abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of calcineurin inhibitors [ @entity205 ( @entity870 ) and @entity1140 ( @entity11636 )] to inhibit cellular uptake of @entity2993 mediated by the liver-specific organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 ( @entity6906 ) in vitro. @entity1 with solid organ transplants are frequently treated with @entity2453 reductase inhibitors (statins). @entity870 increases @entity2993 systemic exposure severalfold, an effect not observed with Tac. The effect of @entity870 and Tac on @entity2993 transport via @entity6906 was investigated in transfected @entity1 embryonic kidney 293 cells. An in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) was performed to estimate the clinical potential for @entity870 and Tac to inhibit @entity6906 -mediated transport. @entity870 inhibited @entity6906 -mediated uptake of @entity2993 approximately 90-fold more efficiently than Tac, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 0.021 +/- 0.004 and 1.99 +/- 0.42 muM, respectively. Coincubation compared with preincubation with @entity870 showed a 20-fold lower inhibitory capacity, with an IC(50) value of 0.47 +/- 0.34 muM. The IVIVE showed that clinically obtainable concentrations of @entity870 , but not Tac, inhibit @entity6906 transport of @entity2993 . @entity870 inhibition ranged from 28 to 77% within a dosing interval, whereas it was less than 1% for Tac, considering free concentrations and assuming competitive inhibition. This does not fully explain the clinically observed interaction with @entity870 , suggesting that a more complex inhibitory mechanism may be present. This is also supported by the decreased IC(50) value of @entity870 after preincubation. This study provides evidence that @entity6906 inhibition is a relevant mechanism for the interaction observed between @entity870 and @entity2993 .

title: XXXX , but not @entity1140 , shows relevant inhibition of organic anion-transporting protein 1B1-mediated transport of @entity2993 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2993 :: ('MESH:C065179', 'Chemical') :: ['atorvastatin']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['Cyclosporine A']


abstract: @entity730 of the lung and heart can cause severe cardiopulmonary compromise and @entity204 . Although it is found in most @entity454 @entity1 at autopsy, it is only rarely detected during life. Using a prototype dual-energy digital chest radiographic unit, we measured @entity460 content (mg/cm2) over the lung and heart in 32 hemodialysis @entity1 . Pulmonary @entity460 content was significantly greater in these @entity1 than in sex-matched control subjects ( @entity1 , 230 +/- 43 [mean +/- standard error] vs 166 +/- 7, p less than .05; @entity1 , 168 +/- 19 vs 110 +/- 7.5, p less than .001). Abnormal values were detected by dual-energy radiography in 44% of @entity1 (vs 9% of @entity1 studied by conventional radiography). Cardiac @entity460 content was also significantly greater in the hemodialysis @entity1 than in the control subjects (259 +/- 14 vs 184 +/- 8, p less than .05). @entity730 was significantly correlated with elevated @entity1391 and @entity78 product levels. @entity1 with significantly elevated pulmonary @entity460 content had evidence of @entity358 by functional testing. There was an inverse correlation between elevated cardiac @entity460 content and ejection fraction. We conclude that dual-energy digital radiography allows premortem diagnosis of metastatic visceral calcification and is more sensitive than current techniques.

title: @entity730 of the heart and lungs in XXXX : detection and quantification by dual-energy digital chest radiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity78 :: ('MESH:C020243', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['Metastatic calcification']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['restrictive lung disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage renal disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and @entity137 of a hypofractionated (55 Gy in 20 fractions within 4 weeks) vs. a conventionally fractionated (64 Gy in 32 fractions within 6.5 weeks) dose schedule for radiotherapy (RT) for localized @entity263 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 217 @entity1 were randomized to either the hypofractionated (n=108) or the conventional (n=109) dose schedule. Most @entity1 (n=156) underwent RT planning and RT using a two-dimensional computed tomography method. Efficacy using the clinical, radiologic, and @entity1486 data in each @entity1 was evaluated before RT and at predetermined intervals after RT until @entity204 . @entity344 using the modified Late Effect in Normal Tissue-Subjective Objective Management Analytic (LENT-SOMA) scales was also evaluated before and at intervals after RT to 60 months. RESULTS: The whole group has now been followed for a median of 90 months (range, 3-138). Of the 217 @entity1 , 85 developed biochemical relapse (nadir @entity1486 level+2  g/L), 36 in the hypofractionated and 49 in the conventional group. The biochemical relapse-free, but not overall, survival at 90 months was significantly better with the hypofractionated (53%) than with the conventional (34%) schedule. @entity344 persisted 60 months after RT and did not differ between the two dose schedules. Multivariate analyses revealed that the conventional schedule was of independent prognostic significance, not only for biochemical failure, but also for an increased risk of worse genitourinary symptoms at 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: A therapeutic advantage of the hypofractionated compared with the conventional dose schedule for @entity263 was evident at 90 months in the present study.

title: Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for XXXX : final results of phase III randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['RT of prostate cancer', 'carcinoma of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate carcinoma']


abstract: Some 10-20% of @entity548 events in @entity447 @entity1 with high-responding inhibitors cannot be controlled with bypassing agents. However, @entity34 ( @entity34 ) has been reported to be successful in five @entity1 . To extend this observation, a survey was undertaken by the European Haemophilia Treatment Standardisation Board (EHTSB) in @entity1 and adults. Data were collected from all centres belonging to the EHTSB network by a retrospective medical record review. @entity34 courses were defined as the administration of both recombinant activated factor VIIa (rFVIIa) and activated @entity18623 complex concentrate (APCC) within 12 h. A web-based database was prepared to collect data on @entity34 courses in a standardized and anonymous manner from @entity1 ' files. Eleven inhibitor @entity1 underwent @entity34 (nine @entity447 ; two @entity4777 ). Two @entity1 had refractory knee haemarthrosis and one, an unresponsive @entity291 haematoma. Five adults had significant @entity548 following major surgery, one had @entity6250 and one a post-traumatic upper limb haematoma and haemarthrosis. @entity34 administration alternated one APCC dose to 1-3 rFVIIa doses: dosing intervals ranged between 3 and 6 h; APCC (20-80 U   kg(-1) ) was given every 8-12 h; rFVIIa (90-270  g kg(-1) ) was given every 3-12 h. Bleeding control was achieved in 12-24 h in all @entity1 . @entity34 was discontinued after 1-15 days. No clinical adverse events were observed, but a significant increase in D-dimer levels was seen in three/five @entity1 who were assessed. @entity34 was efficacious without adverse events; nevertheless, due to potential risks, it remains a salvage treatment. A prospective clinical trial is needed to provide further evidence.

title: Sequential combined bypassing therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of unresponsive XXXX in adults and @entity1 with @entity447 and inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'bleeds']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia', 'haemophilia A']

entities_list: @entity18623 :: ('MESH:D011516', 'Chemical') :: ['prothrombin']

entities_list: @entity4777 :: ('MESH:D002836', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia B']

entities_list: @entity6250 :: ('MESH:D038061', 'Disease') :: ['lower limb compartmental syndrome']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['sequential combined bypassing therapy', 'SCBT']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['bleeding']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity209 ( @entity209 ) is a cluster of @entity209 comprising @entity1144 , dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance (IR). With the onset of IR, the expression of @entity13688 ( @entity13688 ), a key regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, is reduced. Increased activation of glucocorticoid receptors results in @entity209 symptoms and is thus speculated to have a role in the pathophysiology of the @entity209 . @entity11950 (GA), the bioactive constituent of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra) inhibits @entity11331 dehydrogenase type 1 that catalyzes the activation of glucocorticoids. Thus, oral administration of GA is postulated to ameliorate the @entity209 . RESULTS: In this study, daily oral administration of 50 mg/kg of GA for one week led to significant increase in @entity13688 expression in the @entity121 (p < 0.05) but non-significant increase in the abdominal muscle, kidney, liver, heart and the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues (p > 0.05) of the GA-treated @entity35 compared to the control. Decrease in adipocyte size (p > 0.05) in both the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots accompanies such selective induction of @entity13688 expression. Consistent improvement in serum lipid parameters was also observed, with decrease in serum free @entity844 , @entity1674 , total @entity165 and LDL- @entity165 but elevated HDL- @entity165 (p > 0.05). Histological analysis using tissue lipid staining with @entity21170 showed significant decrease in lipid deposition in the abdominal muscle and @entity121 (p < 0.05) but non-significant @entity8 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results from this study may imply that GA could counteract the development of @entity1144 via selective induction of tissue @entity13688 expression and a positive shift in serum lipid parameters respectively, and retard the development of IR associated with tissue @entity1560 .

title: @entity13688 expression, serum lipid and tissue lipid deposition in orally-administered XXXX -treated @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in the heart, kidney and liver']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['quadriceps femoris']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['steatosis']

entities_list: @entity11950 :: ('MESH:D019695', 'Chemical') :: ['Glycyrrhizic acid']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['visceral obesity and improve dyslipidaemia', 'visceral obesity']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome', 'MetS', 'metabolic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity11331 :: ('CHEBI:35346', 'Chemical') :: ['11beta-hydroxysteroid']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity11950 :: (MESH:D019695,Chemical) :: ['glycyrrhizic acid']


abstract: Strain gauge @entity432 plethysmography was used to measure arterial flow, venous capacity and maximum venous outflow in the @entity291 of seven @entity1 undergoing gynaecological surgery. Plethysmography was performed before surgery, before, and for 30 min after, the extradural injection of 0.5% @entity1341 . On the morning after surgery, 0.5% @entity1341 was injected extradurally and plethysmography performed. With regression of the extradural blockade and the re-emergence of @entity158 , @entity1337 was produced with @entity4521 i.v. and plethysmography repeated. Control measurements were also made. Compared with a mean control value of 100% (3.4 ml dl-1 min-1) @entity291 arterial flow increased from 160% to 285% after the preoperative extradural blockade, and from 123% to 191% following the postoperative analgesic extradural blockade, but there was no significant change when @entity158 was relieved after i.v. @entity4521 . Mean arterial pressure changed insignificantly after all the injections. No significant changes were measured in venous capacity or maximum venous outflow.

title: Effect of extradural @entity1341 or i.v. @entity4521 on @entity291 blood flow in XXXX after surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4521 :: ('MESH:D003932', 'Chemical') :: ['diamorphine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['venous occlusion']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Thirty-four @entity1 with @entity4134 were randomized to intravenous therapy with either 500 milligrams of @entity2892 and @entity9234 every six hours or 2 grams of @entity3399 every eight hours for a minimum of four days. One @entity1 in the @entity3399 group was nonevaluable because of protocol noncompliance; three more @entity1 had no bacteriologic pathogen isolated (two in the @entity3399 group and one @entity1 in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group). The two groups were similar with respect to age, diagnosis, etiologic agents and duration of therapy. Of the 17 evaluable @entity1 in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group, all were complete clinical cures. Three @entity1 in the @entity2892 / @entity9234 group had persistence of at least one bacteriologic pathogen despite clinical cure and apparent laboratory evidence of susceptibility. Of the 13 evaluable @entity1 in the @entity3399 group, eight were complete clinical cures. Two more @entity1 in that group were clinically improved enough to be discharged on oral antibiotics. There were three clinical failures in the @entity3399 group, all of whom had group D streptococcus resistant to @entity3399 . An additional three @entity1 in the @entity3399 group had other resistant organisms isolated despite clinical cure. Both drugs were well tolerated and no serious complications or side effects occurred in either group. Despite small numbers, our data suggest that @entity2892 and @entity9234 is a more appropriate agent for initial treatment of obstetric and gynecologic @entity281 than @entity3399 .

title: Randomized, comparative trial of @entity2892 / @entity9234 and @entity3399 in the treatment of serious obstetric and gynecologic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity9234 :: ('MESH:D015377', 'Chemical') :: ['cilastatin', 'cilastatin sodium']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity4134 :: ('MESH:D000292', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic inflammatory disease, postoperative, postabortal and postpartum infections']

entities_list: @entity3399 :: ('MESH:D009070', 'Chemical') :: ['moxalactam']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: Although @entity358 has often been hypothesized to decrease airway caliber, leading to @entity1224 in @entity565 , direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. In the present study, we used high-resolution computed tomography to directly measure the changes in the caliber and wall thickness of conducting airways after volume loading with normal saline (NS) and homologous blood. Five anesthetized @entity235 received 0.2 mg/kg of @entity3897 followed by either three sequential fluid challenges of 50 ml/kg of NS or two sequential challenges of 25 ml/kg of blood. Several weeks later, the same @entity235 received the other fluid challenge. Volume loading with 150 ml/kg of NS decreased the average airway luminal area to 68 +/- 3% (+/- SE) of baseline. Concomitantly, airway wall thickness increased to 150 +/- 6% of baseline. Volume loading with 50 ml/kg of blood decreased the average airway luminal area to 81 +/- 2% of baseline. Concomitantly, airway wall thickness increased to 108 +/- 2% of baseline. Therefore, for comparable changes in pulmonary vascular pressure, an infusion of NS caused a significantly greater decrease in airway luminal area and a larger increase in airway wall thickness than an infusion of blood. This suggests that the presence of @entity4 fluid in or immediately surrounding the airway wall acts to decrease the airway lumen. However, since the degree of airway narrowing was only moderate, even with a most extreme fluid load, it seems unlikely that airway wall thickening or @entity4 could be a primary cause of conducting @entity1224 in @entity1 with @entity565 or @entity1002 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Visualization of @entity1224 in vivo during @entity358 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['impaired left ventricular function']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary vascular engorgement']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['edema']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1311 ( @entity4045 ) is a first line chemotherapy drug for @entity0 . There have been few studies reported concerning the therapeutic efficacy of @entity1311 -conjugated polymeric micelles in @entity0 in vivo. METHODS: Two kinds of @entity4045 conjugate micelles, one of which (M( @entity4045 )) contained 25wt.% of @entity4045 and the other (M(FA/ @entity4045 )) contained 22.5wt.% of @entity4045 and 1.4wt.% of @entity1501 (FA), were prepared for cell apoptosis and anti- @entity5 activity evaluation on EMT-6 @entity19 @entity0 models in comparison with 0.9wt.% saline (control) and equivalent @entity4045 . Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. @entity0 were examined histologically with H_E staining and immunohistochemically by examining @entity1380 and @entity1379 expression. The survival status of @entity5 -bearing @entity19 with different treatments was also examined. RESULTS: On day 5 of the drug administration, the average @entity5 masses were 0.49, 0.33, 0.22, and 0.18g for the control, @entity4045 , M( @entity4045 ) and M(FA/ @entity4045 ) groups, respectively. The inhibition rates of @entity5 growth calculated for the three drug groups were 32.6%, 51.6% and 62.3%, respectively. The percentage of cell apoptosis based on flow cytometry was 1.0%, 36.6%, 55.9% and 66.1%, respectively, which showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between three drug groups and the control group. @entity1379 expression of @entity4045 and M(FA/ @entity4045 ) groups was lower than control group (p<0.05). @entity1380 expression of drug groups was higher than control group (p<0.05). At an equivalent @entity1311 dose of 26.7mg/kg, the average survival time was 33days, 31days, 34days and 42days, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The M(FA/ @entity4045 ) have better anti- @entity5 activity and are promising in treatment of @entity1 @entity0 .

title: Anti- @entity5 activity of @entity1501 targeted biodegradable polymer- @entity1311 conjugate micelles on EMT-6 XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers', 'breast cancer', 'Breast tumors']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: @entity1457 represents an @entity1457 leading to a @entity881 . Such @entity1457 develops due to a decrease of arteriovenous blood pressure gradient as a consequence of three independent groups of pathogenic mechanisms ( @entity3485 ), all of which lead to the common pathogenic pathways. A decrease of arteriovenous pressure gradient induces vasomotoric responses, reactive body fluids redistribution, endocrine, metabolic as well as tissue energy adjustments. In this review a comprehensive synopsis of pathogenic processes is outlined. The cardiogenic mechanisms include the acute systolic and/or @entity712 . Vasohypotonic mechanisms (neurogenic, septic and anaphylactic) are due to vascular tonus missadjustment. @entity3485 caused by blood, plasma, water and electrolytes losses and/or sequestration, leads to decrease of pressure gradient as soon as the extent of @entity3485 overcomes the compensatory vascular capacity. The decrease of tissue perfusion is direct consequence of the arteriovenous pressure gradient loss. Tissue hypoperfusion causes a progressive depletion of cellular @entity855 concentration (cellular hypoenergosis), which very often falls lower than 0,1 mmol/L. Cellular hypoenergosis plays the critical role in conversion of negative homeostatic regulation into a positive feedback mode. Positive homeostatic regulation (circuli vitiosi) amplifies deterioration of arteriovenous blood pressure gradient, which reversely intensifies the degree of energy depletion in the tissues. Such homeostatic conversion plays a critical role in the development of progressive phase (systemic failure, decompensation) of the shock.

title: [The pathophysiology of XXXX (part one)].

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['diastolic heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['acute circulatory failure', 'circulatory failure', 'Hemodynamic shock syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['Hypovolemia', 'hypovolemia', 'cardiogenic, vasohypotonic and hypovolemic']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['hemodynamic shock syndrome']


abstract: Treatment guidelines for chronic @entity158 recommend opioids for carefully selected, closely monitored @entity1 . However, many primary care physicians have a limited understanding of urine toxicology testing, which is the standard for monitoring opioid therapy. This article describes the technical aspects of urine toxicology testing and provides recommendations for monitoring @entity1 to maximize the safety of opioid therapy. Articles were identified in PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE (January 1980-November 2008) using the search term opioid in combination with the terms urine toxicology, compliance monitoring, abuse, and diversion. Articles characterizing the pharmacology of individual opioids and practice guidelines for the management of @entity1118 were also identified. Articles selected for inclusion discussed technical aspects of urine toxicology testing, clinical aspects of monitoring, and issues related to abuse and diversion. Urine tests can detect prescribed and illicit substances that are present above a specific threshold, but they provide limited data about the source, dose, or route of administration of substances detected. Effective monitoring requires careful test selection, an understanding of pharmacologic and metabolic factors influencing test results, and awareness of methods by which @entity1 who are substance abusers may tamper with test specimens to escape detection. All @entity1 prescribed opioids, not just those considered at risk for abuse, should undergo urine toxicology testing. Given its inherent complexities, effective urine testing requires close collaboration between the primary care physician and a reliable laboratory to develop an appropriate test protocol for each @entity1 and to interpret test results.

title: Urine toxicology testing in XXXX management.

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['noncancer pain']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['chronic pain']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine if @entity3874 (SAMe), a widely used dietary supplement with antidepressant properties, is significantly bioavailable, and whether toxic methylated compounds are produced with oral SAMe administration in humans. Serum @entity1255 levels were also measured since alterations in these levels have been theorized in association with SAMe. DESIGN: Unblinded pharmacokinetic trial. SUBJECTS: Fifteen healthy volunteers. SETTING: Clinical research unit in a @entity146 hospital. INTERVENTION: Subjects received oral SAMe for 4 weeks; the dosage was titrated over 5 days to 1600 mg/day. Serum levels of SAMe, toxic methylated compounds ( @entity1042 , @entity406 , and @entity5189 ), and @entity1255 were measured at baseline and at weeks 2 and 4. At baseline, a structured clinical interview for @entity74 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of @entity146 , Fourth Edition) was completed to assess for any undiagnosed @entity146 . Mood was rated at baseline and at weeks 2 and 4 using the Zung Depression Rating Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and the Global Assessment of Function Scale. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: After oral administration, SAMe levels were significantly elevated. Slight, likely insignificant, elevations in serum @entity406 levels were detected in three subjects. No subject exhibited elevated @entity1255 levels during SAMe treatment. One subject developed a transient mixed @entity162 state with suicidal ideation within 2 weeks of starting SAMe; she recovered fully within 3 days of discontinuing the compound. CONCLUSION: Oral dosages of 1600 mg/day of SAMe appear to be significantly bioavailable and nontoxic, at least regarding toxic methylated metabolites and @entity1255 . However, the risk of @entity162 in vulnerable individuals remains a serious concern.

title: Bioavailability and lack of toxicity of XXXX (SAMe) in humans.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'Mental Disorders', 'psychiatric disorders']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity3874 :: ('CHEBI:15414', 'Chemical') :: ['S-adenosyl-L-methionine']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['axis I disorders']

entities_list: @entity5189 :: ('MESH:C030544', 'Chemical') :: ['formic acid']

answer: @entity3874 :: (CHEBI:15414,Chemical) :: ['S-adenosyl-L-methionine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The results of definitive radiotherapy for superficial @entity418 is presented. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-one @entity1 with superficial @entity957 of the esophagus were treated by definitive radiotherapy with megavoltage x-rays in Tokyo @entity1 's Medical College from 1975 to December 1990. Eight @entity1 refused surgery and 13 @entity1 were considered to be unsuitable for surgery due to advanced age or morbid conditions such as severe @entity358 , @entity583 , @entity1575 , and other @entity5 . Radiotherapy was performed using 1.8-2.2 Gy fraction dose, 5 times a week and with a total dose of 50-76 Gy/5-7 weeks (median; 70 Gy). Three @entity1 received intraluminal radiotherapy in addition. Combined chemotherapy was performed in four cases, and three cases received it before radiotherapy and one case after radiotherapy. RESULTS: Overall survival rate was 40.8%, and the cause-specific 5-year survival rate was 61.7%. The 5-year survival rate of the group with morbid conditions was 17.5%, but that of the group without morbid conditions was 60.6%. Seven @entity1 developed recurrence (primary site: 3, lymph nodes: 3, lung: 1) and one @entity1 revealed @entity5 of the hypopharynx with wide submucosal spread of the esophagus at 28 months after radiotherapy. No @entity1 developed severe side effect due to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Definitive radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy can be applied as an alternative therapy to surgery for superficial @entity418 , even for the operable @entity1 under good general condition.

title: Radiotherapy for superficial XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'multicentric cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Most individuals with @entity303 develop significant @entity146 . @entity2146 is a behavioral symptom frequently endorsed by caregivers as distressing, yet is variably defined and measured. Lack of conceptual and operational clarity hinders an understanding of this common behavioral type, its prevalence, and development of effective interventions. We advance a systematic definition and understanding of restlessness from which to enhance reporting and intervention development. METHOD: We reviewed the literature for existing @entity2146 , identified common elements across existing definitions, assessed fit with relevant theoretical frameworks, and explored the relationship between restlessness and other behavioral symptoms in a data set of 272 community-dwelling @entity1 with @entity303 . RESULTS: Twenty-five scales assessing restlessness were identified. Shared components included motor/neurological, @entity146 , and needs-based features. Exploratory analyses suggest that restlessness may co-occur primarily with argumentation, @entity148 , waking the caregiver, delusions/ @entity1833 , and wandering. We propose that restlessness consists of three key attributes: diffuse motor activity or motion subject to limited control, non-productive or disorganized behavior, and subjective distress. @entity2146 should be differentiated from and not confused with wandering or elopement, pharmacological side effects, a (non- @entity303 ) @entity717 , or behaviors occurring in the context of a @entity933 or at end-of-life. CONCLUSION: @entity2146 appears to denote a distinct set of behaviors that have overlapping but non-equivalent features with other behavioral symptoms. We propose that it reflects a complex behavior involving three key characteristics. Understanding its specific manifestations and which components are present can enhance tailoring interventions to specific contexts of this multicomponent behavioral type.

title: Towards defining restlessness in individuals with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'behavioral problems']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['Restlessness', 'definitions and measures of restlessness']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['mental or movement disorder']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity309 ( @entity309 ) is a chronic, @entity32 which affects the musculoskeletal system. Exercise programmes are reported to improve physical functioning in @entity1 with @entity309 . Tai Chi is a traditional Chinese martial art which combines slow and gentle movements with mental focus. The purpose of this study was to study in which way Tai Chi group exercise @entity66 activity, physical function, health status and experience in @entity309 @entity1 , applying quantitative and qualitative methods. METHODS: Fifteen @entity1 with @entity309 (13 females, age 33-70 years) were recruited from a rheumatology department into a single group study. The @entity1 were instructed in Tai Chi exercise twice weekly for 12 weeks. Assessments at baseline, 12 weeks, and 12 weeks follow-up were performed with a wide range of measures, including disease activity, self-reported health status, physical performance tests (Walking in Figure of Eight, Timed-Stands Test, and Shoulder Movement Impairment Scale). Qualitative data were obtained from a focus group interview conducted after completed intervention with taping and verbatim transcription. Review of the transcripts identified themes important to @entity1 practicing Tai Chi. RESULTS: Within the group, Tai Chi practice lead to improved lower-limb muscle function at the end of intervention and at 12 weeks follow-up. Qualitative analyses showed that @entity1 experienced improved physical condition, confidence in moving, balance and @entity158 during exercise and in daily life. Other experience included stress reduction, increased body awareness, confidence in moving and indicated that Tai Chi was a feasible exercise modality in @entity309 . CONCLUSIONS: Improved muscle function in lower limbs was also reflected when @entity1 experiences with Tai Chi were studied in depth in this explorative study. The combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods shows that Tai Chi has beneficial effects on health not related to disease activity and standardised health status assessment, and may contribute to an understanding of how Tai Chi exerts its effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00522054.

title: Exploring Tai Chi in XXXX : a quantitative and qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory and systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['impacted on disease']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['less pain']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: @entity1121 , the pathogenesis of which is controverted, exposes the @entity1 to the risk of @entity944 and often evolves towards @entity712 . When medical treatment is inadequate, surgery may be considered. The authors report their experience of myectomy performed in 28 subjects with @entity296 . Despite a medical treatment based, in most cases, on beta-blockers, all @entity1 showed severe symptoms, with @entity1163 in 39 p. 100 of the cases, stage 2 or over angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading) in 57 p. 100 of the cases, and stage 3 or over dyspnoea (New York Heart Association grading) in 61 p. 100 of the cases. The intraventricular pressure gradient, measured in 25 @entity1 , was 81.7 +/- 44.9 mmHg. The operation always consisted of myectomy according to the Morrow procedure, i.e. double myotomy of the subaortic septum extended on a length of at least 4 cm, with excision of the muscle between the two incisions. In addition, mitral valve replacement was performed in 13 @entity1 who had severe @entity339 . Three @entity1 (7 p. 100) died with low cardiac output in the peri-operative period; pre-operatively, these @entity1 were in a particularly poor condition. One @entity1 died suddenly during the 4th post-operative month. The annual mortality rate therefore was 2.3 p. 100, and the actuarial survival rate at 8 years was 89.3 p. 100.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Results of XXXX . Apropos of 28 cases].

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['pure obstructive cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myomectomy in obstructive cardiomyopathy']


abstract: The @entity5695 vaccination programme was started in Finland in 1952. Since then the incidence of the disease has decreased. No major epidemics have occurred during the last two decades. The majority of the @entity1 with @entity5695 are @entity1 of school age. Their disease is characterized by prolonged cough without whooping and it is difficult to diagnose. The @entity1 with atypical @entity5695 are, however, the major reservoir for transmission of the disease to young @entity1 , in whom it can be serious. Recently developed ELISA for measuring antipertussis IgM and IgA antibodies is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of these cases. Pertussis vaccination has been a subject of considerable controversy in recent years. The vaccine used in Finland has proved to be safe and effective. This observation emphasizes the need for careful comparison of the vaccines used in different countries.

title: Current status of XXXX and @entity5695 vaccination in Finland.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants', 'children']

entities_list: @entity5695 :: ('MESH:D014917', 'Disease') :: ['pertussis']

answer: @entity5695 :: (MESH:D014917,Disease) :: ['pertussis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report an unusual case of neurobrucellosis. METHODS: A 48-year-old @entity1 was admitted to Rafik Hariri University Hospital (RHUH) for progressive @entity132 , @entity393 , and some episodes of chills without documented fever. The neurological examination showed @entity11583 , @entity400 in the legs and mild @entity73 . The physical exam was otherwise normal. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain showed diffuse, bilateral, confluent, subcortical, and periventricular @entity62 . Serum agglutination test (SAT) for Brucella was positive in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The @entity1 was treated with a combination of @entity2756 for one month, and @entity3403 and @entity1215 for one year and his condition stabilized. Literature review was performed. The possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed. CONCLUSION: Neurobrucellosis is a very rare complication of @entity1 @entity3377 , and can present with a variety of central nervous system symptomatology (CNS) and MRI changes suggestive of @entity62 . Its diagnosis could be challenging and should always be suspected in @entity1 presenting with CNS manifestations and/or diffuse @entity62 visualized on brain MRI, especially in Brucella endemic areas.

title: Neurobrucellosis presenting with @entity393 , @entity132 and diffuse XXXX on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['gait disturbances']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity1215 :: ('MESH:D012293', 'Chemical') :: ['rifampicin']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['white matter disease', 'leukoencephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity11583 :: ('MESH:D020234', 'Disease') :: ['gait ataxia']

answer: @entity62 :: (MESH:D056784,Disease) :: ['white matter disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Boiled aqueous extract of flowers (AEF) from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. are used in Sri Lankan traditional Ayruvedic Medicine to manage @entity6 . AEF has widely been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of various ailments due to its therapeutic activity. However, little is known concerning therapeutic activity of the extract as well as its underline mechanisms and safety. @entity6 is known to increase low-density @entity165 and decrease high-density @entity165 thus triggering @entity301 . Hence, the primary objective of the present study is to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of the AEF. METHODS: AEF was prepared and male @entity19 (n   =   9 group) were gavaged either with 250, 500 and 750  mg/kg of AEF or distilled water (DW). Subsequently, fasting and random blood @entity413 concentrations were determined. To investigate mechanisms of actions of AEF, animals were orally administered with 500  mg/kg or the vehicle (DW) and @entity413 tolerance was performed before and after @entity413 challenge. For further studies, in vitro alpha-amylase assay and @entity413 absorption from the gastrointestinal tract were performed using 500  mg/kg of the extract. Additionally, glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles, a complete lipid profile assay, and toxicological and biochemical parameters were conducted after a chronic study. RESULTS: Five hundred  mg/kg and 750  mg/kg of AEF significantly (p   <   0.01) reduced fasting blood @entity413 levels respectively by 49 and 39 % at 4  h post-treatment, while 500  mg/kg of AEF also decreased the random blood @entity413 level significantly (p <0.01) by 32 % at 4  h post-treatment. AEF significantly inhibited @entity413 absorption by 85 % from the intestine and increased diaphragm uptake of @entity413 by 64 %. The extract also exhibited inhibition (16.66 %) of alpha-amylase enzyme activity. It also decreased the level of total @entity165 (by 44.8 %), @entity412 (by 53 %) and increased (by 57 %) the high-density lipoprotein @entity165 . Treatment with AEF did not induce any overt signs of @entity137 or hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSION: Results the present study indicated that AEF possess hypoglycemic and hypolipdemic properties. Therefore, AEF could be used as an alternative medicine in management of @entity6 .

title: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of flowers from Nycantus arbor-tristis L. in male XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary diseases']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity439 located at non-branching sites, protruding from the dorsal wall of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) with rapid configurational changes, were retrospectively reviewed in effort to identify and characterize these high-risk @entity439 . METHODS: A total of 447 @entity1 with 491 @entity438 were treated from March 2005 to August 2008, and of these, eight @entity1 had ICA dorsal wall @entity439 . Four of them suffered @entity510 ( @entity510 ), and all had @entity439 undergoing rapid configuration changes during the treatment course. Digital subtraction cerebral angiography (DSA) performed soon after the @entity510 events. Data analyzed were @entity1 age, sex, Hunt and Kosnik grade, time interval from first DSA to second DSA, @entity439 treatment, and modified Rankin scale score after treatment for 3 months. Success or failure of therapeutic management was examined among the @entity1 . RESULTS: Digital subtraction cerebral angiography showed only lesions with small bulges in the dorsal walls of the ICAs. However, the @entity1 underwent DSA again for re-bleeding or for post-treatment follow-up, confirming the @entity510 source. ICA dorsal wall @entity439 with rapid growth and configurational changes were found on subsequent DSA studies. CONCLUSIONS: Among the four @entity1 , ICA dorsal wall @entity439 underwent rapid growth with configurational change from a blister type to a saccular type despite different management. ICA trapping including the lesion segment can be considered as the first treatment option if the balloon occlusion test (BOT) is successful. If a BOT is not tolerated by the @entity1 , extracranial-intracranial bypass revascularization surgery with endovascular ICA occlusion is another treatment option.

title: Ruptured symptomatic internal carotid artery dorsal wall XXXX with rapid configurational change. Clinical experience and management outcome: an original article.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'Aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['SAH', 'subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysm']


abstract: @entity1 recombinant @entity6826 ( @entity7418 ) was tested for its capability of improving the defective growth of hemopoietic progenitors in 28 cases of @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ). In vitro growth and response to @entity7418 were quite variable. However, in most cases, @entity7418 stimulated @entity7419 growth induced by @entity7420 , @entity7421 , @entity7422 , 5637 conditioned medium (50-1400% enhancement). @entity7418 effect was slightly more evident on day 14 @entity7419 and in the presence of @entity7422 . BFU-E growth induced by @entity5301 or @entity7422 + @entity5301 was enhanced by @entity7418 in about 50% of cases, in linear correlation with the levels of @entity1 ' hemoglobin. @entity7418 did not increase CFU-E growth, whereas it slightly stimulated CFU-Mk in 33% of the cases. @entity5301 , @entity6826 and, particularly, their combination, enhanced the recovery of normal CFU-E and BFU-E after 7 days of liquid culture. This was less evident in cultures of @entity2590 @entity1 . Conversely, @entity7419 generation in long term liquid cultures, although highly variable, was stimulated by @entity7418 and, above all, by @entity7418 + @entity7420 , similarly to what was observed with normal bone marrow samples. @entity6826 seems to enhance in vitro erythropoiesis only in @entity2590 cases presenting without severe @entity417 . It has little effect on megakaryocytopoiesis, while it seems to be more active on @entity7419 growth and maintenance.

title: @entity6826 improvement of proliferation and maintenance of hemopoietic progenitors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity6826 :: ('4254', 'Gene') :: ['SCF', 'stem cell factor']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndromes']


abstract: @entity3392 in our laboratory are usually bred by removing the fish from the recirculating aquatic system and placing them into 1-2   L spawning tanks. These spawning tanks consist of a bottom reservoir, a lid, and an insert that fits in closely into the bottom reservoir. When the fish breed, the eggs fall through holes of the insert and into the reservoir, thus preventing them from being cannibalized. Because fish in these spawning tanks are not fed and do not get fresh water, they are bred only once a week. During a period where we had high demand for embryos, we instead tried breeding the fish for multiple consecutive days on the recirculating system. Fish were placed into the spawning insert as usual, but the insert was placed into the home @entity22693 instead of into the bottom reservoir. We found that there was no significant difference in the number of fertilized eggs produced between the spawning @entity22693 and home @entity22693 breeding methods. Further, the fish in the home tanks regularly produced fertile embryos over a 28-day time course, with the highest number of eggs per pair produced by the @entity22693 with only one pair of adult fish. This method is time-saving as fish bred in home tanks only require to be set up once. It is also an effective way to collect embryos over long periods from the same pair or group of fish and to more easily obtain embryos from stocks with low spawning frequency.

title: An inexpensive, efficient method for regular egg collection from XXXX in a recirculating system.

answer: @entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['zebrafish']


abstract: Some of the characteristics of detrusor-external @entity1690 were examined in 14 @entity1 with traumatic upper motor neuron lesions within 44 weeks of injury. The sacral evoked response latencies of the male @entity1 were shortened at any time after injury. A continence reflex could be demonstrated in most @entity1 at any time after injury. Comparing averaged values for the group at 4-week intervals, resting pressure at the external urethral sphincter and post-void residual volumes reached nadirs at 12 weeks while voiding efficiency peaked at this time. Thus, voiding function appears to be optimal 12 weeks after injury. During reflex detrusor activity, increases in external urethral sphincter electromyographic activity and external urethral sphincter pressure were associated clearly with a positive slope of the intravesical pressure trace, whereas decreases in both parameters were associated with a negative slope. Voiding occurred only during a negative slope. Although @entity12593 induced @entity4894 , episodic peaks in external urethral sphincter pressure and electromyographic activity continued to occur. We propose that external @entity1690 , which is independent of detrusor contraction, is the continence reflex exaggerated owing to the loss of supraspinal influences. We believe that the multiple patterns of @entity2055 described previously by others are variations, largely owing to technique, of the single pattern we have observed. The observation of synergic-like urethral responses in some @entity1 during a negative slope of the intravesical pressure, even with complete suprasacral spinal lesions, implies existence of a pathway for synergic-like voiding in the spinal cord.

title: External XXXX : an abnormal continence reflex.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['sphincter dyssynergia']

entities_list: @entity4894 :: ('MESH:D019846', 'Disease') :: ['detrusor areflexia']

entities_list: @entity12593 :: ('MESH:D011413', 'Chemical') :: ['propantheline']

entities_list: @entity2055 :: ('MESH:D001259', 'Disease') :: ['dyssynergia']

answer: @entity1690 :: (MESH:D046628,Disease) :: ['sphincter dyssynergia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accurate staging of @entity263 is enhanced by a thorough evaluation of the pelvic lymph nodes. Limited data are available regarding robotic extended pelvic lymphadenectomy ( @entity1989 ) in this setting. OBJECTIVE: Analyze our experience performing robotic extended @entity1989 . DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : A total of 143 consecutive @entity1 with intermediate- or high-risk clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate underwent robotic extended @entity1989 and radical prostatectomy between September 2010 and November 2011 by a single surgeon. SURGICAL PROCEDURE: Lymph node packets were sent separately from bilateral common, external, and internal iliacs, obturators, node of Cloquet, and anterior prostatic fat. MEASUREMENTS: Descriptive statistics were used to summarize lymph node yields and positive nodes. Clinical variables were examined in logistic regression models to predict lymph node positivity. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Median lymph node yield was 20 (range: 9-65, interquartile range: 15-25). Eighteen @entity1 (13%) were found to have @entity263 in the lymph nodes. The mean number of positive nodes found was 2.9 (range: 1-11). In 14 of 18 node-positive @entity1 (78%), the extent of nodal invasion was outside the boundaries of a limited @entity1989 . For four @entity1 with positive nodes (22%), prostate biopsy predicted unilateral disease but @entity1989 revealed contralateral positive lymph nodes. A total of 82% of @entity1 experienced no complications, and most Clavien grade 1-2 complications consisted of @entity834 , urinary retention, ileus, and lymphocele. Only 4% of @entity1 experienced a grade 3 complication. Under multivariate regression analysis, @entity1486 (PSA), clinical stage, and maximum biopsy core @entity5 volume were identified as significant predictors of finding positive pelvic lymph nodes (area under the curve: 91%). The main limitations include short follow-up and lack of randomization. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic extended bilateral @entity1989 for @entity263 up to the common iliac bifurcation increases nodal yield and positive nodal rate and can be performed safely. PSA, clinical stage, and maximum biopsy core volume are predictors for lymph node invasion. Long-term follow-up is needed to evaluate for therapeutic benefit.

title: Robotic extended pelvic lymphadenectomy for intermediate- and high-risk XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Urbanization and adoption of new diet and lifestyles had increased the @entity65 ( @entity65 ) rate and therefore, @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) in developing countries such as Tunisia. We aimed at determining @entity1187 prevalence among a sample of Tunisian @entity1 with @entity662 , at establishing the standardized incidence rate (SIR) of @entity1187 , and at quantifying the relationship between ASC and @entity65 in this population. METHODS: We studied 3158 @entity1 admitted to a @entity662 unit for non-traumatic @entity662 collected in Emergency Data from January 2012 to December 2014. For all @entity1 , the data were collected using a standardized form. We performed univariate rather than multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify age and gender-related @entity65 in @entity1187 . Linear interpolation was used for curve estimation. RESULTS: 707 (22.3%) @entity662 @entity1 were classified as @entity1187 . The age-SIR per 10(-5)personyear (PY) was 85.7; it was 112.6 in @entity1 and 45.3 in @entity1 . Eighty one percent of @entity1 with @entity1187 cumulated 2 @entity65 and more. The highest odds ratio were 2.00 (95% CI 1.64-2.44) for @entity6 and 1.81 (95% CI 1.50-2.18) for active smoking. @entity1187 in elderly @entity1 was significantly associated with active smoking (OR: 2.36), @entity6 (OR: 1.72) and personal @entity1187 history (OR: 1.71). We found a significant and very high linear relation between the number of @entity65 and @entity1187 odds ratio (R(2)=0.958). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the incidence of @entity1187 in a Tunisian population is not very different from what is observed in developed countries; with a close relation with @entity65 especially @entity6 and smoking.

title: Acute coronary syndrome among XXXX with @entity662 : Prevalence, incidence and risk factors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risk factor', 'CVRF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminths, a class of parasitic intestinal worms, are pervasive in many low-income settings. Infection among @entity1 can lead to poor nutritional outcomes, @entity417 , and reduced cognition. Mass treatment, typically administered through schools, with yearly or biannual drugs is inexpensive and can reduce worm burden, but reinfection can occur rapidly. Access to and use of sanitation facilities and proper hygiene can reduce @entity281 , but rigorous data are scarce. Among school-age @entity1 , @entity281 can occur at home or at school, but little is known about the relative importance of @entity19329 in transmission in these two settings. METHODS: We explored the relationships between school and household water, sanitation, and hygiene conditions and behaviours during the baseline of a large-scale mass drug administration programme in Kenya. We assessed several @entity19329 measures to quantify the exposure of school @entity1 , and developed theory and empirically-based parsimonious models. RESULTS: Results suggest mixed impacts of household and school @entity19329 on prevalence and intensity of @entity281 . @entity19329 risk factors differed across individual worm species, which is expected given the different mechanisms of @entity281 . CONCLUSIONS: No trend of the relative importance of school versus household-level @entity19329 emerged, though some factors, like water supply were more strongly related to @entity281 , which suggests it is important in supporting other school practices, such as hand-washing and keeping school toilets clean.

title: Associations between school- and household-level water, sanitation and hygiene conditions and soil-transmitted helminth @entity281 among Kenyan school XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['lower infection', 'infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Two teenage @entity1 were treated at separate pediatric institutions for four separate @entity1911 over the last 15 years. The first operation in each @entity1 was performed between 9 and 11 years of age, after they presented with severe @entity101 @entity75 . One @entity1 had separate @entity5 excised in 1968, and 3 and 11 years later, two more separate new left @entity1911 were again resected. They were not recurrent left @entity5 from residual @entity1911 -secreting tissue, because no visible @entity5 tissue was left behind at the completion of each previous operation, and he was clinically well for years between each @entity5 resection. The pathology was @entity1911 . He remains well since the last operation in 1979 but has a residual @entity1158 from the first @entity5 . The family history is negative. The second @entity1 was first operated on in 1976 at age 11 years when two benign @entity1911 were removed from around the right renal artery and the left para-aortic area. He remained well for 6 years when he became @entity101 again (this time without @entity75 ), and had a right chest paravertebral @entity1911 removed and several weeks later a left @entity5 was also removed. He remains well and followed closely. His family history is negative.

title: Two XXXX with four @entity1911 each.

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['benign pheochromocytoma', 'pheochromocytoma', 'pheochromocytomas', 'adrenal pheochromocytomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'adrenal tumors', 'adrenal tumor']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['boys']


abstract: PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the management and clinicopathologic predictors of outcome of @entity2347 ( @entity2347 ) @entity1 treated and followed at our Department. METHODS: Data on 41 @entity1 treated between 2000 and 2006 at the University of Istanbul, Institute of Oncology, were reviewed. Factors affecting recurrence, distant @entity3 and survival were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 22 (53.6%) major salivary and 19 (46.3%) minor @entity5 . Eighteen @entity1 (43.9%) had solid histologic type @entity5 . Twenty-one (51%) @entity1 had perineural invasion and 28 (68.2%) high grade @entity5 . Sixteen (39%) @entity1 had stage I disease, 12 (29.1%) stage II and 13 (31.5%) stage III. Thirty-two @entity1 (78.4%) had radical and 9 (21.9%) partial resection. Thirty-one @entity1 (75.6%) received adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy (RT). Eight @entity1 (19.5%) suffered locoregional relapse and 9 (21%) distant metastases. Two @entity1 (4.8%) died from @entity2347 and 7 (17%) from other causes. The median follow-up was 48 months (range 24-60). Disease free survival (DFS) at 2 and 3 years were 78% and 58%, respectively. @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) at 2 years and 3 years were 87% and 80%, respectively. Median time to locoregional relapse and distant @entity3 was 28 and 32 months, respectively. Seven of 9 @entity1 with distant @entity3 had solid @entity5 subtype. Distant @entity3 occurred more frequently in @entity1 with @entity5 of major salivary glands (66%). Sites of distant @entity3 were lung alone (n=5), bone alone (n=2) and 2 @entity1 had both lung and bone @entity3 . There was no statistically significant relationship between clinical T stage and solid histology with locoregional relapse (p <0.05). Surgical resection type and perineural invasion were significant prognostic factors for locoregional relapse (p=0.03). T stage (p=0.001), grade (p=0.02) and solid histology (p=0.003) were prognostic factors associated with DFS. Prognostic factors associated with @entity1349 were grade (p= 0.001), clinical T stage (p=0.02), solid histology (p=0.01), radical excision (p=0.04) and perineural invasion (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: @entity2347 is a @entity5 in which early diagnosis is important because it is a slow-growing @entity5 producing diffuse invasion. Distant @entity3 and locoregional relapse can be predicted by solid histologic subtype, high grade, type of surgery, perineural invasion and @entity5 stage. The most frequent sites of @entity3 are lung and bone.

title: Treatment and clinicopathologic predictors for XXXX of the head and neck.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'salivary gland tumors', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'ACC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'Overall survival']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['adenoid cystic carcinomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the factors associated with @entity281 and @entity417 in pregnancy in northern Ghana. METHOD: We studied 3642 pregnant @entity1 of all gravidities and gestational age of 18-32 weeks who attended an antenatal clinic in the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana between June 2004 and July 2006. Blood samples were examined for haemoglobin concentrations and parasitaemia, and we obtained socio-demographic data, an obstetric history, information on their past and current state of health and bed net use. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of @entity311 during pregnancy was 47%. Older age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.65, 95% CI 0.54-0.78], multigravidity (AOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.42-0.61) and third trimester of pregnancy (AOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73-0.99) were associated with a decreased risk of parasitaemia. Enrollment during the rainy or post-rainy season was associated with an increased risk of parasitaemia (AOR 2.59, 95% CI 2.20-3.04 and AOR 3.12, 95% CI, 2.60-3.74 respectively). @entity281 was associated with an increased risk of @entity417 among young @entity1 . The prevalences of @entity417 (Hb<11.0 g/dl) and severe @entity417 (Hb<7.0 g/dl) during pregnancy were 72% and 2% respectively. The risk of @entity417 was lower in older @entity1 (AOR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.64-0.97), multigravidae (AOR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55-0.83) and in educated @entity1 (AOR 0.81, 0.68-0.98). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of @entity311 and @entity417 among pregnant @entity1 in Kassena-Nankana district is high with marked seasonal variation. Targeting of interventions to the high transmission season and to paucigravidae may be appropriate in this setting.

title: The epidemiology of @entity311 among pregnant @entity1 attending antenatal clinics in an area with intense and highly seasonal XXXX transmission in northern Ghana.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['malaria infection', 'Malaria infection']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['malaria parasitaemia']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: 1. The aim of the study was to assess the regional haemodynamic responsiveness to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator challenges during continuous 24 h infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in conscious Long Evans @entity35 . 2. @entity35 were chronically instrumented for the measurement of regional haemodynamics (either internal and common carotid or renal, superior mesenteric and hindquarters) and received 3 min of infusions of @entity934 (22 nmol min-1), @entity7202 (120 nmol min-1), @entity3045 (0.83 nmol min-1) and @entity1812 (14.4 nmol min-1) at 2, 6 and 24 h after the start of saline or LPS (150 micrograms kg-1 h-1) infusion ( @entity35 with carotid probes received only @entity934 and @entity7202 ). 3. During infusion of LPS there was a changing haemodynamic profile. After 2 h, there was a modest @entity551 and vasodilatation in the internal carotid, renal and hindquarters vascular beds. After 6 h, arterial blood pressure had returned to baseline, there was still vasodilatation in the renal vascular bed but vasoconstriction in the internal and common carotids and the hindquarters. After 24 h, there was @entity551 , @entity591 and generalized vasodilatation. 4. @entity934 caused a @entity551 , @entity591 and hyperaemic vasodilatation in the carotid and renal vascular beds. Throughout the infusion of LPS, the carotid vasodilator response was enhanced after 2 h, reduced after 6 h and enhanced again after 24 h, whereas the renal vasodilator response to @entity934 was either reduced (6 h) or absent (2 and 24 h); at this juncture the @entity551 response to @entity934 was also enhanced and the @entity591 was reduced. 5. @entity7202 caused a rise in blood pressure, a fall in heart rate, and vasoconstriction in all the vascular beds monitored. During infusion of LPS, the pressor response to @entity7202 was consistently reduced as were the vasoconstrictor responses in the carotid and mesenteric vascular beds, whereas the renal and hindquarters vasoconstrictor responses to @entity7202 were only significantly reduced at some time points (renal 6 h, hindquarters 2 and 6 h).6. @entity3045 caused @entity551 , @entity591 and hyperaemic vasodilatation, particularly in the hindquarters vascular bed. Throughout the infusion of LPS, the cardiovascular responses to @entity3045 were substantially attenuated.7. @entity1812 caused @entity551 , @entity591 and hyperaemic vasodilatation in the renal, mesenteric and hindquarters vascular beds. During the infusion of LPS, the @entity551 response to @entity1812 was consistently augmented, and the @entity591 was consistently reduced, but the regional haemodynamic profile changed with time. Thus, after 2 h, the mesenteric vasodilator response was augmented and the hindquarters vasodilator response was reduced; after 6 h, the mesenteric vasodilator response appeared normal, but the renal and hindquarters vasodilator responses were reduced; after 24 h, the hindquarters vasodilator response was markedly augmented and the renal response had changed to a vasoconstriction.8. The present findings indicate marked regional variations in response to @entity934 , @entity7202 , @entity3045 and @entity1812 with time during LPS infusion. The changes observed are likely to reflect the interplay of a number of endogenous vasodilator and vasoconstrictor systems; further investigations will be required to clarify the mechanisms involved.

title: Regional haemodynamic responses to @entity934 , @entity7202 , XXXX and @entity1812 during lipopolysaccharide infusion in conscious @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity7202 :: ('MESH:D008729', 'Chemical') :: ['methoxamine', 'Methoxamine']

entities_list: @entity3045 :: ('MESH:D000420', 'Chemical') :: ['salbutamol', 'Salbutamol']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin', 'Bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['fall in blood pressure', 'hypotensive', 'hypotension']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine', 'Acetylcholine']

answer: @entity3045 :: (MESH:D000420,Chemical) :: ['salbutamol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to present the findings of a project to determine the efficacy of including routine fetal karyotyping in the investigation of an elevated maternal serum @entity160 concentration. STUDY DESIGN: Targeted ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 658 @entity1 with elevated maternal serum @entity160 levels. The scans were normal in 557 @entity1 , of whom 427 consented to amniocentesis; 435 fetuses were karyotyped. In the 101 @entity1 with abnormal ultrasonographic examinations 75 had fetal karyotyping. RESULTS: In the 435 fetuses with normal scans, two had karyotypic anomalies, a 47,XYY and an @entity74 . Three fetuses with normal karyotypes and high amniotic fluid @entity160 levels had congenital @entity3450 . In the 101 @entity1 with abnormal scans, 75 fetuses were karyotyped. There were four aneuploidies. Among the 26 @entity1 with abnormal scans who declined amniocentesis one fetus with @entity156 was karyotyped after delivery and triploidy was discovered. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide little justification for including fetal karyotyping in the investigation of elevated maternal serum @entity160 when the targeted ultrasonographic examination is normal. When it is abnormal, selective rather than routine karyotyping is more appropriate.

title: Elevated maternal serum XXXX levels: what is the risk of fetal aneuploidy?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity156 :: ('MESH:D000015', 'Disease') :: ['multiple anomalies']

entities_list: @entity3450 :: ('MESH:D009401', 'Disease') :: ['nephrosis']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited balanced translocation']

answer: @entity160 :: (174,Gene) :: ['alpha-fetoprotein']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8 ( @entity8 ) is the most common form of @entity1985 in adults. The disease shows a benign or indolent course in the majority of @entity1 , with a rate of spontaneous complete or partial remission of @entity1985 as high as 30% or more. Despite this, 30-40% of @entity1 progress toward @entity454 ( @entity454 ) within 5-15 years. OBJECTIVES: To assess the benefits and harms of immunosuppressive treatment for @entity8 in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Renal Group Specialised Register (December 2003), The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2003), MEDLINE and Pre-MEDLINE (1966 - December 2003), EMBASE (1980 - December 2003), reference lists of nephrology textbooks, review articles, prospective trial registers, relevant trials and abstracts from nephrology scientific meetings and the internet without language restriction. We also contacted principal investigators of controlled studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing any immunosuppressive interventions for the treatment of @entity8 in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed and extracted information. Information was collected on method, @entity1 , interventions and outcomes ( @entity204 , @entity454 , @entity644 , serum @entity1011 , GRF, remission, adverse events). MAIN RESULTS: A total of 18 trials with 1025 @entity1 were included. No differences were found when we combined data of all treatment categories as a group and compared them with placebo or no treatment. Oral glucocorticoids. No beneficial effect on any of the end points chosen for efficacy was observed. Alkylating agents showed a significant beneficial effect on complete remission (RR 2.37, 95%CI 1.32 to 4.25, P = 0.004) but not on partial remission (RR 1.22, 95%CI 0.63 to 2.35, P = 0.56) or complete or partial remission (RR 1.55, 95%CI 0.72 to 3.34, P = 0.27). @entity786 treatment resulted in significantly lower rate of discontinuations due to adverse events as compared to @entity5805 (RR 2.34, 95%CI 1.25 to 4.39, P = 0.008). There was no evidence of clinically relevant differences in favour of @entity205 and there was insufficient data on anti-proliferative agents. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: This review failed to show any long-term effect of immunosuppressive treatment on @entity1 and/or renal survival. There was an increased number of discontinuations due to adverse events in immunosuppressive treatment groups. Within the class of alkylating agents there is weak evidence supporting the efficacy of @entity786 as compared to @entity5805 . On the other hand, @entity786 had fewer side effects leading to @entity1 withdrawal than @entity5805 .

title: Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic XXXX in adults with @entity1985 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['IMN', 'Idiopathic membranous nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide', 'Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['ESRF', 'end-stage renal failure']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['membranous nephropathy']


abstract: Staphage lysate (SPL), a preparation of @entity794 obtained by bacteriophage lysis, is an interferon-inducer and stimulator of T and B lymphocytes. Does SPL, as an immunopotentiator, have an effect on the growth and @entity3 of an intradermal @entity189 ? To answer this question, a study using SPL in female Fischer @entity35 injected with 7 x 10(6) viable 13762 mammary @entity5 cells on the midback were used. Four groups were created with 10 animals in each group. Group I was the control group. They received no treatment. Group II received 0.3 ml of medium in which SPL was carried on alternate days. Group III received 0.3 ml SPL on alternate days. Group IV were sensitized with dead staphylococcal organisms prior to SPL treatment as in Group III. @entity5 diameters were recorded on days 10, 13, 17, and 21, and autopsies were performed to determine the extent of @entity3 . Histologic examination and serum antibody measurements were performed. The mean @entity5 diameters on day 21 were: Group I: 4.1 +/- 0.2 cm; Group II: 3.80 +/- 0.19 cm; Group III: 3.04 +/- 0.13 cm; and Group IV: 2.97 +/- 0.14 cm. @entity35 receiving SPL treatment in Groups III and IV had significantly smaller @entity5 (P less than .001). The incidence of axillary lymph node involvement was: Group I: 100%; Group II: 87.5%; Group III: 62.5%; and Group IV: 40%. Lung @entity3 were seen in all groups. Groups I and II had 100% incidence of grossly visible nodules, whereas Groups III and IV had 75% and 70% involvement. Gross findings were confirmed by microscopic examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Immunomodulation of intradermal @entity189 using staphage lysate in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mammary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: CONTEXT: The traditional triple test for @entity0 diagnosis is physical examination, mammography, and aspiration cytology. However, the accuracy of mammography on young @entity1 with nonatrophied breasts is poor compared with that for @entity1 older than 50 years, and additional methods for diagnosis of @entity0 are needed. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether @entity787 ( @entity787 ), CA 15-3, and CA 125 concentrations in breast aspiration fluid are useful as @entity0 biochemical markers and whether @entity1412 and @entity17946 gene promoter hypermethylation could be regarded as a @entity0 molecular marker. DESIGN: @entity787 , CA 15-3, and CA 125 concentrations were measured, and methylation status of the @entity1412 gene promoter 1A and the promoter region of the @entity17946 gene were analyzed using a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assay of ex vivo breast aspiration fluid obtained from 49 samples of excised breast tissue. SETTING: The specimens were collected during a 1-year period in the tertiary care teaching hospital in Seoul, Korea. @entity1 : Forty-nine @entity1 with breast masses were surgically treated. Thirty-four @entity1 had @entity0 , and 15 had @entity1558 . RESULTS: Aspiration fluid @entity787 concentrations were significantly higher in @entity0 cases than in cases of @entity1558 (mean, 69.90 ng/mg protein vs 0.68 ng/mg protein, respectively; P < .001). At 90% specificity of the assay ( @entity787 , 2.13 ng/mg protein), the corresponding sensitivity for @entity0 was 62%, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve drawn. The @entity1412 gene promoter 1A and the promoter region of the @entity17946 gene were methylated in 42% (14/33) and 70% (23/33) of the @entity0 aspiration fluid samples, respectively. A cumulative incidence of methylation of these 2 genes was 85% (28/33). The @entity1412 and @entity17946 gene promoters were both unmethylated in the aspiration fluids from 19 @entity1 with @entity1558 . CONCLUSIONS: Breast aspiration fluid @entity787 concentration and the methylation of the @entity1412 gene promoter 1A and the promoter region of the @entity17946 gene can be used as @entity5 markers to overcome some of the limitations of aspiration cytology. In combination with the mammogram and physical examination, assays for these markers could be used to help determine a definitive diagnosis when cytologic results are suspicious for @entity5 .

title: Detection of XXXX markers including @entity787 , @entity1412 , and @entity17946 in fine-needle aspiration fluid of breast.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer detection', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['benign breast disease', 'nonmalignant breast disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: Divergence dates among primates were estimated by molecular clock analysis of DNA sequence data. A molecular clock of eta-globin pseudogene was calibrated by setting the date of divergence between Catarrhini and Platyrrhini at 38 million years (Myr) ago. The clock gave dates of 25.3 +/- 2.4, 11.9 +/- 1.7, 5.9 +/- 1.2, and 4.9 +/- 1.2 @entity17054 ago ( +/- refers to standard error) for the separation of @entity2608 , @entity17055 , @entity17056 , and @entity831 , respectively, from the line leading to @entity1 . In placing confidence intervals of the estimates in a robust way, a bootstrap method was used. The 95% confidence intervals are 20.5-29.5, 9.0-14.8, 4.1-7.8, and 3.1-7.0 Myr ago for the separation of @entity2608 , @entity17055 , @entity17056 , and @entity831 , respectively. By a molecular clock dating of the Prosimii-Anthropoidea splitting, it was suggested that the evolutionary rate of the eta-globin gene was high early in primate evolution and subsequently decreased in the line of Anthropoidea. And, by a relative rate test using bootstrap sampling, the possibility of further decrease of the rate (more than 10%) in the line of Hominoidea compared with that of Cercopithecoidea was suggested. Therefore, the above dating of the splittings within Hominoidea may be biased slightly toward younger dates. On the other hand, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) seems to have evolved in mammals with a more uniform rate than the eta-globin gene. The ratio of the dates of @entity17055 splitting to @entity831 splitting is larger for the mtDNA clock than that for the eta-globin clock, suggesting the possibilities of mtDNA introgression among the early hominids and the early African apes, and/or of mtDNA polymorphism within the common ancestral species of @entity17055 and the African apes that obscures the date of the true species separation of @entity17055 .

title: XXXX 's place in Hominoidea as inferred from molecular clocks of DNA.

entities_list: @entity17055 :: ('9600', 'Species') :: ['orangutans', 'orangutan']

entities_list: @entity831 :: ('9598', 'Species') :: ['chimpanzee']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkey']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Man']


abstract: @entity68 removal by the chelating-agent @entity5532 ( @entity10775 ) arrests cell cycle progression of activated @entity1 T cells in late G1 phase, before the G1/S border. The effects of the drug on molecules that regulate progression through the cell cycle were defined. @entity10775 (10 mumol/L) inhibited induction of transcription of the @entity10610 gene, but had no effect on accumulation of @entity15308 , @entity8985 , or interleukin (IL)-2-transcripts. No detectable @entity10610 protein accumulated, but synthesis of the @entity15308 protein was begun. It accumulated to normal levels during the first 20 to 30 hours of incubation in the presence of @entity10775 . Furthermore, @entity15308 was activated as an H1 histone kinase. As active @entity15308 primarily represents complexes of the @entity1900 protein with cyclin E or @entity7596 , the effects of @entity10775 on these cyclins were examined. Although the induction of synthesis and early accumulation of cyclin E and cyclin E-associated kinase activity appeared normal, the appearance of @entity7596 and @entity7596 -associated kinase activity were inhibited by @entity10775 . However, the production of @entity7596 mRNA appeared to be normal in the presence of @entity10775 . A major effect of @entity10775 in blocking cell cycle progression may be mediated through inhibition of the appearance of @entity7596 protein and, therefore, a major component of @entity15308 activity. The results also indicate that the @entity15308 /cyclin E activity produced in the presence of @entity10775 was not sufficient for completion of the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

title: Effects of XXXX -depletion on cell cycle progression in normal @entity1 T lymphocytes: selective inhibition of the appearance of the @entity7596 -associated component of the @entity15308 kinase.

entities_list: @entity5532 :: ('MESH:D003676', 'Chemical') :: ['deferoxamine']

answer: @entity68 :: (MESH:D007501,Chemical) :: ['iron']


abstract: To identify genes involved in pre-tRNA processing, we searched for @entity375 DNA sequences that specifically enhanced the expression of the @entity16382 ) gene. The @entity16382 ) gene possesses a point mutation at position 37 of suppressor tRNA(Tyr). This lesion results in a reduced rate of pre-tRNA splicing and a decreased level of nonsense suppression. A @entity16382 (G37) strain was transformed with a @entity375 genomic library, and the transformants were screened for increased suppressor activity. One transformant contained a plasmid that encoded an unessential gene, @entity16383 , that in multiple copies enhanced the suppression of @entity16382 ) and caused increased production of mature @entity16382 ) product. Disruption of the genomic copy of @entity16383 resulted in a reduced efficiency of @entity16382 -mediated suppression and the accumulation of pre-tRNAs. Not all intron-containing pre-tRNAs were affected by the @entity16383 -disruption. At least five of the nine families of pre-tRNAs were affected. Two other species, pre-tRNA(Ile) and pre-tRNA(3Leu), were not. We propose that @entity16383 encodes a tRNA species-specific product that functions as a helper for pre-tRNA splicing. The @entity16383 product may interact with pre-tRNAs to generate a structure that is efficiently recognized by splicing machinery.

title: Isolation of a XXXX gene involved in species-specific pre-tRNA processing.

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy intravenous (IV) @entity3974 with @entity3652 plus @entity1363 for the prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia (SA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety @entity1 , aged 18-65 years, undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery were included in the present study. SA was performed in all @entity1 with hyperbaric @entity1341 15 mg. The @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive normal saline (Group C), @entity3974 8 mg IV (Group O) or @entity3652 0.25 mg/kg IV plus @entity1363 37.5  g/kg IV (Group KM) immediately after SA. During surgery, shivering scores were recorded at 5 min intervals. The operating room temperature was maintained at 24  C. RESULTS: The incidences of shivering were 18 (60%) in Group C, 6 (20%) in Group KM and 8 (26.6%) in Group O. The difference between Groups O and Group KM with Group C was statistically significant (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noted between Groups KM with Group O in this regard (P > 0.05). Peripheral and core temperature changes throughout surgery were not significantly different among three groups (P > 0.05). Incidence (%) of @entity1833 was not significantly different between the three groups (0, 3.3, 0 in Group O, Group KM, Group C respectively, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Prophylactic use of @entity3974 8 mg IV was comparable to @entity3652 0.25 mg/kg IV plus @entity1363 37.5  g/kg IV in preventing shivering during SA.

title: Prophylactic use of intravenous @entity3974 versus @entity3652 - XXXX combination for prevention of shivering during spinal anesthesia: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucination']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

answer: @entity1363 :: (MESH:D008874,Chemical) :: ['midazolam']


abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can track progenitor cells following direct intramyocardial injection. However, in the vast majority of @entity583 ( @entity583 ) clinical trials, cells are delivered by the intracoronary (IC) route, which results in far greater dispersion within the myocardium. Therefore, we assessed whether the more diffuse distribution of cells following IC delivery could be imaged longitudinally with MRI. In 11 @entity1707 (7 active, 4 controls), @entity583 was induced by 90-min balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Seven (0) days [median (interquartile range)] following @entity583 , bone marrow progenitor cells (BMCs) were colabeled with an @entity68 -fluorophore and a cell viability marker and delivered to the left anterior descending coronary artery distal to an inflated over-the-wire percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty balloon. T2*-weighted images were used to assess the location of the magnetically labeled cells over a 6-wk period @entity583 . Immediately following cell delivery, hypointensity characteristic of the magnetic label was observed in the @entity1188 rather than within the @entity1188 itself. At 6 wk, the cell signal hypointensity persisted, albeit with significantly decreased intensity. BMC delivery resulted in significant improvement in @entity1188 volume and ejection fraction (EF): @entity1188 volume in cell-treated animals decreased from 7.1 +/- 1.5 to 4.9 +/- 1.0 ml (P < 0.01); @entity1188 volume in controls was virtually unchanged at 4.64 +/- 2.1 to 4.39 +/- 2.1 ml (P = 0.7). EF in cell-treated animals went from 30.4 +/- 5.2% preinjection to 34.5 +/- 2.5% 6 wk postinjection (P = 0.013); EF in control animals went from 34.3 +/- 4.7 to 31.9 +/- 6.8% (P = 0.5). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed intracellular colocalization of the @entity68 fluorophore and cell viability dye with the labeled cells continuing to express the same surface markers as at baseline. MRI can track the persistence and distribution of magnetically labeled BMCs over a 6-wk period following IC delivery. Signal hypointensity declines with time, particularly in the first week following delivery. These cells maintain their original phenotype during this time course. Delivery of these cells appears safe and results in improvement in @entity1188 size and left ventricular ejection fraction.

title: Long-term tracking of bone marrow progenitor cells following intracoronary injection XXXX in @entity1707 using MRI.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['post-MI', 'MI', 'post-myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct border', 'infarct']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['post-myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Available prognostic models for mortality after an acute @entity548 have limitations that restrict their clinical value. We assessed the performance of a novel prognostic approach based on classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. METHODS: Logistic regression (LR) and CART analyses were performed to identify prognostic models for mortality at 6 weeks in a single-center cohort of 267 consecutive @entity1 with @entity548 . Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the performance of the models. Prognostic models were fitted and validated by split-sample technique (training set, 164 @entity1 , 2001-2005; test set, 103 @entity1 , 2006-2008). RESULTS: After 6 weeks, 21% of @entity1 experienced rebleeding and 24% died. The best LR model was based on @entity1 -Pugh score, @entity1011 level, @entity157 . CART analysis provided a simple algorithm based on the combined use of just 3 variables ( @entity1 -Pugh score, @entity1011 level, and @entity2348 ), allowing accurate early discrimination of 3 distinct prognostic subgroups with 8% (low risk), 17% (intermediate), and 50% to 73% (high) mortality. Its accuracy was similar to the LR model (area under the ROC curves, 0.81 vs 0.84; P = .17) and better than that of @entity1 -Pugh (0.75; P = .05) and model for @entity3851 (0.74; P = .05). The prognostic accuracy of both LR and CART models was validated in the test set (area under the ROC curve values, 0.81 and 0.83, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A simple CART algorithm based on @entity1 -Pugh score, @entity1011 level, and @entity281 allowed an accurate predictive assessment of 6-week mortality after @entity548 .

title: Predicting early mortality after acute XXXX based on classification and regression tree analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['variceal hemorrhage', 'acute variceal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection, and hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['variceal hemorrhage']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of @entity1486 (PSA) testing for @entity263 in general practice in asymptomatic and symptomatic @entity1 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study took place in England and Wales, was population-based and covered 469 159 @entity1 aged 45-84 years. Pathology data on PSA tests requested between 19 November 1999 and 31 May 2002 by general practitioners (GPs) were provided by 28 pathology laboratories. The practices recorded reasons for the tests between 1 December 2001 and 31 May 2002. In all, 391 practices in which all GP partners participated were included in the analyses. RESULTS: The overall annual rate of testing in @entity1 with no previous diagnosis of @entity263 was estimated to be 6%, of which the annual rates of asymptomatic, symptomatic and re-testing were 2.0%, 2.8% and 1.2%, respectively, after adjusting for missing values. The rate decreased with increasing social deprivation, and with increasing proportions of black and Asian populations. The overall rate of PSA testing increased significantly from 1999 to 2002. CONCLUSIONS: If the recommendations of the National Health Service @entity263 Risk Management Programme were applied, 14% of asymptomatic tests and 23% of symptomatic tests would have led to a referral. As the rate of PSA testing is increasing and there are uncertainties about the benefit of screening, the workload and costs in general practice and hospitals should be monitored.

title: Rates of @entity1486 testing in general practice in England and Wales in asymptomatic and symptomatic XXXX : a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with severe @entity295 , no randomized clinical trial has tested the concept of de-escalation of empirical antimicrobial therapy. This study aimed to compare the de-escalation strategy with the continuation of an appropriate empirical treatment in those @entity1 . METHODS: This was a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial of @entity1 with severe @entity295 who were randomly assigned to de-escalation or continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment. Recruitment began in February 2012 and ended in April 2013 in nine intensive care units (ICUs) in France. @entity1 with severe @entity295 were assigned to de-escalation (n  =  59) or continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment (n  =  57). The primary outcome was to measure the duration of ICU stay. We defined a noninferiority margin of 2  days. If the lower boundary of the 95  % confidence interval (CI) for the difference in @entity1 assigned to the de-escalation group was less than 2  days, as compared with that of @entity1 assigned to the continuation group, de-escalation was considered to be noninferior to the continuation strategy. Secondary outcomes included mortality at 90  days, occurrence of organ failure, number of superinfections, and number of days with antibiotics during the ICU stay. RESULTS: The median duration of ICU stay was 9 [interquartile range (IQR) 5-22] days in the de-escalation group and 8 [IQR 4-15] days in the continuation group, respectively (P  =  0.71). The mean difference was 3.4 (95  % CI -1.7 to 8.5). A superinfection occurred in 16 (27  %) @entity1 in the de-escalation group and six (11  %) @entity1 in the continuation group (P  =  0.03). The numbers of antibiotic days were 9 [7-15] and 7.5 [6-13] in the de-escalation group and continuation group, respectively (P  =  0.03). Mortality was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: As compared to the continuation of the empirical antimicrobial treatment, a strategy based on de-escalation of antibiotics resulted in prolonged duration of ICU stay. However, it did not affect the mortality rate.

title: De-escalation versus continuation of empirical antimicrobial treatment in severe XXXX : a multicenter non-blinded randomized noninferiority trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']