abstract: INTRODUCTION: After renal transplantation, the incidence of premalignant and malignant @entity272 is high. Treatment with @entity14028 improves the number and aspect of actinic keratoses and appears to reduce the incidence of @entity957 , but treatment is hampered by frequent side effects. No optimal long-term dosing advice is available. METHODS: A total of 26 long-term renal transplant recipients were randomized to 1-year treatment with @entity14028 , either 0.4 mg/kg/d throughout the whole year or 0.4 mg/kg/d during the first 3 months followed by 0.2 mg/kg/d for the remaining 9 months. At 9 different time points, the number of actinic keratoses and @entity5 was counted, and @entity66 , and severity of side effects were scored. @entity1 's judgment was recorded using visual analog scores. RESULTS: In both groups, the number of actinic keratoses decreased by nearly 50%, but the number of new @entity5 during the study year was similar to the number of @entity5 in the year before the study. Thickness of the keratoses decreased significantly in both groups. @entity14028 dose had to be reduced in most @entity1 because of the frequent occurrence of mucocutaneous side effects, such as @entity10212 , excessive peeling of the skin, and @entity74 . In the 14 @entity1 randomized to continuous treatment with a dose of 0.4 mg/kg/d, this dose could be maintained in 3 of 14 @entity1 only. Temporary interruption of @entity14028 therapy was necessary in 7 of 26 @entity1 . @entity1 ' contentment about the aspect of their skin increased significantly, with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity14028 therapy decreased the number of @entity8 at a low maintenance dose of 0.2 mg/kg/d and significantly decreased the degree of @entity75 . However, the incidence of new @entity272 remained unchanged. Despite the high incidence of mucocutaneous side effects, @entity1 's contentment with the aspect of their skin increased significantly.

title: XXXX treatment of premalignant and @entity272 in renal transplant recipients: clinical effects of a randomized trial comparing two doses of @entity14028 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity14028 :: ('MESH:D017255', 'Chemical') :: ['acitretin', 'Acitretin']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['actinic keratoses in renal transplant recipients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['erythema and thickness of the lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['thickness of the lesions']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['hair disorders']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin malignancies', 'skin lesions']

answer: @entity14028 :: (MESH:D017255,Chemical) :: ['Acitretin']


abstract: The effects of conjugated @entity4722 (CLA) on body weight and body composition in @entity1 are controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of milk supplementation with CLA on body composition and on the biochemical parameters of the @entity209 . This was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomised to a daily intake of 500 ml milk supplemented with 3 g CLA (using a mixture of the bioactive isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, marketed as Tonalin, Naturlinea; Central Lechera Asturiana) or placebo for 12 weeks. Sixty healthy @entity1 and @entity1 (aged 35-65 years) with signs of the @entity209 participated (BMI 25-35 kg/m2). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure body composition (week 0 baseline and week 12). Total fat mass in the CLA-milk subgroup with a BMI < or = 30 kg/m2 decreased significantly while no changes were detected in the placebo group (approximately 2 %, P = 0.01). Trunk fat mass showed a trend towards reduction (approximately 3 %, P = 0.05). CLA supplementation had no significant effect on the parameters of the @entity209 , nor was it associated with changes in haematological parameters or renal function. The supplementation of milk with 3 g CLA over 12 weeks results in a significant reduction of fat mass in overweight but not in @entity28 subjects. CLA supplementation was not associated with any adverse effects or biological changes.

title: Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated @entity4722 (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and XXXX components.

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3562 ( @entity3562 ) is associated with a higher risk of @entity2806 and other vascular @entity715 . @entity1255 is greatly influenced by a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological conditions but the confounding factor for @entity3562 is unknown in our population, especially in normocreatininemic individuals. It is our aim in this study to elucidate the relation between @entity1255 and @entity65 factors, and also describe the distribution of plasma @entity1255 level in @entity2806 @entity1 with normal serum @entity1011 level. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to understand the frequency of @entity3562 in @entity2806 @entity1 , and the confounding @entity65 factors in @entity3562 . @entity1 were classified into two groups by their plasma @entity1255 levels; group I @entity1 were those whose level was > or = 12 microM/L whereas group II < 12 microM/L. RESULTS: A total of 218 @entity1 were enrolled. Their plasma @entity1255 level ranged from 3.57 to 46.37 microM/L (mean: 10.01 +/- 5.03 microM/L). Group I included 45 @entity1 whereas group II 173 @entity1 . The frequency of @entity101 , @entity6 and @entity299 , as well as age, aminotransferases, total @entity165 , @entity412 , albumin, hematocrit, hemoglobin and leucocyte count did not differ between group I and II patients, except serum @entity1011 level was higher in group I @entity1 (p < 0.01). Serum @entity1011 level correlated directly to and was an independent predictor for the plasma @entity1255 level. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3562 is common in our @entity2806 @entity1 . Since renal function is a determinant for @entity3562 even in normocreatininemic @entity1 , as a @entity65 factor which detriments the renal function, it should be regularly monitored as @entity3562 is amenable for treatment.

title: The relation between plasma @entity1255 level and XXXX factors in @entity2806 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine', 'Homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['HHcy', 'Hyperhomocysteinemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risk']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular risk']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Procedure selection by the surgeon can greatly affect @entity1 ' operative and long-term survival. This selection potentially reflects comfort with technically challenging surgeries. This study aims to examine surgeon choices for @entity1149 and whether surgeon volume predicts the type of procedure chosen, controlling for @entity1 demographics, comorbidity, year of surgery, and institutional factors. METHODS: Data were abstracted from an Ontario population-based linked database from 2004 to 2011. @entity1 demographics, comorbidities, year of surgery, and institutional and surgical factors were evaluated. Three-level, random-effect, multilevel regression analyses were performed to examine factors influencing operative selection. RESULTS: Over the interval, 8070 @entity1 (50.4% were male) underwent surgical resection, including pneumonectomy (n  =  842), lobectomy (n  =  6212), and wedge resection (n  =  1002). Resections were performed by 124 unique physicians in 45 institutions. The proportion of @entity1 undergoing pneumonectomy decreased from 14.8% in 2004 to 7.6% in 2011. Multilevel regression analysis showed physician volume, age, year of procedure, gender, and comorbidities were predictive of performing a pneumonectomy. By adjusting for these variables, the results indicated that for each 10-unit increase in physician volume, the relative risk of performing a pneumonectomy decreased by 9.1% (95% confidence interval, 8.2-10.0, P  =  .04). CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity1 and temporal factors influence the type of resection a @entity1 receives for @entity1149 , surgeon volume also is a strong predictor. This study may be limited by minimal stage data, but the suggestion that a surgeon's total procedural volume for @entity1149 significantly influences procedure selection has implications on how we deliver care to this @entity1 population.

title: The effect of surgeon volume on procedure selection in XXXX surgeries.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate frequency of acute @entity4008 (ABM) in early childhood in hospital admissions, to describe clinical and diagnostic features, and to analyze mortality, complications and long term sequelae. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Pediatric wards and Rehabilitation Center of KEM Hospital, Pune. METHOD: Study subjects between the ages of 1 months to 5 years with ABM were recruited. Clinical details were recorded. CSF was analysed by routine biochemical methods, antigen detection tests (Latex agglutination @entity6070 ) and microbiological studies on special media. Management was as per standard protocols. Survivors were followed up long term with neurodevelopmental studies and rehabilitation programmes. RESULTS: In a study period of 2 years, 54 @entity1 (1.5% of all admissions) satisfied the criteria of ABM in early childhood; 78% were below one year and 52% were under the age of six months. Chief presentation was high fever, refusal of feeds, altered sensorium and @entity410 . Meningeal signs were present in only 26%. CSF @entity1851 was positive in 41%, gram stain was positive in 67% @entity6070 in 78% and cultures grew causative organisms in 50% of the cases. The final etiological diagnosis (as per @entity6070 and/or cultures) were @entity328 39% Hemophilus influenzae type b 26% and others in 35% The others included one case of @entity3631 and 10 who were @entity6070 negative and culture sterile. 39% @entity1 developed @entity16 during the hospital course. 31% @entity1 with ABM died in hospital or at home soon after discharge. Six were lost to follow up. Of the 31 @entity1 , available for long term follow up (1-3 years), 14 (45%) had no sequelae. The remaining had significant @entity16 ranging from isolated @entity393 to severe @entity1032 with @entity717 . CONCLUSION: ABM in early childhood has a considerable mortality, morbidity and serious long term sequelae. Neurodevelopmental follow up and therapy should begin early. Etiological diagnosis can be enhanced by @entity6070 and good culture media. @entity327 b and @entity2260 account for more than 60% of ABM in early childhood.

title: Diagnosis and outcome of acute XXXX in early childhood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningitis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['acute neurological complications', 'neurodevelopmental handicaps']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['H. influenzae']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['multiple disabilities']

entities_list: @entity3631 :: ('487', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria meningitidis']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity4008 :: (MESH:D016920,Disease) :: ['bacterial meningitis']


abstract: Oocysts of @entity2432 obtained from @entity291 were cleaned of fecal debris by density gradient centrifugation and suspended in deionized water in microcentrifuge tubes. The tubes were placed in circulating water baths at temperatures of -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 C, and 2 tubes were removed from each water bath 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wk later. Oocysts from 1 tube were administered at the rate of 1.5 x 10(5) oocysts per @entity19 to 2 litters of neonatal BALB/c @entity19 and were considered infective when developmental stages were found in histologic sections of @entity19 gut and/or a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was obtained for @entity2432 DNA in @entity19 ileum. The second tube was held at -70 C until tubes from all time periods were available, then oocysts within the tubes were assayed for amylopectin concentration. Oocysts held at -10 C were infectious up to 1 wk of storage, and those held at -5 C were infectious up to 8 wk of storage, as determined by PCR but not histology. Oocysts held at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 C were still infectious after 24 wk of storage. By microscopic examination of @entity19 tissue, oocysts held at 20 C infected only 1 of 10 @entity19 after 24 wk of storage, and the number of developmental stages began declining after 4 wk of storage; those held at 25 and 30 C each produced @entity281 up to 12 wk after storage in 1 of 10 @entity19 with reduced numbers of developmental stages beginning 4 wk after storage. Those held at 35 C produced light @entity281 in 2 of 10 @entity19 only up to 1 wk of storage. Amylopectin concentration decreased with increasing length of storage time or temperature. These findings provide a guide for estimating the potential duration of @entity281 within a wide range of environmental temperatures and demonstrate the relationship between amylopectin concentration and infectivity.

title: Infectivity of XXXX oocysts stored in water at environmental temperatures.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['oocyst infectivity', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity2432 :: ('5807', 'Species') :: ['Cryptosporidium parvum', 'C. parvum']

answer: @entity2432 :: (5807,Species) :: ['Cryptosporidium parvum']


abstract: A group of 30 Thai volunteers received their final injections in a multi-national test of what doctors believe is a promising experimental @entity791 vaccine. Dr. Prapan Panupark, director of the project in Thailand, said he was encouraged by initial results of the test conducted on 25 males and five females. The study of the experimental vaccine, known as the United Biomedical Inc. synthetic monovalent @entity2858 peptide, involved healthy volunteers aged from 21 to 48. Prapan told a press conference that @entity1 received their first injections on June 6, 1994, another on July 4, 1994, and their final shot November 28, 1994. He said similar tests are taking place in Brazil and Uganda, which, like Thailand, have been hard-hit by @entity645 . One month after the second injection, Prapan said, blood tests revealed that out of 24 volunteers receiving the vaccine, 10 had developed @entity1200 . "We are happy that @entity1200 developed in 10 cases out of 24, or over 40%," he said. "We are happy because in similar tests in other countries, such as the US and Australia, only about 20% of the volunteers developed @entity1200 ." He said the volunteers will have their blood tested three more times to determine their levels of @entity1200 . According to recently released figures, 3902 @entity1 have died of @entity791 in Thailand in the past decade. Another 5215 @entity1 are suffering from advanced @entity791 in Thailand, while an estimated 600,000 @entity1 are believed to be @entity645 -positive.

title: Thai volunteers test XXXX vaccine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people']

answer: @entity645 :: (57667,Species) :: ['HIV']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe physiologic and behavioral @entity158 in postoperative critically ill @entity1 . A secondary aim was to identify how these @entity158 responses vary over time. DESIGN: This observational study was conducted in the pediatric intensive care unit at two tertiary referral hospitals. Using ethological methods of observation, video recordings of postoperative @entity1 were viewed to depict different situations of @entity158 and no @entity158 and were then coded using a reliable checklist. @entity1 : A total of 803 recorded segments were generated from recordings of five critically ill @entity1 aged between 0 and 9 months who had undergone major surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There was an 82% agreement between the two coders. Multivariate analyses showed that physiologic responses differed only when adjusted for time. Significant decreases in systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (p < .001 and p = .036, respectively) were associated with @entity282 exacerbated by painful procedures on day 2. On day 3, however, heart rate, arterial pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean), and central venous pressure significantly increased (p < .05) in response to @entity282 . Indicators included vertical stretch of the mouth, hand twitching, and jerky leg movements for @entity282 and @entity649 , frown, eyes tightly closed, angular stretch of the mouth, silent or weak cry, jerky @entity910 , fist, pulling knees up, and spreading feet for @entity282 exacerbated by painful stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the ability to capture different intensities of @entity282 in critically ill @entity1 beyond neonatal age. These @entity158 indicators can be used for the development of a @entity158 assessment tool for this group of @entity1 .

title: Capturing @entity282 responses in critically ill XXXX aged 0 to 9 months.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['increase in respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['head movements']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain behaviors', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: The objective of this study was to observe the dose-response effects of @entity251 (T) treatment on symptoms of @entity250 . Two cohorts of elderly @entity1 with late-onset @entity6126 were followed over 9 months. Group 1, consisting of 28 @entity1 (mean age, 61 years; mean T level, 2.07 +/- 0.50 ng/mL), received long-acting T undecanoate (TU; 1000 mg); group 2, composed of 27 @entity1 (mean age, 60 years; mean T level, 2.24 +/- 0.41 ng/mL), received T gel (50 mg/day) for 9 months. In @entity1 treated with T gel, plasma T levels rose from 2.24 +/- 0.41 to 2.95 +/- 0.52 (statistically significant) at 3 months, 3.49 +/- 0.89 (statistically significant) at 6 months, and 3.80 +/- 0.73 ng/mL at 9 months (T level at 6 months was compared with T level at 3 months). With TU, plasma T levels rose from 2.08 +/- 0.56 to 4.81 +/- 0.83 (statistically significant) at 3 months, 5.29 +/- 0.91 at 6 months, and 5.40 +/- 0.77 ng/mL at 9 months. With TU, the plasma T levels were statistically significantly higher than with T gel With TU, there was a greater improvement in sexual symptoms and in symptoms of the @entity209 . With both treatments, changes in waist circumference correlated with changes in total, low-density, and high-density lipoprotein @entity165 . Parameters of safety were not different between the 2 treatments. T administration had a beneficial effect on @entity250 in elderly @entity1 . The higher plasma levels of T generated with TU than with T gel were clearly more effective, indicating that there is a T dose-effect relationship.

title: A dose-response study of @entity251 on XXXX using @entity251 gel and parenteral testosterone undecanoate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual dysfunction and the metabolic syndrome', 'sexual dysfunction and symptoms of the metabolic syndrome']

answer: @entity250 :: (MESH:D012735,Disease) :: ['sexual dysfunction and features of the metabolic syndrome']


abstract: This essay details a historical crossroad in biochemistry and microbiology in which @entity114 was a co-agent. I narrate the trajectory of the bacterial cell wall as the precise target for antibiotic action. As a strategic object of research, the bacterial cell wall remained at the core of experimental practices, scientific narratives and research funding appeals throughout the antibiotic @entity7971 . The research laboratory was dedicated to the search for new antibiotics while remaining the site at which the mode of action of this new substance was investigated. This combination of circumstances made the bacterial wall an ontology in transit. As invisible as the bacterial wall was for clinical purposes, in the biological laboratory, cellular meaning in regard to the action of @entity114 made the bacterial wall visible within both microbiology and biochemistry. As a border to be crossed, some components of the bacterial cell wall and the biochemical destruction produced by @entity114 became known during the 1950s and 1960s. The cell wall was constructed piece by piece in a transatlantic circulation of methods, names, and images of the shape of the wall itself. From 1955 onwards, microbiologists and biochemists mobilized new names and associated conceptual meanings. The composition of this thin and rigid layer would account for its shape, growth and destruction. This paper presents a history of biochemical morphology: a chemistry of shape - the shape of bacteria, as provided by its wall - that accounted for biology, for life itself. While @entity114 was being established as an industrially-manufactured object, it remained a scientific tool within the research laboratory, contributing to the circulation of further scientific objects.

title: The Bacterial Cell Wall in the Antibiotic XXXX : An Ontology in Transit Between Morphology and Metabolism, 1940s-1960s.

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

answer: @entity7971 :: (26284,Gene) :: ['Era']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Crescentic @entity631 (CGN) presents a rapidly progressive @entity631 clinically, in which macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis. However, the precise molecular mechanism of macrophage recruitment and activation has not been fully elucidated. C-C chemokines, @entity2842 ( @entity2842 ) and @entity10557 and beta ( @entity10557 and @entity12868 ), are major chemoattractants for macrophages. We attempted to study the expression of C-C chemokines and their correlation with @entity469 -positive macrophages in crescentic glomeruli to investigate further their possible roles in crescent formation and progression to @entity82 in different types of @entity1 CGN. METHODS: The expression of @entity2842 , @entity10557 , @entity12868 and @entity469 was detected in glomeruli with different forms of crescents (cellular, fibrocellular and fibrous crescents) by immunohistochemistry in serial sections of renal biopsies taken from 32 @entity1 with biopsy-proven CGN including eight patients with anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease (type I CGN), 12 @entity1 with immune complex-mediated CGN (type II CGN) and another 12 @entity1 with pauci-immune CGN (type III CGN) enrolled in this study. Eight normal @entity1 kidneys were obtained from cadaveric renal transplant donors whose kidneys were technically unsuitable for transplantation, serving as controls. RESULTS: @entity2842 , @entity10557 , @entity12868 and @entity469 were undetectable in glomeruli of normal kidney. In crescentic biopsies, @entity2842 , @entity10557 , @entity12868 and @entity469 were detected in fibrocellular crescents and were even more prominent in cellular crescents, but were undetectable in fibrous crescents. Using consecutive sections for staining, it was demonstrated that a high proportion of infiltrating @entity469 -positive macrophages, mainly localized to the area of the expression of chemokines, were @entity2842 , @entity10557 and @entity12868 positive in crescents. Chemokines were expressed mainly by @entity469 -positive macrophages and parietal epithelial cells in crescents. The number of @entity2842 - and @entity10557 -positive cells in glomeruli with cellular crescents was positively correlated with the number of @entity469 -positive cells (r = 0.568 and 0.749, respectively, both P < 0.01). The number of @entity2842 - and @entity10557 -positive cells and the incidence of Bowman's capsule rupture in glomeruli of @entity1 with type I CGN were higher than those of @entity631 . CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that the expressed C-C chemokines, @entity2842 , @entity10557 and @entity12868 , may mediate the inflammatory process of crescent formation and progression to @entity82 . The strong correlation of @entity2842 and @entity10557 with infiltrating macrophages within glomeruli with cellular crescents suggested that these chemokines might be of particular importance for macrophage recruitment to this site. @entity2842 and @entity10557 were correlated to type I CGN with its more severe inflammatory course and worse prognosis. The variance of glomerular expression of C-C chemokines may contribute to the difference in histopathological features and prognosis in these three types of CGN.

title: Glomerular expression of C-C chemokines in different types of @entity1 crescentic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2842 :: ('6347', 'Gene') :: ['MCP-1', 'monocyte chemoattractant protein-1']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis', 'type II and type III CGN']

entities_list: @entity10557 :: ('6348', 'Gene') :: ['macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha', 'MIP-1alpha']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: A superparamagnetic @entity1933 (SPIO) nanoshell and @entity4832 ( @entity939 ) based chemoembolization system for anti- @entity5 drug @entity632 ( @entity3105 ) delivery has previously been presented. We have also previously confirmed the feasibility and safety of this multifunctional system for carrying both @entity3105 and SPIO nanoparticles in vitro. However, the pharmacokinetic and the therapeutic efficacy of this novel drug-delivery system in vivo is not yet clear, and as such was the subject of this study. A @entity95 @entity96 model was utilized, whereby the @entity5 were targeted by SPIO/ @entity3105 / @entity939 composite infused via a catheter into the hepatic arteries which supplying blood to the @entity5 . The result was compared to saline, @entity3105 + @entity939 , or SPIO/ @entity3105 infusion alone. SPIO/ @entity3105 / @entity939 displayed sustained chemotherapeutic agent release into the @entity5 . In comparison to other treatment groups, @entity5 growth rate was significantly slowed down by SPIO/ @entity3105 / @entity939 with a smaller @entity5 volume and a prolonged survival time of the experimental @entity95 . Liver function results demonstrated SPIO/ @entity3105 / @entity939 has no apparent @entity137 to the normal liver. Pharmacokinetic studies and histological evaluations in SPIO/ @entity3105 / @entity939 group revealed that long-term retention and drug release within the @entity5 associated with SPIO/ @entity3105 / @entity939 therapy, and thereafter induced significantly enhanced @entity5 @entity39 and apoptosis. We conclude SPIO/ @entity3105 / @entity939 provides a highly effective therapeutic strategy for management of @entity96 .

title: Intra-arterial delivery of superparamagnetic @entity1933 nanoshell and XXXX based chemoembolization system for the treatment of @entity96 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4832 :: ('MESH:D011142', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl alcohol']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors', 'liver tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

answer: @entity4832 :: (MESH:D011142,Chemical) :: ['polyvinyl alcohol']


abstract: @entity1560 is a pivotal event in the initiation and progression of @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ) which can be driven by @entity3229 ( @entity3229 ) dysregulation. Through examining the effect of @entity3229 on @entity1560 development, we found that @entity3229 is a target of @entity63726 -5p. @entity19 expressing @entity63726 developed @entity1560 and produced higher levels of @entity412 and @entity165 but lower levels of @entity3229 . Ectopic expression of @entity63726 enhanced cellular @entity1560 . Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments confirmed @entity3229 as a target of @entity63726 -5p. On the other hand, @entity3229 bound to the promoter of @entity63726 and promoted its expression. The feed-back loop between @entity63726 -5p and @entity3229 played a key role in the induction of @entity1560 and @entity1560 development. @entity19 with high levels of @entity63726 -5p were sensitive to @entity619 -induced @entity1560 formation. Inhibition of @entity63726 -5p suppressed this process and enhanced @entity3229 expression in @entity19 treated with @entity619 . @entity12880 , @entity17544 , and @entity21372 : three agents used for treatment of @entity209 , were found to promote @entity3229 expression while decreasing @entity63726 -5p levels and inhibiting @entity1560 . Our studies show that @entity12425 inhibitor and agents used in @entity209 may be applied in combination with @entity619 in the treatment of anti- @entity32 , immunosuppression, and @entity5 @entity1 .

title: Inhibition of XXXX -induced @entity1560 Development by Reducing @entity63726 -5p Levels.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3229 :: ('19013(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-a', 'PPAR-a']

entities_list: @entity12880 :: ('MESH:D002994', 'Chemical') :: ['Clofibrate']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatosis', 'fatty liver', 'Steatosis']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Mice', 'Transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['NAFLD', 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity17544 :: ('MESH:C019304', 'Chemical') :: ['Ciprofibrate']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorders']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['Dexamethasone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Results of laparoscopic sphincter-preserving total mesorectal excision and @entity694 -pouch reconstruction are few. The aim of this study was to examine outcomes after this procedure. METHODS: @entity1 with mid or low @entity5 underwent laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with construction of a @entity694 pouch, performed by a single surgeon. The @entity1 were evaluated prospectively. RESULTS: From March 1999 to January 2002, 44 @entity1 underwent laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with @entity694 -pouch reconstruction. There were 21 @entity1 and 23 @entity1 of median age 65.5 years. The median operating time was 180 min and median @entity190 80 ml. There was no conversion to an open procedure. The median distance of the @entity254 from the anal verge was 4 cm. No procedure-related @entity204 occurred. Four @entity1 developed significant complications that required reoperation. With a median follow-up period of 15 months, no port-site recurrence was noted. Five @entity1 developed distant metastases, and two had local recurrence in the pelvis. Bowel function was satisfactory at 6, 12 and 18 months after ileostomy closure. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with @entity694 -pouch reconstruction is safe, with a reasonable operating time. Early results suggest satisfactory oncological control and functional outcomes.

title: Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic total mesorectal excision with @entity694 -pouch reconstruction for mid and low XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic J']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancers']


abstract: @entity284 maintenance therapy is widely accepted form of substitution therapy in @entity1 with Opioid dependent client. It is a kind of harm reduction strategy which prevents the spread of @entity645 and @entity99 among injecting drug users. It also improves quality of life and help decrease crime and other social issues. The program has been in Nepal for few years. The clients are increasing more each day and the demand for the program is also increasing. There is an urgent need of scaling-up the program in Nepal to address the increasing number of clients and unreached clients. This is an attempt to assess qualitatively the @entity284 maintenance therapy program in Nepal to generate evidences as a support to existing programs and to scale up the program in unreached population. The qualitative study revealed that the clients had adequate knowledge on the program and the program is quite satisfactory. However, they have to wait for a long to get enrollment in the program, there is no counseling session and they were more concern about the quality of the drug. Despite many lacunae, the @entity1 found the program very useful in terms of developing good relation with family members, decreasing the necessity of money, being able to attend social functions, health and economic benefits, time saving, easily getting job. On the other hand, they were experiencing adverse effect such as decreasing sexual performance, @entity1547 , @entity390 , social stigma due to misuse of the program by some clients which are not properly addressed by the program. The program can be improved by making it priority problem at national level by the government, improving it as one stop shopping such as providing counseling, medicine and skill development program at one place.

title: A qualitative assessment of XXXX maintenance therapy program in Nepal: evidence to scaling up at national level.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['dental caries']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['Methadone', 'methadone']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity284 :: (MESH:D008691,Chemical) :: ['methadone']


abstract: Despite the fact that fetal Leydig cells are recognized as the primary source of androgens in male embryos, the mechanisms by which steroidogenesis occurs within the developing testis remain unclear. A genetic approach was used to visualize and isolate fetal Leydig cells from remaining cells within developing @entity19 testes. @entity28226 -Cre @entity19 were bred to mT/mG dual reporter @entity19 to target membrane-tagged enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) within steroidogenic cells, whereas other cells expressed membrane-tagged tandem-dimer @entity523 red. Fetal Leydig cell identity was validated using double-labeled immunohistochemistry against GFP and the steroidogenic enzyme 3beta-HSD, and cells were successfully isolated as indicated by qPCR results from sorted cell populations. Because fetal Leydig cells must collaborate with neighboring cells to synthesize @entity251 , we hypothesized that the fetal Leydig cell microenvironment defined their capacity for @entity342 production. Microfluidic culture devices were used to measure @entity2671 and @entity251 production of fetal Leydig cells that were cultured in cell-cell contact within a mixed population, were isolated but remained in medium contact via compartmentalized co-culture with other testicular cells, or were isolated and cultured alone. Results showed that fetal Leydig cells maintained their identity and steroidogenic activity for 3-5 days in primary culture. Microenvironment dictated proficiency of @entity251 production. As expected, fetal Leydig cells produced @entity2671 but not @entity251 when cultured in isolation. More @entity251 accumulated in medium from mixed cultures than from compartmentalized co-cultures initially; however, co-cultures maintained @entity251 synthesis for a longer time. These data suggest that a combination of cell-cell contact and soluble factors constitute the ideal microenvironment for fetal Leydig cell activity in primary culture.

title: Cellular microenvironment dictates @entity342 production by XXXX fetal Leydig cells in primary culture.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity6757 improves @entity4854 , and it has been reported to have favorable effects on @entity731 . However, it has not been fully elucidated whether @entity6757 is able to improve endothelial function in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of the @entity6757 analogue, liraglutide on endothelial function and glycemic metabolism compared with @entity2690 glargine therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter, prospective randomized parallel-group comparison study, 31 @entity6 outpatients (aged 60.3    10.3 years with HbA1c levels of 8.6    0.8%) with current @entity2449 and/or @entity5736 treatment were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive liraglutide or glargine therapy once daily for 14 weeks. @entity384 ( @entity384 ), a comprehensive panel of hemodynamic parameters (Task Force Monitor), and serum metabolic markers were assessed before and after the treatment period. RESULTS: A greater reduction (worsening) in % @entity384 was observed in the glargine group, although this change was not statistically different from the liraglutide group (liraglutide; 5.7 to 5.4%, glargine 6.7 to 5.7%). The augmentation index, C-peptide index, derivatives of reactive @entity26 metabolites and BMI were significantly improved in the liraglutide group. Central systolic blood pressure and NT-proBNP also tended to be improved in the @entity32267 -treated group, while improvements in HbA1c levels were similar between groups. Cardiac index, blood pressure and most other metabolic parameters were not different. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of glycemic improvement, early liraglutide therapy did not affect endothelial function but may provide favorable effects on beta-cell function and cardioprotection in @entity164 2 @entity6 without advanced @entity731 . TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry System as @entity25878 .

title: A Comparison of the Effects of the XXXX Analogue Liraglutide and @entity2690 Glargine on Endothelial Function and Metabolic Parameters: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Sapporo Athero-Incretin Study 2 (SAIS2).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Flow mediated dilation', 'FMD']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5736 :: ('D013453', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonylurea']

entities_list: @entity32267 :: ('MESH:C439759', 'Chemical') :: ['liraglutide']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity6757 :: (100125288,Gene) :: ['GLP-1']


abstract: AIM: To examine the relationship between corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) and @entity3949 ( @entity3949 ) status in @entity1 with type 1 or @entity6 ( @entity6 ). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we examined 25 @entity6 @entity1 without @entity3949 , 10 @entity1 with mild @entity3949 , 8 @entity1 with severe @entity3949 , and 9 controls without @entity6 . @entity3949 status was assigned based on a combination of clinical symptoms, signs, and electrophysiological testing. @entity1 underwent corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) of the sub-basal nerve plexus. Post-hoc analysis of the CCM images was performed to quantify the average CNFL, and ANOVA was used to assess for differences in CNFL. RESULTS: All 25 subjects without @entity3949 had type 1 @entity6 , and subjects with @entity3949 had type 2 @entity6 . @entity1 with severe @entity3949 had significantly lower CNFL (12.5  6.1mm/mm(2)) compared to controls (20.7  2.2mm/mm(2)) (p=0.009). However, lower CNFL was also found in @entity1 with type 1 @entity6 who did not have @entity3949 (15.1  4.7mm/mm(2)) relative to controls (p=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: CCM of the sub-basal nerve plexus may be an indicator of early peripheral @entity528 in type 1 @entity6 . Type of @entity6 , in addition to degree of @entity16 , may influence the extent of @entity16 .

title: Differential reduction in corneal nerve fiber length in XXXX with type 1 or @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'DM', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['corneal nerve damage', 'neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity3949 :: ('MESH:D003929', 'Disease') :: ['DN', 'diabetic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['nerve degeneration']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate release of the trace elements from @entity544 absorbent containing soda lime during general anesthesia. We compared two suppliers Polish "Polfa" and German "Dr  ger". Following trace elements were evaluated: @entity3407 , @entity920 , @entity219 , @entity3409 , lead, @entity3406 in soda lime. In blood of the @entity1 we evaluated: @entity920 , @entity219 , lead, @entity3409 , @entity5497 , @entity12310 , @entity68 , @entity349 . Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) was used to measure concentrations of the elements. Probes of soda lime were analyzed before anesthesia (Polfa, Dr  ger), 6 hr after the use (Polfa only) and after 10 weeks (Dr  ger only). 10 @entity1 were divided in two equal groups, one was anesthetized using soda lime from Polfa and another one from Dr  ger. Blood samples were taken before anesthesia, immediately after and the next day. Mean values of the concentrations of the elements in soda lime coming from Polfa ranged from 0.20 ppm ( @entity3406 ) to 7.19 ppm ( @entity219 ). In Dr  ger the measurements were from 0.22 ppm ( @entity3406 ) to 3.70 ppm ( @entity219 ). Mean concentrations of trace elements in blood samples were between 0.20 ppm (lead) and 487 ppm ( @entity68 ) for the @entity1 anesthetized with Polfa soda lime. In Dr  ger the measurements ranged from 0.15 ppm (lead) to 485 ppm ( @entity68 ). Concentrations of @entity3409 and @entity349 were below the method's limit. Mean values were almost the same in all time points. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-tests. Values of P < 0.05 were consider significant. We concluded that there were no statistically significant differences between examined groups. Thus, we can say that trace elements were not released from soda lime and concentrations of examined elements in @entity1 ' blood were not affected by general anesthesia.

title: [Presence of the trace elements from XXXX absorbent containing lime using a circular apparatus during general anesthesia. ].

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity3407 :: ('MESH:D002857', 'Chemical') :: ['chromium']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity544 :: (MESH:D002245,Chemical) :: ['carbon dioxide']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Erythropoiesis is strongly influenced by the interactions between stromal cells and erythroid progenitors, as well as by a key regulatory factor, @entity14190 ( @entity14190 ). We previously generated @entity19 with a knock-down mutation of @entity22168 (referred to as kd/kd) and found that these kd/kd @entity19 exhibited @entity417 , even though the @entity14190 expression was not severely affected. However, the @entity6580 expression in spleen endothelial cells (EC), which is regulated by @entity22168 was impaired, resulting in defective erythroid maturation. A deficiency of @entity22168 clearly led to @entity3043 . However, the critical level of @entity22168 required for erythropoiesis has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we generated @entity22168 knockdown/knockout heterozygous @entity19 (kd/null). Strikingly, @entity417 was observed in the kd/null @entity19 , but the red blood cell indices were significantly improved compared to those of kd/kd @entity19 . In the spleens of kd/null @entity19 , higher @entity1965 activity and expansion of the red pulp area were observed compared to those of kd/kd @entity19 . Importantly, EC isolated from kd/null spleens showed high expression of VEGF receptors, @entity11132 and @entity9842 , which are regulated by @entity1965 instead of @entity22168 under @entity519 conditions. We also found higher expression of phosphorylated @entity13436 and higher proliferative activity in the EC isolated from kd/null @entity19 compared to those from kd/kd @entity19 . While the @entity22168 expression was diminished, @entity1965 bound to the HRE region in the promoters of genes that are normally regulated by @entity22168 . These results suggest that there is a compensatory pathway involving @entity1965 that regulates the expression of some @entity22168 target genes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Impaired expression of @entity22168 induces compensatory expression of XXXX for the recovery from @entity417 .

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['normocytic anemia', 'anemia']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

answer: @entity1965 :: (15251(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['HIF-1a']


abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of the transcription factor Ki-67, ER, PR, @entity1722 , @entity3544 , @entity470 , and TOP II-a in the @entity5 tissue of @entity1 with @entity513 (IDC); in addition, we examined correlations between these markers. Two hundred and sixteen IDC @entity1 , who were not previously been treated with chemo- or radiotherapy, were included in the study. All @entity5 were grade I-III. Expression of molecular markers was determined by immunohistochemical analysis on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Follow-up data were collected for 3 months to 10 years and analyzed for @entity5 recurrence, survival time, and prognostic risk factors. We determined Ki-67 expression correlates with the expression of ER, PR, @entity1722 , @entity470 , and TOP-a, as well as lymph node involvement, high @entity5 grade, @entity3 , high @entity5 stage, and high TNM stage in IDC. Positive Ki-67 expression was a risk factor for rapid @entity5 recurrence and may help @entity5 progression, leading to poor prognosis in IDC. Ki-67 was directly correlated with @entity470 , TOP II-a, lymph node involvement, high @entity5 grade, @entity3 , high @entity5 stage, and high TNM stage in the hormone receptor subtypes of @entity0 . In triple negative @entity0 , Ki-67 correlated with TOP II-a. Expression of Ki-67 correlated with that of ER, PR, @entity1722 , @entity470 , TOP II-a, and @entity3544 . In addition, the biomarker Ki-67 has a role as a prognostic factor and indicates a poor prognosis in IDC.

title: Relation between Ki-67, ER, PR, @entity1722 , @entity3544 , @entity470 , and TOP II-a Expression in Invasive XXXX @entity1 and Correlations with Prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['invasive ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['lymphovascular invasion']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Ductal Breast Cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Alcohol-dependent @entity1 have been shown to faster approach than avoid alcohol stimuli on the Approach Avoidance Task (AAT). This so-called alcohol approach bias has been associated with increased brain activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. @entity73 ( @entity73 ) has been used to retrain the approach bias with the clinically relevant effect of decreasing relapse rates one year later. The effects of @entity73 on neural signatures of approach/avoidance tendencies remain hitherto unknown. In a double-blind placebo-controlled design, 26 alcohol-dependent in- @entity1 were assigned to a @entity73 or a placebo training group. Both groups performed the AAT for three weeks: in @entity73 training, @entity1 pushed away 90 percent of alcohol cues; this rate was 50 percent in placebo training. Before and after training, @entity1 performed the AAT offline, and in a 3   T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. The relevant neuroimaging contrast for the alcohol approach bias was the difference between approaching versus avoiding alcohol cues relative to soft drink cues: [(alcohol pull   >   alcohol push)      >   (soft drink pull   >   soft drink push)]. Before training, both groups showed significant alcohol approach bias-related activation in the medial prefrontal cortex. After training, @entity1 in the @entity73 group showed stronger reductions in medial prefrontal cortex activation compared with the placebo group. Moreover, these reductions correlated with reductions in approach bias scores in the @entity73 group only. This suggests that @entity73 affects neural mechanisms involved in the automatic alcohol approach bias, which may be important for the clinical effectiveness of @entity73 .

title: Effects of cognitive bias modification training on neural signatures of alcohol approach tendencies in male alcohol-dependent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Cognitive bias modification', 'CBM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between social capital and quality of life among @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 in Anhui province, China. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 436 adults with @entity164 2 @entity6 were interviewed. The two domains of Quality of life, @entity2483 ( @entity2483 ) and @entity1032 ( @entity1032 ), were measured using the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). A modified instrument scale was used to measure cognitive and structural social capital. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between social capital and quality of life, adjusting for social economic status and risk factors for health. RESULTS: 24.3  % of @entity1 (106) were in poor @entity2483 and 25.0  % (109) in poor @entity1032 . The proportions of @entity1 who had low cognitive and structural social capital were 47.0  % (205) and 64.4  % (281), respectively. Results of logistic regression models showed that cognitive social capital was positively associated with @entity2483 (OR   =   1.84; 95 % CI: 1.12, 3.02) and @entity1032 (OR   =   1.65; 95 % CI: 1.03, 2.66). However, the associations between structural social capital and @entity2483 (OR   =   0.80, 95 % CI: 0.48, 1.34) and @entity1032 (OR   =   0.62; 95  % CI: 0.38, 1.01) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: It is the first study in China to investigate associations between quality of life and social capital in @entity164 2 @entity6 . Findings document that cognitive social capital is associated with the quality of life of @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 . Our study suggests that the social capital theory may provide a new approach to increase physical resources in @entity6 prevention and control, especially in Low and Middle Income countries (LMICs).

title: The association between social capital and quality of life among @entity164 2 XXXX @entity1 in Anhui province, China: a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental component summary', 'MCS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2483 :: ('MESH:C566443', 'Disease') :: ['physical component summary', 'PCS']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: PURPOSE: In an earlier Phase I radioimmunotherapy (RIT) study with rhenium-186-labeled chimeric monoclonal antibody (cMAb) @entity42881 in @entity1 with refractory head and @entity213 , the maximum tolerated activity was established at 1.0 GBq/m2, at which bone marrow doses ranged from 0.7 to 1.1 Gy. In the present study, further dose escalation in RIT was evaluated using a facile method of reinfusion of @entity1261 ( @entity1261 )-stimulated unprocessed whole blood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Nine @entity1 with recurrent or metastatic head and @entity213 were treated at radiation dose levels of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 GBq/m2. Before RIT, @entity1261 (10 microg/kg/day) was administered s.c. at home during 5 days. On day 6, just before administration of 186Relabeled cMAb @entity42881 , 1 liter of whole blood was harvested and kept unprocessed at 4 degrees C until reinfusion after 72 h. Blood samples were taken for analysis of pharmacokinetics and bone marrow dosimetry. @entity1 were evaluated for myelotoxicity and @entity5 response. RESULTS: Blood harvesting, RIT, and reinfusion of whole blood were well tolerated by all @entity1 . @entity1261 stimulation resulted in a mean of 0.41 x 10(6) @entity2280 + cells/kg (range, 0.15-0.83 x 10(6) @entity2280 +cells/kg) and a mean committed colony-forming units granulocyte macrophage count of 5.62 x 10(4)/kg (range, 0.62-13.37 x 10(4)/kg). The mean biological half-life of 186Relabeled cMAb @entity42881 in blood was 72.6 +/- 16.0 h, and bone marrow doses ranged from 2.1 to 2.8 Gy at the highest dose level. Myelotoxicity exceeding grade 3 was not observed. Stable disease was observed in five of nine @entity1 , ranging from 3 to 5 months, and was still ongoing in one of these @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that a doubling of the maximum tolerated activity and bone marrow dose of 186Relabeled cMAb @entity42881 can be achieved using reinfusion of @entity1261 -stimulated unprocessed whole blood.

title: Reinfusion of unprocessed, @entity1261 -stimulated whole blood allows dose escalation of 186Relabeled chimeric monoclonal antibody XXXX radioimmunotherapy in a phase I dose escalation study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['neck squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity42881 :: (26842,Gene) :: ['U36']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of @entity694 is increasing in Norway and about 2200 new cases are now diagnosed each year. This paper presents accepted principles of the surgical treatment of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article is based on literature retrieved from the PubMed and Cochrane databases, guidelines from other European countries and USA, and the authors' clinical experience. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: Some 2 / 3 of the @entity1 have no distant @entity3 and a resectable primary @entity5 , and the intention of treatment is curative. A curative resection is achieved by applying the following techniques: The lymphovascular pedicle is divided centrally, removing all the draining regional lymph nodes of the @entity5 -bearing bowel segment. The circumferential dissection is carried out in the mesocolic plane. In cases of @entity5 infiltration of this plane or infiltration of neighbouring organs, extended circumferential resection is necessary to obtain free margins. A minimum bowel resection margin of 5 cm on either side of the @entity5 is oncologically adequate, but the extent of bowel resection depends on the individual's vessel anatomy and bowel circulation. A multidisciplinary team should treat @entity1 with potentially resectable distant @entity3 . Multimodal treatment is an option and treatment should follow a certain sequence. With ileus due to obstructing @entity5 of the transverse and left colon, endoluminal stenting should be attempted as a bridge to surgery within 1 - 2 weeks. The quality of surgical treatment of @entity14 could be improved in Norway, by categorizing surgical techniques more systematically and ensuring more consistent reporting to the new Norwegian @entity14 register.

title: [Surgical treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: @entity599 mustard ( @entity30783 , SM) is a highly reactive bifunctional alkylating agent inducing @entity4 , @entity32 , and the formation of fluid-filled blisters in the skin. Medical countermeasures against SM-induced @entity130 have yet to be established. In the present studies, we tested a novel, bifunctional anti-inflammatory prodrug (NDH 4338) designed to target @entity1996 ( @entity1996 ), an enzyme that generates inflammatory @entity1813 , and @entity4360 , an enzyme mediating activation of cholinergic inflammatory pathways in a model of SM-induced @entity272 . Adult SKH-1 hairless male @entity19 were exposed to SM using a dorsal skin vapor cup model. NDH 4338 was applied topically to the skin 24, 48, and 72h post-SM exposure. After 96h, SM was found to induce @entity272 characterized by @entity4 , @entity1373 , loss of the differentiation marker, @entity31326 ( @entity31326 ), upregulation of the skin wound marker keratin 6 ( @entity17752 ), disruption of the basement membrane anchoring protein laminin 322, and increased expression of epidermal @entity1996 . NDH 4338 post-treatment reduced SM-induced dermal @entity4 and enhanced skin re-epithelialization. This was associated with a reduction in @entity1996 expression, increased @entity31326 expression in the suprabasal epidermis, and reduced expression of @entity17752 . NDH 4338 also restored basement membrane integrity, as evidenced by continuous expression of laminin 332 at the @entity3161 . Taken together, these data indicate that a bifunctional anti-inflammatory prodrug stimulates repair of SM induced @entity272 and may be useful as a medical countermeasure.

title: Therapeutic potential of a non-steroidal bifunctional anti-inflammatory and anti-cholinergic agent against XXXX induced by @entity599 mustard.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity30783 :: ('CHEBI:25434', 'Chemical') :: ['bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['epidermal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity4360 :: ('11423(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['acetylcholinesterase']

entities_list: @entity3161 :: ('MESH:D020511', 'Disease') :: ['dermal-epidermal junction']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin injury']

entities_list: @entity1813 :: ('MESH:D015777', 'Chemical') :: ['eicosanoids']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous injury']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin injury']


abstract: Strength training represents an alternative to endurance training for @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 . Little is known about the effect on insulin action and key proteins in skeletal muscle, and the necessary volume of strength training is unknown. A total of 10 @entity164 2 @entity6 subjects and 7 healthy @entity1 (control subjects) strength-trained one leg three times per week for 6 weeks while the other leg remained untrained. Each session lasted no more than 30 min. After strength training, muscle biopsies were obtained, and an @entity1717 combined with arterio-femoral venous catheterization of both legs was carried out. In general, qualitatively similar responses were obtained in both groups. During the clamp, leg blood flow was higher (P < 0.05) in trained versus untrained legs, but despite this, arterio-venous extraction @entity413 did not decrease in trained legs. Thus, leg @entity413 clearance was increased in trained legs (P < 0.05) and more than explained by increases in muscle mass. Strength training increased protein content of @entity2368 , insulin receptor, protein kinase B-alpha/beta, @entity3156 ( @entity3156 ), and @entity3156 total activity. In conclusion, we found that strength training for 30 min three times per week increases insulin action in skeletal muscle in both groups. The adaptation is attributable to local contraction-mediated mechanisms involving key proteins in the insulin signaling cascade.

title: Strength training increases insulin-mediated @entity413 uptake, @entity2368 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in @entity1 with @entity164 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity3156 :: ('MESH:C566917', 'Disease') :: ['glycogen synthase', 'GS']

entities_list: @entity1717 :: ('MESH:D044903', 'Disease') :: ['isoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The hollow fiber system model of @entity378 ( @entity6517 ) is designed to perform pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/ @entity1726 ) experiments, and hence the design of optimal doses and dose schedules for the treatment of @entity378 . To determine if this model is useful for deriving PK/ @entity1726 data relevant to clinical outcomes, we compared its quantitative output to that from clinical trials. METHODS: We performed a PubMed search to identify clinical studies performed with antituberculosis therapy in which PK/ @entity1726 data and/or parameters were documented or a dose-scheduling study design was employed. The search period was from January 1943 to December 2012. All clinical studies were published prior to @entity6517 experiments. Bias minimization was done according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Clinical publications were scored for quality of evidence, with 1 as the highest score (randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses of such studies), and 4 as the lowest score. RESULTS: We identified 17 studies that examined the same parameters as in 8 @entity6517 studies. Fifteen of 17 studies had a quality-of-evidence score of 1. The sterilizing and bactericidal effect rates for @entity3109 , @entity1215 , @entity5585 , and @entity3110 were the same in the @entity6517 as in @entity1 . Time to emergence of resistance for monotherapy was the same as in @entity1 . The PK/ @entity1726 indices associated with efficacy were the same in @entity6517 as in @entity1 for all drugs examined. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity6517 model is highly accurate at identifying optimal drug exposures, doses, and dosing schedules for use in the clinic.

title: Correlations Between the Hollow Fiber Model of XXXX and Therapeutic Events in @entity378 @entity1 : Learn and Confirm.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3110 :: ('MESH:D004977', 'Chemical') :: ['ethambutol']

entities_list: @entity5585 :: ('MESH:D011718', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrazinamide']

entities_list: @entity3109 :: ('MESH:D007538', 'Chemical') :: ['isoniazid']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampin']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['Tuberculosis']


abstract: CONTEXT: In 2001 the "National @entity165 and Education Program Expert Panel" gave a clinical definition of the @entity209 . The frequency of this syndrome at baseline and its incidence and persistence at three years is studied in a French population. SUBJECTS: 2109 @entity1 and 2184 @entity1 from the D.E.S.I.R. longitudinal cohort study (Data from an Epidemiological Study on the @entity1720 ) in central-western France, aged 30 to 64 years, were examined at inclusion and three years later. METHODS: Evaluation of the frequencies, incidences and persistence of the @entity209 and its abnormalities. This syndrome is defined by the presence of three or more of five abnormalities: waist circumference > 102/88 cm ( @entity1 / @entity1 ); @entity1674 > o r=1.69 mmol/l, HDL- @entity165 <1.04/1.29 mmol/l ( @entity1 / @entity1 ); systolic/diastolic blood pressure > or =130 and/or 85 mmHg; fasting plasma @entity413 > or =6.1 mmol/l. RESULTS: At baseline, 10% of @entity1 and 7% of @entity1 had the @entity209 . If the syndrome was defined to include a treatment in the abnormalities (for @entity6 , @entity101 , @entity2299 ), the syndrome frequencies increased to 16% and 11%. However only 12% and 8% respectively, had this syndrome both at inclusion and at three years. @entity101 was the most frequent abnormality: 70% and 47% in @entity1 and @entity1 respectively, at inclusion. The most stable abnormality was high waist circumference (80% persisted), hyperglycaemia the least stable (60% persisted). Hyperinsulinaemia did not cluster closely with this syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The age-specific frequency of the syndrome is more than 2.5 times higher in the US than in this French cohort and this ratio increased with age. The higher frequencies of @entity1144 and low HDL- @entity165 in @entity1 than in @entity1 suggest that these gender-specific thresholds may need to be refined.

title: The incidence and persistence of the NCEP (National XXXX Education Program) @entity209 . The French D.E.S.I.R. study.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['High blood pressure', 'hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal obesity']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1720 :: ('MESH:D007333', 'Disease') :: ['Insulin Resistance syndrome']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol', 'cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['Cholesterol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Upper respiratory tract illnesses have been associated with an increased risk of @entity741 and @entity64 . During two @entity683 seasons, we assessed the influence of vaccination against @entity683 on the risk of hospitalization for @entity299 and @entity64 , hospitalization for @entity55 and @entity683 , and death from all causes. METHODS: Cohorts of community-dwelling members of three large managed-care organizations who were at least 65 years old were studied during the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 @entity683 seasons. Administrative and clinical data were used to evaluate outcomes, with multivariable logistic regression to control for base-line demographic and health characteristics of the subjects. RESULTS: There were 140,055 subjects in the 1998-1999 cohort and 146,328 in the 1999-2000 cohort, of which 55.5 percent and 59.7 percent, respectively, were immunized. At base line, vaccinated subjects were on average sicker, having higher rates of most coexisting conditions, outpatient care, and prior hospitalization for @entity55 than unvaccinated subjects. Unvaccinated subjects, however, were more likely to have been given a prior diagnosis of @entity303 or @entity64 . Vaccination against @entity683 was associated with a reduction in the risk of hospitalization for @entity299 (reduction of 19 percent during both seasons [P<0.001]), @entity66 (reduction of 16 percent during the 1998-1999 season [P<0.018] and 23 percent during the 1999-2000 season [P<0.001]), and @entity55 or @entity683 (reduction of 32 percent during the 1998-1999 season [P<0.001] and 29 percent during the 1999-2000 season [P<0.001]) and a reduction in the risk of death from all causes (reduction of 48 percent during the 1998-1999 season [P<0.001] and 50 percent during the 1999-2000 season [P<0.001]). In analyses according to age, the presence or absence of major medical conditions at base line, and study site, the findings were consistent across all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In the elderly, vaccination against @entity683 is associated with reductions in the risk of hospitalization for @entity299 , @entity66 , and @entity55 or @entity683 as well as the risk of death from all causes during @entity683 seasons. These findings highlight the benefits of vaccination and support efforts to increase the rates of vaccination among the elderly.

title: Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for XXXX and @entity64 among the elderly.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease', 'heart disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the @entity6785 and @entity4105 levels in @entity1 with @entity1187 . MATERIALS/METHODS: We examined the plasma migration inhibitory factor and @entity4105 levels in 87 @entity1 who presented with @entity662 at our hospital. The @entity1 were classified into two groups according to their cardiac status. Sixty-five @entity1 had @entity583 , and 22 @entity1 had non-cardiac @entity662 (non-coronary disease). We designated the latter group of @entity1 as the control group. The @entity1 who presented with @entity583 were further divided into two subgroups: ST-elevated @entity583 (n=30) and non-ST elevated @entity583 (n=35). RESULTS: We found higher plasma migration inhibitory factor levels in both @entity583 subgroups than in the control group. However, the @entity4105 levels were similar between the @entity583 and control @entity1 . In addition, we did not find a significant difference in the plasma migration inhibitory factor levels between the ST elevated @entity583 and NST-elevated @entity583 subgroups. DISCUSSION: The circulating concentrations of migration inhibitory factor were significantly increased in @entity583 @entity1 , whereas the soluble @entity4105 levels were similar between @entity583 @entity1 and control subjects. Our results suggest that migration inhibitory factor may play a role in the @entity731 process.

title: Increased circulating XXXX levels are associated with coronary artery disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity6785 :: ('4282', 'Gene') :: ['macrophage migration inhibitory factor']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity6785 :: (4282,Gene) :: ['macrophage migration inhibitory factor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We recently reported the hyper-responsiveness of @entity1 skeletal muscle resistance arteries (SkMRAs) to @entity1063 in @entity4218 ( @entity4218 ). In this study we investigated the characteristics of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes and evaluated the agonist affinity and adrenoceptor reserve in the ischaemic arteries. METHODS: @entity1 SkMRAs were isolated from non-ischaemic and ischaemic areas of limbs amputated for @entity4218 . Subcutaneous resistance arteries were isolated from inguinal biopsies from healthy subjects. Arterial segments were mounted on a small vessel wire myograph. RESULTS: Contractile responses to agonists, adrenaline and @entity39972 ( @entity10598 )-selective) were significantly increased in ischaemic arteries compared to those in non-ischaemic arteries. Receptor inactivation studies indicated an increase in the alpha-adrenoceptor reserve in the ischaemic arteries but the affinity of @entity1063 was unaffected. Healthy subcutaneous arteries had a similar @entity1063 affinity but a higher receptor reserve than skeletal muscle arteries. In the ischaemic arteries, the antagonists prazosin (alpha(1)-selective), @entity19169 ( @entity10598 )-selective) and @entity20399 (alpha(1D)-selective) produced rightward shifts in the concentration response curves (CRCs) of @entity1063 giving @entity584 )s of 9.6+/-0.3, 8.4+/-0.2 and 7.1+/-0.4, respectively. Pretreatment with 10 microM @entity19170 decreased the contractile responses to @entity1063 and @entity39972 to 57+/-7 and 72+/-4% of their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the ischaemic SkMRAs have an increased alpha-adrenoceptor reserve with no change in the predominant @entity13365 profile.

title: The alpha 1-adrenoceptor profile in @entity1 skeletal muscle resistance arteries in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['CLI', 'critical limb ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity19170 :: ('MESH:C051731', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroethylclonidine']

entities_list: @entity19169 :: ('MESH:C057446', 'Chemical') :: ['5-methyl-urapidil']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity13365 :: ('148', 'Gene') :: ['alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor']

answer: @entity4218 :: (MESH:D017880,Disease) :: ['critical limb ischaemia']


abstract: The effect of a series of respiratory inhibitors on the oxidation of @entity2125 in state 4 and state 3 conditions was studied with @entity4336 shoot mitochondria. Comparisons were made using @entity5910 and @entity4588 as substrates. The inhibitors, @entity3788 , amytal, @entity8581 and @entity3789 , inhibited oxidation of @entity2125 in state 3 but @entity3788 and amytal did not inhibit oxidation in state 4. The inhibition by @entity8581 was partially overcome by the presence of cytochrome c. The results indicate the presence of alternative pathways available for @entity2125 oxidation depending on the metabolic condition of the mitochondria. Under state 4 conditions, @entity2125 oxidation bypasses the amytal and @entity3788 sensitive sites but under state 3 conditions a component of the @entity2125 respiration appears to be oxidized by an internal pathway which is sensitive to these inhibitors. Still a third pathway for @entity2125 oxidation is dependent on the addition of cytochrome c and is insensitive to @entity8581 . @entity4588 oxidation was sensitive to @entity3789 and @entity8581 under both state 4 and state 3 conditions as well as amytal and @entity3788 under state 3 conditions but was not inhibited by amytal and @entity3788 under state 4 conditions. @entity5910 oxidation was inhibited by @entity3789 , @entity3788 and amytal under both state 4 and state 3 conditions. @entity8581 inhibited state 3 but did not appreciably alter state 4 rates of @entity5910 oxidation. With all substrates tested inhibition by @entity8581 was greatly facilitated by preswelling the mitochondria for 10 min. This was interpreted to indicate that swelling increases the accessibility of @entity8581 to the site of inhibition.

title: The effect of respiratory inhibitors on XXXX , @entity4588 and @entity5910 oxidation in @entity4336 mitochondria.

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate', 'Succinate']

entities_list: @entity3788 :: ('MESH:D012402', 'Chemical') :: ['rotenone']

entities_list: @entity8581 :: ('MESH:D000968', 'Chemical') :: ['Antimycin A', 'antimycin A']

entities_list: @entity5910 :: ('MESH:C030298', 'Chemical') :: ['malate', 'Malate']

entities_list: @entity3789 :: ('CHEBI:17514', 'Chemical') :: ['cyanide']

answer: @entity2125 :: (MESH:D009243,Chemical) :: ['NADH']


abstract: Breath @entity3884 testing for assessing the presence of @entity1735 malabsorption is frequently applied to refine dietary restrictions on a low fermentable @entity1735 (FODMAP) diet. Its application has also been extended for the detection of small intestinal bacterial @entity8032 . Recently, several caveats of its methodology and interpretation have emerged. A review of the evidence surrounding its application in the management of @entity1 with a @entity29 was performed. Studies were examined to assess limitations of testing methodology, interpretation of results, reproducibility, and how this relates to clinical symptoms. A wide heterogeneity in testing parameters, definition of positive/negative response, and the use of clinically irrelevant doses of test @entity1735 were common methodological limitations. These factors can subsequently impact the sensitivity, specificity, and false positive or negative detection rates. Evidence is also increasing on the poor intra-individual reproducibility in breath responses with repeated testing for @entity948 and @entity11884 . On the basis of these limitations, it is not surprising that the diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial @entity8032 based on a @entity11884 breath test yields a wide prevalence rate and is unreliable. Finally, symptom induction during a breath test has been found to correlate poorly with the presence of @entity1735 malabsorption. The evidence suggests that breath @entity3884 tests have limited clinical value in guiding clinical decision for the @entity1 with a @entity29 .

title: The clinical value of breath XXXX testing.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['lactulose']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['functional bowel disorder']

entities_list: @entity8032 :: ('MESH:D019214', 'Disease') :: ['overgrowth']

answer: @entity3884 :: (MESH:D006859,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of the metabolic agent @entity1481 ( @entity2904 ), both in monotherapy and in combination with other antianginal agents, in the treatment of stable @entity951 . A search of literature published between 1985 and 2001 was performed on computerized databases (MEDLINE and EMBASE). METHODS: Only double-blind, randomized, controlled trials were included in this meta-analysis. @entity1 had to be treated for at least 2 weeks. Four parameters were selected, one clinical parameter (number of @entity951 ) and three ergometric parameters (time to 1 mm ST-segment @entity308 , total work and exercise duration at peak exercise). They were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the treatment period.The quality of the trials was assessed on specific methodological criteria. Standard statistical methods, pooled odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals for subjective symptoms and pooled z and P for objective symptoms, were used. RESULTS: Twelve clinical studies meeting our criteria were analyzed. Results showed that @entity2904 significantly reduced the number of @entity951 in coronary @entity1 and improved time to 1 mm segment @entity308 and total work at peak exercise, while exercise duration at peak exercise showed a trend toward improvement (P = 0.09). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis confirms the efficacy of @entity2904 in the treatment of stable @entity951 , compared with placebo or conventional antianginal agent, as well as in monotherapy or in combination with conventional antianginal agents. @entity2904 is well tolerated in monotherapy as well as in combination.

title: Efficacy and tolerability of XXXX in stable @entity951 : a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['weekly angina attacks', 'angina pectoris', 'angina']

entities_list: @entity1481 :: ('MESH:D014292', 'Chemical') :: ['trimetazidine']

answer: @entity1481 :: (MESH:D014292,Chemical) :: ['trimetazidine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sometimes @entity1 with a @entity174 , especially in an acute phase of injury, can have normal radiographs and, therefore, initial diagnosis of the @entity174 may be neglected. In this study, we determined the value in of clinical examination and a radiograph in the diagnosis of @entity174 based on the results of a two-week follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). OBJECTIVES: In this study, sought to assess the value of using both a clinical examination (tenderness of scaphoid tubercle, tenderness of anatomical snuffbox, and compression test) and radiographic imaging in the diagnosis of scaphoid @entity174 based on the results after a two-week follow-up MRI. @entity1 AND METHODS: From December 2012 to February 2013, we enrolled 48 @entity1 with suspected scaphoid @entity174 who had been referred to the emergency department of Baqiyatallah hospital, Tehran, Iran. @entity1 with negative results for clinical and radiographic examinations were excluded from the study. Cast immobilization was done for @entity1 who had at least one positive finding during a physical examination test and who had normal radiographs. @entity1 who had a normal physical examination, but abnormal radiographs were referred to the orthopedic clinic after cast or split treatment. These @entity1 also had a follow-up MRI two weeks after wrist trauma; the MRI was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the clinical and radiographic examinations. RESULTS: Scaphoid tubercle tenderness had a sensitivity of 95.23% and a specificity of 74.07% in the diagnosis of @entity174 . This test did not show a statistically difference with MRI results (P = 0.05). The results of the tenderness of the anatomical snuff box (sensitivity = 85.71%, specificity = 29.62%) was statistically different from the MRI results (P = 0.000). The results for the sensitivity (42.85%) and specificity (29.62%) for a compression test were not statistically different from the MRI results (P = 0.05). All of the radiographic tests that we applied in our project had 100% specificity for the diagnosis of a @entity174 . However, the results were significantly different from the MRI results (P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: A clinical examination combined with a plain radiograph should be considered to improve the diagnostic precision for @entity1 presenting with scaphoid @entity174 in an emergency department. In this way, both overtreatment and undertreatment of @entity1 can be avoided.

title: How Trustworthy Are Clinical Examinations and Plain Radiographs for Diagnosis of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'scaphoid fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Scaphoid Fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Treatment with chronic corticosteroids has been associated with frequent significant adverse effects. We hypothesized that a long-term low-dose @entity229 regimen for @entity1737 ( @entity1737 ) would have a low rate of major side effects. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1737 @entity1 from a single institution over a 16-year period and treated with >= 1 month of daily @entity229 were included. @entity134 -related complications were defined as the development/worsening of conditions requiring alteration to medical therapy. Serious complications included conditions requiring emergency care, hospitalization, or surgery. RESULTS: Eighty-three @entity1 with follow-up period ranging from 1 to 271 months (median, 58 months) were included. Fifty-eight (70%) @entity1 had follow-up period of >= 24 months. The maximum @entity229 dose ranged from 10 to 60 mg. Tapering to  <=10 mg/d required  <=4 months for all but 2 @entity1 . Median average daily dose following the initial course was 5 mg daily (interquartile range, 4-7.5 mg). During the first 2 years, there were 24.5 complications per 100 @entity1 -years. Only one @entity1 had a serious complication within the first 2 years (2-year cumulative risk, 1%), but this individual was not following the recommended regimen. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose @entity229 for @entity1737 has an acceptable side-effect profile and causes few serious complications (2-year risk,    1%). However, @entity1 need monitoring to detect the relatively common, but less serious, complications (2-year risk,    39%) to adjust medical therapy in a timely fashion.

title: Safety of @entity229 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid']

entities_list: @entity1737 :: ('MESH:D009157', 'Disease') :: ['ocular myasthenia gravis', 'OMG']

answer: @entity1737 :: (MESH:D009157,Disease) :: ['ocular myasthenia gravis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Photoperiodic regulation of testicular steroidogenesis through modulation of MT1R expression and local @entity2493 content is well established. However, additional mediators besides local melatonergic system in photoperiodic control of testicular steroidogenesis in @entity329 have never been investigated. Endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) are known to regulate reproduction acting at multiple levels of the @entity444 . The presence of b-endorphin, a naturally occurring opioid peptide, and its receptor ( -opioid receptor,  OR) has been reported in @entity35 testes; however the functional significance of photoperiodic regulation  OR in testicular steroidogenesis is not clear. In the present study, we assessed the effect of @entity836 ( @entity3696 ), a  OR antagonist, in photoperiodic regulation of testicular steroidogenesis. Immunohistochemical (IHC) localization and expression of  OR along with the expression of steroidogenic markers in testes was analysed through western blot analyses. IHC suggest immunoreactivity for  OR in Leydig cells with strong immunoreactivity under SD (Short-Day) condition, whereas weak immunoreactivity was observed under LD (Long-Day). The expression of  OR was significantly decreased following @entity3696 administration in both the photoperiodic conditions. The localization and differential photoperiodic regulation of  OR in Leydig cells suggests its involvement in testicular steroidogenesis. Further, @entity3696 administration significantly increased the expression of steroidogenic markers (AR, StAR, P450SCC, LH-R, 3b-HSD and 17-HSD) and plasma @entity251 concentration under SD condition as compared to SD-control. We may therefore suggest that photoperiod differentially regulates the expression of  OR which thereby mediates the inhibitory effect of @entity2493 on testicular steroidogenesis.

title: Effect of XXXX on photoperiodic regulation of testicular steroidogenesis in adult @entity329 , @entity329 .

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['Naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['golden hamster']

entities_list: @entity444 :: ('MESH:D006059', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis']

answer: @entity836 :: (MESH:D009271,Chemical) :: ['naltrexone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity131 is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. We evaluated the neuroprotective effects of @entity14685 (TQ) in a @entity35 model of @entity131 by using biochemical and histopathologic methods for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four @entity35 were divided into sham (n  = 8), @entity130 (n  = 8), and TQ-treated (n  = 8) groups. A moderate degree of @entity542 was induced with the use of Feeney's falling weight technique, and TQ (5 mg/kg/day) was administered to the TQ-treated group for 7 days. All animals were killed after cardiac perfusion. Brain tissues were extracted immediately after perfusion without damaging the tissues. Biochemical procedures were performed with the serum, and a histopathologic evaluation was performed on the brain tissues. Biochemical experiments included @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ), reduced and oxidized @entity7447 analysis, DNA isolation and hydroylazation, and @entity2041 peroxidase, and @entity224 dismutase analyses. RESULTS: Neuron density in contralateral hippocampal regions ( @entity1249 , @entity1250 -3, and @entity16711 ) 7 days after the @entity130 decreased significantly in the @entity130 and TQ-treated groups, compared with that in the control group. Neuron densities in contralateral hippocampal regions ( @entity1249 , @entity1250 -3, and @entity16711 ) were greater in the TQ-treated group than in the @entity130 group. TQ did not increase @entity224 dismutase or @entity2041 peroxidase antioxidant levels. However, TQ decreased the @entity1865 levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that TQ has a healing effect on neural cells after @entity542 and this effect is mediated by decreasing @entity1865 levels in the nuclei and mitochondrial membrane of neurons.

title: Neuroprotective Effects of @entity14685 on the Hippocampus in a @entity35 Model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity14685 :: ('MESH:C003466', 'Chemical') :: ['thymoquinone']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma', 'head injury']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['Traumatic Brain Injury']


abstract: Psychoactive drugs ( @entity29520 and @entity8685 -- @entity13667 ) were used as probes to test both differences or similarities in neurochemical substrates (proximal causations) and adaptive significance (ultimate causations) of different forms of intraspecific @entity146 in wild @entity19 and laboratory Swiss CD-1 counterparts. @entity29520 (1-5 mg/kg) inhibited maternal attack on female, but not on male intruders. Thus, phenotypically different @entity146 (offence and defence respectively) which have different functions may be modulated by different neurochemical substrates. Intrasexual attack and infanticide which are phenotypically different, but share similar functions (i.e. competition for mates and resources) were equally inhibited by @entity29520 (2 mg/kg) both in males and females of wild and laboratory @entity19 . This indicates that the neural substrates of these behaviors are related and similarly regulated in the two sexes. @entity29520 was used to test the prediction of the evolutionary model on fighting strategies in male-male asymmetric contests as far as fighting ability and resource value (mating and cohabitation with a female) are concerned. @entity29520 inhibited the intensity of fighting (i.e. more 'defensive' behavioral phenotype of attack) only in animals without previous positive fighting experience, suggesting that different behavioral strategies are based on different neurochemical modulation. Experience of attack also influenced the effects of @entity13667 (2.5-5 mg/kg) in both lactating females and male resident @entity19 . The reported proaggressive effects of @entity1245 were observed only in animals with prior fighting experience in both cases. Thus the understanding of the effects of drugs on behavior demands consideration of the biological variability (e.g. genetic, previous experience and/or interindividual differences) and the adaptive significance of behavior in the experimental context. On this background ethopharmacology can be defined as an evolutionary approach to the study of a drugs effect on neurochemical mechanisms and functions of behavior.

title: An evolutionary approach to behavioral pharmacology: using drugs to understand proximate and ultimate mechanisms of different forms of @entity146 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggression', 'attack behaviors']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity29520 :: ('MESH:C035521', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluprazine']

entities_list: @entity8685 :: ('MESH:D002707', 'Chemical') :: ['Chlordiazepoxide']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Urinary @entity322 exerts a huge influence on @entity1 's quality of life in regard to hygienic problems. The great progress in female stress @entity322 (SUI) surgery was introduction of mid-urethra @entity7502 sling procedures, which are characterized by very high efficacy, safety and minimal invasiveness. The aim of our study was to assess if functioning of lower urinary tract after minimum 1 year from TVT or IVS procedure has an impact on @entity1 's quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis was done by means of King's quality of life questionnaire in Polish version from 1993. One hundred and sixty @entity1 operated because of SUI in II-nd Department of Gynecology in Lublin in years: 1999-2001 were assessed. The mean time relapsed from surgery was 19 +/- 6 months. Eighty @entity1 were operated by TVT method (monofilament tape) and eighty by IVS method (multifilament tape. Statistical analysis was done by means of STATISTICA program, version 6. To estimate @entity1 's quality of life according to King's questionnaire the mode value (Mo) and the frequency of mode value (fr Mo) were used in respective questions. The results in both groups were compared by Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Most of @entity1 assessed the general health condition as good (fr Mo = 25; 36.9%). In TVT group Mo value indicated @entity558 (fr Mo = 30; 37.5%), whereas in IVS group general health condition was estimated most commonly as satisfactory (fr Mo = 33; 41.25%). In respect to @entity322 impact on life in TVT group 37.5% of @entity1 (fr Mo = 30) reported some influence, while in IVS group 50% of @entity1 (fr Mo = 40) reported no influence (p = 0.16). Moreover, analysis revealed that in both groups the functioning of lower urinary tract does not influence their normal functioning, social contacts, physical activity, personal life, emotions or sleep. CONCLUSION: After modern @entity322 surgery (TVT, IVS methods) the majority of @entity1 reported that current @entity1494 have no negative impact on their quality of life.

title: [Quality of life after mid-urethra XXXX tape sling surgery (IVS, TVT) in female stress @entity322 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['good health condition']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence', 'incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder symptoms']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

answer: @entity7502 :: (MESH:D011126,Chemical) :: ['polypropylene']