abstract: A 37-year-old immigrant from Kosovo who had been in Switzerland for 2 years developed @entity221 , cough, @entity353 . Serology (complement binding reaction) was positive for @entity2926 . The symptoms resolved very rapidly under @entity3403 2 x 100 mg/day for 3 weeks. However, a flare-up occurred after cessation of medication. Reexposure to @entity2930 improved the symptoms though they did not subside completely. Bone marrow analysis demonstrated intracellular leishmania (amastigotes). Analysis of frozen serum preserved since the first hospitalisation and samples from the second admission were positive for leishmania (indirect fluorescence antibody test) and confirmed the diagnosis of @entity234 . Reevaluation of the serology for @entity2926 was negative using the specific microagglutination method. Treatment with antimony for 28 days resolved all symptoms. The parasites of @entity234 grow intracellularly and eradication may be impossible in @entity1 with an impaired cellular immune response. Flare-ups thus recur in 60-100% of @entity1 with organ transplants or @entity791 , despite regular treatment. Our finding raises the question whether relapses are suppressed in immunocompromised @entity1 by @entity2930 , drugs known to be well tolerated even under long-term exposure. Randomised studies are required in this setting.

title: Revival of @entity2930 --in the treatment of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss and malaise']

entities_list: @entity2926 :: ('MESH:D007922', 'Disease') :: ['leptospirosis']

entities_list: @entity2930 :: ('MESH:D013754', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracyclines']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['vibramycin']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']

answer: @entity234 :: (MESH:D007898,Disease) :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']


abstract: The four most popular classes of antihypertensive drugs may all be considered suitable choices when initiating treatment for @entity101 . The practitioner must decide which agent is appropriate for each individual @entity1 . The main goal of treatment should be to prevent coronary events and @entity64 , while preserving quality of life. A 40% reduction in @entity64 can probably be achieved with any antihypertensive treatment, a reduction in coronary events is much harder to achieve. Available evidence from studies in @entity1 , summarized in this review, indicates that beta-blockade is superior to @entity2740 diuretics for the prevention of coronary events. Clinical trials have not yet produced long-term prognostic data on the effects of ACE-inhibitors or @entity460 antagonists on coronary events in @entity101 @entity1 . A recent review on @entity460 antagonists in @entity8447 @entity1 concluded that the results were disappointing, as pooled data actually showed a trend towards increased mortality with @entity460 antagonists as compared with placebo. Because of the large number of @entity101 @entity1 at increased risk for coronary events in the community, the difference observed in coronary events between beta-blockade and other first-line drugs in @entity101 (24%) may have important implications for clinical practice. This overall conclusion, however, has to be accepted with some reservations in view of the following observations. Firstly, no reduction in @entity944 has been observed with the hydrophilic beta-blockers. Secondly, no reduction in coronary mortality in the smoking subgroup has been observed with the non-selective beta-blockers. Thus, it seems that the prevention of coronary events is more likely to be observed in @entity1 given beta-blockers with certain pharmacological characteristics: relative lipophilicity, which enables passage of the beta-blocker through the blood-brain barrier to exert effects on pertinent central nervous @entity8652 -receptors. This is potentially useful in reducing the risk of @entity944 . The addition of @entity8652 -selectivity is important for the risk reduction in smokers. Cardioselectivity is also an advantage in relation to side-effects and quality of life. The reduced risk for coronary events with certain beta-blockers is probably independent of the reduction in blood pressure: possible mechanisms studied are cardiac anti-ischaemic effects, antifibrillatory effects, antiatherosclerotic and anti- @entity715 effects.

title: Reducing the risk for coronary heart disease and XXXX in hypertensives--comments on mechanisms for coronary protection and quality of life.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity2740 :: ('CHEBI:50264', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Treatment outcomes for @entity957 of the temporal bone were evaluated regarding stage, therapeutic strategy, and prognostic factors. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: University hospital and outpatient clinic. @entity1 : Twenty-five @entity1 with primary @entity957 of the external auditory canal and middle ear. INTERVENTION: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy and radiotherapy were used in 7 of 12 @entity1 . Lateral temporal bone resection was performed for the lesions not beyond the tympanic membrane. Subtotal temporal bone resection was chosen for lesions extending to the middle ear cavity when there was no invasion to the pyramidal apex, carotid canal, or dura or @entity3 . Others were conservatively treated by chemoradiotherapy. When the performance status was poor or an agreement regarding the operation could not be reached, the treatment was modified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Estimated survival rates. RESULTS: The 3-year estimated survival for T1 and T2 lesions was 100%. The 5-year estimated survival for T3 and T4 lesions was 80% and 35%, respectively. The 5-year estimated survival improved up to 75% for T4 @entity5 with operation and 16% for those without operation after 47 months. The @entity5 -free surgical margin is significantly related to @entity1 survival in T3 and T4 lesions. Multivariate analysis predicted that concomitant @entity102 media and positive lymph nodes were significantly associated with poorer survival. CONCLUSION: The @entity5 -free surgical margin was important to survival. When T4 lesions did not involve the pyramidal apex, carotid canal, dura, or any lymph nodes, the surgical intervention improved the estimated survival rate to a level as good as T3 lesions.

title: XXXX of the external auditory canal and middle ear: an operation combined with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and a free surgical margin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic otitis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We prospectively assessed the feasibility, complications, and short-term and long-term results of endopyelotomy for primary @entity4145 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 80 consecutive @entity1 primary @entity4145 was diagnosed by excretory urogram or nephrostomogram, retrograde pyelography, diuresis renography and the Whitaker test in ambiguous cases. In all @entity1 antegrade endopyelotomy was performed with a cold knife and an indwelling stent was left for 6 weeks. At 6 and 24 months postoperatively results were assessed clinically by an excretory urogram and/or diuretic renography and later by questionnaire and ultrasound. RESULTS: The primary success rate was 89% (71 of 80 @entity1 ) after the first endopyelotomy and increased to 91% (73 of 80 @entity1 ) after 2 @entity1 had a second endopyelotomy. After median followup of 26 months (range 1.5 to 72) 6 of the 73 initially successfully treated @entity1 had relapse. Two were successfully re-treated by a second endopyelotomy, resulting in an overall success rate of 81% (65 of 80 @entity1 ) after 1 procedure and 86% (69 of 80 @entity1 ) after a second endopyelotomy in 4 @entity1 . Mean preoperative pyelocaliceal volume decreased from 64 +/- 33 to 41 +/- 20 ml. (p = 0.0003) 6 months after endopyelotomy and did not change during the following 18 months. The probability of successful endopyelotomy was better in @entity1 with a preoperative pyelocaliceal volume less than 50 ml. (87%) and worse in @entity1 with a volume greater than 50 ml. (76%). A crossing vessel to the lower pole of the kidney causing persistent functional obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction was found in 6 of the 10 @entity1 re-treated by open pyeloplasty (9) or nephrectomy (1). Preoperative mean renal function as determined by diuretic renography was significantly lower in @entity1 with failed endopyelotomy than in successfully treated @entity1 . Successfully treated @entity1 showed no change in renal function 6 and 24 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Endopyelotomy in primary @entity4145 is a safe, minimally invasive procedure with a high primary success rate and a low relapse rate. Open pyeloplasty could be avoided in 86% of our @entity1 . Endopyelotomy is less invasive, has less functional and esthetic sequelae than open pyeloplasty and does not compromise open surgery if that becomes necessary. We recommend endopyelotomy as first line treatment for @entity1 with primary @entity4145 .

title: Endopyelotomy for primary XXXX : risk factors determine the success rate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4145 :: ('MESH:C537373', 'Disease') :: ['ureteropelvic junction obstruction']

answer: @entity4145 :: (MESH:C537373,Disease) :: ['ureteropelvic junction obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity24986 (VFL) has been approved in the European Union for second-line treatment of advanced @entity1606 of the urothelial tract (TCCU) in @entity1 who progress after a @entity902 based regimen. However, very few @entity1 achieve response by response evaluation criteria in solid @entity5 (RECIST). Therefore, another 'response' threshold may be more useful than RECIST 1.0 in this setting. METHODS: One hundred and seventy nine @entity1 with advanced TCCU treated with second-line VFL therapy had chest Computed Tomography (CT) and @entity530 or MRI performed at baseline and at first follow-up (6 weeks    3 days) after therapy initiation. @entity5 measurements and response by RECIST 1.0 were correlated with @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ). Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were then used to determine the optimal size threshold to define 'responders'. Impact of adverse prognostic factors including Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) >0, Hb <10 g/dL, and liver metastases was analysed. RESULTS: @entity5 response included 13 partial responses (PR) by RECIST 1.0 and 52 @entity1 with >=  10% decrease in the sum of longest diameters. Responders by RECIST 1.0 did not have a statistically significant improvement in @entity1349 , while @entity1 with @entity1162 ( @entity1162 ) reduction of >=  10% had a longer @entity1349 than those with @entity1162 reduction of <10%: 11.3 versus 6.9 months (log rank p=0.0224). ROC analysis yielded >=  10% decrease in @entity1162 as the optimal size change correlating with @entity1349 . These results persisted on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: In the study population, a >=  10% reduction in @entity1162 at first follow-up imaging is a better early predictor of outcome than RECIST.

title: Optimisation of the size variation threshold for imaging evaluation of response in XXXX with @entity902 -refractory advanced @entity1606 of the urothelium treated with @entity24986 .

entities_list: @entity24986 :: ('MESH:C111217', 'Chemical') :: ['Vinflunine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity530 :: ('MESH:D010386', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal/pelvic CT']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['SLD', 'sum long axis diameter']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1771 (TPM) is a widely-used drug for the treatment of @entity302 . It is useful for several types of partial-onset and generalized-onset @entity410 , and is therefore considered a broad-spectrum agent. It is also effective as a prophylactic against @entity2704 . TPM was first approved for prescription use in 1996. In various countries it is now approved for adjunctive and monotherapy of partial-onset @entity410 and for therapy of generalized @entity410 of nonfocal origin, for @entity1 and adults. For initial monotherapy of new-onset @entity410 , a target dose of 100 mg/day for adults is recommended. Adjunctive use with enzyme-inducing drugs and use for refractory @entity410 requires higher dosages, though the optimum dose for most @entity1 does not exceed 400 mg/day. Excretion is primarily renal and TPM is not a significant hepatic enzyme inducer. Although it is usually safe and well-tolerated, adverse effects limit use in about 25% of @entity1 . The most salient of these is @entity73 , especially problems with expressive speech and verbal memory. @entity353 , @entity1290 , paresthesias and other central nervous system side effects may occur. Tolerability is improved by low initial doses and slow titration to effect.

title: @entity1771 in the treatment of partial and generalized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures', 'tonic-clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['Weight loss']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2704 :: ('MESH:D008881', 'Disease') :: ['migraine headaches']

entities_list: @entity1290 :: ('MESH:D007669', 'Disease') :: ['renal stones']

entities_list: @entity1771 :: ('MESH:C052342', 'Chemical') :: ['Topiramate']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: The authors reported 23 cases of re-open heart surgery in 1473 @entity1 with @entity299 treated surgically in the last ten years. The incidence was 1.6%. In 13 cases of the 23 re-open heart procedure was performed before closing the chest during the operation because of missed diagnosis in 5, incomplete @entity154 in 5, and injure to important organ in 3. All of the 13 @entity1 were recovered and discharged. Of the 23 cases re-open heart surgery was performed during the early postoperative period in 8 cases, including 4 cases of misdiagnosis, and 4 incomplete correction. 1 @entity1 with @entity1757 had still residual ventricular septal shunt post reintervention and died of @entity1457 . Re-open heart surgery was performed during the late postoperative period in 2 of the 23 cases. There was 1 missed diagnosis, and another incomplete correction. 1 @entity1 died of @entity548 during the reoperation. The anthers pointed out that accurate diagnosis and error-free operation is of most importance in avoiding re-open heart surgery. Through exploration to the heart after resuscitation during the operation and positive re-opening of the heart when necessary were emphasized. Indication of early and late postoperative re-open heart surgery and methods to prevent its complication were listed.

title: [Re-open heart surgery in XXXX . An analysis of 23 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['correction of the anomaly']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital heart disease']


abstract: The inner wall (IW) endothelial lining of Schlemm's canal was examined in six normal @entity1 eyes and four eyes with @entity725 ( @entity725 ). Outflow facility was measured using constant pressure perfusion at 15 mmHg, eyes were fixed at 15 mmHg, and the IW endothelial lining was isolated and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Pore density, pore diameter, and bulge density were recorded by quadrant, and pore size and density were used to estimate IW endothelial facility, resistance, and hydraulic conductivity (facility per unit area). In @entity725 , pores were less common (489 +/- 172 vs 1437 +/- 423 pores/mm2; P less than .005) and appeared to be more unevenly distributed than in normal eyes. A regional analysis of pore density (by quadrant) failed to detect a significant difference between quadrants of normal or @entity725 . Pore density was correlated with measured outflow facility in normal eyes alone (P less than .02) and when normal eyes were pooled with @entity725 (P less than .001). The percentage of total resistance attributed to the IW endothelium was 5.8% in normals compared to 9.5% in @entity725 . This indicates there is a greater pressure drop across the IW endothelium in @entity725 , suggesting that an intrinsic difference in IW endothelial function exists between normal and @entity735 . However, this difference alone does not account for the decreased outflow facility in @entity725 . IW endothelial hydraulic conductivity is markedly higher than that of other vascular endothelia. We hypothesize that this may protect the IW endothelial lining of Schlemm's canal from mechanical stress induced by the relatively high rate of transcellular fluid flow.

title: The relationship between pore density and outflow facility in XXXX eyes.

entities_list: @entity725 :: ('MESH:C562750', 'Disease') :: ['POAG', 'POAG eyes', 'primary open angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous eyes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Seventeen @entity1 with intraperitoneal @entity548 due to spontaneous @entity157 were @entity1416 . Fine-needle aspiration cytology was used to establish the histologic diagnosis in 11 @entity1 with no history of @entity99 . The other six @entity1 had a pathologic confirmation of @entity99 by open biopsy before admission. Pretreatment angiography showed extravasation of contrast material from the @entity99 in four @entity1 (24%). In the other 13 @entity1 , only hypervascular @entity5 were seen. Successful hemostasis was achieved in all @entity1 . Fourteen @entity1 survived after the @entity887 ; the other three died immediately after @entity887 . Of the 14 @entity1 , 11 died later (survival time ranged from 16 to 386 days). The remaining three @entity1 are still alive at 3, 7, and 15 months, respectively, after the procedure. No serious complications related to @entity887 were encountered. Most @entity1 had @entity158 and @entity221 . We conclude that @entity1416 is an effective alternative to surgery for hepatic hemostasis in @entity1 with spontaneous @entity157 .

title: Intraperitoneal @entity548 due to spontaneous XXXX : treatment by @entity99 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['treated by emergency transcatheter arterial embolization', 'emergency arterial embolization']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolization']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic malignancy', 'hepatic tumor']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: Systemic therapy for operable @entity0 can delay the time to recurrence. Recurrence of @entity0 can follow a variable clinical course but will lead to death in virtually all cases. This delay is reflected in an accompanying improvement in overall survival with treatment. Almost 35 years have passed since the introduction of adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas adjuvant @entity440 trials were begun 17 years ago. In that time, only in a minority of @entity1 has a clear consensus emerged on the appropriate use of adjuvant therapies. Overview analysis from large numbers of controlled clinical trials has produced a much larger data base for examining the effects of hormonal and cytotoxic therapy on the outcome of @entity1 with @entity0 and provides greater statistical power to detect small differences in particular subgroups of @entity1 , which may not have been apparent in individual studies. @entity1 with involved lymph nodes are now routinely treated with chemotherapy if they are premenopausal and with @entity440 if they are postmenopausal, especially if their @entity5 contain @entity172 receptor. More recent trials attempt to examine the use of these therapies outside of these prescribed groups as well as the introduction of new chemotherapeutic agents and dosage regimens, some of which are based on biologic principles of alternating, non-cross-resistant therapy and dose responsiveness. Treatment of node-negative @entity0 remains controversial. Small but real differences in odds of relapse have emerged with adjuvant treatment, although the nature of the risks and benefits remains to be defined.

title: Systemic adjuvant therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'early-stage breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the rate of @entity41 , understaging and perioperative complications in @entity1 with high grade non-muscle-invasive @entity150 who underwent second transurethral resection (re-TUR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 47 @entity1 with high grade non-muscle-invasive @entity150 who underwent second TUR from January 2007 to December 2009 at our institution. We evaluated the rate of @entity41 and understaging detected by re-TUR, complications, and the cost of the surgery. RESULTS: Twenty-two @entity1 underwent second TUR because of the absence of muscle in the initial resection specimen (cTx). We observed residual disease in 8/47 @entity1 (17%) and understaging in 2 cases (4.2%), the only 2 @entity1 understaged muscularis propria was not present in the sample of initial TUR. The other 20 cTx (90%) were cT0 in the re-TUR. We did not identify any case of @entity7487 understaged in the re-TUR (>= @entity18246 ). Six @entity1 (12.6%) reported complications related with the second TUR (one urethral stricture, two @entity1 required reintervention because of @entity548 , one febrile urinary infection and two bladder perforations). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that the absence of muscle in the initial resection specimen is the only risk factor for understaging. Therefore, we consider re-TUR is mandatory in these cases. On the other hand, when complete TUR has been performed and the muscularis propria is present and @entity5 free (cTa-T1), we consider systematic re-TUR is not necessary and only indicated in selected @entity1 , even more if we consider that re-TUR is not exempt from complications.

title: [A second transurethral resection could be not necessary in all high grade non-muscle-invasive XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder tumors']


abstract: The effects of @entity935 (DA) on prefrontal pyramidal neurons were studied in vitro on @entity35 cerebral cortex slices using intracellular recordings. @entity528 were first identified by Lucifer yellow and some of their basic bioelectrical properties were analysed. At resting potential, white matter stimulation mainly evoked depolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) which reversed between -60 and -50 mV and were almost totally abolished by @entity1027 . Furthermore, pyramidal cells often exhibited spontaneous depolarizing IPSPs abolished by @entity1027 . Under @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ) this synaptic noise was partly blocked suggesting that it was due both to the spontaneous firing of presynaptic @entity1246 ( @entity1246 )ergic neurons and to a spontaneous quantal release from these afferent fibers. In pyramidal cells, DA enhanced the number of spikes evoked by depolarizing current pulses, and the input resistance was increased by 10-20%. DA also clearly increased the inhibitory synaptic noise. This effect was blocked by @entity1768 . In contrast, evoked IPSPs were not consistently affected by DA. Taken altogether, these results suggest, that in the prefrontal cortex, @entity935 has a mild excitatory effect on both pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons impinging on them.

title: Excitation of @entity35 prefrontal cortical neurons by XXXX : an in vitro electrophysiological study.

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity1768 :: ('MESH:D005476', 'Chemical') :: ['fluphenazine']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Pyramidal neurons']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: The interaction between homologous C-type natriuretic peptide (dfCNP) and @entity2922 release in cardiovascular control was assessed in the marine dogfish ( @entity8575 ). This was accomplished by evaluation of the dynamics of the dfCNP-elicited secretion of @entity2661 in situ and in vivo. With an in situ saline-perfused postcardinal sinus preparation, it was demonstrated that perfusion with saline containing dfCNP (10(-9) mol x L(-1)) did not affect the secretion of either @entity1063 or @entity1425 . However, the presence of dfCNP in the perfusate significantly enhanced @entity5402 -evoked secretion of @entity1063 . In vivo, intravascular injection of dfCNP (10(-9) mol x kg(-1)) caused a biphasic pressor-depressor response consisting of a brief increase in caudal artery blood pressure (P(CA)) followed by a prolonged reduction in P(CA). Furthermore, although systemic resistance initially increased, it was subsequently maintained at baseline values in the face of persistent @entity998 . Bolus injection of dfCNP elicited significant increases in plasma @entity1063 levels that peaked within 10 min; plasma @entity1425 levels were unaffected. The release of @entity1063 elicited by dfCNP was unaffected by prior blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor @entity3593 ) or by pretreatment with the nicotinic receptor blocker @entity4033 . The delayed decrease in P(CA) was not observed in the @entity4033 -treated fish. Prior blockade of beta-adrenoreceptors (with @entity2778 ) or alpha-adrenoreceptors (with @entity3159 ) either significantly reduced ( @entity2778 ) or abolished ( @entity3159 ) the increase in plasma @entity1063 levels after dfCNP injection. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the elevation of plasma @entity1063 levels observed in vivo following dfCNP injection is not caused by a direct effect of dfCNP on @entity2922 secretion from axillary body chromaffin cells. Furthermore, the dfCNP-mediated increase of plasma @entity1063 appears to be unrelated to changes in P(CA) and is insensitive to blockade of the RAS or nicotinic receptors. However, stimulation of adrenergic receptors, in particular the alpha-adrenoreceptors, appears to be a key mechanism underlying the dfCNP-elicited secretion of @entity1063 .

title: The effects of C-type natriuretic peptide on @entity2922 release in the pacific XXXX ( @entity8575 ).

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['decreases in both P(CA) and cardiac output']

entities_list: @entity8575 :: ('7797', 'Species') :: ['Squalus acanthias']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['lisinopril']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity8575 :: (7797,Species) :: ['spiny dogfish']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of experiences with physical violence and @entity458 that health staff have had in the workplace in Jamaica, and to identify factors associated with those experiences of violence. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 832 health staff answered the standardized questionnaire that was used in this cross-sectional study. Sampling was done at public facilities, including specialist, tertiary, and secondary hospitals in the Kingston Metropolitan Area; general hospitals in the rural parishes; and primary care centers in urban and rural areas. Sampling was also done in private hospitals and private medical centers. RESULTS: Psychological violence was more prevalent than was physical violence. @entity734 had been experienced in the preceding year by 38.6% of the questionnaire respondents, bullying was reported by 12.4%, and physical violence was reported by 7.7%. In multivariate analyses there was a lower risk of physical violence for health staff who were 55 years or older, worked during the night, or worked mostly with @entity717 @entity1 , geriatric @entity1 , or @entity645 / @entity791 @entity1 . Staff members working mostly with @entity146 @entity1 faced a higher risk of physical assaults than did other health staff. Of the various health occupations, nurses were the ones most likely to be verbally abused. In terms of age ranges, bullying was more commonly experienced by health staff 40-54 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Violence in the health sector workplace in Jamaica is an occupational hazard that is of public health concern. Evaluation of the environment that creates risks for violence is necessary to guide the formulation of meaningful interventions for the country.

title: XXXX in Jamaica's health sector.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological violence']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['mentally disabled']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['Verbal abuse']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['Physical and psychological violence']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN:: We present a case of proximal vertebral body chance @entity174 after pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion in a 67-year-old @entity1 with @entity170 and @entity1513 . OBJECTIVE:: To report the rare and unique complication of proximal vertebral body chance @entity174 after pedicle screw instrumentation and fusion in a @entity1513 @entity1 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:: Pedicle screw instrumentation has been associated with complications not limited to neurological or @entity1317 , loss of curve correction, intraoperative pedicle @entity174 or loosening, dural laceration, @entity281 , and @entity1516 . To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports describing a chance-type @entity174 generated by a pedicle screw fixation at the proximal end of a construct. METHODS:: A 67-year-old @entity1 suffered from progressive @entity1513 and mid @entity158 presented 2 weeks after pedicle screw instrumentation and correction. She developed a @entity174 at the proximal end of the instrumentation construct. Surgical intervention, including removal of the screws in the fractured vertebrae and extension of the instrumented fusion across the cervicothoracic junction, effectively restored the physiological sagittal alignment. RESULTS:: Postoperatively, at 12-month follow-up, the @entity1 is doing exceptionally well with near-complete relief of back @entity158 and an excellent maintenance of correction. CONCLUSIONS:: Chance @entity174 in @entity79 at the proximal end of a construct due to a pedicle screw is a rare complication but it may result in catastrophic consequences. Early recognition of this complication, reduction of the fraction-dislocation, and an extension of the instrumentation can be utilized for realignment and long-term stabilization.

title: Proximal Instrumented Vertebral Body Chance Fracture After Pedicle Screw Instrumentation in a @entity1513 @entity1 With XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture', 'vertebral body fracture']

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic kyphosis', 'kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infection']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic bone']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'thoracic pain']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudarthrosis']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['Osteoporosis']


abstract: Lipoproteins play a key role in the pathogenesis of @entity731 . With increasing age, modifications in the metabolism, distribution and correlates of lipoprotein lipids have been described. Age associated changes in lipoproteins are determined by several genetic and environmental factors, but in elderly populations, an important role is also played by the presence of comorbid diseases and poor health. In older populations, the ability of lipoprotein levels to predict cardiovascular risk is controversial. When lipoprotein levels are measured at old age, secondary changes in total and high density lipoprotein- @entity165 levels may lead to misclassification and to underestimation of associations. When analyzing associations in older populations, it is therefore important to consider measures of disease burden and comorbidity. When these caveats are taken into account, evidence from observational studies in older @entity1 confirms the association between lipoprotein lipids, @entity65 . Among older @entity1 with @entity65 , intervention trials have demonstrated that lipid lowering drugs can significantly reduce total and @entity301 mortality. Unequivocal evidence that lipid-lowering drugs are beneficial in old and very old @entity1 without pre-existing @entity65 is still lacking. Results from primary and secondary intervention trials in older @entity1 and @entity1 are needed to provide conclusive guidelines.

title: Lipoprotein alterations and XXXX in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic diseases']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease', 'cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: Endothelin, a 21-amino acid peptide synthesized by cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells, has recently been identified and shown to produce a potent and prolonged constriction of @entity1 blood vessels in vitro. We have studied the effect of local infusion of this peptide on resistance and capacitance vessels of normal volunteers. Infusion of endothelin (5 pmol/min) reduced forearm blood flow by 39 +/- 7% from control observations. The maximum response was seen after approximately 55 min of infusion. After stopping the infusion, return of flow to basal values took approximately 120 min. This contrasts with the short onset and duration of action observed when @entity2178 was infused. During coinfusion studies, reversal by @entity3360 (0.3-10 micrograms/min) occurred at similar concentrations in both endothelin-induced and angiotensin-induced @entity450 . This observation suggests that @entity3360 nonspecifically antagonizes the flow-reducing effects of endothelin. A pattern of slow onset of constriction was found on local infusion of endothelin (5 pmol/min) into dorsal hand veins. During coinfusion of @entity3360 (1.5 microgram/min), no reversal of endothelin-induced (5 pmol/min) constriction of dorsal hand veins occurred. The pharmacological profile of this peptide in the peripheral circulation of @entity1 suggests that it may be involved in long-term regulation of vascular tone.

title: Endothelin is a potent long-lasting vasoconstrictor in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['flow reduction']

entities_list: @entity3360 :: ('MESH:D009529', 'Chemical') :: ['nicardipine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity55 have evidence of immunosuppression. The most obvious defect in immunity is the loss of mechanical barriers with an endotracheal tube. Only a third of colonized @entity1 on ventilators develop @entity55 , however, suggesting that altered immunity is more extensive. This subgroup of @entity1 tends to get multiple synchronous and sequential @entity281 . The exact mechanisms of this compromise of immunity remain to be fully elucidated. Both a temporary immunocompromised and a specifically predisposed subpopulation, however, can explain the clinical pattern. A temporary immunoparalysis clearly occurs and is associated with increased risk of @entity281 . An underlying genetic predisposition may lead to a predisposed population. Genetic polymorphisms in pathogen recognition molecules increase the risk of @entity580 . Genetic variability in immune mediators increase severity of @entity281 and mortality but have not been demonstrated as consistently to lead to @entity281 . Adequate treatment of an @entity281 is required for reversal of the temporary immunoparalysis, whereas specific immunomodulatory therapies can reverse the markers of immunoparalysis and may decrease the risk of @entity281 .

title: XXXX , including ventilator-associated pneumonia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections', 'initial infection']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial pneumonia', 'pneumonia']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['Nosocomial pneumonia']


abstract: The presence of a valve ring @entity733 in @entity1 with @entity884 adds appreciably to the expected rates of morbidity and mortality. From January 1989 to October 1991, a total of 43 consecutive @entity1 with @entity884 seen at National Taiwan University Hospital were enrolled in this study. There were 30 @entity1 and 13 @entity1 , ranging in age from 14 to 75 years (mean +/- SD 38.5 +/- 15.0 years). The presence of @entity884 was documented by surgery in 26 @entity1 and was based on a clinical diagnosis in the remaining 17 @entity1 . A valve ring @entity733 was detected in five @entity1 , either by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography, and all were confirmed at surgery. @entity886 was more frequently found in @entity1 with valve ring @entity733 (100% vs 31.6%, p < 0.01), and the infecting organism was most often @entity794 (60.0% vs 15.8%, p < 0.05). The proportion of urgent operations was also higher in the group with @entity733 (80.0% vs 23.7%, p < 0.05). The hospital mortality was 40.0% in @entity1 with @entity733 and 5.3% in @entity1 without @entity733 , but the difference did not reach significance (p = 0.056). Transthoracic echocardiography identified valve ring @entity733 in the first three @entity1 , but transesophageal echocardiography was more useful in detecting @entity733 located in the posterior aspect of the aortic root in the other two @entity1 , in which the lesion was overlooked or only suspected by the transthoracic approach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Valve ring @entity733 associated with XXXX : echocardiographic features and clinical observations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity886 :: ('MESH:C563178', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic valve endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['abscesses', 'abscess']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['infective endocarditis']


abstract: 1. An investigation was carried out to determine if the sympathoinhibition caused by @entity3773 is due to activation of 5-HT1A receptors by investigating whether it could be reversed by the non-selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist @entity11054 . To control for the possibility of functional antagonism by @entity11054 , the ability of @entity11054 to reverse the sympathoinhibition caused by @entity1338 was also investigated. These experiments were carried out in anaesthetized @entity3159 -pretreated @entity468 to prevent the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist action of @entity3773 and @entity11054 from masking any effects observed. 2. @entity468 were anaesthetized with @entity4486 and simultaneous recordings were made of whole @entity299 , blood pressure, heart rate and femoral arterial flow (from which conductance was derived). All animals were initially pretreated with @entity3159 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.) given in divided doses (0.75 followed 10 min later by 0.25 mg kg-1), then either @entity3773 (0.75 mg kg-1, i.v.) or @entity1338 (10 micrograms kg-1, i.v. in two divided doses) followed by 3 separate injections of @entity11054 (1 mg kg-1, i.v.). In another set of experiments @entity3773 was given followed by injections of the appropriate vehicle for @entity11054 , while in another set @entity3773 was replaced with an injection of the appropriate vehicle followed by injections of @entity11054 . In the experiments with @entity1338 , the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity52813 (0.3 mg kg-1) was given after the last injection of @entity11054 . 3. The @entity3159 pretreatment caused a fall in blood pressure associated with femoral vasodilatation, a small @entity1168 and little change in @entity299 . @entity3773 or @entity1338 injection after @entity3159 caused sympathoinhibition associated with an additional @entity1168 . However, only @entity3773 caused an additional fall in blood pressure. @entity11054 injections reversed the sympathoinhibition caused by @entity3773 but not that caused by @entity1338 . The sympathoinhibition caused by @entity1338 was reversed by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist @entity52813 . 4. These results show that the sympathoinhibition caused by @entity3773 in @entity3159 -pretreated @entity468 can be reversed by @entity11054 . The reversal of this sympathoinhibition is not due to functional antagonism. It is concluded that @entity3773 can cause sympathoinhibition by activation of 5-HTlA receptors.

title: The mechanism of the sympathoinhibitory action of XXXX : role of 5-HT1A receptors.

entities_list: @entity4486 :: ('MESH:D002698', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-chloralose']

entities_list: @entity3773 :: ('MESH:C015568', 'Chemical') :: ['Urapidil', 'urapidil']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity11054 :: ('MESH:D013134', 'Chemical') :: ['Spiperone', 'spiperone']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac, splanchnic and renal nerve activities', 'cardiac, splanchnic or renal nerve activities']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

answer: @entity3773 :: (MESH:C015568,Chemical) :: ['urapidil']


abstract: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted on a variety of @entity1271 pathogens. The infected quarters were subsequently treated during lactation with a commercially available product containing @entity114 and @entity8801 that was designed for lactating @entity291 . @entity291 were treated as per the recommendations of the product manufacturer, and cures were determined by the absence of bacteria in both sets of duplicate quarter milk samples that were collected at 28 d posttreatment. Comparisons were made between the susceptibility of the bacteria and the therapeutic success or failure. All isolates tested were considered to be susceptible to the @entity114 and @entity8801 combination. Bacteriologic cure rates for newly acquired @entity794 intramammary infection (IMI) (< 2 wk in duration) at 28 d posttreatment were 70%. Cure rates for chronic Staph. aureus IMI (> 4 wk duration) were much lower (35%), reaffirming previous reports of the intractable nature of chronic Staph. aureus IMI. Cure rates for subclinical IMI caused by other organisms were 90% for @entity5967 , 91% for @entity8211 , 90% for @entity22193 , 77% for other @entity5967 spp., and 71% for @entity794 spp. other than Staph. aureus. In vitro testing was considered to be a predictor of therapy outcome for IMI caused by @entity794 spp., newly acquired Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis, Strep. dysgalactiae, and Strep. agalactiae, but was not considered to be a useful predictor of efficacy for chronic IMI caused by Staph. aureus.

title: Comparison of success of antibiotic therapy during lactation and results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests for XXXX @entity1271 .

entities_list: @entity5967 :: ('1311', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus agalactiae', 'Streptococcus']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'Staphylococcus']

entities_list: @entity8801 :: ('MESH:D009675', 'Chemical') :: ['novobiocin']

entities_list: @entity8211 :: ('1349', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus uberis']

entities_list: @entity22193 :: ('1334', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus dysgalactiae']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: We present a case report that describes the pathology, presentation, and management complexities of an unusual, destructive @entity75 of the laryngotracheal complex. An otherwise healthy 21-year-old @entity1 presented with a 1-year history of progressive @entity1353 and stridor. The initial examination revealed a 3-cm, grade III @entity5142 . Nodular fibrosis of the @entity10874 muscles, laryngotracheal cartilages, and @entity825 was evident. Biopsies revealed dense peritracheal desmoplastic reaction with focal @entity1844 . However, features diagnostic for relapsing @entity12390 , @entity765 , or @entity6436 were absent. The disease progressed to involve severe @entity850 and thickening of the @entity825 and main stem bronchi. Surgical and medical management of this unusual @entity75 did not ameliorate the disease process, but a recent encouraging response to @entity440 has been observed with improvements in vocal fold motion and activity levels. Prognosis and management experience for this unknown pathologic entity are absent in the literature. In this case, diffuse disease progression occurred despite surgical and medical management, but has been halted by @entity440 therapy. The prospect of a durable response and disease remission is unknown.

title: Unusual XXXX of the laryngotracheal complex presenting as @entity5142 .

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['erosion of cartilage']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen citrate', 'tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['shortness of breath']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosclerotic lesion']

entities_list: @entity12390 :: ('MESH:D011081', 'Disease') :: ['polychondritis']

entities_list: @entity765 :: ('MESH:D018222', 'Disease') :: ['desmoid tumor']

entities_list: @entity6436 :: ('MESH:D016727', 'Disease') :: ['orbital pseudotumor']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity5142 :: ('MESH:D007829', 'Disease') :: ['subglottic stenosis']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['fibrosclerotic lesion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes of second eye @entity231 surgery with those of first eye surgery. In particular, to evaluate changes in visual acuity (VA), visual function, and health status after the first and second eye surgeries. DESIGN: A cohort (case series) analysis of @entity1 recruited in a clinical trial. @entity1 : A total of 403 consecutive @entity1 with indication of noncombined first eye or second eye @entity231 surgery were recruited in 3 public hospitals in Barcelona, Spain. First eye surgery @entity1 are compared to second eye surgery @entity1 . INTERVENTION: @entity1 were evaluated both before surgery and 4 months after surgery by a standardized telephone interview and clinical examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity, visual function index (VF-14), a 14-item instrument designed to measure visual function, and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), a generic measure of health status. RESULTS: Full data were obtained from 315 (78%) @entity1 : 249 who underwent first eye surgery only and 66 different @entity1 who underwent second eye surgery. Significant improvement was found in both groups of @entity1 for best-corrected VA in the operated eye (4.4 Snellen lines, P < 0.001; 4.2 Snellen lines, P < 0.001, respectively), VA in the better eye (2.8 Snellen lines, P < 0.001; 1.4 Snellen lines, P < 0.001), and visual function (26.3 Snellen lines, P < 0.001; 17.0 Snellen lines; P < 0.001). Four months after the operation, the VF-14 of the second eye group was slightly better (93.4 vs. 88.5; P = 0.09; score range: 0, worst, to 100, best). Psycho-social SIP scores improved in both groups (4.8, P < 0.001; 3.1, P = 0.016). Physical SIP score improved only in the first eye surgery group (1.8, P = 0.003) but not in the second eye surgery group (-1.0, P = 0.338; score range: 0, best, to 100, worst). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that @entity1 undergoing second eye @entity231 surgery show significant improvements in VA, visual function, and psycho-social health status. However, global and physical health status does not change after second eye @entity231 surgery.

title: Comparison of the results of first and second XXXX eye surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3574 has been widely used to treat vertebral body compression @entity174 caused by varied pathologies. The lifetime risk of a vertebral body compression @entity174 is 16% for @entity1 and 5% for @entity1 , and exponential increase of @entity3604 worldwide. PURPOSE: To determine the efficacy and durability of percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of back @entity158 associated with @entity3604 . DESIGN: A prospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective evaluation of @entity158 relief in 30 @entity1 , with mean age of 73.7 years, who underwent percutaneous injection of @entity4625 into 54 vertebrae under fluoroscopic guidance over a period of 35 months was done. Before the procedure and at follow up, @entity1 were asked to quantify their @entity158 on a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: The procedure was technically successful in all the @entity1 . Mean duration of follow up was 21.5 months (6-44 months). Ninety-seven percent of the @entity1 reported a significant relief 24 hours after the procedure. Ninety-two percent reported significant @entity615 , previously associated with a compression @entity174 , as well as improved ambulatory ability. Before vertebroplasty, the VAS score was 8.91+/- 1.82 compared to a score of 2.02+/- 1.95 at follow up. The mean difference in VAS score was significant (p<.0001). One @entity1 had an asymptomatic epidural leak of @entity4625 , however did not require any further intervention. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous vertebroplasty of symptomatic @entity3814 is a minimally invasive procedure that provides immediate and sustained @entity158 relief in @entity1 with @entity158 .

title: Percutaneous vertebroplasty for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic vertebral fractures', 'osteoporotic fractures']

entities_list: @entity4625 :: ('MESH:D019904', 'Chemical') :: ['PMMA', 'polymethyl methacrylate']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity3574 :: ('OMIM:277300', 'Disease') :: ['Vertebral augmentation']

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['improvement in back pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['refractory pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity3604 :: (MESH:D058866,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic fractures']


abstract: Life style has to be adapted to insulin regimens in conventionally intensified insulin therapy. Functional insulin therapy (FIT) allows for flexible adjustments to changing insulin requirements. FIT is based on separating the substitution of basal, meal dependent and correction insulin by the @entity1 . The @entity1 has to acquire special knowledge. We here report longitudinal data of 183 @entity1 out of 221 @entity1 who have been educated by FIT outpatient programs in the years 1990 to 1996. The 3 month FIT education program consisted of sixteen hours in total. Five and a half hours were held in a whole day preparation seminar and the other seven hours in evening sessions each of 90 minutes duration. Prior to FIT education @entity1 were treated by intensified conventional insulin therapy. Mean glycosylated hemoglobin prior to FIT education was 7.0% (normal range 3.7-5.6%). After FIT education glycosylated hemoglobin remained unchanged. However, the percentage of @entity1 experiencing severe hypoglycemic episodes (stupor and @entity772 ) in a one year course was significantly reduced from 26% prior to FIT education to 14% after FIT education--hypoglycemic @entity772 was reduced from 13% to 7% respectively. Thus, we can report that FIT reduces the risk of severe @entity4053 . We believe that our data should stimulate the broad supply of FIT education programs available to @entity6 @entity1 in Switzerland.

title: [Reduction of severe XXXX by functional insulin therapy of @entity6 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

answer: @entity4053 :: (MESH:D007003,Disease) :: ['hypoglycemia']


abstract: Many biological recognition processes involve the binding and clustering of ligand-receptor complexes and concomitant signal transduction events. Such interactions have recently been observed in @entity1 T cells in which binding and cross-linking of specific glycoprotein counter-receptors on the surface of the cells by an endogenous bivalent @entity1735 binding protein ( @entity4151 ) leads to apoptosis [Pace, K. E., et al. (1999) J. Immunol. 163, 3801-3811]. Importantly, different counter-receptors associated with specific phosphatase or kinase activities were shown to form separate clusters on the surface of the cells as a result of @entity4151 binding to the @entity1735 moieties of the respective glycoproteins. This suggests that the unique separation and organization of signaling molecules that results from @entity4151 binding is involved in delivering the signal to die. The ability of @entity4151 to induce the separation of specific glycoprotein receptors was modeled on the basis of molecular and structural studies of the binding of multivalent @entity3363 to lectins that result in the formation of specific two- and three-dimensional cross-linked lattices. These latter studies have been recently highlighted by X-ray crystallographic results showing that a single tetravalent lectin forms distinct cross-linked complexes with four different bivalent oligosaccharides [Olsen, L. R., et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 15073-15080]. In this report, binding and cross-linking of multivalent @entity3363 with multivalent lectins is shown to be a new paradigm for supermolecular assembly and signal transduction in biological systems.

title: Multivalent protein- XXXX interactions. A new paradigm for supermolecular assembly and signal transduction.

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: The preparation of a propionylated protein is described, and the effects of this treatment on @entity535 composition and availability are compared with the effects of severe heat treatment (autoclaving) of a protein. 2. Using chemical analyses, changes exceeding 5% for total @entity669 , @entity3793 , @entity1853 and @entity1434 contents were found after propionylation of the protein. Autoclaving of the protein resulted in changes in total @entity563 , @entity376 , @entity1853 , @entity1434 and @entity2340 contents. 3. Microbiological estimates of total @entity535 contents were not in close agreement with the chemical estimates for the autoclaved protein. 4. @entity18581 -reactive @entity376 content was reduced to almost zero by propionylation, and by almost 40% by autoclaving. 5. Both propionylating and autoclaving protein reduced the amount of @entity376 available to the @entity1573 by about half. In contrast, the availabilities of @entity1853 and @entity2340 to the @entity1573 were unchanged by propionylation, but were reduced to 0.66 and 0.44 respectively, relative to the untreated protein, by autoclaving. 6. Because of the difficulties of obtaining reliable absolute estimates of @entity535 availability using @entity1573 growth assays, our interpretation of results is mainly based on relative values. The merits of microbiological estimates of @entity535 availability are assessed.

title: Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins. 5. The nutritional values of heat-damaged and propionylated proteins as sources of @entity376 , XXXX and @entity2340 .

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity18581 :: ('MESH:D004139', 'Chemical') :: ['Fluorodinitrobenzene']

entities_list: @entity376 :: ('CHEBI:25094', 'Chemical') :: ['lysine']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1853 :: (MESH:D008715,Chemical) :: ['methionine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Low @entity560 levels and risk factors for @entity455 are both common in South Asian @entity1 . This trial evaluated whether @entity560 supplementation could improve markers of @entity455 in South Asian @entity1 with low @entity14257 levels. METHODS: Parallel-group, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Healthy South Asian @entity1 with baseline serum @entity14257 levels of <75  nmol/L were randomised to receive a single dose of 100,000 units oral @entity3875 or matching placebo. Outcomes were measured at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. The primary outcome was change in endothelial function measured using brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation. Secondary outcomes included blood pressure, arterial stiffness, microvascular function measured using laser Doppler iontophoresis, insulin resistance, serum lipids, circulating markers of @entity32 , @entity715 and adipokines. RESULTS: 50 @entity1 were randomised, 25 to each group. Mean age was 41 years; mean baseline @entity14257 level was 27  nmol/L. @entity14257 levels rose in the @entity560 group relative to the placebo group by 4 weeks (16  nmol/L, 95% CI 11 to 21, p  <  0.001). There was no improvement in flow-mediated dilatation in the @entity560 group relative to placebo at 4 weeks (0.1%, 95% CI  -0.9 to 1.1, p  =  0.84) or 8 weeks (0.0%, 95% CI  -1.4 to 1.4, p  =  0.98). There was no improvement in @entity165 , insulin resistance or markers of @entity32 . Both platelet activation @entity23348 and @entity1456 levels fell significantly in the @entity560 group relative to placebo at 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: A single large dose of @entity3875 did not improve blood pressure or endothelial function in South Asian @entity1 with low baseline @entity14257 levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN75081811.

title: Effect of short-term @entity560 supplementation on markers of @entity455 in South Asian XXXX living in the UK--a randomised controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease', 'vascular health']

entities_list: @entity1456 :: ('100128998', 'Gene') :: ['tissue plasminogen activator']

entities_list: @entity14257 :: ('MESH:C104450', 'Chemical') :: ['25-hydroxyvitamin D', '25-Hydroxyvitamin D']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether changes in @entity439 morphology after @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ) repair differ according to the type of endograft (self-expanding versus balloon-expandable). METHODS: Among 88 @entity1 with @entity1028 treated with either homemade @entity736 ( @entity736 ) aortomonoiliac endografts or Talent stent-grafts, 30 @entity1 (24 males; mean age 73 years, range 55-93) were selected for this study based on a >2-year follow-up and freedom from endoleak or conversion. Of these, 12 had PTFE endografts and 18 Talent devices. All @entity1 had spiral computed tomographic angiography with 3-dimensional reconstruction at 5 days posttreatment and 6-month intervals thereafter. Neck dimensions (length and diameters at 3 levels) were measured, along with volumes and maximal diameters of the sac and lengths of the @entity439 and endograft. Intra- and interobserver errors were <5% for linear and volume measurements. RESULTS: Both groups had an initial 20-mL increase in median volume (p = 0.02) followed, only in Talent @entity1 , by marked shrinkage at 6 months (-87.4 mL; p = 0.09). PTFE @entity1 had no further changes in sac volume. Maximal sac diameters reflected volumes, but only after day 5. PTFE @entity1 had an immediate increase (p = 0.03) in @entity439 neck diameters, which then remained stable. Talent @entity1 had continuing increases in diameter to 6 months (p < 0.05), with no change thereafter. Length changes were not significant in either group. PTFE @entity1 had an increase in median @entity439 length at day 5 (+3.2 mm, p = 0.04) and again at 1.5 years (+6.4 mm, p = 0.03). Endograft length slowly increased (+18.7 mm) over 1.5 years (p = 0.02). Talent @entity1 had no length changes in the device or @entity439 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity439 morphology appeared to alter according to the type of endograft deployed. With PTFE endografts, @entity439 volume does not change, whereas impressive sac shrinkage occurs in conjunction with the Talent system. @entity439 /graft lengths increase with unsupported stent-grafts. Neck diameter increases immediately with balloon-expandable endografts and then remains constant. In the self-expanding models, neck diameter increases at 6 months but not thereafter.

title: Differing morphological changes following endovascular XXXX repair using balloon-expandable or self-expanding endografts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['PTFE', 'polytetrafluoroethylene']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm', 'Aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'AAA']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['AAA']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this randomized, prospective clinical trial was to determine whether @entity2332 during resuscitation is protective or harmful to critically injured @entity130 @entity1 . SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: @entity2332 has both protective and harmful clinical effects. Retrospective studies show higher mortality in @entity1 with @entity2332 ; however, @entity2332 is more common in more severely injured @entity1 , which makes it difficult to determine whether @entity2332 contributes to mortality independently of injury severity. There are no randomized, prospective treatment studies to assess @entity2332 's impact as an independent variable. METHODS: Fifty-seven hypothermic (T < or = 34.5 C), critically injured @entity1 requiring a pulmonary artery catheter were randomized to a rapid rewarming protocol using continuous arteriovenous rewarming (CAVR) or to a standard rewarming (SR) control group. The primary outcome of interest was first 24-hour blood product and fluid resuscitation requirements. Other comparative analyses included coagulation assays, hemodynamic and @entity26 transport measurements, length of stay, and mortality. RESULTS: The two groups were well matched for @entity130 severity characteristics. CAVR rewarmed significantly faster than did SR (p < 0.01), producing two groups with different amounts of @entity2332 exposure. The @entity1 who underwent CAVR required less fluid during resuscitation to the same hemodynamic goals (24,702 mL vs. 32,540 mL, p = 0.05) and were significantly more likely to rewarm (p = 0.002). Only 2 (7%) of 29 @entity1 who underwent CAVR failed to warm to 36 C and both died, whereas 12 (43%) of 28 @entity1 who underwent SR failed to reach 36 C, and all 12 died. @entity1 who underwent CAVR had significantly less early mortality (p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: @entity2332 increases fluid requirements and independently increases acute mortality after major @entity130 .

title: Is @entity2332 in the victim of major XXXX protective or harmful? A randomized, prospective study.

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['demographic and injury', 'trauma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia', 'Hypothermia']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Mutations of the @entity995 gene are known to cause both @entity995 . Most @entity1 with @entity995 have bilateral disease. Hereditary predisposition to @entity995 is caused by a germline mutation at the @entity995 gene locus ( @entity996 ) and transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with 90% penetrance. Three quarters of these alterations represent de novo mutations. Since 75% of these cases are new mutations, there is a need for methods which can be used to identify carriers, so that informed genetic counselling will be available to @entity1 and close relatives. In the present study, leukocyte DNA and RNA from 5 @entity1 with @entity995 . were subjected to single stranded conformation analysis (SSCP) and amplification @entity5527 ( @entity5527 ) analysis. SSCP band shifts were found in 3 of the 5 @entity1 . @entity5527 was applied to reverse-transcriptase PCR and exons of the @entity996 gene in the @entity1 with @entity995 . Cleavage was found in 2 @entity1 . Neither of these @entity1 corresponded to the 3 with SSCP band shifts. Thus in total, 5 @entity1 with @entity995 had mutations detected by a combination of SSCP and @entity5527 analysis, and proof was sought by means of sequencing. This approach has proved to be a useful method for the rapid detection of mutations in the @entity996 gene. The five mutations detected in this study were all novel and emphasise the heterogeneity of the molecular pathology in this gene.

title: Detection of mutations in the @entity996 gene by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, @entity5527 ( XXXX ) analysis and polymerase chain reaction sequencing.

entities_list: @entity5527 :: ('MESH:C536928', 'Disease') :: ['and mismatch detection', 'AMD']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary retinoblastoma', 'bilateral retinoblastoma', 'retinoblastoma', 'sporadic bilateral retinoblastoma', 'nonhereditary and hereditary forms of retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity5527 :: (MESH:C536928,Disease) :: ['AMD']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prognostic data on @entity712 rely on epidemiological studies or large clinical trials. These data are not to transfer easily on everyday practice. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognosis of @entity1002 under the therapeutic conditions of the 1990s. SETTING: Nonuniversity tertiary care hospital. @entity1 AND METHODS: Since January 1995 consecutive and complete registry of all inpatients presenting with a @entity1002 (EF < 45%). No exclusion criteria. RESULTS: n = 512, mean age 64 years, 77% male, mean NYHA class 2.5, left ventricular @entity38347 %. ETIOLOGY: 58% @entity301 , 28% dilated @entity296 . Medical treatment consisting of 91% @entity1289 inhibitors, @entity1289 inhibitor dosage 52% of the recommended dose, 42% beta-blockers, 70% diuretics, and 63% digitalis. Follow-up completeness 95.5%. One-year mortality 64/489 @entity1 (13.9%). Determinants of mortality: NYHA III/IV, EF < 30%, @entity5 , age > 75 years. CONCLUSION: In spite of the aforementioned medical treatment and a proportion of 14.8% implanted defibrillators in 1998, the one-year mortality of @entity67 is as high as 13.9%. In everyday practice the prognostic effect of @entity1289 inhibition and beta-blockade is not completely utilized.

title: [1998 prognosis of XXXX in a maximum care non-university hospital. Analysis of the Ludwigshafen LVD Registry].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant disease']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: Targeted alpha therapy utilizes alpha-emitting radionuclides conjugated to monoclonal antibodies to allow specific irradiation of @entity5 cells whilst sparing normal, healthy tissues. The mutagenic potential of (213)Bi conjugated to a human @entity320 antigen-specific antibody (9.2.27) was examined using an in vivo transgenic @entity19 model containing multiple copies of a lacZ target gene in every cell, allowing the quantification and comparison of mutagenesis in different organs. @entity19 received an ip injection of 16.65 MBq of (213)Bi-cDTPA-9.2.27, and were sacrificed at 24 h, 1 w and 4 w post-injection. Pharmacokinetic studies gave the absorbed and effective doses for each organ. The mutant frequency and mutant spectra were analysed for the brain, spleen and kidneys. The brain and spleen did not show significant increases in induced mutation frequencies compared to spontaneous background levels or changes in mutant spectra, these results being independent of @entity899 status. However, elevated mutation frequencies and persistent size change mutations were observed in the kidneys, but are not significant at the p = 0.05 level. The effect of @entity899 status was also evident, as @entity899 heterozygotes displayed higher mutation frequencies than their wild-type counterparts, suggesting a reduction in the @entity899 gene may lead to an increased susceptibility to mutagenesis. These effects were time dependent and levels returned to those of the controls at 4 w post-irradiation, albeit with a predominant residue of size mutations. These effects were observed at activities very much higher than those expected for the therapy of @entity1 @entity1 . As such, the induction of secondary @entity5 with the (213)Bi-cDTPA-9.2.27 alpha immunoconjugate is not expected to be a significant problem in the clinic.

title: Mutagenesis induced by targeted alpha therapy using 213Bi-cDTPA-9.2.27 in lacZ XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['transgenic mice']


abstract: @entity8019 ( @entity8019 ) is an @entity1112 caused by a defect in the metabolism of long chain @entity1718 leading to @entity17 , @entity179 , and @entity204 . The disease typically presents in young @entity1 and adolescent @entity1 . Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been used to halt progression of the disease. However, many @entity1 lack suitable HLA- matched related donors and must rely on unmatched donors for a source of stem cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcomes of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood transplantation after chemotherapy-based myeloablative conditioning and retrospectively determine if baseline studies correlate and help predict outcome. Between November 22, 1996, and November 3, 2005, 12 @entity1 with @entity8019 who lacked HL- matched related donors were referred to Duke University Medical Center for transplantation. These @entity1 were conditioned with myeloablative therapy including @entity1863 , @entity786 , and antithymocyte globulin before receiving umbilical cord-blood transplants from unrelated donors. Baseline studies of neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, and neurodevelopmental status were performed and @entity1 were subsequently evaluated for survival, engraftment, @entity2132 , and neurodevelopmental outcomes. A substudy evaluated whether baseline neuroimaging and neurophysiologic studies correlated with cognitive and motor function and if these studies were predictive of posttransplantation outcomes. The umbilical cord blood grafts had normal levels of very long chain @entity1718 . They delivered a median of 6.98 x 10(7) nucleated cells per kilogram of recipient body weight and were discordant for up to 4 of 6 HLA markers. Neutrophil engraftment occurred at a median of 22.9 days after transplantation. Three @entity1 had grade II-IV @entity2132 ; 2 had extensive @entity2132 . Cumulative incidence of overall survival of the group at 6 months is 66.7% (95% confidence interval 39.9-93.3%). Median follow-up was 3.3 years (range 12 days to 6.3 years). As previously reported with bone marrow transplantation, symptomatic @entity1 faired poorly with lower survival and rapid deterioration of neurologic function. This study included 3 @entity1 transplanted at a very young age (2.6-3.5 years) before the onset of clinical symptoms who continue to develop at a normal rate for 3-5 years posttransplant. Although baseline Loes scores correlated with cognitive and motor outcome, neurophysiologic studies failed to show statistically significant differences. Transplantation of @entity1 with @entity8019 using partial HLA-matched umbilical cord blood yields similar results to those previously reported after bone marrow transplantation. Superior outcomes were seen in neurologically asymptomatic @entity1 less than 3.5 years of age at the time of transplantation. Baseline Loes scores were a strong predictor of cognitive and motor outcome.

title: Outcomes of unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination']

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked disorder']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['graft-versus-host disease', 'chronic graft-versus-host disease', 'acute graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['busulfan']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity8019 :: ('MESH:D000326', 'Disease') :: ['ALD', 'X-linked ALD', 'Adrenoleukodystrophy']

answer: @entity8019 :: (MESH:D000326,Disease) :: ['X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A decrease in brain temperature (Tbrain) causes a decrease in the cerebral metabolic rate for @entity26 (CMRO2) and provides potent neuroprotection against @entity2806 . In the present study, the effects of mild to moderate @entity2332 on cerebral tissue @entity26 tension ( @entity4095 brain), @entity544 tension (PCO2 brain), and pH (pHbrain) were monitored during short episodes of @entity2806 . METHODS: After approval by the Animal Care and Use Committee, 10 New Zealand white @entity95 were anesthetized (1% @entity1508 in air) and mechanical ventilation was adjusted to maintain the arterial @entity544 tension at 35 mmHg (alpha-stat). A sensor to measure @entity4095 brain, PCO2 brain, pHbrain, and Tbrain was inserted into the brain through a burr hole in the skull. Tbrain was adjusted to 38 degrees C, 34.4 degrees C, and 29.4 degrees C in a random sequence in each animal. @entity4095 brain, PCO2brain, and pHbrain (all variables are reported at the actual Tbrain) were recorded every 10 s during a 5-min baseline, 3 min of @entity2806 induced by inflation of a neck tourniquet, and 10 min of reperfusion at each level of Tbrain. Analysis of variance and Dunnett's test were used for statistical analysis. Data are presented as means +/- SD. RESULTS: During @entity63 , @entity4095 brain decreased from 56 +/- 3 to 33 +/- 2 mmHg at 38 degrees C, from 58 +/- 3 to 32 +/- 3 mmHg at 34.4 degrees C, and from 51 +/- 2 to 32 +/- 2 mmHg at 29.4 degrees C (p = NS). PCO2 brain increased by 6.7 +/- 2 mmHg at 38 degrees C, by 5.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg at 34.4 degrees C, and by 2.3 +/- 0.8 mmHg at 29.4 degrees C. pHbrain inversely followed the trend of PCO2 brain. CONCLUSIONS: The attenuated increase in PCO2 brain during hypothermic @entity63 results from the reduced CMRO2. The similar decrease in @entity4095 brain at all temperature levels indicates that despite the reduction in CMRO2, @entity4095 brain is no better preserved during brief episodes of hypothermic @entity63 than during normothermic @entity63 .

title: Effects of temperature on cerebral tissue XXXX tension, @entity544 tension, and pH during transient global @entity63 in @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['global cerebral ischemia', 'cerebral ischemia', 'ischemic damage']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ) is a leading cause of mortality in this country. The @entity737 ( @entity737 ) is a technology which has proven successful in reducing the risk of @entity1164 in @entity1 who qualify for it. However, little is known about how individuals adjust to living with the device. This field study used a focus group technique to investigate the question "What are the experiences of @entity1 and their significant others (S.O.) in the time since being discharged from the hospital with an @entity737 ?" Fifteen @entity737 recipients and 14 S.O.s each attended one of three focus groups which were tape recorded. Data from the transcriptions were analyzed by a combination of content analysis and ethnographic summary. The major concerns of the @entity1 were [Physiologic], the sensations of being shocked, medications, trouble sleeping, @entity1296 (accompanied by heat intolerance at times), physical awareness of the device; [Psychosocial], fear, including fear of @entity204 and preparation for @entity204 , changes in mental functioning, changes in lifestyle including clothing not fitting, loss of control, driving an automobile, and spousal overprotectiveness. The primary psychosocial concerns of the S.O.s were fears, including fear of @entity204 and preparation for @entity204 , family and role changes, being overprotective and driving an automobile. Mental changes and heat intolerance have not been addressed in the literature previously.

title: Experiences of XXXX and significant others with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators after discharge from the hospital.

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden cardiac death', 'SCD']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator', 'AICD']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Paraneoplastic @entity16 (PNS) probably result from an immune reaction against antigens shared by the nervous system and @entity5 cells. To characterise CSF alterations in these syndromes, we studied a large series of @entity8231 @entity1 . METHODS: Using the PNS European database which includes @entity1 diagnosed with PNS in Europe, we reviewed the clinical data of all @entity1 included between 2000 and 2007 for which information on CSF was available. @entity1 were studied if they met the following inclusions criteria: (1) definite @entity66 with anti-Hu, anti-Yo, anti- @entity11973 , anti-Ri anti-Ma/Ta and anti-Tr antibodies; (2) clinical information available; and (3) at least one CSF study. RESULTS: 295 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. Abnormal CSF (pleiocytosis and/or high protein level and/or oligoclonal bands) was found in 93% of @entity1 . Pleiocytosis, but not hyperproteinorachia, was more frequently seen in @entity1 in whom the CSF study was done early in the evolution. In 24 @entity1 , oligoclonal bands were the only abnormality found in the CSF (10%). Elevated numbers of cells were found in 47% of @entity1 before the third month compared with 28% after the third month (p<0.01). This evolution might suggest a subacute @entity32 phase within the nervous system, followed by a non-inflammatory phase. The @entity32 profile was similar in all antibody types, @entity5 or @entity16 of the PNS. Surprisingly, anti-Hu @entity1 with high pleiocytosis at the time of diagnostic had a better survival in this study than those without pleiocytosis (572 days vs 365 days; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: CSF @entity32 is a common finding in PNS @entity1 and can be a helpful tool for diagnosis, especially if this analysis is done within 3 months after neurological onset.

title: Cerebrospinal fluid study in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['paraneoplastic disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological syndromes']

entities_list: @entity8231 :: ('MESH:D010257', 'Disease') :: ['paraneoplastic']

answer: @entity8231 :: (MESH:D010257,Disease) :: ['paraneoplastic syndromes']


abstract: We reported previously the isolation of a melanized cell line that can undergo reversible dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. A heavily pigmented cell line, designated as P15, originally isolated by fish serum-induced melanization of some GEM 81 cells, cloned and serially passaged in fish serum medium, became noticeably less pigmented after several months in fetal calf serum medium and completely unpigmented after another year in the same medium. Addition of fish serum to the medium of this dedifferentiated cell line, designated @entity53575 , induced @entity2118 within a week. This re-induced pigmented cell line, designated as P15DI, became unpigmented when cultured in fetal calf serum medium for one month. We report here that the dedifferentiation of P15 occurs in two stages. One week after withdrawal of fish serum, the specific activity of tyrosinase of the culture dropped by approximately 70% and remained at this reduced level for at least one month. After one year, the specific activity of tyrosinase had dropped to a barely detectable level and the culture became completely unpigmented ( @entity53575 ). Electron microscopic studies showed that the @entity53575 cells have no melanosomes, probably no large vesicles for melanosome formation, but some dopa-positive @entity10747 ( @entity10747 ). Addition of fish serum to the growth medium of P15 cultures led to a steady increase in the specific activity of tyrosinase, detectable after one day. There was also an increase in the amount of dopa-positive @entity10747 within one day. Melanosomes first appeared after three days and became numerous after one week. Upon removal of fish serum, these re-induced cells (P15D1) underwent a rapid decrease in the specific activity of tyrosinase, reaching, after eight days, the basal level seen in @entity53575 cells. We also report that a protein designated as p75 (Mr approximately 75,000), previously shown to be associated with melanosomes in two melanized cell types of @entity2083 origin, is present in all melanized cell lines, including P15 and P15DI but absent in unmelanized cell lines, including @entity53575 .

title: Reversible dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of a melanized cell line from a XXXX tumor.

entities_list: @entity53575 :: ('p|SUB|P|15|D', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['P15D']

entities_list: @entity10747 :: ('MESH:D012183', 'Disease') :: ['trans-Golgi network', 'TGN']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['pigmentation']

answer: @entity2083 :: (7957,Species) :: ['goldfish']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested that @entity1810 ( @entity1810 ) is an important determinant of @entity2316 . @entity1810 forms a heteromeric complex with two cellular receptor subtypes, designated @entity1810 RII and @entity1810 RI, but the effects of @entity6 on glomerular @entity1810 receptor expression have not been completely elucidated. We first compared the effect of experimental @entity6 and uninephrectomy on glomerular @entity1810 receptor expression in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRs), and then sought to determine whether changes in @entity1810 receptor expression were strain specific by studying normotensive @entity35 -Kyoto (WKY) @entity35 . METHODS: Five groups of male SHRs were studied. The first group received @entity3839 (60 mg/kg IV) and was studied after one week. The second group received @entity3839 and was studied after two weeks. The third group received @entity3839 (60 mg/kg IV) but received insulin to maintain euglycemia. The fourth group of age-matched SHRs served as the control group, while a fifth group of SHRs underwent uninephrectomy. Four groups of male WKY @entity35 were also studied. The first group of WKY @entity35 served as the age-matched control group. The second group of WKY @entity35 received @entity3839 , while a third group of WKY @entity35 underwent uninephrectomy. The fourth group underwent uninephrectomy and received @entity3839 . At each time point, glomeruli were isolated for protein extraction, and the protein was subjected to Western blot analysis of @entity1810 RII and @entity1810 RI expression. RESULTS: Basal expression of both @entity1810 receptors per microgram of glomerular protein was similar in normotensive WKY @entity35 and @entity101 SHRs. @entity4854 (blood @entity413 level, 17.8 +/- 2.9 mmol/L) led to an early twofold increase in @entity1810 RII protein expression and a fourfold increase in @entity1810 RI protein expression in the glomeruli of @entity101 @entity6 SHRs compared with euglycemic SHRs (blood @entity413 level, 5.8 +/- 0.8 mmol/L), which was sustained after two weeks. Insulin treatment (blood @entity413 level, 5. 2 +/- 0.9 mmol/L) normalized both @entity1810 RII and @entity1810 RI expression in the glomeruli of SHRs that received @entity3839 . Glomerular capillary @entity101 in the uninephrectomized SHRs led to a twofold increase in glomerular @entity1810 RII protein expression, but did not reproduce the effect of @entity6 on @entity1810 RI expression. In contrast to the findings in SHRs, neither @entity4854 (blood @entity413 level, 15.5 +/- 2.1 mmol/L), uninephrectomy, nor @entity4854 (blood @entity413 level, 16.8 +/- 3.0 mmol/L) and uninephrectomy altered @entity1810 receptor expression in the glomeruli of normotensive WKY @entity35 . CONCLUSION: These studies support the hypothesis that hemodynamic factors and metabolic factors influence glomerular @entity1810 receptor in vivo in the SHRs.

title: Effects of @entity6 and XXXX on glomerular transforming growth factor-beta receptor expression.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['type I diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic glomerular injury']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity1810 :: ('59086(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['TGF-beta1', 'transforming growth factor-beta1', 'TGF-beta']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia', 'Hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Most common cause of brisk @entity360 is diverticular bleeding in Western countries. It occurs in 15% of @entity1 with @entity7261 and one-third of them appear to be massive. Most of @entity7261 in Western countries occur in the left colon but the right colon is more common in Korea. Especially, the reports of diverticular bleeding on left colon are rare in Korea. We report a case presenting with multiple diverticuli complicated by recurrent @entity548 restricted to the left colon. 75-year-old female was admitted due to @entity360 and @entity1296 . On past history, two years and two weeks ago respectively, she was treated of diverticular bleeding with and without @entity4436 . Hemoglobin level was 9.8 g/dL. On Colonoscopy, numerous diverticuli were seen at sigmoid colon upto splenic flexure which showed fresh @entity4461 in the lumen. We diagnosed her as recurrent massive diverticular bleeding on the sigmoid colon. She received elective laparoscopic left hemicolectomy.

title: [Sigmoid colon diverticular bleeding in a 75-year-old XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity7261 :: ('MESH:D004240', 'Disease') :: ['diverticulosis']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['blood clots']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['hematochezia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['woman']


abstract: Observational study data have suggested that neurologists preferentially selected younger @entity1 with generally few traditional @entity64 risk factors for @entity1255 testing. The aim of this study was to corroborate observational data by assessing neurologists' reported practices for the detection and treatment of @entity3562 in @entity1 with acute @entity385 . All academic neurology faculty (n = 49), trainees (neurology residents/fellows, n = 53), and a random sample of community-based neurologists (n = 66) throughout North Carolina were surveyed regarding their @entity1255 testing and treatment practices. Nine neurologists were ineligible because they had either retired or moved out of state. A total of 93 of the remaining 159 surveys (58.5%) were completed (response rates: faculty, 74%; trainees, 47%; community-based neurologists, 56%). @entity1 age < 50 years (n = 52; 63%) and the absence of traditional @entity64 risk factors (n = 57; 70%) were the most common factors cited as prompting @entity1255 testing. The @entity1255 level threshold for treatment varied independently by practice type (faculty: median, 14 mumol/L; range, 6-16 mumol/L; trainees: median, 14.5 mumol/L; range, 10-20 mumol/L; community-based: median, 10.4 mumol/L; range, 7-15 mumol/L; P = .01), the number of @entity64 @entity1 evaluated during a typical week (Spearman's r = .32; P = .034), and year of training completion (Spearman's r = .41; P = .003). About half (51%) treat elevated @entity1255 with a combination of @entity1501 , @entity2186 , and @entity2245 . Consistent with observational data, the majority of the neurologists surveyed report that they select young @entity64 @entity1 who lack traditional @entity64 risk factors for @entity1255 testing. Thresholds for treatment varied between community-based and academic neurologists and correlated with the physicians' @entity64 @entity1 volume.

title: Neurologists' evaluation and treatment of XXXX in @entity64 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity3562 :: ('MESH:D020138', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhomocysteinemia']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity3562 :: (MESH:D020138,Disease) :: ['hyperhomocysteinemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A 1995 National Institute of @entity16 (NINDS) study found benefit for intravenous @entity1456 (tPA) in @entity64 ( @entity64 ). The @entity932 ( @entity932 ) rate in the NINDS study was 6.4%, which may be deterring some physicians from using this medication. METHODS: Starting December 1, 1998, @entity1 with @entity64 in London, Ontario were treated according to NINDS criteria with one major exception; those with approximately greater than one-third involvement of the idealized middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory on neuroimaging were excluded from treatment. The method used to estimate involvement of one-third MCA territory involvement bears the acronym ICE and had a median kappa value of 0.80 among five physicians. Outcomes were compared to the NINDS study. RESULTS: Between December 1, 1998 and February 1, 2000, 30 @entity1 were treated. Compared to the NINDS study, more London @entity1 were treated after 90 minutes (p<0.00001) and tended to be older. No @entity932 was observed. Compared to the treated arm of the NINDS trial, fewer London @entity1 were dead or severely disabled at three months (p=0.04). Compared to the placebo arm of the trial, more @entity1 made a partial recovery at 24 hours (p=0.02), more had normal outcomes (p=0.03) and fewer were dead or severely disabled at three months (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the NINDS study were closely replicated and, in some instances, improved upon in this small series of Canadian @entity1 , despite older are and later treatment. These findings suggest that imaging exclusion criteria may optimize the benefits of tPA.

title: Improved outcomes in XXXX with pre-specified imaging criteria.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['acute ischemic stroke', 'AIS']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage', 'SICH']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological Disorders']

entities_list: @entity1456 :: ('100128998', 'Gene') :: ['tissue plasminogen activator']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke thrombolysis']