abstract: Holoparasites are nonphotosynthetic plants that acquire all resources from hosts. The holoparasite @entity46150 is native to much of the US with a broad host range including Verbesina alternifolia, an understory perennial. Both species grow in moderate to moist soils and occur in habitats that may experience prolonged or episodic drought. We applied the Wise-Abrahamson Limiting Resource Model (LRM) developed for plant-herbivore relations to examine the effects of pattern of drought stress on tolerance of V. alternifolia to @entity4801 by @entity46150 . Individual plants were assigned one of six treatments that were combinations of parasite (none or addition of parasite) and drought stress (well-watered, continuously-stressed, or pulse-stressed). After pulse-stressed plants had experienced two wet-dry cycles all plants were harvested. @entity4801 strongly reduced both shoot and root mass and well-watered hosts exhibited the greatest decline, indicating reduced tolerance to @entity4801 when water was readily available. This is consistent with the LRM if @entity4801 limits photosynthates available to the host. However, @entity4801 increased allocation to shoot and this effect did not differ between well-watered and drought-stressed plants, indicating equal tolerance. This outcome is in accord with an alternative prediction of the LRM if hosts are not @entity505 limited. Total pot productivity was reduced by @entity4801 and drought stress, and this effect was greater for pulse-stressed than for continuously-stressed hosts. We discuss the applicability of the LRM for understanding the effects of drought on tolerance to @entity4801 .

title: Verbesina alternifolia Tolerance to the Holoparasite XXXX and the Impact of Drought.

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasitism', 'Parasitism']

entities_list: @entity46150 :: ('35886', 'Species') :: ['Cuscuta gronovii', 'C. gronovii']

answer: @entity46150 :: (35886,Species) :: ['Cuscuta gronovii']


abstract: The life cycle of an intraerythrocytic hemogregarine, Hepatozoon clamatae, was studied in green frogs (Rana clamitans melanota), bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), northern @entity14301 frogs (Rana pipiens), and in the mosquito, Culex territans. Gametogenesis, fertilization, and sporogony occurred within cells of the Malpighian tubules of laboratory-reared Cx. territans that had fed on naturally infected frogs. Mature oocysts containing hundreds of sporocysts were observed in mosquitoes 30 days postfeeding. Each sporocyst enclosed 4 sporozoites. Merozoites appeared in the peripheral circulation of laboratory-reared bullfrogs, green frogs and @entity14301 frogs that had been fed sporocysts 35-70 days previously. Attempts to infect American toads (Bufo americanus) and @entity46137 ( @entity46137 ) were not successful. Gamonts of this parasite induced nuclear fragmentation or segmentation in host erythrocytes. The life cycle, morphological, and morphometric features of H. clamatae are compared with H. catesbianae, a similar species that also infects ranids. @entity377 sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS-1) of these sympatric species revealed that only 6 @entity377 sites of the 129 base pairs of this region were variable among 4 isolates of H. clamatae and 2 isolates of H. catesbianae. A redescription of H. clamatae is presented based on data from this study and from the original description by Stebbins in 1905.

title: The life history and host specificity of Hepatozoon clamatae (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) and ITS-1 XXXX sequence variation of Hepatozoon species of frogs and mosquitoes from Ontario.

entities_list: @entity46137 :: ('8298', 'Species') :: ['Ambystoma laterale', 'blue-spotted salamanders']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide', 'Nucleotide']

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: Many studies have been performed to determine some prognostic factors for @entity135 . Defining the clinical and biological features would enable one to predict the progression of the disease and plan treatment. The aim of the present study has been to identify what host and @entity5 characteristics provide prognostic indication of possible recurrences. A group of 380 @entity1 with @entity957 of the @entity135 was studied. The @entity5 was located in the following sites: 257 larynx-hypopharynx, 69 oropharynx, 54 oral cavity. At the present time 309 of these subjects are still alive and disease free while 71 have had recurrences. Analyses were performed on various variables regarding the @entity1 , @entity5 and histology. Multivariante analysis of these prognostic factors was performed using the PLR-BMDP program. The time of recurrence in the primary @entity5 site and at the lymph node level was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Of the 28 variables analyzed 16 had no effect on the probability of recurrence. Two variables reduced the risk of recurrence: age over 61 years (p < 0.05) and primarily intra and peritumoral lymphocyte infiltration (p = 0.06). Of the data regarding the @entity1 , age lower than 61 years and presence of associated internal pathologies (i.e. @entity3127 and @entity99 ) appeared to significantly facilitate the appearance of recurrence. The characteristics of the @entity5 which appear to effect recurrences are: @entity5 site (hypopharynx), presence of lymph node @entity3 , morphological elements of tissue spread (vascular invasion, plasmocyte infiltration), capsular breakdown, positive margins and @entity281 . In conclusion, it can be asserted that technical development of multifactorial analysis has made it possible to identify important prognostic factors and quantify their impact on the evolution of a @entity5 .

title: [Identification of clinical, biological and prognostic factors in recurring XXXX of the @entity135 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck', 'malignant head and neck tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['post-operative infection']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity3127 :: ('MESH:D001996', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: A study examining the approach of pharmacies to @entity66 in childhood was carried out in Antalya, @entity233 . A fictitious case history of a 10 month @entity1 with an acute @entity294 of three days duration, which was clinically identical with viral @entity294 and accompanied by moderate @entity2700 was hypothesised. Following this, final semester students of the medical faculty posed as relatives of the @entity1 and sought the advice of pharmacy attendants. The approach, to this hypothesised case, of all 214 pharmacies in the Antalya municipality district was examined. Most of the pharmacy attendants (57.7%) did not ask any questions to determine a differential diagnosis or establish the degree of @entity2700 . Only 21.6% of the pharmacy attendants recommended consulting a doctor or health centre, 6.5% recommended Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) without giving an explanation about the amount needed or for how long it should be administered, 44.4% only dispensed a drug, 23.8% dispensed a drug with ORS and 3.7% recommended infant formula. Antidiarrhoeals were dispensed by 67.2% of the pharmacies and 14% gave antibiotics. Also 5.6% of the pharmacy attendants advised a reduction in the @entity1 's fluid intake, 17.3% said that they could not give an opinion regarding breast feeding 19.2% advised stopping breast feeding and 7.0% did not know. All the pharmacies except the ones with the appropriate recommendation 'consult a doctor or a health centre' responded with advice given without hesitation although they did not intend to inspect or examine the @entity1 . The approaches for acute @entity294 of the pharmacies were determined as inappropriate and harmful.

title: Pharmacy approach to a case of acute @entity294 with XXXX in Antalya, @entity233 .

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoeal disease']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

answer: @entity2700 :: (MESH:D003681,Disease) :: ['dehydration']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and @entity137 of @entity1260 in combination with @entity900 and @entity5713 in non-operable @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). METHODS: A total of 136 @entity1 with stage III or IV @entity1149 were randomized to either PV ( @entity900 , 120 mg/m2, and @entity5713 , 6 mg/m2) or @entity3549 (PV with the addition of @entity1260 , 3 g/m2) every 3 weeks. RESULTS: @entity1 receiving @entity3549 had a higher response rate (31% vs. 10%), but the performance status (PS) was significantly worse in those receiving PV. No difference in survival can be demonstrated between the two treatment groups. The median survival was 8.4 months. In both groups, @entity1 with @entity5 , good PS and no visceral involvement had better survivals. @entity1209 and @entity1665 were more pronounced in the @entity3549 group, although both chemotherapies were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of @entity1260 improved the response rate, but a survival advantage cannot be proven. The prognostic value of stage, PS and metastatic site is confirmed in this trial; further studies are required to select subgroups of @entity1 who may have a survival benefit with combination chemotherapy. The response rate elicited by @entity3549 makes it a candidate for neoadjuvant treatment.

title: A comparative study of XXXX and @entity5713 versus @entity1260 , @entity900 and @entity5713 in non-operable @entity1149 . A study of the Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group for Lung Cancer Trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III disease']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['Nausea/vomiting']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity64 is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide with many survivors restricted to their immediate environment secondary to @entity73 . OBJECTIVES: To review existing studies assessing effects of virtual reality (VR) on lower limb outcomes in @entity64 @entity1 . DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, and Cochrane Library from their beginning to August 2015. Eighteen meta-analyses were performed using @entity353 ( @entity353 ) and standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to summarize results. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized control trials using VR interventions within @entity64 populations for lower limb outcomes. Trials were screened by two independent authors for eligibility and bias. DATA EXTRACTION: Trials were grouped according to acute-subacute and @entity64 populations and outcomes were classified as functional balance, static balance, functional gait/mobility, spatiotemporal gait parameters, or motor function. RESULTS: 22 studies with 552 @entity1 were included. Significant differences in favor of VR group were found for functional balance (SMD 0.42, 95% CI 0.11-0.73), gait velocity ( @entity353 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.22), cadence ( @entity353 11.91, 95% CI 2.05-21.78), and stride length ( @entity353 9.79, 95% CI 0.74-18.84) within the chronic population. CONCLUSIONS: VR improves functional balance and various aspects of gait in chronic populations. Evidence also suggests that VR is just as effective as conventional therapy, hence its' use in practice is determined by affordability, and @entity1 /practitioner preferences.

title: Are virtual reality technologies effective in improving lower limb outcomes for @entity1 following XXXX - a systematic review with meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['various impairments']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['adult stroke', 'stroke', 'chronic stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['WMD', 'weighted mean differences']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: @entity9744 ( @entity9744 ) after liver transplantation (LT) may develop in @entity1 with @entity715 , chronic rejection, or ABO incompatibility, as well as in @entity1 with prolonged warm @entity63 in non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) LT. However, the clinical course and methods of management have not been well defined for IHBSs to date. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide a classification of post-LT @entity9744 and to investigate @entity1 prognosis. Forty-four @entity1 who developed @entity9744 after NHBD LT were enrolled. On the basis of the cholangiographic appearance, @entity1 were classified into 4 groups: unilateral focal (UF, n=8), confluence (CO, n=10), bilateral multifocal (BM, n=21), and @entity39 ( @entity39 , n=5). The UF type was defined as cases with stricture only in the segmental branch of the unilateral hemiliver; the CO type in cases with several strictures at confluence level; and the BM type in cases with multiple strictures bilaterally. Cases with diffuse obliteration of peripheral ducts or destruction of the central architectural integrity, over a long segment, were classified as the @entity39 type. Five @entity1 with the CO type required several interventions requiring biliary dilatation, yet all @entity1 with the UF or CO type had a good prognosis. Among the @entity1 with the BM type, 3 @entity1 (14.3%) died or underwent retransplantation due to biliary complications, and 7 (33.3%) required repeated interventions for >1 year without improvement. Moreover, among 5 @entity1 classified as the @entity39 type, 1 (20%) died of @entity253 , 2 (40%) underwent retransplantation, and the remaining 2 (40%) did not recover from persistent @entity1087 and life-threatening @entity255 despite multiple interventions. In conclusion, all @entity1 classified as UF or CO had a good outcome with or without additional interventions. However, all @entity1 with the @entity39 type and about half the @entity1 with the BM type did not recover from life-threatening complications, despite repeated aggressive interventions; early retransplantation was therefore the only treatment option for these @entity1 .

title: Classification and prognosis of XXXX after liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse necrosis', 'DN']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic artery thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary sepsis']

entities_list: @entity9744 :: ('MESH:D002780', 'Disease') :: ['IHBS', 'Intrahepatic biliary stricture']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity9744 :: (MESH:D002780,Disease) :: ['intrahepatic biliary stricture']


abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and angiographic importance of @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ) during @entity4156 ( @entity4156 ) by comparing @entity1 groups with and without @entity1347 after @entity4156 . One hundred seventy-two @entity1 (141 @entity1 and 31 @entity1 ) between 28 and 84 years of age (mean 55 +/-10 years) with @entity4156 were included in the study. @entity1 were divided into 2 groups according to electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria: group I comprised 25 @entity1 in whom ECG pattern characteristic of @entity1347 developed, group II comprised 147 @entity1 without this pattern. According to the electrocardiogram, @entity1 were placed in group I if the mean QRS axis was deviated to the left < 30 degrees in the frontal plane with the following pattern: increased S-wave voltage and decreased R-wave voltage in leads II, the appearance of a deep S-wave in lead II, and a terminal positive R-wave in lead aVR. Coronary angiography was performed within 2 weeks. @entity3979 was considered if the vessel diameter was narrowed by > 50%. The dominant coronary artery was classified as right or left or balanced. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated from left ventriculography. The mean age of the @entity1 in group I was significantly higher (58 vs 54 years, p = 0.007), while the risk factors were similar in both groups. Left anterior descending (LAD) and @entity453 ( @entity453 ) were found to be significantly higher in group I compared with group 11 (80% vs 38%, p=0.0001; 84% vs 52%, p=0.001, respectively). The mean LVEF was found to be lower in group I (51% vs 56%, p=0.04). Peak @entity908 phosphokinase MB (CKMB) values were not different (216 vs 162 IU/L, p = 0.09). The frequency of left dominant or balanced coronary artery was determined to be higher in group I (44% vs 17%, p = 0.018). @entity1347 development during @entity4156 can be an indicator of @entity75 , multivessel @entity453 , and @entity1002 .

title: Importance of XXXX development in @entity4156 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['LAD lesions']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['LAHB', 'left anterior hemiblock']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['A coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity4156 :: ('MESH:D056989', 'Disease') :: ['acute inferior myocardial infarction', 'AIMI']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'multi-vessel coronary artery disease', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['impaired left ventricular systolic function']

answer: @entity1347 :: (MESH:C537775,Disease) :: ['left anterior hemiblock']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Regular exercise increases exercise self-efficacy and health-related quality of life (HRQOL); however, the mechanisms are unknown. We examined the associations of exercise adherence and physiological improvements with changes in exercise self-efficacy and HRQOL. METHODS: Middle-aged adults (N = 202) were randomized to 12 months aerobic exercise (360 minutes/week) or control. Weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, @entity410 , HRQOL (SF-36), and exercise self-efficacy were assessed at baseline and 12 months. Adherence was measured in minutes/day from activity logs. RESULTS: Exercise adherence was associated with reduced bodily @entity158 , improved general health and vitality, and reduced role-emotional scores (P(trend)  <= 0.05). Increased @entity410 was associated with improved physical functioning, bodily @entity158 and general health scores (P(trend)  <= 0.04). Reduced weight and percent body fat were associated with improved physical functioning, general health, and bodily @entity158 scores (P(trend) < 0.05). Decreased waist circumference was associated with improved bodily @entity158 and general health but with reduced role-emotional scores (P(trend)  <= 0.05). High exercise adherence, increased @entity410 and reduced weight, waist circumference and percent body fat were associated with increased exercise self-efficacy (P(trend) < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring adherence and tailoring exercise programs to induce changes in @entity410 may lead to greater improvements in HRQOL and self-efficacy that could promote exercise maintenance.

title: Exercise adherence, XXXX and anthropometric changes improve exercise self-efficacy and health-related quality of life.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary fitness and body composition', 'fitness', 'cardiopulmonary fitness']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['cardiopulmonary fitness']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: To conduct a detailed morphologic and ultrastructural study of @entity456 following talc pleurodesis. METHODS: Talc with a main particle size of 8.36 +/- 0.2 mum (mean +/- SEM) and at a dose of 200 mg/kg in a 2-mL slurry was instilled via a small catheter into the @entity1143 of 10 male @entity95 . Five @entity95 were killed at 1 week, and five @entity95 were killed at 1 month after instillation. At autopsy, after macroscopically observing the @entity1143 , adhesions were excised from opposing pleural surfaces and processed for histopathologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural study. RESULTS: At 1 week, all adhesions examined were mesothelium-covered fibrovascular bands containing well-developed blood and lymphatic vessels establishing a structural continuity between both @entity1143 . Nerves were present in adhesions from 20% of the @entity95 . They consisted of a single fascicle containing 5 to 20 thin myelinated axons of various diameters (1 to 6 microm) uniformly distributed throughout the nerve section. The anatomic location of the adhesion did not appear to influence its overall morphology. CONCLUSIONS: As early as at 1 week, adhesions are well-formed structures more resembling newly formed pleural tissue than a simple scar. Nerve fibers in @entity456 are reported for the first time, which suggests that these adhesions are potentially capable of conducting @entity158 stimuli. Further studies are required in order to confirm our results in @entity1 @entity456 .

title: Evidence of innervation in talc-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural layers', 'pleural cavity']

entities_list: @entity456 :: ('MESH:D010995', 'Disease') :: ['pleural adhesions']

answer: @entity456 :: (MESH:D010995,Disease) :: ['pleural adhesions']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate patency and clinical efficacy of endovascular therapy for @entity3885 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 were categorized with regard to symptoms (asymptomatic/intermittent claudication [IC] vs @entity63 [ @entity63 ]), bypass graft material used (autologous vs prosthetic graft), and localization of distal anastomoses (femoropopliteal vs femorodistal bypass). Primary patency was defined as absence of sonographically verified stenosis greater than 50%. Assisted primary patency was applied to secondary revisions to prevent impending occlusion. Secondary patency refers to repeat interventions aimed at restoring bypass patency after occlusion. Primary sustained clinical improvement in IC was defined as an upward shift of at least one category per Rutherford classification, accordingly to a level of claudication in @entity1 with @entity63 . RESULTS: A total of 54 @entity1 (54 limbs, 12 with @entity63 ) were included. At 1 year, primary patency rates were 74% in IC and 27% in @entity63 (P = .001), primary assisted patency rates were 85% in IC and 68% in @entity63 (P = .05), and secondary patency rates were 89% in IC and 100% in @entity63 (P = .32). Accordingly, primary sustained clinical improvement rates were 64% in IC and 25% in @entity63 (P = .018). After adjustment for confounding factors, @entity63 (hazard ratio [HR], 7.8; 95% CI, 2.3-26.32; P = .001) and impaired patent runoff (ie, less than three crural runoff vessels; HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03-0.96; P = .045) were independently associated with impaired primary patency. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular revascularization is a reasonable treatment option to prevent impending bypass occlusion. Presence of @entity63 and impaired crural runoff are independent risk factors for lower patency rates.

title: Single-center experience in endovascular treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['infrainguinal bypass obstructions']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['critical limb ischemia', 'CLI']

answer: @entity3885 :: (MESH:D008173,Disease) :: ['infrainguinal bypass obstructions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Indirect allorecognition has been implicated in the initiation of chronic allograft dysfunction. Our aim was to develop an animal model that allowed the contribution of the direct and indirect pathway of allorecognition in the @entity8 , the main feature of chronic allograft rejection, to be evaluated. METHODS: Aortic allografts mismatched for a single @entity23822 were transplanted into athymic NUDE or RAG (-/-) @entity19 . Immunodeficient @entity19 were reconstituted with either @entity1961 (+) (indirect) or CD8(+) (direct + indirect) T cells in the presence or absence of depleting antibodies specific for the opposite T-cell subset. Aortic grafts were analyzed by performing morphometry, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of cytokine mRNA production. Donor-specific alloantibody production was measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. RESULTS: Reconstitution of athymic @entity19 with 4 x 10(7) purified @entity1961 (+) T cells resulted in vascular rejection of MHC class I mismatched aortic grafts. Intimal proliferation was 24+/-8% and did not decrease when nude-derived endogenous CD8(+) T cells were depleted from the nude recipients (intimal proliferation, 21+/-7%). Transplant @entity4288 initiated by @entity1961 + T cells was associated with the presence of intragraft mRNA for interferon-gamma, tumor @entity39 factor-alpha, inducible @entity842 synthase, and interleukin 12. Reconstitution of @entity5350 (-/-) @entity19 with 4 x 10(7) purified @entity1961 (+) T cells resulted in a similar @entity8 (intimal proliferation, 20+/-9%) in MHC class I mismatched aortic grafts in the absence of alloantibody production. CONCLUSION: Indirect recognition of donor MHC class I molecules by @entity1961 (+) T cells can play an important role in the @entity8 . CD8(+) T-cell effector function and alloantibody production in this model are dependent on @entity1961 (+) T-cell help after indirect allorecognition.

title: Indirect allorecognition can play an important role in the development of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['degree of transplant arteriosclerosis', 'evolution of transplant arteriosclerosis', 'process of transplant arteriosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['transplant arteriosclerosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The molecular mechanisms that regulate pericyte differentiation are not well understood, partly because of the lack of well-characterized in vitro systems that model this process. In this article, we develop a @entity19 embryonic stem (ES) cell-based angiogenesis/vasculogenesis assay and characterize the system for vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and pericyte differentiation. METHODS AND RESULTS: ES cells that were cultured for 5 days on OP9 stroma cells upregulated their transcription of VSMC and pericyte selective genes. Other SMC marker genes were induced at a later time point, which suggests that vascular SMC/pericyte genes are regulated by a separate mechanism. Moreover, sequence analysis failed to identify any conserved CArG elements in the vascular SMC and pericyte gene promoters, which indicates that serum response factor is not involved in their regulation. Gleevec, a @entity669 kinase inhibitor that blocks platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) spell-receptor signaling, and a neutralizing antibody against @entity641 , @entity46165 failed to inhibit the induction of vascular SMC/pericyte genes. Finally, ES-derived vascular sprouts recruited cocultured MEF cells to pericyte-typical locations. The recruited cells activated expression of a VSMC- and pericyte-specific reporter gene. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that OP9 stroma cells induce pericyte differentiation of cocultured @entity19 ES cells. The induction of pericyte marker genes is temporally separated from the induction of SMC genes and does not require platelet-derived growth factor B or @entity641 signaling.

title: New insights to vascular smooth muscle cell and pericyte differentiation of XXXX embryonic stem cells in vitro.

entities_list: @entity641 :: ('21803(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['TGFbeta1', 'transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Transducin-Like Enhancer of Split protein 4 ( @entity12638 ) has been reported to be involved in some subsets of @entity3052 and @entity14 . In the present study, we aimed to explore the role of @entity12638 in tumorigenesis and @entity5 progression in @entity157 ( @entity157 ). METHODS: The expression pattern of @entity12638 in @entity157 was determined by Western-blot and qRT - PCR, gain-of-function and loss-of-function was used to explore the biological role of @entity12638 in @entity157 cells. A xenograft model was established to confirm its effects on proliferation. RESULTS: The protein expression levels of @entity12638 were significantly down-regulated in @entity157 tissues compare to matched adjacent normal liver tissues. In vitro, down-regulation of @entity12638 in @entity5959 or SMMC-7721 promoted cell proliferation and ectopically expression of @entity12638 in Hep3B or Bel-7404 suppressed cell proliferation. In addition, the cell colony formation ability is enhanced after down-regulation of @entity12638 expression in @entity5959 but suppressed after over-expresseion in Hep3B. Furthermore, down-regulation of @entity12638 increased the cell invasion ability, as well as increased the expression level of @entity2277 and decreased that of @entity5962 , indicating a phenotype of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in @entity157 cells. On the contrary, ectopically expression of @entity12638 in @entity157 cells decreased the cell invasion ability and inhibited EMT. In vivo, compared to control group, xenograft @entity5 volumes were significantly decreased in @entity12638 overexpression group. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that @entity12638 might play important regulatory roles in cellular proliferation and EMT process in @entity157 .

title: Down-regulation of Transducin-Like Enhancer of Split protein 4 in XXXX promotes cell proliferation and epithelial - Mesenchymal - Transition.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: Our objective was to determine whether coronary vasodilatory reserve (CVR) correlates with the perfusion state of @entity1188 zone in early recovery phase of @entity583 ( @entity583 ). We studied 14 @entity1 (11 males; mean age, 46 years) who had @entity583 and 6 control subjects who had @entity662 but normal coronary angiograms. All @entity1 underwent successful percutaneous revascularization of @entity1347 ( @entity1347 ) coronary artery. Coronary flow velocity was measured using intracoronary (IC) Doppler at baseline and following IC injection of 18 microg of @entity859 . Myocardial perfusion was evaluated by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). CVR was higher in @entity1 without a perfusion defect on MCE than in those with (2.48 +/- 0.21 vs. 1.66 +/- 0.13, P = 0.001). Subjects with a perfusion defect had a lower CVR than controls (1.66 +/- 0.13 vs.2.40 +/- 0.18, P < 0.05). CVR was > 2.0 in all subjects without a perfusion defect. There was a strong correlation between the magnitude of @entity296 in the @entity1347 territory and CVR (r = 0.80, P < 0.01). Increase in peak diastolic flow velocity after @entity859 infusion, but not systolic flow velocity, correlated with @entity296 index (r = 0.63, P = 0.016). CVR of @entity1188 correlated closely with the perfusion status of the myocardium in @entity1188 zone and those with a CVR > 2.0 had normal myocardial perfusion. These data suggest that CVR may be used to determine the perfusion state of the myocardium in the @entity1188 zone, which is a known predictor of @entity296 . Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 51:281-286, 2000.

title: Coronary flow reserve is reflective of myocardial perfusion status in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial opacification', 'myocardial viability']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['left anterior descending', 'LAD']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct-related artery', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute anterior myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute anterior myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to document the presentation, location, diagnostic modalities, preoperative embolization status, treatment, histology, complications, and recurrence rates for @entity80 of the mobile spine. METHODS: We reviewed our institution's database to identify @entity1 diagnosed with @entity80 of the mobile spine (excluding the sacrum) from 1995 through 2006. Of those 17 @entity1 , three were treated elsewhere and 14 underwent surgical treatment at our institution. Of those 14 @entity1 , the nine (mean age at presentation, 17.2 years; range, 5--32 years) with at least 2 years of follow-up (average, 49.6 months; range, 24--88 months) formed our study group. For those nine @entity1 , we tabulated the presentation, location, diagnostic modalities, preoperative embolization status, treatment, histology, complications, and recurrence rates. RESULTS: @entity158 was the presenting symptom in all nine @entity1 . The lesion most commonly occurred in the cervical spine (five); two occurred in the lumbar spine, and two occurred in the thoracic spine. @entity1 underwent resection and combined anterior and posterior spinal arthrodesis (six) or resection and posterior spinal arthrodesis (three). There were four complications: one iliac crest donor site infection, one incidental durotomy, and two @entity51 . We noted two recurrences (both within 3 months). CONCLUSIONS: @entity80 of the spine can be successfully treated with surgical resection and instrumentation.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX of the spine.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity80 :: ('MESH:D017824', 'Disease') :: ['Aneurysmal bone cysts', 'aneurysmal bone cysts']

answer: @entity80 :: (MESH:D017824,Disease) :: ['aneurysmal bone cysts']


abstract: Previously by immunohistochemical technique the distribution of immunophilin 1-15 fragment (IphF) isolated from @entity291 hypothalamus was examined in various tissues (heart, lung), including immune system organs (spleen and thymus) of intact @entity35 . IphF-like immunoreactivity (IphF-LI) was revealed in several cell types: lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and mast cells. In the present study the immunohistochemical localization of IphF was examined in intact @entity35 and frog brains. In @entity35 brain several cell groups concentrated particularly in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of hypothalamus, medulla oblongata (reticular formation, olives, hypoglossal and facial motor nuclei) and cerebellum (lateral cerebellar nucleus) demonstrated IphF-LI. In frog hypothalamus (SON) the same working dilution (1:5000) of IphF-antiserum revealed very strong immunoreactivity. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) IphF-LI varicosities were scattered around the immunonegative cells. The second cell groups showing IphF-LI in the frog brain were gliocytes (mainly the astrocytes). Besides, IphF distribution was investigated in @entity35 subjected to hemisection of spinal cord (SC) with and without administration of @entity1521 -rich polypeptide ( @entity16447 ). @entity16447 was isolated from @entity291 neurohypophysis neurosecretory granules, produced by magnocellular nuclei of hypothalamus. Hemisection of SC led to changes of IphF distribution in the hypothalamus. In @entity16447 treated animals IphF showed no immunoreactivity. @entity16447 is suggested to act as a neurotransmitter and neuroregulator.

title: Immunohistochemical study of immunophilin 1-15 fragment in intact frog brain, and in the brain and spinal cord of intact and spinal cord hemisectioned XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity1 who undergo cardiac surgery have an increased risk of @entity933 . Currently, there are few choices of treatment for @entity260 in cardiac surgical @entity1 . The aim of this study was to assess the effect of @entity1286 compared with a @entity1767 -based regimen in @entity2915 in @entity1 after cardiac surgery. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized clinical study. SETTING: A single community hospital. @entity1 : Fifty-three consecutive, adult, delirious @entity1 . INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomized into 2 groups; in group 1, @entity1 received 5mg of @entity1767 intramuscularly and in group 2, @entity1 received 5mg of @entity1286 intramuscularly to control @entity933 symptoms. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During the second and third hour of the @entity1286 treatment, statistically low Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale scores were found and the target Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale scores percentages were statistically higher than those of the @entity1767 group (p = 0.042 and p = 0.028, respectively). The number of @entity1 requiring additive sedatives was significantly more in the @entity1767 group when compared with the @entity1286 group (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: During the treatment of @entity1 , it was determined that the @entity1 who were receiving @entity1286 treatment responded more quickly compared with the @entity1 receiving @entity1767 treatment. @entity1286 was found to be a reasonable alternative to @entity1767 in the treatment of postoperative hyperactive delirious @entity1 after cardiac surgery.

title: @entity1286 is a reasonable alternative to @entity1767 in the treatment of XXXX after cardiac surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hyperactive delirium']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactive-type delirium']

entities_list: @entity1767 :: ('MESH:D006220', 'Chemical') :: ['haloperidol']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine sulfate', 'Morphine', 'morphine']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

answer: @entity260 :: (MESH:D011183,Disease) :: ['postoperative hyperactive-type delirium']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate local and regional recurrence and the outcomes for salvage surgery in @entity1 for @entity5 . @entity1 AND METHODS: This study analyzed 354 consecutive @entity1 with @entity5 treated primarily by surgery or surgery combined with adjuvant therapy by 1 surgeon (R.A.O.) between February 1991 and September 2001. RESULTS: Overall recurrence rate was 15.5%; with 5.4% local, 8.5% regional, and 1.4% locoregional. Overall salvage for local recurrence was 52.6% 3-year survival, and statistically significant favorable prognostic factors were salvaged by surgery alone and initial @entity5 staging of I/II. Overall salvage for regional recurrence was 50%, with recurrence in a previously untreated neck and salvage with radical neck dissection plus radiotherapy giving the best prognosis. No @entity1 with locoregional recurrence were salvaged. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 who were stage I/II and were treated initially by surgery alone were the best candidates for salvage if they recurred. Salvage was best achieved with surgery or surgery + adjuvant therapy, and @entity1 recurring within 6 months had a worse survival. @entity1 with locoregional recurrence or treated with RT +/- chemotherapy alone have negligible survival.

title: Surgical salvage for local and regional recurrence in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'oral cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['oral cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate whether diagnostic agreement across different diagnostic systems improves in a sample of @entity102 @entity1 suffering from functional @entity716 compared to first-admitted @entity1 . SAMPLING AND METHODS: Among 353 @entity1 with a history of functional @entity716 , a subset of 100 individuals (35 @entity1 and 65 @entity1 ) were randomly sampled and assessed using the @entity716 ( @entity716 ). Based on the @entity716 diagnoses the subjects suffering from @entity161 and @entity161 spectrum disorders according to seven diagnostic systems were identified. Diagnostic agreement was assessed using unweighted kappa-statistics and pairwise concordance rates (CR). RESULTS: High diagnostic agreement of @entity161 was observed across the ICD-10 and DSM systems (CR >0.70, kappa >0.70), which all had a significantly lower concordance to the St. Louis Criteria (SLC), research diagnostic criteria and Schneider's @entity1109 ( @entity1109 ) (0.32< CR <0.66; -0.10< kappa <0.51). Agreement on @entity161 across all systems was observed for one fourth of the subjects. Elimination of the diagnostic impact of 'co-occurrence of @entity716 and affective symptoms' excluded @entity1109 standalone individuals from the sample, increased overall homogeneity and resulted in a dichotomized sample according to SLC (46 positive vs. 47 negative). SLC status could be predicted in 78% of cases by four items relating to family history and psychosocial function previous to the onset of illness. Similarly high pairwise CR were observed for @entity161 spectrum disorders across all diagnostic systems. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that diagnostic agreement is higher among @entity102 @entity1 than that observed in subjects with a recent onset of @entity716 , although considerable discordance is also observed in this @entity102 sample. However, the discordance among @entity102 @entity1 with functional @entity716 largely derives from the different emphasis that diagnostic systems place on co-occurrence of @entity716 and affective symptoms. This may have serious epistemological consequences, thus underlining the conventional nature of the present @entity161 diagnoses and the need for biologically founded diagnostic criteria.

title: Diagnostic agreement of @entity161 spectrum disorders among XXXX @entity1 with functional psychoses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['FRS', 'first rank symptoms']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness and Affective Illness', 'psychotic', 'OPCRIT', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic']


abstract: PURPOSE: The influence of @entity5 site, size, and extent of surgery on the survival of @entity1 with @entity463 multiforme treated on three consecutive prospectively randomized Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials employing surgery and irradiation plus or minus chemotherapy was studied. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Six hundred forty-five @entity1 with a diagnosis of @entity463 multiforme on central pathological review were analyzed for survival with respect to known prognostic factors, that is, age and Karnofsky Performance Status, as well as extent of surgery, site, and size. Surgical treatment consisted of biopsy only in 17%, partial resection in 64%, and total resection in 19%. @entity5 were located in frontal lobe in 43%, temporal lobe in 28%, and parietal lobe in 25%. Maximum @entity5 diameter as determined on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans was less than 5 cm for 38%, between 5-10 cm for 56% and greater than 10 cm for 6% of @entity1 . The extent of surgical therapy was the same for @entity5 greater than 5 or greater than 10 cm, whereas total resection was more often performed for @entity5 less than 5 cm. The extent of surgery did not appear to vary with age or site. RESULTS: @entity1 undergoing total resection had a median survival of 11.3 months compared to 6.6 months for @entity1 with a biopsy only. A significant difference in median survival was also found for partial resection versus biopsy only treatment (10.4 vs. 6.6 months). There was no difference in survival for the different @entity5 sizes. @entity1 with frontal lobe @entity5 survived longer than those with temporal or @entity75 (11.4 months, 9.1 months, and 9.6 months, respectively) (p = 0.01). A @entity797 multivariate model confirmed a significant correlation of age, Karnofsky Performance Status, extent of surgery, and primary site with survival. The best survival rates occurred in @entity1 who had at least three of the following features: < 40 years of age, high Karnofsky Performance Status, frontal @entity5 , and total resection (17 months median). CONCLUSION: We conclude that biopsy only yields inferior survival to more extensive surgery for @entity1 with @entity463 multiforme treated with surgery and radiation therapy.

title: Influence of location and extent of surgical resection on survival of @entity1 with XXXX multiforme: results of three consecutive Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['parietal lobe lesions']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5157 and wasp venoms are potent allergens capable of inducing severe clinical reactions. To detect immediate-type @entity56 to these allergens, a rapid in vitro test was developed that relies on the upregulation of ecto- @entity377 pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (E-NPP3) on activated basophils. METHODS: Blood basophils of 13 healthy donors and 22 @entity1 allergic to @entity5157 or wasp venom were analyzed for E-NPP3 (CD203c) expression using monoclonal antibody 97A6. Basophils were analyzed by flow cytometry after activation with anti-IgE antibody or allergen. Venom-induced E-NPP3 upregulation on basophils was compared with diagnostic parameters, including skin tests and assessment of specific IgE. In selected samples, the increase in E-NPP3 expression on activated basophils was compared with @entity112 release and CD63 upregulation. RESULTS: In 20/22 @entity1 sensitized to wasp or @entity5157 venom, E-NPP3 expression on basophils was upregulated in response to activation by allergen or anti-IgE. The maximum increase in E-NPP3 expression (above ten times of baseline) was achieved after 15 min of stimulation with 1 microg/ml of allergen or anti-IgE antibody. Sensitized individuals who failed to upregulate E-NPP3 in response to IgE receptor cross-linking also failed to induce @entity112 release and CD63 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Flow cytometric determination of hymenoptera-venom-induced upregulation of E-NPP3 is a novel in vitro test to identify sensitized individuals.

title: Hymenoptera-venom-induced upregulation of the basophil activation marker ecto- XXXX pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 in sensitized individuals.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

answer: @entity377 :: (CHEBI:36976,Chemical) :: ['nucleotide']


abstract: As compared to several strains of control @entity19 , @entity9719 @entity19 displayed an increased number (P < 10(-4)) of splenocytes binding in vitro to xenogeneic @entity35 RIN cells or hamster HIT cells, but not to nine non-beta cell lines. The increased binding to RIN cells was abolished by competition with RIN membrane extracts. It was prevented by depletion of Thy 1-2+ splenocytes, and by blocking the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex with anti-CD3 MoAbs, anti-alpha/beta TCR MoAbs, or their F(ab)'2 fragments (P < 10(-3)), but not with anti-gamma/delta TCR MoAbs. Neither anti-V beta 8 nor anti-V beta 6 MoAbs modified the signal. MoAbs against @entity35 MHC class II molecules, but not MoAbs against @entity35 class I molecules, inhibited the increased RIN-adhesion of @entity9719 splenocytes (P < 10(-3)). After 3 h or 8 h of co-incubation, the number of RIN-binding splenocytes was not different between @entity9719 and control @entity19 , and class II molecules were undetectable on RIN cells. Class II+ RIN cells appeared after 20 h of coculture when the increased binding was also observed. When 10,000 rad-irradiated RIN cells were used for the co-incubations, neither class II+ RIN cells nor the increased binding of @entity9719 splenocytes were found. As revealed by immunofluorescence, MoAbs against @entity35 class II molecules cross-reacted with 30% of @entity9719 (but not of control) splenocytes. Conversely, anti- @entity9719 class II MoAbs (but not MoAbs against non- @entity9719 class II molecules) cross-reacted with 20% of RIN cells coincubated with splenocytes. Thus, despite the species barrier, T-splenocytes from @entity9719 @entity19 display an increased adhesion to xenogeneic beta-cells. This binding involves T splenocytes bearing alpha/beta TCRs and RIN cells induced to express MHC class II molecules. MHC restriction may be completely absent in this phenomenon. Alternatively, the @entity35 class II products may be directly recognized by @entity9719 T cells in a xenograft context, and this model may therefore be useful toward the comprehension of some mechanisms leading to the rejection of islet xenotransplants. Finally, because of a cross-reaction with I-Anod, these @entity35 Class II molecules may also either be directly recognized by I-A autoreactive @entity9719 T cells or present RIN peptides to @entity9719 alpha/beta TCRs, and thus would be relevant to the debated ability of beta cells to function as antigen-presenting cells.

title: T-splenocytes from non-obese diabetic XXXX binding to xenogeneic pancreatic beta-cells in vitro. Implication of the alpha/beta T-cell receptor and of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules from target cells.

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Previous studies suggest that area-under-the-curve (AUC) pharmacokinetic monitoring is superior to trough level monitoring for proper @entity205 (CSA) dosing, but AUC monitoring is expensive and unwieldy. The utility of a simplified AUC monitoring method was evaluated for predicting AUC on the basis of three timed levels. CSA pharmacokinetic profiles were studied in 27 renal transplant @entity1 at steady state early (days), late (months), and in some @entity1 , serially posttransplantation. Whole-blood RIA levels were obtained at 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 14, and 24 h after a once-daily @entity870 dose. The 6- and 24-h levels were the best single-level predictors of AUC (r = 0.77 and 0.76, respectively). The best model predictive of AUC curves used three time points at 2, 6, and 24 h postdose: AUC predicted = 8.6 x (24 h) + 1.4 x (2 h) + 6.2 x (6 h) + 1.57 mg x h/L; r2 = 0.986, P = 0.00001. The greatest pharmacokinetic variability occurred between 0 and 10 h postdose (absorption and distribution) between @entity1 and even within individual @entity1 monitored serially over time. The 12- to 24-h postdose portion (elimination) of the curve was consistently flat and uniform among @entity1 . AUC were not consistent in individual @entity1 over time. An AUC of more than 13 mg x h/L correlated with nephrotoxicity, whereas a value of 8 mg x h/L correlated with protection from rejection in first-transplant recipients. This AUC, however, was not able to prevent rejection in reengrafted or highly sensitized @entity1 .

title: Efficacy of area under the curve XXXX monitoring in renal transplantation.

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been postulated that @entity2335 can be induced by an @entity566 . This is partly based on the observation that many @entity1 with @entity2335 also have @entity56 . In this study, an @entity56 evaluation was conducted on @entity1 with @entity2335 complicated by @entity565 , a @entity56 . METHODS: Clinical histories were obtained and biopsy specimens from the vesical walls of the study @entity1 were examined histologically. Cutaneous tests and IgE radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) were performed. Further, intravesical provocation tests were carried out using IgE RAST-positive antigens, and @entity112 release assays were performed on the vesical biopsy specimens using anti-IgE antibodies. RESULTS: Five of 6 @entity1 alternately exhibited symptoms of @entity56 and @entity1494 . The eosinophil and mast cell counts in the vesical biopsy specimens of these 5 @entity1 were increased. Furthermore, an intravesical provocation test performed using the IgE RAST-positive antigen was positive in 4 @entity1 . The mean vesical biopsy specimen @entity112 release was 17.7% for @entity1 with @entity2335 with @entity565 which was significantly higher than that for @entity2335 @entity1 without @entity565 (8.9%) or the control group (4.5%). The prognosis of @entity1 with @entity2335 with @entity56 complications was relatively good. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity565 exhibited @entity56 both generally and locally in the bladder. The alternation phenomenon was observed between the hypersensitive organs.

title: Alternate occurrence of @entity56 and an unusual form of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder symptoms']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['typical allergic disease', 'allergic diseases', 'allergic disease', 'allergic', 'hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial cystitis']

answer: @entity2335 :: (MESH:D003556,Disease) :: ['interstitial cystitis']


abstract: According to videotape analysis, laughter is a frequent (42.7%) symptom during psychomotor attacks. The results of our investigations show that it is no longer possible to regard it as a "curiosity", as did Janz (1969). It is an @entity302 phenomenon like others and a symptom of @entity10804 . It can occur in all phases of an attack. It is not remembered by the @entity1 . We have been unable to establish any connection with age or sex. The form of expression is usually natural but inadequate and no affective motivation has been established. Laughter during an @entity302 is an inborn emotional expression, structurally triggered by the involvement of the area around the hypothalamus-thalamic nucleus with the process causing the @entity302 . It is not actively experienced and is therefore not conscious and not an expression of the pleasant side of the affective complex moderated by the limbic system. The EEG's showed the usual variations occurring in @entity6110 . The temporal lobes are particularly involved. There is no "EEG Laughter Pattern". The group of @entity1 considered here consist of severe, therapy-resistent cases of partial @entity410 with pronounced @entity75 . In order to determine whether laughter is so common in less severe cases, a comparison group must be investigated. Laughter as a symptom of an @entity302 is unknown to doctors and nursing staff and thus is either not recorded at all or, only very seldom. " @entity1625 " so-called does not exist as a nosology entity. This term should thus only be used--if at all--in cases where the laughter, together with a change in the level of consciousness, has over a period of years constantly been the only symptom of an attack, expecially when these attacks first became manifest in earliest childhood and are due to connatal changes in the hypothalamus-thalamic region.

title: [Laughing in complex partial @entity410 . A video tape analysis of 32 XXXX with laughing as symptom of an attack (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1625 :: ('MESH:D004828', 'Disease') :: ['Gelastic epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral lesions']

entities_list: @entity6110 :: ('MESH:D017029', 'Disease') :: ['psychomotor epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity10804 :: ('MESH:C537069', 'Disease') :: ['automatism']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy', 'epileptic attack']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: It has been found that @entity8767 ( @entity28046 ) is often associated with @entity210 . On the other hand, there are reports describing that the @entity5052 ( @entity5052 ) seen in @entity28046 corresponds to a reduction in renal function. We investigated the @entity414 metabolism in 44 @entity1 with @entity28046 (age, 50 +/- 12.8 years; CCR, 50.5 +/- 41.1 ml/min) at our hospital. From among these 44 @entity1 , 14 with a CCR of 80 ml/min were selected. Their data for @entity414 metabolism were compared against those from the previous year's studies on various disease types (114 normal subjects, 70 with @entity8 , 175 with @entity1310 , 122 with @entity210 , 137 with asymptomatic @entity5052 , and 42 with @entity6 ). Among the 44 @entity1 with @entity28046 , the serum @entity414 (SUA) was 7.7 +/- 1.9 mg/dl and @entity5052 affected 28 (63.6%). The incidence of @entity3811 was also high (6 @entity1 , 13.6%), revealing a positive correlation between SUA and CCR. Compared with @entity8 and @entity1310 , @entity28046 exhibited an accentuated increase in SUA associated with a reduction in CCR. It is believed that this represents a factor for a high incidence of complications of @entity5052 and @entity3811 in @entity28046 in contrast to other diseases. However, no increase in the production of @entity414 was noted in @entity28046 .

title: A study of @entity414 metabolism and XXXX in @entity1 with @entity8767 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['membranous nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['IgA nephritis']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity3811 :: ('MESH:D015210', 'Disease') :: ['gouty arthritis']

entities_list: @entity8767 :: ('MESH:D007690', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic kidney']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia', 'HU']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity3811 :: (MESH:D015210,Disease) :: ['gouty arthritis']


abstract: It is still unclear why components of the phasic stretch reflex are increased in @entity191 ( @entity191 ). To study the role of aging, we assessed medium latency (ML) stretch reflexes in 19 @entity304 @entity1 (8 with young-onset @entity191 , 11 with late-onset @entity191 ) and 23 normal subjects (10 young, 13 old). To assess the contribution of supraspinal dopaminergic influences, we also studied 5 young @entity191 @entity1 with a selective central @entity935 deficiency induced by @entity5212 ( @entity5212 ). ML responses were recorded from the medial gastrocnemius muscle which was stretched by 4 degrees toe-up rotations of a platform upon which subjects were standing. ML responses were significantly enhanced in late-onset @entity1 compared with older controls. In contrast, ML responses did not differ between young-onset @entity1 and young controls. This observation could be attributed to the significantly different influence of age on ML-amplitudes in @entity1 and controls. Thus, ML-amplitudes declined with age in controls, whereas they increased with age in @entity191 possibly because older @entity1 were more severely affected than younger @entity1 . Thus, the difference between young-onset and late-onset @entity191 seems to be related to the opposite effects of increasing age and disease severity in @entity1 and controls. ML-amplitudes did not differ between @entity1 with @entity5212 -induced @entity304 , @entity1 with young-onset @entity191 and controls, suggesting that supraspinal dopaminergic systems are not critically involved in control of ML responses. This result also indicates that the severity effect in @entity191 may be related to disruption of non-dopaminergic pathways which occurs in late-onset, but not young-onset @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Medium latency stretch reflexes in young-onset XXXX and @entity5212 -induced @entity304 .

entities_list: @entity5212 :: ('MESH:D015632', 'Chemical') :: ['MPTP', '1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinson', 'parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian', 'PD']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: We encountered one case of progressing @entity64 caused by @entity9085 . The @entity1 was treated with emergent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with satisfactory results. A 54 year-old @entity1 was admitted 15 minutes after the sudden onset of rt. @entity1269 , rt. hemidysesthesia, @entity4653 and @entity1662 disturbance. CT scan on admission showed no abnormal findings. The @entity1662 level of the @entity1 deteriorated rapidly from JCS 1 to JCS 20 within 30 minutes from the ictus. An emergent angiogram revealed @entity9085 at its middle portion and poorly developed collateral circulation. One hour after the @entity64 occurred, PTA was performed. Using a 3mm diameter balloon catheter, we introduced the balloon into the stenotic lesion and inflated it 6 times from 4 atm to 8 atm pressure. The @entity1 recovered immediately on the operating table improving from JCS 20 to JCS 1. Rt. @entity1269 also improved. Follow-up MRI showed a small area of ischemic change in the brain stem, but no large @entity1188 appeared. The @entity1 was discharged with no @entity51 after 30 days of PTA. PTA for @entity9085 is still a controversial subject. One reason is the risk of basilar artery perforating branches occlusion by balloon catheter and the other is the difficulty of introducing a flexible balloon catheter into the basilar artery beyond the acute angulation of the vertebral artery. If those two problems were solved, @entity865 would be the first-choice therapy for @entity9085 in both acute and chronic stages.

title: [Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for progressing XXXX caused by @entity9085 : case report].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity9085 :: ('MESH:D014715', 'Disease') :: ['severe basilar artery stenosis', 'basilar artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurosurgical deficits']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity1662 :: ('MESH:D003244', 'Disease') :: ['consciousness']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: In traditional Chinese medicine, Ligusticum wallichii Franchat (Chuan Xiong) and its active ingredient @entity19316 ( @entity1597 ) have been used to treat @entity65 and to relieve various @entity16 such as @entity63 . However, scientific evidence related to their effectiveness or precise modes of neuroprotective action is largely unclear. In the current study, we elicited the neuroprotective mechanisms of @entity1597 after focal cerebral @entity63 /reperfusion (I/R) by common carotid arteries and @entity2500 model in @entity35 . @entity1597 was administrated 60 min before occlusion via intraperitoneal injection. @entity1597 concentration-dependently exhibited significant neuroprotective effect against @entity63 by reduction of behavioral disturbance. @entity528 and @entity4798 in the @entity63 side of @entity35 were markedly lowered by treatment with @entity1597 . Cerebral I/R-induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, @entity12276 , @entity2311 , and @entity4124 activation, and cytochrome c release were reduced by @entity1597 treatment. Western blot analysis revealed the down-regulation of @entity1976 and @entity5613 and the up-regulation of @entity2310 and Bad by cerebral I/R insult. Among them, only the alteration in @entity5613 expression was reversed by @entity1597 treatment. Moreover, the activation of microglia and/or recruitment of inflammatory cells within the @entity63 side and the consequent production of @entity657 ( @entity657 ) were suppressed by @entity1597 pre-treatment. Our findings suggest that @entity1597 might provide neuroprotection against @entity2806 , in part, through suppression of inflammatory reaction, reduction of neuronal apoptosis, and prevention of @entity528 .

title: Neuroprotection by @entity19316 against XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity4798 :: ('MESH:D020520', 'Disease') :: ['brain infarction']

entities_list: @entity19316 :: ('MESH:C017953', 'Chemical') :: ['tetramethylpyrazine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic', 'ischemic deficits']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity657 :: ('24770(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['MCP-1', 'monocyte chemoattractant protein 1']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Neuronal loss', 'neuronal loss']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity2806 :: (MESH:D002545,Disease) :: ['ischemic brain injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity299 describes symptoms of @entity1030 due to @entity712 . @entity712 is associated with decreased FEV 1 , and FEV 1 improves after heart transplantation. Fibrotic remodeling of the heart and airways is mediated, in part, through transforming growth factor (TGF)- b . Blood @entity641 concentration correlates with ventricular remodeling in @entity299 , and @entity641 decreases after repair. METHODS: We established a coculture of normal @entity1 bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface with submerged basal cardiomyoblasts. Airway cells were immunostained with cytokeratin, actin, and involucrin. @entity641 synthesis was assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylation of Smad in NHBE cells was determined by Western blotting. @entity19 given @entity632 developed @entity712 , and their airways were histologically examined. RESULTS: Coculture induced involucrin-positive squamous @entity4648 of NHBE cells, and this was attenuated by @entity641 antibody. Total @entity641 was increased in coculture conditioned medium( P < .001). After 14 days of exposure to recombinant @entity641 , there was squamous transformation of NHBE cells. One week after removing cardiomyoblasts from culture, squamous @entity4648 resolved into normal ciliated epithelia. Smad was phosphorylated in NHBE cells with cardiomyoblasts or with recombinant @entity641 exposure. The airways of @entity19 with @entity712 also demonstrated @entity1544 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity641 from cardiomyoblasts or from the failing heart can cause @entity1544 via Smad signaling, and this is blocked by anti- @entity641 antibody and reversed when cardiac cells are removed from culture. This appears to be an important mechanism for @entity1030 with @entity712 , sometimes described as @entity299 .

title: @entity299 : transforming growth factor-b from the failing heart leads to squamous XXXX in @entity1 airway cells and in the @entity19 lung.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure', 'heart failure', 'Chronic heart failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease', 'cardiac asthma', 'Cardiac asthma']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['airway squamous metaplasia', 'involucrin-positive squamous transformation']

entities_list: @entity4648 :: ('MESH:D008679', 'Disease') :: ['metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airflow obstruction']

answer: @entity4648 :: (MESH:D008679,Disease) :: ['metaplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated proton beam irradiation in @entity1 with @entity5513 . The aim was to provide maximal @entity5 control while minimizing complications such as @entity128 . METHODS: Thirty-one @entity5513 in 30 @entity1 were treated with proton beam therapy from March 1991 to June 1999. The mean @entity5 volume was 4.3 cm(3). All @entity1 underwent pretreatment neurological evaluation, contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and audiometric evaluation. Standard fractionated proton radiotherapy was used at daily doses of 1.8 to 2.0 cobalt Gray equivalent: @entity1 with useful hearing before treatment ( @entity4511 or II) received 54.0 cobalt Gray equivalent in 30 fractions; @entity1 without useful hearing received 60.0 cobalt Gray equivalent in 30 to 33 fractions. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of 30 @entity1 were assessable for @entity5 control and @entity128 . Follow-up ranged from 7 to 98 months (mean, 34 mo), during which no @entity1 demonstrated disease progression on magnetic resonance imaging scans. Eleven @entity1 demonstrated radiographic regression. Of the 13 @entity1 with pretreatment @entity4511 or II hearing, 4 (31%) maintained useful hearing. No transient or permanent treatment-related @entity21591 was observed. CONCLUSION: Fractionated proton beam therapy provided excellent local control of @entity5513 when treatment was administered in moderate doses. No @entity128 were observed. A reduction in the @entity5 dose is being evaluated to increase the hearing preservation rate.

title: Fractionated proton beam radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['acoustic neuromas', 'acoustic neuroma']

entities_list: @entity4511 :: ('MESH:D005736', 'Disease') :: ['Gardner-Robertson Grade I']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'local tumor']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve injuries', 'cranial nerve injury', 'injuries to the Vth or VIIth cranial nerves']

entities_list: @entity21591 :: ('MESH:D020433', 'Disease') :: ['trigeminal or facial nerve dysfunction']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['acoustic neuroma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We documented the change in bladder physiology and clinical outcomes after urethral dilation for managing @entity1494 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female @entity1 with @entity1494 were identified who underwent urethral dilation due to failure to empty at low pressure or upper tract changes. @entity384 was performed using curved sounds to 36Fr (range 18Fr to 36Fr). Clinical charts were reviewed to document urodynamics, @entity281 rates, symptomatology, @entity3025 and upper tract dilatation before and after dilation. RESULTS: A total of 19 @entity1 underwent urethral dilation a mean of 2 times. Mean age at first dilation was 19.3 months. Mean followup was 34.9 months. The indication for dilation was high detrusor leak point pressure in 16 @entity1 . The remaining @entity1 had recurrent infections (1), poor compliance (1) and @entity1494 (1). Clinical manifestations of increased detrusor leak point pressure in 16 @entity1 were @entity3025 in 11, upper tract dilatation in 9 and recurrent infections in 3. Long-standing improvement occurred in 12 of 16 @entity1 with increased detrusor leak point pressure, in 0 of 1 with @entity281 , in 0 of 1 with poor compliance and in 1 of 1 with @entity1494 . Overall improvement was noted in 13 of 19 cases (68%). @entity3025 was identified in 14 of 19 @entity1 . Improvement was seen in 6 of 14 cases, including complete resolution in 5 and improvement in 1. @entity3041 was seen in 11 of 19 @entity1 with improvement in 7, including resolution in 1 and improvement in 6. Only 6 @entity1 required further surgical intervention, that is vesicostomy in 2 and reimplantation in 4. CONCLUSIONS: @entity384 is effective for lowering detrusor leak point pressure in @entity1 with @entity1494 and for improving upper tract dilatation and @entity3025 . This procedure may prevent the need for more complicated surgical intervention. It should be investigated further in well designed, prospective studies.

title: @entity384 as treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic bladder', 'bladder spasms']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Urethral dilation']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['Hydronephrosis']

entities_list: @entity3025 :: ('MESH:D014718', 'Disease') :: ['vesicoureteral reflux', 'Vesicoureteral reflux']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['neurogenic bladder']


abstract: Lucifer Yellow (LYCH) and @entity12311 (CF) served in @entity4166 roots and root nodules as the markers of apoplastic and symplastic transport, respectively. The aim of this study was to understand better the water and photoassimilate translocation pathways to and within nodules. The present study shows that in damaged roots LYCH moves apoplastically through the vascular elements but it was not detected within the nodule vascular bundles. In intact roots, the outer cortex was strongly labeled but the dye was not present in the interior of intact root nodules. The inwards movement of LYCH was halted in the endodermis. When the dye was introduced into a damaged nodule by infiltration, it spread only in the cell walls and the intercellular spaces up to the inner cortex. Our research showed that in addition to the outer cortex, the inner tissue containing bacteroid-infected cells is also an apoplastic domain. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that nodules do not receive water from the xylem but get it and photoassimilates from phloem. A comparison between using LYCH and LYCH followed by @entity3584 fixation indicates that @entity3584 is responsible for fluorescence of some organelles within root nodule cells. The influence of the fixation on nodule fluorescence has not been reported before but must be taken into consideration to avoid errors. An attempt was made to follow @entity12311 (6(5) CF) translocation from leaflets into roots and root nodules. In root nodules, CF was present in all or a couple of vascular bundles (VB), vascular endodermis and some adjacent cells. The leakage of CF from the VBs was observed, which suggests symplastic continuity between the VBs and the nodule parenchyma. The lack of CF in inner tissue was observed. Therefore, photoassimilate entry to the infected region of nodule must involve an apoplastic pathway.

title: Movement of fluorescent dyes Lucifer Yellow (LYCH) and @entity12311 (CF) in XXXX . roots and root nodules.

entities_list: @entity4166 :: ('3880', 'Species') :: ['Medicago truncatula']

entities_list: @entity3584 :: ('MESH:D005976', 'Chemical') :: ['glutaraldehyde']

entities_list: @entity12311 :: ('MESH:C024098', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxyfluorescein']

answer: @entity4166 :: (3880,Species) :: ['Medicago truncatula Gaertn']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Persistent @entity2371 after vaginal mesh surgery is an uncommon but serious complication that greatly affects @entity1 's quality of life. Our aim was to evaluate various procedures for mesh removal performed at a tertiary referral center in cases of persistent @entity2371 , and to evaluate the ensuing complications and outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study was conducted at the University Hospital of Caen, France, including all @entity1 treated for removal or section of vaginal mesh due to @entity2371 as a primary cause, between January 2004 and September 2009. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. @entity1 were diagnosed between 10 months and 3 years after their primary operation. Eight cases followed suburethral sling procedures and two followed mesh surgery for pelvic organ prolapse. @entity1 presented with @entity9 (6), @entity3815 (2), @entity546 (1), and non-specific @entity158 (1). The surgical treatment to release the mesh included: three cases of extra-peritoneal laparoscopy, four cases of complete vaginal mesh removal, one case of partial mesh removal and two cases of section of the suburethral sling. In all @entity1 with @entity9 , symptoms were resolved or improved, whereas in both cases of @entity3815 the symptoms continued. There were no intra-operative complications. Post-operative Retzius @entity1410 was observed in one @entity1 after laparoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Mesh removal in a tertiary center is a safe procedure, necessary in some cases of persistent @entity2371 . Obturator @entity9 seems to be easier to treat than @entity3815 . Early diagnosis is the key to success in prevention of @entity102 .

title: Persistent XXXX following transvaginal mesh surgery: a cause for mesh removal.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity3815 :: ('MESH:D060545', 'Disease') :: ['pudendal neuralgia']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['dyspareunia']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['obturator neuralgia', 'neuralgia']

answer: @entity2371 :: (MESH:D017699,Disease) :: ['pelvic pain']


abstract: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to determine the magnitude, manifestations, and practices related to @entity7289 on 1337 students of six junior secondary schools of Kafa Zone in January 1993. Information on symptoms of the disease and the frequency of common practices that would bring the subjects to the breeding sites was collected by interview, while physical measurements and clinical examination was used to collect data on visual acuity, nutritional status and objective manifestations of the disease. Skin snip from both gluteal areas was examined to determine the microfilarial rate and density of @entity281 , while nutritional status using Body Mass Index for Age (BMI-for Age), and @entity227 following the standard procedures was categorized. The majority, 1179 (88.2%) of the subjects, were aged 15 years and less of which males constituted 54.5% (728). The overall microfilarial carrier rate was 15.6% (95% CI = 13.7-17.6%) while the density of @entity281 was 1.4 mf/mg skin snip. The prevalence and density of @entity281 varied significantly among the twelve aggregates of villages identified based on the similarity of the ecological feature and contiguity of home address of the students. Males had significantly higher rate and density of @entity281 but the difference by age was not significant. The prevalence of @entity281 was significantly higher among the students who had reported frequent bathing, swimming, fishing and collecting firewood at/or near the rivers identified as the probable breeding sites of the vector, while there was no statistically significant association between @entity281 and washing clothes, fetching water or crossing over the rivers. Groin lymph nodes enlargement, @entity3917 and itching were the leading symptoms complained by the infected subjects. However, only itching and the objective features related to the @entity7289 were significantly associated to the @entity281 . Visual acuity didn't differ among positive and negative subjects. Nutritional status was significantly associated with @entity281 . Based on these findings recommendations are given on the areas of intervention and further study.

title: XXXX among school children in Kafa, South West Ethiopia.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Onchocercal infection', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['photophobia']

entities_list: @entity7289 :: ('MESH:D009855', 'Disease') :: ['Onchocerciasis', 'cutaneous Onchocerciasis']

answer: @entity7289 :: (MESH:D009855,Disease) :: ['Onchocerciasis']


abstract: A 23-year-old female was admitted to our hospital complaining of @entity400 in the upper extremities and gait disturbance. Beginning at age 18, this @entity1 experienced tingling of the right fingers, gait disturbance, dysesthesia of both hands, and @entity400 in the upper extremities. These symptoms disappeared several weeks after each onset. At age 21, gait disturbance and coarse @entity400 in the upper extremities developed. They were exaggerated and occurred repeatedly. On neurological examination, the right optic disc was slightly pale. She had nystagmus in all directions with ocular movements. Deep tendon reflexes were hypoactive throughout. There was no @entity400 in the upper extremities at rest, but during the @entity717 especially in maintaining certain posture coarse @entity400 developed. When performing goal-directed motion, such as finger-nose test, the @entity400 became worse near the terminal position. The @entity1 's gait was broad-based, with the trunk trembling. There were no @entity132 , @entity4653 , or bowel or @entity1494 . Laboratory studies were normal except for high IgG% in the cerebrospinal fluid. An electromyogram using surface electrodes recorded rhythmic bursts of about 4c/s, alternating between the extensor and the flexor muscles of the right arm. MRI of T2-weighted images showed many high-intensity areas located around the bilateral ventricles and near the area of the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle. A diagnosis of @entity15 was made in this case based on the @entity1 's history of illness and MRI findings. The @entity400 in her right upper extremity was too intense and coarse to be described as @entity400 , and should better be called "hyperkin  sies volitionnelles (HV)".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [MRI findings in a XXXX with @entity15 and "hyperkin  sies voltionnelles" as a main symptom].

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbances']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary movements']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate clinical and histologic changes in the epithelium during corneal graft rejection in the @entity35 . METHODS: LEW (RT1(l)) or PVG (RT1(c)) strain corneas were transplanted to PVG strain recipients and examined by slit lamp for clinical signs of rejection. Recipients were killed, and corneal epithelial sheets were removed and examined by @entity859 diphosphatase (ADPase) staining for Langerhans cells (LC) and by immunohistology for leukocytes and adhesion molecules (T cells, macrophages, granulocytes, major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II, @entity11263 and @entity1590 intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1) at a range of time points before, during, and after rejection, depending on the cell type sought. Normal and @entity735 were examined for ADPase(+) and MHC class II(+) cells. RESULTS: Clinical rejection, as defined by stromal opacity, occurred between days 10 and 15 after transplantation. In 94% of allografts, a curved clinical epithelial rejection line was observed in which ADPase(+)/MHC class II(+), @entity11264 (+), or CD8(+) T cells were identified. There were significantly more infiltrating cells of all types in epithelia of allografts than in those of isografts. The most numerous cells were @entity11264 (+) and CD8(+) T cells, suggesting preferential migration of these cells into the epithelium from underlying layers. Expression of MHC class II and @entity1590 was induced on epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Epithelial rejection in @entity35 is clinically similar to that in @entity1 and occurs simultaneously with stromal infiltration. It may be mediated by T cells rather than macrophages. In isolation, its recognition in @entity1 may be a useful indication that the @entity1 is at high risk of endothelial rejection.

title: Corneal epithelial rejection in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral eyes']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: p8 is a nuclear DNA-binding protein, which was identified because its expression is strongly activated in response to several stresses. Biochemical and biophysical studies revealed that despite a weak sequence homology p8 is an HMG-I/Y-like protein, suggesting that p8 may be involved in transcription regulation. Results reported here strongly support this hypothesis. Using a pull-down approach, we found that p8 interacts with the general co-activator @entity3493 . We also found that, similar to the HMG proteins, @entity3493 was able to acetylate recombinant p8 in vitro, although the significance of such modification remains to be determined. Then a screening by the two-hybrid system, using p8 as bait, allowed us to identify the @entity5449 trans-activation domain-interacting protein ( @entity44362 ) as another partner of p8. Transient transfection studies revealed that @entity44362 is a strong inhibitor of the trans-activation activities of Pax2A and Pax2B on the glucagon gene promoter, which was chosen as a model because it is a target of the Pax2A and Pax2B transcription factors. This effect is completely abolished by co-transfection of p8 in glucagon-producing InRIG9 cells, indicating that p8 binding to @entity44362 prevents inhibition of the glucagon gene promoter. This was not observed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts that do not express glucagon. Finally, expression of p8 enhances the effect of @entity3493 on Pax2A and Pax2B trans-activation of the glucagon gene promoter. These observations suggest that in glucagon-producing cells p8 is a positive cofactor of the activation of the glucagon gene promoter by Pax2A and Pax2B, both by recruiting the @entity3493 cofactor to increase the Pax2A and Pax2B activities and by binding the @entity5449 -interacting protein @entity44362 to suppress its inhibition.

title: The HMG-I/Y-related protein p8 binds to @entity3493 and XXXX trans-activation domain-interacting protein to regulate the trans-activation activity of the Pax2A and Pax2B transcription factors on the glucagon gene promoter.

answer: @entity5449 :: (5076,Gene) :: ['Pax2']


abstract: This disorder has been separated clinically from @entity4681 . Its clinical characteristics were clarified through our reports in 1957-1972. @entity425 and @entity194 began insidiously in the growing generation, mostly in males, and were limited to the distal part of a unilateral upper limb or unilaterally-predominated upper limbs, showing a peculiar "oblique @entity194 ". The symptoms came to a halt spontaneously after a progressive course for several years. electromyography showed neurogenic changes in affected muscles innervated by the lower cervical segments, as well as in the corresponding muscles on a clinically unaffected side. The responsible lesion and pathogenesis had been unknown for decades until we reported pathological findings of the first autopsy case in 1987. The lesion was addressed to the bilateral anterior horns with a side-preponderance from the cord segment C5 to T1, most evident at C7 and C8, where we found @entity39 changes presumably due to a local @entity1457 ( @entity63 ). On the other hand, we performed a radiological examination (myelography) using computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imagings, and found a dynamic compression of the spinal cord. In a posture of neck flexion, the posterior wall of the dural canal shifted anteriorly leaving the vertebral arch around the sixth cervical vertebrae, resulting in an antero-posterior compression of the cord segment from C7 to C8. The degree of the anterior shift was small in @entity1 with longer duration, and had inverse correlation to the years from onset. In 1882 he was appointed as the first Professor of Neurology, under the strong support of Gambetta, Prime Minister of the third republican cabinet. Ackerknecth said that the @entity9574  tri  re has became Medical Institution only by Revolution. An we remember that through the Enlightment of France, the spirit of "Philanthropy" was flowing concretely at the @entity9574  tri  re, as seen in the figures of Pinel or Esquirol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Juvenile muscular XXXX of the distal upper limb--three decades of description and it's treatment].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory failure']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['Muscular weakness']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['motor neuron disease']

answer: @entity194 :: (MESH:D001284,Disease) :: ['atrophy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the epidemiology and treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) recurrent tonsillopharyngitis in private pediatric practice. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review study covering the time span 1975 to 1996 involving 2140 GABHS episodes. Diagnosis was based on acute clinical symptoms and laboratory confirmation (throat culture or positive rapid antigen detection test) of GABHS. RESULTS: Eighty percent (n=1721) of the episodes evaluated were treated with @entity114 or @entity115 ; 352 (20.5%) of these were followed by a recurrence within 30 days and 519 (30.2%) within 60 days. GABHS recurrences within 30 days after @entity114 / @entity115 treatment rose from 9% in 1975 to 1979 to 25.9% in 1980 to 1984, 24.2% in 1985 to 1989, 22.4% in 1990 to 1994 and 25.9% in 1995 to 1996 (P < 0.02); 53.4% of the recurrences were associated with symptoms and signs of @entity2142 , 9.9% were asymptomatic and 36.7% could not be classified. Recurrences within 60 days after @entity114 / @entity115 treatment rose from 10.7% in 1975 to 1979 to 38.7% in 1980 to 1984, 39.0% in 1985 to 1989, 31.7% in 1990 to 1994 and 37.5% in 1995 to 1996 (P < 0.001). Recurrent @entity883 occurred more frequently in younger @entity1 (1 to 8 years of age, 21.3% recurrence rate) than in adolescents (13 to 19 years, 5% recurrence rate; P=0.002). Recurrences within 30 days occurred more often after therapy with @entity114 (21.8% of 1581 episodes) than with @entity2886 (8.6% of 254 episodes) (P < 0.0001) or with @entity7187 (14.0% of 143 episodes, P=0.04). Recurrence rates were unaffected by @entity1 gender or season of the year. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent @entity883 occur more frequently in the 1990s than the 1970s, occur more frequently in @entity1 younger than 8 years of age than in adolescents and occur more frequently after @entity114 treatment than with alternative antibiotic therapy.

title: Recurrent group A XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['GABHS infections']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity7187 :: ('MESH:D018942', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolides']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['GABHS tonsillopharyngitis']

answer: @entity883 :: (MESH:D013290,Disease) :: ['streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis']


abstract: A 5-month-old castrated male mixed-breed @entity235 was evaluated because of @entity1273 of the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed @entity158 on manipulation of the right elbow joint, and radiography revealed @entity2747 of the distal physis of the radius with subluxation of the right elbow joint. Corrective osteotomy of the radius was performed to increase the length of the radius and establish @entity2720 . Cancellous bone was obtained from the proximal portion of the humerus and used as a graft at the osteotomy site. The @entity235 did well after surgery. Four months after surgery, the @entity235 again was lame on the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed instability of the right shoulder, and manipulation of that area elicited signs of @entity158 . Radiography revealed caudomedial subluxation of the right shoulder as well as @entity85 and @entity509 of the greater tubercle. It was presumed that these changes were associated with collection of the cancellous bone graft during the initial surgery, which resulted in @entity2747 of the proximal physis of the humerus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of @entity2747 of the proximal physis of the humerus as a result of procurement of a bone graft.

title: Premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus in a XXXX as a result of harvesting a cancellous bone graft.

entities_list: @entity509 :: ('MESH:C538429', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['congruity of the elbow joint']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity of the humeral head']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['premature closure']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between mast cell and @entity1575 by histopathological method and semi-quantitative measurement. METHODS: Seventy-two Wistary male @entity35 , the control group and the normal group of each only 16, experimental group of 40 @entity35 liver @entity82 was induced by injection of @entity1233 and was sampled at eight different time points. HE, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry (ABC method) and immunofluorescence were performed. The size of @entity82 and the number of mast cells were counted. The expression of @entity11017 and @entity11018 was documented and electron microscopic examination was performed. RESULTS: After injection of @entity1233 , the @entity82 was the most severe in the 2 week (3.72%) and the first month (3.73%, P = 0.2626), and then gradually diminished, although residual @entity82 was still present at 12 months (1.42%, P = 0.0003). The appearance of mast cells began at 2 weeks (1.73 per 200 power field in average by light microscope) after the injection and reached the peak at 4 months (3.06, P = 0.008). Residual amount of mast cells were present at 12 months (1.04, P = 0.045). However, the degree of @entity82 was not proportional or overlapping with the number of mast cells in this experiment model. Mast cells expressed @entity11017 but not @entity11018 . CONCLUSIONS: In the @entity1233 -induced @entity35 liver @entity82 model, mast cell may be an integral player in the pathogenesis of liver @entity82 and may contribute to the degradation of @entity82 by synthesizing and secreting @entity11017 .

title: [Effects of mast cells on degradation of collagen fibers in dimethylnitrosamine-induced XXXX of @entity35 ].

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1575 :: (MESH:D008103,Disease) :: ['hepatic fibrosis']