abstract: Taste buds are aggregates of 50-100 cells, only a fraction of which express genes for taste receptors and intracellular signaling proteins. We combined functional @entity460 imaging with single-cell molecular profiling to demonstrate the existence of two distinct cell types in @entity19 taste buds. @entity460 imaging revealed that isolated taste cells responded with a transient elevation of cytoplasmic @entity141 to either tastants or depolarization with @entity4338 , but never both. Using single-cell reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, we show that individual taste cells express either @entity47314 ( @entity47314 ) (an essential taste transduction effector) or @entity30796 ( @entity30796 ) (a key component of @entity460 -triggered transmitter exocytosis). The two functional classes revealed by @entity460 imaging mapped onto the two gene expression classes determined by single-cell RT-PCR. Specifically, cells responding to tastants expressed @entity47314 , whereas cells responding to @entity4338 depolarization expressed @entity30796 . We demonstrate this by two methods: first, through sequential @entity460 imaging and single-cell RT-PCR; second, by performing @entity460 imaging on taste buds in slices from @entity19 in which @entity47314 -expressing taste cells are labeled with green fluorescent protein. To evaluate the significance of the @entity30796 -expressing cells, we used RNA amplification from single cells, followed by RT-PCR. We show that @entity30796 -positive cells also express typical presynaptic proteins, including a voltage-gated @entity460 channel ( @entity1226 ), neural cell adhesion molecule, @entity26136 , and the neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes @entity367 decarboxylase and @entity9750 decarboxylase. No synaptic markers were detected in @entity47314 cells by either amplified RNA profiling or by immunocytochemistry. These data demonstrate the existence of at least two molecularly distinct functional classes of taste cells: receptor cells and synapse-forming cells.

title: Separate populations of receptor cells and presynaptic cells in XXXX taste buds.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity9750 :: ('CHEBI:33856', 'Chemical') :: ['aromatic amino acid']

entities_list: @entity30796 :: ('20614(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['SNAP25', 'synaptosomal-associated protein 25']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity367 :: ('CHEBI:18237', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamic acid']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Background. @entity0 treatment is a common and serious problem for disease survivors. The objective of the current study was to identify the risk factors of secondary @entity4269 after @entity0 treatment. Materials _ Methods. The @entity0 @entity1 who were followed up in three centers in Tehran and Mashhad in 2010 were recruited in the study. The circumference measurement was used for defining @entity4269 . Results. Among 410 @entity0 @entity1 , 123 cases (30%) developed @entity4269 . Variables such as low educational level, body mass index (BMI), higher stage of disease, number of involved lymph nodes, comorbid diseases, @entity130 , @entity281 , and the time after surgery showed significant correlation with the development of @entity4269 . In logistic regression analysis, increase of 1   kg/m(2) in BMI (OR   =   1.09; 95%      CI 1.05-1.15), each number increase in lymph node involvement (OR   =   1.15; 95%      CI 1.08-1.21) and the increase of every 1 month after surgery (OR   =   1.01; 95%      CI 1.01-1.02) significantly increased the risk of @entity4269 . Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrated that preserving a fitted BMI, emphasis on self-care, and educating preventive activities may have important roles in decreasing the @entity4269 incidence and improving the @entity1 ' quality of life.

title: Risk factors of lymph edema in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'Lymphedema secondary to breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the use of debulking surgery with adjuvant external beam irradiation as an eyelid-sparing treatment for @entity1358 . DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 63-year-old male presented with a right upper lid @entity5 . He had a history of @entity1358 and @entity358 treated with surgery and systemic chemotherapy. The @entity5 was biopsied, followed by debulking surgery and external beam radiation therapy to treat this @entity3 . RESULTS: Histopathological evaluation of the excised @entity5 revealed a metastatic @entity1358 , clear cell type. At 4 months' follow-up, he had no evidence of recurrence or radiation oculopathy. He was pleased with his cosmetic result. CONCLUSIONS: Meta static @entity1358 presenting in the eye and orbit can be the initial manifestation of the @entity5 . It is important to include this @entity5 in the differential diagnosis of recurrent @entity75 . Debulking surgery followed by external beam radiation therapy can be used to control the @entity5 with an eyelid-sparing cosmetic result.

title: Eyelid-sparing adjuvant radiation therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'eyelid tumor']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['eyelid lesions']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumor']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously reported urinary podocytes to be a marker of @entity8 . The aim of the present study was to determine whether @entity23260 , a newly developed, potent synthetic statin, affects @entity644 and urinary podocyte excretion in @entity1 with @entity631 ( @entity631 ). METHODS: We randomly assigned 40 normotensive @entity753 @entity1 with @entity631 to receive either @entity23260 0.15 mg/day (n=20) or placebo (n=20). Subjects comprised 24 @entity1 and 16 @entity1 , with a mean age of 40.8+/-14.4 years; 27 had IgA @entity8 and 13 had non-IgA proliferative @entity631 . Treatment was continued for 6 months. Plasma total @entity165 , HDL- @entity165 , LDL- @entity165 and @entity1674 , urinary protein excretion and the number of podocytes were measured before treatment and at 3 and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: After 6 months, a significant reduction in total @entity165 (P<0.001), LDL- @entity165 (P<0.001) and @entity1674 (P<0.05), and a significant increase in HDL- @entity165 (P<0.001) were observed in the group treated with @entity23260 . Urinary protein excretion decreased from 1.8+/-0.6 to 0.8+/-0.4 g/day, (P<0.01) in this group, and urinary podocyte excretion decreased from 1.6+/-0.6 to 0.9+/-0.4 cells/ml (P<0.01). However, placebo showed little effect on these lipid levels, urinary protein excretion and urinary podocyte excretion. The differences between the @entity23260 group and the placebo group were significant ( @entity165 , P<0.001; LDL- @entity165 , P<0.001; @entity1674 , P<0.05; HDL- @entity165 , P<0.001; urinary protein, P<0.01; and urinary podocytes, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Statins such as @entity23260 may be beneficial for restoration of injured podocytes in @entity1 with @entity631 and hypercholesterolaemia.

title: Effect of @entity23260 on @entity644 and urinary podocytes in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'glomerular injury']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemic']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['chronic glomerulonephritis', 'CGN', 'glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity23260 :: ('MESH:C086276', 'Chemical') :: ['cerivastatin']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['chronic glomerulonephritis']


abstract: Acute and chronic starvation is often associated with @entity5 . @entity3147 ( @entity3147 ) with 20% @entity413 and 3.0% @entity1522 , and minerals and vitamins was instituted to treat or prevent @entity3147 in 41 @entity1 with @entity5 , ages three months to 18 years. @entity3147 was required for @entity448 , @entity391 and @entity294 associated with anti- @entity5 therapy in 33 @entity1 for intestinal complications or surgery in nine, and for preoperative correction of @entity3147 in two. During @entity3147 , general nutrition and appearance improved in all @entity1 . Weight gain was noted in most. Despite @entity344 which usually require the interruption of chemotherapy and irradiation, in 21 @entity1 treatment could be continued at full dose with nutritional support by @entity3147 . @entity3147 was discontinued in six @entity1 when blood cultures became positive. @entity295 was treated successfully by removal of the central venous catheter in all six and administration of antibiotics in three. No metabolic complications were noted. @entity3147 appears to be a safe and effective means of combating the @entity3147 which may occur with @entity5 and its therapy.

title: Parenteral nutritional support in XXXX with @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['childhood cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal complications']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['TPN', 'malnutrition', 'Total parenteral nutrition']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The Perkin-Elmer (PE) AmpliType DQ alpha Forensic Kit is currently available for amplification and typing of a polymorphic region in the Human @entity4107 DNA sequence. Following amplification of the DQ alpha region with the PE kit, typing strips are processed. These strips contain immobilized DNA probes designed to distinguish six possible @entity8167 alleles. It has been observed in this laboratory and others that in a single source DNA sample, it is possible to detect a weak signal on the 1.1 specific allele dot when the samples' genotype clearly does not contain the 1.1 allele. It has been suggested that a potential source of this weak-signal is the non-specific amplification of a HLA @entity27595 gene sequence. To demonstrate the relationship of the @entity27595 gene to the 1.1 nonspecific signal, we designed biotinylated @entity27595 PCR primers specific for a 178 bp region in which the amplified product spans the homologous DQ alpha region encompassing the DNA probes present on the typing strips. @entity27595 DNA sequences from various DQ alpha genotypes were amplified and hybridized to DQ alpha typing strips. We have demonstrated that @entity27595 PCR products do not always hybridize to the 1.1 probe on the typing strips. Sequence analysis of @entity27595 PCR products show that this region is polymorphic which may explain why the occurrence of the "1.1 weak-signal" is unpredictable. We have further analyzed the effect of DNA template concentration for the DQ alpha amplification protocol and have shown that regulation of PCR input DNA optimizes the amplification and typing protocols for @entity8167 alleles and minimizes the potential observation of the "1.1 weak-signal."

title: Analysis and interpretation of the XXXX "1.1 weak-signal" observed during the PCR-based typing method.

entities_list: @entity4107 :: ('3126', 'Gene') :: ['Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) DQ alpha']

answer: @entity8167 :: (3117,Gene) :: ['HLA DQ alpha']


abstract: @entity2689 ( @entity2689 ) is associated with @entity156 . However, the prevalence of @entity1635 in @entity1 with @entity2689 has not been reported in the orthopaedic literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of @entity1635 in these @entity1 . The authors performed a retrospective study of 43 @entity1 with @entity2689 and found 5 @entity1 with a curve >10 degrees. The prevalence of @entity1635 in this @entity2689 population, 11.6%, was significantly greater than the reported prevalence of @entity2112 in normal @entity1 , 2.4%. The mean age of onset was 9 years 11 months. All curves were >34 degrees, with curves consisting of a right thoracic or S-shaped (larger lumbar segment) pattern. At the time of @entity1635 presentation, two @entity1 were not receiving @entity2124 therapy. The results of this study suggest that @entity1 with @entity2689 need to be examined and closely monitored for progression of @entity1635 by orthopaedists. Although curve progression can occur during growth acceleration, a direct causal association with @entity2124 has not been established.

title: Increased prevalence of @entity1635 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity156 :: ('MESH:D000015', 'Disease') :: ['multiple skeletal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity2689 :: ('MESH:D014424', 'Disease') :: ['Turner syndrome', 'TS']

answer: @entity2689 :: (MESH:D014424,Disease) :: ['Turner syndrome']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity1778 receive CNS therapy to improve long-term survival. @entity2359 effects, such as @entity73 , have been associated with this therapy. A @entity35 model was developed to determine which agent, or combination of agents, in CNS therapy causes @entity2359 . The agents examined were cranial irradiation (1000 cGy), @entity1499 (2 or 4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), and @entity617 (18 or 36 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Young @entity35 were exposed to each agent alone or to two- or three-agent combinations. Each therapy had matched controls that received sham radiation and/or intraperitoneal saline. Subsequent to exposure, spontaneous behavior was tested using a computer pattern recognition system, which recorded and classified behavior in a novel environment. Behavioral initiations, total times, and time structures were compared in therapy and control groups. Combined rather than single-agent therapies had more behavioral effects, and these were dose- and sex-dependent. Synergistic interactions between agents caused @entity146 , and components of the combination determined the abnormality. Some combinations interacted antagonistically, and thus mitigated @entity146 . @entity617 was clearly pivotal to behavioral outcome. A low @entity617 dose antagonized @entity1499 preventing deficits, whereas a higher @entity617 dose altered behavior by enhancing effects of @entity1499 and radiation. These findings emphasize that @entity230 are important in agent interactions. Their role in morbidity associated with @entity1778 treatment protocols may be equally important as that of @entity1499 and cranial irradiation.

title: Interactions of steroid, @entity1499 , and radiation determine XXXX in an animal model to study therapy for @entity1778 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['Prednisolone', 'prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral deficits']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity', 'Neurotoxic']

answer: @entity2359 :: (MESH:D020258,Disease) :: ['neurotoxicity']


abstract: The physiological role of @entity10247 remains unclear but there is evidence for a role in postnatal growth, the growth of the thymus and bone homeostasis. Glucocorticoids have many effects that are opposite to the effects of @entity10247 such as @entity851 , @entity170 and thymic involution. We therefore wondered whether @entity10247 overexpression in @entity19 might counteract some of the growth inhibitory effects of the glucocorticoid, @entity619 ( @entity3784 ). In a dose-finding study in normal @entity19 , 20 microg @entity3784 /day caused a significant growth delay. The various organs had a different susceptibility to the growth inhibitory effects of @entity3784 . Most affected were thymus and spleen, followed by liver, skeletal muscle and lumbar vertebrae. The weights of the kidney, tibia, and humerus were not significantly diminished. In a second experiment, the effects of @entity3784 in normal and @entity10247 -transgenic animals were compared. The @entity10247 serum levels in the transgenic animals were more than 40-fold increased compared with control @entity19 and were decreased by 35% in the @entity3784 -treated group. @entity7424 serum levels were identical in both @entity19 strains and rose slightly after @entity3784 administration in controls. @entity19 had higher levels of IGF binding protein species of apparent molecular masses of 41.5 kDa, 30 kDa, and 26.5 kDa. @entity3784 reduced the 24 kDa band in both @entity19 strains. In addition it reduced the bands at 38.5 kDa and 26.5 kDa but only in the transgenic animals. The effect of @entity3784 on body growth was similar in normal and @entity10247 - @entity19 . The weight reduction of the various organs caused by @entity3784 was similar in both types of @entity19 except for the skeleton. The weight of the tibia and the humerus were significantly higher in the @entity3784 -treated @entity19 . In conclusion, we speculate that overexpression of @entity10247 in @entity19 partially protects bone from the osteopenic effects of glucocorticoids.

title: The effect of @entity619 on body and organ growth of normal and XXXX - @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Transgenic mice', 'mouse', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

answer: @entity10247 :: (16002(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['IGF-II']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Smoothing methods have been developed to improve the reliability of risk @entity5 estimates from sparsely populated geographical entities. Filtering local details of the spatial variation of the risk leads however to the detection of larger clusters of low or high @entity5 risk while most spatial outliers are filtered out. Static maps of risk estimates and the associated prediction variance also fail to depict the uncertainty attached to the spatial distribution of risk values and does not allow its propagation through local cluster analysis. This paper presents a geostatistical methodology to generate multiple realizations of the spatial distribution of risk values. These maps are then fed into spatial operators, such as in local cluster analysis, allowing one to assess how risk spatial uncertainty translates into uncertainty about the location of spatial clusters and outliers. This novel approach is applied to age-adjusted breast and @entity788 mortality rates recorded for white females in 295 US counties of the Northeast (1970-1994). A public-domain executable with example datasets is provided. RESULTS: Geostatistical simulation generates risk maps that are more variable than the smooth risk map estimated by Poisson kriging and reproduce better the spatial pattern captured by the risk semivariogram model. Local cluster analysis of the set of simulated risk maps leads to a clear visualization of the lower reliability of the classification obtained for @entity0 : only a few counties in the large cluster of low risk detected in West Virginia and Southern Pennsylvania are significant over 90% of all simulations. On the other hand, the cluster of high @entity0 mortality in Niagara county, detected after application of Poisson kriging, appears on 60% of simulated risk maps. Sensitivity analysis shows that 500 realizations are needed to achieve a stable classification for @entity788 , while convergence is reached for less than 300 realizations for @entity0 . CONCLUSION: The approach presented in this paper enables researchers to generate a set of simulated risk maps that are more realistic than a single map of smoothed mortality rates and allow the propagation of @entity5 risk uncertainty through local cluster analysis. Coupled with visualization and querying capabilities of geographical information systems, animated display of realizations can highlight areas that depart consistently from the general behavior observed across the region, guiding further investigation and control activities.

title: Geostatistical analysis of disease data: visualization and propagation of spatial uncertainty in XXXX mortality risk using Poisson kriging and p-field simulation.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer versus breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: This study examined whether osteopontin ( @entity1096 ), a molecule with monocyte chemotactic and adhesive activity, participates in macrophage-mediated @entity8 , Accelerated anti-glomerular basement membrane @entity631 was induced in groups of six @entity35 . Animals were treated with a neutralizing anti- @entity1096 or an irrelevant control antibody over days 0-7 (induction phase) or days 7-14 ( @entity66 ). Administration of the control antibody had no effect on the severity of the disease. In contrast, anti- @entity1096 treatment significantly reduced @entity8 (urinary protein excretion) and prevented a loss of renal function ( @entity1011 clearance) during the induction of disease. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in renal macrophage and T-cell accumulation, T-cell activation, and histological injury (glomerular hypercellularity, @entity1347 , crescents, and @entity75 ). An important finding was that anti- @entity1096 treatment of established crescentic @entity631 led to a significant @entity8 and recovery of renal function in association with inhibition of macrophage and T-cell accumulation, T-cell activation, and histological damage. Anti- @entity1096 treatment significantly inhibited the upregulation of @entity1096 and its ligand @entity3802 but demonstrated no effect on upregulation of @entity1590 ( @entity1590 ) expression in the kidney. Interestingly, anti- @entity1096 treatment significantly reduced @entity272 and leukocyte infiltration in the delayed type @entity56 response. However, anti- @entity1096 treatment had no effect on the humoral immune response. In summary, this study has demonstrated that @entity1096 plays a functional role in macrophage and T-cell accumulation and @entity8 in both the induction and progression of a @entity35 model of crescentic @entity631 . Thus, @entity1096 may be of pathological importance in @entity1 @entity631 and in cell-mediated @entity1200 generally.

title: A functional role for osteopontin in experimental crescentic XXXX in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal damage', 'renal disease', 'reduction in glomerular injury', 'glomerular injury']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['established disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial lesions']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['segmental lesions']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin swelling']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune diseases']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity1590 :: ('25464(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: Since the mid-1990s, a steady increase in the occurrence of @entity2059 -resistant @entity54 isolates has been observed in clinical contexts, leading to therapeutic failure in the treatment of @entity2381 . This increase has been predominantly linked to a single allele of the cyp51A gene, termed TR/ @entity35568 , which is thought to have arisen through the use of agricultural @entity8201 . Here, we investigated the current epidemiology of @entity10998 -resistant A. fumigatus and underlying cyp51A mutations in clinical samples in Germany. From a total of 527 samples, 17 (3.2%) showed elevated MIC0 values (the lowest concentrations with no visible growth) for at least one of the three substances ( @entity2059 , @entity5074 , and @entity7143 ) tested. The highest prevalence of resistant isolates was observed in cystic @entity82 @entity1 (5.2%). Among resistant isolates, the TR/ @entity35568 mutation in cyp51A was the most prevalent, but isolates with the G54W and @entity35575 substitutions and the novel @entity35574 substitution were also found. The isolate with the G54W substitution was highly resistant to both @entity2059 and @entity7143 , while all others showed high-level resistance only to @entity2059 . For the remaining six isolates, no mutations in cyp51A were found, indicating the presence of other mechanisms. With the exception of the strains carrying the @entity35574 and @entity35575 substitutions, many @entity2059 -resistant strains also showed cross-resistance to @entity5074 and @entity7143 with moderately increased MIC0 values. In conclusion, the prevalence of @entity5638 -resistant A. fumigatus in our clinical test set is lower than that previously reported for other countries. Although the TR/ @entity35568 mutation frequently occurs among @entity10998 -resistant strains in Germany, it is not the only resistance mechanism present.

title: cyp51A-Based mechanisms of XXXX azole drug resistance present in clinical samples from Germany.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity35568 :: ('p|SUB|L|98|H', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['L98H']

entities_list: @entity10998 :: ('CHEBI:38597', 'Chemical') :: ['triazole']

entities_list: @entity2381 :: ('MESH:D001228', 'Disease') :: ['aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity54 :: ('746128', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']

entities_list: @entity5074 :: ('MESH:C102790', 'Chemical') :: ['voriconazole']

entities_list: @entity7143 :: ('MESH:C101425', 'Chemical') :: ['posaconazole']

entities_list: @entity2059 :: ('MESH:D017964', 'Chemical') :: ['itraconazole']

answer: @entity54 :: (746128,Species) :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']


abstract: Irreversible @entity6015 ( @entity6015 ) and the transient rash of neonatal lupus are strongly associated with maternal antibodies to SSA/Ro and @entity6016 /La proteins; however, the precise mechanism by which these antibodies mediate organ-specific injury is not yet defined. Culturing of keratinocytes has provided critical insights. Accordingly, successful culturing of @entity1 fetal cardiac myocytes at high yield would constitute a powerful tool to directly examine conditions that promote expression of the target autoantigens. To accomplish this aim, fetal cardiac myocytes from 18- to 22-wk abortuses were established in culture using a novel technique in which cells were isolated after perfusion of the aorta with collagenase in a Langendorff apparatus. After preplating to decrease fibroblast contamination, cardiocytes were grown in flasks and slide chambers. Staining with monoclonal anti-sarcomeric @entity8859 revealed the expected striations typical of cardiac myocytes in 70-90% of the cells after 4 d in culture. Furthermore, the cells were observed to beat at rates varying between 25-75 beats per minute (bpm) after the addition of 1.8 mM @entity3282 . An average yield of 45-60 x 10(6) cells was obtained from a 3- to 5-g heart. Cellular localization of SSA/Ro and @entity6016 /La by indirect immunofluorescence and demonstration of mRNA expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction supports the feasibility of cultured cardiac myocytes for the study of @entity6015 . In contrast to the increased expression of SSA/Ro reported for keratinocytes, incubation of cultured @entity1 cardiac myocytes with either @entity53 or @entity1420 did not alter mRNA expression or cellular localization of 48 kD @entity6016 /La, 52 kD SSA/Ro, or 60 kD SSA/Ro. In summary, we describe a novel method to successfully culture @entity1 fetal cardiac myocytes that should provide a valuable resource for investigation of the molecular mechanism(s) contributing to the development of @entity6015 . Differential constitutive and @entity53 -induced expression of 52 and 60 kD SSA/Ro in @entity1 cardiac myocytes compared with keratinocytes may be a factor contributing to the marked discordance of clinically detectable injury in these two target tissues.

title: mRNA and protein expression of SSA/Ro and XXXX /La in @entity1 fetal cardiac myocytes cultured using a novel application of the Langendorff procedure.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity6015 :: ('MESH:C535758', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart block', 'CHB']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol', '17beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity6016 :: (6741,Gene) :: ['SSB']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To screen Italian @entity1 with @entity3986 ( @entity3986 ) for @entity5445 repeat expansions in the @entity6695 ( @entity6695 ) gene. BACKGROUND: @entity3986 is an adult-onset @entity74 linked to 14q11 pathologically characterized by unique 8.5 nm intranuclear filaments in skeletal muscle fibers. Short expansions of a ( @entity5445 )6 repeat located in exon 1 of the newly isolated @entity6695 gene have been demonstrated in a large number of @entity3986 families. METHODS: We studied 18 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity3986 . A muscle biopsy was performed in 16 @entity1 . Screening for the pathologic expansion was performed on a PCR amplified DNA fragment encompassing the @entity5445 repeat. RESULTS: Heterozygous ( @entity5445 )-repeat expansions were detected in 13 @entity1 in association with ( @entity5445 )6 normal allele or ( @entity5445 )7 polymorphic allele. All the @entity1 whose muscle biopsy showed typical 8.5 nm intranuclear filaments had a mutated @entity6695 allele. Five @entity1 with no intranuclear filaments were homozygous for the normal ( @entity5445 )6 allele. The pathologic expansion appeared to be stable with no variation among family members and between different tissues as blood and skeletal muscle in the same individual. CONCLUSIONS: These data 1) further confirm @entity6695 gene analysis as a valuable tool in @entity3986 diagnosis; 2) indicate that @entity6695 gene mutations are always present among Italian @entity1 with morphologically proven @entity3986 , suggesting genetic homogeneity of the disease; and 3) strengthen the putative role of mutated @entity6695 protein in filamentous inclusions accumulation.

title: XXXX genetic expansions in Italian @entity1 with @entity3986 .

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['OPMD', 'Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy', 'oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity6695 :: ('8106', 'Gene') :: ['Poly(A) binding-protein 2', 'PABP2']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant muscle disease']

answer: @entity5445 :: (2641,Gene) :: ['GCG']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3191 involving subcutaneous tissue are rare. With modern immunohistochemical stains, subcutaneous @entity784 may be demonstrated in @entity1 previously thought to have fatal @entity17795 , @entity5 , and histiocytic cytophagic @entity3139 . OBSERVATIONS: We describe two young @entity1 with @entity706 . They presented with @entity75 , which suggested benign @entity3139 . Skin biopsy specimens in both @entity1 demonstrated large atypical lymphocytes in the subcutaneous tissue, karyorrhexis, and cytophagia. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed a T-cell phenotype. Molecular genetics studies performed in one @entity1 showed a major T-cell clonal population. CONCLUSIONS: @entity784 is a rare, distinct subtype of postthymic peripheral @entity784 . Cytophagic "histiocytic" @entity3139 is frequently a prominent histologic feature. Early systemic chemotherapy may offer therapeutic advantages in @entity1 with this disease.

title: XXXX . Report of two additional cases and further observations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant histiocytosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['erythematous nodular lesions']

entities_list: @entity3191 :: ('MESH:D016411', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral T-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity17795 :: ('MESH:D010201', 'Disease') :: ['Weber-Christian disease']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphomas', 'Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma', 'T-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity3139 :: ('MESH:D015434', 'Disease') :: ['panniculitis']

answer: @entity784 :: (MESH:D016399,Disease) :: ['Subcutaneous T-cell lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: No investigation in mainland China concerning erectile function in @entity1 with liver transplant for @entity3851 has been performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with a liver transplant for @entity3851 (post-liver transplant group) between October 2003 and December 2008 were invited to evaluate @entity323 with the Chinese version of the 5-item international index of erectile function. Fifty-seven @entity1 with @entity3851 (pre-liver transplant group) on the waiting list also were investigated. RESULTS: The proportion of sexually active @entity1 in the post-liver transplant group was higher than it was in the pre-liver transplant group (80% [48/60] vs 47.7% [21/44]; P < .01). The mean International Index of Erectile Function-5 score of responders was significantly higher in the post-liver transplant group than it was in the pre-liver transplant group (15.9    8.5 vs 8.5    9.1; P < .01). The incidences of no @entity323 , mild, mild-moderate, moderate, and severe @entity323 and @entity323 were 15.9% (7/44), 9.1% (4/44), 15.9% (7/44), 0% (0/44), 59.1% (26/44), and 84.1% (37/44) in the pre-liver transplant group, and 33.3% (20/60), 20% (12/60), 25% (15/60), 0 (0/60), 21.7% (13/60), and 66.7% (40/60) in the post-liver transplant group. The pre-liver transplant group had higher incidence of severe @entity323 and @entity323 and a lower incidence of no @entity323 than did the post-liver transplant group (P < .05). There was a comparable incidence of mild and mild-moderate @entity323 with the post-liver transplant group (P > .05). Variables associated with International Index of Erectile Function-5 score of the post-liver transplant @entity1 included age, profession, and immunosuppressive protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplant may improve erectile function in @entity1 with @entity3851 , but @entity323 remains a problem in the post-liver transplant @entity1 .

title: Liver transplant may improve erectile function in XXXX with @entity3851 : single-center Chinese experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction', 'total erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['benign end-stage liver disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity842 -donating @entity117 ( @entity50338 ), representing a new concept in the development of more efficacious nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, consists of traditional @entity117 bearing -ONO(2), which releases NO. Conventional @entity117 prevents @entity1 @entity694 , but its @entity137 precludes its application as a chemopreventive agent. @entity50338 seems safer and in cultured @entity5 cells it is >1000-fold more potent than @entity117 . To determine the mechanism by which @entity50338 inhibits cell growth, we studied its effect on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in HT-29 @entity1 @entity694 cells. @entity50338 stimulated the phosphorylation of @entity3962 and Akt only marginally. The greatest increases in phosphorylation were seen in @entity1178 NH(2)-terminal kinase ( @entity4675 ) and @entity3963 MAP kinases, which were observed as early as 5 min and after 1 h of treatment, averaged more than 10-fold over control. The activation of @entity4675 and @entity3963 was accompanied by large increases in the phosphorylation of the downstream transcription factors @entity1178 and @entity1436 ( @entity1436 ). We used specific MAPK inhibitors, small interfering (siRNA) gene silencing methods, and dominant-negative @entity1178 to determine the relevance of these phosphorylation events to the ability of @entity50338 to inhibit @entity694 cell growth. Only the dual inhibitor of @entity3963 and @entity4675 and the use of combined siRNA silencing of @entity3963 and @entity1178 abrogated the ability of @entity50338 to block cell growth. Our data indicate that @entity50338 is dependent on both the @entity3963 and the @entity4675 MAP kinase pathways for its ability to inhibit the growth of @entity694 cells.

title: @entity842 -donating XXXX inhibits @entity694 cell growth via mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity3962 :: ('5594;5595', 'Gene') :: ['extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity1436 :: ('1386', 'Gene') :: ['ATF-2', 'activating transcription factor 2']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: Although chemokines are critical elements for the selective attraction and activation of various leukocyte subsets in the inflammatory process, there are few findings concerning T helper (Th) 1 or Th2 chemokines in @entity792 ( @entity792 ). To determine whether serum levels of chemokines that are preferentially chemotactic for @entity1198 (monokine induced by @entity379 ( @entity373 / @entity373 )) and Th2 (thymus and activation regulated chemokine ( @entity14420 / @entity14420 ) and macrophage derived chemokine ( @entity14421 / @entity14421 )) cells were elevated and whether they correlated with the clinical features in @entity1 with @entity792 . Serum chemokine levels were examined using ELISA in @entity1 with @entity7271 ( @entity7271 , n=19), pemphigus foliaceous (PF, n=14), or bullous pemphigoid (BP, n=27) and normal controls (n=20). Serum @entity373 levels were significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity7271 , PF, or BP than those in the control subjects. Serum levels of @entity14420 and @entity14421 were also significantly elevated in @entity1 with @entity7271 , PF, or BP relative to the normal controls. Among the @entity792 subgroups, the levels of each chemokine tended to be higher in BP @entity1 than in @entity7271 patients. Furthermore, serum @entity14420 levels correlated positively with serum IgE levels in @entity1 with @entity792 . Levels of @entity14420 , @entity14421 , and @entity373 were significantly decreased after treatment when the @entity272 disappeared in these patients. Furthermore, serum @entity373 levels correlated positively with serum levels of @entity14420 and @entity14421 in the @entity792 @entity1 . These results suggest that both a @entity1198 chemoattractant @entity373 and Th2 chemoattractants, @entity14420 and @entity14421 , cooperatively play a role in the development of @entity792 .

title: Both XXXX and Th2 chemokines are elevated in sera of @entity1 with @entity792 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7271 :: ('MESH:D010392', 'Disease') :: ['pemphigus vulgaris', 'PV']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['ABD', 'autoimmune blistering disease']

answer: @entity1198 :: (51497,Gene) :: ['Th1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The planning target volume in radiotherapy treatment planning takes into account both movements of the clinical target volume (CTV) and set-up deviations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A group of @entity1 who received radiotherapy for @entity2 were studied. In order to measure the CTV movements due to respiration and other internal organ motions, fluoroscopy was performed for 20 @entity1 . To study the accuracy and reproducibility of @entity1 and beam set-up, 553 electronic portal images from 20 @entity1 were evaluated. Discrepancies between planned and actual field positions were measured and the systematic and random errors were identified. The combined effect of these geometrical variations was evaluated. RESULTS: The average CTV movement with quiet respiration was about 2.4 mm in the medio-lateral and dorso-ventral directions. Movement in the cranio-caudal direction was on average 3.9 mm with a range of 0-12 mm. The systematic set-up errors were on average 2.0 mm in the transversal plane and 3.0 mm in the cranio-caudal direction. The random errors can be described by their standard deviations of 3.2 and 2.6 mm. In this study, the combined effect of the two parameters (CTV movement and set-up deviations) varied between 7.5 and 10.3 mm in different anatomical directions. CONCLUSIONS: In our daily clinical routine, we use a margin of 11 mm in the transversal plane and 15 mm cranially and caudally, also taking into account other unquantified variations and uncertainties.

title: What margins should be added to the clinical target volume in radiotherapy treatment planning for XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the natural history of intraocular pressure (IOP) within the first 30 minutes after intravitreal injection of @entity2995 (TA). DESIGN: Prospective, interventional, consecutive case series. @entity1 : Thirty-eight consecutive @entity1 who met inclusion and exclusion criteria and underwent intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml (4 mg) of TA were studied. METHODS: Intraocular pressure was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry at baseline; immediately after injection; and at 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraocular pressure measurements at baseline; immediately after intravitreal injection; and 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after injection, and percentage of @entity1 with IOP < or = 24 mmHg at 30 minutes. RESULTS: @entity1 who did not experience vitreous reflux (30/38 [78.9%]) at the site of injection had a significant initial elevation of IOP that rapidly normalized. @entity1 who experienced vitreous reflux (8/38 [21.1%]) at the site of injection had either no change in IOP or a small drop in IOP that rapidly normalized. The IOP measured in millimeters of @entity349 immediately after injection (45.9 [no reflux], 12.6 [reflux]), 2 minutes after injection (39.9 [no reflux], 13.5 [reflux]), 5 minutes after injection (33.3 [no reflux], 13.8 [reflux]), 10 minutes after injection (26.4 [no reflux], 15.1 [reflux]), and 20 minutes after injection (21.8 [no reflux], 15.0 [reflux]) showed a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. The difference in IOP between the 2 groups was not significant at baseline or 30 minutes after injection. At 30 minutes, 90% (95% confidence interval, 85.8%-95.2%) of @entity1 without vitreous reflux had an IOP < 24 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 undergoing intravitreal injection of TA with no vitreous reflux have a risk of short-term elevation of IOP that rapidly normalizes over 30 minutes. In @entity1 with vitreous reflux after the injection, the IOP declines immediately after injection and rapidly normalizes over 10 minutes.

title: Short-term course of intraocular pressure after intravitreal injection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

answer: @entity2995 :: (MESH:D014222,Chemical) :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']


abstract: We have cloned a @entity3964 gene that belongs to the nuclear Tat-binding protein (TBP) gene family. This gene, PfTBP, is (A + T)-rich and encodes a 49.5-kDa protein. The predicted protein encoded by this gene has highest similarity to the slime mold protein DdTBP10 (86%) and to the @entity375 protein @entity47416 (81.8%), both of which belong to the Tat-binding protein family. In agreement with the characteristics of this family, PfTBP contains a highly conserved domain of approximately 200 @entity1522 , in which are found the motifs A and B of ATPases, and @entity535 sequences characteristic of a large family of RNA or DNA helicases, suggesting a role in RNA or DNA unwinding. Like DdTBP10, the PfTBP protein has a heptad repeat of four @entity368 residues, reminiscent of a @entity368 zipper motif known to mediate dimerization. We have further characterized PfTBP gene expression by Northern-blot analysis. This gene is expressed in a stage-specific manner, with higher expression in the late trophozoite stage. The recombinant PfTBP gene has been expressed in @entity526 and a polyclonal antiserum has been raised in @entity95 against the recombinant protein. This antibody has been used to study the protein in the parasite. The gene product is expressed in a stage-specific manner with higher expression in the late trophozoite and schizont stages, and is localized in the nucleus of the erythrocytic stage parasite. Thus the protein might have a function in DNA synthesis and/or in transcription, as is the case for other Tat-binding proteins.

title: Isolation of a novel XXXX gene encoding a protein homologous to the Tat-binding protein family.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: We tested whether granulocytes, which contaminate PBMC isolates after prolonged blood storage at room temperature, are responsible for inhibited T cell function in aged blood. We extend previous observations by characterizing these contaminating granulocytes as @entity9536 + @entity5824 + cells comparable to activated @entity9536 + @entity5824 + granulocytes induced by incubation of blood with @entity5038 . Granulocyte contamination of PBMC was observed within 6-8 h after venipuncture and room temperature storage (2.3 fold increase), and increased 11.3-fold by 24-26 h in comparison to PBMC from fresh blood. Refrigerated 22-26 hour storage of blood exacerbated granulocyte contamination (84-fold increase). In contrast, granulocyte contamination was markedly reduced if blood was diluted in RPMI-1640 medium (3.9-fold increase) or PBS (1.8-fold increase) prior to 22-26 hour room temperature storage. Granulocyte contamination significantly correlated with reduced @entity12711 expression, a marker of T cell dysfunction. Correspondingly, T cell proliferation following PHA stimulation was significantly decreased in PBMC with contaminating granulocytes from aged blood (77% of control) or @entity5038 treated blood (44% of control). Minimizing granulocyte contamination in PBMC of aged blood by cell sorting, or by reducing granulocyte activation by diluting blood in PBS prior to storage, increased @entity12711 chain expression and increased T cell proliferation following stimulation. These data indicate that granulocytes inhibit T cell function in aged blood. Therefore, preventing granulocyte activation in blood specimens is critical to maintain optimal T cell function. This may be accomplished by limiting the time from venipuncture to PBMC isolation to <8 h and may be extended to 26 h by simply diluting blood in PBS prior to room temperature storage.

title: Delayed processing of blood increases the frequency of activated @entity9536 + XXXX + granulocytes which inhibit T cell function.

answer: @entity5824 :: (2526,Gene) :: ['CD15']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the flow characteristics of the 3 different models of the Ex-PRESS miniature @entity726 device in a controlled laboratory study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 3 different Ex-PRESS models ( @entity2451 , R-50, and @entity19689 ; Optonol Ltd; now Alcon Lab) were tested using a gravity-driven flow test. Three samples of each of the 3 Ex-PRESS models were subjected to a constant gravitational force of fluid at 5 different pressure levels (5 to 25 mm Hg). Four measurements per sample were taken at each pressure level. The main outcome measure was flow rate (Q) (  L/min). Resistance (R) was calculated by dividing pressure (P) by the measured flow (Q). RESULTS: The flow rate was primarily pressure dependent. The @entity19689 model (internal diameter 200   m) showed a statistically significant higher flow rate and lower resistance compared with both the @entity2451 and R-50 models (internal diameter 50   m) (P<0.0001). The @entity2451 and R-50 models demonstrated similar flow rates (P=0.08) despite their difference in tube length (2.64 vs. 2.94 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The 3 models of the Ex-PRESS mini shunt behaved in vitro as simple flow resistors by creating a relatively constant resistance to flow. Tube diameter was the only parameter with significant impact on flow and resistance. All models demonstrated flow rates per unit of pressure much higher than the outflow facility of a healthy @entity1 eye.

title: Comparative in vitro flow study of 3 different Ex-PRESS miniature XXXX device models.

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cardioversion on left and right atrial volume in @entity1 with chronic @entity955 and to determine the influence of @entity339 on atrial size. BACKGROUND: @entity1283 is a common finding in @entity955 and has been associated with an increased risk for @entity64 . In addition, @entity1283 may hamper long-term maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion. METHODS: Forty-one @entity1 with chronic @entity955 (mean duration +/- SD, 45 +/- 62 months) underwent two-dimensional echocardiography before and 6 months after cardioversion to determine left and right atrial dimensions. Underlying @entity299 was present in 26 @entity1 : @entity339 in 12 ( @entity850 in 5, regurgitation in 5 and a combination in 2 @entity1 ) and other @entity299 in 14. Fifteen @entity1 had lone @entity955 . @entity1 with sustained sinus rhythm were compared with those who had a relapse of the @entity943 6 months after cardioversion. RESULTS: Six months after cardioversion, 28 @entity1 still had sinus rhythm, whereas 13 @entity1 had a relapse of the @entity943 . In the 28 @entity1 who had sinus rhythm after 6 months, left and right atrial volume decreased from a mean (+/- SD) 72.6 +/- 15.1 to 58.5 +/- 13.8 cm3 (-20%, p < 0.05) and from 68.7 +/- 14.6 to 58.6 +/- 11.6 cm3 (-14%, p < 0.05), respectively. Atrial dimensions also decreased significantly in the subgroup of @entity1 with @entity339 . In contrast, no change in atrial size occurred in the 13 @entity1 who had a relapse of @entity955 . Left ventricular function did not change between the two echocardiographic studies, although New York Heart Association class improved in @entity1 who had sinus rhythm after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Restoration of sinus rhythm reverts the process of left and right @entity1283 in @entity1 with chronic @entity955 and @entity339 . Therefore, cardioversion may reduce the incidence of @entity1031 complications and prevent the @entity943 from becoming refractory to medical therapy.

title: Changes in left and right atrial size after cardioversion of XXXX : role of @entity339 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['embolic stroke']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve disease']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['atrial enlargement', 'Atrial enlargement']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart diseases', 'heart disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: Between May 1990 and August 1992, 5 @entity1 with advanced @entity4797 were treated with single agent @entity3003 at Kyoto University. The mean follow-up period of all @entity1 was 23 months. The clinical stage was IIA: 1, @entity11670 , IIIA: 2, IIIB1: 1. Three to 4 courses of @entity3003 at 400 mg/m2, were administered intravenously over 1 hour without hydration every 3 to 4 weeks. One @entity1 achieved complete response (CR). Four @entity1 with a residual mass were observed, in two of them the mass disappeared and they remained free of disease. Two of the 4 @entity1 with a residual mass relapsed 11 and 19 months after the start of treatment, and were successfully salvaged with surgery and adjuvant EP ( @entity2879 and @entity900 ) therapy. Subsequently, the overall CR rate was 60% and overall survival rate was 100%. The side effects of @entity3003 were compared with those of VAB6 ( @entity5713 , @entity4316 , @entity1732 , @entity900 and @entity786 ), with which another 5 @entity1 were previously treated at our hospital. @entity1431 and @entity1665 were observed in the VAB6 group with a significant difference (p < 0.05). Severe @entity882 , @entity1353 , @entity1910 , @entity392 and @entity1183 were observed in 4 @entity1 in the VAB6 group. However, no other symptoms but @entity390 and @entity391 were observed in the @entity3003 group. It was concluded that single agent @entity3003 therapy for advanced @entity4797 was effective and less toxic, and it would be beneficial for the quality of life of @entity1 , but the residual mass should be treated with surgery, @entity900 -based chemotherapy, or radiotherapy because it possibly has a recurrent potential; otherwise it should be carefully observed.

title: [Single agent @entity3003 therapy for advanced XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin-D']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['tinnitus']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['Leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity4797 :: (MESH:D018239,Disease) :: ['seminoma']


abstract: Western blot analyses of the @entity1 humoral response of @entity1 with @entity3001 have shown that a 17-kDa protein is an immunodominant protein in late disease. Immune electron microscopy with a monoclonal antibody against this protein revealed that the 17-kDa protein is abundantly expressed on the surface of @entity48589 . Therefore, the protein has been renamed outer surface protein (Osp) 17. Recombinant Osp 17 of strain @entity48589 was expressed in @entity526 and purified by chromatography. Immunoblot analysis of @entity1 sera showed a comparable sensitivity with recombinant and natural proteins. The DNA sequences of the osp17 genes from different @entity21786 strains were determined. The DNA sequences of the different osp 17 homologues (six isolates from skin, three isolates from CSF and one isolate from synovial fluid) had high sequence identities of at least 94%. Using a polyclonal antibody against recombinant Osp 17, it was shown that Osp 17 expression varied considerably among the investigated @entity21786 strains. As previously also observed for OspA- and OspC-encoding genes, the osp 17 gene is present in strains not expressing the respective protein. It has been shown that OspA and OspC expression varies in different environments such as tick and vertebrate host. Studies are underway to examine whether this is also true for Osp 17. For diagnostic purposes the use of recombinant Osp 17 has the advantage that the amount of Osp 17 antigen can be easily standardized for immunoblotting, and that this antigen can be used in a protein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

title: Osp17, a novel immunodominant outer surface protein of @entity21786 : recombinant expression in @entity526 and its use as a diagnostic antigen for serodiagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['Lyme borreliosis']

entities_list: @entity48589 :: ('390236', 'Species') :: ['Borrelia afzelii strain PKo', 'PKo']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity3001 :: (MESH:D008193,Disease) :: ['Lyme borreliosis']


abstract: @entity135 locally recurrent after previous irradiation and surgery presents a difficult management problem. Conventional treatment alternatives include chemotherapy, reirradiation with interstitial implant, and @entity221 . Reirradiation with external beam is generally not considered because of previous high radiation dose and limited tissue tolerance. In this study, 21 @entity1 with recurrent and previously @entity135 were treated in a Phase I-II fashion. @entity1 received 5 days of @entity1487 , 300 mg/m2/day IV bolus, @entity1862 1.5 or 2 g/day by mouth and external beam radiation therapy every 2 weeks for up to four courses. Of 20 evaluable @entity1 , 9 have attained a complete response (CR) and 6 a partial response (PR). Fifteen @entity1 completed all planned therapy, eight on time, seven @entity1 with delays. With a median follow-up of 7 months, 13 @entity1 are alive, 7 disease-free (3 after salvage surgery) and 6 with recurrence. Eight @entity1 have died. The 1-year survival is 56%. Treatment @entity137 was mainly @entity1398 . No major early or late radiation related side effects have been observed at a median follow-up of 7 months. Neither previous radiation dose, time since first radiation, prior chemotherapy, or site of recurrence was predictive of response or treatment tolerance. @entity1 with a performance status of at least 80 had a significant higher CR rate, with 7/10 @entity1 in this group, as compared to 2/10 @entity1 in @entity1 with a performance status less than 80, achieving a CR. Reirradiation with @entity1487 and @entity1862 is a well tolerated outpatient treatment program for @entity1 with recurrent and previous @entity135 that produces a high response rate and can provide significant palliation of symptoms.

title: Treatment of recurrent @entity135 with @entity1487 , XXXX , and reirradiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['Head and neck cancer', 'irradiated head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydroxyurea', 'hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1862 :: (MESH:D006918,Chemical) :: ['hydroxyurea']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Differentiation between infectious and non-infectious @entity1596 is of crucial value for accurate management of @entity1 with @entity1596 . Tests performed on aqueous humour yield more relevant information than those done in serum. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the aqueous humour tap for diagnostic purposes is a safe procedure to perform in @entity1596 @entity1 . METHODS: In this retrospective study 361 @entity1 with @entity1596 , who underwent a diagnostic anterior chamber paracentesis in an outpatient clinic, were investigated. 72 of the 361 @entity1 were examined 30 minutes after the puncture. The site of the paracentesis, the depth of the anterior chamber, and cells in the anterior chamber were examined. All 361 @entity1 were evaluated within 2 weeks after the paracentesis was performed. The final follow up period varied from 6 months to more than 3 years. The clinical data were analysed with the emphasis on the occurrence of @entity231 and a history of @entity281 or @entity3225 . RESULTS: In this series no serious side effects such as @entity231 , @entity1036 , or @entity3225 were observed. The depth of the anterior chamber of all evaluated @entity1 was restored after 30 minutes. In five out of 72 cases (three @entity791 @entity1 with @entity10657 and two @entity1 with @entity6990 ) a small hyphaema was observed 30 minutes after the paracentesis took place. CONCLUSION: Anterior chamber paracentesis appears to be a safe procedure in the hands of an experienced ophthalmologist.

title: Diagnostic anterior chamber paracentesis in XXXX : a safe procedure?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6990 :: ('MESH:D014606', 'Disease') :: ['anterior uveitis due to herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity10657 :: ('MESH:D017726', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus retinitis']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['keratitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['corneal infections']

entities_list: @entity3225 :: ('MESH:D009877', 'Disease') :: ['endophthalmitis']

answer: @entity1596 :: (MESH:D014605,Disease) :: ['uveitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR angiography (MRA) is increasingly used as a noninvasive imaging technique for the follow-up of coiled @entity438 . However, the need for contrast enhancement has not yet been elucidated. We compared 3D time-of-flight MRA ( @entity215 -MRA) and contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) at 3T with catheter angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven @entity1 with 72 @entity439 underwent @entity215 -MRA, CE-MRA, and catheter-angiography 6 months after coiling. Occlusion status on MRA was classified as adequate (complete and neck remnant) or incomplete by 2 independent observers. For @entity215 -MRA and CE-MRA, interobserver agreement, intermodality agreement, and correlation with angiography were assessed by kappa statistics. RESULTS: Catheter-angiography revealed @entity432 in 12 (17%) of the 69 @entity439 ; 3 @entity439 were excluded due to MR imaging artifacts. Interobserver agreement was good for CE-MRA (kappa = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.98) and very good for @entity215 -MRA (kappa = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.75-1.00). Correlation of @entity215 -MRA and CE-MRA with angiography was good. The sensitivity of @entity215 -MRA and CE-MRA was 75% (95% CI, 43%-95%); the specificity of @entity215 -MRA was 98% (95% CI, 91%-100%) and of CE-MRA, 97% (95% CI, 88%-100%). All 5 @entity439 , which were additionally treated, were correctly identified with both MRA techniques. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for @entity215 -MRA and CE-MRA were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.79-1.00) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.79-1.00). Intermodality agreement between @entity215 -MRA and CE-MRA was very good (kappa = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.65-1.00), with full agreement in 66 (96%) of the 69 @entity439 . CONCLUSIONS: In this study, @entity215 -MRA and CE-MRA at 3T were equivalent in evaluating the occlusion status of @entity438 after coiling. Because @entity215 -MRA does not involve contrast administration, this method is preferred over CE-MRA.

title: Evaluation of the occlusion status of coiled XXXX with MR angiography at 3T: is contrast enhancement necessary?

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'incompletely occluded aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete occlusion']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysms']


abstract: To determine the potential contribution of intermittent low-dose @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) treatment (2-8 mg/week) to @entity260 , we studied 122 @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ) who had 201 surgical procedures. The @entity1 with treatment with @entity1500 were allocated to two groups: those who continued @entity1500 (group A, 77 procedures) and those who discontinued @entity1500 more than 1 week (group B, 21 procedures). The @entity1 who had no treatment with @entity1500 were allocated to group C (103 procedures). The incidence of @entity86 , poor wound healing, and flare-up of @entity309 was compared between the three groups. @entity86 occurred in 3.9%, 4.8%, and 3.9% in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Poor wound healing was experienced in 1.3%, 9.5%, and 7.8% in groups A, B, and C, respectively. At 4 weeks postoperatively, 3.9%, 14.3%, and 6.8% of flares were seen in groups A, B, and C, respectively. No significant difference was found in the @entity1 with or without perioperative use of @entity1500 . From these results, it is unlikely that continuation of intermittent low-dose @entity1500 treatment increases the risk of @entity260 in @entity1 with @entity309 . Continued treatment with @entity1500 during perioperative period could suppress disease flares, especially in severe @entity309 @entity1 .

title: Lack of @entity260 with low-dose @entity1499 therapy in XXXX with @entity309 undergoing elective orthopedic surgery.

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative infection', 'postoperative infection']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Limited treatment options exist for @entity1 who suffer from a painful @entity1494 known as @entity2335 / @entity2336 (IC/BPS). Whether given systemically (orally) or by short-duration (1 to 2 hours) exposure via intravesical instillation, therapeutic agents have exhibited poor efficacy because their concentrations in the bladder are low. A previous attempt to develop a drug delivery device for use in the bladder was unsuccessful, likely as a result of poor tolerability. A continuous @entity3303 -releasing intravesical system (LiRIS) was designed to be retained in the bladder and release therapeutic amounts of the drug into urine over a period of 2 weeks. The device was tested in healthy volunteers and IC/BPS @entity1 and was found to be well tolerated in both subject groups because of its small size and freedom of movement within the bladder. The 16 @entity1 with IC/BPS who were enrolled in the study met the National Institute of @entity6 and Digestive and @entity8 criteria for @entity548 or @entity75 . Subjects received either LiRIS 200 mg or LiRIS 650 mg for 2 weeks. Safety, efficacy, cystoscopic appearance of the bladder, and limited pharmacokinetic data were collected. Both doses were well tolerated, and clinically meaningful reductions were seen in @entity158 , urgency, voiding frequency, and disease questionnaires. Cystoscopic examinations showed improvement on day 14 (day of removal) compared with day 1, including resolution of @entity75 in five of six subjects with baseline lesions. Global response assessment showed an overall responder rate of 64% at day 14 and a sustained overall responder rate of 64% 2 weeks later. Extended follow-up suggests that the reduction in @entity158 was maintained for several months after the device was removed.

title: Continuous intravesical lidocaine treatment for @entity2335 / XXXX : safety and efficacy of a new drug delivery device.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Kidney Diseases']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder condition']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bladder hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ["Hunner's lesions"]

entities_list: @entity2336 :: ('MESH:D018856', 'Disease') :: ['bladder pain syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial cystitis']

answer: @entity2336 :: (MESH:D018856,Disease) :: ['bladder pain syndrome']


abstract: The effect of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) on target antigen expression was studied in @entity0 transplanted in immunodeficient @entity19 . In nine separate experiments, a single dose of 1500 microCi of 131I-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) Mc5 was given to groups of @entity19 carrying well-established, vascularized, transplantable @entity0 (MX-1). Mc5 recognizes an epitope on the tandem repeat of the breast epithelial @entity44915 mucin. This dose suppressed @entity5 growth for at least 20 days, after which the @entity5 began to regrow. At various times thereafter, @entity5 were removed and analyzed for target antigen expression by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In no case was there any significant decrease in antigen content/cell in the @entity5 of treated @entity19 compared to @entity5 in control untreated @entity19 . Similar results were obtained with four other @entity0 (MCF-7, MDA-MB-331, MDA-MB-435, and MX-2A). To assess the effect of repeated RIT doses on target antigen expression, groups of @entity19 with MX-1 @entity5 were given 2, 3, and 4 consecutive doses of 1200 microCi of 131I-labeled Mc5. One @entity19 each at 2, 3, and 4 doses (3 of 18) was cured of its @entity5 . Control @entity19 were sacrificed after 50 days due to the excessive size of their @entity5 . @entity5 from four @entity19 from each group (2, 3, and 4 doses), after they began to regrow, were excised and analyzed for mucin content and compared to @entity5 from untreated @entity19 with similar-size @entity5 transplanted at later dates. In none of the treated groups was there any decrease in mucin content. These results demonstrate that RIT with an anti-breast mucin MAb does not result in the appearance of antigen-negative @entity5 cells, thus indicating that repeated fractionated doses, which will most likely be necessary for an eventual cure of @entity0 with MAb therapy, are possible.

title: Effect of multiple, repeated doses of radioimmunotherapy on target antigen expression (breast XXXX mucin) in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumors', 'breast carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumors']

answer: @entity44915 :: (17829(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['MUC-1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Surfactant deficiency is the pivotal abnormality in Neonatal and Acute @entity649 . Surfactant deactivation can produce @entity519 , loss of lung compliance, and @entity3126 , but its circulatory consequences are less understood. OBJECTIVE: To describe the sequential hemodynamic changes and @entity3126 formation after surfactant deactivation in piglets. METHODS: Surfactant deactivation was induced by tracheal instillation of @entity6496 20 in 15 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated Large White piglets. The hemodynamic consequences of surfactant deactivation were assessed at 30, 120, and 240  min by transpulmonary thermodilution and traditional methods. RESULTS: Surfactant deactivation caused @entity519 , reduced lung compliance, and progressively increased lung water content (P  <  0.01). Early @entity3485 was observed, with reductions of the global end-diastolic volume and @entity64 volume (P  <  0.05). @entity998 was observed at the end of the study (P  <  0.05). Standard monitoring was unable to detect these early preload alterations. Surprisingly, the bronchoalveolar protein content was greatly increased at the end of the study compared with baseline levels (P  <  0.01). This finding was inconsistent with the notion that the @entity3126 induced by surfactant deactivation was exclusively caused by high surface tension. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3485 develops early after surfactant deactivation, in part due to the resulting fluid shift from the intravascular compartment to the lungs.

title: Surfactant deactivation in a pediatric model induces XXXX and fluid shift to the extravascular lung compartment.

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity6496 :: ('CHEBI:53426', 'Chemical') :: ['polysorbate']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['Reduced cardiac output']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['Respiratory Distress Syndrome']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['hypovolemia', 'Hypovolemia']

answer: @entity3485 :: (MESH:D020896,Disease) :: ['hypovolemia']


abstract: We have been implanting endovascular stent grafts (EVG) via midsternotomy for distal aortic arch surgery since February 1997. The early clinical results are evaluated. METHODS: There were 11 true @entity439 (8 fusiform, 3 saccular) and one chronic type B dissection. The average age was 68 yr (63-81). EVGs were PTFE-covered two-8 bend Z stents in the first eight cases and made with the same stents and ultrathin woven Dacron grafts in the last four cases. RESULTS: Total arch replacement and aortocoronary bypass grafting were combined in one and two @entity1 , respectively. The average retrograde cerebral perfusion time was 42+/-8 min. The cardiopulmonary bypass time averaged 211+/-26 min. All @entity1 awoke early after operation (4.5+/-1.2 h). All but one case was extubated within 24h. There was no operative mortality, but @entity451 and @entity385 were complicated in one case each. Their maximum diameter (73.9+/-21.2mm) decreased significantly after operation (68.7+/-20.1mm) and one year thereafter (63.1+/-16.0 mm). True @entity439 were @entity715 completely. A chronic type B dissection revealed @entity397 due to false lumen infection one year after operation. The whole descending aorta replacement was performed but the @entity1 died 6 months thereafter due to @entity455 . CONCLUSION: Implantation of EVGs reduces operative invasion for distal arch surgery. This procedure should improve mortality, while long-term results have not been clarified.

title: Clinical results of implantation of an endovascular covered stent-graft via midsternotomy for distal aortic arch XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['cerebro-vascular complication']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['impending rupture']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosed']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysm']


abstract: Recent evidence in the @entity291 suggests that @entity40612 ( @entity40612 ) plays a role during @entity3009 (PG) F(2alpha)-induced luteal regression. We have examined the effects of treatment with PGF(2alpha) during the early and midluteal phases on three components of the endothelin system: @entity45282 ( @entity45282 ), @entity12132 ( @entity12132 ), and @entity40612 in the @entity291 corpus luteum (CL). Cyclic beef @entity291 were injected (0 h) on Day 4 or 10 with either saline or the PGF(2alpha) analogue Lutalyse (15 mg). The CL were collected at 2 (n = 11), 10 (n = 23), 24 (n = 15), or 48 h (n = 12) after treatment. The @entity291 in which CL were removed after 10 h comprised of two experimental groups. The first group (n = 11) received one injection; the second group (n = 12) received two injections, one at 0 h and one at 8 h. The @entity291 in which CL were collected after 24 and 48 h received one injection every 8 h. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the mRNA encoding @entity45282 , @entity12132 , and @entity40612 . The @entity45282 and @entity12132 proteins were evaluated by semiquantitative Western blot analysis. The @entity40612 was the most likely component of the endothelin system target for PGF(2alpha) regulation during the midluteal phase. The @entity12132 and @entity45282 genes were constitutively expressed in the Day 4 and Day 10 CL. A practical application of this observation is that it may be possible to target the @entity40612 gene as a way to manipulate the luteolytic action of PGF(2alpha).

title: Prostaglandin F(2alpha) regulation of the XXXX corpus luteum endothelin system during the early and midluteal phase.

entities_list: @entity45282 :: ('281133(Tax:9913)', 'Gene') :: ['ECE-1', 'endothelin-converting enzyme-1']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2806 ( @entity64 ) can be a presenting clinical feature of @entity438 and may herald poor prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective review of admissions for @entity439 over a 6-year period revealed that 12 @entity1 (5%) had @entity64 or @entity64 -like presentations among 236 @entity1 with @entity438 . @entity1 demographics, characteristics of @entity439 , and management were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 12 @entity1 reviewed, nine had anterior circulation @entity439 . Two @entity1 presented with @entity510 and 10 with @entity439 . Eleven @entity1 had @entity64 at the time of presentation, and five had a previous history of transient @entity63 attacks. Ten @entity1 had @entity101 and eight were active smokers. The mean size of 10 @entity439 was 11.8 mm. Surgical extirpation of the @entity439 was performed in all cases. Four cases revealed @entity715 in the @entity439 and one was @entity731 . The 6-month outcome was good in seven @entity1 (58%) and fair in four @entity1 (33%). One @entity1 died. This outcome was significantly worse (P < 0.01) compared to that of good grade @entity439 in our database. @entity101 was a significant indicator of poor outcome (P < 0.02). CONCLUSION: @entity63 episodes as a presenting feature of @entity438 could be indicators of poor prognosis. Routine evaluation of @entity64 @entity1 for @entity439 may help in early diagnosis. In addition, surgical obliteration of @entity439 could prevent subsequent @entity64 and @entity51 .

title: @entity2806 as a presenting feature of XXXX : a negative prognostic indicator in the management of @entity439 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemic', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm', 'unruptured aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysms']


abstract: This study investigates the effects of exogenous and endogenous @entity842 (NO) on @entity1 circulating and endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and @entity1423 . The NO donor @entity16475 (10(-8)-10(-6) M) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. The concomitant addition of @entity16475 to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-treated ( @entity3371 or enalaprilat) serum, further reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. In cultured endothelial cells from @entity1 umbilical veins (HUVECs), both @entity16475 and @entity10845 ( @entity38568 ) significantly reduced angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. An additative effect was seen with a combined treatment of @entity3371 and @entity16475 . Treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ) did not affect angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. @entity556 inhibited endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, an effect that was abolished when cells were pretreated with @entity7293 . @entity1424 ( @entity857 )-induced @entity1423 was inhibited with @entity16475 , @entity38568 and @entity12118 . @entity3371 did not affect aggregation, while a high concentration of enalaprilat (10(-4) M) reduced it. The concomitant addition of 10(-5) M angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor to NO donor-treated platelets resulted in a further @entity1423 . This effect was most evident with @entity38568 and enalaprilat. In conclusion, both exogenous and endogenous NO inhibit @entity1 angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. NO donors and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors act in concert to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme and @entity1423 .

title: @entity842 donors and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors act in concert to inhibit @entity1 angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and XXXX in vitro.

entities_list: @entity12118 :: ('CHEBI:28787', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerine']

entities_list: @entity16475 :: ('MESH:D026423', 'Chemical') :: ['S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation', 'reduction of platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity1424 :: ('CHEBI:16761', 'Chemical') :: ["Adenosine 5'-diphosphate"]

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity10845 :: ('MESH:C002385', 'Chemical') :: ['3-morpholinosydnonimine']

answer: @entity1423 :: (MESH:D001791,Disease) :: ['platelet aggregation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: High doses of inhaled @entity288 are absorbed systemically and may cause long term side effects. As rinsing the mouth out after use and inhaling through a spacing device may reduce systemic absorption this has been further investigated. METHODS: Three crossover studies were carried out to assess the effect of @entity4184 given by dry powder @entity2133 rinsing and @entity2715 given by metered dose inhaler with or without a spacing device (Volumatic) on serum @entity701 concentrations and urinary @entity701 excretion in @entity1 with @entity565 taking an inhaled corticosteroid. Each treatment period was two weeks with in a two week washout period. Serum @entity701 concentrations at 0800 hours on day 14 and the 24 hour urinary excretion of @entity701 were measured. In study 1 24 @entity1 taking @entity2715 500 micrograms twice a day inhaled with (n = 10) or without (n = 14) a Volumatic spacing device were switched to a @entity4184 dry powder inhaler, 600 micrograms to be taken twice a day without mouth rinsing. In study 2 10 @entity1 took @entity4184 800 micrograms twice a day with and without mouth rinsing and without swallowing the rinsing water. In study 3 17 @entity1 took @entity4184 800 micrograms twice daily @entity2133 rinsing and @entity2715 500 micrograms twice daily with the spacing device and mouth rinsing. RESULTS: In study 1 no difference was seen between @entity4184 without mouth rinsing and @entity2715 without a spacer: @entity2715 with spacer caused less suppression of @entity701 (mean (SD) serum @entity701 concentration: @entity2715 and spacer 487(148), @entity4184 368(145) nmol/l). In study 2 mouth rinsing caused less suppression of morning serum @entity701 concentrations (rinsing 440(63), no rinsing 375(56) nmol/1). In study 3 there was no difference in serum or urinary @entity701 concentrations between twice daily @entity2715 500 micrograms inhaled by Volumatic spacer or @entity4184 by Turbuhaler 800 micrograms twice daily, both @entity2133 rinsing. Individual serum @entity701 values were within the normal range in all @entity1 except one in study 1. CONCLUSION: Systemic absorption of a @entity228 inhaled from a metered dose inhaler is reduced by using a spacing device and that from a dry powder inhaler by mouth rinsing.

title: Effect of a volumatic XXXX rinsing on systemic absorption of inhaled @entity288 from a metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2715 :: ('MESH:D001507', 'Chemical') :: ['beclomethasone dipropionate', 'beclomethasone']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['inhaler (Turbuhaler) with and without mouth', 'with mouth']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['budesonide']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2133 :: (MESH:D014987,Disease) :: ['spacer and mouth']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if quantitative motor unit action potential (MUAP) analysis and peak ratio interference pattern analysis of the fifth, seventh, and eleventh cranial nerve innervated muscles are helpful in the assessment of subclinical bulbar involvement in @entity2655 . METHODS: With both electromyographic (EMG) techniques, electrical activity was recorded via needle electrodes from the right frontalis, masseter, and sternocleidomastoideus muscles of nine @entity2655 @entity1 without clinical bulbar signs (Frenchay score >85%) aged 40 to 87 years; 21 healthy subjects aged 27 to 74 years; and five @entity2655 @entity1 with clinical bulbar signs (Frenchay score <85%) aged 53 to 69 years. RESULTS: The normal mean (2 SD) MUAP duration of the frontalis muscle was 7.4 (2.2) milliseconds; masseter muscle, 9.3 (3.1) milliseconds; and sternocleidomastoideus muscle, 10.9 (4.1) milliseconds. The normal mean (2 SD) peak ratio of the frontalis was 2.3 (1.1) milliseconds; masseter, 1.2 (0.4) milliseconds; and sternocleidomastoideus, 1.5 (0.7) milliseconds. Quantitative MUAP analysis was interpreted as neuropathic if MUAP duration, MUAP amplitude, or both exceeded the mean (+2 SD). Peak ratio interference pattern analysis was interpreted as neuropathic if the peak ratio, the number of small time intervals, or both were below the mean (-2 SD). If a result of either EMG technique was neuropathic in at least one of the three investigated muscles, bulbar involvement was assumed. Subclinical bulbar involvement could be detected by quantitative MUAP analysis in six @entity2655 @entity1 without clinical bulbar signs, and by peak ratio interference pattern analysis in two. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional needle EMG of the fifth, seventh, and eleventh cranial nerve innervated muscles shows subclinical bulbar involvement quite frequently. Peak ratio interference pattern analysis is largely not helpful in detecting this involvement.

title: Needle electromyography of bulbar muscles in XXXX with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: evidence of subclinical involvement.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity11829 are cultivated for @entity1 consumption in various subspecies. Their spores are a highly potent allergen, causing an exogenous @entity56 . Relevant early pointers are the typical anamnesis, reduced vital capacity without any signs of @entity3885 , slight changes on x-ray film, positive immunofluorescence test. Frequent and typical wrong diagnoses during the initial episodes of the disease are: @entity1729 , @entity683 , @entity5641 , type I @entity566 . So far, antibodies were identified in 76 immunofluorescence tests performed in 98 exposed subjects; 29 of these demonstrated signs of disease. Antibody formation is definitely subspecies-specific. Doubtful cases of "habituation" or negative antibody levels can be explained by a change in subspecies cultivation and hence a different antigen spectrum. The only therapeutically effective method is active prevention at the place of work as well as avoidance or elimination of the causative allergen. Drug treatment is useless. The only effective measure is to certify temporary disability to keep the @entity1 away from the allergen.

title: [Respiratory tract diseases in XXXX cultivators].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['obstruction']

entities_list: @entity5641 :: ('MESH:D010998', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritis']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity11829 :: ('5322', 'Species') :: ['Oyster mushrooms']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic alveolitis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infection']

answer: @entity11829 :: (5322,Species) :: ['oyster mushroom']


abstract: In the preceding paper it was found that infusions of @entity8685 ( @entity13667 ) into the medial septal region, but not several other regions possessing a high density of @entity1245 receptors, @entity4207 , but not cue learning or swim speed, in the Morris water maze. The present investigation sought to further characterize the neuropharmacological profile of this effect. Initially, it was reconfirmed that systemically administered @entity13667 @entity4207 , but not cue learning or swim speed, in the water maze. Additionally, it was found that systemically administered @entity5591 , a muscarinic antagonist, impaired both spatial and cue learning, but not swim speed, confirming the detrimental effects of cholinergic @entity1887 on maze learning. In new @entity35 , a dose-response assessment revealed that 60 and 30 nmol, but not 10 nmol, @entity13667 infused into the medial septum @entity4207 , but not cue learning or swim speed. On the following day, @entity35 from each dose group, now undrugged, acquired a reversed platform location at control levels, suggesting that the previously observed impairment was not due to a @entity2359 effect. Additionally, it was found that systemically administered @entity5757 (10 mg/kg) blocked the spatial learning deficit produced by the 60 nmol dose of @entity13667 infused into the medial septum. However, intraseptal infusions of @entity5757 (10, 20, or 30 nmol) failed to attenuate the spatial learning deficit produced by systemically administered @entity13667 . Finally, systemically administered @entity2445 (1 or 3 mg/kg), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, failed to attenuate the spatial learning deficit produced by intraseptal @entity13667 (60 nmol). Together these results implicate @entity1245 receptors in the medial septum in the amnesic actions of @entity13667 but suggest that additional sites also mediate this action. The present results fail to support the idea that the spatial learning deficit produced by intraseptal infusions of @entity13667 is due to a suppression of septo-hippocampal cholinergic activity and it is proposed that @entity13667 impairs spatial learning by exacerbating hippocampal inhibition by inhibiting septo-hippocampal GABAergic projection neurons.

title: Effects of intracranial infusions of XXXX on spatial learning in the Morris water maze. II. Neuropharmacological specificity.

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['hypofunction']

entities_list: @entity2445 :: ('MESH:D013619', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrahydroaminoacridine']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['impaired spatial learning']

entities_list: @entity8685 :: ('MESH:D002707', 'Chemical') :: ['chlordiazepoxide']

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['scopolamine']

entities_list: @entity5757 :: ('MESH:D005442', 'Chemical') :: ['flumazenil']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxic']

answer: @entity8685 :: (MESH:D002707,Chemical) :: ['chlordiazepoxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: The present work is a chapter in an investigation directed by the World Health Organization on the Pathobiological Determinants of @entity731 In Youth (WHO-PBDAY). Our aim was to study the development of @entity731 in a young population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples of left anterior descending coronary artery (LDC) and thoracic (TA) and abdominal aorta (AA) from five Collaborating Centres (Budapest/Hungary, Havana/Cuba, Heidelberg/Germany, Mexico City/Mexico, Peradeniya/Sri Lanka) of 214 subjects who died aged 15 and 34 were analysed at the Budapest Reference Centre. Slides stained with @entity6175 - @entity1711 and with stains for extracellular matrix were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. Mean intima/media (I/M) ratio and the prevalence of @entity75 (preatheroma; @entity1856 ; calcified and @entity82 ) were determined and compared in different risk factor (high blood pressure, smoking) groups. High I/M ratio was found in the LDC and @entity75 were frequently found both in the LDC and in the AA. I/M ratio and the occurrence of @entity75 increased in all arteries by age. @entity731 in @entity1 were more severe, particularly in the LDC. Geographic origin had a limited effect on the histologic lesion parameters. Appearance of @entity75 was associated with substantially different extracellular matrix changes. Myoelastic layer formation was found in each artery in both early and @entity75 . @entity101 was associated with higher prevalence of @entity75 in all arteries, in particular, in the TA; smoking showed a significant effect on the AA only. CONCLUSIONS: @entity731 were found in many of these young subjects. The effect of @entity101 and smoking on their development suggests that control of risk factors, beginning in early adolescence, could help to prevent @entity65 .

title: World Health organization (WHO) and the World Heart Federation (WHF) pathobiological determinants of XXXX in youth study (WHO/WHF PBDAY Study) 1986-1996. Histomorphometry and histochemistry of @entity731 in coronary arteries and the aorta in a young population.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous atheroma']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['type III-IV lesions']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerotic lesions', 'Atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']