abstract: The role of @entity172 in bone resorption has been specifically related to the effect of @entity172 on the signalling pathway that inhibits the formation of osteoclasts. However, osteoclast apoptosis and a significant reduction in the number of these cells have been observed in the alveolar bone of female @entity35 treated with @entity53 . In the present study, the expression of @entity172 receptor beta ( @entity12209 ) in the cells of alveolar bone was evaluated in @entity53 -treated and -untreated female @entity35 . In order to test the possible direct action of @entity172 on osteoclasts, the relationship between apoptosis and @entity12209 expression in these cells was also analysed. The animals received @entity53 for 14 days and the alveolar bone fragments were embedded in paraffin for the quantification of @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts. The expression of @entity12209 and apoptosis in the osteoclasts were evaluated by @entity12209 immunohistochemistry and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity1977 Nick-End Labelling (TUNEL) methods, respectively. To confirm @entity204 by apoptosis, these cells were analysed under transmission electron microscopy. Some osteoclasts from @entity53 -treated animals were found to be undergoing apoptosis and the number of @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was significantly reduced. @entity12209 immunolabelling was observed in the cytoplasm and nuclei of active osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts in both groups, suggesting a direct participation of @entity172 on alveolar bone cells. However, following @entity53 treatment, a strong @entity12209 immunolabelling was often observed in the TUNEL-positive osteoclasts. Therefore, these results indicate that, in addition to the other signalling pathway, the reduction of alveolar bone resorption is also related to a direct action of @entity172 on osteoclasts, promoting apoptosis in these cells, via @entity12209 .

title: Immunohistochemical detection of @entity172 receptor beta in alveolar bone cells of XXXX -treated female @entity35 : possible direct action of @entity172 on osteoclast life span.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['tartrate']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['osteoclast death']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['estradiol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The volatile anesthetics @entity10233 , @entity5161 , and @entity2614 have been found to produce neuroprotection in various paradigms. The authors used these agents in a delayed preconditioning model to test the hypothesis that they could provide neuroprotection against @entity519 - @entity63 as assessed by a battery of behavioral tests. METHODS: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval was obtained. A total of 140, C57-129T2 F1 hybrid 9-day-old @entity19 were randomized to 3 h of preconditioning with room air (Group Sham and Group HI), 8.4% @entity10233 in 40% @entity26 (Group D), 1.8% @entity5161 (Group I), or 3.1% @entity2614 (Group S). Twenty-four hours later, the Group HI, D, I, and S @entity19 had 60 min of @entity519 - @entity63 , and Group Sham had 60 min of sham HI. Surviving animals had behavioral testing, including open field activity, acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, rotorod, novel object recognition, water mazes, and @entity3826 challenge. Histologic analysis was also performed. RESULTS: @entity19 in Groups D, I, and S performed better than Group HI and similarly to Group Sham on novel object recognition and @entity3826 challenge and better than Group HI but not as well as Group Sham on cued maze testing. All @entity19 exposed to @entity519 - @entity63 performed worse than Group Sham on the spatially oriented water mazes with no difference among groups. Histologic sections did not show any significant effect of preconditioning on injury scores. CONCLUSIONS: Volatile agent preconditioning partially protects perirhinal cortex and striatal dependent functions against moderate to severe @entity519 - @entity63 .

title: XXXX , @entity5161 , and @entity2614 provide limited neuroprotection against @entity519 - @entity63 in a delayed preconditioning paradigm.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal hypoxia', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity10233 :: ('MESH:C053562', 'Chemical') :: ['desflurane']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

answer: @entity10233 :: (MESH:C053562,Chemical) :: ['Desflurane']


abstract: AIM: Posterior fossa strokes account for about 10% of @entity64 in @entity1 . Although motor and @entity11460 symptoms are common, to our knowledge @entity73 have not been described in the paediatric literature. Our aim, therefore, was to describe these symptoms and deficits. METHOD: In a retrospective study, we included all cases of posterior fossa strokes in @entity1 occurring at a single centre between 2005 and 2007, and investigated @entity73 . RESULTS: Five males aged 3 to 14 years met the inclusion criteria. They all presented very early with @entity1316 : outbursts of laughter and/or crying and alternating @entity2146 or prostration that disappeared spontaneously within a few days. Persistent @entity73 were also diagnosed in all five: initial @entity2798 , then @entity5547 , followed by @entity1650 and @entity942 , @entity227 , and attention. Despite early and intensive rehabilitation, recovery from these @entity73 was slow and sometimes incomplete, and on follow-up they proved to be more disabling than the motor symptoms. INTERPRETATION: These findings are similar to the @entity73 described in adults, and quite similar to the language and affective deficits observed in @entity1 after surgery for posterior fossa @entity5 . This is consistent with the role of the cerebellum and brainstem in affective and cognitive processes from early development.

title: A cognitive and affective pattern in posterior fossa strokes in XXXX : a case series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual-spatial organization']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic strokes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome', 'cognitive deficits', 'cognitive and affective deficits']

entities_list: @entity1650 :: ('MESH:D001308', 'Disease') :: ['comprehension deficiency']

entities_list: @entity1316 :: ('MESH:D019964', 'Disease') :: ['mood disturbances']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies of planning ability']

entities_list: @entity11460 :: ('MESH:D012791', 'Disease') :: ['dysautonomic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: In order to compare the sensitivity and specificity of different diagnostic criteria of @entity709 ( @entity709 ), 98 @entity1 with @entity709 were collected from PUMC Hospital and China-Japan friendship Hospital in Beijing. 105 @entity1 with other connective tissue diseases were taken as controls. Results of the study showed that the sensitivity of the diagnostic criteria of the Zhangs was 100%, O'Duffy's 78.1%, M + B's 71.9%, Japan committees (1987)72.9%, Dilsen's 87.5%, International study group A 81.3% and B 79.2%. The specificity of each of the above-mentioned criteria was 85.9%, 94.3%, 96.2%, 96.2%, 93.3%, 94.3% and 98.1% respectively. The specificity of oral ulceration could be increased to 97% only if it was found together with two other major criteria during the disease course. Ocular symptoms may be 100% specificity if found together with another major criterion. Pathergy test was found positive in 62.2% of the @entity709 @entity1 but rarely seen in control @entity1 and normal subjects. Therefore, it may be considered as a specific test for @entity709 and may well be used as one of the major diagnostic criteria. The authors are of the opinion that @entity709 could be diagnosed only when 3 of the 5 major criteria, i.e. oral @entity1066 , genital @entity1066 , @entity5406 , @entity1596 / @entity2479 and positive pathergy test are present, or if two each of the major and minor criteria are found.

title: [Testing different diagnostic criteria of Beh  et syndrome in Chinese XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis']

entities_list: @entity709 :: ('MESH:D007645', 'Disease') :: ['BS', 'Beh  et Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity5406 :: ('MESH:D004893', 'Disease') :: ['erythema nodosum']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine in cognitively normal elderly adults whether vascular factors predict @entity73 and whether these associations are mediated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of subclinical @entity1545 . DESIGN: Prospective multisite longitudinal study of subcortical @entity63 . SETTING: Memory and aging centers in California. @entity1 : Seventy-four @entity1 who were cognitively normal at entry and underwent at least two neuropsychological evaluations and two MRI examinations over an average follow-up of 6.9 years. MEASUREMENTS: Item response theory was used to create composite scores of global, verbal memory, and executive functioning. Volumetric MRI measures included @entity62 ( @entity62 ), silent @entity4798 (SBIs), hippocampus, and cortical gray matter (CGM). Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the associations between vascular factors, MRI measures, and cognitive scores. RESULTS: History of @entity453 ( @entity453 ) was associated with greater @entity73 , and executive function. The @entity453 associations remained after controlling for changes in @entity62 , SBIs, and hippocampal and CGM volumes. CONCLUSION: History of @entity453 may be a surrogate marker for clinically significant @entity731 , which also affects the brain. Structural MRI measures of @entity62 and SBIs do not fully capture the potential adverse effects of @entity731 on the brain. Future longitudinal studies of cognition should incorporate direct measures of @entity731 in cerebral arteries, as well as more sensitive neuroimaging measures.

title: @entity453 is associated with XXXX independent of changes on magnetic resonance imaging in cognitively normal elderly adults.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['vascular brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity4798 :: ('MESH:D020520', 'Disease') :: ['brain infarcts']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['declines in global cognition, verbal memory', 'cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['WMHs', 'white matter hyperintensities']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive decline']


abstract: Urinary protein excretion occurs in neonates of many animal species, as well as in @entity1 neonates. However, the incidence, dynamics, and mechanism of @entity644 have not been unambiguously explained. The aims of this study were to investigate into excretion of selected protein fractions of molecular weight less than 69 kDa (LMW), evaluation of intensity and dynamics of changes during the first month of kids' life, and an attempt to explain the causes of neonatal @entity644 . The analysis were carried out on 16 kids of White Improved @entity1237 , over the period from birth until 30 days of age, using clearance methods. Urine proteins were separated electrophoretically (SDSPAGE), and their concentration and percentage content was determined by densitometric method with the use of archiving and image analysis software. The proteins found in the urine were grouped as HMW, LMW and albumin. For six fractions of LMW proteins, excretion rates and percentage content of the urinary total LMW protein pool were calculated. It has been demonstrated that neonatal @entity644 in @entity1237 kids is associated with a high level of excretion of proteins of lower molecular weight than albumin (69 kDa). A strong dynamics of changes in excretion of particular LMW protein fractions with age was observed, which may imply not only an increased permeability of glomerular filtration barrier, especially over the first days of life, but also a selectivity of reabsorption mechanisms in the nephrons. An increased permeability of glomerular filtration barrier for proteins during the first days of life may represent the adaptive mechanism for removal of protein excess from the organism. The urinary LMW protein pool may also contain proteins resulting from the hydrolysis in the tubular cells.

title: Urinary excretion of low molecular weight proteins in XXXX during the neonatal period.

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

answer: @entity1237 :: (9925,Species) :: ['goats']


abstract: CONTEXT: The optimal management strategy for @entity1 with newly diagnosed clinically localized @entity263 remains a matter of debate. Numerous series have reported @entity5 control and quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes following treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP). OBJECTIVE: Critically review published oncologic and functional outcomes after RP, and evaluate factors associated with these outcome measures. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A review of the literature was performed using the Medline and Web of Sciences databases. Relevant reports published between 1980 and 2011 identified using the keywords @entity263 , radical prostatectomy, @entity1486 , biochemical recurrence, @entity322 , and @entity323 were reviewed and summarized. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Cancer control rates following RP largely depend on the definition of treatment efficacy. While up to 40% of @entity1 have been reported to experience postoperative biochemical recurrence on long-term follow-up, death from @entity263 has been noted in <10% of @entity1 at 15 yr after surgery in contemporary series. For @entity1 with high-risk disease, surgery affords pathologic staging, thereby facilitating the selective application of secondary therapies, and has been associated with decreased mortality risk versus radiation in retrospective series. Reported functional outcomes after surgery, particularly urinary continence and @entity323 , have varied greatly to date. These assessments have been limited by nonstandardized reporting methodology. The use of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy has increased in recent years, and while follow-up is thus far short, available data do not suggest the superiority of either approach in terms of functional or oncologic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: RP is associated with excellent long-term @entity5 control. Continued efforts to conduct prospective assessments of postoperative functional outcomes are necessary using validated QoL instruments. The importance of surgical approach will also require further study, incorporating comparative oncologic, functional, and economic data.

title: A critical analysis of the long-term impact of radical prostatectomy on XXXX control and function outcomes.

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: @entity5834 and @entity14031 have been used successfully both alone and in combination to assess phenotype and enzyme activity in @entity1 of various ages. Previous pediatric phenotyping studies with these agents have used varying durations of urine collection. However, the minimum duration required for accurate phenotypic assessment with these compounds in @entity1 remains unknown. We calculated the cumulative metabolite recoveries and molar ratios in urine collected from @entity1 for 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after @entity5834 and @entity14031 administration to determine when respective urinary molar ratios stabilize and thus likely accurately reflect enzyme activity. Subjects (n = 24, ages 3-8 years) were given 4 oz of Coca-Cola(R) ( approximately 11.5 mg @entity5834 ) and a single oral dose of @entity14031 (0.5 mg/kg). Urine was collected at discrete intervals (0-2, 2-4, 4-6, and 6-8 h) during an 8-hour period, and the cumulative metabolite recoveries and urinary molar ratios were calculated. @entity5320 genotyping was also performed in 21 of 24 subjects. In @entity5320 extensive metabolizers, the extent of recovery for relevant metabolites was equivalent by 4 hours and represented 45% to 60% of the total amount recovered in the 8-hour period. The 2-hour @entity4914 ratio was significantly different from those of longer collection intervals. Metabolite ratios for all other enzymes (i.e., @entity6867 , XO, and @entity5320 ) were independent of the duration of urine collection. These data suggest that a 4-hour urine collection is adequate for the concurrent assessment of hepatic @entity4914 , @entity6867 , XO, and @entity5320 activity in @entity1 ages 3 to 8 years who are @entity5320 extensive metabolizers, using standard @entity5834 and @entity14031 phenotyping methods. Longer collection periods may be required, however, in younger @entity1 or @entity5320 poor metabolizers.

title: Comparison of various urine collection intervals for @entity5834 and @entity14031 phenotyping in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity14031 :: ('MESH:D003915', 'Chemical') :: ['dextromethorphan']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine', 'Caffeine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: A 76-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital because of transthyretin-related @entity14755 (TTR- @entity1941 ). She had developed bilateral vitreous opacity at the age of 58 and @entity955 at the age of 62. She suffered gait disturbance and @entity809 of the limbs at the age of 68 and was diagnosed with @entity1941 involving a homozygous @entity21559 mutation in the @entity20117 ( @entity20117 ) gene after a genetic test. Her parents were cousins, and her aunt's medical history included pacemaker implantation and @entity305 . At the age of 74, the @entity1 developed gait disturbance and @entity809 of her extremities. A neurological examination revealed @entity227 , @entity393 , distal @entity425 , @entity809 , and decreased sensation in all modalities in her extremities. She could neither walk nor remain standing without support. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a low intensity lesion on the surface of the cerebellum on T2*-weighted images and susceptibility-weighted images. A low intensity pattern that was indicative of the classical type of superficial siderosis was detected. At the age of 76, when she was admitted to our hospital because of the deterioration of her gait disturbance and @entity809 , brain MRI showed that the @entity1 's @entity76 and @entity527 had worsened. Some reports suggest that @entity1941 @entity1 that are homozygous for the @entity20117 @entity21559 mutation are more likely to develop central nervous involvement than those that are heterozygous for the mutation. Superficial siderosis may be responsible for the central nervous involvement.

title: XXXX involving a homozygous @entity21559 mutation in the @entity20117 gene presenting with superficial siderosis: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity21559 :: ('p|SUB|V|30|M', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Val30Met']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['hemosiderin deposition']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['dysesthesia']

entities_list: @entity305 :: ('MESH:D011115', 'Disease') :: ['polyneuropathy']

entities_list: @entity14755 :: ('MESH:D028227', 'Disease') :: ['familial amyloid polyneuropathy']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar atrophy']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['paroxysmal atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity20117 :: ('7276', 'Gene') :: ['ATTR', 'amyloidogenic transthyretin']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing impairment']

answer: @entity14755 :: (MESH:D028227,Disease) :: ['Familial amyloid polyneuropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Malignant @entity1695 (MUO) is a common condition and an intractable situation for @entity1 with @entity5 . There is currently no ideal ureteral stent to release the obstruction. Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a novel, double-layered, coated, self-expandable metallic mesh stent (Uventa(   )) in MUO. @entity1 AND METHODS: In a retrospective design, a total of 71 ureter units (54 @entity1 ) were included from December 2009 to March 2012. Indications were those who had MUO with a polymeric Double-J stent malfunction, severe polymeric stent irritation, or severe @entity158 during periodic stent change. @entity1 underwent Uventa placement using a retrograde approach. RESULTS: All stents were positioned at the proper site without procedure-related complications. The overall success (no obstruction and no additional intervention except supplementary Uventa placement) and primary success (no obstruction and no additional intervention) rates were 81.7% (58/71 ureter units) and 64.8% (46/71 ureter units) during the follow-up period, which had a median of 308 (35-802) days. The most common reason for primary failure was @entity5 progression beyond the stent segment (75.0%), followed by @entity1373 at the stent tips (12.5%), bladder invasion of the @entity5 (8.0%), and stent-related @entity158 (8.0%). Twelve @entity1 had overall success after secondary Uventa placement. There were no severe complications. The complications included persistent @entity812 (15.5%), lower urinary tract symptoms (7.0%), acute @entity2885 (2.8%), stent migration (2.8%), and persistent @entity811 (2.8%). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that Uventa can be an effective and safe option for palliative treatment of @entity1 with MUO in a large series of @entity1 .

title: Efficacy and safety of a novel, double-layered, coated, self-expandable metallic mesh stent (Uventa   ) in malignant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral obstruction']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'advanced cancer']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['reactive hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis']

answer: @entity1695 :: (MESH:D014517,Disease) :: ['ureteral obstructions']


abstract: This study aims to assess the blood volume and heart rate (HR) responses during haemodialysis in fluid overloaded @entity1 by a nonparametric nonlinear regression approach based on a support vector machine (SVM). Relative blood volume (RBV) and electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded from 23 haemodynamically stable @entity177 @entity1 during regular haemodialysis. Modelling was performed on 18 fluid overloaded @entity1 (fluid removal of >2 L). SVM-based regression was used to obtain the models of RBV change with time as well as the percentage change in HR with respect to RBV. @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ) and goodness of fit (R(2)) were used for comparison among different kernel functions. The design parameters were estimated using a grid search approach and the selected models were validated by a k-fold cross-validation technique. For the model of HR versus RBV change, a radial basis function (RBF) kernel ( @entity2246 = 17.37 and R(2) = 0.932) gave the least @entity2246 compared to linear ( @entity2246 = 25.97 and R(2) = 0.898) and polynomial ( @entity2246 = 18.18 and R(2)= 0.929). The @entity2246 was significantly lower for training data set when using RBF kernel compared to other kernels (p < 0.01). The RBF kernel also provided a slightly better fit of RBV change with time ( @entity2246 = 1.12 and R(2) = 0.91) compared to a linear kernel ( @entity2246 = 1.46 and R(2) = 0.88). The modelled HR response was characterized by an initial drop and a subsequent rise during progressive reduction in RBV, which may be interpreted as the reflex response to a transition from central hypervolaemia to hypovolaemia. These modelled curves can be used as references to a controller that can be designed to regulate the haemodynamic variables to ensure the stability of @entity1 undergoing haemodialysis.

title: Assessing the blood volume and heart rate responses during haemodialysis in fluid overloaded XXXX using support vector regression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['Mean squared error', 'MSE']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity16453 is a rare @entity600 of the upper airways occurring sole or within the scope of syndromes. The controversy regarding standardized surgical approach and optimal technique preventing @entity850 as well as the proceeding in case of a unilateral @entity600 persists. To address these issues, a retrospective analysis of @entity1 presenting with @entity16453 in our department within the last 10 years was performed. 15 @entity1 aged 3 days to 13 years (mean 42 months) who presented with unilateral (10 cases) and bilateral (5 cases) @entity16453 underwent surgical repair. 4 @entity1 failed previous surgeries. All interventions were performed in transnasal endoscopic technique. 7 @entity1 were intraoperatively stented for 6 weeks, 4 @entity1 for 1 week. In 73% (11 out of 15 @entity1 ) further @entity154 were identified. In 7 cases a @entity850 requiring treatment occurred, predominantly in long-term stented @entity1 . No intra- or @entity86 or @entity281 occurred. To provide an adequate work-up of affected @entity1 including a screening for further @entity154 , a multidisciplinary approach is required. Endonasal endoscopic approach represents a safe technique for surgical repair of @entity16453 . The indication for surgical repair in case of a unilateral @entity1146 is based on the severity of clinical symptoms. The use of stents, especially of long term, remains controversial and needs further evaluation.

title: [Symptoms and treatment of XXXX remains controversial].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity16453 :: ('MESH:D002754', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital choanal atresia', 'choanal atresia']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['re-stenosis']

answer: @entity16453 :: (MESH:D002754,Disease) :: ['choanal atresia--stenting']


abstract: 1. Whole-cell recordings of voltage-gated @entity141 current in single smooth muscle cells from @entity95 ear artery were obtained with 110 mM- @entity8594 as charge carrier. 2. @entity1063 (NA, 1-20 microM) produced a sustained increase in the @entity7236 -sensitive L-type @entity141 current, ranging up to 3-fold in some cells. The @entity7236 -resistant T-type @entity141 current was not affected. 3. The time and voltage dependence of activation and inactivation of the L-type current were not significantly changed during NA modulation. 4. The NA-induced increase in L-current was enhanced in magnitude and consistency by the inclusion of 200 microM- @entity3007 in the pipette (internal) solution. 5. The effect of NA on L-current was not abolished by pre-treatment with @entity3159 , @entity5521 or @entity1169 , suggesting that it is not mediated by alpha- or beta-adrenoceptors. 6. @entity2647 (5 microM) was ineffective as an agonist, while @entity1425 was approximately equipotent to NA. In these respects, the pharmacology of L-current modulation resembles that of 'gamma'-adrenergic receptors (Hirst _ Nield, 1980). 7. NA modulation of L-type @entity141 channels may be particularly important in promoting sympathetic vasoconstriction in resistance vessels where @entity141 stores are relatively poorly developed and where NA-evoked contractions are very sensitive to organic @entity141 channel antagonists.

title: Noradrenaline modulation of calcium channels in single smooth muscle cells from XXXX ear artery.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity7236 :: ('MESH:C038806', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['Phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: A long term exposure of the @entity356 to inflammatory factors is suspected to alter the normal stomach motility. The consequence of it is an abnormal sensomotor response to food causing @entity1109 . Our study aimed to investigate the vagal afferents activity and the gastro-duodenal slow wave response to the mild @entity356 in @entity35 . The @entity1819 was induced by addition @entity8867 to drinking water for 5 days. The gastro-duodenal slow wave, vagal nerve recordings and the @entity356 examination were performed on 6th day. The @entity8867 irritated @entity356 presented the minimal inflammatory infiltration with mast cells. The vagal afferent activity was significantly increased after @entity8867 treatment from 0.3 +/- 0.1 to 1.9 +/- 0.58 Hz, (p<0.05). The gastric slow wave accurate frequencies extracted from the fast Fourier transform spectra accelerated from 0.08 +/- 0.01 to 0.1 +/- 0.02 Hz (p<0.05). The duodenal frequencies remained unchanged (from 0.64 +/- 0.02 to 0.59 +/- 0.1 Hz). These results suggest that mild @entity356 irritation sensitizes vagal afferents and alters gastric but not duodenal pacemaker activity which may contribute to dyspeptic sensations.

title: The vagal afferents discharge and myoelectrical activity in the gastric hyperalgesia model in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['dyspeptic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity8867 :: ('MESH:D007460', 'Chemical') :: ['iodoacetamide']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosa', 'gastric mucosa inflammation']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Pediatric @entity1 require a systematic @entity615 that minimizes the number of diagnostic studies without missing specific diagnoses. This study reviews an algorithm for the evaluation of @entity615 and assesses critical factors in the history and physical examination that are predictive of specific diagnoses. Eighty-seven pediatric @entity1 with @entity615 were treated utilizing after this algorithm. If initial plain radiographs were positive, @entity1 were considered to have a specific diagnosis. If negative, @entity1 with @entity158 , @entity158 , @entity158 , and/or an abnormal neurological examination obtained a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging. @entity1 with negative radiographs and intermittent @entity158 were diagnosed with nonspecific @entity615 . Twenty-one (24%) of 87 @entity1 had positive radiographs and were treated for their specific diagnoses. Nineteen (29%) of 66 @entity1 with negative radiographs had @entity158 , @entity158 , @entity158 , and/or an abnormal neurological examination. Ten of these 19 @entity1 had a specific diagnosis determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, 31 (36%) of 87 @entity1 had a specific diagnosis. Back @entity158 of other 56 @entity1 was of a nonspecific nature. No specific diagnoses were missed at latest follow-up. Specificity for determining a specific diagnosis was very high for @entity158 (100%), abnormal neurological examination (100%), and @entity158 (95%). @entity158 and an abnormal neurological examination also had high positive predictive value (100%). Lumbar @entity158 was the most sensitive (67%) and had the highest negative predictive value (75%). This algorithm seems to be an effective tool for diagnosing @entity615 , and this should help to reduce costs and @entity1 /family anxiety and to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure.

title: Evaluation of an algorithmic approach to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric back pain', 'back pain', 'approach to treating back pain', 'thoracic and/or lumbar back pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['night pain', 'pain', 'constant pain', 'Radicular pain', 'radicular pain']

answer: @entity615 :: (MESH:D001416,Disease) :: ['pediatric back pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1659 caused by mutations in the factor XII gene is a recently described disease entity that occurs mainly in @entity1 . It differs from @entity1659 caused by @entity1659 . OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical symptoms, factors triggering acute attacks, and treatments of this disease. METHODS: Thirty-five female @entity1 with @entity1659 and the factor XII mutations @entity28444 and @entity28445 who came from 13 unrelated families were studied. The observation period was 8.4 years on average (range, 2-26 years). RESULTS: @entity1 had on average 12.7 +/- 7.9 @entity113 attacks per year. Recurrent @entity4 occurred in all @entity1 ; @entity490 attacks, @entity4 , and @entity4 occurred less frequently. Some factors that triggered @entity113 attacks were @entity130 , physical pressure, and emotional stress. Clinical symptoms started mainly after intake of oral contraceptives (17 @entity1 ) or pregnancy (3 @entity1 ). Exacerbation of the symptoms occurred after oral contraceptive use (8 @entity1 ), pregnancy (7 @entity1 ), hormone replacement therapy (3 @entity1 ), intake of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (2 @entity1 ), and an angiotensin 1 receptor blocker (1 @entity1 ). Effective treatments included C1 inhibitor concentrate for @entity113 attacks (6 @entity1 ) and, for prophylaxis, @entity1420 (8 @entity1 ), @entity1872 (2 @entity1 ), and @entity927 (1 @entity1 ). No difference between mutation @entity28445 and @entity28444 was found. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4 is a cardinal symptom of this condition. @entity172 may have a great influence, but this influence is highly variable. Various treatment options are available.

title: XXXX caused by missense mutations in the factor XII gene: clinical features, trigger factors, and therapy.

entities_list: @entity1659 :: ('MESH:D054179', 'Disease') :: ['C1 inhibitor deficiency', 'Hereditary angioedema', 'hereditary angioedema']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'woman']

entities_list: @entity28445 :: ('p|SUB|T|309|R', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.Thr309Arg']

entities_list: @entity28444 :: ('p|SUB|T|309|K', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.Thr309Lys']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogens']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['Facial swelling', 'tongue swellings', 'laryngeal edema', 'facial swellings']

entities_list: @entity113 :: ('MESH:D000799', 'Disease') :: ['angioedema']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['skin swellings other than facial, abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

answer: @entity1659 :: (MESH:D054179,Disease) :: ['Hereditary angioedema']


abstract: A @entity17 induced in C57B1/6 @entity19 by intracranial injection of a coronavirus ( @entity32196 ) is followed by functional recovery and efficient CNS myelin repair. To study the biological properties of the cells involved in this repair process, glial cells were isolated and cultured from spinal cords of these young adult @entity19 during @entity17 and remyelination. Using three-color immunofluorescence combined with @entity665 autoradiography, we have analyzed the antigenic phenotype and mitotic potential of individual glial cells. We identified oligodendrocytes with an antibody to @entity8159 , astrocytes with an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein, and oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells with the O4 antibody. Cultures from demyelinated tissue differed in several ways from those of age-matched controls: first, the total number of O-2A lineage cells was strikingly increased; second, the O-2A population consisted of a higher proportion of O4-positive astrocytes and cells of mixed oligodendrocyte-astrocyte phenotype; and third, all the cell types within the O-2A lineage showed enhanced proliferation. This proliferation was not further enhanced by adding PDGF, @entity10245 ( @entity10245 ), or @entity7424 ( @entity7424 ) to the defined medium. However, @entity10245 and @entity7424 seemed to influence the fate of O-2A lineage cells in cultures of demyelinated tissue. Basic FGF decreased the percentage of cells expressing @entity8159 . In contrast, @entity7424 increased the relative proportion of oligodendrocytes. Thus, O-2A lineage cells from adult @entity19 display greater phenotypic plasticity and enhanced mitotic potential in response to an episode of @entity17 . These properties may be linked to the efficient remyelination achieved in this @entity17 .

title: In vitro analysis of the oligodendrocyte lineage in XXXX during @entity17 and remyelination.

entities_list: @entity32196 :: ('11142', 'Species') :: ['murine hepatitis virus strain A59']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination', 'demyelinating disease']

entities_list: @entity8159 :: ('MESH:C002454', 'Chemical') :: ['galactocerebroside']

entities_list: @entity10245 :: ('14173(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['basic fibroblast growth factor', 'bFGF']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity7424 :: ('16000(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor I', 'IGF-I']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: As the prevalence of @entity6 in @entity1 over the age of sixty years is expected to increase, the number of @entity6 @entity1 who undergo total hip and knee arthroplasty should be expected to increase accordingly. In general, @entity1 with @entity6 are at increased risk for adverse events following arthroplasty. The goal of the present study was to determine whether the quality of preoperative glycemic control affected the prevalence of in-hospital peri-operative complications following lower @entity2720 . METHODS: From 1988 to 2005, the Nationwide Inpatient Sample recorded over 1 million @entity1 who underwent joint replacement surgery. The present retrospective study compared @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity6 (n = 3973), those with controlled @entity6 (n = 105,485), and those without @entity6 (n = 920,555) with regard to common surgical and systemic complications, mortality, and hospital course alterations. Additional stratification compared the effects of @entity413 control among @entity1 with Type-I and @entity2175 . Glycemic control was determined by physician assessments on the basis of the American @entity6 Association guidelines with use of a combination of @entity1 self-monitoring of blood- @entity413 levels, the hemoglobin A1c level, and related comorbidities. RESULTS: Compared with @entity1 with controlled @entity6 , @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity6 had a significantly increased odds of @entity64 (adjusted odds ratio = 3.42; 95% confidence interval = 1.87 to 6.25; p < 0.001), @entity293 (adjusted odds ratio = 1.97; 95% confidence interval = 1.61 to 2.42; p < 0.001), ileus (adjusted odds ratio = 2.47; 95% confidence interval = 1.67 to 3.64; p < 0.001), @entity86 (adjusted odds ratio = 1.99; 95% confidence interval = 1.38 to 2.87; p < 0.001), transfusion (adjusted odds ratio = 1.19; 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 1.36; p = 0.011), wound @entity281 (adjusted odds ratio = 2.28; 95% confidence interval = 1.36 to 3.81; p = 0.002), and @entity204 (adjusted odds ratio = 3.23; 95% confidence interval = 1.87 to 5.57; p < 0.001). @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity6 had a significantly increased length of stay (almost a full day) as compared with @entity1 with controlled @entity6 (p < 0.0001). All @entity1 with @entity6 had significantly increased inflation-adjusted postoperative charges when compared with nondiabetic @entity1 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of @entity6 , @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity6 exhibited significantly increased odds of surgical and systemic complications, higher mortality, and increased length of stay during the index hospitalization following lower @entity2720 .

title: The impact of glycemic control and XXXX on perioperative outcomes after @entity2720 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['Type-II diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetes type', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['extremity total joint arthroplasty']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes mellitus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional research has demonstrated associations between neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics and adolescents' initiation of heterosexual intercourse. Prospective designs are needed to move toward causal inference, and to identify mediating and moderating influences to inform policies and programs. METHODS: Among 5,838 nonsexually active @entity1 in wave I (1994-1995) of the National Longitudinal Study of @entity283 , multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to predict initiation of sex by wave II (1996); models were stratified by gender and age group (11-14 and 15-17 yr). Predictors measured at wave I included census tract-level (neighborhood) poverty concentration, family-level income, parental education, race/ethnicity, and family structure. Adolescent college @entity1173 and life expectations were tested as possible mediators or moderators of the neighborhood poverty-sexual initiation association. RESULTS: Neighborhood poverty concentration predicted older (15-17 yr) @entity1 ' and @entity1 ' sexual initiation, after considering individual-level covariates. However, adolescent college @entity1173 and life expectations were not found to mediate the prediction relationship. Moderating effects were identified for @entity1 (college @entity1173 ) and @entity1 (positive life expectations) in high-poverty neighborhoods, paradoxically reflecting increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: In this longitudinal study, moderating effects generally considered protective against sexual initiation were not protective or were harmful for adolescents living in high-poverty neighborhoods. Subsequent research to understand how to reduce the health risks of living in poor neighborhoods must examine an even wider range of variables and/or use different methodologies.

title: Neighborhood poverty, XXXX and expectations, and initiation of sex.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['Adolescent Health']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspirations']

answer: @entity1173 :: (MESH:D053120,Disease) :: ['aspirations']


abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of computed tomography (CT)-guided drainage in treating infected collections due to @entity356 after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid @entity28 . From January 2007 to June 2009, 21 @entity1 (9 @entity1 and 12 @entity1 ; mean age, 39.2 (range, 26-52) years) with infected collections due to @entity356 after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid @entity28 underwent image-guided percutaneous drainage. All procedures were performed using CT guidance and 8- to 12-Fr pigtail drainage catheters. Immediate technical success was achieved in all 21 infected collections. In 18 of 21 collections, we obtained progressive shrinkage of the collection with consequent clinical success (success rate 86%). In three cases, the abdominal fluid collection was not resolved, and the @entity1 were reoperated. Among the 18 @entity1 who avoided surgery, 2 needed replacement of the catheter due to obstruction. No major complications occurred during the procedure. The results of our study support that CT-guided percutaneous drainage is an effective and safe method to treat infected abdominal fluid collections due to @entity356 in @entity1 who had previously underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for morbid @entity28 . It may be considered both as a preparatory step for surgery and a valuable alternative to open surgery. Failure of the procedure does not, however, preclude a subsequent surgical operation.

title: CT-guided percutaneous drainage of infected collections due to XXXX after sleeve gastrectomy for morbid @entity28 : initial experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric leak']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric leak']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The direct oral @entity556 inhibitor @entity3926 has a predictable anticoagulant effect and may be an alternative therapy to @entity1229 for @entity1 who have @entity1211 . METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial involving @entity1 with @entity1211 who were initially given parenteral anticoagulation therapy for a median of 9 days (interquartile range, 8 to 11), we compared oral @entity3926 , administered at a dose of 150 mg twice daily, with @entity1229 that was dose-adjusted to achieve an international normalized ratio of 2.0 to 3.0. The primary outcome was the 6-month incidence of recurrent symptomatic, objectively confirmed @entity1211 and related @entity204 . Safety end points included @entity548 events, @entity1187 , other adverse events, and results of liver-function tests. RESULTS: A total of 30 of the 1274 @entity1 randomly assigned to receive @entity3926 (2.4%), as compared with 27 of the 1265 @entity1 randomly assigned to @entity1229 (2.1%), had recurrent @entity1211 ; the difference in risk was 0.4 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.8 to 1.5; P<0.001 for the prespecified noninferiority margin). The hazard ratio with @entity3926 was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.84). Major @entity548 episodes occurred in 20 @entity1 assigned to @entity3926 (1.6%) and in 24 @entity1 assigned to @entity1229 (1.9%) (hazard ratio with @entity3926 , 0.82; 95% CI, 0.45 to 1.48), and episodes of any @entity548 were observed in 205 @entity1 assigned to @entity3926 (16.1%) and 277 @entity1 assigned to @entity1229 (21.9%; hazard ratio with @entity3926 , 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.85). The numbers of @entity204 , @entity1187 , and abnormal liver-function tests were similar in the two groups. Adverse events leading to discontinuation of the study drug occurred in 9.0% of @entity1 assigned to @entity3926 and in 6.8% of @entity1 assigned to @entity1229 (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For the treatment of @entity1211 , a fixed dose of @entity3926 is as effective as @entity1229 , has a safety profile that is similar to that of @entity1229 , and does not require laboratory monitoring. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00291330.)

title: @entity3926 versus XXXX in the treatment of @entity1211 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3926 :: ('MESH:C554682', 'Chemical') :: ['dabigatran']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['acute venous thromboembolism', 'venous thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['warfarin']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity647 or acute @entity649 (ALI/ @entity649 ) are vulnerable to ventilator-induced @entity651 . Although this syndrome affects the lung heterogeneously, mechanical ventilation is not guided by regional indicators of @entity651 . We used electrical impedance tomography (EIT) to estimate the extent of regional lung overdistension and @entity891 during mechanical ventilation. Techniques for tidal breath detection, lung identification, and regional compliance estimation were combined with the Graz consensus on EIT lung imaging (GREIT) algorithm. Nine ALI/ @entity649 @entity1 were monitored during stepwise increases and decreases in airway pressure. Our method detected individual breaths with 96.0% sensitivity and 97.6% specificity. The duration and volume of tidal breaths erred on average by 0.2 s and 5%, respectively. Respiratory system compliance from EIT and ventilator measurements had a correlation coefficient of 0.80. Stepwise increases in pressure could reverse @entity891 in 17% of the lung. At the highest pressures, 73% of the lung became overdistended. During stepwise decreases in pressure, previously-atelectatic regions remained open at sub-baseline pressures. We recommend that the proposed approach be used in collaborative research of EIT-guided ventilation strategies for ALI/ @entity649 .

title: A unified approach for EIT imaging of regional overdistension and @entity891 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['potential lung injury', 'lung injury']

entities_list: @entity891 :: ('MESH:D001261', 'Disease') :: ['atelectasis']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity647 :: (MESH:D055371,Disease) :: ['acute lung injury']


abstract: PURPOSE: Secretory clusterin (sCLU)/ @entity4716 is an extracellular chaperone that has been functionally implicated in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, apoptotic cell death, and tumorigenesis. It exerts a prosurvival function against most therapeutic treatments for @entity5 and is currently an antisense target in clinical trials for @entity5 therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its function remained largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The molecular effects of small interfering RNA-mediated sCLU depletion in nonstressed @entity1 @entity5 cells were examined by focusing entirely on the endogenously expressed sCLU protein molecules and combining molecular, biochemical, and microscopic approaches. RESULTS: We report here that sCLU depletion in nonstressed @entity1 @entity5 cells signals stress that induces @entity876 -dependent @entity851 and high rates of endogenous apoptosis. We discovered that increased apoptosis in sCLU-depleted cells correlates to altered ratios of proapoptotic to antiapoptotic @entity588 protein family members, is amplified by @entity876 , and is executed by mitochondrial dysfunction. sCLU depletion-related stress signals originate from several sites, because sCLU is an integral component of not only the secretory pathway but also the nucleocytosolic continuum and mitochondria. In the cytoplasm, sCLU depletion disrupts the @entity10320 - @entity589 complex and triggers @entity589 activation and relocation to mitochondria. We show that sCLU binds and thereby stabilizes the @entity10320 - @entity589 protein complex serving as a cytosol retention factor for @entity589 . CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that elevated sCLU levels may enhance tumorigenesis by interfering with @entity589 proapoptotic activities and contribute to one of the major characteristics of @entity5 cells, that is, resistance to apoptosis.

title: Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing @entity876 -activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic XXXX - @entity589 protein complex.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4716 :: ('1191', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein J']

answer: @entity10320 :: (2547,Gene) :: ['Ku70']


abstract: We have compared the outcome of hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder in three distinct diagnostic groups, using survival analysis as used by the United Kingdom national joint registers, @entity1 -reported outcome measures (PROMs) as recommended by Darzi in the 2008 NHS review, and transition and satisfaction questions. A total of 72 hemiarthroplasties, 19 for @entity571 ( @entity571 ) with an intact rotator cuff, 22 for @entity571 with a torn rotator cuff, and 31 for @entity309 ( @entity309 ), were followed up for between three and eight years. All the @entity1 survived, with no revisions or dislocations and no significant radiological evidence of loosening. The mean new Oxford shoulder score (minimum/worst 0, maximum/best 48) improved significantly for all groups (p < 0.001), in the @entity571 group with an intact rotator cuff from 21.4 to 38.8 (effect size 2.9), in the @entity571 group with a torn rotator cuff from 13.3 to 27.2 (effect size 2.1) and in the @entity309 group from 13.7 to 28.0 (effect size 3.1). By this assessment, and for the survival analysis, there was no significant difference between the groups. However, when ratings using the @entity1 satisfaction questions were analysed, eight (29.6%) of the @entity309 group were 'disappointed', compared with one (9.1%) of the @entity571 group with cuff intact and one (7.7%) of the @entity571 group with cuff torn. All @entity1 in the @entity571 group with cuff torn indicated that they would undergo the operation again, compared to ten (90.9%) in the @entity571 group with cuff intact and 20 (76.9%) in the @entity309 group. The use of revision rates alone does not fully represent outcome after hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder. Data from PROMs provides more information about change in @entity158 and the ability to undertake activities and perform tasks. The additional use of satisfaction ratings shows that both the rates of revision surgery and PROMs need careful interpretation in the context of @entity1 expectations.

title: The use of @entity1 -reported outcome measures and XXXX satisfaction ratings to assess outcome in hemiarthroplasty of the shoulder.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['primary osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity91 ( @entity91 ), @entity11578 characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures, occurs in 1 in 2000 live births. Associations of @entity91 with the thyroid have been reported. Neonatal thyroid hormone (T4) is evaluated nationally at birth by the @entity21130 ( @entity21130 ). This study evaluated the relationship between @entity21130 T4 levels and @entity91 . METHODS: Live-born singleton babies born in 2004 through 2007 were identified through the Texas Birth Defects Registry (499 cases) and Texas Bureau of Vital Statistics (3570 controls) and successfully linked to analyte data available in the Texas @entity21130 Database. Cases were classified based on the absence of other major defects (isolated cases, n = 382) and suture(s) involved. Mean T4 levels were compared between controls and cases (overall and stratified by classification). T4 levels were stratified by quintiles to evaluate differences between cases and controls within quintiles. The diagnostic utility of @entity21130 T4 was evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: Mean T4 levels were lower in isolated cases (16.89  g/dl) than in controls (17.77  g/dl; p = 0.0004). This trend persisted for sagittal (16.69  g/dl; p = 0.002) and metopic (16.83  g/dl; p = 0.042) @entity91 . When stratified by quintiles, 54% of isolated lambdoid @entity91 were in the first quintile compared to controls (p = 0.012). ROC area under the curve (AUC) was approximately 0.55 for all classifications except lambdoid (AUC = 0.73). CONCLUSION: @entity21130 T4 levels were slightly lower among cases with nearly half of all lambdoid @entity91 having T4 levels in the lowest quintile. However, overall @entity21130 T4 levels are not suitable for potential screening or diagnostic application.

title: The association between neonatal thyroxine and XXXX , Texas, 2004-2007.

entities_list: @entity91 :: ('MESH:D003398', 'Disease') :: ['Craniosynostosis', 'CS', 'craniosynostosis']

entities_list: @entity11578 :: ('MESH:D020914', 'Disease') :: ['a structural anomaly']

entities_list: @entity21130 :: ('MESH:D006475', 'Disease') :: ['NBS', 'Newborn Screening Program']

answer: @entity91 :: (MESH:D003398,Disease) :: ['craniosynostosis']


abstract: Lysis of type-I collagen by @entity957 of the head and neck has been studied in freshly excised tissues, xenografts and established cell lines. Investigations with 35 freshly excised @entity5 showed only low levels of active and total collagenase in both @entity189 and controls. A difference became apparent when the tissues were set up in explant organ culture where a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in total collagenase was found in 13/19 @entity5 compared with paired control tissues over a 4-week culture period. Two xenografts showed little capacity to lyse collagen in vitro and there was only limited evidence of an increase in total collagenase after explantation and growth in organ culture. Twenty @entity5 cell lines showed low levels of active collagenase. Total collagenase levels were significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in 4 of the cell lines derived from cancers of the tongue; this activity was sustained in subsequent passages. Six control fibroblastoid cell lines also showed low levels of active collagenase. Levels of total collagenase were consistently high, but this activity was transient and declined in subsequent passages. Co-cultivation experiments with @entity5 -cell lines and 5 fibroblastoid cell lines showed some enhanced, synergistic destruction of collagen. Parallel experiments with supernatant media from the @entity189 and fibroblastoid lines showed no enhancement, indicating that intact @entity189 cells and fibroblastoid cells are required for synergistic collagenolysis to take place.

title: Lysis of type-I collagen by XXXX of the head and neck.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['II tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous carcinomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathogenicity of @entity2928 fliR gene to J774A.1 cells. METHODS: fliR gene from @entity2928 serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar lai strain 56601 and kana gene from plasmid pET42a were amplified by PCR. Suicide plasmid of fliR gene was constructed; and specific siRNA for fliR gene was designed and synthesized. fliR gene mutants were constructed by gene knock-out with suicide plasmid (56601fliR-Kana) and gene silencing with siRNA (56601siRNA-R2). The mutants were identified by PCR, sequencing and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Adhesion to @entity19 mononuclear-macrophage J774A.1 and induction of cell @entity39 and apoptosis by 56601fliR-Kana and 56601siRNA-R2 were examined by adhesion test and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULT: The @entity377 and putative @entity535 sequences of cloned fliR gene had 99.9% and 100% similarities to those of reported sequences in GenBank. The @entity377 sequence of the cloned kana gene was identical to the corresponding sequence in pET42a map. The results of PCR and sequencing confirmed that kana gene was inserted in the sequence of 56601fliR-Kana fliR gene. The mRNA level of fliR gene in 56601fliR-Kana was remarkably decreased (P<0.01) while the mRNA level of fliR gene in 56601siRNA-R2 was much lower than that in wild strain 56601 (P<0.05). 56601fliR-Kana and 56601siRNA-R2 lost the ability to adhere J774A.1 cells; and their ability to induce cell @entity39 and apoptosis was markedly weakened (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: fliR is a virulence-associated gene of @entity2928 and the function of the gene is closely related to adhesion, induction of cell @entity39 and apoptosis of the microbe.

title: [Association of fliR gene in XXXX with adhesion and pathogenicity to host cells].

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2928 :: ('173', 'Species') :: ['Leptospira interrogans', 'L. interrogans']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity2928 :: (173,Species) :: ['Leptospira interrogans']


abstract: A lambda gt11 cDNA expression library was screened with antibodies directed against individual subunits of complex I from @entity1980 . Clones encoding cytoplasmically synthesized polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 22, 29, 31, and 33 kDa were isolated. Northern blot analysis revealed that the corresponding genes are transcribed into mRNA species of about 0.85, 0.95, 1.3, and 1.4 kilobases, respectively. Further characterization of clones encoding the 22-kDa subunit was performed. A cDNA insert of 755 base pairs containing the complete coding sequence was used to express the polypeptide in vitro. A precursor of the protein is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes without a cleavable signal sequence. Our data indicate that after import into the organelle and before assembly into complex I, the 22-kDa polypeptide forms intramolecular @entity1520 bridge(s). @entity377 sequencing revealed an open reading frame coding for a protein of 183 @entity1522 . A molecular mass of 20,828 daltons was calculated. The polypeptide is hydrophilic and contains no obvious membrane-spanning domains. Eight @entity462 residues arranged in a regular pattern are found in the primary structure of the protein. Therefore, this subunit is a good candidate to bind at least one of the @entity5985 centers present in complex I of the respiratory chain.

title: Molecular cloning of subunits of complex I from XXXX . Primary structure and in vitro expression of a 22-kDa polypeptide.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['Nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Species') :: ['Neurospora crassa']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

entities_list: @entity5985 :: ('CHEBI:30408', 'Chemical') :: ['iron-sulfur']

answer: @entity1980 :: (5141,Species) :: ['Neurospora crassa']


abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of a two-step total etch and rinse adhesive, the correlation between the @entity655 ( @entity655 ) and bond strength (BS), and between @entity3656 ( @entity3656 ) and bond strength in the same teeth, and also to evaluate the @entity174 patterns of the tested specimens. Ten @entity1 molars were used for the restorative procedure and then sectioned in two halves (mesio-distally). The materials used were Adper Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE, Ultra etch gel, Ultradent and Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE. One half were utilized to measure the @entity655 thickness and @entity3656 through light microscopy analysis (400x), and the other half was subject to a microtensile test to measure the BS. The fractured surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and @entity174 patterns classified. The Pearson correlation test was applied (p = 0.05). The results of the analyses of each specimen then were correlated: mean @entity655 thickness = 4.39 (0.48) microm, mean length of @entity3656 = 9.94 (1.69) microm, mean BS = 23.98 (10.24) MPa. A statistically significant correlation between @entity655 thickness and bond strength was found (r = 0.93). The two step etch and rinse adhesive system, showed a strong correlation between @entity655 thickness and bond strength. The most common @entity174 were adhesive, followed by cohesive in resin.

title: Analysis of hybrid layer thickness, XXXX and their correlation with microtensile bond strength using a total etch adhesive to intact dentin.

entities_list: @entity3656 :: ('MESH:D007870', 'Disease') :: ['resin tag length', 'RT', 'RT length']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity655 :: ('MESH:C535504', 'Disease') :: ['HL', 'hyybrid layer thickness']

answer: @entity3656 :: (MESH:D007870,Disease) :: ['resin tag length']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In low-risk @entity1469 ( @entity1469 ) @entity1 , a predictive marker for early identification of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) resistance would be useful. We previously demonstrated that kinetic modelling of @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin ( @entity3566 ) measurements could provide such a marker. Here we validate this approach in a large independent @entity1 cohort. METHODS: Serum @entity3566 measurements of 800 low-risk @entity1469 @entity1 treated with @entity1500 were analysed. The cohort was divided into Model and Test data sets. @entity3566 kinetics were described from initial treatment day to day 50 using: '( @entity3566 (time))=hCG0*exp(-k*time)+hCGres', where hCGres is the modelled residual production, hCG0 is the baseline @entity3566 level, and k is the rate constant. HCGres-predictive value was investigated against previously reported predictors of @entity1500 resistance. RESULTS: Declining @entity3566 measurements were well fitted by the model. The best discriminator of @entity1500 resistance in the Model data set was hCGres, categorised by an optimal cut-off value of >20.44 IU l(-1): receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC)=0.87; Se=0.91; Sp=0.83. The predictive value of hCGres was reproducible using the Test data set: ROC AUC=0.87; Se=0.88; Sp=0.86. Multivariate analyses revealed hCGres as a better predictor of @entity1500 resistance (HR=1.01, P<0.0001) and @entity1500 failure-free survival (HR=13.25, P<0.0001) than other reported predictive factors. CONCLUSION: hCGres, a modelled kinetic parameter calculated after fully dosed three @entity1500 cycles, has a reproducible value for identifying @entity1 with @entity1500 resistance.

title: Early prediction of treatment resistance in low-risk @entity1469 using population kinetic modelling of XXXX measurements.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1469 :: ('MESH:D031901', 'Disease') :: ['gestational trophoblastic neoplasia', 'GTN']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity3566 :: (3342,Gene) :: ['hCG']


abstract: Epigenetic code modifications by histone deacetylase inhibitors have recently been proposed as potential new therapies for @entity1583 . @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) remains incurable despite the introduction of new treatments. @entity1072 B cells are characterized by an apoptosis defect rather than excessive proliferation, but proliferation centers have been found in organs such as the bone marrow and lymph nodes. In this study, we analyzed gene expression modifications in @entity1072 B cells after treatment with @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ), a well-tolerated anti- @entity302 drug with HDAC inhibitory activity. @entity1072 B cells obtained from 14 @entity1 were treated in vitro with a concentration of 1 mM @entity2052 for 4 h. @entity2052 effects on gene expression were thereafter studied using Affymetrix technology, and some identified genes were validated by real-time PCR and western blot. We observed that @entity2052 induced apoptosis by downregulating several anti-apoptotic genes and by upregulating pro-apoptotic genes. Furthermore, @entity2052 significantly increased chemosensitivity to @entity3118 , @entity13449 , @entity1749 , @entity2816 and @entity6985 . @entity2052 inhibited the proliferation of CpG/ @entity1199 -stimulated @entity1072 B cells and modulated many cell cycle messenger RNAs. In conclusion, exposure of @entity1072 B cells to @entity2052 induced apoptosis, potentiated chemotherapeutic agent effects and inhibited proliferation. These data strongly suggest the use of @entity2052 in @entity1072 treatment, particularly in combination with antileukemia agents.

title: Antileukemic activity of @entity1092 in XXXX B cells defined by microarray analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity13449 :: ('MESH:C077990', 'Chemical') :: ['flavopiridol']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity2816 :: ('MESH:D013792', 'Chemical') :: ['thalidomide']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'Chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3118 :: ('MESH:C024352', 'Chemical') :: ['fludarabine']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematological malignancies']

entities_list: @entity6985 :: ('MESH:C467567', 'Chemical') :: ['lenalidomide']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical and radiographic features in @entity1 and @entity1 in the Prospective Study of Outcomes in @entity1691 cohort, a large well-defined cross-sectional study of @entity1 with @entity5427 , in order to understand the influence of gender in determining the severity of @entity1691 . METHODS: Extensive clinical assessments and spine radiographs were performed in 302 @entity1 and 100 @entity1 with @entity5427 of > or = 20 years duration. Radiographs were scored using the Bath @entity1691 Radiographic Index Spine (BASRI-spine) score (range 2-12). Functional impairment was measured by the Bath @entity1691 Functional Index (BASFI) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire for the @entity5145 (HAQ-S). RESULTS: Radiographic severity was worse among @entity1 . The unadjusted median BASRI-spine score for @entity1 was 10, compared with 6.5 for @entity1 (p<0.001). Functional disability, as measured by the BASFI and HAQ-S, was not different between @entity1 and @entity1 . However, after adjusting for radiographic spinal damage, @entity1 were found to report worse functioning than @entity1 at any given level of radiographic damage. @entity1 had a slightly earlier age of disease onset; however, disease duration was identical in both groups. @entity1 more frequently reported family histories of @entity5427 in first-degree relatives and were more likely to be treated with intra-articular @entity230 , @entity3378 and @entity229 . CONCLUSIONS: Among @entity1 with longstanding @entity5427 , @entity1 have more severe radiographic changes; findings of treatment differences suggest that @entity1 may have more @entity625 . At any given level of radiographic damage, self-reported functional limitations were worse for @entity1 .

title: Are there gender differences in severity of XXXX ? Results from the PSOAS cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arthritis']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylitis', 'Ankylosing Spondylitis']

entities_list: @entity5145 :: ('MESH:D025242', 'Disease') :: ['Spondyloarthropathies']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphasalazine']

answer: @entity1691 :: (MESH:D013167,Disease) :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']


abstract: @entity1619 ( @entity1619 ) have a low proliferative potential in vitro. We asked whether @entity1619 are also hyporesponsive in vivo and whether this is specific for the alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR). Mitogenic mAb directed at the alphabeta TCR, @entity11263 , @entity24083 , or control mAbs plus @entity5041 were injected into @entity35 . Proliferation and/or apoptosis were detected by double staining using @entity1603 /TUNEL and the alphabeta TCR. @entity1619 were hyporesponsive to various stimuli compared to other T cells. The strongest proliferation was found upon @entity11263 / @entity24083 stimulation ( @entity1619 : 281 +/- 6%; spleen: 642 +/- 31%). @entity1619 proliferation was only detectable at 24 h while proliferation in other compartments also occurred later. @entity6306 was not caused by enhanced T cell apoptosis upon alphabeta TCR stimulation. In conclusion, stimulation of @entity1619 results in much shorter and weaker in vivo proliferation than in other lymphoid organs. Overall, @entity11263 / @entity24083 costimulation is the strongest T cell stimulus in vivo.

title: In vivo proliferation of @entity35 lamina propria T lymphocytes: general @entity6306 but increased importance of the @entity11263 and XXXX pathways.

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ["5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine"]

entities_list: @entity6306 :: ('MESH:C566417', 'Disease') :: ['Hyporesponsiveness']

entities_list: @entity1619 :: ('MESH:D015458', 'Disease') :: ['LPL-T', 'Lamina propria T lymphocytes']

answer: @entity24083 :: (25660(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['CD28']


abstract: PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the diagnostic performance of breast proton magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy in differentiating benign from malignant lesions and to identify variables that influence the accuracy of MR spectroscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search of the PubMed database was performed on articles listed until January 6, 2012. The Medical Subject Headings and text words for the terms "breast," "spectroscopy," and "magnetic resonance" were used. Investigations including more than 10 @entity1 at 1.5 T or 3.0 T applying one-dimensional single-voxel MR spectroscopy or spatially resolved MR spectroscopy for differentiation between benign and malignant @entity1558 were eligible. A reference standard had to be established either by means of histopathologic examination or imaging follow-up of 12 or more months. Statistical analysis included pooling of diagnostic accuracy, control for data inhomogeneity, and identification of publication bias. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were used for general data pooling. The studies included a total of 1183 @entity1 and 1198 lesions (773 malignant, 452 benign). Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 73% (556 of 761; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 64%, 82%) and 88% (386 of 439; 95% CI: 85%, 91%), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 34.30 (95% CI: 16.71, 70.43). For @entity0 versus benign lesions, the area under the symmetric summary receiver operating characteristic curve of MR spectroscopy was 0.88, and the Q* index was 0.81. There was evidence of between-studies heterogeneity regarding sensitivity and DOR (P < .0001). No significant influences of higher field strength, postcontrast acquisition, or qualitative versus quantitative MR spectroscopy measurements were identified. Egger testing confirmed significant publication bias in studies including small numbers of @entity1 (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Breast MR spectroscopy shows variable sensitivity and high specificity in the diagnosis of @entity1558 , independent from the technical MR spectroscopy approach. Because of significant publication bias, pooled diagnostic measures might be overestimated.

title: XXXX : diagnosis by using proton MR spectroscopy at 1.5 and 3.0 T--systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast lesions']

answer: @entity1558 :: (MESH:D001941,Disease) :: ['Breast lesions']


abstract: Employing the new concept of systolic @entity296 , this study addresses the questions of linearity of the end-systolic stress-strain relations in @entity4346 and the preload @entity734 of fiber shortening rate. Pressure overload @entity1184 was induced in six puppies by banding the ascending aorta. Ultrasonic crystals were implanted for measurement of short axis and wall thickness in the six @entity235 with @entity1184 and in five control @entity235 . A pressure catheter was inserted through the apex for left ventricular pressure measurement. Load was altered by graded infusions of @entity2647 in the setting of beta-adrenergic blockade. Linearity of the end-systolic stress-strain relations was observed in all cases, and preload-corrected shortening rate-afterload relations were derived from these stress-strain relations. Without preload correction, mid wall and endocardial shortening rate were @entity308 (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.005, respectively) in the @entity1184 group. However, with preload correction at 35 g/cm2, there was no significant difference in shortening rate between the control and @entity1184 groups at afterloads of 150, 200 and 250 g/cm2. Endocardial shortening rate at a preload of 25 versus 35 g/cm2 demonstrated a preload @entity734 in both the control (p less than 0.04) and the @entity1184 group (p less than 0.01). Mid wall shortening rate displayed a preload @entity734 only in the @entity1184 group (p less than 0.05). It is concluded that end-systolic stress-strain relations are linear in control conditions and in @entity1184 , fiber shortening rate is preload-dependent and, thus, shortening rate-afterload relations currently used to assess myocardial contractility need to be modified to account for these preload effects.

title: Preload XXXX of fiber shortening rate in conscious @entity235 with @entity4346 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial stiffness']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['dependence']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) is an important regulator of renal transport processes. In the present study, we investigated the role of NO, produced by @entity1506 ( @entity1506 ), in the regulation of renal @entity855 -binding cassette (ABC) transporters in vivo during @entity5694 . @entity35 -Hannover @entity35 were injected with lipopolysaccharide ( @entity558 (+)) alone or in combination with the @entity1506 inhibitor, @entity5118 . Controls received detoxified @entity558 ( @entity558 (-)). After @entity558 (+), proximal tubular damage and a reduction in renal function were observed. Furthermore, @entity1506 mRNA and protein, and the amount of NO metabolites in plasma and urine, increased compared to the @entity558 (-) group. Coadministration with @entity5118 resulted in an attenuation of @entity1506 induction and reduction of @entity8 . Gene expression of 20 ABC transporters was determined. After @entity558 (+), a clear up-regulation in @entity26837 , @entity23742 /P-glycoprotein (P-gp), @entity30167 /bile salt export pump ( @entity30167 ), and @entity21998 /multidrug resistance protein ( @entity21998 ) was found, whereas @entity11483 was down-regulated. Up-regulation of @entity21998 / @entity21998 was accompanied by enhanced calcein excretion. @entity5118 attenuated the effects on transporter expression. Our data indicate that NO, produced locally by renal @entity1506 , regulates the expression of ABC transporters in vivo. Furthermore, we showed, for the first time, expression and subcellular localization of @entity30167 / @entity30167 in @entity35 kidney.

title: @entity842 differentially regulates renal XXXX -binding cassette transporters during @entity5694 .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal damage']

entities_list: @entity5118 :: ('MESH:C004479', 'Chemical') :: ['Aminoguanidine', 'aminoguanidine']

entities_list: @entity1506 :: ('24599(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['inducible NO synthase', 'iNOS']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: Background. @entity459 in childhood is a very rare entity, often being diagnosed late after the onset of its presenting symptoms. It most commonly affects @entity1 in their fourth decade of life and beyond. The inclusion of @entity459 in the differential diagnosis is necessary when evaluating @entity1 presenting with nonspecific symptoms such as @entity2011 , fatigue, @entity353 , @entity490 , @entity390 , and @entity391 . Methods. We report the case of an eleven-year-old @entity1 presenting with three years history of @entity10 , @entity227 , along with episodes of @entity2777 . Neuroimaging confirmed a large posterior fossa @entity145 . It was decided to manage this lesion conservatively with surveillance. Only after further hospital admissions with recurrent @entity909 , @entity1296 , and @entity390 to add to her already existing symptoms, a full biochemical and endocrine assessment was performed to look for more specific causes for her presentation. These pointed to a diagnosis of @entity459 . Conclusions. The inclusion of @entity459 in the differential diagnosis should be considered when evaluating paediatric @entity1 presenting with nonspecific (neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal) symptoms in order to establish a prompt diagnosis of the disorder and to avoid severe complications of prolonged hypercalcaemia and end-organ damage.

title: Posterior fossa XXXX masking a delayed diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism in a @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['Primary hyperparathyroidism', 'primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual disturbance']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity145 :: ('MESH:D016080', 'Disease') :: ['arachnoid cyst']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity2777 :: ('MESH:D005166', 'Disease') :: ['emotional lability']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

answer: @entity145 :: (MESH:D016080,Disease) :: ['arachnoid cyst']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: There are various options for wound treatment after the excision of a @entity2869 . The aim of our study was to compare secondary healing to Limberg @entity1912 wound closure, with a focus on scar quality and @entity1 complaints, rate of recurrence, period of absence from work as well as functional and aesthetic results one year after surgery. METHOD: 33 out of 55 @entity1 who underwent @entity2869 in our department (KlinikumStadtSoest, Soest, Germany) between 2011 and 2012 were enrolled in the study. 16 of these 33 @entity1 had chosen secondary wound healing and 17 were treated with a Limberg @entity1912 for defect coverage. First and foremost, we aimed to objectify scar quality and elasticity by measuring the parameters of skin distensibility and mobility. To this end, we used a self-developed method to ascertain the sacral lumbar skin distension quotient (SL quotient) as well as sacral skin mobility. 100 healthy volunteers served as a control group. Also we collected information about @entity158 , time of absence from work and frequency of recurrence and asked @entity1 about their satisfaction with the functional and aesthetic results. RESULTS: The results for the sacral lumbar skin distension quotient were significantly better after Limberg @entity1912 wound closure compared with secondary wound healing. As regards distensibility, there was a marked trend to more favourable values in the Limberg group. No differences in distensibility and mobility were observed between the Limberg group and the control group, whereas skin distensibility was significantly reduced (p=0.001) in secondary healing compared with the control group. Time off work was significantly longer in secondary healing (mean 63 days) than after Limberg @entity1912 (mean 29 days). No differences were identified regarding @entity1 satisfaction, @entity158 scores and frequency of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Wound closure via Limberg @entity1912 after the excision of an @entity2869 not only helps to reduce absence from work, but also produces a scar which is more distensible and movable compared with secondary healing. @entity1 satisfaction and @entity158 scores were very good in both groups, with no differences observed by us. We are planning to collect more data with a bigger sample of @entity1 and a longer follow-up period in future studies. For the time being, we will continue to provide both treatment methods to our @entity1 .

title: [Comparison of Treatments for an XXXX : Differences in Scar Quality and Outcome Between Secondary Wound Healing and Limberg @entity1912 in a Prospective Study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity2869 :: ('MESH:D010864', 'Disease') :: ['pilonidal sinus', 'infected pilonidal sinus', 'pilonidal sinus excision']

answer: @entity2869 :: (MESH:D010864,Disease) :: ['Infected Pilonidal Sinus']


abstract: AIMS: To evaluate the work-up of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) removed for vulvar @entity2558 -pT2 @entity957 ( @entity957 ). Inguinal lymphadenectomy yields @entity3 in only 30% of cases. @entity1 with missed inguinal disease, however, have a risk of dying from @entity262 . @entity4298 dissections reduce morbidity, but work-up should reliably identify metastatic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: All SLNs removed from 38 @entity1 with @entity2558 -pT2 @entity957 and clinically negative inguinal lymph nodes were submitted for frozen section analysis. When negative, @entity4298 were @entity406 -fixed, sectioned entirely at 330-microm intervals to produce three slides per millimetre [two @entity6175 and @entity1711 (H_E) stained slides; one slide for immunohistochemistry]. If screening of H_E-stained sections was negative, all remaining slides were subjected to immunohistochemistry with an antibody to cytokeratin. Twenty-five of 38 @entity1 (66%) were pN0, 7/38 (18%) had @entity3 on frozen sections/H_E stains. Immunohistochemistry detected micrometastases in two @entity1 and @entity5 cells and anucleate cell structures in four @entity1 . In 12/13 @entity1 the @entity4298 @entity3 , including all single-cell deposits, were from lichen sclerosus (LS)-associated @entity957 . Twelve of 13 @entity1 with @entity3 had a pT2 @entity957 . CONCLUSIONS: Micrometastases and @entity5 cell deposits in SLNs are typical of LS-associated vulvar @entity957 . @entity5 cell deposits in SNLs should be regarded as 'positive'. Identification requires serial sectioning and immunohistochemical analysis of all removed SLNs.

title: Histopathological work-up and interpretation of sentinel lymph nodes removed for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Single tumour', 'single tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['vulvar squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: In the preceding paper (Dev. Brain Res., 69 (1992) 215-223), a polyclonal antiserum ('3070') and several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs 4 and 199) were used to define a novel set of @entity9043 -binding membrane antigens in @entity1573 brain. These MAbs specifically inhibited attachment of @entity19 cells to low, but not high amounts of @entity9043 . Here, the immunocytochemical localization of MAb 4 and 3070 antigens was examined in frozen sections of E3-P21 @entity1573 brain, with particular reference to retina, optic tectum, cerebellum and spinal cord. Growing axons and migrating nascent neurons were stained transiently, while projection neurons were intensely labelled at all stages. Some interneurons and glial cells were stained faintly; others, apparently not at all. Finally, 3070 antiserum stained neuropil regions in mature brain. Cells in the CNS expressing high levels of MAb 4 antigens corresponded to those which, in rodents, are known to migrate in response to @entity9043 or to synthesize forms of @entity9043 themselves. These data, together with evidence presented elsewhere (J. Comp. Neurol., 313 (1991) 625-642) and in the next paper in this series (Dev. Brain Res., 69 (1992) 277-282), suggest that MAb 4 and 3070 antigens are important in neural development by mediating at least some of the responses of neural cells to @entity9043 --for example, by acting as a @entity9043 receptor guiding axonal outgrowth and neuronal migration, or by involvement in the transport and binding of @entity9043 to the surface of neurons and reactive glial cells.

title: Characterization of a novel set of membrane antigens associated with axonal growth. II. Expression in the XXXX central nervous system.

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity726 is a common @entity179 for which current therapies are often insufficient; thus, new neuroprotective strategies are an important goal. Stem cells are attracting increasing attention as mediators of neuroprotection, often conferred via the trophic support of injured neurons. The purpose of our investigation was to determine whether oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a type of neural stem cell, can protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from @entity16 in vivo. METHODS: Intraocular pressure was chronically increased by trabecular laser treatment delivered unilaterally to adult @entity35 eyes. OPCs were isolated in vitro and then transplanted intravitreally either before, or concurrent with, @entity130 . Survival, migration, differentiation, and integration of grafted cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RGC survival was assessed by optic nerve axon quantification. RESULTS: Transplanted OPCs were found to survive within the eye for at least 12 weeks and to localize close to the RGCs. Moreover, OPCs significantly enhanced the survival of RGCs in the @entity735 , but only when concomitantly activated by @entity32 . Axonal loss relative to the untreated fellow eye was 28.34% +/- 11.51% in eyes that received activated OPCs, compared with 60.34% +/- 8.28% in control eyes (mean +/- SEM; P = 0.05). Amelioration of RGC death was not attributable to @entity32 but relied on an interaction between inflammatory cells and OPCs. Engrafted cells also displayed multipotentiality in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The impressive neuroprotection conferred by OPCs in this model suggests stem cell-based therapies should be explored further as a potential treatment for @entity726 .

title: Transplanted oligodendrocyte precursor cells reduce neurodegeneration in a model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous damage']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma', 'glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous eye']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury induction']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: By using selective @entity935 (DA) receptor agonists and antagonists, we have demonstrated previously the presence of @entity18404 - and DA-1-like DA receptors in the stellate ganglia of the @entity235 . Activation of either @entity18404 - or DA-1-like receptors by @entity11640 or @entity18370 , respectively, leads to inhibition of ganglionic transmission. In the present study we have examined the involvement of DA receptor subtypes in the action of DA on ganglionic transmission. Inasmuch as stimulation of DA receptors is linked to the activation (DA-1) or inhibition ( @entity18404 ) of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, we have also measured the accumulation of @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) for biochemical characterization of ganglionic DA receptors. In isolated stellate ganglia treated with @entity5521 and @entity1169 , DA caused concentration-dependent inhibition of ganglionic transmission as evidenced by reductions in the amplitude of the evoked postganglionic compound action potentials. The inhibitory effect of DA on ganglionic transmission was antagonized by both the DA-1 receptor antagonist, @entity34676 , and the @entity18404 receptor antagonist, @entity20165 . However, the more potent and selective DA-1 receptor antagonist, @entity10095 , failed to antagonize the DA-induced inhibition of ganglionic transmission. Isolated stellate ganglia were also utilized for the measurement of @entity268 . Neither DA nor the selective DA-1 receptor agonist, @entity18370 , caused any significant changes in @entity268 , suggesting the lack of an @entity1920 cyclase-linked DA-1 receptor in the ganglia. On the other hand, beta adrenoceptor activation by @entity3044 produced a 3-fold increase in @entity268 content of the stellate ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Effect of @entity935 receptor activation on ganglionic transmission and XXXX levels in the stellate ganglia and renal arteries of the @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity11640 :: ('MESH:D019257', 'Chemical') :: ['quinpirole']

entities_list: @entity18370 :: ('MESH:D018818', 'Chemical') :: ['fenoldopam']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity34676 :: ('CHEBI:64122', 'Chemical') :: ['R-sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity20165 :: ('CHEBI:64119', 'Chemical') :: ['S-sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity1920 :: ('CHEBI:16027', 'Chemical') :: ['adenylate']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

answer: @entity1919 :: (MESH:D000242,Chemical) :: ['cyclic AMP']