abstract: @entity976 present a major challenge to Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) due to their proximity to the optic apparatus. Based on observations of the evolving tumoral change on MRI and clinical results, an optimization of the treatment strategy and dose selection is possible. From March 1993 to September 1996, 21 @entity1 with @entity976 were treated by GKRS. Every @entity1 received stereotactic MRI exclusively for targeting and dose planning. The @entity5 and adjacent structures, including optic nerves, chiasm, and tracts were carefully identified and delineated on sagittal, coronal and axial films. The @entity5 volume ranged from 0.3 to 28 ml (average 9 ml). We purposefully apply multiple isocenters (average 9.1 shots) to create an isodose curve that covered the @entity5 optimally while sparing the optic pathway. The marginal dose prescribed was 9.5 to 16 Gy (50%). The maximal dose was 19 to 32 Gy. The maximal dose to the optic apparatus was 3.2 to 12.5 Gy. After GKRS, all @entity1 were followed up clinically every month. MR studies were conducted every six months with the same techniques on the same scanner to investigate evolution of @entity5 volume and any adverse radiation effect. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 40 months (mean: 18.4, median: 19). All @entity1 were followed more than 6 months. Nineteen out of 21 cases (90.5%) achieved @entity5 control; that is, 18 @entity5 shrinkage (volume reduction: 15-95%) and 1 stabilized @entity5 growth. Among these 21 @entity1 , 7 had improved visual acuity or visual field after GKRS, and the rest remained stable. Two @entity1 developed mild T2 change on MRI without any endocrinological disturbance or @entity227 . Protection of the visual pathway can be secured by a sophisticated delineation on 3-dimensional stereotactic images with multiple-shot dose planning. @entity976 with @entity5 volume up to 25 ml were treated safely and effectively, because the dose to the optic apparatus was kept as low as possiby this strategy. Further follow-up is needed to determine the highest tolerable dose to surrounding critical structures and the long-term outcome of @entity5 control.

title: Protection of visual pathway in gamma knife radiosurgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngiomas', 'Craniopharyngiomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment']

answer: @entity976 :: (MESH:D003397,Disease) :: ['craniopharyngiomas']


abstract: @entity27 ( @entity27 ) is a disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep, which leads to @entity26 desaturation, @entity1949 and daytime somnolence. Obesity is one of the most important risk factor for the development of @entity27 . The exact mechanisms responsible for the relationship between @entity28 and @entity27 are still unclear. The fat deposits in the pharynx region as well as the reduction in the lung volume have been considered as factors that might be responsible for the increase of the upper airway collapsibility. The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation between the Body Mass Index (BMI) and sleep study parameters in @entity2973 and @entity28 @entity1 suffering from @entity387 . We studied a group of 106 consecutive @entity28 or @entity2973 @entity1 with a primary complaint of snoring or other @entity387 . In all cases, BMI and sleep studies (PolyMESAM) were examined. We evaluated relationship between the BMI and sleep study parameters such as Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), @entity386 Index (AI), Desaturation Index (DI) and Average of Lowest Saturation (LSAT). The results showed the lack of significant statistical correlations between BMI and all the sleep parameters studied in the @entity2973 @entity1 and the statistical positive correlation between the BMI and RDI in the @entity28 cases. We conclude that BMI determination may be considered as a simple, yet important predictor, of the @entity27 in the group of @entity28 @entity1 .

title: Sleep study in @entity1 with @entity2973 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['breathing disturbances during sleep']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['OSAS', 'Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2973 :: ('MESH:D050177', 'Disease') :: ['overweight']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To investigate the impact on bone and muscle of pathological conditions involving only one of the upper limbs, it is important to know the physiological differences due to the dominance effect. AIM: To evaluate any physiological differences between dominant and non-dominant upper limbs in terms of @entity79 ( @entity79 ), muscle mass, and muscle density at different levels. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study considered 60 right-handed healthy adults, 30 @entity1 and 30 @entity1 . @entity79 , @entity121 , and muscle density were investigated by pQCT-XCT-3000 Stratec at the proximal radius, trabecular and total @entity79 at the distal radius, and trabecular and cortical @entity79 at the second phalanx of the third finger. Hand grip strength was also measured. RESULTS: No significant differences in @entity79 were found between the dominant and non-dominant upper limbs at any of the sites considered, in @entity1 or @entity1 . Muscle density was also similar on the two sides, whereas @entity121 at the proximal radius was significantly lower on the non-dominant side in both @entity1 [4177.5+/-475.1 vs 4009.3+/-552.7 @entity202 ; Delta%: 4.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7%-6.5%] and @entity1 (2903.9+/-470.9 vs 2720.3+/-411.7 @entity202 ; Delta%: 6.1%; 95%CI 4.3%-7.9%). Hand grip strength proved greater on the right side in both @entity1 (48.5+/-8.8 vs 45.2+/-8.7 kg; Delta% 7.1; p<0.001) and @entity1 (29.1+/-4.3 vs 27.0+/-5.1 kg; Delta% 7.1; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The dominance effect does not seem to influence trabecular or cortical @entity79 at any of the sites in the upper limb. Muscle density is not modified by dominance, while @entity121 is reduced on the non-dominant side and this should be borne in mind when the effect of pathological conditions on the body composition of a single forearm is investigated.

title: Upper limb XXXX and body composition measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography in right-handed adults: the role of the dominance effect.

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'Cortical BMD', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle area']

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone mineral density']


abstract: Fish-borne zoonotic @entity2439 (FZTs) can cause pathology in @entity1 . Fish weight was reported as important risk factor for transmission from snail to fish. However, in fingerlings, the relation between fish weight and @entity281 is unknown. Aim was quantifying the effect of fish weight on @entity281 probability, attack rate, and metacercariae burden of FZTs in @entity7136 ( @entity7136 ) between 1 and 20 g. Fish were either used as controls (n   =   66) or exposed to 250 parapleurolophocercous cercariae (n   =   254). Fish weight was analysed as continuous explanatory variable or classified in four categories with average weights of 0.7 g (n   =   116), 4.0 g (n   =   58), 8.2 g (n   =   57) and 14.2 g (n   =   23). The inverse relation between percentage of fish with metacercariae and fish weight is reflected in lower percentages of infected fish at higher weights [%infected   =   100/(1   +   e([-2.02+0.15 fish weight (g)])); p   <   0.01], i.e. 89 %, 85 %, 63 % and 61 %, respectively, in the four groups. Control fish did not get infected. Attack rates were 0.0087, 0.0073, 0.0040 and 0.0033 fish infected per cercariae, respectively; the first two attack rates being significantly higher than the latter two. Mean number of metacercariae per weight group was 5, 5, 2 and 1, respectively, (p   <   0.05), with an inverse relation using weight as continuous explanatory variable [p   <   0.01; number metacercariae   =   e(1.76-0.13fish weight(g))]. Concluding, an inverse relation exists between fish weight and probability of @entity281 , attack rate and parasite burden in @entity7136 fingerlings. Reducing transmission to fingerlings might be an effective intervention method to improve food safety, reduce the absolute amount of FZTs in the environment and eventually reduce incidence in @entity1 .

title: Higher attack rate of fish-borne @entity2439 (Heterophyidae) in XXXX fingerlings ( @entity7136 ) at lower fish weight.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2439 :: ('MESH:D014201', 'Disease') :: ['trematodes']

entities_list: @entity7136 :: ('7962', 'Species') :: ['common carp', 'Cyprinus carpio', 'common carps']

answer: @entity7136 :: (7962,Species) :: ['common carp']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The first year of infancy is crucial for the development of @entity1097 immune response. Inadequate early @entity1198 and Treg responses and increased production of Th2 cytokines are associated with @entity402 . Breast milk contains several immunomodulatory cytokines and other factors that might influence the maturation of the @entity1 's immune system. We assessed the cytokines in breast milk of mother of newborn @entity1 and their associations with black currant seed oil (BCSO) supplementation during pregnancy, mother's @entity1097 status and the development of @entity1 's @entity483 . METHODS: Mothers and @entity1 from an intervention study by black currant seed oil (n = 31) or olive oil as placebo (n = 30) were included in the study. Breast milk samples were collected during the first 3 months of breastfeeding. Breast milk levels of @entity3646 , @entity225 , @entity688 , IL-12, @entity379 and @entity2874 were measured by Luminex technology. RESULTS: BCSO intervention group had decreased level of @entity3646 (p = 0.044) and elevated level of @entity379 (p = 0.014) in breast milk as compared to olive oil group. No significant differences were observed in @entity225 , @entity688 , IL-12 and @entity2874 levels between the BCSO and olive oil groups. Mothers who had @entity483 had significantly decreased levels of @entity688 (p = 0.044) in breast milk. Breast milk of the mothers of the @entity1 who developed @entity483 had lower levels of @entity379 (p = 0.039) as compared to the breast milk of the mothers of the @entity1 without @entity1909 . CONCLUSION: Dietary intervention with BCSO had immunomodulatory effects on breast milk cytokine production towards Th2 to @entity1198 immunodeviation.

title: Black currant seed oil supplementation of mothers enhances XXXX and suppresses @entity3646 production in breast milk.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

answer: @entity379 :: (3458,Gene) :: ['IFN-y']


abstract: We describe a study showing that the adenovirus adl118, lacking both @entity6860 proteins, very efficiently kills @entity1 malignant cells 'in vitro' and 'in vivo'. Since many @entity0 @entity1 do not have @entity3 at the time of diagnosis, but finally develop it, we planned to study whether intravascular injections of adl118 could prevent metastatic development. We studied the effects of this mutant adenovirus in an orthotopic model of @entity1 @entity0 xenografts with the breast MB435-lung 2 cell line, which is highly metastatic in the lungs. In this study, all @entity5 were excised when they reached 50-100 mm3 volume in the animals. After surgery, 10(10) p.f.u. of adl118 was intravenously injected into a random group of animals, either three times during the first week only, or once every week. At death, almost all the control animals showed numerous lung metastases of large size, which were present in only 15-40% of the treated animals, depending on the size of the @entity5 at the time of excision. Overall survival was 50-70 days in control @entity19 , and over 120 days in @entity19 injected with adl118. Concomitant treatment with adl118 and @entity900 did not enhance the antitumor effects of adl118. With these results, we conclude that intravenous injection of conditional replicative adenovirus, after excision of the @entity5 , induces a clear decrease in the @entity3 , and could be a new strategy in preventing @entity5 @entity3 of @entity0 .

title: Intravascular injections of a conditional replicative adenovirus (adl118) prevent XXXX in @entity1 @entity0 xenografts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer', 'breast carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastatic disease']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastatic disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) caused by chronic pressure overload is associated with increased risk of @entity741 without @entity453 . We aimed to test the hypothesis that endogenous @entity842 (NO) prevents @entity741 in @entity1 with @entity4346 . METHODS: Epicardial coronary blood flow (Doppler wire and quantitative coronary arteriography) and myocardial @entity880 metabolism (paired arterial and coronary sinus blood sampling) were measured in 12 @entity1 with @entity101 , @entity4346 , and angiographically normal epicardial coronary arteries and in 7 control subjects. Measurements were done under 3 pacing protocols: with no treatment (control), with intracoronary @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ; NO synthesis inhibitor), and with intracoronary @entity534 (NO substrate). RESULTS: In control subjects the myocardial @entity880 extraction ratio was normal and stable during the 3 pacing protocols. In contrast, @entity880 uptake was significantly decreased from 0.21 +/- 0.05 to 0.10 +/- 0.06 (P <.05) during @entity7293 pacing in @entity1 with @entity4346 ; in 6 of them, @entity880 production was demonstrated. After @entity534 administration, the @entity880 extraction ratio during pacing was normalized (0.18 +/- 0.04) and @entity880 production was not observed in any @entity1 . The level of myocardial @entity880 uptake at peak pacing after @entity7293 was correlated with that under untreated condition (P <.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity101 , @entity4346 , and angiographically normal coronary arteries, inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis in the coronary circulation unmasked @entity741 during @entity591 , and @entity534 reversed the adverse effects of @entity7293 . Although the precise mechanism remains to be determined, our results suggest that constitutive NO in the coronary circulation plays an anti- @entity63 role in this population.

title: Endogenous @entity842 prevents @entity741 in @entity1 with XXXX and @entity4346 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity534 :: ('CHEBI:16467', 'Chemical') :: ['L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['Left ventricular hypertrophy', 'LVH']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['epicardial coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Colposcopy is performed by different providers, including nurse practitioners, family physicians, and gynecologists. The training and experience of these providers vary. The fiscal impact of provider type is unknown. This study evaluates pathology resource use by gynecologists and nongynecologists at the time of colposcopy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed. Data were collected by review of pathology reports and records of all @entity1 with @entity3799 treated with cervical excision by loop electrosurgical excision procedure or cold knife conization at our institution between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 1997. Data were analyzed according to type of provider performing the colposcopy before the cervical excision. RESULTS: Gynecologists obtained a total of 190 biopsy specimens in 127 @entity1 , with a mean number of 1.5 +/- 0.75 per @entity1 and a median of 1. Nongynecologists took a total of 148 biopsy specimens in 44 @entity1 , with a mean of 3.4 +/- 1.14 per @entity1 and a median of 3 (P < .001). These differences persisted irrespective of presenting cytology. Nongynecologists were more likely to do endocervical curettage than gynecologists (95% compared with 82%, respectively, P < .001). @entity3799 was diagnosed equally well, even though fewer biopsies were taken by gynecologists. CONCLUSION: Both groups of providers were equally capable of identifying @entity75 . Despite equivalent diagnostic accuracy, nongynecologists used two to three times more pathology resources. If this pattern of use of resources exists at other clinical sites, @entity1 with @entity3799 and payers would be better served by gynecologic rather than nongynecologic care.

title: Influence of specialty on pathology resource use in evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['Cervical dysplasia', 'cervical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic lesions']

answer: @entity3799 :: (MESH:D002575,Disease) :: ['cervical dysplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation and computed tomographic (CT) features of ascending @entity698 . METHODS: During the past 8 years, 1670 @entity1 with surgically proven @entity698 were identified by a retrospective investigation. Thirty-three @entity1 who underwent contrast-enhanced abdominal CT before surgery and had ascending @entity698 at surgery were included in the @entity1 cohort. The clinical and CT findings of these 33 @entity1 were analyzed. RESULTS: @entity1 presented with right lower @entity490 (49%, 16/33), right @entity812 (24%, 8/33), right upper @entity490 (18%, 6/33), and periumbilical @entity158 (15%, 5/33). Inflamed ascending retrocecal appendices were visualized completely in 70% (23/33), partially in 21% (7 of 33), and not detected in the remaining 9% (3/33). Periappendiceal inflammatory changes were most commonly observed in the retrocolic space in 88% (29/33), followed by paracolic gutter (30%, 10/33), pararenal space (27%, 9/33), mesentery (24%, 8/33), perirenal space (18%, 6/33), and subhepatic space (3%, 1/33). Inflammatory thickening of Gerota fascia (70%, 23/33) and the lateroconal fascia (64%, 21/33) was observed as well. Perforation of the appendix with the formation of an abscess was present in 49% (16/33). The abscesses were most commonly located in the retrocolic space (88%, 14/16). Diffuse wall thickenings of the cecum (67%, 22/33) and the ascending colon (64%, 21/33) were often observed also. Appendicoliths were found in 33% (11/33). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of @entity1 with ascending @entity698 presented with atypical clinical presentation. At CT, ascending @entity698 was associated with a high incidence of retroperitoneal inflammatory changes and appendiceal perforation.

title: Ascending XXXX : clinical and computed tomographic findings.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['retrocecal appendicitis', 'appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity698 :: (MESH:D001064,Disease) :: ['retrocecal appendicitis']


abstract: @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ) is a sudden, life-altering event. @entity130 and accompanying recovery vary considerably from individual to individual. The most important determinant of prognosis is whether an injury is clinically complete or incomplete. While approximately 10-20% of complete injuries convert to incomplete during the first year @entity130 , the magnitude of motor recovery following complete @entity1566 is limited or absent. Robust functional motor recovery (e.g., weight-bearing, ambulation) distal to the zone of injury is rare. Recovery following incomplete @entity1566 is particularly variable, and anywhere from 20% to 75% of individuals will recover some degree of walking capacity by 1 year @entity130 . This is related to presenting @entity130 (American @entity3510 Association Impairment Scale grade); however, even 20-50% of individuals who present as motor complete, sensory incomplete will walk in some capacity by 1 year @entity130 . Regardless, for both complete and @entity130 , the majority of recovery is observed during the initial 9-12 months, with a relative plateau reached by 12-18 months @entity130 . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides valuable adjunct information when a bedside clinical assessment cannot be completed. The presence of @entity548 and extended segments of @entity4 have been associated with clinically complete @entity1566 .

title: Clinical diagnosis and prognosis following XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal Injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intramedullary hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['incomplete injuries', 'Injury severity', 'post-injury', 'injury severity']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: From 1981 to 2000, a total of 1823 @entity1 with @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) enrolled on four consecutive Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) clinical trials. POG 8101 demonstrated that the induction rate associated with the 3+7+7 combination of @entity5699 , @entity2592 , and @entity332 (DAT) was greater than that associated with an induction regimen used to treat @entity981 (82 vs 61%; P=0.02). Designed as a pilot study to determine the feasibility of administration of noncross-resistant drug pairs and later modified to assess the effect of dose intensification of @entity2592 during the second induction course, POG 8498 confirmed the high initial rate of response to DAT (84.2%) and showed that dose intensification of @entity2592 during the second induction course resulted in a trend toward higher event-free survival (EFS) estimates than did standard-dose DAT (2+5) during the second induction course (5 year EFS estimates, 22 vs 27%; P=0.33). Age <2 years and leukocyte count <100 000/mm3 emerged as significantly good prognostic factors. The most significant observation made in the POG 8498 study was the markedly superior outcome of @entity1 with @entity1467 who were treated on the high-dose @entity2592 regimen. POG 8821 compared the efficacy of autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with that of intensive consolidation chemotherapy. Intent-to-treat analysis revealed similar 5-year EFS estimates for the group that underwent autologous BMT (36+/-4.7%) and for the group that received only intensive chemotherapy (35+/-4.5%) (P=0.25). There was a high rate of treatment-related mortality in the autologous transplantation group. The study demonstrated superior results of allogeneic BMT for @entity1 with histocompatible related donors (5-year EFS estimate 63+/-5.4%) and of @entity1 with @entity1467 (5-year EFS estimate, 66+/-8.6%). The POG 9421 @entity3052 study evaluated high-dose @entity2592 as part of the first induction course and the use of the multidrug resistance modulator @entity205 . Preliminary results showed that @entity1 receiving both high-dose @entity2592 for remission induction and the MDR modulator for consolidation had a superior outcome (5-year EFS estimate, 42+/-8.2%) than did @entity1 receiving other treatment; however, the difference was not statistically significant. These four studies demonstrate the importance of dose intensification of @entity2592 in the treatment of @entity3052 ; cytogenetics as the single most prognostic factor and the unique curability of @entity3052 in @entity1 with @entity1467 .

title: Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) studies of XXXX ( @entity3052 ): a review of four consecutive @entity3052 trials conducted between 1981 and 2000.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5699 :: ('MESH:D003630', 'Chemical') :: ['daunorubicin']

entities_list: @entity332 :: ('MESH:D013866', 'Chemical') :: ['6-thioguanine']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'childhood AML', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"]

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']


abstract: PURPOSE: Investigation of the clinical, imaging, and in vivo @entity90 ( @entity90 ) characteristics of disorders of mitochondrial function. METHODS: Clinical, imaging (five CT and 20 MR examinations), and @entity90 (six studies in five @entity1 ) findings in 19 @entity1 with @entity2383 were retrospectively reviewed. Results were critically analyzed and, when applicable, compared with results in the literature. RESULTS: @entity1 included four with @entity20066 ( @entity20066 ), two with @entity27379 ( @entity27379 ), two with @entity12295 , seven with @entity8433 , one with progressive @entity1779 ( @entity29409 ), and three with trichopoliodystrophy ( @entity15617 ). @entity20066 , @entity27379 , and @entity12295 tended to occur in older @entity1 and adults, whereas @entity8433 , @entity29409 , and @entity15617 occurred in @entity1 and young @entity1 . All diseases involved gray matter early in their course, manifest primarily as T2 prolongation, with the deep cerebral nuclei being involved more often than the cerebral cortex. When T2 prolongation was seen in the white matter ( @entity20066 , @entity27379 , @entity12295 , Leigh), the peripheral and retrotrigonal white matter showed early involvement. @entity1 with @entity15617 showed rapidly progressive @entity194 accompanied by large subdural @entity1410 . Proton @entity90 showed an elevated @entity880 level in involved regions of the brain; the @entity880 peak disappeared in old areas of T2 prolongation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2383 have a wide range of both clinical and imaging findings. Although no one set of findings is diagnostic of these disorders, the combination of deep gray matter involvement and peripheral white matter involvement in young adults or @entity1 should suggest the diagnosis, especially when associated with an elevated @entity880 level on proton @entity90 .

title: XXXX : analysis of their clinical and imaging characteristics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Patients', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity20066 :: ('MESH:D017241', 'Disease') :: ['MELAS', 'mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes']

entities_list: @entity90 :: ('MESH:C564570', 'Disease') :: ['MRS', 'MR spectroscopy']

entities_list: @entity12295 :: ('MESH:D007625', 'Disease') :: ['Kearns-Sayre syndrome', 'Kearns-Sayre']

entities_list: @entity15617 :: ('MESH:D007706', 'Disease') :: ['Menkes disease']

entities_list: @entity8433 :: ('MESH:D007888', 'Disease') :: ['Leigh syndrome']

entities_list: @entity29409 :: ('OMIM:203700', 'Disease') :: ['Alpers syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity27379 :: ('MESH:D017243', 'Disease') :: ['MERRF', 'myoclonus, epilepsy, and ragged red fibers']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral poliodystrophy']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial disorders', 'Mitochondrial disorders']

answer: @entity2383 :: (MESH:D028361,Disease) :: ['Mitochondrial disorders']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of @entity249 , both primary and secondary, outcome of pregnancy, occupation, and uptake of medical services in a total population of @entity1 from a geographically defined area. DESIGN: A postal questionnaire survey of an age cohort of @entity1 who had completed their fertility, and who were randomly selected from the Grampian Health Board's primary care register. SETTING: Aberdeen city district. SUBJECTS: 1024 @entity1 in the age group 46-50, of whom 130 had to be excluded. Of the remaining 894 @entity1 , 766 (86%) responded to the questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Response to questionnaire on pregnancy history, the length of time taken to become pregnant each time, and whether medical advice had been sought. RESULTS: Among the 766 @entity1 contacted, 602 (79%) reported no difficulties in having @entity1 , 56 (7%) had chosen not to have @entity1 , and the remaining 108 (14%) had experienced @entity249 , defined as having difficulty in becoming pregnant for more than two years. In total 68 (9%) @entity1 had @entity249 , of whom 41 (5%) eventually conceived. Of the 40 (5%) with secondary @entity249 , 23 (3%) conceived. Overall, 52 (7%) of the population were left with an unresolved problem of @entity249 . Only 67 (62%) @entity249 @entity1 had made use of hospital services, and a further 8 (7%) had consulted their general practitioners. Among those who conceived there was no difference in the proportion who sought advice compared with those who did not. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of @entity249 was 14%, although half of these @entity1 eventually conceived. @entity249 was more common than secondary @entity249 . Only 62% of @entity249 @entity1 attended a hospital clinic for treatment of their @entity249 .

title: The epidemiology of XXXX in Aberdeen.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility', 'infertile', 'primary infertility', 'Primary infertility']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['infertility']


abstract: PURPOSE: The effects of beta-blockers on severe @entity712 are not well known. We investigated the effects of @entity1405 ( @entity8652 , @entity2263 , @entity6927 -blocker) on symptoms, functional class (FC), and left ventricular function in @entity1 with @entity712 . METHODS: We studied 21 @entity1 , mean age 56 +/- 10 years, 9 in FC IV, e 12 in FC III (intermittently with class IV). The initial dosage was 6.25 mg, and it was increased progressively as tolerated. The mean dose was 42 +/- 11 mg. The @entity1 were submitted to routine clinical evaluation, and electrocardiogram. We determined after 196 +/- 60 days of follow-up the left ventricular end diastolic dimension (by echocardiogram), and left ventricular ejection fraction (using MUGA). RESULTS: @entity1405 was well tolerated by 16 (76%) @entity1 . One @entity1 is in FC II during increment of the dosage. Eight @entity1 were in FC I, and 7 in FC II at 196 +/- 60 days of follow-up. Heart rate decreased from 96 +/- 15 to 67 +/- 10 bpm (p < 0.0001), left ventricular end diastolic diameter from 73 +/- 13 to 66 +/- 12 mm (p < 0.009), and the left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 0.21 +/- 0.06 to 0.34 +/- 0.12 (p < 0.0003). CONCLUSION: @entity1405 may have beneficial effects on cardiac function, remodeling process, and FC. If tolerated, it seems to be a potential alternative option in the medical treatment of @entity712 . However, investigations are still necessary to clarify the long-term effects of @entity1405 on this specific subgroup of @entity1 .

title: [Effects of @entity1405 ( @entity8652 , XXXX , @entity6927 bloker) on refractory congestive @entity712 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['refractory heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1405 :: ('MESH:C043211', 'Chemical') :: ['carvedilol', 'Carvedilol']

answer: @entity2263 :: (10242,Gene) :: ['beta 2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Congenital cytomegalovirus ( @entity48139 ) is a common @entity281 and a leading nongenetic cause of @entity1274 ( @entity1274 ). @entity2834 exhibits @entity74 , and @entity281 with multiple @entity2834 strains ( @entity325 ) was shown to be common in congenital @entity2834 . The role of @entity325 in disease and outcome remains to be defined. METHODS: Genotyping of envelope glycoproteins, UL55 (gB), UL73 (gN) and UL75 (gH), was performed on saliva specimens of 79 @entity1 from the ongoing @entity2834 and Hearing Multicenter Screening (CHIMES) Study and on blood and urine specimens of 52 @entity1 who participated in natural history studies at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Genotyping of UL144 and US28 was also performed in the CHIMES cohort. The association of individual genotypes and @entity325 with clinical findings at birth and @entity1274 was examined. RESULTS: Thirty-seven of 131 @entity1 (28%) were symptomatic at birth and 26 (20%) had @entity1274 at birth. All known genotypes of UL55, UL75, UL73 and US28 were represented, and no particular genotype was associated with symptomatic @entity1274 . UL144 subtype C was more common in symptomatic @entity1 but not associated with @entity1274 . @entity325 was observed in 59 @entity1 (45%) and not associated with symptoms (P = 0.43) or @entity1274 at birth (P = 0.82). In the cohort of 52 @entity1 with long-term hearing outcome, @entity325 at birth was not predictive of @entity1274 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity325 is common in @entity1 with congenital @entity2834 but is neither associated with symptomatic @entity281 nor associated with @entity1274 .

title: Genotypic diversity and mixed XXXX and hearing loss in congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'congenital infection']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['infection or SNHL', 'sensorineural hearing loss', 'SNHL']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['extensive genetic variability']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['Mixed infection', 'mixed infections', 'mixed infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection in newborn disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nurses have a high risk of developing @entity484 due to hand disinfection procedures. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the perception of nurses regarding the adverse effects of hand washing (HW) and @entity988 ( @entity988 ), and to obtain data on the prevalence of @entity1909 and sensitization to @entity4313 and @entity167 -based hand rubs (ABHRs). METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey, carried out as a pilot study (PS), followed by a modified multicentre study (MC) in five hospitals. Patch tests to @entity1068 (80%), @entity20856 (60%), @entity5723 (70%) and ABHRs were performed in a subsample. RESULTS: The majority (PS 60.1%; MC 69.5%) of nurses considered @entity988 to be more damaging than HW. Mostly, @entity988 and HW were suspected to have irritant effects ( @entity988 79.2%/52.1%; HW 65.5%/36.2%) compared with an allergenic potential ( @entity988 10.4%/5.8%; HW 7.8%/3.9%). The prevalence of @entity1909 in the MC was 13.4% by self-diagnosis and 22.4% by symptom-based questions. In 50 tested individuals no sensitization and only two irritant reactions to @entity4313 and three single-positive reactions to ABHRs were observed, none of the latter related to @entity4313 . CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity988 is known to cause less skin irritation than HW, nurses perceive @entity988 as more damaging, resulting in: (i) a low compliance with @entity988 and (ii) a higher prevalence of @entity1909 because the more deleterious HW is preferred. This may result in an @entity3675 and @entity580 . Educational programmes should promote @entity988 as a procedure with good efficiency and skin tolerability to reduce the prevalence of @entity484 in nurses and to enhance compliance with hand hygiene standards.

title: Nurses' perceptions of the benefits and adverse effects of hand disinfection: XXXX -based hand rubs vs. hygienic handwashing: a multicentre questionnaire study with additional patch testing by the German Contact @entity1909 Research Group.

entities_list: @entity3675 :: ('MESH:D009784', 'Disease') :: ['increase in occupational disease']

entities_list: @entity4313 :: ('MESH:D000438', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohols']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic disinfection', 'ADI']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['hand dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity484 :: ('MESH:D004485', 'Disease') :: ['hand eczema']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: A @entity1 with @entity189 was followed from 1964 to the present time, allowing the authors the opportunity to examine the lesions in the early, mature, and old phases. Organizing thrombi of different stages associated with slit-like vascular proliferation were always observed, whereas cavernous vascular spaces predominated as the lesions became older. Each spindle cell @entity8146 initially developed relatively rapidly and was sometimes painful but then persisted as a silent nodule for decades. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies revealed that endothelial cells tended to digitate into the slit-like proliferating channels, became attached to other cells by means of tight junctions, and thus obstructed the channels at sites where thrombi developed repeatedly. The vascular spaces, ranging in nature from slit-like to cavernous, were outlined further by a relatively sparse mantle of ramified or dendritic interstitial cells that corresponded to spindle cells. Most of the cells appeared simply to be fibroblasts, but they developed the features of pericytes when they were close to the endothelial lining of well-developed vascular lumens. Large vascular spaces and phleboliths were surrounded by smooth muscle cells. Approximately 20% of the interstitial cells were dendritic macrophages characterized by phagocytic activity, presence of many lysosomes, and @entity21939 expression. The long and characteristic clinical course, the histologic evidence that @entity715 and its organization was continually occurring within the lesions, and the ultrastructural finding that @entity189 were composed of different microvascular segments from capillaries to veins, suggest that @entity189 may develop from a cycle of recanalization after @entity715 that occurs repeatedly because of the unique endothelial growth that was noted. This is in contrast with the previous conception that they were low-grade @entity5426 .

title: Spindle cell @entity8146 exhibits the ultrastructural features of reactive vascular proliferation rather than of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5426 :: ('MESH:D006394', 'Disease') :: ['angiosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['spindle cell hemangioendotheliomas']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity8146 :: ('MESH:D006390', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioendothelioma']

answer: @entity5426 :: (MESH:D006394,Disease) :: ['angiosarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Chronic severe @entity1956 @entity1 often have limited survival. This investigation aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of @entity2353 analog therapy on chronic severe @entity1956 . METHODS: We retrospectively, randomly collected the data of 129 chronic severe @entity1956 @entity1 : 55 were treated with @entity17705 , and the remaining 74 were not treated with @entity2353 analogues. RESULTS: No significant difference in short-term survival rate was found between the group treated with @entity17705 and that treated without @entity2353 analogues. Although @entity17705 greatly reduced @entity97 replication in different periods of therapy (P<0.001), the @entity3851 ( @entity3851 ) score and liver function ( @entity493 aminotransferase, albumin, @entity648 , prothrombin time) showed no significant change. No significant differences were found in @entity3851 scores and liver function in @entity1 with different @entity97 DNA levels (< or =10(4) copies/ml, >10(4) to <10(6) copies/ml, > or =10(6) copies/ml). Nor correlation was observed between @entity97 DNA levels and @entity3851 scores in different periods of therapy (P>0.05). The @entity97 DNA levels of @entity1 who survived for over 3 months or less than 3 months were not significantly different either. However, the @entity3851 score and parameters of liver function (albumin, @entity648 , prothrombin time) were different between the two groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that short-term suppression of @entity97 replication may not slow down the progression of @entity1578 in @entity1 with chronic severe @entity1956 .

title: Short-term XXXX therapy of chronic severe @entity1956 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity17705 :: ('MESH:C413685', 'Chemical') :: ['entecavir']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['MELD', 'model for end-stage liver disease']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity17705 :: (MESH:C413685,Chemical) :: ['entecavir']


abstract: This study was designed to compare the performance of a new weight estimation strategy (Mercy Method) with 12 existing weight estimation methods (APLS, Best Guess, Broselow, Leffler, Luscombe-Owens, Nelson, Shann, Theron, Traub-Johnson, Traub-Kichen) in @entity1 from India. Otherwise healthy @entity1 , 2 months to 16 years, were enrolled and weight, height, @entity34129 ( @entity34129 ), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were obtained by trained raters. Weight estimation was performed as described for each method. Predicted weights were regressed against actual weights and the slope, intercept, and Pearson correlation coefficient estimated. Agreement between estimated weight and actual weight was determined using Bland-Altman plots with log-transformation. Predictive performance of each method was assessed using @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ), @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ), and @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ). Three hundred seventy-five @entity1 (7.5    4.3 years, 22.1    12.3 kg, 116.2    26.3 cm) participated in this study. The Mercy Method (MM) offered the best correlation between actual and estimated weight when compared with the other methods (r (2) = .967 vs .517-.844). The MM also demonstrated the lowest @entity2246 , @entity2246 , and @entity2246 . Finally, the MM estimated weight within 20% of actual for nearly all @entity1 (96%) as opposed to the other methods for which these values ranged from 14% to 63%. The MM performed extremely well in Indian @entity1 with performance characteristics comparable to those observed for US @entity1 in whom the method was developed. It appears that the MM can be used in Indian @entity1 without modification, extending the utility of this weight estimation strategy beyond Western populations.

title: Using the Mercy Method for Weight Estimation in Indian XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity34129 :: ('MESH:D006810', 'Disease') :: ['humeral length', 'HL']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['mean percentage error', 'mean error', 'RMSE', 'MPE', 'root mean square error', 'ME']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Children']


abstract: The chemosensitivity of @entity1 @entity14 was studied in relation to the biological features of the @entity5 using a @entity1 @entity5 /nude @entity19 in-vivo system. The biological features included the histological type, growth rate, mucus secretion and productivity of @entity787 of the @entity5 . The overall sensitivity to four anticancer agents examined ( @entity1487 , @entity1139 , CPA and CDDP) was relatively insignificant. The heterogeneity of chemosensitivity among primary, metastatic and recurrent lesions of the same @entity1 was demonstrated. @entity5 line obtained from poorly differentiated @entity420 showed better responses to 3 of 4 agents. @entity5 doubling time evaluated as an indicator of @entity5 growth rate showed a significant correlation with sensitivity to @entity1139 . The time also showed a tendency to correlate with sensitivity to CDDP. The @entity5 with @entity5 doubling time presented had more remarkable sensitivity to such agents. Similar correlation was observed in the mucus secretion shown by @entity3737 (AB) staining and sensitivity to @entity1139 and CDDP. @entity5 with less significant AB staining showed more remarkable sensitivity to these agents. The productivity of @entity787 revealed a tendency to correlate with sensitivity to @entity1139 and CPA. These results indicated that histological type, growth rate, mucus secretion by AB staining and productivity of @entity787 of the @entity5 might be parameters of chemosensitive differences of @entity1 @entity14 .

title: Biological features and chemosensitivity of @entity1 XXXX xenografted in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'Tumor', 'A tumor', 'shorter tumor']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3737 :: ('MESH:D000423', 'Chemical') :: ['Alcian-blue']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: @entity4538 ) displays genetic variability and can cause a wide range of diseases in neonates. To explore the relationship between polymorphisms and clinical manifestations, the UL144 genes from 73 clinical strains were sequenced. All of the strains, which came from 70 @entity1 with suspected @entity2803 , were non-passage strains. Among them, 23 strains were from surgery specimens, and the others were from urine samples. Clinically, 12 @entity1 displayed @entity4092 and 58 @entity1 displayed symptomatic @entity281 . The results showed that 36 @entity1 (49.3%) were infected with strains belonging to UL144 group G1 (G1a 33/36, G1b 3/36), 19 @entity1 (28.8%) were infected with strains belonging to group G2, and 15 @entity1 (21.9%) were infected with strains belonging to group G3. This result indicated that UL144 group G1 was the predominant genotype in @entity2803 in northern China. Compared with the distribution pattern of strains in UL144 genotypes of data from Chicago, Iowa and Texas, and Japan by chi-square test, the difference was statistically significant. This suggested that the distribution pattern of strains in UL144 genotype was related to geographic location. However, no linkage was observed between the UL144 genotypes and the severity and/or outcome of @entity66 .

title: The relationship between polymorphisms of HCMV UL144 ORF and clinical manifestations in 73 strains with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['congenital and/or perinatal HCMV infection']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['HCMV disease']

entities_list: @entity4538 :: ('10359', 'Species') :: ['Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4092 :: ('MESH:D058345', 'Disease') :: ['asymptomatic infection']

answer: @entity2803 :: (MESH:D003586,Disease) :: ['congenital and/or perinatal HCMV infection']


abstract: @entity18454 ( @entity18454 ) gene encodes for the beta chain of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule in @entity291 , which is a glycoprotein present on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. This locus shows extensive polymorphism in it. The objective of the present study was to genotype the @entity18454 locus in Kankrej @entity291 (n = 50) by PCR-RFLP. @entity291 DNA was isolated from aliquots of whole blood. Primers specific for exon 2 of the @entity18454 gene were used to amplify the region. The 304-bp amplified product of the DRB3 gene was separately digested with restriction endonucleases RsaI, BstYI, and Hae III. Twenty-four @entity18454 alleles were identified with frequencies ranging from 1 to 22.0%. Twenty-one alleles of the total 24 alleles were similar to those reported earlier; 3 alleles were new and had not been reported previously. The allele @entity18454 *34 occurred at the highest frequency of 22% (approx.) in the Kankrej animals studied. Six alleles ( @entity18454 *34, *15, *06, *20, *37, and *20) accounted for almost 71% of the total alleles observed to be present in the Kankrej animals. All the new alleles observed were present at frequencies of 1%. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that the @entity18454 locus is highly polymorphic in the Kankrej @entity291 .

title: Characterization of genetic polymorphism of the bovine lymphocyte antigen DRB3.2 locus in Kankrej XXXX (Bos indicus).

entities_list: @entity18454 :: ('282530(Tax:9913)', 'Gene') :: ['BoLA-DRB 3.2', 'BoLA DRB3.2', 'bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3', 'BoLA-DRB3.2', 'Bovine lymphocyte antigen DRB 3.2']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: Regional @entity221 with a radiofrequency capacitive heating apparatus in combination with @entity99 with degradable starch microspheres (DSM) was performed in 20 primary and six metastatic @entity96 @entity1 . Efficacy was assessed primarily with regard to the improvement in heating efficiency. An angiocatheter was inserted into the hepatic artery in order to determine the DSM dosage adequate to arrest blood flow. The temperature rise in the @entity5 after heating alone and after heating combined with DSM embolization was compared. The maximum temperature and initial temperature rise within @entity5 were significantly improved by the combination therapy. @entity5 response could be evaluated in 10 primary and three metastatic @entity96 @entity1 and @entity5 reduction over 50% was obtained in 40% and 33% respectively. @entity490 , @entity390 and @entity391 , presumably due to reflux of the DSM, were experienced by several @entity1 . In three @entity1 heating could not be continued. However, all the symptoms were transient and responsive to symptomatic treatment, and no significant late complications were observed. @entity99 with DSM for @entity96 is considered effective and safe when combined with regional @entity221 .

title: Combined effects of @entity99 using degradable starch microspheres (DSM) in @entity221 for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer', 'liver tumours']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Local tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['Abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic arterial embolization', 'Hepatic arterial embolization']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few data exist regarding outcomes after resection versus embolic treatment of symptomatic metastatic @entity5 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether cytoreduction provides any benefit over embolic management of diffuse @entity5 . METHODS: A prospective database of 734 @entity1 treated at our institution was retrospectively queried for symptomatic @entity3 treated with embolization or cytoreduction. @entity1 were compared with regard to pretreatment performance status, relief of symptoms, and survival. RESULTS: A total of 120 @entity1 were identified: 59 undergoing embolization and 61 undergoing cytoreduction. Twenty-three @entity1 had palliative cytoreduction (gross residual disease). Pretreatment performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) was similar for both groups: .7+/-.70 (embolization) versus .8+/-.72 (cytoreduction; P=.27). Complete symptomatic relief was observed in 59% and partial relief in 32% of @entity1 who underwent embolization, with a mean symptom-free interval of 22+/-13.6 months. A total of 69% of @entity1 who underwent cytoreduction had complete symptomatic relief, and 23% had partial relief (P=.08 vs. embolization). The mean duration of relief was 35+/-22.0 months (P<.001 vs. embolization). The mean survival for the @entity1 who underwent embolization was 24+/-15.8 months versus 43+/-26.1 months for those who underwent cytoreduction (P<.001). Survival in @entity1 who underwent palliative cytoreduction was 32+/-18.9 months (P<.001 vs. embolization), whereas it was 50+/-27.6 months in @entity1 who underwent curative resection (P<.001 vs. embolization; P<.001 vs. palliative). CONCLUSIONS: Cytoreduction for metastatic @entity5 resulted in improved symptomatic relief and survival when compared with embolic therapy in this nonrandomized study. Cytoreduction should be pursued whenever possible even if complete resection may not be achievable.

title: Improved outcome with cytoreduction versus embolization for symptomatic hepatic metastases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors', 'neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumors']


abstract: A novel, transdermal @entity3575 solution (TFS) was developed that delivers sustained concentrations of @entity3575 for days following a single application. The pharmacokinetics following a single topical dose was examined. Eighteen adult @entity235 were divided into three groups of six @entity235 (3M, 3F). Each group was administered a single dose of 1.3 (25), 2.6 (50), or 5.2 mg/kg (100  L/kg) of TFS. The dose was applied to the clipped, ventral abdominal skin using a 1-mL tuberculin syringe. Immediately following dosing, collars were placed on each @entity235 through 72 h to prevent direct licking of the application site. @entity1503 were collected at 0 (predosing), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 144, 168, 240, 336, 408, and 504 h after dosing and assayed for plasma @entity3575 concentration. @entity3575 was rapidly detected following application with a mean absorption lag time (t(lag) ) of 0.333 h in the 1.3 mg/kg group and 0 in the other two groups. The mean C(max) increased with dose and were 2.28, 2.67, and 4.71 ng/mL in the 1.3, 2.6 and 5.2 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. Mean terminal half-lives were 53.7, 69.6, and 103 h in the 1.3, 2.6, and 5.2 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. The mean AUC(0-LLOQ) from lowest to highest dose groups were 157, 268, and 645 ng  h/mL and were dose proportional with a R(2) value of 0.9818. Adverse reactions were limited to the highest dose group and included sedation (four of six @entity235 ) and decreased food and water intake (one @entity235 ). A dose of 2.6 mg/kg (50  L/kg) is proposed for further development studies based on the lack of adverse events that were observed compared to the 5.2 mg/kg group and a more rapid onset of action and longer duration of action compared to the 1.3 mg/kg group.

title: Pharmacokinetics and dose selection of a novel, long-acting transdermal XXXX solution in healthy laboratory Beagles.

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['Beagle dogs', 'dog', 'dogs']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl', 'Fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Serial jugular venous blood samples']

answer: @entity3575 :: (MESH:D005283,Chemical) :: ['fentanyl']


abstract: OBJECT: The @entity3702 ( @entity3702 ) is an important cause of @entity245 in @entity1 . @entity302 are a common feature of this syndrome. The aim if this study is to analyse the impact of the early and @entity302 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have retrospectively reviewed the clinical and electrophysiological findings in a series of 404 @entity1 hospitalised with @entity3702 . RESULTS: In the acute phase, clinical @entity302 of various semiologies were found in 73% of the @entity1 . Only 11% of the @entity1 had a normal EEG on admission. A poor outcome was found in 88% of the @entity1 in case of persisting EEG anomalies despite anti- @entity302 treatment with 48% mortality in these @entity1 . The development of @entity302 was also associated with a poor outcome in this series. In fact 96% of the @entity1 with @entity410 recurrence had behavioural problems. CONCLUSIONS: The early recognition and subsequent management of these @entity410 is vital to prevent further @entity16 . Delayed or recurrent @entity302 may occur with a different semiology to the @entity410 in the acute phase and are also associated with a poor prognosis.

title: XXXX associated with @entity3702 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity3702 :: ('MESH:D038642', 'Disease') :: ['SBS', 'shaken baby syndrome']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological injury']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures', 'refractory epilepsy', 'Epileptic seizures', 'epileptic', 'late seizures disorder']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Epilepsy']


abstract: 1. A @entity1 @entity11 cell line, NG97, was established by Grippo et al. in 2001 from tissue obtained from a grade III @entity816 (WHO, 2000). In this first study, the cell line grew as two morphologically distinct subpopulations: dendritic/spindle cells and small round cells. The injection of NG97 cells into @entity19 induced an @entity146 characterized by: severe cytological atypia, @entity455 and pseudopalisading @entity39 ( @entity463 ). 2. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the immunophenotype and ultrastructural aspects of this cell line, using the parental @entity5 , cultured cells and the xenotransplant, in order to assess its glial nature and possible divergent differentiation. 3. NG97 cells and xenotransplant expressed the main neuroglial markers ( @entity538 , @entity4483 protein, @entity3508 and @entity4755 ) and showed no aberrant expression of other histogenetic markers. @entity538 was similarly expressed in the parental @entity5 and in the cells in culture, but decreased in the xenotransplant. @entity3508 expression was reduced in NG97 cells, but substantially recovered in the xenotransplant. This variability in expression of @entity538 and @entity3508 was interpreted as either a phenomenon of dedifferentiation or to microenvironmental selection of specific subclones. @entity4483 was equally expressed in the three contexts. The xenotransplant's ultrastructural features were those of a highly undifferentiated @entity5 . No significant immunophenotypic or ultrastructural differences between the two morphologically distinct populations were found. 4. Thus, our data demonstrate that NG97 cells constitute a pure glial-committed cell line, which may prove useful as a @entity11 model in studies addressing pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic issues.

title: Immunophenotypic and ultrastructural validation of a new @entity1 XXXX cell line.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular proliferation']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive tumor']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma multiforme features']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The perioperative period is critical in the outcome for @entity1 with @entity788 . The aim of the present analysis was to examine adverse events in @entity1 dying under surgical care in relation to changes in the organization of @entity788 surgery. METHODS: From 1996 to 2005, 1,033 @entity1 with @entity788 , mean age of 71 years (range 21-97 years) died under surgical care. The incidence, mortality, and number of operations for @entity788 remained stable across the time period, but the proportion of @entity1 undergoing surgery in the five specialist @entity5 centers increased from 50 to 80 % (p < 0.001). Prior to death 260 (25 %) @entity1 underwent operation and 96 (9 %) had endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). There was a significant rise in ERCP (p = 0.03) and a decrease in non-resectional operations (p = 0.001). RESULTS: Since 1996, 52 (15 %) @entity1 in whom 90 adverse events were recorded died following surgical intervention: 28 adverse events related to the perioperative period with 15 due to direct procedure complications such as @entity548 or @entity834 ; 13 were attributed to decision making around the choice or timing of the procedure. The postoperative mortality after curative pancreatic resection reduced from 3.5 to 1.8 %. Identified adverse events fell significantly in @entity1 who died relating to the operative period (median of 3 per annum [1994-2000] to 1 per annum [2001-2005]) (p = 0.014) and medical care (3-0) (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous peer review audit has demonstrated a reduction in the number of adverse events in @entity1 dying with @entity788 under surgical care as increased numbers of @entity1 treated in specialist @entity5 centers.

title: Centralization of services and reduction of adverse events in XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leak']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity14 is one of the most common forms of @entity5 in the Western world. Staging based on histopathology is currently the most accurate predictor of outcome after surgery. @entity14 is curable if treated at an early stage (stage I-III). However, for @entity5 in stages II and III there is a great need for tests giving more accurate prognostic information defining the @entity1 population in need of closer follow-up and/or adjuvant therapy. Furthermore, tests that provide prognostic information preoperatively could provide a guide both for preoperative oncologic treatment and the surgical procedure. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated preoperatively, within a week before primary surgery, from 39 @entity1 undergoing surgery for @entity14 . The PBMCs were cultured in vitro for 24 hours in the presence of autologous serum and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). @entity650 ( @entity650 ) production was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Staging based on histopathology was performed in all @entity1 . @entity1 were followed for at least 54 months. RESULTS: A production of >5000 pg/mL of @entity650 identified @entity14 @entity1 with a poor prognosis. Eight out of 13 @entity1 with >5000 pg/mL @entity650 died from @entity5 within the follow-up period, whereas no @entity5 were recorded among 21 @entity1 with 5000 pg/mL @entity650 or less. A multivariate Cox regression analysis, stratified for T- and N-stage, identified @entity650 production as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: @entity650 production in vitro by PBMC can predict survival after radical surgery for @entity14 .

title: Preoperative @entity650 production by mononuclear blood cells predicts survival after radical surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer-related deaths', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Because postoperative convalescence often prolongs the interval between surgery and chemotherapy in @entity1 undergoing treatment for advanced @entity356 , this study assesses the survival impact of timing of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in @entity1 undergoing curative resection for @entity356 . METHODS: The 2003-2012 ACS NCDB was analyzed for @entity1 treated with gastrectomy for stages 1-3 @entity356 . Treatment groups were stratified by time to initiation of AC: initiation of chemotherapy within 8  weeks postoperatively, between 8 and 12  weeks postoperatively, after 12  weeks postoperatively, and no chemotherapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Of 7942 @entity1 undergoing gastrectomy, 29  % received AC. Of those who received AC, 58  % initiated AC within 8  weeks, 28  % initiated AC between 8 and 12  weeks, and 14  % received AC after 12  weeks. Among @entity1 who received AC, median survival was not significantly different between time cohorts, even when stratified by pathologic stage. Median survival was longer for chemotherapy cohorts when compared with the no chemotherapy cohort, specifically in @entity1 with pathologic stages 2 and 3 disease. In multivariable analysis, @entity1 who received AC had a 27-29  % lower hazard of death (p  <  .0001), with administration of AC at any time, compared with @entity1 who did not receive AC, but had no difference in hazard when comparing delayed AC to earlier administration of AC. CONCLUSIONS: Time to initiation of AC does not impact survival. With improved survival over @entity1 who did not receive AC, even delayed initiation of chemotherapy should be offered, when appropriate.

title: Timing of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Impact on Survival for Resected XXXX .

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['Gastric Cancer']


abstract: The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays an important role in reward and motivational processes that facilitate the development of @entity734 . Glutamatergic inputs into the VTA contribute to @entity935 (DA) neuronal activation related to reward and response-initiating effects in @entity734 . Previous investigations indicate that alpha1-adrenoreceptors (a1-ARs) are primarily localized at presynaptic elements in the ventral midbrain. Studies from several brain regions have shown that presynaptic a1-AR activation enhances @entity2227 release. Therefore, we hypothesized that @entity2227 released onto VTA-DA neurons is modulated by pre-synaptic a1-AR. Recordings were obtained from putative VTA-DA cells of male @entity35 (28-50 days postnatal) using voltage clamp techniques. @entity2647 (10  M) and @entity7202 (80 M), both a1-AR agonists, increased @entity140 receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents' (EPSCs) amplitude evoked by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers (p<0.05). This effect was blocked by the a1-AR antagonist @entity3159 (1  M). @entity2647 decreased the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) and increased spontaneous EPSCs' frequencies but not their amplitudes suggesting a presynaptic locus of action. No changes in miniature EPSCs (0.5 M, @entity1022 [ @entity4524 ]) were observed after @entity2647 's application which suggests that a1-AR effect was action potential dependent. Normal extra- and intracellular @entity141 concentration seems necessary for the a1-AR effect since @entity2647 in low @entity141 artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) and depletion of intracellular @entity141 stores with @entity2426 (10  M) failed to increase the @entity140 EPSCs' amplitude. @entity668 (1 M, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor) but not @entity10995 (11  M, PKA inhibitor) blocked the a1-AR activation effect on @entity140 EPSCs, indicating that a PKC intracellular pathway is required. These results demonstrated that presynaptic a1-AR activation modulates glutamatergic inputs that affect VTA-DA neuronal excitability. a1-AR action might be heterosynaptically localized at glutamatergic fibers terminating onto VTA-DA neurons. It is suggested that drug-induced changes in a1-AR could be part of the neuroadaptations occurring in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry during the addiction process.

title: Activation of alpha1-adrenoceptors enhances @entity2227 release onto ventral tegmental area XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity7202 :: ('MESH:D008729', 'Chemical') :: ['methoxamine']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity668 :: ('MESH:C016299', 'Chemical') :: ['Chelerythrine']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine', 'Phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['drug addiction', 'drug abuse']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: Mitchell et al. (1976, 1977) suggested that @entity13617 , eating of nonnutritive substances such as @entity4563 , is an illness-response behavior in @entity35 . In the present study, we first confirmed their suggestion and then examined the effects of antiemetics on emetic-induced @entity13617 in @entity35 . Intraperitoneal injection of @entity3826 induced dose-dependent @entity4563 consumption. Pretreatment with @entity2211 inhibited @entity3826 -induced @entity4563 intake. Oral administration of @entity3973 and intraperitoneal injection of @entity900 also induced dose-dependent @entity4563 consumption. Pretreatment with @entity3974 inhibited @entity900 -induced @entity4563 intake. These findings suggest that @entity13617 in @entity35 was induced through 1) @entity935 D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, and 2) the stomach, partly via 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral afferents in the stomach wall. The present findings support the conclusion that @entity13617 in @entity35 is analogous to @entity391 in other species and suggest that @entity13617 in @entity35 is mediated by the same mechanisms as @entity391 in @entity1 . Accordingly, we extended the utility of the animal model to pharmacological research of emesis with @entity13617 as an analogue to emesis.

title: Pica in XXXX is analogous to emesis: an animal model in emesis research.

entities_list: @entity3973 :: ('MESH:D019327', 'Chemical') :: ['copper sulfate']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3826 :: ('MESH:D001058', 'Chemical') :: ['apomorphine']

entities_list: @entity2211 :: ('MESH:D004294', 'Chemical') :: ['domperidone']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity451 remains a devastating complication of thoracoabdominal aortic procedures resulting from @entity2759 and @entity5721 (SCIR). Pharmacologic interventions have not proven efficacious in attenuating this injury, with poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. The resident macrophages, or microglia in the spinal cord, may play a significant role in SCIR. The macrolide antibiotic, @entity1214 , has been shown in @entity64 models to inhibit microglial activation. This study hypothesized that microglial inhibition by @entity1214 after SCIR will attenuate injury with preservation of motor function. METHODS: Mature male C57Bl/6 @entity19 underwent 4 minutes of thoracic @entity432 with reperfusion. @entity19 receiving @entity1214 30 minutes before @entity63 and daily thereafter (90 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg, respectively) were compared with @entity19 receiving vehicle controls. Hind-limb motor function was measured at 12-hour intervals, with spinal cord harvest for histologic and immunologic comparison at 60 hours. RESULTS: @entity1214 treatment significantly preserved hind limb motor function in all @entity19 (n = 7) compared with complete paralysis in all untreated @entity19 (n = 8), reaching significance from 24 hours of reperfusion through 60 hours. Immunofluorescent staining for @entity9271 revealed significant inhibition of microglial activation by @entity1214 treatment. Vehicle control sections demonstrated a greater degree of apoptosis compared with @entity1214 -treated spinal cord sections. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1214 limits microglial activation, paralleling functional preservation after aortic cross-clamping. These data suggest functional microglia contribute to @entity5721 after @entity2759 . The effects of @entity1214 demonstrate a potential pharmacological therapy as well as demonstrating a potential cellular target in preventing @entity451 after aortic intervention.

title: Preservation of motor function after @entity2759 and XXXX through microglial inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline', 'Minocycline']

entities_list: @entity5721 :: ('MESH:D015427', 'Disease') :: ['reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2759 :: ('MESH:D020760', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord ischemia']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['aortic occlusion']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['Paraplegia', 'paraplegia']

answer: @entity5721 :: (MESH:D015427,Disease) :: ['reperfusion injury']


abstract: We hypothesize that circadian dysfunction could underlie, at least partially, the liability for @entity162 ( @entity16448 ). Our hypothesis motivated tests for the association between the polymorphisms of genes that mediate circadian function and liability for @entity16448 . The US Caucasian @entity1 with @entity16448 (DSM-IV criteria) and available parents were recruited from Pittsburgh and surrounding areas (n = 138 cases, 196 parents) and also selected from the NIMH Genetics Collaborative Initiative (n = 96 cases, 192 parents). We assayed 44 informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from eight circadian genes in the @entity16448 samples. A population-based sample, specifically cord blood samples from local live births, served as community-based controls (n = 180). It was used as a contrast for genotype and haplotype distributions with those of @entity1 . US @entity1 with @entity161 / @entity914 (SZ/SZA, n = 331) and available parents from Pittsburgh (n = 344) were assayed for a smaller set of SNPs based on the results from the @entity16448 samples. Modest associations with SNPs at @entity8713 ( @entity8713 ) and @entity28241 genes were observed in the @entity16448 samples. The associations were detected using family-based and case-control analyses, albeit with different SNPs. Associations with @entity28241 and @entity5395 were also detected in the Pittsburgh SZ/SZA group. Thus far, evidence for association between specific SNPs at the circadian gene loci and @entity16448 is tentative. Additional studies using larger samples are required to evaluate the associations reported here.

title: Association study of eight circadian genes with @entity162 , @entity914 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar 1 disorder']

entities_list: @entity914 :: ('MESH:D011618', 'Disease') :: ['schizoaffective disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Purpose. @entity1606 ( @entity1606 ) affecting the graft after renal transplantation is a very infrequent way of presentation of this @entity5 . Our aim is to present our single institution experience with 2 cases, as well as to perform a review of the literature about this @entity5 after the transplant. Materials and Methods. @entity1606 of the graft developed in 2 of 1365 @entity1 from 1977 to 2010, both cases in @entity1 . Data were analyzed for incidence, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Results. Both cases occurred in 2 mid-age @entity1 and resulted to be high grade and locally advanced TCCs, representing an incidence of 0,14% (2/1365). Clinical presentation was @entity1876 for the first case and incidental ultrasound finding for the second. Preoperative staging was made with CT, cytology, pyelography, ureterorenoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment performed was nephroureterectomy of the graft with bladder cuff and regional lymphadenectomy. Pathological examination showed in both cases a locally advanced and high grade @entity189 of the pelvis allograft. After 24 and 14 months of followup, both @entity1 are disease free. Conclusions. @entity1606 of the kidney graft is an infrequent @entity5 that has only been reported in a few cases in the literature. It usually appears at a lower age, more often locally advanced, and with poor differentiation. A multidisciplinary approach to treatment should be required in these cases.

title: @entity1606 of the kidney graft: an extremely uncommon presentation of XXXX in renal transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['Transitional cell carcinoma', 'TCC']

entities_list: @entity1876 :: ('MESH:D001748', 'Disease') :: ['urinary obstruction']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: In the sellar region most @entity5 of our collection (n = 1937) are @entity977 , followed by @entity976 , @entity3580 and @entity1653 . Difficulties in morphological differential diagnosis by light microscopy may occur in @entity1653 , @entity6872 , @entity3580 and @entity3438 . In these cases, immunohistological investigations and sometimes even electron microscopy are helpful in solving the problems. @entity1653 can sometimes resemble @entity977 . Of diagnostic value in these cases is the expression of @entity2277 and S-100-protein in the @entity1653 cells. Plasmacytomas may also mimic @entity977 . In these cases, the positive reaction with antibodies against @entity11103 and immunoglobulins or against kappa-light-chains and lambda-light-chains leads to the diagnosis. @entity3580 , too, can sometimes be hardly distinguished from @entity977 . In these cases, the expression of S-100-protein, @entity2277 and @entity787 by the @entity3580 cells and the typical electron microscopic features of @entity3580 are helpful for the differential diagnosis. @entity3438 may sometimes be indistinguishable from @entity4611 . Of diagnostic importance are here the expression of HCG and placental alkaline phosphatase by germinoma cells. In the above mentioned cases, it is also important to perform immunohistochemical examinations for pituitary hormones including alpha-subunit. All these @entity5 do not express these hormones.

title: @entity5 of the sellar region mimicking XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6872 :: ('MESH:D010954', 'Disease') :: ['plasmacytomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytic hypophysitis']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['Meningiomas', 'meningioma', 'meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity3580 :: ('MESH:D002817', 'Disease') :: ['Chordomas', 'chordomas', 'chordoma']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngiomas']

entities_list: @entity3438 :: ('MESH:D018237', 'Disease') :: ['Germinomas', 'germinomas']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: @entity8253 are effective in @entity0 and have in vitro @entity137 in @entity11 . In @entity1 with @entity11 @entity8253 are not effective possibly because the hydrophilic drugs do not reach cytotoxic levels in @entity5 tissue. @entity8779 is more lipophilic than the other @entity8253 and is more cytotoxic in @entity11 cell lines. The uptake of @entity8779 and its major metabolite @entity47478 in @entity1313 tissue were measured in a @entity1 with a brain metastasis from @entity0 and in 4 @entity1 with @entity11 after an oral dose of @entity8779 (45 mg/m2 in 1 @entity1 ; 25 mg/m2 in 4 @entity1 ), given 15-24 h before @entity1313 resection. The concentrations of @entity8779 and of @entity47478 in @entity5 tissue exceeded the concurrent plasma concentrations as well as the peak plasma concentrations in all cases. The median @entity5 :concurrent plasma ratio of @entity47478 was 5.7 (range 1.7-18). The concentration of @entity47478 in the marginal zone between brain and @entity5 tissue was lower than in central @entity5 tissue, but was still higher than the plasma concentration in 2 of the 3 examined cases. @entity236 (platelets CTC grade 2, granulocytes CTC grade 4) occurred after a single dose of 45 ml/m2. No @entity137 was seen at a dose of 25 mg/m2. These results, the in vitro activity of @entity8779 in @entity11 , the convenience of oral administration, and its @entity137 profile make clinical studies with @entity8779 in @entity11 , and perhaps also in brain metastases from @entity0 worthwhile.

title: Penetration of @entity8779 into malignant XXXX tissue.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['Anthracyclines', 'anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor']

entities_list: @entity8779 :: ('MESH:D015255', 'Chemical') :: ['idarubicin', 'Idarubicin']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'glioma']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['Bone marrow suppression']

entities_list: @entity47478 :: ('MESH:C054440', 'Chemical') :: ['idarubicinol']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate dilatory changes of the aorta distal to the root in @entity1 with @entity1614 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Data of 268 @entity1 with @entity1614 who were enrolled in the @entity7634 Heart Survey on adult @entity299 were analysed. Data used for this study were baseline characteristics, diameters at four levels of the aorta and events during follow up (dissection, aortic repairs and @entity204 ). At inclusion, 26 @entity1 had a previous dissection and 53 @entity1 without a previous dissection had undergone elective aortic repair, thus leaving 189 @entity1 without previous dissection or repair. During follow up (median 5.4 years), four @entity1 died. A total of 46 aortic events (dissection or elective surgery) occurred in 45 @entity1 , in the distal aorta in 14 @entity1 (31%). Baseline aortic diameter at the levels distal to the root (arch, descending aorta and abdominal aorta) was greater in @entity1 with than in those without a previous elective aortic root intervention (median 26 mm v 24 mm, p = 0.01; 25 mm v 20 mm, p < 0.01; and 20 mm v 17 mm, p < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that a previous elective aortic intervention was associated with a fourfold increased probability of dilatation of the distal aorta, after adjustment for age and sex (p < 0.01). In @entity1 without a previous intervention, the baseline diameter of the descending aorta was an independent predictor of aortic events (hazard ratio 3.0 per quartile, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.9, p = 0.002). Cause for concern is that complete measurements of the aorta (at least one measurement at each level at baseline or during follow up) were available for only 38% of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Almost one in every three aortic events occurring during follow up of these @entity1 involved the distal aorta. After elective aortic root replacement, a dilated distal aorta is more common than before. Moreover, an increased diameter of the descending aorta is associated with a higher risk of aortic events in @entity1 without previous dissection or aortic root replacement, independent of the diameter of the aortic root. Careful monitoring of the entire aorta is essential for the optimal management of @entity1 with @entity1614 , especially after elective surgery, but is insufficiently performed in Europe.

title: Beyond the root: dilatation of the distal aorta in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ["Marfan's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

answer: @entity1614 :: (MESH:D008382,Disease) :: ['Marfan's syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare disease progression and survival of @entity1 with stage D1 @entity420 after treatment with either early @entity342 ablation alone or combined with radical prostatectomy. @entity1 AND METHODS: A retrospective non-randomized study was performed in a series of 76 consecutive @entity1 who underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy and had pathological stage D1 (T1-3, pN1-2, MO) @entity263 ; 37 @entity1 underwent early endocrine therapy (EET) and 39 underwent radical prostatectomy with immediate adjuvant endocrine therapy (combined therapy, COM). The median follow-up was 3.8 years (range 0.26-13). The @entity1 were statistically homogeneous for @entity5 grade, @entity5 stage and nodal involvement, but not for age at lymphadenectomy (67 years and 62 years, respectively, P = 0.019, a confounding factor in favour of COM). RESULTS: Twelve @entity1 (32%) in the EET group and 11 (28%) in the COM group died: the Kaplan-Meier actuarial overall survival curves showed no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups, but there was a trend in favour of the COM group. There was also no significant difference in the cause-specific survival. In the EET group, 17 @entity1 (46 %) had local (five of 37, 14%) or systemic (13 of 37, 35%) progression and in the COM group 23 @entity1 (59%) had local (eight of 39, 21%) or systemic (20 of 39, 51%) progression. Four @entity1 had an elevated level of @entity1486 with no clinical recurrence. Transurethral resection of the prostate was necessary for three (8%) @entity1 in the EET group and for two (5%) of those receiving @entity10812 . The Kaplan-Meier actuarial disease-free survival curves were not significantly different. Similar results were obtained when the 25 @entity1 with early-stage (T1 and T2) and the 51 @entity1 with advanced primary @entity5 (T3 and T4) were analysed separately. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in @entity1 with stage D1 @entity263 , radical prostatectomy combined with adjuvant endocrine therapy offers no advantage over endocrine therapy alone, neither for curative nor palliative intent.

title: Early endocrine therapy versus radical prostatectomy combined with early endocrine therapy for stage D1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['local tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of combination of @entity1160 ( @entity7647 ) and @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) on the @entity1 @entity356 cell line MGC-803 in vitro. METHODS: The effects of @entity7647 and @entity1139 were measured by @entity98 assay, and the interaction between the two agents was evaluated by the median-effect principle. Flow cytometry was used for cell cycle analysis. RESULTS: @entity7647 did not significantly stimulate the cell growth in vitro. High-concentration of @entity7647 could inhibit the cell growth. @entity1139 could effectively inhibit the cell growth in a time-dependent manner. The interaction of these two agents showed a weak antagonistic activity (1 < CI < 1.2703). @entity1139 induced remarkable S-phase arrest. Low-dose @entity7647 has limited effect on the S-phase arrest of @entity1139 , while high-dose @entity7647 significantly attenuated the S-phase arrest and lowered the proliferation index of MGC-803 cell. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of @entity7647 and @entity1139 has a a weak and dose-dependent antagonistic activity in the treatment of @entity356 cell line MGC-803. The combination of high-dose @entity1139 and low-dose @entity7647 may achieve better efficacy.

title: [Effect of combination of XXXX and @entity1138 on @entity1 @entity356 cell strain MGC-803].

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinoma']

answer: @entity1160 :: (CHEBI:28300,Chemical) :: ['glutamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about current use of pulmonary function testing in clinical practice. This study evaluated spirometry use in @entity1 with @entity1030 receiving care from the Veterans Health Administration health-care system. METHODS: Administrative data were used to identify a cohort of @entity1 who were >/= 40 years of age with recently diagnosed @entity1030 . Spirometry was identified using administrative data. Spirometry use was characterized over a 12-month period, and the use of spirometry around acute exacerbations and surgical procedures was examined. RESULTS: A total of 197,878 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria in 1999. The average age was 67.5 years (SD, 10.0), and 98.2% of @entity1 were male. A total of 66,744 @entity1 (33.7%) underwent spirometry. The use of spirometry for newly diagnosed @entity1030 @entity1 decreased with age and was 3.3 times higher for those visiting pulmonologists. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that spirometry is inconsistently used in the diagnosis of @entity1030 or the care of @entity1 with @entity1030 . This inconsistent pattern of use is seen even with the endorsement of spirometry use for @entity1 with @entity1030 by two national guidelines; however, the data predate the most recent version of the guidelines. It is unclear whether it is lack of physician knowledge of, attitudes about, or belief in the utility of spirometry that underlie the current patterns of physician use of this clinical tool.

title: Spirometry use in clinical practice following diagnosis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1338 , an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, has been used to treat @entity4676 ( @entity4676 ) for nearly 3 decades. This first-tier medication is especially recommended for @entity1 and adolescents with a combination of @entity71 and mild tics. Although @entity1338 is thought to have a low rate of adverse effects (AEs), little is known about its tolerability profile in adult @entity1 with @entity4676 . METHODS: This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of AEs associated with @entity1338 through a retrospective chart review. We assessed 36 @entity1 with @entity4676 (27 @entity1 ; mean [SD] age, 24.6    13.9; range, 10-62 years), of whom 32 (88.8%) had comorbid conditions (most common: @entity71 , n = 12; @entity3119 , n = 9). RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 (47.2%) experienced AEs. Eleven @entity1 (30.5%) withdrew @entity1338 because of the severity of AE (n = 5) or absence (n = 4)/reduction (n = 2) in efficacy. The most commonly reported AEs were sedation and @entity10 . In most cases, AEs were mild and occurred with higher starting doses. In 12 @entity1 (70.6%) who also took other psychotropic medications, cotherapy could have been linked to the appearance of AE. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that @entity1338 is a safe and well-tolerated medication in the @entity4676 population. Adults with @entity4676 treated with this medication experience mild and relatively infrequent AE; high starting dose and polytherapy seem to be the only clinically relevant risk factors for AE development.

title: Tolerability profile of @entity1338 in the treatment of adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['Clonidine', 'clonidine']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['obsessive-compulsive disorder']

entities_list: @entity4676 :: ('MESH:D005879', 'Disease') :: ['TS', 'Tourette syndrome']

answer: @entity4676 :: (MESH:D005879,Disease) :: ['Tourette syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Some @entity7391 analogues have been found to induce differentiation of several @entity1 @entity2800 cells. Newly synthesized heterocyclic @entity7391 derivatives promote neurite outgrowth and survival in neuronal cell lines. In this study, the growth-inhibiting and differentiation-inducing effects of these @entity7391 derivatives on @entity1 @entity2800 cells were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Several @entity2800 cells were cultured with novel heterocyclic @entity7391 derivatives. Cell differentiation was determined by @entity2387 -reducing activity, morphologic changes, expression of @entity9536 , lysozyme activity, and hemoglobin production. RESULTS: @entity44840 ( @entity44840 ) effectively induced HL-60 cells into mature granulocytes. @entity44840 activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) of the cells before causing granulocytic differentiation. MAPK activation was necessary for @entity44840 -induced differentiation, because @entity4286 , an inhibitor of MAPK kinase, suppressed the differentiation induced by @entity44840 . @entity44840 also induced monocytic differentiation of @entity1357 , @entity44841 /Tsu, and @entity27173 /Fuj @entity1778 cells, but did not affect erythroid differentiation of K562 or HEL cells. CONCLUSIONS: @entity44840 potently induces differentiation of some @entity12188 cells. This novel synthesized @entity7391 compound shows promise as a therapeutic agent for treatment of @entity1778 and as a neurotrophic drug.

title: Induction of differentiation of @entity1 @entity2800 cells by novel synthetic neurotrophic XXXX derivatives.

entities_list: @entity44840 :: ('MESH:C093088', 'Chemical') :: ['MS-430', '2-piperidino-5,6-dihydro-7-methyl-6-oxo (7H) pyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidine maleate']

entities_list: @entity2387 :: ('MESH:D009580', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroblue tetrazolium']

entities_list: @entity12188 :: ('MESH:D054429', 'Disease') :: ['myelomonocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2800 :: ('MESH:D007951', 'Disease') :: ['myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity7391 :: ('MESH:C030986', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine']

answer: @entity7391 :: (MESH:C030986,Chemical) :: ['pyrimidine']