abstract: Registry Experience at the Washington Hospital Center, @entity4743 - Taxus Liberte Versus Xience V (REWARDS @entity806 ) is a physician-initiated, retrospective, real-world, multicenter, observational study for all @entity1 >18 years of age subjected to percutaneous coronary intervention with @entity2239 -eluting stents (EESs) or @entity1311 -eluting stents (PESs). Outcomes of @entity1 receiving a TAXUS Libert   or XIENCE V drug-eluting stent were compared. Baseline clinical, procedural, and follow-up data at 12 months were collected from 10 clinical centers by an electronic data capture system. The study's primary end point was major adverse cardiac events: a composite of all-cause death, Q-wave @entity583 , target vessel revascularization, and stent @entity715 . The trial is registered with http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01134159). Data were entered for 1,195 @entity1 (PES, n = 595; EES, n = 600). Baseline clinical characteristics were similar except for @entity2299 , systemic @entity101 , and family history of @entity453 in the EES group. In-hospital outcome was similar between groups, with an overall in-hospital stent @entity715 rate of 0.2%. The primary end point at 12 months was similar (EES 7.8% vs 10.8%, p = 0.082). Overall stent @entity715 rate was lower in the EES group (0.3% vs 1.2%, respectively, p = 0.107); however, @entity75 revascularization was similar (PES, hazard ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 2.19, p = 0.064). There was no difference in overall mortality between groups. In conclusion, second-generation EESs and PESs demonstrated similar efficacy and safety profiles for broadened @entity1 and lesion subsets compared to a selected population from the pivotal trials. However, for composite efficacy and safety end points, EESs outperformed second-generation PESs.

title: Percutaneous coronary intervention with second-generation paclitaxel-eluting stents versus XXXX -eluting stents in United States contemporary practice (REWARDS @entity806 Trial).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['higher dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['target lesion']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2239 :: ('MESH:C107135', 'Chemical') :: ['everolimus']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity2239 :: (MESH:C107135,Chemical) :: ['everolimus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A sutureless ward reduction (SWR) protocol was implemented in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary level hospital in 1999. Although the short-term outcomes associated with SWR have been documented, the long-term outcomes are unknown. METHODS: Retrospective data were collected from the medical records of all neonates with @entity6675 from September 1999 to December 2010. Data on their growth and development and the prevalence of any health problems were collected. RESULTS: Eighty-eight @entity1 with @entity6675 were managed over an 11 year period. Forty-four of these @entity1 received SWR, with 2 deaths in the neonatal period. In the 42 survivors, 35 @entity1 were reviewed at a median age of 7 years and 10 months (range, 6-134 months; interquartile range, 37-124 months). One @entity1 experienced @entity177 to thrive and @entity245 , and later died of a medical complication. Thirty-two @entity1 (91.4%) developed an @entity14147 , only 2 of whom required umbilical herniotomy. Four @entity1 (11.4%) developed @entity1744 , all within the first year. CONCLUSION: Most @entity1 with SWR exhibited normal growth with minimal bowel complications. Despite the high incidence of @entity14147 , the majority resolved spontaneously and did not require subsequent herniotomy.

title: Long-term review of sutureless ward reduction in neonates with XXXX in the neonatal unit.

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity6675 :: ('MESH:D020139', 'Disease') :: ['gastroschisis']

entities_list: @entity14147 :: ('MESH:D006554', 'Disease') :: ['umbilical hernia']

answer: @entity6675 :: (MESH:D020139,Disease) :: ['gastroschisis']


abstract: Prophylactic vaccines against @entity1082 ) types causing @entity5 will soon be available. Success of the vaccine relies on parents' willingness to vaccinate their prepubescent daughters. We explored mothers' attitudes towards vaccination. Twenty-four mothers of @entity1 ages 8 to 14 years took part in four focus groups. Discussions covered attitudes to vaccination in general, @entity5 vaccines, vaccines for @entity2953 ( @entity2953 ), and the HPV vaccine. Discussions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically. Mothers were broadly provaccination. Some were excited about a @entity5 vaccine, although there were fears that it might lead to unhealthy behaviors (e.g., smoking). @entity2953 vaccines got a mixed reception. Enthusiasm was moderated by concerns about an increase in risky @entity146 . When provided with information about the HPV vaccine, @entity1 were in favor of protecting their daughters from @entity5 , abnormal Papanicolaou results and, potentially, from cervical screening. Some worried about an increase in promiscuity and risk of other STIs. There was disagreement about the age at which @entity1 should be vaccinated. Although some @entity1 thought this question should be medically driven, others were concerned about discussing the vaccine with young @entity1 and preferred to wait until they were older. In conclusion, mothers were broadly in favor of HPV vaccination but had reservations, particularly about vaccinating @entity1 as young as 10. Larger-scale quantitative work is needed to assess acceptability at the population level. If the vaccine is introduced, information provision is likely to be key to ensuring parents understand the rationale for vaccinating at a young age.

title: Mothers' attitudes towards preventing XXXX through @entity1082 vaccination: a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity2953 :: ('MESH:D012749', 'Disease') :: ['sexually transmitted infections', 'STI']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['sexual behavior']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: @entity12252 ( @entity12252 ) is a widely distributed membrane-associated protein in the brain, mainly localized in nerve terminals. In nerve terminals, @entity12252 participates in docking and/or fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasmalemma, a process essential for synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Recent work suggests a role in brain development, forming presynaptic sites by regulating axonal outgrowth and nerve growth-induced neurite elongation. In Down syndrome (DS) brain, it is abnormally developed from early life, and brain pathology becomes even more pronounced when @entity195 ( @entity195 ) develops in the fourth decade. This information led us to examine @entity12252 in the brain of @entity1 with DS and @entity195 . We studied @entity12252 and @entity538 ( @entity538 ) brain levels in five individual brain areas of 9 aged @entity1 with DS, 9 @entity1 with @entity195 and 9 controls, applying two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Decreased @entity12252 levels were found in the five brain regions of the @entity1 with DS and @entity195 . Increased expression levels of @entity538 were found in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortex regions of the DS and @entity195 @entity1 . Decreased @entity12252 protein levels in the brain of DS and @entity195 may reflect impaired synaptogenesis or represent @entity528 . Findings of increased @entity538 , a marker for @entity528 , along with data from literature would support the notion of decreased @entity12252 secondary to neuronal decay in both @entity179 .

title: Decreased levels of synaptosomal associated protein 25 in the brain of XXXX with Down syndrome and @entity195 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity538 :: ('2670', 'Gene') :: ['GFAP', 'glial fibrillary acidic protein']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal loss']

entities_list: @entity12252 :: ('6616', 'Gene') :: ['snap-25', 'Synaptosomal associated protein 25 kDa']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the presence and production of various phospholipid metabolites by @entity213 ( @entity213 ) and @entity957 cell lines in vitro and in vivo. DESIGN: The @entity213 homogenates and supernatants of @entity213 cultures and established @entity957 cell lines were assayed for @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and platelet activating factor (PAF). In vitro experiments were carried out under baseline conditions or with exposure to several known immunomodulators (epidermal growth factor, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, and @entity1192 ). @entity1 : The @entity213 tissue was obtained from primary @entity5 or cervical lymph node @entity3 of surgical resections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1421 , LTB4, and PAF were measured in @entity5 homogenates and cell culture supernatants using standardized radioimmunoassay kits. RESULTS: All @entity5 homogenates (eight of eight) contained detectable levels of @entity1421 (range, 324 to 2258 pg/g of @entity5 tissue) and LTB4 (range, 790 to 41,900 pg/g of @entity5 tissue); @entity5567 was detected in six of eight homogenates (range, 7362 to 40,788 pg/g of @entity5 tissue). All of the short-term primary @entity213 cultures and @entity957 lines produced @entity1421 (range, 90 to 1160 pg/10(6) cells), and half of the cultures produced LTB4 (range, 100 to 1700 pg/10(6) cells); none of the cultures or cell lines produced detectable levels of PAF. @entity1192 significantly enhanced production of @entity1421 by @entity5 cultures (P < .02). Characterization of @entity5 cultures with a fibroblast antibody marker, BR2, revealed that 26% to 64% of @entity5 culture cells were fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1421 , LTB4, and PAF are present in the @entity5 microenvironment, where they may be involved in the local immunosuppression phenomenon seen in @entity213 . Both @entity1421 and LTB4 were produced in vitro by @entity5 cultures and @entity957 cell lines; PAF was not produced by @entity5 cultures in vitro and therefore may be a product of local immune cells in @entity213 in vivo. @entity1192 and @entity1421 may interact in immunoregulation in the @entity213 microenvironment.

title: Phospholipid metabolite expression by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'Prostaglandin E2', 'prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin 1', 'Interleukin 1']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['HNSCC tumor', 'head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', 'HNSCC']

answer: @entity213 :: (MESH:C535575,Disease) :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Myocardial conduction depends on the magnitude of the fast inward @entity1372 current as well as on cardiac fiber orientation, with more rapid propagation along myocardial fibers than across them. Although antiarrhythmic drugs depress the @entity1372 current in a frequency-dependent fashion in vitro, their effects on conduction in the intact ventricle have been less well studied. We therefore evaluated the frequency- and orientation-dependent actions of @entity2683 , @entity5126 , and their combination on epicardial conduction in 24 @entity4485 -anesthetized @entity235 . These interventions were chosen because the time constant of recovery from @entity1372 -channel blockade by @entity2683 in vitro is shorter than that from blockade by @entity5126 , and because we have previously shown that the combination of these drugs is often clinically effective when single-agent therapy fails. An electrode array that permitted measurement of conduction times in multiple orientations over short segments of epicardium without contamination by rapid Purkinje fiber propagation or by latency or virtual cathode effects at the stimulus site was developed for these studies. In all animals, the atrioventricular node was destroyed by injection of @entity406 to permit measurements over a wide range of cycle lengths (250 to 1500 msec). In the absence of drugs, conduction in any direction was frequency independent. In the presence of @entity2683 , however, frequency-dependent increases in conduction times were found at cycle lengths of 600 msec or less; these changes were significantly greater in orientations for which baseline conduction was rapid. @entity5126 , on the other hand, increased conduction times at all tested cycle lengths without significant orientation-dependent effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Frequency- and orientation-dependent effects of @entity2683 and @entity5126 on conduction in the intact XXXX heart.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity2683 :: ('MESH:D008801', 'Chemical') :: ['mexiletine']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['Quinidine', 'quinidine']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification for @entity356 was published in 2010 and included major revisions. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the validity of the seventh edition TNM classification for @entity356 based on an Asian population. METHODS: A total of 2916 @entity356 @entity1 who underwent R0 surgical resection from 1989 through 2008 in a single institute were included, and were analyzed according to the seventh edition of the TNM classification for validation. RESULTS: When adjusted using the seventh edition of the TNM classification, upstaging was observed in 771 @entity1 (26.4%) and downstaging was observed in 178 @entity1 (6.1%) compared with the sixth edition of the TNM classification. The relative risk (RR) of seventh edition pT classification was found to be increased with regular intensity compared with the sixth edition pT classification. The RR of seventh edition pN classification was found to be increased with irregular intensity compared with the sixth edition pN classification. In survival analysis, there were significant differences noted for each stage of disease, but only a marginal difference was demonstrated between stage IA and stage IB (P = .049). In the hybrid TNM classification, which combines the seventh edition pT classification and the sixth edition pN classification, both pT and pN classifications demonstrated a more ideal distribution of the RR, and 5-year survival rates also showed a significant difference for each stage (P <.01). CONCLUSIONS: The seventh edition of the TNM classification was considered valid based on the results of the current study. However, the hybrid TNM classification, comprised of a combination of the seventh edition pT classification and sixth edition pN classification, should be considered for the next edition.

title: Validation of the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The emergence of resistance to last resort antibiotics is a public health concern of global scale. Besides direct @entity1 -to- @entity1 propagation, environmental pathways might contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we describe the incidence of @entity39018 , a gene conferring resistance to carbapenems, in the wastewater of Jeddah city over a one-year period. @entity39018 was detected at concentrations ranging from 10(4) to 10(5) copies per m(3) of untreated wastewater during the entire monitoring period. These results indicate the ubiquity and high incidence of @entity39018 in the local wastewater. To track the bacteria carrying @entity39018 , we isolated @entity526 PI7, a strain of the sequence type @entity39019 , from wastewater around the Hajj event in October 2013. Genome sequencing of this strain revealed an extensive repertoire of ARGs as well as virulence and invasive traits. These traits were further confirmed by antibiotic resistance profiling and in-vitro cell internalization in HeLa cell cultures. Given that this strain remains viable even after a certain duration in the sewerage, and that Jeddah lacks a robust sanitary infrastructure to fully capture all generated sewage, the presence of this bacterium in the untreated wastewater would represent a potential hazard to the local public health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a @entity39018 -positive @entity526 isolated from a non-nosocomial environment in Saudi Arabia, and may set a preceding concern for the need to establish an improved surveillance for @entity2893 -resistant @entity526 in the country and nearby regions.

title: Isolation and characterization of NDM-positive XXXX from municipal wastewater in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

entities_list: @entity2893 :: ('CHEBI:46765', 'Chemical') :: ['carbapenem']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the occurrence characteristics of and clinical repair experience with @entity75 in to the middle ear and mastoid from 1970-1995. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart/case review. SETTING: Private Otology/Neurotology referral practice. @entity1 : Thirty-five @entity1 with temporal bone @entity75 diagnosed and treated from 1970-1995. INTERVENTION: Diagnosis confirmed by CT and/or MRI. Treatment was surgical. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Success of surgical repair of the problem in a large experience with follow-up of up to 180 months (mean, 48.7 months). RESULTS: Diagnosis is most effectively made by both (computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this series diagnosis was accurate in 89% with MRI. Primary repair was successful in all but three @entity1 , two of whom required a second repair. One was unreconstructable. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal bone encephaloceles occur after ear surgery and in @entity102 media. Prompt and effective surgical repair is successful and integral to complication avoidance.

title: XXXX into the middle ear and mastoid: concepts in diagnosis and surgical management.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain herniation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic otitis']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['Brain herniation']


abstract: In total, 70-80% of newly diagnosed @entity150 are confined to the mucosa and staged as Ta, T1 or @entity189 in situ according to the 2002 @entity5 , lymph nodes and metastasis classification. The standard treatment for these nonmuscle-invasive @entity150 is @entity5 resection with or without adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or intravesical immunotherapy and subsequent follow-up. Diagnosis and follow-up of nonmuscle-invasive @entity150 offers two main problems. First, approximately 10-20% of all @entity5 are not seen in standard cystoscopy. Additionally, frequently repeated follow-up cystoscopies are bothersome for the @entity1 . As an adjunct to standard cystoscopy, fluorescence-guided cystoscopy has demonstrated significantly higher @entity5 detection rates and optimized @entity1 treatment in recent Phase III studies. Second, routinely performed urine cytology is characterized by high specificity but low sensitivity. Today, several urine tests are available that may increase diagnostic accuracy and potentially prolong intervals of follow-up cystocopy. Owing to rather high recurrence rates after @entity5 resection in most @entity5 and high progression rates in poorly differentiated @entity5 , adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or intravesical immunotherapy has gained widespread use in @entity1 with nonmuscle-invasive @entity150 . Only a few further immunomodulatory drugs, such as recombinant cytokines, have shown significant clinical effectiveness. Additional approaches, such as photodynamic therapy with different photosensitizers and thermotherapy in combination with intravesical chemotherapy, have been evaluated in Phase III studies.

title: Recent improvements in the detection and treatment of nonmuscle-invasive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'transurethral tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancers', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Colonoscopy with mucosal biopsy is currently considered to be the "gold standard" investigation for the evaluation of disease activity and disease extent in @entity31 . Conventional colonoscopic criteria are inadequate for assessing disease extent and for predicting clinical relapse, however. Histopathological markers of relapse, such as microscopic crypt abscess formation and mucin depletion cannot be identified using conventional endoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy for the in vivo assessment of histopathological @entity32 and disease extent using standardised endoscopic and histopathological criteria. @entity1 AND METHODS: Total colonoscopy using the Olympus CF240Z magnifying colonoscope was performed prospectively in 325 consecutive @entity1 with a known diagnosis of @entity31 . A "biphasic" examination of all five @entity694 was performed with conventional endoscopy followed by magnification imaging and biopsy. Disease activity was documented using Baron's classification, modified Saitoh criteria for magnification imaging, and Matts' histopathological grading. RESULTS: A total of 1800 images from 300 @entity1 were analyzed (25 @entity1 were excluded). The kappa coefficients of agreement between Saitoh's magnification criteria grades 1/2, 3/4, and 5/6 and Matts' histopathological grades 1/2, 3a/b, and 4/5 were 0.96, 0.62, and 0.51, respectively. Mild, moderate, and severe @entity66 (Matts' grades 1/2, 3a - 4, and 5) were represented more accurately using Saitoh's criteria than by conventional Baron scores for all clinical parameters ( R = 0.976; P < 0.001). Magnification imaging was significantly better than conventional colonoscopy for predicting disease extent in vivo ( P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest prospective study and the only Western group to report on this application of magnification imaging. High-magnification imaging provides a sensitive and specific in vivo "virtual biopsy" in @entity31 and so an instant biomarker for disease relapse, while accurately predicting disease extent. High-accuracy optical biopsy can limit the number of biopsies required, with significant cost savings for pathology services.

title: High-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy in XXXX : a valid tool for in vivo optical biopsy and assessment of disease extent.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['histopathological disease']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic segments and the rectum']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: We tested the hypothesis that astrocytes swell in response to @entity1068 ( @entity167 ) exposure. The experimental approach consisted of an electrical impedance method designed to measure cell volume. In chronic experiments, @entity167 (100 mM) was added to the culture media for 1, 3, or 7 days. The cells were subsequently exposed for 15 min to isotonic buffer (122 mM @entity1219 ) also containing 100 mM @entity167 . Subsequently, the cells were washed and exposed to @entity2421 buffer (112 mM @entity1219 ) containing 100 mM @entity2656 . Chronic exposure to @entity167 led to a marked increase in cell volume compared with control cells. Specific anion cotransport blockers, such as SITS, DIDS, @entity1483 , or @entity11623 , when simultaneously added with @entity167 to hyponatremic buffer, failed to reverse the @entity167 -induced effect on @entity4 . In acute experiments, confluent neonatal @entity35 primary astrocyte cultures were exposed to isotonic media (122 mM @entity1219 ) for 15 min, followed by 45-min exposure to @entity2421 media (112 mM @entity1219 , mimicking in vivo hyponatremic conditions associated with @entity167 withdrawal) in the presence of 0-100 mM @entity167 . This exposure led to a concentration-dependent increase in cell volume. Combined, these studies suggest that astrocytes exposed to @entity167 accumulate compensatory organic solutes to maintain cell volume, and that in response to @entity2753 and @entity167 withdrawal their volume increases to a greater extent than in cells exposed to @entity2753 alone. Furthermore, the changes associated with @entity167 are osmotic in nature, and they are not reversed by anion cotransport blockers.

title: XXXX -induced @entity4 in neonatal @entity35 primary astrocyte cultures.

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonic']

entities_list: @entity11623 :: ('MESH:D002034', 'Chemical') :: ['bumetanide']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['Ethanol']


abstract: The administration of @entity594 by the sublingual rather than the oral route has been suggested to provide a more rapid onset of effect. We compared the safety and efficacy of sl @entity594 to sl @entity1242 in @entity1 who developed @entity662 during diagnostic exercise stress testing. Consecutive @entity1 undergoing diagnostic Bruce treadmill exercise who had not had a recent @entity583 or undergone coronary bypass graft surgery and who were not taking @entity3362 , beta-blockers, digoxin, or @entity460 antagonists were eligible. Seventy-eight @entity1 meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria consented to participate. Of these 78, 13 developed @entity662 necessitating exercise cessation and were randomized to either @entity1242 or @entity594 . @entity1242 was initially given to seven @entity1 and @entity594 to six @entity1 . Complete @entity158 relief was observed in five of seven (71 percent) @entity1242 @entity1 at two minutes postdose. At four minutes postdose, the remaining two @entity1242 @entity1 were @entity158 -free. At two minutes postdose, no @entity1 receiving @entity594 had @entity158 resolution, and only one @entity1 (17 percent) had partial (greater than 50 percent) @entity158 relief. At four minutes postdose, four of the @entity594 @entity1 were crossed over to @entity1242 . At two minutes after the @entity1242 dose, all four @entity1 had total @entity158 relief. The remaining two @entity594 @entity1 had partial @entity158 relief and were not crossed over to @entity1242 . Subjective side effects and changes in heart rate and blood pressure were not significantly different between @entity1242 and @entity594 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A comparison of sublingual @entity594 versus XXXX in the treatment of acute angina pectoris.

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['anginal chest pain', 'chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitroglycerin', 'nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity3362 :: ('MESH:D009566', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrates']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['essentially pain', 'pain', 'complete pain']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1242 :: (MESH:D005996,Chemical) :: ['nitroglycerin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive thermal ablation technique. We conducted a meta-analysis based on eligible studies to assess the efficacy and safety of RFA for treating @entity1 with @entity0 . METHODS: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Eligible studies were clinical trials that assessed RFA in @entity1 with @entity0 . The outcomes included complete ablation rate, recurrence rate, excellent or good cosmetic rates, and complication rate. A random-effects or fixed-effects model was used to pool the estimate, according to the heterogeneity among the included studies. RESULTS: Fifteen studies, with a total of 404 @entity1 , were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that 89% (95% confidence interval: 85%-93%) of @entity1 achieved a complete ablation after RFA treatment and 96% of @entity1 reported a good-to-excellent cosmetic result. Although the pooled result for recurrence rate was 0, several cases of relapse were observed at different follow-up times. No RFA-related complications were recorded, except for skin burn with an incidence of 4% (95% confidence interval: 1%-6%). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis showed that RFA can be a promising alternative option for treating @entity0 since it produces a higher complete ablation rate with a low complication rate. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of RFA for @entity0 .

title: A meta-analysis of clinical trials assessing the effect of radiofrequency ablation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: All episodes of recurrent infection in a CAPD unit over a 26-month period have been analysed to discover whether relapse and reinfection have different prognostic importance. Relapse and reinfection were distinguished by detailed microbiological investigation. Prognosis was expressed in terms of outcome of treatment and the fate of the Tenckhoff catheter. Twenty-nine @entity1 suffered recurrent @entity281 (i.e. more than one infection during a 12-month period). Nine (6 male, 3 female, age range 42-73 years) had relapses, and 20 (16 male, 4 female, age range 42-74 years) reinfections. The characteristics of the two groups of @entity1 were indistinguishable. Relapse was of graver prognostic consequence: @entity1 who relapsed were significantly less likely to respond to antibiotic treatment (78% versus 20%) and have to have their catheters removed (78% versus 10%) than those with reinfections. Thus it is important to differentiate relapse from reinfection in @entity298 . In addition to being helpful for the management of individual @entity1 , this is essential if results of therapeutic trials are to be interpreted correctly.

title: Differing prognostic significance of reinfection and relapse in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['CAPD peritonitis']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['CAPD peritonitis']


abstract: Cell specific gene transfer and sustained transgene expression are goals of cutaneous gene therapy for tissue repair and regeneration. Adeno-associated virus serotype 2 ( @entity4700 /2) mediated gene transfer to the skin results in stable transgene expression in the muscle fascicles of the panniculus carnosus in @entity19 , with minimal gene transfer to the dermal or epidermal elements. We hypothesized that pseudotyped AAV vectors may have a unique and characteristic tropism and transduction efficiency profile for specific cells in the cutaneous wounds. We compared transduction efficiencies of cells in the epidermis, cells in the dermis, and the fascicles of the panniculus carnosus by @entity4700 /2 and three pseudotyped AAV vectors, @entity4700 /5, @entity4700 /7, and @entity4700 /8 in a @entity19 excisional wound model. @entity4700 /5 and @entity4700 /8 result in significantly enhanced transduction of cells both in the epidermis and the dermis compared to @entity4700 /2. @entity4700 /5 transduces both the basilar and supra-basilar keratinocytes. In contrast, @entity4700 /8 transduces mainly supra-basilar keratinocytes. Both @entity4700 /7 and @entity4700 /8 result in more @entity5044 carnosus compared to @entity4700 /2. The capsid of the different pseudotyped AAV vectors produces distinct tropism and efficiency profiles in the @entity19 wound healing model. Both @entity4700 /5 and @entity4700 /8 administration result in significantly enhanced gene transfer. To further characterize cell specific transduction and tropism profiles of the AAV pseudotyped vectors, we performed in vitro experiments using @entity1 and @entity19 primary dermal fibroblasts. Our data demonstrate that pseudotyping strategy confers a differential transduction of dermal fibroblasts, with higher transduction of both @entity1 and @entity19 cells by @entity4700 /5 and @entity4700 /8 at early and later time points. At later time points, @entity4700 /2 demonstrates increased transduction. Interestingly, @entity4700 /8 appears to be more efficacious in transducing @entity1 cells as compared to @entity4700 /5. The pseudotype-specific pattern of transduction and tropism observed both in vivo and in vitro suggests that choice of AAV vectors should be based on the desired target cell and the timing of transgene expression in wound healing for gene transfer therapy in dermal wounds.

title: Pseudotyped adeno-associated viral vector tropism and transduction efficiencies in XXXX wound healing.

entities_list: @entity5044 :: ('OMIM:143470', 'Disease') :: ['efficient gene transfer to the muscular panniculus']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: Diagnostic utility of @entity1143 ( @entity1143 ) is still the matter of controversy. Some earlier studies have showed that pleural fluid @entity1712 considerably reduces the probability of @entity5 , while some later analyses were not able to confirm such an observation. To evaluate the diagnostic significance of @entity1143 the retrospective study of all @entity1 with @entity1143 ( @entity1143 ) managed in our hospital between 1995 and 2001 has been undertaken. We analyzed 915 @entity1 with @entity1143 and 1086 @entity1143 subjected to a biochemical, cytological and bacteriological examinations. We identified 72 (7,9%) @entity1 with @entity1143 and 82 EPEs liquid (7,5%) among them. The group of @entity1 with @entity1143 consisted of 41 (57%) males and 31 (43%) females; average age 62.2 year (range 21.0-94.0). Etiologic distribution showed the largest subgroup were @entity1 with malignant @entity1143 (n=28, 38.9%) followed by idiopathic @entity1143 (n=12, 16.7%) and parapneumonic @entity1143 (n=11, 15.3%). Looking for predictors of @entity5 in @entity1143 we found some differences between malignant and nonmalignant @entity1143 : @entity1 with malignant @entity1143 were older (67.9+/-13.6) then @entity1 with nonmalignant @entity1143 (58.7+/-15.6; p<0.015), and have higher percentage of lymphocytes in @entity1143 (47.9+/-16.9 vs. 37.9+/-18.9; p<0.03). Similarly we noticed some differences between two largest groups (malignant and idiopathic @entity1143 ). @entity1 with malignant @entity1143 were older (67.9+/-13.6 vs. 53.9+/-13.6 yrs; p=0.005), had lower pleural fluid @entity1712 (25.2+/-15.3% vs. 41.4+/-21.0%; p=0.01) and higher percentage of lymphocyte in @entity1143 (47.9+/-16.9 vs. 29.6+/-19.1%; p=0.004). We conclude that pleural fluid @entity1712 cannot be considered as predictor of nonmalignant etiology. The older age and the higher number of lymphocytes in @entity1143 might suggest malignant etiology of @entity1143 .

title: [Diagnostic utility of pleural fluid XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pleural effusion', 'pleural effusions', 'EPE', 'eosinophilic pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

answer: @entity1712 :: (MESH:D004802,Disease) :: ['eosinophilia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral instability affects activities of daily living and hinders athletic participation. Over the past 2 decades, more attention has been paid to medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction for the treatment of recurrent @entity8043 /subluxations. Numerous techniques have been reported; however, there is no consensus regarding optimal reconstruction. PURPOSE: This study sought to report on the various techniques for MPFL reconstruction described in the literature and to assess the rate of complications associated with the procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed in early October 2010 using keywords "medial patellofemoral ligament," "MPFL," "reconstruction," "complication(s)," and "failure(s)." Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Graft choice, surgical technique, outcome measures, and complications were recorded and organized in a database. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the data collected. RESULTS: Twenty-five articles were identified and reviewed. A total of 164 complications occurred in 629 knees (26.1%). These adverse events ranged from minor to major including patellar @entity174 , failures, clinical instability on postoperative examination, @entity9326 , and @entity158 . Twenty-six @entity1 returned to the operating room for additional procedures. CONCLUSION: Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction has a high rate of success for @entity1 with patellofemoral instability; however, the complication rate of 26.1% associated with this procedure is not trivial. This study quantified complications and documented the variety of complications reported in outcomes-based literature.

title: A systematic review of complications and failures associated with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity9326 :: ('MESH:D006313', 'Disease') :: ['loss of knee flexion, wound complications']

entities_list: @entity8043 :: ('MESH:D031222', 'Disease') :: ['patellar dislocations']

answer: @entity8043 :: (MESH:D031222,Disease) :: ['patellar dislocation']


abstract: 1. General anaesthesia is a state of @entity1337 and @entity73 that results from the depressant effects of anaesthetics. 2. Graded increases in anaesthetic concentration cause a progressive @entity73 , the extremes of which are commonly described as "light" and "deep" anaesthesia. 3. Surgical stimulation produces activation in the EEG and may arouse a @entity1 from a deeper to a lighter state of cognitive function. 4. It may be very difficult, particularly in @entity1 with @entity4094 , to identify a change in state which results in conscious awareness. 5. A range of methods has been used for evaluating depth of anaesthesia. 6. The evidence reviewed in this paper suggests that the median frequency in the EEG and the auditory evoked potential appear to be the best techniques for monitoring the graded effects of anaesthetics on the brain. 7. The median frequency, which is 10 Hz in conscious subjects, should be kept below 5 Hz during anaesthesia to ensure that there is no response to verbal command. 8. The auditory evoked potential measures the resulting effects of anaesthetic @entity308 and surgical stimulation which is "depth of anaesthesia". 9. However it is not yet certain whether a particular feature e.g. Nb latency, or a collection of features between 20 and 80 msec gives the most reliable index of conscious awareness.

title: Evaluation of the actions of general anaesthetics in the XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular blockade']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of cognitive function', 'impaired cognitive function']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity14 ( @entity14 ) is the third most common @entity5 worldwide. In France, although mass screening has been performed using the guaiac fecal occult blood test since 2008, the participation rate remains too low. Previous studies have explored the perspectives of doctors and @entity1 as well as the performance of general practitioners (GPs) by recording and analyzing consultations in which @entity1 came and asked for fecal occult blood test. Results indicated that improvement was needed in @entity1 -centered communication. This research aims to develop educational material and training programs for GPs in order to enhance their communication with @entity1 on @entity14 screening, based on data from two qualitative studies. Triangulation of all qualitative data was performed and discussed with communication experts in order to develop educational material and training programs based on the @entity1 -centered clinical method. Two different scenarios were developed to improve communication with @entity1 : one for a compliant @entity1 and another for a noncompliant @entity1 . Two videos were made featuring a doctor and a simulated @entity1 . A two-sequence training program was built, including role-playing and presentation of the video followed by a discussion. The qualitative data helped us to produce a useful, relevant training program for GPs on @entity14 screening.

title: From qualitative data to GP training on XXXX screening.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'CRC']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['CRC']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Up to 50% of @entity1 with untreated @entity66 experience @entity2208 or an unfavourable outcome of pregnancy. In most cases, after 6-12 months of a gluten free diet, no excess of unfavourable outcome of pregnancy is observed. The prevalence of undiagnosed @entity66 among pregnant @entity1 is not known. AIM: To determine the prevalence of untreated @entity66 among @entity1 attending the obstetrics-gynaecological department. METHODS: Endomysial antibodies, which are specific and sensitive for @entity66 , were evaluated in all @entity1 attending the obstetrics-gynaecology department of a large city hospital over a 90 day period. RESULTS: Of 845 pregnant @entity1 screened, 12 were identified as having @entity66 . Three had previously been diagnosed but were not following a gluten free diet. The remaining nine underwent a small intestinal biopsy, which confirmed the diagnosis. The outcome of pregnancy was unfavourable in seven of these 12 @entity1 . Six healthy babies were born with no problems after the @entity1 had been on a gluten free diet for one year. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 1 in 70 @entity1 was affected by @entity66 , either not diagnosed (nine cases) or not treated (three cases). Their history of miscarriages, @entity417 , low birth weight babies, and unfavourable outcome of pregnancy suggests that testing for @entity66 should be included in the battery of tests prescribed for pregnant @entity1 . @entity66 is considerably more common than most of the diseases for which pregnant @entity1 are routinely screened. Unfavourable events associated with @entity66 may be prevented by a gluten free diet.

title: XXXX and unfavourable outcome of pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriage']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Coeliac disease', 'coeliac disease']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Coeliac disease']


abstract: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including @entity8241 (BPA), are environmental ubiquitous pollutants and associated with a growing health concern. Anecdotally, @entity2193 ( @entity2193 ) is increasing concurrently with EDC-related conditions, which has led us to investigate the effect of BPA on amelogenesis. @entity35 were exposed daily to BPA from conception until day 30 or 100. At day 30, BPA-affected enamel exhibited hypomineralization similar to @entity1 @entity2193 . Scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis revealed an abnormal accumulation of organic material in erupted enamel. BPA-affected enamel had an abnormal accumulation of exogenous albumin in the maturation stage. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and luciferase reporter assays revealed increased expression of @entity5698 but decreased expression of @entity7199 4 (protease essential for removing enamel proteins) via transcriptional regulation. Data suggest that BPA exerts its effects on amelogenesis by disrupting normal protein removal from the enamel matrix. Interestingly, in 100-day-old @entity35 , erupting incisor enamel was normal, suggesting amelogenesis is only sensitive to @entity2193 -causing agents during a specific time window during development (as reported for @entity1 @entity2193 ). The present work documents the first experimental model that replicates @entity2193 and presents BPA as a potential causative agent of @entity2193 . Because @entity1 enamel defects are irreversible, @entity2193 may provide an easily accessible marker for reporting early EDC exposure in @entity1 .

title: Enamel defects reflect perinatal exposure to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2193 :: ('MESH:D003744', 'Disease') :: ['MIH', 'molar incisor hypomineralization']

entities_list: @entity7199 :: ('MESH:D007610', 'Chemical') :: ['kallikrein']

entities_list: @entity8241 :: ('MESH:C006780', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphenol A']

answer: @entity8241 :: (MESH:C006780,Chemical) :: ['bisphenol A']


abstract: A number of studies evaluated the pharmacologic management of @entity1 with coronary artery stents. Four studies demonstrated a low subacute @entity715 rate with antiplatelet therapy without implementation of anticoagulant therapy. However, in three of these trials conflicting results were reported regarding the relative efficacy of various antiplatelet therapies. Given the limitations of these studies, well-designed, randomized studies are necessary to assess the relative superiority of antiplatelet regimens to determine the safest and most effective treatment. Two clinical studies evaluated antiplatelet therapy compared with anticoagulant therapy in @entity1 receiving coronary artery stents. Compared with conventional anticoagulant therapy, combined antiplatelet therapy with @entity1396 and @entity117 appears to reduce clinical cardiovascular events, stent @entity715 , and @entity548 . Despite the potential benefits of therapy with @entity1396 observed in these studies, hematologic monitoring is required to detect @entity1398 that may occur during @entity1396 therapy. In addition, the potential benefits of combination therapy with @entity1396 and @entity117 apply only to @entity1 at low risk as defined by the ACCP and ACC expert panels. Until further data become available, high-risk @entity1 should be managed with conventional anticoagulation regimens. Studies are needed to determine whether antiplatelet therapy is effective in high-risk @entity1 and the optimal antiplatelet therapy ( @entity1396 , @entity117 , or @entity1396 / @entity117 ) for the management of @entity1 with coronary artery stents.

title: @entity1396 and XXXX therapy following implantation of coronary artery stents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1396 :: ('MESH:D013988', 'Chemical') :: ['ticlopidine']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic complications']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To introduce the safe and effective surgical technique of laparoscopic adenomyomectomy with transient occlusion of uterine arteries (TOUA) in @entity1 with symptomatic uterine @entity2257 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a prospective case study, we examined all cases of laparoscopic adenomyomectomy with TOUA performed by a single surgeon at Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea, between May 2011 and September 2012. Surgical outcomes included operative time, @entity3816 of blood vessels, nerves, and pelvic organs, as well as intraoperative @entity190 . We assessed the degree of improvement in @entity1834 and @entity931 and the recurrence of @entity75 by ultrasonography at the 6-month follow-up after laparoscopic adenomyomectomy with TOUA. RESULTS: Thirty-four @entity1 who were refractory to medical treatment or who wanted surgical treatment for preserving their uterus underwent laparoscopic adenomyomectomy with TOUA using an @entity455 . The mean age was 43.79    4.94 years. The mean diameter of the @entity2257 was 5.29    1.82   cm. The mean TOUA time, operation time, and hospital stay were 7.33    4.12 minutes, 84.09    31.48 minutes, and 3.82    1.24 days, respectively. The mean estimated @entity190 was 148.18    93.99   mL, and no @entity1317 occurred. No cases of conversion to a laparotomy or major complications occurred. At the 6-month follow-up, complete remission of @entity1834 and @entity931 occurred in 72.2% and 87.5% of @entity1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic adenomyomectomy with TOUA could be a safe and effective surgical method for @entity1 with symptomatic uterine @entity2257 who want to preserve their fertility.

title: Laparoscopic adenomyomectomy under transient occlusion of uterine arteries with an XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic vascular clip']

entities_list: @entity2257 :: ('MESH:D018194', 'Disease') :: ['adenomyomas', 'adenomyoma']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['adenomyomic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1834 :: ('MESH:D004412', 'Disease') :: ['dysmenorrhea']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['injury to the uterine arteries or pelvic nerves']

entities_list: @entity931 :: ('MESH:D008595', 'Disease') :: ['menorrhagia']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative injury']

answer: @entity455 :: (MESH:D014652,Disease) :: ['endoscopic vascular clip']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although thin cutaneous @entity320 generally have a favorable prognosis, in some cases they may undergo progression. The current study was undertaken to identify variables that may predict a more aggressive clinical outcome in these @entity1 . In addition to classic clinicopathologic features, the authors tested the prognostic impact of three new morphometric quantitative parameters: 1) @entity5 thickness plus regression thickness (T+R), 2) percentage of skin thickness infiltrated by @entity5 cells (T/S ratio), and 3) percentage of skin thickness infiltrated by @entity5 cells and regression ([T+R]/S ratio). METHODS: The authors retrospectively evaluated 287 @entity1 with invasive @entity320 < or = 1.5 mm in thickness. Disease free survival rates (Kaplan-Meier method) were compared by using the log rank test. A multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards model) was used to determine the independent effect of each variable on progression. Progression was defined as any documented cutaneous local and/or distant @entity3 . RESULTS: Thirty-two of the 287 @entity1 (11.1%) underwent disease progression. The overall 5-year and 10-year disease free survival rates were 89.3% and 84.6%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the following factors were found to be significant predictors of progression: male gender (P = 0.01), acral-lentiginous histotype (P = 0.02), @entity5 thickness (P = 0.005), T+R (P = 0.001), T/S ratio > or = 50% (P = 0.03), (T+R)/S ratio > or = 50% (P = 0.006), vertical growth phase (P = 0.04), and absence of inflammatory response (P < 0.0001). Conversely, age, site, and Clark's level did not affect the risk of recurrences and/or @entity3 significantly. In the multivariate analysis, only T+R (P = 0.009) and inflammatory response (P < 0.0001) were found to be independent predictors of progression. Five-year disease free survival rates according to presence versus absence of inflammatory response were 93.4% and 63.8%, respectively (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In the current study, peritumoral and intratumoral inflammatory infiltrate and T+R were found to be strong independent predictors of progression in thin cutaneous @entity320 .

title: Thin cutaneous XXXX (< or =1.5 mm): identification of risk factors indicative of progression.

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanomas', 'cutaneous melanoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['malignant melanomas']


abstract: Hormone deprivation may cause remission in @entity1 with @entity0 . Occasionally this remission may last for 15 years. However, only 30% of @entity1 respond in this way. An essential 1st step in the response of hormone-sensitive tissues is binding of the hormone to a receptor protein in or on the target cell. For @entity230 , receptors have been found in the cytoplasm, while for polypeptide hormones, receptors seem to be on the surface of cell membranes. Between 40-85% of @entity1 @entity0 contain @entity172 receptors. If @entity172 receptors are present, 43-60% of @entity1 have responded to endocrine therapy, whereas only 8% have responded if @entity172 receptors were not present. Treatment with antiestrogens has achieved 16% response rates in @entity1 in whom @entity172 receptors were not present. @entity1420 receptors have been detected in 57% of @entity0 , together with @entity172 receptors in 49%. The significance of this finding is not apparent. The main peptide hormone implicated in promoting growth of @entity0 is thought to be prolactin. @entity2124 and @entity1 @entity5804 have also been implicated in promoting @entity0 . Receptors may be detected in @entity1 breast, prostate, endometrial, and other @entity5 and these preferentially bind @entity172 , @entity342 , @entity1420 analogue, prolactin, @entity2124 , or placental @entity5804 . The heterogeneity of @entity1 @entity5 is thus shown. Most remissions are short-lived and after relapse there is less chance for antihormonal therapy. To choose the best treatment at a given time the most hopeful prospect is that investigations may determine criteria for the study of the particular @entity5 in each @entity1 .

title: Editorial: Hormone receptors and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer', 'advanced breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2124 :: ('2688', 'Gene') :: ['growth hormone', 'Growth hormone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) cause histone hyperacetylation and H3K4 hypermethylation in various cell types. They find clinical application as anti- @entity302 and chemotherapeutic agents, but the pathways through which they operate remain unclear. Surprisingly, changes in gene expression caused by HDACi are often limited in extent and can be positive or negative. Here we have explored the ability of the clinically important HDACi @entity1092 ( @entity2052 ) to alter histone modification and gene expression, both globally and at specific genes, in @entity19 @entity2085 ( @entity2085 ) cells. RESULTS: Microarray expression analysis of @entity2085 cells exposed to @entity2052 (1 mM, 8 h), showed that only 2.4% of genes showed a significant, >1.5-fold transcriptional change. Of these, 33% were down-regulated. There was no correlation between gene expression and @entity2052 -induced changes in histone acetylation or H3K4 methylation at gene promoters, which were usually minimal. In contrast, all @entity27333 genes showed increased levels of H3K9ac after exposure to @entity2052 , but much less change in other modifications showing bulk increases. @entity2052 -induced changes were lost within 24 h of inhibitor removal. @entity2052 significantly increased the low transcription of @entity12618 and @entity10750 , but not other @entity27333 genes. Expression of @entity27333 genes increased in @entity2085 cells lacking functional @entity18627 silencing complexes @entity41054 and PRC2. Surprisingly, @entity2052 caused no further increase in @entity27333 transcription in these cells, except for @entity27331 , whose expression increased several fold. @entity1968 (RA) increased transcription of all @entity27333 genes in differentiating @entity2085 cells within 24 h, but thereafter transcription remained the same, increased progressively or fell progressively in a locus-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS: @entity27333 genes in @entity2085 cells are unusual in being sensitive to @entity2052 , with effects on both cluster-wide and locus-specific processes. @entity2052 increases H3K9ac at all @entity27333 loci but significantly overrides PRC-mediated silencing only at @entity12618 and @entity10750 . @entity27331 is the only @entity27333 gene that is further up-regulated by @entity2052 in @entity942 cells. Our results demonstrate that @entity2052 can exert both cluster-wide and locus-specific effects on @entity27333 regulation.

title: The histone deacetylase inhibitor @entity1092 causes limited transcriptional change in @entity19 XXXX cells but selectively overrides @entity18627 -mediated @entity27333 silencing.

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['ES', 'embryonic stem']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['Retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptics']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['PRC-deficient']

answer: @entity2085 :: (MESH:D020964,Disease) :: ['embryonic stem']


abstract: Available data demonstrate that @entity26 free radicals and derived reactive species of @entity26 are produced during @entity741 as well as upon reperfusion of the @entity63 tissue. The present study was designed to determine if @entity968 -conjugated @entity224 dismutase ( @entity970 -SOD), with its extended plasma half-life in excess of 30 hours in contrast to the native form of the enzyme (Native-SOD), could provide protection to the @entity63 myocardium subjected to a 6-hour regional @entity63 followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. We hypothesized that @entity296 due to an @entity63 interval is a dynamic process involving the sustained production of cytotoxic @entity26 radicals that may continue beyond the @entity63 interval. The ability to demonstrate a protective effect of the free radical scavenger enzyme @entity224 dismutase would require the continued presence of the antioxidant during the @entity63 interval and especially during reperfusion. To test this hypothesis, 22 anesthetized, open-chest @entity235 underwent 6 hours of circumflex @entity1563 followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Rapid administration of either Native-SOD (1,000 U/kg), @entity970 -SOD (1,000 U/kg), @entity970 -albumin (PEG-ALB), or 0.9% @entity2827 solution for injection (saline) was administered via the left atrium 15 minutes before occlusion of the vessel. A continuous infusion of an additional 1,000 U/kg of the respective enzyme interventions or an equivalent volume of @entity970 -ALB or saline was given during the 6-hour @entity1563 and terminated 15 minutes after reperfusion. The animals were euthanized 24 hours after reperfusion, and the myocardial region at risk and the @entity1188 region were quantitated by the tetrazolium method. The area of myocardium at risk of @entity1188 , expressed as a percent of the left ventricle, did not differ among the groups: Native-SOD (n = 8), 46.2 +/- 1.8%; @entity970 -SOD (n = 6), 45.7 +/- 2.1%; @entity970 -ALB, 38.4 +/- 2.3% (n = 4); and saline 46.0 +/- 2.1% (n = 4). Hemodynamic parameters, the calculated rate-pressure-product, as well as regional myocardial blood flow (radiolabeled microsphere method) in the endocardial, midmyocardial, and epicardial segments of the risk and the nonrisk regions were comparable for all groups. Mean @entity1188 size, determined 24 hours after reperfusion, in the group treated with @entity970 -SOD was 47.1 +/- 2.9% of the area at risk (n = 6), significantly smaller than that observed in each of the other treatment groups: Native-SOD, 63.5 +/- 2.2% (n = 8); PEG-ALB, 64.6 +/- 2.4% (n = 4); saline, 70.8 +/- 2.2% (n = 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effect of XXXX dismutase on myocardial infarct size in the @entity235 heart after 6 hours of regional @entity63 and reperfusion: a demonstration of myocardial salvage.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity224 :: (MESH:D013481,Chemical) :: ['superoxide']


abstract: @entity162 was evaluated in 10 consecutive @entity1 with symptomatic @entity616 managed with dual chamber pacing. During pacemaker implantation atrial and ventricular electrograms were recorded using unipolar (UP) and differential bipolar ( @entity11559 ) sensing amplifiers. The mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of the UP and @entity11559 atrial electrograms were 3.3 +/- 1.2 mV and 4.2 +/- 1.2 mV, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). The mean peak-to-peak amplitudes of the ventricular electrograms were, respectively, 6.8 +/- 1.5 mV and 7.5 +/- 1.4 mV (p less than 0.01). Within 6 weeks after pacemaker implantation, @entity1 visited the outpatient clinic. Isometric exercise tests were performed during UP and @entity11559 sensing of the pacing system. Myopotential sensing in the ventricle occurred in nine @entity1 during UP sensing and in none of the @entity1 during @entity11559 sensing (p less than 0.01) at a sensitivity setting of 0.5 mV. In addition, chest wall stimulation was performed to assess the effects of far-field signals on the ventricular sensing circuit of the pulse generator. Chest wall stimuli inhibited ventricular output during UP sensing in all 10 @entity1 , whereas during @entity11559 sensing inhibition of the ventricular channel occurred in three @entity1 and then only at high output (greater than 8 V) settings. The susceptibility of the pacing system to crosstalk was also determined. However, neither during UP sensing nor during @entity11559 sensing could cross-stimulation or cross-inhibition be demonstrated. In conclusion, @entity11559 sensing is superior to UP sensing in terms of myopotential and far-field sensing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX of a dual chamber pacemaker.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['Differential bipolar sensing']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['heart block']

answer: @entity162 :: (MESH:D001714,Disease) :: ['Differential bipolar sensing']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the most effective approach to increase the quality of antibiotic use for lower respiratory tract @entity281 at hospitals. METHODS: One thousand nine hundred six @entity1 with community-acquired @entity55 or an exacerbation of @entity1030 ( @entity3311 ) were included in a cluster-randomized, controlled trial at 6 medium-to-large Dutch hospitals. A multifaceted guideline-implementation strategy that was tailored to baseline performance and considered the barriers in the target group was used. Principal outcome measures were (1) guideline-adherent antibiotic prescription, (2) adaptation of dose and dose interval of antibiotics according to renal function, (3) switches in therapy, (4) streamlining of therapy, and (5) Gram staining and culture of sputum samples. Secondary process outcomes were applicable to community-acquired @entity55 (e.g., timely administration of antibiotics) or @entity3311 (e.g., not prescribing macrolides). RESULTS: The rate of guideline-adherent antibiotic prescription increased from 50.3% to 64.3% in the intervention hospitals (odds ratio [OR], 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-4.42; P=.0008). The rate of adaptation of antibiotic dose according to renal function increased from 79.4% to 95.1% in the intervention hospitals (OR, 7.32; 95% CI, 2.09-25.7; P=.02). The switch from intravenous to oral therapy improved more in the control hospitals (from 53.3% to 71.9%) than in the intervention hospitals (from 74% to 83.6%). The change from broad-spectrum empirical therapy to pathogen-directed therapy improved by 5.7% in the intervention hospitals (P = not significant). Fewer sputum samples were obtained from both the intervention group (rate of sputum samples obtained decreased from 55.8% to 53.1%) and the control group (rate of sputum samples obtained decreased from 49.6% to 42.7%). Timely administration of antibiotics for community-acquired @entity55 increased significantly in the intervention group (from 55.2% to 62.9%; OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.11-5.57; P=.026). CONCLUSIONS: With regard to some important aspects, tailoring interventions to change antibiotic use improved the quality of treatment for @entity1 hospitalized with lower respiratory tract @entity281 .

title: Tailored interventions to improve antibiotic use for lower respiratory tract XXXX in hospitals: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity3311 :: ('MESH:D029481', 'Disease') :: ['acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1282 is common after @entity64 , leading to adverse outcome. There is a paucity of high-quality evidence for @entity1282 therapy, thus making it difficult to determine the best approaches to treatment. Clinical decisions are often based on usual practice, however no formal method of monitoring practice patterns exists. AIMS: To determine speech and language therapists' (SLTs) approaches to direct @entity1282 therapy with @entity64 @entity1 in the UK and Ireland. METHODS _ PROCEDURES: A 24-item questionnaire was developed, piloted and delivered in a web-based cross-sectional survey targeting all SLTs working with @entity64 @entity1 in the UK and Ireland. OUTCOMES _ RESULTS: A total of 138 SLTs responded from a range of clinical settings and levels of experience. There was variation in the responses to all questions. Respondents reported treating @entity1 a median of once a day, 3 days a week for 15 min. The most commonly recommended direct exercises were supervised swallow trials (recommended 'frequently or always' by 73%). Despite most respondents having access to an instrumental swallowing assessment, over half reported rarely or never conducting one before recommending exercises. Most (93%) did not use a protocol for systematically progressing @entity1 ' exercises and only 37% reported using standardized outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS _ IMPLICATIONS: This survey gives valuable insight into the direct @entity1282 therapy practices of SLTs based in the UK and Ireland working in @entity64 . It highlights discrepancies between reported approaches and recommendations from existing evidence and clinical guidelines. The variation in responses indicates a need to develop a consensus statement and further research to guide practice.

title: @entity1282 therapy in XXXX : a survey of speech and language therapists.

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: In this study the effectiveness of a DNA vaccine to confer protection against cryptosporidiosis, an enteric infection of lifestock and @entity1 , was evaluated. A vaccination protocol using a recombinant plasmid encoding the 15 kDa surface sporozoite protein of @entity2432 was developed in adult pregnant @entity1237 . The present study reports that nasal immunization of pregnant @entity1237 with CP15-DNA led to a transfer of immunity to offspring conferring protection against @entity2432 infection. Kids from CP15-DNA-vaccinated dams shed significantly fewer oocysts and over a shorter period than did kids from unvaccinated @entity1237 . The low level of parasite development in protected kids did not affect their growth whereas unprotected kids grew much slowly. There was still a significant difference in the weights of protected and unprotected kids after complete recovery. Anti-CP15 antibodies were present in serum and colostrum from vaccinated @entity1237 . Nevertheless, the precise immune mechanism of protection has still to be determined. This vaccine should reduce the economic losses due to cryptosporidiosis in ruminants, specially in small ruminants ( @entity291 , @entity742 , kids). It has also the potential to reduce environmental contamination by reducing oocyst shedding.

title: Protection of kids against XXXX infection after immunization of dams with CP15-DNA.

entities_list: @entity2432 :: ('5807', 'Species') :: ['Cryptosporidium parvum', 'C. parvum']

answer: @entity2432 :: (5807,Species) :: ['Cryptosporidium parvum']


abstract: The @entity1 hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen ( @entity2280 ) recently was shown to react with a variety of nonhematopoietic tissues and their @entity5 , including vascular endothelium, dendritic interstitial fibroblastic cells, and endoneurial cells as well as with the neoplastic cells in a variety of mesenchymal neoplasms of unknown etiology, such as @entity2826 , @entity241 , @entity242 , @entity674 , and solitary @entity5 . Additionally, it has been claimed that normal adipocytes may also react with this antibody. We studied a series of 90 @entity75 to examine the pattern of immunoreactivity of the @entity2280 antigen in @entity1386 . The study included 14 @entity362 , 19 @entity14325 , 4 @entity362 , 18 spindle cell @entity362 , 3 @entity8 , 1 @entity362 , and 31 @entity1821 . Immunostains identified a network of @entity2280 + spindle cells admixed with the adipose tissue elements in all cases of @entity362 , @entity14325 , @entity359 , @entity362 , and well-differentiated @entity362 . Additionally, the spindle cell component in all cases of @entity362 were strongly positive for this antigen. Atypical, stellate spindle cells and multinucleated "floret" cells in all cases of @entity362 as well as in six of 12 cases of well-differentiated @entity362 of deep soft tissue were also positive for @entity2280 . Scattered spindle cells in all cases of @entity243 and in one case of @entity2269 , as well as the sarcomatous component in one case of "dedifferentiated" @entity1821 , were strongly positive for this antigen. The round cells in @entity243 and @entity2269 , the signet-ring and multivacuolated lipoblasts in well-differentiated @entity1821 , and the @entity1358 in @entity1821 were uniformly negative. The results of this study appear to indicate that @entity5 may harbor a population of @entity2280 + interstitial dendritic spindle cells. Overgrowth or clonal expansion of this dendritic cell subpopulation may account for the development of spindle cell @entity362 and for the spindle cell component in some cases of "dedifferentiated" @entity1821 .

title: Immunoreactivity for the XXXX hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen ( @entity2280 ) in @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity2826 :: ('MESH:D012514', 'Disease') :: ["Kaposi's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal angiomyolipomas']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['epithelioid sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous tumors', 'tumors', 'lipomatous tumors']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['lipomatous lesions']

entities_list: @entity362 :: ('MESH:D008067', 'Disease') :: ['lipoma-like liposarcoma', 'atypical lipoma', 'atypical lipomas', 'spindle cell lipoma', 'lipoma', 'intramuscular lipoma', 'lipomas']

entities_list: @entity241 :: ('MESH:D018223', 'Disease') :: ['dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans']

entities_list: @entity2269 :: ('MESH:D058405', 'Disease') :: ['round cell liposarcoma']

entities_list: @entity243 :: ('MESH:D018208', 'Disease') :: ['myxoid liposarcoma']

entities_list: @entity14325 :: ('MESH:D018206', 'Disease') :: ['angiolipomas', 'angiolipoma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['pleomorphic atypical cells']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumors']

entities_list: @entity359 :: ('MESH:D018207', 'Disease') :: ['angiomyolipoma']

entities_list: @entity1821 :: ('MESH:D008080', 'Disease') :: ['liposarcomas', 'liposarcoma', 'pleomorphic liposarcoma']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['adipose tissue neoplasms']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical, EEG, MRI, and histopathologic features and explore @entity410 outcome in pediatric candidates for @entity302 surgery who have @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ) caused by @entity131 ( @entity131 ). METHODS: The authors studied 17 @entity1 (4 to 12 years of age) and 17 adolescents (13 to 20 years of age) who had anteromesial temporal resection between 1990 and 1998. RESULTS: All @entity1 had @entity410 characterized by decreased awareness and responsiveness. Automatisms were typically mild to moderate in @entity1 and moderate to marked in adolescents. Among adolescents, interictal spikes were almost exclusively unilateral anterior temporal, as opposed to @entity1 in whom anterior temporal spikes were associated with mid/posterior temporal, bilateral temporal, extratemporal, or generalized spikes in 60% of cases. MRI showed @entity131 on the side of EEG @entity410 onset in all @entity1 . Fifty-four percent of @entity1 and 56% of adolescents had significant asymmetry of total hippocampal volumes, whereas the remaining @entity1 had only focal atrophy of the hippocampal head or body. @entity854 of ipsilateral temporal neocortex were seen in all @entity1 and 60% of adolescents studied with FLAIR images. On histopathology, there was an unexpectedly high frequency of dual pathology with mild to moderate @entity6795 as well as @entity131 , seen in 79% of @entity1 and adolescents. Seventy-eight percent of @entity1 were free of @entity410 at follow-up (mean, 2.6 years). A tendency for lower @entity410 -free outcome was observed in @entity1 with bilateral temporal interictal sharp waves or bilateral @entity131 on MRI. The presence of dual pathology did not portend poor postsurgical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1315 caused by @entity131 similar to those in adults were seen in @entity1 as young as 4 years of age. Focal @entity194 seen on MRI often was not reflected in total hippocampal volumetry. @entity1 may have an especially high frequency of dual pathology, with mild to moderate @entity6795 as well as @entity131 , and MRI usually, but not always, predicts this finding. Postsurgical @entity410 outcome is similar to that in adult series.

title: @entity1315 due to XXXX in pediatric candidates for @entity302 surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal sclerosis', 'HS']

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['cortical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Subtle MRI abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal atrophy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity131 :: (MESH:D001930,Disease) :: ['hippocampal sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Possible ill- health effects of exposures incurred by professional drivers have been reported by several studies with more or less statistically significant results, and continue to be debated in the medical literature. The aim of the present study was to review the existing literature regarding the association between working as a professional driver, mortality, @entity5 and @entity455 . METHODS: The authors considered studies published until May 2012. The literature review was conducted by searching PubMed and EMBASE and using the following research entries: "professional drivers", "mortality", " @entity5 ", " @entity65 ", "health risks", "air-pollution" and "urban air". RESULTS: Of 1,497 studies reviewed, 25 were included in the final analysis. Nine studies were found assessing mortality. Of these, one study indicated that professional drivers had a significantly increased risk for all- cause mortality compared to the general population (Standardised Mortality Ratio, SMR=1.15); five studies indicated a significantly higher risk of @entity2 mortality (SMR ranged 1.16 and 2.12). Seven studies evaluating @entity455 focused on @entity583 . These reported a higher risk in professional drivers with respect to controls, with crude Odds Ratios (OR) between 1.66 and 3.3, Relative Risks (RR) ranging from 1.19 to 1.6. In five of the above studies, potential confounders were considered. Five of 11 studies reported a statistically significant increased risk of @entity2 in professional drivers with respect to the general population or to other workers, with ORs included between 1.21 and 1.85, and RRs between 1.2 and 1.4. CONCLUSIONS: The reviewed studies had many limitations, such as poor exposure assessment and lack of information on relevant confounders. In addition, heterogeneity in the studies led to problems in summarizing the results. Despite this, study findings suggest the existence of an association between this professional activity and risk for @entity2 and @entity65 .

title: [Systematic review of the literature regarding the risk of mortality, @entity5 and XXXX in professional drivers].

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['cardio-vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular diseases']


abstract: In a double-blind comparative study, the therapeutic efficacy and safety of three centrally effective antispasmodics ( @entity19950 , @entity1772 and @entity21819 ) in @entity1 suffering from @entity15 with @entity132 of the lower extremities was to be examined. 47 @entity1 of either sex at the age of 23 until 63 were allocated to one of the three therapies by means of minimization. The duration of treatment was limited to 35 days at a maximum. The dosage was optimized corresponding to the clinical symptoms. The antispasmodic efficacy and safety of the above-mentioned substances was investigated with well-established parameters and methods. The typical laboratory parameters were determined at the beginning and at the end of the study. -With reference to cloni, @entity2473 , no systematic differences were found between the treatment groups. A previously existing clonus could not be altered decisively by the administration of the three antispasmodics, whereas the muscular tonus could comparably be decreased with all therapeutic measures. Statistically significant differences between the treatment groups were not observed. The @entity1 of all three groups recorded a subjective sensation of relief with reference to the symptoms of @entity2473 by the medication. As to the residual urinary volume, no relevant differences and alterations were determinated in the course of the treatment as well. With reference to undesired side effects quantitative and qualitative differences could be established, in which @entity19950 showed the most favourable benefit/risk ratio.

title: [Comparative double-blind study of the effectiveness and tolerance of XXXX , @entity19950 and @entity21819 in spastic movement disorders of the lower extremities].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['spastic motor disturbances']

entities_list: @entity21819 :: ('MESH:C023754', 'Chemical') :: ['Tizanidine']

entities_list: @entity19950 :: ('MESH:C005245', 'Chemical') :: ['Tetrazepam']

entities_list: @entity2473 :: ('MESH:D013035', 'Disease') :: ['spasms and the muscular tonus', 'spasms']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['Baclofen']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity1772 :: (MESH:D001418,Chemical) :: ['baclofen']


abstract: The very limited development of antiparasitic agents targeting protein synthesis stems in part from the belief that parasite and host ribosomes are sufficiently similar to preclude selective @entity137 . However, recent studies have revealed that @entity461 rRNA has an unusual size and sequence; consequently, this organism and its homogeneous rRNA provide a useful model for the development of protein synthesis inhibitors with antiparasitic activity. In this study, I determined the sequence and secondary structure of the 3' end of the small-subunit RNA, the target for @entity4028 inhibitory activity. The primary structure of these 140 @entity2036 includes two blocks of sequence highly conserved among other organisms; the remaining sequence, although not conserved, can be folded into a secondary structure common to all rRNAs. The presence of U-1495 within one of the conserved blocks predicts hygromycin susceptibility. Also, a specific base pair (C-1409.G-1491) implicated in @entity17998 susceptibility is present; whereas all procaryotes have this base pair, it is absent in many eucaryotes (including mammals). Conversely, @entity7913 and @entity37627 resistance can be predicted from substitution of @entity37628 . A growth inhibition assay was used to test the susceptibility of @entity461 to a variety of @entity581 . After 48 h, 8 of 11 @entity581 tested failed to inhibit growth at a concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. @entity17998 and @entity13995 , however, inhibited growth of three strains tested by 50% at 50 to 60 micrograms/ml and by close to 90% at 120 micrograms/ml. These results correlate well with the sequence and secondary-structure analyses. @entity17998 may be clinically useful when the @entity137 of standard antigiardial drugs is of concern.

title: Susceptibility of @entity461 to XXXX protein synthesis inhibitors: correlation with rRNA structure.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7913 :: ('MESH:D007612', 'Chemical') :: ['kanamycin']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity17998 :: ('MESH:D010303', 'Chemical') :: ['Paromomycin', 'paromomycin']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity37627 :: ('MESH:C011666', 'Chemical') :: ['apramycin']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Species') :: ['G. lamblia', 'Giardia lamblia']

entities_list: @entity4028 :: ('CHEBI:47779', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity13995 :: ('MESH:C026273', 'Chemical') :: ['hygromycin']

answer: @entity4028 :: (CHEBI:47779,Chemical) :: ['aminoglycoside']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Tracheotomy has been used to assist in weaning @entity1 from mechanical ventilation. Some @entity1 fail to be weaned from the ventilator despite tracheostomy. We hypothesized that removing the inner cannula from the tracheostomy tube would decrease the tube's imposed work of @entity1353 ( @entity35479 ). METHODS: The hypothesis was tested using a lung model, by measuring the change in @entity35479 when the inner cannula was removed. A mechanical lung model was developed using a test lung to simulate a spontaneously @entity1353 @entity1 . @entity35479 was measured with a commercially available lung mechanics monitor. Shiley size 6, 8, and 10 nonfenestrated tracheostomy tubes were tested with the inner cannula in and out. Breathing conditions were simulated using tidal volumes (V(T)) of 300 and 500 mL matched with @entity1353 frequencies of 12, 24, and 32 breaths per minute, by using a ventilator to simulate spontaneous @entity1353 through one side of the test lung. RESULTS: Under all the tested @entity1353 conditions, @entity35479 for each of the 3 tracheostomy tubes was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) when the inner cannula was removed. Also, as simulated spontaneous inspiratory flow demand increased (ie, as V(T) and/or frequency were increased), @entity35479 also increased, and vice versa. With the cannula removed, @entity35479 was not significantly different between the size 6 and 8 tubes nor between the size 8 and 10 tubes when V(T) was 300 mL and frequency was 12 breaths per minute. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant decrease in @entity35479 with each tube when the inner cannula was removed. @entity35479 increased with an increase in inspiratory flow demand (ie, increase in V(T) and/or frequency), as well as when tube size decreased. In weaning a tracheostomized @entity1 from mechanical ventilation, increasing the internal diameter of the tube by removing the inner cannula may be beneficial. Further study is needed to determine if these findings are clinically important.

title: Effect of inner cannula removal on the work of XXXX imposed by tracheostomy tubes: a bench study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

answer: @entity1353 :: (MESH:D004417,Disease) :: ['breathing']


abstract: This study updates a 10- to 15-year follow-up of 136 @entity1 with @entity0 among 10,187 symptom-free @entity1 in a screening program. Mammography was the sole detection modality in 76 (56%) @entity1 . The combination of mammography and physical examination revealed 41 (30%) @entity5 , whereas 19 (14%) were detected on physical examination alone. There were 26 (19%) noninvasive and 110 (81%) invasive @entity1313 . Positive axillary nodes were found in 34 (25%) @entity1 , and 102 (75%) @entity1 had negative nodes. For the entire group 5- and 10-year survival rates were 84.5% and 75%, respectively. After a minimum follow-up of 10 years and a median of 13.5 years, 102 @entity1 are alive; one of these has a recurrence of @entity5 . Among the 34 @entity1 who are no longer living, 14 died of causes unrelated to @entity0 . Two @entity1 in the group in which diagnosis was based on mammography alone died of @entity0 , for a @entity0 -related fatality rate of 2.6% (2/76). By contrast, the @entity0 -related mortality of @entity1 whose @entity5 were palpable at the time of detection was 30% (18/60) (p = 0.00001). This study suggests that long-term survival of @entity1 whose @entity0 is detected by screening is, in large measure, dependent on the ability to detect malignant lesions before they become palpable.

title: XXXX detected by screening: the importance of long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic lesions']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast cancer']


abstract: C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its high affinity receptor-B are expressed in fetal bones. Here we show that CNP accelerates longitudinal growth of fetal @entity35 metatarsal bones in organ culture by several mechanisms. First, CNP stimulates chondrocyte proliferation in the proliferative zone as assessed by @entity665 incorporation. Second, CNP stimulates cell @entity1184 as assessed by quantitative histology. Third, CNP stimulates cartilage matrix production as assessed by incorporation of 35SO4 into glycosaminoglycans. @entity31246 contains an intracellular guanylyl cyclase catalytic domain. We therefore hypothesized that @entity8262 ( @entity6708 ) would reproduce the effects of CNP on fetal bones. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that @entity11255 , like CNP, stimulates longitudinal growth and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. However, unlike CNP, @entity6708 inhibits proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes and has no effect on @entity1184 . We conclude that CNP stimulates longitudinal bone growth by increasing chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte @entity1184 , and cartilage matrix production. @entity6708 , a second messenger for CNP, reproduces some but not all of the effects of CNP, suggesting that other signal transduction mechanisms may also be involved.

title: Regulation of fetal XXXX bone growth by C-type natriuretic peptide and @entity6708 .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity8262 :: ('MESH:D006152', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic GMP']

entities_list: @entity31246 :: ('116564(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['Natriuretic peptide receptor-B']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: We examined the activity of @entity1749 , @entity619 , and rituximab (BDR) in @entity1 with symptomatic, untreated @entity8057 ( @entity8057 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: A cycle of therapy consisted of @entity1749 1.3 mg/m(2) intravenously; @entity619 40 mg on days 1, 4, 8, and 11; and rituximab 375 mg/m(2) on day 11. @entity1 received four consecutive cycles for induction therapy and then four more cycles, each given 3 months apart, for maintenance therapy. Twenty-three @entity1 received a median of seven cycles of treatment. RESULTS: Median @entity236 involvement declined from 55% to 10% (P = .0004), serum immunoglobulin M levels declined from 4,830 to 1,115 mg/dL (P < .0001), and hematocrit increased from 29.8% to 38.2% (P = .0002) at best response. The overall response rates and major response rates were 96% and 83% with three complete responses, two near complete responses, three very good partial responses, 11 partial responses, and three minor responses. Responses occurred at a median of 1.4 months. With a median follow-up of 22.8 months, 18 of 23 @entity1 remained free of disease progression. @entity1897 was the most common @entity137 , and it resolved to grade < or = 1 in 13 of 16 @entity1 at a median of 6.0 months. Four of the first seven treated @entity1 developed @entity4091 , resulting in the institution of prophylactic antiviral therapy. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that BDR produces rapid and durable responses, along with high rates of response and complete remissions in @entity8057 . @entity4091 prophylaxis is necessary with BDR, and reversible @entity1897 was the most common @entity137 leading to premature discontinuation of @entity1749 in 61% of @entity1 . Exploration of alternative schedules for @entity1749 administration that includes weekly dosing should be pursued.

title: Primary therapy of @entity8057 with XXXX , @entity619 , and rituximab: WMCTG clinical trial 05-180.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8057 :: ('MESH:D008258', 'Disease') :: ['WM', 'Waldenstr  m macroglobulinemia']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['herpes zoster', 'Herpes zoster']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy', 'Peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow disease']

answer: @entity1749 :: (MESH:C400082,Chemical) :: ['bortezomib']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity75 ( @entity75 ) is characterized by clinical symptoms that are associated with bilateral and symmetric vasogenic @entity4 in the parietal and occipital lobes. However, this is rarely present with predominant involvement of the brain stem and cerebellum (variant). PURPOSE: To evaluate which clinical or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings can help to predict the prognosis of variant and classical type of @entity75 and whether or not there is difference between two types of @entity75 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated MRI and clinical findings from 49 @entity1 with @entity75 . These @entity1 were divided into two groups. In group I, @entity1 had atypical distribution of lesions. In group II, @entity1 had typical distribution of lesions. Follow-up MRI was performed on 26 @entity1 . We assessed the MRI features, clinical data, and the @entity1 ' outcomes. RESULTS: The mean blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher in group I (195.52/121.09 mmHg and 156.78/99.53 mmHg for groups I and II, respectively). The other factors assessed were not significantly different between the two groups. Lesions in 24 of 26 @entity1 reversed upon follow-up. Sequelae were observed in 11 @entity1 (group I, 7; group II, 4). However, there were no significant differences between the two groups. Except for those @entity1 who died, seven of the nine @entity1 with sequelae upon follow-up imaging had @entity548 or irreversibility of lesions. CONCLUSION: Even though BP influences the involvement of the brain stem, involvement of the brain stem is not influential on the prognosis. It seems that the influential factor to prognosis is the reversibility of lesions and @entity548 .

title: Can clinical and MRI findings predict the prognosis of variant and classical type of posterior reversible @entity75 syndrome ( XXXX )?

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['PRES', 'Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['PRES']