abstract: PURPOSE: This study investigated the role of @entity19989 ( @entity19989 ) in experimental autoimmune @entity1596 (EAU). METHODS: EAU was induced in B10.RIII @entity19 by subcutaneous injection of @entity25948 ( @entity25948 ) 161-180 emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant and evaluated with clinical and histopathologic observation. Total protein of draining lymph nodes (DLNs) was extracted from the control, EAU, or recovery phase @entity19 . @entity1961    T cells were separated from lymphocytes with magnetic-assisted cell sorting. At the same time, some of the @entity1961    T cells were cultured with or without recombinant @entity29799 (rTL1A, the @entity19989 ligand) for three days, and the supernatants were collected for the @entity636 ( @entity636 ) test. @entity19989 mRNA and protein levels in @entity1961    T cells and the endogenous concentration of @entity29799 in @entity19 DLNs were assessed with real-time PCR or western blotting. Levels of @entity636 in the supernatants were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Histopathological and clinical data revealed @entity32 in the immunized @entity19 . The @entity32 reached its peak on day 14 in EAU and had resolved in the recovery phase (weeks 4-5 or more after @entity25948 immunization). @entity1961    T cells obtained from EAU (day 7 or 14) had higher levels of @entity19989 mRNA and protein expression compared with the control group treated with complete Freund's adjuvant alone and the recovery group. However, the @entity19989 mRNA and protein levels on day 21 in EAU were similar to those observed in the control and recovery groups. The endogenous levels of @entity29799 were upregulated in EAU, and decreased in the recovery phase @entity19 . Adding rTL1A increased the production of @entity636 by @entity1961    T cells isolated from @entity19 DLNs. Moreover, the increased @entity636 levels in the culture supernatant of @entity1961    T cells from EAU were much higher than those from the control and recovery phase @entity19 . However, the effects on promoting @entity636 production in @entity29799 -stimulated @entity1961    T cells were similar between the controland recovery groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that @entity19989 expression is induced during EAU and may be involved in the development of this disease, possibly by promoting @entity636 secretion.

title: Upregulation of XXXX expression in @entity1961    T cells promotes secretion of @entity636 in experimental autoimmune @entity1596 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['severe intraocular inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity25948 :: ('19661(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IRBP', 'interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein']

answer: @entity19989 :: (85030(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['DR3']


abstract: 1. A granulocyte-rich fraction was isolated from blood of a @entity1 with @entity1860 and from blood of a normal subject and the cells were disrupted in isotonic @entity969 . The nuclei were removed by low-speed centrifugation and the post-nuclear supernatant was fractionated by centrifugation on @entity969 density gradients. 2. The subcellular organelles in the gradients were detected with marker enzymes by the use of highly sensitive assay techniques. Similar results were obtained with granulocytes from both subjects. 3. Unsaturated @entity2186 -binding proteins were almost exclusively localized to the specific granules. Chromatographic analysis of these proteins showed them to have approximately equal proportions of transcobalamins I and III. @entity2186 assayed microbiologically could not be detected in the specific granule fractions.

title: Analytical subcellular fractionation of XXXX granulocytes with reference to the localization of @entity2186 -binding proteins.

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic granulocytic leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity2186 :: ('MESH:D014805', 'Chemical') :: ['Vitamin B12', 'vitamin B12']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Two hundred eight cases of @entity0 ( @entity3821 ) were selectively treated; 97 with mastectomy, 96 with radiation therapy, and 15 using excisional biopsy only. Mastectomy @entity1 tended to have larger @entity5 , involved biopsy margins, @entity5 . Breast preservation @entity1 tended to have smaller, often occult, @entity5 with clear surgical margins. Before 1983, mastectomy was more common; during and after 1983, breast preservation was more common. Comedocarcinomas were the most frequent @entity5 . They were the largest, had the highest percentage of microinvasion (20%), and had the highest recurrence rate (8%). Noncomedo @entity3821 had a recurrence rate of 1%, one of 103 @entity5 . The recurrence rate for comedocarcinomas treated with radiation therapy was nearly three times higher than for those treated with mastectomy (11% versus 4%). One of 164 (0.6%) axillary lymph node dissections yielded positive nodes. Nine @entity1 have recurred: two in the mastectomy group and seven in the breast conservation group (P less than 0.1). Eight of nine recurrences were the comedo subtype (P less than 0.05). Three @entity1 developed @entity3 , two of whom have died. Axillary dissection for @entity3821 of the breast is unlikely to yield involved nodes and is not indicated for most cases. It should be reserved for lesions revealing microinvasion. Conservative therapy for comedocarcinoma must be viewed with caution.

title: XXXX of the breast (208 cases). Clinical factors influencing treatment choice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal carcinoma', 'DCIS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['palpable and often multifocal tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity3821 :: (MESH:D002285,Disease) :: ['Intraductal carcinoma']


abstract: Paternal germline exposure to organophosphorous pesticides (OP) has been associated with reproductive failures and adverse effects in the offspring. @entity35882 ( @entity15793 ), a worldwide-used OP, has reproductive adverse effects and is genotoxic to sperm, possibly via oxidative damage. This study investigated the stages of spermatogenesis susceptible to be targeted by @entity15793 exposure that impact on spermatozoa function and their ability to fertilize. Male @entity19 were exposed to @entity15793 (20 mg/kg bw, i.p.) and spermatozoa from epididymis-vas deferens were collected at 7 or 28 days post-treatment (dpt) to assess the effects on maturing spermatozoa and spermatocytes, respectively. Spermatozoa were examined for DNA damage by nick translation (NT-positive cells) and SCSA (%DFI), lipoperoxidation (LPO) by @entity1234 production, sperm function by spontaneous- and induced-acrosome reactions (AR), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by using the JC-1 fluorochrome, and fertilization ability by an in vitro assay and in vivo mating. Alterations on DNA integrity (%DFI and NT-positive cells) in spermatozoa collected at 7 and 28 dpt, and decreases in sperm quality and induced-AR were observed; reduced MMP and LPO were observed at 7 dpt only. Negative correlations between LPO and sperm alterations were found. Altered sperm functional parameters evaluated either in vitro or in vivo were associated with reduced fertilization rates at both times. These results show that @entity15793 exposure of maturing spermatozoa and spermatocytes affects many sperm functional parameters that result in a decreased fertilizing capacity. Oxidative stress seems to be a likely mechanism of the detrimental effects of @entity15793 exposure in male germ cells.

title: XXXX decreases sperm function and fertilization capacity after targeting spermatocytes and maturing spermatozoa.

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity35882 :: ('MESH:D008743', 'Chemical') :: ['Methyl-parathion']

answer: @entity35882 :: (MESH:D008743,Chemical) :: ['Methyl-parathion']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity440 ( @entity16235 ), a selective @entity172 receptor modulator, has frequently been used in the treatment of @entity0 . In view of the fact that @entity73 in @entity1 who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for @entity0 is a common health problem, using female animal models for investigating the cognitive effects of @entity16235 administration may improve our knowledge of @entity16235 therapy. Therefore, the present study assessed the role of dorsal hippocampal cholinergic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in the effect of @entity16235 administration on memory retrieval in ovariectomized (OVX) and non-OVX female @entity35 using a passive avoidance learning task. Our results showed that pre-test administration of @entity16235 (2-6mg/kg) impaired memory retrieval. Pre-test intra- @entity1249 microinjection of @entity1239 (0.3-0.5 g/ @entity35 ) reversed @entity16235 -induced @entity2414 . Pre-test intra- @entity1249 microinjection of @entity6959 (0.1-0.3 g/ @entity35 ) plus 2mg/kg (an ineffective dose) of @entity16235 impaired memory retrieval. Pre-test intra- @entity1249 microinjection of the same doses of @entity1239 and @entity6959 by themselves had no effect on memory retrieval. In OVX @entity35 , the administration of @entity16235 (6mg/kg) produced @entity2414 but pre-test intra- @entity1249 microinjection of @entity1239 (0.5 g/ @entity35 ) had no effect on @entity16235 response. Moreover, the administration of an ineffective dose of @entity16235 (2mg/kg) had no effect on memory retrieval in OVX @entity35 , while pre-test intra- @entity1249 microinjection of @entity6959 (0.3 g/ @entity35 ) impaired memory retrieval. Taken together, it can be concluded that the impairing effect of @entity16235 on memory formation may be modulated by nAChRs of the @entity1249 regions. It seems that @entity2414 may be considered as an important side effect of @entity16235 .

title: Activation of the dorsal hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors improves XXXX -induced memory @entity73 in adult female @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['Tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity6959 :: ('MESH:D008464', 'Chemical') :: ['mecamylamine']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairment']

answer: @entity440 :: (MESH:D013629,Chemical) :: ['tamoxifen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of thalamus ( @entity9659 ) is an evolving treatment option in refractory focal @entity302 . Due to poor visualization of @entity9659 in traditional MRI sequences used for @entity717 surgery, targeting of @entity9659 is mainly based on stereotactic atlas information. Sophisticated 3T MRI methods enable visualization of @entity9659 , but 1.5T MRI is still preferred or more readily available in a large number of centers performing DBS. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we sought to determine whether @entity9659 could be adequately visualized at 1.5T MRI pre- and postoperatively using imaging techniques similar to the ones visualizing @entity9659 in 3T MRI. A total of 15 MRI examinations with short tau inversion recovery (STIR) and T1-weighted magnetization prepared gradient echo (MPRAGE) images were performed to visualize @entity9659 in nonepileptic subjects (n   =   2), @entity1 with vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) (n   =   3), stereotactic MRI (n   =   3), @entity1 with @entity9659 -DBS (n   =   7). RESULTS: @entity9659 was distinctly visualized in STIR and T1-weighted MPRAGE images in @entity1 without implanted stimulators, with Leksell stereotactic frame and with fully implanted VNS. Postoperative 1.5T MRI was able to demonstrate some of the anatomical landmarks around @entity9659 enabling assessment of electrode contact locations. CONCLUSIONS: The visualization of @entity9659 is possible in preoperative 1.5T MRI enabling direct targeting of @entity9659 all examined situations. The use of indirect targeting and its inherent potential for lead misplacement due to anatomical variation may be avoided using these MRI methods. Furthermore, postoperative MRI with STIR and T1-weighted MPRAGE images enable detailed postoperative assessment of contact locations.

title: Imaging of Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus Using 1.5T MRI for Deep Brain Stimulation Targeting in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['movement disorder']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Refractory Epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5345 or @entity2674 ( @entity14049 )-mutated @entity43 may originate in the fallopian tube. The authors of this report investigated alterations in @entity14049 tubal epithelium to define the molecular pathogenesis of these @entity189 . METHODS: Tubal epithelium was evaluated from 31 @entity14049 mutation carriers with @entity189 (BRCA CA), 89 mutation carriers who underwent risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO), and 87 controls. Ki-67 expression and @entity876 foci (>= 10 of 12 consecutive staining cells) were scored by 2 investigators who were blinded to @entity1 designations. Expression levels of @entity5438 and @entity3544 were evaluated within @entity876 foci. Loss of heterozygosity at the @entity14049 mutation site was evaluated in microdissected @entity876 foci and @entity5 . RESULTS: Background tubal proliferation as measured by Ki-67 staining was increased in the @entity5345 RRSO group (P = .005) compared with the control group. @entity1 who had @entity14049 mutations had more @entity876 foci identified per tubal segment than @entity1 in the control group (P = .02). Levels of @entity5438 were decreased in 12 of 28 @entity876 foci from @entity1 with @entity5345 mutations and in 0 of 16 @entity876 foci from controls (P = .002). There was no loss of the wild type @entity14049 allele in 5 tested @entity876 foci. Tubal @entity5 lost the wild type allele in 6 of 6 foci (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The current results suggested a model of @entity105 in @entity1 with @entity14049 mutations. Increased proliferation occurred globally in at-risk tubal epithelium. A mutation in the @entity5 protein @entity876 gene @entity876 with clonal proliferation and loss of @entity5438 occurred before neoplastic proliferation. Loss of the wild type @entity14049 allele occurred with neoplastic proliferation and before invasion.

title: The molecular pathogenesis of @entity43 : alterations in the tubal epithelium of @entity1 with @entity5345 and XXXX mutations.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tubal neoplasms', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'gynecologic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['tubal carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity2674 :: (675,Gene) :: ['BRCA2']


abstract: @entity4990 ( @entity4991 ) triggers the invasion of a mesothelial cell monolayer by @entity35 ascites @entity157 (MM1) cells. @entity4991 also induces rapid morphological changes of MM1 cells, cell surface blebbing and pseudopodia formation. Pseudopodia formation is tightly correlated with cellular invasiveness. @entity6940 C3 exoenzyme and @entity670 abrogated the formation of @entity4530 and pseudopodia together with the inhibition of invasion, indicating that GTPase Rho and certain @entity669 kinases are involved in both processes. MM1 cells expressing constitutively active Rho exhibited the invasion and the formation of @entity4530 and pseudopodia in the absence of @entity4991 . In contrast, MM1 cells expressing constitutively active Rac were not invasive in the absence of @entity4991 , but were invasive in the presence of @entity4991 . Their morphological response to @entity4991 was almost the same as that of parental MM1 cells. Expression of dominant negative Rac suppressed the invasiveness to approximately 3% of that of parental MM1 cells, together with the inhibition of pseudopodia formation. Thus, Rho and Rac are cooperatively involved in both the invasion and the related morphological changes of MM1 cells. Rho activation is sufficient both for the induction of invasion and the morphological changes leading to the invasion, whereas Rac activation is necessary but not sufficient by itself. We propose that Rho activation is not mediated by Rac but the cooperation of both GTPases is essential to trigger the invasive behavior of MM1 cells.

title: Involvement of small GTPases Rho and Rac in the invasion of @entity35 ascites XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity4990 :: ('MESH:C032881', 'Chemical') :: ['Lysophosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity6940 :: ('1491', 'Species') :: ['Clostridium Botulinum']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatoma']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate, associated risk factors and outcome of insufficiency @entity2249 following @entity2249 for @entity1743 . METHODS: Between 2005 and 2009, a consecutive series of 376 arthroscopic femoral osteochondroplasties for @entity1743 were performed and analysed. Seven postoperative @entity174 were found and comprise the @entity174 group. The amount of femoral head-neck bone resected as assessed on follow-up cross table lateral views, as well as age, gender, height, weight and BMI, was compared between the @entity174 group and the entire collective. Subjective outcome was recorded using the WOMAC score. RESULTS: Seven @entity174 (1.9 %) were identified. All occurred in males at an average of 4.4 weeks postoperatively and were @entity1642 . The @entity174 group had a significantly higher mean age (p = 0.01) and height (p = 0.013). Within the @entity174 group, alpha angles were lower (p = 0.009) and resection depth ratios were higher (p < 0.001). The femoral offset was significantly higher (p = 0.016) in the @entity174 group and in male @entity1 (p < 0.001). The cut-off value for resection depth ratio on cross table lateral radiograph was 18 % of the femoral head radius. After a mean follow-up of 20 months, an inferior WOMAC (p = 0.030) was recorded in the @entity174 group. CONCLUSION: @entity2249 @entity174 were identified in 1.9 % of our arthroscopic femoral osteochondroplasty cases. Significant new @entity158 following a period of satisfactory recovery after @entity2249 should alert the surgeon to the possibility of this complication. If a resection depth ratio of more than 18 % is recognized on the postoperative cross table lateral view, particularly in male @entity1 with a high femoral head-shaft offset, the risk of @entity86 @entity174 is increased. This study not only defines the complication rate, but also identifies associated risk factors and determines the influence on the postoperative subjective short-term result. Important information for both the @entity1 and orthopaedic surgeon is provided and may have a direct consequence on the postoperative protocol.

title: XXXX after @entity2249 for @entity1743 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['arthroscopic femoral neck osteochondroplasty', 'femoral neck fractures', 'Femoral neck insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity1743 :: ('MESH:D057925', 'Disease') :: ['femoroacetabular impingement']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['considered insufficiency fractures']

answer: @entity2249 :: (MESH:D005265,Disease) :: ['Femoral neck fractures']


abstract: 1. The surface electromyogram (EMG) of @entity1 leg muscles was recorded during running at different speeds; The EMG was compared with the simultaneously recorded vertical force exerted by the foot and with the angle of the ankle joint. 2. During running, the electrical activity of the gastrocnemius muscle increased sharply 35--45 ms after ground contact and reached its maximum at the end of muscle stretch; This activity was superimposed on a slowly increasing level of activation, which began 120--180 ms before ground contact. At the end of the stance phase, gastrocnemius became inactive and, simultaneously, there was a sudden increase in tibialis anterior activity. The assumption that the steep increase in the gastrocnemius EMG reflects the spinal stretch reflex of alpha-motoneurons is supported by the following findings. 3. The peak level of gastrocnemius EMG in the stance phase of fast running was 2--3 times higher than the activity during maximum @entity2472 . 4. With stimulation of the tibial nerve at different rates, the maximum isometric force was about 30--40% higher than the maximum voluntary isometric contraction. 5. The increase in EMG at 35--45 ms after ground contact was markedly diminished during running, after partial blockage of Ia afferents by @entity63 , at a time when the strength of @entity2472 was shown to be uninfluenced by the @entity63 . 6. The gastrocnemius activity during running was simulated by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve. The rate of stimulation was varied so as to approximate to the EMG profile during running. This indicated that a spinal stretch reflex could become mechanically effective within the shortest stance phase measured in a fast sprint (ca. 120 ms).

title: Neuronal mechanisms of XXXX locomotion.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2472 :: ('MESH:C536214', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary contraction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Current recommendations for early anticoagulation in acute @entity715 unrelated to @entity82 or @entity5 are based on limited evidence. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the risk factors, outcome, and prognosis in @entity1 managed according to these recommendations. We enrolled 102 @entity1 with acute @entity715 of the portal vein, or its left or right branch. Laboratory investigations for prothrombotic factors were centralized. @entity715 extension and recanalization were assessed by expert radiologists. A local risk factor was identified in 21% of @entity1 , and one or several general prothrombotic conditions in 52%. Anticoagulation was given to 95 @entity1 . After a median of 234 days, the portal vein and its left or right branch were patent in 39% of anticoagulated @entity1 (versus 13% initially), the splenic vein in 80% (versus 57% initially), and the superior mesenteric vein in 73% (versus 42% initially). Failure to recanalize the portal vein was independently related to the presence of @entity843 (hazard ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval 1.3-11.1) and an occluded splenic vein (hazard ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4-8.9). @entity360 and @entity1188 occurred in nine and two @entity1 , respectively. Two @entity1 died from causes unrelated to @entity715 or anticoagulation therapy. CONCLUSION: Recanalization occurs in one-third of @entity1 receiving early anticoagulation for acute @entity715 , whereas @entity715 extension, @entity1188 , severe @entity548 , and @entity204 are rare. Alternative therapy should be considered when @entity843 and @entity3885 are present.

title: Acute XXXX unrelated to @entity82 : a prospective multicenter follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['splenic vein obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['portal vein thrombosis', 'thrombus', 'thrombosis', 'Thrombus']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal bleeding']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['portal vein thrombosis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The objective of this study is to assess @entity158 , function, and morbidity in @entity1 undergoing synovectomy during primary @entity348 ( @entity348 ) for @entity571 ( @entity571 ). A meta-analysis, which included randomized controlled trials comparing @entity348 with and without synovectomy for @entity571 , was completed. The primary outcome was postoperative knee @entity158 . Secondary outcomes included performance, perioperative complications, validated functional scores, operation length, and hospitalization length. A literature search produced 487 unique references, of which 3 randomized controlled trials were selected for inclusion. A total of 304 @entity1 (354 knees) were included, with an average age of 67 years. Follow-up intervals between studies ranged from 26 weeks to 12 months. Included studies were of moderate- to high-quality evidence with low risk of bias. There was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to @entity282 , Knee Society Score, or postoperative range of motion. @entity86 was significantly lower in synovium-retaining @entity348 group ( @entity601   =   99.41 mL; 95% confidence interval, 45.08-153.75). Based on these results, there is currently no evidence to support the use of synovectomy in @entity348 for primary @entity571 , as it provides no clinical benefit and @entity86 .

title: The Effect of Synovectomy in Total Knee Arthroplasty for Primary XXXX : A Meta-Analysis.

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity348 :: ('MESH:C535338', 'Disease') :: ['total knee arthroplasty', 'TKA']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative blood loss', 'increases postoperative blood loss']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['Osteoarthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The randomized trials that evaluate the timing and intensity of initial chemotherapy for @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) have, in general, been too small to provide separately reliable results. We compared the effects on survival of the following: a) immediate versus deferred chemotherapy for early-stage @entity1072 and b) combination chemotherapy (e.g., @entity786 and @entity1891 plus @entity229 / @entity617 [COP] or COP plus @entity632 [CHOP]) versus single-agent @entity5805 as first-line treatment for more @entity1442 . METHODS: All relevant randomized trials, whether published or not, were sought for a collaborative meta-analysis involving centralized review of the data for each @entity1 . RESULTS: There were 2048 @entity1 with @entity66 in six trials of immediate versus deferred chemotherapy ( @entity5805 or @entity5805 plus @entity229 / @entity617 ). The 10-year survival was slightly worse (but not statistically significantly so) with immediate chemotherapy (44% versus 47% survival; difference = -3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -10% to 4%). There were another 2022 @entity1 in 10 trials of combination chemotherapy versus @entity5805 , with or without @entity229 / @entity617 . The 5-year survival was 48 % in both cases (difference = 0%; 95% CI = -6% to 5%). A subgroup of six of these 10 trials involved an @entity4349 -containing regimen but again overall survival appeared no better than with @entity5805 ( @entity4349 -based regimen: 325 deaths among 627 @entity1 ; @entity5805 : 306 deaths among 636 @entity1 ; @entity204 rate ratio = 1.07; 95% CI = 0.91-1.25; not statistically significant). CONCLUSIONS: In terms of survival, these trials support a conservative treatment strategy for @entity1072 , i.e., no chemotherapy for most @entity1 with early-stage disease, and single-agent @entity5805 as the first line of treatment for most @entity1 with @entity1442 , with no evidence of benefit from early inclusion of an @entity4349 . This strategy will, however, need to be reconsidered as mature results become available from trials of other agents.

title: Chemotherapeutic options in XXXX : a meta-analysis of the randomized trials. @entity1072 Trialists' Collaborative Group.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['early disease']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity1072 :: (MESH:D015451,Disease) :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite efforts to eliminate @entity1201 as public health problem, delayed diagnosis and disabilities still occur in many countries. @entity1201 remains based on clinical manifestations and the number of clinicians with expertise in @entity1201 diagnosis is in decline. We have developed a new immunochromatographic test with the goal of producing a simple and rapid system that can be used, with a minimal amount of training, to provide an objective and consistent diagnosis of @entity1202 . METHODS: The test immobilizes two antigens that have been recognized as excellent candidates for serologic diagnosis (the PGL-I mimetic, ND-O, and LID-1), on a nitrocellulose membrane. This allows the detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies within 20 minutes of the addition of @entity1 sera. Furthermore, we coupled the NDO-LID   rapid tests with a new cell phone-based test reader platform (Smart Reader  ) to provide objective interpretation that was both quantifiable and consistent. RESULTS: Direct comparison of serologic responses indicated that the rapid test detected a greater proportion of @entity1201 @entity1 than a lab-based PGL-I ELISA. While positive responses were detected by PGL-I ELISA in 83.3% of multibacillary @entity1 and 15.4% of paucibacillary @entity1 , these numbers were increased to 87% and 21.2%, respectively, when a combination of the NDO-LID   test and Smart Reader   was used. Among @entity1202 the sensitivity of NDO-LID   test assessed by Smart Reader   was 87% (95% CI, 79.2-92.7%) and the specificity was 96.1% (95% CI, 91.7- 98.6%). The positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of NDO-LID   tests were 94% (95% CI, 87.4-97.8%) and 91.4% (95% CI, 85.9-95.2%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The widespread provision of rapid diagnostic tests to facilitate the diagnosis or prognosis of @entity1202 could impact on @entity1201 control programs by aiding early detection, directing appropriate treatment and potentially interrupting @entity4430 transmission.

title: Development of a quantitative rapid diagnostic test for XXXX using smart phone technology.

entities_list: @entity1202 :: ('MESH:D056006', 'Disease') :: ['multibacillary leprosy']

entities_list: @entity4430 :: ('1769', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium leprae']

entities_list: @entity1201 :: ('MESH:D007918', 'Disease') :: ['Leprosy diagnosis', 'leprosy']

answer: @entity1202 :: (MESH:D056006,Disease) :: ['multibacillary leprosy']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Mating of budding @entity375 cells is a model system for studying cell-cell interactions. Haploid @entity375 cells secrete mating pheromones that are sensed by the partner which responds by growing a mating projection toward the source. The two projections meet and fuse to form the diploid. Successful mating relies on precise coordination of dynamic extracellular signals, signaling pathways, and cell shape changes in a noisy background. It remains elusive how cells @entity16175 accurately and efficiently in a natural multi-cell environment. Here we present the first stochastic model of multiple mating cells whose morphologies are driven by @entity5681 gradients and intracellular signals. Our novel computational framework encompassed a moving boundary method for modeling both a-cells and a-cells and their cell shape changes, the extracellular diffusion of mating pheromones dynamically coupled with cell polarization, and both external and internal noise. Quantification of mating efficiency was developed and tested for different model parameters. Computer simulations revealed important robustness strategies for mating in the presence of noise. These strategies included the polarized secretion of @entity5681 , the presence of the a-factor protease @entity32623 , and the regulation of sensing sensitivity; all were consistent with data in the literature. In addition, we investigated mating discrimination, the ability of an a-cell to distinguish between a-cells either making or not making a-factor, and mating competition, in which multiple a-cells compete to @entity16175 with one a-cell. Our simulations were consistent with previous experimental results. Moreover, we performed a combination of simulations and experiments to estimate the diffusion rate of the @entity5681 a-factor. In summary, we constructed a framework for simulating @entity375 mating with multiple cells in a noisy environment, and used this framework to reproduce mating behaviors and to identify strategies for robust cell-cell interactions.

title: Modelling of XXXX Mating Reveals Robustness Strategies for Cell-Cell Interactions.

entities_list: @entity5681 :: ('CHEBI:26013', 'Chemical') :: ['pheromone']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Yeast']


abstract: The localization of mRNAs for @entity4208 ( @entity4208 ) and II ( @entity12304 ) and the type 1 IGF receptor ( @entity12305 ) in @entity291 follicles and corpora lutea was determined using in situ hybridization on sectioned ovaries collected from nonpregnant, cyclic Holstein @entity291 in either the follicular (n = 3) or luteal (n = 5) phases of the cycle. Concentrations were measured as absorbance units of individual regions or follicles from autoradiographs. There was intense follicular expression of mRNAs encoding @entity12304 and @entity12305 . For mRNA encoding @entity12304 , expression was significantly higher in smaller follicles (< 5 mm diameter, P < 0.01) and, in this size range, expression was significantly greater in healthy compared with atretic follicles (P < 0.01). For mRNA encoding @entity12305 , there was no effect of size but concentrations were again significantly greater in healthy compared with atretic follicles of < 5 mm. In medium (5-10 mm) and large (> 10 mm) follicles, there was no effect of health for expression of either @entity12304 or @entity12305 . mRNA encoding @entity12304 was found exclusively in the theca, whereas mRNA encoding @entity12305 was confined to the granulosa layer. @entity4208 expression was not detectable in 83% of the 53 follicles examined. In the remaining 17% of follicles, expression was very low and was unrelated to size or state of @entity1146 . mRNAs encoding @entity4208 , -II and @entity12305 were all present in the corpus luteum, whereas only those for @entity12304 and @entity12305 were found in @entity43 . These data indicate that the insulin-like growth factors play a significant role in follicular and luteal development in the @entity291 ovary. Locally produced @entity12304 is probably an important regulator of follicular growth, whereas most of the @entity4208 present in follicular fluid is likely to be derived from the circulation.

title: Follicular and luteal expression of @entity4208 and II and the type 1 IGF receptor in the XXXX ovary.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian stroma']

entities_list: @entity4208 :: ('104978413', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-I', 'insulin-like growth factors I']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: Severe @entity3147 in young @entity1 is associated with signs of @entity409 such as @entity1560 and @entity4988 , but its etiology is unknown. Peroxisomes and mitochondria play key roles in various hepatic metabolic functions including lipid metabolism and energy production. To investigate the involvement of these organelles in the mechanisms underlying @entity3147 -induced @entity409 we developed a @entity35 model of @entity3147 . METHODS: Weanling @entity35 were placed on a low protein or control diet (5% or 20% of calories from protein, respectively) for four weeks. Peroxisomal and mitochondrial structural features were characterized using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Mitochondrial function was assessed using high-resolution respirometry. A novel targeted quantitative proteomics method was applied to analyze 47 mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, @entity6626 cycle and @entity844 b-oxidation pathways. RESULTS: Low protein diet-fed @entity35 developed @entity4988 and @entity1560 , consistent with the @entity1 phenotype. Hepatic peroxisome content was decreased and metabolomic analysis indicated @entity16440 . This was followed by changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure and increased mitochondrial content. Mitochondrial function was impaired due to @entity156 affecting @entity2383 and IV, @entity2388 uptake and several b-oxidation enzymes, leading to strongly reduced hepatic @entity855 levels. @entity3724 supplementation restored hepatic peroxisome abundance and increased mitochondrial b-oxidation capacity, resulting in reduced @entity1560 and normalization of @entity855 and plasma albumin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition leads to severe @entity409 . We discuss the potential future implications of our findings for the clinical management of malnourished @entity1 . LAY SUMMARY: Severe @entity3147 in @entity1 is associated with metabolic disturbances that are poorly understood. In order to study this further, we developed a @entity3147 animal model and found that severe @entity3147 leads to an @entity409 which are essential for energy production and a loss of peroxisomes, which are important for normal liver metabolic function.

title: @entity1560 and @entity855 depletion is caused by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity16440 :: ('MESH:D018901', 'Disease') :: ['peroxisomal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3724 :: ('MESH:D011345', 'Chemical') :: ['Fenofibrate']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic steatosis', 'steatosis']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['impaired function of liver mitochondria', 'hepatic dysfunction', 'impairments in hepatic peroxisomal and mitochondrial function, and hepatic metabolic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity156 :: ('MESH:D000015', 'Disease') :: ['multiple defects']

entities_list: @entity6626 :: ('CHEBI:27093', 'Chemical') :: ['tricarboxylic acid']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory chain complex I']

answer: @entity2383 :: (MESH:D028361,Disease) :: ['peroxisomal and mitochondrial dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity157 is the most common @entity5 of the liver. @entity1 frequently have multiple histologically similar, but anatomically separate @entity5 . The clonal origin of @entity157 is uncertain. METHODS: The authors analyzed 31 @entity5 from 12 different @entity1 (11 @entity1 , 1 @entity1 ), who had @entity157 involving 1 or both lobes. Genomic DNA was extracted from @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded tissue using laser capture microdissection. DNA was analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH), X chromosome inactivation status, and @entity876 gene mutations. RESULTS: Ten (83%) of the 12 @entity1 showed LOH in at least 1 of the analyzed microsatellite markers. Concordant LOH patterns between separate @entity157 in individual @entity1 were seen in 8 (80%) of 10 cases, whereas discordant patterns were seen in 2 (20%) of 10 cases. Five (50%) of 10 informative female @entity1 showed identical nonrandom X chromosome inactivation patterns in @entity5 ; 1 case showed discordant nonrandom X chromosome inactivation pattern. @entity876 mutations were identified in 8 (67%) of 12 @entity1 . @entity5 in 7 (88%) of these 8 @entity1 showed different point mutations. Three @entity1 (Cases 4, 5, and 10) had @entity5 with additional @entity876 point mutations, indicating @entity74 in these @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested that the significant proportion of @entity1 with multifocal @entity157 have @entity5 of common clonal origin.

title: Clonal origin of multifocal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors', 'multiple tumors', 'primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['additional genetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatocellular carcinoma', 'hepatocellular carcinomas', 'multiple hepatocellular carcinomas']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Ethical guidelines suggest that, when enrolling @entity1 with @entity303 in  research, alterative decision makers (proxies) should base their decision on a "substituted judgment" of how the @entity1 would have decided. If unable to make  a  substituted judgment, proxies are asked to decide on the basis of the @entity1 's best interests. This mixed-methods study is the first to examine explicitly whether and  to what degree proxies differentiate between these two approaches and what  considerations influence their mode of decision making. DESIGN: Interview study regarding enrollment of relative in hypothetical clinical trial of an investigational drug for @entity195 . @entity1 were randomized to respond to questions about one of four hypothetical clinical trials that differed by levels of described risk and potential benefit. @entity1 : Proxy decision makers (N  = 40). MEASUREMENTS: Open-ended and rating-scaled items. RESULTS: Half of the proxies agreed with both of two rating-scaled items asking about different approaches to  decision making-that is, agreeing that they would decide on the basis of how their  relative would have decided and agreeing that they would decide on the basis of what they believed was in their relative's best interests. Narrative responses elaborated on themes within the following three major domains: Substituted judgment, best interests, and weighing substituted judgment and best interests. Substituted judgment was framed as honoring the @entity1 's wishes and values. Best interests was described as a perceived duty to maintain quality of life and avoid burdens or risks. Weighing the two standards emerged as a challenging yet important, way of honoring wishes while maintaining quality of life. An unexpected theme was the attempt by alternative decision makers to discern their loved one's current versus premorbid research preferences. CONCLUSIONS: Tensions exist between abstract ethical principles regarding decision-making "standards" and their translation into research decisions.

title: "Thinking about it for somebody else": XXXX research and proxy decision makers' translation of ethical principles into practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer disease']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the dynamic interrelationship between @entity5584 and rectal movements, and to determine the effect of rectal movement on the position of the prostatic gland using cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fifty-five @entity1 with biopsy-proven or suspected @entity263 were examined in the axial plane using repeated spoiled gradient-echo sequences every 10 seconds for 7 minutes. Twenty-four @entity1 received bowel relaxants before imaging. Images were analyzed for the degree of @entity5584 , for the incidence, magnitude, and number of @entity1069 . RESULTS: Rectal movements were seen in 28 (51%) @entity1 overall, in 10 (42%) of those receiving bowel relaxants and in 18 (58%) not receiving bowel relaxants. The incidence of rectal movements correlated with the degree of @entity5584 (p = 0.0005), but the magnitude of rectal movements did not correlate with the degree of @entity5584 . Eighty-six rectal movements resulting in 33 anterior-posterior (AP) prostate movements were seen. The magnitude of rectal movements correlated well with degree of prostate movements (p < 0.001). Prostate movements in the AP direction were seen in 16 (29%) @entity1 , and in 9 (16%) @entity1 the movement was greater than 5 mm. The median prostate AP displacement was anterior by 4.2 (-5 to +14 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Cine MRI is able to demonstrate near real time rectal and associated prostate movements. Rectal movements are related to @entity5584 and result in significant displacements of the prostate gland over a time period similar to that used for daily fractionated radiotherapy treatments. Delivery of radiotherapy needs to take into account these organ movements.

title: Evaluating the effect of XXXX and rectal movement on prostate gland position using cine MRI.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1069 :: ('MESH:D053448', 'Disease') :: ['rectal and prostate movements']

entities_list: @entity5584 :: ('MESH:D012002', 'Disease') :: ['rectal distension']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

answer: @entity5584 :: (MESH:D012002,Disease) :: ['rectal distension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Laser scanning microscopy (LSM) supplies in vivo information from epithelia up to depths between 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The aim of this ex vivo prospective pilot study was to investigate the potential use of LSM for the diagnosis of @entity5 and its precursors. METHODS: Forty-three larynx specimens of 26 @entity1 (age 35-61 years, mean age 51.9+/-9.5 years; 7 @entity1 and 19 @entity1 ) with laryngeal lesions were investigated with LSM. The LSM findings were compared with histopathologic sections. The following criteria were used for characterization of @entity5 : enlarged nuclei, enlarged cells with variable shapes, cluster of cells, increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, irregular cell architecture, and loss of cellular junctions characterized by lack of visualization of the cell membrane. RESULTS: LSM enables the visualization of epithelium up to the basement membrane, Reincke space, the subepithelial vessels, and the fibers of the subepithelial space. In contrast to the squamous epithelium, the respiratory epithelium bears kinocilia. The beat of the cilia and the directed mucous transport can be observed ex vivo. With the use of the presented @entity5 criteria, a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 82.9% for differentiation of @entity1141 and benign laryngeal lesions from @entity5 were reached. CONCLUSIONS: LSM in an ex vivo manner supplies microscopic images up to the subepithelial space. LSM could represent a new technology in laryngology to visualize larynx epithelia. In the next step, in vivo LSM will be applied to evaluate laryngeal lesion in vivo.

title: Laser scanning microscopy of the XXXX larynx mucosa: a preliminary, ex vivo study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancerous lesions', 'laryngeal cancer', 'cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity5607 ( @entity5607 ) is an @entity1141 that may result in @entity85 . The purpose of this study was 2-fold: to describe the natural history of @entity85 in @entity1 with @entity5607 , with particular attention to those who develop @entity8244 , and to determine predictors of @entity85 . METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed charts of all @entity1 with @entity5607 evaluated at our institution. @entity1 with the presence of a radiographically visible @entity705 in the forearm were divided into 5 groups or types based on location of the @entity705 (s). Radiographic measurements included radial articular angle, percent ulnar variance, radial bow, radial length, ulnar length, and ulnar bow. The predictive values of each measure were statistically evaluated for each type with relation to @entity8244 . RESULTS: Of 146 @entity1 with @entity5607 , 102 @entity1 (70%) had forearm involvement. Appropriate anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were available on 48 @entity1 (76 forearms). Average age at initial radiographic evaluation was 12 years (range, 2-18 y). Average follow-up period was 7 years (range 1-19 y). Thirteen forearms demonstrated @entity8244 , with all but 1 reported in the type 1 limbs ( @entity705 ). @entity8244 was noted in 34% (12/35 forearms) of type 1 limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Forearms with @entity705 of the distal ulna are the ones most likely to develop @entity8244 . Because the ulna growth is disproportionately less than radial growth, the soft tissues may act as a tether, linking the distal radius and ulna, and lead to @entity8244 . Changes in radiographic measurements may predict limbs at risk for @entity8244 .

title: Effect of @entity705 location on @entity85 in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity705 :: ('MESH:D015831', 'Disease') :: ['isolated osteochondromas', 'solitary distal ulna osteochondroma', 'osteochondroma']

entities_list: @entity8244 :: ('MESH:C566728', 'Disease') :: ['Radial head dislocation', 'radial head dislocation']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformity', 'forearm deformity']

entities_list: @entity5607 :: ('MESH:D005097', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis', 'MHO']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal-dominant skeletal dysplasia']

answer: @entity5607 :: (MESH:D005097,Disease) :: ['multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity5 are @entity361 with unpredictable progression and high recurrence risk. They can occur sporadically or in association with @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ), which is caused by germline @entity1412 mutations. The Wnt/ @entity3546 pathway has a central role in the pathogenesis of @entity5 . These @entity5 can occur due to either a somatic @entity3546 or @entity1412 mutation but can also be the first manifestation of @entity1412 . Because germline @entity1412 analysis is not routinely performed in @entity1 with @entity5 , the diagnosis @entity1412 may escape detection. The aim of this study is to form guidelines for the identification of possible @entity1412 germline mutation carriers among @entity1 with @entity5 , based on @entity3546 mutation analysis and immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) for @entity3546 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We performed IHC of @entity3546 and mutation analysis of @entity3546 and @entity1412 in 18 paediatric @entity5 , diagnosed between 1990 and 2009 in the Erasmus MC, Rotterdam. RESULTS: In 11 @entity5 , IHC showed an abnormal nuclear @entity3546 accumulation. In this group a @entity3546 mutation was detected in seven @entity5 . In two @entity5 with an abnormal nuclear @entity3546 accumulation and no @entity3546 mutation, an @entity1412 mutation was identified, which appeared to be a germline mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant staining of @entity3546 in paediatric desmoids helps to identify @entity1 at risk for @entity1412 . We recommend to screen paediatric @entity5 for nuclear localisation of @entity3546 and consequently for @entity3546 mutations. For @entity1 with nuclear @entity3546 expression and no @entity3546 mutations, @entity1412 mutation analysis should be offered after genetic counselling.

title: Identification of @entity1412 carriers among XXXX with @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Desmoid tumours', 'desmoid tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity361 :: ('MESH:C535700', 'Disease') :: ['rare mesenchymal tumours']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['Familial Adenomatous Polyposis', 'APC', 'FAP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Rapid and prolonged effects of recombinant @entity1 @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) on @entity19 thyroid were studied. After daily administration of 15 micrograms or 1 microgram @entity5003 for 7 consecutive days, serum T4 concentrations rapidly fell to undetectable levels but returned to near control level after the cessation of @entity5003 . On the 31st day, 3 weeks after the drug cessation, a significant @entity308 of serum T4 was observed again. In addition, the @entity5003 -treated @entity19 thyroid showed an in vitro unresponsiveness to TSH, with an increase of pituitary TSH (2.24-fold by 15 micrograms @entity5003 ). To understand underlying mechanisms further, serial observations were performed. Thyroidal T4 contents increased initially, decreased to a low level at day 14, and returned to approximately the control level. @entity5003 administration induced an increase in the basal thyroidal @entity268 level for a prolonged period. Its response to TSH showed a gradual decline to a level approximately 30% of the control by the 31st day. Pituitary TSH contents on the 22nd and 31st days showed significant elevations. Slight decreases in thyroidal TSH binding and T4 contents also were seen concomitantly. These studies indicate that an administration of a large dose of @entity5003 results in a dramatic decrease in serum T4 primarily through the inhibition of T4 release from the thyroid. The results also indicate the induction of a prolonged @entity1375 state due to the unresponsiveness to TSH via a postreceptor mechanism.

title: Prolonged effects of recombinant @entity1 @entity1192 on XXXX thyroid function.

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1 alpha', 'IL-1 alpha']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Sympathovagal imbalance has been shown in @entity2012 by indirect measurements of adrenergic tone. Data regarding direct measurement of sympathetic activity are lacking as yet. Aim of this study was to assess the adrenergic tone through direct recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in acromegalic @entity1 . DESIGN: Fifteen @entity1 (age 26-66 years, eight @entity1 ) with newly diagnosed active @entity2012 without @entity4089 , @entity7961 , @entity27 and @entity1283 , and 15 healthy subjects matched for age, sex and body mass index were recruited. After evaluating anthropometric and echocardiographic parameters, anterior pituitary function, @entity413 and lipid metabolism, and measuring plasma @entity1243 , direct recording of sympathetic outflow via the microneurographic technique was performed. RESULTS: For similar anthropometric and metabolic parameters in @entity1 and controls, HOMA index was significantly increased in the former (4  2    2  39 vs 1  6    0  19, P < 0  001). Surprisingly, this finding of insulin resistance was accompanied by a marked sympathetic inhibition (MSNA 18  3    8  10 vs 37  3    6  48 bursts/min, P < 0  0001, respectively in @entity1 and controls). A reduction in plasma @entity1243 (1  6    1  04 vs 6  5    2  01  g/l, P < 0  0001) was also recorded in the @entity1 . MSNA was positively correlated with @entity1243 (P < 0  0001). CONCLUSIONS: Newly diagnosed acromegalic @entity1 without @entity1283 display a decreased sympathetic outflow in spite of insulin resistance. This finding might be related to hypoleptinaemia.

title: Decreased adrenergic tone in XXXX : evidence from direct recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinaemia']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnoea']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity7961 :: ('MESH:C580003', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary hormone deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: The experimental models used by investigators to study @entity583 have been considered as to their possible application for use in studies of the healing of @entity583 . The information concerning healing has also been surveyed. In general, the healing of the @entity583 in the @entity235 and in the @entity35 is by connective tissue replacement of the injured tissue resulting in a scar similar to skin scars. In the healing process, there is an early increase of glycoproteins, possibly from serum, and of hyaluronic acid in the injured tissue. Much of this is part of the general reaction to injury and may not be part of the healing process. Somewhat later (about 2-3 days in the @entity235 ) the @entity12006 fraction begins to rise. Collagen biosynthesis increases at the same time although this relationship is not well established. Much later (after 30 days in @entity235 ) the @entity12006 content of the injured tissue begins to decrease. At this time the scar is well formed. Much later (as late as 171 days) the scar in the myocardium still contains elevated amounts of @entity12006 . The dermatan @entity597 is increased and the hyaluronic acid slightly decreased as compared to undamaged myocardium. These changes are typical in maturing scars of skin.

title: Healing of XXXX in animal models.

entities_list: @entity12006 :: ('MESH:D002809', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin-4-sulfate']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarct']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 safety and preventable @entity12463 remain crucial aspects of optimum medical care and continue to receive public scrutiny. Signs of physiologic instability often precede overt clinical deterioration in many @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate our early experience with implementation of a rapid response team (RRT) which would evaluate and treat nonintensive care unit (nonICU) @entity1 with early signs of physiologic instability. We hypothesized that early evaluation and intervention before deterioration would avoid progression to @entity1167 in @entity1 . METHODS: In March 2005, our urban Level I @entity130 center implemented an RRT to react to @entity1 clinical deterioration; in effect, bringing critical care to the bedside. This team is available 24 hours/day, 7 seven days/week and consists of an intensivist, an ICU nurse, and a respiratory therapist. Activation criteria include pulse<40 or>130 beats per minute, systolic blood pressure<90 mm Hg, respiratory rate<8 or>24 breaths per minute, @entity410 , an acute change in mental status, or nursing staff concern for any other reason. Data were prospectively collected, including the number of RRT activations and the occurrence of @entity1167 . RESULTS: Between March and December 2005, the RRT was activated 76 times. All RRT activations were reviewed and thought to be appropriate. During the same time period the year before initiation of the RRT, there were 27 nonICU cardiac arrests. After RRT implementation, there were 13 cardiac arrests that occurred on the floor, representing just over a 50% reduction in @entity1167 . Medical staff feedback regarding the RRT was uniformly positive. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the RRT was well received by the hospital staff. Despite initial concerns to the contrary, the RRT was not over utilized. RRT activation resulted in early @entity1 transfer to a higher level of care and avoided progression to @entity1167 .

title: Implementation of a rapid response team decreases XXXX outside of the intensive care unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity12463 :: ('MESH:D031261', 'Disease') :: ['inhospital mortality']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['inhospital cardiac arrest', 'cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: Ovarian @entity5 account for 10 to 20 percent of @entity43 . They differ from typical @entity43 in that they do not grow into the @entity43 . Likewise, if they spread outside the ovary, for example, into the abdominal cavity, they do not usually grow into the lining of the abdomen. These @entity5 tend to affect @entity1 at a younger age than the typical @entity43 and are less life-threatening than most @entity43 . Guidelines for surgical treatment of @entity43 are similar to those for @entity43 and include hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. However, @entity1 with @entity43 tend to be younger than @entity1 with invasive @entity43 . For many of these @entity1 , fertility is an important issue. Previous studies have suggested the safety of conservative surgery with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or cystectomy for @entity1 with @entity43 . Despite infrequent data, this observation has been expanded to include @entity1 with @entity5 . Recurrence is noted more often after this type of treatment, but does not seem to have a negative effect on survival. Management of conservative treatment (complete staging, cystectomy or oophorectomy, oophorectomy or adnexectomy) are still under debate since none avoids the malignant transformation risk. Thus, close follow-up is mandatory and the optimal moment for final oophorectomy remains unclear. When ovarian preservation is impossible, @entity43 or emergency ovarian induction before the surgical procedure to obtain embryos are promising but still under evaluated options.

title: [Ovarian XXXX : how to preserve fertility?].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['low malignant potential tumor', 'cancers', 'advanced-stage disease']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancers', 'ovarian epithelial tumors', 'stage I borderline ovarian tumors', 'borderline ovarian tumors', 'oocyte/ovarian cryopreservation', 'ovarian cancer', 'ovarian stroma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['low malignant potential tumor']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Class 4 invasive cervical root resorption (ICRR) presents a treatment dilemma in endodontics. The widely accepted treatment options for a class 4 ICRR are to leave these teeth untreated for as long as they are asymptomatic or extraction. This report presents a conservative approach for the management of class 4 ICRR. A 28-year-old @entity1 was referred for root canal treatment of tooth #26. The @entity1 had a history of orthodontic treatment. Radiographic evaluation showed class 4 ICRR that had perforated the root canal space, a radiolucent crestal bony defect, and a @entity1548 . Clinically, a deep (6-mm) probing area was found on the mesial side of the tooth that bled on probing. The tooth was sensitive to percussion. After the treatment options were discussed with the @entity1 , she chose to save the tooth. After complete chemomechanical preparation of the root canal, the entire canal space and perforation area were filled with @entity460 -enriched mixture cement. No attempt was made to mechanically remove the resorptive lacuna. Twenty four months after treatment, the tooth was functional and asymptomatic, and probing was within normal limits (<3  mm) with no @entity548 during probing. Radiographic examination revealed no progression of resorption, @entity66 . Obturation of the root canal space with @entity460 -enriched mixture cement may be a viable treatment option for an otherwise non-treatable tooth with class 4 invasive cervical root resorption.

title: Conservative Management of Class 4 Invasive Cervical Root Resorption Using XXXX -enriched Mixture Cement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['osseous healing of the crestal bony defect, and healing of the periapical lesion']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1548 :: ('MESH:D010483', 'Disease') :: ['periapical lesion']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']


abstract: Human leukocyte antigen-G ( @entity6393 ) is a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule involved in immune tolerance processes, playing an important role in the maintenance of the semi-allogeneic fetus. Although @entity6393 expression is restricted in normal tissues, it is broadly expressed in @entity5 and may favor @entity5 immune escape. We analyzed @entity6393 protein and mRNA expression in @entity5 samples from @entity1 with @entity463 collected in France, Denmark, and Brazil. We found @entity6393 protein expression in 65 of 108 samples and mRNA in 20 of 21 samples. The absence of @entity6393 protein expression was associated with a better long-term survival rate. The mechanisms underlying @entity6393 gene expression were investigated in @entity11 cell lines U251MG, D247MG, and U138MG. Induction of @entity6393 transcriptional activity was dependent of @entity11508 treatment and enhanced by interferon-y. @entity6393 protein expression was observed in @entity1 cells only. These cells exhibited a permissive chromatin state at the @entity6393 gene promoter and the highest levels of induced @entity6393 transcriptional activity following @entity11508 treatment. Several antigen-presenting machinery components were up-regulated in @entity1 cells after demethylating and IFN-y treatments, suggesting an effect on the up-regulation of @entity6393 cell surface expression. Therefore, because of its role in @entity5 tolerance, @entity6393 found to be expressed in @entity463 samples should be taken into consideration in clinical studies on the pathology and in the design of therapeutic strategies to prevent its expression in @entity6393 -negative @entity5 .

title: Human leukocyte antigen-G is frequently expressed in XXXX and may be induced in vitro by combined @entity11508 and interferon-y treatments: results from a multicentric study.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity11508 :: ('MESH:C014347', 'Chemical') :: ["5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine"]

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic yield of audiograms associated to electronystagmography (ENG) for screening @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ), to determine what definition of asymmetric @entity1274 (ASNHL) fits best for the diagnosis of VS, and to determine if cochleovestibular symptoms and @entity731 potential risk factors play a role in the VS screening. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review in a tertiary care center. METHODS: One hundred twenty-two @entity1 were included in the study and divided into 2 groups: 1) @entity1 presenting a VS (n = 74) and 2) @entity1 without VS (n = 48). They had received an audiometry assessment, an ENG, and a posterior fossa magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, a variety of risk factors and clinical data were collected. Mean hearing threshold by frequency, mean asymmetries by frequency, speech discrimination score ( @entity214 ), ENG results, and presence or absence of vertigo are studied. Cochleovestibular symptoms and @entity731 potential risk factors were collected. Characteristics were studied with analysis of variance, chi2 test, or a paired t test. A receiver operating characteristic curve was obtained. A logistic regression with a step-wise selection based on the likelihood ratio was used to identify the best subgroup of predictors of the VS. RESULTS: The most revealing data were the mean ASNHL at 3,000 Hz (p < 0.001), the interaural @entity214 asymmetry (p < 0.001), the @entity51 (p < 0.049), and the absence of vertigo (p < 0.001). The ASNHL at 3,000 Hz was the most representative value of all the frequencies and for the @entity214 asymmetry. Interaural difference of 15 dB or more at 3,000 Hz is sufficient to consider @entity393 as asymmetric. When the cutoff for a positive test was placed at 50% probability, the receiver operating characteristic curve shows a sensitivity of 73%. The grade of the @entity5 was also related with the degree of ASNHL at 3,000 Hz. Caloric test does not predict the localization or the grade of the VS. @entity392 and @entity731 potential risk factors were not considered significantly linked with VS. CONCLUSION: To reduce the number of negative MRI performed in the investigation of an ASNHL, we propose the "rule 3,000," ASNHL of 15 dB or more at the 3,000-Hz frequency. In this case, an investigation with MRI is crucial. If this ASNHL is less than 15 dB, we recommend a biannual audiometric follow-up.

title: Asymmetric @entity393 : rule 3,000 for screening XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VSs', 'vestibular schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular deficit']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['Tinnitus']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity5513 :: (MESH:D009464,Disease) :: ['vestibular schwannoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To predict the outcomes of a non-operative approach to managing urinary extravasation after blunt @entity8 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted between January 2004 and October 2011. First-line non-operative management was proposed for 99 @entity1 presenting with a grade IV blunt @entity8 according to the revised American Association for the Surgery of @entity130 (AAST) classification. Among them, 72 @entity1 presented with a urinary extravasation. Management and outcomes were recorded and compared between @entity1 presenting and those who did not present with urinary leakage. Relative postoperative renal function was assessed 6 months after the @entity130 using @entity9409 renal scintigraphy. Predictors of the need for endoscopic or surgical management and long-term renal function were evaluated on multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Among @entity1 with urinary leakage, endoscopic ureteric stent placement and open surgery were required in 37% and 15%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, fever of >38.5   C and ureteric clot obstruction were independent predictors of the need for ureteric stent placement. The only predictor of open surgery was the percentage of devitalised parenchyma. Long-term renal function loss was correlated to the percentage of devitalised parenchyma and associated @entity75 . Urinary extravasation did not predict surgical intervention or long-term renal function loss. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary extravasation after blunt @entity8 can be successfully managed conservatively and does not predict long-term decreased renal function or surgery requirement. A devascularised parenchyma volume of >25% predicts a higher rate of surgery and poorer renal function.

title: High-grade XXXX : non-operative management of urinary extravasation and prediction of long-term outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal trauma', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['visceral lesions']

entities_list: @entity9409 :: ('MESH:D004113', 'Chemical') :: ['dimercapto-succinic acid']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal injury']


abstract: Increased expression of @entity876 has been found in the majority of @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ). The pattern and intensity of this staining, as well as staining for proliferation antigens, seems to correlate with behavior of histologic subtypes of BCC. @entity9720 ( @entity9720 ) is considered a @entity4607 . @entity2785 do arise in @entity9720 , and, rarely, they show an aggressive biologic behavior. Significant numbers of these @entity5 , however, have areas of @entity1373 that are often reported as BCC. Although morphologically similar to BCC, the mechanism underlying the development of these areas has not been investigated, so we sought to evaluate the expression of Ber-EP4, @entity876 , proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki-67, @entity588 , @entity21939 , and @entity2280 in areas showing @entity1373 , arising in @entity9720 . We performed immunohistochemical stains for Ber-EP4, @entity876 , proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki-67, @entity588 , @entity21939 , and @entity2280 on seven cases of @entity9720 with areas of @entity1373 . All of the eight cases of @entity9720 showed diffuse positive membrane staining for Ber-EP4 and negative nuclear staining for @entity876 . Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 staining was only slightly increased in the areas of @entity1373 , compared with the surrounding epidermis and with areas of the epidermis peripheral to the @entity7881 , and @entity588 was only focally positive. @entity21939 -positive cells and @entity2280 -positive vascular endothelial cells were increased within the subjacent dermis, a pattern suggestive of follicular differentiation. Our findings suggest that even though areas of @entity1373 in @entity9720 are morphologically similar to BCC, they are induced by different stimulatory and molecular mechanisms. These different mechanisms result in expression of immunohistochemical markers more characteristic of @entity5 than of BCC.

title: Immunohistochemical staining for Ber-EP4, @entity876 , proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki-67, XXXX , @entity2280 , and @entity21939 in nevus sebaceus.

entities_list: @entity2785 :: ('MESH:D009375', 'Disease') :: ['Multiple epithelial neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity7881 :: ('MESH:C563621', 'Disease') :: ['hamartomatous proliferation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['benign follicular tumors', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['basaloid hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity9720 :: ('MESH:D054000', 'Disease') :: ['Nevus sebaceus', 'NS']

entities_list: @entity4607 :: ('MESH:D006222', 'Disease') :: ['hamartoma']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell carcinomas', 'BCCs']

answer: @entity588 :: (596,Gene) :: ['bcl-2']


abstract: @entity1063 sensitivity (pD2-value) and agonist dissociation constant (pKA-value) were determined in the following 4 @entity235 arteries: thoracic and abdominal aorta, mesenteric and renal. The experiments were done in the presence of beta- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor blockers, and inhibitors of neuronal and non-neuronal uptake of @entity5733 . A positive correlation was found in the pD2- and pKA-values for @entity1063 (r = 0.976, P less than 0.05). The slope (0.92) was not significantly different from 1. The pD2- and pKp (negative log of dissociation constant of partial agonist)-values of @entity1338 , an alpha 1-adrenergic partial agonist, were also determined. There was a positive correlation between the pD2- and pKp-values (r = 0.974, P less than 0.05). Again, the slope (1.39) was not significantly different from 1. These results indicate that the regional difference in the pD2-values for @entity1063 and @entity1338 in @entity235 arteries is due to the affinities to alpha 1-adrenoceptors and that there is a qualitative difference between alpha 1-adrenoceptor mechanisms in the arteries and veins. However, no positive correlation between the pD2-values for @entity1063 and @entity1338 was observed (r = 0.182, P greater than 0.05). Thus, it may be suggested that either the recognition sites for @entity1063 , @entity1338 and @entity3159 are different or else their mode of attachment to the same recognition site is not identical.

title: A regional difference in alpha 1-adrenoceptors in XXXX arteries.

entities_list: @entity1338 :: ('MESH:D003000', 'Chemical') :: ['clonidine']

entities_list: @entity5733 :: ('D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline', 'noradrenaline']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: A 46-year-old @entity1 presented with multiple @entity601 in the posterior fossa and spinal canal. Neuroimaging demonstrated @entity601 in the interspace between the left cerebellar hemisphere and vermis, the lateral side of the right cerebellar hemisphere, and the ventral side of the spinal cord at the @entity3627 and @entity10287 levels. Total resection of the paravermian @entity45 and partial removal of the spinal @entity45 at the @entity10287 level were performed. Histological examination showed the @entity45 wall consisted of single or multiple layers of columnar epithelial cells with secretory granules, with mucin secretion verified by periodic acid-Schiff staining. Immunohistochemical staining showed the walls were positive for the cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and carcinoembryonic antigen, and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein. These findings confirmed the endodermal origin. The diagnosis was @entity601 . The paravermian @entity45 disappeared, but the spinal @entity45 at the @entity10287 level recurred 8 months later. Reoperation became necessary 16 months later. The other two cysts also showed enlargement at 6 or 15 months. Total removal of @entity601 is recommended if possible.

title: Multiple XXXX in the posterior fossa and cervical spinal canal--case report.

entities_list: @entity601 :: ('MESH:D009436', 'Disease') :: ['neurenteric cysts', 'neurenteric cyst']

answer: @entity601 :: (MESH:D009436,Disease) :: ['neurenteric cysts']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity712 ), assessment of functional capacity plays an important prognostic role. Both 6-minute walk and cardiopulmonary exercise testing have been used to determine physical function and to determine prognosis and even listing for transplantation. However, as in @entity712 trials, the number of @entity1 reported has been small, and the cutoffs for transplantation have been representative of male populations and extrapolated to @entity1 . It is also well known that peak @entity4962 as a determinant of fitness is inherently lower in @entity1 than in @entity1 and potentially much lower in the presence of @entity712 . Values for a female population from which to draw for this important determination are lacking. METHODS: The @entity712 -ACTION trial randomized 2,331 @entity1 (28% @entity1 ) with New York Heart Association class II-IV @entity712 due to @entity299 to either a formal exercise program in addition to optimal medical therapy or to optimal medical therapy alone without any formal exercise training. To characterize differences between @entity1 and @entity1 in the interpretation of final cardiopulmonary exercise testing models, the interaction of individual covariates with sex was investigated in the models of (1) VE/VCO(2), (2) VO(2) at @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ), (3) distance on the 6-minute walk, and (4) peak VO(2). RESULTS: The @entity1 were younger than the @entity1 and more likely to have a nonischemic etiology and a higher ejection fraction. Dose of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) was lower in the @entity1 , on average. The lower ACEI dose may reflect the higher use of angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) in @entity1 . Both the peak VO(2) and the 6-minute walk distance were significantly lower in the @entity1 than in the @entity1 . Perhaps the most significant finding in this dataset of baseline characteristics is that the peak VO(2) for @entity1 was significantly lower than that for @entity1 with similar ventricular function and health status. CONCLUSION: Therefore, in a well-medicated, stable, class II-IV @entity712 cohort of @entity1 who are able to exercise, @entity1 have statistically significantly lower peak VO(2) and 6-minute walk distance than @entity1 with similar health status and ventricular function. These data should prompt careful thought when considering prognostic markers for @entity1 and listing for cardiac transplant.

title: Baseline differences in the XXXX -ACTION trial by sex.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventilatory threshold']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['systolic dysfunction']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['HF']


abstract: @entity734 on @entity1853 of @entity5 cells is a @entity5 . Recombinant @entity1853 alpha,gamma-lyase ( @entity25535 ), an @entity1853 depleting enzyme cloned from @entity15250 , was shown to have efficacy on a broad series of @entity5 cell lines. Twenty-one different @entity1 @entity5 cell lines (4 lung, 4 colon, 4 kidney, 4 @entity320 , 3 CNS, and 2 prostate) from the NCI @entity1 Tumor Cell Line Screen and 7 @entity1 normal cell strains were treated with @entity25535 in vitro. We showed that @entity25535 had a mean IC(50) (units @entity25535 /ml) for the following @entity5 cell types: renal, 0.07; colon, 0.04; lung, 0.12; prostate, 0.01; @entity320 , 0.19; and CNS, 0.195, which was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that for normal cell strains: skin fibroblasts, 4; aortic smooth muscle cells, 0.88; aortic endothelial cells, 0.8; keratinocytes, 0.75; and bronchial epithelial cells, 0.75. @entity25535 was also conjugated with @entity968 ( @entity970 ). @entity970 - @entity25535 also had high @entity5 cell-killing activity. In vitro studies, animal studies and clinical trials have now shown that @entity1853 restriction is an effective anticancer strategy. Cells from many different types of @entity5 are @entity1853 dependent. The most effective strategy to deplete @entity1853 is with the use of @entity25535 . @entity970 - @entity25535 offers additional advantages of increasing the circulating half-life and reducing the immunogenicity of @entity25535 which is a bacterial protein. The results of the current study demonstrate the broad clinical potential for @entity25535 and @entity970 - @entity25535 for @entity5 treatment.

title: Broad selective efficacy of recombinant methioninase and @entity968 -modified recombinant methioninase on XXXX cells In Vitro.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer-specific metabolic defect', 'tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity15250 :: ('303', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas putida']

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine', 'L-methionine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['Elevated dependence']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair STudies (EVEREST) are investigating a percutaneous technique for edge-to-edge mitral valve repair with a repositionable clip. The effects on the mitral valve gradient (MVG) and mitral valve area (MVA) are not known. METHODS: Twenty seven @entity1 with moderate to severe or severe @entity339 ( @entity339 ) were enrolled. Echocardiography was performed preprocedure, at discharge, and at 1, 6, and 12 months. Mean MVG was measured by Doppler and MVA by planimetry and pressure half-time, and evaluated in a central core laboratory. Pre- and postclip deployment, simultaneous left atrial/pulmonary capillary wedge and left ventricular pressures were obtained in eight @entity1 . RESULTS: Three @entity1 did not receive a clip, six @entity1 had their clip(s) explanted by 6 months (none for @entity4794 ), and four were repaired with two clips. Results are notable for a slight increase in mean MVG by Doppler postclip deployment (1.79 +/- 0.89 to 3.31 +/- 2.09 mm Hg, P < 0.01) and an expected decrease in MVA by planimetry (6.49 +/- 1.61 to 4.46 +/- 2.14 cm(2), P < 0.001) and by pressure half time (4.35 +/- 0.98 to 3.01 +/- 1.42 cm(2), P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in hemodynamic parameters postclip deployment by direct pressure measurements. There was no change in MVA by planimetry from discharge to 12 months (3.90 +/- 1.90 to 3.79 +/- 1.54 cm(2), P = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiographic and hemodynamic measurements after percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip show an expected decrease in mitral valve area with no evidence of clinically significant @entity4794 either immediately after clip deployment or after 12 months of follow-up.

title: Mitral valve hemodynamic effects of percutaneous edge-to-edge repair with the MitraClip device for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral stenosis']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral regurgitation']


abstract: With age an increase in prostatic smooth muscle tone mediated by a1L-adrenoceptors contributes to the lower urinary tract symptoms associated with @entity1067 . Current treatments for @entity1067 include a1-adrenoceptor antagonists which inhibit smooth muscle contraction. However, muscarinic receptors also mediate prostatic smooth muscle contraction and targeting a convergent signalling pathway may be a more effective treatment strategy. This study determined signalling pathways involved in contraction by measuring isometric force developed by prostates from wild type, a1A-adrenoceptor and M3-muscarinic receptor knockout @entity19 mounted in organ baths in response to, electrical field stimulation or exogenously applied agonists, in the presence or absence of signalling pathway inhibitors. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry was also used to confirm functional observations. Contractile responses mediated by @entity5402 were reduced by inhibitors of phospholipase C ( @entity4385 ; 3-10   M), L-type @entity141 channels ( @entity594 ; 1   M), Rho kinase ( @entity12223 ; 10-30   M), but not protein kinase C (GF109203 X;10   M). @entity594 (1   M), @entity12223 (10   M), and @entity11009 (10   M) inhibited nerve mediated contractile responses. @entity12223 (10-30   M) inhibited @entity1063 mediated contractions. @entity22296 and @entity22636 were found to be immunolocalised with prostatic smooth-muscle. Contractions mediated by M3-muscarinic receptors in the @entity19 prostate involve the prototypical phospholipase C signalling pathway, as well as L-type @entity141 channels. Adrenergic and cholinergic components of smooth muscle contraction in the @entity19 prostate both involve the activation of the Rho-kinase pathway, which may be a suitable common pathway for more effective treatments of symptoms associated with @entity1067 .

title: Rho kinase activation mediates adrenergic and cholinergic smooth muscle contractile responses in the XXXX prostate gland.

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine', 'Nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: Secretory clusterin (sCLU)/ @entity4716 is an extracellular chaperone that has been functionally implicated in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, apoptotic cell death, and tumorigenesis. It exerts a prosurvival function against most therapeutic treatments for @entity5 and is currently an antisense target in clinical trials for @entity5 therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its function remained largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The molecular effects of small interfering RNA-mediated sCLU depletion in nonstressed @entity1 @entity5 cells were examined by focusing entirely on the endogenously expressed sCLU protein molecules and combining molecular, biochemical, and microscopic approaches. RESULTS: We report here that sCLU depletion in nonstressed @entity1 @entity5 cells signals stress that induces @entity876 -dependent @entity851 and high rates of endogenous apoptosis. We discovered that increased apoptosis in sCLU-depleted cells correlates to altered ratios of proapoptotic to antiapoptotic @entity588 protein family members, is amplified by @entity876 , and is executed by mitochondrial dysfunction. sCLU depletion-related stress signals originate from several sites, because sCLU is an integral component of not only the secretory pathway but also the nucleocytosolic continuum and mitochondria. In the cytoplasm, sCLU depletion disrupts the @entity10320 - @entity589 complex and triggers @entity589 activation and relocation to mitochondria. We show that sCLU binds and thereby stabilizes the @entity10320 - @entity589 protein complex serving as a cytosol retention factor for @entity589 . CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that elevated sCLU levels may enhance tumorigenesis by interfering with @entity589 proapoptotic activities and contribute to one of the major characteristics of @entity5 cells, that is, resistance to apoptosis.

title: Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing @entity876 -activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic @entity10320 - XXXX protein complex.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4716 :: ('1191', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein J']

answer: @entity589 :: (581,Gene) :: ['Bax']


abstract: @entity3597 ( @entity3598 ) infection of the @entity19 provides a powerful model to study the pathogenesis of @entity778 . @entity3598 and other alphavirus-based vector systems are increasingly used in biotechnology and medicine. This study analysed the strong susceptibility of this virus to @entity3027 responses. Following intraperitoneal infection of adult @entity19 , @entity3598 A7(74) was efficiently (100 %) neuroinvasive. In contrast, @entity3599 was poorly (21 %) neuroinvasive. Upon entry into the brain, both viruses activated type I @entity3027 responses. As determined by quantitative RT-PCR, activation of the @entity3027 gene was proportional to virus RNA load. An intact type I @entity3027 system was required for protection against both strains of @entity3598 . @entity3027 strongly curtailed virus spread in many cell types and in many tissues. In @entity19 with an intact type I @entity3027 system, infected cells were rarely observed and tissue tropism was difficult to determine. In the absence of a functional type I @entity3027 system, the tropism and the potential for rapid and widespread infection of this virus was revealed. @entity778 was readily observed in the myocardium, endocardium, exocrine pancreas, adipose tissue, smooth muscle cells and in the brain in meningeal cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes. In the brains of @entity19 with and without type I @entity3027 responses, virus infection of neurons remained rare and focal, indicating that the previously described restricted replication of @entity3598 A7(74) in neurons is not mediated by type I @entity3027 responses.

title: The type I interferon system protects XXXX from @entity3597 by preventing widespread virus dissemination in extraneural tissues, but does not mediate the restricted replication of avirulent virus in central nervous system neurons.

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['Virus infection', 'virus encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity3597 :: ('11033', 'Species') :: ['Semliki Forest virus']

entities_list: @entity3027 :: ('3439', 'Gene') :: ['type I interferon (IFN)', 'IFN-alpha', 'IFN']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: High-mol.-wt levan injected locally inhibits the growth of @entity2 in C57BL @entity19 . The inhibition is dependent on the number of @entity5 cells injected and on the dose of levan. The inhibition decreases @entity5 incidence and size as well as prolonging survival. The polysaccharide is most effective when injected daily beginning on the day of @entity5 -cell inoculation. Treatment begun on later dates is less effective. Treatment begun one day before @entity5 -cell inoculation enhances @entity5 growth. Histological studies showed that levan induces an intense polymorphonuclear (PMN) reaction followed by accumulation of vacuolated, levan-laden macrophages. Both PMN and activated macrophages seemed to have an inhibitory effect upon the growth of the @entity5 . The effector role of PMN was not explained by the histological study. @entity5 cells in close contact with levan-laden macrophages appeared mostly @entity39 . Administration of levan begun one day before @entity5 -cell inoculation produced a similar reaction, but the infiltrating cells did not appear to approach and damage the @entity5 cells.

title: The role of macrophages and polymorphs in the levan-induced inhibition of @entity2 in C57BL XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lewis lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: AIM: The occurrence of silent @entity741 during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been documented, but its clinical significance remains unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the incidence and risk factors of @entity741 during ERCP, to determine the presence or absence of permanent @entity296 and to evaluate if deep sedation with @entity1875 had a positive effect on @entity741 during ERCP. METHODS: Ambulatory ST-segment monitoring from 30 minutes prior to 4 hours after ERCP was obtained on 50 @entity1 . A deep sedation was performed with intravenous @entity1875 administered by anesthesiologist. Changes in vital signs during ERCP, pre and postprocedural 12-lead ECG examination and cardiac enzymes were evaluated. RESULTS: Silent @entity299 occurred only in one @entity1 (2%) during ERCP. This 64-year-old @entity1 did not develop @entity519 , @entity591 or @entity551 periods during the exam. None of the @entity1 developed cardiac enzymes or postprocedural electrocardiographic changes. Thirty seven (74%) @entity1 suffered rhythm changes. CONCLUSION: Although rhythm disturbances were common, silent @entity741 during ERCP was rare (2%) and without clinical relevance. In prolonged or complex therapeutic procedures, like ERCP, deep sedation with @entity1875 performed by trained personnel is associated with @entity299 .

title: XXXX during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - A real problem?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac ischemia', 'reduced cardiac complications']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['Myocardial ischemia']