abstract: OBJECTIVES: The surgical close of patent ductus arteriosus in the extreme or very extreme premature presents difficulties, because of its anaesthesia, surgical intervention and the clinical circumstances that usually accompany this pathology. We reviewed our experience in order to understand the factors that have contributed to the obtained results. METHODS: In all the reviewed @entity1 we evalue: gestational age, birth weight, drug treatment, surgical close, incidence of @entity2107 , @entity3166 and @entity177 , time of hospitalization, mortality and its causes. RESULTS: The sample is constituted of 26 prematures whose average gestational age is 26.24 weeks and average weight 885 g. 22 were treated with @entity3352 , at an average age of 7 days, and all of them underwent surgical close, at an average age of 19 days (0-50). 10 @entity1 suffered @entity2107 , operated when they were 28 days of life. 7 suffered @entity177 , 5 of them after drug treatment. 6 suffered @entity3166 . 7 died (27%), 3 of them because of @entity3465 and preoperative severe pathology, 2 because of @entity299 , and 2 because of severe @entity3166 . CONCLUSIONS: Surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in these @entity1 is well tolerated, especially if the attention to prevent @entity2107 , @entity3166 and @entity177 is optimized. Mortality in our series is not very different from that provided for the total of prematures with similar gestational age and birth weight, regardless of their pathology.

title: [Surgical closure of ductus arteriosus in the extreme or very extreme preterm XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3166 :: ('MESH:D020345', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity2107 :: ('MESH:D001997', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopulmonary dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infant']


abstract: The effects of @entity1 @entity2124 -releasing factor ( @entity7704 ) and @entity1943 on @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ) and prolactin (PRL) secretion in perifusion of dispersed cells of @entity1 @entity2124 -secreting @entity652 , obtained from seven acromegalic @entity1 with @entity4089 , were examined. Six @entity652 stained for both @entity2124 and PRL on immunohistochemical examination, and one contained only @entity2124 . @entity2124 release was consistently stimulated in a dose-dependent manner by @entity7704 (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 nM) in all seven @entity652 studied. PRL release was undetectable in two @entity652 . In the other five, @entity7704 stimulated PRL release and the response was dose related. Furthermore, the PRL response was significantly correlated with the @entity2124 response to @entity7704 . When cells were perfused with @entity1943 (1 nM), @entity2124 and PRL secretion induced by @entity7704 was completely antagonized. We also evaluated the effect of @entity7704 pretreatment on the subsequent @entity2124 response to @entity7704 in two @entity652 . @entity7704 pretreatment (1 nM) for 210 min reduced the @entity2124 response to a subsequent @entity7704 challenge (100 nM) in one @entity5 but not in the other. In conclusion, the PRL response is similar to the @entity2124 response in mixed @entity2124 and PRL-secreting @entity652 after exposure to @entity2124 release-stimulating and inhibiting hormones. After prolonged exposure to @entity7704 , some @entity652 remain responsive to further stimulation with @entity7704 , whereas others do not.

title: @entity7704 stimulates and XXXX inhibits prolactin release from @entity1 mixed somatotroph-lactotroph @entity652 in perifusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinaemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

answer: @entity1943 :: (MESH:D013004,Chemical) :: ['somatostatin']


abstract: @entity20283 , a cell-permeable analogue of @entity2367 , induced significant, dose- and time-dependent @entity204 in @entity1 @entity995 Y79 cells. Dying cells strongly displayed the morphology of apoptosis as characterized by microscopic evidence of cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear and chromatin condensation and degeneration of the nucleus into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies. Upon induction of apoptosis Y79 cells evidence early phosphatidylserine externalization, as shown by @entity4404 - @entity2823 . Apoptosis was also assessed by monitoring changes in cell granularity by staining with the combined fluorescent dyes @entity9186 and @entity5611 . @entity20283 induced these morphological changes without a concomitant production of oligonucleosomal fragments responsible for the DNA ladder and without changes in @entity876 protein level. Apoptosis was accompanied by accumulation of a modified @entity588 protein with a slower-mobility form, and by proteolytic cleavage of @entity9190 . The effect seemed to be specific for @entity20283 , as @entity43460 , or other amphiphilic lipid analogues, or products of @entity2367 hydrolysis were ineffective. The effect also depended on mRNA and protein synthesis as it was markedly inhibited by @entity4316 and @entity1880 . Sphingomyelinase and @entity1356 , which are known to activate the sphingomyelin turnover leading to @entity2367 generation, also induced apoptosis mimicking the effects of @entity2367 . These findings propose @entity2367 as an activator of the suicidal program in Y79 cells.

title: Induction of programmed cell @entity204 in @entity1 @entity995 Y79 cells by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5611 :: ('MESH:D004996', 'Chemical') :: ['ethidium bromide']

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity2367 :: ('CHEBI:17761', 'Chemical') :: ['ceramide']

entities_list: @entity43460 :: ('MESH:C109343', 'Chemical') :: ['C2-dihydroceramide']

entities_list: @entity9186 :: ('MESH:D000165', 'Chemical') :: ['acridine orange']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity20283 :: (MESH:C064769,Chemical) :: ['C2-ceramide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Good unaided distance visual acuity is now a realistic expectation following @entity231 surgery and intraocular lens implantation. @entity227 however still requires additional refractive power, usually in the form of reading glasses. Multiple optic (multifocal) intraocular lenses are available that are claimed to allow good vision at a range of distances. It is unclear whether this benefit outweighs the optical compromises inherent in multifocal intraocular lenses. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review is to assess the effects of multifocal intraocular lenses, including effects on visual acuity, subjective @entity227 , spectacle dependence, glare and contrast sensitivity, compared to standard monofocal lenses. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register - CENTRAL (which includes the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group specialised register), MEDLINE and EMBASE. The reference lists of relevant articles were searched. Investigators of included studies and manufacturers of multifocal intraocular lenses were contacted for information about additional published and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials comparing a multifocal intraocular lens of any type with a monofocal intraocular lens as control were included. Both unilateral and bilateral implantation trials were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were collected and trial quality assessed. Where possible, statistical summary measures were calculated, otherwise data were tabulated. MAIN RESULTS: One ongoing and six completed trials were identified. There was significant variability between the trials in the outcomes reported. Unaided distance acuity was similar in multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses (Peto odds ratio 1.27 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.76 to 2.11)), with a small increase in the proportion of multifocal intraocular lens @entity1 achieving less than 6/6 best corrected visual acuity (Peto odds ratio 1.64 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.42)). @entity227 tended to improve with the multifocal intraocular lenses. This resulted in decreased spectacle dependence with use of the multifocal intraocular lenses (Peto odds ratio 0.16 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.23)). Adverse effects included reduced contrast sensitivity and the subjective experience of haloes around lights. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal intraocular lenses are effective at improving near vision relative to monofocal intraocular lenses. Whether that improvement outweighs the adverse effects of multifocal intraocular lenses will vary between @entity1 , with motivation to achieve spectacle independence likely to be the deciding factor.

title: Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after XXXX extraction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual satisfaction', 'Unaided near vision', 'Near vision']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of prostate ultrasound in the diagnosis of @entity3885 ( @entity3885 ) and detrusor @entity2915 (DH). METHODS: Prospective study with 39 @entity1 consulting for LUTS. Clinical history was compiled, IPSS was determined, a digital rectal exam was performed, abdominal ultrasound was used to calculate detrusor thickness/weight, prostate volume, and @entity11294 ( @entity11294 ). Urodynamic study (UD) was performed with determination of the Abrams-Griffiths number and ICS nomogram. Mean values were compared with Mann-Whitney U-test, and ROC curves were plotted determining the cutoff points for optimum sensitivity/specificity. RESULTS: Mean age was 63.1 years (SD: 7.8), with a mean IPSS score of 14 (SD: 6). 53.8% of the @entity1 presented @entity3885 at UD evaluation, and 43.6% DH. The differences between free flowmetry Qmax(p=0.015) and @entity11294 (p=0.003) between @entity1 with and without @entity3885 proved significant. The ROC curves yielded an AUC for @entity11294 of 0.772, with a maximum sensitivity and specificity cutoff point at 10.5 mm (sensitivity 90%, specificity 73%, @entity2286 76%, NPV 85%). There were no significant differences in any parameter between @entity1 with and without DH. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound @entity11294 measurement in @entity1 with LUTS offers high sensitivity/specificity in diagnosing @entity3885 , with a cutoff point of 10.5 mm. In our study it wasn't effective in the noninvasive diagnosis of DH.

title: Usefulness of bladder-prostate ultrasound in the diagnosis of @entity3885 / XXXX in males with BPH.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['IVO', 'infravesical obstruction']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity']

entities_list: @entity11294 :: ('MESH:D008878', 'Disease') :: ['middle lobe length', 'MLL']

answer: @entity2915 :: (MESH:D006948,Disease) :: ['hyperactivity']


abstract: Recovery from an @entity565 exacerbation may take days or weeks even after the introduction of appropriate exacerbation therapy. However airway responsiveness and sputum eosinophils can be reduced within 6 hours by a single dose of inhaled @entity288 . AIM: To determine if a single dose of 3200 microg of @entity4184 increases the rate of recovery from an @entity565 exacerbation. METHODS: Nineteen asthmatic subjects with an @entity565 exacerbation following withdrawal of inhaled @entity288 were randomised to receive either usual care (doubling their dose of inhaled @entity288 ) plus placebo or usual care plus a single dose of 3200 microg of @entity4184 in a double-blind manner. Subjects monitored @entity450 ( @entity450 ), symptoms, and beta agonist use daily for four weeks. The lowest @entity450 reading for each week was calculated as a percentage of the best @entity450 value achieved in the recent past ( @entity450 lowest % best). RESULTS: In the first week following exacerbation, @entity450 (lowest % best) was significantly greater in the @entity4184 group than in the placebo group (87.4 +/- 4.7 vs. 76.7 +/- 5.3; p = 0.029). However in the fourth week following exacerbation @entity450 was not significantly different (p = 0.728). The proportion of subjects who had a symptom free day during the first week was significantly higher in the @entity4184 group (p = 0.0012). CONCLUSION: A single high dose of inhaled @entity288 added to usual exacerbation treatment might increase the rate of recovery from a mild exacerbation of @entity565 .

title: A single high dose of inhaled @entity288 : a possible treatment of XXXX exacerbations.

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['budesonide']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['PEF', 'peak flow']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the @entity137 and mineralization effects of @entity9029 in @entity1 dental pulp cells (hDPCs) under @entity519 and normoxic culture conditions. DESIGN: Cell viability was evaluated using XTT assay after incubation periods of 24, 48, or 72h. The expression of mineralization-related genes (osteonectin, @entity1096 , dentin sialophosphoprotein, collagen type 1) and @entity13975 ( @entity13975 ) was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction at 24 and 72h. RESULTS: In XTT assay, viability was higher in 0.3, 1, 2, 4, and 5mM groups in the presence of 21% @entity3612 after 24h (p<0.05). Additionally, while 0.3, 1, 2mM groups had higher cell viability in the presence of 21% @entity3612 after 48h (p<0.05), in 3mM groups cell viability was higher under 3% @entity3612 than 21% @entity3612 after both 24 and 48h (p<0.05). 1-3mM groups had higher cell viability under 3% @entity3612 after 72h (p<0.05). There was no difference between 4 and 5mM groups with regards to cell viability after 48 or 72h (p>0.05). In the gene expression study, @entity9029 -treated hDPCs showed lower mineralization potential in the presence of 3% than with 21% @entity3612 (p<0.05). hDPCs revealed higher HO 1 expression in 0.3 and 1mM groups under @entity519 than under normoxic conditions after a 72-h time period (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity519 conditions increased cell survival in accordance with the culture period but inhibited the odontoblastic differentiation of hDPCs treated with @entity9029 .

title: XXXX inhibits mineralization ability of @entity1 dental pulp cells treated with @entity9029 but increases cell survival in accordance with the culture time.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxic', 'hypoxic']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['Hypoxia']


abstract: The expression of @entity1759 standard form (CD44s) and variant isoforms v3 and v6 was analyzed in 233 resected @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) specimens by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the mRNA status of CD44v3 and CD44v6 in a cohort of samples was determined by in situ hybridization (ISH) and further confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of CD44s, CD44v3, and CD44v6 was correlated with clinicopathologic variables and survival. The expression of CD44v3 and v6 was reduced in 97% and 90% of the @entity420 and in 86% and 74% of the @entity152 , respectively, as compared with @entity957 , where they were reduced in 53% and 51% of the cases (P = .0001 and P = .004 for v3 and v6). The corresponding values for @entity1759 s were 92%, 70%, and 51%, respectively (P = .011). The reduced @entity1759 s and CD44v6 expression was associated with lymph node @entity3 (P = .03 and P = .005, respectively) and the reduced expression of @entity1759 s also with advanced stage (P = .04). Recurrences during the follow-up were more often found within the @entity5 showing reduced expression of CD44v3 (P = .04). Combining ISH and IHC results showed that CD44v3 and v6 mRNA were not always processed into protein, suggesting a regulation disturbance posttranscriptionally since malignant transformation of cells has occurred. In survival analyses, the reduced expression of @entity1759 s and CD44v3 was associated with a shortened disease-free survival (P = .04 and P = .01, respectively). In multivariate analysis, CD44v3 retained its independent prognostic value (P = .03). These results emphasize the value of @entity1759 , and especially the v3 variant isoform in the behavior of @entity1149 .

title: Reduced expression of CD44v3 variant isoform is associated with unfavorable outcome in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell/anaplastic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: SETTING: @entity378 ( @entity378 ) @entity1 reported to the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene from 1 June 2000 to 30 November 2001. OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of delayed diagnosis of @entity378 and to assess @entity1 and provider factors associated with delays. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. RESULTS: Median @entity1 , health care and total delays were 32, 26 and 89 days, respectively, for 158 @entity1 . Non-white (relative hazard [RH] 0.62; 95% CI 0.39-0.98) and less educated (RH 0.43; 95% CI 0.26-0.72) @entity1 had longer @entity1 delays. English-speaking @entity1 (RH 0.40; 95% CI 0.24-0.68) had increased health care delays, as did @entity1 who received a diagnosis of a @entity1576 and non- @entity378 antibiotics (RH 0.69; 95% CI 0.49-0.96) prior to a @entity378 diagnosis. @entity1 first presenting to a private physician (51 days) rather than a hospital emergency room (18 days; RH 1.87; 95% CI 1.05-3.33) or public health clinic (10 days; RH 1.79; 95% CI 1.21-2.63) had longer health care delays. When a @entity378 diagnostic tool (chest radiograph or AFB culture) was utilized, a more rapid diagnosis of @entity378 was made. CONCLUSION: Education of the @entity1 population about @entity378 symptoms might reduce delays. Increased physician awareness of the current epidemiology of @entity378 and better use of available diagnostic tools will reduce delays and may reduce @entity378 transmission.

title: XXXX and health care system delays in pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis in a low-incidence state.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculosis', 'TB']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory illness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: The antiemetic effect of @entity617 on @entity1209 was investigated in 67 @entity1 with advanced @entity263 and a performance status of < or = 2. The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with a parallel group design. The objective was to compare the incidence and severity of @entity1209 between the two groups. @entity617 or placebo was given twice daily for 3 weeks with the dose decreased during the third week from 15 mg/day to 10 mg for 3 days and finally to 5 mg/day during the last 4 days. EMP was given as two 140 mg capsules daily for 3 days at the beginning, then as four capsules for 4 days followed by six capsules for 21 days. Areas under curves (AUCs) for @entity390 and for @entity1209 scores were calculated based on the @entity1 's diary notes: @entity390 (0-3), @entity391 (0-6), @entity1209 (0-9). Control of emesis in terms of complete, moderate or poor control was registered. Pretreatment characteristics were evenly balanced. The results indicated that no statistical differences between the two groups of @entity1 were present in AUCs for weeks 1-3 or weeks 1-4. We conclude that it was not possible to demonstrate a significant antiemetic efficacy of @entity617 . However, in all but one case the @entity1 in the @entity617 group could be treated for at least 3 weeks without any major incidents of @entity1209 .

title: Antiemetic efficacy of XXXX : a placebo-controlled trial in @entity1 with advanced @entity263 treated with estramustine phosphate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['Prednisolone', 'prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea/vomiting']

answer: @entity617 :: (MESH:D011239,Chemical) :: ['prednisolone']


abstract: The Sonicare sonic toothbrush and a traditional manual toothbrush were compared for efficacy in improving periodontal health in young orthodontic @entity1 with existing @entity32 . A 4-week, single-blind clinical trial was employed. Twenty-four subjects, ages 11-17 years, who were fully bonded and banded with fixed orthodontic appliances were selected. Subjects were randomly assigned to use either the manual or the Sonicare toothbrush, instructed in its use, and asked to brush each morning and evening for 2 minutes. Plaque index, gingival index, percentage of sites which bled on probing, pocket depth, and total gram-negative bacteria in a @entity527 sample were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks around the banded teeth. The results demonstrate that the Sonicare brush was significantly more effective than the manual brush in all clinical parameters. Sonicare was statistically superior to the manual brush in @entity353 (57% vs. 10%, respectively; p < 0.001). Gingival Index scores fell by 29 percent in the Sonicare group, but only 3 percent in the manual group. Reduction of @entity548 on probing was significantly greater in the Sonicare group than in the manual group (p < 0.001). The Sonicare group decreased from 78% @entity548 sites at baseline to 24.5% after 1 month. In the manual group there was only a slight reduction in @entity548 on probing (70% of sites at baseline and 64.6% sites after 1 month). Mean pocket depths were significantly reduced compared to baseline values in both the Sonicare and the manual groups (p < 0.001). Pocket depth reduction in the Sonicare group was, however, significantly greater than in the manual group (28% vs. 6%, respectively: p < 0.001). Total gram-negative bacteria in @entity527 samples from banded test teeth of a subset of @entity1 were reduced in the Sonicare group (p < or = 0.05), but increased in the manual group. These results clearly demonstrate that the Sonicare sonic toothbrush is superior to a manual toothbrush in improving periodontal health in adolescent orthodontic @entity1 with existing @entity2522 .

title: Effectiveness of the Sonicare sonic toothbrush on reduction of plaque, @entity2522 , probing pocket depth and subgingival bacteria in adolescent orthodontic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['gingival inflammation']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['subgingival plaque']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['supragingival plaque reduction']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2522 :: ('MESH:D005891', 'Disease') :: ['gingivitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1092 ( @entity2052 )-associated hepatotoxicity is usually considered a problem of young @entity1 with polytherapy, @entity1032 , and underlying metabolic defects. METHODS: An adult @entity1 with fatal @entity1578 during treatment with @entity2052 is presented, and a review of the literature on other adult @entity1 is given. RESULTS: A 29-year-old female @entity1 with @entity7960 and partial @entity410 with @entity879 during @entity2052 treatment is reported. The first symptoms of @entity1578 (i.e., apathy during febrile upper airway infection) occurred 2 months after starting @entity2052 therapy. @entity2052 was discontinued 10 days later on hospital admission, when she had hepatic @entity75 and severe @entity548 diathesis. The @entity1 died of severe @entity1578 and @entity3127 after 4 weeks of supportive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-six adult @entity1 (>17 years) with @entity2052 -associated fatal hepatotoxicity have been reported in the literature. Of the 26 adult @entity1 , three were receiving @entity2052 monotherapy. The age ranged between 17 and 62 years. The duration of @entity2052 treatment before the first symptom varied between 7 days and 6 years. Twelve of the 26 affected adults had no underlying disease or a clearly nonmetabolic and non-hepatic disease. Therefore @entity2052 -associated severe side effects also must be considered in adult @entity1 without any evidence of a metabolic defect or underlying @entity16 .

title: Fatal @entity1578 associated with @entity1092 therapy in a XXXX with @entity7960 : review of @entity1092 hepatotoxicity in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity7960 :: ('MESH:D005621', 'Disease') :: ["Friedreich's ataxia"]

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['acute liver failure']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['Valproate']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic disease']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity3127 :: ('MESH:D001996', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopneumonia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: @entity34714 ( @entity1976 /adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3) is a @entity2424 -only proapoptotic member of the @entity1976 family. Because the interaction of @entity1976 proteins with intracellular @entity141 stores has been linked to apoptosis, the role of @entity141 transfer between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria in @entity34714 -mediated cell death was determined in a @entity35 dopaminergic neuronal cell line, Mes 23.5. @entity34714 mutants were constructed to target either ER or mitochondria. Localization of @entity34714 to the ER membrane facilitated release of @entity141 and subsequently increased uptake of @entity141 into mitochondria. Excessive accumulation of mitochondrial @entity141 decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), resulting in execution of a caspase-independent cell death. Reduction of ER @entity141 induced by ER-targeted @entity34714 and the subsequent cell death was blocked by the antiapoptotic protein, @entity1976 . On the other hand, mitochondria-targeted @entity34714 initiated apoptosis by a @entity141 -independent mechanism by inducing mitochondrial pore transition and dissipation of DeltaPsi(m). The disruption of DeltaPsi(m) and cell death was not blocked by @entity1976 overexpression. These findings show that @entity34714 undergoes a dual subcellular localization and initiates different cell death signaling events in the ER and mitochondria. @entity1976 counters the @entity34714 -initiated mobilization of ER @entity141 depletion to reduce the level of apoptosis.

title: XXXX mediates cell death by different pathways following localization to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrion.

answer: @entity34714 :: (84480(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['BNIP3']


abstract: @entity21160 is an @entity74 characterized by @entity10535 , @entity28 , @entity1032 , pigmented @entity989 , @entity6126 , and @entity8 . Morphological changes are present in all areas of the kidney, the renal medulla being the most frequently affected site. Cystic and @entity6349 changes are prevalent. Seven @entity1 from five families were followed from birth through their 5th birthday. Serial renal sonography revealed a number of characteristic features. @entity8 and increased parenchymal echogenicity were present at birth. The usual corticomedullary differentiation was absent. Pyramids were either not seen or deformed. With high-resolution ultrasonography, small cysts were detected at the corticomedullary junction. After the 3rd month of life, there was a striking inversion of normal echogenicity, the inner medulla became more echogenic and was demarcated from the less-echogenic cortex. After 12 months, the kidney size regressed significantly. Fetal lobulation persisted in some @entity1 . In conclusion, ultrasonography is a useful tool to evaluate the extent of @entity8 , but more importantly to differentiate @entity8 in the newborn period.

title: Early sonographic aspects of kidney morphology in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity21160 :: ('MESH:D020788', 'Disease') :: ['Bardet-Biedl syndrome']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral polycystic kidney diseases', 'renal lesions', 'renal disease', 'Bilateral renal enlargement']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity10535 :: ('MESH:C563087', 'Disease') :: ['postaxial hexadactyly']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive disorder']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

answer: @entity21160 :: (MESH:D020788,Disease) :: ['Bardet-Biedl syndrome']


abstract: In recent years, several regulatory agencies and professional societies have recommended an occupational exposure limit (OEL) for @entity406 . This article presents the findings of a panel of experts, the Industrial Health Foundation panel, who were charged to identify an OEL that would prevent @entity146 . To accomplish this task, they critiqued approximately 150 scientific articles. Unlike many other chemicals, a large amount of data is available upon which to base a concentration-response relationship for @entity1 @entity146 . A mathematical model developed by Kane et al. (1979) for predicting safe levels of exposure to irritants based on animal data was also evaluated. The panel concluded that for most @entity1 , eye @entity146 clearly due to @entity406 does not occur until at least 1.0 ppm. Information from controlled studies involving volunteers indicated that moderate to severe eye, nose, and throat @entity146 does not occur for most @entity1 until airborne concentrations exceed 2.0-3.0 ppm. The data indicated that below 1.0 ppm, if @entity146 occurs in some @entity1 , the effects rapidly subside due to "accommodation." Based on the weight of evidence from published studies, the panel found that @entity1 exposed to 0.3 ppm for 4-6 h in chamber studies generally reported eye @entity146 at a rate no different than that observed when @entity1 were exposed to clean air. It was noted that at a concentration of 0.5 ppm (8-h TWA) eye @entity146 was not observed in the majority of workers (about 80%). Consequently, the panel recommended an OEL of 0.3 ppm as an 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) with a ceiling value (CV) of 1.0 ppm (a concentration not to be exceeded) to avoid @entity146 . The panel believes that the ACGIH TLV of 0.3 ppm as a ceiling value was unnecessarily restrictive and that this value may have been based on the TLV Committee's interpretation of the significance of studies involving self-reported responses at concentrations less than 0.5 ppm. The panel concluded that any occupational or environmental guideline for @entity406 should be based primarily on controlled studies in @entity1 , since nearly all other studies are compromised by the presence of other contaminants. The panel also concluded that if concentrations of @entity406 are kept below 0.1 ppm in the indoor environment (where exposures might occur 24 h/d) this should prevent @entity146 in virtually all @entity1 . The panel could not identify a group of @entity1 who were hypersensitive, nor was there evidence that anyone could be sensitized (develop an @entity566 ) following inhalation exposure to @entity406 . The panel concluded that there was sufficient evidence to show that @entity1 with @entity565 respond no differently than healthy individuals following exposure to concentrations up to 3.0 ppm. Although @entity5 risk was not a topic that received exhaustive evaluation, the panel agreed with other scientific groups who have concluded that the @entity5 risk of @entity406 is negligible at airborne concentrations that do not produce chronic @entity146 .

title: A recommended occupational exposure limit for XXXX based on @entity146 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

answer: @entity406 :: (MESH:D005557,Chemical) :: ['formaldehyde']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Circadian (diurnal) rhythm is an integral part of the physiology of the body; specifically, sleep, feeding behavior and metabolism are tightly linked to the light-dark cycle dictated by earth's rotation. METHODS: The present study examines the effect of diurnal rhythm on gene expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of overweight to mildly @entity28 , healthy individuals. In this well-controlled clinical study, adipose biopsies were taken in the morning, afternoon and evening from individuals in three study arms: treatment with the weight loss drug @entity352 /fasted, placebo/fed and placebo/fasted. RESULTS: The results indicated that diurnal rhythm was the most significant driver of gene expression variation in the @entity1 adipose tissue, with at least 25% of the genes having had significant changes in their expression levels during the course of the day. The mRNA expression levels of core clock genes at a specific time of day were consistent across multiple subjects on different days in all three arms, indicating robust diurnal regulation irrespective of potential confounding factors. The genes essential for energy metabolism and tissue physiology were part of the diurnal signature. We hypothesize that the diurnal transition of the expression of energy metabolism genes reflects the shift in the adipose tissue from an energy-expending state in the morning to an energy-storing state in the evening. Consistent with this hypothesis, the diurnal transition was delayed by fasting and treatment with @entity352 . Finally, an in silico comparison of the diurnal signature with data from the publicly-available Connectivity Map demonstrated a significant association with transcripts that were repressed by @entity3470 inhibitors, suggesting a possible link between @entity3470 signaling, diurnal gene expression and metabolic regulation. CONCLUSION: Diurnal rhythm plays an important role in the physiology and regulation of energy metabolism in the adipose tissue and should be considered in the selection of novel targets for the treatment of @entity28 and other @entity209 .

title: Diurnal variation of the @entity1 adipose transcriptome and the link to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity352 :: ('MESH:C058254', 'Chemical') :: ['sibutramine']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorders']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic disease']


abstract: @entity1457 induced gene expression and other cellular responses help limit the damage caused by stress and thus facilitate cellular recovery. @entity16 also triggers apoptotic cell death through several pathways. This paper briefly reviews interactions of the major @entity1457 proteins with components of the apoptotic pathways. @entity15615 , which acts as a chaperone for unstable signal transducers to keep them poised for activation, interacts with @entity56738 and Akt and promotes @entity6797 mediated inhibition of apoptosis; in addition it also blocks some steps in the apoptotic pathways. @entity15614 is mostly anti-apoptotic and acts at several levels like inhibition of translocation of Bax into mitochondria, release of @entity56739 from mitochondria,formation of apoptosome and inhibition of activation of initiator caspases. @entity15614 also modulates @entity34206 , @entity6797 and Akt signaling pathways in the apoptotic cascade. In contrast, @entity15613 has both anti-and pro-apoptotic roles. Cytosolic @entity15613 prevents translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax into mitochondria and thus promotes cell survival but it also promotes maturation of procaspase-3,essential for caspase mediated cell death. Our recent in vivo studies show that RNAi for the @entity56740 in @entity238 prevents induced apoptosis. @entity56741 exerts its anti-apoptotic influence by inhibiting @entity56739 and @entity56742 -mediated cell death. alpha beta crystallin suppresses caspase-8 and @entity56739 mediated activation of @entity56743 . Studies in our laboratory also reveal that absence or reduced levels of the developmentally active as well as stress induced non-coding hsr omega transcripts, which are known to sequester diverse hnRNPs and related nuclear RNA-binding proteins,block induced apoptosis in @entity238 . Modulation of the apoptotic pathways by Hsps reflects their roles as "weak links" between various "hubs" in cellular networks. On the other hand, non-coding RNAs, by virtue of their potential to bind with multiple proteins,can act as "hubs" in these networks. In view of the integrative nature of living systems, it is not surprising that stress-induced genes,generally believed to primarily function in cell survival pathways, inhibit or even promote cell death pathways at multiple levels to ensure homeostasis at cell and/or organism level. The @entity1457 genes obviously do much more than merely help cells survive stress.

title: XXXX genes - integrating cell survival and death.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['Heat shock', 'heat shock']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Cellular damage']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster', 'Drosophila']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['Heat shock']


abstract: Systemic @entity137 of local anesthetics causes @entity149 that could be enhanced in the presence of @entity12906 . We examined a potential suppression of baroreflex function with @entity1341 and @entity1342 during hypercapnic @entity520 or @entity5838 . Baroreflex sensitivity ( @entity4375 ) was randomly tested in @entity35 with one of 13 conditions during intravenous administration of saline (control), @entity1341 1, 2, or 3 mg/kg, or @entity1342 2, 4, or 6 mg/kg. The effects of @entity1341 (3 mg/kg) or @entity1342 (6 mg/kg) on @entity4375 were also examined during hypercapnic @entity520 or @entity5838 . The @entity4375 was assessed using a value of delta heart rate/ delta mean arterial pressure after infusion of @entity2647 (3 micrograms/kg). Both @entity1341 and @entity1342 (at the largest dose) significantly suppressed @entity4375 . Acute @entity12906 (pHa 7.24 +/- 0.04, Paco2 63 +/- 4 mm Hg) enhanced @entity4375 . The @entity4375 enhanced during @entity520 was also suppressed with @entity1341 and @entity1342 , but less so than in the absence of @entity520 . The presence of @entity5838 (pHa 7.55 +/- 0.03, Paco2 25 +/- 2 mm Hg) did not affect @entity4375 and reversed @entity4375 suppression caused by both drugs. Thus, @entity1341 and @entity1342 affect neuronal control mechanisms for maintaining cardiovascular stability, and acute changes of respiration could significantly modify such suppression.

title: The effects of XXXX and @entity1342 on baroreflex sensitivity with or without @entity12906 and @entity5838 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5838 :: ('MESH:D000471', 'Disease') :: ['hypocapnic alkalosis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity12906 :: ('MESH:D000142', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory acidosis']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac and central nervous system (CNS) depression']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['bupivacaine']


abstract: The efficacy of @entity7976 was compared with that of @entity594 in 13 @entity1 with @entity951 enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. All @entity1 had a @entity3361 during coronary arteriography, either spontaneously or @entity3693 -induced. During two consecutive periods of 2 days, @entity1 received active drugs or placebo in a randomized order. Each @entity1 received single oral doses of 30 mg @entity7976 , 10 mg @entity594 , and, on 2 days, a placebo. One hour after drug intake, @entity1 underwent an @entity3693 test with increasing doses of @entity29484 ( @entity3693 ) (0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 mg every 5 min). After placebo, the tests always were positive, and the ECG changes occurred at the same +/- 1 dose of @entity3693 in 10 cases, showing good reproducibility. After @entity7976 , the tests were negative in nine @entity1 and positive for a higher or lower dose of @entity3693 in three and one @entity1 , respectively (p = 0.0034 vs. placebo). After @entity594 , the tests were negative in five @entity1 and positive for a higher or the same dose of @entity3693 in four and four @entity1 , respectively (p = 0.0039 vs. placebo). @entity594 (10 mg) and @entity7976 (30 mg) were equally effective in eight @entity1 ; in the remaining five @entity1 , @entity7976 had better results (p = 0.06). @entity7976 (30 mg) prevents @entity3693 -induced @entity3361 . This compound may be beneficial in @entity1 with @entity951 .

title: Prevention of @entity3361 by XXXX : comparison with @entity594 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity29484 :: ('MESH:D008755', 'Chemical') :: ['Methergin']

entities_list: @entity3361 :: ('MESH:D003329', 'Disease') :: ['coronary spasm']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['vasospastic angina']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine', 'Nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity7976 :: ('MESH:D020108', 'Chemical') :: ['nicorandil', 'Nicorandil']

entities_list: @entity3693 :: ('MESH:D004874', 'Chemical') :: ['ergometrine']

answer: @entity7976 :: (MESH:D020108,Chemical) :: ['nicorandil']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of clinical data was conducted. OBJECTIVES: To determine the characteristics of @entity1635 in @entity1614 and the response to treatment of @entity1 with this condition. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: No previous study has reported the features of this condition nor the effect of treatment on @entity1 with this syndrome. METHODS: The data on all @entity1 seen at one institution who had @entity1614 and @entity1635 by age three were reviewed. Fourteen of the 600 @entity1 from the group examined who had @entity1614 fit the above criteria. Skeletal and general features were studied. RESULTS: Thirteen of the 14 @entity1 had no family history of @entity1614 , a finding which does not fit the usual autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. All 14 @entity1 had exaggeration of the Marfan. All but one @entity1 had @entity340 that required repair by age 11. Thirteen @entity1 had @entity2334 , 10 had @entity7194 , and eight had @entity85 . Three @entity1 had @entity572 , two had pyloric stenosis, and two had dural @entity4122 . Motor delay was evidenced by onset of walking past 18 months in nine @entity1 ; three of these @entity1 were never able to walk independently. One @entity1 each died at ages 1, 3, 4, and 8 years; all others have survived to present (mean age, 13 years). The mean curve of the @entity1 ' spines at presentation was 38 degrees. Eleven curves were double major, two were thoracolumbar, and one was double thoracic. Brace wear did not halt curve progression in any of the nine @entity1 for whom it was used. Instrumentation without fusion was used in three @entity1 for a mean of 3 years, with best results in one nonkyphotic curve. Nine @entity1 underwent instrumented fusion at a mean age of 6.6 years (range, 3-13 years). Mean curve correction was 51% (from 72 degrees to 34 degrees). Final mean curve was 54 degrees for a mean correction of 20% at the 5-year (average, 5.4 years) follow-up examination. Acute complications occurred in three @entity1 , and five @entity1 needed a second surgery for late complications. Causes for curve increase after surgery included growth and @entity819 . CONCLUSIONS: In this most severe form of @entity1614 , bracing has a limited role and is only to be used if the curve is less than 40 degrees. Surgery should not be performed on a @entity1 younger than four years of age because many @entity1 with large curves before this age will succumb spontaneously to @entity299 . Instrumentation without fusion should be considered only for @entity1 with no significant @entity1513 . Results of fusion are better for @entity1 who are older than five years of age.

title: @entity1635 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity819 :: ('MESH:C536424', 'Disease') :: ['loss of fixation']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity7194 :: ('MESH:D007906', 'Disease') :: ['lens dislocation']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['scoliosis', 'infantile scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity2334 :: ('MESH:D017545', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip dislocations']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac complications']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['sternal deformity']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac valvular insufficiency']

answer: @entity1614 :: (MESH:D008382,Disease) :: ['Marfan syndrome']


abstract: This prospective study was designed to evaluate the sedative effect of two different anaesthetic drugs in @entity1 undergoing ophthalmic surgery. @entity1875 is an intravenous hypnotic agent with a short half-life of about 30 min. A constant high @entity26 saturation in continuous pulse oximetry was achieved in previous studies using @entity1875 for sedation. Furthermore, an IOP-lowering effect was proved. @entity1875 was compared to @entity3175 , a well-established sedative, which has been used for many years for sedation of @entity1 in local anaesthesia. METHOD. One hundred @entity1 of comparable anaesthesiologic risk (ASA classes 2-4) undergoing identical surgical procedures received either @entity1875 (n = 50), or @entity3175 (n = 50). @entity1875 was infused at a rate of 0.8-3.0 mg/kg/h, while @entity3175 was given as a slow intravenous bolus of 5 mg before surgery. All @entity1 were monitored by continuous pulse oximetry. RESULTS. @entity26 saturation of @entity1 receiving @entity1875 was never less than 96%. In contrast, @entity26 saturation of @entity1 sedated by @entity3175 dropped to 85%, especially for the first 5 min following administration, before improving to 95% during the next 10 min. None of the @entity1 who received @entity1875 showed signs of motor unrest, a great handicap in ophthalmic surgery, while four @entity1 who received @entity3175 were restless enough to hamper the procedure. None of the @entity1 who received @entity1875 developed @entity1576 . In contrast, marked @entity1576 , motor agitation, and postoperative @entity1295 slowing mobilization were common in @entity1 who received @entity3175 .

title: [ XXXX versus @entity3175 . Sedation in ophthalmologic surgery under local anesthesia].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['Propofol']


abstract: Targeted delivery of imaging agents to cells can be optimized with the understanding of uptake and efflux rates. Cellular uptake of macromolecules is studied frequently with fluorescent probes. We hypothesized that the internalization and efflux of fluorescently labeled macromolecules into and out of @entity1 cells could be quantified by confocal microscopy to determine the rate of uptake and efflux, from which the mass transfer coefficient is calculated. The cellular influx and efflux of a third generation @entity21454 ( @entity21455 ) dendrimer labeled with an @entity52273 dye was measured in @entity1 @entity788 cells using confocal fluorescence microscopy. The @entity1 cells were also labeled with @entity15307 (CMFDA) green cell tracker dye to delineate cellular boundaries. A dilution curve of the fluorescently labeled @entity21455 dendrimer enabled quantification of the concentration of dendrimer in the cell. A simple mass transfer model described the uptake and efflux behavior of the @entity21455 dendrimer. The effective mass transfer coefficient was found to be 0.054  0.043 m/min, which corresponds to a rate constant of 0.035  0.023min(-1) for uptake of the @entity21455 dendrimer into the @entity1 cells. The effective mass transfer coefficient was shown to predict the efflux behavior of the @entity21455 dendrimer from the cell if the fraction of labeled dendrimer undergoing non-specific binding is accounted for. This work introduces a novel method to quantify the mass transfer behavior of fluorescently labeled macromolecules into @entity1 cells.

title: Uptake, efflux, and mass transfer coefficient of fluorescent XXXX dendrimers into @entity788 cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'Capan-1']

entities_list: @entity15307 :: ('MESH:C069306', 'Chemical') :: ['5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity21454 :: ('MESH:C531249', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(amido amine)']

answer: @entity21455 :: (CHEBI:53199,Chemical) :: ['PAMAM']


abstract: In recent years, concern has been growing that numerous manmade chemicals entering the environment are capable of mimicking endogenous hormones in wildlife. In an attempt to define and evaluate the possible impact of @entity4903 ( @entity4903 ) on insects, three vertebrate hormones were tested for their effects on growth, development, and reproduction of the @entity523 moth. Lacanobia oleracea. Dietary administration of @entity172 or @entity1955 caused a significant increase in the length of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth larval stadia (p < 0.001). The mean time for development of the pupa, however, was not significantly different between treatments. Relative to the control groups, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mean weights of fifth- and sixth-instar larvae was also observed when larvae were exposed to @entity172 or @entity1955 and in pupae derived from insects exposed to @entity1955 or @entity251 (p < 0.001). Despite this, the number of larvae that survived to adulthood was not affected by any of the treatments; neither was the pupal sex ratio affected. However, exposure of larvae to @entity251 significantly (p < 0.05) increased the number of deformed pupae. In addition, the reproductive potential of adults derived from the @entity251 treatment was markedly reduced. Exposure of L. oleracea larvae to this @entity134 caused a highly significant (p < 0.001) decrease in egg production. coupled with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in egg viability. The physiological effects observed in L. oleracea and their possible causes are presented in this paper, and the likely impact of @entity4903 and their effects on terrestrial invertebrates are discussed.

title: Effects of three vertebrate hormones on the growth, development, and reproduction of the XXXX moth, Lacanobia oleracea L. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity4903 :: ('MESH:D004700', 'Disease') :: ['endocrine-disrupting substances', 'EDS']

answer: @entity523 :: (4081,Species) :: ['tomato']


abstract: There is considerable evidence that @entity6667 ( @entity6667 ) is important in the pathogenesis of @entity989 . The effects of this endothelial cell-specific mitogen are mediated by specific cell surface receptors. In this study we probed for the two @entity6667 receptors (VEGFRs) known to have highest affinity in the @entity35 -- @entity25603 and @entity12186 . Using a well-characterized @entity35 model of the @entity66 @entity989 ( @entity989 ), we performed immunohistochemical assays on @entity11379 sections of eyes from normal and @entity26 -injured animals at the time neovascularization is first observed (16 days of age) and at its peak (day 20). In day 16 room air retinas there was light, diffuse labeling of the inner nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer. In contrast, in 4 of 5 @entity26 -injured eyes on day 16, there was specific labeling of small neovascular growths and normal retinal vessels, and the outermost (sclerad) limit of the label had shifted inward to the vitread border of the inner nuclear layer and the inner plexiform layer. Day 20 room air eyes showed a pattern similar to day 16, although with stronger labeling. However, in @entity26 -injured eyes on day 20 the labeling pattern had shifted toward the vitreous, with extremely strong labeling of the preretinal neovascular growths. As on day 16 there was also labeling of the inner plexiform layer and the inner portion of the inner nuclear layer, but not the outer plexiform layer. Comparison of @entity6667 protein immunolabel with both of the VEGFR immunolabels revealed overlap and strong similarity on day 20 in the @entity26 -injured eyes. This is the first report of @entity6667 receptor protein being concentrated in preretinal neovascular growths in a model of @entity989 . These results lend themselves to further investigation of the roles of VEGFRs in preretinal neovascularization in @entity989 and other @entity989 and suggest avenues of research toward therapies using VEGFR antagonists.

title: Evidence for upregulation and redistribution of XXXX ( @entity6667 ) receptors @entity25603 and @entity12186 in the @entity26 -injured @entity35 retina.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity11379 :: ('CHEBI:25218', 'Chemical') :: ['methacrylate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal neovascular diseases', 'retinopathy of prematurity', 'ROP', 'retinal diseases']

entities_list: @entity6667 :: ('83785(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

answer: @entity6667 :: (83785(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor']


abstract: The combination of radiotherapy and @entity3003 is associated with high response rates among @entity1 who have cervical @entity5 . To improve control rates for @entity1 who have locally advanced @entity2622 , oncologists have explored combinations of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. @entity3003 is an analogue of @entity900 , with similar efficacy against @entity5 and a @entity137 profile that is theoretically appealing for this group of @entity1 because it is not nephrotoxic. Fifteen @entity1 with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages @entity3847 through IIIB or recurrent @entity189 were treated with megavoltage irradiation and weekly intravenous @entity3003 (7 @entity1 , 60 mg/m2; 8 @entity1 , 90 mg/m2). Response was documented among all @entity1 treated at 60 mg/m2 (three complete responses, four partial responses) and in 6 @entity1 treated with 90 mg/m2 (four complete responses, two partial responses). The two nonresponders in the series presented with recurrent @entity41435 . All @entity1 completed the planned course of therapy without the need for treatment interruption. At 60 mg/m2, one dose of @entity3003 was withheld because of grade 2 @entity882 . At 90 mg/m2, one case of grade 2 @entity1431 was documented. The leukocyte counts remained within normal limits for all 3 @entity1 who were irradiated through extended portals that encompassed the paraaortic nodes (2 @entity1 , 60 mg/m2; 1 @entity1 , 90 mg/m2). To date, 2 of 7 @entity1 treated at the lower dose level have died of disease (one local progression and distant failure at 11 months, one distant failure alone at 6 months). The remaining @entity1 treated at 60 mg/m2 are alive at a median of 24 months (range, 21-37 months). Among those treated at the higher dose level, 1 @entity1 is alive with local and distant failure at 14 months, and 1 @entity1 succumbed to local and distant disease at 4 months. The remainder are alive at a median follow-up of 6 months (range, 2-10 months). The regimen was unsuccessful in salvaging @entity1 with recurrent @entity1358 . We conclude that the combination of radiotherapy and @entity3003 can be safely delivered at both of the chemotherapy schedules studied. The regimen should not be offered to @entity1 who have recurrent @entity5 . To prove the efficacy of this approach, phase III testing should be considered that compares the combination of agents to irradiation alone.

title: Concomitant irradiation and dose-escalating @entity3003 for locally advanced XXXX : an updated report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity41435 :: ('MESH:C536823', 'Disease') :: ['glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervix cancer', 'cancer', 'glassy cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin', 'carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the uterine cervix']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['glassy cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

answer: @entity2622 :: (MESH:D002583,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the uterine cervix']


abstract: An organ culture method suitable for the maintenance of viable @entity1 @entity0 for at least 14 days has been described. This method was applied to a total of 94 @entity0 specimens. It allowed good survival of "soft" @entity5 of various histological types, with loose connective stroma even in hormone-free medium. In contrast, "scirrhous" @entity5 showed poor survival in hormone-free medium; viable cells were maintained only at the very periphery of the explants. Supplementation of the medium with insulin (10 mug/ml), ovine prolactin (5 mug/ml), and @entity701 (1 mug/ml) in various combinations seemed to induce enlargement of viable @entity5 cells and moderate loosening of the stroma in some cases. However, it did not improve the survival of central @entity5 cords in scirrhous explants. Further supplementation of the medium with @entity53 (minimum effective dose, 0.1 to 10 ng/ml), although it did not affect soft @entity5 , markedly improved survival of the @entity5 cells of scirrhous @entity5 throughout the whole explants, with evidence of collagen digestion around the neoplastic cells. This was observed in 18 of 20 @entity5 subjected to this treatment. @entity53 need not be present during the whole culture period; the results at 14 days were identical in explants treated with @entity53 for the first 7 days only or for the entire period. Addition of purified collagenase during the first 24 or 48 hr of culture resulted in complete dissolution of the collage. After such treatment, culture under the usual conditions resulted in excellent survival of the explants without improvement from hormone supplementation; thus, while @entity53 was necessary when collagen was present, it was not longer required after collagen digestion. It can be concluded that @entity0 cells in organ culture are only slightly, or not at all, hormone dependent for survival, provided that they are not restrained by a dense collagen barrier. The @entity172 -induced changes allowing survival inside the scirrhous explants strongly suggest the presence of an @entity172 -dependent collagenolytic enzyme system in the collagen-rich @entity0 . This system could represent an important component of the hormone dependency of @entity1 @entity0 growth.

title: @entity53 -dependent collagenolytic enzyme activity in long-term organ culture of XXXX @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'scirrhous cancers', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['Estradiol', '17 beta-estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Some @entity7980 in the Bornholm Basin undertake vertical foraging migrations into severely @entity519 bottom water. @entity519 conditions can reduce the postprandial increase in gastrointestinal blood flow (GBF). This could subsequently postpone or reduce the postprandial increase in @entity26 consumption (MO(2)), i.e. the SDA, leading to a disturbed digestion. Additionally, a restricted @entity26 uptake could result in an @entity26 debt that needs to be compensated for upon return to normoxic waters and this may also affect the ability to process the food. Long-term cardio-respiratory measurements were made on fed @entity7980 in order to understand how the cardio-respiratory system of feeding fish respond to a period of @entity519 and a subsequent return to normoxia. These were exposed to 35% water @entity26 saturation for 90 minutes, equivalent to the time and @entity26 level cod voluntarily endure when searching for food in the Bornholm Basin. We found that i) gastric and intestinal blood flows, cardiac output and MO(2) increased after feeding, ii) gastric and intestinal blood flows were spared in @entity519 , and iii) there were no indications of an @entity26 debt at the end of the @entity519 period. The magnitude and time course of the measured variables are similar to values obtained from fish not exposed to the @entity519 period. In conclusion, when cod in the field search for and ingest prey under moderate @entity519 conditions they appear to stay within safe limits of @entity26 availability as we saw no indications of an @entity26 debt, or negative influence on digestive capacity, when simulating field observations.

title: Effects of XXXX exposure during feeding on SDA and postprandial cardiovascular physiology in the @entity7980 , @entity7980 .

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxic', 'hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity7980 :: ('8049', 'Species') :: ['G. morhua', 'Atlantic cod']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: @entity325 occur in the natural environment, and also result from the use of mixed live vaccines. Some recipients of the trivalent oral @entity9925 vaccine develop @entity3328 ( @entity3328 ). Numerous serotypes and recombinant genotypes of vaccine-derived polioviruses may be found in stool samples from such cases. To investigate the relationship between the multiplication of various genotypes at the primary replication site in the gut and the infection outcome in the central nervous system (CNS), the viruses excreted on consecutive days by two @entity1 with @entity3328 were compared with the viruses isolated from the CNS. The genotypes from stools were numerous and varied with time in both cases, suggesting a multiplication of the viruses in multiple foci in the gut. Where the CNS isolated virus clearly corresponded to one of the many viruses detected in stool, this virus was unexpectedly less neurovirulent than others isolated from stool. To assess the mechanism by which viruses with different degrees of neurovirulence are selected in the CNS, @entity19 sensitive to @entity9925 infection were inoculated extraneurally with mixtures of two phenotypically different viruses at different neuropathogenic doses. The virus(es) inducing @entity16 was then isolated from the CNS. At less than 100% input neuropathogenic dose of both inoculated viruses, individual @entity19 were affected stochastically by the virus variants from the mixture. Extrapolated to @entity1 , this selection pattern might explain the occurrence of @entity4767 with less neurotropic viruses derived from an extraneural pool containing also highly neurotropic viruses.

title: Random selection: a model for XXXX @entity4767 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['CNS infections']

entities_list: @entity3328 :: ('MESH:D011051', 'Disease') :: ['VAPP', 'vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disease']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['Mixed infections']

answer: @entity9925 :: (138950,Species) :: ['poliovirus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Myocardial viability and @entity1002 are important predictors of long-term outcomes in @entity1 with @entity1002 . The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that assessment of @entity296 and @entity1002 will predict perioperative mortality in high-risk @entity1 with @entity1002 having coronary artery bypass surgery. METHODS: The study consisted of 79 consecutive @entity1 with @entity296 (age 65 +/- 9 years; 81% @entity1 ; ejection fraction 30% +/- 6%) and logistic European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation > 10% having coronary artery bypass surgery. Myocardial viability was assessed by delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. @entity1002 was calculated using tissue Doppler from measurements of regional electromechanical coupling times in left ventricular basal segments before coronary artery bypass surgery. RESULTS: Twenty (25.3%) @entity1 died within 30 days following coronary artery bypass surgery. Survivors (n = 59) showed a larger extent of viable @entity1562 (6.9 +/- 3.6 viable segments vs 3.4 +/- 3.3 viable segments, P < .001) and smaller @entity1002 (75 +/- 5 ms vs 179 +/- 83 ms, P < .001) than nonsurvivors. The presence of significant dyssynchrony (>or=105 ms) and absence of @entity296 (<5 viable segments) independently predicted 30-day mortality with hazard ratio 3.26, 95% confidence interval 1.61 to 8.33 (P < .01) and hazard ratio 1.72, 95% confidence interval 1.59 to 1.89 (P < .01), respectively. All but 2 @entity1 (94.1%) with viable @entity1562 and without @entity1002 survived coronary artery bypass surgery as compared with only 12 (52.2%) @entity1 with nonviable @entity1562 and severe dyssynchrony (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk @entity1 with @entity1002 having coronary artery bypass surgery, both @entity296 and @entity1002 are important predictors of perioperative outcome. Assessment of @entity296 and @entity1002 should be a routine part of the preoperative evaluation of these @entity1 .

title: @entity296 as strong predictors of perioperative mortality in high-risk @entity1 with XXXX having coronary artery bypass surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic cardiomyopathy', 'myocardial viability']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['myocardium']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic left ventricular dysfunction', 'Left ventricular dyssynchrony', 'left ventricular dyssynchrony']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['ischemic cardiomyopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of 18-month treatment with @entity461 (1-34) or @entity461 (1-84) on serum sclerostin levels in @entity1 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We investigated 10 @entity1 with severe @entity170 , previously treated with @entity561 and 20 untreated osteoporotic @entity1 . Subjects with severe @entity170 were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 @entity1 each; the first group was treated with 20  g of @entity461 (1-34) and the second one with 100  g of @entity461 (1-84) according to an open-label design. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and at 2, 4, and 24 h after hormone administration. The same protocol was followed at month 1, 6, 12, 18. Serum sclerostin levels were measured at each time point by a sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Basal serum sclerostin levels were not significantly different between @entity1 previously treated with @entity561 and those never treated. No significant acute change of serum sclerostin levels was observed after @entity461 administration. Fitting a mixed effect regression model, we found a significant time effect (p=0.0012) using the sclerostin level as the response variable and the month of drug administration as a single covariate. Treatment with both @entity461 molecules induced a monthly mean reduction of sclerostin levels of 0.1956 pmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that long-term therapy with @entity461 (1-34) or @entity461 (1-84) in @entity1 with @entity170 previously treated with @entity561 is associated with a reduction in circulating sclerostin levels. This is a putative mechanism through which @entity461 performs its anabolic action.

title: Serum sclerostin levels decline in post-menopausal XXXX with @entity170 following treatment with intermittent parathyroid hormone.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity561 :: ('MESH:D019386', 'Chemical') :: ['alendronate']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ) is the principal cause of transplantation-related morbidity and nonrelapse mortality late after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The safety and potential efficacy of @entity1140 for the salvage treatment of chronic @entity2132 was evaluated in a single-arm, open-label phase 2 study. A total of 39 evaluable @entity1 with chronic @entity2132 who failed previous immunosuppressive therapy with @entity205 and @entity229 were treated with @entity1140 starting at a median of 20 months (range, 3-68 months) after transplantation. At 3 years after the start of treatment, 5 @entity1 (13%) had discontinued @entity1140 and were in complete remission, and 3 were considered clinically stable but not able to discontinue @entity1140 . A total of 31 @entity1 (79%) experienced treatment failure; 22 (56%) who failed therapy had a change in immunosuppressive regimen because of progression (n = 18) or @entity137 (n = 4). Nine @entity1 (23%) died during continued treatment with @entity1140 . Two @entity1 were lost to follow-up, at 11 and 19 months. The median duration of treatment with @entity1140 was 9 months (range, 1-29 months). Infections (144 episodes) were the most frequent adverse event. Nephrotoxicity occurred in 16 @entity1 (41%); @entity1140 was discontinued in only 2 @entity1 because of progressive @entity177 . The Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival was 64% (95% confidence interval, 49%-79%) at 3 years posttransplantation. Seven @entity1 had discontinued all immunosuppression at last contact, leading to an estimated 29% probability of stopping all immunosuppression by 3 years posttransplantation. Four @entity1 died after relapse of @entity5 . The response rate is consistent with previous reports of salvage treatment for chronic @entity2132 , indicating that a small group of @entity1 failing @entity205 may respond or stabilize with @entity1140 .

title: Changing from @entity205 to XXXX as salvage therapy for @entity2132 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['deterioration in renal function']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic graft-versus-host disease', 'GVHD']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

answer: @entity1140 :: (MESH:D016559,Chemical) :: ['tacrolimus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Multiple conservative therapies for the treatment of @entity545 have been offered with variable and poor response rates. @entity460 channel blockers have been shown in vitro and in vivo to inhibit secretion and synthesis of extracellular matrix, including collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and fibronectin, as well as causing increased collagenase and anti transforming growth factor-beta activity. @entity460 antagonists, including @entity1855 , are effective in stimulating the remodeling and degradation of extracellular matrix in tissue by altering the metabolic pathways of fibroblasts. Recently, a pilot study (1994) showed preliminary promising results in treating plaque caused by @entity545 . This randomized single-blind placebo-based study (1994 to 1996) was undertaken to confirm the hypothesis. METHODS: In this randomized single-blind study, 14 @entity1 completed the study and were divided into two groups: the @entity1855 treatment group (n = 7) or the control saline group (n = 7). @entity1855 or saline was injected directly into the @entity545 once a week for 6 months. @entity1 were evaluated before and after treatment with duplex ultrasound to confirm the extent of the lesion and to measure volume of the plaque, and by interview and mailed questionnaire 3 months after treatment. @entity1 being treated with oral @entity460 antagonists were excluded from the study. RESULTS: A decreased plaque volume was measured in 57% of the @entity1855 -treated @entity1 versus 28% in the control group (P <0.04). @entity546 demonstrated an improvement trend of 37.71 +/- 9.3 degrees to 29.57 +/- 7.3 degrees in the @entity1855 -treated @entity1 , but the difference was not significant (P <0.07). Plaque softening was noted in all @entity1 treated with @entity1855 . There was significant objective improvement in plaque-associated penile narrowing in all @entity1 in the @entity1855 group. Subjective plaque-associated @entity323 (quality of erection) showed improvement in 42.87% of the @entity1855 group versus none in the control group (P <0.02). There was no local or systemic @entity137 except for an occasional ecchymosis/bruise at the injection site. After a positive clinical response, plaque size, penile angulation, and symptoms continued to improve. Decrease in plaque size was noted in each of the responders in the first 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: This randomized single-blind study suggests that intralesional injection of @entity460 channel blocker may be a reasonable approach in some selected @entity1 for the treatment of @entity545 with noncalcified plaque and penile angulation of less than 30 degrees. @entity1 whose plaque failed to respond to intralesional @entity1855 therapy within 3 months or whose angulation was greater than 30 degrees at presentation were more likely to benefit from surgery.

title: Use of intralesional @entity1855 to dissolve XXXX : a long-term single-blind study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['erectile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil', 'Verapamil']

entities_list: @entity545 :: ('MESH:D010411', 'Disease') :: ["Peyronie's plaque", "Peyronie's disease"]

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['Penile curvature']

answer: @entity545 :: (MESH:D010411,Disease) :: ['Peyronie's disease plaque']


abstract: The effect of fornix transection on plasma @entity2819 and on @entity3308 ( @entity3308 ), septum/preoptic (S/POA) or @entity131 ( @entity131 ) @entity2340 hydroxylase activity ( @entity2445 ) was studied in adult male @entity35 . A mild stress resulted in higher levels of plasma @entity2819 in operated as compared to sham-operated @entity35 6 and 40 h post-transection; however, at 30 days post-operation no difference was found. The response of @entity2445 to fornix transection was region-specific. No significant change in the S/POA region was found at any time. @entity2445 in the @entity131 , a terminal area of @entity750 fibers, showed a progressive fall over time to values 80% below normal levels. This result suggests that most of the @entity750 fibers to the @entity131 had been severed. A 28 h half-life for @entity131 @entity2445 was calculated. @entity2445 in the @entity3308 , an area known to contain the majority of @entity750 cell bodies with ascending fibers, was significantly reduced compared to sham controls at 6 h, 40 h, and 8 days post-transection. However, at 30 days post-operation no difference was found. The @entity308 in @entity3308 @entity2445 by its rapid onset, the distance from the fornix transection site, and its return to normal after 30 days, is thought to be due to a transneuronal effect on the @entity750 -containing neurons in @entity3308 raphe. The fall in @entity3308 @entity2445 at a time when plasma @entity2819 levels are increased in fornix-transected @entity35 may be compared with the situation in normal, stressed and adrenalectomized @entity35 where @entity3308 @entity2445 andplasma @entity2819 levels change in the same direction. The data suggest that the glucocorticoid effects on @entity3308 @entity750 containing neurons are mediated transneuronally through the hormone concentrating cells in the @entity131 .

title: Temporal effects of fornix transection on brain @entity2340 hydroxylase activity and plasma XXXX levels.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['HIP', 'hippocampal']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

answer: @entity2819 :: (MESH:D003345,Chemical) :: ['corticosterone']


abstract: A significant proportion of @entity1 with @entity43 eventually fail after initial responses to chemotherapy. Further treatment with chemotherapy consisting of either the same combination or second-line regimens has been ineffective in producing durable responses. Thus, between June 1983 and June 1987, thirty @entity1 with @entity43 who failed one or more chemotherapeutic regimens were treated with whole-abdominopelvic-cavity radiation therapy. Prior to the radiation the amount of @entity66 after debulking was noted to be microscopic in 16 @entity1 and macroscopic in 14 @entity1 . Radiation was delivered with an open-field technique that extended from the domes of the diaphragm to the obturator foramina. Doses of 2500 cGy were planned to the whole abdomen, with a boost of another 2500 cGy to the pelvic and or paraaortic nodes when indicated. Higher doses were delivered to the areas of gross disease in the pelvis. Only 2 @entity1 were unable to complete the planned therapy. Another 26% of the @entity1 required interruption of the therapy secondary to hematologic @entity137 but eventually completed the treatment. With an overall median follow-up of 14 months, 56% of the @entity1 remain alive. Two-year actuarial survival and recurrence-free survival rates are 47 and 32%, respectively. The survival and recurrence-free survival rates for the group with microscopic @entity66 --61 and 33%, respectively--are better than those for the @entity1 with macroscopic @entity66 --36 and 18%. The abdominopelvic cavity was the first site of failure in all but one of the 17 @entity1 who have failed. In spite of the higher doses, pelvic failure alone or as a component occurred in 54% of the @entity1 . @entity1744 necessitating surgical intervention as a complication of therapy was seen in 13% of the @entity1 .

title: Whole-abdomen radiation therapy in XXXX : its role as a salvage therapeutic modality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial ovarian carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['Small bowel obstruction']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian carcinoma']


abstract: Previous studies have shown @entity1374 during @entity1167 . We explored this association further by characterizing plasma thyroid hormone profiles in 473 @entity1 with out-of-hospital @entity1167 and correlating them with clinical outcomes. Paramedics collected blood at the end of attempted resuscitation regardless of success. Bloods were collected and processed in a similar manner from 18 control subjects randomly selected from the community. Total @entity1955 and total @entity1954 were lower and reverse @entity1954 and @entity7287 were higher in @entity1167 @entity1 than control subjects (all p < 0.001). Except for reverse @entity1954 , findings were similar for a subgroup of @entity1167 @entity1 considered to be previously healthy (n = 30). Being discharged alive was associated with total @entity1955 , total @entity1954 and reverse @entity1954 concentrations closer to the control range and thyrotropin concentrations farther from it, namely higher. In a multivariate stepwise model, only total @entity1954 and thyrotropin were significantly associated with outcome. Whether these profoundly abnormal profiles represent a pre-existing state or a sudden change of thyroid hormone concentrations cannot be answered with this retrospective study. These observations suggest that thyroid hormones may play a role in the etiology of @entity1167 , its prognosis, or both.

title: Plasma thyroid hormone profiles immediately following out-of-hospital XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity7287 :: ('MESH:D013972', 'Chemical') :: ['thyrotropin']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal thyroid hormone profiles']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of @entity353 , @entity2449 and @entity6170 in @entity1 with @entity3610 ( @entity3610 ). METHODS: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), one hundred and six @entity1 with @entity3610 were assigned to three intervention groups: @entity353 , @entity353 and @entity2449 , @entity353 and @entity6170 group. @entity1 were treated with @entity353 (diet and exercise), @entity353 and @entity2449 (500 mg three times daily), @entity353 and @entity6170 (4 mg once daily) for three months. Sixty @entity1 completed treatments. Basal body temperature (BBT), total @entity251 as well as fasting serum insulin levels and lipid were measured and compared in all @entity1 before and after @entity353 . RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the baseline characteristics among three groups. In @entity353 group 51% (22/43) @entity1 completed treatment, and 23% (5/22) @entity1 resumed ovulation. In @entity353 and @entity2449 group 58% (21/36) @entity1 completed treatment, and 43% (9/21) @entity1 resumed ovulation. In @entity353 and @entity6170 group 63% (17/27) @entity1 completed treatment, and 59% (10/17) @entity1 resumed ovulation. Ovulation rate was significantly higher in @entity353 and @entity6170 group than in @entity353 group. There was no significant difference among three groups in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), sex hormone, serum fasting insulin and lipid level after treatment. CONCLUSION: Weight loss, @entity2449 and @entity6170 all can improve ovulation each.

title: [Effect of lifestyle adjustment, @entity2449 and @entity6170 in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovary syndrome', 'PCOS']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6170 :: ('MESH:C089730', 'Chemical') :: ['rosiglitazone']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity3610 :: (MESH:D011085,Disease) :: ['polycystic ovary syndrome']


abstract: Within- and between-subject variability in the reinforcing and subjective effects of @entity3810 ( @entity3727 ) was studied across five sessions. Twelve volunteers with no history of @entity734 sampled 30% @entity3727 and 100% @entity26 for 10 min each, then chose nine times, once every 5 min, among @entity3727 (e.g. "Agent A"), @entity26 (e.g. "Agent B"), or "drug-free air." Choice varied across subjects but was stable within subjects. Quantitative differences in subjective effects occurred within and across subjects. Some subjective effects were correlated with choice and/or differed between subjects who were consistent choosers of @entity3727 versus those who were not. However, drug liking and euphoria, two face-valid measures of abuse liability, were unrelated to choice. Thus, the present study found individual differences (i.e. between-subject variability) in subjective and reinforcing effects of @entity3727 and, in terms of within-subject variability, suggested that subjective effects fluctuate across sessions to a relatively greater extent than do reinforcing effects. The varying degrees of correlation between @entity3727 choice and its subjective effects emphasize the need for obtaining multiple measures when characterizing abuse liability of this drug.

title: Within- and between-subject variability in the reinforcing and subjective effects of XXXX in healthy volunteers.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug dependence']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

answer: @entity3810 :: (MESH:D009609,Chemical) :: ['nitrous oxide']


abstract: Genomics technologies are used in several disciplines, including toxicology. However, these technologies are relatively new, and their applications require further investigations. When investigators apply these technologies to in vitro experiments, two major issues need to be clarified: a) can in vitro @entity137 studies, in combination with genomics analyses, be used to predict the @entity137 of a compound; and b) are the generated toxicogenomics data reproducible between laboratories? These questions were addressed by an interlaboratory study with laboratories of four pharmaceutical companies. We evaluated gene expression patterns from cultured @entity35 primary hepatocytes after a 24-hr incubation with @entity21371 (MP). Extensive data analysis showed that comparison of genomics data from different sources is complex because both experimental and statistical variability are important confounding factors. However, appropriate statistical tools allowed us to use gene expression profiles to distinguish high-dose-treated cells from vehicle-treated cells. Moreover, we correctly identified MP in an independently generated in vitro database, underlining that in vitro toxicogenomics could be a predictive tool for @entity137 . From a mechanistic point of view, despite the observed site-to-site variability, there was good concordance regarding the affected biologic processes. Several subsets of regulated genes were obtained by analyzing the data sets with one method or using different statistical analysis methods. The identified genes are involved in cellular processes that are associated to the exposure of primary hepatocytes to MP. Whether they are specific for MP and are cause or consequence of the @entity137 requires further investigations.

title: Gene expression analysis of the hepatotoxicant @entity21371 in primary XXXX hepatocytes: an interlaboratory study.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity21371 :: ('MESH:D008701', 'Chemical') :: ['methapyrilene']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate in a prospective multicenter setting the clinical utility of @entity2636 stents in the percutaneous management of @entity9467 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 (N = 163; age range = 22-85 y, mean = 52 y; 29 @entity1 , 134 @entity1 ) with severe @entity9467 had stents (n = 183) inserted under fluoroscopic guidance in 180 lacrimal systems (unilateral = 146; bilateral = 17) to treat complete (n = 172) or partial (n = 8) obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct or sac. The junction between sac and duct was the most frequent location (n = 102), followed by the sac alone (n = 48), and the duct alone (n = 30). The etiology of the obstruction was idiopathic in 113 cases (63%) and @entity4578 in 67 (37%). The set designed by Song was used in all @entity1 and the original technique was slightly modified by the authors. All @entity1 were treated on an outpatient basis. Average time of the procedure was 14 minutes (range = 3-70 min). RESULTS: Initial technical success rate of stent placement was 97%. @entity9467 was @entity735 and partial in five. On follow-up (mean = 450 d; range = 8-730 d), 157 of 183 stents remained patent (85.8%). Of the 24 obstructed, 19 were easily withdrawn and 17 of these @entity1 remained asymptomatic for a mean of 15 months (secondary patency rate = 89.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The procedure is simple and safe. It can be performed on an outpatient basis and the original technique could be improved with some technical modifications. It is well tolerated by @entity1 and may be considered as a valid alternative technique for the resolution of @entity9467 .

title: Nasolacrimal stents in the management of XXXX : medium-term results of a multicenter prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity9467 :: ('MESH:D007766', 'Disease') :: ['epiphora', 'Resolution of epiphora']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['complete in 175 eyes']

entities_list: @entity2636 :: ('MESH:D011140', 'Chemical') :: ['polyurethane']

entities_list: @entity4578 :: ('MESH:D003607', 'Disease') :: ['chronic dacryocystitis']

answer: @entity9467 :: (MESH:D007766,Disease) :: ['epiphora']


abstract: In the medical literature, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain @entity3 results in rates of local control of 65 to 85 %. To define @entity1 selection criteria, we measured the survival in a population with a high proportion of @entity1149 (NCS lung) @entity3 that occurred soon after primary diagnosis. Between 9/89 and 10/93 30 adults (21 M, 9 F) had SRS for metastatic @entity2 (14 @entity1 ) vs. @entity2 (16 @entity1 having breast (3), renal (3), @entity320 (3), GI (2, thyroid (1) or @entity189 of unknown origin (4)). The @entity3 were solitary for 22 @entity1 and multiple for 8 @entity1 . Average ages (y) (+/-SD) were 58.6+/-10.4 for NSC lung @entity1 and 53.4+/-12.5 (p = 0.32) for non-lung @entity1 . The average interval (months) from diagnosis of the primary to @entity3 was 23.8+/-41.4 for all @entity1 . This interval was shorter for NSC lung @entity1 : 3.1+/-6.0 vs. 48.0+/-51.7 (p < 0.001) for non-lung @entity1 . Twenty seven @entity1 had conventional radiotherapy (XRT) before (24 @entity1 ) or after (3 @entity1 ) SRS. Doses (cGy) were 3303+/-841 for 13 NSC lung @entity1 and 4256+/-992 for 14 non-lung @entity1 (p = 0.034). The median time from primary diagnosis to SRS was shorter for the NSC lung @entity1 (11 mo) compared to the non-lung @entity1 (35 mo). SRS was given for recurrence of @entity3 after XRT for 11/14 NSC lung @entity1 and 13/16 non-lung @entity1 . The doses (cGy) of SRS were 1579+/-484 vs. 1682+/-476 (p=0.45) for the NSC lung and non-lung groups, respectively. After SRS a decrease in @entity3 diameter was observed in 10 of 14 NSC lung @entity1 vs. 12 of 16 non-lung @entity1 (p=0.85 Chi-square). Twenty-seven of the 30 @entity1 have died. For all @entity1 , the median survival after diagnosis of the primary and after radiosurgery was 31.3 and 8.4 months, respectively. The median survival (95% CI) from primary diagnosis was 24.3 months (13.2-27.3) for NSC lung @entity1 and 46.5 months (39.2-65.5) for non-lung @entity1 (p=0.005 logrank test). The median survival (95% CI) after SRS was 7.9 months (3.0-14.3) for the NSC lung @entity1 and 8.4 (2.9-11.9) months for the non-lung @entity1 (p=0.98 logrank test). Within the two groups, no difference in survival was observed for @entity1 who had SRS sooner (< 1 yr for NSC lung; < 3 yr for non-lung) after primary diagnosis: 9.3 vs. 6.5 mo for NSC lung (p=0.21) and 10.5 vs. 7.2 mo for non-lung (p=0.87). In this series, the shortened intervals from primary diagnosis to SRS for NSC lung @entity3 was associated with post-SRS survivorship that was equivalent to the more favorable non-lung group.

title: Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain XXXX : @entity2 vs. @entity2 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['NSC lung carcinoma', 'non-lung carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']