abstract: The contractile activity of endothelins (ETs) and their effect on twitch contraction evoked by electrical field stimulation were studied in the isolated @entity95 iris sphincter and dilator muscles using the isometric tension recording method. @entity11614 , @entity47769 and ET-3 caused slow contractile response of the sphincter as well as the dilator muscles, with sphincter muscle EC50 values of 37.3, 58.0 and 84.3 nM, and dilator muscle values of 31.7, 69.0 and 224.4 nM, respectively. These contractile responses were not affected by @entity3897 (1 microM), @entity3159 (1 microM) or @entity3352 (1 microM). @entity11614 slightly but significantly inhibited the fast cholinergic component of twitch contraction of the sphincter muscle evoked by field stimulation, without affecting the response to @entity5402 . However, @entity11614 did not affect the slow substance P-ergic component of twitch contraction of this preparation. In the dilator muscle, @entity11614 had little effect on the contraction induced by @entity2647 but reduced the amplitude of the twitch contraction evoked by the field stimulation. The inhibitory effect of ETs on the dilator muscle was antagonized by pretreatment with @entity11344 (100 nM), which is a selective ETA receptor antagonist. Pretreatment with @entity3352 (1 microM) also attenuated the inhibitory effect of ETs on the twitch contraction. These results suggest that ETs may have two sites of action, pre- and post-synaptic effects, on the @entity95 iris sphincter muscle as well as the dilator muscle. All three ET isopeptides may have direct contractile activity on the smooth muscles of the sphincter as well as the dilator without mediation by @entity2918 or neuronal mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The presence of two sites of action of endothelins in the isolated XXXX iris sphincter and dilator muscles.

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity3352 :: ('MESH:D007213', 'Chemical') :: ['indomethacin']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: @entity4021 virus (FMDV) can use a number of integrins as receptors to initiate @entity281 . Attachment to the integrin is mediated by a highly conserved @entity369 - @entity2228 - @entity2574 (RGD) @entity12274 located on the GH loop of VP1. Other residues of this loop are also conserved and may contribute to integrin binding. In this study we have used a 17-mer peptide, whose sequence corresponds to the GH loop of VP1 of type O FMDV, as a competitor of integrin-mediated virus binding and @entity281 . @entity493 substitution through this peptide identified the leucines at the first and fourth positions following RGD (RGD+1 and RGD+4 sites) as key for inhibition of virus binding and @entity281 mediated by alphavbeta6 or alphavbeta8 but not for inhibition of virus binding to alphavbeta3. We also show that FMDV peptides containing either @entity1853 or @entity369 at the RGD+1 site, which reflects the natural sequence variation seen across the FMDV serotypes, are effective inhibitors for alphavbeta6. In contrast, although RGDM-containing peptides were effective for alphavbeta8, RGDR-containing peptides were not. These observations were confirmed by showing that a virus containing an RGDR motif uses alphavbeta8 less efficiently than alphavbeta6 as a receptor for @entity281 . Finally, evidence is presented that shows alphavbeta3 to be a poor receptor for @entity281 by type O FMDV. Taken together, our data suggest that the integrin binding loop of FMDV has most likely evolved for binding to alphavbeta6 with a higher affinity than to alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta8.

title: Specificity of the VP1 GH loop of XXXX virus for alphav integrins.

entities_list: @entity4021 :: ('MESH:D005536', 'Disease') :: ['Foot-and-mouth disease']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['Alanine']

entities_list: @entity2574 :: ('CHEBI:22660', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartic acid']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

entities_list: @entity12274 :: ('CHEBI:47923', 'Chemical') :: ['tripeptide']

answer: @entity4021 :: (MESH:D005536,Disease) :: ['Foot-and-Mouth Disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the potential activity of @entity205 ( @entity870 ) to induce @entity1373 in New Zealand White (NZW) @entity95 . METHODS: Female NZW @entity95 were used throughout experiments. To simulate the conditions of immunosuppression, @entity870 (10 mg/kg of body weight/d) was administered intravenously on a daily basis for 14 days and @entity1667 (5 mg/kg/d) was administered on the first two days. The @entity870 (10 mg/kg/d) also was administered without @entity1667 for 14 days to another cohort of @entity95 . Mammary tissue of each @entity95 was palpated and serially measured during this treatment period. The @entity870 was discontinued, and @entity95 were monitored for 14 more days during the washout period. Sequential plasma concentrations of prolactin, @entity53 , and @entity1420 in each blood sample were determined by use of radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: All NZW @entity95 treated with @entity870 and @entity1667 for immunosuppression consistently developed striking mammary tissue @entity1373 . At the end of treatment with @entity870 and @entity1667 , mammary glands had extensive changes consistent with actively lactating glands. Similar but less extensive @entity1373 developed in response to @entity870 alone. Plasma concentration of prolactin increased during treatment and decreased during the washout period. Plasma concentration of @entity53 increased during treatment and continued to increase during the washout period. Plasma @entity1420 concentration decreased at the end of treatment. On discontinuation of @entity870 , @entity1373 regressed. CONCLUSIONS: @entity205 , with or without @entity1667 , induces @entity1373 and @entity4089 in NZW @entity95 . This @entity95 model may be a reliable in vivo system by which to study immunosuppressant-induced structural and functional changes of mammary glands similar to those observed in @entity1 .

title: @entity205 -induced @entity1373 and XXXX in New Zealand White @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinemia']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['mammary hyperplasia', 'hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17beta-estradiol']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine A', 'cyclosporin A']

answer: @entity4089 :: (MESH:D006966,Disease) :: ['hyperprolactinemia']


abstract: This prospective, observational study was carried out in a teaching hospital in Calcutta, India. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of @entity1701 ( @entity1701 ) among @entity1 with recurrent @entity2208 /late @entity393 when no other apparent causes were identified, in the study population. The @entity1 were put through a variety of investigations to determine the cause of @entity393 . Only those @entity1 who had a normal result for all the investigation went for the anti-phospholipid antibodies (APLA) test. The expelled products of conception/placenta were also sent for histopathological confirmation. A total of 445 @entity1 were studied over a 4-year period. A total of 155 @entity1 were offered a screening for APLA antibodies. Out of them, 43 @entity1 (27.7%) tested positive for APLA. Histopathological evidence was present in all the specimens. Interestingly, one @entity1 had histopathological evidence of @entity715 , but her blood tests for the antibody were negative.

title: Anti-phospholipid antibodies as a cause of recurrent XXXX : a study in Calcutta, India.

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriages']

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['anti-phospholipid syndrome', 'APS']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['pregnancy loss', 'miscarriage/pregnancy loss']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['pregnancy loss']


abstract: 1. In @entity5660 liver, @entity619 caused a reduction in cytochrome P450 1A1 proteins but no change in P450 3A proteins as measured by Western blots using specific anti P450 1A1 and P450 3A sera. 2. After @entity619 administration, the level of P450 1A1 was down to 14% and 8% of the control values at 24 and 48 hr, respectively. 3. There was no change in P450 1A1 mRNA abundance at 24 hr but a decrease to 45% of the control value was observed at 48 hr after @entity619 . 4. There is, therefore, a differential response between P450 1A1 and P450 3A to @entity619 in the trout liver. 5. The initial decrease in P450 1A1 protein probably occurs at the translational level while both translational and transcriptional levels are involved 48 hr after @entity619 administration.

title: Negative control of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) by glucocorticoids in XXXX liver.

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['rainbow trout']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['rainbow trout']


abstract: IL-12p70 is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages. It plays a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity by inducing proliferation of T cell and natural killer cells, and enhancing their cytotoxic activity. In adaptive immune response, it acts on naive T cells to differentiate into Th1-type cells. It is composed of two subunits, @entity7505 and @entity35469 . The latter can be secreted in the form of monodimer or heterodimer, which is also referred as IL-12p80. Recently IL-12p70 has been proven to locally provoke nociceptive effect in na  ve @entity35 . This study investigated @entity158 response following systemic administration of IL-12p70 and IL-12p40 homodimer in chronic @entity9 model, induced by chronic @entity130 . The doses tested were IL-12p40 homodimer or IL12p70 at 15, 150 and 1500ng/kg, respectively. @entity158 was assessed at 1, 4, 7 and 24h after injection, in the form of @entity1931 and @entity1931 . The side effect of sensory motor disability was measured by rotarod performance. By all behavioral measures, IL-12p70 of any dosage, at any time point, had no significant effect on @entity1931 and @entity1931 . A high dose of IL-12p40 homodimer induced significant analgesic effect by the measure of hind paw @entity1931 from 1h to 4h after injection. Medium and low doses of IL-12p40 homodimer exerted their analgesic effect 4h post injection. @entity1931 , following high and medium doses of IL-12p40 administration, was significantly reduced at 4h after application. Also, no significant sensory motor dysfunction was detected for all dosage for both homodimers. These findings suggest that systemic application of IL-12p40 homodimer induces time-dependent analgesia to mechanical stimulation in @entity35 exposed to @entity9 .

title: Anti-nociceptive effect of IL-12p40 in a @entity35 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['mechanical hyperalgesia', 'Mechanical hyperalgesia', 'tactile allodynia']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['constriction injury']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Racial/ethnic disparity in @entity263 is under studied in @entity1 with @entity6 who are at a higher risk of @entity263 . This study assessed the race/ethnic disparity in @entity263 incidence for @entity1 with @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) and whether the impact of @entity2449 on @entity263 incidence varied by race/ethnicity. We conducted a retrospective study in 76,733 male veterans with @entity2175 during 2003 to 2012. Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for covariates and propensity scores of @entity2449 use and race/ethnic group membership was @entity263 incidence associated with race/ethnicity and compare HR associated with @entity2449 use between race/ethnic groups. Mean follow-up was 6.4    2.8 years; 7% were Hispanics; 17% were @entity3004 ( @entity3004 ); mean age was 67.8    9.8 years; 5.2% developed @entity263 ; and 38.9% used @entity2449 . Among these @entity6 @entity1 without @entity2449 use, @entity263 incidence was higher in Hispanics and @entity3004 than in non-Hispanic White (NHW). Use of @entity2449 alone or @entity2449 + @entity6817 was associated with a greater @entity263 incidence reduction in Hispanics compared with NHW, but not between @entity3004 and NHW. Use of @entity2449 + @entity585 was associated with a greater @entity263 incidence reduction in Hispanics and @entity3004 compared with NHW. Our results suggested that @entity2449 treatment could be a potential strategy to reduce @entity263 incidence in the minority populations who are at high risk for @entity263 . It will be important to further examine the pleiotropic effects of @entity2449 in multi-race/ethnic prospective studies to better inform clinical management and potentially reduce racial/ethnic disparity in @entity263 incidence among @entity6 @entity1 . Cancer Prev Res; 9(10); 779-87.   2016 AACR.

title: @entity2449 for Reducing Racial/Ethnic Difference in Prostate Cancer Incidence for XXXX with @entity2175 .

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['type II diabetes', 'T2D']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['utilized to compute the HR of prostate cancer', 'aggressive prostate cancer', 'fatal prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity585 :: ('MESH:D018120', 'Chemical') :: ['finasteride']

entities_list: @entity3004 :: ('MESH:C537904', 'Disease') :: ['AA', 'African Americans']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Men']


abstract: Adjuvant chemotherapy prolongs survival in @entity1 with @entity0 , but it also causes side effects such as @entity2670 . The incidence of @entity2588 ( @entity2588 ) varies depending on the @entity1 ' age, dose and the type of chemotherapy that they receive. @entity2588 produced by @entity4349 -based regimens has been widely studied, but less is known about the incidence of @entity2588 caused by the combined use of @entity6023 and @entity8253 . It has been suggested that @entity440 might influence the maintenance of @entity2588 . However, most studies of @entity2588 have explored series of @entity1 with hormone-sensitive and hormone-resistant @entity5 , so data about @entity2588 could be strongly influenced by endocrine adjuvant therapy. The aims of our study were to assess the incidence of @entity2588 with the addition of @entity6023 to @entity8253 regimens in pre- or perimenopausal @entity1 diagnosed with hormone-sensitive @entity0 and to determine predictive factors for @entity2588 . A retrospective non-randomized study was conducted in the Hospital Clinico Universitario of Valencia, Spain. Three hundred and five premenopausal and perimenopausal @entity1 were recruited between January 1998 and May 2005, 212 of whom had been treated with @entity4349 -based regimens and 93 with a combination of @entity8253 and @entity6023 . @entity2588 was permanent in 222 @entity1 (93.7%) and menses returned in 6.3%. @entity2588 was present in 75.5% of @entity1 treated with @entity8253 and in 82.7% of @entity1 treated with @entity8253 and @entity6023 . This difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.16). @entity2588 appeared in 95% of @entity1 older than 45 years, while the proportion of @entity2588 decreased to 52% in @entity1 younger than 40 years. This suggests age as an important predictive factor for @entity2588 (p < 0.001). Although a slightly superior incidence of @entity2588 in @entity1 with hormone-sensitive @entity5 treated with combination regimens was observed, no statistically significant difference in incidence was found. Age was found to be the main predictive factor for @entity2588 in both groups.

title: Incidence of chemotherapy-induced XXXX @entity1 : the impact of addition of @entity6023 to @entity4349 -based regimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian-function suppression']

entities_list: @entity2588 :: ('MESH:D000568', 'Disease') :: ['chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea', 'Amenorrhea', 'CIA', 'amenorrhea']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['amenorrhea in hormone-sensitive breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess mortality, morbidity and the functional and symptomatic outcome following intracranial surgery for @entity1653 in elderly @entity1 at two neurosurgical institutions in Norway. METHODS: @entity1 >= 60 years who underwent craniotomies for @entity1653 at Oslo University Hospital and Haukeland University Hospital in 2008 and 2009 were included (n = 54). Outcome was assessed at 6 months. RESULTS: Thirty-five females and 19 males of median age 70 (60-84) years were assessed pre- and post-operatively, 87% attended follow-up at 6 months. The surgical mortality rate was 5.6% at 30 days and 7.4% at 3 and 6 months. The rates of complications were: post-operative @entity1410 5.6%, @entity1150 1.9%, @entity4421 1.9%, cerebrospinal fluid disturbances 13.0% and neurological sequelae 13.0%. Surgery resulted in a significant improvement in the MMSE score, with a further 14.9% obtaining scores of >= 25 without a significant change in the level of independence according to the Karnofsky performance scale. QoL assessments showed good functioning post-operatively compared to other @entity5 @entity1 groups, yet slightly reduced when compared to data from the general population. CONCLUSION: In our series, we found that @entity1653 surgery in the aging @entity1 carries a higher risk of mortality and morbidity compared to @entity5 surgery in general. Our findings indicate, however, that the survivors have improved cognitive function and acceptable QoL, and we did not see any significant decrease in the proportion of independent @entity1 according to the KPS.

title: Outcome following surgery for XXXX in the aging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial meningiomas', 'meningioma', 'meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['intracranial meningiomas']


abstract: The serum T3 to T4 ratio is a useful indicator for differentiating destruction-induced @entity2743 from Graves' @entity2743 . However, the usefulness of the serum free T3 (FT3) to free T4 (FT4) ratio is controversial. We therefore systematically evaluated the usefulness of this ratio, based on measurements made using two widely available commercial kits in two hospitals. Eighty-two untreated @entity1 with @entity2743 (48 @entity1 with @entity2743 and 34 @entity1 with @entity1374 ) were examined in Kuma Hospital, and 218 @entity1 (126 with @entity2743 and 92 with @entity1374 ) and 66 normal controls were examined in Ito Hospital. The FT3 and FT4 values, as well as the FT3/FT4 ratios, were significantly higher in the @entity1 with @entity2743 than in those with @entity1374 in both hospitals, but considerable overlap between the two disorders was observed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the FT3 and FT4 values and the FT3/FT4 ratios of @entity1 with @entity2743 and those with @entity1374 seen in both hospitals were prepared, and the area under the curves (AUC), the cut-off points for discriminating @entity2743 from @entity1374 , the sensitivity, and the specificity were calculated. AUC and sensitivity of the FT(3)/FT(4) ratio were smaller than those of FT(3) and FT(4) in both hospitals. The @entity1 treated at Ito hospital were then divided into 4 groups according to their FT4 levels (A: < or =2.3, B: >2.3 approximately < or =3.9, C: 3.9 approximately < or =5.4, D: >5.4 ng/dl), and the AUC, cut-off points, sensitivity, and specificity of the FT(3)/FT(4) ratios were calculated. The AUC and sensitivity of each group increased with the FT4 levels (AUC: 57.8%, 72.1%, 91.1%, and 93.4%, respectively; sensitivity: 62.6%, 50.0%, 77.8%, and 97.0%, respectively). The means +/- SE of the FT3/FT4 ratio in the @entity2743 groups were 3.1 +/- 0.22, 3.1 +/- 0.09, 3.2 +/- 0.06, and 3.1 +/- 0.07, respectively, versus 2.9 +/- 0.1, 2.6 +/- 0.07, 2.5 +/- 0.12, and 2.3 +/- 0.15, respectively, in the @entity1374 groups. In the @entity1374 @entity1 , the difference in the FT3/FT4 ratio between group A and group D was significant (p<0.05). Thus, the FT3/FT4 ratio in @entity1 with @entity2743 likely remains unchanged as the FT4 level rises, whereas this ratio decreases as the FT4 level rises in @entity1 with @entity1374 . In conclusion, the FT3/FT4 ratios of @entity1 with @entity1374 overlapped with those of @entity1 with @entity2743 . However, this ratio was useful for differentiating between these two disorders when the FT4 values were high.

title: Ratio of serum free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine in Graves' hyperthyroidism and @entity2743 caused by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['painless thyroiditis']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease", 'thyrotoxicosis']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['painless thyroiditis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Up to the present, @entity50088 , @entity2533 @entity50089 , and @entity9961 gene polymorphisms have been analyzed in other @entity5 entities than @entity14 . We have now investigated the frequency of these gene polymorphisms among @entity14 @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 157 @entity14 @entity1 and 117 @entity5 -free healthy @entity1 were recruited at the Surgical Department of the Universit  tsklinikum Mannheim. All @entity1 and healthy @entity1 are Caucasians. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: The distribution of EGF 61 G/G homozygotes among @entity14 @entity1 was more frequent than that in the control group (33.1% versus 11.1%; Odds Ratio [OR]=3.962; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=2.036-7.708). The frequency of the "G" allele in the @entity14 @entity1 group was also higher than that in the control group (51.3% versus 33.3%; OR=2.105; 95% CI=1.482-2.988). No difference could be found for the @entity2533 and @entity7 genotypes among @entity14 @entity1 and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: The EGF 61 G/G genotype and the G allele are significantly related to @entity14 . The @entity2533 @entity50089 and @entity9961 gene polymorphisms are not related to @entity14 .

title: Association between EGF, XXXX , @entity7 gene polymorphism and @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity50088 :: ('c|SUB|A|EGF61|G', 'DNAMutation') :: ['EGF 61 A/G']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity2533 :: (7040,Gene) :: ['TGF-beta1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An estimated 120,000 @entity1 are admitted to hospital in England and Wales each year for @entity16 following a @entity542 . The @entity922 ( @entity922 ) has issued guidelines on the quality and frequency of @entity16 that should be made. OBJECTIVE: Review of frequency and quality of observations in one trauma unit. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective audit of current practice. METHOD: Data on 100 consecutive @entity1 admitted to a trauma unit for @entity16 were audited to monitor the consistency and frequency of @entity16 requested by the admitting doctor. Medical staff had previously been briefed on the recommendations of the @entity922 @entity542 guidelines. RESULTS: A detailed evaluation revealed inconsistency and inexplicable gaps in observations. No single set of observations was complete. Sequential regular monitoring was difficult for many reasons, bringing into question the safety and reliability of current practice. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of the new guidelines which recommend more frequent @entity16 has major staffing implications, where underperformance raises significant clinical governance issues. All hospitals admitting @entity1 with @entity542 should have an established protocol based on the @entity922 guidelines with observations recorded on an appropriately designed data collection form. Trained nursing staff have enormous work and time pressures including direct @entity1 care, ward rounds, drug rounds, administration, management, and responding to emergencies. The development of a competency based training programme for auxiliary nursing staff to undertake @entity16 , including when to report concerns, is one solution to reduce the pressure on trained nursing staff.

title: Are we able to comply with the XXXX @entity542 guidelines?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological observations']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries', 'head injury']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['National Institute for Clinical Excellence', 'NICE']

answer: @entity922 :: (MESH:D013568,Disease) :: ['NICE']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the clinical availability of local excision (LE) for advanced @entity5 without lymph node @entity3 after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT) in Korea. METHODS: From June 2000 to October 2009, 40 @entity1 with @entity16065 -3N0M0 @entity5 underwent nCRT followed by LE according to a retrospective multicenter analysis. RESULTS: Of the 40 @entity1 , 22 were @entity1 and 18 were @entity1 . Eighteen @entity1 were @entity16065 , and 22 @entity1 were @entity16178 . The median follow-up duration was 38 months. Three @entity1 (7.5%) had morbidity after LE. Four @entity1 (10%) had recurrence (local recurrence [1 @entity1 ] and systemic @entity3 [3  @entity1 ]). The 3-year disease-free survival rate was 85.9%. Only pCR was a recurrence-related prognostic factor (P = .040). CONCLUSIONS: Although the current study was not a randomized controlled study, LE after nCRT in T2-3N0 @entity5 @entity1 appears to be a safe and effective treatment, especially in pCR @entity1 .

title: Local excision after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in advanced XXXX : a national multicenter analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to determine whether metabolic @entity5 volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) are associated with outcomes in @entity5 @entity1 treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Thirty-eight @entity1 underwent @entity419 positron emission tomography/computed tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET/CT) within 60 days before SBRT at our institution between January 2001 and December 2011. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), MTV2, MTV4, MTV6, TLG40%, TLG50% and TLG60% were calculated. Prognostic factors for @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and local control (LC) were analyzed using Cox's proportional hazards model, and survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves of PET parameters for @entity1349 and LC were calculated. The median follow-up period for survivors was 37.7 months. Three-year @entity1349 and LC rates were 56.4% and 70.5%, respectively, and 5-year @entity1349 and LC rates were 36.8% and 70.5%, respectively. In univariate analyses, @entity5 diameter (P  =  0.019), single dose >= 10 Gy (P  =  0.017), MTV2 (P  =  0.030) and MTV4 (P  =  0.048) were significant predictors for @entity1349 . @entity5 diameter (P  <  0.001), single dose >= 10 Gy (P  =  0.007), SUVmax (P  =  0.035), MTV2 (P  <  0.001), MTV4 (P  =  0.003), MTV6 (P  =  0.017), TLG40% (P  <  0.001), TLG50% (P  =  0.001) and TLG60% (P  =  0.003) were significant predictors for LC. SUVmax was not a significant predictor for @entity1349 . We made the ROC curves at PET parameters, and the largest area under the curve value for @entity1349 was MTV2 and for LC was TLG40% @entity5 diameter, single dose >= 10 Gy, MTV2 and MTV4 are prognostic factors for @entity1349 and LC rates and MTV2 is a better prognostic factor for @entity1349 than other PET parameters.

title: XXXX volume on FDG-PET/CT is a possible prognostic factor for @entity5 @entity1 treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy: a retrospective clinical study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Stage I lung cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['[(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Metabolic tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine if @entity1 with recurrent croup (RC) and persistent @entity12203 ( @entity12203 ) clinically improve after supraglottoplasty (SGP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review cohort at tertiary care @entity1 's hospital consisting of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity12203 and RC that underwent SGP from July 2011 to August 2014. Clinical history, demographics, clinical outcomes, and operative complications were reviewed. Specifically, the episodes of croup requiring systemic @entity230 were compared pre- and post-SGP with statistical analysis. RESULTS: Out of 107 @entity1 undergoing SGP for @entity12203 , 6 @entity1 (5.6%) were diagnosed with RC. Mean age at first croup episode was 11.5 months. Mean age at SGP was 4.3 years. Mean number of emergency department visits was 3.2 (range 2-6 visits) prior to SGP. Mean number of episodes of croup requiring systemic @entity230 before and after SGP was 9.8 vs. 0.2 (p=0.003). Mean length of followup after SGP was 30.5 months (range 18-46 months). There were no surgical @entity260 . CONCLUSIONS: This is the first series to describe the clinical resolution of croup episodes in @entity1 with @entity12203 corrected by SGP. Recurrent croup should be added among other conditions associated with late-onset or persistent @entity12203 .

title: Recurrent croup and persistent XXXX : Clinical resolution after supraglottoplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity12203 :: ('MESH:D055092', 'Disease') :: ['laryngomalacia', 'LM']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity12203 :: (MESH:D055092,Disease) :: ['laryngomalacia']


abstract: Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) provides in vivo information about the pathology of @entity15 . Increases in @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) and reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) have been found and may represent @entity952 . The optic nerve is an ideal structure for study by DT-MRI but previous clinical studies did not obtain the full diffusion tensor necessary to calculate @entity1893 and FA. In this study, a technique that was specifically developed to achieve full diffusion tensor measurements from the optic nerve (zonal oblique multislice (ZOOM) echoplanar imaging) was applied to 25 @entity1 with a single unilateral episode of @entity7995 at least one year previously, and 15 controls. The intraorbital nerves were segmented on non-diffusion-weighted images and the regions of interest transferred to @entity1893 , FA, and eigenvalue maps to obtain quantitative data. Quantitative visual testing and electrophysiology were also performed. In affected nerves, mean @entity1893 and mean orthogonal eigenvalue lambda( perpendicular) were elevated, and mean FA reduced compared with clinically unaffected contralateral nerves (P < 0.001) and control nerves (P < 0.001). The mean principal eigenvalue lambda\\ was significantly increased in affected nerves compared to contralateral unaffected nerves (P = 0.04) but not compared to control nerves (P = 0.13). There was no association of clinical measures of visual function in affected eyes with the DT-MRI parameters but there was a significant correlation of the whole field visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitude with @entity1893 (r = -0.57, P = 0.006) and lambda( perpendicular) (r = -0.56, P = 0.007). These findings suggest that optic nerve DT-MRI measures provide an indication of the structural integrity of axons.

title: Optic nerve diffusion tensor imaging in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis']

entities_list: @entity952 :: ('MESH:D019958', 'Disease') :: ['axonal disruption']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['MD', 'mean diffusivity']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis lesions']

answer: @entity7995 :: (MESH:D009902,Disease) :: ['optic neuritis']


abstract: Five cases of exertional disruption of the axillary @entity254 occurred at intervals of 13 to 30 days after axillofemoral polytef ( @entity736 [ @entity736 ]) graft insertion. Graft evulsion was preceded by effort and heralded by @entity158 , an expanding @entity1410 , and a @entity2849 formation. Proximal control of the subclavian artery by a supraclavicular approach or balloon allowed safe wound exploration. Successful reconstruction required lengthening of the graft or replacement. Secondary disruption occurred with simple repair. Although temporary postoperative @entity5300 was common, no significant hand @entity63 was noted. Twenty-two reports of axillary anastomotic disruption were made to the Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, during a 2-year period, and one manufacturer of polytef grafts provided data on 10 reports received throughout 7 years. Surface anatomy measurements in 20 control @entity1 demonstrated that arm abduction and lateral flexion of the body increased the distance between the axillary and femoral arteries by a mean of 15.5%. Similar measurements taken from the proximal axillary artery showed a mean length increase of less than 10%. This complication may be avoided by inserting the polytef graft with several centimeters of excess length and positioning the axillary @entity254 medial to the pectoralis minor muscle.

title: Exertional disruption of axillofemoral graft XXXX . 'The axillary pullout syndrome'.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['axillary pain']

entities_list: @entity736 :: ('CHEBI:53251', 'Chemical') :: ['PTFE', 'polytetrafluoroethylene']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of @entity428 ( @entity428 ) monitoring in management of @entity1 with severe @entity131 ( @entity131 ) admitted to a large level I @entity130 center in Southern Iran. METHODS: This was a cohort study being performed during a 2-year period in a level I @entity130 center in Southern Iran including all adult @entity1 (>16 years) with severe @entity131 (GCS of 3 to 8) who underwent @entity428 monitoring through ventriculostomy. The management was based on the recorded @entity428 values with threshold of 20mmHg. Decompressive craniectomy was performed in @entity1 with intractable @entity428 (persistent @entity428 >=  25mmHg). In unresponsive @entity1 , barbiturate @entity772 was induced. @entity1 were followed for 6 months and Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) was recorded. The determinants of favorable and unfavorable outcome were also determined. RESULTS: Overall we included 248 @entity1 with mean age of 34.6    16.6 years among whom there were 216 (87.1%) @entity1 and 32 (12.9%) @entity1 . Eighty five (34.2%) @entity1 had favorable outcome and 163 (65.8%) had unfavorable. We found that those with favorable outcome had significantly lower age (p=0.004), higher GCS on admission (p<0.001), lower Rotterdam score (p=0.035), less episodes of @entity428 (p<0.001) and lower max recorded @entity428 (p=0.041). These factors remained statistically significant after elimination of confounders by multivariate logistic regression model. CONCLUSION: Age, on admission GCS, Rotterdam score, @entity428 and max recorded @entity428 are important determinants of outcome in @entity1 with severe @entity131 . @entity428 monitoring assisted us in targeted therapy and management of @entity1 with severe @entity131 .

title: Role of Intracranial Pressure Monitoring in Management of @entity1 with Severe @entity131 ; Results of a Large Level I XXXX Center in Southern Iran.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['ICP', 'intracranial hypertension', 'intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity3377 is endemic in the country of Georgia, with the highest incidence of disease in the east of Georgia, in the Kakheti region--which is also home to the majority of @entity742 and a large portion of the national @entity291 herd (two species that are natural hosts of zoonotic Brucella spp.). OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to understand the ruminant livestock management and dairy production as well as the sociological factors in order to relate it to the disease ecology of @entity3377 and to understand the framework that contributes too @entity3377 transmission in the region. METHODS: In 2010, we examined the aspects of livestock management and production through the use of a semi-structured questionnaire that was administered to 198 villagers and 41 key informants (physicians, veterinarians, dairy production specialists, and laboratory personnel) who were identified by convenience sampling. Results were primarily qualitative, but some were quantified to reveal trends and compared with non-parametric tests. RESULTS: We found that animals are managed at the village level. Male villagers take turns shepherding and herding on both summer pastures (highlands) and winter pastures (lowlands or around the village). @entity1 also do all the @entity742 -dairy production. @entity1 care for milk @entity291 as well as make the dairy products from @entity291 milk. Of the households that own livestock, 28% own @entity742 (50 per flock) and 96% own @entity291 (3 per herd). The northern-most part of Kakheti (Akhmeta) has the widest distribution of its cheese; the guda cheese from this area is sold all over Kakheti and central Georgia. Typically, cheese is aged in 20% brine for 3d (white cheeses) or 21d (guda cheeses). In addition, raw milk is used for cheese production and heating the milk is believed to decrease the quality of the final product. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions at the animal level will be best carried out in the fall when animals return to winter pastures. Under-employed private veterinarians would be available for extension work and contact with local villagers. Control will be best achieved at the animal level because the local @entity1 have a social and cultural resistance to the use of heated or pasteurized milk for cheese production.

title: The @entity1 -animal interface of domestic livestock management and production and its relationship to XXXX in the country of Georgia 2010: a rapid assessment analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Women', 'Men', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3377 :: ('MESH:D002006', 'Disease') :: ['brucellosis', 'Brucellosis']

answer: @entity3377 :: (MESH:D002006,Disease) :: ['brucellosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The awareness, time in therapeutic range (TTR), and safety of @entity1229 therapy were investigated in the adult Turkish population. METHODS: This multicenter prospective study includes 4987 @entity1 using @entity1229 and involved regular international normalized ratio (INR) monitoring between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014. TTR was calculated according to F.R. @entity195 . Awareness was evaluated based on the @entity1 ' knowledge of @entity1229 's affect and @entity734 . RESULTS: The mean TTR of @entity1 was 49.52  22.93%. The @entity1 with @entity101 (55.3%), @entity453 (23.2%), @entity712 (24.5%), or smoking habit (20.8%) had significantly lower TTR levels than the others. Of the total number of @entity1 , 42.6% had a mechanical valve, 38.4% had non-valvular @entity955 ( @entity955 ), and 19% had other indications for @entity1229 . @entity1 with other indications had lower TTR levels than those with mechanical valve and @entity955 (p=0.018). @entity1229 awareness decreased in higher age groups. The knowledge of @entity1229 's @entity734 was 55%. @entity1 with higher @entity1229 awareness had higher TTR levels. @entity1 with <= 8 INR monitoring/year had lower TTR levels (46.4  25.3 vs. 51.1  21.3, respectively, p<0.001) and lower awareness (44.6% vs. 60.6%, p<0.001) than @entity1 with >= 8 INR monitoring/year. In this study, 20.1% of the @entity1 had a @entity548 event (major @entity548 15.8%, minor @entity548 84.2%) within a year. CONCLUSION: Both the mean TTR ratios and awareness of the Turkish population on @entity1229 therapy were found to be low. It was thought that low TTR levels of the Turkish population may be caused by the low awareness of @entity1229 , @entity1229 's @entity734 , and high rates of concomitant diseases.

title: The awareness, efficacy, safety, and time in therapeutic range of @entity1229 in the Turkish population: XXXX -TR.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'People']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF', 'non-valvular AF']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Roosendaal's algorithm"]

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['food-drug interactions']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['Warfarin', 'warfarin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['WARFARIN']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Plasma total @entity1255 (tHcy) is a @entity65 risk factor and is related to several components of the established @entity65 risk profile. @entity462 is structurally and metabolically related to @entity1255 , but data on its association with @entity65 and @entity65 risk factors are sparse. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to search for the determinants of plasma total @entity462 (tCys) and compare them with those of tHcy. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, we studied 7591 healthy @entity1 and 8585 healthy @entity1 aged 40-67 y with no history of @entity101 , @entity6 , @entity301 , or @entity66 . RESULTS: In the group aged 40-42 y, t @entity2569 was significantly higher in @entity1 (_: 273 micromol/L; 2.5-97.5 percentile: 219-338 micromol/L) than in @entity1 (253 micromol/L; 202-317 micromol/L) (P < 0.001). In the group aged 65-67 y, there was no significant sex difference in t @entity2569 : @entity1 (296 micromol/L; 233-362 micromol/L) and @entity1 (296 micromol/L; 234-361 micromol/L). As with tHcy, t @entity2569 was positively associated with age, total @entity165 concentration, diastolic blood pressure, and coffee consumption. Body mass index was a strong determinant of tCys but was not related to tHcy. Several factors known to influence tHcy, including smoking status, @entity1501 and vitamin intake, heart rate, and physical activity, were not associated or were only weakly associated with tCys. CONCLUSION: Plasma tCys is strongly related to several factors that constitute the @entity65 risk profile. This should be an incentive to determine the role of tCys in @entity65 .

title: Lifestyle and XXXX risk factors as determinants of total @entity462 in plasma: the Hordaland @entity1255 Study.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine', 'Cysteine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: The current research was designed to determine the effect of @entity15280 in treatment of experimental @entity309 . Collagen-induced @entity625 was induced in Lewis @entity35 . The intramusculary administration of @entity15280 (ART) and intraperitoneally injection of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) were started on day 25 postimmunization and continued until final assessment on day 35. During this period, clinical examination was taken intermittently. The anticollagen type II antibody (CII Ab) and @entity842 synthesis were measured. The paws and kness were then removed for histopathology and radiography assay. The biocompatibility of ART and @entity1500 were assessed using @entity1492 cell line. Data showed that i.m. injection of ART to arthritic @entity35 induced a significant reduction in paw @entity4 . This beneficial effect was associated with a significant decrease in anti-CII antibody response compared with untreated @entity35 . Histopathological assessment showed a reduced inflammatory cell infiltrate in joints of treated @entity35 ; tissue @entity4 , and @entity79 in the paws were markedly reduced following ART therapy. Furthermore, our radiography results paralleled our histological findings. @entity137 analysis of ART showed greater tolerability compared with @entity1500 . Treatment with ART significantly diminished NO formation in treated @entity35 compared with nontreated controls. Our data shed light on the therapeutic efficacy of @entity15280 in experimental @entity309 compared with a choice drug ( @entity1499 ), and it may be offered as a second-line drug in treatment of @entity309 .

title: @entity15280 : a new therapeutic strategy in experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone erosion']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity15280 :: ('MESH:C032942', 'Chemical') :: ['artemether']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: New classification criteria (ILAR) have been proposed for @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ). They are more descriptive than those formerly used [American College of Rheumatology (ACR), European League Against @entity627 (EULAR)], but require validation against classifications already in use. We validated the ILAR criteria in relation to the EULAR criteria in a prospective, incidence, and population based setting, and analyzed their feasibility. METHODS: Construct validity of ILAR and EULAR classification criteria refers to how closely the 2 instruments are related and how each of them operates in classifying subgroups/categories. Twenty doctors in 5 Nordic countries collected data from the incidence cases within their catchment areas during an 18 month period beginning July 1, 1997. Clinical and serological data from the first year of disease were collected. RESULTS: A total of 322 @entity1 were included. Classification according to the ILAR criteria was possible in 321 @entity1 ; 290 @entity1 had a disease duration > or = 3 months and were classified according to the EULAR criteria. One @entity1 could only be classified according to the EULAR criteria. Thus, 31/322 (9.6%) @entity1 were classified according to the ILAR criteria only. Forty-eight of 321 (15%) @entity1 did not fit into any category and 6% (20/321) fulfilled criteria for2 categories. In the ILAR classification 5 out of 7 categories/subgroups have 2 to 5 specified exclusion criteria that highly discriminate the definition of each @entity1 . In our study the exclusion criteria were fulfilled to only a small extent. CONCLUSION: The EULAR and ILAR criteria differ concerning the operational definitions of the subvariables involved, which complicates their comparison. By using ILAR rather than EULAR criteria the number of cases with @entity625 increased by 10%, considering the first half-year after onset. The validity of the ILAR criteria is low since they often exclude @entity1 from subgroup classification and the possibility of having more than one diagnosis is not negligible. The specified exclusion criteria for some of the subgroups are difficult to fulfill in clinical work and variables involved could be questioned with regard to their consistency.

title: Construct validity of ILAR and EULAR criteria in @entity4932 : a population based incidence study from the Nordic countries. International League of Associations for Rheumatology. European League Against XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatism']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['juvenile arthritis']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['JIA', 'juvenile idiopathic arthritis']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['Rheumatism']


abstract: The authors report the case of a 16-year-old @entity1 with @entity2056 (juvenile muscular @entity194 of @entity2045 ). The present history began about 6 months previously, when he noticed slowly progressive weakness with @entity194 of the left hand and forearm. Neurological examination on admission revealed diffuse distribution of muscular @entity194 including the left hypothenar, thenar, forearm, and triceps muscles. However, EMG studies identified neurogenic changes in both upper extremities. There was no long tract sign of objective sensory impairment. Plain spinal radiograms showed abnormal kyphosis of the cervical vertebrae. Cervical MR images in the neutral position demonstrated focal @entity194 of the cervical cord at the C 5-6 vertebral levels. When the neck was flexed, the cervical cord was displaced anteriorly and was compressed over the posterior surface of the C 5-6 vertebral bodies. He was diagnosed to have @entity2056 ( @entity3799 ). Via an anterior approach, he underwent a C 5 vertebrectomy followed by fixation of C 4-6 vertebral bodies using iliac bone and plate system. He recovered from surgery without any complications and has been well for the past 6 months with remarkable improvement of muscle strength. Application of cervical collar for 3 to 4 years has been generally advocated for the treatment of @entity2056 because progression of signs and symptoms is usually expected to cease within several years. However, some @entity1 were reported not to response to conservative treatment for more than 5 years after their onsets. To these @entity1 surgery seems to be beneficial, because it can give rise to permanent stable fixation with much shorter period of external cervical immobilization compared with cervical collar therapy, in which long-term application is frequently unbearable in many @entity1 . In conclusion, the present case emphasizes the importance of surgical treatment in @entity2056 not only to improve @entity51 but regain better quality of life.

title: [A case of XXXX successfully treated by anterior cervical decompression and fusion].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral upper extremity']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervical flexion myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity2056 :: ('MESH:C538253', 'Disease') :: ["Hirayama's disease"]

answer: @entity2056 :: (MESH:C538253,Disease) :: ['Hirayama's disease']


abstract: Effect of @entity794 vaccine on metabolic and functional activities of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and @entity840 macrophages was observed. The tested vaccine following a short contact with @entity1 polymorphonuclear leucocytes isolated from peripheral blood inhibited candidacidal and phagocytic activities, whereas the phagocytic index stayed unchanged. The tested vaccine stimulated the INT-reductase activity and @entity224 production, as well as extracellular liberation of lysosome enzymes from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Application of the @entity794 vaccine to @entity840 35, 30, 28, and 23 days prior to the acquirement of peritoneal macrophages, augmented, as compared to the control group, the amount of peritoneal macrophages and their phagocytic activity. Candidacidal and metabolic activities stayed unchanged. The results imply that the contact of phagocytic cells with the antigen, affects their biochemical and functional activities. Activities are dependent of the length of the period during which the antigen stimulation takes place, and of its quantity. Examination of phagocytes can be recommended for adjustment of both, vaccine doses and intervals between their individual applications. (Tab. 5, Ref. 19.).

title: [The effect of XXXX vaccine on professional phagocytes in vitro and in vivo].

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['guinea pigs', 'guinea pig']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: An @entity4224 mosquito cell line, Aag-2, exhibits a response to immune stimulation that is qualitatively similar to that of C7-10 cultured cells from the related mosquito, @entity197 . Using @entity214 polyacrylamide gels, we found that a small peptide was preferentially induced by the treatment of growing cells with heat-killed, Gram-positive bacteria. By an analogy with other studies, this small peptide was postulated to be a member of the defensin family of insect immunity peptides. A differential display was used to obtain partial polymerase chain reaction products corresponding to mRNAs that were preferentially expressed in induced cells. One of these products, which contained the partial sequence of a defensin gene, was used to screen cDNA libraries from Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus cells. From Ae. aegypti cells, we found two previously described isoforms (A1 and A4) of mosquito defensin A, as well as a new isoform which we defined as A5. From Ae. albopictus cells, we found a new mature mosquito defensin, named D, which contains @entity1521 and @entity6778 as the final @entity1522 . In both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus cell lines, the expression of defensin mRNA was visible on Northern blots as early as 3 h after exposure to heat-killed bacteria, and defensin mRNA abundance was maximal at 12-36 h after induction.

title: Immunity proteins from mosquito cell lines include three defensin A isoforms from @entity4224 and a defensin D from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity4224 :: ('7159', 'Species') :: ['Aedes aegypti']

entities_list: @entity197 :: ('7160', 'Species') :: ['Aedes albopictus']

entities_list: @entity6778 :: ('CHEBI:24898', 'Chemical') :: ['isoleucine']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

answer: @entity197 :: (7160,Species) :: ['Aedes albopictus']


abstract: Gamma irradiation of seeds is known to be an important factor in stimulating biochemical and physiological processes. The aim of the present study was to investigate @entity35839 and associated enzymes responsible for the production of active metabolites. @entity50690 content was estimated in seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. during two successive generations (G(1) and G(2)) where as @entity815 ammonia lyase (PAL) activity was measured in leaves at different developmental stages of P. corylifolia L. raised from seeds irradiated with variable doses of gamma rays. Maximum accumulation of psoralen and @entity31925 was observed at 15 and 20 kGy doses during G(1) and G(2) generations, respectively. @entity6339 proved to be the dominating metabolite in terms of its concentration, while @entity31925 was accumulated at relatively lower concentrations in successive generations. PAL activity was induced maximally following 15 and 20 kGy in G(1) plants and was preceded by psoralen and @entity31925 accumulation which peaked at the same dose rates in both generations. These effects were transmitted and prevalent in the next generation, that is, G(2) (indirectly irradiated). These long-term changes in plant metabolomics demonstrate genomic instability induced by gamma irradiation. However, no detrimental effects were seen at any irradiation dose in seeds. @entity50690 concentrations were also enhanced at 15 and 20 kGy. The present study further points out the persistence of changes in the biosynthesis of @entity1524 derivatives in the next generation. However, accumulation of these metabolites does not lead to any lethal effects.

title: Enhancement in @entity50690 content and XXXX ammonia lyase activity in developing seedlings of Psoralea corylifolia L. in response to gamma irradiation of seeds.

entities_list: @entity31925 :: ('MESH:C011659', 'Chemical') :: ['isopsoralen']

entities_list: @entity1524 :: ('MESH:C030123', 'Chemical') :: ['coumarin']

entities_list: @entity6339 :: ('MESH:D005363', 'Chemical') :: ['Psoralen']

entities_list: @entity35839 :: ('CHEBI:26004', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylpropanoids']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity50690 :: ('CHEBI:24128', 'Chemical') :: ['Furanocoumarin']

answer: @entity815 :: (CHEBI:28044,Chemical) :: ['phenylalanine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2335 / @entity2336 ( @entity2337 ) is a chronic abacterial inflammatory disease of the bladder wall. It is accompanied by predominant @entity9 . Typical symptoms of @entity2337 include: @entity158 , @entity2336 even between voiding, urgency, short intervals between micturition with frequency and @entity2183 . The objective of the study was to find a correlation between a symptom score and endoscopy together with histopathologic findings from the detrusor biopsy and a correlation between symptoms before and after the intravesical treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: We have evaluated a group of 30 @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity2337 prospectively. These @entity1 were in the group 1. Control group 2 consisted of 10 @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity793 . Group 3 consisted of 15 @entity1 with no voiding symptoms. Validated questionnaire (O'Leary-Sant Symptom (ICSI) and Problem Index (ICPI) was used to objectify subjective symptoms. The diagnosis of @entity2337 was based on the clinical assessment of subjective symptoms, urodynamic results, endoscopy and histology. The efficacy of therapy was found statistically significant only in the intravesical therapy. In the @entity1 with immunohistochemically identified increased numbers of mast cells per one microscopic field, the correlation with ICSI and ICPI score was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in symptom score in the @entity1 before and after the treatment were found significantly higher after the intravesical (with heparin) treatment then after peroral therapy. Significant differences in the correlations of ICSI and ICPI score values with the histopathologic finding (i.e. number of mast cells) were found.

title: [Painful bladder syndrome in XXXX : relation between symptoms, endoscopy and biopsia results and the treatment effects].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity2336 :: ('MESH:D018856', 'Disease') :: ['Painful Bladder Syndrome', 'bladder pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['suprapubic pain']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['Interstitial cystitis']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity2335 :: (MESH:D003556,Disease) :: ['interstitial cystitis']


abstract: In @entity12554 , affected @entity1 are born with @entity4998 due to increased secretion of @entity3800 in utero by the defective adrenal gland. Even though it is generally accepted that there are differences between male and female brain development, determining factors have been difficult to identify. @entity1 with @entity774 have frequently been studied to evaluate the impact of prenatal @entity342 exposure on psychological, psychosocial, and @entity73 in various areas have been identified. However, there is no comprehensive study available regarding the outcome of this @entity102 in adult life. We studied the quality of life in @entity1 with @entity774 , with particular emphasis on how they cope with @entity790 , genital operations, and @entity102 as well as lifelong medication. The @entity1 filled out questionnaires covering their physical state, psychological well-being, social relationships, and functional capacity, as well as questionnaires on psychosexual identification and psychosocial integration. The results were evaluated using a computerized statistical program for social studies. Out of a total of 94 @entity1 above 18 years of age, 45 agreed to participate and were compared to 46 healthy, age-matched controls. Age at diagnosis was 2. 31 +/- 1.55 years and 38% suffered from the simple-virilizing, 45% from the salt-wasting, and 17.0% from the late-onset form of @entity774 . About one-third of @entity1 had Prader stage 3 or 4 genital virilization. While the overall quality of life did not differ significantly, @entity774 @entity1 were more often single (47.8% vs. 66.7%) and fewer of them had @entity1 (22.2% vs. 38.6%) compared to controls. Significant impairments were found in regard to body image and attitudes toward sexuality, but there was no increased homosexual preference. The @entity1 were successful in adjusting to illness and receiving social support. It is speculated that improved psychosocial adaptation is part of a coping mechanism that helps to maintain a high level of well-being despite impairment. Coping mechanisms should be identified and strengthened in order to help @entity1 cope with their @entity102 .

title: Outcome of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients', 'girls', 'Girls']

entities_list: @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['ambiguous genitalia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['psychosexual development, and impairments']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disorder', 'chronic disease', 'chronic illness']

entities_list: @entity12554 :: ('MESH:C535979', 'Disease') :: ['congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['genital malformations']

answer: @entity774 :: (MESH:D000312,Disease) :: ['congenital adrenal hyperplasia']


abstract: The oral contraceptive pill is associated with a modest increase in the risk of early-onset @entity0 in the general population, but it is possible that the risk is higher in certain subgroups of @entity1 . The relative risk of @entity0 associated with oral contraceptive use has been reported to be higher for African-American @entity1 than for white @entity1 . African-American @entity1 also have a higher incidence of @entity0 than white @entity1 . Circulating levels of @entity442 ) vary between ethnic groups and are positively associated with the risk of @entity0 . In general, the plasma level of @entity442 is lower in @entity1 who take oral contraceptives than in @entity1 who do not. In an attempt to explain the observed ethnic difference in @entity442 levels with oral contraceptive use, we sought to identify polymorphic variants of genes that are associated with @entity442 levels and @entity172 metabolism. We measured @entity442 and @entity2301 plasma levels in 503 nulligravid @entity1 between the ages of 17 and 35. All @entity1 filled out a questionnaire that included information about ethnic background and oral contraceptive use. Samples of DNA were used to genotype the @entity1 for known polymorphic variants in the @entity442 , @entity30606 , and @entity5322 genes. Black @entity1 had significantly higher mean @entity442 levels than white @entity1 (330 ng/ml versus 284 ng/ml; P = 0.001, adjusted for age and oral contraceptive use). @entity442 levels were significantly suppressed by oral contraceptives in white @entity1 (301 ng/ml versus 267 ng/ml; P = 0.0003), but not in black @entity1 . Among oral contraceptive users, the @entity442 level was positively associated with the absence of the @entity442 19-repeat allele (338 ng/ml versus 265 ng/ml; P = 0.00007), with the presence of the @entity5322 variant allele (320 ng/ml versus 269 ng/ml; P = 0.01), and with the presence of the @entity30606 26-repeat allele (291 ng/ml versus 271; P = 0.08). After adjusting for genotypes, ethnic group was no longer a significant predictor of the @entity442 level. @entity442 levels are higher among black than white @entity1 . Polymorphic variants in the @entity5322 , @entity442 , and @entity30606 genes are associated with increases in the plasma levels of @entity442 among oral contraceptive users and the variant alleles are much more common in black @entity1 than in white @entity1 . The high incidence of @entity0 among black @entity1 may be mediated through genetic modifiers of circulating levels of @entity442 .

title: Genetic factors related to racial variation in plasma levels of XXXX : implications for @entity0 risk.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'premenopausal breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I', 'IGF1', 'IGF-I']

answer: @entity442 :: (3479,Gene) :: ['insulin-like growth factor-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to improve the surgical treatment of @entity302 by maximising @entity410 control while protecting language function. METHODS: A combined process of extra-operative electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) mapping, direct ECS and intra-operative continuous language assessment was performed during complicated operative cases. Of the 24 @entity302 @entity1 , nine had a complex relationship between the @entity410 onset zone and the language cortices. The combined process was used in these nine @entity1 . In the other 15 @entity1 , surgical resection was completed based on extra-operative ECS results alone. Evaluations were performed before and after surgery to assess language function and @entity410 control. RESULTS: The intra-operative continuous language assessment provided important information at the time of the resection. Seven extra-operative ECS positive language sites were resected without obvious language deficits in two @entity1 . Resection was interrupted by language disturbances in an area where no extra-operative ECS positive site was identified in one @entity1 . In three other @entity1 , functional boundary was undefined in extra-operative ECS result, epileptogenic cortices were maximally resected during the continuous language assessment. In terms of @entity410 control, 18 of 24 (75%) @entity1 reached Engel's class I, including all nine @entity1 who underwent intra-operative continuous language assessment. One @entity1 had minor surgery-related language deficits three months after resection. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-operative continuous language assessment proved to be complementary to extra-operative ECS mappings. The combination of ECS mappings and intra-operative continuous language assessment can maximise the resection of epileptogenic cortices and preserve language function in difficult cases involving the language cortex.

title: Surgical treatment for XXXX involving language cortices: a combined process of electrical cortical stimulation mapping and intra-operative continuous language assessment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the content of various types of myosin heavy chain isoforms ( @entity9740 ) in the vastus lateralis muscle and pulmonary @entity26 uptake during moderate power output incremental exercise, performed at low and at high pedalling rates. Twenty one male subjects (mean +/- SD) aged 24.1 +/- 2.8 years; body mass 72.9 +/- 7.2 kg; height 179.1 +/- 4.8 cm; BMI 22.69 +/- 1.89 kg.m(-2); VO2max 50.6 +/- 5.3 ml.kg. @entity1009 ), participated in this study. On separate days, they performed two incremental exercise tests at 60 rev. @entity1009 ) and at 120 rev. @entity1009 ), until exhaustion. Gas exchange variables were measured continuously breath by breath. Blood samples were taken for measurements of plasma @entity880 concentration prior to the exercise test and at the end of each step of the incremental exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle, using Bergstr  m needle, and they were analysed for the content of @entity9740 I and @entity9740 II using @entity214 --PAGE and two groups (n=7, each) were selected: group H with the highest content of @entity9740 II (60.7 % +/- 10.5 %) and group L with the lowest content of @entity9740 II (27.6 % +/- 6.1 %). We have found that during incremental exercise at the power output between 30-120 W, performed at 60 rev. @entity1009 ), @entity26 uptake in the group H was significantly greater than in the group L (ANCOVA, p=0.003, upward shift of the intercept in VO2/power output relationship). During cycling at the same power output but at 120 rev. @entity1009 ), the @entity26 uptake was also higher in the group H, when compared to the group L (i.e. upward shift of the intercept in VO2/power output relationship, ANCOVA, p=0.002). Moreover, the increase in pedalling rate from 60 to 120 rev. @entity1009 ) was accompanied by a significantly higher increase of @entity26 cost of cycling and by a significantly higher plasma @entity880 concentration in subjects from group H. We concluded that the muscle mechanical efficiency, expressed by the VO2/PO ratio, during cycling in the range of power outputs 30-120 W, performed at 60 as well as 120 rev. @entity1009 ), is significantly lower in the individuals with the highest content of @entity9740 II, when compared to the individuals with the lowest content of @entity9740 II in the vastus lateralis.

title: High content of XXXX II in vastus lateralis is accompanied by higher VO2/power output ratio during moderate intensity cycling performed both at low and at high pedalling rates.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity9740 :: (4624,Gene) :: ['MYHC']


abstract: We studied the role of @entity2159 polymorphisms on the risk to develop @entity4261 in a Belgian study population. We observed no association in @entity1 , but a highly significant association was found in @entity1 , and this was confirmed in a population from the United Kingdom. INTRODUCTION: @entity22497 has been shown to be caused by mutations in @entity2159 encoding @entity2159 . Although mutations in this gene have never been found in @entity1 with typical @entity4261 ( @entity4261 ), there are indications that polymorphisms in @entity2159 might contribute to the risk of developing @entity4261 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited a population of 131 Belgian @entity1 with sporadic @entity4261 and 171 Belgian controls. By means of the HapMap, we selected 17 SNPs that, in combination with four multimarker tests, contain most information on common genetic variation in @entity2159 . To replicate the findings observed in the Belgian study population, genotyping data of SNPs generated in a UK population were reanalyzed. RESULTS: In our Belgian study population, associations were found for two SNPs ( @entity45509 , @entity45510 ) and for one multimarker test involving @entity45511 . When subsequently analyzing @entity1 and @entity1 separately, these associations turned out to be driven by @entity1 (56 cases, 78 controls). In addition, three other tagSNPs turned out to be associated in @entity1 only. These were @entity45512 ( @entity45513 ), @entity45514 , and @entity45515 . Reanalysis of genotyping data from a UK study population indicated that the associations found for @entity45513 and @entity45516 were also exclusively driven by @entity1 (146 cases, 216 controls). Meta-analysis provided evidence for risk increasing effects of the T allele of @entity45513 and the G allele of @entity45516 in the female population (p = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). The haplotypes formed by the SNPs associated in the Belgian population were also distributed differentially between female cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS: We showed for the first time that SNPs influencing the risk to develop @entity4261 could be sex-specific. Further research is necessary to identify the causative variants in @entity2159 and to elucidate the molecular pathogenic mechanism.

title: Identification of sex-specific associations between polymorphisms of the XXXX gene, @entity2159 , and @entity4261 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4261 :: ('MESH:D010001', 'Disease') :: ["Paget's disease of bone", 'PDB']

entities_list: @entity22497 :: ('MESH:C537701', 'Disease') :: ["Juvenile Paget's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2159 :: ('4982', 'Gene') :: ['TNFRSF11B', 'osteoprotegerin']

answer: @entity2159 :: (4982,Gene) :: ['osteoprotegerin']


abstract: Homozygous sickle cell disease in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia is clinically mild. Circulating fetal hemoglobin levels of 16.0 +/- 7.4% were found in these anemic @entity1 , but only 1.09 +/- 0.97% in their sickle trait parents. To determine whether these sickle cell @entity417 @entity1 inherit an increased capacity to synthesize fetal hemoglobin, a radioimmunoassay of fetal and adult hemoglobin was performed on erythroid progenitor (BFU-E)-derived erythroblasts from Saudi Arabian sickle cell @entity1 and their parents. Mean fetal hemoglobin content per BFU-E-derived erythroblast from Saudi Arabian sickle cell @entity1 was 6.2 +/- 2.4 pg/cell or 30.4 +/- 8.6% fetal hemoglobin (normal 1.1 +/- 0.7 pg/cell and 5.1 +/- 1.8%). Linear regression analysis of % HbF in peripheral blood versus % HbF per BFU-E-derived cell showed a positive correlation with an r of 0.65. The variance of the intrinsic capacity to produce HbF may account for almost 40% (r2) of the variance of circulating fetal hemoglobin but other factors, particularly selective survival of F cells, must also contribute significantly. Despite virtually normal HbF levels in sickle trait parents of these Saudi @entity1 , mean fetal hemoglobin production per BFU-E-derived erythroblast in these individuals was elevated to 3.42 +/- 1.79 pg/cell or 16.1 +/- 6.4% fetal hemoglobin, and the magnitude of fetal hemoglobin production found in parents correlated with that of the @entity1 . These data indicate that the high fetal hemoglobin in Saudi sickle cell disease is genetically determined but expressed only during accelerated erythropoiesis. Further evidence of such genetic determination was provided by analysis of DNA polymorphisms within the beta-globin gene cluster on chromosome 11. This revealed a distinctive 5' globin haplotype (+ + - + +) on at least one chromosome 11 in all high F SS and @entity5427 tested. The precise relationship of this haplotype to HbF production in this population remains to be defined.

title: High fetal hemoglobin production in sickle cell XXXX in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia is genetically determined.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity417 :: (MESH:D000740,Disease) :: ['anemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mesenteric stenting has not been widely adopted for the treatment of chronic @entity5327 (CMI). The recent availability of embolic protection and low-profile devices with the theoretical ability to decrease perioperative @entity39 , led us to begin using mesenteric stenting for @entity1 with CMI. We review our initial experience to examine short-term outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all @entity1 who were treated by vascular surgeons with mesenteric stenting for CMI. @entity1 with acute @entity5327 were excluded. We evaluated perioperative morbidity and mortality, @entity256 , recurrent symptoms, and reintervention. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to assess events during follow-up. We also compared these outcomes with a historical control group of @entity1 treated with open surgical revascularization. RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 underwent mesenteric stenting over the past 3 years. Mean age was 73, and 64% were @entity1 . There was no perioperative or 30-day mortality or major morbidity. Early @entity256 and recurrent symptoms occurred in 10% and 9% of @entity1 at 6 months. At a mean follow-up of 13 months, 53% of @entity1 underwent reintervention. However, 93% were symptom-free at their last follow-up. Compared with open surgery, stent @entity1 had lower perioperative major morbidity (30% vs 0%, P < .01) and shorter hospital and intensive care unit length of stay (median 10 days vs 2 days, and 3 days vs 0 days, respectively, P < .01 for both). However, stent @entity1 were seven times as likely to develop @entity256 (P < .01), four times more likely to develop recurrent symptoms (P < .01), and 15 times more likely to undergo reintervention (P < .01). There was one death 13 months after stenting due to @entity1188 in a @entity1 lost to follow-up. One @entity1 was successfully converted to open surgery after a second @entity256 . He had regained 20 pounds and was determined to be a better operative candidate than at his initial presentation. There was no perioperative or 30-day mortality or major morbidity with reintervention after mesenteric stenting. CONCLUSION: Mesenteric stenting for CMI can be performed with low perioperative risk. However, stenting is associated with @entity256 and recurrent symptoms requiring secondary procedures. @entity1 with severe nutritional depletion or high surgical risk may benefit from mesenteric stenting for CMI, but close follow-up is required. Later open surgery can be performed for @entity256 if nutritional status and surgical risk are improved, or repeat angioplasty and stenting can be effectively performed if operative risk remains high.

title: Mesenteric stenting for chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['bowel necrosis']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['early restenosis', 'restenosis']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric infarction']

entities_list: @entity5327 :: ('MESH:D065666', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric ischemia']

answer: @entity5327 :: (MESH:D065666,Disease) :: ['mesenteric ischemia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The limited effectiveness of the conventional methods for @entity5 treatment makes the researchers to find novel safe and effective therapeutic strategies. One of these strategies is to use small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). A major challenge here is the siRNA delivery into the cells. The purpose of this study was to design and prepare a biocompatible, biodegradable, and safe nanosized particle for siRNA delivery into @entity1 @entity0 and @entity1778 K562 cells. Chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles containing @entity968 - @entity880 polymer (PEG-LAC), chitosan, and @entity12279 ( @entity8681 ) were successfully prepared and used as a gene delivery vehicle. The nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential. The @entity13528 - @entity970 -LAC-chitosan- @entity8681 nanoparticle showed efficient and stable survivin siRNA loading in gel retardation assay. The @entity137 of the prepared nanoparticle was studied using @entity40724 assay and was compared with that of @entity2664 ( @entity6822 ) in combination with the prepared siRNA delivery system to evaluate the possible synergic effect of @entity6822 and survivin siRNA. The nanoparticles with and without noncomplementary siRNA showed low @entity137 against both cell lines; however, a twofold decrease was observed in cell survival percent after @entity6822 addition to MCF-7 cells treated with either nanoparticle itself or complexed with noncomplementary siRNA. While survivin siRNA nanoplex caused threefold decrease in the cell survival percent, its combination with @entity6822 did not result in a significant increase in the cytotoxic effect. Therefore, @entity13528 - @entity970 -LAC-chitosan- @entity8681 nanoparticle should be considered as a potential carrier for enhanced survivin siRNA delivery into MCF-7 and K562 cells.

title: Synthesis and characterization of @entity13528 - @entity970 -LAC-chitosan- XXXX nanoparticle as a survivin siRNA delivery system.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer MCF-7']

entities_list: @entity12279 :: ('MESH:D011094', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethyleneimine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity40724 :: ('MESH:C000598529', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethyleneglycol']

answer: @entity8681 :: (CHEBI:53231,Chemical) :: ['PEI']


abstract: Early presentation of @entity1204 permits effective management with excellent clinical outcome. The addition of hysteroscopy to dilatation and curettage (D_C) in the evaluation of @entity548 adds little to the detection of malignancy. Imaging studies such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron-emission tomography may be of use in determining the presence of extrauterine disease in @entity1 medically unfit for surgical staging. However, these studies are not sufficiently sensitive to replace surgical staging and have little role in routine preoperative evaluation. Clinical staging alone is clearly inadequate, as 23% of preoperative clinical stage I/II @entity1 are upstaged with comprehensive surgical staging. Preoperative @entity5 grade from D_C or office biopsy may be inaccurate and lead to an underestimate of @entity5 progression if used to determine which @entity1 should be surgically staged. Clinical estimation of depth of invasion, with or without frozen section, is inaccurate and may lead to underestimation of disease status when surgical staging is not performed. The practice of resecting only clinically suspicious nodes should be discouraged as it is no substitute for comprehensive surgical staging. Comprehensive surgical staging provides proper guidance for postoperative adjuvant therapy, avoiding needless radiation in 85% of clinical stage I/II @entity1 . Finally, resection of occult metastasis with surgical staging may improve survival.

title: @entity5 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['postmenopausal bleeding']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of implanting and retrieving a heat-activated recoverable temporary stent and to determine its effect on the angiographic, gross and histologic appearance of a normal coronary artery wall. BACKGROUND: Permanent coronary stenting is associated with a significant incidence of @entity715 , @entity548 and @entity455 . These may be avoided by temporarily stenting for a period of hours to several days. METHODS: Seventy-eight stents constructed from the shape-memory nickel- @entity702 alloy @entity5648 were deployed by balloon expansion in the coronary arteries of 28 @entity235 and left in place for up to 6 months. Thirty minutes to 1 week after implantation, 70 stents were recovered by flushing the coronary arteries with 3 to 5 ml of 75 degrees C lactated Ringer solution, with collapse of the stent over a recovery catheter and subsequent withdrawal. RESULTS: All stents were successfully recovered and removed percutaneously. Mean vessel diameter after stenting was 12 +/- 6% (p < 0.05) greater than baseline diameter. Mean vessel diameter after stent removal remained enlarged (6 +/- 3%, p < 0.05). No angiographic or gross evidence of @entity715 , dissection, embolization, @entity4222 or @entity2473 was associated with implantation or recovery. Microscopic examination revealed minor intimal injury in 40 segments (51%). Microscopic focal medial @entity39 was associated with mural platelet-fibrin thrombus in 23 stented segments (29%) and media was interrupted in 7 (9%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the feasibility of a new method of temporary stenting that uses the thermoelastic properties of @entity5648 to permit reliable recovery of the stent in normal @entity235 coronary arteries.

title: Implantation and recovery of temporary metallic stents in XXXX coronary arteries.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular complications']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity4222 :: ('MESH:D014085', 'Disease') :: ['migration']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study was organized to assess the relationship of enuresis nocturna (EN) and @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ) in @entity1 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was multi-centrically and prospectively designed including 79 @entity1 who presented to a urology clinic with symptoms of EN between January 2013 and February 2014. Sixty-four age-matched @entity1 with no history of urological complaints were randomly recruited from @entity1 admitted to a pediatric clinic as a control group. All @entity1 and parents were asked to fill out a dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES) questionnaire and @entity1 were examined by an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist to evaluate the @entity1224 . Descriptive statistics, chisquare and Mann-Whitney-U tests were used to compare variables. RESULTS: The mean ages of the 79 @entity1 (48 male, 31 female) in the study group and the 64 @entity1 (41 male, 23 female) in the control group were 10.14+/-3.38 and 9.17+/- 2.85, respectively. Family history of the study showed that 19% of the @entity1 's mothers, 10% of the @entity1 's fathers and 37% of the @entity1 's siblings had experienced EN. There was a significant difference between the study and the control groups in terms of urge to urinate, bladder emptying, bowel symptoms and @entity1642 . There was also a significant difference between rates of @entity1184 and nasopharynx obstruction in the EN group (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: In this study we found that half of the @entity1 with EN had @entity1184 , which was significantly higher than in the control group. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact relationship between @entity1224 and EN.

title: The relationship of enuresis nocturna and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['tonsillar hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['psychological stress']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['UAO', 'upper airway obstruction']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['adenoid hypertrophy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Questions remain as to the association between essential @entity101 and increased incidence of @entity164 2 @entity6 (T2DM). The premise of this analysis is that @entity2690 resistance/ @entity3190 is a major predictor of T2DM, and the greater the prevalence of @entity2690 resistance within any population, normotensive or @entity101 , the more likely T2DM will develop. The hypothesis to be tested is that surrogate estimates of @entity2690 resistance will predict incident T2DM to a significant degree in @entity1 with normal blood pressure or @entity1556 . METHODS: Analysis of data from a population-based survey of 10, 038 inhabitants of rural and urban areas of Korea, >= 40 years-old, initiated in 2001, with measures of demographic and metabolic characteristics at baseline and 8-years later. @entity1 were classified as having normal blood pressure or @entity1556 , and three simple manifestations of @entity2690 resistance related to the pathophysiology of T2DM used to predict incident T2DM: (1) glycemia (plasma @entity413 concentration 2-hour after 75 g oral @entity413 challenge = 2-hour PG); (2) @entity3190 (plasma @entity2690 concentration 2-hour after 75 g oral @entity413 challenge = 2-hour PI); and (3) @entity2299 (ratio of fasting plasma @entity412 /high/density lipoprotein @entity165 concentration = TG/HDL-C ratio). RESULTS: Fully adjusted hazard ratios (HR, 95 % CI) for incident T2DM were highest (P < 0.001) in the quartile of individuals with the highest 2-hour PG concentrations, ranging from 5.84 (3.37-10.1) in @entity1 with @entity1556 to 12.2 (7.12-21.00) in @entity1 with normal blood pressure. T2DM also developed to a significantly greater degree in subjects within the highest quartile of TG/HDL-C ratios, with HRs varying from 2.91 (1.63-2.58) in @entity1 with @entity1556 (P < 0.001) to 1.77 (1.12-2.81, P < 0.05) in @entity1 with @entity1556 . The least predictive index of @entity2690 resistance was the 2-hour PI concentration. Subjects with normal blood pressure in the highest quartile of 2-hour PI concentrations were significantly associated with incident T2DM, with HRs of 1.5 (1.02-2.20, P = 0.25) and 2.02 (1.35-3.02, P < 0.001), in @entity1 and @entity1 , respectively. Finally, incidence of T2DM in the highest quartile was somewhat greater in @entity1 with @entity1556 , irrespective of predictor. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic variables associated with @entity2690 resistance (glycemia, insulinemia, and @entity2299 ) predict the development of T2DM in @entity1 with either normal blood pressure or @entity1556 .

title: Metabolic markers associated with @entity2690 resistance predict @entity164 2 XXXX in Koreans with normal blood pressure or @entity1556 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Participants', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['compensatory hyperinsulinemia', 'hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1556 :: ('MESH:D058246', 'Disease') :: ['prehypertension']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Normal mature quiescent @entity1 B lymphocytes, isolated as a function of buoyant density, require activation for up-regulation of @entity9596 constituents. Cell activation through a combination of surface Ig and @entity2936 receptor ligation leads to the most substantial message production for IL-13Ralpha1. Functional consequences of this receptor variation, in initially quiescent cells, includes demonstrable effects on cellular proliferation in response to ligand exposure. Variations in the method of surface activation, with particular emphasis on the @entity2936 receptor, reveals that immobilized @entity2936 ligand may be sufficient, in and of itself, to up-regulate IL-13Ralpha1, which may bear significance for B-lymphocyte bystander proliferation. Regulation of the IL-13Ralpha1 protein and message also differs as a function of cellular phenotype. Although values are greater in memory than naive B cells, as they are initially isolated from extirpated tonsils, variations in the magnitude of message and protein, as a function of surface stimulation, are more substantial in the naive subset. The magnitude of variation in message production in naive cells is associated with a more vigorous proliferative response to @entity4047 than seen in memory lymphocytes. The cellular response to @entity4047 , as a function of activation and phenotype, is the converse of that demonstrated for @entity1199 . Evaluation of proliferation, receptor message, ligand binding protein production, and the response to putatively synergistic cytokines reveals that @entity1199 is the predominant lymphokine utilized by memory cells. This is in contradistinction to @entity4047 , which along with @entity3646 , are the predominant moieties for naive lymphocytes.

title: The XXXX B cell response to @entity4047 is dependent on cellular phenotype as well as mode of activation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']