abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered to be the most accurate modality for T staging of @entity418 . This study attempted to determine whether endoscopic features such as the length and degree of @entity850 in @entity418 can predict the T stage on EUS. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-five @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity420 or @entity957 undergoing EUS prior to initiation of any treatment were included in the study. The length of the @entity5 was assessed prospectively during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) before EUS in 22 @entity1 . Radial EUS was then performed in these @entity1 . The other 13 @entity1 had @entity850 to prevent complete advancement of the echo endoscope through the @entity5 . In these 13 @entity1 , the length of the @entity418 was not examined, but the T and N stage up to the level of maximum advancement of the echo endoscope through the @entity5 were noted. RESULTS: All 13 @entity1 with @entity850 had at least a T3 (n = 12) or T4 (n = 1) lesion up to the level of maximum advancement of the echo endoscope. Among the 22 @entity1 in whom the length of the @entity418 was measured, the mean length in the 13 @entity1 with a T1 or T2 lesion on EUS was 2.6 cm. The mean length in the nine @entity1 with @entity418 was 7.1 cm. The difference in the mean length of T1 or T2 lesions (2.6 cm) was significantly different ( P < 0.001) from the mean length of T3 lesions (7.1 cm). Using a clinical diagnostic testing approach, when > or = 5 cm length was used as a criteria for diagnosing T3 lesions, the sensitivity was 89 %, specificity 92 %, positive predictive value 89 %, and negative predictive value 92 %. There was also a suggestion of increased chances of lymph-node metastases with increasing length of @entity418 . CONCLUSIONS: In @entity418 , endoscopic features such as the length of the @entity5 and the degree of @entity850 correlate with T staging on EUS. @entity418 that are > or = 5 cm in length, or are sufficiently stenotic to prevent passage of an endoscope, are much more likely to be T3 or higher-stage lesions, while those that are < 5 cm in length have a greater chance (92 %) of being T1 or T2.

title: Length of XXXX and degree of @entity850 during upper endoscopy predict T stage by endoscopic ultrasound.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous-cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'Esophageal cancers', 'T3 esophageal cancer', 'esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['luminal stenosis', 'sufficient luminal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: @entity935 , @entity1063 (NA) and @entity1425 (Ad) depletion by @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) and @entity4927 plus @entity2955 was investigated in the cat left ventricle, mesenteric and renal arteries, @entity8 and adrenal medulla. @entity2922 concentrations in plasma were also analyzed in these two experimental conditions. @entity2955 alone or in combination with @entity4927 induced parallel decreases of NA and @entity935 contents in the left ventricle. In the main trunk and proximal branches of the mesenteric artery and renal artery @entity2955 selectively reduced NA without a parallel decrease in @entity935 content. Previous treatment with @entity4927 abolished this selectivity. In the kidney of control animals, @entity935 content was greater than could be attributed to its presence only in noradrenergic neurones. In the renal cortex @entity2955 reduced significantly @entity935 and NA contents, and in the renal medulla only NA levels were decreased by this drug. @entity4927 plus @entity2955 did not deplete the NA content either in the renal cortex or in the renal medulla, and only reduced significantly the @entity935 content in the renal cortex. NA concentrations in plasma were increased by @entity4927 plus @entity2955 whilst Ad remained unaffected. In the adrenal medulla only NA content was reduced either by @entity2955 or @entity4927 plus @entity2955 . The present findings suggest a NA-independent @entity935 pool in both segments of the mesenteric artery and renal artery but not in the left ventricle.

title: The effects of chemical sympathectomy on XXXX , @entity1063 and @entity1425 content in some peripheral tissues.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal cortex, renal medulla']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine', 'Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity4927 :: ('MESH:D010293', 'Chemical') :: ['pargyline', 'Pargyline']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['Catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: 1. Unilateral @entity432 causes ipsilateral @entity519 pulmonary vasoconstriction, which shifts blood flow towards the other lung. We studied the time course of flow diversion following acute @entity432 , and the temporal effect of the latter on blood gases and vertical distribution of blood flow within the two lungs. 2. Serial infusion of radioactive or fluorescent microspheres were given to each of seven adult standing @entity742 before, during occlusion of the left mainstem bronchus for up to 6 min, and after release of occlusion. @entity551 were recorded continuously and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were determined intermittently. Post-mortem, the lungs were inflated, dried and cut into slices. Relative blood flow at the time of infusion was expressed as the weight-normalized intensity of each tracer in each slice or lung divided by the weight-normalized intensity in the two lungs. 3. Within 30 s, 1 min and 2 min after onset of occlusion, flow in the occluded lung had decreased to 68-84% (range), 51-78% and 43-79% respectively, of the initial value. In the contralateral lung, flow increased by 10-24%, 14-37% and 23-39% respectively. The distribution of flow along the gravitational @entity2270 within each lung varied widely between animals, both before and during occlusion. The during-occlusion profiles in the occluded lung differed from those in the non-occluded lung. In either lung, during-occlusion profiles could not be predicted with certainty from the pre-occlusion profiles. Two minutes post-occlusion, inter- and intra-lung flow distribution were nearly the same as before occlusion. Arterial @entity26 tension fell in the first minute of occlusion, but never below 7.5 kPa, and increased slowly thereafter. Arterial @entity544 tension increased slightly throughout the occlusion period. No appreciable changes in systemic or pulmonary artery pressure were observed. Post-occlusion, arterial @entity26 tension was still sub-normal, while @entity544 tension continued to increase. 4. We conclude that acute unilateral @entity432 diverts blood flow within 30 s towards the contralateral lung. This rapidly occurring flow diversion prevents the development of severe arterial hypoxaemia. The variable and largely unpredictable distribution of blood flow in the hyperfused non-occluded lung might explain some of the gas-exchange abnormalities observed in physiologically hyperfused lungs and in @entity1 with one hyperfused lung.

title: Time course and pattern of pulmonary flow distribution following unilateral airway occlusion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial occlusion']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: One possibility for reducing the disabling effects of @entity1643 ( @entity1643 ) is to identify subgroups of @entity1 who might benefit from different disability prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to test the ability to discern meaningful @entity1 clusters for early intervention based on self-reported concerns and expectations at the time of an initial medical evaluation. METHODS: Workers seeking an initial evaluation for acute, work-related @entity1643 (N = 496; 58 % male) completed self-report measures comprising of 11 possible risk factors for chronicity of @entity158 and disability. Outcomes of @entity158 , function, and return-to-work were assessed at 3-month follow-up. A K-means cluster analysis was used to derive @entity1 subgroups based on risk factor patterns, and then these subgroups were compared with respect to 3-month outcomes. RESULTS: Eight of the 11 measures showed significant associations with functional recovery and return-to-work, and these were entered into the cluster analysis. A 4-cluster solution met criteria for @entity2686 and interpretability, and the four clusters were labeled: (a) minimal risk (29 %), (b) workplace concerns (26 %); (c) activity limitations (27 %); and (d) @entity147 (19 %). Functional outcomes were best in the minimal risk group, poorest in the @entity147 group, and intermediate in the other two groups. A global severity index at baseline also showed highest overall risk in the emotional distressed group. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns of early disability risk factors from this study suggest @entity1 have differential needs with respect to overcoming @entity147 , resuming normal activity, and obtaining workplace support. Classifying @entity1 in this manner may improve the cost-benefit of early intervention strategies to prevent long-term sickness absence and disability due to @entity1643 .

title: XXXX , immobilized, or lacking employer support? A sub-classification of acute work-related @entity1643 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain', 'LBP']

entities_list: @entity2686 :: ('MESH:D003027', 'Disease') :: ['cluster separation']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['emotional distress']

answer: @entity147 :: (MESH:D005316,Disease) :: ['Distressed']


abstract: Because the H2-receptor antagonist @entity4444 has been shown to inhibit drug metabolism, the effects of @entity4444 on anesthetic metabolism and @entity137 were investigated in a @entity35 model. @entity4444 decreased inorganic plasma @entity1388 production after @entity11961 administration both in 21% @entity26 (P less than 0.001) and in 100% @entity26 (P less than 0.001). @entity109 produces an increased @entity1388 formation after @entity11961 anesthesia, and this @entity1388 formation is also reduced by @entity4444 (P less than 0.005). There was no significant difference between the plasma @entity1388 levels in @entity35 anesthetized with @entity1508 or @entity4488 . Although @entity4444 inhibited the in vivo defluorination of @entity11961 , @entity1388 levels were still within the nephrotoxic range, and @entity4444 is not likely to play a role as part of a preanesthetic regimen that would permit the increased clinical use of @entity11961 . @entity4444 also inhibited the oxidative metabolism of @entity1508 ; @entity4444 decreased (P less than 0.05) @entity6146 concentrations after @entity1508 anesthesia in 21% @entity26 and in 100% @entity26 and decreased (P less than 0.05) @entity4001 concentrations after @entity1508 anesthesia in 100% @entity26 . @entity6146 levels were less (P less than 0.02) after @entity1508 anesthesia in 14% @entity26 as compared with 100% @entity26 , indicating a reduction in oxidative metabolism under @entity519 conditions. However, @entity4001 concentrations were maximal after @entity1508 anesthesia in 21% @entity26 , and significantly (P less than 0.001) less after @entity1508 anesthesia in 14% and 100% @entity26 . @entity4001 production, therefore, seems to be inhibited by both @entity519 and @entity871 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effect of XXXX on anesthetic metabolism and @entity137 .

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine', 'Cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity11961 :: ('MESH:D008733', 'Chemical') :: ['methoxyflurane']

entities_list: @entity6146 :: ('MESH:D014269', 'Chemical') :: ['Trifluoroacetic acid', 'trifluoroacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity871 :: ('MESH:D018496', 'Disease') :: ['hyperoxia']

entities_list: @entity4488 :: ('MESH:D004737', 'Chemical') :: ['enflurane']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['Phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride']

entities_list: @entity4001 :: ('CHEBI:15858', 'Chemical') :: ['bromide', 'Bromide']

answer: @entity4444 :: (MESH:D002927,Chemical) :: ['cimetidine']


abstract: 1. The effect of osmolality and @entity1735 content on the rate of gastric emptying was assessed by using the double sampling gastric aspiration technique to measure the rate of gastric emptying of isoenergetic and isosmotic solutions of @entity413 and @entity413 polymer. Six healthy male subjects were each studied on four separate occasions using a test drink volume of 600 ml. 2. The half-emptying time (t1/2, mean +/- S.E.M.) for a dilute (40 g @entity7373 ) solution of @entity413 (LG, 230 mosmol kg-1) was 17 +/- 1 min. This was greater than that (14 +/- 1 min) for a @entity413 polymer solution with the same energy content (LP, 42 mosmol kg-1). A concentrated (188 g @entity7373 ) @entity413 polymer solution (HP, 237 mosmol kg-1) emptied faster (t1/2 = 64 +/- 8 min) than the corresponding isoenergetic @entity413 solution (HG, 1300 mosmol kg-1, t1/2 = 130 +/- 18 min). 3. The dilute (40 g @entity7373 ) @entity413 solution emptied faster than the concentrated (188 g @entity7373 ) @entity413 polymer solution with the same osmolality (LG, 230 mosmol kg-1; HP, 237 mosmol kg-1). 4. The two dilute solutions (40 g @entity7373 ) delivered a similar amount of @entity1735 to the small intestine, whereas the concentrated (188 g @entity7373 ) @entity413 polymer solution delivered a greater amount of @entity1735 at 20, 40 and 50 min than the isoenergetic @entity413 solution. 5. These results indicate that both osmolality and @entity1735 content influence gastric emptying of liquids in @entity1 , but the @entity1735 content appears to have greater influence than osmolality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The effect of osmolality and XXXX content on the rate of gastric emptying of liquids in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: The use of antiarrhythmic drugs to suppress @entity943 in pediatric @entity1 with a structurally or hemodynamically abnormal heart appears to improve long-term prognosis. The previously successful use of @entity3174 to treat serious @entity943 led to the investigation for an alternative antiarrhythmic agent, in the same antiarrhythmic drug class, for those @entity1 who develop side effects or become intolerant to @entity3174 's antiarrhythmic effect. Forty-two @entity1 and young adults (age range 5 months to 34 years, mean 15.5 years) were treated with @entity2683 . @entity943 treated were @entity1165 (25), ventricular couplets (8), @entity67 premature beats (4) and frequent uniform ventricular premature beats (5). Anatomic diagnoses included @entity299 (postoperative in 26, unoperated in 2), @entity296 (7), no @entity299 (4) and other (3). Thirty-three @entity1 had been previously treated with 1 to 5 (mean 1.6) antiarrhythmic drugs. In the short term, @entity943 were effectively suppressed in 30 (71%) of all 42 @entity1 treated. During follow-up (ranging to 42 months, median 10.6), 18 (60%) of the 30 acute responders continued to have excellent control. Early suppression of @entity943 was more effective in @entity1 with @entity299 (89%) than in those with @entity296 (29%) or no @entity299 (43%) (p less than 0.01). Initial complexity of @entity1540 had no effect on treatment results. Of 25 @entity1 previously treated with @entity3174 , in whom alternative antiarrhythmic therapy was required, 40% had long-term @entity943 control when treated with @entity2683 . @entity2683 therapy was terminated for side effects in only five @entity1 (12%). @entity2683 is recommended for young @entity1 with @entity299 and serious @entity943 .

title: XXXX : an effective antiarrhythmic drug for treatment of @entity943 in @entity299 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2683 :: ('MESH:D008801', 'Chemical') :: ['mexiletine', 'Mexiletine']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity1540 :: ('MESH:D018879', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular ectopic activity']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease', 'congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['multiform ventricular']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'Arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

answer: @entity2683 :: (MESH:D008801,Chemical) :: ['Mexiletine']


abstract: @entity6743 (DC), a secondary @entity6741 and one of those most @entity137 , is precipitated and becomes inactive in the acidic lumen of the @entity95 stomach. We sought to determine whether or not oral administration of @entity4388 ( @entity5993 ) and DC injure the @entity95 gastric mucosa. @entity95 were divided into six groups. Group 1 was given 10 ml of 10% @entity5993 followed by 50 ml of 20 mM DC orally every day. These animals had @entity294 and three of five died on the fourth or fifth day. Therefore, the two remaining animals were killed on the fourth day. Animals in group 2 were given 10 ml of water followed by 50 ml of 20 mM DC, those in group 3 were given 10 ml of 10% @entity5993 followed by 10 mM DC, those in group 4 were given 10 ml of water followed by 50 ml of 10 mM DC, and those in group 5 were given 10 ml of 10% @entity5993 followed by 50 ml of the DC solution. Group 6 was not treated. Although all animals in the group 2 and one of three in group 3 had @entity294 , they were alive and were killed after eight or nine days. Gross and histological examinations showed that the degrees of @entity1819 in groups 1 and 2 were more severe than in groups 3 and 4. @entity16 in group 3 was more severe than in group 4. The gastric mucosa in group 5 was similar to that in untreated animals (group 6). These data suggest that when the gastric lumen is alkalinized by @entity5993 , DC causes more severe damage to the mucosa than it does when the lumen is acidic.

title: Effect of @entity4388 and XXXX on the gastric mucosa of the @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxic to the gastric mucosa']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Mucosal damage']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity6743 :: ('MESH:D003840', 'Chemical') :: ['Deoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity6743 :: (MESH:D003840,Chemical) :: ['deoxycholic acid']


abstract: CONTEXT: Both maternal smoking and @entity308 are common and can adversely impact @entity1 health and functioning, yet few studies have explored their co-occurrence among mothers. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and associations of @entity308 and smoking among mothers in the United States. DESIGN: Random-digit-dial national telephone survey of 1530 households conducted in 2002. Respondents were asked about their sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, and their @entity1 's receipt of Medicaid. A validated 3-item @entity308 screen was administered. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses for maternal smoking and a positive @entity308 screen were performed. SETTING: National sample. @entity1 : Seven hundred two mothers with @entity1 aged less than 19 years living in their homes. RESULTS: The response rate was 61%. Among mothers, 24.3% were smokers, 24.4% had a positive @entity308 screen, 8.1% had both, and 40.6% were smokers and/or had a positive @entity308 screen. All rates were greater among mothers whose @entity1 receive Medicaid (37.6%, 47.5%, 20.6%, and 64.5%) than those whose @entity1 do not receive Medicaid (21.1%, 19.0%, 4.8%, and 35.3%) (P < .001) for each. In multivariate analyses, maternal smoking was independently associated with a 70% increased risk of @entity308 (odds radio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights both the frequency and the co-occurrence of maternal smoking and @entity308 , two negative influences on @entity1 's health and development, as well as their increased prevalence among mothers whose @entity1 receive Medicaid, thereby highlighting the economic disparities associated with both. These findings have significant implications for our nation's @entity1 , health care clinicians, and health care payers.

title: The co-occurrence of XXXX and smoking in a national survey of mothers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'child']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['maternal depressive symptoms', 'depressive symptoms', 'depression']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['maternal depressive symptoms']


abstract: This article discusses infection prevention and control in Africa and describes an available manual for infection control. The effectiveness of prevention and control efforts is dependent on health care services and the prevalence of disease. Funding for health care, the perceived economic impact of infection control, and trained administrators determine the availability of health services and the spread of disease. The challenge is to provide cleanliness, aseptic techniques in @entity1 care, and protection for the health worker. If the @entity580 rate is as high as 15% of admissions and each case requires an additional 7 days of hospitalization, the estimated costs nationally could exceed US  110 million. Africa has a massive @entity166 , in addition to @entity645 and @entity378 . The spread of Ebola fever shows how out-of-control infections can become. Most African countries are unequipped with infrastructure to handle surveillance of the new resistant bacterial strains resulting from indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In Zimbabwe, infection and prevention control was proved possible and cost effective. Education was provided at the village level in basic hygiene, home nursing, construction of @entity238 -proof pit toilets, and a safe water supply. Training of trainers expanded the process of education. The "Infection Control Manual" provides the manager with the principles and background knowledge for prevention and control of infections. The Infection Control Association of Southern Africa is a useful source of information, standards, and support base.

title: Infection control in Africa. XXXX .

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['hospital infection']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious disease burden']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['Nosocomial infection']


abstract: The introduction of levodopa in the 1960s revolutionised the treatment of @entity191 ( @entity191 ), and it continues to be the most effective symptomatic therapy. The vast majority of @entity191 @entity1 who start treatment with L-dopa experience good to excellent functional benefit. In vitro studies with high doses of L-dopa and absent glia had shown that it may be @entity2359 , but other tissue culture studies show L-dopa to be neuroprotective. Most studies in animal models and clinico-pathological and mortality studies in @entity1 failed to show evidence in favour of accelerated dopaminergic neuronal loss with long-term L-dopa therapy.L-dopa continues to be beneficial throughout the course of @entity191 , although as the disease progresses, escape of some symptoms from adequate control may occur and refractory disabilities such as @entity73 , @entity4653 , @entity73 and @entity1833 may emerge. Treatment of advanced @entity191 may also be complicated by the emergence of motor fluctuations and @entity910 . Studies in animal models and in @entity1 show that these motor complications are not specific to a particular dopaminergic agent, but that they are related both to the extent of the striatal lesion and to the mode of application of dopaminergic agents: Pulsatile administration of L-dopa and of the @entity935 agonist @entity3826 causes more motor complications than continuous striatal dopaminergic receptor stimulation, and continuous administration can alleviate existing @entity910 and fluctuations. Several controlled studies comparing levodopa and @entity935 agonists as initial treatment have attempted to answer the question whether delaying L-dopa therapy can reduce the occurrence of motor complications. Three medium-term (3-5 years) and one 10-year study showed less @entity910 in the first five years of treatment in @entity1 who had started therapy with a @entity935 agonist. However, these studies also consistently showed that levodopa provided better functional improvement in the first years of treatment. Ten-year follow-up data in @entity1 randomised to L-dopa or @entity2847 also showed a slightly lower incidence of motor complications in the @entity2847 arm. However, this difference was not significant for the clinically relevant moderate and severe forms of @entity910 and fluctuations, and was achieved at the expense of significantly worse disability scores during the first years of therapy. Furthermore, the relative impact of @entity717 and @entity910 on @entity1 ' quality of life remains to be established. Concordance is essential in the optimum treatment of @entity191 and @entity1 should be informed of the various therapeutic options available. Treatment should respect individual @entity1 ' needs and take into account their particular functional disabilities and specific handicaps. Low-dose L-dopa therapy (up to 400 mg/day), however, remains the most effective initial treatment of choice for the majority of @entity1 .

title: Treatment of XXXX : levodopa as the first choice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline', 'impaired balance']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesia', 'dyskinesias']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['motor disability']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To establish a method for the mass production of @entity1 corneal endothelium (HCE) precursors and the therapeutic application of these cells in a @entity95 @entity942 model. METHODS: A sphere-forming assay was performed to produce precursors from cultured HCE. Various marker expressions were examined in the sphere colonies, and their progenies by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The transport activity of the sphere-derived cell sheet was evaluated by the Ussing chamber system. @entity18516 -labeled precursors obtained from cultured HCE were injected the anterior chamber of the eye in a @entity95 @entity942 model, and the eye-down position was maintained for 24 hours for attachment to Descemet's membrane (sphere eye-down group). The sphere eye-down and control groups, observed for 28 days after surgery, underwent histologic and fluorescence microscopic examinations. RESULTS: Cultured HCE formed primary and secondary sphere colonies. The spheres expressed @entity9977 and nestin, and progeny expressed @entity9977 , confirmed by RT-PCR. The progeny showed an HCE-like hexagonal shape, were confluent, and had adequate transport activity. Mean corneal thickness in the sphere eye-down group was significantly less than in the other control groups 14, 21, and 28 days (P < 0.006) after surgery. The HCE-like hexagonal cells detected on the Descemet's membrane are DiI-positive in the sphere eye-down group. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that culture of HCE can promote mass production of HCE precursors, determined by sphere-forming assay. Injection of precursors derived from cultured HCE into the anterior chamber is an effective treatment strategy for @entity942 in a @entity95 model.

title: Treatment of @entity95 bullous keratopathy with precursors derived from cultured XXXX corneal endothelium.

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['CE deficiency', 'CE-deficiency']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A histometrical study of the distribution pattern of hyalinized glomeruli in @entity6 , malignant @entity9161 and chronic @entity631 was achieved using the nearest neighbor method. The features of the circulatory dynamics in each disease are discussed based on the results of this study. The glomeruli were hyalinized at random in @entity6 . The distribution of hyalinized glomeruli occurred at random in normal kidney, which suggests that glomeruli become hyalinized with no dependency on the vasculature. Malignant @entity9161 on the other hand, shows that the glomeruli are hyalinized in clusters, and that suggests that the kidneys react to hypertensive changes in the interlobular artery and more peripheral arteries. The glomeruli supplied by the interlobular arteries will then hyalinize in clusters. If these two @entity8 are used as an end of a spectrum, the distribution pattern of hyalinized glomeruli in chronic @entity631 showed most similarity with that seen in malignant @entity9161 . However, the percentage of hyalinized glomeruli was 21% in malignant @entity9161 as opposed to 77% in chronic @entity631 . This marked difference suggests that in malignant @entity9161 , the percentage of hyalinized glomeruli was low due to participation of arteries larger than the accurate branches. However, the @entity1 became @entity1381 within a short time. Contrary to this finding, in chronic @entity631 , the effect is from the smaller arteries less than that from the interlobular artery. Ordinarily, if an insufficient number of glomeruli become hyalinized, @entity5507 will not develop. Finally, the difference in the genesis and vascular participation of diffuse type and nodular type of @entity6 and the relationship between acute @entity631 and chronic @entity631 are discussed.

title: A histometrical study on the development of three XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal diseases']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity9161 :: ('MESH:D009400', 'Disease') :: ['nephrosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerulopathies']


abstract: Immunoglobulin E plays a central role in mediating the pathology of @entity56 . Conversely, it is involved in the normal protective immune responses against parasite @entity281 . Both these biological processes depend on interaction between the variable regions (VH and VL) of IgE antibodies and target antigen. It is now feasible to investigate the molecular nature of VH regions used to encode IgE at the genetic level. Using this technology to analyze IgE in @entity1 with @entity565 has revealed features which may have relevance for @entity56 . First, preferential choice of VH genes, with dominance of the small @entity50073 family, particularly the VH32 gene, has been found. This may implicate a B cell superantigen (superallergen) selectively driving the use of these genes. Second, @entity50073 genes in IgE are somatically mutated with clear hot spots of mutational activity. Mutational hotspots, which are a feature of the @entity50073 gene, are supplemented in IgE by ongoing mutations which may be involved in affinity maturation. Third, a single B cell can switch to either IgE or IgG4, with both variants coexisting in blood. These findings may provide clues to the mechanism by which IgE is generated, and suggest options for therapeutic intervention.

title: Immunogenetics of XXXX IgE.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of transient @entity4089 in @entity249 @entity1 with @entity942 . One hundred fifty-one @entity942 @entity1 and 11 controls had serum prolactin (PRL) measured daily for 3-4 days near ovulation. Thirty-three subjects (21.9%) had transient @entity4089 , with PRL above 20 ng/mL for 1 or 2 days, and were studied further. The blood samples of these 33 subjects and of the controls were also analyzed for LH and FSH. Plasma @entity1420 was measured on the fourth, seventh, and tenth days after ovulation in both groups. The mean (+/- SD) of the mid-cycle integrated LH surge (125.0 +/- 23.0 mIU/mL; N = 26) and the sum of three plasma @entity1420 levels (23.8 +/- 4.5 ng/mL; N = 21) in the @entity942 @entity1 were significantly (P less than .001) lower than those of the controls (LH 158.7 +/- 13.8 mIU/mL; @entity1420 33.8 +/- 6.5 ng/mL). All 33 @entity942 subjects with transient @entity4089 were treated with @entity2847 at a dose ranging from 1.25-5 mg/day to maintain mid-cycle PRL levels between 5-15 ng/mL. Both the integrated LH surge and the sum of three @entity1420 levels increased significantly (P less than .05) during @entity2847 treatment, to 142.6 +/- 22.4 mIU/mL (N = 20) and 28.2 +/- 6.2 ng/mL (N = 18), respectively. Fourteen of the 33 @entity1 conceived. The cumulative probability of conception was 31% for six cycles and 45% for 12 cycles of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Transient @entity4089 in XXXX @entity1 with @entity942 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinemia']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertile']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['luteal phase deficiency']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertile']


abstract: The taxonomic position of 12 isolates tentatively assigned to the genus Bifidobacterium on the basis of a limited phenotypic characterization was examined. The isolates were collected between 1978 and 2005 in Belgium, Sweden and Norway, and originated from various @entity1 clinical samples, including urine, blood, urethra, oral cavity, tonsil, and abscesses of lung and aortic valve. On the basis of band number and clustering analysis, repetitive DNA element-based PCR fingerprinting using the BOXA1R and (GTG)(5) primers indicated that the clinical isolates represented a taxon probably not belonging to the genus Bifidobacterium. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities revealed that the isolates were most closely affiliated to Parascardovia denticolens LMG 18312(T) (93.0-93.2 %), Scardovia inopinata LMG 18313(T) (92.9-93.1 %) and other members of the Bifidobacteriaceae, indicating that the isolates belong to a novel genus within that family. This observation was further substantiated by the results of partial sequencing of the heat-shock protein 60 gene ( @entity11217 ) and determination of the DNA G+C contents (47.3-48.3 mol%). Members of the novel taxon can be phenotypically distinguished from S. inopinata, P. denticolens and @entity8439 by the ability to grow on agar under aerobic conditions and on the basis of positive reactions for acid production from @entity4583 , @entity9592 , @entity28294 and @entity6122 . Unambiguous phenotypic differentiation from Aeriscardovia aeriphila and Bifidobacterium species may be difficult, so phenotypic analyses should be complemented by molecular methods. The values for DNA-DNA binding among four members of the novel genus were in the range of 89-100 %, indicating that the strains should be considered as a single novel species of a novel genus, for which the name Alloscardovia omnicolens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Alloscardovia omnicolens is CCUG 31649(T) (=LMG 23792(T)).

title: Alloscardovia omnicolens gen. nov., sp. nov., from XXXX clinical samples.

entities_list: @entity8439 :: ('2702', 'Species') :: ['Gardnerella vaginalis']

entities_list: @entity4583 :: ('MESH:D001089', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arabinose']

entities_list: @entity9592 :: ('MESH:D011887', 'Chemical') :: ['raffinose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIM: @entity65 ( @entity65 ) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, though it is well known that exercise training decreases the @entity65 risk factors of @entity551 . Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule--1 (sICAM--1) levels are positively correlated with @entity101 and decreased HDL, yet the effect of concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training on sICAM--1 is unknown. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the effects of concurrent aerobic--resistance training (CT) on soluble intercellular adhesion molecule--1 (sICAM--1) and some @entity65 risk factors in sedentary overweight middle-- aged @entity1 . METHODS: Thirty sedentary middle-- aged @entity1 (aged 30-50 years) were assigned to either an experimental (EX; n=15) or Control (Cl; n=15) group. EX performed three days per week of progressive CT for eight weeks whilst CL did not train. Before and after the intervention, venous blood samples were obtained for measurement of blood lipids (LDL--C, @entity9680 , TC and TG) and plasma sICAM--1 concentration and anthropometric measures (weight, BMI, WC, WHR, body fat percent) were made. RESULTS: CT produced a significant decrease in plasma sICAM--1, LDL--C, TC, and significantly increased @entity9680 in the EX group (p<0.05). Further, CT induced significant improvements in body composition (p< 0.05). These variables remained unchanged in the CL group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Eight--weeks of concurrent exercise training reduce both circulating concentrations of sICAM--1 and markers of @entity65 risk in sedentary middle--age @entity1 . The mechanistic role by which sICAM--1 may improve @entity65 risk with training remains to be determined.

title: Cardiovascular risk factors adaptation to concurrent training in overweight sedentary middle- aged XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['high blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['low HDL and high blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease', 'CVD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare @entity6948 vs. placebo with respect to the amount of additional @entity1875 and @entity1286 used for bispectral index-guided sedation and @entity1337 in mechanically ventilated, intensive care @entity1 after surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. SETTING: General surgical and cardiac surgical intensive care units. @entity1 : Thirty @entity1 scheduled for major surgery requiring mechanical ventilation for a minimum of 6 hrs were included in the study. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were assigned randomly to receive either @entity6948 (loading infusion, 6.0 microg x kg(-1) x hr(-1) for 10 mins; maintenance infusion, 0.1-0.7 microg x kg(-1) x hr(-1)) or placebo after intensive care unit admission. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sedation was guided by using the electroencephalographic parameter bispectral index, a new noninvasive method to estimate the level of sedation. We aimed at maintaining bispectral index ranges between 60 and 70 during mechanical ventilation before starting weaning, 65 and 95 during weaning, and 85 to 95 postextubation. Additional sedative and analgesic medication was given ( @entity1875 and @entity1286 ) as clinically indicated and within the previously mentioned bispectral index ranges. @entity1 receiving @entity6948 required significantly less @entity1875 during mechanical ventilation (0.87 +/- 0.21 vs. 1.52 +/- 0.30 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1); p <.01) and weaning (0.17 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.62 +/- 0.21 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1); p <.001) to maintain the target bispectral index range. During study drug administration, @entity1286 requirements for @entity6948 -treated @entity1 were reduced by 58% (p =.05). Hemodynamic stability during weaning and after extubation was better maintained in @entity1 receiving @entity6948 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity6948 reduced @entity1875 requirements and improved hemodynamic stability during bispectral index-guided intensive care unit sedation.

title: Bispectral index-guided sedation with XXXX in intensive care: a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled phase II study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine', 'Dexmedetomidine']

answer: @entity6948 :: (MESH:D020927,Chemical) :: ['dexmedetomidine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether non-mydriatic Polaroid retinal photography was comparable to ophthalmoscopy with @entity5564 in routine clinic screening for early, treatable @entity6 . DESIGN: Prospective study of ophthalmoscopic findings according to retinal camera screening and ophthalmoscopy and outcome of referral to ophthalmologist. SETTING: Outpatient @entity6 clinics of three teaching hospitals and three district general hospitals. @entity1 : 2159 Adults selected randomly from the @entity6 clinics, excluding only those registered as blind or those in wheelchairs and unable to enter the screening vehicle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of @entity1 and eyes correctly identified by each technique as requiring referral with potentially treatable @entity989 (new vessel formation and @entity1020 ) and congruence in numbers of microaneurysms, @entity548 , and exudates reported. RESULTS: Camera screening missed two cases of new vessel formation and did not identify a further 12 but indicated a need for referral. Ophthalmoscopy missed five cases of new vessel formation and indicated a need for referral in another four for other reasons. @entity1020 was reported in 147 eyes with camera screening alone and 95 eyes by ophthalmoscopy only (chi 2 = 11.2; p less than 0.001), in 66 and 29 of which respectively @entity1020 was subsequently confirmed. Overall, 38 eyes received laser treatment for @entity1020 after detection by camera screening compared with 17 after ophthalmoscopic detection (chi 2 = 8.0; p less than 0.01). Camera screening underestimated numbers of microaneurysms (chi 2 = 12.9; p less than 0.001) and @entity548 (chi 2 = 7.4; p less than 0.01) and ophthalmoscopy underestimated hard exudates (chi 2 = 48.2; p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-mydriatic Polaroid retinal photography is at least as good as ophthalmoscopy with @entity5564 in routine @entity6 clinics in identifying new vessel formation and @entity989 and is significantly better in detecting exudative @entity1020 .

title: Comparison of non-mydriatic retinal photography with ophthalmoscopy in 2159 XXXX : mobile retinal camera study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'absence of retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity5564 :: ('MESH:D015878', 'Disease') :: ['mydriasis']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['Maculopathy', 'maculopathy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In @entity309 , the synovium exhibits fibroblast @entity1373 and dynamic infiltration of activated T cells. Interaction between @entity309 synovial fibroblasts (RASF) and T cell subsets such as Th17 cells can stimulate RASF to express @entity650 , @entity687 , @entity16365 , and other proinflammatory mediators of joint destruction. @entity16091 enzymes specifically cleave @entity2434 (PC) producing @entity8558 (PA) and @entity1877 . Agonist-induced @entity16091 activation results in PA synthesis, which is thought to be involved in a variety of rapid cellular responses such as cytokine secretion. Furthermore, the cellular response to TNF-mediated signaling in myeloid cells is in part mediated by @entity9293 . However, very few studies have examined the role of @entity16091 enzymes in pro-inflammatory responses of RASF to key pathogenic cytokines such as TNF and @entity4155 . Microarray analysis of RASF showed that @entity9293 ( @entity9293 ) is among genes significantly induced by @entity4155 . We therefore hypothesized that @entity9293 might have a role in RASF responses to proinflammatory cytokines. We used @entity10439 , @entity9293 -specific siRNAs, and small molecule inhibitors specific for @entity9293 or @entity10411 , to investigate the possible role of @entity16091 enzymes in basal, @entity4155 -, and/or @entity310 -evoked expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by RASF. We studied the in vitro responses of RASF to @entity4155 and/or @entity310 , with particular attention to effects on @entity650 , @entity687 and @entity16365 mRNA and secretion as determined by RT-QPCR and ELISA, respectively. Transcriptional and prominent post-transcriptional effects were demonstrated, with robust decreases in RASF secretion of @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity16365 when both @entity16091 isoforms were inhibited together. Moreover, RA synovial biopsy explants cultured in media containing @entity16091 isoform-specific inhibitors showed significantly reduced constitutive secretion of @entity650 and @entity687 . @entity16091 enzymes could be promising targets for controlling proinflammatory gene expression in the treatment of RA in view of roles for @entity16091 in cytokine-evoked transcription and secretion/exocytosis.

title: Phospholipase D enzymes facilitate XXXX - and @entity310 -induced expression of proinflammatory genes in @entity309 synovial fibroblasts (RASF).

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidyl choline']

entities_list: @entity8558 :: ('MESH:D010712', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity4155 :: (3605,Gene) :: ['IL-17']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Occult micrometastases could explain deaths from stage I @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) after complete resections. If @entity1 who have occult @entity3 could be identified, systemic therapy might be beneficial. METHODS: @entity1149 from 81 @entity1 in stages I, II, and III were transplanted to nude beige @entity19 . Mean follow-up was 22.5 months (2 to 61 months). RESULTS: Twenty-one xenotransplants successfully took, and seven metastasized in the @entity19 . Neither the predominant cell type nor the incidence of lymph node @entity3 correlated with the results of xenotransplantation. Of the 21 @entity1 whose NSCLCs took in xenotransplantation, 13 (61.9%) have had development of @entity3 , and 9 (42.9%) have died of the @entity5 . Among the 57 @entity1 whose NSCLCs did not take, 14 (24.6%) have had development of @entity3 , and 9 (15.8%) have died of their @entity5 . The higher incidence of @entity3 in association with xenotransplant take is significant (p = 0.0032). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 whose NSCLCs take in xenotransplantation are at high risk for @entity3 . The xenotransplantation model is a step toward facilitating precise cellular biologic definition of the metastatic propensity of @entity1 @entity1149 :

title: Successful xenotransplantation of XXXX lung cancer correlates with the metastatic phenotype.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'Non-small cell lung cancers', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Crisis management as well as realistic emergency situations can be trained in the new developed simulation workshop " @entity344 and Crisis Resource Management" by combining a full-scale simulator and the Erlanger Endoscopy Trainer. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficiency of the newly developed simulation workshop. METHODS: Endoscopists with more than 12 months experience can train their endoscopic skills and crisis resource management with the help of different simulators. In addition, two different scenarios ( @entity548 with significant @entity190 and sedation @entity1445 ) embedded in a realistic surrounding (emergency room) have to be managed by the @entity1 . Vital parameters, endoscopic skills, as well as personal interactions were recorded and graded. RESULTS: 100 @entity1 took part in the newly developed workshop (between June and December 2003). The @entity1 showed a significantly better endoscopic performance and a significantly better crisis management after the standardized training program. CONCLUSIONS: Simulation training plays an essential role in aviation and minimizes the risk for @entity1 errors. In the current study it is clearly shown that simulation training is also useful in @entity344 . The newly developed workshop may thus be of crucial importance to improve personal crisis management. Simulation also leads to an improvement of @entity341 . Accordingly, simulation training should be recommended or offered as an education option in @entity344 .

title: [Combined simulation training: a new concept and workshop is useful for crisis management in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'human']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['GI bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic and emergency skills']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal endoscopy', 'Gastrointestinal Endoscopy']

entities_list: @entity1445 :: ('MESH:D062787', 'Disease') :: ['overdoses']

answer: @entity344 :: (MESH:D005767,Disease) :: ['gastrointestinal endoscopy']


abstract: In the African @entity693 belt, the recurrent @entity10217 epidemics are generally caused by serogroup A. In the past 20 years, other serogroups have been detected, such as X or W135, which have caused sporadic cases or clusters. We report here 134 @entity693 cases caused by @entity3631 serogroup X that occurred in Niamey between 1995 and 2000. They represented 3.91% of the meningococcal isolates from all CSF samples, whereas 94.4% were of serogroup A. @entity10217 cases were detected using the framework of the routine surveillance system for reportable diseases organized by the Ministry of Public Health of @entity3456 . The strains were isolated and determined by the reference laboratory for @entity693 in Niamey (CERMES) and further typed at the WHO collaborating center of the Pharo in Marseille and at the National Reference Center for the Meningococci at the Institut Pasteur. Reference laboratories in Marseille and Paris characterized 47 isolates having the antigenic formula (serogroup:serotype:sero-subtype) X:NT:P1.5. @entity693 cases due to meningococcus serogroup X did not present any clinical or epidemiological differences to those due to serogroup A. The seasonal incidence was classical; 93.3% of the cases were recorded during the dry season. The mean age of @entity1 was 9.2 years (+/- 6 years). The sex ratio M/F was 1.3. Case fatality rate was 11.9% without any difference related to age or sex. The increasing incidence of the serogroup X was not related to the decrease of serogroup A, but seemed cyclic, and evolved independently of the recurrence of both serogroups A and C.

title: Outbreaks of serogroup @entity10217 in XXXX 1995-2000.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10217 :: ('MESH:D008585', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal meningitis', 'Meningococcal meningitis']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['Meningitis', 'meningitis']

entities_list: @entity3631 :: ('487', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria meningitidis']

answer: @entity3456 :: (4230,Species) :: ['Niger']


abstract: Non-antigen-specific activation of @entity1 B lymphocytes for IgE production in vitro requires the presence of @entity3646 and non-cognate physical interaction with T cells. The latter can be replaced by antibodies directed against the B cells' @entity2936 structure. Antigen-specific induction of immunoglobulin responses, including IgE, is difficult in @entity1 lymphocyte cultures. Thus, we developed a model system which might resemble physiological B lymphocyte stimulation by antigen. Co-cultures of purified tonsillar B cells from normal donors with non-HLA matched T helper clones obtained from the skin of @entity483 @entity1 produced significant levels of IgE and IgG1 after stimulation with appropriate types of staphylococcal exotoxins, provided that @entity3646 was also induced in the T cells. Such responses were further enhanced by addition of low doses of anti- @entity2936 antibodies. Concentrations of anti- @entity2936 , optimal for stimulation of B cells in the absence of T helper lymphocytes, were less effective in this regard and even inhibitory in some experiments. Most powerful immunoglobulin induction was observed when the cultures were spiked with low amounts of @entity3646 and anti- @entity2936 which did not elicit substantial immunoglobulin production in the absence of the staphylococcal exotoxins. Induction of @entity1199 in T/B cell cultures by superantigens without production of appreciable quantities of @entity3646 provoked considerable IgG1 titer but no IgE. High amounts of @entity379 generated by the T cells in vitro in the presence of superantigens did not appear to interfere with immunoglobulin induction. Addition of recombinant interferon at the beginning of the culture period at doses which effectively suppressed @entity3646 plus anti- @entity2936 induced immunoglobulin responses did not inhibit T helper and superantigen dependent B cell activation. Superantigen mediated B cell stimulation for immunoglobulin production was dependent on cell-cell contact. The experimental results presented suggest that this cellular interaction did not necessarily involve T-B cell bridging by superantigens.

title: Induction of IgE and IgG1 in XXXX B cell cultures with staphylococcal superantigens: role of helper T cell interaction, resistance to @entity379 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are concern about the @entity954 because blood supply to face is very generous. Increased @entity190 may lead to the need for transfusion of blood and blood products and hence @entity1 are exposed to the risks associated with it. Hence, this study was undertaken to compare whether there is any significant difference in @entity190 , surgical field and duration of surgery in @entity1 undergoing maxillofacial surgeries with and without @entity551 anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on @entity1 undergoing various maxillofacial surgeries. The @entity1 were randomly divided into two groups, the study group and the control group. In the study group @entity1 , induced @entity551 was used in order to maintain systolic pressure of 80-90 mm Hg. In the control group @entity1 , normotensive anesthesia was used. Estimation of @entity190 (EBS), quality of the surgical field and duration of surgery was calculated for both groups in three types of surgical procedures. Statistical analysis was performed by using two-tailed Pearson correlation test. RESULTS: EBS was found to be significantly less in all the surgical procedures carried out under @entity551 anesthesia (P < 0.05). The quality of the surgical field was better in cases with induced @entity551 , but there was no significant difference in duration of the procedures with and without induced @entity551 . CONCLUSION: Our study shows that @entity551 anesthesia can be safely used in almost all maxillofacial surgical procedures with reduced @entity190 and improved surgical field.

title: Comparative Study of XXXX , Quality of Surgical Field and Duration of Surgery in Maxillofacial Cases with and without @entity551 Anesthesia.

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotensive', 'hypotension']

entities_list: @entity954 :: ('MESH:D016063', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative bleeding']

answer: @entity190 :: (MESH:D006473,Disease) :: ['Blood Loss']


abstract: A cross sectional, exploratory study was designed at "National Center for Hearing and Speech for @entity1 " (NCHSC), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from May 2001 to June 2002, with a view to determine the average noise level in different places of Dhaka Metropolitan City (DMC), and also aiming at evaluating the extent of @entity393 ( @entity393 ) in different groups of city dwellers and finally a base line information. A total of 32 places in DMC were selected randomly. The highest noise level recorded 104 dB at Sayedabad bus terminal and the lowest 68 dB in Banani and Baridhara residential area. In silent zone of @entity33679 , average noise level was 79 dB, in residential zone 72 dB, in commercial zone 90 dB, and in mixed zone average noise level was recorded at 91 dB. Measured noise levels were more than acceptable and permissible levels in all places of DMC. A total of 312 @entity1 aged between 15-45 years (mean age- 24.64 years) were enrolled for the study as per inclusion criteria. Gender-wise male were 211(67.62%) and female were 101(32.57%). Profession-wise Automobile drivers were 57(18.26 %), Garment workers 58(18.55 %), City dwellers 72(23.07%), Students 72(23.07%), Traffic polices 12(3.85%), Hawkers and Road side shopkeepers were 41(13.1%). Definite noise notch (>25dB) at 4KHz observed in 33(10.58%) audiogram of @entity1 under study. Automobile drivers, Traffic polices, Road side hawkers and Shop keepers, Garment workers are mostly affected were 17.54%, 16.4%, 12.09% and 12.06% respectively. A total of 201 @entity1 (64.42%) were not aware of their hearing impairment, 244(78%) of the @entity1 had poor level of knowledge regarding bad effects of noise on health and about protective means available. Amongst @entity1 (33) found to have @entity393 did not use any protective device.

title: Noise level in different places of Dhaka Metropolitan City (DMC) and noise-induced XXXX ( @entity393 ) in Dhaka City dwellers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children', 'person', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Noise-induced Hearing Loss', 'NIHL']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['hearing loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Alveolar macrophages are sentinels of the pulmonary mucosa and central to maintaining immunological homeostasis. However, their role in governing the response to allergen is not fully understood. Inappropriate responses to the inhaled environment manifest as @entity565 . METHODS: We utilised a mechanistic @entity1312 driven model and a house dust mite allergen mucosal sensitisation model of @entity56 to investigate the role of alveolar macrophages in regulating @entity55 . RESULTS: @entity1312 dependent eosinophilic and @entity61 @entity32 was enhanced in @entity19 depleted of alveolar macrophages using clodronate liposomes. Similarly, depletion of alveolar macrophages during house dust mite sensitisation or established disease resulted in augmented @entity61 immunity and increased allergen specific @entity6527 and IgE. @entity19160 treatment also delayed the resolution of tissue @entity32 following cessation of allergen challenge. Strikingly, tissue interstitial macrophages were elevated in @entity133 deficient @entity19 identifying a new homeostatic relationship between different macrophage subtypes. A novel role for the macrophage derived immunoregulatory cytokine @entity22385 was identified in modulating @entity61 @entity32 following mucosal allergen exposure. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, alveolar macrophages are critical regulators of @entity61 immunity and their dysregulation promotes an inflammatory environment with exacerbation of allergen induced airway pathology. Manipulating @entity22385 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of @entity565 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Alveolar macrophages are sentinels of XXXX pulmonary homeostasis following inhaled antigen challenge.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar macrophage']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic airway disease']

entities_list: @entity19160 :: ('MESH:D004002', 'Chemical') :: ['Clodronate']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: The effect of dynamic exercise on muscle and blood @entity3265 ( @entity3655 ) and @entity535 contents has been investigated. Eight healthy @entity1 cycled at 50% and 97% of maximal @entity26 uptake for 10 min and 5.2 min (to fatigue), respectively. Biopsies (quadriceps femoris muscle), arterial and femoral venous blood samples were obtained at rest and during exercise. Muscle @entity3655 at rest and after submaximal exercise was (means +/- SE) 0.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/kg dry muscle (d.m.) and increased to 4.1 +/- 0.5 mmol/kg d.m. at fatigue (P less than 0.001). The total @entity1708 ( @entity27376 ) pool ( @entity27376 = @entity855 + @entity857 + @entity860 ) did not change after submaximal exercise but decreased significantly at fatigue (P less than 0.001). The decrease in @entity27376 was similar to the increase in @entity3655 . Muscle @entity880 was 3 +/- 1 mmol/kg d.m. at rest and increased to 104 +/- 5 mmol/kg d.m. at fatigue. Whole blood and plasma @entity3655 did not change significantly during submaximal but both increased significantly during maximal exercise (P less than 0.001). During maximal exercise the leg released 7,120 mumol/min of @entity880 , whereas only 89 mumol/min of @entity3655 were released. @entity3655 accumulation in muscle could buffer only 3% of the @entity3884 ions released from @entity880 , and @entity3655 release could account for only 1% of the net @entity3884 ion transport out of the cell. Muscle @entity1160 was constant throughout the study, whereas @entity2227 decreased and @entity493 increased during exercise (P less than 0.001). No significant changes in either arterial whole blood @entity1160 or @entity2227 were observed. Arterial plasma @entity1160 and @entity2227 concentrations, however, increased and decreased (P less than 0.001), respectively, during exercise. It is concluded that (1) muscle and blood @entity3655 levels increase only during strenuous exercise and (2) @entity3655 accumulation is of minor importance for regulating acid-base balance in body fluids during exercise.

title: Muscle @entity3265 and XXXX metabolism during dynamic exercise in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1708 :: ('CHEBI:61293', 'Chemical') :: ['adenine nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity535 :: (CHEBI:33704,Chemical) :: ['amino acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this clinical retrospective study cystotomy and capitonnage were compared in @entity1 with @entity18768 with regard to postoperative period. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2004, 60 @entity1 with @entity18768 were treated surgically. There were 33 @entity1 and 27 @entity1 aged from 3 to 16 years. Cystotomy and closure of bronchial openings were performed in all @entity1 . The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups. While the residual cyst cavity was closed by means of capitonnage in group A (n = 37), cystotomy was applied in group B (n = 23). RESULTS: There was no mortality in either group. Chest tubes were removed after 3.59 +/- 1.04 days in group A and 5.83 +/- 2.84 days in group B. The hospital stay was 4.86 +/- 1.43 days for group A and 7.22 +/- 3.34 days for group B. Prolonged air leak was found in 2 @entity1 in group A and 7 @entity1 in group B. There was a significant difference between group A and group B with regard to chest tube removal time (P = .001), hospital stay (P = .003), development of prolonged air leak (P = .004), and all complications (P = .031). Follow-up information was available for 49 @entity1 , ranging from 13 to 86 months (mean, 56 months). Recurrence was seen in 2 @entity1 of group A and 1 @entity1 of group B during the follow-up period (P = .698). CONCLUSION: Capitonnage for @entity18768 is superior to cystotomy because it reduces morbidity (especially prolonged air leak) and hospital stay.

title: Effect of capitonnage and cystotomy on outcome of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity18768 :: ('MESH:D004445', 'Disease') :: ['childhood pulmonary hydatid cysts', 'pulmonary hydatid cysts']

answer: @entity18768 :: (MESH:D004445,Disease) :: ['childhood pulmonary hydatid cysts']


abstract: BACKGROUND: T-cell proliferation is a standard method to evaluate cellular immune responses against intracellular infectious agents. The present study was undertaken to look for expression of an early activation marker ( @entity7986 ) and proliferation using a nonradioactive method to evaluate cellular immune response against a salt-extractable antigen from @entity42306 ( @entity11857 -BM) in @entity1 suffering from @entity3377 . METHODS: Expression of @entity7986 on membrane of @entity404 + and @entity405 + T-cells was determined by flow cytometry. Lymphoproliferation was determined by tritiated @entity1014 and @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) incorporation using liquid scintillation counter or flow cytometry, respectively, to evaluate DNA synthesis. RESULTS: Thirty healthy donors and 24 @entity1 suffering from @entity3377 were included in this study. In all cases, incubation with mitogen induced expression of @entity7986 and proliferation of both @entity404 + and @entity405 + T-cells. In contrast, only @entity3377 @entity1 responded with expression of @entity7986 and proliferation against @entity11857 -BM antigen from @entity6467 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Methods used in this study were useful to evaluate immune response against specific antigen or polyclonal stimulation. @entity404 + and @entity405 + T cells from @entity1 became equally activated and proliferated in response to @entity11857 -BM antigen. Our data suggest that both T-cell subpopulations play an important role in immune response against Brucella.

title: Activation and proliferation of T lymphocyte subpopulations in XXXX with @entity3377 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', "5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine"]

entities_list: @entity42306 :: ('224914', 'Species') :: ['Brucella melitensis 16M']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity6467 :: ('29459', 'Species') :: ['Brucella melitensis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Marrow regeneration is known to be associated with an increase in immature B cells, including @entity2282 + cells. A similar phenotype has been seen in some @entity1 with @entity1503 . This article describes 21 adult @entity1 not recovering from chemotherapy, who had increased @entity2282 + cells in their marrows. These cells had the relatively uniform scatter properties of small lymphocytes by flow cytometry, and by multiparameter analysis were found to have a distinct phenotype in that they were @entity1075 +, lacked surface immunoglobulin, and heterogeneity expressed @entity2225 . In two of three @entity1 tested, some but not all of these early B cells were TdT+. @entity2282 + cells accounted for 10-76% of total mononuclear cells. All 21 @entity1 had some @entity262 . Thirteen @entity1 had a diagnosis of @entity706 (three Hodgkin's, ten non-Hodgkin's); all ten of the latter were extranodal and seven of seven phenotyped cases were @entity1892 . Seven @entity1 had @entity792 (one also had @entity706 ) and one had the acquired @entity465 with @entity281 of the marrow. One @entity1 with a history of a " @entity1800 " had a lymph node showing @entity706 with progressive transformation of germinal centers. Examination of marrow core biopsies in these @entity1 showed a proliferation of small lymphocytes ranging from a barely perceptible diffuse increase to numerous lymphoid aggregates. The extensive lymphocytosis seen in two marrows suggested a diagnosis of @entity706 on morphologic grounds alone, but neither these @entity1 nor any others had B-cell clonal excess. The presence of this phenotype suggests nonspecific stimulation of marrow B-cell precursors associated with systemic B-cell activation in either an immunologic or @entity5 . Presence of this unusual phenotype does not imply involvement of marrow by @entity1892 .

title: Marrow B-cell precursors are increased in XXXX associated with B-cell dysfunction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'atypical lymphoid hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic disorder']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic illness']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['unusual cytopenias']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['mycobacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas', 'B-cell neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral illness']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphomas or systemic diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity154 of the ribs and chest wall as well as @entity5511 of the shoulder are often associated with @entity85 of the spine. It has been suggested that @entity154 may adversely affect the progression of the @entity85 . METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of the medical records and spine radiographs of 620 consecutive @entity1 with @entity85 of the spine; 497 @entity1 (80%) had @entity1635 ; eighty-eight @entity1 (14%), @entity3792 ; and thirty-five @entity1 (6%), @entity1513 . The @entity154 were classified into simple and complex, and the presence of a @entity5511 of the shoulder was recorded. The rate of @entity1635 without treatment before the age of eleven years, as well as the @entity1 age and curve size at the time of surgery, was compared for different types of @entity854 in @entity1 with and without @entity154 . RESULTS: A total of 119 @entity1 (19.2%) had @entity154 , which were most commonly associated with @entity1635 (111 @entity1 ; 93%) and were much less frequently associated with @entity3792 or @entity1513 (eight @entity1 ). The @entity154 were simple in ninety-five @entity1 and complex in twenty-four. Eighty-five @entity1 (71%) with @entity17339 had a @entity1635 due to a unilateral failure of @entity1347 , and seven @entity1 had mixed or unclassifiable @entity3574 . In contrast, only sixteen of 203 @entity1 with a @entity1635 due to a @entity24148 alone had @entity154 . The @entity154 were most frequently associated with a @entity1514 (102 @entity1 ; 92%) and occurred on the concavity in eighty-two @entity1 (74%), the convexity in twenty-two @entity1 (20%), and were bilateral in seven @entity1 . The @entity5511 occurred in forty-five @entity1 and most frequently in association with a @entity1514 due to a unilateral failure of @entity1347 (twenty-seven @entity1 ). No significant difference was detected in the rate of curve progression without treatment in @entity1 with and without @entity154 . The only exception was the mean age at the time of surgery, which was higher for @entity1 with a unilateral unsegmented bar without @entity154 (p = 0.005). In addition, no significant difference was found with regard to any tethering effect due to the site of the rib fusions on the concavity of the @entity1635 , i.e., whether they were in close approximation to the spine or were more lateral (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity154 occur most commonly on the concavity of a thoracic or thoracolumbar @entity1635 that is due to a unilateral failure of @entity1347 , and they do not appear to have an adverse effect on curve size or rate of progression.

title: @entity154 of the ribs and chest wall associated with XXXX of the spine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['rib anomalies', 'Congenital anomalies', 'Congenital rib anomalies']

entities_list: @entity5511 :: ('MESH:C535802', 'Disease') :: ['Sprengel deformity']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral segmentation']

entities_list: @entity3574 :: ('OMIM:277300', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['congenital scoliosis', 'scoliosis', 'scoliosis deterioration']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic or thoracolumbar scoliosis', 'thoracic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity3792 :: ('MESH:C565711', 'Disease') :: ['congenital kyphoscoliosis', 'kyphoscoliosis']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity24148 :: ('MESH:C535881', 'Disease') :: ['hemivertebra']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['congenital deformities', 'spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity17339 :: ('MESH:C537613', 'Disease') :: ['rib abnormalities']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['congenital deformities']


abstract: @entity945 derivatives, such as @entity888 (MA), @entity4944 (AM), @entity21435 ( @entity14842 ), @entity15947 ( @entity1865 ), @entity21938 (PT), @entity4899 ( @entity6334 ) and @entity10046 (PM), and @entity3652 (KT) are widely abused recreational or anorectic drugs in Korea and are regulated under the Controlled Substance Act in Korea. @entity945 and @entity3652 analysis is normally performed using both urine and hair samples but there is no established method for the simultaneous analysis of all these @entity945 and @entity3652 in oral fluids. Oral fluid is easy to collect/handle and can provide an indication of recent @entity734 . In this study, to confirm the presence of @entity945 derivatives and @entity3652 in oral fluid after screening with an immunoassay, an analytical method using automated solid phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and fully validated according to international guidelines. The applicability of the assay was demonstrated by analyzing of authentic oral fluid samples and the results of oral fluid analysis were compared with those in urine and hair to to evaluate the feasibility of oral fluid in forensic cases. The recovery of @entity945 and @entity3652 from oral fluid collection devices was also assessed. Oral fluid specimens from 23 @entity734 suspects submitted by the police were collected using Salivette (Sarstedt, N  mbrecht, Germany), Quantisal (Immunalysis, Pomona, CA) or direct expectoration. The samples were screened using a biochip array analyzer (Evidence Investigator, Randox, Antrim, UK). For confirmation, the samples were analyzed by GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode after extraction using automated SPE (RapidTrace, Zymark, MA, USA) with a mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge (CLEAN SCREEN, 130 mg/3 ml, UCT, PA, USA) and derivatization with @entity45587 ( @entity13799 ). The results from the immunoassay were consistent with those from GC-MS. Twenty oral fluid samples gave positive results for MA, AM, PT and/or PM among the 23 cases, which gave positive results in urine and/or hair. Although large variations in the MA, AM, PT and PM concentrations were observed in three different specimens, the oral fluid specimen was useful for demonstrating @entity945 and @entity3652 abuse as an alternative specimen for urine.

title: Simultaneous analysis of psychotropic XXXX in oral fluid by GC-MS with automated SPE and its application to legal cases.

entities_list: @entity945 :: ('CHEBI:60977', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalkylamine', 'Phenylalkylamine', 'Phenylalkylamines', 'phenylalkylamines']

entities_list: @entity4899 :: ('MESH:D005277', 'Chemical') :: ['fenfluramine']

entities_list: @entity45587 :: ('MESH:C017958', 'Chemical') :: ['trifluoroacetic anhydride']

entities_list: @entity888 :: ('MESH:D008694', 'Chemical') :: ['methamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity21938 :: ('MESH:D010645', 'Chemical') :: ['phentermine']

entities_list: @entity10046 :: ('MESH:D010633', 'Chemical') :: ['phenmetrazine']

entities_list: @entity21435 :: ('CHEBI:1391', 'Chemical') :: ['3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity15947 :: ('MESH:D015104', 'Chemical') :: ['3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity4944 :: ('MESH:D000661', 'Chemical') :: ['amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

answer: @entity945 :: (CHEBI:60977,Chemical) :: ['phenylalkylamines']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical reconstruction of @entity1002 and @entity2318 has been considered a difficult procedure and there has been little material published about this treatment option. In this study we report on our experience with reconstruction of the inferior wall and compare it to the outcome of anterior LV reconstructions. METHODS: Seventeen @entity1 (group 1) underwent geometric endo-ventricular patch repair (GER) of inferior @entity1002 and @entity910 @entity2318 between January 1998 and December 2000. In addition to poor LV function, 5 of these @entity1 had severe @entity339 ( @entity339 ), 8 had moderate @entity339 , and 4 had mild @entity339 preoperatively. These @entity1 also underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery or valve surgery. The perioperative course, survival, and clinical status were evaluated in this group and was compared to those of 86 @entity1 (group 2) undergoing anterior GER during the same period. RESULTS: There was 1 early death in group 1 (5.8%) and 6 in group 2 (7%) (p = ns). At the conclusion of the operative procedure, all @entity1 in group 1 were weaned off cardiopulmonary bypass with trivial to mild @entity339 . There was 1 late death in group 1 (6.2%) and 2 in group 2 (2.8%) (p = ns). Eleven @entity1 (73%) in group 1 were in New York Heart Association class 1 compared to 60 in group 2 (77%) (p = ns). Follow-up echocardiography showed that 80% of @entity1 in group 1 had trivial @entity339 . CONCLUSIONS: The surgical reconstruction of inferior @entity1002 and @entity2318 can be performed safely with the expectation of a reasonable early outcome similar to that achieved with anterior LV @entity2318 . When used in this setting GER improves @entity339 , reducing the likelihood of @entity712 .

title: Geometric endo-ventricular patch repair of XXXX improves @entity339 and clinical outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure decompensation']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve regurgitation', 'MR']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinetic']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['inferior left ventricular (LV) aneurysms', 'LV aneurysms']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['inferior left ventricular scars']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesises telomeres in @entity1 germ cells, embryogenesis and in @entity5 , maintaining chromosomal length, stability and cellular immortality. The @entity2215 gene is the rate-limiting determinant of telomerase reactivation during immortalization and malignant transformation. Telomeric DNA-binding proteins have been attracting increasing interest due to their essential role in the regulation of telomeric DNA length and in protecting against chromosomal end-to-end fusion. These proteins include @entity7066 , @entity7071 , @entity7072 , @entity22058 , @entity23397 , @entity7070 , @entity7067 , @entity4912 , and TEP. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of the mRNA expression of key telomere-related genes in @entity1 @entity0 . METHODS: One hundred and twenty seven @entity5 tissues and 33 normal tissues were analyzed. Levels of transcription of @entity2215 , @entity7066 , @entity7071 , @entity7072 , @entity22058 , @entity23397 , @entity7070 , @entity7067 , @entity4912 , and @entity11071 were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The mRNA expression of these genes was normalized against @entity4166 and was then analyzed against the pathological parameters and clinical outcome over a 10 year follow up period. RESULTS: The mRNA expressions of @entity2215 , @entity7066 , @entity22058 , @entity4912 , and @entity11071 were higher in @entity5 samples compared with normal breast tissue. This reached statistical significance for @entity4912 when comparing good prognosis @entity5 with normal breast tissue (means=11013 vs 1160, P=0.05). Both @entity2215 and @entity11071 levels significantly predicted overall survival (P=0.012 and 0.005 respectively) and disease-free survival (P=0.0011 and 0.01 respectively). The mRNA levels of @entity23397 and @entity7070 were lower in malignant tissues compared with non-malignant breast tissues and this difference reached statistical significance when comparing the levels in normal tissues with those in advanced @entity5 (P=0.0008 and P=0.038 respectively). Their levels fell further with increasing @entity5 's stage and were higher in @entity5 from @entity1 who remained disease free compared with those who developed local recurrence or distant @entity3 or died from @entity0 . @entity7072 showed a trend similar to that of @entity23397 and @entity7070 . Furthermore, there was a highly significant correlation between @entity22058 expression and that of @entity2215 , @entity7066 , @entity7071 , @entity7072 and @entity4912 , (r=0.533, 0.586, 0.608, 0.644 and 0.551 respectively, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Genes encoding telomere-associated proteins display different patterns of mRNA expression in @entity1 @entity0 , and in normal breast tissue, suggesting different and sometimes opposing roles in mammary carcinogenesis. @entity2215 , @entity7066 , @entity22058 , @entity4912 and @entity11071 seem to be up-regulated, with @entity2215 and @entity11071 correlating with clinical outcome. Conversely, @entity23397 and @entity7070 transcription levels demonstrate a compelling trend to be lower in malignant tissues and lower still in those @entity1 who develop recurrent disease suggesting that @entity23397 and @entity7070 may act as @entity5 suppressor genes possibly by negatively regulating telomerase activity.

title: The expression of gene transcripts of telomere-associated genes in XXXX @entity0 : correlation with clinico-pathological parameters and clinical outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Bright light therapy (BLT) is becoming increasingly popular as an adjunct in the treatment of @entity308 and circadian rhythm disturbances in demented @entity1 . Although the rate of side-effects is low, special attention should be paid when treating new groups of @entity1 . We present the case of an 80-year-old @entity1 suffering from @entity303 of @entity195 (DAT). METHOD: Bright light (2.500 lux) was administered two hours daily between 10 and 12 a.m. for 14 days. Changes in delusion or @entity2146 were recorded using the @entity911 ( @entity911 ). RESULTS: Out of five @entity1 , three already had @entity4750 which slightly improved during the course of BLT, one @entity1 never showed delusions before or during BLT, and one @entity1 , which we present here, showed an increase in @entity2146 and developed @entity4750 . After eight days of treatment, the @entity1 developed conjunctival irritation with marked @entity227 . After 12 days of treatment, the @entity1 was disorientated in time and place and after 14 days the @entity1 started to hallucinate and BLT had to be discontinued. The paranoid delusions and @entity1833 stopped one day after treatment discontinuation. CONCLUSION: Looking at all the presented evidence, BLT seems to be a useful treatment supplement in DAT @entity1 , when suffering from delusions or @entity2146 . On the other hand, caution should be used when using BLT in demented @entity1 if @entity2146 develops or increases during BLT.

title: Paranoid delusions and @entity1833 and bright light therapy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['red eyes and complained about blurred vision']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['non-SAD depression']

entities_list: @entity4750 :: ('MESH:D012563', 'Disease') :: ['delusional symptoms']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion rating scale', 'CRS']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's type"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Perception is the most important predictor of behavior and there is a strong relation and correlation between behavior and believes. Thus, to improve self-care behaviors of @entity1 , it is required to fully understand their perceptions about behavior. This paper aimed to assess the prediction power of health promotion model of @entity551 ( @entity551 ) as the result of self-care behavior in rural @entity101 . METHODS: This cross-sectional study has been carried out through random multistage sampling on 671 rural @entity1 under the coverage of health center of Ardebil city in 2013. Data were collected through reliable and valid questionnaire based on the health promotion model in eight sectors. For data analysis, Pearson correlation statistical tests, multivariate linear regression, ANOVA and independent t-test were used and for confirmatory factor analysis, SPSS 18 and AMOS 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) were used. RESULTS: The results showed significant negative correlation between self-efficacy, perceived benefits, situational influences, affects related to behavior and commitment to action structures with @entity551 and showed a positive significant correlation between perceived barriers and @entity551 . Furthermore, age and body mass had direct significant relation with @entity551 . The age of @entity1 showed inverse significant correlation with self-efficacy, perceived benefits, affects related to behavior, interpersonal influences and commitment and showed a direct significant correlation with perceived barriers, means that by increase of age, the perceived barriers also increased. The structures of health promotion model have in overall the prediction power of 71.4% of @entity551 changes. CONCLUSION: The diet perceptions of @entity1 , the same as health promotion model, has good predictive power of @entity551 , especially the structures of perceived benefits and self-efficacy have inverse meaningful relation with systole blood pressure and predicted a higher percentage of this variable.

title: The relationship between blood pressure and the structures of Pender's health promotion model in rural @entity101 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['SBP', 'systolic blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1491 are the most common @entity1489 . They are usually localised and carry a good prognosis. There is no standard treatment for the rare @entity1 with @entity1491 or @entity1491 for whom surgery or radiotherapy is inappropriate. @entity2752 , a cytotoxic drug, is claimed to prevent @entity5 growth by inhibiting a pathway involved in tissue repair and embryogenesis. It has been authorised in the European Union for @entity1 with metastatic or locally advanced and extensive @entity1491 . Clinical evaluation of @entity2752 is based on a non-comparative clinical trial involving 104 @entity1 , providing only weak evidence. Twenty-one months after the start of the trial, 7 @entity1 with @entity3 (21%) and 6 @entity1 with advanced @entity1491 (10%) had died. Given the lack of a placebo group, there is no way of knowing whether @entity2752 had any effect, positive or negative, on survival. There were no complete responses among @entity1 with @entity3 , but about one-third of them had partial responses. Among the 63 @entity1 with locally advanced @entity1491 , there were 14 complete responses and 16 partial responses. The recurrence rate in @entity1 with complete responses was not reported. Similar results were reported in two other uncontrolled trials available in mid-2014. @entity2752 has frequent and sometimes serious adverse effects, including muscle @entity2473 , @entity1295 and severe hyponatraemia. Cases of severe @entity353 , @entity1665 , @entity2788 , other @entity5 ( @entity957 ) and @entity417 have also been reported. More data are needed on possible hepatic and cardiovascular adverse effects. A potent teratogenic effect was seen in experimental animals. As @entity2752 enters semen, contraception is mandatory for both @entity1 (condoms) and @entity1 . In practice, @entity2752 has frequent and varied adverse effects, some of which are serious, while its benefits are poorly documented. @entity2752 should only be proposed to @entity1 in whom basal cell cancer markedly undermines quality of life, and only in the context of clinical research.

title: @entity2752 ( XXXX  ) In @entity1491 : too many unknowns.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancers']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['including squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2788 :: ('MESH:D015785', 'Disease') :: ['ocular disorders']

entities_list: @entity2752 :: ('MESH:C538724', 'Chemical') :: ['vismodegib', 'Vismodegib']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['very extensive basal cell carcinoma', 'basal cell carcinoma', 'metastatic basal cell carcinoma', 'Basal cell carcinomas']

answer: @entity2752 :: (MESH:C538724,Chemical) :: ['ERIVEDGE']


abstract: Cellular characteristics of myofibroblasts and its possible origin with mesenchymal stem cell nature in @entity2631 remain to be investigated. We analyzed these cells in @entity2631 induced in F344 @entity35 by @entity1732 (BLM) by immunolabeling using a panel of marker antibodies for cytoskeletons ( @entity7229 , @entity10944 , a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA)) and stromal stem cells ( @entity18715 , A3). Skin samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after initiation of subcutaneous injections of BLM (100  l of 1 mg/ml, daily). In double immunofluorescence, myofibroblasts reacting simultaneously to a-SMA, @entity7229 , and @entity18715 were seen in @entity75 with a time-dependent increase. Mesenchymal cells in the @entity7674 ( @entity7674 ) displayed increased reactivity for @entity18715 and @entity7229 , but a-SMA expression did not increase in these cells. In double immunofluorescence, both myofibroblasts and pericytes in newly formed blood vessels in @entity75 co-expressed a-SMA, @entity7229 and @entity18715 , and the @entity7674 cells and pericytes reacted simultaneously to A3, @entity18715 and @entity7229 . @entity10944 -positive cells were infrequently seen around the blood vessels. Based on these findings, the @entity7674 cells and pericytes may be involved as possible progenitors of myofibroblasts in @entity75 in the stromal stem cell lineage. Interestingly, increased number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic epithelial cells in the atrophied hair follicles significantly correlated with increase in immunohistochemical scoring of @entity7229 and @entity18715 in the @entity7674 . Apoptosis in the hair follicle might have mediate the perifollicular @entity82 , resulting in extensive @entity2631 . The present findings would provide new insights in the pathogenesis of BLM-induced @entity2631 in terms of myofibroblasts and its origin.

title: Immunophenotypical analysis of myofibroblasts and mesenchymal cells in the @entity1732 -induced XXXX @entity2631 , with particular reference to their origin.

entities_list: @entity7674 :: ('MESH:D016136', 'Disease') :: ['perifollicular dermal sheath', 'PDS']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['sclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']