abstract: Functional molecular neuroimaging techniques have been applied to the study of the neural substrates of @entity71 ( @entity71 ) in an animal model, the juvenile SHR @entity35 . They include quantitative receptor autoradiography and immunocytochemistry for neuronal markers such as @entity141 /Calmodulin Dependent Kinase II (CaMKII) and transcription factors. Multiple evidence emerges for a rostro caudal dissociation within the dorsal (DS) and ventral striatum (VS) (n. accumbens) and olfactory tubercle (OT). It consists in (i) a higher density of @entity935 (DA) D-1/D-5 receptor binding sites in a discrete segment of the anterior forebrain that comprises the DS, VS and OT, (ii) a lower density of DA D-2/D-3 autoreceptors in the caudal portion of the n. accumbens shell subterritory, (iii) a reduced number of CaMKII and @entity5019 positive elements only in the anterior portion of DS and VS (iv) reversal by repeated injections of @entity2727 (MP) (3 mg/kg, 14 days) with 'downregulation' in SHR and 'up-regulation' in the WKY control @entity35 of DS and VS of DA D-1/D-5 receptors. Thus, under basal conditions the mesocorticolimbic (MCL) DA system appears to be @entity6392 rather than hypofunctioning, as demonstrated (i) by subsensitivity of presynaptic D-3 autoreceptors and (ii) by phasic inhibition of MCL activity induced by acute blockade of endocannabinoid reuptake using @entity37293 . Following MP treatment, the @entity6392 MCL DA system turns into a hypofunctioning one, as earlier suggested by Solanto. Since the target neurons of MCL fibers seem to be uncoupled to D-1 receptors, the medium spiny @entity1246 neurons projecting to the ventral pallidum and ventral tegmental area (VTA) exert a weak feedback inhibition on the neurons of origin of MCL system. Therefore, MCL neurons maintain a high basal activity with consequences on the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamo-cortical system and amygdala complex through the 'extended amygdala system'. While the former explains the attention, motivation and activity alterations of this @entity35 model of @entity71 , the latter explains the @entity1109 . It remains to be ascertained the starting point in the network leading eventually to the segmental defect as well as its significance in @entity1 .

title: A rostro-caudal dissociation in the dorsal and ventral striatum of the juvenile SHR suggests an anterior hypo- and a posterior XXXX mesocorticolimbic system.

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder', 'ADHD']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['emotional symptoms of the syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6392 :: ('MESH:D000308', 'Disease') :: ['hyperfunctioning']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity6392 :: (MESH:D000308,Disease) :: ['hyperfunctioning']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Endotoxin @entity1457 is mediated by various cytokines, including @entity5 @entity39 factor. Treatment of @entity1 with i.v. immunoglobulin has been shown to reduce the concentration of circulating cytokines. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of immunoglobulin for i.v. use on @entity7135 -induced @entity1457 in a @entity95 model. Experimental animals were challenged with i.v. @entity7135 (lipo-oligosaccharide) 10 micrograms/kg, and treated with either a 2-hr i.v. immunoglobulin infusion (400 mg/kg) or a similar saline infusion that was initiated 30 mins before endotoxin challenge. Control animals were challenged with saline alone. RESULTS: Compared with untreated control animals, pulse rate increased (p less than .007) and mean arterial pressure and serum @entity3157 concentrations decreased (p less than .02) in both experimental groups, but did not differ between immunoglobulin-treated and saline-treated animals (p greater than .05) at any time after the endotoxin challenge. Geometric mean serum endotoxin concentrations were significantly (p less than .03) lower in the immunoglobulin-treated animals at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 mins after the endotoxin challenge. The geometric mean serum @entity5 @entity39 factor level at 1 hr after the endotoxin challenge in the immunoglobulin-treated experimental animals was lower than in saline-treated animals (5.53 vs. 8.47 @entity5 @entity39 factor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay U/mL), but not significantly so (p greater than .05). Mortality rate was similar in both experimental groups; eight (67%) of 12 saline-treated experimental @entity95 and seven (70%) of ten immunoglobulin-treated @entity95 died. All untreated control animals survived 24 hrs. CONCLUSIONS: In this model of @entity1457 in @entity95 , i.v. immunoglobulin: a) does not significantly alter the physiologic responses to endotoxin challenge; b) significantly reduces endotoxin concentrations; c) reduces @entity5 @entity39 factor concentrations, but not significantly; and d) does not improve survival rate.

title: Effect of a @entity1 immunoglobulin preparation for intravenous use in a @entity95 model of XXXX -induced @entity1457 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory shock', 'shock']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal endotoxin']

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['meningococcal endotoxin']


abstract: The effects of general anesthetics on neurotransmitter uptake by plasma membrane transporters are controversial. We analyzed the effects of representative volatile and IV general anesthetics on recombinant transporters for @entity1063 ( @entity1 NET), @entity935 ( @entity35 DAT), or @entity1246 ( @entity35 @entity44297 ) stably expressed in a porcine kidney cell line (LLC-PK(1)). This approach avoids complicating factors associated with neuronal preparations, such as the involvement of multiple transporters and the indirect effects of membrane potential. At clinical concentrations, @entity1 NET was inhibited only by @entity1508 (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] = 0.54 mM), @entity35 DAT was sensitive to both @entity1508 and @entity5161 (IC(50) = 0.60 and 0.64 mM, respectively), and @entity35 @entity44297 was insensitive to both volatile anesthetics. @entity1 NET was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by @entity1875 (IC(50) = 41 micro M), @entity3652 (IC(50) = 150 micro M), and @entity4671 (IC(50) > 200 micro M), but not by @entity4485 . Only @entity1875 inhibited NET at a clinically relevant concentration (5 micro M). Rat DAT was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by @entity1875 (IC(50) = 120 micro M), @entity4671 (IC(50) = 100 micro M), and @entity3652 (IC(50) = 210 micro M), but not by @entity4485 . None of these anesthetics was predicted to inhibit DAT at concentrations that produce anesthesia. @entity1875 inhibited @entity35 @entity44297 , but only at the largest concentration tested. General anesthetics have drug- and subtype-selective actions on neurotransmitter transporters. We conclude that effects on @entity2922 , but not @entity1246 , transporters may contribute to secondary synaptic actions of certain anesthetics but are unlikely to be essential to their anesthetic properties. IMPLICATIONS: Previous studies have implicated neurotransmitter transporters as targets for general anesthetic effects on synaptic transmission. Recombinant transporters for @entity1063 and @entity935 were sensitive to certain volatile and IV anesthetics, whereas @entity1246 transporters were insensitive. These anesthetic- and neurotransmitter-specific effects may underlie some of the secondary effects of general anesthetics.

title: General anesthetic actions on @entity1063 , @entity935 , and XXXX transporters in stably transfected cells.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

entities_list: @entity4671 :: ('MESH:D005045', 'Chemical') :: ['etomidate']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid']


abstract: Previous reports have indicated a relatively high incidence of distant @entity3 in @entity1 with @entity189 ( @entity189 ), one of the most common sites being the skeleton. Although bone scintigraphy offers the advantage of whole-body imaging in @entity1 with @entity5 by providing useful information about disease spread, its value in @entity1 with @entity189 is not well defined because of cost-effectiveness considerations. In this study, we assessed the value of follow-up bone scintigraphy for the evaluation of skeletal @entity3 in @entity1 with different stages of @entity189 . Between 1994 and 2001, 230 @entity1 with histologically proven @entity189 were admitted to the Department of Radiation Oncology. Out of 230 @entity1 , 171 were examined for skeletal @entity3 with bone scintigraphy prior to therapy and at 1 year intervals. Bone scintigraphy detected increased uptake in 29 @entity1 , which was reported as suggestive of @entity3 or equivocal. Twenty-six of these were true-positive, confirmed by radiography or clinical follow-up. Bone @entity158 was present in 67% of these patients and serum @entity880 dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were elevated in 35% and 37%, respectively. The incidence of bone @entity3 correlated with the extent of lymph node involvement, which were detected after a median time of 10.5 months following the diagnosis of the @entity66 . No correlation was observed between the metastatic status and local T stage, histological differentiation age or gender of the @entity1 . We can therefore recommend that bone scintigraphy be used in determining the presence of bone @entity3 , but its utilization should be preserved for those with nodal involvement.

title: Frequency of skeletal @entity3 in XXXX after initiation of therapy: should bone scans be used for follow-up?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['primary disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'NPC']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma']


abstract: Sparassis crispa is edible mushroom recently cultivable in Japan. It contains significantly high content (approximately 40%) of 6-branched @entity44595 showing antitumor activity in @entity19 . We recently purified @entity477 -glucan preparation designated as "SCG." It was considered worth while to test SCG in vitro with whole blood collected from @entity1 volunteers. The present study is focusing on the cytokine productivity of SCG in an in vitro @entity1 system. The following results were observed: (i) SCG dose dependently enhanced @entity687 synthesis of whole blood cell culture of @entity1 peripheral blood. (ii) @entity687 synthesis was enhanced in both PBMC and PMN cultures. (iii) @entity687 synthesis was induced in the culture with autologous plasma, but significantly reduced after 56 degrees C treatment. (iv) The activity was also weak in heat inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS). (v) A complement fragment, @entity2242 , was released by SCG dependently upon dose and kinetics. (vi) Anti-SCG natural antibody was detected in @entity1 plasma. From these facts, SCG was observed to have the capacity to activate @entity1 leukocytes and related immune system.

title: Enhanced cytokine synthesis of leukocytes by XXXX -glucan preparation, SCG, extracted from a medicinal mushroom, Sparassis crispa.

answer: @entity477 :: (351,Gene) :: ['a beta']


abstract: The role of @entity1420 (P) in the mechanism of ovulation is controversial at best. The contraceptive application of P was established in rodents in 1936 and with orally absorbed progestogenes was put to @entity1 use. There were hints on the proovulatory actions of P administered before the time of ovulation in @entity35 by 1948. Similarly, in 1954 the observation of high P level in the preovulatory follicle pointed to a role in ovulation. Neither of these two observations was further investigated and the positive feedback effect of P exerted on gonadotropins was described in 1968. Still the positive feedback between P and gonadotropins were not recognized as a physiologic mechanism, much less utilized pharmacologically. The apparent contradiction between these two different actions of P continues upto now. The paper sets out to expose this controversy and tries to resolve it using extensive literary data and the author's experiences with synthetic progestogenes in contraception, in the treatment of @entity249 and with the antigestagen @entity3927 in blocking ovulation. The precise mechanisms lying behind these applications are explored and discussed in detail. The putative role of @entity53 (E2) in the mechanism of eliciting the gonadotropin surge is extensively discussed but refuted as the ovulatory signal. The time sequence between the rise of P and gonadotropins contradicts the common wisdom of LH causing luteinization. The positive feedback effect of P on the E2 sensitized ovulatory axis on the hypothalamic and pituitary level is discussed and its local role in the mechanism of @entity397 is also taken into account. The final proof seems to be the antiovulatory effect of @entity3927 , which blocked both @entity1176 pulsatility, pituitary sensitivity to @entity1176 and @entity397 in several experiments. Thus, the dogma of LH peak causing @entity397 and subsequent luteinization seems questionable, the putative role of E2 to initiate the ovulatory cascade has to be discarded and P's role as a trigger of the physiological mechanisms leading to ovulation should be firmly recognized.

title: XXXX and ovulation.

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['follicular rupture']

entities_list: @entity3927 :: ('MESH:D015735', 'Chemical') :: ['mifepristone']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['Progesterone']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the role of @entity379 and its regulatory cytokines in @entity1907 ( @entity378 ). DESIGN: Cytokines were measured in the plasma of @entity378 @entity1 and healthy subjects with different risk for @entity378 exposure. In addition, cytokine profile was assessed in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) of six @entity378 @entity1 and nine normal controls. RESULTS: Circulating @entity379 , @entity688 and @entity8923 were higher in @entity378 @entity1 than in control groups. Plasma IL-12 levels were extremely variable, and no difference was observed among study groups. An inverse correlation between plasma @entity379 and @entity688 levels was found in @entity378 @entity1 . Furthermore, circulating @entity8923 correlated with @entity688 but not with @entity379 levels. Finally, @entity379 , @entity8923 and IL-12 were increased in the BALf of @entity378 @entity1 , whereas no difference was observed in @entity688 levels. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 @entity378 , at least at certain disease stages, there is a differential compartmentalization of the @entity379 -regulatory factors IL-12 and @entity688 , the former being concentrated in the lungs and the latter being present in peripheral circulation. In addition, our findings address more critically the role of @entity8923 in the host response to @entity378 in @entity1 .

title: The assessment of @entity379 and its regulatory cytokines in the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of XXXX with @entity1907 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis infection', 'TB']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['active pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: New treatment options are required for primary @entity1582 ( @entity2783 ). This phase 1 dose-escalation component of a phase 1/2 study in relapsed @entity2783 aimed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of @entity1749 once weekly (0.7-1.6 mg/m(2); days 1, 8, 15, and 22; 35-day cycles) and twice weekly (0.7-1.3 mg/m(2); days 1, 4, 8, and 11; 21-day cycles) and assess preliminary hematologic responses. Thirty-one @entity1 with relapsed @entity2783 were enrolled across 7 cohorts. Dose-limiting @entity137 included grade 3 @entity712 in 2 @entity1 (1 at once weekly, 1.6 mg/m(2), and 1 at twice weekly, 1.0 mg/m(2)). MTD was not defined for either schedule; the maximum doses of 1.6 mg/m(2) (once weekly) and 1.3 mg/m(2) (twice weekly) are being used in phase 2 evaluation. Most commonly reported @entity137 on both schedules included @entity344 . Discontinuations and dose reductions for @entity137 were reported in 12 and 4 @entity1 , respectively. No treatment-related @entity204 occurred. Hematologic responses occurred in 15 (50%) of 30 evaluable @entity1 , including 6 (20%) complete responses. Median time to first response was 1.2 months. Once-weekly and twice-weekly @entity1749 appear generally well tolerated in relapsed @entity2783 , with promising hematologic responses. This study is registered with http://ClinicalTrials.Gov under identifier NCT00298766.

title: Weekly and twice-weekly @entity1749 in @entity1 with XXXX : results of a phase 1 dose-escalation study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal events, fatigue, and nervous system disorders']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['systemic AL amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['systemic AL amyloidosis']


abstract: We studied the expression of @entity11184 ( @entity11184 ) and its mRNA in @entity35 gastric smooth muscle in relation to various gastric motility states. Male @entity35 were divided into groups subjected to fasting, feeding ad libitum, cold restraint stress, pyloric ligation, and @entity5402 stimulation. Cold restraint stress induced abnormal contractions. Rhythmic and moderate contractions were produced by @entity5402 administration, and marked distension was induced by pyloric ligation. @entity11184 mRNA expression was weak in the physiological fasting and feeding states, but was markedly increased by pyloric ligation and @entity5402 stimulation. @entity11184 and its mRNA were localized to the proper @entity121 , but not in the mucosa by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The gene expression of @entity11184 receptor in the gastric tissue was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, but serum @entity11184 levels did not increase in all groups. These findings suggest that @entity11184 acts as an autocrine or paracrine factor in gastric smooth muscle that responds to muscle activity caused by distension and cholinergic stimulation. However, @entity11184 gene expression was decreased by stress despite the presence of strong contractions, and the sufficient relaxation did not occur. @entity11184 suppression by stress is caused by the increase in @entity2819 , as pretreatment of @entity4235 , an inhibitor of 11 beta-hydroxylation, enhanced @entity11184 gene expression in association with serum @entity2819 suppression. In conclusion, @entity11184 might be an important gastrointestinal peptide that regulates gastric contractile activity and is influenced by the serum @entity2819 level.

title: Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in relation to perturbations of gastric motility in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4235 :: ('MESH:D008797', 'Chemical') :: ['metyrapone']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle layer and muscularis mucosa']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Therapeutic cell retention and engraftment are critical for myocardial regeneration. Underlying mechanisms, including the role of tissue perfusion, are not well understood. In @entity35 Kyoto @entity35 , syngeneic cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs) were injected intramyocardially, after experimental @entity583 . CDCs were labeled with @entity419 (n  =  7), for quantification of 1-h retention, or with @entity22598 -symporter gene (NIS; n  =  8), for detection of 24-h engraftment by reporter imaging. Perfusion was imaged simultaneously. @entity1188 size was 37      9 and 38      9% of LV in FDG and NIS groups. Cell signal was located in the @entity1188 border zone in all animals. No significant relationship was observed between @entity1188 size and 1-h CDC retention (r  =  -0.65; P  =  0.11). However, @entity1188 size correlated significantly with 24-h engraftment (r  =  0.75; P  =  0.03). Residual perfusion at the injection site was not related to cell retention/engraftment. Larger @entity1188 are associated with improved CDC engraftment. This observation encourages further investigation of microenvironmental conditions after @entity2806 and their role in therapeutic cell survival.

title: Perfusion defect size predicts engraftment but not early retention of intra-myocardially injected cardiosphere-derived cells after acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity22598 :: ('MESH:D012974', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium-iodide']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic damage']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct', 'infarcts']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Viozan (sibenadet @entity5828 , @entity62343 ) is a novel dual D2 @entity935 receptor, @entity2162 agonist, developed specifically to treat the key symptoms of @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ), @entity1353 , cough and sputum. The dual sensory nerve modulation and bronchodilator effects of sibenadet have been demonstrated in initial dose-ranging studies of @entity1 with @entity1030 and large-scale clinical evaluation has now been completed. Sibenadet efficacy was determined by assessing symptomatic changes, as defined by the novel assessment tool, the Breathlessness, Cough and Sputum Scale (BCSS). The findings of two placebo-controlled studies are reported. These multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies recruited over 2000 @entity1 with stable @entity1030 , randomized to receive sibenadet (500 microg) or placebo, pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) (three times daily) for a period of 12 or 26 weeks. Diary cards were completed daily by @entity1 throughout the study to record BCSS scores, peak expiratory flow (PEF), study drug and rescue bronchodilator usage, changes in concomitant medication and adverse events. The primary endpoints were defined as change from baseline to the final 4 weeks of the treatment period in mean BCSS total score, and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) measured 1 hour after administration of the final dose of study drug and expressed as a percentage of the predicted FEV1. In addition, clinic assessments were made to determine changes in pulmonary function, health-related quality of life, perception of treatment efficacy and adverse events. Despite initial improvements in mean daily BCSS total scores in @entity1 receiving sibenadet, the difference in the change from baseline to the final 4 weeks of the treatment period between the two treatment groups was neither statistically significant, nor considered to be of clinical importance. Although marked bronchodilator activity was seen early on with sibenadet treatment, the duration of effect diminished as the studies progressed. Sibenadet use was not associated with any safety concerns. These studies, utilizing the novel BCSS, have clearly illustrated that, despite initial symptomatic improvement with sibenadet therapy, this clinical benefit was not sustained over the course of the study.

title: The role of the novel D2/beta2-agonist, @entity62343 (sibenadet XXXX ), in the treatment of symptoms of @entity1030 : results of a large-scale clinical investigation.

entities_list: @entity2162 :: ('154', 'Gene') :: ['beta2-adrenoceptor']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathlessness']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity5828 :: (CHEBI:17883,Chemical) :: ['HCl']


abstract: We recently reported that PL-AG, a @entity3364 of @entity2765 and @entity5118 , was more effective than @entity5118 (AG), a well-known anti- @entity2412 compound, in preventing @entity8 in @entity6 @entity19 and presented brief data indicating the antioxidant activity of the adduct. In the present study, we additionally investigated the inhibitory activity of PL-AG in comparison with that of AG against in vitro and in vivo oxidation. PL-AG was more potent than AG and reference compounds such as @entity2765 and @entity2766 in any of the five antioxidant activities examined in vitro, i.e., @entity273 -scavenging, @entity3787 radical-scavenging, @entity224 radical-scavenging, @entity620 -autoxidation inhibitory, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-oxidation inhibitory activities, the last two of which were assessed in the presence of @entity8863 . Unlike AG, PL-AG did not show the pro-oxidant activity. The inhibitory activity of PL-AG against lipid peroxidation in @entity6 @entity35 was higher than that of AG, for example, the amounts of @entity1234 in erythrocytes (nmol/g hemoglobin; mean +/- SD) in normal, untreated @entity6 , AG-treated @entity6 , and PL-AG-treated @entity6 @entity35 were 3.53 +/- 0.35, 4.99 +/- 0.23, 4.65 +/- 0.45, and 4.06 +/- 0.35, respectively. A fluorescent substance different from PL-AG was found in the plasma and urine of @entity35 treated with PL-AG. The chemical structure of this substance, i.e., oxidized PL-AG, was determined by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance, mass, and infrared spectrometry. AG dramatically decreased the @entity2707 level in the @entity6 @entity35 liver, whereas PL-AG only moderately affected it. Our results indicate that the antioxidant activity of PL-AG is due to its chelation with @entity9546 ions and to scavenging of reactive @entity26 species. They also suggest that PL-AG is more promising for the treatment of @entity6 complications than AG.

title: Antioxidant activity of a XXXX of @entity2765 and @entity5118 .

entities_list: @entity2765 :: ('MESH:D011730', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridoxal']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity5118 :: ('MESH:C004479', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoguanidine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2707 :: ('MESH:D011732', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridoxal phosphate']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity3364 :: ('MESH:D012545', 'Chemical') :: ['Schiff base']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic-complication']

entities_list: @entity2766 :: ('MESH:D011733', 'Chemical') :: ['pyridoxamine']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity9546 :: ('CHEBI:27081', 'Chemical') :: ['transition metal']

answer: @entity3364 :: (MESH:D012545,Chemical) :: ['Schiff base']


abstract: BACKGROUND: TomoBreast is a unicenter, non-blinded randomized trial comparing conventional radiotherapy (CR) vs. hypofractionated Tomotherapy (TT) for post-operative treatment of @entity0 . The purpose of the trial is to compare whether TT can reduce heart and @entity358 . We evaluate early @entity137 . METHODS: The trial started inclusion in May 2007 and reached its recruitment in August 2011. @entity1 with stage T1-3N0M0 or T1-2N1M0 @entity0 completely resected by tumorectomy (BCS) or by @entity12652 ( @entity12652 ) who consented to participate were randomized, according to a prescribed computer-generated randomization schedule, between control arm of CR 25x2 Gy/5 weeks by tangential fields on breast/chest wall, plus supraclavicular-axillary field if node-positive, and sequential boost 8x2 Gy/2 weeks if BCS (cumulative dose 66 Gy/7 weeks), versus experimental TT arm of 15x2.8 Gy/3 weeks, including nodal areas if node-positive and simultaneous integrated boost of 0.6 Gy if BCS (cumulative dose 51 Gy/3 weeks). Outcomes evaluated were the pulmonary and heart function. Comparison of proportions used one-sided Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: By May 2010, 70 @entity1 were randomized and had more than 1 year of follow-up. Out of 69 evaluable cases, 32 were assigned to CR (21 BCS, 11 @entity12652 ), 37 to TT (20 BCS, 17 @entity12652 ). @entity137 of grade >= 1 at 2 years was 60% in CR, vs. 30% in TT arm. Heart function showed no significant difference for left ventricular ejection fraction at 2 years, CR 4.8% vs. TT 4.6%. Pulmonary function tests at 2 years showed grade >= 1 decline of FEV1 in 21% of CR, vs. 15% of TT and decline of DLco in 29% of CR, vs. 7% of TT (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were no unexpected severe @entity137 . Short course radiotherapy of the breast with simultaneous integrated boost over 3 weeks proved feasible without excess @entity137 . Pulmonary tests showed a slight trend in favor of Tomotherapy, which will need confirmation with longer follow-up of @entity1 . TRIAL REGISTRATION: [corrected] ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00459628.

title: Short course radiotherapy with simultaneous integrated boost for @entity0 , early XXXX of a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Skin toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary toxicity']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicities']


abstract: BACKGROUND: -Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) is often implicated in contributing to the detrimental effects of @entity299 . This ostensibly negative view of NF-kB competes with its important role in the normal host inflammatory and immune response. We have previously demonstrated that pharmacologic inhibition of NF-kB at the time of acute pressure-overload accelerates the progression of @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) to @entity712 in @entity19 . NF-kB regulates angiogenesis and other factors responsible for compensatory reaction to intracellular @entity519 . We hypothesized that @entity73 may be the trigger, not the result, of pathologic @entity4346 through NF-kB related pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS: - @entity19 (KO) were generated with cardiomyocyte (CMC)-specific deletion of the @entity1992 subunit of NF-kB. @entity19 underwent transverse aortic constriction and serially followed with echocardiography for 6 weeks. CMC @entity1992 NF-kB deletion promoted @entity4346 and accelerated progression towards @entity712 , as measured by ejection fraction, LV mass, and @entity358 . @entity19 had higher levels of @entity82 and periostin expression. Whole-field digital microscopy revealed increased capillary domain areas in KO @entity19 while concurrently demonstrating decreased microvessel density. This observation was associated with decreased expression of @entity519 -inducible factor 1a ( @entity1965 ). CONCLUSIONS: -Rather than developing compensatory @entity4346 , pressure overload in CMC NF-kB deficient @entity19 resulted in functional deterioration that was associated with increased @entity82 , decreased HIF expression, and decreased microvessel density. These observations mechanistically implicate NF-kB, and its regulation of @entity519 stress, as an important factor determining the path between adaptive @entity1184 and @entity712 .

title: Cardiomyocyte XXXX Is Necessary for Compensatory Adaptation to Pressure-Overload.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['maladaptive heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Transgenic mice', 'Mice']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired angiogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung congestion']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['maladaptive LVH', 'left ventricular hypertrophy', 'LVH']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury']

answer: @entity1992 :: (19697(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['p65 NF-kB']


abstract: PURPOSE: Although @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) remains the most effective antiepileptic for generalised and unclassified @entity302 , clinicians may be failing to discuss this treatment option because of guideline misinterpretation. Current guidelines recommend caution regarding teratogenic risks but do not advocate absolute avoidance. METHOD: We assessed @entity2052 prescribing in young @entity1 attending a transition @entity302 clinic. We present six @entity1 with @entity3762 ( @entity3762 ) in whom @entity2052 had been initially avoided. RESULTS: Overall, the results were consistent with @entity2052 's superior antiepileptic efficacy and ability to reduce harmful @entity410 -related complications. Young @entity1 denied of @entity2052 showed prolonged periods of poor @entity410 control with medical, social and @entity532 . Following contraceptive counselling and @entity2052 introduction, all six @entity1 showed improved @entity410 control including @entity410 -freedom during follow-up of up to twenty-four months. There was also evidence of reduced @entity410 -related morbidity and improved educational and occupational functioning. Prior to referral, documentation revealed no discussion of @entity2052 treatment options. CONCLUSION: Failure to prescribe @entity1092 for @entity3762 , particularly when another first-line treatment has failed, may not be in a young @entity1 's best interests-particularly when they are most vulnerable to sequelae from uncontrolled @entity410 . Indiscriminate avoidance of @entity1092 needs to be recognised as a misinterpretation of current @entity302 guidelines as it may harm young @entity1 . Although the use of @entity1092 demands careful consideration, there remains a strong case to always discuss this medication because of its efficacy and potential to reduce @entity410 -related harm. @entity1 must be allowed to make their own informed decisions about effective @entity302 treatments.

title: Withholding the choice of @entity1092 to young @entity1 with XXXX : Are we causing more harm than good?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'woman', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate', 'sodium valproate']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['psychological complications']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsies', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['IGE', 'idiopathic generalised epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['generalised epilepsy']


abstract: @entity60584 controls a pathway supporting the differentiation and survival of a wide range of neural cell types during development and in adulthood. @entity8553 ( @entity16069 )-cytokine-like factor 1 ( @entity43504 ) composite cytokine is a second ligand for the @entity7178 alpha-component receptor ( @entity60584 ). This composite cytokine is built on the structural model of IL-12, with a complex formed by a four-helix bundle type I cytokine, @entity16069 (also referred to as @entity16069 ), bound to a soluble receptor subunit, @entity43504 (also known as @entity43504 ). We have reported mutations in the chaperone soluble receptor @entity43504 , causing cold-induced @entity9201 (CISS). In this study, we studied the @entity16069 -mutated alleles in a @entity1 suffering from a similar disease. This @entity1 was compound heterozygous for two different @entity16069 mutations. The first allele was inactivated by a stop codon at position 107 ( @entity60585 ). In the second allele, a @entity60586 mutation in the @entity16069 -predicted binding site to the @entity60584 was detected. Functional analysis of the mutated protein revealed an incapacity for @entity60586 @entity16069 to bind to @entity60584 and activate the subsequent signaling events. Structural and docking interaction studies showed that the @entity60586 substitution destabilized the contact site between @entity16069 and @entity60584 .

title: Inactivation of cardiotrophin-like cytokine, a second ligand for XXXX , leads to cold-induced @entity9201 in a @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity8553 :: ('MESH:C565779', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiotrophin-like cytokine']

entities_list: @entity60584 :: ('1271', 'Gene') :: ['Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor', 'CNTFRalpha']

entities_list: @entity9201 :: ('MESH:D018614', 'Disease') :: ['sweating syndrome']

answer: @entity60584 :: (1271,Gene) :: ['ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor']


abstract: By using a transparent digitizer and a personal computer, we tried a quantitative analysis of @entity2055 in the upper limbs. A total of 25 upper extremities of 13 @entity1 with @entity2746 ( @entity2746 ) and 140 upper extremities of 70 normal volunteers were tested by two types of tasks. One was the free speed trace of a circle presented on the display (free circle), and the other was the pursuit of a target moving on a circle at a fixed speed (pursuit circle). The digitizer was put on a color display stabilized horizontally. For 1024 points with a 25 msec sampling time, the trajectory of the stylus pen was transmitted to the computer in real time. Circle diameters of 3 cm and 6 cm were selected. The target rounded the circle at a speed of 6 or 3 times per 1024 points. The mean velocity (MV), mean acceleration (MA), and MA/MV ratio were calculated for the extent of one circle period. And the coefficient of variation (CV) of the shifted distance in each sampling time and the power spectrum by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to the acceleration wave were calculated for the total input data. In the free circles, the MV and logarithm of MA varied widely and showed positive correlations. In contrast, those of the pursuit circles converged narrowly near the values of the target. On the other hand, in the @entity2746 group, many @entity1 could not draw the small free circle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A quantitative analysis of XXXX in the upper limbs].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2746 :: ('MESH:D013132', 'Disease') :: ['SCD', 'spino-cerebellar degeneration']

answer: @entity2055 :: (MESH:D001259,Disease) :: ['ataxia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The optimal initial treatment for @entity1 with @entity63 ( @entity63 ) remains undefined. Although clinical outcome data are inconsistent, @entity1212 ( @entity1212 ) with tissue plasminogen activator is increasingly used. @entity1 -level analysis combining clinical and economic data in a real-life setting is lacking. This study compared clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of initial treatment strategies for @entity63 using real-life @entity1 -level data. METHODS: Medical records and data for hospital costs were analyzed for @entity63 @entity1 treated in four hospitals over 3  years. A cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using a decision tree analytic model. All costs were valued based on cost-to-charge ratios. RESULTS: In 205 @entity1 , initial treatments were @entity1212 alone in 68 or with angioplasty in 16, open surgery in 60, endovascular in 33, and hybrid in 28. Although clinical outcomes did not differ significantly among the groups, reintervention rates during hospital stay, readmission rates, and costs were highest in the @entity1212 group. Reintervention was required in 62% of @entity1 after @entity1212 compared with 7% after open surgery, and 16% of the @entity1212 @entity1 needed more than one reintervention. The mean total hospital cost was  34,800 per @entity1 in @entity1212 group compared with  10,677 in open surgery group. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-life study, initial treatment of @entity63 with currently available @entity1212 options was associated with greater health care resource consumption and cost compared with other initial treatment options.

title: Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of initial treatment strategies for nonembolic XXXX in real-life clinical settings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1212 :: ('MESH:D055499', 'Disease') :: ['catheter-directed thrombolysis', 'CDT']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['acute limb ischemia', 'ALI', 'nonembolic ALI']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['acute limb ischemia']


abstract: The properties and bimodal distribution of @entity8558 phosphohydrolase (PAP) were investigated in @entity11 hybrid @entity19 cells. Two PAP activities distinguished by their differential sensitivity to @entity1025 and @entity6000 were identified in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions. A @entity11040 permeabilization method was employed to study the basal distribution of the cytosolic PAP and its redistribution upon cell exposure to amphiphilic lipids. Under conditions which release 100% of the cytosolic marker enzyme @entity880 dehydrogenase, only 60% of total cellular PAP activity was released into the medium through the @entity11040 -induced membrane pores, suggesting that about 40% of the total are membrane associated. Elevated plasma-membrane levels of @entity8558 , accomplished by incubating cells with Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D, did not affect the distribution of cytosolic PAP. In contrast, @entity3952 induced a marked concentration-dependent redistribution of the cytosolic enzyme to the particulate fraction. @entity2786 redistribution was completely abolished in the presence of the @entity18162 base @entity5597 , previously shown to inhibit PAP activity in vitro (Lavie, Y., Piterman, O. _ Liscovitch, M. (1990) FEBS Lett. 277, 7-10). Thus, the distribution of cytosolic PAP is reciprocally regulated by a long-chain (fatty) acid and a long-chain (sphingoid) base which are breakdown products of phospholipids and @entity13740 , respectively. These effects might influence PAP function in glycerolipid metabolism and signal transduction under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

title: Bimodal distribution of @entity8558 phosphohydrolase in @entity19 cells. Modulation by the amphiphilic lipids XXXX and @entity5597 .

entities_list: @entity11040 :: ('MESH:D004072', 'Chemical') :: ['digitonin']

entities_list: @entity3952 :: ('MESH:D019301', 'Chemical') :: ['oleic acid']

entities_list: @entity8558 :: ('MESH:D010712', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity5597 :: ('MESH:D013110', 'Chemical') :: ['sphingosine']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma X glioma']

entities_list: @entity13740 :: ('MESH:D013107', 'Chemical') :: ['sphingolipids']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity18162 :: ('CHEBI:35785', 'Chemical') :: ['sphingoid']

answer: @entity3952 :: (MESH:D019301,Chemical) :: ['oleic acid']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of breast-conserving therapy for young @entity1 with a @entity4310 ( @entity4310 ) suggestive of @entity0 susceptibility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 201 @entity1 aged 36 or younger at diagnosis treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy (> or = 60 Gy) for @entity0 were categorized by @entity4310 . @entity4310 was considered positive in 29 @entity1 who, at the time of diagnosis, had a mother or sister previously diagnosed with @entity43 at any age. Clinical, pathologic, and demographic variables; sites of first failure; disease-free survival; and overall survival (OS) were compared between @entity4310 -positive and -negative groups. Median follow-up time was 11 years. RESULTS: @entity1 and @entity5 features were similar between those with and without an @entity4310 . Regression analysis of sites of first failure at 5 years demonstrated a risk ratio (RR) of 5.7 for opposite @entity0 for @entity4310 -positive @entity1 . Rates of local, regional, and distant failure and disease-free survival or OS did not differ between @entity4310 -positive and -negative @entity1 . Age at diagnosis and Ashkenazi heritage were not significantly predictors of patterns of failure. CONCLUSION: Breast-conserving surgery combined with radiation therapy is not associated with a higher rate of local recurrence, distant failure, or second (non-breast) cancers in young @entity1 with an @entity4310 suggestive of @entity0 susceptibility compared with young @entity1 without an @entity4310 . However, their increased risk of opposite @entity0 should be taken into account when considering breast conservation as a treatment option.

title: Family history and treatment outcome in young @entity1 after breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer before age 50 or ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['inherited breast cancer', 'breast cancer', 'early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity4310 :: ('MESH:D009386', 'Disease') :: ['FH', 'family history']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['early-stage breast cancer']


abstract: A recombinant @entity805 ) expressing the @entity22598 symporter (NIS) is being considered for therapy of advanced multiple @entity1582 . Auger electrons selectively damage cells in which the @entity1547 . We hypothesized that the Auger electron emitting isotope 125I can be used to control viral proliferation. MV was engineered to express both carcinoembryonic antigen and NIS (MV-NICE). Cells were infected with MV-NICE and exposed to 125I with appropriate controls. MV-NICE replication in vitro is inhibited by the selective uptake of 125I by cells expressing NIS. Auger electron damage is partly mediated by free radicals and abrogated by @entity2041 . In @entity1582 xenografts, control of MV-NICE with 125I was not possible under the conditions of the experiment. MV-NICE does not replicate faster in the presence of radiation. Auger electron emitting isotopes effectively stop propagation of MV vectors expressing NIS in vitro. Additional work is necessary to translate these observations in vivo.

title: Interaction of XXXX vectors with Auger electron emitting radioisotopes.

entities_list: @entity22598 :: ('MESH:D012974', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium iodide']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity805 :: ('11234', 'Species') :: ['measles virus (MV']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['isotope decays']

answer: @entity805 :: (11234,Species) :: ['measles virus']


abstract: In an attempt to reproduce resistance to @entity5125 induced by primo-infection, a vaccinal strain of low virulence capable of affording a good immunity was looked for. After a double mutation in regard to @entity3639 , i.e. dependence then reversion to independence, nine strains were obtained from a @entity5125 field strain of low virulence. In addition, five of these reverse strains were made resistant to @entity2929 . Measure of virulence of the resulting 14 strains was performed on @entity19 by spleen counts three days after subcutaneous inoculation of 10(5) bacteria. A general decrease of virulence after the mutations was observed. Immunogenicity was estimated by spleen counts, three days after a challenge with parent strain on @entity19 vaccinated one month previously with 10(6) organisms of each strain. A strain, resistant to @entity2929 , was selected as potential vaccine, as having good immunogenicity, sufficiently reduced virulence, good growth ability and evident marker. This strain was shown resistant to 16 micrograms/ml of @entity3639 and to 1000 micrograms/ml of @entity2929 when respective values for parent strain were 4 micrograms/ml and 0.25 microgram/ml. Its metabolic activity in regard to glucids did not differ from that of parent strain but requirements in aminoacids increased at each step of the mutations leading from parent to selected strain. These characters were recognized as stable after two independent series of 10 passages on @entity19 .

title: Selection and characterization of a @entity5125 vaccinal strain of reduced virulence for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: A study of 9135 @entity1 injured between 1973 and 1984 and treated at any of 13 model regional @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) care systems was conducted. Follow-up ended December 31, 1985, by which time 50 @entity1 had committed suicide (6.3% of @entity204 ). Based on age-sex-race-specific rates for the general population, 10.2 suicides were expected to occur. Therefore, the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for suicide was 4.9. The highest SMR occurred 1 to 5 years after injury. The SMR was also elevated for the first post-injury year, but was not significantly elevated after the fifth year. The SMR was significantly elevated for all neurological groups, but was highest for @entity1 with complete @entity451 . The SMR was highest for @entity1 aged 25 to 54 years, but was also elevated for @entity1 aged less than 25 years. Suicide was the leading cause of @entity204 for @entity1 with complete @entity451 and the second leading cause of @entity204 for @entity1 with incomplete @entity451 . The most common means of committing suicide was by gunshot. These figures demonstrate the need for increased staff, @entity1 and family awareness of this problem, and improved follow-up assessment and psychosocial support programmes.

title: Suicide following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: @entity5602 is a mitochondrial protein involved in @entity68 metabolism whose deficiency in @entity1 causes @entity7960 . We performed transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of conditional @entity375 @entity5602 Homologue ( @entity58920 ) mutants (tetO7- @entity58920 ) to investigate metabolic remodeling upon @entity58920 depletion. These studies revealed that @entity58920 depletion leads to downregulation of many @entity413 -repressed genes. Most of them were @entity15517 targets, a key transcription factor required for growth in non-fermentable @entity505 sources. Using a GFP-tagged @entity15517 , we observed that @entity58920 depletion promotes the export of @entity15517 from the nucleus to the cytosol without affecting its protein levels. This effect was also observed upon @entity274 treatment, but not by @entity68 overload/starvation, indicating the presence of a regulatory pathway involved in @entity15517 export and inactivation upon stress conditions. We also observed that @entity59889 , a gene involved in the mRNA degradation of several @entity68 -containing enzymes, was induced upon @entity58920 depletion. Accordingly, decreased levels of aconitase and @entity4588 dehydrogenase were observed. Nevertheless, their levels were maintained in a /\ @entity59889 mutant even in the absence of @entity58920 . From these results we can conclude that, in addition to altering @entity68 homeostasis, @entity5602 depletion involves drastic metabolic remodeling governed by @entity15517 and @entity59889 that finally leads to downregulation of @entity5985 proteins and other proteins involved in respiratory metabolism.

title: Metabolic remodeling in XXXX -deficient @entity375 is mediated by @entity59889 and @entity15517 .

entities_list: @entity7960 :: ('MESH:D005621', 'Disease') :: ['Friedreich ataxia']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity5985 :: ('CHEBI:30408', 'Chemical') :: ['iron-sulfur']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity5602 :: (2395,Gene) :: ['frataxin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Isodon lophanthoides, I. lophanthoides var. graciliflorus and I. serra are the three botanical sources of Xihuangcao, which are often used indiscriminately in herbal products. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid and accurate analytical method to identify the three different botanical sources of Xihuangcao by combining UPLC-ESI-QTOF- @entity15 with chemometrics analysis. METHODS: Fifteen batches of plants were collected as reference materials and their chemical profiles were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-QTOF- @entity15 . These data were subsequently processed by statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA), @entity2686 ( @entity2686 ) and orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). An automated sample class prediction model was also built using Naive Bayes as a class prediction algorithm to rapidly determine the source species of twenty-seven batches of commercial Xihuangcao samples. RESULTS: The base peak chromatograms of the three authenticated species showed different patterns and twenty-seven peaks were chosen, including six @entity10113 , one @entity10418 and two glycosides to distinguish among these three species. The results showed good differentiation among the three species by PCA, @entity2686 and OPLS-DA. Isodon lophanthoides var. graciliflorus was found to be the major botanical source of the commercial samples. CONCLUSION: UPLC-ESI-QTOF- @entity15 and subsequent chemometrics analysis were demonstrated effective to differentiate among the three different species of plants used as Xihuangcao.

title: Rapid differentiation of Xihuangcao from the three Isodon species by UPLC-ESI-QTOF- XXXX / @entity15 and chemometrics analysis.

entities_list: @entity10418 :: ('MESH:C017616', 'Chemical') :: ['phenolic acid']

entities_list: @entity10113 :: ('MESH:D004224', 'Chemical') :: ['diterpenoids']

entities_list: @entity2686 :: ('MESH:D003027', 'Disease') :: ['hierarchical cluster analysis', 'HCA']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['MS']


abstract: Bioactive glass (BG) is widely used for bone tissue engineering. However, poor mechanical properties are the major shortcomings. In the study, @entity692 nanowhisker (HANw) was used as a reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties. 63s glass/HANw scaffolds were successfully fabricated by @entity2798 ( @entity2798 ). It was found that the optimal compressive strength and @entity174 toughness were achieved when 10   wt.% HANw was added. This led to 36% increase in compressive strength and 83% increase in @entity174 toughness, respectively, compared with pure 63s glass scaffolds. Different reinforcement mechanisms were analyzed based on the microstructure investigation. Whisker bridging and whisker pulling-out were efficient in absorbing crack propagating energy, resulting in the improvement of the mechanical properties. Moreover, bioactivity and biocompatibility of the scaffolds were evaluated in vitro. The results showed that composite scaffolds with 10   wt.% HANw exhibited good apatite-forming ability and cellular affinity.

title: XXXX whisker reinforced 63s glass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['selective laser sintering', 'SLS']

answer: @entity692 :: (MESH:D017886,Chemical) :: ['Hydroxyapatite']


abstract: The effects of @entity2740 diuretics on serum @entity1391 concentration, renal tubular threshold for @entity1391 , and urinary @entity460 excretion in @entity1 with renal @entity12146 were studied. There were nine controlled acute studies conducted in five @entity1 , and, in addition, seven long-term studies of up to 26 months were performed. During the acute studies, the @entity1 continued to receive the same doses of oral @entity3873 and @entity1391 supplementation as at home. @entity918 , 1.50 to 2.25 mg/kg/d, was used alone in the first four studies; @entity918 and @entity6478 at a dose of 1 mg for each 5 mg of @entity918 were used in the other five studies. Administration of the diuretics for four days gave rise to a significant increase in serum @entity1391 concentration from 3.1 +/- 0.4 mg/dL to 3.7 +/- 0.9 mg/dL (P less than .01) and in tubular threshold for @entity1391 from 1.31 +/- 0.45 mg/dL to 1.74 +/- 0.60 mg/dL (P less than .01). These changes were accompanied by significant reductions in urinary @entity1372 excretion from 135 +/- 39 mEq/24 h during the control period to 99 +/- 42 mEq/24 h on the fourth day of therapy (P less than .05), fractional @entity1372 excretion from 0.99% +/- 0.42% to 0.81% +/- 0.42% (P less than .05), and urinary @entity460 excretion from 57.3 +/- 28.9 mg/24 h to 19.0 +/- 13.1 mg/24 h (P less than .01). Fractional excretion of @entity1391 divided by fractional excretion of @entity1372 after the treatment with diuretics was not significantly different from that observed at the end of the control period. Increments in serum @entity1391 concentrations were correlated with elevations in serum albumin concentrations (r = .739; P less than .02). As an additional index of intravascular volume contraction, the elevations in serum @entity1391 concentrations were correlated with the increase in BUN, (r = .793; P less than .01). The addition of @entity6478 in the last five studies prevented the @entity1371 and @entity5838 that had complicated the administration of @entity918 . Long-term follow-up studies for a total of 119 therapy-months on six @entity1 and one adult, who continued to receive the diuretics concomitantly with @entity3873 and @entity1391 supplementation, showed that they were free of complications except for a transient episode of @entity2741 and @entity5200 in one @entity1 . In comparison with the previous period of treatment with @entity3873 and @entity1391 without diuretics, linear growth velocity and healing of the rickets were not changed in two @entity1 and improved in the other four after the addition of @entity918 and @entity6478 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effects of @entity918 and XXXX in renal @entity12146 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5838 :: ('MESH:D000471', 'Disease') :: ['alkalosis']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity918 :: ('MESH:D006852', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrochlorothiazide', 'hydrochlorothiazide']

entities_list: @entity3873 :: ('MESH:D002117', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitriol']

entities_list: @entity6478 :: ('MESH:D000584', 'Chemical') :: ['amiloride']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5200 :: ('MESH:D053565', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalciuria']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity12146 :: ('MESH:D063730', 'Disease') :: ['hypophosphatemic rickets']

answer: @entity6478 :: (MESH:D000584,Chemical) :: ['amiloride']


abstract: Activation of coagulation factor X via the intrinsic pathway requires the assembly of factors IXa and @entity797 on lipid membranes. It is known that the platelet expresses membrane sites for assembly of factors IXa/ @entity797 and promotes efficient factor X activation. We now show that @entity1 blood monocytes, but not lymphocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, also express appropriate sites for factors IXa/ @entity797 assembly. The maximal rate of factor X activation by factors IXa (0.75 nM) and @entity797 (1 unit/ml) assembled on monocytes is similar to the maximal rate on platelets. This rate, adjusted per micromole of lipid @entity3151 , is 1636 +/- 358 nM @entity6236 /min on monocyte, and 1569 +/- 54 nM @entity6236 /min on platelets. At physiologic concentrations of factors X and @entity797 , the activation rate increases with factor IXa concentration asymptotically approaching a maximum. Half-maximal rate is achieved with 1.0 +/- 0.16 nM factor IXa. Monocytes and macrophages, but not platelets, can express membrane tissue factor and thus promote simultaneous assembly of two distinct factor X-activating protease complexes. In these studies, blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages are used as membrane sources in kinetic experiments comparing factor X activation by intrinsic (factor IXa/ @entity797 ) versus extrinsic (factor VII/tissue factor) protease complexes. At plasma concentration of factors @entity797 and VII, apparent Km on the monocyte is 14.6 +/- 1.4 nM for intrinsic and 117.0 +/- 10.1 nM for extrinsic activation. The apparent Km on alveolar macrophages is 12.1 +/- 1.9 and 90.6 +/- 10.2 nM for intrinsic and extrinsic activation, respectively. Maximal rates on monocytes at saturating concentration of factors IXa, @entity797 , and VII are 48.0 +/- 11.2 nM @entity6236 /min, for intrinsic activation, and 16.5 +/- 5.5 nM @entity6236 /min, for extrinsic activation. These data show that the monocyte/macrophage is the only blood-derived cell type with membrane sites for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway assembly. We have exploited this characteristic of the monocyte/macrophage membrane to demonstrate that factor X activation by the intrinsic pathway protease is more efficient than activation via the extrinsic pathway protease complex.

title: Functional difference between intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Kinetics of factor X activation on XXXX monocytes and alveolar macrophages.

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This is a 2 years follow-up study of seventeen @entity1 who were found to have mild @entity5651 and post-partum @entity1374 two years earlier in order to establish if post-partum @entity1374 is a self-limited entity or the relapse of a chronic pre-existing disease. When first studied, the 17 @entity1 had @entity1374 (15 with @entity1378 and 2 with @entity1375 ). Eight @entity1 had also elevated antimicrosomal antibodies (AMA) titers and 9 were negative for AMA. In the present study, all @entity1 were reexamined for the presence of @entity5651 , and free thyroxine index (FT4I), TSH and AMA were determined. Mild (grade I-II, less than 30 g) @entity5651 was found in 11 @entity1 . Six out seventeen @entity1 , still had altered functional tests (3 with @entity1375 and 3 with @entity1378 ). The elevated AMA titers seen in 8 @entity1 in the first study, remained high in 6 (1:100-1:25600). None of the 9 @entity1 who in the first study had negative AMA changed to positive titers. Results indicate that post-partum @entity1374 is not always a self-limited entity. The presence of elevated AMA titers in the initial post-partum period can express a chronic @entity1374 compromise. In these @entity1 a longterm clinical and biochemical follow-up is recommended.

title: [Autoimmune XXXX diagnosed during puerperium: evaluation 2 years later].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disease', 'thyroid dysfunction']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid disease']


abstract: We have studied the @entity53 sensitivity of primary @entity1 @entity0 in organ culture in a prospective pilot series of 109 @entity5 . The effect on plasminogen activator (PA) production was used as the end-point of @entity172 action. We found that: (i) All @entity5 secreted detectable levels of @entity2290 ; the level of basal @entity2290 production was markedly heterogeneous but showed a weak association with the level of @entity172 receptor positivity (p = 0.049). (ii) Only 23.5% of the @entity5 secreted tissue-type PA (tPA) in addition to @entity2290 ; a higher proportion of these @entity5 had histological characteristics indicative of good prognosis (18% vs. 3% of @entity5 secreting only @entity2290 ). (iii) @entity53 modulated @entity2290 production and this effect was receptor-mediated. (iv) Responsiveness to @entity53 was limited to a subset (25 of 60 or 41.7%) of @entity172 and @entity1420 -receptor-positive @entity5 . (v) Of 20 evaluable @entity1 with lymph-node and receptor-positive @entity0 who received adjuvant anti- @entity172 therapy, 11 were identified as @entity53 -sensitive by the in vitro PA assay; of these, 10 had no evidence of disease after a median follow-up period of 3+ years. In contrast, of 9 @entity1 with @entity5 identified as @entity53 -insensitive, 4 developed @entity3 within 3+ years of follow-up. (vi) Consistent with the previously reported inhibitory effect of @entity288 on @entity2290 production in organ cultures of @entity1 @entity5 , the basal culture level of @entity2290 produced by @entity5 from @entity1 receiving corticosteroids at the time of surgery was significantly lower than the level of @entity2290 in the remaining @entity5 (p = 0.029). Also, @entity5 from @entity1 receiving thyroid hormone, known to stimulate @entity2290 in vitro, showed a slight trend toward increased production of @entity2290 . These results show that hormone effects on @entity5 PA production are qualitatively similar in organ culture and in the host. This and the emerging individual correlation between sensitivity to @entity53 in vitro, as determined by PA, and the clinical effectiveness of anti- @entity172 therapy, underscore the potential usefulness of the organ culture approach.

title: @entity53 modulation of plasminogen activator production in organ cultures of XXXX @entity0 : correlation with clinical outcome of anti- @entity172 therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity2290 :: ('5328', 'Gene') :: ['uPA', 'urokinase-type PA (uPA)']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: The Prostate Health Index (phi) is a new test combining total, free and [-2]proPSA into a single score. It was recently approved by the FDA and is now commercially available in the U.S., Europe and Australia. We investigate whether phi improves specificity for detecting clinically significant @entity263 and can help reduce @entity263 over diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From a multicenter prospective trial we identified 658 @entity1 age 50 years or older with @entity1486 4 to 10 ng/ml and normal digital rectal examination who underwent prostate biopsy. In this population we compared the performance of @entity1486 , % free @entity1486 , [-2]proPSA and phi to predict biopsy results and, specifically, the presence of clinically significant @entity263 using multiple criteria. RESULTS: The Prostate Health Index was significantly higher in @entity1 with Gleason 7 or greater and "Epstein significant" @entity5 . On receiver operating characteristic analysis phi had the highest AUC for @entity263 (AUCs phi 0.708, percent free @entity1486 0.648, [-2]proPSA 0.550 and @entity1486 0.516), Gleason 7 or greater (AUCs phi 0.707, percent free @entity1486 0.661, [-2]proPSA 0.558, @entity1486 0.551) and significant @entity263 (AUCs phi 0.698, percent free @entity1486 0.654, [-2]proPSA 0.550, @entity1486 0.549). At the 90% sensitivity cut point for phi (a score less than 28.6) 30.1% of @entity1 could have been spared an unnecessary biopsy for benign disease or insignificant @entity263 compared to 21.7% using percent free @entity1486 . CONCLUSIONS: The new phi test outperforms its individual components of total, free and [-2]proPSA for the identification of clinically significant @entity263 . Phi may be useful as part of a multivariable approach to reduce prostate biopsies and over diagnosis.

title: The prostate health index selectively identifies clinically significant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['overall prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of combining i.v. @entity2600 , @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) and @entity4181 (LV) with @entity99 ( @entity99 ) of @entity7765 in non-resectable liver @entity3 from @entity14 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-one @entity1 were included in a phase II trial with i.v. @entity2600 / @entity1487 /LV administered every 2 weeks, combined with @entity99 @entity7765 60 mg/m(2) on day 1 every 4 weeks. In most cases @entity99 was administered via a percutaneous catheter. RESULTS: The main grade 3/4 @entity137 was @entity1398 , encountered in 78% of the @entity1 . When all @entity1 were considered in the analysis, @entity5 response rate was 15 out of 31 [48%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 32% to 65%]. Liver resection was made possible in 11 @entity1 (35%; 95% CI 21% to 53%). There were no toxic death. Median overall survival was 20.5 months, and median progression-free survival was 9.1 months. In @entity1 with completely resected @entity3 , median overall survival was not reached and median progression-free survival was 20.2 months. CONCLUSION: The multimodality approach used in the present study was well-tolerated and yielded dramatic responses. An aggressive approach combining i.v. and @entity99 chemotherapy deserves further investigation.

title: Multimodal therapy with intravenous biweekly @entity4181 , @entity1487 and @entity2600 combined with @entity99 @entity7765 in non-resectable hepatic XXXX from @entity14 (a European Association for Research in Oncology trial).

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity7765 :: ('MESH:C027260', 'Chemical') :: ['pirarubicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic arterial infusion', 'HAI']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether white blood cell (WBC) count with differential analysis may predict severity of disease in @entity697 . METHODS: We conducted this retrospective study on appendectomy @entity1 from 1996 to 2001, at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We reviewed @entity1 's age, gender, duration of symptoms, temperature on admission, WBC count including differential and the histological diagnosis of the appendicular specimen. We further analyzed the data of those @entity1 found to have acute, gangrenous and @entity698 to determine the correlation between a high WBC count and a more advanced form of @entity698 . RESULTS: Out of an aggregate of 232 @entity1 , 162 were males and 70 females with a mean age of 23.7 years (range, 12-70 years). Mean duration of symptoms was 1.9 +/- 1.1 days, mean temperature 37.8 +/- 1.4 degrees C, with reported elevated WBC count in 167 (71.9%) and normal in 65 (28.1%) cases. Mean WBC counts in acute were 14.5 +/- 7.3 x 10(9)/L, gangrenous 17.1 +/- 3.9 x 10(9)/L and @entity698 17.9 +/- 2.1 x 10(9)/L. This reflected a persistently higher WBC count in the complex (gangrenous, perforated) @entity698 compared with @entity697 (p < 0.05). The differential analysis showed @entity4795 in 123 (53%) and @entity2905 in 112 (48%) cases and out of these, 116 (94%) with @entity4795 and 107 (95%) with @entity2905 were reported to have @entity698 . CONCLUSION: A high WBC with differential count is a reliable indicator of the severity of @entity698 and signifies a more advanced stage.

title: Validity of leukocyte count to predict the severity of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['perforated appendicitis', 'appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity2905 :: ('MESH:D008231', 'Disease') :: ['lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity4795 :: ('MESH:C563010', 'Disease') :: ['neutrophilia']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute appendicitis']


abstract: The intermediate filament nestin is transiently expressed in developing skeletal muscle. In the present investigation, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry the presence of nestin, as well as @entity2277 and @entity2283 , in skeletal muscle affected by two diseases characterized by various degrees of @entity39 and muscle regeneration: @entity1555 and @entity5442 . Nestin-positive areas were found in all analyzed muscle biopsies of both diseases. The same areas were, in most cases, also positive for @entity2277 and stained more intensely for @entity2283 than surrounding myofibers. Only nestin was found specifically in @entity121 muscle fibers; @entity2277 was in addition present in muscle fibroblasts and @entity2283 in all myofibers. The areas staining positive for nestin were typically basophilic, small-diameter myofibers, often with centrally located nuclei. With the interesting exception of a 73-year-old healthy control with abundant ring fibers, nestin was not detected in the muscle of healthy controls. The intracellular distribution of nestin in the @entity121 muscle fibers, as well as in the ring fibers, was confined to the vicinity of Z-bands. The presence of nestin protein in @entity121 regenerating areas and in ring fibers correlated more closely to the presence of @entity2283 than to @entity2277 immunoreactivity. Our results suggest that nestin is specifically expressed in newly formed muscle fibers also during regeneration, and that nestin may serve as a useful marker of regenerating muscle fibers in pathological conditions.

title: Myofibers from @entity1555 and XXXX express the intermediate filament nestin.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathic']

answer: @entity5442 :: (MESH:D009220,Disease) :: ['myositis']


abstract: @entity73 is very prevalent in @entity161 and is currently undertreated in most @entity1 . Attentional deficit is one of the hallmark symptoms of @entity161 . Antipsychotic drugs, which can be quite effective in combating @entity1833 are often ineffective in reducing @entity73 and can potentiate @entity73 . Previously, we found that the antipsychotic drug @entity1088 impaired, while @entity1239 improved, the accuracy of @entity35 performing a visual signal detection attentional task in normal @entity35 . For the current study, in a model of @entity73 of @entity161 with the @entity143 antagonist @entity3390 (0.05 mg/kg), we examined the effects of @entity1088 and @entity1239 on significantly impaired attentional hit accuracy. This @entity3390 -induced impairment was significantly (p<0.05) reversed by either @entity1088 (1.25 mg/kg) or @entity1239 (0.025 mg/kg). Interestingly, when @entity1088 and @entity1239 were given together, they blocked each other's beneficial effects. When the effective doses of 1.25 mg/kg @entity1088 and 0.025 mg/kg @entity1239 were given together the combination no longer significantly reversed the @entity3390 -induced @entity73 . Given that the great majority of @entity1 with @entity161 smoke, the potential beneficial effects of @entity1088 on attentional function may be largely blocked by self-administered @entity1239 . In addition, there are promising results concerning the development of nicotinic treatments to reverse @entity73 including @entity73 . This is supported in the current study by the reversal of the @entity3390 -induced @entity73 by @entity1239 . However, in @entity161 the efficacy of nicotinic treatments may be limited by co-treatment with antipsychotic drugs like @entity1088 . It will be important to determine which of the complex effects of @entity1088 and @entity1239 are key in reversing @entity73 and how they block each other's effects for the development of therapy to combat the @entity73 of @entity161 .

title: @entity1239 and @entity1088 effects on attentional performance impaired by the XXXX antagonist @entity3390 in female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'cognitive deficits', 'attentional impairment', 'hit-accuracy impairment', 'Cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity3390 :: ('MESH:D016291', 'Chemical') :: ['dizocilpine']

answer: @entity143 :: (CHEBI:6121,Chemical) :: ['NMDA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 of the thymus are rare. The clinical manifestations, radiographic findings, and cytological features of eight histopathologically verified @entity5 have been assessed. METHODS: One hundred and sixty two @entity1 of mean age 52 (range 31-68) years with @entity5 were reviewed retrospectively and eight cases of @entity6732 were identified. Four of the eight @entity1 were diagnosed by percutaneous ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy via a parasternal approach. RESULTS: Two @entity1 had @entity699 at presentation and four had symptoms and signs secondary to mediastinal compression. Two were asymptomatic. Local extension of the @entity5 to pleura, pericardium, great vessels, phrenic nerve or regional lymph nodes, or both, were found in seven @entity1 . Only one had the @entity5 confined to the thymus at diagnosis. Distant @entity3 were found in two @entity1 , one to both lungs and the other in the iliac bone. Local recurrence or distant @entity3 developed 15-60 months after surgery in four of the five @entity1 who underwent radical resection of the thymic @entity5 . Three @entity1 died at 17 months, 34 months, and 10 years after diagnosis. The other five @entity1 are alive at 9-51 months. CONCLUSION: @entity6732 is a @entity5 with a poor prognosis because of its tendency to local and distant spread. Cytological examination of samples obtained by ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration may provide a useful method for diagnosis in selected @entity1 .

title: XXXX of the thymus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['thymic carcinoid tumours', 'malignant mediastinal tumours', 'slow growing tumour', 'Carcinoid tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity6732 :: ('MESH:D013953', 'Disease') :: ['Thymic carcinoid', 'thymic carcinoid']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Carcinoid tumours']


abstract: @entity128 -induced @entity528 may occur after @entity32 . Although the response to facial root @entity155 has been examined in rodent models, there are conflicting results as to whether motoneuron (MN) death is mediated by apoptosis or @entity39 . We examined the response of MNs and proximal nerves after @entity2123 in adult @entity19 . Following @entity2123 in 4-5-week-old @entity19 , we observed a progressive reduction of MNs such that by 4 weeks less than 10% of avulsed MNs remained compared with the control side. The profile of @entity528 was distinct from axotomy-induced responses. For example, the onset of @entity204 was more rapid, and the extent of @entity393 was greater compared with axotomy. Furthermore, the degeneration of oligodendrocytes and the activation of microglia were increased in the proximal nerve after @entity155 . Ultrastructural observations suggested that root @entity155 mainly induces non-apoptotic @entity528 , although a small subset of neurons appeared to die via apoptosis. To evaluate the contribution of apoptotic death, we evaluated MN responses in @entity1380 -knockout (KO) @entity19 in which neurons are rescued from apoptotic death. Surprisingly, although the majority of @entity1380 -KO @entity19 exhibited only a moderate @entity393 after @entity155 , a subset of @entity1380 -KO @entity19 (25%) exhibited extensive @entity204 and injury-induced changes in the nerve that were indistinguishable from events in wild-type littermates. These results suggest that both @entity1380 -dependent and -independent forms of cell death are evoked by root @entity155 , and that programmed cell death may be involved in triggering a robust @entity39 response.

title: @entity1380 -dependent and -independent @entity204 after @entity2123 in adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['accidental trauma or nerve inflammation']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity2123 :: ('MESH:D020220', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve avulsion']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['Nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death', 'MN degeneration']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: 1. We have investigated the ability of @entity291 brain S.100, and of three related proteins from @entity742 aorta smooth muscle, to confer @entity141 -sensitivity on thin filaments reconstituted from smooth-muscle actin, tropomyosin and caldesmon. 2. At 37 degrees C in pH 7.0 buffer containing 120 mM- @entity4338 , approximately stoichiometric amounts of S.100 reversed caldesmon's inhibition of the activation of myosin MgATPase by smooth-muscle actin-tropomyosin. The [S.100] which reversed by 50% the inhibition by caldesmon (the E.C.50) was 2.5 microM when [caldesmon] = 2-3 microM in the assay mixture. When [ @entity4338 ] was decreased to 70 mM, E.C.50 = 11.5 microM; at 25 degrees C in 70 mM- @entity4338 , up to 20 microM-S.100 had no effect. When skeletal-muscle actin rather than smooth-muscle actin was used to reconstitute thin filaments, 20 microM-S.100 did reverse inhibition by caldesmon, at 25 degrees C in buffer containing 70 mM- @entity4338 . This dependence on conditions is also characteristic of the calmodulin-caldesmon interaction. 3. These results suggested that S.100 or a related protein might interact with caldesmon in smooth muscle. We therefore attempted to prepare such a protein from @entity742 aorta. Three proteins were purified: an Mr-17,000 protein (yield 16 mg/kg), an abundant Mr-11,000 protein (yield 48 mg/kg), and an Mr-9000 protein (yield 4 mg/kg). Neither of the last two low-Mr proteins had any effect on activation of myosin MgATPase by reconstituted thin filaments. The protein of Mr 17,000 had @entity141 -sensitizing activity, and behaved exactly like brain calmodulin in the assay system.

title: XXXX -dependent regulation of vascular smooth-muscle caldesmon by S.100 and related smooth-muscle proteins.

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca(2+)']


abstract: The cases of three @entity1 with focal @entity410 associated to non-cetotic @entity4854 are reported. Two @entity1 presented @entity302 partialis continua (EPC). One case showed EPC as the first clinical manifestation of @entity6 . Neurological exam was normal in all @entity1 . CT and CSF were normal in the cases they were evaluated. Scalp EEG registered during a focal @entity410 revealed a bilateral temporal spiky activity. Glycemia levels were 455, 660 and 439 mg/dl. Two @entity1 presented @entity2753 simultaneously. No @entity1 had benefit with @entity3174 or @entity3175 , and one @entity1 got worse after them. @entity410 control occurred after insulin and electrolytic treatment. It is important to diagnose this type of condition to avoid changes of non-cetotic @entity4854 syndrome in a hyperosmolarity and @entity772 state, disturbance which brings a higher mortality.

title: [Focal @entity410 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'Seizure']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['motor epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['nonketotic hyperglycemia']


abstract: Usually primary @entity5 originating in the hepatic duct confluence ( @entity6984 ) is regarded as unresectable at diagnosis and therefore percutaneously or endoscopically placed stents have been advocated. Unfortunately with these palliative modalities the median survival is only 3-6 months. However with aggressive surgical resection of the @entity5 17% of five year survival have been obtained. The present paper summarizes our experience from three @entity1 with @entity6984 which underwent surgery. The @entity6984 were @entity1605 (one case), @entity16337 (one case) and Type IIIb (one case). The @entity1 with @entity5 @entity1605 had wide @entity5 excision and extrahepatic bile duct resection at the liver hilum. The @entity1 with @entity5 Type III had extrahepatic bile duct resection at the liver hilum with left and right hepatectomy respectively. Reconstruction was made with Roux-en-Y biliary enteric @entity254 , the mean post operative stay was 9 days. The mean post operative survival of two @entity1 undergoing surgery with curative intent was 21 months, in contrast to 10 months for the @entity1 with palliative surgery. One @entity1 is alive 22 months with no evidence of disease. Our results supports an aggressive surgical approach in @entity1 with @entity6984 which should include Hepatectomy to obtain free resection margins.

title: [Surgical treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity6984 :: ('MESH:D018285', 'Disease') :: ['Klatskin tumors', 'Klatskin tumor', 'Klatskin Tumor']

answer: @entity6984 :: (MESH:D018285,Disease) :: ['Klatskin's tumor']


abstract: The purpose of the present work was to examine if the conventional asthma treatments in @entity1 (inhalation of glucocorticoids or beta-agonists, administered in a chronic regimen) might affect behavioral processes (learning and exploratory motivation) in @entity35 . Adult male @entity35 were exposed to an atmosphere saturated with either saline, @entity4184 (a glucocorticoid), or @entity3045 (a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist) in a forced ventilation cage, connected to a nebulizer for 5 min twice a day for 15 days at the same hours of the day. Doses of @entity4184 in the nebulizing solution were 0.116, 1.16, and 11.6mM. Doses of @entity3045 in the nebulizing solution were 1.3, 13, and 130 mM. Forty-eight hours after treatment, the different groups were subjected to exploration of an elevated asymmetric plus-maze (APM, model of exploratory motivation), and 24h later to learning of an avoidance response to an ultrasonic tone in a two-compartment cage (model of memory and learning). Results showed that @entity4184 induces moderate effects on exploratory motivation. In one of the fear-inducing arms (single wall arm), exploration decreased and this effect was not dose dependent. In the cognitive model, glucocorticoids affected slightly the latency to escape but with no interference in memory efficiency. On the other hand, at the lower dose in the APM, @entity3045 increased significantly the exploration of both fear-inducing arms (no walls and single wall arms). In the learning model, the beta-agonist induced two opposing effects. The lower dose (1.3mM) facilitated learning and the higher dose (13 mM) inhibited learning instead. In conclusion, results are compatible with the notion that inhaled glucocorticoids or beta-agonists might cross the lung aerial barrier into the blood compartment, exerting effects on learning and motivation functions.

title: Chronic aerial exposure to glucorticoids or beta-agonists affects avoidance learning and exploratory motivation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['budesonide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study sought to characterize the effects of prolonged @entity2922 infusion on immunoregulatory cell traffic and activation. BACKGROUND: Immunoregulation has been shown to be partially controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. Although short-term elevation of @entity2922 levels is known to alter immunoregulatory cell traffic and activation, the effects of prolonged heightened sympathetic nervous system activity have not adequately been studied. We believe that the alterations in immune function seen in @entity1 with @entity712 are linked to a prolonged elevation of circulating @entity2922 levels. METHODS: To characterize the effects of prolonged elevation of @entity2922 levels, @entity35 received 4 weeks of constant infusion of @entity1425 or @entity1063 through implanted osmotic minipumps. Peripheral and splenic leukocyte subsets, T cell proliferation and @entity1199 receptor expression were quantified. Antibody production to the novel antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin was assessed over the 4-week treatment period. RESULTS: Both @entity1425 and @entity1063 caused significant @entity194 and @entity1283 ; both were blocked by @entity1169 . @entity1425 induced @entity6113 ; both @entity2661 caused an increase in natural killer cells. In the spleen, both @entity1425 and @entity1063 led to a dose-dependent decrease in total T cells, suppressor/cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells and a significant increase in B cells. @entity1425 at the low dose enhanced mitogen-induced proliferation and @entity1199 receptor expression. @entity1063 at the low dose appeared to diminish proliferation. @entity1425 tended to inhibit IgG antibody production, whereas @entity1063 had no effect. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate that prolonged elevation of @entity2922 levels alters immune cell proliferation and differentiation. These alterations differ greatly from those induced by short-term stimulation but, for the most part, parallel those found in @entity1 with @entity712 . We postulate that the shifts in immunoregulatory cell type and function seen in @entity1 with @entity712 are due, in part, to longstanding increases in circulating @entity2922 levels and may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of disease.

title: Effect of prolonged @entity2922 infusion on immunoregulatory function: implications in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity6113 :: ('MESH:D008218', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytosis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine', 'Epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['splenic atrophy']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine', 'norepinephrine']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: In vitro exposure of @entity19 hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to cell cycle-inducing cytokines has been shown to result in a defect in the ability of these cells to engraft. We used a porcine microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) line in conjunction with exogenous interleukin (IL)-3, @entity650 , @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ), and @entity6826 ( @entity6826 ) to expand @entity1 HSCs that express the @entity2280 and @entity5399 antigens but lack lineage-associated markers ( @entity2280 + @entity5399 +Lin- cells). Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic cells was evaluated in comparison to stromal cell-free, cytokine-supplemented cultures. Cells expressing the @entity2280 + @entity5399 +Lin- phenotype were detectable in both culture systems for up to 3 weeks. These cells were reisolated from the cultures and their ability to engraft @entity1 fetal bones implanted into @entity915 @entity19 ( @entity915 -hu bone) was tested. HSCs expanded in PMVEC coculture were consistently capable of competitive marrow repopulation with multilineage ( @entity1075 + B lymphoid, @entity1116 + myeloid, and @entity2280 + cells) progeny present 8 weeks postengraftment. In contrast, grafts composed of cells expanded in stroma-free cultures did not lead to multilineage @entity915 -hu bone repopulation. Proliferation analysis revealed that by 1 week of culture more than 80% of the cells in the PMVEC cocultures expressing the primitive @entity2280 + @entity3053 - phenotype had undergone cell division. Fewer than 1% of the cells that proliferated in the absence of stromal cells remained @entity2280 + @entity3053 -. These data suggest that the proliferation of HSCs in the presence of @entity2772 , @entity650 , @entity2841 , and @entity6826 without stromal cell support may result in impairment of engraftment capacity, which may be overcome by coculture with PMVECs.

title: Bone marrow repopulation by XXXX marrow stem cells after long-term expansion culture on a porcine endothelial cell line.

entities_list: @entity6826 :: ('4254', 'Gene') :: ['SCF', 'stem cell factor']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']