abstract: BACKGROUND: Experimental data in @entity1 on the contribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers to the @entity842 system of the renal vasculature are inconsistent. @entity4688 and @entity9884 , alone and in combination, were used to determine their short-term effects on the renal @entity842 system and renal hemodynamics of @entity1 subjects with essential @entity101 . METHODS: Twenty male, white @entity1 (27 +/- 1 years) with mild essential @entity101 (143 +/- 11/95 +/- 6 mm Hg) were included in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, fourfold cross-over study with placebo, @entity4688 (20 mg/day), @entity9884 (600 mg/day), or combination of both drugs (10 and 300 mg/day, respectively) each over a one week period followed by a two-week washout phase. After each study phase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and @entity8 ( @entity8 ) were determined. Basal @entity842 synthesis of the renal vasculature was assessed by the decrease in @entity8 after inhibition of @entity842 synthase with @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ; 4.25 mg/kg). RESULTS: After one week of therapy, the combination therapy decreased casual blood pressure by 5 +/- 2/3 +/- 1 mm Hg versus placebo (P < 0.01). Neither @entity4688 alone (-2 +/- 2/1 +/- 2 mm Hg, NS vs. placebo) nor @entity9884 alone (-1 +/- 1/0 +/- 2 mm Hg, NS vs. placebo) had a clear-cut significant effect on casual blood pressure. In the combination phase, @entity8 increased by 123 +/- 36 mL/min (P < 0.01). Neither @entity4688 alone (+59 +/- 46 mL/min, P = 0.21) nor @entity9884 alone (+113 +/- 51 mL/min, P = 0.06) had a clear-cut significant effect on @entity8 . Changes of @entity8 induced by treatment correlated with the @entity7293 induced decrease in @entity8 in the combination (r = 0.70, P < 0.01) and @entity9884 phase (r = 0.86, P < 0.001), but not in the @entity4688 phase (r = -0.44, P = 0.10). Renal vascular resistance was reduced by each active treatment with the most prominent reduction in the combination phase. GFR was unaffected by any treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the effects of either substance alone, a combination of half the dose of @entity9884 with half the dose of @entity4688 had a prominent effect on renal perfusion. The effects of @entity9884 on @entity8 are mediated, at least in part, by an increased bioavailability of @entity842 in the renal vasculature.

title: Effects of @entity4688 and @entity9884 on the renal vascular XXXX system in @entity1 essential @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril', 'Enalapril']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal plasma flow', 'RPF']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity9884 :: ('MESH:C068373', 'Chemical') :: ['eprosartan']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'NG-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A recently identified germline mutation @entity51646 in @entity29386 was shown to increase the risk of @entity263 . In a family-based analysis by The International Consortium for @entity263 Genetics (ICPCG), the @entity51646 mutation was most prevalent in families from the Nordic countries of Finland (22.4%) and Sweden (8.2%). METHODS: To further investigate the importance of @entity51646 in the Finns, we determined its frequency in more than 4,000 @entity263 cases and 5,000 controls. In addition, 986 @entity0 ( @entity14 ) cases were studied. Genotyping was conducted using TaqMan, MassARRAY iPLEX, and sequencing. Statistical analyses were conducted using Fisher exact test, and overall survival was analyzed using Cox modeling. RESULTS: The frequency of the @entity51646 mutation was significantly higher among @entity1 with @entity263 and highest among @entity1 with a family history of the disease, @entity263 [8.4% vs. 1.0% in controls; OR 8.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.9-15.7]. The mutation contributed significantly to younger age ( <=55 years) at onset and high @entity1486 (PSA; >= 20 ng/mL) at diagnosis. An association with @entity263 risk in @entity1 with prior @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ) diagnosis was also revealed. No statistically significant evidence for a contribution in @entity14 risk was detected, but a suggestive role for the mutation was observed in familial @entity5345 /2-negative @entity0 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm an increased @entity5 risk associated with the @entity51646 mutation in the Finnish population, particularly for early-onset @entity263 and cases with substantially elevated PSA. IMPACT: This study confirms the overall importance of the @entity29386 @entity51646 mutation in @entity263 susceptibility.

title: @entity29386 @entity51646 mutation in Finland: population-based analysis of prostate, breast, and XXXX risk.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'hereditary prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer', 'increased prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer and 442 colorectal cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostate hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity51646 :: ('p|SUB|G|84|E', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['G84E']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect that @entity2241 and poor maternal placental blood flow may have on the rate of passage across the placenta of drugs commonly used in labor: @entity1341 and @entity6882 . The @entity95 placenta perfused in situ on the fetal side was used, and @entity4591 ( @entity4591 ) was included as an index of placental exchange and of maternal placental flow. @entity1341 and @entity6882 (both 1.25 mg/mL) and @entity4591 (4 mg/mL) were infused into a maternal external jugular vein, at 3 mL/h, after loading, in seven anesthetized does. A single placenta in each doe was perfused via the umbilical arteries with Krebs' @entity3157 buffer at pH 7.5 (phase 1), 7.0 (phase 2), and 7.5 (phases 3-5). During phase 4 maternal blood was withdrawn so as to reduce maternal arterial pressure by 35%, and in phase 5 it was reinfused. Concentrations of drugs were measured during each of the five phases in maternal arterial plasma (Cma) and in the effluent perfusate collected from the umbilical vein (Cuv). From these data, placental clearance rates (Cuv x umbilical flow/Cma) were calculated for each drug at each phase. Clearance of @entity1341 and @entity6882 increased (P less than 0.03) during phase 2, whereas that of @entity4591 did not. Clearance of @entity6882 and @entity4591 , but not of @entity1341 , decreased during phase 4. If these results can be extrapolated to the clinical situation, they suggest that the adverse effects of drugs may well be exacerbated in the presence of fetal compromise.

title: Effect of umbilical perfusate pH and controlled maternal hypotension on placental drug transfer in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3157 :: ('CHEBI:17544', 'Chemical') :: ['bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine', 'Bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['meperidine']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['fetal acidosis']

entities_list: @entity4591 :: ('MESH:D000983', 'Chemical') :: ['antipyrine', 'phenazone']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity162 and substance use disorder frequently co-occur. However, little is known about the near-term effects of substance use on @entity162 . Thus, the present study tests whether @entity167 use precipitates @entity308 among @entity1 with co-occurring @entity162 and substance use disorder. METHOD: This study uses data collected as part of 2 clinical trials (the first study was conducted from March 1999 through March 2004 and the second study was conducted from August 2003 through May 2007) of a manualized group therapy for @entity1 with co-occurring @entity162 and @entity734 . One hundred fifteen @entity1 were assessed at baseline and each month through month 8. Baseline diagnoses were made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, and monthly substance use and mood data were collected using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation and the Addiction Severity Index. Generalized estimating equation methodology was used to analyze these longitudinal data. RESULTS: Our primary hypotheses were supported: days of @entity167 use and an increase in days of @entity167 use each significantly predicted the presence of a @entity308 in the subsequent month when controlling for current @entity308 and current drug use. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that @entity167 use in @entity1 with @entity162 and @entity734 increases the risk of a @entity308 in the near term. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study draws on data generated during 2 clinical trials. One was exempt from trial registration; clinicaltrials.gov Identifier for other trial: NCT00227838.

title: @entity308 precipitated by XXXX use in @entity1 with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar disorder', 'Bipolar disorder']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'depressive episode']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance dependence']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: In contrast to childhood @entity981 ( @entity981 ), the cell-biological features, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcome of @entity2282 (-) pro-B @entity981 have not yet been determined in larger series of adult @entity1 . Therefore, we studied 57 adult @entity1 with newly diagnosed pro-B @entity981 (median age, 30 years) enrolled in two consecutive German multicenter @entity981 studies (03/87 and 04/89). Extensive immunophenotypic characterization of @entity1778 could be performed on all @entity1 , whereas adequate cytogenetic data were available in 33 cases and molecular studies in 18 cases, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect @entity11626 - @entity28867 transcripts. Twenty-two @entity1 demonstrated a t(4;11)(q21;q23) and/or @entity11626 - @entity28867 rearrangements, and 6 @entity1 had other @entity2526 , including a t(9;22)(q34;q11) (N = 2). Nine @entity1 had a normal karyotype. @entity1 with @entity854 tended to be younger (median age, 29 years) and were characterized by male predominance (64%), hyperleukocytosis (median leukocyte count, 168 x 10(9)/L), and a frequent coexpression of CD65s (64%) as compared with @entity1 with other @entity2008 or a normal karyotype. Twelve of 16 (75%) pro-B @entity981 @entity1 in study 03/87 and 30 of 41 (73%) in study 04/89 achieved a complete remission (CR). Sixteen of 30 @entity1 in study 04/89 remain in continuous CR (CCR) in contrast to only 2 of 12 @entity1 in study 03/87. Interestingly, all 7 @entity1 treated with high-dose @entity2592 and @entity2664 as consolidation in study 04/89 remain alive and @entity1778 -free. One @entity1 in study 03/87 and 8 in study 04/89 underwent autologous (N = 2) or allogeneic (N = 7) bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The median remission duration was 420 days for @entity1 in study 03/87 and has not yet been reached in study 04/89. The median survival time of all pro-B @entity981 @entity1 was 571 days in study 03/87 and 747 days in study 04/89. Among the 22 @entity1 with a t(4;11) and/or @entity11626 - @entity28867 rearrangements, 17 achieved a CR and 8 are still in CCR, of whom 4 underwent an allogeneic BMT. Remission duration and overall survival did not differ significantly between pro-B @entity981 @entity1 with @entity854 and those with a normal karyotype or other @entity2526 . These data indicate that intensification of postremission treatment may improve the prognosis of adult pro-B @entity981 , including @entity1 with a t(4;11).

title: Immunophenotypic and genotypic features, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcome of adult pro-B XXXX : results of the German multicenter trials GMALL 03/87 and 04/89.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity2526 :: ('MESH:D025063', 'Disease') :: ['structural abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['cytarabine']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemic blasts', 'leukemia']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['11q23 abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['cytogenetic abnormalities']

answer: @entity981 :: (MESH:D054198,Disease) :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the different hand anomalies observed in @entity13746 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-eight clinical histories were revised. There were 28 @entity1 and 10 @entity1 . In 18 cases the right side was affected and in 20 cases the left side. Special attention was placed on the analysis of the anatomical hand findings, in both the clinical and radiographic studies. The @entity1 were classified into 5 types: Type 1, without syndactyly; type 2 syndactyly and hypoplastic or aplastic middle phalanx; type 3 or "shovel hand" with @entity40393 or radius and type 5 transversal absence. RESULTS: Four cases presented associated @entity764 . We have observed four cases of type 1, 25 cases of type 2 (65.7%), 5 cases of type 3, 3 cases of type 4 and one case of type 5. The middle phalanx was hypoplastic in 15 cases, aplastic in another 15 cases and combined hypo and aplastic in 4 cases. In 18 hands we observed two fissure plates in metacarpals. CONCLUSIONS: 1) We did not observe any side predominance.) Two fissure plates in the first metacarpus is frequently observed (78.2%). 3) We propose a classification according to the @entity154 .

title: [ XXXX . A report of 38 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['anatomical hand anomalies']

entities_list: @entity40393 :: ('MESH:C566092', 'Disease') :: ['complete syndactyly also affecting the thumb; type 4 longitudinal deficiency of some digits']

entities_list: @entity764 :: ('MESH:D013898', 'Disease') :: ['chest wall anomalies']

entities_list: @entity13746 :: ('MESH:D011045', 'Disease') :: ["Poland's syndrome"]

answer: @entity13746 :: (MESH:D011045,Disease) :: ['Poland's syndrome']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the relations among right ventricular (RV) pressures and volumes in @entity295 . DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: ICU. @entity1 : Eighteen @entity1 with @entity295 who were in hemodynamically stable condition. INTERVENTION: Stepwise increases and decreases in RV end-diastolic volume (EDV) as induced by military antishock trousers (MAST) inflation of 0, 15, 30, 50 and then 0 mm Hg over 15-min intervals. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: RV volumes and pressures were measured using a rapid response thermistor pulmonary arterial catheter based on RV ejection fraction (RVEF) calculations. RV EDV was estimated as @entity64 volume (SV)/RVEF, while RV end-systolic volume ( @entity5778 ) was estimated as EDV-SV. Right atrial pressure (Pra) was taken as end-diastolic pressure, and pulmonary artery pressures (Ppa), both mean and end-systolic, were used as RV ejection pressures. MAST inflation to 15 mm Hg had no measurable effects on the measured variables. However, inflation to 30 and 50 mm Hg increased Pra, both mean and end-systolic Ppa, EDV, and @entity5778 , whereas SV and RVEF remained unchanged. The relation between either Pra and EDV (r=0.33) or the change in Pra and EDV, mean or end-systolic Ppa and @entity5778 (r=0.5 and 0.28, respectively), or the change in mean or end-systolic Ppa and @entity5778 for both the group and individual subjects was poor. Furthermore, SV correlated poorly with EDV (r=0.32), while RVEF correlated better with both EDV and @entity5778 (r=-0.41 and -0.69, respectively), although it showed no definable relation to mean or end-systolic Ppa. However, both absolute and relative changes in EDV corresponded closely with respective @entity5778 values (r=0.93). CONCLUSIONS: During @entity295 , RV EDV and @entity5778 vary independently of changes in Pra and ejection pressure. These data can be explained by assuming that the RV is a highly compliant chamber during filling, such that changes in RV EDV do not alter RV wall stress (preload) or ejection efficiency (RVEF). Thus, changes in RV EDV should proportionally alter RV @entity5778 . Furthermore, the slope of the @entity5778 /EDV relation should be inversely proportional to ejection efficiency.

title: Right ventricular function in XXXX @entity295 : a thermodilution study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The role of membrane disruption in the bactericidal activity of the plant oil aromatic compounds @entity4744 , @entity7654 and @entity7655 was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy, changes in @entity855 levels and cell viability. In 25 mM @entity7482 buffer pH 7 at 20 degrees C, 10 mM @entity4744 or @entity7654 increased uptake of @entity2667 by @entity526 , @entity5125 and @entity5210 over a 10-min period. The same treatments resulted in lowered viability, rapid depletion of cellular @entity855 and release of @entity855 , with the exception of Lb. sakei treated with @entity7654 . @entity4744 or @entity7654 at 5 mM to 10 mM inhibited @entity526 and @entity5125 motility. Lb. sakei was resistant to @entity7655 . Thus, its effects were only studied on @entity526 and @entity5125 . At 10 mM, @entity7655 caused a slight but statistically significant increase in @entity2667 staining of @entity526 , but had no effect on @entity5125 . @entity7655 treatment of @entity526 at 10 mM and @entity5125 at 40 mM resulted in decreased cellular @entity855 , but there was no concomitant release of @entity855 . @entity7655 at 5 and 10 mM inhibited @entity526 and @entity5125 motility. Results for @entity4744 and @entity7654 are consistent with non-specific permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane. Evidence for increased membrane permeability by @entity7655 is less conclusive. The release of @entity855 from @entity4744 and @entity7654 -treated cells and absence of release from @entity7655 -treated cells could indicate that @entity4744 and @entity7654 possess @entity24427 inhibiting activity. Secondary effects would also be consistent with membrane disruption.

title: Disruption of @entity526 , XXXX and @entity5210 cellular membranes by plant oil aromatics.

entities_list: @entity4744 :: ('MESH:D005054', 'Chemical') :: ['eugenol', 'Eugenol']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity7655 :: ('MESH:C012843', 'Chemical') :: ['cinnamaldehyde', 'Cinnamaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes', 'L. monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity5210 :: ('1599', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus sakei']

entities_list: @entity7654 :: ('MESH:C073316', 'Chemical') :: ['carvacrol']

answer: @entity5125 :: (1639,Species) :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: It has been observed that if @entity1771 (TPM) is given together with other antiepileptic drugs when the temperature of the environment is high, a disorder involving sweating and thermo regulation may be seen as a side effect. @entity1 AND METHODS: We describe ten @entity1 , of an average age of 7 years and 8 months, with refractory @entity302 . All were treated with @entity1771 , associated with the antiepileptic drugs they had been taking previously. During the summer months, when the environmental temperature was over 37 C, they had slight @entity221 , hypohydrosis or more usually anhydrosis, red faces and tiredness which was markedly worse on effort. In one case there was also retention of urine and four others had known side effects. In seven @entity1 the symptoms disappeared when the dose of TPM was reduced or the environment became cooler. In the other three cases TPM was withdrawn, due to the severe adverse effects seen in two cases and for being ineffective as treatment in the other cases. CONCLUSIONS: It is considered that in predisposed @entity1 , TPM causes @entity5433 , probably of central origin, which is seen as a disorder of sweating and thermoregulation. Although the mechanism of this disorder is not known, since it occurs when the temperature is over 37 C, it would seem that it is due to a reduction in carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes II and IV. We suggest that it would be useful to establish a method to predict the @entity1 at risk in summer, in hot regions, at the first sign of fatigability.

title: [Anhidrosis and @entity221 associated with treatment with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['topiramate']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures']

entities_list: @entity5433 :: ('MESH:C563939', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity1771 :: (MESH:C052342,Chemical) :: ['topiramate']


abstract: We report a prospective study in two groups of @entity14 @entity1 carried out by @entity6499 ( @entity6499 ) with F(ab') fragments of monoclonal antibodies against @entity787 and CA 19.9 labeled with 131-I. Twenty-two @entity1 were studied before radical surgery and 12 @entity1 after initial surgery, when progressive increase in @entity787 was registered. Scintigraphic images obtained in vivo in @entity6499 studies were compared with scintigraphic images of the corresponding surgical specimens. Results were compared with known serum marker levels and with the presence and localization of markers in the excised specimens. @entity6499 images correctly identified 13 of 23 (52%) primary @entity5 , with only one false positive image. Scintigraphy of surgical specimens correlated with @entity6499 findings in 14 of 19 cases (74%). Four specimens which showed antibody uptake had not been visualized preoperatively in the @entity6499 study. Two of them were retrovesical and were obscured by residual activity in the bladder. Nine of 13 (64%) @entity1 with at least one elevated @entity5 marker were imaged. Staining pattern or intensity of antigen staining in the specimens did not correlate with @entity6499 findings. Recurrent disease was confirmed by laparotomy or other exploration in 10 of the 12 @entity1 with progressive @entity787 elevation during follow-up. Spontaneous normalization of @entity787 levels was observed in the remaining 2 @entity1 . @entity6499 studies were positive in 7 of the 10 @entity1 with confirmed recurrent disease. Of the 3 false negative @entity1 2 had liver metastases and one developed clinical lung, bone and adrenal metastases 11 months later. No false positive studies were observed in this group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Radioimmunolocalization of @entity14 . A correlation among @entity6499 results, surgical findings, serum @entity5 marker levels and the presence of @entity787 and CA 19.9 in XXXX tissue: the experience of the Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity6499 :: ('MESH:C536267', 'Disease') :: ['RIL', 'radio-immunolocalization']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) induction in the gills of the euryhaline @entity11061 , @entity11061 , was measured in response to lowered environmental salinity. Simultaneous measurements of @entity7222 decarboxylase (ODC) activity were made in gills and nonbranchial tissues to determine whether ODC activity and the resultant synthesis of @entity4663 played a role in the initiation and regulation of CA induction. CA induction in the seventh gill pair (G7) was proportional to the decrease in ambient salinity, but activity in the third gill pair (G3) remained unchanged. Induction began by 24 hr after low salinity transfer, much earlier than previously reported, and peaked after 4 days. The magnitude of salinity change affected the magnitude of CA induction only, not the time course. A general cell volume regulatory response, as measured by the appearance of total @entity18189 -positive substances (TNPS) in the hemolymph, was initiated within 4 hr of low salinity transfer and was complete by 24 hr post-transfer. General cell swelling may be the initial signal in the pathway of CA induction. ODC activity in the gills of acclimated animals was not influenced by salinity. For crabs transferred from 35 to 25 ppt, ODC activity did not change significantly over the time course of acclimation. There was an early but transient increase in ODC activity in all tissues for crabs acclimated to 28 ppt and transferred to 15 ppt. Induction of ODC activity does not appear to be a precursor for CA induction; therefore, it does not appear that @entity4663 are substantially involved in the up-regulation of transport enzyme activity in low salinity. ODC, and resultant @entity4664 synthesis, may, however, have a role in cell volume regulation.

title: Early carbonic anhydrase induction in the gills of the @entity11061 , XXXX , during low salinity acclimation is independent of @entity7222 decarboxylase activity.

entities_list: @entity11061 :: ('6763', 'Species') :: ['Callinectes sapidus', 'blue crab']

entities_list: @entity7222 :: ('CHEBI:18257', 'Chemical') :: ['ornithine']

entities_list: @entity18189 :: ('MESH:D009555', 'Chemical') :: ['ninhydrin']

entities_list: @entity4663 :: ('MESH:D011073', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamines']

entities_list: @entity4664 :: ('CHEBI:60143', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamine']

answer: @entity11061 :: (6763,Species) :: ['Callinectes sapidus']


abstract: The frequency of severe reactions to @entity208 has probably been underestimated. A retrospective study encompassing a five-year period has yielded 20 @entity1 with severe @entity56 reactions to @entity208 . @entity1 with preexisting @entity8 or who were receiving concomitant @entity2740 diuretics appeared to be especially predisposed. Cutaneous reaction patterns included maculopapular @entity203 , @entity5658 , and @entity137 . @entity1712 was uncommon. Forty percent of the @entity1 developed hepatic involvement and 45% had renal involvement. Hepatic and renal changes usually were reversible and were not unique to any one cutaneous reaction pattern. Three @entity1 with renal involvement required prolonged administration of systemic @entity230 . Complications included @entity295 , @entity6227 , and @entity1031 . Two @entity1 required hyperalimentation. Sequelae included @entity936 , @entity132 , and keloids. Three @entity1 died as a result of their reaction. It is concluded that @entity208 should be used only in select @entity1 , and the dosage should be modified if @entity8 exists.

title: Severe @entity56 reactions to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxic epidermal necrolysis']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['pigmentary disturbances']

entities_list: @entity203 :: ('MESH:D003875', 'Disease') :: ['eruptions']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity5658 :: ('MESH:D003873', 'Disease') :: ['exfoliative dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity6227 :: ('MESH:D003668', 'Disease') :: ['decubitus ulcers']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol']

answer: @entity208 :: (MESH:D000493,Chemical) :: ['allopurinol']


abstract: @entity22658 are neuropeptides mainly expressed in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). A role for orexins was first demonstrated in the regulation of feeding behaviour. Subsequently, the peptides have been implicated in the control of arousal. To date, two receptors for orexins have been characterised: orexin-1 and -2 receptors ( @entity54929 and OX-R2). Both receptor genes are widely expressed within the @entity35 brain. Particularly high expression of both receptor genes in certain hypothalamic and pons nuclei could be responsible for the orexigenic and arousal properties of the peptides. It is, however, presently unclear if one given receptor subtype or both subtypes may mediate a specific biological effect of orexins such as an increase in food intake. We have recently reported the distribution of the @entity54929 protein in the @entity35 nervous system. In this study, we report the distribution of the OX-R2 protein in the @entity35 brain and spinal cord using specific anti-peptide antisera raised against the OX-R2 protein. We also assess the expression profile of the OX-R2 gene in different brain regions. Immunolabelling for the OX-R2 protein was observed in brain regions that exhibited @entity54929 -like immunoreactivity (cerebral neocortex, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, and many other regions in the @entity2339 , thalamus, midbrain and reticular formation). Differences in the @entity54929 and OX-R2 distribution were, however, noticed in the hippocampus, @entity2339 and dorso-lateral pons.

title: Protein distribution of the orexin-2 receptor in the XXXX central nervous system.

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The cause of @entity66 often is unclear. Pericardial surgery provides a unique opportunity to obtain tissue and fluid samples for diagnostic tests. We report our experience with these tests and assess their value in etiologic determination. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records of 92 who underwent 95 operations for @entity66 were reviewed. The procedures included 75 biopsies and drainages and 20 pericardiectomies. We analyzed the diagnostic yields of routine histology of the removed pericardial specimens, together with culture, cytology, and biochemistry examinations of the fluid drained. RESULTS: A specific etiologic diagnosis was obtained in 20 @entity1 (22 percent): 12 @entity5 , 5 infections (1 bacterial, 4 @entity378 ), 2 chylopericardia, and 1 @entity2783 . Diagnosis was made histologically in 10 (10.5 percent) of 95 examinations, cytologically in 12 (16 percent) of 73 examinations, by culture in 5 (7 percent) of 73 examinations, and by biochemistry in 2 (3 percent) of 73 examinations. @entity66 was the first manifestation of an underlying @entity74 in 11 @entity1 (12 percent), and 8 of these @entity1 had @entity5 and 3 had @entity378 . Twenty-seven @entity1 (29 percent) had underlying @entity5 , and in 15 @entity1 , neither cytology nor histology revealed neoplastic involvement of the pericardium. In 2 of the 15 @entity1 , who died shortly after the operation, pericardial invasion was demonstrated at postmortem examination. CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of the @entity1 had a specific etiologic diagnosis with important implications for prognosis and management, supporting the routine use of diagnostic tests in all pericardial surgical procedures. Negative cytology and histology results do not rule out pericardial invasion in @entity1 with @entity5 .

title: Etiologic diagnosis of XXXX : the value of routine tests during surgical procedures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Pericardial disease', 'pericardial disease']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasias', 'neoplastic disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['extrapericardial disorder']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculoses']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['pericardial disease']


abstract: The immediate postoperative and long-term functional results of 51 @entity31 @entity1 and 21 @entity1412 @entity1 who underwent ileal J-pouch-anal @entity254 were compared in this study. The incidence of @entity260 requiring reoperation was not statistically different in both groups. The mean daily stool frequency was significantly higher in @entity1960 @entity1 . @entity5042 occurred in 44% of @entity1960 @entity1 but not in @entity1412 @entity1 (P < 0.005). Symptoms of @entity5042 included @entity294 , urgency, @entity490 , @entity353 , @entity221 , and @entity625 . Six @entity1960 @entity1 required pouch excision because of intractable @entity5042 . The overall pouch excision rate was 22% in @entity31 @entity1 and 5% in @entity1412 @entity1 . @entity1 satisfaction was good in 46% of @entity31 @entity1 and 76% of @entity1412 @entity1 (P < 0.05). Our data demonstrate that the long-term outcome of ileal pouch-anal @entity254 is more favorable in @entity1412 @entity1 than in @entity1960 @entity1 . @entity5042 is a major long-term complication occurring exclusively in @entity1960 @entity1 .

title: Postoperative and long-term results of ileal pouch-anal XXXX for @entity31 and @entity1412 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity5042 :: ('MESH:D019449', 'Disease') :: ['Pouchitis', 'pouchitis']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['bloody diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['polyposis', 'familial polyposis']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: In culture, exposure to @entity114 and other stressors induce chlamydiae to enter a non-infectious but viable state termed persistence. Chlamydiae may reenter their normal developmental cycle after stressor removal. Though aberrant @entity995 similar to those present in culture models of persistence have been observed within infected tissues, the existence of persistent chlamydiae has not been definitively demonstrated in  vivo. As a result, the role of persistent organisms in pathogenesis is undefined. In order to establish an experimentally tractable model of in  vivo persistence, @entity1047 muridarum vaginally-infected @entity19 were gavaged with either water or @entity115 (amox). Vaginal swabs were collected for chlamydial titration and RNA isolated for quantification of pre-16s rRNA. Uterine tissue was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although amox-treatment reduced vaginal shedding by >99%, @entity38566 pre-16s rRNA accumulation was unchanged by treatment. These data indicate that the amox-exposed organisms were viable but not infectious. Furthermore, TEM analyses demonstrated that inclusions in amox-treated animals contained primarily large, aberrant @entity995 , but those observed in untreated control animals were normal. Collectively, these data suggest that @entity115 treatment induces @entity38566 to enter the persistent state in  vivo. This model also represents the first experimentally tractable animal model of chlamydial persistence.

title: @entity1047 muridarum enters a viable but non-infectious state in @entity115 -treated BALB/c XXXX .

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity1047 :: ('MESH:D002690', 'Disease') :: ['Chlamydia']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: @entity888 (MA) administration to adult @entity35 results in @entity2359 characterized by depletion of caudate-putamen (CP) @entity935 (DA) and @entity750 ( @entity750 ) and an accompanying increase in @entity40 ( @entity40 ) content. The severity of MA-induced @entity2359 correlates with the accompanying thermoregulatory response, i.e., a hyperthermic response facilitates @entity2359 while a hypothermic response is neuroprotective. In the following study, the thermoregulatory and @entity2359 effects of MA administration (4 x 10 mg/kg) were investigated in developing @entity35 at postnatal days (PND) 20, 40 and 60. @entity35 at PND 20 and PND 40 were administered MA at ambient temperatures of 22 degrees C and 30 degrees C; and PND 60 @entity35 were administered MA at 22 degrees C only. Temperatures were measured and thermal responses were compared by calculating the total thermal response (TTR) induced by MA treatment. MA administration to PND 60 @entity35 at 22 degrees C induced a hyperthermic response, resulted in a 47% reduction of neostriatal DA and a 49% increase of @entity40 content. Administration of MA to PND 40 @entity35 at 22 degrees C failed to induce a hyperthermic response and did not result in reduced DA or increased @entity40 . However, administration of MA to PND 40 @entity35 at 30 degrees C induced @entity221 , reduced neostriatal DA by 54% and increased @entity40 by 70%. MA administration to PND 20 @entity35 at either 22 degrees C or 30 degrees C did not result in DA depletion or increased @entity40 , even though MA administration to PND 20 @entity35 at 30 degrees C induced @entity221 . These results demonstrate that the induction of @entity221 is necessary to exhibit MA-induced @entity2359 at PND 40; however, PND 20 @entity35 are resistant to the DA depleting effects of MA despite the induction of @entity221 .

title: Ontogeny of @entity888 -induced XXXX and associated hyperthermic response.

entities_list: @entity888 :: ('MESH:D008694', 'Chemical') :: ['Methamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity40 :: ('24387(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['glial fibrillary acidic protein', 'GFAP']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity', 'neurotoxic']

answer: @entity2359 :: (MESH:D020258,Disease) :: ['neurotoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Coarctation of the aorta accounts for almost 5% of all @entity299 , and it is usually treated by open surgical procedures. Despite the excellent primary results, many @entity1 may develop @entity439 , associated with considerable morbidity and mortality rates. We investigated the role of endovascular repair as an alternative to open re-do surgery on the descending aorta. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of 11 consecutive @entity1 who presented with pseudo- @entity439 of the descending aorta following previous surgical repair of congenital @entity1498 . Nine @entity1 developed a pseudo- @entity439 after patch aortoplasty, while an interposition graft repair was performed in two cases. Seven @entity1 underwent an endovascular repair (26.9 years after the previous open surgery). Four @entity1 with a pseudo- @entity439 after @entity1498 repair associated with @entity6127 underwent conventional open re-operation. RESULTS: No complications or @entity204 were observed in the conventional surgical group. Technical success was obtained in all @entity1 who received a stent-graft procedure. More than one stent graft was necessary only in one case. A left carotid-left subclavian artery bypass was performed in three @entity1 . @entity1070 was detected by angiography in one @entity1 who had previously undergone subclavian re-vascularisation. The median follow-up (FU) was 44.5 months and was 100% complete. Neither re-operations nor complications or @entity204 occurred during FU. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repair of pseudo- @entity439 following open surgery for @entity1498 is feasible and safe. However, more @entity1 and longer follow-up are necessary to assess the efficacy of this promising less-invasive alternative to open re-do surgery.

title: Role of endovascular repair in the management of late pseudo- @entity439 following open surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['Type II endoleak']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['aortic coarctation', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm', 'anastomotic pseudo-aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital cardiac malformations']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity6127 :: ('MESH:D007569', 'Disease') :: ['arch hypoplasia']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['aortic coarctation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Conflicting data exist as to what extent @entity4988 reduces the anion gap; estimates range from 1.5 to 2.5 mM per g/dL decrease in serum albumin. METHODS: We measured serum albumin, total protein, and electrolyte concentrations in 5328 consecutive @entity1 aged 1 month to 102 years. Most @entity1 (3750; 70%) had a normal albumin, but 1158 had @entity4988 (< or =3.4 g/dL); 420 had hyperalbuminemia (> or =4.7 g/dL). Relationships between serum albumin or total protein and the anion gap were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS: 309 (27%) hypoalbuminemic @entity1 had a decreased anion gap, and 257 hyperalbuminemic @entity1 (61%) had an increased anion gap. Among the entire group of 5328 @entity1 , there were highly significant correlations between either serum albumin or total protein and the anion gap (P < 0.001). The slope of the regression for albumin versus anion gap was 2.3 mM per g/dL. Using this slope, anion gap could be adjusted for abnormal serum albumin levels: anion gap(adjusted) =anion gap + 2.3 (4-albumin). The initial assessment of an anion gap as being increased, normal, or decreased changed in 44% of the @entity1 with hypo- or hyperalbuminemia once anion gap had been adjusted with this formula. CONCLUSIONS: Before considering whether a disorder associated with an increased or decreased anion gap is present, the anion gap should be first adjusted for abnormal serum albumin concentrations. Our data suggest that physicians use 2.3 times the change in serum albumin, whereas those of Figge et al suggest 2.5; either approach gives similar results.

title: Influence of XXXX or hyperalbuminemia on the serum anion gap.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

answer: @entity4988 :: (MESH:D034141,Disease) :: ['hypoalbuminemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of @entity4854 , which is associated with poor outcome of @entity66 , on the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS: We examined the influence of blood @entity413 concentration (BGC) on the outcome of autologous HSCT. @entity1 had at least one BGC determination every morning during their hospitalization. The relationships of BGC with time to engraftment and length of hospital stay (LOHS) after transplantation were analyzed. RESULTS: The correlation of LOHS after transplantation was found only with posttransplant averaged BGC (P=.0004) in @entity1 without @entity6 (N = 240) but not with pretransplant averaged BGC or BGC on the morning of transplantation. The correlation remained significant after adjustment for sex, age, and body mass index (P=.0002) and for use of glucocorticoids and total parenteral nutrition (P=.04). No correlation was observed, however, between BGC and timing of engraftment. We further analyzed the entire data set of subjects (N = 335) on the basis of posttransplant morning BGC and divided these @entity1 into 2 groups: those with BGC <150 mg/dL and those with BGC >= 150 mg/dL. No difference in engraftment time was noted between these 2 groups, but a correlation was observed with LOHS after transplantation (14    4 days versus 17    6 days, respectively; P<.0001). CONCLUSION: We observed that posttransplant averaged BGC significantly correlated with LOHS after transplantation. BGC, however, had no effect on the timing of engraftment. Thus, our results suggest that better glycemic control could potentially shorten hospital stay after HSCT.

title: Association of XXXX with prolonged hospital stay but no effect on engraftment after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['various diseases']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors for @entity3330 in @entity1 who underwent cementless hip arthroplasty during a 3-year period. Several predisposing factors have been reported; we tried to find another predictive indicator that could be recognized preoperatively. The records of all @entity1 who underwent cementless hip arthroplasty from December 1993 to December 1996 were reviewed. The characteristics and clinical features (including age, gender, diagnosis, geometry of the proximal femur, and quality of bone) of the @entity1 who had @entity174 were compared with those of @entity1 who did not have @entity174 . During the 3-year study, 425 @entity1 underwent a total of 454 cementless hip arthroplasties. There were 16 postoperative @entity174 (3.5%, 16 @entity1 ). @entity1 who @entity3330 were significantly older than @entity1 without @entity174 (65.6 +/- 10.9 yr vs 52.6 +/- 16.2 yr, p < 0.001). The @entity174 group had poorer preoperative bone quality compared with the nonfracture group (3.3 +/- 0.6 vs 3.8 +/- 0.7, Singh's Index of @entity170 , p < 0.01). The canal flare index of the proximal femur was significantly lower in the @entity174 group than in the nonfracture group (3.3 +/- 0.40 vs 3.8 +/- 0.7, p < 0.01). Our results indicate that old age and @entity170 affect the likelihood of @entity3330 , and that a low flare index is a predictive indicator of @entity3330 . These factors should be taken into account during preoperative planning, and cemented arthroplasty should be considered for @entity1 with these risk factors.

title: Risk factors for postoperative XXXX in cementless hip arthroplasty.

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity3330 :: ('MESH:D005264', 'Disease') :: ['femoral fracture', 'periprosthetic femoral fractures', 'suffered femoral fracture']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity3330 :: (MESH:D005264,Disease) :: ['femoral fracture']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity656 remains a potentially life-threatening disease. Despite national and international consensus conferences, the management of acute @entity788 still differs among hospitals and countries. METHODS: This study analyzes the outcome of acute @entity788 treated by a conservative strategy in a community-based hospital. The strategy followed a conservative interpretation of German consensus guidelines but did not determine medical decisions by a prospective protocol. RESULTS: The analysis included 145 @entity1 treated for acute @entity788 in the St. Josef Hospital Oberhausen from 1998 to 2002. The etiology was alcoholic in 54.5% and biliary in 26.2% of @entity1 (other causes, 18.6%). Only 1 @entity1 died of @entity177 (mortality, 1/145; 0.7%). Severe complications occurred in only 22 @entity1 , including @entity177 (n = 7), ileus (n = 6), respiratory or @entity712 (n = 7), need for surgery (n = 4), and @entity295 (n = 11). Further complications included @entity55 , @entity933 , @entity2877 / @entity2679 , @entity6 , @entity410 , @entity2275 , and @entity2294 . Of the 145 @entity1 , 75 subjects had at least 1 complication. Fine-needle puncture, mechanical ventilation, hemoperfusion, and hemodialysis were rarely necessary. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in only 69 of 145 @entity1 (47.6%) and showed @entity39 in 27 of the 69 @entity1 . Maximal @entity1851 during the first 72 hours and CT findings proved useful in predicting the outcome in univariate analyses. By logistic regression, however, complication rates were associated with Ranson score, but not with CT findings, @entity1851 , sex, age, etiology, or serum enzymes. CONCLUSIONS: A conservative management of acute @entity788 in a community-based hospital results in a low rate of complications, mortality, and costs. Clinical assessment (eg, by Ranson score) is sufficient to predict the severity of @entity788 in most @entity1 . In this cohort, none of the @entity1 were transferred to a specialized center over a 5-year period. Thus, almost all @entity1 with acute @entity788 can adequately and cost-effectively be cared for in community-based hospitals when following conservative guidelines.

title: Conservative management of acute XXXX : complications and outcome in a community-based hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsions']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['Acute pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['septic multiorgan failure', 'renal failure']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity2877 :: ('MESH:D042883', 'Disease') :: ['choledocholithiasis']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric/duodenal ulcers']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: The putative role of cellular or solvent volume in protrusive activity and locomotion has been investigated in blebbing @entity6962 cells using hypertonic media. Blebbing, locomotion, and cell polarity are completely suppressed by 0.2 M @entity5121 . The response occurs in two steps. In a first step, i.e. within 10 sec after the addition of @entity5121 , blebbing and locomotion are inhibited and this is associated with an average cell volume reduction by 17% (corresponding to a reduction in solvent volume by 38%). It clearly precedes suppression of cell polarity (pre-existing protrusions, tail) occurring in a second step within 5 to 10 min after addition of @entity5121 without additional reduction in the cell or solvent volume. The relative amount of F-actin does not correlate with the decrease in cell volume, suppression of blebbing, locomotion, and cell polarity. A significant decrease in the relative amount of F-actin is found only at volume reductions which are higher than those required to completely suppress blebbing, locomotion, and cell polarity. F-actin staining occurs preferentially along the cell membrane in isotonic as well as in hypertonic media. The results are best compatible with the hypothesis that hydrostatic pressure rather than actin polymerization at the front is the direct force driving the membrane forward during @entity4530 formation. Cells with lamellipodia show a similar response to hypertonic media, suggesting that basically similar mechanisms may operate in both forms of protrusions.

title: Suppression of @entity4530 formation, locomotion, and polarity of XXXX cells by hypertonic media correlates with cell volume reduction but not with changes in the F-actin content.

entities_list: @entity5121 :: ('MESH:D013012', 'Chemical') :: ['sorbitol']

entities_list: @entity6962 :: ('MESH:D002296', 'Disease') :: ['Walker carcinosarcoma']

answer: @entity6962 :: (MESH:D002296,Disease) :: ['Walker carcinosarcoma']


abstract: In six German Shepherds @entity235 , GnRH agonist implants (Deslorelin) were inserted subcutaneously one month after histological confirmation of @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). Prostatic volume (PV), characteristics of ejaculate, serum @entity251 concentrations and Doppler parameters of prostatic and subcapsular arteries were detected at different time intervals, for 6  month. The prostatic volume showed a significantly reduction starting at day 37. The decrease in sperm concentration, motility and increase in morphological abnormal sperm were observed from day 22 to day 37, when it was no longer possible to obtain the ejaculate. The values of peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity in prostatic and subcapsular arteries showed from day 11 a gradual decrease, significant at day 22 until day 37 and reaching the lowest values at day 52 until the end of observation. The power Doppler pixel intensity of both arteries showed a gradual decrease from day 5 until day 52. In particular, a significant decrease was observed for both arteries from day 11. @entity251 serum concentration decreased to undetectable levels by day 11 until the end of the observations. All these Doppler parameters and @entity251 values were positively correlated with the prostatic volume. Furthermore, @entity251 values were positively correlated with peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and pixel numbers. The use of implants containing @entity1176 analogues, even in asymptomatic subjects, is effective for the control of @entity1067 and the application of Doppler exam of prostatic blood flow represent an non-invasive tool for monitoring the response of medical treatment.

title: Clinical efficacy of the GnRH agonist (deslorelin) in @entity235 affected by XXXX and evaluation of prostatic blood flow by Doppler ultrasound.

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone', 'Testosterone']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']


abstract: Axial skeletons such as vertebrae, ribs, and scapulae develop from the embryonic somitic mesoderm through interactions with neural tube/notochord and skin ectoderm. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) seem to play important roles in these tissue interactions; however, the relationship between BMP signaling and the early development of axial skeletons is poorly understood. In this report, we investigated possible roles of BMP signaling in axial skeletal formation. First, we describe the expression patterns of @entity2089 and type I receptors for BMP during somitogenesis in @entity1573 embryos based on whole mount in situ hybridization. Next, the effects of BMP on axial skeletal morphogenesis were investigated by implantation of BMP proteins into the dorsal mesoderm at the time of somitogenesis. Transcripts for both @entity2089 ligand and its receptors are expressed in the dorsal ectoderm and mesoderm. Implantation of @entity2089 and @entity17192 into the dorsal regions of embryos result in subsequent anomalies of vertebrae, ribs, and scapulae. The effects of BMP implantation on the skeleton are shown to be dependent upon the somitic stage. @entity3574 are restricted to the dorsolateral elements of the vertebrae and specifically observed after BMP implantation into embryonic day 2 (E2) embryos, but not E3 embryos. These results indicate that implantation of BMP into the dorsal part of embryos where endogenous BMP ligand and BMP receptors are expressed perturbs BMP signaling and causes @entity600 . The findings presented here suggest that BMP signaling may be involved in the early developmental process of the axial skeleton.

title: Perturbation of BMP signaling in somitogenesis resulted in XXXX in the axial skeletal formation.

entities_list: @entity3574 :: ('OMIM:277300', 'Disease') :: ['Vertebral anomalies']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['axial skeletal malformations']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['vertebral and rib malformations']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate short- and long-term success rates on isolated subtotal Muller resection in over 300 cases of @entity1736 over a 10-year period. METHODS: Clinical records were retrospectively evaluated for aetiology and severity of @entity1736 , levator function, response to @entity2647 , pre- and postoperative margin reflex distance of the upper lid ( @entity25796 ), postoperative lid contour and symmetry, complications and follow-up duration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: change in @entity25796 and eyelid contour. Surgical success: postoperative @entity25796 >= 2 and  <=4.5 mm, symmetry to within 1.0 mm and satisfactory contour. All @entity1 were also sent @entity1 satisfaction questionnaires, and invited to attend for a longer-term assessment of their surgical outcome. RESULTS: In total, 92 and 95% of 309 eyelids met all three criteria for success after an average follow-up of 4 and 47 months, respectively. Mean improvement in @entity25796 was 2.56 mm. In all, 97% had postoperative @entity25796 of >= 2 and  <=4.5 mm and over 99% had an excellent contour. Altogether, 95 and 89% were within 1.0 and 0.5 mm symmetry of the fellow eye, respectively. In total, 51% of eyelids continued to rise, 17% maintained the same initial postoperative height, and 32% dropped by 1 mm or less. In all, 92% felt that their initial postoperative eyelid height had been maintained. Only 2% required repeat surgery and minor complications occurred in 4%. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated subtotal Muller's resection is safe and effective for the repair of the majority of @entity1736 with moderate-to-good levator function. It results in a more predictable height, which is maintained over time, less frequent @entity854 , and lower re-operation rates compared with anterior levator advancement.

title: Open-sky isolated subtotal Muller's muscle resection for XXXX surgery: a review of over 300 cases and assessment of long-term outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['contour abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

answer: @entity1736 :: (MESH:D001763,Disease) :: ['ptosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: In a prospective study 29 @entity1 fulfilled the criteria of @entity74 grade III in the Quebec classification. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One month postinjury, computerized neuropsychological tests, a clinical interview and the symptom checklist SCL-90-R were administered. Three @entity7125 scales were extrapolated from SCL-90-R: @entity158 , subjective @entity73 . SCL-90-R was repeated 6 months later. RESULTS: One month after the accident, 85% of the @entity1 had resumed work. Subjective @entity73 , however, were frequent but unrelated to test performances, which were within the normal range. @entity1 reporting stressful life events unrelated to the injury had more symptoms and elevated levels of distress on all SCL-90-R syndrome scales. At follow-up their distress was unchanged, and subjective @entity73 had deteriorated. CONCLUSION: Stressful life events unrelated to the accident and a high level of distress 1 month postinjury may augment the risk of "late @entity7125 ". Reassessment 3-6 weeks postinjury as recommended by the Quebec Task Force should include assessment of complicating social factors and a psychological symptom checklist.

title: Cognitive function and distress after common XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive difficulties and sleep disorders', 'cognitive disturbances', 'cognitive function']

entities_list: @entity7125 :: ('MESH:D014911', 'Disease') :: ['whiplash syndrome', 'whiplash']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Whiplash-Associated Disorders']

answer: @entity7125 :: (MESH:D014911,Disease) :: ['whiplash injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1279 is common and treatable. An association between @entity6426 and @entity532 has been suggested, but sample size and absence of control have limited previous studies. Our aim was to determine if active @entity1279 affects obstetric outcome. METHODS: This was a retrospective case-control comparison of @entity532 in primigravidae previously treated for @entity6426 in a specialist eating disorder service. A cohort of 122 @entity1 with active @entity6426 during pregnancy was contrasted against 82 with quiescent @entity6426 , using structured interviews comprising the @entity1277 Examination, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, and systematic questions addressing @entity532 . RESULTS: Odds ratios (ORs) for @entity308 , @entity2208 , and @entity3152 were 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.2), 2.6 (95% CI, 1.2-5.6) and 3.3 (95% CI, 1.3-8.8) respectively. Risk of unplanned pregnancy was markedly elevated (OR, 30.0; 95% CI, 12.8-68.7). Risk estimates were not explained by differences in adiposity, demographics, @entity167 /substance/laxative misuse, smoking, or year of birth, but relative contributions of bulimic behaviors were not discerned. CONCLUSIONS: Active @entity6426 during pregnancy is associated with @entity308 , @entity2208 , and @entity3152 . @entity6426 may be a treatable cause of adverse obstetric outcome.

title: Risk of @entity308 , XXXX , and preterm birth in @entity1279 : retrospective controlled study.

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriage']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['postnatal depression']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity6426 :: ('MESH:D002032', 'Disease') :: ['Bulimia', 'bulimia']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric complications']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['Eating Disorders']

entities_list: @entity1279 :: ('MESH:D052018', 'Disease') :: ['Bulimia nervosa', 'bulimia nervosa']

answer: @entity2208 :: (MESH:D000022,Disease) :: ['miscarriage']


abstract: The physiologic effects of @entity1954 (T3) on metabolic rate are well-documented; however, the effects of @entity1955 (T4) are less clear despite its wide-spread use to treat @entity1374 and other non-thyroidal conditions. Here, we investigated the effects of acute (3-day) T4 supplementation on energy expenditure at rest and during incremental exercise. Furthermore, we used a combination of in situ and in vitro approaches to measure skeletal muscle metabolism before and after T4 treatment. Ten healthy, euthyroid males were given 200   g T4 ( @entity1955 ) per day for 3 days. Energy expenditure was measured at rest and during exercise by indirect calorimetry, and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function was assessed by in situ @entity855 flux ((31)P @entity7748 ) and in vitro respiratory control ratio (RCR, state 3/state 4 rate of @entity26 uptake using a Clark-type electrode) before and after acute T4 treatment. @entity1955 had a subtle effect on resting metabolic rate, increasing it by 4% (p=0.059) without a change in resting @entity855 demand (i.e., @entity855 flux) of the vastus lateralis. Exercise efficiency did not change with T4 treatment. The maximal capacity to produce @entity855 (state 3 respiration) and the coupled state of the mitochondria (RCR) were reduced by approximately 30% with T4 (p=0.057 and p=0.04, respectively). Together, the results suggest that T4, although less metabolically active than T3, reduces skeletal muscle efficiency and modestly increases resting metabolism even after short-term supplementation. Our findings may be clinically relevant given the expanding application of T4 to treat non-thyroidal conditions such as @entity28 and @entity353 .

title: Effect of short-term XXXX administration on energy metabolism and mitochondrial efficiency in humans.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine', 'levothyroxine', 'Thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid-related disorders']

answer: @entity1955 :: (MESH:D013974,Chemical) :: ['thyroxine']


abstract: Several factors that increase the likelihood of developing @entity195 ( @entity195 ) have already been identified. A correct evaluation of these may contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of the disease. The risk of developing @entity195 definitely increases with (a) age, (b) @entity542 , (c) family history of @entity195 or Down syndrome, (d) sex (higher prevalence of @entity195 in @entity1 ), (e) @entity455 , (f) exposure to environmental toxins, (g) infectious processes, or (h) changes in immune function, and recent advances in molecular genetics have suggested that genetic predisposition (i) can be considered one of the most important risk factors in the development of @entity195 . A significant increase in the number of @entity527 in @entity195 @entity1 with an @entity2204 ( @entity2204 ) allele has been observed and the results of several genetic studies indicate that the etiology of this @entity179 is associated with the presence of the allele E4 of @entity2204 . A potential source of damage in the @entity195 brain is an altered response triggered by microglial activation, which is associated with @entity527 . It has become evident that a dysregulation of cytokine release appears within lesions of many types of @entity75 including @entity281 , @entity130 , @entity64 , and @entity179 . Many studies have shown that microglia secrete both cytokines and cytotoxins and since reactive microglia appears in nearly every type of @entity75 , it is likely that their secreted products ultimately help to determine the rate of damaged brain tissue. In this study, in vitro cell cultures were established to investigate the effect of different concentrations of @entity1 sera (2.5% and 10%) with specific @entity2204 genotypes from Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's subjects on ameboid and flat microglial cells obtained from neonatal @entity35 hippocampi. Results show that a modulation in the proliferation and activation of microglial cells was obtained and that @entity195 sera, mainly in the @entity2204 /4 genotype contain factor(s) which are able to induce morphological changes, as measured by an increase in the ameboid cell type. In addition, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen expression, as measured by flow cytometric analysis, and @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ) release as measured by enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA), in comparison with control groups and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated cells, clearly demonstrate a direct effect of @entity2204 /4 and/or an indirect effect mediated by the release of @entity1356 on microglia activation. These results strongly suggest that primary in vitro microglial cell cultures can be used as a screening model to test @entity1 sera as well as the effect of new potential drugs aimed at down-regulating microglia activation.

title: Microglial activation induced by factor(s) contained in sera from Alzheimer-related XXXX genotypes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid plaques']

entities_list: @entity2204 :: ('348', 'Gene') :: ['ApoE 3/4 and 4', 'apolipoprotein E4', 'ApoE']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage', 'brain disorders']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1beta', 'IL-1beta']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases', 'neurodegenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity2204 :: (348,Gene) :: ['ApoE']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Penumbra system is effective for recanalization of the primary @entity432 (PAO) in @entity64 . However, clinical outcomes are not as promising. The authors hypothesized that the formation of @entity999 ( @entity999 ) during mechanical thrombectomy may lead to poorer @entity1 outcomes. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective review of @entity1 with acute @entity385 treated with the Penumbra system was undertaken. @entity1 ' outcome was evaluated by comparing discharge National Institute of @entity64 scale and modified Rankin score (mRS) of @entity1 with and without @entity999 . RESULTS: Out of 20 @entity1 reviewed, recanalization of PAO was 100%. Six @entity1 (30%) were confirmed to have @entity999 , of which two died (33.3%) and one (16.7%) had mRS of 2 or less. Of the 14 @entity1 without @entity999 , three died (21.4%) and six (42.9%) had mRS of 2 or less. In the @entity1 group who survived, mean National Institute of @entity64 scale decrease was only 2.3 in @entity1 with @entity999 versus a decrease of 10.6 in @entity1 without @entity999 . CONCLUSIONS: In spite of @entity13795 recanalization, distal emboli formed subsequent to Penumbra thrombectomy may contribute to poorer clinical outcome in @entity64 @entity1 .

title: Incidence and outcome of @entity999 using the Penumbra thrombectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['Health stroke', 'acute stroke']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['procedural distal emboli', 'PDE']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusion']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['acute stroke']


abstract: This paper examines the perceptions and causes of drug treatment-related error, and suggests some risk reducing strategies. Interest in medical error surged recently, culminating with an estimate by the US Institute of Medicine in 1999 of 44,000 to 98,000 annual care-related @entity204 . Public media pressure elicited responses from health care providers, purchasers, internists and health professionals' organisations. A search was made using PubMed, focusing on papers from 1980 to date giving data on trends and causes of in-hospital @entity7009 . Papers with estimates of prevalence rates of drug-induced injury in large denominator populations were selected. One hundred and seven papers on @entity7009 were identified; 36 clearly defined denominators and compared rates in different groups. Occurrence rates of drug-induced harm were similar (2.2% to 6.7%) in the US and British hospital surveys. The Harvard Medical Practice Study first reliably measured the frequency of care-related @entity1 harm. More reliable and accurate information is needed on the base-line rates of drug-related injury. Whereas there are few precise estimates of drug-induced injury, the evidence suggests that between half and two-thirds of hospital-related harmful events are preventable. Most experts agree that hospitals need to change radically their approach to professional error from one of blaming individuals to overhauling the systems for monitoring, detecting and preventing @entity7009 . Hospital managers should implement voluntary, non-punitive, and confidential systems for reporting error, and apply methods of safety enhancement which succeed in high-risk industries. A realistic and achievable target could be halving of current risk. Incentives can be given to event monitoring and pharmacotherapy quality assurance, to encourage timely and accurate reporting. On-line doctors' entry of drug orders and computerised adverse event monitoring also promote @entity2246 .

title: Post-release drug treatment risks: strategies to minimise harm to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7009 :: ('MESH:D056487', 'Disease') :: ['drug-related error']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['error reduction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and metabolic impact of a high-protein, low- @entity1735 , low-fat ketogenic diet (K diet) in the treatment of morbidly @entity28 adolescents with initial weights of >200% of ideal body weight. METHODS: Six adolescents, aged 12 to 15 years, weighing an average of 147.8 kg (range, 120.6-198.6 kg) and having an average body mass index of 50.9 kg/m (39.8-63.0 kg/m), consumed the K diet for 8 weeks. Daily intake consisted of 650 to 725 calories, which was substantively in the form of protein (80-100 g). The diet was very low in @entity3363 (25 g) and fat (25 g). This was followed by 12 weeks of the K diet plus two @entity3363 (30 g) per meal (K+2 diet). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometric data and blood and urine were collected at enrollment, during week 1, and at 4-week intervals throughout the course of the study. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition was estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and urinary @entity1011 excretion at enrollment and on completion of each phase of the diet. Nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency testing were conducted at baseline and repeated after an average @entity353 of 18.7 kg to determine sleep architecture, frequency and duration of @entity386 , and @entity25 . RESULTS: Subjects lost 15.4 +/- 1.4 kg (mean +/- SEM) during the K diet and an additional 2.3 +/- 2.9 kg during the K+2 diet. Body mass index decreased 5.6 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2) during the K diet and an additional 1.1 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2) during the K+2 diet. Body composition studies indicated that weight was lost equally from all areas of the body and was predominantly fat. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry showed a decrease from 51.1% +/- 2.1% body fat to 44.2% +/- 2.9% during the K diet and then to 41.6% +/- 4.5% during the K+2 diet. Lean body mass was not significantly affected. Weight loss was accompanied by a reduction in resting energy expenditure of 5.2 +/- 1.8 kcal/kg of fat-free mass per day. Blood chemistries remained normal throughout the study and included a decrease in serum @entity165 from 162 +/- 12 to 121 +/- 8 mg/dL in the initial 4 weeks of the K diet. An increase in @entity460 excretion was accompanied by a decrease in total-body bone mineral content. A paucity of rapid eye movement sleep and excessive slow-wave sleep were seen in all subjects at enrollment. Weight loss led to an @entity11755 (P < .02) and a decrease in slow-wave sleep (P < .01) to near normal levels. CONCLUSIONS: The K diet can be used effectively for rapid @entity353 in adolescents with morbid @entity28 . Loss in lean body mass is blunted, blood chemistries remain normal, and @entity25 significantly decrease with @entity353 .

title: The effects of a high-protein, low-fat, ketogenic diet on adolescents with morbid @entity28 : body composition, blood chemistries, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['daytime sleepiness', 'sleep abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity11755 :: ('MESH:D020187', 'Disease') :: ['increase in rapid eye movement sleep']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity25 :: (MESH:D012893,Disease) :: ['sleep abnormalities']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and reliability of intraoperative skeletal traction in the surgical correction of severe adult neglected @entity1635 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Literature shows that curves more than 80   that do not reduce to 50   to 55   on bending radiographs require an anterior release. A combined anterior and posterior approach is often used for treating severe @entity2003 . However, anterior approach has its own complications in the form of increased morbidity, increased @entity190 , operative time, and @entity358 . Corrective surgery gets even more challenging if the @entity1 are adults. METHODS: Ten @entity1 with severe @entity1635 (>80  ) and low flexibility index (<0.5) treated with intraoperative skeletal traction were part of this study. The @entity1 were operated between April 2008 and May 2010. Eight @entity1 with neglected adolescent idiopathic @entity1635 and 2 with @entity4094 were included. The mean age was 27.4 years (19-36). Corrective surgery and fusion was performed using intraoperative skeletal traction. RESULTS: The Cobb angle improved from a mean of 89.35   preoperatively to 40.25   postoperatively giving a mean correction of 55.29%. Apical @entity717 (Nash and Moe) improved from a mean of grade 3(2-4) to a mean of grade 2(1-3). Apical vertebral translation improved from a mean of 2.19 cm preoperatively to 0.98 cm postoperatively (55.41% correction). There were no intraoperative adverse events or @entity260 . All @entity1 had good shoulder balance and were satisfied with the correction achieved. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative skull-femoral traction can be a safe and effective method to assist correction of severe and @entity2003 . It facilitates surgical exposure and pedicle screw insertion. It obviates the need of an anterior release surgery and associated morbidity, thus reducing the hospital stay and costs. It provides a much simpler way to correct the sagittal and coronal imbalance, as well as the @entity530 .

title: Intraoperative skull-femoral (skeletal) traction in surgical correction of severe @entity1635 (>80  ) in adult neglected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity2003 :: ('MESH:D009127', 'Disease') :: ['rigid scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic obliquity']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral rotation']

answer: @entity1635 :: (MESH:D012600,Disease) :: ['scoliosis']


abstract: High-quality response to @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) therapy can be predictive for improved outcomes. Novel agents may improve the depth of responses and therefore prolong survival. We report on the extended follow-up of a phase II study in frontline @entity1582 of @entity1749 alone and in combination with @entity619 . Forty-nine previously untreated, symptomatic @entity1582 @entity1 received @entity1749 1.3 mg/m(2), days 1, 4, 8, 11, for up to @entity25685 -week cycles. High-dose @entity619 was added for @entity1 not reaching either a partial response after cycle 2 or a complete response (CR) after cycle 4. The overall response rate in 48 evaluable @entity1 was 90%, with 42% achieving at least a very good partial response, of which 19% were CR/near CR. Thirty-six @entity1 received high-dose @entity619 with 28 (77%) showing improved response. Twenty-seven @entity1 have undergone successful @entity8 ( @entity8 ). After median follow-up of 49 months, 15 @entity1 have died; median overall survival has still not been reached, with an estimated survival at 4 years of 67%. Overall survival with and without @entity8 was not different (P = 0.54). Grade 3/4 adverse events included @entity1398 (10%), @entity16 (6% grade 3), @entity9 (4% grade 3), and @entity294 (4% grade 3). @entity1749 +/- @entity619 is an effective and well-tolerated induction regimen for the frontline treatment of @entity1582 .

title: Extended follow-up of a phase 2 trial of @entity1749 alone and in combination with @entity619 for the frontline treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['stem-cell transplantation', 'SCT']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['sensory neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib', 'Bortezomib']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: The appearance of @entity16 that is a harmful phenomenon of @entity901 , the key drug of FOLFOX, is strongly concerned in individual pharmacological variability. Further more, the frequency of @entity16 appearance was reported to be 74.3%. In this study, we examined a correlation between @entity4191 ( @entity54421 )and @entity7737 ( @entity42248 )of genetic polymorphism. The mean FOLFOX drug dosage was 8.6 times. The first, second and third line treatment was 36, 32 and 9 cases, respectively. Then, the 50% survival duration of each treatment was 801, 360 and 328 days, respectively. These results showed that the first line treatment was highly lengthened the survival duration compared with the second and third line treatment. The response rate was 24.2%, and the lesion control rate was 74.2%. However, some of the @entity137 we have seen included the followings: acute nervousness; 74.3%, chronic nervousness; 67.1%, @entity56 ; 26.3%, blood @entity137 development; 68.4% and digestive organ symptom; 30.3%. The reasons for change in treatment were due to PD 41.6% and @entity137 51.4%, and that 45.9% of the latter was caused by @entity16 . As for a successful rate of the treatment, the wild type and hetero type of @entity4191 , a metabolism enzyme of @entity901 , were 53.3% and 41.7%, respectively. As for a correlation between the dose frequency and @entity4191 SNP was p=0.57, and that a correlation between the dose frequency and @entity7737 was p=0.11. We confirmed that a curative effect of the first line treatment of FOLFOX was high, and that the cases in which the treatment was terminated due to @entity16 prolonged the survival duration. It is important to control the appearance of @entity137 in order to continue the treatment. The SNP analysis of the @entity7737 protein may become an index of the treatment for continuation.

title: [Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in the @entity4191 and XXXX genes about @entity16 by the @entity901 ].

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['Oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reaction']

answer: @entity7737 :: (1244,Gene) :: ['ABCC2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Recent data suggest that recovery of anterior pituitary function promptly follows surgical decompression and that hypothalamic- @entity774 assessment need not be delayed following transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. We hypothesized that one protocol for both glucocorticoid supplementation and @entity2270 investigation prior to discharge may be applied to all transsphenoidal pituitary surgery @entity1 . The protocol examined the merits of preoperative testing and of basal and hypoglycaemia-stimulated @entity701 and ACTH measurements in post-operative @entity2270 evaluation. DESIGN: Rapid @entity5304 stimulation testing classified @entity1 according to preoperative adrenal integrity. All @entity1 received tapered doses of @entity701 beginning on the morning of surgery and discontinued after 48 hours. @entity1 : Of 28 consecutive @entity1 with various @entity5 , 19 completed all aspects of the protocol. All evaluable information from the other 9 was incorporated into the final conclusions and recommendations. MEASUREMENTS: Morning serum @entity701 was measured 24 hours after the last @entity701 dose. Plasma ACTH and serum @entity701 were measured during insulin tolerance testing within 8 days after surgery. @entity1 received clinical evaluations and repeat testing as clinically indicated during 6-30 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Both peak serum @entity701 > 550 nmol/l and peak plasma ACTH of > 4.4 pmol/l during insulin tolerance testing were 100% sensitive and specific in predicting @entity2339 integrity after surgery. For @entity1 entering surgery with normal @entity5304 tests, an initial morning serum @entity701 > 270 nmol/l provided 100% specificity for preserved @entity2270 integrity, but a low @entity701 did not indicate @entity409 . For @entity1 entering surgery with @entity701 deficiency, an initial morning @entity701 < 60 nmol/l indicated @entity177 , but higher values proved inconclusive. However, the basal @entity701 , but not ACTH, on the day of insulin tolerance testing conclusively defined @entity2270 status in 18 of 19 study @entity1 (95%). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that (1) a 48-hour perioperative @entity701 reducing regimen may be used in all uncomplicated transsphenoidal pituitary surgery cases regardless of @entity774 status before surgery; (2) preoperative adrenal testing aids interpretation of the initial morning serum @entity701 and may be used to direct further testing; (3) a single morning serum @entity701 drawn 24 hours after glucocorticoid withdrawal suffices for @entity774 investigation if result suggest no change in @entity2270 function, as occurred in most study @entity1 ; (4) while insulin tolerance testing 5-8 days after surgery is 100% accurate in determining the need for sustained glucocorticoid replacement due to clinically significant @entity4614 , repeat morning @entity701 measurement obviates provocative testing in 95% of cases; and (5) basal and stimulated plasma ACTH values provide no information additional to serum @entity701 measurements in post-operative @entity2270 evaluation.

title: Which XXXX benefit from provocative adrenal testing after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumours']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['axis dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5304 :: ('MESH:D003366', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracosactrin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['sustained axis failure']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['sustained hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone', 'cortisol']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary-adrenal axis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: To explore the clinical and pathological features of male and female @entity775 ( @entity775 ) @entity1 . METHODS: One hundred and sixty-nine @entity775 @entity1 were enrolled. The clinical and histological data of the male cases were compared with the female ones. RESULTS: There were 23 (13.6%) male @entity1 in our study. The general status, biochemical and immunological test, and histological findings between two groups had no significant difference (P more than 0.05). The IAIHG's revised original scoring system pretreatment scores of male @entity1 (14.4+/-2.3) were lower than that of female ones (16.6+/-2.6, Z= -3.728, P=0.000), whereas the simplified scoring system scores of male @entity1 (7.2+/-0.8) were higher than that of female ones (6.5+/-1.2, Z=-2.372, P=0.018). There were 15 male @entity775 @entity1 treated with immunosuppressive therapy, then 12 of them reached complete biochemical remission, the other three cases were incomplete response. The complete biochemical remission rate in our male cases was 80%. Median duration of remission was 3 months (95% CI 2.070-3.930 months). CONCLUSION: There are no significant differences in clinical and pathological features of @entity775 between genders. The diagnosis of @entity775 should be suspected in male @entity1 with any abnormality in serum aminotransferases levels. Liver biopsy examination is recommended to establish the diagnosis of @entity775 . The simplified criteria have good diagnostic value for male @entity775 @entity1 .

title: [Clinical and pathological features of XXXX : no significant differences between genders].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['AIH', 'autoimmune hepatitis']

answer: @entity775 :: (MESH:D019693,Disease) :: ['autoimmune hepatitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Molar @entity2349 (MIH) is a condition which has significant implications for @entity1 and service provision. AIMS: The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of MIH in 12-year olds in Northern England and to consider the relationship with socioeconomic status and background water fluoridation. DESIGN: Twelve-year-old @entity1 were examined for the presence of MIH. Participating dentists were trained and calibrated in the use of the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel index. @entity1 were examined at school under direct vision with the aid of a dental mirror. A diagnosis of MIH was attributed to a @entity1 if they had a @entity154 in one or more of their first permanent molars. RESULTS: Of 4795 @entity1 that were selected, 3233 (67.4%) were examined. Overall prevalence of MIH was 15.9% (14.5-17.1%). There was an association between prevalence of MIH and deprivation quintiles with a positive correlation in the first 4 quintiles (P < 0.05). There was no difference in prevalence between fluoridated Newcastle and other areas. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of MIH is equivalent to other European populations. Prevalence was related to socioeconomic status but not to background water fluoridation.

title: The prevalence of molar XXXX in Northern England and its relationship to socioeconomic status and water fluoridation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['demarcated defect']

entities_list: @entity2349 :: ('MESH:C537342', 'Disease') :: ['incisor hypomineralisation']

answer: @entity2349 :: (MESH:C537342,Disease) :: ['incisor hypomineralisation']


abstract: AIM: To study the role of time-intensity curve (TIC) analysis parameters in a complex system of neural networks designed to classify @entity96 . METHODS: We prospectively included 112 @entity1 with @entity157 ( @entity157 ) (n = 41), hypervascular (n = 20) and hypovascular (n = 12) liver @entity3 , hepatic @entity2695 (n = 16) or focal fatty changes (n = 23) who underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Craiova, Romania. We recorded full length movies of all contrast uptake phases and post-processed them offline by selecting two areas of interest (one for the @entity5 and one for the healthy surrounding parenchyma) and consecutive TIC analysis. The difference in maximum intensities, the time to reaching them and the aspect of the late/portal phase, as quantified by the neural network and a ratio between median intensities of the central and peripheral areas were analyzed by a feed forward back propagation multi-layer neural network which was trained to classify data into five distinct classes, corresponding to each type of @entity409 . RESULTS: The neural network had 94.45% training accuracy (95% CI: 89.31%-97.21%) and 87.12% testing accuracy (95% CI: 86.83%-93.17%). The automatic classification process registered 93.2% sensitivity, 89.7% specificity, 94.42% positive predictive value and 87.57% negative predictive value. The artificial neural networks (ANN) incorrectly classified as hemangyomas three @entity157 cases and two hypervascular @entity3 , while in turn misclassifying four liver hemangyomas as @entity157 (one case) and hypervascular @entity3 (three cases). Comparatively, @entity1 interpretation of @entity1775 showed 94.1% sensitivity, 90.7% specificity, 95.11% positive predictive value and 88.89% negative predictive value. The accuracy and specificity of the ANN diagnosis system was similar to that of @entity1 interpretation of the @entity1775 (P = 0.225 and P = 0.451, respectively). @entity157 cases showed contrast uptake during the arterial phase followed by wash-out in the portal and first seconds of the late phases. For the hypovascular @entity3 did not show significant contrast uptake during the arterial phase, which resulted in negative differences between the maximum intensities. We registered wash-out in the late phase for most of the hypervascular @entity3 . @entity409 had contrast uptake in the arterial phase without agent wash-out in the portal-late phases. The focal fatty changes did not show any differences from surrounding @entity409 , resulting in similar TIC patterns and extracted parameters. CONCLUSION: Neural network analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography - obtained @entity1775 seems a promising field of development for future techniques, providing fast and reliable diagnostic aid for the clinician.

title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography parameters in neural network diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver parenchyma', 'liver lesion', 'Liver hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver tumors']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficiency of @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) in limiting the postoperative inflammatory response and scarring after strabismus surgery. METHODS: A prospective, two-stage, masked, controlled trial was conducted. In the first stage, the inflammatory response at the extraocular muscle reattachment site was increased after @entity75 in eight @entity95 . In the second stage, @entity1139 (0.4 mg/ml) was applied during surgery to the eyes of 22 @entity95 with @entity75 . As a control, @entity735 were treated with saline solution. Seven weeks later, exenteration was performed, and the sites of muscle reattachment were processed for histologic examinations. The sums of the areas of the @entity738 in the extraocular muscle reattachment sites of control and treated eyes were compared. RESULTS: There was no significant inhibitory effect of @entity1139 on the @entity735 compared with that of control eyes. CONCLUSIONS: The intraoperative use of @entity1139 (0.4 mg/ml) was not effective in controlling the postoperative inflammatory response in @entity95 eyes after extraocular muscle surgery. These data do not support the hypothesis that @entity1139 reduces postoperative adhesions after strabismus surgery.

title: Histologic effect of @entity1138 on strabismus surgery in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['inferior rectus recession']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory response of treated eyes', 'contralateral eyes']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']