abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find the views and identify the needs of Galician primary health care (PHC) professionals concerning @entity645 / @entity791 . DESIGN: An observational cross-sectional study. SETTING: Autonomous Community of Galicia. @entity1 : Primary care professionals from medicine (N = 1,523, n = 510), nursing (N = n = 220) and paediatrics (N = n = 249). METHODS: A postal questionnaire was used to gather data. Four mailings were sent. RESULTS: The percentage of replies was 64.6%. Less than 30% of the professionals were involved in specific activities with at-risk groups. Less than half were involved in recruitment and early diagnosis of @entity1 with at-risk practices and their contacts. About 50% thought that the initiative was currently being left up to each individual professional, which only a third believed was desirable. CONCLUSION: Galician PHC professionals are in favour of a greater involvement of their health care level in questions of @entity645 / @entity791 . They call explicitly for greater efforts from the health authorities to provide training, means and coordination.

title: [ @entity645 / XXXX in primary care: the opinions and needs of Galician health professionals].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'persons']

answer: @entity791 :: (MESH:D000163,Disease) :: ['AIDS']


abstract: Single-unit impulses were recorded from the radial nerve of attending @entity1 subjects using the microneurography technique. The discharge of muscle spindle afferents from the extensor digitorum muscles was analysed while subjects performed fast lengthening and @entity3207 @entity717 as well as movements of moderate speed at a single metacarpophalangeal joint. Opposing or assisting loads of moderate size were added in some tests. Fast lengthening movements were, in practically all units, associated with acceleration of spindle discharge. However, the responses were modest and in many primary afferents it was of similar size as their response to small irregularities during slower movements. During @entity3207 movements, most spindle afferents stopped firing altogether, whereas some afferents exhibited a distinct burst of impulses at the onset of active @entity3207 followed by silence during the main part of the movement. This initial @entity3207 responses was sometimes more prominent when the parent muscle worked against an opposing load. It was interpreted as a result of fusimotor drive associated with the building up of force in the contracting muscle. The initial @entity3207 response from the contracting muscle and the stretch response from the antagonist constitute a dual signal, describing accurately the @entity717 as seen from the two muscles. It remains to be clarified which role this pattern of afferent responses may have in the design of the current motor output and in the capturing of nature and size of the external load.

title: Dual response from @entity1 muscle spindles in fast XXXX .

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['onset of joint movement', 'voluntary movements']

entities_list: @entity3207 :: ('MESH:C535850', 'Disease') :: ['shortening']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['voluntary movements']


abstract: 1. Molecular and biophysical properties of GABAA receptors of dopaminergic (DA) neurones of the pars compacta of the @entity35 substantia nigra were studied in slices and after acute dissociation. 2. Single-cell reverse transcriptase-multiplex polymerase chain reaction confirmed that DA neurones contained mRNAs encoding for the alpha3 subunit of the GABAA receptor, but further showed the presence of alpha4 subunit mRNAs. alpha2, beta1 and gamma1 subunit mRNAs were never detected. Overall, DA neurones present a pattern of expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs containing mainly alpha3/4beta2/3gamma3. 3. Outside-out patches were excised from DA neurones and GABAA single-channel patch-clamp currents were recorded under low doses (1-5 microM) of @entity1246 or @entity11359 , a selective GABAA agonist. Recordings presented several conductance levels which appeared to be integer multiples of an elementary conductance of 4-5 pS. This property was shared by GABAA receptors of cerebellar Purkinje neurones recorded in slices (however, with an elementary conductance of 3 pS). Only the 5-6 lowest levels were analysed. 4. A progressive change in the distribution of occupancy of these levels was observed when increasing the @entity11359 concentration (up to 10 microM) as well as when adding @entity2492 (20-200 nM), a drug acting at the @entity1245 binding site: both treatments enlarged the occupancy of the highest conductance levels, while decreasing that of the smallest ones. Conversely, @entity8862 (10 microM), a negative allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor channels, decreased the occupancy of the highest levels in favour of the lowest ones. 5. These properties of alpha3/4beta2/3gamma3-containing GABAA receptors would support the hypothesis of either single GABAA receptor channels with multiple open states or that of a synchronous recruitment of GABAA receptor channels that could involve their clustering in the membranes of DA neurones.

title: Incremental conductance levels of GABAA receptors in dopaminergic neurones of the XXXX substantia nigra pars compacta.

entities_list: @entity11359 :: ('MESH:C015300', 'Chemical') :: ['isoguvacine']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity2492 :: ('MESH:C049109', 'Chemical') :: ['zolpidem']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Inhibition of proteasome activity and the resulting protein accumulation are now known to be important events in the development of many @entity16 , including @entity191 . Abnormal or over expressed proteins cause endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress leading to cell death, thus, normal proteasome function is critical for their removal. We have shown previously, with cultured SH-SY5Y @entity521 cells, that proteasome inhibition by the drug @entity6395 results in accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. This causes obligatory loading of the mitochondria with @entity460 ( @entity141 ), resulting in @entity2383 and @entity4674 release, followed by @entity204 ( @entity204 ). In the present study, we demonstrate that @entity1968 (RA) pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells protects them from @entity204 after subsequent @entity6395 treatment which causes proteasome inhibition. Even though ubiquitinated protein aggregates are present, there is no evidence to suggest that autophagy is involved. We conclude that protection by RA is likely by mechanisms that interfere with cell stress- @entity204 pathway that otherwise would result from protein accumulation after proteasome inhibition. In addition, although RA activates both the @entity584 and ERK phosphorylation signaling pathways, only pretreatment with @entity2306 , an inhibitor of PI3-kinase in the @entity584 pathway, removed the protective effect of RA from the cells. This finding implies that RA activation of the @entity584 signaling cascade takes precedence over its activation of @entity1366 phosphorylation, and that this selective effect of RA is key to its protection of @entity6395 -treated cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that RA treatment of cultured @entity521 cells sets up conditions under which proteasome inhibition, and the resultant accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, loses its ability to kill the cells and may likely play a therapeutic role in @entity179 .

title: @entity1968 protects against proteasome inhibition associated cell death in SH-SY5Y cells via the XXXX pathway.

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases"]

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'programmed cell death', 'PCD death']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['all-trans-retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity6395 :: ('MESH:C078846', 'Chemical') :: ['epoxomicin']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial damage']

answer: @entity584 :: (207,Gene) :: ['AKT']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity9677 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), @entity52743 , is known to be associated with secondary @entity1162 ( @entity1162 ) and to cause a mild reduction in @entity9677 current. However, the precise incidence and its association with @entity1162 remain unknown in the greater cohort of the population in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS: The genotype was screened at codon 643 of @entity9677 in 992 residents of a farming community. Eighty-eight individuals (female/male =52/36, 8.9%) were found to have a heterozygous @entity52743 SNP. Matching both gender and age, we randomly selected 243 control (G643G) cases and compared the electrocardiogram parameters in both groups; QT, QTf (QT corrected by Fridericia's formula) intervals, the peak and the end of the T wave (Tpe) interval, and the Tpe/QT ratio. The latter 2 reflect the transmural dispersion of ventricular repolarization (TDR). In @entity52743 carriers, both Tpe and Tpe/QT were significantly longer than in non-carriers, without significant @entity1162 . Both genders showed a tendency for an increase in QTf with aging. In females, both Tpe and Tpe/QT showed a similar significant increase with age, which was not observed in males. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly females, @entity52743 might be an independent risk factor for secondary @entity1162 by causing a greater TDR.

title: Gender and age effects on ventricular repolarization abnormality in Japanese general carriers of a XXXX common single nucleotide polymorphism for the @entity9677 gene.

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['LQTS', 'QT intervals', 'long QT syndrome', 'QT prolongation']

answer: @entity52743 :: (p|SUB|G|643|S,ProteinMutation) :: ['G643S']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between antithyroid antibodies, @entity308 , and @entity148 in a large population. METHODS: In a population of 30,175 individuals aged 40-84 years, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was assessed in all @entity1 and in 50% of the @entity1 . Thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) were measured in almost all samples with TSH > or = 4.0 mU/L (n = 1700) and in randomly selected samples without @entity1374 or biochemical dysfunction (n = 745). The levels of @entity148 and @entity308 were screened using the Hospital Anxiety and @entity308 Scale (HADS). Relations were investigated with multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: In individuals with normal TSH and without known @entity1374 , the prevalence of TPOAb was 14.2% in @entity1 and 4.3% in @entity1 . The prevalence of TPOAb in @entity1 with biochemical @entity1374 was 59.0% in @entity1 and 38.9% in @entity1 . No associations were found between thyroid autoimmunity and @entity308 or @entity148 , neither crude nor adjusted for age, gender, TSH, and @entity1955 (T4). CONCLUSION: @entity1669 is a common disorder in the population, mainly affecting females. In a population-based study, no associations were found between antithyroid antibodies and @entity308 or @entity148 .

title: XXXX , @entity308 and @entity148 ; are there any connections? An epidemiological study of a large population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['Thyroid autoimmunity']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disease', 'thyroid dysfunction', 'thyroid disorder']

answer: @entity1669 :: (MESH:D013967,Disease) :: ['Thyroid autoimmunity']


abstract: @entity3852 is a rare @entity1489 with predominance in older @entity1 ; 78.6% of @entity1 are older than 59 years. Female and male @entity1 are equally involved in the age group below 60 years. After 60 years, @entity3852 are more often observed in female @entity1 . The @entity5 is most often located in the head and neck region (50.8%) or the extremities (33.7%). The average size is 29 mm at presentation. Clinically, only a presumptive diagnosis of @entity3852 can be established. The definite diagnosis is made by histological, especially immunohistological methods (detection of intermediate filaments and neuroendocrine markers). The therapy of choice is local excision. Secondary therapy may be a combination of operation and radiation or chemotherapy. Since this combination may reduce the risk of recurrences it should be applied for @entity1 with poor prognostic features. Especially in young @entity1 , additional lymphadenectomy should be discussed. Clinical control is necessary. Distant @entity3 should be treated by chemotherapy. @entity1835 prognostic features are: lymph node @entity3 , size larger than 2 cm, male sex.

title: [Merkel cell @entity5 or XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3852 :: ('MESH:D015266', 'Disease') :: ['Merkel cell carcinomas', 'Merkel cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumor of the skin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['neuroendocrine skin carcinoma']


abstract: Twenty-five @entity1 with @entity5 of the central nervous system received @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ), 200 mg/sq m, by intravenous infusion every 8 hours for 3 days before surgery. Excised @entity5 specimens were fixed in chilled 70% @entity1068 , embedded in @entity982 , and cut into 6-micron sections. Each section was reacted with monoclonal antibodies against BUdR and stained with immunoperoxidase to identify nuclei that had incorporated BUdR. The growth fraction of each @entity5 was estimated by calculating the ratio of BUdR-positive nuclei to the total number of @entity5 cells in three to six microscopic fields in viable areas of the @entity5 . In seven cases, the @entity5 doubling time was measured from the serial computerized tomography scans and an attempt was made to estimate the cell cycle time. The growth fractions ranged from 9.1% to 46.5% in @entity11 , 2.0% to 6.7% in low-grade @entity11 , 11.2% to 43.2% in metastatic @entity1313 , 0.8% to 1.9% in @entity977 , 3.9% to 4.6% in @entity5513 , and 6.2% to 8.2% in @entity1653 and @entity279 . The estimated cell cycle time was 5 to 12 days in most @entity11 and brain metastases; however, the actual cell cycle time should be substantially shorter because cell loss was not considered in the calculation. Although the growth fraction appeared to correlate with the biological @entity5 , the @entity5 doubling time did not reflect growth potential. It is possible that unpredictable cell loss plays an important role in @entity5 growth at certain sizes. Therefore, the cell cycle times calculated in this study are considerably overestimated and should be interpreted with caution.

title: Estimation of growth fraction with @entity1603 in XXXX central nervous system tumors.

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BUdR', 'bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['acoustic neurinomas']

entities_list: @entity279 :: ('MESH:D018325', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar hemangioblastomas']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy of each tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant gliomas', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The purpose of this clinical trial is to compare the effectiveness of a scapular-focused treatment with a control therapy in @entity1 with @entity5818 . Therefore, a randomized clinical trial with a blinded assessor was used in 22 @entity1 with @entity5818 . The primary outcome measures included self-reported shoulder disability and @entity158 . Next, @entity1 were evaluated regarding scapular positioning and shoulder muscle strength. The scapular-focused treatment included stretching and scapular motor control training. The control therapy included stretching, muscle friction, and eccentric rotator cuff training. Main outcome measures were the shoulder disability questionnaire, diagnostic tests for @entity5818 , clinical tests for scapular positioning, shoulder @entity158 (visual analog scale; VAS), and muscle strength. A large clinically important treatment effect in favor of scapular motor control training was found in self-reported disability (Cohen's d   =   0.93, p   =   0.025), and a moderate to large clinically important improvement in @entity158 during the Neer test, Hawkins test, and empty can test (Cohen's d 0.76, 1.04, and 0.92, respectively). In addition, the experimental group demonstrated a moderate (Cohen's d   =   0.67) improvement in self-experienced @entity158 at rest (VAS), whereas the control group did not change. The effects were maintained at three months follow-up.

title: Scapular-focused treatment in @entity1 with XXXX : a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity5818 :: ('MESH:D019534', 'Disease') :: ['shoulder impingement syndrome']

answer: @entity5818 :: (MESH:D019534,Disease) :: ['shoulder impingement syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the clinical statistical analysis of @entity1 with @entity1596 in the northern Kyushu region of Japan. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study involved 735 new @entity1 with @entity1596 who visited the Kyushu university hospital from January 2003 to December 2008. The subjects were classified into four groups; adolescent (0-19 years), young (20-39 years), middle-aged (40-59 years) and old (60 years or older) and were compared with the results of our previous studies. RESULT: This study comprised 343 @entity1 and 392 @entity1 . The age averaged 47.2 years. Definitive diagnosis was made in 385 cases (52.4%). The most frequent clinical entity was @entity370 (9.8%), followed by @entity7375 (7.9%), Beh  et's disease (7.6%), @entity6990 associated with human @entity1530 (4.5%), @entity5502 (3.1%), @entity1 T-lymphotropic virus type I associated @entity1596 (HU) (2.7%), and @entity6537 (2.3%). The proportion of unclassified @entity1596 was large among females in general, and among adolescents in the four groups. The incidence of @entity726 in the whole group of 735 @entity1 with @entity1596 was 22.2%. Among the @entity1 with @entity2790 , the proportion of @entity479 responders was large in the adolescent group. CONCLUSION: Compared with our previous report, this study shows increasing frequency of @entity370 and decreasing frequency of Beh  et's disease except in the young group. HU showed a decreasing incidence.

title: [Incidence of XXXX in the northern Kyushu region of Japan --comparison between the periods of 1996-2001 and 2003-2008].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'human', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6990 :: ('MESH:D014606', 'Disease') :: ['acute anterior uveitis']

entities_list: @entity1530 :: ('3106', 'Gene') :: ['leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['secondary glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity5502 :: ('MESH:D015863', 'Disease') :: ['herpetic iridocyclitis']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6537 :: ('MESH:D064090', 'Disease') :: ['intraocular lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity7375 :: ('MESH:D014607', 'Disease') :: ['Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

answer: @entity1596 :: (MESH:D014605,Disease) :: ['uveitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consequences of clinical @entity2332 associated @entity1850 and @entity326 . DESIGN: Analysis of data from a multi-institutional, randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective study with predetermined end-point analysis of development of shock, recovery from shock, hospital length of stay, and @entity204 . SETTING: Multi-institutional medical and surgical ICUs. @entity1 : @entity1 meeting predetermined criteria for @entity295 . INTERVENTIONS: Appropriate @entity295 and shock care with 50% of @entity1 receiving @entity1667 and 50% receiving placebo. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The occurrence rate of @entity2332 (< 35.5 degrees C) is 9% in this population. When compared with febrile @entity1 , hypothermic @entity1 had a @entity6220 (88% vs. 60%), increased serum @entity648 concentration (35% vs. 15%), prolonged prothrombin times (50% vs. 23%), shock (94% vs. 61%), failure to recover from shock (66% vs. 26%), and @entity204 (62% vs. 26%). The hypothermic @entity1 were also more likely to be classified as having a rapidly or ultimately fatal disease upon study admission. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study confirms that @entity2332 associated @entity1850 has a significant relationship to outcome manifest by @entity2198 and @entity204 from shock. This finding is in sharp contrast to the protective effects of induced @entity2332 in septic animals and perhaps @entity1 .

title: @entity2332 in the XXXX and clinical outcome. The @entity1667 Severe Sepsis Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['higher frequency of central nervous system dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'severe sepsis syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['increased frequency of shock']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['with sepsis syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

answer: @entity1850 :: (MESH:D018746,Disease) :: ['sepsis syndrome']


abstract: 1. Intracellular mechanism(s) for controlling the opening of muscarinic K+ channels in the absence of an applied muscarinic agonist were studied in @entity95 atrium by applying the patch clamp technique to isolated single myocytes. 2. In the cell-attached patch configuration, currents due to the activity of both the muscarinic K+ channel and the inward rectifying K+ channel were recorded. However, while the inward rectifying K+ channel currents were observed in only ten patches of 211 examined, spontaneous opening (i.e. in the absence of a muscarinic agonist) of the muscarinic K+ channel currents was observed in all patches examined in these atrial cells. 3. The single-channel currents due to spontaneous opening of muscarinic K+ channels were identified on the basis of their very similar conductance and gating properties to the unitary events which have been recorded when 0.5 microM- @entity934 is included in the pipette and 10 microM- @entity3007 is present in the internal side of the patch membrane. 4. Although the spontaneous opening of the muscarinic K+ channels disappeared soon after excision of the patch membrane, this type of channel activity reappeared following application of @entity855 and @entity8723 to the internal side of the torn-off patch, as expected from previous publications. 5. The K+ channel activity induced by the @entity855 and @entity1025 (measured as the product of the number of channels, N, times the probability of opening, Po) was strongly dependent upon concentration of free @entity1025 ; it was half-maximal at 2.2 x 10(-4) M [ @entity1025 ]i. However, after the muscarinic K+ channels had been activated by 100 microM- @entity2164 ( @entity3007 gamma S) together with @entity855 and @entity1025 , an increase in the @entity1025 concentration from 5.5 x 10(-5) to 2 x 10(-3) M failed to enhance this channel activity. 6. Pertussis toxin, which is known to uncouple muscarinic receptors from associated G-proteins (G(i) or G(o)), failed to inhibit the @entity855 - and @entity1025 -induced activation of this K+ channel in the absence agonists. 7. In experiments made to test whether the @entity1025 - @entity855 requirement results from an obligatory phosphorylation reaction, @entity855 was replaced with @entity17723 ( @entity860 - @entity26864 ), an analogue of @entity855 which is resistant to hydrolysis. This K+ channel activity was not present when @entity855 was replaced with @entity860 -PNP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Regulation of spontaneous opening of muscarinic K+ channels in XXXX atrium.

entities_list: @entity2164 :: ('MESH:D016244', 'Chemical') :: ["guanosine 5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate"]

entities_list: @entity17723 :: ('MESH:D000266', 'Chemical') :: ['adenylyl-imidodiphosphate']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: Genes transformed into plants are usually inherited in a regular Mendelian manner. There are, however, transformants in which the selectable trait fails to segregate as expected. Genetic analysis of the @entity7913 -resistance (KanR) trait in >900 independent transformants of @entity958 revealed that 9% produced progeny families with an enormous @entity3013 individuals. Self-pollination of individual KanR plants from these families revealed lines that continued to segregate for a @entity3013 . In subsequent generations, the segregation ratio in these families stabilized at approximately 1 KanR:3 KanS. Molecular analyses showed that the @entity3013 individuals reflected the complete absence of the introduced DNA. Reciprocal backcrosses to untransformed plants showed unequal transmission of the KanR trait through the gametes in these exceptional lines. In five cases, this was primarily a failure of transmission through the microgametophyte (pollen) and in the other two cases, primarily a failure of transmission through the megagametophyte (embryo sac or egg). The number of seeds per silique was reduced by 50% in the latter two lines. We conclude that our exceptional transformants contain T-DNA insertions that delete or disrupt genes essential for gametophytic growth and development.

title: Exceptional segregation of a selectable marker (KanR) in XXXX identifies genes important for gametophytic growth and development.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity7913 :: ('MESH:D007612', 'Chemical') :: ['kanamycin']

entities_list: @entity3013 :: ('MESH:D060467', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency of KanR seedlings', 'deficiency of KanR']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: Previously, we demonstrated that plasma @entity701 (Cor) levels were increased by road transportation in castrated male @entity1237 , but the extent of the increase was significantly reduced by @entity586 ( @entity587 ) implantation. This study aims to clarify whether the reduction of Cor secretion by @entity342 during transportation results from reduced plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Castrated @entity1237 were implanted separately with @entity165 (Cho), @entity251 (T) or @entity587 , followed by transportation. Plasma Cor levels increased during transportation regardless of hormone treatment, but the levels in T and @entity587 treated animals were lower than those in animals treated with Cho. Plasma ACTH levels also increased during transportation, and those in T treated animals were significantly lower than in those treated with Cho. However, plasma ACTH levels in @entity587 treated animals varied among the animals and did not differ from those in Cho treated animals. Significant and highly positive correlations between the logarithm of plasma ACTH levels and plasma Cor levels were found in every treatment group. The areas under the regression curves between plasma ACTH levels and plasma Cor levels associated with T and @entity587 treatments were significantly lower than those with Cho treatment. In conclusion, T was shown to reduce ACTH secretion in response to transportation in castrated @entity1237 . However, this suppression of the increase in Cor secretion during transportation by @entity342 is suggested to be mainly a result of suppression of the responsiveness of the adrenal cortex to ACTH.

title: Effects of @entity342 on plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and @entity701 during transportation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['5alpha-dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1237 :: (9925,Species) :: ['goats']


abstract: @entity419 PET qualitative @entity5 response assessment or @entity5 -to-background ratios compare targets against blood-pool or liver activity; standardized uptake value (SUV) semiquantitation has artifacts and is validated by a stable normal-tissue baseline. The aim of this study was to document the normal intrapatient range of scan-to-scan variation in blood-pool SUV and liver SUV and to identify factors that may adversely affect it (increase its spread). METHODS: Between July 2009 and June 2010, 132 oncology @entity1 had 2 PET/CT scans. @entity1 preparation, acquisition, and reconstruction protocols were held stable, uniform, and reproducible. Mean SUV (body weight) values were obtained from 2-dimensional regions of interest in the aortic arch blood pool and in the right lobe of the liver. RESULTS: Of the 132 @entity1 , 65 had @entity706 . Their mean age was 62.5 y. The group's mean serum @entity413 level was 6.0 mmol/L at the first visit and 5.9 mmol/L at the second visit. The mean @entity419 dose was 4.1 MBq/kg at the first visit and 4.0 at the second. At the first visit, the group's mean blood-pool SUV was 1.55 (SD, 0.38); at the second, 1.58 (SD, 0.37)-not statistically different. The group's mean liver SUV was 2.17 (SD, 0.44) at the first visit and 2.29 (SD, 0.44) at the second (P = 0.005). Visit-to-visit intrapatient variation in blood-pool and liver SUVs had gaussian distributions. The variation in blood-pool SUV had a mean of 0.03 and SD of 0.42. The variation in liver SUV had a mean of 0.12 and SD of 0.50. Using 95th percentiles, the reference range in our @entity1 population for intrapatient variation was -0.8 to 0.9 for blood pool SUV and -0.9 to 1.1 for liver SUV. Subanalysis by cancer type and chemotherapy suggested that the rise in liver SUV between the 2 visits was largely due to the commencement of chemotherapy, but no factors were identified as systematically affecting intrapatient variation, and no factors were identified as increasing its spread. CONCLUSION: In our @entity1 cohort, the reference range for intrapatient variation in blood-pool and liver SUVs is -0.8 to 0.9 and -0.9 to 1.1, respectively.

title: Reference range for intrapatient variability in blood-pool and liver SUV for XXXX PET.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity419 :: (MESH:D019788,Chemical) :: ['18F-FDG']


abstract: PURPOSE: Severe treatment-related @entity2905 (TRL) occurs in 40% of @entity1 with high grade @entity11 (HGG) receiving glucocorticoids, @entity2903 , and radiation. This occurs following radiation, persists for months, and is associated with reduced survival. As all three treatment modalities are lymphotoxic, this study was conducted to estimate the radiation dose that lymphocytes receive passing through the radiation field and if this could explain the observed TRL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A typical @entity463 plan (8-cm @entity5 , 60 Gy/30 fractions) was constructed using the Pinnacle    radiation planning system. Radiation doses to circulating cells (DCC) were analyzed using MatLab   . The primary endpoints were mean DCC and percent of circulating cells receiving >= 0.5 Gy. The model was also used to study how changes in target volumes ( @entity343 ), dose rates, and delivery techniques affect DCC. RESULTS: The modeling determined that while a single radiation fraction delivered 0.5 Gy to 5% of circulating cells, after 30 fractions 99% of circulating blood had received >= 0.5 Gy. The mean DCC was 2.2 Gy and was similar for IMRT, 3D-conformal techniques, and different dose rates. Major changes in @entity343 size affected mean DCC and percent of circulating cells receiving >= 0.5 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: Standard treatment plans for @entity1313 deliver potentially lymphotoxic radiation doses to the entire circulating blood pool. Altering dose rates or delivery techniques are unlikely to significantly affect DCC by the end of treatment. Novel approaches are needed to limit radiation to circulating lymphocytes given the association of @entity2905 with poorer survival in @entity1 with HGG.

title: The etiology of treatment-related XXXX in @entity1 with @entity11 : modeling radiation dose to circulating lymphocytes explains clinical observations and suggests methods of modifying the impact of radiation on immune cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity2905 :: ('MESH:D008231', 'Disease') :: ['lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity2905 :: (MESH:D008231,Disease) :: ['lymphopenia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine prospectively whether physical activity can prevent age-related @entity1017 and whether changing levels of activity affect body weight. DESIGN/SUBJECTS: The study consisted of 8,080 male and 4,871 female runners who completed two questionnaires an average (+/-standard deviation (s.d.)) of 3.20+/-2.30 and 2.59+/-2.17 years apart, respectively, as part of the National Runners' Health Study. RESULTS: Changes in running distance were inversely related to changes in @entity1 's and @entity1 's body mass indices (BMIs) (slope+/-standard error (s.e.): -0.015+/-0.001 and -0.009+/-0.001 kg/m(2) per Deltakm/week, respectively), waist circumferences (-0.030+/-0.002 and -0.022+/-0.005 cm per Deltakm/week, respectively) and percent changes in body weight (-0.062+/-0.003 and -0.041+/-0.003% per Deltakm/week, respectively, all P<0.0001). The regression slopes were significantly steeper (more negative) in @entity1 than @entity1 for DeltaBMI and Delta%body weight (P<0.0001). A longer history of running diminished the impact of changing running distance on @entity1 's weights. When adjusted for Deltakm/week, years of aging in @entity1 and years of aging in @entity1 were associated with increases of 0.066+/-0.005 and 0.056+/-0.006 kg/m(2) in BMI, respectively, increases of 0.294+/-0.019 and 0.279+/-0.028% in Delta%body weight, respectively, and increases of 0.203+/-0.016 and 0.271+/-0.033 cm in waist circumference, respectively (all P<0.0001). These regression slopes suggest that vigorous exercise may need to increase 4.4 km/week annually in @entity1 and 6.2 km/week annually in @entity1 to compensate for the expected gain in weight associated with aging (2.7 and 3.9 km/week annually when correct for the attenuation due to measurement error). CONCLUSIONS: Age-related @entity1017 occurs even among the most active individuals when exercise is constant. Theoretically, vigorous exercise must increase significantly with age to compensate for the expected gain in weight associated with aging.

title: The effects of changing exercise levels on weight and age-related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity1017 :: (MESH:D015430,Disease) :: ['weight gain']


abstract: We describe the effects of accidental intra-arterial injection of @entity2900 and @entity5159 into the femoral artery of an @entity1 . An 11-month-old @entity1 with Downs @entity27 presented for tonsillectomy. Peripheral venous cannulation proved impossible. A femoral venous line was sited following inhalational induction of anaesthesia. @entity2900 was given through this line and produced no adverse effect. Subsequently, @entity5159 was given through the line causing an instant cutaneous flush in the leg followed by a marked ischaemic appearance. The femoral line was assumed to be sited in the femoral artery and was removed. At the end of the operation a caudal injection of 10 ml of 0.25% @entity1341 was performed. Within 30 min there was marked vasodilation of both legs with easily felt peripheral pulses. In view of the tonsillectomy anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy were contra-indicated. There were no adverse sequelae.

title: Leg ischaemia in an XXXX following accidental intra-arterial administration of @entity5159 treated with caudal anaesthesia.

entities_list: @entity5159 :: ('MESH:D001279', 'Chemical') :: ['atracurium']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnoea']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity2900 :: ('MESH:D013390', 'Chemical') :: ['Suxamethonium', 'suxamethonium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infant']


abstract: This study concerns @entity99 B antigen and antibody, (HBAg and @entity15338 ) auto-antibodies and @entity409 in a renal haemodialysis and transplantation unit between February, 1970 and December, 1972. Fourteen per cent of @entity1 on maintenance haemodialysis, 25% of renal transplant recipients, and 5% of the staff were HBAg positive during this period. Three family members of antigen positive @entity1 developed @entity99 ; all were either antigen or antibody positive. Both immuno-electro-osmo-phoresis and radio-immuno-assay were used to detect HBAg. No additional carriers were identified among the dialysis or transplant @entity1 by applying the more sensitive technique, although two @entity1 with @entity99 were positive only by RIA. None of the staff members who developed antigen positive @entity99 died, and no one became a carrier. Dialysis @entity1 who had @entity9429 also cleared the antigen from the serum. Clinical @entity99 did not occur in immunosuppressed graft recipients who were carriers of the ay subtype of the antigen, nor was there histological evidence of @entity409 in 18 of 19 of such carriers studied. Moreover, there was no association between long term carriage of the antigen and the presence of the auto-antibodies characteristic of @entity3619 . Rapid reduction of immunosuppression was followed by @entity99 in one carrier, while another, whose antigen was of the ad subtype, developed @entity82 .

title: Hepatitis B antigen, auto-antibodies and XXXX in a haemodialysis and transplantation unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['micro-nodular cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity9429 :: ('MESH:D010382', 'Disease') :: ['icteric hepatis']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic active hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['acute hepatitis', 'hepatitis']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between @entity3287 levels in periodontal and volatile @entity3287 compounds (VSC) in oral cavity and to assess the correlation between @entity3287 levels in periodontal pocket (pS) and periodontal clinical parameters. METHODS: VSC in oral cavity was measured by halimeter one week after grossly supragingival cleaning. Then pS in periodontal pockets was measured by Diamond probe/Perio 2000 system, followed by probing using Williams periodontal probe to get the records of @entity92 ( @entity92 ). Based on the above examination results, 4 - 8 sites with @entity92 > or = 5 mm and/or pS > 0 were selected for the following longitude observation in each @entity1 . The plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI), clinical attachment level (CAL) of the target site were recorded. The same examination was repeated during the recalling time of 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months after the initial periodontal therapy. RESULTS: VSC levels are significantly correlated with the numbers of sites with pS > 0 (r = 0.592, P < 0.001) and pS value. pS values were positively correlated with BI at low level during the maintenance time of 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months (r = 0.183, 0.411, 0.350, P < 0.05) respectively. After the initial therapy pS, @entity92 , CAL, BI, PLI and VSC in oral cavity significantly improved at 6 weeks (P < 0.001) and further improved and kept stable at 3 and 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: pS reflects the @entity3287 levels in pockets with site specificity and may be considered as objective parameter to evaluate the treatment effect, and to indicate the early inflammation in periodontal tissue during the maintenance period.

title: [Correlation between XXXX levels in periodontal pocket of periodontitis @entity1 and periodontal clinical parameters].

entities_list: @entity3287 :: ('CHEBI:26822', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfide']

entities_list: @entity92 :: ('MESH:D007222', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'probing depth']

answer: @entity3287 :: (CHEBI:26822,Chemical) :: ['sulfide']


abstract: Previous reports have demonstrated a striking increase of the immunoreactivity of the gamma-isoform of protein kinase C ( @entity25963 -ir) in Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus (DG) of rodent hippocampus after training in a spatial orientation task. In the present study, we investigated how 8 days of psychosocial stress affects spatial discrimination learning in a hole board and influences @entity25963 -ir in the hippocampal formation. The acquisition of both reference @entity2414 was significantly delayed in the stressed animals during the entire training period. With respect to cellular plasticity, the training experience in both nonstressed and stressed groups yielded enhanced @entity25963 -ir in the @entity1249 and @entity1251 regions of the posterior hippocampus but not in subfields of the anterior hippocampus. Stress enhanced @entity25963 -ir in the DG and @entity1251 pyramidal cells of the anterior hippocampus. In stressed animals that were subsequently trained, the @entity25963 -ir was increased in the posterior @entity1249 region to the same level as that found in nonstressed trained animals. Stress apparently abrogated the @entity25963 -ir training response in the @entity1251 region. In a second experiment, the elevation of plasma @entity2819 levels to values that are found during stress did not significantly influence reference memory scores but slightly and temporarily affected working memory. The training-induced enhancement of @entity25963 -ir in the @entity1249 region was similar in trained and @entity2819 -treated trained animals, but the learning-induced @entity25963 -ir response in the posterior @entity1251 area was absent after @entity2819 pretreatment. These results reveal that prolonged psychosocial stress causes @entity4207 , whereas artificial elevation of @entity2819 levels to the levels that occur during stress only mildly affects spatial memory performance. The @entity4207 following stress are reflected only in part in the redistribution of hippocampal @entity25963 -ir following training.

title: Exposure to chronic psychosocial stress and XXXX in the rat: effects on spatial discrimination learning and hippocampal protein kinase Cgamma immunoreactivity.

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['spatial learning deficits']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory and working memory']

answer: @entity2819 :: (MESH:D003345,Chemical) :: ['corticosterone']


abstract: Several agents in a new class of antiemetic compounds, @entity750 (5-HT3) antagonists, have shown promise as effective antiemetics with fewer side effects than @entity1769 . One of these agents, @entity33290 , produced no severe @entity137 at doses that prevented @entity391 due to chemotherapy in early Phase I trials. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, 7 arm clinical trial to: (1) identify the presence of a dose-response for complete protection from @entity391 , and (2) compare @entity33290 with a standard antiemetic, @entity1667 if a dose-response was found not to exist. Prior to chemotherapy, six @entity1 groups each received a single intravenous dose of @entity33290 ranging from 0.2 to 6.0 mg/kg whereas a seventh group received @entity1667 250 mg intravenously. Chemotherapy-na  ve @entity5 @entity1 scheduled to receive moderately emetogenic chemotherapy were eligible. Primary treatment outcomes that were recorded and analyzed included the number of episodes of @entity391 , the time to the first episode of @entity391 as well as the frequency and severity of @entity390 . Two hundred and eight @entity1 accrued between April 1989 and February 1990 were evaluable for response. A significant dose-response effect for complete protection from @entity391 was not seen over the first 24 hours after chemotherapy (p = 0.102). However, a linear dose-response effect for time to first @entity391 was evident in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.029). While the highest @entity33290 dose group was associated with a higher complete protection rate (CPR) than the control group, this group also exhibited a higher incidence of @entity294 (p = 0.013), @entity551 , and electrocardiographic abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A randomized, double-blinded study comparing six doses of @entity33290 ( XXXX ) with @entity1667 in @entity1 receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity33290 :: ('MESH:C060190', 'Chemical') :: ['batanopride']

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['metoclopramide']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['5-hydroxytryptamine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity33290 :: (MESH:C060190,Chemical) :: ['BMY-25801']


abstract: PURPOSE: To build and evaluate a national network able to improve the care of @entity2395 , a @entity74 in haemoglobin synthesis often associated with @entity68 accumulation in a variety of organs, due to the continuous blood transfusions. METHODS: The MIOT (Myocardial @entity68 Overload in @entity2395 ) network is constituted by @entity2395 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) centers. @entity2395 centers are responsible for @entity1 recruitment and collection of anamnestic and clinical data. MRI centers have been equipped with a standardized acquisition technique and an affordable workstation for image analysis. They are able to perform feasible and reproducible heart and liver @entity68 overload assessments for a consistent number of @entity2395 @entity1 in a robust manner. All centers are linked by a web-based network, configured to collect and share @entity1 data. RESULTS: On 30th March 2008, 695 @entity2395 @entity1 were involved in the network. The completion percentage of the @entity1 records in the database was 85+/-6.5%. Six hundred and thirteen @entity1 (88%) successfully underwent MRI examination. Each MRI center had a specific absorption capacity that remained constant over time, but the network was capable of sustaining an increasing number of @entity1 due to continuous enrollment of new centers. The @entity1 's comfort, assessed as the mean distance from the @entity1 home locations to the MRI centers, significantly increased during the network's evolution. CONCLUSION: The MIOT network seems to be a robust and scalable system in which T2* MRI-based cardiac and liver @entity68 overload assessment is available, accessible and reachable for a significant and increasing number of @entity2395 @entity1 in Italy (about 420 per year), reducing the mean distance from the @entity1 locations to the MRI sites from 951km to 387km. A solid, wide and homogeneous database will constitute an important scientific resource, shortening the time scale for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutical evidence-based research on the management of @entity2395 disease.

title: Evaluation of a web-based network for reproducible T2* MRI assessment of @entity68 overload in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic disorder']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemia', 'Thalassemia']

answer: @entity2395 :: (MESH:D013789,Disease) :: ['thalassemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity6197 (CM) is suspected to be a potential cause of @entity302 in tropical areas, but little information is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of CM in @entity302 among @entity1 in Mali. METHODS: An exposed-nonexposed study was performed to identify @entity1 who had @entity302 after @entity311 in the 0- to 15-year age group. The exposure factor was CM defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and the nonexposure factor was symptomatic @entity311 without the characteristics of CM ( @entity15682 ). All the @entity1 underwent a screening questionnaire and were examined by a medical physician. After the screening phase, a specialist in neuropediatrics examined the @entity1 suspected to have @entity302 . EEG and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed in some of these @entity1 . RESULTS: In total, 101 subjects who had had CM and 222 who had had @entity15682 were included. Fifty-four @entity1 (CM, 34; @entity15682 , 20) were suspected to have @entity302 , and six were confirmed (CM, five; @entity15682 , one). The incidence rate was 17.0 per 1000 @entity1 -years in the CM group and 1.8 per 1000 @entity1 -year in the @entity15682 group; thus the relative risk (RR) was 9.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.3-80.3; p = 0.02]. After adjustment on age and duration of follow-up, the RR was 14.3 (95% CI, 1.6-132.0; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of @entity302 is significantly higher in the CM group compared with the @entity15682 group. A reevaluation of this cohort should be carried out later to search for temporal @entity302 that appeared after age 10 years.

title: @entity302 as a consequence of XXXX in area in which @entity311 is endemic in Mali, West Africa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'sequelar epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity6197 :: ('MESH:D016779', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral malaria']

answer: @entity6197 :: (MESH:D016779,Disease) :: ['cerebral malaria']


abstract: Tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, was evaluated as antiemetic prophylaxis during postoperative abdominal irradiation of @entity43 @entity1 . Twenty consecutive @entity1 with Stages I-III (FIGO) epithelial @entity43 were included. At the start of radiotherapy all @entity1 were clinically @entity5 -free. Twelve @entity1 received irradiation on whole-abdominal fields, 1.0 Gy per fraction, during 6 weeks. Eight @entity1 were irradiated on the lower abdomino-pelvic fields, 1.7 Gy per fraction, during 5 weeks. Efficacy and adverse events were recorded by the @entity1 in diary-form booklets using visual analog scales (VAS). All @entity1 completed the treatment series and none was lost to follow-up. @entity390 , generally mild (mean 20 mm VAS) and of short duration, increased from start (30%) to end of radiotherapy (54%). Episodes of @entity391 were few in number and occurred in less than 10% of the cases. @entity294 was common towards the end of the radiotherapy courses, especially when the dose per fraction was 1.7 Gy and the need for extra antidiarrhoeal medication ( @entity3062 ) increased from 38% at the start to 100% at the end. The mean weight loss was only 1.2 kg during 5-6 weeks. The overall ratings for quality of life were excellent or good in 75-85% of the cases. The efficacy of @entity19473 was rated excellent or good in 80% of the cases and the tolerability likewise in 85% in the overall evaluation of the drug made by the investigator. Tropisetron therefore seems to be a promising and well-tolerated drug in conjunction with extended radiotherapy on the whole- or lower-abdominal fields.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity19473 , a new 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in the prevention of irradiation-induced @entity390 , XXXX and @entity294 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinomas', 'ovarian carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['Diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity19473 :: ('MESH:C045504', 'Chemical') :: ['tropisetron']

entities_list: @entity3062 :: ('MESH:D008139', 'Chemical') :: ['loperamide']

answer: @entity391 :: (MESH:D014839,Disease) :: ['vomiting']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity8782 ( @entity8782 ) have an @entity74 that affects lymphocyte apoptosis and is associated with chronic nonmalignant lymphadenopathy, @entity381 , and @entity792 , particularly affecting RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: DATs were performed on 34 consecutive @entity1 with @entity8782 and 37 of their clinically unaffected relatives. The effects of age, sex, race, and immunoglobulin levels on the incidence of autoantibodies and clinical @entity2142 were assessed. RESULTS: The DAT was positive in 21 (62%) of @entity8782 @entity1 but in only 1 (3%) of their relatives (p = 0.001). The DAT reacted because of IgG alone in 43 percent, complement alone in 5 percent, and IgG plus complement in 19 percent; 33 percent of the @entity1 ' cells had a positive reaction with polyspecific reagent only. All 10 @entity8782 @entity1 with a history of @entity5714 had a positive DAT. Sixty percent of them had only IgG on their cells, 30 percent had IgG and complement, and 10 percent reacted only with polyspecific reagent. Of the 11 @entity1 with a positive DAT and no history of @entity5714 , IgG alone was present in 27 percent, complement alone in 9%, and IgG plus complement in 9 percent; 55 percent had positive DATs only with polyspecific reagent. Among @entity8782 @entity1 , those with a positive DAT had greater quantities of cells with increased alpha and ss T-cell receptors that phenotyped as @entity404 - @entity405 - and higher IgG levels. CONCLUSIONS: The DAT results in @entity8782 @entity1 are most similar to those found in warm autoimmune @entity5714 . The DAT is useful to distinguish affected and unaffected @entity1 within an @entity8782 family.

title: RBC autoantibodies in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity8782 :: ('MESH:D056735', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome', 'ALPS']

entities_list: @entity381 :: ('MESH:D013163', 'Disease') :: ['splenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant genetic defect']

entities_list: @entity5714 :: ('MESH:D000743', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['hemolysis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity8782 :: (MESH:D056735,Disease) :: ['autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome']


abstract: @entity11 are the most common primary @entity1313 and yet almost incurable due mainly to their great invasion capability. This represents a challenge to present clinical oncology. Here, we introduce a mathematical model aiming to improve @entity5 spreading capability definition. The model consists in a time dependent reaction-diffusion equation in a three-dimensional spatial domain that distinguishes between different brain topological structures. The model uses a series of digitized images from brain slices covering the whole @entity1 brain. The Talairach atlas included in the model describes brain structures at different levels. Also, the inclusion of the Brodmann areas allows prediction of the brain functions affected during @entity5 evolution and the estimation of correlated symptoms. The model is solved numerically using @entity1 -specific parametrization and finite differences. Simulations consider an initial state with cellular proliferation alone ( @entity5 ), and an advanced state when infiltration starts ( @entity5 ). Survival time is estimated on the basis of @entity5 size and location. The model is used to predict @entity5 evolution in two clinical cases. In the first case, predictions show that real infiltrative areas are underestimated by current diagnostic imaging. In the second case, @entity5 spreading predictions were shown to be more accurate than those derived from previous models in the literature. Our results suggest that the inclusion of differential migration in @entity11 growth models constitutes another step towards a better prediction of @entity5 infiltration at the moment of @entity954 . Also, the addition of physiological/psychological considerations to classical anatomical models will provide a better and integral understanding of the @entity1 disease at the moment of deciding therapeutic options, taking into account not only survival but also life quality.

title: Mathematical modeling of @entity1 XXXX growth based on brain topological structures: study of two clinical cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'benign tumor', 'malign tumor']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Gliomas', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['surgical or radiosurgical target definition']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity29 have an increased frequency of @entity1031 , and microvascular @entity715 has been proposed as a contributory pathogenic factor. The mechanism of enhanced procoagulant activity is not understood. We examined the clinical setting of @entity1031 events in 52 @entity1 with @entity30 or @entity31 , and assessed the procoagulant laboratory profile, including @entity5337 , in a subset of 20 @entity1 to identify procoagulant risk factors. @entity1 who developed @entity715 tended to be young; 60% of @entity715 events occurred in @entity1 under 50 years. Multiple @entity1031 episodes occurred in 13% and unusual sites of @entity715 (e.g. intracardiac, cerebral, inominate veins) in 11%. No risk factor was identifiable in 52% of cases and two-thirds of @entity715 occurred in an out- @entity1 setting. The mortality rate was 8%. Evidence for @entity32 activity was found in only 45% of @entity1 with @entity31 at the time of the @entity1031 event, in contrast to 89% of those with @entity30 . Assays for specific @entity3459 were negative in all cases tested (protein S, C were normal in 17/17; anti-thrombin III, anti-phospholipid antibodies and activated protein C resistance were negative in 20/20, and only 1/20 @entity1 was found to be heterozygous for @entity5337 . @entity715 in @entity29 is important because it occurs in a young population, often in unusual sites, and has a high mortality. The development of @entity715 is related to active @entity32 in most @entity1 with @entity30 but apparently not in those with @entity31 . Since approximately half of the @entity1 had no other identifiable risk factor, there remains a substantial group of @entity1 with @entity8787 who develop @entity715 for unknown reasons.

title: XXXX in @entity29 : clinical setting, procoagulant profile and @entity5337 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5337 :: ('2153', 'Gene') :: ['Factor V leiden', 'Factor V Leiden']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['coagulation defects']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses', 'thrombosis', 'thrombotic', 'Thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['Thrombosis']


abstract: We assessed the diagnostic usefulness of helical CT scan of the thorax in the setting of chronic @entity120 by prospectively comparing the results of helical CT scan to those of the pulmonary angiogram (gold standard). We studied 40 @entity1 with diagnosis of @entity120 of diverse etiology (mean age: 40.7 +/- 12 y.o.; mean systolic pulmonary artery pressure: 91 +/- 33 mmHg)). Thirty of these @entity1 fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of chronic @entity120 and the other ten were used as controls. Diagnosis in control @entity1 included: @entity120 (4); patent ductus arteriosus (2); @entity118 (1); @entity627 (1); @entity741 (1); and @entity1151 (1). Both helical CT scan and pulmonary angiogram were part of the routine diagnostic work up of these @entity1 , and were, performed and interpreted almost simultaneously (within one week) by a different group of investigators in a blind manner. Only the diagnostic accuracy of the method regarding central (major arteries) @entity455 was evaluated. Helical CT scan had an overall sensitivity of 100% (29/29), and a specificity of 91% (10/11). Positive predictive and negative predictive values were 96.6% (29/30) and 100% (10/10), respectively. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 97.5% (39/40). We conclude that helical CT scan of the thorax is an excellent alternative approach for the diagnosis of major arteries lesions in the setting of chronic @entity120 .

title: [Helical computerized tomography of the thorax in the diagnosis of unresolved XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic valve disease']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension', 'primary pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['acute pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect']

answer: @entity1151 :: (MESH:D011655,Disease) :: ['chronic pulmonary thromboembolism']


abstract: There has been an unremitting rise in incidence of @entity694 in this country with no recent improvement in cure rate. As a result the evolution of @entity14 has been the focus of considerable attention with an enlarging body of evidence pointing to the common @entity1127 as a precursor to @entity5 . "Neoplastic" @entity1127 include " @entity6523 " and, lately recognized, " @entity1127 ." Experience with endoscopic removal of over 2,000 @entity1586 (with no mortality) has introduced two questions of prime concern to the surgeon: (1) What constitutes clinical @entity5 in a polyp? AND, (2) When should laparatomy supplant or follow endoscopic removal? Eight hundred and ninety-two consecutive @entity703 " @entity1127 are analyzed, 855 of which have been followed for 6 months to 4 years. Support is offered to the concept that villous and tubular growth patterns are merely variants of a similar base disturbance in cell renewal. @entity5 ( @entity189 -in-situ) occurred in 6.6% of @entity1127 and represents no threat if the polyp is completely removed. Only when the @entity5 penetrates the muscularis mucosae should it be regarded as "invasive." The term " @entity1127 " should be reserved for this form. @entity3 was found in 5.0% of @entity1127 in this series. Only in this group need the question of further surgical intervention be raised. Major considerations influencing a decision for subsequent laparotomy are polyp size and gross morphology (i.e. sessile or pedunculated), histologic type (of the polyp and of the @entity5 itself), adequacy of clearance between depth of invasion and plane of polyp resection, and the @entity1 's age and general condition. These are analyzed. Twenty-five of 46 @entity1 with "malignant @entity1127 " were subjected to abdominal exploration: 17 showed no @entity5 , whereas 8 (5 with recognized incomplete endoscopic removal) had tumor in the bowel wall. Of the remaining 21 @entity1 , for whom endoscopic polypectomy alone was deemed appropriate, none have shown residual or recurrent @entity5 on clinical and endoscopic followup. Colonoscopy appears to be a most promising approach in terms of the goals of @entity5 programs, offering both prophylaxis and opportunity for treatment at a favorable stage of disease.

title: Definitive treatment of "malignant" XXXX of the colon.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic polyp', 'malignant polyp', 'polyps', 'villo-glandular polyps', 'neoplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['residual cancer', 'cancer', 'malignancy', 'Superficial cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity6523 :: ('MESH:D018256', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous polyps," "villous adenomas']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Invasive cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1586 :: ('MESH:D003111', 'Disease') :: ['colonic polyps']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous (tubular), villous, villoglandular (villo-tubular) and "polypoid cancer']

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['polyps']


abstract: @entity10789 ( @entity10789 ), a second-order nucleus in the @entity1573 auditory system, is topographically and tonotopically organized. The basilar papilla (cochlea) projects onto the @entity2167 . The anteromedial region of @entity10789 is innervated by the proximal end of the basilar papilla and responds to high-frequency sounds; more posterolateral regions receive input from more distal locations along the papilla and respond to progressively lower frequencies. @entity10789 projects exclusively to the third-order neurons of nucleus laminaris (NL). Otocyst removal prevents the formation of the ipsilateral cochlea and cochlear nerve and results in the development of an aberrant functional projection from the contralateral @entity10789 to the "deafferented" @entity10789 on the operated side of the brain (Jackson and Parks, 1988). In the present experiment, the otocyst was removed unilaterally and the tonotopic organization of the deafferented @entity10789 was physiologically mapped at 17-18 d of embryonic age (E17-E18). Quantitative analyses revealed that the frequency organization of the deafferented @entity10789 is almost identical to that in normal embryos. Progressively higher characteristic frequencies were recorded at successively more anterior and more medial locations in the nucleus, and the orientation of the @entity2270 was indistinguishable from normal. Furthermore, the correlation between characteristic frequency and anatomical location is comparable in the deafferented (r = 0.91) and normal (r = 0.87) @entity10789 . The only noticeable discrepancy is that characteristic frequencies in @entity10789 on both sides of the brain of operated embryos are higher than the frequencies observed previously at comparable regions of the nucleus in unoperated controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Aberrant projection induced by otocyst removal maintains normal tonotopic organization in the XXXX cochlear nucleus.

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['tonotopic axis']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral NM via the auditory nerve']

entities_list: @entity10789 :: ('MESH:D002527', 'Disease') :: ['NM', 'Nucleus magnocellularis']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the types of injuries sustained by @entity1 who ride all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), to estimate the hospital charges associated with these injuries, and to determine adherence to existing rules and regulations governing @entity11254 use. METHODS: Analysis of statewide hospital admissions (1992-1996) and @entity341 ( @entity341 ) visits (1996) in Utah. All @entity1 who were younger than 16 years and had an external cause of injury code for @entity11254 use were included. RESULTS: In 1996, 268 @entity341 visits by @entity1 involved an @entity11254 . @entity1 were twice as commonly injured as @entity1 (male:female ratio: 2.1:1), and skin and orthopedic injuries were most frequent. The median @entity341 charge was  368, and @entity341 charges for these @entity1 totaled  138 000. From 1992 to 1996, 130 @entity1 were hospitalized as a result of injuries sustained during @entity11254 use, with median charges of  4240 per admission. Male to female ratio was 2.7:1, and the average age was 11.2 +/- 3.6 years. Mean injury severity score was 8.0 +/- 6.0, and median length of stay was 2 days (range: 0-43 days). @entity130 were most frequent, but 25% (n = 32) of @entity1 sustained head or @entity1566 . Most @entity1 (94%) were discharged from the hospital, but 8 @entity1 died as a result of their injuries. Utah regulations prohibit @entity1 who are younger than 8 years from driving an @entity11254 and advise against carrying passengers on ATVs. However, 25% (n = 15) of all injured @entity1 who were younger than 8 were driving the @entity11254 when injured, and 15% (n = 60) of injured @entity1 were passengers on ATVs. Four of the 8 fatally injured @entity1 were younger than 8, and all were driving the @entity11254 at the time of the crash. Finally, the estimated injury rate per 100 registered ATVs is significantly higher for @entity1 than for adults (3.41 vs 1.71). CONCLUSIONS: @entity11254 use results in significant injuries to @entity1 . Efforts to educate parents regarding the risks of @entity11254 use, proper supervision, and use of safety equipment are warranted. Manufacturers of ATVs should continue to improve the safety profile of these inherently unstable vehicles.

title: A population-based assessment of pediatric all-terrain XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Boys', 'patients', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Orthopedic injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['vehicle injuries']


abstract: @entity1 cells, a @entity1 @entity2 cell line with properties like serous cells of the upper airway, were used to develop an in vitro model for airway antibacterial activity. @entity1 cell monolayers were cultured on permeable supports at an air-liquid interface. @entity661 ( @entity661 ) was collected by washing; antibacterial activity was assayed by incubating @entity661 washings with bacteria for 18 h and counting surviving colony-forming units. @entity661 washings killed @entity526 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity was salt sensitive and dependent on protein concentration. After washing, approximately 30 h were required before antibacterial activity recovered to its initial level. After culturing with topical @entity288 ( @entity4184 , @entity2713 , or @entity2715 , 0.1 microg/ml for 48 h), @entity661 antibacterial activity was 4- to 10-fold greater than the @entity661 from control monolayers. The increase in antibacterial activity was dose-dependent. The @entity2263 )-agonists @entity3045 and @entity4183 (100 microg/ml for 48 h) decreased @entity661 antibacterial activity by 5- to 8-fold. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents @entity5018 and cromolyn @entity1372 had no effect. Our results are most consistent with agonist-dependent changes in the composition of @entity661 antibacterial proteins. We conclude that @entity1 cells synthesize and secrete antibacterial proteins and that clinical agents can alter these functions.

title: Antibacterial activity of apical surface fluid from the @entity1 airway cell line Calu-3: pharmacologic alteration by @entity288 and XXXX )-agonists.

entities_list: @entity2713 :: ('MESH:D014221', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone']

entities_list: @entity2715 :: ('MESH:D001507', 'Chemical') :: ['beclomethasone']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity5018 :: ('MESH:D007052', 'Chemical') :: ['ibuprofen']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['ASF', 'Apical surface fluid']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['budesonide']

entities_list: @entity4183 :: ('MESH:D013726', 'Chemical') :: ['terbutaline']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2263 :: (10242,Gene) :: ['beta(2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity1 experience @entity390 and @entity391 at some stage, but when these symptoms recur frequently they can significantly reduce quality of life. In most cases, a thorough history, examination and simple investigations can yield a diagnosis. Chronic @entity390 is a more challenging problem with its many potential causes and with a significant number of @entity1 remaining undiagnosed despite extensive investigation. OBJECTIVE: This article discusses the assessment and management of acute and @entity1209 in adults. DISCUSSION: @entity344 and food @entity4968 are the most common causes of @entity1209 . @entity458 and pregnancy should always be suspected. Hospitalisation may be required for severe @entity209 , @entity2700 or surgical causes. There are many potential causes of @entity1209 and a comprehensive history and examination is required. Symptoms are poor predictors of functional versus pathological illness. Type and extent of investigation must be tailored to the individual @entity1 .

title: @entity390 and XXXX in adults--a diagnostic approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal infections']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['Medication side effects']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['acute nausea and vomiting', 'chronic nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity391 :: (MESH:D014839,Disease) :: ['vomiting']


abstract: Type 1 @entity6 is the most common form of @entity6 in most part of the world, although reliable data are still unavailable in several countries. Wide variations exist between the incidence rates of different populations, incidence is lowest in China and Venezuela (0.1 per 100,000 per year) and highest in Finland and Sardinia (37 per 100,000 per year). In most populations @entity1 and @entity1 are equally affected. In general, the incidence increases with age, the incidence peak is at puberty. After the pubertal years, the incidence rate significantly drops in young @entity1 , but remains relatively high in young adult males up to the age 29-35 years. Prospective national and large international registries (DIAMOND and EURODIAB) demonstrated an increasing trend in incidence in most regions of the world over the last few decades and increases seem to be the highest in the youngest age group. Analytical epidemiological studies have identified environmental risk factors operating early in life which might have contributed to the increasing trend in incidence. These include @entity281 in pregnant @entity1 , older maternal age (39-42 years), @entity1468 , cesarean section delivery, increased birthweight, early introduction of @entity291 's milk proteins and an increased rate of postnatal growth (weight and height). Optimal @entity560 supplementation during early life has been shown to be protective. Some of these environmental risk factors such as viruses may initiate @entity792 toward the beta cell, other exposures may put on overload on the already affected beta cell and thus accelerate the disease process.

title: Worldwide childhood type 1 XXXX incidence--what can we learn from epidemiology?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['enteroviral infections']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: To investigate whether surgery or radiotherapy should be preferred in the early stages of @entity189 a randomized study was performed in which operable @entity1 with small FIGO stage 2 @entity957 were included. Of these @entity1 , 122 were in stage 2A and 20 in stage 2B. The @entity1 were treated with intracavitary radium, followed by either radical surgery with pelvic lymphadenectomy (Group A, 72 @entity1 ) or high-voltage external irradiation 40 Gy to a pelvic field (Group B, 70 @entity1 ). Postoperative irradiation 40 to 50 Gy was given in Group A if lymph node @entity3 were found at operation. Fourteen @entity1 in Group A and 23 in Group B died of recurrent disease. The 5-, 10-, and 20-year survival in Group A was 87, 84 and 81% respectively compared with 72, 69, and 68% in Group B, p < 0.05. Twenty-three (34%) of 67 radically operated @entity1 had @entity3 to pelvic lymph nodes. A high rate of pelvic and para-aortic recurrences accounts for the difference between Groups A and B. Young @entity1 (<40 years) with large @entity5 had a high risk of recurrent disease. Severe @entity344 were more common in Group A, especially among @entity1 given postoperative radiotherapy. Lymphoedema was seen almost exclusively in Group A. Two @entity1 in Group A and one in Group B died of complications to treatment. The corrected 10-year survival of 69.5% as achieved in the radiotherapy arm of this series is comparable to other reported studies. The high survival rate in the operated group, despite a very high @entity3 rate, suggests that surgery is applicable also in stage 2 @entity1 .

title: Radical radiotherapy versus brachytherapy plus surgery in XXXX and 2B--long-term results from a randomized study 1968-1980.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['urinary and gastrointestinal complications']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the cervix 2A']


abstract: The community-based primary health care approach to control @entity2040 morbidity is the strategy adopted in Zimbabwe. The paper outlines the results of such a control strategy in a rural community with over 30,000 @entity1 in the Madziwa area of Zimbabwe from 1985 to 1989. The community-based control strategy involved diagnosis of infection in school @entity1 (seven-15 years of age) using reagent strips followed by treatment with @entity2039 . The treatment was linked to programmes aimed at improved sanitation, better water supplies and health education. Following chemotherapy, there was a marked @entity2040 prevalence (urinary and intestinal forms combined) (from 60 to 20pc) in the affected groups. Of even greater importance was the significant reduction of 90pc in heavy infections (greater than 50 @entity4114 eggs per 10 ml of urine of greater than 100 @entity383 eggs per gram of faeces). Progress made through chemotherapy was consolidated by the implementation of intervention measures aimed at reducing @entity1 water contact with cercariae infested water. In the last three years of the community-based programme, 2,152 improved ventilated pit latrines were constructed and 104 hand pumps installed at new or existing water points. Drama competitions at schools showed great potential in communicating health education messages. However, technical and organisational difficulties limited the impact of the health education to the general population. A single application of the synthetic molluscicide @entity14777 was carried out in the main streams at the beginning of the programme in support of the initial chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Community control of XXXX in Zimbabwe.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity14777 :: ('MESH:D009534', 'Chemical') :: ['Bayluscide']

entities_list: @entity4114 :: ('6185', 'Species') :: ['S. haematobium']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis', 'reduction in schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity2039 :: ('MESH:D011223', 'Chemical') :: ['praziquantel']

answer: @entity2040 :: (MESH:D012552,Disease) :: ['schistosomiasis']


abstract: AIMS: @entity842 (NO) attenuates many functions within the kidney, and all @entity2821 ( @entity2821 ) isoforms are constitutively expressed in the kidney. But the exact role of NO in @entity8 is still debatable. The aim of the present study was to investigate endothelial (eNOS), and neuronal ( @entity2821 ) @entity2821 gene polymorphisms in @entity1 with minimal @entity1985 (MCNS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-six Turkish @entity1 with clinical MCNS, ranging in age from 2 to 10 years, were compared with 114 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The glu 298 Asp ( @entity13285 ) polymorphism of the eNOS, and @entity56085 ( @entity6344 ) polymorphism of @entity2821 genes were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The distribution of GG, TG, and TT genotypes for eNOS was 52%, 33% and 15% in MCNS compared with 61%, 26% and 13% in the controls (P > 0.05). The distribution of CC, TC, and TT genotypes for @entity2821 was 16%, 66% and 18% in MCNS compared with 10%, 43% and 47% in the controls. TT genotype distribution of @entity2821 was found to be lower in @entity1 (P = 0.003). The eNOS and @entity2821 gene polymorphisms were not associated with gender, positive family history, frequency of relapses, or response to @entity479 . CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to investigate eNOS and @entity2821 gene polymorphisms in @entity1 with MCNS. The @entity2821 gene polymorphism may be associated with MCNS in @entity1 , but further studies in a larger population with different @entity8 are needed to confirm the results.

title: @entity842 synthase gene polymorphisms in @entity1 with minimal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6344 :: ('c|SUB|C||T', 'DNAMutation') :: ['C/T']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal diseases', 'glomerular diseases']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['change nephrotic syndrome']

answer: @entity1985 :: (MESH:D009404,Disease) :: ['change nephrotic syndrome']


abstract: Apoptosis is a type of cell death that occurs during morphogenesis and development of the immune system. One of the mechanisms is mediated through the Fas and @entity12 ( @entity12 ) pathway. To determine the possible involvement of Fas and its ligand in salivary gland destruction, we analysed the appearance of nuclei with DNA fragmentation by using nick end labelling (TUNEL) and the expression of Fas and @entity12 by immunohistochemistry in labial salivary glands. Furthermore, we compared the features of apoptosis in labial salivary glands between @entity2662 - and @entity2662 + @entity244 . When the frozen sections of 10 primary @entity244 @entity1 in the absence of anti-HTLV-I antibody were examined, several apoptotic cells were found in the acinar and ductal epithelial cells as well as infiltrated mononuclear cells. Both Fas and @entity12 were detected in the infiltrated mononuclear cells. Acinar epithelial cells, which are surrounded by @entity12 + mononuclear cells, were also double-positive with Fas and @entity12 , although the expression of @entity12 was localized at their apical border, suggesting that apoptosis of mononuclear cells was achieved by activation-induced mechanisms through Fas/ @entity12 pathways, and that of acinar epithelial cells was mediated by @entity12 derived from either acinar epithelial cells themselves or infiltrated mononuclear cells. Interestingly, Fas expression in ductal epithelial cells was localized around the lumen side of the ducts, indicating that @entity12 secreted from acinar epithelial cells may induce Fas-mediated apoptosis of ductal epithelial cells. We also studied the labial salivary glands from nine @entity244 patients with anti-HTLV-I antibodies. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of apoptotic cells or in the expression of Fas and @entity12 between @entity2662 + and @entity2662 - @entity244 @entity1 . It was of note that neither the expression of Fas and @entity12 nor the presence of apoptotic cells were determined in labial salivary glands from subjects without @entity244 . These findings indicate that Fas-mediated apoptosis in salivary glands could be involved in the pathological manifestations of @entity244 , irrespective of @entity2662 seropositivity.

title: Apoptosis in labial salivary glands from Sj  @entity244 ( @entity244 ) XXXX : comparison with @entity1 T lymphotropic virus-I ( @entity2662 )-seronegative and -seropositive @entity244 @entity1 .

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The management of cytologically benign thyroid cysts is controversial. Treatment options include observation, chemical @entity1463 , and surgery. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of @entity189 in cytologically benign thyroid cysts that recur after complete aspiration and to determine the indications for surgery in these @entity1 . METHODS: The medical records of 1189 consecutive @entity1 undergoing thyroid surgery between July 1995 and November 2000 were reviewed. In 34 @entity1 the indication for surgery was a @entity8426 with benign cytologic findings that refilled at least once after complete aspiration. These @entity1 were selected for further study. RESULTS: The 26 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 had a median age of 42 years. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was consistent with a benign cyst in all these cases. Final pathologic findings revealed the nodule to be a @entity1377 in 4 @entity1 (12%). In another 4 @entity1 (12%) an incidental microscopic @entity1377 , separate from the cyst, was identified on final pathologic findings. In all 4 @entity1 with @entity1377 the cyst size was greater than 3 cm (range, 3.4 to 5.0 cm). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of @entity5 in cytologically benign thyroid cysts that recur after aspiration is high enough to warrant surgical excision, especially if the cyst is greater than 3 cm in size.

title: The incidence of XXXX in cytologically benign thyroid cysts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity8426 :: ('MESH:D013966', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cyst']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of @entity4988 or @entity4854 as predictors for need ventilator and for weaning success in critically ill @entity130 @entity1 . METHODS: A single center, retrospective trial was done on 600 @entity130 @entity1 = or >16 years old admitted for three or more days to the intensive care unit. @entity1 were classified into five different groups according to the reason for @entity1576 . The subsequent parameters were noted: serum albumin and @entity413 concentration, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, need ventilator, ventilator days, and fluid balance. RESULTS: The initial mean serum @entity413 concentration was 9.3 (167.4) +/- 0.2 (3.6 mg/dl) mmol/L and the initial mean serum albumin concentration was 30.2 (3.02) +/- 0.02 (0.2 g/dl) g/L. Even though the circulating albumin concentration was considerably lower and serum @entity413 concentration was significantly higher in ICU nonsurvivors than in ICU survivors, neither albumin (r=-0.031, p=0.23) nor blood @entity413 concentration (r=0.050, p=0.11) on ICU admission was a predictor of the duration of mechanical ventilation. The profile of albumin and @entity413 concentration changes was dissimilar between weaned and mechanical ventilation-dependent @entity1 . An increase of 5 g/L (0.5 g/dl) in serum albumin concentration multiplied the relative success probability by 1.10. Patients with serum albumin concentration less than 30.3 (3.03 g/dl) g/L were 1.2 times more likely to need ventilator than normo-albuminemic @entity1 (relative risk 1.2, 95% confidence interval 1.06-1.31). The risk of need mechanical ventilation did not increase with blood @entity413 concentration more than 11 mmol/L (200 mg/dl). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that albumin and blood @entity413 are possible indexes of the metabolic status of the @entity130 @entity1 , which could be essential in deciding the need ventilator and weanable status of the @entity1 who are mechanically ventilated for extended periods of time.

title: The impact of admission @entity4854 or XXXX on need ventilator, time ventilated, mortality, and morbidity in critically ill @entity130 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4988 :: (MESH:D034141,Disease) :: ['hypoalbuminemia']


abstract: A 47-year-old male receiving anticoagulant therapy for @entity2268 in the left leg for several years presented with mild @entity1269 and @entity1183 . The cause of the @entity2268 was still unknown. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed subacute @entity715 of both the @entity48950 ( @entity48950 ) and a cortical vein in the right cerebral hemisphere. Fluid attenuation inversion recovery axial MR imaging demonstrated these lesions more obviously than conventional T2-weighted axial MR imaging. Right carotid angiography showed a partial @entity48950 filling defect and occlusion of the cortical vein with collateral circulation. Coagulation studies revealed decreases in both protein C activity and antigen levels with normal levels of @entity1003 factors II, VII, IX, and X and protein S activity and antigen. The @entity1 's mother had normal levels of both protein C activity and antigen, but his father had decreased levels. The diagnosis was @entity48950 and cerebral cortical @entity49 caused by @entity7131 . The @entity1 was treated conservatively, and his clinical course was uneventful. His @entity51 recovered within approximately 3 weeks after the onset. Ten months later, right carotid angiography showed recanalization of the @entity48950 and partial filling of the cortical vein. Anticoagulant therapy has been continued, and no @entity49 has recurred during the 1.5 years after the onset.

title: Superior sagittal sinus and cerebral cortical XXXX caused by @entity7131 --case report.

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral hypesthesia']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['left hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity2268 :: ('MESH:D013924', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophlebitis']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis', 'cerebral venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['congenital protein C deficiency']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological dysfunctions']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity48950 :: ('MESH:D020225', 'Disease') :: ['SSS', 'superior sagittal sinus']

answer: @entity49 :: (MESH:D019851,Disease) :: ['venous thrombosis']


abstract: For @entity1 with @entity191 , @entity998 are generally attributed to postural instability. However, closer examination often shows that @entity191 @entity1 tend to keep falling at the same spot in their home on performing the same actions such as standing up from a chair, starting to walk, or turning at the corner and hitting the same part of the head. Each time the @entity1 fall, their treating physicians explain the reasons for falling and tell them how to avoid @entity998 in daily life. In spite of the repeated advice given by physicians, these @entity1 fall in the same manner and location. When physicians question them regarding the reason for repeating the same risky actions that they had been asked to avoid, the @entity1 answer that they clearly remembered their physician's advice but had thought that they would be able to successfully accomplish the risky actions at that time. Thus, it seems that this type of fall is partly caused by decision-making deficit. Negative-reward motor learning is known to be defective in @entity191 @entity1 who are being treated with @entity935 agonists and are liable to indulge in risky behavior and tend to be involved in @entity11532 . The @entity146 that are caused by defective decision making and are common to @entity11532 and repeated falling in @entity191 @entity1 could be termed as "Korinai syndrome, " which means "syndrome involving the inability to learn by experience." In contrast, @entity1 with @entity303 often show loss of fear reaction, which may result in the life-threatening inability to perceive crises. The present author performed a series of studies just after the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011; these studies were based on the behavior of @entity1 with @entity303 during this large earthquake. The results showed that both intellectually normal elderly @entity1 and @entity1 with mild @entity303 had shown evident fear reactions and could remember their own fearful experience, whereas @entity1 with moderate or severe @entity303 had not shown any fear reactions during the earthquake and had remained calm in spite of the highly confused behavior of their caregivers. Moreover, those who had remained calm without showing any fear reaction also did not show any trace of memory of the recently experienced large earthquake.

title: [Neurological features of decision-making deficit: Korinai syndrome in @entity191 and fearlessness in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson disease', 'parkinsonian']

entities_list: @entity11532 :: ('MESH:D005715', 'Disease') :: ['pathological gambling']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']