abstract: A small percentage of C57BL/6 @entity19 spontaneously develop focal collections of neurons in the molecular layer of the cerebral neocortex. Usually only one " @entity3611 " is present in each affected brain. Studies in other @entity19 strains have shown that these @entity3611 occur before birth, probably because of a breach in the superficial glial membrane during neuronal migration. The @entity3611 are heritable and are caused by multiple genes. C57BL/6J @entity19 exposed prenatally to @entity3791 , a carbonic anhydrase-specific inhibitor and teratogen, develop an increased frequency of @entity4218 , especially in the right forelimb. In the present study, we hypothesized that the prevalence and severity of @entity3611 would be increased in @entity3791 -exposed @entity19 because carbonic anhydrase plays a key role in brain development. Further, we wanted to determine whether there was a correlation between the side of @entity4218 and the hemisphere containing an @entity3611 . Thus, we injected C57BL/6J time-mated @entity19 intraperitoneally on embryonic day 9 with either @entity44372 (750 mg/kg) or water. Histological analysis of the brains from 105 @entity3791 -exposed offspring and 89 control offspring revealed no difference in the overall prevalence of @entity44373 between the @entity3791 and control groups: 34% of the @entity3791 -exposed and 28% of the control @entity19 had @entity3611 . There was, however, a striking difference in the shape and size of @entity3611 : 67% of the @entity3611 were large in the @entity3791 -exposed group in comparison to 32% in controls. The @entity3791 -exposed offspring also were more likely to have @entity3611 . Thus, there may be a genetic predisposition for developing @entity3611 in some @entity19 strains, but epigenetic factors such as prenatal exposure to @entity3791 can influence their severity.

title: @entity44373 is enhanced in c57BL/6J XXXX exposed in utero to @entity3791 .

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['limb deformity', 'limb malformations']

entities_list: @entity44372 :: ('CHEBI:31163', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity3611 :: ('MESH:C563268', 'Disease') :: ['ectopias', 'multiple ectopias', 'ectopia']

entities_list: @entity44373 :: ('MESH:C565863', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrocortical ectopias']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Pulmonary surfactant prevents @entity133 via reduction of surface tension. In contrast to @entity1 neonates, @entity35 are born with saccular lungs. Therefore, @entity35 lungs serve as a model for investigation of the surfactant system during postnatal alveolar formation. We hypothesized that this process is associated with characteristic structural and biochemical surfactant alterations. We aimed to discriminate changes related to alveolarization from those being either invariable or follow continuous patterns of postnatal changes. Secreted active (mainly tubular myelin (tm)) and inactive (unilamellar vesicles (ulv)) surfactant subtypes as well as intracellular surfactant (lamellar bodies (lb)) in type II pneumocytes (PNII) were quantified before (day (d) 1), during (d 7), at the end of alveolarization (d 14), and after completion of lung maturation (d 42) using electron microscopic methods supplemented by biochemical analyses (phospholipid quantification, immunoblotting for @entity18889 ). Immunoelectron microscopy determined the localization of @entity18889 ( @entity18889 ). (1) At d 1 secreted surfactant was increased relative to d 7-42 and then decreased significantly. (2) Air spaces of neonatal lungs comprised lower fractions of tm and increased ulv, which correlated with low @entity18889 concentrations in lung lavage fluid (LLF) and increased respiratory rates, respectively. (3) Alveolarization (d 7-14) was associated with decreasing PNII size although volume and sizes of Lb continuously increased. (4) The volume fractions of Lb correlated well with the pool sizes of phospholipids in lavaged lungs. Our study emphasizes differential patterns of developmental changes of the surfactant system relative to postnatal alveolarization.

title: Distribution of intracellular and secreted surfactant during postnatal XXXX lung development.

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar collapse']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish response patterns in PET following stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of @entity358 . METHODS: @entity1 with @entity358 treated with SBRT were retrospectively reviewed. All @entity1 received 40-52 Gy in three to five equal fractions. An independent, blinded radiologist reassessed all @entity419 PET/computed tomography scans to determine the @entity5 maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and size changes. RESULTS: Thirty-nine @entity1 were included in this study. Of the 47 lesions treated, there were 22 primary and 25 metastatic lung lesions. In total, 86 PET/computed tomography studies were reviewed. The mean SUVmax values decreased markedly and stabilized after 6 months following the treatment of primary lesions. Metastatic lesions showed greater variability, with an overall increase in SUVmax values until 6 months and decrease thereafter. Of the eight local failures, the mean SUVmax and size change from nadir values to biopsy-proven failure were 117 and 215%; however, it was difficult to measure the size of five lesions because of fibrotic changes. Statistical analysis revealed @entity3 to be associated with poorer local control (P=0.028). No correlation was found between size or pretreatment SUVmax and outcome. CONCLUSION: Anticipated SUVmax and size patterns following SBRT remain a challenge due to surrounding tissue reactions. Nonetheless, marked SUVmax changes can aid in determining local failure. Increases in size were also observed in local failures; however, localized @entity82 challenges its utility in distinguishing failures from a normal tissue response. A larger series needs to be examined to better establish the correlation of PET responses to overall survival and local control.

title: The role of positron emission tomography following radiosurgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lung lesions']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumors']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['malignant lung lesions']


abstract: Strains of @entity526 can inhibit the in vitro growth of @entity6368 . One @entity526 released a potent agar-diffusible gonococcal growth inhibitor which was extracted and assayed in an agar well assay system. The culture conditions necessary to produce the inhibitor were determined. The inhibitor was bacteriostatic, in most cases, for @entity6368 . Based on ultrafiltration and column chromatography, the inhibitor appeared to have a molecular weight in the range of 1200 to 2000. Evidence that the molecule contained charged sites was obtained by membrane binding and column chromatography. The inhibitor was stable to extremes of heat, cold and pH. It was not volatile or susceptible to proteolytic enzymes, lysozyme, lipase, DNAase, RNAase or certain chelating agents. Its activity was completely blocked by @entity36475 . This inhibitor is dissimilar to previously reported gonococcal inhibitors of bacterial origin.

title: Properties of a gonococcal inhibitor produced by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae', 'N. gonorrhoeae']

entities_list: @entity36475 :: ('MESH:C013531', 'Chemical') :: ['ferric ammonium citrate']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli strain']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: During pregnancy, @entity565 -related alterations in placental function and the maternal immune system, and reduced growth affecting female but not male fetuses have been reported in a study of selected Australian @entity1 . The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of @entity565 management, declared during pregnancy, on birthweight and neonatal outcome at an inner-city hospital in England. Between June 2001 and December 2003, @entity1 at antenatal clinics were questioned about @entity565 (n = 10 983). @entity1 with @entity565 and singleton uncomplicated pregnancies ending at term were selected (n = 718), with non- @entity748 controls (n = 718). Among @entity748 @entity1 using inhaled @entity230 and bronchodilators (n = 170), 43% of the newborn @entity1 had birthweights <10th centile, compared with 27% of controls (P = 0.011; OR 2.51 [95% CI: 1.52, 4.14]). For @entity1 , the proportions were 28% and 27%. In @entity1 using bronchodilators only (n = 178) or those declaring no treatment (n = 370), birthweights were not significantly reduced. Taking account of smoking, ethnicity, gestational age and parity, there was a mean birthweight reduction with inhaled @entity230 and bronchodilators of 118 g [95% CI 36.0, 199.0 g] compared with the control group. There was no interaction between the effect of @entity565 treatment and @entity1 gender. @entity1 of @entity748 @entity1 in the three subgroups who required intensive care were more likely to exhibit transient tachypnoea of the newborn than @entity1 of control @entity1 (P < 0.005). In our population-based sample, the risk of low birthweight among @entity748 @entity1 did not depend on @entity1 gender, while neonatal @entity1576 remains a significant health issue in @entity1 and @entity1 .

title: Effect of maternal XXXX on birthweight and neonatal outcome in a British inner-city population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'infants', 'girls', 'Infants', 'boys', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory morbidity']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Current guidelines advocate administration of inotropic agents to stabilize potential deceased heart-beating donors. A consensus on the specific agent or combination therapy is lacking. We thus initiated a retrospective analysis of @entity1 being transplanted at our center in a matched-pair study design focusing on survival after donor pre-treatment either with @entity1063 or @entity935 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: 936 @entity1 (759 male; 177 female; mean age: 47.5    15.4 years) were transplanted at our center between 8/1981 and 12/2010. An overall of 22 @entity1 pairs (all male; mean age 55.4    7.5 years; range 23-67 years) were matched according to our strict criteria. During follow-up (5037    1791 days) 11 deaths occurred. Overall survival in both groups was not different (p=0.1438). RESULTS: In a sub-population analysis of all @entity1 -pairs that completed 5-year follow-up (n=19), Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed significant superior survival of recipients that received hearts pre-treated with @entity1063 vs. @entity935 pre-treatment (p=0.0368). CONCLUSIONS: Neither @entity1063 nor @entity935 pre-treatment of potential heart donors showed superior overall survival. In a sub-population of long-term survivors @entity1063 pre-treatment was associated with better survival in a rather small cohort of heart transplant recipients. These findings underscore the urgent need of further prospective multicenter randomized trials to recommend a preferable adrenergic therapy.

title: @entity1063 versus XXXX pretreatment of potential heart donors - impact on long-term outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Drug-induced tolerance of @entity35 liver allografts is well documented. We analyzed cellular events during immunosuppressive therapy on day (d) 10 and in the late phase (d 100) after transplantation to assess for characteristics in the intrahepatic leukocyte (IHL) population in the phase of tolerance. METHODS: Lewis @entity35 served as recipients of Dark Agouti @entity35 livers. Temporary immunosuppression with either @entity205 (CsA) monotherapy (3 mg/kg/d) or triple therapy that consisted of a subtherapeutic CsA dosage (0.25 mg/kg/d) and monoclonal antibodies directed against the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R, CD25) and the @entity1590 ( @entity1590 , @entity1590 ) was administered from postoperative d 0 to d 13. Cell migration and cell activation within liver grafts was assessed by standard histology and flow cytometry. IHL apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity1977 -digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL). RESULTS: Both @entity870 monotherapy and triple therapy prolonged liver allograft survival to more than 100 d and led to the induction of donor-specific tolerance. Untreated recipients rejected their allografts within 14 d. In both groups, donor-specific IHLs initially dropped to 18% to 25% on d 10, but they rebounded to as much as 40% on d 100 as a common characteristic of both groups. Within this population, donor-specific T cells were dominant. In both groups, increased numbers of activated (IL-2R+) CD8+ T lymphocytes were present on d 100. No accumulation of apoptotic IHL was observed on d 100. Their proportion was unchanged in the triple therapy group and slightly decreased in the CsA group compared to the syngeneic controls. CONCLUSIONS: The present study reveals that tolerant liver allografts are repopulated by donor-specific T lymphocytes. This phenomenon is independent of the type of applied immunosuppression. The persistence of activated CD8+ T cells in the phase of proven donor-specific tolerance on d 100 indicates that liver tolerance is associated with the state of a permanent intragraft immune activation. It seems that the coexistence of donor cells with infiltrating recipient cells within liver grafts, termed intrahepatic cell chimerism, is characteristic for tolerated liver allografts.

title: Persistence of stable intragraft cell chimerism in XXXX liver allografts after drug-induced tolerance.

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1590 :: ('25464(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1', 'CD54']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies have suggested that constraint-induced therapy @entity851 ( @entity851 ) improves arm movement and reduces trunk compensation. Whether @entity1 who receive @entity851 can translate the benefits to real-life circumstances awaits further investigation. OBJECTIVE: The effects of distributed @entity851 (dCIT-TR) on motor function, daily function, quality of life (QOL), and arm-trunk control were investigated. DESIGN: The study was a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: The study took place at 4 hospitals. @entity1 : @entity1 were 57 @entity1 who had had a @entity64 6 to 55 months earlier. INTERVENTION: @entity1 received a dose-matched intervention (2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 3 weeks) of dCIT-TR, distributed constraint-induced therapy (dCIT), or control therapy. MEASUREMENTS: The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Motor Activity Log, Frenchay Activities Index (FAI), and @entity64 Impact Scale (SIS) were used to evaluate motor function, daily function, and QOL. Data for reaching kinematics were recorded. RESULTS: @entity1 receiving dCIT-TR and dCIT exhibited higher overall scores on the ARAT, FAI, and hand function domain of the SIS and better quality of movement and larger amount of use (of the affected arm) on the Motor Activity Log than @entity1 in the control group. @entity1 receiving dCIT-TR further demonstrated greater improvements on the ARAT grip subscale and FAI outdoor activities scale than @entity1 receiving dCIT or @entity1 in the control group. However, @entity1 receiving dCIT showed greater improvements on the strength domain of the SIS after training than @entity1 receiving dCIT-TR or @entity1 in the control group. Limitations Research with a larger sample size is needed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who received dCIT-TR were able to translate gains in arm-trunk control into functional performance and QOL, specifically in grip function and outdoor activities. A long-term study to examine the recovery course for force output may be needed to evaluate @entity1 's perception of less improvement in strength after dCIT-TR.

title: Constraint-induced therapy with trunk restraint for improving functional outcomes and trunk-arm control after XXXX : a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['CIT-TR', 'combined with trunk restraint']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A phase II clinical trial previously evaluated the sequential administration of @entity3866 after chemotherapy for advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). This current pilot study assessed the feasibility of sequential induction therapy in @entity1 with stage IIB to IIIA @entity1149 . METHODS: @entity1 received @entity136 1,250 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 and @entity900 75 mg/m(2) on day 1, followed by oral @entity41059 (125 mg, three times a day) on days 15 to 28. A repeat computed tomography(CT) scan evaluated the response to the induction treatment after two 4-week cycles and eligible @entity1 underwent surgical resection. The primary objective was to assess the objective response rate (ORR), while @entity470 and @entity984 mutations and mRNA and protein expression levels of @entity11833 and @entity4736 were analyzed in @entity5 tissues and blood samples. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 , most with @entity5 , completed preoperative treatment. Five @entity1 achieved partial response according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in @entity5 (RECIST) criteria (ORR = 45%) and six @entity1 underwent resection. Common @entity137 included @entity1398 , @entity493 transaminase (ALT) @entity272 , @entity1910 , @entity390 , @entity1665 and @entity448 . No serious complications were recorded perioperatively. Three @entity1 had exon 19 deletions and those with @entity470 mutations were more likely to achieve a clinical response (P= 0.083). Furthermore, most cases who achieved a clinical response had low levels of @entity11833 expression and high levels of @entity4736 . CONCLUSIONS: Two cycles of sequentially administered @entity136 / @entity900 with @entity41059 as an induction treatment is a feasible and efficacious approach for stage IIB to IIIA @entity1149 , which provides evidence for the further investigation of these chemotherapeutic and molecularly targeted therapies.

title: A pilot study: sequential XXXX / @entity900 and @entity41059 as induction therapy for stage IIB to IIIA non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage IIIA disease', 'Solid Tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC adenocarcinoma', 'non-small-cell lung cancer', 'NSCLC']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['elevation, fatigue, dry skin']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity74 ( @entity74 ) is often recommended for routine screening of chromosomal aneuploidy in older @entity1 undergoing clinical assisted reproduction, even though its prognostic value on this group of @entity1 is rather ambiguous. What is needed is a clear set of ethical guidelines in the marketing of this technically complex and expensive procedure to @entity1 who are neither suffers nor carriers of serious @entity74 . METHODS: Professional counseling would be required to enable an informed decision from the @entity1 . Differences in the prognostic value of @entity74 for different medical indications must be clearly presented to the @entity1 and they must also be told that @entity74 is not a completely 'fool-proof' means of preventing @entity600 . What may be detected are some @entity74 and conditions associated with @entity2008 . RESULTS: The @entity1 must be made aware that the results of previous studies have demonstrated that the overwhelming majority of chromosomally abnormal oocytes and embryos either fail to fertilize or implant, and therefore have a relatively low chance of resulting in a live birth with chromosomal defects. Statistical data, particularly the concept of relative risk must clearly be presented to the @entity1 without exaggerating the risk of @entity600 . The @entity1 must also be rightfully informed that @entity74 carries a small risk of damaging the embryo, which could compromise chances of conception. CONCLUSIONS: @entity74 should be judiciously indicated for advanced maternal age in clinically assisted reproduction. Other diagnostic options that may be cheaper, and which also possess a high level of accuracy should be presented first to the @entity1 i.e. amniocentesis, chorionic villus biopsy and ultrasonargraphy.

title: Advanced maternal age as an indication for preimplantation genetic diagnosis ( XXXX )--the need for more judicious application in clinically assisted reproduction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['cytogenetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['PGD', 'genetic diseases', 'Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis', 'genetic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['birth defects']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['PGD']


abstract: A series of 35 primary @entity1779 is reported. These rare @entity5 occur most often in @entity1 in the first half of the first decade. Grossly the @entity5 are often massive, discrete, lobular, firm and cystic. Histologically three variants, largely determined by the extent and distribution of the fibrous connective tissue stroma, are recognized: (1) a classical variant, which most resembles the @entity1897 and is characterized by a high frequency of Homer Wright rosettes and a relatively high frequency of ganglionic differentiation; (2) a desmoplastic variant, which is characterized by an intense connective tissue stroma; and (3) a transitional variant, in which both the classical and the desmoplastic features may be present within the same case, either concurrently or consecutively. Both the desmoplastic and the transitional forms are less likely to exhibit differentiation to mature ganglion cells, but the importance of identifying the primitive cell elements as neuroblasts is emphasized. With rare exceptions, this can be established only by specific @entity575 impregnations on frozen material. Occasionally the direction of growth may be largely leptomeningeal. Seven illustrative clinical histories with pathological correlations are described. The over-all clinical behaviour of these @entity5 is that of @entity10053 , characterized by a high recurrence rate. Recurrence may, however, be a late development, in some cases occurring five or seven years after apparently successful surgical removal. The @entity5 shows shows a high incidence of metastatic spread, almost 40 per cent of the cases examined at autopsy having disseminated in the cerebrospinal pathways. Exceptionally, extraneural @entity3 may also develop. However, long post-operative survival occasionally occurs, and the subsequent clinical course is not always predictable in the individual case. The differential diagnosis is briefly discussed. The cellular nature of the @entity5 and its biological behaviour recall those of the @entity76 . Post-operative radiation to the entire neuraxis should be considered for these @entity5 .

title: XXXX . A clinicopathological study of 35 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'neoplasms', 'tumors', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity10053 :: ('MESH:D018302', 'Disease') :: ['malignant neuroepithelial neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar medulloblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['Primary cerebral neuroblastoma']


abstract: In endemic zones, the @entity20497 - @entity24517 (AP) combination is well tolerated and effective in treating acute, uncomplicated @entity311 . Trials involving non-immune @entity1 are lacking, however. We conducted a randomized, multicenter open-label trial to determine the efficacy and tolerability of the AP combination (1,000 mg + 400 mg once daily for 3 days) in comparison with @entity12963 (HF) (1,500 mg in 3 doses) in non-immune adults with imported uncomplicated @entity3964 @entity311 . Follow-up visits were programmed on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after hospital discharge. Out of 48 @entity1 enrolled in the study, 41 were assessable for the cure rate (21 in the AP group and 20 in the HF group). All the @entity1 were cured. The mean parasite clearance time was longer (63+/-23 hours) in the AP group than in the HF group (48+/-15 hours) (P = 0.02). The frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events was higher in the AP group. No noteworthy electrocardiographic changes were observed, particularly in the QTc interval. The AP combination appears to be a valuable alternative treatment in non-immune adults.

title: @entity20497 plus @entity24517 versus @entity12963 for the treatment of imported acute uncomplicated XXXX @entity311 in non-immune adults: a randomized comparative trial.

entities_list: @entity24517 :: ('MESH:D002727', 'Chemical') :: ['proguanil']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity20497 :: ('MESH:D053626', 'Chemical') :: ['atovaquone']

entities_list: @entity12963 :: ('MESH:C023768', 'Chemical') :: ['halofantrine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to review the initial results and surgical safety data for the US Food and Drug Administration safety and feasibility trial of the Paracor HeartNet (Paracor Medical, Inc, Sunnyvale, @entity2948 .) myocardial constraint device. METHODS: @entity1 with New York Heart Association functional class II or III @entity712 underwent device implantation (n = 21) through a left minithoracotomy. RESULTS: The average age was 53 years (31-72 years). There were 18 @entity1 and 3 @entity1 , and 17 @entity1 had nonischemic etiology of @entity712 . Mean @entity712 duration was 8.3 years (1.4-18.8 years). Average ejection fraction was 22% (11%-33%), with an average left ventricular end-diastolic dimension of 74 mm (55-94 mm). Previous medical therapy included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, digoxin, and @entity1369 receptor blockers. At implantation, 17 @entity1 had implantable electronic devices: 1 biventricular pacemaker, 11 biventricular pacemakers with cardioverter-defibrillators, and 5 implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. @entity1 comorbidities included @entity101 in 10 cases, @entity6 in 8, @entity583 in 1, and @entity1165 in 8. Mean operative time was 68 minutes (42-102 minutes), and implantation time averaged 15 minutes (5-51 minutes). The average time to ambulation was 1.6 days (1-4 days). The intensive care unit stay averaged 3.3 days (1-16 days), and hospital stay averaged 6.3 days (4-16 days). @entity955 occurred in 2 @entity1 , and there were 2 in-hospital deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The Paracor device can be implanted in @entity1 with @entity712 and reduced left ventricular function with a high degree of success. Significant surgical complications were infrequent. The initial US experience supports the conduct of a randomized, controlled, pivotal trial.

title: Initial United States experience with the Paracor HeartNet myocardial constraint device for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['Atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1582 complicated by @entity712 is associated with high @entity65 and mortality. Heart transplantation for @entity1 with @entity1582 is controversial due to recurrence of disease in the transplanted organ or progression of disease in other organs. METHODS: All @entity1 with @entity1582 and @entity712 referred for heart transplant evaluation from 1997 to 2004 were included in this retrospective cohort analysis. An interdisciplinary protocol for cardiac transplantation using extended-donor criteria organs, followed in 6 months by either high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation for @entity1 with primary ( @entity1582 ) or by orthotopic liver transplantation for familial ( @entity20117 ) @entity2783 , was developed. Survival of the transplanted amyloid cohort was compared to survival of those amyloid @entity1 not transplanted and to @entity1 transplanted for other indications. RESULTS: A total of 25 @entity1 with @entity1582 and @entity712 were included in the study; 12 @entity1 received heart transplants. Amyloid heart transplant recipients were more likely female (58% vs. 8%, P=0.02) and had lower serum @entity1011 (1.3+/-0.5 vs. 2.0+/-0.7 mg/dL, P=0.01) than nontransplanted amyloid @entity1 . Survival at 1-year after heart transplant evaluation was higher among transplanted @entity1 (75% vs. 23%) compared to @entity1 not transplanted (P=0.001). Short-term survival posttransplant did not differ between transplanted amyloid @entity1 and contemporaneous standard and extended-donor criteria heart transplant @entity1 (P=0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac transplantation for amyloid @entity1 with extended-donor criteria organs followed by either stem cell or liver transplantation is associated with improved survival compared to @entity1 not transplanted. Short- to intermediate-term survival is similar to @entity1 receiving heart transplantation for other indications. This clinical management strategy provides @entity299 @entity1 a novel therapeutic option.

title: Cardiac transplantation using extended-donor criteria organs for XXXX complicated by @entity712 .

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['systemic amyloidosis', 'AL', 'Systemic amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac amyloid']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['systemic amyloidosis']


abstract: Previous studies from this laboratory demonstrated that @entity3528 in @entity235 with @entity740 may occur, at least in part, as a consequence of the need for progressive adaptation in renal @entity3151 (P) excretion that occurs as glomerular filtration rate falls. However, the studies were of relatively short duration. Moreover, no information emerged regarding a potential role of @entity460 malabsorption in the pathogenesis of @entity3528 . The short duration of the protocol did not lend itself to the study of the effect of P control or the administration of @entity560 in the pathogenesis of @entity8 . In the present studies, 14 @entity235 with experimental @entity740 were studied serially for a period of 2 yr. Each animal was studied first with two normal kidneys on an intake of P of 1,200 mg/day. Then, @entity177 was produced by 5/6 nephrectomy. The @entity235 then were divided into three groups. In group I, 1,200 mg/day P intake was administered for the full 2 yr. In group II, P intake was reduced from the initial 1,200 mg/day, in proportion to the measured fall in glomerular filtration rate, in an effort to obviate the renal adaptation in P excretion. In group III, "proportional reduction" of P intake also was employed; but in addition, 20 mug of @entity14282 were administered orally three times a week. In group I, @entity38911 ( @entity38911 ) levels rose throughout the 2-yr period reaching a final concentration of 557+/-70 U (normal 10-60). In group II, values for @entity38911 remained normal throughout the 1st yr, increased modestly between the 12th and the 18th mo, but then did not rise after the 18th mo. In group III, no elevation of @entity38911 levels was observed at any time; however, these animals were hypercalcemic. Histomorphologic analyses of the ribs of these @entity235 were performed serially throughout the 2-yr period. A linear relationship was obtained between the osteoclastic resorption surface and the concentration of circulating immunoreactive @entity38911 . The osteoid volume was greater in group I animals when compared to those in group II. None of the morphologic @entity8 were observed in the animals in the third group.

title: Phosphate control and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol administration in preventing experimental @entity8 in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal osteodystrophy', 'abnormalities associated with renal osteodystrophy']

entities_list: @entity3528 :: ('MESH:D006962', 'Disease') :: ['secondary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal disease']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: @entity2263 )-adrenoceptors are widely distributed and occur on airway epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to find out whether the two long-acting @entity2263 )-agonists @entity6410 and @entity10453 influence @entity650 ( @entity35189 ( @entity687 ) release from airway epithelial cells in vitro. A549 cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) were stimulated with organic dust from @entity1707 barns. Non-stimulated and dust-stimulated cells were incubated for 24h with @entity6410 or @entity10453 (10(-13)-10(-6)M) and the release of @entity650 and @entity687 into the medium was assessed by ELISA technique. @entity1169 (10(-5)M) or @entity2778 (10(-3)M) were used to block the @entity2263 )-agonist mediated effects. @entity6410 and @entity10453 both induced enhancement of @entity650 and @entity687 release and added to the effect of organic dust. This enhanced release was blocked by a beta-blocker in PBEC but not in A549 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first time @entity2263 )-agonists have been shown to stimulate @entity650 release from airway epithelial cells. The results indicate different mechanisms of @entity2263 )-agonist action in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells. Furthermore, our results indicate that A549 cells do not possess functional @entity2263 )-adrenoceptors.

title: Effect of @entity6410 and XXXX on @entity650 and @entity687 release in airway epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['Propranolol']

entities_list: @entity10453 :: ('MESH:C057823', 'Chemical') :: ['salmeterol']

entities_list: @entity6410 :: ('MESH:C012629', 'Chemical') :: ['Formoterol', 'formoterol']

answer: @entity10453 :: (MESH:C057823,Chemical) :: ['salmeterol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To relate the symptoms of @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ) to their repercussions on quality of life. DESIGN: Multi-centred, observational, prospective study. SETTING: Primary care. @entity1 : @entity1 with @entity1067 in 2000-2003. Inclusion criteria were: agreeing to take part, being aged 50-79, and having moderate symptoms evaluated by means of the IPSS questionnaire. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Previous treatment for @entity1067 and having a chronic or disabling illness that might affect perception of quality of life. The presence of irritative and obstructive symptoms was appraised. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The IPSS questionnaire appraising predominant symptoms and, through the last question, quality of life was self-administered. Descriptive statistics were worked out and differences in proportions of the different groups were analysed by the chi2 test, with differences taken as significant at P < .05. RESULTS: We got 536 replies, with average age 66.2. @entity2183 was the most common symptom, suffered by 88.1% of @entity1 . A total of 256 @entity1 (47.8%) had @entity146 as main clinical symptom, and 280 (52.2%), obstruction. On analysing repercussions on quality of life, it was found that obstructive symptoms were worse tolerated: 65.7% versus 9.4% of the group with @entity146 . CONCLUSIONS: In treating @entity1067 , we must bear in mind preferences of @entity1 . They tolerate obstructive symptoms worse, and these are a criterion for referral to specialists and even surgery.

title: [ XXXX . Need to evaluate quality of life in the therapeutic process].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostate hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritation']

answer: @entity1067 :: (MESH:D011470,Disease) :: ['Benign prostate hyperplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the free/total @entity1486 (PSA) ratio can discriminate between @entity1 with @entity263 or @entity1067 ( @entity1067 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted using free and total PSA assays in @entity1 who underwent transrectal-ultrasound guided biopsies indicated by a total serum PSA level of > 4 ng/mL and/or a positive digital rectal examination. Sixty-nine @entity1 (median age 68 years, range 57-86) who presented to our out- @entity1 department with symptoms of @entity1069 were included in the study. Blood samples were drawn from all @entity1 before biopsy. RESULTS: Histopathological examination detected @entity263 in 17 of 69 (25%) @entity1 and 13 of these 17 @entity1 had a free/total PSA ratio of < 0.15; only 12 of 52 (23%) @entity1 with @entity1067 had a ratio of < 0.15. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated a threshold free/total PSA ratio of < or = 0.15 was the optimum discriminatory level. In the whole study group, this threshold had sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative-predictive values of 76%, 77%, 52% and 91%, respectively. There were 40 patients with serum PSA levels of 4-10 ng/mL and 17.5% (7/40) of these were diagnosed with @entity5 . Using a free/total PSA ratio of 0.15 would have failed to diagnose two @entity1 of seven with @entity263 but 30 @entity1 would have avoided a biopsy. In this subgroup, the threshold ratio of 0.15 had sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative-predictive values of 71%, 85%, 50% and 93%, respectively. The rates for a PSA density (PSAD) at a threshold of > or = 0.15 were 71%, 76%, 38%, 93%, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that using the free/total PSA ratio gives a significant improvement over PSAD and total PSA values alone in the diagnosis of @entity263 : its use may also enhance the diagnostic accuracy in @entity1 with intermediate PSA levels.

title: The role of free @entity1486 in the diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['prostatism']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia', 'BPH']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: A model of cutaneous extracellular matrix was used to determine if live @entity5475 larvae secrete proteases which are active at physiological pH and capable of degrading macromolecules found in cutaneous tissue. After 72 hr, 100 third-stage larvae (L3) degraded 24% of the total matrix, while fourth-stage larvae (L4) degraded 10%. A sharp increase in the amount of matrix degraded by L3 corresponded with the onset of the molting process. L3 and L4 degraded comparable amounts of the glycoprotein and elastin components of the matrix, but molting L3 degraded nearly twice the amount of the collagen component (62% vs 35%). Characterization of proteases present in larval-soluble extracts and excretory-secretory products using synthetic substrates and protease inhibitors demonstrated @entity462 -protease and metalloprotease activity. @entity462 protease activity was found in whole worm extracts of both L3 and L4. Metalloprotease was secreted at higher levels by molting L3, but was also secreted by L4. Partial separation of the metalloprotease by size-exclusion chromatography indicated that the molecular weight of the native enzyme was in the 49-54 kDa range. The @entity462 protease activity was demonstrated in fractions corresponding to 34-39 kDa. The biological function of the @entity5475 larval proteases remains to be conclusively determined; however, these data suggest that they are involved in degradation of components of cutaneous tissue and in the molting process.

title: XXXX : proteases produced by third- and fourth-stage larvae.

entities_list: @entity5475 :: ('6287', 'Species') :: ['D. immitis', 'Dirofilaria immitis']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine', 'Cysteine']

answer: @entity5475 :: (6287,Species) :: ['Dirofilaria immitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Many pancreaticoduodenal artery (PDA) @entity439 are associated with celiac artery (CA) @entity850 . The pathogenesis of @entity438 may be associated with hemodynamic changes due to CA @entity850 /occlusion. The aim of this study was to assess the hemodynamic changes of celiaco-mesenteric @entity254 in @entity1 with @entity438 concomitant with CA occlusion using four-dimensional flow-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (4D-Flow). METHODS: 4D-Flow was performed preoperatively on five @entity1 . Seven age- and sex-matched individuals were used as controls. Hemodynamic parameters such as flow volume and maximum flow velocity in PDAs, gastroduodenal arteries, common hepatic arteries, and superior mesenteric arteries were compared between both groups. @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ) and @entity894 ( @entity894 ) were mapped in both groups. RESULTS: In the @entity1 group, 4D-Flow identified retrograde flow of both gastroduodenal arteries and common hepatic arteries. Heterogeneous distribution patterns of both @entity1642 and @entity894 were identified across the entire PDA in the @entity1 group. @entity894 mapping showed multiple regions with extremely high @entity894 values ( @entity894 > 0.3) in all @entity1 . All @entity438 , which were surgically resected, were @entity731 . CONCLUSIONS: 4D-Flow identified hemodynamic changes in celiaco-mesenteric arteries in @entity1 with @entity438 with concomitant CA occlusion. These hemodynamic changes may be associated with @entity438 formation.

title: Hemodynamic assessment of celiaco-mesenteric XXXX in @entity1 with @entity438 concomitant with celiac artery occlusion using flow-sensitive four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['OSI', 'oscillatory shear index']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['Wall shear stress', 'WSS']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['PDA aneurysm', 'PDA aneurysms']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: AIMS: The aim of this Italian multicentre study was to evaluate the haemodynamic and antiarrhythmic effects of DDIR versus DDI pacing @entity1817 with @entity337 . METHODS: Seventy-nine @entity1 were implanted with a dual chamber rate-responsive pacemaker (Medtronic 7075) and centrally randomised to DDI or DDIR pacing mode. After six months, the pacing modality was crossed over. Follow-up included clinical data, rest ECG, echocardiography, Holter monitoring and exercise testing in DDIR. RESULTS: a) Haemodynamic effects. Comparing postimplant exercise testing in DDIR mode with preimplant tests, peak heart rate increased from 96 +/- 17 to 115 +/- 17 bpm (+20%, p < 0.0001), total work capacity from 7.0 +/- 3.5 to 8.8 +/- 4.3 minutes (+26%, p < 0.0001), peak @entity26 uptake from 1238 +/- 406 to 1453 +/- 423 ml/min (+17%, p < 0.001) and @entity26 uptake at anaerobic threshold from 977 +/- 343 to 1222 +/- 415 ml/min (+25%, p < 0.001). These benefits persisted unchanged during one-year follow-up. b) Antiarrhythmic effects. After six months, paroxysmal @entity955 recurrence significantly decreased in the whole population: group I (DDI) 20.7 vs 48.3%, p < 0.02; group II (DDIR) 21.2 vs 36.4%, p < 0.05; group I + II (DDI + DDIR) 21.0 vs 41.9%, p < 0.001. After one year no significant differences were found between DDI and DDIR. Group I: DDI 23.8 vs DDIR 28.6%, ns; group II: DDI 22.7 vs DDIR 18.2%, ns. CONCLUSION: DDIR vs DDI significantly improves short- and long-term haemodynamic performance. Dual chamber pacing shows a significant reduction of paroxysmal @entity955 recurrence, regardless of rate responsiveness.

title: Long-term haemodynamic and antiarrhythmic benefits of DDIR versus DDI pacing @entity1817 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['mode in sick sinus syndrome']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['chronotropic incompetence']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity337 :: (MESH:D001022,Disease) :: ['chronotropic incompetence']


abstract: Survival and biochemical outcome of @entity1 with localized, high-risk @entity263 treated with definitive three-dimensional conformal @entity1161 (3-D CRT) with or without hormonal therapy are poor. Other therapeutic strategies are needed to improve outcome in these poor-prognostic-group @entity1 . One such strategy involves the use of chemotherapeutic agents to radiosensitize the effects of local 3-D CRT. Very few investigators have tested this novel concept of chemotherapeutic radiosensitization. Two studies evaluated the combination of @entity13950 and @entity5713 (EV) with @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ). In both studies, the combination of EV and @entity1161 resulted in moderate to severe acute and late @entity137 . A recently completed, phase I trial evaluated the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of weekly docetaxel that could be concurrently delivered with 3-D CRT (70.2 Gy) in @entity1 with high-risk @entity263 . The MTD of concurrent weekly docetaxel with 3-D CRT was determined to be 20 mg/m(2), and this combination was shown to be safe and well tolerated. This was the first trial to evaluate @entity3907 radiosensitization in @entity263 . Other phase I/II studies are needed to further assess chemotherapeutic radiosensitization in localized, high-risk @entity263 .

title: A new paradigm for the treatment of high-risk XXXX : radiosensitization with docetaxel.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity13950 :: ('CHEBI:68643', 'Chemical') :: ['estramustine phosphate']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIONS: To test the hypothesis that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use increases the risk of @entity9244 and, secondarily, all invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in @entity1 with primary @entity281 . METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter case-control study among @entity1 <19 years old. Cases were @entity1 hospitalized with primary varicella complicated by @entity883 or @entity39 soft tissue infection identified by a network of 45 pediatric infectious disease specialists located throughout the United States. Controls were @entity1 with uncomplicated primary varicella residing in the same communities as the cases. Data on medical history, clinical features of the @entity281 , signs and symptoms of @entity166 , and medication use were collected by structured telephone interviews. Univariate and multivariate matched odds ratios were calculated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Between June 1996 and September 1998, 52 cases of @entity883 , including 21 with @entity39 soft tissue infection, and 172 controls with uncomplicated primary varicella were enrolled. Risk of @entity883 was increased among @entity1 who were nonwhite (multivariate odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4-11), living in low-income households (OR 5.1, 95% CI: 1.7-15), exposed to varicella at home (OR 6.4, 95% CI: 2.6-16), or had a persistent high fever (OR 9.6, 95% CI: 2.8-33). Antipyretic regimen was associated with several measures of @entity992 severity among the controls. The risk of @entity39 soft tissue infection was not associated with the use of @entity5018 before the development of signs or symptoms of this complication (OR 1.3, 95% CI: 0.33-5.3). Risk of any @entity883 was increased among @entity1 who had received @entity5018 (OR 3.9, 95% CI: 1.3-12), but not @entity1443 (OR 1.2, 95% CI: 0.50-3.0). However, there was no evidence of increasing risk with increasing duration of @entity5018 use. Subgroup analyses revealed that the risk of @entity883 was increased only among @entity1 who had received both @entity1443 and @entity5018 . CONCLUSIONS: These data do not support the hypothesis that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or @entity5018 in particular, increase the risk of @entity883 . A statistically significant association was observed between nonnecrotizing @entity883 and @entity5018 use; however, because of potential confounding, the meaning of this unexpected result is unclear. Nonetheless, these data suggest that parents use @entity5018 or @entity5018 together with @entity1443 to treat high fever and @entity221 , which seems to identify @entity1 at high risk for @entity883 .

title: Invasive group A @entity883 and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among XXXX with primary varicella.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing GAS infections', 'invasive GAS infection']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity992 :: ('MESH:D002644', 'Disease') :: ['varicella illness']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['severe illness']

entities_list: @entity5018 :: ('MESH:D007052', 'Chemical') :: ['ibuprofen']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['varicella infection']

entities_list: @entity9244 :: ('MESH:D018461', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing soft tissue infections']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious complications']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: PcrA is a chromosomally encoded DNA helicase of gram-positive bacteria involved in replication of rolling circle replicating plasmids. Efficient interaction between PcrA and the plasmid-encoded replication initiator ( @entity43637 ) protein is considered a requirement for the plasmid to replicate in a given host, and thus, the ability of a @entity43637 protein to interact with heterologous PcrA helicases has been invoked as a determinant of plasmid promiscuity. We characterized transcription of the @entity328 pcrA gene in its genetic context and studied the biochemical properties of its product, the PcrA(Spn) helicase. Transcription of the pneumococcal pcrA gene was directed by promoter Pa, consisting of an extended -10 box. Promoter Pa also accounted for expression of a second essential gene, radC, which was transcribed with much lower efficiency than pcrA, probably due to the presence of a terminator/attenuator sequence located between the two genes. PcrA(Spn) displayed single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. PcrA(Spn) showed 5'-->3' and 3'-->5' helicase activities and bound efficiently to partially duplex DNA containing a hairpin structure adjacent to a 6- @entity377 5' or 3' single-stranded tail and one unpaired (flap) @entity377 in the complementary strand. PcrA(Spn) interacted specifically with RepC, the initiator of staphylococcal plasmid pT181. Although the pneumococcal helicase was able to initiate unwinding of the RepC-nicked pT181 DNA, it was much less processive in this activity than the cognate staphylococcal PcrA protein. Accordingly, PcrA(Spn) was inefficient in in vitro replication of pT181, and perhaps as a consequence, this plasmid could not be established in @entity2260 .

title: Genetic and biochemical characterization of the XXXX PcrA helicase and its role in plasmid rolling circle replication.

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Interindividual variability in @entity282 presents a clinical challenge. Preoperative quantitative sensory testing is useful but time consuming in predicting @entity282 intensity. The current study was conducted to develop and validate a predictive model of @entity12761 using a simple three-item preoperative questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 200 @entity1 scheduled for elective cesarean delivery under subarachnoid anesthesia were enrolled (192 subjects analyzed). @entity1 were asked to rate the intensity of loudness of audio tones, their level of @entity148 and anticipated @entity158 , and analgesic need from surgery. Postoperatively, @entity1 reported the intensity of evoked @entity158 . Regression analysis was performed to generate a predictive model for @entity158 from these measures. A validation cohort of 151 @entity1 was enrolled to test the reliability of the model (131 subjects analyzed). RESULTS: Responses from each of the three preoperative questions correlated moderately with 24-h evoked @entity158 intensity (r = 0.24-0.33, P < 0.001). Audio tone rating added uniquely, but minimally, to the model and was not included in the predictive model. The multiple regression analysis yielded a statistically significant model (R = 0.20, P < 0.001), whereas the validation cohort showed reliably a very similar regression line (R = 0.18). In predicting the upper 20th percentile of evoked @entity158 scores, the optimal cut point was 46.9 (z =0.24) such that sensitivity of 0.68 and specificity of 0.67 were as balanced as possible. CONCLUSIONS: This simple three-item questionnaire is useful to help predict postcesarean evoked @entity158 intensity, and could be applied to further research and clinical application to tailor analgesic therapy to those who need it most.

title: Predicting XXXX after cesarean delivery using three simple questions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity12761 :: ('MESH:D059787', 'Disease') :: ['acute postcesarean pain']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity12761 :: (MESH:D059787,Disease) :: ['acute pain']


abstract: Astrogliosis occurs in a variety of @entity74 and @entity130 , and excessive astrogliosis can be devastating to the recovery of neuronal function. In this study, we asked whether reactive astrogliosis can be suppressed in the lesion area by cell cycle inhibition and thus have therapeutic benefits. Reactive astrogliosis induced in either cultured astrocytes by @entity519 or @entity130 , or in a @entity2500 ( @entity2500 ) @entity63 model were combined to address this issue. In the cultured astrocytes, @entity519 induced a cell cycle activation that was associated with upregulation of the proliferating cell nuclear marker ( @entity4698 ). Significantly, the cell cycle inhibitor, @entity38501 , inhibited @entity519 -induced cell cycle activation by arresting the cells at G1/S and G2/M in a dose-dependent manner and also reversed @entity519 -induced upregulation of @entity4698 . Also in the cultured astrocytes, @entity130 induced reactive astrogliosis, such as @entity1184 and an increase in BrdU(+) astrocytes, both of which were ameliorated by @entity38501 . In the @entity2500 @entity19 model, dense reactive glial fibrillary acidic protein and @entity4698 immunoreactivity were evident at the boundary zone of focal @entity2806 at days 7 and 30 after @entity2500 . We found that intraperitoneal @entity38501 administration significantly inhibited these astrogliosis-associated changes. To demonstrate further that cell cycle regulation impacts on astrogliosis, @entity1896 gene knockout @entity19 ( @entity1896 (-/-)) were subjected to @entity63 , and we found that the percentage of Ki67-positive astrocytes in these @entity19 was markedly reduced in the boundary zone. The number of apoptotic neurons and the lesion volume in @entity1896 (-/-) @entity19 also decreased as compared to @entity1896 (+/+) and @entity1896 (+/-) @entity19 at days 3, 7, and 30 after local @entity2806 . Together, these in vitro and in vivo results strongly suggest that astrogliosis can be significantly affected by cell cycle inhibition, which therefore emerges as a promising intervention to attenuate reactive glia-related @entity528 in brain pathology.

title: Inhibiting cell cycle progression reduces reactive astrogliosis initiated by @entity130 in vitro and by XXXX in vivo.

entities_list: @entity38501 :: ('MESH:C090046', 'Chemical') :: ['olomoucine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['MCAO', 'MCAO ischemia', 'middle cerebral artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathological disorders']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['damage to neuronal function']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'scratch injury']

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['cerebral ischemia']


abstract: @entity5 is one of the most common gynecological @entity5 in Iranian @entity1 . This study was initiated to assess whether the combination of @entity1311 and @entity900 with radiation might feasible for these @entity1 . The aim was to assess @entity5 response and @entity137 of weekly @entity900 and @entity1311 along with radiotherapy in the treatment of @entity5 . @entity1 with primary @entity957 with FIGO stages @entity3847 to IIIB were treated with weekly injections of @entity900 30 mg/m2 and @entity1311 35 mg/m2 for 5-6 weeks along with radiotherapy. A total of 25 @entity1 were enrolled in this study who completed the intended treatment. Disease was assessed prior to treatment by pelvic examination and contrast enhanced MRI of the abdomen and pelvis. Response was assessed 1 month after completion of treatment by physical examination and 3 months after also by MRI. @entity137 was assessed and was graded using RTOG grading. There was a complete response rate of 84% after 3 months. The major @entity137 was grade 1 and 2 @entity417 (92%). The mean duration of treatment was 58 days. In conclusion, combination chemotherapy with @entity900 and @entity1311 along with radiotherapy in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity957 of cervixwas well tolerated, in contrast to other studies, but it seems that there was no increase in @entity5 response and progression free survival with this treatment regimen.

title: Concurrent Chemoradiation with Weekly XXXX and @entity900 for Locally Advanced @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cervical cancer', 'Cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: The supply, consumption, and tissue tension of @entity26 were studied in experimental bilateral myocutaneous island flaps in five control @entity1707 and in eight @entity1707 during progressive 1-hour intervals of @entity63 . Progressive @entity63 was obtained by partial to complete clamping of the artery in one flap, producing @entity9085 , and simultaneous clamping of the vein in the other flap, producing @entity2979 . Blood flow was reduced to 50, 25, and 0 percent of baseline. In the @entity9085 flaps, the @entity26 tension in subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and venous outflow was significantly reduced once blood flow was reduced to 50 percent of baseline. @entity26 consumption during partial vessel occlusion was lower in the @entity2979 flaps than in the @entity9085 flaps when blood flow was reduced to 25 percent of baseline, suggesting either that cellular metabolism is reduced in the @entity2979 flaps or that the @entity26 which is delivered is unavailable for the cells. Increased presence of tissue fluid in the @entity2979 flap inhibits the diffusion of @entity26 through the interstitial tissue, and this may explain the lower @entity26 consumption. During 3 hours of reperfusion, increased blood flow was observed in the @entity9085 flaps, whereas blood flow in the @entity2979 flaps was sluggish. The @entity9085 flaps recovered more rapidly than the @entity2979 flaps during the first hour of reperfusion, judged by the rate of increase in @entity26 tension and the higher venous @entity26 tension. @entity26 tension increased more rapidly in muscle than in subcutaneous tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differential effects of XXXX and @entity9085 on tissue oxygenation in myocutaneous island flaps: an experimental study in @entity1707 .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['flap ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['arterial insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity2979 :: ('MESH:D054070', 'Disease') :: ['venous stasis']

answer: @entity2979 :: (MESH:D054070,Disease) :: ['venous stasis']


abstract: Degradation of @entity44175 ( @entity44176 ), a model recalcitrant chlorinated organic compound, by pure cultures of @entity6402 DNT with (transformed @entity6402 ) and without (untransformed @entity6402 ) the bacterial hemoglobin (Vitreoscilla hemoglobin, VHb) gene, vgb, was investigated in parallel membrane bioreactors (MBRs). This was done aseptically to prevent contamination during the operation of the MBRs. The objective was to determine whether the degradation of @entity44176 by cometabolism, using @entity598 as a primary @entity505 source, under @entity519 conditions might be enhanced for vgb-bearing cells in MBRs. The @entity44176 removal efficiency of transformed @entity6402 (97-99%) was slightly higher than that of untransformed @entity6402 (95-99%) at all stages. The average amount of @entity2865 released from @entity44176 by transformed cells was also higher than for untransformed cells, 92-96% compared to 64-84% of the maximum theoretical amount, the exact value depending on the operating conditions. These results indicate that @entity44176 degradation/transformation is not accompanied by the stoichiometric release of @entity2865 for the untransformed strain. The difference between percentages of @entity44176 removal and @entity2865 release by untransformed cells was attributed to persistence, under @entity519 conditions, of the @entity44176 @entity3878 atom in @entity44176 metabolites. Growth of transformed cells was also significantly enhanced under @entity519 conditions compared to untransformed cells. For varying media compositions, the transformed cells reached higher cell densities (3.2-5.4 g/L) relative to untransformed cells (2.8-4.7 g/L) at food to microorganism ratios ranging from 0.44-0.59 to 0.38-0.49 g COD/g biomass-d The observed yields thus ranged from 0.16-0.20 and 0.15-0.18 g TSS/g COD for untransformed and transformed cells, respectively. The value of the yield depended on medium composition. The MBR system using vgb-containing @entity6402 maintained a high biomass concentration without @entity26 limitations and provided cell-free effluent. Hence, it may be useful for treating high volumes of water contaminated with low levels of recalcitrant organics.

title: Comparison of XXXX biodegradation in a membrane bioreactor by @entity6402 and @entity6402 bearing the bacterial hemoglobin gene.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity3878 :: ('MESH:D002713', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorine']

entities_list: @entity44175 :: ('MESH:C060415', 'Chemical') :: ['2-chlorobenzoic acid']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

entities_list: @entity6402 :: ('292', 'Species') :: ['B. cepacia', 'Burkholderia cepacia strain']

answer: @entity44175 :: (MESH:C060415,Chemical) :: ['2-chlorobenzoic acid']


abstract: @entity2743 and @entity2621 are organ-specific @entity792 of multifactorial aetiology with a polygenic mode of inheritance. Familial clustering and twin studies provide evidence for a genetic predisposition. Three main approaches have been used in the search for susceptibility loci: population-based case-control studies, classical linkage analysis, and intrafamilial linkage disequilibrium. Case-control studies are a sensitive method of gene detection and the collection of subjects is resource-efficient. However, they require prior knowledge of a candidate gene and are prone to inconsistent results due to false positives that may arise from population mismatch. Linkage analysis is a powerful tool for detecting 'major' genes that does not require a candidate gene and is, therefore, a means of genome screening. This method, however, has limited power to detect genes of 'modest' effect, and the collection of sibpairs and multiple family members may be difficult. Intrafamilial linkage disequilibrium analysis is more sensitive than classical linkage analysis, requires only one affected offspring, and eliminates population mismatch. This approach has confirmed linkage disequilibrium of the HLA region with @entity2743 , previously not detected by linkage analysis. Knowledge of a candidate locus is required, however, and this method cannot, therefore, at present be used for genome screening. It is likely that a combination of all three approaches will be required to identify susceptibility loci for @entity1669 .

title: The different approaches to the genetic analysis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2621 :: ('MESH:D050031', 'Disease') :: ["Hashimoto's thyroiditis"]

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune thyroid disease']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorders']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease"]

answer: @entity1669 :: (MESH:D013967,Disease) :: ['autoimmune thyroid disease']


abstract: @entity442 inhibits apoptosis, but its mechanism is unknown. Myocyte stretching activates @entity876 and @entity876 -dependent genes, leading to the formation of @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) and apoptosis. Therefore, this in vitro system was used to determine whether @entity442 interfered with @entity876 function and the local @entity916 -angiotensin system (RAS), decreasing stretch-induced cell death. A single dose of 200 ng/ml @entity442 at the time of stretching decreased myocyte apoptosis 43% and 61% at 6 and 20 hours. @entity2178 concentration was reduced 52% at 20 hours. Additionally, @entity876 DNA binding to @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ), AT1 receptor, and @entity589 was markedly down-regulated by @entity442 via the induction of @entity7465 and the formation of @entity7465 - @entity876 complexes. Concurrently, the quantity of @entity876 , @entity2178 , @entity916 , AT1 receptor, and @entity589 was reduced in stretched myocytes exposed to @entity442 . Conversely, @entity588 and the @entity588 -to- @entity589 protein ratio increased. The effects of @entity442 on cell death, @entity2178 synthesis, and @entity589 protein were the consequence of @entity7465 -induced down-regulation of @entity876 function. In conclusion, the anti-apoptotic impact of @entity442 on stretched myocytes was mediated by its capacity to depress @entity876 transcriptional activity, which limited @entity2178 formation and attenuated the susceptibility of myocytes to trigger their endogenous cell death pathway.

title: @entity442 induces XXXX and down-regulates @entity876 , attenuating the myocyte @entity916 -angiotensin system and stretch-mediated apoptosis.

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['Aogen', 'angiotensin II', 'angiotensinogen', 'Ang II']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1', 'IGF-1']

answer: @entity7465 :: (4193,Gene) :: ['Mdm2']


abstract: Effect of candidate compounds 81-470 i.e. methyl [5[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]carbonyl]-1H-benzimidazole-2-yl]- carbamate and 86-162 i.e. @entity41652 along with reference drugs mebendazole and @entity2039 on energy metabolism of @entity41653 recovered from @entity35 treated with single dose of 500 mg/kg, ip was investigated. All the drugs significantly lowered the rate of uptake of @entity413 and @entity493 by the parasite. Suppression in the formation of @entity880 , the major end-product, was also noticed. Nonetheless the ratio of @entity880 produced versus the substrates consumed was not substantially affected. The recovered cysticerci also possessed less glycogen and @entity855 compared to the normal parasites. Although the effects exerted by the drugs were of the identical nature, they significantly differed in the magnitude of their action. @entity7400 followed by @entity2039 maximally affected all the above metabolic activities while 86-162 proved to be the weakest in action. The results suggest that the examined drugs exert their chemotherapeutic activity by interfering with uptake of @entity413 and @entity493 but do not significantly alter their catabolism.

title: Alterations in metabolic activity of XXXX on some anthelmintic treatments.

entities_list: @entity41652 :: ('MESH:C041590', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl-5(6)-(alpha-hydroxyphenyl methyl) benzimidazole-2-carbamate']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity7400 :: ('MESH:D008463', 'Chemical') :: ['Mebendazole']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2039 :: ('MESH:D011223', 'Chemical') :: ['praziquantel']

answer: @entity41653 :: (6205,Species) :: ['Cysticercus fasciolaris']


abstract: The neuropathology of 20 cases of traumatic @entity1 @entity3510 is described. Cases were classified as @entity1566 based upon the neuropathological findings. Special attention was directed to those cases with neuropathological evidence of continuity of long tract axons across the lesion but that were obtained from individuals with clinically complete sensory and motor loss. Clinical and neuropathological data were obtained from the Western Australian @entity1566 Database and were selected from those cases involving sports-related @entity130 . From the total of 20 cases of @entity3510 , 6 exhibited neuropathologically and clinically complete cord @entity130 , 4 were neuropathologically incomplete yet clinically complete, and 4 were neuropathologically and clinically incomplete (one being motor complete yet sensory incomplete). The clinical/neuropathological correlation was indeterminate in 6 cases because of @entity204 at or shortly after the accident. The neuropathological findings varied with the severity of @entity130 and the length of survival. In those cases examined less than 3 months postinjury, there was typically swelling of the cord from vasogenic @entity4 with @entity548 and myelomalacia. Central @entity548 @entity39 was common as was @entity450 with free red cells present among disrupted tissue. Activated astrocytes and polymorphs or macrophages were observed and early stages of glial cell scar formation were evident. @entity6441 was evident in motor tracts caudal to the level of insult and in sensory tracts rostral to the lesion. Cases examined 3-6 months postinjury often revealed @entity45 with gliotic walls often extending several millimeters above and below the primary locus of injury. In the "chronic" cases (i.e., those surviving more than 6 months), there was evidence of varying degrees of preserved long tract parenchyma, nerve root regeneration, and Schwann cell remyelination of long tract axons. The degree of sparing of long motor and sensory tract parenchyma generally correlated well with the clinical observations of residual function. In four cases, however, there was a residuum of motor or sensory tract axons that appeared to have been spared injury, but the clinical data reported chronically complete sensory and motor loss. The presence of clinically complete yet @entity130 was more often associated with crush or flexion @entity130 than with extension or compression @entity130 . The preserved parenchyma in these types of lesion may provide the anatomical substrate for restorative intervention.

title: Neuropathology of @entity1 XXXX sustained in sports-related activities.

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['spinal injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic', 'petechial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemia']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['multilocular cysts']

entities_list: @entity6441 :: ('MESH:D014855', 'Disease') :: ['Wallerian degeneration']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal Cord Injury', 'having "complete" or "incomplete" spinal cord injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathologically incomplete injury', 'injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: The present text deals with the relationship of muscle force and mass to bone mass and geometry in the developing skeleton of @entity1 and adolescents. Recent results of the last ten years are discussed with reflection on Harold Frost's 'mechanostat hypothesis'. Bone mass and geometry follow the development of body size and muscle force in @entity1 and adolescents. Thereby, bone is adapted to the tissue strain due to biomechanical forces. This process is modified by hormonal signals (i.e., @entity172 and @entity3800 ). Therefore, the quantified relationship of muscle force to bone stability is a reasonable approach to distinguish between primary and secondary @entity79 . Primary @entity79 are characterized by a disturbed adaptation of bone to biomechanical forces. In contrast, secondary @entity79 show a correct adaptation of bone to loaded forces in combination with a decline of muscle force. Therefore, the 'Functional Muscle-Bone Unit' was introduced into the diagnostics of pediatric @entity79 . The ratio of two parameters--referred to bone strength on the one and to biomechanical forces on the other side--is a reasonable diagnostic approach to distinguish between primary and secondary @entity79 .

title: The 'Functional Muscle-Bone Unit': probing the relevance of mechanical signals for bone development in XXXX and adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone diseases']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogens']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Microgravity is a prominent health hazard for astronauts, yet we understand little about its effect at the molecular systems level. In this study, we have integrated a set of systems-biology tools and databases and have analysed more than 8000 molecular pathways on published global gene expression datasets of @entity1 cells in microgravity. Hundreds of new pathways have been identified with statistical confidence for each dataset and despite the difference in cell types and experiments, around 100 of the new pathways are appeared common across the datasets. They are related to reduced @entity32 , @entity792 , @entity6 and @entity565 . We have identified downregulation of NfkB pathway via @entity125 signalling as new pathway for reduced immunity in microgravity. Induction of few @entity5 and @entity1778 and increased drug response to @entity5 in microgravity are also found. Increase in olfactory signal transduction is also identified. Genes, based on their expression pattern, are clustered and mathematically stable clusters are identified. The network mapping of genes within a cluster indicates the plausible functional connections in microgravity. This pipeline gives a new systems level picture of @entity1 cells under microgravity, generates testable hypothesis and may help estimating risk and developing medicine for space missions.

title: A systems biology pipeline identifies new immune and disease related molecular signatures and networks in XXXX cells during microgravity exposure.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer types including liver cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although numerous studies have identified damage to the cochlear and vestibular end organs as the primary site of @entity4028 -induced @entity2167 , the effect on the saccule remains poorly understood, possibly due to lack of monitoring saccular function in experimental animals. Therefore, this study applied three kinds of @entity581 into the tympanic space of @entity840 to examine their toxic impact on the saccule by way of click-evoked myogenic potential test coupled with morphologic assessment. DESIGN: Albino @entity840 were treated with saline, @entity801 , @entity2890 , or @entity4509 , with 10 animals assigned to each group. Each compound was injected directly overlying but not through the round window membrane on the left ear, with the right ear serving as a control. One week after injection, each animal underwent auditory brain stem response, caloric test, and click-evoked myogenic potential test. Animals were then killed for morphologic assessment through the use of light and electron microscopic examinations. RESULTS: The animals treated with saline, @entity801 , @entity2890 , or @entity4509 exhibited abnormal auditory brain stem response in 0%, 30%, 100%, and 30% of cases; abnormal caloric responses were found in 0%, 100%, 40%, and 40% of cases; absent click-evoked myogenic potentials were found in 0%, 100%, 30%, and 40% of cases, respectively. @entity801 and other groups differed significantly in abnormal rates of caloric responses and click-evoked myogenic potentials. Morphologic study of the @entity801 -treated animals confirmed that the absence of click-evoked myogenic potential originated from the lesion in the saccular macula. CONCLUSIONS: @entity801 represents the dominant susceptibility of @entity4028 -induced vestibulotoxicity for eliminating both semicircular canal and saccular functions. This study further confirms the findings of @entity1 studies in which the caloric and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials responses were monitored to assess the abolition of vestibular function in @entity1 treated with intratympanic @entity801 injection.

title: Effect of intratympanic application of XXXX on click-evoked myogenic potentials in @entity840 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin', 'Gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['tobramycin']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

answer: @entity581 :: (MESH:D000617,Chemical) :: ['aminoglycosides']


abstract: Epithelioid @entity2695 , @entity8146 , and @entity5426 are well recognized histologic variants of endothelial @entity5 in @entity1 that in the past have been confused with @entity5 of epithelial or histiocytic origin. We describe 12 epithelioid endothelial @entity5 in 8 @entity235 , 3 @entity1641 , and 1 @entity291 that share microscopic features with these @entity5 in @entity1 . Ten @entity5 were located within the dermis and subcutis, 1 in the gastrocnemius tendon, and 1 in the skeletal muscle of the thigh. Key histologic features were the plump, epithelioid appearance of neoplastic endothelial cells and occasional cytoplasmic vacuolation, which rarely contained a single erythrocyte. Patterns of epithelioid endothelial cell growth ranged from conventional vasoformative structures to glandlike acini and short ducts to solid, sheetlike arrangements. All @entity5 were positive for endothelial markers: 12/12 (100%) were positive for @entity2880 factor with variable intensity and distribution and 9/9 (100%) were positive for CD31. All 12 were negative for cytokeratin. We subdivided these @entity5 into epithelioid @entity2695 (n = 3) and @entity5426 (n = 9) based on conventional morphologic criteria, growth pattern (invasive or not), and @entity3 (known in 1 case at the time of biopsy). Additional follow-up information obtained by a written questionnaire was available for 6/12 (50%) animals and revealed local recurrence in 3 animals (1 epithelioid @entity2695 and 2 epithelioid @entity5426 ) and regional @entity3 in 3 animals (all epithelioid @entity5426 ). This series represents a novel group of @entity5 in domestic animals of which there are only 3 previous cases reported in the veterinary literature.

title: Epithelioid variant of @entity2695 and @entity5426 in the @entity235 , XXXX , and @entity291 .

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma', 'hemangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vascular tumors', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiosarcomas', 'angiosarcomas', 'hemangiosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity8146 :: ('MESH:D006390', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioendotheliomas']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['horse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prevalence of @entity3147 among pre-school @entity1 can be used to determine the need for nutrition surveillance, nutritional care, or appropriate nutritional intervention programmes. Such data also indicate the target groups and where interventions are required. OBJECTIVE: To determine the at risk groups, extent and magnitude, and regional distribution of @entity3147 . DESIGN: A cross sectional study. SETTING: The survey was conducted in 14 districts representative of the eight provinces of Kenya. SUBJECTS: Six thousand, four hundred and nineteen @entity1 (3294 males and 3125 females) aged six to 72 months selected using the cluster sampling technique from eight provinces were studied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometric measures of height/length and weight were used to do the assessment. RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting, @entity5653 and underweight were 37%, 6% and 27% respectively. Stunting was highest among the 12-23 months age group (44.8%). A statistically significant difference (p = < 0.005) was found between @entity1 and @entity1 with regard to stunting. This difference was more remarkable when the two were stratified by age group where 29% of the @entity1 were stunted compared to 20% of the @entity1 . Geographically, it was found that there exists great regional disparities with a low (22.6%) in Kiambu and a high (56.5%) in Kwale districts. CONCLUSION: These results show that @entity3147 is still a serious public health problem in Kenya and requires urgent attention. The problem since the first survey in 1977 shows an upward trend, suggesting deterioration over the years. Well thought out and targeted intervention programmes are long overdue. The results of this survey and others emphasize the importance of having a well established surveillance system which would ensure necessary and timely action.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in Kenya.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'boys', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

answer: @entity3147 :: (MESH:D044342,Disease) :: ['malnutrition']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Catalytic @entity68 (CI) mediates @entity1317 by generating reactive @entity26 species. We evaluated role of CI in predicting mortality in @entity1 with @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) and studied association of contrast @entity8 with CI levels. METHODS: We investigated 806 @entity1 with @entity1187 undergoing contrast exposure for a cardiac procedure who were followed up for 30 days. RESULTS: Overall mortality was 1.6% at 30 days. Catalytic @entity68 at baseline predicted mortality with CI levels significantly higher in those who died, 0.45  mol/L (0.37, 0.68) compared with survivors 0.31  mol/L (0.21, 0.40); P = .004. Catalytic @entity68 was associated with increased risk of @entity204 in the highest quartile compared with lower 3 quartiles (hazard ratio 7.88, P = .001) after adjustment for age, @entity6 , ST deviation, Killip class, ejection fraction, baseline @entity1011 , hemoglobin level, and troponin. Fifty-five @entity1 (6.8%) developed contrast @entity8 . @entity1 with contrast @entity8 had a 27% increase in median CI levels from baseline up to 48 hours compared with a marginal 2.9% increase in those without contrast @entity8 (0.37, 0.14  mol/L to 0.47, 0.20  mol/L versus 0.35, 0.12  mol/L to 0.36, 0.14  mol/L, P < .0001). @entity1 with contrast @entity8 had significantly higher mortality compared with those without contrast @entity8 (9.1% vs 1.1%, P = .001). CONCLUSION: High baseline CI levels predicted mortality in @entity1 with @entity1187 . Occurrence of contrast @entity8 was associated with rise in CI levels and higher mortality. Therapeutic options to buffer or chelate CI may have beneficial effects on mortality in this setting.

title: Impact of catalytic @entity68 on mortality in @entity1 with XXXX exposed to iodinated radiocontrast-The Iscom Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome', 'ACS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: In 1992, preoperative radiotherapy was considered in France as the standard treatment for @entity5 . The present randomized trial compares preoperative radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy. @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 were eligible if they presented a resectable T3-4, Nx, M0 @entity420 accessible to digital rectal examination. Preoperative radiotherapy with 45 Gy in 25 fractions during 5 weeks was delivered. Concurrent chemotherapy with @entity1487 350 mg/m2/d during 5 days, together with @entity4181 , was administered during the first and fifth week in the experimental arm. Surgery was planned 3 to 10 weeks after the end of radiotherapy. All @entity1 should receive adjuvant chemotherapy with the same @entity1487 / @entity4181 regimen. The primary end point of the trial was overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 733 @entity1 were eligible. Grade 3 or 4 acute @entity137 was more frequent with chemoradiotherapy (14.6% v 2.7%; P < .05). There was no difference in sphincter preservation. Complete sterilization of the operative specimen was more frequent with chemoradiotherapy (11.4% v 3.6%; P < .05). The 5-year incidence of local recurrence was lower with chemoradiotherapy (8.1% v 16.5%; P < .05). Overall 5-year survival in the two groups did not differ. CONCLUSION: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy despite a moderate increase in acute @entity137 and no impact on overall survival significantly improves local control and is recommended for T3-4, N0-2, M0 @entity420 of the middle and distal rectum.

title: Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent @entity1487 and @entity4181 in XXXX : results of FFCD 9203.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['T3-4 rectal cancers']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['rectal adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['T3-4 rectal cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Liver resection for intermediate (Barcelona Clinic @entity96 (BCLC) stage B) @entity157 ( @entity157 ) remains controversial. This study attempted to demonstrate the effectiveness of preresection transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a selection criterion for BCLC-B @entity157 . METHODS: The study included @entity1 with BCLC-B @entity157 who underwent liver resection after TACE. The @entity5 response to TACE was evaluated according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (mRECIST). @entity1 with a complete or partial response comprised the responder group, whereas those with stable or progressive disease were classified as non-responders. RESULTS: A total of 242 @entity1 were included. After between one and eight sessions of TACE, 141 @entity1 were included in the responder group: 37 @entity1 (15  3 per cent) who achieved a complete response and 104 who had a partial response. The cumulative 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates were 97  2, 88  7 and 75  2 per cent respectively in the responder group, compared with 90  1, 67  3 and 53  5 per cent among 101 non-responders (P < 0  001). Tumour-free survival rates were also better among responders than non-responders (P < 0  001). In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of @entity5 -free survival were response to TACE and microvascular invasion (all P < 0  001). CONCLUSION: mRECIST may represent selection criterion for intermediate @entity157 for surgical treatment.

title: Response to transarterial chemoembolization as a selection criterion for resection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['overall and tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['Liver Cancer']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinomas']


abstract: @entity328 (pneumococcus) is a leading @entity1 respiratory pathogen that causes a variety of serious mucosal and invasive diseases. D39 is an historically important serotype 2 strain that was used in experiments by Avery and coworkers to demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material. Although isolated nearly a century ago, D39 remains extremely virulent in @entity19 @entity281 models and is perhaps the strain used most frequently in current studies of pneumococcal pathogenesis. To date, the complete genome sequences have been reported for only two @entity2260 strains: TIGR4, a recent serotype 4 clinical isolate, and laboratory strain R6, an avirulent, unencapsulated derivative of strain D39. We report here the genome sequences and new annotation of two different isolates of strain D39 and the corrected sequence of strain R6. Comparisons of these three related sequences allowed deduction of the likely sequence of the D39 progenitor and mutations that arose in each isolate. Despite its numerous repeated sequences and IS elements, the serotype 2 genome has remained remarkably stable during cultivation, and one of the D39 isolates contains only five relatively minor mutations compared to the deduced D39 progenitor. In contrast, laboratory strain R6 contains 71 single-base-pair changes, six deletions, and four insertions and has lost the cryptic pDP1 plasmid compared to the D39 progenitor strain. Many of these mutations are in or affect the expression of genes that play important roles in regulation, metabolism, and virulence. The nature of the mutations that arose spontaneously in these three strains, the relative global transcription patterns determined by microarray analyses, and the implications of the D39 genome sequences to studies of pneumococcal physiology and pathogenesis are presented and discussed.

title: Genome sequence of Avery's virulent serotype 2 strain D39 of XXXX and comparison with that of unencapsulated laboratory strain R6.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity328 :: (1313,Species) :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']