abstract: @entity6595 seem to have unique clinical, pathologic, and immunophenotypic features that set them apart from @entity706 . Microscopic examination of endoscopic biopsy specimens is the most frequent procedure used to diagnose @entity356 , but it is very difficult, and sometimes impossible, to @entity706 in endoscopic samples by histologic or even immunohistologic methods. Because most @entity6595 are of B-cell origin, we used flow cytometry to assess B-cell clonality in gastric biopsy specimens containing dense lymphocytic infiltrates thought to @entity706 . We prepared viable cell suspensions from unfixed specimens obtained from 29 consecutive @entity1 who had a previous microscopic diagnosis of suspicious @entity356 . We performed immunophenotypic studies with multicolor flow cytometry, and we assessed clonality by examination of immunoglobulin (Ig) light-chain expression analyzed exclusively on B cells identified by anti- @entity2225 or @entity1075 antibodies. The mean number of cells recovered was 1.04 x 10(6), from an average of 5.5 gastric biopsy fragments per @entity1 . In 26 of the 29 @entity1 , the number of cells was adequate for analysis. We detected B-cell monoclonality in 16 cases, including 5 in which the percentage of clonal B cells was less than 5%. Of the 16 cases, only 8 could be diagnosed as @entity706 on morphologic grounds alone; the remaining 8 @entity1 had either @entity706 or chronic @entity3621 . The three cases with an insufficient number of cells were considered non-neoplastic either on histologic grounds alone or in conjunction with Southern analysis of Ig genes. We conclude that flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis of freshly prepared cell suspensions obtained from endoscopic biopsy specimens can be used to evaluate @entity356 . Specifically, the analysis of surface Ig light-chain expression on B cells distinguishes between monoclonal ( @entity706 ) and polyclonal (nonlymphoma) infiltrates. The rapidity, ease, quantitative properties, and sensitivity of this technique make it a supplement to the morphologic assessment of @entity356 .

title: Contribution of flow cytometry to the diagnosis of XXXX in endoscopic biopsy specimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['represent lymphoma', 'lymphoma', 'recognize lymphomas', 'nodal lymphomas', 'suspicious lymphoid infiltrates', 'lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity6595 :: ('MESH:C535648', 'Disease') :: ['Gastric lymphomas', 'gastric lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric tumors', 'gastric lymphocytic infiltrates', 'gastric lymphoid infiltrates']

answer: @entity6595 :: (MESH:C535648,Disease) :: ['gastric lymphomas']


abstract: Fecundity rates were measured for 343 @entity1 in 467 cycles of ovulation induction with @entity1592 ( @entity1592 ) from January 1990 to April 1992. Total pregnancy rate per cycle (PR) was 15.6% with a @entity2208 ( @entity2208 ) rate of 19.2%, an ectopic pregnancy (EP) rate of 4.1%, a @entity2099 ( @entity2099 ) rate of 19.2%, and an ongoing or live-birth (LB) rate of 12.0%. Using gonadotropins as a unique or as an additional stimulatory reagent improved the pregnancy rate of anovulatory @entity1 by more than three-fold over use of @entity4082 (CC) alone (33.3% vs 10.7%). In other diagnostic entities, the PRs were higher, but the difference was not statistically significant between these two stimulation protocols (13.9% vs 8.4%; t = 1.70, p > 0.05). Pretreatment sperm motility and the post-treatment total motile sperm count were significantly correlated with the PRs. The same phenomena occurred when the number of follicles > or = 12 mm and the serum @entity53 concentrations were taken into account. The highest PR was detected when the endometrial thickness fell between 8 and 13 mm. The @entity2208 rate was higher in CC only cycles and when the serum E2 was below 1000 pg/mL on the day @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin was administered. A @entity2099 could be predicted when a cycle of more than 10 follicles > or = 12 mm was detected (44.4%). The complications of controlled @entity43 with @entity1592 were low and mild in our study, comprising six cases of moderate to severe @entity43 and three cases of @entity4134 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Treatment of infertility using controlled @entity43 with XXXX : the experience of 343 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['SA', 'spontaneous abortion']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome', 'ovarian hyperstimulation']

entities_list: @entity4082 :: ('MESH:D002996', 'Chemical') :: ['clomiphene citrate']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['IUI', 'intrauterine insemination']

entities_list: @entity2099 :: ('MESH:D011254', 'Disease') :: ['MP', 'multiple pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity4134 :: ('MESH:D000292', 'Disease') :: ['acute pelvic inflammatory disease']

answer: @entity1592 :: (MESH:D005317,Disease) :: ['intrauterine insemination']


abstract: We have applied EM in situ hybridization (EMISH) and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to samples from diploid primary cell cultures and an established cell line to examine in detail the relative organization of the major and minor satellite DNAs and telomere sequences in the genomes of @entity32113 and Mus spretus. EMISH localizes the @entity32113 minor satellite to a single site at the centromere-proximal end of each chromosome. Double label hybridizations with both minor satellite and telomere probes show that they are in close proximity and possibly are linked. In fact, PFGE of @entity14085 DNA digested with Sal I and Sfi I reveals the presence of fragments which hybridize to both probes and is consistent with the physical linkage of these two sequences. The @entity14085 minor satellite is the more abundant satellite in Mus spretus. Its distribution in M. spretus is characterized by diffuse labeling with no obvious concentration near chromosome ends. In addition to this repeat the M. spretus genome contains a small amount of DNA that hybridizes to a @entity14085 major satellite probe. Unlike the @entity14085 minor satellite, it is not telomere proximal but is confined to a domain at the border of the centromere and the long arm. Thus, although both species possess all three sequences, except for the telomeres, their distribution relative to one another is not conserved. Based on the results presented, we propose preliminary molecular maps of the centromere regions of @entity32113 and Mus spretus.

title: Cytological and molecular characterization of centromeres in XXXX and Mus spretus.

entities_list: @entity32113 :: ('10092', 'Species') :: ['Mus domesticus']

answer: @entity32113 :: (10092,Species) :: ['Mus domesticus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The influence of @entity28 on @entity260 after various surgical interventions remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of overweight and @entity28 on the occurrence of @entity260 for @entity1 undergoing elective resection for @entity189 . METHODS: We conducted a retrospective data analysis of 676 @entity1 undergoing surgical treatment for @entity189 . Depending on their body mass index (BMI), @entity1 were grouped as follows: group I, @entity1 up to BMI 24.9 kg/m; group II @entity1 , with a BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m; and group III, all @entity1 with a BMI >30 kg/m. Complications were classified as minor and major with regard to severity grades (1-5). Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the difference in complication rates between the different BMI groups. RESULTS: A total of 444 @entity1 were included for analysis. Overall, 300 (67.6%) of the 444 @entity1 did not develop @entity260 , 82 (18.4%) @entity1 had minor complications (grade 1 + 2), and 56 @entity1 (12.6%) had major (grade 3 + 4) complications. Six (1.4%) @entity1 died (grade 5). The Fisher exact test indicated no statistically significant difference of complication rates between the different BMI groups (P = 0.3716). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with nonobese or normal-weight @entity1 , @entity28 @entity1 do not have a statistically significant higher risk of developing @entity260 after rectal resection for @entity189 .

title: Influence of body mass index on XXXX after rectal resection for @entity189 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity260 :: (MESH:D011183,Disease) :: ['postoperative complications']


abstract: Cell-mediated therapy for @entity18644 ( @entity18644 ) was studied using monkey @entity2907 epithelial cells (mAEC). The cells were transduced with a recombinant adenovirus expressing @entity1 beta-glucuronidase ( @entity12398 ), and cells overexpressing @entity12398 were generated. The cells expressed 2000-fold higher activities than the endogenous @entity12398 activities of nontransduced mAEC, demonstrating that mAEC were successfully transduced with adenoviral vectors. These cells also secreted high levels of @entity12398 . To clarify the cross-correction of @entity12398 secreted from mAEC, the conditioned medium containing high levels of @entity12398 was added into the medium for culturing @entity1 or @entity19 fibroblasts established from an @entity18644 @entity1 or a @entity19 model of the disease. Dramatic increases in @entity12398 activities were observed in both fibroblasts. We then transplanted the cells transduced with an adenovirus expressing LacZ into the caudate-putamen of monkey brain. Survival and distribution of the transplanted cells 1 month after the treatment were evaluated. Histochemical analysis showed that LacZ-positive cells were widely distributed in the brain, suggesting that the transplanted cells had migrated and were distributed even at regions far from the implantation site. These findings suggest that local intracerebral engraftment of genetically engineered @entity2907 epithelial cells is favorable for the treatment of lysosome storage disorders, whose pathological abnormalities are not restricted to specific regions of the brain.

title: Widespread distribution of adenovirus-transduced monkey XXXX epithelial cells after local intracerebral injection: implication for cell-mediated therapy for lysosome storage disorders.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity18644 :: ('MESH:D016538', 'Disease') :: ['mucopolysaccharidosis type VII', 'MPSVII']

answer: @entity2907 :: (MESH:D000652,Disease) :: ['amniotic']


abstract: AIM: Analysis of results of virological study of material from @entity1 of migrants and evaluation of intensity of immunity against polioviruses in these @entity1 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1668 feces samples from @entity1 with @entity912 and contact individuals and 479 feces samples from healthy @entity1 from families of migrants, as well as 1012 blood sera of @entity1 aged 3 - 4 and 14 - 15 years living in the same territory of Russia, and 169 blood sera of @entity1 of migrants were studied. Polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses were isolated by standard procedures recommended by WHO in 3 cell cultures - RD, L20B and Hep-2. Virus identification was carried out by microneutralization test with rabbit antisera against poliomyelitisvirus, RIVM (Bilthoven, Netherlands). For intra-type differentiation EIA and PCRwere used. Antibody titers were determined in microneutralization reaction with reference @entity9925 vaccines strains in Hep-2 cell culture. RESULTS: The frequency of detection of polioviruses in @entity1 of migrants was significantly higher than in @entity1 with @entity912 . In a larger percent of cases @entity1 of migrants did not have protective antibody titers against polioviruses of all the 3 serotypes. CONCLUSION: Migrants as a significant source of @entity9925 detection may be an indicator group for detection of signs of unfavorable epidemic situation. Based on the results of epidemiologic surveillance of migrants the fact of import of wild @entity9925 into North-West of Russia with the absence of @entity3328 was proven, which confirms an important role of this form of monitoring in the system of @entity3328 control.

title: [The role of epidemiologic surveillance of migrants in the system of XXXX control].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3328 :: ('MESH:D011051', 'Disease') :: ['poliomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['acute flaccid paralysis']

answer: @entity3328 :: (MESH:D011051,Disease) :: ['poliomyelitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1369 (ALDO) exerts profibrotic effects, acting via the mineralocorticoid receptors in cardiovascular tissues. @entity1369 antagonism in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition may better protect against the untoward effects of ALDO than angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition alone. METHODS: In a double-blind randomized study, the tolerability and efficacy of @entity38958 (25 mg/d) plus @entity3371 versus @entity3371 alone were evaluated in 510 @entity1 with an @entity583 ( @entity583 ), a serum @entity1011 concentration < 2.0 mg/dL, and a serum @entity972 level < 5.0 mmol/L. Three hundred forty-one @entity1 received @entity3371 and 25-mg @entity38958 (group A). Group B (346 @entity1 ) received @entity3371 and placebo. At baseline and at 10, 90, and 180 days after admission, Doppler echocardiography was performed. RESULTS: Clinical and demographic aspects were similar in both groups. In addition, baseline cardiac enzyme levels, left ventricular function, and incidence of surgical interventions and angioplasty were comparable. Overall, @entity1011 , blood @entity1133 , and serum @entity972 levels did not show significant differences between groups. However, in 18 @entity1 in group A, increases in serum @entity972 levels to > 5.5 mEq/L and @entity1011 levels to > 2.0 mg/L after 10 days of treatment were observed. At 180 days, the mitral E-wave-A-wave ratio was higher (P = .0001) and left ventricular end-systolic volume was smaller (P = .0001) in @entity1 treated with @entity38958 than in those receiving placebo. No further side effects were observed during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the combination of @entity3371 plus @entity38958 is well tolerated after an acute @entity583 and has beneficial effect on systolic and diastolic parameters and may decrease @entity583 .

title: Effects of XXXX plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors alone on systolic and diastolic function in @entity1 with @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['Aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity38958 :: ('CHEBI:50159', 'Chemical') :: ['canrenoate']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute anterior myocardial infarction', 'MI', 'post-MI remodeling']

answer: @entity38958 :: (CHEBI:50159,Chemical) :: ['canrenoate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity102 ( @entity102 ) is a common disease with still unclear pathophysiologic mechanisms. Epithelial tight junctions (TJs) have been shown to be involved in different @entity102 , including @entity565 , @entity29 , and @entity272 . The regulation of epithelial barrier function and TJ expression has not been extensively studied in @entity1 with @entity102 and in the paranasal sinus epithelium thus far. OBJECTIVE: We sought to elucidate the TJ expression pattern in the epithelium of the sinonasal mucosa and its regulation in @entity1 with @entity102 . METHODS: Trans-tissue resistance was measured in biopsy specimens from healthy control subjects and @entity1 with @entity102 with and without @entity480 . TJ protein expression was determined by using immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and real-time PCR. Primary epithelial cell cultures from @entity1 with @entity102 and control subjects were used in air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures for the measurement of transepithelial resistance (TER) and TJ expression. The effect of @entity379 , @entity3646 , and @entity4155 on ALI cultures was assessed. RESULTS: A decreased trans-tissue resistance was found in biopsy specimens from @entity1 with @entity102 with @entity480 along with an irregular, patchy, and decreased expression of the TJ molecules @entity11177 and zonula occludens 1. TER was reduced in ALI cultures from @entity1 with @entity102 with @entity480 . The cytokines @entity379 and @entity3646 decreased TER, whereas @entity4155 did not have any influence on epithelial integrity. CONCLUSION: A defective epithelial barrier was found in @entity1 with @entity102 with @entity480 along with a decreased expression of TJ proteins. The disruption of epithelial integrity by @entity379 and @entity3646 in vitro indicates a possible role for these proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of @entity1 with @entity102 .

title: Defective epithelial barrier in chronic rhinosinusitis: the regulation of tight junctions by @entity379 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel diseases']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disorders', 'CRS', 'Chronic rhinosinusitis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorders']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']

answer: @entity3646 :: (3565,Gene) :: ['IL-4']


abstract: Organic anion transporters (OATs, SLC22) interact with a remarkably diverse array of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. However, little is known about the structural features that determine their substrate selectivity. We examined the substrate binding preferences and transport function of olfactory @entity56674 , @entity56675 , in comparison with the more broadly expressed transporter, @entity30258 (first identified as NKT). In analyzing interactions of both transporters with over 40 structurally diverse organic anions, we find a correlation between organic anion potency (pKi) and hydrophobicity (logP) suggesting a hydrophobicity-driven association with transporter-binding sites, which appears particularly prominent for @entity56675 . On the other hand, organic anion binding selectivity between @entity56675 and @entity30258 is influenced by the anion mass and net charge. Smaller mono-anions manifest greater potency for @entity56675 and di-anions for @entity30258 . Comparative molecular field analysis confirms these mechanistic insights and provides a model for predicting new @entity56674 substrates. By comparative molecular field analysis, both hydrophobic and charged interactions contribute to @entity30258 binding, although it is predominantly the former that contributes to @entity56675 binding. Together, the data suggest that, although the three-dimensional structures of these two transporters may be very similar, the binding pockets exhibit crucial differences. Furthermore, for six radiolabeled substrates, we assessed transport efficacy (Vmax) for @entity56675 and @entity30258 . Binding potency and transport efficacy had little correlation, suggesting that different molecular interactions are involved in substrate binding to the transporter and translocation across the membrane. Substrate specificity for a particular transporter may enable design of drugs for targeting to specific tissues (e.g. olfactory mucosa). We also discuss how these data suggest a possible mechanism for remote sensing between OATs in different tissue compartments (e.g. kidney, olfactory mucosa) via organic anions.

title: Structural variation governs substrate specificity for @entity56674 ( @entity56674 ) homologs. Potential remote sensing by XXXX family members.

entities_list: @entity56674 :: ('4942', 'Gene') :: ['OAT', 'organic anion transporter']

answer: @entity56674 :: (4942,Gene) :: ['OAT']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The secret with any alternative to transfusion is to minimize the need for transfusion in the first place. This can be done by reducing the volume of @entity190 . The volume of blood being lost can be reduced by direct methods where possible (i.e., hemostasis at the point of @entity548 ), or by improving the coagulation profile of the @entity1 , thereby improving the extrinsic coagulation. Recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) offers theoretical possibilities of improving the coagulation profile. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The efficacy and safety of rFVIIa for the treatment of @entity548 in @entity1 with severe blunt and penetrating @entity130 has been investigated in two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies within a single trial-one on @entity1 with @entity1913 and the other in similar @entity1 with @entity2982 . RESULTS: In @entity1 with blunt @entity130 alive at 48 hours, treatment with rFVIIa effected a significant reduction in the primary endpoint of 48-hour red blood cell (RBC) transfusion requirement (p = 0.02), and the safety of the dosing regimen was established. Similar trends were observed in @entity1 with penetrating @entity130 . Across both studies and treatment arms, the 48-hour mortality rate ranged from 16 to 19 percent. In the blunt @entity130 study, this equated to 13 @entity1 from each arm who died before the benefits of treatment could be adequately assessed. Analysis of data for the 117 blunt @entity130 @entity1 who survived at least 48 hours after receiving study treatment shows that, in addition to reducing RBC requirement, rFVIIa significantly reduced the need for massive transfusion over 48 hours (>20 RBC units) (relative risk reduction of 56% [95% confidence interval: 9%-79%]; p = 0.03), and the fresh-frozen plasma (p = 0.036), platelet (p = 0.023), and cryoprecipitate (p = 0.053) requirements within 48 hours, and was associated with a significant reduction in the 30-day risk of @entity649 ( @entity649 ) (p = 0.05) and @entity881 and/or @entity649 (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Treatment with adjunctive rFVIIa significantly reduces transfusion requirements in the 48 hours after severe injury and these procoagulant effects may improve clinical outcome at 30 days.

title: The treatment of @entity548 is to stop the @entity548 ! Treatment of XXXX -related @entity548 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2982 :: ('MESH:D020197', 'Disease') :: ['penetrating injury']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

entities_list: @entity1913 :: ('MESH:D014949', 'Disease') :: ['blunt injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Thirty-eight cases diagnosed by fine needle aspiration as cutaneous/subcutaneous deposits from internal @entity189 were analyzed. Eighteen @entity1 had undergone previous surgery for primary @entity5 in the breast (9 cases), prostate (1), kidney (1), ovary (1), rectum (3), cervix (1), cheek (1) and periampullary region (1). The metastatic deposits in these cases occurred 1-42 months following removal of the primary @entity5 . Sixteen @entity1 had metastatic deposits occurring simultaneously with the @entity5 in the lung (4 cases), pancreas (1), stomach (3), esophagus (1), ovary (1), rectum (1) anal canal (1), maxillary antrum (1), gallbladder (1), colon (1) and kidney (1). In four @entity1 with metastatic nodules, the primary was undetected in spite of a thorough clinical examination and laboratory investigations. There were five cases of Sister Mary Joseph's nodule (umbilical metastases), four from primary @entity5 in the abdomen and one in which the primary remained unknown. The deposits were solitary except in one case and were usually less than 2.5 cm in diameter. @entity5 can be a differential diagnosis. Special stains were of little help in such cases, and correlation with the clinical findings was enough to arrive at the diagnosis. Fine needle aspiration provides a rapid morphologic diagnosis in @entity1 with cutaneous/subcutaneous metastatic deposits from internal @entity189 .

title: Metastatic cutaneous and subcutaneous deposits from internal XXXX . An analysis of cases diagnosed by fine needle aspiration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Adnexal tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor', 'neoplasms', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: Although cyst(e)ine is nutritionally a non-essential @entity535 , lymphoid cells cannot synthesize it, rendering their growth dependent on uptake of cyst(e)ine from their microenvironment. Accordingly, we previously suggested that the x(c)- plasma membrane @entity1434 transporter provided a target for lymphoid @entity5 therapy. Its inhibition could lead to cyst(e)ine @entity706 cells via reduction of both their @entity1434 uptake and @entity462 supply by somatic cells. In this study, using @entity35 @entity42990 @entity706 , drugs were screened for growth arrest based on x(c)- inhibition. @entity3378 was fortuitously found to be a novel, potent inhibitor of the x(c)- transporter. It showed high @entity35 @entity706 growth-inhibitory and lytic activity in vitro (IC50 = 0.16 mM), based specifically on inhibition of x(c)--mediated @entity1434 uptake, in contrast to its colonic metabolites, @entity27009 and @entity2983 . @entity3378 was even more effective against @entity1 @entity1893 (DoHH2) cultures. In @entity35 (n = 13), @entity3378 (i.p.) markedly inhibited growth of well-developed, rapidly growing @entity35 @entity42990 @entity706 transplants without apparent side-effects. Reduced, macrophage-mediated supply of @entity462 was probably involved. In five @entity35 , 90-100% @entity5 growth suppression, relative to controls, was obtained. The x(c)- @entity1434 transporter represents a novel target for @entity3378 -like drugs with high potential for application in therapy of lymphoblastic and other @entity5 dependent on extracellular cyst(e)ine.

title: XXXX , a potent suppressor of @entity706 growth by inhibition of the x(c)- @entity1434 transporter: a new action for an old drug.

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'lymphoma cultures', 'deficiency in lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity2983 :: ('MESH:D019804', 'Chemical') :: ['5-aminosalicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity3378 :: ('MESH:D012460', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfasalazine', 'Sulfasalazine']

entities_list: @entity27009 :: ('MESH:D013427', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfapyridine']

answer: @entity3378 :: (MESH:D012460,Chemical) :: ['Sulfasalazine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Proinflammatory cytokines such as @entity3426 ( @entity3426 ) and @entity5 @entity39 factor-a ( @entity1505 ) play an important role in the development of @entity99 /reperfusion injury. @entity55910 has been characterized as a potent suppressant of @entity3426 and @entity1505 production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of @entity55910 on cold @entity63 / reperfusion injury in @entity35 liver transplantation. METHODS: Donor livers were preserved with cold University of Wisconsin solution for 48 hr and transplanted orthotopically. Immediately after reperfusion, @entity55910 (1 mg/kg, FR-treated group) or normal saline solution (control group) was administered i.v.. The severity of @entity99 was determined by hepatic enzyme levels as well as by histological findings. The accumulation of @entity3426 and @entity1505 mRNA in the liver was analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Tissue factor expression was subjected to immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: In the FR-treated group, release of @entity492 aminotransferase and @entity493 aminotransferase after reperfusion was significantly lower (P<0.05 and P<0.02, respectively), and histological @entity99 was less prominent, than in the control group. Accumulation of @entity3426 and @entity1505 mRNA was suppressed in the FR-treated liver. Tissue factor expression on Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells, marked in the control group, was almost absent in the FR-treated group. Seven-day survival in the FR-treated group (75%) was significantly better than that in the control group (12.5%) (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that treatment with @entity55910 ameliorates cold @entity63 /reperfusion injury in liver transplantation.

title: Beneficial effect of @entity55910 on cold @entity63 /reperfusion injury in XXXX liver transplantation.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury', 'hepatic ischemia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative modification of lipoproteins may play a significant role in atherogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that the @entity68 chelator @entity23224 (L1) would function as an antioxidant and decrease @entity731 progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the in vitro studies, @entity1 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was collected and then subjected to oxidation by either hemin/ @entity274 or @entity3973 in the presence of various concentrations of L1. Lag time to oxidation was measured to assess antioxidant activity of L1. In addition, @entity1 umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were subjected to oxidized LDL in the presence of varying concentrations of L1 to assess the antioxidant cytoprotective ability of L1. For the in vivo studies, @entity95 (n = 21) were maintained on a 0.25% by weight @entity165 diet for 10 weeks; 9 @entity95 also received twice daily L1 by gavage (total dose = 100 mg/kg/day). Lipid profiles were measured during the study. At 10 weeks, @entity95 were sacrificed, and thoracic aorta @entity165 content (TACC) and planimetry were determined to assess @entity731 severity. RESULTS: In vitro, L1 prevented oxidation of LDL and protected HUVEC from the cytotoxic effects of oxidized LDL in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, L1 reduced TACC (P = 0.001), while also significantly decreasing total plasma @entity165 (P = 0.003), very-low-density lipoprotein @entity165 (P = 0.01), and LDL @entity165 (P = 0.002) compared to control animals. However, no significant differences between L1-treated animals and controls were evident for the surface area of plaque involvement by planimetry (P = 0.3) or in the serum @entity68 levels (P = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that L1 possesses antioxidant activity in vitro and may reduce atherogenesis in vivo.

title: XXXX and @entity731 : inhibition by the @entity68 chelator @entity23224 (L1).

entities_list: @entity3973 :: ('MESH:D019327', 'Chemical') :: ['copper sulfate']

entities_list: @entity23224 :: ('MESH:C044919', 'Chemical') :: ['deferiprone']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity68 :: (MESH:D007501,Chemical) :: ['Iron']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity10129 , a dihydropy ridine @entity460 antagonist, is a potent vasodilator with selectivity for the coronary tree. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the onset and duration of antianginal and anti- @entity63 efficacy of a single oral dose of @entity10129 compared with placebo in @entity1 with @entity5749 . METHODS: In 33 @entity1 with @entity5749 , @entity10129 was tested (10 mg daily) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs having antianginal and anti- @entity63 effects (except sublingual @entity1242 ) were withdrawn @entity1 underwent a four-day "washout" phase, then were randomly assigned to @entity10129 (10 mg daily) or placebo for six days. On Day 4 and Day 10, three times of treadmill exercise testing were performed before daily medication was given, 2 hours and 6 hours after dosing, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-eight @entity1 (14 taking @entity10129 and 14 taking placebos completed the study and were included in the statistical evaluation. Compared with placebo, total exercise duration increased significantly during all three sequential exercise testing in @entity1 receiving @entity10129 . The frequency of @entity2142 decreased significantly while @entity1 were receiving @entity10129 (0.29 +/- 0.44/ @entity1 / day versus 0.14 +/- 0.26/ @entity1 /day, p < 0.05). Similarly, there was a trend toward a decrease in the consumption of sublingual @entity1242 while @entity1 were receiving @entity10129 . Adverse effects were mild. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms that @entity10129 is an active antianginal and anti- @entity63 agent, with an acceptable side effect profile when used as monotherapy. The anti- @entity63 effect lasted more than six hours and the drug could be administered once daily.

title: Antianginal and anti- @entity63 efficacy of @entity10129 in XXXX : a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1242 :: ('MESH:D005996', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerin']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['stable angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity10129 :: ('MESH:D015737', 'Chemical') :: ['nisoldipine', 'Nisoldipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2142 :: ('MESH:D006461', 'Disease') :: ['anginal attacks']

answer: @entity5749 :: (MESH:D060050,Disease) :: ['stable angina pectoris']


abstract: Ten cases of @entity3620 identified histologically at the Department of General Medicine in May 1983-June 1987, are examined in this paper. Occupational risk factors and clinical features are discussed. Only one @entity1 (10%) was subjected to occupational risk of @entity1355 exposure (as a smith) while the other nine @entity1 showed a negative anamnesis for direct or indirect @entity1355 exposure. However, one of these @entity1 was a tram-driver. The @entity1 ' mean age was 69 years old. 7 @entity1 were males. 7 @entity1 were born in an industrialized urban environment, 3 were born in an agricultural environment: all had been living in Milan for many years. Pleural fluid cytology was only useful in the diagnosis of 2 cases. This study suggests that @entity3620 is a @entity5 which also affects @entity1 not exposed to @entity1355 at work and that its frequency is increasing. The most probable cause is environmental contamination by @entity1355 of urban industrialized areas. Thus, it is necessary to eliminate this mineral from all manufacturing processes in which @entity1355 is not indispensable.

title: [Is XXXX only an occupational disease?].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['pleural malignant mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant mesothelioma of the pleura']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Czech Republic has reported one of the highest incidence rates of @entity320 ( @entity320 ) in Europe and the rate continues to rise. Our study undertook a detailed investigation of the incidence and mortality of @entity320 relative to sex, age and disease stage. The main goals were to elucidate the causes of the rising trends and explain the differences in development relative to sex, age and disease stage. METHODS AND RESULTS: The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) using the Joinpoint Regression Model was calculated separately for @entity1 and @entity1 for all age categories and for all T stages of @entity2802 classification. The EAPC for @entity1 was slightly higher than for @entity1 . This was only found in @entity320 thinner than 1 mm (T1). For all other stages (T2, T3 and T4) the situation was worse in @entity1 . A higher incidence rate of @entity320 and the higher value of EAPC were found for @entity1 in younger age categories (up to 49 years). In the next age category, from 50 to 59 years, the incidence of @entity320 was comparable in both sexes as well as the EAPC. In the older age categories, i.e. 60 years and older, a significant increase was found predominantly in @entity1 . The mortality rates were only comparable between @entity1 and @entity1 in the 20 to 29 year age group. In all other categories there was a higher mortality for @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The number of @entity320 cases in the Czech Republic is increasing faster than any other @entity5 . Despite improved survival rates, the death rate from @entity320 continues to climb as a result of exponential increases in incidence. Thus primary and secondary prevention campaigns are essential for future reductions in @entity320 incidence and mortality in the Czech Republic.

title: XXXX in the Czech Republic: Incidence and mortality according to sex, age and disease stage.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'CM', 'melanomas', 'cutaneous melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['Malignant melanoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To characterize how the mechanisms that produce unilateral form-deprivation @entity4457 integrate the effects of normal and @entity227 over time, the effects of brief daily periods of unrestricted vision on the spatial vision losses produced by monocular form deprivation were investigated in @entity1 monkeys. METHODS: Beginning at 3 weeks of age, unilateral form deprivation was initiated in 18 @entity1 monkeys by securing a diffuser spectacle lens in front of one eye and a clear plano lens in front of the fellow eye. During the treatment period (18 weeks), three @entity1 wore the diffusers continuously. For the other experimental @entity1 , the diffusers were removed daily and replaced with clear, zero-powered lenses for 1 (n=5), 2 (n=6), or 4 (n=4) hours. Four @entity1 reared with binocular zero-powered lenses and four normally reared monkeys provided control data. RESULTS: The degree of @entity4457 varied significantly with the daily duration of unrestricted vision. @entity1949 caused severe @entity4457 . However, 1 hour of unrestricted vision reduced the degree of @entity4457 by 65%, 2 hours reduced the deficits by 90%, and 4 hours preserved near-normal spatial contrast sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The severely amblyogenic effects of form deprivation in @entity1 primates are substantially reduced by relatively short daily periods of unrestricted vision. The manner in which the mechanisms responsible for @entity4457 integrate the effects of normal and @entity227 over time promotes normal visual development and has important implications for the management of @entity1 @entity1 with conditions that potentially cause @entity4457 .

title: Brief daily periods of unrestricted vision can prevent form-deprivation XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal vision']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['Continuous form deprivation']

entities_list: @entity4457 :: ('MESH:D000550', 'Disease') :: ['amblyopia']

answer: @entity4457 :: (MESH:D000550,Disease) :: ['amblyopia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of @entity1 with co-existing cervical spondylotic compression and enhancing intramedullary swelling of uncertain aetiology. We describe the key features, suggest a management plan and review the literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A short series of six cases with cervical @entity602 and radiological features of spondylotic compression, swollen cervical cord and intramedullary enhancement is described. Detailed descriptions of clinical features, radiological findings, surgical approaches and outcomes are discussed. All @entity1 underwent cervical decompression via an anterior approach, posterior approach or both. Despite initial concerns that the aetiology might be @entity5 , no biopsy of cervical cord was required in any of the cases. RESULTS: Symptoms improved in four cases whilst contrast enhancement only improved in two cases following decompression. One @entity1 who failed to improve postoperatively was found to have @entity7993 . No @entity1 became worse after the cervical decompression. CONCLUSION: Swelling of the spinal cord with enhancement and co-existing @entity1745 , in the first instance, should be treated by decompression only. Biopsy to diagnose intrinsic @entity5 or inflammatory conditions should not be performed unless there is radiological or clinical progression despite adequate decompression.

title: Swelling and enhancement of the cervical spinal cord: when is a @entity5 not a XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spondylotic cord compression']

entities_list: @entity7993 :: ('MESH:C535814', 'Disease') :: ['neurosarcoidosis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: After hepatic portoenterostomy for @entity2876 , granulation that formed at the porta @entity9429 caused @entity253 in seven out of 27 @entity1 (26%). Six of the seven developed the complication during the first 6 weeks after surgery. The mortality rate was 29% (2/7). Among the same group, the incidence and mortality rate of ascending @entity255 was 19% (5/27) and 20% (1/5), respectively. The features characteristic of @entity253 caused by granulation, as compared with those of ascending @entity255 , were the absence of signs of @entity281 and the lack of response to medical treatment. Quantitative analysis of the healing process of an experimental hepatoenterostomy in the @entity35 showed that the mean thickness of the granulation formed at the anastomotic site (area, 5 x 20 mm) decreased almost constantly--from 1.49 mm on day 7 to 0.64 mm on day 42. Mucosa covered 20% of the granulation on day 7, 55% on day 14, 63% on day 21, 76% on day 28, and 92% on day 42. The increase in coverage was greatest during the second postoperative week. The results suggested that the healing of the hepatoenteostomy should be almost complete within 6 weeks. The operative method and postoperative management to prevent excessive granulation should be chosen so as to decrease the incidence of @entity86 .

title: Granulation at the porta XXXX following hepatic portoenterostomy for @entity2876 : the healing of experimental hepatoenterostomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity2876 :: ('MESH:D001656', 'Disease') :: ['biliary atresia']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity9429 :: (MESH:D010382,Disease) :: ['hepatis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Risk factors for local and distant recurrence after breast-conserving therapy and mastectomy were compared to define guidelines for the decision making between both treatments. @entity1 AND METHODS: The data of two randomized clinical trials for @entity0 @entity1 were pooled. The total number of @entity1 in the study was 1,772, of whom 879 underwent breast conservation, and 893, modified radical mastectomy. Representative slides of the @entity5 were available for histopathologic review in 1,610 cases (91%). RESULTS: There were 79 @entity1 with local recurrence after breast-conservation and 80 after mastectomy, the 10-year rates being 10% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8% to 13%) and 9% (95% CI, 7% to 12%), respectively. Age no more than 35 years (compared with age >60: hazard ratio [HR], 9.24; 95% CI, 3.74 to 22.81) and an extensive intraductal component (HR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.26 to 5.00) were significantly associated with an increased risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy. Vascular invasion was predictive of the risk of local recurrence, irrespective of the type of primary treatment (P <.01). @entity5 size, nodal status, high histologic grade, and vascular invasion were all highly significant predictors of distant disease after breast-conserving therapy and mastectomy (P <.01). Age no more than 35 years and microscopic involvement of the excision margin were additional independent predictors of distant disease after breast-conserving therapy (P <.01). CONCLUSION: Age no more than 35 years and the presence of an extensive intraductal component are associated with an increased risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy. Vascular invasion causes a higher risk of local recurrence after mastectomy as well as after breast-conserving therapy and should therefore not be used for deciding between the two treatments.

title: Differences in risk factors for local and distant recurrence after breast-conserving therapy or mastectomy for XXXX : pooled results of two large European randomized trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumor', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage I and II breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['stage I and II breast cancer']


abstract: Conventional @entity1707 production evolved to routinely use antimicrobials, and common occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been reported. There is a paucity of information on the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in @entity1707 production in the absence of antimicrobial selective pressure. Therefore, we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from antimicrobial-free and conventional production systems. A total of 889 @entity1707 and 743 carcasses were sampled in the study. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher among the antimicrobial-free systems (15.2%) than the conventional systems (4.2%) (odds ratio [OR] = 4.23; P < 0.05). Antimicrobial resistance was detected against 10 of the 12 antimicrobials tested. The highest frequency of resistance was found against @entity803 (80%), followed by @entity3639 (43.4%) and @entity207 (36%). Frequency of resistance to most classes of antimicrobials (except @entity803 ) was significantly higher among conventional farms than antimicrobial-free farms, with ORs ranging from 2.84 for @entity2755 to 23.22 for @entity7913 at the on-farm level. A total of 28 antimicrobial resistance patterns were detected. A resistance pattern with @entity3639 , @entity207 , and @entity803 (n = 130) was the most common multidrug resistance pattern. There was no significant difference in the proportion of isolates with this pattern between the conventional (19.5%) and the antimicrobial-free systems (18%) (OR = 1.8; P > 0.05). A pentaresistance pattern with @entity869 , @entity2755 , @entity3639 , @entity207 , and @entity803 was strongly associated with antimicrobial-free groups (OR = 5.4; P = 0.01). While showing the higher likelihood of finding antimicrobial resistance among conventional herds, this study also implies that specific multidrug-resistant strains may occur on antimicrobial-free farms. A longitudinal study with a representative sample size is needed to reach more conclusive results of the associations detected in this study.

title: Comparison of prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and occurrence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in antimicrobial-free and conventional XXXX production.

entities_list: @entity7913 :: ('MESH:D007612', 'Chemical') :: ['kanamycin']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pig']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study of female home care personnel employed in a municipality (n = 643; participation rate 94%) we investigated (1) the prevalence of tender points and @entity239 ( @entity239 ); (2) the relationships between tender point score and other signs and symptoms; (3) if subgroups based on the tender point score differed with respect to signs, symptoms, disability, and health related quality of life; and (4) signs that showed the strongest intercorrelations with disability and health. METHODS: The following variables were registered: (1) Signs: joint mobility, spinal posture and mobility, tender points, and segmental mobility and @entity158 provocation at L4-S1 levels of the low back. (2) SYMPTOMS: @entity158 and @entity158 intensity and other symptoms. (3) Disability (i.e., self-rated reduced capacity for everyday activities and employment) and health: 3 indices and sick leave. RESULTS: The tender point score correlated with the number of @entity158 regions and the @entity158 intensities, and the amount of other symptoms, sick leave, and disability. Tender point score was the strongest regressor of the investigated signs in regression of the 2 disability indices. Segmental @entity158 showed the strongest correlation with tender point score. Three subgroups identified by tender point score showed significant differences in segmental @entity158 , prevalence and intensity of different symptoms, disability, and health related quality of life. The prevalence of @entity239 was 2.0%. CONCLUSION: Tender point score together with different symptoms showed relatively strong correlations with disability. A relatively high prevalence of @entity239 was found in occupationally active female home care personnel.

title: Tender point scores and their relations to signs of mobility, symptoms, and disability in female home care personnel and the prevalence of XXXX syndrome.

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['fibromyalgia', 'FM']

answer: @entity239 :: (MESH:D005356,Disease) :: ['fibromyalgia']


abstract: A correct interpretation of the result of a @entity1577 carrier test and a correct understanding of the risk of having a @entity1577 @entity1 is complicated by the limited sensitivity of the DNA test. The present paper addresses this problem, with special attention for the residual risk after a negative test result. Secondly, the impact of the test results on @entity1 bearing decisions is evaluated. Seventy percent of a sample of 200 subjects tested in the Center for @entity1 Genetics in Leuven answered a mailed questionnaire and participated in an interview. Knowledge about the recessive transmission of @entity1577 was weak. In the case of both partners receiving a negative test result, more than half the subjects were not aware of the restrictions of DNA testing, and were convinced that there was no residual risk. Two thirds of the subjects from the 'carrier + negative test result couples' were aware of the residual risk of having a @entity1577 @entity1 . This risk did not hamper further reproduction. Carriers who were single or whose partner was not tested, had much difficulties to understand the risk. Although most of them had no idea about their exact risk level, it influenced their childbearing decisions to some extent. It was also shown that the own risk of having a @entity1577 @entity1 had an impact on attitudes toward reproduction in hypothetical situations with different risk levels.

title: Risk perception after XXXX carrier testing and impact of the test result on reproductive decision making.

answer: @entity1577 :: (MESH:D003550,Disease) :: ['CF']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of the expressions of @entity1198 cytokines in @entity356 tissue and the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity356 after radical resection. METHODS: Fifty-eight @entity1 with @entity356 treated at the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University were retrospectively analyzed. The expressions of @entity1198 cytokines mRNA were detected in @entity5 tissues by real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) method in @entity1198 cells including @entity55645 , @entity9688 , @entity10071 , @entity12711 , @entity10807 , @entity9388 , and @entity379 . Association of @entity1198 cytokines mRNA expressions and prognosis was evaluated. RESULTS: The median follow up was 42.5(1-64) months. The 1-year survival rate was 84.5% and the 3-year survival rate was 72.4%. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that lymph node @entity3 , distant @entity3 , TNM staging, lymphovascular invasion, @entity35424 mRNA expression, and the overall expression level of the 8 types of @entity1198 cells were associated with the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity356 (all P<0.05). The 3-year survival was 86.2% in @entity1 with increased expression of mRNA and 58.6% in those with decreased expression. The 3-year survival was 79.6% in @entity1 with any increase in the 8 @entity1198 cytokines and 33.3% in those with consistent downregulation of the 8 cytokines. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that lymph node @entity3 and the overall expression level of 8 @entity1198 cytokines were independent risk factors associated with the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity356 in this cohort(both P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The mRNA expression of @entity35424 is associated with the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity356 but is not an independent risk factor. The combination of mRNA expressions of the eight cytokines is an independent prognostic factor.

title: [Association of T helper cell 1 cytokines expressions with prognosis of XXXX @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: Our previous work showed a beneficial therapeutic effect on @entity9663 using slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, which produces a long-term @entity308 (LTD)-like effect. High-frequency supraorbital electrical stimulation, asynchronous with the R2 component of the blink reflex, can also induce LTD-like effects on the blink reflex circuit in healthy subjects. @entity1 with @entity9663 have reduced inhibition of their blink recovery curves; therefore, a LTD-like intervention might normalize the blink reflex recovery (BRR) and have a favorable therapeutic effect. This is a randomized, sham-controlled, observer-blinded prospective study. In 14 @entity9663 @entity1 , we evaluated the effects of high-frequency supraorbital stimulation on three separate treatment days. We applied 28 trains of nine stimuli, 400 Hz, either before or after the R2 or used sham stimulation. The primary outcome was the blink rate, number of @entity2473 rated by a blinded physician and @entity1 rating before, immediately after and 1 hour after stimulation while resting, reading, and talking; secondary outcome was the BRR. Stimulation "before" and "after" the R2 both showed a similar improvement as sham stimulation in physician rating, but @entity1 felt significantly better with the before condition. Improvement in recovery of the blink reflex was noted only in the before condition. Clinical symptoms differed in the three baseline conditions (resting, reading, and talking). Stimulation before R2 increased inhibition in trigeminal blink reflex circuits in @entity9663 toward normal values and produced subjective, but not objective, improvement. Inhibition of the blink reflex pathway by itself appeared to be insufficient for a useful therapeutic effect.

title: Long-term @entity308 -like plasticity of the blink reflex for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity9663 :: ('MESH:D001764', 'Disease') :: ['blepharospasm']

answer: @entity9663 :: (MESH:D001764,Disease) :: ['blepharospasm']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and feasibility of @entity29721 ( @entity18899 ) based photodynamic therapy ( @entity4906 ) as adjuvant treatment after transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) in @entity1 with intermediate or high-risk urothelial cell @entity189 (UCC) of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen @entity1 received 50 ml of either a 16 mM (4 @entity1 ) or 8 mM @entity18899 (13 @entity1 ) solution instilled intravesically. Bladder wall irradiation was performed using an incoherent white light source coupled via a quartz fiber assembled into a flexible transurethral irrigation catheter. Each @entity1 received 3 treatments with @entity18899 - @entity4906 6 weeks apart. After @entity4906 , @entity1 were followed by regular cystoscopy for up to 21 months to assess time to recurrence. Reported adverse events (AEs) were coded according the World Health Organization Adverse Reaction Terminology (WHO-ART). Efficacy was assessed by cystoscopy, cytology, and histology, and was defined as the number of @entity1 who were @entity5 -free at 6 or 21 months after initial @entity4906 treatment. Transient @entity1494 was reported by 15 of the 17 @entity1 and resolved completely in all @entity1 . No evidence of a cumulative effect of treatment on the incidence of AEs could be detected. @entity4906 treatment was performed without any technical complications. Furthermore preliminary assessment of efficacy showed that of the 17 @entity1 included, 9 (52.9%; 95% CI: 27.8-77.0) were @entity5 -free at 6 months, 4 (23.5%; 95% CI: 6.8-49.9) were @entity5 -free at 9 months, and 2 (11.8%, 95% CI: 1.5-36.4) were @entity5 -free after 21 months. CONCLUSIONS: @entity4906 using @entity29721 and an incoherent white light system with the special flexible irradiation catheter system is technically feasible and safe and may offer an alternative in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive intermediate and high-risk @entity150 .

title: Photodynamic therapy of @entity150 - a phase I study using @entity29721 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder irritability']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity29721 :: ('MESH:C419924', 'Chemical') :: ['hexaminolevulinate']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity18899 :: (CHEBI:30134,Chemical) :: ['HAL']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the apoptosis in placenta tissues of @entity1 with @entity101 complicating pregnancy and its relationship with @entity588 , @entity2533 , and to explore the etiology of @entity101 complicating pregnancy. METHODS: Forty-five placenta samples were obtained from pregnancies with @entity101 (15 gestational @entity101 , 15 mild @entity1468 , and 15 severe @entity1468 ) and 45 normal placenta tissues were enrolled from the third-trimester pregnancies. Immunohistochemistry (SP method) was used to study the expression of @entity588 and @entity2533 in @entity1 trophoblasts. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- @entity1977 nick end-labeling (TUNEL) was used to quantify the incidence of apoptosis in @entity1 trophoblasts. RESULTS: The apoptosis rate and @entity2533 expression in @entity101 complicating pregnancy group was higher than that in the control group, but the @entity588 expression was significantly lower than the control group (all Ps<0.01). With the aggravation of this illness, the apoptosis rate and @entity2533 expression in the gestational @entity101 group, mild @entity1468 group, and severe @entity1468 tended to be increasing, but the @entity588 expression was decreasing (P<0.001). The apoptosis of placenta villi and @entity2533 expression were positively correlated in the severe @entity1468 group and mild @entity1468 group,but the apoptosis of placenta villi and @entity588 were negatively correlated (all Ps<0.05). @entity2533 and @entity588 expressions in the severe @entity1468 group and mild @entity1468 group were negatively correlated (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Apoptosis of the placental trophoblasts of pregnancies with @entity101 is evidently enhanced. The @entity2533 expression increases and the @entity588 expression decreases. The imbalance between @entity2533 and @entity588 expression may induce the @entity101 .

title: [ @entity588 , @entity2533 , and apoptosis in placenta tissues in XXXX with @entity101 complicating pregnancy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive disorder', 'hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for preoperative staging in @entity3123 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRI investigations, including @entity90 (MRCP) of 19 @entity1 who underwent surgery for @entity3123 were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists. The size, localization of the @entity5 and possible infiltration of neighboring organs, as well as the presence of enlarged lymph nodes, were determined to define a preoperative, radiological @entity7443 stage. Lymph node @entity3 was defined as @entity706 greater than 10 mm. Our findings were correlated to postoperative diagnosis. RESULTS: The T-stage was correctly evaluated in 52.6% of the cases (10/19). Understaging took place in 31.6% (6/19) and overstaging in 15.8% (3/19). In three cases of understaging, a micro-infiltration of the peripancreatic tissue was not visible in MRI. Pathologically enlarged lymph nodes were correctly found in 63.2% of the cases (12/19). Overstaging took place in 21.1% of the cases (4/19) and understaging in 15.8% (3/19). CONCLUSION: MRl for preoperative staging of @entity3123 showed a tendency to understage @entity5 size in this study population. Especially in cases of small @entity5 size, micro-infiltration of peripancreatic tissue or the common bile duct may not be detected by MRI. Concerning N-stage, the 95% confidence interval reveals a distribution of over- and understaged.

title: Diagnostic accuracy of MRI for preoperative staging of XXXX : tendency for understaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity90 :: ('MESH:C564570', 'Disease') :: ['MR-angio and MR-cholangiopancreatography']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['peripancreatic lymphoma']

answer: @entity3123 :: (MESH:C562463,Disease) :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The @entity1 @entity22321 gene locates at the short-arm of the 20th chromosome. This article is was to map the promoter that transcribes the @entity1 @entity22321 gene. METHODS: The sequence of the @entity1 @entity22321 gene Exon I and its upstream segment were amplified using PCR, and inserted into a CAT reporter plasmid pBL-CAT6 after sequence analysis. The values of the relative CAT expression under the control of this fragment were evaluated after transiently transfected into HeLa, COS7 and Sh-sy5y cell lines. The amounts of transcription activator @entity3419 in these three cell lines were calculated with band-shift assays. RESULTS: Analysis of the @entity1 @entity22321 gene Exon I and its upstream segment showed a GC rich sequence, with several potential @entity3419 binding sites, but without any TATA-box. Under the control of this fragment, the CAT expressions were 2-3 folds increased in transient transfection. Quantity band-shift assays revealed that @entity3419 was enriched in HeLa cells, but undetectable in COS7 and Sh-sy5y cells. CONCLUSIONS: The sequence of the @entity1 @entity22321 gene Exon I and its upstream segment functions as a promoter-like sequence, probably being as a weak TATA-less promoter. Cells derived from different tissues contain different amount of @entity3419 . The activity of this promoter-like sequence seems to be independent of @entity3419 presence.

title: [The sequence of the @entity1 XXXX gene Exon I and its upstream segment has promoter-like activity].

answer: @entity22321 :: (10058,Gene) :: ['PrP']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine 2-month mortality and functional status outcomes after resolution of @entity55 in older long-term care facility (LTCF) @entity1 treated with and without hospital transfer. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, a 725-bed LTCF affiliated with an academic medical center, whose residents are cared for by staff physicians and geriatric fellows. @entity1 : LTCF residents with an acute episode of @entity55 , defined as a new respiratory sign or symptom and a new infiltrate on chest radiograph. MEASUREMENTS: Functional decline or @entity204 in the 2 months after the resolution of @entity55 . RESULTS: Of 312 cases of @entity55 , 246 (79%) were treated in the LTCF and 66 (21%) were treated in the hospital. Equal proportions of @entity1 died of their @entity55 (13% vs 12%), but a larger proportion of those hospitalized had either worsening in their functional status or had died at 2 months (P = .005, Mantel-Haenszel trend test). In a logistic regression model controlling for differences between @entity1 treated at the two sites, hospital treatment remained associated with poorer 2-month outcome (AOR 3.02, 95% CI 1.32, 7.22), with a significant interaction between respiratory rate and treatment site. LTCF treatment was associated with better 2-month outcomes only among @entity1 with a lower respiratory rate. For these @entity1 , the difference in outcome between LTCF treatment and hospital treatment was greatest for @entity1 who were independent or mildly dependent at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: In this academic LTCF, treatment for @entity55 without hospital transfer resulted in better 2-month outcomes compared with hospital treatment. Although the difference in outcome may be explained in part by differences between @entity1 treated with and without hospital transfer, it persisted after correcting for these differences. The benefits of LTCF treatment appear to be greatest for those with less severe @entity55 and more independent functional status.

title: Short-term functional outcomes of long-term care residents with XXXX treated with and without hospital transfer.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Both overproduction of @entity842 (NO) and oxidative @entity65 and pulmonary systems contribute to fatal @entity65 during @entity5694 . We investigated in the present study the relative contribution of oxidative stress and NO to @entity65 during different stages of @entity5694 , and delineated their roles in cardiovascular protective effects of a commonly used anesthetic @entity1875 during @entity5694 . METHODS: Experimental @entity5694 was induced by systemic injection of @entity526 lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 15 mg/kg) to @entity35 that were maintained under @entity1875 (15 or 30 mg/kg/h, i.v.) anesthesia. Mean systemic arterial pressure (MSAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored for 6 h after the endotoxin. Tissue level of NO was measured by chemical reduction-linked chemiluminescence and oxidative burst activity was determined using @entity16203 method. Expression of NO synthase (NOS) was determined by immunoblotting. The Scheff   multiple range test was used for post hoc statistical analysis. RESULTS: Systemic injection of LPS (15 mg/kg) induced biphasic @entity1168 . In the heart, lung and aorta, an abrupt increase in lipid peroxidation, our experimental index of oxidative tissue injury, was detected in early stage and sustained during @entity65 . LPS injection, on the other hand, induced a gradual increase in tissue @entity3542 and @entity1507 levels in the same organs that peaked during late stage @entity5694 . @entity1875 infusion (15 or 30 mg/kg/h, i.v.) significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation in the heart, lung and aorta during early and late stage @entity5694 . High dose (30 mg/kg/h, i.v.) @entity1875 also reversed the LPS-induced @entity1506 ( @entity1506 ) upregulation and NO production in the aorta, alongside a significant @entity65 and increase in survival time during @entity5694 . CONCLUSION: Together these results suggest that oxidative injury and NO may play a differential role in LPS-induced @entity65 . Oxidative tissue injury is associated with both early and late stage; whereas NO is engaged primarily in @entity65 . Moreover, @entity1875 anesthesia may protect against fatal @entity65 during @entity5694 by attenuating the late stage NO surge in the aorta, possibly via inhibition of @entity1506 upregulation by the endotoxin.

title: Differential protection against oxidative stress and XXXX overproduction in cardiovascular and pulmonary systems by @entity1875 during @entity5694 .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity1506 :: ('24599(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['inducible NO synthase', 'iNOS']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['decreases in MSAP and HR']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity16203 :: ('MESH:C067883', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydroethidium']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['late stage cardiovascular depression', 'amelioration of late stage cardiovascular depression', 'injury of cardiovascular', 'cardiovascular depression']

answer: @entity842 :: (MESH:D009569,Chemical) :: ['nitric oxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the interactive effects of oral contraceptive pill use and dietary fat intake on cardiovascular haemodynamics and metabolic parameters in young normotensive @entity1 . DESIGN: Thirty-two @entity1 participated, of whom 16 were taking oral contraceptive pills ( @entity2082 plus levonorgestrel) and 16 were age-matched and weight-matched controls not taking such pills. Subjects consumed either a high-fat or a low-fat diet for 2 weeks in an open, randomized, crossover study lasting 6 weeks. Investigations were performed at the end of each diet during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Blood pressure was measured by 24 h ambulatory recording; cardiovascular reactivity was determined by examining blood pressure responses to systemic infusions of @entity1063 and @entity2178 and to the cold pressor test; and @entity1735 metabolism was investigated by an intravenous @entity413 -tolerance test. RESULTS: Plasma @entity412 levels were significantly higher in @entity1 taking oral contraceptive pills compared with non-users on both diets; however, responses of lipoprotein levels to the two diets did not differ between study groups (total and low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels decreased by 15 and 17% in oral contraceptive pill users and by 14% each in non-users, on the low-fat compared with the high-fat diet). Fasting plasma @entity2690 levels, the @entity2690 -production response to administration of @entity413 ( @entity2690 area under the curve) and resting clinic and night-time systolic blood pressures were all significantly reduced on the low-fat diet, but only in non-users. Blood pressure responses to @entity1063 and maximal heart rate response to cold were significantly attenuated during the low-fat diet in oral contraceptive pill users. During the low-fat diet, resting systolic, 24 h @entity551 and @entity2690 area under the curve were all significantly higher for @entity1 taking the oral contraceptive pills. Users of these pills also exhibited a greater systolic sensitivity to administration both of @entity1063 and of @entity2178 and had a higher plasma @entity916 activity irrespective of dietary phase. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that oral contraceptive pills have the potential to cause adverse effects on blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and the @entity2690 -production response to administration of @entity413 and suggest that some of the beneficial effects of a low-fat diet on these parameters may be negated in @entity1 taking oral contraceptive pills.

title: A study of the interactive effects of oral contraceptive use and dietary fat intake on blood pressure, cardiovascular reactivity and @entity413 tolerance in normotensive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinyl-oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['systolic and diastolic blood pressures']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: @entity150 constitute a very heterogeneous disease. Superficial @entity5 are characterized by a high prevalence of @entity2557 mutations and chromosome 9 alterations. High-grade and muscle-invasive @entity5 are characterized by @entity876 mutations and aneuploidy. We have analyzed the sequence of exons 9 and 20 of @entity10160 in a panel of @entity150 covering the whole spectrum of the disease. DNA from formalin-fixed, @entity982 -embedded @entity5 sections was amplified by PCR and products were sequenced. In an unselected panel of @entity5 representative of the disease, the @entity10160 mutation prevalence was 13% (11 of 87). Mutations occurred mainly at the previously identified hotspots (codons 542, 545, 1007, and 1047). The distribution according to stage was as follows: papillary urothelial neoplasms of uncertain malignant potential (PUNLMP; 11 of 43, 25.6%), T(a) (9 of 57, 16%), T(1) (2 of 10, 20%), and muscle-invasive @entity5 (0 of 20, 0%; P = 0.019). Mutations were associated with low-grade @entity5 : grade 1 (6 of 27, 22.2%), grade 2 (3 of 23, 13%), and grade 3 (2 of 37, 5.4%; P = 0.047). Overall, @entity10160 mutations were strongly associated with @entity2557 mutations: 18 of 69 (26%) @entity2557 (mut) @entity5 were @entity10160 (mut), versus 4 of 58 (6.9%) @entity2557 (wt) @entity5 (P = 0.005). Our findings indicate that @entity10160 mutations are a common event that can occur early in @entity1494 and support the notion that papillary and muscle-invasive @entity5 arise through different molecular pathways. @entity10160 may constitute a novel diagnostic and prognostic tool, as well as a therapeutic target, in @entity150 .

title: @entity10160 mutations are an early genetic alteration associated with XXXX mutations in superficial @entity150 .

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors', 'bladder cancer', 'Bladder tumors']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

answer: @entity2557 :: (2261,Gene) :: ['FGFR3']


abstract: Many studies have sought to document @entity2167 damage and to study repair and regeneration of @entity1 vestibular sensory epithelia. However, linear density analysis of the sensory cells or use of methods that focus on detection of actin in the stereocilia and cuticular plates at the reticular lamina detect only the disappearance of "hair cells" as defined by a narrow set of criteria. The research presented here focuses on the effects of two @entity2167 drugs ( @entity801 and @entity3639 ). We used light microscopic analysis of semithin sections to observe changes in the distribution of sensory and supporting cell nuclei and to elucidate other, previously undetected, morphological changes that occurred within the vestibular epithelia. Age-matched untreated and vehicle-treated controls showed that the gerbil posterior crista is asymmetrical on either side of the septum cruciatum; the longer end is taller and narrower than the shorter end. In cross sections taken throughout the length of each posterior crista, the thickness of the sensory epithelium along the sides (peripheral zone) is greater than at the apex (central zone). In tissue sections of the sensory epithelium, the ratio of sensory cell nuclei to support cell nuclei is slightly over 1:1.5 in all regions except the septum cruciatum where most sensory cells are absent and supporting cells predominate. In tissue sections from the most damaged drug-treated specimens, there was a decrease in the linear density of nuclei in the sensory cell layer, with a compensatory increase in the linear density of nuclei in the support cell layer of the sensory epithelia. In these specimens, linear density of total nuclei/tissue section remained the same. In these regions, the width of the epithelium became up to 50% thinner. The ratio of sensory to supporting cell nuclei changed to 1:6. Drug exposure led additionally to a decrease in length of the cristas, but there was not a linear relationship between the change in length of the crista and length of the septum cruciatum in these shorter cristas. In drug-treated cristas, other changes included a decrease in calculated surface area and volume of the epithelia. Thus, while linear density measurements of sensory cell nuclei provide an indication of damage, there are additional anatomic changes to the cristas and caution is advised with regard to interpreting changes as "loss" of cells.

title: Anatomic and morphometric changes to gerbil posterior cristas following transtympanic administration of @entity801 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity3639 :: ('MESH:D013307', 'Chemical') :: ['streptomycin']

answer: @entity3639 :: (MESH:D013307,Chemical) :: ['streptomycin']


abstract: This study aimed to identify the causative gene for @entity2858 associated @entity8 , a paradigmatic podocytopathy. A previous study demonstrated that transgenic expression of nonstructural @entity2858 genes selectively in podocytes in @entity19 with FVB/N genetic background resulted in @entity130 and @entity631 . In this study, @entity19 that expressed individual @entity2858 genes in podocytes were generated. Five of six @entity19 that expressed vpr developed podocyte damage and @entity631 . Analysis of an established vpr transgenic line revealed that @entity19 on FVB/N but not on C57BL/6 genetic background developed @entity130 by 8 wk of age, with later @entity631 . Four of 11 @entity19 that expressed @entity43053 also developed @entity130 . One transgenic line was established from the @entity43053 founder @entity19 with the mildest phenotype. @entity19 in this line developed mesangial expansion at 3 wk of age and mild focal podocyte damage at 10 wk of age. Mating with FVB/ @entity19 did not augment @entity8 . None of the @entity19 that expressed vif, tat, rev, or vpu in podocytes, even with the FVB/N genetic background, developed @entity130 . For testing effects of simultaneous expression of vpr and @entity43053 , these two lines were mated. All @entity43053 :vpr double- @entity19 showed severe @entity130 and @entity631 by 4 wk of age. In contrast, all vpr or @entity43053 single- @entity19 in the same litter uniformly showed no or much milder @entity130 . These findings indicate that vpr and @entity43053 each can induce @entity130 with a prominent synergistic interaction.

title: @entity2858 genes vpr and @entity43053 synergistically damage podocytes, leading to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Transgenic mice', 'mouse', 'N mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['podocyte injury']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulosclerosis']


abstract: @entity4377 ( @entity24777 ), like other herpesviruses, induces a series of alterations in the host cell that modify the intracellular environment in favor of viral replication, survival and spread. This research examined the impact of @entity24777 infection on autophagy in @entity24777 infected Madin Darby @entity291 kidney (MDBK) cells. Protein extracts of @entity24777 infected and control MDBK cells were subjected to Western blot. The concentrations of the autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins @entity8783 , @entity3544 , PI3 kinase, @entity14712 , @entity3470 , phospho @entity3470 , @entity10407 and the light chain three (LC3) were normalized to the actin level and expressed as the densitometric ratio. Western blot analysis of virus-infected cells revealed that autophagic degradation pathway was induced in the late phase of @entity24777 infection. After 48 h post-infection the protein LC3II, which is essential for autophagy was found to be markedly increased, while infection of MDBK cells with @entity24777 resulted in a depletion of @entity10407 levels. Becline 1, PI3 kinase, @entity14712 and @entity3544 expression increased between 24 and 48 h post-infection. Surprisingly, @entity3470 and its phosphorylated form, which are negative regulators of autophagy, also increased after 24 h post-infection. In conclusion, our findings suggest that @entity24777 has developed mechanisms for modulation of autophagy that are probably part of a strategy designed to enhance viral replication and to evade the immune system. Additional studies on the relationship between autophagy and @entity24777 replication and survival, in both lytic and latent replication phases, are needed to understand the role of autophagy in @entity24777 pathogenesis.

title: XXXX infection modulates autophagy in a permissive cell line.

entities_list: @entity4377 :: ('10385', 'Species') :: ['Bovine herpesvirus type 4']

answer: @entity4377 :: (10385,Species) :: ['Bovine herpesvirus type 4']


abstract: The structure of subrhabdomeric cisternae (SRC) and related structures in the photoreceptor cells (retinular cells) of @entity238 in normal flies and visual mutants were compared by electron microscopic observation of semithin sections of @entity12925 -impregnated specimens. The three-dimensional organization of @entity19 and the other cell organelles was demonstrated by stereoscopy. Both light- and dark-adapted normal retinular cells contained elaborate networks of anastomosing tubules of SRC immediately beneath the rhabdomeres. Tubules connecting the SRC and rough endoplasmic reticulum were frequently seen. The @entity19 were absent from the retinular cells of rdgAKS60 whose rhabdomeres degenerate gradually after eclosion. Instead, numerous smooth vesicles were observed in the subrhabdomeric regions. In rdgBEE170, in which @entity528 is light dependent, the SRC appeared normal in the dark-adapted flies. But their SRC gradually disintegrated after exposure to light. In norpASB37, whose rhabdomeres are small but do not degenerate, SRC appeared normal. These results suggest that the SRC is a significant structure for the maintenance of the structure of photoreceptive membrane in the retinular cells of @entity238 .

title: Structure of the subrhabdomeric cisternae in the photoreceptor cells of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomere degeneration']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster', 'Drosophila']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']


abstract: @entity1276 is a common clinical disorder and responsible for many pediatric @entity51 . Relatively little is known about the cellular mechanisms of this disorder and less is known about reconstitution of connectivity following ventricular shunt procedures. In the present studies experimental infantile @entity1276 produced by @entity4563 injection was studied in a neonate kitten model. The neuropil of the cerebral cortex was examined in hydrocephalic animals and animals which received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt to reduce @entity1276 . The brains were processed for Golgi silver impregnation and electron microscopy to study the detailed dendritic and synaptic architecture. The periventricular region of the hydrocephalic animals exhibited increased extracellular space and signs of @entity528 . Components of the deep neuropil (laminae V-VI) were in disarray and surrounded by edematous extracellular spaces. The superficial neuropil (laminae I-IV), in contrast, appeared intact, but detailed examination showed indications of @entity528 . Shunt procedures successfully restored the cortical mantle to near normal thickness. However, Golgi light microscopy and electron microscopy revealed that dendritic appendage morphology was altered. The results are discussed in regard to development of @entity528 following shunt procedures.

title: The microstructure of cortical neuropil before and after decompression in experimental infantile XXXX .

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['dendritic degeneration', 'neuronal degeneration', 'neuronal connectivity']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus', 'Hydrocephalus', 'ventriculomegaly']

answer: @entity1276 :: (MESH:D006849,Disease) :: ['hydrocephalus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity2790 Treatment Study (OHTS) seeks to evaluate the safety and efficacy of @entity551 medication in preventing or delaying the onset of @entity227 in subjects with @entity2790 at moderate risk for developing @entity725 . OBJECTIVE: To describe the study protocol, the questions to be answered, and the baseline characteristics of the subjects. DESIGN: Multicenter randomized clinical trial with 2 groups: @entity551 medication and close observation. SETTING: Subjects were enrolled and evaluated at 22 participating clinical centers. Visual fields and stereoscopic optic disc photographs were read in masked fashion. METHODS: We determined eligibility from a comprehensive eye examination, medical and ocular history, visual field testing, and stereoscopic optic disc photography. RESULTS: We describe the baseline characteristics of 1637 subjects randomized between February 28, 1994, and October 31, 1996. The mean age was 55 years; 56.9% of the subjects were @entity1 ; and 25% were African American. The baseline intraocular pressure was 24.9 +/- 2.7 mm Hg (mean +/- SD). @entity262 and conditions reported by subjects included previous use of medication for @entity2790 , 37%; systemic @entity101 , 38%; @entity65 , 6%; @entity6 , 12%; and family history of @entity726 , 44%. The mean horizontal cup-disc ratio by contour estimated from stereophotography was 0.36 +/- 0.18. Qualifying Humphrey 30-2 visual fields had to be normal and reliable for entry into the study. Health-related quality of life (36-item short form health survey) scores in the OHTS sample were better than the age- and sex-matched population norms. African American subjects had larger baseline cup-disc ratios and higher reported rates of elevated blood pressure and @entity6 than the rest of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The intraocular pressure among enrolled subjects was sufficiently high to provide an adequate test of the potential benefit of @entity551 medication in preventing or delaying @entity16 . The large number of African American subjects enrolled should provide a good estimate of the African American response to topical medication.

title: The @entity2790 Treatment Study: design and baseline description of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity725 :: ('MESH:C562750', 'Disease') :: ['primary open angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field loss and/or optic nerve damage']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous damage']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['Ocular Hypertension', 'ocular hypertension']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['ocular hypotensive', 'topical ocular hypotensive']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['participants']


abstract: AIM: To assess the effectiveness of the ILCOR Advisory Statements on Advanced Life Support adopted by the Resuscitation Council (UK), as the standard for resuscitation following @entity1167 . METHOD: Over the period May to November 1997, data on the process and outcome of @entity1167 following in-hospital @entity1167 were collected from 49 hospitals throughout the UK. RESULTS: Of 2074 audit forms submitted, 1368 were included in the final analysis. The initial rhythm monitored was @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ) or pulseless @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) in 429 @entity1 , of whom 181 (42.2%) were discharged alive, compared to 6. 2% when the initial rhythm was non- @entity2224 / @entity1165 . Overall, 240 (17.6%) @entity1 were discharged alive. At 6 months after discharge 195 (82. 3%) of 237 @entity1 were still alive. Successful initial resuscitation, defined as return of spontaneous circulation lasting longer than 20 min (ROSC>20 min), was significantly associated with @entity2224 / @entity1165 as the initial arrest rhythm, return of circulation in less than 3 min, age less than 70 years and the use of an advanced airway (P<0.01). There was a significant increased likelihood of survival to discharge when the circulation was restored in less than 3 min and age was less than 70 years (P<0.05). The administration of any @entity1425 ( @entity1425 ) was significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of ROSC>20 min or alive discharge (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Compared to the last major multiple hospital study published in 1992, the results of this study suggest that there appears to have been an improvement in survival of in-hospital @entity1 in the UK who have a @entity2224 / @entity1165 @entity1167 . How much of this is directly attributable to the adoption of the latest guidelines is uncertain.

title: Outcome after XXXX in adults in UK hospitals: effect of the 1997 guidelines.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline', 'epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['VF', 'ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest', 'cardiopulmonary resuscitation']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We report a family with @entity1736 , @entity231 , @entity1539 and gradual corneal opacification occurring in association with a @entity6484 mutation. DESIGN: Case-series. @entity1 : Fourteen family members - 8 affected, 6 unaffected controls. METHODS: All @entity1 underwent ophthalmological assessment, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp-examination, pachymetry, endothelial cell-count, tonometry and dilated fundoscopy. All subjects underwent anthropometry and assessment of glycaemic status. Genetic analysis of the @entity6484 gene was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of @entity1736 , @entity1539 and lenticular changes, gycaemic and @entity6484 status. RESULTS: All eight affected subjects had @entity1736 with reduced levator function, anterior polar @entity231 , and corneal changes of variable severity - two @entity1 had undergone penetrating keratoplasties, with graft histology revealing conjunctival cells on the @entity267 and severe fibroinflammatory change. Five @entity1 had @entity1539 . One @entity1 had @entity726 and another had hypoplastic optic discs. Four of the six controls had no ocular features of this syndrome, and two had isolated mild @entity1736 . There was no difference in height or body mass index between cases and family controls (p > 0.05), but Haemoglobin A1c was greater in the cases (median [interquartile range] 5.6(0.8) vs 5.1(0.3), p = 0.028). Genetic analysis confirmed a pathogenic @entity6484 mutation in exon 12 (c1439delC) in all eight @entity1 , but none of the controls. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of this particular constellation of ocular signs occurring in association with a @entity6484 mutation. There was no association with anthropometric features, but affected subjects had worse glycaemia than controls, which may be related to the known role of @entity6484 in development of the pancreas.

title: @entity6484 mutation in association with @entity1736 , XXXX , @entity1539 , corneal opacification and diabetes: a new variant of familial aniridia?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1539 :: ('MESH:D007499', 'Disease') :: ['corneal, iris', 'iris hypoplasia']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['aphakic glaucoma']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: @entity1 @entity5 development results from dysfunction of G1-phase regulators of the cell cycle. @entity995 protein and @entity986 are the most essential links between cell cycle control and @entity5 . We examined the expression of @entity986 and @entity996 and their possible prognostic relevance in 34 @entity1126 . METHODOLOGY: Expression of @entity996 and @entity986 was determined using immunohistochemical techniques. Associations between expression of @entity996 and @entity986 and the clinicopathological features were analyzed by using the chi 2 test and survival analysis was performed by Log-rank test. RESULTS: Two (6%) @entity1126 were @entity996 negative, 26 (76%) showed @entity996 overexpression, and 6 (18%) demonstrated moderate expression. Twenty-two (65%) @entity5 were @entity986 negative and 12 (35%) were @entity986 -positive. Cases with @entity996 -negative or @entity996 overexpression were significantly correlated with @entity5 progression (P = 0.004) and TNM stage (P = 0.009). Alterations in @entity996 and @entity986 expression did not correlate with @entity1 outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Alterations of @entity996 and @entity986 expression are frequently involved in @entity1126 , and that aberrant @entity996 expression significantly associates with @entity5 progression.

title: Alterations of @entity995 protein and @entity986 protein expression in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1126 :: ('MESH:D001650', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['Retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity1126 :: (MESH:D001650,Disease) :: ['extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas']