abstract: BACKGROUND: The combination of @entity2600 , @entity2903 , and @entity1891 is appealing because of potentially synergistic mechanisms of action and non-overlapping @entity137 . This phase I study was designed to determine the @entity137 and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of escalating daily protracted doses of @entity2600 given in this combination. With extended accrual, we more fully explored the @entity137 of multiple courses at the MTD. PROCEDURE: @entity1 under 22 years with recurrent or refractory solid @entity5 were eligible. A course of chemotherapy was given every 28 days. @entity26397 was given for @entity294 prophylaxis. @entity1891 (1.5 mg/m2, max 2 mg) was given intravenously (IV) on days 1 and 8. @entity2903 (100 mg/m2/day) was given orally on days 1-5. @entity2600 was given IV over 1 hr on days 1-5 and 8-12. Dose escalation was done in the standard 3 + 3 cohort design, starting at 15 mg/m2/day. RESULTS: Twenty-five of 26 eligible @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 and response. They received 111 courses (1-13, median 4). Dose limiting @entity137 (DLT- @entity788 , transaminitis) was seen in two of three @entity1 at dose level 2 (20 mg/m2). No @entity1 at level 1 had DLT during the first two cycles. Thus, the MTD of @entity2600 in this combination is 15 mg/m2/day x 10 doses. @entity1503 was mild and not prolonged. Grade 3 @entity294 was seen in five courses. Responses included two complete and two partial with 12 @entity66 ( @entity66 ) (median 6 months). CONCLUSIONS: This combination is safe and shows activity in pediatric @entity1 with recurrent malignancy.

title: Extended phase I evaluation of XXXX , @entity2600 , @entity2903 , and antibiotic in @entity1 with refractory solid @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['Irinotecan', 'irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['SD', 'stable disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Hematologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity26397 :: ('MESH:C053268', 'Chemical') :: ['Cefpodoxime']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['Vincristine', 'vincristine']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['Temozolomide', 'temozolomide']

answer: @entity1891 :: (MESH:D014750,Chemical) :: ['vincristine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiologic studies suggesting that there were differences in @entity5 recurrence contingent on anesthetic regimens have raised the possibility that  -opioid agonists can influence @entity5 progression. Based on our previous studies indicating the  -opioid receptor ( @entity6253 ) is up-regulated in several types of @entity1149 , this study examined the functional significance of @entity6253 overexpression to elucidate a possible mechanism for the epidemiologic findings. METHODS: Stable vector control and @entity6253 overexpressing @entity1 @entity133 cells were evaluated using immunoblot analysis, proliferation and transendothelial extravasation assays with or without @entity584 inhibitor, @entity3470 inhibitor ( @entity13850 ), or the peripheral @entity6253 antagonist, @entity25716 . In @entity1 @entity2 xenograft models, @entity5 growth rates and lung @entity3 were analyzed using consecutive @entity5 volume measurements and nestin immunoreactivity in lungs of the nude @entity19 model. RESULTS: The authors provide evidence that @entity6253 is an important regulator of @entity2 progression. @entity6253 overexpression increased @entity584 and @entity3470 activation, proliferation, and extravasation in @entity1 @entity133 cells. In vivo, overexpression of @entity6253 in @entity1 @entity189 cells increased @entity5 growth rates in @entity19 by approximately 2.5-fold and lung @entity3 by approximately 20-fold compared with vector control cells (n = 4 per condition). CONCLUSIONS: The overexpression data suggest a possible direct effect of @entity6253 on @entity584 and @entity3470 activation and @entity2 progression. Such an effect provides a plausible explanation for the epidemiologic findings. The authors' observations further suggest that exploration of @entity6253 in @entity1149 merits further study both as a diagnostic and therapeutic option.

title: Overexpression of the  -opioid receptor in @entity1 @entity1149 promotes XXXX and @entity3470 activation, @entity5 growth, and @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity13850 :: ('MESH:C401859', 'Chemical') :: ['temsirolimus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer', 'non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity25716 :: ('MESH:C032257', 'Chemical') :: ['methylnaltrexone']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['bronchoalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity584 :: (207,Gene) :: ['Akt']


abstract: We report a successful case of chemotherapy accompanied with grade 4 adverse events for unresectable advanced @entity356 . A 73-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital with complaint of @entity490 in July 2007. The detailed examination had revealed advanced @entity356 , lymph node @entity3 , and multiple hepatic @entity3 . Performance status (PS) was level 0, and oral intake of medications was possible. Combined therapy with S-1 and @entity2600 (IRIS regimen) was performed from August as the first-line therapy. As a consequence of first course, grade 4 hematological adverse events (AEs) appeared and an urgent hospitalization was required. With whole body supportive care against grade 3 non-hematological AEs, which were @entity294 , @entity448 , and fatigue, @entity1261 , the broad-spectrum antibiotic were administered at the clean-room. After 1 course, cyto-reductive change was confirmed at the @entity75 and hepatic @entity3 . We continued the same regimen with dose reduction (S-1: 2 level dose down, @entity2600 : 10% dose down). Although the regression of hepatic @entity3 was seen, we repeated the dose reduction of @entity2600 and the dose down level was reached to 40% for prolonged grade 2 @entity1398 . After 6th courses, complete responses at @entity75 , lymph node, and hepatic @entity3 were achieved. The @entity1 has received the same regimen of 9th course continuously as an outpatient, and CR has been maintained.

title: [A case of unresectable advanced XXXX successfully treated with continuous S-1 + @entity2600 chemotherapy accompanied by dose reduction against grade 4 hematological adverse event].

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The incidence of spinal infections has increased in recent years, and @entity4034 and @entity7181 are issues of great concern for spine surgeons. We retrospectively reviewed our cases treated by two-stage management for @entity4034 and @entity7181 . METHODS: The series consisted of nine @entity1 (five @entity1 and four @entity1 ); their ages ranged from 49 to 77 years (mean age, 60.6 yr). Coexisting medical conditions were @entity6 in one case and long-term @entity134 intake in another. @entity602 or @entity158 was caused by @entity4034 and an @entity7181 in all @entity1 . @entity3799 was detected in three, four, and two @entity1 , respectively; @entity7181 was pyogenic in four @entity1 , tuberculous in three, and unknown in two @entity1 . Our surgical strategy involved anterior debridement or drainage and application of an external orthosis postoperatively during the first stage. After clinical control of the @entity281 by using organism-specific intravenous antibiotics as far as possible, as confirmed by normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or @entity1851 , second stage surgery was performed. This included complete debridement of all necrotic bone and soft tissues, and stable reconstruction with or without instrumentation (six and three @entity1 , respectively). RESULTS: The postoperative course was uneventful with relief of the symptoms after the second surgery. No evidence of recurrence or residual @entity281 was observed in any @entity1 , as shown by erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or @entity1851 levels during a follow-up period averaging 26.6 months (range, 2-56 mo). CONCLUSION: Without denying the efficacy of the single-stage surgery, two-stage management can be a reasonable alternative for carefully selected @entity1 who have spinal @entity281 .

title: Two-stage management for XXXX and @entity7181 : technical note.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral osteomyelitis', 'osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['Myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['radicular pain']

entities_list: @entity7181 :: ('MESH:D020802', 'Disease') :: ['epidural abscess']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['vertebral osteomyelitis']


abstract: The distribution coefficient ( @entity573 ) for the @entity1 drug @entity2049 was measured using a non-equilibrium technique. Repacked soil columns were prepared using an Airport silt loam (Typic Natrustalf) with an average organic matter content of 2.45%. @entity2049 solutions were then leached through the columns at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mL @entity1009 ) representing average linear velocities of 1.8, 3.5 and 5.3 cm h(-1) respectively. Each flow rate was replicated three times and three @entity2049 pulses were applied to each column resulting in a total of 9 columns with 27 total @entity2049 pulses. Breakthrough curves were used to determine @entity573 using the parameter fitting software CXTFIT. Results indicate that as flow rate decreased from 5.3 to 1.8 cm h(-1), @entity573 increased an average of 21%. Additionally, @entity573 determined by column leaching (14.7-22.7 L kg(-1)) was greater than @entity573 determined by a 2h batch equilibrium adsorption (12.6 L kg(-1)). Based on these @entity573 's @entity2049 would be generally characterized as non-mobile in the soil investigated. However, repeated @entity2049 applications resulted in an average 22% decrease in @entity573 between the first and third applications. Decreasing @entity573 is attributed to differences in sorption site kinetics and @entity2049 residence time in contact with the soil. This would indicate that the repeated use of reclaimed wastewater at high application rates for long-term irrigation or groundwater recharge has the potential to lead to greater transport of @entity2049 than @entity573 determined by batch equilibrium would predict.

title: Comparison of equilibrium and non-equilibrium distribution coefficients for the XXXX drug @entity2049 in soil.

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine', 'Carbamazepine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence supports a role for @entity32 in the @entity731 process. The role of the leukocyte count as an independent predictor of risk of a first @entity65 ( @entity65 ) event remains uncertain. Our objective was to describe the relation between the baseline @entity1503 ( @entity1503 ) count and future @entity65 events and mortality in postmenopausal @entity1 . METHODS: In this prospective cohort study set in 40 US clinical centers, the study population comprised 72 242 postmenopausal @entity1 aged 50 to 79 years, free of @entity65 and @entity5 at baseline, enrolled in the @entity1 's Health Initiative Observational Study. Main outcome measures included incident fatal @entity301 ( @entity301 ), nonfatal @entity583 , @entity64 , and total mortality. RESULTS: At baseline, the mean +/- SD age of the @entity1 was 63 +/- 7.3 years, 84% were white, 4% had @entity6 , 35% had @entity101 , and 6% were current smokers. The mean @entity1503 count was 5.8 +/- 1.6 x 10(9) cells/L. During a mean of 6.1 years of follow-up, there were 187 @entity301 deaths, 701 nonfatal @entity583 , 738 @entity64 , and 1919 deaths from all causes. Compared with @entity1 with @entity1503 counts in the first quartile (2.5-4.7 x 10(9) cells/L), @entity1 in the fourth quartile (6.7-15.0 x 10(9) cells/L) had over a 2-fold elevated risk for @entity301 death (hazard ratio, 2.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-3.68), after multivariable adjustment for age, race, @entity6 , @entity101 , smoking, @entity1007 , body mass index, @entity167 intake, diet, physical activity, aspirin use, and hormone use. @entity1 in the upper quartile of the @entity1503 count also had a 40% higher risk for nonfatal @entity583 , a 46% higher risk for @entity64 , and a 50% higher risk for total mortality. In multivariable models adjusting for @entity1851 , the @entity1503 count was an independent predictor of @entity301 risk, comparable in magnitude to @entity1851 . CONCLUSIONS: The @entity1503 count, a stable, well-standardized, widely available and inexpensive measure of systemic @entity32 , is an independent predictor of @entity65 events and all-cause mortality in postmenopausal @entity1 . A @entity1503 count greater than 6.7 x 10(9) cells/L may identify high-risk individuals who are not currently identified by traditional @entity65 risk factors.

title: Leukocyte count as a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in postmenopausal XXXX : the @entity1 's Health Initiative Observational Study.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['WBC', 'white blood cell']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: CLINICAL ISSUE: @entity706 are the most common @entity5 of the hematopoietic system. STANDARD TREATMENT: The treatment is usually cytotoxic chemotherapy after the appearance of symptoms in @entity706 and immediately in @entity146 . Local therapy, such as radiotherapy is sometimes required in addition to systemic treatment. TREATMENT INNOVATIONS: By the introduction of targeted therapies the prognosis has improved. The monoclonal antilymphoma antibody rituximab is a prototype for many other @entity5 . DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP: A biopsy is mandatory for diagnosis. Additional immunohistological and molecular genetic analyses may provide prognostic information. Imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), ultrasound or positron emission tomography (PET) are used for staging, restaging and follow-up. Following chemotherapy for @entity978 PET can be considered to identify @entity1 who do not require additional radiotherapy. PERFORMANCE: @entity146 are often curable. In @entity978 the long-term survival rate is over 90% and in diffuse large cell lymphoma between 60-90%. @entity706 are not curable by standard therapy, however, the survival rate is also high. ACHIEVEMENTS: After introduction of rituximab, the survival chance has improved by at least 10% in both indolent and @entity146 . Other targeted therapies and autologous or allogeneic transplantation have made additional contributions. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: Due to the rapid increase of knowledge @entity1 should be treated in experienced centers and whenever possible, in clinical trials. Using molecular genetic analyses and functional imaging, the treatment can be individualized even more.

title: [ XXXX : clinical appearance, classification, therapy and prognosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['Malignant lymphomas', 'indolent lymphoma', 'Indolent lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['Aggressive lymphomas', 'aggressive lymphoma', 'aggressive lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['Malignant lymphomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Between smokers matched for daily @entity286 consumption there are marked variations of the cardiovascular risk. This follow up of the population based cohort " @entity1 born in 1914" from Malm  , Sweden, explored whether this is accounted for by the levels of @entity1223 (CO). METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-five @entity1 without history of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) were followed over 27 years. Leg @entity455 was defined as a systolic ankle-arm pressure ratio (ABPI) below 0.9 in either leg. Incidence of @entity583 ( @entity583 ), @entity64 and deaths is based on linkage with regional and national registers. The distribution of CO in blood and expired air, respectively, was divided into quartiles. RESULTS: There was a significant inverse relation between ABPI and CO in blood and expired air. Incidence of @entity65 events and deaths increased progressively with degree of CO exposure. @entity1 with CO in the top quartile had significantly increased risks of @entity65 events (RR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.00-4.6) and @entity65 (RR: 3.2, CI: 1.2-8.3), adjusted for daily @entity286 consumption and other potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: In smokers, the prevalence of leg @entity731 and incidence of @entity65 is related to the amount of @entity1223 in blood or expired air.

title: Heterogeneity of cardiovascular risk among smokers is related to degree of XXXX exposure.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular deaths', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1223 :: (MESH:D002248,Chemical) :: ['carbon monoxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity6 is a major independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bilateral (B) internal thoracic artery grafting (ITA) in @entity6 @entity1 with multivessel CABG. METHODS: Between 1985 and 1995, 4382 @entity1 underwent primary isolated multivessel CABG with ITA grafting and concomitant saphenous vein grafting (SVG). Outcome of @entity6 and @entity7964 @entity1 undergoing single (S) ITA+SVG (n=419 and 2079) and BITA+SVG (n=214 and 1594) grafting was obtained at a mean follow-up of 11+/-3 years. RESULTS: @entity6 @entity1 were older, included more @entity1 , and had more @entity28 , @entity101 and @entity1095 than @entity7964 @entity1 . Deep sternal wound infection rate was 1.9% for @entity6 @entity1 vs 1.2% for @entity7964 @entity1 (P=0.2) and 30-day mortality was 1.7 vs 1.8% (P=0.9). Cox regression analysis with interaction term and propensity scoring showed that BITA grafting decreased the risk of @entity204 (Hazard Ratio=0.72 [0.57-0.91, 95%CI]) and coronary reoperation (HR=0.38 [0.19-0.77]) in both @entity6 and @entity7964 @entity1 , with no significant interaction noted. BITA grafting decreased the risk of @entity583 at long-term follow-up in @entity7964 @entity1 (HR=0.72 [0.60-0.86]) but not in @entity6 @entity1 . Ten-year freedom rate from @entity583 in @entity6 @entity1 was 80 and 76% for SITA and BITA grafting @entity1 , respectively. However, survival following @entity583 was better for @entity1 who underwent BITA grafting, in both @entity6 and @entity7964 subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: BITA+SVG grafting in @entity6 @entity1 improves survival and decrease coronary reoperation compared with SITA+SVG at long-term follow-up. Survival following @entity583 is improved with BITA grafting.

title: Influence of XXXX and bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts on long-term outcome for multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetic', 'Diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity7964 :: ('OMIM:612551', 'Disease') :: ['nondiabetic']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Anticipation, manifested through decreasing age of onset or increased severity in successive generations, has been noted in several @entity74 . Statistical methods for genetic anticipation range from a simple use of the paired t-test for age of onset restricted to affected parent- @entity1 pairs to a recently proposed random effects model which includes extended pedigree data and unaffected family members [Larsen et al., 2009]. A naive use of the paired t-test is biased for the simple reason that age of onset has to be less than the age at ascertainment (interview) for both affected parent and @entity1 , and this right truncation effect is more pronounced in @entity1 than in parents. In this study, we first review different statistical methods for testing genetic anticipation in affected parent- @entity1 pairs that address the issue of bias due to right truncation. Using affected parent- @entity1 pair data, we compare the paired t-test with the parametric conditional maximum likelihood approach of Huang and Vieland [1997] and the nonparametric approach of Rabinowitz and Yang [1999] in terms of Type I error and power under various simulation settings and departures from the modeling assumptions. We especially investigate the issue of multiplex ascertainment and its effect on the different methods. We then focus on exploring genetic anticipation in @entity4309 and analyze new data on the age of onset in affected parent- @entity1 pairs from families seen at the University of Michigan Cancer Genetics clinic with a mutation in one of the three main mismatch repair (MMR) genes. In contrast to the clinic-based population, we re-analyze data on a population-based @entity4309 cohort, derived from the Danish HNPCC-register. Both datasets indicate evidence of genetic anticipation in @entity4309 . We then expand our review to incorporate recently proposed statistical methods that consider family instead of affected pairs as the sampling unit. These prospective censored regression models offer additional flexibility to incorporate unaffected family members, familial correlation and other covariates into the analysis. An expanded dataset from the Danish HNPCC-register is analyzed by this alternative set of methods.

title: A review of statistical methods for testing genetic anticipation: looking for an answer in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic diseases']

entities_list: @entity4309 :: ('MESH:D003123', 'Disease') :: ['Lynch syndrome']

answer: @entity4309 :: (MESH:D003123,Disease) :: ['Lynch syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether episiotomy, @entity4551 , and operative delivery are associated with @entity3087 after vaginal childbirth. METHODS: This is a planned analysis of data for a cohort study of @entity3087 . @entity1 who had experienced at least one vaginal birth were recruited 5-10 years after delivery of their first @entity1 . Obstetric exposures were classified by review of hospital records. At enrollment, pelvic floor outcomes, including @entity3142 , @entity2182 , anal @entity322 , and prolapse symptoms were assessed with a validated questionnaire. Pelvic organ support was assessed using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relative odds of each @entity3087 by obstetric history, adjusting for relevant confounders. RESULTS: Of 449 @entity1 , 71 (16%) had @entity3142 , 45 (10%) had @entity2182 , 56 (12%) had anal @entity322 , 19 (4%) had prolapse symptoms, and 64 (14%) had prolapse to or beyond the hymen on examination. Forceps delivery increased the odds of each @entity3087 considered, especially @entity2182 (odds ratio [OR] 2.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-5.93), and prolapse (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.70). Episiotomy was not associated with any of these @entity3087 . In contrast, @entity1 with a history of more than one spontaneous @entity4551 were significantly more likely to have prolapse to or beyond the hymen (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.13-4.86). Our multivariable results suggest that one additional @entity1 would have development of prolapse for every eight @entity1 who experienced at least one forceps birth (compared with delivering all her @entity1 by spontaneous vaginal birth). CONCLUSION: Forceps deliveries and perineal lacerations, but not episiotomies, were associated with @entity3087 5-10 years after a first delivery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

title: @entity3087 after vaginal birth: effect of episiotomy, XXXX , and operative birth.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'children', 'woman', 'Participants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity3087 :: ('MESH:D059952', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic floor disorders', 'pelvic floor disorder']

entities_list: @entity4551 :: ('MESH:D022125', 'Disease') :: ['perineal laceration']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress incontinence']

answer: @entity4551 :: (MESH:D022125,Disease) :: ['perineal laceration']


abstract: Triggered activity due to early afterdepolarizations in the context of prolonged repolarization is believed to cause @entity1166 . The nature of such triggered activity is not clearly defined. Spontaneous action potentials developing from depolarized membrane potentials were studied in @entity235 Purkinje fibers with use of a standard microelectrode technique. Action potentials due to abnormal automaticity and additional depolarizations developing over the repolarization phase were induced by 5 mM @entity9666 superfusion. These action potentials were abolished by 1.0 x 10(-5) M @entity1855 and by @entity460 -free solution, whereas action potential amplitude (Vmax) and spontaneous firing frequency were markedly enhanced by 2.0 x 10(-6) M @entity3044 . High @entity460 solution shortened the action potential duration and precluded additional depolarizations. @entity5126 , 1.0 x 10(-5) M, reduced action potential amplitude (6.9 +/- 1.8%: p less than 0.01), Vmax (15.7 +/- 4.0%; p less than 0.05) and spontaneous firing frequency (18.5 +/- 2.1%; p less than 0.01), but it increased action potential duration measured at -40 mV (19.1 +/- 5.9%; p less than 0.01), which produced additional depolarizations. @entity2643 , 5.0 x 10(-5) M, reduced action potential amplitude (23.4 +/- 3.6%; p less than 0.01), Vmax (44.6 +/- 3.9%; p less than 0.01) and spontaneous firing frequency (41.9 +/- 5.1%; p less than 0.01). @entity2643 obviated the development of additional depolarizations without effect on action potential duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Barium-induced nondriven action potentials as a model of triggered potentials from early afterdepolarizations: significance of slow channel activity and differing effects of @entity5126 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['Amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity1166 :: ('MESH:D016171', 'Disease') :: ['torsade de pointes']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['Quinidine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

answer: @entity2643 :: (MESH:D000638,Chemical) :: ['amiodarone']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the efficacy of manual therapy in the frozen shoulder @entity1 with or without @entity6 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between May 2006 and January 2008, 50 @entity1 (10 males, 40 females; mean age 52    10 years; range 40 to 65 years) orthopedic surgeons referred to the Sports Physiotherapy Unit were included in the study. The @entity1 were divided into two groups, including @entity1 with primary frozen shoulder with @entity6 (n=12) and non @entity6 (n=38). All @entity1 underwent a rehabilitation program including cold application, manual therapy and exercises twice a week. A total of 16 treatment sessions were performed. The most important part of the manual therapy included scapular mobilization and posterior capsule stretching. The range of motion was measured by goniometry. Functional activity status was assessed by Constant's score. The @entity158 level was evaluated by visual analog scale, while muscle strength was evaluated by hand-held dynamometer. Student t-test was used to compare between the parameters of groups, while Paired sample t-test was used to compare pre- and post-treatment parameters of the @entity1 . RESULTS: The range of motion, functional activity status and muscular strength were improved and the @entity158 level was reduced after rehabilitation in all of the @entity1 in both groups (p<0.05). There was no difference in duration of the treatment between the groups (p>0.05). There were no differences in range of motion, functional activity status, @entity158 level, and muscle strength before and after rehabilitation between the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Manual therapy approaches may be safely applied in @entity6 @entity1 with frozen shoulder.

title: Manual therapy is an effective treatment for frozen shoulder in XXXX : an observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'type II diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetics']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity694 is a rare @entity154 , mostly manifesting before the age of two with @entity490 and @entity1321 with or without @entity548 . In adults it may occur idiopathically or due to an @entity5 mass. CASE PRESENTATION: A 25-year-old @entity1 presented with an acute abdomen and severe crampy @entity490 . The clinical picture mimicked @entity697 . Transabdominal ultrasound examination revealed a 5 cm circular mass in the right upper abdomen. The ensuing computed tomography suggested an intussusception in the ascending colon. Intraoperatively, no full thickness invagination was detected. Due to a hard, @entity5 a standard right hemicolectomy with ileotransversostomy was performed. The histopathological analysis revealed a cystic colon duplication leading to mucosal @entity3473 . CONCLUSIONS: In adults, colon intussusception is a rare event causing approximately 1% of all acute @entity1321 . Unlike its preferentially nonsurgical management in @entity1 , a bowel intussusception in adults should be operated because an organic, often malignant lesion is present in most cases.

title: Cystic colon duplication causing intussusception in a 25-year-old XXXX : report of a case and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'man']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital abnormality']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intraluminal tumor']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['acute intestinal obstruction', 'intestinal obstructions']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity3473 :: ('MESH:D007443', 'Disease') :: ['invagination and obstruction']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['Colonic intussusception']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['man']


abstract: Breakdown of basement membrane (BM) is believed to be an essential step for @entity5 invasion and @entity3 . We have previously demonstrated that @entity1495 ( @entity1495 ), the 92 kDa collagenase expression correlates with @entity3 in @entity1 @entity14 ( @entity14 ). This study explores the relationship between the 72 and 92 kDa type IV collagenase ( @entity1476 and @entity1495 ) activities and pattern of type IV collagen expression during @entity1 colorectal tumorigenesis. Thirty-four @entity14 @entity1 , including four @entity652 and one synchronous liver @entity3 , were involved in this study. By immunohistochemical staining, type IV collagen expression was noted to be continuous in the BM of normal mucosa, @entity652 and in two cases of @entity189 in situ. Limited or absent type IV collagen staining pattern was seen in 100 (19/19) and 23% (3/13) of @entity14 with and without @entity3 , respectively. By double immunostaining, @entity1495 protein expression was noted to localize within areas of limited type IV collagen staining. Similarly, type IV collagen staining was noted to be greatest in areas devoid of @entity1495 expression. Gelatin zymography detected both 92 and 72 kDa proenzyme forms in all @entity14 and normal mucosa extracts examined. The mean @entity5 /normal fold increases of the proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 enzyme forms were 1.6+/-0.1 (mean +/- SE) and 2.4+/-0.5 in @entity652 , and 2.1+/-0.2 and 4.1+/-0.7 in @entity14 , respectively. The 62 and 82 kDa bands were present in 63 (12/19) and 74% (14/19) of @entity14 with @entity3 , compared with only 20 (3/15) and 33% (5/15) of @entity14 without @entity3 , respectively. These differences were significant (P = 0.045 and P = 0.030, respectively). Our results demonstrate that loss of BM type IV collagen along with elevations in @entity1476 and @entity1495 expression, especially the activated forms, occur during colorectal tumorigenesis. Our data suggest that control of type IV collagenase activation may be beneficial in preventing @entity1 @entity14 progression.

title: Loss of basement membrane type IV collagen is associated with increased expression of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 ( @entity1476 and XXXX ) during @entity1 colorectal tumorigenesis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-9', 'matrix metalloproteinase-9']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal tumor', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'synchronous adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity1495 :: (4318,Gene) :: ['MMP-9']


abstract: The objective was to determine the effects of corticotherapy, in the presence and @entity32 , on proteomics of endometrial fluid from mares susceptible to @entity7288 . In 11 mares, estrus was induced seven times with 5 mg PGF(2a) given at 14-day intervals. The first estrus was a control (no treatment). During the third estrus, mares received glucocorticoid (GC) treatment (20 mg @entity29783 ) every 12 h, for three consecutive days. The fifth estrus was the Infected treatment (intrauterine infusion of 1   10(9) colony-forming unit/mL @entity11674 ). Finally, the seventh was a combination of GC + Infected treatment (infusion of bacteria 24 h after the first GC treatment). At 12 h after the end of each treatment, uterine samples were collected and submitted to two-dimensional @entity2975 gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) for protein separation and mass spectrometry. Both GC treatment and uterine lumen @entity281 induced proteomic alterations in the endometrial fluid of susceptible mares, characterized by an increase, decrease, or both in the relative optic density and/or frequency of inflammatory acute phase proteins (APP), with major alterations occurring when corticotherapy was applied in the presence of an infectious process. Corticotherapy in the presence of @entity281 increased a(1)-antitrypsin (AAT), transthyretin (TT), and actin, but reduced immunoglobulin G, whereas intrauterine @entity281 increased haptoglobin (Hp) and apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) and decreased transferrin (TF). Infection reduced levels of a(1)-antitrypsin and transthyretin, whereas corticotherapy in the presence of @entity281 increased their frequency. We concluded that GC influenced the immune response, not only as suppressors, but also as enhancers of local defense mechanisms, through an immunomodulatory action. Short-term corticotherapy could be beneficial for treatment of uterine infectious processes in the mare.

title: Effect of corticotherapy on proteomics of endometrial fluid from mares susceptible to persistent postbreeding XXXX .

entities_list: @entity29783 :: ('MESH:C065592', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflupredone acetate']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['absence of uterine inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7288 :: ('MESH:D004716', 'Disease') :: ['endometritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity11674 :: ('40041', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus']

answer: @entity7288 :: (MESH:D004716,Disease) :: ['endometritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Reports on incidence and factors associated with @entity4349 @entity1370 in @entity1 with @entity2828 vary and few studies evaluate effect over time. Longitudinal trends in cardiac function and prognostic value of % decline in @entity9568 ( @entity9568 ) during therapy have not been previously described in @entity2828 . PROCEDURE: A retrospective review of @entity1 age <17 years, diagnosed with @entity2828 during 1978-2006, treated at British Columbia @entity1 's Hospital with @entity4349 chemotherapy was undertaken. Echocardiograms performed pre-treatment, worst function during treatment, on therapy completion; worst function during surveillance and the most recent echocardiogram were reviewed. @entity1370 was graded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v 3.0 and 4.0. RESULTS: Among 71 eligible @entity1 , median age at diagnosis 11.1 years, median cumulative dose of @entity4349 was 365   mg/m2 . There were 397 echocardiograms with 153 (39%) abnormal. There were 21/71 @entity1 with @entity9568   <   50%, 11 with @entity9568   <   40% and five @entity204 including 2/3 @entity1 post-cardiac transplant. The median time to worst cardiac function was 51 months. Post-therapy completion 16/71 @entity1 with progressive decline in cardiac function were noted. No @entity1 with 10-15% decline in @entity9568 during therapy developed @entity1370 . Younger age (P   =   0.004) and low BMI (P   =   0.034) as continuous variables with @entity4349 administration by IV push (P   =   0.03) were risk factors for @entity1370 on univariate analysis but not significant within logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of @entity1370 associated with higher administered @entity4349 dose, young age, bolus infusion, and @entity9568 decline warrants evaluation in a larger cohort.

title: @entity4349 induced XXXX in pediatric @entity2828 : a longitudinal study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ['Ewing sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity9568 :: ('MESH:D054160', 'Disease') :: ['ejection fraction', 'EF']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac deaths']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiotoxicity', 'Cardiac toxicity']

answer: @entity1370 :: (MESH:D066126,Disease) :: ['cardiac toxicity']


abstract: Homeostatic synaptic scaling in response to neuronal stimulus or activation, and due to changes in cellular niche, is an important phenomenon for memory consolidation, retrieval, and other similar cognitive functions (Turrigiano and Nelson, 2004). @entity16 and @entity73 in @entity2438 , @entity6694 , @entity161 , @entity303 , etc., are strongly correlated to alterations in protein expression (both synaptic and cytoplasmic; Cajigas et al., 2010). This correlation suggests that efficient temporal regulation of synaptic protein expression is important for synaptic plasticity. In addition, equilibrium between mRNA processing, protein translation, and protein turnover is a critical sensor/trigger for recording synaptic information, normal cognition, and behavior (Cajigas et al., 2010). Thus a regulatory switch, which controls the lifespan, maturation, and processing of mRNA, might influence cognition and adaptive behavior. Here, we propose a two part novel hypothesis that methylation might act as this suggested coordinating switch to critically regulate mRNA maturation at (1) the pre-transcription level, by regulating precursor-RNA processing into mRNA, via other non-coding RNAs and their influence on splicing phenomenon, and (2) the post-transcription level by modulating the regulatory functions of ribonucleoproteins and RNA binding proteins in mRNA translation, dendritic translocation as well as protein synthesis and synaptic turnover. DNA methylation changes are well recognized and highly correlated to gene expression levels as well as, learning and memory; however, RNA methylation changes are recently characterized and yet their functional implications are not established. This review article provides some insight on the intriguing consequences of changes in methylation levels on mRNA life-cycle. We also suggest that, since methylation is under the control of @entity2041 anti-oxidant levels (Lertratanangkoon et al., 1997), the redox status of neurons might be the central regulatory switch for methylation-based changes in mRNA processing, protein expression, and turnover. Lastly, we also describe experimental methods and techniques which might help researchers to evaluate the suggested hypothesis.

title: Role of a redox-based methylation switch in mRNA life cycle (pre- and post-transcriptional maturation) and protein turnover: implications in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive disabilities']

entities_list: @entity6694 :: ('MESH:D015518', 'Disease') :: ['Rett syndrome']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neurological disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a @entity1 with @entity6726 and severe @entity4089 in whom workup revealed a nontumoral mechanism. METHODS: We present the medical history of a @entity1 with long-standing @entity6 in whom bilateral @entity6726 and @entity4089 developed. In addition, the details of her clinical course and management are reviewed. RESULTS: A 33-year-old @entity1 with @entity6 , @entity454 , and @entity7623 was admitted to the hospital because of intractable @entity390 and @entity391 . Several months before admission, she had been noted to have @entity6726 and irregular menses. Routine medications included @entity3371 , @entity1855 , @entity1483 , @entity6916 , @entity1769 , @entity4392 , and Ortho-Novum. Laboratory evaluation showed normal thyroid function, increased serum @entity4090 levels (up to 1,197 ng/mL), and normal findings on magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary. Electrophoresis of the patient's serum on a protein A Sepharose column showed no evidence of macro-prolactinemia. Orally administered medications were discontinued, and the @entity1 was given total parenteral nutrition. These measures resulted in a decrease of 300 ng/mL in serum @entity4090 levels in 4 days. The @entity4090 levels eventually normalized after withdrawal of @entity1855 , @entity6916 , and @entity1769 . CONCLUSION: A modest increase in serum @entity4090 level often can be produced by a variety of medications, but gross @entity4089 of 200 ng/mL or higher usually raises suspicion of an underlying @entity4090 -secreting @entity5 . This case report demonstrates that conventional limits for nontumoral @entity4089 can be exceeded by concurrent exposure to multiple lactotropic medications in the setting of @entity177 .

title: Tumor-grade @entity4089 induced by multiple medications in the setting of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinemia']

entities_list: @entity4392 :: ('MESH:D020117', 'Chemical') :: ['cisapride']

entities_list: @entity6726 :: ('MESH:D005687', 'Disease') :: ['galactorrhea']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6916 :: ('MESH:D011346', 'Chemical') :: ['prochlorperazine']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['metoclopramide']

entities_list: @entity7623 :: ('MESH:D018589', 'Disease') :: ['gastroparesis']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['renal failure']


abstract: Circulating @entity5 cell (CTC) counts are an established prognostic marker in metastatic prostate, breast and @entity14 , and recent data suggest a similar role in late stage @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). However, due to sensitivity constraints in current enrichment-based CTC detection technologies, there are few published data about CTC prevalence rates and morphologic heterogeneity in early-stage @entity1149 , or the correlation of CTCs with disease progression and their usability for clinical staging. We investigated CTC counts, morphology and aggregation in early stage, locally advanced and metastatic @entity1149 @entity1 by using a fluid-phase biopsy approach that identifies CTCs without relying on surface-receptor-based enrichment and presents them in sufficiently @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) to satisfy diagnostic pathology image quality requirements. @entity2101 -CTCs were analyzed in blood samples from 78 chemotherapy-na  ve @entity1149 @entity1 . 73% of the total population had a positive @entity2101 -CTC count (>0 CTC in 1 mL of blood) with a median of 4.4 @entity2101 -CTCs mL      (range 0-515.6) and a mean of 44.7 (  95.2) @entity2101 -CTCs mL     . No significant difference in the medians of @entity2101 -CTC counts was detected between stage IV (n = 31, range 0-178.2), stage III (n = 34, range 0-515.6) and stages I/II (n = 13, range 0-442.3). Furthermore, @entity2101 -CTCs exhibited a uniformity in terms of molecular and physical characteristics such as fluorescent cytokeratin intensity, nuclear size, frequency of apoptosis and aggregate formation across the spectrum of staging. Our results demonstrate that despite stringent morphologic inclusion criteria for the definition of @entity2101 -CTCs, the @entity2101 -CTC assay shows high sensitivity in the detection and characterization of both early- and @entity5 CTCs. Extensive studies are warranted to investigate the prognostic value of CTC profiling in @entity5 . This finding has implications for the design of extensive studies examining screening, therapy and surveillance in @entity2 @entity1 .

title: Fluid biopsy for circulating @entity5 cell identification in @entity1 with early-and late-stage XXXX : a glimpse into @entity2 biology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'late-stage lung cancer', 'early-stage lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['high definition', 'HD']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: More effective chemotherapeutic agents have broadened the role of hepatic resection in the management of @entity1 with synchronous hepatic @entity3 from @entity694 . This study examines the management patterns and the role of hepatobiliary surgical evaluation in @entity1 with @entity5 . @entity1 with synchronous hepatic @entity3 from @entity694 evaluated and treated from 1/99 to 11/04 were analyzed retrospectively. Demographic, disease-related, and treatment-related variables were reviewed and correlated with disease-specific survival (DSS). One hundred and fifty-one @entity1 were evaluated. The majority of @entity1 (60%) were first evaluated by a medical oncologist while 34% were first evaluated by a hepatobiliary surgeon. Ultimately, 128 @entity1 (85%) underwent surgical evaluation and 77% of those evaluated underwent surgical intervention. @entity1 who underwent operative exploration +/- debulking had less @entity99 but also received more chemotherapy than @entity1 not explored and those who never underwent hepatobiliary surgical evaluation. Sixty-eight @entity1 (53%) who underwent hepatobiliary surgical evaluation underwent hepatic resection. Negative independent predictors of hepatic resection were bilobar @entity3 and extrahepatic disease found during exploration. Variables associated with improved DSS included: carcinoembryonic antigen level < or =200 ng/ml, node-negative @entity5 , < or =4 liver @entity3 , unilobar @entity3 , largest metastasis < or =5 cm, and hepatic resection. Five-year DSS following hepatic resection was 54%. We conclude that hepatobiliary surgical evaluation of @entity1 with synchronous hepatic @entity3 is warranted since many are candidates for hepatic resection. A multidisciplinary treatment approach which combines both medical and surgical modalities may be associated with improved survival.

title: Synchronous hepatic @entity3 from XXXX : changing treatment strategies and results of surgical intervention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous stage IV colon cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: A s.c. experimental model of @entity3969 in @entity35 was used to compare the effects of intratumoral treatment with @entity1891 plus @entity4316 to i.v. treatment with these chemotherapeutic drugs. The @entity3969 model is a fast-growing solid @entity5 that has been shown to be resistant to traditional clinical treatment procedures used for @entity3969 in @entity1 . Injection of the chemotherapeutic drugs directly into the @entity5 mass was found to be more effective than i.v. therapy in causing long-term remission of the @entity5 . Intratumoral therapy was also less toxic to the animals than i.v. therapy when measured by post-treatment survival rates and weight loss during the 1st week following treatment. However, intratumoral treatment caused an initial @entity82 of the @entity5 tissue, which resulted in a slower rate of absorption of the resultant @entity5 mass than was seen in @entity5 treated i.v. Also, intratumoral injection resulted in @entity39 of the overlying skin, which healed as the @entity5 tissue was absorbed. Intratumoral treatment of a cervical @entity5 was found to cause the remission of a second major @entity5 mass located at some distance from the initial injection (i.e., in the lumbar region). No significant benefits were noted when @entity3733 ( @entity3733 ) was used in place of aqueous @entity2656 as a vehicle to deliver the chemotherapeutic agents. There was a significant correlation between the drug dose-to- @entity5 -size ratio (D/T ratio) and the effectiveness of the chemotherapy. When this ratio was high enough, a single treatment with a combination of @entity1891 and @entity4316 usually resulted in total remission of the experimental @entity3969 in response to either intratumoral or i.v. therapy.

title: Regional chemotherapy in an experimental model of @entity3969 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'fibrotic tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethylsulfoxide', 'DMSO']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["Wilms' tumor"]

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity281 ( @entity281 ) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and they are the third cause of @entity580 . It has been shown that surveillance can reduce the rate of these infections because the publication of the results that introduce a interrogation on her surgical pratices. However, surveillance requires considerable medical resources. Our objective is to validate a computer algorithm that uses microbiological results and the results of a @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) assay and granulocyte count to detect SSIs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All @entity1 who underwent colorectal surgery between the 1st of January and the 30th of June 2009 were included. Administrative, surgical and microbiological data and the appearance of @entity4795 and @entity1851 after surgery and during hospitalization were collected. The algorithm uses four biological variables: @entity1851 , neutrophils, and the bacterium found on the positive sample. The @entity1851 and neutrophil variables were coded in 0 or 1. @entity1851 was coded as 1 if the sample was below 5mg/l at the time of the operation and increased to more than 60mg/l in the 30 days immediately after post-operation. Neutrophils were coded as 1 if the sample was normal at the time of the operation and increased to more than 12,000cells/mm(3) in the 30 days immediately after post-operation. The "type of sample" and "bacterium" variables were coded in categories. For the type of sample, we coded 3 if the sampling site was related to the surgical site, 2 if the sampling site was potentially linked to the surgical site, 1 if the sampling site was not directly or indirectly related to the surgical site and 0 if there was no sample. Regarding the bacteria, we coded 3 for bacteria found in over 5% of SSIs, 2 for bacteria found in 2-5% of SSIs, 1 for bacteria found in less than 2% of SSIs and 0 if there were no bacteria. The algorithm calculates a score from 1 to 5. RESULTS: Our study included 195 operations, out of which it was possible to study 168. Following the operations, we found @entity4795 above 12,000cells/mm(3) in 41.5% of cases and @entity1851 above 60mg/l in 64.6% of cases. Thirty-seven operations (22%) were complicated by an @entity281 . The positive predictive values and the negative predictive values in our algorithm were 74.07% and 87.94%, respectively, and the number of records that remain to be investigated is 27 out of 168. CONCLUSIONS: Linking databases from bacteriology and biology with those containing the hospital records of surgical procedures is a simple method for identifying surgical @entity580 .

title: Screening for surgical XXXX by crossing databases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Surgical site infection', 'SSI']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity4795 :: ('MESH:C563010', 'Disease') :: ['neutrophilia']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['nosocomial infections']


abstract: @entity2389 (CB), at 100 or at 10 mg/kg single dose s.c. in @entity5070 -cellulose (2%)/ @entity9266 (1%) 24 h after s.c. challenge of B6D2F1 @entity19 with trocar implants of B16F10 @entity5 s.c., delayed the appearance of measurable @entity5 nodules by 157 and 93%, respectively, and extended host survival by 65 and 26%. @entity5 growth was also delayed when CB treatment was given 1 day after the appearance of palpable @entity5 nodules. By in vivo bioassay, in vitro cloning, and dye exclusion measurements, solid @entity5 nodules treated in vivo with CB at either 100 or 10 mg/kg showed the same viability and tumorigenicity as did vehicle-treated nodules 4 and 6 days after drug treatment, at which time growth inhibition was still apparent. This indicates that growth inhibition by CB is not dependent on a gross cytotoxic effect. CD2F1 @entity19 challenged s.c. with @entity2 cells and treated with CB s.c. at 100 or 150 mg/kg 24 h later showed a 66% delay in the median day of @entity5 nodule appearance. When administered under these conditions or at the time of nodule appearance. CB markedly inhibited the rate of @entity5 growth, prevented @entity5 invasion at day 23, extended life span by 23%, and significantly inhibited spontaneous lung metastases measured 28 days after @entity5 challenge. Maximum tolerated doses of CB administered i.p., s.c., or i.v. in suspension or in solution are defined. These results delineate the conditions under which CB can be tested for in vivo biological activities and establish that this microfilament-active natural product in a single-agent protocol inhibits @entity5 growth and extends survival in B16F10 @entity320 and @entity2 , and, in the latter model, inhibits invasion and spontaneous lung metastases by mechanisms that do not appear to depend on @entity137 . This work on formulation, tolerated doses in vivo, and localized peritumoral effects of CB now permits evaluation of systemic antitumor effects of @entity2389 as a single agent. It also permits chemotherapy studies using CB as a potential amplifier of the activity of other antitumor agents in vivo.

title: Effects of XXXX in culture and in vivo on @entity19 @entity2 and on B16 @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'local tumor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Madison 109 lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5070 :: ('CHEBI:41402', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxymethyl']

entities_list: @entity2389 :: ('MESH:D003571', 'Chemical') :: ['Cytochalasin B', 'cytochalasin B']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity2389 :: (MESH:D003571,Chemical) :: ['cytochalasin B']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity6948 is thought to activate an endogenous pathway that naturally promotes @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) sleep. @entity6948 may induce restorative sleep, that is, @entity1319 stage 3 and 4 (slow wave sleep; @entity1807 ) or sleep continuity in mechanically ventilated @entity1 . Few data have been published, however, on the sleep characteristics of mechanically ventilated @entity1 during @entity6948 infusion. METHODS: We recorded polysomnography (PSG) for 24 h in mechanically ventilated @entity1 sedated with @entity6948 . @entity6948 (0.2-0.7  g/kg/h) was administered intravenously to maintain the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale between -1 and -4 only during the nighttime (9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.). During the daytime, we interrupted the sedatives and analgesics unless the @entity1 complained of discomfort. When this occurred @entity1363 or opioids were administered intermittently. Sleep stages and the frequency of arousal/awakening during the nighttime were analyzed using Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria. RESULTS: For the ten mechanically ventilated adult @entity1 recruited into the study, the median @entity25 ( @entity25 ) during the night was 4.7 h (IQR, 4.2-8.1 h), and 78 % of sleep occurred during the night (median 78 %, IQR: 69-88 %). Sleep architecture was exclusively @entity1319 sleep stage 1 (median 28.9 % of @entity25 ) and stage 2 (median 71.2 % of @entity25 ). Neither @entity1807 (median 0 % of @entity25 ) nor @entity1319 ( @entity1319 ) sleep (median 0 % of @entity25 ) was observed. Median frequency of arousals/awakenings was 9.3/h (IQR, 3-19.5/h). CONCLUSIONS: In mechanically ventilated @entity1 , nighttime infusion of @entity6948 preserved the day-night cycle of sleep but induced severely disturbed @entity25 without evidence of @entity1807 or @entity1319 sleep.

title: Sleep quality of mechanically ventilated XXXX sedated with @entity6948 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6948 :: ('MESH:D020927', 'Chemical') :: ['dexmedetomidine', 'Dexmedetomidine']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['TST', 'sleep architecture', 'total sleep time']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['NREM', 'REM', 'non-rapid eye movement', 'rapid eye movement']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity8160 and cartilage-derived basic fibroblast growth factor (EGF and CD- @entity540 ) are mitogens shown to increase the rate of wound repair in animal models. In addition to being a mitogen for granulation tissue, CD- @entity540 stimulates the recruitment of cells to the wound site. CD- @entity540 and a closely-related @entity511 -derived fibroblast growth factor stimulated chemotaxis of granulation tissue cells in vitro, each factor having a maximum activity at a concentration of 55 pM. @entity8160 was also a potent chemoattractant for @entity35 granulation tissue fibroblasts; however, maximum activity was obtained at 1.7 nM. Cells from all stages of wound repair were chemotactically responsive to these factors, but there was some attenuation of the response to @entity540 in cells derived from fully-organized day 28 granulation tissue. Collagenase-catalyzed restructuring of collagen, an additional significant feature of wound repair, is probably critical to cell movement in an extracellular matrix. Cells derived from organizing (6-day old) sponge granulation tissue secreted latent collagenase constitutively in vitro. In the presence of serum, the production of collagenase was stimulated three-four fold by 1.8 nM @entity540 derived either from cartilage or @entity511 . When serum was present, as at a wound site, collagenase production was not enhanced by the addition of EGF. Cells from fully organized, day 21 sponge granulation tissue did not secrete latent collagenase constitutively and could not be stimulated to do so by the addition of EGF, @entity540 , or @entity4621 . @entity1 skin fibroblast collagenase production was also stimulated by @entity540 and was refractory to EGF. While both classes of growth factor have the ability to promote wound healing, the varying responses they elicit in cell populations from the wound site emphasize the different pathways of cellular activation.

title: Differential stimulation of collagenase and chemotactic activity in fibroblasts derived from XXXX wound repair tissue and @entity1 skin by growth factors.

entities_list: @entity8160 :: ('25313(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Epidermal growth factor']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity4621 :: ('CHEBI:37532', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol ester']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The forkhead thyroid-specific transcription factor @entity8876 is the main mediator of thyrotropin and insulin regulation of @entity5787 ( @entity5787 ) gene expression. This function depends on multimerization and specific orientation of its DNA-binding site, suggesting that @entity8876 is part of a complex interaction network within the @entity5787 promoter. This was confirmed by transfection experiments and by protein-DNA interaction studies, which demonstrated that @entity28918 / @entity1265 proteins bind 10 base pairs upstream of the @entity8876 -binding site to enhance its action in hormone-induced expression of the @entity5787 gene. GST pull-down assays showed that @entity8876 physically interacts with @entity28918 / @entity1265 proteins. In addition, we demonstrate that increasing the distance between both transcription factors binding sites by base pair insertion results in loss of promoter activity and in a drastic decrease on the ability of the promoter to respond to the hormones. @entity28918 / @entity1265 is a family of transcription factors that contributes to constitutive and cell-type specific gene expression. Originally identified as factors implicated in the replication of adenovirus, this group of proteins ( @entity28918 / @entity21051 , -B, -C, and -X) is now known to be involved in the regulation of several genes. In contrast to other reports regarding the involvement of these proteins in inducible gene expression, we show here that members of this family of transcription factors are regulated by hormones. With the use of specific @entity28918 / @entity1265 DNA probes and antibodies we demonstrate that @entity28918 / @entity28918 is a thyrotropin-, @entity268 -, and insulin-inducible protein. Thus @entity28918 / @entity1265 proteins do not only mediate hormone-induced gene expression cooperating with @entity8876 , but are themselves hormonally regulated. All these findings are clearly of important value in understanding the mechanisms governing the transcription regulation of RNA polymerase II promoters, which often contain binding sites for multiple transcription factors.

title: The interaction between the forkhead thyroid transcription factor XXXX and the constitutive factor CTF/NF-1 is required for efficient hormonal regulation of the @entity5787 gene transcription.

entities_list: @entity5787 :: ('7173', 'Gene') :: ['TPO', 'thyroperoxidase']

answer: @entity8876 :: (8458,Gene) :: ['TTF-2']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the sensitivity to change of the US7 score among @entity309 @entity1 under various therapies and to analyze the effect of each therapeutic option over 1 year. To estimate predictors for development of destructive bone changes. METHODS: Musculoskeletal ultrasound (US7 score), DAS28, CRP and ESR were performed in 432 @entity309 @entity1 at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months. The cohort was divided into four sub-groups: first-line DMARDs (Group 1; 27.3%), therapy switch: DMARDs to second DMARDs (Group 2; 25.0%), first-line biologic after DMARDs therapy (Group 3; 35.4%) and therapy change from biologic to second biologic (Group 4; 12.3%). RESULTS: The @entity603 and @entity2762 sum scores in grey-scale (GSUS) and power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) as well as ESR, CRP decreased significantly (p<0.05) after 12 months in group 1 to 3. Group 1+2 also illustrated a significant change of DAS28 after 1 year (p<0.001). Only in Group 4, the US7 erosion sum score decreased significantly from 4.3 to 3.6 (p=0.008) after 1 year. Predictors capable of forecasting @entity10479 after one year were: higher score of @entity603 (p<0.001), of @entity2681 in GSUS (p<0.001), as well as of DAS28 (p<0.001) at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The comparable developments of the US7 score with clinical and laboratory data illustrates its potential to reflect therapeutic response. Therefore, the novel US7 score is sensitive to change. @entity1 who switched from one biologic to another exhibited a significant decline in @entity2681 after 12 months, while the @entity2681 scores in the other groups were stable.

title: The US7 score is sensitive to change in a large cohort of XXXX with @entity309 over 12 months of therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity10479 :: ('MESH:D065309', 'Disease') :: ['US erosions']

entities_list: @entity2681 :: ('MESH:D014077', 'Disease') :: ['erosions', 'US7 erosions']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['US7 synovitis']

entities_list: @entity2762 :: ('MESH:D013717', 'Disease') :: ['tenosynovitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This is a case report of Acanthamoeba as a causative agent of @entity1036 at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Rijeka. Delay in treatment led to an advanced stage of the disease with @entity532 . Initially, presented symptoms were similar to those of @entity1034 . In the mean time progression of the disease led to a cloudy cornea with a stromal ring infiltrate, poor vision, @entity2790 , a mature @entity231 and finally corneal melt. Corneal scrapings were obtained from a 28 years old female @entity1 , wearing soft contact lenses and with poor lens hygiene. Acanthamoeba @entity45 were identified by the cytological examination. Culture of the corneal scraping had confirmed Acanthamoeba as the etiological agent. Making the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba is difficult. We presented this case of delayed diagnosis and unfavorable outcome as a reminder that clinical suspicion remains the most important diagnostic tool. Contact lens wears with a new diagnosis of @entity1034 are in high risk group, especially those with significant @entity158 or poor response to conventional therapy. We also wanted to point out the possibility of an early, prompt and inexpensive diagnosis with the cytological examination.

title: Acanthamoeba XXXX --importance of the early diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity1034 :: ('MESH:D016849', 'Disease') :: ['herpetic keratitis', 'herpes simplex keratitis']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['keratitis']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['multiple complications']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['elevated intraocular pressure']

answer: @entity1036 :: (MESH:D007634,Disease) :: ['keratitis']


abstract: Microvascular compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve is known to cause disabling @entity392 and vertigo. A review of the literature shows that the compression is usually located in the cerebellopontine angle, and that it is usually caused by an artery. The authors add the case of a 46-year-old @entity1 with venous compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve inside the internal auditory canal (IAC). The @entity1 presented with a 2-year history of recurrent attacks of disabling vertigo and intermittent high-frequency @entity392 on the right side. Magnetic resonance images showed a small, contrast-enhancing lesion in the fundus of the right IAC, which was suspicious for @entity5513 . During surgical exploration, a large venous loop was found extending into the IAC and compressing the vestibulocochlear nerve. The vessel was mobilized and rerouted out of the IAC. The presumed @entity5513 at the cochlear fossa was left in situ. The @entity1 's symptoms resolved immediately after surgery. Hearing was unchanged postoperatively. On follow-up, there has been no growth of the contrast-enhancing lesion in the IAC for 3 years so far.Disabling vertigo can also be caused by venous microvascular compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve inside the IAC and may be treated successfully by microvascular decompression. A sensitive, conservative approach to lesions in the fundus may be justified in the presence of an additional, more prominent pathology that causes compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

title: Vertigo and @entity392 caused by vascular compression of the vestibulocochlear nerve, not intracanalicular XXXX : review and case presentation.

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannoma']


abstract: A 10-month-old spayed female Doberman Pinscher was presented for @entity1273 . On physical examination, the @entity235 was lethargic and febrile and had a 2-cm raised subcutaneous mass at the base of the left ear. Fluid from the mass was drained. Direct smears of the fluid, stained with modified Wright's and new @entity6693 , were highly cellular and contained large numbers of degenerate neutrophils with moderate numbers of macrophages. Large numbers of round @entity375 organisms, 8-20 mum in diameter, were observed extracellularly. The organisms had a thick blue wall and granular internal contents and broad-based budding was seen frequently. Branching hyphae or pseudohyphae, with parallel sides and 2-4 mum in diameter, appeared to extend from the surface of the @entity375 . The morphology of the @entity375 organisms was consistent with @entity12266 , with atypical hyphae formation. Culture results were not definitive because it was not possible to induce transition from the mycelial to the @entity375 form at 37 degrees C and because the morphology of the mycelial form of @entity12266 could not be differentiated from that of Emmonsia parvae. The organism was confirmed as @entity12266 (the mycelial form of @entity12266 ) using 18S ribosome RNA gene sequencing and comparison with an available databank. The mycelial form of @entity12266 is rarely found in the tissue of @entity235 , and may have been induced in this case by low environmental temperatures and the time delay between sample collection and slide preparation.

title: What is your diagnosis? Subcutaneous mass fluid from a febrile XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6693 :: ('MESH:D008751', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene blue']

entities_list: @entity12266 :: ('5039', 'Species') :: ['B. dermatitidis', 'Blastomyces dermatitidis', 'Ajellomyces dermatitidis']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: In-house PCR (hPCR) could speed differential diagnosis between @entity378 ( @entity378 ) and nontuberculous @entity66 in @entity1 with positive smears and pulmonary infiltrates, but its reported accuracy fluctuates across studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of hPCR sensitivity and specificity for smear-positive @entity378 diagnosis, using culture as the reference standard. After searching English language studies in MEDLINE and EMBASE, we estimated cumulative accuracy by means of summary receiver operating characteristic analysis. The possible influence of hPCR procedures and study methodological features on accuracy was explored by univariate metaregression, followed by multivariate adjustment of items selected as significant. Thirty-five articles (1991 to 2006) met the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimates of the diagnostic odds ratio, sensitivity, and specificity (random-effect model) were, respectively, 60 (confidence interval [CI], 29 to 123), 0.96 (CI, 0.95 to 0.97), and 0.81 (CI, 0.78 to 0.84), but significant variations (mainly in specificity) limit their clinical applicability. The quality of the reference test, the detection method, and real-time PCR use explained some of the observed heterogeneity. Probably due to the limited study power of our meta-analysis and to the wide differences in both laboratory techniques and methodological quality, only real-time PCR also displayed a positive impact on accuracy in the multivariate model. Currently, hPCR can be confidently used to exclude @entity378 in smear-positive @entity1 , but its low specificity could lead to erroneous initiation of therapy, isolation, and contact investigation. As the inclusion of samples from treated @entity1 could have artificially reduced specificity, future studies should report mycobacterial-culture results for each @entity378 and non- @entity378 sample analyzed.

title: Diagnostic accuracy of in-house PCR for pulmonary tuberculosis in smear-positive XXXX : meta-analysis and metaregression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['TB', 'tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mycobacterial disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity6441 of the corticospinal tract (CST) after motor pathway @entity385 can be characterized by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, the dynamic evolution of the diffusion indices in the degenerated CST has not previously been completely identified. We investigated this dynamic evolution and the relationship between early changes of the diffusion indices in the degenerated CST and long-term clinical outcomes. DTI and neurological examinations were performed repeatedly in 9 @entity1 with first-onset motor pathway subcortical @entity1188 at 5 consecutive time points, i.e. within 1 week, at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 1 year. Using a region of interest method, we analyzed the ratios of the fractional anisotropy (rFA), mean diffusivity (rMD), primary eigenvalue (rlambda(1)) and transverse eigenvalue (rlambda(23)) between the affected and unaffected sides of the CSTs. We did not find any significant changes in the diffusion indices of the contralesional CSTs across time points. The rFA decreased monotonously during the first 3 months and then stabilized. The rMD increased after 2 weeks and stabilized after the third month. The rlambda(1) decreased during the first 2 weeks and then remained unchanged. The rlambda(23) increased during the first 3 months and then stabilized. We also found that the changes in the rFA between the first 2 time points were correlated with the NIHSS (P=0.00003) and the Motricity Indices (P=0.0004) after 1 year. Our results suggest that for @entity1 with motor pathway @entity64 the diffusion indices in the degenerated CST stabilize within 3 months and that early changes in the rFA of the CST may predict long-term clinical outcomes.

title: A longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study on @entity6441 of corticospinal tract after motor pathway XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity6441 :: ('MESH:D014855', 'Disease') :: ['Wallerian degeneration']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Tracheostomy is a well established and practical approach to airway management for @entity1 requiring extended periods of mechanical ventilation or airway protection. Little evidence is available to guide the process of weaning and optimal timing of @entity5274 removal. Thus, decannulation decisions are based on clinical judgement. The aim of this study was to describe decannulation practice and failure rates in @entity1 with tracheostomy following @entity3124 . METHODS: A prospective descriptive study was conducted of consecutive @entity1 who received a tracheostomy at a tertiary metropolitan public hospital intensive care unit (ICU) between March 2002 and December 2006. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential tests. RESULTS: Of the 823 decannulation decisions, there were 40 episodes of failed decannulation, a failure rate of 4.8%. These 40 episodes occurred in 35 @entity1 : 31 @entity1 failed once, 3 @entity1 failed twice and 1 @entity1 failed three times. There was no associated mortality. Simple stoma recannulation was required in 25 episodes, with none of these @entity1 readmitted to ICU. Translaryngeal intubation and readmission to ICU took place for the remaining 15 episodes. The primary reason for decannulation failure was sputum retention. Twenty-four @entity1 (60%) failed decannulation within 24h, with 14 of these occurring within 4h. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical assessments coupled with professional judgement to decide the optimal time to remove @entity5274 in @entity1 following @entity3124 resulted in a failure rate comparable with published data. Although reintubation and readmission to ICU was required in just over one third of failed decannulation episodes, there was no associated mortality or other significant adverse events. Our data suggest nurses need to exercise high levels of clinical vigilance during the first 24h following decannulation, particularly the first 4h to detect early signs of respiratory compromise to avoid adverse outcomes.

title: Tracheostomy decannulation failure rate following XXXX : a prospective descriptive study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['tracheostomy tubes', 'tracheostomy tube']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critical illness']

answer: @entity3124 :: (MESH:D016638,Disease) :: ['critical illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This phase I study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and preliminary efficacy of @entity1205 with concurrent radiotherapy (RT), in high-risk squamous cell @entity135 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Eligible @entity1 had resected squamous cell @entity135 , histologically involved lymph nodes, and/or extranodal disease, and/or involved surgical margins and performance status 0 to 1. Treatment included weekly @entity1205 with concurrent RT in a dose-finding study; a subsequent small cohort of @entity1 was treated using the MTD of @entity1205 . RESULTS: Twenty @entity1 were enrolled. Planned accrual was 25, but the study was closed prematurely because of slow accrual. The MTD was 15 mg/m2. Dose-limiting @entity137 was oral @entity3136 . Therapy was well tolerated. Five @entity1 experienced locoregional relapse at a median follow-up of 32 months. CONCLUSION: @entity1205 with concurrent RT has acceptable @entity137 . This approach warrants further investigation in a phase II trial.

title: Phase I adjuvant radiation with XXXX in high-risk @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the head and neck']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel', 'Docetaxel']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['docetaxel']


abstract: Acute occlusion of the left circumflex (LC) artery can be difficult to diagnose. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence of @entity432 in @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ) requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the frequency of ST-segment versus non-ST-segment elevation presentation among them, and to correlate the electrocardiographic findings with the outcomes. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of consecutive @entity1 from November 2001 through December 2007 with @entity583 within 7 days before PCI of a single acutely occluded culprit vessel were included in the present analysis. Of the 1,500 @entity1 , the culprit lesion was located in the right coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, or LC artery in 44.7%, 35.8%, and 19.5% of @entity1 , respectively. Of the 1,500 @entity1 , 72% presented with ST-segment elevation @entity583 , but only 43% were @entity1 with a @entity75 (n = 127). PCI was significantly less likely (80%, 83%, and 70% for right coronary, left anterior descending, and LC artery, respectively; p < 0.001) to be performed within 24 hours for @entity432 than for occlusions in the other territories. Among those with a non-ST-segment elevation @entity583 , the highest post-PCI troponin levels were in @entity1 with a LC @entity432 (median 1.4, 1.3, and 2.5 ng/ml; p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in the in-hospital mortality (4.4%, 7.4%, and 6.5%; p = 0.66) or major adverse cardiovascular event (9.2%, 13.9%, and 11.6%; p = 0.53) rates for right, left anterior descending, and @entity432 , respectively. In conclusion, our results have demonstrated that in clinical practice, the LC artery is the least frequent culprit vessel among @entity1 treated invasively for @entity583 . @entity1 with @entity432 are less likely to present with ST-segment elevation @entity583 and have emergency PCI. The study results suggest that detection of these @entity1 has been suboptimal, highlighting the need to improve the diagnostic approach toward the detection of an acutely occluded LC artery.

title: Acute @entity583 due to left circumflex XXXX and significance of ST-segment elevation.

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['artery occlusion', 'LC occlusion', 'LC occlusions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['LC lesion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['artery occlusion']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim was to explore and describe community pharmacists' current and potential place in the @entity5 pathway. Objectives were to describe pharmacists' role in advising @entity1 and their carers on optimum use of opioid drugs for @entity158 relief, identify elements of medicines management that could be modified and identify opportunities for improved communication with @entity1 and other professionals. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 community pharmacists in three areas of England. Data were analysed using the Framework method. KEY FINDINGS: Pharmacists had no reliable method to identify @entity1 with @entity5 and no access to disease stage and treatment plan information. There was little evidence of any routine communication with other professionals about @entity1 care. Contact with @entity1 was limited. Access to palliative care medicines could be problematic for @entity1 and medicines use reviews (MURs) were rarely done. Interview data suggested variable levels of knowledge about optimal opioid use in @entity5 or awareness of @entity1 ' priorities. For some pharmacists, proactive involvement appeared to be inhibited by fear of discussing emotional and wider social aspects and accounts showed that a wide range of issues and concerns were raised by family members, indicating considerable unmet need. Pharmacists tended to assume information had already been provided by others and felt isolated from other care team members. Many felt that their potential contribution to @entity5 management was constrained but aspired to do more. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant scope for improving access to and interaction with, community pharmacists by @entity1 with @entity5 and their families. Finding ways to embed pharmacists within palliative care teams could provide a starting point for a greater contribution to @entity5 management.

title: 'Like doing a jigsaw with half the parts missing': community pharmacists and the management of XXXX in the community.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer pain']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer pain']


abstract: The @entity1722 oncogene codes for a cell surface protein that has a high degree of homology with the @entity470 . Amplification of this oncogene in @entity0 and @entity43 is correlated with a poorer prognosis. The @entity517 oncogene codes for a DNA binding protein and is believed to regulate cellular proliferation. Sixteen primary @entity1204 were analyzed for @entity517 and c- @entity1722 amplification. Eleven of sixteen @entity5 samples exhibited amplification of the @entity1722 gene. Four of these eleven @entity1 died of disease an average of 16 months after diagnosis. The five @entity1 without @entity5 amplification of the c- @entity1722 gene have been followed an average of 31.2 months without evidence of recurrent disease. Ten of fifteen @entity5 samples exhibited amplification of the @entity517 gene. Five of the ten @entity1 died of disease an average of 13.4 months after diagnosis. The remaining five @entity1 have been followed for an average of 31.2 months and are free of disease. Six of the sixteen @entity5 specimens exhibited amplification of the both c- @entity1722 and @entity517 genes, and four of these @entity1 died of recurrent disease. Amplification of the c- @entity1722 or @entity517 oncogene correlated with @entity5 and poorly differentiated lesions, suggesting that oncogene amplification may predict biologically aggressive @entity420 of the endometrium.

title: Oncogene alterations in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'advanced-stage disease']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial carcinoma']


abstract: @entity24757 , an opportunistic pathogen of the @entity1 urogenital tract, has been implicated in contributing to @entity5870 , fetal morbidity, and fetal mortality. It has been proposed that the host genetic background is a critical factor in adverse pregnancy outcome as sequela to @entity24757 @entity281 . To test this hypothesis we assessed the impact of intrauterine @entity24757 @entity281 in the prototypical TH1/M1 C57BL/6 and TH2/M2 BALB/c @entity19 . Sterile medium or @entity24757 was inoculated into each uterine horn and animals were evaluated for @entity281 , @entity2241 , @entity5870 and fetal pathology at 72 hours post-inoculation. Disease outcome was assessed by microbial culture, in situ detection of @entity24757 in fetal and utero-placental tissues, grading of @entity5870 , and placental gene expression of @entity634 , @entity635 , @entity777 , @entity637 , @entity12100 , and @entity3843 . Placental @entity281 and colonization rates were equivalent in both strains. The in situ distribution of @entity24757 in placental tissues was also similar. However, a significantly greater proportion of BALB/c fetuses were infected (P<0.02). C57BL/6 infected animals predominantly exhibited mild to moderate @entity5870 (P<0.0001), and a significant reduction in placental expression of @entity634 , @entity635 , @entity777 , @entity637 , @entity12100 , and @entity3843 compared to sham controls (P<0.02). Conversely, severe protracted @entity5870 with cellular @entity39 was the predominant lesion phenotype in BALB/c @entity19 , which also exhibited a significant increase in placental expression of @entity634 , @entity635 , @entity777 , @entity637 , @entity12100 , and @entity3843 (P<0.01). Fetal pathology in BALB/c was multi-organ and included brain, lung, heart, liver, and intestine, whereas fetal pathology in C57BL/6 was only detected in the liver and intestines. These results confirm that the host genetic background is a major determinant in ureaplasmal induced @entity5870 with @entity2241 and fetal inflammatory response.

title: Host genetic background impacts disease outcome during @entity281 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity24757 :: ('134821', 'Species') :: ['U. parvum', 'Ureaplasma parvum']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse strain']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['chorioamnionitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'intra-amniotic infection']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['fetal infection']

answer: @entity24757 :: (134821,Species) :: ['Ureaplasma parvum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Various methods and criteria are used to determine protein overexpression of @entity1722 and the clinical utility of @entity1722 is under investigation. We have reported previously that the levels of cytosol @entity1722 in @entity0 were significantly different between the clinical stages. METHODS: The levels of @entity1722 protein were determined in sera from 210 @entity0 @entity1 using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay between November 1996 and March 1998. The cut-off level was set at 5.4 ng/ml for healthy female blood donors. RESULTS: First, serum @entity1722 levels were analyzed in 73 preoperative @entity0 @entity1 with stage I-IIIB disease. The range and median values were 2.3-32.3 and 4.8 ng/ml, respectively. The positive rate was 38%. Overexpression of serum @entity1722 was significantly associated with @entity5 size, clinical stage, histological grade, lymphatic invasion, nodal status and overexpression of cytosol @entity1722 , but not with hormonal receptor status and other clinico-pathological factors. Second, @entity1722 , @entity478 and @entity2355 in sera were examined in 157 postoperative @entity0 @entity1 . In the 137 disease-free @entity1 , specificities of @entity1722 , @entity478 and @entity2355 were 72, 93 and 99%, respectively, but in the 20 first recurrent @entity1 , these sensitivities were 80, 25 and 25%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that serum @entity1722 protein is a useful marker for predicting @entity146 and first recurrence of @entity0 .

title: Serum c-erB-2 levels in monitoring of operable @entity0 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behavior']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']