abstract: To determine the extent to which baroreceptor function is a determinant of salt-dependent @entity101 , we studied the cardiovascular and renal responses to increasing dietary @entity2827 in sinoaortic-denervated (n = 9) and sham-denervated (n = 9) @entity35 . @entity35 were instrumented with an arterial catheter for measurement of arterial pressure and were individually housed for daily measurements of water intake, @entity1372 intake, urinary output, and urinary @entity1372 excretion. Arterial pressure was monitored daily over a 30-minute period by computer. After 3 days of control measurements (0.4% @entity2827 diet), dietary @entity2827 was increased to 8.0% for 21 days, followed by a 3-day recovery period (0.4% @entity2827 ). Ingestion of an 8.0% @entity2827 diet resulted in a 20- to 25-fold increase in @entity1372 intake and a fivefold increase in water intake in both groups. In sinoaortic-denervated @entity35 , arterial pressure increased approximately 10 mm Hg on days 5-10, 20 mm Hg on days 11-18, and 30 mm Hg on days 19-21 of 8.0% @entity2827 . Arterial pressure returned to control levels within the first 24 hours of the recovery period. Elevated @entity1372 intake had no significant effect on arterial pressure in the sham-denervated group. Finally, there were no significant differences between groups in urine output or urinary @entity1372 excretion at any time during the study. We conclude that a primary impairment in the afferent limb of the arterial baroreceptor reflex results in salt-dependent @entity101 in the @entity35 .

title: Salt-dependent @entity101 in the sinoaortic-denervated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity459 ( @entity2742 ) is a condition caused by an overproduction of @entity6685 , in excess of the amount required by the body. Its most common cause is a @entity3243 and parathyroidectomy is currently the only curative treatment for primary @entity2742 . We present a case history of a 65-year-old @entity1 who was diagnosed with primary @entity2742 after the recognition of dental problems. METHODS: Dental complaints of the @entity1 alerted the dentists, and the @entity1 was referred for further medical evaluation. In addition to his current medical status, his medical records including the biochemical parameters of bone metabolism recorded between 2001 and 2006 were reviewed. The panoramic films of the @entity1 obtained between 1997 and 2008 were also assessed with the fractal analysis method. RESULTS: After consideration of the radiographical, biochemical and clinical evaluations of the @entity1 , the final diagnosis was made as @entity652 and surgical removal was scheduled. Soon after surgery, alkaline phosphatase, @entity460 and intact @entity6685 levels returned to normal. The fractal analysis value of the mandibular alveolar bone also increased. CONCLUSIONS: Dentoalveolar changes observed in @entity2742 include @entity604 . The fractal dimension (FD) analysis of the bone tissue has been introduced as an alternative method to investigate the quality of the alveolar bone. FD values of the @entity1 showed osteoporotic bone characteristics between 1997 and 2006 until the date of parathyroidectomy. Mandibular bone FD analyses revealed a prominent development, which was also observed in dual energy X-ray absorptiometry values.

title: Application of fractal analysis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['Primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity6685 :: ('MESH:D010281', 'Chemical') :: ['parathormone']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar bone demineralization']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid gland adenoma']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['hyperparathyroid adenoma']

answer: @entity2742 :: (MESH:D006961,Disease) :: ['hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: We measured plasma @entity2922 levels and hemodynamics in 5 @entity1 during surgical removal of @entity1911 under sevoflurane anesthesia. Plasma @entity2922 levels were unchanged with sevoflurane anesthesia. Plasma @entity1425 , @entity1063 and @entity935 levels increased 149 folds, 7.8 folds and 2.9 folds respectively as compared with preanesthetic values during surgical manipulation of the @entity5 , and then declined in magnitude but still remained 15 folds, 2.7 folds and 1.8 folds higher respectively as compared with the preanesthetic levels after @entity5 . These @entity2922 levels finally reached 180%, 20% and 60% of the preanesthetic values respectively after the emergence from anesthesia in the recovery room. Mean @entity551 were 127/82 mmHg before anesthetic induction and increased to 211/71 mmHg during manipulation of the @entity5 . Then they decreased to 75/52 mmHg immediately after @entity5 but recovered up to 126/71 mmHg on recovery from anesthesia. Alpha and beta adrenal blockers were administered if necessary to control @entity101 and @entity591 during manipulation of the @entity5 . @entity551 after @entity5 was treated with volume replacement, vasopressor and/or @entity2661 . No correlation was found between plasma @entity2922 levels and arterial blood pressure in our study except during manipulation of the @entity5 . No @entity943 were observed during anesthesia and surgery in our cases even though plasma @entity2661 increased extremely with surgical intervention. We conclude that @entity2614 anesthesia is a better choice for surgery for @entity1911 .

title: [Plasma @entity2922 levels in @entity1 during surgical removal of XXXX under sevoflurane anesthesia].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1911 :: ('MESH:D010673', 'Disease') :: ['pheochromocytoma']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'removal of the tumor']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Hypotension', 'systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1911 :: (MESH:D010673,Disease) :: ['pheochromocytoma']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this randomized controlled, double-blind trial was to comparatively evaluate the anaesthetic efficacy and injection @entity158 of 1.8 mL of 2% @entity3303 with different concentrations of @entity1425 (1 : 80 000 and 1 : 200 000) in @entity1 with symptomatic irreversible @entity11624 . METHODOLOGY: Sixty-two adult volunteers, actively experiencing @entity158 , were randomly allocated into 2 groups and received 1.8 mL of 2% @entity3303 with either 1 : 80 000 or 1 : 200 000 @entity1425 concentration. Endodontic access preparation was initiated 15 min after the initial IANB. @entity158 during treatment was recorded using the Heft-Parker visual analogue scale ( @entity4306 VAS). The primary outcome measure, and the definition of 'success', was the ability to undertake pulp access and canal instrumentation with no or mild @entity158 ( @entity4306 VAS score <55 mm). Secondary outcome measure was the @entity158 experienced during LA solution deposition. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U-test and chi-square test. RESULTS: The anaesthetic success rates of 2% @entity3303 solutions containing 1 : 80 000 and 1 : 200 000 @entity1425 concentrations were 20% and 28%, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant. There was also no significant difference in the @entity158 experienced during deposition of the solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Two percent @entity3303 solution used for IANB achieved similar success rates when used with 1 : 80 000 or 1 : 200 000 @entity1425 concentration.

title: Comparison of the anaesthetic efficacy of @entity1425 concentrations (1 : 80 000 and 1 : 200 000) in 2% XXXX for inferior alveolar nerve block in @entity1 with symptomatic irreversible @entity11624 : a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['lidocaine']


abstract: @entity483 ( @entity483 ) is a chronic @entity272 which often becomes manifest in early infancy and is characterized by @entity75 with characteristic localization. The cellular infiltrate of @entity56 @entity24825 (i.e. @entity483 , @entity3408 ) is mainly composed of mononuclear cells. Whereas @entity3408 is always triggered by allergen-specific T cells, a number of @entity56 and nonallergic trigger factors appear to be relevant in @entity483 . This article discusses data coming from immunological studies focusing on T-cell responses in @entity483 . The concept of a switch from a T helper type 1 (Th1) to a Th2 cytokine profile in lesional skin of @entity483 is well accepted. Besides @entity404 + T lymphocytes, @entity405 + cells are likely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity483 . Recent studies point to the induction of apoptosis in keratinocytes by @entity379 derived from skin-homing T cells as a further important mechanism for the induction and maintenance of the @entity484 . Recent clinical studies have confirmed the major @entity5419 and infectious microorganisms as trigger factors of @entity483 . New therapeutic strategies for @entity483 include topical calcineurin inhibitors which were introduced as a new therapeutic principle at the beginning of this decade.

title: Allergic manifestations of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['Atopic dermatitis', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity3408 :: ('MESH:D017449', 'Disease') :: ['allergic contact dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['role of food allergy']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['itchy eczematous lesions']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

entities_list: @entity24825 :: ('MESH:D017443', 'Disease') :: ['eczematous skin diseases']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory skin disease']

answer: @entity272 :: (MESH:D012871,Disease) :: ['skin diseases--atopic dermatitis']


abstract: A retrospective review of 102 cases of @entity99 in the Auckland area between 1979 and 1985 is presented. Particular attention has been focused on those cases where there was @entity548 , and the prognostic factors that govern outcome have been determined. Mechanism and multiplicity of injury, and the presence of severe @entity551 (systolic blood pressure less than .80 mmHg) either at presentation or following induction of anaesthesia were the four most important determinants of prognosis. @entity130 caused 82% of these cases, with the mortality in this group being 27%, compared with 6% for penetrating @entity130 cases. The mortality of those @entity1 who presented with a systolic blood pressure less than 80 mmHg was 44% compared with 13% for those whose blood pressure was above 80 mmHg. Thirteen @entity1 sustained severe bursting or @entity130 , in eight of whom extensive resection of formal lobectomy was performed with a survival of 88%. The remainder exsanguinated either pre-operatively (two @entity1 ) or before definitive hepatic surgery was begun (three @entity1 ). All @entity1 with caval or retrohepatic venous injuries exsanguinated either pre- or intra-operatively. It is concluded that the mortality of @entity99 from @entity130 far exceeds that of penetrating @entity130 , and that severe @entity551 at the time of presentation indicates a poor prognosis. A good outcome is possible in those @entity1 who have a significant disruption of the liver architecture of one lobe following resection of devitalized tissue. Caval or @entity1317 carry a grave prognosis.

title: XXXX in Auckland.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic trauma', 'liver injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['retrohepatic venous-type injuries']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion-type injuries', 'blunt trauma', 'trauma', 'Blunt trauma']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['Hepatic trauma']


abstract: @entity9338 characterized by a dense infiltrate of T lymphocytes at the dermoepidermal junction. To determine the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the infiltrating lymphocytes, T-cell lines from normal and lesional skin from the same @entity1 with lichen @entity9338 were established by culture with @entity1199 followed by stimulation every 14 d with phytohemagglutinin and irradiated allogeneic feeder cells. Resultant T-cell lines were immunophenotyped by staining with monoclonal antibodies and their reactivity tested by determining their cytolytic activity to selected targets. T-cell lines from 13 lesional and nine normal biopsy specimens were studied. T-cell lines from normal skin were 61% @entity404 + and 32% @entity405 +, whereas lines from lesional skin had significantly fewer @entity404 + cells (13%) and more @entity405 + cells (62%). T-cell lines from lesional skin contained a distinctive population of gamma delta T cells that was rarely present in lines derived from normal skin. We were able to culture gamma delta T cells out of the lesional skin of 12 of 13 @entity1 . In these 12 @entity1 , lesional T-cell lines were 17% gamma delta+ (range 2% to 47%). Only one T-cell line from normal skin contained significant numbers of gamma delta T cells. The gamma delta population from lesional skin was commonly V delta 1J delta 1+. These results suggest that @entity405 + and TCR gamma delta+ T lymphocytes may be involved in the development or the maintenance of lichen @entity9338 .

title: T-cell lines derived from lesional skin of lichen XXXX @entity1 contain a distinctive population of T-cell receptor gamma delta-bearing cells.

entities_list: @entity9338 :: ('MESH:D008010', 'Disease') :: ['Lichen planus is', 'planus']

answer: @entity9338 :: (MESH:D008010,Disease) :: ['planus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity323 ( @entity323 ) is a common male @entity250 worldwide. Three oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) - @entity7855 , @entity9498 and @entity6697 - are available for treatment of @entity323 . This study quantitatively evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and safety of these medications to assist treatment decision making. METHODS: We used multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess the totality of risk-benefit of PDE5Is. We created two models: (i) the overall model included 'overall improvement in erections' and 'any adverse events' and (ii) the detailed model included 'erectile function domain', 'ability for sexual intercourse', 'duration of erection last', 'serious adverse events', ' @entity10 ', 'flushing' and ' @entity2210 '. We calculated a synthetic utility for each drug accounting for all of its benefits and risks. RESULTS: Considering the overall risk-benefit, @entity6697 had the highest synthetic utility among three medications; in the order of synthetic utilities: @entity6697 (0.568), @entity9498 (0.478) and @entity7855 (0.437). However, when specific risk and benefit criteria were assessed, @entity9498 had the highest synthetic utility (0.602) according to the conjoint evaluation (synthetic utility for @entity6697 is 0.491 and @entity7855 is 0.442, respectively). The sensitivity analysis based on the uncertainties of weight on risks of any adverse events (including serious adverse events and @entity10 ) suggested our results were robust. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a useful approach that comprehensively and systematically assesses and compares the risk-benefit of several treatment alternatives. Our study not only rank treatment alternatives by synthetic utilities based on the risk-benefit balance but also compare specific risk and benefit criteria between these medicines. Our results provide valuable evidence that can guide clinicians and @entity1 in making treatment decisions.

title: Risk-benefit assessment of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for treatment of XXXX : a multiple criteria decision analysis.

entities_list: @entity323 :: ('MESH:D007172', 'Disease') :: ['Erectile dysfunction', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity9498 :: ('MESH:C429886', 'Chemical') :: ['tadalafil']

entities_list: @entity7855 :: ('MESH:C101426', 'Chemical') :: ['sildenafil']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

entities_list: @entity6697 :: ('MESH:C426063', 'Chemical') :: ['vardenafil']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity250 :: ('MESH:D012735', 'Disease') :: ['sexual disorder']

answer: @entity323 :: (MESH:D007172,Disease) :: ['erectile dysfunction']


abstract: 1. We have previously described two classes of high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMs) of the oral mucosa of the @entity1237 . Mechanonociceptors (MNs) had very high thresholds (16-300 g) and were poor transducers of pressure. Intense pressure receptors (IPRs) had thresholds from 2 to 16 g and were good transducers of pressure. After carrageenan @entity32 (CI) we observed mechanical sensitization in both classes of HTMs. The characteristics were as follows. 2. Sensitization of MNs was manifested as qualitative shifts in the capacity to encode intense pressure. MNs that were unable to code intensity before CI acquired pressure coding properties after treatment with carrageenan. Qualitative shifts in coding capacity were suggested by the greater proportion of MNs coding in preinflamed (10 of 14) compared with noninflamed tissue (8 of 25 cases). Improved afferent reactivity was directly observed, in additional experiments, in which MNs were characterized in normal tissue before the injection of carrageenan into the mucosa. In five of six cases, either qualitative or quantitative improvements were observed. In control experiments, improved reactivity was observed in one of six cases. 3. Sensitization in IPRs was manifested as both qualitative and quantitative improvement in intensity coding properties. Power functions fit to individual IPRs indicated sensitization for most mucosal afferents after @entity32 . Carrageenan induced decreases in the mean response interval, pressure-frequency threshold (PFT), and pressure-frequency asymptote (PFA), and decreases in variability of functions fit to units sampled from preinflamed and noninflamed tissue (n = 23). Experiments were also conducted in which units were characterized before and after carrageenan treatment. In 7 of 10 cases, injection of carrageenan into the oral mucosal led to improved dynamic and/or static reactivity. Injection of vehicle led to changes in reactivity in one of five cases. 4. Carrageenan induced decreases in activation thresholds only when afferent receptive fields fell into restricted tissue zones. Large shifts in activation thresholds were observed for five of five (3 MNs and 2 IPRs) units in the sulcal zone of the @entity1829 ( @entity1829 ). In contrast, activation thresholds increased or remained the same in 11 of 12 units (10 IPRs and 3 MNs) with receptive fields in the medial or ventral tissue zones. Changes in activation threshold evolved slowly after carrageenan injection and required 1-2 h to develop. Rapid changes in activation threshold were also observed in a limited number of cases (3). These threshold shifts were unrelated to carrageenan @entity32 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Properties of high-threshold mechanoreceptors in the XXXX oral mucosa. II. Dynamic and static reactivity in carrageenan-inflamed mucosa.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1829 :: ('MESH:D010211', 'Disease') :: ['incisal papilla', 'IP']

answer: @entity1237 :: (9925,Species) :: ['goat']


abstract: The mechanism of activation of @entity4338 cotransport has been examined in @entity95 red blood cells. Previous work has provided evidence that a net dephosphorylation is required for activation of transport by cell swelling. In the present study @entity18398 , an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, was used to test this idea in more detail. We find that @entity18398 strongly inhibits swelling-stimulated @entity4338 cotransport. The IC50 for @entity18398 is approximately 40 nM, consistent with the involvement of type 1 protein phosphatase in transport activation. @entity8816 ( @entity17462 ) is well known to activate @entity4338 cotransport in cells of normal volume. @entity18398 , added before @entity17462 , inhibits the activation of transport by @entity17462 , indicating that a dephosphorylation is necessary for the @entity17462 effect. @entity18398 added after @entity17462 inhibits transport only very slightly. After a brief exposure to @entity17462 and rapid removal of unreacted @entity17462 , @entity4338 cotransport activates with a time delay that is similar to that for swelling activation. @entity18398 causes a slight increase in the delay time. These findings are all consistent with the idea that @entity17462 activates transport not by a direct action on the transport protein but by altering a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle. The simplest hypothesis that is consistent with the data is that both cell swelling and @entity17462 cause inhibition of a protein kinase. Kinase inhibition causes net dephosphorylation of some key substrate (not necessarily the transport protein); dephosphorylation of this substrate, probably by type 1 protein phosphatase, causes transport activation.

title: XXXX inhibition of @entity4338 cotransport. Evidence that protein dephosphorylation is necessary for activation of transport by either cell swelling or @entity8816 .

entities_list: @entity8816 :: ('MESH:D005033', 'Chemical') :: ['N-Ethylmaleimide']

entities_list: @entity18398 :: ('MESH:D019319', 'Chemical') :: ['okadaic acid', 'Okadaic acid']

answer: @entity18398 :: (MESH:D019319,Chemical) :: ['Okadaic acid']


abstract: @entity1 and models of @entity1315 display @entity528 in the hippocampal formation, but neuropathological changes also occur in other forebrain regions. We sought to evaluate the specificity and extent of @entity393 of the major forebrain regions in @entity302 @entity35 months after @entity4176 -induced @entity159 . In systematic series of Nissl-stained sections, the areas of major forebrain regions were measured, and volumes were estimated using the Cavalieri principle. In some regions, the optical fractionator method was used to estimate neuron numbers. Most @entity4176 -treated @entity35 showed significant @entity393 in the amygdala, olfactory cortex, and septal region, but others displayed different patterns, with significant loss only in the hippocampus or thalamus, for example. Average @entity393 was most severe in the amygdala and olfactory cortex (82-83% of controls), especially the caudal parts of both regions. In the piriform cortex (including the endopiriform nucleus) of @entity302 @entity35 , an average of approximately one-third of Nissl-stained neurons and one-third of the GABAergic interneurons labeled by in situ hybridization for @entity14019 mRNA were lost, and the extent of @entity528 was correlated with the extent of @entity393 . Volumetric analysis of major forebrain regions was insensitive to specific @entity528 in subregions such as layer III of the entorhinal cortex and the hilus of the dentate gyrus. These findings provide quantitative evidence that @entity4176 -treated @entity35 tend to display extensive @entity528 in the amygdala and olfactory cortex, although the patterns and extent of loss in forebrain regions vary considerably among individuals. In this @entity159 -based model, @entity16 appears to be more extensive and hippocampal damage appears to be less extensive than that reported for @entity1 with @entity1315 .

title: Stereological analysis of forebrain regions in XXXX -treated @entity302 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity159 :: ('MESH:D013226', 'Disease') :: ['status epilepticus']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['extrahippocampal damage']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['volume loss']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuron and volume loss', 'neuron loss']

answer: @entity4176 :: (MESH:D007608,Chemical) :: ['kainate']


abstract: @entity349 induces structural and functional damage in several organs, however the effects of subtoxic doses of the metal on the male reproductive system are not well defined. In order to analyze testicular and epididymal morphological alterations and changes in @entity12718 or @entity3692 serum levels, adult male @entity35 received 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 microg/ml of @entity3143 ( @entity3143 ) in deionized water for 1 to 7 months by oral route. Controls received deionized water alone. Twenty @entity35 , separated in four groups of five animals each, were used per time of exposure. Progressive @entity179 consisting of lack of germ cell cohesion and desquamation, arrest at spermatocyte stage and @entity6660 were observed in seminiferous epithelium by light and electron microscopy. Leydig cells showed cytoplasmic vacuolation and nuclear signs of cell death. Loss of peritubular cell aggregation was evidenced in the epididymis. @entity349 accumulation was detected in both organs by mass spectroscopy. @entity35 showed enhanced @entity3692 serum levels as compared to controls but only reached significance after 7 months of @entity349 administration. Subtoxic doses of inorganic @entity349 could lead to reproductive and immunological alterations. The results demonstrate that sublethal concentrations of @entity3143 are enough to induce morphological and ultrastructural modifications in male reproductive organs. These contribute to functional alterations of spermatogenesis with arrest at spermatocyte stage, @entity6660 and possibly impaired steroidogenesis which together could affect male fertility.

title: Modifications in @entity35 testicular morphology and increases in XXXX serum levels by the oral administration of subtoxic doses of @entity3143 .

entities_list: @entity3143 :: ('MESH:D008627', 'Chemical') :: ['mercuric chloride', 'HgCl(2)']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['Mercury', 'mercury']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative lesions']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity6660 :: ('MESH:D009845', 'Disease') :: ['hypospermatogenesis']

answer: @entity3692 :: (25712(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['IFN-gamma']


abstract: A 66-year-old male was admitted to hospital due to @entity1087 . Because of @entity296 with @entity955 as well as recurrent @entity1165 and @entity955 he was treated with @entity3924 and @entity2643 (200 mg per day) for 2 years. Laboratory tests revealed significant elevation of the parameters of @entity1448 and aminotransferase activity. Serological tests excluded infectious, @entity409 . Abdominal ultrasound and ERCP showed no mechanic @entity1448 nor @entity5 of the @entity788 . @entity299 was also excluded. Severe @entity9744 , consistent with drug-induced hepatotoxic damage, was diagnosed histologically. After discontinuing phenprocoumon the liver enzymes further increased. When @entity2643 was stopped, however, laboratory parameters showed a continuous downward tendency. For prevention of malignant @entity943 the @entity1 received an @entity713 . @entity9744 is a rare presentation of @entity2643 -induced @entity99 . @entity409 can even occur after the drug has been taken for prolonged periods without any problems.

title: [Severe XXXX in a 66-year old male @entity1 with medically treated @entity955 ].

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardias']

entities_list: @entity3924 :: ('MESH:D010644', 'Chemical') :: ['phenprocoumon']

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['painless jaundice']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular defibrillator']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['Liver damage', 'autoimmune or metabolic liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['paroxysmal atrial fibrillation', 'fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac congestive disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity9744 :: ('MESH:D002780', 'Disease') :: ['Intrahepatic cholestasis', 'intrahepatic cholestasis']

answer: @entity9744 :: (MESH:D002780,Disease) :: ['intrahepatic cholestasis']


abstract: @entity308 and @entity162 phases in @entity162 show opposite constellations of affective, cognitive, and psychomotor symptoms. At a neural level, these may be related to topographical disbalance between large-scale networks, such as the default mode network (DMN) and @entity426 ( @entity426 ). We investigated topographical patterns of variability in the resting-state signal-measured by fractional SD (fSD) of the BOLD signal-of the DMN and @entity426 (and other networks) in two frequency bands (Slow5 and Slow4) with their ratio and clinical correlations in @entity308 (n = 20), @entity162 (n = 20), euthymic (n = 20) @entity1 , and healthy controls (n = 40). After controlling for global signal changes, the topographical balance between the DMN and @entity426 , specifically in the lowest frequency band, as calculated by the Slow5 fSD DMN/ @entity426 ratio, was significantly increased in @entity308 , whereas the same ratio was significantly decreased in @entity162 . Additionally, Slow5 variability was increased in the DMN and decreased in the @entity426 in @entity308 @entity1 , whereas the opposite topographical pattern was observed in @entity162 . Finally, the Slow5 fSD DMN/ @entity426 ratio correlated positively with clinical scores of depressive symptoms and negatively with those of @entity162 . Results were replicated in a smaller independent @entity162 sample. We demonstrated topographical abnormalities in frequency-specific resting-state variability in the balance between DMN and @entity426 with opposing patterns in @entity308 and @entity162 . The Slow5 DMN/ @entity426 ratio was tilted toward the DMN in @entity308 but was shifted toward the @entity426 in @entity162 . The Slow5 fSD DMN/ @entity426 pattern could constitute a state-biomarker in diagnosis and therapy.

title: Contrasting variability patterns in the default mode and sensorimotor networks balance in @entity162 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity426 :: ('MESH:D020233', 'Disease') :: ['sensorimotor network', 'SMN']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity162 :: ('MESH:D001714', 'Disease') :: ['manic', 'bipolar disorder', 'mania']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depressive', 'depressed', 'depression']

answer: @entity162 :: (MESH:D001714,Disease) :: ['mania']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: investigate the metabolic response of the spinal cord and the effect of @entity208 following cross clamping of the descending thoracic aorta in a porcine model. DESIGN: experimental animal study. MATERIALS: twelve domestic @entity1707 . Six @entity1707 were pre-treated with @entity208 , while six @entity1707 served as controls. METHODS: measurement of extracellular concentrations of @entity413 , @entity2388 , @entity880 , @entity653 and @entity2227 using microdialysis in the lumbar spinal cord. Measurement of lumbar spinal blood flow using laser Doppler technique. RESULTS: for all animals there was a significant decrease in concentrations of @entity413 and @entity2388 together with a significant increase in the @entity880 - @entity2388 ratio during aortic cross clamping. There was also a significant increase in @entity653 concentrations 60 min after cross clamping, and a significant decrease in @entity2227 concentrations after 50 min. No differences in concentrations of @entity413 , @entity2388 , @entity880 and @entity2227 or the @entity2227 - @entity2388 ratio were observed between animals used as controls and those treated with @entity208 . The laser Doppler flux decreased to 40% of pre cross-clamp level, returning to normal values at declamping. CONCLUSION: the changes in energy-related metabolites reflect a considerable ischaemia in the spinal cord tissue but there was no convincing effect of @entity208 on the lumbar spinal cord metabolism during thoracic aortic cross clamping in this model.

title: Spinal cord metabolism during thoracic aortic cross-clamping in XXXX with special reference to the effect of @entity208 .

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity208 :: ('MESH:D000493', 'Chemical') :: ['allopurinol']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: PURPOSE: The @entity6023 and @entity416 have synergistic antitumor activity in preclinical models. This trial was designed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of weekly @entity1311 plus @entity416 as first-line treatment for @entity0 ( @entity0 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 had histologically proven @entity0 , with measurable metastatic disease by Response Evaluation Criteria in @entity5 Group. Exclusion criteria included prior @entity3907 therapy or any prior @entity416 or infusional @entity1487 . @entity1 received @entity416 825 mg/m2/dose orally bid (1,650 mg/m2/d) for days 1 to 14. @entity1311 80 mg/m2 was administered intravenously weekly on days 1 and 8. Cycles were repeated every 3 weeks. Responders (complete or partial) or those with stable disease were treated until progression of disease or intolerable @entity137 . RESULTS: Fifty-five @entity1 were enrolled; 94% received study therapy as first-line treatment for @entity0 . In the intent-to-treat population, objective responses (partial) were achieved in 30 @entity1 (55%; 95% CI, 40% to 69%), and six additional @entity1 had stable disease for 6 months or longer (clinical benefit rate of 65%). The median duration of response was 10 months (range, 2.5 to 18.7 months). Dose modifications and reductions were common, particularly for @entity416 , leading to a delivered dose-intensity of 75% for @entity416 and 91% for @entity1311 . The most frequent grade 3 to 4 treatment-related adverse events were hand-foot skin reaction (n = 10); @entity1398 (n = 7); @entity1295 (n = 4); and @entity1431 , @entity294 , and @entity158 (n = 3 each). CONCLUSION: @entity416 in combination with weekly @entity1311 is an active and tolerable regimen as first-line therapy for @entity1 with @entity0 .

title: Phase II trial of @entity416 and weekly XXXX as first-line therapy for @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'metastatic breast cancer', 'MBC']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['Capecitabine', 'capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Solid Tumors']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['Paclitaxel', 'paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['paclitaxel']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the echocardiographic features of @entity1 with @entity6331 seen at the Kenyatta National Hospital. DESIGN: A retrospective study. SETTING: The Kenyatta National Hospital Heart Unit. SUBJECTS: @entity1 aged 20 years and less with echocardiographic diagnosis of @entity6331 . RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty four echocardiograms were analysed. Seventy six point four of cases were aged between 5 and 15 years, while on 3% were less than five years. The combinations mitral and @entity337 was the most common lesion followed by isolated @entity339 . Isolated @entity337 was as rare as isolated @entity4794 in the paediatric age group 1.8% and 2.7% respectively. When seen in the younger age group, the leaflet morphology in @entity339 was predominantly thickening and clubbing of the leaflets while in the older @entity1 the pathology was of marked @entity82 . Leaflet prolapse and commissural fusion was the major pathology in @entity337 . @entity120 was the most common complication commonly seen in @entity339 . Calcification was a rare encounter in this age bracket. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6331 in the paediatric age commonly presents as isolated @entity339 or in combinations of mitral and @entity337 . The complications of @entity120 was predominant in @entity339 . @entity340 is rare in juvenile @entity6331 .

title: Echocardiographic patterns of juvenile XXXX at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity6331 :: ('MESH:D012214', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatic heart disease', 'rheumatic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis of the sub-valvular apparatus']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve disease', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'Pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['Valvular calcification']

answer: @entity6331 :: (MESH:D012214,Disease) :: ['rheumatic heart disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) for @entity2687 ( @entity2687 ) caused by @entity130 , @entity6228 ( @entity6228 ) or instances without an established cause. METHODS: Single center prospective longitudinal study. Between January 2003 and November 2006 we treated 89 eyes of 82 @entity1 with PTK. All @entity1 presented with refractory @entity2687 caused either by @entity130 , @entity6228 or with no established cause. During follow-up (until May 2013), @entity1 , treating ophthalmologists and/or family doctors were interviewed about the @entity1 ' state of health, recurrence of @entity158 , the necessity of further treatments or the occurrence of complications. Five @entity1 died or were lost during follow-up and were thus excluded from the analysis. Freedom of recurrence was estimated using logistic regression analysis using indicator variates for the following three etiologic groups: @entity130 (55 eyes), @entity6228 (29 eyes) and idiopathic (no established cause; 5 eyes). RESULTS: Overall 89 eyes of 82 @entity1 were followed-up. Average follow-up among failures and @entity177 was 51.56  months (standard deviation (SD) 21.22, range 24 to 91) and 95.25  months (SD 15.99, range 35 to 137  months), respectively. Fifty-seven percent were female and the average age at first PTK was 45.3  years (range: 23 to 70  years). During follow-up, there were 25 recurrences and 15 of these @entity1 received a re-PTK. Compared to @entity1 with a traumatic cause of @entity30683 , the likelihood of experiencing a recurrence was higher in @entity1 with @entity6228 [odds ratio (OR) 5.48; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.93 to 15.59; p   =   0.001]; the OR was 8.81 (95 % CI 1.27 to 61.32; p   =   0.028) for @entity1 with an idiopathic cause. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the available evidence, we want to raise the awareness of those managing @entity1 with @entity6228 and idiopathic causes that, in order to control the disease, recurrent PTK treatments are expected to be necessary more often than in cases of traumatic @entity2687 .

title: Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) for treatment of XXXX : Correlation between etiology and prognosis - prospective longitudinal study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity30683 :: ('MESH:C565155', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial erosions']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['non-failures']

entities_list: @entity6228 :: ('MESH:C535477', 'Disease') :: ['MDF', 'map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['recurrent corneal erosion', 'RCE']

answer: @entity2687 :: (MESH:D003316,Disease) :: ['recurrent corneal erosion']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVES: Botulinum toxin is a key therapeutic tool in the comprehensive treatment of peripheral @entity3541 . It fights spasms, synkinesis and overactivity of the different skin muscles responsible of facial expressions. Even though injection techniques as well as target muscles have been well identified, doses used remain quite imprecise and often not detailed muscle by muscle, further more dosage progression has not been monitored over time. Our retrospective study is the first one to refine the repartition of botulinum toxin doses on each of the relevant skin muscles and assess dosage kinetics. @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty @entity1 were included since 2008 with a mean follow-up of 2.3years. Each @entity1 had at least 3 injections, with a delay of 4 to 6months between each injection. RESULTS: Mean doses are indicated for each muscle injected on the paralyzed and healthy sides. Dose kinetics suggests an initial dosage increase after the first injection followed by a decrease over time. No treatment resistance was observed. CONCLUSION: Our study represents a didactic help in using botulinum toxin for sequelae of peripheral @entity3541 by providing more details on the effective mean doses for each muscle and their progression over time.

title: Long-term sequelae treatment of peripheral XXXX with botulinum toxin type A: Repartition and kinetics of doses used.

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial paralysis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity3541 :: (MESH:D005158,Disease) :: ['facial paralysis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ) type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers differ in their affinity for the AT1-receptor, suggesting a dissimilar potency for inhibiting @entity1808 -induced vascular constriction. In the present study, we compared the effects of @entity1564 , @entity7056 and @entity9886 on the @entity8 to locally-formed @entity1808 , using isolated, perfused hydronephrotic @entity35 kidneys. Addition of 1 nmol/L angiotensin I ( @entity10340 I, the precursor of @entity1808 ) significantly reduced the diameters of interlobular arteries (ILAs; -47.6  2.6%), afferent arterioles (AAs; -43.6  2.3%) and efferent arterioles (EAs; -31.6  2.4%). @entity1564 and @entity7056 were more potent in antagonising the constriction to @entity10340 I than @entity9886 . By contrast, @entity1564 and @entity7056 differed only slightly in potency. After a washing period of 60 minutes with drug-free medium, a second application of @entity10340 I failed to induce vasoconstriction only in @entity1564 -treated kidneys. Pretreatment of hydronephrotic kidneys with @entity1564 , to further explore its antagonistic properties, shifted the dose-response curves of @entity10340 II approximately 2 log units to the right without reducing the maximal @entity1808 -induced constriction of ILAs, AAs or EAs. Additionally, dose-response curves of @entity1808 were similar after short (10 minutes) and prolonged (60 minutes) preincubation with @entity1564 . Our findings indicate that @entity1564 and @entity7056 are more potent inhibitors of @entity8 to locally-formed @entity1808 than @entity9886 . The inhibitory effect of @entity1564 is more prolonged, suggesting a slow dissociation from the AT1-receptor. Additionally, @entity1564 was found to block the @entity1808 -induced constriction of renal microvessels in a surmountable manner.

title: Comparison of the AT1-receptor blockers @entity1564 , @entity7056 and XXXX for inhibiting @entity8 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal microvascular constriction']

entities_list: @entity7056 :: ('MESH:C081309', 'Chemical') :: ['irbesartan']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

entities_list: @entity1564 :: ('MESH:C081643', 'Chemical') :: ['Candesartan', 'candesartan']

answer: @entity9886 :: (MESH:D019808,Chemical) :: ['losartan']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity4053 mitigation is critical for appropriately managing @entity1 with @entity6 . Advanced technologies are becoming more prevalent in @entity6 management, but their benefits have been primarily judged on the basis of hemoglobin A1c. A critical appraisal of the effectiveness and limitations of advanced technologies in reducing both A1c and @entity4053 rates has not been previously performed. The cost of @entity4053 was estimated using literature rates of @entity4053 events resulting in hospitalizations. A literature search was conducted on the effect on A1c and @entity4053 of advanced technologies. The cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and real-time continuous @entity413 monitors (RT-CGM) was reviewed. Severe @entity4053 in insulin-using @entity1 with @entity6 costs  4.9- 12.7 billion. CSII reduces A1c in some but not all studies. CSII improves @entity4053 in @entity1 with high baseline rates. Bolus calculators improve A1c and improve the fear of @entity4053 but not @entity4053 rates. RT-CGM alone and when combined with CSII improve A1c with a neutral effect on @entity4053 rates. Low- @entity413 threshold suspend systems reduce @entity4053 with a neutral effect on A1c, and low- @entity413 predictive suspend systems reduce @entity4053 with a small increase in plasma @entity413 levels. In short-term studies, artificial @entity788 reduce both @entity4053 rates and plasma @entity413 levels. CSII and RT-CGM are cost-effective technologies, but their wide adoption is limited by cost, psychosocial, and educational factors. Most currently available technologies improve A1c with a neutral or improved rate of @entity4053 . Advanced technologies appear to be cost-effective in @entity6 management, especially when including the underlying cost of @entity4053 .

title: The Benefits, Limitations, and Cost-Effectiveness of Advanced Technologies in the Management of @entity1 With XXXX .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreas systems']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoglycemia', 'hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes Mellitus']


abstract: Hemodynamic mechanism for @entity2657 forrmation in @entity1 with @entity101 @entity75 is unclear. Potential roles of natriuretic peptides in the pathogenesis of @entity101 @entity75 are discussed. A 32-year-old @entity1 presented with slight left @entity1269 . He was slightly confused, and his blood pressure was extremely high. Cranial plain computerized tomography scans revealed @entity2657 mainly in the supratentorial white matter region. Blood examination revealed that plasma concentrations of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides were significantly high. His left @entity1269 disappeared within a day, but he tended to be agitated. His altered mental status, however, resolved with control of blood pressure. Serial magnetic resonance imagings demonstrated that the magnitude of @entity2657 was attenuated in proportion to decline in plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides. This case suggests that significant elevation of plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides may contribute to an acute rise in blood pressure, and that these peptides potentially play an important role in development of @entity2657 in @entity101 @entity75 .

title: Plasma concentrations of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides in a case with XXXX @entity75 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['brain edema', 'diffuse brain edema']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse serum concentrations of brain specific @entity4483 protein in @entity1 with @entity3605 and in controls. DESIGN: Prospective case-control study. SETTING: National @entity3605 surveillance unit. SUBJECTS: 224 @entity1 referred to the surveillance unit with suspected @entity3605 and 35 control @entity1 without @entity303 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Serum concentration of @entity4483 protein in @entity1 with @entity3605 , in @entity1 with other diseases causing @entity303 , and in the control group. RESULTS: Of the 224 @entity1 with suspected @entity3605 , 65 were classed as definitely having the disease after neuropathological verification, an additional 6 were classed as definitely having the disease as a result of a genetic mutation, 43 as probably having the disease, 36 as possibly having the disease, and 74 @entity1 were classed as having other disease. In the 108 @entity1 classed as definitely or probably having @entity3605 the median serum concentration of @entity4483 was 395 pg/ml (SD 387 pg/ml). This was significantly higher than concentrations found in the 74 @entity1 classed as having other diseases (median 109 pg/ml; SD 177 pg/ml; P = 0.0001). At a cut off point of 213 pg/ml sensitivity for the diagnosis of the disease was 77.8% (95% confidence interval 68.8% to 85.2%) and specificity was 81.1% (70.3% to 89.3%). There was a significant difference in survival at different concentrations of @entity4483 in Kaplan-Meier curves (P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Measurement of serum concentrations of @entity4483 is a valuable tool which can be used more easily than tests on cerebrospinal fluid in the differential diagnosis of @entity3605 . More studies are needed to determine whether serial testing of serum @entity4483 improves diagnostic accuracy.

title: Diagnosis of XXXX by measurement of @entity4483 protein in serum: prospective case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity3605 :: ('MESH:D007562', 'Disease') :: ['Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease']

answer: @entity3605 :: (MESH:D007562,Disease) :: ['Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Brain metastases (BM) from @entity14 ( @entity14 ) are rare. As survival increases in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 , it is hypothesised that new metastatic patterns will emerge: for instance, as @entity14 with limited metastatic involvement of the liver and lung can now be successfully resected, we propose that sites, previously rarely involved in metastatic spread, will become more common. The objective of this study was to describe the experience with BM from @entity14 in a single @entity5 centre. METHODS: A prospectively compiled database (1988-2012) of @entity1 with @entity14 treated in a tertiary referral hospital was retrospectively examined. @entity1 with a histological diagnosis of @entity14 and radiologically documented BM were included. Clinical information (including @entity1 demographics, primary and metastatic disease factors) was obtained from medical records. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 (0.3  % of 4219 @entity1 ) were identified (8 male, 3 female). The median age at @entity14 diagnosis was 70  years (range 55-80  years) while the median age at diagnosis of BM was 73  years (range 56-83  years). Three @entity1 diagnosed with synchronous metastases underwent palliative treatment while eight @entity1 had undergone surgical resection of the primary @entity5 with curative intent a median of 24  months (range 0-48  months) prior to diagnosis of BM. 10/11 @entity1 were symptomatic at diagnosis of BM. All were diagnosed using computed tomography and managed palliatively. The cerebellum was most the frequently involved site. The median overall survival time following diagnosis of BM was 2.5  months (range 2-9  months). Notably, 8/11 @entity1 were diagnosed in the latter 8  years of the study period (between 2004 and 2012). CONCLUSION: With increased survival, improved systemic therapy and @entity146 approaches to surgical management of "classical" metastases from @entity14 , it is likely that a changing pattern of metastases will emerge. As survival rates increase, we propose that metastatic sites, which were previously considered rare (e.g. brain), will now become more common and thus, surgeons must recognise pertinent symptomatology.

title: Brain metastasis from XXXX : a single @entity5 centre experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There are few reports on @entity358 from @entity201 ; therefore, its incidence, resectability, and survival are unclear. METHODS: @entity1 who underwent surgical resection for @entity201 , including intrahepatic, perihilar, and @entity201 were retrospectively reviewed, and this study focused on @entity1 with @entity358 . RESULTS: Between January 2003 and December 2014, 681 @entity1 underwent surgical resection for @entity201 . Of these, 407 @entity1 experienced disease recurrence, including 46 (11.3%) who developed @entity358 . Of these 46 @entity1 , 9 underwent resection for @entity358 ; no resection was performed in the remaining 37 @entity1 . R0 resection was achieved in all @entity1 , and no complications related to pulmonary metastasectomy were observed. The median time to recurrence was significantly longer in the 9 @entity1 who underwent surgery than in the 37 @entity1 without surgery (2.5 vs 1.0  years, p  <  0.010). Survival after surgery for primary @entity5 and survival after recurrence were significantly better in the former group than in the latter group (after primary @entity5 : 66.7 vs 0% at 5  years, p  <  0.001; after recurrence: 40.0 vs 8.7% at 3  years, p  =  0.003). Multivariate analysis identified the time to recurrence and resection for @entity358 as independent prognostic factors for survival after recurrence. CONCLUSION: Resection for @entity358 originating from @entity201 can be safely performed and confers survival benefits for select @entity1 , especially those with a longer time to recurrence after initial surgery.

title: Pulmonary Metastasis After Resection of XXXX : Incidence, Resectability, and Survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma', 'distal cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary metastasis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['Cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The V325 study showed that @entity1205 , @entity900 , and @entity1487 (DCF) prolonged @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) of @entity1 with advanced @entity356 , but with a high incidence of dose-limiting @entity137 . We investigated the efficacy and safety of a modified DCF (mDCF) regimen for Chinese @entity1 with advanced @entity356 . METHODS: Untreated advanced @entity356 @entity1 randomly received @entity1205 and @entity900 at 60  mg/m(2) (day 1) followed by @entity1487 at 600  mg/m(2)/day (days 1-5; mDCF regimen) or @entity900 at 75  mg/m(2) (day 1) followed by @entity1487 at 600  mg/m(2)/day (days 1-5; @entity1577 ) every 3  weeks. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). The secondary end points were @entity1349 , overall response rate (ORR), time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and safety. RESULTS: In total, 243 @entity1 were randomized to treatment (mDCF regimen  121; @entity1577  122). Compared with @entity1577 , the mDCF regimen significantly improved PFS and @entity1349 : the median PFS was 7.2 and 4.9  months, respectively [hazard ratio (HR)  0.58, log-rank P  =  0.0008], and the median @entity1349 was 10.2 and 8.5  months, respectively (HR  =  0.71, P  =  0.0319). Additionally, the mDCF regimen improved the parameters used as secondary objectives: the ORR was 48.7  % with the mDCF regimen versus 33.9  % with @entity1577 (P  =  0.0244); the median TTF was 3.4  months with the mDCF regimen and 2.4  months with @entity1577 (HR  =  0.67, P  =  0.0027). Grade 3 and grade  4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 77.3  % of @entity1 who received the mDCF regimen versus 46.1  % of @entity1 who received @entity1577 (P  <  0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The mDCF regimen, compared with @entity1577 , significantly prolonged PFS and @entity1349 and enhanced ORR of Chinese @entity1 with advanced @entity356 . The mDCF regimen achieved efficacy comparable to that of DCF but with fewer @entity137 , which is appropriate for the Chinese population.

title: Randomized multicenter phase III study of a modified @entity1205 and XXXX plus @entity1487 regimen compared with @entity900 and @entity1487 as first-line therapy for advanced or locally recurrent @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Both active smoking and exposure to @entity9927 ( @entity9927 ) are associated with @entity65 , but sidestream smoke contains higher levels of small particles and toxic gases than mainstream smoke. The relationship between the concentration of @entity4874 and a number of cardiovascular biomarkers among nonsmokers and active smokers was examined. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using the Scottish Health Surveys conducted between 1998 and 2010 was undertaken. Inclusion was restricted to @entity1 aged >= 16 years who had provided saliva and blood samples. Uni- and multivariate regression models were used to examine the relationships between the concentration of @entity4874 and @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 , and @entity2002 concentrations, as well as total:HDL @entity165 ratios. RESULTS: Of the 10,018 eligible @entity1 , 7,345 (73.3%) were confirmed to be nonsmokers ( @entity4874 <15.0  ng/mL) and 2,673 (26.7%) were confirmed to be current smokers ( @entity4874 >= 15.0  ng/mL). @entity1851 and total:HDL @entity165 increased, and HDL @entity165 decreased, with increasing @entity4874 concentration across nonsmokers and smokers (all p  <  .001). However, there were step changes at the interface, whereby nonsmokers with a high exposure to @entity9927 had lower concentrations of @entity4874 than light active smokers but comparable concentrations of @entity1851 (p  =  .709), HDL @entity165 (p  =  .931), and total:HDL @entity165 (p  =  .405). @entity2002 concentrations were significantly raised in moderate and heavy active smokers only (both p  <  .001). CONCLUSION: Exposure to @entity9927 is associated with disproportionately higher biomarkers of cardiovascular risk compared with active smoking. Protection from exposure to @entity9927 should be a public health priority.

title: Association Between Salivary XXXX and @entity65 Among Nonsmokers and Current Smokers: Cross-sectional Study of 10,081 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity2002 :: ('2244', 'Gene') :: ['Fibrinogen', 'fibrinogen']

entities_list: @entity4874 :: ('MESH:D003367', 'Chemical') :: ['cotinine']

entities_list: @entity9927 :: ('MESH:D015208', 'Disease') :: ['SHS', 'secondhand smoke']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity4874 :: (MESH:D003367,Chemical) :: ['Cotinine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity137 and efficacy of nonpegylated liposomal @entity632 (TLC D-99) when substituted for conventional @entity632 in the CHOP ( @entity632 / @entity786 / @entity1891 / @entity229 ) regimen were evaluated in the treatment of newly diagnosed @entity1 with aggressive @entity1893 . Liposomal @entity632 at doses of 40 mg/m2, 50 mg/m2, 60 mg/m2, and 80 mg/m2 was given with fixed doses of @entity786 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 . Chemotherapy cycles were repeated every 21 days. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty-seven @entity1 with a median age of 55 years (range, 25-83 years) were studied. RESULTS: No dose-limiting @entity137 were observed at any level. Reversible grade 3/4 @entity1398 was the most common @entity137 (95.8%). Most nonhematologic side effects were grade 1/2 in severity. Complete remissions were documented in 31 of 46 evaluable @entity1 (67.4%) and partial remissions in 7 (15.2%), for an overall major response rate of 82.6%. The median duration of complete remission is > or = 27.7 months (range, 2.4 months to > or = 59.8 months). An exploratory objective was to correlate @entity1262 ( @entity1262 ) expression with outcome. Immunohistochemistry for @entity1262 -related @entity1262 was assessed in @entity706 tissues from 27 @entity1 . Of the 27 @entity706 tissues studied, 8 (30%) were @entity1262 positive at diagnosis. The complete response rate was 63% in @entity1262 -positive @entity706 and 74% in the @entity1262 -negative cases (P = 0.66). CONCLUSION: Nonpegylated liposomal @entity632 in combination with @entity786 , @entity1891 , and @entity229 is an active regimen for @entity1 with newly diagnosed, aggressive @entity1893 . The regimen is relatively well tolerated, with hematologic suppression as the major @entity137 . Liposomal encapsulation might evade resistance caused by @entity1262 expression.

title: Phase I/II trial of nonpegylated liposomal @entity632 , XXXX , @entity1891 , and @entity229 in the treatment of newly diagnosed aggressive @entity1893 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1262 :: ('5243', 'Gene') :: ['MDR-1', 'p-glycoprotein', 'multidrug resistance-1']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: @entity320 causes significant health problems. The identification of @entity5 -associated antigens has led to novel approaches to increase T cell mediated anti- @entity5 immune response. @entity57800 / @entity57800 has been use as target antigen for several T cell based immunotherapeutic treatments. More recently, the critical role of @entity1961 + T cells in inducing and maintaining anti- @entity5 immunity has been increasingly recognized. In order to optimize @entity5 immunotherapy, greater efforts have been concentrated on the identification of @entity5 antigens presented by MHC class II molecules to @entity1961 + T cells. In a publication, Tiwari et al. (2004) [1] have identified by a computational approach the 15-mer @entity535 sequence 101-115 (PPAYEKLSAEQSPPP) of the @entity57800 / @entity57800 as a good target for a vigorous and safe immunotherapy. Therefore, we have investigated the in vivo anti- @entity5 activity of this peptide in a @entity19 @entity320 model. For the prophylactic treatment, 20microg or 50microg peptide was subcutaneously injected in @entity19 once a week during 3 weeks before @entity5 induction. Treatment with 50microg peptide significantly affected @entity5 development. Thus, our preliminary data demonstrate potential in vivo prophylactic activity of the 101-115 peptide-based vaccine to control @entity320 growth.

title: In vivo anti- @entity320 activities of the XXXX / @entity57800 (101-115) T @entity1961 + cell peptide.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-acid']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'Malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity57800 :: (77836(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Melan-A']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Despite the rapid proliferation of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), little attention has been paid to @entity1 utilisation of this newest surgical innovation and barriers that may result in disparities in access to RARP. The goal of this study is to identify demographic and economic factors that decrease the likelihood of @entity1 with @entity263 ( @entity263 ) receiving RARP. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity1 : A retrospective, pooled, cross-sectional study was conducted using 2009-2011 @entity7452 State Inpatient Data and American Hospital Association data. @entity1 who were diagnosed with @entity263 and underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) from 225 hospitals in @entity7452 were identified, using ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: @entity1 ' likelihood of receiving RARP was associated with @entity1 and hospital characteristics using the two models: (1) between-hospital and (2) within-hospital models. Multivariate binomial logistic regression was used for both models. The first model predicted @entity1 access to RARP-performing hospitals versus non-RARP-performing hospitals, after adjusting for @entity1 and hospital-level covariates (between-hospital variation). The second model examined the likelihood of @entity1 receiving RARP within RARP-performing hospitals (within-hospital variation). RESULTS: Among 20   411 @entity1 who received RP, 13   750 (67.4%) received RARP, while 6661 (32.6%) received non-RARP. This study found significant differences in access to RARP-performing hospitals when race/ethnicity, income and insurance status were compared, after controlling for selected confounding factors (all p<0.001). For example, Hispanic, Medicare and Medicaid @entity1 were more likely to be treated at non-RARP-performing hospitals versus RARP-performing hospitals. Within RARP-performing hospitals, Medicaid @entity1 had 58% lower odds of receiving RARP versus non-RARP (adjusted OR 0.42, p<0.001). However, there were no significant differences by race/ethnicity or income within RARP-performing hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences exist by race/ethnicity and payer status in accessing RARP-performing hospitals. Furthermore, payer status continues to be an important predictor of receiving RARP within RARP-performing hospitals.

title: Disparities in the receipt of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: between-hospital and within-hospital analysis using 2009-2011 XXXX inpatient data.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity7452 :: ('MESH:D004670', 'Disease') :: ['California']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'PC']

answer: @entity7452 :: (MESH:D004670,Disease) :: ['California']


abstract: The esophagus is source of several kinds of @entity158 sensibility. Esophageal sensoriality follows the general visceral sensibility laws with some individual differences. We have investigated the areas of @entity158 projection induced by a progressive @entity661 in 2 cm scales from 38 to 22 cm. of the dental row. It was registered the number of @entity158 responses in everyone of the 13 frontal zones an 10 dorsal zones in which the chest was divided. Epigastrium and the base of neck were included. It was considered the first @entity1 's symptom or until a maximum of 15 ml. of air (diameter = 3.2 cm.) 101 @entity1 were examined. 1153 responses in the all 9 stimulated levels were obtained. 93.8% were in frontal zones, and 82.4% of them in median areas (from epigastrium to neck). There were not differences between both sexes. The inferior esophagus was significantly less sensible than the superior esophagus. The number of projections to the superior chest was proportionally larger. There were individual patterns which could be usefull in a particular @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: a) the esophagus is not equally sensible in its whole extension; b) the metameric projection is multiple and predominates in frontal areas; c) the existence of "trigger zones" obligate to examine the whole extension of the esophagus when intraesophageal distension of a balloon is used as a diagnostic test.

title: [Esophageal sensitivity. Projection of esophageal @entity158 induced by XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['balloon distension']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

answer: @entity661 :: (MESH:D054549,Disease) :: ['balloon distension']


abstract: @entity5 gene therapy with the aid of @entity3307 @entity1014 kinase gene (HSV-TK) and anti-herpes drug @entity4540 (GCV) has been widely used and its efficacy has been demonstrated in a variety of different malignant cells and animal @entity5 models. It is also commonly accepted, however, that this gene therapy regimen needs to be enhanced for a true clinical success. We studied whether @entity4664 biosynthesis inhibition by @entity11747 ( @entity11747 ), a clinically tested and well-tolerated chemotherapeutic drug, can increase the @entity137 of HSV-TK/GCV in 9L @entity35 @entity11 cells. Our initial experiments showed that @entity4664 depletion actually protected the cells from @entity137 if GCV treatment was started too early after removal of @entity11747 . Analyses of cell growth, intracellular @entity4664 pools and cell cycle phase distribution suggested that later initiation of GCV treatment would be more beneficial due to increased proportion of cells in the middle of the cell cycle S phase. When the cells were exposed to GCV 3 or 4 days after removal of @entity11747 from growth medium, the @entity137 was increased up to 2.5-fold. We also verified whether cell cycle blockage per se could yield similar effect as @entity11747 . Our results from serum deprivation experiments showed that, despite of apparent cell growth and cell cycle phase distribution effects, serum starvation was weaker enhancer of HSV-TK/GCV @entity137 than @entity11747 . Finally, the general utility of HSV-TK/GCV + @entity11747 combination was tested in another @entity5 cell type, @entity1 @entity263 cell line DU-145. @entity11747 sensitized these cells to HSV-TK/GCV @entity137 , but the effect was less prominent than in 9L cells. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that a correctly timed induction of @entity11747 -mediated @entity4664 biosynthesis inhibition can enhance the efficiency of HSV-TK/GCV gene therapy in vitro. The observed synergistic effect is potentially useful in clinical trials because, as opposed to use of other cell cycle-altering drugs, @entity11747 has already been tested in the treatment of @entity1 @entity5 and used as chemo preventive regimen with excellent tolerability.

title: @entity4664 biosynthesis inhibition enhances XXXX @entity1014 kinase/ @entity4540 -mediated @entity137 in @entity5 cells.

entities_list: @entity4664 :: ('CHEBI:60143', 'Chemical') :: ['polyamine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity4540 :: ('MESH:D015774', 'Chemical') :: ['ganciclovir']

entities_list: @entity3307 :: ('10298', 'Species') :: ['herpes simplex virus type 1']

entities_list: @entity11747 :: ('CHEBI:41948', 'Chemical') :: ['2-difluoromethylornithine', 'DFMO']

answer: @entity3307 :: (10298,Species) :: ['HSV-1']


abstract: Sufficient time and effective communication are the main requirements in an ideal @entity565 consultation. One way of using limited time effectively is for @entity1 to be offered more information prior to the consultation. Physician- @entity1 communication during the consultation may be improved by @entity1 receiving, in advance, pertinent information related to their appointment and leaflets may be used to encourage @entity1 to list any questions, fears or concerns prior to the consultation. Directing @entity1 to appropriate internet sites may also facilitate information transfer. Time is frequently wasted when @entity1 fail to attend their consultation. Sending a reminder letter or phoning to remind @entity1 of their appointment has been shown to significantly reduce non-attendance rates. During the consultation, time can be used more effectively by ensuring that @entity1 understand their treatment regimens, by improving communication between the doctor and @entity1 and by organising @entity565 services in a manner acceptable to @entity1 ; this includes avoiding delays, having a doctor that listens and seeing the same doctor on each occasion. After the consultation, advice given to @entity1 should be reinforced as studies suggest that @entity1 ' ability to recall information given to them may influence @entity1 adherence and @entity1 satisfaction. The whole professional team should be involved in order to manage better limited time effectively and information given to @entity1 should be reinforced, either by post-consultation leaflet/letter or via telephone or email. Most importantly, correct performance of the inhalation manoeuvre should be regularly checked, @entity1 should be taught and trained how to manage their own condition and should be offered convenient follow-up options, all of which should improve @entity1 satisfaction and compliance.

title: The XXXX consultation: what is important?

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of mechanical exposure and work related @entity4048 . DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. @entity1 : 4919 randomly chosen, vocationally active @entity1 and @entity1 ages 45-65 residing in a Swedish city. Neck and shoulder @entity158 were determined by the standardised Nordic questionnaire. Mechanical exposure was assessed by an index based on 11 items designed and evaluated for @entity135 . Work related psychosocial factors were measured by the Karasek and Theorell demand-control instrument. MAIN RESULTS: High mechanical exposure was associated with heightened risk for shoulder and neck @entity158 among @entity1 and @entity1 during follow up. Age adjusted odds ratios (OR) were 2.17 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.65, 2.85) and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.22, 2.06), respectively. In @entity1 , @entity6475 (high @entity14783 and low job decision latitude) correlated with heightened risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.31). These risk estimates remained statistically significant when controlled for high mechanical exposure regarding @entity6475 (and vice versa), and for sociodemographic factors. Testing for effect modification between high mechanical exposure and @entity6475 showed them acting synergistically only in @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Job related mechanical exposure in both sexes, and psychosocial factors in @entity1 , seem independently of each other to play a part for development of shoulder and neck @entity158 in vocationally active @entity1 . The effect of psychosocial factors was more prominent in @entity1 , which could be the result of biological factors as well as gender issues. These results suggest that interventions aiming at reducing the occurrence of shoulder and neck @entity158 should include both mechanical and psychosocial factors.

title: Incidence of shoulder and neck XXXX in a working population: effect modification between mechanical and psychosocial exposures at work? Results from a one year follow up of the Malm   shoulder and neck study cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['shoulder and neck disorders']

entities_list: @entity14783 :: ('MESH:D007589', 'Disease') :: ['psychological job demands']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['job strain']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial factors on shoulder and neck pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lymphatic mapping with sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL) is an accurate and less morbid means of determining the @entity5 status of the axilla in @entity0 @entity1 than standard level I and II @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ). This review addresses the handling and pathologic examination of the sentinel node (SN), the clinical significance of @entity5 within the SN, and the risk factors for non-SN @entity5 involvement. METHODS: The seminal works that have addressed pathologic examination of @entity1600 specimens and SN specimens are summarized, and the important studies attempting to identify predictors of non-SN @entity3 in @entity1 with a @entity5 -involved SN are reviewed. RESULTS: Standard single-section @entity1710 - @entity1711 (H_E) examination is inadequate for reliable detection of axillary or SN @entity3 . Large studies appropriately powered to detect a survival difference for @entity1 with micrometastatic disease are reviewed. The current data on the clinical significance of micrometastatic @entity66 is inconclusive. While several strong predictors of non-SN @entity5 involvement have been identified, none is reliable enough to allow omission of @entity1600 in @entity1 with a @entity5 -involved SN. CONCLUSIONS: Routine examination of the SN specimen should include serial sections with H_E stain. Ongoing prospective clinical trials should help to define the clinical significance of SN micrometastases. Furthermore, these trials could help identify predictors of non-SN @entity3 that would allow a subset of @entity1 with a @entity5 -involved SN to avoid the morbidity of @entity1600 .

title: @entity0 sentinel node XXXX : histopathologic detection and clinical significance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nodal disease']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['axillary lymph node dissection', 'ALND']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: @entity96 was induced in Fisher @entity35 by intraportal administration of 1.6 x 10(7) @entity6962 cells. Control groups of @entity35 received similar volumes of dead cells or saline intraportally. All animals were studied at 3 weeks when overt @entity5 was present. The @entity99 ( @entity99 ) was significantly raised in @entity35 with overt @entity5 compared to both groups of control animals. Portal flow and portal venous inflow were significantly reduced in the presence of overt @entity5 but hepatic arterial flow did not alter. These observations suggest that the alteration in the @entity99 in the presence of overt @entity5 results from an alteration in portal venous flow and inflow even though the blood supply to the @entity5 is principally derived from the hepatic artery. The changes in hepatic haemodynamics in the presence of @entity5 were accompanied by a reduction in portal pressure, an increase in splanchnic vascular resistance and an increase in the degree of arteriovenous shunting through the liver. Portal vascular resistance was unchanged. These findings indicate that the presence of overt @entity5 results in gross derangements of hepatic blood flow. These changes must be taken into consideration when attempting to potentiate the delivery of cytotoxic drugs to @entity5 by manipulation of hepatic haemodynamics.

title: Changes in hepatic haemodynamics in @entity35 with overt XXXX .

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['Overt liver tumour']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatic Perfusion Index', 'HPI']

entities_list: @entity6962 :: ('MESH:D002296', 'Disease') :: ['Walker carcinosarcoma']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver tumour']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Disease-modifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can help explain incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity in @entity1162 ( @entity1162 ) by altering susceptibility to @entity943 . OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess multiple @entity943 SNPs (in 16 genes) in a distinct cohort of @entity1162 @entity1 to identify modifier SNPs influencing the risk of @entity944 . METHODS: This study included 273 @entity1 with @entity1162 from the New Zealand @entity74 Registry (154 long QT type 1, 96 long QT type 2, and 23 long QT type 3), including 31 @entity1 who had experienced @entity204 or @entity1164 ( @entity1164 ). @entity1 were genotyped for 29 SNPs and tested for associations with clinical events and @entity3656 . Caucasian (n = 220) and Pacific Islander/New Zealand Maori (n = 53) ethnic groups were analyzed separately. This subgroup of Polynesian ancestry has not been previously studied for @entity1162 in either presentation or outcome. RESULTS: In Caucasians, four SNPs at two risk loci ( @entity40864 : @entity59871 and @entity59872 ; and @entity9677 : @entity59873 and @entity59874 ) were significantly associated with clinical events after correction for multiple testing. @entity1 homozygous for the risk allele of @entity59871 had an increased risk of @entity204 / @entity1164 [hazard ratio 10.15, 95% confidence interval (2.38, 43.34), q = 0.045). Several other SNPs showed trends toward association with @entity3656 and clinical events. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that SNPs in @entity40864 and @entity9677 are associated with an increased risk of @entity299 in @entity1162 @entity1 , with the hazard ratio suggesting they have significant potential in clinical risk stratification.

title: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in @entity943 genes modify the risk of XXXX and @entity944 in @entity1162 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1164 :: ('MESH:D016757', 'Disease') :: ['RSCD', 'resuscitated sudden cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity3656 :: ('MESH:D007870', 'Disease') :: ['QTc length']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac Inherited Disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['LQTS', 'congenital long QT syndrome']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac events']


abstract: Duplicons, that is, DNA sequences with minimum length 10 kb and a high sequence similarity, are known to cause unequal homologous recombination, leading to deletions and the reciprocal duplications. In this study, we designed a Multiplex Amplifiable Probe Hybridisation (MAPH) assay containing 63 exon-specific single-copy sequences from within a selection of the 169 regions flanked by duplicons that were identified, at a first pass, in 2001. Subsequently, we determined the frequency of chromosomal rearrangements among @entity1 with @entity245 ( @entity245 ) and/or @entity600 ( @entity600 ). In addition, we tried to identify new regions involved in @entity245 / @entity600 using the same assay. In 105 @entity1 , six imbalances (5.8%) were detected and verified. Three of these were located in microdeletion-related regions, two alterations were polymorphic duplications and the effect of the last alteration is currently unknown. The same study population was tested for rearrangements in regions with no known duplicons nearby, using a set of probes derived from 58 function-selected genes. The latter screening revealed two alterations. As expected, the alteration frequency per unit of DNA is much higher in regions flanked by duplicons (fraction of the genome tested: 5.2%) compared to regions without known duplicons nearby (fraction of the genome tested: 24.5-90.2%). We were able to detect three novel rearrangements, including the previously undescribed reciprocal duplication of the Williams Beuren critical region, a subduplicon alteration within this region and a duplication on chromosome band 16p13.11. Our results support the hypothesis that regions flanked by duplicons are enriched for copy number variations.

title: Copy number variation in regions flanked (or unflanked) by duplicons among XXXX with @entity600 ; detection of reciprocal and partial Williams-Beuren duplications.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['DD', 'developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['CM', 'congenital malformations']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The execution technique of hanging, introduced by the Angle, Saxon, and Jute Germanic tribes during their invasions of the Roman Empire and Britain in the 5th century, has remained largely unchanged over time. The earliest form of a gallows was a tree on which prisoners were hanged. Despite the introduction of several modifications such as a trap door, the main mechanism of @entity204 remained @entity2063 . This created the opportunity for attempted revival after the execution, and indeed several well-known cases of survival following judicial hanging have been reported. It was not until the introduction of the standard drop by Dr. Samuel Haughton in 1866, and the so-called long drop by William Marwood in 1872 that hanging became a standard, humane means to achieve @entity204 . Hangmen, however, fearing knot slippage, started substituting the subaural knot for the traditional submental knot. Subaural knots were not as effective, and cases of @entity12644 were recorded. Standardization of the long drop was further propagated by John Berry, an executioner who used mathematical calculations to estimate the correct drop length for each individual to be hanged. A British committee on capital sentences, led by Lord Aberdare, studied the execution method, and advocated for the submental knot. However, it was not until Frederic Wood-Jones published his seminal work in 1913 that @entity174 were identified as the main mechanism of @entity204 following hanging in which the long drop and a submental knot were used. Schneider introduced the term " @entity174 " in 1965, and reported on the biomechanics and other similarities of the @entity174 seen following judicial hangings and those caused by motor vehicle accidents.

title: XXXX : a historical and biomechanical perspective.

entities_list: @entity2063 :: ('MESH:C537571', 'Disease') :: ['asphyxiation']

entities_list: @entity12644 :: ('MESH:D049248', 'Disease') :: ['decapitation']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['instantaneous death', 'death']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ["hangman's fracture", 'cervical fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['Hangman's fracture']


abstract: Recent data suggest that ubiquitin has anti-inflammatory properties and therapeutic potential after severe @entity130 and @entity1545 . However, direct evidence for its neuroprotective effects has not yet been provided. We hypothesized that ubiquitin treatment is neuroprotective, and thus reduces brain @entity4 formation and @entity131 volume after closed traumatic @entity1545 . To test this hypothesis, a focal @entity131 was induced using a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in @entity35 . Animals (n = 27) were randomized to either 1.5 mg/kg ubiquitin or vehicle (placebo) intravenously within 5 min after CCI. Blood pressure, arterial blood gases (ABG) and @entity428 ( @entity428 ) were monitored. Ubiquitin serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels were measured by ELISA. Brain water content was quantified gravimetrically after 24 h and cerebral contusion volume was determined in @entity5045 stained brains after 7 days. All animals recovered to normal activity. @entity428 and cerebral perfusion pressures were normal at the end of the observation period. Ubiquitin serum and CSF levels at 24 h and 7 days after CCI were similar in both groups. With ubiquitin brain water content of the injured hemisphere was slightly lower (n = 6/group; 79.97 +/- 0.29% vs. 81.11 +/- 0.52%; p = 0.08). Cortical contusion volume was significantly lower with ubiquitin (n = 7-8/group; 32.88 +/- 2.1 mm(3) vs. 43.96 +/- 4.56 mm(3); p = 0.025). This study shows that ubiquitin treatment after @entity1545 has direct neuroprotective effects, as demonstrated by improved brain morphology 7 days after @entity1545 . In connection with its beneficial effects in our previous studies, these data suggest ubiquitin as a promising candidate protein therapeutic for the treatment of @entity1545 .

title: Ubiquitin reduces contusion volume after controlled cortical impact injury in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injuries', 'brain injury']

entities_list: @entity5045 :: ('MESH:C009591', 'Chemical') :: ['triphenyltetrazolium-chloride']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['cortical contusion']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['ICP', 'intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Lymph node @entity3 (LNM) is most common in @entity1721 (SCC). The bi-directional spread is a key feature of LNM in @entity1 with thoracic esophageal SCC (TE-SCC). The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic factors of survival in @entity1 with TE-SCC with @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) and validate the staging system of the current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) in a cohort of Chinese @entity1 . METHODS: Of 1715 @entity1 with TE-SCC who underwent radical esophagectomy plus three-field lymph node dissection at a single hospital between January 1993 and March 2007, 547 @entity1 who had pathologically confirmed @entity1600 (296 had surgery only and 251 had surgery + postoperative radiotherapy) were included in this study. The locations of the lymph nodes (LNs) were classified based on the guidelines of the Japanese Society for Esophageal Diseases. RESULTS: The rate of @entity1600 was 31.9% for all @entity1 and was 44.2%, 31.5%, and 14.4% for @entity1 with upper, middle, and lower TE-SCC, respectively (P < 0.0001). The rates of @entity3 to 101 (paraesophageal lymph nodes), 104 (supraclavicular lymph nodes), 102 (deep cervical lymph nodes) and 103 (retropharyngeal lymph nodes) areas were 89.0%, 25.6%, 3.7% and 0.5%, respectively. The 5-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) rate with @entity1600 was 27.7% (median survival, 27.5 months). The 5-year @entity1349 rates were 21.3% versus 34.2% (median survival, 21.9 months versus 35.4 months) for after surgery only versus surgery + postoperative radiotherapy, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both). Multivariate analysis showed that the independent prognostic factors for survival were sex, pT stage, pN stage, number of fields with positive LNs, and treatment modality. In surgery only group, the 5-year @entity1349 rates were 24.1%, 16.2% and 11.7%, respectively, when there was @entity3 to 101 LN alone, 104 LN alone or both 101 LN and 104 LN. The 5-year @entity1349 rates were 17.7%, 22.5% and 31.7%, for @entity1 with upper, middle and lower TE-SCC , respectively (P = 0.112). The 5-year @entity1349 rates were 43.0%, 25.5%, 10.2% in @entity1 with 1 field (cervical LNs), 2 fields (cervical + mediastinal, and/or cervical + abdominal LNs), and 3 fields (cervical + mediastinal + abdominal LNs) positive LNs, respectively (P < 0.0001). The number of fields of positive LNs did not impact the @entity1349 according to different pN stage (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with TE-SCC with @entity1600 have better prognosis, which supports the current AJCC staging system for esophageal SCC.

title: Cervical @entity1600 classified as regional nodal staging in thoracic XXXX after radical esophagectomy and three-field lymph node dissection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['cervical lymph node metastasis', 'CLM']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1721 :: (MESH:C562729,Disease) :: ['esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: @entity172 (E2) can modulate a variety of functional processes, including conditioning. However, the precise relationship between E2 and these processes is not entirely understood. Indeed, the nature of E2's effects on conditioning may depend upon several factors, including, but not limited to, the task examined, route of E2 administration, bioavailability of E2 administered, and/or duration of E2 exposure. The present studies examined the effects of E2 on conditioned place preference (CPP), and E2 levels produced in plasma and the nucleus accumbens. In Experiment 1, ovariectomized, Long-Evans @entity35 were subcutaneously (SC) administered @entity5420 oil vehicle (n = 12), 10 microg (n = 12), or 1 mg (n = 10), E2 immediately prior to placement in the CPP apparatus on conditioning days. Only @entity35 administered 10 microg E2 exhibited a CPP. This regimen of E2 (n = 5/group) also produced moderate levels of E2 in the nucleus accumbens (significantly greater than vehicle and less than 1 mg E2). In Experiment 2, ovariectomized @entity35 were SC administered @entity2771 vehicle (n = 11), 10 microg (n = 13), or 1 mg (n = 14), E2 immediately prior to conditioning. Administration of 1 mg E2 in @entity2771 produced a CPP. Notably, 1 mg E2 in @entity2771 produced moderate levels of E2 in the nucleus accumbens (significantly greater than vehicle or 10 microg E2) that were similar to those produced by 10 microg E2 in @entity5420 oil (n = 5/group). Together, these data suggest that regimen of E2 that can produce a CPP result in moderate levels of E2 in the nucleus accumbens.

title: Administration of @entity172 to ovariectomized XXXX promotes conditioned place preference and produces moderate levels of @entity172 in the nucleus accumbens.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity2771 :: ('MESH:D019946', 'Chemical') :: ['propylene glycol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']