abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Local excision (LE) may offer an ideal method, instead of standard abdominoperineal excision (APE), for the treatment of @entity189 , if strict selection criterias are followed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results after LE and APE, and further compare these two methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-three consecutive @entity1 initially operated on by LE and 83 consecutive @entity1 with radical APE made for @entity5 in Dukes' stages A to C were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The methods did not differ in terms of postoperative mortality and complications, 0/33 versus 1/83 (1%) and 9/33 (27%) versus 32/83 (39%), respectively. Five LEs were palliative and in 23 of the 28 @entity1 , operated on with curative intent, LE alone was considered potentially curative. Local recurrence developed in four (18%) of the 22 @entity1 followed up after curative LEs (14 had a T1 and eight a T2 @entity5 ). In a comparable group of @entity5 , four of the 20 APE @entity1 developed local recurrence. The longterm outcome of @entity1 after LE and APE did not differ in terms of local-recurrence-free survival (80% versus 76%), @entity5 -specific survival (100% versus 90%) and overall survival (69% versus 76%) at five years, respectively. In conclusion, LE saved the anal continence in properly selected @entity1 with @entity189 confined to the rectal wall without compromising their outcome. Large prospective series of LEs, however, are needed to assess the importance of factors suggested to increase the risk of local recurrence.

title: Local excision as an option in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', "Dukes' stage A tumours", 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['low rectal carcinoma', 'low rectal carcinomas']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['low rectal carcinoma']


abstract: The major complication during therapy of @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) with the purine @entity377 analogue @entity3118 is infection, which is also the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the disease. As the incidence of @entity166 episodes during therapy correlated with severity of @entity1398 , stage of disease, and response to therapy, an effort was made to reduce therapy-related myelosuppression and improve response by altering the conventional therapy regimen. The protocol which yielded a response rate of 57% in previously treated @entity1 with @entity1072 consisted of five consecutive daily doses of 25-30 mg/m2 @entity3118 given every three to four weeks. Based on observations from intracellular pharmacology studies it was hypothesized that repetitive single weekly doses of @entity3118 would allow normal bone marrow cells to recover while maintaining cytotoxic levels in the leukemic cells. The cumulative four-week dose of the once-weekly regimen was approximately 80% of the original protocol. Eleven out of 46 evaluable @entity1 (24%) responded to the therapy. Seven @entity1 (15%) achieved a complete remission, and four (9%) a partial remission. While myelosuppression was reduced by about 30% compared with the original protocol, the incidence of febrile episodes was increased by 17%. Pretreatment serum IgG levels below the normal range correlated significantly with a high incidence of @entity166 episodes and with a short median survival time. These observations suggest that in addition to myelosuppressive therapy, disease related @entity308 immune function causes morbidity and mortality due to @entity281 . The results further show that changes in the scheduling of the therapy regimen, associated with a slightly lower dose, resulted in reduced efficacy as measured by the response rate.

title: Phase II clinical trial of XXXX in @entity1072 on a weekly low-dose schedule.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3118 :: ('MESH:C024352', 'Chemical') :: ['fludarabine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious']

answer: @entity3118 :: (MESH:C024352,Chemical) :: ['fludarabine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the electrophysiologic properties of @entity32856 , a novel class IC drug with slow kinetic properties, could be altered in the presence of acute @entity741 . BACKGROUND: An increase in the rate of @entity944 in @entity1 taking @entity6237 and @entity11808 has been reported by the @entity943 Suppression Trial (CAST), implying a proarrhythmic effect that may be due to the interaction between @entity63 and class IC antiarrhythmic drugs. METHODS: Thirty-five @entity1 and 16 age-matched control @entity1 performed a treadmill exercise test and were assigned to four study groups: group A = 16 control @entity1 ; group B = 15 @entity1 with @entity308 ; group C = 11 @entity1 receiving @entity32856 without @entity308 ; and group D = 9 @entity1 receiving @entity32856 with @entity308 . The QRS duration was measured at rest and at heart rates of 80, 100 and 120 beats/min. RESULTS: There were no changes in the QRS duration as heart rates increased to 120 beats/min in the control @entity1 . @entity63 , however, independently caused a significant increase in QRS duration at a heart rate of 120 beats/min. @entity32856 produced a rate-dependent prolongation of the QRS duration in @entity1 without @entity308 as the heart rate increased to 100 beats/min. The combination of @entity63 and @entity32856 led to a much greater rate-dependent prolongation of the QRS duration. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of a class IC drug and acute @entity63 could lead to additive rate-dependent ventricular conduction slowing. This may be one plausible mechanism for the induction of proarrhythmias noted in the CAST study.

title: @entity63 enhances use-dependent sodium channel blockade by XXXX , a class IC antiarrhythmic agent.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['ST segment depression', 'ischemic ST segment depression']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity11808 :: ('MESH:D016700', 'Chemical') :: ['encainide']

entities_list: @entity6237 :: ('MESH:D005424', 'Chemical') :: ['flecainide']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac Arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity32856 :: ('MESH:C042288', 'Chemical') :: ['Pilsicainide', 'pilsicainide']

answer: @entity32856 :: (MESH:C042288,Chemical) :: ['pilsicainide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hospital mortality related to @entity281 acquired in the hospital setting has not been well studied in Spain. We carried out a study of seven hospitals in order to assess and quantify the problem. METHODS: The study period included three months of observations (between November 1, 1989 and January 31, 1990), and data pertaining to all @entity204 of @entity1 hospitalized for a minimum of 24 hours were collected. The number of @entity1 admitted within the study period was 16,025, and the number of @entity204 registered and included in our study was 488 (3%). The data were obtained from the @entity1 's medical history one week after @entity204 as well as from the hospital physicians on the case. In order to quantify the interobserver variability derived from the classification criteria, the simple kappa index was calculated and averaged to form an ordinal scale. RESULTS: 216 (44.3%) of 488 @entity204 included in our study had no @entity281 , 138 (28%) had an @entity281 no-hospital-associated, and 134 (27%) had @entity580 (50-10%--"causally related to @entity204 ", 59-12%--"contributing to @entity204 ", and 25-5%--"not related to @entity204 "). The lower respiratory tract @entity281 , @entity6081 were the most related to cause of @entity204 . @entity794 was the pathogen most frequently associated with the @entity281 found at the time of @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: Those @entity1 admitted with non-fatal diseases made up the greatest percentage (39.9%) of @entity204 from @entity580 . The @entity281 was considered the direct cause of @entity204 in 18.8% of these cases, although the differences found had no statistical significance.

title: [Relationship between XXXX and hospital mortality. Multicenter study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6081 :: ('MESH:D013530', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremias and surgical wound infections']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection', 'nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['nosocomial infection']


abstract: AIMS: @entity5092 is a facultative intracellular gramnegative aerobic coccobacilli which is difficult to isolate. The appearance of an @entity3082 outbreak of @entity6588 in Castilla y Leon (Spain) during the first months of 1998 led bur microbiology laboratory to develop the diagnostic methods of this disease which, up to then, were unknown by the authors. METHODS: During the months of January and February, 1998, 25 samples were processed for culture (17, adenopathy pus and 8 @entity4537 ) using enriched culture mediums. In 20, direct immunofluorescence was performed on the sample spread. Serologic study was carried out in 352 @entity1 by the agglutination technique in tubes, with titers > or = 1/160 being considered as positive. Susceptibility tests were performed by the disk plate technique in @entity6353 agar. RESULTS: Three isolates of @entity5092 were achieved (12%). Seven samples (38.8%) were positive by direct immunofluorescence. By serology 149 negative (42%) and 203 positive (58%) results were obtained. Seroconversion was observed in 53 @entity1 (increase in titer value 4-fold above the basal determination). The strains isolated were sensitive to third generation cephalosporins, @entity581 , @entity7187 and @entity5176 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity5092 is a microorganism which is highly demanding of its culture. Serology and direct immunofluorescence are more effective techniques for the diagnosis of @entity6588 than cultures. The strains presented high sensitivity to the antibiotics tested. Since the appearance of this outbreak, @entity6588 should be included in the differential diagnosis of the infectious processes observed in Spain.

title: [ @entity5092 : update on microbiological diagnosis after an XXXX outbreak].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5176 :: ('MESH:D015363', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolones']

entities_list: @entity5092 :: ('263', 'Species') :: ['Francisella tularensis', 'F. tularensis']

entities_list: @entity7187 :: ('MESH:D018942', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolides']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity4537 :: ('MESH:D012883', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic skin ulcers']

entities_list: @entity6588 :: ('MESH:D014406', 'Disease') :: ['tularemia']

answer: @entity3082 :: (MESH:D004671,Disease) :: ['epidemic']


abstract: @entity1307 ( @entity1307 ) expression and @entity5859 ( @entity5859 ) expression have been demonstrated in various @entity5 . @entity1307 - @entity5859 signaling can activate several downstream signal transduction pathways that enhance @entity5 aggressiveness. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of overexpression of @entity5859 and elevated serum @entity1307 (sEPO) levels on the clinicopathological features and prognosis of @entity1 with @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ). @entity5859 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in 56 @entity1 . @entity5 with a staining intensity greater than that of surrounding proximal tubules were defined as @entity5 with high @entity5859 expression. The association between @entity5859 expression levels and various clinicopathological factors was analyzed. sEPO levels were determined in 138 @entity1 and its correlation to clinicopathological factors was also analyzed, and @entity5859 expression was determined in surgical specimens removed from 47 of those 138 @entity1 . @entity1 with high @entity5859 expression and @entity1 with sEPO elevation had clinicopathological features less favorable than those of other @entity1 . @entity5 demonstrating high @entity5859 expression had a significantly higher number of Ki-67-positive cells compared to those with low @entity5859 expression. @entity5 assemblies in microvessels demonstrated high @entity5859 expression. @entity1 whose @entity5 demonstrated high @entity5859 expression and those with sEPO elevation had a significantly lower survival rate compared to other @entity1 , and @entity1 with both high @entity5859 expression and sEPO elevation had an extremely poor prognosis. Microvascular invasion was an independent factor associated with sEPO elevation, suggesting that @entity1307 - @entity5859 signaling might be important in @entity1358 @entity3 . @entity1307 - @entity5859 signaling may be involved in @entity5 growth and progression in @entity1358 and the combination of @entity5859 expression and sEPO levels may effectively predict clinical outcome.

title: Impact of increased XXXX receptor expression and elevated serum @entity1307 levels on clinicopathological features and prognosis in @entity1358 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumors', 'malignant tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['EPO', 'Erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1307 :: (2056,Gene) :: ['erythropoietin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the actions of @entity8781 ( @entity8781 ) agonists and @entity556 on the secretion of @entity687 ( @entity687 ) from @entity1 lung epithelial cells. METHODS: A549 cells were cultured in a 12-well culture plate. The challenge was performed by addition of various concentrations of @entity8781 agonist peptides SFLLR and its reverse peptides RLLFS, @entity556 or hirudin, a @entity556 inhibitor, into each well, respectively. After 2 or 16 h, the reactions were terminated by removal of the supernatant from each well. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the levels of @entity687 in the supernatants. RESULTS: Following a 16-hour incubation, SFLLR was able to induce concentration-dependent secretion of @entity687 . The maximum release of @entity687 was increased nearly 16 fold more than the baseline release. The reverse @entity8781 agonists had little effects on @entity687 release. @entity556 was also able to induce concentration- dependent secretion of @entity687 . As low as 1 kU/L @entity556 was able to induce @entity687 release from the epithelial cells, and the maximum accumulated release of @entity687 was observed with 10 kU/L @entity556 , which was 7.5 fold the baseline release. @entity556 inhibitor hirudin could inhibit @entity556 -induced secretion of @entity687 . The time course showed that the actions of @entity8781 agonist peptides SFLLR and @entity556 initiated at 2 h and reached the peak at 16 h. CONCLUSION: @entity8781 agonist peptides and @entity556 are potent secretogogues of @entity687 release from cultured @entity1 lung epithelial cells, and @entity8781 antagonists and @entity556 inhibitor may possess the ability to inhibit airway inflammation.

title: [ XXXX lung epithelial cells produce @entity687 through @entity8781 ].

entities_list: @entity8781 :: ('2149', 'Gene') :: ['PAR1', 'protease-activated receptor 1']

entities_list: @entity556 :: ('2147', 'Gene') :: ['Thrombin', 'thrombin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Objectives. To evaluate, in @entity201 ( @entity201 ), the prognostic impact of specific preoperative radiologic parameters on resectability, @entity3 , and yield of laparoscopy, and to evaluate the currently used staging systems. Methods. Consecutive @entity1 with @entity201 presenting in our center from January 2003 through August 2010 were evaluated. Suspicion on lymph node @entity3 , portal vein and hepatic artery involvement, @entity194 , and proximal extent of ductal invasion was scored. The prognostic value of these parameters for predicting resectability, yield of diagnostic laparoscopy, likelihood of @entity3 , R0 resection, and survival was assessed. The @entity1535 -Corlette classification and MSKCC staging system were evaluated. Results. Of all 289 evaluated @entity1 , 158 @entity1 (55%) had unresectable disease based on cross-sectional imaging studies or diagnostic laparoscopy; 131 @entity1 (45%) underwent exploration. 83 @entity1 (64%) underwent resection, of whom 67 (87%) had a radical (R0) resection. Suspicious lymph nodes and involvement of the hepatic artery were important prognostic factors for resectability. Predictive power of the evaluated staging systems was limited. Conclusions. Current staging systems predict resectability, but there is room for improvement. Hepatic artery involvement and nodal status might be important factors for prediction of resectability and should be considered in future staging systems.

title: Prognostic impact of preoperative imaging parameters on resectability of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['HCCA', 'hilar cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['lobar atrophy']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['hilar cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Ocular @entity706 (i.e., @entity706 with involvement of the orbit, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, and lacrimal sac), although rare, is common among @entity5 involving the ocular adnexal region. The main subtypes are low-grade extranodal @entity1074 (EMZL) and @entity146 @entity1892 ( @entity1892 ). In rare cases, low-grade EMZL are reported to transform to @entity1892 . It is unclear, however, which genetic events distinguish low-grade disease from @entity146 , potentially fatal disease. METHODS: Using LNA-based arrays from Exiqon, we performed global microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling of 18 EMZLs and 25 DLBCLs involving ocular adnexal sites to investigate changes in the miRNA expression in low- versus high-grade disease. Findings were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (RTq-PCR). RESULTS: Our analysis revealed 43 miRNAs with altered expression profiles in @entity1892 compared to EMZL. Seven of the miRNAs down-regulated in @entity1892 relative to EMZL showed enrichment for a direct transcriptional repression by the oncoprotein @entity517 . We also report a possible loss-of-regulation of @entity2451 and its downstream miRNAs. In addition, our analysis identified a group of DLBCLs whose expression profiles resembled that of EMZL. Although transformation of EMZL to @entity1892 in the ocular adnexal region is rare, we hypothesize that the intermediate group potentially may derive from transformation of EMZL that was not recognized by histology. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that fundamental differences in miRNA expression exist between ocular adnexal EMZL and @entity1892 , mainly due to differences in @entity517 and NF-  B regulatory pathways.

title: MicroRNA profiling in XXXX : a role for @entity517 and @entity2451 mediated dysregulation of microRNA expression in @entity146 .

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'adnexal lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1074 :: ('MESH:D018442', 'Disease') :: ['marginal zone lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['DLBCL', 'diffuse large B-cell lymphoma']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['ocular adnexal lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Case-control studies evaluating post-licensure effectiveness of conjugate vaccines can be laborious and costly. We applied an indirect cohort method to evaluate the effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) against @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and compared the results to the effectiveness measured using a standard case-control study conducted during the same time period. METHODS: @entity3 cases among @entity1 2-59 months old were identified through the Active Bacterial Core surveillance system during 2001-2009. We used logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio of vaccination (versus no vaccination) among cases (PCV7-type @entity3 cases) and non-cases (non-PCV7-type @entity3 cases), controlling for the presence of underlying conditions. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated as one minus the adjusted odds ratio. RESULTS: Among 4225 @entity3 cases reported during 2001-2009, 2680 (63%) had serotype information and vaccine history. Effectiveness of >=  1 dose of PCV7 against PCV7-types was 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 78-94%) among @entity1 with comorbid conditions and 97% (95% CI 92-98%) among healthy @entity1 . Among healthy @entity1 , VE was higher in 2001-2003 (97%, 95% CI 95-98%) compared to 2004-2009 (81%, 95% CI 64-90%). The annual estimates of VE in 2004-2009 showed great variability and wide confidence intervals due to the small number of PCV7-type cases. CONCLUSIONS: An indirect cohort design using @entity3 surveillance data confirms the findings of the case-control study and, therefore, appears suitable for estimating PCV7 effectiveness. This method would be most useful shortly after vaccine introduction, and less useful in a setting of very high vaccine coverage and fewer vaccine-type cases.

title: Use of surveillance data to estimate the effectiveness of the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in XXXX less than 5 years of age over a 9 year period.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['IPD', 'invasive pneumococcal disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The effect of acute and chronic prenatal administration of @entity1239 on central @entity2922 systems was studied in Long Evans @entity35 . A single injection of @entity1239 (1 mg/kg s.c.) to @entity4774 -anesthetized time-pregnant dams at gestational day (GD) 21 increased @entity935 , @entity4925 and @entity4926 (determined by radioenzymatic assay and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, respectively) in male and female fetal forebrain within 30 min. No significant change was seen in @entity1063 (NE) and MOPEG, but the MOPEG/NE ratio increased in male fetuses. After the administration of @entity1239 by an osmotic minipump (0.25 mg/kg x hour or vehicle for controls) between GD 12 and 18/19, MOPEG was elevated at GD 18 and reduced at @entity227 ( @entity227 ) 15 in both sexes; the reduction persisted in males until adulthood (2.5 months). @entity4925 was affected by chronic drug treatment only in males with an increase at GD 18 and @entity227 15 and a decrease in adulthood. In contrast, @entity4926 was reduced in adult offspring of both sexes. Male NE and @entity935 of both sexes was above control level at @entity227 15. Cross-fostering data demonstrate that the changes were due to prenatal influences. The observations indicate that central fetal @entity2922 systems are responsive to acute administration of @entity1239 and that chronic prenatal exposure to the drug results in persistent alterations in the functional state of these neurons. The drug-induced pattern of neurochemical alterations changes during ontogeny until adulthood; it depends upon the sex of the offspring.

title: Effects of acute and chronic prenatal @entity1239 treatment on central @entity2922 systems of male and female XXXX fetuses and offspring.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['PN', 'postnatal day']

entities_list: @entity4925 :: ('MESH:D015102', 'Chemical') :: ['3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity4926 :: ('MESH:D006719', 'Chemical') :: ['homovanillic acid']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A previous meta-analysis had revealed that intravesical chemotherapy was effective in reducing the recurrence of @entity150 only in the early phase, the phase thought to be caused by @entity5 cell implantation and/or @entity41 cells. To ascertain the sustained prophylactic effect of intravesical bacille Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) after transurethral resection of @entity150 (TURBT), we compared the estimation of the duration of the effect with that of @entity632 . METHODS: Eighty eligible @entity1 with @entity150 (Stage Ta or @entity8034 ) were included. @entity1 were randomly allocated into two groups: the BCG group (six weekly instillations of 80 mg BCG [Tokyo 172 strain]) and the @entity632 group (17 instillations of 20 mg @entity632 ). A comparison between the smoothed hazards of @entity5 recurrence was performed using a kernel function method. RESULTS: All 80 @entity1 (40 each in the BCG and @entity632 groups) were compared. The median follow-up period was 667 days (range 64 to 1607). The risk of recurrence was significantly lower in the BCG group than in the @entity632 group (P = 0.017, log-rank test). A smoothed hazard curve depicting the reduced risk of recurrence in the BCG group suggested that BCG is not only efficacious in the early phase of recurrence (up to 500 days after TURBT), but also in the late phase, and the latter is thought to include second @entity5 (new @entity5 ). CONCLUSIONS: BCG instillation may prevent @entity5 recurrence caused by both @entity5 cell implantation and second @entity5 .

title: Sustained prophylactic effect of intravesical bacille Calmette-Gu  rin for XXXX : a smoothed hazard analysis in a randomized prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['superficial bladder cancer', 'bladder tumor']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['superficial bladder cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of @entity470 ( @entity470 ) gene mutations among @entity1 with advanced nonsquamous @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) treated in our institution and to evaluate the associations between @entity470 mutations and clinicopathological characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 @entity1 with @entity1149 were examined from April 2010 to September 2011. The @entity1 were screened for @entity470 mutations in exons 19 and 21 using sequence analysis. RESULTS: @entity470 mutations were detected in 10 @entity1 (9.71%): 23.1% of @entity1 and 5.2% of @entity1 (P<0.05), 31.8% of never-smokers and 4.7% of smokers (P<0.05), and 12.3% of @entity1 with @entity420 and 6.25% of @entity1 with @entity152 (P>0.05). Eight mutations (80.0%) were found in exon 21: 7 @entity1 had the @entity9512 mutation and 1 @entity1 had the @entity45719 mutation. Two mutations (20.0%) were found in exon 19: 1 @entity1 had the L747-A748 deletion and 1 @entity1 had the @entity45720 deletion. The overall response rate was significantly greater in the @entity470 mutation-positive group than in the @entity470 mutation-negative or control groups (P<0.05). The median progression-free survival in the @entity470 mutation-negative group and the control group that received systemic standard chemotherapy was 5.6 months (95% CI, 4.3 to 7.0) and 5.3 months (95% CI, 4.9 to 5.7), respectively, but it was not achieved in the @entity470 mutation-positive group that received @entity470 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of @entity470 mutations in our @entity1 with nonsquamous @entity1149 was found to be similar to that reported in Europe. @entity470 mutations were more frequent in @entity1 and never-smokers.

title: The role of mutation status of the @entity470 gene in advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: APOPTOSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTROPHY: Apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a physiological counterpart of cell replication with shared as well as specific pathways. Our initial studies have demonstrated increased apoptosis in the heart, kidney and brain of spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) and @entity19 , persisting in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. In these target organs of @entity101 , programmed cell death paralleled the well known @entity1184 / @entity1373 . We also observed that the two processes can be dissociated in time, as in experimental @entity1184 of the heart induced by pressure overload. In this context, only a short-lived apoptotic window precedes the overt development of @entity1283 . EFFECTS IN HYPERTENSION: We now propose that a more prolonged apoptotic window is present in @entity101 . Apoptosis seems to be significantly reduced during the first weeks of life in SHR, possibly contributing to the early @entity299 . However, increased apoptosis is clearly evident thereafter throughout the development of @entity101 and fades below the levels observed in normotensive animals after the age of 24 weeks. ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY AND APOPTOSIS: In addition to the apoptotic windows that suggest a dynamic regulation of this process in disease states, antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists and @entity460 channel blockers can also modify the contribution of apoptosis, independently of the blood pressure fall. We propose that the presence of apoptotic windows and the involvement of this biological process as a primary or secondary event in @entity65 should be taken into account when designing innovative therapeutic approaches.

title: The time window of apoptosis: a new component in the therapeutic strategy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular remodeling']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular remodeling']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Long-term outcome in surgery for @entity1689 remains relatively unknown. METHODOLOGY: Between 1963 and 1993, we performed 123 pancreatic resections and 35 drainage procedures for severe @entity1689 . We reviewed 131 @entity1 with a mean follow-up of 48 months (4 months to 18 years). RESULTS: Actual 10-year survival was 82% for nonalcoholic @entity1 and 51% for @entity8883 . @entity158 was successfully treated in 71% with pancreatic resection and in 42% with drainage procedures (p<0.01). Although post-operative @entity6 occurred in 56% of @entity1 after pancreatic resection, long-term nutritional status was similar after pancreatic resection and drainage procedures. @entity1017 could be observed in 75 @entity1 (47%) and quality-of-life was good to excellent in 97 @entity1 (74%). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, long-term survival was mainly conditioned by the etiology of the disease. Pancreatic resections were more successful in treating intractable @entity158 than drainage and required fewer re-interventions. As presumed, resections were associated with a higher rate of @entity6 , but this, however, had no impact on long-term nutritional status and quality-of-life.

title: Long-term results after surgical management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1689 :: ('MESH:D050500', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity8883 :: ('MESH:D019512', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain']

answer: @entity1689 :: (MESH:D050500,Disease) :: ['chronic pancreatitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: A retrospective study of @entity2812 (LTG)- @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) combination therapy in medically @entity302 . METHODS: @entity1 were identified with an @entity302 clinic database and were included if they had been on LTG- @entity2052 combination therapy for at least 6 months. @entity1 demographics and information about @entity302 type, severity, and degree of medical intractability were obtained by retrospective chart review. The primary outcome measure was change in baseline @entity410 frequency, and @entity1 were stratified into three groups: (i) @entity410 -free, (ii) improved (at least 50% reduction in baseline @entity410 frequency), and (iii) not improved. RESULTS: Thirty-five @entity1 met all inclusion-exclusion criteria. @entity302 type was generalized in 25 @entity1 (71%) and partial in 10 @entity1 (29%). Before LTG- @entity2052 treatment, 27 of 35 (77%) experienced disabling @entity410 on a monthly basis, and 17 of 35 (49%) of @entity1 had at least one disabling @entity410 per week. @entity1 had previously failed treatment with a median of five @entity734 ( @entity734 ), alone or in combination. With LTG- @entity2052 therapy, 18 (51.4%) remained completely @entity410 -free, four (11.4%) were improved, and 13 (37.1%) were unimproved. Median follow-up was 42 months. Of the 22 @entity1 who improved, 11 had previously failed LTG and @entity2052 monotherapy. There was no significant difference between improved and unimproved @entity1 with respect to demographics, @entity302 type or severity, or number of previously failed @entity734 . DISCUSSION: The combination of LTG and @entity2052 should be considered in @entity1 with medically @entity302 . The effectiveness of this combination appears to be independent of @entity302 type or @entity1 demographics.

title: XXXX - @entity1092 combination therapy for medically @entity302 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['adult epilepsy', 'refractory epilepsy', 'epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2812 :: ('MESH:C047781', 'Chemical') :: ['lamotrigine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['AEDs', 'antiepileptic drugs']

answer: @entity2812 :: (MESH:C047781,Chemical) :: ['Lamotrigine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A standard treatment option for mild-to-moderate @entity923 ( @entity923 ) is a local injection of anesthetic-corticosteroid, but this can be @entity158 and may cause complications. This pilot clinical trial was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of daily applications of the @entity3303 patch 5% to that of a single injection of 0.5 cc @entity3303 1% plus @entity8745 (Depo-Medrol) 40 mg. METHODS: In this randomized, parallel-group, open-label, single-center, active-controlled, prospective pilot study, @entity1 aged 18-75 years with clinical/electrodiagnostic evidence of @entity923 were randomized to receive the @entity3303 patch 5% or 1 injection of 0.5 cc @entity3303 1% plus @entity8745 40 mg. Outcome assessments included the Brief Pain Inventory (measuring @entity158 intensity, relief, and interference with quality of life, @entity1 and Global Clinical Impression of Improvement, Global Assessment of Treatment Satisfaction, and safety. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of the 40 @entity1 randomized to treatment with the @entity3303 patch 5% (n=20) or injection (n=20) were similar between groups. After 4 weeks of treatment, @entity1 in both groups reported significant changes (P<.05) in worst @entity158 , average @entity158 , and @entity158 "right now." Composite interference scores, which are measures of how much @entity1 ' @entity158 interfered with quality of life, also significantly improved in both treatment groups (patch, -13.9; injection, -16.7; P<.001 vs baseline for both groups). Eighty percent of @entity1 in the @entity3303 patch group and 59% of @entity1 who received the injection reported being "satisfied" or "very satisfied," while investigators reported improvement in 88% of @entity1 using the @entity3303 patch and in 74% of those who received the injection. Both treatments were well tolerated, with treatment-related adverse events (AEs) reported in 3 @entity1 in each group (15%). No systemic treatment-related AEs were observed with the @entity3303 patch 5%. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot trial demonstrated that the @entity3303 patch 5% was efficacious in reducing @entity158 associated with @entity923 and was well tolerated. The @entity3303 patch 5% may offer @entity1 with @entity923 effective, noninvasive treatment for the management of their symptoms. Further controlled trials are warranted.

title: XXXX patch 5 for @entity923 : how it compares with injections: a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['CTS', 'carpal tunnel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity8745 :: ('MESH:C000873', 'Chemical') :: ['Depo-Medrol', 'methylprednisolone acetate']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['Lidocaine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesiodens is a common clinical finding among @entity1 and has a higher prevalence in Asian populations. The timing of the removal of @entity9462 remains controversial. Clinical studies comparing early versus late removal are lacking. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of clinical complications regarding the timing of childhood @entity9462 removal and to explore the factors associated with complications following @entity9462 removal. METHODS: In total, 384 Taiwanese @entity1 diagnosed with unerupted @entity9462 who had attended the Pediatric Dentistry Department, Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from 2005 to 2012 were identified as potential @entity1 . Among these @entity1 , 105 @entity1 had received surgical odontectomy of the @entity9462 under general anesthesia and had complete longitudinal clinical and radiographic follow-up records, including computed tomography (CT) evaluations; these @entity1 were enrolled. The influence of age, the developmental stage of the adjacent permanent teeth, and the location of the @entity9462 were explored regarding complications that were noted at the time of surgery, injury to the adjacent permanent teeth during surgical intervention, and the need for orthodontic treatment after surgery. RESULTS: The 105 @entity1 enrolled had 145 @entity9462 . Removal of the @entity9462 before the @entity1 was 5 years of age @entity24353 root-completed was associated with fewer complications at the time of surgery and a reduced need for orthodontic treatment after surgery. However, no significant difference was noted between the different groups in terms of @entity3816 to the adjacent permanent teeth. CONCLUSION: The early removal of an unerupted @entity9462 before the age of 5  years would seem to reduce complications and the need for orthodontic treatment. With the help of general anesthesia and evaluation by CT imaging, concerns regarding the @entity1 's cooperation and the possibility of damage to adjacent permanent teeth during early surgical intervention can be minimized.

title: Clinical evaluation of the timing of XXXX removal.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity9462 :: ('MESH:C538336', 'Disease') :: ['mesiodens']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['surgical injury']

answer: @entity9462 :: (MESH:C538336,Disease) :: ['mesiodens']


abstract: Reductions in livestock antimicrobial use (AMU) can be achieved through identification of effective antimicrobial alternatives as well as accurate and stringent identification of cases requiring antimicrobial therapy. Objective measurements of selectivity that incorporate appropriate case definitions are necessary to understand the need and potential for reductions in AMU through judicious use. The objective of this study was to measure selectivity using a novel disease severity treatment threshold for @entity291 @entity294 , and identify predictors of more selective application of antimicrobials among conventional dairy producers. A second objective of this study was to describe the usage frequency and perceptions of efficacy of common antimicrobial alternatives among conventional and organic producers. The cross-sectional survey was mailed to Michigan and Ohio, USA dairy producers and contained questions on AMU attitudes, AMU practices, veterinary-written protocols, and antimicrobial alternatives. The treatment threshold, defined based on the case severity where the producer would normally apply antimicrobials, was identified with a series of descriptions with increasing severity, and ordinal multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between the treatment threshold and individual or herd characteristics. The response rate was 49% (727/1488). Overall, 42% of conventional producers reported any veterinary-written treatment protocol, and 27% (113/412) of conventional producers had a veterinary-written protocol for the treatment of @entity294 that included a case identification. The majority (58%, 253/437) of conventional producers, but a minority (7%) of organic producers disagreed that antibiotic use in agriculture led to resistant @entity2348 in @entity1 . Among conventional producers, the proportion of producers applying antimicrobials for therapy increased from 13% to 67% with increasing case severity. The treatment threshold was low, medium, and high for 11% (47/419), 57% (251/419), and 28% (121/419) of conventional producers, respectively. Treatment threshold was not significantly associated with the use of protocols or frequency of veterinary visits; however, individuals with more concern for the public health impact of livestock AMU had a significantly higher treatment threshold (i.e. more selective) (p<0.05). Alternative therapies were used by both organic and conventional producers, but, garlic, aloe, and "other herbal therapies" with little documented efficacy were used by a majority (>60%) of organic producers. Overall, findings from this study highlight the need for research on antimicrobial alternatives, wider application of treatment protocols, and farm personnel education and training on diagnostic criteria for initiation of antimicrobial therapy.

title: Understanding antimicrobial stewardship: Disease severity treatment thresholds and antimicrobial alternatives among organic and conventional XXXX producers.

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['calf']


abstract: Bajiaolian, one of the species in the Mayapple family (Podophyllum pelatum), has been widely used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the remedies of snake bites, general weakness, @entity4968 , @entity6205 accuminata, @entity3329 , and certain @entity5 in China. In Western medicine, Podophyllum was first used medically as a laxative in the early 19th century. Since 1940, the resin of podophyllum has also been used topically for various @entity272 , such as warts and @entity6205 . @entity1 poisonings have been reported. An animal model was established to investigate the @entity2359 effects of Bajiaolian. @entity17932 , the major active ingredient in Podophyllum, was injected (ip) to young adult male @entity35 at doses of 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg.kg-1 b.w.. The animals were sacrificed 72 h after injection. Neuronal changes were readily observable in animals treated with 10 or 15 mg.kg-1 of the toxin. Edematous changes of the anterior horn motoneurons were observed in the spinal cord. No neuronal @entity39 was found. The type of @entity528 is believed to be only a transient change and would probably subside with time if no further assaults occur. More serious and perhaps longer term of changes were found in the dorsal ganglion neurons and the nerve fibers (axons) in the central and peripheral nervous system. Severe depletion of the Nissl substance (RNA/polyribosomes) was observed in the dorsal root ganglion neurons. Alterations in these sensory neurons would give rise to and correlate with the @entity132 experienced by the @entity1 . Bodian staining also revealed a dose-related increase in the coarseness (thickness) of the nerve fibers (axons) in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. This is the first scientific study showing the @entity2359 of Bajiaolian, a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine. @entity137 on other organ systems by this drug certainly exist. Caution should be exercised in the dispensing and usage of this medicine.

title: Experimental XXXX (bajiaolian) poisoning: I. Effects on the nervous system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity17932 :: ('MESH:D011034', 'Chemical') :: ['Podophyllotoxin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicities']

entities_list: @entity6205 :: ('MESH:D062688', 'Disease') :: ['condyloma']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbances']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal swelling']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity', 'neurotoxic']

answer: @entity17932 :: (MESH:D011034,Chemical) :: ['podophyllotoxin']


abstract: The growth of solid @entity5 is highly dependent on vascular proliferation. @entity7 ( @entity7 ), the main mediator of angiogenesis, and @entity3820 ( @entity3820 ), receptor for the potent mitogen PDGF, are two indicators of the angiogenic potential of @entity1 @entity11 . We studied a series of 57 surgical biopsies of @entity5 by immunohistochemistry to elucidate the relationship between @entity5 proliferation, quantified as Ki67-LI, and the expression of these two proteins. Ki67-LI increases throughout histological malignancy, although staining in endothelial cells has rarely been recorded. Elevated amounts of @entity7 -positive @entity5 cells ( @entity7 -LI) were found in @entity816 and @entity463 , mainly around areas of @entity39 , cysts, or @entity4 . Endothelium of blood vessels was consistently stained. @entity3820 positivity was found in glomeruloid formations and in @entity5 cells, excluding @entity816 . Multinucleated giant cells and @entity5 cells were positive in @entity463 . In addition, peritumoral microglia-like cells were also stained in some cases. Statistical correlation was only found between @entity3820 and Ki67 LIs. In conclusion, @entity7 as permeability factor is involved in the development of secondary neoplastic changes, whereas @entity3820 is directly correlated to proliferation indexes. Strong expression of @entity7 and @entity3820 found in endothelium and @entity5 cells would seem to support a combined role in @entity5 .

title: Expression of @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and @entity3820 ( @entity3820 ) in XXXX @entity11 .

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['VEGF', 'Vascular endothelial growth factor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytic neoplasms', 'tumor', 'tumoral neoangiogenesis', 'perivascular tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity3820 :: ('5159', 'Gene') :: ['platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta', 'PDGFR-beta']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['anaplastic astrocytomas', 'pilocytic astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: This prospective phase II clinical trial was performed to explore the activity and efficacy of the combination of @entity1311 and @entity1487 in the treatment of advanced @entity356 . Thirty-one @entity1 ages 18 to 70 years, with Karnofsky performance status (KPS) >50, adequate cardiac, renal, and hepatic functions, measurable metastatic or locally unresectable disease, life expectancy > or =3 months, signed written informed consent, and without any previous chemotherapy were assigned to receive on an outpatient basis: @entity1311 --175 mg/m2, in a 3-hour infusion on day 1 and @entity1487 --1.5 g/m2, also in a 3-hour infusion on day 2 every 21 days, for a maximum of seven cycles. A system to assess clinical benefit based on KPS, analgesic consumption, and @entity1017 was also used in this trial. Median age was 61 years (range, 31-70 years). The 29 @entity1 eligible for response and @entity137 evaluation underwent 147 cycles of chemotherapy. There were 19 (65.5%) objective responses (95% confidence interval: 48%-83%), including 7 (24.1%) complete responses and 12 (41.4%) partial responses. Three @entity1 had the complete response pathologically confirmed. In three of six @entity1 who went to second-look laparotomy, a potentially curative esophagogastrectomy was possible. The @entity137 of this combination was considered low, predictable, and manageable and was characterized mainly by reversible @entity1665 , @entity1897 , @entity925 , and mild @entity1398 . Fifteen (51.7%) @entity1 attained a clinical benefit response. The median overall survival was 12 months (range, 2-30+ months) and the 30-month overall survival was 20%. This novel regimen appears to be very effective in advanced @entity356 . The projected 2-year survival of 20% is higher than that achieved with other first-line regimens. These encouraging results indicate the need for further studies to confirm the merit of this regimen.

title: Phase II trial of the combination of XXXX and @entity1487 in the treatment of advanced @entity356 : a novel, safe, and effective regimen.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To determine how pretreatment with @entity2399 ( @entity2400 ) potentiates neuromuscular blocking agents. We investigated how the onset and recovery characteristics of @entity2897 are changed by pretreatment with @entity2400 . METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval, a total of 48 ASA I and II @entity1 were devided into 2 groups. @entity1 in each group received either the @entity2400 30 mg/kg (group M) in 0.9% normal saline (total volume 100 ml) or 0.9% normal saline (control group C) alone intravenously for 15 min before induction of anesthesia with @entity1875 , @entity1937 and @entity2897 0.15 mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with @entity1875 and @entity1937 . Electromyographical responses were measured by train-of-four. Lag time, onset time, total recovery time, clinical duration, recovery index, and recovery time were measured. The mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and ionized @entity1760 were also measured. RESULTS: The lag time and onset time were significantly shorter in the @entity2400 group than the control group (P < 0.05). Recovery index, recovery time, clinical duration, and total recovery time showed no significant differences in the @entity2400 group compared to the control group (P > 0.05). Mean arterial pressure was more significantly increased in the @entity2400 group than in the control group at the time point immediately after the administration of @entity2400 . Heart rate showed no significant changes in both groups. The concentrations of ionized @entity1760 were significantly more increased at the all time point (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2400 results in about 29% shortening of onset time of @entity2897 (0.15 mg/kg) without prolongation on the recovery of @entity4094 .

title: Effect of @entity2399 pretreatment on onset and recovery characteristics of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular block']

entities_list: @entity2399 :: ('MESH:D008278', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium sulfate']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity2897 :: ('MESH:C101584', 'Chemical') :: ['cisatracurium']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity2897 :: (MESH:C101584,Chemical) :: ['cisatracurium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of protein phosphatases (PPs) during ischemic preconditioning in the @entity95 heart was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity46154 , a potent inhibitor of PP2A, was administered to isolated @entity95 hearts starting either 15 minutes before or 10 minutes after the onset of a 30-minute period of regional @entity63 and continuing until the onset of reperfusion. After 2 hours of reperfusion, @entity1188 size was measured with @entity5045 . In a second study with isolated @entity95 cardiomyocytes, the effect of @entity46154 pretreatment was assessed by measuring changes in cell osmotic fragility during simulated @entity63 . PP1 and PP2A activities of isolated control and ischemically preconditioned cells were also measured. In a third series of experiments, left ventricular biopsies of isolated @entity95 hearts were obtained before and at selected times during 60 minutes of global @entity63 , and the tissue was assayed for PP1 and PP2A activities. In isolated hearts pretreated with @entity46154 , only 8% of the ischemic zone infarcted, significantly less than that in untreated control hearts (33%; P<0.001) but comparable to that in ischemically preconditioned hearts (9%; P<0.001 versus control). Significant protection was also observed in the hearts treated only after the onset of @entity63 (18% @entity1188 ; P<0.05 versus control). In isolated myocytes, @entity46154 also provided protection comparable to that produced by metabolic preconditioning. Preconditioning had no apparent effect on the activity of either PP1 or PP2A in isolated ventricular myocytes or ventricular tissue obtained from heart biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: @entity46154 , a potent inhibitor of PP2A, can protect the @entity95 heart from @entity1188 even when administered after the onset of @entity63 . But inhibition of either PP1 or PP2A does not appear to be the mechanism of protection from ischemic preconditioning.

title: XXXX , an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, limits myocardial infarct size even when administered after onset of @entity63 .

entities_list: @entity5045 :: ('MESH:C009591', 'Chemical') :: ['triphenyltetrazolium chloride']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity46154 :: ('MESH:C040313', 'Chemical') :: ['Fostriecin', 'fostriecin']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

answer: @entity46154 :: (MESH:C040313,Chemical) :: ['Fostriecin']


abstract: Anti-apoptotic @entity588 family proteins have been reported to play an important role in apoptotic cell death of @entity1 @entity5 . The aim of this study was to delineate the mechanism of anti-apoptotic @entity588 family proteins in @entity788 ( @entity788 ) cell survival. We first analyzed the endogenous expression and subcellular localization of anti-apoptotic @entity588 family proteins in six @entity788 cell lines by Western blot. To delineate the functional role of @entity588 family proteins, siRNA-mediated knock-down of protein expression was used. Apoptosis was measured by Cell Death ELISA and @entity2455 staining. In the results, the expression of anti-apoptotic @entity588 family proteins varied between @entity788 cell lines. @entity2423 knock-down resulted in marked cleavage of @entity9190 and induction of apoptosis. Down-regulation of @entity588 or @entity1836 had a much weaker effect. Simultaneous knock-down of @entity1836 and @entity2423 strongly induced apoptosis, but simultaneous knock-down of @entity1836 / @entity588 or @entity2423 / @entity588 had no additive effect. The apoptosis-inducing effect of simultaneous knock-down of @entity1836 and @entity2423 was associated with translocation of @entity589 from the cytosol to the mitochondrial membrane, @entity4674 release, and caspase activation. These results demonstrated that @entity1836 and @entity2423 play an important role in @entity788 cell survival. Targeting both @entity1836 and @entity2423 may be an intriguing therapeutic strategy in @entity788 .

title: Simultaneous knock-down of @entity1836 and @entity2423 induces apoptosis through XXXX activation in @entity788 cells.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['PaCa', 'pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

answer: @entity589 :: (581,Gene) :: ['Bax']


abstract: PURPOSE: We have previously reported incomplete @entity137 responses of other @entity1 solid @entity5 (bladder, head and neck, ovarian and prostate) to @entity1311 . This finding is qualitatively different from the nearly complete response observed in monolayer cultures of @entity1 @entity5 cell lines. The present study examined the pharmacodynamics of @entity1311 in @entity1 @entity0 . METHODS: Three-dimensional histocultures of @entity1 @entity5 were used. The cytostatic effect was evaluated by measurement of the inhibition of 48-h cumulative @entity1603 (BrdUrd) incorporation. The apoptotic effect was evaluated in terms of morphological changes and by in situ DNA end labeling. RESULTS: @entity1311 produced partial cytostasis (approximately 30% maximum) and induced apoptosis (maximum apoptotic index of 3.3% to 29%) in all 15 @entity5 . More than 95% of apoptotic cells were BrdUrd labeled, but not all BrdUrd-labeled cells were apoptotic. The maximal apoptotic indices in the @entity5 were significantly correlated with the BrdUrd labeling index of untreated controls (r2 = 0.63, P < 0.01). The maximum apoptotic effect was observed at a tenfold lower drug concentration (0.1 microM) compared to the maximum cytostatic effect (1 microM). Neither of these effects was enhanced by increasing the drug concentration to 10 microM. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacodynamics of @entity1311 in @entity1 @entity0 are comparable to those found in other @entity1 solid @entity5 . The labeling of apoptotic cells by BrdUrd and the correlation between the proliferation index and apoptosis suggest that drug-induced apoptosis is linked to cell proliferation and is completed after DNA synthesis. The finding that maximal cytostatic and apoptotic effects of @entity1311 were achieved at or below the clinically achievable concentration of 1 microM suggests further increasing the dose to elevate plasma concentration beyond 1 microM may not improve treatment outcome.

title: Cytostatic and apoptotic effects of @entity1311 in XXXX @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxic']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle plays a key role in the development of the @entity209 and its further progression to @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ). Available data suggest that insulin resistance is caused by impaired signalling from the @entity8277 to the @entity413 transport system and to glycogen synthase. The impaired response of the @entity8277 @entity669 kinase, which is found in @entity2175 , appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of the signalling defect. The reduced kinase activation is not caused by mutation of the receptor. Two potential mechanisms were investigated that might be relevant to the abnormal function of the @entity8277 in @entity2175 . That is, changes of the receptor isoforms and the effect of hyperglycaemia. The @entity8277 is expressed in two different isoforms ( @entity26896 ). HIR-B expression in skeletal muscle is increased in @entity2175 . Characterization of the functional properties of HIR-B, however, revealed that increased HIR-B expression did not cause impaired @entity669 kinase activity, but more probably represented a compensatory event. In contrast, hyperglycaemia is able to inhibit @entity8277 function. In a @entity35 -1 fibroblast cell line overexpressing @entity1 @entity8277 , inhibition of the @entity669 kinase activity of the receptor can be induced by high @entity413 levels. This effect appears to be mediated through activation of certain protein kinase C isoforms, which are able to form stable complexes with the @entity8277 and modulate its @entity669 kinase activity through @entity563 phosphorylation of the receptor beta-subunit. This mechanism might also be relevant in @entity1 skeletal muscle and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.

title: Modulation of insulin signalling in @entity2175 : significance of altered receptor isoform patterns and mechanisms of XXXX -induced receptor modulation.

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['NIDDM', 'non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity8277 :: ('3643', 'Gene') :: ['insulin receptor']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic-endocrine syndrome']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity10015 ( @entity10015 ) is the diced product of the @entity35017 gene. @entity10015 regulates the expression of many immune-specific transcripts, is overexpressed in many @entity1 @entity706 , and has oncogenic activity in @entity19 transgenic models. @entity35017 has been proposed to be a target gene for transcription factor NF-kB largely due to the positive correlation between high nuclear NF-kB activity and increased @entity10015 expression following treatment with NF-kB inducers or in subsets of @entity5 . Nevertheless, direct regulation of the @entity1 @entity10015 HG promoter by NF-kB has not been convincingly demonstrated previously. RESULTS: This report shows that induction of NF-kB activity rapidly leads to increased levels of both primary @entity35017 mRNA and mature @entity10015 transcripts. We have mapped an NF-kB-responsive element to a position approximately 178 nt upstream of the @entity10015 HG transcription start site. The -178 site is specifically bound by the @entity2451 / @entity9135 heterodimer and is required for @entity9135 -induced reporter gene activation. Moreover, the levels of @entity10015 in nine @entity1 @entity1892 cell lines generally correlate with increased nuclear NF-kB proteins. CONCLUSION: Overall, the identification of an NF-kB-responsive site in the @entity10015 HG proximal promoter suggests that @entity10015 HG is a direct NF-kB target gene in vivo. Understanding NF-kB-mediated regulation of @entity10015 could lead to improved immune cell-related diagnostic tools and targeted therapies.

title: Identification of an XXXX / @entity9135 -responsive site in the @entity1 @entity35017 promoter.

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic cancers']

answer: @entity2451 :: (4790,Gene) :: ['NF-kB p50']


abstract: @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors are a @entity460 -conducting class of excitatory @entity535 receptors that are involved in neuronal development and @entity4222 . Certain well known teratogens (e.g. @entity1255 , @entity1068 , and @entity3636 ) that induce @entity601 also have the capacity to act as @entity143 receptor antagonists. We hypothesized that teratogenicity was a general property of @entity143 receptor antagonists, and that high affinity @entity143 receptor antagonists would induce @entity601 . @entity1573 embryos were given 5, 50, or 500 nmol/d of selected @entity143 receptor antagonists for 3 consecutive days during the process of neural tube closure, beginning 4 h after the beginning of incubation. Selected @entity143 receptor antagonists represented three classes of antagonists: ion channel blockers, @entity2228 site antagonists, and @entity2227 site agonists and antagonists. All classes of @entity143 receptor antagonists induced @entity204 and @entity601 ; however, the channel blockers were the most potent teratogens. @entity14031 at 500 nmol/embryo/d killed more than half the embryos and induced @entity154 in about one-eighth of the survivors; @entity14031 was also highly lethal at 50 nmol/embryo/d. @entity2227 site @entity143 receptor agonists ( @entity143 and @entity44741 ) displayed @entity137 relative to their known @entity143 receptor potency. Taken together, these data indicate that @entity143 receptor antagonists, particularly channel blockers, are potent teratogens in the @entity1573 embryo model. Because @entity14031 is a widely used nonprescription antitussive, its strong teratogeneticity using this model is particularly noteworthy.

title: XXXX and other @entity1024 receptor antagonists are teratogenic in the avian embryo model.

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital defects']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-Methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['Glutamate', 'glutamate']

entities_list: @entity44741 :: ('MESH:C040632', 'Chemical') :: ['homoquinolinic acid']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['migration']

entities_list: @entity14031 :: ('MESH:D003915', 'Chemical') :: ['dextromethorphan', 'Dextromethorphan']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['weak toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chicken', 'Chicken']

entities_list: @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['congenital neural tube and neural crest defects', 'neural tube and neural crest defects', 'congenital defects of the neural crest and neural tube']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic death']

answer: @entity14031 :: (MESH:D003915,Chemical) :: ['Dextromethorphan']


abstract: @entity281 remains a challenging problem in the surgical treatment of both native and @entity340 . Between 1980 and 1991, 73 @entity1 with active @entity886 and @entity281 underwent operation. Indications for operation included @entity712 and uncontrolled @entity295 . Aortic root abscesses were located in the noncoronary anulus or in the aorticomitral junction in 45% of cases, followed by the subannular interventricular septum in 23%. Two @entity1 had an aorticoatrial @entity292 , seven an @entity1757 . Total or partial left ventricular-aortic dehiscence was observed in 27 @entity1 . All @entity1 underwent aortic valve replacement, nine with simultaneous mitral valve operations. Two of the latter required patch reconstruction of the destroyed aorticomitral septum with double valve replacement. Reconstruction of the aortic base was possible in 16 @entity1 , whereas in 12 total replacement of the aortic root was necessary. In one @entity1 , supracoronary aortic valve replacement was used. Recently, topical application of antibiotics in fibrin sealant was used in 25 @entity1 . The operative mortality rate was 21% and correlated to preoperative uncontrolled @entity295 and the presence of extensive root destruction. Operation for active @entity884 of the aortic root requires radical, individualized techniques and results in an acceptable operative and long-term risk. The use of an antibiotic fibrin compound appears to be a useful prophylactic tool to prevent @entity86 .

title: Surgical treatment of active XXXX with paravalvular involvement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valve endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['interventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic root infection', 'paravalvular infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative residual endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['infective endocarditis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED:   Background and rationale for the study. @entity7940 , @entity1810 are cytokines involved in the development of kidney, @entity1575 . However, their expression kinetics in the pathogenesis of @entity1575 have not yet been fully explored. The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of @entity7940 , RORyt, @entity48721 , @entity1810 , and @entity4579 in the liver of @entity35 with bile duct ligation (BDL). RESULTS: Hepatic @entity7940 gene expression analyzed by qRT-PCR showed a dramatic increase of 350 and 10 fold, at 8 and 30 days post BDL, respectively. @entity1810 and @entity4579 gene expression significantly increased throughout the whole fibrotic process. At the protein level in liver homogenates, @entity7940 , @entity1810 , and RORyt significantly increased at 8 and 30 days after BDL. Interestingly, a significant increase in the protein levels of @entity4579 and decrease of @entity48721 was observed only 30 days after BDL. Unexpectedly, @entity4579 exhibited stronger signals than @entity1810 at the gene expression and protein levels. Histological analysis showed bile duct proliferation and collagen deposition. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that pro-fibrogenic cytokines @entity7940 , @entity1810 and, strikingly, @entity4579 might be important players of @entity409 in the pathogenesis of early and advanced experimental cholestatic @entity82 . Th17 cells might represent an important source of @entity7940 , while NK cell depletion may account for the perpetuation of @entity409 in the BDL model.

title: Li @entity1575 n bile duct-ligated ra @entity35 orrelates with increased hepatic IL @entity7940 nd TG XXXX xpression.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver damage']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['cholestatic liver fibrosis', 'pulmonary and liver fibrosis']

answer: @entity4579 :: (81809(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['TGF-b2']


abstract: @entity1687 , also known as "juvenile @entity195 ", is a disease in which alterations in intracellular @entity165 trafficking occur. The contribution of various CNS cell types to the @entity179 has been of much interest. We have previously shown that expression of the normal gene only in fibrillary astrocytes could extend survival of @entity30385 -/- @entity19 over 3-fold (Zhang et al., 2008 [13]). We have now studied expression only in neurons or in both neurons and fibrillary astrocytes. Neuron-only expression resulted in survivals of over a year (>5-fold) but motor symptoms started at about 6 months. As reflected in @entity1017 , this especially affected females who weighed less than wild-type starting at about 10 weeks while male differences in weight are delayed. Expression in both cell types led to a nearly normal phenotype with motor symptoms developing at about ten months and increased survival times. Purkinje cell loss was slowed, but severe, in both @entity20137 - @entity9327 - @entity30385 , transgenic @entity30385 -/- @entity19 . MRI studies showed that myelination of the long tracts was significantly improved in @entity20137 - @entity30385 transgenics, perhaps less than in @entity9327 - @entity30385 transgenics, and not differently than in the double transgenics. Memory was improved in both single and double transgenics. Somatic disease had not been ameliorated and lungs were massively infiltrated with foamy macrophages at 10 months. Our results suggest that neuron-only expression does not completely prevent @entity179 and that the addition of astrocyte expression decreases the rate/degree of decline.

title: @entity1687 XXXX , a model of "juvenile @entity195 ", with normal gene expression in neurons and fibrillary astrocytes show long term survival and delayed @entity179 .

entities_list: @entity1687 :: ('MESH:D052556', 'Disease') :: ['Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC) disease']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: In a pilot study, two groups of @entity1 with @entity11 underwent sequential neuropsychological evaluations after successful @entity5 treatment. Group 1 included nine @entity1 treated from 1981 to 1985; all @entity1 received irradiation and eight underwent chemotherapy. The baseline neuropsychological assessment was performed 1 to 63 months after @entity5 diagnosis, with follow-up evaluations at irregular intervals over the next 3 to 7 years. Six @entity1 in Group 1 exhibited impairment on most measures at baseline; subsequently, two @entity1 developed profound @entity73 . Initially, three @entity1 functioned in the average range on most tasks; thereafter, two deteriorated on one measure each. Group 2 was ascertained prospectively and included 16 @entity1 treated from 1985 to 1987, all of whom received irradiation and chemotherapy. The first evaluation was performed 18 months after diagnosis, then every 6 months for 2 years, and then yearly. Compared to a control group, those in Group 2 had significant @entity73 at baseline. Cognitive performance did not change over the next 12 months in 10 @entity1 who remained free of @entity5 , but within 2 years of baseline testing, deterioration on specific tasks was evident in two of seven disease-free survivors. When last tested, five of six disease-free survivors had deteriorated on one or more measures. Unlike Group 1, @entity73 was not seen, perhaps because Group 2 was followed for a shorter time. Verbal and nonverbal composite scores derived from intelligence quotient (IQ) tests showed less impairment at baseline than did other measures and were more likely to remain stable subsequently. @entity2414 and sustained attention were the most @entity4207 and flexibility in thinking showed the greatest tendency to decline over time. Cognitive functioning in survivors of high-grade @entity11 is best measured and monitored by tests that probe a broader spectrum of abilities than IQ. Neuropsychological measures used in this analysis lacked sensitivity at the lower end of the impaired range. Future studies should use tests better able to discern cognitive differences at low performance levels. Based on this experience, the authors conclude that most long-term survivors of high-grade @entity11 will have significant @entity73 , usually evident by the first assessment; some @entity1 will develop profound @entity73 , and few are capable of fully independent living.

title: Cognitive functioning in long-term survivors of high-grade XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment years later', 'cognitive impairment', 'cognitive difficulties', 'severe global cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['impaired at baseline, and verbal learning']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['Verbal memory']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['glioma']


abstract: One concern with adjuvant radiation therapy for early @entity0 is the potential risk of increasing intercurrent mortality due to radiation-induced damage of the myocardium. The paper presents an analysis of long-term survival among 960 @entity1 with primary @entity0 included in a randomized trial of pre- or postoperative radiation therapy (45 Gy/5 weeks) versus surgery alone. All @entity1 were treated with a modified radical mastectomy. The mean follow-up was 16 years (range: 13-19 years). During the entire follow-up period there was an overall survival difference in favor of the irradiated @entity1 that was of borderline significance (p = 0.09). There was no increase in intercurrent mortality due to any cause. However, when the results were analyzed according to estimated doses of radiation to the myocardium, the subset of @entity1 who received the highest doses, that is, those treated with tangential 60Co fields for left-sided @entity5 , were found to have a significantly increased risk of @entity204 due to @entity741 compared to the surgical controls (relative hazard: 3.2, p less than 0.05). No such increase was observed among the @entity1 who received less radiation to the myocardium, that is, whose chest wall and internal mammary nodes were treated with electrons or those with right-sided @entity5 , irrespective of the treatment technique. It is concluded that cardiovascular mortality associated with radiation therapy for early @entity0 is correlated with the biological dose of radiation to the heart and the irradiated volume. All of the following factors are thus important: laterality of the @entity5 , portal arrangements, radiation energy, fractionation, and total dose. The study illustrates that an increased cardiovascular mortality can be avoided by the use of appropriate techniques and avoidance of excessive treatment.

title: Cardiovascular mortality in a randomized trial of adjuvant radiation therapy versus surgery alone in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In endemic areas, maternal @entity281 is usually asymptomatic. However, it is known that infected maternal erythrocytes sequester in the intervillous space of the placenta. There is a strong association between @entity281 and both low birth weight (LBW) and severe maternal @entity417 . We aimed to determine whether impaired uteroplacental blood flow might account for the low @entity1 birth weight associated with @entity9231 . METHODS: This observational study was carried out during a large double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of an antimalarial drug intervention for primigravidae. Nine hundred and ninety-five @entity1 were recruited from the antenatal clinic at a district hospital on the Kenya coast and had at least one Doppler ultrasound scan. Uterine artery resistance index and the presence or absence of a diastolic notch were recorded. In the third trimester, blood was taken for hemoglobin and @entity311 film. RESULTS: @entity281 at 32-35 weeks of gestation was associated with abnormal uterine artery flow velocity waveforms on the day of blood testing (relative risk (RR) 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-3.59, P = 0.006). This association persisted after controlling for @entity1468 . Impaired uteroplacental blood flow in the @entity1 studied was also predictive of poor perinatal outcome, including low birth weight, @entity3152 and perinatal @entity204 . The risk of @entity3152 in @entity1 with histological evidence of past @entity281 was more than twice that of @entity1 without @entity281 ( @entity16071 .33, 95% CI 1.31-4.13, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Uteroplacental hemodynamics are altered in the presence of @entity9231 . This may account for some of the excess of LBW babies observed in @entity311 endemic areas. Strategies that prevent or clear placental @entity311 may confer perinatal benefit through preservation of placental function.

title: Impaired uteroplacental blood flow in pregnancies complicated by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'malaria infection', 'placental malaria infection', 'Malaria infection']

entities_list: @entity9231 :: ('MESH:D016778', 'Disease') :: ['maternal falciparum malaria infection']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['pre-eclampsia']

answer: @entity9231 :: (MESH:D016778,Disease) :: ['falciparum malaria']


abstract: Gastrointestinal (GI) peptide hormones, ghrelin ( @entity49915 ), @entity8586 ( @entity49916 ), and @entity49917 ( @entity49917 ) genes were identified in @entity12178 , @entity12178 . Full-length cDNAs encoding two isoforms of @entity49915 ( @entity24430 and @entity49915 ), two isoforms of @entity49916 ( @entity49918 and @entity49916 ) and @entity49917 ( @entity49917 ) cDNA were obtained. The @entity24430 and @entity49915 genes encoded proteins of 111- and 108- @entity1522 , respectively. Both types of @entity49915 were mainly expressed in the stomach, but also weakly expressed in the pyloric caeca, mid-gut, adipose tissue, and testis. The @entity49918 and @entity49916 genes encoded preproproteins of 132- and 140- @entity1522 , respectively. Both types of @entity49916 were strongly expressed in the brain and comparatively weakly expressed in other tissues, including the digestive tract. In the digestive tract, @entity49918 was mainly expressed in the pyloric caeca and hind-gut, while @entity49916 was only expressed in the pyloric caeca. The @entity49917 gene encoded for 97- @entity535 residues and was mainly expressed in the brain and anterior part of the intestine, including the pyloric caeca. In an experiment, we demonstrated that 6 days starvation led to, increased @entity24430 mRNA levels in the GI tract (stomach), while there no significant changes in expression levels for the other hormones in the GI tract. This suggests an orexigenic role for @entity24430 in @entity12178 . These data contribute to elucidate the functional relationships among teleost gastrointestinal peptide hormones.

title: Ghrelin, @entity8586 , and XXXX in @entity12178 ( @entity12178 ): molecular cloning and tissue expression.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity12178 :: ('8030', 'Species') :: ['Atlantic salmon', 'Salmo salar']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

answer: @entity49917 :: (106607530,Gene) :: ['peptide YY']


abstract: A case report and review of literature is reported of a rare case of @entity364 from eastern India. A 32-year-old @entity1 with a history of vegetative @entity130 presented with @entity1036 in left eye. Microbiological examination of corneal scraping showed refractile hyphae with aseptate branching filaments and black pigmented colonies on multiple solid agar medium. Organism was identified from culture using D1/D2 region of LSU (Large Sub Unit: 28S rDNA)-based molecular technique. PCR amplified a band with a sequence that was 100  % homologous with Lasiodiplodia theobromae. The organism was susceptible to @entity2379 and @entity5074 and demonstrated resistance to @entity2059 and @entity2380 . A therapeutic keratoplasty was performed following non-responsiveness to initial topical @entity5074 (2  %) therapy. Recurrence in graft was controlled with topical @entity5074 and intracameral @entity2379 . However, the graft failed at the end of 3  months. L. theobromae is a rare cause of @entity364 . Management of these cases is difficult, often involving surgical procedures.

title: Lasiodiplodia theobromae XXXX : a case report and review of literature.

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['keratitis']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity2059 :: ('MESH:D017964', 'Chemical') :: ['itraconazole']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal keratitis']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['voriconazole']

answer: @entity1036 :: (MESH:D007634,Disease) :: ['keratitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3003 administered systemically or periocularly can result in dramatic and prompt regression of @entity995 . However, both routes are rarely curative alone and have undesirable side effects. We aimed to assess the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity3003 +/- @entity1945 delivered by ophthalmic artery chemosurgery whereby chemotherapy is infused into the eye via the ophthalmic artery. METHODS: This retrospective, IRB-approved study investigated @entity995 @entity1 whom received @entity3003 +/- @entity1945 ophthalmic artery chemosurgery. @entity1 survival, ocular survival, hematologic @entity137 , @entity2194 , second @entity5 development and electroretinogram response were all evaluated. RESULTS: 57 @entity3003 +/- @entity1945 infusions (of 111 total) were performed in 31 eyes of 24 @entity1 . The remaining infusions were melphalan-containing. All @entity1 were alive and no @entity1 developed a second @entity5 at a median follow up of 25 months. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of ocular survival at two years was 89.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 82.1-97.9%) for all eyes. Grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 developed in two @entity1 and one @entity1 developed @entity3 . By univariate analysis, neither increasing maximum @entity3003 / @entity1945 dose nor cumulative @entity3003 / @entity1945 dose was associated with statistically significant reduction in the electroretinogram responses. CONCLUSION: @entity3003 +/- @entity1945 infusions are effective for ophthalmic artery chemosurgery in @entity995 : they demonstrate low hematologic and @entity2194 and no statistically significant influence on electroretinogram responses, and used in conjunction with @entity3601 -containing OAC, demonstrate excellent @entity1 survival and satisfactory ocular survival.

title: @entity3003 +/- XXXX ophthalmic artery chemosurgery for intraocular @entity995 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular toxicity']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1945 :: ('MESH:D019772', 'Chemical') :: ['topotecan']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity1945 :: (MESH:D019772,Chemical) :: ['topotecan']


abstract: Visualization of follicles is perfectly physiological during childhood, their diameter generally does not exceed 10 mm. @entity42 in childhood is well defined for a fluid image >20 mm. Generally mild and asymptomatic, @entity42 are fluid formations usually discovered incidentally by ultrasound. Some are hormonally active and cause the development of sexual characteristics. The natural history of functional cysts is eventual regression, and persistence is suggestive of @entity5 . The onset of @entity158 is a sign of complication, and an abrupt sharp @entity158 with @entity391 is suggestive of @entity43 , in which case surgical intervention is urgent. In all cases, the diagnosis is based on pelvic ultrasound. MRI and @entity5 marker assays are required to determine the nature of an organic cyst before proceeding to surgery. These cysts may appear functional from the fetal period onward and will require management from the first days of life. Certain @entity4903 such as precocious puberty, @entity1375 , and @entity11163 cause functional cysts in @entity1 . Recurrent @entity548 is due to hormonally active cysts and suggests @entity4262 . Although the persistence of a cyst suggests a @entity5 , a fluid character indicates benignity. Imagery is a useful aid in the diagnosis of @entity5 ( @entity9296 ) or @entity44 ( @entity48 ).

title: @entity42 in prepubertal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian torsion']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['teratoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'organic tumor', 'epithelial tumors', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity4262 :: ('MESH:D005359', 'Disease') :: ['McCune-Albright syndrome']

entities_list: @entity48 :: ('MESH:D003884', 'Disease') :: ['dermoid cyst']

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cysts', 'Ovarian cyst']

entities_list: @entity11163 :: ('MESH:C537436', 'Disease') :: ['aromatase deficiency']

entities_list: @entity9296 :: ('MESH:D003537', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenomas']

entities_list: @entity4903 :: ('MESH:D004700', 'Disease') :: ['endocrine disorders']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['girls']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explain the discrepancy between the symptomatic status of @entity1 and the hemodynamically calculated mitral valve area during long-term follow-up after @entity661 , mitral valve orifice variability after @entity452 infusion was investigated in two groups of @entity1 . BACKGROUND: A significant increase in aortic valve area with increased aortic transvalvular flow has been reported in @entity1 with @entity7874 after @entity2333 . A similar phenomenon with regard to the mitral valve has not been studied in detail. METHODS: Group 1 comprised 10 @entity1 (mean age 33 +/- 9 years) with untreated @entity4794 . Group 2 comprised 29 consecutive @entity1 (mean age 32 +/- 7 years) who underwent successful percutaneous @entity661 13 +/- 2 months before the study. RESULTS: After @entity452 infusion, heart rate and cardiac index increased significantly in both groups. The mean pulmonary artery pressure, mitral valve gradient and pulmonary capillary pressure remained unchanged in Group 2 but increased significantly in Group 1. The mean mitral valve area was significantly larger in Group 2 after @entity452 infusion than at baseline (1.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.6 cm2, p < 0.0001) but was unchanged in Group 1 (1.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3 cm2, p = NS). The mean mitral valve area in seven @entity1 in Group 2 (24%) was < or = 1.5 cm2 before @entity452 infusion (1.3 +/- 0.4 cm2), which was defined as @entity256 . In five of these seven @entity1 who had minimal or no symptoms, the mitral valve area increased significantly after @entity452 infusion (1.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.1 cm2). In the other two @entity1 who were symptomatic, the mitral valve area did not change after @entity452 infusion. These two @entity1 were identified as having "true" @entity256 , and redilation of the mitral valve was performed in both. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 who underwent @entity661 , increased mitral valve reserve capacity contributed to symptomatic improvement on long-term follow-up. @entity452 infusion may be helpful in detecting clinically significant @entity256 .

title: Contribution of mitral valve reserve capacity to sustained symptomatic improvement after balloon valvulotomy in XXXX : implications for @entity256 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['Dobutamine', 'dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity7874 :: ('MESH:C562942', 'Disease') :: ['calcific aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['mitral balloon valvulotomy']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['aortic balloon valvulotomy']

answer: @entity4794 :: (MESH:D008946,Disease) :: ['mitral stenosis']


abstract: A 27-year-old @entity1 presented during a football match with @entity1164 due to @entity2224 . After electrical defibrillation the electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with @entity714 . Ventriculography, echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an @entity439 in the basal part of the ventricular septum and another @entity439 on the anterior wall of the right ventricle. She had normal coronary arteries. @entity1165 was induced in the outflow tract of the right ventricle during electrophysiological study. She was treated surgically by aneurysmectomy and cryocoagulation. No @entity67 could be provoked at postoperative electrophysiological testing. Histological examination of the @entity439 showed the presence of noncaseating @entity738 and @entity3145 consistent with @entity299 . She had no other systemic manifestations of the disease. The @entity1 was doing well and had no cardiac symptoms after the operation. She died suddenly of unknown cause 21 months later. No autopsy was performed.

title: [ XXXX and cardiac aneurysms caused by sarcoidosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['sudden cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity714 :: ('MESH:D002037', 'Disease') :: ['left bundle branch block']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['scar tissue']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular aneurysm', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac sarcoidosis']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachyarrythmia']

answer: @entity2224 :: (MESH:D014693,Disease) :: ['Ventricular fibrillation']