abstract: OBJECTIVES: To illustrate how claims data can be used to (1) develop outcome scores that predict response to a traditional treatment and (2) estimate the economic impact of individualized assignment to a newer treatment based on the outcome score. An example application is based on two treatments for @entity71 ( @entity71 ): osmotic-release oral system @entity2727 (OROS- @entity7541 ) and @entity23695 (LDX). METHODS: Adolescents with @entity71 initiating OROS- @entity7541 (n=6320) or LDX (n=6394) were selected from the MarketScan claims database. A model was developed for predicting risk of switching/augmentation with OROS- @entity7541 using multiple baseline characteristics. The model was applied to an independent sample to stratify @entity1 by their predicted risk and, within each stratum, risk of switching/augmentation and @entity71 -related total costs were compared between OROS- @entity7541 and LDX @entity1 using inverse probability of treatment weighting. RESULTS: The prediction model resulted in substantial stratification, showing risk of switching/augmentation with OROS- @entity7541 ranging from 11.3-42.1%. In the two strata where OROS- @entity7541 had highest risk of switching/augmentation, LDX had significantly lower risk of switching/augmentation than OROS- @entity7541 (by 7.0-8.2%) and lower @entity71 -related annual total costs (by  264- 625 per @entity1 ). LIMITATIONS: The current study has used the risk of switching/augmentation as a proxy measure for treatment efficacy to establish the prediction model. Future research using a clinical measure for @entity71 symptoms is warranted to verify the findings. CONCLUSIONS: Combining multiple @entity1 characteristics into a predicted score for treatment outcomes with a traditional treatment can help identify subgroups of @entity1 who benefit most from a new treatment. In this analysis, @entity71 @entity1 with a high predicted score for switching/augmentation with OROS- @entity7541 had a lower rate of switching/augmentation with LDX. Assigning OROS- @entity7541 and LDX treatments based on the predicted scores that are heterogeneous in a @entity1 population may help improve clinical outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of care.

title: Identifying XXXX subgroups who benefit most from a treatment: using administrative claims data to uncover treatment heterogeneity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['ADHD', 'attention deficit hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity23695 :: ('MESH:C514020', 'Chemical') :: ['lisdexamfetamine dimesylate']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Methylation of promoter region is the major mechanism affecting gene expression in @entity5 . Recent methylome studies of @entity1313 revealed a list of new epigenetically modified genes. Our aim was to study promoter methylation of newly identified epigenetically silenced genes together with already known epigenetic markers and evaluate its separate and concomitant role in @entity463 genesis and @entity1 outcome. METHODS: The methylation status of @entity8724 , @entity14047 , @entity43289 , @entity4107 , and @entity8186 in 76 @entity1 with primary @entity463 was investigated. Methylation-specific PCR reaction was performed using @entity9736 treated DNA. Evaluating @entity463 @entity1 survival time after operation, @entity1 data and gene methylation effect on survival was estimated using survival analysis. RESULTS: The overwhelming majority (97.3%) of @entity5 were methylated in at least one of five genes tested. In @entity463 specimens gene methylation was observed as follows: @entity8724 in 51.3%, @entity43289 in 68.4%, @entity14047 in 46.1%, @entity4107 in 41.3% and @entity8186 in 56.8% of @entity5 . Methylation of @entity8724 was associated with younger @entity1 age (p < 0.05), while @entity8186 with older (p < 0.01). @entity8724 methylation was significantly more frequent event in @entity1 group who survived longer than 36 months after operation (p < 0.05), while methylation of @entity8186 was more frequent in @entity1 who survived shorter than 36 months (p < 0.05). Cox regression analysis showed @entity1 age, treatment, @entity8724 , @entity43289 and @entity8186 as independent predictors for @entity463 @entity1 outcome (p < 0.05). @entity8724 and @entity43289 were independent predictors for @entity1 survival in younger @entity1 ' group, while there were no significant associations observed in older @entity1 ' group when adjusted for therapy. CONCLUSIONS: High methylation frequency of tested genes shows heterogeneity of @entity463 epigenome and the importance of @entity8724 , @entity43289 and @entity8186 genes methylation in @entity463 @entity1 outcome.

title: @entity8724 , XXXX , @entity14047 , @entity4107 , and @entity8186 gene promoter methylation in @entity463 .

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity9736 :: ('MESH:C042345', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulfite']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas', 'glioblastoma']

answer: @entity43289 :: (2627,Gene) :: ['GATA6']


abstract: PURPOSE: Intrinsic @entity11 subtypes (IGSs) are molecularly similar @entity5 that can be identified based on unsupervised gene expression analysis. Here, we have evaluated the clinical relevance of these subtypes within European Organisation for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) 26951, a randomized phase III clinical trial investigating adjuvant @entity4174 , @entity11770 , and @entity1891 ( @entity1485 ) chemotherapy in anaplastic @entity5 . Our study includes gene expression profiles of @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded (FFPE) clinical trial samples. @entity1 AND METHODS: Gene expression profiling was performed in 140 samples, 47 fresh frozen samples and 93 FFPE samples, on HU133_Plus_2.0 and HuEx_1.0_st arrays, respectively. RESULTS: All previously identified six IGSs are present in EORTC 26951. This confirms that different molecular subtypes are present within a well-defined histologic subtype. Intrinsic subtypes are highly prognostic for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). They are prognostic for PFS independent of clinical (age, performance status, and @entity5 location), molecular (1p/19q loss of heterozygosity [LOH], @entity818 mutation, and @entity8724 methylation), and histologic parameters. Combining known molecular (1p/19q LOH, @entity818 ) prognostic parameters with intrinsic subtypes improves outcome prediction (proportion of explained variation, 30% v 23% for each individual group of factors). Specific genetic changes ( @entity818 , 1p/19q LOH, and @entity470 amplification) segregate into different subtypes. We identified one subtype, IGS-9 (characterized by a high percentage of 1p/19q LOH and @entity818 mutations), that especially benefits from @entity1485 chemotherapy. Median OS in this subtype was 5.5 years after radiotherapy (RT) alone versus 12.8 years after RT/ @entity1485 (P = .0349; hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.06 to 4.50). CONCLUSION: Intrinsic subtypes are highly prognostic in EORTC 26951 and improve outcome prediction when combined with other prognostic factors. Tumors assigned to IGS-9 benefit from adjuvant @entity1485 .

title: Intrinsic molecular subtypes of @entity11 are prognostic and predict benefit from adjuvant @entity4174 , XXXX , and @entity1891 chemotherapy in combination with other prognostic factors in anaplastic oligodendroglial brain tumors: a report from EORTC study 26951.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4174 :: ('MESH:D011344', 'Chemical') :: ['procarbazine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'oligodendroglial tumors', 'Cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity11770 :: ('MESH:D008130', 'Chemical') :: ['lomustine']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

answer: @entity11770 :: (MESH:D008130,Chemical) :: ['lomustine']


abstract: Titres of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody have been measured repeatedly in young @entity1 during a period of 6-8 years after the administration of @entity41998 /3 and Cendehill attenuated @entity2462 vaccines. Mean antibody titres were initially 217 after @entity41998 /3 and 159 after Cendehill, but the difference diminished after the first year. Antibody titres were subsequently well maintained in both groups and did not reveal any need for regular revaccination. Mean titres in the Cendehill group were partly maintained by symptomless reinfection which was commoner after Cendehill than after @entity41998 /3. Significant falls in titre were equally common after both vaccines, but low titres of 30 or less were more frequent in subjects who had received Cendehill. Mean neutralizing antibody titres were initially 15.4 after @entity41998 /3 vaccine and 9 after Cendehill. Titres remained higher after @entity41998 /3 for 3 years, but the difference then diminished and became insignificant during the fifth year. Revaccination of @entity1 with low antibody titres produced significant increases in 69% of subjects when standard @entity41998 /3 vaccine was used; a special preparation of @entity41998 /3 of higher potency produced a similar number of rises (70%) but elicited higher titres and might occasionally be useful for revaccinating @entity1 who are likely to come into contact with @entity2462 . Challenge with @entity41998 /3 vaccine produced weaker responses in @entity1 who had experienced natural infection than in those whose antibody was vaccine-induced. Rises in antibody titre after revaccination consisted mainly of IgG, but traces of IgM antibody were detected in one vaccinee who had recently experienced natural reinfection and in 1 @entity1 with naturally acquired antibody who had been challenged with high titre @entity41998 /3 vaccine.

title: Antibody titres in XXXX six to eight years after the administration of RA2713 and Cendehill @entity2462 vaccines.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: To carry out a primary risk assessment in the Inland Sea of Japan for @entity36706 [ @entity7869 ], a metal @entity31779 photodegradation product, we used a methodology based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) estimated with a Bayesian statistical model. We first conducted growth inhibition tests with three marine phytoplankton species, Tetraselmis tetrathele, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Dunaliella tertiolecta. We also performed acute and early life stage @entity137 (ELS) tests with a teleost fish, the @entity22159 ( @entity22159 ). The algal growth inhibition tests revealed that the 72-h EC(50) ranged from 62 to 1100  g/L. Acute @entity137 tests with larval @entity22159 revealed that the 96-h LC(50) was approximately 500  g/L based on the actual toxicant concentrations. ELS testing of (PS)(2) under continuous flow-through conditions for 50 days revealed that growth was the most sensitive endpoint, and both total length and body weight were significantly lower in the groups exposed to 27  g/L (PS)(2) compared to the solvent control group. We determined a lowest observed effect concentration of 17  g/L and a NOEC of 5.9  g/L based on the actual toxicant concentrations. By using the ecotoxicity data (LC(50) and EC(50)) from this study and previous work, we calculated a hazardous concentration that should protect 95% and 99% of species (HC(5) and HC(1)) based on the SSD derived with a Bayesian statistical model. The medians with 90% confidence intervals (parentheses) of the HC(5) and HC(1) were 31.0 (3.2, 101.8)  g/L and 10.1 (0.5, 44.2)  g/L, respectively. In the ELS test, about 80% of hatched larvae exposed to 243- g/L (PS)(2) displayed a notochord undulation. To elucidate the cause of the notochord undulation, we carried out embryo @entity137 tests by exposing embryos at various developmental stages to (PS)(2). Exposure to (PS)(2) through the entire gastrulae stage was important to induction of the morphological abnormality. Lysyl oxidase activity was significantly decreased in these embryos compared to the control group, a suggestion that @entity12553 oxidase-mediated collagen fiber organization, which is essential for notochord formation, is disrupted because of (PS)(2) @entity137 . We also investigated the occurrence of (PS)(2) in water from several coastal sites of the Inland Sea and detected (PS)(2) at concentrations of <0.1-0.4 ng/L. Comparison of environmental concentrations to the HC values suggests that the current ecological risk posed by (PS)(2) in the Inland Sea is low. This is the first report of the detection of a metal @entity31779 degradation product in the natural marine environment.

title: Species sensitivity distribution approach to primary risk analysis of the metal @entity31779 photodegradation product, XXXX in the Inland Sea and induction of notochord undulation in fish embryos.

entities_list: @entity22159 :: ('8078', 'Species') :: ['Fundulus heteroclitus', 'mummichog', 'mummichogs']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity36706 :: ('MESH:C001105', 'Chemical') :: ["2,2'-dipyridyldisulfide"]

entities_list: @entity31779 :: ('MESH:C008704', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrithione']

answer: @entity36706 :: (MESH:C001105,Chemical) :: ['2,2'-dipyridyldisulfide']


abstract: A four year old @entity1 with @entity177 resulting from recurrent @entity293 and @entity3025 from birth underwent renal transplantation. In the past he had had five ureteric reimplant operations and a gastrostomy, as he ate nothing by mouth. He required peritoneal dialysis 13 hours a night, six nights a week. His fluid requirements were 2100 ml per day. This included a night feed of 1.5 litres Nutrizon. Before operation he received 900 ml of Dioralyte instead of the Nutrizon feed, and peritoneal dialysis was performed as usual. The operation itself was technically difficult and there was more @entity190 than anticipated, requiring intravenous fluids and blood. The operation ended about four hours later but he did not wake up. Urgent computed tomography revealed @entity4 . He died the next day. At necropsy the brain was massively oedematous and weighed 1680 g.

title: Dilutional hyponatraemia: a cause of massive fatal intraoperative XXXX in a @entity1 undergoing renal transplantation.

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['gross cerebral oedema']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['polyuric renal failure']

entities_list: @entity3025 :: ('MESH:D014718', 'Disease') :: ['vesicoureteric reflux']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['cerebral oedema']


abstract: PURPOSE: Exercise is understood to exert positive effects on bone. However cancellous bone has not been shown to increase with exercise. Previous results of our 1-yr observational prospective study in ovulatory @entity1 related 20% of the change in cancellous spinal @entity79 ( @entity79 ), measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), to luteal phase length (the time from ovulation to menstruation, LL). METHODS: The 66 @entity1 who documented exercise daily included normally active @entity1 (N = 23) and those who ran consistently or were increasing running in preparation for a marathon (N = 43). Exercise did not affect @entity79 change in the @entity1 as a whole. We re-evaluated those data to determine whether exercise-related effects on spinal cancellous @entity79 change in regularly cycling premenopausal @entity1 were related to ovulatory characteristics. The potential relationship of exercise to @entity79 change was reanalyzed by stratifying @entity1 into tertiles according to average LL documented by quantitative basal temperature analysis. RESULTS: Repeated-measures ANOVA indicated independent positive effects of both luteal length (P = 0.001) and activity (P = 0.041). The 11 runners with LL > 10.9 d had a nonsignificant 0.5% increase in lumbar @entity79 while the 15 who averaged short LL (<9.9 d) experienced a significant 3.6% loss. In the runners as a group, however, kilometers run per week was negatively related to @entity79 change throughout (r = -0.347, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: These data are the first to indicate that, in @entity1 with regular cycles, luteal length and exercise independently and positively affect change in spinal cancellous @entity79 .

title: Running and ovulation positively change cancellous bone in premenopausal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity738 ( @entity738 ) and necrotizing @entity5422 (NME) are common inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system of @entity235 . Infectious pathogens, particularly viruses, are suspected to contribute to the etiopathogenesis of @entity738 and NME. HYPOTHESIS: Broadly reactive PCR might aid in the identification of infectious agents in @entity738 and NME. ANIMALS: Sixty-eight client-owned @entity235 evaluated by necropsy at 1 university referral hospital. METHODS: A mixed prospective/retrospective case-control study was performed. Brain tissue prospectively collected at necropsy from @entity738 , NME, and control cases was evaluated by broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for adenoviruses, bunyaviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, flaviviruses, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses, and parechoviruses. In addition, these tissues were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of mycoplasmas by PCR, culture, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: Brain tissue was collected from 11 @entity738 and 27 NME cases and 30 controls. Viral nucleic acids were not identified in the 6 @entity738 cases, 25 NME cases, and 2 controls evaluated by viral PCR. @entity9463 canis was identified by @entity9463 genus PCR in 1/5 @entity738 and 4/25 NME cases and subsequently was cultured from 4/5 @entity738 and 4/8 NME cases as well as 2/9 controls. The IHC did not detect @entity14476 in any of the 11 @entity738 and 27 NME cases or 14 controls evaluated with strain PG14 polyclonal antiserum. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The negative results suggest that viral pathogens are not common in the brain tissue of @entity235 with @entity738 and NME. Further investigation is warranted to determine the importance of @entity14476 in cases of @entity738 and NME.

title: Broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for pathogen detection in @entity235 granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and necrotizing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['Mycoplasma']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['GME', 'Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity5422 :: ('MESH:D008590', 'Disease') :: ['meningoencephalitis']

answer: @entity5422 :: (MESH:D008590,Disease) :: ['meningoencephalitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of prophylactic antibiotics on the prevention of @entity281 ( @entity281 ) and the cost-effectiveness of this prophylaxis for @entity0 surgery in overweight or @entity28 @entity1 . BACKGROUND DATA: @entity281 is higher than expected after breast surgery. @entity28 was found to be one of the risk factors. METHODS: The trial was designed as a phase IV randomized, controlled, parallel-group efficacy trial. It was conducted at a tertiary university hospital. Overweight or @entity28 @entity1 with clinically early-stage @entity0 who had been assigned to undergo surgery were eligible. @entity1 were randomly allocated to either a prophylaxis or a control group by using a computer-generated list. The prophylaxis group received 1 g @entity869 - @entity5899 intravenously at anesthesia. The control group received no intervention. @entity1 and observers were blinded to the assignments. The primary outcome was the comparison of @entity281 incidences of the 2 groups. @entity1 were monitored for 30 days. RESULTS: A total of 369 @entity1 were included in final analysis, out of which 187 were allocated for prophylaxis and 182 were randomly assigned to the control group. Analysis was done according to the intention-to-treat principle. Prophylaxis significantly reduced the @entity281 rate (4.8%) in the prophylaxis group when compared with that in the control group [13.7%; relative risk (RR) 0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.73]. No adverse reaction was observed. The mean @entity281 -related cost (20.26 USD) was found to be significantly higher in the control group when compared with that (8.48 USD) in the prophylaxis group. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic prophylaxis significantly decreased @entity281 incidence after elective surgery and was shown to be cost-effective in @entity0 @entity1 . ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00356148.

title: Efficacy of prophylactic antibiotic administration for @entity0 surgery in overweight or @entity28 XXXX : a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'obese breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obese']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['surgical site infection', 'SSI']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity5899 :: ('MESH:D013407', 'Chemical') :: ['sulbactam']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze the visual and refractive outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) after @entity9762 ( @entity9762 ) for @entity9042 . SETTING: Haydarpasa Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ophthalmology Clinic, Istanbul, @entity233 . DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: @entity1 with compound myopic @entity940 after @entity9762 and a @entity6110 ( @entity6110 ) between -2.50 diopters (D) and -8.00 D had LASIK as a single-step procedure, correcting the manifest @entity2516 . The visual and refractive results at 1 month, 3 months, and the last follow-up were compared with preoperative values. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 11.17 months    3.61 (SD). The mean manifest refraction @entity6110 (MRSE) and autorefractometer measurements and the autokeratorefractometer and corneal topography keratometry readings decreased significantly from preoperatively to 1 month postoperatively (P<.01) but did not change significantly thereafter (P>.05). Preoperatively, the mean uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities were 0.21    0.08 and 0.73    0.08, respectively; postoperatively, the means were 0.73    0.10 and 0.98    0.05, respectively. All eyes achieved a postoperative UDVA better than 0.5. No eye lost CDVA lines. The safety index was 1.34. The mean MRSE was -5.18    1.74 D preoperatively and -1.05    0.64 D postoperatively (P<.01). Postoperatively, 11 eyes (91.67%) were within    2.00 D of the @entity6110 , 8 (6.67%) were within    1.00 D, and 5 (41.67%) were within    0.50 D. No complications were encountered. CONCLUSION: Treatment of post- @entity9762 @entity9042 @entity1 with LASIK to correct manifest @entity2516 seems to be a viable option.

title: Laser in situ keratomileusis to manage @entity2516 after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refraction error']

entities_list: @entity6110 :: ('MESH:D017029', 'Disease') :: ['SE', 'spherical equivalent']

entities_list: @entity9042 :: ('MESH:D007640', 'Disease') :: ['keratoconus']

entities_list: @entity9762 :: ('MESH:C535342', 'Disease') :: ['deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty', 'DALK']

answer: @entity9762 :: (MESH:C535342,Disease) :: ['deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty']


abstract: @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) is regarded as one of the optimal indications for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in adults. Between July 1987 and August 1991, 7 @entity1 had @entity2835 as the indication for OLT. 6 were transplanted and one @entity1 is still on the waiting list. The @entity1 ' mean age was 47 years (range: 39 to 59) and the time from diagnosis to indication for OLT was 4, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 17 years. @entity548 episodes treated by sclerotherapy (plus porta-caval shunt in one @entity1 ) occurred in 3 @entity1 before OLT. All suffered from @entity1087 (mean @entity648 232 mumol/l, range 116 to 536), @entity425 , @entity448 and @entity111 . There were no deaths in this series during a mean follow-up time of 26 months (range 6 to 43). With the exception of @entity2331 , all complications of @entity409 were reversed by OLT. Despite numerous postoperative problems (e.g. reoperations, intense rejection episodes, @entity2803 ), the quality of life is excellent for these 6 @entity1 . Mean @entity648 at time of last follow-up was 18 mumol/l (range 8 to 26). No evidence of @entity2835 recurrence was found. Based on international experience confirmed by this series, we support the notion that no @entity1 suffering from advanced @entity2835 should be denied OLT whenever possible.

title: [Liver transplantation for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['Primary biliary cirrhosis', 'PBC']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus infections and lumbar column fractures']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Variceal hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

answer: @entity2835 :: (MESH:D008105,Disease) :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']


abstract: The crystal structure of @entity3791 modification I (mod. I) was determined, and its differences compared with the already known crystal structure of the triclinic modification II (mod. II) are discussed. The monoclinic mod. I crystallizes in space group @entity994 /n with four molecules in the unit cell: a = 4.7674, b = 21.956, and c = 8.186 A, beta = 104.23 degrees. In both modifications, the molecules form @entity3884 -bonded centrosymmetric dimers. The two modifications differ distinctly in the spatial arrangement of these pairs and in the @entity3884 bonds formed between them. The thermodynamic relationship between the two modifications is demonstrated by a semischematic energy/temperature diagram, based on the results of thermal analysis and solubility experiments. Mod. II is the thermodynamically stable modification at 20 degrees C and enantiotropically related to mod. I. The thermodynamic transition point lies between 120 and 148 degrees C. The solid-state properties of @entity3791 are mainly directed by the strong intermolecular @entity3884 bond forces. Thus, the metastable mod. I exhibits a higher density than mod. II and a very high kinetic stability at 20 degrees C. Both modifications can be crystallized from water and the solubility differences are very small, so, in addition to mod. II, the metastable but extremely resistant mod. I is suggested to be suitable for use in solid pharmaceutical formulations.

title: The polymorphic drug substances of the European pharmacopoeia. Part 9. Physicochemical properties and crystal structure of XXXX crystal forms.

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

answer: @entity3791 :: (MESH:D000086,Chemical) :: ['acetazolamide']


abstract: From 1986 to 1988, 44 @entity1 have been treated for @entity5 or @entity455 with stereotactic radiosurgery using a modified standard linear accelerator. In seven @entity1 , @entity1209 occurred within 6 hours after the completion of radiosurgery. One of these @entity1 with @entity1209 pretreatment had exacerbation several hours after treatment, in spite of @entity6918 and @entity6916 prophylaxis. @entity390 and @entity391 in the other six @entity1 was self-limited and was completely resolved by 12 hours from onset. None of these six @entity1 suffered from @entity1209 before treatment. This was directly correlated with the total dose to the @entity391 center in the floor of the fourth ventricle (area postrema). The median dose to the @entity391 center in the seven @entity1 was 618 cGy (range 275-1257). The final @entity1 in the series received 1088 cGy to the area postrema after @entity6918 and @entity619 prophylaxis without developing @entity390 or @entity391 . In the remaining 36 @entity1 who received from less than 5 to 184 cGy to area postrema, @entity1209 did not occur. We recommend that @entity1 treated with large fractions of radiation by radiosurgery in this area be premedicated appropriately.

title: The acute onset of XXXX following stereotactic radiosurgery: correlation with total dose to area postrema.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity6916 :: ('MESH:D011346', 'Chemical') :: ['prochlorperazine']

entities_list: @entity390 :: ('MESH:D009325', 'Disease') :: ['Nausea', 'nausea']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity6918 :: ('MESH:D004329', 'Chemical') :: ['droperidol']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and occasional vomiting', 'nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1209 :: (MESH:D020250,Disease) :: ['nausea and vomiting']


abstract: The aim of this study was to look at the aetiological factors presenting as @entity221 in cirrhotic @entity1 . The study group included all cirrhotic @entity1 admitted as inpatients between January and December 2011 with a history of fever of less than seven days duration. Detailed history, clinical examination and investigations, as required, were noted. The data collected were analysed. A total of 42 @entity1 formed the study group. The male-to-female ratio was 9.5:1. The mean age at presentation was 45.09 years (24-77 years). The aetiological factors for fever were: spontaneous @entity298 (20), lower @entity1729 (8), @entity293 (6), @entity6250 (4), acute @entity2679 (2) and @entity311 (2). The mean MELD (model for @entity3851 ) score at presentation was 20.4. Three @entity1 with spontaneous @entity298 (SBP) and a mean MELD score of 31 died during the hospital admission. @entity221 in @entity82 is attributable to multiple causes. Outcome is dependent on the severity of underlying @entity409 .

title: Acute XXXX in @entity82 - thinking beyond spontaneous @entity298 !

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity6250 :: ('MESH:D038061', 'Disease') :: ['lower limb cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage liver disease']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['Febrile illness', 'acute febrile illness']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial peritonitis']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['febrile illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Paederus @entity1909 is a peculiar @entity9759 caused when beetles of the genus Paederus (often called rove beetles) are crushed on the skin, releasing the vesicant pederin. The @entity1909 is most frequently seen in regions with a hot, tropical climate. METHODS: We describe 123 @entity1 who presented to our dermatology department at a suburban teaching hospital located in Tamilnadu, South India, known for its long, hot summers. Ours was a 1-year prospective study (January 2005 to December 2005). RESULTS: The peak time of presentation was during April. The mean duration of lesions before presentation was 2.7 days. The neck and arms were the most common sites of involvement. Male @entity1 outnumbered female @entity1 in our study (males 65%, females 35%). The mean age of @entity1 was 23.4 years. Clinically, the most common presentation consisted of linear, geographic, @entity527 with a "burnt" appearance. In 61% of @entity1 , more than one lesion was present. @entity5222 were seen in 33.3% of @entity1 and pustules in 4.9% of @entity1 . "Kissing lesions" were seen in 1.6% of @entity1 . Periorbital involvement occurred in 4.9% of @entity1 . The majority of @entity1 were students residing in various hostels in our campus, within 1 km of @entity579 fields. LIMITATIONS: Species identification of the Paederus beetles was not done. In addition, skin biopsy of the lesions was not done and no histopathologic examination was performed. CONCLUSION: An outbreak of paederus @entity1909 can occur in tropical regions. Awareness of the condition and its clinical features will prevent misdiagnosis. Simple preventive measures can be undertaken based on the behavioral pattern of this nocturnal beetle.

title: An outbreak of Paederus XXXX in a suburban hospital in South India: a report of 123 cases and review of literature.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['erythematous plaques']

entities_list: @entity9759 :: ('MESH:D017453', 'Disease') :: ['irritant contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

answer: @entity1909 :: (MESH:D003872,Disease) :: ['dermatitis']


abstract: The time course of activation of the skeletal muscle L-type @entity460 channel was studied in voltage-clamped myotubes derived from @entity1 satellite cells. The slow L-type current was isolated by inactivating faster @entity460 current components using appropriate prepulses or by subtracting the currents not blocked by 5 microM @entity594 . The L-type current exhibited a single exponential activation and time constants which showed little voltage dependence in the range +10 to +50mV. Currents blocked by @entity594 could be partially restored by UV-light flash photolysis. When a flash of light was applied during a depolarizing step, the activation time course of the resulting inward current contained a rapid, almost instantaneous component followed by a slower component. The amplitude of the rapid component was different when the flash was applied at different times during the depolarizing step: depolarization first increased and then decreased the fraction of channels which could rapidly be restored from the block by photolysis. Plotted versus time after the onset of the depolarization this fraction closely matched the time course of the L-type current obtained before the block by @entity594 . This indicates that the slow gating recations of the @entity141 channel remain functional in the @entity594 -blocked state. Large conditioning depolarizations which had been shown to enhance the speed of L-type current activation in frog muscle fibres showed no effect in @entity1 myotubes. Numerical simulations using a gating scheme proposed for frog muscle demonstrate that such differences can be caused by changing just a single kinetic parameter.

title: L-type @entity460 current activation in cultured XXXX myotubes.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The majority of @entity0 are @entity2931 dependent and in postmenopausal @entity1 the supply of @entity2931 in breast tissue is derived from the peripheral conversion of circulating @entity3800 . There is, however, a paradox concerning the epidemiology of @entity0 and the dietary intake of phytoestrogens that bind weakly to @entity2931 receptors and initiate @entity2931 -dependent transcription. In Eastern countries, such as Japan, the incidence of @entity0 is approximately one-third that of Western countries whilst their high dietary intake of phytoestrogens, mainly in the form of soy products, can produce circulating levels of phytoestrogens that are known experimentally to have oestrogenic effects. Indeed, their weak oestrogenicity has been used to advantage by herbalist medicine to promote soy products as a natural alternative to conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Such usage could increase in light of recent evidence that long-term HRT usage may be associated with an increased risk of @entity0 with a consequent reduction in prescription rates. So, are phytoestrogens safe as a natural alternative to HRT and could they be promoters or protectors of @entity0 ? If they are promoters, then we must assume that it is due to their oestrogenic effect. If they are protectors, then other actions of phytoestrogens, including their ability to inhibit enzymes that are responsible for converting @entity3800 and weak @entity2931 into @entity53 , must be considered. This paper addresses these questions by reviewing the actions of phytoestrogens on @entity2931 receptors and key enzymes that convert @entity3800 to @entity2931 in relation to the growth of @entity0 cells. In addition, it compares the experimental and epidemiological evidence pertinent to the potential beneficial or harmful effects of phytoestrogens in relation to the incidence/progression of @entity0 and their efficacy as natural alternatives to conventional HRT.

title: Phytoestrogens and XXXX or protectors?

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogens', 'oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer--promoters']


abstract: The frequency and distribution of aberrant antigen expression are analyzed on bone marrow aspirates from 80 @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) by multidimensional flow cytometry. Parameters examined are the light scatter profile of the @entity1778 cells and the correlative expression of different combinations of the @entity3138 , 4, 5, 7, 11b, 11c, 13, 14, 15, 16, 33, 34, 38, and HLA-DR antigens. Antigen expression on @entity1778 cells in bone marrow is described by characteristic antigen expression patterns describing: (i) the percentage of cells expressing the antigen; (ii) the antigen density; and (iii) the distribution of the antigen on the @entity1778 cells. Typically the non-myeloid antigens are homogeneously expressed by the @entity1778 cells, whereas the myeloid associated antigen @entity9536 , @entity2935 , @entity5750 , and @entity5824 are heterogeneously expressed. Comparison of the antigenic profiles of 80 bone marrow aspirates revealed an extreme interclonal heterogeneity. Comparison of the antigen expression patterns found in @entity3052 @entity1 with the antigen expression in normal bone marrow revealed four patterns of aberrant antigen expression in @entity3052 : (i) expression of nonmyeloid antigens (i.e. @entity3138 , @entity5893 , and @entity4587 were present in 57, 60, and 37% of the @entity1 , respectively); (ii) asynchronous expression of myeloid associated antigens (i.e. co-expression of @entity2280 and @entity5824 in 25% of the @entity1 and expression of @entity4071 on immature myeloid cells in 15% of the cases); (iii) over-expression of myeloid associated antigens (e.g. @entity2280 in 16% of the cases and @entity5750 on neutrophilic cells in 19% of all @entity1 ); and (iv) absence of expression of myeloid associated antigens (e.g. lack of @entity1116 in 21% of the cases and lack of both @entity9536 and @entity5824 in 6% of all @entity1 . Multidimensional flow cytometric analysis of bone marrow aspirates of @entity3052 @entity1 disclosed that the @entity1778 cells of each @entity3052 @entity1 had a unique antigenic profile and could be discriminated from their normal counterparts based on aberrant antigen expression and typical light scatter profiles. The ability to distinguish @entity1778 cells from normal cells allows the detection of residual @entity1778 cells during and after chemotherapy.

title: Flow cytometric characterization of XXXX . Part II. Phenotypic heterogeneity at diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the results of free vascularized fibula grafting (FVFG) in the treatment of allograft fracture nonunion after limb salvage surgery for malignant @entity3478 .A retrospective study was performed on 8 @entity1 who underwent FVFG for allograft fracture nonunions. All had prior @entity5 resection and allograft reconstruction for @entity421 (n = 6) or @entity2828 (n = 2) of the femur (n = 3), tibia (n = 2), humerus (n = 2), or ulna (n = 1). All @entity1 failed an initial course of immobilization; 4 @entity1 failed prior open reduction and internal fixation with autogenous nonvascularized bone grafting. Average age at the time of FVFG was 14 years. Average follow-up was 44 months. The FVFG resulted in successful @entity2721 in 7 of 8 @entity1 , providing @entity158 relief, limb preservation, and restoration of function. One @entity1 developed an @entity281 requiring fibula removal and staged prosthetic reconstruction. Additional complications requiring further treatment included limb-length discrepancy, additional allograft fracture, and wound @entity281 . The FVFG is an effective treatment option for allograft nonunion after limb salvage surgery because it provides both the mechanical stability and biological stimulus for @entity2721 . Attention to internal fixation, limb alignment, and microvascular principles is essential to prevent complications and allow for the best functional outcomes.

title: Results of free vascularized fibula grafting for allograft nonunion after limb salvage surgery for malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ['Ewing sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone tumors']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity2721 :: ('MESH:D018213', 'Disease') :: ['bony healing']

answer: @entity3478 :: (MESH:D001859,Disease) :: ['bone tumors']


abstract: A systematic analysis of the distribution of advanced @entity731 was undertaken in chow-fed, 9-month-old @entity6970 -deficient @entity19 to identify sites amenable for study of mechanisms of formation of stenotic lesions. The arterial tree was dissected intact and included medium-sized arteries in the extremities as well as arteries of the head and neck. The most reproducible lesions were seen in the ascending aorta and in the carotid, femoral, and popliteal arteries. Casting of the vascular tree provided additional verification of the presence of lumen narrowing in the external branches of the carotid artery. Consistent with what has been observed in @entity1 @entity731 arteries, there was dilation in response to lesion growth and no correlation between lesion mass and lumen loss in the @entity19 arteries. This adaptation was especially true in the ascending aorta, where normal lumen size was maintained at @entity731 sites. In contrast, the external carotid arteries were stenotic in 9 of 12 animals. Here too, however, loss of lumen did not correlate with lesion mass but did correlate with @entity32 and medial atrophy. Lumen narrowing also occurred most frequently at sites where extracellular @entity165 clefts were a prominent part of the lesion. These data suggest that the stenotic process in advanced @entity731 vessels may depend on death of medial smooth muscle cells, possibly in response to inflammatory changes in the plaque or adventitia.

title: Peripheral vascular stenosis in @entity6970 -deficient @entity19 . Potential roles of lipid deposition, medial atrophy, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['adventitial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['adventitial inflammation']


abstract: Survival of adults with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) is inferior to that of pediatric @entity1 . Strategies to improve the outcome of adult population are warranted. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pediatric-inspired regimens given to adolescents and young adults (AYA), usually defined as 16-39 years, with @entity981 . Systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative trials of AYA @entity1 with @entity981 given induction chemotherapy with either pediatric-inspired regimens or conventional-adult chemotherapy was conducted. Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated and pooled. Our search yielded 11 trials, including 2,489 @entity1 . AYA @entity1 given pediatric-inspired regimens had a statistically significant lower all cause mortality rate at 3 years (RR 0.58; 95% CI 0.51-0.67). Complete remission rate after induction chemotherapy and event free survival were superior in the pediatric-inspired regimens arm ( @entity4736 .05; 95% CI 1.01-1.10 and @entity4736 .66; 95% CI 1.39-1.99, respectively). Relapse rate was also lower in @entity1 given pediatric-inspired regimens (RR 0.51; 95% CI 0.39-0.66) with comparable nonrelapse mortality between the two groups (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.19-1.48). Pediatric-inspired regimens are superior to conventional-adult chemotherapy in AYA @entity981 @entity1 . Further randomized controlled studies to investigate this approach in @entity981 @entity1 are warranted.

title: Adolescents and young adults with XXXX have a better outcome when treated with pediatric-inspired regimens: systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['adult ALL', 'ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aims to present 18 years' experience with endoscopic treatment of bilateral @entity16453 as regard to management concept, surgical technique, results, pitfalls, and complications. @entity1 AND METHODS: A retrospective study including 112 cases of bilateral @entity16453 , treated at Mansoura University Hospital endoscopically in the period from January 1998 to March 2015. As far as we know, this is the largest study group on transnasal endoscopic @entity16453 repair in literature. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve @entity1 (87 females, 25 males) were included in the study. Age at operation ranged between 1 day and 28 days (8.75 days in average), and body weight average was 2.76kg. All @entity1 were diagnosed at birth except 3 @entity1 . In this study, 85 cases were mixed @entity1146 , 25 cases were bony @entity1146 , and only two cases were membranous. In all cases, @entity79 was removed, lateral wall drilling was used in 33 cases. Follow up ranged between 6 months and 18 years (95.6 months in average). The most common complication was @entity256 , occurred in 42% (47 cases). Second-look procedure was done in 68 cases. The need for second-look evaluation with stent group was 74.5% (62 out of 83 @entity1 ), whereas in non-stent group was 20.6% (6 out of 29 @entity1 ). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic repair of bilateral @entity16453 is a safe, effective technique with minimal complication. Usage of 30 degree sinuscope permits better visualization and higher accessibility for the surgical instruments. Surgically formed wide single neochoana with removal of all intervening tissue surroundings, and good follow up permit higher success rate without stenting. Advanced learning curve permits tailoring the perfect surgery with minimal tissue injury and better outcome. Post-operative choanal dilatation using esophageal dilators under endoscopic examination decrease the need for stenting and second-look evaluation.

title: Endoscopic bilateral XXXX repair of 112 cases, evolving concept and technical experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['obliterated choana bone and vomer bone']

entities_list: @entity16453 :: ('MESH:D002754', 'Disease') :: ['choanal atresia', 'congenital choanal atresia']

answer: @entity16453 :: (MESH:D002754,Disease) :: ['congenital choanal atresia']


abstract: @entity56 is increasing, with clinical indications and allergens multiplying and evolving. We report our experience with clinical indications and distribution of allergens in @entity1 with @entity56 . Data were established in a prospective study at medical centres in Nancy and Toulouse (France). We studied 378 @entity1 with @entity56 indicated by food challenge, which account for 74.2% of @entity56 . Clinical features were: @entity483 (46.5%), @entity110 (17.9%), @entity4 (14.2%), @entity565 (8.4%), @entity2021 (5.2%), gastro-intestinal symptoms (2.1%), @entity1697 (1.8%) and @entity2024 (0.5%). Five allergens accounted for 82% of confirmed @entity56 : egg (51.8%), peanut (34.3%), milk (11.6%), mustard (8.9%) and codfish (7.1%). Allergens according to the symptoms showed that @entity16244 were more serious than other food @entity566 . Allergens according to age showed that @entity16244 is the first food @entity566 occurring after the age of three. There exists a modification in @entity1 's allergen distribution. @entity16244 is increasing seriously, and diagnosis with food challenge is a necessity.

title: [Food allergens in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['oral syndrome']

entities_list: @entity16244 :: ('MESH:D021183', 'Disease') :: ['peanut allergy', 'Peanut allergy', 'peanut allergies']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['food hypersensitivity', 'Food hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity2024 :: ('MESH:D003231', 'Disease') :: ['rhino-conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

entities_list: @entity2021 :: ('MESH:D000707', 'Disease') :: ['anaphylaxis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Background: Acute @entity6494 (ATLL) @entity5 cells generally express @entity3138 /CD3/ @entity5893 , but lack @entity4587 . These T cells are usually @entity404 + @entity405 - and strongly express @entity2902 , although some variability in this basic pattern may be found. Here we report a case with a very unusual @entity4896 positive phenotype. Methods: Samples from peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, lymph node and CSF obtained from a 45 year old male @entity1 with a @entity1071 were immunophenotyped by multiparametric flow cytometry Analysis of @entity2662 genome integration in tumoral cells was performed by PCR. Results: @entity5 cells were cCD3, @entity3138 / @entity5893 / @entity5823 / @entity2902 and @entity4896 positive, but CD3/ @entity4587 / @entity404 / @entity405 / @entity2280 / @entity2282 / @entity10730 negative. Serology and integration of @entity2662 were positive. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge @entity4896 expression has not been previously described in this entity. Its detection raised the differential diagnosis with @entity981 . The rest of the phenotypic markers, the morphology of the neoplastic cells, and the demonstration of @entity2662 genome integration provided the final diagnosis.    2013 Clinical Cytometry Society.

title: XXXX with an unusual @entity4896 positive phenotype.

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute T lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Neoplastic T']

entities_list: @entity6494 :: ('MESH:D015459', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell leukemia lymphoma']

answer: @entity6494 :: (MESH:D015459,Disease) :: ['Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We attempt to understand better the voiding mechanism and determine the causes of @entity409 in @entity4628 @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The voiding condition in 12 @entity150 @entity1 who had undergone neobladder construction after radical cystectomy was examined by pressure-flow study and voiding cystourethrography. The @entity1 were classified into 2 groups based on the maximum flow rate in a pressure-flow study: fine voiders (6), with a maximum flow rate of 15 ml. per second or more, and poor voiders (4), with a maximum flow rate of less than 15 ml. per second. RESULTS: Maximum flow rate in the fine voiders was 26.2 +/- 8.7 ml. per second (mean plus or minus standard deviation) compared with 9.4 +/- 0.9 ml. per second in the poor voiders. The fine voiders strained 1.5 +/- 0.9 times to void 100 ml. of urine, whereas the poor voiders strained 7.0 +/- 6.3 times. The bladder capacity, vesical opening pressure and vesical pressure at the maximum flow rate were similar in both groups. Pelvic floor electrical activity was amplified when the neobladder was either full or close to its capacity, and it was relaxed in coordination with abdominal straining in all @entity1 . Voiding cystourethrography revealed that, in fine voiders, the neobladder outlet was funnel-shaped when the bladder was full and opened wider when the @entity1 strained to void. However, in poor voiders, the neobladder outlet did not funnel even on abdominal straining. CONCLUSIONS: Neobladder @entity1 void by abdominal straining and relaxing the pelvic floor musculature. To obtain smooth voiding in such @entity1 , it is crucial to locate the neobladder opening at the most caudal portion and preserve neobladder outlet elasticity.

title: XXXX in @entity4628 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['voiding dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4628 :: ('MESH:D007077', 'Disease') :: ['ileal neobladder']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['Voiding dysfunction']


abstract: The development of alkaline phosphatase (aPh) activity and chondrogenesis were studied in the limb buds of @entity19 embryos (day 11 p.c.) that had been grown in an organ culture. During a 12-day culture period an increase in aPh activity to more than 40 mU/limb bud was measured from day 2 in vitro onward. Depending on the time of application, aPh formation can be inhibited by certain substances. @entity5538 - @entity34899 inhibits aPh activity when the substance is added on day 2, 3, or 4. Chondrogenesis, on the other hand, is affected on days 1, 2, and 3 and to a lesser degree on day 4. @entity4316 interferes with aPh activity after its addition on day 1, 2, 3, or 4. Chondrogenesis is only inhibited when the drug is applied on the 1st, 2nd, or to a lesser degree on the 3rd day. @entity1880 inhibits aPh formation on all days of treatment, but to a lesser degree on days 5 and 6; chondrogenesis is most influenced on days 2, 3, and 4. On day 6 of the culture period, aPh activity can be demonstrated histochemically only in the region of humerus and proximal parts of radius and ulna. Alterations in the distal cartilage skeleton, therefore, do not influence the activity data. A prerequisite for an increase in aPh activity is cartilage growth in the proximal part of the limb buds and subsequent induction of a perichondral cell population to proliferation and differentiation.

title: The development of alkaline phosphatase activity in limb buds of XXXX embryos in vitro and its relation to chondrogenesis.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['Cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity34899 :: ('CHEBI:22601', 'Chemical') :: ['arabinoside']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['Actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity5538 :: ('MESH:D003596', 'Chemical') :: ['Cytosine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: When diagnosing disease of the stifle in @entity235 ultrasonography is a good addition to clinical and radiological examination. Radiology can evaluate the bony aspects of the joint and their relationship to each other. In contrast, sonography allows visualization of the soft tissue. For most evaluations the 7.5 MHz linear scanner is suited best. Normal stifles of 58 @entity235 of different breeds were evaluated using a standardized examination procedure. This procedure had been derived from that used in @entity1 . The stifle is divided into several regions which are examined and evaluated. These are the suprapatellar, infrapatellar, lateral, caudal and medial region. One hundred twenty seven @entity1 which had problems associated with the stifle joint were examined sonographically after a clinical and radiographic exam. Osteochondrosis dissecans, @entity397 , @entity16 , @entity625 , @entity5 , post surgical conditions, @entity130 , patellar ligament or tibial tuberosity and luxating patella were examined sonographically and the findings recorded.

title: Sonography of the XXXX stifle.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['meniscal damage']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured cranial cruciate ligament']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries of the patella']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: The translocation t(8;21) is one of the most common structural aberrations in @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). Excellent response rates and a better relapse-free survival have been described. We analyzed specific morphologic and cytochemical features including @entity1141 and other prognostic factors in 41 @entity1 with @entity3052 and t(8;21) who underwent aggressive chemotherapy in two national cooperative group studies. Five @entity1 were classified as @entity3052 M1 and 36 as @entity3052 M2 according to the @entity1334 criteria. Auer rods were detected in 28 @entity1 (68%), however in only 16 @entity1 were they "thin and elongated" as has been described as typical for t(8;21). The presence or absence of Auer rods did not appear to be associated with disease-free survival in this sample. Dysgranulopoiesis was detected in 31/41 @entity1 (90%); five of these @entity1 additionally had @entity11407 (12%). In six cases (15%), dysmegakaryopoiesis was seen in combination with dysgranulopoiesis. Only one @entity1 had trilineage @entity1141 . @entity6349 features had no influence on prognosis. @entity2008 were detected in 24/41 @entity1 . Twelve male (48%) and four female (25%) had a loss of a sex chromosome. This was correlated with a better disease-free survival (p = 0.039). The complete remission rate (CR) to chemotherapy was 90%. The early death rate was 10%. Disease-free survival of the complete responders was 60% at two years with no relapses observed in ten @entity1 with 2-6 years of follow up. This favorable disease-free survival was observed with a variety of post-induction regimens and t(8;21) had been detected as an independent factor for good prognosis. The need for very intensive therapy, such as bone marrow transplantation, is unanswered at this time.

title: Acute myeloid leukemia with translocation (8;21). Cytomorphology, XXXX and prognostic factors in 41 cases. @entity3052 Cooperative Group and ECOG.

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity11407 :: ('MESH:C566368', 'Disease') :: ['dyserythropoiesis']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['Additional cytogenetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['Dysplastic']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity1141 :: (MESH:C535662,Disease) :: ['dysplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the disease course in @entity1 with @entity134 sensitive @entity1985 (SSNS) and the factors that determine outcome DESIGN: Retrospective, analytical SETTING: Pediatric Nephrology Clinic at referral center in North India @entity1 / @entity1 : All @entity1 with SSNS evaluated between 1990 and 2005 INTERVENTION: None MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disease course, in @entity1 with at least 1-yr follow up, was categorized as none or infrequent relapses (IFR), frequent relapses or @entity134 dependence (FR), and late resistance. Details on complications and therapy with alternative agents were recorded. RESULTS: Records of 2603 @entity1 (74.8% @entity1 ) were reviewed. The mean age at onset of illness and at evaluation was 49.7  34.6 and 67.5  37.9 months respectively. The disease course at 1-yr (n=1071) was categorized as IFR in 37.4%, FR in 56.8% and late resistance in 5.9%. During follow up, 224 @entity1 had 249 episodes of serious infections. Alternative medications for frequent relapses (n=501; 46.8%) were chiefly @entity786 and @entity7305 . Compared to IFR, @entity1 with FR were younger (54.9  36.0 vs. 43.3  31.4 months), fewer had received adequate (=8 weeks) initial treatment (86.8% vs. 81.7%) and had shorter initial remission (7.5  8.6 vs. 3.1  4.8 months) (all P<0.001). At follow up of 56.0  42.6 months, 77.3% @entity1 were in remission or had IFR, and 17.3% had FR. CONCLUSIONS: A high proportion of @entity1 with SSNS show frequent relapses, risk factors for which were an early age at onset, inadequate initial therapy and an early relapse.

title: Disease course in @entity134 sensitive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity7305 :: ('MESH:D007978', 'Chemical') :: ['levamisole']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

answer: @entity1985 :: (MESH:D009404,Disease) :: ['nephrotic syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Concomitant chemoradiation (CRT) (including brachytherapy) is considered the standard management for stage @entity3847 or II cervical @entity5 in many countries. Nevertheless, some of them discuss completion surgery (hysterectomy [HT]) after CRT. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic impact of such surgery. METHODS: A randomized trial was opened in France in 2003 to evaluate the interest in HT after CRT. Inclusion criteria were: (a) stage @entity3847 or II cervical @entity5 without extrapelvic disease on conventional imaging; (b) pelvic external radiation therapy (45 Gy with or without parametrial or nodal boost) with concomitant @entity900 chemotherapy (40 mg/m2 per week) followed by uterovaginal brachytherapy (15 Gy to the intermediate risk clinical target volume); and (c) complete clinical and radiological response 6-8 weeks after brachytherapy. @entity1 were randomized between HT (arm A) and no HT (arm B). Unfortunately this trial was closed because of poor accrual: 61 @entity1 were enrolled (in 2003-2006) and are reported on here. RESULTS: Thirty one and 30 @entity1 were enrolled, respectively, in arm A and arm B. Twelve @entity1 recurred (five of them died): respectively, eight and four in arm A and arm B. The 3-year event-free survival rates were 72% ( @entity2246 [ @entity2246 ], 9%) and 89% ( @entity2246 , 6%) (not significant [NS]) in arm A and arm B, respectively. The 3-year overall survival rates were 86% ( @entity2246 , 6%) and 97% ( @entity2246 , 3%) (NS) in arm A and arm B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results of the current trial seem to suggest that completion HT had no therapeutic impact in @entity1 with clinical and radiological complete response after CRT (but this conclusion is limited by the lack of power).

title: Results of the GYNECO 02 study, an FNCLCC phase III trial comparing hysterectomy with no hysterectomy in XXXX with a (clinical and radiological) complete response after chemoradiation therapy for stage @entity3847 or II cervical @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['standard error', 'SE']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This paper presents a novel stochastic level set method for the longitudinal tracking of @entity2 in computed tomography (CT). The proposed model addresses the limitations of registration based and segmentation based methods for longitudinal @entity5 tracking. It combines the advantages of each approach using a new probabilistic framework, namely Chance-Constrained Programming (CCP). @entity2 can shrink or grow over time, which can be reflected in large changes of shape, appearance and volume in CT images. Traditional level set methods with a priori knowledge about shape are not suitable since the @entity5 are undergoing random and large changes in shape. Our CCP level set model allows to introduce a flexible prior to track structures with a highly variable shape by permitting a constraint violation of the prior up to a specified probability level. The chance constraints are computed from two given points by the user or from segmented @entity5 from a reference image. The reference image can be one of the images studied or an external template. We present a numerical scheme to approximate the solution of the proposed model and apply it to track @entity2 in CT. Finally, we compare our approach with a Bayesian level set. The CCP level set model gives the best results: it is more coherent with the manual segmentation.

title: A chance-constrained programming level set method for XXXX in CT.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung tumors', 'lung tumors']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['longitudinal segmentation of lung tumors']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1749 +/- @entity1205 as second-line therapy in @entity1 with relapsed or refractory advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to @entity1749 1.5 mg/m2 (arm A) or @entity1749 1.3 mg/m2 plus @entity1205 75 mg/m2 (arm B). A treatment cycle of 21 days comprised four @entity1749 doses on days 1, 4, 8, and 11, plus, in arm B, @entity1205 on day 1. @entity1 could receive unlimited cycles. The primary end point was response rate. RESULTS: A total of 155 @entity1 were treated, 75 in arm A and 80 in arm B. Baseline characteristics were comparable. Investigator-assessed response rates were 8% in arm A and 9% in arm B. Disease control rates were 29% in arm A and 54% in arm B. Median time to progression was 1.5 months in arm A and 4.0 months in arm B. One-year survival was 39% and 33%, and median survival was 7.4 and 7.8 months in arms A and B, respectively. Adverse effect profiles were as expected in both arms, with no significant additivity. The most common grade > or = 3 adverse events were @entity1398 , @entity1295 , and @entity1353 (4% and 53%, 19% and 26%, and 17% and 14% of @entity1 in arms A and B, respectively). CONCLUSION: @entity1749 has modest single-agent activity in @entity1 with relapsed or refractory advanced @entity1149 using this schedule, with minor enhancement in combination with @entity1205 . Additional investigation of @entity1749 in @entity1149 is warranted in combination with other drugs known to be active, or using different schedules.

title: Randomized phase II study of @entity1749 alone and @entity1749 in combination with @entity1205 in previously treated advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib', 'Bortezomib']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']


abstract: A major phospholipase A2 (NN-XIII-PLA2) which constitutes 20% of the whole @entity32766 venom was purified to homogeneity on CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography. NN-XIII-PLA2 is a basic protein with a mol. wt of 11,200 by @entity214 -PAGE. This enzyme has low enzymatic activity but is more toxic to @entity19 than the whole venom. The LD50 value (i.p.) of NN-XIII-PLA2 is 2.4 mg/kg body weight (whole venoms LD50 is 2.8 mg/kg body weight). It induces @entity2359 -like signs in experimental animals. It induces myotoxicity when injected i.m. into the thigh muscle of @entity19 and @entity4 when injected into the foot pads of @entity19 . This enzyme has a fluorescence maxima between 310-316 nm which is typical of @entity669 residues.

title: Purification and characterization of a myotoxic phospholipase A2 from XXXX ( @entity32766 ) venom.

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity32766 :: (35670,Species) :: ['Indian cobra']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Unilateral lung surgical insult can lead to bilateral @entity55 after transthoracic esophagectomy for @entity418 . An inflammatory response of the cytokine network induced by surgical stress followed by neutrophil sequestration is the major mechanism involved in these complications. We examined modulation of the inflammatory cytokine and neutrophil sequestration by preoperative @entity134 administration in a @entity35 thoracotomy model. METHODS: Adult male @entity35 were subjected to right thoracotomy with pulmonary compression in the surgical stress model. In the another surgical stress model, 10 mg/kg of @entity1667 (MP) was administered 1 h before the operation intraperitoneally, and peri-operative biological effects of @entity134 administration to neutrophil sequestration and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant ( @entity44113 ) as an inflammatory cytokine were examined. Sham-operated animals were subjected to intubation only. RESULTS: Surgical insult to the unilateral lung increased local @entity44113 concentration followed by an increase in neutrophil sequestration, wet-to-dry weight ratio in bilateral lungs and systemic @entity44113 concentration. Pre-treatment with @entity1667 reduced @entity44113 concentration as well as neutrophil sequestration and wet-to-dry weight ratio of both lungs. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that inflammatory changes induced by the unilateral operative procedure occur in both lungs through local inflammatory response. Pre-operative @entity1667 administration down-regulates cytokine release and neutrophil sequestration, preventing @entity4 , and possibly may act as a prophylactic treatment against @entity647 caused by a so-called "second attack" theory.

title: Role of @entity134 administration to reduce inflammation after thoracotomy in a XXXX surgical stress model.

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['lung edema']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors revisited the 1999 International Workshop postulate of robust serum antibody responses to infecting agents in localized aggressive @entity2521 (LAgP) and weak responses in generalized aggressive @entity2521 (GAgP). Antibody responses were further examined in localized and generalized @entity7278 ( @entity2444 and @entity42231 ). METHODS: The study includes 119 @entity1 (60 males and 59 females, aged 11 to 76 years), 18 with LAgP, 37 with GAgP, 37 with @entity2444 , and 27 with @entity42231 . @entity527 samples/ @entity1 (1,057 in total) were analyzed with respect to 11 bacterial species using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridizations, and serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels were measured against the same bacteria using checkerboard immunoblotting. Further, @entity281 ratios (antibody level over the average bacterial colonization by the homologous species) were computed for each @entity1 . Comparisons of bacterial colonization, serum IgG levels, and @entity281 ratios were made across the diagnostic categories using multivariable linear regression models adjusting for age and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in serum IgG levels to @entity3841 among the four diagnostic categories. IgG levels to several species, including @entity2523 , @entity14148 , and Campylobacter rectus, were highest in @entity1 with GAgP and significantly different from @entity2444 and @entity42231 , but not from LAgP. Comparisons based on @entity281 ratios showed no statistically significant differences for any species between GAgP and LAgP. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence against the 1999 Workshop's postulate of weak serum antibody responses in @entity1 with GAgP and shows that serum IgG responses in GAgP are comparable to those in LAgP, but higher than in @entity42231 or @entity2444 for several species.

title: Serum antibody responses to periodontal microbiota in chronic and aggressive XXXX : a postulate revisited.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple subgingival plaque']

entities_list: @entity7278 :: ('MESH:D055113', 'Disease') :: ['chronic periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity14148 :: ('158', 'Species') :: ['Treponema denticola']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2521 :: ('MESH:D010518', 'Disease') :: ['periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity3841 :: ('714', 'Species') :: ['Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans']

entities_list: @entity2523 :: ('837', 'Species') :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis']

answer: @entity2521 :: (MESH:D010518,Disease) :: ['periodontitis']


abstract: The development of drug discrimination was assessed in @entity2608 using the conditioned taste-aversion paradigm. Monkeys were initially trained to respond under a fixed-ratio 30-response schedule of food-pellet delivery to assess the rate-decreasing effects of @entity1401 (0.03 to 3 mg/kg, i.m., 60 min presession). @entity1401 decreased responding at doses greater than 0.1 mg/kg. Discriminative stimulus effects of @entity1401 were then assessed by giving 0.03 mg/kg before sessions in which 1.8 mEq/kg @entity13557 was given immediately after the session ( @entity1401 / @entity1091 session). On intervening days, saline was given before and after the session (saline/saline session). Rates of responding decreased over successive @entity1401 / @entity1091 sessions and also during the saline/saline session that immediately followed an @entity1401 / @entity1091 session. During subsequent saline/saline sessions, rates of responding returned to levels near baseline rates within two to four sessions. The discriminative stimulus effects of @entity1401 were then assessed by giving 0.1 mg/kg before sessions in which 1 mg/kg @entity2254 was given immediately after the session ( @entity1401 / @entity2254 session). Rates of responding decreased during subsequent @entity1401 / @entity2254 sessions in drug-experienced monkeys, but did not decrease during intervening saline/saline sessions. These findings demonstrate that drug stimuli associated with postsession drug injections can rapidly develop control over behavior and suggest that similar methods be explored in the assessment of drug discrimination.

title: Drug discrimination using a conditioned taste-aversion paradigm in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13557 :: ('MESH:D018021', 'Chemical') :: ['lithium chloride']

entities_list: @entity2254 :: ('MESH:D003913', 'Chemical') :: ['d-amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity1401 :: ('MESH:D000525', 'Chemical') :: ['Alprazolam', 'alprazolam']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkeys']


abstract: Current standard systemic therapies for treating @entity0 @entity1 with brain @entity3 are inefficient. Targeted therapies against @entity1 epidermal growth factor receptors are of clinical interest because of their alteration in a subset of @entity0 ( @entity0 ). We analyzed copy number, mutation status, and protein expression of @entity470 ( @entity470 ), @entity1 epidermal growth factor 2 ( @entity1722 ), @entity983 ( @entity983 ), and PI3K catalytic subunit ( @entity10160 ) in 110 @entity513 in situ, @entity5 , and metastatic BC samples. Alterations in @entity470 , @entity1722 , and @entity983 , alone or in combination, were found in a significantly larger fraction of @entity0 tissue compared with samples from @entity5 with good prognosis, bone relapse, or other distant @entity3 (all P < 0.05). @entity5 @entity1 with a subsequent brain relapse showed almost equally high frequencies of especially @entity470 and @entity983 alteration as the @entity0 @entity1 . @entity10160 was not associated with an increased risk of brain @entity3 . Genetic alterations in both @entity470 and @entity983 were especially common in triple-negative @entity0 @entity1 and rarely were seen among @entity1722 -positive @entity1 . In conclusion, we identified two independent high-risk primary BC subgroups for developing brain @entity3 , represented by genetic alterations in either @entity1722 or @entity470 / @entity983 -driven pathways. In contrast, none of these pathways was associated with an increased risk of bone @entity3 . These findings highlight the importance of both pathways as possible targets in the treatment of brain @entity3 in @entity0 .

title: Frequent genetic alterations in @entity470 - and XXXX -driven pathways in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer brain metastases', 'breast cancers', 'breast cancer brain metastases tumor', 'breast cancer', 'BCs']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors', 'Primary tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity983 :: ('5728', 'Gene') :: ['phosphatase and tensin homologue', 'PTEN']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity1722 :: (2064,Gene) :: ['HER2']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Late outcomes of repair of @entity1498 with @entity6127 have not yet been described. @entity101 and arch reobstruction frequently occur after @entity1498 repair and thus we sought to determine the long-term results of repair in the subset of @entity1 with @entity6127 at a single institution over a 20-year period. METHODS: We reviewed the files of the 305 consecutive @entity1 quoted to have @entity6127 who had undergone a @entity1498 repair in a single institution between 1984 and 2004. Repair was performed through a sternotomy in 74 @entity1 (24%), 58 of them undergoing a repair consisting of an end-to-side @entity254 . RESULTS: Early mortality was 9% but there was only 1 @entity204 among @entity1 without a major associated @entity154 . Eight @entity1 required reintervention before discharge due to residual obstruction. The follow-up was available in 96% of the @entity1 . Only 45% of the @entity1 over 15 years of age had cardiology review in the last 2 years. Survival at 10 and 20 years was 94% (95% CI: 91-97%) and 92% (95% CI: 86-95%), respectively. There were a total of 66 late reinterventions in 49 (18%) @entity1 . Ten- and 20-year freedom from reintervention was 84% (95% CI: 78-88%) and 72% (95% CI: 63-80%), respectively. Ten- and 20-year freedom from reobstruction was 75% (95% CI: 69-80%) and 45% (95% CI: 34-55%), respectively. @entity1 undergoing end-to-side repair from sternotomy had less arch reobstruction than those undergoing extended end-to-end repair by thoracotomy (92 vs 61% freedom from reobstruction at 10 years, P < 0.001). Only 68% of the @entity1 were normotensive at the last follow-up. Arch obstruction on echocardiogram was associated with an increased prevalence of @entity101 (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: After @entity1498 repair, half of the @entity1 with @entity509 of the transverse arch will develop arch reobstruction and a third will become @entity101 . The technique of end-to-side repair performed through a sternotomy seems to alleviate these issues, and could be offered to a larger proportion of @entity1 with @entity509 of the aortic arch. Many of these @entity1 are lost to follow-up during adolescence, at a time when ongoing care seems mandatory.

title: Poor outcomes after surgery for XXXX repair with hypoplastic arch warrants more extensive initial surgery and close long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['standard coarctation', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity6127 :: ('MESH:D007569', 'Disease') :: ['arch hypoplasia']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['coarctation']


abstract: A review of the literature reveals that all studies have been performed retrospectively. These studies have included limited numbers of low-grade lesions and no prospective, randomized, comparison studies have been performed to suggest the superiority of CT scanning over MR imaging. The following conclusions, however, can be made. Plain radiographs are useful in the initial evaluation of @entity1 with acute or chronic complaints of @entity158 and @entity4 . These initial studies, however, may not identify all @entity75 of the talus, particularly lower grade lesions. CT scanning can accurately identify and localize a lesion while defining its extent. It has been suggested that CT scanning can be used to assess whether bony healing has occurred at follow-up. MR imaging can also precisely identify, localize, and define an OLT with the advantage of assessing the integrity of the overlying cartilage. It can detect lower grade lesions with improved sensitivity and may aid in the differentiation of Stage II and @entity5 . Using the preceding observations, the following approach is recommended in the evaluation and work-up of an osteochondral lesion of the talus (Fig. 7). The @entity1 who presents with @entity158 and @entity4 should have weight-bearing radiographs of the ankle obtained. If these films demonstrate an osteochondral lesion of the talus, staging of the lesion should be performed. In lesions that appear nondisplaced on plain radiography (low grade; stable), MR imaging is recommended so the clinician can evaluate the integrity of the overlying cartilage and assess the true stability of the lesion. In lesions that appear displaced on plain radiography (high grade; unstable), the CT scan is the preferred modality in order to provide accurate assessment of lesion size and location. It should be noted, however, that no study has prospectively [figure: see text] compared the efficacy of these two modalities in the evaluation of @entity75 . If a symptomatic @entity1 presents with negative plain films, then an initial period of immobilization using a cast or boot brace is recommended. This is followed by joint mobilization and range of motion exercises. If the @entity1 remains symptomatic at the 4 to 6 week followup period, then an MR image should be performed. This study provides information regarding soft-tissue impingement, @entity603 , and other bony and soft-tissue pathology. The authors have found that despite the results of bone scintigraphy, an MR image is invariably obtained. Because of this the authors do not recommend bone scintigraphy in the evaluation and diagnosis of OLT.

title: Imaging of XXXX of the talus.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondral lesions']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage III lesions']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative synovitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['ankle pain']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['osteochondral lesions']


abstract: The morphogenesis of the external genitalia of @entity1 fetuses (16-250 mm crown-rump [CR] length, 6-26 weeks of gestation) obtained after medical termination of pregnancy were studied. Differential development (male/female) started after 50 mm CR length (9 weeks). At that time the external genitalia consisted of a cylindrical genital tubercle 2 mm in length with a visible coronary sulcus and glans and genital swellings on either side. A groove on the ventral aspect of the genital tubercle extended to the coronary sulcus; the lateral boundaries of this groove separated to form the urethral folds. In male fetuses the free edges of the urethral folds fused, starting from the proximal end, to form a tunnel over the ventral aspect of the phallus. The pelvic urethra opened into this tunnel, slightly distal to its origin. The mesodermal tissue forming the genital swellings migrated ventrally and then medially. As medial migration started, the skin in the midline between the genital swellings was raised up as a skin fold, which subsequently, as the genital swellings migrated further, became elevated. The proximal part of the tunnel formed by fusion of the urethral folds (proximal to the point of entry of the pelvic urethra) also was compressed and pushed out as the genital swellings fused in the midline over the root of the phallus. These changes took place at between 80 and 110 mm CR length (12-13 weeks' gestation); at this stage the phallus appeared short and was bent ventrally. With further growth and caudal migration of the scrotum, the phallus lost its ventral curvature. The appearance of the external genitalia at different gestational ages bore a close resemblance to that in @entity1 with @entity2650 . We therefore conclude that @entity2650 can be explained on the basis of an @entity1167 due to the absence of the required stimulus for male phenotypic development at the appropriate time.

title: Morphogenesis of the XXXX external male genitalia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'children']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['embryological arrest']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: As @entity281 , innate immune cells are able to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns by receptors such as TLRs. NK cells present in many tissues contribute to inflammatory processes, particularly through the production of IFN-y. They may display a protective role during infection but also a detrimental role during sterile or @entity1850 . Nevertheless, the exact status of NK cells during bacterial @entity295 and their capacity directly to respond to TLR agonists remain unclear. The expression of TLRs in NK cells has been widely studied by analyzing the mRNA of these receptors. The aim of this study was to gain insight into @entity8932 / @entity1990 / @entity14540 expression on/in @entity19 NK cells at the protein level and determine if their agonists were able to induce cytokine production. We show, by flow cytometry, a strong intracellular expression of @entity8932 and a low of @entity1990 in freshly isolated @entity19 spleen NK cells, similar to that of @entity14540 . In vitro, purified NK cells respond to @entity8932 , @entity1990 , and @entity14540 agonists, in synergy with activating cytokines ( @entity2047 , @entity21692 , and/or @entity6026 ), and produce proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-y and @entity2304 ). Finally, we explored the possible tolerance of NK cells to TLR agonists after a polymicrobial @entity295 (experimental @entity298 ). For the first time, to our knowledge, NK cells are shown to become tolerant in terms of proinflammatory cytokines production after @entity295 . We show that this tolerance is associated with a reduction of the @entity31606 (+) @entity3804 (-) subset in the spleen related to the presence of regulatory T cells and mainly mediated by @entity641 .

title: NK cell tolerance to TLR agonists mediated by regulatory T cells after polymicrobial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['sensors of infection']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: @entity150 cells have been shown to secrete a variety of factors that are not related to cells of urothelial origin. The histogenesis of these @entity5 developments is uncertain, and a variety of theories have been previously reported. In the present manuscript, we identify the factors constitutively produced by a @entity1 @entity150 cell line (KU-19-19) that was found to produce beta @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin (beta-hCG), @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ), @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ), @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ), @entity650 ( @entity650 ) and @entity687 ( @entity687 ). The cells were obtained from a case of @entity189 that was originally diagnosed to be a grade 3 (WHO classification), invasive transitional cell @entity150 . On microscopic observation, the cultured cells exhibited an epithelial appearance with vacuole formation in their cytoplasm. Ultrastructural observations revealed relatively marked microvilli and a tight junction. Significant amounts of beta-hCG, @entity1261 , @entity2841 , @entity1192 , @entity650 and @entity687 concentrations in the supernatant from cultured cells were demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, while the expression of mRNA of these marker proteins in @entity5 cells was also significantly exhibited by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the expression of @entity10735 and @entity650 receptor mRNA was also shown by RT-PCR. Xenograft transplantability using @entity19 was observed in association with the presence of severe @entity4795 in the peripheral blood. These results indicate that this cell line appears to be an effective model for the study of transitional cell @entity150 with multipotent differentiation potentials.

title: Constitutive production of multiple cytokines and a @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin beta-subunit by a XXXX @entity150 cell line (KU-19-19): possible demonstration of totipotential differentiation.

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['Bladder cancer', 'bladder cancer', 'carcinoma of the bladder']

entities_list: @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1alpha', 'IL-1alpha']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

entities_list: @entity4795 :: ('MESH:C563010', 'Disease') :: ['neutrophilia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity774 , although quite common in @entity1 , are extremely rare in adulthood. Here, we are reporting the case of a 47-year-old male who presented with right @entity812 and had a palpable mass in the same region. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed an irregular, poorly marginated heterogeneous @entity66 arising from the right suprarenal position. Urinary @entity2661 were within normal limits. There was no evidence of @entity3 . The mass was resected en-block along with the right kidney. Histopathologic examination revealed the diagnosis of a @entity521 . Adjuvant chemotherapy was instituted, but the @entity158 recurred after 9 months. Despite subsequent chemotherapy, the mass continued to grow over the next 6 months with further infiltration into the liver and surrounding muscles. The @entity1 has currently been started on external palliative radiation. We have also reviewed the literature to present a discussion on presentation, diagnosis, and management of this rare @entity5 .

title: XXXX in an adult.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mass lesion']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['Adrenal neuroblastomas']

answer: @entity774 :: (MESH:D000312,Disease) :: ['Adrenal neuroblastoma']


abstract: A ten year old @entity1 with linear erythema above the right eyebrow and a groove in the underlying skull bone is described. Histological examination of a biopsy revealed a spotty, periadnexal, perivascular, lymphocytic infiltrate. The papillary dermis was almost absent and the collagen fibres were slightly thickened. Based on the clinical appearance and the histology a diagnosis of @entity2631 (en @entity2631 ) was made. As the signs and symptoms were progressive, treatment with @entity2361 was started. Subsequently the @entity2402 . The shallow groove in the skull bone remained palpable. After thirteen months, treatment was stopped. The @entity1 is currently free of signs and symptoms after a follow-up period of three and a half years. We feel that the strong clinical improvement is due to treatment with @entity2361 rather than to the natural course of the disease.

title: [ @entity2361 in treatment of XXXX "en @entity2631 "].

entities_list: @entity2402 :: ('MESH:D010015', 'Disease') :: ['erythema disappeared']

entities_list: @entity2361 :: ('MESH:D010396', 'Chemical') :: ['D-penicillamine']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['coup de sabre', 'linear scleroderma']

answer: @entity2631 :: (MESH:D012594,Disease) :: ['scleroderma']