abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity991 ( @entity991 ) is a @entity409 of unknown etiopathogenesis characterized by @entity82 of large and small bile ducts. Systemic administration of a @entity19 TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand ( @entity13943 ) receptor agonist induces a @entity991 injury in C57BL/6 @entity19 , suggesting endogenous @entity13943 may contribute to @entity991 syndromes. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins ( @entity5411 and @entity5411 ) are negative regulators of @entity32 and @entity13943 receptor signaling. We hypothesized that if endogenous @entity13943 promotes @entity991 , then cIAP depletion should also induce this biliary tract injury. Herein, we show that cIAP protein levels are reduced in the interlobular bile ducts of @entity1 @entity991 livers. Downregulation of cIAPs in normal @entity1 cholangiocytes in vitro by use of a @entity17205 mimetic (SM) induces moderate, ripoptosome-mediated apoptosis and @entity5398 -independent upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Cytokine and chemokine expression was mediated by the non-canonical activation of NF-kB. To investigate whether downregulation of cIAPs is linked to generation of a @entity991 -like phenotype, an SM was directly instilled into the @entity19 biliary tree. Twelve hours after biliary instillation, TUNEL-positive cholangiocytes were identified; 5 days later, @entity991 -like changes were observed in the SM-treated @entity19 , including a @entity82 of the interlobular bile ducts, portal @entity32 , significant elevation of serum markers of @entity1448 and cholangiographic evidence of intrahepatic biliary tract injury. In contrast, @entity13943 and @entity13943 -receptor deficient @entity19 showed no sign of cholangiopathy following SM intrabiliary injection. We conclude that in vivo antagonism of cIAPs in @entity19 biliary epithelial cells is sufficient to trigger cholangiocytes apoptosis and a proinflammatory response resulting in a @entity82 resembling @entity1 @entity991 . Therefore, downregulation of cIAPs in @entity991 cholangiocytes may contribute to the development of the disease. Our results also indicate that inhibition of @entity13943 signaling pathways may be beneficial in the treatment of @entity991 .

title: Biliary tract instillation of a SMAC mimetic induces XXXX -dependent acute sclerosing cholangitis-like injury in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous cholangiopathy']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosing cholangitis', 'PSC', 'Primary sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['cholestatic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

answer: @entity13943 :: (22035(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['TRAIL']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate the genetic background of familial clustering of type 2 @entity6 . SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We recruited Japanese families with a 3-generation history of @entity6 . Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed assuming an autosomal dominant model. Genes in the linkage region were computationally prioritized using Endeavour. We sequenced the candidate genes, and the frequencies of detected @entity377 changes were then examined in normoglycemic controls. RESULTS: To exclude known genetic factors, we sequenced 6 @entity2175 onset @entity6 of the young (MODY) genes in 10 familial cases. Because we detected a @entity5448 mutation @entity5448 @entity17238 in one case, we excluded this case from further investigation. Linkage analysis revealed a significant linkage region on 2p25-22 (LOD score=3.47) for 4 families. The 23.6-Mb linkage region contained 106 genes. Those genes were scored by computational prioritization. Eleven genes, i.e., top 10% of 106 genes, were selected and considered primary candidates. Considering their functions, we eliminated 3 well characterized genes and finally sequenced 8 genes. @entity17239 ranked highly in the computational prioritization. Mutations (minor allele frequency less than 1%) in exons and the promoter of @entity17239 were found in index cases of the families (3 of 18 alleles) more frequently than in controls (0 of 36 alleles, P=0.033). In one pedigree with 9 affected members, the mutation @entity17239 @entity17240 was concordant with affection status. No mutation in other 7 genes that ranked highly in the prioritization was concordant with affection status in families. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that @entity17239 is a susceptibility gene in Japanese families with clustered @entity6 . The family based approach seems to be complementary with a large population study.

title: XXXX mutations in Japanese families with @entity2175 .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity17239 :: (2646,Gene) :: ['GCKR']


abstract: Amyloid b protein (Ab) is considered to be partly responsible for the @entity73 in @entity195 ( @entity195 ). In addition, it has been found recently that @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is a risk factor for developing @entity195 . One promising treatment for @entity195 is using analogues for the insulin-release facilitating gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 ( @entity15212 ) that has been developed as a @entity6 therapy. @entity15212 has been shown to have neuroprotective properties. However, if @entity15212 can protect the late phase-long term potentiation (L-LTP) and related cognitive function against Ab-induced impairment it is still an open question. To further characterize the neuroprotective function of @entity15212 in the brain, we investigated the effects of i.c.v. injected @entity2596 (8)- @entity15212 (7-36) on the Ab fragment-induced impairment of in vivo hippocampal L-LTP and spatial learning and memory in @entity35 . The results showed that (1) Ab1-40 (5 nmol) injection did not affect the baseline field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), but significantly suppressed multiple high frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced L-LTP in hippocampal @entity1249 region; (2) @entity2596 (8)- @entity15212 (7-36) (0.05 pmol) administration alone did not affect the baseline synaptic transmission and the maintenance of L-LTP; (3) pretreatment with @entity2596 (8)- @entity15212 (7-36) (0.05 pmol) effectively prevented Ab1-40-induced deficit of L-LTP; (4) i.c.v. injection of 5 nmol Ab1-40 resulted in a significant decline learning a spatial Morris water maze (MWM) test; (5) @entity2596 (8)- @entity15212 (7-36) (0.05 pmol) administration alone did not affect spatial learning in this task, while pretreatment with @entity2596 (8)- @entity15212 (7-36) effectively reversed the @entity73 induced by Ab1-40. At the same time, the swim speeds and escape latencies of @entity35 among all groups in the visible platform tests did not show any difference. These results suggest that increase of @entity15212 signalling in the brain may be a promising strategy to ameliorate the degenerative processes observed in @entity195 .

title: Val8-glucagon-like peptide-1 protects against Ab1-40-induced impairment of hippocampal late-phase long-term potentiation and spatial learning in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['T2DM', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of spatial learning and memory', 'impairment of learning and memory']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'Alzheimer disease']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity7375 is considered to be an @entity792 possibly triggered by an abnormal response to infection. Activation of TLRs signaling pathways by microbial products can drive inflammatory responses and adaptive immunity. In the present study, we investigated the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of @entity7375 . We showed that the expression of @entity6800 and @entity2939 , but not @entity2938 , was significantly increased in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from VKH @entity1 with active @entity1596 compared to controls. VKH @entity1 with active @entity1596 showed an elevated level of @entity1356 , @entity650 , @entity687 , @entity310 and reactive @entity26 species (ROS) in MDMs. @entity1356 , @entity650 , @entity687 and @entity310 production could be significantly upregulated and downregulated by a ROS activator or inhibitor, respectively. Downregulation of the @entity5704 inflammasome significantly inhibited the production of @entity1356 but not @entity650 , @entity687 and @entity310 . The phosphorylation levels of @entity3963 and @entity1366 were significantly higher in MDMs from active VKH @entity1 compared to controls. Inhibition of @entity3963 or @entity1366 significantly decreased @entity1356 , @entity650 , @entity687 and @entity310 expression. These results suggest that the increased expression of @entity18992 in MDMs may be involved in the pathogenesis of @entity7375 by the induction of inflammatory cytokines which is mediated by enhanced production of ROS.

title: @entity6800 and @entity2939 but not @entity2938 are involved in @entity7375 by triggering proinflammatory cytokines production through promoting the production of mitochondrial reactive XXXX species.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity7375 :: ('MESH:D014607', 'Disease') :: ['VKH disease', 'Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Physiologic functions that may affect pharmacokinetics of drugs are altered in elderly @entity1 . The current study was performed to elucidate the effect of age on @entity205 ( @entity870 ) pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. METHOD: Twenty-five renal transplant recipients on CsA treatment were included in the study. CsA doses were adjusted by C2 monitoring. The @entity1 were divided into two groups based on age; elderly: more than 65 years (n=11, mean 73 years) and younger: 18 to 64 years (n=14, mean 43 years). A full 12-hr pharmacokinetic profile was performed during stable phase. CsA whole blood and intracellular T-lymphocytes concentrations (first 6 hr) were measured. Genotyping of the @entity5396 *1/*3 and @entity1262 ( @entity7656 , @entity7657 , @entity7658 ) polymorphisms and quantification of whole blood mRNA @entity1262 expression were performed in all @entity1 . RESULTS: Elderly @entity1 achieved target C2 levels with lower CsA doses than the younger @entity1 (4.3+/-0.8 vs. 6.1+/-2.1 mg/day/kg, P=0.025) because of lower clearance of CsA (22.7+/-5.1 vs. 30.5+/-11.1 L/hr, P=0.031). Elderly @entity1 also showed 44% higher intracellular-to-whole blood CsA ratio than younger @entity1 (P=0.02). Neither the @entity5396 *1, the @entity1262 genotypes nor mRNA @entity1262 expression revealed any significant influence on CsA pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSION: The clearance of CsA decreased with increasing age. In addition, elderly @entity1 had a significant larger proportion of the whole blood CsA concentration located at the site of action (within T lymphocytes). This indicates that in elderly recipients it might be safe to aim for an even lower whole blood target levels than current guidelines propose.

title: Reduced elimination of XXXX in elderly (>65 years) kidney transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine A']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subependymal grey matter @entity3664 are seen in a high proportion of @entity1 with @entity1645 and are potentially clinically relevant. However, despite its growing use, there is little in the literature describing its detection on fetal MRI. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy in diagnosing @entity62 in fetuses with @entity3570 on fetal MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of 203 fetal MRIs performed at a single institution for @entity3570 during a 10-year period. Corresponding obstetric sonography, postnatal imaging, and clinical/operative reports were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the fetal MRIs reviewed, 95 fetuses were included in our analysis; 23.2% (22/95) were suspected of having @entity62 on fetal MR imaging prospectively. However, only 50% (11/22) of these cases were confirmed on postnatal brain MR imaging. On postnatal brain MR imaging, 28.4% (27/95) demonstrated imaging findings consistent with subependymal gray matter @entity3664 . Only 40.7% (11/27) of these cases were prospectively diagnosed on fetal MR imaging. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal MR imaging is limited in its ability to identify @entity62 in fetuses with @entity3570 . It is believed that this limitation relates to a combination of factors, including artifacts from fetal motion, the very small size of fetal neuroanatomy, differences in imaging techniques, and, possibly, irregularity related to denudation of the ependyma/subependyma in the presence of @entity3570 and/or stretching of the germinal matrix in ventriculomegaly.

title: Evaluation of XXXX on Fetal MRI.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spinal dysraphism']

entities_list: @entity3664 :: ('MESH:C548481', 'Disease') :: ['heterotopias', 'heterotopia']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['Chiari II malformation']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['subependymal gray matter heterotopias']

answer: @entity62 :: (MESH:D056784,Disease) :: ['Subependymal Gray Matter Heterotopias']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Improvement in the daily physical activity (PA) is important for the management of @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ). However, the effects of pharmacologic treatment on PA are not well understood. We evaluated the effects of additional medications, including bronchodilator with or without inhaled @entity228 , based on airflow limitation and @entity1353 on the PA in @entity1030 @entity1 and the factors that could predict or affect the improvement in PA. METHODS: A prospective non-randomized observational study was employed. Twenty-one @entity1030 subjects without any other diseases that might reduce PA were recruited. The PA was measured with a triaxial accelerometer for 2 weeks, and pulmonary function tests and incremental shuttle walking tests were administered before and after 4-week treatment with an additional medication. RESULTS: Bronchodilation was obtained by additional medication. The mean values of PA evaluated by @entity209 ( @entity209 ) at >= 3.0 @entity209 and the duration of PA at >= 3.0 @entity209 and >= 3.5 @entity209 were improved by medication. The % change in the duration of PA at >= 3.5 @entity209 was significantly correlated with the baseline functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume, and inspiratory capacity/total lung capacity. However, the % change in the duration of PA at any intensity was not correlated with the % changes of any values of the pulmonary function tests or incremental shuttle walking test except the PA at >= 2.5 @entity209 with FRC. CONCLUSION: Medication could improve the PA in @entity1 with @entity1030 , especially at a relatively high intensity of activity when medication was administered based on airflow limitation and @entity1353 . The improvement was seen in the @entity1 with better baseline lung volume, but was not correlated with the improvements in the pulmonary function tests or exercise capacity.

title: Effects of pharmacologic treatment based on airflow limitation and @entity1353 on daily physical activity in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathlessness']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic equivalents', 'METs']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: CONTEXT: Intermountain Healthcare hospitals use a single, standardized laboratory and automated testing process for @entity172 receptor/ @entity1420 receptor (ER/PR) tests to minimize testing errors. OBJECTIVES: To test the (1) variability in ER/PR negativity among hospitals and (2) association between specimen handling conditions and ER/PR negativity. DESIGN: Retrospective study of @entity1 who had @entity0 surgery at 7 Intermountain hospitals and ER/PR tests ordered between 1997 and 2003. Data were extracted from @entity5 registry. Frequency of ER/PR negativity was calculated for each surgery day and compared among hospitals and between 2 groups: regular (specimens obtained Sunday through Thursday, more likely to be tested within 24 hours of surgery) and prolonged (specimens obtained on Friday and Saturday, more likely to be tested more than 24 hours after surgery) specimen handling conditions. RESULTS: Five thousand seventy-seven @entity1 were tested for ER/PR. The frequency of ER and PR negativity was 20.9% and 27.9%, respectively. It increased with each day of the week for both ER (P = .03) and PR (P = .059) and tended to be higher for prolonged specimens for ER (23.6% versus 20.4%; P = .03) and for PR (30.1% versus 27.4%; P = .11) compared with regular specimens. After controlling for age and @entity5 size, both ER (P = .02) and PR (P = .02) negativity was significantly different among the hospitals and was associated with prolonged specimens for ER (P = .04) but not for PR (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS: @entity172 receptor and PR negativity remained highly variable among hospitals despite use of a single laboratory and tended to be significantly associated with prolonged specimen handling. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.

title: Variable specimen handling affects hormone receptor test results in XXXX with @entity0 : a large multihospital retrospective study.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: PURPOSE: Progress in therapeutic options for @entity161 has revived long-term expectations of researchers, practitioners and @entity1 . At present, definitions of therapeutic outcome include both maintained symptomatic remission and appropriate functioning in a conceptual framework that targets @entity1 's recovery as the ultimate goal. We aimed to know the prevalence and clinical features of @entity1 with @entity161 achieving these outcomes. METHODS: A multi-centre, cross-sectional study was performed in more than 100 mental health facilities within Spain. Recently published consensus-based operational criteria for symptomatic remission and the Global Assessment of Functioning scale were used to evaluate outcomes. Other clinical aspects like @entity308 , social cognition, premorbid adjustment and @entity1 ' attitudes to medication were also evaluated. RESULTS: Data from 1010 @entity1 were analysed. Of these, 452 (44.8%) were at clinical remission, but only 103 (10.2%) showed an adequate social and/or vocational functioning. Factors predicting both outcomes were better pre-morbid adjustment (odds ratio, @entity11516 ) and better social cognitive function ( @entity13250 ). Other factors, like treatment adherence, current or past psychotherapy and @entity1 's age were not associated to functionality but only to clinical remission. Current substance use and previous rehabilitation were associated to a lower likelihood of symptomatic remission. CONCLUSION: Although symptomatic remission in @entity1 with @entity161 is a realistic and reachable goal, future efforts should be directed to a sustained appropriate functioning in these @entity1 .

title: Symptomatic remission and social/vocational functioning in outpatients with XXXX : prevalence and associations in a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Dietary fiber, which stimulates intestinal mucosal growth, is fermented by anaerobic bacteria in the @entity35 hindgut to the short-chain @entity1718 ( @entity14559 ) @entity598 , @entity4919 , and @entity4876 . @entity4876 is the preferred oxidative fuel of the colonocyte in vitro, and the provision of preferred intestinal fuels has been shown to stimulate mucosal proliferation in vivo. This study determined whether chronic colonic infusion of @entity4876 or a combination of @entity14559 would stimulate intestinal mucosal growth in an animal deprived of its normal source of @entity14559 , fiber fermentation in the cecum. Adult male @entity35 were fed a fat- and fiber-free elemental liquid diet and underwent cecectomy, ileocolic @entity254 , and insertion of a proximal colonic infusion catheter. @entity35 were then assigned to receive either a continuous infusion of @entity4876 (20 mM, 40 mM, or 150 mM), @entity14559 (70 mM @entity598 + 35 mM @entity4919 + 20 mM @entity4876 ), or saline, or to receive no infusion. A seventh group underwent proximal colonic transection and reanastomosis. After 7 days, jejunal, ileal, and proximal colonic segments were analyzed for mucosal weight, protein, RNA, and DNA. In the colon, the 40-mM @entity4876 infusion resulted in significant elevations in all mucosal parameters relative to all three control groups, saline infusion, no infusion, and transection. Both the 20-mM @entity4876 and the @entity14559 groups showed increased colonic mucosal DNA compared to controls. In the jejunum and ileum, mucosal DNA content was significantly greater in the @entity14559 group than in the control groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth with intracolonic infusion of short-chain XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4876 :: ('MESH:D002087', 'Chemical') :: ['Butyrate', 'butyrate']

entities_list: @entity4919 :: ('CHEBI:17272', 'Chemical') :: ['propionate']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

answer: @entity1718 :: (MESH:D005227,Chemical) :: ['fatty acids']


abstract: In this report we describe electrophysiologic and histologic findings in hearts and endocardially resected preparations from @entity1 with sustained @entity1165 in the chronic phase of @entity583 . We recorded simultaneously from 64 endocardial sites during @entity591 in 72 @entity1 that were operated on for medically intractable @entity1165 . Two other @entity1 underwent heart transplantation, and mapping was performed on the explanted isolated heart connected to a Langendorff perfusion set-up. During operation 139 @entity591 with different morphologies could be induced. Although the majority of evidence supports the concept of a reentrant mechanism for these @entity591 , we found that 105 @entity591 appeared to arise at a focal area of less than 1.4 cm2. In only three cases macroreentry around the @entity1188 scar could be detected. Of 21 @entity591 in which the "origin" appeared to be focal, earliest subendocardial activation was preceded by discrete electrograms of low amplitude (presystolic activity). In three @entity591 presystolic activity was detected at several sites, permitting reconstruction of its route. Histology of the endocardial resected preparation in one of these cases revealed separate zones of viable myocardial fibers in areas in which presystolic activity was recorded. These zones were located intramurally and subendocardially, supporting the concept that reentry occurred via isolated bundles of surviving myocytes at the border of the @entity1188 and the larger subendocardial muscle mass. Conduction velocity through the isolated tracts was on the order of 25 cm/sec. Similar reentrant pathways were found in the two isolated hearts. Extracellular and intracellular recordings were made from 20 endocardial preparations that were excised from areas in which @entity591 originated. Preparations were superfused in a tissue bath. These experiments showed that action potentials were usually close to normal, but occasionally action potentials with reduced amplitude and slow upstrokes were found. In addition, there were cells that exhibited both fast and slow upstrokes, depending on the direction of the wavefront. Histology of seven resected preparations and the isolated hearts showed subendocardially as well as intramurally located zones of viable myocardium. Fractionation of extracellular electrograms and slow conduction were found in areas where surviving muscle fibers and strands of fibrous tissue were interwoven, and in zones where muscle fibers were oriented in parallel but isolated by strands of connective tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Reentry as a cause of XXXX in @entity1 with chronic ischemic heart disease: electrophysiologic and anatomic correlation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardias']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia', 'tachycardias']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1165 :: (MESH:D017180,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachycardia']


abstract: The proteasome is the major multi-catalytic machinery responsible for protein degradation and maintenance of the proteome. The 26S proteasome is an @entity855 -dependent proteolytic complex, dedicated to the degradation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins. It consists of a 20S proteolytic core and one or two flanking 19S regulatory complexes. The three catalytic subunits harboring chymotrypsin-like (CT-L), trypsin-like (T-L), and caspase-like (C-L; also termed PGPH) activities respectively reside in the 20S proteasome that can also exist in a free form and degrade oxidized and unfolded proteins. Impaired proteasome function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases including @entity195 , @entity6 , @entity5 and aging. The emerging interest in proteasome function as diagnostic marker of various @entity1 pathologies and therapeutic target necessitates the development of accurate, sensitive and reliable methodologies for the assessment of proteasome activity. Herein, we describe an optimization procedure for the measurement of CT-L, T-L and C-L activities in cell lysates of fibroblasts ( @entity8173 ), melanocytes (B16F10) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using fluorogenic peptide substrates in a mid-throughput 96-well plate format. Optimization involves the composition of cell lysis and assay buffers, and the determination of the concentrations of specific fluorogenic substrates and protein content in the reaction to attain appropriate linear catalytic response during measurement. Additional parameters assessed include the concentration of the cell lysate and of @entity855 in the cell lysis and assay buffers. Our methodological analysis provides useful guidelines for the accurate and rapid determination of proteasome activity in various cell types.

title: Optimization of in vitro measurement of proteasome activity in XXXX cells using fluorogenic substrates.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: The properties of neonatal GABAergic synapses were investigated in neurones of the hippocampal @entity1400 region. @entity1246 , acting on GABAA receptors, provides most of the excitatory drive on immature @entity1400 pyramidal neurones at an early stage of development, whereas glutamatergic synapses (in particular, those mediated by @entity140 receptors) are mostly quiescent. Thus, during the first postnatal week of life, @entity1027 fully blocked spontaneous and evoked depolarising potentials, and GABAA receptor agonists depolarised @entity1400 pyramidal neurones. GABAA mediated currents also had a reduced sensitivity to @entity1245 . In the presence of @entity1027 , between @entity20859 , increasing the stimulus strength reveals an excitatory postsynaptic potential which is mostly mediated by @entity143 receptors. During the same developmental period, pre- (but not post) synaptic GABAB inhibition is present. Intracellular injections of biocytin showed that the axonal network of the GABAergic interneurones is well developed at birth, whereas the pyramidal recurrent collaterals are only beginning to develop. Finally, chronic @entity1027 treatment of hippocampal neurones in culture reduced the extent of @entity527 , suggesting that @entity1246 acts as a trophic factor in that period. In conclusion, it is suggested that during the first postnatal week of life, when excitatory inputs are still poorly developed, GABAA receptors provide the excitatory drive necessary for pyramidal cell outgrowth. Starting from the end of the first postnatal week of life, when excitatory inputs are well developed, @entity1246 (acting on both GABAA and GABAB receptors) will hyperpolarise the @entity1400 pyramidal neurones and, as in the adult, will prevent excessive @entity528 . Our electrophysiological and morphological studies have shown that hippocampal GABAergic interneurones are in a unique position to modulate the development of @entity1400 pyramidal neurones. Developing neurones require a certain degree of membrane depolarisation, and a consequent rise in intracellular @entity460 , for stimulating neurite outgrowth; the GABAergic network, which develops prior to the glutamatergic one, appears to provide this depolarisation. Starting from the end of the first postnatal week of life, at a time when excitatory pathways are developing, @entity1246 (acting on both GABAA and GABAB receptors) would reverse its action, and start to play its well-known role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

title: @entity1246 ( XXXX ): a fast excitatory transmitter which may regulate the development of hippocampal neurones in early postnatal life.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['neuritic arborisation']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal discharges']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: AIMS: Adjunctive therapy with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has been shown to reduce @entity532 and improve clinical outcome in @entity1 with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for @entity583 . Little is known about the use of eptifibatide in this setting. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and two @entity1 with ST elevation @entity583 <12 h scheduled for primary percutaneous intervention were randomly assigned to early eptifibatide given in the emergency room (early) or optional eptifibatide at the time of PCI (late or no). Primary endpoint was the patency of the @entity1188 vessel before PCI. @entity1 in the early group received their first eptifibatide bolus, a mean of 45 min before angiography. TIMI 3 patency before PCI was observed in 34% in the early group and 10% in late or no group (P=0.01). The incidence of complete ST resolution 1 h after PCI was 61% in early group and 66% in the late or no group, respectively (P=n.s.). There were no significant differences in the rates of TIMI 3 flow after PCI, death, reinfarction, @entity64 , and major @entity548 complications until day 30. CONCLUSION: In this pilot trial, double bolus eptifibatide given in the emergency room improved TIMI 3 grade flow of the @entity1188 -related coronary artery before PCI. These results should be confirmed in a larger trial and whether this advantage translates into an improvement in clinical outcome should be tested in a trial with primary clinical endpoints.

title: Early eptifibatide improves TIMI 3 patency before primary percutaneous coronary intervention for @entity583 : results of the randomized integrilin in acute XXXX (INTAMI) pilot trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic complications']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute ST elevation myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Temporal patterns of plasma GH, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and @entity413 were defined by obtaining serial blood samples from freely-moving male @entity35 bearing chronic intracardiac venous cannulae. Blood was withdrawn every 15 min for periods of 6 h. Plasma GH and IRI were determined by radioimmunoassay. The typical ultradian rhythm of GH secretion was evident in each undisturbed animal (peaks greater than 200 ng/ml; troughs less than 1 ng/ml; mean period: 3.40 +/-0.08 h). Basal plasma IRI and @entity413 levels fluctuated minimally. There was no significant correlation between plasma GH and IRI, GH and @entity413 , or IRI and @entity413 levels in unfed @entity35 . The rhythmic GH secretory patterns of feeding animals (mean period: 3.12 +/-0.16 h; peaks greater than 200 ng/ml; troughs less than 1 ng/ml) were similar to those of non-feeding animals (mean period: 3.34 +/-0.15 h; peaks greater than 200 ng/ml; troughs less than 1 ng/ml) despite large fluctuations in plasma IRI levels and a wide variation in the number and size of the meals taken. No consistent relation was observed between the ingestion of meals and the bursts of GH secretion. The mean period of the GH rhythm was not significantly altered by @entity4854 (mean period; 3.25 +/- 0.08 h), although the amplitude of the pulses of half of the @entity1602 @entity35 was markedly depressed. Insulin-induced @entity4053 caused a significant @entity308 in the amplitude of the GH pulses; however, the pattern of this response was not consistent. Despite wide variability in the GH response, the magnitude and time course of recovery of the plasma @entity413 levels was similar in all animals. These results suggest that GH secretion in the @entity35 is regulated primarily by an endogenous ultradian rhythm which is not dependent on changes in plasma @entity413 or IRI levels, and continues to function independently of feeding behavior. It is unlikely that GH is an important physiologic regulator of @entity413 homeostasis in this species.

title: Ultradian growth hormone rhythm in the @entity35 : effects of feeding, XXXX , and insulin-induced @entity4053 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity4854 :: (MESH:D006943,Disease) :: ['hyperglycemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and effect of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in treatment of T1a and T1b @entity1358 . METHODS: Retrospective analyzed the clinical data of 101 @entity1 with T1 @entity1358 underwent NSS from November 1999 to December 2009.Including 79 male and 22 female with the mean age of 52.3 years (ranged 28 to 79 years). Based on @entity5 pathologic diameter, 101 @entity1 were divided into T1a group with 62 @entity1 and T1b group with 39 cases. Demographic, intraoperative, postoperative and follow-up data were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The operation were performed successfully in all the 101 cases. The mean operation time was (151    80) min in group T1a and (158    50) min in group T1b with no statistical difference (P = 0.32). The mean @entity190 was (322    596) ml in group T1a and (308    239) ml in group T1b (P = 0.45). Postoperative follow-up ranged from 8 to 102 months with a mean of 38.4 months. One @entity1 in T1b group died of distant @entity3 36 months after operation. Others were no @entity5 recurred. CONCLUSION: Nephron-sparing surgery is safe and effective for the treatment of T1a and T1b @entity1358 .

title: [Clinical outcomes of nephron sparing surgery for T1 XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of computed tomographic (CT) colonography for @entity14 ( @entity14 ) screening in average-risk asymptomatic subjects in the United States aged 50 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enrollees in the American College of Radiology Imaging Network National CT Colonography Trial provided informed consent, and approval was obtained from the institutional review board at each site. CT colonography performance estimates from the trial were incorporated into three @entity5 Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network @entity14 microsimulations. Simulated survival and lifetime costs for screening 50-year-old subjects in the United States with CT colonography every 5 or 10 years were compared with those for guideline-concordant screening with colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy plus either sensitive unrehydrated fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) or fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), and no screening. Perfect and reduced screening adherence scenarios were considered. Incremental cost-effectiveness and net health benefits were estimated from the U.S. health care sector perspective, assuming a 3% discount rate. RESULTS: CT colonography at 5- and 10-year screening intervals was more costly and less effective than FOBT plus flexible sigmoidoscopy in all three models in both 100% and 50% adherence scenarios. Colonoscopy also was more costly and less effective than FOBT plus flexible sigmoidoscopy, except in the @entity14 -SPIN model assuming 100% adherence (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio:  26,300 per life-year gained). CT colonography at 5- and 10-year screening intervals and colonoscopy were net beneficial compared with no screening in all model scenarios. The 5-year screening interval was net beneficial over the 10-year interval except in the MISCAN model when assuming 100% adherence and willingness to pay  50,000 per life-year gained. CONCLUSION: All three models predict CT colonography to be more costly and less effective than non-CT colonographic screening but net beneficial compared with no screening given model assumptions.

title: Comparative economic evaluation of data from the ACRIN National CT Colonography Trial with three XXXX intervention and surveillance modeling network microsimulations.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4383 ( @entity4383 ) are benign lesions in the liver. Although liver resection is generally not indicated in these @entity1 , rare indications for surgical approaches indeed exist. We here report on our single-center experience with @entity1 undergoing liver resection for @entity4383 , focussing on preoperative diagnostic algorithms and quality of life (QoL) after surgery. METHODS: Medical records of 100 consecutive @entity1 undergoing liver resection for @entity4383 between 1992 and 2012 were retrospectively analyzed with regard to diagnostic pathways and indications for surgery. Quality of life (QoL) before and after surgery was evaluated using validated assessment tools. Student's t test, one-way ANOVA,    (2), and binary logistic regression analyses such as Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test were used, as indicated. RESULTS: A combination of at least two preoperative diagnostic imaging approaches was applied in 99 cases, of which 70 @entity1 were subjected to further imaging or @entity5 biopsy. In most @entity1 , there was more than one indication for liver resection, including @entity5 -associated symptoms with abdominal discomfort (n  =  46, 40.7  %), balance of risk for @entity5 /history of @entity5 (n  =  54, 47.8  %/n  =  18; 33.3  %), @entity5 enlargement/ @entity1087 of vascular and biliary structures (n  =  13, 11.5  %), such as incidental findings during elective operation (n  =  1, 0.9  %). Postoperative morbidity was 19  %, with serious complications (>grade 2, Clavien-Dindo classification) being evident in 8  %. Perioperative mortality was 0  %. Liver resection was associated with a significant overall improvement in general health (very good-excellent: preoperatively 47.4  % vs. postoperatively 68.1  %; p  =  0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Liver resection remains a valuable therapeutic option in the treatment of either symptomatic @entity4383 or if @entity5 cannot finally be ruled out. If clinically indicated, liver resection for @entity4383 represents a safe approach and may lead to significant improvements of QoL especially in symptomatic @entity1 .

title: The value of liver resection for XXXX : resection yes or no?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['FNH', 'Focal nodular hyperplasia']

answer: @entity4383 :: (MESH:D020518,Disease) :: ['focal nodular hyperplasia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) are more likely to have better survival than @entity1 . This study intended to assess gender differences in the survival of these @entity1 in a large registry population. METHODS: In 2005, the Japanese Joint Committee for @entity2 Registration performed a nationwide retrospective registry study regarding the prognosis and clinicopathologic profiles of @entity1 who underwent resection for primary @entity2 in 1999. The registry data of 12,509 @entity1 with @entity1149 were analyzed in terms of gender differences in prognosis and clinicopathologic features. RESULTS: There were 8353 (66.8%) @entity1 and 4156 (33.2%) @entity1 with a mean age at operation of 66.4 and 65.0 years, respectively (p < 0.001). @entity1 had a higher incidence of @entity420 (p < 0.001) and @entity5 (p < 0.001) than @entity1 . The overall survival was significantly better in @entity1 than @entity1 . The 5-year survival rates (5-YSRs) for @entity1 and @entity1 were 75.6 and 57.9%, respectively (p = 0.0000). According to histology, the overall survival of @entity1 was significantly better than that of @entity1 for both @entity420 (5-YSR, 77.7 versus 61.9%, p = 0.0000) and nonadenocarcinoma (5-YSR, 59.3 versus 53.1%, p = 0.035). In @entity420 , @entity1 had a significantly better prognosis than @entity1 for pathologic stage I/II disease. However, in nonadenocarcinoma, there was no significant prognostic difference between the two genders in pathologic stage I/II disease. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with @entity1149 , especially with an @entity420 histology, had better survival than @entity1 . @entity1 were more likely to have @entity420 and @entity5 , which might account for the better prognosis in @entity1 .

title: Survival differences by gender for resected @entity1149 : a retrospective analysis of 12,509 cases in a Japanese XXXX Registry study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage IA disease']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung Cancer', 'lung neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['Lung Cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the incidence, severity and risk factors of recurrent @entity64 after @entity64 stratified by intracranial large @entity2791 (ILAS). METHODS: This was an observational study of 693 @entity385 @entity1 recruited in a medical center in southern Taiwan. ILAS was identified by MRA. Vascular risk factors, therapeutic conditions and @entity64 severity were evaluated prospectively. Risk of events was estimated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and adjusted for sex, age along with all the variables of interest by Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: The mean observation period was 1.1 year with no lost to follow up. There were 57 (8.2%) @entity1 suffered from recurrent @entity385 with 6 (10.5%) dead. Recurrent @entity64 rate was 2.3% within first month after @entity64 , 1.5% 31-90 days, 3% 91-365 days, and 1.2% within 365-730 days. @entity64 was 8.6% (95%CI, 7.7-9.5). History of @entity385 (HR 2.793, 1.550-5.043) and ILAS (HR 2.193, 1.197-4.018) were associated with increased risk of recurrence. CONCLUSION: History of @entity385 along with ILAS related to the recurrence. Most of the recurrent @entity64 was mild in severity. Possibly due to the short interval of observation, recurrent @entity64 was not related to increased mortality.

title: Recurrent @entity385 is predicted by intracranial large @entity2791 identified by brain MRA: an observational study of 693 XXXX from Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Annual stroke recurrence']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity19 are important in vivo model for characterization of cell malignancy behavior; however, many @entity5 cells fail to form @entity5 in it. Understanding this defective mechanism may provide novel insights into tumorigenesis and how @entity5 cells escape innate immunity. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on two @entity356 ( @entity356 ) cells, BGC823 and @entity15206 , which do and do not form @entity5 in @entity19 , to identify their genomic differences relevant to natural killer (NK) cells. We found that the tumorigenic capacity of @entity1 @entity356 cell lines was dependent on the recruitment and activation of NK cells in @entity5 . We used whole-genome sequence (WGS) on @entity356 cell lines to identify potential genes controlling susceptibility to NK-mediated killing. The tumorigenic cell line BGC823 expressed high levels of HLA-I because of @entity1017 and was resistant to NK cell killing. In contrast, another cell line @entity15206 expressing low levels of HLA-I with activated @entity3221 /MAPK/IL-12 (interleukin-12) or @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) pathway was susceptible to NK lysis. Treatment of @entity5 bearing @entity19 with systemic administration of IL-12 in combination with intratumor injection of anti-HLA-I antibody significantly increased NK cell recruitment into @entity5 , which became sensitive to NK killing, resulting in reduced @entity5 progression. In @entity1 @entity356 specimens, decreased HLA-I expression and increased NK cells surrounding @entity5 cells were correlated with decreased @entity3 potential and better prognosis of @entity1 . Our results provide a mechanistic basis for @entity356 cells to escape NK lysis and a promising prospect of NK immunotherapy for @entity356 cells.Oncogene advance online publication, 14 September 2015; doi:10.1038/onc.2015.324.

title: Copy number variations of HLA-I and activation of @entity3221 pathway determine the sensitivity of XXXX cells to the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'Nude mice', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'xenograft tumors', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'GC']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-term results and safety of @entity1169 for the treatment of @entity8174 . METHODS: Oral @entity1169 was administered to 17 @entity1 with @entity8174 at a dose of 1.0-1.5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. The @entity1 were revisited once a week. The changes of the @entity5 size, texture and colour were monitored and recorded at a regular interval. The adverse effects after medication were observed and managed accordingly. The short-term results were evaluated using a 4 scales system. RESULTS: Among the 17 @entity1 treated, the follow-up time was 5 to 10 months. The overall response was scale I in 0 @entity1 , scale II in 0 @entity1 , scale III in 5 @entity1 , and scale IV in 12 @entity1 . No serious adverse effects were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Oral @entity1169 at a lower dose is a safe and effective method for the treatment of @entity8174 . The short-term results were excellent and the side effects minimal.

title: [Treatment of XXXX with @entity1169 ].

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity8174 :: ('MESH:D010309', 'Disease') :: ['parotid hemangioma', 'infantile parotid hemangioma']

answer: @entity8174 :: (MESH:D010309,Disease) :: ['infantile parotid hemangioma']


abstract: @entity4494 ( @entity4494 ) neurons grown in culture in the absence of muscle cells rapidly lose sensitivity to @entity934 ( @entity1617 ), while neurons grown in the presence of muscle or muscle cell membranes maintain sensitivity to @entity1617 for extended periods of time. The present study examined whether exposure to muscle membrane preparation or stimulation of @entity268 -dependent processes could restore sensitivity to @entity1617 in cultured neurons which had lost responsiveness to @entity1617 . @entity4494 neurons from 11- to 14-day-old @entity1573 embryos were grown on collagen substrate in the absence of muscle cells. Sensitivity to @entity1617 was assessed by measuring peak current responses following application of @entity1617 (IACh) to neurons under whole-cell voltage clamp. In control cultures IACh decreased from an average of 837 pA the day of plating to 145 pA following 4 days in culture. Stimulation of @entity268 -dependent processes with @entity1928 and @entity1922 ( @entity1922 ) or @entity7410 and IBMX had variable effects on IACh. These treatments increased peak IACh in some neurons maintained in culture for less than 48 h. Treatment with these agents decreased peak IACh in cultures which were more than 48 h old. Exposure of neurons, which had lost sensitivity to @entity1617 in culture, to muscle membranes increased IACh 2- to 3-fold over 24 to 48 h. This membrane-induced restoration of sensitivity to @entity1617 was blocked by exposure to the protein synthesis inhibitor @entity1880 . Stimulation of @entity268 -dependent processes in neurons exposed to muscle membrane decreased IACh. In conclusion, these results indicate that some element associated with the membranes of muscle cells has the ability to restore @entity1617 responsiveness to @entity4494 neurons which have become insensitive to @entity1617 in culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Muscle membrane preparation restores sensitivity to @entity934 in cultured XXXX ciliary ganglion neurons.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity4494 :: ('MESH:D045888', 'Disease') :: ['CG', 'Ciliary ganglion']

entities_list: @entity1922 :: ('MESH:D015056', 'Chemical') :: ['3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine', 'IBMX']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chick']


abstract: Controversy exists regarding the effects of @entity2847 on the success of transsphenoidal surgery for @entity1 with @entity2013 . Various studies on this drug have reported adverse effects, improvement, and no effect upon the subsequent surgical outcome. The authors have retrospectively reviewed the case histories of 55 @entity1 with immunocytochemically confirmed @entity4090 -secreting @entity977 operated on by a transsphenoidal approach between 1981 and 1985. All @entity1 had received @entity2847 in a variety of doses and for variable durations prior to surgery. Thirty-nine @entity1 were @entity1 and 16 were @entity1 , with an age range of 8 to 72 years. Basal @entity4090 levels prior to @entity2847 treatment ranged from 38 to 100 ng/ml in 11 @entity1 , from 101 to 200 ng/ml in 12, and greater than 200 ng/ml in 29. The "cure" rates were 54%, 58%, and 38%, respectively. Thirty-one @entity1 had microadenomas, with a postoperative cure rate of 68%; 12 had diffuse expansive @entity652 , with a 17% cure rate; and 12 had grossly invasive @entity5 , with a 17% cure rate. A response to preoperative @entity2847 therapy was defined as a return of the basal @entity4090 level to normal: 18 @entity1 were responders and 29 were hyporesponders; in eight the data were not available. The postoperative cure rate was 50% for the responders and 31% for the hyporesponders. Taking into account the distribution of @entity5 type, there was no actual difference in outcome between the responder and the hyporesponder groups. The total @entity2847 dose received preoperatively was nearly identical for all groups. No significant differences in the frequency or extent of @entity82 , @entity730 , or @entity4090 immunoreactivity were observed in the 55 @entity1 when compared with 26 control @entity2013 not treated with @entity2847 . It is concluded that short-term @entity2847 treatment does not adversely affect surgical outcome in any of the @entity4090 -secreting @entity652 groups, nor does response or lack of response to @entity2847 predict surgical outcome.

title: @entity4090 -secreting XXXX : the preoperative response to @entity2847 treatment and surgical outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2013 :: ('MESH:D015175', 'Disease') :: ['prolactinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['adenomas']


abstract: An 11-year-old American Saddlebred gelding was presented for evaluation of a nonpainful subconjunctival mass involving the lateral canthus of the left eye. Other findings included a central @entity267 and a small central cataract of the lens in the left eye. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass was performed and cytologic examination revealed marked @entity32 with intralesional fungal hyphae, consistent with @entity13443 . The fungal structures were elongated and characterized by nonstaining walls; several bulbous @entity375 -like structures were also observed. The @entity13443 was surgically removed and submitted for histopathologic examination and fungal culture. The histopathologic diagnosis was subconjunctival @entity18227 . Scedosporium apiospermum was identified based on macroscopic and microscopic features of the organism in culture. Scedosporium spp. have been reported as causes of @entity281 in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent @entity1 and animals. S. apiospermum and Pseudallescheria boydii, which is its teleomorphic counterpart, have been implicated as potentially emerging @entity1 and veterinary pathogens. Timely diagnosis is essential as the organism is often resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs. This report provides a detailed cytologic description of the organism and recent information on the taxonomy of this fungus and the diagnostic peculiarities of this particular @entity281 .

title: Subconjunctival @entity13443 caused by Scedosporium apiospermum XXXX in a horse.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['pyogranulomatous inflammation']

entities_list: @entity267 :: ('MESH:D065306', 'Disease') :: ['corneal scar']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'mycetomatous and nonmycetomatous infections']

entities_list: @entity18227 :: ('MESH:D060446', 'Disease') :: ['phaeohyphomycosis']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: The influence of intravenous gammaglobulin infusions (ivGG) on hemolytic complement function and the concentration of serum C3 and its split product C3dg was studied in 20 @entity1 with @entity981 ( @entity981 ) undergoing ivGG prophylaxis. IvGG was infused once monthly over a period of 20 months using two different preparations commercially available. Serum and @entity1098 -plasma were collected before initiation of ivGG therapy (time 1), after 10 and 20 months (time 2 and 3), before and immediately after the infusions. IvGG was infused in connection with chemotherapy (according to the CoAll 82 protocol). 16 of 60 sera collected prior to infusions contained less than 700 mg/dl IgG. Mean IgG concentrations could be raised to 198 mg/dl (time 1), 219 mg/dl (time 2), and 213 mg/dl (time 3), respectively. -CH 50 prior to infusions was below normal in 15 of 59 sera, afterwards in 25 of 59 sera. AP 50 before (after) infusions was decreased in 29 of 59 (36 of 60) sera, C3 in 18 of 60 (24 of 60) sera. C3dg was slightly elevated in one @entity1098 -plasma prior to ivGG infusions and in 5 of the plasmas following infusions. IvGG infusions resulted in a significant loss of hemolytic activity of serum complement (p less than 0.01, F-test). The effect was more profound if IgG concentrations before infusions were less than 700 mg/dl, but this was true for only one of the two used ivGG preparations. The long term follow up over two years showed no significant changes of complement functions (F-test), indicating complete recovery of complement function from short term anticomplementary effects.

title: [Preventive long-term intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in XXXX with acute lymphatic leukemia. I. Anticomplementary activity of gamma globulin preparations is a function of the preparation and IgG concentration prior to infusions].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphocytic leukemia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The cases of @entity259 treated at this hospital during the period 1948 to 1981 were reviewed retrospectively. Nine hundred eighty-six @entity1 with thyroid nodules were operated on. One hundred fifty-two were @entity259 (59 papillary, 36 mixed papillary-follicular, 30 follicular, 20 anaplastic, 5 medullary, and 2 Hurthle cell @entity5 ). There was a 92% follow-up for a mean of 10 years. In the last decade, @entity1 presented at a younger age, the female predominance was diminished, and 15% had had previous neck irradiation. Surgery consisted of total (27) or subtotal thyroidectomy (89), lobectomy or nodulectomy (24), and biopsy (12). Total thyroidectomy had an incidence of @entity260 that was 20 times higher than that with partial thyroidectomy (P less than 0.001). @entity204 , recurrence, and survivor status were discussed. There was no significant difference between total versus subtotal thyroidectomy. This study reaffirms the usefulness of subtotal resection and the avoidance of morbidity of more radical total thyroidectomy surgery.

title: Surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Disease-related death']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is considered general knowledge among physicians and epidemiologists that biological and social aspects associated with being male or female have a strong influence on health and disease. Integrating these aspects into research is necessary to counteract the problems--including ethical problems--resulting from a different evidence basis for @entity1 and @entity1 . From January 2011 to June 2014 the Federal Ministry of Education and Research supported the network "Sex-/Gender-Sensitive Research in Epidemiology, Neuroscience and Genetics/ @entity5 Research" with three subprojects, which aimed to promote gender-sensitive research practices. The concepts and results are presented in this article. METHODS: The subproject gathered data (literature analyses, questionnaires) and offered programs for young scientists. Experiences and results were collected and generalized, for instance, in the form of definitions of terms. RESULTS: 50 young scientists have taken part in the training program, identifying associations and barriers in sex-/gender-sensitive research. Among others, a working definition for "sex-/gender-sensitive research" was developed, as well as definitions for the terms "sex-specific" (for biological characteristics that are specific to @entity1 or @entity1 ) and "sex-/gender-dependent" or "sex-/gender-associated" (for biological and social factors, for which the extent of occurrence differs between the sexes). PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT: The concepts realized by the network are well suited to stimulate further development and discussions. The definition of terms is an important base for a productive and high-yielding interdisciplinary collaboration.

title: [Sex- and gender-sensitive research in epidemiology and medicine: how can this be achieved? Aims and first results of the network "Sex-/Gender-Sensitive Research in Epidemiology, Neurosciences and Genetics/ XXXX Research"].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: In a @entity19 model system, @entity2764 has demonstrated protective properties during administration of lethal doses of @entity1891 (VCR). Subsequently, @entity2764 has been evaluated in @entity1 receiving VCR during an adjuvant chemotherapy program for stage II @entity0 . The @entity137 , cumulative VCR dosage, and percentage of ideal dosage observed in 24 @entity1 receiving @entity2764 have been compared to those observed in 88 @entity1 who previously received VCR without @entity2764 in the same chemotherapy program. All @entity1 ideally were to receive VCR 1.0 mg/m2 weekly for 6-weeks with dose modification for @entity2359 . Treatment @entity1 received @entity2764 1.5 grams p.o. daily in three divided doses during the 6-week course. The degree of @entity2359 manifestations of VCR was similar in the treatment and comparison @entity1 . Absent to mild @entity2359 was observed in approximately 70% of @entity1 in both groups; moderate or greater @entity2359 occurred in about 30% of @entity1 in both groups. Full dosage (6.0 mg/m2) was attained in 8 (33%) treatment @entity1 and 18 (24%) comparison @entity1 (p = 0.28). The mean percentage of ideal dosage of VCR was 84.6 +/- 10.8 in @entity1 receiving @entity2764 and 81.9 +/- 21.6 in those given only VCR (p = 0.59). @entity1503 were similar in both groups. @entity2764 in this dose and schedule afforded no protection from the @entity2359 side effects of VCR.

title: Clinical trial of @entity2764 to reduce @entity1891 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity2764 :: ('MESH:D011736', 'Chemical') :: ['Pyridoxine', 'pyridoxine']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the breast']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity', 'neurotoxic']

answer: @entity2359 :: (MESH:D020258,Disease) :: ['neurotoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bacterial colonisation in @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) contributes to airway @entity32 and modulates exacerbations. We assessed risk factors for bacterial colonisation in @entity1030 . METHODS: @entity1 with stable @entity1030 consecutively recruited over 1 year gave consent to provide a sputum sample for microbiologic analysis. Bronchial colonisation by potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPMs) was defined as the isolation of PPMs at concentrations of > or =102 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL on quantitative bacterial culture. Colonised @entity1 were divided into high (>105 CFU/mL) or low (<105 CFU/mL) bacterial load. RESULTS: A total of 119 @entity1 (92.5% @entity1 , mean age 68 years, mean forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] [% predicted] 46.4%) were evaluated. Bacterial colonisation was demonstrated in 58 (48.7%) @entity1 . @entity1 with and without bacterial colonisation showed significant differences in smoking history, cough, dyspnoea, @entity1030 exacerbations and hospitalisations in the previous year, and sputum colour. Thirty-six @entity1 (62% of those colonised) had a high bacterial load. More than 80% of the sputum samples with a dark yellow or greenish colour yielded PPMs in culture. In contrast, only 5.9% of white and 44.7% of light yellow sputum samples were positive (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed an increased degree of dyspnoea (odds ratio [OR] = 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53-5.09, P = 0.004) and a darker sputum colour (OR = 4.11, 95% CI 2.30-7.29, P < 0.001) as factors associated with the presence of PPMs in sputum. CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of our population of ambulatory moderate to very severe @entity1030 @entity1 were colonised with PPMs. @entity1 colonised present more severe dyspnoea, and a darker colour of sputum allows identification of individuals more likely to be colonised.

title: Colour of sputum is a marker for bacterial colonisation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We endeavored to analyze @entity1 of subacute and @entity6087 studied in a 4-year period at the Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Kashmir, India. METHODS: The study was a retrospective analysis of 1181 @entity1 of @entity3439 . Demographic characteristics, clinico-radiologic features, operative modalities, and outcome were studied. @entity6477 were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The mean age was 60.4    12.4 and males outnumbered females. Chronic subdural collections were more common than subacute @entity3439 and left side predominated. Two burr holes with closed-system drainage was used in most @entity1 . Incidence of @entity410 is very low. Overall recurrence rates were low; however, multilocular @entity1410 had the highest incidence of recurrence. Morbidity and mortality were 7.53% and 2.96%, respectively. Preoperative neurologic grade correlated with outcome. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3439 are common in elderly males. Preoperative neurologic grade dictates the outcome. Multilocular @entity1410 have a higher chance of recurrence. Craniotomy should be reserved for recurrent @entity1410 , and there may be a scope of craniotomy for @entity6087 at the outset. Antiepileptic prophylaxis is not routinely recommended.

title: XXXX : an analysis of 1181 Kashmiri @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity3439 :: ('MESH:D006408', 'Disease') :: ['Subdural hematomas', 'subdural hematomas']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative seizures']

entities_list: @entity6087 :: ('MESH:D020200', 'Disease') :: ['multilocular chronic subdural hematomas', 'chronic subdural hematomas']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

entities_list: @entity6477 :: ('MESH:D020199', 'Disease') :: ['Acute subdural hematomas']

answer: @entity3439 :: (MESH:D006408,Disease) :: ['Subdural hematomas']


abstract: Symptomatic differences have been reported between @entity1 with @entity161 . The present study examined neuroanatomical differences between the two subgroups and their parents using voxel-based morphometry. High-resolution T1-weighted images were obtained using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging from 20 @entity1 with @entity161 (familial subgroup, n=10; sporadic subgroup, n=10), 20 of their parents (familial subgroup, n=10; sporadic subgroup, n=10) and 20 healthy volunteers. @entity62 ( @entity62 ) was compared between groups on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Compared with the sporadic @entity1 , the familial @entity1 had significantly reduced @entity62 in the thalamus bilaterally. Reduction of @entity62 in bilateral thalami was also found in familial parents in comparison with sporadic parents. Compared with controls, both familial and sporadic @entity1 had lower @entity62 involving @entity1621 , right temporal lobe, right occipital lobe, left lenticular nucleus and right cerebellum. However, only familial @entity1 showed lower @entity62 than controls in the right thalamus. Compared with controls, only familial parents showed lower @entity62 in the right insula extending to the right temporal lobe and the right parietal lobule. The present data suggest that familial @entity161 is associated with more severe structural @entity161 , especially in the thalamus.

title: Neuroanatomical differences between XXXX and their parents: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['GMD', 'Gray matter density']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'abnormalities than sporadic schizophrenia', 'familial and sporadic schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity1621 :: ('MESH:C563492', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral insula']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['familial and sporadic schizophrenia']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate consecutive cases of recurrent @entity5 in the pelvic cavity treated with @entity3459 therapy using real-time navigation by an open magnetic resonance system. METHODS: Nine recurrent pelvic lesions in 8 @entity1 after curative resection of @entity5 were treated with real-time magnetic resonance-guided @entity3459 therapy as a palliative local therapy to reduce @entity5 volume and/or @entity158 . Clinical and pathological data were collected retrospectively by reviewing medical records and clinical imaging results. RESULTS: Seven @entity1 received other treatments before real-time magnetic resonance-guided @entity3459 . Six @entity1 had distant synchronous metastases. Three @entity1 underwent surgery under lumbar anesthesia. @entity3459 was performed percutaneously in 5 lesions and under laparotomy in 4 lesions. Although adverse events related to @entity3459 ( @entity39 and @entity128 ) were observed, no fatal complications occurred. Local re-recurrence was observed in 2 of 9 ablated lesions. Except for 1 @entity1 who died of @entity177 , the remaining 7 @entity1 died of @entity5 . Median overall survival after @entity3459 for all @entity1 was 10 months (range, 4-37 mo). Median overall survival after discovery of pelvic recurrence in all @entity1 was 22 months (range, 9-42 mo). CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of using an open magnetic resonance system in the pelvic cavity include the abilities to treat @entity5 that cannot be visualized by other modalities, to demonstrate internal architectural changes during treatment, to differentiate treated vs untreated areas, and to allow adjustments to the treatment plan during the procedure. Additional studies are required to clarify the efficacy of @entity5 coagulation for local control.

title: Real-time magnetic resonance-guided XXXX therapy for pelvic recurrence of @entity5 : initial clinical experience using a 0.5 T open magnetic resonance system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['skin necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['microwave coagulation', 'Microwave coagulation']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['local pain']

answer: @entity3459 :: (MESH:D025861,Disease) :: ['microwave coagulation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies attempting to establish the safety and efficacy of standard and high-dose intra-arterial infusions of @entity460 channel blockers for treatment of @entity2553 have focused on hemodynamic changes during the angiographic procedure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate longer-term drug effects over the hours following infusion and the effects on brain tissue @entity26 tension or cerebral metabolism. METHODS: We studied 11 @entity1 with poor-grade aneurysmal @entity510 who underwent multimodality brain monitoring and angiography with infusion of high-dose intra-arterial @entity1855 (>= 15 mg total dose). Hourly intracerebral microdialysis measurements and continuously recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP), @entity428 ( @entity428 ), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and Pbto    were analyzed for 6 hours before and 12 hours following treatment. RESULTS: A median dose of 23 mg (range, 15-55 mg) of intra-arterial @entity1855 was given. Compared with baseline values, reductions in CPP and MAP were maximal at 3 hours postangiography (from 105    13 mm Hg to 95    15 mm Hg and from 116    12 mm Hg to 106    16 mm Hg, P < .01) and persisted for up to 6 hours (P < .04); increases in vasopressor therapy were required in 8 procedures (53%). @entity428 significantly increased during the first 3 hours post angiography (P < .03). Brain @entity413 increased by 33% by hour 9 (P < .001). There were no significant changes in Pbto    or the @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio. CONCLUSION: High-dose intra-arterial @entity1855 causes @entity428 in CPP, followed by an increase in brain @entity413 levels, without altering brain @entity26 tension or oxidative metabolism. @entity1 undergoing high-dose intra-arterial @entity1855 therapy warrant close hemodynamic and @entity428 monitoring for at least 12 hours following treatment.

title: High-dose intra-arterial @entity1855 for the treatment of XXXX after @entity510 : prolonged effects on hemodynamic parameters and brain metabolism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['ICP', 'increases in ICP and reductions', 'intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['verapamil']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2553 :: ('MESH:D020301', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral vasospasm']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity2553 :: (MESH:D020301,Disease) :: ['cerebral vasospasm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The SpineCor dynamic brace for the treatment of @entity2112 is designed to maintain the correct position of the spine and a new movement strategy for 20 hours per day. The SpineCor exercise system intensifies and complements the brace treatment. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive treatment of @entity2112 involving the SpineCor system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study assessed a group of 40 @entity1 (38 @entity1 and 2 @entity1 ) with @entity2112 treated with the SpineCor brace. The average age at beginning of treatment was 13.1 yrs (10-15). Minimum treatment time was 18 months. 28 @entity1 met the @entity6815 criteria. Angles of the curve before and after bracing based on imaging studies were measured at the beginning and end of the treatment, analyzed and compared. Rehabilitation focused on teaching active corrective movement throughout the brace treatment. A control group was formed of 33 @entity1 , including 21 meeting the @entity6815 criteria, who used the SpineCor dynamic brace but did not participate in the associated exercise programme. RESULTS: Among @entity1 from the exercise group who met the @entity6815 criteria, 25% demonstrated reduced curve angles, 35.7% demonstrated curve progression and 39.3% showed stabilization (no change). Among @entity1 meeting the @entity6815 criteria from the control group, a decrease in curve angle was observed in 14.3% of the @entity1 , curve progression in 57.1% and stabilization in 28.6%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The addition of a dedicated physiotherapy programme to SpineCor dynamic bracing improves the chances of obtaining a positive outcome. 2. It is necessary to further analyse the course of the comprehensive treatment, also with regard to other types of braces and kinesiotherapy programmes.

title: Effectiveness of Treatment of XXXX by SpineCor Dynamic Bracing with Special Physiotherapy Programme in SpineCor System.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic scoliosis']

answer: @entity2112 :: (MESH:C564593,Disease) :: ['Idiopathic Scoliosis']


abstract: The number of root nodules developing on legume roots after @entity281 is controlled by the plant shoot through autoregulation and mutational inactivation of this mechanism leads to hypernodulation. We have characterised the @entity3587 ( @entity3587 ) Sym28 locus involved in autoregulation and shown that it encodes a protein similar to the @entity958 @entity3588 ( @entity3588 ) protein. Inactivation of the PsClv2 gene in four independent sym28 mutant alleles, carrying premature stop codons, results in hypernodulation of the root and changes to the shoot architecture. In the reproductive phase sym28 shoots develops additional flowers, the stem fasciates, and the normal phyllotaxis is perturbed. Mutational substitution of an @entity535 in one @entity368 rich repeat of the corresponding @entity3589 LjCLV2 protein results in increased nodulation. Similarly, down-regulation of the Lotus @entity3588 gene by RNAi mediated reduction of the transcript level also resulted in increased nodulation. Gene expression analysis of LjClv2 and Lotus hypernodulation aberrant root formation @entity3590 (previously shown to regulate nodule numbers) indicated they have overlapping organ expression patterns. However, we were unable to demonstrate a direct protein-protein interaction between LjCLV2 and @entity3590 proteins in contrast to the situation between equivalent proteins in @entity958 . @entity3590 was localised to the plasma membrane using a YFP fusion whereas LjCLV2-YFP localised to the endoplasmic reticulum when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. This finding is the most likely explanation for the lack of interaction between these two proteins.

title: The XXXX genes of @entity3587 and @entity3589 affect autoregulation of nodulation.

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3589 :: ('34305', 'Species') :: ['Lotus japonicus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['rhizobial infection']

entities_list: @entity3587 :: ('3888', 'Species') :: ['Pisum sativum', 'pea']

answer: @entity3588 :: (842849(Tax:3702),Gene) :: ['Clavata2']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Previous reports have demonstrated that treatment efficacy is not modified by age and that there are no major differences in outcomes among stage-matched @entity1 as their ages increase. However, there seems to be a substantial undertreatment in the elderly. METHODS: We reviewed consecutive @entity1 with @entity0 , 60 years old or older, between July 2003 and March 2007. @entity1 characteristics, clinicopathologic factors and treatment delivery were retrieved from medical records. @entity1 were subdivided into two groups (mid-elderly, 60-74 years old and high-elderly, 75 years old or older) and compared based on these factors. RESULTS: A total of 280 @entity1 were included. All were female. Sixteen percent were high-elderly. Most @entity1 had favorable performance status (0/1, 87%), positive @entity172 receptor (57%), negative @entity1 @entity1722 overexpression (65%) and axillary lymph node @entity3 (57%). The high-elderly group had significantly less @entity1 @entity1722 overexpression and less axillary lymph node @entity3 . Chemotherapy was administered to 180 @entity1 , and among them, those in the high-elderly group underwent significantly less chemotherapy (P < 0.001). Both @entity4349 and @entity3907 were significantly less frequently administered in high-elderly (P < 0.001, respectively). An alternative regimen for @entity4349 and @entity3907 was mainly a @entity1487 -based single agent. Chemotherapy was omitted in 12 @entity1 (3 mid-elderly and 9 high-elderly) because of age, and in 9 @entity1 , age was the only reason for omitting chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that elderly @entity1 were substantially undertreated. The development of a safer and more efficacious treatment strategy is urgently needed.

title: Elderly XXXX therapy: a Japanese experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity1722 :: ('2064', 'Gene') :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor 2']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The @entity19 haemopoietic system is not permanently damaged by repeated injections of cytotoxic @entity1487 . It contains approximately normal numbers of nucleated femoral and spleen colony-forming cells (CFUs) after seven monthly injections of the drug and normal numbers of @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) after five serial injections. Furthermore, the @entity19 is fully fertile after seven injections of @entity1487 . The @entity19 recovers quickly after treatment because it regenerates from cells which were not killed by the drug. Within 14 days of treatment with @entity1487 there are almost twice the normal number of femoral macrophage and @entity1358 (M-CFC and @entity1358 ). These numbers then fall but are returning to normal 6 weeks after the drug was administered. In this quick recovery the response of the haemopoietic system differs from its response to the loss of blood cells caused by sub-lethal irradiation, or lethal irradiation, or treatment with @entity1863 . When @entity19 are treated twice with @entity1487 , the second injection 14 days after the first, the number of femoral M-CFC two days after the second injection, is 16-fold the number in controls, but the number of femoral @entity1358 is only twice the number in controls. When the interval between the two injections is 21 days, the number of femoral M-CFC is almost 8% of that of @entity19 treated once, but the number of @entity1358 is 67%. The characteristic response of each type of cell to repeated treatment with @entity1487 is probably due to the number of its precursors which are killed by the drug and to the interval between successive injections. A second injection of @entity1487 , 28 days after the first, speeds the growth rate of @entity1358 . Their doubling time is 6 h shorter than that of @entity19 treated once. Haemopoietic tissue from @entity19 treated repeatedly with @entity1487 can only outgrow normal marrow under certain conditions. The nature of these conditions and the mechanisms involved are discussed in the light of contradictory findings.

title: Patterns of haemopoietic recovery after stress--II. Treatment with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['HPP-CFC', 'high proliferation potential colony-forming cells']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['busulphan']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['fluorouracil']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity704 is a rare disease. The treatment of @entity1 with @entity3 remains controversial. The prognosis of such @entity1 is poor, even with the use of postoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy. We retrospectively reviewed the outcome and prognostic factors in a series of 90 @entity1 presenting with an @entity3 treated by partial resection or biopsy and radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1979-1990, 163 @entity1 with the diagnosis of @entity704 were treated in 10 French @entity5 centers. @entity1 were staged using the postoperative "GETT" classification derived from that of Masaoka. Ninety @entity1 who presented with an @entity3 , 58 Stage III (21 IIIA: partial resection and 37 IIIB: biopsy) and 32 Stage IVA (intrathoracic thymoma spread), are the subject of this report. Treatment combined surgery and radiation therapy (+/- chemotherapy), with curative intent. Surgery consisted of partial resection in 31 @entity1 (21 Stage III), and biopsy in 55 @entity1 (37 Stage III). The median radiation dose to the @entity5 was 50 Gy (30-70 Gy). Supraclavicular radiation was performed in 59 @entity1 (median dose 40 Gy). Chemotherapy, combined with radiation in 59 @entity1 , consisted of multidrug regimens, mainly @entity902 based. RESULTS: The median follow-up is 105 months (20-165 months). The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates are 51 and 39%, respectively. There is a great impact of the extent of surgery on survival: the 5- and 10-year survival rates were 64% and 43%, respectively, after partial resection, compared to 39% and 31% after biopsy (p < 0.02). Local control at 8.5 years was obtained in 59 of 90 @entity1 (66%): 40 Stage III, 19 Stage IVA. There is a significant relationship between the extent of surgery and the local control (16% of relapse after partial resection vs. 45% after biopsy, p < 0.05). Seven @entity1 developed significant (grades 3-4 WHO grading system) treatment-induced side effects. Stage, histologic type, and chemotherapy were not prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: In this large multicentric retrospective study of invasive @entity704 ( @entity5 ) treated by surgery and radiation, results show the importance of loco-regional treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy. There is also a great impact of radiation on local control. However, the rate of local recurrence (34%) justifies recommending a higher dose of radiation (> 50 Gy) than doses used in this study, for incompletely resected @entity1 . The role of chemotherapy needs to be further assessed.

title: Radiotherapy and chemotherapy for invasive XXXX : a multicentric retrospective review of 90 cases. The FNCLCC trialists. F  d  ration Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity704 :: ('MESH:D013945', 'Disease') :: ['Thymoma', 'lymphoepithelial thymoma', 'thymomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Stage III-IVA', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive thymoma']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity704 :: (MESH:D013945,Disease) :: ['thymomas']


abstract: AIMS: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the prescription of @entity1162 drugs at hospital admission and discharge and the risk factors associated with their use in older @entity1 (aged 65  years and older). METHODS: Data were obtained from the REPOSI (REgistro POliterapie SIMI [Societ   Italiana di Medicina Interna]) registry, which enrolled 4035 @entity1 in 2008 (n  =  1332), 2010 (n  =  1380), and 2012 (n  =  1323). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the risk factors independently associated with @entity1162 drug use. @entity1162 drugs were classified by the risk of @entity1166 ( @entity1166 ) (definite, possible, or conditional) according to the Arizona Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (AzCERT) classification. Specific drug combinations were also assessed. RESULTS: Among 3906 @entity1 prescribed at least one drug at admission, 2156 (55.2  %) were taking at least one @entity1162 drug. Risk factors independently associated with the use of any @entity1162 drugs were increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95  % CI 1.01-1.03), multimorbidity (OR 2.69, 95  % CI 2.33-3.10), @entity1371 (OR 2.79, 95  % CI 1.32-5.89), @entity955 (OR 1.66, 95  % CI 1.40-1.98), and @entity712 (OR 3.17, 95  % CI 2.49-4.05). @entity1483 , alone or in combination, was the most prescribed drug. @entity2643 was the most prescribed drug with a definite risk of @entity1166 . Both the absolute number of @entity1162 drugs (2890 vs. 3549) and the number of @entity1 treated with them (2456 vs. 2156) increased at discharge. Among 1808 @entity1 not prescribed @entity1162 drugs at admission, 35.8  % were prescribed them at discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Despite their risk, @entity1162 drugs are widely prescribed to hospitalized older @entity1 . The curriculum for both practicing physicians and medical students should be strengthened to provide more education on the appropriate use of drugs in order to improve the management of hospitalized older @entity1 .

title: Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Use of QT-Prolonging Drugs in Hospitalized Older XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['Amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1166 :: ('MESH:D016171', 'Disease') :: ['TdP', 'Torsades de Pointes']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['Furosemide']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['QT-prolonging']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['People']


abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of @entity3338 transporter (MCT) subtypes 1-4 in the various structures of the @entity35 eye by using a combination of conventional and real-time RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Retinal samples expressed mRNAs encoding all four MCTs. @entity20563 immunoreactivity was observed in photoreceptor inner segments, Muller cells, retinal capillaries, and the two plexiform layers. @entity20564 labeling was concentrated in the inner and outer plexiform layers. @entity20565 immunolabeling was present only in the inner retina, particularly in putative Muller cells, and the plexiform layers. No @entity20565 labeling could be observed. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid expressed high levels of @entity20563 and @entity20565 mRNAs but lower levels of @entity20564 and @entity20565 mRNAs. @entity20563 was localized to the apical and @entity20565 to the basal membrane of the RPE, whereas @entity20564 staining was faint. Although @entity20563 - @entity20565 mRNAs were all detectable in iris and ciliary body samples, only @entity20563 and @entity20564 proteins were expressed. These were present in the iris epithelium and the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes. @entity20565 was localized to the smooth muscle lining of large vessels in the iris-ciliary body and choroid. In the cornea, @entity20563 and @entity20564 mRNAs and proteins were detectable in the epithelium and endothelium, whereas evidence was found for the presence of @entity20565 and, to a lesser extent, @entity20563 in the lens epithelium. The unique distribution of MCT subtypes in the eye is indicative of the pivotal role that these transporters play in the maintenance of ocular function.

title: Expression of @entity3338 transporters in XXXX ocular tissues.

entities_list: @entity3338 :: ('CHEBI:35757', 'Chemical') :: ['monocarboxylate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: An important component of survival time during cold exposure is shivering endurance. Nine male and three female healthy and fit subjects [mean (SD) age 24.8 (6.3) years, body mass 71.7 (13.2) kg, height 1.75 (0.10) m, body fat 22.7 (7.4)%] were immersed to the upper chest level in cold water for periods ranging from 105 to 388 min on two occasions to test a prediction of shivering endurance. The water was cooled from 20 to 8 degrees C during the first 15 min of immersion and subsequently rewarmed (<20 degrees C) to elicit a near constant submaximal shivering response. The data were divided according to moderate (M) and high (H) levels of shivering intensity. Respective mean total immersion times were 250 (75) and 199 (80) min ( P=0.086) at different average shivering intensities of 61 (10) and 69 (8)% relative to maximal shivering ( P<0.001). Blood plasma @entity413 concentration increased during the immersion [from 3.44 (0.54) pre- to 3.94 (0.60) mmol x l(-1) post-immersion ( P=0.037)] and levels were higher during M ( P=0.012). When compared to a model prediction of shivering endurance, shivering activity continued well beyond the predicted endurance times in 18 out of the 24 trials. The average rates of @entity26 consumption over the entire immersion period were lower ( P=0.002) during M [0.93 (0.20) l x @entity1009 )] compared to H [1.05 (0.21) l x @entity1009 )), and while these rates did not change during the last 90 min of immersion, there was an increase in fat oxidation. There were no trial differences in the average esophageal (T(es)) and mean skin temperatures during the entire immersion period (36.0 and 18.0 degrees C, respectively), yet T(es) decreased ( P=0.003) approximately 0.4 degrees C during the last 90 min of immersion. When the shivering intensity was normalized to account for this decrease, a significant downward trend of approximately 17% x h(-1) in the normalized shivering intensity was found after the predicted end of shivering endurance. These results suggest that shivering drive, and not shivering intensity per se, decreased during the latter stages of the immersion. Underlying mechanisms such as @entity1295 and habituation for this diminishing cold sensitivity are discussed.

title: Shivering endurance and XXXX during cold water immersion in humans.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1295 :: (MESH:D005221,Disease) :: ['fatigue']