abstract: @entity286 smoke is composed of as many as 4,000 active compounds, most of them toxic on either acute or long-term exposure. Many of them are also poisonous to ocular tissues, affecting the eye mainly through ischemic or oxidative mechanisms. The list of @entity74 associated with cigarette smoking continues to grow. Most chronic @entity2194 , with the possible exception of @entity6 and primary @entity1538 , appear to be associated with smoking. Both @entity231 development and age-related @entity1020 , the leading causes of severe @entity227 and @entity1939 , are directly accelerated by smoking. Other @entity2788 , such as @entity2479 , @entity6810 , and @entity6875 , are also significantly linked to this harmful habit. @entity286 smoking is the direct cause of @entity286 - @entity167 @entity4457 , a once common but now rare disease characterized by severe @entity227 , which is probably a result of toxic @entity1781 . Cigarette smoking is highly irritating to the conjunctival mucosa, also affecting the eyes of nonsmokers by passive exposure (secondhand smoking). The dangerous effects of smoking are transmitted through the placenta, and offspring of smoking mothers are prone to develop strabismus. Efforts should be directed toward augmenting the campaign against @entity286 smoking by adding the increased risk of @entity1939 to the better-known arguments against smoking. We should urge our @entity1 to quit smoking, and we must make them keenly aware of the afflictions that can develop when smoke gets in our eyes.

title: The association between cigarette smoking and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular diseases']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity6810 :: ('MESH:D018917', 'Disease') :: ['anterior ischemic optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity2788 :: ('MESH:D015785', 'Disease') :: ['common ocular disorders']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve damage']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['ophthalmologic disorders']

entities_list: @entity6875 :: ('MESH:D049970', 'Disease') :: ['Graves ophthalmopathy']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity2194 :: (MESH:D005128,Disease) :: ['ocular diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE--To investigate the relationship between asymptomatic @entity4854 (IGT or newly diagnosed @entity2175 ) and @entity731 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--A representative cross-sectional population sample of 1431 subjects (511 @entity1 , 920 @entity1 ; 65-74 yr old). Altogether, 312 @entity1 and 515 @entity1 had NGT, 84 @entity1 and 158 @entity1 had IGT, 33 @entity1 and 59 @entity1 had newly diagnosed @entity2175 , and 82 @entity1 and 188 @entity1 had previously diagnosed @entity2175 . Participation rate was 71%. Main outcome measures were prevalence rates of CHD, @entity64 , and @entity613 . RESULTS--There was no difference in the prevalence of definite or possible MI verified at hospital between subjects with asymptomatic @entity4854 and NGT (15.5 vs. 13.3% in @entity1 , 6.3 vs. 5.3% in @entity1 ). @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity4854 had 1.5 x higher prevalence of @entity951 (29.4 vs. 19.3%, P less than 0.05), major Q-QS changes (21.1 vs. 12.0%, P less than 0.05), ischemic ECG changes (59 vs. 45%, P less than 0.05), and silent MI on ECG (14.8 vs. 7.9%, P less than 0.05) compared to @entity1 with NGT. @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity4854 had more often ischemic ECG changes compared to @entity1 with NGT (48.3 vs. 39.7%, P less than 0.05). There was no difference (NS) in the prevalence of verified @entity64 (3.5 vs. 4.6% in @entity1 , 2.7 vs. 2.5% in @entity1 ) or @entity613 (7.0 vs. 7.7% in @entity1 , 4.6 vs. 4.3% in @entity1 ) between subjects with asymptomatic @entity4854 and NGT. In multiple logistic regression analyses, the association between risk factors and MI or ischemic ECG changes in subjects with asymptomatic @entity4854 was not consistent. CONCLUSION--Elderly subjects with asymptomatic @entity4854 (particularly @entity1 ) tended to have an increased prevalence of CHD. Thus, asymptomatic @entity4854 in the elderly is not a benign phenomenon but is associated with @entity65 .

title: Asymptomatic @entity4854 and XXXX in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['claudication', 'intermittent claudication']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic vascular disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: The pharmacotherapy of 61 suicide victims (0.24 % of 27,078 admissions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 1999) was compared to that of a control group matched for age, gender and diagnosis at the time of discharge. RESULTS: Both groups were also comparable regarding stay in hospital, history of @entity146 , and frequency of hospitalisations during the year preceding the index evaluation. Multiple but not single suicide attempts were significantly more frequent in @entity1 who were later to complete the suicide than in controls. @entity161 ( @entity1479 -9, @entity1479 -10) was the most frequent diagnosis among suicide victims (44.3 %). @entity716 ( @entity1479 -9, @entity1479 -10) bore the highest relative risk (0.8 %). 50 % of the @entity161 @entity1 in the suicide group had been continuously treated with full-dose tricyclic antidepressants. The @entity5579 -equivalents in the @entity1 treated with antipsychotics were not of discriminating value. Four of 27 @entity161 @entity1 in the suicide group had been off neuroleptics for ten days or more; this was never observed among the controls. @entity2934 applied in 40% of the @entity161 and in 25 % of the @entity716 had more often been withdrawn or reduced during the ten days preceding suicide than among controls. No @entity161 suicide victims but five controls had been on mood stabilisers. The use of antipsychotics (classical and atypical) and a recent change in tricyclic drug or drug dose were more frequent in suicide victims with affective @entity716 . @entity1091 had been given to one @entity1 , but it had also been administered to six controls; this difference is significant. CONCLUSION: Mood stabilisers, especially @entity1091 , should be considered more often in @entity1 with previous suicide attempt(s). When changing antidepressants in affective @entity716 , @entity1245 might be given more deliberate consideration. @entity1 in all diagnostic categories should be closely guided by means of intensified psychotherapeutic interventions while undergoing a @entity1245 reduction. The treatment of @entity1 suffering from @entity161 with full-dose tricyclic regimens should be considered as possibly enhancing the acute suicide risk in some individuals.

title: A case control study on psychopharmacotherapy before suicide committed by 61 XXXX inpatients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disease']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic', 'schizophrenia', 'Schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['Affective psychosis', 'affective psychosis suicide victims', 'psychosis']

entities_list: @entity1091 :: ('MESH:D008094', 'Chemical') :: ['Lithium', 'lithium']

entities_list: @entity2934 :: ('MESH:D008140', 'Chemical') :: ['Lorazepam']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: Tension @entity5745 (TP) is a clinical entity characterized by continued build-up of air within the cranial cavity, leading to abnormal pressure exerted upon the brain and subsequent @entity16 , due to development of a mass effect and potentially a @entity3976 . Intracranial complications of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and other endonasal procedures are fortunately very rare, occurring in less than 3% of cases. We report 4 cases of small bone defects (<3 mm) in the anterior cranial base accompanied by TP, caused by ESS and other endonasal procedures. The pathophysiology and management of this clinical entity is discussed with a pertinent literature. Four @entity1 with small (<3 mm) skull base defects were identified. All @entity1 presented with active @entity5173 . CT scans showed intracranial tension @entity5745 . Using image-guided endoscopic techniques, all defects were addressed with multi-layer repair. Closure was achieved in all @entity1 on the first attempt, with an average follow-up of 36 months. Tension @entity5745 is a rare event that can occur as a result of traumatic or iatrogenic violation of the dura and should be considered in all @entity1 presenting with @entity1032 after endoscopic sinus surgery or other surgical and diagnostic procedures that violate either the cranial or spinal dura. Because of the potential for rapid clinical deterioration and @entity204 , prompt brain imaging is warranted to rule out the diagnosis, and urgent neurosurgical consultation is indicated for definitive management.

title: Tension XXXX as a result of endonasal surgery: an uncommon intracranial complication.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5745 :: ('MESH:D011007', 'Disease') :: ['pneumocephalus']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['altered mental status']

entities_list: @entity3976 :: ('MESH:D004677', 'Disease') :: ['herniation syndrome']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deterioration']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid leaks']

answer: @entity5745 :: (MESH:D011007,Disease) :: ['pneumocephalus']


abstract: AIM: Besides surgical treatment, systematic chemotherapy plays a crucial role in @entity157 treatment, especially for @entity1 with advanced @entity157 . However, none of the single-drug-treatment strategies have shown significant survival benefit due to a high incidence rate of chemoresistance. This study was designed to observe the effect of small interfering of RNA (SiRNA) targeting @entity11092 ( @entity11092 , @entity7737 , @entity22149 , and @entity36620 ) in modulating drug resistance of HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM cells. METHODS: HepG2/ @entity632 (ADM) and SMMC7721/ADM cell lines were developed by exposing parental cells to stepwise increasing concentrations of ADM. @entity98 assay was used to determine drug sensitivity and half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of drugs was calculated. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze cell cycle distribution. @entity11092 -4 mRNA expression levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Expression of proteins was analyzed by Western blot. The growth curve was draw and the cell apoptosis was also observed. Animal experiment was used to compare the cell growth. RESULTS: @entity98 assay showed that the values of IC50 and RI of HepG2/ADM and SMMC7721/ADM decreased after siRNA treatment in HepG2/ADM cells and SMMC7721/ADM cells. QRT-PCR analysis demonstrated the @entity7966 mRNA expression decreased significantly in HepG2/ADM cells and SMMC7721/ADM cells after siRNA transfection. In addition, compared with parental cells, @entity7966 protein expressions apparently decreased in SMMC7721/ADM and HepG2/ADM cells. Flow cytometry showed significantly elevated apoptosis rate following @entity11092 -4 siRNA transfection. Animal experiment suggested that silencing @entity7966 gene in vivo inhibited @entity5 growth. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of @entity11092 -4 by small interfering RNA enhanced and selectively restored sensitivity of @entity157 cells to drugs. @entity11092 -4 siRNA might represent a new therapeutic option for @entity157 .

title: Silencing @entity7966 genes by RNA interference enhances sensitivity of @entity1 XXXX cells to chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity11092 :: ('4363', 'Gene') :: ['MRP1', 'multidrug resistance-related protein 1-4']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatoma']


abstract: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is normal in 20% to 25% of @entity1 with @entity1512 due to common pathogens. We evaluated @entity5475 ( @entity5475 ) protein and urinary trypsin inhibitory activity in @entity281 comparatively with erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum @entity1851 in 20 @entity1 including 14 with @entity1512 due to common pathogens and 6 with @entity5414 . Assays were performed on D0, D8, D15, D30, and D60 after initiation of antimicrobial therapy. On D0, all four markers were significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity5414 than in @entity1 with @entity1512 . @entity1851 levels exhibited the fastest kinetics with a return to normal values within 15 days in both conditions. Urinary trypsin inhibitory activity was only slightly elevated in @entity1 with @entity1512 and returned to normal within 30 days in both conditions. @entity5475 levels required 30 to 60 days to return to normal. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate exhibited the slowest kinetics, with normal values being achieved only after 60 days. Although simple, rapid, and inexpensive, urinary trypsin inhibitory activity determination exhibits poor sensitivity. @entity5475 assay is not routinely available but may be a valuable parameter for monitoring @entity1 whose erythrocyte sedimentation rate and @entity1851 level are normal (as in 2 of our @entity1 with @entity1512 ).

title: [Value of the assay of protein @entity5475 and urinary antitrypsin activity in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5414 :: ('MESH:D001170', 'Disease') :: ['septic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarticular infections']

entities_list: @entity5475 :: ('6287', 'Gene') :: ['SAA', 'Serum amyloid A', 'serum amyloid A']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['osteoarticular infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: International guidelines recommend intra-articular @entity479 injections (IASI) in the management of @entity570 ( @entity571 ), though these recommendations are extrapolated primarily from studies of knee @entity571 . The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of IASI on @entity158 in @entity570 . METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to May 2015. RCTs assessing the efficacy of hip IASI on @entity158 were included. Pre-specified data was extracted using a standardised form. Quality was assessed using the Jadad score. RESULTS: Five trials met the inclusion criteria. All had a small number of @entity1 ( <=101). All studies reported some reduction in @entity158 at 3-4 weeks post-injection compared to control. Based on data from individual trials the treatment effect size was large at 1 week post-injection but declined thereafter. A significant (moderate effect size) reduction in @entity158 was reported in 2 trials up to 8 weeks following IASI. Pooled results of 2 trials (N=90) showed an increased likelihood of meeting the OMERACT-OARSI response criteria at 8 weeks post-IASI, odds ratio 7.8 (95% CI 2.7-22.8). The number needed to treat to achieve one OMERACT-OARSI responder at 8 weeks post-injection was 2.4 (95% CI 1.7-4.2). Hip IASI appear to be generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Hip IASI may be efficacious in short term @entity158 reduction in those with @entity570 though the quality of the evidence was relatively poor. Further large, methodologically rigorous trials are required to verify whether intra-articular corticosteroids are beneficial and for how long.

title: The efficacy of intra-articular steroids in XXXX : A systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity570 :: ('MESH:D015207', 'Disease') :: ['hip osteoarthritis', 'hip OA']

answer: @entity570 :: (MESH:D015207,Disease) :: ['hip osteoarthritis']


abstract: Protein @entity669 kinases (PTKs) play a crucial role in many cell regulatory processes. It is therefore not surprising to see that functional perturbation of PTKs results in @entity66 . Despite the diverse primary structure organization of various PTKs, the catalytic or kinase domains of various PTKs as well as that of Ser/Thr kinases are generally conserved. The high resolution crystal structure of a few PTKs has been solved in the last few years. In contrast to the well-defined linear peptide substrate motifs recognized by specific Ser/Thr kinases, the identification of specific substrate motifs for PTK has been slow. It is not until recently that through the use of combinatorial peptide library methods that specific recognition motifs for specific PTKs have begun to emerge. Efficient and specific peptide substrates for some PTKs with Km at the mid microM range have been identified. Based on these peptide substrates, relatively potent (IC50 at the low microM range) and highly selective pseudosubstrate-based peptide inhibitors have been developed. There has been enormous effort in the development of PTK inhibitors for diseases such as @entity5 , @entity1569 , and @entity170 . Several new high-throughput PTK assay technologies have recently been described. Small molecules against specific PTK have been developed. Most of them are competitive inhibitors at the @entity855 binding site. Some of these inhibitors have already been in clinical trial.

title: Protein XXXX kinases: structure, substrate specificity, and drug discovery.

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['many diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4530 of acral distribution are an uncommon finding in @entity28061 ( @entity10272 ). We report here one of these rare cases. @entity1 AND METHODS: A 65 year-old- @entity1 , an alcoholic and a smoker, presented with characteristic lesions of Bazex's @entity10272 associated with a right cervical @entity1600 . An @entity957 of @entity50 was then discovered. The @entity10272 lesions worsened and spread to the knees, elbows, trunk and genitalia, with an erosive aspect, @entity158 in the extremities, and tender, @entity548 on the toes and sides of the feet. Histological examination of a biopsy sample showed a @entity4530 with numerous eosinophilic leucocytes. Direct immuno-fluorescence showed C3 deposits on dermal capillaries and IgA and IgM on colloid bodies in the papillary dermis. Blood @entity1712 and high levels of IgE were noted. Indirect immunofluorescence was negative for anti-epidermal and anti-basement membrane antibodies. Radiation and chemotherapy for the @entity5 resulted in healing of the @entity4530 and almost complete disappearance of @entity2784 with @entity2117 . DISCUSSION: Although @entity4530 are rare in @entity28061 ( @entity10272 ), they were noted as early as 1968 by Degos et al. These acral bullae mimic @entity792 . An immunological reaction is thought to occur with antigens of the @entity3161 and eosinophils appear to be involved.

title: [Bullous paraneoplastic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity28061 :: ('MESH:C537663', 'Disease') :: ["Bazex's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic bullous lesions']

entities_list: @entity4530 :: ('MESH:D001768', 'Disease') :: ['Bullous lesions', 'bullous lesions', 'subepidermal blister']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity10272 :: ('MESH:D007644', 'Disease') :: ['acrokeratosis paraneoplastica', 'acrokeratosis']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['epidermoid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node mass']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['residual hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune bullous disease']

entities_list: @entity3161 :: ('MESH:D020511', 'Disease') :: ['dermal-epidermal junction']

entities_list: @entity2784 :: ('MESH:D065310', 'Disease') :: ['keratotic squamous lesions']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['sinus piriformis']

answer: @entity10272 :: (MESH:D007644,Disease) :: ['acrokeratosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate condylar symmetry and condyle fossa relationships in subjects with functional posterior crossbite comparing findings before and after @entity3573 ( @entity3573 ) treatment through low-dose computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six @entity1 (14 @entity1 and 12 @entity1 , mean age 9.6    1.4 years) with functional posterior crossbite (FPXB) diagnosis underwent rapid palatal expansion with a Hyrax appliance. @entity1 ' @entity1348 ( @entity1348 ) underwent multislice CT scans before rapid palatal expansion (T0) and after (T1). Joint spaces were compared with those of a control sample of 13 subjects (7 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 , mean age 11    0.6 years). RESULTS: @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ), @entity3626 ( @entity3626 ), and posterior space (PS) joint space measurements at T0 between the FPXB side and contralateral side demonstrated no statistically significant differences. After @entity3573 treatment (T1), all three joint spaces increased on both the FPXB side and the non-crossbite side. However, differences were statistically significant only for the @entity3626 when comparing the two sides at T1. @entity3626 increased more than @entity1347 and PS in the non-crossbite condyle (0.28 mm) and FPXB condyle (0.37 mm), and PS increased only on the FPXB side (0.34 mm). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences in condyle position within the glenoid fossa between the FPXB and non-crossbite side before treatment. Increases in joint spaces were observed after treatment with @entity3573 on both sides. These changes were, however, of small amounts.

title: Condyle fossa relationship associated with functional posterior crossbite, before and after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['Anterior space', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity3626 :: ('MESH:D018489', 'Disease') :: ['SS', 'superior space']

entities_list: @entity3573 :: ('MESH:D008439', 'Disease') :: ['RME', 'rapid maxillary expansion']

entities_list: @entity1348 :: ('MESH:D013706', 'Disease') :: ['TMJ', 'temporomandibular joints']

answer: @entity3573 :: (MESH:D008439,Disease) :: ['rapid maxillary expansion']


abstract: Chemotherapy became the primary treatment for @entity151 ( @entity151 ) in the early 1970s. The standard drug combinations were first @entity1891 , @entity632 , and @entity786 (VAC) and then, from the early 1980s, @entity2879 - @entity902 combinations. Despite a good initial objective response, however, @entity1 usually suffer a rapid relapse. Treatment development has, therefore, focused on ways to overcome drug resistance, and on the addition of cytokines to the chemotherapeutic arsenal. Interferon (IFN) was one of the first cytokines found to have anticancer effects, and it was introduced into the combined modality regimens used to treat @entity151 in the early 1980s in an attempt to overcome the problem of early relapse. The role of IFN was investigated with the aim of establishing how best to combine it with other treatments for @entity151 . In this paper, we review the impact of IFN on the outcome for 714 @entity151 @entity1 who were treated in randomized IFN trials at one institution over a period of 20 years and IFN trials conducted at other institutions during the same period. The parameters we used at our institution to measure outcome tended to improve during the period when @entity1 were being treated in our three randomized IFN trials, compared with the period when @entity1 received only standard treatment in a nonclinical trial setting. However, the differences were not statistically significant. During this period, IFN was used as maintenance therapy, concomitantly with chemotherapy, and combined with other treatment modalities. Our experience is that @entity3027 is most effective when administered as low-dose maintenance treatment. Other IFN trials published during the same period were small and heterogeneous. Results were inconsistent and added little new information, although it has been shown that high pretreatment levels of serum @entity7 ( @entity7 ) predict a poor response to treatment and consequently a poor outcome. The recently confirmed antiangiogenic properties of IFN deserve to be investigated in studies of maintenance treatment, in combination with other biologic agents. @entity1 should be selected according to criteria based on pretreatment assessment of biologic markers, such as @entity7 and @entity540 ( @entity540 ). Our studies, all at one institution, pioneered the biologic treatment of @entity5 and developed a solid basis of knowledge for future studies of biologic agents in @entity5 treatment.

title: Interferon trials in @entity151 at one institution: a comparison of results obtained before and after initiation of systematic treatment trials using XXXX in combination with other modalities.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['solid tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity540 :: ('2247', 'Gene') :: ['bFGF', 'basic fibroblast growth factor']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity3027 :: (3439,Gene) :: ['IFN-alpha']


abstract: The Eph family of receptor @entity669 kinases is involved in limiting cell and tissue interactions via a repulsive mechanism. The mechanism of repulsion involves reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton, but little is known of the molecular components that connect the receptor to the actin cytoskeleton. Recent studies in @entity2479 cells have demonstrated that @entity50270 activates the small GTPase @entity10627 . We have investigated the involvement of @entity10627 in signaling downstream from @entity50270 . As a model system, we have used a chimeric receptor called @entity7887 that we express and activate in early @entity1238 embryos. Previous studies demonstrated that @entity7887 activation leads to loss of cell-cell adhesion and change in cell shape, plus loss of aspects of cell polarity in epithelial cells, such as apical microvilli and the apical/basolateral boundary. In this study, we show that injecting inhibitors of @entity10627 GTPases into early @entity1238 embryos produces a phenotype very similar to that resulting from @entity7887 activation. More importantly, expression of a constitutively active form of @entity1238 @entity10626 ( @entity10626 ) concurrent with activated @entity7887 rescued embryos from the loss of cell-cell adhesion and change in cell shape associated with @entity7887 . These data argue that, in contrast to the case in @entity2479 cells, @entity50270 in early @entity1238 embryos acts to inhibit @entity10626 , suggesting that this receptor may regulate @entity10627 differently (and therefore affect the cytoskeleton differently) in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Furthermore, overexpression of ephexin, a novel @entity6370 exchange factor for @entity10627 family GTPases, also blocks @entity7887 -induced dissociation. This suggests that @entity50270 , which has been demonstrated to activate ephexin in cultured neuronal cells, may also target @entity10627 GTPase via an ephexin-independent pathway.

title: XXXX catalytic activity causes inhibition of @entity10626 GTPase in @entity1238 embryos.

entities_list: @entity6370 :: ('CHEBI:61292', 'Chemical') :: ['guanine nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity50270 :: (379148(Tax:8355),Gene) :: ['EphA4']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: in 1996 we changed our treatment for @entity543 (ICA) from open thromboendarterectomy and PTFE-patch plasty ( @entity1041 ) to eversion endarterectomy (EEA). DESIGN: retrospective study. METHODS: a total of 475 EEAs of the ICA were performed between 2/96 and 11/96. These results were compared to the results of @entity1041 carried out between 2/94 and 11/94 (n=388). RESULTS: clamping and operation time were significantly shorter for EEA. @entity16 included transient ischaemic attacks in 1. 0% in the EEA group versus 1.3% after @entity1041 (p=0.72), minor @entity64 (0. 6% vs. 1.8%, p=0.10) and major @entity64 in 1.5% versus 1.1% (p=0.59). The rate of restenosis >50% was 2.5% after EEA and 10.2% after @entity1041 . The only detectable difference of statistical significance in complication rates was in the lesions of the hypoglossal nerve (5.3% vs. 2.6%, p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: EEA of the ICA is a safe procedure for carotid reconstruction with the additional advantages of short clamping time, possibility of simultaneous shortening of an elongated ICA, and no requirement for patching.

title: Eversion endarterectomy versus open thromboendarterectomy and patch plasty for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis of the internal carotid artery']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological complications']

answer: @entity543 :: (MESH:D016893,Disease) :: ['internal carotid artery stenosis']


abstract: @entity172 responsiveness of bone is a fundamental regulatory mechanism operative in skeletal homeostasis. We examined the expression of @entity172 receptor-alpha (ER) messenger RNA (mRNA) in cultured @entity35 calvarial-derived osteoblasts during progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype. Levels of ER message were compared with the expression of traditional osteoblastic markers that have been mapped throughout the differentiation process of these cells. ER transcripts, measured using semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis, were expressed at low levels in early stage proliferating osteoblasts and increased at confluence upon initial expression of bone cell phenotypic genes. A 23-fold up-regulation of ER mRNA expression coincided with the initiation of alkaline phosphatase activity (day 8). ER mRNA levels progressively increased 70-fold, reaching a maximum level on days 22-25 in fully differentiated osteoblasts when @entity9356 expression peaked, but declined precipitously by day 32 in osteocytic cells. Analysis of RNA isolated directly from @entity35 calvaria confirmed these in vitro results and demonstrated that ER message levels become more abundant postnatally as bone becomes more mineralized. We also examined the responsiveness of osteoblasts to @entity53 (17beta-E2) at two periods of maturation: the nodule-forming stage (day 14) and the late mineralization stage (day 30). @entity53 suppressed the levels of alkaline phosphatase, @entity9356 , @entity12912 , and ER mRNAs on day 14, but up-regulated these messages on day 30. In contrast, 17beta-E2 treatment regulated the steady state levels of @entity1810 and type I procollagen mRNAs only in the late mineralization stage, whereas histone H4 message was unaffected by the @entity134 at either stage of differentiation. Thus, the observed developmental expression of ER mRNA correlates with progressive osteoblast differentiation and may be a contributing factor to differential regulation of bone cell gene expression by 17beta-E2.

title: XXXX receptor-alpha is developmentally regulated during osteoblast differentiation and contributes to selective responsiveness of gene expression.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', '17beta-estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity1810 :: ('59086(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-beta1']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['Estrogen']


abstract: Following acute @entity583 , total CK and CK-MB levels begin to rise 5 to 6 hours after the onset of @entity662 . The serial profile of the rise and fall of both activities is nearly always indicative of AMI. The recent increase in the use of thrombolytic agents in an attempt to attain reperfusion of occluded coronary arteries alters the enzyme profiles observed in blood after AMI. After successful reperfusion a washout phenomenon occurs in which early restoration of blood flow to damaged myocardium causes an early rise in total CK and MB levels above the normal range 2 to 4 hours after AMI, with earlier and higher peak enzyme values. Recently reports have appeared describing numerous serum and plasma @entity16410 and CK-MB isoform patterns after AMI. Following release from injured myocardium CK-MM3 and CK-MB2 (designated the tissue isoforms) are converted in the circulation to post-translation products ( @entity202 , @entity19303 , @entity7571 , respectively). Studies have now shown that @entity16410 isoform patterns provide a unique means of assessing the time of onset of @entity39 and a monitor of the duration of enzyme release from the site of injury. Following @entity3660 , MM3, the MM3/ @entity19303 ratio, or both rises and peaks earlier than either total CK or CK-MB levels. During successful reperfusion, the rate of rise of CK-MM3 is more rapid and the MM3/ @entity19303 ratio peaks earlier than without reperfusion. However, any concomitant release of CK-MM3 from skeletal muscle would decrease the clinical utility of MM isoforms in detecting @entity296 . Recent advances in technology have shown that CK-MB2 rise parallels the @entity16410 increase and also rises earlier than total CK and total MB levels and provides increased specificity for the myocardium. The full potential of the diagnostic utility of MM and MB isoforms will not be realized until a reliable, sensitive, simple, and rapid quantitative assay becomes available.

title: Diagnostic use of XXXX and CK-MB isoforms for detecting @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity16410 :: (1158,Gene) :: ['CK-MM']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to determine the value of using color and power Doppler sonography to reveal extrathyroidal feeding arteries in the detection of abnormal parathyroid glands. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-four @entity1 with @entity459 were imaged prospectively with high-resolution gray-scale, color flow, and power Doppler sonography. The presence of extrathyroidal arteries supplying the @entity652 was noted. All @entity1 underwent subsequent neck exploration. The locations of the abnormal glands were recorded. RESULTS: At surgery, 51 abnormal parathyroid glands were removed in the 44 @entity1 . Sonography correctly revealed an @entity652 in 40 of the 44 @entity1 . Likewise, sonography revealed 42 of the 51 @entity652 . Nine false-negative and two false-positive interpretations of the sonograms were made. Thus, overall sensitivity was 83%, specificity was 98%, and accuracy was 94%. Three of the false-negative interpretations were ectopic glands within the superior mediastinum. Excluding these three glands from analysis, the sensitivity for detection of @entity652 within the neck was 88%, specificity was 98%, and accuracy was 95%. An extrathyroidal artery leading to a @entity3243 was seen in 35 of the 42 @entity652 revealed by sonography. The presence of an extrathyroidal artery leading to an @entity652 was found to aid in the detection of an otherwise inconspicuous parathyroid gland in five @entity1 , which improved sensitivity from 73% to 83%. CONCLUSION: Prominent vessels supplying @entity3243 are frequently revealed by color flow and power Doppler sonography. These vessels can serve as "road maps" to abnormal parathyroid glands.

title: Use of color and power Doppler sonography to identify feeding arteries associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid adenoma', 'parathyroid adenomas']

answer: @entity3243 :: (MESH:D010282,Disease) :: ['parathyroid adenomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity5697 ( @entity5697 ) is a relatively rare condition in @entity1 . The recovery rate is reported to be generally complete. In the current study, the long-term urological outcome of @entity1 with @entity5697 was assessed. METHODOLOGY: The medical records of @entity1 with @entity5697 admitted to Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, over the last 15 years, were reviewed. RESULTS: The median age of the five @entity1 with @entity5697 at the time of onset was 6 years (range = 2-12 years). The median length of follow up was 5 years (2-10 years). Four @entity1 recovered completely from paraparesis; two had no urinary symptoms with normal micturition. However, video-urodynamic studies 3 years after the acute onset revealed that four out of the five @entity1 , including one without any urinary symptom, suffered from residual @entity1494 - two from contractile @entity1494 and two from intermediate type of @entity1494 . CONCLUSION: Residual @entity1494 is common in @entity1 suffering from @entity5697 despite improvement of paraparesis and apparent lack of urological symptoms. Long-term follow up of urological function in these @entity1 is recommended.

title: Residual XXXX 2 to 10 years after @entity5697 .

entities_list: @entity5697 :: ('MESH:D009188', 'Disease') :: ['ATM', 'Acute transverse myelitis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic bladder', 'bladder dysfunction']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous prospective outcome studies of statins have not provided any guidance on benefit-risk in @entity1 with @entity712 . AIM: The primary objective is to determine whether @entity8671 (10 mg) reduces the combined endpoint of cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal @entity583 or non-fatal @entity64 (time to first event). The first secondary endpoint is all-cause mortality. METHODS: CORONA is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Briefly, @entity1 and @entity1 , aged > or =60 years with chronic symptomatic @entity712 of @entity63 aetiology and ejection fraction < or =0.40 (NYHA class III and IV) or < or =0.35 (NYHA class II) were eligible if they were not using or in need of @entity165 lowering drugs. RESULTS: Mean age was 73 years (n=5016; 24% @entity1 ), with 37% in NYHA II and 62% in NYHA III, ejection fraction 0.31, total @entity165 5.2 mmol/L. Sixty percent have a history of @entity583 , 63% @entity101 , and 30% @entity6 . @entity1 are well treated for @entity712 with 90% on loop or @entity2740 diuretics, 42% @entity1369 antagonists, 91% ACE inhibitor or AT-I blocker, 75% beta-blockers, and 32% digitalis. CONCLUSION: CORONA is important for three main reasons: (1) A positive result is very important because of the high risk of the population studied, the increasing prevalence of elderly @entity1 with chronic symptomatic @entity712 in our society, and the health economic issues involved. (2) If negative, new mechanistic questions about @entity712 have to be raised. (3) If neutral we can avoid unnecessary polypharmacy.

title: A statin in the treatment of XXXX ? Controlled rosuvastatin multinational study in @entity712 (CORONA): study design and baseline characteristics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['systolic heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity8671 :: ('MESH:C422923', 'Chemical') :: ['rosuvastatin']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether @entity1 tolerate @entity14433 1% spray better than drops and to assess the adequacy of cycloplegia achieved by spray for objective refraction. METHODS: The effects of @entity14433 1% drops and spray on distress levels were assessed prospectively using a guardian questionnaire in consecutive @entity1 10 years of age or younger. Distress was graded at various points during the appointment using a Likert scale of 1 to 10 (1 = no distress, 10 = severe distress). The adequacy of cycloplegia in @entity1 receiving @entity14433 spray and the waiting times were assessed via a Likert questionnaire completed by the examining physician. RESULTS: The guardians of 72 and 77 @entity1 who received @entity14433 1% drops or spray, respectively, completed the questionnaire. The @entity1 were divided in three age groups: 1 to 4 years, 5 to 7 years, and 8 to 10 years. @entity1 7 years or younger were significantly less distressed by administration of @entity14433 1% spray (P < .005). There was no statistical difference in distress levels in @entity1 older than 7 years (P = .9719). Thirteen of the 77 @entity1 who received @entity14433 1% spray did not have adequate cycloplegia to allow objective refraction. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate @entity14433 1% spray is less distressing at the time of administration than @entity14433 1% drops for @entity1 7 years or younger. However, the cycloplegia achieved is not adequate in a high percentage of @entity1 .

title: A prospective comparison between XXXX spray and drops in pediatric outpatients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children', 'patients', 'children']

entities_list: @entity14433 :: ('MESH:D003519', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopentolate']

answer: @entity14433 :: (MESH:D003519,Chemical) :: ['cyclopentolate']


abstract: To assess the effectiveness of non-surgical treatment for severe blunt @entity99 , we retrospectively examined the files of 147 @entity1 (excluding cases with @entity1167 on arrival). The @entity1 were divided into three groups according to the date of admission: Group-A (1982-85), B (1986-90) and C (1991-95). The @entity1 were further divided on the basis of the @entity130 , according to the classification proposed by the Japanese Association for the Surgery of @entity130 (JAST). The types of injuries reported here were of type II, IIIa or IIIb. There was no difference in the @entity1 ' background, injury severity score (ISS), amount of intra-peritoneal @entity548 , and amount of blood transfusion among the three groups, A, B and C. Surgical treatment was carried out in all Group-A @entity1 , in 81.8% of Group-B @entity1 and in 31% of Group-C @entity1 . The hospitalization period was shorter in the Group-C, and the frequency of fatal outcome was also lower in Group-C. Non-surgical treatment has been performed since 1988 in our center, and its frequency has been increasing since then. It was applied to 6 cases (18.2%) of @entity130 in Group-B. In total, 69% of the cases in Group-C were non-surgically treated, including cases of Type IIIa and @entity130 . Non-surgical treatment prevented 8 out of 9 cases of severe @entity99 from having fatal outcomes in 1995. Moreover, 5 of those cases were of the most serious type (Type IIIb). There were three fatalities in Group-C and none in Group-B. Out of all the non-surgically treated cases, @entity542 were the cause of fatality. Any treatment of cases showing inferior vena cava damage was generally ineffective due to heavy @entity548 , unless the @entity548 was stopped by surgical intervention. Non-surgical treatment is suitable for blunt @entity99 , including severe @entity99 , provided that @entity548 control and close observation are maintained.

title: Management of severe blunt XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['injuries to the head']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary arrest']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injuries', 'liver injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Type II injuries', 'type of injury', 'Trauma', 'Type IIIb injuries']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['liver injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimating the likelihood of future @entity308 ( @entity308 ) would assist clinicians in decision-making regarding the optimal length of treatment for MDE. Unfortunately, little data are available to guide clinical practice. METHODS: We followed 200 females and 152 males who responded to treatment for a MDE for 2 years to determine risk factors for future MDE. Cox Proportional Hazard Regression modeled time to first relapse into MDE and mixed effect logistic regression modeled monthly @entity308 status. RESULTS: Females were more likely than males to experience a MDE in any month of the study, and marginally more likely to experience a relapse. By 12 months, 60% of females had relapsed compared to 51% of males (median time to relapse 8 vs. 13 months, respectively). Several factors predicted worse outcome for both @entity1 and @entity1 : reported childhood abuse, earlier age of onset of first MDE, @entity162 , unemployment, and more years of education. For females, but not males, suicidal ideation predicted MDE relapse and both suicidal ideation and prior suicide attempts were associated with more time in a MDE. LIMITATIONS: The naturalistic treatment of @entity1 , exclusion of individuals with current comorbid @entity167 or substance use disorder, and a follow up period of two years are limitations. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 are more vulnerable to relapse and spend more time depressed compared to @entity1 . Identification of general and sex-specific risk factors for future @entity308 may provide clinicians with useful tools to estimate need for ongoing pharmacotherapy in MDE.

title: Sex differences in clinical predictors of XXXX : a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['major depressive episodes', 'MDEs', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare sperm characteristics among: @entity1 undergoing @entity249 evaluation, @entity1 with @entity4810 ( @entity4810 ), healthy sperm donors, and @entity1 with proven fertility; to examine the overlap of sperm characteristics in all four of these groups; and to identify good discriminators of fertility versus @entity249 among sperm characteristics. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: @entity4810 clinic at a tertiary care hospital. @entity1 (S): Proven fertile @entity1 (n = 56), normal donors (n = 91), @entity1 presenting for @entity249 evaluation (n = 406), and @entity4810 @entity1 (n = 166). INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Routine semen analysis. RESULT(S): Using current World Health Organization (WHO) reference values, a large group of @entity4810 @entity1 presented with higher sperm concentration (27.5 x 10(6) to 99.2 x 10(6)), resulting in broader overlap with fertile @entity1 and poor sensitivity (0.48). Similarly, percentage normal morphology (%) using Tygerberg's strict criteria was low in most of the @entity4810 @entity1 (sensitivity 0.83), almost half of the fertile @entity1 also presented with abnormal morphology (specificity 0.51). Of all the variables examined, sperm motility (%) was superior, having minimum overlap range (lower and upper cut-off values 46% and 75%) and high sensitivity (0.74) and specificity (0.90). Areas under curve were higher for motility (0.90) and concentration (0.84) compared with morphology (WHO 0.65 and Tygerberg's strict criteria 0.74). CONCLUSION(S): Sperm motility and concentration provide more accurate information than morphology (WHO and Tygerberg's criteria) during @entity249 evaluation. Redefining the reference values for concentration and morphology may significantly increase the importance of routine semen analysis.

title: Significance of sperm characteristics in the evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENT', 'men']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity4810 :: ('MESH:D007248', 'Disease') :: ['MFI', 'Male infertility', 'male factor infertility']

answer: @entity4810 :: (MESH:D007248,Disease) :: ['male infertility']


abstract: The exact aetiology of @entity3313 in @entity191 ( @entity191 ) remains unclear. A multiplicity of factors may give rise to @entity344 in @entity191 @entity1 . Early recognition and treatment of @entity1142 in @entity191 @entity1 may alter complications like @entity3313 . Treatment of @entity3313 in @entity191 @entity1 does not differ from other @entity1 and involves endoscopic detorsion. If feasible, secondary sigmoidal resection should be performed. However, if the expected surgical morbidity and mortality is unacceptably high or if the @entity1 refuses surgery, percutaneous endoscopic colostomy (PEC) should be considered. We describe an elderly @entity191 @entity1 who presented with @entity3313 . She was treated conservatively with endoscopic detorsion. Surgery was consistently refused by the @entity1 . After recurrence of the @entity3313 a PEC was placed.

title: Treatment of recurrent XXXX in @entity191 by percutaneous endoscopic colostomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3313 :: ('MESH:D045822', 'Disease') :: ['sigmoid volvulus']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['decreased gastrointestinal function']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity3313 :: (MESH:D045822,Disease) :: ['sigmoid volvulus']


abstract: Autoantibodies towards coagulation factor @entity797 is a rare disease, incidence 1 pr. 2.5-5 million/year. The symptoms are most often subcutaneous or intramuscular @entity548 or uncontrollable @entity548 after minimal @entity130 . Screening tests show prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, normal prothrombin time and thrombocyte count. Production of autoantibodies is controlled by @entity617 which may be supplemented with chemotherapy, i.e. @entity500 . Bleeding can be controlled by using coagulation factor concentrates that bypass factor @entity797 . If diagnosed early, there is a good chance of both stopping @entity548 and suppressing autoantibody production. In order to be able to detect @entity1 at risk of having factor @entity797 autoantibodies, it is recommended to screen all @entity548 @entity1 using activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and thrombocyte count. All @entity1 showing isolated prolonged activated partial thrombin time should be referred to a laboratory specialized in coagulation problems for immediate evaluation.

title: [Autoantibodies against coagulation factor XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'haemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity797 :: (1351,Gene) :: ['VIII]']


abstract: Age-specific quarterly asthmatic hospital discharge rates in Hong Kong during 1983 to 1989 were examined in relation to mean levels of six pollutants: @entity9733 (SO2), @entity1787 (O3), total suspended particles (TSP), respiratory suspended particles (RSP), @entity7459 ( @entity6836 ), and @entity16425 (NOX). Discharges from the hospital of @entity1 under 14 years of age represented 56% of 33,952 discharges recorded in all age groups. Trends of adult hospitalization rates over time remained stable during the study period. In @entity1 , however, there was an increase in these rates, particularly marked in the age group of 1 to 4 years. Univariate analysis revealed a strong correlation between quarterly mean TSP and hospital discharge rate for the 1 to 4-year-old @entity1 (r = .62, P less than .001). In the 5 to 14-year-old age group, there was an inverse relationship between hospital discharge rate and @entity9733 level (r = -.38, P less than .05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis, controlling for confounding variables (seasonal and annual trends of @entity565 hospitalizations) confirmed these relationships. A highly significant linear regression equation was derived between hospitalization rate for ages 1 to 4 years and total suspended particles (P less than .001). The highly significant correlation between pollution and asthmatic hospitalization rate for the 1 to 4-year-old group suggests that young @entity1 are vulnerable to the adverse environmental effects of pollution. Auditing these relationships offers a logical basis for approaching control.

title: Particulate air pollution and hospitalization for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity7459 :: ('MESH:D009585', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen dioxide']

entities_list: @entity9733 :: ('MESH:D013458', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur dioxide']

entities_list: @entity16425 :: ('MESH:D009589', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen oxides']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Clinical staging is widespread in medicine - it informs prognosis, clinical course, and treatment, and assists individualized care. Staging places an individual on a probabilistic continuum of increasing potential disease severity, ranging from clinically at-risk or latency stage through first threshold episode of @entity221 or recurrence, and, finally, to late or end-stage disease. The aim of the present paper was to examine and update the evidence regarding staging in @entity162 , and how this might inform targeted and individualized intervention approaches. METHODS: We provide a narrative review of the relevant information. RESULTS: In @entity162 , the validity of staging is informed by a range of findings that accompany @entity221 progression, including neuroimaging data suggesting @entity393 , cognitive changes, and a declining likelihood of response to pharmacological and psychosocial treatments. Staging informs the adoption of a number of approaches, including the active promotion of both indicated prevention for at-risk individuals and early intervention strategies for newly diagnosed individuals, and the tailored implementation of treatments according to the stage of @entity221 . CONCLUSIONS: The nature of @entity162 implies the presence of an active process of neuroprogression that is considered to be at least partly mediated by inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and changes in neurogenesis. It further supports the concept of neuroprotection, in that a diversity of agents have putative effects against these molecular targets. Clinically, staging suggests that the at-risk state or first episode is a period that requires particularly active and broad-based treatment, consistent with the hope that the temporal trajectory of the @entity221 can be altered. Prompt treatment may be potentially neuroprotective and attenuate the @entity149 that emerge with chronicity. Staging highlights the need for interventions at a service delivery level and implementing treatments at the earliest stage of @entity221 possible.

title: Stage managing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['neurostructural and neurocognitive changes']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['incremental volume loss']

answer: @entity162 :: (MESH:D001714,Disease) :: ['bipolar disorder']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanisms, predictors and outcome of @entity1 with failed direct coronary angioplasty of the @entity1188 with those in @entity1 with successful direct angioplasty. BACKGROUND: Direct coronary angioplasty of the @entity1188 , without antecedent thrombolytic therapy, is an effective treatment for @entity1 with @entity583 . Concern has been expressed over high mortality rates in @entity1 with failed direct @entity1188 angioplasty. METHODS: All @entity1 treated by angioplasty were prospectively entered into a computer data base. The characteristics and outcome of all @entity1 with failed direct angioplasty were reviewed and compared with those of @entity1 with successful direct angioplasty. RESULTS: Direct angioplasty was successful in 705 (94%) of 750 @entity1 and unsuccessful in 45 (6%). @entity1 in the failure group were more likely to be in @entity1455 (22% vs. 7%, p < 0.003), to have had a previous @entity583 (44% vs. 28%, p < 0.03) and to have three-vessel @entity453 (44% vs. 23%, p < 0.003). Age, gender, ejection fraction, previous bypass surgery and @entity6 were similar in both groups. Only the presence of multivessel @entity453 (p < 0.004) and @entity1455 (p < 0.025) were independent predictors of failed direct angioplasty. In-hospital @entity204 (31% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.001) and the need for emergency coronary artery bypass surgery (27% vs. 0.5%, p < 0.0001) were more frequent in @entity1 with unsuccessful than in @entity1 with successful direct angioplasty. @entity1 with failed direct angioplasty and in-hospital @entity204 usually had multiple high risk characteristics, including @entity1455 (50%), previous @entity583 (43%) and multivessel @entity453 (93%). CONCLUSIONS: Direct coronary angioplasty is an effective method for establishing reperfusion in @entity583 . Procedural failure is infrequent, usually occurring in @entity1 with high risk baseline characteristics.

title: Failed direct coronary angioplasty for XXXX : in-hospital outcome and predictors of @entity204 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct-related artery', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although @entity130 prevalence is higher among substance abusers than in the general population, few studies have estimated the @entity130 for clinically recognized substance abusers. The extant studies, moreover, analyze rates of visits for injury treatment rather than rates of injury events. This study estimates the excess risk of medically treated and hospitalized nonoccupational injury for @entity1 under age 65 with medically identified @entity734 problems and private health care coverage. METHOD: We conducted a retrospective cohort study by using medical claims data from Medstat Systems, Inc., with a longitudinal database of health care claims for 1.5 million @entity1 with health care coverage from 70 large corporations. Claims histories for anyone who had an @entity167 -related or drug-related primary or secondary diagnosis during 1987 to 1989 were analyzed. A random sample was selected from the remaining @entity1 without a @entity734 diagnosis in their medical records. Injury rates were compared among groups. We used logistic regression to estimate odds of medically treated and hospitalized injury, controlling for demographics. RESULTS: Medically identified substance abusers had an elevated risk of injury in a 3-year period; @entity167 and drug abusers had the highest risk (58%), followed by @entity734 (49%), @entity167 -only abusers (46%), and controls (38%). @entity167 and drug abusers were almost four times as likely to be hospitalized for an injury in a 3-year period when compared with controls. Injury risks were elevated substantially more for female then male substance abusers. CONCLUSIONS: This study greatly improves on available information about the risk of injury for drug and multiple-substance abusers. Medically identified substance abusers, especially adult @entity1 , have a higher probability of injury, more hospitalized injuries, and more @entity130 per @entity1 injured than nonabusers. More aggressive identification and subsequent treatment of female substance abusers appear warranted.

title: Injury risk among medically identified XXXX and drug abusers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'person', 'people']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance abuse', 'drug-only abusers']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury risk', 'nonfatal injury', 'injury episodes']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To present a rare entity of difficult preoperative diagnosis. BACKGROUND: Primary @entity320 represents 0.1% of all @entity5 in this organ. It has been described in association with esophageal melanocytosis and @entity1709 with a clinic behavior similar to other @entity5 in the esophagus, but is more @entity146 and fatal. By endoscopy, it usually appears as a vegetant, @entity3885 , with dark pigmentation in the melanotic variant, the sole evidence that suggests the diagnosis prior to microscopic examination. Clinical exclusion of metastasis @entity320 as a possibility is obligatory. METHODS: We reviewed clinical, imagenologic, endoscopic, and anatomopathological aspects of an ulcerovegetant @entity5 on the esophago-gastric junction, surgically resected, in a 65 years-old @entity1 with progressive @entity1282 , who was without tumoral relapse during 18 months after surgery. RESULTS: The tumoral mass was an anaplastic cell @entity5 with very scant melanic pigmentation and diffuses stain for @entity4483 protein, considering it to be a primary @entity320 . The neighboring mucous membrane showed a typical @entity355 and @entity1373 . CONCLUSIONS: 1) Endoscopy may suggest the possibility of @entity320 when there is a vegetate, non-obstructive, pigmented @entity5 . 2) Immunohistochemistry confirms the entity if @entity4483 protein are detected in the tumoral cells, while the negative results for keratin and leukocytic common antigen (LCA) eliminate @entity189 and @entity706 as possible diagnoses. 3) In our case, the presence of @entity355 is exceptional, because it has not been described previously in the literature reviewed.

title: [Primary XXXX . Unusual case with @entity355 ].

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ["Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['non-obstructive lesion']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1709 :: ('MESH:D008548', 'Disease') :: ['melanosis']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'malignant melanoma of the esophagus', 'malignant melanoma', 'esophagus melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma of the esophagus']


abstract: This study is focused on comparative analysis of @entity1246 -positive (GABAergic) neuronal populations in primary visual cortex of totally aquatic toothed whales and select terrestrial mammals with different evolutionary histories and various ecological adaptations. The distribution of neuronal populations containing the @entity460 -binding proteins calbindin and @entity15537 , which are recognized markers for the GABAergic neurons in cerebral cortex, is compared in five species of toothed whales and in representatives (one species each) of insectivores, bats, rodents, and primates. Computerized image analysis has shown that overall quantitative characteristics of GABAergic cortical neurons in toothed whales are similar to those in other @entity1 orders. Thus, @entity1246 -positive neurons represent 26% of the total population of cortical neurons in the visual cortex of whales. Some 97% of GABA-positive cells contain @entity460 -binding proteins, which is numerically similar to these parameters found in primates and other mammals. On the other hand, the typology and laminar distribution of @entity460 -binding protein-containing neurons in the primary visual cortex of five whale species (Delphinapterus leucas, Globicephala melaena, @entity19566 , @entity14428 , and @entity13552 ) differ significantly from those of primates ( @entity2608 ) and rodents ( @entity5698 ) and are similar to those found in insectivorous bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and hedgehogs ( @entity15461 ). In whales, bats, and hedgehogs a significant concentration of calbindin-positive, vertically oriented @entity162 and bitufted neurons was found in layers I, II, and IIIc/V with their axons arranged in a three-dimensional network. In primates and rodents they are distributed evenly across all cortical layers and are predominantly multipolar or bitufted neurons found in all cortical layers with their axons oriented along the vertical axis of the cortical plate. The @entity15537 -positive neurons in all @entity1 species, including toothed whales, are represented by variously sized multipolar non-pyramidal cells. As opposed to all other @entity1 species, the major concentrations of @entity15537 -positive neurons in whales are found in layers IIIc/V and VI, whereas in other cortical layers there are only scattered @entity15537 -positive neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: @entity460 -binding protein-containing neuronal populations in XXXX visual cortex: a comparative study in whales, insectivores, bats, rodents, and primates.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity5698 :: ('10117', 'Species') :: ['Rattus rattus']

entities_list: @entity14428 :: ('9737', 'Species') :: ['Stenella coeruleoalba']

entities_list: @entity15461 :: ('9365', 'Species') :: ['Erinaceus europaeus']

entities_list: @entity19566 :: ('9742', 'Species') :: ['Phocoena phocoena']

entities_list: @entity13552 :: ('9739', 'Species') :: ['Tursiops truncatus']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['Macaca mulatta']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: @entity12889 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry in serial sections of embryonic and fetal @entity35 hearts from 11.5 to 16.5 embryonic days. Graphic reconstructions were made to obtain detailed 3D information on the localization of immunoreactive tissues. The antibody used appeared to stain most parts of the venous sinus and the sinuatrial transitional zone as well as the atrioventricular transitional zone, but the patterns varied through the different developmental stages. At 11.5 days, positive myocardium was found in the right atrium and on top of the ventricular septal primordium. At 13.5 days, the left venous valve and the posterior atrial wall containing the orifice of the pulmonary vein were immunoreactive, and so were the right venous valve, the septum spurium and the superior, right-lateral and inferior parts of the @entity473 . From the latter, immunoreactivity continued onto the crest of the ventricular septum. At 15.5 days, @entity12889 positivity in the two venous valves had become continuous, whereas the right-lateral part of the @entity473 had lost its positivity, thus making the positive areas in the superior and inferior parts of this canal discontinuous. From the venous valves immunoreaction continued into the venous sinus septum but this area remained discontinuous with the inferior part of the @entity473 . It is concluded that the entirety of venous sinus and sinuatrial transitional zone expresses the @entity12889 antigen and that the orifice of the pulmonary vein belongs to this complex, rather than to the embryonic atrium proper, which is @entity12889 negative. Extrapolation of these data to the adult @entity1 atrium leads to the conclusion hat most " @entity118 " are of sinuatrial origin, leaving the flap valve of the oval fossa (atrial septum primum) as the only really atrial structure. It is suggested that the atrioventricular node is derived from the inferior portion of the @entity473 , and that two expansions of sinuatrial tissue form the substrate for anterior and posterior atrionodal inputs which in the literature have been described as internodal tracts.

title: @entity12889 expression patterns in the embryonic XXXX heart distinguish between sinuatrial tissues and atrial myocardium.

entities_list: @entity473 :: ('MESH:C563240', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular canal']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal structures']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: A case of a @entity808 arising from the first branch of the trigeminal nerve in a 40-year-old female is reported. The @entity1 was admitted with the chief complaint of @entity227 and mild @entity1183 in the area of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve. A CT scan and MRI revealed a @entity5 extending through the superior orbital fissure into the orbita. Subtotal resection of the @entity5 was performed by a fronto-orbito-zigomatic approach and a histological diagnosis of @entity808 was made. Although the @entity1183 remained, the visual acuity was markedly improved postoperatively. A @entity808 arising from the first branch of the trigeminal nerve is very rare. To our knowledge, including our case, only five cases which were described for clinical and diagnostic features and surgical management have been reported. There were three males and two females, and the age ranged from 1 to 57 years. Neurologically, all cases presented @entity1183 in the area of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve and exophthalmus on admission. Visual disturbance was found in three cases. Radiologically, the enlargement of the superior orbital fissure was revealed in two cases. Angiography performed in three cases demonstrated the avascular mass. Three @entity1 received CT scan and only the present case used MR imaging. Surgical resection was performed in all cases through various approaches. The fronto-orbito-zygomatic approach which was chosen in our case was useful for obtaining a sufficient operative view. As in our case, excellent outcome was achieved in three other cases due to successful @entity5 resection.

title: [ XXXX arising from the first branch of the trigeminal nerve: a case report].

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['neurinoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['loss of Lt. visual acuity']

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['hypoesthesia']

answer: @entity808 :: (MESH:D009442,Disease) :: ['Neurinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in @entity1 with acquired @entity17 . METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of @entity1 seen between 2006-2008 at the Pediatric MS Center of the Jacobs Neurological Institute. Consensus definitions for pediatric @entity17 were followed. All @entity1 received OCT testing and assessment of visual acuity (VA) using Snellen and low contrast letter acuity (LCLA) charts. RESULTS: Thirty-eight @entity1 diagnosed with acquired @entity17 , 15 healthy controls, and five @entity1 with @entity16 ( @entity16 ) were included. Average RNFLT in healthy controls was 107 +/- 12 microm(n = 30) versus 108 +/- 5 microm (n = 10) in @entity16 controls. In @entity1 with @entity15 , average RNFLT +/- SD was 99 +/- 14 microm in unaffected (n = 24) versus 83 +/- 12 micromin eyes affected by @entity7995 ("affected eyes") (n = 10). Average RNFLT in @entity1 with acute disseminated @entity1651 and @entity5697 was 102 +/- 15 microm in unaffected (n = 18) versus 67 +/- 17 microm in affected eyes (n = 6). In @entity1 with @entity7995 ( @entity7995 ), average RNFLT +/- SD was 97 +/- 13 microm in unaffected (n = 5) versus 89 +/- 12 microm in affected eyes (n = 9). Differences between @entity1 with @entity17 and controls and between @entity7995 and nonON eyes were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Bivariate correlations of RNFLT with LCLA (P = 0.002) and VA (P < 0.001) were significant. CONCLUSIONS: OCT may be a valuable tool for the assessment and monitoring of anterior optic pathway dysfunction in @entity1 with @entity17 .

title: Retinal nerve fiber thickness in XXXX of childhood onset.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5697 :: ('MESH:D009188', 'Disease') :: ['transverse myelitis']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating diseases', 'demyelinating disease']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['OND', 'other neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis', 'ON']

entities_list: @entity1651 :: ('MESH:D004679', 'Disease') :: ['encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity17 :: (MESH:D003711,Disease) :: ['inflammatory demyelinating diseases']


abstract: A case of @entity438 showing remarkable extravasation into the lateral ventricle was reported. This 9-month-old female baby fell down from 30 cm height and hit the right occipital area against the concrete floor. Immediately after the accident she cried, but three minutes later @entity386 and @entity1167 were developed. On admission, plain craniogram showed a linear skull @entity174 extending from the parietal to occipital area on her right side. Since the retrograde vertebral angiography performed through the right brachial artery revealed no finding of @entity1410 , the @entity1 was treated conservatively. On the third day from the accident, she developed @entity410 on her right leg and the left CAG showed an @entity439 of 5 mm X 3 mm size at C2 portion of the carotid artery but no @entity1410 was detected. As plain craniograms taken with intervals revealed progressive suture separation, V-P shunt was performed. Immediately after the operation, @entity5564 was noted on the left side. The left CAG showed remarkable extravasation of the contrast medium from the @entity439 into the left lateral ventricle. Trapping of the @entity439 was performed and the clot was removed out of the left lateral ventricle as much as possible. Ten months after surgery, she was able to eat. Development and treatment of traumatic @entity439 and extravasation from @entity439 of various origin have been discussed.

title: [Traumatic XXXX showing remarkable extravasation into the lateral ventricle--report of a case in an @entity1 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsion']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic cerebral aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity5564 :: ('MESH:D015878', 'Disease') :: ['mydriasis']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['cerebral aneurysm']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of intersphincteric resection in the sphincter- preserving operation for ultra-lower @entity188 . METHODS: Thirty-one @entity5 @entity1 with the distal edge of the @entity5 less than 2 cm from the dentate line were evaluated. Eighteen advanced @entity5 @entity1 received preoperative chemo-radiation. @entity348 ( @entity348 ) was performed with the rectum immobilized down, and the puborectal ligament and partial levator cut to the level of the dentate line. In some well-exposed @entity1 , it was possible to further immobilize the rectum between the external sphincter ring and the rectum inner sphincter wall. In anal approach,good exposure was attained and the cut-line was made vertically to the anal canal 2 cm below the lower edge of the @entity5 , and further intersphincteric immobilization was made upright. Colon or colon pouch were anastomosed to the distal anal wall. RESULTS: There was no peri-operative @entity204 . Thirty @entity1 had good fecal control. Twenty-nine @entity1 showed no evidence of recurrence or @entity3 after follow-up for 12 months. Recurrence occurred in one case 1 year after operation. Another one had higher CEA 19.9 level, but without evidence of @entity3 . CONCLUSION: Radical resection can be attained and anal sphincter preserved by intersphincter resection which is an alternative sphincter-preserving operation.

title: [Efficacy of intersphincteric resection in the sphincter-preserving operation for ultra-lower XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['rectum cancer']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['TME', 'Total mesorectal excision']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: Studies on emotional processing in @entity195 ( @entity195 ) have reported abnormalities in emotional decoding. However, it remains unclear whether the impairment depends on a general @entity73 that characterizes these @entity1 or is an independent deficit. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of existing studies that compared @entity195 @entity1 with age-matched @entity4479 ( @entity4479 ) on measures of emotional decoding abilities. Our first goal was to quantify the magnitude of the @entity195 @entity1 ' deficit. The second goal was to identify variables that may modulate the deficit, including emotional task design and @entity1 ' characteristics. The random-effects model analysis on 212 effect sizes indicated that @entity195 @entity1 showed significant impairment in emotional decoding abilities. This deficit is consistent regardless of the emotional task, stimuli, type of emotion considered, or disease severity. After we controlled for cognitive status, the emotional performance in @entity195 @entity1 was still poorer than that in @entity4479 . The effect size of emotional performance was significantly lower when the cognitive status was considered than when it was not. Thus, our results suggest that impaired emotion processing in @entity195 @entity1 cannot be solely explained by the @entity73 . These findings provide evidence that progressive neuropathological changes characterizing the disease could affect emotional processing, which may suggest that clinicians should be sensitive to the emergence of impairments in emotional decoding. Further research that addresses the limitations of existing studies is needed to draw conclusions about methodological issues and the impact of the @entity195 @entity1 's @entity308 symptoms on emotional decoding.

title: Emotional decoding abilities in XXXX : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4479 :: ('MESH:C538052', 'Disease') :: ['HOA', 'healthy older adults']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficit', 'cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: Sixty six @entity1 with primary @entity1086 were seen at the Hospital A. C. Camargo, S  o Paulo, Brazil, from January 1980 to December 1988 and who represent 0.14% of the total of 46,519 @entity1 registered in the same period. Out of the 66 cases, 41 were submitted to an ultrasonographic exam. As to the other 25 @entity1 , 20 had been submitted to a cholecystectomy at another hospital. This exam was not done in the other 5 @entity1 for several reasons. The @entity1086 diagnosis was based on data obtained from surgery and confirmed by anatomopathological exam. Regarding the 20 cases operated on at another hospital there was a slide review performed at the Department of Pathologic Anatomy at the Hospital A. C. Camargo. The main ultrasonographic aspects in the 30 cases in which there was a correct diagnosis, were the following: solid mass in the gallbladder lumen in 13 cases (43.33%); solid @entity5 in the gallbladder area in 7 cases (23.33%); a @entity5 contiguous to the gallbladder reaching other organs in 6 cases (20.00%); an alteration of the gallbladder shape in 3 cases (10.00%) and an accentuated thickening of the gallbladder wall with inaccurate limits in one case (3.33%). In the sub-group in which the ultrasonographic exam was performed, @entity2963 was observed in 31 (75.60%) of the 41 cases. There was a correct diagnosis in 18 (58.06%) of the 31 cases with @entity2963 and in 8 (80.00%) of the 10 without @entity2963 ; not a significant difference. As to the ultrasonographic aspects of the false negative cases, in 9 (81.81%) of the 11 cases the images suggested @entity2963 . Among these 9 cases there were 2 with an enlarged gallbladder, one case of @entity1085 and one case with thickened walls. The diagnosis of the other 2 cases were biliary mud in one and a probable @entity2963 in another.

title: [Ultrasonography aspects of primary XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['escleroatrophic gallbladder']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder cancer']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder neoplasms']


abstract: The effects of @entity3695 on animal behavior include the stimulation of novelty-induced grooming in @entity35 . This effect has been demonstrated in hyperprolactinaemic animals bearing pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule or after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of @entity3695 . Since plasma @entity3695 levels in hyperprolactinaemic @entity35 are similar to those of animals injected with low doses of @entity35 @entity3695 , we studied the effects of this hormone injected subcutaneously (s.c.) in a dose range of 5-50 microg/kg. Novelty-induced grooming was enhanced only in @entity35 injected with 5 or 10 microg/kg @entity35 @entity3695 , whereas no effect was observed after the s.c. injection of the higher dose. The sexual behavior of male @entity35 is also affected by @entity3695 . Male @entity35 with normal mating activity showed enhanced sexual behavior when injected s.c. with @entity35 @entity3695 (5, 10 or 50 microg/kg). In animals with poor sexual performance or in impotent @entity35 , @entity3695 (5 or 10 microg/kg, but not 50 microg/kg) restored the full pattern of sexual behavior. An increased @entity1515 quotient was also observed in ovariectomized @entity35 treated with @entity3695 5 or 10 microg/kg. These results suggest that, besides the duration of @entity4089 , the effective level of plasma @entity3695 is important for the expression of the behavioral effects of this hormone.

title: The "low-dose" concept and the paradoxical effects of XXXX on grooming and sexual behavior.

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinaemia']

answer: @entity3695 :: (24683(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['prolactin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Structural complexities of the intact ventricular wall cause a very complex spread of activation. The effects of regional tissue damage and of antiarrhythmic drugs on directional differences in activation should help to further elucidate intramural conduction patterns. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 10 healthy @entity235 and in 5 @entity235 with subacute anterior wall @entity1188 , 6 parallel rows of 6 needle electrodes with 4 bipolar electrode pairs per needle were inserted into the left anterior ventricular wall. Using a computerized multiplexer-mapping system, the spread of activation in epi-, endo- and @entity121 and in the surviving epicardium, respectively, was reconstructed. Marked differences in conduction velocities relative to fiber orientation were evident in the surviving epicardium of @entity1188 hearts. Directional differences in conduction velocities, although less pronounced, were still preserved throughout the intact ventricular wall. Epicardial transverse conduction in intact hearts was significantly faster than transverse conduction in @entity1188 hearts (0.87 +/- 0.11 m/s vs 0.68 +/- 0.1 m/s). In normal hearts, @entity2779 (2 mg/kg) decreased conduction velocities primarily in longitudinal directions (-27 +/- 10%), but also moderately in transverse directions (-13 +/- 7 %) of all muscle layers, with no significant effect on straight (-4 +/- 8 %), but on oblique transmural conduction (-33 +/- 18 %). In @entity1188 hearts @entity2779 decreased conduction particularly in longitudinal direction (-23 +/- 14 %) without affecting conduction transverse to the fiber orientation (+3 +/- 6%). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal intramural shortcircuits reduce directional differences in activation. Transmural @entity1188 results in a loss of alternative intramural pathways, unmasking marked anisotropy in the surviving epicardium. Conduction delay in intramural pathways explains the effects of @entity2779 on transverse and oblique transmural conduction. Primarily longitudinal conduction delay results in reduced tissue anisotropy.

title: Effects of @entity2779 on anisotropic conduction properties within the three-dimensional structure of the XXXX ventricular wall.

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcted', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['midmyocardial muscle layers']

entities_list: @entity2779 :: ('MESH:D011405', 'Chemical') :: ['propafenone']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Swedish Polyposis Registry was set up in Sweden in the late 1950s to promote screening of @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ). The aim of this study was to examine the epidemiology of @entity1412 in Sweden, including the influence of screening on morbidity and mortality in @entity14 ( @entity14 ). METHODS: Four hundred and thirty-one @entity1 (213 males and 218 females) with @entity1412 from 145 families recorded by the Swedish Polyposis Registry were investigated. The effect of screening on morbidity and mortality in @entity14 was evaluated by comparing the 216 probands with the 215 call-up @entity1 . Three different periods were studied: the pre-screening period (1912-1956), the first screening period (1957-1976), and the second screening period (1977-1996). RESULTS: The mean annual incidence rates during the three periods were 0.2, 1.38, and 0.86 per million, respectively. The birth frequency was calculated to be 1 in 18,000 between 1947 and 1966, and the prevalence was 32 per million at the end of 1996. The proportion of new mutants among the @entity1412 @entity1 born between 1927 and 1966 was estimated to be 11%. The median age at diagnosis of probands was 39 (range, 11-71) years and did not change over time, although an increase was seen in the subgroup with @entity14 at diagnosis (P = 0.02). In the call-up group the median age at diagnosis was 22 (range, 3-65) years. Sixty-seven per cent of the probands and 3.3% of the call-up @entity1 had @entity14 at diagnosis, and the corresponding mortality figures were 44% and 1.9%. The risk among probands of having @entity14 at diagnosis decreased from 81% to 49% (P = 0.0006). Female probands were diagnosed with symptoms (P = 0.03) and @entity14 (P = 0.04) earlier than male probands. CONCLUSIONS: A nationwide screening program facilitates detection and early diagnosis of @entity1412 . A decrease in @entity14 morbidity among probands contributed to the improved prognosis. An earlier onset of symptoms and @entity14 in females indicate that the course of @entity1412 is influenced by sex.

title: Epidemiology of XXXX in Sweden: changes over time and differences in phenotype between males and females.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis', 'FAP']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity1412 :: (MESH:D011125,Disease) :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis']


abstract: The role of G protein-mediated signal transduction in the production of endolymph, an extracellular fluid of unusual ionic composition, is beginning to be understood. The identity of Galpha subunits in the stria vascularis and the spiral ligament of the lateral wall of the cochlear duct is well established. However, little is known about the presence of betagamma subunits. This study used immunohistochemistry to investigate the distribution of G protein betagamma subunits in the lateral wall of the cochlea. Temporal bones of 6- to 8-week-old @entity35 were fixed in 4% @entity1604 and 0.1% @entity3584 and processed for embedding in paraffin wax. The dewaxed, midmodiolar sections of the cochlea were incubated with subunit-specific polyclonal antibodies. The results show that the pattern of immunoreactivity varies for the G protein beta1-4 and gamma1-3, 5 and 7 subunits in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament. In the stria vascularis, immunoreactivity was detected for beta2, beta3, beta4, gamma1, @entity1247 subunits. All five types of fibrocytes in the spiral ligament exhibited positive staining for @entity1247 . However, immunoreactivity for beta1-4 subunits was variable. Immunoreactivity for gamma3 and gamma5 subunits was not detected in the lateral cochlear wall. The expression pattern of G protein betagamma subunits in lateral wall provides a basis for interpreting the functions of G protein-coupled receptors in cochlear fluid homeostasis.

title: Immunohistochemical localization of G protein betagamma subunits in the lateral wall of the XXXX cochlea.

entities_list: @entity1604 :: ('MESH:C003043', 'Chemical') :: ['paraformaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Weak opioid combined with @entity1443 ( @entity1443 ) has been proven to provide better analgesic efficacy and cause fewer complications than either drug alone. However, there are questions about whether different opioids, @entity1340 and @entity15848 , provide similar efficacy or safety. Thus, we investigated Ultracet (37.5 mg @entity1340 /325 mg @entity1443 ) and @entity1112 (65 mg @entity15848 /650 mg @entity1443 ). The primary aims of this study were to compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of single-dose oral Ultracet versus @entity1112 in acute @entity282 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, open-label, active-controlled parallel study on @entity1 with @entity158 . Sixty @entity1 who sustained moderate @entity158 (visual analog scale(3)3 cm) after undergoing implantation of venous access were randomized to two groups to receive either Ultracetor @entity1112 for postoperative @entity1337 . Assessment items included @entity158 intensity and @entity158 relief ratings at the first 4 hours, and adverse events. RESULTS: There were initially 107 @entity1 who were enrolled in this trial, but up to 45 (42.1%) of them were withdrawn during the study. In these 62 @entity1 who complied with treatment (Ultracet: @entity1112 = 29: 33), @entity158 relief scale indicated that Ultracet could provide a better analgesic effect than @entity1112 provided at 1 hour (p < 0.05). At 4 hours, the @entity158 score in the Ultracet group was significantly lower than that in the @entity1112 group (p < 0.05). Adverse events, such as drowsiness, @entity1296 , and skin itching did not differ in both groups. CONCLUSION: Among @entity1 with mild to moderate postoperative wound @entity158 , single-dose Ultracet can provide slightly better analgesic efficacy than @entity1112 in terms of onset and duration. @entity1112 is no longer marketed in Europe, America, Taiwan and other countries, therefore, Ultracet can serve as a good substitute for treating @entity282 .

title: Analgesic efficacy of @entity1340 / @entity1443 and XXXX / @entity1443 for relief of postoperative wound @entity158 .

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity1340 :: ('MESH:D014147', 'Chemical') :: ['tramadol']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'postsurgical pain']

entities_list: @entity15848 :: ('MESH:D011431', 'Chemical') :: ['propoxyphene']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen', 'APAP']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity15848 :: (MESH:D011431,Chemical) :: ['propoxyphene']