abstract: @entity35 polymeric IgA (pIgA) and galactosylated bovine serum albumin ( @entity49375 ), once injected to @entity35 , are avidly taken up by hepatocytes via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Of injected pIgA, 64% was transferred undigested into bile within 3 h, with a peak at 30-45 min. @entity49375 was essentially digested in lysosomes. By electron microscopy using ligand-peroxidase conjugates, both ligands were internalized through coated pits/coated vesicles into similar electron-lucent vesicles and tubules. Subsequently, pIgA remained mostly associated with small vesicles clustering around and fusing with bile canaliculi, while @entity49375 was predominantly found in large, heterogeneous endocytic structures and in lysosomes. By subcellular fractionation, they were associated at 3 min after injection with structures that similarly sedimented in the P fraction (250 000 - 3 X 10(6) X g X min) and equilibrated at densities of about 1.13 g/ml in @entity969 gradients. At 10 min and 20 min, pIgA distribution remained mostly in the P fraction at the same equilibrium density. A minor component of the pIgA distribution was found at the density of lysosomes, but contrary to lysosomal enzymes, its distribution was not affected by @entity12218 . In contrast to pIgA, @entity49375 was progressively recovered in the L fraction (33 000 - 250 000 X g X min) with organelles equilibrating around 1.11 g/ml, and, by 20-45 min, was found in the ML fraction (10 000 - 250 000 X g X min), around 1.20 g/ml, i.e. in lysosomes. @entity503 did not reduce the efficiency but delayed the secretion of pIgA into bile. Similarly, it did not affect the uptake of @entity49375 but apparently delayed @entity49375 transfer along successive populations of host organelles. The low density, @entity49375 -containing structures were devoid of proteolytic activity. Anti-secretory components IgG and F(ab')2 were selectively excreted into bile, partially or totally as compounds of lower molecular mass. These antibody fragments probably result from a @entity1520 reduction activity along the pIgA pathway. In conclusion, our data (a) strongly suggest that pIgA and @entity49375 are sorted between 3 min and 10 min after injection in non-lysosomal acidic organelles, (b) identify two successive and physically distinct endosomal populations containing @entity49375 , and (c) provide the first evidence for a @entity1520 reduction activity along the transcytotic pathway of @entity35 hepatocytes.

title: Receptor-mediated endocytosis of polymeric IgA and galactosylated serum albumin in XXXX liver. Evidence for intracellular ligand sorting and identification of distinct endosomal compartments.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['Chloroquine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Cranial CT scanning was performed in twenty-two @entity1 with severe @entity16 secondary to @entity3036 . All @entity1 had repetitive and/or prolonged @entity410 . In addition, three @entity1 were in prolonged @entity772 , and three had @entity12661 . One of the @entity1 had central facial paresis, and two had @entity1269 . In seventeen @entity1 , abnormal CT findings were identified. Diffuse @entity2657 was determined in four @entity1 . The most frequent finding was bilateral low-density areas in the parietal and/or occipital lobes (7 cases). In three @entity1 , CT revealed bilateral low-density areas in the basal ganglia. All @entity1 but three recovered completely. Two of the three @entity1 who died had @entity932 . Follow-up CT examinations demonstrated complete resolution of the low-density areas and slight cortical @entity194 in three of four @entity1 . Complete recovery of the @entity1 associated with complete resolution of the low-density lesions suggested that these lesions corresponded to @entity4 . We concluded that CT is useful in @entity1 with @entity532 because it may orientate management.

title: The diagnostic value of cranial computed tomography in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsions']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial massive hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological complications']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['complicated eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity3036 :: ('MESH:D004461', 'Disease') :: ['eclampsia']

entities_list: @entity12661 :: ('MESH:D019575', 'Disease') :: ['cortical blindness']

answer: @entity532 :: (MESH:D003925,Disease) :: ['complicated eclampsia']


abstract: Social defeat is a powerful experience that often leads to drastic physiological and behavioral changes in many animal species. An example of such a change is conditioned defeat in @entity329 . The neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie such changes are not yet fully understood, however, there is evidence that the amygdala plays an essential role in behavioral and emotional responses to a variety of stressors. The goal of the present study was to determine whether GABAergic neurotransmission in the amygdala is a critical component of conditioned defeat in male @entity329 . Experiment 1 examined whether infusion of the @entity1246 (A) receptor agonist, @entity6341 (0.0, 4.4, 8.8 nmol), into the amygdala would block the acquisition of conditioned defeat. Experiment 2 examined whether infusion of @entity6341 into the amygdala prior to testing would block expression of conditioned defeat. Submissive behavior during testing was significantly reduced in animals receiving infusions of @entity6341 immediately prior to initial defeat training. Animals that received infusions of @entity6341 immediately prior to being tested with a non-aggressive intruder also displayed significantly less submissive behavior than did animals receiving vehicle control. These data indicate that infusion of @entity6341 into the amygdala can block the acquisition and expression of conditioned defeat, a finding that indicates that GABAergic neurotransmission within the amygdala is involved in the acquisition and expression of fear or stress-induced behavioral changes. This is the first evidence indicating that the neural circuits involved in Pavlovian fear conditioning are also involved in more ethologically-relevant models examining stress-related behavioral plasticity.

title: Activation of @entity1246 (A) receptors in the amygdala blocks the acquisition and expression of conditioned defeat in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6341 :: ('MESH:D009118', 'Chemical') :: ['muscimol']

entities_list: @entity329 :: ('10036', 'Species') :: ['Syrian hamsters']

answer: @entity329 :: (10036,Species) :: ['Syrian hamsters']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biopsy results obtained during vertebral augmentation (kyphoplasty) for presumed/confirmed osteoporotic @entity3814 ( @entity3814 ). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Kyphoplasty to augment vertebrae in @entity3814 is well established. When VCF etiology is in question, bone biopsy can be performed at that time. Biopsy results, however, can be misleading without careful clinical correlation. METHODS: From July 2003 to July 2006, 94 vertebral biopsies were obtained from 66 @entity1 during kyphoplasty for @entity3814 . Average @entity1 age was 73 (range, 22-99), including 47 females and 19 males. There were 48 one-level, 17 two-level, and 4 three-level biopsies. Biopsy levels included: T6 (3), T7 (7), T8 (7), T9 (3), T10 (3), T11 (8), T12 (21), L1 (18), L2 (13), @entity50925 (2), L5 (1). Histologic/immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. RESULTS: All specimens showed features of @entity174 in various stages of bony healing. Initially, 13 of 66 (19.7%) cases were read by a surgical pathologist as @entity32 , with 6 having features suggestive of @entity6275 , including polyclonal plasma cells, @entity39 , and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. For this study, these biopsies were evaluated by an independent surgical pathologist (N.W.). Re-review showed 7 of the 13 cases were consistent with @entity2418 in various stages with adjacent trilineage hematopoiesis. Six of 13 (46%), were read as containing fragmented bony spicules, fibrotic and fatty marrow, @entity32 , and aggregates of mature, polyclonal plasma cells, suggesting the possibility of @entity6275 . However, at average follow-up of 37 months (range, 21-57 months), no @entity1 demonstrated clinical and/or laboratory evidence of @entity281 . Additionally, biopsies from 4 @entity1 confirmed suspected or unsuspected @entity5 , or confirmed no recurrence of @entity5 . CONCLUSION: @entity1 undergoing first-time vertebral augmentation should be considered for vertebral biopsy. Tissue examination is useful and may reveal @entity174 or possible @entity281 . However, if @entity281 is reported, clinical and laboratory correlation are important to make a diagnosis of @entity4034 .

title: @entity3814 during kyphoplasty: unsuspected histologic findings of chronic osteitis without clinical evidence of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation', 'lymphoplasmacytic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6275 :: ('MESH:C535456', 'Disease') :: ['chronic osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture', 'pathologic fracture']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['VCFs', 'vertebral compression fractures', 'osteoporotic VCFs']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2418 :: ('MESH:D004062', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic VCF healing']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['osteomyelitis']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity1 adipose tissue expresses and releases the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6, potentially inducing low-grade systemic @entity32 in @entity1 with excess body fat. OBJECTIVE: To test whether overweight and @entity28 are associated with low-grade systemic @entity32 as measured by serum @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) level. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, representative of the US population from 1988 to 1994. @entity1 : A total of 16616 @entity1 and nonpregnant @entity1 aged 17 years or older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Elevated @entity1851 level of 0.22 mg/dL or more and a more stringent clinically raised @entity1851 level of more than 1.00 mg/dL. RESULTS: Elevated @entity1851 levels and clinically raised @entity1851 levels were present in 27.6% and 6.7% of the population, respectively. Both overweight (body mass index [BMI], 25-29.9 kg/m2) and @entity28 (BMI, > or =30 kg/m2) @entity1 were more likely to have elevated @entity1851 levels than their normal-weight counterparts (BMI, <25 kg/m2). After adjustment for potential confounders, including smoking and health status, the odds ratio (OR) for elevated @entity1851 was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.91) for @entity28 @entity1 and 6.21 (95% CI, 4.94-7.81) for @entity28 @entity1 . In addition, BMI was associated with clinically raised @entity1851 levels in @entity1 , with an OR of 4.76 (95% CI, 3.42-6.61) for @entity28 @entity1 . Waist-to-hip ratio was positively associated with both elevated and clinically raised @entity1851 levels, independent of BMI. Restricting the analyses to young adults (aged 17-39 years) and excluding smokers, @entity1 with inflammatory disease, @entity65 , or @entity6 and @entity172 users did not change the main findings. CONCLUSION: Higher BMI is associated with higher @entity1851 concentrations, even among young adults aged 17 to 39 years. These findings suggest a state of low-grade systemic @entity32 in overweight and @entity28 @entity1 .

title: Elevated @entity1851 levels in overweight and XXXX adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Human', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Islet allotransplantation is a less invasive alternative to surgical @entity2316 , while @entity4294 ( @entity4294 ) is usually performed after pancreatic surgery to prevent @entity6 . Our aim was to assess the feasibility, radiological aspects, complications and clinical outcome of @entity4294 following pancreatic surgery for not only chronic @entity788 but also benign and malignant nodules. METHODS: From 2008 to 2012, 41 @entity1 were enrolled for @entity4294 12-48   h after pancreatic surgery (extended pancreatic surgery for chronic @entity788 and @entity5 ). @entity4294 was performed using a combined ultrasonography and fluoroscopy-guided technique (4-F catheter). @entity4294 feasibility, median follow-up and metabolic (insulin independence rate, graft function based on C-peptide levels) and oncologic outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: @entity4294 was not performed in 7/41 @entity1 (4 cases for an inadequate islet mass, 2 cases for @entity1344 and 1 case for islet culture contamination), while it was successfully performed in 34/34 @entity1 . Procedure-related major complications occurred in four @entity1 : two bleedings requiring transfusions, one @entity1 with left portal vein @entity715 and one @entity1 with @entity295 . Median follow-up duration was 546 days. Insulin independence was achieved in 15/34 (44%) @entity1 , partial graft function in 16/34 (47%) @entity1 and no function in 3/34 (9%) @entity1 . None of the 17 @entity1 with malignant nodules developed liver metastases during follow-up. CONCLUSION: @entity4294 , performed under ultrasound and fluoroscopy combined guidance and not requiring immunosuppression, is feasible, with a relatively low complication rate and a better metabolic outcome than allotransplantation. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: @entity4294 can prevent pancreatogenic @entity6 . Ultrasound is a useful tool for the guidance and monitoring of @entity4294 .

title: Single-centre experience of extending indications for XXXX ( @entity4294 ) after pancreatic surgery to prevent @entity6 : feasibility, radiological aspects, complications and clinical outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity4294 :: ('MESH:D007516', 'Disease') :: ['percutaneous intraportal islet autotransplantation', 'PIPIAT']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas transplantation for Type 1 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['benign/malignant neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['haemodynamic instability']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity4294 :: (MESH:D007516,Disease) :: ['percutaneous intraportal islet autotransplantation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe an @entity2054 analogous to @entity8479 and to characterize its diagnosis and treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Level I @entity130 center. @entity1 : Three @entity1 with pelvic ring or acetabular fractures presented with bilateral @entity1695 , @entity177 , and @entity1696 due to direct compression of both ureters in the true pelvis by a massive retroperitoneal @entity1410 . INTERVENTION: Surgical therapy consisted of @entity174 stabilization, decompression of the retroperitoneal space, and evacuation of the @entity1410 . Persistent @entity548 points were either embolized preoperatively or ligated. RESULTS: After decompression, all three @entity1 promptly recovered their renal organ function. CONCLUSION: An @entity2054 can be defined as bilateral @entity1695 and @entity177 caused by a massive intrapelvic @entity1410 with @entity101 . Diagnostic differentiation of @entity1696 in @entity1 with pelvic ring or acetabular fractures must include @entity2054 . Early diagnosis and treatment are mandatory.

title: @entity1695 and @entity177 caused by massive retroperitoneal XXXX : is there a pelvic compartment syndrome analogous to @entity8479 ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased retroperitoneal pressure']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['isolated bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral obstruction']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'renal organ failure']

entities_list: @entity8479 :: ('MESH:D059325', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal compartment syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2054 :: ('MESH:D003161', 'Disease') :: ['intrapelvic compartment syndrome']

answer: @entity1410 :: (MESH:D006406,Disease) :: ['hematoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2438 and @entity72 ( @entity72 ) are @entity245 . Susceptibility is believed to be the interaction of genetic heritability and environmental factors. The synchronous rises in @entity2438 / @entity72 prevalence and @entity1443 ( @entity1443 ) use, as well as biologic plausibility have led to the hypothesis that @entity1443 exposure may increase @entity2438 / @entity72 risk. METHODS: To explore the relationship of antenatal @entity1443 exposure to @entity72 , population weighted average @entity2438 prevalence rates and @entity1443 usage rates were compared. To explore the relationship of early neonatal @entity1443 exposure to @entity2438 / @entity72 , population weighted average male @entity2438 prevalence rates for all available countries and U.S. states were compared to male circumcision rates - a procedure for which @entity1443 has been widely prescribed since the mid-1990s. Prevalence studies were extracted from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Summary of @entity2438 / @entity72 Prevalence Studies database. Maternal @entity1443 usage and circumcision rates were identified by searches on Pub Med. RESULTS: Using all available country-level data (n   =   8) for the period 1984 to 2005, prenatal use of @entity1443 was correlated with @entity2438 / @entity72 prevalence (r   =   0.80). For studies including @entity1 born after 1995, there was a strong correlation between country-level (n   =   9) @entity2438 / @entity72 prevalence in males and a country's circumcision rate (r   =   0.98). A very similar pattern was seen among U.S. states and when comparing the 3 main racial/ethnic groups in the U.S. The country-level correlation between @entity2438 / @entity72 prevalence in males and @entity1443 was considerably weaker before 1995 when the drug became widely used during circumcision. CONCLUSIONS: This ecological analysis identified country-level correlations between indicators of prenatal and perinatal @entity1443 exposure and @entity2438 / @entity72 . State level correlation was also identified for the indicator of perinatal @entity1443 exposure and @entity2438 / @entity72 . Like all ecological analyses, these data cannot provide strong evidence of causality. However, biologic plausibility is provided by a growing body of experimental and clinical evidence linking @entity1443 metabolism to pathways shown to be important in @entity2438 and related @entity851 . Taken together, these ecological findings and mechanistic evidence suggest the need for formal study of the role of @entity1443 in @entity2438 .

title: Prenatal and perinatal analgesic exposure and XXXX : an ecological link.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['developmental abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2438 :: ('MESH:D001321', 'Disease') :: ['autism', 'Autism']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['complex neurodevelopmental disorders']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['Autism Spectrum Disorder', 'ASD']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['paracetamol', 'acetaminophen']

answer: @entity2438 :: (MESH:D001321,Disease) :: ['autism']


abstract: A new phase of breast conserving surgery has started very recently, aimed at eliminating axillary dissection in node-negative @entity1 by using the sentinel lymph node (SN) technique. Between November 1998 and January 2000 we performed 151 operations for @entity0 on 145 @entity1 . We performed axillary lymphoscintigraphy using 99Tc-labeled human serum albumin microcolloidal particles injected subdermally in 50 @entity1 who met our selection criteria. In this series we focused on the success rate of scintigraphic and surgical sentinel node identification. The number of scintigraphic identifications of the SN was 44 (88%). Only forty-three cases were evaluable, as in one case mapping showed an internal mammary hot node. All SNs were located at the first level. After removal of the SN complete axillary dissection was performed. Eighteen @entity1 (41.8%) had @entity3 . There were five (11.6%) false negatives: two in T2 @entity5 , one in a T4 @entity5 and two in T1c @entity5 . We consider this series as our training series. Our results are similar to those reported in the literature. We believe that the most reasonable approach to SN biopsy is a two-step procedure: the ideal candidates are @entity1 with T1 @entity5 who can undergo the operation in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia and sedation. Complete axillary dissection is performed only if paraffin sections and immunohistochemistry show metastatic disease.

title: The success rate of identification of the sentinel lymph node in XXXX : our training series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease in the axilla']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Over the last 30 years, interest in @entity7098 has grown beyond its enzymatic capacity to cleave phospholipids. It has been recognized as the rate-limiting step in the release of @entity1426 and subsequent formation of @entity2918 , leukotrienes, and other bioactive lipids. Subsequently, @entity7098 has not only been found to be present in high concentrations in @entity625 , but also to induce @entity32 when injected into animals. At the same time, investigators into mechanisms of signal transduction demonstrated that a variety of cytokines including @entity10960 , which are found in high concentrations in synovial fluid from @entity1 with @entity309 , stimulate @entity7098 activity. These investigations demonstrated further the central role for @entity7098 in inflammatory events, especially @entity625 . Numerous other @entity7098 proteins, in addition to the low molecular weight synovial fluid/platelet enzyme, also have been characterized. Their clinical role in @entity625 is yet to be elucidated. @entity1 proteins which either inhibit or stimulate @entity7098 have also been identified, characterized, and cloned. More recently, exciting investigations, primarily from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, into inhibitors of @entity7098 have been reported. New @entity7098 -regulating compounds, which will hopefully move from the laboratory and through clinical trials and then be used to treat @entity1 with @entity625 , are on the horizon.

title: Phospholipase A2 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 rarely cause of @entity879 , the presence of which have to be ruled-out during transplant evaluation. Tumor-related @entity409 sporadically occur and might further complicate @entity1 management. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a previously healthy 56-year-old male with complaints of @entity490 . Initially, levels of liver enzymes were elevated, however, comprehensive imaging examinations revealed no gross abnormalities. As @entity879 developed, transplantation was evaluated. @entity409 and @entity548 forced the performance of an emergency laparotomy. Hepatectomy was planned, until a donor organ was allocated. Intraoperatively, the liver unexpectedly revealed @entity5 . Without further therapeutical options, the @entity1 died. Immunohistochemistry showed metastatic infiltration of a @entity189 . CONCLUSION: Even in previously healthy @entity1 suffering from @entity879 , exclusion of @entity5 is mandatory before transplantation. As imaging might be misleading, a biopsy should be considered early in unresolved cases.

title: @entity879 , rupture and XXXX as primary manifestation of advanced metastatic disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse tumor infiltration', 'Malignancies', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['acute liver failure']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden liver rupture', 'liver ruptures']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of unknown primary']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: A total of 145 @entity1 with early @entity189 (T1,2N0) were treated by radiotherapy from 1979 to 1989. Survival and local control data were available for 135 and 127 @entity1 , respectively. The respective 5 and 10 year results for overall survival were 75 and 68%. The 5 and 10 year probabilities of local control by radiotherapy were 89 and 86%, respectively, for T1 @entity5 and 70% at both time intervals for T2 @entity5 . @entity5 recurrence following radiotherapy was documented in 18 of 127 @entity1 . @entity5 stage predicted significantly for local control, with recurrence rates for T1 and T2 @entity5 of 11 and 27%, respectively (P = 0.02). There was a higher proportion of recurrences for total radiation doses < or = 6200 cGy (17%) compared with > 6200 cGy (8%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Increasing duration of treatment was related significantly to increased recurrence for T2 (P = 0.01), but not T1, @entity5 . Most recurrences (60%) were salvaged successfully by laryngectomy. Three @entity1 required laryngectomy for @entity4 without @entity5 ; all had been treated using a large field size (7 x 6 cm). There were 20 metachronous @entity5 , including five lung and two @entity135 . These results are similar to previous reports and confirm that radiotherapy is very effective for early glottic @entity5 , with high local control rates and effective salvage if local recurrences are recognized early.

title: Treatment of early XXXX by radiotherapy.

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['recurrent tumour', 'Tumour', 'cancer', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal oedema']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the vocal cords']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the vocal cords']


abstract: KEY MESSAGE: Transgenic @entity958 and lettuce plants overexpressing AtHSP17.8 showed @entity2272 -hypersensitive but abiotic stress-resistant phenotypes. @entity2272 treatment caused a dramatic induction of early @entity2272 -responsive genes in AtHSP17.8 -overexpressing transgenic lettuce. Plant small @entity1457 proteins function as chaperones in protein folding. In addition, they are involved in responses to various abiotic stresses, such as @entity2700 , heat and high salinity in @entity958 . However, it remains elusive how they play a role in the abiotic stress responses at the molecular level. In this study, we provide evidence that @entity958 HSP17.8 (AtHSP17.8) positively regulates the abiotic stress responses by modulating @entity2271 ( @entity2272 ) signaling in @entity958 , and also in lettuce, a heterologous plant when ectopically expressed. Overexpression of AtHSP17.8 in both @entity958 and lettuce leads to @entity56 to @entity2272 and enhanced resistance to @entity2700 and high salinity stresses. Moreover, early @entity2272 -responsive genes, @entity22435 , @entity13126 , @entity47392 , @entity51428 and @entity51429 , were rapidly induced in AtHSP17.8-overexpressing transgenic @entity958 and lettuce. Based on these data, we propose that AtHSP17.8 plays a crucial role in abiotic stress responses by positively modulating @entity2272 -mediated signaling in both @entity958 and lettuce. Moreover, our results suggest that stress-tolerant lettuce can be engineered using the genetic and molecular resources of @entity958 .

title: AtHSP17.8 overexpression in transgenic lettuce gives rise to @entity2700 and salt stress resistance phenotypes through modulation of XXXX -mediated signaling.

entities_list: @entity2271 :: ('MESH:D000040', 'Chemical') :: ['abscisic acid']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity2272 :: (CHEBI:2365,Chemical) :: ['ABA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: [corrected] @entity955 is an important risk factor for @entity64 . Anticoagulation treatment with @entity1229 can substantially reduce the risk of @entity64 in @entity1 with @entity955 but concerns about their side-effects have limited their use in clinical practice. However there has been little population-based research on the comorbidity associated with @entity955 and on the prevalence of potential contraindications to anticoagulantion treatment among these @entity1 . AIM: To determine the prevalence of known risk factors for @entity64 and possible contraindications to anticoagulant treatment among @entity1 with @entity955 . METHOD: One-year prospective cohort study in 60 general practices in England and Wales with a total population of 502,493 @entity1 . Age and sex specific prevalence rates and relative risks of risk factors for @entity64 and possible contraindications to antithrombotic treatment were calculated. RESULTS: The number of @entity1 who had a diagnosis of @entity955 during the year was 1,414 (0.3%) @entity1 . The prevalence of other nsk factors for @entity64 in @entity1 with @entity955 increased with age in @entity1 , from 48% (relative risk [RR] = 3.78, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 3.23-4.41) at 45 to 64 years to 64% (RR = 2.21, 95% CI = 2.00-2.44) at 75years and over A similar increase of 50% (RR = 4.36, 95% CI = 3.54-5.38) to 60% (RR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.91-2.23) was seen in @entity1 . The percentage of @entity1 with @entity955 with at least one contraindication to antithrombotic treatment was 5% at 45 to 64 years and 14% at 75 years and over. Among @entity1 with @entity955 , 7% had a contraindication at 45 to 64 years and 16% at 75 years and over. The all-ages relative risk of a contraindication was 1.17 (95% CI = 0.92-1.48) in @entity1 and 1.53 (95% CI = 1.28-1.83) in @entity1 . Forty per cent (575) of @entity1 with @entity955 had at least one risk factor for @entity64 and no contraindications to antithrombotic treatment. CONCLUSION: @entity955 is associated with a substantial increase in the prevalence of risk factors for @entity64 . By contrast, potential contraindications for antithrombotic treatment are more evenly distributed among @entity1 with and without @entity955 . Around 40% of @entity1 with @entity955 in primary care are at high risk of @entity64 and have no contraindicationsfor antithrombotic treatment.

title: Comorbidity associated with XXXX : a general practice-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic stroke', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'Atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity2249 in young adults are associated with a high incidence of complications and revision surgery. The majority are treated urgently with closed reduction and internal fixation. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We describe a displaced @entity2249 presenting late. @entity1516 formation prior to surgery resulted in resorption and shortening of the femoral neck. Open reduction and internal fixation was performed, with adjuvant recombinant @entity1 bone morphogenic protein-7 therapy. Radiological union was achieved by twelve weeks and by one year the @entity1 was asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: Reports of successful management of femoral neck fatigue @entity174 non-unions are rare. Meyer's muscle pedicle graft, @entity173 , and cannulated screw fixation with autologous iliac crest bone graftare alternative procedures. CONCLUSION: This extremely rare @entity174 type merits open reduction to enable accurate @entity174 reduction. Supplementing sliding hip screw fixation with an orthobiological agent was successful in this challenging situation.

title: XXXX treated with open reduction, sliding hip screw and bone morphogenic protein.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['tension-type femoral neck fatigue fracture', 'Pseudarthrosis of femoral neck stress fractures']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['valgus subtrochanteric osteotomy']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['Pseudarthrosis']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['Pseudarthrosis of femoral neck stress fracture']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The most frequent sporadic adult motor @entity528 , @entity746 , affects more @entity1 , follows no epidemiologic pattern, and was long considered a pure @entity602 . It now becomes evident that the disease is characterized by spinal, cerebral and extra-neuromuscular changes including B-cellular responses and ultrastructural skin alterations. Do these parameters identify subgroups or correlate with the male preponderance of the disease? METHODS: We analyzed age at and site of onset, sex, duration of clinical disease, and @entity1 foamy retroviral seroreactivity in 47 consecutive @entity1 with a definite diagnosis of @entity746 . The results were compared with antivisna seroreactivity, immunoglobulin isotypes, circulating immune complexes, neopterin and @entity2262 as well as skin biopsies in respective subsets of the same 47 @entity1 . RESULTS: Seroreactivity to recombinant @entity1 spuma retrovirus (HSRV) envelope and/or capsid protein was positive in 20/47 @entity746 @entity1 , and 28/30 competed with specific retroviral antibodies on maedi-visna antigen. Anti HSRV-seronegative @entity1 had lower immunoglobulin @entity3172 isotype concentrations, while HSRV-gag plus HSRV-env antibody positives demonstrated highest circulating IgG immune complexes. All 11 @entity746 @entity1 partially reacting to recombinant HSRV-env or HSRV-gag antigen were @entity1 , and male @entity746 @entity1 tended to have higher total cerebrospinal fluid protein levels. @entity6421 and @entity2262 as markers of a cellular immune activation remained basically normal in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSION: We suggest a particular B-lymphocytic and retroviral involvement in this enigmatic, relentlessly progressing, at present untreatable and most frequent @entity16 . To our opinion this situation justifies the search for novel anti-retroviral therapeutic strategies.

title: XXXX an enigmatic disease with B-cellular and anti-retroviral immune responses.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6421 :: ('MESH:D019798', 'Chemical') :: ['Neopterin']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological system degeneration']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta 2-microglobulin']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord disorder']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuron disease']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In clinical practice it can be observed that some @entity1 with @entity2023 ( @entity2023 ) continue to have symptoms even when the exposure to allergens is expected to be low or absent. We studied the clinical and cytological characteristics of these atypical forms of ( @entity2023 ) in a large population of @entity1 . METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 with symptoms of @entity2490 and with positive skin test to pollens only were interviewed for the duration of symptoms, correlation with sensitization pattern, and presence of reactivity to nonspecific stimuli. All underwent rhinoscopy and nasal scraping for cytology. RESULTS: Five hundred nineteen @entity1 with @entity2023 were studied. Of these 519 @entity1 60 (11.5%) had an atypical or mixed form of @entity2490 , with symptoms independent of the exposure and also elicited by nonspecific stimuli. These @entity1 clearly differed from typical forms, especially for the @entity32 . They had a greater number of eosinophils and mast cells out of season (p < 0.05). Moreover, these atypical forms had, more frequently, @entity565 and @entity1127 . CONCLUSION: In approximately 12% of @entity1 with @entity2023 , other mechanisms of inflammation seem to intervene. Nasal cytology can be helpful in discriminating these atypical forms.

title: When XXXX is not only allergic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['nasal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['AR', 'seasonal allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic polyps']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 often complain about @entity1949 in the belief that they need 8 hours of sleep. Treatment strategies may be guided by what sleep durations predict optimal survival and whether @entity22 might signal mortality risks. METHODS: In 1982, the @entity5 Prevention Study II of the American @entity5 Society asked @entity1 about their sleep duration and frequency of @entity22 . Cox proportional hazards survival models were computed to determine whether sleep duration or frequency of @entity22 was associated with excess mortality up to 1988, controlling simultaneously for demographics, habits, health factors, and use of various medications. RESULTS: @entity1 were more than 1.1 million @entity1 and @entity1 from 30 to 102 years of age. The best survival was found among those who slept 7 hours per night. @entity1 who reported sleeping 8 hours or more experienced significantly increased mortality hazard, as did those who slept 6 hours or less. The increased risk exceeded 15% for those reporting more than 8.5 hours sleep or less than 3.5 or 4.5 hours. In contrast, reports of " @entity22 " were not associated with excess mortality hazard. As previously described, prescription sleeping pill use was associated with significantly increased mortality after control for reported sleep durations and @entity22 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 can be reassured that short sleep and @entity22 seem associated with little risk distinct from comorbidities. Slight risks associated with 8 or more hours of sleep and sleeping pill use need further study. Causality is unproven.

title: Mortality associated with sleep duration and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Patients', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['insufficient sleep or chronic insomnia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity22 :: (MESH:D007319,Disease) :: ['insomnia']


abstract: Quantitative measurements were made of different phenotypes of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of @entity35 during the course of a primary or secondary infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. These changes were compared with those in the peripheral blood to understand the site-specificity of the responses. Following infection, there was a significant increase in both B and T lymphocytes in BALF. The @entity11264 :CD8 ratio was significantly altered with a decreased ratio on day 2 and increased ratio on days 16 and 32 post infection (p.i.). Two colour analysis showed that during larval migration through the lungs (day 2 p.i.) there was a significant increase in CD8+, @entity11264 + OX22+ and @entity11264 + OX22- cells in BALF. As infection progressed in time, @entity11264 + OX22- cells were increased significantly. Compared to @entity281 , a secondary infection resulted in increased recovery of @entity11264 + OX22- cells in BALF. These changes were not readily appreciated in the peripheral blood, suggesting site-specific compartmentalization of lymphocyte responses in the lung. The functional significance of these dynamic changes in lymphocyte subsets in the airspaces following infection remains to be identified.

title: Pulmonary inflammation and immune responses during the course of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection: lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['primary infection']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity1943 analogs (SA) have been established as the first line medical treatment for @entity2012 , but following long-term treatment, SA normalizes GH and @entity442 levels in only 40-60% of @entity1 . The epithelial marker @entity5962 plays a crucial role in the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and is associated with a poor response to SA treatment. We hypothesized that the characterization of transcripts regulated by SA in @entity10759 with high and low @entity5962 expression may identify signaling pathways and mediators that can explain the poor response to SA treatment. We performed a microarray analysis of sixteen @entity652 with different levels of @entity5962 and SA treatment to identify regulated transcripts. Candidate transcripts were further explored in vivo in sixty-five @entity652 , and interactions between SA treatment and EMT progression on mRNA expression profiles and associations with clinical recovery were assessed. Finally, the effects of SA treatment on @entity652 cells in vitro from acromegalic @entity1 were determined. Microarray analysis of selected @entity652 with differential @entity5962 expression, as a marker of EMT progression, identified 172 genes that displayed differential expression that was dependent on SA treatment. The validation of selected candidates in the entire cohort identified 9 transcripts that showed an interaction between @entity5962 expression and SA treatment. Further analysis of the impact of these genes suggests that attenuated RORC expression in @entity10759 is associated with increased @entity5 size and a blunted clinical response. Our study indicates that attenuated RORC may be involved in the poor clinical response to SA treatment in @entity1 with @entity2012 .

title: Attenuated RORC expression in the presence of EMT progression in XXXX following treatment with @entity1943 analogs is associated with poor clinical recovery.

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['Somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenoma', 'adenomas']

entities_list: @entity10759 :: ('MESH:D049912', 'Disease') :: ['somatotroph adenomas']

answer: @entity10759 :: (MESH:D049912,Disease) :: ['somatotroph adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In this study, @entity1 with obstetrical @entity5300 who underwent various secondary reconstructions for shoulder stability and function were studied. The outcomes were analyzed in relation to the @entity130 , the timing of surgery, and the type of secondary reconstruction. METHODS: Palliative surgery was performed in 67 @entity1 (68 extremities) for improvement of shoulder function. These @entity1 received a combination of soft-tissue releases and/or tendon transfers, pedicled and/or free muscle transfers, and humeral osteotomies. A total of 197 secondary procedures were performed with a mean follow-up of 7.5 years (range, 12 months to 22 years). RESULTS: The average shoulder abduction increased from 52 +/- 31 degrees preoperatively to 121 +/- 36 degrees postoperatively (average gain, 69 degrees) (p < 0.001). The average active external rotation with the arm at the side increased from -21 +/- 17 degrees preoperatively to 61 +/- 23 degrees postoperatively (average gain, 82 degrees) (p < 0.001). The mean aggregate modified Mallet score improved from 13.4 to 20.7 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Transfers involving rerouting of latissimus dorsi and teres major tendons, combined with appropriate extraarticular musculotendinous lengthening, significantly improved global shoulder function. The results were better in @entity1 who had surgery between 18 months and 4 years of age. The concurrent transfer of the trapezius with other pedicle muscles, such as the latissimus dorsi or pectoralis major, has given significantly better results than the transfer of the trapezius alone and/or free muscle transfers for the treatment of paralytic shoulder sequelae.

title: Outcomes of secondary shoulder reconstruction in obstetrical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'children']

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus palsy']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['type of injury']

answer: @entity5300 :: (MESH:D020516,Disease) :: ['brachial plexus palsy']


abstract: AIMS: This study investigated the impact of @entity1947 ( @entity1948 ) on @entity6920 by in vivo and in vitro assays. METHODS AND RESULTS: By in vitro growth inhibition assays, a high susceptibility of Camp. coli against @entity1948 could be observed. At concentrations >=  2.6 mmol l(-1) @entity1948 , a decline in cell numbers occurred. Quantitative real-time PCR assays demonstrated an up-regulation of the main oxidative stress gene (katA) in response to @entity1948 treatment. The expression level of katA was increased by fivefold after @entity1948 treatment. An experiment was carried out in @entity1707 to elucidate the impact of @entity1948 as feed supplement on Camp. coli @entity644 . Feeding a high-dosage @entity1948 concentration (3100 mg kg(-1) ) to piglets significantly reduced the @entity644 . coli by up to 1 log CFU g(-1) as compared to animals receiving a low (40 mg kg(-1) ) or medium (100 mg kg(-1) ) @entity1948 diet. CONCLUSION: In vitro assays showed a high susceptibility of Camp. coli against @entity1948 . Adding high levels of @entity1948 to the diet of weaned piglets reduced Camp. coli excretion significantly. There is evidence for the induction of an oxidative stress response by @entity1948 supplementation in Camp. coli. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Supplementation of a high-dosage @entity1948 diet to piglets can reduce the Camp. coli load, potentially leading to a lower contamination risk of meat during slaughter.

title: Inhibitory effect of high-dosage @entity1947 dietary supplementation on XXXX excretion in weaned piglets.

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['faecal excretion of Camp', 'faecal excretion']

entities_list: @entity1947 :: ('MESH:D015034', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc oxide']

entities_list: @entity6920 :: ('195', 'Species') :: ['Campylobacter coli']

answer: @entity6920 :: (195,Species) :: ['Campylobacter coli']


abstract: An antigenic extract from @entity8785 metacestodes was evaluated for immunogenicity in @entity1707 populations from a large area of endemic porcine @entity3993 in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. A total of 3,295 @entity1707 from 18 villages were immunized with a single dose of 250 micrograms of protein administered intramuscularly. Systematic immunization was also performed on @entity1707 (1,076 immunizations) from two of the villages with the highest percentages of @entity3993 . A year after immunization, porcine @entity3993 decreased from 4.8% and 5.4% to 0%. Immunity against the @entity8785 metacestode was estimated in vitro by measurements of @entity665 uptake and inhibition of leukocyte migration. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from immunized cysticercotic ( @entity1707 that had @entity3993 prior to immunization), cysticercotic immunized ( @entity1707 that acquired @entity3993 after immunization), and normal control @entity1707 incorporated @entity665 better than lymphocytes from cysticercotic @entity1707 when stimulated with concanavalin A. A significant inhibition in the leukocyte migration inhibition test was also found in leukocytes from immunized cysticercotic @entity1707 (P < 0.01). Histopathologic studies revealed @entity738 formation surrounding the metacestodes of the immunized cysticercotic and cysticercotic immunized @entity1707 . These metacestodes exhibited several stages of destruction. Large numbers of eosinophils were frequently observed in a close association with the @entity528 . Metacestodes in control cysticercotic @entity1707 were intact and surrounded by a minor inflammatory reaction. Finally, the rate of in vitro evagination of scolices was high in metacestodes obtained from cysticercotic @entity1707 and low or absent in those from immunized @entity1707 (P < 0.01).

title: Immunization against porcine XXXX in an endemic area in Mexico: a field and laboratory study.

entities_list: @entity3993 :: ('MESH:D003551', 'Disease') :: ['cysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['3H-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity8785 :: ('6204', 'Species') :: ['Taenia solium', 'T. solium']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration and destruction of parasites']

answer: @entity3993 :: (MESH:D003551,Disease) :: ['cysticercosis']


abstract: Membrane ruffling has been associated with @entity5 , Harvey ras expression, and metastatic capability. In the Dunning R-3327 @entity35 @entity263 model, membrane ruffling graded visually upon live cultured cells filmed by time-lapse video-microscopy has distinguished sublines of high and low metastatic potential. Fluid-phase pinocytosis is a constitutive, noninducible internalization of medium by cell membrane. Fluid phase pinocytosis may be measured flow cytometrically by cellular uptake of @entity941 -labelled medium constituents. The optimum conditions for a flow cytometric assay of pinocytosis were determined using @entity1129 subline that has an intermediate degree of membrane ruffling. The optimum dextran concentration was selected from the midpoint of the linear portion of the dose-response (0.01-10.00 mg/ml) curve, whereas the optimum incubation time was determined from a time-course (1-405 min.) curve study. Cultured cells from 6 Dunning sublines incubated with 1.0 mg/ml of @entity941 -labelled dextran for 90 min were washed, fixed, and the fluorescence of 10,000 cells studied by flow cytometry. For each subline, dextran fluorescence was measured in four independent experiments. Pinocytosis failed to distinguish sublines of high (AT-3 63.5 +/- standard error 4.1 mean channel number, MAT-LyLu 63.2 +/- 6.3, MAT-Lu 64.3 +/- 5.6) and low (G 33.5 +/- 1.2, AT-1 63.5 +/- 4.1, @entity1129 58.4 +/- 3.6) (rank p = 0.38) metastatic potential but correlated strongly with visually graded membrane ruffling (r = 0.95, p = 0.003). Pinocytosis assayed by flow cytometry reflects membrane ruffling observed visually and thus flow cytometric assays may facilitate study of membrane activity.

title: Flow cytometric assay of pinocytosis: correlation with membrane ruffling and metastatic potential in the Dunning R-3327 XXXX @entity263 model.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic transformation']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6 is the most important cause of @entity1897 ( @entity2125 ). No definitive treatment for @entity2125 has been established, and very few data on the role of exercise training on @entity2125 have been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY: We sought to examine the effects of long-term exercise training on the development of @entity2125 in both Types 1 and 2 @entity6 @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Seventy-eight @entity6 @entity1 without signs and symptoms of peripheral @entity2125 were enrolled, randomized, and subdivided in two groups: 31 @entity6 @entity1 [15 f, 16 m; 49+/-15.5 years old; body mass index (BMI)=27.9+/-4.7], who performed a prescribed and supervised 4 h/week brisk walking on a treadmill at 50% to 85% of the heart rate reserve (exercise group: EXE), and a control group of 47 @entity6 @entity1 (CON; 24 f, 23 m; 52.9+/-13.4 years old; BMI=30.9+/-8.4). Vibration perception threshold (VPT), nerve distal latency (DL), nerve conduction velocity (NCV), and nerve action potential amplitude (NAPA) in the lower limbs were measured. RESULTS: We found significant differences on Delta (delta) in NCV for both peroneal and sural motor nerve between the EXE and CON groups during the study period (P<.001, for both). The percentage of @entity6 @entity1 that developed @entity1897 and @entity16 during the 4 years of the study was significantly higher in the CON than the EXE group (17% vs. 0.0%, P<.05, and 29.8% vs. 6.45%, P<.05, respectively). In addition, the percentage of @entity6 @entity1 who developed increased VPT (25 V) during the study was significantly higher in the CON than the EXE group (21.3% vs. 12.9%, P<.05). Change on Hallux VPT from baseline to the end of the study was significantly different between the EXE and CON groups (P<.05); no significant change in Malleolus VPT between the two groups occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests, for the first time, that long-term aerobic exercise training can prevent the onset or modify the natural history of @entity2125 .

title: Exercise training can modify the natural history of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['sensory neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['motor neuropathy', 'peripheral neuropathy']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['diabetic peripheral neuropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2690 , @entity14951 [ @entity14282 ] and @entity1501 have been differently associated with a risk of @entity694 in the general population. Acromegalic @entity1 have an increased risk of @entity14 and an association between fasting @entity2690 concentrations and @entity1049 has been reported. However, it is unknown whether @entity2690 , @entity14282 , @entity1501 , and @entity1255 interact to determine the risk of @entity694 in @entity2012 . AIM: To investigate whether serum @entity2690 , @entity14282 , @entity1501 , and @entity1255 concentrations were associated with precancerous @entity1049 in acromegalic @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 146 consecutive acromegalic @entity1 was evaluated for colonoscopy findings and fasting @entity2690 , @entity14282 , @entity1501 , and @entity1255 levels. A preliminary study was conducted in 9 na  ve acromegalic @entity1 to evaluate the effect of @entity1943 analogues (SSA) on serum levels of those factors. RESULTS: @entity2690 reduced during SSA whereas the other factors did not change. In the cohort study, @entity1049 (14 @entity652 ; 32 @entity1127 ) were detected in 46 @entity1 . Fasting @entity2690 , @entity14282 , @entity1501 , and @entity1255 levels did not differ in @entity1 with or without colonic @entity652 . High @entity1501 levels were associated with a lower risk of developing precancerous @entity1049 at the multivariate analysis, when corrected by age, gender, disease activity and SSA therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Serum @entity2690 , @entity14282 and @entity1255 serum concentrations do not seem to influence the development of precancerous @entity1049 in acromegalic @entity1 , while higher @entity1501 levels may be associated with a lower risk of @entity1049 .

title: Serum factors associated with precancerous @entity1049 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic lesions']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal tumors']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic neoplasms', 'colonic tumors']

entities_list: @entity14951 :: ('MESH:D002112', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxy vitamin D3']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Decision making in cases of @entity697 poses a clinical challenge specially in developing countries where advanced radiological investigations do not appear cost effective and so clinical parameters remain the mainstay of diagnosis. The aim of our study was to devise a scoring system from our local database and test its accuracy in the preoperative diagnosis of @entity697 . METHODS: Clinical data from 401 @entity1 having undergone appendectomy were collected to identify predictive factors that distinguished those with @entity698 from those who had a negative appendectomy. Ten such factors were identified and using Bayesian probability a weight was assigned to each and the results summated to get an overall score. A cut-off point was identified to separate @entity1 for surgery and those for observation. The scoring system was then retrospectively applied to a second population of 99 @entity1 in order to compare suggested actions (derived from the scoring system) to those actually taken by surgeons. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the level of decision was then calculated. RESULTS: Of the 99 @entity1 , the method suggested immediate surgery for 65 @entity1 , 63 of whom had @entity697 (3.1% diagnostic error rate). Of the 33 @entity1 in whom the score suggested active observation, 18 had @entity698 . The accuracy of our scoring system was 82%. The method had a sensitivity of 78%, specificity 89% and a positive predictive value of 97%. The negative appendectomy rate determined by our study was 7% and the perforation rate 13%. CONCLUSION: Scoring system developed from a local database can work effectively in routine practice as an adjunct to surgical decision making in questionable cases of @entity698 .

title: Clinical scoring system: a valuable tool for decision making in cases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute appendicitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study surgical treatment for the @entity2737 after the operation of posterior lumbar interlumbar fusion (PLIF) in @entity2649 . METHODS: From December 2005 to December 2010,10 @entity1 with the deep wound @entity281 of the PLIF were analyzed retrospectively, including 4 males and 6 females, with a mean age of 52.8 years (ranged from 34 to 70 years). All the @entity1 were treated with debridement and the drainage. The sensitive antibiotics were used. The VAS score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), and JOA lumbar score were used to compare the clinical results pre-and post-operation. RESULTS: All the @entity1 were followed up, and the mean duration was 24 months (ranged from 19 to 28 months). One @entity1 developed to an intervertebral space @entity281 and the cage was removed. One @entity1 suffered a @entity4767 and died after the debridement. Other 8 @entity1 got a good clinical result. The VAS score decreased from preoperative 8.0 +/- 0.4 to postoperative 2.8 +/- 0.3; JOA score improved from preoperative 10.30 +/- 3.02 to postoperative 24.10 +/- 2.85; ESR decreased from preoperative (85.0 +/- 17.0) mm/h to postoperative (14.0 +/- 6.0) mm/h; both @entity1851 and WBC decreased from preoperative (73.5 +/- 14.3) mg/L, (11.1 +/- 1.8) x 10(9)/L to postoperative (5.1 +/- 1.1) mg/L, (7.4 +/- 0.5) x 10(9)/L respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment of @entity1 with @entity2737 after PLIF with debridement, drainage, and sensitive antibiotics could get a good long-term clinical result, which is important to treat the @entity1 with high-risk factors. Early diagnosis and operation is the key to deal with the @entity1 with @entity2737 after PLIF.

title: [Surgical treatment of postoperative deep wound XXXX after posterior lumbar interlumbar fusion of the lumbar stenosis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['radical central nerve system infection']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar spinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['deep wound infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in @entity1 @entity56 sensitized to @entity7130 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety after 1-year of immunotherapy with a modified @entity7130 extract compared with placebo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-five @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive the active treatment (n = 29), or placebo (n = 26). The main outcome was the specific bronchial provocation test (BPT). Other parameters analysed were dose-response skin prick test (SPT), symptom and medication scores and @entity565 quality of life (AQLQ). RESULTS: At the end of the study, the active group showed a significant increase in the PD(20)FEV(1) compared with placebo (P = 0.0029). Nineteen @entity1 of the active vs 10 of the placebo group needed more than twice the initial amount of allergen extract to have a positive BPT (P = 0.0293); seven @entity1 in the placebo vs one in the active group needed less than half (P = 0.0137). In SPT, a significant improvement (P = 0.0049) was found in the active group. This group also had a median reduction of 91.5% in symptom scores, whereas the placebo group increased by 86%. Medication scores decreased in both groups (56% in the active and 11.4% in the placebo). In AQLQ, the differences between both groups were significant (P = 0.0234) at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: After 1 year of treatment, the modified extract of @entity7130 demonstrated to be safe and efficacious to treat @entity1 with @entity565 and @entity56 sensitized to this mite.

title: Double-blind and placebo-controlled study to assess efficacy and safety of a modified allergen extract of XXXX in @entity56 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinoconjunctivitis', 'allergic asthma']

entities_list: @entity7130 :: ('6956', 'Species') :: ['Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus', 'D. pteronyssinus']

answer: @entity7130 :: (6956,Species) :: ['Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Anti- @entity3391 (anti- @entity3391 ) receptor @entity198 is a treatable cause of @entity14752 . It remains unclear if the natural history of this disease is altered by choice of acute therapy or the employment of chronic immunotherapy. Chart review was undertaken for pediatric @entity1 diagnosed with anti- @entity3391 receptor @entity198 . Data obtained included @entity1 demographics, disease manifestations, treatment course, and clinical outcomes. Ten patients with anti- @entity3391 receptor @entity198 were identified. All @entity1 were treated with immunotherapy in the acute period, and all @entity1 experienced good recovery. Neurologic relapse did not occur in any @entity1 . All @entity1 received varied forms of chronic immunosuppression to prevent relapses. Complications of chronic immunotherapy occurred in 50% of @entity1 . The benefits of chronic immunotherapy and the duration of use should be carefully weighed against the risks. Complications from immunotherapy are not uncommon and can be serious. Clinical trials assessing the benefit of long-term immunotherapy in this population are needed.

title: Approach to the Management of Pediatric-Onset Anti- XXXX (Anti- @entity3391 ) Receptor @entity198 : A Case Series.

entities_list: @entity14752 :: ('MESH:C535841', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity3391 :: ('D016202', 'Chemical') :: ['NMDA', 'N-methyl-d-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

answer: @entity3391 :: (D016202,Chemical) :: ['N-Methyl-d-Aspartate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To clarify some of the difficulties in determining the appropriate surgical indications for @entity5409 mimicking a @entity5 in the liver. DESIGN: A retrospective review of hepatic resections for @entity5409 mimicking a @entity5 in the liver between August 1, 1986, and July 31, 1996. SETTING: A university hospital with a long history of hepatic resection for @entity5409 mimicking a @entity5 in the liver. @entity1 : Ten @entity1 with such @entity5409 in the liver, who underwent a hepatectomy during a recent 10-year period, were included in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Detailed clinicopathologic data were analyzed, and comparisons were made between the preoperative and postoperative diagnoses. RESULTS: The postoperative diagnoses consisted of cysts, including cysts complicated by an infection or @entity548 in 7 @entity1 , localized cystic dilation of the bile duct due to hepatolithiasis in 1, @entity9296 in 1, and @entity3558 -producing @entity201 in 1. In only one case was postoperative diagnosis identical to the preoperative diagnosis. In one case, an intraoperative pathological examination showed the @entity5 to be a @entity3558 -producing @entity201 instead of a @entity7157 . A @entity5 -marker analysis of the fluid in the @entity5409 also did not contribute to a definite diagnosis. Furthermore, cytological examination of the fluid could not completely exclude @entity5 . Neither mortality nor morbidity occurred in any of the @entity1 , and their mean length of hospitalization after hepatectomy was only 13.7 days. CONCLUSIONS: The accurate diagnosis of @entity5409 mimicking a @entity5 remains problematic; however, the results of hepatectomy for such cases are normally satisfactory. Such @entity5409 of the liver should be indicated for hepatectomy whenever the possibility of a @entity5 cannot be completely ruled out.

title: Treatment strategy for XXXX with @entity5409 mimicking a liver tumor: a recent 10-year surgical experience in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancerous neoplasm', 'malignancy', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity9296 :: ('MESH:D003537', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenoma']

entities_list: @entity7157 :: ('MESH:D003536', 'Disease') :: ['cystadenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for determining @entity1875 in @entity1 @entity2841 . METHODS: Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection was applied to quantitative analysis. @entity2841 samples were centrifuged (12,500 r/min for 3 min) and filtered (the diameter of the filter is 0.45 microm). Twenty mul of supernatant was directly injected and separated by Supelco Discovery C(18)column. The mobile phase was composed of @entity1042 -water (80:20); the flow rate was 1 ml/min, and the column temperature was 30 degree. The fluorescence detective waves were: lambda ex=276 nm and lambda em=310 nm. RESULTS: The linear range of @entity1875 in @entity2841 was 5-200 ng/ml (r=0.9994). The recovery rates for high, intermediate and low concentrations were 101.2%, 99.8%, 98.8%, respectively. The RSD of inter-day assay was 1.55%, 1.73%, 6.01% and it of intra-day assay was 1.69%, 2.37%, 8.60%. The limit of detection proved to be 2 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The method is rapid, simple, accurate and sensitive for measurement of @entity1875 concentration in @entity2841 .

title: [Determination of XXXX in cerebral spinal fluid by HPLC with fluorescence detection].

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['CSF', 'cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: @entity63 / @entity5721 (I/R) results from reactive @entity26 metabolites generated by the @entity3624 oxidase system and activated neutrophils (PMN). In animal models, removing PMN from initial reperfusate has consistently decreased tissue injury. This experiment was designed to test this potential clinical treatment in @entity1 bowel subjected to I/R. The extent of @entity5721 was assessed by measuring the activity of mucosal alkaline phosphatase (A phi), which is a specific marker of @entity5721 . @entity1 small intestine (n = 13) obtained at the time of organ harvest for transplantation was perfused for 60 min on an ex vivo perfusion circuit. Reperfusate consisted of autologous blood passed through a leukocyte filter (n = 6) or unfiltered blood (n = 7). Control intestine was sampled at harvest, after transport to the lab on ice ( @entity63 ), and after 60 min warm @entity63 . Mucosa was homogenized and assayed for A phi activity by cleavage of @entity7480 . A phi activity (nmole/mg/min) was not decreased after either cold (774 +/- 37) or warm (753 +/- 40) @entity63 compared to freshly harvested bowel (770 +/- 51). Both reperfused segments showed a significant decrease in A phi activity compared to controls (P < 0.05); however, reperfusion with leukocyte-filtered blood attenuated the decrease in enzyme activity compared to unfiltered blood (327 +/- 30 vs 506 +/- 25, P < 0.05), constituting an apparent reduction in injury of 35%. The observation that the severity of @entity5721 was decreased by removal of PMN from the reperfusate demonstrates the efficacy of this strategy in @entity1 intestine for the first time.

title: Neutrophil depletion attenuates @entity1 intestinal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5721 :: ('MESH:D015427', 'Disease') :: ['reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['cold ischemia', 'Intestinal ischemia', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7480 :: ('MESH:C008644', 'Chemical') :: ['p-nitrophenyl phosphate']

answer: @entity5721 :: (MESH:D015427,Disease) :: ['reperfusion injury']


abstract: This review focusses on @entity141 -mediated plant cell signaling and optical methods for in vivo [ @entity141 ] monitoring and imaging in plants. The cytosolic free @entity460 concentration has long been considered the central cellular key in plants. However, more and more data are turning up that critically question this view. Conflicting arguments show that there are still many open questions. One conclusion is that the cytosolic free @entity141 concentration is just one of many cellular network parameters orchestrating complex cellular signaling. Novel experimental strategies which unveil interference of cellular parameters and communication of transduction pathways are required to understand this network. To date only optical methods are able to provide both kinetic and spatial information about cellular key parameters simultaneously. Focussing on @entity460 there are currently three classes of @entity460 indicators employed (i.e., chemical fluorescent dyes, luminescent indicators, and green-fluorescent-protein-based indicators). Properties and capabilities as well as advantages and disadvantages of these indicators when used in plant systems are discussed. Finally, general experimental strategies are mentioned which are able to answer open questions raised here.

title: Plant XXXX signaling and monitoring: pros and cons and recent experimental approaches.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Eight cases of @entity35281 ( @entity82 with massive cartilaginous differentiation) of bone are reported. The age of the @entity1 ranged from 4 to 26 years, with an average of 17.5 years. The male/female ratio was 1:1. In two @entity1 the lesions occurred in a setting of @entity4262 . The anatomic sites most frequently affected were the femur and @entity2091 . The proximal femur was the most common site. Roentgenograms showed well-demarcated lucent lesions of ground-glass opacity. In addition, stippled or ring-like @entity730 suggesting cartilaginous elements were seen in six cases. Histologically, hyaline cartilage islands were found in juxtaposition to a @entity75 characteristic of @entity82 . Enchondral ossification was commonly seen, frequently showing columnar arrangement of cartilage cells mimicking a growth plate. The cartilage may show moderate @entity1389 . The important thing is to recognize the benign nature of chondroid elements in @entity82 . Even if cartilage dominates the histologic picture, it is important to identify the fibro-osseous elements and thereby avoid the misdiagnosis of @entity511 .

title: Massive chondroid differentiation in fibrous dysplasia of bone ( XXXX )

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['fibro-osseous lesion']

entities_list: @entity4262 :: ('MESH:D005359', 'Disease') :: ['polyostotic fibrous dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcifications']

entities_list: @entity35281 :: ('MESH:C537927', 'Disease') :: ['fibrocartilaginous dysplasia']

answer: @entity35281 :: (MESH:C537927,Disease) :: ['fibrocartilaginous dysplasia']


abstract: The supposition that temperature homeostasis has precedence over blood pressure homeostasis, that vascular remodeling ensues, that @entity101 is the consequence and that @entity2827 ingestion sets the sequence in motion, constitutes the thermoregulatory-vascular remodeling hypothesis. Because the cardiovascular system plays a role in both temperature and blood pressure regulation, the ingestion of @entity2827 creates conflict between temperature homeostasis and blood pressure homeostasis. Vasodilatation would lower the blood pressure following the ingestion of @entity2827 , but increased blood flow to the cutaneous circulation would increase @entity393 and decrease core body temperature. Regional vasodilatation that does not involve the cutaneous circulation could lower the blood pressure without lowering the core temperature, but if temperature homeostasis has precedence over blood pressure homeostasis, and if regional vasodilatation incompletely restores blood pressure homeostasis, then elevations in blood pressure may persist following the ingestion of @entity2827 . The kidneys gradually excrete the excess @entity2827 , thereby normalizing the blood pressure, but prolonged elevations in blood pressure lead to vascular remodeling, sustained increases in peripheral resistance, and a higher baseline blood pressure. Following countless @entity2827 ingestions, essential @entity101 develops. The thermoregulatory-vascular remodeling hypothesis predicts that antihypertensive medications that are vasodilators will accelerate @entity393 due to increased blood flow to the cutaneous circulation. As a result, either core body temperature will decrease or there will be a compensatory increase in the metabolic rate. This prediction could be tested experimentally. The main clinical implication of the thermoregulatory-vascular remodeling hypothesis is that avoiding the ingestion of @entity2827 is the key to preventing essential @entity101 .

title: The thermoregulatory-vascular remodeling hypothesis: an explanation for essential XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['heat loss']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Clinical presentation, pathology, surgical management and follow-up of ten @entity5 ( @entity5 ) @entity1 are described. There were five male and five female @entity1 with age range between 5 to 85 years (mean 39.2 +/- 21.5, SD). Pathology revealed @entity5 on the right side in seven and on left side in three @entity1 . The @entity5 was an incidental finding in four while the other six had respiratory symptoms. Cough was present in all of the later group and hemoptysis was present in four @entity1 . Recurrent @entity5837 were seen in two @entity1 . Symptoms ranged from 1 week to 15 years. Successful surgical resection was done in nine with the longest follow-up of 80 months (mean: 23 months +/- 26.3, SD) without recurrence or @entity3 . Histopathological examination of these @entity5 revealed classical morphological features in all but one case. Grimelius stain positivity for argyrophilia confirmed the diagnosis in all the @entity1 in this study. Electron microscopic examination was done in @entity1 no. 9 which showed atypical morphological features and neurosecretory granules. @entity5 may present like @entity55 or @entity565 . Although BCTs have low-grade malignancy, early diagnosis and surgical resection yield curative results almost in all cases.

title: XXXX in southern Saudi Arabia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonias']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['BCT', 'bronchial carcinoid tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['chest infections']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Bronchial carcinoid tumours']


abstract: Modification of @entity8 and @entity844 status by soy protein diet. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that soy protein can slow progression of @entity8 in the Han:SPRD-cy @entity35 . We undertook a study to establish whether this benefit was independent of any nutritional deprivation, and whether or not it was associated with changes in @entity5204 status that have been previously linked to the anti-inflammatory or antineoplastic potential of soy diets. METHODS: Male Han:SPRD-cy @entity35 were pair fed a 20% casein or 20% soy protein diet for six weeks from weaning. Tissue was harvested for analysis of cystic change, cell proliferation, macrophage infiltration, and @entity82 . Renal and hepatic tissues were also harvested for lipid analysis using gas chromatography. RESULTS: Animals thrived on both diets. Soy protein feeding was associated with reduced cystic change (4.3 vs. 7.0 mL/kg, P < 0.0001), epithelial cell proliferation (15.7 vs. 21.0 cells/mm epithelium, P < 0.0001), macrophage infiltration (25.3 vs. 43.5 cells/high-power field, P < 0.0001), and @entity82 (0.6 vs. 1.07 mL/kg, P < 0.0001). The soy diet prevented a significant elevation in serum @entity1011 in diseased versus normal animals. Soy feeding was associated with higher renal and hepatic @entity4722 content and higher hepatic @entity7461 , but lower hepatic @entity1426 content. CONCLUSIONS: Isocaloric soy protein feeding ameliorates both epithelial and interstitial changes in the Han:SPRD-cy @entity35 independent of a hypocholesterolemic effect. The histologic benefit is associated with changes in @entity5204 metabolism that may influence both inflammatory and proliferative pathways.

title: Modification of @entity8 and XXXX status by soy protein diet.

entities_list: @entity5204 :: ('CHEBI:26208', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic kidney disease', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity7461 :: ('MESH:D017962', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-linolenic acid']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

answer: @entity844 :: (CHEBI:35366,Chemical) :: ['fatty acid']


abstract: The incidence of @entity6 is increased in @entity1 with @entity788 , but the mechanisms underlying this association are not clear. Alterations in beta-cell function, such as formation of amyloid from excessive production of @entity2532 and reduced expression of @entity35316 , have been suggested to be possible mechanisms. We compared in vivo secretory responses of @entity2532 and insulin (n = 37) and expression of @entity35316 in pancreata (n = 10) obtained at surgery between @entity6 and @entity7964 @entity1 with and without @entity788 . Fourteen had @entity788 , 7 had @entity6 (duration 6 +/- 3 years) and a @entity788 , 8 had @entity164 2 @entity6 (duration 6 +/- 2 years), and 8 were normal subjects. First (0 to 10 minutes) and second (10 to 120 minutes) phase insulin and @entity2532 secretion were characterized using the hyperglycemic clamp technique. Both @entity2532 and insulin concentrations followed a biphasic pattern in @entity7964 subjects. In @entity7964 @entity1 with @entity788 , total, as well as nonglycosylated @entity2532 concentrations, were increased compared with @entity7964 subjects without @entity788 . Both first- and second-phase plasma @entity2532 and serum immunoreactive insulin concentrations were low in all @entity1 with @entity6 , ie, both in @entity164 2 @entity6 and in those @entity1 with @entity6 and @entity788 . At surgery, specimens were obtained for characterization of @entity35316 expression in beta cells, which was unaltered in @entity7964 (n = 7) and @entity6 (n = 3) @entity1 . Amyloid staining was similarly negative in @entity6 and @entity7964 pancreata independent of @entity3123 . In conclusion, plasma @entity2532 , but not insulin concentrations, are increased in @entity7964 @entity1 with @entity788 , but low in all @entity1 with @entity6 . These data support the potential of using an increase in the ratio of circulating @entity2532 to insulin as a marker for @entity788 in @entity7964 @entity1 .

title: In vivo glucose-stimulated @entity2532 secretion is increased in XXXX @entity1 with @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic tumor', 'pancreatic tumors', 'pancreatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity7964 :: ('OMIM:612551', 'Disease') :: ['nondiabetic']

answer: @entity7964 :: (OMIM:612551,Disease) :: ['nondiabetic']


abstract: AIMS: The MS-275 is a selective inhibitor of class I histone deacetylases (HDACs), which has been reported as a potential strategy in some @entity6220 associated with @entity179 and disturbed learning. However, its role in traumatic @entity1545 is not well defined. In this study, we examined the behavioral-cognitive performance as well as histology outcome in adult @entity35 to evaluate whether postinjury administration of MS-275 (15 and 45 mg/kg) would provide neuroprotection benefits and ameliorate @entity73 following fluid percussion injury. METHODS: @entity131 (  2.15 ATMs) was produced using a fluid percussion device with the lateral orientation. MS-275 was administered (15 and 45 mg/kg) systemically once daily for 7 days starting at 30 min after lateral fluid percussion @entity131 . Acquisition of spatial learning and memory retention was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) on days 10-14 after @entity131 . Brain tissues were collected and stained with Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence (for degenerating neurons) at 24 h after injury and cresyl violet (for long-term neuronal survival) on day 14 postinjury. RESULTS: Behavioral outcome after @entity131 revealed MS-275 treatment groups, at all doses examined, performed significantly better in the Morris Water Maze (P < 0.001). Acute histology analysis demonstrated that 45 mg/kg MS-275 significantly reduced the number of degenerating neurons in the ipsilateral CA2-3 hippocampus at 24 h postinjury (P = 0.007). There was a trend for MS-275 to increase the survival of neurons in the CA2-3 hippocampus on 14 days after @entity131 (P = 0.164). CONCLUSION: Our present data highlight the fact that MS-275 may provide neuroprotective effect and improve cognitive performance after @entity131 . We concluded that MS-275 is a potential novel treatment and will have an ameliorative effect on some of the pathological features associated with @entity131 .

title: Administration of MS-275 improves cognitive performance and reduces cell death following traumatic @entity1545 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system diseases']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'Traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity130 @entity1 are routinely prescribed stress @entity1066 prophylaxis despite evidence suggesting such therapy be limited to @entity1 with identifiable risk factors for @entity548 . With surgeons' consensus, we developed and implemented @entity130 stress @entity1066 prophylaxis guidelines, and measured the impact of clinical pharmacists on implementing the guidelines and the effect of the guidelines on drug cost and frequency of major @entity360 . Two groups of 150 consecutive @entity1 admitted with multiple @entity130 were evaluated before and after guideline implementation and stratified by Injury Severity Score (ISS) to minor (ISS < 9) or moderate to severe (ISS > or = 9) @entity130 groups. The number of @entity1 prescribed stress @entity1066 prophylaxis, length and cost of this therapy, and number of @entity1 experiencing major @entity360 (decrease in consecutive hemoglobin > or = 2 g/dl in conjunction with coffee-ground emesis, @entity6552 , melena, or @entity360 ) were measured. All pharmacist interventions pertaining to stress prophylaxis were collected. Fewer @entity1 were prescribed stress @entity1066 prophylaxis after guideline implementation (105/150, 70% vs 39/150, 26%, p<0.0001), leading to a decrease in total drug cost of  4558. Use decreased more in @entity1 with minor (40/54, 74% vs 9/59, 15%, p<0.0001) than moderate to severe (65/96, 68% vs 30/91, 33%, p<0.0001) @entity130 . Neither length of therapy nor agent of choice (> 95% @entity4444 ) differed between groups. Fifteen (38%) of 38 postguideline prophylaxis orders were determined by the pharmacist not to meet guideline criteria. Recommendations to discontinue therapy were accepted in 9 (60%) of 15 instances. The frequency of major @entity360 remained unchanged between groups (1/150 vs 0/150, p=1.0). Implementation of @entity130 stress @entity1066 prophylaxis guidelines limiting therapy to @entity1 with risk factors for @entity548 led to a 80% decrease in drug cost and did not affect the frequency of major @entity360 .

title: Impact of @entity130 stress XXXX prophylaxis guidelines on drug cost and frequency of major @entity360 .

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity6552 :: ('MESH:D006396', 'Disease') :: ['hematemesis']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal bleeding', 'hematochezia']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of @entity1214 in the treatment of @entity370 , a nonrandomized, open study was performed in @entity1 with @entity370 . OBSERVATIONS: Twelve @entity1 with @entity370 were treated with @entity1214 , 200 mg/d, for a median duration of 12 months. Three @entity1 had extracutaneous lesions at the time of the study. The median follow-up was 26 months. A clinical response was observed in 10 @entity1 , consisting of complete responses in 8 @entity1 and partial responses in 2 @entity1 . A progression of @entity272 was observed in 1 @entity1 , and lesions remained stable in another @entity1 . Adverse effects were minimal, except in 1 @entity1 , who developed @entity7586 . A slight @entity2117 occurred in 2 @entity1 at the site of previous lesions, which completely disappeared after @entity1214 use was discontinued. A relapse of @entity272 occurred after @entity1214 withdrawal in 3 @entity1 , who further received @entity3403 , 200 mg/d, allowing a complete remission of lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These results support that @entity1214 and @entity3403 may be beneficial for the treatment of @entity370 . Randomized controlled studies are warranted for the evaluation of the true efficacy of @entity2930 in these @entity1 .

title: The use of XXXX for the treatment of @entity370 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity2930 :: ('MESH:D013754', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracyclines']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin symptoms', 'skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity7586 :: ('MESH:D063926', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity syndrome']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous sarcoidosis', 'sarcoidosis']

answer: @entity2930 :: (MESH:D013754,Chemical) :: ['tetracyclines']


abstract: We studied for the first time the mammary gland morphogenesis and its hormonal modulation by immunolocalizing @entity53 , @entity1420 and prolactin receptors (ER, PR and @entity12595 ) in adult females of Lagostomus maximus, a caviomorph rodent which shows a pseudo-ovulatory process at mid-gestation. Mammary ductal system of non-pregnant females lacks expression of both @entity7971 and @entity1783 . Yet throughout pregnancy, @entity7971 and @entity1783 levels increase as well as the expression of PR. These increments are concomitant with ductal branching and alveolar differentiation. Even though mammary gland morphology is quite similar to that described for other rodents, alveolar proliferation and differentiation are accelerated towards the second half of pregnancy, once @entity25013 had occurred. Moreover, this exponential growth correlates with an increment of both @entity1420 and @entity53 serum-induced @entity25013 . As expected, PR and @entity12595 are strongly expressed in the alveolar epithelium during pregnancy and lactation. Strikingly, @entity12595 is also present in ductal epithelia of cycling glands suggesting that prolactin function may not be restricted to its trophic effect on mammary glands of pregnant and lactating females, but it also regulates other physiological processes in mammary glands of non-pregnant animals. In conclusion, this report suggests that @entity25013 at mid-gestation may be associated to L. maximus mammary gland growth and differentiation. The rise in P and E2-induced @entity25013 as well as the increased expression of their receptors, all events that correlate with the development of a more elaborated and differentiated ductal network, pinpoint a possible relation between this peculiar physiological event and mammary gland morphogenesis.

title: @entity53 , XXXX and prolactin modulate mammary gland morphogenesis in adult female plains vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus).

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity25013 :: ('MESH:C537675', 'Disease') :: ['pseudo-ovulation']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study sought to define predictors of recurrence after resection of @entity6732 . METHODS: A single-institution retrospective study was performed of 179 @entity1 who underwent resection of a thymic @entity5 from 1972 through 2003. RESULTS: Resection was complete in 90% (161/179) of @entity1 . After a median follow-up of 115 months, the recurrence rate was 11% (20/179), the @entity5 -related @entity204 rate was 7.8% (14/179), and the overall @entity204 rate was 36.3% (65/179). @entity5 recurrence correlated with advanced stage and histology (P < .0001). The difference in recurrence between Masaoka stage I (0) and II (1.7% [1/59]) was insignificant. Recurrence rates correlated with World Health Organization @entity5 type: A and AB, 0%; B1 and B2, 8% (4/51); B3, 27% (14/51); and C, 50% (2/4; P < .0001). @entity5 size separation into quintiles demonstrated a step-up of recurrence at 8 cm (<8 cm, 1.8% [2/113]; > or =8 cm, 28% [18/64]; P < .003). Multivariate Cox modeling demonstrated that Masaoka stage (odds ratio, 5.70; P < .001), World Health Organization histology (odds ratio, 5.77; P = .003), and size (odds ratio, 1.16; P = .001) were independent predictors of recurrence. CONCLUSION: The Masaoka staging system could be collapsed to 3 degrees of invasion by combining stages I and II. The World Health Organization histologic type can be simplified for clinical use into A (A, AB), early B (B1, B2), advanced B (B3), and C @entity5 . Size of 8 cm or larger is an independent risk factor, even when @entity1 with Masaoka stage III @entity5 are considered alone, and might identify candidates for preoperative therapy.

title: Predictors of recurrence in XXXX : importance of invasion, World Health Organization histology, and size.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6732 :: ('MESH:D013953', 'Disease') :: ['thymic tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Tumor']

answer: @entity6732 :: (MESH:D013953,Disease) :: ['thymic tumors']