abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) and 0.9% normal saline (NS) on perioperative @entity1017 in cardiac surgical @entity1 . DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. @entity1 : @entity1 (n = 72) scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either 7.5% HS (36 @entity1 ) or 0.9% NS (36 @entity1 ) as a single dose of 4 mL/kg over 30 minutes during the postoperative rewarming phase in the intensive care unit. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Weight gain until the first postoperative morning was significantly greater in the NS group than in the HS group (1.9 plus minus 1.4 kg, median, 2.1 kg; 0.8 plus minus 1.5 kg, median, 0.8 kg; p = 0.005). One-hour diuresis after the fluid infusion was significantly greater in the HS group compared with the NS group (501 plus minus 282 mL and 237 plus minus 173 mL; p < 0.001). In the linear regression model, the 2 most important factors affecting the perioperative @entity1017 were the volume of fluid infused postoperatively in the intensive care unit (4,098 plus minus 916 mL in the HS group and 4,589 plus minus 1,344 mL in the NS group) and the total diuresis after surgery (3,351 plus minus 1,035 mL in the HS group and 2,942 plus minus 846 mL in the NS group). CONCLUSIONS: HS had an intense diuretic effect, which reduced intraoperative fluid retention. This effect was confirmed by the lesser increase in body weight measured on the first postoperative morning.

title: Hypertonic saline (7.5%) decreases perioperative XXXX following cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'patients', 'Patients']

answer: @entity1017 :: (MESH:D015430,Disease) :: ['weight gain']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in @entity5 is related to @entity3 , recurrence, and poor prognosis. We evaluated whether EMT-related proteins can act as prognostic biomarkers in @entity14 ( @entity14 ) @entity1 . METHODS: We evaluated the expression of @entity5962 , @entity3546 , and @entity12848 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 333 @entity14 tissues from the @entity5 center and invasive margin. @entity5 budding, cell grade, @entity5 stage, type of @entity5 growth, peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration (TLI), and perineural- or lymphovascular invasion were evaluated as pathological parameters. mRNA levels of @entity5962 , @entity6076 , @entity3546 , and @entity12848 from 68 specimens from the same set were analyzed by real time quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Loss of @entity5962 , nuclear @entity3546 , and gain of @entity12848 were higher in the invasive margin than in the @entity5 center. Loss of @entity5962 was associated with cell grade, macroscopic type, perineural invasion, and @entity5 budding, @entity3546 with microsatellite instability and @entity5 site, and @entity12848 with growth type, macroscopic type, AJCC stage, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion. The aberrant expression of @entity5962 and @entity12848 not @entity3546 in the invasive margin was a significant and independent risk factor for disease-free and overall-survival by multivariate analysis, along with AJCC stage and perineural invasion. mRNA levels of @entity3546 and @entity12848 were correlated with the IHC findings at the @entity5 invasive margin. @entity5962 and @entity6076 showed a weak inverse correlation. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of loss of @entity5962 and gain of @entity12848 in the @entity5 invasive margin can be used to stratify @entity1 with the same AJCC stage into different survival groups.

title: Combined aberrant expression of @entity5962 and XXXX , but not @entity3546 is associated with disease-free survival and overall survival in @entity14 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity12848 :: (6275,Gene) :: ['S100A4']


abstract: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders are clinically very heterogeneous, ranging from single organ involvement to severe @entity66 . One of the most frequently observed mtDNA mutations is the @entity23355 of the @entity3915 gene. This mutation is often related to @entity20066 . However, not all @entity1 with the @entity23355 mutation share the same clinical disease expression and, on the contrary, @entity1 clinically exhibiting @entity20066 may have other mtDNA mutations. Here we describe two @entity1 with a very early infantile presentation of disease associated with the @entity23355 mutation. @entity1 1 presented with @entity2421 , feeding difficulties and @entity177 to thrive (FTT) at the age of 3 months. Laboratory investigations showed persistent hyperlactic @entity2185 , elevated @entity880 / @entity2388 ratios and elevated @entity493 concentrations in blood. @entity245 was progressive and he developed @entity296 and @entity410 . @entity204 occurred at the age of 3.5 years. @entity1 2 was born prematurely and had persistent, severe @entity8193 from birth on. Moderate @entity1184 was seen on ultrasound studies of the heart and, suffering from progressive @entity8193 , he died at the age of 13 days. Because of the rarity of this very early presentation, we searched the literature for other infantile cases associated with the @entity23355 mutation and found 8 additional ones. In @entity1 presenting with @entity8193 /hyperlactic @entity2185 , @entity177 to thrive, @entity2421 , @entity410 and/or @entity296 , mtDNA mutational analysis, also for the disease entities, usually only observed in juveniles or adults is warranted.

title: Infantile presentation of the mtDNA @entity23355 XXXX ) mutation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity20066 :: ('MESH:D017241', 'Disease') :: ['MELAS syndrome']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multisystem disease']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['biventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['Developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity8193 :: ('MESH:D000140', 'Disease') :: ['lactic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity23355 :: ('c|SUB|A|3243|G', 'DNAMutation') :: ['A3243G', 'A-to-G transition at position 3243']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity3915 :: (4563,Gene) :: ['tRNA(Leu (UUR)']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: It is believed that local factors within the nasal cavities contribute to the formation of @entity480 . The disruption of local homeostasis mechanisms in a chronic inflammatory process is one of those factors. @entity2247 expression is activated in the course of the immune response to extracellular and intracellular stimuli. Also, an increase of the gene expression can be associated with the development of @entity480 in @entity1 with @entity102 . THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was an evaluation of the role of the @entity17530 @entity2247 polymorphism in @entity1244 pathogenesis in @entity1 with @entity480 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 100 @entity1 , aged 35-65, with @entity102 and @entity480 and 150 @entity1 in the age, sex-, age- and ethnicity-matched control group. The study material included DNA isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of the @entity1 and the controls. PCR-RFLP method was used in genotyping polymorphic variants of @entity2247 . RESULTS: In comparison to the control group, the group of the @entity1 with @entity102 and @entity480 showed a statistically significant increase in the occurrence frequency of the @entity17530 polymorphic variant of @entity2247 gene (OR 4.04; 95% CI 2.32-7.03; p > 0.001) and C allele (OR 3.68; 95% CI 2.38-5.68; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity17530 genotype of @entity2247 can be associated with an increased risk of the occurrence of @entity102 with @entity480 in the Polish population.

title: [Role of the XXXX polymorphism of @entity2247 gene in pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nose polyps in a Polish population].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']

answer: @entity17530 :: (c|SUB|G|-765|C,DNAMutation) :: ['-765 G/C']


abstract: @entity6 ( @entity6 ) or @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) accounts for 90-95% of all @entity6 cases and has become a major health concern over the years. This disease has assumed frightening proportions due to unhealthy food habits and sedentary life style. About a decade ago, due to the absence of defined molecular targets or an understanding of disease pathophysiology, treatment of this disease was mostly focused on insulin secretion or administration of external insulin. During the past decade however, advent of genomics and proteomics has helped in understanding the molecular alteration characteristics of @entity2175 . @entity2175 leads to several complications such as @entity407 , @entity101 and @entity731 --collectively known as @entity1112 . Though United Kingdom Prospective @entity6 Study (UKPDS) showed that normalization of @entity4854 could prevent majority of @entity2412 , the available treatment regime does not adequately normalize the blood @entity413 level in type 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Currently, four distinct classes of oral hypoglycemic agents are available, some of which can act as lipid lowering agents as well. The efficacy and side effect profiles of these drugs are still to be optimized, so there is an unmet need for better candidates. Several new targets as well as better drugs for old targets are under investigation across the world. Availability of such drugs, based on the validated targets, may lead to a new therapeutic paradigm for the prevention of @entity6 as well as complications arising out of it. The current review will deal with existing oral therapies for type 2 @entity6 as well as the emerging therapeutic targets.

title: XXXX : present therapies and new drug targets.

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['NIDDM', 'Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus', 'Untreated type 2 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'DM', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['Syndrome X']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes complications']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2175 :: (MESH:D003924,Disease) :: ['Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoid receptors are expressed in white blood cells (WBC   s) and are known to play a role in cell adhesion and WBC's recruitment from bone marrow. In @entity699 is frequently mentioned as laboratory finding. However, there is no data on the prevalence of this finding among @entity1 , or correlation with disease severity. PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of @entity491 in @entity1 with @entity699 , alterations in other blood count parameters and correlation with degree of @entity699 . METHODS: Data of 26 @entity1 diagnosed and followed for @entity699 at our clinic was reviewed. Two @entity1 had disease relapse after complete remission and were studied as 2 separate events. RESULTS: Of the 26 @entity1 , 17 were @entity1 (71 %), with a mean age of 39.8    12.7 years. Mean baseline WBC count was 10,500    2,600 cells/ l and dropped to 8,400    1,900 cells/ l (p < 0.05) after treatment, mean neutrophil count at baseline was 7,600    2,600 cells/ l and dropped to 5,300    1,700 cells/ l (p < 0.05), lymphocyte count was 2,000    600 cells/ l and raised to 2,300    600 cells/ l (p < 0.05), hemoglobin was 13.7    1.2 g/dl and dropped to 12.8    1.4 g/dl (p < 0.05), and platelet number did not change. Elevated WBC count was present in 11/28 cases (40 %). Those @entity1 with normal baseline WBC (mean 9,000    1,500 cells/ l) dropped also to 7,700    1,300 cells/ l after treatment (p < 0. 05). There was a significant positive correlation between decrease in UFC secretion and change in WBC's following treatment (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity699 present with @entity491 in approximately 40 % of cases. In most cases, including those without elevated baseline count, the WBC's decreased with disease remission, demonstrating the effect of glucocorticoids on these blood cells.

title: Elevated white blood cell counts in @entity699 : association with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's disease leukocytosis", "Cushing's disease", 'hypercortisolism']

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['hypercortisolism']


abstract: Contrast media can induce both a @entity177 and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when administered to both experimental animals and @entity1 . In the present study we have examined the role of @entity859 in mediating these effects using the isolated perfused @entity35 kidney. Kidneys were perfused with a 6. 7%-(w/v)-albumin-based perfusate supplemented with @entity413 and @entity1522 (n=6 per group). They were exposed to @entity4946 [20 mg of @entity1496 (mgI)/ml; osmolality 1650 mOsm/kg of water] or @entity20307 (20 mgI/ml; osmolality 320 mOsm/kg of water) in the presence or absence of @entity2544 (10.8 microg/ml), or to @entity4946 in the presence or absence of a specific @entity859 A(1) receptor antagonist ( @entity22952 ; 2 microg/ml) or a specific A(2) receptor antagonist ( @entity50027 ; 6 microg/ml). @entity4946 (n=6) produced a fall in GFR from 0.65+/-0.04 to 0.42+/-0.03 ml.min(-1).g(-1) (P<0.05); @entity8 ( @entity8 ) also declined, from 36.5+/-3.8 to 22.0+/-3.2 ml. min(-1).g(-1) (P<0.05). @entity20307 (n=6) produced a fall in GFR from 0. 64+/-0.02 to 0.48+/-0.04 ml.min(-1).g(-1) (P<0.05) and in @entity8 from 33.3+/-3.8 to 24.0+/-3.0 ml.min(-1).g(-1) (P<0.05). @entity2544 (10.8 microg/ml) prevented the fall in GFR caused by either @entity4946 (baseline, 0.63+/-0.05 ml.min(-1).g(-1); @entity4946 + @entity2544 , 0. 60+/-0.04 ml.min(-1).g(-1)) or @entity20307 (baseline, 0.64+/-0.04 ml. min(-1).g(-1); @entity20307 + @entity2544 , 0.67+/-0.05 ml.min(-1).g(-1)), but did not affect the decreases in @entity8 caused by either agent. @entity22952 (2 microg/ml) also prevented the fall in GFR produced by @entity4946 (baseline, 0.66+/-0.05 ml.min(-1).g(-1); @entity4946 + @entity22952 , 0.61+/-0.05 ml.min(-1).g(-1)), while the fall in @entity8 remained unaffected. @entity50027 (6 microg/ml) had no effect on the decreases in either GFR or @entity8 induced by @entity4946 (n=6 per group). The results suggest a role for @entity859 acting at the A(1) receptor in mediating the decrease in GFR induced by contrast media. This effect is independent of a change in renal vascular resistance, and possibly secondary to mesangial cell contraction causing a decrease in the ultrafiltration coefficient.

title: Effects of @entity859 receptor antagonists on the responses to contrast media in the isolated XXXX kidney.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline', 'Theophylline']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal perfusate flow', 'RPF']

entities_list: @entity4946 :: ('MESH:D003973', 'Chemical') :: ['diatrizoate', 'Diatrizoate']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in renal blood flow']

entities_list: @entity20307 :: ('MESH:C033300', 'Chemical') :: ['iotrolan', 'Iotrolan']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: External apical root resorption (EARR) is a frequent iatrogenic effect of orthodontic treatment. @entity1 with genetic variants in the @entity1192 gene have been related to an increased risk of suffering EARR. The objective of this study is to determine whether variants in the @entity1192 receptor antagonist gene are positively/negatively associated with @entity1192 gene polymorphisms, particularly in relation to the clinical features of EARR @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genetic screening of 54 orthodontic @entity1 was performed for three polymorphisms ( @entity45760 , @entity45761 and @entity30497 ) in the @entity1356 gene cluster. Subjects were divided according to the presence or absence of EARR of more than 2 mm. The genotype distributions and allelic frequencies were calculated by the chi-square-test. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were also calculated. RESULTS: A highly significant association was found in the comparative analysis of homozygous subjects [1/1(CC)] for the @entity1356 gene, resulting in an increased risk of suffering postorthodontic EARR (OR: 3.47; P = 0.027; CI: 95%). While no association was found for the @entity1192 gene (P = 0.097), subjects who were homozygous [1/1(TT)] for the @entity1193 gene were more likely to be affected with EARR (OR: 6.75; P = 0.001; CI: 95%). CONCLUSION: Variations in the @entity1192 receptor antagonist gene ( @entity30497 ) - and not only in the @entity1356 gene ( @entity45760 ) - are determinants of a predisposition to postorthodontic EARR.

title: Postorthodontic external root resorption is associated with XXXX receptor antagonist gene variations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity1356 :: (3553,Gene) :: ['IL1']


abstract: A five-field conformal technique with three-dimensional @entity1161 treatment planning (3-DRTP) has been shown to permit better definition of the target volume for @entity2 , while minimizing the normal tissue volume receiving greater than 50% of the target dose. In an initial study to confirm the safety of conventional doses, we used the five-field conformal 3-DRTP technique. We then used the technique in a second study, enhancing the therapeutic index in a series of 42 @entity1 , as well as to evaluate feasibility, survival outcome, and treatment @entity137 . Forty-two consecutive @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) were evaluated during the years 1993-1997. The median age was 60 years (range 34-80). The median @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ) dose to the gross @entity5 volume was 6,300 cGy (range 5,000-6,840 cGy) delivered over 6 to 6.5 weeks in 180-275 cGy daily fractions, 5 days per week. There were three @entity1 who received a split course treatment of 5,500 cGy in 20 fractions, delivering 275 cGy daily with a 2-week break built into the treatment course after 10 fractions. The stages of disease were II in 2%, IIIA in 40%, IIIB in 42.9%, and recurrent disease in 14.3% of the @entity1 . The mean @entity5 volume was 324.14 cc (range 88.3-773.7 cc); 57.1% of the @entity1 received combined chemoradiotherapy, while the others were treated with @entity1161 alone. Of the 42 @entity1 , 7 were excluded from the final analysis because of diagnosis of distant metastasis during treatment. Two of the @entity1 had their histology reinterpreted as being other than @entity1149 , 2 @entity1 did not complete @entity1161 at the time of analysis, and 1 @entity1 voluntarily discontinued treatment because of progressive deterioration. Median follow-up was 11.2 months (range 3-32.5 months). Survival for @entity1 with @entity5 was 70.2% at 1 year and 51.5% at 2 years, with median survival not yet reached. Local control for the entire series was 23.3+/-11.4% at 2 years. However, for Stage III @entity1 , local control was 50% at 1 year and 30% at 2 years. @entity1 who received concurrent chemotherapy had significantly improved survival (P = 0.002) and local control (P = 0.004), compared with @entity1161 alone. Late esophageal @entity137 of > or =Grade 3 occurred in 14.1+/-9.3% of @entity1 (3 of 20) receiving combined chemoradiotherapy, but in none of the 15 @entity1 treated with @entity1161 alone. @entity358 limited to Grades 1-2 occurred in 6.8% of the @entity1 , and none developed > or =Grade 3 @entity358 . @entity1 with locally advanced @entity1149 , who commonly have @entity5 volumes in excess of 200 cc, presenta challenge for adequate dose delivery without significant @entity137 . Our five-field conformal 3-DRTP technique, which incorporates treatment planning by dose/volume histogram (DVH) was associated with minimal @entity137 and may facilitate dose escalation to the gross @entity5 .

title: Results of multifield conformal @entity1161 of XXXX using multileaf collimation beams.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Stage III disease']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary toxicity', 'pulmonary toxicity']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: We have previously identified an inverse relationship between @entity876 and @entity995 protein ( @entity996 ) immunoreactivity in @entity4153 . Because @entity996 is infrequently expressed in small cell @entity2 , we analyzed 25 @entity4153 of the cervix to test the hypotheses that 1) lack of @entity996 expression is associated with the neuroendocrine phenotype in @entity1082 )-associated @entity2622 and 2) the inverse relationship between @entity876 and @entity996 immunoreactivity also occurs in these @entity5 . HPV type was analyzed by PCR, HPV distribution by in situ hybridization and expression of @entity876 and @entity996 by immunohistochemistry. All of the @entity5 contained HPV sequences, with 13 @entity5 @entity1799 positive, 11 HPV 18 positive, and 1 HPV 45 positive. In situ hybridization showed large intranuclear dot-like signals in all positive @entity5 , suggesting viral integration. No multiple @entity281 were identified. Expression of @entity995 protein was not detectable in 23 @entity5 (92%), the remaining two showing only weak, focal expression. Expression of @entity876 protein was variable in distribution and intensity. It did not correlate with HPV type, and there was no relationship with @entity996 immunoreactivity. These data indicate that, although there is no reciprocal relationship between @entity876 and @entity996 immunoreactivity in these @entity5 , @entity995 protein is infrequently expressed in HPV-containing @entity4153 of the cervix, irrespective of infecting HPV type. This is consistent with the reported findings in small cell @entity2 and suggests that the small cell neuroendocrine phenotype may be related to the abrogation of @entity995 protein function.

title: Loss of @entity995 protein expression is frequent in XXXX of the cervix and is unrelated to HPV type.

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas', 'small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma', 'non-small cell carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the lung']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity4153 :: (MESH:D018288,Disease) :: ['small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma']


abstract: The nervus terminalis or @entity129 ( @entity129 ) is a neuronal plexus found in the nasal cavity and rostral forebrain of most vertebrates. The hormone @entity1176 ( @entity1176 ) is found in a population of @entity129 neurons as well as hypothalamic neurons which regulate pituitary secretion of the gonadotropins. The @entity1176 -containing neurons of the @entity129 appear to represent a rostral continuation of the hypothalamic population since they both originate from the olfactory placode and are frequently anatomically continuous. Previous studies have shown that the hypothalamic @entity1176 neurons are regulated by circulating @entity172 levels. Ovariectomy decreases while @entity172 administration increases @entity1176 content in these neurons. It is not known whether the @entity1176 -containing @entity129 neurons are also regulated in a similar manner. This study demonstrates that ovariectomy and @entity172 readministration alters @entity1176 -immunoreactive (ir) levels in the @entity129 of female @entity1238 in a manner similar to that seen in the hypothalamus. One week after ovariectomy, the density of @entity129 @entity1176 -ir fibers in the olfactory bulb region (one site of @entity129 termination) is significantly decreased. In contrast, a significant increase in @entity1176 -ir @entity129 fiber density is observed following @entity172 readministration to ovariectomized frogs. These findings demonstrate that @entity172 regulates @entity1176 metabolism in neurons of the @entity129 .

title: XXXX regulates @entity1176 in the nervus terminalis of @entity1238 .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['TN', 'terminal nerve']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

entities_list: @entity1176 :: ('MESH:D007987', 'Chemical') :: ['GnRH', 'gonadotropin-releasing hormone']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['Estrogen']


abstract: @entity600 causes high rates of neonatal morbidity and mortality. There are multiple causes of @entity600 . This article reviews the evidence linking subclinical @entity600 . Although maternal genital tract colonization with specific organisms has been inconsistently associated with @entity600 and/or premature rupture of membranes, some @entity281 have been consistently associated with @entity3152 . The association of histologic @entity5870 with @entity3465 is a consistent finding, but the mechanisms require further study. The relationship between histologic @entity281 and the @entity5870 of @entity3465 requires additional research. A varying number of @entity1 in "idiopathic" @entity3152 have positive amniotic fluid cultures (0% to 30%), but it is not clear whether @entity281 preceded labor or occurred as a result of labor. Evidence of @entity4092 as a cause of @entity3152 is raised by finding elevated maternal serum @entity1851 and abnormal amniotic fluid organic acid levels in some @entity1 in @entity3152 . Biochemical mechanisms for @entity3152 in the setting of @entity281 are suggested by both in vitro and in vivo studies of @entity2918 and their metabolites, endotoxin and cytokines. Some, but by no means all, antibiotic trials conducted to date have reported decreases in @entity3465 . These results support the hypothesis that @entity600 results in part from @entity281 caused by genital tract bacteria. In the next few years, research efforts must be prioritized to determine the role of @entity281 and the appropriate prevention of this cause of @entity3465 .

title: A review of XXXX and @entity4092 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery', 'preterm labor']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['chorioamnionitis']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['infection and premature birth', 'preterm birth', 'Premature birth', 'premature birth']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['chorioamnionitis infection', 'infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity4092 :: ('MESH:D058345', 'Disease') :: ['subclinical infection']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity600 :: (MESH:D000014,Disease) :: ['premature birth']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the distribution of histological diagnoses in pregnant @entity1 with atypical cytology or cervical @entity5 signs, as well as the usefulness of the Swede score colposcopic scoring system to reduce the need for diagnostic cervical biopsy. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING AND POPULATION: The study comprised 261 pregnant @entity1 undergoing colposcopic investigation because of atypical cervical cytology, dysplastic biopsy changes, recurrent @entity548 or pathological appearance of the cervix. METHODS: Five colposcopic variables (acetowhiteness, margins plus surface, vessel patterns, lesion size and @entity1496 staining) were scored with 0, 1 or 2 points. Colposcopically directed biopsies or loop electrosurgical excision biopsies were taken from all lesions. Histology was compared with the colposcopic score. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each variable, and the combination of all five variables, with high-grade lesions (i.e. @entity3146 (CIN2, CIN3 or @entity15709 ( @entity15709 )) as endpoints. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Colposcopic score (Swede score) and histology (CIN1, 2, 3; @entity15709 ; @entity5 ). RESULTS: The specimens consisted of normal tissue in 19.5% of cases, low-grade lesions (i.e. CIN1, koilocytosis, @entity2785 of lower grade than @entity15709 ) in 26.1%, high grade lesions in 52.9% and @entity5 in 1.5%. All high grade lesions and @entity5 had total Swede scores of >=  5 and >=  8, respectively. Vessel patterns, lesion size and margins plus surface were most important for high grade lesion detection. CONCLUSION: The Swede score seems to be a useful tool in evaluating atypical cervical cytology in pregnant @entity1 and may reduce the need for diagnostic biopsies.

title: Histological diagnosis and evaluation of the Swede score colposcopic system in a large cohort of pregnant @entity1 with atypical cervical cytology or cervical XXXX signs.

entities_list: @entity2785 :: ('MESH:D009375', 'Disease') :: ['glandular dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['non-obstetric bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity15709 :: ('MESH:D065311', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'adenocarcinoma-in-situ']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignancy']


abstract: A 66-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital because of frequent @entity662 and @entity909 . He had a 6-year history of angina and has taken @entity1242 . He had received total laryngo-pharyngoectomy with the graft by jejunum for @entity5 seven months ago. The @entity5 , however, recurred at the neck lymphnodes. Against the increased episodes of severe @entity1168 and @entity909 , he was scheduled to undergo subemergent vagotomy at proximal and distal side of the @entity5 since the @entity5 surrounded the nutrition vessels of the graft. @entity3897 0.25 mg i.m. and 0.25 mg i.v. were administered to treat @entity1168 and @entity551 in the morning of operation. As a premedication @entity3897 0.5 mg p.o. was given. Anesthesia was induced with @entity1363 3 mg, sevoflurane 5%, @entity3810 8 l. @entity1009 in @entity26 4 l. @entity1009 . Intubation through tracheostomy was facilitated with @entity3575 100 micrograms. When the operator touched the neck, heart rate and blood pressure decreased suddenly to 35 beats. @entity1009 and 62 mmHg/20 mmHg, respectively. @entity3897 1 mg i.v. and @entity6358 8 mg i.v. were effective. This was the only episode during surgery. After surgery all bradycardiac episodes have gone away without @entity3897 or any other treatment. His frequent attack of @entity1168 and @entity551 with @entity1163 was due to vagal reflex by the recurrent @entity5 .

title: [Perioperative management of vagotomy for treatment of frequent XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity6358 :: ('MESH:D004809', 'Chemical') :: ['ephedrine']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'pharyngeal cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity1163 :: (MESH:D013575,Disease) :: ['syncope']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report a 9-year-old @entity1 with @entity39583 and @entity1020 . DESIGN: Observational case report. METHODS: A complete ophthalmic examination was performed. The 11-cis @entity904 dehydrogenase gene ( @entity49331 ) was examined by direct genomic sequencing. RESULTS: The fundi of the 9-year-old @entity1 showed numerous yellow-white punctata as well as foveal @entity66 in both eyes. His corrected visual acuity was RE: 0.5 and LE: 0.3. Scotopic full-field electroretinograms were not present after 20 minutes of dark-adaptation but were normal after 3 hours of dark-adaptation. Full-field cone and 30-Hz flicker electroretinograms were normal; however, focal macular cone electroretinograms were significantly reduced. A compound heterozygous mutation of @entity49332 and Leu310GluVal in @entity49331 was detected. CONCLUSION: We suggest that the @entity1020 is caused by the @entity49331 mutation as a phenotype variation in @entity39583 .

title: @entity1020 in a 9-year-old XXXX with @entity39583 .

entities_list: @entity39583 :: ('MESH:C562733', 'Disease') :: ['fundus albipunctatus']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic lesions']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['retinol']

entities_list: @entity49332 :: ('p|SUB|Y|281|H', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Tyr281His']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular dystrophy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['boy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the in vivo efficacy of hyperfractionated external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) in comparison with standard daily EBRT in a @entity19 model of heritable @entity995 . METHODS: Two hundred twenty eyes from 6-week-old @entity2235 large T-antigen--positive @entity19 were treated with a total dose of EBRT ranging from 10-76 Gy (1000 to 7600 rad). One hundred ten eyes underwent EBRT administered in 2.0-Gy (200-rad) fractions once per day. Forty-two eyes received hyperfractionated EBRT administered in 1.2-Gy (120-rad) fractions twice per day, while 48 eyes received EBRT twice daily in fractions of 5.0 Gy (500 rad). Twenty eyes served as untreated controls. All eyes were obtained for histopathologic examination and graded positive if any @entity5 was present. RESULTS: A dose-dependent @entity5 was observed for EBRT in these transgenic @entity995 @entity19 . The @entity5 control dose for 50% of eyes ( @entity12705 (50)) treated with 2.0 Gy fractions of EBRT was 45 Gy (4500 rad) when treatments were administered once daily. A significant increase in @entity5 control was observed when treatments were administered twice per day at fractions of 1.2 Gy, resulting in a @entity12705 (50) of 33 Gy (3300 rad) (P =.003). A further increase in @entity5 control was observed when twice-daily EBRT was administered in 5.0 Gy fractions resulting in a @entity12705 (50) of 28 Gy (2800 rad). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperfractionated EBRT safely and effectively controls intraocular @entity995 in this transgenic animal model. Use of hyperfractionation allows for a reduction in total radiation delivered dose, while shortening the total treatment time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This treatment approach may be applicable in the management of pediatric @entity995 by maintaining excellent @entity5 control, while reducing treatment-associated complications.

title: Hyperfractionated external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of @entity19 transgenic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'inhibition of ocular tumor']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['retinoblastoma']


abstract: The prevalence and incidence of food protein-induced @entity1964 (FPIES) are clearly not known; its onset before first feeding at birth especially has been rarely reported. A female newborn was referred to our institution due to blood-stained @entity294 before her first feeding at birth. Examination of the stool with Wright-Giemsa staining on day 6 revealed numerous fecal eosinophils, including Charcot-Leyden crystals. Lymphocyte stimulation test (LST) against @entity291 's milk protein also showed positive values on day 12. The @entity360 resolved immediately after starting intravenous nutrition. She was fed with breast milk and extensively hydrolyzed formula and discharged from hospital on day 49. FPIES was diagnosed based on these symptoms and data. Our case was thought to have acquired @entity56 after sensitization in her fetal period, which caused severe FPIES triggered by the first intake of @entity291 's milk soon after birth. The @entity1 with FPIES presents atypical clinical findings, which is likely to cause misdiagnosis and delay of appropriate treatment. Heightened awareness and increased attention may be necessary to diagnose FPIES, even soon after birth. Evaluating fecal eosinophils and LST, which may be difficult to perform in every clinical hospital, is thought to be useful for the detection of FPIES without oral food challenge.

title: Hematochezia before the First Feeding in a Newborn with Food Protein-Induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity1964 :: ('MESH:D004760', 'Disease') :: ['enterocolitis syndrome']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['hematochezia']

answer: @entity1964 :: (MESH:D004760,Disease) :: ['Enterocolitis Syndrome']


abstract: Transfer of genes with potential therapeutic utility to the pancreatic islets of Langerhans may enhance graft survival after islet transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for adenoviral-mediated gene transfer to the islets of Langerhans in the absence of vector-induced @entity137 . Neonatal @entity35 islets were transduced in groups of 25 with an adenoviral vector encoding beta-galactosidase (AdbetaGal) at doses of MOI 0, 10, 100 and 1000 pfu per islet cell. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Efficiency of gene transfer was determined by gross inspection and estimation of the percentage of beta-galactosidase positive cells after islet dispersion at 1, 4, 7 and 10 days post-transduction. Islet @entity137 was assessed by measuring accumulated insulin levels at each time-point and by assessing static incubation insulin release at 3 and 10 days. Efficient dose-dependent gene transfer to the islets was documented at 1, 4, 7 and 10 days post-transduction. Transgene expression was relatively stable for the duration of the experiment. Insulin accumulation did not differ between transduced and non-transduced islets at each timepoint. Likewise, the insulin secretory response to @entity413 , obtained by dividing the insulin response to high @entity413 incubation by the insulin response to low @entity413 incubation was similar in transduced and non-transduced islets at 3 and 10 days at all doses studied. In summary, adenoviral-mediated transduction of islets results in dose dependent efficient gene transfer with relatively stable transgene expression in the absence of @entity137 . This technology may be useful in the study of islet biology and also in the future in gene therapy approaches to the treatment of @entity6 .

title: Absence of XXXX associated with adenoviral-mediated transfer of the beta-galactosidase reporter gene to neonatal @entity35 islets in vitro.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: This aim of this study was to re-evaluate the types of neurons present in pars compacta of the substantia nigra in the @entity2608 , and then to determine the effects of aging on the morphology of both the neurons and neuroglial cells. The substantia nigra was therefore examined in Golgi impregnated material, in sections labeled with antibodies to @entity669 hydroxylase and to @entity1246 , and in tissue embedded in plastic for light and electron microscopy. Three types of neurons were encountered: (1) large multipolar neurons with prominent Nissl bodies, (2) @entity528 that are medium sized and spindle-shaped, with Nissl bodies confined to the poles of the deeply indented nuclear envelopes, and (3) small multipolar cells with sparse Nissl substance. The large and medium neurons are believed to be dopaminergic and the small neurons @entity1246 -ergic. With age, all of the neurons accumulate lipofuscin, especially the small multipolar neurons. In addition, Marinesco bodies appear within the nuclei of the large multipolar neurons. The dendrites are most severely affected by age; many of them lose organelles and their cytoplasm can become filled with vacuoles, membranous whorls, and dense bodies. In old monkeys many of the astrocytes have inclusions and in the neuropil there is a striking increase in the number of astrocytic processes. Also large spheroids appear. These appear to be derived from astrocytes and they have a core of dense granular material surrounded by a paler peripheral zone of cytoplasm from which processes can extend. Most of the oligodendrocytes have dense inclusions in their cytoplasm and many of the myelin sheaths break down. Microglial cells can become enormously swollen by phagocytosed material. Although both neurons and neuroglial cells are affected by age, no entities that could be construed to be dying neurons were encountered.

title: The effect of aging on pars compacta of the substantia nigra in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkey']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar neurons']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkey']


abstract: The role that glial filaments play in cells and @entity5 of glial origin is not well understood. We therefore undertook the present study to determine the relationships between glial and @entity2277 intermediate filaments (IFs), actin microfilaments, and @entity1759 , a @entity8730 important in cell migration and invasion, in @entity1 @entity816 cells. Three @entity816 cell lines, U343 MG-A (U343), U251 MG (U251), and antisense @entity538 -transfected U251 (asU251) were studied using immunofluorescence confocal and immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, we studied the phenotypic behaviour of these @entity816 cell lines by analyzing their migration through Matrigel in vitro. U343 @entity816 cells had the highest expression levels of @entity538 ( @entity538 ), whereas asU251 had virtually no expression of @entity538 . Parental U251 cells had intermediate expression levels of @entity538 . The elimination of @entity538 expression in as U251 cells was accompanied by a marked increase in @entity2277 , actin microfilaments and @entity1759 levels. Gold labeling density counts of cytoskeletal and cell surface elements demonstrated that the differences between @entity538 , actin, @entity1759 and @entity2277 levels in the different @entity816 cell lines were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Results from the in vitro invasion assay revealed that U343 cells demonstrated the least invasive potential, whereas asU251 @entity816 cells demonstrated the most. Our results show that elimination of @entity538 expression by antisense leads to marked alterations in cell morphology and phenotypic behaviour. These data imply that @entity538 may be linked spatially and functionally to cytoskeletal elements which may be altered when this IF is deleted in @entity816 .

title: Characterization of glial filament-cytoskeletal interactions in @entity1 XXXX : an immuno-ultrastructural analysis.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity8730 :: ('9308', 'Gene') :: ['cell surface glycoprotein']

entities_list: @entity538 :: ('2670', 'Gene') :: ['GFAP', 'glial fibrillary acidic protein']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas', 'astrocytoma']

answer: @entity816 :: (MESH:D001254,Disease) :: ['astrocytomas']


abstract: @entity170 is a high-prevalence disease, particularly in developed countries, and results in high costs both to the individual and to society through associated @entity174 . There is an urgent need for identification of novel drug targets and development of new anti-osteoporotic agents. Between 30 and 80% of @entity3604 cannot be prevented despite current treatments achieving relative @entity174 risk reduction of up to 20%, 50%, and 70% for @entity173 , respectively. Traditionally, the decline in gonadal hormones has been studied as the sole hormonal determinant for the loss of bone mineral density in @entity170 . However, recent studies have identified receptors for numerous non-gonadal hormones such as @entity461 , @entity2178 , leptin, @entity1254 , @entity29227 on the osteoblast lineage cells that directly regulate bone turnover. These hormones are also involved in the pathogenesis of @entity209 risk factors, particularly @entity101 , @entity2175 and @entity28 . By activating their respective receptors on osteoblastic lineage cells, these hormones appear to act through a common mechanism by down-regulating @entity5298 ( @entity5298 ) and up-regulating @entity2159 ( @entity2159 ) with inverse responses for @entity1254 . Receptors for @entity2532 , gastric inhibitory polypeptide and ghrelin and have also been identified on the osteoblast lineage cells although the roles of these receptors in bone turnover are controversial or poorly studied. Moreover, bone turnover may be independently regulated by modulation of osteoclast-osteoblast function and bone @entity236 . Leptin appears to be the only hormone that is a known regulator of both bone mineralisation and bone @entity1386 .

title: XXXX and its association with non-gonadal hormones involved in @entity101 , @entity1386 and hyperglycaemia.

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fractures']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['type-II diabetes']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fragility fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis', 'Osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity5298 :: ('8600', 'Gene') :: ['receptors for activation of nuclear factor kappa B ligand', 'RANKL']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adiposity']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['non-vertebral, hip and spine fractures']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['marrow adiposity']

entities_list: @entity2159 :: ('4982', 'Gene') :: ['osteoprotegerin', 'OPG']

entities_list: @entity29227 :: ('3630;3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['Osteoporosis']


abstract: The diagnostic values of the ploidy level, the proliferative activity, and the nuclear size in a series of 68 soft tissue @entity5 of adults were determined by digital cell image analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei from @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissues. The DNA ploidy level was characterized by calculating the @entity894 ( @entity894 ) and the percentage of the diploid and polyploid cells, and by typing the DNA histogram. Proliferative activity assessments were a function of the determination of the proliferation index (PI), ie, the percentage of cells engaged in the S phase of the cell cycle (SPF value). The present series included 19 benign and 49 @entity8650 . The results show that DNA aneuploidy, as assessed by both the @entity894 and the DNA histogram type, cannot be used as a discriminatory parameter for distinguishing between benign and @entity8650 . Indeed, some benign cases may be highly aneuploid, whereas some highly @entity8650 may be definitely diploid. In contrast, the determination of the percentage of polyploid cell nuclei seems to be a useful parameter in distinguishing between benign and malignant cases. In fact, the benign soft tissue @entity5 showed a very significantly lower mean percentage value of polyploid cell nuclei than the malignant cases. The determination of the proliferative activity also discriminated significantly between the benign and the malignant cases, the former proliferating more slowly than the latter. Lastly, the determination of nuclear size made it possible to differentiate the primary @entity8650 , whether recurrent or not, that were associated with @entity3 from those free of @entity3 .

title: Determination of DNA ploidy, nuclear size, and proliferative activity by means of the computer-assisted image analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei in 68 soft tissue XXXX of adults.

entities_list: @entity8650 :: ('MESH:D012983', 'Disease') :: ['malignant soft tissue tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: Studies into the effects of ultrafine particles on the lung have shown adverse outcomes and are do in part to the particle size. Inhalation of small particles is associated with exacerbation of @entity1576 in epidemiological studies. Ultrafine particles have been hypothesized to play an important role, but it is unclear as to whether a dose response type of relationship exists. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ultrafine particle number on lung cells and to describe the effects due to phagocytosis of particles by the cells. A549 cells are a transformed cell line similar to @entity358 . A549 cells seeded at a density of 5 x 10(4) cells were treated with 1000, 5000, and 10,000 @entity852 particles and incubated at 37 degrees C for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell number, protein, and @entity1865 levels were determined on the treated cells and compared with untreated controls. The lung cells were also observed microscopically to assess cell damage. Lung cells exposed for 24 hours with 1,000 and 5,000 particles showed the greatest increase in cell number. Cellular protein levels were similar for all groups (p > 0.05) for the duration of the study. @entity1865 levels for treated groups at 24 and 72 hours were not statistically different from the control groups. Cells treated at 48 hours with 5,000 and 10,000 particles showed slight increases in the @entity1865 levels above low particle number and control treated groups. Morphological evaluation of the cells revealed increased inclusions with increasing dose. The results from this study indicate the ability of A549 cells to respond to a challenge with ultrafine particles. The concentrations tested caused an initial stimulation cell proliferation at 24 hours followed by increased damage at 48 hours. Future studies will focus on the inflammatory products formed by ingestion of the ultrafine particles.

title: Effects of XXXX particle density on type II pneumocytes.

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['type II lung pneumocytes']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases']

answer: @entity852 :: (MESH:D011137,Chemical) :: ['polystyrene']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The number of @entity1 suffering from @entity209 is increasing rapidly. @entity209 causes severe pathological changes in various organs, including the liver, and its main phenotype is @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). @entity1561 has a broad spectrum ranging from simple fatty change to severe @entity1560 with marked @entity82 . Recently, several experimental animal models for @entity1561 have been proposed. However, most were established by rather artificial conditions such as @entity74 . In the present study, we tried to establish a unique animal model mimicking some of the physiopathological features of @entity1561 using high- @entity165 -fed @entity95 . METHODS: Male @entity95 fed with standard @entity95 food containing 1% @entity165 for 8 weeks and 12 weeks were compared to controls (six @entity95 /group). The weight of food was strictly restricted to 100 g/ @entity95 per day. RESULTS: Body weights and fasting plasma insulin levels showed no significant differences among the groups. In contrast, characteristic fine @entity82 was extended from perivenular to pericellular areas, and microvesicular @entity1560 was observed in perivenular areas in livers of the @entity165 -fed @entity95 . Increase of serum @entity165 level, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and exposure to oxidative stress were also recognized. CONCLUSIONS: @entity165 -fed @entity95 share several physiopathological features of @entity1561 . Because this model did not show insulin resistance or @entity28 , it may be useful for elucidating the mechanism of @entity1561 related mainly to @entity407 .

title: XXXX -fed @entity95 as a unique model of nonalcoholic, nonobese, non-insulin-resistant fatty liver disease with characteristic @entity82 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatohepatitis', 'fatty change with ballooning degeneration']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['NAFLD', 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic alteration']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['Metabolic syndrome', 'metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol', 'cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['Cholesterol']


abstract: The large conductance @entity141 activated K+ channel ( @entity47311 ) has been considered to play an important role in the excitability and contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells. Activation of the @entity47311 causes the hyperpolarization and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells. It has been reported that @entity1718 can affect the @entity47311 activity and its concentration is increased significantly during @entity741 . These reports suggest that @entity1718 may contribute to the @entity63 coronary vasodilation by increasing the @entity47311 activity. However, the underlying mechanism of @entity844 -induced activation of the @entity47311 is still uncertain. In the present study, we measured the effect of @entity1718 on the @entity47311 activity in @entity95 coronary smooth muscle cells by using patch clamp method and also examined its underlying mechanism. @entity1426 (AA) dissolved in @entity3733 activated the @entity47311 in a dose-dependent manner (from 0.5 to 10 microM), and @entity3733 (0.1%) alone had no effect on the activity of the @entity47311 . @entity1426 activated BK channels in both cell-attached and inside-out patches, but the onset and recovery of this effect were slower in the cell-attached patch configuration. The @entity47311 activity was also increased by other @entity1718 , including @entity18257 , @entity4722 , @entity20765 and @entity7609 . Long chain @entity1718 were more effective than short chain @entity1718 ( @entity18257 ), and there was no statistical difference between the effect of saturated ( @entity7609 ) and @entity1474 ( @entity20765 ) on the @entity47311 activity. The concentration of @entity141 and @entity1025 in the bathing solution had no appreciable effects on the AA-induced increase of @entity47311 activity. From the above results, it may be concluded that @entity1718 directly increase the @entity47311 activity and may contribute to the @entity63 coronary vasodilatation in @entity95 coronary smooth muscle cells.

title: @entity1718 directly increase the activity of XXXX -activated K+ channels in @entity95 coronary smooth muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity18257 :: ('MESH:D019814', 'Chemical') :: ['myristic acid']

entities_list: @entity20765 :: ('MESH:C008757', 'Chemical') :: ['palmitoleic acid']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['Arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['unsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

entities_list: @entity7609 :: ('MESH:D019308', 'Chemical') :: ['palmitic acid']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca(2+)']


abstract: Mortality in treated @entity1544 is most often owing to locoregional failure. In an attempt to improve survival, an aggressive approach to surgical management is often favoured. Although it is generally accepted that the N0 neck should be treated if the risk of micrometastatic disease exceeds 20%, there is little direct support in the literature for this position. A retrospective review of all @entity1 presenting with @entity7279 , N0 @entity1544 treated at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia from 1985 to 1994 was conducted. @entity1 were followed for a minimum of 5 years with documentation of patterns of recurrence and disease-specific survival relative to initial management. The decision regarding management of the neck was frequently made to accommodate treatment of the primary site or reconstructive strategies. Thirteen percent of @entity1 with T1, N0 disease underwent prophylactic neck dissection. No significant difference in outcome was noted in this group. Thirty-three percent of @entity1 with T2, N0 disease underwent prophylactic neck dissection. There was a trend toward improved 5-year survival and lower recurrence rates in the group whose necks were treated, but the difference was not found to be statistically significant. In conclusion, this review showed a trend toward increased survival with prophylactic treatment of the neck in T2, N0 @entity1544 , but a larger study would be needed to show a statistically significant benefit.

title: Management of the neck in N0 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity']

answer: @entity1544 :: (MESH:D018307,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity']


abstract: Several scientists have proposed that DNA repair deficiencies and the induction of a mutator phenotype are responsible for the generation of multiple mutagenic alterations in @entity5 cells. I propose that exposure to environmental carcinogens can induce DNA lesions, elicit infidelity of DNA repair, and cause the instability phenomenon and the subsequent consequences. Using cell lines derived from mammary glands of irradiated @entity19 , my laboratory conducted sequential studies to document genetic events leading to the development of malignant cells in vitro. We found that @entity6724 and rearrangements occurred early. This is followed by @entity995 -suppressor gene, amplification of the myc oncogene, and expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. Our observation of chromosome instability at the early phase of transformation is consistent with the mutator phenotype. We suggest that a cause of the instability is infidelity of DNA repair, and we have developed a challenge assay to elucidate this phenomenon. In this assay, cells are challenged to repair radiation-induced DNA lesions. In one of our studies, lymphocytes from cigarette smokers and nonsmokers were exposed to gamma rays in vitro. Cells from smokers had significantly more rearranged chromosomes than cells from nonsmokers after the challenge. These data suggest that smokers have infidelity of DNA repair and that this repair problem is a cause of health effects in smokers. In an in vitro study, lymphocytes were exposed to @entity1138 or to @entity47779 and then irradiated with gamma rays. Significantly increased frequencies of rearranged chromosomes were detected with low doses of @entity1138 and @entity3406 , which do not cause chromosome damage by themselves.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Abnormal chromosome repair and risk of developing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6724 :: ('MESH:D019457', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy and extensive chromosome breaks']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity47779 :: ('MESH:C119536', 'Chemical') :: ['nickel acetate']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Although the pituitary is known to produce several growth factors, their effects on pituitary cell growth and differentiation are still unclear, particularly in normal tissue. Using primary cultures of aged ewe pituitaries cultured in serum-free conditions, we studied the effects of @entity25195 ( @entity25195 ), epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-beta ( @entity46142 ), insulin, and @entity53 (E2) on the growth, differentiation, and expression of gonadotropin subunit genes. After 72-h incubation of the monolayer (day 5) with optimal concentrations of each factor, @entity665 incorporation was increased significantly (P < 0.01) over the control values by 33 +/- 8% (mean +/- SEM; n = 3; 10 nM E2), 36 +/- 10% (1 ng/ml @entity46142 ), 83 +/- 12% (10 ng/ml @entity25195 ), and 118 +/- 12% (1 nM EGF). Insulin showed a two-phase dose-response curve, increasing @entity665 uptake by 34 +/- 9% at 10 ng/ml and by 63 +/- 13% at 10 micrograms/ml. Cell counting using a Coulter counter confirmed these results. Characterization of cell types by immunocytochemistry (avidin- @entity1885 -peroxidase complex technique) revealed that the cell cultures were predominantly gonadotrophs. However, the cultures contained cells that did not stain with any specific ovine or human antiserum against @entity47584 , FSH, @entity47585 , PRL, GH, ACTH, or glial fibrillary acidic protein, but were of epithelial cell lineage, as shown by positive keratin staining. Treatment with EGF and @entity25195 increased the proportion of these undifferentiated pituitary cells and induced changes in their morphology to large cuboidal cells containing large nuclei. After treatment with E2, insulin, and @entity46142 , pituitary cells remained differentiated, although with E2, staining for gonadotrophs was much reduced. Northern blot analysis revealed that E2 treatment for 0-48 h progressively reduced the mRNA for @entity47586 (16 +/- 4.5% of control values) and @entity47584 (12.4 +/- 2.5%), but had little effect on the common alpha-subunit (88.4 +/- 4.6%). @entity46142 , however, stimulated the expression of @entity47586 subunit gene by 142 +/- 4.6% (P < 0.01) of the control value, but had no significant effect on @entity47584 and common alpha-subunit genes. Insulin, EGF, and @entity25195 showed no significant effect on the expression of these three subunit genes. The data define the direct effects of growth factors and E2 on the growth and differentiation of normal @entity742 pituitary cells and gonadotrophs in particular, which may be of relevance to the pathophysiology of the pituitary and in the multistage process of pituitary tumorigenesis.

title: Role of growth factors and estrogen as modulators of growth, differentiation, and expression of gonadotropin subunit genes in primary cultured XXXX pituitary cells.

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity25195 :: ('443306(Tax:9940)', 'Gene') :: ['bFGF', 'basic fibroblast growth factor']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17 beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: Identification of proteoglycans in two @entity1 @entity3620 cell lines, one with epithelial differentiation and the other with fibroblast-like phenotype, and the effects of epidermal (EGF), @entity442 ) and platelet-derived (PDGF-BB) growth factors on the synthesis of hyaluronan (HA) and proteoglycans (PGs) were studied. Both cell lines synthesize HA and PGs: these last were recovered both as secreted and cell-associated compounds. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) containing PGs are mainly organized as versican in the extracellular medium and as thrombomodulin and syndecan in the cell membrane. Heparan @entity597 (HS) containing PGs are mainly in the form of perlecan in the culture medium, whereas cell-associated HSPGs were recovered mainly as @entity48468 . Receptors for EGF, @entity442 and PDGF-BB were identified in both cell lines. In addition to cell proliferation, these growth factors stimulated the synthesis of HA and PGs, the pattern of stimulation being unique for each of them and depending on the cell phenotype. EGF increased the synthesis of HA and PGs. @entity442 showed similar stimulatory effects on the synthesis of CSPGs, whereas higher amounts were needed to influence the synthesis of HA and HSPGs, the latter only being stimulated in the epithelial cell line. PDGF-BB stimulated the synthesis of HA, HSPGs and CSPGs at low concentrations, while the stimulatory effect was abolished at higher levels. Incubation with @entity670 inhibited the HA and PG synthesis induced by growth factors in a mode depending on both growth factor and @entity670 concentrations. The results clearly suggest that the stimulatory effects of EGF, @entity442 and PDGF-BB on matrix synthesis, expressed as proteoglycan synthesis, are mediated via receptor-growth factor complexes and the protein @entity669 kinase intracellular pathway.

title: Proteoglycans in XXXX @entity3620 . Stimulation of their synthesis induced by epidermal, insulin and platelet-derived growth factors involves receptors with @entity669 kinase activity.

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Screening @entity740 ( @entity740 ) allows early interventions, which may alter the natural course of the disease, including @entity65 and mortality. @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is questionnaire with nine questions with different weights, and predicts a 20% chance for @entity740 if a individual score > 4 points. AIM: Translate to Portuguese, perform the adaptation to the Brazilian culture and validate the original version of @entity8 questionnaire. METHODS: Steps of the process: Translation from English into Brazilian Portuguese; back-translation into English; application to a population sample; and Proof-reading and completion. The translations and reviews were made by professionals experts in Portuguese and English. The questionnaire was applied to 306 @entity1 and @entity740 was diagnosed as suggested by the NKF KDOQI  . RESULTS: The @entity1 mean age was 49    13 years, 61% were @entity1 , 69% were white, and 68% had education below high school, 38.5% had @entity101 , and 12.3% diabetics. The final Brazilian Portuguese version of the @entity8 questionnaire was well understood. @entity740 was diagnosed in 20 (6.5%) of the @entity1 . The Brazilian version of the @entity8 questionnaire showed sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 65%, positive predictive value of 14%, negative predictive value of 97%, and accuracy of 66%. CONCLUSION: The steps used for the translation, transcultural adaptation, and validation allowed a Brazilian Portuguese version of the @entity8 questionnaire which was well understood, acceptable and costless, characteristics that make it a useful tool in the identification of @entity1 that chance of having @entity740 .

title: Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the screening for XXXX ( @entity8 ) questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'people']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Screening for Occult Renal Disease', 'SCORED']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'Chronic Kidney Disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['occult renal disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Over the past 20 years, there have been numerous advances in our ability to detect and to treat @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ). We hypothesized that these advances would lead to (1) an increase in the rate of elective repair and a decrease in the incidence of @entity397 ( @entity397 ) and (2) a decrease in operative deaths for both elective AAA (eAAA) and @entity397 . METHODS: To test these hypotheses, we investigated the incidence and outcomes of eAAA and @entity397 surgery between 1979 and 1997, using the National Hospital Discharge Survey. This data set is a randomized, stratified sample representing discharges from the nation's acute care, nonfederally funded hospitals. Codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision were used to identify our study population. RESULTS: Over the past 19 years, there has been no change in the incidence rate of eAAA repair (range, 44.1-77.9 per 100,000). Moreover, the incidence of rAAAs presenting to the nation's hospitals has not changed (range, 6.6-16.3 per 100,000). There has been no consistent improvement over time in operative deaths associated with either eAAA or @entity397 repair (average rates over the study period: eAAA, 5.6%; @entity397 , 45.7%). Significant predictors of death from eAAA in @entity1 included an age older than 80 years, African American race, @entity712 ( @entity712 ), and @entity6 (P<.0001 for all). Significant predictors of death from @entity397 in @entity1 included age older than 70 years, African American race, female sex, @entity177 , and a hospital bed size more than 500 (P<.05 for all). CONCLUSION: On a national level, over the past 19 years, our ability to identify and to treat @entity1 with AAA has not improved. Advances in technology and critical care have not affected outcome. Regionalization of care, screening of high-risk populations, and endovascular repair are strategies that might allow further improvement in the outcome of @entity1 with @entity439 .

title: Two decades of XXXX repair: have we made any progress?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured AAA', 'rAAA']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal disease']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysms', 'AAAs']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Lesions associated with @entity64 are often missed by @entity353 ( @entity353 ), suggesting that the sensitivity of this technique for detecting acute @entity385 may not be as high as initially thought. Our aim was to estimate the rate of false-negative @entity353 studies in @entity1 with persistent @entity51 due to an @entity385 and to identify @entity64 are most likely to be missed by @entity353 . METHODS: We reviewed MR images obtained within 48 hours after @entity64 onset in 139 @entity1 admitted for symptoms consistent with @entity385 in whom the deficit lasted more than 24 hours. Cases of negative initial @entity353 findings with an @entity2806 visible on follow-up MR studies and a final diagnosis of arterial @entity385 were analyzed in terms of delay between onset of symptoms and initial @entity353 (MR latency), size and vascular distribution of the lesions, and relationship to findings in @entity1 with positive initial @entity353 results. RESULTS: We found eight cases (5.8%) of false-negative initial @entity353 studies, of which four were positive on initial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging. Follow-up FLAIR/ @entity353 showed a hyperintensity matching clinical presentation in all eight @entity1 . The mean size of the lesion was 0.19 +/- 0.16 cm3. False-negative studies occurred more often in cases of @entity64 in the posterior (19%) than in the anterior (2%) circulation or when @entity353 was obtained within 24 hours after symptom onset. Of the six false-negative @entity64 , five were located in the brain stem. In all, 31% of @entity1 with vertebrobasilar @entity385 had a false-negative initial @entity353 study during the first 24 hours. CONCLUSION: A false-negative @entity353 study is not uncommon during the first 24 hours of @entity385 . @entity64 should therefore not be ruled out on the basis of early negative @entity353 , especially when symptoms persist and are suggestive of this diagnosis.

title: False-negative diffusion-weighted MR findings in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['which stroke lesions', 'Vertebrobasilar stroke', 'stroke', 'vertebrobasilar stroke lesions', 'acute stroke']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['DWI', 'diffusion-weighted imaging']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic lesion']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: @entity1323 has become a high priority item for all public health authorities. An @entity683 pandemic is believed to be imminent. The only questions are what will be the causative agent and when will it happen. Recently, most attention has been directed to @entity1 cases of @entity1323 caused by an @entity778 . An effective vaccine will be needed to substantially reduce the impact of an @entity683 pandemic. Despite the fact that the current @entity683 vaccine manufacturing technology is not adequate to support vaccine production in the event of a pandemic @entity683 outbreak, most of the ongoing clinical development is occurring with vaccines made in embryonated @entity1573 eggs. It is clear that innovative production technology is required. This review provides an update on the status of avian vaccine development. In addition available manufacturing technologies are presented, some of which could be more suitable to adequately respond to an emergency situation where billions of doses of vaccines would be required within a very short period of time. The review is concluded with some proposed areas of focus for pandemic vaccine preparedness.

title: Vaccines in development against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['H5N1 avian influenza virus']

entities_list: @entity1323 :: ('MESH:D005585', 'Disease') :: ['Avian influenza', 'avian influenza']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

answer: @entity1323 :: (MESH:D005585,Disease) :: ['avian influenza']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To detail the biology and diagnostic usefulness of serum @entity1904 in @entity3124 . DATA SOURCES: A review of articles published in peer reviewed journals from 1990 to 2001 and identified through a MEDLINE search on @entity1904 . SUMMARY OF REVIEW: @entity1904 (PCT) is a prohormone of @entity175 . Serum levels are elevated during @entity295 and have been identified as a potential marker of @entity281 in @entity3124 . However, its function and precise source of origin during @entity295 remain unclear. The value of estimating serum PCT appears to be in the differentiation of infectious from non-infectious forms of @entity1850 . A number of studies also point to its usefulness in distinguishing between bacterial and @entity1393 . However, there are a number of non-infectious conditions, where elevations in serum PCT occur, reducing its specificity. Its superiority as a marker of @entity295 compared with other acute phase reactants continues to be debated. CONCLUSIONS: The utility of serum @entity1904 as a diagnostic test of @entity295 is still under evaluation. Moreover, a number of unanswered questions remain regarding the biological role of PCT during @entity295 , its target receptors and its protective value to the @entity1 .

title: XXXX in @entity3124 .

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin', 'Procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critical illness']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['systemic inflammatory response syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1393 :: ('MESH:D008587', 'Disease') :: ['viral meningitis']

answer: @entity1904 :: (MESH:C029100,Chemical) :: ['Procalcitonin']


abstract: The list of @entity141 channels involved in stimulus-secretion coupling in beta-cells is increasing. In this respect the roles of the voltage-gated @entity141 channels and @entity7173 (3) receptors are well accepted. There is a lack of consensus about the significance of a third group of @entity141 channels called @entity8452 (RY) receptors. These are large conduits located on @entity141 storage organelle. @entity141 gates these channels in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Activation of these channels by @entity141 leads to fast release of @entity141 from the stores, a process called @entity141 -induced @entity141 release (CICR). A substantial body of evidence confirms that beta-cells have RY receptors. CICR by RY receptors amplifies @entity141 signals. Some properties of RY receptors ensure that this amplification process is engaged in a context-dependent manner. Several endogenous molecules and processes that modulate RY receptors determine the appropriate context. Among these are several glycolytic intermediates, long-chain @entity8595 , @entity855 , @entity268 , cADPR, NO, and high luminal @entity141 concentration, and all of these have been shown to sensitize RY receptors to the trigger action of @entity141 . RY receptors, thus, detect co-incident signals and integrate them. These @entity141 channels are targets for the action of @entity268 -linked incretin hormones that stimulate @entity413 -dependent insulin secretion. In beta-cells some RY receptors are located on the secretory vesicles. Thus, despite their low abundance, RY receptors are emerging as distinct players in beta-cell function by virtue of their large conductance, strategic locations, and their ability to amplify @entity141 signals in a context-dependent manner.

title: The XXXX receptor calcium channel of beta-cells: molecular regulation and physiological significance.

entities_list: @entity8452 :: ('MESH:D012433', 'Chemical') :: ['ryanodine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity8452 :: (MESH:D012433,Chemical) :: ['ryanodine']


abstract: CONTEXT @entity1316 are common in @entity1 , with many episodes having an onset in pregnancy or during the postpartum period. OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence and timing of perinatal mood episodes in @entity1 with @entity162 , @entity162 , and @entity308 ( @entity308 ). SETTING AND @entity1 @entity1 were recruited in our ongoing research on the genetic and nongenetic determinants of major @entity1316 . @entity1 were interviewed and case notes were reviewed. Best-estimate diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV criteria. The 1785 parous @entity1 identified included 1212 @entity1 with @entity162 (980 with type I and 232 with type II) and 573 with @entity308 . Data were available on 3017 live births. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We report the lifetime occurrence of perinatal mood episodes, the rates of perinatal episodes per pregnancy/postpartum period, and the timing of the onset of episodes in relation to delivery. RESULTS More than two-thirds of all diagnostic groups reported at least 1 lifetime episode of illness during pregnancy or the postpartum period. @entity1 with @entity162 reported an approximately 50% risk of a perinatal major affective episode per pregnancy/postpartum period. Risks were lower in @entity1 with @entity308 or @entity162 , at approximately 40% per pregnancy/postpartum period. Mood episodes were significantly more common in the postpartum period in @entity162 and @entity308 . Most perinatal episodes occurred within the first postpartum month, with @entity162 or @entity716 having an earlier onset than @entity308 . CONCLUSIONS Although episodes of postpartum @entity1316 are more common in @entity162 and @entity162 and @entity716 presentations occur earlier in the postpartum period, perinatal episodes are highly prevalent across the @entity1316 spectrum.

title: Perinatal episodes across the XXXX spectrum.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Women', 'PATIENTS', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['manic', 'bipolar disorder', 'bipolar I disorder', 'bipolar II disorder', 'mania']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['RMD', 'recurrent major depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['affective disorders', 'mood disorder', 'Affective disorders']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity1316 :: (MESH:D019964,Disease) :: ['mood disorder']


abstract: @entity288 (glucocorticoids), used frequently as potent anti-inflammatory agents, increase the risk of @entity726 by raising the intraocular pressure (IOP) when administered exogenously (topically, periocularly or systemically) and in certain conditions of increased endogenous production (e.g. @entity699 ). Approximately 18 to 36% of the general population are @entity228 responders. This response is increased to 46 to 92% in @entity1 with @entity725 ( @entity725 ). @entity1 over 40 years of age and with certain systemic diseases (e.g. @entity6 , @entity1714 ) as well as relatives of @entity1 with @entity725 are more vulnerable to @entity228 -induced @entity726 . The association of @entity228 -induced @entity2790 in other conditions which are considered as risk factors for @entity726 (racial origins, @entity101 , @entity2704 , @entity2553 ) is likely but not fully established. The proposed mechanism of @entity228 -induced @entity726 includes morphological and functional changes in the trabecular meshwork system and is similar to the pathogenesis of @entity725 . Trabecular cells exposed to @entity288 in vitro show endoreplication of nuclei, an increase in cell size and excessive production of an approximately 56kD glycoprotein, identified as @entity29714 and transcribed by the @entity29714 gene. Induction of @entity2790 after @entity228 administration depends on the specific drug, the dose, the frequency of administration and the @entity228 responsiveness of the @entity1 . The risk of @entity228 -induced @entity726 can be minimised with judicious use of @entity288 , as well as education of @entity1 and medical practitioners. New treatment modalities include modified @entity230 and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents that will have less effect on the elevation of IOP.

title: @entity288 and XXXX risk.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity725 :: ('MESH:C562750', 'Disease') :: ['primary open-angle glaucoma', 'POAG']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity1714 :: ('MESH:D009216', 'Disease') :: ['high myopia']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids', 'Corticosteroids']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity43 ( @entity2971 ) show greater histologic and biologic heterogeneity than their testicular counterparts and remain poorly understood. Ploidy analysis was performed on @entity43 registered on Pediatric Oncology Group germ cell @entity5 protocols 9048 and 9049 to distinguish biologically distinct subsets of @entity44 and @entity43 . METHODS: Tumors from 22 @entity1 (mean age 12 years) were analyzed and classified according to the submitting diagnosis; when pure samples of different histologic subtypes within a @entity5 were possible, these were analyzed separately. Archival tissue was disaggregated and Feulgen stained; @entity894 ( @entity894 ) was determined by static image analysis utilizing internal normal cells as diploid controls. RESULTS: 26 histologic subtypes from 22 @entity1 were analyzed. The @entity5 of 18 @entity1 were composed of a single histologic subtype according to the submitting institution, including 6 @entity5000 , 8 immature @entity2970 (EST). Two @entity5 contained both @entity44 and EST components that were separately analyzed. Two @entity5 were classified as mixed @entity2971 ; 1 showed multiple intermingling subtypes unable to be separately analyzed and the second showed three histologic subtypes separately analyzed ( @entity44 , EST, @entity189 ). From a total of 15 malignant histologic @entity2971 subtypes in 14 @entity1 , all but 2 demonstrated a @entity894 of 1.4-2.4 (mean 1.85). Two diploid malignant @entity2971 (1 EST, 1 @entity5000 ) were both associated with @entity5712 . Overall, 11 @entity44 subtypes were analyzed and 9 were diploid (2 grade 1, 5 grade 2, and 2 grade 3). Two @entity5 originally submitted and classified as pure @entity44 (grades 2 and 3) were aneuploid with a dominant diploid and a secondary aneuploid peak (both @entity894 1.7). On central review, both of these @entity5 demonstrated the presence of subtle patterns of EST that were unrecognized by the submitting institution and were much too small for separate analysis. Analysis of the 3 @entity1 containing sufficient @entity44 and EST to be separately analyzed all showed a diploid @entity44 component and an aneuploid EST component. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of ploidy data suggests that polyploidization is a consistent finding in malignant @entity43 arising in normal @entity1 , similar to the data for adult testicular @entity2971 . @entity44 in this pediatric population, however, are most commonly diploid, regardless of grade. The development of EST within an @entity44 is associated with the development of an aneuploid clone. Therefore, the finding of such a clone in an @entity44 may be of diagnostic utility, as EST may be difficult to recognize. Last, the development of a malignant @entity2971 in @entity1 with @entity444 may be pathogenetically different from those arising in normal @entity1 , in that polyploidization is not required.

title: DNA content of XXXX and @entity2971 .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian GCT', 'malignant ovarian germ cell tumors', 'Ovarian germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['germ cell tumors', 'GCT']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'single tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity5000 :: ('MESH:D004407', 'Disease') :: ['dysgerminoma', 'dysgerminomas']

entities_list: @entity2970 :: ('MESH:D018240', 'Disease') :: ['teratomas (IT), and 4 endodermal sinus tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['embryonal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5712 :: ('MESH:D018238', 'Disease') :: ['gonadoblastoma']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['gonadal dysgenesis']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['IT', 'Immature teratomas', 'immature teratomas']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian immature teratomas']


abstract: If we could predict and prevent @entity137 ( @entity137 ) it would have a profound effect on drug development and therapy. Given our present lack of mechanistic understanding, this goal remains elusive. Hypothesis testing requires valid animal models with characteristics similar to the idiosyncratic reactions that occur in @entity1 . Although it has not been conclusively demonstrated, it appears that almost all @entity137 are immune-mediated, and a dominant characteristic is a delay between starting the drug and the onset of the adverse reaction. In contrast, most animal models are acute and therefore involve a different mechanism than idiosyncratic reactions. There are, however, a few animal models such as the @entity5198 -induced @entity1910 in @entity35 that have characteristics very similar to the idiosyncratic reaction that occurs in @entity1 and presumably have a very similar mechanism. These models have allowed testing hypotheses that would be impossible to test in any other way. In addition there are models in which there is a delayed onset of mild @entity99 that resolves despite continued treatment similar to the "adaptation" reactions that are more common than severe idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in @entity1 . This probably represents the development of immune tolerance. However, most attempts to develop animal models by stimulating the immune system have been failures. A specific combination of MHC and T cell receptor may be required, but it is likely more complex. Animal studies that determine the requirements for an immune response would provide vital clues about risk factors for @entity137 in @entity1 .

title: Animal models of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['IDRs', 'idiosyncratic drug reactions']

entities_list: @entity5198 :: ('MESH:D019829', 'Chemical') :: ['nevirapine']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injury']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['idiosyncratic drug reactions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of predeposit autologous plasma donation (PAPD) and its efficacy in avoiding allogenic blood transfusions and albumin infusion in liver resection for @entity157 . STUDY DESIGN: PAPD was adopted in 20 @entity1 in whom liver function remained within @entity1 -Pugh's class A and an @entity3194 retention rate at 15 minutes was < or = 15% (PAPD group). Up to 1,200 mL of autologous fresh frozen plasma was collected through three blood donation sessions. Allogenic blood transfusion rates, albumin infusion rates, and postoperative courses were compared between the PAPD group and a historic control (no PAPD) group (n = 36). RESULTS: Serum albumin levels after the last blood donation session were not significantly different from those before PAPD. The prothrombin activity even increased through the blood donation sessions (from median 80.9% [range 70.0% to 100%] to median 89.2% [range 71.2% to 100%]; p < 0.001). Allogenic blood transfusion rate and albumin infusion rate were lower in the PAPD group than in the no PAPD group (11% versus 75%; p < 0.001 and 16% versus 47%; p = 0.038, respectively). Wastage rate of the autologous fresh frozen plasma products was 9%. CONCLUSIONS: PAPD was safe in @entity1 with underlying @entity409 and can be beneficial in simulating the liver synthetic function in advance of operation. Autologous fresh frozen plasma transfusion was effective for avoiding allogenic blood products in liver resection for @entity157 .

title: Predeposit autologous plasma donation in liver resection for XXXX : toward allogenic blood-free operations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: @entity813 associated with @entity792 has been recently described in liver transplant recipients without previous @entity792 . However, the natural history, diagnostic criteria, and definitive therapeutic approach of de novo @entity775 (de novo AIH) are poorly understood. We report 12 cases of de novo AIH 27.9 +/- 24.5 months after liver transplantation: the outcome of 7 @entity1 treated with @entity230 is compared with a group of 5 nontreated @entity1 . Nontreated @entity1 lost the graft after 5.8 +/- 2.6 months from de novo AIH onset. All treated @entity1 were alive after 48.4 +/- 14 (29-65) months from de novo AIH onset, and none of them lost the graft. However, 5 @entity1 relapsed in relation to @entity134 tapering. All @entity1 presented an atypical antiliver/kidney cytosolic autoantibody, associated to classical autoantibodies in 10 cases. Histological study showed several degrees of lobular @entity39 and inflammatory infiltrate. HLA antigen frequencies and matching were compared with 2 control groups (16 orthotopic liver transplantation [LTX] @entity1 without de novo AIH and 929 healthy blood donors); de novo AIH @entity1 showed a higher prevalence of HLA-DR3 (54.5% vs. 25.9%, P =.04) than healthy controls, which was not observed in LTX @entity1 without de novo AIH. In conclusion, this new disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained graft dysfunction. In addition, treatment with @entity230 results in a dramatically improved outcome. However, maintenance therapy is usually required.

title: Response to @entity230 in de novo XXXX after liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity813 :: ('MESH:D055031', 'Disease') :: ['Graft dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune phenomena']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune hepatitis']

answer: @entity775 :: (MESH:D019693,Disease) :: ['autoimmune hepatitis']