abstract: In recent years, a broader base of treatment options has evolved to improve the outcome for @entity1 with brain @entity3 . The selection of the most appropriate intervention for the individual @entity1 is dependent on a careful evaluation of the extent of @entity5 , as well as an understanding of @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics that are important determinants of prognosis. Recent analyses have confirmed good performance status, control of the primary @entity5 , absence of extracranial @entity3 and age less than 65 years to be predictors for longer survival. Medical therapy typically includes the use of @entity288 , and some advances have been made in optimising the use of these agents. Prophylactic use of antiepileptic drugs in @entity1 with brain @entity3 is generally discouraged. Chemotherapy was previously not considered to have a role in treating brain @entity3 , but has increasingly become an accepted treatment option. Recent clinical studies have evaluated the integration of chemotherapy with conventional treatments such as radiotherapy and the addition of biological response modifiers. In the past, radiotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for brain @entity3 . A number of randomised controlled trials have explored external beam radiation therapy, radiation sensitisers, postoperative whole brain irradiation and prophylactic cranial irradiation. Significant improvements in survival have been demonstrated as a result of prophylactic cranial irradiation in @entity1 with @entity151 , and improved local control of brain @entity3 has been achieved with postoperative whole brain irradiation. A number of studies have helped define a more efficient use of external beam irradiation. Radiosurgery in particular has been identified as an important advance in radiation treatment delivery and may provide an acceptable alternative to surgical resection in many @entity1 . Conventional surgery has long had a role to play in establishing the diagnosis, guiding the choice of subsequent therapies and reversing life-threatening complications from brain @entity3 . The risks of surgery have been reduced with recent improvements in anaesthesia and intraoperative @entity5 localisation. Recent clinical studies have addressed the role of surgical resection in the management of @entity1 with a single brain metastasis. Survival benefits have been demonstrated in @entity1 undergoing surgical resection in addition to external beam radiation therapy. Despite the improvements achieved in the treatment of @entity1 with brain @entity3 at first diagnosis, the question of retreatment may arise in due course. The therapeutic options available in this situation include re-operation, radiosurgery and brachytherapy.

title: Brain XXXX : treatment options to improve outcomes.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: PURPOSE: Pediatric urethral @entity850 represents a significant surgical challenge. Published operative series of pediatric urethral reconstruction include small numbers or lack long-term followup. We examined the long-term outcome of open reconstructive techniques for pediatric @entity3832 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 1987 through August 2002, 17 @entity1 7 to 17 years old underwent open urethral reconstruction with followup. @entity130 was the etiology in 88% of cases. Nine @entity1 had @entity3832 and 8 had traumatic posterior urethral disruption. Strictures secondary to failed @entity2650 correction were not included in analysis. In 10 @entity1 (59%) previous management with open or endoscopic procedures had failed. Followup in all @entity1 consisted of symptomatic evaluation, voiding cystourethrography and flexible urethroscopy. RESULTS: One-stage perineal urethral reconstruction was performed in all @entity1 without retropubic or transpubic dissection. All @entity1 were stricture-free and continent at a mean followup of 67 months. A total of 18 open surgical procedures were needed. A @entity1 with posterior urethral disruption required reoperation for recurrent @entity850 but had excellent long-term results after the second operation. Chordee, penile shortening and urethral diverticula were not noted during followup. CONCLUSIONS: Open urethral reconstruction of adolescent and pediatric strictures provides excellent long-term results with minimal morbidity. When considering the importance of repair durability in the pediatric urethral stricture population, urethral reconstruction should be strongly considered the primary treatment option. Endoscopic procedures should be reserved for @entity1 with @entity850 associated with minimal spongiofibrosis. As in the literature, we do not advocate repeat direct vision internal urethrotomy.

title: Open reconstruction of pediatric and adolescent XXXX : long-term followup.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity3832 :: ('MESH:D014525', 'Disease') :: ['anterior urethral stricture', 'urethral strictures']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['short bulbar strictures', 'stricture disease']

answer: @entity3832 :: (MESH:D014525,Disease) :: ['urethral strictures']


abstract: As a causative factor in spontaneous @entity510 , @entity455 , especially @entity439 or @entity2758 , have been generally recognized. On the other hand, @entity510 from @entity1313 and @entity1462 are rare. We experienced two cases showing @entity510 from @entity1653 and @entity4607 as an initial symptom. Case 1: A 48-year-old @entity1 , who complained of severe @entity10 and @entity391 on Feb. 10th, 1972, gradually became lethargic. Lumbar puncture revealed moderately @entity548 .S.F.. On the fifth day after the onset, she was admitted to our hospital. On admission she showed disorientation and disturbance of resent memory. @entity2026 and @entity1054 were slightly observed. On ophthalmologic examination right homonymous @entity1805 was observed. The carotid angiogram showed slight square shift of the anterior cerebral artery to the right side, elevation of the middle serebral artery and a homogeneous @entity5 stain in the occipital region in capillary phase. A walnut sized @entity5 invading the middle portion of the left lateral sinus and showing firm adhesion to the tentrium was found. There was an intracerebral @entity5 . The @entity5 , the tentrium and the lateral sinus were extirpated en bloc and the @entity1779 was aspirated. Histologically, the @entity5 was @entity1653 . Case 2: A 7-year-old @entity1 , who complained of severe @entity10 , @entity158 and @entity391 on Sept. 17th, 1972, became gradually lethargic. Lumbar puncture revealed @entity548 .S.F., On the tenth day after the onset, he was admitted to our hospital. He showed @entity911 and @entity2146 . The carotid angiogram showed an unrolling of the pericallosal artery, but no findings of space taking lesions. An air study indicated a globular filling defect protruding into the anterior horn of the right lateral ventricle. The @entity5 located in the laterobasal wall of the anterior horn was removed picemiel by transventricular approach. Histologically, the @entity5 was @entity4607 . Furthermore, we discussed various @entity1313 showing @entity510 as an initial symptom, its frequency and @entity548 mechanism on the literature.

title: [Two cases showing XXXX from @entity1653 and @entity4607 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'hemorrhagic C']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors', 'brain tumor']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hematoma behined the tumor', 'tumor']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['angioblastic meningioma']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1805 :: ('MESH:D006423', 'Disease') :: ['lower quadrant hemianopsia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['nuchal pain']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hematoma']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['abrupt headache', 'headache']

entities_list: @entity4607 :: ('MESH:D006222', 'Disease') :: ['vascular hamartoma']

entities_list: @entity1462 :: ('MESH:D054079', 'Disease') :: ['cryptic vascular malformation']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']


abstract: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and @entity8476 ( @entity8476 ) are two closely related peptides that bind two homologous G protein-coupled receptors, VIP/ @entity8476 receptor 1 (VPAC1R) and VIP/ @entity8476 receptor II ( @entity9622 ), with equally high affinity. Recent reports suggest that @entity9622 plays a role in circadian rhythm and T cell functions. To further elucidate the functional activities of @entity9622 , we generated @entity9622 -deficient @entity19 by deleting exons VIII-X of the @entity9622 gene. The @entity9622 -deficient @entity19 showed @entity851 and had reduced serum @entity7424 levels compared with gender-matched, wild-type siblings. The mutant @entity19 appeared healthy and fertile at a young adult age. However, older male mutant @entity19 exhibited @entity528 with hypospermia and reduced fertility rate. The mutant @entity19 appeared to have an @entity1720 . @entity9622 -deficient @entity19 had increased lean mass and decreased fat mass with reduced serum leptin levels. Indirect calorimetry experiments showed that the respiratory quotient values immediately following the transition into the dark cycle were significantly higher in male knockout @entity19 for about 4 h. Additionally, male and female @entity9622 -deficient @entity19 presented an increased basal metabolic rate (23% and 10%, respectively) compared with their wild-type siblings. Our results suggest that @entity9622 plays an important role in growth, basal energy expenditure, and male reproductive functions.

title: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/ XXXX receptor 2 deficiency in @entity19 results in @entity851 and increased basal metabolic rate.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['retarded growth']

entities_list: @entity8476 :: ('11516(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide', 'PACAP']

entities_list: @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['increase in insulin sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse seminiferous tubular degeneration']

answer: @entity8476 :: (11516(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To review the clinical features and results of surgical treatment of @entity7390 . DESIGN: Retrospective, interventional case series. @entity1 : Ten @entity1 . METHODS: Chart review of all @entity7390 treated between 1992 and 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adequate excision, recurrence rate, and complications. RESULTS: @entity1 ages ranged from 27 to 78 years, with a mean age of 59 years. Six @entity1 were male and four were female. The lesion was found on the lower lid in five @entity1 , upper lid in two, medial canthus in two, and lateral canthus in one. The maximum diameter of the lesion varied from 2 to 25 mm, with a mean of 7.2 mm. All lesions were treated by surgical excision, with frozen-section control of margins in five cases. All lesions were excised completely with clear resection margins, and there were no cases of recurrence. The only complication was a minor wound @entity281 in one @entity1 . Mean follow-up was 34.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the aggressive nature and uncertain relationship to @entity957 , we recommend excision of @entity7390 . Surgical excision of @entity7390 provides good results and a very low risk of recurrence. Frozen-section control of margins should be used in selected cases to ensure complete excision.

title: XXXX : clinical features, pathology, and management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7390 :: ('MESH:D007636', 'Disease') :: ['eyelid keratoacanthomas', 'eyelid keratoacanthoma', 'keratoacanthoma of the eyelids', 'periocular keratoacanthoma']

answer: @entity7390 :: (MESH:D007636,Disease) :: ['Periocular keratoacanthoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To perform a longitudinal validation study of imaging bone biomarkers of @entity626 ( @entity571 ) progression. METHODS: We undertook a nested case-control study within the @entity571 Initiative in knees (one knee per subject) with a Kellgren and Lawrence grade of 1-3. Cases were defined as knees having the combination of medial tibiofemoral radiographic progression and @entity158 progression at the 24-month, 36-month or 48-month follow-up compared with baseline. Controls (n=406) were eligible knees that did not meet both endpoint criteria and included 200 with neither radiographic nor @entity158 progression, 103 with radiographic progression only and 103 with @entity158 progression only. Bone surfaces in medial and lateral femur, @entity2091 and patella compartments were segmented from MR images using active appearance models. Independent variables of primary interest included change from baseline to 24   months in (1) total area of bone and (2) position on three-dimensional (3D) bone shape vectors that discriminate @entity571 versus non- @entity571 shapes. We assessed the association of bone markers changes over 24   months with progression using logistic regression. RESULTS: 24-month changes in bone area and shape in all compartments were greater in cases than controls, with ORs of being a case @entity307 SD increase in bone area ranging from 1.28 to 1.71 across compartments, and @entity307 SD greater change in 3D shape vectors ranging from 1.22 to 1.64. Bone markers were associated most strongly with radiographic progression and only weakly with @entity158 progression. CONCLUSIONS: In knees with mild-to-moderate radiographic @entity571 , changes in bone area and shape over 24   months are associated with the combination of radiographic and @entity158 progression over 48   months. This finding of association with longer term clinical outcome underscores their potential for being an efficacy of intervention biomarker in clinical trials.

title: Longitudinal validation of periarticular bone area and 3D shape as biomarkers for knee @entity571 progression? Data from the FNIH XXXX Biomarkers Consortium.

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'Osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['OA']


abstract: Angiogenesis is a key aspect of the dynamic changes occurring during the normal ovarian cycle. @entity1373 and hypervascularity of the ovarian theca interna and stroma are also prominent features of the @entity3610 ( @entity3610 ), a leading cause of @entity249 . Compelling evidence indicated that @entity7 ( @entity7 ) is a key mediator of the cyclical corpus luteum angiogenesis. However, the nature of the factor(s) that mediate angiogenesis in @entity3610 is less clearly understood. @entity9813 has been recently identified as an endothelial cell mitogen with selectivity for the endothelium of steroidogenic glands and is expressed in normal @entity1 ovaries. In the present study, we compared the expression of @entity9813 and @entity7 mRNA in a series of 13 @entity1 @entity3610 and 13 normal ovary specimens by in situ hybridization. @entity9813 expression in normal ovaries is dynamic and generally complementary to @entity7 expression in both follicles and corpora lutea. A particularly high expression of @entity9813 was detected in the Leydig-like hilus cells found in the highly vascularized ovarian hilus. In @entity3610 ovaries, we found strong expression of @entity9813 mRNA in theca interna and stroma in most of the specimens examined, thus spatially related to the new blood vessels. In contrast, @entity7 mRNA expression was most consistently associated with the granulosa cell layer and sometimes the theca, but rarely with the stroma. These findings indicate that both @entity9813 and @entity7 are expressed in @entity3610 ovaries, but in different cell types at different stages of differentiation, thus suggesting complementary functions for the two factors in angiogenesis and possibly cyst formation.

title: Differential expression of the angiogenic factor genes XXXX ( @entity7 ) and endocrine gland-derived @entity7 in normal and polycystic @entity1 ovaries.

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovary syndrome', 'PCOS']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity9813 :: ('84432', 'Gene') :: ['Endocrine gland-derived (EG)-VEGF', 'EG-VEGF']

answer: @entity7 :: (7422,Gene) :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2720 such as @entity571 ( @entity571 ) predominantly afflict post-menopausal @entity1 , suggesting a pertinent role for female hormones. @entity172 receptor beta ( @entity1783 ) has been detected in connective tissues of the knee joint suggesting that these tissues are responsive to the hormone @entity172 . @entity3334 ( @entity3334 ) activity contributes to cartilage degradation, a key factor leading to @entity571 development in @entity2720 . Two polymorphic forms of @entity3334 exist due to a deletion/insertion of the @entity2774 residue in the promoter, and the 2G allelic variant of @entity3334 exhibits more activity than the 1G allele. Previous studies have demonstrated that the polymorphic forms of the @entity1 @entity3334 are influenced by the modulating effects of @entity172 receptor isoforms. In addition to hormonal influences, physiological factors such as altered mechanical loading are also contributory features of @entity571 . In the present study, the combined influence of biomechanical and hormonal variables on the activity of @entity3334 isoforms was evaluated. We hypothesized that the combined effects of @entity1783 and sheer stress will differentially activate the two allelic forms of @entity3334 in a hormone-independent manner. METHODS: HIG-82 synoviocytes were transiently transfected with 1G or 2G alleles (  ) @entity1783 and subjected to either shear or equibiaxial stress. Next, 1G/2G promoter activity was measured to determine the combined influence of physiological stimuli. Truncated @entity1783 constructs were used to determine the importance of different domains of @entity1783 on 1G/2G activation. RESULTS: The 2G allele exhibited a constitutively higher activity than the 1G allele, which was further increased when the transfected cells were subject to shear stress, but not equibiaxial stress. Moreover, the combination of @entity1783 and shear stress further increased the activity levels of the 1G/2G allelic variants. Additionally, select AF-2 truncated @entity1783 variants led to increased activity levels for the 2G allele, indicating the AF-1 domain was likely involved in the response to mechanical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the 1G/2G alleles of @entity3334 are influenced by specific mechanical stimuli like shear stress, as well as the @entity1783 receptor. These findings contribute to the potential allelic involvement in connective tissue diseases such as @entity571 in females compared to males.

title: @entity172 receptor beta and truncated variants enhance the expression of transfected XXXX promoter constructs in response to specific mechanical loading.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3334 :: ('4312', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-1', 'Matrix metalloproteinase-1']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['Joint diseases', 'synovial joints']

answer: @entity3334 :: (4312,Gene) :: ['MMP-1']


abstract: At Carolinas Medical Center, before 2008, axillary sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) from @entity0 @entity1 were evaluated with a single @entity1710 and @entity1711 -stained slide. In 2008, the protocol changed to include a limited step sectioning at 500  m. In this study, we compared the intraoperative and permanent section pathologic findings for @entity4298 biopsies from 2006 to 2007 to those from 2009 to 2010. We hypothesized that evaluating 2 slides would increase the detection of micrometastases and isolated @entity5 cells (ITCs) on permanent sections and correspondingly decrease the sensitivity of intraoperative touch preparation cytology (IOTPC). From 2006 to 2007, 140 (23.5%) of 597 of @entity4298 permanent sections contained @entity5 cells: 92 macrometastases (65.7%), 36 micrometastases (25.7%), and 12 ITCs 0.2 mm or less (8.6%). The sensitivity of IOTPC for 2006 to 2007 was @entity19 % for any @entity5 cells and 71.7% for macrometastases. From 2009 to 2010, 160 (21.9%) of 730 @entity4298 permanent sections were positive for any @entity5 cells: 76 macrometastases (47.5%), 55 micrometastases (34.4%), and 29 ITCs (18.1%). The sensitivity of IOTPC for 2009 to 2010 was 39.4% for any @entity5 cells and 76.3% for macrometastases. With limited step sectioning, we observed an approximately 10% increase in the detection of both micrometastases and ITCs in @entity4298 . The increased detection of ITCs on permanent sections reached statistical significance (P = .018). However, under current clinical guidelines, @entity1 with limited @entity4298 involvement may not be required to undergo completion axillary lymph node dissection. The ability to detect @entity4298 @entity5 deposits less than 2 mm must be balanced with the clinical utility of doing so.

title: XXXX detection in axillary sentinel lymph nodes: the impact of the method of pathologic examination.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast cancer']


abstract: AIMS: Chronic foot shock has been demonstrated to induce @entity101 . The present study was designed to explore whether the @entity3449 -angiotensin system (RAS) plays a role in this process and the possible mechanisms involved in chronic-foot-shock-induced @entity101 . MAIN METHODS: Male @entity35 were subjected to a two-week foot shock with or without an angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor blocker (ARB, @entity1564 ) or an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI, @entity3371 ). The expression of RAS components in the central nervous and circulatory systems was examined. Antioxidant levels in the plasma were monitored. KEY FINDINGS: Two-week foot shock significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP). Angiotensinogen, @entity1811 , @entity13928 , angiotensin type 1a and type 1b receptors, and vasopressin (VAP) mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus were increased along with the concentration of @entity53725 in the plasma; these changes were accompanied by decreased @entity2041 peroxidase activity and increased lipid peroxidation levels and plasma @entity2819 concentrations. Both @entity1564 and @entity3371 suppressed not only the increases in SBP but also the increases in VAP expression in the hypothalamus and RAS components in the central nervous system and the circulatory system. The decreases in antioxidant levels and the increases in lipid peroxidation and @entity2819 levels were also partially reversed by @entity1564 or @entity3371 treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic foot shock increases expression of the main RAS components, which play an important role in the development of @entity101 through increased VAP levels, oxidative stress levels and stress hormone levels.

title: Contribution of the @entity3449 -angiotensin system in chronic foot-shock induced @entity101 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE)-1']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['high blood pressure', 'hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity1564 :: ('MESH:C081643', 'Chemical') :: ['candesartan']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Laparoscopic Heller cardiomyotomy for the treatment of @entity1318 can be performed safely. The application of this minimally invasive approach has not been reported in Taiwan. This study assessed the results obtained using this new method in Taiwanese @entity1 . METHODS: From January 1998 to December 2000, we recruited 10 @entity1 (3 @entity1 , 7 @entity1 ; average age 37.3 yr) with @entity1318 who underwent laparoscopic cardiomyotomy and fundoplication. Before and after surgery, the severity of three symptoms ( @entity1282 , regurgitation, @entity662 ) was evaluated by symptom scores (0 = symptom absent; 1 = occasional; 2 = every day; 3 = every meal). Barium swallow study and panendoscopy were performed in all @entity1 . Esophageal manometry was performed before surgery in seven @entity1 . Laparoscopic Heller myotomy and anterior (Dor) fundoplication was performed through five abdominal trocar sites. The myotomy extended 7 cm, 6 cm above and 1 cm below the gastroesophageal junction. RESULTS: Barium swallow study showed that one @entity1 had a normal or mildly dilated esophagus (< 3 cm) and nine @entity1 had moderate esophageal dilatation (3-7 cm). Mean operative time was 162.5 +/- 29.7 minutes. Mean hospital stay was 5.1 +/- 1.6 days (range, 3-9 d). The mean follow-up time was 21.3 +/- 9.4 months, longer than 19 months in eight @entity1 . @entity1282 was alleviated in all but one @entity1 (90%). @entity338 and @entity662 also improved in all @entity1 . No @entity3816 occurred. Postoperative @entity1017 (> 4 kg) was noted in all @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy and anterior fundoplication result in significant symptomatic relief for @entity1 with @entity1318 .

title: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy with fundoplication for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['Regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative complication']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia']


abstract: 28 @entity1 with @entity304 received the @entity935 agonist drug @entity3826 for the period August 1990-August 1991. Treatment with repeated subcutaneous injections was started in 13 @entity1 who had suffered from @entity191 for more than ten years. All @entity1 received optimal levodopa treatment. @entity3826 had a very good effect in eight @entity1 ; i.e. the time in offphase was markedly reduced. This very good effect was seen only in @entity1 with marked on-off phenomena and usually end of dose failure. The @entity1 who experienced the best effect had @entity910 during on-phase and were not mentally affected. An additional 15 @entity1 were given @entity3826 for diagnostic purposes. Following a positive test, levodopa treatment was started in one @entity1 and the levodopa dose was increased in two others. In the remaining @entity1 the @entity3826 test was negative, and levodopa treatment was not reinstituted.

title: [ XXXX in @entity191 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['little dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['Apomorphine', 'apomorphine']

answer: @entity3826 :: (MESH:D001058,Chemical) :: ['Apomorphine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Proton-pump inhibitor-induced @entity1272 (PPIH) is the most recognized side effect of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). Additionally, PPIH is associated with @entity3747 and @entity1371 . It is hypothesized that PPIs reduce epithelial proton secretion and thereby increase the pH in the colon, which may explain the reduced absorption of and @entity1025 and @entity141 . Fermentation of dietary oligofructose-enriched inulin fibers by the microflora leads to acidification of the intestinal lumen and by this enhances mineral uptake. This study aimed, therefore, to improve mineral absorption by application of dietary inulin to counteract PPIH. METHODS: Here, C57BL/J6 @entity19 were supplemented with @entity4546 and/or inulin. Subsequently, @entity1025 and @entity141 homeostasis was assessed by means of serum, urine and fecal electrolyte measurements. Moreover, the mRNA levels of magnesiotropic and calciotropic genes were examined in the large intestine and kidney by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Treatment with @entity4546 significantly reduced serum @entity1025 and @entity141 levels. However, concomitant addition of dietary inulin fibers normalized serum @entity141 but not serum @entity1025 concentrations. Inulin abolished enhanced expression of @entity53130 and @entity40995 in the colon by @entity4546 . Additionally, intestinal and renal mRNA levels of the @entity18289 gene were reduced after inulin intake. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that dietary inulin counteracts reduced intestinal @entity141 absorption upon PPI treatment. In contrast, inulin did not increase intestinal absorption of @entity1025 sufficiently to recover serum @entity1025 . The clinical potential of dietary inulin treatment should be the subject of future studies.

title: Dietary Inulin Fibers Prevent Proton-Pump Inhibitor (PPI)-Induced XXXX in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity1272 :: ('MESH:C537153', 'Disease') :: ['hypomagnesemia']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

answer: @entity3747 :: (MESH:D006996,Disease) :: ['Hypocalcemia']


abstract: Some procedures increase the sweat output (SSwR; sympathetic sweat response) and reduce the cutaneous blood flow (SVR; skin vasomotor reflex) in the hand. We evaluated SSwRs and SVRs to deep inspiration, mental arithmetic, exercise, and tactile stimulation in 40 @entity46574 @entity1 and 15 healthy controls. We also conducted head-up tilt tests and R-R interval variation tests (CV(R-R)). SSwRs were present in all controls, but absent in 19 (47.5 %) of the @entity46574 @entity1 . The mean SSwR amplitudes in the @entity46574 group were significantly lower than those in the control group. SVRs were evoked in all subjects except 3 @entity46574 @entity1 . There were no marked differences in SVR amplitudes between the two groups. @entity551 and low CV(R-R) values were seen in 18 (45 %) and 13 (32.5 %) of the @entity46574 @entity1 , respectively. SSwR amplitudes correlated significantly with @entity551 and CV(R-R) values in the @entity46574 group. SSwRs were absent in about half of the @entity46574 @entity1 , and the SSwR results correlated with those of the cardiovascular autonomic tests. The SVRs were not severely disturbed in the @entity46574 @entity1 . We considered SSwR a useful index for the detection of @entity5433 in @entity46574 .

title: Cutaneous sympathetic function in XXXX with multiple system atrophy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5433 :: ('MESH:C563939', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Orthostatic hypotension', 'postural fall in blood pressure']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aims of this observational study were to evaluate (i) the feasibility of obtaining bidirectional pulmonary vein (PV) isolation by means of circumferential radiofrequency ablation of the antral aspect of the PV ostium; (ii) whether the electrophysiological demonstration of bidirectional PV isolation predicts freedom from @entity4710 after ablation in @entity1 with @entity955 . METHODS: The study group comprised 28 @entity1 affected by frequent recurrences of @entity955 refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs, who underwent transcatheter ablation of the PVs by means of a non-fluoroscopic navigation system. Radiofrequency pulses were delivered in a point-by-point fashion at the antral aspect of the ostium of each vein presenting distal PV potentials. After ablation of each PV, bidirectional isolation was tested by means of a basket catheter. No antiarrhythmic drugs were prescribed on discharge. Outpatient visits, 24-h electrocardiographic Holter monitoring, and continuous 7-day digital electrocardiogram were scheduled at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: A distal potential was detected in 101/123 (82%) mapped PVs. Bidirectional isolation was obtained in 81/101 (80%) PVs; bidirectional isolation of all targeted PVs was obtained in 17 (61%) @entity1 . After a mean follow-up of 12.2 +/- 4.2 months, clinical success was observed in 15 (53%) @entity1 . On multivariate analysis, only bidirectional isolation of all targeted PVs predicted the clinical success of ablation (P < 0.003; hazard ratio 7.504; confidence interval 1.943-28.990). CONCLUSIONS: Circumferential antral ablation achieves bidirectional isolation in 80% of PVs. Bidirectional isolation of all PVs is essential to curing @entity1 with @entity955 .

title: Pulmonary vein isolation predicts freedom from arrhythmia after circumferential antral ablation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['paroxysmal atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['paroxysmal atrial fibrillation']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Venous bypass grafts are useful treatments for obstructive @entity453 . However, their usefulness is limited by accelerated @entity731 . Genetic engineering of venous bypass grafts that prevented @entity731 could improve long-term graft patency and clinical outcomes. We used a @entity95 model of jugular vein-to-carotid interposition grafting to develop gene therapy for vein-graft @entity731 . @entity95 veins were easily transduced in situ with a first-generation adenoviral vector; however, most transgene expression (   80%) was lost within 3 days after arterial grafting. This rapid loss of transgene expression was not prevented by transducing veins after grafting or by prolonged ex vivo transduction. However, delaying vein-graft transduction for 28 days (after the vein had adapted to the arterial circulation) prevented this early loss of transgene expression. We used the delayed transduction approach to test the durability of expression of a therapeutic transgene ( @entity43772 ) expressed from a helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector. HDAd DNA and @entity43772 mRNA were easily detectable in transduced vein grafts. Vector DNA and mRNA declined by 4 weeks, and then persisted stably for at least 6 months. Delaying transduction for 28 days after grafting permitted initiation of vein-graft neointimal growth and medial thickening before gene transfer. However, vein-graft lumen diameter was not compromised, because of gradual outward remodeling of grafted veins. Our data highlight the promise of HDAd-mediated gene therapy, delivered to arterialized vein grafts, for preventing vein-graft @entity731 .

title: Efficient Gene Transfer and Durable Transgene Expression in Grafted XXXX Veins.

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbit', 'Rabbit']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['Rabbit']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cervical arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy fusion methods. METHODS: The randomised clinical trial was conducted at the neurosurgical clinic of University of Harran, @entity233 , between February 2009 and January 2010. The @entity1 had single level disc disorder between C4-C7 levels. Before surgery, all of the @entity1 had taken medical treatment with no improvement. Surgery was conducted with anterior approach, and disc prosthesis or polyetheretherketone cage for fusion were applied after @entity1 were randomly divided into two groups. For preoperative and postoperative clinical evaluations Neck Disability Index and Visual Analogue Scale were used. Surgical results were evaluated according to Odom's criterion, and 'excellent' and 'good' results were accepted as successful. P<0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the 42 @entity1 in the study, 23(54.76%) were treated with Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion, and 19(45.23%) with Cervical Disc Arthroplasty. There were no statistical differences between postoperative mean Visual Analogue Scale score (p<0.86) and Neck Disability Index scores (p<0.11) in the two groups. Average decrease in @entity1515 angle was 1.2 degree in Arthroplasty group, while it was 1 degree in the Fusion group. Postoperative adjacent segment degeneration was not detected in either group. CONCLUSION: Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion, and Cervical Disc Arthroplasty are safe and successful methods for the treatment of single level cervical @entity66 . Although the latter is a relatively new technique performed with increased frequency, but its superiority is still uncertain.

title: Arthroplasty versus fusion for single-level cervical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['disc disease']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['disc disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Almost 1 @entity1 in 1,000 experiences a @entity64 annually in France. Health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) measurement with specific questionnaires is useful to study the consequences of @entity64 on @entity1 ' daily lives. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to validate the French version of the @entity64 Impact Scale (SIS) questionnaire, as no disease-specific questionnaire was validated in French heretofore. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-eight @entity1 with @entity64 were classified into 2 groups (158 acute, 130 chronic). Rate of item completion, test-retest reliability, sensitivity to change, and construct validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the questionnaire were assessed. Acute group @entity1 were recruited during the first month poststroke and followed for 3 months. Chronic group @entity1 ( @entity64 dating from 1 year) were recruited from outpatient consultations. The first 100 @entity1 in the chronic group were called back 15 days after inclusion for test-retest measurements. The Barthel Index, Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 Scale (HADS), and Duke Health Profile questionnaires were administered. RESULTS: The French version of the SIS was well accepted by all @entity1 . It had good reproducibility. Cronbach alpha was 89% for all scales. A ceiling effect was noted in the majority of scales. Physical domains were significantly correlated to other measures of physical capacity (Barthel Index and Duke Health Profile; Spearman coefficients were between .5 and .73), and the emotional and social domains were significantly correlated to almost all domains of the Duke Health Profile. Psychometric properties were similar to those of the US version. @entity6372 was good for physical and emotional domains. LIMITATIONS: Validation was conducted only on @entity1 who were able to answer the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The French SIS version presents good psychometric properties, except for ceiling effect. This is the first @entity64 -specific questionnaire evaluating perceived health after @entity64 to be validated in France and could be useful for further investigations of HRQoL after @entity64 .

title: XXXX Impact Scale Version 2: Validation of the French Version.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6372 :: ('MESH:C538007', 'Disease') :: ['Responsiveness']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity189 in @entity5123 is a common histologic subtype of primary @entity5 . METHODS: In this study, 28 @entity1 (predominantly male) with histologically diagnosed @entity189 in @entity5123 presenting over 10 years were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Only 25 percent of @entity1 had a previously treated @entity5123 . Although the presenting features suggested @entity5 in some cases, overall they were nonspecific, overlapping with the presentation of benign disease. Preoperative investigations included fine needle aspiration cytology, which was only 29-percent sensitive, and computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. There were 14 superficial and 12 total or radical parotidectomies. The facial nerve was resected en bloc with the @entity5 in nine cases and immediately reconstructed with good reanimation results in @entity1 with recent-onset @entity3541 . Only 44 percent of @entity1 had a complete histologic @entity5 clearance, and this was the most significant determinant of survival (p < 0.01, log-rank analysis). The locoregional control rate was 66 percent at 5 years, but recurrent disease proved invariably fatal. Five-year disease-specific survival was 44 percent with a high rate of disease-specific mortality (87 percent). CONCLUSIONS: @entity189 in @entity5123 is very difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Fine needle aspiration cytology had a disappointingly low sensitivity for this @entity5 , potentially misdirecting surgical management. While good locoregional disease control could be achieved with surgery and radiotherapy, @entity189 in @entity5123 was shown to be aggressive with a high disease-specific rate of mortality. Given that incomplete @entity5 resection was the most important prognostic factor, a high index of clinical suspicion, radical ablative surgery, and immediate soft-tissue and nerve reconstruction for proven cases are advocated.

title: XXXX ex benign @entity5123 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'parotid malignancy', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['Carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial paresis']

entities_list: @entity5123 :: ('MESH:D008949', 'Disease') :: ['pleomorphic salivary adenoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['Carcinoma']


abstract: @entity3620 is a @entity5 associated with occupational and environmental inhalation exposure to @entity1355 * fibers and other elongate mineral particles (EMPs) (1-3). @entity1 have a median survival of approximately 1 year from the time of diagnosis (1). The latency period from first causative exposure to @entity3620 development typically ranges from 20 to 40 years but can be as long as 71 years (2,3). Hazardous occupational exposures to @entity1355 fibers and other EMPs have occurred in a variety of industrial operations, including mining and milling, manufacturing, shipbuilding and repair, and construction (3). Current exposures to commercial @entity1355 in the United States occur predominantly during maintenance operations and remediation of older buildings containing @entity1355 (3,4). To update information on @entity3620 mortality (5), CDC analyzed annual multiple cause-of- @entity204 records(   ) for 1999-2015, the most recent years for which complete data are available. During 1999-2015, a total of 45,221 deaths with @entity3620 mentioned on the @entity204 certificate as the underlying or contributing cause of @entity204 were reported in the United States, increasing from 2,479 deaths in 1999 to 2,597 in 2015 (in the same time period the age-adjusted @entity204 rates(  ) decreased from 13.96 per million in 1999 to 10.93 in 2015). @entity3620 deaths increased for @entity1 aged >= 85 years, both sexes, @entity1 of white, black, and Asian or Pacific Islander race, and all ethnic groups. Despite regulatory actions and the decline in use of @entity1355 the annual number of @entity204 remains substantial. The continuing occurrence of @entity204 underscores the need for maintaining measures to prevent exposure to @entity1355 fibers and other causative EMPs and for ongoing surveillance to monitor temporal trends.

title: XXXX Mortality - United States, 1999-2015.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant mesothelioma', 'malignant mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesothelioma deaths', 'death']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['Malignant Mesothelioma']


abstract: IMPORTANCE: Management of cervical unknown primary @entity957 (CUP) has evolved with the introduction of transoral robotic surgery (TORS). OBJECTIVES: 1. To describe the efficacy of TORS lingual and palatine tonsillectomy in identifying the primary site of malignancy. 2. To explore how the extent of surgery affects diagnostic yield. 3. To report margin status of TORS resections. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity1 : A retrospective, single-center cohort study utilizing a prospectively collected database of CUP @entity1 in a high-volume tertiary referral center. @entity1 underwent operative laryngoscopy plus TORS as clinically indicated. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary end point was successful identification of the primary. The extent of surgery and margin status were also examined. RESULTS: From 2010-2016, 64 @entity1 with CUP were treated. The @entity5 was found in 51 @entity1 (80%). Fourteen @entity1 (22%) were identified with operative laryngoscopy alone. Fifty @entity1 underwent TORS lingual tonsillectomy    palatine tonsillectomy with 37 @entity5 identified (74%). The primary was located in the lingual tonsil in 32 @entity1 (86%) and palatine tonsil in 5 @entity1 (10%, p<0.001). Negative margins were achieved in 19 @entity1 (51%). The deep margin was the most commonly positive margin (47%, p=0.049). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Operative laryngoscopy with TORS is efficacious, localizing the primary in 80% of @entity1 . If a margin was positive, it was most commonly the deep margin. This study provides valuable information that can help standardize surgical technique, further increasing the diagnostic yield and decreasing the negative margin rate of TORS for CUP.

title: Transoral robotic surgery for management of cervical unknown primary XXXX : Updates on efficacy, surgical technique and margin status.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'primary tumor']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Since the initial publication of the International Study of @entity438 (ISUIA), management of unruptured @entity438 has been mainly based on the size of the @entity439 . The contribution of morphological characteristics to treatment decisions of @entity439 has not been well studied in a systematic and location specific manner. We present a large sample of basilar @entity438 (BTA) that were assessed using a diverse array of morphological variables to determine the parameters associated with @entity1756 . Demographic and clinical risk factors of @entity1756 were obtained from chart review. CT angiograms (CTA) were evaluated with Slicer, an open source visualization and image analysis software, to generate 3-D models of the @entity439 and surrounding vascular architecture. Morphological parameters examined in each model included @entity439 volume, aspect ratio, size ratio, @entity439 angle, basilar vessel angle, basilar flow angle, and vessel to vessel angles. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine statistical significance. From 2008-2013, 54 @entity1 with BTA @entity439 were evaluated in a single institution, and CTAs from 33 @entity1 (15 ruptured, 18 unruptured) were available and analyzed. @entity439 that underwent reoperation, that were associated with @entity2758 , or that lacked preoperative CTA were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a larger angle between the posterior cerebral arteries (P1-P1 angle, p=0.037) was most strongly associated with @entity1756 after adjusting for other morphological variables. In this location specific study of BTA @entity439 , the larger the angle formed between posterior cerebral arteries was found to be a new morphological parameter significantly associated with @entity1756 . This is a physically intuitive parameter that can be measured easily and readily applied in the clinical setting.

title: Posterior cerebral artery angle and the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous malformations']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms', 'artery tip aneurysms', 'intracranial aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm', 'Aneurysms', 'unruptured aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1756 :: ('MESH:D017542', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured aneurysms', 'ruptured BTA aneurysms', 'aneurysm rupture']

answer: @entity1756 :: (MESH:D017542,Disease) :: ['rupture of basilar tip aneurysms']


abstract: @entity25404 is the latest semi-synthetic 16-membered ring macrolide introduced into clinical practice. It is characterized by greater hydrophobicity, better bacterial uptake and a slower release, more cohesive ribosomal binding, and a longer post-antibiotic-effect (PAE) than can be observed with other available 14-, 15- and 16-membered ring macrolides. @entity25404 exerts its activity on strains that harbor inducible erm genes or the efflux gene, mef(A). It has also been reported to be more active in vitro than other 16-membered ring macrolides. However, these recognized features are not fully exploited yet because current automated test procedures used in many microbiological laboratories determine susceptibility only to @entity2929 or @entity4581 . Resistance to 16-membered ring macrolides cannot be predicted solely on the basis of known resistance to @entity2929 or @entity4581 as revealed by an automated susceptibility assay. At least equally important is the knowledge of the @entity4577 . This is underlined by the existence of Gram-positive coccal strains resistant to @entity2929 and other 14-,15-membered ring macrolides but susceptible to 16-membered ring macrolides. Since the local prevalence of @entity2929 phenotypes is generally unknown but might determine the outcome of treatment, the procedure for identifying the phenotypes in @entity2929 -resistant strains (which can be easily and cheaply performed using the two- or three-disk assay) should become routine, at least in the countries in which 16-membered ring macrolides are used. This approach should help to optimize the use of @entity7187 , improve our knowledge of the local prevalence of phenotypes resistant to @entity2929 , and offer the possibility of treating @entity281 caused by certain types of @entity2929 -resistant pathogens.

title: XXXX : bacterial resistance to a 16-membered ring macrolide differs from that to 14- and 15-membered ring macrolides.

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity25404 :: ('MESH:C033383', 'Chemical') :: ['Rokitamycin']

entities_list: @entity7187 :: ('MESH:D018942', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolides']

entities_list: @entity4577 :: ('MESH:D017192', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial resistance phenotype']

answer: @entity25404 :: (MESH:C033383,Chemical) :: ['Rokitamycin']


abstract: The therapeutic alternatives available for use against @entity2177 -resistant enteric @entity221 isolates in an endemic area are limited. The antibiotics currently available are the @entity5176 , third-generation @entity2886 and conventional first-line drugs. In this study, the MICs of various newer drugs were determined for 31 @entity2177 -resistant enteric @entity221 isolates (26 @entity1680 and 5 @entity11621 serovar Paratyphi A). MICs for @entity2177 , @entity800 , @entity7046 , @entity800 , @entity3524 , @entity6727 , @entity6944 and @entity4580 were determined using Etest strips and the agar dilution method. By Etest, all of the @entity2177 -resistant isolates had @entity2177 MICs >/=32 mug ml(-1). @entity1680 showed MIC(90) values of 0.50, 0.25 and 0.38 mug ml(-1) for @entity6727 , @entity3524 and @entity6944 , respectively. For the @entity2886 , a negligible difference in MIC(90) and MIC(50) values for @entity1680 and @entity10583 was observed. A single isolate of @entity1680 showed a high @entity4580 MIC of 64 mug ml(-1). The MIC(90) value for @entity4580 in @entity1680 and @entity10583 was 24 mug ml(-1). @entity7046 demonstrated lower resistance (80.8 %) compared with the other @entity5176 (92-100 %) in @entity1680 . The rise in MIC levels of these antimicrobials is a matter for serious concern.

title: In vitro activity of @entity4580 , newer @entity5176 and @entity2886 in @entity2177 -resistant XXXX causing enteric @entity221 .

entities_list: @entity7046 :: ('MESH:C078049', 'Chemical') :: ['gatifloxacin', 'Gatifloxacin']

entities_list: @entity10583 :: ('54388', 'Species') :: ['S. Paratyphi A', 'S. Paratyphi']

entities_list: @entity1680 :: ('90370', 'Species') :: ['S. Typhi', 'Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi']

entities_list: @entity5176 :: ('MESH:D015363', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolones']

entities_list: @entity6944 :: ('MESH:C043266', 'Chemical') :: ['cefepime']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity4580 :: ('MESH:D017963', 'Chemical') :: ['azithromycin']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity3524 :: ('MESH:D002439', 'Chemical') :: ['cefotaxime']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['levofloxacin', 'ofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity6727 :: ('MESH:D020682', 'Chemical') :: ['cefixime']

answer: @entity11621 :: (28901,Species) :: ['Salmonella']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of @entity73 in @entity1726 would allow appropriate monitoring and timely intervention to reduce the progression to @entity303 ( @entity3602 ). OBJECTIVE: To study the usefulness of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in the screening for mild @entity73 ( @entity1726 ) and its predictive utility in @entity73 in @entity1726 . METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study of @entity1 with mild @entity1726 . @entity1726 and @entity3602 was diagnosed based on the @entity717 ( @entity717 ) criteria. Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses and Cox regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: 95 @entity1 ; mean age 66.37 (SD 7.86); mean H_Y score of 1.99 (SD 0.45) were studied. At baseline, 34 @entity1 fulfilled the @entity717 criteria for @entity1726 . MoCA, compared to the MMSE had a high discriminatory power in detecting @entity1726 [Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.912, p  <  0.001]. A MoCA score of  <=26 provided a sensitivity of 93.1% for the diagnosis of @entity1726 . In the longitudinal cohort over 2 years, baseline MOCA was useful in predicting @entity73 (AUC of 0.707, p  =  0.05). With Cox regression analyses, a 1-point lower score on baseline MoCA was associated with a 34% increased risk of @entity73 [Hazard ratio (HR) 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03-1.74: p  =  0.029]. A baseline MoCA  <=26 was highly predictive of progressive @entity73 (HR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.38-5.07; p  <  0.01). CONCLUSIONS: MoCA is a reliable tool in predicting @entity73 in early @entity1726 . A MoCA score of  <=26 significantly increases the risk for progressive @entity73 .

title: Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the screening and prediction of XXXX in early Parkinson's disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'determining longitudinal cognitive decline', 'cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['MDS', 'Movement Disorder taskforce']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive decline']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Series of @entity1 systematically investigating the outcome of clinically nonfunctioning @entity977 (NFAs) not treated by surgery or radiotherapy during long follow-up periods are limited. Most reports involve the follow-up of selected cases of incidentally found lesions, rendering their results unreliable on the assessment of the pros and cons of a 'watch and wait' policy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome of a series of consecutive @entity1 with presumed NFA (microadenoma or macroadenoma), who were not offered treatment at presentation (for a number of reasons) and were regularly followed up, and to identify possible factors predicting subsequent increase in @entity5 size. @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 presenting to the Department of Endocrinology in Oxford between 1989 and 2005 with presumed NFA were studied retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were: (i) imaging features suggestive of a @entity977 , (ii) no clinical and/or biochemical evidence of hormonal hypersecretion by the @entity5 , (iii) monitoring being the initial choice of management, and (iv) at least one repeat scan during the follow-up period. Subjects presenting with acute apoplexy were excluded. Follow-up management included clinical evaluation, assessment of the visual acuity and fields and imaging at regular intervals. The duration of observation was estimated from the dates of first and last scan. RESULTS: Forty subjects were included in the study [18 males/22 females, median age 52 years (range 18-89), 16 with microadenoma/24 with macroadenoma]. The mean follow-up period was 42 months (range 8-128). During the observation interval, 12.5% of the microadenomas and 50% of the macroadenomas increased in size. The 48-month probability for enlargement was 19% for the microadenomas and 44% for the macroadenomas. Among the subjects with @entity5 enlargement, 57% showed new or worse @entity227 (all had macroadenomas) and 21% showed chiasmatic involvement on imaging without @entity227 (all had macroadenomas). New or worse @entity227 were found in 67% of the macroadenomas showing increase in size. No microadenoma enlarged to cause @entity227 . In microadenomas, sex and age at presentation were not predictors of enlargement. In macroadenomas, sex, age, @entity227 or cavernous sinus invasion at presentation were not predictors of enlargement. CONCLUSIONS: The 'watch and wait' policy seems reasonable for microadenomas but is probably not a safe approach for macroadenomas, which appear to have a significant growth potential; in these cases, given the lack of established medical treatment, the decision for surgical intervention should balance the presence of significant comorbidities and the anaesthetic/peri-operative risks at presentation against the probability of @entity5 enlargement and its consequences, as well as the possible loss of advantages associated with early operation.

title: What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deterioration', 'visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas', 'pituitary adenoma']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1418 ( @entity1418 ) is the most common subtype of soft-tissue @entity242 . Detailed understanding of this @entity5 type may lead to improved therapeutic strategies. METHODS: An institutional review was performed on all @entity1 with primary @entity1418 of the extremities and trunk operated on between 1988 and 2000. RESULTS: Ninety-seven @entity1 with histologically confirmed @entity1418 (G1, n=8; G2, n=25; G3, n=64) were analyzed. Local recurrence was 31% after a median of 13 months. Distant @entity3 occurred in 29 @entity1 (30%). After a median follow-up of 4.5 years, 54 @entity1 were alive without evidence of disease; median survival time was 84 months at a cumulative 5-year survival rate of 70%. Tumor size significantly influenced disease-free survival (T2 vs T1, P<.01, risk ratio [RR] 6.0), as did @entity5 depth ( @entity5 , P<.01, RR 3.1) and presence of positive lymph nodes (P=.02, RR 6.9). Positive microscopic margins and @entity5 were associated with an increased local recurrence rate (RR 4.8, P<.001 and RR 3.5, P=.02, respectively). Significant multivariate risk factors of distant @entity3 were @entity5 size, depth, and grade. Though not performed in a randomized fashion, a subgroup analysis indicated that adjuvant radiation therapy significantly reduced @entity5 failure. CONCLUSION: We conclude that aggressive, albeit limb-preserving resection of @entity1418 , should be performed at initial operation to minimize risk of local recurrence; a strict follow-up especially of @entity5 should be performed.

title: XXXX of the extremities and trunk: an institutional review.

entities_list: @entity1418 :: ('MESH:D051677', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant fibrous histiocytoma', 'MFH']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'subfascial tumors', 'local tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity1418 :: (MESH:D051677,Disease) :: ['Malignant fibrous histiocytoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether socioeconomic status (SES) influences access to invasive @entity299 after @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in a universal health care system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of SES on access to cardiac procedure after @entity583 in a universal health care system. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study of all @entity1 with a first @entity583 in the province of Quebec, Canada, between 1985 to 1995. Information on treatment was obtained from the discharge and physicians' claims databases. SES was obtained from census data by linking postal codes. SES-independent predictors of use were identified, then incorporated in hierarchical models to predict use in low, medium, and high SES areas. The main outcome measures were rates of cardiac catheterization, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) as a function of SES. RESULTS: SES data were available for 62,364 individuals with a first @entity583 . Of these, 65% were @entity1 and the mean age was 64 +/- 13 years. Rates of @entity299 rose with an increase in several SES measures. After adjustment for individual-level predictors of use of cardiac catheterization, average rent, (odds ratio per  100 difference: 1.57, 95% credible interval: 1.36 to 1.80) and proportion of renters, (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI: 1.21 to 3.73) in the area were independent SES predictors. @entity1 in low SES areas (median family income:   30,809 CDN) were less likely to undergo cardiac catheterization than @entity1 in high SES areas ( 92,169 CDN) ( @entity1 : 33%; compared with 47%; @entity1 : 18%; compared with 47%). However, among @entity1 with cardiac catheterization, SES was not associated with the use of revascularization procedures. For example, PCI rates for @entity1 within 90 days after @entity583 were 26%, compared with 25% in low and high SES areas, respectively. CABG rates were 15%, compared with 19%. CONCLUSIONS: We found that in the universal health care system of Canada, access to cardiac catheterization after @entity583 varied according to SES. Among those with cardiac catheterization, SES did not appear to influence further use of revascularization procedures.

title: Universal health insurance coverage does not eliminate inequities in access to XXXX after @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac procedures']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac procedures']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Medicine use for aches and @entity458 is common among adolescents. Medicines are toxic and may have harmful side effects. It is therefore important to study change over time and patterns of medicine use. The objective of this paper is to describe self-reported medicine use for @entity10 , stomach-aches, @entity998 , and nervousness among 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old @entity1 and @entity1 from 1968 to 2006. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data material is 6 comparable and representative cross-sectional studies of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds from 1988, 1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006, total n = 23,871. Data were collected by a validated self-report method for medicine use and prevalence of the corresponding complaints. RESULTS: The proportion of students who used medicine for @entity10 within the previous month increased from 24.6% in 1988 to 42.0% in 2002 and 41.5% in 2006. The proportion who used medicine for stomach-aches increased from 7.5% in 1988 to 16.2% in 2002 and 15.2% in 2006. The proportion who used medicine for @entity998 increased from 2.2% to 5.1%, and the proportion who used medicine for nervousness increased from 0.7% to 3.8%. There were increasing proportions of users in most sex- and age-specific subgroups. In the same period, the proportion who reported @entity10 and stomach-aches within the previous month decreased. The proportion who reported nervousness and @entity998 did not change much in this period. CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old student's use of medicine for aches and @entity458 from 1988 to 2006. In the same period, there was a decrease in the prevalence of students who reported @entity158 monthly.

title: [ XXXX 's and adolescent's use of medicine for aches and @entity458 : secular trends from 1988 to 2006].

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['difficulties in falling asleep']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological problems']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: Nigella sativa (black seed) is an important medicinal herb. In many Arabian, Asian and African countries, black seed oil is used as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases, including various @entity566 . The plant's mechanism of action is still largely unknown. Due to the lack of study data on its efficacy in @entity566 , four studies on the clinical efficacy of Nigella sativa in @entity56 are presented. In these studies, a total of 152 @entity1 with @entity56 ( @entity2023 , @entity565 , @entity483 ) were treated with Nigella sativa oil, given in capsules at a dose of 40 to 80 mg/kg/day. The @entity1 scored the subjective severity of target symptoms using a predefined scale. The following laboratory parameters were investigated: IgE, eosinophil count, endogenous @entity701 in plasma and urine, ACTH, @entity1674 , total @entity165 , LDL and HDL @entity165 and lymphocyte subpopulations. The score of subjective feeling decreased over the course of treatment with black seed oil in all four studies. A slight decrease in plasma @entity1674 and a discrete increase in HDL @entity165 occurred while the lymphocyte subpopulations, endogenous @entity701 levels and ACTH release remained unchanged. Black seed oil therefore proved to be an effective adjuvant for the treatment of @entity56 .

title: Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on subjective feeling in XXXX with @entity56 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic eczema']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['allergies']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: There are no conclusive studies that would allow us to distinguish between @entity1 with severe @entity360 ( @entity360 ) who require emergency surgery and those who do not. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological factors that would allow us to distinguish between severe @entity360 requiring emergency surgery and self-limiting @entity360 and to analyze the surgical management of these @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 175 @entity1 with @entity360 (severe @entity548 with a decrease in hematocrit > or = 10 points or transfusion of at least three units of packed red blood cells) treated between 1980 and 2002 and selected 28 @entity1 (16%) who required emergency surgery. The control group consisted of @entity1 with @entity360 who did not require surgery. Student's t-test and the Chi-squared test were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Comparison of severe @entity360 requiring emergency surgery with self-limiting @entity360 revealed three variables that could serve as a guide to differentiating between these entities, namely: age less than 80 years (p = 0.013), the presence of @entity551 on arrival at the emergency department (p < 0.0001), and cause of @entity548 (p < 0.0001). Among @entity1 requiring emergency surgery, the origin was ano-rectal in nine (32%) and consequently the approach used was perianal. In the remaining @entity1 (n = 19) the abdominal approach was used. In 10 @entity1 , etiologic diagnosis was not available before surgery and the source of @entity548 was identified during the intervention in 6 of these @entity1 . In the four remaining @entity1 without etiological diagnosis before surgery, subtotal colectomy was performed. In the remaining @entity1 , local resection of the affected area was performed (3 right hemicolectomies, 9 small bowel resections, and 3 resections of @entity8529 ). Morbidity was 18% and mortality was 7%. CONCLUSION: Distinguishing between self-limiting @entity360 and @entity360 requiring emergency surgery is difficult. In our series, the only factors predictive of emergency surgery were hemodynamic instability on arrival at the emergency department and age less than 80 years. Cause of @entity548 is not a predictive factor as it generally unknown at symptom onset.

title: [Emergency surgery in severe XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['rectal bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['LGIH', 'lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity8529 :: ('MESH:D008467', 'Disease') :: ["Meckel's diverticulum"]

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage']


abstract: The abdominal intraperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid @entity9007 is an infrequent but important complication in @entity1 with ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Since 1954, 115 cases of @entity9007 have been reported in the literature. One additional report deals with an adult @entity1 . We report on 14 cases of sonographically diagnosed @entity1661 . Their aetiology, diagnosis, clinical signs and symptoms and surgical management are investigated. In our @entity1276 series we have an incidence of @entity9007 .5%. The most common presentation of the paediatric @entity1 is with symptoms of @entity428 and @entity490 , whereas the adults have predominantly local abdominal signs. Diagnosis is readily made with ultrasonography. Predisposing factors for @entity9007 formation are multiple shunt revisions and @entity281 . Microscopically, the pseudocysts consist of fibrous tissue without epithelial lining. The treatment involves surgical removal of the catheter with or without excision of the @entity9007 wall and placement of a new catheter intraperitoneally in a different quadrant or an intra-atrial shunt. Recurrences are rare, especially under appropriate medical treatment of @entity281 . In our series, microbiologically proven @entity281 was present in 30% of the cases.

title: Abdominal CSF pseudocysts in XXXX with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. Report of fourteen cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['elevated intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pseudocysts']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pseudocyst formation of 4', 'pseudocyst', 'paediatric pseudocysts']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Currently, benefits of robotic surgery in @entity1 with benign gynecological conditions remain unclear. In this study, we compared the surgical outcome of robotic and laparoscopic total hysterectomies and evaluated the feasibility of robotic surgery in cases with @entity530 or large uterus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 216 @entity1 receiving total hysterectomy via robotic or laparoscopic approach were included in this study. Of all 216 @entity1 , 88 underwent robotic total hysterectomy and 128 underwent laparoscopic total hysterectomy. All cases were grouped by surgical type, adhesion score, and uterine weight to evaluate the interaction or individual effect to the surgical outcomes. The perioperative parameters, including operation time, @entity190 , @entity282 score, time to full diet resumption, length of hospital stay, conversion rate, and surgery-related complications were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Operation time and @entity190 were affected by both surgical type and adhesion score. For cases with severe @entity1104 (adhesion score greater than 4), robotic surgery was associated with a shortened operation time (113.9    38.4 min versus 164.3    81.4 min, P = 0.007) and reduced @entity190 (187.5    148.7 mL versus 385.7    482.6, P=0.044) compared with laparoscopy. Moreover, robotic group showed a lower @entity282 score than laparoscopic group, as the effect was found to be independent of adhesion score or uterine weight. The grade-II complication rate was also found to be lower in the robotic group. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing to laparoscopic approach, robotic surgery is a feasible and potential alternative for performing total hysterectomy with severe @entity1104 .

title: Comparison of robotic surgery and laparoscopy to perform total hysterectomy with XXXX or large uterus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic adhesions']

entities_list: @entity1104 :: ('MESH:D000267', 'Disease') :: ['adhesions']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity530 :: (MESH:D010386,Disease) :: ['pelvic adhesions']


abstract: The management of spontaneous @entity397 of the esophagus (SRE) is still somewhat controversial, but primary repair, with or without suture line plication, remains the backbone of therapy. Although the short-term results of the surgical therapy of SRE have been widely published, reports of the long-term follow-up have been scarce. The short- and long-term results of the treatment of 18 @entity1 presenting with SRE over the sixteen-year period, 1971-1987, are reviewed. The general approach has been to perform a primary repair, with or without suture line plication, depending on whether, after debridement, the tissues appear adequate enough to hold sutures. Fifteen @entity1 underwent primary repair. One @entity1 underwent cervical esophagostomy in continuity and exclusion of the repair. One was managed with chest tube drainage, while another was treated with T-tube drainage of the @entity397 . Those undergoing surgery within 12 hours of @entity397 are termed "early" (E), all others "late" (L). Eight primary repairs were plicated with gastric fundus with six recoveries (three "E", three "L"); three with a @entity456 with one recovery (one "L"); and four were not plicated with three recoveries (two "E," one "L"). Follow-up with esophagogram in eight of 11 survivors ranged from 6 weeks to 8 years (mean 28 months). Four @entity1 with fundoplication and one without plication had normal esophagography. Two @entity1 with fundoplication had stricture in the lower esophagus. In both, the fundoplicated segment had been left above the diaphragm. The @entity1 whose repair was excluded just above the stomach had @entity850 at that level. Three of the 11 survivors were lost to follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Spontaneous XXXX of the esophagus: immediate and late results.

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural flap']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['rupture']


abstract: Pleasure is described as a state or feeling of happiness and satisfaction resulting from an experience that one enjoys. We examine the neurobiological factors underlying reward processes and pleasure phenomena. With regard to possible negative effects of pleasure, we focus on addiction and motivational @entity137 . Pleasure can serve cognition, productivity and health, but simultaneously promotes addiction and other negative behaviors. It is a complex neurobiological phenomenon, relying on reward circuitry or limbic activity. These processes involve dopaminergic signaling. Moreover, @entity1239 , @entity2072 and @entity167 appear to exert their pleasure providing action via endogenous morphinergic mechanisms. Natural rewarding activities are necessary for survival and appetitive motivation, usually governing beneficial biological behaviors like eating, sex and reproduction. Social contacts can further facilitate the positive effects exerted by pleasurable experiences. However, artificial stimulants can be detrimental, since flexibility and normal control of behavior are deteriorated. Additionally, addictive drugs are capable of directly acting on reward pathways, now, in part, via endogenous @entity1286 processes.

title: @entity1239 , @entity167 and @entity2072 coupling to reward processes via endogenous XXXX signaling: the dopamine- @entity1286 hypothesis.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

answer: @entity1286 :: (MESH:D009020,Chemical) :: ['morphine']


abstract: Several studies have examined @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and related factors in @entity1 with @entity306 , but there are no such studies of adults with @entity306 . We evaluated @entity79 in 123 institutionalized adults (51 @entity1 aged 21-41 years and 72 premenopausal @entity1 aged 24-46 years) with @entity306 , and examined the associations of @entity79 with mobility level, use of anticonvulsant drugs, and abnormal @entity460 metabolism status. Hand radiographs were used to measure @entity79 of the second metacarpal bone (mBMD). Body weight (kg), height (m), and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Serum @entity460 , @entity1391 , and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Abnormal @entity460 metabolism, defined as @entity460 <8.5 mg/dl, @entity1391 <2.6 mg/dl, or alkaline phosphatase >260 U/l, was identified in 28% of the @entity1 and 31% of the @entity1 . Multiple regression analysis showed that the use of anticonvulsant drugs was significantly associated with lower mBMD in both sexes. Higher alkaline phosphatase level was significantly associated with lower mBMD in @entity1 . Mobility level (ambulation) was significantly associated with higher mBMD in @entity1 . Neither age nor BMI correlated with mBMD. Our findings indicated poor bone health status in adults with @entity306 and the existence of several factors that could affect bone metabolism in these @entity1 .

title: Factors influencing metacarpal @entity79 in adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['cerebral palsy']


abstract: All @entity526 strains so far examined possess a chromosomally encoded nanATEK-yhcH operon for the catabolism of @entity7451 . These unique nine- @entity505 sugars are synthesized primarily by higher eukaryotes and can be used as @entity505 , @entity1568 , and energy sources by a variety of microbial pathogens or commensals. The gene nanR, located immediately upstream of the operon, encodes a protein of the FadR/GntR family that represses nan expression in trans. S1 analysis identified the nan transcriptional start, and DNA footprint analysis showed that NanR binds to a region of approximately 30 bp covering the promoter region. Native (nondenaturing) @entity2975 gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and chemical cross-linking indicated that NanR forms homodimers in solution. The region protected by NanR contains three tandem repeats of the hexameric sequence GGTATA. Gel shift analysis with purified @entity37231 -tagged or native NanR detected three retarded complexes, suggesting that NanR binds sequentially to the three repeats. Artificial operators carrying different numbers of repeats formed the corresponding number of complexes. Among the @entity3363 tested that were predicted to be products of the nan-encoded system, only the exogenous addition of @entity3167 resulted in the dramatic induction of a chromosomal nanA-lacZ fusion or displaced NanR from its operator in vitro. Titration of NanR by the nan promoter region or artificial operators carrying different numbers of the GGTATA repeat on plasmids in this fusion strain supported the binding of the regulator to target DNA in vivo. Together, the results indicate that GGTATA is important for NanR binding, but the precise mechanism remains to be determined.

title: Regulation of XXXX catabolism by the DNA binding protein NanR in @entity526 .

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity3167 :: ('MESH:D019158', 'Chemical') :: ['sialic acid']

entities_list: @entity7451 :: ('MESH:D012794', 'Chemical') :: ['sialic acids']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity37231 :: ('MESH:C471213', 'Chemical') :: ['hexahistidine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity3167 :: (MESH:D019158,Chemical) :: ['sialic acid']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Scaphoid bones have a high prevalence for non-union. Even with adequate treatment, bone regeneration may not occur in certain instances. Although this condition is well described, the molecular pathology of scaphoid non-unions is still poorly defined. In this study, gene expression of osteogenic and angiogenic growth and transcription factors as well as inflammatory mediators were analysed in @entity1 scaphoid non-unions and intraindividually compared to adjacent autologous cancellous bone from the distal radius. In addition, histology and immunohistochemical stainings were performed to verify qRT-PCR data. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of @entity5298 , @entity3064 , @entity4910 , @entity1550 , @entity5299 , @entity9889 , @entity2533 and @entity18297 in scaphoid non-unions. Interestingly, @entity5298 and @entity9889 , both markers for osteoclastogenesis, were significantly induced in non-unions. Moreover, @entity18297 was highly up-regulated in all non-union samples. TRAP staining confirmed the observation of induced osteoclastogenesis in non-unions. With respect to genes related to osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase was significantly up-regulated in scaphoid non-unions. No differences were detectable for other osteogenic genes such as @entity8087 or @entity1841 . Importantly, we did not detect differences in angiogenesis between scaphoid non-unions and controls in both gene expression and immunohistochemistry. Summarized, our data indicate increased osteoclast activity in scaphoid non-unions possibly as a result of the alterations in @entity5298 , @entity2533 and @entity18297 expression levels. These data increase our understanding for the reduced bone regeneration capacity present in scaphoid non-unions and may translate into the identification of new therapeutic targets to avoid secondary damages and prevent occurrence of non-unions to scaphoid bones.

title: XXXX scaphoid non-unions exhibit increased osteoclast activity compared to adjacent cancellous bone.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: @entity68 is an essential trace element for almost all organisms. However, an excess of this metal within cells can be deleterious on account of catalysis of cell-damaging @entity3787 radicals. Therefore, the concentration of @entity68 within cells is tightly regulated and the primary control occurs by regulating its uptake. Under conditions of low @entity68 availability, most fungi mobilize extracellular @entity68 by excretion of low-molecular-mass ferric @entity68 chelators, termed siderophores. Due to the potential impact of @entity68 metabolism on fungal pathogenicity, a better insight into siderophore-mediated @entity68 uptake is needed. In @entity14940 , siderophore biosynthesis and uptake are negatively regulated by the GATA-type transcription factor SREA. Hence, genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis and uptake are characterized by transcriptional induction under @entity68 limitation in wild-type strain and de-repression in an sreA-deletion strain under conditions of sufficient @entity68 supply. Such genes have been searched for using different strategies, e.g. differential mRNA display and expression analysis of candidate genes from various A. nidulans sequence databases. The identified genes presumably encode enzymes needed for siderophore biosynthesis, and transporters involved in siderophore uptake and/or excretion. The functional characterization of these genes will help to unravel the pathways involved in siderophore biosynthesis and uptake.

title: Identification of members of the XXXX SREA regulon: genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis and utilization.

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity14940 :: ('162425', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']

answer: @entity14940 :: (162425,Species) :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this clinical trial is to evaluate the influence of high and low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery with apical lymph node dissection on the anastomotic blood supply, lymph node retrieval rate, operative time and @entity834 rate in @entity5 surgery. METHODS: A total of 57 Chinese @entity1 were randomly distributed into group A and group B and underwent radical resection of @entity5 . @entity1 in group A underwent high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery, and @entity1 in group B underwent apical lymph node resection around the root of the inferior mesenteric artery with preservation of the left colic artery. The marginal artery stump pressure was measured after colon and artery reconstruction. Systemic pressure, distal colon length, operative time and lymph node retrieval rate were measured and recorded. The results were analysed and related to @entity1 characteristics and @entity532 . RESULTS: The anastomotic blood supply negatively and linearly correlated with age and distal colon length and showed a positive linear correlation with systemic pressure. @entity1 who received low ligation with apical lymph node dissection had a better anastomotic blood supply than those who received high ligation. No differences were found in lymph node retrieval rate, operative time and @entity834 rate. @entity834 was associated with a worse anastomotic blood supply. CONCLUSIONS: Low ligation with apical lymph node dissection in @entity5 treatment provides better anastomotic blood supply but is not associated with differences in node retrieval rate or operation time.

title: Marginal artery stump pressure in left colic artery-preserving XXXX surgery: a clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['post-operative complications']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['Anastomotic leakage', 'anastomotic leakage']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A new system for the classification of @entity356 , based on the number of metastatic lymph nodes, has been adopted by the current American Joint Committee on @entity5 /International Union Against @entity5 (AJCC/UICC) TNM system (1997). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rationality of this classification in comparison with the Japanese classification, which is based on the location of positive lymph nodes. METHODS: The authors analyzed 587 @entity1 who underwent clinically curative gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for @entity356 and each had 15 or more lymph nodes histologically examined from 1982 to 1992. Multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model was carried out to determine which classification was more effective. RESULTS: Within the @entity3121 or @entity477 category of the new AJCC/UICC system, no significant difference in the survival rates existed between n1 @entity1 and n2 @entity1 of the Japanese classification. On the other hand, the survival rates significantly decreased, in the order of @entity3121 , @entity477 , and @entity8603 (from greatest to smallest decrease), within the n1 and n2 categories. In multivariate analysis, lymph node involvement by the AJCC/UICC classification was selected as the most significant prognostic determinant, whereas the Japanese lymph node classification was not significantly prognostic. When survival rates were calculated within the @entity2558 , pT2, and @entity1803 -4 categories, no differences existed between pN0 and @entity3121 . There was some discrepancy between the survival rate for each pT and pN category and the corresponding stage. CONCLUSIONS: The new AJCC/UICC classification for lymph node involvement of @entity356 is basically acceptable and considered superior to the Japanese classification. Further analysis involving a greater number of cases may be necessary to confirm the applicability of this staging system.

title: Evaluation of the New American Joint Committee on @entity5 /International Union against @entity5 classification of lymph node metastasis from XXXX in comparison with the Japanese classification.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric carcinoma']


abstract: Continued uptake of modified low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by the scavenger receptor, @entity18901 , of activated macrophages is a crucial process in the development of @entity731 and leads to the formation of foam cells. Eight-weeks-old male @entity6970 -deficient ( @entity6970 (-/-)) @entity19 (n=6) were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. C57BL/6J wildtype (WT) @entity19 served as controls (n=6). Positron emission tomography (PET) with an acquisition time of 1800s (NanoPET/CT scanner; Mediso, Hungary _ Bioscan, USA) was carried out 24h after intravenous tail vein administration of 50  l (64)Cu- @entity18901 -Fc (~20-30  g labeled protein/ @entity19 containing approximately 10-12MBq (64)Cu- @entity18901 -Fc per @entity19 ). Three days after PET/CT, all @entity19 received an intravenous administration of 0.2 mmol/kg body weight of a @entity2287 -based @entity20616 -binding contrast agent to assess plaque burden and vessel wall remodeling. Two hours after injection, @entity19 were imaged in a 3T clinical MR scanner (Philips Healthcare, Best, NL) using a dedicated single loop surface coil (23mm). Enhanced (64)Cu- @entity18901 -Fc uptake was found in the aortic arches of @entity6970 (-/-) compared to WT @entity19 ( @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 :10.5  1.5Bq/cm   vs. WT @entity19 : 2.1  0.3Bq/cm  ; P=0.002). Higher @entity2287 -based @entity20616 -binding contrast agent uptake was also detected in the aortic arch of @entity6970 (-/-) compared to WT @entity19 using R(1) maps (R(1)=1.47  0.06 s(-1) vs. 0.92  0.05 s(-1); P <0.001). Radiolabeled scavenger receptor ((64)Cu- @entity18901 -Fc) may help to target foam cell rich plaques with high content of oxidized LDL. This novel imaging biomarker tool may have potential to identify unstable plaques and for risk stratification.

title: PET/CT and MR imaging biomarker of lipid-rich plaques using [(64)Cu]-labeled scavenger receptor ( XXXX -Fc).

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic plaques']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity18901 :: (12514(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CD68']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 is the second most common cause of death in Thai @entity1 and @entity5 is the most common. The prevalence of @entity5 in Thai elderly @entity1 is unknown. What is the optimum time for a regular Papanicolaou smear check up. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of healthy elderly @entity1 (age >60 years) who lived within a 10-kilometer radius of Siriraj Hospital was carried out. All had their history taken and were examined by vaginal examination and Papanicolaou smear for @entity5 screening three times; on the day of enrollment, at one-year and two-years. RESULTS: Six hundred and eighty two @entity1 aged 60-88 years were recruited. There were 7 cases (1.0%) who had a positive Papanicolaou smear on the day of enrollment. Six cases (0.9%) had complete investigations: 2 cases (33.3%) had @entity3 stage III b, 4 cases had @entity3354 . There was one case out of 268 (0.4%) at one-year and one case out of 342 (0.3%) at two-years who had a positive Papanicolaou smear and the final diagnosis was @entity3354 . CONCLUSION: The prevalence of @entity5 in Thai elderly @entity1 in this study was 1 per cent. Thai elderly @entity1 need a yearly Papanicolaou smear check up.

title: XXXX in elderly Thais.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Neoplasm', 'cancer', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cervical cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cervical cancer']