abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to provide estimates of firearm related @entity130 in @entity1 seeking care in hospital based emergency departments. METHODS: The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for the year 2008 was used for the current study. All @entity2613 visits occurring amongst @entity1 aged less than or equal to 18 years and that had an External Cause of Injury (E-Code) for any of the firearm related @entity130 were selected for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 14,831 @entity2613 visits (in @entity1 ) in the United States had a firearm injury. The average age of the @entity2613 visits was 15.9 years. Males constituted a predominant proportion of all @entity2613 visits (89.2%). A total of 494 @entity1 died in the emergency departments (3.4% of all @entity2613 visits) whilst 323 died following in- @entity1 admission into the same hospital (6% of all inpatient admissions). The most frequently documented firearms were assaults by firearms and explosives (55% of all @entity2613 visits), accidents caused by firearms and air gun missiles (33.6%), and @entity130 by firearms that were undetermined (7.4%). The average charge for each @entity2613 visit was  3642 (25th percentile is  1146, median is  2003, and 75th percentile is  4404). The mean charge for those visits that resulted in in- @entity1 admission into the same hospital was  70,164 (25th percentile is  16,704, median is  36,111, and 75th percentile is  74,165) and the total charges for the entire United States was about  371.33 million. CONCLUSIONS: The current study used the largest all-payer hospital based emergency department dataset to provide national estimates of firearm related @entity130 amongst @entity1 in the United States during the year 2008 and highlights the public health impact of such @entity130 .

title: Firearm related XXXX amongst @entity1 : estimates from the nationwide emergency department sample.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been called an important mediator of @entity65 due to immunological reactions including anaphylaxis and endotoxic reactions. According to previous reports, @entity5567 dose-dependently decreases ventricular contractility and coronary flow rates. Diverse mechanisms of the PAF-induced cardiodepressive effects have been postulated. Besides direct receptor stimulation, the release of other vasoactive mediators such as the eicosanoids has been reported. In this study, an attempt was made to characterize the direct PAF effects on the coronary circulation of the isolated constant pressure perfused @entity840 heart. A further objective was to evaluate whether PAF releases the potent vasoconstrictor @entity2871 A2 in biologically relevant amounts. A continuous intracoronary infusion of the selective PAF antagonist @entity6849 (3.7 x 10(-9) mol/min and 1.1 x 10(-7) mol/min, related to coronary flow rates of 1 ml/min) induced a dose-dependent vasodilation resulting in final perfusate concentrations of 2.5 x 10(-6) mol/l and 5.5 x 10(-5) mol/l, respectively. An intracoronary bolus injection of PAF in a submaximal dose (2.3 x 10(-10) mol, related to coronary flow rates of 1 ml/min) markedly decreased coronary flow rates and produced a significant increase in immunoreactive @entity7489 levels in the coronary effluent. @entity6849 antagonized the PAF-induced coronary constriction in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, @entity2871 release ceased entirely. In contrast, the selective @entity2871 A2 receptor antagonist @entity28122 (0.9 x 10(-4) mol/1) attenuated the initial phase of coronary constriction only moderately. It is therefore concluded that the detected @entity2871 release plays a subordinate role in the PAF-mediated coronary effects.

title: Platelet-activating factor-induced coronary constriction in the isolated perfused @entity840 heart and antagonistic effects of the PAF antagonist XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity7489 :: ('MESH:D013929', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane B2']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular shock']

answer: @entity6849 :: (MESH:C052518,Chemical) :: ['WEB 2086']


abstract: 1. The effects of muscarinic antagonists considered to be selective for M1 receptors ( @entity4140 ) and for M2 receptors ( @entity9563 and @entity10258 ) were used to investigate the existence of prejunctional muscarinic receptors on cholinergic nerves in the @entity35 lung. The tracheal tube preparation was used in vitro, and contraction of the trachealis muscle was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and by application of an exogenous muscarinic agonist ( @entity2134 ), and measured as an increase in intraluminal pressure in the tube. 2. The muscarinic antagonists, @entity9563 and @entity10258 , enhanced the contractions induced by nerve stimulation, while contractions elicited by exogenous application of @entity2134 were inhibited by the antagonists. 3. In contrast, @entity4140 blocked contractions induced by both EFS and @entity2134 in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 0.1 microM) due to blockade of the postjunctional muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle. Potentiation of the response to EFS was never seen with this antagonist. 4. The muscarinic agonist, @entity2134 , caused a slow maintained increase in tone of the tracheal tube and at the same time reduced the contractions induced by EFS. This inhibitory effect was blocked by @entity9563 and @entity10258 . 5. The results suggest that prejunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors may be localised on the parasympathetic cholinergic nerve terminals innervating tracheal smooth muscle in the @entity35 . This confirms previous findings obtained by measuring transmitter release in this species. The present results suggest that these receptors are of the M2 subtype. Blockade of these autoreceptors with @entity9563 or @entity10258 would increase the output of @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) and thereby enhance the nerve-induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle.

title: Evidence for prejunctional M2 muscarinic receptors in pulmonary cholinergic nerves in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity10258 :: ('MESH:C054938', 'Chemical') :: ['methoctramine']

entities_list: @entity9563 :: ('MESH:D005703', 'Chemical') :: ['gallamine']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity4140 :: ('MESH:D010890', 'Chemical') :: ['pirenzepine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity1949 are often used for EEG activation in @entity302 . We compared postprandial naps and day-long sleep deprived EEGs in 36 @entity1 with generalized @entity410 , 57 complex partial @entity410 @entity1 , and 7 individuals with mixed @entity302 . Ten of 36 generalized @entity410 @entity1 had normal sleep and sleep deprived EEGs, while both were normal in 16 of 57 partial @entity410 @entity1 . Both were abnormal in 18 of 36 generalized and 22 of 57 partial @entity302 . Seven generalized @entity410 @entity1 had @entity302 or @entity410 during afternoon naps but normal sleep deprived EEGs. No partial @entity410 @entity1 had normal sleep deprived EEGs and abnormal nap, but 29 of 57 had abnormalities or @entity410 only with @entity1949 . All 7 mixed @entity410 @entity1 had abnormal sleep and sleep deprived studies, and 6 had @entity410 , 4 on both studies. Natural sleep may facilitate the appearance of generalized @entity410 or @entity3389 , while @entity1949 may accentuate the yield of EEG abnormality in @entity302 . Either is likely to be abnormal in @entity1 with mixed @entity410 and @entity75 . Natural sleep and sleep deprived EEGs are an appropriate combination in the evaluation of refractory @entity410 .

title: Sleep and sleep deprived EEG in partial and generalized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep deprivation', 'Sleep and sleep deprivation']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['seizure disorders', 'epilepsy', 'partial epilepsy', 'epileptics', 'epileptiform discharges']

entities_list: @entity3389 :: ('MESH:D019522', 'Disease') :: ['epilepti-form discharges']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Using data from the Resynchronization/Defibrillation for Ambulatory @entity712 (RAFT) study, we examined whether Fidelis lead failure was more common in @entity1 with @entity737 ( @entity737 ) and cardiac resynchronization therapy ( @entity1479 -CRT) than in @entity1 with an @entity1479 only. METHODS AND RESULTS: All cases of @entity1 who had a right ventricular defibrillation lead revision in the RAFT study were adjudicated for the presence of @entity174 . Criteria for @entity174 were at least 2 of the following: (1) Impedance rise (>50% or >500    in 1 week), (2) short interval count >10 times per day or 300 times per month, or (3) inappropriate shock caused by noise, verified by stored electrogram. A total of 1798 @entity1 were enrolled into the RAFT study, with a mean follow-up of 40  20 months. There were 818 @entity1 (45.5%) who received a Fidelis lead at the original implantation, 405 with an @entity1479 only and 413 with an @entity1479 -CRT. There were 47 confirmed defibrillation lead @entity174 ; 45 were Fidelis leads (5.5% of Fidelis leads). The overall rate of @entity174 in the @entity1479 group was 3.2% compared with 7.8% in the @entity1479 -CRT group (P=0.006; hazard ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.27-4.61). Significant correlates of @entity174 in this population were undergoing an @entity1479 -CRT implantation and having >= 2 leads. CONCLUSIONS: In this analysis of the RAFT study, @entity1 with an @entity1479 -CRT were found to have a significantly higher @entity174 rate than @entity1 with an @entity1479 . This finding needs to be considered when these @entity1 are assessed for possible lead revision at the time of an elective generator replacement.

title: Sprint Fidelis lead @entity174 in @entity1 with cardiac resynchronization therapy devices: insight from the Resynchronization/Defibrillation for Ambulatory XXXX (RAFT) study.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Heart Failure']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture', 'lead fracture']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['implantable cardioverter-defibrillators', 'ICDs']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart Failure']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2736 ( @entity2736 ) involves formation of endochondral bone at non-skeletal sites, is prevalent in severely wounded service members, and causes significant complications and delayed rehabilitation. As common prophylactic treatments such as anti-inflammatory drugs and irradiation cannot be used after multi-system combat @entity130 , there is an urgent need for new remedies. Previously, we showed that the @entity1968 receptor y agonist @entity32292 inhibited subcutaneous and intramuscular @entity2736 in @entity19 , but those models do not mimic complex combat injury. Thus, we tested @entity32292 in our validated @entity35 @entity130 -induced @entity2736 model that involves blast-related @entity130 , @entity3330 , @entity130 , amputation and @entity281 with @entity3256 -resistant @entity794 from combat wound @entity281 . @entity32292 was given orally for 14days at 1mg/kg/day starting on post-operative day ( @entity30551 or POD-5, and @entity2736 amount, wound @entity6783 and related processes were monitored for up to 84days post injury. Compared to vehicle-control animals, @entity32292 significantly decreased @entity2736 by 50 to 60% regardless of when the treatment started and if @entity281 was present. Histological analyses showed that @entity32292 reduced ectopic chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and angiogenesis forming at the injury site over time, while fibrotic tissue was often present in place of ectopic bone. Custom gene array data verified that while expression of key chondrogenic and osteogenic genes was decreased within soft tissues of residual limb in @entity32292 -treated @entity35 , expression of cartilage catabolic genes was increased, including @entity6929 . Importantly, @entity32292 seemed to exert moderate inhibitory effects on wound healing, raising potential safety concerns related to dosing and timing. Our data show for the first time that @entity32292 significantly inhibits @entity2736 triggered by @entity3614 and associated complications, strongly indicating that it may prevent @entity2736 in @entity1 at high risk such as those sustaining combat injuries and other forms of blast @entity130 .

title: Targeted stimulation of @entity1968 receptor-y mitigates the formation of @entity2736 in an established blast-related XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity3256 :: ('MESH:D008712', 'Chemical') :: ['methicillin']

entities_list: @entity3614 :: ('MESH:D001753', 'Disease') :: ['blast injury']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity3330 :: ('MESH:D005264', 'Disease') :: ['femoral fracture']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity6783 :: ('MESH:D013529', 'Disease') :: ['dehiscence']

entities_list: @entity6929 :: ('81687(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase-9']

entities_list: @entity32292 :: ('MESH:C546535', 'Chemical') :: ['Palovarotene']

entities_list: @entity2736 :: ('MESH:D009999', 'Disease') :: ['HO', 'Heterotopic ossification']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['limb injury', 'quadriceps crush injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['traumatic injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For the adjuvant setting of advanced @entity43 (AOC) after primary radical surgery the combination of @entity1311 and @entity902 in a 3-week schedule has emerged as the current standard. In preclinical studies additional anti-angiogenic effects of low dose @entity1311 infusion were demonstrated. A sequential schedule of @entity3003 and @entity1311 has the potential to improve the therapeutic index. METHODS: In this multicenter phase II trial four cycles of @entity3003 at a dose of AUC 5 ( @entity12840 ) followed by 12 cycles of weekly @entity1311 at a dose of 80 mg/m(2) ( @entity12840 ) were applied after primary radical surgery. Eligible were all optimally or sub-optimally debulked @entity1 with @entity43 . All @entity1 with hemoglobin levels <12 mg/dl received @entity1307 additionally. RESULTS: Between July 2003 and May 2005, 105 @entity1 from 27 institutions were enrolled. The median age was 60 years (range: 23-80 years). A median number of 16 courses (range 1-16) were applied. The incidence of @entity1503 was very low. Only 41% of @entity1 experienced @entity1665 (grade 1-2). @entity2359 (grade 3-4) was not observed. Grade 3-4 hematological @entity137 (43% of all @entity1 ) included @entity882 (17%), @entity417 (3%), @entity1210 (23%), and @entity221 (0%). Ninety-seven percent received @entity1307 . @entity1031 events (4%) were not increased in @entity1 who received @entity1307 . After a median time of 23 months (range: 1-42 months) 32 @entity1 had died, and the median overall survival was not reached. The progression-free survival was 25.4 months (95% CI: 18.8-40+). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that this sequential regimen using weekly @entity1311 represents an efficacious and well-tolerated regimen. A randomized study comparing this new schedule with the conventional 3-week protocol is warranted.

title: Sequential chemotherapy with @entity3003 followed by weekly @entity1311 in advanced XXXX : results of a multicenter phase II study of the northeastern German society of gynecological oncology.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'FIGO IA-IV ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic fever']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['non-hematological toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['Thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['Neurotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity1210 :: ('MESH:C536227', 'Disease') :: ['leucopenia']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian cancer']


abstract: Neutrophil influx is essential for corneal regeneration (Gan et al. 1999). KM+, a lectin from Artocarpus integrifolia, induces @entity9979 (Santos-de-Oliveira et al. 1994). This study aims at investigating a possible effect of KM+ on corneal regeneration in @entity95 . A 6.0-mm diameter area of debridement was created on the @entity735 by mechanical scraping. The experimental eyes received drops of KM+ (2.5 microg/ml) every 2 h. The control eyes received buffer. The epithelial wounded areas of the lectin-treated and untreated eyes were stained with @entity941 , photographed and measured. The animals were killed 12 h (group 1, n = 5), 24 h (group 2, n = 10) and 48 h (group 3, n = 5) after the scraping. The corneas were analysed histologically ( @entity6175 and @entity1711 and immunostaining for proliferation cell nuclear antigen, p63, vascular endothelial growth factor, @entity32895 ). No significant differences were found at the epithelial gap between treated and control eyes in the group 1. However, the number of neutrophils in the wounded area was significantly higher in treated eyes in this group. Three control and seven treated eyes were healed completely and only rare neutrophils persisted in the @entity2687 in group 2. No morphological distinction was observed between treated and control eyes in group 3. In treated corneas of group 2, there was an increase in immunostaining of factors involved in @entity2687 compared to controls. Thus, topical application of KM+ may facilitate @entity1616 healing in @entity95 by means of a mechanism that involves increased influx of neutrophils into the wounded area induced by the lectin.

title: The lectin KM+ induces @entity1616 healing in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9979 :: ('MESH:C563515', 'Disease') :: ['neutrophil migration']

entities_list: @entity1616 :: ('MESH:C536444', 'Disease') :: ['corneal epithelial wound']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['cornea of both eyes']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal healing', 'corneal stroma']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: Capacitation requires removal of proteins secreted by the @entity1971 . Previously, we isolated and cloned the HongrES1 gene from @entity35 @entity1971 and found that it was exclusively expressed there. Here we report that HongrES1 mRNA is also expressed in the @entity840 @entity1971 using Northern blot analysis, and the molecular weight of its cognate protein is approximately 48 kDa by Western blot analysis. Therefore, we investigated whether HongrES1 was involved in regulation of sperm capacitation in @entity840 . The results show that HongrES1 antisera (HA) significantly enhances sperm capacitation with maximal stimulation at a dilution of 1:500. Capacitation was reversed when capacitated spermatozoa were re-exposed to @entity1131 ( @entity1131 , 0.25 microg/ml). In other words, @entity1131 acted as a decapacitation factor. HA accelerated the onset of capacitation and promoted a sperm hyperactivated motility response. Sperm capacitation was accelerated by HA stimulation of extracellular @entity460 influx while @entity1131 prevented extracellular @entity460 from influxing. Indirect immunofluorescence staining finds @entity1131 localized over the acrosomal anterior region of the sperm head, which exfoliates gradually during capacitation incubation, and completely disappeared after the acrosome reaction. Thus, HongrES1 expressed by the @entity1971 is a novel molecule that regulates the physiology of @entity840 sperm prior to fertilization.

title: HongrES1, a XXXX -specific protein, is involved in capacitation of @entity840 sperm.

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['HP', 'HongrES1 protein']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1971 :: ('MESH:D011128', 'Disease') :: ['cauda epididymis']

answer: @entity1971 :: (MESH:D011128,Disease) :: ['cauda epididymis']


abstract: This paper intends to define an optimal range for the pump speed of Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs) that are used in bridge-to-recovery treatments. If the pump is operating within that optimal range, the aortic valve will be working properly (i.e. opening and closing) in each cardiac cycle. The proper operation of the aortic valve is a very important factor in helping the heart muscle recovers. The optimal range varies depending on the severity of the @entity712 ( @entity712 ) and the level of activity of the @entity1 . A comparison is shown between the total flow produced as a result of operating the pump within the optimal range and the physiological demand of the @entity1 . The comparison suggests that for cases of mild to moderate @entity712 the flow produced is close to the physiological demand, but in severe cases the flow is significantly less than what the @entity1 requires. Furthermore, our results suggest that data from the pump flow and the left ventricle volume signals can be used to test whether or not the aortic valve is experiencing permanent closure. Also an investigation of the aortic valve opening duration is presented for two cases: first, for mild @entity712 case with varying @entity299 ( @entity299 ) and then for fixed @entity299 and mild to severe @entity712 cases. These Simulation results are obtained using a 6(th) order mathematical model of the cardiovascular-LVAD system.

title: The aortic valve dynamics role in the recovery treatments of XXXX with left ventricular assist devices.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'Heart Failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Heart Rate', 'HR']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In a prospective, controlled, randomized study, the clinical and bacteriologic efficacy of @entity2892 / @entity9234 was compared with that of a standard combination of an @entity4028 , @entity115 , and @entity3402 in @entity1 with serious @entity86 . Doses used were @entity2892 / @entity9234 1 gm q 8 hr, @entity115 2 gm q 8 hr, and @entity3402 0.6 gm q 6 hr. @entity4028 doses were individualized and monitored six times weekly with serum concentration assays. Sixty-three @entity1 were entered into the study: 31 in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group and 32 in the combination group. Diagnoses included @entity55 (ten in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group and seven in the combination group), @entity298 (eight in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group and 15 in the combination group), and @entity295 (eight in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group and three in the combination group). The two groups were comparable with respect to sex, age, underlying diseases, and duration of antibiotic therapy. In the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group, 26 @entity1 were cured and one improved (87%). In the combination group, 21 were cured and five improved (81%). Four @entity1 receiving @entity2892 / @entity9234 and six receiving the combination therapy failed to respond to treatment. Eighty percent of the bacterial isolates were eradicated, and 15% were suppressed in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group. Corresponding frequencies in the combination group were 84% and 11%, respectively. Isolated pathogens persisted in 5% of the @entity1 in each group. It is concluded that @entity2892 / @entity9234 appears to be an effective and well-tolerated alternative to a triple antibiotic combination in the treatment of serious @entity86 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Antimicrobial management of XXXX in abdominal surgery: single or combination regimen?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity9234 :: ('MESH:D015377', 'Chemical') :: ['cilastatin']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative infections']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['Aminoglycoside', 'aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative infections']


abstract: Several case reports indicate that @entity2893 antibiotics, especially @entity2889 , may decrease the plasma concentrations of @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ), thus decreasing its therapeutic activity. To investigate the onset, severity, and dose dependency of the interaction between @entity2889 and @entity2052 , the authors carried out a retrospective evaluation of data collected during 24 months from @entity1 hospitalized in a tertiary medical center. The analysis included 36 @entity1 . @entity2052 mean +/- SEM plasma concentration decreased from of 50.8 +/- 4.5 microg/mL to 9.9 +/- 2.1 microg/mL (P < .001) following @entity2889 administration. After discontinuation of @entity2889 , @entity2052 plasma concentrations remained low for 7 days and then gradually increased after 8 to 14 days, reaching values comparable to those before @entity2889 initiation. Different daily @entity2052 doses showed a similar pattern of decreased @entity2052 concentrations. The mean decrease in individual plasma @entity2052 concentration was 82.1% +/- 2.7%. The mean @entity2052 plasma concentration of @entity1 in whom samples were drawn within 24 hours of @entity2889 initiation was 9.9 +/- 3.2 microg/mL. In conclusion, the interaction between @entity2889 and @entity2052 causes a significant decrease in @entity2052 plasma concentration, apparently within 24 hours. As the therapeutic effects of @entity2052 are plasma concentration dependent, the data suggest that these drugs should not be administered concomitantly.

title: XXXX plasma concentration decreases in a dose-independent manner following administration of @entity2889 : a retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity2889 :: ('MESH:C059500', 'Chemical') :: ['meropenem']

entities_list: @entity2893 :: ('CHEBI:46765', 'Chemical') :: ['carbapenem']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['Valproic acid']


abstract: PURPOSE: It has been reported that @entity1697 ( @entity1697 ) has a trophic effect on intestinal mucosa. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of @entity1697 on enterocyte turnover and correlated it with @entity8683 expression along the villus-crypt axis in a @entity35 model of @entity5277 ( @entity5277 ). METHODS: Male @entity35 were divided into three groups: Sham @entity35 underwent bowel transection, @entity5277 @entity35 underwent a 75% bowel resection, and @entity5277 - @entity1697 @entity35 underwent bowel resection and were treated with @entity1697 given in drinking water (1 U/ml) from the fourth postoperative day. Parameters of intestinal adaptation, enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis were determined on day 15. Real-time PCR was used to determine the level of insulin receptor-beta (IRB) mRNA. @entity8683 expression along the villus-crypt axis (villus tips, lateral villi and crypts) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The effect of @entity1697 on cell turnover for each compartment was evaluated in correlation with the receptor expression. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA test, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Treatment with @entity1697 resulted in a significant increase in all parameters of intestinal adaptation. @entity8683 expression in crypts significantly increased in @entity5277 @entity35 (vs. Sham @entity35 ) and was accompanied by a significant increase in enterocyte proliferation following @entity1697 administration. A significant increase in @entity8683 expression at the tip of the villous and in the lateral villous in @entity5277 @entity35 (vs. Sham) was accompanied by decreased cell apoptosis in these compartments following treatment with @entity1697 . CONCLUSIONS: In a @entity35 model of @entity5277 , @entity1697 enhances enterocyte turnover and stimulates intestinal adaptation. The stimulating effect of insulin on enterocyte turnover correlates with @entity8683 expression along the villus-crypt axis.

title: Oral insulin stimulates intestinal epithelial cell turnover in correlation with XXXX expression along the villus-crypt axis in a @entity35 model of @entity5277 .

entities_list: @entity8683 :: ('24954(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Insulin-receptor', 'insulin-receptor']

entities_list: @entity5277 :: ('MESH:D012778', 'Disease') :: ['SBS', 'short bowel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['OI', 'oral insulin']

answer: @entity8683 :: (24954(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['insulin-receptor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory markers such as @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) are associated with @entity2690 resistance, @entity1386 , and type 2 @entity6 . Whether @entity32 causes @entity2690 resistance or is an @entity28 remains unresolved. We aimed to determine whether first-degree relatives of type 2 @entity6 subjects differ in @entity2690 sensitivity from control subjects without a family history of @entity6 , whether first-degree relatives of type 2 @entity6 subjects and control subjects differ in @entity1851 , @entity1254 , and complement levels, and whether @entity1851 is related to @entity2690 sensitivity independently of @entity1386 . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 19 young normoglycemic nonobese first-degree relatives of type 2 @entity6 subjects and 22 control subjects who were similar for age, sex, and BMI. @entity2690 sensitivity ( @entity413 infusion rate [GIR]) was measured by the @entity1717 . Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry determined total and abdominal @entity1386 . Magnetic resonance imaging measured abdominal adipose tissue volumes. RESULTS: First-degree relatives of type 2 @entity6 subjects had a 20% lower GIR than the control group (51.8 +/- 3.9 vs. 64.9 +/- 4.6 micromol x min(-1) x kg fat-free mass(-1), P = 0.04). However, first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 @entity6 and those without a family history of @entity6 had normal and comparable levels of @entity1851 , @entity1254 , and complement proteins. When the cohort was examined as a whole, @entity1851 was inversely related to GIR (r = -0.33, P = 0.04) and @entity1254 (r = -0.34, P = 0.03) and positively related to @entity1386 (P < 0.04). However, @entity1851 was not related to GIR independently of fat mass. In contrast to C3 (r = 0.41, P = 0.009) and factor B (r = 0.43, P = 0.005), @entity1851 was unrelated to factor D. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity2690 -resistant state is not associated with changes in inflammatory markers or complement proteins in subjects at high risk of type 2 @entity6 . Our study confirms a strong relationship between @entity1851 and fat mass. Increasing @entity1386 and @entity2690 resistance may interact to raise @entity1851 levels.

title: @entity32 , XXXX resistance, and @entity1386 : a study of first-degree relatives of type 2 @entity6 subjects.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['epiphenomenon of obesity']

entities_list: @entity1717 :: ('MESH:D044903', 'Disease') :: ['euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adiposity']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: The roles of @entity6370 -binding proteins (G-proteins) and @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) in signal-transduction of inflammatory stimuli leading to @entity1426 metabolism in resident @entity35 peritoneal macrophages (RPM) were investigated. Opsonized zymosan, targeting multiple receptors and latex particles coated with IgG (latex-IgG), targeting Fc receptors, were used as models of in vivo inflammatory stimuli encountered by macrophages. A comparison of the patterns of eicosanoid products produced in response to these stimuli showed differences: opsonized zymosan stimulated production of more leukotriene B4 (LTB4) than @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ), while latex-IgG stimulated production of more @entity1421 than LTB4. Non-selective stimulation of G-proteins by GTP and non-hydrolyzable analogs of @entity3007 also stimulated @entity1426 metabolism; these agents were not selective for @entity1421 or LTB4 production. Cholera toxin, however, selectively stimulated production of @entity1421 rather than LTB4 and also increased intracellular @entity268 concentrations. The increased @entity268 did not appear to mediate cholera toxin stimulation since @entity1928 , which also increased @entity268 , was inhibitory to @entity1421 production. This suggests that latex-IgG and cholera toxin may activate @entity1426 metabolism through a G-protein other than Gs to induce @entity1421 production specifically. The effects of pertussis toxin were biphasic: a partial inhibitory effect was observed at a low concentration of pertussis toxin (1 ng/ml) on opsonized zymosan or latrix-IgG stimulated @entity1426 metabolism, while a high concentration of pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml) augmented the stimuli. A pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein, possibly Gi, may therefore mediate a portion of the stimulatory signals. We have concluded that multiple pathways probably exist for opsonized zymosan and latex-IgG stimulation of @entity1426 metabolism potentially involving multiple G-proteins.

title: Multiple pathways for signal transduction in the regulation of XXXX metabolism in @entity35 peritoneal macrophages.

entities_list: @entity6370 :: ('CHEBI:61292', 'Chemical') :: ['guanine nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity1426 :: (MESH:D016718,Chemical) :: ['arachidonic acid']


abstract: Unilateral carotid ligation in immature @entity35 , followed by 2 h of @entity519 led to ischemic cell change from 2 h after the insult, on the ligated side of the brain. There was a time-dependent induction of immunoreactive @entity5019 protein in neurones but not glia or ependyma on the non-ligated side of the brain. Induction only occurred in @entity35 that had @entity410 post @entity519 - @entity63 . In the ligated hemisphere @entity5019 protein was induced in glial-like cells in the corpus callosum, fornix/fimbria and internal capsule and in ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricle starting from 2 h after @entity519 but subsiding by 3 days. No neuronal @entity5019 induction was seen in areas showing @entity528 . @entity3390 or @entity2049 , which prevented @entity519 - @entity63 -induced @entity410 , also prevented @entity5019 induction in the non-ligated hemisphere while @entity3390 was associated with increased @entity5019 induction in hippocampal neurones from the ligated side, as well as in glial-like and ependymal cells. These results suggest several processes are involved following the @entity63 . Firstly, severe @entity519 - @entity63 is associated with a reduction in neuronal @entity5019 protein levels, probably as a result of @entity528 and @entity204 . Secondly, post @entity519 @entity410 cause @entity5019 induction in surviving neurones. Thirdly, glial-like from regions in which there is neural loss also exhibit induction of @entity5019 , which may be important for their subsequent proliferation or for the production of growth factors.

title: Effects of @entity519 - @entity63 and @entity410 on neuronal and glial-like c-fos protein levels in the infant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic-ischemic insult', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal failure', 'neuronal damage']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin ( @entity3566 ) follow-up data were analysed retrospectively in all @entity1 registered in the Hydatidiform Mole Registry at the Royal @entity1 's Hospital, Melbourne from January 1992 to January 2001 to determine the risk of persistent trophoblast disease following @entity1475 and to review the present follow-up protocol of @entity1 suffering from partial hydatidiform @entity1475 (PHM). METHODS: Demographic factors were determined for all 344 cases with a review diagnosis of PHM, included age, history of previous hydatidiform mole, gestation length, @entity3566 levels and compliance with follow-up. FINDINGS: Six of the 344 @entity1 diagnosed with PHM required treatment with single-agent @entity1499 and @entity4181 rescue. All six @entity1 achieved and maintained a complete biochemical remission after chemotherapy. @entity3566 regression assays were analysed for 235 @entity1 : 225 @entity1 had at least one normal @entity3566 measurement during follow-up, of whom 152 (64.7%) @entity1 obtained normal values within 2 months after evacuation. All @entity1 obtained normal levels within 32 weeks after evacuation of the partial hydatidiform mole. Only 63 (25.6%) @entity1 completed the recommended follow-up program. No @entity1 who achieved normal @entity3566 levels required chemotherapy because of a recurrent @entity5 . RECOMMENDATIONS: This study indicates that 1.7% of all partial mole pregnancy @entity1 needed treatment for malignant sequelae. In contrast, no @entity1 diagnosed with partial mole had a biochemical or clinical relapse after achieving normal levels of @entity3566 , consistent with previous studies. @entity1 who have had a partial hydatidiform mole should be followed by @entity3566 assays until normal levels are achieved and then follow-up can be safely discontinued.

title: Persistent trophoblast disease following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Women', 'patient', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['gestational trophoblastic tumour']

entities_list: @entity1475 :: ('MESH:D006828', 'Disease') :: ['partial molar pregnancy', 'molar pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1475 :: (MESH:D006828,Disease) :: ['partial molar pregnancy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Interactions of @entity5 cells with endothelium are a crucial step in metastatic invasion. RGD-recognizing integrins play a definitive role in these interactions. METHODS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of RGD-sensitive integrins in prostate epithelial cells was performed. Attachment inhibition assay was used to characterize functionality of particular integrins. Potential partners for RGD-binding integrins in @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were identified by Western blotting and attachment inhibition assay. To determine the RGD-flanking @entity1522 optimal for interactions with prostate cell integrins, these cells were biopanned with a phage library. RESULTS: Different expressions of RGD-recognizing integrins and distinctions in RGD-dependent adhesion of nonmalignant and @entity5 cells were observed. @entity5 but not control cells were detached from culture plastic by incubation with RGD peptide. Adhesion of @entity189 cells to HUVEC was RGD-sensitive, in contrast to nonmalignant cells. Antibodies against alpha3, alpha5, beta1, and alpha(v)beta3 inhibited interactions of @entity189 cells with HUVEC. Potential ligands for alpha5beta1, alpha3beta1, and alphaVbeta3 integrins, fibronectin, and @entity4732 , were detected on the HUVEC surface. Several phages which preferentially bound to the surface of particular prostate cells were selected. CONCLUSIONS: Interactions of @entity263 with endothelium are mediated in part via alpha5beta1, alpha3beta1, and alpha(v)beta3 integrins. Because these interactions are RGD-sensitive, synthetic RGD peptides with optimized flanking @entity1522 can potentially be used as antimetastatic agents.

title: RGD-recognizing integrins mediate interactions of @entity1 XXXX cells with endothelial cells in vitro.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: Controversy exists regarding antibiotic prophylaxis before shock wave lithotripsy. The AUA (American Urological Association) guideline recommends universal antibiotic prophylaxis, whereas the EAU (European Association of Urology) guideline recommends prophylaxis only for select @entity1 . We evaluated the use of targeted antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing @entity293 in @entity1 undergoing shock wave lithotripsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective single cohort study was performed during 6 months with @entity1 undergoing shock wave lithotripsy. All @entity1 underwent urine dipstick and culture before shock wave lithotripsy. Targeted antibiotic prophylaxis was provided at the discretion of the treating urologist. All @entity1 had a urine culture performed after shock wave lithotripsy and completed a survey documenting fevers or urinary symptoms. The primary outcome was the incidence of @entity293 , urosepsis and asymptomatic @entity793 after shock wave lithotripsy. The secondary outcome was the sensitivity and specificity of urinary dipstick leukocytes and nitrites. RESULTS: A total of 526 @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Of the 389 @entity1 included in the determination of the primary outcome, @entity293 developed in only 1 (0.3%), urosepsis did not develop in any @entity1 and asymptomatic @entity793 developed in 11 (2.8%). Eight (2.1%) @entity1 were administered antibiotic prophylaxis. The specificity of urine dipstick @entity2648 was high (95%) while the sensitivity was poor (9.7%). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort study using targeted antibiotic prophylaxis the rates of @entity293 after shock wave lithotripsy and rates of asymptomatic @entity793 were extremely low, with no development of urosepsis. This finding questions the need for universal antibiotic prophylaxis before shock wave lithotripsy.

title: A prospective study examining the incidence of @entity793 and XXXX after shock wave lithotripsy with targeted antibiotic prophylaxis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2648 :: ('MESH:D009573', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrites']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infection']


abstract: The goals of this research are to (1) determine the changes in the composition of @entity143 receptor (NMDAR) subunits in GABAergic interneurons during @entity3124 ( @entity3124 ); and (2) test the effect of chronic blockage of specific NR2 subunits on the maturation of specific GABAergic interneurons. Our data demonstrate that: (1) The amplitude of NMDAR mediated EPSCs (EPSCs(NMDAR) ) was significantly larger in the postCP group. (2) The coefficient of variation (CV),   (decay) and half-width of EPSCs(NMDAR) were significantly larger in the preCP group. (3) A leftward shift in the half-activation voltages in the postCP vs. preCP group. (4) Using subunit-specific antagonists, we found a postnatal shift in NR2 composition towards more @entity11588 mediated EPSCs(NMDAR) . These changes occurred within a two-day narrow window of @entity3124 and were similar between fast-spiking (FS) and regular spiking (RSNP) interneurons. (5) Chronic blockage of @entity11588 , but not @entity13069 , decreased the expression of @entity15537 (PV), but not other @entity460 binding proteins in layer 2/3 and 4 of barrel cortex. (6) Chronic blockage of @entity11588 selectively affected the maturation of IPSCs mediated by FS cells. In summary, we have reported, for the first time, developmental changes in the molecular composition of @entity143 NR2 subunits in interneurons during @entity3124 , and the effects of chronic blockage of @entity11588 but not @entity13069 on PV expression and inhibitory synaptic transmission from FS cells. These results support an important role of @entity11588 subunits in developmental plasticity of fast-spiking GABAergic circuits during @entity3124 .

title: Development of XXXX NR2 subunits and their roles in @entity3124 maturation of neocortical GABAergic interneurons.

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['CP', 'critical period']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity143 :: (CHEBI:6121,Chemical) :: ['NMDA']


abstract: AIMS: High-dose radiotherapy after surgical debulking is the treatment of choice for @entity3580 and @entity511 . This study reviewed our outcomes, in relation to @entity5 volume and radiation dose, in order to inform our future practice. @entity1 AND METHODS: Nineteen @entity1 referred to the Neuro-Oncology Unit at Addenbrooke's Hospital (Cambridge, UK) between 1996 and 2009 and treated with photon radiotherapy were reviewed. Seventeen of the 19 were treated with curative intent. The median follow-up was 53 months. The @entity5 in the study had a mean gross @entity5 volume (GTV) of 17.2 cm(3) (median 10.5 cm(3)) and a range of 0-76.3 cm(3). The median dose was 65Gy in 39 fractions. RESULTS: The 5 year cause-specific survival for radically treated @entity1 with @entity3580 was 92% and the 5 year local control rate was 83%. The 5 year cause-specific survival and local control rates with @entity511 were both 100%. A planning target volume ( @entity343 ) below 90 cm(3) is predictive of local control, but volumes above this are not. The GTV seems to be a better predictor of outcome: among the 17 of 19 @entity1 treated curatively, a GTV threshold of 30 cm(3) distinguished local failures from the 15 @entity1 with local control, with sensitivity to detect local control of 100% (95% confidence interval 78-100%), specificity 100% (95% confidence interval 16-100%) and positive predictive value 100% (95% confidence interval 78-100%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a high level of efficacy for fractionated photon radiotherapy after surgery, in keeping with other series. In addition, we found that although surgical debulking is essential, a small @entity5 volume may still be controlled with high-dose photon radiotherapy. This information may be relevant during neurosurgical planning, possibly allowing a reduction in risk of serious @entity51 . This should encourage the further development of sophisticated photon radiotherapy, for @entity1 unsuitable for proton therapy.

title: Residual postoperative @entity5 volume predicts outcome after high-dose radiotherapy for @entity3580 and XXXX of the skull base and spine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity3580 :: ('MESH:D002817', 'Disease') :: ['chordomas']

answer: @entity511 :: (MESH:D002813,Disease) :: ['chondrosarcoma']


abstract: This study was undertaken to characterize the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of @entity5074 in adult lung transplant @entity1 during the early postoperative period, identify factors significantly associated with various pharmacokinetic parameters, and make recommendations for adequate dosing regimens. Thirteen lung transplant @entity1 received two intravenous infusions (6 mg/kg, twice daily [b.i.d.]) immediately posttransplant followed by oral doses (200 mg, b.i.d.) for prophylaxis. Blood samples (9/interval) were collected during one intravenous and one oral dosing interval from each @entity1 . @entity5074 plasma concentrations were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). NONMEM was used to develop pharmacokinetic models, evaluate covariate relationships, and perform Monte Carlo simulations. There was a good correlation (R(2) = 0.98) between the area under the concentration-time curve specific for the dose evaluated (AUC(0-   )) and trough concentrations. A two-compartment model adequately described the data. Population estimates of bioavailability, clearance, V(c), and V(p) were 45.9%, 3.45 liters/h, 54.7 liters, and 143 liters. @entity1 with @entity1577 ( @entity1577 ) exhibited a significantly lower bioavailability (23.7%, n = 3) than non- @entity1577 @entity1 (63.3%, n = 10). Bioavailability increased with postoperative time and reached steady levels in about 1 week. V(p) increased with body weight. Bioavailability of @entity5074 is substantially lower in lung transplant @entity1 than non-transplant subjects but significantly increases with postoperative time. @entity1577 @entity1 exhibit significantly lower bioavailability and exposure of @entity5074 and therefore need higher doses. Intravenous administration of @entity5074 during the first postoperative day followed by oral doses of 200 mg or 400 mg appeared to be the optimal dosing regimen. However, @entity5074 levels should be monitored, and the dose should be individualized based on trough concentrations as a good measure of drug exposure.

title: Bioavailability and population pharmacokinetics of XXXX in lung transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['CF', 'cystic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['Voriconazole', 'voriconazole']

answer: @entity5074 :: (MESH:C102790,Chemical) :: ['voriconazole']


abstract: @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) is a cardinal manifestation of @entity101 organ damage associated with an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. We reviewed recent literature on the prevalence of @entity4346 , as assessed by echocardiography, in order to offer an updated information on the magnitude of subclinical alterations in LV structure in contemporary @entity1 @entity101 . A MEDLINE search using key words 'left @entity123 ', ' @entity101 ', 'echocardiography' and 'cardiac organ damage' was performed in order to identify relevant papers. Full articles published in English language in the last decade, (1 January 2000-1 December 2010), reporting studies in adult or elderly individuals, were considered. A total of 30 studies, including 37,700 untreated and treated @entity1 (80.3% Caucasian, 52.4% @entity1 , 9.6% diabetics, 2.6% with @entity65 ) were considered. @entity4346 was defined by 23 criteria; its prevalence ranged from 36% (conservative criteria) to 41% (less conservative criteria) in the pooled population. @entity4346 prevalence was not different between @entity1 and @entity1 (range 37.9-46.2 versus 36.0-43.5%, respectively). @entity4346 was more frequent than @entity1184 (range 20.3-23.0 versus 14.8-15.8, respectively, P<0.05); concentric phenotype was found in a consistent fraction (20%) of both genders. Despite the improved management of @entity101 in the last two decades, @entity4346 remains a highly frequent biomarker of @entity299 in the @entity101 population. Our analysis calls for a more aggressive treatment of @entity101 and related CV risk factors leading to @entity4346 .

title: Prevalence of left- @entity123 in XXXX : an updated review of echocardiographic studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['concentric hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['Left-ventricular hypertrophy', 'LVH', 'Eccentric LVH']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac damage']

entities_list: @entity123 :: ('MESH:D024741', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CV disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: The diagnosis of red cedar @entity565 is usually confirmed by a specific challenge with @entity28467 , the compound responsible for the disease. We performed this study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of two other diagnostic tests, prolonged recording expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and measurement of bronchial responsiveness (provocative dose of @entity2710 causing a 20% fall in FEV1 [PC20 @entity2710 ]). Twenty-three @entity1 with suspected cedar @entity565 participated in the study. The @entity1 recorded PEFR during 2 weeks away from work and 3 weeks at work. PC20 was measured both at the end of the nonworking and working period. An obvious decrease in PEFR in 2 of 3 working weeks, when PEFRs of weekends or holidays were compared (by visual inspection of the PEFR recording), and a decrease in PC20 by more than a twofold dilution, when the @entity1 returned to work, were considered as positive tests for cedar @entity565 . @entity28467 challenge test was performed at the end of the study; 14 @entity1 reacted, whereas nine @entity1 did not. With the results of the @entity28467 challenge test as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of PEFR recordings were 86% and 89%; changes in PC20, 62% and 78%; and 93% and 45% for a positive clinical history. The combination of PEFR and clinical history revealed a 100% sensitivity with a 45% specificity. Combination of PEFR and PC20 did not improve the diagnostic accuracy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Sensitivity and specificity of PC20 and peak expiratory flow rate in cedar XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity28467 :: ('MESH:C008938', 'Chemical') :: ['Plicatic acid', 'plicatic acid']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: The prompt diagnosis and therapy of @entity4008 remain enduring clinical challenges, for no physician would knowingly delay appropriate therapy. However, whether a delay in the initiation of antimicrobials in fact causes a worse outcome is a separate and tangential question. In clinical medicine a treatment decision involves a bedside estimate of the risk and potential severity of illness balanced against the benefits and adverse effects of therapy. For severe @entity281 , the inexorable damage of @entity66 is presumed, and antimicrobials properly are given without hesitation. In contrast the methodical weighing of evidence regarding the issue of causation is for the purpose of characterizing biologic phenomena. Although legal and medical implications may be contained in such an analysis, its relevance to any particular clinical case is only retrospective. To judge responsibly the strength of a causative link, all available scientific evidence must be analyzed by established criteria. Such as analysis suggests that any connection between a delay in the treatment of @entity4008 and outcome depends on the presenting clinical pattern. If the presentation is that of a nonspecific illness with general symptoms, then a short delay of < 3 to 5 days does not appear to alter the risk of sequelae or @entity204 . In the case of fulminant @entity693 a delay in initiating therapy seems unconnected to outcome. Finally for @entity1 with a history of clinically overt @entity693 , an inappropriate delay in commencing therapy incrementally increases the risk of @entity130 .

title: Duration of symptoms and outcome in XXXX : an analysis of causation and the implications of a delay in diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['untreated disease']

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningitis']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['permanent injury']

answer: @entity4008 :: (MESH:D016920,Disease) :: ['bacterial meningitis']


abstract: Stomatal closure in response to @entity2271 depends on mechanisms that are mediated by intracellular [ @entity141 ] ([ @entity141 ]i), and also on mechanisms that are independent of [ @entity141 ]i in guard cells. In this study, we addressed three important questions with respect to these two predicted pathways in @entity958 . (i) How large is the relative @entity2271 ( @entity2272 )-induced stomatal closure response in the [ @entity141 ]i-elevation-independent pathway? (ii) How do ABA-insensitive mutants affect the [ @entity141 ]i-elevation-independent pathway? (iii) Does ABA enhance (prime) the @entity141 sensitivity of anion and inward-rectifying K+ channel regulation? We monitored stomatal responses to ABA while experimentally inhibiting [ @entity141 ]i elevations and clamping [ @entity141 ]i to resting levels. The absence of [ @entity141 ]i elevations was confirmed by ratiometric [ @entity141 ]i imaging experiments. ABA-induced stomatal closure in the absence of [ @entity141 ]i elevations above the physiological resting [ @entity141 ]i showed only approximately 30% of the normal stomatal closure response, and was greatly slowed compared to the response in the presence of [ @entity141 ]i elevations. The ABA-insensitive mutants ost1-2, abi2-1 and gca2 showed partial stomatal closure responses that correlate with [ @entity141 ]i-dependent ABA signaling. Interestingly, patch-clamp experiments showed that exposure of guard cells to ABA greatly enhances the ability of cytosolic @entity141 to activate S-type anion channels and down-regulate inward-rectifying K+ channels, providing strong evidence for a @entity141 sensitivity priming hypothesis. The present study demonstrates and quantifies an attenuated and slowed ABA response when [ @entity141 ]i elevations are directly inhibited in guard cells. A minimal model is discussed, in which ABA enhances (primes) the [ @entity141 ]i sensitivity of stomatal closure mechanisms.

title: Calcium elevation-dependent and attenuated resting calcium-dependent XXXX induction of stomatal closure and @entity2271 -induced enhancement of calcium sensitivities of S-type anion and inward-rectifying K channels in @entity958 guard cells.

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity2271 :: ('MESH:D000040', 'Chemical') :: ['abscisic acid']

answer: @entity2271 :: (MESH:D000040,Chemical) :: ['abscisic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: @entity1593 in pregnant @entity1 has been associated with poor growth of the fetus, but little is known about how the level of @entity1593 affects fetal growth or birth outcomes. We assessed the associations between levels of antibodies against @entity8265 (anti-tTG, a marker of @entity1593 ) and fetal growth and birth outcomes for pregnant @entity1 . METHODS: We performed a population-based prospective birth cohort study of 7046 pregnant women. Serum samples were collected during the second trimester of pregnancy and analyzed for levels of anti-tTG. Based on these levels, the @entity1 were categorized into 3 groups: negative anti-tTG ( <=0.79 U/mL; n = 6702), intermediate anti-tTG (0.8 to  <=6 U/mL; n = 308), or positive anti-tTG (>6 U/mL; n = 36). Data on fetal growth and birth outcomes were collected from ultrasound measurements and medical records. RESULTS: Fetuses of @entity1 in the positive anti-tTG group weighed 16 g less than those of @entity1 in the negative anti-tTG group (95% confidence interval [CI], -32 to -1 g) during the second trimester and weighed 74 g less (95% CI, -140 to -8 g) during the third trimester. Newborns of @entity1 in the intermediate and positive anti-tTG groups weighed 53 g (95% CI, -106 to -1 g) and 159 g (95% CI, -316 to -1 g) less at birth, respectively, than those of @entity1 in the negative anti-tTG group. The reduction in birth weight in offspring of mothers in the intermediate anti-tTG group was 2-fold greater among mothers who carried HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 than among those without HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of anti-tTG in pregnant @entity1 are inversely associated with fetal growth. Growth was reduced to the greatest extent in fetuses of @entity1 with the highest levels of anti-tTG (>6 U/mL). Birth weight was also reduced in @entity1 with intermediate levels of anti-tTG (0.8 to  <=6 U/mL) and further reduced in those carrying HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8.

title: Levels of antibodies against XXXX during pregnancy are associated with reduced fetal weight and birth weight.

entities_list: @entity1593 :: ('MESH:D002446', 'Disease') :: ['Celiac disease', 'celiac disease']

entities_list: @entity8265 :: ('7052', 'Gene') :: ['tissue transglutaminase']

answer: @entity8265 :: (7052,Gene) :: ['tissue transglutaminase']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of mast cells and dendritic cell (DC) subsets in paired muscle and skin (lesional/nonlesional) from untreated @entity1 with @entity8817 ( @entity6017 ). METHODS: Muscle and skin biopsy samples (4 skin biopsy samples with active @entity1910 ) from 7 @entity1 with probable/definite juvenile @entity6017 were compared with muscle and skin samples from 10 healthy pediatric controls. Mast cell distribution and number were assessed by @entity11979 staining and analyzed by Student's t-test. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to identify mature DCs, myeloid DCs (MDCs), and plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) by using antibodies against DC-LAMP, @entity4897 ( @entity4897 ), and @entity26856 , respectively. Myxovirus resistance protein A ( @entity13434 ) staining indicated active type I interferon (IFN) signaling; positive staining was scored semiquantitatively and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Both inflamed and nonlesional skin from @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 contained more mast cells than did skin from pediatric controls (P = 0.029), and comparable numbers of mast cells were present in lesional and nonlesional skin. Interestingly, mast cell numbers were greater in skin than in paired muscle tissue from @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 (P = 0.014) and were not increased in muscle from @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 compared with control muscle. Both muscle and skin from @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 showed more mature PDCs and @entity13434 staining than did their corresponding control tissues (P < 0.05). In both muscle and skin from @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 and in pediatric control muscle, there were fewer MDCs than PDCs, and the distributions of MDCs and PDCs were similar in pediatric control skin samples. CONCLUSION: The identification of mast cells in skin (irrespective of @entity1910 ) from @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 , but not in paired muscle tissue, suggests that they have a specific role in juvenile @entity6017 skin pathophysiology. In skin from @entity1 with juvenile @entity6017 , increased numbers of PDCs and increased expression of type I IFN-induced protein suggest a selective influence on T cell differentiation and subsequent effector function.

title: Lesional and nonlesional skin from XXXX with untreated @entity8817 displays increased numbers of mast cells and mature plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4897 :: ('911', 'Gene') :: ['blood dendritic cell antigen 1', 'BDCA-1']

entities_list: @entity11979 :: ('MESH:D014048', 'Chemical') :: ['toluidine blue']

entities_list: @entity8817 :: ('MESH:C538250', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile dermatomyositis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of high-dose stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for the treatment of @entity1 with one to three hepatic @entity3 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with one to three @entity99 and maximum individual @entity5 diameters less than 6 cm were enrolled and treated on a multi-institutional, phase I/II clinical trial in which they received SBRT delivered in three fractions. During phase I, the total dose was safely escalated from 36 Gy to 60 Gy. The phase II dose was 60 Gy. The primary end point was local control. Lesions with at least 6 months of radiographic follow-up were considered assessable for local control. Secondary end points were @entity137 and survival. RESULTS: Forty-seven @entity1 with 63 lesions were treated with SBRT. Among them, 69% had received at least one prior systemic therapy regimen for metastatic disease (range, 0 to 5 regimens), and 45% had @entity6687 at study entry. Only one @entity1 experienced grade 3 or higher @entity137 (2%). Forty-nine discrete lesions were assessable for local control. Median follow-up for assessable lesions was 16 months (range, 6 to 54 months). The median maximal @entity5 diameter was 2.7 cm (range, 0.4 to 5.8 cm). Local progression occurred in only three lesions at a median of 7.5 months (range, 7 to 13 months) after SBRT. Actuarial in-field local control rates at one and two years after SBRT were 95% and 92%, respectively. Among lesions with maximal diameter of 3 cm or less, 2-year local control was 100%. Median survival was 20.5 months. CONCLUSION: This multi-institutional, phase I/II trial demonstrates that high-dose liver SBRT is safe and effective for the treatment of @entity1 with one to three hepatic @entity3 .

title: Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity6687 :: ('MESH:D001651', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic disease']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lesions']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that muscarinic @entity934 receptors (mAChRs) are expressed by @entity1 skin fibroblasts ( @entity650 ). We have identified the molecular subtypes of these receptors by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using m1-m5 subtype-specific primers. These experiments showed that only mRNAs for m2, m4, and m5 mAChR subtypes are present in @entity650 . The RT-PCR products were characterized by restriction analysis and Southern blotting. Northern blot analysis showed the presence of m2 and m4 mAChR RNA. Rabbit antibodies were raised using a synthetic peptide as immunogen corresponding to the C-terminus of the m2 protein and were used to visualize fibroblast mAChRs. Cell membranes of @entity650 in cell culture and specimens of normal @entity1 skin had a unique staining pattern specific for anti-m2 antibody, as well as for antibodies against m4 and m5. In Western blots of fibroblast proteins, the antibodies visualized the m2 receptor at 65 kDa, m4 at 70 kDa, and m5 at 95 kDa. The function of fibroblast mAChRs was examined by measuring muscarinic effects on intracellular free @entity141 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i). @entity11039 increased transiently [ @entity141 ]i in cultured @entity650 . This effect could be abolished by the muscarinic antagonist @entity3897 . Thus, the results of this study showed that @entity650 express m2, m4, and m5 mAChR subtypes, and that fibroblast mAChRs are coupled to the regulation of [ @entity141 ]i.

title: @entity1 skin fibroblasts express m2, m4, and m5 subtypes of muscarinic XXXX receptors.

entities_list: @entity11039 :: ('MESH:D009116', 'Chemical') :: ['Muscarine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: To determine the efficacy of @entity1499 and/or rituximab in a @entity706 model and to evaluate MRI modalities for monitoring efficacy, we inoculated female athymic nude @entity35 (rnu/rnu) intracerebrally with @entity1 MC116 B-lymphoma cells. Between days 16 and 26, @entity35 were randomized to receive intravenous (IV) treatment with (1) saline (controls, n = 15), (2) @entity1499 1,000 mg/m(2) (n = 6), (3) rituximab 375 mg/m(2) (n = 6), or (4) rituximab plus @entity1499 (n = 6). T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and @entity2287 contrast-enhanced T1 MRI sequences were performed prior to and 1 week after treatment. IV rituximab gave an objective @entity5 response in four of six animals (>50% reduction in @entity5 volume comparing pre- and posttreatment T2/FLAIR MRI) and resulted in stable disease (50%-125% of baseline) in another animal. The percent change in @entity5 volume on T2/FLAIR images was significantly different in the control versus rituximab group (p = 0.0051). IV @entity1499 slowed @entity5 growth, compared to controls, but only one of six animals had an objective response. In untreated controls, @entity5 histological volumes correlated well with T2/FLAIR or contrast-enhanced T1 images (r = 0.877). In the treatment groups, T2/FLAIR correlation was good, but the @entity2287 -enhanced T1 MRI was not significantly correlated with histology (r = 0.19). The MC116 @entity706 model seems valuable for preclinical testing of efficacy and @entity137 of treatment regimens. IV rituximab was highly effective, but @entity1499 was only minimally effective. T2/FLAIR was superior to contrast-enhanced T1 for monitoring efficacy.

title: Efficacy and MRI of rituximab and XXXX treatment in a nude @entity35 model of @entity706 .

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['CNS lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: A treatment involving chronic implantation of a receiver that can be activated by an external power source to stimulate specific brain sites has been used in 11 @entity1 with intractable @entity146 . All of the @entity1 , a heterogeneous group, had failed to respond to all indicated treatments. Length of illness varied from 6 to 23 years without significant remission. Of the 11 @entity1 , four had uncontrollable violence-aggression (two with no demonstrable @entity75 and two with brain pathology), five were chronic schizophrenics, and two had lifelong patterns of severe @entity11167 in addition to the disabling disorder for which the procedure was performed. Three of the 11 @entity1 had @entity410 in addition to behavioral pathology. Ten of the 11 @entity1 are out of the hospital and functioning without medications or other treatment. Some are symptom-free and others have shown significant improvement. The one @entity1 who failed to respond had an organic lesion over the cerebellar site that was to be stimulated. The rationale for the procedure was based on data gathered during earlier therapeutic studies in @entity1 with depth electrodes and extensive anatomical and physiological experiments in animals. The transistorized stimulator used in treating these @entity1 is similar to stimulators being used for treatment of @entity302 and @entity508 @entity1 .

title: Modulation of emotion with a brain pacemamer. Treatment for intractable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric illness']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['organic brain disease']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric illness']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The present study presented a 35-year-old female @entity1 in whom fecal occult blood was detected in a medical check-up. Colonoscopy revealed a superficial @entity5 with central @entity308 in the lower rectum. The @entity5 was diagnosed as T1 deep invasive @entity5 . No swollen lymph nodes or distant @entity3 were found on computed tomography or @entity419 -positron emission tomography with computed tomography. However, a swollen right lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN; short axis 4 mm) was revealed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This lymph node exhibited high intensity on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), suggesting @entity3 . Low anterior resection, regional lymph node dissection and right @entity5848 ( @entity5848 ) were performed. Histological analysis revealed @entity3 in the right LPLN, as suggested by the high DWI intensity. The indication for @entity5848 in the current Japanese guidelines is based on the @entity5 location and depth of invasion (>= T3), however, not on the status of LPLN @entity3 in pre-operative evaluation. The present case was @entity7487 , which is not included in this indication. DWI is sensitive for the diagnosis of @entity1600 of @entity14 , although inflammation-induced swelling of lymph nodes in advanced @entity5 may cause a false-positive result, which is uncommon in T1 cases. Therefore, an LPLN with a high intensity DWI signal in T1 cases is likely to be @entity3 -positive. Pre-operative DWI-MRI may be useful for identifying LPLN @entity3 when planning the treatment strategy in these cases. The present study suggested reinvestigation of the indication for @entity5848 with inclusion of LPLN status on pre-operative imaging.

title: Diagnosis of lateral pelvic @entity1600 of T1 lower XXXX using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: A case report with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection of lower @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['[(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer', 'cancer', 'elevated-type tumor']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['lymph node metastasis']

entities_list: @entity5848 :: ('MESH:D000784', 'Disease') :: ['LPLN dissection', 'LPLD']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct a therapeutic exploratory clinical trial comparing clinical outcomes of treatment with topical @entity5896 vs topical @entity5074 for @entity364 . METHODS: The multicenter, double-masked, clinical trial included 120 @entity1 with @entity364 at Aravind Eye Hospital in India who were randomized to receive either topical @entity5896 or topical @entity5074 and either had repeated scraping of the epithelium or not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) at 3 months. Other outcomes included scar size, perforations, and a subanalysis of BSCVA at 3 months in @entity1 with an enrollment visual acuity of 20/40 to 20/400. RESULTS: Compared with those who received @entity5896 , @entity5074 -treated @entity1 had an approximately 1-line improvement in BSCVA at 3 months after adjusting for scraping in a multivariate regression model but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .29). Scar size at 3 months was slightly greater with @entity5074 after adjusting for scraping (P = .48). @entity1035 in the @entity5074 group (10 of 60 @entity1 ) were not significantly different than in the @entity5896 -treated group (9 of 60 @entity1 ) (P >.99). Scraping was associated with worse BSCVA at 3 months after adjusting for drug (P = .06). @entity1 with baseline BSCVA of 20/40 to 20/400 showed a trend toward a 2-line improvement in visual acuity with @entity5074 (P = .07). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there were no significant differences in visual acuity, scar size, and perforations between @entity5074 - and @entity5896 -treated @entity1 . There was a trend toward scraping being associated with worse outcomes. Application to Clinical Practice The benefit seen with @entity5074 in the subgroup of @entity1 with baseline visual acuity of 20/40 to 20/400 needs to be validated in a confirmatory clinical trial. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00557362.

title: Comparison of XXXX and @entity5074 for the treatment of @entity364 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1035 :: ('MESH:D057112', 'Disease') :: ['Corneal perforations']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal keratitis']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['voriconazole']

entities_list: @entity5896 :: ('MESH:D010866', 'Chemical') :: ['natamycin']

answer: @entity5896 :: (MESH:D010866,Chemical) :: ['natamycin']


abstract: The abdominal aortas and right coronary arteries removed during autopsies were gathered from over 18,000 subjects in 19 location-race groups. Sudanstained intimal surfaces were graded for the percent as raised lesions (R) and @entity1856 (F). The proportions of all types of lesions (ATL = F + R) that were raised ( @entity10004 = R divided by ATL) were examined. The difference between the observed @entity10004 (in subjects having @entity731 -related conditions) and the expected @entity10004 (in age-, sex-, and ATL-matched subjects without such conditions) measured the excess of @entity10004 , which by inference indicated the tendency for an excess of raised lesions to be produced in place of @entity1856 . In cases of @entity301 ( @entity301 ), a large excess of @entity10004 was found consistently on the average. The coronary arteries and aortas of @entity101 subjects, compared with those of nonhypertensives, had only a small and inconsistent excess of @entity10004 . Both @entity301 and @entity101 were characterized by a marked tendency for severe involvement by ATL, including extensive @entity1856 , leaving only small remnants of normal intima. Some factors (Class A) act to form @entity1856 and also to continue advancing them into raised lesions. Once the @entity1856 are formed, some new factors (Class B2) convert them into raised lesions. We concluded that @entity101 is almost, if not entirely, a Class A type of atherogenic agent, and that @entity301 is promoted by exceptionally strong effects of both A and B2 types of causation. This conclusion exposes a biological priniciple that, if the assumptions of the model are true, is of considerable importance: Some of the more important causes of @entity731 (Class B causes) begin to act only after the @entity1856 have formed.

title: Relationship of raised XXXX to @entity1856 in @entity301 and @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1856 :: ('MESH:D058226', 'Disease') :: ['fatty streaks']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the sophisticated cross sectional image techniques currently available, a number of @entity850 or obstructions remain of an uncertain nature. In these pathological conditions, an "intrinsic" parietal alteration is the cause of @entity253 and it is very difficult to differentiate benign from malignant lesions using cross-sectional imaging procedures alone. We evaluated the efficacy of different endoluminal techniques to achieve a definitive pathological diagnosis in these situations. METHODS: Eighty @entity1 underwent @entity13391 , and or biopsy of the biliary tree through an existing transhepatic biliary drainage route. A subcoort of 12 @entity1 needed balloon-dilatation of the bile duct and the material covering the balloon surface was also sent for pathological examination (balloon surface sampling). Pathological results were compared with surgical findings or with long-term clinical and instrumental follow-ups. Success rates, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, confidential intervals, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the three percutaneous techniques in differentiating benign from malignant disease were assessed.The agreement coefficient of biopsy and @entity13391 with final diagnosis was calculated using the Cohen's "K" value. RESULTS: Fifty-six @entity1 had malignant strictures confirmed by surgery, histology, and by clinical follow-ups. Success rates of @entity13391 , balloon surface sampling, and biopsy were 90.7, 100, and 100%, respectively. The comparative efficacy of @entity13391 , balloon-surface sampling, and biopsy resulted as follows: sensitivity of 47.8, 87.5, and 92.1%, respectively; specificity of 100% for all the techniques; accuracy of 69.2, 91.7 and 93.6%, Positive Predictive Value of 100% for all the procedures and Negative Predictive Value of 55, 80, and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous endoluminal biopsy is more accurate and sensitive than percutaneous bile duct @entity13391 in the detection of @entity5 (p < 0.01).

title: Histologic assessment of XXXX with different percutaneous endoluminal techniques.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant diseases']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['biliary stenosis']

answer: @entity253 :: (MESH:D001660,Disease) :: ['biliary obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Morbid @entity28 is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In these @entity1 , @entity353 reduces associated morbidity and increases life expectancy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anthropometric changes in a group of @entity1 treated with a very low caloric diet and to assess @entity1568 balance and clinical and biological tolerance. METHODS: Overall 65 @entity1 were prospectively evaluated (12 males and 53 females with a mean age of 45 +/- 7 years. Mean initial weight was 110 +/- 21 kg, with a Quetelet index of 43 +/- 7 kg/m2. They were treated as inpatients during 42 days exclusively with a very low caloric diet. They also followed a physical exercise program during one hour daily. RESULTS: The @entity353 was 15 +/- 4 kg (p less than 0.0001) with a reduction in fat mass of 9 +/- 2 kg (p less than 0.0001) and a reduction in fat-free mass of 6 +/- 3 kg (p less than 0.0001). The Quetelet index was reduced in 5 +/- 1 points (p less than 0.0001). There was also a reduction in the muscle adipose index from 1 +/- 0.2 to 0.7 +/- 0.2. The @entity1568 balance remained negative throughout the 42 study days, although with a clear trend towards equilibrium. There were significant reductions in blood @entity413 , proteinemia, total @entity165 and subfractions. @entity1674 did not show significant changes. Clinical tolerance was excellent in all cases except 4 who withdraw from treatment because of @entity1209 . CONCLUSIONS: In this study, very low caloric diet achieved satisfactory @entity353 , basically at the expense of adipose tissue, reflected in a reduction of the muscle adipose index. @entity1568 balance remained negative throughout the treatment but with a trend towards normalization. Tolerance was excellent in 61 of the 65 cases (94%).

title: [Anthropometric changes and @entity1568 balance in XXXX with morbid @entity28 treated with very low calorie diet].

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrogen', 'nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight reduction']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['Triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the acute impact of @entity2727 ( @entity7541 ) on sleep parameters in @entity71 ( @entity71 ) @entity1 . The second aim was to investigate the different effects of intermediate- and longacting @entity7541 on sleep parameters. The third aim was to test the different effects of dose and age on sleep parameters. METHODS: Ninety-three @entity71 @entity1 were enrolled and randomized to two different @entity7541 preparations. Baseline and daily sleep diaries were evaluated for four weeks after taking medication. Weekday and weekend bedtimes, wake-up times, sleep latencies and total sleep times were compared by weeks. RESULTS: After taking @entity7541 , there was a significant delay in bedtimes and a significant @entity25 ( @entity25 ) both on weekdays and at weekends. There was also a significant delay in wake-up time on weekdays. However, the difference was applied to younger age group @entity1 only. There was no difference in changes of @entity25 between metadate-CD and OROS- @entity7541 . There also was no difference in changes of @entity25 with different doses of @entity7541 . CONCLUSION: @entity7541 had negative impacts on sleep among young @entity71 @entity1 , but different preparations and doses did not affect the result.

title: Effect of @entity2727 on sleep parameters in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['TST', 'reduction of total sleep time']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder', 'ADHD']

entities_list: @entity2727 :: ('MESH:D008774', 'Chemical') :: ['methylphenidate']

answer: @entity71 :: (MESH:D001289,Disease) :: ['ADHD']


abstract: @entity1 and youth account for a disproportionately high number of all-terrain vehicle ( @entity11254 ) related @entity130 and @entity204 . This study explored whether and how youth @entity1314 factors such as sensation seeking (including thrill seeking and behavioral intensity) and youth safety consciousness predict risky A TV riding behaviors. Survey information was collected from farm families in Georgia having youth who were active on farms. Data were analyzed from 104 youth between the ages 10 through 14 years who were active users ofATVs. @entity1 and @entity1 had similar exposure to ATVs. Risky @entity11254 riding behaviors were associated with age but not with gender. @entity1 and @entity1 were equally likely to drive adult-sized ATVs, drive ATVs on public roads, drive ATVs fast, and carry extra passengers on single-seat ATVs. @entity1 had higher scores than @entity1 on @entity1314 factors like thrill seeking and behavioral intensity. Hierarchical regression revealed that although there were multiple determinants of risky @entity11254 riding behaviors of youth, thrill seeking appeared to be an important factor, which was moderated by safety consciousness. Youth who are low in thrill seeking and have a high level of safety consciousness reported less risky @entity11254 riding behaviors. High thrill seekers were more likely to report indulging in risky @entity11254 riding behaviors regardless of their level of safety consciousness. Our results suggest that @entity1314 traits (such as sensation seeking) of the target population should be considered when developing @entity11254 safety interventions, as these traits will likely influence an intervention's level of success. Low thrill seekers would be prime candidates for safety training, as an increase in their safety consciousness may be more likely to result in decreased risky riding behaviors. High thrill seekers may be less amenable to training and will more likely require interventions external to the individual, including legislation, improved @entity11254 safety design, use of crush protection devices, and safe riding rules monitored and strictly enforced by parents.

title: Youth Personality Factors as Predictors of Risky All-Terrain Vehicle ( XXXX ) Driving Behaviors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Boys', 'Children', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity11254 :: (265294,Species) :: ['ATV']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Injuries to the ear, nose and throat (ENT) regions are not uncommon in clinical practice and constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in our setting. There is dearth of literature on this subject in our environment. This study was conducted to describe the causes, injury pattern and outcome of these @entity130 in our setting and proffer possible preventive measures. METHODS: This was a descriptive prospective study of @entity1 with ear, nose and throat @entity130 managed at Bugando Medical Centre between May 2007 and April 2012. Ethical approval to conduct the study was sought from relevant authorities. Statistical data analysis was performed using SPSS computer software version 17.0. RESULTS: A total of 456 @entity1 were studied. The median age of @entity1 at presentation was 18 years (range 1 to 72 years). The male to female ratio was 2:1. The commonest cause of injury was foreign bodies (61.8%) followed by road traffic accidents (22.4%). The ear was the most common body region injured accounting for 59.0% of cases. The majority of @entity1 (324, 71.1%) were treated as an outpatient and only 132(28.9%) @entity1 required admission to the ENT wards after definitive treatment. @entity5744 and surgical wound debridement were the most common treatment modalities performed in 61.9% and 16.2% of cases respectively. Complication rate was 14.9%. @entity2266 media (30.9%) was the commonest complication in the ear while @entity1415 (26.5%) and hoarseness of voice (11.8%) in the aero-digestive tract were commonest in the nose and throat. The overall median length of hospital stay for in- @entity1 was 8 days (range 1 to 22 days). @entity1 who developed complications and those who had associated @entity130 stayed longer in the hospital (P   <   0.001).Mortality rate related to isolated ENT @entity130 was 1.3% (6 deaths). The majority of @entity1 (96.9%) were treated successfully and only 3.1% of cases were discharged with @entity2319 . CONCLUSION: Injuries to the ENT regions are not uncommon in our environment and foreign bodies constitute a significant cause of injury. Majority of these @entity130 can be prevented through public enlightenment campaigns.

title: Ear, nose and throat XXXX at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania: a five-year prospective review of 456 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1415 :: ('MESH:D004844', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic epistaxis']

entities_list: @entity5744 :: ('MESH:D005547', 'Disease') :: ['Foreign body removal']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['permanent disabilities']

entities_list: @entity2266 :: ('MESH:D010035', 'Disease') :: ['Suppurative otitis']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8231 generally results from tumor-derived hormones or peptides that cause metabolic derangements. Common metabolic conditions include @entity2753 , @entity2741 , @entity4053 , and @entity699 . Herein, we report a very rare case of @entity5772 presenting with @entity491 and @entity2741 . CASE PRESENTATION: A 57-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital with @entity957 (cT4aN0M0, stage IV). He underwent radical resection following preoperative chemoradiotherapy, but locoregional recurrence was detected 2  months after surgery. He presented with marked @entity491 and @entity2741 with elevated serum levels of @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ) and @entity4293 ( @entity4293 ). He was therefore managed with intravenous fluids, @entity1483 , @entity617 , @entity19389 , and @entity5279 . However, the @entity1 died 1  month later of carcinomatous @entity5641 following distant @entity3 to the lung. Immunohistochemical analyses of the resected specimens revealed positive staining for @entity4293 and @entity1261 in the @entity5 cells. CONCLUSIONS: In this case, it was considered that tumor-derived @entity1261 and @entity4293 caused @entity491 and @entity2741 .

title: @entity957 producing both XXXX and @entity1261 : a case report and literature review.

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony-stimulating factor', 'G-CSF']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity4293 :: ('5744', 'Gene') :: ['parathyroid hormone-related protein', 'PTHrP']

entities_list: @entity19389 :: ('MESH:C012755', 'Chemical') :: ['elcatonin']

entities_list: @entity491 :: ('MESH:D007964', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['tongue squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5279 :: ('MESH:C019248', 'Chemical') :: ['pamidronate']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity5641 :: ('MESH:D010998', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritis']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity8231 :: ('MESH:D010257', 'Disease') :: ['Paraneoplastic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity5772 :: ('MESH:D014062', 'Disease') :: ['tongue carcinoma']

answer: @entity4293 :: (5744,Gene) :: ['parathyroid hormone-related protein']


abstract: @entity5964 channels are a major class of L-type @entity141 channels which contribute to the rhythmicity of the heart and brain. In the brain, these channels are vital for excitation-transcription coupling, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal firing. Moreover, disruption of @entity5964 function has been associated with several @entity16 . Here, we focus on the de novo missense mutation @entity34475 which has been linked to @entity72 ( @entity72 ). To explore the role of this mutation in @entity72 pathogenesis, we examined the effects of @entity34475 on @entity5964 channel gating and regulation. Introduction of the mutation severely diminished the @entity141 -dependent inactivation (CDI) of @entity5964 channels, an important feedback system required for @entity141 homeostasis. This reduction in CDI was observed in two major channel splice variants, though to different extents. Using an allosteric model of channel gating, we found that the underlying mechanism of @entity734 is likely due to enhanced channel opening within the @entity141 -inactivated mode. Remarkably, the @entity34475 mutation also caused an opposite increase in @entity734 ( @entity734 ), resulting in a multifaceted mechanism underlying @entity72 . When combined, these regulatory deficits appear to increase the intracellular @entity141 concentration, thus potentially disrupting neuronal development and synapse formation, ultimately leading to @entity72 .

title: An autism-associated mutation in @entity5964 channels has opposing effects on voltage- and XXXX -dependent regulation.

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disorders']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'autism spectrum disorder']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['VDI', 'voltage-dependent inactivation', 'CDI reduction']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca(2+)']