abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: To quantify and identify the determinants of the 5-year change in the respiratory disturbance index (RDI). DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study (Cleveland Family Study). Multivariate analyses were used to quantify baseline RDI and RDI change. SETTING: Community-based study. @entity1 : 486 cohort members (62% from families of probands with @entity25 @entity1353 [SDB])--mean age 31.6 +/- 17.9 (SD) years, 60% female, 21% Black ethnicity--who underwent 2 assessments over 5.3 +/- 0.9 (SD) years. INTERVENTIONS: NA. MEASUREMENTS: The RDI was measured twice over approximately 5 years with in-home monitoring. Symptoms and medical histories were obtained from standardized questionnaires, and weight, height, and blood pressure were measured. RESULTS: The prevalence of SDB (defined by a RDI > or = 15), increased from 13.7% to 23.4% (P < 0.01) in @entity1 and from 8.3% to 11.4% (P = 0.13) in females. Baseline and follow-up mean RDIs were 6.0 +/- 10.0 and 8.6 +/- 14.3; both were higher in older individuals, in @entity1 , and in those with a higher body mass index. Median 5-year change in RDI varied nonlinearly with age (-0.1, 1.1, 2.3, and 0.9, for those < 18, 19-40, 41-54, and > or = 55 years, respectively) and @entity28 (2.8 vs -0.1, for the top versus lowest body mass index quartile). The effects of changing weight and aging varied in population subgroups. At any given age and weight, the RDI increased less in @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal change in the RDI varies nonuniformly with age, sex, and weight. Older heavier @entity1 may experience the highest rate of increase in RDI over time and, thus, may benefit most from prospective monitoring.

title: Predictors of longitudinal change in @entity25 XXXX in a nonclinic population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-disordered']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

answer: @entity1353 :: (MESH:D004417,Disease) :: ['breathing']


abstract: 1. With a breakdown of the vascular-CNS barrier, serum enters the nervous system. Although this is a frequent pathophysiological event, knowledge of the effects of serum on the function of the nervous system is limited. In this study, we examined the effects of serum on the activity of ion channels in M  ller cells: the principal glia of the retina. 2. Freshly dissociated M  ller cells from the @entity291 and @entity1 retina were studied with the perforated-patch configuration of the patch clamp technique. In other experiments, electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from isolated @entity35 retinas. 3. Perforated-patch recordings revealed that serum induced a @entity460 -permeable, non-specific cation (NSC) current. Approximately 40 s after induction of this current, an outwardly rectifying K+ current was also detected. Sensitivity to charybdotoxin and margatoxin indicated that this K+ current was due to the activation of @entity12309 channels. This increase in the @entity12309 current was dependent on extracellular @entity460 . 4. The NSC and @entity12309 currents were activated by serum in 100% and 95% of the sampled M  ller cells, respectively. Also, in a minority (21%) of the cells, the inwardly rectifying K+ current was inhibited slightly. These changes in ion channel activity were associated with depolarization of the M  ller cells. 5. We hypothesized that activation of NSC channels would reduce the siphoning of K+ via the M  ller cells. Consistent with this idea, ERGs from isolated retinas showed serum-induced reductions in the slow PIII component, which is generated by M  ller cells responding to light-evoked changes in the extracellular K+ concentration. 6. @entity4990 ( @entity4991 ), a component of serum, had effects on M  ller cells that were qualitatively similar to those induced by serum. 7. Our observations demonstrate that exposure to serum alters the activity of multiple types of ion channels in M  ller glial cells of the @entity1 retina. When there is a breakdown of the blood-retina barrier, @entity4991 may be one of the serum-derived molecules which regulates the physiology of M  ller cells.

title: Serum-induced changes in the physiology of XXXX retinal glial cells: role of @entity4990 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity4990 :: ('MESH:C032881', 'Chemical') :: ['Lysophosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Three-dimensional in vitro @entity5 models are needed to obtain more information about drug behavior in @entity5 . The aim of this study is to establish a new model for @entity157 ( @entity157 ) using decellularized @entity35 livers. After generating the @entity35 liver scaffolds, HepG2 @entity96 cells were perfused via the portal vein and placed in a bioreactor for 10 days. Histology was performed to analyze cell distribution within the scaffolds. Function and @entity5 -related gene expression were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We evaluated the function of HepG2 cells grown on scaffolds in the presence of a well-known anti- @entity5 drug to investigate the potential application of our system for drug screening. The scaffolds were devoid of cellular materials and preserved extracellular matrix components. HepG2 cells grew well on the scaffolds. The PCR results showed that the cells maintained function and invasion ability at significantly higher levels than cells grown on two-dimensional (2-D) dishes or spheroids on Matrigel. Unlike the 2-D cultures, albumin secretion and alpha-fetoprotein expression in three-dimensional cultures were less susceptible to lower concentrations of the drug. Cells grown in scaffolds seemed to respond to the drug in an analogous manner to its known activity in vivo. These findings strengthen the potential use of @entity35 liver scaffolds for screening @entity157 drugs.    2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 263-273, 2016.

title: Three dimensional culture of HepG2 liver cells on a XXXX decellularized liver matrix for pharmacological studies.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Differences in gut bacteria have been described in several @entity792 . In this exploratory pilot study, we compared gut bacteria in @entity1 with @entity15 and healthy controls and evaluated the influence of @entity1638 and @entity560 treatment on the microbiota. METHODS: Subjects were otherwise healthy white @entity1 with or without relapsing-remitting @entity15 who were @entity560 insufficient. @entity1 with @entity15 were untreated or were receiving @entity1638 . Subjects collected stool at baseline and after 90 days of @entity3875 (5000 IU/d) supplementation. The abundance of operational taxonomic units was evaluated by hybridization of 16S rRNA to a DNA microarray. RESULTS: While there was overlap of gut bacterial communities, the abundance of some operational taxonomic units, including Faecalibacterium, was lower in @entity1 with @entity15 . @entity1638 -treated @entity1 with @entity15 showed differences in community composition compared with untreated subjects, including Bacteroidaceae, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillaceae, Clostridium, and other Clostridiales. Compared with the other groups, untreated @entity1 with @entity15 had an increase in the Akkermansia, Faecalibacterium, and Coprococcus genera after @entity560 supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: While overall bacterial communities were similar, specific operational taxonomic units differed between healthy controls and @entity1 with @entity15 . @entity1638 and @entity560 supplementation were associated with differences or changes in the microbiota. This study was exploratory, and larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

title: Gut microbiota in XXXX : possible influence of immunomodulators.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1638 :: ('MESH:C089995', 'Chemical') :: ['Glatiramer acetate', 'glatiramer acetate']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorders']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: In the cold-shock protein CspB from @entity3881 three exposed @entity815 residues (F15, F17, and F27) are essential for its function in binding to single-stranded nucleic acids. Usually, the hydrophobic @entity815 side chains are buried in folded proteins. We asked here whether the exposition of the essential @entity815 residues could be a cause for the very low conformational stability of CspB. Urea-induced and heat-induced equilibrium unfolding transitions were measured for three mutants of CspB, where @entity815 15, @entity815 17, and @entity815 27 were individually replaced by @entity493 . Unexpectedly, all three mutations strongly destabilized CspB. The aromatic side chains of @entity815 15, @entity815 17, and @entity815 27 in the active site are thus important for both binding to nucleic acids and conformational stability. There is no compromise between function and stability in the active site. Model calculations indicate that, although they are partially exposed to solvent, all three @entity815 residues nevertheless lose accessible surface upon folding, and this should favor the native state. A different result is obtained with the @entity59096 variant. @entity815 38 is hyperexposed in native CspB, and its substitution by Ala is in fact stabilizing.

title: Surface-exposed phenylalanines in the RNP1/RNP2 motif stabilize the cold-shock protein CspB from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis']

entities_list: @entity59096 :: ('p|SUB|F|38|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['F38A']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity3881 :: (1423,Species) :: ['Bacillus subtilis']


abstract: AIMS: From the viewpoint of histogenesis, @entity2220 can be subdivided into two groups: terminal respiratory unit (TRU) and non-TRU types. We recently reported a @entity1576 designated as ciliated @entity420 (we now prefer central @entity420 ). We suggest reasons that @entity3079 should encompass central @entity420 to represent its biological characteristics as @entity1576 . METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity3558 ( @entity5089 and @entity5090 were expressed more significantly in @entity1576 (P  <  0.01). Thirty-five (76.1%) and 45 cases (97.8%) of 46 @entity1576 showed positivity for @entity5089 and @entity5090 . Twelve (7.6%) and eight (5.1%) cases of 157 TRU type adenocarainoma showed positivity for @entity5090 and @entity5089 . @entity7457 gene expression was measured with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).     Ct of @entity7457 gene expression was 6.79 for TRU @entity420 and 0.6 for @entity1576 . Overall survival and disease-free survival were poorer in @entity1576 (P  =  0.02 and P  =  0.03). A multivariate test also showed that @entity1576 is an independent prognostic factor (P  =  0.04). CONCLUSION: @entity5089 and @entity5090 were specific makers for non-TRU @entity420 , including both central @entity420 and @entity3079 . We suggest that @entity1576 presents a poorer prognosis, so it should be regarded separately from TRU @entity420 .

title: @entity5089 and XXXX enhance the characterization of @entity3079 of the lung and predict poor prognosis.

entities_list: @entity3079 :: ('MESH:D002288', 'Disease') :: ['mucinous adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['type adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['non-TRU type adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2220 :: ('MESH:C538231', 'Disease') :: ['lung adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity5090 :: (727897,Gene) :: ['MUC5B']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical findings and results of manual dissection deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) compared to a modified big-bubble DALK technique in eyes affected by @entity9042 . METHODS: Sixty eyes of 60 @entity1 with @entity9042 were treated with one of the two surgical techniques manual DALK (n  =  30); big-bubble DALK (n  =  30). The main outcomes measured were visual acuity, corneal topographic parameters, thickness of residual stroma and @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). @entity1 were examined postoperatively at 1  month, 6  months, 1  year and 1  month after suture removal. RESULTS: Final best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) measured 1  month after suture removal was 0.11      0.08 LogMAR in the big-bubble group compared to 0.13      0.08 in the manual DALK group (p  =  0.227). In @entity1 treated with the big-bubble technique without complications (Descemet's membrane completely bared), the stromal residue was not measureable. Mean stromal residual thickness in the manual DALK group was 30.50      27.60   m. Data analysis of the manual DALK group demonstrated a significant correlation between BSCVA and residual stromal thickness; lower residual stromal thickness correlated with better BSCVA values (Spearman     =  0.509, p  =  0.018). Postoperative @entity1358 was similar in both groups at all intervals, with no statistically significant differences. In both groups, @entity1358 loss was only significant during the 1- to 6-month interval (p  =  0.001 and p  <  0.001 in the big-bubble DALK and manual DALK groups, respectively). CONCLUSION: Manual DALK provides comparable results to big-bubble DALK. Big-bubble DALK permits faster visual recovery and is a surgical technique, which can be easily converted to manual DALK in cases of unsuccessful 'big-bubble' formation.

title: Modified big-bubble technique compared to manual dissection deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial cell density', 'ECD']

entities_list: @entity9042 :: ('MESH:D007640', 'Disease') :: ['keratoconus']

answer: @entity9042 :: (MESH:D007640,Disease) :: ['keratoconus']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A consecutive series of @entity1 with @entity1615 ( @entity1615 ), treated between 1968 and 1977 before 21 years of age with either distraction and fusion using Harrington rods (ST, n = 156; 145 females and 11 males) or with brace (BT, n = 127; 122 females and 5 males), were followed at least 20 years after completion of the treatment. OBJECTIVES: To determine the long-term outcome in terms of spinal mobility and muscle strength and its possible correlations to present @entity615 and function in @entity1 surgically or brace treated for @entity1615 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Few reports on long-term outcome on these variables have previously been presented for this group of @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 135 (87%) of ST and 102 (80%) of BT @entity1 underwent a complete examination by two unbiased observers incl. evaluation of lumbar muscle endurance and spinal mobility, curve size (Cobb method), validated questionnaires in terms of general and disease-specific quality of life aspects, as well as present back function and @entity158 . An age- and sex-matched control group of 100 @entity1 was randomly selected and subjected to the same examinations. RESULTS: For both ST and BT groups, lumbar spinal motion as well as muscle endurance were significantly decreased compared with controls. For ST @entity1 , better lumbar extensor and flexor muscle endurance or lumbar spinal mobility correlated with a better physical function. The length of fusion into the lumbar spine correlated inversely with lumbar range of motion, but the finger-floor distance was not affected. BT @entity1 with reduced lumbar spinal mobility experienced @entity615 more often than controls. CONCLUSIONS: For both brace treated and surgically treated @entity1615 @entity1 , spinal mobility and muscle endurance were reduced more than 20 years after completed treatment. The physical function was not severely restricted.

title: Spinal range of motion, muscle endurance, and XXXX and function at least 20 years after fusion or brace treatment for @entity1615 : a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar back pain', 'back pain']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

answer: @entity615 :: (MESH:D001416,Disease) :: ['back pain']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We previously reported that Astragaloside IV (ASIV), a major active constituent of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge protects against @entity1283 in @entity35 induced by isoproterenol (Iso), however the mechanism underlying the protection remains unknown. Dysfunction of cardiac energy biosynthesis contributes to the @entity1184 and @entity14185 ( @entity14185 )/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-y Coactivator 1a ( @entity6229 ) signaling gets involved in the dysfunction. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanism by which ASIV improves the @entity1283 with focuses on the @entity14185 / @entity6229 signaling mediated energy biosynthesis. Sprague-Dawley (SD) @entity35 or Neonatal @entity35 Ventricular Myocytes (NRVMs) were treated with Iso alone or in combination with ASIV. The results showed that combination with ASIV significantly attenuated the pathological changes, reduced the ratios of heart weight/body weight and Left ventricular weight/body weight, improved the cardiac hemodynamics, down-regulated mRNA expression of @entity12579 (ANP) and @entity18107 ( @entity18107 ), increased the ratio of ATP/AMP, and decreased the content of Free Fat Acid (FFA) in heart tissue of @entity35 compared with Iso alone. In addition, pretreatment with ASIV significantly decreased the surface area and protein content, down-regulated mRNA expression of ANP and @entity18107 , increased the ratio of ATP/AMP, and decreased the content of FFA in NRVMs compared with Iso alone. Furthermore, ASIV increased the protein expression of @entity21099 and @entity6229 , inhibited translocation of @entity12149 , subunit of @entity14185 into nuclear fraction in both @entity35 and NRVMs compared with Iso alone. Parthenolide (Par), the specific inhibitor of @entity12149 , exerted similar effects as ASIV in NRVMs. Knockdown of @entity12149 with siRNA decreased the surface areas and increased @entity6229 expression of NRVMs compared with Iso alone. The results suggested that ASIV protects against Iso-induced @entity1283 through regulating @entity14185 / @entity6229 signaling mediated energy biosynthesis.

title: Astragaloside IV Protects against Isoproterenol-Induced XXXX by Regulating @entity14185 / @entity6229 Signaling Mediated Energy Biosynthesis.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity21099 :: ('245965(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ATP5D, subunit of ATP synthase']

entities_list: @entity12579 :: ('24602(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Atrial Natriuretic Peptide']

entities_list: @entity18107 :: ('25105(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['BNP', 'Brain Natriuretic Peptide']

answer: @entity1283 :: (MESH:D006332,Disease) :: ['Cardiac Hypertrophy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Considering the importance and responsibility of reporting mammography and the necessity to notice details with a high degree of precision, double reading mammography has been introduced and recommended. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the performance of double reading of mammograms and its effect on @entity1 outcomes. @entity1 AND METHODS: Throughout this cross sectional study, 1284 digitized mammographic views of 642 breasts which belonged to 339 @entity1 (of which 303 were bilateral and 36 were unilateral mammographies) were enrolled. Two independent radiologists interpreted these mammograms and BI-RADS categories of both reports were compared. Discordant results were determined and assumed significant if they were in the positive (BI-RADS 0, 4, 5) versus negative (BI-RADS 1, 2, 3) groups and then significant discordant cases were followed up to determine benign versus malignant final diagnosis. The recall rate was calculated for each reader. Inter-observer agreement in breast density was determined by Kappa test. RESULTS: Readers had consensus on BI-RADS categories in 459 breasts (71%), but diverse categories were used for 183 breasts (29%), including 132 significant and 51 non-significant discrepancies. According to weighted Kappa test, agreement between two readers in positive or negative reports was 0.78 (95% CI=0.73-0.83) and in parenchymal density, it was 0.73 (95% CI=0.7-0.77). Most of the discrepancies were between category zero versus categories 1 and 2 (63.4%). The recall rate was 36% for the first and 44% for the second reader. Among 132 significant discordant results, one case had the final diagnosis of @entity5 and the others had benign or negative diagnosis. There was 0.2% increase in @entity5 detection rate by double reading. CONCLUSION: This study shows no significant improvement in the @entity5 detection rate by double reading; however, a lower recall rate could be a more helpful consequence.

title: Performance of double reading mammography in an Iranian population and its effect on XXXX outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: This study determined alterations to bone marrow B-cell populations after in vivo exposure to a mixture containing the herbicides @entity61869 ( @entity47726 ) and @entity14462 ( @entity14462 ) and compared them to the effects of exposure to the individual herbicides. @entity47726 and @entity14462 are postemergent herbicides that are sold commercially as a mixture. The individual herbicides or the mixture containing @entity47726 and @entity14462 were administered intraperitoneally to C57Bl/6 female @entity19 at doses from 50 to 200 mg herbicide/kg body weight. The mixtures were given in a 1:1 ratio. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to quantitate bone marrow B-cell populations at 1, 2, 7, and 14d posttreatment. Mixture treatment decreased @entity55976 and immunoglobulin (Ig) M(+) B-cell populations at all doses by 2 d postexposure. The cell populations were still decreased at 7d posttreatment. In contrast, exposure to the individual herbicides only caused decreases in the @entity55976 and IgM(+) B-cell populations 7d after exposure to the high doses. Previous studies have demonstrated that @entity2819 levels are increased by exposure to @entity47726 . Therefore, the glucocorticoid hormone, @entity2819 , was investigated as a possible mediator of cell loss in the bone marrow. Treatment with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, @entity3927 , however, did not prevent cell loss in the bone marrow of @entity19 exposed to the mixture of @entity47726 and @entity14462 . This study demonstrates that @entity55976 and IgM(+) B-cell populations are decreased after exposure to @entity47726 , @entity14462 , or the mixture containing @entity47726 and @entity14462 . Exposure to the mixture had greater toxic effects than the individual herbicides on bone marrow @entity55976 and IgM(+) B-cell populations, emphasizing the need to study mixture interactions.

title: Loss of XXXX and IgM(+) B cells in the bone marrow after exposure to a mixture of herbicides.

entities_list: @entity14462 :: ('MESH:D015084', 'Chemical') :: ['2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid', '2,4-D']

entities_list: @entity47726 :: ('MESH:D011411', 'Chemical') :: ['Propanil', 'propanil']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity61869 :: ('MESH:C480141', 'Chemical') :: ['3,4-dichloropropionanilide']

answer: @entity55976 :: (50907(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['pre-B']


abstract: CXC chemokines modulate host immunity, @entity2295 , growth and invasive behaviour of @entity5 . Despite their relevance in @entity5 biology, chemokine expression in intestinal- and diffuse-type @entity356 , which exhibit a completely different growth pattern, has not been investigated in detail. In this study, expression of the CXC chemokines @entity687 [ @entity687 ], @entity2851 [growth-related oncogene alpha ( @entity2851 )], @entity373 [monokine induced by @entity379 ] and @entity371 [ @entity371 ( @entity371 )] and the corresponding chemokine receptors @entity7415 -3 was investigated by immunohistochemistry in intestinal- and diffuse-type @entity356 . @entity5 cells of all @entity1 expressed @entity687 . @entity687 expression was significantly stronger in @entity5 cells of diffuse- rather than intestinal-type @entity356 (P < 0.01) as determined by a semiquantitative score. @entity2851 was expressed almost exclusively by diffuse- but not intestinal-type @entity189 cells. The corresponding chemokine receptors, @entity7415 and @entity7416 , were found on @entity189 cells. Furthermore, @entity687 expression correlated with number of @entity5 vessels (P < 0.01), suggesting an angiogenetic function in @entity356 not only in vitro but also in vivo. @entity371 and @entity373 , attractants for T cells, were expressed by peritumorous macrophages in close proximity to @entity379 -producing @entity366 -positive T cells in both @entity5 types. These chemokines may attract @entity356 -infiltrating T cells via an @entity379 -mediated pathway and enhance host immunity against the @entity5 . In @entity356 a complex interplay between CXC-chemokine signals derived from both @entity5 cells and @entity5 -infiltrating immune cells may exhibit pleiotropic effects in @entity5 biology that go far beyond their originally described functions as leucocyte chemoattractants. Because @entity687 and @entity2851 , which are known to increase growth and invasive behaviour of @entity5 , are significantly stronger expressed in diffuse- than intestinal-type @entity356 , one may speculate that these chemokines influence the different growth pattern of @entity356 types.

title: Pleiotropic effects of CXC chemokines in @entity356 : differences in @entity687 and XXXX expression between diffuse and intestinal types of @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumours', 'tumour', 'tumours', 'Tumour']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon (IFN)-gamma']

entities_list: @entity371 :: ('3627', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10', 'IP-10', 'CXCL10']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity2851 :: (2919,Gene) :: ['CXCL1']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term impact of a boost radiation dose of 16 Gy on local control, @entity82 , and overall survival for @entity1 with stage I and II @entity0 who underwent breast-conserving therapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 5,318 @entity1 with microscopically complete excision followed by whole-breast irradiation of 50 Gy were randomly assigned to receive either a boost dose of 16 Gy (2,661 @entity1 ) or no boost dose (2,657 @entity1 ), with a median follow-up of 10.8 years. RESULTS: The median age was 55 years. Local recurrence was reported as the first treatment failure in 278 @entity1 with no boost versus 165 @entity1 with boost; at 10 years, the cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 10.2% versus 6.2% for the no boost and the boost group, respectively (P < .0001). The hazard ratio of local recurrence was 0.59 (0.46 to 0.76) in favor of the boost, with no statistically significant interaction per age group. The absolute risk reduction at 10 years per age group was the largest in @entity1 <or= 40 years of age: 23.9% to 13.5% (P = .0014). As a result, the number of salvage mastectomies has been reduced by 41%. Severe @entity82 was statistically significantly increased (P < .0001) in the boost group, with a 10-year rate of 4.4% versus 1.6% in the no boost group (P < .0001). Survival at 10 years was 82% in both arms. CONCLUSION: After a median follow-up period of 10.8 years, a boost dose of 16 Gy led to improved local control in all age groups, but no difference in survival.

title: Impact of a higher radiation dose on local control and survival in breast-conserving therapy of early XXXX : 10-year results of the randomized boost versus no boost EORTC 22881-10882 trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimates of disease prevalence for small areas are increasingly required for the allocation of health funds according to local need. Both individual level and geographic risk factors are likely to be relevant to explaining prevalence variations, and in turn relevant to the procedure for small area prevalence estimation. Prevalence estimates are of particular importance for major @entity102 such as @entity65 . METHODS: A multilevel prevalence model for cardiovascular outcomes is proposed that incorporates both survey information on @entity1 risk factors and the effects of geographic location. The model is applied to derive micro area prevalence estimates, specifically estimates of @entity65 for @entity10688 Code Tabulation Areas in the USA. The model incorporates prevalence differentials by age, sex, ethnicity and educational attainment from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Influences of geographic context are modelled at both county and state level, with the county effects relating to poverty and urbanity. State level influences are modelled using a random effects approach that allows both for spatial correlation and spatial isolates. RESULTS: To assess the importance of geographic variables, three types of model are compared: a model with @entity1 level variables only; a model with geographic effects that do not interact with @entity1 attributes; and a full model, allowing for state level random effects that differ by ethnicity. There is clear evidence that geographic effects improve statistical fit. CONCLUSION: Geographic variations in disease prevalence partly reflect the demographic composition of area populations. However, prevalence variations may also show distinct geographic 'contextual' effects. The present study demonstrates by formal modelling methods that improved explanation is obtained by allowing for distinct geographic effects (for counties and states) and for interaction between geographic and @entity1 variables. Thus an appropriate methodology to estimate prevalence at small area level should include geographic effects as well as @entity1 level demographic variables.

title: A multilevel model for XXXX prevalence in the US and its application to micro area prevalence estimates.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic illnesses']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: The aim of the double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to investigate the effects of a continuous combined @entity172 -progestogen treatment (Climodien, Lafamme) as compared with @entity172 alone on vigilance in @entity170 @entity1 , objectified by EEG mapping. METHODS: In a 3-arm, 2-month parallel group design phase, @entity1 received a combination of @entity2691 2 mg and the novel progestogen @entity18725 3 mg (Climodien 2/3) or @entity2691 2 mg alone or placebo. In a subsequent open-label phase, all @entity1 received @entity2691 2 mg+ @entity18725 2 mg (Climodien 2/2). EEG mapping was carried out before and after the 2-month double-blind phase as well as after the 2-month open-label treatment. RESULTS: As compared with placebo, Climodien 2/3 induced a marked and highly significant increase in absolute power in all frequency bands, specifically in alpha-2 activity. Moreover, a significant increase in relative alpha-2 power, a decrease in relative delta and beta power as well as an acceleration of the dominant frequency and of the delta and alpha centroids suggested a marked improvement in vigilance. In contrast, under @entity2691 2 mg alone, only a slight augmentation of alpha and attenuation of relative delta and beta power occurred, suggesting only a slight vigilance improvement as compared with placebo. Thus, @entity18725 2 mg increased the @entity172 effect, which was also confirmed by a statistical evaluation of the differences between Climodien 2/3 and @entity2691 alone (augmentation of alpha-2, attenuation of relative beta, acceleration of the dominant frequency). Moreover, Climodien 2/2 also markedly increased alpha-2 power, decreased relative @entity2263 power and accelerated the alpha centroid. Finally, comparing Climodien 2/3 with Climodien 2/2, there was even a dose-efficacy relation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2691 2 mg improves vigilance slightly, thereby confirming previous findings. The additional administration of @entity18725 does not minimize the effect of @entity172 , but on the contrary increases it, which makes the combination superior to both placebo and @entity2691 alone. Vigilance improvement may be of great therapeutic benefit to @entity7793 @entity1 at a time when increased adaptability is needed to adjust to increasing sexual, marital, occupational and social difficulties known to occur specifically in this period of life.

title: Hormone replacement therapy and vigilance: double-blind, placebo-controlled EEG-mapping studies with an XXXX -progestogen combination (Climodien, Lafamme) versus @entity172 alone in @entity7793 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity2691 :: ('MESH:C015854', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol valerate', 'estradiol valerate']

entities_list: @entity18725 :: ('MESH:C023635', 'Chemical') :: ['dienogest']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['insomniac postmenopausal syndrome']

entities_list: @entity7793 :: ('MESH:D008594', 'Disease') :: ['menopausal syndrome']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['estrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity320 may remain clinically dormant for years, and @entity1 may have distant metastatic disease decades after the initial diagnosis is made. Because of this potential for late recurrence, the concept of "cure" for @entity320 is not particularly meaningful. METHODS: To understand better the risks of future disease as a function of time elapsed after diagnosis, the clinical course of @entity320 was reviewed in 5838 @entity1 . Using conditional probability methods, the risk of recurrent disease and the risk of @entity204 were determined for 1-year and 5-year intervals during the first 15 years of follow-up. RESULTS: The estimated 5-year risk of recurrence declined from 44% at the time of diagnosis to 21% after 6 years. The 5-year risk of mortality decreased from 26% after 1 year to 16% after 9 years. Among @entity1 with recurrent or metastatic disease, the annual risk of mortality was approximately 20% per year for 3 years; thereafter, the risk declined markedly. Among @entity1 with thick primary lesions, the greatest risk was during the first few years after diagnosis, but in @entity1 with thin lesions, the risk was distributed evenly over 15 years and did not decrease with time. CONCLUSIONS: Conditional probability methods permit estimation of future risks to address questions frequently asked by @entity1 with @entity5 who want to know when they can be considered cured of @entity5 or when the risk of recurrent disease has decreased. These data on the future risk of recurrent disease and mortality can give a @entity1 meaningful information on which to base life decisions.

title: The annual risk of XXXX progression. Implications for the concept of cure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Melanoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: A growing number of randomized clinical trials suggest that @entity1160 ( @entity7647 ) supplementation may be beneficial in a selected group of @entity1 and conditions. However, the effects of @entity7647 -enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on recovery from acute @entity1320 have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the provision of @entity7647 -enriched TPN after surgical and medical treatment of secondary @entity298 improves infectious morbidity. METHODS: Thirty-three @entity1 with secondary @entity298 were randomly assigned to receive either standard (n=16) TPN or @entity20552 -supplemented (n=17) TPN, after medical and surgical treatment of the infectious focus. The two TPN formulae were isonitrogenous and isocaloric, which commenced the morning after surgery and ran continuously for 10 consecutive days. The control group received standard TPN, while the treatment group was given @entity20552 , 0.40 g/kg/d (Dipeptiven, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany). Infectious morbidity, @entity1568 balance, leukocytes, lymphocytes, subpopulations @entity1050 (4) and @entity1050 (8), Immunoglobulin A (IgA), total proteins, albumin, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and mortality were evaluated. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA, the unpaired Student's t-test, the Mann-Whitney U-test, chi(2) test, or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: @entity1 in both groups were comparable prior to the operation. @entity1568 balance and the levels of albumin and IgA were significantly better than those in the control group. Also, a significant reduction in the infectious morbidity was found in the @entity7647 -treated group. Lymphocyte counts as well as subpopulations @entity1050 (4) and @entity1050 (8), and proteins showed a propensity to improvement and a tendency to reduced rates of mortality were observed when comparing the groups. Hospital and ICU stays were similar. CONCLUSION: @entity20552 -supplemented @entity8856 improved the infectious morbidity of @entity1 with secondary @entity298 . @entity7647 supplementation to parenteral nutrition may be an alternative for enhancing host defenses and improving infectious morbidity.

title: @entity20552 -supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity20552 :: ('CHEBI:73788', 'Chemical') :: ['L-alanyl-L-glutamine']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrogen', 'nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity1320 :: ('MESH:D059413', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal infection']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['peritonitis']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anal discomfort and @entity158 level, during transrectal ultrasound probe insertion and before the periprostatic anesthesia in young @entity1 (<65 years of age). METHODS: This study enrolled 147 @entity1 , who underwent prostate biopsy and were divided in two groups: 74 @entity1 received perianal local anesthesia with @entity3303 cream 2% (first group), while 73 received only lubricant gel as perianal local anesthesia (second group) prior the insertion of ultrasound probe. @entity1 in both groups received periprostatic anesthesia. @entity158 and discomfort due to the probe and due to the biopsy were estimated with visual analogue scale. @entity1 ' characteristics, complications, and surgical data were analyzed for both groups. RESULTS: No serious intraoperative and postoperative complications were noted in both groups. The mean @entity158 score for @entity158 and anal discomfort was 1.7 and 5.7 for the first and second group, respectively. During biopsy, @entity1 in the first group reported also less @entity158 but there was no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The intrarectal introduction of @entity3303 cream 2% can significantly reduce anal discomfort and @entity158 before the probe insertion for ultrasound guided biopsies in young @entity1 . Considering that these @entity1 could undergo repeated biopsies, a higher level of local anesthesia is desired.

title: XXXX level and anal discomfort during transrectal ultrasound for guided prostate biopsy. Does intrarectal administration of local anesthetic before periprostatic anesthesia makes any difference?

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['Pain']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5477 is a common disease affecting mainly teenagers and young adults. Current treatment modalities include local or systemic medications, which often require a long intake. Light and radio-frequency (RF) devices have recently been used to treat acne in selected @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of TriPollar RF technology for non-invasive treatment of @entity5477 . METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with active @entity75 underwent TriPollar RF treatments once a week for 6 weeks. Results were evaluated using photographs and active lesion counts at baseline, before subsequent treatment sessions and at follow-up visits. @entity1 also rated their satisfaction on a 5-score rating scale. RESULTS: An average reduction of 42% in active @entity75 was found after six TriPollar sessions, which was sustained at the 4-week follow-up visit. The average improvement rated by @entity1 at the 4-week follow-up visit was 2.5, indicating good to very good satisfaction with the clinical results. No significant adverse events were recorded during the study and follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The findings confirm the safety and efficacy of TriPollar RF for the treatment of @entity5477 .

title: Use of a TriPollar radio-frequency device for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5477 :: ('MESH:D000152', 'Disease') :: ['Acne vulgaris', 'acne vulgaris lesions', 'acne vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['acne lesions']

answer: @entity5477 :: (MESH:D000152,Disease) :: ['acne vulgaris']


abstract: The coracoclavicular joint (CCJ) is a rare @entity2720 . Symptomatic CCJ, being an exceptional rarity, makes it difficult to formulate a standard set of practice or guidelines. We report a 50-year-old Indian @entity1 , a machine operator by profession, who experienced bilateral @entity158 and arm paraesthesia for two years, and was diagnosed with bilateral CCJ. The symptoms gradually increased, affecting his daily activities. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging revealed the compression of the brachial plexus in extreme shoulder abduction. After a thorough search of the literature, we retrieved four similar cases, all of them treated with individualised protocols. None of the cases was bilateral. The lack of clear evidence in any particular direction and the @entity1 's medical condition prompted us to give a conservative trial, before embarking on more invasive methods. He showed rapid response to the conservative treatment with remission of all symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bilateral symptomatic CCJ with bilateral @entity531 , that was managed conservatively.

title: Bilateral coracoclavicular joints as a rare cause of bilateral XXXX and @entity158 treated successfully by conservative means.

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['anomalous joint']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['shoulder pain']

answer: @entity531 :: (MESH:D013901,Disease) :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome']


abstract: The prevention of permanent @entity227 from @entity4457 is an important goal of pediatric vision screening. Unfortunately, many cases of @entity4457 are not diagnosed until the @entity1 is too old to benefit maximally from treatment. A review of @entity1 records from the practice of a private pediatric ophthalmologist confirmed that late detection is a frequent occurrence among @entity1 with @entity4457 who have had good access to health care. A case-control study was then used to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis, in which @entity1 with an adverse outcome (diagnosed at or after 5 years of age) were compared with those with an optimal outcome (diagnosed before 5 years of age). The chart review identified 161 @entity1 with @entity4457 who participated in this study; 75 had late diagnoses (case @entity1 ) and 86 served as control @entity1 . @entity1 with early diagnoses more often had the following characteristics: a positive family history of strabismus, greater degrees of strabismus (when strabismus was present), higher maternal educational level, greater parental suspicion that an eye problem existed, and an increased chance that the parents requested the eye examination that led to the diagnosis. The parents of @entity1 with late diagnoses expressed less concern over the seriousness of @entity4457 but were more likely to report that their @entity1 had suffered adverse consequences of @entity4457 . When diagnosed early, @entity4457 was more often detected by the @entity1 's primary health care provider. Physicians of the @entity1 with early diagnoses more often reported compliance with both the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for vision screening in infancy and referral for vision problems.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Factors associated with delay in diagnosis of childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity4457 :: (MESH:D000550,Disease) :: ['amblyopia']


abstract: There is an enormous gap between the antiproliferative and in vivo antitumor efficacy of @entity136 in cell line-based models and its clinical efficacy. This may be due to insensitiveness of the precursor, @entity5 stem cell (CSC) compartment to cytotoxic agents. The hedgehog pathway is associated with CSC signaling and control. We used a direct xenograft model of @entity788 and a two-stage approach was used to test the hypotheses that targeting CSC could increase the efficacy of @entity136 . @entity5 from a @entity136 -sensitive xenograft were treated with @entity136 first, and randomized, after @entity5 regression to continuing treatment with @entity136 , a hedgehog inhibitor alone or in combination with @entity136 . We tested markers described as associated with CSC such as @entity11707 , @entity1759 , ALDH, nestin, and the hedgehog pathway. After induction with @entity136 , treated @entity5 showed an enrichment in CSC markers such as ALDH and @entity11707 . Subsequently, a release from @entity136 prompted a repopulation of proliferating cells and a decrease in such markers to equilibrate from pretreatment levels. Combined treatment with @entity136 and @entity5050 induced @entity5 regression and decrease in CSC markers and hedgehog signaling. Cytoplasmic @entity11707 and ALDH were inversely and strongly associated with growth and were expressed in a minority of cells that we propose constitute the CSC compartment. Hedgehog inhibitors as part of a dual compartment therapeutic approach were able to further reduce @entity5 growth and decreased both static and dynamic markers of CSC. Direct @entity5 xenografts are a valid platform to test multicompartment therapeutic approaches in @entity788 .

title: A direct XXXX xenograft model as a platform for @entity5 stem cell therapeutic development.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity5050 :: ('MESH:C000541', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopamine']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: The pharmacokinetics of @entity7365 , a novel selective @entity1437 inhibitor, were studied in 37 @entity1 with @entity309 after administration of 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg, @entity7365 for 4 weeks. @entity1 had 6-h pharmacokinetic evaluation of @entity7365 on day 14. Plasma @entity7365 concentrations were quantitated using HPLC. @entity7365 pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using standard noncompartmental methods. A population analysis of @entity7365 pharmacokinetics was also performed with the NONMEM computer program. The pharmacokinetics of @entity7365 in @entity1 with @entity309 were similar to those previously estimated in normal healthy @entity1 . The peak concentrations and the areas under the curves during the dosing interval were dose proportional. The noncompartmental means of the CL/f, terminal-phase half-life, and V/f of @entity7365 were approximately 545 ml @entity1009 , 1.4 h, and 64.3 1, respectively. The estimate of population typical values of the CL/f for a 70-kg @entity1 (540 ml @entity1009 ) and V/f for a 70-kg @entity1 (64.8 1) from the NONMEM analysis were in agreement with the noncompartmental estimates. Differences in body weight, but not age or gender, helped explain some of the variability in the pharmacokinetics of @entity7365 in @entity1 . Therefore, there is no pharmacokinetic basis for alteration of the @entity7365 dose size or the dosing schedule in @entity1 with @entity309 .

title: Population pharmacokinetics of zileution, a selective @entity1437 inhibitor, in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'humans', 'person']

entities_list: @entity7365 :: ('MESH:C063449', 'Chemical') :: ['Zileuton', 'zileuton']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Radiation exposure induces change in many biological compounds. It is important to assess the physiological and biochemical response to an absorbed dose of ionising radiation due to intentional or accidental event and to predict medical consequences for medical management. In the present study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling was used in mice serum for identification of radiation-induced changes at metabolite level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity19 were irradiated with 3, 5 and 8 Gray of y-radiation dose and serum samples collected at day 1, 3 and 5 post irradiation were analysed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (  H NMR) spectroscopy.   H NMR spectra of serum were analysed by pattern recognition using principal component analysis. RESULTS: Irradiated mice serum showed distinct metabonomic phenotypes and revealed dose- and time-dependent clustering of irradiated groups.   H NMR spectral analysis exhibited increased @entity880 , @entity1522 , @entity1877 and lipid signals as well as decreased @entity413 signals. These findings indicate radiation-induced disturbed energy, lipid and protein metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: The information obtained from this study reflects multiple physiological dysfunctions. The study promises the application of NMR-based metabonomics in the field of radiobiology, for development of metabolic-based markers for screening of risk populations and medical management in these cases.

title: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabonomic investigation of biochemical effects in serum of y-irradiated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of high-dose @entity620 on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity, and to evaluate possible sex-specific effects on @entity5322 activity. DESIGN: Single-center longitudinal study. SETTING: Tertiary- and specialty-care teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: Fourteen healthy Caucasian adult volunteers (seven @entity1 , seven @entity1 ). INTERVENTION: Subjects self-administered @entity620 500 mg twice/day for 14 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Hepatic @entity5322 activity was measured by using the erythromycin breath test on days 1 (baseline) and 15. Overall, no significant effect of @entity620 on @entity5322 activity was observed. Sex and baseline results were significant predictors of changes in @entity5322 activity. In @entity1 , mean activity increased by 21.9% (95% confidence interval -3.88-47.6%). The effect in @entity1 was not consistent. CONCLUSION: Sex and baseline @entity5322 activity appeared to influence the effect of @entity620 on @entity5322 activity.

title: Effect of high-dose XXXX on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 activity.

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin C']

answer: @entity620 :: (MESH:D001205,Chemical) :: ['vitamin C']


abstract: 1. Rodent experimental models have been useful to study severe @entity311 but few serial and controlled studies have been conducted. In the present investigation, we describe the histopathology of lethal and non-lethal rodent @entity311 induced by @entity2637 and @entity21552 . @entity2637 @entity311 shows a uniformly lethal course, while @entity21552 @entity311 produces a non-lethal @entity697 with recovery and periodical recrudescences. Sequential histopathological changes were also characterized in @entity21552 @entity311 to determine the evolution of the lesions. 2. @entity2637 -infected @entity19 have a more severe organ involvement and lower blood regenerative changes than @entity21552 -infected @entity19 . Two patterns of organ involvement were observed by comparing the two infections. The first is related to nonspecific parasitized red blood cell clearance by liver and spleen. The second is related to specific changes due to a specific parasite strain interaction with the host, such as those found in the lungs. 3. Sequential changes in @entity21552 -infected @entity19 were characterized by perihepatocytic reticulin fiber deposition during the recovery from infection, which faded in subsequent stages. Other organs had a similar regressive evolution, except splenic lymphoid tissue which underwent histological restoration or even @entity1184 after depletion in the acute stage. No brain or heart lesions were observed in either model during the acute and subsequent stages. 4. @entity21552 infection, whose histopathology is described here for the first time, should be useful as a non-lethal experimental model to study the evolution of histopathological alterations in @entity311 .

title: Comparative and sequential histopathology of @entity21552 -infected Balb/c XXXX .

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute infection']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2637 :: ('5821', 'Species') :: ['P. berghei', 'Plasmodium berghei']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: The artificial complex phenols, 2- @entity15087 -butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA), 2,6-di- @entity15087 -butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4,6-tri- @entity15087 -butylphenol (TBP) exert efficient antioxidant activity; however, they are considerable toxic and potentially @entity5 -promoting. These phenols, particularly in combinations, have enhanced antioxidant activity due to synergistic interactions and produce bioactive intermediates such as quinone methide. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of BHA, BHT and TBP, and combinations of BHT/BHA (in molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 2:1), BHT/TBP (1:1), and @entity36 (1:1), using gene-expression systems for @entity1996 ( @entity1996 ) and @entity5 necrosis facto-alpha ( @entity637 ) in RAW264.7 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The inhibitory effects of BHA, BHT and TBP on expression of @entity1996 and @entity637 genes upon stimulation with @entity526 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Porphyomonas gingivalis (Pg) fimbriae were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The inhibitory effect on expression of @entity1996 and @entity637 genes upon stimulation with LPS and fimbriae was greatly enhanced by the combination of two antioxidants (molar ratio 1:1), BHT/BHA. In addition, that of the @entity1996 gene, but not of @entity637 gene was slightly enhanced by a combination of equimolar BHT/TBP and @entity36 . None of the antioxidants alone exerted any anti-inflammatory activity upon stimulation with LPS, but a slight anti-inflammatory activity was observed upon stimulation with Pg fimbriae. The inhibitory effect of the BHT/BHA combination on expression of @entity1996 mRNA upon stimulation with LPS was investigated at afferent molar ratios, and a molar ratio of 1:1 was found to have considerably less effect than a molar ratio of 1:2 or 2:1. The 1:3 combination had no effect. CONCLUSION: The combination of BHT and BHA at a molar ratio of 0.5-2 exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity. This anti-inflammatory activity on the generation of inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells may be attributable to complex synergistic antioxidant activity of the combination of BHT and BHA. Our results suggest the potential usefulness of the BHT/BHA combination at an appropriate molar ratio as an antioxidant in foods and pharmaceuticals, whereas either antioxidant alone is unlikely to be effective.

title: Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Artificial Antioxidants 2- XXXX -butyl-4-methoxyphenol (BHA), 2,6-Di- @entity15087 -butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4,6-Tri- @entity15087 -butylphenol (TBP), and their Various Combinations.

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity15087 :: (21752(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Tert']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: We developed a @entity7421 ( @entity7421 ) @entity5 vaccine for @entity418 . We evaluated the effectiveness of the vaccine as a prevention option in a surgical reflux @entity35 model of @entity418 . METHODS: A surgical model involving a jejuno-esophagostomy was used to create @entity355 and @entity418 in @entity35 . No carcinogen exposure was utilized. Cell lines derived from these @entity5 were stably passaged in vitro. @entity7421 -secreting @entity5 cells were generated using stable transfection. All @entity35 underwent a total gastrectomy, followed by a jejuno-esophagostomy. The surgery promoted the reflux of duodenal contents into the esophagus. All animals were administered either a @entity7421 secreting whole cell vaccine or a @entity1391 -buffered saline (PBS) placebo injection 4, 6, 14, and 16 weeks post-surgery. RESULTS: While 15 of 16 animals in the non-vaccinated placebo group developed @entity418 , 94% (15 of 16), animals in the vaccine group had an incidence of @entity5 of 25% (4 of 16) (p<0.05). @entity355 was seen in 100% (16 of 16) of the controls and 83% (13 of 16) of the vaccinated animals. CONCLUSIONS: A @entity7421 -secreting whole cell @entity5 vaccine impeded @entity5 growth, but not the development of @entity355 , in a clinically relevant surgical reflux model.

title: Vaccine impedes the development of reflux-induced @entity418 in a surgical XXXX model: efficacy of the vaccine in a Pre- @entity355 setting.

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'esophageal tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity7421 :: ('116630(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['GM-CSF', 'granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The authors conducted comparative appraisal of the results of treatment of @entity6713 in 3 groups of @entity1 at a higher surgical risk in 1989-1990. Group 1 consisted of 79 @entity1 given the traditional nonoperative treatment. Group 2 was made up of 17 @entity1 in whom the hemorrhoidal nodes were ligated by means of latex rings. Forty-three @entity1 of group 3 were treated by the traditional nonoperative methods and, in addition, by infrared photocoagulation, 33 at in- @entity1 and 10 at out- @entity1 clinics. The follow-up periods range from 3 to 12 months. The study showed that nonoperative therapy produced a temporary effect, clinical manifestations of @entity6713 recurred in 100% of @entity1 . In group 2 59% of @entity1 were cured, which is evidence of the pathogenetic substantiation of the method. The treatment, however, in this group was marked by a great number of complications of an inflammatory character. The best effect was produced among @entity1 of group 3; 37 (86%) @entity1 were cured. Thus, the results of comparative analysis of the efficacy of these methods of treatment in @entity1 at a higher surgical risk showed the advantages of infrared photocoagulation over nonoperative treatment and ligation of @entity6713 with latex rings. The method of infrared photocoagulation is technically simple, convenient, and can be applied both in in- and out- @entity1 clinics.

title: [A comparative study of nonsurgical methods in the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6713 :: ('MESH:D006484', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhoids']

answer: @entity6713 :: (MESH:D006484,Disease) :: ['hemorrhoids']


abstract: Changes of @entity26 metabolism were observed in 8 experimental @entity235 and in 9 @entity1 with @entity542 . Each @entity235 harbored a bag in the epidural space, and was injected normal saline. The @entity428 was raised to 13.3 kPa and to 20.0 kPa respectively. Arterial oxygenation declined and mixed venous oxygenation went up when the @entity428 was raised to the given level and maintained for 30 minutes. The @entity26 extraction rate decreased from 25.00 +/- 5.40% to 21.50 +/- 4.60% (P less than 0.01) at the @entity428 level of 20 kPa. Tissue @entity519 was observed in all @entity1 . Although @entity13795 was higher than inspiring air when @entity1 inhaled 50% @entity26 . Tissue @entity519 was not improved. The results suggest that the @entity1 @entity542 is complicated by not only @entity519 but decrease of @entity26 extraction in tissue and organs. We consider that the alteration is responsible for multiple organs failure injury.

title: [Changes in XXXX extraction rate after @entity542 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injury']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia', 'hypoxia']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: The X-ray repair cross-complementing group 3 gene ( @entity20823 ) belongs to a family of genes responsible for repairing DNA double-strand breaks caused by normal metabolic processes and exposure to ionizing radiation. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may alter an individual's capacity to repair damaged DNA and may lead to genetic instability and contribute to malignant transformation. We examined the role of a polymorphism in the @entity20823 gene ( @entity60845 ; codon 241: @entity1889 to @entity1853 change) in determining @entity0 risk in Thai @entity1 . The study population consisted of 507 @entity0 cases and 425 healthy @entity1 . The polymorphism was analysed by fluorescence-based melting curve analysis. The @entity20823 241Met allele was found to be uncommon in the Thai population (frequency 0.07 among cases and 0.05 among controls). Odds ratios (OR) adjusted for age, body mass index, age at menarche, family history of @entity0 , menopausal status, reproduction parameters, use of contraceptives, @entity286 smoking, involuntary @entity286 smoking, @entity167 drinking, and education were calculated for the entire population as well as for pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 . There was a significant association between 241Met carrier status and @entity0 risk (OR 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.44). Among postmenopausal @entity1 , a slightly higher OR (1.82, 95% CI 0.95-3.51) was found than among premenopausal @entity1 (OR 1.48, 95% CI 0.82-2.69). Our findings suggest that the @entity20823 @entity32271 polymorphism is likely to play a modifying role in the individual susceptibility to @entity0 among Thai @entity1 as already shown for @entity1 of European ancestry.

title: The @entity20823 @entity32271 polymorphism and XXXX risk: a case-control study in a Thai population.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity32271 :: ('p|SUB|T|241|M', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Thr241Met']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Assessing respiratory impedance (Zrs) in ventilated @entity1 over a wide frequency band, ranging from @entity1353 rates to typical forced oscillation frequencies, during end-expiratory pauses at different positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) is of potential interest to assess a @entity1 's respiratory mechanics. Zrs measurements under these conditions are not possible with the present variants of the forced oscillation technique. The aim of this work was to design a forced oscillation generator operating from spontaneous @entity1353 frequencies whilst withstanding PEEP. To this end, we constructed a generator based on a servocontrolled loudspeaker. This allowed the loudspeaker cone to remain at its resting position regardless of the external PEEP applied. The system was optimized by using a mechanical analogue. The clinical applicability of the servocontrolled generator was assessed by measuring Zrs in mechanically-ventilated @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) @entity1 during end-expiratory pauses at different transrespiratory pressures. The forced oscillation generator designed may be easily applicable in practice since it is small and light. The system is able to withstand transrespiratory pressures of up to 17 hPa and allows the application of forced oscillation of sufficient amplitude ( > 2 hPa peak-to-peak, 0.25-26 Hz) to obtain reliable respiratory resistance and reactance data. The servocontrolled generator permits the assessment of respiratory mechanics over a wide frequency band ranging from @entity1353 frequencies to the most typical forced oscillation frequencies during end-expiratory pauses at PEEPs within the conventional range.

title: Servocontrolled generator to measure respiratory impedance from 0.25 to 26 Hz in ventilated XXXX at different PEEP levels.

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Plasma membrane vesicles isolated by two-phase partitioning from the storage root of Beta vulgaris show atypically high water permeability that is equivalent only to those reported for active aquaporins in tonoplast or animal red cells (Pf=542 microm s(-1)). The values were determined from the shrinking kinetics measured by stopped-flow light scattering. This high Pf was only partially inhibited by @entity349 ( @entity3143 ) but showed low activation energy (Ea) consistent with water permeation through water channels. To study short-term regulation of water transport that could be the result of channel gating, the effects of pH, divalent cations, and protection against dephosphorylation were tested. The high Pf observed at pH 8.3 was dramatically reduced by medium acidification. Moreover, intra-vesicular acidification (corresponding to the cytoplasmic face of the membrane) shut down the aquaporins. De-phosphorylation was discounted as a regulatory mechanism in this preparation. On the other hand, among divalent cations, only @entity460 showed a clear effect on aquaporin activity, with two distinct ranges of sensitivity to free @entity141 concentration (pCa 8 and @entity44435 ). Since the normal cytoplasmic free @entity141 sits between these ranges it allows for the possibility of changes in @entity141 to finely up- or down-regulate water channel activity. The @entity460 effect is predominantly on the cytoplasmic face, and inhibition corresponds to an increase in the activation energy for water transport. In conclusion, these findings establish both cytoplasmic pH and @entity141 as important regulatory factors involved in aquaporin gating.

title: Plasma membrane of Beta vulgaris storage root shows high water channel activity regulated by cytoplasmic pH and a dual range of XXXX concentrations.

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: PURPOSE: Despite the identification of a small population of cells residing in the ciliary body (CB) of the adult @entity1 eye that have the capacity to generate retina-like cells in vitro, their activity in vivo remains quiescent. The authors sought to identify whether the predictable and time-dependent @entity204 of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) results in activation of progenitor-like cells within the CB. METHODS: RGC injury was induced by optic nerve axotomy in adult @entity19 . @entity1014 -analogue lineage tracing and immunocytochemistry were used to identify dividing cells and the phenotype of newly generated progeny. RESULTS: Two populations of nestin-expressing cells are present in the CB of the uninjured eye. One population resides in periendothelial cells of blood vessels, and a second resides in the ciliary epithelium. Axotomy increases proliferation in the CB, a response that begins before the onset of @entity204 and continues during a time that corresponds with the peak in @entity204 . In addition, a subpopulation of nestin-positive cells in the CB upregulates the homeodomain protein @entity16527 . Finally, @entity24739 , the expression of which is normally restricted to photoreceptors and bipolar cells of the retina, is upregulated in the CB in a manner that is independent of proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest that progenitorlike cells of the CB respond to cues associated with the loss of a single retinal cell type and that a subpopulation of those cells may differentiate into a cell that bears phenotypic resemblance to those seen in the retina.

title: Proliferation and expression of progenitor and mature retinal phenotypes in the adult XXXX ciliary body after retinal ganglion cell injury.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['Thymidine']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['RGC death', 'death']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: The analysis of @entity66 such as @entity565 poses a challenging problem. In an effort to provide unbiased insight into disease pathogenesis, we took an empirical approach involving transcript expression profiling of lung tissue from @entity19 with experimental @entity565 . @entity748 responses were found to involve sequential induction of 4.7% of the tested genome; notably, there was ectopic expression of a series of genes not previously implicated in allergic or pulmonary responses. Genes were widely distributed throughout all chromosomes, but preferentially included genes involved in immunity, development, and homeostasis. When @entity565 was induced by two independent experimental regimens, unique gene transcript profiles were found depending upon the mode of disease induction. However, the majority of genes were common to both models representing an @entity565 signature genome. Analysis of @entity9094 -deficient @entity19 revealed that an unexpectedly large segment of the @entity565 genes were @entity9094 independent; this correlated with sustained inflammatory events in these @entity19 . Notably, induction of @entity565 in @entity9094 -deficient @entity19 resulted in gene induction not seen in wild-type @entity19 . These results raise concern that therapeutic blockade of @entity9094 in the asthmatic setting may reprogram the genetic signature, resulting in alternative lung pathology, which we indeed observed in @entity9094 -deficient @entity19 . These results provide unprecedented insight into the complex steps involved in the pathogenesis of allergic airway responses; as such, these results have significant therapeutic and clinical implications.

title: Transcript signatures in experimental XXXX : identification of @entity9094 -dependent and -independent pathways.

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['Asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['polygenic diseases']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: In order to clarify the role that some epidemiologic factor might have on the clinical evolution of @entity0 , a retrospective study was conducted. Seventy six @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 were selected from the population of the Hospital de Ginecobstetricia 3 del Centro Medico Nacional "La Raza" del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, from 1985 to 1990. Age, medical and family history, clinical onset, diagnosis, treatment, evolution and clinical status at present were analyzed. Survival analysis and Pearson's correlation were carried out. Thirty one percent of the @entity1 were 41 to 50 years old, and thirty percent had family history of @entity0 . Other @entity262 was present in 42% of the @entity1 and multiparity in 12%. The mean age of menopause onset was 47 +/- years. Eighty-three percent of the @entity1 looked for medical attention due to a @entity5 mainly in the left breast (75% of the cases). Fifty-one percent of the cases were diagnosed in advanced stages. The commonest histologic variety found was the @entity513 (94%). Sixty six @entity1 underwent surgical therapy. Sixteen percent of the sample had already metastases when diagnosed; mainly at lung, bone liver or brain, in that order. Systemic therapy was administered in 63% of the cases and radiotherapy in 22 @entity1 . About 48% of the whole sample presented recurrency and 24% progression. The overall survival at five years was 82%. Sixteen percent of these @entity1 had @entity5 activity clinically apparent. In general, mortality was present in advanced stages. Survival analysis demonstrated that age and @entity5 persistency directly influenced survival rate in this population. Other variables' role could not be evaluated. Nevertheless variables analyzed are very helpful in actions implementation to the @entity0 management.

title: [Evolution of XXXX . A 5-year clinical experience at a city hospital].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mammary tumor']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic condition']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['invasive ductal carcinoma']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5011 can occur at any time of pregnancy with the same incidence as in the general population. Observations. We report two cases of @entity1 who developed a progressive ascending @entity912 during the second trimester of pregnancy. The worsening of the @entity1576 for one of them required a transfer to an intensive care unit for artificial ventilation lasting 102 days. In the two cases, cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed albumin-cytological dissociation and repeated electrophysiological studies showed typical features of demyelinating @entity16 with conduction blocks. Biological investigations, especially @entity2834 and @entity5363 serologies, were all negative. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusions, in one case associated with high doses of corticostero  ds, were ineffective. Rapid improvement was observed in the two @entity1 after delivery. CONCLUSION: These cases raise the question of the relationships between the @entity5011 and pregnancy. The occurrence of the disease, as well as the rapid recovery in post-partum, could be consecutive to a partial failure of the maternal immunological tolerance toward the fetus.

title: [Severe XXXX and pregnancy: two cases with rapid improvement post-partum].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity5363 :: ('197', 'Species') :: ['Campylobacter jejuni']

entities_list: @entity5011 :: ('MESH:D020275', 'Disease') :: ['Guillain-Barr   syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity5011 :: (MESH:D020275,Disease) :: ['Guillain-Barr   syndrome']


abstract: @entity900 continues to play a central role in @entity5 chemotherapy in spite of its @entity137 . It is used as first-line chemotherapy against epithelial @entity2670 , testicular, head and neck, esophageal, gastric, colon and pancreatic but also as second- and third-line treatment against a number of metastatic @entity5 including @entity5 of the breast, @entity320 , prostate, @entity2615 , @entity1822 , @entity11 and others. @entity900 has become the gold standard treatment against @entity5 in combination with radiotherapy. This review summarizes the state of the art on clinical trials published mainly in 2002 using @entity900 and @entity3003 in their combinations with other anticancer drugs. For most advanced @entity5 the response rate to chemotherapy is about 50% in first-line treatments and about 15% in second- or third-line treatments; for example response rates of 25-50% have been observed for chemonaive @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 treated with @entity900 or @entity3003 in combination with @entity136 or @entity6023 and in exceptional cases these rates are up to 80% with addition of radiotherapy. Response rates are very discouraging in second- or third-line chemotherapy treatments (7-25%). Despite an increase in response rate from the use of modern-day chemotherapy drugs, no major difference in long-term survival has been achieved. It is a high priority to invent novel approaches for @entity5 treatment. It is hoped that a fraction of the numerous experimental drugs will show virtues in the anticancer arena especially combined with existing treatment regimens. Efforts should focus on diminution of side effects improving the quality of life of the @entity1 . A preferential @entity5 targeting of chemotherapy treatments would bring a revolution in molecular medicine and would greatly advance @entity5 therapy in the upcoming years.

title: Recent clinical trials using XXXX , @entity3003 and their combination chemotherapy drugs (review).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'cervical cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies of lung, ovarian, bladder']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: Given the very ill nature of @entity1 with @entity63 ( @entity63 ), the use of percutaneous vascular interventions (PVIs) for limb salvage may or may not be efficacious; in particular, for those with polyvascular @entity455 . Herein, we reviewed large, multi-institutional outcomes of PVI in polyvascular and @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) @entity1 with @entity63 . An 18-hospital consortium collected prospective data on @entity1 undergoing endovascular interventions for @entity3657 with 6-month follow-up from January 2008 to December 2011. The @entity1 cohort included 4459 @entity1 with @entity63 ; of those, 3141 @entity1 had polyvascular ( @entity453 , @entity66 and @entity3657 ) disease, whereas 1318 @entity1 suffered from only @entity3657 . All @entity1 were elderly and with significant comorbidities. The mean ankle-brachial index (ABI) was 0.44 and was not different between those with and without @entity66 . Polyvascular @entity1 had more femoropopliteal and infra-inguinal interventions and less aortoiliac interventions than @entity3657 @entity1 . Pre- and post-procedural cardioprotective medication use was less in the @entity3657 @entity1 as compared with polyvascular @entity1 . @entity455 requiring surgery were higher in @entity3657 @entity1 whereas other access complications were similar between groups. At 6-month follow-up, @entity204 was more common in the polyvascular group (6.7% vs 4.1%, p<0.001) as was repeat PVI, but no difference was found in the amputation rate. Considering the group as a whole at the 6-month follow-up, predictors of amputation/ @entity204 included age (HR=1.01; 95% CI=1.002-1.02), @entity417 (HR=2.6; 95% CI=2.1-3.2), @entity6 (HR=1.6; 95% CI=1.3-1.9), @entity712 (HR=1.6; 95% CI=1.4-1.9), and @entity454 (HR=1.9; 95% CI=1.5-2.3), while female sex was protective (HR=0.7; 95% CI=0.6-0.8). In conclusion, from examination of this large, multicenter, multi-specialist practice registry, @entity1 with @entity66 had higher 6-month mortality than @entity3657 @entity1 , but this was not a factor in 6-month limb amputation outcomes. This study also underscores that @entity3657 @entity1 still lag in cardioprotective medication use as compared with polyvascular @entity1 .

title: Contemporary outcomes with percutaneous vascular interventions for peripheral @entity63 in those with and without XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial disease', 'Vascular complications']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease', 'polyvascular disease']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['PAD', 'peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['critical limb ischemia', 'CLI']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity455 :: (MESH:D014652,Disease) :: ['poly-vascular disease']


abstract: We investigated the prevalence of plasmid-mediated @entity1536 resistance (PMQR) qnr genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolates collected from aquatic environments in Jinan during 2 years (2008.3-2009.11). Genes were identified to variant level by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or sequencing. @entity59854 , qnrB2, qnrB4, qnrB6, qnrB9, @entity14723 , and the new qnrB variant qnrB26 were detected in 31 strains from six genera ( @entity4005 spp., @entity526 , Enterobacter spp., @entity795 spp., Shigella spp., and Citrobacter spp.), four of which contained double qnr genes. Other PMQR genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA, were found in 12 (38.7%) and 5 (16.1%) of 31 isolates, respectively; while qepA was found in Shigella spp. for the first time. Eight types of b-lactamase genes and eight other types of resistance genes were also present in the 31 qnr-positive isolates. The detection rate for five b-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaCTX, ampR, blaDHA, and blaSHV) was >45%. Class 1 integrons and complex class 1 integrons were prevalent in these strains, which contained 15 different gene cassette arrays and 5 different insertion sequence common region 1 (ISCR1)-mediated downstream structures. @entity59854 , qnrB2, and qnrB6 were present in three ISCR1-mediated downstream structures: @entity59854 -ampR, sapA-like-qnrB2, and sdr-qnrB6. We also analyzed the horizontal transferability of PMQR genes and other resistance determinants. The qnr genes and some integrons and resistance genes from 18 (58.1%) of the 31 qnr-positive strains could be transferred to @entity526 J53 Azi(R) or @entity27600 a recipient strains using conjugation or transformation methods. The results showed that a high number of qnr genes were associated with other resistance genes in aquatic environments in Jinan. This suggests that we should avoid over-using antibiotics and monitor aquatic environments to control the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

title: Identification of plasmid-mediated XXXX resistance qnr genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from hospital wastewaters and receiving waters in the Jinan area, China.

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolone']

answer: @entity1536 :: (CHEBI:23765,Chemical) :: ['quinolone']


abstract: Micellar electrokinetic chromatography methods were developed and validated to separate and quantitate anti-HIV drug mixtures containing @entity9611 ( @entity5647 )/ @entity20706 (ddI)/ @entity5198 (mixture A) and @entity5647 /ddI/ @entity486 (mixture B) in human serum. Serum samples were prepared using a solid-phase extraction procedure. The effects of various factors such as buffer type, buffer and surfactant concentrations, and pH on the separations were investigated. The optimized resolution was achieved with a run buffer containing 18 mM @entity3208 in 15 mM @entity1391 and borate buffer (pH 9.0). An uncoated 52 cm (effective length 30 cm)x50 micrometer ID fused- @entity3440 capillary operated at 30 degrees C was used in the analysis with UV detection at 210 nm. @entity62188 was chosen as the internal standard. All analytes were separated within 14 min with a voltage of +15 kV and a current around 30 microA. The methods were validated over the range of 0.5-25.0 microgram/ml for @entity5647 , 0.8-18.5 microgram/ml for ddI, 0.5-22.8 microgram/ml for @entity5198 in mixture A and the range of 0.5-25.0 microgram/ml for @entity5647 , 0.8-18.5 microgram/ml for ddI, 1.2-28.8 microgram/ml for @entity486 in mixture B. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy was less than 12.4% and intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 13.9% for both mixtures. Extraction recoveries of all analytes from serum were higher than 75.9%. The assay should be applicable to pharmacokinetic studies and routine monitoring of these drugs in serum.

title: Determinations of @entity9611 / @entity20706 / @entity5198 and @entity9611 / XXXX / @entity486 in human serum by micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

entities_list: @entity9611 :: ('MESH:D015215', 'Chemical') :: ['zidovudine']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecylsulfate']

entities_list: @entity62188 :: ('MESH:C006470', 'Chemical') :: ['Aprobarbital']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity5198 :: ('MESH:D019829', 'Chemical') :: ['nevirapine']

entities_list: @entity20706 :: ('MESH:D016049', 'Chemical') :: ['didanosine']

entities_list: @entity486 :: ('MESH:D019438', 'Chemical') :: ['ritonavir']

answer: @entity20706 :: (MESH:D016049,Chemical) :: ['didanosine']


abstract: Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) was developed as an alternative to endoscopic @entity6312 (ES) because of the high complication rate seen with ES. The new technique involves placement of small elastic bands around the variceal channels in the distal esophagus. The first 146 consecutive @entity1 treated with EVL during the period from August, 1986 to July, 1989 are reported. Portal @entity101 was caused by @entity5881 in 93 of these @entity1 . The average age of the @entity1 was 53 years and 66% were males. All of the @entity1 had recently bled from esophageal varices. At the time of treatment, 23% of the @entity1 were actively @entity548 . They were all treated acutely with EVL and had repeated treatments with the long-term goal of variceal eradication. The overall survival was 73%. Varices were eradicated or reduced to grade one in 78% of the 125 @entity1 who were followed for more than 30 days. Variceal eradication required a mean of 5.5 sessions. Recurrent @entity548 occurred in 44% of the total @entity1 population. There were no major complications from EVL. It is concluded from this non-randomized experience that EVL is an effective treatment for @entity548 esophageal varices and that it appears to be as effective as sclerotherapy with fewer complications.

title: Three years experience with endoscopic variceal ligation for treatment of XXXX varices.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5881 :: ('MESH:D008108', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity6312 :: ('MESH:D014648', 'Disease') :: ['variceal sclerosis']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: From 1939 through 1981, 170 @entity1 were seen and treated for @entity2615 . Twenty-one @entity5 were benign, 47 were @entity241 , and 102 were @entity189 . Resection was the main mode of treatment in benign and @entity2615 . Treatment of diffuse epithelial @entity2615 presented the greatest challenge. Surgical therapy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy were used in combination in these @entity1 . The review of our @entity1 treated prior to 1972 had shown no benefit from including pulmonary resection in the surgical treatment of these @entity5 . Since then, all @entity1 with diffuse @entity2615 were treated by pleurectomy without pulmonary resection. Both internal and external radiation therapy were also used to enhance local control. Forty-nine percent of @entity1 with epithelial @entity2615 lived 1 year. The median survival in @entity1 whose disease was controlled by these methods was 21 months. Despite the poor prognosis in @entity3620 , better controlled by these methods was 21 months. Despite the poor prognosis in @entity3620 , better survival was achieved when the treatment included operation combined with radiation and chemotherapy.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity241 :: ('MESH:D018223', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcomatous']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['epithelioma']

entities_list: @entity2615 :: ('MESH:D008654', 'Disease') :: ['pleural mesothelioma', 'mesothelioma', 'fibrosarcomatous mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesothelioma']

answer: @entity2615 :: (MESH:D008654,Disease) :: ['pleural mesothelioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the economic consequences of implementing targeted therapy (TT) for metastatic @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) in a real-world setting. OBJECTIVE: To analyze health care and productivity costs for @entity34 in a national cohort of @entity1 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : Costs were measured per @entity1 per year during a 2-yr follow-up during 2002-2005 (immunotherapy only) and 2006-2009 ( @entity34 ). All Danish @entity1 with a diagnosis code for @entity1358 and a procedure code for TT or immunotherapy were linked to the Danish National @entity1 Registry (contains information on all contacts with primary and secondary health sector). Health care and productivity costs were retrieved from the Danish case-mix system and Coherent Social Statistics, respectively. Drug costs were calculated separately from procedure codes and retail prices. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Generalized linear models were used to analyze costs adjusted for age, gender, and civil status. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 439 @entity1 were included for 2006-2009 and 192 for 2002-2005. Comparison of the health care cost per @entity1 per year between 2006-2009 and 2002-2005 revealed lower inpatient costs (   11  899 vs    19  944, adjusted relative risk [RR] 0.64), higher outpatient costs (   14  308 vs    6209, RR 2.39), lower radiotherapy costs (   194 vs    633, RR 0.31), higher radiology costs (   676 vs    191, RR 3.73), and higher separately calculated drug costs (   12  040 vs    3103, RR 3.82, all p<0.001) for the former. Total health care costs per @entity1 per year did not significantly differ (   27  676 vs    27  856, RR 1.05, p=0.5) between the two periods. Income from employment did not significantly differ between 2006-2009 and 2002-2005 (RR 1.11, p=0.11) and costs associated with loss of productivity were    7852 and    8265, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A different pattern of health care costs were observed but total health care costs per @entity1 per year did not significantly differ after implementation of TT for @entity1 with mRCC. @entity1 SUMMARY: In this nationwide study, we found changes in the pattern of health care costs for @entity1 with metastatic @entity703 after implementation of targeted therapy compared to an immunotherapy control period; however, total health care costs and income from employment were without significant changes.

title: Health Economic Changes as a Result of Implementation of Targeted Therapy for XXXX : National Results from DARENCA Study 2.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['kidney cancer']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['TT implementation']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, no studies in @entity1 with @entity565 have assessed a long-acting muscarinic antagonist in the absence of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the dose-response, efficacy, and safety of @entity57939 (UMEC) in @entity1 with @entity565 not receiving ICS. METHODS: In this double-blind, three-period crossover study, 350 subjects were randomized to  a sequence of three of eight inhaled treatments: UMEC 15.6, 31.25, 62.5, 125, or 250  mcg @entity2794 ( @entity2794 ), UMEC 15.6 or 31.25  mcg twice daily (BID), or placebo, administered for 14 days (12-14-day washout). Trough forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), 0-24-h  weighted mean (WM) FEV1, and safety were assessed. Serial spirometry and pharmacokinetic assessments were performed in a subgroup. RESULTS: Subjects had a mean baseline pre- and post-bronchodilator FEV1 of 71% and 88% predicted, respectively. Significant improvements in change from baseline trough FEV1 were observed for UMEC 15.6 @entity2794 (0.066  L; p  =  0.036) and UMEC 125 @entity2794 (0.088  L; p  =  0.005) versus  placebo, but not other @entity2794 or BID doses. UMEC increased 0-24-h  WM FEV1 versus placebo (0.068-0.121  L [p   <=  0.017] with no clear dose-response). Treatment differences were similar for corresponding @entity2794 and BID doses in serial assessments. UMEC was rapidly absorbed, with evidence of some accumulation. The incidence of on-treatment adverse events was 9-21% for UMEC and 12% for placebo. There were no treatment-related effects on laboratory parameters. CONCLUSION: The modest trough FEV1 improvements did not conclusively support a therapeutic benefit of UMEC in non-ICS treated @entity1 with @entity565 . CLINICALTRIALSGOV: NCT01641692.

title: A randomized, three-period crossover study of @entity57939 as monotherapy in adult XXXX with @entity565 .

entities_list: @entity57939 :: ('MESH:C573971', 'Chemical') :: ['umeclidinium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']