abstract: BACKGROUND: To provide an update on the latest evidence-based management of @entity8 in type 2 @entity6 . METHODS: A literature search (MEDLINE 1966 to 2002) was performed using the key words " @entity2316 ," and relevant book chapters were also reviewed, to identify well-controlled, prospective landmark studies and expert review articles on @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ). Data and conclusions from the selected articles that provided solid evidence regarding the optimal management of @entity2316 were extracted and interpreted in light of clinical and research experience with Chinese @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity2316 is the leading cause of @entity454 worldwide. @entity101 , @entity2299 , long duration of @entity6 , poor glycemic control and @entity1144 are important risk factors. Microalbuminuria is a practical marker to predict the development of overt @entity8 in type 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Risk factor modification, renal function monitoring and combined therapies are the current integrated approaches to manage @entity1 with @entity2316 . Optimal glycemic control is a fundamental goal, but effective antihypertensive and possibly lipid-lowering therapy delay the progression of @entity2316 . Recent large clinical trials support the earlier experimental data that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure lowering actions. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for microalbuminuria and monitoring renal function will identify @entity1 with @entity2316 at an early stage and allow for intervention. Tight glycemic control and aggressive antihypertensive treatment as well as the use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors should substantially delay the progression of @entity8 .

title: An update on the management of XXXX in type 2 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['High blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN', 'diabetic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['central obesity']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['nephropathy']


abstract: HISTORY: A 65-year-old @entity1 had noted a @entity5 of the right lower leg that had progressively grown over the last twenty years. He had a dyspnoea on insignificant movement and was relatively immobile because of the extent of the @entity5 . The @entity5 had been diagnosed as a @entity4917 . INVESTIGATIONS: Laboratory investigations suggested a @entity24194 and microcytic @entity417 and an inflammatory constellation. The @entity5 had no av-fistulas on ultrasonography and angiography, but there were many pathological arteries and @entity5 nodes. The @entity5 nodes had been seen also on MRI-biopsy suggested a @entity6011 . DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: Amputation of the leg was necessary. The histological diagnosis was @entity6011 with extensive @entity39 areas and @entity1264 . Investigation did not reveal any @entity3 . Postoperatively the @entity417 regressed and the @entity1 learned to walk with a prosthesis. CONCLUSIONS: This history shows the problem of separating clearly the two @entity74 . Often there is a different clinical picture in everyday life. One must consider the definitely higher risk of @entity5 of @entity1 with @entity4786 . Ultrasonography is a non-invasive method that can provide morphological information on soft parts and pathology of the vessels. It facilitates the classification of such.

title: [A huge malignant degenerating neurofibroma of the lower leg coexistent with type 1 XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity24194 :: ('MESH:D000747', 'Disease') :: ['hypochromic']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1264 :: ('MESH:D009456', 'Disease') :: ['Recklinghausen disease']

entities_list: @entity6011 :: ('MESH:D018319', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibrosarcoma', 'neurogenic sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary diseases']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity4917 :: ('MESH:D007715', 'Disease') :: ['Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4786 :: ('MESH:D017253', 'Disease') :: ['neurofibromatosis']

answer: @entity1264 :: (MESH:D009456,Disease) :: ['Recklinghausen disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare pathology macroscopic @entity5 dimensions with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements and to establish the microscopic @entity5 extension of colorectal liver @entity3 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: In a prospective pilot study we included @entity1 with colorectal liver @entity3 planned for surgery and eligible for MRI. A liver MRI was performed within 48 hours before surgery. Directly after surgery, an MRI of the specimen was acquired to measure the degree of @entity5 shrinkage. The specimen was fixed in @entity406 for 48 hours, and another MRI was performed to assess the specimen/ @entity5 shrinkage. All MRI sequences were imported into our radiotherapy treatment planning system, where the @entity5 and the specimen were delineated. For the macroscopic pathology analyses, photographs of the sliced specimens were used to delineate and reconstruct the @entity5 and the specimen volumes. Microscopic pathology analyses were conducted to assess the infiltration depth of @entity5 cell nests. RESULTS: Between February 2009 and January 2010 we included 13 @entity1 for analysis with 21 colorectal liver @entity3 . Specimen and @entity5 shrinkage after resection and fixation was negligible. The @entity5 volume correlations between MRI and pathology were found for T1-weighted (w) echo gradient sequence (r(s) = 0.99, slope = 1.06), and the T2-w fast spin echo (FSE) single-shot sequence (r(s) = 0.99, slope = 1.08), followed by the T2-w FSE fat saturation sequence (r(s) = 0.99, slope = 1.23), and the T1-w @entity2287 -enhanced sequence (r(s) = 0.98, slope = 1.24). We observed 39 @entity5 cell nests beyond the @entity5 border in 12 @entity3 . Microscopic extension was found between 0.2 and 10 mm from the main @entity5 , with 90% of the cases within 6 mm. CONCLUSIONS: MRI @entity5 dimensions showed a good agreement with the macroscopic pathology suggesting that MRI can be used for accurate @entity5 delineation. However, microscopic extensions found beyond the @entity5 border indicate that caution is needed in selecting appropriate @entity5 margins.

title: Comparison of macroscopic pathology measurements with magnetic resonance imaging and assessment of microscopic pathology extension for colorectal liver XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'best tumor']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: PURPOSE: The present study investigated the impact of 2 different suture techniques, the conventional crossed mattress suture (X suture) and the novel hidden X suture, for @entity133 preservation (ARP) with an open healing approach. METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Fourteen @entity1 requiring extraction of the maxillary or mandibular posterior teeth were enrolled and allocated into 2 groups. After extraction, demineralized @entity291 bone matrix mixed with 10% collagen (DBBM-C) was grafted and the socket was covered by porcine collagen membrane in a double-layer fashion. No attempt to obtain primary closure was made. The hidden X suture and conventional X suture techniques were performed in the test and control groups, respectively. Cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images were taken immediately after the graft procedure and before implant surgery 4 months later. Additionally, the change in the @entity3161 ( @entity3161 ) position was measured and was compared after extraction, after suturing, and 4 months after the operation. RESULTS: All sites healed without any complications. Clinical evaluations showed that the @entity3161 line shifted to the lingual side immediately after the application of the X suture by 1.56  0.90 mm in the control group, while the application of the hidden X suture rather pushed the @entity3161 line slightly to the buccal side by 0.25  0.66 mm. It was demonstrated that the amount of keratinized tissue (KT) preserved on the buccal side was significantly greater in the hidden X suture group 4 months after the procedure (P<0.05). Radiographic analysis showed that the hidden X suture had a significant effect in preserving horizontal width and minimizing vertical reduction in comparison to X suture (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided clinical and radiographic verification of the efficacy of the hidden X suture in preserving the width of KT and the dimensions of the @entity133 after ARP.

title: The hidden X suture: a technical note on a novel suture technique for XXXX preservation.

entities_list: @entity3161 :: ('MESH:D020511', 'Disease') :: ['MGJ', 'mucogingival junction']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar ridge']

answer: @entity133 :: (MESH:D002282,Disease) :: ['alveolar ridge']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The gap between what is known and what is done about public health (the evidence-practice gap) needs addressing. One solution may be through mixed and participatory training in accessing and appraising research. APPROACH: Residential workshops trained policy-makers, practitioners and researchers from seven southern-African countries in evidence-based decision-making for @entity645 prevention. They included training in accessing, critiquing and summarizing research, whilst remaining responsive to the priorities of the @entity1 . REFLECTIONS: Drawing on the @entity1 ' feedback and our observations, we reflected on how these workshops may have addressed the evidence-practice gap. We identified three areas: access to research, understanding of research and the relevance of research. The workshops enabled a small group of @entity1 to access relevant research in a timely manner. However, more needs to be done to disseminate research findings appropriately as any long-term impact will be affected by the political and economic context in which @entity1 work. We are confident that the @entity1 went away with increased understanding of the purposes and processes of research, but for research to make a difference, the research community needs to emphasise more the publication of research findings written for potential users. The workshops were most successful in influencing researchers to consider bridging the evidence-practice gap by producing more relevant research, applicable to policy-makers and practitioners. CONCLUSION: This intensive intervention has the potential to reduce the evidence-practice gap for @entity645 prevention in southern Africa by training non-researchers to engage with research, whilst providing an opportunity for researchers to engage with policy-makers and practitioners.

title: Exploring the evidence-practice gap: a workshop report on mixed and participatory training for XXXX prevention in Southern Africa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are few posterolateral approaches that do not require the common peroneal nerve (CPN) dissection. With the nerve exposure, it would pose a great challenge and sometimes iatrogenic damage over the surgical course. The purpose was to present a case series of @entity1 with @entity174 treated by direct exposure and plate fixation through a modified posterolateral approach without exposing the common peroneal nerve (CPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 9 consecutive cases of isolated posterior @entity174 of the posterolateral tibial plateau were operated by open reduction and plate fixation through the modified posterolateral approach without exposing the CPN between June 2009 and January 2012. @entity353 quality was assessment according to the immediate postoperative radiographs. At 24 month followup, all @entity1 had radiographs and were asked to complete a validated outcome measure and the modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) Knee Scale. RESULTS: All @entity1 were followedup, with a mean period of 29 months (range 25-40 months). Bony union was achieved in all @entity1 . In six cases, the reduction was graded as best and in three cases the reduction was graded as middle according to the immediate postoperative radiographs by the rank order system. The average range of motion arc was 127   (range 110  -134  ) and the mean postoperative HSS was 93 (range 85-97) at 24 months followup. None of the @entity1 sustained @entity531 . CONCLUSIONS: The modified posterolateral approach through a long skin incision without exposing the CPN could help to expand the surgical options for an optimal treatment of this kind of @entity174 , and plating of @entity174 would result in restoration and maintenance of alignment. This approach demands precise knowledge of the anatomic structures of this region.

title: Results of a modified posterolateral approach for the isolated posterolateral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular complication']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['Articular reduction']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'posterolateral tibial plateau fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['tibial plateau fracture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish if there is a role for @entity2682 or @entity5080 in the treatment of chronic orchialgia. METHODS: Twenty-six consecutive @entity1 with chronic orchialgia were seen in the @entity1118 clinic by a multidisciplinary team. @entity158 questionnaire was completed prior to commencing either @entity2682 or @entity5080 . They were reviewed at 3 months and a repeat questionnaire completed. A 50% improvement in @entity158 was considered successful. RESULTS: Complete data was available for 19 @entity1 . Overall, 61.5% of @entity1 commenced on @entity2682 and 66.6% of @entity1 commenced on @entity5080 had a greater than 50% improvement in @entity158 . @entity1 with post-vasectomy testicular @entity158 were considered as a subgroup. None of these @entity1 had a greater than 50% improvement in @entity158 . However, 80% of @entity1 in the subgroup with idiopathic chronic orchialgia had a greater than 50% improvement in @entity158 . CONCLUSION: Although this is a small study, it appears that @entity2682 and @entity5080 are effective in the treatment of idiopathic chronic orchialgia but not post-vasectomy @entity158 .

title: Chronic orchialgia: consider @entity2682 or XXXX before considering surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2682 :: ('MESH:C040029', 'Chemical') :: ['gabapentin']

entities_list: @entity5080 :: ('MESH:D009661', 'Chemical') :: ['nortriptyline']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity5080 :: (MESH:D009661,Chemical) :: ['nortriptyline']


abstract: @entity2914 is the protrusion of abdominal structures into the chest through a defect in the diaphragm. It is a rare complication following oesophagectomy. Preoperative diagnosis is important in order to establish both the nature and extent of the diaphragmatic defect. The treatment of choice is surgery. In a series of 574 intrathoracic oesophagogastroplasties performed at our Institution from 1990 to 2004, the prevalence of diaphragmatic herniation was 0.35%. We report two cases of major diaphragmatic herniation after oesophagectomy for @entity5 performed using a laparotomic-thoracotomic (case 1) and a laparoscopicthoracotomic approach (case 2). The case 1 @entity1 was asymptomatic: hernia repair involved hiatoplasty and mesh positioning. The case 2 @entity1 presented with @entity391 and @entity490 : she underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery and direct closure of the diaphragmatic tear. At 12 months' follow-up, both @entity1 were symptom-free. A barium swallow confirmed that the previously herniated abdominal viscera had returned to the abdomen. @entity2914 following oesophagectomy is a rare complication which may be asymptomatic or present as @entity1744 . Several aetiopathogenetic factors may be responsible for @entity2914 : enlargement of the diaphragmatic hiatus, a combination of negative pressure in the chest and positive pressure in the abdomen, and small number of adhesions in the case of @entity1 operated on with minimally invasive surgery. Surgical repair is the treatment of choice and is mandatory as emergency treatment in the case of symptomatic @entity547 .

title: [ XXXX after oesophagectomy: a report of two cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragmatic hernias', 'Diaphragmatic herniation']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['Diaphragmatic herniation']


abstract: Youth with @entity71 ( @entity71 ) have deficits in interference inhibition, which can be improved with the indirect @entity2922 agonist @entity2727 ( @entity7541 ). Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the effects of a single dose of @entity7541 on brain activation during interference inhibition in medication-na  ve @entity71 @entity1 . Medication-na  ve @entity1 with @entity71 were scanned twice, in a randomized, double-blind design, under either a single clinical dose of @entity7541 or placebo, while performing a Simon task that measures interference inhibition and controls for the oddball effect of low-frequency appearance of incongruent trials. Brain activation was compared within @entity1 under either drug condition. To test for potential normalization effects of @entity7541 , brain activation in @entity71 @entity1 under either drug condition was compared with that of healthy age-matched comparison @entity1 . During incongruent trials compared with congruent-oddball trials, @entity1 with @entity71 under placebo relative to controls showed reduced brain activation in typical areas of interference inhibition, including @entity550 , left striatum and thalamus, mid-cingulate/supplementary motor area, and left superior temporal lobe. @entity7541 relative to placebo upregulated brain activation in right inferior prefrontal and premotor cortices. Under the @entity7541 condition, @entity1 relative to controls no longer showed the reduced activation in right inferior prefrontal and striato-thalamic regions. Effect size comparison, furthermore, showed that these normalization effects were significant. @entity7541 significantly normalized the fronto-striatal underfunctioning in @entity71 @entity1 relative to controls during interference inhibition, but did not affect medial frontal or temporal dysfunction. @entity7541 therefore appears to have a region-specific upregulation effect on fronto-striatal activation.

title: XXXX normalizes fronto-striatal underactivation during interference inhibition in medication-na  ve @entity1 with @entity71 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['right inferior prefrontal cortex']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity2727 :: (MESH:D008774,Chemical) :: ['Methylphenidate']


abstract: There is substantial evidence documenting the potential morbidity associated with radiotherapy in early @entity0 . An appraisal of current standard radiation practice is therefore necessary, given that @entity1 are surviving longer, have an improved quality of life, and are overcoming subsequent side-effects caused by postoperative irradiation. New technology allows the application of more complex approaches. This discussion paper considers some of the benefits of the widespread use of new complex approaches, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the light of staffing and equipment shortfalls, and possible consequences on waiting times for treatment. The discussion is considered under the following themes: (1) which @entity1 with @entity0 benefit from complex treatment approaches? (2) What is the role of treatment accuracy in limiting morbidity? And (3) what is the potential effect of complex breast irradiation approaches on service delivery? In the UK, and globally, many departments are struggling to meet waiting-time guidelines. The use of more complex approaches for breast irradiation may increase this difficulty. However, a number of simple technical changes can be used to enhance efficacy and reduce levels of normal tissue morbidity. A sub-set of @entity1 who are at greatest risk from normal tissue morbidity or reduced cosmesis should be accurately defined in order to allow departments to plan their treatment strategies with optimal use of resources.

title: Moving to a high-tech approach to the irradiation of early XXXX : is it possible to balance efficacy, morbidity and resource use?

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: This study evaluated the duration of clinical effects and referred @entity1931 in @entity35 (n = 10 per group) undergo ing abdominal surgery with analgesics ( @entity7988 at 3 mg/kg and @entity4783 at 0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly twice daily for 72 h beginning prior to surgery; no-surgery and no-analgesia control groups were included. Food and water consumption and body weight were monitored daily. As a measure of referred @entity1931 , tail-flick latency was measured daily, before and 4 h after analgesia administration. Compared with those of the no-surgery controls, significant @entity1907 and body weight occurred 24 h after surgery without analgesics. There were nonsignificant reductions in these effects by analgesics, but the benefits were not significantly different than those of saline. These parameters continued to be decreased with variable significance in the @entity4783 groups at 48 and 72 h after surgery. In both @entity4783 -treated groups, water consumption was significantly increased at 24 h after surgery but not at 48 or 72 h. Tail-flick latency was not significantly different between the no-surgery and no-analgesia groups but was significantly increased 4 h after high-dose @entity4783 administration and declined nonsignificantly over time in the other groups. We conclude that @entity158 effects from surgery are present primarily during the first 24 h after surgery. The analgesic regimens tested did not completely reduce these effects. @entity4783 was associated with adverse effects for as long as 72 h after surgery. @entity1931 from this abdominal surgery could not be measured using the tail-flick assay.

title: Duration of effects on clinical parameters and referred @entity1931 in XXXX after abdominal surgery and multiple doses of analgesic.

entities_list: @entity7988 :: ('MESH:D007660', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoprofen']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['Referred hyperalgesia', 'hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity4783 :: ('MESH:D002047', 'Chemical') :: ['buprenorphine', 'Buprenorphine']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['decreases in food consumption']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We have tested whether some pesticides might cause inner membrane leakage in ML35 @entity526 cells, which express @entity7791 (lacZ; EC 3.2.1.23) constitutively but lack the permease (lacY) required for substrate entry. The activity of @entity7791 (indicative of substrate leakage through the inner membrane) was increased by various concentrations of pesticides, including the organometallic fungicides maneb and mancozeb, the insecticide Thiodan, and the herbicide Ally, as well as by antibiotics such as @entity869 , @entity34009 , and the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 . The enzyme activity was increased by up to approximately 30% when the @entity526 ML35 strain was exposed to various concentrations (between 50 and 250 ppm) of both fungicides. Thiodan had only a slight effect on @entity7791 activity (increase of 12.8%), whereas, among the antibiotics, the @entity460 ionophore at 20 microg/ml caused a significant increase in enzyme activity by up to 61.8%. This effect is similar to that of @entity3208 , used as positive control ( approximately 70% increase). Accumulation of maneb and mancozeb by bacterial cells was also studied taking advantage of their metal content and using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In parallel with the increase in enzyme activity, both fungicides accumulated in the cells as a function of their concentration. Time course experiments (3, 6, and 9 h) of fungicide accumulation and of bacterial growth at various pesticide concentrations were also carried out. Maneb seems to inhibit the bacterial growth better than mancozeb. In addition, maneb uptake increases with time up to 9 h at all tested concentrations, whereas the accumulation of mancozeb is similar at all the exposure times tested. This indicates a different uptake and/or metabolizing strategy by @entity526 cells for the two fungicides.

title: The effects of organic pesticides on inner membrane permeability in XXXX ML35.

entities_list: @entity34009 :: ('MESH:D006096', 'Chemical') :: ['gramicidin D']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity7791 :: ('MESH:D016537', 'Disease') :: ['beta-galactosidase']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: Many @entity1 fear being awake in the operating room, and the acceptance of regional anesthesia is often made dependent on the promise of adequate sedation. With the introduction of the short-acting @entity1245 (bzdp) @entity1363 , it seemed possible to achieve induction and maintainance of sleep throughout an operative procedure. This substance may, however, occasionally result in a "paradoxical reaction" (PR) characterized by agitated excitement, mental @entity911 , and uncooperativeness. We have treated this condition successfully with @entity2607 , as documented here in two case reports where a possible interaction between @entity4489 and @entity1363 may have been responsible for the PR. The symptoms resemble some of those seen in the central anticholinergic syndrome, as further implied by the therapeutic effect of @entity2607 , but an etiological difference may exist. A direct anticholinergic effect of bzdp's is described only following excessive doses. An indirect effect may result from the impact on @entity1246 -receptors, which have been identified as structurally related to the bzdp receptors. @entity2607 itself is not bound at the bzdp receptor, but has been shown to block the binding of bzdp's to their receptors and to reverse sedation from @entity1363 , perhaps through an indirect stimulatory effect. Previous case reports have indicated the effect of @entity2607 in reversing PR following various bzdp's. Without treatment, a PR during regional anesthesia frequently makes general anesthesia necessary in order to immobilize the @entity1 sufficiently to make surgery possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Therapy of paradoxical reactions to XXXX in regional anesthesia].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4489 :: ('MESH:D011398', 'Chemical') :: ['promethazine']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine', 'Physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity1363 :: (MESH:D008874,Chemical) :: ['midazolam']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The ichthyoses comprise a group of @entity74 of keratinization. Because of the need for lifelong treatment, it is important that therapies are beneficial, safe, and well tolerated. OBJECTIVES: We sought to review the evidence on existing treatments for the @entity5657 , excluding @entity6248 . METHOD: We undertook a systematic review using the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. Articles published in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL and registered clinical trials were screened. Randomized controlled trials involving @entity1 with the @entity74 but excluding @entity6248 , were considered. RESULTS: Six trials met the inclusion criteria. Topical treatments including 5% @entity1133 , 20% @entity2771 alone or in combination with 5% @entity880 , @entity2116 ointment, and @entity42734 5% cream showed therapeutic benefit. Oral @entity42734 , a @entity1968 metabolism blocking agent, showed no advantage over oral @entity14028 . LIMITATIONS: Most studies were performed on a small sample of @entity1 and lacked methodological and reporting quality. The small number of trials and the nearly constant positive results make publication bias likely. The absence of standardization of outcome measures precluded the comparison of studies. CONCLUSIONS: Topical treatments including emollients, @entity2116 ointment, and @entity42734 cream seem to have therapeutic benefit and a good safety profile, although the use of topical @entity2116 is limited by a maximum weekly dose of 100 g. The advantage of oral @entity42734 over @entity14028 is uncertain. Multicenter trials comparing oral and topical interventions and evaluation of long-term outcomes are needed.

title: A systematic review of clinical trials of treatments for the @entity5657 , excluding XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity14028 :: ('MESH:D017255', 'Chemical') :: ['acitretin']

entities_list: @entity2771 :: ('MESH:D019946', 'Chemical') :: ['propylene glycol']

entities_list: @entity42734 :: ('MESH:C061121', 'Chemical') :: ['liarozole']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited disorders', 'inherited ichthyoses, either syndromic or nonsyndromic']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity2116 :: ('MESH:C055085', 'Chemical') :: ['calcipotriol']

entities_list: @entity5657 :: ('MESH:D007057', 'Disease') :: ['congenital ichthyoses']

entities_list: @entity6248 :: ('MESH:D016112', 'Disease') :: ['ichthyosis vulgaris']

answer: @entity6248 :: (MESH:D016112,Disease) :: ['ichthyosis vulgaris']


abstract: @entity1961 + T cells can recognize a processed idiotypic peptide derived from the @entity19 lambda 2(315) immunoglobulin light chain. The idiotypic peptide is presented on the I-E(d) class II major histocompatibility complex molecule. @entity19 made transgenic for a lambda 2(315)-specific alpha beta @entity12810 have been demonstrated to be specifically resistant against a @entity5 challenge with the MOPC315 (alpha,lambda 2(315)) plasmacytoma (Lauritzsen, G. F., Weiss, S., Dembic, Z. and Bogen, B., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994, 91: 5700). That study, however, did not rule out a role of either anti-Id antibodies or T cells expressing nontransgenic specificities due to expression of endogenous @entity12810 ( @entity12810 ) alpha chains. Also, the role of different T cell subsets in protection was unclear. To remove these ambiguities, we have now made the @entity19 homozygous for the scid mutation, known to inhibit both Ig and @entity12810 gene rearrangements. Such transgenic @entity915 @entity19 lack B cells and antibodies while they still have plenty of @entity1961 + and @entity1961 -8- cells expressing the transgenic alpha beta @entity12810 . The number of CD8+ T cell is dramatically reduced. Even so, transgenic @entity915 @entity19 are protected against a challenge with MOPC315 plasmacytoma cells. Therefore, B cells, as well as novel @entity12810 specificities created by rearrangements of endogenous alpha-chain genes, are both dispensable for effective immunosurveillance in our system. Surprisingly, we found that transgenic CD8+ and @entity1961 -8- cells are idiotype-specific and I-E(d) restricted. However, these T cell subsets are not required for resistance because adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that highly purified transgenic @entity915 @entity1961 + cells suffice for @entity5 protection.

title: Naive @entity1961 + T cells confer idiotype-specific XXXX resistance in the absence of antibodies.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'Mice', 'transgenic mice']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: In rodent model systems, the sequential changes in lung morphology resulting from @entity130 are well characterized and are similar to changes in @entity1 acute @entity649 . In the injured lung, alveolar type two ( @entity11082 ) epithelial cells play a critical role in restoring the normal alveolar structure. Thus characterizing the changes in @entity11082 cells will provide insights into the mechanisms underpinning the recovery from @entity651 . We applied an unbiased systems-level proteomics approach to elucidate molecular mechanisms contributing to lung repair in a @entity35 hyperoxic @entity651 model. @entity11082 cells were isolated from @entity35 lungs at predetermined intervals during @entity130 and recovery. Protein expression profiles were determined by using iTRAQ with tandem mass spectrometry. Of the 959 distinct proteins identified, 183 significantly changed in abundance during the injury-recovery cycle. Gene ontology enrichment analysis identified cell cycle, cell differentiation, cell metabolism, ion homeostasis, programmed cell death, ubiquitination, and cell migration to be significantly enriched by these proteins. Gene set enrichment analysis of data acquired during lung repair revealed differential expression of gene sets that control multicellular organismal development, systems development, organ development, and chemical homeostasis. More detailed analysis identified activity in two regulatory pathways, @entity6336 and miR 374. A novel short time-series expression miner algorithm identified protein clusters with coherent changes during injury and repair. We concluded that coherent changes occur in the @entity11082 cell proteome in response to hyperoxic stress. These findings offer guidance regarding the specific molecular mechanisms governing repair of the injured lung.

title: Protein expression profile of XXXX type two alveolar epithelial cells during hyperoxic stress and recovery.

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['hyperoxic injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Resection of @entity99 in childhood has been facilitated greatly by an understanding of hepatic segmental anatomy. This report documents the indications and technique of central hepatic resection (mesohepatectomy) in @entity1 with @entity99 . METHODS: This is a retrospective study, and data are obtained from @entity1 charts and operative reports. Three @entity1 underwent central hepatic resection on or between June 27, 1997 and October 1, 1999. RESULTS: All @entity1 were @entity1 , and their ages at diagnosis were 0.3, 0.8, and 3.8 years. Two had @entity4177 and one central hepatic metastases from a poorly defined epithelial malignancy. All 3 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before hepatic resection. Segments IV, V, and @entity797 were removed in 2, and IV and V in the third. All @entity1 survived, and histopathologic margins were clear in each. One @entity1 had a postoperative bile collection treated with percutaneous catheter drainage. At follow-up, all @entity1 remain alive without evidence of disease, and all have normal hepatic function. CONCLUSION: Central hepatic resection of @entity5 involving segments IV, V, and @entity797 is feasible and effective in childhood.

title: Central hepatic resection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity4177 :: ('MESH:D018197', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoblastoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['pediatric tumors']


abstract: 184 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity30 were observed for an average of 5 years and evaluated for clinical pattern and course of disease. The male/female ratio was almost equal (90 m. vs. 94 f.). The peak of disease manifestation was between years 18-32. Familial clustering of @entity29 was observed in 2.2%. The pattern of anatomic involvement was ileocolic in 53%, colon in 24%, small bowel in 20% and other locations in 3%. 34% of @entity1 were afflicted with at least one extraintestinal manifestation, 34% developed fistulae. @entity292 formation was seen more often in colon involvement than small bowel involvement (69% vs. 32%). 48% of the @entity1 were operated at least once. 3 @entity1 died during the observation period, 2 of them with @entity295 . @entity189 was not observed. Some of our results are in accordance with the literature, some distinct observations (e.g. low familial clustering) underline the theory of a multifactorial pathogenesis in @entity30 .

title: [Long-term follow-up of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Evolution of carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn disease']


abstract: The correlation between histological @entity43 and histologic cell type, clinical stage, depth of invasion, lymph node @entity3 , and menstrual activity were analyzed in 566 @entity1 who underwent surgery for uterine @entity5 at the hospital of Niigata University between January, 1971 and May, 1990. Ovarian @entity3 was studied in 456 @entity1 with stage Ib or more @entity5 and 110 @entity1 with stage Ia or more advanced @entity1204 . The following results were obtained: 1. The incidence of @entity43 by histologic cell type was 18.6% (8/43) for @entity420 , 6.7% (1/15) for mixed @entity420 and @entity957 , and 0% (0/398) for @entity957 . The @entity3 rate in @entity1 with @entity1204 was 10.8% (10/93) for @entity420 , but there was no @entity3 of 2 @entity957 , 13 mixed type of @entity420 and @entity957 or 2 undifferentiated @entity189 . 2. The incidence of @entity3 of cervical @entity420 by stage was 5.3% (1/19) for stage Ib and 29.2% (7/24) for stage II. The @entity3 rate of mixed type of @entity420 and @entity957 was 0% (0/6) for stage Ib and 11.1% (1/9) for stage II. The incidence of @entity3 of @entity1204 was 2.1% (1/47) for stage Ia, 15.0% (3/20) for stage Ib, 15.0% (6/40) for stage II and 0% (0/3) for stage III. 3. All the @entity1 with @entity43 had invasion to a depth of more than 2/3 of the uterine cervix, while the incidence of @entity43 was increased with deep invasion of the uterine muscular layer, and @entity3 was present even in shallow invasion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [The study of @entity43 in uterine XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian metastasis of cervical cancer', 'ovarian metastasis', 'ovarian metastasis of endometrial carcinoma', 'ovarian metastases of uterine cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['advanced cervical cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['type adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1349 and @entity3564 resulting from @entity3356 are major complications of @entity2720 . Monocyte/macrophages are the key cells related to @entity3061 at the bone-implant interface of joint arthroplasties. Whether the monocyte/macrophages found at the implant interface in the presence of @entity691 particles are locally or systemically derived is unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We therefore asked (1) whether macrophages associated with @entity691 particle-induced @entity32 are recruited locally or systemically and (2) whether the recruited macrophages are associated with enhanced @entity3061 locally. METHODS: Noninvasive in vivo imaging techniques (bioluminescence and microCT) were used to investigate initial macrophage migration systemically from a remote injection site to @entity691 wear particles continuously infused into the femoral canal. We used histologic and immunohistologic staining to confirm localization of migrated macrophages to the @entity691 particle-treated femoral canals and monitor cellular markers of bone remodeling. RESULTS: The values for bioluminescence were increased for animals receiving UHMWPE particles compared with the group in which the carrier saline was infused. At Day 8, the ratio of bioluminescence (operated femur divided by nonoperated contralateral femur of each animal) for the UHMWPE group was 13.95    5.65, whereas the ratio for the saline group was 2.60    1.14. Immunohistologic analysis demonstrated the presence of reporter macrophages in the UHMWPE particle-implanted femora only. MicroCT scans showed the bone mineral density for the group with both UHMWPE particles and macrophage was lower than the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of clinically relevant @entity691 particles, similar to the @entity1 scenario, stimulated systemic migration of remotely injected macrophages and local net bone resorption.

title: Continuous infusion of UHMWPE particles induces increased bone macrophages and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3356 :: ('MESH:D057085', 'Disease') :: ['wear debris']

entities_list: @entity3061 :: ('MESH:D010014', 'Disease') :: ['osteolysis']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['Aseptic loosening']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['total joint arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity3564 :: ('MESH:D057068', 'Disease') :: ['periprosthetic osteolysis']

answer: @entity3061 :: (MESH:D010014,Disease) :: ['osteolysis']


abstract: A new method of making physically self-assembled monolayers (PSAMs) on hydrophilic solid surfaces is presented. This method uses a mixture of a nonpolar solvent, such as @entity4315 , and a strong polar solvent, such as @entity1068 , to dissolve the lipids. The deposition of two lecithin lipids, @entity4747 ( @entity4748 ) and @entity14144 ( @entity14145 ), has been studied. These lipids physically self-assemble, or adsorb, onto hydrophilic @entity25009 / @entity6619 surfaces when such surfaces are in contact with the lipid solution. The adsorbed layers were probed with ex-situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thicknesses of the adsorbed monolayers are about 2.8 +/- 0.2 nm for @entity4748 and 2.0 +/- 0.2 nm for @entity14145 , as determined by ellipsometry and AFM. Smooth, uniform monolayers of controlled surface density are formed. The surface density of adsorbed layers is comparable to those of close-packed lipid monolayers, as calculated from the ellipsometry and ATR-IR results. Producing controlled-thickness monolayers has applications in boundary lubrication, biomaterials, sensor technologies, and electronics. The method can be used for depositing many biological surfactants or lipids without the need to modify these surfactants chemically to form chemical bonds with the surfaces, as required by the usual chemical SAMs. Moreover, the new method has several advantages compared to the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method.

title: Physically self-assembled monolayers (PSAMs) of lecithin lipids at hydrophilic XXXX interfaces.

entities_list: @entity14144 :: ('MESH:C015153', 'Chemical') :: ['dilauroylphosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity25009 :: ('CHEBI:46727', 'Chemical') :: ['silicon oxide']

entities_list: @entity4747 :: ('MESH:D015060', 'Chemical') :: ['dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine']

answer: @entity25009 :: (CHEBI:46727,Chemical) :: ['silicon oxide']


abstract: Seventy nine @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) were monitored for 12 months. Forty eight individuals were treated weekly with a low dose of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ), and 31 received nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) only. The mean total dose of @entity1500 was 413 mg with a range from 250 to 735 mg. The phenotype of lymphocytes was analyzed using double immunofluorescence and a panel of monoclonal antibodies. The clinical status of 33 @entity1500 -treated @entity1 improved, in 9 neither clinical nor laboratory improvement was noticed. Six @entity1 were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions. We observed no changes in the percentage of CD3, @entity404 , @entity405 and @entity2902 positive lymphocytes in both @entity1500 and NSAID-treated groups. However, the percentage of @entity1075 positive cells significantly decreased during 12 month observation (15.1 +/- 6.5% v.s. 10.2 +/- 5.0, p < 0.01) in @entity1500 -treated subjects. Moreover, this percentage increased (9.4 +/- 6.7% v.s. 17.1 +/- 1.1%, p < 0.01) in NSAID-treated @entity1 .

title: Lymphocyte phenotype studies of XXXX @entity1 treated with @entity1499 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: Local therapies have been highly effective in the treatment of @entity320 . The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a novel intralesional chemotherapy - @entity900 / @entity1425 injectable gel - for the treatment of refractory or recurrent cutaneous and soft tissue @entity320 @entity3 . The gel is injected directly into the lesion and delivers high concentrations of @entity900 at the injection site, where it is retained for extended periods, with little systemic exposure. A total of 28 @entity1 with refractory or recurrent @entity320 were enrolled in this open-label, multicentre study. Of these, 25 @entity1 with 244 lesions were evaluable for efficacy. Lesions were injected with 0.5 ml (2 mg @entity900 + 0.05 mg @entity1425 ) of gel/cm(3) of @entity5 . @entity1 received up to six weekly treatments within an 8 week period. The objective response rate (complete responses [CRs] plus partial responses [PRs]) for all the @entity5 treated (1-72 per @entity1 ) was 53% (130 out of 244; 114 CRs, 16 PRs). The response rate for the @entity5 (i.e. each @entity1 's single, most symptomatic, largest or most threatening @entity5 ) was 44%. The median response duration for all @entity5 was 347 days (range 30-783 days) and median number of treatments per @entity5 was five (range one to twelve). Systemic @entity137 was negligible; local adverse reactions such as erythema, @entity39 or @entity158 occurred frequently, but were easily managed in most cases. In conclusion, @entity900 / @entity1425 injectable gel was well tolerated, easy to administer, and effective in treating @entity320 confined to the skin or soft tissues.

title: Intratumoral @entity900 / XXXX injectable gel for the treatment of @entity1 with cutaneous and soft tissue @entity3 of malignant @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'target tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'metastatic melanoma']

answer: @entity1425 :: (MESH:D004837,Chemical) :: ['adrenaline']


abstract: To understand how environmental factors contribute to fertility or @entity249 in @entity1 , it is first necessary to define environment. A view that will guide this review is that environment represents the "external milieu," analogous to the well-defined concept of "internal milieu" first introduced by Claude Bernard. Within this context, the environment provides both positive and adverse influences on reproductive health and development. Environmental factors can then be classified into categories such as physical, chemical, biological, behavioral, and socioeconomic. In many circumstances, multiple environmental factors may contribute to adversely modify @entity1 health. It has been suspected and in some cases demonstrated that stress can adversely affect reproductive function. Both animal and @entity1 data support this contention; however, the @entity1 data are clear in extreme situations (e.g., inmates of concentration camps) but less so under less drastic conditions. In recent years many advances have been made concerning the neurochemical mechanisms that mediate the effects of stress on reproductive functions and on the identification of "stress hormones" that may not only be involved in the stress response but also serve as biochemical markers to identify and correlate stress with different fertility parameters. Nutrition also plays an important role in @entity249 , and @entity17304 are associated with stress in @entity249 . Environmental factors are often invoked as contributing to many cases of @entity249 . However, the direct causal relationship between those factors and the ensuing @entity249 of the couple are seldom well established and remain largely anecdotal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Stress and other environmental factors affecting fertility in XXXX and @entity1 : overview.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility', 'unexplained infertility']

entities_list: @entity17304 :: ('MESH:D009748', 'Disease') :: ['undernutrition or nutrition disorders']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSES: The aim of the study was to examine the patterns of lymph node @entity3 from @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ) and compare the laterality of lymphatic @entity3 in cervical, supraclavicular, and paratracheal areas using F-FDG PET/CT. @entity1 AND METHODS: The data of 75 @entity1 who underwent F-FDG PET/CT for staging of @entity1721 between January 2011 and March 2012 were reviewed. Fourteen groups of lymph nodes from the neck to abdomen were defined. Lateralization of the upper thoracic lymph nodes was defined in reference to the midline of the @entity825 . Frequencies of positive lymph nodes were used to determine the pattern of lymphatic spread and compare the lateralization of @entity3 in the cervical and upper thoracic regions. RESULTS: The right paratracheal region was the most frequent site of @entity3 among all @entity1 . Left paratracheal and paragastric nodes were more frequent in upper and lower third @entity1721 , respectively. Upward and downward lymphatic spread was equal in mid third @entity1721 . In all @entity1 , there was a trend toward more frequent lymph node @entity3 on the right side than the left side for the supraclavicular and paratracheal regions. Further stratified analysis with @entity5 location found that right paratracheal node @entity3 was significantly associated with mid third @entity1721 (P = 0.03). Remote nodal @entity3 was found in 10.5% of @entity1 with upper third @entity1721 and 13% of @entity1 with lower third @entity1721 , respectively. Remote nodal @entity3 was associated with higher SUV of the @entity5 (P = 0.02) and worse survival (P = 0.03). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a cutoff SUV of 14.8 for predicting remote lymph node @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT provides important information before radiotherapy planning. Mid and lower third @entity1721 tends to metastasize to the right paratracheal/supraclavicular lymph nodes. Remote nodal @entity3 on PET/CT correlated with higher @entity5 SUV and worse survival.

title: Patterns of Nodal Metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT in XXXX With @entity1721 are Useful to Guide Treatment Planning of Radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical utility of spherocylindrical automated refraction (AR) compared with subjective manifest refraction (MR) after @entity231 surgery with implantation of ReZoom refractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) (Advanced Medical Optics, Inc.). SETTING: Private Practice. METHODS: This prospective nonrandomized interventional study consisted of 72 @entity1 with bilateral @entity231 and a potential visual acuity of at least 20/40. @entity1 had bilateral nonsimultaneous @entity231 surgery and implantation of a ReZoom IOL. Manifest refraction was performed in all @entity1 followed by 3 consecutive measurements using the Topcon KR-8000 autorefractor with nondilated and dilated pupils. Assessment of repeatability of multiple consecutive ARs and comparison of the AR and MR using power vector analysis were performed at the 6-month follow-up. The main outcome measures were the correlation between AR and MR with sphere, spherical equivalent, and @entity940 as well as the repeatability of AR before and after dilation with @entity2647 10%. RESULTS: Repeatability analysis showed that the initial nondilated AR was not significantly different from the mean of the 3 refractions for nondilated and dilated measurements. The mean difference between the initial AR and the MR was -0.84 +/- 0.62 diopters (D) for sphere (SD), -1.00 +/- 0.61 D for spherical equivalent, and -0.06 +/- 0.19 D and -0.01 +/- 0.17 D, respectively, for J(0) and J(45), the 2 components of @entity940 . Linear regression of AR versus MR data showed poor correlation for sphere (R(2) = 0.4852) and spherical equivalent (R(2) = 0.5529), whereas the correlation for the 2 astigmatic components of vector analysis was excellent (J(0), R(2) = 0.8881; J(45), R(2) = 0.8640). Correlation was better when the MR residual refractive defect was higher. CONCLUSIONS: Although autorefraction showed excellent agreement with subjective refractive @entity940 , correlation with spherical values was poor, with a trend toward more negative values. Autorefraction after ReZoom IOL implantation can be used as a good starting point for subjective refraction of @entity940 ; however, spherical values should be underestimated.

title: Validity of autorefraction after XXXX surgery with multifocal ReZoom intraocular lens implantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Microvascular flap transfer is a popular method for immediate reconstruction of defects in the head and neck resulting after the treatment of @entity135 . @entity135 occurs most commonly in elderly @entity1 with a high prevalence of heavy smoking. Surgery in this @entity1 population is frequently prolonged and is associated with significant intraoperative @entity190 . The present study seeks to identify factors contributing to perioperative @entity583 and to determine the best course of management. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 193 consecutive free flap surgeries. METHODS A series of 193 microvascular free flaps performed over a 5-year period for reconstruction of defects in the head and neck was retrospectively analyzed to identify the incidence, management, and outcome of perioperative @entity583 in this @entity1 population. RESULTS: @entity583 occurred in seven @entity1 , for an overall incidence of 3.6%. Statistical analysis using logistic regression failed to demonstrate any significant relationship between age, sex, total operative time, operative @entity190 , net intraoperative fluid shifts, @entity5 stage, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) preoperative classification, type of free flap, and the occurrence of perioperative @entity583 . Hemodynamic instability manifested by @entity551 occurred in four @entity1 who had perioperative @entity583 . Three of these @entity1 underwent urgent coronary artery bypass surgery, whereas one @entity1 underwent urgent endovascular therapy with subsequent stabilization of the @entity1344 . All free flaps survived despite @entity583 and @entity1344 . Two @entity1 (29%) died after postoperative intervals of 74 and 99 days, never having left the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic @entity551 is a well-recognized risk factor for free flap failure. Our experience suggests that aggressive intervention to reverse @entity63 associated with @entity1344 has a favorable outcome on free flap survival, and free flap @entity715 is not an inevitable outcome of the low-flow state associated with perioperative cardiopulmonary bypass. Although the overall incidence of perioperative @entity583 in @entity1 undergoing microvascular head and neck reconstruction is low, @entity1 mortality is high, so emphasis should be placed on preoperative identification of @entity1 with @entity453 .

title: XXXX after microvascular head and neck reconstruction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer', 'Head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['coronary ischemia']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['hemodynamic instability']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'Myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['Myocardial infarction']


abstract: Previous studies have suggested that activation of nociceptive afferents from the heel recruits a supraspinal mechanism, which is modulated by adrenergic descending inhibition, that augments withdrawal reflexes in medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurones. To test this idea, we have studied the temporal evolution of reflexes evoked in MG by electrical stimulation of sural nerve A(beta)-, A(delta)- and C-fibre axons at 1 Hz, in decerebrated @entity95 . Reflexes were analysed in three time bands, estimated to accord to afferent drive from A(beta)- (phase 1), A(delta)- (phase 2) and C-fibre (phase 3) inputs. Stimulation of A(delta)- and C-fibres gave significant temporal summation of all reflexes. The alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity23190 ((2-(2,3-dihydro-2-methoxy-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1-H-imidazole)- @entity5828 ) (100 microg intrathecal (i.t.)) potentiated, and the alpha(2)-agonist @entity6948 (1-30 microg i.t.) depressed all reflexes per se, but the effects of these drugs on temporal summation were secondary to changes in baseline excitability. When C-fibres were stimulated, the @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptor antagonist @entity3390 (1 mg i.t.) reduced temporal summation of phase 2 and 3 but not phase 1 reflexes. Spinalisation at L1 in the absence of drugs increased phase 2 and 3 reflexes but had no effect on phase 1, whereas spinalisation after @entity23190 resulted in decreased phase 1 responses with no significant change in later phases. Spinalisation in the presence of @entity3390 resulted in small reductions in phase 3 reflexes only. In all cases spinalisation virtually abolished temporal summation. In spinalised animals, @entity3390 selectively reduced late reflexes, and the opioid antagonist @entity1510 (100 microg i.t.) augmented all reflexes but gave rise to temporal subtraction of reflexes when C-fibres were stimulated.The present experiments have revealed a number of novel and important features of the sural-MG reflex pathway: (i) activity in fine afferent axons augments the reflexogenic potential of all subsequent afferent input, thereby allowing all afferent drive from the sural field to contribute to withdrawal of the heel; (ii) endogenous adrenergic control of this reflex pathway is completely non-selective; (iii) there is a non-adrenergic element of descending inhibition that is selective for the late components of MG reflex responses, and this element is directed particularly against transmission through @entity143 receptors; (iv) temporal summation in this reflex is dependent on @entity143 receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms; and (v) this temporal summation is in some way dependent on the integrity of descending pathways.

title: Interactions between cutaneous afferent inputs to a withdrawal reflex in the decerebrated XXXX and their control by descending and segmental systems.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity3390 :: ('MESH:D016291', 'Chemical') :: ['dizocilpine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Previous phase II studies have reported that combinations of @entity901 , @entity4181 and @entity1487 or @entity2600 , @entity4181 and @entity1487 are associated with good efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in metastatic @entity356 . The aim of this study was to evaluate chemotherapy with @entity901 , @entity4181 , @entity1487 and @entity2600 (COFFI regimen) in metastatic @entity356 . METHODS: @entity1 received @entity901 (85 mg/m2 d 1), @entity2600 (140 mg/m2 d 1), and @entity17185 (200 mg/m2 d 1) followed by @entity1487 bolus (400 mg/m2 d 1) and then @entity1487 (2,400 mg/m2 48-h continuous infusion), every 14 days. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 with metastatic @entity356 were enrolled. Eight @entity1 were pretreated for advanced disease. Of the 9 chemo-na  ve @entity1 , 8 were evaluated for response (1 @entity1 was lost to follow-up): one complete response, 5 partial responses and 2 progressions of disease occurred, giving an overall response rate, at intention-to-treat analysis, of 67%. Of the 8 pretreated @entity1 , 6 were evaluated for response (2 @entity1 had nonmeasurable disease): one partial response, 2 disease stabilizations and 3 progressions of disease occurred, giving an overall response rate, at intention-to-treat analysis, of 12%. Median progression-free and overall survival in chemo-na  ve @entity1 were 8.2 and 10.2 months, respectively, and in pretreated @entity1 2.7 and 3 months. Grade 3-4 @entity1398 occurred in 55% of chemo-na  ve @entity1 . @entity882 , and @entity417 were observed in 18% and 29%, respectively. Grade 3 @entity390 / @entity391 occurred in 12% and grade 3 @entity294 in 6%. CONCLUSIONS: The COFFI regimen is active and well tolerated, therefore phase III studies are warranted.

title: A pilot phase II study of chemotherapy with @entity901 , @entity4181 , XXXX and @entity2600 in metastatic @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity17185 :: ('CHEBI:63606', 'Chemical') :: ['L-folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of viraemia and extraintestinal organ damage in @entity1 with acute rotavirus (RV) @entity1902 . METHODS: Eighty-three @entity1 with acute @entity1902 were hospitalized from October 2002 to March 2003, whose blood and fecal samples were obtained on admission. Rotavirus RNA (encoding the VP7 outer capsid protein) were detected in blood and fecal samples by nest reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). According to the result of blood RV-RNA, the @entity1 were divided into RV-RNA positive group and RV-RNA negative group. The differences between these two groups in the severity of @entity1902 and extraintestinal organ damage were analyzed. RESULTS: Eighty-two of 83 stool samples from the @entity1 with @entity6425 were positive for rotavirus RNA. Sixteen of 83 blood samples were positive for rotavirus RNA with a positive rate of 19.3%. The @entity377 sequence of cloned cDNAs, resembling part of the VP7 gene, was identical from paired blood and fecal samples. There were no significant differences between blood RV-RNA positive group and blood RV-RNA negative group in the rate and degree of @entity221 , @entity294 , @entity2700 , @entity520 , @entity1371 and @entity296 (P>0.05); while the incidences of @entity409 , @entity1910 , lower @entity1729 and the central nervous system involvement in the blood RV-RNA positive group were significantly higher than those in the blood RV-RNA negative group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Viraemia is present in the @entity1 with acute @entity1902 . Viraemia might be an important mechanism by which rotavirus spread to the extraintestinal sites resulting in organs damage.

title: [Viraemia and extraintestinal involvement after XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver damage']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis', 'rotavirus gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity6425 :: ('MESH:D012400', 'Disease') :: ['rotavirus infection']

answer: @entity6425 :: (MESH:D012400,Disease) :: ['rotavirus infection']


abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the extent of stressful life events' etiology and to compare socio-demographic and medical characteristics of the presence and absence of stress in Turkish @entity5 @entity1 . @entity1 with @entity5 who attended ambulatory @entity1 care units answered the questionnaires. Medical information was reviewed from chart data. The study population comprised 465 @entity1 (60.5%) and 303 @entity1 (39.5%), in total 768 cases. The median age was 53 years, ranging between 18 and 94. Three-hundred and twenty @entity1 (41.7%) had at least one type of stress since last year of the time of initial diagnosis. Among @entity1 had stress, the median number of stress modalities presented was 1 (range 1-6). @entity204 , lack of livelihood, quarrel, illness, and debt almost always consisted of stress types. History of stress within last year was found more in @entity1 (66.3% vs. 56.5%, P = 0.006) and overweight @entity1 (57.5% vs. 47.2%, P = 0.005). Similarly, among @entity5 types, only @entity1 with @entity0 (41.9% vs. 31.7%, P = 0.04) had lived more stressful situation. However, the married @entity1 (72.2% vs. 80.6%, P = 0.03) had less stress. @entity1 with @entity356 had more frequent debt (29.0%, P < 0.001) and lack of livelihood history (21.4%, P = 0.001). Additionally, in @entity2 @entity1 , their rate of livelihood difficulty was highly less than average (2.4%, P = 0.003). We found that overweight @entity1 had more illness history (68.9% vs. 51.6%, P = 0.004), @entity1 who were not working had more @entity204 history (89.7% vs. 78%, P = 0.01), and female @entity1 had more quarrel history (78.2% vs. 60.5%, P = 0.002). Likewise, history of debt in @entity1 who is a member of large family (56.2% vs. 27.4%, P = 0.01) was more frequent. Additionally, the lack of livelihood was prominent in urban @entity1 (92.8% vs. 78.6%, P = 0.002) and in @entity1 with low income (48.5% vs. 66.7%, P = 0.004). The question of whether or not psychological factors originated from stressful life events have an influence on @entity5 initiation and progression is still unanswered after several decades of research. Future studies might benefit from better well-designed articulated hypotheses, prospective design, and large study populations to ensure adequate knowledge.

title: The major stressful life events and XXXX : stress history and @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although continuous or frequent stimuli in tracheostomized @entity1 may cause @entity738 , little is known about management of @entity1 with translaryngeal intubation. CASE PRESENTATION: A 1-month-old Japanese @entity1 , weighing 3.5kg, was admitted to our hospital owing to @entity712 caused by an @entity118 and intractable @entity943 . To treat his unstable cardiovascular status, surgery was performed to close his @entity118 . After the operation, @entity850 was detected by auscultation and flow limitation worsened. A bronchoscopy revealed @entity738 completely obstructing his right bronchus and partially obstructing his left bronchus. @entity619 infusion partially reduced the mass, after which removal by yttrium @entity5715 garnet laser was tried. The @entity1224 was not resolved, however, because of @entity738 reproliferation. @entity4184 (aerosol liquid) inhalation was started, and tissue was reduced using an yttrium @entity5715 garnet laser and physically removed using forceps. After continued @entity4184 inhalation, he was successfully liberated from the ventilator. CONCLUSIONS: Life-threatening @entity1224 by @entity738 developed in a translaryngeally intubated paediatric @entity1 . The @entity738 was detected after a couple of weeks of intubation. A @entity2488 is rare in paediatric @entity1 . It should be suspected with evidence of @entity2488 . Treatment with corticosteroids and surgery using a laser maybe indicated.

title: Complete XXXX in a paediatric @entity1 with translaryngeal endotracheal tube: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal granulomas', 'granulomas', 'granuloma']

entities_list: @entity2488 :: ('MESH:D001982', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial granuloma', 'bronchial obstruction']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['Budesonide', 'budesonide']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity5715 :: ('CHEBI:28984', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminium']

answer: @entity2488 :: (MESH:D001982,Disease) :: ['bronchial obstruction by granuloma']


abstract: IgE-mediated dietary @entity56 affects approximately 1% of the @entity235 population. There are no breed associations and < or =50% of the @entity1 are aged <1 year at presentation. The most common causative allergens are beef, @entity1573 , milk, eggs, @entity2829 , @entity3505 and soyabean. Affected @entity235 generally display @entity66 and 10-15% of the @entity1 may have concurrent alimentary involvement. Diagnosis is currently based on dietary restriction followed by provocation. Procedures for the detection of serum allergen-specific IgE and IgG antibodies are widely available, but these tests correlate poorly with clinical presentation and dietary testing. Recent studies have demonstrated the allergen specificity of IgE antibodies by immunoblotting and have described blood lymphocyte proliferative responses to food allergens. In addition to investigations of spontaneously-arising dietary @entity56 , it has also proved possible to study this disorder experimentally. Small colonies of @entity235 sensitive to particular dietary proteins have been used to study clinical and serological responses to allergen challenge. @entity56 has been experimentally induced in @entity235 of an @entity1097 phenotype by repeated subcutaneous injection of alum-adjuvanted dietary allergen during neonatal life. These models have been used to trial a range of modified protein or hydrolysate diets. The @entity235 provides a unique large-animal model for investigation of the immunopathogenesis of @entity1 dietary @entity56 . The @entity235 is closely related genetically to @entity1 and shares environmental disease triggers with @entity1 . Spontaneously arising @entity235 dietary @entity56 is a good clinical mimic of the @entity1 disease, and ability to therapeutically manipulate this adverse response in the @entity235 might lead to benefits for @entity1 @entity1 .

title: The @entity235 model of dietary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'man']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous disease']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['hypersensitivity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the degree of @entity5 @entity39 in surgical specimens of @entity157 treated with microspheres preloaded with @entity632 and to analyze the relationship between the degree of @entity39 and a) morphologic factors and b) imaging biomarkers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied the livers of 21 @entity1 who had undergone selective arterial chemoembolization with DC beads (Biocompatibles, UK) before receiving liver transplants. RESULTS: Imaging techniques detected 43 nodules (mean size, 25mm). Angiography showed 25 hypervascularized nodules, 12 slightly vascularized nodules, and 6 avascular nodules. @entity157 (mean size, 15mm) were detected in the specimens: two were capsular and two had vascular infiltration. The mean degree of @entity39 after chemoembolization was 39%; @entity39 was greater than 60% in 28 @entity157 and less than 60% in 52. The degree of @entity39 correlated significantly with the time elapsed between the last chemoembolization treatment and liver transplantation (the degree of @entity39 decreased as time increased), with the number of nodules in the specimen, and with capsular infiltration. When imaging techniques detected 1 or 2 nodules, there was a greater probability of achieving greater than 90% @entity39 . No relation with the degree of @entity39 achieved was found for the size of the nodules detected at imaging, the enhancement pattern, or the number of chemoembolization treatments. CONCLUSION: The degree of @entity39 achieved depends on the time spent on the waiting list, on the number of nodules in the specimen, and on whether capsular infiltration is present.

title: Histologic study of the effects of chemoembolization with preloaded XXXX beads in @entity1 with @entity157 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['A total of 81 hepatocellular carcinomas', 'hepatocellular carcinomas']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2401 is reported to be a common postmortem finding of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). However, most case reports on @entity1252 ( @entity296 ) have not found evidence of @entity2401 upon biopsy. Our aim was to characterize the nature, course, and reversibility of @entity1002 in @entity1 with @entity1252 . METHODS: The records of 526 @entity1252 @entity1 were reviewed. @entity1 were included if: (1) at least 4 of 11 American College of Rheumatology criteria for @entity1252 were met, (2) testing for erythrocyte sedimentation rate and hs-CRP were performed during hospitalization, and (3) echocardiogram demonstrated left ventricular ejection function (LVEF) <50%. RESULTS: We identified 14 @entity1 meeting study criteria. Mean LVEF was 33.1    9% upon presentation. The main echocardiographic pattern observed was generalized hypokinesis. Twelve @entity1 demonstrated reversal of @entity296 within 1 week, showing a mean improvement in LVEF of 21.0    7%. Of these, 2 @entity1 underwent coronary angiography demonstrating no evidence of obstructive @entity301 , and 1 underwent cardiac biopsy with no evidence of @entity2401 . Four @entity1 (29%) demonstrated improvement within 3 days. Two of the 14 @entity1 died due to their underlying medical illness and did not have a repeat echocardiogram. CONCLUSION: The pattern of wall-motion abnormalities and reversibility demonstrated in the majority of these @entity1 with @entity1252 suggests an etiology more consistent with @entity661 rather than @entity2401 .

title: XXXX   a case series demonstrating a reversible form of @entity1002 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy', 'CM']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'SLE cardiomyopathy', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['stress cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis', 'Myocarditis']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular (LV) dysfunction']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['Systemic lupus erythematosus cardiomyopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Developing countries are experiencing demographic and epidemiologic transition and the prevalence of non-communicable @entity5 which is on the increase. @entity0 is the most common and lethal malignancy in developing countries with varying presentation. This study aims to determine the pattern of presentation and survival of @entity0 @entity1 in North Western Nigeria. METHODS: A five-year retrospective review of @entity0 records from 2001-2005 was conducted. Relevant information was retrieved and analyzed using statistical package for social science software. Manchester stage III and IV were classified as advance disease. Survival analysis was carried out with survival defined as the time between the date of commencement of treatment and the date of last follow-up or @entity204 . RESULTS: Most of the @entity1 were in the 4th and 5th decades 58 (57.4%) with a mean age of 44.5  13 years. Majority of the @entity1 were females 99 (96.1%). One of the four males had @entity1137 while the others presented with @entity513 3 (75.0%). Most of the @entity1 were premenopausal 62 (62.6%) and were presented late with @entity0 64 (62.1%). The left breast was more affected 64 (62.1%), and the upper outer quadrant was mostly involved 48 (60.7%), followed by the areola, 43(41.7%) either singly or in combination. @entity513 was detected in 85 (82.5%) cases and was the predominant histological finding. Survival rate beyond 30 months was observed in 24.5% of cases and 100% for advanced and early @entity0 respectively, (p=0.0001). The overall survival rate beyond 36 months was 70.4% and postmenopausal @entity1 (70.6%) had better survival beyond 36 months than premenopausal (68.5%) @entity1 (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: The overall survival rate was low and @entity1 with early @entity0 had better survival than those with @entity1442 . Majority of the @entity1 were young premenopausal @entity1 with @entity0 .

title: Pattern of presentation and survival of XXXX in a teaching hospital in north Western Nigeria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1137 :: ('MESH:D018275', 'Disease') :: ['invasive lobular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer disease', 'breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['diseases especially cancers']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['Invasive ductal carcinoma', 'invasive ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity12579 (ANP) plays an important role in the regulation of water and @entity1372 in the body via @entity8262 ( @entity6708 ) pathway. Although ANP has been shown to be protective in @entity2806 or @entity1779 , its role in @entity131 ( @entity131 ) has yet to be elucidated. We herein assessed ANP effects on brain water and @entity1372 in @entity131 . Controlled cortical impact (3 mm depth, 6 m/sec) was used to induce an experimental cortical contusion in @entity35 . Continuous administration of ANP 0.2 (n = 6) or 0.7 microg/kg/24 h (n = 6), @entity6708 analogue ( @entity8263 ) 0.1 (n = 5) or 0.3 mg/kg/24 h (n = 5), or vehicle (n = 6) was begun 15 minutes after injury, using a mini-osmotic pump implanted into the peritoneal cavity. At 24 hours after injury, ANP significantly exacerbated @entity2657 in the injured hemisphere in a dose-dependent manner while it reduced brain @entity1372 concentrations in both hemispheres. These ANP effects could be mimicked by a @entity6708 analogue. In the second series (n = 20), BBB integrity was assessed by evaluating the extravasation of @entity5934 . ANP or @entity6708 analogue significantly worsened BBB disruption in the injured hemisphere at 24 hours after injury. These findings suggest that ANP administration exacerbates @entity2657 after the experimental cortical contusion in @entity35 , possibly because of an increase in the BBB permeability via @entity6708 pathway, whereas it reduces brain @entity1372 levels.

title: Differential effects of @entity12579 on the brain water and XXXX after experimental cortical contusion in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity8262 :: ('MESH:D006152', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity12579 :: ('24602(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Atrial natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity5934 :: ('MESH:C536380', 'Disease') :: ['Evans blue dye']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To characterise the risk factors for chronic @entity417 (CINA) in older @entity1 , particularly the role of age-associated @entity8 . METHODS: @entity1 aged >= 65  years admitted to a medical unit over 12  months were assessed. Those with secondary causes of @entity417 including @entity740 ( @entity740 ) were excluded. CINA was defined as a haemoglobin <130  g/l for @entity1 and <120  g/l for @entity1 for at least 6  months without any apparent cause. Renal function was determined by estimating @entity1011 clearance (CrCl) using Cockcroft-Gault formula, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using @entity8 ( @entity8 ) and @entity740 ( @entity740 ) formulas. RESULTS: 116 had CINA. Controls were 572. The mean estimates of renal function were significantly lower in cases as compared with controls (P  <  0.001). The risk of CINA increased by 12.6, 10.4 and 12  %, respectively, for each unit decrease in CrCl, @entity8 - @entity470 and @entity740 - @entity470 , independent of age and other covariates. The adjusted odds ratios for CINA in those with CrCl, @entity8 or @entity740 @entity470 <60  ml/min/1.73  m(2) were 2.68 (CI 1.53-4.70); 2.70 (CI 1.57-4.62) and 2.12 (CI 1.46-3.74), respectively. Other covariates in the model that were independently associated with CINA included advanced age, @entity6 ( @entity6 ), use of @entity7774 converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), history of @entity303 and living in a residential care facility. CONCLUSIONS: Age-associated @entity8 independently contributes to CINA. Other potential risk factors for CINA include advanced age, @entity6 and ACEI or ARB use.

title: Chronic @entity417 in older XXXX : the risk factors and the role of age-associated @entity8 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['MDRD', 'renal impairment', 'modification of diet in renal disease']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic normocytic anaemia', 'anaemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity7774 :: ('MESH:D000809', 'Chemical') :: ['angiotensin']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration', 'CKD-EPI', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity0 is the most common @entity5 in females. It is the most common cause of @entity5 -related @entity204 among @entity1 with @entity3329 rates highest in low-income countries. The aim of this study is to determine the socio-demographic and clinical profile of @entity1 with immunohistochemically confirmed @entity0 in a Nigerian tertiary health institution. METHODS: @entity1 with immunohistochemically confirmed @entity0 were reviewed. The information retrieved was entered into a proforma designed for the purpose of the study. Data was analysed using SPSS version 18.0. RESULTS: The peak incidence of age at presentation was in the 5th decade. More than 50% of the @entity1 were premenopausal and perimenopausal at presentation. Only 11% of the @entity1 presented with breast lumps less than 2 cm in size. @entity1 in the age group 50-59 years are more likely to present with larger breast lumps than @entity1 in other groups. More than 50% had clinically palpable lymph node at presentation. Mastectomy (simple mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy) and adjuvant chemotherapy were the main form of treatment. Most of the cases were @entity172 receptor negative with majority of them having basal-like subtype. CONCLUSION: Most of the @entity1 in this study were not only young but presented with locally advanced disease. Population screening, adequate health education, improved accessibility and availability of heath care will go a long way to improve the outcome of these @entity1 .

title: Socio-demographic and clinical profile of immuno-histochemically confirmed XXXX in a resource limited country.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We reviewed 1600 water births at a single institution over an 8-year period. METHODS: We compared 737 primiparae deliveries in water with 407 primiparae deliveries in bed, and 142 primiparae on the delivery stool. We also evaluated the duration of labor, perineal @entity130 , @entity551 , postpartum maternal hemoglobin levels, and rates of @entity281 . In 250 water deliveries we performed bacterial cultures of water samples obtained from the bath after filling and after delivery. RESULTS: The duration of the first stage of labor was significantly shorter with a water birth than with a land delivery (380 vs. 468 minutes, P<0.01). The episiotomy rate in all water births was lower with a water birth than with a delivery in bed or a delivery on the birthing stool (0.38%, 23%, and 8.4%, respectively). The rate of perineal tears was similar (23%, respectively). There were no differences in the duration of the second stage (34 vs. 37 minutes), @entity551 , or postpartum maternal hemoglobin levels. No @entity1 using the water birth method required analgesics. The rate of @entity281 was also not increased with a water birth (1.22% vs. 2.64%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Water birth appears to be associated with a significantly shorter first stage of labor, lower episiotomy rate and reduced analgesic requirements when compared with other delivery positions. If @entity1 are selected appropriately and hygiene rules are respected, water birth appears to be safe for both the mother and neonate.

title: Review of 1600 water births. Does water birth increase the risk of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal infection']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['arterial cord blood pH']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['neonatal infection']


abstract: AIMS: The current studies were designed to compare the in vivo potencies of the opioid antagonists @entity43989 and @entity836 in blocking the effects of the opioid agonist @entity1287 following intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration. MAIN METHODS: Adult male @entity2659 @entity19 were used for all experiments. The 55 degrees C tail-flick assay was used to assess the CNS antinociceptive activity of @entity1287 , and a charcoal meal gastrointestinal transit assay was used to assess the peripheral effects of @entity1287 . Graded antagonist dose-response curves for i.v. and p.o. @entity43989 and @entity836 were generated to determine ID(50) antagonist potency estimates against fixed doses of @entity1287 . KEY FINDINGS: Both antagonists produced dose-related blockade of @entity1287 -induced antinociception and inhibition of gastrointestinal transit. @entity836 was between 5- and 13-fold more potent than @entity43989 in blocking a CNS effect of @entity1287 , whereas the drugs were nearly equipotent in blocking inhibition of gastrointestinal transit. Co-administration studies indicated an approximate 10-fold greater potency of @entity43989 for antagonism of @entity1287 -induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit versus antinociception, whereas @entity836 blocked both effects with near equal potency. @entity43989 produced a longer duration of antagonist blockade and had a slower time to peak effect compared to @entity836 . SIGNIFICANCE: The pharmacology of @entity43989 differentiates it from currently available opioid antagonists. This includes an intermediate selectivity for peripheral versus central opioid receptors, a long duration of action, and neutral antagonist qualities in opioid exposed systems. These properties render it a drug candidate for a co-formulation product with opioid analgesics to reduce peripheral opioid side effects and limit abuse potential.

title: @entity43989 preferentially antagonizes opioid effects on gastrointestinal transit compared to antinociception in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['naltrexone', 'Naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity43989 :: ('MESH:C010410', 'Chemical') :: ['6beta-naltrexol']

entities_list: @entity1287 :: ('MESH:D006853', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocodone']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: At present, no effective therapy is available for @entity157 , when local treatments have failed. We reported the results obtained with prolonged, ultra-low-dose (1 MIU/d until progression), subcutaneous @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) in a series of 18 consecutive @entity1 (14 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 , median age 66 years, range 49-82 years) with advanced, histologically proven HCC on @entity1575 . During a median follow-up time of 19.5 months, two complete responses (11.1%), lasting 35 and 46 months, respectively, and one partial response (5.5%) were recorded (overall response rate: 16.6%; 95% CI: 0-33.8%). Thirteen @entity1 (72.3%; 95% CI: 61.6-82.7) had stable disease lasting at least 4 months; 1 of these @entity1 obtained a complete response on lung metastases. Median time to progression was 15.3 months (95% CI: 10-33). Median overall survival was 24.5 months (95% CI: 12-43). Two @entity1 (11.1%) progressed during therapy. @entity137 was only local (usually pain and pomphus in the site of injection). Low-dose @entity1199 can be considered an active and well-tolerated treatment for unresectable @entity157 . Future studies on large numbers of @entity1 are necessary to confirm these results.

title: Ultra-low-dose @entity1199 in unresectable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']