abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the patterns of tests requested for @entity1 admitted with @entity662 , and to monitor the effects on those patterns of issuing a set of guidelines formulated by an expert panel. SETTING: Tertiary referral hospital (teaching). DESIGN: A retrospective audit of the patterns of testing of @entity1 with @entity662 compared with testing recommended by an expert panel, followed by comparison with patterns of testing after guidelines were issued. INTERVENTION: Practice guidelines, based on the expert committee's recommendations, were drawn up for use in the cardiology unit. OUTCOME MEASURES: Tests per admission, bed days per admission, emergency readmission rate. @entity1 : Sixty-seven @entity1 with diagnosis at the time of admission of @entity662 and a discharge diagnosis of " @entity301 ". RESULTS: The major finding of the audit was the excessive use of "biochemistry test profiles" instead of targeted tests as recommended by the expert committee. Intervention led to a decrease in the number of tests per admission in the cardiology unit from an average of 22.9 tests in the six months before intervention to 9.7 in the six months after (P < 0.001). There was no effect on bed days per admission or emergency readmission rates. CONCLUSION: Audit and intervention in a specialised unit of @entity1 with a specified diagnosis led to more cost effective use of the resources of the Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Biochemistry.

title: The investigation of XXXX : audit and intervention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['intermediate coronary syndrome']

answer: @entity662 :: (MESH:D002637,Disease) :: ['chest pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Different @entity3 (representing different grades of @entity5 cell dissociation) are associated with prognostic outcome in @entity5 . We evaluated the prognostic value of different @entity3 ( @entity3 ) in @entity2622 (CX). METHODS: Six hundred eleven surgically treated CX (FIGO IB to IIB) were re-evaluated histologically regarding the @entity3 , using a three-level scoring system. Closed @entity3 was defined as cohesive growth with well-delineated (pushing) borders. In finger-like @entity3 the @entity5 grows in solid cords/trabecles. Highly dissociative growth in small groups or single cells was defined as spray-like @entity3 . Types of @entity3 were correlated to @entity5 stage, histo-morphologic factors and prognostic outcome. RESULTS: Sixty percent of the @entity5 showed a spray-like @entity3 , 30% a finger-like @entity3 and only 7.4% were of the closed type. Spray-like @entity3 showed a significant correlation with advanced stage disease, lymphovascular space involvement, poorly differentiated @entity5 and pelvic lymph node @entity3 . Spray-like @entity3 was accompanied by a reduced 5-year overall survival when compared to the finger-like and closed @entity3 (68.7% vs. 80.9% vs. 88.5%; P=0.0004). The prognostic impact of the @entity3 disappeared in node-positive @entity1 (P=0.06) but persisted in @entity1 without pelvic @entity1600 (P=0.03). In multivariate analysis, using COX regression model, the @entity3 represented as independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Spray-like @entity3 (i.e., highest degree of @entity5 cell dissociation) is associated with advanced @entity5 stages, increased rate of recurrency and a reduced overall survival. In separate analysis of @entity1 with and without lymph node @entity3 , the impact of @entity3 persisted only in node-negative cases as a prognostic factor.

title: Pattern of invasion is of prognostic value in surgically treated @entity5 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node disease']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['cervical carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'patterns of invasion', 'PI']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Despite many known advantages, the radical perineal prostatectomy (RPP) had fallen out of favor because of the need for a second incision for the regional lymph node dissection. Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy, however, provides an accurate and minimally invasive alternative to open lymph node dissection. Herein are reported the practical advantages of combining laparoscopic lymph node dissection (LPLND) with RPP. METHODS: Forty-nine @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 were considered candidates for RPP using a modified Belt technique. Thirty-five @entity1 underwent attempted LPLND and 31 of these @entity1 subsequently underwent RPP; 14 @entity1 underwent RPP alone. Variables examined included total operative time, transfusion requirement, length of hospital stay, continence, and potency. RESULTS: The mean operative time for LPLND combined with RPP in 31 @entity1 , including time for repositioning, was 4.5 hours (range 3.0 to 7.0 hours). Only 26 percent of the @entity1 who underwent the combined approach required blood transfusions of which 75 percent received autologous units. Mean length of stay was six days, and laparoscopy did not contribute significantly to postoperative morbidity. Eighty-four percent of the @entity1 are completely continent. Of 27 potent @entity1 who underwent nerve-sparing surgery, 22 percent are potent and an additional 30 percent are sexually active with intracavernous pharmacotherapy. There were no perioperative @entity204 , 2 major complications, and 5 minor complications. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic techniques now permit the urologist to utilize the perineal approach, and its many advantages, to radical prostatic extirpation without the need for a formal abdominal incision. The minimal @entity190 and low morbidity associated with laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy combined with the radical perineal prostatectomy make this procedure an attractive alternative to the open retropubic approach for clinically localized @entity263 .

title: Combined laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection and modified belt radical perineal prostatectomy for localized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic adenocarcinoma', 'carcinoma of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostatic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Due to its decisive function in the avian metabolic, endocrine and immune system @entity8561 ( @entity534 ) is dietary indispensable for @entity1573 . In 12-week-old cockerels of two high- and two low-performing purebred layer lines, the effects of increasing dietary @entity534 on the haematological and febrile response were studied over 48  h after single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. The offered diets contained @entity534 equivalent to 70%, 100% and 200% of recommended supply. Pathophysiological alterations in @entity1017 , feed intake, body temperature and differential blood count were examined in comparison with their physiological initial values. Within the first 24  h after LPS injection, cockerels reduced feed intake and lost body weight subsequently. Thereby, low-performing genotypes lost body weight to a lesser extent than high-performing ones. The loss of body weight was further intensified by deficient dietary @entity534 . Within the following 24  h, cockerels recovered by improving feed intake and @entity1017 . Furthermore, LPS induced genotype-specific fever response: both brown genotypes showed initial @entity2332 followed by longer lasting moderate @entity221 , whereas the white genotypes exhibited @entity221 . Fever response was accompanied by significant changes in differential blood counts. Characterized by @entity2905 and heterophilia, a severe @entity1210 was observed from 4 to 8  h after LPS injection and replaced by a marked leucocytosis with longer lasting monocytosis up to 48  h after LPS injection. Under given pathophysiological conditions, deficiently @entity534 -supplied cockerels showed higher total leucocyte counts than adequately and excessively @entity534 -supplied cockerels. However, deficient and surplus dietary @entity534 tended to cause higher ratios between heterophils and lymphocytes. To conclude, present results confirmed that LPS induced numerous immunological changes in 12-week-old cockerels and emphasized that @entity1573 's genotype is a source of variation to be considered for immunological studies. Deficient dietary @entity534 intensified acute changes in differential blood counts and @entity1017 during LPS-induced @entity32 .

title: Haematological and febrile response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in 12-week-old cockerels of genetically diverse layer lines fed diets with increasing XXXX levels.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2905 :: ('MESH:D008231', 'Disease') :: ['lymphopenia']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chickens', 'chicken']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia', 'biphasic hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

entities_list: @entity1210 :: ('MESH:C536227', 'Disease') :: ['leucopenia']

answer: @entity8561 :: (D001120,Chemical) :: ['L-arginine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical, audiological, radiological, and genetic features of a group of @entity1 affected with @entity8468 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen @entity1 affected with @entity8468 ( @entity8468 ), diagnosed by means of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear, with 3-dimensional reconstructions of the labyrinth and by high-resolution spiral computed tomography of the temporal bone, performed only on the oldest @entity1 , have been submitted to a complete audiological evaluation, a thyroid functional and ultrasonographic study, and a molecular study of the @entity1480 gene. RESULTS: The clinical presentation of @entity8468 was very variable in our group of @entity1 . The @entity15902 was bilateral in 15 cases and unilateral in 2; it was the only @entity600 of the labyrinth in 12 @entity1 , whereas it was associated with other @entity389 in the other 5. The @entity393 was very variable in degree (from mild to profound), age at onset, and progression. Moreover, among the 17 @entity1 , 10 were clinically affected by @entity18260 ( @entity18260 ), 3 by @entity8 associated with @entity8468 , whereas in 3 @entity1 the @entity8468 was not syndromal. Finally, we identified mutations in the @entity1480 gene in 5 of 10 @entity1 with @entity18260 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data underscore the frequent role of the @entity8468 in the pathogenesis of @entity1274 and the overall wide variability in its audiological features. It is also highlighted that @entity8468 is often part of some @entity66 , most of which are @entity18260 , which is often misdiagnosed because of the varying degree of @entity1374 . This study also underscores the possible role of hydro-electrolyte and acid-base endolymphatic fluid disorders in the pathogenesis of @entity15902 .

title: XXXX : audiological, radiological, clinical, and genetic features.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['distal renal tubular acidosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['syndromal diseases']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid symptoms']

entities_list: @entity18260 :: ('MESH:C536648', 'Disease') :: ['PS', "Pendred's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity8468 :: ('OMIM:600791', 'Disease') :: ['LVAS', 'large vestibular aqueduct', 'large vestibular aqueduct syndrome']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity15902 :: ('MESH:C566366', 'Disease') :: ['enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome', 'enlarged vestibular aqueduct']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear anomalies']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity8468 :: (OMIM:600791,Disease) :: ['Large vestibular aqueduct syndrome']


abstract: The effects of different alpha-2 agonists on the spontaneous motility in naive and @entity1286 tolerant @entity19 were studied. @entity1338 caused a reduction at the lower (1-3 micrograms Kg-1 i.p.) and higher (100 micrograms Kg-1 i.p.) doses and no effect at 10-30 micrograms Kg-1 i.p. in naive @entity19 , while an increase was found at the intermediate doses (10-30 micrograms Kg-1 i.p.) in @entity1286 tolerant @entity19 . The @entity1338 -induced inhibition on spontaneous motility at the lower and higher doses was prevented both in naive and tolerant @entity19 by @entity9006 pretreatment. In @entity1286 -treated animals the increase induced by @entity1338 was antagonized by @entity3159 . The action of guanabenz and @entity1774 on locomotion differed from @entity1338 , by producing inhibition only at higher doses (100-300 micrograms Kg-1 i.p.). @entity1338 , but not @entity1774 or guanabenz, prevented the @entity3347 precipitated by @entity1510 . Thus the only alpha-2 agonistic properties do not appear sufficient to explain the prevention of @entity1286 abstinence by @entity1338 in @entity19 , which can represent a single model to screen anti-withdrawal drugs.

title: Effect of alpha-adrenoreceptors in the control of spontaneous motility and @entity1286 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3347 :: ('MESH:D013375', 'Disease') :: ['withdrawal syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['Clonidine', 'clonidine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1774 :: ('MESH:D016316', 'Chemical') :: ['guanfacine']

answer: @entity3347 :: (MESH:D013375,Disease) :: ['withdrawal syndrome']


abstract: @entity10102 (IP6) is a naturally occurring phytochemical, found in abundance in cereals, legumes and other high-fiber-content diets. IP6 has shown promising efficacy against a wide range of @entity5 . Its anti- @entity5 activity involves anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic effects. Both matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs), are implicated in @entity5 growth, @entity3 , and angiogenesis. @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) is a well-known inflammatory stimulator and @entity5 promoter that activates PKC and increases the invasiveness of various types of @entity5 cells by activating MMPs. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of IP6 on the expression of selected MMPs, i.e., @entity3334 in unstimulated and @entity4515 -stimulated @entity694 cell line Caco-2. Quantification of genes expression in Caco-2 cells treated with 100 ng/mL of @entity4515 , 2.5 mM of IP6 and both for 6 and 12 h was carried out using real time QRT-PCR technique. Stimulation of cells with @entity4515 resulted in an up-expression of @entity1476 , @entity1549 , @entity1495 , @entity12791 , @entity1550 and @entity2843 mRNAs and decrease in @entity3334 gene expression. The quantity of @entity1552 transcript was reduced by @entity4515 . A significant decrease in @entity1476 , @entity1549 , @entity12791 , @entity1550 , and @entity2843 expression in response to IP6 was observed. IP6 down-regulated @entity1495 transcription induced by @entity4515 and decreased the level of both @entity1476 and @entity1549 mRNAs in @entity4515 -stimulated cells. Caco-2 treated with both @entity4515 and IP6 showed a significant decrease in @entity3334 expression in comparison to @entity4515 -stimulated cells. The results of this study show that @entity4515 can modulate MMP and TIMP genes transcription in @entity694 cells Caco-2. IP6 exerts an influence of basal mRNA expression of some MMPs and their tissue inhibitors and down-regulates @entity3334 , @entity1476 , @entity1549 and @entity1495 in cells treated with @entity4515 . IP6 could be an effective anti-metastatic agent that suppresses expression of MMP genes at transcription level.

title: Inhibitory effect of @entity10102 on metalloproteinases transcription in XXXX cells stimulated with @entity1359 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['Phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity10102 :: ('MESH:D010833', 'Chemical') :: ['Inositol hexaphosphate']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: Enterotoxigenic @entity526 ( @entity17052 ) remain an important cause of neonatal and post-weaning @entity294 in @entity1707 . In general, neonatal infections can be prevented effectively by passive colostral and lactogenic immunity obtained by vaccination of the sow. In this respect, several maternal vaccines are on the market. These are applied mainly parenterally in the pregnant sow. However at weaning, lactogenic protection disappears. Strains involved in post-weaning @entity294 mostly express F4 or F18 fimbriae. These fimbriae are important virulence factors since they allow the bacteria to bind to specific receptors on small intestinal enterocytes, resulting in colonization and subsequently the secretion of enterotoxins causing @entity294 . Consequently, an active mucosal immunity, in which the local production of F4- and/or F18-specific sIgA plays an important role, is required to protect @entity1707 against post-weaning @entity294 . This review aims to give an overview of the immunization strategies applied in the @entity1707 model to prevent post-weaning @entity294 caused by F4- and/or F18- positive @entity17052 in @entity1707 . These include the use of oral live and subunit vaccines, encapsulation strategies and parenteral immunization.

title: @entity17052 vaccination in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An accurate preprocedural risk stratification scheme for @entity1 with unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) @entity850 who are undergoing coronary stenting is lacking. We examined the predictive value of preprocedural levels of @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), @entity2002 , and leukocyte counts with respect to 9-month clinical outcomes after stenting of the @entity3979 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Levels of @entity1851 , @entity2002 , and leukocyte count were prospectively measured in 83 @entity1 undergoing stenting of the ULMCA. A drug-eluting stent was used in 42 @entity1 , and a bare metal stent was used in 41. The end point of the study was @entity204 and the combination of @entity204 and @entity583 ( @entity583 ). By the 9-month follow-up, there were 11 deaths (13%), 7 MIs (8%), and 16 @entity75 revascularizations (19%). @entity204 and @entity204 / @entity583 occurred in 19% and 31%, respectively, of 59 @entity1 with high serum levels of @entity1851 (>3 mg/L) but in none of 24 @entity1 with normal @entity1851 levels (for @entity204 , P=0.02; for @entity204 / @entity583 , P=0.006). In multivariate analysis, the highest tertiles of @entity1851 level (P=0.028) and leukocyte count (P=0.002) were the only independent predictors of @entity204 . The highest tertiles of @entity1851 level (P=0.002) and leukocyte count (P=0.002) and @entity1187 (P=0.05) were the only independent predictors of the combined end point @entity204 / @entity583 . CONCLUSIONS: Elevated preprocedural levels of @entity1851 indicate an increased risk of @entity204 and @entity204 / @entity583 after ULMCA stenting. Inflammatory risk assessment in @entity1 with @entity3979 may be useful for selecting @entity1 for percutaneous coronary interventions with very low risk.

title: Preprocedural levels of XXXX and leukocyte counts predict 9-month mortality after coronary angioplasty for the treatment of unprotected left main @entity3979 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['target lesion']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['ULMCA stenosis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1851 :: (1401,Gene) :: ['C-reactive protein']


abstract: When @entity35 mast cells were cultured for a short period in plastic dishes and adhering cells were permeabilized with beta-escin and exposed to @entity141 at concentrations higher than 10(-7) mol/l, @entity112 release was induced dose-dependently. @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) activity in the crude extracts obtained from adhering mast cells was induced in the presence of @entity141 , @entity10271 and @entity2366 . The apparent Km value of @entity7131 for @entity141 was 0.33 mumol/l, and this @entity141 concentration was equivalent to that which can elicit half the maximum of the Ca(2+0-induced @entity112 release. After permeabilization, approximately 80% of the total @entity7131 activity remained in the cytosolic fraction. In the resting state, 95% of the total @entity7131 activity was detected in the soluble fraction, and the rest was detected in the membrane fraction. When permeabilized mast cells were incubated with @entity141 at micromolar concentrations, which are effective in releasing @entity112 , the total @entity7131 activity did not change. However, the translocation of @entity7131 took place from the cytosolic fraction to the membrane fraction, corresponding to @entity141 concentrations in the medium. When the crude @entity7131 extract of mast cells was incubated with phospholipid vesicles and centrifuged, the @entity7131 activity in the supernatant was diminished; the amount of @entity7131 binding to the vesicles was dependent upon @entity141 concentrations in the medium. @entity11616 , a potent @entity7131 inhibitor, interacts with @entity7131 in a noncompetitive manner, and it does not inhibit @entity141 -induced translocation of @entity7131 . It can be concluded that @entity7131 is translocated into the cell membrane along with an increase in intracellular @entity141 concentrations and the subsequent activation of @entity7131 may be crucial for the process leading to @entity112 release.

title: @entity141 -induced translocation of protein kinase C during XXXX -dependent @entity112 release from beta-escin-permeabilized @entity35 mast cells.

entities_list: @entity2366 :: ('CHEBI:41847', 'Chemical') :: ['diacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['PKC', 'Protein kinase C']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity10271 :: ('CHEBI:16247', 'Chemical') :: ['phospholipid']

entities_list: @entity11616 :: ('MESH:C058819', 'Chemical') :: ['Calphostin C']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca(2+)']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Low-dose lipopolysaccharide ( @entity1990 ) preconditioning-induced liver protection has been demonstrated during @entity63 -reperfusion injury (IRI) in several organs but has not been sufficiently elucidated underlying causal mechanism. This study investigated the role of low-dose @entity1990 preconditioning on @entity2988 - @entity13841 pathway as well as the effects of the pathway on tissue @entity32 in a @entity19 model of liver partial-warm IRI. METHODS: @entity1990 (100   g/kg/d) was injected intraperitoneally two days before @entity63 . @entity99 was evaluated based on serum @entity493 aminotransferase levels, histopathology, and @entity185 activity. The @entity2988 - @entity13841 pathway and its related apoptotic molecules were investigated after reperfusion. The role of @entity1990 preconditioning on apoptosis and @entity2988 - @entity13841 pathway was examined in vitro. Moreover, the effects of the @entity2988 - @entity13841 pathway on apoptosis, @entity35123 , and @entity185 were determined with @entity2988 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Inflammatory cytokine expression was also checked after reperfusion. Inflammatory cytokines and related signaling pathways were analyzed in vitro in macrophages treated by @entity1990 preconditioning or @entity2988 siRNA. RESULTS: @entity1990 preconditioning significantly attenuated @entity99 after IRI. As demonstrated by in vitro experiments, @entity1990 preconditioning significantly reduced the upregulation of the @entity2988 - @entity13841 pathway and inhibited @entity35123 and @entity185 activation after IRI. Later experiments showed that @entity2988 knockdown significantly suppressed @entity13841 , cleaved @entity35123 and @entity185 expression, as well as inhibited hepatocellular apoptosis. In addition, in @entity19 pretreated with @entity1990 , @entity637 and @entity777 were inhibited after reperfusion, whereas @entity1618 was upregulated. Similarly, low-dose @entity1990 significantly inhibited @entity637 , @entity777 , @entity2988 - @entity13841 pathway, NF-kB pathway, and @entity8837 in high-dose @entity1990 -stimulated macrophages, whereas @entity1618 suppressor were induced. Importantly, @entity2988 siRNA is consistent with results of @entity1990 preconditioning in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: This work is the first time to provide evidence for @entity1990 preconditioning protects hepatocytes from IRI through inhibiting @entity2988 - @entity13841 pathway, which may be critical to reducing related apoptosis molecules and modulating innate @entity32 .

title: Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning protects hepatocytes from @entity63 /reperfusion injury (IRI) through inhibiting XXXX - @entity13841 pathway in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'injury and inflammation']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatic injury', 'liver injury']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity2988 :: (11911(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['ATF4']


abstract: @entity0 is estimated as one of the most common causes of @entity5 among @entity1 . In particular, @entity0 ( @entity0 ), which do not express the genes for @entity172 / @entity1420 receptors (ER/PR) and @entity1 @entity1722 ( @entity1722 ), have been associated with poor prognosis and @entity3 . @entity50250 , the biosynthetic precursors of @entity3088 present in edible plants, exert cytotoxic and chemopreventive activities. Although mounting evidence suggests the anticancer properties of @entity50250 , limited information is available regarding the inhibitory effects of @entity50250 on the @entity146 of @entity0 cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of @entity25368 and its derivatives on the growth and the invasiveness of TNBC cells. Here, we showed that treatment with @entity25368 , @entity50251 , and @entity22728 for 24h inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values of 18.1, 4.6, and 6.7  M, respectively. Similarly, @entity25368 , @entity50251 , and @entity22728 also exerted @entity137 in another TNBC cell line, Hs578T. @entity50252 , @entity50253 , and @entity50254 did not show the @entity137 on the MDA-MB-231 cells. @entity22728 and @entity50251 induced apoptosis by @entity588 downregulation. Importantly, @entity50251 and @entity22728 exerted more potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation, @entity1495 expression and invasive phenotype of MDA-MB-231 than @entity25368 . These results suggest a potential application of these @entity50250 as anticancer agents that can alleviate malignant progression of TNBC.

title: @entity50251 and @entity22728 inhibit invasion of triple negative XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'TNBCs', 'triple negative breast cancers', 'Breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer death']

entities_list: @entity50252 :: ('MESH:C013613', 'Chemical') :: ['Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone']

entities_list: @entity50253 :: ('MESH:C097470', 'Chemical') :: ['4-methoxychalcone']

entities_list: @entity3088 :: ('MESH:D005419', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonoids']

entities_list: @entity22728 :: ('MESH:C104536', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthohumol', 'Xanthohumol']

entities_list: @entity50250 :: ('MESH:D047188', 'Chemical') :: ['Chalcones', 'chalcones']

entities_list: @entity25368 :: ('MESH:D002599', 'Chemical') :: ['Chalcone', 'chalcone']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity50251 :: ('MESH:C013031', 'Chemical') :: ['2-hydroxychalcone']

entities_list: @entity50254 :: ('MESH:C033022', 'Chemical') :: ['hesperidin methylchalcone']

entities_list: @entity1722 :: ('2064', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor 2', 'HER2']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Surgical ventricular reconstruction has been used to treat @entity296 with large @entity2845 or @entity910 areas. However, application of this approach requires a sternotomy, cardiopulmonary bypass and a left ventriculotomy. This study assessed the feasibility and efficacy of minimally invasive, off-pump, epicardial catheter-based ventricular reconstruction (ECVR) in an anteroapical @entity439 ovine model. METHODS: Left ventricular (LV) anteroapical @entity583 was induced percutaneously by coil embolization of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Eight weeks after @entity1188 , via mini left thoracotomy and without cardiopulmonary bypass, ECVR was performed in six @entity742 . The scar was excluded by placing anchor pairs on the LV epicardial anterior wall and the right ventricular side of the interventricular septum under fluoroscopic guidance. LV performance was evaluated before, immediately after device implantation and after 6 weeks by echocardiography. Terminal histopathology was performed. RESULTS: ECVR was completed expeditiously in all animals without complications. Parameters obtained 6 weeks after device implantation were compared with baseline (pre-device). End-systolic volume was decreased by 38% (25.6    6.1 ml vs baseline 41.2    7.2 ml, P = 0.02) with preservation of @entity64 volume. Ejection fraction was significantly increased by 13% (48.5    7% vs baseline 35.8    7%, P = 0.02). The circumferential strain in the anterior septum (-7.67    5.12% vs baseline -0.96    2.22%, P = 0.03) and anterior wall (-9.01    3.51% vs baseline -4.15    1.36%, P = 0.01) were significantly improved. The longitudinal strain in apex was reversed (-3.08    1.53% vs baseline 3.09    3.39%, P = 0.01). Histopathology showed full endocardial healing over the anchors with appreciable reduction of the chronic @entity1188 in the LV. CONCLUSIONS: ECVR without cardiopulmonary bypass is a less invasive alternative to current standard therapies, reverses @entity5707 and improves cardiac performance in an ovine model of anteroapical @entity439 .

title: Epicardial catheter-based ventricular reconstruction: a novel therapy for ischaemic heart failure with anteroapical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinetic']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity5707 :: ('MESH:D020257', 'Disease') :: ['LV remodelling']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peritoneal injury sustained at laparotomy may evoke local inflammatory responses that result in adhesion formation. Peritoneal mast cells are likely to initiate this process, whereas vascular permeability/endothelial growth factor ( @entity1611 ) may facilitate the degree to which subsequent adhesion formation occurs. METHODS: Mast cell deficient @entity19 (WBB6F1-/-), along with their mast cell sufficient counterparts (WBB6F1+/+), underwent @entity1104 ( @entity1104 ) with subsequent sacrifice and adhesion assessment 14 days later in a blinded fashion. Additional CD-1 and WBB6F1+/+, and WBB6F1-/- @entity19 were killed 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after operation for measurement of @entity1611 by ELISA in systemic serum and peritoneal lavage fluid. Two further groups of CD-1 @entity19 underwent @entity1104 and received either a single perioperative dose of anti- @entity1611 monoclonal antibody (10 mug/ @entity19 ) or a similar volume of IgG isotypic antibody and adhesion formation 2 weeks later was evaluated. RESULTS: WBB6F1-/- @entity19 had less adhesions then did their WBB6F1+/+ counterparts (median [interquartile range] adhesion score 3[3-3] vs 1.5[1-2] respectively; P < .003). Local @entity1611 release peaked 6 hours after @entity1104 in both @entity2659 @entity19 whereas levels remained at baseline in WBB6F1-/- @entity19 . CD-1 @entity19 treated with a single dose of anti- @entity1611 therapy during operation had less adhesions than controls (2[1.25-2] vs 3[2.25-3], P = .0002). CONCLUSIONS: Mast cells and @entity1611 are central to the formation of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions with mast cells being responsible, either directly or indirectly, for @entity1611 release into the peritoneal cavity after operation. In tandem with the recent clinical success of anti- @entity1611 monoclonal antibodies in oncologic practice, our observations suggest an intriguing avenue for research and development of anti-adhesion strategy.

title: Mast cells facilitate local XXXX release as an early event in the pathogenesis of postoperative peritoneal adhesions.

entities_list: @entity1104 :: ('MESH:D000267', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'a standardized adhesion-inducing operation']

answer: @entity1611 :: (22339(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['VEGF']


abstract: OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy in @entity1 with @entity0 larger than 3 cm associated with breast-conserving surgery plus intraoperative evaluation of surgical margins is safe. METHODS: A total of 164 @entity1 with @entity0 larger than 3 cm in diameter were submitted to neoadjuvant chemotherapy between 1992 and 1998 and followed until 2003. We used neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pulses at 21-day intervals with @entity1487 (500 mg/m2), @entity1259 (50 mg/m2) and @entity786 (500 mg/m2) (FEC). Initially, 3 cycles of chemotherapy were administered, followed by surgery and 6 additional chemotherhapy cycles. During surgery, an evaluation of the surgical margins was performed. RESULTS: Quadrantectomy was performed in 102 @entity1 (62.2%) and mastectomy in 62 (37.8%). Local recurrence in 8 @entity1 , @entity3 in 37, and 21 deaths were observed. The curves of local recurrence for quadrantectomy and mastectomy were similar (P = 0.654 and P = 0.841, respectively), and so were the numbers of local recurrence (P = 0.4438). The curves of disease-free survival for quadrantectomy and mastectomy were different (P = 0.034 and P = 0.033, respectively). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in the number of events (P = 0.1283). A statistically significant difference was observed for the curves (P = 0.001 and P = 0.000) and the number (P = 0.0034) of deaths between @entity1 undergoing quadrantectomy or mastectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can reduce surgery complexity and is safe when associated with intraoperative evaluation of the surgical margins, without changing the local recurrence rate, disease-free survival, and overall survival.

title: The safe association of intraoperative evaluation of surgical margins and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in XXXX larger than 3 centimeters.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the possible relation between @entity859 sensitive @entity1163 and tilt induced @entity907 . METHODS: An @entity855 test and a head up tilt test were performed in 175 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1163 of uncertain origin. The @entity855 test consisted of the rapid intravenous injection of 20 mg of @entity855 ; a positive response was defined as the induction of a ventricular pause (maximum RR interval) >/= 6000 ms. The head up tilt test was performed at 60 degrees for 45 minutes; if negative, 0.4 mg oral @entity1242 spray was given and the test continued for a further 20 minutes; a positive response was defined as induction of @entity1163 in the presence of @entity1168 , @entity551 , or both. RESULTS: Of the 121 @entity1 with a positive response, 77 (64%) had a positive head up tilt alone, 18 (15%) had a positive @entity855 test alone, and in 26 (21%) both @entity855 and head up tilt were positive. Compared with the @entity1 with isolated positive head up tilt, those with isolated positive @entity855 were older (mean (SD) age, 68 (10) v 45 (20) years), had a lower median number of @entity1163 (2 v 3), a shorter median duration of @entity1163 (4 v 36 months), a lower prevalence of situational, vasovagal, or triggering factors (11% v 64%), a lower prevalence of warning symptoms (44% v 71%), and a higher prevalence of systemic @entity101 (22% v 5%) and ECG abnormalities (28% v 9%). The @entity1 with a positive response to both tests had intermediate features. Of the 44 positive responses to the @entity855 test, @entity713 was the cause of the ventricular pause in 43; of the 29 positive cardioinhibitory responses to head up tilt, @entity16507 was present in 23 cases and @entity713 in six. CONCLUSIONS: @entity855 and head up tilt tests identify different populations of @entity1 affected by @entity1163 ; these have different general clinical features, different histories of @entity1163 , and different mechanism sites of action. Therefore, @entity859 sensitive @entity1163 and tilt induced @entity907 are two distinct clinical entities.

title: Clinical features of @entity859 sensitive @entity1163 and tilt induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity907 :: ('MESH:D019462', 'Disease') :: ['vasovagal syncope']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['glyceryl trinitrate']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity1163 :: ('MESH:D013575', 'Disease') :: ['syncope', 'syncopal episodes']

entities_list: @entity16507 :: ('MESH:D054138', 'Disease') :: ['sinus arrest']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity907 :: (MESH:D019462,Disease) :: ['vasovagal syncope']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the histological findings and temporal evolution that occur in auxiliary liver grafts as a consequence of arterialization of the portal vein ( @entity939 ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 10 auxiliary heterotopic liver transplants with arterialization of the @entity939 . The histological study was performed using an optical microscope to process liver samples with staining using @entity1710 and @entity1711 . A biopsy of native liver tissue was used as a control. RESULTS: Two animals were excluded from the study, one due to @entity39 of the graft and one that died 4 hours after transplant. All of the remaining eight animals underwent a histological study at 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days. The most significant histological findings were: (1) dilation of portal areas and sinusoids, which were detected at 24 hours and persisted; (2) thickening of the interlobular septum, which was observed after day 7 and progressively increased to day 14; (3) bile duct @entity1373 detected at the seventh day. CONCLUSIONS: The consistent, early findings in a @entity1707 liver with @entity939 included @entity384 of the portal area and the sinusoids, with bile duct @entity1373 extending progressively and the thickening of interlobular connective tissue septa with a generalized perilobular connective tissue reaction, which did not seem to alter the internal structure of the lobule, which showed histologically normal hepatocytes. The fibrous reaction may be the first stage in chronic hepatopathy. Further long-term studies are required in this model.

title: Pathology findings in a model of auxiliary liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dilation']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: The results of chelation treatment of 137 @entity1 presenting with neurological @entity2360 are described, together with the more commonly observed toxic reactions to the various drugs employed. Fifty-seven @entity1 made an excellent response to treatment and became symptom free. Thirty-six @entity1 made a good recovery, but were left with some minor @entity51 . Twenty-four @entity1 had a poor response: although the disease process was arrested they were left more or less disabled. Twenty @entity1 died: nine had little or no treatment, but 11 died despite apparently adequate chelation therapy. There was no obvious reason for this failure. The liver @entity920 level was estimated in six of these @entity1 : it was still significantly elevated in only one, but in all four in whom it was possible to make the determination, the concentration of @entity920 in the basal ganglia was in excess of 45 micrograms/g wet weight. It was not apparent why adequate therapy failed to remove @entity920 from the brains of these @entity1 . There was no obvious clinical, histological or biochemical indicator of failure to respond to treatment. @entity1613 before improvement was seen in 30 @entity1 : the prognosis for a useful recovery was not necessarily worse than that in @entity1 who did not show this phenomenon.

title: Chelation treatment of neurological XXXX .

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity2360 :: ('MESH:D006527', 'Disease') :: ["Wilson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['Initial deterioration']

answer: @entity2360 :: (MESH:D006527,Disease) :: ['Wilson's disease']


abstract: The sequence of host changes following the @entity397 of spore-laden xenomas of the microsporidian Loma salmonae during @entity66 of Salmon was deduced from ultrastructural examination of the gills of naturally infected, moribund, @entity11806 from a commercial aquaculture site. The gills contained many stages of parasite development suggesting fish were chronically exposed to the parasite. Intact xenomas were generally found beneath the endothelium in arteries and arterioles and were encapsulated by a layer of collagen containing fibroblasts sometimes joined by desmosomes. Xenoma dissolution was characterized by neutrophil infiltration and loss of the xenoma plasma membrane and encapsulation. The inflammatory responses associated with @entity397 ranged from acute lesions, denoted by a marked neutrophil infiltration and vascular @entity715 , to chronic lesions with a macrophage-rich infiltrate variously accompanied by @entity6980 . @entity1358 and plasma cells were characteristic throughout. Basement membrane damage of the primary filament epithelium and subsequent transepithelial expulsion of spores were associated with severe @entity32 . An unusual previously undescribed multifocal change, in which epithelial cells invaded deeply beyond the normal boundaries of the basement membrane, affected areas of gill filament epithelium with basement membrane damage. Some neutrophils that contained L. salmonae spores, or spore polar tube, displayed morphological changes that included irregular cell shape, cytoplasmic darkening associated with an abundance of free ribosomes, lysis of neighbouring cells, and type II nuclear clefts. Fusion of apparently intact neutrophils occurred in other areas of the lesion, where close contacts between neighbouring cells were established and in some areas plasma membrane fusion occurred. Closely associated neutrophils with intact plasma membranes were observed to contain type II nuclear clefts, abundant granules and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Other neutrophils in the lesion displayed type I nuclear pockets, which is suspected to be an early stage of apoptosis.

title: Ultrastructural examination of the host inflammatory response within gills of netpen reared XXXX ( @entity11806 ) with @entity66 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity11806 :: ('74940', 'Species') :: ['chinook salmon']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Microsporidial Gill Disease']

entities_list: @entity6980 :: ('MESH:D066253', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization and vascular remodelling']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['Dendritic-like cells']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['rupture', 'ruptured xenomas']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity11806 :: (74940,Species) :: ['chinook salmon']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Work-related @entity565 (WRA) is a major cause of @entity1576 in modern societies. The diagnosis and consequently an opportunity for prevention are often missed in practice. METHODS: Based on recent studies and systematic reviews of the literature methods for detection of WRA and identification of specific causes of @entity56 WRA are discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: All workers should be asked whether symptoms improve on days away from work or on holidays. Positive answers should lead to further investigation. Spirometry and non-specific bronchial responsiveness should be measured, but carefully performed and validly analysed serial peak expiratory flow or forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) measurements are more specific and confirm @entity7446 in about 82% of those still exposed to the causative agent. Skin prick testing or specific immunoglobulin E assays are useful to document @entity566 to high molecular weight allergens. Specific inhalational challenge tests come closest to a gold standard test, but lack standardisation, availability and sensitivity. Supervised workplace challenges can be used when specific challenges are unavailable or the results non-diagnostic, but methodology lacks standardisation. Finally, if the diagnosis remains unclear a follow-up with serial measurements of FEV1 and non-specific @entity2488 should detect those likely to develop @entity73 from their occupational exposures.

title: Diagnostic approach in cases with suspected work-related XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2488 :: ('MESH:D001982', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial hyperresponsiveness']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['permanent impairment']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory disease']

entities_list: @entity7446 :: ('MESH:D059366', 'Disease') :: ['occupational asthma']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: Transparent, easily-maintained, amenable to genetic manipulation, and living for only a few weeks, the @entity2199 @entity2199 is a leading animal model for the study of the determinants of lifespan. The original genetic screen for increased longevity identified a mutant, @entity27302 , with a defect in one component of a signal transduction pathway. This pathway functioned as a genetic switch and governed the decision whether to enter a specialized larval form, dauer, that enables the worm to withstand the scarcity of food or other stressful conditions. These @entity27302 worms had an increased tendency to become dauers, but if they did not adopt the dauer developmental pathway, they lived longer than wild type worms. @entity27302 and other longevity mutants with dauer phenotypes are vigorous, indicating that they do not suffer from a significant energy deficit, and stress resistant. Mutation of genes encoding mitochondrial components was found to be another means of extending the lifespan of the worm, although the associated phenotypes suggest a deficiency of available energy. While there are now many documented genetic manipulations which can extend the worm's lifespan, it has been difficult to come to definite conclusions as to the mechanism(s) by which lifespan is extended. The most carefully studied mutant strains have complex changes in gene expression and metabolism making it difficult to ascertain what changes are critical. The free radical theory of aging is the dominant biochemical theory of aging, and the phenotypes of the well-characterized longevity mutants worm can be accommodated to it. However discrete interventions to lower reactive @entity26 species, or mitigate their effects, have not produced consistent easily-interpretable results in terms of lifespan extension. It has become clear that the insulin-dependent signalling mechanism that regulates lifespan in the worm functions in the context of a complex endocrine system and the hormonal control of aging is an emerging focus of research in worms and higher organisms.

title: The determinants of lifespan in the XXXX @entity2199 : a short primer.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'Caenorhabditis elegans']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['nematode']


abstract: @entity299 damages the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Irreversible blockade of electron transport at complex I by @entity3788 @entity2806 to cardiac mitochondria by decreasing the loss of cytochrome c and preserving respiration through cytochrome oxidase. Therapeutic intervention to protect myocardium during @entity63 and reperfusion requires the use of a reversible inhibitor that allows resumption of oxidative metabolism during reperfusion. @entity20611 is a reversible inhibitor at the @entity3788 site of complex I. We asked whether @entity20611 administered immediately before @entity63 protected respiratory function. Isolated @entity35 hearts were perfused for 15 min followed by 25-min global @entity63 at 37 degrees C. @entity20611 -treated hearts received drug for 1 min before @entity63 . Subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) populations of mitochondria were isolated after @entity63 , and oxidative phosphorylation was measured. @entity20611 protected oxidative phosphorylation, including through cytochrome oxidase, in both SSM and IFM in a dose-dependent manner, with an optimal dose of 2 to 2.5 mM. @entity20611 also preserved cytochrome c content in both SSM and IFM. Thus, reversible blockade of the electron transport chain during @entity63 protects mitochondrial respiration.

title: Blockade of electron transport before @entity299 with the reversible inhibitor @entity20611 protects XXXX heart mitochondria.

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['decreases ischemic damage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3788 :: ('MESH:D012402', 'Chemical') :: ['rotenone']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac ischemia']

entities_list: @entity20611 :: ('MESH:D000654', 'Chemical') :: ['amobarbital', 'Amobarbital']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The crude herbal formulation, Gamgungtang (GGT), has been shown to protect animals against a wide range of spontaneously developing or induced @entity792 . We have previously reported that GGT shows marked down-regulation of several experimental @entity792 . Although very effective at preventing thyroid infiltrates in @entity19 immunized with @entity19 deglycosylated thyroglobulin and complete Freund's adjuvant and in spontaneous models of @entity1374 , it completely failed to modify experimental @entity1669 (EAT) induced in @entity19 immunized with @entity19 thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide. In this study, in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms by which GGT suppresses EAT, and @entity792 in general, we investigated the in vivo effects of this drug on the @entity630 / @entity61 lymphocyte balance, which is important for the induction or inhibition of autoreactivity. Naive SJL/J @entity19 were treated orally for 5 days with GGT (80 mg/(kg day)). Spleen cells were obtained at various time points during the treatment period and were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A. Interleukins @entity58 , @entity1618 and IL-12, transforming growth factor-beta ( @entity641 ) and @entity60 ( @entity60 ) cytokine production was evaluated at the protein levels of the cytokines in the medium and mRNA expressions. A significant upregulation of @entity58 , @entity1618 and @entity641 was observed following treatment with GGT, which peaked at day 5 ( @entity1618 ) or day 10 ( @entity58 ). On the other hand, IL-12 and @entity60 production were either unchanged or decreased. It seems therefore that GGT induces in vivo a shift towards @entity61 lymphocytes which may be one of the mechanisms of down-regulation of the autoimmune reactivity in EAT. Our observations indicate that down-regulation of @entity630 cytokines (especially IL-12) and enhancement of @entity61 cytokine production may play an important role in the control of T-cell-mediated @entity792 . These data may contribute to the design of new immunomodulating treatments for a group of @entity792 .

title: Herbal medicine Gamgungtang down-regulates XXXX through induction of @entity61 cytokine production by lymphocytes in experimental @entity1374 model.

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity60 :: ('15978(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma', 'IFN-gamma']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity', 'autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroiditis']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmunity']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Infertility places a huge psychological burden on @entity249 couples, especially for @entity1 . Greater knowledge of the factors affecting fertility may help to decrease the incidence of @entity249 by allowing couples to avoid certain risk factors. The aim of our study was (1) to assess the knowledge and attitudes of @entity249 and fertile Saudi @entity1 on @entity249 , possible risk factors, and social consequences; and (2) to determine the practices of @entity249 Saudi couples to promote their fertility before having them attend an @entity52 ( @entity52 ) clinic. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 277 fertile @entity1 from outpatient clinics and 104 @entity249 @entity1 from the @entity52 clinic at King Abdulaziz Medical City between June 24, 2012 and July 4, 2012, using a previously validated interview questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical statistics were applied with a significance threshold of P  <= 0.05. RESULTS: A generally poor level of knowledge (59%) and a neutral attitude (76%) toward @entity249 were reported by @entity1 . Mistaken beliefs commonly held by the study @entity1 regarding the causes of @entity249 were Djinns and supernatural causes (58.8%), black magic (67.5%), intrauterine devices (71.3%), and contraceptive pills (42.9%). The healer/Sheikh was reported as the primary and secondary preference for @entity249 treatment by 6.7% and 44.2% of @entity52 @entity1 , respectively. Compared with fertile @entity1 , @entity52 @entity1 were significantly less likely to favor divorce (38.5% versus 57.6%; P = 0.001) or marriage to a second wife (62.5% versus 86.2%; P < 0.001), if the @entity1 could not have a baby. The @entity1 with @entity249 had more favorable attitudes toward fertility drugs (87.5% versus 68.4%; P = 0.003) and having a test tube baby (92.4% versus 70.3%; P < 0.001). @entity1 adoption was accepted as an option for treatment by the majority of @entity52 @entity1 (60.6%) and fertile outpatients (71.5%). Alternative treatments previously practiced by the @entity52 @entity1 to improve fertility include practicing Ruqia (61%), using alternative medicine (42%), engaging in physical exercise (39%), eating certain foods (22%), and quitting smoking (12%). CONCLUSION: These findings have implications for health care providers regarding the reluctance that couples experiencing fertility problems may have, at least initially, to accept some interventions required for the couple to conceive.

title: Knowledge, attitude, and practices of XXXX among Saudi couples.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Child', 'women', 'patients', 'woman']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility', 'infertile']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilization']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertility']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess in greater detail than previous studies the purported association between a history of physical activity and @entity746 ( @entity746 ). METHODS: A population-based case-control study was used to identify risk factors for @entity746 . Case @entity1 were from 3 counties of western Washington State who were newly diagnosed as having @entity746 by a neurologist. Two control subjects matched with each case @entity1 for sex and age within 5 years were identified by random digit telephone dialing or random selection from Medicare eligibility lists. All subjects underwent an in- @entity1 structured interview including detailed information about physical activity before a reference date, which was the month and year the case @entity1 was diagnosed as having @entity746 . Various measures of physical activity both at work and leisure time were evaluated using conditional logistic regression taking into account the matching for sex and age. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-four case @entity1 and 348 control subjects participated in the study. Physical activity was not significantly different between case @entity1 and controls--whether at work, leisure time or both combined, and whether during a @entity1 's lifetime (from 10 years before reference date back to age 15 years) or during specific decades before reference date. An exception was that case @entity1 reported having participated in organized sports in high school slightly more frequently than control subjects (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.25). CONCLUSION: A history of physical activity has little, if any, effect on the risk of @entity746 .

title: Risk of XXXX and history of physical activity: a population-based case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']


abstract: Estimating the type-specific prevalence of @entity1082 ) in @entity135 ( @entity213 ) is helpful in predicting the impact of HPV immunization. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the overall prevalence, and gender and age-specific prevalence of HPV in @entity213 . METHOD: This cross sectional retrospective study was carried out in four pathology laboratories of Medellin, Colombia. HPV testing was performed by GP5+/6+ PCR-based RLB and @entity1799 and 18 type-specific PCR. RESULTS: 175 primary @entity213 cases consecutively diagnosed between 1999 and 2008 with confirmed diagnosis and amplifiable DNA were included. Overall HPV prevalence was 18.9%. HPV was found in 23.9%, 17.5% and 13.3% of the oral cavity, larynx and oropharynx cases respectively. Among HPV positive cases, 82% were @entity1799 and 18% were HPV 18. No other HPV genotypes were identified. Most @entity1 were males. Male @entity1 were younger that their female counterparts, particularly in @entity1697 cases. CONCLUSION: @entity1799 and 18 genotypes were found in nearly 20% of @entity213 cases in Colombian @entity1 . The impact of HPV vaccination for the prevention of @entity213 in this population deserves further evaluation.

title: @entity1082 types in cases of squamous cell carcinoma of XXXX in Colombia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['oral cavity cancer']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck']


abstract: @entity0 is estimated as one of the most common causes of @entity5 among @entity1 . In particular, @entity0 ( @entity0 ), which do not express the genes for @entity172 / @entity1420 receptors (ER/PR) and @entity1 @entity1722 ( @entity1722 ), have been associated with poor prognosis and @entity3 . @entity50250 , the biosynthetic precursors of @entity3088 present in edible plants, exert cytotoxic and chemopreventive activities. Although mounting evidence suggests the anticancer properties of @entity50250 , limited information is available regarding the inhibitory effects of @entity50250 on the @entity146 of @entity0 cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of @entity25368 and its derivatives on the growth and the invasiveness of TNBC cells. Here, we showed that treatment with @entity25368 , @entity50251 , and @entity22728 for 24h inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values of 18.1, 4.6, and 6.7  M, respectively. Similarly, @entity25368 , @entity50251 , and @entity22728 also exerted @entity137 in another TNBC cell line, Hs578T. @entity50252 , @entity50253 , and @entity50254 did not show the @entity137 on the MDA-MB-231 cells. @entity22728 and @entity50251 induced apoptosis by @entity588 downregulation. Importantly, @entity50251 and @entity22728 exerted more potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation, @entity1495 expression and invasive phenotype of MDA-MB-231 than @entity25368 . These results suggest a potential application of these @entity50250 as anticancer agents that can alleviate malignant progression of TNBC.

title: @entity50251 and XXXX inhibit invasion of triple negative @entity0 cells.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'TNBCs', 'triple negative breast cancers', 'Breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressiveness']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer death']

entities_list: @entity50252 :: ('MESH:C013613', 'Chemical') :: ['Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone']

entities_list: @entity50253 :: ('MESH:C097470', 'Chemical') :: ['4-methoxychalcone']

entities_list: @entity3088 :: ('MESH:D005419', 'Chemical') :: ['flavonoids']

entities_list: @entity22728 :: ('MESH:C104536', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthohumol', 'Xanthohumol']

entities_list: @entity50250 :: ('MESH:D047188', 'Chemical') :: ['Chalcones', 'chalcones']

entities_list: @entity25368 :: ('MESH:D002599', 'Chemical') :: ['Chalcone', 'chalcone']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity50251 :: ('MESH:C013031', 'Chemical') :: ['2-hydroxychalcone']

entities_list: @entity50254 :: ('MESH:C033022', 'Chemical') :: ['hesperidin methylchalcone']

entities_list: @entity1722 :: ('2064', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor 2', 'HER2']

answer: @entity22728 :: (MESH:C104536,Chemical) :: ['xanthohumol']


abstract: Twenty @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 were treated with a single infusion (400 mg) of a mouse monoclonal antibody (IgG2a) against the @entity5 -associated antigen CO 17-1A and with a daily injection of @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) for 10 days. The cycle was repeated every month. @entity3 from 5 of the 20 @entity1 biopsied on days 1 and 10 of the first two treatment cycles were studied by immunohistochemistry. During treatment, neutrophils, monocytes, and T lymphocytes increased concordantly in the @entity5 as in the blood of the individual @entity1 . Macrophages ( @entity469 ) and CD8+ T cells infiltrated the @entity5 glands and displayed @entity13433 -reactive cytotoxic granules. Neutrophils were seen mainly in areas of @entity39 . Activated (HLA-DR+) CD4+ T cells were usually abundant in the stroma. During treatment, few natural killer cells were found in the @entity5 , contrary to the marked increase seen in blood. Our observations indicate that @entity2841 markedly recruited activated, @entity5 -infiltrating leukocytes, possibly representing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and cytotoxic T effector cells. The notion that combined antibody and @entity2841 therapy may also promote a T-cell antitumor response is further supported and advocated by our findings. The study lends further support to combining @entity2841 with monoclonal antibody-based therapy.

title: Immunopathology of @entity3 in XXXX of @entity14 treated with monoclonal antibody 17-1A and @entity2841 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastases']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Hanging, a common method of execution, began in antiquity and continues to this date. Unfortunately, the exact cause of a victim's demise was not always obvious, and many victims died as the result of @entity2063 from the hangman's noose. In the latter part of the 19th century, scientific curiosity led to autopsy studies of the cervical spine; Paterson in 1890 first described the lethal lesion. Experimental work in 1913 demonstrated that when the hangman's knot was placed beneath the chin, @entity204 rapidly occurred because of a traumatic spondylolisthesis of the second cervical vertebra. This knot placement then became standard as the most efficient method of execution. It was not until the mid-20th century that the similarity between judicial and civilian injury was recognized. The reports were infrequent, and most of the pars interarticularis @entity174 resulted from @entity64 in which the victim was thrown forward and struck his or her face against the windshield which caused @entity2459 . The similarity between civilian and @entity130 was recognized in 1965 by Schneider who, together with his associates, reported eight cases; it was this group who introduced the term " @entity174 ". Garber presented his thoughts on this subject, noting that there was a difference between the forces generated by judicial hanging and those caused by motor vehicle accidents and other similar civilian injuries. The former results in axial loading and hyperextension, and, rarely, in flexion or axial loading. Since the lesion occurs at the pars interarticularis of C2, Garber suggested that a more appropriate term might be traumatic spondylolisthesis of the @entity2270 .

title: Traumatic spondylolisthesis of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['automobile accidents']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', "hangman's fracture"]

entities_list: @entity2063 :: ('MESH:C537571', 'Disease') :: ['asphyxiation']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['vehicular injuries']

entities_list: @entity2459 :: ('MESH:D003639', 'Disease') :: ['sudden violent hyperextension']

answer: @entity2270 :: (MESH:C566610,Disease) :: ['axis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare oral health in nursing home (NH) residents with different @entity73 . BACKGROUND: Oral health is a significant issue for NH residents because of its relationships to quality of life, systemic health and well-being. It is known that oral health is poor in NH residents. However, how oral health differs in NH residents with different @entity73 remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nine hundred and two NH residents were retrospectively recruited from a community-based geriatric dental clinic in Minnesota, USA. Comprehensive medical, dental, cognitive and functional assessments were completed for the @entity1 . On the basis of medical history and cognitive status, @entity1 were categorized into three groups: without @entity73 (non-impaired group), with @entity73 but no @entity303 (impaired group) and with @entity303 (demented group). ANOVA, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare medical, dental and functional statuses between groups. RESULTS: Oral hygiene was poor in NH residents. Forty per cent of @entity1 in the impaired group were edentulous, significantly higher than the edentulism rate in the demented group (29%, p = 0.01). More than 60% of the @entity1 lost 16 or more teeth prior to examination. Depending on their cognitive status, 82-92% of the @entity1 arrived with one or more caries or retained root. Dentate @entity1 in the impaired and demented groups averaged about six caries or retained roots, significantly more than 4.7 caries or retained roots in the non-impaired group (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Oral health was poor but slightly different in NH residents with different cognitive and functional statuses.

title: Oral health in nursing home residents with different XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive statuses', 'cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive statuses']


abstract: 1. The effects of endogenous and exogenous @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) on nitrergic relaxations elicited by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were studied in @entity840 endothelium-denuded basilar artery preparations precontracted with 1 micromol/ @entity22667 and a possible role of K+ channels in mediating the effects was investigated. 2. @entity934 (3 micromol/L) and @entity2607 (10 micromol/L) produced small, yet statistically significant, inhibitions of EFS-induced nitrergic relaxations, while @entity3897 (1 micromol/L) slightly enhanced the nitrergic response. The @entity1617 -induced inhibition was @entity3897 sensitive. @entity934 or @entity3897 did not affect relaxations induced by @entity1854 . 3. The inhibition of nitrergic relaxations by 3 micromol/L @entity1617 was prevented by the K+ channel blockers @entity5128 and @entity973 , but was not changed by iberiotoxin, apamin or @entity5217 . 4. Neither vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nor the alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists @entity1063 and @entity1338 modulated nitrergic neurotransmission in the @entity840 basilar artery. 5. The findings show that @entity1617 acts on prejunctional muscarinic receptors of nitrergic nerves to inhibit nitrergic neurotransmission. It is suggested that endogenous @entity1617 may have this effect; however, the physiological significance of this prejunctional modulation is not clear due to the relatively small effect produced. The prejunctional inhibitory action of @entity1617 may involve opening of neuronal K+ channels.

title: Cholinergic prejunctional inhibition of nitrergic neurotransmission in the XXXX isolated basilar artery.

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity5128 :: ('MESH:D019789', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylammonium']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity22667 :: ('CHEBI:15553', 'Chemical') :: ['L prostaglandin F(2 alpha)']

entities_list: @entity973 :: ('MESH:D015761', 'Chemical') :: ['4-aminopyridine']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glibenclamide']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine', 'Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: The efficacy and @entity137 of @entity900 / @entity2879 and @entity3003 / @entity2879 combinations along with thoracic irradiation were prospectively assessed in @entity1 with @entity151 . Both combinations were equally effective. However, the @entity3003 / @entity2879 regimen caused significantly less @entity390 , @entity391 , nephrotoxicity, and @entity2359 , and it was easier to administer. Dose intensity and treatment delays were similar in both groups. Thoracic irradiation given concurrently with chemotherapy is feasible and seems to offer a survival advantage. The relapse rate also is lower among @entity1 who have received radiation therapy, and recurrences tended to be outside of the lung. Overall, a survival benefit was identified for @entity1 aged between 50 and 65 years who had limited disease, good performance status, and only one metastatic site. Prophylactic brain irradiation in a subset of @entity1 reduced brain @entity3 , but the difference did not reach significance. From this trial, it is concluded that @entity3003 / @entity2879 combination therapy is highly effective and is well tolerated by @entity1 with @entity151 . In limited disease, this combination can be given concurrently with thoracic irradiation and offers a survival advantage.

title: @entity900 / @entity2879 versus XXXX / @entity2879 chemotherapy and irradiation in @entity151 : a randomized phase III study. Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group for Lung Cancer Trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies implicated that @entity2 progression was governed by the interaction between @entity172 receptor ( @entity1783 ) and @entity470 ( @entity470 ) signaling pathways. Combined targeting of @entity470 and @entity1783 may have the synergistic effect in @entity2 treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the potential utility of inhibiting these two pathways with combination of @entity13558 and @entity4562 in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression levels of @entity1783 ( @entity1782 and @entity1783 ) in @entity2 cell lines (A549, H460, SPC-A-1, H1299) and normal bronchus epithelial cell BEAS-2B were detected using real-time PCR and Western blot. Immunocytochemistry was used to locate @entity1782 and @entity1783 in cell line with highest @entity1783 expression levels. The cells were treated with @entity13558 or @entity4562 alone or in combination. The cell proliferation inhibition was detected by the CCK8 assay, cell cycle and apoptosis effects were detected by flow cytometry; the expression levels of phosphorylated- @entity470 (p- @entity470 ), @entity22166 , phosphorylated- @entity22166 (p- @entity22166 ), @entity584 and phosphorylated- @entity584 (p- @entity584 ) were detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Among these cell lines the expression levels of @entity1783 in A549 cells were highest. In A549 cell line, @entity1782 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm, whereas @entity1783 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and to a lesser degree in the nucleus. The combination of two drugs increased the proliferation inhibition rates for 24h, 48 h, 72 h to 37.66    1.02%, 63.41    2.02%, 70.50    0.86%, respectively, which was closely associated with elevation of the G0/G1 phase fraction (P<0.05). Apoptosis rates of A549 cells treated with @entity13558 , @entity4562 alone or in combination were 10.72    1.12%, 17.40  1.28%, 23.02    2.32%, respectively (P<0.05). The synergistic effects of the combination therapy were accompanied by reduction of p- @entity470 , p- @entity22166 and p- @entity584 expression compared with individual treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the combination of @entity13558 and @entity4562 compared with either drug alone can maximally inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and affect downstream signaling pathways. Our study supports functional interaction between the @entity1783 and the @entity470 pathways in @entity2 and provides a clinically exploitable strategy for @entity1149 @entity1 .

title: The synergistic effect of @entity470 tyrosine kinase inhibitor XXXX in combination with aromatase inhibitor @entity13558 in @entity1149 cell lines.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity13558 :: ('MESH:C090450', 'Chemical') :: ['anastrozole']

answer: @entity4562 :: (MESH:C419708,Chemical) :: ['gefitinib']


abstract: @entity356 is the second leading cause of @entity5 mortality worldwide. Understanding the multistep process of carcinogenesis of @entity356 is pivotal to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Molecular imaging in preclinical @entity5 models bridges the gap of laboratory-based experiment and clinical translation. To this end, the @entity1 @entity356 cell line SGC-7901 was established to stably express luciferase and GFP by lentiviral transduction (SGC7901-Luc-GFP). Preclinical models were developed by orthotopic transplantation of SGC-7901-Luc-GFP into the sub-serosal layer of the stomach of immunocompromised @entity19 . @entity5 progression and therapeutic responses were dynamically tracked by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) was used to monitor stereoscopic morphological and signal changes during @entity5 progression. Good correlation between cell number and bio-luminescence/fluorescence intensity was observed (R(2)=0.9983/r(2)=0.9974) in vitro. @entity5 progression and therapeutic response could be successfully followed directly by BLI. Importantly, BLT provided a more accurate spatial location and tomographic quantification of the @entity66 . In conclusion, our novel bioluminescence-based preclinical @entity356 models enable superior, noninvasive monitoring @entity356 progression and their drug responses. The BLT technique in particular, may have great potential for future oncological studies.

title: Real-time bioluminescence and tomographic imaging of XXXX in a novel orthotopic @entity19 model.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['internal lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'Gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) has shown promise as a biomarker for predicting relapse in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated @entity1333 (AAV). This study was undertaken to investigate serum S100A8/A9 level as a biomarker for predicting future relapse in a large cohort of @entity1 with severe AAV. METHODS: Serum levels of S100A8/A9 were measured at baseline and months 1, 2, and 6 following treatment initiation in 144 @entity1 in the Rituximab in @entity19417 trial ( @entity786 / @entity500 versus rituximab [RTX] for induction of remission) in whom complete remission was attained. RESULTS: @entity1 were divided into 4 groups: @entity7134 ( @entity7134 )-ANCA with relapse (n   =   37), @entity7134 -ANCA without relapse (n   =   56), @entity3335 ( @entity3335 )-ANCA with relapse (n   =   6), and @entity3335 -ANCA without relapse (n   =   45). Serum S100A8/A9 level decreased in all groups during the first 6 months of treatment. The percentage reduction from baseline to month 2 was significantly different between @entity1 who experienced a relapse and those who did not in the @entity7134 -ANCA group (P   =   0.046). A significantly higher risk of relapse was associated with an increase in S100A8/A9 level between baseline and month 2 (P   =   0.0043) and baseline and month 6 (P   =   0.0029). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that @entity1 treated with RTX who had increased levels of S100A8/A9 were at greatest risk of future relapse (P   =   0.028). CONCLUSION: An increase in serum S100A8/A9 level by month 2 or 6 compared to baseline identifies a subgroup of @entity7134 -ANCA @entity1 treated with RTX who are at higher risk of relapse by 18 months. Since RTX is increasingly used for remission induction in @entity7134 -ANCA-positive @entity1 experiencing a relapse, S100A8/A9 level may assist in identifying those @entity1 requiring more intensive or prolonged treatment.

title: Association of Serum Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) Level With Disease Relapse in XXXX -Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated @entity1333 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3335 :: ('4353', 'Gene') :: ['MPO', 'myeloperoxidase']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity19417 :: ('MESH:D056648', 'Disease') :: ['ANCA-Associated Vasculitis']

answer: @entity7134 :: (5657,Gene) :: ['Proteinase 3']


abstract: Little is known about the stretching effects on the biochemical and morphological features of tendons submitted to a long period of immobilization. Our purpose was to evaluate the response of @entity35 tendons to stretching procedures after immobilization. The animals were separated into five experimental groups: GI--control of immobilized and euthanized animals; GII--immobilized and euthanized animals; GIII--control of immobilized animals and afterward stretched or allowed free cage activity; @entity24396 --immobilized and stretched animals; and GV--immobilized and allowed free cage activity. Analysis in SDS-PAGE showed no remarkable differences among the groups, but a prominent collagen band was observed in GV, as compared to @entity24396 and the control group, both in the compression and tension regions. @entity720 content was highest in the compression region of GII. No differences among the groups were observed in the tension region. In regard to the concentration of noncollagenous proteins, differences were detected only in the tension region, where larger concentrations were found in the GII. When GII and @entity24396 were compared, highest values were found in the GII. A more abundant presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, especially @entity12006 , was detected in @entity24396 , at the compression region of tendons. The presence of dermatan @entity597 was outstanding in the compression and tension regions of the GII and GV groups. In the Ponceau SS stained sections, analyzed under polarization microscopy, GII exhibited the highest disorganization of the collagen bundles, partially recovered after stretching or with only remobilization. Our results indicate that a revision in the stretching procedures, in terms of duration and periodicity of the sessions, could benefit the efficiency of the stretching in cases of previous immobilization of tendons.

title: Structural and biochemical analysis of the effect of immobilization followed by stretching on the calcaneal tendon of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12006 :: ('MESH:D002809', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin sulfate']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Large animal models of implantable hearing devices are needed to assess innovative technologies before using them in @entity1 . The @entity2608 has cognitive abilities close to @entity1 and has been used in the past but with noncommercial implants or no detailed radiologic descriptions of the surgical procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of cochlear implantation in this animal model. METHODS: We present detailed radiologic data (CT scan and Cone beam computed tomography) from 7 heads of @entity2608 monkeys coming from autopsy materials. Several comparative measurements were performed with 10 @entity1 temporal bones to emphasize similarities and differences between the macaque and the @entity1 inner ear. The radiologic analyses helped planning the surgical approach for cochlear implant insertion in the macaque. RESULTS: We managed to perform one full (720 degrees) and 3 partial insertions (190-330 degrees) of cochlear implants in 4 @entity2608 cochleae, documented by cone beam computed tomography reconstructions. We confirm that the procedure is facilitated in this animal because the cochlea dimensions are close to @entity1 . However, marked differences in the orientation of the external auditory canal and the basal turn must be taken into account. We suggest that the removal of the inferior wall of tympanal bone provides the optimal axis for electrode array insertion. CONCLUSION: The @entity2608 monkey is a valid and close-to- @entity1 animal model for cochlear implants insertion. Because this species is widely used in both behavioral and physiologic studies, we expect that functional implants can be coupled with electrophysiologic recordings to study the mechanisms of auditory compensation.

title: Cochlear implantation feasibility in XXXX monkey: anatomic and radiologic results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus macaque']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus macaque']


abstract: A total of 130 cases of @entity358 , including seven new cases in our collection, were studied. The sex distribution was 60% male and 40% female. The age at presentation was in the first year of life in approximately 90% of cases. Barium-esophagraphy showing anterior indentation was diagnostic in most of the cases. Bronchoscopy and tracheobronchography were useful in detecting @entity19926 preoperatively. The analysis of 68 autopsied cases revealed @entity19926 in 40% of the cases. Anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree took three major forms: abnormal distribution of cartilage in the walls of the @entity825 and major bronchi, intrinsic @entity850 , and abnormal branching, the latter being that of bronchus suis. Acquired changes secondary in the sling resulted in compression of the major respiratory pathway by the @entity358 . Major associated @entity854 were present in 30% of the cases. These were represented by @entity1757 , @entity118 , @entity2461 arteriosus, @entity215 , common ventricle, and @entity1498 .

title: XXXX : report of seven cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity19926 :: ('MESH:C566362', 'Disease') :: ['associated tracheobronchial anomalies']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity2461 :: ('MESH:D004374', 'Disease') :: ['patent ductus']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular anomalies']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary vascular sling', 'anomalous left pulmonary artery']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta']

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defect']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary vascular sling']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Streptococcosis/lactococcosis is a hyperacute @entity262 that can occur in marine and fresh waters of many species of fish. The aim of this work was to study the disease outbreak in the major @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ) production of Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 108 Gram positive cocci isolates were obtained from diseased trout in seven provinces with major trout production during 2008 till 2009. These bacterial isolates were characterized using phenotypic and molecular studies. The isolates were also analysed phylogeneticaly and compared with the available data. RESULTS: 49 samples (45.37%) were identified as Streptococcus iniae, 37 samples (35.2%) matched with @entity30763 ; and 22 samples (19.43%) were identified as members of Streptooccus genus by culture-based and biochemical tests of API 50 CH, API 20 STREP and rapid 32 STREP systems. Using universal primers for differentiation of Streptococcus sp. and Enterococcus sp, all 108 samples were identified as Streptococcus sp. with a target region of 500 bp. Single specific PCR resulted in identification of 64 (59.2%) isolates as S. iniae and 44 (40.8%) isolates as @entity30763 . The phylogenetic analysis of the S. iniae isolates resulted in maximal similarity to some strains reported from Taiwan and to all Brazilian strains. Also, one strain showed less sequence similarity values with other tested strains although this strain has high similarity with ATCC 29178 strain, all reported Chinese, and some Taiwanian strains. Also, analysis of S. iniae LctO gene sequence showed that this isolate clustered within the S. iniae group. The sequence analysis of @entity30763 strains also showed that they have maximum similarity to all Japanese and Chinese strains, but one strain has lower sequence similarity values with all other recorded strains. CONCLUSION: [corrected] The results of this study clearly show that trout farming in Iran is severely affected by both species of S. Iniae and @entity30763 and requires serious preventive criteria.

title: Molecular epidemiology of zoonotic streptococcosis/lactococcosis in @entity5660 ( XXXX ) aquaculture in Iran.

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss', 'rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity30763 :: ('1363', 'Species') :: ['L. garvieae', 'Lactococcus garvieae']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss']


abstract: Apoptosis can be described as programmed cell death. Apoptosis regulates cell turnover and is involved in various pathological conditions. The characteristic features of apoptosis are shrinkage of the cell body, chromatin condensation, and nucleic acid fragmentation. During apoptosis, double-stranded DNA is broken down into single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) by proteases. @entity13378 is commonly encountered in otorhinolaryngology clinics. Intense noise can cause @entity389 , such as hearing disturbance, @entity392 , ear fullness, and decreased speech discrimination. In this study, we used immunohistochemical and electrophysiological methods to examine the fragmentation of DNA in the cochleas of @entity840 that had been exposed to intense noise. Twenty-four @entity840 weighing 250 to 350 g were used. The animals were divided into 4 groups: (I) a control group (n=6), (II) a group that was exposed to noise for 2 hours (n=6), (III) a group that was exposed to noise for 5 hours (n=6), and (IV) a group that was exposed to noise for 20 hours. The stimulus was a pure tone delivered at a frequency of 2 kHz. The sound pressure level was 120 dBSPL. No threshold shifts were apparent in group I. Group II showed a significant elevation of the hearing threshold (ANOVA, p<0.05(*)). The ABR threshold level was also significantly elevated immediately after the acoustic stimulation in groups III and IV (ANOVA, p<0.01(**)). In groups I, II, and IV, the lateral wall of the ear did not show immunoreactivity to ssDNA but did in group III. No immunoreactivity was apparent in the organ of Corti in group I or II. However, the supporting cells and outer hair cells in groups III and IV showed reactions for ssDNA. The fine structure of the organ of Corti had been destroyed in group IV. The lateral wall showed immunoreactivity for ssDNA only in group III, whereas the organ of Corti showed reactions for ssDNA in groups III and IV. Our study suggests that apoptotic changes occur in @entity1 that suffer @entity13378 . Once the apoptotic pathway has started, it is irreversible. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment are necessary. Earplugs should also be worn at rock concerts.

title: Acoustic stimulation promotes DNA fragmentation in the XXXX cochlea.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

entities_list: @entity389 :: ('MESH:D007759', 'Disease') :: ['inner ear damage']

entities_list: @entity13378 :: ('MESH:D006317', 'Disease') :: ['Acoustic trauma', 'acoustic trauma']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['Guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity6715 ( @entity6715 ) or @entity137 ( @entity137 ) are often exposed simultaneously to a few potentially culprit drugs. However, both the standard lymphocyte transformation tests (LTT) with proliferation as the assay end-point as well as skin tests, if done, are often negative. OBJECTIVE: As provocation tests are considered too dangerous, there is an urgent need to identify the relevant drug in @entity6715 / @entity137 and to improve sensitivity of tests able to identify the causative drug. METHODS: Fifteen @entity1 with @entity6715 / @entity137 with the ALDEN score >=  6 and 18 drug-exposed controls were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and cultured under defined conditions with drugs. LTT was compared to the following end-points: cytokine levels in cell culture supernatant, number of @entity10807 secreting cells by ELISpot and intracellular staining for granulysin and IFNy in CD3(+) CD4(+), CD3(+) CD8(+) and @entity3222 (+) cells. To further enhance sensitivity, the effect of @entity51148 pre-incubation of PBMC was evaluated. RESULTS: Lymphocyte transformation tests was positive in only 4/15 @entity1 (sensitivity 27%, CI: 8-55%). Similarly, with @entity10807 -ELISpot culprit drugs were positive in 5/15 @entity1 (sensitivity 33%, CI: 12-62%). The expression of granulysin was significantly induced in @entity3222 (+) and CD3(+) CD4(+) cells (sensitivity 40%, CI: 16-68% and 53%, CI: 27-79% respectively). Cytokine production could be demonstrated in 38%, CI: 14-68% and 43%, CI: 18-71% of @entity1 for @entity1199 and @entity225 , respectively, and in 55%, CI: 23-83% for IFNy. Pre-incubation with @entity6977 / @entity8252 enhanced drug-specific response only in a few @entity1 . Specificities of tested assays were in the range of 95 (CI: 80-99%)-100% (CI: 90-100%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Granulysin expression in CD3(+) CD4(+) , @entity10807 -ELISpot and IFNy production considered together provided a sensitivity of 80% (CI: 52-96%) and specificity of 95% (80-99%). Thus, this study demonstrated that combining different assays may be a feasible approach to identify the causative drug of @entity6715 / @entity137 reactions; however, confirmation on another group of @entity1 is necessary.

title: In vitro drug causality assessment in XXXX - alternatives for lymphocyte transformation test.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['TEN', 'toxic epidermal necrolysis']

entities_list: @entity6715 :: ('MESH:D013262', 'Disease') :: ['SJS', 'Stevens-Johnson syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10807 :: ('3002', 'Gene') :: ['granzyme B', 'Granzyme B']

answer: @entity6715 :: (MESH:D013262,Disease) :: ['Stevens-Johnson syndrome']