abstract: @entity6 is a proinflammatory state. The pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are increased in @entity6 @entity1 and have been suggested to play a role in @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ). Progression of @entity2316 involves altered mesangial cell (MC) function with an expansion of the mesangial matrix. There is a paucity of data examining the role of TLR and its expression in MC. We hypothesize the expression of TLRs in the mesangium might be an important factor contributing to mesangium expansion and @entity8 . Thus we evaluated the effect of high @entity413 on @entity8932 and @entity1990 expression in @entity19 mesangial cells (MMC) in vitro. Exposure of MMC to 25 mM @entity413 for 24 h resulted in increased @entity1990 mRNA and cell surface receptor expression compared with 5.5 mM @entity413 (P < 0.05). Interestingly, we were not able to detect expression of @entity8932 in @entity1139 . Furthermore, expression of a @entity1990 downstream signaling cascade including @entity5001 ( @entity5001 ), @entity14055 ( @entity14055 ), and Toll interleukin receptor domain containing adaptor inducing interferon-b ( @entity31512 (TRAM) were significantly increased in cells exposed to 25 mM @entity413 (P < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in NF-kB activation along with increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines @entity777 and @entity1750 . Levels of transforming growth factor-b were also significantly increased in the presence of 25 mM @entity413 (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest that @entity4854 activates @entity1990 expression and activity in MC and could contribute to @entity2316 .

title: @entity4854 induces Toll like receptor 4 expression and activity in XXXX mesangial cells: relevance to @entity2316 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1750 :: ('20296(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['monocyte chemotactic protein-1']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN']

entities_list: @entity31512 :: ('225471(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['TRIF)-related adaptor molecule']

entities_list: @entity5001 :: ('17874(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['myeloid differentiation factor 88', 'MyD88']

entities_list: @entity14055 :: ('54131(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IRF3', 'interferon regulatory factor 3']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Aerobic @entity880 utilization is crucial for recovery of neuronal function posthypoxia in vitro. In vivo models of @entity2806 pose a conceptual challenge when compared to in vitro models. First, the @entity413 paradox of @entity2806 , namely, the aggravation of delayed @entity528 by preischemic @entity4854 , cannot be reproduced in vitro. Second, in vitro elevated @entity413 levels protect against @entity63 ( @entity519 ) damage, an outcome that has seldom been reproduced in vivo. Employing a @entity35 model of @entity1167 -induced @entity2806 ( @entity2806 ), we found that hyperglycemic conditions, when induced 120-240 min pre- @entity2806 , significantly reduced @entity528 as compared to normoglycemic conditions. In contrast, @entity4854 , when induced 15-60 min pre- @entity2806 , significantly aggravated @entity528 . Brain @entity880 levels in @entity35 loaded with @entity413 either 15 min or 120 min pre- @entity2806 were significantly and equally higher than those of control, saline-injected @entity35 . The beneficial effect of 120 min pre- @entity2806 @entity413 loading was abolished by @entity880 transport inhibition. A significant increase in blood @entity2819 (CT) levels was observed upon @entity413 loading that peaked at 15-30 min and returned to baseline levels by 60-120 min. When @entity35 loaded with @entity413 15 min pre- @entity2806 were treated with @entity4235 , a CT synthesis inhibitor, a significantly lower degree of delayed @entity528 in comparison to both untreated, 15 min @entity413 -loaded @entity35 and normoglycemic, control @entity35 was observed. Thus, although elevated levels of brain @entity880 cannot explain the @entity413 paradox of @entity2806 , @entity4854 -induced, short-lived elevation in CT blood levels could. More importantly, @entity880 appears to play a crucial role in improving postischemic outcome.

title: Preischemic @entity4854 -aggravated damage: evidence that @entity880 utilization is beneficial and XXXX -induced @entity2819 release is detrimental.

entities_list: @entity4235 :: ('MESH:D008797', 'Chemical') :: ['metyrapone']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['TGI', 'transient global cerebral ischemia', 'cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac-arrest']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal damage', 'post-TGI neuronal damage']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: @entity311 is a serious public health problem in numerous countries of the world. In Africa alone, it is estimated that more than a million @entity1 less than five years of age die each year from this disease. The problem has become more critical with the development of @entity3964 resistance to @entity503 , the high cost of replacement antimalarials, and vector resistance to the cheaper insecticides such as @entity318 . Emphasis now is on sustainable control programs that can be implemented by communities with assistance from primary health care providers. This has led to a re-examination of impregnated bed nets (IBNs) that serve as a physical barrier to break @entity1 -vector contact. Over the last decade, bed nets impregnated with cheap and long-lasting @entity312 used in Africa and Asia have shown their utility in reducing @entity1 -vector contact, inoculation of @entity1 with sporozoites, clinical episodes of @entity221 , and high levels of @entity5895 . One study in The Gambia demonstrated that mortality in young @entity1 was significantly reduced, and the results of that study have led to the initiation of large-scale mortality studies in different epidemiologic areas in Africa. This paper reviews current bed net materials, recommended insecticides, an impregnation technique, costs, and the importance of community participation. As a @entity311 control option IBNs appear to be very promising, but further entomologic and epidemiologic assessments, including mortality studies, are needed. Future use of IBNs should be considered as part of a larger program that includes other vector control measures, proper case management, appropriate use of antimalarials for prevention in specific target groups, surveillance, and program monitoring with attention to changing epidemiologic situations and developing technology.

title: Impregnated bed nets for XXXX control: biological success and social responsibility.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity312 :: ('MESH:D011722', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrethroids']

entities_list: @entity5895 :: ('MESH:D018512', 'Disease') :: ['parasitemia']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: Soft tissue @entity242 are uncommon @entity5 , less than 10% of which arise on the distal upper extremities. Consequently, experience with treatments which preserve both the limb and its function is lacking for @entity5 in this region. Sixteen @entity1 with @entity242 arising in the hand and wrist and one with an aggressive @entity765 were treated by combined modality therapy at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Two @entity1 had wide resections for multiple recurrent lesions, 5 had excisional biopsies, and 9 had incomplete excisions to preserve anatomic structures of the hand. One @entity1 refused an amputation and had no surgery. @entity242 @entity1 were given postoperative radiation with a dose range of 50.2 to 69 Gy (median 68 Gy). The @entity765 received 44 Gy. A shrinking field technique with customized castings and cerrobend blocks was used to assure precision and minimize treatment volumes. Chemotherapy was reserved for @entity3 . Local control was achieved in 14 @entity1 who received combined modality treatment (87%), with a follow-up 1-12 years (median 33 months). Two of the three @entity1 with local failures subsequently obtained a local control after salvage surgery and radiation. Four @entity1 developed @entity3 , one with epitrochlear lymph node @entity3 was salvaged by amputation, the others died with @entity358 17, 37, and 111 months after treatment. Functional integrity of the limb was primarily dependent on the extent of surgical resection required. Among 12 @entity1 with local and distant control, one @entity1 (who had multiple wide resections of an extensive @entity765 preceding irradiation) lost over 50% use of her limb, but no @entity1 required amputation for @entity4 or @entity158 control. Ten of the 12 @entity1 with local and distant control had less than a 25% decrement in limb function and had no @entity158 or @entity4 associated with normal use of their hand. We conclude that for selected @entity1 with @entity242 of the distal upper extremity, combined modality therapy consisting of conservative resection and careful radiation therapy is a viable alternative to amputation.

title: Extremity preservation by combined modality treatment of XXXX of the hand and wrist.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas', 'Sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['desmoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcomas']


abstract: The activation of pectin lyase (Pnl) production in @entity17367 . carotovora strain 71 occurs upon DNA damage via a unique regulatory circuit involving recA, rdgA and rdgB. In a similar Pnl-inducible system reconstituted in @entity526 , the rdgB product was found to activate the expression of pnlA, the structural gene for pectin lyase. The kinetic data presented here also show that transcription of pnlA followed that of rdgB in Er. carotovora subsp. carotovora, indicating a temporal order of gene expression. By deletion analysis we have localized the promoter/regulatory region within a 66 bp DNA segment upstream of the pnlA transcriptional start site. This region contains the -10 consensus sequence but not the sequences corresponding to the @entity526 -35 region. For DNA-binding studies, rdgB was overexpressed in @entity526 and a 14 kDa polypeptide was identified as the gene product. RdgB from crude extracts or a purified preparation caused an identical gel mobility shift of a 164 bp DNA segment containing the pnlA promoter/regulatory region. Utilizing DNase I protection assay the RdgB-binding site was localized between @entity2036 -29 and -56, i.e. overlapping the position of the putative -35 box. The findings reported here, taken along with our previous observation that the rdgE product is required for pnlA expression, establishes that rdgB encodes a transcriptional factor which specifically interacts with the pnlA promoter/regulatory region.

title: Activation of the XXXX . carotovora pectin lyase structural gene pnlA: a role for RdgB.

entities_list: @entity17367 :: ('554', 'Species') :: ['Erwinia carotovora subsp']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity17367 :: (554,Species) :: ['Erwinia carotovora subsp']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The assessment of prognosis is an important issue in cystic @entity82 . The prognostic value of exercise testing in comparison with other predictors of mortality was examined. METHODS: Ninety two adult @entity1 with cystic @entity82 performed progressive maximal exercise tests and outcome was assessed at five years. The results of exercise testing were examined along with spirometric values, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and sputum culture. RESULTS: Twenty two subjects died during the five year follow up period and 67 survived. Five subjects received a lung transplant and were excluded from the analysis. There were significant differences between those who survived and those who died: mean (SE) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 68.9 (2.7) versus 39.7 (3.5)% predicted, BMI 19.0 (0.3) versus 17.1 (0.4) kg/m2, peak @entity26 uptake (VO2 peak) 66.6 (2.2) versus (53.7) (3.7)% predicted, peak work rate (Wpeak) 89.4 (3.8) versus 71.2 (5.5)% predicted, peak minute ventilation (VEpeak) 51.3 (2.0) versus 43.3 (3.1) 1/min, and ventilatory equivalent for @entity26 (VE/VO2) 32.4 (0.6) versus 38.7 (1.7). Age, sex, @entity26 saturation and @entity6402 colonisation were not found to be significant predictors of mortality. When significant independent factors were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model only FEV1 was found to be a significant correlate of mortality. A cutoff for FEV1 of 55% predicted gave the best combination of specificity and sensitivity with 54% of those below this value dying within five years and 96% of those above it surviving. CONCLUSIONS: The results of maximal exercise testing are correlated with survival but they are not better than the FEV1 as prognostic indicators.

title: Exercise testing and prognosis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity6402 :: ('292', 'Species') :: ['Burkholderia cepacia']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['adult cystic fibrosis']


abstract: A few of the many reports of experimental @entity177 have been summarized. @entity448 and food selection have been studied in experimental @entity5507 and the findings are comparable with those observed in uraemic @entity1 . The optimal dietary protein content for growth is close to the minimal requirement for "optimal" growth. Protein excess leads to @entity851 and @entity177 in uraemic @entity35 , at least with the commonly used dry diets. The increased water requirement may be more critical for growth than the blood @entity1133 level or @entity520 , although this requires further investigation. Reduction of the dietary protein by 50% and supplementation with essential @entity1522 (EAA) results in growth similar to that of the 100% protein diet. There is no growth improvement despite low blood @entity1133 levels, but the renal parenchymal is preserved. Supplementation with @entity1568 -free analogues is more frequently associated with defective growth; the optimal mixture remains to be defined, and to date, when nutrition is identical, @entity1568 -free analogues offer no benefit for renal preservation compared with EAA. @entity969 -rich diets have adverse effects on uraemia. These effects are associated with @entity948 intolerance and with reduced energy storage in the liver. The precise metabolic alteration remains to be defined.

title: Contribution of experimental studies on the nutritional management of XXXX with @entity177 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['Anorexia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal deterioration', 'chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['Sucrose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies of liposomal @entity632 (CAELYX) have demonstrated significant inhibition of growth of @entity1 @entity788 explants in @entity19 . This study evaluated the efficacy of CAELYX in chemotherapy-na  ve @entity1 with unresectable, histologically confirmed @entity3123 . Secondary endpoints were quality of life (QOL). time to progression and overall survival. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-two @entity1 (median age 65) were enrolled. @entity632 was administered to the first five @entity1 at a dose of 30 mg/m2 three-weekly. Two of these @entity1 were dose escalated to 50 mg/m2 four-weekly. Subsequent @entity1 were all treated on the latter schedule. RESULTS: Two @entity1 died after consenting to enter the study but before treatment was commenced and are not included in the analysis. Sixteen @entity1 were evaluable for response. No objective responses were seen. Six @entity1 had stable disease. One @entity1 experienced grade 4 @entity137 with @entity5515 ( @entity5515 ), but continued treatment after dose reduction and delay. Four @entity1 experienced grade 3 @entity3136 and two grade 3 @entity390 . Median survival from time of starting chemotherapy was 3.2 months (range 21 days to 19 months) and one year survival was 10%. Eight @entity1 completed at least two EORTC QLQ C-30 questionnaires. There was no significant change in either global QOL or in any functional or symptom subscale score. CONCLUSION: No objective responses were seen with CAELYX in this study. CAELYX was however associated with stable disease, but data were inconclusive with regard to clinical benefit. It warrants further investigation in the context of combination trials.

title: A phase II study evaluating the tolerability and efficacy of CAELYX (liposomal @entity632 , @entity632 ) in the treatment of unresectable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin', 'CAELYX']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity5515 :: ('MESH:D017499', 'Disease') :: ['PPE', 'palmar plantar dysaesthesia']

answer: @entity3123 :: (MESH:C562463,Disease) :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']


abstract: CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) is an effective definitive treatment for @entity1 with advanced @entity189 who are unfit for or refuse surgery. A high dose of radiation (> 70 Gy) should be given to achieve acceptable local control rates and survival. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the treatment results of locally advanced @entity189 with two different protocols. @entity1 AND METHODS: From December 1995 to December 2004, 74 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 were treated with CCRT or surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy (SRT). Their treatment results were reviewed by retrospective analysis. The study points included outcome, @entity137 , and prognostic factors. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in T and N status between the two treatment groups, nor were there significant differences in overall or disease-free survival or the incidence of distant metastasis (p >0.05). In the CCRT group and SRT group, the estimated 3-year overall survival was 39% and 44%, respectively. The SRT group had better local control than the CCRT group (p <0.05). Relatively, 27% @entity1 retained their larynx function for more than 2 years in the CCRT group. Radiation doses >70 Gy yielded significantly better survival and local control than doses <70 Gy (p <0.05).

title: Treatment results and prognostic factors in locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hypopharyngeal cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['hypopharyngeal carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['hypopharyngeal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Interleukin (IL)-12 immunotherapy is highly effective against established @entity5 . However, @entity5 fail to respond to IL-12 therapy. Analysis of @entity5 rejection of the @entity5 shows that a preexisting antitumor immune response is required for an effective IL-12 response. It is not known whether this lack of a preexisting host antitumor immune response is a limiting factor for the lack of response to IL-12 therapy by @entity5 . METHODS: Experiments were done using the spontaneously arising nonimmunogenic metastatic @entity19 breast 4T1 @entity189 in normal and @entity9094 knockout BALB/c @entity19 . RESULTS: 4T1 is nonimmunogenic in normal @entity19 , and established subcutaneous @entity5 are resistant to immunotherapy with @entity786 (Cy) plus IL-12. However, in @entity9094 knockout @entity19 , 4T1 becomes immunogenic, and established 4T1 @entity5 are eradicated by Cy plus IL-12. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from normal @entity19 into @entity9094 knockout @entity19 before @entity5 inoculation reduces both the immunogenicity and response to Cy plus IL-12 immunotherapy of 4T1 in the recipient @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: Cy plus IL-12 immunotherapy can eradicate @entity5 as long as a preexisting immunity is established in the @entity5 -bearing host. Furthermore, the @entity9094 pathway is likely involved in the suppression of the development of host antitumor immunity.

title: Inhibition of host signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 results in cure with XXXX and interleukin 12 immunotherapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'immunogenic tumors', 'nonimmunogenic tumors']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: The event-related potential (ERP) component mismatch negativity (MMN) is a neural marker of @entity1 echoic memory. MMN is elicited by deviant sounds embedded in a stream of frequent standards, reflecting the deviation from an inferred memory trace of the standard stimulus. The strength of this memory trace is thought to be proportional to the number of repetitions of the standard tone, visible as the progressive enhancement of MMN with number of repetitions (MMN memory-trace effect). However, no direct ERP correlates of the formation of echoic memory traces are currently known. This study set out to investigate changes in ERPs to different numbers of repetitions of standards, delivered in a roving-stimulus paradigm in which the frequency of the standard stimulus changed randomly between stimulus trains. Normal healthy volunteers (n = 40) were engaged in two experimental conditions: during passive listening and while actively discriminating changes in tone frequency. As predicted, MMN increased with increasing number of standards. However, this MMN memory-trace effect was caused mainly by enhancement with stimulus repetition of a slow positive wave from 50 to 250 ms poststimulus in the standard ERP, which is termed here "repetition positivity" ( @entity7184 ). This @entity7184 was recorded from frontocentral electrodes when @entity1 were passively listening to or actively discriminating changes in tone frequency. @entity7184 may represent a @entity1 ERP correlate of rapid and stimulus-specific adaptation, a candidate neuronal mechanism underlying sensory memory formation in the auditory cortex.

title: Event-related brain potential correlates of XXXX auditory sensory memory-trace formation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'participants']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity344 are common after renal transplantation, mainly owing to immunosuppressive therapy. Assessment of GI transit time can facilitate rational management of these disorders. OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the GI transit parameters in renal transplant recipients taking @entity1140 , @entity500 , and @entity229 with the use of the alternate current biosusceptometry (ACB) technique and compared them with healthy volunteers. METHODS: Ten renal transplant recipients and 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. After an overnight fast, @entity1 and volunteers ingested a standard meal containing magnetic markers. The biomagnetic monitoring was performed at 10-minute intervals for at least 8 hours to obtain gastric emptying as well as the colonic arrival time-intensity curves. Mean gastric emptying time (MGET), @entity694 ( @entity694 ), and mean small intestinal transit time (MSITT) were quantified and compared between control and @entity1 groups with results expressed as mean    SD. RESULTS: The MGET measured by the ACB technique was 48    31 minutes and 197    50 minutes for @entity1 and healthy subjects, respectively. MSITT and @entity694 values calculated for @entity1 versus volunteers were 171    71 minutes versus 197    71 minutes and 219    83 minutes versus 373    52 minutes, respectively. Renal transplant recipients showed significantly faster; gastric emptying and colon arrival times (P < .001) compared with normal volunteers; however, small intestinal transit time was not significantly different (P = .44). CONCLUSIONS: In stable renal transplant recipients, the GI transit parameters were significantly faster than in normal healthy volunteers. ACB sensors are versatile technologies that can be used for clinical research, because they offer an excellent opportunity to evaluate GI transit in a noninvasive manner without the use of ionizing radiation.

title: Assessment of XXXX in renal transplant recipients by alternate current biosusceptometry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal (GI) complications']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['MCAT', 'mean colon arrival time']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal motility']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A case report from one of the longest follow-up studies of survivors with spinal hydatid disease. This @entity1 was treated with a combination of @entity3753 and @entity2039 chemotherapy; the results of this form of treatment are reported. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the efficacy of combination @entity3753 and @entity2039 drug treatment for spinal @entity8434 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although @entity277 in @entity1 is a world-wide problem, it is rarely seen in the United Kingdom. Between 1% and 2% of all cases involve bone, and 50% of these involve the spine. The condition has a reported mortality rate of more than 50%. The average length of survival of @entity1 with @entity277 in Britain after the onset of symptoms is 5 years, and the average age at death is 41 years. METHODS: The @entity1 in this report had undergone multiple spinal debridement operations alongside internal fixation and presented with increasing paraparesis from recurrent disease. Surgery for disease recurrence carries a high risk of mortality. The @entity1 was treated with a preoperative combination of @entity3753 and @entity2039 drug therapy, a novel combination for this condition. RESULTS: Response to treatment was monitored clinically, biochemically, and with serial computed tomography. No serious side effects were observed. Results were very encouraging. After 2 months of treatment she had improved and was able to walk with the aid of a walking frame; therefore, surgery was deferred. CONCLUSION: The combination of @entity3753 and @entity2039 drug therapy appears to be effective in the conservative treatment of @entity1 with inoperable spinal @entity8434 .

title: Medical decompression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity277 :: ('MESH:D013984', 'Disease') :: ['echinococcal infestation']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['hydatidosis']

entities_list: @entity2039 :: ('MESH:D011223', 'Chemical') :: ['praziquantel']

answer: @entity8434 :: (MESH:D004443,Disease) :: ['vertebral hydatidosis']


abstract: Abstract Background: @entity9595 ( @entity9595 ) is characterized by an increased intestinal absorption of @entity68 due to mutations in @entity68 -related genes. The @entity14399 and @entity14397 mutations of the @entity14398 gene are principally responsible for @entity14398 -related @entity9595 . The majority of @entity9595 cases are reported in Western countries where @entity14398 -related mutations are common. The prevalence of @entity14398 -related mutations is not yet clear in eastern @entity233 . We aim to clarify the frequency of @entity14398 gene mutations in @entity1 who live in eastern @entity233 and also assess the biochemical effects of the @entity14397 mutation. Methods: Using the reverse hybridization @entity9595 Strip Assay A (ViennaLab, Profiblot T-48, Tecan), DNA extracted from the blood samples of 159 healthy @entity1 was analyzed for different mutations in the @entity14398 gene. Results: The @entity14397 mutation was found with an overall carrier frequency of 5.6% (7% heterozygous and 2% homozygous). We also noted that the @entity14399 gene mutation was not detected in the study. In subjects with the @entity14397 mutation, there were significantly elevated levels both of serum @entity68 and @entity55714 saturation (p<0.05). Other hematologic and biochemical tests were in the normal ranges in @entity14397 -positive subjects. Conclusions: A lack of @entity14399 mutations has been reported as a basic finding for non-Western countries and @entity233 . @entity14397 mutations in the @entity14398 gene may cause higher levels of serum @entity68 and @entity55714 saturation. Both may be useful as simple screening tools for @entity9595 .

title: The prevalence of XXXX in some @entity1 from the Eastern part of @entity233 and the effects of @entity14397 mutations on @entity68 studies.

entities_list: @entity14397 :: ('p|SUB|H|63|D', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['H63D']

entities_list: @entity9595 :: ('MESH:D006432', 'Disease') :: ['Hereditary hemochromatosis', 'HH', 'Hemochromatosis', 'hemochromatosis']

answer: @entity9595 :: (MESH:D006432,Disease) :: ['hereditary hemochromatosis']


abstract: The role of smoking as a risk factor for @entity2521 was assessed separately in @entity6 and nondiabetic study groups. Subject listings stratified for age (19 to 40 years) and sex were obtained for subjects with @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ) and nondiabetic subjects. For both the @entity1723 group (n = 132) and the nondiabetic group (n = 95), age and sex stratified samples were constructed by random selection of subjects from each subject listing. @entity1 were recruited by phone, examined, and their medical and dental histories obtained. Among nondiabetic subjects, the prevalence of @entity2521 was markedly higher among current smokers compared with never smokers (P < or = 0.005) in both the 19 to 30 year-old (46% vs. 12%) and 31 to 40 year-old groups (88% vs. 33%). The subject mean percent of sites with @entity5951 depth > or = 4 mm was higher among current smokers than never smokers (P = 0.001) in the 19 to 30 (8.2% vs. 3.4%) and 31 to 40 (14.3% vs. 4.3%) age groups. The effects of smoking among @entity1723 subjects were similar to that observed in the nondiabetic population. There were no differences between current and never smokers in the proportion of sites positive for plaque. Attributable risk percents from prevalence data suggest that among nondiabetic subjects, a large proportion, perhaps as much as 51% of the @entity2521 in the 19 to 30 year old group and 32% of the @entity2521 in the 31 to 40 year old group, is associated with smoking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['IDDM', 'insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity5951 :: ('MESH:D005888', 'Disease') :: ['gingival pocket']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: In internal posterior fixation of thoracolumbar @entity174 combined with transpedicular cancellous bone graft and posterior fusion of the intervertebral facet joints at the level of the destroyed end plate it is still uncertain as to whether significant @entity891 and loss of correction of the @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ) and the @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ) occur (after removal of the implants). These questions were investigated in a retrospective study of 183 consecutive @entity1 , 18-65 years old, with a spinal fracture between the 9th thoracic and the 5th lumbar vertebral body (inclusive), treated operatively between 1988 and 1996 (27% had objective @entity51 , 37% had @entity1230 ). According to the Comprehensive Classification, 128 type A, 32 type B and 21 type C @entity174 were identified preoperatively. Changes in the anterior wedge angle (AWA), the @entity5513 and the @entity5513 were measured preoperatively, and within 1 month, 9 months and 24 months postoperatively. The effect of implant failure was also evaluated. The normality of the distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. The one-sample runs test and the t-test were used to evaluate angle changes. Angles in @entity1 with and without implant failure were compared using the unpaired t-test. Almost complete restoration of the AWA could be achieved during operation. Postoperative changes in AWA were either very small or not significant. The reduced vertebral body did not collapse after 9 months, when most of the @entity1 (170) underwent removal of the implants, but significant changes in @entity5513 were found after implant removal. Correction of the @entity5513 was statistically significant before implant removal, but the @entity5513 2 years after surgery had become almost the same as the preoperative values. Changes at the level of the intervertebral space, occurring after implant removal, contributed to the loss in the @entity5513 . Broken pedicle screws (10.9% of the @entity1 ) resulted in significant changes in the AWA and @entity5513 before implant removal, but did not influence the @entity5513 .

title: Thoracolumbar spinal @entity174 : radiological results of transpedicular fixation combined with transpedicular cancellous bone graft and posterior fusion in 183 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['intervertebral angle', 'IVA', 'regional angle', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral body collapse']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple injuries']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity302 is a common @entity16 , affecting almost 0.5 to 1% of the population. Nearly 30% of @entity1 with @entity302 are resistant to currently available drugs. @entity2810 is one of the newer antiepileptic drugs and its effects as an adjunct (add-on) to standard drugs are assessed in this review. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of add-on treatment with @entity2810 upon @entity410 , adverse effects, cognition and quality of life for @entity1 with drug-resistant localisation related @entity410 . SEARCH METHODS: This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in issue 10, 2010. We searched the Cochrane @entity302 Group's Specialised Register (December 2011), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, issue 4, 2011 of The Cochrane Library), and MEDLINE (1948 to November 2011). No language restrictions were imposed. We also contacted the manufacturers of @entity2810 and experts in the field to seek any ongoing or unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised placebo controlled add-on trials of @entity1 of any age with localisation related @entity410 , in which an adequate method of concealment of randomisation was used were included. The studies could be double, single or unblinded and be of parallel or crossover design. They had to have a minimum treatment period of eight weeks. Trials using an active drug control group were also included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted data. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion. Outcomes investigated included 50% or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency; treatment withdrawal; adverse effects; effects on cognition and quality of life. The primary analyses were by intention-to-treat. Worst case and best case analyses were also calculated for @entity410 outcomes. Dose response was evaluated in regression models. MAIN RESULTS: Four parallel group and two crossover group trials were included. The overall relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for a 50% or greater reduction in @entity410 frequency ( @entity2810 versus placebo) was 3.16 (95% CI 1.97 to 5.07). Due to differences in response rates among trials, regression models were unable to provide reliable estimates of responses to individual doses. The RR for treatment withdrawal was 1.81 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.62). The 99% CIs for the following adverse effects: dizziness; @entity1295 ; nervousness and @entity400 did not include unity, indicating that they are significantly associated with @entity2810 . For cognitive and quality of life outcomes the limited data available suggested that there were no significant effects on cognition and mood and adjustment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: @entity2810 reduces @entity410 frequency but is associated with some adverse effects when used as an add-on for @entity1 with drug-resistant localisation-related @entity410 .

title: @entity2810 add-on for drug-resistant partial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2810 :: ('MESH:C059205', 'Chemical') :: ['Tiagabine', 'tiagabine']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: We evaluated the effects of @entity141 entry blockers, @entity17425 and @entity4271 , on @entity74 of the inner ear and on blood flow in the inner ear of @entity35 . Under @entity1372 pentobarbital anesthesia, the middle ear was opened by a ventrolateral approach. A green light (wave length 540 nm) was applied to the cochlea or the vestibule to induce a hearing disturbance or equilibrium dysfunction as a result of @entity389 , while rose bengal solution was infused intravenously. In a hearing disturbance model, a compound cochlear nerve action potential was recorded by electrocochleography every minute after the beginning of illumination. The sound stimulus was an 8 kHz sine wave 100 dB normal hearing level. The action potential was calculated 128 times. The action potential disappeared about 12 min after the beginning of illumination. In another model of equilibrium dysfunction, the photoillumination was applied for 40 min under the infusion of rose bengal. The behavior of @entity35 was observed in the swimming test and @entity346 was recorded 24 h after the completion of photoillumination. In a separate experiment, blood flow in the inner ear was measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter under @entity1372 pentobarbital anesthesia. In this study, both @entity17425 and @entity4271 prolonged the time required for complete suppression of the action potential, prevented equilibrium dysfunction in the swimming test and reduced the occurrence of @entity346 . @entity4271 significantly increased @entity389 flow and @entity17425 failed to decrease blood flow in the inner ear, despite a reduced systemic blood pressure. In conclusion, @entity141 entry blockers may prevent @entity74 of the inner ear in @entity35 .

title: Effect of a @entity141 entry blocker, @entity17425 , on hearing disturbances and equilibrium dysfunction caused by XXXX of the @entity35 inner ear.

entities_list: @entity17425 :: ('MESH:C035100', 'Chemical') :: ['nilvadipine']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['microcirculatory disorders']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear microcirculatory disorders', 'inner ear blood']

entities_list: @entity4271 :: ('MESH:D005444', 'Chemical') :: ['Flunarizine', 'flunarizine']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['nystagmus']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['microcirculatory disorders']


abstract: In 42 @entity1 with high-grade malignant @entity1893 , a new treatment program was used in an attempt to improve results without increasing @entity137 . Two effective but relatively well tolerated and non-cross resistant drug combinations were given sequentially according to the response of disease. Therapy was started with a combination consisting of @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1732 , @entity1891 , @entity4174 and @entity229 (CABOPP). In @entity1 with complete remission after a maximum of 4 cycles of CABOPP, this regimen was continued for a total of 6 cycles. In @entity1 with progressive disease or with only a partial remission after 4 cycles of CABOPP, therapy was switched to a combination consisting of @entity2879 , @entity1260 and @entity1499 ( @entity2277 ). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 86% of @entity1 . Sixty-nine percent achieved CR with CA-BOPP alone and 17% after changing to @entity2277 . The CR rate was 100% in @entity1 with stage I or II and 78% in those with stage III or IV of disease. The projected survival at 2 years is 66%. Fifty-six percent of @entity1 with CR are predicted to have continued CR at 2 years. Thus, CABOPP/ @entity2277 appears to be an effective and well tolerated program for the treatment of @entity146 . The value of this program, however, can only be established comparing it with other newly developed protocols in randomized studies.

title: Sequential combination chemotherapy (CABOPP/ @entity2277 ) for the treatment of high-grade malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4174 :: ('MESH:D011344', 'Chemical') :: ['procarbazine']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']


abstract: The prognostic importance of accurate staging of @entity1149 was established in 1974 and reaffirmed and refined in 1986. The concept of adjuvant therapy after pulmonary resection for @entity2 is justified by the behavior of the disease. The best available data pertinent to adjuvant therapy of @entity2 have been collected by The @entity2 Study Group over the past 13 years. These data are based on a commitment to prospective and standardized surgical staging as a basis for large-scale prospective randomized control trials. A treatment effect of combination chemotherapy has been detected for stage II and IIIA nonsquamous @entity5 and is suggested for @entity5 as well. This treatment effect is of marginal clinical significance. Adjuvant therapy for stage I disease has not shown a detectable benefit. Adjuvant radiation therapy for stage II and @entity957 likewise has not resulted in survival benefit. Systemic @entity3 continues to be the major clinical problem in @entity2 treatment, and better systemic therapy is necessary to improve the outcome in this disease. However, some @entity1 do benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, and efforts to identify such @entity1 prospectively are also the subject of current clinical research.

title: Postsurgical adjuvant therapy in stages I, II, and IIIA XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'squamous cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['IIIA squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung Cancer', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: UCLA-SCTC- @entity22638 .0 is an instrument designed to evaluate @entity344 in @entity785 ( @entity785 ). The objective of our study was to assess the associations between the upper GI (UGI) symptom scales (reflux and distention/bloating [D/B] scales) versus objective/laboratory studies. METHODS: Fifty-five @entity1 with @entity785 were enrolled at 2 centres. Each @entity1 completed the @entity22638 .0 and had objective and laboratory tests. Correlations were assessed using the Spearman's test. We also assessed the average scores in @entity1 with positive vs. negative tests and compared them using the t-test and Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age was 53.6 (11.8), 90% were @entity1 and 49% had limited @entity785 . The mean reflux and D/B scores were 0.82 and 1.25, respectively (moderate severity). The reflux scale had moderate correlations with upper GI objective evaluations (correlation coefficient >= 0.40) and was able to differentiate between @entity1 with endoscopy proven @entity2910 and @entity854 (p=0.01 for both). D/B scores were numerically higher in @entity1 with abnormal objective tests. The @entity22638 .0 reflux and D/B scales had a high sensitivity ranging from 80% to 94% but very low specificity (range; 0-20%) based on objective gold standard GI measures. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity22638 .0 reflux and D/B scales have a high sensitivity (range 80-94%) for UGI involvement. The @entity22638 .0 instrument complements the objective tests for assessment of the UGI.

title: Associations between a scleroderma-specific gastrointestinal instrument and objective tests of upper @entity344 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['manometric abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']

answer: @entity785 :: (MESH:D012595,Disease) :: ['systemic sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2903 and @entity4020 (IFN-alpha-2b) are both active in @entity320 . Therefore, the efficacy and safety of @entity2903 in combination with pegylated IFN-alpha-2b in @entity1 with @entity320 without brain metastases was investigated. METHODS: @entity1 with histologically confirmed, unresectable, American Joint Committee on @entity5 @entity320 were enrolled in an open-label, Phase II study. The primary endpoints were @entity5 response and safety. @entity1 received @entity2903 (75 mg/m2/dayx6 weeks with a 2-week break between cycles) plus concomitant subcutaneous pegylated IFN-alpha-2b (0.5 microg/kg/wk, continuously). Treatment was continued until unacceptable @entity137 or disease progression occurred. RESULTS: Thirty-five @entity1 (median age, 55 years) with @entity320 and a median of 3 metastatic sites were enrolled and received a median of 1 cycle (i.e., 8 weeks) of therapy (range, 0-6 cycles). Eleven @entity1 (31%) (95% confidence interval, 16% to 47%) had an objective @entity5 response, including 3 with clinical complete response durations of 6 months, 20 months, and 32+ months and 8 with partial responses. Three @entity1 with a partial or mixed response were subsequently rendered free of clinically detectable disease with surgery. The median survival was 12 months with a median follow-up among survivors of 16 months. No @entity1 developed brain metastases while receiving study treatment. Treatment was generally well tolerated. @entity1503 consisted mainly of @entity2905 and @entity1431 (National @entity5 Institute Common @entity137 Criteria Grades 1-3); no Grade 4 hematologic @entity137 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity2903 plus pegylated IFN-alpha-2b had antitumor activity and was well tolerated in @entity1 with @entity320 . Therefore, further study is warranted.

title: Phase II study of XXXX plus pegylated @entity4020 for @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity2905 :: ('MESH:D008231', 'Disease') :: ['lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['Temozolomide', 'temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'metastatic melanoma', 'Stage IV melanoma']

answer: @entity2903 :: (MESH:C047246,Chemical) :: ['temozolomide']


abstract: Cholinergic agonists induce a rhythmical slow activity (RSA) in the in vitro @entity35 hippocampus. RSA consists of bursts of activity separated by quiescent periods (interburst intervals). The activity involves activation of muscarinic receptors; however, the role of other neurotransmitter substances is still controversial. The present study demonstrates that 500 microM @entity1246 , 15 microM @entity750 (5HT), or 20 microM @entity1063 (NE) can alter the pattern of @entity5402 -induced RSA. Application of @entity1246 , 5HT, or NE increases interburst interval; 5HT and NE also increase burst length. Total power of RSA is decreased by @entity1246 and 5HT but increased by NE. None of the three receptor agonists alters RSA frequency. The pattern of RSA is also dependent upon @entity5402 concentration: low concentrations (0.5 and 1 microM) produce only population spikes, whereas concentrations of 3 to 100 microM produce burst activity (50 microM is optimal for the generation of RSA). Burst length and peak frequency of RSA are enhanced with increasing concentrations of @entity5402 , whereas interburst interval is decreased. The results illustrate that the pattern of RSA is not only dependent upon @entity5402 concentration but can be modulated by @entity1246 , 5HT, and NE. This suggests that more than one neurotransmitter system contributes to the production and modulation of RSA.

title: Evidence that XXXX , @entity750 , and @entity1063 are involved in the modulation of in vitro rhythmical activity in @entity35 hippocampal slices.

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: @entity66 in amphibians has been studied intensely during the last decade, as associated mass-mortality events are considered to be a global threat to wild animal populations. Several studies have also included other susceptible ectothermic vertebrates (fish and reptiles), but only very few cases of ranavirus infections in lizards have been previously detected. In this study, we focused on clinically suspicious lizards and tested these animals for the presence of ranaviruses. Virological screening of samples from lizards with increased mortality and @entity272 over a course of four years led to the detection of ranaviral infections in seven different groups. Affected species were: brown anoles (Anolis sagrei), Asian glass lizards (Dopasia gracilis), @entity16514 ( @entity16514 ), green iguanas ( @entity10190 ), and a @entity34450 ( @entity34450 ). Purulent to @entity1066 and @entity5656 were diagnosed in pathological examinations. All animals tested positive for the presence of ranavirus by PCR and a part of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene of each virus was sequenced. Three different ranaviruses were isolated in cell culture. The analyzed portions of the MCP gene from each of the five different viruses detected were distinct from one another and were 98.4-100% identical to the corresponding portion of the @entity12716 ) genome. This is the first description of ranavirus infections in these five lizard species. The similarity in the pathological lesions observed in these different cases indicates that @entity281 may be an important differential diagnosis for @entity272 in lizards.

title: Ranavirus infections associated with XXXX in lizards.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Ranaviral disease']

entities_list: @entity16514 :: ('28377', 'Species') :: ['green anoles', 'Anolis carolinensis']

entities_list: @entity10190 :: ('8517', 'Species') :: ['Iguana iguana']

entities_list: @entity5656 :: ('MESH:D017488', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkeratosis']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative-necrotizing dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['ranaviral infection']

entities_list: @entity34450 :: ('103695', 'Species') :: ['central bearded dragon', 'Pogona vitticeps']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin lesions']


abstract: @entity3645 ( @entity7902 ) are digestive secretions that are necessary for the emulsification and absorption of dietary fats. Given the episodic nature of BA secretion and intestinal re-absorption, the circulating and tissue levels of @entity7902 , like those of the gut hormones, fluctuate in fasting and fed states, and BA levels and forms are markedly affected by disease. @entity7902 exert widespread hormonal-like effects by activating receptors in the nucleus and at the plasma membrane. The nuclear @entity134 receptors mediate the genomic actions of @entity7902 on BA, @entity413 and lipid homeostasis. GPBA ( @entity14646 ) is a G-protein coupled plasma membrane receptor for @entity7902 that mediates many of the rapid, non-genomic actions of @entity7902 . GPBA has been implicated in the control of @entity413 homeostasis, @entity32 and liver functions. Recent observations have revealed an unexpected role for GPBA in the nervous system. GPBA is expressed by enteric neurons and enterochromaffin cells that control peristalsis, and GPBA mediates the prokinetic actions of @entity7902 in the colon that have been known for millennia. GPBA is also present on primary spinal afferent and spinal neurons that are necessary for sensory transduction. BA-induced activation of GPBA in the sensory nervous system promotes scratching behaviours and @entity1337 , which may contribute to the @entity111 and @entity1087 that are observed in some @entity1 with chronic @entity1448 , where circulating BA concentrations are markedly increased. Thus, GPBA has emerged as an intriguing target for diverse metabolic, inflammatory, digestive and @entity74 , where agonists and antagonists may be of value.

title: GPBA: a GPCR for XXXX and an emerging therapeutic target for disorders of digestion and sensation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['painless jaundice']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestatic disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disorders']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['Bile acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity3645 :: (MESH:D001647,Chemical) :: ['bile acids']


abstract: The aortic @entity1054 ( @entity1054 ) is an echocardiographic tool used to estimate cardiac output (CO) by multiplying it with the aortic valve (AV) area and heart rate (HR). Inaccurate measurement of AV diameter will lead to squared miscalculation of CO. The aortic @entity1054 itself can serve as a @entity998 parameter. The normal range of aortic @entity1054 in adulthood is relatively stable, compared with childhood, but reference data are lacking. The aim of this study was to establish reference values of @entity1054 in @entity1 , @entity1 , and adolescents. A retrospective analysis of 1223 echocardiographic examinations of healthy @entity1 (age 0-20 years, body surface area [BSA] 0.11-2.23 m(2)) was performed. Data were correlated with age, BSA, and HR, and age subgroups with normal distribution were determined. Interobserver and intraobserver variability was calculated. Aortic @entity1054 ranged from mean 13.8 cm (10.0-18.4 cm 5-95th percentile) in neonates to 25.1 cm (19.6-32.8 cm 5-95th percentile) in @entity1 >17 years of age and had a positive correlation with age (r = 0.685, p < 0.001), BSA (r = 0.645, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation with HR (r = -0.710, p < 0.001). Interobserver and intraobserver variability were excellent (3.9    3.1 and 4.6    3.7 %, respectively). Calculated mean values and percentile charts for the different age groups can serve as reference data to easily judge LV output in @entity1 with or without @entity299 without @entity66 of the AV.

title: Reference values of aortic flow velocity integral in 1193 healthy @entity1 , XXXX , and adolescents to quickly estimate cardiac stroke volume.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['enlargement or dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['left-ventricular (LV) output']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['VTI', 'velocity time integral']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: 1. In @entity4774 or @entity3652 -anaesthetized @entity35 , salivary secretion was observed when local brain sites or trunk skin were stimulated thermally or electrically. 2. Salivary secretion was facilitated by bilateral local brain warming. Sensitive sites were restricted to the preoptic area and anterior @entity2339 , but in a region distinct from a previously reported sensitive site for producing saliva-spreading behaviour. 3. Unilateral warming of the preoptic area produced greater salivary secretion from the ipsilateral submandibular/sublingual salivary glands than from the contralateral glands. Electrical stimulation of the same sites elicited salivation only from the ipsilateral glands. 4. Trunk skin, not including the scrotum, was unilaterally cooled when spontaneous salivary secretion was observed in a hot environment. Salivary secretion from both sides was equally suppressed in response to the unilateral skin cooling. 5. We conclude that efferent signals from the anterior part of the @entity2339 project dominantly to the ipsilateral salivary gland for thermally induced salivary secretion. Thermal signals from the skin of either side of the trunk, on the other hand, appear to be integrated and to affect salivary secretion bilaterally.

title: Modes of action of local hypothalamic and skin thermal stimulation on salivary secretion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to investigate the levels of participation and activity performance of students with @entity306 within the inclusive school context, to explore the relationships between these two aspects of function and to identify predictors of participation among the various school activities. METHOD: Two hundred and forty-eight elementary school students were divided into three groups: 100 fully included (FI) students with @entity2723 , 100 matched by class and gender @entity31988 ( @entity31988 ) and 48 students with @entity2723 in self-contained classes (SC). The School Function Assessment (SFA) was used as the main measurement for assessing the levels of participation and functional performance profiles. RESULTS: Significant differences (P<0.0001) in levels of participation were evident across the three study groups using MANOVA and ANOVAs analyses, where the @entity31988 level was the highest and the SC was the lowest. Comparison of the mean score of the physical and the cognitive/behavioural tasks performance revealed similar results among the three groups. Positive Pearson correlations were obtained between participation and both motor and cognitive/behavioural activity performance in the FI and the SC groups. Regression models for the FI and the SC groups were found significant (P<0.0001) and explained above 69% of the participation variance with physical activity performance as the most predictive variable. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences exist between participation and activity performance of @entity31988 and students with @entity2723 included in regular schools. Moreover, activity performance limitations were found to impact on school participation. These findings stress the continuing need to provide rehabilitative intervention towards removing existing barriers within the inclusive environment.

title: Participation and activity performance of students with XXXX within the school environment.

entities_list: @entity31988 :: ('OMIM:300125', 'Disease') :: ['TS', 'typical students']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['cerebral palsy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: This study's objectives were to determine whether @entity5 response measured by computed tomography (CT) and evaluated using Response Evaluation Criteria in @entity5 (RECIST) correlated with @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) in @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical resection. METHODS: We measured primary @entity5 size on CT before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in 160 @entity1149 @entity1 who underwent surgical resection. The relationship between CT-measured response (RECIST) and histopathologic response ( <= 10% viable @entity5 ) and @entity1349 were assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival, univariable, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant association between CT-measured response (RECIST) and @entity1349 (p = 0.03). However, histopathologic response was a stronger predictor of @entity1349 (p = 0.002), with a more pronounced separation of the survival curves when compared with CT-measured response. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, only pathologic stage and histopathologic response were significant predictors of @entity1349 . A 41% overall discordance rate was noted between CT RECIST response and histopathologic response. CT RECIST classified as nonresponders a subset of @entity1 with histopathologic response (8 out of 30 points, 27%) who demonstrated prolonged survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: We were unable to show that CT RECIST is a reliable predictor of @entity1349 in @entity1 with @entity1149 undergoing surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The failure of CT RECIST to predict long-term outcome may be because of the inability of CT imaging to consistently identify @entity1 with histopathologic response. CT RECIST may have only a limited role as an efficacy endpoint after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in @entity1 with resectable @entity1149 .

title: Computed tomography RECIST assessment of histopathologic response and prediction of survival in XXXX with resectable @entity1149 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Solid Tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity65 ( @entity65 ) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality after solid-organ transplantation. Both pre-existing @entity65 factors in recipients and immunosuppressive @entity137 may contribute to @entity65 . We sought to describe the prevalence of new-onset @entity101 , @entity1007 and @entity6 in lung transplant recipients and to identify predisposing factors. METHODS: One hundred twenty-six @entity1 without pre-transplant @entity101 , @entity1007 or @entity6 were included in a retrospective descriptive study. All @entity1 were initially on @entity205 -based triple immunosuppression. Cumulative prevalence of new-onset @entity101 , @entity1007 and @entity6 were calculated. A multivariate Cox regression model was used to identify independent pre-operative predictors. RESULTS: By 3 years after transplantation, 90% of @entity1 had developed at least 1 @entity65 factor and 40% developed > or = 2 risk factors. The cumulative prevalence of new-onset @entity101 at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years was 45%, 65%, 67% and 72%, respectively. The corresponding prevalence for @entity1007 was 16%, 33%, 48% and 58%, and for @entity6 6%, 7%, 7% and 10%, respectively. The independent pre-transplant predictors were: for @entity101 , @entity551 (odds ratio: 2.1 per 10 mm Hg [95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 3.5], p = 0.005); for @entity1007 , serum @entity165 level (OR: 1.8 per mmol/liter [95% CI: 1.3 to 2.5], p < 0.001); and, for @entity6 , @entity1577 diagnosis (OR: 7.4 [95% CI: 1.6 to 35.6], p = 0.01) and blood @entity413 level (OR 2.2 per mmol/liter [95% CI 1.1 to 4.5], p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of @entity205 -treated lung transplant recipients develop new-onset @entity101 or @entity1007 early after transplantation. Pre-transplant blood pressure, serum @entity165 levels and blood @entity413 levels are independent predictors of post-transplant @entity101 , @entity1007 and @entity6 , respectively.

title: New-onset XXXX factors in lung transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['drug toxicity']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease', 'CVD', 'cardiovascular risk']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular risk']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity348 ( @entity348 ) has been used as part of the conditioning regimen before bone marrow transplantation or stem cell re-infusion for more than 30 years. A wide variety of regimens have been used, and no single one has emerged as the best. Experimental evidence suggests a diversity of radiosensitivities of @entity1778 cells in culture, which may correlate with a significant variation of leukaemic cell radiosensitivities between @entity1 . The purpose of this project was to compute leukaemic cell killing by different schedules and determine whether a "best treatment" could be devised for individual @entity1 . METHODS: We have developed a mathematical model for leukaemic cell killing by alternative @entity348 schedules, applied to a @entity1 population with diverse leukaemic radiosensitivities. We considered 13 schedules in clinical use, and 14 theoretical schedules calculated (by the linear-quadratic model) to be iso-effective for risk of @entity1207 . When each schedule of treatment is applied to the @entity1 population, a distribution of leukaemic cell kills (log cell kill values) can be obtained for that schedule. The leukaemic kill distribution was also computed for optimized individual scheduling, each individual being treated by the schedule that was most effective for that @entity1 . Using available data on the clinically observed dose response relationship for @entity3052 , the model was extended to provide @entity1778 cure probabilities for each of the schedules and for the individualized strategy. RESULTS: The computer simulations show that each schedule, applied to the treatment of a radiobiologically diverse @entity1 population, results in a broad distribution of leukaemic log kill values, with a mean of 3-5 for most schedules (i.e. 10(-3)-10(-5) surviving fraction of leukaemic cells), and a broad variation (1-10 log kill) amongst @entity1 . The distributions generated by the various schedules were found to be overlapping, implying that many of the schedules would be difficult to distinguish reliably in clinical trials. Individualized optimum treatment is possible if radiobiological parameters are known for each @entity1 and would improve the leukaemic log kill distribution by about 1 log on average, corresponding to an increase of @entity1778 cure probability of several percent overall. For some individual @entity1 , however, optimal scheduling could make a large difference to treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The use of many different clinical treatment schedules may be continuing because outcomes are similar when these diverse schedules are applied to unselected @entity1 populations. The measurement of individual leukaemic cell radiosensitivity would allow individualized scheduling, which could result in modest increases in overall curability, but substantial improvements in survival or duration of remission for individual @entity1 .

title: Radiobiological modelling of the treatment of XXXX by total body irradiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity1207 :: ('MESH:D017564', 'Disease') :: ['radiation pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['Total body irradiation', 'TBI']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukaemia']


abstract: Few self-assessment cancer-specific questionnaires/modules have yet been developed for radiotherapy-induced side effects. The aim of the present study was to test the reliability and responsiveness of a @entity263 ( @entity263 )-specific questionnaire. Thirty-one @entity1 with @entity263 graded their urinary and intestinal symptoms and their sexual function on the questionnaire. A doctor and a nurse performed a structured interview and graded the @entity1 's symptoms with the same questions. The procedure was performed at both the start and the end of the treatment. A high concordance regarding symptom detection was seen between the @entity1 , nurse and the doctor. The inter-rater test shows intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values above 0.60 in all scales. The internal reliability exceeded the lower limit (Cronbach a >0.70) for all scales. The test-retest gave acceptable reliability for all scales (ICC > or = 0.60). All scales indicated increased problems during radiotherapy. The questionnaire was proven to be valid for the evaluations of urinary and intestinal problems and for sexual function in @entity263 @entity1 .

title: Reliability and responsiveness of a XXXX questionnaire for radiotherapy-induced side effects.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'PC']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: The development of the intrahepatic bile ducts in @entity1 was studied using an immunohistochemical technique on 56 liver specimens ranging in age from 6 weeks of gestation to 8 months after birth. On paraffin sections, two monoclonal anticytokeratin antibodies (CAM 5.2 and @entity6826 ) that normally stain both hepatocytes and bile duct cells and two polyclonal anticytokeratin antisera that in normal adult liver stain bile ducts only were applied. For immunohistochemical staining of cryostat sections (only available from 14 weeks of gestation on), four monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against individual cytokeratin polypeptides 7,8, 18 and 19 were used. Adult @entity1 hepatocytes contain @entity10585 and 18 whereas bile duct cells also express @entity5822 and 19 in addition to @entity10585 and 18. On paraffin sections, primitive hepatocytes were stained with monoclonal antibodies CAM 5.2 and @entity6826 from 6 weeks of gestation on. On cryostat sections, they were positive with monoclonal antibodies anticytokeratin 8 and 18 from the earliest time point examined (14 weeks). From 9 weeks of gestation on, portal vein branches were surrounded by a layer of cells showing a stronger positive reaction with monoclonal antibodies CAM 5.2 and @entity6826 on paraffin sections and with monoclonal antibodies anti- @entity10585 and 18 on cryostat sections (only available from 14 weeks on). This layer, referred to as the ductal plate, first appeared around large portal vein branches close to the hilum and subsequently around more peripheral branches. The duct plates became duplicated over variably long segments of their perimeter, lumina appeared and tubular structures were formed. The latter gradually became incorporated in the connective tissue surrounding the portal vein, resulting in the appearance of individualized bile ducts. Ductal plate cells were stained by both polyclonal anticytokeratin antisera on paraffin sections. On cryostat sections (available from 14 weeks of gestation on), they were immunoreactive for @entity4166 but negative with the monoclonal antibody directed against @entity5822 until 20 weeks of gestation. From then on, weakly positive staining for @entity5822 was detected, but staining intensity subsequently increased and reached the level observed in adult liver at 1 month after birth. At birth, the smallest branches of the portal vein were still surrounded by a discontinuous ductal plate. We conclude that intrahepatic bile duct cells develop from hepatocytes around branches of the portal vein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: The development of the intrahepatic bile ducts in XXXX : a keratin-immunohistochemical study.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 may adopt active and/or passive coping strategies in response to @entity158 . However, it is not known whether these strategies may also precede the onset of chronic symptoms and, if so, whether they are independent predictors of prognosis. AIM: To examine, in @entity1 with @entity1643 in general practice, the prognostic value of active and passive coping styles, in the context of baseline levels of @entity158 , disability and @entity158 duration. DESIGN OF STUDY: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Nine general practices in north west England. METHOD: @entity1 consulting their GP with a new episode of @entity1643 were recruited to the study. Information on coping styles, @entity158 severity, disability, duration, and a brief history of other @entity1118 was recorded using a self-completion postal questionnaire. @entity1 were then sent a follow-up questionnaire, 3 months after their initial consultation, to assess the occurrence of @entity1643 . The primary outcome was persistent disabling @entity1643 , that is, @entity1643 at 3-month follow-up self-rated as >or=20 mm on a 100 mm visual analogue scale, and >or=5 on the Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 974 @entity1 took part in the baseline survey, of whom 922 (95%) completed a follow-up questionnaire; 363 individuals (39%) reported persistent disabling @entity158 at follow-up. @entity1 who reported high levels of passive coping experienced a threefold increase in the risk of persistent disabling @entity1643 (relative risk [RR] = 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3 to 4.0). In contrast, active coping was associated with neither an increase nor a decrease in the risk of a poor prognosis. After adjusting for baseline @entity158 severity, disability, and other measures of @entity158 and @entity158 history, @entity1 who reported a high passive coping score were still at 50% increased risk of a poor outcome (RR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.0). CONCLUSION: @entity1 who report passive coping strategies experience a significant increase in the risk of persistent symptoms. Further, this risk persists after controlling for @entity158 severity and disability. The identification of this @entity1643 subgroup may help target future treatments to those at greatest risk of a poor outcome.

title: Predicting persistent disabling XXXX in general practice: a prospective cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Persons', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain symptoms']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'initial pain']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['low back pain']


abstract: Most compounds considered to be foreign to the @entity1 body are rather hydrophobic and chemically inert. Because of their hydrophobicity, xenobiotics enter the body easily by diffusion through biological membranes, are difficult to excrete in unchanged form in the urine and bile and accumulate in hydrophobic compartments of the cell, including the phospholipid bilayer of membranes, where they can disturb normal cellular functions. In order to transform xenobiotics into products which are more readily excretable, enzymes of detoxication first activate these substances (primarily via the @entity53053 system) to intermediates which are often highly electrophilic and reactive, such as @entity21807 , free radicals and @entity53054 ions. These intermediates are then partially inactivated and their solubility in water simultaneously increased through the addition of water (by @entity4299 hydrolases) or conjugation with @entity2041 (by @entity2041 transferases). Finally, an additional increase in water solubility can be achieved by conjugation with, for example, @entity597 (via sulfotransferases) and/or @entity8686 (via @entity858 -glucuronyltransferases). Unfortunately, reactive intermediates of xenobiotic metabolism which are not inactivated sufficiently rapidly can bind covalently to many nucleophilic groups in the cell, including those on DNA, RNA and protein. Most often, because of various cellular defense mechanisms, such binding causes no serious damage. However, in some cases @entity137 and/or genotoxic effects may be produced. As an alternative to experimentation with animals, we have examined xenobiotic metabolism in circulating mononuclear leukocytes from @entity1 beings. Certain enzymes of detoxication--including membrane-bound and cytosolic epoxide hydrolases and cytosolic @entity2041 transferases--can be easily measured and characterized in preparations from these cells. Autosomal dominant hereditary differences of at least several hundred-fold in the activity of @entity2041 transferase mu in circulating @entity1 lymphocytes were observed, differences which may be of value in predicting an individual's risk for @entity137 /genotoxic damage after exposure to certain xenobiotics.

title: The metabolism of xenobiotics and its relationship to XXXX /genotoxicity: studies with @entity1 lymphocytes.

entities_list: @entity53053 :: ('57404', 'Gene') :: ['cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase']

entities_list: @entity53054 :: ('CHEBI:27594', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonium']

entities_list: @entity4299 :: ('CHEBI:32955', 'Chemical') :: ['epoxide']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity8686 :: ('MESH:D020723', 'Chemical') :: ['glucuronic acid']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: RATIONALE: A typical antipsychotics (APDs), e.g. @entity1037 and @entity1090 , have been reported to be effective adjunctive treatment for @entity308 if selective @entity750 ( @entity750 ) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) alone are ineffective. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: We utilized microdialysis in awake, freely moving @entity35 to study the effect of @entity1090 in combination with @entity837 , an SSRI, on extracellular @entity750 , @entity935 (DA), and @entity1063 (NE) efflux in @entity35 medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). RESULTS: @entity1090 (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.), given alone, significantly increased @entity750 , DA, and NE concentrations in the mPFC. @entity837 (10 mg/kg, s.c.), by itself, produced a significant increase in @entity750 levels only. The combination of @entity1090 and @entity837 produced significantly greater increases in efflux of both DA and NE than @entity1090 alone. However, the effect of this combination on extracellular @entity750 concentrations was not significantly different than that of @entity837 alone. The augmentation of DA and NE efflux induced by @entity1090 plus @entity837 could be partially blocked by the selective @entity10463 antagonist, @entity10098 (0.2 mg/kg, s.c.). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the ability of atypical APDs to augment the therapeutic efficacy of SSRIs in @entity308 and treatment-resistant @entity308 may be due, at least in part, to potentiation of SSRI-induced increases in cortical DA and NE. The contributions of @entity10463 receptor stimulation and 5-HT2A and alpha2 adrenergic receptor antagonism to this augmentation are discussed.

title: Augmentation by @entity837 of XXXX -induced monoamine release in @entity35 prefrontal cortex.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['citalopram', 'Citalopram']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone', 'Risperidone']

answer: @entity1090 :: (MESH:D018967,Chemical) :: ['risperidone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity674 are the most common @entity361 of the gastrointestinal tract and occur rarely in the duodenum. @entity5426 is an aggressive @entity5 with an extremely poor prognosis. METHODS: We report a case of a 70-year-old @entity1 hospitalized for @entity490 in the upper quadrants, @entity2210 and @entity390 , previously treated for @entity978 30 years ago. Abdominal CT showed a solid nodular lesion in the third portion of the duodenum, the presence of retropancreatic, aortic and caval lymph nodes, and four nodular splenic masses. @entity35850 scintigraphy revealed pathological tissue accumulation in the duodenal region, and in the retropancreatic, retroduodenal, aortic and caval lymph nodes, suggesting a nonfunctioning neuroendocrine peripancreatic @entity5 . RESULTS: At exploratory laparotomy, an exophytic soft @entity5 was found originating from the third portion of the duodenum. Pancreas-preserving duodenectomy with duodenojejunostomy, splenectomy and lymphnodectomy of retropancreatic aortic and caval lymph nodes were performed. Pathological evaluation and immunohistochemical studies showed the presence of a @entity674 with low mitotic activity and a well-differentiated @entity5426 localized to the spleen and invading lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: We speculated that the @entity5426 and @entity674 of this @entity1 were due to the treatment of @entity978 with radiotherapy 30 years ago. Pancreas-preserving segmental duodenectomy can be used to treat @entity5 of the duodenum and avoid extensive surgery. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice for @entity5426 but a strict follow-up is mandatory because of the possibility of recurrence.

title: Pancreas-preserving segmental duodenectomy for XXXX of the duodenum and splenectomy for @entity5426 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'non-malignant neoplasms', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcoma', 'Splenic angiosarcoma', 'localized angiosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor', 'duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors', 'Gastrointestinal stromal tumors']

entities_list: @entity361 :: ('MESH:C535700', 'Disease') :: ['mesenchymal tumors']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['Hodgkin lymphoma']

answer: @entity674 :: (MESH:D046152,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumor']


abstract: From December 1997 to April 1998, disposable sticky lures (1608 lure days) were trialled in homes in north Jakarta, Indonesia as surveillance tools for @entity4224 ( @entity4224 ) (Diptera: Culicidae) and @entity2957 (Diptera: Culicidae), referenced to indoor resting adult collections (92   10 min). The lures collected 89.4% of the total of 1339 Ae. aegypti and 92.1% of the total of 1272 Cx. quinquefasciatus collected by all methods. Because there were no significant differences with respect to numbers collected in bedrooms, living rooms and kitchens, bedrooms were selected for subsequent trials for reasons of convenience. The main trials involved a replicated complete block design with @entity9108 and @entity1043 . Lures without attractant or with four different dilutions of @entity9108 collected 3.4-8.5 times more Ae. aegypti and 4.2-8.1 times more Cx. quinquefasciatus than were collected by mouth aspirator. Lures with or without dilutions of @entity1043 collected 2.7-5.0 times more Ae. aegypti and 1.8-4.2 times more Cx. quinquefasciatus than aspirator collections. The precision associated with catches of sticky lures was better than that for aspirator collections. Although olfactants generally improved the numbers of mosquitoes collected, the differences in catch between lures with and without attractants were usually non-significant. Any deficit in catch may be offset by increasing the surveillance period to >= 30 days to detect all four dengue serotypes from infected mosquitoes.

title: Field evaluations of disposable sticky lures for surveillance of XXXX ( @entity4224 ) and @entity2957 in Jakarta.

entities_list: @entity2957 :: ('7176', 'Species') :: ['Culex quinquefasciatus']

entities_list: @entity4224 :: ('7159', 'Species') :: ['Aedes aegypti', 'Stegomyia aegypti']

entities_list: @entity1043 :: ('MESH:C005686', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium carbonate']

answer: @entity4224 :: (7159,Species) :: ['Aedes aegypti']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity5 who relapse after primary chemotherapy are still curable and should be treated aggressively with this goal in mind. These @entity1 should receive a @entity900 -based regimen, usually including @entity1260 and either @entity5713 or @entity2879 (depending upon prior exposure to drugs). As with first-line therapy, chemotherapy should not be delayed because of blood counts alone. Because this @entity1 population has a higher incidence of significant myelosuppression, the use of hematopoietic growth factors may be of value and is currently being investigated. @entity1 who achieve a CR after salvage chemotherapy can be followed as usual with monthly serum markers and chest x-rays. For those @entity1 who have a marker-negative partial remission, resection of all @entity66 (if possible) is appropriate. If the surgical specimen contains only necrotic material or @entity44 , then they should also be followed without further therapy. The appropriate approach for @entity1 with @entity189 at the time of surgical resection is uncertain. The standard approach at Indiana University has been to give two more cycles of chemotherapy post-operatively, however most of these @entity1 will eventually relapse and require further treatment. @entity1 are currently being treated with oral @entity2879 for 3 months after surgery in an attempt to improve long-term survival. Whether this approach will be of benefit remains to be seen. @entity1 who fail second-line chemotherapy should be considered for high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow rescue. @entity1 who do not normalize their serologic markers with first-line chemotherapy or who relapse within 1 month after chemotherapy are truly @entity902 refractory and do poorly with standard-dose second line @entity900 -based chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Salvage therapy in recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['residual carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular cancer']


abstract: Hitherto ras-related GTP-binding proteins have been considered not to bind @entity1391 analogs (Kahn, R. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15595-15597), at least in the absence of activating proteins (Mittal, R., Reza, M., Goody, R., and Wittinghofer, A. (1996) Science 273, 115-117). In this work, we have used a fluorescent active mutant ( @entity53763 ) of @entity3544 (Ha-)ras to demonstrate that @entity45974 - binds to the @entity3006 . @entity3544 (Ha-ras) complex in the absence of activating proteins. It induces a conformational change leading to a state with fluorescence properties similar to those of the active state. The binding has a low affinity (Kd at 25 degrees C = 8.1 +/- 0.3 mM) and is endothermic (DeltaH = 22.3 +/- 1.6 kJ mol-1). The similarity between the @entity3007 -bound form and the @entity3006 . @entity45974 --bound form has been confirmed using lifetime analysis of the @entity2340 fluorescence. The kinetic analysis of the process indicates that the binding can be divided into a first bimolecular step, which accounts for the association of the anion with its binding site, and a second step, which corresponds to an internal conformational transition of the @entity3006 . @entity45974 -. @entity3544 (Ha-)ras complex to its final state. Both steps are endothermic (DeltaH1 = 15 +/- 2 kJ mol-1 and DeltaH2 = 8 +/- 2 kJ mol-1). The kinetically determined enthalpy change of 23 +/- 4 kJ mol-1 is in excellent agreement with the equilibrium analysis.

title: Equilibrium and kinetic study of the conformational transition toward the active state of p21Ha-ras, induced by the binding of @entity45974 - to the XXXX -bound state, in the absence of GTPase-activating proteins.

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity53763 :: ('p|SUB|Y|32|W', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Y32W']

answer: @entity3006 :: (MESH:D006153,Chemical) :: ['GDP']


abstract: PURPOSE: To avoid inducing a state of @entity66 ( @entity66 ), assisted reproductive technologies (ART) must maintain a balance of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) and antioxidants during the in vitro culture of oocytes. However, oocyte requirements and tolerance thresholds for ROS during in vivo development are still unclear. Previous studies have examined ROS levels in follicular fluid (FF) using pooled samples or according to follicle size. This study sought to examine two @entity66 markers, lipid @entity8415 (LPO) and @entity273 ( @entity274 ), in FF of individually sampled follicles from @entity291 ovary pairs according to follicle size, @entity1146 , and dominance status. METHODS: TUNEL and cleaved Caspase-3 labeling were used to identify apoptotic granulosa cells and determine follicle @entity1146 status. LPO were measured directly for the first time in FF. RESULTS: Non-atretic follicles and dominant follicles contained more FF @entity274 than atretic follicles and corresponding subordinate follicles, respectively. FF LPO did not vary in relation to @entity159 , and no difference existed between dominant and subordinate follicles. However, FF LPO was significantly lower in first subordinate follicles than in the second subordinate follicles from each ovary pair. Neither @entity274 nor LPO levels correlated with follicle size. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide clear evidence that the events of antral folliculogenesis are relevant to ROS dynamics in vivo. Furthermore, such studies will help to optimize in vitro conditions for oocyte culture protocols, particularly when combined with a comparison of oocyte quality with respect to source follicle characteristics.

title: Follicular fluid @entity273 and lipid @entity273 in @entity291 antral follicles of various size, XXXX , and dominance status.

entities_list: @entity8415 :: ('CHEBI:35924', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroperoxides']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'oxidative stress']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['atretic status']

answer: @entity1146 :: (MESH:D018633,Disease) :: ['atresia']