abstract: Blood flow and net nutrient fluxes for portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver (total splanchnic tissues) were measured at 19 and 9 d prepartum and at 11, 21, 33, and 83 d in milk (DIM) in 5 multiparous Holstein-Friesian @entity291 . @entity291 were fed a grass silage-based gestation ration initially and a @entity4336 silage-based lactation ration peripartum and postpartum. Meals were fed at 8-h intervals and hourly (n = 8) measures of splanchnic metabolism were started before (0730 h and 0830 h) feeding at 0830 h. Dry matter intakes (DMI) at 19 and 9 d prepartum were not different. Metabolism changes measured from 19 to 9 d prepartum were lower arterial insulin and @entity598 , higher arterial nonesterified @entity1718 and increased net liver removal of @entity653 . After calving, PDV and liver blood flow and @entity26 consumption more than doubled as DMI and milk yield increased, but 85 and 93% of the respective @entity101 flow at 83 DIM had occurred by 11 DIM. Therefore, factors additional to DMI must also contribute to increased blood flow in early lactation. Most postpartum changes in net @entity409 could be attributed to increases in DMI and digestion or increased milk yield and tissue energy loss. @entity413 release was increasingly greater than calculated requirements as @entity12315 increased, presumably as tissue energy balance increased. Potential contributions of @entity880 , @entity493 , and @entity653 to liver @entity413 synthesis were greatest at 11 DIM but decreased by 83 DIM. Excluding @entity493 , there was no evidence of an increased contribution of @entity1522 to liver @entity413 synthesis is required in early lactation. Increased net liver removal of @entity4919 (69%), @entity880 (20%), @entity493 (8%), and @entity653 (4%) can account for increased liver @entity413 release in transition @entity291 from 9 d before to 11 d after calving.

title: Splanchnic metabolism of dairy XXXX during the transition from late gestation through early lactation.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in PDV and liver blood']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['PDV and liver metabolism']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose', 'Glucose']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cows']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a short intravenous course of high-dose @entity1667 compared with the standard treatment with @entity229 for adult @entity1 with @entity3039 ( @entity3039 ). DESIGN: Retrospective. METHODS: For all @entity1 diagnosed with @entity3039 between January 1st 1988 and January 1st 1998 in the University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, data were obtained until June 1st 1998. These @entity1 had received a brief course of treatment with @entity1667 i.v. (1 g per day on three successive days in the outpatient department) or the standard treatment (protracted oral treatment with @entity229 ). A response was defined as a rise in platelet count of > 50 x 10(9)/l. When a remission lasted more than a year a @entity1 was defined as longterm responder. RESULTS: The results concerned 41 @entity1 . The @entity229 group comprised 7 males and 20 females, mean age 39 years, the @entity1667 group comprised 2 males and 12 females, mean age 43 years. Initial treatment with @entity229 or @entity1667 resulted in equal response rates of, respectively, 63% (17/27 @entity1 ) and 64% (9/14 @entity1 ). The number of longterm responders was 8 of 27 @entity1 in the @entity229 group and 2 of 14 @entity1 in the @entity1667 group. At time of relapse 22 @entity1 were treated with the other treatment modality. The response rate in the group of @entity1 treated with @entity229 after first-line treatment with @entity1667 , was 67% (6/9), for @entity1667 after first-line treatment with @entity229 the response rate was 23% (3/13). CONCLUSION: A short intravenous course of high-dose @entity1667 is effective as initial treatment of adults with @entity3039 . @entity137 of longterm treatment with @entity229 can be avoided in a number of @entity1 with @entity3039 . In @entity1 refractory to treatment with @entity1667 , the response rate to second-line treatment with @entity229 was not negatively influenced, since two thirds of these relapsing @entity1 subsequently responded to @entity229 .

title: [Intravenous high-dose XXXX efficacy for treatment of @entity3039 in adults].

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity3039 :: ('MESH:D016553', 'Disease') :: ['ITP', 'idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura']

answer: @entity1667 :: (MESH:D008775,Chemical) :: ['methylprednisolone']


abstract: The Global Program for Elimination of @entity3754 calls for mass drug administration for endemic populations outside of sub-Saharan Africa with a single dose of @entity6566 ( @entity6567 ) and @entity3753 (Alb) annually for 4-6 years. Single-dose @entity6567 /Alb dramatically reduces blood microfilaria (MF) counts, but most treated subjects fail to completely clear MF after a single dose. A more effective regimen might reduce the number of years required for elimination programs. We performed a randomized clinical trial in Egyptian adults with asymptomatic microfilaremia to compare treatment with seven daily doses of oral @entity6567 (6 mg/kg) and Alb (400 mg) with a single dose of the same combination. We also studied the effect of re-treatment with single-dose @entity6567 /Alb 12 months after the first treatment course. Multi-dose @entity6567 /Alb was significantly more effective than single-dose therapy for reducing and clearing microfilaremia (mean reduction in MF/ml relative to pretreatment counts at 12 months, 99.6% versus 85.7%, with complete clearance in 75% versus 23.1%). The two regimens had similar activity against adult filarial worms, as indicated by serial ultrasound assessments. Neither regimen resulted in complete clearance of filarial antigenemia. There was no difference in adverse events, which were mild to moderate. Blood microfilaria and parasite antigen clearance rates increased following re-treatment. Multi-dose @entity6567 /Alb may be a useful option for filariasis elimination programs, especially in the first year (when enthusiasm for mass drug administration and coverage rates are high), to quickly reduce community MF loads and transmission rates.

title: A randomized clinical trial comparing single- and multi-dose combination therapy with @entity6566 and XXXX for treatment of bancroftian filariasis.

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity3754 :: ('MESH:D004605', 'Disease') :: ['Lymphatic Filariasis']

entities_list: @entity6566 :: ('MESH:D004049', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylcarbamazine']

answer: @entity3753 :: (MESH:D015766,Chemical) :: ['albendazole']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of severe @entity358 in @entity1 with @entity2631 and identify the combination(s) of features present at first assessment which would be useful to predict future risk of severe @entity358 . METHODS: Data were analysed on 561 @entity1 with disease onset occurring on or after 1 January 1982 and disease duration of less than five years before the first assessment. Detailed clinical and laboratory assessments were undertaken at the initial visit. @entity454 was defined as @entity120 requiring continuous ambulatory iloprost, or @entity3794 requiring continuous @entity26 , or @entity204 from a @entity2631 related @entity358 . @entity1 status was determined at 31 December 1997. The best subset of predictors was identified by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: In all, 24 @entity1 reached @entity454 . The cumulative incidences were 4%, 6%, and 12% at five, seven, and 14 years respectively. As expected, the lung function tests at baseline, including being in the lowest third of either diffusing lung capacity (hazard ratio (HR) = 18.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5 to 93.8) or of forced vital capacity (HR=4.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 15.2), were highly significant predictors of @entity454 . Interestingly, apart from the presence of @entity644 , none of the other baseline variables, including the extent of @entity272 and serological markers, were predictive of severe @entity358 . CONCLUSION: @entity454 was infrequent in this large cohort, but the cumulative incidence increased importantly with time. The risk can be predicted from baseline assessment of pulmonary function. In particular, those with normal pulmonary function at baseline are at very low risk.

title: Predictors of @entity454 in a cohort of @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disease']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['End stage lung disease', 'end stage lung disease']

answer: @entity2631 :: (MESH:D012594,Disease) :: ['scleroderma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Peripheral administration of opioids has been suggested for prolongation of regional @entity1337 . This prospective, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study was undertaken to compare the effect of regional (axillary brachial plexus block [ABPB]) versus intramuscular (IM) @entity4783 (2  g/kg) in adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-five adults undergoing upper limb surgery received ABPB with local anaesthetic (15 ml 0.5% @entity1341 , 15 ml 2% @entity3303 with @entity1425 1:200,000, 9 ml normal saline [NS]). In addition, regional group @entity995 (n = 25) received @entity4783 2  g/kg in ABPB and 1 ml NS IM. Systemic Group SB (n = 25) received 1 ml NS in ABPB and @entity4783 2  g/kg IM. Group C (n = 25) received 1 ml NS in ABPB and IM. Onset, duration of @entity3481 , hemodynamic parameters, sedation score, @entity158 scores using visual analog scale, duration of @entity86 , rescue analgesic (RA) requirement, adverse events, and @entity1 satisfaction were noted. RESULTS: Demographics, onset and duration of sensory, motor block were similar. @entity995 group had longest duration of @entity1337 (20.61    1.33 h) compared to SB (10.91    0.90 h) and control group (5.86    0.57 h) (P < 0.05 @entity995 vs. SB/C and SB vs. C). RA requirement was highest in the control group and least in @entity995 group (P = 0.000 @entity995 vs. SB/C and SB vs. C). SB group had a maximum number of side effects (P = 0.041, SB vs. @entity995 /C). @entity1 satisfaction was highest with group @entity995 (P < 0.05 @entity995 vs. SB/C, and P = 0.06 SB vs. C). CONCLUSION: @entity4783 2  g/kg in axillary plexus block provides significantly prolonged @entity1337 with less RA requirement and greater @entity1 satisfaction compared to IM administration. This is highly suggestive of action on peripheral opioid receptors.

title: @entity4783 for XXXX : Axillary brachial plexus block versus intramuscular administration in a placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity4783 :: ('MESH:D002047', 'Chemical') :: ['buprenorphine', 'Buprenorphine']

entities_list: @entity3481 :: ('MESH:D015417', 'Disease') :: ['sensory and motor block']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lignocaine']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative analgesia']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative analgesia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Uptake and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are low, and a contributing factor to this may be the practical difficulties of providing a tailored CR environment suited to individual preferences and needs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and test a short questionnaire that CR practitioners can use to understand individual @entity1 need and tailor support accordingly. METHODS: A conceptual framework of engagement in CR was derived from a comprehensive literature review and the content analysis of semistructured interviews with 15 CR @entity1 . The conceptual framework was used to construct the first version of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Inventory (CRI), which comprised 42 items. Responses on the CRI were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. The CRI was administered to 380 phase III and IV CR @entity1 , and factor analysis (FA) was used to identify salient CR engagement factors. RESULTS: The simplest structure found using FA was three 6-item subscales that all had good levels of internal consistency (Cronbach's a) and were labeled (a) outcome @entity148 , a = .726; (2) process @entity148 , a = .724; and (3) autonomy, a = .653. The 3-factor CRI model was verified using confirmatory FA (CMin/df = 3.2, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.073). Attenders were found to have higher levels of outcome @entity148 than nonattenders (P < .001), and precontemplator nonattenders were found to have lower autonomy compared with attenders (P < .001). Standard multiple regression analysis indicated outcome @entity148 was a strong predictor of CR intentions (r = 0.716), followed by autonomy (r = 0.110) and process @entity148 (r = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: The CRI is a reliable method of measuring CR outcome @entity148 , process @entity148 , and autonomy. These CRI measurements provide rehabilitation practitioners with valuable information that can help provide individual tailored support.

title: The Cardiac Rehabilitation Inventory: A New Method of Tailoring XXXX Support.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The @entity1 underwent robot-assisted total gastrectomy for an early @entity356 . Thirty-four months later, he was admitted to another hospital because of abdominal discomfort. Computed tomography scans showed a giant solid mass approximately 13 cm in diameter in the lower abdomen. We performed a resection of the @entity5 ; operative findings showed a giant solid @entity5 , without adhesion, in the mesentery of the jejunum. The @entity5 did not involve other parts of the small intestine. The resected @entity5 had a smooth surface with an elastic hard consistency. Pathological examination revealed that the @entity5 was immunohistochemically positive for @entity1970 and @entity3546 and negative for @entity2281 , @entity2280 , and @entity2467 . The @entity5 was diagnosed as a mesenteric @entity81 . The @entity1 did not show any incidence of recurrence for five months after resection. @entity81 is a very rare condition and has been reported in association with @entity4511 , @entity1661 such as surgery and injury, and with pregnancy. This report describes a case of mesenteric @entity81 after robotassisted laparoscopic surgery.

title: [A Case of @entity81 after Robot-Assisted Total Gastrectomy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity4511 :: ('MESH:D005736', 'Disease') :: ["Gardner's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal traumas']

entities_list: @entity81 :: ('MESH:D005350', 'Disease') :: ['Mesenteric fibromatosis', 'fibromatosis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['Gastric Cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Few published clinical trials document the efficacy of intranasal corticosteroids used as needed for treatment of @entity2023 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 4 weeks' treatment with @entity5023 aqueous nasal spray 200 microg used as needed (FP200PRN) in @entity1 with @entity2023 . METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 241 @entity1 (> or = 12 years of age) with a positive skin test result to a relevant fall allergen and who were symptomatic at randomization. The primary endpoint was the mean change from baseline in total nasal symptom score (TNSS; the sum of nasal congestion, @entity5254 , sneezing, and nasal itching, each rated on a 4-point scale from 0 = none to 3 = severe). RESULTS: The mean percentage of days that @entity1 used the study medications in the FP200PRN and placebo groups was 61.8% (SD = 30.4%) and 70.1% (SD = 28.3%), respectively. @entity1 treated with FP200PRN had a significantly greater reduction from baseline in TNSS compared with those treated with vehicle placebo (mean +/- SE = -2.02 +/- 0.18 vs -1.06 +/- 0.22, P < 0.001), representing a 91% greater improvement with FP200PRN than vehicle placebo. The FP200PRN group also had a significantly greater (P < 0.001) mean reduction in individual nasal symptoms of @entity5254 , sneezing, nasal itching, and nasal congestion compared with placebo. FP200PRN was well tolerated, with an incidence of adverse events comparable to vehicle placebo. CONCLUSIONS: FP200PRN in @entity1 12 years and older is effective for treatment of nasal symptoms associated with @entity2023 . It has a lower incidence of adverse events than typically associated with regular once-daily use.

title: @entity5023 aqueous nasal spray improves nasal symptoms of XXXX when used as needed (prn).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5254 :: ('MESH:D002559', 'Disease') :: ['rhinorrhea']

entities_list: @entity5023 :: ('MESH:C065382', 'Chemical') :: ['fluticasone propionate']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['seasonal allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['seasonal allergic rhinitis']


abstract: Mycobacterium terrae is ubiquitous in our environment. M terrae infections most commonly involve tendon sheaths, bones, bursae, and joints. We report a case of @entity5414 caused by M terrae in a 21-year-old @entity1 who had non-specific @entity102 . No organism was seen on microscopy or isolated from cultures until months later. Initially the M terrae culture was considered a contaminant and specific anti-mycobacterial treatment was not advised. The @entity1 was commenced on suppressive therapy for persistent @entity1143 and discomfort. Eventually, the M terrae infection was confirmed and he was commenced on @entity4581 , @entity2177 , and @entity3110 . The triple antibiotic regimen was continued for 2 years. The knee improved but never completely settled. The @entity1 chose to cease all antibiotic medication. The knee remained swollen and irritable, with little chance of eradicating the organism.

title: XXXX caused by Mycobacterium terrae: a case report.

entities_list: @entity3110 :: ('MESH:D004977', 'Chemical') :: ['ethambutol']

entities_list: @entity5414 :: ('MESH:D001170', 'Disease') :: ['infectious arthritis of the knee']

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic synovitis']

answer: @entity5414 :: (MESH:D001170,Disease) :: ['Infectious arthritis of the knee']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to determine whether bacteria cultured from oral swabs taken at the time of surgery predicted postoperative @entity292 formation. DESIGN: The study was a prospective longitudinal audit. SETTING: The setting was a designated U.K. N.H.S. cleft center. @entity1 : Subjects consisted of the @entity1 of a single cleft surgeon who were undergoing surgery for @entity2419 repair or cleft @entity292 repair. INTERVENTIONS: Oral microbiological swabs were taken from @entity1 while they were on the operating table just before surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The results from microbiological culture of the swabs were recorded, as was the presence or absence of a @entity292 at 6 months postoperatively. Additional collected information was related to the severity of the cleft, whether the operating microscope was used during surgery, and whether the @entity1 had developed a @entity1729 . RESULTS: Positive swab cultures were not significantly associated with @entity292 formation. Use of the operating microscope was not associated with an increase or decrease in the number of @entity292 . A @entity292 developed in all @entity1 who experienced a @entity1729 . CONCLUSIONS: The practice of performing routine @entity2133 swabs should be abandoned because the presence of bacteria in the mouth does not increase the risk of @entity292 formation.

title: Throat swabs taken on the operating table prior to XXXX repair and their relevance to outcome: a prospective study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['preoperative mouth']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative upper respiratory tract infection']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['cleft palate']

answer: @entity2419 :: (MESH:D002972,Disease) :: ['cleft palate']


abstract: CONTEXT: Antihypertensive therapy is well established to reduce @entity101 -related morbidity and mortality, but the optimal first-step therapy is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment with a @entity460 channel blocker or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lowers the incidence of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) or other @entity65 ( @entity65 ) events vs treatment with a diuretic. DESIGN: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent @entity299 Trial (ALLHAT), a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial conducted from February 1994 through March 2002. SETTING AND @entity1 : A total of 33 357 @entity1 aged 55 years or older with @entity101 and at least 1 other @entity301 risk factor from 623 North American centers. INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive @entity9804 , 12.5 to 25 mg/d (n = 15 255); @entity3591 , 2.5 to 10 mg/d (n = 9048); or @entity3593 , 10 to 40 mg/d (n = 9054) for planned follow-up of approximately 4 to 8 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was combined fatal @entity301 or nonfatal @entity583 , analyzed by intent-to-treat. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, @entity64 , combined @entity301 (primary outcome, coronary revascularization, or @entity951 with hospitalization), and combined @entity65 (combined @entity301 , @entity64 , treated @entity951 without hospitalization, @entity712 [ @entity712 ], and @entity3657 ). RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 4.9 years. The primary outcome occurred in 2956 @entity1 , with no difference between treatments. Compared with @entity9804 (6-year rate, 11.5%), the relative risks (RRs) were 0.98 (95% CI, 0.90-1.07) for @entity3591 (6-year rate, 11.3%) and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.91-1.08) for @entity3593 (6-year rate, 11.4%). Likewise, all-cause mortality did not differ between groups. Five-year systolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the @entity3591 (0.8 mm Hg, P =.03) and @entity3593 (2 mm Hg, P<.001) groups compared with @entity9804 , and 5-year diastolic blood pressure was significantly lower with @entity3591 (0.8 mm Hg, P<.001). For @entity3591 vs @entity9804 , secondary outcomes were similar except for a higher 6-year rate of @entity712 with @entity3591 (10.2% vs 7.7%; RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.25-1.52). For @entity3593 vs @entity9804 , @entity3593 had higher 6-year rates of combined @entity65 (33.3% vs 30.9%; RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16); @entity64 (6.3% vs 5.6%; RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.30); and @entity712 (8.7% vs 7.7%; RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.07-1.31). CONCLUSION: Thiazide-type diuretics are superior in preventing 1 or more major forms of @entity65 and are less expensive. They should be preferred for first-step antihypertensive therapy.

title: Major outcomes in high-risk @entity101 @entity1 randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or @entity460 channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent XXXX Trial (ALLHAT).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arterial disease']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['lisinopril']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Heart Attack']

entities_list: @entity9804 :: ('MESH:D002752', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorthalidone']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['Heart Attack']


abstract: 1. The effect of @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) on the membrane current components in @entity840 papillary muscle was studied by the single sucrose gap voltage clamp method. 2. The slow inward current (is) elicited by various depolarizations from the holding potential of -40 mV was evidently diminished by @entity1617 greater than 5 x 10(-7) M. The amplitude of is, estimated as the difference between the peak of is and the current at 150 msec, was reduced to 56.8 +/- 12.9% (mean +/- S.D., n = 34) by 2 x 10(-8) M- @entity1617 when estimated at the membrane potential where the amplitude was maximal. 3. is was suppressed almost completely by 2 mM- @entity515 , is obtained by subtracting the current remaining in 2 mM- @entity515 was also diminished to the same extent by 2 x 10(-6) M- @entity1617 with little change in its time course; the degree of decrease was not dependent on the membrane potential. 4. The time-dependent outward current during the depolarizing pulse was also diminished by 2 x 10(-6) M- @entity1617 . Correspondingly, the positive tail current obtained when the membrane was repolarized to the holding potential of -40 mV after various 1 sec depolarizations was reduced in a proportionate manner to 68.6 +/- 7.3% (n = 10). 5. The time-independent inward rectifying outward current was not affected by 2 x 10(-6) M- @entity1617 . 6. @entity3897 (10(-6) M) restored is and the time-dependent outward current which had been previously depressed by 2 x 10(-6) M- @entity1617 . 7. @entity1617 may decrease tension development by @entity308 is, thereby preserving the duration of the action potential with relatively little change, since, different from atrial muscle, @entity1617 does not increase the outward current in @entity1 ventricular muscle.

title: Effect of @entity934 on membrane currents in XXXX papillary muscle.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressing']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea-pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The T helper type-2 (Th2)-dominated situation can be observed in @entity56 such as @entity565 or @entity483 . A reduced ability to produce IL-12, which is a key cytokine for the induction of @entity1198 responses, has been proposed to lead to aberrant Th2 development in these disease conditions. OBJECTIVE: This study was intended to examine how IL-12-producing ability might associate with @entity56 as a function of age. METHODS: IL-12 production by monocytes at various ages was assessed in @entity1 with @entity565 and/or @entity483 (n = 100) in comparison with non- @entity56 control subjects (n = 144). Whole blood cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after priming with @entity379 , then intracellular cytokine expression of IL-12 and @entity687 as a control cytokine of @entity5750 -positive cells was assessed by flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS: In the control subjects, the ability of monocytes to produce IL-12 was negligible at birth and gradually increased with advancing age, whereas @entity687 production was intense throughout the @entity1 life. At more than 7 years of age, IL-12 production of @entity1 with @entity56 was significantly lower compared with that of control subjects. The unexpected finding was that @entity1 and @entity1 below 6 years of age with @entity56 tended to produce more IL-12 compared with age-matched controls. In this young group, it was noted that enhanced IL-12 production by monocytes was especially observed in @entity56 @entity1 with specific IgE antibodies against some food allergens. Significant inverse relationships between serum IgE levels and IL-12-producing ability were found in the teenage and adult groups, but not in the younger @entity1 . CONCLUSION: IL-12 appeared to play different roles in the pathogenesis of @entity56 between younger and older ages.

title: Developmental changes in interleukin-12-producing ability by monocytes and their relevance to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['asthma', 'bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic diseases', 'allergic']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['allergic diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between small, dense LDL (sLDL) and @entity64 in Chinese population. METHODS: The plasma level of sLDL was examined by 2% - 16% nondenatured gradient gel electrophoresis in 204 @entity1 with @entity64 , including 103 cases of @entity385 ( @entity385 ), 51 cases of @entity1188 ( @entity1188 ), and 50 cases of @entity548 ( @entity548 ), and in 341 sex- and age-matched controls in China. Traditional risk factors for @entity64 were investigated as well. RESULTS: The plasma level of sLDL was significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity385 and @entity1188 (54 +/- 8% and 52 +/- 7%) than in the controls (47 +/- 11%, both P < 0.01). However, the plasma sLDL of the CH @entity1 was 50 +/- 9%, not significantly different from that of the controls (P > 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that sLDL was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure, age, and the levels of @entity412 , high-density lipoprotein @entity165 , and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that those with sLDL > 50% had increase of risk of @entity385 (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.649 - 5.691, P < 0.001) independent of other risk factors. The relationship between sLDL abnormality and @entity1188 and between sLDL abnormality and @entity548 had no statistical significance (both P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: sLDL is significantly associated with @entity385 independent of other risk factors in Chinese population. sLDL may be a new marker for @entity64 at least in this Chinese population.

title: [Association of small, dense low density lipoprotein with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['SH', 'subcortical hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['LI', 'lacunar infarction']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic cerebral infarction', 'ICI']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: PURPOSE: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and Late Effects Normal Tissue Task Force subjective, objective, management, and analytic (LENT/SOMA) scores were compared in a group of @entity0 @entity1 . The impact of the classification system on grading late effects was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity8721 , @entity2118 , and @entity82 were scored according to both LENT/SOMA and RTOG criteria. The results were compared with respect to up- or downgrading and correlated (Spearman's rho). Other side effects were recorded using LENT/SOMA criteria. Interobserver variability was calculated with Cohen's kappa. Two hundred fifty-nine subsequent relapse-free @entity1 who underwent breast-conserving therapy between 1981 and 1995 were examined. The median dose of radiotherapy to the breast was 55 Gy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 31 @entity1 and @entity440 to 52 @entity1 . The median follow-up was 8 years. RTOG skin and s.c. tissue scales and LENT/SOMA breast and pigmentation scales were used. Two doctors examined 45 @entity1 jointly. RESULTS: Of all @entity1 , 20% had @entity8721 , 22% pigmentation, 43% @entity82 , 4% breast @entity4 , 77% retraction/ @entity194 , and 54% @entity158 . In comparison, when LENT/SOMA criteria were used, @entity8721 and pigmentation were upgraded in 34% and 36%, respectively, and @entity8721 was downgraded in 45%. @entity82 correlated well (Spearman's rho 0.78, p = 0.01). An additional 356 side effects, mainly retraction/ @entity194 were observed in 226 @entity1 using LENT/SOMA criteria. Interobserver variability was similar for both classification systems and ranged from Cohen's kappa 0.3 (retraction) to 0.91 ( @entity8721 ). CONCLUSIONS: LENT/SOMA criteria seem to be the better tool in grading and recording late radiation @entity137 compared with the RTOG scale. There was some upgrading with the RTOG score when @entity137 is evaluated. In contrast, @entity82 scores correlated very well. Adjustments of the LENT/SOMA scoring system should be considered to standardize reporting of late radiation morbidity.

title: Increasing the rate of late XXXX by changing the score? A comparison of RTOG/EORTC and LENT/SOMA scores.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'Fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity8721 :: ('MESH:D013684', 'Disease') :: ['telangiectasia', 'Telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'skin toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2118 :: ('MESH:D010859', 'Disease') :: ['skin pigmentation']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['toxicity']


abstract: The European Prospective Investigation into @entity5 and Nutrition (EPIC), which has been established in order to investigate the relations between nutrition and @entity5 , was initiated in 1990 and involves 10 European countries with heterogeneous dietary patterns and differing @entity5 incidence rates. This manuscript presents the design, recruitment and baseline characteristics of the Prospect-EPIC cohort co-ordinated in Utrecht, The Netherlands. The cohort is based on volunteers recruited among @entity1 participating in a regional @entity0 screening program. It comprises of 17,357 subjects aged 50-69 years at enrolment from Utrecht and vicinity, who have consented to participate in the study and its follow-up. Each @entity1 filled out a general questionnaire and a food frequency questionnaire. @entity1 were also physically examined and have donated a blood sample. Participation rate was 34.5%. Blood samples were donated by most @entity1 (97.5%) and detailed informed consents were obtained from 87.4% of @entity1 . Mean age at enrolment was 57 years. Anthropometric, lifestyle and morbidity characteristics of the cohort population did not differ largely from those of similar study populations in The Netherlands. Based on the Prospect-EPIC population, we intend to conduct prospective total cohort, nested case-control or case-cohort studies, in order to investigate relations between consumption of certain food groups or nutrients and @entity102 , including hormone @entity5 such as breast, colon, @entity1204 .

title: Prospect-EPIC Utrecht: study design and characteristics of the cohort population. European Prospective Investigation into XXXX and Nutrition.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'participant', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial and ovary cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'dependant cancers', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: A 44-yr-old Japanese @entity1 was found to have @entity6 with marked fasting @entity3190 . Her fasting plasma @entity413 , serum insulin, and C-peptide levels were 137 mg/dl, 204 microU/ml, and 1.13 pmol/ml, respectively, and the C-peptide-to-insulin molar ratio was markedly reduced. Insulin antibodies and insulin-receptor antibodies were negative. Fasting levels of counter-insulin hormones were normal. She had normal hypoglycemic response to exogenous insulin injection. Binding of 125I-labeled insulin to erythrocytes was normal. Oral @entity413 -tolerance tests in eight members of her first-degree relatives revealed four members (mother, sister, brother, and daughter) with fasting @entity3190 (111-314 microU/ml), and two of them (mother and sister) were overtly diabetic. Thus, the abnormality was thought to be an autosomal dominant trait. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph analysis of immunopurified insulin obtained from her serum revealed two peaks of insulin immunoreactivity. The amount of the abnormal insulin peak was seven times greater than that of normal insulin. The abnormal insulin was eluted after @entity291 , @entity1 , and porcine insulins, indicating it has a more hydrophobic nature than normal @entity1 insulin. Radioreceptor assay (RRA) for serum insulin with @entity840 kidney membrane revealed that the binding activity of their serum insulin was markedly decreased. Discrepancies between the values measured by RRA and those measured by radioimmunoassay were also found in her family members with @entity3190 but not in her family members without @entity3190 and other @entity1717 @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: A new case of abnormal insulinemia with XXXX . Reduced insulin values determined by radioreceptor assay.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1717 :: ('MESH:D044903', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemic']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: PURPOSE: To demonstrate the successful clinical identification and management of @entity2694 , a @entity364 with a high mortality rate. @entity1 AND METHODS: A @entity6 male @entity1 with a @entity10 and @entity2694 in the right eye was examined using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for a possible @entity364 . Endoscopic surgical resection was performed and a pathology sample was taken. Specimens were prepared with G  m  ri @entity1332 and @entity1710 and @entity1711 staining. The @entity1 was treated with liposomal @entity2379 400 mg daily, followed by @entity7143 400 mg twice daily. RESULTS: CT and MRI revealed a mass of the right sphenoid spreading into the orbit, indicative of a @entity364 . The biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of @entity2583 . Complete recovery of eyelid and oculomotor function was achieved after 10 months of treatment, although the @entity1 continues to suffer from irreversible @entity735 due to @entity1952 . He has been without signs or symptoms of recurrence. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with rhino-orbito-cerebral @entity2583 need extensive surgical and medical treatment to maximize outcomes. Success requires multidisciplinary management.

title: Acute @entity2694 and rhino-orbito-cerebral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2583 :: ('MESH:D009091', 'Disease') :: ['mucormycosis']

entities_list: @entity1952 :: ('MESH:D009896', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve atrophy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity1332 :: ('MESH:D008709', 'Chemical') :: ['methenamine silver']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['orbital apex syndrome', 'rhino-orbital mucormycosis']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['blindness in the right eye']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity7143 :: ('MESH:C101425', 'Chemical') :: ['posaconazole']

answer: @entity2583 :: (MESH:D009091,Disease) :: ['mucormycosis']


abstract: @entity191 ( @entity191 ) is a progressive @entity179 that affects the whole basal ganglia (BG). Various techniques have been used to study BG physiology and pathophysiology. Among these, extracellular single unit recording remains of particular importance. An impressive number of studies of BG electrophysiological activity have been carried out, both in non- @entity1 and in @entity1 primates, but the data collected show many omissions and disparities. BG activity has been well defined in the physiological situation, but remains far from clear in the @entity191 and virtually unexplored in the @entity935 (DA)-replacement situation. This paper provides a brief synopsis of (i) recording techniques and (ii) BG electrophysiological activity in normal, @entity191 , and @entity935 -replacement situations. We have restricted the data used to those obtained in BG structures of @entity1 and non- @entity1 primates. Only single unit recordings have been reported and four electrophysiological characteristics retained: mean firing frequency, firing pattern, periodic oscillation, and response to both passive and active movement. We have attempted to summarize (i) the commonly accepted characteristics of each BG structure in the three situations, (ii) discrepancies that exist, and (iii) missing elements. Then, the main successive theories aimed to explain the role played by BG in motor control are presented and discussed in the light of the most recently obtained results using the latest technological advances.

title: From single extracellular unit recording in experimental and XXXX Parkinsonism to the development of a functional concept of the role played by the basal ganglia in motor control.

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorder']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinsonian', "Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine if pathology review, within the context of a @entity66 clinic, results in changes in diagnosis of @entity75 and to ascertain if the change in diagnosis altered clinical management and outcome. METHODS: Retrospective review of pathology reports, progress notes, and diagnoses entered in the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) Pigmented Lesion Clinic database. RESULTS: A total of 5136 primary @entity75 from @entity1 referred to the @entity66 clinic between 1991 and 1999 were reviewed by a single pathologist. Of these, 559 (11%) had diagnoses that were changed significantly from the submitting diagnosis, with 120 (2.3%) undergoing a "critical" revision, 63 (1.2%) defined as a change from malignant to benign, and 57 (1.1%) from benign to malignant; 171 (3.3%) remained within the same category (benign or malignant) but had a downgrade in diagnosis (less severe) that would have a significant impact on treatment, prognosis, and research. Likewise, 268 (5.2%) remained within the same category but had an upgrade in diagnosis (more severe) that would have a significant impact on the same parameters. In addition, 257 reexcisions of @entity75 were reviewed, of which 15 (5.8%) were changed from clear to involved margins, while another 16 (6.2%) were changed from involved to clear margins, for a total of 12%. Of the lesions with a critical revision, follow-up was obtained in 98 (83%). The @entity1 in the malignant-to-benign category were followed up for an average of 2.6 years while those in the benign-to-malignant category were followed up for an average of 4.2 years. The change of diagnosis from malignant to benign resulted in 9 @entity1 (17%) being spared a reexcision while 12 @entity1 (23%) were downgraded from a radical to moderate reexcision. The change in diagnosis from benign to malignant resulted in 45 @entity1 (98%) requiring a reexcision after review. Twenty-five of these @entity1 were found to have @entity66 in their reexcision specimens or had already had recurrence at the excision site. Furthermore, 7 @entity1 (15%) underwent lymph node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy after review. However, none of the nodes were positive for @entity3 . During this time, 8 @entity1 (17%) in the benign-to-malignant category, and 1 @entity1 (1.9%) in the malignant-to-benign category (who had previously had 4 primary @entity320 ) developed @entity3 . CONCLUSIONS: Pathology review of primary @entity75 , within the context of a @entity66 clinic, results in changes in diagnosis in a significant proportion of cases. These changes have important implications for clinical decision making, @entity1 outcome, and research data collection.

title: Pathology review of cases presenting to a XXXX clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease', 'multidisciplinary pigmented lesion', 'pigmented lesion']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic lesions']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanomas']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['multidisciplinary pigmented lesion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A high degree of @entity1949 by arousals related to @entity1576 would result in an abnormal distribution of slow wave activity (SWA) and a decrease in sleep spindle density in @entity25 @entity1353 (SDB) @entity1 when compared to controls. METHODS: Eighteen mild SDB subjects (6 females and 12 males), aged 18-56 years with (5<respiratory disturbance index (RDI)<30/h) were compared to 18 controls (11 female and 7 male) aged 18-52 years. The sleep EEG power density was performed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis and sleep spindle density integrated digital filtering analysis (IDFA). Esophageal pressure monitoring was performed on the third night. RESULTS: Sleep analysis showed a significant higher number of awakenings <1 min and arousal indexes in total sleep time, in non-REM (NREM) sleep and in @entity25 ( @entity25 ) than in controls. SWA and theta band decreased significantly from the first to the fourth cycle in both subjects. Theta and sigma bands were significantly lower in @entity1 than in controls, in each sleep cycle and during the whole night. Moreover, the temporal course of SWA showed an exponential decay in both @entity1 and controls but the time constant of the curve was significantly slower in @entity1 than in controls. Furthermore, in both groups, the sleep spindle index was significantly lower in both @entity25 and stage 2 in @entity1 than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep architecture in mild SDB subjects is characterized by a high degree of @entity1949 resulting in a different time course of SWA and a decreased sleep spindle index when compared to controls.

title: Sleep architecture, slow wave activity and sleep spindles in mild @entity25 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['sleep fragmentation']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory events']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disordered', 'slow wave sleep', 'SWS']

answer: @entity1353 :: (MESH:D004417,Disease) :: ['breathing']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Most aspects of energy metabolism display clear variations during day and night. This daily rhythmicity of metabolic functions, including hormone release, is governed by a circadian system that consists of the master clock in the @entity2339 (SCN) and many secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral organs. The SCN control peripheral timing via the autonomic and neuroendocrine system, as well as via behavioral outputs. The sleep-wake cycle, the feeding/fasting rhythm and most hormonal rhythms, including that of @entity1243 , ghrelin and glucocorticoids, usually show an opposite phase (relative to the light-dark cycle) in diurnal and nocturnal species. By contrast, the SCN clock is most active at the same astronomical times in these two categories of mammals. Moreover, in both species, pineal @entity2493 is secreted only at night. In this review we describe the current knowledge on the regulation of @entity413 and lipid metabolism by central and peripheral clock mechanisms. Most experimental knowledge comes from studies in nocturnal laboratory rodents. Nevertheless, we will also mention some relevant findings in diurnal mammals, including @entity1 . It will become clear that as a consequence of the tight connections between the circadian clock system and energy metabolism, circadian @entity73 (e.g., mutations or knock-out of clock genes) and circadian clock misalignments (such as during shift work and chronic @entity26650 ) have an adverse effect on energy metabolism, that may trigger or enhancing @entity28 and @entity6 .

title: Circadian rhythms in XXXX and lipid metabolism in nocturnal and diurnal mammals.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['clock impairments']

entities_list: @entity2493 :: ('MESH:D008550', 'Chemical') :: ['melatonin']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 10019 Background: We showed that non-dimensional criteria (i.e. contrast enhancement and @entity5 density) correlate with pathologic responses better than RECIST in a group of 38 high-risk STS treated with preoperative @entity7730 +/- RT within a prospective phase III ISG-GEIS trial. We compared the prognostic relevance of RECIST versus CHOI criteria in eligible pts with measurable disease. METHODS: From April 2002 to May 2007, 311 eligible pts with localized high-risk STS of extremities or trunk wall received 3 cycles of preoperative @entity1259 + @entity1260 +/- RT. Responses by CT or MRI according to RECIST and CHOI were retrospectively evaluated. The prognostic impact of RECIST and CHOI on @entity3012 and @entity4434 was evaluated by a univariate Cox regression model. On a dichotomous scale (PR and SD+ @entity1726 ), they were compared in terms of concordance (intechangiability) by Cohen's k statistics. The pertinent predictive capability was also computed by means of the Harrell c statistic. RESULTS: 242 pts were evaluable by RECIST, 157 by CHOI. Among 114 @entity1 who received @entity7730 alone, 64 were evaluable by both RECIST and CHOI. In these pts, responses by binary CHOI criteria correlated with @entity3012 ( @entity1726 /SD vs PR: HR 4.29, 95%CI 1.84-9.98), with a trend for @entity4434 , while the prognostic impact of responses by binary RECIST was negligible ( @entity3012 : @entity1726 /SD vs PR: HR 0.97, 95%CI 0.38-2.47; @entity4434 : @entity1726 /SD vs PR: HR 0.67, 95%CI 0.29-1.57). A reasonable agreement was found between the two diagnostic criteria, with a k statistic value of 0.25 (95%CI: 0.11-0.38). The predictive capability of Choi was greater than RECIST for both @entity3012 (0.68 vs 0.50) and @entity4434 (0.58 vs 0.54). In all pts (242 by RECIST and 157 by Choi), we observed a better outcome for both @entity3012 and @entity4434 in pts achieving a PR, as by RECIST (for @entity3012 : @entity1726 vs PR: HR 2.28, 95%CI 1.16-4.46; for @entity4434 : @entity1726 vs PR: HR 2.11, 95%CI 1.12 - 3.98) and CHOI (for @entity3012 : @entity1726 vs PR: HR 5.7, 95%CI 2.81-11.64; for @entity4434 : @entity1726 vs PR: HR 3.09, 95%CI 1.39 - 6.89). CONCLUSIONS: Response to preoperative @entity7730 +RT were associated to a better outcome. CHOI criteria were better predictors than RECIST in pts receiving preoperative @entity7730 alone.

title: XXXX response and outcome in localized high-risk soft tissue sarcomas (STS) treated with preoperative @entity7730 ( @entity7730 ) with or without radiation therapy (RT) within a phase III trial from the Italian Sarcoma Group (ISG) and the Spanish Sarcoma Group (GEIS).

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Tumor']


abstract: PURPOSE: Preoperative radiotherapy for @entity5 avoids radiation to the reconstructed rectum and may circumvent the detrimental effects on bowel function associated with postoperative radiotherapy. We compared the long-term functional results of @entity1 who received preoperative radiotherapy, postoperative radiotherapy, or no radiotherapy in conjunction with low anterior resection and coloanal @entity254 to assess the impact of pelvic radiation on anorectal function. METHODS: One hundred nine @entity1 treated by low anterior resection and straight coloanal @entity254 for @entity5 between 1986 and 1997 were assessed with a standardized questionnaire at two to eight years after resection. All radiotherapy was given to a total dose of 4,500 to 5,400 cGy with conventional doses and techniques. Most @entity1 received concurrent @entity1487 -based chemotherapy. RESULTS: There were 39 @entity1 in the preoperative radiotherapy group, 11 @entity1 in the postoperative radiotherapy group, and 59 @entity1 in the no radiotherapy group. The postoperative radiotherapy group reported a significantly greater number of bowel movements per 24-hour period (P < 0.01) and significantly more episodes of @entity717 (P < 0.02) than either the preoperative radiotherapy group or the no radiotherapy group. No significant difference in anal continence or satisfaction with bowel function was found among the three groups. CONCLUSION: In this study of straight (nonreservoir) coloanal anastomoses, postoperative pelvic radiotherapy had significant adverse effects on anorectal function, with higher rates of clustering and frequency of defecation than with preoperative radiotherapy. No differences in continence rates were demonstrated, perhaps because of the sample size of the compared groups. We attribute the adverse effects of postoperative radiotherapy to irradiation of the neorectum, which is spared when treatment is given preoperatively. The deleterious effects of adjuvant radiation on long-term anorectal function can be reduced by preoperative treatment.

title: Evaluation of preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy on long-term functional results of straight coloanal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['clustered bowel movements']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent advances in both diagnosis and treatment have markedly improved the prognosis in @entity1 with @entity157 ( @entity157 ). Bone @entity3 has become a clinical problem in the treatment of @entity157 @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the palliative effect of radiotherapy for @entity158 from @entity157 . METHODS: From January 1991 to June 2000, 51 @entity1 (77 sites) with @entity158 from @entity157 were retrospectively analyzed. Ages ranged from 21 to 80 years (median 55 years). The male:female ratio was 7.5:1. Synchronous or metachronous bone @entity3 was seen in 20 (39%) and 31 @entity1 (61%), respectively. The most common symptom of bone @entity3 was @entity158 (45 @entity1 , 88%). Twenty-one @entity1 (41%) had a solitary bone @entity3 while 30 (59%) had multiple ones. The sites of bone @entity3 , in order of frequency, were the vertebra (38), rib (20), and pelvis (19). The total radiation dose ranged from 12.5 to 50 Gy (median 30 Gy). The Wisconsin Brief @entity158 Questionnaire was used to evaluate @entity158 response. RESULTS: The overall 1 and 2 year survival rates from the time of bone @entity3 were 15% and 4%, respectively. The median survival time was 5 months. Intrahepatic stage(p=0.014), and @entity3 to other organs(p=0.019) were significant prognostic factor for survival by univariate analysis. There was, however, no independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. @entity158 relief after radiotherapy was achieved for 56 sites (73%). CONCLUSION: The expected life span (median 5 months) in this group of @entity1 suggests a strong necessity for effective treatment for symptomatic palliation. Radiation therapy was effective in @entity158 palliation for bone @entity3 from @entity157 , and this could improve @entity1 ' quality of life.

title: [Radiation therapy for bone XXXX from @entity157 ].

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'painful bone metastasis', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastasis']


abstract: @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) is associated with @entity1423 as well as an increase in morbidity and mortality from @entity583 and @entity64 . Enhanced platelet activation in @entity3657 may substantially contribute to these adverse outcomes. A relative resistance to @entity117 therapy has been reported in @entity1 with @entity3657 . Therefore, @entity1397 may be superior to @entity117 in treatment of @entity3657 . Furthermore, the @entity117 + @entity1397 combination could be more effective than monotherapy but its risk-benefit ratio has yet to be evaluated. @entity1397 is preferable to @entity1396 because of its safer profile and the convenience of once-daily administration. The glycoprotein (Gp) IIb/IIIa inhibitors may also find a place as short-term therapy after peripheral angioplasty. There is a need to consider the use of @entity1397 in @entity1 who cannot tolerate @entity117 . @entity1 who have an event while taking @entity117 also present a problem. One possibility here is to substitute @entity117 with @entity1397 or to add @entity1397 to the @entity117 . Although these options are currently not evidence based in @entity1 with @entity3657 , there is emerging evidence showing that they are realistic choices.

title: The role of platelets in XXXX : therapeutic implications.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral arterial disease', 'PAD']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet hyperaggregability']

entities_list: @entity1396 :: ('MESH:D013988', 'Chemical') :: ['ticlopidine']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['Clopidogrel', 'clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity3657 :: (MESH:D058729,Disease) :: ['peripheral arterial disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The modified Stoppa approach was introduced to manage @entity174 of the anterior column instead of the ilioinguinal approach to reduce morbidity. However there is no clinical evidence to confirm its efficiency. Therefore this study was designed to ascertain: (1) if the Stoppa approach versus ilioinguinal allows less @entity190 , (2) if functional and radiological results are superior to that of the ilioinguinal approach, (3) if the rate of complication was different. HYPOTHESIS: The modified Stoppa approach allows less @entity190 than the ilioinguinal in management of  fractures of the anterior column of the acetabulum. @entity1 AND METHODS: Nineteen @entity1 who were treated with the ilioinguinal approach (Group A) at a mean follow-up of 33 months and 17 @entity1 who were treated with the modified Stoppa approach (Group B) at a mean follow-up of 28.9 months were retrospectively reviewed. @entity1 were called to the final follow-up examination, mean follow-up durations were set and the functional evaluation of @entity1 was made with measurement of range of motion, @entity572 ( @entity572 ), and Merle D'Aubign   score. RESULTS: Average @entity190 was determined at a mean 1170mL (range, 750-2150mL) in Group A and at a mean 1110mL (range, 450-2000mL) in Group B (P=0.168). The mean @entity572 (group A=89.4 [73-99] and group B=88.4 [75-97]) and Merle D'Aubign   scores (group A=16.8 [13-18] and group B=16.5 [13-18]) showed no significant difference between the groups (P=0.169). At the final follow-up, the mean hip flexion was found to be 106.83  12.47 and the hip extension was 10.33  6.12 in Group A, while these values were 103.71  14.32 and 10.69  8.17 in Group B (NS between groups regarding flexion [P=0.678] and extension [P=0.445]). The complication rate was 31% in Group A (6 @entity1 ) and 23% in Group B (4 @entity1 ) (P>0.05). DISCUSSION: Both surgical approaches give successful results in the treatment of @entity174 . Contrary to expectations, there was no difference in the amount of @entity548 at the wound site from the Stoppa technique, even though it is minimally invasive, compared to the ilioinguinal approach. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III retrospective case control study.

title: The Stoppa approach versus the ilioinguinal approach for @entity174 : A case control study assessing XXXX complications and function outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['acetabular fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['HHS', 'Harris Hip Scores']

answer: @entity190 :: (MESH:D006473,Disease) :: ['blood loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: While studying a urothelium-derived inhibitory factor in @entity840 urinary bladders we observed considerable release of @entity2918 , including PGD2-like activity. The present study was carried out to identify the @entity2918 and to study their roles in modulating @entity840 @entity1494 . METHODS: Release of @entity1421 and PGD2 in isolated @entity840 urinary bladder preparations was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with bioassay on bladder strips. Isolated urothelium-intact (UI) or -denuded (UD) bladder strips were subjected to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and applications of @entity1421 and PGD2. RESULTS: A resting release of 95  9 (n=5) nggtissue(-1)h(-1) @entity1421 -like activity and 210  34 (n=4) nggtissue(-1)h(-1) PGD2-like activity was found, where PGD2-like was subject to marked spontaneous inactivation during isolation. @entity2918 release was decreased by 70-90% by the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor @entity3522 in UI preparations. Urothelium removal decreased @entity2918 release by more than 90%. @entity1421 increased basal tone and spontaneous contractions, whereas PGD2 had little or no effect on these. Exogenous @entity1421 enhanced and PGD2 inhibited contractile responses to EFS, exogenous @entity934 - and @entity855 , whereas @entity1672 caused marked dose-dependent inhibition. @entity1421 and PGD2 effects were more pronounced in @entity3522 -treated UD tissues. CONCLUSIONS: PGD2 and @entity1421 are released from @entity840 bladder urothelium and PGD2 has inhibitory effects on bladder motility, mainly through a postjunctional action on smooth muscle responsiveness. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The release and inhibitory effects merit further studies in relation to normal biological function as well as @entity2182 .

title: Release and inhibitory effects of @entity1672 in XXXX urinary bladder and the role of urothelium.

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['urinary bladder motility']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostanoids', 'Prostanoids']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder syndrome']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Delayed @entity9991 (DHTR) are potentially life-threatening complications in @entity1 with @entity3458 ( @entity3458 ). Between 1 August 2008 and 31 December 2013, 220 of 637 adult @entity1 in our centre had at least one red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in 2158 separate transfusion episodes. Twenty-three DHTR events occurred in 17 @entity1 (13 female) including 15 HbSS, one HbSC and one HbSb(0) thalassaemia, equating to a DHTR rate of 7  7% of @entity1 transfused. Mean interval from RBC transfusion to DHTR event was 10  1      5  4  d, and typical presenting features were @entity221 , @entity158 and haemoglobinuria. Twenty of the 23 (87  0%) DHTR episodes occurred following transfusion in the acute setting. Notably, 11/23 (47  8%) of DHTRs were not diagnosed at the time of the event, most were misdiagnosed as a @entity432 . 16/23 DHTRs had 'relative reticulocytopenia', which was more common in older @entity1 . Seven of 23 episodes resulted in alloantibody formation, and three caused autoantibody formation. DHTRs are a severe but uncommon complication of RBC transfusion in @entity3458 and remain poorly recognized, possibly because they mimic an acute @entity158 crisis. Most of the DHTRs are triggered by RBC transfusion in the acute setting when @entity1 are in an inflammatory state.

title: Delayed @entity9991 in adults with XXXX : a 5-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['SCD', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity9991 :: ('MESH:D065227', 'Disease') :: ['haemolytic transfusion reactions']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vaso-occlusive crisis']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Excitatory amino acid transporter 2, also known as @entity9320 ), plays an important role in maintaining suitable synaptic glutamate concentrations. Reentrant helical @entity6124 ( @entity6124 ) 2, as the extracellular gate, has been shown to participate in the binding of substrate and ions. Several residues in transmembrane domain (TM) 5 have been shown to be involved in the construction of the transport pathway. However, the spatial relationship between HP2 and @entity16544 during the recycling of glutamate has not yet been clarified. We introduced cysteine residue pairs in HP2 and @entity16544 of cysteine-less- @entity9320 by using site-directed mutagenesis in order to assess the proximity of HP2 and @entity16544 . A significant decrease in substrate uptake was seen in the @entity65226 / @entity65227 and @entity65228 / @entity65227 mutants when the oxidative cross-linking agent copper(II) (1,10-phenanthroline)3 (CuPh) was used. The inhibitory effect of CuPh on the transport activity of the S287/ @entity65227 mutant was increased after the application of glutamate or potassium. In contrast, an apparent protection of the transport activity of the @entity65226 / @entity65227 mutant was observed after glutamate or potassium addition. The membrane-impermeable sulfhydryl reagent (2-trimethylammonium) methanethiosulfonate (MTSET) was used to detect the aqueous permeability of each single mutant. The aqueous permeability of the @entity65226 mutant was identical to that of the @entity65227 mutant. The sensitivity of @entity65226 and @entity65227 to MTSET was attenuated by glutamate and potassium. All these data indicate that there is a complex relative motion between @entity16544 and HP2 during the transport cycle.

title: A complex relative motion between XXXX 2 and transmembrane domain 5 in the glutamate transporter @entity9320 .

entities_list: @entity9320 :: ('6506', 'Gene') :: ['GLT-1', 'glial glutamate transporter type 1 (GLT-1']

entities_list: @entity6124 :: ('MESH:D001765', 'Disease') :: ['hairpin loop', 'HP']

answer: @entity6124 :: (MESH:D001765,Disease) :: ['hairpin loop']


abstract: Our study was designed to determine whether hydrogenated fat high in trans monoenes concentration affected @entity3009 synthesis. @entity4336 oil (CO), butter (B), hydrogenated vegetable oil (HF) and @entity8038 ( @entity8038 ) were used in this study. These fats were fed to @entity35 for 10 wk at 10 g/100 g diet. The phospholipid (PL) @entity844 content of platelets, aorta and heart was determined by gas liquid chromatography, and the in vitro aorta production of prostacyclin (PGI2) from exogenous or endogenous @entity1426 (AA) was measured using the radioimmuno-assay (RIA) method. Serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) released by platelets as @entity2404 (TXA2) during incubation of whole blood was also measured by this method. In the group fed @entity8038 , AA was significantly lower in the PL of aorta, platelet and heart, and the ratio 20:3(n-9)/20:4(n-6) was greater than in the groups fed CO, B or HF, indicating that the group fed @entity8038 was essential @entity844 (EFA) deficient. Although AA was significantly lower in the aorta and platelet PL of the group fed HF compared to the group fed CO, that difference did not affect the amounts of PGI2 or TXB2 produced in these groups. The group fed @entity8038 had significantly less PGI2 and TXB2 released by aorta and platelets than the other groups. This was the result of the reduced level of AA and the presence of higher amounts of 20:3(n-9) acid in the PL, which might act as a competitive inhibitor for cyclooxygenase. The aortic production of PGI2 from exogenous AA did not differ among the groups indicating that @entity3009 synthetase was not affected by the dietary fat. We conclude that the consumption of hydrogenated fats high in trans 18:1 acids with adequate amount of @entity4722 had no effect on the amount of @entity2871 or @entity4770 produced by platelet or aorta in vitro.

title: Hydrogenated fat high in trans monoenes with an adequate level of @entity4722 has no effect on @entity3009 synthesis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity2404 :: ('MESH:D013928', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane A2']

entities_list: @entity8038 :: ('MESH:D058456', 'Disease') :: ['coating fat', 'CF']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity4722 :: ('MESH:D019787', 'Chemical') :: ['linoleic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Acromegalic @entity1 have been shown to have an increase in the concentrations of small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLP). These lipoproteins are atherogenic and may contribute to the cardiovascular risk of these @entity1 . The aim of this study was to determine whether treatment of @entity2012 using Sandostatin LAR could lower these atherogenic lipoproteins. METHODS: Fourteen @entity1 with active @entity2012 were recruited and Sandostatin LAR, a long-acting @entity1943 analogue, was given every 4 weeks by intramuscular injection for 6 months. Fasting lipids, lipoproteins, lipolytic enzymes were determined at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks after treatment. Small dense LDL was measured using density gradient ultracentrifugation and RLP- @entity165 (RLP-C) by an immunoseparation assay. RESULTS: There was already a marked reduction in GH and @entity442 by week 8 and, in all subjects, @entity442 levels within their respective age-specific normal range were achieved. At week 12, plasma @entity412 significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and both @entity9477 (P < 0.01) and @entity9478 (P < 0.01) subfractions increased. A reduction was seen in small dense LDL concentration (P < 0.05) and RLP-C (P < 0.05). @entity5523 ( @entity5523 ) activity increased (P < 0.01) and the magnitude of the increase in @entity5523 activity correlated with the increase in HDL at 3 months (r = 0.55, P < 0.05) but not with the changes in plasma @entity412 , small dense LDL or RLP-C. The improvement in plasma lipids and lipoproteins persisted until the end of the study. CONCLUSION: Sandostatin LAR is effective in the treatment of @entity2012 and is associated with favourable changes in plasma lipids and a reduction in small dense LDL and RLP-C.

title: Effects of treatment with Sandostatin LAR on small dense LDL and remnant-like lipoproteins in XXXX with @entity2012 .

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity5523 :: ('4023', 'Gene') :: ['LPL', 'Lipoprotein lipase']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the recent Italian Network on @entity712 (IN-HF) Outcome registry, including 1,855 @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ), we reviewed the use of inotropes and their prognostic implication on in-hospital and 12-month mortality. METHODS: IN-HF Outcome is a prospective, multicenter, observational, study involving 61 Italian cardiology centers. @entity712 @entity1 have been enrolled over a 2-year period and followed-up for 1 year. Inotropes were used in 360 @entity1 (19.4%). RESULTS: @entity1 who received inotropes had a more severe clinical and hemodynamic profile than those who did not and exhibited a significantly higher rate of in-hospital (21.4% vs 2.7%, p < 0.01) and 1-year (50.6% vs 17.7%, p < 0.01) mortality. At entry, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was  <= 110 mm Hg in 58%, 111 to 130 mm Hg in 24.5%, and > 130 mm Hg in 17.5%. Multivariable analyses showed use of inotropes was the strongest predictor of all-cause @entity204 . These data were confirmed by propensity score analyses. According to SBP at entry, the 2 groups with SBP > 110 mm Hg who took inotropes, despite a more favorable clinical profile, exhibited a similar worse prognosis, particularly at 1 year: 56.3% ( <= 110 mm Hg), 43.7% (111-130 mm Hg), and 40.3% (>130 mm Hg) vs 17.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Inotropes were used in nearly 20% of the @entity1 admitted for @entity712 , and this treatment was associated with a short-term to medium-term poor prognosis. An inappropriate use of inotropes in @entity1 with normal to high SBP, and presumably preserved cardiac output, may have significantly contributed to affect the all-group outcome.

title: Treatment with inotropes and related prognosis in @entity712 : contemporary data from the Italian Network on XXXX (IN-HF) Outcome registry.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['AHF', 'acute heart failure', 'Heart Failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart Failure']


abstract: GOALS: Despite a high success rate, @entity384 for @entity1318 is accompanied by a significant risk of esophageal perforation. Injection of botulinum toxin (botox) into the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) can lead to improvement in symptoms with reduced risk of complications. Direct comparisons of the two techniques are needed to define their role in clinical management. STUDY: We compared @entity384 to botox for @entity1 with @entity1318 using a double blind, randomized study design. @entity1 underwent clinical, manometric, radiographic and endoscopic evaluation to confirm @entity1318 . They were randomized to receive either 80 units of botox into the LES or @entity384 . @entity1 also received sham dilatation or injection, respectively. The @entity1 and investigators assessing symptom response were blinded to therapy. Symptoms and esophageal function were assessed at 3 weeks, 3 months and 1 year after therapy. Treatment failure was defined as the lack of decrease in symptom grade more than 1 or recurrence of symptoms. @entity1 with treatment failure crossed over to the alternative treatment. RESULTS: Thirty four @entity1 were studied, and 31 completed the trial. Of the 18 @entity1 randomized to Witzel dilatation, 16 (89%) of 18 remained in clinical remission. Of the two @entity1 with treatment failure, one responded to botox injection. Of the 16 @entity1 randomized to botox, (38%) 6 of 16 remained in clinical remission. Four @entity1 had initial failure, and 6 relapsed at a mean of 4 months after therapy. Of the nine @entity1 who crossed over to dilatation, seven responded well, but two required surgical management of perforation. Although both treatments had excellent initial clinical improvement, @entity1 randomized to Witzel dilatation had superior long-term success ( < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Initial therapy with Witzel dilatation is associated with better long-term outcome than a single injection of botox. Because of the risk of endoscopic perforation, botox remains a viable alternative to dilatation.

title: Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin versus @entity384 for treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['primary achalasia', 'achalasia']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pneumatic dilatation', 'Witzel balloon dilatation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['primary achalasia']


abstract: PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this pilot was to improve multidisciplinary coordination of care and @entity1 education and foster self-management behaviors. The primary and secondary outcomes achieved from this pilot were to decrease the 30-day readmission rate and @entity712 length of stay. PRIMARY PRACTICE SITE: The primary practice site was an inpatient medical-surgical nursing unit. FINDING AND CONCLUSIONS: The length of stay decreased from 6.05% to 4.42% for @entity712 diagnostic-related group 291 as a result of utilizing the model. The length of stay decreased from 3.9% to 3.09%, which was also less than the national rate of 3.8036% for diagnostic-related group 292. In addition, the readmission rate decreased from 23.1% prior to January 2013 to 12.9%. Implementation of standards of care coordination can decrease length of stay, readmission rate, and improve self-management. IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE: Implementation of evidence-based @entity712 guidelines, improved interdisciplinary coordination of care, @entity1 education, self-management skills, and transitional care at the time of discharge improved overall @entity712 outcome measures. Utilizing the longitudinal model of care to transition @entity1 to home aided in evaluating social support, resource allocation and utilization, access to care postdischarge, and interdisciplinary coordination of care. The collaboration between disciplines improved continuity of care, @entity1 compliance to their discharge regimen, and adequate discharge follow-up.

title: A XXXX initiative to reduce the length of stay and readmission rates.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: PURPOSE: To estimate the frequency and strength of @entity1295 in @entity302 @entity1 . METHODS: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched, and hand-searched data were added. For inclusion, the studies had to be original research articles that included @entity1295 data from @entity302 @entity1 . The strength was estimated using studies reporting @entity1295 scores of standardized inventories for the @entity1 and healthy controls. The @entity1295 frequency was estimated based on studies reporting the number of @entity1295 events in @entity1 . We also investigated risk factors for @entity1295 and the correlation of @entity308 with @entity1295 in @entity302 @entity1 . RESULTS: Of 25,613 abstracts screened, we included 12 articles or proceedings with distinctive data. The @entity3777 ( @entity3777 ) was the most commonly used inventory for @entity1295 in @entity302 @entity1 . Four studies compared @entity3777 scores between 499 @entity302 @entity1 and 295 healthy controls. The overall mean difference in the @entity3777 scores was significant. Seven of the 12 studies reported the frequency of @entity1295 determined by the @entity3777 for 700 @entity302 @entity1 . As stated by the studies, the overall frequency of @entity1295 was 47.1%. The risk factors for @entity1295 in @entity302 @entity1 were @entity308 , @entity25 , and sleep quality. Of the 12 studies, 7 revealed a significant correlation between @entity308 and @entity1295 . CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue is common in @entity302 @entity1 and is closely correlated with @entity308 . The identification and management of @entity1295 and its risk factors, especially @entity308 , is mandatory for the management of @entity302 .

title: Fatigue in XXXX : A systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3777 :: ('MESH:D005222', 'Disease') :: ['Fatigue Severity Scale', 'FSS']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['adult epilepsy', 'epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-related impairment']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: @entity4512 are often characterised by @entity158 and @entity1931 . The aim of the present study was to examine the sensitivity to pressure and pinprick at sites ipsi- and contralateral to @entity2951 -induced @entity158 in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of the sensation to sub- and supra- @entity158 threshold stimuli by pressure and pinprick were recorded before, during and after experimental @entity925 . It was found that pressure stimulation (120% of baseline @entity158 threshold) delivered over the ipsilateral deep peroneal nerve between the 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones showed a significant increase in VAS scores during @entity925 . The @entity158 did not overlap this @entity1931 site. Ipsilateral test sites at the TA muscle, great toe and between the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones did not show any changes in response to pressure stimulation during @entity158 . In contrast, test sites at the ipsilateral ankle showed hypoalgesia to pressure during @entity925 . In the contralateral leg hypoalgesia to pressure was found at all sites during @entity158 . The decreased sensitivity to pressure was confirmed with both sub- and supra-pressure @entity158 -threshold stimuli. VAS scores to pinprick were either decreased or unchanged during @entity158 compared to before @entity158 . @entity1510 administrated in a placebo-controlled manner had no effect on hypoalgesia to pressure or pinprick during @entity925 . Thus, the generalised decreased sensitivity may reflect activation of non-opioid endogenous @entity158 inhibitory systems. The lack of change in sensitivity at some sites could indicate a competitive balance between excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. The deep peroneal nerve specifically innervates both the TA muscle and the only site of @entity1931 indicating spatial summation of afferent activity from these structures.

title: Opioid-insensitive hypoalgesia to mechanical stimuli at sites ipsilateral and contralateral to experimental XXXX in human volunteers.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['Musculoskeletal pains']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia', 'hyperalgesic']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['referred pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['muscle pain']

answer: @entity925 :: (MESH:D063806,Disease) :: ['muscle pain']


abstract: @entity320 is a @entity5 that arises from melanocytic cells and primarily involves the skin. The most important exogenous etiological factor is exposure to ultraviolet irradiation. Diagnosis of @entity320 is based primarily on its clinical features, and the A-B-C-D rule is useful in identifying @entity66 , which are suspicious for @entity320 (Asymmetry, Border irregular, Color inhomogeneous and Diameter more than 5 mm). Dermoscopy is very helpful in clarifying the differential diagnosis of @entity66 . About 90% of @entity320 are diagnosed as @entity5 without any evidence for @entity3 . The @entity5 -specific 10-year survival for all such @entity5 is about 75-85%. The most important prognostic factors for primary @entity320 without @entity3 are vertical @entity5 thickness ( @entity92 ) as measured on the histological specimen, presence of histopathologically recognized ulceration, invasion level (Clark level) and identification of micrometastases in the regional lymph nodes via sentinel lymph node biopsy. The current @entity5 node @entity3 classification for the staging of primary @entity320 is based on these factors. @entity320 can @entity3 either by the lymphatic or by the hematogenous route. About two-thirds of @entity3 are originally confined to the drainage area of regional lymph nodes. A regional @entity3 can appear as satellite @entity3 up to 2 cm from the @entity5 , as intransit @entity3 in the skin between the site of the @entity5 and the first lymph node and as regional lymph node @entity3 . In the stage of regional @entity3 , the differentiation between micrometastasis and macrometastasis and the number of lymph nodes involved are crucial. As soon as distant @entity3 develops, prognosis depends on the site of the @entity3 and on the @entity880 dehydrogenase levels in the blood. The frequency and extent of follow-up examinations is based on the initial @entity5 parameters. In thin primary @entity320 up to 1-mm @entity5 thickness, clinical examinations at 6-month intervals are sufficient and in thicker primary @entity320 , at 3-month intervals. Lymph node sonography as well as determination of the @entity5 marker protein @entity4483 are recommended. Additionally, in the stage of regional @entity3 , whole body imaging should be performed every 6 months; in the stage of distant @entity3 , surveillance has to be scheduled individually.

title: Evidence and interdisciplinary consense-based German guidelines: diagnosis and surveillance of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pigmented lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'primary tumor', 'malignant tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity92 :: ('MESH:D007222', 'Disease') :: ['Breslow depth']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases', 'metastasize']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas', 'Melanomas', 'Melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: Several authors have suggested that the consumption of plant compounds may have direct effects on wild primate reproductive biology, but no studies have presented physiological evidence of such effects. Here, for two troops of @entity3474 ( @entity3474 ) at Gashaka-Gumti National Park, Nigeria, we show major seasonal increases in levels of fecal @entity1420 metabolites in females, and provide evidence that this is linked to the consumption of natural plant compounds. Increases in fecal progestogen excretion occurred seasonally in all females, in all reproductive states, including lactation. Detailed feeding data on the study animals showed that only one food species is consumed by both troops at the time of observed progestogen peaks, and at no other times of the year: the African black plum, Vitex doniana. Laboratory tests demonstrated the presence of high concentrations of progestogen-like compounds in V. doniana. Together with published findings linking the consumption of a related Vitex species (Vitex agnus castus) to increased progestogen levels in @entity1 , our data suggest that natural consumption of V. doniana was a likely cause of the observed increases in progestogens. Levels of progestogen excretion in the study @entity6599 during periods of V. doniana consumption are higher than those found during pregnancy, and prevent the expression of the @entity4 , which is associated with ovulatory activity. As consortship and copulatory activity in @entity6599 occur almost exclusively in the presence of a @entity4 . doniana appears to act on cycling females as both a physiological contraceptive (simulating pregnancy in a similar way to some forms of the @entity1 contraceptive pill) and a social contraceptive (preventing @entity4 , thus reducing association and copulation with males). The negative effects of V. doniana on reproduction may be counter-balanced by the wide-range of medicinal properties attributed to plants in this genus. This is the first time that physiological evidence has been presented of direct effects of plant consumption on the reproductive biology of wild primates.

title: Reduced reproductive function in wild @entity6599 ( XXXX ) related to natural consumption of the African black plum (Vitex doniana).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['sexual swelling', 'sexual swelling, V']

entities_list: @entity3474 :: ('9555', 'Species') :: ['olive baboons', 'Papio hamadryas anubis']

answer: @entity3474 :: (9555,Species) :: ['Papio hamadryas anubis']


abstract: Opioid peptides are endogenous neuromodulators that play a major role in the nociceptive pathway by interacting with opioid receptors. So far, four opioid receptors (micro-, delta-, kappa-, orphan-receptor) have been cloned with a wide distribution in the central and peripheral nervous system. In the present study, we give first evidence for the presence of the @entity6253 ( @entity6253 ) isoform 1A in nerve fibers of @entity1 skin. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed @entity6253 immunoreactivity to be present in dermal and epidermal nerve fibers. Double-immunofluorescence staining revealed that @entity6253 is present on @entity10132 ( @entity10132 )-positive sensory nerve fibers, while autonomic nerves of blood vessels, hair follicles, or skin glands were negative. In diseased skin such as @entity1569 , @entity483 , and @entity9586 , distribution of @entity6253 1A immunoreactivity was similar to that of normal skin. These findings expand our knowledge about a direct regulatory role of cutaneous opioid receptors in the skin. Thus, peripheral cutaneous opioid receptors may be involved in the transmission of @entity158 and @entity111 , respectively. This is supported by previous observation that opioid receptor antagonists may significantly diminish experimentally evoked @entity112 -induced itch of the skin. Together, our findings contribute to the understanding of the high antipruritic potency of opioid receptor antagonists in various skin and @entity262 .

title: Localization of mu-opioid receptor 1A on sensory nerve fibers in XXXX skin.

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity6253 :: ('4988', 'Gene') :: ['MOR', 'micro-opioid receptor']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity10132 :: ('796', 'Gene') :: ['calcitonin gene-related protein', 'CGRP']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity9586 :: ('MESH:D011536', 'Disease') :: ['prurigo nodularis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The bacterial envelope possesses diverse functions, including protection against environmental stress and virulence factors for @entity281 . Here, we report the function of wxcB in @entity7591 (Xcv), a causal agent of bacterial leaf spot disease in @entity523 and pepper. To characterize roles of wxcB, we generated a knockout mutant (Xcv/\wxcB) and found that the virulence of the mutant was weaker than that of the wild type in @entity523 plants. To predict the mechanism affected by wxcB, we compared protein expressions between the wild type and the mutant. Expression of 152 proteins showed a greater than 2-fold difference. Proteins involved in motility and cell wall/membrane were the most abundant. Through phenotypic assays, we further demonstrated that the mutant @entity1319 and tolerance to treatment, but it showed increased biofilm formation. Interestingly, the @entity558 profile was unchanged. These results lead to new insights into the functions of wxcB that is associated with cell wall/membrane functions, which contributes to pathogen virulence.

title: Functional and proteomic analyses reveal that wxcB is involved in virulence, motility, detergent tolerance, and biofilm formation in Xanthomonas campestris pv. XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['displayed reduced motility']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['host infection']

entities_list: @entity7591 :: ('456327', 'Species') :: ['Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria']

answer: @entity7591 :: (456327,Species) :: ['vesicatoria']