abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of tilted disks and its association with @entity227 . DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. METHODS: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined urban Australians aged 49 years or older between 1992-1994. Of 4,433 eligible @entity1 , 3,654 (82.4%) participated. The eye examination included logMAR visual acuity, standardized refraction, cover testing, stereoscopic optic disk photography, and Humphrey automated perimetry. Inferior or nasal optic disk tilting was graded from stereoscopic photographs. RESULTS: Of 3,583 @entity1 with gradable photographs, inferior or nasal optic disk tilting was observed in 77 eyes of 56 @entity1 (1.6%). The prevalence of tilted disks increased from 0.4% in eyes with @entity940 < 1.0 diopters to 17.9% in eyes with @entity940 >or= 5.0 diopters. The mean astigmatic error was 2.2 diopters in eyes with tilted disks compared with 0.7 diopters in eyes with normal disk appearance, P <.001. @entity1714 was present in 66.2% of eyes with tilted disks compared with 12.4% of eyes with a normal disk appearance, P <.001. The most common associated features were @entity940 (93.5%), pallor, and tessellation of the adjacent chorioretinal tissues (74.0%), situs inversus of the retinal vessels (70.1%), beta-peripapillary @entity194 (64.9%), strabismus (30.4%), @entity227 (19.4%), posterior @entity1716 (18.2%), @entity409 (9.1%), and @entity5066 (5.2%). Superotemporal (33.3%) and superior (25.0%) @entity227 were most frequent. CONCLUSIONS: A tilted disk appearance was not a rare finding in our study population and was strongly associated with @entity940 and higher levels of spherical @entity2516 , particularly @entity1714 . The tilted disk and its associated @entity227 should be distinguished from other sinister causes.

title: Population prevalence of tilted optic disks and the relationship of this sign to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['refractive error and visual field defects', 'visual field defect', 'visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity5066 :: ('MESH:C566236', 'Disease') :: ['chorioretinal atrophy']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['refractive error']

entities_list: @entity1716 :: ('MESH:C536352', 'Disease') :: ['staphyloma']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['inferonasal pigmentary accumulation']

entities_list: @entity1714 :: ('MESH:D009216', 'Disease') :: ['myopia', 'Myopia']

answer: @entity2516 :: (MESH:D012030,Disease) :: ['refractive error']


abstract: Risk factors for operative mortality and long term survival were identified in 144 @entity1 undergoing mitral valve replacement (MVR). The 3-year survival was 77% at a median follow-up time of 3.01 years, including an early mortality of 7.6%. Nineteen preoperative and perioperative variables were analysed by univariate and multivariate methods. The sole risk factor independently predictive of @entity204 was a poor functional class with a relative risk (RR) of 3.17 compared to @entity1 with a better functional class. Independent risk factors of long term survival were; prior heart operation, presence of @entity339 , age at operation and poor functional class. Estimation of the parameters of the Cox's model gave a predicted 3-year survival ranging from 95% to 11% for the most favourable and the less favourable risk factor combinations. Risk factors that affected late @entity204 were the presence of @entity63 coronary etiology and poor functional class. Two modes of late @entity204 were identified each with its prognostic factor. The most common mode was @entity204 , its sole risk factor was the presence of @entity63 coronary etiology. The RR ratio was 3.2 for @entity1 with @entity63 coronary etiology, compared to @entity1 with other etiologies. @entity1164 was the next, its independent risk factor was the age at operation with increasing hazard for younger @entity1 . The RR ratio was 8.55 for a 35-year-old @entity1 compared to a 60-year-old @entity1 .

title: Risk factors in surgically treated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac-related death', 'postoperative death', 'death']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral valve disease']


abstract: Different antisera to the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide @entity12927 , and its fragment, @entity12928 ( @entity12928 ), label a distinct population of neurons in the optic lobe of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. Seven morphological types of @entity12928 / @entity12927 -like immunoreactive neurons could be distinguished in the optic lobes based on the locations of their cell bodies, their axonal projections and the distribution of their processes. Of these, two types could be resolved in their entire extent, the others were labeled only in their cell bodies and terminal processes or were partly obscured by other immunoreactive processes. The @entity6470 -like immunoreactive neurons in the optic lobes are of two main classes: (1) two types of large field projection neurons and (2) five types of local neurons. One type of projection neurons (five in each lobe) connects the entire projected retinal mosaic of the medulla and lobula in the optic lobe with protocerebral centres associated with the mushroom body calyx. The other type (2-3 invading each lobe) has cell bodies in the protocerebrum and contralateral processes invading optic lobes. Of the class of local neurons there are two amacrine @entity6470 -like immunoreactive neurons in each medulla. Each of these amacrines supplies the entire mosaic with fine processes. The remaining local @entity6470 -like immunoreactive neurons are present in relatively large numbers (one type in more than 2000 copies in each medulla) and-supply the medulla, lobula and lobula plate neuropils with fine varicose processes. In the medulla the @entity6470 -like immunoreactive processes are arranged in strict layers whereas in the lobula complex the distribution is diffuse. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, using both pre-embedding immuno peroxidase-antiperoxidase and post-embedding protein A-gold labeling, was employed for analysis of cytology and synaptic connections of @entity6470 -like immunoreactive neurons in the medulla. The varicosities of the processes of the large field projection neurons were not found to make chemical synapses with other neurons in the medulla. The spines of the @entity6470 -like immunoreactive processes of the large medulla amacrines, however, make pre- and postsynaptic contacts with other neural elements. Our findings indicate that an @entity12928 / @entity12927 -like substance may be used as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator by optic lobe neurons of different types. The local and projection @entity6470 -like immunoreactive pathways probably play different roles in visual processing.

title: Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of neurons in the blowfly optic lobe reacting with antisera to XXXX and @entity12927 .

entities_list: @entity12927 :: ('MESH:D019835', 'Chemical') :: ['FMRFamide']

entities_list: @entity12928 :: ('MESH:C058047', 'Chemical') :: ['Arg-Phe-NH2', 'RFamide']

answer: @entity12928 :: (MESH:C058047,Chemical) :: ['RFamide']


abstract: To assess the potential of self administered, cough-induced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CICPR) to sustain cerebral function during sudden onset @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ), the authors studied four groups of six @entity235 each. Cough was simulated by: spontaneous gasping (group 1); cough elicited by bilateral electrical stimulation of the vagi (group 2); gasping with artificial glottic closure (group 3); and as a control, @entity386 under @entity912 (group 4). Sudden onset of @entity2224 during @entity386 (group 4) resulted in cessation of arterial blood flow in 11 +/- 3 sec (mean +/- SD) and an isoelectric EEG in 26 +/- 5 sec. Spontaneous gasping (group 1) and cough resulting from vagal stimulation (group 2) resulted in minimal systemic and cerebral perfusion pressures and common carotid artery blood flows (CCABF). CCABF became 0 in group 1 at 31 +/- 12 sec, and in group 2 at 33 +/- 16 sec after the onset of @entity2224 . EEG silence occurred at 57 +/- 9 sec and 54 +/- 19 sec in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The @entity1547 was delayed further when spontaneous gasping via tracheal tube was against artificial glottic closure, which augments airway pressure fluctuations (group 3); @entity12040 occurred at 52 +/- 28 sec and EEG silence at 66 +/- 27 sec. Self-induced fluctuations of intrathoracic pressure generated sufficient blood flow to briefly but statistically significantly (p less than 0.001) prolong EEG activity compared to apneic controls. In this @entity235 preparation, gasping with artificial glottic closure sustained cerebral electrical activity for a maximum of 112 sec. CICPR may offer a means of briefly sustaining consciousness after the sudden onset of @entity2224 and, thus, constitutes self-administered @entity14112 .

title: Cerebral and hemodynamic variables during cough-induced @entity14112 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12040 :: ('MESH:D013625', 'Disease') :: ['pulselessness']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['decay of vital parameters']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['VF', 'ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: @entity8 , a primary @entity631 , is principally characterized by mesangial deposits of IgA immune complexes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cultured glomerular mesangial cells (MC) express Fc alpha and Fc gamma receptors. In this work, we studied whether the interaction of soluble aggregates of IgA and IgG (AIgA and AIgG) with MC triggers a number of responses, including generation and release of inflammatory mediators, cell proliferation, and catabolism of the complexes. Aggregates bound to MC and were catabolized in a time-dependent manner. The percentage of cell-associated or -degraded proteins decreased in the presence of Fc, but not with Fab fragments. Both AIgA and AIgG elicited the synthesis and release of @entity1505 and @entity568 in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum between 6 and 12 h, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that both aggregates induced the expression of mRNA encoding @entity1505 and @entity568 . Because MC proliferation is a morphologic feature commonly observed in @entity1 with @entity8 , we examined whether immune aggregates could be involved in this phenomenon. Both AIgA and AIgG induced an increase in MC number, assessed by @entity665 and @entity6693 uptake. The presence of anti- @entity1505 or anti- @entity568 Abs in the medium decreased the proliferative effect triggered by aggregates. These results show that Fc alpha and Fc gamma receptor occupancy of MC induces the synthesis and release of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation, as well as the phagocytosis of stimulatory proteins. These findings could have implications for the understanding of @entity32 and repair in @entity8 .

title: Soluble IgA and IgG aggregates are catabolized by cultured rat mesangial cells and induce production of @entity1505 and XXXX , and proliferation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6693 :: ('MESH:D008751', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene blue']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity568 :: (24498(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['IL-6']


abstract: BACKGROUND: External auditory canal exostoses are benign, bony overgrowths that arise in @entity1 who experience chronic cold water exposure. While considerable advancement has been made in canalplasty techniques in recent decades, many @entity1 continue to experience prolonged @entity446 periods and recurrent @entity850 following surgery. OBJECTIVE: To perform a retrospective outcomes analysis of our experience with a skin-preserving canalplasty technique with temporoparietal fascia grafting and use of bone wax for skin @entity1912 protection. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-four @entity1 (41 ears) underwent canalplasty from 2008 to 2014 at a tertiary referral center. Primary outcome measures included rates of prolonged @entity446 and restenosis, need for revision surgery, and audiometric results. Rates of intraoperative and @entity260 were also tabulated. RESULTS: No @entity1 experienced recurrent @entity850 or required a revision surgery within the follow-up period. All but one @entity1 (97%) achieved complete @entity446 within 8 weeks. @entity3816 were found. Statistically significant improvements in air pure tone averages and air-bone gaps were achieved. CONCLUSION: The proposed technique is a safe and effective method of canalplasty for exostoses that imparts accelerated wound @entity446 and minimizes the rate of recurrent @entity850 .

title: Canalplasty for Exostoses With Maximal Skin Preservation With Temporoparietal Fascia Grafting and Use of Bone Wax for Skin XXXX Protection: A Retrospective Case Series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['Minimal intraoperative complications']

answer: @entity1912 :: (241,Gene) :: ['Flap']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: An orally administered antimicrobial regimen for the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) @entity7551 given once rather than multiple times each day would be more convenient and might result in improved @entity1 compliance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of once-daily @entity115 in the treatment of @entity2142 . @entity1 : @entity1 presenting to a private pediatric office with @entity2142 . DESIGN: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive orally either @entity115 (750 mg once daily) or @entity11121 (250 mg three times a day) for 10 days. Compliance was monitored by urine antimicrobial activity. OUTCOMES: Outcomes were measured by impact on the clinical course, eradication of GABHS within 18 to 24 hours, and bacteriologic treatment failure rate as determined by follow-up throat cultures 4 to 6 and 14 to 21 days after completing therapy. GABHS isolates were serotyped to distinguish @entity177 (same serotype as initial throat culture) from new acquisitions (different serotypes). RESULTS: During the 16 months of this study, 152 @entity1 between 4 and 18 years of age (mean, 9.9 years) were enrolled; 79 @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive once-daily @entity115 and 73 were assigned to receive @entity11121 three times a day. The @entity1 in the two treatment groups were comparable with respect to age, duration of illness before initiation of therapy, compliance, and signs and symptoms at presentation. There was no significant difference in the clinical or bacteriologic responses of the @entity1 in the two treatment groups at the 18- to 24-hour follow-up visit. @entity177 occurred in 4 (5%) of the 79 @entity1 in the @entity115 group and in 8 (11%) of the 73 @entity1 in the @entity11121 group. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that once-daily @entity115 therapy is as effective as @entity11121 therapy given three times a day for the treatment of @entity2142 , and if confirmed by additional investigations, once-daily @entity115 therapy could become an alternative regimen for the treatment of this disease.

title: Once-daily therapy for streptococcal pharyngitis with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity7551 :: ('MESH:D010612', 'Disease') :: ['pharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['Bacteriologic treatment failures', 'bacteriologic treatment failures']

entities_list: @entity11121 :: ('MESH:D010404', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin V']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['GABHS pharyngitis']

answer: @entity115 :: (MESH:D000658,Chemical) :: ['amoxicillin']


abstract: Severe @entity299 may involve the @entity340 , but the sequence of embryonic development of this important area has been little studied. In particular, the basis of @entity713 , except at the conduction system, has remained unexplained. To examine this question, serial histologic sections of @entity1 embryos from the Carnegie Embryological Collection and from the Hopkins Pathology Collection were studied and six embryos were reconstructed. The atrioventricular sulcus can be identified in Carnegie stage 10 as an indentation or crease on the right side separating the heart tube from the umbilical vein. By stage 12 the sulcus has deepened and rotated anteriorly as the atria appear and the heart tube elongates rapidly within the confining pericardial space. Selective accumulation of cardiac jelly on the endocardial aspect of the constriction of the heart tube produced by the atrioventricular sulcus is pronounced by stage 14. By stage 16 the separation of the atrioventricular orifice into right and left components is well advanced, and by stage 18 the septation of the atria and ventricles is largely complete. The muscular connection between the atria and the ventricles becomes interrupted around most of the artioventricular sulcus, except for the His bundle, during the latter part of the embryonic period. The topography of the original sulcus assumes a catenoidal or saddle-shaped configuration, i.e., convex in one plane and concave in the perpendicular plane. The tension and pressure relationships in such a structure would favor @entity299 and the eventual disintegration of lines of myocyte connections passing across the groove. The preservation of the His bundle connection is explained by the failure of the sulcus to completely encircle the heart.

title: Development of the @entity340 in the XXXX embryo.

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular muscular discontinuity']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular valve region']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac jelly accumulation', 'cardiac malformations']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The reported survival after liver transplantation (OLT) for @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is superior to the results of liver resection (LR), but few analyses have considered long waiting times and @entity1 drop-offs due to @entity5 progression. METHODS: From 1995-2005, 347 @entity1 with @entity157 were evaluated at our institution and underwent either LR (n = 174) or placed on the OLT waiting list (n = 173). @entity1 who only underwent ablation were not included. After eliminating @entity1 with 1) incidental @entity5 after OLT, 2) @entity5 outside of Milan criteria, 3) preoperative vascular invasion prior to LR and 4) @entity1 -Pugh Class C @entity82 prior to OLT, 261 @entity1 (LR = 121; OLT = 140) were included in this analysis. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 35 months. Median waiting time for OLT was 7.7 months; during this time, 30 @entity1 were taken off the waiting list. Overall survival (OS) from time of listing or LR was not different between the two groups; 1, 3, and 5 year OS after LR was 89%, 75%, and 56% compared with 90%, 70%, and 64% for OLT (P = .84). Only @entity1 who waited <4 months for OLT (n = 67) had better survival than those who underwent LR (P = .05). @entity1 who waited longer that four months for OLT had a 2.5x higher risk of @entity204 in a Cox multivariate model [odds ratio (OR) 2.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-5; P = .007]. CONCLUSION: Unless waiting time is short (< 4 months), the survival of @entity1 with early @entity157 is similar between LR and LT.

title: An analysis of resection vs transplantation for XXXX : defining the optimal therapy at a single institution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'early hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['early hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the short-term effect of anatomic video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy and VATS lobectomy. @entity1 AND METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2012, 21 @entity1 underwent VATS segmentectomy and 61 underwent VATS lobectomy. Intraoperative @entity190 , operating time, postoperative drainage time, length of hospital stay, @entity260 , local recurrence, and survival were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The intraoperative @entity190 and average hospital stay were less in the segmentectomy group than in the lobectomy group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the operating time, number of lymph nodes dissected, postoperative drainage time, or 1-year survival between the two groups (P>0.05). Only one @entity1 died because of @entity299 . The two groups had a similar incidence of @entity260 (P>0.05). There was one (4.8%) local recurrence after segmentectomy and two (3.3%) after lobectomy (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: VATS segmentectomy could be performed safely and is a method with favorable 1-year survival. It may be the ideal surgical procedure for @entity1 with @entity5474 in early stage @entity2 , especially for those with limited cardiopulmonary reserve or significant comorbidities.

title: Comparison of short-term effect of thoracoscopic segmentectomy and thoracoscopic lobectomy for the XXXX and early-stage lung cancer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5474 :: ('MESH:D003074', 'Disease') :: ['solitary pulmonary nodules']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity5474 :: (MESH:D003074,Disease) :: ['solitary pulmonary nodule']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop an intraperitoneally transplanted @entity1 @entity43 model in humanized @entity466 ( @entity466 ) @entity19 . METHODS: Twelve CB17SCID @entity19 were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A intraperineally injected with @entity1391 -buffered saline, group B injected with @entity1 @entity43 cells SKOV3, group C injected with @entity1 peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) for immune reconstruction, and group D injected with PBL and SKOV3 cells. The behaviors of @entity19 , @entity5 growth and morphology, human IgG in peripheral blood, cancer antigen 125 ( @entity10224 ) immunohistochemical staining, @entity5 infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL), and status of @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) were detected. RESULTS: The survival period was > 28 days in all groups. The ratio of successful @entity5 transplantation was 3/3 in groups B and D. The @entity5 was widespread in peritoneal cavity, mainly in diaphragm, liver, and mesentery, with bloody ascites. The number and size of @entity5 were less in the humanized group. @entity10224 expression was positive in primary transplanted @entity5 cells and SKOV3 cells. IgG was detected in humanized groups (C and D). The level of human IgG was significantly higher in group D than in group C (P < 0.05). TIL infiltration was remarkable in group injected with PBL and SKOV3 cells and failed to be found in group injected with SKOV3 cells. No @entity2132 was found in all groups. CONCLUSION: An intraperitoneal transplanted @entity1 @entity43 model has been established in humanized @entity466 @entity19 that simulates the biological behavior of @entity1 @entity43 disseminating intraperitoneally in @entity1 with immune function and may function as an ideal animal model for preclinical @entity43 treatment.

title: [Development of intraperitoneally transplantated @entity1 XXXX model with immune reconstruction in @entity466 @entity19 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma', 'research of ovarian carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft versus host disease']

entities_list: @entity466 :: ('MESH:D016511', 'Disease') :: ['SCID', 'severe combined immunodeficient']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity633 is associated with an increased risk of death independent of level of renal function. Whether this association is similar for adults of all ages is not known. METHODS: We examined the association between the albumin to @entity1011 ratio (ACR) and all-cause mortality after stratification by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and age group in 94 934 veterans with @entity6 . Cohort members had at least 1 ACR recorded in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System between October 1, 2002, and September 30, 2003, and were followed up for death through October 15, 2009. RESULTS: From the youngest to the oldest age group, the prevalence of an eGFR less than 60 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2) ranged from 11% to 41%; microalbuminuria (ACR 30-299 mg/g) ranged from 19% to 28%; and macroalbuminuria (ACR > or =300 mg/g) ranged from 3.2% to 3.7%. Of @entity1 with an eGFR less than 60 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2), 72% of those younger than 65 years, 74% of those 65 to 74 years old, and 59% of those 75 years and older had an eGFR of 45 to 59 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2). In all age groups, less than 35% of these @entity1 had @entity633 (ie, ACR > or =30 mg/g). In @entity1 75 years and older, the ACR was independently associated with an increased risk of death at all levels of eGFR after adjusting for potential confounders. In younger age groups, this association was present at higher levels of eGFR but seemed to be attenuated at lower levels [corrected]. CONCLUSION: The ACR is independently associated with mortality at all levels of eGFR in older adults with @entity6 and may be particularly helpful for risk stratification in the large group with moderate reductions in eGFR.

title: Prognostic implications of the urinary albumin to @entity1011 ratio in veterans of different ages with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria', 'Albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: This study assesses the receptor subtype ( @entity1809 and @entity11082 ) through which @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ) mediates contraction in small arteries of young and adult spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR). Segments of third-order mesenteric arteries ( approximately 200 microm in lumen diameter) were mounted in a pressurized system. Systolic blood pressure and media:lumen ratio of small arteries were significantly greater (P<0.001) in young SHR and adult SHR than in age-matched @entity35 -Kyoto @entity35 (WKY). @entity1808 -induced contractile effects were significantly increased (P<0.05) in young SHR compared with age-matched WKY. @entity1809 blockade with @entity9886 , and combined @entity1809 and @entity11082 blockade with @entity9886 and @entity11083 , abolished @entity1808 -stimulated contraction in young and adult @entity35 . @entity11082 blockade ( @entity11083 ) significantly reduced (P<0.01) @entity1808 -elicited contraction in young SHR but had no effect in WKY or adult SHR, indicating that @entity11082 receptors may contribute to @entity1808 -induced contraction in young SHR. To determine the Ang receptor status in @entity35 mesenteric vessels, @entity1809 and @entity11082 receptor mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. @entity1809 and @entity11082 receptor protein expression were detected by Western blot analysis. @entity1809 receptor mRNA was equally expressed in age-matched @entity35 , but expression was significantly lower in young @entity35 compared with adult @entity35 . @entity11082 receptor mRNA was weakly expressed in WKY and adult SHR. In vessels from young SHR, @entity11082 receptor mRNA expression was significantly increased compared with the other groups. @entity1809 receptor protein was equally expressed in adult @entity35 of both strains but was undetectable in young @entity35 . @entity11082 receptor protein was only detectable in young @entity35 , with the magnitude of expression greater in SHR than WKY. In conclusion, @entity1808 -stimulated contractile responses are augmented in vessels from young SHR. These effects are reduced by selective @entity11082 blockade and abolished by @entity1809 blockade, indicating that both Ang receptor subtypes are involved in contraction in young SHR. In WKY and adult SHR, @entity9886 , but not @entity11083 , inhibited @entity1808 -induced contraction, indicating the exclusive involvement of @entity1809 receptors. Thus, in SHR, in the phase of developing @entity101 , enhanced @entity1808 -stimulated vascular contraction may be associated with changes in @entity1808 receptor status, as evidenced pharmacologically and by increased vascular @entity11082 receptor mRNA and protein expression.

title: Role of XXXX receptors in @entity1808 -stimulated contraction of small mesenteric arteries in young SHR.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

answer: @entity11082 :: (24182(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['AT2']


abstract: We have previously shown that the splenorenal reflex controls renin release through @entity8 . We proposed that this reflex would also affect renal blood flow (RBF). RBF was measured in male Long Evans @entity35 using transit-time flow probes. There were no significant differences between any of the experimental groups with respect to baseline values of RBF (8.9 +/- 0.4 ml min(-1), n= 25) or mean arterial pressure (MAP, 98.7 +/- 2.5 mmHg, n= 25). Splenic venous pressure was selectively raised (from 7.9 +/- 0.6 to 21.6 +/- 0.3 mmHg, n= 25) in anaesthetized @entity35 by partial ligation of the splenic vein. This caused an immediate fall in RBF (-2.1 +/- 0.2 ml min(-1), n= 7) and in MAP (-12.4 +/- 2.8 mmHg, n= 7). The fall in RBF, but not the fall in blood pressure, was attenuated by renal denervation (DeltaRBF: - 0.7 +/- 0.1 ml min(-1), n= 6), splenic denervation (DeltaRBF: -0.8 +/- 0.1 ml min(-1), n= 6) and close renal arterial injection of the alpha1-adrenergic blocker @entity5333 (12.5 microg; DeltaRBF: -0.8 +/- 0.1 ml min(-1), n= 6). Renal conductance fell only in the intact control group, i.e. the residual fall in RBF in the denervated and @entity5333 -treated animals could be attributed to the fall in MAP. We also showed that @entity2994 increased both splenic afferent (from 3.0 +/- 0.3 to 6.6 +/- 0.6 spikes s(-1), n= 5) and renal efferent (from 24.8 +/- 2.0 to 50.2 +/- 4.9 spikes s(-1), n= 9) nerve activity. We conclude that obstruction to splenic venous outflow, such as would occur in portal @entity101 , initiates @entity2915 and renal vasoconstriction through the splenorenal reflex, as well as a fall in blood pressure. We propose that this contributes to the @entity8 observed in portal @entity101 .

title: Splenorenal reflex modulates renal blood flow in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['splenic afferent and renal sympathetic nerves', 'renal and cardiovascular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['splenic vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity5333 :: ('MESH:D010643', 'Chemical') :: ['phenoxybenzamine']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['increased splenic afferent nerve activity']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: 1. In previous studies, exogenous @entity750 ( @entity750 ), administered intravenously, caused dose-related increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate in conscious @entity742 . The 5-HT2 antagonist @entity6009 (0.1 mg/kg per h, i.v.) was shown to lower blood pressure in the conscious @entity742 primarily through antagonism of alpha-adrenoceptors. 2. A newer 5-HT2 antagonist, @entity7301 , is a more selective antagonist in vivo, as it attenuated or abolished pressor responses to exogenous @entity750 , but not to @entity2647 . 3. When infused alone, @entity7301 (0.1 mg/kg per h, i.v.) failed to produce a decrease in blood pressure, suggesting that @entity750 antagonistic properties are not sufficient by themselves to lower blood pressure. 4. @entity7301 displayed a different metabolic profile to @entity6009 , with a markedly decreased water intake. The mechanism of this effect is unresolved, but may imply a permissive role for @entity750 in the modulation of drinking responses in the @entity742 . 5. @entity7301 did not modify ACTH-induced @entity101 in @entity742 .

title: @entity7301 and serotonergic mechanisms in blood pressure and fluid regulation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity6009 :: ('MESH:D007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ketanserin']

entities_list: @entity7301 :: ('MESH:D016713', 'Chemical') :: ['Ritanserin', 'ritanserin']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: @entity417 produces large compensatory increases in coronary blood flow in the near-term fetal lamb. To determine if increased coronary flow in anemic fetuses is associated with decreased coronary flow reserve or, alternatively, an increase in coronary conductance, we measured maximal coronary artery conductance during @entity859 infusion before and during @entity417 . @entity548 over 7 days reduced hematocrit from 30.6 +/- 2. 7 to 15.8 +/- 2.4% (P < 0.02) and the @entity26 content from 7.3 +/- 1. 4 to 2.6 +/- 0.4 ml/dl (P < 0.001). Coronary blood flow increased from control (202 +/- 60) to 664 +/- 208 ml. min(-1). 100 g(-1) with @entity859 to 726 +/- 169 ml. min(-1). 100 g(-1) during @entity417 and to 1,162 +/- 250 ml. min(-1). 100 g(-1) (left ventricle) during @entity417 with @entity859 infusion (all P < 0.001). Coronary conductance, determined during maximal vasodilation, was 18.2 +/- 7.7 before and 32.8 +/- 11.9 ml. min(-1). 100 g(-1). mmHg(-1) during @entity417 (P < 0. 001). Coronary reserve, the difference between resting and maximal myocardial blood flow interpolated at 40 mmHg, was unchanged in control and anemic fetuses (368 +/- 142 and 372 +/- 201 ml/min). Because hematocrit affects viscosity, anemic fetuses were transfused with blood to acutely increase the hematocrit back to control, and conductance was remeasured. Coronary blood flow decreased 57.3 +/- 18.9% but was still 42.6 +/- 18.9% greater than control. We conclude that in chronically anemic fetal @entity742 coronary conductance is increased and coronary reserve is maintained, and this is attributed in part to angiogenesis as well as changes in viscosity.

title: Myocardial blood flow and coronary reserve in chronically anemic fetal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['anemia', 'Chronic fetal anemia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Isovolemic hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['lambs']


abstract: The @entity1735 metabolism of free-living and parasitic stages of the @entity742 @entity2199 @entity5167 was studied, and it was demonstrated that during development a switch occurred from Krebs-cycle activity towards a more fermentative metabolism. During this switch a transition might take place in complex II of the respiratory chain. In the free-living (L3) and early parasitic (XL3) stages, complex II catalyses the oxidation of @entity4588 to @entity8516 via the Krebs cycle, whereas in adults complex II functions in the reverse reaction, the reduction of @entity8516 to @entity4588 . L3 and XL3 were shown to already possess a large anaerobic capacity. They survived well in the absence of @entity26 or in the presence of @entity3789 , which completely blocked respiration. Krebs-cycle activity, however, was only partially inhibited by @entity3789 ; the XL3s in particular produced in the presence of @entity3789 large amounts of @entity20856 , the production of which probably functions as an alternative electron sink. For further investigation of the observed metabolic switch, complex II of the respiratory chain, a key enzyme involved in this switch, was studied. The B subunit of complex II was cloned and sequenced. These clones all showed sequences similar to the B subunit of @entity4588 dehydrogenase from other species, and included the @entity1472 -terminal signal sequence for importation into mitochondria. Two genes were identified, types 1 and 2, based on the DNA and @entity535 sequences and on the lack of cross-reaction to each other when used as probes on Southern blots. On Northern blots, the two genes showed a different expression pattern during the development of the parasite.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Differential expression of two @entity4588 dehydrogenase subunit-B genes and a transition in energy metabolism during the development of the parasitic XXXX @entity5167 .

entities_list: @entity8516 :: ('CHEBI:29806', 'Chemical') :: ['fumarate']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity3789 :: ('CHEBI:17514', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanide']

entities_list: @entity5167 :: ('6289', 'Species') :: ['Haemonchus contortus']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['nematode']


abstract: The in vitro effects of @entity4663 on the activity of @entity1521 endopeptidase (PEPase) in @entity35 brain cytosol, which contains an endogenous PEPase inhibitor, have been studied. Of the three @entity4478 tested ( @entity8037 , @entity11667 , and @entity7224 ), @entity8037 and @entity11667 markedly enhanced the enzyme activity in brain cytosol. At 6.25 mM @entity8037 or 25 mM @entity11667 , a 13- or 14-fold enhancement of the enzyme activity was observed. When Mg2+ was used, an approximately fourfold enhancement of the enzyme activity was observed at 50 mM. The enhancement produced by @entity8037 or @entity11667 was unaffected by Mg2+ up to 50 mM. The activity of purified PEPase was only slightly affected by each @entity4664 , but it was inhibited 50% by 50 mM @entity1025 . On the other hand, 50% inhibition of the enzyme produced by the purified PEPase inhibitor (Mr 7,000: Ki 0.67 mM) was completely restored by addition of 0.7 mM @entity8037 , 3.5 mM @entity11667 , or 28 mM @entity7224 . This restoration of inhibition by @entity4663 was reversed by increasing the inhibitor concentration. These data suggest that @entity4663 effectively reverse the inhibition of PEPase by its endogenous inhibitor by the reversible formation of a kinetically significant complex. The possible functions of @entity4663 in the regulation of PEPase in vivo are discussed.

title: Effects of @entity4663 on @entity1521 endopeptidase activity in XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity4664 :: ('CHEBI:60143', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamine']

entities_list: @entity8037 :: ('MESH:D013096', 'Chemical') :: ['spermine']

entities_list: @entity7224 :: ('MESH:D011700', 'Chemical') :: ['putrescine']

entities_list: @entity4663 :: ('MESH:D011073', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamines']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity11667 :: ('MESH:D013095', 'Chemical') :: ['spermidine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We aimed to evaluate the long-term (>2 years) outcome of acute @entity602 ( @entity602 ). We systematically followed-up consecutive @entity1 presenting with a first episode of @entity602 , defined by spinal cord symptoms with an onset <3 weeks and duration >or=48 h. @entity1 with compressive or traumatic spinal cord lesions are excluded from this report. Our cohort consisted of 170 @entity1 (median age 39.0 years, median duration of follow-up 73.2 months). The death rate was 8.8%, Lipton and Teasdall's functional score was bad or fair in 38.2%, and 37.1% of the survivors who worked when the @entity602 occurred were unable to carry on with the same profession. Unfavorable functional outcome was more frequent when (1) symptoms were initially severe, (2) the lesion was located centrally on spinal cord MRI and (3) the etiology was @entity1652 ( @entity1652 ) or @entity262 ( @entity262 ). In one-third of @entity1 the etiology at the end of follow-up differed from the etiology suspected after the initial diagnostic workup. Over half of @entity1 initially diagnosed with @entity602 of undetermined cause subsequently developed @entity15 , @entity1652 or @entity262 . @entity602 is a severe condition with a bad or fair functional outcome and a major impact on professional activity in one-third of the @entity1 . @entity66 on spinal cord MRI and etiologies such as @entity1652 or @entity262 are associated with a worse functional outcome. Finally, a long-term follow-up is important given the large number of causes that are identified at a distance from the initial event.

title: Long-term outcome of acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Central lesions']

entities_list: @entity1652 :: ('MESH:D009471', 'Disease') :: ['NMO', 'neuromyelitis optica']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy', 'and subacute myelopathies', 'ASM']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease', 'SD']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['and subacute myelopathies']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1 with @entity2876 ( @entity2876 ) treated with Kasai portoenterostomy may later develop @entity255 ( @entity255 ) that is unresponsive to routine conservative treatment. It may cause @entity2835 and eventually @entity1578 with portal @entity101 . Control of @entity255 requires prolonged hospitalization for the administration of intravenous antibiotics. To reduce the hospitalization period, we designed a @entity8307 ( @entity8307 ) which can be administered after initial inpatient treatment. In this study, we reviewed the effects of this treatment. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of 10 @entity1 treated with @entity8307 for @entity255 after successful Kasai portoenterostomies performed for @entity2876 between July 1997 and June 2009. RESULTS: The duration of @entity8307 ranged from 8 to 39 months (median, 13.5 months). The median length of hospital stay was 5.7 days per month for conventional treatments to manage @entity255 before @entity8307 and, 1.5 days per month (P = 0.012) after @entity8307 . The median amount of medical expenses per month was reduced by about one tenth with @entity8307 . One @entity1 underwent liver transplantation due to uncontrolled esophageal variceal @entity548 , but the other nine @entity1 had acceptable hepatic function with native livers. CONCLUSION: @entity8307 may be an effective primary treatment for @entity255 after Kasai portoenterostomies for @entity2876 , and reduce length of hospital stay and medical expense.

title: Home intravenous antibiotic treatment for @entity255 in @entity1 with XXXX following Kasai portoenterostomies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['HIVA', 'home intravenous antibiotic treatment']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic failure']

entities_list: @entity2876 :: ('MESH:D001656', 'Disease') :: ['BA', 'biliary atresia']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['intractable cholangitis', 'IC']

answer: @entity2876 :: (MESH:D001656,Disease) :: ['biliary atresia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transcriptional feedback loops are central to circadian clock function. However, the role of neural activity and membrane events in molecular rhythms in the @entity238 @entity238 is unclear. To address this question, we expressed a temperature-sensitive, dominant negative allele of the @entity238 homolog of @entity19122 called shibire(ts1) (shi(ts1)), an active component in membrane vesicle scission. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Broad expression in clock cells resulted in unexpectedly long, robust periods (>28 hours) comparable to perturbation of core clock components, suggesting an unappreciated role of membrane dynamics in setting period. Expression in the pacemaker lateral ventral neurons (LNv) was necessary and sufficient for this effect. Manipulation of other endocytic components exacerbated shi(ts1)'s behavioral effects, suggesting its mechanism is specific to endocytic regulation. PKA overexpression rescued period effects suggesting shi(ts1) may downregulate PKA pathways. Levels of the clock component PERIOD were reduced in the shi(ts1)-expressing pacemaker small LNv of flies held at a fully restrictive temperature (29 degrees C). Less restrictive conditions (25 degrees C) delayed cycling proportional to observed behavioral changes. Levels of the neuropeptide PIGMENT-DISPERSING FACTOR (PDF), the only known LNv neurotransmitter, were also reduced, but PERIOD cycling was still delayed in flies lacking PDF, implicating a PDF-independent process. Further, shi(ts1) expression in the eye also results in reduced PER protein and per and vri transcript levels, suggesting that shibire-dependent signaling extends to peripheral clocks. The level of nuclear @entity19123 , transcriptional activator of many core clock genes, is also reduced in shi(ts1) flies, and @entity19123 overexpression suppresses the period-altering effects of shi(ts1). CONCLUSIONS: We propose that membrane protein turnover through endocytic regulation of PKA pathways modulates the core clock by altering @entity19123 levels and/or activity. These results suggest an important role for membrane scission in setting circadian period.

title: Perturbing XXXX reveals potent effects on the @entity238 circadian clock.

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['fruit fly', 'fly', 'Drosophila']

answer: @entity19122 :: (45928(Tax:7227),Gene) :: ['dynamin']


abstract: We evaluated the effects of @entity5161 anaesthesia and induced @entity551 in 33 neurosurgical @entity1 by electrocardiographic monitoring and serial cardiac enzyme measurements. An electrocardiogram (ECG) and serum enzymes were obtained preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively in the recovery room and for three consecutive days. ECG leads II, @entity16728 were monitored continuously during anaesthesia. @entity1 who had had a @entity510 and a high incidence of abnormal preoperative ECG (42 per cent). Ten @entity1 developed ECG changes intraoperatively, but these changes were unrelated to @entity5161 -induced @entity551 . Fifty-three per cent of @entity1 developed an abnormal postoperative ECG. These abnormalities consisted mostly of nonspecific ST segment or T wave changes. At no time was there an elevation in cardiac enzyme activity. We found that nonspecific ECG changes are relatively common in @entity1 undergoing vascular neurosurgical procedures. There was no enzymatic evidence of @entity583 and we can only speculate that these ECG changes are related to intracranial surgical manipulation.

title: Electrocardiographic changes during and after @entity5161 -induced XXXX for neurovascular surgery.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['hypotension']


abstract: A @entity1 nonpituitary cell line grown under serum-free (sf) conditions (sfRamos @entity2109 cell line) has been reported to secrete a 29K @entity4090 -like peptide which acts as an autocrine growth factor. Conditioned medium from these cells was examined for lactogenic activity using the Nb2 bioassay and RIAs specific for @entity1 GH (hGH) and @entity4090 . SfRamos conditioned medium stimulated the growth of Nb2 cells. Anti-hGH monoclonal antibodies but not anti- @entity4090 inhibited the mitogenic effect of sfRamos conditioned medium on Nb2 cells. Immunoreactive hGH but not @entity4090 was detected by RIA. Immunoprecipitation with anti-hGH polyclonal antibody followed by Western blot analysis with anti-hGH monoclonal antibody revealed a specific 22K band with the same mobility as pituitary hGH. Northern blot analysis with an hGH complementary DNA (cDNA) probe revealed a 1.0-kilobase transcript migrating coincident with pituitary hGH messenger RNA. A less abundant, 1.6-kilobase transcript was also observed. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for the hGH cDNA generated the predicted 248-base pair band. Polymerase chain reaction sequencing of this fragment revealed sequence identity to the @entity2124 cDNA, demonstrating conclusively the expression of the @entity2124 gene in the sfRamos cell line.

title: @entity2124 expression in @entity1 XXXX serum-free Ramos cell line.

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['Burkitt lymphoma']

answer: @entity2109 :: (MESH:D002051,Disease) :: ['Burkitt lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of @entity1956 and evaluate the country of birth (Census) method of describing @entity1956 distribution in an Australian health service with a large migrant population. METHODS: The prevalence of @entity6194 in Sydney South West Area Health Service (SSWAHS, population 1.3 million) was estimated by applying the prevalence of @entity1956 surface antigen (HBsAg) in high or intermediate @entity1956 prevalence countries to SSWAHS residents from those countries, using 2006 Census data. The Australian @entity1956 prevalence (0.7%) was applied to the remainder. This method was validated using HBsAg seroprevalence in 42,274 @entity1 aged 15-44 years who delivered at SSWAHS public maternity hospitals during 2007 to 2009. RESULTS: The SSWAHS prevalence of HBsAg using the Census method was 2.0% for all ages and 2.3% for 15-44 year old @entity1 . The seroprevalence in 15-44 year old mothers was 1.8%. The adjusted population prevalence was 1.6%. The two methods produced broadly similar descriptions of relative @entity1956 burden by local government area and country of birth. CONCLUSION: The Census method overestimates the prevalence of @entity1956 by 30%, but produces similar patterns of @entity1956 burden across the area. Health services can estimate the prevalence and distribution of @entity6194 using readily available data to focus delivery of prevention and treatment services.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in South Western Sydney: evaluation of the country of birth method using maternal seroprevalence data.

entities_list: @entity6194 :: ('MESH:D019694', 'Disease') :: ['chronic hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B infection', 'hepatitis B']

answer: @entity6194 :: (MESH:D019694,Disease) :: ['chronic hepatitis B']


abstract: 1. Nicotinic @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) receptors in developing vertebrate skeletal muscle exhibit functional heterogeneity in both conductance and kinetics. To assess the contributions of receptors differing in subunit composition to the heterogeneity, various combinations of @entity19 alpha beta delta gamma epsilon subunit RNAs were tested for the ability to express functional receptors in @entity1238 oocytes. 2. Two combinations of dual-subunit RNAs (alpha delta and alpha gamma) resulted in detectable @entity1617 -activated currents and six different combinations of three or more subunit RNAs produced significant numbers of functional channels. The order of combinations yielding the greatest amount of current was alpha beta gamma > alpha beta delta = alpha delta epsilon > alpha delta gamma > alpha delta > alpha gamma. 3. The extent to which a channel type with three different subunits was expressed was highly dependent upon the ratios of RNAs coding for the different subunits. For alpha beta delta receptors the efficiency of expression was alpha: beta: delta (1/5:1/5:1) > (1:1:1) > (1/5:1:1/5) > (1:1/5:1/5). 4. The level of expression of three-subunit combinations was also critically dependent upon the order of RNAs injected. When alpha delta or alpha gamma RNA combinations were co-injected 2 days prior to the injection of beta RNA, the expression was 2-5 times greater than when alpha beta injection was followed by injection of delta or gamma RNA. 5. Single-channel measurements revealed that alpha beta delta channels were not expressed in the presence of alpha beta delta epsilon RNAs, even under conditions when the amount of delta RNA injected was 5-fold higher than the amount of epsilon RNA. 6. These data indicate that the functional expression of subunit-omitted receptors depends critically upon the relative amounts of the five different subunit RNAs. Receptors composed of three different subunits express in the presence of the subunit RNAs characteristic of embryonic muscle (alpha beta delta gamma), but are not observed with the combination of RNAs characteristic of adult muscle (alpha beta delta epsilon).

title: Expression of subunit-omitted @entity19 nicotinic XXXX receptors in @entity1238 oocytes.

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: A method is described for gaining access to the basolateral membranes of confluent Madin-Darby @entity235 kidney (MDCK) cells by surgical reflection of the cell layer overlying fluid-filled domes. Single-channel recordings from cell-attached inside-out and outside-out configurations revealed two @entity3529 channels located in the basal membranes of the highly differentiated monolayers. With 140 mmol/l @entity10406 in pipette, the intermediate-conductance @entity3529 channel displayed outward rectification in cell-attached configuration with channel conductances of 65 pS for outward part and 17 pS for inward part. In excised-patch recording, this channel had a conductance of 92 pS with 140 mmol/l @entity10406 on the extracellular side of the patch and 5 mmol/l @entity10406 on the cytosolic side. The maximum conductance obtained in symmetrical @entity10406 (140 mmol/l) solution was 140 pS. @entity8594 (1 mmol/l) and @entity5128 (5 mmol/l) blocked this channel reversibly. Channel open probability (Po) was reduced from 0.41 at cytosolic pH 7.4 to 0.14 at pH 6.8 and increased to 0.64 at pH 8.0. The channel activity was significantly inhibited by elevation of intracellular @entity141 . A small-conductance @entity3529 channel was also observed mainly in excised patches with single-channel conductance of 48 pS in symmetrical @entity10406 solutions. However, the activity of this channel was partially obscured by the intermediate-conductance @entity3529 channel and further analysis was not possible. A physiological role of these channels in mediating @entity3529 recycling through the monolayer is suggested.

title: @entity8594 -sensitive @entity3529 channels in basal membrane of confluent Madin-Darby XXXX kidney cells.

entities_list: @entity5128 :: ('MESH:D019789', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylammonium']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test whether slow-release @entity3163 inhibits spinal @entity174 and is safe to use. DESIGN: Placebo-controlled randomized trial. INTERVENTIONS: Slow-release @entity3163 , 25 mg twice daily, in four 14-month cycles (12 months receiving @entity3163 followed by 2 months not receiving it) compared with placebo. @entity13621 , 400 mg @entity460 twice daily, continuously in both groups. @entity1 : 48 of 54 @entity1 who received @entity3163 and 51 of 56 @entity1 who received placebo completed at least 1 year of the study. All @entity1 had @entity170 . RESULTS: Compared with the placebo group, the @entity1388 group had a lower individual vertebral fracture rate (0.064 +/- 0.182 per @entity1 -year compared with 0.205 +/- 0.297 per @entity1 -year; P = 0.002), a higher unadjusted fracture-free rate (85.4% compared with 56.9%; P = 0.001), and a greater survival estimate (relative risk, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.76]) for new @entity174 . The recurrent @entity174 rate did not differ between the two groups. The @entity1388 group had a substantial increase in L2-L4 bone mass of 4% to 5% per year for 4 years, a mean increase in femoral neck bone density of 2.38% +/- 3.33% per year, and no change in radial shaft bone density. The frequency with which minor side effects and appendicular @entity174 occurred was similar in the two groups; no @entity1 developed microfractures or @entity2275 . CONCLUSION: Slow-release @entity3163 and @entity13621 administered for 4 years inhibits new @entity174 (but not recurrent @entity174 ), augments spinal and femoral neck bone mass, and is safe to use.

title: Treatment of @entity170 with slow-release XXXX . Final report of a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3163 :: ('MESH:D012969', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium fluoride']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'vertebral fractures', 'spinal fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity13621 :: ('MESH:D019355', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium citrate', 'Calcium citrate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1388 :: ('MESH:D005459', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoride']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcers']

answer: @entity3163 :: (MESH:D012969,Chemical) :: ['sodium fluoride']


abstract: Increasing age is associated with reduced bone mineral content and increased risk of @entity174 . This is caused by a relative insufficiency of osteoblasts compared with osteoclasts. We therefore wanted to examine the potential differences in proliferation, differentiation, and expression of cytokines between @entity1 osteoblasts (hOBs) obtained from young and elderly individuals. Cultures of hOBs were obtained from 11 elderly (73-85 years) and 15 young (21-27 years) healthy individuals. The cells were stimulated with hGH, @entity442 , hGH + @entity442 , and @entity2533 . Proliferation was evaluated by @entity1014 incorporation, and differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase, @entity5299 , and PINP production. Expression of @entity650 , @entity2533 , @entity5299 , and @entity5298 was investigated using real-time PCR and three carefully selected housekeeping genes. Combined stimulation with hGH and @entity442 increased proliferation without differences between hOBs obtained from young and elderly individuals. hOBs from young individuals responded to stimulation with @entity560 with a more pronounced increase in alkaline phosphatase: 107    17% vs. 43    5%, P < 0.01. Stimulation with @entity2533 decreased @entity5299 production by hOBs from elderly individuals but not from young individuals, P < 0.05. hOBs from elderly individuals expressed significantly higher amounts of @entity650 mRNA (P < 0.05) and less @entity5299 and @entity2533 mRNA (P = 0.08 and P = 0.08, respectively) compared with hOBs from young individuals. In conclusion, hOBs from elderly individuals express more @entity650 mRNA and less @entity5299 and @entity2533 mRNA than hOBs from young individuals. This could partly explain the reduced bone mass and increased @entity174 risk seen in the elderly. hOBs from young and elderly individuals responded similarly to short-term stimulation of proliferation and differentiation.

title: The expression of XXXX by osteoblasts is increased in healthy elderly individuals: stimulated proliferation and differentiation are unaffected by age.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity650 :: (3569,Gene) :: ['IL-6']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Wild potato @entity15837 is a rich source of genetic resistance against a variety of pathogens. It belongs to a taxonomic group of wild potato species sexually isolated from cultivated @entity415 . Consistent with genetic isolation, previous studies suggested that the genome of @entity15837 (B genome) is structurally distinct from that of cultivated @entity415 (A genome). However, the genome architecture of the species remains largely uncharacterized. The current study employed Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) to generate a linkage map for @entity15837 and compare its genome architecture with those of @entity415 and @entity523 . RESULTS: Two @entity15837 parental linkage maps comprising 458 and 138 DArT markers were constructed. The integrated map comprises 401 non-redundant markers distributed across 12 linkage groups for a total length of 645  cM. Sequencing and alignment of DArT clones to reference physical maps from @entity523 and cultivated @entity415 allowed direct comparison of marker orders between species. A total of nine genomic segments informative in comparative genomic studies were identified. Seven genome rearrangements correspond to previously-reported structural changes that have occurred since the speciation of @entity523 and @entity415 . We also identified two @entity15837 genomic regions that differ from cultivated @entity415 , suggesting possible chromosome divergence between Solanum A and B genomes. CONCLUSIONS: The linkage map developed here is the first medium density map of @entity15837 and will assist mapping of agronomical genes and QTLs. The structural comparison with @entity415 and @entity523 physical maps is the first genome wide comparison between Solanum A and B genomes and establishes a foundation for further investigation of B genome-specific structural chromosome rearrangements.

title: A DArT marker-based linkage map for wild potato XXXX facilitates structural comparisons between Solanum A and B genomes.

entities_list: @entity15837 :: ('147425', 'Species') :: ['S. bulbocastanum', 'Solanum bulbocastanum']

answer: @entity15837 :: (147425,Species) :: ['Solanum bulbocastanum']


abstract: Although the protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) are known to be potent and specific inhibitors of the catalytic (C) subunit of @entity268 -dependent protein kinase, little is known about their physiological roles. @entity2227 203 of the C alpha isoform (C alpha E203) has been implicated in the binding of the @entity369 15 residue of the skeletal isoform of PKI ( @entity18364 R15) (Knighton, D. R., Zheng, J., Ten Eyck, L. F., Xuong, N., Taylor, S.S., and Sowadski, J. M. (1991) Science 253, 414-420). To investigate the role of C alpha E203 in the binding of PKI and in vivo C-PKI interactions, in vitro mutagenesis was used to change the C alpha E203 codon of the @entity19 C alpha cDNA to @entity493 and @entity1160 codons. Initially, the C alpha E203 mutant proteins were expressed and purified from @entity526 . C alpha E203 is not essential for catalysis as all of the C subunit mutants were enzymatically active. The mutation of @entity367 203 did increase the apparent Km for @entity18365 (Kemptide) severalfold but did not affect the apparent Km for @entity855 . The Vmax(app) was not affected by the mutation of C alpha E203. The mutation of C alpha E203 compromised the ability of @entity18364 (5-24), @entity18364 , and @entity18366 to inhibit phosphotransferase activity. @entity18364 was altered using in vitro mutagenesis to probe the role of @entity534 15 in interacting with C alpha E203. The @entity18364 @entity18367 mutant was reduced in its inhibition of C alpha. Preliminary studies of the expression of these C alpha mutants in COS cells gave similar results. These results suggest that the C alpha E203 mutants may be useful in assessing the role of PKI in vivo.

title: XXXX 203 of the @entity268 -dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit participates in the inhibition by two isoforms of the protein kinase inhibitor.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity18365 :: ('MESH:C037642', 'Chemical') :: ['Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly']

entities_list: @entity18367 :: ('p|SUB|R|15|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['R15A']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity367 :: (CHEBI:18237,Chemical) :: ['Glutamic acid']


abstract: PURPOSE: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily that controls multiple functions in a variety of cells. We have previously shown that @entity1 optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes and lamina cribrosa (LC) cells express @entity6861 and @entity6861 receptor mRNA and proteins. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether @entity1 ONH tissues express the canonical @entity6861 signaling pathway and whether ONH cells secrete @entity13062 and respond to exogenous @entity13062 through this pathway. METHODS: Well-characterized @entity1 ONH astrocytes (N = 2) and LC cells (N = 3) were treated with exogenous @entity13062 (20 ng/mL) for various times. Western immunoblot analysis was used to detect secreted @entity13062 in serum-free conditioned media of ONH cells and in @entity1 ONH tissues (N = 4) and Smad proteins in total cell lysate of ONH cells and tissues. Intracellular colocalization of p-R- @entity7378 with Co- @entity1594 and localization of inhibitory Smads (e.g., I- @entity14607 and I- @entity8110 ) were studied through immunocytochemistry. In addition, coimmunoprecipitation was used to verify the interaction of p-R- @entity7378 with Co- @entity1594 . RESULTS: ONH astrocytes and LC cells secrete @entity13062 and synthesize R- @entity7378 , R- @entity14608 , I- @entity14607 , I- @entity8110 , and Co- @entity1594 proteins. Exposure to @entity13062 for either 10 or 60 minutes resulted in increased p-R- @entity7378 and p-R- @entity7378 /5/8 protein levels that declined after 12 hours of treatment. Immunocytochemistry and coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed that p-R- @entity7378 /5/8 and Co- @entity1594 interact and colocalize in the nucleus. @entity13062 treatment resulted in increased coprecipitation of p-R- @entity7378 /5/ 8 and Co- @entity1594 . I- @entity14607 and I- @entity8110 are localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of ONH astrocytes and LC cells. Proteins for @entity13062 , p-R- @entity7378 /5/8, R- @entity7378 , R- @entity14608 , R- @entity14609 , and Co- @entity1594 are present in @entity1 ONH tissues. In addition, phosphorylated @entity7378 and @entity14608 colocalize with @entity1594 in the nuclei of ONH tissues. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that @entity13062 and Smad signaling proteins are present in @entity1 ONH tissues, isolated ONH astrocytes, and LC cells. In addition, exogenous @entity13062 treatment of ONH astrocytes and LC cells results in downstream signaling through the canonical Smad pathway. Thus, cells within the @entity1 ONH may respond to locally released @entity6861 through paracrine or autocrine mechanisms.

title: Activation of the XXXX canonical signaling pathway in @entity1 optic nerve head tissue and isolated optic nerve head astrocytes and lamina cribrosa cells.

answer: @entity6861 :: (649,Gene) :: ['BMP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 presenting with a @entity146 emergency face a unique set of challenges in connecting to primary care. OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that, in contrast to usual care, case management will result in higher rates of connection to primary care. We examined variables affecting primary care entry, including insurance status, hospital admission, and concurrent linkages to mental health care. RESEARCH DESIGN/METHODS: This article reports on a preliminary outcome of an ongoing randomized controlled trial conducted with 101 @entity1 presenting in an urban @entity146 setting. @entity1 were randomized to a case management team or to usual care. The need for medical care was assessed by documenting medical comorbidity. RESULTS: Average age of the sample was 37.5; 65% were male, and 78% had low income; 37% were African American and 9% were Hispanic. Within 3 months of study enrollment, 57% of the intervention group was successfully linked to primary care compared with 16% of the usual care group, a difference that was statistically significant (P < .001). Associated positive predictors for linkage to primary care included mental health care visits and success in obtaining health insurance. Inpatient hospital stay at the time of @entity146 crisis was negatively associated with later attendance at primary care. CONCLUSIONS: Case management intervention was effective in establishing linkage to primary care within 3 months. Ongoing work will evaluate primary care retention and physical and mental health outcomes.

title: Connections to primary medical care after XXXX crisis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: The differences between @entity308 and T wave inversion in non-Q wave @entity583 were investigated in 42 @entity1 with initial non-Q wave @entity1188 , 22 @entity1 with @entity308 (ST group), and 20 @entity1 with T wave inversion (T group). The extent of @entity63 area estimated by electrocardiography and two-dimensional echocardiography, characteristic features of electrocardiographic changes, and clinical findings on admission and outcome were estimated. ST elevation preceded T wave inversion in the same leads in 80% (16/20) of the T group, and transient Q waves developed in 55% (11/20). However, neither ST elevation nor transient Q waves were observed in the ST group. Two or three @entity63 segments were present in 86% (19/22) of the ST group @entity1 , but only one @entity63 segment was present in 60% (12/20) of T group @entity1 , predominantly the anterior segment. The short-axis view of the two-dimensional echocardiogram on the level of papillary muscle showed decreased contraction in two or three of the anterior, lateral, and inferior segments of the left ventricle in 78% (14/18) of ST group @entity1 . Only one segment with decreased contraction was present in 100% (17/17) of T group @entity1 . Cardiac status on admission was lower in the ST than the T group: Killip class II-IV, 59% (13/22) vs 20% (4/20), p < 0.05; mortality rate after 1 month, 41% (9/22) vs 0% (0/20), p < 0.05. Coronary angiograms, left ventriculograms, and autopsy findings also showed extensive @entity296 in accordance with multivessel disease in the ST group, but localized @entity296 suggesting one-vessel territory in the T group. T wave inversion in non-Q wave @entity583 indicates a recovery phase in transient transmural @entity63 and localized subendocardial @entity1188 within the presumed one-vessel territory, while @entity308 suggests the presence of extensive @entity63 in the subendocardium of multivessel territory, and @entity1188 within that region.

title: Different clinical implications for @entity308 and T wave inversion in non-Q wave XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ST depression']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial lesions', 'myocardial lesion']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Eliciting the in situ accumulation and persistence patterns of stem cells following transplantation would provide critical insight toward @entity1 translation of stem cell-based therapies. To this end, we have developed a strategy to track neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) in vivo using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Initially, we evaluated three different @entity1 -grade superparamagnetic @entity1933 particles for labeling NPCs and found the optimal labeling to be achieved with Resovist. Next, we carried out in vivo experiments to monitor the accumulation of @entity11830 -labeled NPCs following i.v. injection in @entity19 with @entity6503 ( @entity6503 ), the animal model of @entity15 . With a @entity1 MR scanner, we were able to visualize transplanted cells as early as 24 hours post-transplantation in up to 80% of the brain demyelinating lesions. Interestingly, continued monitoring of transplanted @entity19 indicated that labeled NPCs were still present 20 days postinjection. Neuropathological analysis confirmed the presence of transplanted NPCs exclusively in inflammatory demyelinating lesions and not in normal-appearing brain areas. Quantification of transplanted cells by means of MR-based ex vivo relaxometry (R2*) showed significantly higher R2* values in focal inflammatory @entity75 from @entity6503 @entity19 transplanted with labeled NPCs as compared with controls. Indeed, sensitive quantification of low numbers of NPCs accumulating into brain inflammatory lesions (33.3-164.4 cells per lesion; r(2) = .998) was also obtained. These studies provide evidence that clinical-grade @entity1 MR can be used for noninvasive monitoring and quantification of NPC accumulation in the central nervous system upon systemic cell injection. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.

title: Magnetic-resonance-based tracking and quantification of intravenously injected neural stem cell accumulation in the brains of XXXX with experimental @entity15 .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

entities_list: @entity6503 :: ('MESH:D004681', 'Disease') :: ['EAE', 'experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The present study was based upon the assumption that the efficacy of @entity5 treatment depends not only on the response of malignant cells to a given drug but on local @entity26 tension as well as on number and alignment of capillaries. Transparent chambers were implanted in the dorsal skin flap of 32 Syrian (Gold) hamsters. Permanent indwelling catheters in carotid artery and jugular vein served for measuring the systemic pressures and heart rate; 48 hours later, 4 X 10(4) cells of the @entity5701 A-Mel-3 were transplanted (16 animals) s.c. in the area exposed for daily intravital microscopy. A @entity902 multiwire electrode and quantitative video techniques were utilized for measurements of local @entity4095 and capillary blood flow. Capillary density, capillary diameter and surface area were analyzed throughout the vascularized @entity320 during the first 12 days of growth. When compared to controls (16 animals) and tissue in the immediate neighborhood of the @entity5 , mean local @entity4095 on the @entity5 's surface decreased with @entity5 size. Capillary density of the @entity320 was elevated 4 days after @entity5 inoculation but decreased significantly until day 12. As a result of enhanced capillary diameters, capillary surface area increased eight-fold during earliest growth of the @entity320 . Of hemodynamic significance were huge platelet conglomerates consistently noted in short, dilated capillaries at the @entity320 edge. As a consequence, the number of erythrocyte perfused capillaries decreased with @entity5 growth and 38% and 50% of the arterial inflow was bypassing the capillary network 8 and 12 days after @entity5 inoculation. These data indicate that due to rarefication of capillaries, the full impact of @entity5 treatment is diminished by an elevated microvascular resistance which could significantly affect the therapy of the @entity320 . On the basis of these studies it is concluded that improvement of the blood's fluidity might result in a better response to adjuvant chemotherapy of the @entity320 .

title: Distribution of microflow and XXXX tension in hamster @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5701 :: ('MESH:D018328', 'Disease') :: ['amelanotic melanoma']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is increasing emphasis on the use of integrated systems for timely, accurate, and efficient data collection for a range of service, audit, quality, and research applications. The present study evaluates the acceptability and the quality of data collected on a ward-based system over a 6-month period. METHODS: A multidisciplinary system specific for @entity64 rehabilitation was used. Members of each discipline were required to enter demographic, medical, nursing, therapy, and psychosocial data as appropriate to their specialty. A users' survey was undertaken at the beginning and at the end of the study. The quality and completeness of data entry were assessed by a "snapshot" of the database at the end of the study period. Primary users (n = 13) included physicians, nurses, and therapists. RESULTS: The user survey at the end of the evaluation showed a significant increase in confidence in using the system. Although the frequency of use had increased, the time spent in data entry had decreased significantly. The increase in work load, estimated at 15 to 60 minutes per week, was considered to be balanced by the benefits in @entity1 care, audit, and research. There were 67 medical and 1046 other assessments on 67 @entity1 entered into the system. Seven @entity1 (11%) had incomplete medical records. Nursing and therapy assessments had been entered for all @entity1 at admission and on discharge, with more than 95% of all possible assessments monitoring recovery being recorded accurately compared with conventional records. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that it was possible to introduce a computerized multidisciplinary assessment system on rehabilitation wards as a part of day-to-day work without the need for significant extra resources.

title: An integrated system for multidisciplinary assessments in XXXX rehabilitation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Impaired linear growth and reduced @entity442 levels in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 (T1DM) have been related to poor metabolic control. The aim of this study was to identify additional factors which may negatively affect growth and IGF system in @entity1 with T1DM. DESIGN: Ninety-one T1DM @entity1 (54 males, age=: 11.73  3years, disease duration=5.6  2.1years) were studied. All @entity1 were on intensive insulin therapy: 62 @entity1 were on @entity34 ( @entity34 ) and 29 @entity1 on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). RESULTS: Height velocity (HV) SDS and @entity442 levels were higher in females and in pubertal @entity1 [HV SDS: females=0.6  2.4 vs males=-0.45  2.3 (p=0.04); @entity442 SDS: females=-1.09  0.58 vs males=-1.4  0.6 (p=0.02); @entity442 / @entity2301 molar ratio: females=0.25  0.1 vs males=0.21  0.08 (p=0.04); @entity442 @entity214 : pre-pubertal=-1.58  0.46 vs pubertal=-1.15  0.65 (p<0.001); @entity442 / @entity2301 molar ratio: pre-pubertal=0.16  0.08 vs pubertal=0.26  0.09 (p<0.001)]. No differences between @entity1 on CSII or @entity34 therapy were found. @entity442 SDS was positively related to C peptide level (p<0.001), puberty (p<0.001) and female gender (p=0.02) and negatively related to HbA1c (p=0.04). @entity442 / @entity2301 molar ratio was positively affected by C peptide level (p<0.001), puberty (p<0.001) and daily insulin dose (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that despite intensive insulin therapy, T1DM still negatively affects @entity442 secretion and linear growth. @entity851 is more severe in males and primarily related to poor glycemic control and loss of the residual beta cell mass.

title: Sexual dimorphism in growth and insulin-like growth factor-I in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['Growth impairment']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'multiple injection therapy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 1 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: In order to detect possible relationships between @entity10420 and the incidence of "sudden @entity204 " in young @entity1 , information relating to mortality in antisocial Swedish adolescents has been traced and compiled. A register was drawn up covering those young @entity1 (1,056; 832 @entity1 and 224 @entity1 ; mean age 16 years) who were admitted to Swedish probationary schools during the period 1 January - 31 December 1967. Using the registers of immigration and emigration, and causes of @entity204 kept by SCB (Statistiska Centralbyr  n), mortality occurring between 1 January 1967 - 31 December 1985 was tabulated. One hundred and ten @entity1 (13%) and 22 @entity1 (10%) had died. The @entity204 had occurred at a rate of approximately seven new @entity204 per observation year, the youngest being still in their teens when they died. For comparison, the criteria set up by insurance companies for life insurance premiums are based on a @entity204 expectancy for healthy Swedish @entity1 and @entity1 in the age groups corresponding to the subjects under observation of 1.2-3.1% for @entity1 and 1.1-2.6% for @entity1 . Eighty-eight percent of the dead @entity1 and 77% of the dead @entity1 had died "sudden @entity204 " - accidents, suicides, @entity204 from uncertain causes, murder/manslaughter, or @entity167 / @entity734 . For both sexes, @entity204 from uncertain causes and suicides were the most frequent single causes of @entity204 . @entity204 as a direct result of @entity167 / @entity734 occurred only in @entity1 . The results give support to the assumption that a link exists between childhood environment, the development of @entity944 " at an early age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The development of XXXX and sudden @entity204 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['boys', 'girls', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity10420 :: ('MESH:D000987', 'Disease') :: ['antisocial behaviour']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['antisocial behaviour/mental insufficiency and a "sudden violent death']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Death', 'violent deaths', 'violent death', 'death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug abuse']

answer: @entity10420 :: (MESH:D000987,Disease) :: ['antisocial behaviour']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to describe the distinctive characteristics of extra-nodal B-cell @entity1893 (BNHLs) located in the head and neck in a series of @entity1 , to discuss @entity1 survival, and to compare the oral versus the non-oral locations of the extra-nodal BNHLs of the head and neck. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied 68 @entity1 with BNHL of the head and neck. We analyzed the clinical and survival characteristics. Additionally, we performed Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to determine the influence of the different factors on survival. RESULTS: This study included 68 @entity706 ; 30 @entity706 (31.9%) were located intraorally, with the gingiva as the most frequent location. The @entity706 in stages 1 and 2 showed a prevalence of 60% (18/30). The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the stage of disease and the oral versus non-oral @entity706 were significant prognostic factors (p<0.05). However, the multivariate Cox analysis indicated that only complete remission and oral versus non-oral location were significant prognostic factors (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The gingiva was the most common location of the @entity706 . Complete remission and non-oral location were the only significant survival factors in the multivariate Cox regression analysis.

title: Extra-nodal B-cell XXXX of the head and neck: A study of 68 cases.

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphomas"]

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['intraoral lymphomas', 'extranodal lymphomas', 'non-nodal lymphomas', 'oral lymphomas', 'lymphomas']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphomas']


abstract: Sleep problems are a common concern of parents with toddlers. Various reasons have been put forward as to the possible causes and maintenance of @entity25 . These have included neurophysical differences in the @entity1 , perinatal differences such as a long labour and @entity308 and @entity148 in the parents themselves resulting in adverse effects on the @entity1 's sleep patterns. However, recent research has indicated that a @entity1 's temperamental style may be a possible causal factor as to whether the @entity1 will present its parents with a @entity25 . This study, therefore, sets out to investigate the importance of temperament as a predictor of whether @entity1 may or may not have @entity25 . Environmental factors are controlled as far as possible by selecting toddlers with and without @entity25 from very similar environments. Case studies are also introduced to further illuminate other possible associated factors such as @entity6160 . The results from this study found significant differences in the temperament profiles of @entity1 with and without @entity25 . @entity1 with reported @entity25 were more likely to obtain a 'intermediate high to difficult' profile. Various findings from a group of toddlers with and without @entity25 are discussed in this paper together with implications of the findings and recommendations for further research.

title: Sleep disruption in young XXXX . The influence of temperament on the sleep patterns of pre-school @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity6160 :: ('MESH:D063129', 'Disease') :: ['parental handling']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep problems', 'sleep disruption', 'sleep problem']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: @entity5 are known to produce factors suppressing immune functions. We previously showed that a @entity19 @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) suppressed macrophage function in vitro and that this suppression was abolished by co-incubation with extracts of two Chinese medicinal herbs. We now report that these phytochemicals are capable of inhibiting growth of @entity1358 in vivo. BALB/c @entity19 were transplanted intraperitoneally (IP) with 1-2 x 10(5) @entity1358 cells. One day after @entity5 transplant, @entity19 were randomized into two groups. One group was treated IP, daily for 10 days, with 100 microliters of phytochemicals containing 500 micrograms each of Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum, while the other group received saline as controls. A cure rate of 57% was obtained with these phytochemicals when the initial @entity5 load was 2 x 10(5), and 100% when the initial @entity5 load was 1 x 10(5). Additional experiments were performed to investigate the mechanisms involved in this protection. Splenic macrophages from @entity5 -bearing @entity19 were shown to have depressed chemiluminescent oxidative burst activity, and this @entity308 was restored with phytochemical treatment. Splenocytes from @entity19 transplanted with @entity1358 responded less favorably to @entity2047 ( @entity2047 ) in generating lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells; again this @entity308 was restored with phytochemical treatment. Our data suggest that these phytochemicals may have exerted their antitumor effects via augmentation of phagocyte and LAK cell activities.

title: Chinese medicinal herbs inhibit growth of @entity19 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'Renca']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings of @entity3975 of the lung and correlate them with the histopathological features. METHODS: The study included five @entity1 with pathologically proven @entity3975 who underwent HRCT before treatment. The HRCT findings were then compared with the histopathological features in all @entity1 . RESULTS: The HRCT images showed lesions in the central lung in four @entity1 and in the peripheral lung in one. All the lesions were well defined nodules or masses with a smooth margin. The contour of the @entity5 was oval (n=3), round (n=1) or lobulated (n=1). The contrast-enhanced CT images showed marked heterogeneous enhancement with foci of relatively low attenuation in four of the five lesions and mild heterogeneous enhancement in the other lesion. There was an admixed distribution of areas that are heterogeneous in the densities of blood vessels, as highlighted by immunohistochemical staining of @entity2279 . Most mucin-secreting areas of the @entity5 showed more densely distributed blood vessels, mostly capillaries, in between @entity5 cell nests, whereas other areas did less. All five @entity1 in our series underwent lobectomy plus lymph node dissection or sampling. All the @entity1 are alive without evidence of disease an average of 50.4 months after surgery (range, 15-82 months; median, 57 months). CONCLUSION: @entity3975 of the bronchus is often visualized as marked heterogeneous contrast enhancement on HRCT images. The results of this study suggest that the presence of abundant microvessels, detected immunohistochemically by microscopic examination, affects the enhancement pattern on HRCT.

title: XXXX of the lung: high-resolution CT and histopathologic findings in five cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity3975 :: ('MESH:D018277', 'Disease') :: ['Mucoepidermoid carcinoma', 'mucoepidermoid carcinoma']

answer: @entity3975 :: (MESH:D018277,Disease) :: ['Mucoepidermoid carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of @entity55 -like signs and symptoms in @entity1 admitted from the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) with a diagnosis of @entity497 ( @entity497 ) but subsequently discharged from the hospital with a nonpneumonia diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective, structured, chart review of @entity341 @entity1 with @entity497 at 3 academic hospitals was performed by trained extractors on all adult @entity1 admitted for @entity497 . Demographic data, Pneumonia @entity1 Outcomes Research Team scores, and discharge diagnosis data (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ICD-9] codes) were extracted using a predetermined case report form. RESULTS: A total of 800 @entity1 were admitted from the @entity341 with a diagnosis of @entity497 from the 3 hospitals, and 219 (27.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24-31) ultimately had a nonpneumonia diagnosis upon discharge. Characteristics of this group included a mean age of 62.6 years, 50% female, and a history of @entity712 ( @entity712 ) (14%) or @entity5 (12%). After excluding @entity1 with missing data, 123 @entity1 (65%) had an abnormal chest x-ray, and 13% had abnormal @entity26 saturation. Cough, sputum production, fever, @entity7405 , or @entity491 were present in 91.5% of this cohort, and 63.8% had at least 2 of these findings. Twenty alternate ICD-9s were identified, including non- @entity497 @entity358 (18%; 95% CI, 13-24), @entity8 (16%; 95% CI, 13-19), other infections (9%; 95% CI, 7-11), @entity65 (3%; 95% CI, 2-4), and other miscellaneous diagnosis (28%; 95% CI, 25-31). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the @entity341 diagnosis of @entity497 frequently differs from the discharge diagnosis. This may be due to the fact that a diagnosis of @entity497 relies on a combination of potentially nonspecific clinical and radiographic features. New diagnostic approaches and tools with better specificity are needed to improve @entity341 diagnosis of @entity497 .

title: A multicenter analysis of the @entity341 diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7405 :: ('MESH:D059246', 'Disease') :: ['tachypnea']

entities_list: @entity497 :: ('MESH:D003147', 'Disease') :: ['community acquired pneumonia', 'CAP']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']