abstract: BACKGROUND: Simultaneous radiochemotherapy (RCT) is the treatment of choice for locally advanced @entity135 . In order to evaluate the @entity137 and the survival rates, we investigated the use of a very aggressive combination protocol that included @entity900 and @entity1311 combined with hyperfractionated-accelerated radiotherapy. The final results of the phase II study are listed below. METHODS: For the phase II trial 32 @entity1 (29 male, 3 female) with histologically diagnosed locally advanced non-metastatic squamous cell @entity135 in stage III/IV were treated from 1999 to 2003. Radiotherapy was administered as hyperfractionated-accelerated to a total dose of 70.6 Gy. The chemotherapy regime included administering @entity900 on d 1-5 and on d 29-33 at doses of 20 mg/m(2) and during the entire course of treatment @entity1311 was administered twice a week at doses of 25 mg/m(2). RESULTS: The 5-yr overall and disease-free survival rates were 48% and 43%. Twenty-two (69%) @entity1 reached a clinically complete response and 8 (25%) a partial response (for two of the @entity1 the response rate is not known). Two (6%) @entity1 died during the treatment. Seven (22%) @entity1 developed local recurrences and six of these @entity1 have in the meantime died. With regards to the four (12%) @entity1 who developed distant metastases, three of them have in the meantime died and two (6%) @entity1 have died as a result of secondary @entity5 . Seven out of 25 (28%) @entity1 developed grade 3 erythema and 22 out of 31 (71%) @entity1 developed grade 3 @entity33 . No cases of grade 4 @entity33 were observed; however, one @entity1 out of 25 (4%) was classified with grade 4 @entity1909 . One out of 24 (4%) @entity1 developed grade 2 liver @entity137 and 1 out of 22 @entity1 (5%) developed grade 3 @entity882 . Seven out of 25 @entity1 (28%) developed a grade 3 @entity1431 , and 2 out of 25 @entity1 (8%) experienced a grade 4 @entity281 . @entity1282 was a significant late @entity137 . Out of 24 @entity1 , 4 (17%) developed a grade 3 @entity1282 and 1 (4%) @entity1 developed a grade 3 @entity2133 . An @entity7190 was seen in 2 out of 24 (8%) @entity1 . CONCLUSION: This very aggressive radiochemotherapy protocol yielded excellent response and overall survival rates; however it is associated with a very high rate of acute @entity137 . Therefore, in such cases where acute @entity137 resulted, extensive supportive care is required.

title: Phase II trial of a simultaneous radiochemotherapy with @entity900 and @entity1311 in combination with hyperfractionated-accelerated radiotherapy in locally advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancers', 'carcinoma of the head and neck']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombopenia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['xerostomia']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatinum']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity7190 :: ('MESH:D010025', 'Disease') :: ['osteoradionecrosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['eutropenic infection']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck tumors']


abstract: Half the @entity1 who survive ST-segment elevation anterior @entity583 continue to have @entity10260 ( @entity10260 ) 6 months after the event. The mechanism for this and its clinical significance are unclear. There are data to suggest that larger @entity1188 are more likely to have persistent changes in the ST segment. This study is designed to test this association further using a novel means of assessing the presence and magnitude of @entity296 using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Delayed imaging by MRI after injection of @entity2287 is commonly used to detect @entity296 through the appearance of delayed contrast hyperenhancement. Consecutive @entity1 referred for myocardial viability imaging were reviewed. The volume of scar as a percentage of anterior wall volume was calculated, and the 26 @entity1 with scar involving >or=10% of the anterior wall were selected for inclusion. All had an electrocardiogram recorded within 15 days of MRI, and none had an intervening cardiac event. Observers unaware of MRI findings independently measured ST-segment changes. Nine @entity1 had @entity10260 >1 mm and 17 did not. Mean anterior scar volume in the group without @entity10260 was 31.9 +/- 17.1% of the anterior wall volume compared with 50.3 +/- 15.9% in the group with @entity10260 >1 mm (p = 0.01). The larger the @entity296 , the more likely @entity10260 was to be present. Only 1 of 10 @entity1 (10%) with scar in the anterior wall <30% had such an elevation compared with 3 of 9 (33%) with scar size of 30% to 49% and 5 of 7 (78%) with scars >or=50%. In conclusion, persistent anterior @entity10260 is associated with the size of @entity296 detected using MRI.

title: Association of size of XXXX and persistence of ST-segment elevation after healing of anterior wall @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial scar']

entities_list: @entity10260 :: ('MESH:C535661', 'Disease') :: ['ST elevation', 'STE']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial scar']


abstract: The dynamic aspects of @entity302 , in which @entity410 occur sporadically and are interspersed with periods of relatively normal brain function, present special challenges for neuroanatomical studies. Although numerous morphologic changes can be identified during the chronic period, the relationship of many of these changes to @entity410 generation and propagation remains unclear. Mossy fiber sprouting is an example of a frequently observed morphologic change for which a functional role in @entity302 continues to be debated. This review focuses on neuroanatomically identified changes that would support high levels of activity in reorganized mossy fibers and potentially associated granule cell activation. Early ultrastructural studies of reorganized mossy fiber terminals in @entity1 @entity1315 tissue have identified morphologic substrates for highly efficacious excitatory connections among granule cells. If similar connections in animal models contribute to @entity410 activity, activation of granule cells would be expected. Increased labeling with two activity-related markers, @entity9830 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, has suggested increased activity of dentate granule cells at the time of spontaneous @entity410 in a @entity19 model of @entity302 . However, neuroanatomical support for a direct link between activation of reorganized mossy fiber terminals and increased granule cell activity remains elusive. As novel activity-related markers are developed, it may yet be possible to demonstrate such functional links and allow mapping of @entity410 activity throughout the brain. Relating patterns of neuronal activity during @entity410 to the underlying morphologic changes could provide important new insights into the basic mechanisms of @entity302 and @entity410 generation.

title: Neuroanatomical clues to altered neuronal activity in XXXX : from ultrastructure to signaling pathways of dentate granule cells.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: We report the first large-scale double-blind, randomly assigned study to compare two active dopaminergic therapies for @entity4531 ( @entity4531 ), the @entity935 agonist @entity9229 ( @entity14137 ) and @entity3034 / @entity18776 (levodopa). @entity1 with idiopathic @entity4531 were treated with fixed daily doses of 2 or 3 mg @entity14137 or 200 or 300 mg levodopa for 30 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by changes in the IRLS (International @entity4531 Severity Scale) and by time to discontinuation of treatment due to loss of efficacy or augmentation. 361 of 418 screened @entity1 (age 58 +/- 12 years, 71% females) were randomly assigned and treated ( @entity14137 : n = 178; levodopa: n = 183) in 51 centers of four European countries. Baseline IRLS total score was 25.7 +/- 6.8. The baseline-adjusted mean change from baseline to week 6 in IRLS sum score was d = -16.1 in the @entity14137 group and d = -9.5 in the levodopa group (d = -6.6, P < 0.0001). More @entity1 in the levodopa group (24.0%) than in the @entity14137 group (11.9%, P = 0.0029, log-rank test) discontinued because of loss of efficacy (14.2% vs. 7.9%, P = 0.0290) or augmentation (9.8% vs. 4.0%, P = 0.0412). Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 83.1% of the @entity14137 group and in 77.6% of the levodopa group. In both groups, most frequent AEs were @entity344 ( @entity14137 : 55.6%, levodopa: 30.6%, P < 0.0001). This first large-scale active controlled study in @entity4531 showed superior efficacy of @entity9229 versus levodopa after a 30-week long-term therapy. Tolerability was found more favorable with levodopa than with @entity9229 .

title: @entity9229 compared to levodopa in the treatment of XXXX with severe @entity4531 : results from a multi-center, randomized, active controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity18776 :: ('MESH:D001545', 'Chemical') :: ['benserazide']

entities_list: @entity3034 :: ('MESH:D007980', 'Chemical') :: ['levodopa']

entities_list: @entity9229 :: ('MESH:C047047', 'Chemical') :: ['cabergoline']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity4531 :: ('MESH:D012148', 'Disease') :: ['Restless Legs Syndrome', 'RLS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: MspA is the major porin of @entity7666 and mediates diffusion of small and hydrophilic solutes across the outer membrane. The octameric structure of MspA, its sharply defined constriction zone, and a large periplasmic loop L6 represent novel structural features. L6 consists of 13 @entity1522 and is directly adjacent to the constriction zone. Deletion of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 @entity1522 of the L6 loop resulted in functional pores that restored @entity413 uptake and growth of a porin mutant of @entity7666 . Lipid bilayer experiments revealed that all mutant channels were noisier than wild type (wt) MspA, indicating that L6 is required for pore stability in vitro. Voltage gating of the @entity526 porin OmpF was attributed to loops that collapse into the channel in response to a strong electrical field. Here, we show that deletion mutants @entity847 , @entity42057 , and @entity42058 had critical voltages similar to wt MspA. This demonstrated that the L6 loop is not the primary voltage-dependent gating mechanism of MspA. Surprisingly, large deletions in L6 resulted in 3-6-fold less extractable pores, whereas small deletions did not alter expression levels of MspA. Pores with large deletions in L6 were more permissive for @entity413 than smaller deletion mutants, whereas their single channel conductance was similar to that of wt MspA. These results indicate that translocation of ions through the MspA pore is governed by different mechanisms than that of neutral solutes. This is the first study identifying a molecular determinant of solute translocation in a mycobacterial porin.

title: Functions of the periplasmic loop of the porin MspA from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity847 :: ('|DEL||7', 'DNAMutation') :: ['Delta7']

entities_list: @entity7666 :: ('1772', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium smegmatis', 'M. smegmatis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity7666 :: (1772,Species) :: ['Mycobacterium smegmatis']


abstract: @entity1118 is one of the most prevalent and costly problems in the United States today. Traditional medical treatments for it, though, have not been consistently efficacious or cost-effective. In contrast, more recent @entity158 programs (CPPs) have been shown to be both therapeutically efficacious and cost-effective. The present study reviews available evidence demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy and cost-effectiveness of CPPs, relative to conventional medical treatment. Searches of the @entity1118 treatment literature during the past decade were conducted for this purpose, using MEDLINE and PSYCHLIT. Studies reporting treatment outcome results for @entity1 with @entity1118 were selected, and data on the major outcome variables of self-reported @entity158 , function, healthcare utilization and cost, medication use, work factors, and insurance claims were evaluated. When available, conventional medical treatments were used as the benchmark against which CPPs were evaluated. This review clearly demonstrates that CPPs offer the most efficacious and cost-effective, evidence-based treatment for @entity1 with @entity1118 . Unfortunately, such programs are not being taken advantage of because of short-sighted cost-containment policies of third-party payers. PERSPECTIVE: A comprehensive review was conducted of all studies in the scientific literature reporting treatment outcomes for @entity1 with @entity1118 . This review clearly revealed that CPPs offer the most efficacious and cost-effective treatment for @entity1 with @entity1118 , relative to a host of widely used conventional medical treatment.

title: Evidence-based scientific data documenting the treatment and cost-effectiveness of XXXX programs for chronic @entity158 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pain', 'chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['comprehensive pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['comprehensive pain']


abstract: Computed tomography (CT) is the modality of choice in the evaluation of blunt @entity8 . Intravenous urography is used primarily for gross assessment of renal function in hemodynamically unstable @entity1 . Selective renal arteriography or venography can provide detailed information regarding @entity1317 . Retrograde pyelography is valuable in assessing ureteral and renal pelvic integrity in suspected @entity130 . Ultrasonography is useful in detecting hemoperitoneum in @entity1 with suspected intraperitoneal injury but has limited value in evaluating those with suspected extraperitoneal injury. Occasionally, radionuclide renal scintigraphy or magnetic resonance imaging may prove helpful. @entity8 can be classified into four large categories based on imaging findings. Category I @entity8 include minor @entity131 , subcapsular @entity1410 , minor laceration with limited perinephric @entity1410 , and small cortical @entity1188 . Category II lesions include major @entity8 extending to the medulla with or without involvement of the collecting system and @entity1188 . @entity75 are catastrophic @entity8 and include @entity8 and @entity1317 involving the renal pedicle. Category IV injuries are ureteropelvic junction injuries. CT is particularly useful in evaluating @entity130 to kidneys with preexisting abnormalities and can help assess the extent of penetrating injuries in selected @entity1 with limited posterior stab wounds. Integration of the imaging findings in @entity8 with clinical information is critical in developing a treatment plan.

title: Imaging of renal XXXX : a comprehensive review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['cortical contusion']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['multiple renal lacerations', 'Renal injuries', 'renal lacerations', 'renal injuries', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Category III lesions']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['segmental renal infarct', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injuries', 'ureteropelvic junction injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several techniques are recommended for the histologic diagnosis of @entity356 (SETs). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic yield and safety of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided single-incision needle knife (SINK) biopsy for the diagnosis of gastric SETs. METHODS: A retrospective review of @entity1 who received biopsy for gastric SETs from August 2012 to May 2015 was conducted. @entity1 who received endoscopic ultrasonography and were found to have a SET originating from the muscularis propria of the stomach were included in the study. The aim of our study was to investigate the safety and diagnostic yield of SINK biopsy for gastric SETs. RESULTS: A total of 31 @entity1 received SINK biopsy for SETs. The diagnostic yield of SINK biopsy was 87  % (95  % CI 75-100  %), and the diagnostic accuracy was 89  % (95  % CI 74-105  %). The sensitivity of SINK biopsy to identify @entity674 was 83  % (95  % CI 52-98  %); the specificity was 100  % (95  % CI 59-100  %); the positive predictive value was 100  % (95  % CI 69-100  %); and the negative predictive value was 78  % (95  % CI 40-97  %). There were no procedure-related adverse events during and after procedure. CONCLUSION: The use of SINK biopsy technique in @entity1 with SETs is a good diagnostic tool with high diagnostic yield and accuracy. The method is simple, safe, and associated with few complications.

title: Diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided single-incision needle knife biopsy for XXXX : comparison with resected specimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric subepithelial tumors']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumors']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric subepithelial tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Selection of a pharmacological agent and mode of administration for cardioversion is a challenging task in recent onset @entity955 . AIM: To report our experience using single high dose oral @entity2643 for the cardioversion of recent onset @entity955 to sinus rhythm in @entity1 presenting with symptoms within 48 h. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 48 @entity1 with recent onset symptomatic @entity955 presenting to the emergency department. These @entity1 were admitted to the cardiology ward and treated with single high oral dose (30 mg/kg) @entity2643 . RESULTS: The mean    SD age of @entity1 was 60.1    4.4 years and 54% were male. Forty-two (90%) of them had symptoms <24h. The common risk factor for @entity955 was @entity101 (73%). Of 48 @entity1 , 47 (98%) were chemically cardioverted to sinus rhythm in 6.3    0.8h. The mean pre-treatment heart rate and blood pressure were 154/min and 159.3/88.0 mmHg. The lowest heart rate and blood pressure were 43/min and 122.5/80.9 mmHg respectively. High dose @entity2643 was overall well tolerated except in three @entity1 having self-limited gastrointestinal symptoms. Hospital discharge occurred in less than 24h after presentation in all but one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Single high dose oral @entity2643 is safe and highly effective for @entity1 with recent onset @entity955 eligible for acute chemical cardioversion.

title: Single high oral dose XXXX for cardioversion of recent onset @entity955 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity2643 :: (MESH:D000638,Chemical) :: ['amiodarone']


abstract: The effect of two complement-derived peptides, hog serum C3a and C5a, on @entity1423 in platelet-rich plasma and suspensions in Tyrode solution was investigated. 1. @entity840 platelets were aggregated by both C3a and C5a; the spasmogenically inactive product of C3a, C3ai, also induced aggregation. Threshold concentrations were in the range of 10(-6)--10(-9) M depending on the peptide and platelet preparation. 2. Cat platelets were aggregated by C5a (threshold concentrations 10(-7)--10(-8) M) but not by C3a. 3. Platelets from @entity1707 , @entity95 and @entity1 were not aggregated by either of the two peptides in concentrations of up to 5 X 10(-6) M. 4. When C5a was administered repeatedly in subthreshold doses @entity840 platelets became tachyphylactic to C5a but were still aggregable by C3a or @entity857 . Conversely, platelets desensitized to C3a still reacted to C5a or @entity857 . Tachyphylaxis towards C5a developed also when platelets were incubated with C5a in the absence of free @entity141 under which condition they do not react. The tachyphylaxis in this case became evident after recalcification of the medium. The lack of cross-desensitization indicates that C3a and C5a react via different receptors. 5. C3a and C5a were injected i.v. into @entity840 . Histological examination of the lungs revealed that some of the smaller vessels (20-30 mu in diameter) were occluded by @entity1423 . In addition signs of severe acute @entity2415 were seen in animals treated with C5a, but only slight @entity2415 in C3a-treated animals. Intravenous injections of C3a into @entity840 caused but weak @entity649 and @entity4498 killed an animal (at doses of up to 20 mg per kg body weight), whereas C5a caused the well-known severe @entity1576 and @entity204 already at doses of 0.03 mg/kg body weight.

title: Induction of XXXX by the complement-derived peptides C3a and C5a.

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregates', 'platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['guinea-pig', 'Guinea-pig', 'guinea pigs']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity4498 :: ('OMIM:604588', 'Disease') :: ['drowsiness and never']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

answer: @entity1423 :: (MESH:D001791,Disease) :: ['platelet aggregation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A global gene expression profile of non-inflamed @entity1049 from @entity1 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ) and of @entity1049 from controls was performed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tissue specimens from macroscopically non-inflamed descending colon were obtained colonoscopically from 33 @entity30 @entity1 and from 17 control subjects. All controls and 10 @entity30 @entity1 were medication-free at the time of colonoscopy. The @entity1 Genome U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip Array was used for gene profiling. Hybridization data were analysed with @entity37622 software. Results were confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein product expression of selected genes was assessed by immunohistochemistry using the Envision+ visualization technique. RESULTS: The expression profile was not homogeneous with the statistical cut-point settings applied. In comparison with controls, it was found that 19 @entity30 @entity1 had three differentially expressed genes, two of them related to the innate immune system: @entity29515 on chromosome 15 ( @entity29515 , fold change 4.1) and @entity15901 on chromosome 9 ( @entity15901 , fold change 3.1). The third gene, regenerating islet-derived 1 alpha ( @entity16127 , fold change 3.9), codes for a mitogenic protein; this could not be confirmed by RT-PCR. Medication-free @entity1 had no differentially expressed genes as compared with controls. Immunohistochemistry indicated that these proteins were produced by epithelial cells ( @entity16127 , @entity15901 ) and leucocytes ( @entity29515 and @entity15901 ). CONCLUSIONS: As compared with controls, non-inflamed @entity1049 contain two up-regulated genes related to the innate immune system. Up-regulation of these genes, known to be induced by microorganisms, suggests either increased microflora antigenicity or an altered function in mucosal barrier defence.

title: Expression of the genes @entity29515 , XXXX in @entity30 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic mucosal cells']

answer: @entity15901 :: (3934,Gene) :: ['lipocalin 2 and regenerating islet-derived 1 alpha']


abstract: REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: @entity2661 (CAT) play an important role in modulating the response to exercise. But the kinetics of CAT changes during exercise are difficult to study due to their short biological half-life. OBJECTIVES: Learning about variations in plasma CAT levels during training could furnish new information regarding sweating, redistribution of blood flow and energy metabolism. METHODS: Four untrained Standardbreds, adapted to treadmill work, were used to determine the influence of training on plasma @entity1425 (A) and @entity1063 (NA) kinetics. @entity1641 underwent a standardised exercise test (SET) on treadmill before (SET1), and 1 (SET2) and 2 months after (SET3) the start of a moderate training period on treadmill. The SET procedure was: warm-up and a single step of 2 min at 200 beats/min heart rate (SS). The automatic blood collection system (that has been carried out during SS) and the preparation of the @entity1641 have been described previously. The system was programmed to obtain a blood sample every 15 sec (8 blood samples per SS). Analyses were performed by HPLC. Training progress was monitored by means of anaerobic threshold velocity (V4) and the velocity during SS (V200). Wilcoxon's test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Decreased levels of A and NA with significant differences between SET1/SET2 and SET1/SET3 for A (P = 0.007) and NA (P = 0.007) were found. There were no differences between SET2 and SET3 for A (P = 0.195) and NA (P = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: Training appears to influence the level of plasma CAT and this influence is greater during the first training period in untrained Standardbreds. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: It may prove interesting to associate the study of training-induced modifications of the concentration of plasma CAT with thermoregulation, which is under catecholaminergic control and undergoes important adaptations during training.

title: Influence of training on plasma @entity1425 and XXXX kinetics in untrained standardbreds.

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['Catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['noradrenaline']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in experimental @entity0 and its utilization for assessment of early antiangiogenic treatment response in these lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nude @entity35 bearing bone @entity3 (n = 20) were treated with the antiangiogenic @entity669 kinase inhibitor @entity2240 daily from days 30 to 35 after MDA-MB-231 @entity5 cell inoculation (n = 10) and compared with sham-treated controls (n = 10). Imaging with ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on days 30, 32, and 35 after @entity5 cell inoculation to determine @entity5 volume and parameters of vascularization in bone @entity3 . Contrast-enhanced US images were used to calculate wash-in and wash-out values, peak enhancement, and area under the curve from time intensity curves. In addition, a quantitative analysis software was used to determine regional blood volume and flow as well as filling times within bone @entity3 . For comparison, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI provided amplitude A and exchange rate constant kep, respectively. Immunohistological analysis of the vasculature in bone @entity3 followed in vivo imaging experiments. RESULTS: Although no changes in @entity5 volume were assessed in the observation time, significantly decreased values for peak enhancement, area under the curve, and wash-out were determined by CEUS in animals treated with @entity2240 at day 35 after @entity5 cell inoculation. Analysis of CEUS images with quantitative analysis software showed significantly lower values for regional blood volume and regional blood flow as well as higher values for filling time in treated animals as early as 2 days after therapy onset. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI revealed significantly decreased values for parameter A at day 35 and kep at days 32 and 35 after @entity5 cell inoculation for treated animals. Immunohistology of bone @entity3 revealed significantly larger vessels and decreased positive area fraction for @entity2880 Factor in animals treated with @entity2240 . CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced US is feasible in experimental @entity0 and depicts early antiangiogenic treatment response in advanced @entity690 .

title: Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound for imaging antiangiogenic treatment response in experimental osteolytic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer bone metastases']

entities_list: @entity2240 :: ('MESH:C473478', 'Chemical') :: ['sunitinib']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['osteolytic lesions']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer bone metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Electrocardiographic abnormalities and elevations of the @entity908 kinase myocardial isoenzyme (CK-MB) occur frequently after @entity510 . In some @entity1 , a reversible and presumably neurogenic form of left @entity67 is demonstrated by echocardiography. It is not known whether @entity299 of this type adversely affects cardiovascular hemodynamic performance. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 72 @entity1 admitted to our neuro-ICU for @entity510 over a 2.5-year period. We selected @entity1 who met the following criteria: (1) CK-MB levels measured within 3 days of onset, (2) pulmonary artery catheter placed, (3) echocardiogram performed, and (4) no history of preexisting @entity299 . Hemodynamic profiles were recorded on the day after surgery (n=67) or on the day of echocardiography (n=5) if surgery was not performed (mean, 3. 3+/-1.7 days after onset). The severity of @entity299 was classified as none (peak CK-MB <1%, n=36), mild (peak CK-MB 1% to 2%, n=21), moderate (peak CK-MB >2%, n=6), or severe (abnormal left ventricular wall motion, n=9). RESULTS: Abnormal left ventricular wall motion occurred exclusively in @entity1 with peak CK-MB levels >2% (P<0.0001), poor neurological grade (P=0.002), and female sex (P=0.02). Left @entity64 volume index and @entity64 work index were elevated above the normal range in @entity1 with peak CK-MB levels <1% and fell progressively as the severity of @entity299 increased, with mean values for @entity1 with abnormal wall motion below normal (both P<0.0001 by ANOVA). Cardiac index followed a similar trend, but the effect was less pronounced (P<0.0001). Using forward stepwise multiple logistic regression, we found that thick subarachnoid clot on the admission CT scan (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.0 to 3.4; P=0.04) and @entity308 cardiac index (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.0 to 4.1; P=0.04) were independent predictors of symptomatic @entity2553 . CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial enzyme release and echocardiographic wall motion abnormalities are associated with impaired left ventricular performance after @entity510 . In severely affected @entity1 , reduction of cardiac output from normally elevated levels may increase the risk of @entity2806 related to @entity2553 .

title: Myocardial injury and left ventricular performance after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury', 'cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity2555 are very toxic and persistent environmental contaminants. This study was undertaken to assess the concentrations and possible sources of 16 @entity2556 ( @entity2555 ) classified by the United State Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants in water and sediments of the Mvudi and Nzhelele Rivers. Effluents from Thohoyandou wastewater treatment plant and Siloam waste stabilization ponds were also investigated. Diagnostic ratios were used to evaluate the possible sources of @entity2556 . @entity2556 in the water samples were extracted using 1:1 @entity1044 and @entity1045 mixtures, while those in the sediment samples were extracted with 1:1 @entity1324 and @entity1044 using an ultrasonication method. The extracts were purified using an SPE technique and reconstituted in @entity1045 before analyses with a gas chromatograph time of flight-mass spectrometer. The results obtained indicate the prevalence of high molecular weight @entity2556 in all the samples. @entity2556 concentrations in water and sediment samples from all the sampling sites were in the range of 13.174-26.382 mg/L and 27.10-55.93 mg/kg, respectively. Combustion of biomass was identified as the major possible source of @entity2556 . Effluents from wastewater treatment facilities were also considered as major anthropogenic contributions to the levels of @entity2556 found in both river water and sediments. Mvudi and Nzhelele Rivers show moderate to high contamination level of @entity2556 .

title: Determination and Distribution of XXXX in Rivers, Sediments and Wastewater Effluents in Vhembe District, South Africa.

entities_list: @entity1044 :: ('MESH:D008752', 'Chemical') :: ['dichloromethane']

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

answer: @entity2555 :: (MESH:D011084,Chemical) :: ['Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons']


abstract: The magnetic dipolar interaction between site-directed metal- @entity29254 pairs can be exploited to measure distances within proteins [Voss, J., Salwinski, L., Kaback, H. R., and Hubbell, W. L. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 12295-12299; Voss, J., Hubbell, W. L., and Kaback, H. R. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 92, 12300-12303], and the approach is utilized here to measure helix proximities in the @entity1132 permease of @entity526 . A high-affinity divalent metal binding site was created by replacing @entity534 302 (helix IX) and @entity367 325 (helix X) with His residues in permease mutants containing single @entity2569 residues in helices II, V, or VII and a @entity1885 acceptor domain to facilitate purification. Mutant proteins were purified by avidin affinity chromatography, labeled specifically with a @entity29254 free radical and investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in the absence or presence of @entity8863 . Spectral broadening due to bound @entity8863 was used to estimate distances between the metal center and the spin-labeled side chains. For each of the transmembrane domains probed, the variation in interspin distance with sequence position is consistent with an alpha-helical structure. The measured distances were also used to construct a model that is in good agreement with packing data obtained from other approaches.

title: Helix packing in the @entity1132 permease determined by metal- XXXX interaction.

entities_list: @entity29254 :: ('CHEBI:29767', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroxide']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity29254 :: (CHEBI:29767,Chemical) :: ['nitroxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of @entity792 and circulating autoantibodies in @entity1 with @entity15732 and to compare these with a control population. DESIGN: Age- and sex-matched controlled study. SETTING: The vulval clinics in Oxfordshire, England, for @entity1 with @entity3854 and @entity9338 . Healthy controls were recruited from the hospital and community. @entity1 : A total of 190 @entity1 with the typical features of adult-onset @entity3854 of the vulva, 126 @entity1 with adult-onset erosive @entity9338 of the vulva, and 922 female controls (of whom 230 were examined). INTERVENTIONS: Personal history of @entity792 for @entity1 and controls, family history of @entity792 for @entity3854 and @entity9338 cohorts, and an autoantibody screen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of a personal or family history of @entity792 , and the presence or absence of 1 or more circulating autoantibodies. RESULTS: The mean ages of @entity1 with @entity3854 , @entity1 with erosive @entity9338 , and control @entity1 were 63, 61, and 61 years, respectively. The mean age of the 230 controls examined (including those who had serum autoantibodies assayed) was 62 years. @entity792 were more frequent in @entity1 with erosive @entity9338 compared with controls (29% vs 9%; P < .001) and in those with @entity3854 compared with controls (28% vs 9%; P < .001). Circulating autoantibodies were more frequent in those with erosive @entity9338 compared with controls (41% vs 20%; P < .001). Conclusion This study demonstrates an association of @entity792 and autoantibodies with erosive @entity9338 of the vulva and confirms the autoimmune associations of @entity3854 .

title: The association of XXXX with @entity792 : a case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity15732 :: ('MESH:D007724', 'Disease') :: ['lichen sclerosus (LS) and erosive lichen planus (LP) of the vulva']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'Autoimmune disorders', 'autoimmune disorder']

answer: @entity15732 :: (MESH:D007724,Disease) :: ['lichen sclerosus and erosive lichen planus of the vulva']


abstract: An Mr-40,000 polypeptide ( @entity4666 ) was purified from a @entity2 cell line on the basis of its antigenicity with leukocytes from @entity2 @entity1 in an in vitro immunological assay of leukocyte adherence inhibition. Here, the cells and mechanism responsible for recognizing the purified @entity4666 organ-specific @entity5 neoantigen (OSN) were studied. Buffy coat leukocytes from @entity2 @entity1 showed a bell-shaped dose response with a peak response at 0.75 micrograms/assay. Mononuclear cells showed a similar response pattern, whereas pure T-cells were unreactive. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to T-cell differentiation antigens T3 and T4 inhibited the response in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas anti-T8 had no effect, indicating T helper cells and their T3-antigen receptor complex recognized the antigen. MAbs to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens also inhibited the response, whereas MAbs to class I MHC had no effect, indicating an important role for class II MHC antigens of monocytes. None of the MAbs inhibited the response to OSN on membrane fragments, which is mediated by antibody-dependent monocytes. Trypsin- or cyanogen @entity4001 -cleaved @entity4666 OSN triggered a response at the same concentrations as the intact molecule. The @entity4666 OSN incubated with live leukocytes showed less than 30% proteolytic digestion. The results indicate that class II-restricted T-cells recognize, via their antigen-specific cell surface receptors, contiguous sequences within the immunogenic @entity5 molecule in the context of the molecule or peptides binding to class II transplantation antigens.

title: Recognition of a purified Mr-40,000 organ-specific immunogen of XXXX @entity2 by class II-restricted T-cells.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity4001 :: ('CHEBI:15858', 'Chemical') :: ['bromide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Thirty-seven cases of ligament reconstruction of the nonarthritic thumb carpometacarpal joint were performed in 35 @entity1 , 29 female and 6 male, between 1980 and 1996. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 17 years with an average of 5.2 years. The procedure described by Eaton and Littler in which a slip of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) weaved through the first metacarpal and around the abductor pollicis longus and FCR was used. All @entity1 had @entity158 before surgery, and 65% were unable to work. No @entity1 had radiographic evidence of @entity625 before surgery. Sixty-seven percent had excellent results, and 30% had good results. All but 1 had complete or nearly complete @entity158 relief. One hundred percent had good stability and improved pinch strength. All @entity1 were able to return to work, 94% to their prior level of performance. There was no clinical or x-ray evidence of @entity571 in any @entity1 at final follow-up.

title: Ligament reconstruction of the XXXX , unstable, nonarthritic thumb carpometacarpal joint.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'marked pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['painful']


abstract: @entity19 macrophages have been classified as either susceptible or nonsusceptible to killing by @entity6192 lethal toxin (LT) depending upon genetic background. While considered resistant to LT killing, we found that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from @entity7840 /2, AKR, and C57BL/6 @entity19 were slowly killed by apoptosis following LT exposure. LT killing was not restricted to in vitro assays, as splenic macrophages were also depleted in LT-injected C57BL/6 @entity19 . @entity1 macrophages, also considered LT resistant, similarly underwent slow apoptosis in response to LT challenge. In contrast, LT triggered rapid @entity39 and broad protein release in BMMs derived from BALB/c and C3H/HeJ, but not C57BL/6 @entity19 . Released proteins included processed @entity6026 , confirming reports of inflammasome and @entity13761 activation in LT-mediated @entity39 in macrophages. Complete inhibition of @entity13761 activity was required to block LT-mediated @entity39 . Strikingly, minimal residual @entity13761 activity was sufficient to trigger significant @entity39 in LT-treated macrophages, indicating the @entity137 of @entity13761 in this process. @entity6026 release does not trigger cytolysis, as @entity6026 is released late and only from LT-treated macrophages undergoing membrane perturbation. We propose that @entity13761 -mediated macrophage @entity39 is the source of the cytokine storm and rapid disease progression reported in LT-treated BALB/c @entity19 .

title: XXXX lethal toxin kills macrophages in a strain-specific manner by apoptosis or @entity13761 -mediated @entity39 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

answer: @entity6192 :: (1392,Species) :: ['Anthrax']


abstract: @entity349 , in the form of @entity5165 , is found in a myriad of fish species consumed by recreational and subsistence fishers around the world. Many agencies have attempted to address the issue of @entity349 consumption, resulting at times in the placement of advisories on waterways used for fishing. In this study, consumption rates of three Native American populations and two recreational fishing populations consuming freshwater or saltwater fish species were examined. These consumption rates were combined with fish contamination data to assess the level of exposure to @entity5165 and to determine if any of these populations exceed a derived tolerable daily intake (TDI) for @entity5165 (0.035 to 0.08 microg/kg/day). The TDI is unlikely to result in adverse health effects and is based on scientific studies investigating sensitive endpoints in @entity1 of mothers who consume fish over prolonged periods of time. Results from the exposure analysis indicate that many within the Native American populations exceed the TDI. This occurs even though the @entity349 concentrations in certain fish species are comparable to concentrations found in fish from open waters where "background" levels are assumed. Recreational anglers consuming freshwater species have exposure levels below the TDI as do nearly all anglers consuming saltwater species. Similar populations or populations having comparable consumption patterns of fish with equal or higher @entity349 levels in other areas will also exceed the TDI level for @entity349 . The public health implications of this exposure analysis are discussed.

title: Exposure analysis of five fish-consuming populations for overexposure to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['Mercury', 'mercury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity5165 :: ('CHEBI:30785', 'Chemical') :: ['methylmercury']

answer: @entity5165 :: (CHEBI:30785,Chemical) :: ['methylmercury']


abstract: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the health-seeking behaviors of a group of @entity1 stung by @entity15173 (RIFA) and the number of nursing referrals resulting in treatment. The following two research questions were asked: (1) Is there a delay in seeking the care of a board-certified allergist for symptoms of fire ant @entity56 ? (2) Are nurses referring @entity1 for treatment? The entire population of board-certified allergists in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina (n = 98) was sampled. A questionnaire was developed for the office nurses to use to collect information from @entity566 @entity1 actually receiving fire ant injections (n = 257). Each @entity1 reported on the reaction, when it occurred as well as age, sex, and county of residence. Descriptive statistics revealed that a delay of a month or more in seeking care of an allergist was experienced by 154 (56%) of @entity1 who completed the questionnaire. The average delay was 1.8 years. The main source of referrals was a general practitioner or emergency room personnel. Nursing and other health professionals must recognize the problem and to institute prompt referral for treatment. In areas where RIFA colonies are spreading, they have to be fully informed and trained in effective primary and secondary techniques to prevent serious reaction to the stings of these ants.

title: Underrecognition of morbidity from stings of the XXXX in the southeastern United States.

entities_list: @entity15173 :: ('13686', 'Species') :: ['red imported fire ants']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity15173 :: (13686,Species) :: ['red imported fire ant']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: There is an expanding research interest in high-grade @entity11 because of their significant population burden and poor survival despite the extensive standard multimodal treatment. One of the obstacles is the lack of individualized monitoring of @entity5 characteristics and treatment response before, during and after treatment. We have developed a two-stage semi-automatic method to co-register MRI scans at different time points before and after surgical and adjuvant treatment of high-grade @entity11 . This two-stage co-registration includes a linear co-registration of the semi-automatically derived mask of the preoperative contrast-enhancing area or postoperative resection cavity, brain contour and ventricles between different time points. The resulting transformation matrix was then applied in a non-linear manner to co-register conventional contrast-enhanced T1 -weighted images. Targeted registration errors were calculated and compared with linear and non-linear co-registered images. Targeted registration errors were smaller for the semi-automatic non-linear co-registration compared with both the non-linear and linear co-registered images. This was further visualized using a three-dimensional structural similarity method. The semi-automatic non-linear co-registration allowed for optimal correction of the variable brain shift at different time points as evaluated by the minimal targeted registration error. This proposed method allows for the accurate evaluation of the treatment response, essential for the growing research area of @entity1313 imaging and treatment response evaluation in large sets of @entity1 . Copyright    2016 John Wiley _ Sons, Ltd.

title: Validation of a semi-automatic co-registration of MRI scans in @entity1 with XXXX during treatment follow-up.

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: @entity1 safety is an important issue in medical quality control. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to specifically address @entity1 safety in surgery in Taiwan. The purposes of this study were to determine the incidence of surgical errors in Taiwan, to evaluate the effectiveness of a campaign to @entity7133 the planned operation site, and the factors that influence the frequency of this preoperative safety maneuver. METHODS: In March 2004, each member of the Taiwan Orthopaedic Association was given a 12-question survey regarding wrong-site, wrong- @entity1 , and wrong-procedure errors to provide baseline data. We then implemented a campaign to encourage orthopedic surgeons to @entity7133 the planned operation site (" @entity7133 op site" campaign). A follow-up survey was done in October 2004, and the results of both surveys were compared. RESULTS: On the second survey, the number of surgeons who marked the incision site had significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the incidences of reported wrong-site (0.5%) and wrong-procedure errors (2.4%) were lower than on the first survey (4.8%, p < 0.05 and 5.6%, p < 0.05). On the second survey, preoperative marking of the incision site was significantly correlated with the location of the surgeon's practice. CONCLUSION: Orthopedic surgeons marked the incision sites more frequently after our campaign than before, suggesting that the campaign was effective in changing their behavior. In Taiwan, this campaign reduced the risk of wrong-site and wrong-procedure errors.

title: XXXX safety in Taiwan: a survey on orthopedic surgeons.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patient', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: The large deficit in energy intake in relation to energy requirements during the transition and early lactation periods means that high-producing @entity291 need energy-dense rations. High-starch diets are intensively fermented by the microbial ecosystem in the rumen, giving rise to a high production of VFAs and resulting in a drop in pH and the accumulation of @entity880 , which exacerbates the decline in pH and is considered as the major cause of @entity520 . This @entity409 affects rumen microbes and results in less efficient digestion, thereby decreasing feed intake and exacerbating the energy deficit in the @entity291 . The main way to limit the risk of @entity520 is by diet management. Thus, animals must be progressively adapted to grain ingredients during the 3-week period before calving. Furthermore, the diet management strategy will be to privilege low-degradable starch and include enough fiber in the diet to stimulate rumination and salivation. Chemical additives can be used to prevent @entity520 . Rumen pH can be controlled by direct addition of chemical buffers at doses of 1-2% of @entity3918 intake. Metabolic @entity3884 can be mobilized through specific metabolic pathways such as propionogenesis to compete with the synthesis of @entity880 . This can be achieved by adding @entity4919 precursors such as @entity492 , @entity5910 or @entity8516 . However, these additives are not economically viable, and will not easily be accepted by consumers. Probiotics, which are mainly supplied as live @entity375 , have to be regarded as a solution for preventing subacute @entity520 but they are not considered as an efficient cure for acute @entity520 . Although the mechanisms of action of probiotics are not fully understood, this paper proposes a plausible model of their mode of action. Recently, additives based on plant extracts have been proposed as a solution for optimizing rumen functions, but further efficacy studies and safety trials are required before these additives can be marketed. The addition of fibrolytic enzymes has been suggested to improve the digestion of the dietary fiber fraction during @entity520 . Although the results obtained so far are encouraging, more ruminant-specific research needs to be carried out on these enzymes. Some antibiotics are potential inhibitors of Gram-positive bacteria, which are involved in @entity520 , but their use as feed additives has been banned from 01/01/2006 in the EU.

title: Optimizing rumen functions in the close-up transition period and early lactation to drive dry matter intake and energy balance in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8516 :: ('CHEBI:29806', 'Chemical') :: ['fumarate']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['rumen dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis', 'rumen acidosis']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cows']


abstract: We examined 56 @entity1 with latent or clinically manifest @entity1375 and 18 @entity1 with acute athyreosis as a control group. We were especially interested in the localization and extent of @entity393 . 45% of the @entity1 with @entity1375 showed a @entity393 . Of these, two @entity1 had a pure conductive loss, seven a combined @entity393 and 16 a @entity1274 . We demonstrated hair cell damage in 13 of the @entity1 with @entity1375 . The @entity393 was mild to moderate in over 90% of the cases. Although several @entity1 had a basocochlear @entity393 , no characteristic audiogram was found. There was a correlation between the conductive loss and the severity of the @entity1375 . 50% of the @entity1 showed a significant improvement in hearing after substitution therapy. The results of our examinations are discussed in detail.

title: [Hypacusis in XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['chronic hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss', 'hearing abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensori-neural hearing loss']

answer: @entity1375 :: (MESH:D007037,Disease) :: ['acquired hypothyroidism']


abstract: Systemic chemotherapy is effective in only a subset of @entity1 with metastasized @entity14 . Therefore, early selection of @entity1 who are most likely to benefit from chemotherapy is desirable. Response to treatment may be determined by the delivery of the drug to the @entity5 , retention of the drug in the @entity5 and by the amount of intracellular uptake, metabolic activation and catabolism, as well as other factors. The first aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of DCE-MRI with the contrast agent Gd-DTPA for @entity5 response to first-line chemotherapy in @entity1 with liver metastases of @entity14 . The second aim was to investigate the predictive value of @entity1487 (FU) uptake, retention and catabolism as measured by localized @entity25279 @entity7748 for @entity5 response to FU therapy. Since FU uptake, retention and metabolism may depend on @entity5 vascularization, the relationship between @entity25279 @entity7748 and the DCE-MRI parameters k(ep), K(trans) and v(e) was also examined (1). In this study, 37 @entity1 were included. The kinetic parameters of DCE-MRI, k(ep), K(trans) and v(e), before start of treatment did not predict @entity5 response after 2 months, suggesting that the delivery of chemotherapy by @entity5 vasculature is not a major factor determining response in first-line treatment. No evident correlations between (19)F @entity7748 parameters and @entity5 response were found. This suggests that in liver metastases that are not selected on the basis of their @entity5 diameter, FU uptake and catabolism are not limiting factors for response. The transfer constant K(trans), as measured by DCE-MRI before start of treatment, was negatively correlated with FU half-life in the liver metastases, which suggests that, in metastases with a larger @entity5 blood flow or permeability surface area product, FU is rapidly washed out from the @entity5 .

title: Prediction of chemotherapeutic response of colorectal liver metastases with dynamic gadolinium-DTPA-enhanced MRI and localized 19F XXXX pharmacokinetic studies of @entity1487 .

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity7748 :: (MESH:D008556,Disease) :: ['MRS']


abstract: PURPOSE: We evaluated bladder function in adults with the @entity601 using multichannel urodynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 21 @entity1 a mean 39.6 years old (range 20 to 62) with a tethered cord were evaluated. Of the @entity1 13 were diagnosed with a tethered cord as an adult and 8 had undergone previous spinal surgery. The @entity601 was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging in 20 @entity1 and computerized tomography myelogram in 1. All @entity1 underwent complete neurological and urological evaluation, including multichannel urodynamics. Needle electromyography and video urodynamics were performed in select cases. Microsurgical release of the tethered cord was performed in 19 @entity1 and 2 refused surgery. Urodynamics were done before surgery in 16 of 19 @entity1 and a median of 12.5 months (range 1 to 40) after surgery in 14. In addition, intraoperative urodynamic monitoring and nerve root stimulation were done in 14 @entity1 to prevent @entity128 at surgery. RESULTS: At presentation urgency (67%) and urge @entity322 (50%) were the most common findings in 18 @entity1 with urinary symptoms. Pretreatment urodynamics in 18 of 21 @entity1 revealed @entity427 in 13 (72%), external detrusor-sphincter @entity2055 in 4 (22%), decreased sensation in 4 (22%), decreased compliance in 3 (17%) and hypocontractile detrusor in 2 (11%). Postoperative urodynamic findings were improved in 4 @entity1 (29%) and unchanged in 10 (71%). @entity1690 in 4 @entity1 resolved postoperatively in 3 and was unchanged in 1. Urinary symptoms were improved in 19% of @entity1 (4), unchanged in 76% (16) and worse in 5% (1). To date 7 patients require anticholinergics, 4 require clean intermittent catheterization and 1 is taking an alpha-blocker. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with the @entity601 are less likely to have urodynamic or symptom improvement after cord release and most often present with irreversible findings which rarely become worse after surgery. These @entity1 need to have careful and continuous followup, including urodynamic studies, due to possible re-tethering with time.

title: Urodynamic findings in adults with the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['Preoperative external detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve root injury']

entities_list: @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['tethered cord syndrome']

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['hyperreflexia']

entities_list: @entity2055 :: ('MESH:D001259', 'Disease') :: ['dyssynergia']

answer: @entity601 :: (MESH:D009436,Disease) :: ['tethered cord syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Enabling @entity1 to die in their preferred place is important but achieving preferred place of @entity204 may increase the informal carer's risk into bereavement. AIM: To determine risk factors of family carers bereaved through @entity5 in Northern Ireland. DESIGN: These results form part of a larger QUALYCARE-NI study which used postal questionnaires to capture quantitative data on carer's bereavement scores using the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief. SETTING/ @entity1 : @entity1 were individuals who registered the @entity204 of a @entity1 between 1 December 2011 and 31 May 2012; where @entity5 (defined by ICD10 codes C00-D48) was the primary cause; where the deceased was over 18   years of age and @entity204 occurred at home, hospice, nursing home or hospital in Northern Ireland. @entity1 were approached in confidence by the Demography and Methodology Branch of the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Those wishing to decline participation were invited to return the reply slip. Non-responders received a second questionnaire 6   weeks after initial invitation. Results indicated that risk factors positively influencing bereavement outcomes included @entity1 having no preference for place of @entity204 and carers remaining in employment pre- or post-bereavement. In contrast, @entity1 dying in hospital, carers stopping work, being of lower socio-economic status and close kinship to the deceased negatively affected bereavement scores. Family carers should be adequately supported to continue in employment; priority should be given to assessing the financial needs of families from lower socio-economic areas; and bereavement support should focus on close relatives of the deceased.

title: Bereavement outcomes: A quantitative survey identifying risk factors in informal carers bereaved through XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Participants', 'person', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: @entity712 is treated with increasing success by phosphodiesterase-III ( @entity1923 -III) inhibitors such as @entity11073 , @entity7604 , and @entity17873 . While relatively pure positive inotropic substances (e.g., @entity935 and @entity452 ) are limited by tolerance development and MVO2 increase, the efficacy of @entity1923 inhibitors is maintained by avoiding @entity2922 and beta-receptors. They have positive inotropic, positive lusitropic, and vasodilatatory properties; myocardial @entity26 consumption remains unaltered. @entity1923 -III inhibitors act by selectively inhibiting @entity1923 -III, leading to an increased @entity268 concentration in myocardial and smooth muscle cells. In contrast, @entity1928 increases intracellular @entity268 by activation of adenylate cyclase. It could be shown that parenteral administration of the @entity1923 inhibitors @entity38654 , @entity11073 , and @entity17873 resulted in preload and afterload reduction due to vasodilation with concomitant decrease of peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistance; they also led to elevated cardiac output and ejection fraction as well as a significant increase in dp/dtmax, while left ventricular filling pressures were markedly lowered. Pulmonary pressure values fell significantly, whereas heart rate and myocardial @entity26 consumption showed no clinically relevant alterations. In @entity1 with angiographically documented @entity453 , the anti- @entity63 efficacy of @entity17873 could be proven both during exercise and stress pacing. The decrease of the pathologically elevated pulmonary pressures during @entity63 was accompanied by @entity308 following @entity17873 without changing MVO2 significantly. First tests after intracoronary application of @entity17873 confirmed its direct myocardial efficacy, indicating its positive inotropic and lusitropic properties. Thus, @entity1 in @entity712 have useful therapeutic alternatives at their disposal when taking @entity1923 inhibitors. The anti- @entity63 properties of these drugs need further evaluation.

title: Present use of positive inotropic drugs in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity38654 :: ('MESH:C029758', 'Chemical') :: ['sulmazole']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac failure', 'Cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity17873 :: ('MESH:D017335', 'Chemical') :: ['enoximone']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['reduced ST-segment depression']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity7604 :: ('MESH:D020105', 'Chemical') :: ['milrinone']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( @entity970 ) is a standard procedure for feeding dysphagic @entity746 ( @entity746 ) @entity1 . Nevertheless, the effect of prognostic factors influencing survival after @entity970 remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of several clinical features on survival after @entity970 placement. This study investigated 151 @entity1 with @entity746 , in whom a @entity970 was inserted over the last 16 years in our centre. Survival curves were determined by Kaplan-Meier and the analysis of potential prognostic factors was performed by a Cox regression model. The overall median survival was 32 months, longer in @entity66 @entity1 - 42 vs. 29 months in bulbar-onset @entity1 (p <   0.001). Median survival after @entity970 placement was 7.5 months, similar in both bulbar- and spinal-onset @entity1 , 7.9 vs. 7.1 months, respectively. Thirteen percent of @entity1 died within one month after @entity970 placement; this short-term survival was influenced by low forced vital capacity (FVC <   50%). In a multivariate analysis, only older age at disease onset was independently associated with poor outcome after @entity970 placement. In conclusion, survival after @entity970 placement was similar in bulbar- and spinal-onset @entity1 , suggesting that the latter were in a more advanced stage at the time of @entity970 placement. Low FVC was associated with higher risk of short-term mortality. Older age at disease onset was associated with poorer outcome in bulbar-onset @entity1 . Younger bulbar-onset @entity1 are those who benefited most from @entity970 .

title: What is the relevance of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on the survival of XXXX with @entity746 ?

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['spinal-onset disease']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND, MATERIAL AND METHODS: Most studies of the prognosis of @entity29 have not been population-based; they are retrospective reviews. Moreover, they lack uniform methods for assessment of outcome. The clinical course is difficult to predict and the prognosis has changed over the last decades as a result of progress in medical therapeutics and treatment principles and surgical methods. RESULTS: @entity1 suffering from @entity30 or @entity31 will probably alternate between remission and relapse, with 10% having a relapse-free course after ten years, and only 1% having a continuously active course. There is a cumulative frequency of operation of 50-80% and of reoperation of 1/3 in @entity30 . In @entity31 the overall probability of surgery is 1/3 for pancolitis and 10% for @entity4272 within five years of diagnosis, and the majority of @entity1 are operated on within the first few years. Maintenance treatment with @entity3378 ( @entity19743 ) and @entity2983 ( @entity3504 ) in @entity31 has reduced relapse rates to about the half. INTERPRETATION: Changes in disease distribution in @entity31 are part of the natural course of the disease. This should have implications for medical treatment strategies. @entity29 frequently requires potent medication with side-effects that limit @entity1 ' acceptance. Certain environmental factors as well as @entity1 compliance are thought to determine the clinical outcome in @entity31 and @entity30 .

title: [Prognosis and treatment of chronic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4272 :: ('MESH:D011349', 'Disease') :: ['proctitis']

entities_list: @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminosalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammatory bowel disease', 'inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphasalazine']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The majority of @entity1 with @entity30 ( @entity30 ) are likely to need some form of immunomodulatory therapy to maintain remission and to avoid long-term corticosteroid usage. Although @entity10227 agents are commonly used, some @entity1 are unresponsive or intolerant to these drugs. Biological agents like infliximab are being increasingly used in these circumstances, but long-term safety has yet to be established. @entity1499 has been shown to induce and maintain remission in @entity30 in many adult studies, but pediatric data are limited. The present report describes our experience of using @entity1499 in @entity30 in @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 with @entity30 treated with @entity1499 were identified by the departmental database. Case records were reviewed for site of disease, @entity11618 Activity Index, medications, time to achieve remission, duration of remission, and complications. RESULTS: A total of 10 @entity1 received @entity1499 , 7 of whom were female and 3 of whom were male. All of the @entity1 had colonic involvement and had active disease despite previous standard medical treatments. Seven @entity1 exhibited remission with @entity1499 treatment. Median time to achieve remission was 12 weeks and median duration of remission was 21 months to the point of assessment. One @entity1 had transient increase of @entity493 aminotransferase levels and another developed @entity1398 , which remitted with dose reduction. None needed discontinuation of @entity1499 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1499 is effective and well tolerated in @entity1 with @entity30 . It should be considered in those @entity1 who do not experience a remission with standard medications because it may avoid the use of biological agents and their potential uncertain long-term side effects.

title: Role of @entity1499 in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'child']

entities_list: @entity11618 :: ('MESH:C536215', 'Disease') :: ['Pediatric Crohn Disease']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity10227 :: ('CHEBI:35666', 'Chemical') :: ['thiopurine']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate', 'methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', 'Crohn disease']

answer: @entity30 :: (MESH:D003424,Disease) :: ['Crohn disease']


abstract: From data collected in the literature, the effects of @entity2390 therapy in 37 @entity1 with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting @entity652 who received short-term (1 to 2 weeks, n = 23) and long-term treatment (3 to 36 months) are reviewed. In 20 of 21 @entity1 studied, short-term administration of @entity2390 (50 or 100 micrograms subcutaneously [SC] produced a 25% to 100% (mean +/- SD, 55.3% +/- 29%) decrease in TSH levels, with the nadir being obtained between the third and sixth hour following injection. After 1 to 2 weeks therapy with 50 to 100 micrograms twice or three times a day, 21 of 23 @entity1 studied demonstrated a 66% (+/- 30%) decrease in TSH levels and 14 of 16 showed a 64% (+/- 27%) decrease in alpha-subunit levels. In approximately two thirds of the @entity1 , the response was better than after short-term administration. The effect of @entity2390 on clinical and biological thyroid status was significant in all @entity1 studied. After 1 week or 1 month of treatment, @entity6145 levels were reduced in all @entity1 and were normalized in 78%. Response to therapy was similar whether TSH secretion was pure or mixed ( @entity2124 [GH]-TSH @entity652 ). Fourteen @entity1 received long-term treatment (3 to 36 months; mean, 12 +/- 10) with daily doses ranging from 200 to 1,500 micrograms. The response was better than or similar to that with short-term treatment. An escape occurred in TSH levels in two @entity1 and in thyroid hormone levels in three @entity1 , leading to an adjustment of dose or frequency of injection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Treatment of thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting XXXX with @entity2390 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity6145 :: ('CHEBI:60311', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroid hormone']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['adenomas']


abstract: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at providing a comprehensive and quantitative review of risk factors for falls in older @entity1 in nursing homes and hospitals. Using MEDLINE, we searched for prospective studies investigating risk factors for falls in nursing home residents (NHR) and older @entity580 ( @entity580 ). When there were at least 3 studies investigating a factor in a comparable way in a specific setting, we computed the pooled odds ratio (OR) using random effect models. Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Eighteen risk factors for NHR and six for @entity580 were considered, including socio-demographic, mobility, sensory, medical factors, and medication use. For NHR, the strongest associations were with history of falls (OR=3.06), walking aid use (OR=2.08) and moderate disability (OR=2.08). For @entity580 , the strongest association was found for history of falls (OR=2.85). No association emerged with age in NHR (OR=1.00), while the OR for a 5years increase in age of @entity580 was 1.04. Female sex was, if anything, associated with a decreased risk. A few other medical conditions and medications were also associated with a moderately increased risk. For some important factors (e.g. balance and @entity425 ), a summary estimate was not computed because the measures used in various studies were not comparable. Falls in older @entity1 in nursing homes and hospitals have multifactorial etiology. History of falls, use of walking aids and disability are strong predictors of future falls.

title: Risk factors for falls in older XXXX in nursing homes and hospitals. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['hospital inpatients', 'HI']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: @entity2918 of the E-series (PGE1 and @entity1421 ) may be involved in disease-related, localized loss of bone. E-prostaglandins increase the @entity1919 content of many cells; and, to determine if their effects on bone are mediated by @entity1919 , we examined the effects of E-prostaglandins and of other agents on the @entity1919 content of cultured bone cells. @entity1421 produced a rapid, marked and dose-related increase in the @entity1919 content of confluent monolayers of bone cells isolated from newborn @entity35 calvaria. At 2.8 X 10(-6) M, @entity5015 and @entity1421 had approximately the same effect, while the effect of PGF2alpha was much less pronounced. In the presence of @entity2544 , @entity1421 had a more marked effect than @entity4727 ( @entity4727 ) and the combination of @entity1421 and @entity4727 had a synergistic effect. The divalent, cationic, ionophore, @entity3365 , produced an increase in cellular @entity1919 and had an additive effect in combination with @entity1421 . Synthetic salmon calcitonin (CT), which inhibits the bone resorptive effect of @entity1421 , increased cellular @entity1919 and had an additive effect in combination with @entity1421 . A prostaglandin antagonist, @entity10574 , partially inhibited the resorptive effect of @entity1421 and reduced its effect on cellular @entity1919 . The @entity460 antagonist, @entity4473 , inhibited the bone resorptive effects of @entity1421 but had no effect on increased cellular @entity1919 produced by @entity1421 . The marked effect of @entity1421 on bone cell @entity1919 suggests that this action is involved in the mechanism of @entity1421 -related @entity604 . The fact that agents with different effects on @entity1421 -induced increases in cellular @entity1919 can inhibit its resorptive actions, suggests that @entity1421 -induced changes in @entity1919 may be related less to its resorptive actions than to its inhibitory effect on bone formation.

title: Effects of @entity2918 and other drugs on the XXXX content of cultured bone cells.

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['Prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1919 :: (MESH:D000242,Chemical) :: ['cyclic AMP']


abstract: The extent of @entity5 , cell kill, produced by treating @entity6844 with @entity1891 , @entity786 , @entity1487 and gamma-rays, alone and in combination, was determined using an in vitro colony assay. Cell kill by @entity1891 was revealed as a reduction in the yield of cells obtained by trypsinization, and as a decrease in the colony-forming ability of the extracted cells. The reduction in cell yield was interpreted as evidence of rapid cell lysis. @entity786 and gamma-rays also reduced both cell yield and surviving fraction, but in this case the small decrease in cell yield was due to an increase in cell volume. FU had no effect on cell yield, but surviving fraction was reduced. @entity5 weight was also measured, and used in conjunction with cell yield and surviving fraction data to calculate the fraction of surviving cells per @entity5 following treatment with the agents. In combination studies, single doses of two different cytotoxic agents were given either simultaneously, or up to 24 h apart in either sequence, and assays were performed 24 h after the second drug was given. Combinations of @entity1891 + @entity786 and @entity1487 + gamma-rays were chosen because they had been shown by other workers to exhibit marked schedule dependency, including considerabl potentiation, against leukaemic cell lines. However, in the B16 @entity320 there was no evidence of schedule-dependent cell killing with either of these combinations. For all sequences studied, the fraction of surviving cells per @entity5 was slightly greater than the predicted additive response calculated from single-drug controls.

title: Cell survival in B16 XXXX after treatment with combinations of cytotoxic agents: lack of potentiation.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide', 'Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: Hyperpolarization-activated ion channels, encoded by four @entity1 genes ( @entity43831 -4), contribute in an important way to the cardiac pacemaker current I(f). Here, we describe the transcription profiles of the four HCN genes, the @entity8477 , @entity43832 and @entity2303 genes from embryonic stage E9.5 dpc to postnatal day 120 in the @entity19 . Embryonic atrium and ventricle revealed abundant @entity13786 transcription but other HCN transcripts were almost absent. Towards birth, @entity13786 was downregulated in the atrium and almost vanished from the ventricle. After birth, however, HCN isotype transcription changed remarkably, showing increased levels of @entity43831 , @entity43833 and @entity13786 in the atrium and of @entity43833 and @entity13786 in the ventricle. @entity43834 showed highest transcription at early embryonic stages and was hardly detectable thereafter. At postnatal day 10, @entity13786 was highest in the sinoatrial node, being twofold higher than @entity43831 and fivefold higher than @entity43833 . In the atrium, @entity13786 was similar to @entity43831 and sevenfold higher than @entity43833 . In the ventricle, in contrast, @entity43833 was sixfold higher than @entity13786 , while @entity43831 was absent. Subsequently all HCN isotype transcripts declined to lower adult levels, while ratios of HCN isotypes remained stable. In conclusion, substantial changes of HCN isotype transcription throughout cardiac development suggest that a regulated pattern of HCN isotypes is required to establish and ensure a stable heart rhythm. Furthermore, constantly low HCN transcription in adult myocardium may be required to prevent atrial and ventricular arrhythmogenesis.

title: Transcription profiling of HCN-channel isotypes throughout XXXX cardiac development.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the effects and time course of endurance training on the regulation of heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (AP), @entity1063 (NE), and @entity8450 ( @entity8450 ) during orthostatic stress in healthy elderly @entity1 . METHODS: Thirty-one healthy @entity1 (65--75 yr) were randomly allocated into endurance training (N = 20, EX) and control (N = 11, CON) groups. The EX group cycled 3 d x wk(-1) for 30 min at 70% VO(2peak) for 12 wk x VO(2peak) was determined on an electronically braked cycle ergometer, before training and after 4, 8, and 12 wk of endurance training. The immediate (initial 30 s), early steady-state (1 min), and prolonged (5, 10, 15 min) beat-by-beat HR and AP responses during 90 degrees head-up tilt (HUT) were measured at least 3 d after each VO(2peak) test. Spontaneous baroreflex slopes were determined by application of linear regression to sequences of at least three cardiac cycles in which systolic blood pressure (SBP) and R-R interval changed in the same direction. Venous blood was collected during 90 degrees HUT and analyzed for changes in plasma NE concentrations, as well as hematocrit and hemoglobin to determine changes in @entity8450 . RESULTS: Endurance training significantly (P < 0.01) increased VO(2peak) (mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) in EX by 10 +/- 2%. The immediate, early steady-state, and prolonged HR and AP responses and spontaneous baroreflex slopes during 90 degrees HUT were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between EX and CON groups before or after 4, 8, or 12 wk of endurance training. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between EX and CON groups for peak changes in @entity8450 during orthostasis before (-15.0 +/- 1.4% vs -11.9 +/- 1.3%) or after 4 (-12.2 +/- 1.0% vs -12.7 +/- 1.4%), 8 (-13.7 +/- 1.2% vs -12.4 +/- 0.7%), and 12 wk (-10.8 +/- 1.6% vs -10.6 +/- 0.6%) of endurance training, suggesting a similar stimulus presented by 90 degrees HUT in both groups. Peak changes in NE concentrations during HUT were similar (P > 0.05) between EX and CON groups before (119 +/- 23 pg x mL(-1) vs 191 +/- 36 pg x mL(-1)) and after 4 (139 +/- 29 pg x mL(-1) vs 146 +/- 25 pg x mL(-1)), 8 (114 +/- 32 pg x mL(-1) vs 182 +/- 41 pg x mL(-1)), and 12 wk (143 +/- 35 pg x mL(-1) vs 206 +/- 42 pg.mL-1) of endurance training. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that in healthy elderly @entity1 , improvements in VO(2peak) can occur without compromising the regulation of HR, AP, NE, and @entity8450 during orthostatic stress.

title: Does endurance training affect orthostatic responses in healthy elderly XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity8450 :: ('MESH:D054219', 'Disease') :: ['plasma volume', 'PV']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the prophylactic effects of @entity619 plus ginger and @entity619 alone on @entity1209 ( @entity1209 ) in @entity1 undergoing thyroidectomy. METHODS: One hundred and twenty @entity1 undergoing general anaesthesia for thyroidectomy were enrolled in this randomised, double-blind study. @entity1 received oral @entity3175 10mg with either oral placebo (group I) or 0.5g of ginger (group II) as premedication 1 hour prior to surgery. Standard general anaesthetic techniques and postoperative analgesia were employed. Both group I and group II received intravenous @entity619 150 microg/kg immediately before the induction of anaesthesia. Data were recorded over a 24-hour observation period after surgery. RESULTS: In the @entity619 -treated group, 14 @entity1 experienced @entity390 , two @entity1 retched, three @entity1 vomited once, two @entity1 vomited repeatedly, and 14 @entity1 required a rescue antiemetic. In the @entity619 -plus-ginger-treated group, 12 @entity1 experienced @entity390 , one @entity1 retched, four @entity1 vomited once, no @entity1 vomited repeatedly, and 13 @entity1 required a rescue antiemetic. @entity619 plus ginger did not significantly reduce @entity390 and @entity391 compared with @entity619 alone during the observation period. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the prophylactic combination of antiemetic treatment with @entity619 and ginger was not clinically or statistically superior to @entity619 alone in preventing @entity1209 in @entity1 undergoing thyroidectomy.

title: Prevention of @entity1209 after thyroidectomy: combined antiemetic treatment with @entity619 and ginger versus XXXX alone.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['PONV', 'postoperative nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity619 :: (MESH:D003907,Chemical) :: ['dexamethasone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Oxidative damage and DNA repair dysfunction are associated with @entity105 . @entity7599 is one of the major oxidative DNA adducts. Present work aims to investigate whether the expression of @entity7599 and its key repair gene @entity9552 play distinctive role in two types of serous @entity43 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity7599 level in DNA from @entity5 and matched @entity5 -adjacent normal tissue in 48 high-grade @entity1377 (HG-SOC), 24 low-grade @entity1377 (LG-SOC), 20 @entity12679 , and 16 non- @entity5 control ovaries was tested. The Cox proportional hazards model and the log-rank test were used to assess the associations between the @entity7599 level in two types of @entity5 and @entity1 ' survival. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and protein immunoblot were employed to detect @entity9552 mRNA and protein levels in @entity5 and adjacent normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of @entity9552 and @entity876 . RESULTS: There was no difference of average @entity7599 /106dG DNA level either between HG-SOC (27.8        8.9), LG-SOC (25.2        7.4) and benign @entity12679 (26.5        7.7, p = 0.35); or between the @entity5 -adjacent normal tissue of HG-SOC (18.8        5.2), LG-SOC (21.4        6.5), benign @entity12679 (20.5        9.1) and non- @entity5 ovary (21.6        4.9, p = 0.62). The @entity7599 /106dG level was significantly higher in @entity5 comparing to that in matched normal tissue adjacent to @entity189 in HG-SOC (1.52        0.52, p = 0.02), but not in LG-SOC or benign @entity12679 . Increased level of @entity7599 in @entity5 DNA was an independent factor of overall survival in serous @entity43 upon multivariate analysis (p   <   0.01). Increased level of @entity7599 in @entity5 DNA indicates poorer overall and progression-free survival durations than counterparts (47.3 vs 105.7  months and 13.5 vs 45.3  months, respectively). Protein levels of @entity9552 were remarkably decreased in HG-SOC (p   <   0.01), but not in LG-SOC and @entity12679 compared with the tissue adjacent to @entity189 . A positive result on @entity876 immunostaining was associated with lower @entity9552 expression in HG-SOC (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Increased @entity7599 level and decreased expression of @entity9552 in @entity5 were found in HG-SOC but not LG-SOC. Increased @entity7599 level in @entity5 DNA was significantly associated with poorer overall survival and progression-free survival in serous @entity43 .

title: The significance of the alteration of @entity7599 in serous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinoma', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary serous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'serous cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity12679 :: ('MESH:D018293', 'Disease') :: ['serous cystadenoma', 'serous cystadenomas']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of corticosteroids on subepithelial hyaluronan deposition and corneal epithelium thickness in the first 10 days after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and to analyze a possible contralateral effect of @entity288 . METHODS: Thirty-two New Zealand white @entity95 were assigned into two groups and had a transepithelial 5.0-mm diameter, 8.00-diopter myopic PRK performed on one eye. The @entity228 treatment group (16 animals) received 0.1 mL of @entity1667 4% subconjunctivally on the operation table, followed by 0.1% @entity619 eye drops six times a day during the postoperative period. The @entity2827 ( @entity1219 ) treatment group received topical isotonic @entity1219 eye drops six times a day. In each treatment group, eight animals were killed after 3 and 9 days, respectively. The harvested specimens were stained for hyaluronan and the epithelial thickness was measured. RESULTS: In contrast to the epithelial thickness, the subepithelial hyaluronan did not show a significant increase during the observation period. The @entity228 treated group showed at both time-points significantly less subepithelial hyaluronan formation as well as a significantly thinner epithelium, when compared with the @entity1219 -treated group. At 9 days, the @entity228 -treated group showed a mild @entity2543 in only one of eight eyes, whereas this was a common finding in the @entity1219 -treated group. We detected no hyaluronan deposits in any @entity735 , and the epithelial thickness did not differ significantly between any of the four @entity735 groups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity228 medication during the first 10 days after operation reduces the amount of subepithelial hyaluronan production and inhibits the epithelial proliferation, and @entity2543 is prevented. Neither a contralateral hyaluronan deposition nor a contralateral @entity228 effect could be detected.

title: Short-term impact of corticosteroids on hyaluronan and XXXX in the @entity95 cornea after photorefractive keratectomy.

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid', 'Corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral-untreated eye']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2543 :: (MESH:D017573,Disease) :: ['epithelial hyperplasia']


abstract: There has been a growing interest in naturally occurring compounds from traditional medicine with anti- @entity5 potential. Nigella sativa (black seed) is one of the most widely studied plants. This annual herb grows in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea and India. @entity14685 (TQ) is an active ingredient isolated from Nigella sativa. The anti- @entity5 effect of TQ, via the induction of apoptosis resulting from @entity2383 , was assessed in an @entity981 cell line (CEMss) with an IC50 of 1.5   g/mL. A significant increase in chromatin condensation in the cell nucleus was observed using fluorescence analysis. The apoptosis was then confirmed by @entity4404 and an increased number of cellular DNA breaks in treated cells were observed as a DNA ladder. Treatment of CEMss cells with TQ encouraged apoptosis with cell death-transducing signals by a down-regulation of @entity588 and up-regulation of @entity589 . Moreover, the significant generation of cellular ROS, @entity2285 and activation of caspases 3 and 8 were also observed in the treated cells. The mitochondrial apoptosis was clearly associated with the S phase cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, the results from the current study indicated that TQ could be a promising agent for the treatment of @entity1778 .

title: XXXX induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in @entity981 in vitro.

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphocyte leukemic']

entities_list: @entity14685 :: ('MESH:C003466', 'Chemical') :: ['Thymoquinone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity14685 :: (MESH:C003466,Chemical) :: ['Thymoquinone']