abstract: BACKGROUND: Probiotic bacteria are increasingly used as immunomodulatory agents. Yet detailed molecular knowledge on the immunomodulatory molecules of these bacteria is lagging behind. @entity26799 (LTA) is considered a major microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) of Gram-positive bacteria. However, many details and quantitative data on its immune signalling capacity are still unknown, especially in beneficial bacteria. Recently, we have demonstrated that a dltD mutant of the model probiotic @entity1905 (LGG), having modified LTA molecules, has an enhanced probiotic efficacy in a DSS-induced @entity1960 model as compared to wild-type. RESULTS: In this study, the importance of D-alanylated and acylated LTA for the pro-inflammatory activity of LGG was studied in vitro. Purified native LTA of LGG wild-type exhibited a concentration-dependent activation of NF-kB signalling in HEK293T cells after interaction with @entity26165 , but not with @entity2938 alone. Chemical deacylation of LTA interfered with the @entity26165 interaction, while a moderate effect was observed with @entity576 . Similarly, the dltD mutant of LGG exhibited a significantly reduced capacity to activate @entity2938 /6-dependent NF-kB signalling in a HEK293T reporter cell line compared to wild-type. In addition, the dltD mutant of LGG showed a reduced induction of mRNA of the chemokine @entity687 in the Caco-2 epithelial cell line compared to wild-type. Experiments with highly purified LTA of LGG confirmed that LTA is a crucial factor for @entity687 mRNA induction in Caco-2 epithelial cells. @entity576 and deacylation reduced @entity687 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results indicate that LTA of LGG is a crucial MAMP with pro-inflammatory activities such as @entity687 induction in intestinal epithelial cells and NF-kB induction in HEK293T cells via @entity26165 interaction. The lipid chains of LGG LTA are needed for these activities, while also the @entity12211 substituents are important, especially for @entity687 induction in Caco-2 cells.

title: @entity26799 is an important microbe-associated molecular pattern of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity576 :: ('MESH:D064419', 'Disease') :: ['Chemical dealanylation', 'chemical dealanylation']

entities_list: @entity1905 :: ('568703', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG']

entities_list: @entity26799 :: ('MESH:C009900', 'Chemical') :: ['Lipoteichoic acid']

answer: @entity1905 :: (568703,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG']


abstract: Metal resistances in microbes are important to study not only to understand metal homeostasis but also to use such organisms further in environmental bioremediation. @entity3406 ( @entity3411 ) is an important micronutrient, which at higher concentration becomes toxic. Many @entity3411 -resistant organisms are known, which resist metal by active efflux. @entity15250 S4, a natural isolate from India, is reported to show a multi-metal resistance profile. In the present study, the @entity3411 -resistance mechanism in strain S4 was examined. Wild-type cells gradually accumulated @entity3411 but kept it preferentially in the periplasmic space in a bound form. In @entity3411 -sensitive mutants, periplasmic storage was disturbed and more metal accumulated cytoplasmically, producing @entity137 . @entity214 - @entity2975 gel electrophoresis analysis of periplasmic proteins revealed a band of approximately 18 kDa, which appeared only in @entity3411 -exposed wild-type cells, and which was absent from cells not exposed to @entity3411 as well as from @entity3411 -sensitive mutants. On the basis of these observations, we propose a @entity3411 -resistance mechanism in @entity15250 S4 based on sequestration of metal in the periplasmic space. This is the first study of sequestration-based @entity3411 resistance.

title: Extracytoplasmic storage as the XXXX resistance mechanism in a natural isolate of @entity15250 S4.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity15250 :: ('303', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas putida', 'P. putida']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity214 :: ('CHEBI:8984', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium dodecyl sulphate']

answer: @entity3406 :: (MESH:D009532,Chemical) :: ['nickel']


abstract: @entity101 frequently complicates @entity740 ( @entity740 ), with studies showing clinical benefit from blood pressure lowering. Subgroups of @entity1 with severe @entity101 exist. We aimed to identify @entity1 with the greatest mortality risk from uncontrolled @entity101 to define the prevalence and phenotype of @entity1 who might benefit from adjunctive therapies. 1691 all-cause @entity740 @entity1 from the CRISIS study were grouped by baseline blood pressure-target (<140/80   mmHg); elevated (140-190/80-100   mmHg); extreme (>190 and/or 100   mmHg). Groups were well matched for age, @entity470 , and comorbidities. 77 @entity1 had extreme @entity101 at recruitment but no increased mortality risk (HR 0.9, P = 0.9) over a median follow-up period of 4.5 years. The 1.2% of @entity1 with extreme @entity101 at recruitment and at 12-months had a significantly increased mortality risk (HR 4.3, P = 0.01). This association was not seen in @entity1 with baseline extreme @entity101 and improved 12-month blood pressures (HR 0.86, P = 0.5). Most @entity740 @entity1 with extreme @entity101 respond to pharmacological blood pressure control, reducing their risk for @entity204 . @entity1 with extreme @entity101 in whom blood pressure control cannot be achieved have an approximate prevalence of 1%. These @entity1 have an increased mortality risk and may be an appropriate group to consider for further therapies, including @entity8 .

title: Extreme Elevations in Blood Pressure and All-Cause Mortality in a XXXX Population: Results from the CRISIS Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal nerve ablation']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['Referred CKD']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Loss-of-function mutations in filaggrin are major predisposing factors for @entity483 . Although various reports suggest a critical role for filaggrin in stratum corneum (SC) barrier formation, the lack of filaggrin-null ( @entity12849 (-/-)) @entity19 has hampered detailed in  vivo analysis of filaggrin's functions. OBJECTIVE: We sought to generate @entity12849 (-/-) @entity19 and to assess the effect of filaggrin loss on SC barrier function and percutaneous immune responses. METHODS: We generated @entity12849 (-/-) @entity19 using gene targeting and assessed the morphology, hydration, mechanical strength, and antigen permeability of their SC. Percutaneous immune responses were evaluated through irritant- and hapten-induced contact @entity56 studies and by measuring humoral responses to epicutaneous sensitization with protein antigen. RESULTS: Newborn @entity12849 (-/-) @entity19 exhibited dry scaly skin. Despite marked decreases in natural moisturizing factor levels, which are filaggrin degradation products, SC hydration and transepidermal water loss were normal. Microscopic analyses suggested premature shedding of SC layers, and indeed, increased desquamation under mechanical stress was demonstrated. Loss of keratin patterns, which are critical for corneocyte stabilization, is likely attributable to fragility in the @entity12849 (-/-) SC. Antigens penetrated the @entity12849 (-/-) SC more efficiently, leading to enhanced responses in hapten-induced contact @entity56 and higher serum levels of anti-ovalbumin IgG(1) and IgE. CONCLUSION: @entity24901 led to altered barrier integrity and enhanced sensitization, which are important factors in early-phase @entity483 . @entity12849 (-/-) @entity19 should provide a valuable tool to further explore additional factors the dysfunction of which leads to uncontrolled @entity32 in @entity1 with @entity66 .

title: Altered stratum corneum barrier and enhanced percutaneous immune responses in filaggrin-null XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['atopic diseases']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity24901 :: ('MESH:D007926', 'Disease') :: ['Complete filaggrin deficiency']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress may play a critical role in the pathogenesis and development of @entity28 -associated co-morbidities. Reactive @entity26 and @entity1568 species are produced as a consequence of normal aerobic metabolism and removed and/or inactivated in vivo by both endogenous ( @entity414 , @entity648 , @entity1433 ) and diet-derived (exogenous) antioxidants. The purpose of this study is to measure the total plasma antioxidant capacity ( @entity11636 ), as well as the corrected @entity11636 (cTAC, an index of exogenous provided antioxidants) in morbidly @entity28 @entity1 before and after surgical @entity353 . METHODS: 16 morbidly @entity28 (5 male and 11 female) candidates for surgical intervention, median age 34 (range 22-56) years, median weight 128 (range 96-186) kg, median excess weight 62 (range 28-115) kg and median BMI 44.4 (range 33.7-60.1) kg/m2 were evaluated before and 6 months after implantation of an intragastric balloon. 15 healthy blood donors (4 male and 11 female) on a normal diet, median age 35 (range 21-52) years, median weight 64.3 (range 46-78) kg and median BMI 24.2 (range 23.7-25.2) kg/m2 were also evaluated. Blood samples for routine clinical chemistry, @entity11636 and cTAC determination were drawn, and weight and BMI calculation were performed once in the control group, and in the morbidly @entity28 @entity1 (MO) before and 6 months after the balloon implantation. RESULTS: 6 months after balloon placement, weight and BMI of the MO @entity1 were statistically significantly reduced from the preoperative values (P<0.001). Plasma @entity11636 and cTAC values in the MO group were significantly lower preoperatively, compared to the control group (P<0.05 and P<0.001 respectively). cTAC values in the MO @entity1 increased significantly following @entity353 (P<0.001) and were restored to normal. However, the postoperative @entity11636 values in the MO group did not change significantly and remained lower than in the normal controls. A significant decrease (P<0.001) in @entity414 values was also noticed in the MO group after @entity353 . CONCLUSION: Plasma @entity11636 and cTAC values are impaired in morbidly @entity28 @entity1 . Weight loss from an intragastric balloon is associated with significant increase in plasma cTAC values. Plasma @entity11636 values, after the @entity353 remain unchanged, possibly due to a decrease in @entity414 , an important endogenous antioxidant.

title: Plasma antioxidant capacity in morbidly @entity28 XXXX before and after @entity353 .

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight reduction', 'weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Significant advances have been made in recent years in understanding the different ways in which @entity565 is expressed during childhood. There is a large group of @entity1 (20% of the population) who present with wheezing during @entity1800 during the first 3 years of life but whose symptoms disappear after this age. These @entity1 do not have any of the important risk factors associated with @entity565 in later childhood (high serum IgE levels, @entity2488 , family history of @entity565 ). The main characteristic associated with this condition is reduced lung function, which can be detected before these illnesses develop. It has been suggested that there is nothing unusual or characteristic in the immune response to viruses in these @entity1 , but it would appear that these @entity1 have narrower intrapulmonary airways. A second group of young @entity1 (10% of the population), who also wheeze during @entity1800 , present with most of the risk factors associated with @entity565 in later childhood. In this group of @entity1 symptoms tend to persist with age. It appears that in these @entity1 the immune response to viruses is characterized by a predominance of TH2-like cells. This suggests that their early wheezing is the expression of @entity565 because a TH2-like response to allergens and viruses is a characteristic found in most @entity748 @entity1 . A better understanding of the different types of childhood @entity565 , together with development of accurate prognostic tests, may be decisive in determining adequate strategies for prevention and treatment of the condition.

title: Definition of pediatric XXXX and associated risk factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity2488 :: ('MESH:D001982', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial hyperresponsiveness']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity8511 is poorly understood and mainly affects postmenopausal @entity1 . Dental allergens have seldom explained the burning. OBJECTIVE: Eight @entity1 (seven @entity1 , one @entity1 ) (mean age 62.5 years) who wore dentures and had the @entity8511 were investigated to determine whether contact @entity110 , @entity3408 , or pressure @entity110 played a role. Only @entity1 who had minimal to no erythema of the mucosa were included. METHODS: A complete blood cell count, fasting chemistry profile, and @entity4014 examination and cultures for Candida and dermatophytes were obtained. Contact @entity110 and patch testing with control substances were performed with a panel of 25 potential denture allergens. RESULTS: Complete blood cell counts and fasting chemistry profiles were normal. One positive Candida culture was found, but no improvement in the symptoms was noted after treatment. All @entity1 tested positive to @entity112 and to at least two of the nonimmunologic @entity110 controls. No @entity1 had a positive urticarial reaction to the potential dental allergens. Two @entity1 with nonimmunologic @entity110 to cinnamic @entity264 improved with avoidance. All patch tests were negative. In the six @entity1 tested for pressure @entity110 , the results were negative. CONCLUSION: We cannot indict @entity5526 , contact @entity110 , or pressure @entity110 as a cause of the @entity8511 in the denture-wearing @entity1 who has a normal-appearing mucosa. The burning symptoms in this syndrome may be secondary to a simple frictional phenomenon of the denture on the mucosa.

title: The @entity8511 : lack of a role for contact @entity110 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity3408 :: ('MESH:D017449', 'Disease') :: ['allergic contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity4014 :: ('MESH:C029943', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium hydroxide']

entities_list: @entity8511 :: ('MESH:D002054', 'Disease') :: ['burning mouth syndrome']

entities_list: @entity264 :: ('CHEBI:17478', 'Chemical') :: ['aldehyde']

entities_list: @entity5526 :: ('MESH:D003877', 'Disease') :: ['contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['urticaria']

answer: @entity5526 :: (MESH:D003877,Disease) :: ['contact dermatitis']


abstract: During normal circumstances, individuals have a delicate balance of water requirement and water intake. If the balance of water is altered, electrolyte imbalance can occur. If fluid intake continues uncurbed, an extreme condition may result known as self-induced @entity11896 and @entity914 . If untreated, complications may develop, including @entity1494 , @entity3041 , @entity177 , @entity712 , mild @entity911 , acute @entity933 , @entity410 , @entity772 , and @entity204 . The ongoing problem of @entity11896 presents a modern day nursing challenge to psychiatric nurses. The present study monitors nine chronically ill @entity1 in a special program for @entity11896 involving control and monitoring and a psychoeducational group approach in a closed unit of a state hospital. At the end of 3 months serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, and urine specific gravity were within normal limits since the start of the program. @entity148 , as evidenced by restlessness, pacing, increased talking, demanding behavior, hyperactivity, yelling, and @entity146 , had lessened. This improvement was accompanied by a stabilization of @entity146 . The use of restraints dropped from 1303 hr in the 3 months before the program to 20 hr and 55 min for the nine @entity1 in the first 3 months of the program. Progress in relation to the study hypothesis will be evaluated every 3 months.

title: A program for water-intoxicated XXXX at a state hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity11896 :: ('MESH:D014869', 'Disease') :: ['water intoxication']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['dilated and hypotonic bowel and bladder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic behavior', 'irritability']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['psychoses']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the clinical impact on cardiovascular stability during @entity400 ( @entity400 ) for @entity810 ( @entity810 ) of online monitoring devices that control blood volume (BV) and blood temperature in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. We compared different dialysis treatment modalities with or without these new systems among @entity3124 @entity1 requiring @entity400 . METHODS: In a prospective single-centre three-arm randomized controlled trial, 600 dialysis sessions in 74 consecutive @entity810 @entity3124 @entity1 were involved to assess @entity551 . Standard dialysis therapy with constant ultrafiltration (UF) rate, cool dialysate and high @entity1372 conductivity (Treatment A) was compared to regimens with adjunctive interventions including BV control (Treatment B) and the combination of BV and active blood temperature control (Treatment C). Each dialysis session was randomly assigned to one of the three treatment arms and served as statistical unit. RESULTS: Five hundred and seventy-two dialysis sessions were analysed (188, 190 and 194 in Treatments A, B and C, respectively). @entity551 occurred in 16.6% treatments, with similar rates among the arms. Haemodynamic parameters and dialysis-related complications did not differ between therapies. Based on generalized estimating equation adjusted to dialysate @entity1372 conductivity, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment the day of dialysis session, the need for vasopressors and lower systolic blood pressure at the onset of the session were identified as independent predictors of @entity551 episodes, whereas regimens containing the new online monitors were not. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that both actively controlled body temperature and UF profiled by online monitoring systems have no significant impact on the incidence of @entity551 in the ICU setting. Further research is needed before the use of these new sophisticated automatic methods can be applied routinely to the ICU setting.

title: Use of online blood volume and blood temperature monitoring during haemodialysis in XXXX @entity1 with @entity810 : a single-centre randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['intermittent haemodialysis', 'IHD']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['AKI', 'acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['intradialytic hypotension', 'hypotensive', 'Hypotension']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['critically ill']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare oxidative stress status in the @entity735 and control eyes. METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were collected from 15 highly @entity735 (high myopia group) and 23 @entity231 (control group) during @entity231 surgery. Central corneal thickness, corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonality of corneal endothelial cells, and cell area of corneal endothelial cells were measured using specular microscopy. Axial length was measured using ultrasound biometry. @entity20821 ( @entity20821 ) and @entity1234 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: @entity20821 level was lower in the aqueous humor of myopic @entity1 than in that of control group (p = 0.014) and was positively correlated with central corneal thickness and negatively correlated with axial length (r = 0.511, p = 0.02; r = -0.382, p < 0.001). There was no correlation between @entity20821 level and corneal endothelial cell density, hexagonality, or cell area. @entity1234 level did not show any correlation with any parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: @entity20821 might be a sensitive biomarker for evaluating oxidative stress status in the eye. Oxidative stress level was lower in the @entity735 compared to that in control eyes, which indicates lower metabolic activity in these eyes.

title: Oxidative Stress Levels in Aqueous Humor from High Myopic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity20821 :: ('MESH:C067134', 'Chemical') :: ['8-OHdG', '8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract', 'cataractous eyes']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['aqueous humor of highly myopic eyes', 'myopic eyes']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['Malondialdehyde', 'malondialdehyde']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: In @entity35 pituitary somatotrophs, the stimulation of @entity11249 secretion by @entity11523 ( @entity11523 ) is a @entity141 -dependent event involving @entity141 influx. The presence of @entity460 -induced @entity460 release (CICR) @entity141 stores has been suggested in these cells. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the presence of CICR stores in @entity35 somatotrophs and to determine their function in @entity11523 @entity141 signalling. To this end we measured cytosolic free @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i), using indo-1 in purified @entity35 somatotrophs in primary culture, while altering intracellular @entity141 stores. @entity1360 (10 ttM) or @entity29509 (10 ItM), used to mobilise organelle-bound @entity141 , raised [ @entity141 ]i in the absence of extracellular @entity141 . @entity5834 (5 to 50 mM), used to mobilise @entity141 from CICR stores, transiently raised [ @entity141 ]i in 65% of cells tested. The response to 40 mM @entity5834 was abolished when @entity141 stores were depleted, with 1 microM @entity2426 or with 10 microM @entity8452 . All cells that responded to 40 mM @entity5834 responded to 10 nM @entity11523 . The [ @entity141 ]i response to 10 nM @entity11523 was reversible and repeatable. However, the second response was 38% smaller than the first. @entity8452 treatment abolished the reduction in the second [ @entity141 ]i response, while @entity2426 increased the reduction by 67%. We conclude that @entity35 somatotrophs possess CICR @entity141 stores and that they account for 30-35% of the @entity11523 -induced increase in [ @entity141 ]i, and that their partial depletion is involved in somatotroph desensitization.

title: Intracellular @entity460 stores are involved in @entity11523 signal transduction in XXXX somatotrophs.

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity8452 :: ('MESH:D012433', 'Chemical') :: ['ryanodine', 'Ryanodine']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine', 'Caffeine']

entities_list: @entity11523 :: ('29446(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['GHRH', 'growth hormone-releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['Ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 11-13 in central nervous system (CNS) @entity281 are currently unknown. Using a @entity19 model of @entity6583 , we investigated the expression and distribution of TLRs 11-13 by using both gene specific real-time PCR analysis and in situ immunofluorescence microscopy in both control and @entity6583 brains. In the mock infected brain, mRNAs of TLRs 11-13 were constitutively expressed. Parasite @entity281 caused an increase of both mRNAs and protein levels of all three TLRs by several fold. All three TLR proteins were present in both CNS and immune cell types. Among them @entity28388 was expressed the most in terms of number of positive cells and brain areas expressing it, followed by @entity27076 and @entity31597 respectively. Among the nervous tissue cells, TLRs 11-13 protein levels appeared highest in neurons. However, @entity28388 expression was also present in ependymal cells, endothelial cells of pial blood vessels, and astrocytes. In contrast, infiltrating @entity3804 and @entity11805 positive myeloid cells predominantly produced @entity27076 protein, particularly early during @entity281 at 1 wk post @entity281 (approximately 50% cells). TLRs 12 and 13 proteins were present on approximately 5% of infiltrating immune cells. The infiltrating cells positive for TLRs 11-13 were mostly of myeloid origin, @entity3804 + cells. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the expression of TLRs 11-13 in normal and parasite infected @entity19 brains and suggests a role for them in CNS @entity281 .

title: Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors 11-13 in the brain during XXXX @entity6583 .

entities_list: @entity6583 :: ('MESH:D020019', 'Disease') :: ['neurocysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: AIMS/BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ) often have @entity170 of the high-turnover type, suggesting that @entity172 could have a beneficial effect. However, the cholestatic potential of @entity172 could imply a risk of increased @entity1448 in a disease characterized by @entity1448 . The aim of the present study was to test whether @entity34 ( @entity34 ) could be used to increase @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in @entity2835 @entity1 with @entity170 , without causing deterioration of the liver function. METHODS: Nine female @entity2835 @entity1 with @entity170 and one with @entity2331 were offered @entity34 for two years. The change in @entity79 was compared to the change in ten age-matched female @entity2835 @entity1 who had less severe or no @entity2331 and who did not receive @entity34 . Liver function tests were checked at six-month intervals. RESULTS: @entity34 @entity1 showed a statistically significant increase in lumbar spine @entity79 and total body @entity79 whereas control @entity1 showed a significant @entity79 . In contrast to the controls, @entity34 @entity1 also showed a decrease in truncal fat (-3.8%). Neither of the groups showed any statistically significant changes in the liver function tests. CONCLUSIONS: @entity34 is safe and effective in female @entity2835 @entity1 with @entity170 .

title: XXXX -progestogen therapy for low @entity79 in @entity2835 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'decrease in lumbar and total body BMD', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['HRT', 'hormone replacement therapy']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['Estrogen']


abstract: Transhiatal esophagectomy has been performed in 583 @entity1 with diseases of the intrathoracic esophagus: 166 (28%) benign and 417 (72%) malignant (6% upper, 28% middle, and 66% lower third and @entity418 ). The benign esophageal diseases included strictures (40%); @entity409 - @entity1318 (24%), @entity9237 (8%); recurrent @entity354 (16%); acute perforation (5%); acute @entity130 (2%); and others (3%). Among the @entity1 with benign disease, 60% had undergone at least one prior esophageal operation. Transhiatal esophagectomy was possible in 97% of @entity1 in whom it was attempted, 19 @entity1 (13 with @entity189 ) requiring addition of a thoracotomy for esophageal resection. Esophageal resection and reconstruction were performed in a single operation in all but 5 @entity1 . The esophageal substitute was positioned in the posterior mediastinum in the original esophageal bed in 96%. Stomach was used to replace the esophagus in 553 @entity1 (95%) and colon in 28 (5%) who had undergone prior gastric resections. Overall hospital mortality was 5% in @entity1 with benign disease and 5% in those with @entity189 . There was 1 intraoperative @entity204 caused by uncontrollable @entity548 . Complications included intraoperative entry into a pleural cavity necessitating a chest tube (74%), @entity834 (9%), recurrent @entity2895 (3%), and chylothorax and tracheal laceration (< 1% each). Three @entity1 required reoperation for mediastinal @entity548 . Average intraoperative @entity190 was 875 ml (1023 ml for benign disease and 817 ml for @entity189 ). Of the surviving @entity1 , 88% were discharged able to swallow within 3 weeks of operation and 78% within 2 weeks. The actuarial survival of the @entity1 with @entity189 is similar to that reported after more traditional transthoracic esophagectomy. Among @entity1 with benign disease, good or excellent functional results have been achieved in nearly 70% after a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis. Although approximately 44% have required one or more anastomotic dilations within 1 to 3 months of operation, true anastomotic strictures have developed in 10%. Clinically troublesome nocturnal reflux has occurred in 3%. Transhiatal esophagectomy is feasible in most @entity1 requiring esophageal resection for either benign or @entity5 and is a safe, well-tolerated operation if performed with care and for the proper indications.

title: Transhiatal esophagectomy for benign and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leak']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease']

entities_list: @entity9237 :: ('MESH:D015155', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal spasm']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['neuromotor dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma', 'benign disease and 6 with carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2895 :: ('MESH:D015840', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal nerve paralysis']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['caustic injury']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) is an imaging modality that combines laparoscopy and ultrasonography. The purpose of this prospective blinded study was to evaluate the TNM stage and assessment of resectability by LUS in @entity1 with @entity788 . METHODS: Of the 71 consecutive @entity1 admitted to our department, 36 were excluded from the study, mainly due to evident signs of @entity3 or another condition that would preclude surgery. Thus, a total of 35 @entity1 were enrolled in the study. All @entity1 underwent abdominal CT scan, ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), diagnostic laparoscopy, and LUS. Histopathologic examination was considered to be the final evaluation for LUS in all but three @entity1 , where EUS was used as the reference. RESULTS: The accuracy of LUS in T staging was 29/33 (80%); in N staging it was 22/34 (76%); in M staging, it was 23/34 (68%); and in overall TNM staging, it was 23/34 (68%). In assessment of nonresectability, distant @entity3 , and lymph node @entity3 , the sensitivity was 0.86, 0.43 and 0.67, respectively, for LUS alone. Combining the information gleaned from laparoscopy and LUS, the accuracy in finding nonresectable @entity5 was 89%. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic laparoscopy with LUS is highly accurate in TNM staging and assessment of resectability of @entity788 and should be considered an important modality in the assessment algorithm.

title: TNM staging and assessment of resectability of XXXX by laparoscopic ultrasonography.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether leaflet distribution affects lung screening rate, and what factor affects the motivation of consultation. @entity1 and @entity1 aged 40 to 59 were targeted to improve screening rate of ages for @entity5 screening, especially in their prime. Each 1,000 subject, a total of 2,000 were selected and divided into 8 groups in consideration of age group by random sampling method. This group was further divided into two groups, an intervention group including subjects distributed a leaflet and a non-intervention (control) group. A survey was conducted by postal self-administered survey forms. Collection rate was 21.6% for the intervention and 17.6% for the control group. The numbers of respondents who answered that this leaflet was effective for motivation of consulting @entity2 screening and the leaflet was ineffective, were 120 (60.0%) and 80 (40.0%), respectively. This indicated that the leaflet was clearly effective (p<0.01). @entity5 screening rate was 38.8% for the intervention group and 37.7% for the control group. It was shown that distribution by mail of even a single leaflet made by National @entity5 Center was effective for motivation of consultation of @entity2 screening.

title: Interventional study for improvement of XXXX screening rate.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer', 'Actual cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: The goal of this retrospective study was to describe dowel pinning, and to compare the results of osteosynthesis and external coaptation of metacarpal and metatarsal @entity174 in @entity468 . Evaluation of the medical records of 351 @entity468 yielded 63 @entity468 treated with dowel pinning, 35 @entity468 treated with external coaptation and 14 @entity468 treated with both methods within the same limb. All of the @entity468 had been re-evaluated at an average of 2.8 years (six months - 15 years) postoperatively. Dowel pinning was superior to external coaptation when all fractured bones of a limb could be pinned. When internal fixation of @entity174 was not feasible in all fractured bones due to comminution or fragments that were too short to pin, the outcome was not significantly different from cases treated with external coaptation alone. Malunion was seen in 16% of fractured bones in @entity468 treated with external coaptation and occurred secondary to implant bending in 3% of fractured bones treated with dowel pinning. The latter refers to one operated cat, which had four metacarpal @entity174 in the same limb. Radiographs taken at re-evaluation showed implant migration within the medullary canal in two @entity468 , although neither showed any signs of non-union or @entity1273 . Non-union was seen in one operated cat, in which the @entity174 (MC IV) could not be completely reduced with a K-wire. @entity4034 did not occur. Dowel pinning is an easy, inexpensive and effective technique for repair of metacarpal and metatarsal @entity174 in @entity468 .

title: Dowel pinning for feline metacarpal and metatarsal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['Osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'multiple fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) is an inflammatory, autoimmune, @entity66 often involving the central and peripheral nervous systems. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a selective small-diameter nerve fiber @entity16 in @entity1 with @entity1252 . DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway. @entity1 Sixty @entity1 with @entity1252 , aged 43.2 +/- 13.5 years (mean +/- SD). INTERVENTIONS: Skin biopsies, nerve conduction studies, and clinical neurologic examinations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Density of intraepidermal small-diameter nerve fibers in skin biopsy specimens and large-diameter nerve fiber function as determined by nerve conduction studies and clinical examinations. RESULTS: The mean density of intraepidermal small-diameter nerve fibers in @entity1 with @entity1252 was 7.5 +/- 3.8/mm. Eight @entity1 (13%) had densities below reference values, consistent with small-diameter nerve fiber @entity16 , and results of nerve conduction studies were normal in 6 of them. Eleven @entity1 (18%) had abnormal results of nerve conduction studies, reflecting large-diameter nerve fiber @entity16 , and 4 @entity1 (7%) were classified by an experienced neurologist as having @entity305 after the clinical examination. CONCLUSIONS: An abnormal reduction in intraepidermal small-diameter nerve fiber densities is evident in some @entity1 despite normal function of their larger nerve fibers. This adds further support to the theory that a pure small-diameter nerve fiber @entity16 may occur in @entity1252 .

title: Small-diameter nerve fiber XXXX in @entity1252 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multiorgan disease']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'Systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity305 :: ('MESH:D011115', 'Disease') :: ['polyneuropathy']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neuropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Video-assisted lobectomy lacks vascular control and presents the potential for serious @entity548 in a closed cavity. The use of a lighted, flow-directed balloon catheter in the pulmonary artery as an endovascular control device was evaluated. METHODS: A modified light-bearing Swan-Ganz catheter was placed in the left or right pulmonary artery using fluoroscopy. The lit catheter was identified easily through the arterial wall at thoracoscopy. Its inflation allowed the control of proximal blood flow as required. Fully thoracoscopic lobectomy was carried out by isolating and dividing the lobar branches of the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary vein, and the bronchus in anesthetized @entity1707 . RESULTS: Forty-two video-assisted anatomic lobectomies were completed in 30 @entity1707 with balloon catheter control of the pulmonary artery. The balloon effectively controlled experimental @entity548 caused by puncturing arterial branches (n = 4). It allowed the transection of unlooped lobar arteries (n = 42) and the main interlobar pulmonary artery (n = 3). Catheter displacement back to the heart occurred in 5 animals and balloon catheter technical failures occurred in 3. CONCLUSIONS: The lighted, flow-directed balloon catheter was an effective means of avoiding @entity548 and achieving vascular control in a @entity1707 lobectomy model.

title: Thoracoscopic lobectomy with endoarterial vascular control: an experimental study in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['acute hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Microglial cells are the predominant immune cells in malignant @entity1313 , but @entity5 may release some factors to reduce their defensive functions. Restoration of the anti- @entity5 function of microglia has been proposed as a treatment modality for @entity463 . We examined the effect of intra-cranially administered recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding interleukin-12 (rAAV2/ @entity567 ) on transfection efficiency, local immune activity and survival in a @entity35 model of @entity463 multiforme. METHODS: F344 @entity35 were injected with rAAV2/ @entity567 and implanted with syngeneic RG2 cells ( @entity463 cell line). Intracerebral interleukin-12 and interferon-y concentrations were determined by ELISA. Activation of microglia was determined by expressions of ED1 and @entity5 @entity39 factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( @entity48449 ) which were evaluated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The proliferation of @entity5 cells was evaluated with Ki67 immunohistochemistry and apoptosis of @entity5 cells with TUNEL. RESULTS: The brains treated with rAAV2/ @entity567 maintained high expression of interleukin-12 and interferon-y for at least two months. In @entity5 model, brains treated with rAAV2/ @entity567 exhibited more infiltration of activated microglia cells as examined by ED1 and @entity48449 stains in the @entity5 . In addition, the volume of @entity5 was markedly smaller in @entity4700 / @entity567 -treated group and the survival time was significantly longer in this group too. CONCLUSION: The intra-cerebrally administered rAAV2/ @entity567 efficiently induces long lasting expression of @entity567 , the greater infiltration of activated microglia cells in the @entity5 associated improved immune reactions, resulting in the inhibited growth of implanted @entity463 and the increased survival time of these @entity35 .

title: The treatment of @entity463 multiforme through activation of microglia and @entity48449 induced by rAAV2-mediated @entity567 in a syngeneic XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'syngeneic tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: Multilevel noncontiguous @entity3083 has rarely been reported in the literature. We present a retrospective clinical study of 14 @entity1 with multilevel noncontiguous @entity3083 treated by single-stage posterior transforaminal thoracic debridement, limited decompression, interbody fusion, and posterior instrumentation (modified TTIF) and determine the clinical effectiveness of such surgical treatment for MNTST. METHODS: Fourteen @entity1 with multilevel noncontiguous @entity3083 were treated with modified TTIF. The mean follow-up was 27.36    10.46 months (range 13-42 months). The kyphotic angle ranged from -2   to 47   before operation, with an average of 19.21      12.63  . The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of @entity1 upon admission ranged from 30 to 62 mm/h before operation, with an average of 46.43    10.77 mm/h. The Frankel Grade was used to evaluate the @entity51 . RESULTS: The average ESR got normal (8.14    5.89 mm/h) within 3 months in all @entity1 . The average kyphotic angle decreased to 8.07      6.91   postoperatively. Mean deformity angle was measured as 8.79      7.29   at the last visit. Solid fusion was achieved in all cases. Neurologic status of the 12 @entity1 with preoperative @entity51 was 6 with grade D recovered to normal; 2 with grade B, both of them to grade D; 4 with grade C, 2 to grade D, 1 to grade E, and 1 still in grade C. CONCLUSIONS: Modified TTIF can be an effective treatment method of multilevel noncontiguous @entity3083 .

title: Surgical management for multilevel noncontiguous XXXX by single-stage posterior transforaminal thoracic debridement, limited decompression, interbody fusion, and posterior instrumentation (modified TTIF).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit', 'neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity3083 :: ('MESH:D014399', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic spinal tuberculosis']

answer: @entity3083 :: (MESH:D014399,Disease) :: ['thoracic spinal tuberculosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Many @entity1 with oncogene-driven @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) treated with @entity669 kinase inhibitors experience limited sites of disease progression. This study investigated retrospectively the benefits of local ablative therapy (LAT) to central nervous system (CNS) and/or limited @entity262 progression and continuation of @entity9816 or @entity3866 in @entity1 with metastatic ALK gene rearrangement (ALK+) or @entity470 -mutant ( @entity470 -MT) @entity1149 , respectively. METHODS: @entity1 with metastatic ALK+ @entity1149 treated with @entity9816 (n = 38) and @entity470 -MT @entity1149 treated with @entity3866 (n = 27) were identified at a single institution. Initial response to the respective kinase inhibitors, median progression-free survival (PFS1), and site of first progression were recorded. A subset of @entity1 with either nonleptomeningeal CNS and/or four sites or fewer of extra-CNS progression ( @entity66 ) suitable for LAT received either radiation or surgery to these sites and continued on the same @entity669 kinase inhibitors. The subsequent median progression-free survival from the time of first progression ( @entity16450 ) and pattern of progression were recorded. RESULTS: Median progression-free survival in ALK+ @entity1 on @entity9816 was 9.0 months, and 13.8 months for @entity470 -MT @entity1 on @entity3866 . Twenty-five of 51 @entity1 (49%) who progressed were deemed suitable for local therapy (15 ALK+, 10 @entity470 -MT; 24 with radiotherapy, one with surgery) and continuation of the same targeted therapy. Post-LAT, 19 of 25 @entity1 progressed again, with median @entity16450 of 6.2 months. DISCUSSION: Oncogene-addicted @entity1149 with CNS and/or limited @entity262 progression ( @entity66 ) on relevant targeted therapies is often suitable for LAT and continuation of the targeted agent, and is associated with more than 6 months of additional disease control.

title: Local ablative therapy of @entity66 control by XXXX kinase inhibitors in oncogene-addicted @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['oligoprogressive disease']

entities_list: @entity9816 :: ('MESH:C551994', 'Chemical') :: ['crizotinib']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Describing the association between the nutritional and oral health status of @entity1 attending a school in Cartagena, Colombia. METHOD: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 180 @entity1 between aged 5 to 12. @entity3147 was assessed by anthropometric and biochemical tests, a questionnaire was used for ascertaining theirdiets andgingival disease, changes in soft tissues, @entity1547 , @entity854 and oral hygiene status were measured clinically. Descriptive statistics involved frequency distributions. Disease prevalence was estimated for inferring the results; odds ratios(OR)were used for assessing the strength of association between variables (95 % confidence interval)and the X   test was used determining statistical significance. RESULTS: 2 % (0.0-4.4 95 % CI)chronic @entity3147 was found. The most prevalent @entity66 were @entity1547 (82 %;77-88 95 % CI), @entity2520 (66 %;59-73 95 % CI), @entity3296 (30 %; 23-37 95 % CI), @entity45153 (11 %; 6-15 95 % CI) and @entity509 (6 %;3-10 95 % CI). @entity3147 and the risk of @entity3147 andfluorosis had the highest estimates of association (OR=18.5; 2.33-147.2 95 % CI; p=0.000 and OR=2.63;1.02-6.76 95 % CI;p=0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A direct association between @entity3147 and oral pathologies could not be determined;alterationssuch as @entity3296 and @entity509 could be influenced by @entity3147 .

title: [Oral and nutritional health status in XXXX attending a school in Cartagena, 2009].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity45153 :: ('MESH:C562880', 'Disease') :: ['hypocalcification']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['oral diseases']

entities_list: @entity2520 :: ('MESH:D010510', 'Disease') :: ['periodontal disease']

entities_list: @entity3296 :: ('MESH:D009050', 'Disease') :: ['fluorosis']

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['enamel abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['dental caries']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition', 'Malnutrition', 'Malnutrition and hypoplasia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity6 is a major public health problem which needs to be addressed with outmost planning in resource poor settings. Good glycaemic control and medication adherence patterns can play an important role in reducing disease related complications thereby reducing morbidity and mortality among @entity6 . Disease specific camps can act as a stepping stone in providing limited care to the @entity1 . AIM: The study was planned to study the impact of @entity6 camp on glycaemic control and adherence to antidiabetic medication among @entity6 @entity1 at a Government Teaching Hospital, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a medication adherence questionnaire collected from the @entity1 participating in @entity6 camps and measuring their HbA1C levels before and after the camps along with spreading awareness about the disease. Two @entity6 camps were organized, three month apart and the @entity1 were imparted knowledge about the disease. A total of 50 @entity1 with type 2 @entity3918 who had self reported history of @entity6 and were on some form of oral anti @entity6 confirmed by their prescriptions. The @entity1 were called for monthly follow up in outpatient department. A six question preformed questionnaire - the Girerd's instrument was used to assess the level of adherence to the prescribed anti- @entity6 drugs in 50 @entity1 with @entity6 , their HbA1C levels were estimated and the results were analysed using standard statistical methods. RESULTS: A total of 50 type 2 @entity6 , 48 were studied comprising 23 (47.9%) @entity1 and 25 (52.1%) @entity1 with a mean age of 57.43 years. The average duration of @entity6 among @entity1 was 7.02 years. Poor medication adherence score was recorded in 27 @entity1 and only 7 @entity1 had good adherence to medication before the camp. After the camp, 19 @entity1 had good adherence and 7 had poor medication adherence scores. As a result of improved adherence, improvement in glycaemic control was noticed by a decrease of 0.5 units in the mean HbA1C value by the end of the study. CONCLUSION: The results clearly showed that group intervention in the form of camp combined with monthly follow-ups could improve adherence as well as glycaemic control at a government teaching hospital in a resource poor setting. This could also involve and encourage society as well as young trainees to participate collectively in the care of @entity6 .

title: Study the Impact of XXXX Camps on Adherence to Medication and Glycaemic Control in Uttarakhand.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetics', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetes awareness', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dracocephalum moldavica is used as a tranquilizer and as remedy for nervous conditions relief in the Mexican traditional medicine. Despite its intensive use no literature reported neuropharmacological studies on Dracocephalum moldavica as yet. AIM OF THE STUDY: The sedative, anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects of the aqueous extract of aerial parts of Dracocephalum moldavica (Lamiaceae) ( @entity3918 ) were evaluated in behavioral models in @entity19 . The general toxic effects of @entity3918 were evaluated as well as their chemical analysis was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity3918 effects were evaluated on @entity4485 -induced sleeping time (SPT), the hole-board ( @entity46091 ), and the avoidance exploratory behavior (AEBT) tests and on the forced swimming test (FST). General activity and motor coordination were evaluated in the open field (OFT) and Rota-rod tests, respectively. The acute @entity137 of @entity3918 was determinate by its LD(50) dose. The chemical analyses @entity3918 were performed by chromatographic and HPLC-ESI-MS techniques. RESULTS: @entity3918 prolonged the @entity4485 -induced sleeping time, induced sedation in the @entity46091 , decreased spontaneous activity and produced motor coordination impairment in @entity19 . However, @entity3918 did not show anxiolytic effects in the AEBT or @entity46091 and it was not effective in FST. The @entity3918 -treatment produced mortalities with LD(50)=470 mg/kg body weight. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of @entity3918 revealed that ( @entity15475 , @entity15476 and luteolin)-7-O-b-D-(6   -O-malonyl)-glucoside derivates are the main compounds of @entity3918 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity3918 induced sedative actions and a general inhibition of CNS activity observed by the decrease of animals' general activity, motor coordination and exploration.

title: Neuropharmacological study of Dracocephalum moldavica L. (Lamiaceae) in XXXX : sedative effect and chemical analysis of an aqueous extract.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The aim of this study is to present a modern method which can be used in the early phase of @entity583 . Its results show that with the detection of residual ischaemia, valuable information can be gained concerning the progression of the disease and the claim to revascularisation. During the first week (2-7 days), the authors performed risk assessing @entity452 stress echocardiography in 52 nonselected acute @entity1 with first @entity583 . @entity1 with negative results were regarded as low risk cases 35/52 (67.3%), while those with positive results were regarded as high risk cases 17/52 (32.7%). The number of the serious postinfarction hard events was 22/52 (42.3%) during the one-year following period. In the case of the positive group, during mainly the first three months the occurrence of such events was found to be extremely high: 16/17 (94.1%), while in the case of the negative group it was only 6/35 (17.1%). On the basis of the test results it can be stated that coronarography was performed in 14/17 (82.4%) vs. 3/35 (8.6%) of the cases, and revascularisation in 10/17 (58.8%) vs. 1/35 (2.9%) of the cases. In 2/17 (11.8%) vs. 3/35 (8.6%) of the cases, the @entity1 suffered from @entity1187 and the mortality rate was 2/17 (11.8%) vs. 1/35 (2.9%). The sensitivity value was 79.1%, the specificity value 90.6%, and the positive and negative predictive values 86.3% and 85.3%. There was no such significant complication detected which could be attributable to the examination. On the basis of the results and corresponding to the data in special literature, the authors found the @entity452 stress test a good and safe prognostical method even some days after the @entity1188 . With the help of this method the high and low risk groups of @entity1 can be separated early, and at the same time the claim to revascularisation in the first three months can be measured too.

title: [Risk assessment and measuring the need for revascularization on the basis of residual ischemia by means of XXXX stress echocardiography in the early phase of the first @entity583 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: @entity1209 ( @entity1209 ) after ophthalmic surgery under general anaesthesia remains a complex and perturbing complication associated with several factors. Little information is available regarding the risk factors for @entity390 and @entity391 after vitrectomy in adults. In this study, we evaluated the potential risk factors for @entity1209 after vitrectomy in adult @entity1 . METHODS: Univariate and multivariate analyses of clinical factors associated with @entity1209 were undertaken in a retrospective case-control series of 247 adult @entity1 undergoing vitrectomy under general anaesthesia. We examined @entity1209 for the first 48 h. Factors examined were age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, H2-blocker as premedication, type of general anaesthesia ( @entity2614 and @entity3575 or total intravenous (i.v.) anaesthesia with @entity1875 and @entity3575 ), duration of surgery, and intraoperative @entity3575 dose. RESULTS: Fifty-nine @entity1 (24%) reported one or more episodes of @entity1209 during the study period. Female gender (P < 0.01), lower BMI (P < 0.01) and general anaesthesia with inhalational anaesthetics (P < 0.01) were significantly related to @entity390 during the first 2 h postoperatively. Female gender (P < 0.01) was significantly related to @entity390 and @entity391 throughout the study period. Other factors, including smoking status, did not alter the risk for @entity1209 . CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that female gender, lower BMI and inhalation anaesthesia are the main risk factors for @entity1209 after vitrectomy in adults. Smoking status did not reduce the incidence of @entity1209 in our @entity1 .

title: Risk factors for XXXX and @entity391 following vitrectomy in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and/or vomiting', 'Postoperative nausea and vomiting', 'PONV']

answer: @entity390 :: (MESH:D009325,Disease) :: ['nausea']


abstract: 1. When a malignant growth is developing in a @entity1 , one often observes in the serum an increased activity of serum enzymes due to @entity39 and increased membrane permeability caused by the altered metabolism of malignant cells. Conversely, I considered it interesting to check the enzymes of the @entity5910 - @entity492 shuttle in addition to LDH enzyme when a @entity5 is regressing due to radiation therapy. The @entity1 who were selected for this study had histologically proved @entity242 ( @entity1893 , @entity1821 , and @entity242 ). 2. The data obtained indicated that @entity5 regression is heralded by progressive decline (to the normal level) of LDH, GOT and MDH activities in serum. Normalization of these systems suggested that @entity1893 , @entity1821 , and @entity242 are sensitive to the therapeutic agent used. 3. In viewing the data herein reported a definitive conclusion regarding the diagnostic usefulness of these assays is apparent. It seems possible that the measurement of these enzymes in serum of @entity1 with proved @entity242 , may prove to be useful laboratory adjunct to diagnostic radiology and in the management of @entity1 whose diagnosis has already been established.

title: Alterations of serum enzymes during therapy directed at @entity1 @entity5 : a radiological follow-up study of XXXX transformation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas', 'post-nosal sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplastic growth']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['reticulosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1821 :: ('MESH:D008080', 'Disease') :: ['liposarcoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: This study was conducted to define adhesive characteristics of the acid-stable moiety of the @entity5132 phosphomannoprotein complex (PMPC) on adherence of this fungus to marginal zone macrophages of the @entity19 spleen. Complete digestion of the acid-stable moiety (Fr.IIS) of the @entity5132 PMPC with an alpha-mannosidase or hydrolysis with 0.6 N @entity8316 destroyed adhesin activity, as determined by the inability of the soluble digests to inhibit @entity375 cell adherence to the splenic marginal zone. Fr.IIS adhesin activity was decreased following digestion with an alpha-1,2-specific mannosidase. Oligomannosyls consisting of one to six @entity3913 units, which were isolated from the acid-stable part of the PMPC, did not inhibit @entity375 cell binding and thus do not function alone as adhesin sites in the PMPC. To gain more insight into the minimum requirements for adhesin activity, PMPCs were isolated from a @entity375 wild-type strain and from mutant strains @entity8247 , @entity50277 , and @entity50278 ; the PMPCs were designated scwt/Fr.II, scmn1/Fr.II, scmn2/Fr.II, and scmn4/Fr.II, respectively. @entity375 scmn2/Fr.II lacks oligomannosyl side chain branches from the outer core mannan, and scmn2/Fr.II was the only PMPC without adhesin activity. @entity375 scwt/Fr.II, scmn1/Fr.II, and scmn4/Fr.II showed adhesin activities less than that of @entity5132 Fr.II. These three @entity375 PMPCs are generally similar to Fr. IIS, except that the @entity375 structure has fewer and shorter side chains. Immunofluorescence microscopy show that the acid-stable part of the PMPC is displayed homogeneously on the @entity5132 @entity375 cell surface, which would be expected for a surface adhesin. Our results indicate that both the mannan core and the oligomannosyl side chains are responsible for the adhesin activity of the acid-stable part of the PMPC.

title: Minimum chemical requirements for adhesin activity of the acid-stable part of XXXX cell wall phosphomannoprotein complex.

entities_list: @entity8316 :: ('MESH:C033158', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfuric acid']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans', 'C. albicans']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'S. cerevisiae']

answer: @entity5132 :: (5476,Species) :: ['Candida albicans']


abstract: Prevalence estimates for @entity1744 from surveys in Western countries are 4.4% to 22%, generally higher in @entity1 than @entity1 , and only a minority seek health care. There are few studies of bowel patterns in Asian countries. We conducted a survey of a nonpatient population in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to determine bowel patterns and the prevalence of @entity29 . A forced-choice, self-report questionnaire was distributed to 738 predominantly health care workers, as well as @entity1 relatives, at Cho Ray Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City and returned by 411 (response rate of 55.7%). Results were analyzed for @entity1 and @entity1 using Student's t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. Subjects were 53.6% female, with a mean age of 27.7+/-6.9 years. Overall perception of health was excellent/very good in 13.6%, good in 54.2%, and fair/poor in 32.1% (males, 17.1%, 51.3%, and 31.5%, vs. females, 10.6%, 56.7%, and 32.7%; P=NS). The mean number of stools reported per week was 6.5 (males, 6.6, vs. females, 6.4; P=NS) and ranged between 3 and 21 stools per week in 95.5%. The frequency of @entity146 (using Rome I criteria) was 7.2% (95% CI=4.8-10.1), with males at 4.8% (95% CI=2.2-8.9) vs. females at 9.2% (95% CI=5.7-13.9) (P=0.08). Of the subjects with @entity146 , 6 of 29 (20.7%) had seen a physician for bowel symptoms. There were no gender differences in reported infrequent stool (12.0%), frequent stool (11.3%), hard stool (17.5%), loose stool (6.5%), straining (14.5%), incomplete emptying (16.2%), bloating (15.0%), urgency (10.0%), or mucus (2.7%). In conclusion, this survey of a nonpatient population in Vietnam showed that @entity146 as defined by Rome criteria were common and that there were no significant differences between sexes in either stool frequency or prevalence of @entity1744 , unlike previous studies from the United States. The prevalence of @entity1744 in Vietnam in this study was in the lower range of reported data from Western countries, possibly in part related to the use of the Rome criteria. Only a minority of subjects with @entity146 reported seeking health care for these symptoms.

title: A survey of XXXX in Vietnam using the Rome criteria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['bowel dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome symptoms']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: As a consequence of difficulties in movement initiation and execution, @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ) are typically encouraged to consciously monitor and control the mechanics of their actions. This is described as 'reinvestment' and has been shown to help mediate effective motor output. Paradoxically, in situations where @entity1 with @entity191 are particularly motivated to move effectively, reinvestment may exacerbate existing @entity717 . OBJECTIVE: To examine the propensity for reinvestment in a sample of @entity1 with @entity191 . METHODS: A volunteer sample of 55 @entity1 with @entity191 was asked to complete a previously validated measure, the Reinvestment Scale. A sub-sample (and age matched controls) was asked to complete a recently developed, movement specific, version of the Scale. Data was collected on Mini Mental State Examination and the Hoehn _ Yahr Scale. @entity1 demographics, including age of onset and duration of disease, were also collated. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that duration of disease was associated with reinvestment score on both the Reinvestment Scale and the Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 appeared to become more aware of the mechanics of their actions over time. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed with reference to rehabilitation.

title: Duration of XXXX is associated with an increased propensity for "reinvestment".

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participant', 'Participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['movement deficits']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of @entity1833 in @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity1726 ), and to analyze the relationship between @entity1833 and @entity25 . METHODS: We recruited 187 @entity1 with @entity1726 (H-Y    -   ) from outpatient department in Beijing Hospital. The @entity1 were investigated for general information and the use of medicine. The @entity1 were divided into @entity1833 (VH) group and non-hallucination(non-VH) group. A comparison study was conducted between two groups. We investigated the @entity25 of @entity1726 @entity1 according to Non Motor Symptom Quest(NMSquest) and @entity191 sleep scale(PDSS). Logistic stepwise multiple regression procedures were used to determine the best predictive model of @entity1833 in @entity1 with @entity1726 . RESULTS: (1) 42 cases(22.5%) of @entity1726 @entity1 were accompanied by @entity1833 ; (2) the VH group and non-VH group had no difference in age, sex, duration of illness, the scores of Minimum Mental State Examination(MMSE) and @entity3034 equivalent doses (LED). The scores of Unified @entity191 Rating Scale(UPDRS)    , the Hamilton Rating Scale for @entity148 (HAMA) and the Hamilton Rating Scale for @entity308 (HAMD) in VH group were significantly higher than those in non-VH group[3.5(2, 5) vs 2 (1, 3); 10(6.75, 15) vs 8(5, 11); 11(7.75, 17) vs 9(5, 13); P<0.05]; (3) the incidences of vivid dreams and REM @entity146 (RBD) in VH group were significantly higher than those in non-VH group(61.9% vs 40.7%, 71.4% vs 47.6%, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in incidences of excessive @entity25 and @entity4531 between two groups(P>0.05). The score of PDSS in VH group was significantly lower than that in non-VH group[111(92.75, 128.25) vs 123(109, 135), P<0.05]; (4) the Logistic stepwise multiple regression revealed that vivid dreams(P=0.045) and the score of PDSS(P=0.006) were the independent influencing factors for VH in @entity1726 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of VH in @entity1726 with @entity8108 -Y staging    -    is 22.5%. The presence of vivid dreams and severe @entity25 are independently associated with VH in @entity1726 .

title: [Influencing factors of @entity1833 in XXXX with @entity191 and its relationship with @entity25 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3034 :: ('MESH:D007980', 'Chemical') :: ['levodopa']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['sleep behavior disorder']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", "Parkinson's Disease"]

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['visual hallucination', 'visual hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity4531 :: ('MESH:D012148', 'Disease') :: ['restless legs']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disorders', 'daytime sleepiness', 'sleep disorder']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The objectives of this study were to collect and characterize @entity3082 meningococcal isolates from Ethiopia from 2002 to 2003 and to compare them to 21 strains recovered during the previous large @entity3082 of 1988 to 1989. Ninety-five @entity1 in all age groups with clinical signs of @entity693 and a turbid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample were included in the study of isolates from 2002 to 2003. Seventy-one @entity1 (74.7%) were confirmed as having @entity3631 either by culture (n = 40) or by porA PCR (n = 31) of their CSF. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) was 11.6%; the @entity3631 -specific CFR was 4.2%. All 40 strains were fully susceptible to all antibiotics tested except @entity11682 , were serotyped as A:4/21:P1.20,9, and belonged to sequence type 7 (ST-7). The strains from 1988 to 1989 were also equally susceptible and were characterized as A:4/21:P1.20,9, but they belonged to @entity10260 . Antigenic characterization of the strains revealed differences in the repertoire of lipooligosaccharides and Opa proteins between the old and the recent strains. PCR analysis of the nine @entity5053 genes revealed the presence of the lgtAHFG genes in both old and recent strains; lgtB was present in only some of the strains, but no correlation with sequence type was observed. Further analysis showed that in addition to their pgm alleles, the @entity10260 and ST-7 strains also differed in their tbpB, opa, fetA, and lgtA genes. The occurrence of new antigenic structures in strains sharing the same serogroup, PorA, and PorB may help explain the replacement of @entity10260 by ST-7 in the African @entity693 belt.

title: Characterization of XXXX isolates from recent outbreaks in Ethiopia and comparison with those recovered during the @entity3082 of 1988 to 1989.

entities_list: @entity11682 :: ('CHEBI:35358', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonamide']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3631 :: ('487', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria meningitidis', 'N. meningitidis']

answer: @entity3631 :: (487,Species) :: ['Neisseria meningitidis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is an unmet need for the non-invasive monitoring of @entity82 progression in @entity1 with @entity775 ( @entity775 ). AIMS: To assess the diagnostic performance of transient elastography in @entity1 with @entity775 and to investigate the impact of disease activity on its diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: Optimal cut-offs were defined in a prospective pilot-study (n=34) and the diagnostic performance of transient elastography validated in an independent second cohort (n=60). To explore the impact of disease activity on liver stiffness, @entity1 were stratified according to biochemical response and the time interval between start of immunosuppression and transient elastography. RESULTS: Liver stiffness strongly correlated with histological @entity82 stage (pilot-study:    = 0.611, p< 0.001; validation cohort:   =0.777, p<0.0001). ROC curves defined an AUROC of 0.95 for diagnosing @entity82 at the optimal cut-off of 16 kPa. The performance of transient elastography was impaired when @entity1 were analysed in whom transient elastography was performed within 3 months from start of treatment. In this setting, liver stiffness correlated with histological grading (  =0.558, p=0.001), but not with staging. In contrast, using the cut-off of 16 kPa, the accuracy for diagnosing @entity82 was excellent in @entity1 treated for 6 months or longer (AUROC 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: @entity409 has a major impact on liver stiffness in the first months of @entity775 treatment. However, TE has an excellent diagnostic accuracy for separating severe from non-severe @entity82 after 6 months of immunosuppressive treatment. LAY SUMMARY: Transient elastography (TE) is a special ultrasound scan, which assesses liver stiffness as a surrogate marker for @entity1575 / @entity2318 . Transient elastography has been shown to be a reliable non-invasive method to assess @entity1575 in various chronic @entity409 , it takes less than 5 minutes and has a high @entity1 acceptance. The current study validated for the first time this technique in a large cohort of @entity1 with @entity775 ( @entity775 ) and demonstrates that it is a reliable tool to detect @entity1575 in treated @entity775 . For the monitoring of potential disease progression under treatment, the validation of liver stiffness as non-invasive marker of @entity1575 will greatly improve @entity1 care in @entity775 .

title: Validation of transient elastography in @entity775 : timing determines the impact of inflammation and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Liver inflammation', 'liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['AIH', 'autoimmune hepatitis']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: Susceptibility to @entity788 appears to be linked to germ-line mutations in genes causing various @entity5 . The objectives of this study were to estimate the proportion of unselected @entity788 @entity1 belonging to @entity4310 families and to determine the frequency ofp16, @entity5345 , @entity2674 , @entity4311 , and @entity6756 germ-line mutations in @entity1 with a personal or family history of @entity5 . The study population consisted of 102 @entity1 with histologically verified @entity788 , unselected for age, sex, family history, or ethnic origin. @entity1 completed a family history questionnaire and provided blood for mutation analysis. Three-generation pedigrees were constructed and classified as high risk/familial, intermediate risk/ familial, intermediate risk/nonfamilial, or low risk according to defined criteria. High- and intermediate-risk cases were analyzed for germ-line mutations using a combination of methods. Thirty-eight of 102 (37%) @entity1 were characterized as high or intermediate risk, and the remainder were classified as low risk. Germ-line mutations were identified in five (13%) of these cases [one in @entity986 ( @entity46679 ); one in @entity5345 ( @entity26207 ); and three in @entity2674 ( @entity30073 )]. The @entity5345 and @entity2674 mutations were identified in Ashkenazi Jewish @entity1 . Four of the mutation carriers had strong family histories of the syndromes associated with the mutated genes. No mutations were identified in @entity1 in whom the sole risk factor was a family history of @entity788 , and only one mutation was found among @entity1 with early-onset disease. We conclude that known causes of genetic predisposition are an important risk factor in a small proportion of @entity788 @entity1 , especially if associated with a strong family history of syndromes associated with the disease. The lack of detectable germ-line mutations in most high- and intermediate-risk cases suggests that there are probably additional, as yet unidentified genes predisposing to this disease.

title: Inherited predisposition to @entity788 : role of family history and germ-line @entity986 , XXXX , and @entity2674 mutations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['familial cancer syndromes', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4310 :: ('MESH:D009386', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary cancer syndrome']

entities_list: @entity46679 :: ('p|SUB|I|49|S', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['I49S']

answer: @entity5345 :: (672,Gene) :: ['BRCA1']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity5202 ( @entity5202 ) is an increasingly recognized condition both in @entity1 and adults. The aim of the present study was to review the available evidence regarding @entity5202 in adults. METHODS: PubMed, MEDLINE and medical textbooks were searched in May-June 2005 for English-language articles published between January 1978 and June 2005 containing relevant terms. The abstracts of two major conferences from 2000 to June 2005 were also reviewed. The presence of more than 15 eosinophils per high power field on esophageal biopsies was required to establish the diagnosis. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies with 325 @entity1 (male/female ratio: 3/1) were found that met the review criteria. Presenting symptoms included @entity1282 (93%), food impaction (62%) and heartburn (23.6%). An allergic history and peripheral @entity1712 was noted in 51.6 and 30.8% of @entity1 , respectively. Esophageal manometry presented evidence of a @entity1319 in 40% of cases. Endoscopic findings included @entity2100 / @entity4 , rings, strictures, whitish pinpoint exudates and small-calibre esophagus in 59.3, 49.2, 39.7, 15.7 and 5.3% of cases, respectively, whereas 8.8% of @entity1 had a normal endoscopy. Bougienage was performed in 64 @entity1 , with limited efficacy and an increased complication rate. The administration of @entity288 resulted in symptomatic improvement in more than 95% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: An allergic history and peripheral @entity1712 is less common in adults than among @entity1 with @entity5202 . An @entity4423 should be a novel indication for biopsies in adults with long-lasting @entity1282 . A trial with @entity288 before bougienage may reduce active @entity32 and the complication rate.

title: XXXX in adults: a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5202 :: ('MESH:D057765', 'Disease') :: ['Eosinophilic esophagitis', 'EE']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal fragility']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity4423 :: ('MESH:D015154', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal motility disorder']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['motility disorder']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity5202 :: (MESH:D057765,Disease) :: ['Eosinophilic esophagitis']


abstract: Levels of apoptotic lymphocytes have been found to be increased in @entity1252 and persistence of apoptotic cells has been associated with autoantibody production. Increased lymphocyte Fas ( @entity1197 ) expression due to lymphocyte activation may account for increased susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis in @entity1252 . Flowcytometry was performed to evaluate membrane expression of Fas in combination with the activation markers @entity2902 , HLA-DR and @entity3053 on, respectively, @entity404 +, @entity405 + and @entity1075 + lymphocytes of @entity1252 @entity1 with inactive (n = 20) and with @entity66 (n = 13). SLEDAI-scores were calculated. Healthy volunteers (n = 14) served as controls. Percentages of @entity404 + T-cells expressing @entity2902 and @entity1075 + B-cells expressing @entity3053 were increased in @entity1 with @entity66 compared to controls (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, respectively). In contrast to @entity404 + and @entity405 + cells, percentages of @entity1075 + cells expressing Fas were increased in @entity1252 @entity1 with @entity66 (P = 0.0002 vs controls). In these @entity1 percentages of cells double positive for both @entity3053 and Fas were increased compared to @entity1 with inactive disease (P = 0.006) and controls (P = 0.0007). Percentages of @entity1075 + cells expressing Fas correlated with SLEDAI-scores. In @entity1252 @entity1 , percentages of Fas-expressing B-lymphocytes are increased, are related to the state of lymphocyte activation, and correlate to disease activity. Increased Fas expression results in a higher susceptibility for Fas-mediated apoptosis, which might contribute to the increased levels of apoptotic lymphocytes in @entity1252 @entity1 .

title: Fas expression on peripheral blood lymphocytes in XXXX ( @entity1252 ): relation to lymphocyte activation and disease activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['active disease']

answer: @entity1252 :: (MESH:D008180,Disease) :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Atherothrombosis is becoming the leading cause of chronic morbidity in developing countries. This epidemiological transition will represent an unbearable socioeconomic burden in the near future. We investigated factors associated with 4-year all-cause mortality in a Latin American population at high risk. HYPOTHESIS: Largely modifiable risk factors as well as @entity66 are the main predictors of 4-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in this Latin American cohort. METHODS: We analyzed 1816 Latin American stable outpatients (62.3% @entity1 , mean age 67 years) with symptomatic atherothrombosis (87.1%) or with multiple risk factors only (12.9%), in the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health registry. RESULTS: Of @entity1 with symptomatic atherothrombosis, 57.3% had @entity453 , 32% @entity66 , and 11.7% @entity3657 at baseline (9.1% polyvascular). The main risk factors were @entity101 (76%), @entity1007 (60%), and smoking (52.3%) in @entity1 with established atherothrombosis; and @entity101 (89.7%), @entity6 (80.8%), and @entity1007 (73.9%) in those with risk factors only. Four-year all-cause mortality steeply increased with none (6.8%), 1 (9.2%), 2 (15.5%), and 3 (29.2%) symptomatic @entity455 locations. In @entity1 with only 1 location, cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher with @entity3657 (11.3%) than with @entity66 (6%) or @entity453 (5.1%). Significant baseline predictors of 4-year all-cause mortality were @entity712 (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.81), body mass index <20 (HR: 2.32), @entity101 (HR: 1.84), @entity66 (HR: 1.69), and age >=  65 years (HR: 1.47), whereas statin use (HR: 0.49) and body mass index >=  30 (HR: 0.58) were associated with a reduced risk. CONCLUSIONS: @entity101 was the main modifiable risk factor for atherothrombosis and all-cause mortality in this Latin American cohort. Nearly one-third of the population with 3 symptomatic @entity455 locations died at 4-year follow-up.

title: XXXX , traditional risk factors, and 4-year mortality in a Latin American population: the REACH Registry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['arterial disease', 'vascular-disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease', 'polyvascular disease']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral artery disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Atherothrombotic disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The immune system changes with age. In this study we characterized immune changes by performing immunologic screening profiles on ageing individuals. METHODS: This study was performed at Akdeniz University, in the Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology. Healthy volunteers consisted of a younger group (22 donors) and an older group (45 individuals). All subjects had no serious health problems (i.e. chronic @entity409 ) and were taking no prescribed medications. Flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate CD3, @entity404 , @entity405 , @entity4071 , @entity1075 , @entity1361 , @entity2936 , @entity1195 , @entity2940 , @entity7938 , @entity2937 , @entity4386 and ELISA for @entity1356 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , @entity688 , @entity379 , @entity310 expression In addition, NK activity and induced cytokine expression (by bioassay and ELISA, respectively) were evaluated. RESULTS: No statistical differences were observed between the two groups in expression of CD3, @entity405 , @entity1075 , @entity7938 , @entity2937 , @entity4071 , @entity2940 , or @entity1361 . A higher frequency of expression of @entity404 , @entity4386 , @entity2936 , and @entity1195 was seen in older subjects by comparison with younger subjects. Cytokine profiles expressed by stimulated monocytes and lymphocytes from the two groups showed no difference in @entity1356 , @entity1199 , @entity650 , @entity688 , @entity310 , and @entity379 production levels. CONCLUSIONS: We found increased expression levels of @entity2936 and @entity1195 levels in healthy older (age: 59.42 +/- 5.89) versus younger individuals (age: 30.32 +/- 2.29). @entity4386 expression levels were also higher in older subjects, with no difference in @entity1361 expression levels between younger/older individuals.

title: @entity2936 , @entity1195 XXXX levels are elevated in healthy older adults.

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['heart, lung, liver or immunological diseases']

answer: @entity4386 :: (1493,Gene) :: ['CTLA-4']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity385 is a major cause of @entity204 or decreasing activities of daily living. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of commonly used antiplatelet drugs on @entity64 and motor and cognitive functions in relation to oxidative stress markers and @entity7814 ( @entity7814 ). METHODS: @entity64 -prone spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 were treated with vehicle, @entity117 , @entity1397 , and @entity1924 from 8 to 10 weeks of age. Physiological parameters, regional cerebral blood flow, and serum lipids were examined. Motor and cognitive functions were evaluated weekly by the Rotorod and water maze task. Spontaneous @entity1188 volume, oxidative stress markers for lipid, protein, and DNA at the @entity63 boundary zone of spontaneous @entity1188 , and the @entity7814 -positive cell ratio in the hippocampus were immunohistochemically examined in brain sections. IGF-1Rb expression in the hippocampus was assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS: The antiplatelet drugs, @entity1924 and @entity1397 , reduced the spontaneous @entity1188 volume more than @entity117 . Only @entity1924 improved motor and cognitive functions with a significant increase (P<0.05) in the memory-related @entity7814 -positive ratio and IGF-1Rb expression in the hippocampus. @entity1924 reduced the 4 oxidative stress markers in affected neurons in @entity64 -prone spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 regardless of blood pressure, regional cerebral blood flow, or serum lipid levels. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that a possible pleiotropic effect of @entity1924 resulted in the reduction of spontaneous @entity1188 volume and preservation of motor and spatial cognitive functions. The increase of @entity7814 -positive cells in the hippocampal @entity1249 region could partly explain the preservation of spatial cognitive function in @entity64 -prone spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 .

title: Clinical and pathological improvement in @entity64 -prone spontaneous @entity101 @entity35 related to the pleiotropic effect of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1924 :: ('MESH:C045645', 'Chemical') :: ['Cilostazol', 'cilostazol']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral infarction']

entities_list: @entity7814 :: ('25718(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-1R', 'insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor']

answer: @entity1924 :: (MESH:C045645,Chemical) :: ['cilostazol']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: @entity558 ( @entity558 ) diagnosis with magnifying chromoendoscopy is effective diagnostic method for predicting a massively invasive @entity14 (SMm) which has possibility of @entity3 , whereas endocytoscopy (EC) is recently reported to provide excellent diagnostic ability by enabling in vivo cellular visualization. The aim was to assess the additional diagnostic value of EC to @entity558 for diagnosing @entity14 . METHODS: We conducted a retrospective comparative analysis using a prospectively recorded database in a referral hospital. The subjects were 538 @entity1 who were detected of a @entity14 with use of a magnifying colonoscope with EC capability. Each detected lesion was initially diagnosed by @entity558 findings followed by EC diagnosis by the on-site endoscopist. The diagnostic abilities in predicting neoplastic change and SMm were compared between @entity558 and @entity558 plus EC. RESULTS: Overall, 514 lesions from 455 @entity1 were available for analysis. Of them, there were 58 non-neoplastic lesions, 352 @entity652 , 15 slightly invasive @entity5 , and 89 SMm. The diagnostic abilities of predicting neoplastic change were comparable between @entity558 and @entity558 plus EC: sensitivity was 97.8% versus 97.4%, specificity was 91.4% versus 89.7%, and accuracy was 97.1% versus 96.5%. Regarding those of predicting SMm, @entity558 plus EC showed additional specificity and accuracy to @entity558 : specificity was 99.1% versus 97.6% (P   =   0.041), and accuracy was 96.3% versus 93.8% (P   =   0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Though @entity558 has feasible diagnostic ability for predicting both neoplastic change and SMm, EC provides additional diagnostic value to @entity558 diagnosis for predicting SMm.

title: Endocytoscopy can provide additional diagnostic ability to magnifying chromoendoscopy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['PIT', 'Pit pattern']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['submucosal cancers']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['submucosal colorectal cancer', 'colorectal lesions', 'colorectal lesion']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasms']


abstract: Antibodies directed against fetal brain proteins of 37 and 73   kDa molecular weight are found in approximately 12% of mothers who have @entity1 with @entity72 ( @entity2015 ), but not in mothers of typically developing @entity1 . This finding has raised the possibility that these immunoglobulin G (IgG) class antibodies cross the placenta during pregnancy and impact brain development, leading to one form of @entity2015 . We evaluated the pathogenic potential of these antibodies by using a nonhuman primate model. IgG was isolated from mothers of @entity1 with @entity2015 ( @entity2015 ) and of typically developing children (IgG-CON). The purified IgG was administered to two groups of female rhesus monkeys ( @entity2015 ; n=8 and IgG-CON; n=8) during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Another control group of pregnant monkeys (n=8) was untreated. Brain and behavioral development of the offspring were assessed for 2 years. Behavioral differences were first detected when the macaque mothers responded to their @entity2015 offspring with heightened protectiveness during early development. As they matured, @entity2015 offspring consistently deviated from species-typical social norms by more frequently approaching familiar peers. The increased approach was not reciprocated and did not lead to sustained social interactions. Even more striking, @entity2015 offspring displayed inappropriate approach behavior to unfamiliar peers, clearly deviating from normal macaque social behavior. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed that male @entity2015 offspring had enlarged brain volume compared with controls. White matter volume increases appeared to be driving the brain differences in the @entity2015 offspring and these differences were most pronounced in the frontal lobes.

title: Maternal antibodies from mothers of XXXX with autism alter brain growth and social behavior development in the rhesus monkey.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['autism spectrum disorder']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']