abstract: During the past decade, genomic microarrays have been applied with some success to the molecular profiling of @entity0 , which has resulted in a much more detailed classification scheme as well as in the identification of potential gene signature sets. These gene sets have been applied to both the prognosis and prediction of outcome to treatment and have performed better than the current clinical criteria. One of the main limitations of microarray analysis, however, is that frozen @entity5 samples are required for the assay. This imposes severe limitations on access to samples and precludes large scale validation studies from being conducted. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), on the other hand, can be used with degraded RNAs derived from @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) @entity5 samples, the most important and abundant source of clinical material available. More recently, the novel DASL (cDNA-mediated Annealing, Selection, extension and Ligation) assay has been developed as a high throughput gene expression profiling system specifically designed for use with FFPE @entity5 tissue samples.However, we do not believe that genomics is adequate as a sole prognostic and predictive platform in @entity0 . The key proteins driving oncogenesis, for example, can undergo post-translational modifications; moreover, if we are ever to move individualization of therapy into the practical world of blood-based assays, serum proteomics becomes critical. Proteomic platforms, including @entity3145 ( @entity3145 ) and protein chip arrays, in conjunction with surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF/MS), have been the technologies most widely applied to the characterization of @entity5 and serum from @entity0 @entity1 , with still limited but encouraging results. This review will focus on these genomic and proteomic platforms, with an emphasis placed on the utilization of FFPE @entity5 tissue samples and serum, as they have been applied to the study of @entity0 for the discovery of gene signatures and biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of treatment outcome. The ultimate goal is to be able to apply a systems biology approach to the information gleaned from the combination of these techniques in order to select the best treatment strategy, monitor its effectiveness and make changes as rapidly as possible where needed to achieve the optimal therapeutic results for the @entity1 .

title: A systems approach to clinical oncology: focus on XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast tumours', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue micro-arrays', 'TMA']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The experience at the Gershenson Radiation Oncology Center of 32 cases of @entity735 or orbit from @entity0 are presented with a review of the literature. The 32 @entity1 were referred for radiation therapy in the period of 1980-1991. Eighteen @entity1 had @entity3 to the choroid, 2 @entity1 had involvement of other parts of the eye (anterior chamber +/- choroid), and 11 @entity1 had orbital @entity3 . In one @entity1 , the diffuse nature of the disease prevents subsite assignment. Ten of the @entity1 with eye @entity3 also had brain or meningeal @entity3 (8 @entity1 concurrent with eye @entity3 ). Four of the 32 @entity1 had bilateral choroidal @entity3 . A complete course of radiation therapy was delivered to 28 @entity1 , one @entity1 was not treated and 3 @entity1 received only partial treatment because of @entity5122 due to other widespread @entity3 from @entity0 . Of 21 evaluable @entity1 , 15 had definite improvement. There was no progression of the eye @entity3 in the other 6 @entity1 . The rest (7 @entity1 ) were lost to detailed follow-up of the response of the eye @entity3 . Four @entity1 are still alive without any severe long-term side-effects. The diagnosis, treatment and outcome is presented with a review of the literature. The importance of emergency treatment for rapidly progressing lesions is stressed as well as the need for detailed treatment planning, careful delivery of daily treatments with a high degree of reproducibility and precision to prevent possible damage to sensitive normal structures.

title: Eye @entity3 from XXXX : diagnosis, radiation treatment and results.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5122 :: ('MESH:C565430', 'Disease') :: ['general deterioration']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['metastases to the eye']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the breast']


abstract: As part of health examination of a representative sample of an adult population (n = 8000) serum @entity6838 concentration was measured in 661 @entity1 on continuous @entity6838 therapy. The prescribed mean daily dose of @entity6838 was significantly higher in @entity1 (223 micrograms) than in @entity1 (201 micrograms); the dose significantly decreased with increasing age. The mean serum @entity6838 concentration was the same in @entity1 and @entity1 and it differed insignificantly between age groups, although older @entity1 tended to have a higher concentration. The age - adjusted mean steady state @entity6838 concentration was 1.02 ng/ml in @entity1 and 0.98 ng/ml in @entity1 ; in about 60% the concentration was within the "therapeutic" range (0.80-2.00 ng/ml). The concentrations were clearly related to daily dose of @entity6838 . At equal dose levels old @entity1 tended to have higher concentrations than younger @entity1 . The interindividual variation in serum @entity6838 concentrations was very wide. However, when @entity6838 measurements in the same subjects were repeated about three months later, a good correlation between the two measurements was found. The interval between the last dose of @entity6838 and the collection of blood (up to 41 h) had relatively little effect on individual serum @entity6838 concentrations. @entity1 on concomitant @entity2740 or loop diuretic therapy had the same mean serum @entity6838 concentration as those not-receiving a diuretic. The mean concentration was significantly higher in @entity1 taking a @entity2740 or loop diuretic combined with @entity9355 . The difference may have been due to an interaction between @entity9355 and @entity6838 .

title: Serum XXXX concentrations in a representative @entity6838 -consuming adult population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity9355 :: ('MESH:D014223', 'Chemical') :: ['triamterene']

answer: @entity6838 :: (MESH:D004077,Chemical) :: ['digoxin']


abstract: The detailed anatomical distribution of nerves throughout the @entity1 body has generally been studied by dissection of fixed cadavers in liquid. In this traditional method, it is difficult to maintain the position of nerves on their respective muscles. It is also difficult to keep the distributed form of the nerves. To understand the morphology of nerves, it is essential to determine their location and distribution precisely. In this study the masseter muscle was removed from a cadaver after fixation with @entity406 . The muscle was then permeated with @entity1346 using the following procedure. The muscle fixed by 10% @entity406 was dehydrated with @entity167 . After dehydration, @entity167 was replaced with @entity1044 . The sample was permeated by @entity1346 in a permeater. Following dissection, enamel was applied to the nerve by hand to fix its position. This new permeation method provided excellent localization of nerves innervating the muscle and has the added advantage of providing a three-dimensional structure of neural anatomy similar to the casting procedures used to visualize blood vessels.

title: Examination of nerve distribution to masticatory muscles using a XXXX permeation technique.

entities_list: @entity1044 :: ('MESH:D008752', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene chloride']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['silicone']


abstract: @entity4447 ( @entity9188 ; @entity4448 ), a compound which is characterized by its ability to function as a potent anticancer agent, has been investigated in a variety of @entity189 . @entity32261 , a transmembrane protein, may inhibit the function of the T  cell effector, and therefore, may be useful in investigating different types of @entity5 therapies. However, few studies have been published previously associated with the roles of @entity4448 and @entity32261 in @entity1 @entity157 ( @entity157 ). The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti  -invasive role of @entity4448 in @entity157 , to determine the effect of @entity4448 treatment on the expression of @entity32261 and to further assess the possible underlying mechanisms. Following treatment of the cells with  2, 4  and 8    M  @entity4448 for 48  h, cell counting kit  -8  (CCK  -8), Transwell and western blot assays were used to determine the extent of @entity1 MHCC97  -H @entity157 cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and @entity32261  expression, respectively. The results revealed that 1    M  @entity4448 markedly decreased cellular proliferation, and @entity4448 administered at concentrations of  0.1,  0.2  and  0.5    M markedly inhibited the migration and invasion of the @entity1 MHCC97  -H @entity157 cell line. The expression of @entity32261 in the treatment groups was markedly reduced. Signal transduction mediated via the @entity4016 /signal transducers and activators of transcription  3 pathway was inhibited upon treatment with 0.1, 0.2  and  0.5    M  @entity4448 . Additionally, the protein expression levels of @entity1476 and @entity7 were markedly reduced in @entity157 cells upon treatment with @entity4448 . In conclusion, @entity4448 may reduce the protein expression levels of @entity32261 in MHCC97  -H @entity157 cells, and further affected @entity157 tumorigenesis and progression. @entity4448 may be a putative agent for the development of therapeutic strategies against @entity1 @entity96 .

title: Downregulation of B7-H4 in the @entity157 cell line by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4447 :: ('MESH:C006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Arsenic trioxide']

entities_list: @entity1476 :: ('4313', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metalloproteinase  2']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity4447 :: (MESH:C006632,Chemical) :: ['arsenic trioxide']


abstract: Systemic @entity792 , which comprise a family of conditions which share common pathogenetic mechanisms, are frequently associated to cardiac involvement and to a high prevalence of @entity63 coronary events often occurring at a younger age than in normal population. A large increase in mortality is related to @entity731 with @entity453 and @entity64 in @entity1 with connective tissue diseases. @entity301 is responsible for 40-50% of the death of @entity1 with @entity309 . Moreover, a growing body of evidence supports the view that autoimmune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of @entity65 . Inflammatory @entity299 is a rising concern worldwide. Similar mechanisms link @entity792 , including the association of increased disease with proinflammatory cytokines and the importance of regulatory mechanisms in the control of @entity32 . The role of the immune system in modulating @entity731 has recently been well documented. Studies have revealed that cellular and humoral immunity plays crucial roles in atherogenic plaque formation. This includes macrophages, CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells as well as autoantigens such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), @entity1457 proteins and beta2-glycoprotein I. The inflammatory component is not localized to the "culprit" plaque, but it is diffused to the entire coronary vascular bed, and involves also the myocardium. The aim of the conference (2nd conference on heart, @entity627 and @entity792 ) was to focus the attention of the @entity1 on some pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects at the boundary between cardiology and rheumatology and to encourage the debate among clinicians and basic researchers with different backgrounds and experiences.

title: 2nd conference on heart, @entity627 and XXXX , Pescara, Italy, May 19-20, 2005.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatism']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['premature atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity', 'autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmunity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity and @entity137 of a combination regimen of @entity2600 and @entity1138 as second-line chemotherapy for pretreated @entity1 with advanced, metastatic, or both, @entity356 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 with pretreated @entity3 or early relapsed after adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled. Entry criteria included histologic/cytologic diagnosis of @entity356 , age 18 to 75 years, performance status > or =70 (Karnofsky scale), bi-dimensionally measurable disease. @entity1 received @entity2600 and @entity1138 at the dosage of 150 mg/m2 on days 1 and 15, and 8 mg/m2 on day 1, respectively, every 4 weeks. The disease evaluation was done every 3 cycles. RESULTS: Among the 38 @entity1 we observed, 1 (3%) complete response and 11 (29%) partial responses for an overall response rate of 32% according to an intent-to-treat analysis. The median duration of response was 6.5 months. The median time to progression was 4 months with a median overall survival 8 months. All @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 and the only grade 3-4 observed @entity137 were @entity1431 (8%), @entity1398 (21%), and @entity417 (5%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of @entity2600 and @entity1138 is an active and well tolerated second-line treatment in pretreated @entity356 @entity1 . Further studies are needed to test its role in first-line treatment.

title: XXXX ( @entity2600 ) and @entity1138 (MMC) as second-line therapy in advanced @entity356 : a phase II study of the Gruppo Oncologico dell' Italia Meridionale (prot. 2106).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin-c']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2600 :: (MESH:C051890,Chemical) :: ['Irinotecan']


abstract: Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on auditory olivocochlear neurons in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB) of brain stem slices from neonatal @entity35 . Each neuron was identified by retrograde labeling with Fast Blue injected into the cochlea. Bath application of @entity1063 (NE; 1-10 microM) reversibly induced an inward current in 26 of 38 labeled neurons that were voltage clamped at -75 mV. This was responsible for the membrane depolarization to NE observed in current-clamp mode. The NE-induced inward current appeared to be more prominent at -55 mV than at -75 mV and reversed at around -100 mV. It was attenuated but not prevented by 20 mM @entity5128 , and it persisted when the perfusate contained 2 mM Cs+ or 100 microM @entity3280 . However, the NE-induced inward current was attenuated to varying degrees in a zero- @entity141 solution. Current-voltage plots revealed that NE caused a decrease in membrane K+ conductance. A suppression of voltage-gated @entity141 currents by NE was also observed. The excitatory action of NE was blocked by the alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonist @entity5521 . The alpha1-adrenoreceptor agonist @entity2647 had an effect similar to that of NE. In 6 of 38 labeled neurons, an inhibitory action of NE (1-10 microM) was observed that appeared to be due to an activation of an inwardly rectified K+ current, which caused hyperpolarization of resting membrane potentials in current-clamp mode. This inhibitory response was independent of external @entity141 and was abolished by 2-5 mM Cs+ or 0.5 mM @entity8594 applied in the perfusate. The receptors involved in the inhibitory actions of NE are not clear. The effect was partially and reversibly blocked by @entity1169 (10 microM), a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist. However, @entity3044 (10 microM), a beta-adrenoreceptor agonist, failed to induce any effect. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect was irreversibly blocked by pretreatment with @entity5521 (5-10 microM). @entity2647 (5-10 microM) had no effect.

title: Two types of actions of XXXX on identified auditory efferent neurons in @entity35 brain stem slices.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity5128 :: ('MESH:D019789', 'Chemical') :: ['tetraethylammonium']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine', 'Phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Simulation of the electrical activation of the heart and its comparison with real in vivo activation is a promising method in testing potential determinants of excitation. Simulation of the electrical activity of the @entity1 heart is now emerging as a step forward for understanding and predicting electrophysiologic patterns in @entity1 . Initial points of excitation and the manner in which the activation spreads from these points are important variables determining QRS complex characteristics. It has been suggested that in @entity1 , the initial excitation of the left ventricle is a primary determinant of QRS complex characteristics, and that excitation begins at the papillary muscles and septum, where the fascicles of the left bundle branch insert. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that QRS duration and direction of @entity2270 in the frontal plane have excellent agreement between real QRS and simulated QRS using papillary muscle position to indicate the border of the origin of early ventricular activation. METHODS: Fourteen healthy adult volunteers were included in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained to assess the papillary muscle positions. Twelve-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were used to obtain real ECG data for assessment of QRS duration and @entity2270 in each subject. Simulation software developed by ECG-TECH Corp (Huntington, NY) was used to simulate the ECG of each subject to determine simulated QRS duration and @entity75 . QRS duration and @entity2270 data were compared between simulated and real ECG and agreement between these variables was calculated. RESULTS: Seventy-nine percent of subjects had a difference of the QRS duration between real and simulated ECG of less than 10 milliseconds. The calculated strength of agreement between simulated and real QRS duration was 71% and considered as "good" (kappa statistics). In 70% of subjects, the difference in the @entity2270 was less than 10 degrees . The calculated strength of agreement between simulated and real @entity2270 was 80% and considered as "excellent" (kappa statistics). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the sites of the initiation of electrical activity in the left ventricle, as assessed by the positions of papillary muscles, may be considered as primary determinants of the QRS duration and @entity2270 in @entity1 . This knowledge may help in predicting normal QRS characteristic on a @entity1 -specific basis. In this study, simulation of the QRS complex was based on papillary muscles from @entity1 hearts.

title: Simulation of the QRS complex using papillary muscle positions as the site of early activation in XXXX subjects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['QRS frontal plane axis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Ileosigmoid @entity292 are found in @entity30 and may present a surgical dilemma. PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine surgical practice to determine types of intervention, enumerate complications, and elicit guidelines for surgical management. METHOD: The medical records of @entity1 with @entity292 and @entity30 from 1975 to 1995 were reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety @entity1 (44 @entity1 ) were studied. A preoperative diagnosis of @entity292 was made in 77 percent of @entity1 . Sigmoid repair was performed in 43 @entity1 (47.8 percent), sigmoid resection in 32 @entity1 (35.6 percent), 12 @entity1 (13.3 percent) underwent more extensive procedures, and 3 @entity1 (3.3 percent) either had surgery elsewhere or were observed. The @entity292 was never directly responsible for a stoma. The repair and resection groups were similar with respect to age, length of @entity30 , and preoperative symptoms. There was no significant difference between groups in the incidence of @entity260 ; there were no postoperative deaths. Average length of stay was 8.3 days following repair and 9.9 days after resection. Reasons for resection included significant @entity6063 or @entity32 , a large @entity292 defect, a defect on the mesenteric border of the sigmoid, and active sigmoid @entity30 . Surgeon's assessment of the presence of @entity30 in the sigmoid correlated with pathologic examination and was aided by knowledge of recent endoscopic appearance and biopsy results; intraoperative frozen section and colonoscopy were helpful in @entity32 from active @entity30 . CONCLUSION: Contrast studies identified 77 percent of @entity292 preoperatively. Performing repair rather than resection does not increase the risk of complications, if standard surgical principles are followed. Preoperative or intraoperative endoscopy assists the surgical evaluation of the sigmoid.

title: Surgical management of XXXX in @entity30 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'distinguishing serosal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity6063 :: ('MESH:D003234', 'Disease') :: ['purulence']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas', 'ileosigmoid fistula', 'ileosigmoid fistulas']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['ileosigmoid fistulas']


abstract: Conservative surgery is considered to be the treatment of choice in @entity1 with bilateral @entity703 or @entity5 in the solitary kidney owing to the need to preserve renal function. A case of a 63-year-old @entity1 with bilateral @entity703 is described. The presenting symptoms were @entity158 and @entity8231 signs. The @entity1 did not present @entity811 throughout the course of the disease. The urographic, ultrasound and tomodensitometric work up correctly determined @entity5 size, characteristics and anatomic relationship. Arteriography permitted mapping of the vascular structures of both kidneys. Fine needle aspiration biopsy permitted histologic classification preoperatively. The approach was via a Chevron incision. An extended nephrectomy was performed on the left kidney and surgical enucleation of the @entity5 in the right kidney in a one stage procedure. The diagnostic aspects are discussed and the therapeutic options are reviewed with special reference to the conservative procedures.

title: [Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in bilateral XXXX . Report of a case and review of the literature].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8231 :: ('MESH:D010257', 'Disease') :: ['paraneoplastic']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal carcinoma', 'renal tumors']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['renal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Hyperbaric 5% @entity3303 has been associated with @entity16 ( @entity16 ) after spinal anesthesia. A prospective, masked, randomized study was conducted to compare the incidence of @entity16 after spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric 5% @entity3303 or 5% @entity5403 to assess the utility of @entity5403 as an alternative to @entity3303 in @entity1 having short surgical procedures. METHODS: The number of @entity1 to be enrolled (100 per group) was determined by power analysis (80%, P = 0.05) considering an incidence of @entity16 after spinal anesthesia with @entity3303 of at least 11% according to data reported in other studies. Two hundred @entity1 scheduled for elective surgery expected to last <60 min were allocated at random to receive spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric 5% @entity3303 or hyperbaric 5% @entity5403 . Three to 5 days after spinal anesthesia, all @entity1 were interviewed by an anesthesiologist who was blinded to the group assignment and details of the anesthetic and surgical technique using a standardized symptom checklist. @entity1 with symptoms underwent neurologic examination. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable with regard to demographic data and details of the surgical and anesthetic procedures. The incidence of @entity16 in both groups was low and differences were not found (4% in the @entity3303 group and 1% in the @entity5403 group). The mean age of @entity1 with @entity16 (58 yr) was higher than that of @entity1 without @entity16 (48 yr; P < 0.05). No relation with any of the other variables was found. CONCLUSIONS: The low incidence of @entity16 among @entity3303 -anesthetized @entity1 (4%) may account for the lack of significant differences between hyperbaric 5% @entity3303 and 5% @entity5403 and to the insufficient power of the study to exclude the possibility of a type II error.

title: Incidence of XXXX after hyperbaric subarachnoid anesthesia with 5% @entity3303 and 5% @entity5403 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['TNSs', 'transient neurologic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity5403 :: ('MESH:D011318', 'Chemical') :: ['prilocaine']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['transient neurologic symptoms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate erectile function after high-dose radiotherapy for @entity263 using the International Index of Erectile Function, Expanded @entity263 Index Composite, and stamp test. METHODS: @entity1 with favorable and intermediate-risk @entity263 were assigned to receive prostate intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) versus an erectile tissue-sparing IMRT technique in a Phase III randomized, prospective study. The stamp test and International Index of Erectile Function and Expanded @entity263 Index Composite questionnaires were completed at baseline and 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after IMRT. The Sexual Health Inventory for @entity1 scores were abstracted from the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire. A partner questionnaire, designated IIEF-P, modeled after the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire but from the perspective of the partner, was also collected. RESULTS: The data from 94 @entity1 who were enrolled in the trial and who had completed >= 1 questionnaire or 1 stamp test were analyzed. The median age of the @entity1 population was 62.5 years. The median radiation dose was 76 Gy (range 74-80). At 6 months and 1 year after high-dose IMRT, a positive stamp result correlated significantly with the median Expanded @entity263 Index Composite sexual summary, sexual function, and bother subscale scores. Additionally, 6 months after IMRT, the stamp test correlated with the median International Index of Erectile Function, International Index of Erectile Function sexual function domain, and Sexual Health Inventory for @entity1 scores. Robust concordance for the International Index of Erectile Function and Sexual Health Inventory for @entity1 scores was appreciated between responding @entity1 and partner pairs. CONCLUSION: Nocturnal tumescence, as indicated by a positive stamp test, correlated well with established quality of life questionnaires after IMRT. The stamp test should strongly be considered as an objective measure of erectile function in future studies of @entity323 in @entity1 with @entity263 .

title: Stamp test delivers message on @entity323 after high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: Our previous studies have shown that the inhibition of neutral endopeptidase, an enzyme which degrades @entity4756 , increases anaphylactic contraction of @entity840 tracheal smooth muscle. It was suggested that anaphylactic release of @entity4756 -like substances is likely to be responsible for the observed increases in tracheal contractions. To obtain additional information on the mechanisms responsible for anaphylactic release of @entity4756 in @entity840 @entity825 , we examined the effects of @entity10743 , an inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase, on contractile response to antigen after preincubation with the selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor @entity1438 . @entity1438 (5 microM) significantly reduced ovalbumin-induced contraction, although the effect was not constant. A marked spontaneous increase in contraction was observed. Phosphoramidon (10 microM) produced significant increase of this contraction (27% after 30 min, and 33% after 45 min). The addition of H1- @entity112 receptor antagonist ( @entity61649 , 10 microM) produced additional inhibition of the initial phase of antigen-induced contraction, while its later phase, apart from a spontaneous increment in magnitude, remained similar. @entity10743 (10 microM) increased the contraction by 26% after 30 min, and by 34% after 45 min. Since the effects of @entity112 and 5-lipoxygenase pathway products were prevented, we hypothesize that cyclooxygenase pathway products are responsible for the phosphoramidon-dependent increase in antigen-induced contraction. In accordance with previously reported ineffectiveness of contractile @entity2918 , we suggest that the relaxant prostaglandins are most important in mediating the release of @entity4756 during the immediate @entity56 reaction in @entity840 @entity825 .

title: Phosphoramidon modulates effects of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on anaphylactic contraction of the XXXX @entity825 .

entities_list: @entity61649 :: ('CHEBI:4637', 'Chemical') :: ['diphenhydramine HCl']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity10743 :: ('MESH:C008890', 'Chemical') :: ['Phosphoramidon', 'phosphoramidon']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity4756 :: ('MESH:D015320', 'Chemical') :: ['tachykinin', 'tachykinins']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: We report an agricultural fair-associated shiga-toxigenic @entity526 O157:H7 (STEC O157) outbreak that was unusual in that it affected both livestock exhibitors and visitors. Twenty-five @entity1 cases of STEC O157 infection were detected after the Fort Bend County Fair in Rosenberg, Texas, which ran from 9/26/03 to 10/04/03. Seven cases were culture-confirmed. There were four @entity1381 ( @entity1381 ) cases, and one @entity2106 ( @entity2106 ) case. Cases ranged in age from 18 months to 67 years. Twenty-two (88%) cases were female. Analysis of unmatched case-control data linked STEC O157 infection with visiting fair livestock exhibit areas and with multiple fair visits. All outbreak-related isolates were of a single STEC O157 subtype. Fair Ground environmental sampling and culture for STEC O157, conducted 46 days after the end of the Fair, yielded multiple STEC O157 isolates, including the outbreak subtype. Livestock exhibitors and fair visitors should follow guidelines to reduce the risk of transmission of STEC O157 at agricultural fairs.

title: Shiga-toxigenic XXXX O157:H7 infections among livestock exhibitors and visitors at a Texas County Fair.

entities_list: @entity2106 :: ('MESH:D011697', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura', 'TTP']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity1381 :: ('MESH:D006463', 'Disease') :: ['hemolytic uremic syndrome', 'HUS']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity2316 is a progressive @entity8 and represents a serious late complication of @entity6 . There are familial clustering and huge ethnic differences in the occurrence of @entity2316 , which point to a genetic predisposition. @entity2316 is defined by persistent @entity633 (albumin excretion rate [AER] > 300 mg/day), declining glomerular filtration rate and rising blood pressure. Several years of incipient @entity8 , characterized by worsening microalbuminuria (AER 30 to 300 mg/day or 20 to 200 micrograms/min), which is Albustix-negative and detectable by special assays only, are followed by established @entity8 . The natural history of @entity8 differs between insulin-dependent ( @entity1723 ) and non-insulin-dependent ( @entity2175 ) @entity6 . In @entity1723 , @entity8 develops in 30 to 40% of cases. The incidence peaks after 15 to 16 years of @entity6 . In @entity2175 , estimates of prevalence range from 15 to 20%, and @entity8 often supervenes after a shorter known duration of @entity6 than in @entity1723 . GFR is often increased above normal (hyperfiltration) from the onset of @entity1723 due to @entity101 , glomerular capillary @entity101 and increased filtration surface. The glomeruli are hypertrophied and the kidneys enlarged. In both @entity1723 and @entity2175 , GFR begins to decline irreversibly, when AER has risen to 100 to 300 mg/day at an average rate of 10 ml/min. per year. This is due to progressive reduction of the filtration surface area through mesangial expansion. Serum @entity1011 levels begin to rise when GFR falls below 50 ml/min, and then @entity454 follows after an average of five years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [ @entity2316 : significance of microalbuminuria and proteinuria in Type I and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'increased renal blood flow']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'Diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Type II diabetes mellitus']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity130 is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Microcirculatory activation and injury from @entity548 contribute to organ injury. Many adaptive responses occur within the microcirculatory beds to limit injury including upregulation of heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes, the rate-limiting enzymes in the breakdown of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Here we tested the hypothesis that CO abrogates trauma-induced @entity32 protecting the microcirculatory beds. Methods: C57Bl/6 @entity19 underwent sham operation or @entity548 to a mean arterial pressure of 25 mmHg for 120 minutes. @entity19 were resuscitated with lactated Ringer's at 2* the volume of maximal shed blood. @entity19 were randomized to receive CO-releasing molecule or inactive CO-releasing molecule at resuscitation. A cohort of @entity19 was pretreated with tin protoporphyrin-IX to inhibit endogenous CO generation by HOs. Primary @entity19 liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were cultured for in vitro experiments. Results: Carbon monoxide-releasing molecule protected against @entity548 /resuscitation organ @entity32 and reduced hepatic sinusoidal endothelial injury. Inhibition of HO activity with tin protoporphyrin-IX exacerbated liver @entity99 . @entity548 /resuscitation in vivo or cytokine stimulation in vitro resulted in increased endothelial expression of adhesion molecules that was associated with decreased leukocyte adhesion in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions: @entity548 /resuscitation is associated with endothelial injury. Heme oxygenase enzymes and CO are involved in part in diminishing this injury and may prove useful as a therapeutic adjunct that can be harnessed to protect against endothelial activation and damage.

title: Carbon Monoxide Protects Against @entity548 and Resuscitation-Induced XXXX and Tissue Injury.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['injury and systemic inflammation', 'injury and inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'Hemorrhagic shock', 'hemorrhagic shock']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic sinusoidal injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Microcirculatory Injury']


abstract: A biokinetic model of the systemic distribution of @entity58773 in the @entity235 is presented. The model is based on a previous biokinetic model of @entity16878 . The data sets used for the development of the model were the measurements of excreted activity (urine and feces) and organ burdens (skeleton, liver, and other soft tissues) for different levels of initial injected activity. In developing the model, the compartmental structure of the skeleton of the @entity16878 model was adopted, and only the numerical values of parameters were adapted. The model well describes the fractions of @entity58773 in the skeleton, liver, and soft tissues and the total fraction excreted in urine and feces. The tuning of the liver clearance parameter provides a realistic description of the change in the partitioning between liver and skeleton for different injection levels. The most significant features of the biokinetics and dosimetry of @entity58773 and @entity16878 in beagles are compared. The total fractions of the clearance to the skeleton and the liver are roughly equal to the value for @entity16878 , but the partitioning of @entity58773 between these organs is reversed with respect to the partitioning of @entity16878 . 241Am doses to liver and skeleton are similar to 239Pu doses, owing to some counteracting factors. For the highest injection level, the @entity409 is dependent on the time post injection. For the skeletal tissues, the dose to the cortical endosteum by far exceeds the dose to the trabecular endosteum and the red marrow. The model provides the basis for statistical survival analyses and risk estimates.

title: @entity58773 in the XXXX : biokinetic and dosimetric model.

entities_list: @entity58773 :: ('MESH:D000576', 'Chemical') :: ['americium']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver mass']

entities_list: @entity16878 :: ('MESH:D011005', 'Chemical') :: ['plutonium']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['beagle dog']


abstract: A multicentre randomised therapeutic trial was undertaken in 8 hospitals in the Franche- @entity5549   department of France (Belfort, Besan  on, Dole, Lons-le-Saunier, Luxeuil, Montb  liard, Vesoul, Pontarlier) in which 101 @entity1 with acute primary @entity583 were treated within 5 hours of onset of symptoms with either intravenous streptokinase (1,500,000 U in 30 mn) or conventional heparin therapy. The results were assessed on the clinical outcome, arterial patency in the necrosed territory and global and regional ejection fractions (EF) at the 3rd week. After randomisation, 51 @entity1 were given heparin and 50 received streptokinase. Seven @entity1 died in the heparin group and 4 in the streptokinase group (NS). At the third week, the artery in the necrosed zone was patent in 69% of the heparin group and in 68% of the streptokinase group (NS). The EF was significantly higher in the @entity1 with patent arteries in the necrosed zone than in those with occluded arteries (0.49 +/- 0.12 vs 0.41 +/- 0.15, p less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in EF between the heparin and streptokinase groups. The EF was significantly higher in @entity1 with anterior @entity1188 who received streptokinase than in those who received heparin (0.40 +/- 0.10 vs 0.33 +/- 0.09 p less than 0.05). Segmental wall motion was significantly better at the apex and free wall. There was no significant difference between the two groups in posterior @entity1188 . These results show that reestablishment or maintenance of arterial patency in the necrosed zone improves left ventricular function and that @entity1 with anterior wall @entity1188 are the ones most likely to benefit from streptokinase therapy.

title: [Intravenous streptokinase versus heparin in recent acute XXXX . Randomized multicenter study in the Franche- @entity5549  ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that the Lenke system is relatively efficient and consistent in classifying @entity1635 curves. Basically, fusion should include the main curve and the structural minor curve. The criteria for defining the structural minor curve were established to help guide these decision-making process. The present study was designed to investigate predictors of the structural curve, and see whether it was possible to prevent the formation of the structural curve by interfering with influencing factors to decrease the fusion level. METHODS: Age, gender, Cobb angle, @entity717 , Risser sign and the number of vertebrae included in the curve, brace treatment, and curve location were recorded in 145 @entity2112 @entity1 from July 2001 to January 2007. The @entity1 were divided into two groups: structural and non-structural groups. Demographics and baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups as an initial screen. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors affecting the minor curve to become the structural curve. RESULTS: Compared with the non-structural group, the structural group had a higher Cobb angle ((51.34    13.61)   vs. (34.20    7.21)  , P < 0.001), bending angle ((33.94    9.92)   vs. (8.46    5.56)  , P < 0.001) and curve rotation ((23.25    12.86)   vs. (14.21    8.55)  , P < 0.001), and lower flexibility ((33.48    12.53)% vs. (75.50    15.52)%, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in other parameters between the two groups. The results of the Logistic regression analysis showed that the Cobb angle (OR: 9.921, P < 0.001) and curve location (OR: 4.119, P = 0.016) were significant predictors of structural curve in @entity1615 . Every 10   change of Cobb angle increased the possibility of turning the minor curve into the structural curve by 10-fold. And thoracic curve showed, on the average, the possibility of becoming the structural curve about 4-fold more often than did the thoracolumbar/lumbar curve. CONCLUSIONS: Curve severity and curve location affect the minor curve's structural features in @entity1615 .

title: Factors as predictors for thoracic and thoracolumbar/lumbar structural curves in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Perdriolle rotation']

answer: @entity1615 :: (OMIM:181800,Disease) :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: The E2 subunit of the mitochondrial multienzyme @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2) is the major autoantigen in the @entity409 , @entity2835 ( @entity2835 ). An epitope region which has been localized to @entity1522 91-227 is believed to include the residue K173 to which is attached the lipoyl cofactor. We investigated structural features of this epitope region by screening random peptide phage-displayed libraries and identified prevalent phagotopes that contained likely contact @entity1522 in separate regions of the linear sequence, H132M133, and F178, V180. These were confirmed by site-directed @entity493 mutagenesis singly or in combination of the HM and FV residues in wild-type (wt) PDC-E2, and by immunization of @entity95 with phage that expressed peptides MHLNTPP or FVLPWRI. The @entity62737 K173 also was mutated. Reactivities of mutants and wild-type (wt) PDC-E2, compared by ELISA using 12 @entity2835 sera, showed decremental reactivity of mutant versus wt PDC-E2 (normalized to 100%): wt PDC-E2 (100%)>PDC-E2( @entity62738 , @entity24358 ) (mean+/-S.D., 59+/-17%)>PDC-E2( @entity62739 ) (50+/-13%)>PDC-E2( @entity62740 ) (36+/-13%)>PDC-E2( @entity62740 , @entity62739 ) (28+/-8%)>PDC-E2( @entity62740 , @entity62739 , @entity62741 , @entity62742 ) (18+/-13%). Notably PDC-E2( @entity62743 ) retained full reactivity (93+/-21%). @entity95 immunized with phage peptides generated antibodies reactive with entire PDC-E2. Our data convincingly validate phage library technology for defining spatially disparate contact residues for conformational epitopes. Ensuing data could be generally applicable to search for occult extrinsic agents as initiators of @entity792 .

title: @entity1522 critical for binding of autoantibody to an immunodominant conformational epitope of the XXXX dehydrogenase complex subunit E2: identification by phage display and site-directed mutagenesis.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['PBC', 'primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity62737 :: ('MESH:C067769', 'Chemical') :: ['lipoyl lysine']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'Rabbits']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity2388 :: (MESH:D019289,Chemical) :: ['pyruvate']


abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the concordance between predicted postoperative forced expiratory volumes in 1s (ppoFEV1) calculated on the basis of data known before surgery with ppoFEV1 calculated after completing surgical procedure. We have prospectively studied 66 consecutive @entity1 (55 cases scheduled for lobectomy and 11 for pneumonectomy) operated on for @entity153 . According to location, 33 @entity5 were classified as central and 33 as peripheral. In all cases, ppoFEV1 was calculated twice: first (ppoFEV1-A) according to the scheduled surgical procedure; second (ppoFEV1-B) according to the procedure eventually performed. At operation, 43 lobectomies (65.2%) and 23 pneumonectomies (34.8%) were performed. Differences between ppoFEV1 A and B were found in 18 cases (12 central @entity5 ). In three of them (4.5% of 66 cases), ppoFEV1-B was under 40%. Pearson coefficient was 0.85 (P<0.001) for the whole series of cases; 0.83 (P<0.001) for central and 0.87 (P<0.001) for @entity5 . On multiple regression analysis, R2 was 0.76 and ppoFEV1-A had the highest influence on the dependent variable. We have found that: (1) there is no perfect correlation between ppoFEV1 calculated with data known before and after surgery; (2) discrepancies are most important in centrally located @entity5 and (3) in 4.5% of cases, discrepancies could have influenced the preoperative risk estimation.

title: Discordance between predicted postoperative forced expiratory volumes in one second (ppoFEV1) calculated before and after resection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial carcinoma']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']


abstract: We have presented evidence that the functional thyroid follicles (follicular units, FU) which are formed in grafts of monodispersed @entity35 thyroid cells, and hence the @entity259 which later develop in such grafts, are clonal in origin. Transplantation assays indicate that the clonogens comprise approximately 1% of the cells in monodispersed suspensions of normal thyroid tissue. Carcinogenesis studies show that neoplastic initiation of thyroid clonogens by radiation is a common event. Promotion-progression to @entity5 from radiation initiated clonogens has, however, been shown to be inversely related to the total grafted thyroid cell number; i.e. more @entity5 develop per irradiated clonogen in grafts of small cell numbers than of large cell numbers. Recent studies have been designed to investigate: a) whether the cell number-dependent inhibition of promotion-progression is mediated by remote hormonal feed-back, local cell-cell interactions, or both; b) the cell population kinetics of the clonogen subpopulation during goitrogenesis and @entity5651 involution; and c) the effect of prolonged exposure to high levels of TSH (thyrotropin) on the capacity of the clonogens to give rise to functional FU. The results indicate that local cell-cell interactions play an important role in the cell number-dependent suppression of neoplastic promotion-progression. They also show that if sufficient thyroid cells are grafted, the thyroid-pituitary axis can be reestablished in thyroidectomized @entity35 fed normal diets. In such animals given @entity1496 deficient diets, the FU that develop in the thyroid grafts shift their secretory pattern to increase the ratio of T3 ( @entity1954 ) to T4 ( @entity1955 ), and thus conserve the available @entity1496 . Finally, the clonogenic subpopulation is conserved during both goitrogenesis and @entity5651 involution. When they are transplanted to thyroidectomized recipients, clonogens from two types of @entity5651 form FU that are morphologically indistinguishable from those that develop in grafts of normal thyroid clonogens. Furthermore, the secretion of T3 and T4 by such grafts is dependent on the grafted clonogen number, and hence FU formation, and not on the total number of thyroid cells transplanted. We conclude that the thyroid clonogens, the presumptive @entity5 progenitor cells, have many of the characteristics of stem cells.

title: On the cells of origin of radiogenic XXXX : new studies based on an old idea.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity5651 :: ('MESH:D006042', 'Disease') :: ['goiter', 'goiters']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid tumors']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether @entity425 is correlated with @entity32 , expression of @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II antigens on muscle fibres. METHODS: Biopsy specimens from clinically symptomatic (proximal muscles) and asymptomatic (all distal but two proximal) muscles in eight @entity1 with @entity6558 , three @entity1 with @entity6017 and six healthy controls were analysed by immunohistochemistry for the presence of T cells and macrophages, and expression of @entity1192 and of MHC class I and II antigens. RESULTS: were evaluated by conventional light microscopy and by computerised image analysis. Results: Inflammatory infiltrates with T cells and macrophages were observed to an equal degree in both symptomatic and asymptomatic muscle. The numbers of capillaries with @entity1192 expression were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the symptomatic and asymptomatic muscles of @entity1 than in controls. The total @entity1192 expression per tissue section assessed by computerised image analysis was significantly higher in symptomatic muscles but not in asymptomatic muscles compared with that in controls. Neither the number of @entity1192 -positive capillaries nor the total @entity1192 expression differed significantly between symptomatic and asymptomatic muscles. Expression of MHC class I and II antigens on muscle fibres was detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic muscles but rarely in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of inflammatory infiltrates, T cells and macrophages, and expression of MHC class I and II antigens and of @entity1192 on muscle fibres were independent of clinical symptoms, and were present to an equal degree in both proximal and distal muscles. Thus, other factors seem to determine the development of clinical symptoms. One such factor could be variations in physical demands.

title: Signs of @entity32 in both symptomatic and asymptomatic muscles from @entity1 with XXXX and @entity6017 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6017 :: ('MESH:D003882', 'Disease') :: ['dermatomyositis']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['IL1alpha', 'interleukin 1alpha']

entities_list: @entity6558 :: ('MESH:D017285', 'Disease') :: ['polymyositis']

answer: @entity6558 :: (MESH:D017285,Disease) :: ['polymyositis']


abstract: A hyperintensity rim is often seen at the @entity1313 interface of @entity1653 upon T2-weighted (T2WI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and it is referred to as the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space; however, the true nature of the rim remains unclear. We surveyed the MRI findings and the histopathologic characteristics of such rims. Our study population consisted of 53 consecutive @entity1 who underwent @entity1653 removal at our hospital. The intensity of the rim on MRI scans obtained with different imaging sequences was assessed in all @entity1 . We used 22 @entity5 for histopathologic investigation: tissue samples were acquired from both the @entity5 surface and from a deep intratumoral site. Of the 53 @entity1653 , 37 (69.8%) manifested a hyperintensity rim on T2WI (T2-rim). The other 16 showed neither a hyperintense nor a hypointense rim on their T2WI. An enhancement effect corresponding to the rim was observed in 28 of the 37 (75.7%) T2-rim positive @entity5 . While 9 among the 37 @entity5 with a T2-rim (24.3%) did not show rim enhancement, they showed low intensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. The microvascular density in the @entity5 capsule was significantly greater in the 12 T2-rim and rim enhancement positive @entity5 than in 10 @entity5 that were T2-rim negative or T2-rim positive, but rim enhancement-negative ( p   <   0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). We found that 75.7% of T2 hyperintense rims that were detected at the @entity75 interface reflected a microvascular-rich capsule layer, rather than the CSF space.

title: Radiologic and histologic features of the T2 hyperintensity rim of XXXX on magnetic resonance images.

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain-tumor']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain-meningioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningioma', 'meningiomas']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningiomas']


abstract: The primary olfactory pathway contains non-myelinating glial cells, called ensheathing cells, that exhibit a variety of phenotypes depending on their immediate environment. In vivo, these cells normally possess a mixture of astrocyte- and Schwann cell-specific phenotypic features. When co-cultured with dorsal root ganglion neurons, their phenotype can become more like that of a myelinating Schwann cell. The objective of this study was to determine whether ensheathing cells would express a myelinating phenotype in culture in the absence of neurons but in the presence of @entity268 analogues that are known to induce the expression of myelin associated molecules in Schwann cell cultures. The ensheathing cell cultures were initiated using the nerve fiber layers of Theiler stage 23 @entity35 olfactory bulb primordia and were fed for 1 day to 3 weeks with serum containing (1% or 10% FBS) or serum-free media to which was added different concentrations of @entity5393 (0.1 to 1 mM) or @entity1928 (10 microM). These cultures were double-labelled with a rabbit polyclonal antibody to S100 in combination with mouse anti-GAL-C (O1 and @entity61884 hybridomas) or anti- @entity8382 monoclonal antibodies. The remaining cultures were double-labeled with a rabbit polyclonal antibody to @entity40 in combination with the @entity61884 antibody. Treatment with @entity5393 or @entity1928 failed to induce ensheathing cells to express @entity8382 regardless of the concentration. On the other hand, the treatment induced approximately one tenth of the cells to express GAL-C, and virtually all of the cells to express @entity40 . These results indicate that although ensheathing cells can synthesize myelin associated molecules, the @entity268 second messenger system appears to play a lesser role in controlling the expression of a myelinating phenotype in ensheathing cells than it does in Schwann cells.

title: Elevated intracellular levels of @entity268 induce olfactory ensheathing cells to express GAL-C and @entity40 but not XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity8382 :: (24547(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['MBP']


abstract: The size of the central and arterial blood volume (CBV) is essential in the understanding of fluid retention in @entity82 . Previously, it has been reported decreased, normal, or increased, but no reports have analyzed CBV with respect to gender and lean body mass. The aim of the present study was by means of an optimized technique to reassess it in a large group of @entity1 with @entity82 compared with healthy controls and matched controls in relationship to their body dimensions and gender. Eighty-three @entity1 with @entity82 (male/female, 60:23), 67 @entity1 without @entity409 (male/female, 22:45), and 14 young healthy controls (male/female, 6:8) underwent a hemodynamic investigation with determination of cardiac output, central circulation time, and CBV determined according to kinetic principles. Related to gender, CBV was lower in male cirrhotics (1.48 +/- 0.30 liter) than in matched and young controls (1.68 +/- 0.33 and 1.72 +/- 0.33 liter, respectively; P < 0.05-0.01). No significant differences in CBV were seen between female cirrhotics and controls. Absolute and adjusted CBVs were lower in the females than in @entity1 with @entity82 (P < 0.001), and @entity1 with @entity82 had lower absolute and body weight-adjusted CBVs than matched controls (P < 0.01). Normalized values of CBV (%total blood volume) were significantly lower in @entity1 with @entity82 (25 +/- 4%) than in matched controls (31 +/- 7%) and young controls (28 +/- 4%; P < 0.02). CBV correlated significantly with anthropometrics, including lean body mass (r = 0.68-0.82; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the CBV of @entity1 with @entity82 was lower than that of controls when adjusted for body dimensions and gender. There are significant gender differences, and signs of underfilling are more pronounced in male than in female @entity1 . The results emphasize the importance of adjustments of blood volumes for anthropometrics and gender.

title: Central and noncentral blood volumes in XXXX : relationship to anthropometrics and gender.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['cirrhosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1652 is a severe @entity17 disease that selectively involves the optic nerves and the spinal cord but usually spares the brain. It is considered to have a B-cell-induced pathogenesis. @entity2664 , a synthetic anthracenedione approved for worsening relapsing-remitting @entity15 and secondary progressive @entity15 , has been shown to primarily suppress the humoral response. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefit of @entity2664 treatment in @entity1 with relapsing @entity1652 . DESIGN: Prospective 2-year study. SETTING: @entity15 center. @entity1 : Five @entity1 (3 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 ) with an age range of 20 to 51 years and an Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 2.5 to 6.5 (mean +/- SD, 4.40 +/- 1.88). INTERVENTIONS: Monthly intravenous infusions of @entity2664 , 12 mg/m2, for 6 months followed by 3 additional treatments every 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Expanded Disability Status Scale score measured every 3 months and during relapses; findings on orbital, brain, and spinal cord magnetic resonance images performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months; and visual evoked potentials and results of ophthalmologic evaluations performed at baseline and annually. RESULTS: During the 2 years of treatment, 2 @entity1 each had a relapse once within the initial 5 months of treatment (1 severe and 1 moderate). Improvement was seen clinically and on magnetic resonance images in 4 @entity1 . @entity1 generally tolerated the treatment well, although 1 @entity1 had a reversible decrease in cardiac ejection fraction. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a beneficial effect of @entity2664 treatment for relapsing @entity1652 .

title: Study of XXXX for the treatment of recurrent @entity1652 ( @entity1652 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelinating']

entities_list: @entity1652 :: ('MESH:D009471', 'Disease') :: ['Neuromyelitis optica', 'neuromyelitis optica']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone hydrochloride', 'mitoxantrone', 'Mitoxantrone hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['Academic multiple sclerosis', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity2664 :: (MESH:D008942,Chemical) :: ['mitoxantrone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Risk factors for @entity2259 in @entity1 with hospital-acquired @entity793 are largely unknown. Given the morbidity and costs associated with @entity2259 , determining risk factors could enhance the safety of hospitalized @entity1 . METHODS: We conducted a case-control study within the Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System. A @entity1 hospitalized between 1984 and 1999 from whom a urine culture and a blood culture grew the same organism > or =48 hours after admission was considered a case. Control @entity1 were those with significant @entity793 detected > or =48 hours after admission who did not have a positive blood culture. We used logistic regression to determine independent risk factors for @entity2259 . RESULTS: There were 95 cases and 142 controls. Independent, statistically significant predictors of @entity2259 included immunosuppressant therapy within 14 days of @entity793 (odds ratio [OR], 8.13); history of @entity5 (OR, 1.94); male sex (OR, 1.88); cigarette use in the past 5 years (OR, 1.26); number of hospital days before @entity793 (OR, 1.03); and antibiotic use within 3 days of @entity793 (OR, 0.76). @entity228 use within 7 days of @entity793 predicted @entity2259 in @entity1 <70 years old (OR, 14.24). Similarly, @entity1 <70 years old were more likely to develop @entity2259 if they had @entity6 (OR, 6.19). CONCLUSION: Delineating risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract-related @entity2259 can help target appropriate preventive practices at the highest risk @entity1 .

title: Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract-related XXXX : a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia', 'nosocomial bacteremia']

answer: @entity2259 :: (MESH:D016470,Disease) :: ['bacteremia']


abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is regularly used for stereotactic imaging of Gamma Knife (GK) radiosurgery @entity1 for GK treatment planning. MRI-induced @entity130 have occurred and been reported for GK @entity1 with attached metallic headframes. Depending on the specific MR imaging and headframe conditions, a @entity272 from MRI-induced heating can potentially occur where the four headframe screws contact the skin surface of the @entity1 's head. Higher MR field strength has a greater heating potential. Two primary heating mechanisms, electromagnetic induction and the antenna effect, are possible. In this study, MRI-induced heating from a 3T clinical MRI scanner was investigated for stereotactic headframes used in gamma radiosurgery and neurosurgery. Using melons as head phantoms, optical thermometers were used to characterize the temperature profile at various points of the @entity2487 headframe composite as a function of two 3T MR pulse sequence protocols. Different combinations of GK radiosurgery headframe post and screw designs were tested to determine best and worst combinations for MRI-induced heating. Temperature increases were measured for all pulse sequences tested, indicating that the potential exists for MRI-induced skin heating and burns at the headframe attachment site. This heating originates with electromagnetic induction caused by the @entity6470 fields inducing current in a loop formed by the headframe, mounting screws, and the region of the @entity1 's head located between any of the two screws. This induced current is then resistively dissipated, with the regions of highest resistance, located at the headframe screw- @entity1 head interface, experiencing the most heating. Significant heating can be prevented by replacing the metallic threads holding the screw with electrically insulated nuts, which is the heating prevention and @entity1 safety recommendation of the GK manufacturer. Our results confirm that the manufacturer's recommendation to use insulating nuts reduces the induced currents in the headframe nearly to zero, effectively preventing heating and minimizing the likelihood of @entity130 .

title: Mechanisms and prevention of XXXX from gamma radiosurgery headframes during 3T MR imaging.

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['thermal injuries', 'thermal injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['thermal injury']


abstract: Relationships between @entity4409 and economic efficiency were examined using data from genetic investigations and management studies. Genetic investigations have indicated that @entity291 bred for high production do require more health care, but that increased costs for health care negate only a small fraction of the greater returns from @entity291 that are genetically superior for yield traits. These same studies have identified age of @entity291 and stage of lactation as important sources of variation in health care costs. Health care costs increase with age and are highest at parturition and immediately thereafter, and decrease to much lower levels as lactation progresses. @entity4409 issues considered from a management perspective were macro-environment (climate, housing, facilities), nutrition-reproduction complex, replacement management, @entity1271 and @entity283 , and herd health preventive medicine programs. Most advances in management of @entity4409 were beneficial, but some are economical only for large herds. Improvement of @entity283 through continued and expanded research on milking procedures and equipment design is an area of unusual promise. Additional research appears needed to cope with stress and fatigue to legs and feet in modern facilities. Preventive medicine programs become more cost effective as herds become larger and should be used by a larger percentage of dairy producers. The economic efficiency of many management practices is uncertain due to a paucity of data. Animal scientists should plan to incorporate economic comparisons into much more of their research.

title: XXXX and management and their impact on economic efficiency.

entities_list: @entity4409 :: ('MESH:D000820', 'Disease') :: ['animal health', 'Animal health']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['udder health']

answer: @entity4409 :: (MESH:D000820,Disease) :: ['Animal health']


abstract: All neural connections entering the hypothalamus from the anterior direction were severed by means of a Hal  sz knife-cut in female @entity35 at 22 days of age. The @entity35 were then examined for vaginal @entity1538 and ovulation. At intervals blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for the measurement of serum @entity2819 (B). Unoperated @entity35 showed vaginal @entity1538 at 36.5 +/- 2.1 days and ovulation within 2 days. A significant difference was found between B at 08.00 h and 18.00 h at the first sample interval chosen (28 days of age) and thereafter. Animals given sham surgery showed vaginal @entity1538 late (44.2 +/- 3.2 days, p smaller than 0.05) but ovulated within 2 days. These animals also had a significant 08.00-18.00 difference in B from day 28 on. @entity35 with frontal cuts in front of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) showed precocious vaginal @entity1538 (27.2 +/- 2.3 days, p smaller than 0.05) and early ovulation (28.2 +/- 0.7 days). A 08.00-18.00 difference was noted at 28 days of age but was lost after ovariectomy at 47 days of age. Implantation of a silastic @entity4520 capsule restored the 08.00-18.00 difference (p smaller than 0.01). Animals with cuts behind the optic chiasm (posterior frontal cuts) all showed early vaginal @entity1538 ; some @entity35 then ovulated (at 42.3 +/- 3.8 days) while others did not. No difference could be detected in the position of the cuts although there appeared to be more damage to the region just behind the SCN in the latter group. No 08.00-18.00 difference in B was found in the nonovulatory group and no difference was found in the ovulatory group until 44 days of age. It can be concluded that an isolated hypothalamic island containing the SCN will generate signals sufficient for precocious ovulation although subsequent ovulatory cycles are not regular.

title: Adrenal-gonadal function in XXXX with frontal hypothalamic transections.

entities_list: @entity4520 :: ('MESH:C074283', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol benzoate']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Unprecedented rates of climate warming over the past century have resulted in increased forest stress and mortality worldwide. Decreased tree growth in association with increasing temperatures is generally accepted as a signal of temperature-induced drought stress. However, variations in tree growth alone do not reveal the physiological mechanisms behind recent changes in tree growth. Examining stable @entity505 isotope composition of tree rings in addition to tree growth can provide a secondary line of evidence for physiological drought stress. In this study, we examined patterns of black spruce growth and @entity505 isotopic composition in tree rings in response to climate warming and drying in the boreal forest of interior Alaska. We examined trees at three nested scales: landscape, toposequence, and a subsample of trees within the toposequence. At each scale, we studied the potential effects of differences in microclimate and moisture availability by sampling on northern and southern aspects. We found that black spruce radial growth responded negatively to monthly metrics of temperature at all examined scales, and we examined    @entity7352 responses on a subsample of trees as representative of the wider region. The negative    @entity7352 responses to temperature reveal that black spruce trees are experiencing moisture stress on both northern and southern aspects. Contrary to our expectations,    @entity7352 from trees on the northern aspect exhibited the strongest drought signal. Our results highlight the prominence of drought stress in the boreal forest of interior Alaska. We conclude that if temperatures continue to warm, we can expect drought-induced productivity declines across large regions of the boreal forest, even for trees located in cool and moist landscape positions.

title: Stable XXXX isotope analysis reveals widespread drought stress in boreal black spruce forests.

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Outcomes for @entity1 with @entity283 ( @entity283 ) can vary by their patterns and persistence over time. We aimed to empirically establish typical @entity283 trajectories throughout childhood and their predictive relationships with @entity1 and parent outcomes. METHODS: The 2 cohorts of the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Australian @entity1 were recruited in 2004 at ages 0 to 1 (n = 5107, B cohort) and 4 to 5 years (n = 4983, K cohort). The parent-reported @entity1 With @entity283 Screener (Short Form) was completed at each of 4 biennial waves. Wave 4 outcomes were parent-reported behavior and health-related quality of life, teacher-reported learning, and directly assessed cognition. Both parents self-reported mental distress. We derived intracohort trajectories by using latent class analysis in Mplus. We compared mean outcome scores across trajectories by using linear regression, adjusting for socioeconomic position. RESULTS: Four distinct @entity283 trajectories were replicated in both cohorts: persistent (B 6.8%, K 8.7%), emerging (B 4.1%, K 11.5%), transient (B 7.9%, K 4.2%), and none (B 81.3%, K 75.6%). Every outcome was adversely affected except fathers' mental health. From infancy to age 6 to 7 years, the persistent and emerging groups had similarly poor outcomes. From age 4 and 5 to 10 and 11 years, outcomes were incrementally poorer on moving from none to transient to emerging and to persistent @entity283 . Effect sizes were largest for behavior, learning, and psychosocial outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse outcomes are shaped more by cumulative burden than point prevalence of SHCNs. In addition to providing care according to a @entity1 's need at any given time, prioritizing care toward persistent SHCNs may have the biggest benefits for @entity1 and parents.

title: Trajectories and Outcomes Among XXXX With Special Health Care Needs.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['SHCN', 'special health care needs']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: From August 1990 to June 1991, a moderate die-off of 4- to 5-year-old green sea turtles ( @entity15117 ) occurred at Cayman Turtle Farm, Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Clinical signs included lethargy, @entity448 , and inability to dive. Many of the ill turtles floated on the surface of their tanks. There was no apparent sex predilection. Complete necropsies, including histopathologic examination of tissues, were performed on eight turtles. Necropsies revealed multiple irregular discrete to patchy 1-10 mm pale gray foci throughout the hearts of four turtles. By light microscopic examination, the most severe and consistent lesions were @entity2401 , histiocytic to fibrinous splenitis, and @entity99 and @entity39 . A mixed leukocytic infiltrate of acidophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes was present in affected areas of the heart. Other lesions included lymphocytic/plasmacytic @entity1986 , subacute @entity401 , subacute @entity1333 , @entity3619 of the small intestine, and occasional @entity738 associated with spirorchid trematode ova. Chlamydiae could be demonstrated in macrophages in sections of paraffin-embedded heart, liver, and spleen and in myocardial fibers and hepatocytes using a modified Macchiavello's stain. Chlamydial antigen was detected by light microscopic examination in the cytoplasm of myocardial fibers and in occasional hepatocytes using a commercially available genus-specific antichlamydial monoclonal antibody and the avidin @entity1885 peroxidase complex staining method. Electron microscopic examination of the heart of the most severely affected turtle revealed developmental stages of chlamydial organisms. A suspension of heart from this turtle was inoculated into the yolk sacs of @entity1573 embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Chlamydiosis in mariculture-reared green sea turtles ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity15117 :: ('8469', 'Species') :: ['Chelonia mydas']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomas']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial nephritis']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['chronic/active enteritis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lipidosis']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing myocarditis']

answer: @entity15117 :: (8469,Species) :: ['Chelonia mydas']


abstract: Menopausal @entity1 with @entity302 present several unique management challenges. They have an elevated risk for @entity3604 because of the adverse effects of @entity734 ( @entity734 ) on bone metabolism, combined with the chance of @entity130 during @entity410 and the subtle effects of @entity734 on coordination that promote falling. A uniform effect of @entity734 on @entity560 metabolism or bone turnover has not yet been revealed by clinical or basic studies, although the enzyme-inducing @entity734 appear to decrease serum @entity560 levels. However, bone density is frequently decreased in @entity1 with @entity302 . Clinicians must be familiar with the recommendations for @entity460 and @entity560 supplementation and recognize when to refer @entity1 for bone density evaluations. Perimenopause is a transition during which @entity1 with @entity302 are at risk for increased @entity410 frequency, probably because of alterations in the @entity172 : @entity1420 ratio over this period. @entity1 with @entity302 who have had a catamenial @entity410 pattern during their reproductive years are at particular risk for an increase in @entity410 frequency during perimenopause but may experience a @entity410 reduction after becoming menopausal (cessation of menses for 1 year). These @entity1 appear to represent a subgroup of @entity1 with @entity302 who have heightened sensitivity to endogenous reproductive hormone levels. The use of hormone replacement therapy may also increase @entity410 occurrence. Finally, the age at menopause may be reduced in @entity1 with poorly controlled @entity410 . This is probably related to an effect of @entity410 on hypothalamic function, although primary @entity2670 may also be operative in this setting.

title: Menopause and bone density issues for @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic fracture']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['AEDs', 'antiepileptic drugs']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment for @entity3458 ( @entity3458 ); nevertheless, its use has been limited by the risk of transplantation-related mortality (TRM). Between November 1988 and December 2004, 87 consecutive @entity1 with severe @entity3458 ranging from 2 to 22 years of age received transplants in France. @entity455 was the principal indication for transplantation (55 @entity1 ). All the @entity1 received grafts from a sibling donor after a myeloablative conditioning regimen (CR). The only change in the CR during the study period was the introduction of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in March 1992. The rejection rate was 22.6% before the use of ATG but 3% thereafter. With a median follow-up of 6 years (range, 2.0 to 17.9 years), the overall and event-free survival (EFS) rates were 93.1% and 86.1%, respectively. @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) was the main cause of TRM. Importantly, cord blood transplant recipients did not develop @entity2132 . No new @entity2806 were detected after engraftment, and cerebral velocities were significantly reduced. The outcome improved significantly with time: the EFS rate among the 44 @entity1 receiving transplants after January 2000 was 95.3%. These results indicate that HLA-identical sibling HSCT after myeloablative conditioning with ATG should be considered as a standard of care for @entity3458 @entity1 who are at high risk for @entity64 .

title: Long-term results of related myeloablative stem-cell transplantation to cure XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral vasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic lesions']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['SCD', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'Graft versus host disease']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the concurrent validity of the @entity64 Drivers Screening Assessment (SDSA). DESIGN: Comparison of the SDSA with criterion standards. SETTING: Subjects' homes in the community in the United Kingdom. @entity1 : Ninety-three @entity64 @entity1 (age range, 22-83y) who were referred for assessment of fitness to drive or who had been driving before their @entity64 . @entity1 were assessed a median of 5 months post @entity64 . INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 were assessed on the SDSA and tests of visuospatial ability (Visual Object and Space Perception [VOSP] Battery), executive abilities (Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test, Trail-Making Test [TMT], Cognitive Estimates Test [CET]), and visual memory (Recognition Memory Tests [RMT], Verbal Descriptions of Road Signs [VDRS]). RESULTS: The SDSA subtests all correlated significantly with the Stroop test (P<.001) and TMT (P<.001), which suggests that they measure executive abilities and attention. The SDSA Dot Cancellation (DC) also correlated significantly with the VDRS (P<.01). The SDSA Square Matrices (SM) test correlated significantly with the VOSP cube analysis (P< or =.01) and the RMT faces subtest (P<.001), which suggests that the SM test also measures visuospatial abilities and visual memory. The SDSA Road Sign Recognition (RSR) test also correlated significantly with the VOSP cube analysis (P<.05), which suggests that the RSR test also measures visuospatial abilities. Factor analysis produced a 2-factor solution with DC time, SM compass, and RSR all loading on factor 1, together with the Stroop and TMT. This factor was interpreted as "executive abilities and attention." The RMT faces subtest and CET loaded onto a second factor. CONCLUSIONS: The SDSA seems to measure predominantly attention and executive abilities, which have previously been shown to be important determinants of safety to drive. This may account for the high predictive validity of the SDSA.

title: Concurrent validity of the XXXX drivers screening assessment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: @entity1560 is a defining feature of @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ). However, evidence that severity of @entity1560 can predict adverse outcomes in @entity1561 or @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ) is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether @entity1560 assessed by computed tomography (CT) imaging predicts adverse outcomes in @entity6 @entity1 at risk for @entity1561 / @entity1561 . METHODS: We studied @entity204 , liver-related and cardiovascular adverse outcomes in a 5-year retrospective observational cohort of 2343 type 2 @entity6 @entity1 in a large care network who had noncontrast CT imaging for clinical indications. We measured @entity1560 by subtraction of spleen from liver attenuation, a method that showed low sensitivity (0.417) and high specificity (0.882) compared with histopathological scoring. We evaluated outcomes prediction using multivariate Cox proportional hazards modelling of @entity1560 both as a categorical (>=  30%) and continuous variable. RESULTS: @entity1560 >=  30% was present in 233 (9.9%) of the cohort at baseline. Over 5 years, there were 372 total @entity204 , 18 liver-related and 99 @entity65 , 48 liver transplants, 51 occurrences of @entity99 , 41 @entity157 , 653 @entity583 , 66 @entity64 , 180 occurrences of angina, 735 occurrences of @entity943 and 772 occurrences of @entity712 . @entity1560 had no predictive value for any adverse outcome. @entity1 with @entity1560 averaged 8 years younger than those without it. Age had a strong covariate influence on occurrence of total @entity204 , @entity65 , @entity583 , @entity943 and @entity712 . CONCLUSION: Although @entity1560 on imaging is often the abnormality that triggers diagnosis and assessment of @entity1561 / @entity1561 , it lacks predictive value for adverse clinical outcomes.

title: @entity1560 in @entity6 XXXX does not predict adverse liver-related or cardiovascular outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatosis', 'Steatosis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['NAFLD', 'NASH', 'nonalcoholic steatohepatitis', 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular deaths']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: 1. Two @entity22752 /P2X(2/3) receptor antagonists with different potencies were profiled electrophysiologically in a @entity35 model of @entity128 . 2. @entity60607 has poor CNS penetrance (blood:brain, 1:<0.05), and was therefore administered intravenously in @entity8638 ( @entity8638 )- and sham-operated @entity35 to study the involvement of @entity22752 subunit-containing receptors in the periphery in @entity9 . @entity60607 and Compound A were administered topically to the spinal cord to investigate the central contribution. 3. There were no significant inhibitory effects of @entity60607 intravenous (i.v.) seen in sham-operated animals compared to vehicle controls. In @entity8638 -operated animals, there were significant inhibitory effects of 3 mg kg(-1) @entity60607 i.v. on C fibre-evoked responses, and with 10 mg kg(-1) @entity60607 i.v. on A delta and C fibre-evoked responses. No significant effects of @entity60607 were observed after topical application to the spinal cord. In contrast, when Compound A was administered spinally in @entity8638 animals, there was a decrease in A delta and C fibre-evoked responses, and wind up. 4. These changes indicate that @entity60607 has a selective effect on neuronal responses in @entity8638 animals compared to sham, demonstrating an increased involvement of @entity22752 /P2X(2/3) receptors in sensory signalling following @entity128 . In addition, the more potent antagonist Compound A was effective spinally, unmasking a potential central role of @entity22752 /P2X(2/3) receptors at this site post @entity128 . These data support a role for @entity22752 /P2X(2/3) antagonists in the modulation of @entity9 .

title: Investigation into the role of @entity22752 /P2X(2/3) receptors in XXXX following @entity8638 in the @entity35 : an electrophysiological study.

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic constriction injury', 'CCI']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: Nine @entity1 with relapsed or @entity978 or @entity1893 underwent peripheral stem cell autografting because of a history of marrow involvement with visible @entity706 . Peripheral stem cells were collected during a process of unstimulated leukapheresis. Recovery to a neutrophil count of 0.1 x 10(9)/L was seen at a median of 14 days compared with a median of 18 days for a concurrent series of marrow recipients (P = .12). Recoveries to a neutrophil count of 0.5 x 10(9)/L and a platelet count of 50 x 10(9)/L occurred at medians of 25 days and 28 days, respectively. These figures are not significantly different from those obtained in the marrow recipients. Of the original nine @entity1 , six are surviving free of disease progression or relapse at a median of 240 days posttransplant. Two @entity1 died of transplant-related complications and one relapsed 250 days post-transplant. All surviving @entity1 remain independent of transfusions and six have attained almost complete hematological reconstitution. Although administration of cytotoxic therapy and @entity2841 ( @entity2841 ) may enhance the yield of early progenitor cells during leukapheresis, unstimulated leukapheresis results in a stem cell product capable of rapidly restoring and sustaining marrow function even after multiple courses of intensive "salvage" therapy. Additional follow-up will be needed to determine whether preliminary survival figures continue to compare favorably with those of @entity1 with similar extramedullary disease states undergoing marrow transplants.

title: Treatment of relapsed or @entity978 and XXXX with high-dose chemoradiotherapy followed by unstimulated autologous peripheral stem cell rescue.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ['refractory Hodgkin disease']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']


abstract: CONTEXT: Luteal @entity1420 is fundamental for reproduction, but the molecular regulation of the corpus luteum (CL) in @entity1 remains unclear. @entity4151 and galectin-3 bind to the sugar chains on cells to control key biological processes including cell function and fate. METHODS: The expression and localization of @entity4151 and @entity14813 were analyzed by quantitative PCR and histochemical analysis, with special reference to a2,6-sialylation of glycoconjugates in carefully dated @entity1 CL collected across the menstrual cycle and after exposure to @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in vivo. The effects of hCG and @entity1421 on the expression of galectins and an a2,6-sialyltransferase 1 ( @entity15695 ) in granulosa lutein cells were analyzed in vitro. RESULTS: @entity4151 was predominantly localized to healthy granulosa lutein cells and galectin-3 was localized to macrophages and regressing granulosa lutein cells. Acute exposure to luteotrophic hormones (hCG and @entity1421 ) up-regulated @entity4151 expression (P < .001). @entity15695 , which catalyzes a2,6-sialylation to block @entity4151 binding, increased during luteolysis (P < .05) as did @entity14813 (P < .05). Luteotrophic hormones reduced @entity15695 and @entity14813 in vivo (P < .05) and in vitro (P < .001). There was an inverse correlation between the expression of @entity15695 and @entity11187 (P < .01) and a distinct cellular relationship among a2,6-sialylation, 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and galectin expression. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4151 is a luteotrophic factor whose binding is inhibited by a2,6-sialylation in the @entity1 CL during luteolysis. @entity15695 and galectin-3 expression is increased during luteolysis and associated with a loss of @entity1420 synthesis. Luteotrophic hormones differentially regulate @entity4151 and galectin-3/a2,6-sialylation in granulosa lutein cells, suggesting a novel galectin switch regulated by luteotrophic stimuli during luteolysis and luteal rescue.

title: The Loss of Luteal @entity1420 Production in XXXX Is Associated With a Galectin Switch via a2,6-Sialylation of Glycoconjugates.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E2']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Women']