abstract: BACKGROUND: During @entity7396 is redistributed to the brain ('brain-sparing'). Sequential changes of the cerebral and placental circulation in parallel in comparisons between basal conditions and acute @entity519 stress have not yet been thoroughly studied in @entity1 fetuses. AIM: To explore acute fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) circulatory changes relative to umbilical artery (UA) blood flow in a clinical experimental model with @entity519 stress provoked by uterine contractions during an @entity398 challenge test (OCT). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective comparative between imminently compromised (OCT positive) and un-compromised (OCT negative) fetuses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 82 term pregnancies suspected of intrauterine growth restriction were exposed to simultaneous electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and Doppler recordings of pulsatility index (PI) in the UA and @entity9623 during basal conditions and during uterine contractions and relaxations at an OCT. OUTCOME MEASURES: Sequential changes of UA and MCA PI, OCT positive vs. negative cases. Nonparametric statistics with a P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The UA PI was significantly higher in OCT positive cases (N = 10) compared with OCT negative cases (N = 72) during uterine contractions and relaxations, but not during basal measurements. During contractions and relaxations the MCA PI decreased significantly in both groups (brain-sparing), but significantly more in OCT positive cases. CONCLUSIONS: During acute @entity519 stress, changes towards a centralization of blood flow to the brain develop in imminently compromised (OCT positive) fetuses at an expense of the umbilicoplacental blood flow, and the brain-sparing flow is more pronounced than in un-compromised (OCT negative) fetuses.

title: Acute centralization of blood flow in compromised XXXX fetuses evoked by uterine contractions.

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity7396 :: ('MESH:D005311', 'Disease') :: ['fetal hypoxia blood']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Prior studies suggest that @entity5 cell lines harboring RAS mutations display remarkable sensitivity to @entity136 and @entity2879 . In a phase II clinical trial of @entity1 with locally advanced or metastatic @entity788 , we evaluated the response rate to a combination of these drugs. Forty chemo-na  ve @entity1 with nonresectable and histologically confirmed @entity788 were accrued. @entity1 received @entity136 1,000 mg/m(2) (days 1 and 8) and @entity2879 80 mg/m(2) (days 8, 9, and 10; 21-day cycle). The primary end point was radiological response rate. Secondary objectives were determination of overall survival, response duration (time to progression), quality of life, @entity137 , and CA 19-9 biomarker response. In 35 evaluable @entity1 , 10 exhibited a radiological partial response and 12 had stable disease in response to treatment. Twenty @entity1 exhibited a >20% decrease in CA 19-9 biomarker levels. Median overall survival was 6.7 months for all @entity1 (40) and 7.2 months for evaluable @entity1 (35). Notably, four @entity1 survived for longer than 1 year, with two @entity1 surviving for more than 2 years. Median time to progression for evaluable @entity1 was 3.1 months. The median overall survival for locally advanced @entity1 was 8.8 months and 6.75 months for metastatic @entity1 . One-year survival was 10% for all @entity1 and 11.4% for evaluable @entity1 . Quality of life improved in 12 @entity1 and remained stable in 3 of the evaluable @entity1 . The primary dose-limiting @entity137 were hematologic @entity137 and @entity1295 . These results show that the @entity136 and @entity2879 combination is generally well-tolerated and exhibits a response rate similar to other published studies.

title: Phase II trial to evaluate XXXX and @entity2879 for locally advanced or metastatic @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity136 :: (MESH:C056507,Chemical) :: ['gemcitabine']


abstract: Forty-four @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) were studied by Southern blot analysis using probes for the Ig genes and @entity4910 , @entity588 (major, minor and 5' breakpoint region), @entity20927 , @entity517 , and @entity995 ( @entity995 ) loci. Eight cases had three or more rearranged JH bands, indicating oligoclonality, @entity2214 , or chromosomal translocation. One case had a rearrangement of the @entity4910 locus and three of the @entity588 locus. In the first case, comigration of the rearranged @entity4910 and JH sequences indicated a t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation, which, in contrast to previously described cases, seems to be completely reciprocal. One case with a @entity588 rearrangement showed comigration of the @entity588 major breakpoint region and a rearranged JH band. This indicates a t(14;18) (q32;q21). The two other cases showed rearrangements of the @entity588 5' breakpoint region without apparent comigration. No rearrangements were detected of @entity517 and @entity20927 , located at chromosome 19, nor was a deletion of @entity995 found. All but three cases had @entity5893 expression. The exceptions included the @entity14338 . Our results confirm recent data on rearrangements at the 5' site of @entity588 in @entity1072 . Additionally, they corroborate the presumption that @entity5893 -negative @entity1072 should be considered apart from classical @entity1072 .

title: Oncogene rearrangements in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2214 :: ('MESH:D007945', 'Disease') :: ['clonal evolution']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['chronic B-cell leukemias', 'CLL', 'B-chronic lymphocytic leukemias']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma', 'Rb']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic B-cell leukemia']


abstract: Although @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) is an environmental endocrine disrupter, it has been unclear whether neonatal exposure to @entity3015 affects the @entity251 level and, if so, whether this influence persists into adulthood. In this present study, we gave neonatal @entity35 (through oral gavages) doses of 0, 5, 10, or 25mg/kg day of @entity3015 in @entity4336 oil from postnatal day 1 (PND 1) to PND 7. The @entity35 were sacrificed at PND 8, PND 35, and PND 90. @entity3015 exposure was confirmed through the induction of liver and testis @entity7772 mRNA expression at PND 8 (i.e., immediately after exposure). The testicular daily sperm production and the sperm counts of the epididymis cauda at PND 90 were significantly lower than those of the control. The serum @entity251 levels decreased markedly at PND 8, PND 35, and PND 90 after neonatal @entity3015 exposure relative to those of the control. The mRNA expressions of @entity24097 also decreased relative to those of the control at PND 8, PND 35, and PND 90, although the mRNA expressions of P450c17 and 17b-HSD were suppressed significantly only at PND 8. To further elucidate the mechanism of the persistent decrease in the mRNA expression of @entity24097 , we determined the histone acetylation level in the @entity24097 promoter. The extent of acetylation of H3K14 in the determined region decreased after neonatal exposure to @entity3015 ; this phenomenon persisted to the adult stage. Our results indicate that neonatal exposure to @entity3015 damages @entity251 production and sperm counts in the long term, possibly as a result of epigenetic regulation in the @entity24097 promoter region.

title: Neonatal exposure to @entity3014 decreases the levels of serum @entity251 and histone H3K14 acetylation of the XXXX promoter in the testes of SD @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

answer: @entity24097 :: (25557(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['StAR']


abstract: Fusarium head blight caused by @entity12069 is an important disease of @entity3505 and @entity2247 . In a previous study, we identified several mutants with reduced virulence by insertional mutagenesis. A transducin beta-like gene named FTL1 was disrupted in one of these nonpathogenic mutants. FTL1 is homologous to @entity375 @entity32437 , which is a component of the @entity21370 complex involved in late stages of ascospore formation. The Delta ftl1 mutant was significantly reduced in conidiation and failed to cause @entity66 . It failed to colonize the vascular tissues of rachis or cause @entity39 on the rachis of inoculated @entity3505 heads. The Delta ftl1 mutant also was defective in spreading from infected anthers to ovaries and more sensitive than the wild type to plant defensins MsDef1 and osmotin. However, the activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases, Mgv1 and Gpmk1, production of @entity12070 , and expression of genes known to be important for @entity281 in @entity12069 were not affected, indicating that the defect of the Delta ftl1 mutant in @entity281 is unrelated to known virulence factors in this pathogen and may involve novel mechanisms. The Delta ftl1 deletion mutant was significantly reduced in histone deacetylation, and many members of the @entity375 @entity21370 complex are conserved in @entity12069 . FTL1 appears to be a component of this well-conserved protein complex that plays a critical role in the penetration and colonization of @entity3505 tissues.

title: Transducin beta-like gene FTL1 is essential for pathogenesis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['typical disease symptoms']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity12070 :: ('MESH:C007262', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxynivalenol']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['plant infection']

entities_list: @entity12069 :: ('5518', 'Species') :: ['Fusarium graminearum', 'F. graminearum']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity12069 :: (5518,Species) :: ['Fusarium graminearum']


abstract: We investigated the relations of @entity2657 , ion shifts, motor performance, and @entity2414 using a focal @entity63 model in @entity35 . Cortical @entity1188 was produced by ligation of the middle cerebral artery and the ipsilateral common carotid artery combined with temporary occlusion of the contralateral common carotid artery for 1 hour. Water content and @entity1372 , @entity972 , and @entity460 concentrations were measured until Day 14 after the @entity63 insult. Significant @entity4 formation was observed; it peaked on Day 3 (p less than 0.001) and then declined. The tissue @entity1372 concentration changed in a manner similar to that of water content, but the tissue @entity972 concentration changed in an opposite fashion. Massive accumulation of @entity460 was detected as early as Day 1 after @entity63 (almost four times the normal level). The increased @entity460 concentration was sustained even up to Day 14. Motor performance examinations performed on Day 3, including inclined plane, balance beam, and prehensile tests, demonstrated significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) motor ability that did recover even by Day 7. Passive avoidance learning was carried out on Day 2, followed by a memory retention test on Day 3. Significant @entity2414 was observed in @entity63 compared with sham-operated @entity35 (p less than 0.001). A high correlation coefficient (r = 0.91, p less than 0.01, n = 13) was obtained between water content and @entity460 concentration on Day 3. Both the total motor score and the degree of disturbance of the passive avoidance reaction also correlated well with water content.

title: Interrelationship of @entity2657 , motor deficits, and @entity2414 in @entity35 exposed to focal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory dysfunction', 'memory impairment']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in the development of the invasive and metastatic potentials of @entity0 cells during progression. @entity1 @entity8864 reductase ( @entity1678 ), an enzyme in the @entity1446 metabolism pathway, is involved in @entity519 -induced renal tubular EMT. However, whether @entity1678 contributes to the EMT of @entity0 remains unclear. Here, we used @entity0 cell lines (MCF-7, T-47D) and normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) to explore the potential role of @entity1678 in the EMT of @entity0 . Western blot, RT-PCR and immunofluorescence were employed to test the expression and location of @entity1678 in the cell lines. Small interfering RNA of @entity1678 (si- @entity1678 ) was used to knockdown the expression of @entity1678 , and @entity5732 was applied to inhibit the @entity1366 signaling in MCF-7, T-47D cells. We found that @entity1678 highly expressed in MCF-7 and T-47D cells compared with MCF-10A cells, and had different cellular locations between them. Our results revealed that EMT occurred in tissues from @entity0 @entity1 and @entity0 cell lines. However, the EMT in MCF-7 and T-47D cells was suppressed by si- @entity1678 and @entity5732 . Furthermore, the expression of phosphorylated @entity1366 was down-regulated by si- @entity1678 . In addition, @entity1678 regulated EMT through the @entity1366 signaling, but @entity648 , which is a product of @entity1678 in the @entity1446 metabolism pathway in @entity0 , did not. Taken together, these findings provide new evidence that @entity1678 plays an important role in promoting EMT in @entity1 @entity0 through the @entity1366 signaling pathway, and @entity1678 may be a therapeutic target for this disease.

title: @entity1 XXXX reductase promotes EMT through the @entity1366 signal pathway in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity8864 :: ('MESH:D001664', 'Chemical') :: ['biliverdin']

answer: @entity8864 :: (MESH:D001664,Chemical) :: ['biliverdin']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Many @entity1 with @entity46 are treated with medication or by surgical approaches. However, a small number of @entity1 do not respond to medication and are inoperable because of comorbidities. This case report shows the effectiveness of radiotherapy for refractory @entity46 and includes a time series of serum @entity53 levels. CASE PRESENTATION: A 47-year-old Asian @entity1 presented to our facility with uncontrolled @entity46 refractory to medication. Our @entity1 was considered inoperable because of severe @entity3039 , and underwent radiotherapy for massive @entity548 requiring blood transfusions. A radiation dose of 20Gy in 10 fractions was delivered to the pelvis, including the bilateral ovaries, uterus, and @entity1868 . An additional 10Gy in five fractions was delivered to the endometrium to control residual @entity548 . @entity548 was completely inhibited on day 46 after radiotherapy. Hormonal analysis revealed that radiotherapy induced post-menopausal status. Two years after radiotherapy, atypical @entity548 had not recurred and has been well controlled without side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Disrupted ovarian function is an adverse effect of radiotherapy. However, radiotherapy can be useful for inducing menopause. In cases of medication-refractory or inoperable @entity46 , radiotherapy would be an effective treatment option.

title: Radiotherapy for inoperable and refractory XXXX presenting with @entity548 : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Genital bleeding', 'genital bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura']

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: Mononuclear phagocytes, i.e. monocytes and macrophages are central in the defence against mycobacteria. @entity7665 is an opportunistic mycobacterial species able to cause chronic @entity358 in @entity1 with @entity1577 but also soft tissue infections in immuno-competent individuals. Pathogenic isolates of @entity7665 with rough colony morphology form cord like aggregates. In this study we investigated the in vitro response of @entity1 blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy blood donors to cord-forming @entity7665 strains from @entity1577 @entity1 with clinical @entity358 . Microscopic examination revealed that the PBMCs produced a coarse fibrous meshwork containing DNA and histones, which surrounded the mycobacterial cords. Thus the bacterial cord formations were entrapped by monocytes and lymphocytes aggregated onto the DNA rich meshwork fibers. @entity7665 strains with smooth colony morphology, which do not form cords and are readily phagocytosed, did not induce any meshwork formation in PBMC. The chromatin meshwork may represent a defence mechanism against non-digestible invaders.    2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell PublishingLtd. All rights reserved.

title: Cord-forming mycobacteria induce DNA-meshwork formation by XXXX peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infections', 'lung infection']

entities_list: @entity7665 :: ('36809', 'Species') :: ['M. abscessus', 'Mycobacterium abscessus']

entities_list: @entity1577 :: ('MESH:D003550', 'Disease') :: ['cystic fibrosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: While it is well established that acupuncture relieves somatic @entity158 , its therapeutic effect on @entity3825 such as @entity1744 ( @entity1744 ) is unclear. We evaluated the effect of acupuncture in treating @entity1931 in an animal model. METHODS: @entity35 (n = 8 per group) with prior neonatal maternal separation stress were randomly allocated to receive 3-day treatment of either electroacupuncture (EA) or sham acupuncture at acupoint ST-36. Another group of @entity35 without prior maternal separation was included as non-handled controls. @entity14 was performed on the day after acupuncture treatment. The 3 groups were compared for @entity158 threshold as determined by abdominal withdrawal reflex and visceromotor response as measured by electromyogram. Colon, spinal cord, and brainstem were sampled for topographic distribution and quantitative assessment of @entity750 and @entity5019 expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: @entity35 in EA group had significantly higher @entity158 threshold compared to those in sham acpuncture group (25.0 +/- 5.7 mmHg vs 18.7 +/- 5.2 mmHg, p = 0.01) and it was comparable with that of non-handled treatment na  ve controls (29.4 +/- 9.3 mmHg, p = 0.28). They also had lower visceromotor response as measured by electromyogram compared to those received sham acupuncture at all colorectal distension pressures. EA significantly suppressed @entity5019 expression in doral raphe nuclei of brainstem, superficial dorsal horn of spinal cord and colonic epithelium but suppressed @entity750 expression only in brainstem and spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS: Electro acupuncture attenuates visceral hyperlagesia through down-regulation of central serotonergic activities in the brain-gut axis.

title: Effect of electroacupuncture on XXXX , @entity750 and @entity5019 expression in an animal model of @entity1744 .

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['visceral hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity3825 :: ('MESH:D059265', 'Disease') :: ['visceral pain']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal distension']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome', 'IBS']

answer: @entity1931 :: (MESH:D006930,Disease) :: ['visceral hyperalgesia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Mechanical ventilation (MV) may cause @entity21712 ( @entity21712 ). Present models of @entity21712 use exceptionally large tidal volumes, causing gross @entity651 and @entity1457 . In addition, animals are ventilated for a relative short period of time and only after a 'priming' @entity358 . Finally, it is uncertain whether @entity520 , which frequently develops in models of @entity21712 , should be prevented. To study @entity21712 in healthy @entity19 , the authors used a MV model with clinically relevant ventilator settings, avoiding massive damage of lung structures and shock, and preventing @entity520 . METHODS: Healthy C57Bl/6 @entity19 (n = 66) or BALB/c @entity19 (n = 66) were ventilated (tidal volume = 7.5 ml/kg or 15 ml/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure = 2 cm @entity2507 ; fraction of inspired @entity26 = 0.5) for five hours. Normal saline or @entity4388 were used to correct for hypovolaemia. Lung histopathology, lung wet-to-dry ratio, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein content, neutrophil influx and levels of proinflammatory cytokines and coagulation factors were measured. RESULTS: Animals remained haemodynamically stable throughout the whole experiment. Lung histopathological changes were minor, although significantly more histopathological changes were found after five hours of MV with a larger tidal volume. Lung histopathological changes were no different between the strains. In both strains and with both ventilator settings, MV caused higher wet-to-dry ratios, higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein levels and more influx of neutrophils, and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and coagulation factors. Also, with MV higher systemic levels of cytokines were measured. All parameters were higher with larger tidal volumes. Correcting for @entity520 did not alter endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: MV induces @entity21712 , in the absence of a priming @entity358 and even with use of relevant (least injurious) ventilator settings. This model offers opportunities to study the pathophysiological mechanisms behind @entity21712 and the contribution of MV to @entity651 in the absence of pre-existing @entity651 .

title: Mechanical ventilation using non-injurious ventilation settings causes XXXX in the absence of pre-existing @entity651 in healthy @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity4388 :: ('MESH:D017693', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium bicarbonate']

entities_list: @entity21712 :: ('MESH:D055397', 'Disease') :: ['VILI', 'ventilator-induced lung injury']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['haemodynamic shock']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary insult']

answer: @entity651 :: (MESH:D055370,Disease) :: ['lung injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study characterizes the distribution and components of plaque structure by presenting a three-dimensional blood-vessel modelling with the aim of determining mechanical properties due to the effect of lipid core and @entity730 within a plaque. Numerical simulation has been used to answer how cap thickness and @entity460 distribution in lipids influence the biomechanical stress on the plaque. METHOD: Modelling @entity731 based on structural analysis confirms the rationale for plaque mechanical examination and the feasibility of our simulation model. Meaningful validation of predictions from modelled @entity731 model typically requires examination of bona fide @entity731 . To analyze a more accurate plaque rupture, fluid-structure interaction is applied to three-dimensional blood-vessel carotid bifurcation modelling. A @entity1 -specific pressure variation is applied onto the plaque to influence its vulnerability. RESULTS: Modelling of the @entity1 @entity731 artery with varying degrees of lipid core elasticity, fibrous cap thickness and @entity730 gap, which is defined as the distance between the fibrous cap and @entity730 agglomerate, form the basis of our rupture analysis. Finite element analysis shows that the @entity730 gap should be conservatively smaller than its threshold to maintain plaque stability. The results add new mechanistic insights and methodologically sound data to investigate plaque rupture mechanics. CONCLUSION: Structural analysis using a three-dimensional calcified model represents a more realistic simulation of late-stage @entity731 . We also demonstrate that increases of @entity460 content that is coupled with a decrease in lipid core volume can stabilize plaque structurally.

title: Effect of XXXX on the mechanical stability of plaque based on a three-dimensional carotid bifurcation model.

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic', 'atherosclerotic lesions', 'atherosclerotic plaque']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity730 :: (MESH:D002114,Disease) :: ['calcification']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The randomized clinical trials, RE-LY, ROCKET- @entity955 , and ARISTOTLE, demonstrate that the novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are effective options for @entity64 prevention among non-valvular @entity955 ( @entity955 ) @entity1 . This study aimed to evaluate the medical cost reductions associated with the use of individual NOACs instead of @entity1229 from the US payer perspective. METHODS: Rates for efficacy and safety clinical events for @entity1229 were estimated as the weighted averages from the RE-LY, ROCKET- @entity955 and ARISTOTLE trials, and event rates for NOACs were determined by applying trial hazard ratios or relative risk ratios to such weighted averages. Incremental medical costs to a US health payer of an @entity955 @entity1 experiencing a clinical event during 1 year following the event were obtained from published literature and inflation adjusted to 2010 cost levels. Medical costs, excluding drug costs, were evaluated and compared for each NOAC vs @entity1229 . Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the influence of variations in clinical event rates and incremental costs on the medical cost reduction. RESULTS: In a @entity1 year, the medical cost reduction associated with NOAC usage instead of @entity1229 was estimated to be - 179, - 89, and - 485 for @entity3926 , @entity3925 , and @entity5424 , respectively. When clinical event rates and costs were allowed to vary simultaneously, through a Monte Carlo simulation, the 95% confidence interval of annual medical costs differences ranged between - 424 and + 71 for @entity3926 , - 301 and + 135 for @entity3925 , and - 741 and - 252 for @entity5424 , with a negative number indicating a cost reduction. Of the 10,000 Monte-Carlo iterations 92.6%, 79.8%, and 100.0% were associated with a medical cost reduction > 0 for @entity3926 , @entity3925 , and @entity5424 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Usage of the NOACs, @entity3926 , @entity3925 , and @entity5424 may be associated with lower medical (excluding drug costs) costs relative to @entity1229 , with @entity5424 having the most substantial medical cost reduction.

title: Medical cost reductions associated with the usage of novel oral anticoagulants vs @entity1229 among XXXX @entity1 , based on the RE-LY, ROCKET- @entity955 , and ARISTOTLE trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3926 :: ('MESH:C554682', 'Chemical') :: ['dabigatran']

entities_list: @entity3925 :: ('MESH:C503223', 'Chemical') :: ['rivaroxaban']

entities_list: @entity5424 :: ('MESH:C522181', 'Chemical') :: ['apixaban']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: The past 30 years have witnessed a period of significant expansion in the use of halogenated compounds in the field of agrochemical research and development. The introduction of @entity31303 into active ingredients has become an important concept in the quest for a modern agrochemical with optimal efficacy, environmental safety, user friendliness and economic viability. Outstanding progress has been made, especially in synthetic methods for particular @entity10021 -substituted key intermediates that were previously prohibitively expensive. Interestingly, there has been a rise in the number of commercial products containing 'mixed' @entity31303 , e.g. one or more @entity2862 , @entity3878 , @entity5497 or @entity1496 atoms in addition to one or more further @entity10021 atoms. Extrapolation of the current trend indicates that a definite growth is to be expected in @entity2862 -substituted agrochemicals throughout the twenty-first century. A number of these recently developed agrochemical candidates containing @entity10021 substituents represent novel classes of chemical compounds with new modes of action. However, the complex structure-activity relationships associated with biologically active molecules mean that the introduction of @entity31303 can lead to either an increase or a decrease in the efficacy of a compound, depending on its changed mode of action, physicochemical properties, target interaction or metabolic susceptibility and transformation. In spite of modern design concepts, it is still difficult to predict the sites in a molecule at which @entity10021 substitution will result in optimal desired effects. This review describes comprehensively the successful utilisation of @entity31303 and their unique role in the design of modern agrochemicals, exemplified by various commercial products from Bayer CropScience coming from different agrochemical areas.

title: The unique role of XXXX substituents in the design of modern agrochemicals.

entities_list: @entity3878 :: ('MESH:D002713', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorine']

entities_list: @entity2862 :: ('MESH:D005461', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorine']

answer: @entity10021 :: (CHEBI:24473,Chemical) :: ['halogen']


abstract: Foragers can show adaptive responses to changes within their environment through morphological and behavioural plasticity. We investigated the plasticity in body size, at sea movements and diving behaviour of juvenile female New Zealand (NZ) sea lions ( @entity30730 ) in two contrasting environments. The NZ sea lion is one of the rarest pinnipeds in the world. Most of the species is based at the subantarctic @entity4294 ( @entity4294 ; considered to be marginal foraging habitat), with a recolonizing population on the Otago Peninsula, NZ mainland (considered to be more optimal habitat). We investigated how juvenile NZ sea lions adjust their foraging behaviour in contrasting environments by deploying satellite-linked platform transmitting terminals (PTTs) and time-depth recorders (TDRs) on 2-3 year-old females at @entity4294 (2007-2010) and Otago (2009-2010). Juvenile female NZ sea lions exhibited plasticity in body size and behaviour. Otago juveniles were significantly heavier than @entity4294 juveniles. Linear mixed effects models showed that study site had the most important effect on foraging behaviour, while mass and age had little influence. @entity4294 juveniles spent more time at sea, foraged over larger areas, and dove deeper and longer than Otago juveniles. It is difficult to attribute a specific cause to the observed contrasts in foraging behaviour because these differences may be driven by disparities in habitat/prey characteristics, conspecific density levels or interseasonal variation. Nevertheless, the smaller size and increased foraging effort of @entity4294 juveniles, combined with the lower productivity in this region, support the hypothesis that @entity4294 are less optimal habitat than Otago. It is more difficult for juveniles to forage in suboptimal habitats given their restricted foraging ability and lower tolerance for food limitation compared to adults. Thus, effective management measures should consider the impacts of low resource environments, along with changes that can alter food availability such as potential resource competition with fisheries.

title: Foraging behaviour of juvenile female @entity30730 ( XXXX ) in contrasting environments.

entities_list: @entity4294 :: ('MESH:D007516', 'Disease') :: ['AI', 'Auckland Islands']

entities_list: @entity30730 :: ('34888', 'Species') :: ['Phocarctos hookeri']

answer: @entity30730 :: (34888,Species) :: ['Phocarctos hookeri']


abstract: @entity31 involves complicated etiology and presents diverse symptoms including intestine @entity32 , @entity158 and @entity294 . Anti-inflammatory drugs are the mainstay in @entity1 care, accompanied with antidiarrhea and analgesic agents used as symptomatic treatment. A classic traditional Chinese medicine formula, Fructus Mume pill (FMP), showed remarkable therapeutic efficacy in treating @entity31 . However, since it contains many herbs and countless chemicals, the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, we selected three alkaloids from FMP, namely, @entity7652 , @entity26615 and @entity26616 to study the individual drug effect and compare these results with the BHS combination on: 1) The recovery of @entity31 @entity35 induced by @entity26617 - @entity26618 . 2) @entity19 with @entity11574 -induced acute exudative @entity4 and @entity1543 -induced writhing. 3) Gastrointestinal transit inhibition, and 4) the response of HT29 cells after treatment with lipopolysaccharide. We found that the compound @entity26615 showed a potent analgesic effect, while @entity26616 acted as an antidiarrhea agent and the component @entity7652 was the key agent exerting anti-inflammatory effect. However, since @entity7652 killed the commensal bacteria and induced lipopolysaccharide release, it could at the same time aggravate @entity32 . The three-alkaloid combination BHS produced complementary and synergistic effects in @entity32 recovery, relieving @entity1543 -induced @entity158 and @entity11574 -induced acute exudative @entity4 . BHS also decreased lipopolysaccharide production and enhanced the therapeutic efficacy. It is hoped that this study will lay the foundation to further dissect and understand the FMP formula to improve the treatment with simplified and well defined drug combinations for this dreadful disease.

title: Evidence for the complementary and synergistic effects of the three-alkaloid combination regimen containing XXXX , @entity26615 and @entity26616 on the @entity31 @entity35 induced by @entity26617 - @entity26618 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'colon inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7652 :: ('MESH:D001599', 'Chemical') :: ['berberine']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'Ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity26618 :: ('CHEBI:29214', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfonic acid']

entities_list: @entity26617 :: ('CHEBI:48110', 'Chemical') :: ['trinitrobenzene']

entities_list: @entity26616 :: ('MESH:C035932', 'Chemical') :: ['skimmianine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['bowel pain']

entities_list: @entity26615 :: ('MESH:C058309', 'Chemical') :: ['hypaconitine']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity7652 :: (MESH:D001599,Chemical) :: ['berberine']


abstract: Possible routes for transmission of @entity1956 were studied retrospectively in 78 consecutive adult @entity1 seen at the Department of @entity166 , Roslagstull Hospital in Stockholm. Sexual transmission was found to be a major route of transmission, being more common than intravenous drug abuse. A single possible route of transmission was found in 66/78 (84%) @entity1 . Eleven of the 78 @entity1 (14%) had two possible routes, sexual contact being one. Overall sexual contact possibly accounted for 53% of all cases of @entity1956 , homosexual contact being responsible for only 10%. Cases reported earlier as being of unknown origin or associated with a recent visit abroad or to be 'social contact cases' are probably most often due to heterosexual transmission. Seven @entity1 (9%) were @entity281 by @entity1 who had been recently receiving medical care for @entity1956 . Seven sexually transmitted cases of acute clinical @entity1956 secondary to the @entity1 studied were seen also. These findings show that sexual transmission, mainly heterosexual, is a major route for transmission of @entity1956 in a western society. They also emphasise the importance of taking an adequate sexual history as a prerequisite for providing effective prophylaxis for sexual partners of @entity1 with @entity1956 .

title: Heterosexual contact as a major route for transmission of XXXX among adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['heterosexually infected']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious Diseases']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B', 'acute hepatitis B']

answer: @entity1956 :: (MESH:D006509,Disease) :: ['acute hepatitis B']


abstract: Thirty-nine @entity249 @entity1 with laparoscopic diagnosis of @entity46 were allocated randomly to treatment with @entity28696 2.5 mg twice weekly (20 @entity1 ) or @entity1872 600 mg/day (19 @entity1 ) for 6 months. If @entity2588 was not obtained after 1 month of treatment, the @entity28696 dose was increased to 2.5 mg three times a week (7 @entity1 ) and the @entity1872 dose to 800 mg/day (2 @entity1 ). One month after the end of the treatment, a repeat laparoscopy was performed only in the @entity1 who agreed (7 of the @entity28696 treated group, 9 of the @entity1872 group). All of the @entity1 were followed for at least 12 months after the end of the treatment, during which time they attempted to conceive. There was a marked improvement of @entity158 symptoms during the treatment in the @entity1 of both groups. The repeat laparoscopy did not reveal significant differences between the two groups in the reduction of the disease extent. Eighteen months after treatment suspension, the cumulative pregnancy rate was 33% in the @entity1 treated with @entity28696 and 40% in those treated with @entity1872 . @entity158 symptoms recurred during the follow-up in 57% of the @entity28696 and 53% of the @entity1872 group. The side effects were more frequent and severe with the @entity1872 treatment, whereas those caused by @entity28696 were mostly weight gain and acne. The results of this study suggest that @entity28696 is as effective as @entity1872 in the treatment of @entity249 associated with @entity46 and is better tolerated.

title: XXXX versus @entity1872 in the treatment of @entity46 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility', 'infertile']

entities_list: @entity28696 :: ('MESH:D005867', 'Chemical') :: ['gestrinone']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['amenorrhea']

answer: @entity28696 :: (MESH:D005867,Chemical) :: ['Gestrinone']


abstract: DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II were purified from @entity1707 kidney nuclei by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and phosphocellulose. When nonlimiting amounts of double-stranded DNA were used as the template, the in vitro transcription was markedly stimulated by @entity11667 and @entity8037 . Maximal stimulation of RNA polymerase I occurred at 2-5 mM @entity11667 and 0.5-2 mM @entity8037 , whereas optimal @entity4664 concentrations for RNA polymerase II were 5-10 and 1-5 mM for @entity11667 and @entity8037 , respectively. DNA transcription by polymerase II was stimulated to a greater extent than that of polymerase I. Higher @entity8037 (5-10 mM) concentrations were strong inhibitors of both polymerases under these conditions. The apparent Km of RNA polymerases I and II for UTP was unchanged at optimal @entity4664 concentration; under the same conditions the maximal reaction velocity was increased two- to three-fold and was essentially due to an increase in the rate of chain elongation. Thus, in a typical experiment the average chain length as determined by the UMP/ @entity6683 ratio increased from 570 to 1330 and the chain elongation rate increased from 0.64 to 1.44 nucleotides times sec-1 in the presence of @entity8037 . When limiting quantities of native DNA were employed as the template, both RNA polymerases I and II were inhibited by 1-2 mM @entity8037 . Kidney chromatin could be transcribed by homologous RNA polymerases with an efficiency ranging from 2 to 10% of that with native DNA. When chromatin was used in nonlimiting amounts instead of DNA, RNA polymerase II activity was again stimulated about two-fold at 2 mM @entity8037 . Under these conditions, RNA polymerase I activity was inhibited by @entity8037 . The inhibition of RNA synthesis in vitro at limiting quantities of templates (DNA or chromatin) could be overcome by preincubation of the enzyme with templates before @entity4663 were added. This inhibition thus appears to be due to a block in the initiation of RNA chains. Similar inhibition of transcription by RNA polymerase II was also observed with limiting quantities of chromatin as the template.

title: DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I and II from kidney. Effect of XXXX on the in vitro transcription of DNA and chromatin.

entities_list: @entity8037 :: ('MESH:D013096', 'Chemical') :: ['spermine']

entities_list: @entity4663 :: ('MESH:D011073', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamines']

entities_list: @entity4664 :: ('CHEBI:60143', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamine']

entities_list: @entity11667 :: ('MESH:D013095', 'Chemical') :: ['spermidine']

answer: @entity4663 :: (MESH:D011073,Chemical) :: ['polyamines']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The clinical importance of internal mammary (IM) lymph node (LN) @entity3 in @entity0 remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical value of opportunistic IMLN sampling at the time of free flap breast reconstruction using the IM recipient vessels and whether it affected the adjuvant treatment given. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted of IMLN exploration performed by a single surgeon as part of free flap breast reconstruction using IM recipient vessels. @entity1 where IMLNs were positive for @entity3 were reviewed with the @entity0 multidisciplinary team for changes in therapy. RESULTS: 122 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria, 111 of whom had immediate reconstructions. 63 @entity1 had IMLNs excised, and of these 13 were positive for @entity3 , all in immediate breast reconstructions. The adjuvant treatment given was changed in 1 @entity1 with no @entity1600 as a result of finding a positive IMLN. Positive IMLNs were significantly associated with @entity5 and axillary @entity3 , but not @entity5 location. All @entity1 with positive IMLNs were alive at last follow-up with no local or distant recurrences, with mean disease-free survival of 20.5 months (5-56 months). CONCLUSION: Incidental IMLNs positive for @entity3 were found in 13 of 122 free flap breast reconstructions and resulted in a change in adjuvant treatment in one @entity1 . IMLNs found incidentally during recipient IM vessel exposure for free flap breast reconstruction therefore may upstage a @entity1 's disease and influence the adjuvant treatment for their @entity0 and should therefore be submitted for pathological assessment.

title: Clinical value of internal mammary lymph node XXXX found incidentally during free flap recipient vessel exposure.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['larger tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['axillary LN disease']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: In vivo @entity1 biomechanical study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the dimensions of @entity2649 ( @entity2649 ) of @entity1 with @entity179 ( @entity179 ) during a flexion-extension motion of the body. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity2649 narrowing may result in @entity614 . The area changes of degenerated and adjacent non-degenerated LIVFs in @entity179 @entity1 under physiologic loading conditions are unknown. METHODS: Nine symptomatic low back @entity158 @entity1 with radiological evidence of L4-S1 @entity179 were recruited. Each subject was MRI scanned for construction of 3D lumbar vertebral models, and fluoroscopically imaged when the body extended from 45 flexion to full extension for reconstruction of @entity2649 dimensions. The data of the adjacent segment L3/4 and diseased segment L4/5 and L5/S1 were compared with a normal control group at 45 flexion, upright, and full extension of the body. RESULTS: The mean @entity2649 areas of @entity179 segments were significantly smaller than those of the normal subjects in all positions (p<0.05). In upright position, the @entity2649 areas of the @entity179 @entity1 were 32.8% and 33.6% smaller than the normal subjects for L4/5 and L5/S1, respectively. For the adjacent L3/4, the @entity2649 area of the @entity179 @entity1 was 32.3% smaller than that of the normal controls (p<0.05). The total change of L3/4 @entity2649 area in @entity179 @entity1 from flexion to extension was significantly smaller than that of the normal subjects, but the changes in L4/5 and L5/S1 @entity2649 areas were similar between the two groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Similar reductions of the @entity2649 dimensions were observed at the adjacent and the involved levels of the @entity179 @entity1 , implying that biomechanical changes might have already occurred at the adjacent segment despite the lack of radiographic evidence of degeneration. Subsequent research should focus on the effects of surgical fusion on the biomechanical features of the adjacent segment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

title: In vivo Characteristics of Non-degenerated Adjacent Segment Intervertebral Foramina in XXXX with @entity179 during Flexion-Extension.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2649 :: ('MESH:C563613', 'Disease') :: ['LIVF', 'lumbar intervertebral foramen']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disc disease', 'DDD']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['nerve root compression']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the fascia iliaca compartment block to control @entity158 following total hip replacement by assessing @entity158 intensity 24 hours after surgery and recording the use of opiates for rescue @entity1337 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study of 41 @entity1 undergoing total hip replacement surgery. The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups: a group that received a fascia iliaca compartment block with 0.45% @entity1342 at a dosage of 0.3 mL/kg (maximum dose, 30 mL) and a control group in which no block was performed. @entity1 were enrolled consecutively as they entered the postanesthetic recovery unit. @entity282 was assessed on a visual analog scale (VAS) immediately after surgery and 24 hours later. Other variables recorded were opiate use for rescue @entity1337 and adverse effects due to the use of opiates. RESULTS: The VAS scores recorded in the postanesthetic recovery unit were significantly different in the 2 groups, with lower scores in the group receiving the fascia iliaca compartment block (P < .001). However, no significant between-group differences were observed in VAS scores recorded on the ward 24 hours after surgery (P = .57). CONCLUSIONS: A single-injection fascia iliaca compartment block was effective in controlling initial @entity282 in a postanesthetic recovery unit. It was effective on the ward in the first few hours after surgery but not for the entire 24-hour period because of the limited duration of the block.

title: [Fascia iliaca compartment block for XXXX following total hip replacement surgery].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain', 'Postoperative pain']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity73 ( @entity73 ) is one of the most common @entity146 manifestations of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ). In animal models, antibodies to NR2 subunit of @entity3391 receptor (anti-NR2) cause @entity2414 , but only with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption or intrathecal administration. Several studies have failed to find association of aNR2 with @entity73 , but none have assessed BBB integrity. @entity4483 , an astrocyte-specific protein, has been used as biomarker of BBB disruption in @entity131 and some @entity179 . Antibodies to this immunologically privileged protein (anti- @entity4483 ) might indicate preceding BBB disruption. We hypothesized that aNR2 antibody is pathogenic in @entity1252 @entity1 only with BBB disruption. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data was collected from @entity1 with @entity1252 . Total throughput score (TTS) of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) was used as primary outcome measure. @entity73 was defined as TTS   <   1.5 SD below an age-, sex-, and race-matched RA population mean. Serum was analyzed by established ELISA techniques. Fifty-seven @entity1 were evaluated and 12 had @entity73 . Age, ethnicity, and family income were significantly different between the two groups (p   <   0.05). In a multiple regression model adjusting for other variables, no significant effects of anti-NR2, @entity4483 , or anti- @entity4483 on TTS were found. Even at high levels of @entity4483 and anti- @entity4483 , no significant influence of anti-NR2 on TTS was found. The anti-NR2 was not associated with @entity73 in @entity1252 even in context of potential BBB disruption. This suggests that, if pathogenic, these antibodies may be produced intrathecally.

title: Anti-NR2 antibodies, blood-brain barrier, and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Cognitive dysfunction', 'CD']

entities_list: @entity3391 :: ('D016202', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairment']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive dysfunction']


abstract: Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule ( @entity2394 ) belongs to the immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule super family. @entity2394 is implicated in @entity5 progression, @entity32 , and the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Hitherto, the identity of regulatory DNA elements and cognate transcription factors responsible for @entity2394 gene expression remained unknown. In this report, the @entity1 @entity2394 promoter was cloned and its transcriptional mechanisms elucidated. The promoter is TATA-less and contains multiple GC-boxes. A proximal 650-bp promoter fragment conferred tissue-independent activation, whereas two contiguous regions upstream of this region negatively influenced promoter activity in a tissue-specific manner. The positive regulatory promoter region was mapped to a core 50 base pair sequence containing a conical @entity3419 element. Mutation analysis revealed that this element alone or in tandem with elements immediately upstream was required for maximal promoter activity. Chromatin analysis revealed that @entity3419 binds exclusively to the canonical binding sequence in vivo, but not to DNA sequence immediately upstream. Finally, we showed that over-expression of @entity3419 significantly increased the basal promoter activity. Thus, @entity3419 activated the @entity2394 promoter in most cells. These findings have important ramifications for unraveling the roles of @entity2394 in @entity32 and tumorigenesis.

title: Cloning of the XXXX activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule promoter and identification of its tissue-independent transcriptional activation by @entity3419 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity5 progression is a fundamental feature of the biology of @entity5 . @entity5 do not arise de novo in their final form, but begin as small, indolent growths, which gradually acquire characteristics associated with @entity5 . In the brain, for example, @entity5 ( @entity816 ) evolve into faster growing, more @entity6349 and invasive high-grade @entity5 ( @entity463 ). To define the genetic events underlying @entity1313 progression, we analysed the @entity876 gene in ten primary @entity1313 pairs. Seven pairs consisted of @entity5 that were high grade both at presentation and recurrence (group A) and three pairs consisted of @entity5 that had progressed to higher grade @entity5 (group B). In group A pairs, four of the recurrent @entity5 contained a @entity876 gene mutation; in three of them, the same mutation was found in the primary @entity5 . In group B pairs, progression to high grade was associated with a @entity876 gene mutation. A subpopulation of cells were present in the @entity5 that contained the same @entity876 gene mutation predominant in the cells of the recurrent @entity5 that had progressed to @entity463 . Thus, the histological progression of @entity1313 was associated with a clonal expansion of cells that had previously acquired a mutation in the @entity876 gene, endowing them with a selective growth advantage. These experimental observations strongly support Nowell's @entity2214 model of @entity5 progression.

title: Clonal expansion of XXXX mutant cells is associated with @entity1313 progression.

entities_list: @entity2214 :: ('MESH:D007945', 'Disease') :: ['clonal evolution']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumour', 'brain tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['low-grade tumours', 'Cancers', 'Tumour', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'malignancy', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytomas']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastomas', 'glioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

answer: @entity876 :: (7157,Gene) :: ['p53']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic methods, risk factors, and clinical features of @entity19415 cases in @entity1 who do not wear contact lenses. METHODS: Medical records of 26 consecutive @entity1 with non-contact lens-related @entity19415 , who were followed up at the tertiary eye care center between May 2010 and May 2012, were analyzed. Laboratory, demographic, and clinical findings were evaluated pertaining to the @entity1 . RESULTS: Twenty-six non-contact lens-related @entity19415 cases were included in the study. The main risk factors were @entity130 (group 1, n = 13 @entity1 ) and @entity2194 (group 2, n = 12 @entity1 ). One @entity1 had both of the risk factors mentioned above. Overall test results showed that Acanthamoeba positivity rates were 15.3% for direct microscopy, 46.1% for culture, 92.3% for conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 100% for real-time PCR. The rates of full-thickness corneal involvement and ring-shaped infiltrations were higher in group 2, whereas @entity1036 and @entity4542 were higher in group 1. The final visual acuities were significantly better in group 1 than group 2 (p<0.025). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first regional report from @entity233 about @entity19415 in non-contact lens users. A majority of cases admitted to a tertiary eye care center were related to @entity130 or @entity2194 . Physician suspicion is critically important for the timely diagnosis of these cases. At this point, molecular diagnostic tests (PCR or real-time PCR) seem to support the clinical diagnosis of @entity19415 with the help of fast and reliable results.

title: Non-contact lens use-related XXXX in southern @entity233 : evaluation of risk factors and clinical features.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['ocular surface disease']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['superficial keratitis']

entities_list: @entity19415 :: ('MESH:D015823', 'Disease') :: ['Acanthamoeba keratitis']

entities_list: @entity4542 :: ('MESH:D020425', 'Disease') :: ['radial keratoneuritis']

answer: @entity19415 :: (MESH:D015823,Disease) :: ['Acanthamoeba keratitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new @entity5648 stent positioning system to assist in the placement of aorto-ostial coronary stents. BACKGROUND: The stenting of aorto-ostial lesions is technically challenging. METHODS: We report the first clinical series using the Ostial Pro to assist in the precise placement of stents in @entity301 . These results were compared to matched cases performed without the ostial positioning system. RESULTS: The Ostial Pro is a simple @entity5648 device with self-expanding legs that are advanced just distal to the tip of the guiding catheter. The @entity5648 legs prevent the entry of the guiding catheter into the target vessel and align the tip of the guiding catheter. Using the Ostial Pro positioning device, angiographic and clinical success was achieved in 30/30 (100%) cases. Excellent stent positioning was confirmed by angiography (n = 30) and intravascular ultrasound (n = 28). The final true ostial dimension was larger than the stented segment minimum luminal diameter in 30/30 cases. In a matched consecutive cohort of 30 consecutive coronary aorto-ostial stent cases placed without the Ostial Pro, we observed an ostial stent malpositioning in 18/30 (60%) of cases (p < 0.0001 vs. cases performed with Ostial Pro). CONCLUSIONS: 1) The Ostial Pro is a new FDA-cleared @entity5648 device that is simple to use and effective in allowing the precise placement of stent(s) at the aorto-ostial location; 2) this approach appears to provide an efficient means to assure accurate stent placement and minimal residual stenosis in these difficult-to-treat lesions.

title: Initial clinical experience using an ostial stent positioning system (Ostial Pro) for the accurate placement of stents in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary aorto-ostial lesions']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary aorto-ostial lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To establish the impact of age and sex on primary preventive treatment for @entity65 in a typical primary care population. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of anonymised @entity1 records. @entity1 : All 41,250 records of @entity1 aged >=  40 registered at 19 general practices in the West Midlands, United Kingdom, were extracted and analysed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 ' demographics, risk factors for @entity65 (blood pressure, total @entity165 concentration), and prescriptions for primary preventive drugs were extracted from @entity1 ' records. @entity1 were subdivided into five year age bands up to 85 ( @entity1 aged >=  85 were analysed as one group) and prescribing trends across the population were assessed by estimating the proportion of @entity1 prescribed with antihypertensive drug or statin drug, or both, in each group. RESULTS: Of the 41,250 records screened in this study, 36,679 (89%) @entity1 did not have a history of @entity65 and therefore could be considered for primary preventive treatment. The proportion receiving antihypertensive drugs increased with age (from 5% (378/6978) aged 40-44 to 57% (621/1092) aged >=  85) as did the proportion taking statins up to the age of 74 (from 3% (201/6978) aged 40-44 to 29% (675/2367) aged 70-74). In those aged 75 and above, the odds of a receiving prescription for a @entity1780 (relative to the 40-44 age group) decreased with every five year increment in age (odds ratio 12.9 (95% confidence interval 10.8 to 15.3) at age 75-79 to 5.7 (4.6 to 7.2) at age >=  85; P<0.001). There were no consistent differences in prescribing trends by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Previously described undertreatment of @entity1 in secondary prevention of @entity65 was not observed for primary prevention. Low use of statins in older @entity1 highlights the need for a stronger evidence base and clearer guidelines for @entity1 aged over 75.

title: Impact of age and sex on primary preventive treatment for XXXX in the West Midlands, UK: cross sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: The @entity137 of @entity25674 ( @entity25675 ) was examined in a 13-week feeding study in which groups of @entity235 received @entity25675 in the diet at concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10, or 20% (4 @entity235 /sex/group). No treatment-related changes were noted in behavior or appearance of the @entity235 and no mortalities occurred. @entity294 occurred in all @entity25675 groups. The incidence and severity of @entity294 increased with increasing dietary levels of @entity25675 and was more pronounced in males than females. Nonetheless, all @entity235 remained in good health and gained weight. Food intake was slightly increased and food efficiency was slightly decreased in the 20% @entity25675 group. However, these changes did not reach statistical significance. No treatment-related differences were observed with respect to ophthalmoscopic examinations, hematological parameters, clinicochemical analyses of the plasma, and semiquantitative urine analyses. Only the urinary pH was slightly below control levels in males (p > 0.05) and females (p < 0.05) of the 20% @entity25675 group. No abnormalities were seen at necropsy that could be attributed to the treatment. The organ weight data revealed cecal enlargement in the 10 and 20% @entity25675 groups (significant only in males). The relative weight of the colon was also slightly increased in the 10 and 20% @entity25675 groups (significant only in females of the 10% @entity25675 group). On microscopic examination, no treatment-related alterations were observed in any of the various organs and tissues. In conclusion, transient @entity294 , enlargement of the cecum and colon and a slightly increased acidity of the urine were the only treatment-related effects. These changes are well-known physiological responses to the presence of high amounts of not digested, fermentable @entity3363 in the lower gut. They are known to be reversible on cessation of the treatment and are not associated with histological alterations of the intestinal tissues. It is concluded, therefore, that the high dose level, at which the male and female @entity235 consumed about 9.8 and 10.4 g @entity25675 /kg bw/d, respectively, is the NOAEL of this 13-week @entity137 study.

title: Subchronic (13-week) XXXX study of @entity25674 in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'oral toxicity']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['Beagle dogs', 'dogs']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'Diarrhea', 'diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity25674 :: ('MESH:C032613', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-cyclodextrin']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['oral toxicity']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with early, extensive radiographic changes in @entity1691 ( @entity1691 ). METHODS: Radiographic severity was assessed cross-sectionally in 235 @entity1 with @entity1691 using the Bath @entity1691 Radiological Index spine score (BASRI-s). @entity1 with extensive radiographic changes on the lumbar portion of BASRI-s were defined as the early axial @entity3947 (EAA) Group. ANCOVA and logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors affecting EAA. RESULTS: Most study @entity1 were @entity1 (139/235, 59.0%). Mean disease duration was 12.4    9.3 years. Fifteen percent of @entity1 and 34.8% of @entity1 with @entity1691 were in the EAA group. @entity1530 -positive @entity1 with @entity1691 had significantly higher BASRI-lumbar scores, while @entity1530 had no effect on radiographic progression of @entity66 in @entity1 with @entity1691 . Peripheral joint involvement was associated with slow radiographic progression. Hip involvement had no effect on axial progression but @entity1596 was more frequent in the male EAA group. The odds for an @entity1530 -positive male @entity1 with @entity1691 who did not have @entity625 of having a BASRI-lumbar score of 3 or higher were 3.4 (77% chance to have axially progressive disease). Presence of @entity1596 increased these odds to 93%. Only 15% of female @entity1 with @entity1691 had EAA, and the absence of @entity625 was the only clinical measure associated with EAA in this group. CONCLUSION: EAA was more frequent in @entity1 with @entity1691 than in @entity1 . Absence of @entity625 , @entity1530 positivity, and @entity1596 were associated with multiple syndesmophytes or fusion of multiple vertebrae of the lumbar vertebrae.

title: Determinants of early radiographic progression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['axial disease']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arthritis']

entities_list: @entity3947 :: ('MESH:D000844', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosis']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylitis', 'AS']

answer: @entity1691 :: (MESH:D013167,Disease) :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']


abstract: How do climate fluctuations affect @entity318 and @entity7295 ( @entity7296 ) distribution in the global scale? In this study, the interactions between climate variations and depositions of @entity318 and @entity7296 in ice cores from Mt. Everest (the Tibetan Plateau), Mt. Muztagata (the eastern Pamirs) and the Rocky Mountains were investigated. All data regarding @entity318 / @entity7296 deposition were obtained from the published results. Concentrations of @entity318 and @entity7296 in an ice core from Mt. Everest were associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Concentrations of @entity318 in an ice core from Mt. Muztagata were significantly correlated with the Siberia High pattern. Concentrations of @entity7296 in an ice core from Snow Dome of the Rocky Mountains responded to the North Atlantic Oscillation. These associations suggested that there are some linkages between climate variations and the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants.

title: Impact of climate fluctuations on deposition of XXXX and @entity7295 in mountain glaciers: evidence from ice core records.

entities_list: @entity7295 :: ('MESH:D001556', 'Chemical') :: ['hexachlorocyclohexane']

answer: @entity318 :: (MESH:D003634,Chemical) :: ['DDT']


abstract: Spontaneous Bacterial Empyema (SBEM) denotes infection of the pleural fluid in the absence of @entity55 . Almost all cases of SBEM in literature are described in a background of @entity843 secondary to @entity82 . Contiguous spread of the infected ascitic fluid through defects in the diaphragm is the most likely mechanism of SBEM. Most of these cases are transudative in nature and are managed with antibiotics. Literature on SBEM in the absence of @entity82 or @entity843 is very limited so far. We describe a 59 year old female with @entity454 status post renal transplant, on chronic immunosuppression for renal allograft rejection who was admitted with @entity662 that turned to be secondary to right sided @entity1143 . Further evaluation revealed @entity526 in both the blood and pleural fluid. There was no clinical or imaging evidence of @entity55 as well as @entity82 or @entity843 . She was managed as a case of SBEM requiring drainage by chest tube. Management of SBEM in non-cirrhotic individuals usually requires drainage with chest tube as against @entity1 with @entity1575 with hepatic hydro-thorax in whom chest tube drainage is contraindicated for risk of massive protein and electrolyte depletion and @entity2700 .

title: Spontaneous bacterial empyema in a non @entity454 XXXX with immunosuppression.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritic chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Implantation of a ventricular assist device (VAD) is a seminal therapeutic option for @entity1 with @entity712 . However, haemolysis remains a clinically relevant adverse effect of several VAD types. Lysed erythrocytes release @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) and haemoglobin. Free haemoglobin in plasma is bound by @entity2104 with high affinity. The complex is internalised by monocytes/macrophages and degraded. Any more released free @entity4121 is captured by haemopexin. This complex also undergoes lysosomal degradation in various cells. Only now, the excessive free haemoglobin can be measured in plasma. Here, we investigated haemolysis in @entity1 supported by different VAD types. METHODS: Five @entity1 with an intracorporeal centrifugal left ventricular VAD (LVAD), 10 @entity1 with an axial LVAD and seven @entity1 with a paracorporeal biventricular assist device (BVAD) were analysed preoperatively and 3 days (3.0+/-0.4 days, early), 2 weeks (14+/-1 days, intermediate) and 2 months (62+/-5 days, later) after VAD implantation for @entity2104 , haemopexin, free haemoglobin in plasma, LDH, total haemoglobin, haematocrit and transfusion requirements. RESULTS: @entity1 with a centrifugal LVAD displayed normal @entity2104 and haemopexin, low free haemoglobin and moderately increased LDH. In comparison, axial LVADs were accompanied by lower @entity2104 and haemopexin and higher free haemoglobin and LDH values. In contrast, BVADs led to an almost complete loss of @entity2104 and haemopexin and to high levels of free haemoglobin and LDH at each analysed time point. CONCLUSIONS: While severe haemolysis accompanies BVAD support, erythrocyte damage is less pronounced in the axial LVAD examined and only slight in the intracorporeal centrifugal LVAD. Haemopexin, a scavenger of free haemoglobin, can be used, in combination with @entity2104 and free haemoglobin, to assess erythrocyte damage.

title: Haemolysis in XXXX with ventricular assist devices: major differences between systems.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['terminal cardiac failure']

entities_list: @entity4121 :: ('CHEBI:35143', 'Chemical') :: ['haemoglobin']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: A phase II study of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y agonist @entity6170 extended release (RSG XR) in mild-to-moderate @entity195 ( @entity195 ) detected a treatment benefit to cognition in @entity2204 ( @entity2204 )-  4-negative subjects. The current phase III study with prospective stratification by @entity2204 genotype was conducted to confirm the efficacy and safety of RSG XR in mild-to-moderate @entity195 . An open-label extension study assessed the long-term safety and tolerability of 8 mg RSG XR. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study enrolled 693 subjects. Within 2 @entity2204 allelic strata (  4-positive,   4-negative), subjects were randomized (2:2:2:1) to once-daily placebo, 2 mg RSG XR, 8 mg RSG XR or 10 mg @entity8124 (control). Coprimary endpoints were change from baseline to week 24 in the @entity195 Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) score, and week 24 Clinician's Interview-Based Impression of Change plus caregiver input (CIBIC+). RESULTS: At week 24, no significant differences from placebo in change from baseline in coprimary endpoints were detected with either the RSG XR dose in @entity2204 -negative subjects or overall. For @entity8124 , no significant treatment difference was detected in ADAS-Cog; however, a significant difference was detected (p = 0.009) on the CIBIC+. Peripheral @entity4 was the most common adverse event for 8 mg RSG XR (15%) and placebo (5%), and @entity11266 for 2 mg RSG XR (7%). CONCLUSION: No evidence of efficacy of 2 mg or 8 mg RSG XR monotherapy in cognition or global function was detected in the @entity2204 -negative or other analysis populations. The safety and tolerability of RSG XR was consistent with its known pharmacology.

title: XXXX monotherapy in mild-to-moderate @entity195 : results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study.

entities_list: @entity11266 :: ('MESH:D009304', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity2204 :: ('348', 'Gene') :: ['APOE-  4', 'apolipoprotein E', 'APOE']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease", "Alzheimer's Disease"]

entities_list: @entity8124 :: ('MESH:C076946', 'Chemical') :: ['donepezil']

entities_list: @entity6170 :: ('MESH:C089730', 'Chemical') :: ['rosiglitazone']

answer: @entity6170 :: (MESH:C089730,Chemical) :: ['Rosiglitazone']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: American @entity6 Association (ADA), French-speaking Societies for @entity6 _ cardiology (ALFEDIAM-SFC) and Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging (CRI) have proposed guidelines for the screening of silent @entity741 (SMI). The aim of the study was to evaluate their diagnostic values and how to improve them. METHODS AND RESULTS: 731 consecutive type 2 @entity6 @entity1 with >= 1 additional risk factor were screened between 1992 and 2006 for SMI by stress myocardial scintigraphy and for silent @entity453 ( @entity453 ) by coronary angiography. A total of 215 (29.4%) @entity1 had SMI, and 79 of them had @entity453 . ADA (Odds Ratio 1.7 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.2-2.5]; p < 0.05), ALFEDIAM-SFC (OR 1.5 [1.0-2.5], p < 0.05) and CRI criteria (OR 2.0 [1.4-2.8], p < 0.01) predicted SMI. Considering the presence of male gender and @entity989 added to the prediction of SMI allowed by ADA criteria (c statistic: area under the curve AROC 0.651 [0.605-0.697] versus 0.582 [0.534-0.630]), p < 0.01 and ALFEDIAM-SFC criteria (AROC 0.672 [0.620-0.719] versus 0.620 [0.571-0.670], p < 0.05). CRI prediction of SMI was improved by considering the presence of macroproteinuria and @entity989 (AROC 0.621 [0.575-0.667] versus 0.594 [0.548-0.641], p < 0.01). Severe @entity989 (OR 3.4 [1.2-9.4], p < 0.05), smoking habits (OR 2.1 [1.1-4.2], p < 0.05) and @entity412 levels (OR 1.3 [1.0-1.6], p < 0.05) were independent predictors of @entity453 in the @entity1 with SMI. CONCLUSION: Current guidelines criteria are able to predict SMI but prediction may be improved by considering male gender and the presence of @entity989 . @entity453 is more frequent in the @entity1 with SMI who are current smokers, have severe @entity989 and higher @entity412 levels.

title: The report of male gender and XXXX status improves the current consensus guidelines for the screening of @entity741 in asymptomatic type 2 @entity6 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinopathy']


abstract: Xenobiotic transport proteins are involved in cellular defence against accumulation of xenobiotics participating in multixenobiotic resistance (MXR). In order to study the transcriptional regulation of MXR genes in fish exposed to common chemical pollutants we selected the @entity34151 ( @entity34151 ), since mugilids are widespread in highly degraded estuarine environments where they have to survive through development and adulthood. Partial sequences belonging to genes coding for members of 3 different families of @entity855 binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins (ABCB1; ABCB11; ABCC2; ABCC3; ABCG2) and a vault protein (major vault protein, MVP) were amplified and sequenced from mullet liver. Their liver and brain transcription levels were examined in juvenile mullets under exposure to @entity14911 ( @entity14912 ) and to fresh (F) and weathered (WF) Prestige-like heavy fuel oil for 2 and 16 days. In liver, @entity14912 significantly up-regulated transcription of abcb1, abcb11 and abcg2 while in brain only abcb11 was up-regulated. Both fuel treatments significantly down-regulated abcb11 in liver at day 2 while abcc2 was only down-regulated by WF. mvp was significantly up-regulated by F and down-regulated by WF at day 2 in the liver. At day 16 only a significant up-regulation of abcb1 in the F group was recorded. Brain abcc3 and abcg2 were down-regulated by both fuels at day 2, while abcb1 and abcc2 were only down-regulated by F exposure. After 16 days of exposure only abcb11 and abcg2 were regulated. In conclusion, exposure to organic xenobiotics significantly alters transcription levels of genes participating in xenobiotic efflux, especially after short periods of exposure. Efflux transporter gene transcription profiling could thus constitute a promising tool to assess exposure to common pollutants.

title: Regulation of xenobiotic transporter genes in liver and brain of juvenile @entity34151 ( XXXX ) after exposure to Prestige-like fuel oil and to @entity14911 .

entities_list: @entity14911 :: ('MESH:C076994', 'Chemical') :: ['perfluorooctane sulfonate']

entities_list: @entity34151 :: ('48171', 'Species') :: ['thicklip grey mullet', 'Chelon labrosus']

answer: @entity34151 :: (48171,Species) :: ['Chelon labrosus']


abstract: @entity7453 ( @entity7453 ) identified by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining is common in primary @entity320 , and @entity7453 has been shown to be an independent prognostic factor in @entity320 . Its prognostic significance in @entity5 of uncertain malignant potential (MELTUMPs) has not been well characterized. This study included 32 @entity1 with provisional diagnoses of MELTUMP. Lesions were evaluated for @entity5 thickness, the presence of ulceration, mitotic figures, mitotic figures at the base, @entity5 infiltrating lymphocytes, as well as peritumoral and intratumoral lymphatic density. Dual IHC staining was used to microscopically detect lymphatic endothelium (podoplanin) containing @entity320 cells (S100), with the aid of multispectral imaging in select cases. Univariate analysis was performed to identify associations between clinical and pathologic variables and @entity320 -related events. The 32 @entity1 had a median follow-up of 111 months. Two @entity1 subsequently died of @entity320 , 1 died of unknown causes, 5 developed nodal metastases, and the remainder showed no evidence of progressive disease. @entity7453 was identified in 8/32 @entity1 (25%) by dual IHC staining, which included the 2 @entity1 who died of @entity320 , 1 @entity1 with bulky nodal @entity3 , 1/4 @entity1 with microscopic nodal metastases, and 4 @entity1 who showed no evidence of progressive disease. The presence of @entity7453 was associated with @entity320 metastases or @entity320 -related @entity204 (P=0.05). The presence of @entity7453 by dual IHC in MELTUMPs is associated with a poorer prognosis, specifically with @entity320 @entity3 , and may therefore serve as a useful prognostic factor for risk stratification of @entity1 with these diagnostically challenging lesions.

title: XXXX predicts aggressive behavior in melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential (MELTUMP).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'melanocytic tumors']

entities_list: @entity7453 :: ('MESH:D008207', 'Disease') :: ['LI', 'Lymphatic invasion']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanoma-related disease', 'cutaneous melanoma']

answer: @entity7453 :: (MESH:D008207,Disease) :: ['Lymphatic invasion']


abstract: In this study, we have examined the spontaneous efflux and stimulation-induced overflow of endogenous @entity935 (DA) and @entity4925 ( @entity4925 ) from striatal slices prepared from adult @entity35 . Partial destruction of striatal DA terminals with @entity2955 reduced the electrically evoked overflow of DA and @entity4925 , but by less than the DA content of the tissue slices. This resulted in an increase in the fractional overflow of DA and @entity4925 , a measure of overflow from residual dopaminergic terminals. The increase in fractional DA overflow was related to the lesion size, reaching 7-fold with DA depletions of greater than 90%. Inhibition of DA re-uptake with @entity7831 (10 microM) increased DA overflow and reduced @entity4925 overflow by an equivalent amount, indicating that a portion of the DA released by electrical stimulation is recaptured and metabolized before appearing as @entity4925 in the superfusate. However, @entity2955 lesions further elevated fractional DA overflow above control even in the presence of @entity7831 , suggesting that slices prepared from lesioned animals exhibit an increase in DA release from residual dopaminergic terminals. DA overflow was enhanced by the DA receptor antagonist @entity3216 (1 microM) in control tissue but not in slices prepared from lesioned animals, suggesting that increased efflux per terminal was accompanied by reduced autoinhibition of release. Over a range of firing frequencies typical of nigrostriatal neurons in vivo (2-8 Hz), fractional DA overflow per pulse from lesioned slices was 3-fold higher than control overflow; however, fractional overflow per pulse was reduced from lesioned but not control slices when slices were exposed to a higher frequency (12 Hz). Thus, the lesion appeared to have increased DA release at moderate frequencies, but had reduced the effective range of frequencies over which the DA terminals could operate. Finally, @entity27876 (2 mM), an inhibitor of @entity669 hydroxylase, reduced DA overflow from intact slices, but completely abolished overflow from lesioned slices, suggesting that @entity2955 had increased the dependence of DA efflux on a sustained rate of DA synthesis. Taken together, these data suggest that after lesioning with @entity2955 , DA released per pulse from residual terminals is increased relative to control, so long as the stimulation frequency is within the physiological range. This increase in release may serve a compensatory function, maintaining dopaminergic control over striatal function despite extensive loss of DA neurons.

title: XXXX efflux from striatal slices after intracerebral @entity2955 : evidence for compensatory hyperactivity of residual terminals.

entities_list: @entity7831 :: ('MESH:D009627', 'Chemical') :: ['nomifensine']

entities_list: @entity4925 :: ('MESH:D015102', 'Chemical') :: ['DOPAC', '3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3216 :: ('MESH:D013469', 'Chemical') :: ['sulpiride']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine']

entities_list: @entity27876 :: ('MESH:C523964', 'Chemical') :: ['3-iodotyrosine']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['Dopamine']


abstract: A novel ultra cryo-milling micronization technique has been established using dry ice beads and liquid @entity1568 (LN2). Drug particles were co-suspended with dry ice beads in LN2 and ground by stirring. Dry ice beads were prepared by storing dry ice pellets in LN2. A poorly water-soluble drug, @entity3174 , was micronized more efficiently using either dry ice beads or zirconia beads compared to jet milling. Dry ice beads retained their granular shape without pulverizing and sublimating in LN2 as the milling operation progressed. Longer milling times produced smaller-sized @entity3174 particles. The agitation speed for milling was optimized. Analysis of the glass transition temperature revealed that @entity3174 particles co-ground with @entity4280 ( @entity12468 ) by dry ice milling were crystalline, whereas a planetary ball-milled mixtures process with zirconia beads contained the amorphous form. The dissolution rate of @entity3174 milled with @entity12468 using dry ice beads or zirconia beads was significantly improved compared to jet-milled @entity3174 or the physical mixture. Dry ice beads together with LN2 were spontaneously sublimated at ambient condition after milling. Thus, the yield was significantly improved by dry ice beads compared to zirconia beads since the loss arisen from adhering to the surface of dry ice beads could be completely avoided, resulting in about 85-90% of recovery. In addition, compounds milled using dry ice beads are free from abraded contaminating material originating from the beads and internal vessel wall.

title: Development of a novel ultra cryo-milling technique for a poorly water-soluble drug using dry ice beads and liquid XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity4280 :: ('MESH:D011205', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinylpyrrolidone']

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Infection of a hip prosthesis is one of the most severe @entity532 encountered in orthopedic practice. Two-stage reconstruction using an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer has become a popular procedure for the treatment of this condition. However, there are some disadvantages with the use of antibiotic-loaded cement, including low biocompatibility, a very low release ratio, and the possibility of thermal damage to the antibiotic. We have developed an effective drug delivery system for @entity4034 in which porous @entity692 (HA) blocks are loaded with an antibiotic by the vacuum method. We report here a modification of this delivery system applied for the first stage of two-stage reconstruction surgery against infected hip prosthesis. @entity1 AND METHODS: Eight consecutive @entity1 who developed @entity22376 underwent two-stage revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) using antibiotic-loaded porous @entity616 prepared by the vacuum method. Thorough debridement and insertion of antibiotic-loaded @entity616 was performed in the first stage, followed by conversion to @entity2445 after eradication of infection in the second stage. RESULTS: The mean interval between the stages was 16.8 weeks. There were no @entity532 related to the use of the antibiotic-loaded @entity616 . The @entity1 were followed up for an average of 49 months with no evidence of recurrent infection. The mean Japanese Orthopedic Association hip score improved from 45.1 before surgery to 79.6 at the latest follow-up. INTERPRETATION: This simple approach utilizing antibiotic-impregnated @entity616 prepared by the vacuum method is considered to be effective for treatment of @entity22376 .

title: Two-stage revision surgery for XXXX using antibiotic-loaded porous @entity692 blocks.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity22376 :: ('MESH:D016459', 'Disease') :: ['hip prosthesis infection']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['complications']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['HA blocks']

answer: @entity22376 :: (MESH:D016459,Disease) :: ['hip prosthesis infection']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity11375 ( @entity11375 ) via the retroperitoneal transpsoas approach is an increasingly popular, minimally invasive technique for interbody fusion in the thoracolumbar spine that avoids many of the complications of traditional anterior and transforaminal approaches. @entity8 has been cited as a potential risk in @entity11375 , but little has been documented in the literature regarding the etiology of this injury. The authors discuss a case of an intraoperative complication of @entity8 during @entity11375 . A 42-year-old @entity1 underwent staged T12-L5 @entity11375 in the left lateral decubitus position, and L5-S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion, followed 3 days later by T12-S1 posterior instrumentation for @entity2112 with @entity614 refractory to conservative management. After placement of the T12-L1 cage, the retractor was released and significant @entity548 was encountered during its removal. Immediate consultation with the vascular team was obtained, and hemostasis was achieved with @entity455 . The @entity1 was stabilized, and the remainder of the procedure was performed without complication. On postoperative CT imaging, the @entity1 was found to have a supernumerary left renal artery with complete occlusion of the superior left renal artery, causing @entity1188 of approximately 75% of the kidney. There was no increase in @entity1011 level immediately postoperatively or at the 3-month follow-up. Renal visceral and @entity1317 are known risks with @entity11375 , with potentially devastating consequences. The retroperitoneal transpsoas approach for @entity11375 in the superior lumbar spine requires a thorough knowledge of renal visceral and vascular anatomy. Supernumerary renal arteries occur in 25%-40% of the population and occur most frequently on the left and superior to the usual renal artery trunk. These arteries can vary in number, position, and course from the aorta and position relative to the usual renal artery trunk. Understanding of renal anatomy and the potential variability of the renal vasculature is essential to prevent @entity130 .

title: XXXX during lateral transpsoas interbody fusion: case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery injury', 'Renal vascular injury']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular clips']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['vascular injuries']

entities_list: @entity11375 :: ('MESH:D007714', 'Disease') :: ['LIF', 'Lateral interbody fusion']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['iatrogenic injury']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Renal artery injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The existence of a link between @entity32 in upper and lower airways is well established. It may therefore be assumed that the nose could be used to study inflammatory events in the lower airways. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) nasal challenge model by investigating the effect of the @entity7416 inhibitor @entity29853 on neutrophilic @entity32 . METHODS: A total of 18 healthy volunteers were randomized in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study. @entity29853 or placebo was dosed for 3  days. Subjects were challenged nasally with LPS (50   g/nostril), and nasal lavage was performed 6 and 24  h later. Leucocytes, neutrophils and inflammatory mediators were assessed in the lavage fluid. The outcome was compared with data from analogous experiments performed in a model of inhaled LPS followed by induced sputum. This trial was registered in the Current Controlled Trials register (ISRCTN trial number: ISRCTN46666382). RESULTS: The leucocytes in nasal lavage consisted to 99% of neutrophils on average. Treatment with @entity29853 reduced the leucocyte count to 48% of placebo 6  h after the LPS challenge. There was also a reduction in LTB4 levels to 45% of placebo after 6  h and in the neutrophil elastase activity after 24  h. No major adverse events were seen with either @entity29853 or placebo. The nasal LPS model induced only minimal local irritation and no signs of systemic @entity32 . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment was reduced by inhibition of @entity7416 . This outcome mimicked the response previously seen in a lower airway LPS model. Hence, the nasal model offers a convenient and well-tolerated alternative for pharmacological evaluation of anti-inflammatory drugs affecting neutrophilic migration and activity.

title: Airway XXXX evaluated in a human nasal lipopolysaccharide challenge model by investigating the effect of a @entity7416 inhibitor.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We investigated the role of @entity1996 (COX-2) in mechanisms of hyperbaric @entity26 preconditioning (HBO-PC) in the @entity19 model of surgical @entity1545 (SBI). METHODS: C57BL @entity19 were administered 100% @entity26 for 1 hour at 2.5 atmosphere absolute for 5 consecutive days and subjected to SBI. @entity16 and @entity2657 were evaluated at 24 hours and 72 hours after the brain insult. Fluorescent immunostaining and Western blotting were performed to study @entity519 -inducible factor-1alpha and COX-2, respectively. Two doses of COX-2 inhibitor, @entity8228 (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) were used to verify the role of COX-2 signaling pathway in the mechanism of HBO-PC. RESULTS: HBO-PC improved neurological status and decreased @entity2657 at 24 hours and 72 hours after SBI. HBO-PC by itself and SBI independently increased COX-2 levels by 2-fold and 4-fold, respectively. HBO-PC, however, reduced increase in @entity519 -inducible factor-1alpha and COX-2 expression after SBI. The HBO-PC-induced improvement in neurological status and @entity2657 was reversed by a suboptimal dose of the COX-2 inhibitor, @entity8228 (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally; 1/4th of dose shown to provide neuroprotection), which itself had no effect on investigated end points. CONCLUSIONS: HBO-PC attenuates postoperative @entity2657 and improves neurological outcomes after SBI. The HBO-PC-induced neuroprotection is mediated through COX-2 signaling pathways.

title: @entity1996 mediates hyperbaric @entity26 preconditioning-induced neuroprotection in the @entity19 model of surgical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurological status']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['brain injury']