abstract: @entity519 / @entity63 (H/I) @entity1545 is thought to be mediated via the @entity1024 receptor complex, which can be blocked by the @entity1760 ion. Striatal medium spiny neurons abundantly express @entity1024 receptors and are known to be injured after H/I. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of postinjury @entity1760 treatment on the total number of medium spiny neurons in the striatum after perinatal H/I injury in the @entity35 . Anesthetized @entity227 ( @entity227 ) 7 @entity35 underwent common carotid artery ligation followed 2 h later by exposure to @entity519 for 1.5 h. Contralateral hemispheres served as controls as did animals exposed to normoxia. Immediately after @entity519 or normoxia, the @entity1760 groups received s.c. injections of 300 mg/kg @entity2400 . Control, @entity519 or normoxic animals received @entity1219 injections. This continued daily until PN13. Eleven matched-for-weight H/I pups were injected in total. A power calculation showed that 11 pups per treatment group would permit detection of a treatment difference of 32% or more. Animals were killed on PN18, and 40-micron serial sections were cut through each entire striatum. The total number of the predominant medium spiny neurons within each striatum was stereologically determined via the use of an unbiased optical dissector/Cavalieri combination. It was found that postinjury @entity1760 treatment did not improve neuronal survival by 32% or more in the striatum. The results suggest that @entity1760 treatment after perinatal H/I damage in the @entity35 is not markedly neuroprotective for striatal medium spiny neurons.

title: Postinjury magnesium sulfate treatment is not markedly neuroprotective for striatal medium spiny neurons after perinatal @entity519 / @entity63 in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['PN', 'postnatal day']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxic', 'hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity816 ( @entity816 ) are @entity11 with distinct oligodendroglial and astrocytic neoplastic components. Very little about @entity816 has been reported in the intractable @entity302 population. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of 923 @entity1 who underwent resective surgery for intractable @entity302 between 1996 and 2004. RESULTS: 6/923 (0.7%) @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity816 . Five @entity1 were female, one was male. Median age at diagnosis was 25 years (range 19-44 years). @entity5 arose from the left side in all @entity1 and from the temporal lobe in five @entity1 . Three @entity1 had complex partial @entity410 . Median length of @entity302 prior to surgery was 10.5 years (range 1-28 years), and the median number of antiepileptic drugs used was 2 (range 1-10). Preoperative WADA testing for language and memory localization was done for three @entity1 ; preoperative stereotactical localization was done for three @entity1 . Surgical pathology revealed @entity258 (WHO II) in five @entity1 , and anaplastic @entity816 in one. There were no surgical complications, clinical or radiographic @entity5 recurrence at a mean follow up period of 3.2 years (range 2-8). Excellent @entity410 freedom was achieved in 5/6 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: As a result of our small sample size, general conclusions may be imprecise, but this review suggests that @entity816 behave similar to other @entity5 related to intractable @entity302 : they usually have a preoperative @entity410 course of many years, an excellent rate of @entity410 -freedom following surgery, and are in general, low-grade @entity5 with an indolent course for which serial imaging is sufficient follow-up.

title: @entity816 presenting with intractable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['mixed gliomas']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'Oligoastrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['refractory epilepsy', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade OA']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity726 @entity1 who require surgery for @entity231 may be treated with a combined surgical procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of combining cyclodialysis with self-sealing, small incision @entity231 surgery for @entity1 with @entity231 and @entity726 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study. Fifty consecutive @entity1 who had undergone the combined surgical procedure in 1992 or 1993 were identified. The @entity1 were observed through the medical charts to determine when treatment failure (lack of improvement in intraocular pressure [IOP] control) occurred. The routine clinic examination schedule for the cases was generally at 1 to 2 days, 1 to 2 weeks, 1 to 2 months, 3 to 4 months, 5 to 6 months, 8 to 9 months, 1 year, and at yearly intervals thereafter. The rates of treatment failure and mean time to failure were determined using life-table methods. IOP control status at the final available follow-up examination was summarized for the group. RESULTS: Thirty-seven of the 50 @entity1 (74%) had a successful result. At the final available follow-up, 31 of these @entity1 (62% of the entire cohort) were without all medications while maintaining IOP control. The other 6 @entity1 demonstrated improved control by either requiring less medication to maintain control or by improving from the baseline level while being treated with medication. The reduced pressures appeared to be stable and maintained throughout a median follow-up time of 29 months. CONCLUSION: Combining cyclodialysis with small incision @entity231 surgery has been successful in a high percentage of cases in the author's experience. It has become the procedure of first choice for @entity1 with @entity231 and @entity726 .

title: Combined cyclodialysis and XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma', 'glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The most common methods for assessing severity of @entity4553 and the effects of an operative procedure are the angular measurements in weightbearing radiographs, specifically the @entity4553 angle and @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ). Our objective was to analyze the interobserver variability in @entity4553 @entity1 of a new angle called the "angle to be corrected" (ATC), and to compare its capacity to differentiate between different deformities against @entity5513 . METHODS: We included 28 symptomatic @entity4553 @entity1 with 48 weightbearing foot x-rays. Three trained observers measured the 1 to 2 @entity5513 and the ATC. We then identified retrospectively 45 @entity4553 @entity1 , which were divided into 3 operative technique groups having used the ATC as reference, and analyzed the capacity of the @entity5513 to differentiate between them. RESULTS: The @entity5513 average value was 13.6 degrees, and there was a significant difference between observer 3 and observer 1 (P = .001). The average value for the ATC was 8.9 degrees, and there was no difference between observers. Both angles showed a high intraclass correlation. Regarding the capacity to differentiate between operative technique groups, the ATC was different between the 3 operative technique groups analyzed, but the @entity5513 showed differences only between 2. CONCLUSIONS: The ATC was at least as reliable as the @entity5513 for @entity4553 , showing a high intraclass correlation with no interobserver difference. It can be suggested that the ATC was better than the @entity5513 to stratify @entity4553 @entity1 when deciding between different operative treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, comparative study.

title: "Angle to Be Corrected" in Preoperative Evaluation for XXXX Surgery: Analysis of a New Angular Measurement.

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['IMA', 'intermetatarsal angle']

entities_list: @entity4553 :: ('MESH:D006215', 'Disease') :: ['hallux valgus', 'hallux valgus angular measurements', 'hallux valgus deformity']

answer: @entity4553 :: (MESH:D006215,Disease) :: ['Hallux Valgus']


abstract: @entity195 ( @entity195 ) is a @entity179 characterized by @entity73 , and represents the leading cause of @entity303 in elderly @entity1 . Besides the complex biochemical processes involved in the @entity528 (formation of senile plaques containing Abeta peptides, and development of @entity3072 ), other molecular and neurochemical alterations, like cholinergic deficit due to basal @entity528 , also occur. Because @entity934 has been demonstrated to be involved in cognitive processes, the idea to increase @entity934 levels to restore @entity73 has gained interest (the so-called cholinergic hypothesis). This has led to the development of drugs able to prevent @entity934 hydrolysis (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors). However, the analysis of clinical efficacy of these drugs in alleviating symptoms of @entity303 showed unsatisfactory results. Despite such critical opinions on the efficacy of these drugs, it should be said that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and for some aspects @entity3393 also, improve memory and other cognitive functions throughout most of the duration of the disease. The pharmacological activity of these drugs suggests an effect beyond the mere increase of @entity934 levels. These considerations are in agreement with the idea that @entity73 is the result of a complex and not fully elucidated interplay among different neurotransmitters. The role of each of the neurotransmitters implicated has to be related to a cognitive process and as a consequence to its decline. The current review aims to highlight the positive role of cholinergic drugs in alleviating @entity73 during wake as well as sleep. Moreover, we suggest that future therapeutic approaches have to be developed to restore the complex interplay between @entity934 and other neurotransmitters systems, such as @entity935 , @entity750 , @entity1063 , or @entity2227 , that are likely involved in the progressive deterioration of several cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and learning.

title: Beyond the cholinergic hypothesis: do current drugs work in XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits', 'cognitive decline', 'memory and cognitive loss']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3072 :: ('MESH:C536599', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibrillary tangles']

entities_list: @entity3393 :: ('MESH:D008559', 'Chemical') :: ['memantine']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['forebrain degeneration', 'neuronal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: We previously reported that acute @entity7727 treatment induced significant changes in the hepatic @entity2041 and @entity462 levels in @entity19 and @entity35 . The present study was aimed to determine the effects of dietary @entity7727 on the metabolism of @entity599 -containing @entity1522 . METHODS/RESULTS: Male @entity19 were supplemented with @entity7727 (1%) in drinking water for up to 3 weeks. Changes in hepatic levels of major @entity599 @entity535 metabolites and products were stabilized after 2 weeks of @entity7727 supplementation. @entity7727 intake increased @entity1853 , @entity7726 , and @entity13710 levels significantly, but @entity1255 and @entity3959 were reduced. @entity1853 adenosyltransferase activity was elevated to three-fold of control. @entity462 catabolism to @entity2226 was inhibited as evidenced by a decrease in @entity462 dioxygenase activity and @entity2226 levels in liver and plasma. Despite the significant changes in the transsulfuration reactions, neither hepatic @entity462 nor @entity2041 was altered. @entity7727 supplementation decreased the hepatotoxicity induced by @entity3636 (0.5 ml/kg, ip) significantly. CONCLUSIONS: @entity7727 supplementation enhances recycling of @entity1255 for the generation of @entity1853 and @entity7726 while reducing its utilization for the synthesis of @entity3959 and @entity462 . However, the hepatic levels of @entity462 or @entity2041 are not affected, most probably due to the @entity308 of @entity2226 generation from @entity462 .

title: Effects of @entity7727 supplementation on hepatic metabolism of @entity599 -containing XXXX in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine', 'Cysteine']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3959 :: ('MESH:D003540', 'Chemical') :: ['cystathionine']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity13710 :: ('MESH:D012435', 'Chemical') :: ['S-adenosylhomocysteine']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['Methionine', 'methionine']

entities_list: @entity7726 :: ('MESH:D012436', 'Chemical') :: ['S-adenosylmethionine']

entities_list: @entity7727 :: ('MESH:D001622', 'Chemical') :: ['betaine', 'Betaine']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: Various options exist for the management of the lower urinary tract in chronic @entity1566 . These options include chronic indwelling catheterization, urethral sphincterotomy, and intermittent catheterization supplemented with anticholinergic agents. Sixty-four spinal cord injured @entity1 , treated with intermittent catheterization and anticholinergic therapy, were evaluated for long-term efficacy in maintaining upper tract status and preservation or improvement in continence. Complications of therapy were also evaluated. Therapy was based upon initial urodynamic evaluation followed by limited subsequent evaluation of the urinary tract. Mean follow-up was 54 months. Only 1 @entity1 developed @entity3041 . Fifty-nine @entity1 either became continent or experienced improved continence on therapy. Eight @entity1 required surgical procedures either to increase outlet resistance (2) or to decrease intravesical pressures (6). The most common complication of therapy was @entity293 . Thirty-nine @entity281 occurred in 23 @entity1 , 16 of which were febrile. Fifteen @entity1 were non-compliant with treatment recommendations. The only factor related to therapeutic complications which reached statistical significance was non-compliance with therapy. The combined use of intermittent catheterization and anticholinergic agents provides an effective means to prevent @entity3041 and establish continence in chronic @entity3510 .

title: Non-operative management of the urinary tract in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['spinal injury']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: We identify predictors of clinical response as well as response time in @entity1 treated with @entity585 for gross @entity811 due to @entity1067 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was preformed of 53 @entity1 who had been given 5 mg. @entity585 daily for the treatment of active @entity548 or a recent history of recurrent @entity548 . Urological evaluations were negative for @entity5 in all @entity1 . A history of prostatectomy, anticoagulant status and prostate size was determined. The degree of @entity811 was then graded before and after @entity585 treatment according to our previously described system. Of the 53 @entity1 who were actively @entity548 at initial evaluation 16 were followed to determine time required for complete resolution of @entity811 . RESULTS: @entity811 grade improved after @entity585 in 50 (94%) @entity1 . Overall 77% of @entity1 (41 of 53) experienced no further @entity548 while taking @entity585 . Mean followup was 38 months (range 3 to 86). Of the @entity1 86% (12 of 14) taking @entity1229 , 77% (10 of 13) taking @entity117 and 73% (19 of 26) on no anticoagulants had no further @entity548 once on @entity585 . Of the @entity1 who had undergone prior transurethral prostatectomy 84% (26 of 31) experienced no further @entity548 versus 68% (15 of 22) of those who had not undergone previous surgery. In the 16 @entity1 who began @entity585 while actively @entity548 the average time to clear urine was 12 days (range 2 to 45). Prostatic volume correlated with the average time needed for resolution of @entity811 , which was 2.7 days or longer for small (less than 40 gm.), 10.3 days or longer for large (40 to 100), 19 days or longer for extra large (100 to 150) and 45 days or longer for extra extra large (greater than 150) glands. @entity811 resolved an average of 5.5 days versus 18.6 days in those who had or had not undergone previous prostatectomy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our long-term followup demonstrates @entity585 as a useful treatment for @entity1067 related gross @entity811 , which is effective in @entity1 who are on anticoagulants. In @entity1 with larger prostatic volumes a longer time to response and higher incidence of recurrent but lower grade @entity548 should be anticipated compared to those who have undergone prior prostatectomy or have a smaller prostate.

title: Clinical predictors in the use of XXXX for control of gross @entity811 due to @entity1067 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity585 :: ('MESH:D018120', 'Chemical') :: ['finasteride']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria', 'Hematuria']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['coumadin']

answer: @entity585 :: (MESH:D018120,Chemical) :: ['finasteride']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Antigen @entity4163 GD2 is expressed abundantly on @entity521 ( @entity521 ) cells. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 3F8 kills @entity521 cells by complement-dependent @entity137 and antibody-dependent cellular @entity137 . Its utility in bone marrow (BM) purging is evaluated by a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to quantify the mRNA of GD2 synthase, the key enzyme in GD2 synthesis. METHODS: From 1990 to 1993, 10 @entity1 with relapsed/refractory Stage 4 @entity521 participated in a pilot study. In these @entity1 , MoAb 3F8 was used to purge @entity5 cells from harvested BM that had 5% or less @entity5 content by immunofluorescence (IF). Subsequently, 31 Stage 4 @entity521 @entity1 who underwent treatment on the N7 protocol (1994-1999) had their BM, which was in remission, purged by 3F8 before (131)I-3F8 myeloablative radioimmunotherapy. GD2-positive @entity5 cells before and after purging were quantified by real-time quantitative RT-PCR of GD2 synthase. RESULTS: GD2 positivity by IF was found before purging in six of eight @entity1 in the pilot study. Five of six @entity1 became negative postpurging. Of 31 @entity1 on the N7 protocol, the more sensitive real-time quantitative RT-PCR detected GD2 synthase mRNA in the BM samples of 7 @entity1 even though the prepurge BM samples were negative by histology and IF. Six of the seven BM samples became negative after 3F8 purging. Marker positivity before purging was statistically significant in predicting overall survival (P = 0.04), but not progression-free survival (P = 0.1). In vitro hematopoietic stem cell recovery and the median time to engraftment were acceptable. CONCLUSION: Tumor cell depletion quantified by real-time RT-PCR demonstrated efficacy of MoAb 3F8 in BM purging.

title: Quantitation of GD2 synthase mRNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: utility in bone marrow purging of XXXX by anti-GD2 antibody 3F8.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['NB', 'neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity4163 :: ('CHEBI:28892', 'Chemical') :: ['ganglioside']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Leo self-expandable stent is a new retractable stent that is delivered via a conventional catheter. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of this stent for endovascular treatment of complex @entity439 . METHODS: Twenty-eight @entity438 (27 saccular and 1 fusiform) in 28 @entity1 were treated electively. They were located at the internal carotid artery (17), basilar trunk (3), anterior cerebral artery (1), anterior communicating artery (3), vertebral artery (2) and middle cerebral artery (2). One @entity439 exhibited recanalization after primary endovascular treatment without stent. Clinical outcome was assessed with the modified Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS: Deployment of Leo stent was successful in 26 lesions, and difficulties in stent positioning due to tortuous cerebral circulation in 2 cases, which were treated with Neuroform stent. Additional coil embolization was performed in 26 lesions. No permanent @entity51 were encountered consequent to endovascular procedure. Complete or partial occlusion immediately after stent deployment was achieved in all @entity439 . There was no immediate coil embolization was chosen in 3 cases because of subsequent reduced filling of the @entity439 with contrast agent on angiograms. There were 3 asymptomatic parent @entity432 related to the deployment of the Leo stent, one stent migration. Follow-up revealed patent stents in the remaining cases. No angiographic recurrences arose. CONCLUSION: The Leo stent is very useful for endovascular treatment of @entity438 because it is easy to navigate and place precisely. A drawback is that in-stent @entity715 caused by stent placement and stiffer delivery catheters to place larger stents.

title: Potential advantages and limitations of the Leo stent in endovascular treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['complex cerebral aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['complex cerebral aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the major challenges faced by the treatment planning teams is how to manage @entity282 . Previous studies agreed upon the effects of preoperative administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on @entity282 , but all have focused on @entity1 with surgical @entity66 (ie, @entity169 or breast biopsy). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rectal @entity3352 on reducing @entity282 in @entity1 with @entity697 . METHODS: It is a simple randomized, clinical trial including 200 @entity1 with @entity697 who were divided into two groups (A1 and A2). The case group (A1) received 100 mg rectal @entity3352 during 2 hours before the operation. @entity158 intensity was assessed in all @entity1 using a visual analog scale (VAS). Similarly, total dosage of @entity6882 analgesic medication and postoperative time to use of rescue analgesia were evaluated. RESULTS: @entity1 who received preoperative rectal @entity3352 (A1) showed a significant reduction in the VAS score. Also, a reduction in total dose of @entity6882 and longer time to use of rescue analgesic medication were observed in A1 group. CONCLUSION: Preoperative administration of rectal @entity3352 in @entity697 reduces @entity282 .

title: Effect of preoperative rectal XXXX on @entity282 reduction after open appendectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['noninflammatory diseases']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['meperidine']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity3352 :: (MESH:D007213,Chemical) :: ['indomethacin']


abstract: AIM: To compare the analgesic properties and efficacy of transnasal @entity12691 with intramuscular @entity6882 after anal surgery. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 who underwent fistulectomy were enrolled in the study from January 2006 to December 2007. They were randomly divided into transnasal @entity12691 (n = 30) or intramuscular @entity6882 (n = 30) treatment groups. Assessment of postoperative @entity158 was made using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The VAS score was recorded 6 h after the completion of surgery, before receiving the first dose of analgesic, 60 min after analgesia and the next morning. Any adverse clinical effects such as @entity2147 , dizziness, @entity390 or @entity391 were recorded. Satisfaction with narcotic efficacy, desire to use the particular analgesic in the future and any complaints were recorded by @entity1 using questionnaires before being discharged. RESULTS: Forty-two @entity1 and eighteen @entity1 were included in the study. There were no significant differences in VAS scores between the groups within 24 h. Length of hospital stay and the incidence of adverse effects between the groups were similar. In addition, most @entity1 were satisfied with @entity12691 nasal spray and wished to receive this analgesic in the future, if needed. CONCLUSION: @entity12691 nasal spray is effective for the relief of @entity158 after fistulectomy. However, it offered @entity1 more convenient usage and would be suitable for outpatients.

title: Efficacy and safety of transnasal XXXX for @entity158 relief after anal surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity12691 :: ('MESH:D002077', 'Chemical') :: ['butorphanol', 'Butorphanol']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['somnolence']

answer: @entity12691 :: (MESH:D002077,Chemical) :: ['butorphanol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare 14-day outcomes and relapse and recurrence rates among @entity1 with @entity1180 randomized to 3-day (3D) vs 10-day (10D) treatment with @entity206 / @entity207 ( @entity1597 / @entity1598 ). SETTING: University-affiliated Veterans Affairs general medical and acute care clinics. @entity1 : Consecutive @entity1 with @entity50 and radiographic evidence of @entity1180 (complete opacity, air-fluid level, or > or = 6 mm of mucosal thickening). @entity1 were excluded for antibiotic use within the past week, @entity1597 / @entity1598 @entity566 , symptoms for more than 30 days, or previous sinus surgery. METHODS: All subjects (n = 80) received @entity11027 nasal spray 0.05%, two sprays twice daily for 3 days. Subjects were randomly assigned to @entity1597 / @entity1598 double strength: one tablet twice daily for 10 days or one tablet twice daily for 3 days followed by 7 days of placebo. At 7 and 14 days, @entity1 rated their overall @entity50 on a Likert scale. Radiographs were scored at baseline and 14 days by radiologists masked to clinical symptoms and treatment assignment. The primary outcome was number of days to "cure" or "much improvement" in @entity50 . @entity1 who were clinical successes by day 14 were assessed for symptomatic relapse or recurrence at 30 and 60 days, respectively. RESULTS: Groups were comparable at randomization: male, 100%; black, 53%; median age, 48 years (interquartile range, 41 to 63 years); symptom duration, 10 days (interquartile range, 6 to 17 days); bilateral maxillary disease, 51%; and radiograph score, 4 (interquartile range, 2 to 4). Outcome assessment was completed in 95% of @entity1 at day 14 (n = 76). Medication side effects and use of nonstudy sinus medications were equal between groups. By 14 days, 77% of 3D subjects and 76% of 10D subjects rated their @entity50 as cured or much improved (95% confidence interval for difference, -15% to 17%). Median days to cure/much improvement were 5.0 and 4.5 for the 3D and 10D groups, respectively; distributions of time to cure were not different (P = .34). Radiograph scores improved in both groups compared with baseline (2 points; P < .001), but improvement did not differ between groups (P = .31). Eight percent of 3D subjects and 13% of 10D subjects missed work due to @entity50 . Of the 52 @entity1 who were clinical successes at 14 days and completed follow-up, three (11%) of 27 3D subjects and one (4%) of 25 10D subjects relapsed symptomatically by day 30; one (4%) of 27 3D subjects and one (4%) of 25 10D subjects suffered symptomatic recurrence between days 30 and 60 (P = .45 for the relapse and recurrence rates combined). CONCLUSION: At the 2-week follow-up, clinical symptoms and radiograph scores improved equally following 3 or 10 days of @entity1597 / @entity1598 plus @entity11027 nasal spray. Symptomatic relapse and recurrence were similar between groups. Three days of antibiotics were as effective as 10 days and, because of the high disease prevalence, hold the potential for substantial cost savings.

title: Randomized controlled trial of 3 vs 10 days of @entity206 / @entity207 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity11027 :: ('MESH:D010109', 'Chemical') :: ['oxymetazoline']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity1180 :: ('MESH:D015523', 'Disease') :: ['acute maxillary sinusitis', 'maxillary sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['sinus symptoms']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

answer: @entity1180 :: (MESH:D015523,Disease) :: ['acute maxillary sinusitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Comorbid or extraintestinal symptoms occur frequently with @entity1744 and account for up to three fourths of excess health care visits. This challenges the assumption that irritable bowel is a distinct disorder. The aims of this study were to (1) assess comorbidity in 3 areas: @entity344 , @entity146 , and @entity2531 ; and (2) evaluate explanatory hypotheses. METHODS: The scientific literature since 1966 in all languages cited in Medline was systematically reviewed. RESULTS: Comorbidity with other functional @entity344 is high and may be caused by shared pathophysiological mechanisms such as @entity56 . @entity146 , especially @entity308 , @entity148 , and @entity2531 , occur in up to 94%. The nongastrointestinal nonpsychiatric disorders with the best-documented association are @entity239 (median of 49% have @entity5377 ), @entity5815 (51%), @entity2956 (64%), and chronic @entity2371 (50%). CONCLUSIONS: Multivariate statistical analyses suggest that these are distinct disorders and not manifestations of a common @entity2531 , but their strong comorbidity suggests a common feature important to their expression, which is most likely psychological. Some models explain the comorbidity of irritable bowel with other disorders by suggesting that @entity74 is the manifestation of varying combinations of interacting physiological and psychological factors. An alternative hypothesis is that the irritable bowel diagnosis is applied to a heterogeneous group of @entity1 , some of whom have a predominantly psychological etiology, whereas others have a predominantly biological etiology, and that the presence of multiple comorbid disorders is a marker for psychological influences on etiology.

title: Systematic review of the comorbidity of XXXX with other disorders: what are the causes and implications?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['major depression']

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia']

entities_list: @entity2956 :: ('MESH:D013705', 'Disease') :: ['temporomandibular joint disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders', 'Psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disorders']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['visceral hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['somatoform disorders', 'somatization disorder', 'nongastrointestinal somatic disorders']

entities_list: @entity5815 :: ('MESH:D015673', 'Disease') :: ['chronic fatigue syndrome']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['each disorder']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']


abstract: AIM: To investigate the effects of @entity9732 (SMB), @entity9733 ( @entity9734 ) and its derivatives in vivo, @entity4389 and @entity9735 on K+ channels of the central neurons and its mechanisms. METHODS: By using whole-cell patch-clamp technique, the effects of SMB on transient outward K+ (I(A)) and delayed rectifier K+ currents(IK) were observed. RESULTS: (1) SMB can increase the amplitudes of I(A) and I(K) in a dose-dependent and voltage-dependent manner. Their half-increase doses were 15.8 micromol/L and 11.5 micromol/L respectively. (2) SMB (10 micromol/L) significantly shifted the activation curves of I(A) and I(K) to more positive potentials. Before and after application of 10 micromol/L SMB, the half-activation voltages of I(A) and I(K) were (- 12.6 +/- 1.6) mV and (- 7.0 +/- 1.3) mV, (10.8 +/- 0.9) mV and (21.6 +/- 0.7) mV (P < 0.01, n = 8), respectively, but the slope factors were not changed. (3) The inactivation curve of I(A) was shifted to positive potentials, the half-inactivation voltage of I(A) were (- 97.0 +/- 1.1) mV and (- 84.4 +/- 3.3) mV (P < 0.01, n = 8) before and after application of SMB (10 micromol/L), without changing the slope factors. (4) SOD, CAT and GPx could partly inhibit the incremental effect of SMB on I(A) and I(K). CONCLUSION: SMB, @entity9734 and its derivatives in vivo, @entity4389 and @entity9735 have the damage effects on the central nervous system, and they can cause extracellular K+ increase and induce the disturbance of the central neuronal functions. Its mechanism may involve oxidation damage in the @entity35 hippocampal @entity1249 neurons, caused by @entity599 - and @entity26 -centered free radicals formed in the process of @entity9735 or @entity9736 oxidation.

title: [Effects of @entity9732 on potassium currents in acutely isolated @entity35 hippocampal XXXX neurons].

entities_list: @entity9735 :: ('CHEBI:48854', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfite']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity9732 :: ('MESH:C005200', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium metabisulfite']

entities_list: @entity9733 :: ('MESH:D013458', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur dioxide']

entities_list: @entity9736 :: ('MESH:C042345', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulfite']

entities_list: @entity4389 :: ('MESH:C009279', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bisulfite']

answer: @entity1249 :: (310218(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['CA1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare @entity1 treated for @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in a @entity283 ( @entity283 ) facility to similar @entity1 treated under Medicare. DATA SOURCES: Administrative data on 13,129 elderly male veterans hospitalized for @entity583 in a @entity283 facility between October 1, 1996, and September 30, 1999, and a matched set of male Medicare beneficiaries with @entity583 treated in a non- @entity283 facility during the same time period. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using propensity score methods to identify a matched set of male elderly @entity583 @entity1 treated either in a @entity283 facility or in a non- @entity283 facility under Medicare. We compared the two groups of @entity1 according to characteristics of the admitting hospital, distances traveled for care, the use of invasive procedures, and mortality. We assessed the robustness of our conclusions to biases arising from unmeasured confounders using sensitivity analyses. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: @entity283 @entity1 were significantly less likely than Medicare beneficiaries to be admitted to high-volume facilities (for example, 25 percent versus 46 percent in 1999, p<0.001) or facilities with the capability to perform invasive cardiac procedures. Compared to Medicare @entity1 , @entity283 @entity1 traveled almost twice as far to their admitting hospital. The @entity283 @entity1 were significantly less likely to undergo coronary angiography or revascularization in the 30 days following their @entity583 (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Veterans treated in the @entity283 had significantly higher mortality at one-year in all years studied (for example, 35.2 percent versus 30.6 percent in 1999). The proportion of elderly @entity283 @entity1 admitted to high-volume facilities increased and 30-day mortality rates decreased between 1997 and 1999. Using sensitivity analyses to assess possible effects of unmeasured confounders, we could explain some but not all of the observed mortality differences. CONCLUSIONS: We observed differences in the way care for @entity583 @entity1 was structured, in the use of invasive therapies, and in long term mortality between @entity1 treated in @entity283 hospitals and those treated in non- @entity283 facilities under Medicare. Future research should focus on explanations for the differences between the two systems and for the reduction in short-term mortality among @entity283 @entity1 . Further study of these differences both between and within the systems of care may help identify cost-effective strategies to improve care in both sectors.

title: Care following XXXX in the Veterans Administration Medical Centers: a comparison with Medicare.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['Veterans Health Administration', 'VHA']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: PURPOSE: Intraperitoneal (IP) @entity900 and intravenous (IV) or IP @entity1311 constitute a standard therapy for optimally debulked @entity43 . Bevacizumab prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) when included in first-line IV chemotherapy. In this study, the safety and feasibility of adding bevacizumab to a first-line IP regimen were assessed. @entity1 AND METHODS: Treatment was as follows: @entity1311 135 mg/m(2) IV over 3 hours day 1, @entity900 75 mg/m(2) IP day 2, and @entity1311 60 mg/m(2) IP day 8. Bevacizumab 15 mg/kg IV was given after @entity1311 on day 1 beginning in cycle 2. After six cycles of chemotherapy, bevacizumab was given every 3 weeks for 17 additional treatments. The primary end point was safety and tolerability determined by whether 60% of @entity1 completed six cycles of IV/IP chemotherapy. RESULTS: Of 41 treated @entity1 , 30 (73%) received six cycles of IV/IP chemotherapy and 35 (85%) received at least four cycles. Three (27%) of those who discontinued chemotherapy did so because of complications related to bevacizumab ( @entity101 , n = 2; perforation, n = 1). Grades 3 to 4 @entity137 included @entity1398 (34%), @entity907 (10%), @entity101 (7%), @entity1209 (7%), @entity1272 (7%), and @entity490 (7%). There were three grade 3 @entity1744 (7%) during cycles 3, 9, and 15. One @entity1 died following rectosigmoid anastomotic dehiscence during cycle 4. Estimated median PFS is 28.6 months (95% CI, 19.1 to 38.9 months). Three @entity1 (7%) had @entity3809 . CONCLUSION: The addition of bevacizumab to this IP regimen is feasible; however, bevacizumab may increase the risk of @entity1744 /perforation. The observed median PFS is similar to that seen with IP/IV chemotherapy alone.

title: Phase II study of intraperitoneal @entity1311 plus @entity900 and intravenous XXXX plus bevacizumab as adjuvant treatment of @entity43 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal syncope']

entities_list: @entity1272 :: ('MESH:C537153', 'Disease') :: ['hypomagnesemia']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity3809 :: ('MESH:D019339', 'Disease') :: ['IP port malfunction']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction', 'small bowel obstructions']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea/vomiting']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: @entity1276 is a frequently encountered problem in infancy and is most commonly treated by placement of ventriculoperionteal (VP) or ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts. Other sites for insertion of the distal shunt have included the stomach, ureter, and fallopian tube. This report describes an experience with @entity1085 shunts (VGB) in 25 @entity1 performed from 1970 to 1985. There were 13 @entity1 and 12 @entity1 ranging in age from 6 months to 16 years. Diagnosis included meningomyelocoele (7), @entity1276 (7), @entity532 (5), @entity5 (4), and @entity548 (2). Indications for operation included @entity281 (15), massive @entity843 following VP shunt (3), @entity281 (4), and @entity5033 due to fibrinous adhesions or cysts (secondary to infection; (3). Three @entity1 had early shunt failure due to proximal obstruction (2) and @entity1085 (1). Shunt revision was required in two and the atony was successfully treated with @entity8586 in one. Fourteen shunts remain in place, two @entity1 have been lost to follow-up, and three @entity1 died from unrelated causes. Seventy percent of the 20 @entity1 available for long-term follow-up have functional shunts in place. The VGB shunt procedure remains an attractive alternative for @entity1 with @entity1276 in whom intraperitoneal and intravascular shunts are no longer feasible.

title: XXXX shunts: an alternative procedure in @entity1276 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular gallbladder', 'gallbladder atony']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['congenital hydrocephalus', 'hydrocephalus', 'Hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial tumor']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['postmeningitic complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['VP shunt infection', 'VA shunt infection']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity5033 :: ('MESH:C562451', 'Disease') :: ['distal shunt malfunction']

answer: @entity1085 :: (MESH:D005705,Disease) :: ['Ventricular gallbladder']


abstract: PURPOSE: A free-living animal model with ready and repetitive access to selected regions of the large bowel and with minimally altered bowel anatomy and physiology would facilitate the in vivo study of luminal factors on the colonic mucosa in a steady-state environment. This study describes a novel model of large-bowel intubation in the @entity35 . METHOD: Four @entity35 (240-260 g) had laparotomy and intubation of the distal colon and the cecum via a cecotomy with the use of two small tubes with restraints and transmural anchors. The tubes were tunneled and anchored to the back for infusion of fluid directly into the colon. Tube positions were studied when the animals were killed. Animals were fed on either a 10 percent fiber diet or a fiber-free diet. Stathmokinetic assessment of the distal colon was performed after one week of infusion with @entity1391 -buffered saline and @entity11413 . RESULTS: The technique produced an easy access without affecting the @entity1017 of the animals after recovery. Tube positions were accurate after three weeks at the time the animals were killed. Infusions of @entity1391 -buffered saline and @entity4876 were well tolerated. @entity4876 infusions twice daily for a week reversed the @entity194 in the colonic mucosa induced by dietary fiber deprivation. CONCLUSION: An in vivo large-bowel intubation model permitting selective delivery of luminal factors provides an effective option for the study of colonic mucosal biology.

title: Cecal intubation model in the XXXX that facilitates selective in vivo study of colonic epithelial biology: preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity4876 :: ('MESH:D002087', 'Chemical') :: ['n-Butyrate', 'n-butyrate']

entities_list: @entity11413 :: ('CHEBI:64103', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium n-butyrate']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: This is a prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled study, based on an original placebo technique, performed to evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in female @entity1 with detrusor overactivity @entity322 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 35 female @entity1 presenting with detrusor overactivity @entity322 that did not respond to antimuscarinic therapy were randomly assigned to percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation or to a control group. The percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation group (18 @entity1 ) was treated with 12 percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation sessions. The control group (17 @entity1 ) received an original placebo treatment using a 34 gauge needle placed in the medial part of the gastrocnemius muscle. The sessions lasted for 30 minutes and were performed 3 times weekly as percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation sessions. All @entity1 were evaluated with bladder diaries as well as quality of life scores before and after treatment. @entity1 showing a reduction in urge @entity322 episodes greater than 50% were considered responders. RESULTS: Some @entity1 (1 in the percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation group and 2 in the placebo group) did not complete the study for reasons not related to the technique. Of 17 @entity1 in the percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation group 12 (71%) and of 15 in placebo group 0 were considered responders according to the previously reported definition (p <0.001). Improvement in the number of @entity322 episodes, number of voids, voided volume and @entity322 quality of life score were statistically significant in the percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation group but not in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation can be considered an effective treatment for detrusor overactivity @entity322 with 71% of @entity1 considered responders, while none of those treated with placebo was considered a responder. The relevance of a placebo effect seems to be negligible in this @entity1 population.

title: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation effects on detrusor overactivity XXXX are not due to a placebo effect: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 150 Background: @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) has been shown to be an accurate predictor of axillary lymph node involvement in @entity0 @entity1 treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). A predictive model of @entity4298 positivity in clinically node negative @entity1 who completed NAC can assist in preoperative multidisciplinary treatment decision making, such as planning for postmastectomy radiation therapy and breast reconstruction. METHODS: We reviewed our prospective database to identifyclinically node negative @entity1 with invasive @entity0 who underwent NAC and @entity1600 from 1998-2011. Clincopathologic factors including age, @entity5 location, histology, nuclear grade, @entity5 size, decrease in @entity5 size with therapy, multifocality, nodal appearance on preoperative ultrasound, hormone receptor status, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were analyzed. A nomogram to predict @entity4298 @entity3 was developed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 836 @entity1 were treated with NAC followed by @entity1600 . Of these, 160 @entity1 (19.1%) had a positive @entity4298 . All factors were significant predictors of @entity4298 positivity on univariate analysis except @entity5 location and nodal appearance on preoperative ultrasound. Multivariate analysis showed that young age, invasive lobular histology, @entity5 size, multifocality, and LVI were independent positive predictors of @entity4298 positivity whereas high grade, response to chemotherapy, and triple negative hormone receptor status were negative predictors. Favorable histologies were strongly associated with a lower rate of @entity4298 positivity but were excluded from the nomogram due to small numbers of @entity1 (N=14). Discrimination of the nomogram to correctly predict @entity4298 positivity was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The unadjusted AUC was 75.9, while the internally validated 2000 bootstrap sample-adjusted AUC was 74.2. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is known to decrease the incidence of positive nodes in @entity0 @entity1 . Use of our nomogram preoperatively can assist in decisions regarding multidisciplinary treatment planning.

title: Nomogram to predict @entity1600 in XXXX with clinically node-negative @entity0 receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['SLNB', 'Sentinel lymph node biopsy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We examined the results of coronary artery bypass graft surgery after thrombolytic therapy in the Thrombolysis in @entity583 trial, Phase II (TIMI II) with particular emphasis on @entity1 characteristics, the impact of antecedent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and morbidity and mortality in certain subgroups. BACKGROUND: Coronary bypass surgery is frequently used after thrombolytic therapy, but there is relatively little information with regard to early and late outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed 3,339 @entity1 enrolled in the TIMI II trial. Bypass surgery was performed in 390 @entity1 (11.7%): 54 (14%) within 24 h after entry into the trial or within 24 h of coronary angioplasty and 336 (86%) between 24 h and 42 days after entry. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality rates were, respectively, 16.7% and 3.9% (p < 0.001); perioperative @entity583 rates were 5.6% and 6.2%, respectively; and major @entity548 events occurred in 74% and 50.9%, respectively (p = 0.002). On multivariate analysis, the only independent predictor of perioperative mortality was bypass surgery within 24 h after entry or after coronary angioplasty. Among @entity1 undergoing bypass surgery within 24 h of entry or after coronary angioplasty, the prevalence of multivessel disease (59.1% vs. 77.8%) and use of the internal thoracic artery (18.5% vs. 62.5%) were lower than in the remaining surgical @entity1 . Among the 322 perioperative survivors, the 1-year mortality rate after discharge was only 2.2% and 1.9%, respectively, in the two groups. Only one @entity1 had a documented recurrent @entity583 during the first year. CONCLUSIONS: The increased mortality rate with bypass surgery after thrombolytic therapy, particularly in @entity1 undergoing operation within 24 h of coronary angioplasty or during the involving phase of @entity1188 , must be balanced against the excellent 1-year prognosis and perioperative survivors, who are in general a group at higher risk of @entity204 or recurrent @entity1188 . These data provide a basis for comparison for future studies.

title: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery after thrombolytic therapy in the Thrombolysis in XXXX Trial, Phase II (TIMI II).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'Myocardial Infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['Myocardial Infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the chemosensitivity of pregnancy-associated @entity0 (PABC) in the neoadjuvant setting by comparing the observed pathological complete response (pCR) rate with the rate predicted by a validated nomogram. METHODS: Data from 48 PABC @entity1 who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) were collected. To predict the response rate to chemotherapy, we used well-calibrated logistic regression-based nomograms to calculate individual probability of pCR. RESULTS: Observed rates of pCR were concordant with predictions in the whole sample and in the analyzed subgroups. For the whole sample, the area under the receiver-operated curve (AUC) was 0.77 (95% CI 0.66-0.87). The calibration of predicted and observed probabilities was excellent. In the subgroup analyses (NACT initiated during pregnancy or postpartum, NACT with only @entity4349 or both @entity4349 and @entity6023 ), discriminations assessed by AUC were significantly above 0.5, except for @entity1 treated with @entity4349 only. The interpretation was limited by a lack of power. CONCLUSION: Through the use of nomograms, our study demonstrates that PABC is as chemosensitive as non-PABC and suggests that taxanes should be part of the NACT regimen for PABC. Further studies are warranted to increase the power of the presented data.

title: Pregnancy-associated @entity0 is as chemosensitive as non-pregnancy-associated XXXX in the neoadjuvant setting.

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Unaided visual inspection or "downstaging" has been suggested as a potential alternative method for cervical @entity5 screening in developing countries. Our study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of downstaging to detect cervical @entity5 in a low-resource setting. A total of 6,399 @entity1 aged 30-64 years were screened with downstaging by trained nonmedical health workers. Two thresholds were used to define positive downstaging: "low threshold" when any visible abnormality on the cervix was considered positive and "high threshold" when selected abnormalities such as @entity548 on touch, @entity548 erosion, hypertrophied oedematous cervix, congested stippled cervix and growth or @entity1066 constituted the positive test. All @entity1 underwent a colposcopy examination. Biopsies were directed when colposcopy revealed @entity66 . True disease status was defined as histologically proven moderate @entity1141 and worse lesions. Since all the @entity1 received a diagnostic (reference) investigation (biopsy and/or colposcopy), sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were estimated directly. Low- and high-threshold downstaging were positive in 1,585 (24.8%) and 460 (7.2%) @entity1 , respectively. The sensitivities of low- and high-threshold downstaging to detect high-grade precursors and invasive @entity5 were 48.9% and 31.9%, respectively. The specificities were 75.8% and 93.3%, respectively. These results indicate that downstaging is not suitable as an independent primary screening modality for cervical @entity5 .

title: Evaluation of downstaging in the detection of cervical XXXX in Kolkata, India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal lesions']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasia']


abstract: The liver of @entity329 was studied after exposure to @entity1232 ( @entity1233 ) in drinking water for, respectively, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. One additional group of animals was offered @entity1233 for 8 weeks, but maintained for further 8 weeks after removal of the compound. The changes consisted of a narrowing portal venopathy, probably arising, initially, from toxic pylephlebitis, being followed by widespread subendothelial prolapse of hepatocytes encroaching upon the lumen of terminal hepatic veins, which generally were free of inflammatory fibrosing lesions. The @entity455 were unrelated to malignant processes in the biliary duct system, which occurred after 16 weeks. Dilatation of sinusoids and small venules was associated with the presence of prolapsed hepatocytes around their openings into involved larger veins. At the end of 12 and 16 weeks of continuous ingestion of @entity1233 , but also where the agent was withdrawn already at 8 weeks, phlebectasis and transitional stages in the formation of teleangiactatic type of @entity9429 were demonstrated, probably resulting from progressively impeded blood flow due to partial occlusion by prolapsed hepatocytes in terminal veins. The mechanism enabling hepatocytes to penetrate the venous wall was not clarified. There was no indication of invasive @entity5 . Hepatocyte prolapse appeared more likely to result from some unknown mechanism of benign infiltration, promoted by regenerative stimulation. This may have been initiated by mild persistent @entity63 due to the demonstrated portal venopathy. No endothelial @entity1373 was seen at any stage of the experiments thus eliminating the probability of @entity9429 being a source of @entity455 , which has previously been described following more prolonged exposure to @entity1233 . Certain parallelisms of the experimental results with @entity455 in @entity1 subjected to drug therapy are discussed.

title: Venoocclusive disease of the liver and phlebectatic @entity9429 in the XXXX exposed to @entity1232 .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular neoplasia', 'hepatic vascular lesions', 'venous lesions']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['Syrian hamsters']

entities_list: @entity1232 :: ('MESH:D004128', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethylnitrosamine']

answer: @entity329 :: (10036,Species) :: ['golden hamster']


abstract: Growth related oncogene protein-alpha ( @entity2851 ) is a member of C-X-C chemokine and plays an important role in inflammatory responses. Expression of GRO gene family is regulated by a number of factors at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. In the present study, we have addressed the possible regulation of @entity2851 expression by ubiquitin-proteasome system. Cultures of @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with a proteasome inhibitor, @entity16626 , and the levels of @entity2851 mRNA were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or northern blotting. Levels of @entity2851 protein in the cell-conditioned medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. @entity16626 alone increased the levels of @entity2851 mRNA and protein; however, it did not affect the @entity2851 mRNA induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inhibited the LPS-induced decrease in IkappaB levels. Other proteasome inhibitors, @entity16627 and @entity16628 , also induced the expression of @entity2851 mRNA. @entity16626 induced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, @entity8047 and @entity4675 . Pretreatment of the cells with @entity1441 , an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, suppressed the @entity16626 -induced @entity2851 expression, but pretreatment of the cells with @entity5732 , @entity4286 or @entity4287 , inhibitors of @entity16629 or @entity4675 , did not influence the effect of @entity16626 . We conclude that @entity16626 upregulates @entity2851 expression in vascular endothelial cells, at least in part, through the activation of p38 MAPK.

title: Effect of @entity16626 , a proteasome inhibitor, on the expression of growth related oncogene protein-alpha in XXXX umbilical vein endothelial cells.

entities_list: @entity16628 :: ('MESH:C067713', 'Chemical') :: ['lactacystin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Posterior tympanotomy (PT) is often performed during the surgical management of @entity5479 with extension in the retrotympanum area. This PT can also be used to control the right position of the ossicular prosthesis masked by the tympanic membrane reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To compare audiologic results after ossiculoplasty performed via the outer ear canal and via the PT for @entity1 with @entity3540 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart reviews were performed for 68 @entity1 (68 ears) with @entity3540 who underwent @entity702 ossicular prosthesis surgery between January 2007 and January 2011. We compared audiologic results between two groups: the WPT group (the group without checking the prosthesis via the PT) and the PT group (the group with placing and/or checking the prosthesis via the PT). A postoperative pure-tone average air-bone gap of 20dB or less was considered a successful hearing result. RESULTS: Of the @entity1 who underwent canal wall-up mastoidectomy for @entity3540 with ossicular chain reconstruction by @entity702 prosthesis, 36 @entity1 (20 total ossicular replacement prosthesis [TORP], 16 partial ossicular replacement prosthesis [PORP]) were in the PT group and 32 @entity1 (16 TORP, 16 PORP) were in the WPT group. The global success rate (defined as a mean residual air-bone gap<20dB) was 50% in the WPT group (56% in the subgroup PORP, 44% in the subgroup TORP) and 42% in the PT group (62% in PORP, 25% in TORP). There was no case with extrusion of the prosthesis in either group. No @entity3541 occurred during the postoperative period for either group. CONCLUSION: Control of ossicular prosthesis positioning via the PT does not improve hearing results after ossicular chain reconstruction in @entity3540 surgery. However, this approach can be used during a second-stage procedure that avoids incisions within the external ear canal.

title: Does Checking the Placement of Ossicular Prostheses via the Posterior Tympanotomy Improve Hearing Results After XXXX Surgery?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5479 :: ('MESH:D018424', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear cholesteatoma']

entities_list: @entity3540 :: ('MESH:D002781', 'Disease') :: ['cholesteatoma']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity3540 :: (MESH:D002781,Disease) :: ['Cholesteatoma']


abstract: A 80 year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital with profuse @entity548 . Two weeks prior to admission he was diagnosed as having @entity1028 when he had first herald of @entity548 . Aortoenteric @entity292 was strongly suspected and @entity1 underwent emergency operation. Bilateral axillofemoral bypass were first constructed in order to avoid contamination in hte peritoneal cavity. On laparotomy @entity439 was contaminated because of arteriocolic @entity292 and resection of aortoiliac @entity439 and Hartmann procedure were performed. In the postoperative course, formation of an @entity6177 , obstruction of the left axillo-femoral bypass graft and enlargement of a residual @entity439 occurred. The prolonged antibiotic therapy was successful and additional repair operations were performed. @entity1028 complicated with arteriocolic @entity292 is a rare but lethal disease. To our knowledge, only 13 cases have been reported in the literature including our case. Eleven @entity1 were operated but only 3 survived. Construction of an extra-anatomic bypass, avoidance of an @entity254 in unprepared bowel and aggressive use of antibiotics are recommended because fecal contamination to the @entity439 is inevitable in most cases.

title: [A case of successfully resected XXXX complicated by arteriocolic @entity292 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['rectal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity6177 :: ('MESH:D018784', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal abscess']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to inform male @entity1 aged fifty and older who have not been diagnosed with @entity263 about @entity263 screenings and to examine their participation behavior in these screenings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, in which an experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group was used, data were collected from 3 family health centers in the city center of @entity20366 between April and July 2013. The sample group consisted of 113 male @entity1 aged fifty years or over. A personal information and a knowledge test forms about @entity263 screening were used to collect the data. The statistical power of the study was determined to be 0.99. RESULTS: The mean pretest knowledge scores of the @entity1 were determined be similar. In the posttest, the mean knowledge score of the experimental group was significantly increased compared to that of the control group. In terms of screening participation frequency, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups during the period after the training. The knowledge level was higher in @entity1 who had previously undergone a prostate examination and/or their @entity1486 (PSA) level measured or those with a family history of @entity263 or in cases with a history of a @entity4623 . CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the knowledge level of the risk group can be increased by training. The study also found that the increase in the knowledge level did not affect the participation behavior of the individuals in the screening tests.

title: The impact of educational sessions provided on XXXX , and its screening tests on the knowledge level, and participation behavior of the individuals in questionnaire surveys.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity4623 :: ('MESH:D011469', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: We evaluated the performance of two defined antigens in the serological diagnosis of @entity1526 . One of them is a recombinant protein named @entity12607 isolated from a genomic library of @entity1527 in the expression vector lambda gtll. We show that the gene corresponding to @entity12607 is conserved in the evolutive stages of the two "polar" strains of @entity1527 . The protein epitopes cloned in @entity12607 are represented in 140 kDa, 116 kDa and 35 kDa polypeptides of trypomastigotes. The other antigen chosen for serodiagnosis is a lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG). This glycoconjugate is also widely distributed in @entity1527 strains. The use of a rabbit serum to LPPG allowed the demonstration that this molecule bears epitopes in common to LPPG-like components and to 80-90 kDa glycoproteins of trypomastigotes. Both @entity12607 and LPPG were evaluated in serodiagnosis by ELISA and RIA using a panel of normal @entity1 , Chagasic and @entity232 sera. It was observed that @entity12607 presents high sensitivity and specificity for Chagasic sera. For LPPG it was also concluded that this reagent discriminates between individuals infected and non-infected with @entity1527 . A heterogeneity in the level of antibodies to LPPG in Chagasic @entity1 was detected. No correlation was found between the clinical form of @entity1526 and the preferential reactivity to @entity12607 or LPPG. We also report preliminary studies towards the characterization of a 100 bp sequence of the 24S alpha rRNA as a target for DNA-based detection systems for diagnosis. We show that polymerase chain reaction of total DNA of different trypanosomatids lead to the specific amplification of a 100 bp fragment only for @entity1527 . Northern blots confirmed the presence of the target region in the mature 24S alpha rRNA. Titration experiments based on the direct amplification of RNA with Taq DNA polymerase allowed the detection of 50 parasites. Studies are in progress to increase the sensitivity of the proposed system.

title: Molecular approaches to diagnosis of XXXX : use of defined antigens and a target ribosomal RNA sequence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi', 'T. cruzi']

entities_list: @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['Leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ["Chagas' disease"]

answer: @entity1526 :: (MESH:D014355,Disease) :: ['Chagas' disease']


abstract: Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity ( @entity7766 -LI) and @entity2922 concentrations in plasma were analysed during and after 60 min of physical exercise at a work load corresponding to 70% of individual maximal @entity26 uptake in nine healthy @entity1 of average physical fitness. Systemic plasma @entity7766 -LI increased progressively from 18 +/- 3 to 81 +/- 19 pmol X 1(-1) in parallel with a 10-fold increase in @entity1063 (NA) concentration. The increase in plasma @entity7766 -LI during exercise and the decrease after completion of exercise were much slower than the corresponding changes in NA concentration. This difference is probably related to a slower diffusion of @entity7766 into systemic circulation after release, as well as to a longer half-life of @entity7766 than of NA in plasma. Reversed phase HPLC and sephadex G-50 gel-filtration chromatography revealed that the main component of @entity7766 -LI in plasma during exercise eluted in a similar position as synthetic @entity1 @entity7766 . During exercise plasma @entity7766 -LI correlated well with the plasma concentration of NA (r = 0.80), but not with that of @entity1425 (ADR), suggesting a neuronal origin of @entity7766 . The self-ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were well correlated with the plasma concentrations of both @entity7766 -LI and NA. No clear-cut veno-arterial concentration difference was observed for @entity7766 -LI. Isometric handgrip and orthostatic test doubled plasma NA concentrations but did not cause any increase in plasma @entity7766 -LI. No change in plasma @entity4756 -like immunoreactivity was detected during exercise. The present data suggest that @entity7766 is released together with NA during strong, but probably not during mild, sympathetic activation under physiological conditions in @entity1 .

title: Plasma neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and catecholamines during various degrees of sympathetic activation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity4756 :: ('MESH:D015320', 'Chemical') :: ['tachykinin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: The effects of cPrG x @entity5828 and @entity1259 on the suppression of cell growth were examined on @entity1 @entity0 cell line (MDA-MB-231). Either cPrG x @entity5828 or @entity1259 alone showed a @entity5 growth inhibition in a time- and dose-dependent manner, however, the combinatory use of cPrG x @entity5828 together with @entity1259 resulted in prominent synergistic effects on the @entity0 cells. In the in vitro studies, the combinatory use of these two drugs accelerated apoptotic cell death as revealed by morphological changes as well as by the appearance of subG1 population by flow cytometry. In addition, confocal microscopy revealed that the accumulation of @entity1259 in nucleus increased apparently when cPrG x @entity5828 were present. In the in vivo assay, @entity19 bearing xenografted @entity5 cells received 4 weeks of intraperitoneal administration of cPrG- @entity5828 and @entity1259 . After 12 days, the combinatory treatment significantly suppressed the @entity5 growth compared to the controls. The TUNEL staining revealed that @entity5 cells in cPrG x @entity5828 plus @entity1259 -treated @entity19 exhibited a higher apoptotic rate. In addition, 31P-NMR studies on the xenografted @entity5 revealed that cPrG x @entity5828 lowered @entity5 pHi (below pH 6.9). while it did not affected muscle pHi. No pathological changes were observed in any intrinsic organs and the serum @entity493 aminotransferase levels remained within normal limits among the groups. These results suggest that the combinatory use of cPrG x @entity5828 and @entity1259 may be useful for @entity0 therapy.

title: Synergistic effects induced by cycloprodigiosin hydrochloride and @entity1259 on @entity1 XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 1.   The metabolism of the endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan has been characterized in bile duct-cannulated @entity35 and @entity235 . 2.   In both species, @entity19629 was metabolized along five primary pathways, i.e. conjugation with @entity413 (M9), oxidative depropylation (M6), aliphatic hydroxylation (M7), oxidative cleavage of the @entity10977 linker (M4) and hydrolysis of the @entity19630 moiety (M3). Most of the primary metabolites underwent subsequent biotransformation including conjugation with @entity8686 or @entity413 , hydrolysis of the @entity19630 group or secondary oxidation of the @entity10977 moiety. 3.   Though there were species differences in their relative importance, all metabolic pathways were present in @entity35 and @entity235 . The depropylated M6 was the only metabolite present in plasma of both species. 4.   Metabolism was a prerequisite for macitentan excretion as relevant amounts of parent drug were neither detected in bile nor urine. Biliary excretion was the major elimination pathway, while renal elimination was of little importance.

title: The metabolism of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan in @entity35 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity19629 :: ('MESH:C533860', 'Chemical') :: ['macitentan']

entities_list: @entity10977 :: ('MESH:D019855', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene glycol']

entities_list: @entity19630 :: ('CHEBI:29368', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamide']

entities_list: @entity8686 :: ('MESH:D020723', 'Chemical') :: ['glucuronic acid']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: @entity2033 is a progressive @entity179 which produces a characteristic @entity717 termed @entity4790 . Although @entity4790 is associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia, the underlying mechanisms by which @entity910 such as @entity4790 are produced, are poorly understood. Recent studies in primates have led to experimental models of @entity4790 with postulated involvement of specific neural pathways. In the present study we attempted to determine the validity of the experimental models by measuring concentrations of @entity1246 ( @entity1246 ), @entity2227 , @entity4757 and @entity4545 in the basal ganglia of @entity2033 @entity1 who manifested either @entity2003 / @entity2845 within 6 months of death. We also characterized changes in the @entity2033 @entity1 according to pathological grade, since this may be a confounding factor. We analysed post-mortem brain tissue from 12 controls, and 11 grade 3 and 12 grade 4 @entity2033 @entity1 . The grade 3 and 4 cases consisted of eight adult-onset choreic, nine adult-onset @entity2003 and six juvenile-onset @entity2003 @entity1 . We also analysed the putamen and globus pallidus from 11 grade 2 adult onset choreic @entity2033 @entity1 . A model of @entity4790 based on experimental studies in primates proposes that a loss of striatal GABAergic inhibitory projections to the globus pallidus externa leads to increased activity of the inhibitory globus pallidus externa GABAergic neurons which project to the subthalamic nucleus. It is believed that the loss of GABAergic inputs to the globus pallidus externa precedes a loss of GABAergic input to the globus pallidus interna, which occurs later in the disease and is associated with the development of @entity2003 and @entity2845 . In the choreic @entity2033 @entity1 whom we studied, there was a greater loss of @entity1246 in the globus pallidus externa than in the globus pallidus interna, and the globus pallidus interna: globus pallidus externa @entity1246 ratio was significantly increased compared with @entity2003 @entity1 . There were also increases in @entity1246 in the subthalamic nucleus in the choreic @entity1 , although this did not reach significance. A differential loss of @entity4545 in the globus pallidus externa compared with @entity4757 loss in the globus pallidus interna was not observed in either the choreic @entity1 with @entity1442 or the grade II @entity1 . There was a significant increase in @entity1246 concentrations in the ventroanterior nucleus of the thalamus in the choreic @entity1 compared with @entity2003 /bradykinetic @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Neurochemical substrates of XXXX and @entity4790 in @entity2033 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['chorea or rigidity', 'rigid', 'rigidity']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Huntington's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2845 :: ('MESH:D018476', 'Disease') :: ['bradykinesia']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative neurological disorder']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['movement disorder']

answer: @entity2003 :: (MESH:D009127,Disease) :: ['rigidity']


abstract: This report describes an invasive @entity189 with a rare distinctive feature characterized by sebaceous differentiation of @entity5 cells. This @entity5 occurred in a 10-year-old female mixed breed @entity235 . The @entity1 had two masses in the left fifth mammary gland. Grossly, the masses were firm, whitish to light brown, and superficially ulcerated. On cut surface, they were multilobulated with foci of @entity39 . Microscopically, the @entity5 were composed of two distinctive neoplastic components, @entity4937 and @entity189 . The regions of sebaceous @entity5 were clumped separately, contained well-developed sebaceous cells and keratinized epithelial cells, and were surrounded by few to several layers of basaloid cells. The cells with abundant foamy cytoplasm that resembled sebaceous cells were also found within the intraductal papillary-like nests of @entity189 , providing evidence of sebaceous @entity4648 . Sebaceous differentiation in a mammary gland @entity5 is possible, because skin appendages and ductal apparatus of the mammary gland share a common anlagen. This @entity5 had an aggressive behavior with lymphatic @entity3 . Consequentially, the @entity235 had a poor prognosis.

title: XXXX with sebaceous differentiation in a @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4937 :: ('MESH:D000231', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mammary carcinoma', 'sebaceous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4648 :: ('MESH:D008679', 'Disease') :: ['metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Mammary carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the acute effects of pesticides in @entity1 are well known, uncertainty still exists about the health effects of chronic low-level exposure to pesticides. AIMS: To compare mortality and @entity5 incidence experienced by a cohort of British pesticide users to that of the Great Britain (GB) population. METHODS: The Pesticide Users Health Study (PUHS) comprises users of agricultural pesticides who have Certificates of Competence under the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986. @entity1 were followed up between 1987 and 2004 ( @entity5 incidence) or 2005 (mortality). Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were estimated for outcomes of interest identified from the literature. RESULTS: Altogether, 62,960 pesticide users were followed up for 829,709 @entity1 -years (to 31 December 2005). Most @entity1 were male (94%) and based in England (86%). All-cause mortality was lower for both @entity1 [SMR 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.60] and @entity1 (SMR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.98) compared to the GB population. Mortality and incidence were below those expected for all @entity5 combined among @entity1 (SMR 0.71, 95% CI 0.66-0.77; SIR 0.85, 95% CI 0.81-0.90), particularly for @entity5 of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx, digestive organs and respiratory system. The incidence of @entity5 , @entity1489 and @entity1582 were above expected. Mortality from injury by machinery was significantly above expected for @entity1 (SMR 4.21, 95% CI 2.11-8.42). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that pesticide users in the PUHS are generally healthier than the national population but may have excesses of @entity1489 , @entity5 and @entity1582 .

title: Mortality and XXXX incidence among British agricultural pesticide users.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'humans', 'Participants', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['non-melanoma skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'testicular cancer', 'cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Adult female cyclic @entity35 were hypophysectomized and their pituitary glands autotransplanted beneath the left kidney capsule (Aptr) on day 1 (metestrus). To induce the luteolytic effect of prolactin (PRL) the @entity35 were injected s.c. with 0.4 mg of @entity2847 ( @entity2847 ) on cycle days 12, 13 and 14. Other groups of Aptr @entity35 were injected daily with @entity2847 or @entity1068 vehicle from day 12 to day 23. To study the role of @entity1420 (P) on the luteotrophic effect of PRL as well as on the natural and on the PRL-induced luteolysis, @entity35 without @entity2847 treatment or with long or short @entity2847 treatment were injected s. c. with 2 mg of the antiprogestagen @entity3927 or 0.1 ml oil from day 1 to day 23. From each @entity35 the mean weight of the corpus luteum (CL) was noted on day 24. The serum PRL level rose from day 1 to day 12 and fell thereafter by day 15 in @entity2847 -treated rats. The serum level of PRL rose again in short term @entity2847 -treated @entity35 , and remained low in long term @entity2847 -treated @entity35 . No effect of @entity3927 on serum PRL levels was noted in any group. The serum P level fell rapidly as the treatment with @entity2847 began after day 12. Neither the rise in serum PRL after day 15 in short term @entity2847 -treated @entity35 nor @entity3927 treatment affected the P level. Treatment with @entity3927 did not affect the CL weight on day 24 in @entity1068 vehicle injected @entity35 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of antiprogestagen @entity3927 on both natural and prolactin-induced morphological luteolysis in XXXX ..

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['CB154', '2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), @entity3104 assimilation is catalysed by @entity1160 synthetase (GS) [EC 6.3.1.2], which is encoded by two genes, PsGS1a and PsGS1b. PsGS1b is expressed in the vascular tissue throughout the plant body, where it is believed to play a role in recycling @entity3104 released by various facets of metabolism. The mechanisms that may underpin the transcriptional regulation of PsGS1b were explored. The PsGS1b promoter contains a region that is enriched in previously characterized cis-acting elements, known as AC elements. Pine nuclear proteins bound these AC element-rich regions in a tissue-specific manner. As previous experiments had shown that R2R3-MYB transcription factors could interact with AC elements, the capacity of the AC elements in the PsGS1b promoter to interact with MYB proteins was examined. Two MYB proteins from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), PtMYB1 and PtMYB4, bound to the PsGS1b promoter were able to activate transcription from this promoter in @entity375 , @entity958 and pine cells. Immunolocalization experiments revealed that the two MYB proteins were most abundant in cells previously shown to accumulate PsGS1b transcripts. Immunoprecipitation analysis and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assays implicated these same two proteins in the formation of complexes between pine nuclear extracts and the PsGS1b promoter. Given that these MYB proteins were previously shown to have the capacity to activate gene expression related to lignin biosynthesis, we hypothesize that they may function to co-regulate lignification, a process that places significant demands on @entity1568 recycling, and GS, the major enzyme involved in the @entity1568 recycling pathway.

title: Functional interactions between a XXXX synthetase promoter and MYB proteins.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity3104 :: ('MESH:D000644', 'Chemical') :: ['ammonium']

answer: @entity1160 :: (CHEBI:28300,Chemical) :: ['glutamine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of @entity3384 and @entity2419 in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. DESIGN SETTING: The study was conducted in 2001 in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. The state has a population of 76 million. Three districts, Cuddapah, Medak and Krishna, were identified for this study owing to their diversity. They were urban, semi-urban and rural, respectively. Literacy rates and consanguinity of the parents was elicited and was compared to national averages to find correlations to cleft births. Type and side of cleft were recorded to compare with other studies around the world and other parts of India. RESULTS: The birth rate of clefts was found to be 1.09 for every 1000 live births. This study found that 65% of the @entity1 born with clefts were males. The distribution of the type of cleft showed 33% had CL, 64% had CLP, 2% had @entity2723 and 1% had rare craniofacial clefts. Unilateral @entity3384 were found in 79% of the @entity1 . Of the unilateral @entity3384 64% were left sided. There was a significant correlation of @entity1 with clefts being born to parents who shared a consanguineous relationship and those who were illiterate with the odds ratio between 5.25 and 7.21 for consanguinity and between 1.55 and 5.85 for illiteracy, respectively. CONCLUSION: The birth rate of clefts was found to be comparable with other Asian studies, but lower than found in other studies in Caucasian populations and higher than in African populations. The incidence was found to be similar to other studies done in other parts of India. The distribution over the various types of cleft was comparable to that found in other studies.

title: Incidence of XXXX in the state of Andhra Pradesh, South India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['palate defects']

entities_list: @entity3384 :: ('MESH:D002971', 'Disease') :: ['cleft lip', 'cleft lips']

answer: @entity3384 :: (MESH:D002971,Disease) :: ['cleft Lip and palate']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We present two years' experience in the treatment of adult @entity981 ( @entity981 ) according to the German GMALL 07/2003 study protocol at CELL (Czech @entity1778 study group--for life) hematological centers in the Czech Republic. METHODS: A total number of 37 @entity1 were included in this analysis. We evaluated complete remission and molecular remission rate, incidence of relapse, @entity1 ' status at the end of the follow-up period, incidence of chemotherapy-related adverse events and causes of @entity204 . A statistical analysis of risk factors affecting survival was carried out. RESULTS: Complete remission was achieved in 36 (97%) @entity1 and molecular remission in 16 (62%) of 26 evaluable @entity1 . Disease relapse occurred in 5 (14%) @entity1 . At the end of the follow-up period with a median of 261 days, 28 (76%) @entity1 were alive in complete remission, one (3%) with @entity66 and 8 (22%) dead. @entity137 resulted in @entity204 in 5 cases, relapse or progression of @entity981 in 3 @entity1 . Adverse events most often followed consolidation I, induction phase I, consolidation II and induction phase II. Infectious complications in the context of @entity1398 , GIT @entity33 and side effects of @entity970 -asparaginase were the most common adverse events observed. The @entity137 of allogeneic transplantation was not unexpected, four (25%) @entity1 died after transplantation. Two-year progression-free and overall survival were 66% and 70%, respectively. High risk @entity981 , age over 35 years, CNS infiltration, disease relapse and permanent @entity41 were identified as the major adverse prognostic risk factors. Practical experiences and possible pitfalls of the protocol are described in the discussion. CONCLUSION: Our initial impression is promising. The treatment is feasible, the results very good and the @entity137 acceptable. @entity1 at high risk should be headed to allogeneic transplantation, since the results ofconsolidation chemotherapy alone are very poor in this group. We believe that this study protocol could become a standard adult @entity981 treatment in the Czech Republic.

title: [Treatment of adult XXXX according to GMALL 07/2003 study protocol in the Czech Republic - the first experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Treatment toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['relapsed disease']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['minimal residual disease']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Short-acting inhaled @entity2263 -agonists such as @entity3045 are used for bronchodilation and are the mainstay of @entity565 treatment worldwide. There is significant variation in bronchodilator responsiveness to @entity3045 not only between individuals but also across racial/ethnic groups. The @entity2162 ( @entity2162 ) is the target for @entity2263 -agonist drugs. The enzyme, @entity12557 reductase ( @entity25023 ), which regulates levels of the endogenous bronchodilator @entity12557 , has been shown to modulate the response to @entity2263 -agonists. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that there are pharmacogenetic interactions between @entity25023 and @entity2162 gene variants that are associated with variable response to @entity3045 . METHODS: We performed family-based analyses to test for association between @entity25023 gene variants and @entity565 and related phenotypes in 609 Puerto Rican and Mexican families with @entity565 . In addition, we tested these individuals for pharmacogenetic interaction between @entity25023 and @entity2162 gene variants and responsiveness to @entity3045 using linear regression. Cell transfection experiments were performed to test the potential effect of the @entity25023 gene variants. RESULTS: Among Puerto Ricans, several @entity25023 SNPs and a haplotype in the 3'UTR were significantly associated with increased risk for @entity565 and lower bronchodilator responsiveness (P=0.04-0.007). The @entity25023 risk haplotype affects expression of @entity25023 mRNA and protein, suggesting a gain of function. Furthermore, gene-gene interaction analysis provided evidence of pharmacogenetic interaction between @entity25023 and @entity2162 gene variants and the response to @entity3045 in Puerto Rican (P=0.03), Mexican (P=0.15) and combined Puerto Rican and Mexican @entity748 (P=0.003). Specifically, @entity25023 +17059* @entity2162 +46 genotype combinations (TG+GG*AG and TG+GG*GG) were associated with lower bronchodilator response. CONCLUSION: Genotyping of @entity25023 and @entity2162 genes may be useful in identifying Latino individuals, who might benefit from adjuvant therapy for refractory @entity565 .

title: GSNO reductase and @entity2162 gene-gene interaction: bronchodilator responsiveness to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatics']

entities_list: @entity2162 :: ('154', 'Gene') :: ['beta2-adrenergic receptor', 'beta2AR']

entities_list: @entity12557 :: ('MESH:D026422', 'Chemical') :: ['S-nitrosoglutathione']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['albuterol']

answer: @entity3045 :: (MESH:D000420,Chemical) :: ['albuterol']