abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of trypanocidal therapy in @entity1 with established @entity296 is unproven. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter, randomized study involving 2854 @entity1 with @entity296 who received @entity5220 or placebo for up to 80 days and were followed for a mean of 5.4 years. The primary outcome in the time-to-event analysis was the first event of any of the components of the composite outcome of @entity204 , resuscitated @entity1167 , sustained @entity1165 , insertion of a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, cardiac transplantation, new @entity712 , @entity64 , or other @entity1031 event. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in 394 @entity1 (27.5%) in the @entity5220 group and in 414 (29.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81 to 1.07; P=0.31). At baseline, a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) assay was performed on blood samples obtained from 1896 @entity1 ; 60.5% had positive results for @entity1527 on PCR. The rates of conversion to negative PCR results (PCR conversion) were 66.2% in the @entity5220 group and 33.5% in the placebo group at the end of treatment, 55.4% and 35.3%, respectively, at 2 years, and 46.7% and 33.1%, respectively, at 5 years or more (P<0.001 for all comparisons). The effect of treatment on PCR conversion varied according to geographic region: in Brazil, the odds ratio for PCR conversion was 3.03 (95% CI, 2.12 to 4.34) at 2 years and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.33 to 2.63) at 5 or more years; in Colombia and El Salvador, the odds ratio was 1.33 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.98) at 2 years and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.63 to 1.45) at 5 or more years; and in Argentina and Bolivia, the odds ratio was 2.63 (95% CI, 1.89 to 3.66) at 2 years and 2.79 (95% CI, 1.99 to 3.92) at 5 or more years (P<0.001 for interaction). However, the rates of PCR conversion did not correspond to effects on clinical outcome (P=0.16 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: Trypanocidal therapy with @entity5220 in @entity1 with established @entity296 significantly reduced serum parasite detection but did not significantly reduce cardiac clinical deterioration through 5 years of follow-up. (Funded by the Population Health Research Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00123916; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN13967269.).

title: Randomized Trial of @entity5220 for Chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ["Chagas' cardiomyopathy"]

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi']

entities_list: @entity5220 :: ('MESH:C009999', 'Chemical') :: ['benznidazole']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['Chagas' Cardiomyopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This article describes the diagnosis and management of chronic @entity2054 and functional @entity4875 , unusual causes for claudication in young adults. METHODS: A total of 276 @entity1 (<50 years old) with isolated muscle cramping, swelling, and @entity809 were routinely evaluated with compartment pressures (normal < 15 mm Hg), stress plethysmography, and selectively evaluated with pulse volume recordings and arteriography. RESULTS: @entity1 were young (mean 28.4 years) with long-standing symptoms (mean 24 months), affecting 1 or both lower extremities (32% vs 68%, respectively). Of the @entity1 , 84 were male (30%) and 192 were female (70%). Common symptoms were isolated muscle cramping (100%) or swelling (40%), and @entity809 (20%). Of 436 treated compartments, 316 were anterolateral, 70 deep-posterior, and 50 superficial-posterior. Mean compartment pressure was 28 mm Hg. Resting pulse volume recordings were abnormal in 6 @entity1 (2.5%); 82 had positive popliteal entrapment tests (30%), but symptoms were present in only 21 (9.7%). Open fasciectomy was performed in all @entity1 with chronic @entity2054 or functional entrapment. Local anesthesia was used in 243 (88%) and general in 33 @entity1 (12%). Mean follow-up was 60 months. Of the 276 @entity1 , 92% had full relief of symptoms and returned to normal daily or athletic activity. Eight percent obtained symptomatic relief, but activity was limited because of new compartment symptoms or other @entity130 . CONCLUSIONS: Open fasciectomy for chronic compartment and functional entrapment syndromes is effective therapy.

title: Diagnosis and management of chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['plantar paresthesia']

entities_list: @entity2054 :: ('MESH:D003161', 'Disease') :: ['compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4875 :: ('MESH:C562509', 'Disease') :: ['popliteal entrapment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['orthopedic injury']

answer: @entity2054 :: (MESH:D003161,Disease) :: ['compartment syndrome']


abstract: Endothelial cells (ECs) form a unique barrier between the vascular lumen and the vascular wall. In addition, the endothelium is highly metabolically active. In @entity65 such as @entity731 and @entity101 , normal endothelial function could be severely disturbed leading to @entity409 that then could progress to complete and irreversible loss of EC functionality and contribute to entire @entity455 . Proatherogenic stimuli such as @entity6 , @entity2299 , and oxidative stress could initiate @entity409 and in @entity455 and lead to the development of @entity731 , a background for multiple @entity65 including @entity453 , @entity1187 , @entity64 , and @entity715 . Intercellular junctions between ECs mediate the barrier function. Proinflammatory stimuli destabilize the junctions causing the disruption of the endothelial barrier and increased junctional permeability. This facilitates transendothelial migration of immune cells to the arterial intima and induction of @entity32 . Proatherogenic stimuli attack endothelial microtubule function that is regulated by acetylation of tubulin, an essential microtubular constituent. Chemical modification of tubulin caused by cardiometabolic risk factors and oxidative stress leads to reorganization of endothelial microtubules. These changes destabilize vascular integrity and increase permeability, which finally results in increasing cardiovascular risk.

title: Endothelial Barrier and Its Abnormalities in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['vascular inflammation']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['turn vascular dysfunction', 'vascular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disorders', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['Cardiovascular Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14 ( @entity14 ) development is accompanied by changes in expression for several genes; but the details of the underlying regulatory procesess remain unknown. Our aims were to assess the role of epigenetic processes in @entity5 formation and to identify characteristic DNA methylation and miRNA alterations in the @entity2513 sequence. METHODS: Whole genome expression profiling was performed on colonic biopsy samples (49 healthy normal, 49 @entity2513 ( @entity652 ), 49 @entity14 ); on laser capture microdissected (LCM) epithelial and stromal cells from 6 @entity14 -normal adjacent tissue (NAT) samples pairs, and on demethylated @entity1 @entity14 cell lines using HGU133 Plus 2.0 microarrays (Affymetrix). Methylation status of genes with gradually altering expression along the @entity652 - @entity14 sequence was further analysed on 10-10 macrodissected and 5-5 LCM samples from healthy colon, from @entity652 and from @entity14 biopsy samples using @entity9736 -sequencing PCR (BS-PCR) followed by pyrosequencing. In silico miRNA prediction for the selected genes was performed with miRWALK algorithm, miRNA expression was analysed on 3 @entity14 -NAT sample pairs and 3 @entity652 tissue samples using the @entity1 Panel I   +   II (Exiqon). @entity12393 immunohistochemistry experiments were performed. RESULTS: A set of transcripts (18 genes including @entity26323 , @entity12393 , @entity4913 , @entity33078 , @entity1673 ) showed decreasing expression (p   <   0.01) in the biopsy samples along the @entity2513 sequence. Three of those ( @entity4173 , @entity12317 , @entity5740 ) showed hypermethylation and @entity18180 showed hypomethylation both in @entity652 and in @entity14 samples compared to NAT, while @entity588 , @entity33078 and @entity1673 showed hypermethylation only in the @entity14 group. @entity10017 was found to be significantly (p   <   0.01) upregulated in @entity5 samples compared to the healthy colonic tissue controls and could explain the altered expression of genes for which DNA methylation changes do not appear to play role (e.g. @entity588 , @entity26323 , @entity3840 ). Demethylation treatment could upregulate gene expression of genes that were found to be hypermethylated in @entity1 @entity14 tissue samples. Decreasing protein levels of @entity12393 was also observed along the @entity2513 sequence. CONCLUSION: Hypermethylation of the selected markers ( @entity26323 , @entity33078 , @entity1673 and @entity12393 ) can result in reduced gene expression and may contribute to the formation of @entity14 .

title: DNA hypermethylation and decreased mRNA expression of @entity26323 , XXXX , @entity1673 and @entity12393 in @entity2513 and @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'adenoma and tumour']

entities_list: @entity9736 :: ('MESH:C042345', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulfite']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'Colorectal cancer', 'CRC']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma-carcinoma', 'colorectal adenoma-carcinoma', 'colorectal adenoma']

answer: @entity33078 :: (145270,Gene) :: ['PRIMA1']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 7301 Background: Surgery with complete resection of disease remains the optimal treatment for @entity1149 . We initiated a Phase II study to determine if @entity1 with marginally resectable or potentially, but initially unresectable disease could be "downstaged" and eventually undergo a complete resection of their @entity5 by receiving preoperative chemotherapy and radiation. METHODS: 32 @entity1 with pathologically confirmed stage IIIA or IIIB NSCLC have been enrolled. @entity1 received two cycles of chemotherapy with @entity1311 ( @entity1311  ) and @entity3003 ( @entity3003  ) given at 200 mg/m(2) and AUC 6, respectively on days 1 and 22. An additional two cycles of @entity1311 , 175 mg/m(2) and @entity3003 , AUC=6 were given on days 43 and 64 concomitant with radiotherapy to a total dose of 4500cGy beginning on day 43. @entity1 underwent attempted resection approximately 6 weeks following completion of chemotherapy and radiation. RESULTS: 5 of the 32 @entity1 are still undergoing treatment. 23 of 27 @entity1 have completed 4 cycles of chemotherapy and radiation. 20/23 underwent attempted resection. Of these, 3 were found to be unresectable at the time of surgery, and 17/20 underwent complete resection. Of the @entity1 who had complete resection, 7/17 had a complete pathologic response with no microscopic evidence of @entity5 or mediastinal lymph nodes. 1 of the 7 @entity1 who had a complete pathologic response died 39 months following enrollment with @entity3909 ; the remaining six @entity1 in this group are alive without evidence of disease at 10-37 months of follow-up. Median survival for all @entity1 enrolled in this study was 21 months. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy using @entity1311 and @entity3003 with a limited course of thoracic radiation may markedly improve the outcome for @entity1 with regionally advanced NSCLC who are initially unresectable. A significant number of @entity1 who complete treatment will have a complete pathologic response. Support for this research was provided by a grant from Bristol-Myers-Squibb Oncology. [Table: see text].

title: Induction chemotherapy using @entity1311 and @entity3003 and thoracic radiation prior to surgery for locoregionally advanced XXXX : Results of a phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy in either the tumor']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin', 'Paraplatin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Taxol']

entities_list: @entity3909 :: ('MESH:D055756', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomatous meningitis']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate treatment response to a novel combined-modality treatment regimen for localized @entity418 . METHODS: Localized @entity418 was confirmed with endoscopic ultrasonography, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography before induction therapy. This therapy consisted of combined @entity900 / @entity1311 ( @entity900 , 75 mg/m(2); @entity1311 , 175 mg/m(2); 2 cycles, 3-hour infusion) for weeks 1 and 4, combined @entity900 (30 mg. m(-2). wk(-1)) and @entity1311 (30-80 mg. m(-2). wk(-1), 96-hour infusion) with concurrent radiation (external beam, 1.8 Gy/d; total, 50.4 Gy) for weeks 7 to 12, and esophagectomy for week 16 after restaging confirmed resectability. RESULTS: Forty-one @entity1 (36 @entity1 ) with @entity420 (n = 25) or @entity957 (n = 16) were enrolled. Thirty-six @entity1 completed treatment, of whom 34 (85%) had locally advanced disease of clinical stage T3-4 N0-1. Symptoms resolved or improved in 35 (92%) of 38 @entity1 after induction chemotherapy. Fourteen (35%) and 10 (24%) @entity1 experienced grade III/IV myelosuppression during induction chemotherapy and chemoradiation, respectively. Two (5%) had grade III and none had grade IV @entity2910 during chemoradiation. Only 2 (5%) @entity1 required enteral feeding-tube support during therapy. Of 33 R0 resections, 9 (26%) had complete pathologic disease, and 4 (12%) had microscopic @entity66 . Major (eg, anastomotic response, delayed @entity850 , and @entity1576 ) postoperative morbidity occurred in 13 (36%) of 36 @entity1 . Operative mortality was 5.5% (2/36). CONCLUSION: This regimen of induction concurrent chemoradiation followed by surgical intervention for @entity418 produces rapid @entity1282 relief with initial chemotherapy, has a high overall response rate, and has acceptable @entity137 levels.

title: A phase II trial of preoperative combined-modality therapy for localized XXXX : initial results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stricture']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal carcinoma']


abstract: AIM: The purpose of the present study was to correlate early hand function assessment during the first years of life with neuroimaging findings and the different patterns of cortico-motor reorganization in @entity1 with @entity306 ( @entity306 ). METHODS: We conducted a long prospective observational study, in which 17 @entity1 with @entity306 (8 left-sided @entity1158 ; Manual Ability Classification System level 1-3) were first assessed at a mean age of 24 months (range 18-28), and followed up by means of the Besta Scale, a new standardized protocol assessing both unimanual and bimanual hand function. They also underwent Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MUUL) and single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) at a mean age of 10 years 5 months (range 9  y 1  m-12  y 8  m). Brain MRIs of all the 17 @entity1 were independently assessed and scored by two blinded observers, according to a defined protocol. Possible correlations between hand function at first assessment, neuroimaging and TMS data were analyzed. RESULTS: Early hand function impairment significantly correlated with the extension of @entity75 (    =  -0.531, p  =  0.028), number of involved areas (    =  -0.608, p  =  0.010), presence of radiological signs of @entity528 (    =  -0.628, p  =  0.007), and basal ganglia involvement (    =  -0.485, p  =  0.049). Additionally, higher hand function scores (i.e. better hand function) at first assessment significantly correlated with contralateral cortico-spinal projections, while lower scores significantly correlated with either mixed or ipsilateral cortico-spinal projections to the affected hand (  (2)(2)  =  11.418, p  =  0.003; post-hoc tests: contralateral TMS group versus ipsilateral: Z  =  -2.943, p  =  0.002 and contralateral TMS group versus mixed: Z  =  -2.775, p  =  0.006). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study correlating hand function assessment in the first years of life, and its evolution over time, with neuroimaging and cortico-spinal projection patterns in @entity1 with @entity306 . These findings could contribute to an improved prediction of prognosis and a better delineation of therapeutic interventions in young @entity1 with @entity306 .

title: Hand function assessment in the first years of life in XXXX : Correlation with neuroimaging and cortico-spinal reorganization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain damage']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['cortico-spinal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral cerebral palsy', 'UCP']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['unilateral cerebral palsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Unlike the knee and shoulder, no widely accepted scoring system exists for the ankle joint. The aim of this study was to compare the results of diverse scoring systems used in @entity3681 . METHODS: We compared the results of four evaluation systems used for the ankle including those proposed by (i) Meislin et al. (ME), (ii) Martin et al. (MA), (iii) Kaikkonen and Kannus (KK) and (iv) a modified Bray's system (B). With the use of these evaluation systems we assessed the results of (i) 21 @entity1 who underwent arthroscopic treatment for anterolateral impingement of the ankle, (ii) 17 @entity1 who underwent surgical treatment for @entity1171 , and (iii) 22 @entity1 receiving conservative treatment for grade 2-3 lateral ankle sprains. Statistical analyses were made using the chi-square test. RESULTS: The four scoring systems yielded similar results ranging from 23% to 33% in three groups, whereas conflicting results were obtained in the remaining cases (67% to 77%). The scores indicating poor outcomes were the highest with the ME and MA systems which included more subjective criteria. Similarly, the number of excellent results were significantly lower in these two systems than those of B and KK (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Due to the high incidence of conflicting results between the scoring systems used, any particular @entity1 may be rated as fair with one system and excellent with another. A standard ankle scoring system requires the inclusion of objective, subjective, and functional criteria, with each @entity1 being evaluated according to individual activity levels as well.

title: [Comparison of four evaluation systems used for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1171 :: ('MESH:D064386', 'Disease') :: ['bimalleolar ankle fractures']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['ankle injuries']

answer: @entity3681 :: (MESH:D016512,Disease) :: ['ankle injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since 1995 we have developed a depth-psychological, experience- and expression-oriented approach to group therapy for @entity716 @entity1 --"Phantasy Therapy"--complementary to the main-stream emphasis upon behavioural, learn- and goal-oriented methods. AIMS: A group psychotherapy for acute and remitting @entity1 suffering from @entity716 or @entity161 is statistically evaluated under treatment-as-usual in a public @entity146 clinic. METHODS: Phantasy Therapy is compared to an alternative treatment (art therapy = @entity1129 ) and a placebo group (PG; weekly ward gatherings) via cognitive testing before and after each session. RESULTS: (1) Improvement of @entity73 over the first 4 sessions: session 1 (effect size d = 0 between all 3 groups) versus session 4 (d = 0.2 and 0.4 of Phantasy Therapy over @entity1129 and PG, respectively). Averaged over the first 4 sessions, the cognitive test showed tendential improvements for Phantasy Therapy and @entity1129 compared to PG. (2) Self-rating (sum of 4 item scores) averaged over the first 4 sessions showed a small effect. @entity1 judged themselves more improved after Phantasy Therapy compared to @entity1129 (d = 0.2) or PG (d = 0.3); tendential d (0.1) of @entity1129 over PG. (3) Psychosocial communication skills considerably improved during Phantasy Therapy, slightly worsened during @entity1129 , and remained relatively unchanged during PG. The effect sizes of Phantasy Therapy for values averaged over the first 4 sessions was 0.6 compared to @entity1129 and 0.4 compared to PG. CONCLUSIONS: Phantasy Therapy is better than PG and at least as good as @entity1129 . These results should be hardened by further studies.

title: Phantasy therapy: statistical evaluation of a new approach to group psychotherapy for stationary and ambulatory @entity716 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Canadian guidelines define @entity263 ( @entity263 ) at high risk of developing metastases using PSA doubling time (PSADT) < 8 months, whereby @entity1 may be offered more frequent bone scans/imaging. We evaluated PSA data from nonmetastatic (M0) @entity263 @entity1 treated at urology and oncology clinics across the United States (US) to describe the proportion and characteristics of @entity1 who met @entity263 and high-risk criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified @entity263 @entity1 aged = 18 years receiving @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) in 2011 from electronic health records (EHR), covering 129 urology and 64 oncology practices across the US. We estimated the proportion of @entity263 @entity1 with evidence of @entity263 (consecutive rising PSAs) and subsets that may be at high risk (using several PSA and PSADT cut-points). RESULTS: Among 3121 @entity263 @entity1 actively treated with ADT, 1188 (38%) had evidence of @entity263 . Of these, 712 (60%) qualified as high risk in 2011 based on PSADT < 8 months (equivalent to = 8 months in these data). @entity1 = 65 years were more likely to have evidence of @entity263 than younger @entity1 , although younger @entity1 were more likely to have evidence of high-risk disease. @entity263 was more common among @entity1 receiving ADT in the oncology setting than the urology setting (48% versus 37%). CONCLUSIONS: In this large EHR study with @entity1 -level PSA data, 38% of @entity1 with @entity263 treated with ADT had @entity263 . Approximately 60% of M0 @entity263 @entity1 may experience a PSADT of < 8 months. These findings require validation in a Canadian @entity1 population.

title: Estimating high-risk castration resistant XXXX ( @entity263 ) using electronic health records.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['castration-resistant prostate cancer', 'CRPC', 'M0 prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulmonary endarterectomy is the treatment of choice in @entity120 ( @entity120 ). Modern pulmonary vasoactive medication (like endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and @entity8578 ) is used in @entity1 with an inoperable disease and improved prognosis. We evaluate mortality and time to clinical worsening (TtCW) in inoperable @entity120 @entity1 during long-term follow-up. METHODS: All 32 @entity1 with inoperable @entity120 were enrolled between June 2002 and January 2009. TtCW was defined as the combination of death, need for intravenous @entity120 medication, or 15% decrease in 6-minute walk distance (6-MWD) without improvement in functional class. The Cox proportional hazard regression was used to identify predictors. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 3.4 years (range = 0.2-10.2 years), 11 @entity1 died (34%). The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 87 and 77%, respectively. Baseline functional class, 6-MWD, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance were predictors for survival. Clinical worsening occurred in 16 @entity1 (50%). The 1- and 3-year rates of freedom from clinical worsening were 74 and 60%, respectively. The only predictor for clinical worsening was the baseline 6-MWD. CONCLUSION: Despite the improvement in medical treatment of inoperable @entity120 , the mortality rate is still high, and clinical worsening occurred in a substantial number of @entity1 during a follow-up of more than 3 years.

title: Clinical worsening during long-term follow-up in inoperable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8578 :: ('MESH:D044062', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclins']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary arterial hypertension', 'chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension', 'CTEPH']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the pathogenesis of @entity6654 (ERM) from a biochemical perspective, the relationships between ERM and tryptase activity, a @entity563 protease, and the levels of anti-type II collagen (anti-IIC) antibodies in the serum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Vitreous samples for measurement of tryptase activity were obtained from 54 eyes of 54 @entity1 who underwent a vitrectomy for @entity2194 @entity1 with @entity937 , 14 eyes of 14 @entity1 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ), 13 eyes of 13 @entity1 with ERM, and 13 eyes of 13 @entity1 with @entity1713 ( @entity1713 ). Tryptase activity was measured by spectrophotometry. Anti-IIC antibodies were measured in the serum obtained from 17 @entity1 with ERM, eight @entity1 who underwent @entity231 surgery, 12 @entity1 with @entity6 , and nine @entity1 with @entity1713 . In these 46 patients, the anti-IIC antibodies were measured using a Human/Monkey Anti-Type I and Type II Collagen IgG Assay Kit. RESULTS: Vitreal tryptase activity (mean    standard deviation [SD]) in macular hole, @entity6 , ERM, and @entity1713 was 0.0146  0.0053, 0.0018  0.0018, 0.0166  0.0046, and 0.0117  0.0029 mU/mg protein, respectively. Vitreal tryptase activity was significantly higher in macular hole and ERM than in @entity6 and @entity1713 (P<0.05, Fisher's protected least significant difference). The serum levels of anti-IIC immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (mean    SD) in ERM, @entity231 surgery, @entity6 , and @entity1713 were 58.222  30.986, 34.890  18.165, 55.760  26.008, and 35.453  12.769 units/mL, respectively. The serum levels of anti-IIC IgG antibody were significantly higher in ERM and @entity6 than in @entity231 surgery and @entity1713 (P<0.05, Fisher's protected least significant difference, two-sided). CONCLUSION: In the pathogenesis of ERM, increased vitreal tryptase activity may be involved in tissue @entity82 , and elevated serum anti-IIC antibodies may lead to an immune response at the vitreoretinal interface, thus resulting in membrane formation.

title: The role of tryptase and anti-type II collagen antibodies in the pathogenesis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['vitreoretinal disease, ie, 14 eyes of 14']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity937 :: ('MESH:D012167', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic macular hole']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative diabetic retinopathy', 'PDR']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['RRD', 'rhegmatogenous retinal detachment']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity6654 :: ('MESH:D019773', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic epiretinal membrane']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

answer: @entity6654 :: (MESH:D019773,Disease) :: ['idiopathic epiretinal membranes']


abstract: It is not uncommon for @entity1 to spend one-half of their waking day sitting, with relatively idle muscles. The other half of the day includes the often large volume of nonexercise physical activity. Given the increasing pace of technological change in domestic, community, and workplace environments, modern @entity1 may still not have reached the historical pinnacle of physical inactivity, even in cohorts where @entity1 already do not perform exercise. Our purpose here is to examine the role of @entity146 , especially sitting, on mortality, @entity65 , @entity164 2 @entity6 , @entity209 risk factors, and @entity28 . Recent observational epidemiological studies strongly suggest that daily sitting time or low nonexercise activity levels may have a significant direct relationship with each of these medical concerns. There is now a need for studies to differentiate between the potentially unique molecular, physiologic, and clinical effects of too much sitting (inactivity physiology) separate from the responses caused by structured exercise (exercise physiology). In theory, this may be in part because nonexercise activity thermogenesis is generally a much greater component of total energy expenditure than exercise or because any @entity164 of brief, yet frequent, muscular contraction throughout the day may be necessary to short-circuit unhealthy molecular signals causing @entity209 . One of the first series of controlled laboratory studies providing translational evidence for a molecular reason to maintain high levels of daily low-intensity and intermittent activity came from examinations of the cellular regulation of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase ( @entity5523 ) (a protein important for controlling plasma @entity412 catabolism, HDL @entity165 , and other metabolic risk factors). Experimentally reducing normal spontaneous standing and ambulatory time had a much greater effect on @entity5523 regulation than adding vigorous exercise training on top of the normal level of nonexercise activity. Those studies also found that inactivity initiated unique cellular processes that were qualitatively different from the exercise responses. In summary, there is an emergence of inactivity physiology studies. These are beginning to raise a new concern with potentially major clinical and public health significance: the average nonexercising @entity1 may become even more metabolically unfit in the coming years if they sit too much, thereby limiting the normally high volume of intermittent nonexercise physical activity in everyday life. Thus, if the inactivity physiology paradigm is proven to be true, the dire concern for the future may rest with growing numbers of @entity1 unaware of the potential insidious dangers of sitting too much and who are not taking advantage of the benefits of maintaining nonexercise activity throughout much of the day.

title: Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in @entity28 , @entity209 , @entity164 2 @entity6 , and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'people', 'person']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['sedentary behaviors']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic diseases', 'metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION:    @entity64 is considered one of the most frequent neurological causes of @entity1282 . AIM:    To determine the effect of cryostimulation on oropharyngeal sensitivity and, subsequently, on the swallowing reaction and premature escape of food in @entity1 with @entity1282 after @entity64 . METHODS:    Clinical and experimental study. The study enrolled 7 adult subjects, 6 @entity1 and 1 @entity1 ranging from 28 to 64 years of age, with a diagnosis of @entity64 and current @entity1282 without any other underlying disease. The selected subjects underwent speech-language pathology evaluation and videofluoroscopic assessment of the @entity1282 . The subjects were then treated with cryostimulation consisting of 10 applications to each structure (anterior faucial pillar, posterior oropharyngeal wall, soft palate, and back tongue) 3 times a day (for a total of 30 daily applications per structure) for 4 consecutive days. The @entity1 were then re-evaluated based on the same criteria. The pre- and post-cryostimulation results of the clinical and videofluoroscopic evaluations were analyzed descriptively and statistically using Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS:    Cryostimulation had beneficial effects on oropharyngeal sensitivity in 6 of the 7 subjects. There was also a significant improvement in swallowing and in the premature escape in six subjects. CONCLUSION:    Cryostimulation increased sensitivity and subsequently improved the swallowing reaction and premature escape of food in @entity1 with @entity1282 after @entity64 . These effects were evident by both speech-language pathology and videofluoroscopic evaluation.

title: Cryostimulation improves recovery from @entity1282 after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic dysphagia', 'dysphagia', 'oropharyngeal dysphagia']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of medical treatment and antireflux surgery in @entity1 with @entity355 ( @entity355 ). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The treatment of choice in @entity355 is still controversial. Some clinical studies suggest that surgery could be more effective than medical treatment in preventing @entity355 from progressing to @entity1141 and @entity420 . However, data from prospective comparative studies are necessary to answer this question. METHODS: One hundred one @entity1 were included in a randomized prospective study, 43 with medical treatment and 58 with antireflux surgery. All @entity1 underwent clinical, endoscopic, and histologic assessment. Functional studies were performed in all the operated @entity1 and in a subgroup of @entity1 receiving medical treatment. The median follow-up was 5 years (range 1-18) in the medical treatment group and 6 years (range 1-18) in the surgical treatment group. RESULTS: Satisfactory clinical results (excellent to good) were achieved in 39 of the 43 @entity1 (91%) undergoing medical treatment and in 53 of the 58 @entity1 (91%) following antireflux surgery. The persistence of added inflammatory lesions was significantly higher in the medical treatment group. The metaplastic segment did not disappear in any case. Postoperative functional studies showed a significant decrease in the median percentage of total time with pH below 4, although 9 of the 58 @entity1 (15%) showed pathologic rates of acid reflux. High-grade @entity1141 appeared in 2 of the 43 @entity1 (5%) in the medical treatment group and in 2 of the 58 @entity1 (3%) in the surgical treatment group. In the latter, both @entity1 presented with clinical and pH-metric recurrence. There was no case of @entity5 after successful antireflux surgery. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that there are no differences between the two types of treatment with respect to preventing @entity355 from progressing to @entity1141 and @entity420 . However, successful antireflux surgery proved to be more efficient than medical treatment in this sense, perhaps because it completely controls acid and biliopancreatic reflux to the esophagus.

title: Long-term results of a randomized prospective study comparing medical and surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity355 :: ('MESH:D001471', 'Disease') :: ['BE', "Barrett's esophagus"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity355 :: (MESH:D001471,Disease) :: ['Barrett's esophagus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The primary aim of the study was to compare two different dose levels of @entity6303 , administered for @entity5 and @entity3085 for 3 months. METHODS: From August 1996 to December 2000, 119 @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 were randomized to take 160 mg/day or 320 mg/day of @entity6303 for 3 months at the G  lhane Military Medicine Academy of Ankara, @entity233 . @entity1 were controlled at biweekly periods. RESULTS: There were 59 @entity1 in the single dose arm (group 1) and 60 @entity1 in the twice a day dose arm (group 2). The mean percentages of @entity353 were 16.9% and 16.7% in group 1 and 2, respectively. In the first and the second month of @entity1017 , there were no significant differences in the two groups (P = 0.23 and P = 0.11). In the third month, @entity1017 was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (P = 0.038). @entity137 was similar for both dose levels. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6303 can be safely and effectively given to @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 . Although lower doses of @entity6303 can be effective for @entity448 and @entity3085 , the higher dose level seems to be more efficient.

title: @entity6303 for @entity3085 and XXXX in advanced @entity1149 : a randomized study comparing two different doses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer-related anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity6303 :: ('MESH:D019290', 'Chemical') :: ['megestrol acetate', 'Megestrol acetate']

answer: @entity448 :: (MESH:D000855,Disease) :: ['anorexia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Surgery of @entity4 requires @entity528 and preservation of the vibratory epithelium. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 were included for microdebrider and 10 @entity1 for @entity544 ( @entity515 ) laser surgery. Vocal analysis was performed before and at 1 and 3  months after surgery. Subjective rating of voice quality was completed by the grade, roughness, breathiness, @entity1395 , and strain scale. The objective assessment was conducted by Multi-Dimensional Voice Program software. RESULTS: We found consistent improvement in all parameters both in @entity515 laser and microdebrider group. The normalization of all parameters were statistically better after microdebrider surgery. The most statistically significant improvements were accounted in reduction in grade of hoarseness, roughness, and @entity1395 and acoustic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Microdebrider is a useful and safe tool for @entity4 treatment. The oscillatory cutting knife and low suction protect lamina propria resulting in better vibratory function.

title: Assessment of Voice Quality After @entity544 Laser and Microdebrider Surgery for Reinke XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['Reinke edema']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of the degenerated superficial lamina propria']

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['Edema']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To conduct a prospective audit of all @entity1 presenting with anal @entity292 at St. @entity7133 's Hospital during one calendar year and to compare the presentation and outcome of this cohort with previous reports from this institution. @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 undergoing examination under anaesthetic (EUA) for anal @entity292 during 1997 were studied. All fistulae were anatomically classified and operative procedures recorded. During a mean follow-up period of 14 months details of healing, recurrence and function were gathered. RESULTS: 98 @entity1 with a mean age of 43.7 years were assessed. 86 (88%) @entity1 had fistulae of cryptoglandular (idiopathic) origin. Fistulae were superficial in 11 (11%) @entity1 , intersphincteric in 30 (31%) @entity1 , trans-sphincteric in 52 (53%) @entity1 , suprasphincteric in 3 (3%) @entity1 and extra-sphincteric in 2 (2%) @entity1 . 49 (50%) fistulae were classified as complex. Eradication of fistulae with preservation of function was achieved in 89 (91%) @entity1 . @entity292 recurrence occurred in 4 (4%) cases. Ten (10%) @entity1 had some degree of @entity322 , 9 (9%) of whom had undergone previous @entity292 surgery. Nine (9%) @entity1 still had setons in situ at the end of the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: A greater proportion of difficult fistulae was seen during the year compared with previous studies from St. @entity7133 's. Despite this a satisfactory outcome was achieved in the vast majority with a relatively low rate of disturbed function. Previous @entity292 surgery is a risk factor for @entity322 , which can usually be managed conservatively.

title: A prospective audit of XXXX at St. @entity7133 's hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'Fistula']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistula-in-ano']


abstract: BACKGROUND: One of the crucial events in @entity1988 is the glomerular deposition of immunoglobulins (Igs), of which pathogenic properties have been proposed mostly to be either @entity56 . Some of @entity5696 -producing hybridoma clones established from an MRL/MpTn-gld/gld (MRL/gld) lupus @entity19 generate wire loop-like lesions in glomeruli resembling @entity1988 when injected into @entity915 @entity19 . These clones are useful for analyzing the mechanisms of glomerular deposition of antibodies in @entity1988 at the monoclonal level. METHODS: Glomerular lesions of @entity915 @entity19 injected with the hybridoma clones, 17H8a or 1G3 as control were analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Interaction of the antibodies with @entity1 glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs) and @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro was studied by fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Both antibodies did not show any antigen specificity for @entity19 glomeruli. The glomerular lesions generated by 17H8a, but not by 1G3, contained electron-dense deposits not only in subendothelial regions but also in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, suggesting internalization of the 17H8a antibodies by endothelial cells. In cell culture studies, internalization of only 17H8a antibodies by HGECs and HUVECs was observed, but the antibodies did not have antigen specificity for both types of endothelial cells. The internalization by HUVECs was mediated by actin polymerization, and it was inhibited by @entity41983 ( @entity11599 -Ser) tetrapeptide, antihuman fibronectin and antihuman integrin beta1 monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION: The interaction between particular antibodies and endothelial cell surface integrins via fibronectin may be involved in their subsequent internalization by endothelial cells leading to antibody deposition in glomeruli. This may be one of the mechanisms of @entity8 in @entity1988 .

title: Internalization of antibodies by endothelial cells via fibronectin implicating a novel mechanism in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular injury']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['type IIor type III allergic reactions']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe ultrasonographic changes of the @entity1641 palmar metacarpal area attributed to the infiltration of local anesthetic solution and to determine whether these changes were noted immediately or at 24 h. The palmar metacarpal region of one forelimb in each of six @entity1641 was examined ultrasonographically with a 10-MHz linear array transducer and a 7.5-MHz curvilinear transducer. Transverse and longitudinal images were recorded at 5-cm intervals distal to the @entity79 . High and low palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks were performed with a 2% @entity10541 solution. Ultrasonographic examinations similar to the initial examination then were performed immediately, 1 h and 24 h postinjection. Cross-sectional area and mean pixel value were determined for the superficial and deep @entity1795 , the accessory ligament of the @entity427 at each level and time period. Subjective ultrasonographic changes also were noted. No significant difference was noted in the cross-sectional area or mean pixel value of any structure at any level or time period compared to baseline. Subjective changes in the tendons and ligaments were not noted. There was mild @entity4 of the surrounding soft tissues and gas in the region of the injections. Gas could interfere with the evaluation of the origin of the suspensory ligament and the proximal portion of the accessory ligament of the @entity427 within the first hour but was not detectable ultrasonographically at 24 h. Based on these findings, if gas interferes with an ultrasonographic examination performed temporally close to perineural anesthesia, a repeat examination at 24 h is recommended.

title: Effect of perineural anesthesia on the ultrasonographic appearance of XXXX palmar metacarpal structures.

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['hypoechoic swelling']

entities_list: @entity10541 :: ('MESH:D008619', 'Chemical') :: ['mepivacaine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['accessory carpal bone']

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['deep digital flexor tendon, the suspensory ligament, and the suspensory branches', 'deep digital flexor tendon']

entities_list: @entity1795 :: ('MESH:D052582', 'Disease') :: ['digital flexor tendons']

answer: @entity1641 :: (9796,Species) :: ['equine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the protective effects of @entity7855 (SC) on @entity3352 -induced @entity2275 in a @entity35 model. METHODS: Gastric ulcers were induced by oral ingestion of @entity3352 . Thirty @entity35 were used in the study. The @entity35 were divided into 3 groups, and given either SC (n=10) at a dose of 50 mg/kg or @entity4546 (n=10), or no treatment (n=10, the control group). In addition to the measurements of @entity1066 areas, the sum of gastric tissue @entity3542 ( @entity6836 ) and @entity1507 ( @entity8326 ) were evaluated as an indicator of gastric tissue NO level. All the measurements were done at 6th hour of oral administration of @entity3352 . RESULTS: The mean values of @entity1066 areas were 4.0+/-2.31, 3.0+/-2.00, and 21.4+/-8.43 in the SC, @entity4546 and control groups, respectively. The mean values of @entity1066 areas in the SC-treated group was lower than that of the control group. The contents of NO were 32.2+/-3.05, 24.8+/-3.23 and 21.0+/-0.82 (micromol/g protein) in gastric tissue in @entity3352 , SC, @entity4546 and control groups, respectively, The content of NO in the SC-treated groups was significantly higher than control group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: @entity7855 may have a role in protecting gastric mucosa from the damage caused by @entity3352 . This effect may be associated with the increased level of NO in gastric tissue.

title: The role of XXXX in the protection of gastric mucosa from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced damage.

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil citrate', 'Sildenafil citrate']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity7855 :: (MESH:C101426,Chemical) :: ['sildenafil citrate']


abstract: PURPOSE: Congenital smooth @entity121 are @entity5 composed of proliferating smooth muscle cells. They are usually seen as abnormal patches of skin. Ocular involvement of congenital smooth @entity121 is unusual, with rare reports of @entity1 with external eyelid @entity5768 resulting from @entity5 . We describe a @entity1 with a @entity3960 that involved the tarsal conjunctival fornix. METHODS: Review of the @entity1 's medical records, including the results of ophthalmologic, radiologic, and histologic examinations. RESULTS: A healthy 2-year-old @entity1 was initially seen with a conjunctival mass. He had a discrete, gray, @entity75 . A magnetic resonance imaging study revealed no signs of extension of the lesion into the orbit. The lesion was surgically excised. Histologic sections showed large bundles of smooth muscle with a fibrotic background and interdigitating fat, consistent with a diagnosis of a @entity3960 . CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a @entity1 with a @entity3960 arising from the conjunctival fornix. It presumably originated from either the smooth muscle of the vascular endothelium or from the capsulopapebral muscle. @entity3960 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic-appearing conjunctival fornix lesions.

title: XXXX of the conjunctival fornix.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['orbital tumors', 'benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cystic-appearing lesion in the inferior fornix of the left eye']

entities_list: @entity5768 :: ('MESH:D005094', 'Disease') :: ['involvement or proptosis']

entities_list: @entity3960 :: ('MESH:D018235', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma', 'congenital smooth muscle hamartoma']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle hamartomas']

answer: @entity3960 :: (MESH:D018235,Disease) :: ['Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma']


abstract: Bacillus Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) is the most effective intravesical immunotherapy for superficial @entity150 . Although generally well tolerated, BCG-related @entity166 may occur following instillation. Much of the current knowledge about this complication comes from single case reports, with heterogeneous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and no investigation on risk factors for its occurrence. We retrospectively analyzed 256 @entity1 treated with intravesical BCG in our institution during a 6-year period, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months after the last instillation. We also conducted a comprehensive review and pooled analysis of additional cases reported in the literature since 1975. Eleven @entity1 (4.3%) developed @entity281 in our institution, with @entity9758 as the most common form (6 cases). A 3-drug antituberculosis regimen was initiated in all but 1 @entity1 , with a favorable outcome in 9/10 cases. There were no significant differences in the mean number of transurethral resections prior to the first instillation, the time interval between both procedures, the overall mean number of instillations, or the presence of underlying immunosuppression between @entity1 with or without @entity281 . We included 282 @entity1 in the pooled analysis (271 from the literature and 11 from our institution). Disseminated (34.4%), genitourinary (23.4%), and osteomuscular (19.9%) infections were the most common presentations of disease. Specimens for microbiologic diagnosis were obtained in 87.2% of cases, and the diagnostic performances for acid-fast staining, conventional culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays were 25.3%, 40.9%, and 41.8%, respectively. Most @entity1 (82.5%) received antituberculosis therapy for a median of 6.0 (interquartile range: 4.0-9.0) months. @entity1 with disseminated @entity281 more commonly received antituberculosis therapy and adjuvant corticosteroids, whereas those with reactive @entity625 were frequently treated only with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Attributable mortality was higher for @entity1 aged >= 65 years (7.4% vs 2.1%; p = 0.091) and those with disseminated @entity281 (9.9% vs 3.0%; p = 0.040) and vascular involvement (16.7% vs 4.6%; p = 0.064). The scheduled BCG regimen was resumed in only 2 of 36 @entity1 with available data (5.6%), with an uneventful outcome. In the absence of an apparent predictor of the development of @entity281 after intravesical therapy, and considering the protean variety of clinical manifestations, it is essential to keep a high index of suspicion to initiate adequate therapy promptly and to evaluate carefully the risk-benefit balance of resuming intravesical BCG immunotherapy.

title: Bacillus Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) XXXX following intravesical BCG administration as adjunctive therapy for @entity150 : incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a single-institution series and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['BCG infection', 'infection', 'disseminated BCG infection', 'systemic BCG infection']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity9758 :: ('MESH:D014391', 'Disease') :: ['miliary tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious complications']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: A mutant @entity3307 , mtHSV, was constructed by inserting the @entity526 beta-galactosidase gene into the loci of icp34.5, the apoptosis-inhibiting gene of HSV. The mtHSV replicated in and lysed U251 ( @entity1 @entity11 cells), EJ ( @entity1 bladder cells), and S-180 ( @entity19 @entity242 cells), but not @entity423 ( @entity1 amnion cells) cells. With its intact tk (thymidine kinase) gene, mtHSV exhibited susceptibility to acyclovir (ACV), which provided an approach to control viral replication. An in vivo test with mtHSV was conducted in immune-competent @entity19 bearing @entity242 S-180 @entity5 , which were treated with a single intratumoral injection of mtHSV or PBS. @entity5 dimensions then were measured at serial time points, and the @entity5 volumes were calculated. @entity242 growth was significantly inhibited with prolonged time and reduced @entity5 volume. There was microscopic evidence of @entity39 in treated @entity19 , whereas no damage was found in other organs. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that virus replication was exclusively confined to the treated @entity5 cells. @entity3307 DNA was detected in @entity5 , but not in the other organs by a polymerase chain reaction analysis. From these experiments, we concluded that mtHSV should be a safe and promising oncolytic agent for @entity5 treatment.

title: Gene therapy for @entity19 XXXX with oncolytic @entity3307 lacking the apoptosis-inhibiting gene, icp34.5.

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'Sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis of tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3307 :: ('10298', 'Species') :: ['herpes simplex virus 1', 'HSV-1']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['sarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity8302 represent <5% of malignant @entity5 in adults. Orchiectomy is curative in approximately 90% of cases; however, the remaining @entity1 can develop metastases refractory to chemotherapy and radiation. We evaluated the role of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in adult @entity8302 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between 1999 and 2001, laparoscopic RPLND was performed with four transperitoneal ports within a unilateral template for six @entity1 with pure @entity8302 . Presenting signs and symptoms, operative time, @entity190 , @entity3816 , @entity260 , length of hospitalization, pathology reports, ejaculatory function, and survival were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Laparoscopic RPLND was successful, without open conversions or reinterventions. Two @entity1317 occurred during dissection; additional @entity3816 were not observed. Postoperatively, one @entity1 developed @entity13171 , but no other @entity260 were recorded. The mean operative time was 190 minutes, and the mean length of hospitalization was 4.3 days. Pathologic analysis of lymph nodes revealed no evidence of metastatic @entity8302 . At 12 months' mean follow-up (range 3-29 months), no recurrences have been identified. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic RPLND is a safe, minimally invasive procedure for @entity8302 . Additional clinical experience is required to evaluate its effectiveness for pathologic @entity5 and to determine if a therapeutic advantage can be realized with a protocol employing laparoscopic RPLND for adult @entity8302 .

title: Management of adult Leydig-cell XXXX : assessing the role of laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage II tumors', 'testicular tumors']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity8302 :: ('MESH:D007984', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig-cell tumors', 'Leydig-cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injuries']

entities_list: @entity13171 :: ('MESH:D004886', 'Disease') :: ['erysipelas']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative complications']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Since 1996, arterial @entity101 has been recognized as one of the main health priorities in Martinique. However, its prevalence in the general population has never been measured. Furthermore, @entity28 is increasing in many countries and studies have shown that @entity101 is more frequent in @entity28 @entity1 than in @entity1 with normal body mass index. The objective of this survey is to measure @entity101 prevalence in the general population and to study the link between @entity101 , weight status and socioeconomic level. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of randomly selected homes in randomly selected geographical islets. All household members in these homes constituted the eligible population. Arterial @entity101 was defined as systolic pressure greater than 140mmHg and/or diastolic pressure greater than 90mmHg and/or antihypertensive treatment. Weight status was estimated using the body mass index. RESULTS: Study concerned 1504 @entity1 aged 16 years or older with a sex-ratio of 0.7 and an average age of 48.3 years for @entity1 and 48.5 years for @entity1 , p=0.88. The prevalence rate of @entity101 is 29% [IC(95%): 25.9-31.8] in the sample and declines to 22.5% [IC(95%): 20.1-25.1] using weighted data. The prevalence rate @entity16222 .1% [IC(95%): 30.2-36.6] for overweight and 20.1% [IC(95%): 17.8-22.6] for @entity28 . Being overweight is more frequent among @entity1 with @entity101 than among ones with normal blood pressure, 73.0 versus 47.4%; p<0.001. In those with @entity101 , overweight does not differ significantly between @entity1 and @entity1 , but the prevalence of @entity28 is greater among @entity1 than among @entity1 (35.7 versus 20.6 %, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of both @entity101 and @entity28 in the general Martinican population has been confirmed by this study. Prevention actions are required to decrease the cardiovascular risk in this population.

title: [ XXXX prevalence in the general population of Martinique].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['Arterial-hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Few data exist on the prevalence of @entity4089 in the community. This study was intended to determine the prevalence of @entity4089 in a sample closely matched to the current British population aged 38 years and over. DESIGN AND @entity1 : The 1877 survivors at the 20-year follow-up of the Whickham Survey were a cross-sectional sample of the community aged 38 years and over. Serum was frozen and stored at -30 degrees C from 90% of the survivors (751 @entity1 , 924 @entity1 , median age 58 years (range 38 to 93 years)) who participated in the follow-up survey. MEASUREMENTS: Two years after the follow-up survey, serum @entity4090 concentrations were measured by ELISA/1 step sandwich assay (reference range < or = 600 mU/l in @entity1 and @entity1 ). A repeat @entity4090 measurement was made in those subjects who had @entity4090 levels within the top 2.5% of @entity1 and @entity1 in this sample. RESULTS: At screening, 0.7% of the @entity1 and 2.5% of the women had serum @entity4090 levels greater than 600 mU/l. For @entity1 , 2.5% were above 400 mU/l. The prevalence of @entity4089 , if defined as greater than 400 mU/l in @entity1 and greater than 600 mU/l in @entity1 on repeat testing, was 1.4% in the @entity1 and 1.2% in the @entity1 . The aetiology in @entity1 was @entity4090 -raising drugs (n = 3), @entity177 (n = 1), @entity2013 (n = 1), and unknown (n = 2), and in @entity1 it was @entity4090 -raising drugs (n = 7), @entity2013 (n = 1), and unknown (n = 1). Logarithmic transformation of serum @entity4090 concentrations produced Gaussian distributions with 95% reference ranges of 60-430 mU/l in @entity1 and 40-560 mU/l in @entity1 . No significant relationship was found in either sex between @entity4089 and age or evidence of @entity1669 at either survey. In @entity1 , there was no association with age, distance beyond the menopause or duration of reproductive years but @entity4090 levels were slightly higher in those on @entity2931 therapy (geometric mean @entity4090 226 mU/l compared to 178 mU/l; t-test on log @entity4090 t = 3.79; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that a gender-related reference range for serum @entity4090 is necessary. Pituitary pathology is not common and screening with measurement of serum @entity4090 is not warranted in middle-aged and elderly subjects. In asymptomatic subjects with modestly elevated serum @entity4090 levels (< 3 SD above the mean), extensive pituitary imaging and investigation is unwarranted. @entity1669 was not a significant cause of @entity4089 in this sample.

title: The prevalence of XXXX and association with markers of @entity1669 in survivors of the Whickham Survey cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinaemia']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['microprolactinoma']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune thyroid disease', 'Autoimmune thyroid disease']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

answer: @entity4089 :: (MESH:D006966,Disease) :: ['hyperprolactinaemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a @entity1 with @entity21204 who presented with acute abdominal findings and to describe the evaluation and treatment of this syndrome. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: A 38-bed, pediatric intensive care unit at a tertiary care @entity1 's hospital. @entity1 : One @entity1 presenting with signs of @entity490 . INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous hydration, inotropic support, thoracostomy tube drainage of a @entity1143 , and prolonged antimicrobial therapy. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: The @entity1 presented with severe @entity295 and @entity490 . After Fusobacterium necrophorum grew in blood cultures, anaerobic antimicrobial therapy was initiated. Doppler duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance venography demonstrated @entity715 formation in the left internal jugular vein. Computed tomography of the chest demonstrated bibasilar lung nodules consistent with @entity999 . The @entity1 was treated with @entity869 - @entity5899 and @entity868 intravenously for 3 wks, followed by a 3-wk course of oral @entity115 / @entity798 . He had a good recovery, and his @entity715 had resolved at the time of discharge. CONCLUSION: @entity21204 occurs in young, otherwise healthy @entity1 , and it thus needs to remain high on the differential diagnosis for this group of @entity1 presenting with severe @entity295 . The diagnosis can be confounded by a lack of symptoms of @entity7551 at the time of presentation and end-organ dysfunction associated with severe @entity295 , suggesting alternative sources of @entity281 .

title: XXXX : an unusual cause of @entity295 and @entity490 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity7551 :: ('MESH:D010612', 'Disease') :: ['pharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity999 :: ('MESH:D020766', 'Disease') :: ['septic emboli']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanate']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity21204 :: ('MESH:D057831', 'Disease') :: ["Lemierre's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain', 'severe sepsis and acute abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity5899 :: ('MESH:D013407', 'Chemical') :: ['sulbactam']

answer: @entity21204 :: (MESH:D057831,Disease) :: ['Lemierre's syndrome']


abstract: Agents that activate @entity268 -dependent protein kinase (PKA) as well as agents that increase intracellular @entity460 induce the expression of certain immediate early genes (IEGs). Recently, it has been demonstrated that the same cis-acting element in the 5' region of the @entity5019 gene has the ability to mediate both @entity268 - and @entity460 -induced @entity5019 expression in PC12 cells (Sheng, M., McFadden, G., and Greenberg, M. (1990) Neuron 4, 571-582). Here we demonstrate that both @entity268 - and @entity460 -mediated induction of @entity5019 and @entity11970 are dependent on PKA activity. Addition of either depolarizing concentrations of @entity4338 or the @entity460 ionophore, @entity1360 , to PC12 cells increased the expression of both @entity5019 and @entity11970 , but these inductions were dramatically reduced in three @entity1131 cell lines, 123.7, AB.11, and A126-1B2. Furthermore, pretreatment of PC12 cells with 20 microM H89, a specific inhibitor of PKA, inhibited @entity1928 , @entity8279 , and @entity4338 -induced @entity5019 and @entity11970 induction, while having no effect on NGF induction. Likewise, in the @entity1131 cells, NGF or an activator of protein kinase C induced @entity5019 and @entity11970 normally. To determine if @entity1131 modifies the ability of @entity141 to activate @entity460 -dependent kinases, autophosphorylation of multifunctional @entity141 /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) in response to @entity141 influx was determined. In parental PC12 cells, PC12 cells pretreated with H89, and @entity1131 cell lines, CaM kinase was activated equivalently in response to @entity4338 depolarization. These results suggest that PKA is not required for @entity141 -induced increase in CaM kinase activity and that the induction of IEGs in response to @entity141 influx is PKA-dependent. Thus, the requirement for PKA resides at a point distal to the activation of calmodulin-dependent processes.

title: Induction of immediate early genes by XXXX influx requires @entity268 -dependent protein kinase in PC12 cells.

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['PKA-deficient', 'PKA deficiency']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity8279 :: ('CHEBI:50095', 'Chemical') :: ['dibutyryl cAMP']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity141 :: (CHEBI:29108,Chemical) :: ['Ca2+']


abstract: The incidence of @entity439 ranges from 0.1 to 3.7 of all carotid @entity455 requiring surgery. The aim of the study was to describe our personal experience with the surgical therapy of @entity438 . Over the period from 1980 to 2000 we observed 19 @entity439 of the extracranial carotid tract in 17 @entity1 . Eleven @entity1 were subjected to surgical treatment (M/F: 2:1; mean age: 59 years). The sizes of the lesion ranged from 2 to 5.5 cm. The locations of the lesions were: common carotid 5; internal carotid 4; bifurcation 4. A shunt was utilised in one @entity1 . No mortality was recorded. In 2 @entity1 there was a transitory central @entity51 , and in 4 @entity1 a transitory peripheral @entity51 . A definitive peripheral deficit was recorded in one @entity1 (9%). The authors recommend prompt surgical treatment, in view of the low morbidity and almost total absence of mortality.

title: [Surgical treatment of extracranial carotid XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['artery diseases']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms of the carotid artery']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysms']


abstract: RATIONALE: The involvement of metabotropic @entity2227 5 (mGlu5) receptors has been suggested in the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. However, little is known about the role of these receptors in psychostimulant withdrawal. OBJECTIVES: The role of mGlu5 receptors was assessed in the anhedonic and somatic aspects of psychostimulant withdrawal. METHODS: @entity4270 was assessed with the discrete-trial current-intensity intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure after the termination of @entity2072 (180  mg  kg(-1)  day(-1), salt, 3  days, i.p.) or @entity1239 (40  mg  kg(-1)  day(-1), base, 28  days, s.c.) administration via osmotic minipumps in mGlu5 receptor knockout ( @entity10092 (-/-)) and wild-type ( @entity10092 (+/+)) @entity19 . Somatic signs were assessed during @entity1239 withdrawal. The effects of the nicotinic @entity934 receptor antagonist @entity6959 on ICSS thresholds were assessed during chronic @entity1239 administration. RESULTS: @entity1239 -treated @entity10092 (+/+) and @entity10092 (-/-) @entity19 demonstrated similar threshold elevations during @entity6959 -precipitated withdrawal compared with their saline-treated counterparts. During spontaneous @entity1239 and @entity2072 withdrawal, thresholds in drug-withdrawing @entity10092 (+/+), but not @entity10092 (-/-), @entity19 were elevated up to 72  h of @entity1239 / @entity2072 withdrawal and then returned to baseline, indicating attenuation of withdrawal-induced @entity4270 in @entity10092 (-/-) @entity19 . @entity1239 -withdrawing @entity10092 (+/+), but not @entity10092 (-/-), @entity19 showed increases in somatic signs compared with saline-treated counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: mGlu5 receptor null mutation attenuates the anhedonic and somatic effects of psychostimulant withdrawal. This attenuated withdrawal in @entity10092 (-/-) @entity19 may result from the lack of drug-induced adaptations in mGlu5 receptor function that may occur in @entity10092 (+/+) @entity19 with chronic drug administration. Thus, these results suggest the involvement of mGlu5 receptors in @entity734 and the mediation of the anhedonic and somatic signs of psychostimulant withdrawal.

title: Involvement of metabotropic @entity2227 receptor 5 in brain reward deficits associated with @entity2072 and @entity1239 withdrawal and somatic signs of XXXX withdrawal.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine', 'nicotine']

entities_list: @entity4270 :: ('MESH:D059445', 'Disease') :: ['Anhedonia', 'anhedonia']

entities_list: @entity6959 :: ('MESH:D008464', 'Chemical') :: ['mecamylamine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['psychostimulant dependence']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1239 :: (MESH:D009538,Chemical) :: ['nicotine']


abstract: Excessive endurance exercise training (EEET) is accompanied by @entity299 , changes in ventricular function and increased @entity712 risk. @entity8232 , a potent Rho-kinase inhibitor, has been demonstrated to blunt cardiomyocyte @entity1184 , @entity299 , and @entity712 progression in pre-clinical trials and has been approved for clinical use in Japan. We examined the in vivo bioefficacy of @entity8232 against EEET-induced @entity299 and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Male @entity35 were randomly divided into three groups: sedentary control (SC), EEET, and EEET with @entity8232 treatment (EEET-F). @entity35 in EEET and EEET-F groups ran on a motorized treadmill for 12  weeks. The results revealed that EEET increased @entity1283 (LV weight/tibial length), myocyte cross-sectional area, @entity1184 -related pathways ( @entity568 / @entity12001 - @entity63153 - @entity28141 , calcineurin- @entity38909 , @entity12220 and @entity6336 MAPK), @entity1184 markers (ANP/ @entity18107 ), pro-apoptotic molecules (cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP), and @entity82 -related pathways ( @entity664 - @entity2508 ) and @entity82 markers ( @entity33053 , @entity63154 ). These pathways were then expressed lower in the EEET-F group when compared with the EEET group. The cardiac @entity1184 level, apoptotic pathway and @entity82 signaling were further inhibited in the @entity8232 -treated group. We systematically investigated the possible signaling pathways leading to EEET-induced @entity1283 , apoptosis and @entity82 . We also provide evidence for the novel function of @entity8232 in suppressing EEET-induced @entity299 and impairment by multiple mechanisms, which suggests that the RhoA signaling pathway contributes to EEET-induced @entity299 .

title: XXXX , a Rho-kinase inhibitor, protects against excessive endurance exercise training-induced @entity1283 , apoptosis and @entity82 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity8232 :: ('MESH:C049347', 'Chemical') :: ['fasudil', 'Fasudil']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy', 'hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy', 'myocardial hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac remodeling', 'cardiac remodeling and dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats']

answer: @entity8232 :: (MESH:C049347,Chemical) :: ['Fasudil']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Objective To compare the short term anti- @entity161 efficacy and side effect profile of @entity1770 with @entity1090 . Methodology The study was a non-randomized, naturalistic, rater blinded, prospective, 8-12 weeks, comparative trial between @entity1090 and @entity1770 in @entity1 with @entity161 . @entity1 already getting treatment with @entity1770 (10 to 30 mg/day) or @entity1090 (3 to 8mg/day) are recruited. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Plus, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), @entity910 Scale (AIMS), Simpson Angus Scale (SAS), Udvalg for Klinske Undersogelser (UKU) Scale, Clinical Global Impression-severity scales were administered by principal investigator on the day of recruitment. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI, waist, hip, waist circumference) blood pressure and pulse rate were measured on day 1 and during follow up. All tests except MINI plus were administered again after 8-12weeks. Also both clinician and @entity1 rate global improvement. Results Both @entity1770 and @entity1090 treated @entity1 showed significant improvement on positive and negative symptoms but there was no statistically significant difference between two groups. Mean improvement in @entity1 rated CGI-improvement scale score showed a trend towards significance favoring @entity1770 . Common adverse events (seen in >=  5% of @entity1 ) as assessed by the UKU Scale are occurred more frequently in the @entity1090 group than in the @entity1770 group. Drug induced extra @entity1109 are more common in @entity1090 treated @entity1 . @entity1770 showed lesser treatment emerged @entity1017 . Conclusion @entity1770 is equally efficacious and better tolerated than @entity1090 in @entity1 with @entity161 over a short-term period of eight weeks. @entity1770 had better @entity1 satisfaction and side effect profile.

title: A Comparative Study Of Short Term Efficacy Of @entity1770 And @entity1090 In XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['pyramidal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['Abnormal Involuntary Movement']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenic', 'schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity1770 :: ('MESH:C094645', 'Chemical') :: ['aripiprazole', 'Aripiprazole']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['Schizophrenia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of b-blockers and to monitor heart rate in Mexican @entity1 with @entity453 . METHODS: CLARIFY is an outpatients registry with stable CAD. A total of 33,283 @entity1 from 45 countries were enrolled between November 2009 and July 2010 from which 1342 were Mexican @entity1 . RESULTS: The mean HR pulse was 70bpm (beats per minute). @entity1 in Mexico were compared with the remaining global CLARIFY population. @entity1 in Mexico had a higher incidence of @entity583 and percutaneous coronary intervention, and lower incidence of revascularization surgery compared with the remaining CLARIFY population. More often, Mexican @entity1 presented with @entity6 , but less often @entity101 and @entity64 . These @entity1 were split into three mutually exclusive groups of HR  <=60 (N=263), HR 61-69 (N=356) and HR >= 70 (N=722). @entity1 with elevated HR had a higher incidence of @entity6 and higher diastolic blood pressure on average than those with controlled HR. Regarding the use of b-blockers, they were used in 63.3% of @entity1 , 2.7% showed intolerance or contraindication to treatment to monitor heart rate, and @entity15726 was used in 2.3%. Out of approximately 849 @entity1 receiving treatment of b-blockers, 52.1% had >= 70bpm HR. CONCLUSIONS: In a large proportion of Mexican @entity1 with stable @entity301 remain elevated, >70bpm, even with the use of b-blockers; this requires further attention.

title: Heart rate and use of b-blockers in Mexican stable outpatients with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease the HR']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity15726 :: ('MESH:C088408', 'Chemical') :: ['ivabradine']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: In recent years, the use of immunotherapy for @entity5 has been proposed. To explore the significance of immunotherapy for @entity2 , we examined two systems : the HLA class I and cancer-reactive CTL system, and the Fas- @entity12 system. METHODS: HLA class I ( @entity17374 ) antigens were determined in 61 @entity1 with @entity2 and in 30 healthy controls. The HLA class I phenotype was investigated by serological techniques. HLA-A2 alleles were investigated by polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primer analysis. We analyzed lymphocytes isolated from 61 @entity1 with two-color surface labeling and flow cytometry. Furthermore, we analyzed sFas and sFasL expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We also examined @entity2 cell line-induced apoptosis of @entity405 (+) lymphocytes using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: The HLA-A2 allele was observed in 27 of 61 @entity1 with @entity2 . There were no differences in HLA-A2 allele classifications between @entity2 @entity1 and controls. Thirty-six of the 61 @entity2 @entity1 (57%) had elevated levels of sFas, and 16 of the 61 @entity1 (26.2%) had elevated levels of sFasL. The sFas level of @entity2 with HLA-A2 was significantly higher than that of @entity5 without HLA-A2 ( P<0.01). This tendency was observed in every @entity2 tissue type, and the sFas levels of @entity2 with HLA-A2 associated significantly with the CTL levels of @entity2 with HLA-A2. Furthermore, compared to @entity2 without HLA-A2, @entity405 (+) T-cell levels were @entity2 with HLA-A2. In contrast, sFas levels of @entity1149 without HLA-A2 were higher than those in @entity2 with HLA-A2. In an in vitro experiment using @entity2 cell lines, we observed apoptosis of @entity405 (+) lymphocytes induced by @entity2 cells. @entity2 -reactive CTLs are mobilized easily by restriction of HLA-A2, but this restriction is not always specific. In addition, @entity12 derived from @entity2 cells can induce apoptosis of @entity405 (+) T-cells, and the frequency of this phenomenon is increased in @entity151 without HLA-A2. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the effect of immunotherapy may be insufficient for @entity1149 without HLA-A2.

title: Analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Fas/ XXXX in Japanese @entity1 with @entity1149 associated with HLA-A2.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer', 'lung cancers', 'lung cancer', 'elevated in lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancers', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancers']

answer: @entity12 :: (356,Gene) :: ['FasL']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The optimal time to treat neuropathic (Charcot) @entity2720 of the @entity3681 is controversial because of the various treatment options available and the variable results reported in published studies. We sought to determine the outcome of hind foot arthrodesis with stable internal fixation in @entity1 with different Eichenholtz stages of @entity2720 . We prospectively studied @entity1 with @entity717 caused by @entity1109 in deformed, unstable ankle and @entity2720 , with or without @entity1066 , who had undergone treatment from July 2007 to December 2012. All @entity1 underwent ankle arthrodesis, autologous iliac crest bone grafting, and @entity2720 , with or without @entity2720 , fixed internally with an intramedullary hindfoot nail, with or without an additional plate or cancellous screws. Of the 33 enrolled @entity1 , 9 (27.3%) had stage I, 13 (39.4%) had stage II, and 11 (33.3%) had stage III Charcot @entity2720 . The cause of @entity2720 was @entity6 in 25 (75.8%) @entity1 . The duration of symptoms ranged from 1 to 120  (median 7)  months. The mean follow-up period was 40  (range 12 to 76)  months and did not differ markedly among the groups. The hindfoot scores, rate of salvage or amputation, or complication rates did not differ significantly across Eichenholtz stage. For the @entity1 with stage I, II, and III, the preoperative hindfoot score was 50, 49, and 48, respectively (p  =  .9). The corresponding postoperative scores were 68, 68, and 70 (p  =  .5). We found no evidence that the effectiveness of hindfoot arthrodesis by stable fixation varied across the Eichenholtz stage of Charcot @entity2720 involving @entity3681 . Furthermore, we found that stable internal fixation and bone grafting using a hindfoot nail results in an 84.84% union rate and salvages the unstable and disabled foot in 90.9% of @entity1 with ankle and peritalar Charcot @entity2720 .

title: Effectiveness of Hindfoot Arthrodesis by Stable Internal Fixation in Various Eichenholtz Stages of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['ankle and peritalar joint']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerations']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic arthropathy']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['peritalar joints', 'subtalar joint arthrodesis', 'talonavicular joint arthrodesis', 'arthropathy']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['substantial disabilities']

answer: @entity1109 :: (MESH:D012678,Disease) :: ['Neuropathic Ankle Arthropathy']


abstract: Myocardial contractility depends on several mechanisms such as coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and flow as well as on alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation. Both effects occur during the sympathetic stimulation mediated by @entity1063 . @entity1063 increases force development in the heart and produces vasoconstriction increasing arterial pressure and, in turn, CPP. The contribution of each of these factors to the increase in myocardial performance needs to be clarified. Thus, in the present study we used two protocols: in the first we measured mean arterial pressure, left ventricular pressure and rate of rise of left ventricular pressure development in anesthetized @entity35 (N = 10) submitted to @entity2647 (PE) stimulation before and after @entity1169 plus @entity3897 treatment. These observations showed that in vivo alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation increases left ventricular developed pressure (P < 0.05) together with arterial blood pressure (P < 0.05). In the second protocol, we measured left ventricular isovolumic systolic pressure (ISP) and CPP in Langendorff constant flow-perfused hearts. The hearts (N = 7) were perfused with increasing flow rates under control conditions and PE or PE + @entity1854 (NP). Both CPP and ISP increased (P < 0.01) as a function of flow. CPP changes were not affected by drug treatment but ISP increased (P < 0.01). The largest ISP increase was obtained with PE + NP treatment (P < 0.01). The results suggest that both mechanisms, i.e., direct stimulation of myocardial alpha 1-adrenoceptors and increased flow, increased cardiac performance acting simultaneously and synergistically.

title: The left ventricular contractility of the XXXX heart is modulated by changes in flow and alpha 1-adrenoceptor stimulation.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine', 'norepinephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: During the course of their disease, about 30% of @entity1 with @entity31 ( @entity31 ) will undergo proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal @entity254 (IPAA). We evaluated the outcome of IPAA in a Belgian referral center. METHODS: Clinical charts were reviewed for pre- and postoperative disease course, functional outcome, and complications in all @entity1 with @entity31 (n = 182) and indeterminate @entity1960 (n = 2) who underwent IPAA in 1990-2004. RESULTS: Follow-up data were available in 173 out of 184 @entity1 (67 female, median age at proctocolectomy 39.0 years). Median functional Oresland score 1 year after IPAA was 3 (range 0-11). Early @entity260 were seen in 27% of @entity1 . After a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 6.5 (3.4-9.9) years, 35% of @entity1 developed @entity532 . Forty-six percent of @entity1 developed at least 1 episode of @entity5042 . Risk factors for @entity5042 were the presence of extraintestinal manifestations (odds ratio [OR] 1.92 (1.23-3.01), P = 0.004) and younger age at proctocolectomy (P = 0.004). @entity5042 was present in 33 @entity1 and associated with extraintestinal manifestations (OR 2.93 (1.13-7.62), P = 0.027), @entity13570 (OR 9.28 (1.71-50.49), P = 0.010), and length of follow-up (P = 0.004). Pouch failure occurred in 5% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Although proctocolectomy with IPAA surgery has a good functional outcome, @entity260 , especially @entity5042 , remain considerable in @entity1 with @entity31 .

title: Outcome after proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal XXXX for @entity31 .

entities_list: @entity5042 :: ('MESH:D019449', 'Disease') :: ['pouchitis', 'Chronic pouchitis']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['septic and/or obstructive complications']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity13570 :: ('MESH:D007079', 'Disease') :: ['backwash ileitis']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of @entity26 therapy on @entity3279 after @entity231 surgery. SETTING: Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: @entity1 with severe @entity3279 were randomized into 3 groups. Group 1 (control) received conventional therapy including topical @entity2827 , @entity6839 , and @entity5935 . Group 2 received the same therapy in addition to systemic normobaric @entity26 at a flow rate of 10 L/min for 1 hour twice daily for 3 weeks. Group 3 received conventional therapy and transcorneal @entity26 at a flow rate of 5 L/min for 1 hour twice daily for 3 weeks. Preoperative pachymetry and specular microscopy were performed. Pachymetry was performed 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days postoperatively. At 1, 3 and 12 months, pachymetry and specular microscopy were performed. RESULTS: The study enrolled 45 @entity1 . Preoperatively, there was no significant difference between the groups. Pachymetry was more than 1000  m 1 day postoperatively in all @entity1 . The preoperative pachymetry was restored in 14 days in Group 3 only. After 1 year, the endothelial cell count (ECC) was 1603 cells/mm(2), 1693 cells/mm(2), and 1911 cells/mm(2) with a loss of 37%, 32%, and 25% in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3, respectively (P = .034, Groups 1 and 3). Group 3 had a higher ECC than the control group at 3 months (P = .037) and 1 year (P = .025). One @entity1 in Group 1 and 1 @entity1 in Group 2 developed @entity2372 . CONCLUSION: Transcorneal @entity26 decreased @entity3279 more rapidly than conventional and systemic @entity26 therapies and preserved more endothelial cells than conventional therapy. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

title: @entity26 therapy for @entity3279 after XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity2372 :: ('MESH:C562399', 'Disease') :: ['bullous keratopathy']

entities_list: @entity5935 :: ('MESH:D001623', 'Chemical') :: ['betamethasone']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity3279 :: ('MESH:D015715', 'Disease') :: ['corneal edema']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']