @entity79 ), and histologic analysis. Radiographically, new bone formation was observed as early as 3 weeks postoperative. By 6 weeks, new bone was visible in five of six defects. Increased quantity and mineralization of the new bone were apparent by 12 weeks. Reformation of the medullary cavity with appearance of marrow elements was demonstrated by CT and MRI at 20 weeks. @entity79 studies revealed a significant increase in the presence of bone with time. Histology at 1 week demonstrated that the implant material was well contained in the defect, and a proliferation of cells occurred at the defect borders. At 3 weeks cell proliferation continued and cell phenotype differentiation was recognized. By 12 weeks substantially less residual carrier was found in the defects, and calcifying tissues with plump chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and immature woven bone were observed. Areas of lamellar and woven bone were identified at 12 weeks, with advanced remodeling and revascularization observed at 20 weeks. The use of osteoinductive implants may provide an alternative to autologous and allogeneic bone tissue in the therapeutic approach to bone defects and promotion of fusion by eliminating the donor site morbidity associated with autogenous bone and the decreased efficacy and potential for disease transmission associated with allogeneic bone.

title: Healing course of primate ulna segmental defects treated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12017 :: ('655', 'Gene') :: ['osteogenic protein-1']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'ulna segmental bone defect', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity3176 :: ('9534', 'Species') :: ['African green monkeys']

answer: @entity12017 :: (655,Gene) :: ['osteogenic protein-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity834 remains a major complication after large bowel surgery. @entity1030 is frequent disease in the elderly. AIMS: The authors want to analyze the correlation between systemic tissue @entity519 , resulting from @entity1030 and @entity834 in large bowel surgery in a group of @entity1 over 65 years. @entity1 AND METHODS: In the period 1979-2001 at our surgical Department, 590 @entity1 underwent colorectal surgery; 211 elderly @entity1 (> 65 years) with large bowel @entity254 were selected. In 29/211 (13.7%) @entity1030 was diagnosed. The group of @entity1 affected by @entity1030 was defined as group A; the other, as group B. The incidence of @entity834 in @entity1 with and without @entity1030 was evaluated. RESULTS: The overall incidence of @entity834 was 5.6% (12/211); a difference in the incidence of @entity834 was found in the group A vs. B: 7/29 (24.1 %) in the group A were affected by dehiscence vs. 5/182 (2.7%) of group B. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1030 can be a factor increasing the risk of @entity834 . The elderly @entity1 is often affected by @entity1030 and consequently show an higher risk of colonic anastomotic failure than younger @entity1 .

title: [Correlation between XXXX and colonic @entity254 dehiscence in the elderly].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['Anastomotic leakage', 'anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive bronchial disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of interferon-beta-1a ( @entity2391 -1a) on the trafficking of cell populations in peripheral blood cells of @entity15 ( @entity15 ) @entity1 . METHODS: In this open-label pharmacodynamic study, peripheral blood was obtained from 10 relapsing-remitting (RR) @entity15 @entity1 just prior to and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 120, and 168 h after intramuscular injection of 30-microg @entity2391 -1a. Timed samples were also obtained from five controls at 0, 8, 24, 48 and 168 h. The blood cells were analyzed using four-color flow cytometry with antibody conjugates directed against cell surface proteins specific for T cells, B cells, NK cells, and the activation marker, @entity7986 . RESULTS: @entity2391 -1a treatment resulted in selective, time-dependent effects on many cell populations in peripheral blood. The trafficking of T-helper and T-suppressor/cytotoxic subsets of T cells were qualitatively different. The most prominent effects were on the trafficking of natural killer cells, the levels of which decreased to 23.5% of pretreatment values at 8 h after treatment. The levels of @entity7986 -positive NK cells increased to a peak value of 606% of pretreatment levels at the 24-h time point. In untreated controls, these characteristic trafficking effects were not observed. There was inter- @entity1 heterogeneity in the levels of activated NK cells at the 6-month time point that may potentially be relevant for individualizing @entity2391 therapy. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2391 treatment can induce specific, selective, and time-dependent trafficking of cells and its effects on different subsets of a given cell type are not qualitatively similar. The dynamics indicate that the activation of NK cells by @entity2391 is possibly dependent on the trafficking of NK cells. The activated NK cell levels after prolonged therapy may potentially provide a surrogate marker for @entity2391 exposure.

title: Dynamics of immune cell trafficking in interferon-beta treated XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The phantom limb @entity158 (PLP) and @entity20293 ( @entity20293 ) are very common among amputated @entity5 @entity1 , and they lead to considerable morbidity. In spite of this, there is a lack of epidemiological data of this phenomenon among the Asian population. This study was done to provide the data from Indian population. METHODS: The prevalence of PLP, @entity158 ( @entity158 ), and @entity20293 was prospectively analyzed from the amputated @entity5 @entity1 over a period of 2 years in Dr. B.R.A. Institute @entity5 Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. The risk factors and the impact of phantom phenomenon on @entity1 were also noted. RESULTS: The prevalence of PLP was 41% at 3 and 12 months and 45.3% at 6 months, whereas that of @entity158 and @entity20293 was 14.4% and 71.2% at 3 months, 18.75% and 37.1% at 6 months, 15.8% and 32.4% at 12 months, respectively. There was higher prevalence of PLP and @entity20293 among the @entity1 with history of preamputation @entity158 , smoking with proximal level of amputation, receiving general anesthesia, receiving intravenous (IV) opioid postoperative analgesia, and developing @entity2950 or @entity281 . CONCLUSION: The prevalence of PLP and @entity20293 was higher among the @entity5 amputees as compared to @entity158 , and a few risk factors responsible for their higher prevalence were found in our study. The PLP and @entity20293 lead to considerable morbidity in terms of @entity25 and @entity308 .

title: Prevalence of Phantom Limb @entity158 , XXXX , and Phantom Limb Sensation among the Amputated @entity5 @entity1 in India: A Prospective, Observational Study.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbance']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Rotary Cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['SP', 'stump pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity20293 :: ('MESH:D010591', 'Disease') :: ['phantom limb sensation', 'PLS']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['Stump Pain']