abstract: To investigate the expression profile of @entity356 , cDNA array experiments were performed using Atlas @entity1 Cancer 1.2 K Array (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA) on nine xenografted and two primary @entity356 samples. The expression of the @entity5 samples was compared to that of two normal gastric epithelial tissues. The expression pattern of the @entity5 was similar to that of xenografted @entity5 . The up-regulated genes had expression ratios ranging from 2.5 to 16, whereas the down-regulated genes had a range from -2.5 to -16. No variation in gene expression was detected in the analysis of the xenografted @entity5 versus the @entity5 , indicating that the xenografts represented the @entity5 well. Thirty-eight genes showed altered gene expression in 5 or more samples (>45%). Thirty-one genes were up-regulated and seven genes were down-regulated. The most abundantly up-regulated genes (ratio >5) included genes such as S100A4, @entity8985 , @entity1551 and @entity3546 . The GIF was markedly down-regulated (ratio < -10). To confirm our findings, six genes (three up- and three down-regulated) were selected for semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The RT-PCR results were consistent with the array findings. Our approach revealed that several genes are abnormally expressed in @entity356 and found that genes known to interact in several common molecular pathway(s) were consistently altered.

title: Expression profiling of XXXX using cDNA array.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric adenocarcinoma']


abstract: This study assessed whether the orally active endothelin-A- (ETA) receptor antagonist, @entity50234 (BMS), affects systolic blood pressure (SBP), renal function and survival in salt-loaded @entity64 -prone spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRSPs). Eight-week-old male and female SHRSPs were given a high-salt diet (4% @entity1219 ) (n = 6/group). The treatment groups (n = 6/group), also on a high-salt diet, were administered BMS (40 mg/kg/day) which was mixed in the food. In untreated SHRSPs, mean survival was 136 days (range 96-194 days) in males, and 98 days (range 74-112 days) in females. Treatment with BMS increased survival to 223 days in males (range 129-280 days, p <0.01 vs controls) and 156 days (range 124-180, p < 0.05 vs controls) in females. SBP increased to approximately 240 mmHg in all groups. BMS had no effect on SBP in females and a small, but significant (p < 0.05), SBP-lowering effect in males. In control @entity35 , severe @entity8 was evident at 16 weeks ( @entity644 , 161 +/- 1.3 mg/day). In the treated group, development of @entity644 was significantly delayed (13 +/- 0.5 mg/day at 16 weeks). In conclusion ETA-receptor antagonism prolongs survival and improves renal status, but has little effect on the progression of @entity101 . These data suggest that interruption of the endothelin (ET) system by blockade of ETA-receptors may achieve protection from target-organ damage despite lack of a reduction in blood pressure.

title: Endothelin-A-receptor blockade improves renal function and doubles the lifespan of @entity64 -prone spontaneously XXXX @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: A modified @entity406 test in @entity19 was investigated. The @entity158 response curve induced by 0.5% @entity406 was biphasic, having 2 peaks, from 0 to 5 min (first phase) and from 15 to 20 min (second phase). A low concentration of @entity406 was used, allowing the effects of weak analgesics to be detected. Centrally acting drugs such as narcotics inhibited both phases equally. Peripherally acting drugs such as @entity117 , @entity16780 , @entity701 and @entity619 only inhibited the second phase. @entity17690 and @entity7154 which acted on both central and peripheral sites inhibited both phases, but the second phase was inhibited by lower doses. Thus, this method enables one to easily distinguish the site of action of analgesics. Furthermore, @entity158 response in the first phase was inhibited by @entity2951 -treated desensitization and @entity53881 ( @entity1812 inhibitor). The second phase was inhibited by compound 48/80 pretreatment, @entity3352 and @entity1812 inhibitor. Therefore, it is suggested that @entity10501 and @entity1812 participate in the manifestation of the first phase response, and @entity112 , @entity750 , @entity3009 and @entity1812 are involved in the second phase. These results indicate that the first and second phase responses induced by @entity406 have distinct characteristic properties, and it is a very useful method for examining @entity158 , nociception and its modulation by pharmacological or other means.

title: Modified XXXX test: characteristic biphasic @entity158 response.

entities_list: @entity17690 :: ('MESH:D000632', 'Chemical') :: ['Aminopyrine']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity7154 :: ('MESH:D008528', 'Chemical') :: ['mefenamic acid']

entities_list: @entity53881 :: ('MESH:C051090', 'Chemical') :: ['Des-Arg9-(Leu8)-bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity16780 :: ('MESH:D010113', 'Chemical') :: ['oxyphenbutazone']

answer: @entity406 :: (MESH:D005557,Chemical) :: ['formalin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe @entity62 , @entity1188 , microbleeds and macrobleeds in the context of a collagen IV A1 mutation. METHODS: We examined a family with autosomal dominant @entity9670 , in whom a defect in collagen IV A1 was detected recently. The @entity1 underwent neurological, ophthalmological, and cardiological examinations and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Electron microscopy of a skin biopsy was performed. Extensive laboratory screening was performed for @entity49 and @entity548 . RESULTS: The @entity9670 was symptomatic in the infantile period in two @entity1 , whereas it led to only minor @entity51 in their affected mother. However, she experienced development of recurrent strokes in her 40s. In addition to the @entity9670 , all @entity1 had a @entity62 , which was most severe in the mother. Her magnetic resonance imaging results also showed @entity1188 , macrobleeds and a multitude of microbleeds. No other risk factors for recurrent @entity64 were found. Electron microscopy showed interruptions of the basement membrane of skin capillaries and inhomogeneous thickening of the basement membrane with pools of basement membrane fragments. INTERPRETATION: @entity62 , @entity1188 , microbleeds, and macrobleeds are indicative of an underlying @entity455 , of which the best-known causes are @entity101 , @entity74 with @entity1188 and @entity62 , and @entity8267 . Mutations in collagen IV A1, a major component of the vascular basement membrane, appear to be another risk factor.

title: Neonatal @entity9670 and XXXX related to mutations in collagen IV A1.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8267 :: ('MESH:D016657', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral amyloid angiopathy']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['microangiopathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['increased bleeding tendency']

entities_list: @entity9670 :: ('MESH:D065708', 'Disease') :: ['porencephaly']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophilia']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['lacunar infarcts', 'ischemic infarcts', 'subcortical infarcts']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['Leukoencephalopathy', 'leukoencephalopathy']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['adult stroke']


abstract: @entity687 ( @entity687 ) and @entity2851 ( @entity2851 ) are structurally related proinflammatory cytokines that are chemoattractants and activators of neutrophils. Recently, cDNA clones encoding a high affinity @entity687 receptor ( @entity7415 ) and a "low affinity" @entity687 receptor ( @entity7416 ) have been isolated from @entity1 cDNA libraries. These two receptors have 77% @entity535 identity and are members of the G protein-coupled superfamily of receptors with seven transmembrane domains. We have expressed these two receptors in @entity1 cells and find that in this system both receptors bind @entity687 with high affinity (Kd approximately 2 nM). The receptor affinities differ for @entity2851 , however. @entity7415 binds @entity2851 with low affinity (Kd approximately 450 nM); @entity7416 binds @entity2851 with high affinity (Kd approximately 2 nM). The transfected cells respond to ligand binding with a transient increase in the intracellular @entity141 concentration. A @entity141 response is found for @entity7415 following the binding of @entity687 ; no response is found for @entity2851 . A @entity141 response for @entity7416 follows the binding of both ligands. Blot hybridization with oligonucleotide probes specific for the two receptors shows that mRNA for both receptors is present in @entity1 neutrophils. Analysis of @entity687 and @entity2851 binding data on neutrophils as well as @entity141 response and desensitization data shows that the presence of these two @entity687 receptors on the cell surface can account for the profile of these two ligands on neutrophils.

title: Characterization of two high affinity XXXX interleukin-8 receptors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2851 :: ('2919', 'Gene') :: ['melanocyte growth-stimulatory activity/gro', 'MGSA']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigated the feasibility of continuous detection of @entity741 during cardiac surgery with a 3-axis accelerometer. METHODS: Ten @entity1 with significant left anterior descending @entity3979 underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. A 3-axis accelerometer (11 x 14 x 5 mm) was sutured onto the left anterior descending coronary artery-perfused region of left ventricle. Twenty episodes of @entity63 were studied, with 3-minute occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery at start of surgery and 3-minute occlusion of @entity3538 at end of surgery. Longitudinal, circumferential, and radial accelerations were continuously measured, with epicardial velocities calculated from the signals. During occlusion, accelerometer velocities were compared with anterior left ventricular longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains obtained by echocardiography. @entity63 was defined by change in strain greater than 30%. RESULTS: @entity63 was observed echocardiographically during 7 of 10 left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions but not during @entity432 . During @entity63 , there were no significant electrocardiographic or hemodynamic changes, whereas large and significant changes in accelerometer circumferential peak systolic (P < .01) and isovolumic (P < .01) velocities were observed. During 13 occlusions, no @entity63 was demonstrated by strain, nor was any change demonstrated by the accelerometer. A strong correlation was found between circumferential strain and accelerometer circumferential peak systolic velocity during occlusion (r = -0.76, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The epicardial accelerometer detects @entity741 with great accuracy. This novel technique has potential to improve monitoring of @entity741 during cardiac surgery.

title: Feasibility of a three-axis epicardial accelerometer in detecting @entity741 in cardiac surgical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3538 :: ('MESH:D002341', 'Disease') :: ['left internal thoracic artery']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['left internal thoracic artery occlusion']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the pattern of blood stream @entity281 (BSI) in @entity1 in intensive care units (ICUs) can help determine antibiotic prescribing policy and @entity281 control procedures. However, there have been few pediatric-based studies. METHODS: Surveillance of BSI in a pediatric ICU for 3 years, amounting to 131 episodes of significant @entity2259 and @entity12045 . RESULTS: The incidence of BSI was 39.0 per 1,000 admissions (10.6 per 1,000 bed days). Eighty-four (64.1%) episodes were ICU-acquired, and 27 (20.6%) were community-acquired. Gram-positive, Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria accounted for 62.2, 30.8 and 1.4%, respectively, of the 143 microorganisms isolated, 5.6% were @entity375 . @entity3631 was the most common species in @entity5046 , and staphylococci predominated in hospital-acquired episodes. Eighty-seven percent of @entity1 had significant underlying disease, including 60.3% with congenitally acquired conditions. Intravascular devices were the most common source of @entity281 , accounting for 41.2% of all episodes. The crude mortality in @entity1 with BSI was 26.5%, compared with 8.1% in those without BSI. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of BSI in ICUs is partly determined by the type of @entity1 treated. However, some observations are generally applicable, notably the increasing importance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are often of low virulence and device-associated. Our experience suggests that universal use of broad spectrum empiric antibiotics to cover these pathogens (which risks further promoting antibiotic resistance) may not improve @entity1 outcome. Our study provides a basis for other pediatric ICUs to evaluate their rates and outcomes of BSI.

title: Three-year survey of @entity2259 and XXXX in a pediatric intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3631 :: ('487', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria meningitidis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5046 :: ('MESH:D017714', 'Disease') :: ['community-acquired infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

answer: @entity12045 :: (MESH:D016469,Disease) :: ['fungemia']


abstract: HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: A 51-year-old @entity1 (Case A) who had suffered from @entity1222 for four years presented with progressive exertional @entity1353 . A 39-year-old @entity1 (Case B) with @entity1222 for eight years presented with @entity712 . INVESTIGATIONS: In Case A we found fixed @entity1030 , @entity519 , @entity3794 , @entity4595 , severe @entity120 and a reduced right ventricular function, in Case B moderate @entity1030 , @entity519 , @entity3794 , @entity2415 and severe @entity120 . TREATMENT AND COURSE: @entity120 due to @entity1222 was assumed in both @entity1 . After treatment with @entity7855 , the @entity1 has experienced long-term improvement for 2.5 years so far. An initially planned lung transplantation was therefore postponed. During inhaled iloprost the @entity1 also showed hemodynamic and clinical improvement and was stable for several years. Five years later recurrent @entity712 required an increase in iloprost dose; lung transplantation was then performed. CONCLUSION: Although no approved drug is available for @entity120 in @entity1222 specific targeted therapies can lead to hemodynamic and long-term clinical improvement. Treatment could be helpful for selected @entity1 with @entity120 in @entity1222 .

title: [ @entity120 and XXXX : successful treatment with @entity7855 and iloprost].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['right heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1222 :: ('MESH:D006646', 'Disease') :: ["pulmonary Langerhans' cell granulomatosis", "Langerhans' cell granulomatosis"]

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'Pulmonary hypertension', 'precapillary pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airflow obstruction']

answer: @entity1222 :: (MESH:D006646,Disease) :: ['Langerhans' cell granulomatosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: (1) To determine the frequency of abnormal neuroimaging in @entity1 with new-onset @entity54535 ; (2) to draw a correlation between Electroencephalogram (EEG) and neuroimaging. STUDY DESIGN: A hospital-based prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 276 @entity1 (6 months to 14 years of age), who presented with new-onset @entity54535 , underwent EEG and neuroimaging [Computed Tomography (CT) and/or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)]. RESULTS: Generalized @entity410 constituted the major @entity410 group in our study - 116/276 (42%) - followed by partial @entity410 86/276 (31.2%) and @entity410 in 64/276 (23.2%). Generalized as well as partial @entity410 were more common in @entity1 aged 6-14 years, while @entity410 were predominantly seen in @entity1 less than 6 years old. Most of the @entity1 with generalized and partial @entity410 had EEG abnormalities, while EEG abnormalities were uncommon in @entity1 with @entity410 . A total of 27/276 (9.8%) @entity1 with @entity410 disorder had abnormal CT scans and this abnormality was more common in @entity1 with partial @entity410 . @entity854 was seen more commonly in those @entity1 who had an abnormal EEG. EEG and CT correlation showed that @entity1 with abnormal EEG had higher rates of @entity854 , ie, 16.1% (25/155). Abnormal MRI was seen in 32/157 (20.4%) of @entity1 ; accuracy of @entity18309 by MRI, when EEG was abnormal, was 24.8% (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that clinical examination and EEG results are good indicators for neuroimaging, and these can be used as one of the criteria for ordering neuroimaging in new-onset @entity410 .

title: Role of electroencephalogram and neuroimaging in first onset @entity54535 in XXXX from Kashmir.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'complex febrile seizures', 'complex febrile seizure']

entities_list: @entity54535 :: ('MESH:C565813', 'Disease') :: ['afebrile or complex febrile seizures', 'afebrile and complex febrile seizures']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['CT abnormality']

entities_list: @entity18309 :: ('MESH:D020774', 'Disease') :: ['picking abnormality']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Early detection of disseminated @entity5 cells in the peripheral blood of @entity1 with early stage @entity356 could help to improve the outcome after @entity5 resection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of @entity5 -related mRNA for the detection of circulating @entity5 cells in @entity356 @entity1 by a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. We simultaneously analyzed @entity1 telomerase reverse transcriptase ( @entity2215 ), @entity4166 ( @entity4166 ), @entity2225 ( @entity2225 ) and @entity787 ( @entity787 ) mRNA (messenger RNA) expression in the peripheral blood of 42 @entity356 @entity1 and 30 healthy individuals. Additionally, analyses were carried out for the correlation of these four molecular markers with @entity1 ' clinicopathologic features, as well as the occurrence of postoperative recurrence/ @entity3 . Among 42 @entity356 @entity1 , the prevalence of mRNA for @entity2215 , @entity4166 , @entity2225 , and @entity787 was 61.9% (26/42), 69% (29/42), 61.9% (26/42), and 78.6% (33/42), respectively. All 30 healthy individuals were negative for @entity2215 and @entity787 mRNA, while two were positive for either @entity4166 mRNA or @entity2225 mRNA. Positive @entity787 mRNA was significantly correlated with @entity5 size p=0.008), vessel invasion (p=0.001), depth of @entity5 invasion (p=0.007), lymph node @entity3 (p< 0.001), and TNM stage (p<0.001). In addition, the multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that @entity787 mRNA expression was an independent and significant predictor for postoperative recurrence/ @entity3 (p=0.032). Our findings suggest that @entity787 mRNA may be a more reliable marker than @entity2215 , @entity4166 and @entity2225 for the detection of circulating @entity5 cells in @entity356 @entity1 ' peripheral blood. @entity1 with positive @entity787 mRNA expression in peripheral blood have a significantly higher risk of postoperative recurrence/ @entity3 .

title: Molecular detection of disseminated XXXX cells in the peripheral blood of @entity1 with @entity356 : evaluation of their prognostic significance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: CONTEXT: The effects of reduced-dose schedules of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine ( @entity1485 -7) on pneumococcal carriage in @entity1 are largely unknown, although highly relevant in the context of subsequent herd effects. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a 2-dose and 2 + 1-dose @entity1485 -7 schedule on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in young @entity1 compared with controls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : A randomized controlled trial of nasopharyngeal carriage of @entity328 enrolling 1003 healthy newborns and 1 of their parents in a general community in The Netherlands, with follow-up to age 24 months and conducted between July 7, 2005, and February 14, 2008. INTERVENTION: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive 2 doses of @entity1485 -7 at 2 and 4 months; 2 + 1 doses of @entity1485 -7 at 2, 4, and 11 months; or no dosage (control group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage rates in @entity1 in the second year of life. RESULTS: At 12 months, vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage was significantly decreased after both @entity1485 -7 schedules, with vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage rates of 25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20%-30%) and 20% (95% CI, 16%-25%) in the 2-dose and 2 + 1-dose schedule groups, respectively, vs 38% (95% CI, 33%-44%) in the control group (both P < .001). At 18 months, in the 2 + 1-dose schedule group, vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage had further decreased to 16% (95% CI, 12%-20%) and, at 24 months, to 14% (95% CI, 11%-18%; both P < .001); whereas in the 2-dose schedule group, vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage had remained stable at 18 months (24%; 95% CI, 20%-29%), but at 24 months had further decreased to 15% (95% CI, 11%-19%; both P < .001). In the control group, vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage remained around 36% to 38% until 24 months. CONCLUSION: Compared with no pneumococcal vaccination, a 2 + 1-dose and 2-dose schedule of @entity1485 -7 resulted in significant reductions of vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage in the second year of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00189020.

title: Effect of reduced-dose schedules with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in XXXX : a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'PATIENTS', 'infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Podocyte injury is an early feature of @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ). Recently, @entity3969 -1 protein ( @entity8587 ), shed by renal epithelial cells, has been proposed as a novel biomarker for podocyte injury. However, its usefulness as biomarker for early @entity2316 has not been verified yet. We investigated urinary exosomal @entity8587 in type-1 @entity6 @entity1 to confirm its role as a non-invasive biomarker for predicting early renal function decline. METHODS: The expression of @entity8587 protein in urinary exosomes from spot urine samples of type-1 @entity6 @entity1 (n=48) and healthy controls (n=25) were analyzed. @entity1 were divided based on their urinary albumin excretion, ACR (mg/g @entity1011 ) into non- @entity644 group (ACR<30 mg/g, n=30) and @entity644 group (ACR>30 mg/g, n=18). Regression analysis was used to assess the association between urinary exosomal levels of @entity8587 with parameters for renal function. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine the diagnostic performance of exosomal @entity7097 . RESULTS: @entity8587 protein was detected in 33 out of 48 @entity6 @entity1 and in only 1 healthy control. The levels of urinary exosomal @entity8587 protein is significantly higher (p=0.001) in @entity1 with @entity644 than in those without @entity644 . In addition, all the @entity1 with @entity644 but only half of the @entity1 without @entity644 were positive for exosomal @entity8587 . We found that the level of exosomal @entity8587 were associated with a significant increase in urine protein-to- @entity1011 ratio, albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio, and serum @entity1011 as well as a decline in @entity470 . Furthermore, @entity1 exhibiting @entity8587 -positive urinary exosomes had decreased renal function compared to @entity8587 -negative @entity1 . ROC analysis shows that @entity7097 effectively predict GFR<60 ml. @entity1009 m(2). CONCLUSION: The predominant presence of @entity8587 protein in urinary exosomes of @entity6 @entity1 and increase in its expression level with decline in renal function suggest that it could be useful as early non-invasive marker for @entity2316 .

title: XXXX -1 protein levels in urinary exosomes from @entity6 @entity1 with or without @entity644 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["urinary exosomal Wilm's tumor"]

answer: @entity3969 :: (MESH:D009396,Disease) :: ['Wilm's tumor']


abstract: Pharmacologic studies have indicated that accurate performance on the radial-arm maze depends upon the integrity of both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmitter systems and that these systems interact in a complex fashion. Although numerous studies have suggested that pathways deriving from the basal nuclear complex of the forebrain are critical for the cholinergic modulation of learning and memory, most have focussed on the septohippocampal projection, and none have specifically targeted the medial or lateral systems. In Experiment 1, cortical knife cuts interrupting the medial cholinergic pathway were made at the level of the caudate-putamen nucleus. Such transections produced a robust but temporary disruption of choice accuracy performance in the radial-arm maze. Recovery of this behavior occurred within 10 days and before cholinergic fiber regeneration, suggesting that compensatory changes could have taken place in non-ablated neuronal circuits. In Experiment 2, daily postsurgical administration of @entity6327 , an agonist with predominantly muscarinic actions, was found to virtually eliminate the adverse behavioral effects of medial pathway transections, indicating that the deficit could be attributable, in part, to disruption of cholinergic projections. In Experiment 3, the effects of @entity5591 , a muscarinic antagonist, and @entity6959 , a nicotinic antagonist, were examined in @entity35 with medial cholinergic pathway transections after behavior had returned postsurgically to control levels. Although both drugs attenuated radial-arm maze performance before knife cuts, only @entity5591 reduced choice accuracy following surgery. We conclude that the medial cholinergic pathway, particularly its nicotinic actions, plays an important role in cognitive function, at least as exemplified by radial-arm maze performance. Muscarinic mechanisms associated with other telencephalically projecting cholinergic networks, as well as possibly with the medial pathway itself, appear to operate interactively with nicotinic influences.

title: Impairment of radial-arm maze performance in XXXX following lesions involving the cholinergic medial pathway: reversal by @entity6327 and differential effects of muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists.

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['scopolamine']

entities_list: @entity6959 :: ('MESH:D008464', 'Chemical') :: ['mecamylamine']

entities_list: @entity6327 :: ('MESH:D001115', 'Chemical') :: ['arecoline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity11924 can occur during exercise and at rest. Reduced vasodilator capacity of the coronary microvessels is implicated as a cause of @entity951 during exercise, but the mechanism of @entity951 at rest is not known. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that primary hyperconstriction ( @entity2473 ) of coronary microvessels causes @entity296 at rest. METHODS: @entity934 induces @entity3361 in @entity1 with @entity5968 . We tested the effects of intracoronary @entity934 at graded doses in 117 consecutive @entity1 with @entity662 (at rest, during exertion, or both) and no flow-limiting (>50%) organic stenosis in the large epicardial coronary arteries. We also assessed the metabolism of myocardial @entity880 during @entity934 administration in 36 of the @entity1 by measurement of @entity880 in paired blood samples from the coronary artery and coronary sinus vein. FINDINGS: Of the 117 @entity1 , 63 (54%) had large-artery @entity2473 , 29 (25%) had microvascular @entity2473 , and 25 (21%) had atypical @entity662 . The 29 @entity1 with microvascular @entity2473 developed @entity951 -like @entity662 , ischaemic electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, or both spontaneously (two @entity1 ) or after administration of @entity934 (27 @entity1 ) without @entity2473 of the large epicardial coronary arteries. Testing of @entity453 showed that @entity880 was produced during @entity951 in nine of 11 @entity1 with microvascular @entity2473 . There was more @entity1 (p<0.01) and fewer coronary risk factors (p<0.01) in @entity1 with microvascular @entity2473 than in those with large-artery @entity2473 . INTERPRETATION: @entity3361 and resultant @entity296 may be the cause of @entity662 in a subgroup of @entity1 with @entity11924 .

title: XXXX caused by coronary microvascular @entity2473 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity5968 :: ('MESH:D000788', 'Disease') :: ['variant angina']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity3361 :: ('MESH:D003329', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary microvascular spasm', 'coronary artery spasm']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina attack', 'angina']

entities_list: @entity11924 :: ('MESH:D017566', 'Disease') :: ['Microvascular angina', 'microvascular angina']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['paired samples of arterial and coronary sinus venous blood']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine', 'Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity951 :: (MESH:D000787,Disease) :: ['Angina pectoris']


abstract: The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in the prevalence of @entity28 . Comorbidities of @entity28 include @entity6 , @entity101 , and @entity14822 , all of which contribute to @entity65 ( @entity65 ) and are associated with @entity409 . These @entity854 in individuals, and the term @entity209 is now widely used to define this cluster. The syndrome is frequently (although not invariably) associated with insulin resistance and @entity65 . @entity6 is associated with @entity65 , which may be asymptomatic in some cases, particularly when associated with @entity4148 . This has implications for guidelines on the evaluation of @entity1 with @entity323 ( @entity323 ) and @entity65 . Treatment of @entity323 in @entity1 with @entity6 has been revolutionized by the introduction of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. However, @entity1 with @entity6 tend to respond less positively to these agents, at least as currently prescribed. This decreased responsiveness may be related to the severity of endothelial function in @entity1 with @entity6 . Additional therapeutic strategies may be needed to overcome this problem.

title: Endothelial and @entity323 , @entity6 , and the XXXX : common pathways and treatments?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity14822 :: ('MESH:C562935', 'Disease') :: ['lipid abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities frequently cluster']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: In previous studies of the expression and organization of proto-oncogenes in @entity1 breast a significant correlation has been found between amplification of @entity517 and @entity1722 genes in @entity189 and poor short-term prognosis. Gene expression was estimated by analysis of total RNA from tissues, and similarly assessment of gene organization relied upon extraction of DNA from tissues. The present study has compared the expression of @entity517 and @entity1722 mRNA as determined by in situ hybridization, and @entity517 and @entity1722 protein expression detected by immunohistochemistry in a group of @entity189 for which there was knowledge of genomic organization and/or expression. Formalin-fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissues of 38 @entity189 were assessed for the presence of @entity517 protein, and 13 of these were examined for @entity517 mRNA by in situ hybridization. Similarly processed tissue from 14 @entity5 was tested for @entity1722 protein using the antiserum 21N and ten of these @entity189 studied for @entity1722 mRNA localization. There was a good correlation between @entity74 , the presence of @entity1722 protein and mRNA: both the latter were detected in six of the seven @entity189 with an amplification but in none without. For some @entity189 there was a good correlation between @entity517 protein and mRNA levels. Three @entity189 with @entity74 had a lower percentage of cells with detectable protein than showed hybridization for mRNA. Other @entity189 had a lower level of mRNA expression than protein. Neither approach could predict which @entity189 had amplification of the @entity517 gene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: An immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study of @entity517 and @entity1722 expression in primary XXXX breast carcinomas.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['gene amplification']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Like individuals exposed to other life stressors, @entity1 undergoing organ transplantation typically show elevated @entity458 initially post-transplant, with improvement thereafter. However, this 'average' pattern may conceal subgroups with differing profiles of psychological response. We sought to identify unique temporal distress profiles, and their predictors, after heart transplantation. METHOD: A total of 156 transplant recipients (refusal rate, 6%) were enrolled and assessed at 2, 7, 12, 36, and 42 months post-transplant. Cluster analysis was used to identify distinct distress profiles over time. Multivariate analyses examined health and psychosocial predictors of the profiles. RESULTS: Five groups were identified, with either: (a) low distress at all time-points (45% of the sample), (b) high, clinically significant distress at all times (21%), (c) high distress over several years with low distress only at final assessment (12%), (d) high distress during the first several months with decline thereafter (6%), or (e) fluctuating distress levels (16%). @entity1 showing any distress (versus none) were more likely to have a pre-transplant psychiatric history, poorer social supports and more physical impairment early post-transplant, and continued physical impairment over time. Among distressed @entity1 , those with persistent (versus declining) distress were most likely to be female, waited more briefly for transplant, and were most physically impaired early post-transplant. While persistently distressed @entity1 had better social supports early post-transplant, these supports subsequently worsened. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals differ in whether and when @entity458 abates after heart transplantation. Findings regarding distress profiles and their predictors may inform the design of interventions to address each transplant recipient's unique psychological needs.

title: Profiles and predictors of the course of XXXX across four years after heart transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['psychological distress']


abstract: An unexpectedly high incidence of blast transformation after splenectomy has been reported in @entity1 with @entity4018 with @entity4018 . However, whether this was associated with spleen removal after adjustment for risk factors was not determined. We conducted a multicenter historical cohort study of @entity1 with @entity4018 with @entity4018 diagnosed from January 1970 through January 1994. A total of 549 @entity1 (325 @entity1 and 224 @entity1 from 22 to 92 years of age; median age, 63 years) were included in the final data set. The Cox's proportional-hazards model was used to identify factors associated with blast transformation and @entity204 . To further adjust for factors related to spleen removal assignment, a propensity score for splenectomy was estimated using recursive-partitioning analysis. Blast transformation developed in 78 @entity1 (14.2%). @entity1 who underwent splenectomy developed more blast transformations than those who were not splenectomized (23 of 87 [26.4%] v 55 of 462 [11.9%]; P < .001). The cumulative incidence of blast transformation 12 years after diagnosis was 27.0% in nonsplenectomized @entity1 and 55.0% in splenectomized ones (P = . 01). The risk factors independently predictive of blast transformation included prior splenectomy (relative risk = 2.61), platelet count less than 100 x 10(9)/L at diagnosis (relative risk = 2.45), and the presence of blasts in peripheral blood at diagnosis (relative risk = 2.31). The relative risk of blast transformation in splenectomized @entity1 increased from 2.2 at 48 months from diagnosis to 14.3 at 12 years. @entity1 with the same propensity score for splenectomy showed a higher risk for blast transformation on the basis of having undergone splenectomy (P = .02). In conclusion, the risk of blast transformation is significantly increased in subjects who underwent splenectomy and appears to be independent of factors related to spleen removal assignment.

title: Splenectomy and risk of blast transformation in @entity4018 with @entity4018 . Italian Cooperative Study Group on Myeloid with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4018 :: ('MESH:D055728', 'Disease') :: ['myeloid metaplasia', 'myelofibrosis']

answer: @entity4018 :: (MESH:D055728,Disease) :: ['Myeloid Metaplasia']


abstract: Recent evidence indicates that toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 are involved in the pathogenesis of @entity384 ( @entity384 ), but the exact mechanisms of their actions have not been elucidated. We explored the therapeutic potential of blocking TLRs in @entity19 with established @entity296 . @entity296 was generated by a single intraperitoneal injection of @entity632 (10 mg/kg). Two weeks later, the @entity19 were treated with @entity8932 or @entity1990 neutralizing antibody. Blocking @entity8932 , but not @entity1990 , activity not only reduced mortality, but also attenuated @entity632 -induced @entity299 by 20% and inhibited @entity296 . To determine the differential effects of blocking @entity8932 and @entity1990 in chronic @entity296 , @entity19 were injected with @entity632 (3.5 mg/kg) once a week for 8 weeks, followed by treatment with @entity8932 or @entity1990 neutralizing antibody for 40 days. Blocking @entity8932 activity blunted @entity299 by 13% and inhibited @entity299 , which was associated with a significant suppression of @entity296 . The underlying mechanism involved interrupting the interaction of @entity8932 with its endogenous ligands, resulting in @entity32 and @entity82 . In contrast, blocking @entity1990 exacerbated @entity299 and @entity82 by amplifying @entity32 and suppressing autophagy. Our studies demonstrate that @entity8932 and @entity1990 play distinct roles in the progression of @entity632 -induced @entity384 . @entity1990 activity is crucial for the resolution of @entity32 and @entity299 , while blocking @entity8932 activity has therapeutic potential for the treatment of @entity384 .

title: Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and @entity1990 differentially regulate XXXX induced @entity296 in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'attenuation of inflammation']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy', 'Cardiomyopathy', 'myocardial fibrosis', 'myocardial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['DCM', 'dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac dysfunction', 'cardiac fibrosis']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: Intraosseous infusion is a valuable technique in the resuscitation of @entity3124 pediatric @entity1 in whom vascular access has proved otherwise impossible. Although it is well established as a safe and reliable means of emergent access, intraosseous infusion is not without danger, nor complication. One of the rare yet most grave complications of intraosseous access is @entity2054 . We report a case of @entity2054 as a result of intraosseous infusion that serves to remind of the potential pitfalls of this technique. An otherwise healthy 6-year-old @entity1 presented to our institution's pediatric intensive care unit following emergent resuscitation for a prolonged @entity1167 . Approximately 1 hour following an uneventful soccer practice, without any antecedent cardiopulmonary symptoms or complaints, the @entity1 collapsed and was unresponsive, not breathing, and pulseless. In the course of resuscitation, right and left tibial intraosseous lines were started. After 30 minutes of resuscitation, with multiple rounds of @entity3303 and @entity1425 infused through the intraosseous lines, a sustained perfusing rhythm was established. Acute @entity2054 was diagnosed, and through anterolateral and posteromedial incisions, all 4 fascial compartments were released. While the condition of the @entity1 's extremity improved, the overall clinical condition of the @entity1 did not. This case highlights the fundamental principles regarding the use of intraosseous infusion and the diagnosis and management of @entity2054 in @entity3124 @entity1 .

title: XXXX following intraosseous infusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critically ill']

entities_list: @entity2054 :: ('MESH:D003161', 'Disease') :: ['compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity2054 :: (MESH:D003161,Disease) :: ['Compartment syndrome']


abstract: Acute @entity1580 is a catastrophic episode that usually presents as a sudden, @entity158 , ripping sensation in the chest or back. Physical findings may include @entity393 and @entity337 . It is associated with neurologic sequelae in as many as one third of @entity1 . Painless dissection occurs in 5% of @entity1 . We report a case of painless @entity1580 , presenting as acute @entity451 . The @entity1 was a 77-year-old @entity1 who presented with @entity451 , with no @entity662 . On examination, strength was 5/5 in both upper extremities and 0/5 in both lower extremities. Deep tendon reflexes were absent in her legs. She had no voluntary anal contraction. Sensation was absent from T6 through S5. Computed tomography of the chest revealed a type A dissecting @entity439 . The vascular supply to the spinal cord and the differential diagnosis for new onset @entity451 are discussed.

title: Painless @entity1580 presenting as high XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest or back pain']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss of pulses']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissection']

answer: @entity451 :: (MESH:C536857,Disease) :: ['paraplegia']


abstract: Interferon tau is a type I IFN that was originally identified as a pregnancy recognition hormone produced by trophoblast cells. It is as potent an antiviral agent as @entity12419 and @entity12421 , but lacks the @entity137 associated with high concentrations of these IFNs in tissue culture and in animal studies. We recently showed that IFN tau, like @entity12421 , can prevent the development of @entity56 ( @entity56 ). We report here that IFN tau prevents @entity56 in @entity19 by induction of suppressor cells and suppressor factors. Suppressor cells can be induced by IFN tau in tissue culture, and in vivo by either intraperitoneal injection or by oral administration to @entity19 . Incubation of suppressor cells with @entity10927 ( @entity10927 )-sensitized T cells blocked or delayed the @entity10927 -induced proliferation. Further intraperitoneal injection of suppressor cells into @entity19 blocked induction of @entity56 by @entity10927 . Suppressor cells possessed the @entity1961 T cell phenotype, and produced soluble suppressor factors that inhibited @entity10927 activation of T cells from @entity56 @entity19 . The suppressor factors were found to be @entity1618 and @entity641 , which acted synergistically to inhibit the @entity10927 activation of T cells from @entity56 @entity19 . These findings are important for understanding the mechanism(s) by which type I IFNs protect against @entity792 .

title: @entity1961 T suppressor cells mediate interferon tau protection against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['experimental allergic encephalomyelitis', 'EAE']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['experimental allergic encephalomyelitis']


abstract: The intracellular movement of @entity1718 is thought to be facilitated through codiffusion with @entity844 -binding protein ( @entity21991 ). This facilitation may occur by decreasing binding to immobile membranes, leading to faster cytoplasmic diffusion. The aims of this study were to measure the intracellular transport of @entity56427 ( @entity56427 ) in villus @entity35 enterocytes and to determine 1) the mechanism of its cytoplasmic transport and 2) if its transport rate correlated with the known variation of @entity21991 binding capacity along the length of the small intestine. Two-dimensional laser photobleaching was used to measure the movement of a fluorescent @entity844 @entity56427 in enterocytes isolated from different segments of @entity35 intestine. The fraction of @entity56427 found in the cytostol of enterocytes was determined by differential centrifugation. Cytoplasmic transport of @entity56427 occurred solely by diffusion and not by convection. Diffusion was homogeneous (nondirectional), consistent with isotropic diffusion. The diffusion rate varied with location along the intestine, correlating with the local @entity21991 concentration and measured cytosolic binding. We conclude that cytoplasmic proteins like @entity21991 promote the intracellular transport of @entity1718 by enhancing their diffusive flux. We suggest that facilitation is not specific for a particular cell type but occurs in a variety of cells that transport @entity1718 and may contain different types of @entity21991 .

title: Cytoplasmic transport of @entity1718 in @entity35 enterocytes: role of binding to XXXX -binding protein.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity56427 :: ('MESH:C060027', 'Chemical') :: ['NBD-stearate', '12-N-methyl-(7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol)aminostearate']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity844 :: (CHEBI:35366,Chemical) :: ['fatty acid']


abstract: Mezcal from Tamaulipas (M  xico) is produced by spontaneous alcoholic fermentation using Agave spp. musts, which are rich in @entity948 . In this study eight @entity375 isolates obtained at the final stage of fermentation from a traditional mezcal winery were analysed in three semi-synthetic media. Medium M1 had a sugar content of 100 g l(-1) and a @entity413 / @entity948 (G/F) of 9:1. Medium M2 had a sugar content of 100 g l(-1) and a G/F of 1:9. Medium M3 had a sugar content of 200 g l(-1) and a G/F of 1:1. In the three types of media tested, the highest @entity1068 yield was obtained from the glucophilic strain LCBG-3Y5, while strain LCBG-3Y8 was highly resistant to @entity1068 and the most fructophilic of the mezcal strains. Strain LCBG-3Y5 produced more @entity653 (4.4 g l(-1)) and @entity1543 (1 g l(-1)) in M2 than in M1 (1.7 and 0.5 g l(-1), respectively), and the @entity1068 yields were higher for all strains in M1 except for LCBG-3Y5, -3Y8 and the Fermichamp strain. In medium M3, only the Fermichamp strain was able to fully consume the 100 g of @entity948 l(-1) but left a residual 32 g of @entity413 l(-1). Regarding the @entity12015 transporters, a high number of @entity535 polymorphisms were found in the @entity20491 sequences. Strain LCBG-3Y8 exhibited eight unique @entity535 changes, followed by the Fermichamp strain with three changes. In @entity20488 , we observed nine @entity535 polymorphisms unique for the Fermichamp strain and five unique changes for the mezcal strains.

title: The effect of XXXX ratios on metabolite production in @entity375 strains obtained from the spontaneous fermentation of mezcal.

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity12015 :: (CHEBI:18133,Chemical) :: ['hexose']


abstract: This study examined the effects of different levels of @entity10810 ( @entity10810 ) inhibition on dopaminergic regulation of striatal @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) release as estimated by in vivo brain microdialysis. Systemic administration of @entity2254 (2 or 10 mg/kg) increased the striatal output of @entity1617 when the @entity10810 inhibitor @entity1339 (0.1 microM) was present in the perfusion fluid. In contrast, when the same experiments were conducted at 0.01 microM @entity1339 , @entity2254 failed to affect (2 mg/kg) or significantly decreased (10 mg/kg) striatal @entity1617 output. The inhibitory action of the D2 receptor agonist @entity11640 (0.2 mg/kg) was significantly greater at 0.01 microM than at 0.1 microM @entity1339 . Similarly, there was a nonsignificant trend for the D2 antagonist @entity11641 (1 mg/kg) to stimulate @entity1617 release to a greater extent at the low @entity1339 concentration. In contrast, the stimulant effects of systemic administration of the D1 agonist @entity55908 (1.46 mg/kg) on striatal @entity1617 release were the same at the two @entity1339 concentrations. These results demonstrate that the concentration of an @entity10810 inhibitor in the perfusion solution can quantitatively and even qualitatively influence the manner in which dopaminergic agents regulate @entity1617 overflow in the striatum. On comparing the present results with earlier reports concerning the effects of @entity2254 on tissue concentrations of @entity1617 , it is tentatively concluded that a low @entity1339 concentration is the more physiologically relevant condition. Under such conditions, at moderate doses @entity2254 does not appear to alter striatal @entity1617 release, with this likely being due to the opposing actions of D1 and D2 receptors. Nevertheless, until the endogenous interstitial concentrations of striatal @entity1617 can be measured by other methods, the physiological relevance of @entity1617 microdialysis studies in the striatum will remain uncertain.

title: Dopaminergic regulation of striatal XXXX release: the critical role of @entity10810 inhibition.

entities_list: @entity2254 :: ('MESH:D003913', 'Chemical') :: ['d-amphetamine']

entities_list: @entity11640 :: ('MESH:D019257', 'Chemical') :: ['quinpirole']

entities_list: @entity10810 :: ('43', 'Gene') :: ['AChE', 'acetylcholinesterase']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine']

entities_list: @entity11641 :: ('MESH:D020891', 'Chemical') :: ['raclopride']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: There is amount of epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory evidence to document that @entity1800 is involved in @entity2346 media with effusion (OME). However, few studies have demonstrated the direct influence of viruses on the tubotympanum. The purpose of this study is to establish the effect of @entity11317 invaded in the tubotympanum, in an attempt to elucidate the possible mechanism by which the virus contributes to the pathogenesis of OME. 80 @entity840 with normal otoscopic findings were inoculated with 0.2ml suspension of influenza A (3.3 x 10(8)PFU/ml) into their tympanic cavities through their tympanic membranes. To serve as controls, the same number of @entity840 were injected with 0.2ml of physiologic saline solution into their tympanic cavities. At 3, 7, 14, and 28 days postinoculation, they were used for examination of the mucociliary function. @entity2171 were observed only in the animals inoculated with the virus. Mucociliary dysfunction was observed only in the animals inoculated with the virus. The ciliary activity in the bulla was declined at any time examined. On the other hand, the ciliary activity in the eustachian tube and the tympanic orifice was slightly lowered between 7 and 14 days, but the level was not different from that of the control. However, the number of active ciliated cells (showing more than 500 beats/min) was significantly smaller than that of the control. The mucociliary clearance time of the tubotympanum was more prolonged than that of the control at 3, 7, and 14 days, and returned to the control level at 28 days. A variety of morphologic changes were observed in the tubotympanum treated with the virus. Major pathologies observed included a general inflammatory cell infiltration, vacuolation and other @entity528 of ciliated cells, and @entity1504 and increased vascular permeability. Regeneration of cilia or ciliated cells followed the @entity528 , which included an increased number of basal cells and new formed centrioles. However, the @entity1800 had an influence on the epithelial cells with new centrioles. Our study has demonstrated that @entity1800 could evoke @entity409 of the tubotympanum and create an increased susceptibility to bacteria. Therefore, @entity1800 could enhance bacterial infectious process in the tubotympanum. Through the failure viruses could contribute to the occurrence of OME.

title: [ XXXX -induced @entity409 of tubotympanum].

entities_list: @entity11317 :: ('11320', 'Species') :: ['influenza A virus']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['mucociliary dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['vascular damage']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity2171 :: ('MESH:D010034', 'Disease') :: ['Middle ear effusions']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration']

answer: @entity11317 :: (11320,Species) :: ['Influenza A virus']


abstract: This article presents the proceedings of a symposium held at the meeting of the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism (ISBRA) in Mannheim, Germany, in October 2004. This symposium explored the potential role of @entity2339 dysregulation upon relapse. @entity2339 stimulation induces the release of the glucocorticoid @entity701 , a compound with profound effects upon behavior and emotion. Altered stress-responses of the @entity2339 in abstinent @entity167 -dependent subjects, therefore, may influence their affective and behavioral regulation, thus impacting their potential for relapse. Bryon Adinoff began the symposium with a review of HPA @entity409 in @entity167 -dependent subjects, including recent studies from his lab demonstrating an attenuated glucocorticoid response to both endogenous and exogenous stimulation in one-month abstinent @entity1 . Klaus Junghanns presented his work demonstrating that a blunted ACTH or @entity701 response to subjective stressors (social stressor or @entity167 exposure) is predictive of a return to early drinking. The final two presenters examined the interaction between @entity836 and HPA responsiveness in @entity167 -dependent or at-risk subjects, as @entity836 induces an increase in ACTH and @entity701 . Falk Kiefer discussed the relationship between basal @entity2339 responsivity and clinical outcome following treatment with @entity836 or @entity14081 . Plasma ACTH significantly decreased over the course of the study in the placebo group, but not the medication groups [corrected] Lower basal concentrations of ACTH and @entity701 were associated with quicker relapse in the placebo group only. Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin described her preliminary work, in which family-history positive (FH+) and family history negative (FH-) subjects were administered @entity836 , followed by an assessment of @entity167 -induced craving. The @entity701 response to @entity167 was significantly and inversely related to craving in the FH+, but not the FH-, subjects. Alterations in @entity2339 responsivity may therefore have a negative impact upon clinical outcome in @entity167 -dependent subjects, and disinhibition of the axis with medication may have therapeutic potential.

title: Suppression of the XXXX stress-response: implications for relapse.

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['axis dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['HPA axis', 'hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity14081 :: ('MESH:C043877', 'Chemical') :: ['acamprosate']

answer: @entity2339 :: (MESH:D007029,Disease) :: ['HPA axis']


abstract: We report the successful treatment of the syndrome of @entity9913 and immunodeficiency ( @entity44557 ) with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. @entity44557 includes silvery hair, recurrent @entity281 , @entity828 , progressive @entity16 , and lymphohistiocytosis and is uniformly fatal. We present a family in which four of seven @entity1 of consanguinous parents were affected. The affected @entity1 were all born with silvery hair. Microscopic examination of the hair showed large clumps of pigment in the hair shaft. Skin biopsy revealed an accumulation of melanosomes in the melanocytes. Three of the affected @entity1 were deceased before 20 months of age. Pathology of liver and lung in two of the siblings showed an infiltration of lymphocytes and histiocytes. Immunologic studies in one of these cases were notable for a decreased number of T cells and poor T-cell mitogen stimulation with concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Recently, a fourth sibling with silvery gray hair was referred to us at 3 months of age for evaluation. T-cell function studies were normal and she appeared in overall good health. Because of the expected fatal outcome, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation was performed at 4 months of age. Two years later the @entity1 remains in excellent health. This suggests that cells of hematopoietic origin are responsible for the fatal outcome in @entity44557 and that bone marrow transplantation early in the course of the disease is an important modality for treatment of this syndrome.

title: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for the syndrome of XXXX and lymphohistiocytosis ( @entity44557 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deterioration']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity44557 :: ('MESH:C537301', 'Disease') :: ["Griscelli's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity9913 :: ('MESH:C566872', 'Disease') :: ['pigmentary dilution']

answer: @entity9913 :: (MESH:C566872,Disease) :: ['pigmentary dilution']


abstract: Gram-negative sepsis suppresses lipoprotein lipase ( @entity13688 ) activity in adipose tissue which contributes, in part, to the altered clearance of @entity1674 . The suppression in @entity13688 activity occurs when plasma insulin concentrations are elevated and insulin-stimulated @entity413 utilization is impaired. This study was planned to evaluate whether the presence of insulin resistance was responsible for the decrease in adipose @entity13688 activity. Adipocytes were isolated from epididymal fat pads 24 h after inducing sepsis in male Lewis @entity35 by intravenous injection of 4 x 10(8) colonies of live @entity526 /100 g body wt. The decrease in heparin-releasable (HR) @entity13688 activity in adipocytes from the septic @entity35 was evident at the time of isolation and maintained in a 20-h culture. After overnight incubation with insulin (10(-8) M), HR @entity13688 activity was stimulated to a greater extent in adipocytes from septic @entity35 (298%) than in adipocytes from control @entity35 (88%). The insulin stimulation of @entity13688 activity during sepsis could not be attributed to @entity2135 ( @entity2135 ) as adipocytes from septic @entity35 appeared to be @entity2135 resistant. Insulin-treatment (10(-8) M) increased @entity13688 synthesis 99% in adipocytes from control @entity35 and 136% in adipocytes from septic @entity35 . Insulin treatment also led to a 65 and 62% increase in @entity13688 mass in adipocytes from control and septic @entity35 , respectively. These findings indicate that the sepsis-induced decrease in adipose @entity13688 is not due to insulin resistance with respect to @entity13688 . The insulin stimulation of @entity13688 activity in adipocytes from septic @entity35 appears to be mediated by an increase in @entity13688 synthesis.

title: Insulin stimulates lipoprotein lipase activity and synthesis in adipocytes from septic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity2135 :: ('24482(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-I', 'insulin-like growth factor-I']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Axillary lymph node status is an important determinant of prognosis in @entity0 . However, lymphadenectomy does not benefit half of the @entity1 in whom axillary nodes are free of disease. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a new technique which allows accurate staging of @entity0 without performing total axillary dissection. We describe our experience with the introduction of sentinel lymphadenectomy. METHODS: Thirty-seven sentinel lymphadenectomies were performed in 35 @entity1 referred to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the University of Berne between December 1997 and June 1998. Mapping procedures were performed using a combination of vital blue dye with preoperative lymphscintigraphy with @entity1136 -labelled colloidal albumin and intraoperative use of a gamma probe. Complete axillary lymphadenectomy was then performed in 34 @entity1 . RESULTS: One or more lymph nodes were identified in 33 of 37 procedures (89%). With the combination of both localisation techniques the sentinel nodes were identified in all (100%) of the last 19 @entity1 . Sentinel and non-sentinel lymph nodes were always concordant. In this series the negative predictive value is 100% (95% confidence interval: 87.7%-100%). @entity3 were found in the sentinel node in 11 of 30 @entity1 (37%). From these 11 @entity1 , 3 (27%) had micrometastases. CONCLUSIONS: Histopathologic examination of the sentinel lymph node accurately predicts the axillary lymph-node status. @entity1 with sentinel nodes free of @entity3 could avoid the unnecessary peri- and postoperative complications of complete axillary dissection. Further studies are needed to assess whether the improved diagnosis of micrometastases by sentinel lymphadenectomy influences the long-term prognosis of @entity0 .

title: [Sentinel lymphadenectomy: an alternative to axillary lymphadenectomy in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['99mTechnetium']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'Metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: The aim of this prospective study was to compare differential blood cultures and quantitative catheter tip cultures for the diagnosis of catheter-related @entity295 . Over a period of 2 years, 283 central venous catheters were inserted in 190 adult @entity1 . Catheters were removed when they were no longer needed or when @entity281 was suspected. Immediately before removal of the central venous catheters, blood cultures were performed, with blood drawn simultaneously from the catheter and the peripheral vein. After removal, quantitative catheter culture was performed according to the Brun-Buisson modified Cleri technique. Fifty-five quantitative catheter cultures were positive. They were classified as contaminated (n = 18), colonized (n = 23), or infected (n = 14). Differential blood cultures correctly identified 13 @entity281 . With a catheter/peripheral cfu ratio of 8, differential blood cultures had a sensitivity of 92.8% and a specificity of 98.8%. When the catheters were removed because of suspected @entity1503 had a sensitivity of 92.8% and a specificity of 100%. Differential blood culture, a technique that does not necessitate catheter removal, seems effective in the diagnosis of catheter-related @entity295 in @entity1 in the intensive care unit.

title: Differential quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis of catheter-related XXXX in intensive care units.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['infection, differential blood cultures']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: In view of the increased interest in a developmental approach to psychopathology, and mounting evidence of the importance of parent- @entity1 interactions in the etiology of early @entity146 , the following questions were posed for this review. What theories of parent- @entity1 relationships and family management techniques are available? How developmental are they, how specific and transactional are they relative to parent and @entity1 behaviors involved? And how well do they cover the period in which @entity146 develops? Six theories have some developmental features but the attachment theories (by L. A. Sroufe, B. Egeland, and M. T. Greenberg) and two social learning theories (by G. R. Patterson and J. Martin) are most clearly developmental. They postulate reciprocal interactions of parent and @entity1 , and transformations in the form of normative changes in the @entity1 or changes in family processes. The social learning theories of Patterson and Martin are most specific, microanalytic in fact, as to the interaction processes involved, and the attachment theories at least specify kinds of behavior involved and also do not rely on traits or types of influence as their units of analysis. Conceptualization is most weak and overly general between late infancy and the preschool years. This gap makes it difficult to link attachment and social learning theories, both of which have driven a large number of studies. A bridging theory is offered to link the two sets of theories in the critical period involved.

title: Developmental theories of parental contributors to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['antisocial behavior']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['antisocial behavior']


abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Thyroid @entity792 clusters with other endocrine and non-endocrine forms of @entity792 . The aim of this study was to determine the chronological appearance of thyroid autoantibodies in relation to other forms of @entity792 in at-risk @entity1 . METHODS: The BABYDIAB study follows @entity1 of parents with type 1 @entity6 . @entity1 born in Germany between 1989 and 2000 were recruited at birth and followed up at 9 months and at 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17 years. Antibodies to thyroid peroxidase were measured in samples taken at the last study visit in 1,489 @entity1 and in all previous samples in @entity1 who tested positive. Islet antibodies and antibodies to 21-hydroxylase and transglutaminase were also measured in all @entity1 . Median follow-up was 8 years. RESULTS: The cumulative risk for developing antibodies to thyroid peroxidase was 20.3% (95% CI 12.3-28.3) by age 14 years. The risk was increased in @entity1 (adjusted HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.4; p = 0.008), in @entity1 who had multiple first-degree family history of type 1 @entity6 (adjusted HR 3.3; 95% CI 1.4-8.0; p = 0.006) and in @entity1 who also had antibodies to GAD (adjusted HR 3.0; 95% CI 1.5-5.9; p = 0.001). Thyroid peroxidase antibody appearance was most common from age 8 years and was often the last autoantibody to develop in @entity1 with other autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Among @entity1 of @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 , the appearance of thyroid autoantibodies is frequent, is not synchronous to the appearance of other autoantibodies and is most common in late childhood and adolescence.

title: Endocrine @entity792 in families with type 1 @entity6 : frequent appearance of thyroid XXXX during late childhood and adolescence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmunity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate feeding behaviour in @entity1 , with regard to the duration of breast-feeding (BF), the beginning of @entity3685 ( @entity3685 ) and the introduction of @entity3685 ( @entity3685 ). DESIGN: Medical audit. Retrospective study. SETTING: Primary Care paediatrics. @entity1 : The 327 @entity1 born in 1994 and monitored by paediatricians from 4 Health Centres in Salamanca. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean duration of BF for the 327 @entity1 was 3.61 months, with 92.3% starting BF and 52.3% still doing it at 3 months. 30% began @entity3685 at birth; 33% between birth and 3 months; 29.6% between the third and sixth months; and 7.4% after 6 months. @entity3685 was started as follows: only 2.1% before 4 months; 92% had gluten introduced after 8 months, but only 1.2% before 6 months. 96.3% started on @entity291 's milk after one year. CONCLUSIONS: Over 50% of @entity1 fed on breast milk for at least 3 months. Only 1.2% had gluten introduced before 6 months. 3.7% started on @entity291 's milk before 12 months. 30% of @entity1 began @entity3685 at birth.

title: [Study on feeding of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity3685 :: ('MESH:D019959', 'Disease') :: ['complementary feeding', 'AF', 'artificial feeding', 'CF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: A group of 40 @entity1 with objectively measurable metastatic @entity0 was treated with @entity8779 , 35 mg/m2 on day 1, and @entity786 , 200 mg/m2 on days 2-5, both drugs being administered orally every 3 weeks. Of 37 evaluable @entity1 , 4 (10.8%) achieved a complete response and 14 (37.8%) a partial response, for an overall response rate of 48.6% (95% confidence interval, 37.45%-59.75%). In previously untreated @entity1 the response rate was 58.3%, whereas it was 44% in @entity1 previously exposed to cytotoxic drugs. The median duration of response was 6.5 months, and the median survival of all @entity1 was 10.5 months. Moderate @entity390 and @entity391 were common. @entity294 , which occurred in 37% of the @entity1 , was usually short-lived. @entity1665 was generally mild, myelosuppression was the dose-limiting @entity137 . Grade 3-4 @entity1431 occurred only in pretreated @entity1 . In previously untreated @entity1 it was generally of grade 1-2. Laboratory evidence of @entity1370 (greater than or equal to 20% decrease in the left-ventricular ejection fraction from the baseline value) was observed in 3 out of 26 @entity1 , who had at least two determinations of the left-ventricular ejection fraction, and was transient in nature. No cases of @entity712 were observed. These results indicate that the combination of @entity8779 + @entity786 represents a practical and effective regimen to be used in selected @entity1 with @entity0 .

title: Combination chemotherapy with oral @entity8779 and @entity786 for metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity8779 :: ('MESH:D015255', 'Chemical') :: ['idarubicin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['Diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxicity']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The graft-versus- @entity1778 effect is able to induce clinical responses in @entity1 with @entity1072 treated with a reduced intensity conditioning regimen, followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We investigated whether molecular remissions could be attained after reduced intensity conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in @entity1 with relapsed @entity1072 and whether the assessment of minimal @entity66 might be used to predict the clinical outcome. DESIGN AND METHODS: Minimal @entity66 was monitored by polymerase chain reaction using the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangement as a molecular marker in 29 relapsed @entity1 who achieved complete remission following reduced intensity conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. A nested-polymerase chain reaction with @entity1 -specific primers derived from complementarity determining regions ( @entity8897 and @entity2612 ) was carried out in all the @entity1 . Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed in @entity1 whose nested reaction gave positive or mixed results. RESULTS: Three patterns of minimal @entity66 were observed: negative (31%), mixed (24%), and always positive (45%). The cumulative incidence of relapse according to the minimal @entity66 status at 6 and 12 months after transplantation was significantly different between polymerase chain reaction-negative and -positive @entity1 (p=0.031 and p=0.04, respectively). Two-year disease-free survival was 93% and 46% for polymerase chain reaction-negative and -positive @entity1 at 6 months after transplantation, respectively (p=0.012). Similarly, 2-year disease-free survival was 100% and 57% for polymerase chain reaction-negative and -positive @entity1 at 12 months, respectively (p=0.037). No clinical or biological factors were predictive of the achievement of polymerase chain reaction negativity after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. @entity2132 was more frequent in @entity1 who did not relapse (p=0.04). Quantitative monitoring of minimal @entity66 was able to identify polymerase chain reaction-positive @entity1 with a higher risk of relapse. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that relapsed @entity1 can achieve molecular remission after reduced intensity conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation and suggest a minimal @entity66 -driven intervention that might be useful to prevent overt hematologic relapse.

title: Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction monitoring of minimal @entity66 in relapsed XXXX : early assessment can predict long-term outcome after reduced intensity allogeneic transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['Graft-versus-host disease']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: A previous study in @entity235 indicated that preconditioning (PC) of a specific myocardial region not only evoked a local cardioprotective effect but also rendered remote @entity1562 resistant to @entity1188 . In the present study we devised a method to test for remote PC in the @entity95 which it is not possible to ligate two separate coronary branches on the same heart. In situ hearts were subjected to PC with two cycles of 5-min regional @entity63 /5-min reperfusion. Following this in vivo PC protocol, the hearts were removed and perfused on a Langendorff apparatus with crystalloid buffer. They then underwent 30 min of global @entity63 with the entire left ventricle at risk followed by 2 h of reperfusion. At the end of the experiment the @entity1562 previously subjected to the in vivo PC protocol (preconditioned region) was identified as the tissue without fluorescence after fluorescent particles had been injected into the aortic root following reocclusion of the snared branch of the left coronary artery. Infarcted @entity1562 was identified by @entity5045 staining. Tissue salvage was observed only in the preconditioned region where 13.2 +/- 3.6% of the @entity1562 infarcted as opposed to 44.6 +/- 1.3% in the remaining non-preconditioned left ventricular tissue (p < 0.05, n = 6). In sham-operated hearts (snare but no PC), @entity1188 was similar in both the snared vessel's perfusion territory and the rest of the left ventricular @entity1562 (49.2 +/- 6.5% vs. 43.7 +/- 3.7%, n = 5). Hence PC of one myocardial region does not necessarily confer PC protection to all regions of the heart. Because remote PC could not be demonstrated in @entity95 , this phenomenon may be species or protocol-specific, and should not be assumed to occur in @entity1 .

title: Preconditioning one myocardial region does not neccessarily precondition the whole XXXX heart.

entities_list: @entity5045 :: ('MESH:C009591', 'Chemical') :: ['triphenyltetrazolium chloride']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardium']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Porcine @entity22789 ( @entity22789 ) is an acellular, naturally derived extracellular matrix (ECM) that has been used for tissue remodeling and repair in numerous xenotransplantations. Although a vigorous immune response to xenogeneic extracellular matrix biomaterials is expected, to date there has been evidence for only normal tissue regeneration without any accompanying rejection. The purpose of this study was to determine the reason for a lack of rejection. METHODS: @entity19 were implanted s.c. with xenogeneic tissue, syngeneic tissue, or @entity22789 , and the graft site analyzed histologically for rejection or acceptance. Additionally, graft site cytokine levels were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and @entity22789 -specific serum antibody isotype levels were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Xenogeneically implanted @entity19 showed an acute inflammatory response followed by @entity32 and ultimately graft @entity39 , consistent with rejection. Syngeneically or @entity22789 implanted @entity19 , however, showed an acute inflammatory response that diminished such that the graft ultimately became indistinguishable from native tissue, observations that are consistent with graft acceptance. Graft site cytokine analysis showed an increase in @entity58 and an absence of @entity60 . In addition, @entity19 implanted with @entity22789 produced a @entity22789 -specific antibody response that was restricted to the @entity9686 isotype. Reimplantation of @entity22789 into @entity19 led to a secondary anti- @entity22789 antibody response that was still restricted to @entity9686 . Similar results were observed with porcine submucosa derived from urinary bladder. To determine if the observed immune responses were T cell dependent, T cell KO @entity19 were implanted with @entity22789 . These @entity19 expressed neither @entity58 at the implant site nor anti- @entity22789 -specific serum antibodies but they did accept the @entity22789 graft. CONCLUSIONS: Porcine extracellular matrix elicits an immune response that is predominately @entity61 -like, consistent with a remodeling reaction rather than rejection.

title: Xenogeneic extracellular matrix grafts elicit a XXXX -restricted immune response.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity22789 :: ('MESH:C538260', 'Disease') :: ['SIS', 'small intestinal submucosa']

answer: @entity61 :: (15111(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['TH2']


abstract: In this study, we report a reliable technique for the harvest, cultivation and expansion of monoculture of @entity56795 . The @entity56795 were harvested by two methods, directly from the urothelium in vivo and indirectly from the urothelial outgrowths of bladder explant cultures. Primary cultures and subsequent subcultures were propagated in the mixture of media @entity3410 and Advanced-DMEM, and conditioned medium. Primary urothelial cells required an initial plating density of 1 x 10(5) viable cells/cm2 for survival, while passaged cells needed lower plating densities (1 x 10(4) viable cells per cm2). The cultured cells were identified as urothelial by their epithelioid morphology and by the positive immunofluorescence labelling of tight junctional proteins, @entity8843 and @entity23453 , adherens protein @entity3112 and cytoskeletal protein @entity20452 . Markers of highly differentiated urothelial cells, @entity53220 and uroplakins, were not expressed. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence labelling of @entity8843 and @entity20452 was not detected in later passages when urothelial cells replicated at a high rate. In spite of the use of conditioned medium derived from V79 fibroblast cell culture supernatant, the @entity56795 in the primary cultures and subsequent subcultures expressed a basal/intermediate cell phenotype. In conclusion, we demonstrate that homogeneous long-term culture of @entity56795 can be developed. Since powerful transgenic tools exist to manipulate the @entity19 genome, our findings should help design the @entity19 in vitro systems for studying the control mechanisms of urothelial cell proliferation, stratification and differentiation in health and disease.

title: Establishment and characterization of primary and subsequent subcultures of normal XXXX urothelial cells.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity4643 and various @entity735 have been described in @entity11339 , although the severity of @entity227 varies from case to case. We conducted a multicenter study to clarify the ophthalmic features of @entity1 with molecularly confirmed @entity11339 . Thirty-eight eyes in 19 @entity1 with @entity11339 and confirmed @entity23740 mutations treated at four centers were retrospectively studied. @entity44910 affected the posterior segment of 35 eyes in 18 @entity1 . Both retinochoroidal and optic disk @entity44910 were bilaterally observed in 15 @entity1 and unilaterally observed in 3 @entity1 . The @entity4643 involved the macula totally or partially in 21 eyes of 13 @entity1 . We confirmed that bilateral large @entity44910 represents a typical ophthalmic feature of @entity11339 in @entity1 with confirmed @entity23740 mutations; however, even eyes with large @entity44910 can form maculas. The anatomical severity of the eye defect was graded according to the presence of @entity44910 , @entity1020 , and microphthalmos. A comparison of the severity in one eye with that in the other eye revealed a low-to-moderate degree of agreement between the two eyes, reflecting the general facial asymmetry of @entity1 with @entity11339 . The location of protein truncation and the anatomical severity of the eyes were significantly correlated. We suggested that the early diagnosis of retinal morphology and function may be beneficial to @entity1 , since such attention may determine whether treatment for @entity4457 , such as optical correction and patching, will be effective in facilitating the visual potential or whether care for poor vision will be needed.

title: Ophthalmic features of @entity11339 with XXXX mutations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity44910 :: ('MESH:C536148', 'Disease') :: ['colobomata', 'retinochoroidal colobomata', 'Colobomata']

entities_list: @entity11339 :: ('MESH:D058747', 'Disease') :: ['CHARGE syndrome']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['ocular abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4643 :: ('MESH:D003103', 'Disease') :: ['Coloboma', 'coloboma']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macula defect']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity23740 :: (55636,Gene) :: ['CHD7']


abstract: In this study, we investigated the pH dependency of the in vitro activities of @entity2379 ( @entity11015 ) and @entity4895 (5FC) against Candida spp., @entity1327 , @entity54 , Rhizopus spp., and Scedosporium prolificans in RPMI 1640 buffered with @entity1792 buffer (pH 4.0, 5.0, 5.4, and 6.0), @entity1792 - @entity1391 buffer (pH 5.4, 6.0, 6.4, and 7.0), and @entity44062 ( @entity20882 ) (pH 6.4, 7.0, 7.4, and 7.9). For 5FC, no significant differences were found between MICs obtained with the different buffers, while for @entity11015 , significant differences were found. The MICs obtained with @entity1792 - @entity1391 buffer were approximately 1 twofold-dilution step higher than the MICs obtained with MOPS. We demonstrated that the in vitro activities of @entity11015 and 5FC against @entity375 and mold isolates were pH dependent. The in vitro activity of @entity11015 decreased when the pH was lowered, while the in vitro activity of 5FC increased. The effect of the pH on the in vitro activities was dependent not only on the antifungal agent tested but also on the microorganism. For @entity11015 , there was a nonlinear relationship (median r(2), 0.864) for Candida spp., @entity11937 . fumigatus, and Rhizopus spp. over the pH range tested. The mean MICs ranged from 0.5 to 2.52 microg/ml at pH 7.0 and from 20.16 to 32 microg/ml at pH 5.0. For S. prolificans, there was no relationship. For 5FC, there was a linear relationship for Candida spp. (median r(2), 0.767) and a nonlinear relationship for @entity1327 and A. fumigatus (median r(2), 0.882) over the pH range tested. The mean MIC values ranged from 0.125 to 1,024 microg/ml at pH 7.0 and from 0.02 to 4 microg/ml at pH 5.0. For Rhizopus spp. and S. prolificans, the relationship could not be determined, since the MIC was >1,024 microg/ml over a pH range of 4.0 to 7.9.

title: Relationship between in vitro activities of XXXX and @entity4895 and pH for clinical @entity375 and mold isolates.

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans', 'C. neoformans']

entities_list: @entity4895 :: ('MESH:D005437', 'Chemical') :: ['flucytosine']

entities_list: @entity44062 :: ('CHEBI:44115', 'Chemical') :: ['3-[N-morpholino]propanesulfonic acid']

entities_list: @entity54 :: ('746128', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: @entity4236 ( @entity4236 ) is a rare @entity5 originating from neuroepithelial cells. Treatment for this @entity5 has traditionally required a craniofacial resection through an external approach. The safety and efficacy of transnasal endoscopic resection is uknown. A series of five @entity1 with Kadish stage A or B lesions of the anterior skull base were resected and immediately reconstructed endoscopically over a nine-year period. There were 2 males and 3 females with a mean age of 64 years. Three @entity1 were treated primarily and two were treated secondarily for recurrences after failing a traditional external craniofacial resection and postoperative radiotherapy. All primary lesions received adjuvant radiotherapy. The mean follow-up time was 31 months. All @entity1 were discharged within 4 days or less. Operative complications included temporary postoperative infraorbital anesthesia (1 @entity1 ), unplanned @entity5173 (1 @entity1 ), and can orbital @entity1410 (1 @entity1 ). None of these complications resulted in any permanent sequelae. Two @entity1 had prolonged nasal crusting for up to one year due to a variety of factors; large cavities, radiation therapy, and exposed lyophilized dural graft. However, all skull base defects healed without any short- or long-term sequelae. There have been no local recurrences. Two @entity1 (1 primary and 1 secondary) developed regional metastasis to the orbit or cervical lymph nodes managed with primary transorbital excision or modified neck dissection, respectively. All but one @entity1 remain free of disease by clinical, endoscopic, and radiographic (CT or MRI) surveillance. The remaining @entity1 recurred distally as an undifferentiated @entity189 in his temporal bone and lungs 12 months after the initial resection. In experienced hands select cases of @entity4236 can be safely excised and reconstructed endoscopically with comparable degrees of tissue removal as with external approaches. Short-term oncologic results in this mall series of @entity1 appear to be comparable to traditional methods. Longer follow-up on a larger series of @entity1 is warranted.

title: Endoscopic resection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4236 :: ('MESH:D018304', 'Disease') :: ['Esthesioneuroblastoma', 'esthesioneuroblastoma', 'olfactory neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity5173 :: ('MESH:D065634', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrospinal fluid leak']

answer: @entity4236 :: (MESH:D018304,Disease) :: ['esthesioneuroblastoma']