abstract: The control of secretion of the placental hormones @entity1 @entity1465 and @entity1 @entity5804 ( @entity4151 ), and the trophoblastic protein pregnancy-specific beta-glycoprotein ( @entity3419 ), is not well understood. During pregnancy, the @entity1465 concentrations peak in the first trimester then decrease, while @entity4151 and @entity3419 increase steadily throughout gestation. In order to determine whether the discordance between @entity1465 secretion and that of @entity4151 and @entity3419 observed in vivo also occur in vitro, we cultured placental explants with and without @entity5393 ( @entity5393 ) and @entity2544 . Between 5 and 12 explants were used for each treatment in each experiment. The concentration of the proteins secreted into the media each day was measured by specific radioimmunoassays. The quantities of @entity4151 and @entity3419 secreted per day declined in a parallel fashion after 24 hours under both basal and @entity5393 -stimulated conditions. The @entity1465 output progressively decreased in the unstimulated cultures until 48 hours, at which time an increase in @entity1465 secretion was observed. The @entity5393 -stimulated placentae significantly increased their @entity1465 output at both 48 and 72 hours. These data show that @entity1465 secretion is regulated differently from that of @entity4151 and @entity3419 . The results do not negate the possibility that term placental tissue may contain an inhibitor of @entity1465 release that is removed by experimental manipulation in vitro.

title: In vitro secretory patterns of XXXX chorionic gonadotrophin, @entity5804 and pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein.

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity1465 :: ('93659', 'Gene') :: ['hCG', 'chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)']

entities_list: @entity5804 :: ('1443', 'Gene') :: ['placental lactogen']

entities_list: @entity5393 :: ('MESH:D003994', 'Chemical') :: ['dibutyryl cyclic AMP', 'dbcAMP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The British National Health Service is a closed managed care system. This single health care system for the United Kingdom is funded by the government and paid for by general taxation. All UK citizens are registered with primary care physicians who control access to secondary care services. As a managed care system it should be able to offer integrated care across the whole @entity1 pathway. In reality there are professional, organizational, and institutional barriers to coordination and delivery of care in the @entity9462 . Historically, the United Kingdom has been among the lowest health care spenders of organizations for economic cooperation in developed countries, in absolute terms as well as proportion of the gross domestic product. However, since a Government pledge to place quality at the heart of the @entity9462 and a commitment in 2000 to increase spending on the @entity9462 , the @entity9462 budget has more than doubled-an unprecedented rate of growth, roughly by 7.5% annually in real terms. A quality and outcomes framework has been introduced into primary care to systematically incentivize process measures such as computerization and chronic disease management by establishing practice-based disease registers. The strategic planning for kidney services in England has been developed in this national environment complemented by local research findings and the wider international consensus that has emerged since the publication of the classification of @entity740 in 2002. This program of work has resulted in a paradigm shift from @entity8 being viewed as a secondary care condition to being a primary care priority as part of @entity455 control and management. In the first 2 years of the initiative more than 40% of the expected @entity740 stage 3 to 5 population have been registered in primary care. @entity8 now is recognized as a public health problem in the United Kingdom, preventative strategies are being integrated into comprehensive vascular risk assessment and management programs, and @entity8 has become an @entity9462 priority area.

title: The UK model for system redesign and XXXX services.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Kidney disease', 'kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['chronic kidney disease']


abstract: In summary, it is hazardous to rely solely on coronary angiography to define critical @entity3979 . Clinically, the physiologic significance of a narrowing observed at coronary angiography can best be evaluated by obtaining additional evidence of @entity741 , i.e. stress testing with ECG monitoring, resting and exercise isotope perfusion studies or ventriculographic studies. However, when evaluating coronary angiograms for critical @entity3979 , several points are worth considering. First, a long narrowing will decrease coronary blood flow more than a short narrowing of the same severity. Second, sequential narrowings will decrease coronary blood flow more than a single narrowing of the same total length. Third, a long narrowing can be estimated more accurately than a short narrowing. Fourth, caliper measurements of coronary artery narrowings are more accurate than subjective estimation, and fifth, coronary artery dilators may increase the percentage narrowing in some cases. The complex effects of percent @entity850 and length of @entity850 on the physiology of coronary blood flow must always be considered when evaluating angiograms. In addition, the angiographic or photographic artifacts produced by short narrowings tend to overestimate the percent @entity850 and, thus, calipers should be used to measure percent @entity850 , especially in the short narrowings.

title: Angiographic definition of critical XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

answer: @entity3979 :: (MESH:D023921,Disease) :: ['coronary artery stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Retrieval of >/= 12 lymph nodes has been set as a marker of quality for surgical resection for @entity694 . The aim of our study was to determine if increasing the number of lymph nodes recovered in @entity5 results in improved survival and if it does represent a reasonable quality metric. STUDY DESIGN: Data from @entity1 with @entity5 from 1996 to 2001 were analyzed. Outcomes after operation ( @entity5 survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival) with or without adjuvant therapy were evaluated in 3 categories: the entire cohort, @entity1 with N1, and @entity1 with N2 disease. These categories were then classified into subgroups by the number of nodes (</= 12 versus >12) retrieved per specimen and whether they had @entity1487 -based chemotherapy or not. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-nine @entity1 , with a median followup of 5 years with @entity5 , were identified. Five-year @entity5 and disease-free survival was 67.2% and 59.7%, respectively. A positive correlation between number of positive lymph nodes and overall survival was found (p < 0.05). No significant association was observed between the total number (> 12 versus </= 12) of lymph nodes removed either in the entire cohort or in @entity1 with N1 (249 @entity1 ) and N2 (80 @entity1 ) disease. CONCLUSION: Accurate staging requires an appropriate operation and a concerted pathologic effort to identify lymph nodes in the colon specimen. The total number of lymph nodes analyzed for @entity5 is not a prognostic indicator of @entity5 and disease-free survival.

title: XXXX is independent of the total number of lymph nodes retrieved.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III colon cancer', 'cancer-specific']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Survival in stage III colon cancer']


abstract: The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) allows examination of multiple aspects of cognition/executive functions (attention/impulsivity/ perseveration). Most 5-CSRTT studies are performed with pigmented (i.e. Long-Evans: LE) @entity35 ; however, albino strains (i.e. Sprague-Dawley: @entity168 ) are more commonly used in behavioural pharmacology experiments. Hence, we compared 5-CSRTT performances of @entity168 and LE @entity35 and their sensitivity to acute @entity12781 ( @entity212 , 1-2.5 mg/kg). @entity168 required significantly fewer sessions(35 versus 50) than LE @entity35 for task acquisition, especially at shortest stimulus light duration (1 s). However,once trained, under vehicle conditions, both strains performed similarly. In contrast, @entity212 treatment differentially affected the two strains. Thus, whilst percentage of accuracy was decreased for both strains, in @entity168 @entity35 number of premature responses was more markedly decreased, whereas omissions and latency time to correct responses were more notably increased. In addition, @entity212 monotonically diminished in @entity168 , but augmented (1-1.5 mg/kg) in LE @entity35 compulsive responding. To summarize, under our experimental conditions, the @entity168 offer advantages over LE strain for speed of acquisition of 5-CSRTT. Once trained, basal performances of both strains were equivalent and stable enough for challenge with pharmacological compounds. However, @entity212 differentially affected the strains on several parameters considered.

title: The five choice serial reaction time task: comparison between Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans XXXX on acquisition of task, and sensitivity to @entity12781 .

entities_list: @entity12781 :: ('MESH:D010622', 'Chemical') :: ['phencyclidine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Twenty @entity1 with @entity1778 (8) or @entity693 and @entity129 were treated with cranial irradiation at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from June 1987 through December 1988. The diagnosis of @entity3554 was confirmed by malignant or 'suspicious' cerebrospinal fluid cytology in 13/20 @entity1 . The 6th and 7th cranial nerves were most commonly involved. Multiple nerve involvement was present in 11/20 @entity1 , for a total of 42 nerves affected. Treatment consisted of whole brain irradiation to a median dose of 2400 cGy (range: 1000-3000) at 200-300 cGy per fraction. Median survival was 7 months. Forty of 42 nerves improved, for an actuarial response rate of 95% at 3 months. The complete response rate was 44% and was better for @entity1 with @entity706 than for those with @entity1778 (72% vs 19%, p = 0.04). Delaying initiation of irradiation more than 3 days after the onset of symptoms did not affect the ultimate response rate, but slightly increased the median time to response (9 days vs 14 days, p = 0.1). Radiation therapy is an effective means of reversing @entity129 in @entity1778 and @entity706 . Higher doses may be needed to increase the rate of complete response.

title: @entity129 with radiation therapy in adults with XXXX and @entity1778 .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsies', 'cranial nerve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['lymphomatous (12) meningitis']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia', 'leukemic']

entities_list: @entity3554 :: ('MESH:D008577', 'Disease') :: ['malignant meningitis']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: The identification of germ-line mutations in 2 genes ( @entity5345 and @entity2674 ) responsible for the majority of @entity43 has led an increasing number of @entity1 carriers of these mutations to undergo prophylactic oophorectomy (PO) to reduce their risk of subsequent @entity43 . A large number of unexpected, clinically occult @entity5 are thus being discovered. Up to December 2004, the Medical Genetics Service of the National @entity5 Institute in Milan, Italy, has tested 756 probands from breast and/or @entity43 families for @entity5345 and @entity2674 germ-line mutations. Molecular screening of family members led to the identification of 344 female carriers of @entity5345 (239) or @entity2674 (105) germ-line mutations. Of the 186 potentially eligible @entity1 (37 of whom had tested positive for @entity5345 for @entity2674 mutation), 50 (26.8%) chose to undergo PO. Six clinically occult primary gynecologic malignancies (2 stage IIIC serous @entity189 of the ovary, 3 in situ serous @entity6887 , and 1 stage IIB invasive @entity189 of the fallopian tube) and 1 occult ovarian metastasis from @entity0 were identified in the PO specimens of 7 @entity1 (all @entity5345 mutated). Four of the @entity1 with occult primary @entity5 are alive without disease 129, 87, 38, and 7 months after PO, respectively. One of the 2 @entity1 with primary @entity43 and the single @entity1 with @entity189 are alive with recurrent disease 83 and 20 months after PO, respectively. In addition, one of the @entity1 whose PO specimen did not show any @entity5 presented with @entity5 77 months after PO. The relatively high number of @entity5 found at PO in this group of @entity1 underlines the linkage between mutation and the risk of developing @entity5 , and stresses the need to include @entity5274 at the time of PO and of thoroughly evaluating the specimens at the microscopic level. The upstaging of all 3 invasive @entity189 after staging surgery, and the late recurrence and persistence of 2 of them despite treatment indicate that small size of the @entity5 should not preclude therapy.

title: Incidental @entity189 in prophylactic specimens in @entity5345 and @entity2674 germ-line mutation carriers, with emphasis on XXXX : report of 6 cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer', 'hereditary ovarian cancers', 'ovarian carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tubal neoplasms', 'neoplasms', 'stage IIIC tubal carcinoma', 'gynecologic cancers', 'tubal cancer', 'Cancer', 'tumors', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity6887 :: ('MESH:D005185', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas of the fallopian tube']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['serous carcinoma', 'carcinomas', 'tubal invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5274 :: ('MESH:D005184', 'Disease') :: ['removal of the entire tubes']

answer: @entity5274 :: (MESH:D005184,Disease) :: ['fallopian tube lesions']


abstract: The @entity551 in @entity16 remains undefined, with systemic @entity101 and @entity551 being implicated in different studies. We have previously reported that the physiologic nocturnal blood pressure "dip" may be exaggerated in some @entity726 @entity1 with progressive field loss. A 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recording was originally performed on 84 @entity1 with @entity726 . The mean result across all our @entity726 @entity1 were within the ranges reported in the literature for normal subjects. The normal-tension @entity726 and primary @entity1538 groups did not differ significantly in blood pressure variables. Nocturnal blood pressure variables were lower in the @entity1 with progressive @entity2194 compared to those with stable visual fields. To determine long-term outcomes in these @entity1 , we reevaluated the visual fields of the original 84 @entity1 studied. In 70 @entity1 with long-term visual field data (mean, 5.1 years), those who had shown greater nocturnal blood pressure dips were more likely to have shown field progression at some stage, despite good intraocular pressure control. @entity1 who had field progression showed significantly lower nocturnal blood pressure variables, with the dips of the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure significantly larger (systolic dip, P = 0.01). They also had a greater history of disk @entity548 . A review of other 24-hour blood pressure studies in the literature shows that most are in agreement with these findings. The nocturnal reduction in blood pressure may, therefore, be an additional risk factor in @entity726 @entity1 .

title: XXXX : role in @entity726 progression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['field defects']

entities_list: @entity1538 :: ('MESH:D005902', 'Disease') :: ['open-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous damage']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['role of systemic blood pressure', 'hypotension']

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['Nocturnal hypotension']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 previously treated with @entity8253 for @entity1442 are usually refractory to any further treatment with @entity8253 and have a poor prognosis. Therefore, new drugs or new combinations of drugs are needed. One approach has been to focus on the type of chemotherapy with low @entity137 that preserves quality of life during treatment, such as weekly drug administration. STUDY DESIGN: We designed a dose-finding study to determine the maximum tolerated dose of @entity136 plus @entity1205 , given on a weekly schedule in metastatic @entity0 previously treated with @entity8253 . Three escalating doses of @entity136 (900, 1000 and 1100 mg/m2) on days 1 and 8 in combination with a fixed dose of @entity1205 , 35 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 were planned. Dose-limiting @entity137 included grade > 3 hematologic @entity137 , grade > 2 @entity3136 , @entity1395 , @entity294 or organ-specific @entity137 (except @entity1665 ). Dose escalation was stopped if 1 out of 3 @entity1 at any dose level experienced dose-limiting @entity137 . RESULTS: Nine @entity1 received a mean of 5.1 (range, 1-9) cycles. Gastrointestinal and @entity1431 were the main dose-limiting @entity137 . No @entity1 experienced dose-limiting @entity137 at dose level 1; at dose level 2, 2 out of 3 @entity1 had dose-limiting @entity137 and 3 additional @entity1 treated at dose level 2 confirmed that the maximum tolerated dose had been reached. CONCLUSIONS: The recommended @entity136 dose in combination with @entity1205 (35 mg/m2 for a phase II study) was established at 900 mg/m2.

title: XXXX and @entity136 in the treatment of metastatic @entity0 : a dose finding study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity8253 :: ('MESH:D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracyclines']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1205 :: (MESH:C067311,Chemical) :: ['Docetaxel']


abstract: Ligation of the left gastric and right gastroepiploic arteries and veins resulted in @entity2275 formation in the @entity35 . Linear mucosal corpus @entity548 appeared within 8 hr of ligation. By 2 days large @entity548 were present. A single, large @entity1066 involving nearly the entire corpus was present at 3-5 days. In the @entity5932 were destroyed, thick granulation tissue filled the submucosa and the muscularis propria was severely damaged. Progressive healing occurred thereafter and 75% of the @entity1066 healed completely grossly in 2-8 weeks. Histologic studies showed that healing and mucosal regeneration occurred by the outgrowth of a layer of cells from the adjacent intact epithelium extending over the surface of the @entity1066 . Invaginations from this covering layer of cells formed a glandular mucosa composed of mucous cells. Later parietal and chief cells appeared, and eventually (6 months) a normal corpus-type mucosa covered the entire corpus. With time smooth-muscle fibers appeared in the outer half of the dense submucosal granulation tissue and eventually a normal muscularis mucosae, submucosa, and muscularis propria were present (6-12 months). These studies show that: (1) @entity63 can give rise to @entity2275 , and (2) all elements of the gastric wall, including the mucosa, the muscularis mucosae, and the muscularis propria can fully regenerate.

title: Experimental @entity2275 due to @entity63 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['corpus hemorrhagic erosions', 'hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerated area the mucosa and muscularis mucosae']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['chronic gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Currently, @entity5 in childhood can be cured in 70 percent of the cases. However, the intensive cytostatic therapy may lead to late side effects influencing quality of life. AIM OF THE STUDY: Analysis of the reconvalescence of the immune functions after completion of therapy for @entity5 in @entity1 . @entity1 : 88 long-term survivors (51 @entity1 , 37 @entity1 ) were investigated (43 @entity981 , 15 @entity706 , 20 @entity3478 , 10 other @entity5 ). Mean age at the time of diagnosis was 7.8 years (1 mo-17.7 years). METHODS: The following parameters were investigated: serum immunoglobulin levels after completion of the chemotherapy and in the next 4 years thereafter, lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood by flow-cytometry and cellular immunity by in vitro tests (natural killer activity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, mitogen-induced T- and B-cell blastic transformations). RESULTS: Lower serum immunoglobulin (IgG) levels could be detected in @entity1 with @entity1778 after completion of the chemotherapy (8.8 +/- 3.2 g/l). One year thereafter serum IgG levels increased significantly (10.1 +/- 2.9 g/l) (p<0.05). In @entity1 with @entity5 the serum IgG levels were in the normal range at the end of the chemotherapy (12.1 +/- 4.3 g/l). At a mean of 1.3 years after the end of chemotherapy NK activity decreased in 7/43 (16.3%) @entity1778 @entity1 , and in 3/45 (6.7%) @entity5 @entity1 , @entity14114 decreased in 8/43 (18.6%) and 3/45 (6.7%), respectively (p<0.05 @entity1778 vs. @entity5 ). At a mean of 15 months after the end of the therapy B-cell blastic transformation was decreased in 3/43 (7%) @entity1778 @entity1 and in 4/45 (8.9%) @entity5 @entity1 . At the same time point T-cell blastic transformation was altered in 5/43 (11.6%) and in 4/45 (8.9%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cytotoxic therapies lead to severe, long-term @entity308 of the immune system. At the end of the chemotherapy this effect is more pronounced in @entity1778 @entity1 . Years (1.5-3) after completion of the therapy in a significant proportion of the @entity1 some in vitro parameters of the immune system are yet altered, so careful monitoring of this @entity1 population is mandatory.

title: [The function of the immune system after the treatment of pediatric XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity3478 :: ('MESH:D001859', 'Disease') :: ['bone tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['solid tumors', 'solid tumor', 'malignancies']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis is frequently associated (up to 30%) with chronic inflammatory @entity627 and leads to lower @entity1729 . Data are lacking on the risk of lower @entity1729 in @entity1 treated with biologic agents. METHODS: Monocenter, retrospective systematic study of all @entity1 with a chronic @entity4789 and concomitant @entity4595 , seen between 2000 and 2009. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evidence predictive factors of the number of infectious respiratory events. RESULTS: 47 @entity1 were included (mean age 64.1  9.1 years, 33 (70.2%) @entity1 ), with a mean follow-up per @entity1 of 4.3  3.1 years. @entity309 was the main @entity627 (90.1%). The mean number of infectious events was 0.8  1.0 event per @entity1 -year. The factors predicting @entity281 were the type of treatment (biologic vs. non biologic disease-modifying treatments), with an odds ratio of 8.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.7-43.4) and sputum colonization by any bacteria (odds ratio 7.4, 2.0-26.8). In multivariate analysis, both factors were independently predictive of @entity281 . CONCLUSION: Lower respiratory tract infectious events are frequent among @entity1 receiving biologics for chronic @entity4789 associated with @entity4595 . Biologic treatment and pre-existing sputum colonization are independent risk factors of @entity281 occurrence.

title: Risk of @entity281 in @entity4595 during disease-modifying treatment and biologics for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory rheumatic disease']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic diseases', 'rheumatic disease']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infections']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic diseases']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of modified pull-through operation (Badenoch operation) on the treatment of @entity3832 . METHODS: From September 2001 to December 2010 traditional pull-through operation was Modified for two times in our center. A total of 129 @entity1 with posttraumatic @entity3832 resulting from @entity174 underwent the modified urethral pull-through operation. Stricture length was 1.5 to 5.3 cm (mean 2.9 cm). Of the @entity1 43 had undergone at least 1 previous failed management for stricture. In phase 1 (from September 2001 to January 2008), the improving items include: (1) The distal urethral end was stitched and tied to the catheter. (2) As catheter was inserted into bladder and 20 ml water was injected into catheter balloon, the distal urethral end was fixed in the proximal urethra and an overlaying of 1.5 cm was formed between the two ends. (3) Three weeks later, it was tried to insert the catheter to bladder. After the urethral stump necrosis and the catheter separating from the urethra, the catheter was removed. In phase 2 (from February 2008 to December 2010), based on the above, irrigating catheter was used. After the surgery, urethra was irrigated with 0.02% @entity12863 solution through the catheter 3 times a day. All @entity1 were followed up for at least 6 months. If @entity1 had no conscious @entity3833 and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) > 15 ml/s, the treatment was considered successful. All complications were recorded. RESULTS: In phase 1, the 96 @entity1 (101 times) underwent the procedure. The treatment was successful in 88 @entity1 (success rate 92%). Within 1 to 13 days after removal of the catheter, urethral stricture was recurred in 8 @entity1 . They had to undergo cystostomy once more for 3 to 11 months before reoperation (the 3 @entity1 ' reoperation was in phase 2). The 8 cases were treated successfully. In phase 2, 33 @entity1 (total 36 times) underwent the procedure. One @entity1 was failed (success rate 97%). The actual follow-up time is 7 to 93 months (An average of 37.6 months). Qmax is (22    5) ml/s. No complications such as @entity322 , @entity158 , urinary shortening happened. CONCLUSIONS: The modified urethral pull-through operation is effective for the surgical treatment of posttraumatic @entity3832 . It has a high success rate with durable long-term results. Complications are few. The procedure is simple, less demanding and especially suitable in @entity1 who had previously undergone failed surgical treatments.

title: [Effect of modified Badenoch operation on the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic fracture injury']

entities_list: @entity3832 :: ('MESH:D014525', 'Disease') :: ['posterior urethral stricture']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['erectile pain']

entities_list: @entity12863 :: ('MESH:D009583', 'Chemical') :: ['furacillin']

answer: @entity3832 :: (MESH:D014525,Disease) :: ['posterior urethral stricture']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and the validity of an audit using major @entity130 outcome study methods in an accident and emergency department. DESIGN: Prospective audit of all cases of @entity130 in @entity1 admitted to a hospital from an accident and emergency department. SETTING: Accident and emergency department in a teaching hospital. @entity1 : 1577 @entity1 admitted with @entity130 , of whom 695 met the inclusion criteria for the study--that is, were admitted for more than three days, or admitted to intensive care, or died. 17 @entity1 were excluded because of failure to trace their notes. OUTCOME MEASURES: Review of case notes with TRISS ( @entity130 score, injury severity score) methodology to compare expected and observed survival. RESULTS: Most (421/678) admissions were due to @entity130 . @entity130 was uncommon with only 43 @entity1 having injury severity scores greater than 15. The calculated probability of survival matched the observed outcome for most of the seriously injured @entity1 , with only two unexpected deaths. However, 36 of the 61 deaths in the 678 @entity1 occurred in elderly @entity1 with a @entity174 of the femur, and all of these @entity1 had a high probability of survival predicted by TRISS methodology. CONCLUSIONS: Application of TRISS methodology seems to be valid for seriously injured @entity1 except for elderly @entity1 with single orthopaedic injuries, in whom there were major differences between observed and expected outcomes. Using outcome norms from the United States may not be applicable for this group. IMPLICATIONS: Audit of management of major injuries should be carried out by every hospital, and the methodology of the major @entity130 outcome study is an excellent system for carrying out such audit. The study of all @entity1 admitted with @entity130 requires appreciable extra resources, but most hospitals should be able to monitor the care of seriously injured @entity1 as their numbers are much fewer.

title: One year's experience of major XXXX outcome study methodology.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractured neck']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Serious injury', 'single orthopaedic injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: An increased incidence of multiple primary @entity5 has been found in recent decades. However, the nature of the association between the @entity470 ( @entity470 ) mutation status and multiple primary @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity420 of the lungs is not clearly understood at this time. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of our @entity1 with @entity420 of the lungs, and evaluated the association between the @entity5 @entity470 mutation status and multiple primary @entity5 . RESULTS: From December 2008 to November 2011, 655 @entity420 @entity1 with @entity5 @entity470 mutation data were available for analysis. Of them, 359 had @entity470 mutations (including 336 classic @entity470 mutations), 63 had double primary @entity5 , and 7 had triple primary @entity5 . @entity1 with classic @entity470 mutations had a higher incidence of multiple primary @entity5 than those without (P=0.042). Multiple primary @entity5 occurred more frequently in @entity1 with exon 19 mutations (including insertions, point mutations, or deletions) or exon 19 deletions than in @entity1 without (P=0.037 and 0.032, respectively). @entity1 with any @entity470 mutations or classic @entity470 mutations survived longer than those who did not (P<0.001 and <0.001, respectively). @entity1 with multiple primary @entity5 survived for a longer period than those without (P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple primary @entity5 occurred more frequently in @entity1 with classic @entity470 mutations, especially those with exon 19 deletions.

title: The Association Between Tumor @entity470 ( XXXX ) Mutation and Multiple Primary Malignancies in @entity1 With @entity420 of the Lungs.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary adenocarcinoma', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['EGFR']


abstract: The ontogenetic development of Cajal-Retzius cells was studied in @entity19 by local application of horseradish peroxidase over the developing neocortex, revelation with @entity28408 and examination from horizontal thick sections. Cajal-Retzius cells were completely stained in Golgi-like fashion. The Cajal-Retzius cells were seen to be elongated spindle-shaped @entity528 with their main processes horizontally oriented. They were exclusively located in the first cortical layer and were connected to the cortex surface by the numerous vertical appendages. Except for these appendages, the Cajal-Retzius cells were two-dimensional, with an immature structure at their tips resembling a growth cone. Cajal-Retzius cell dendrites were up to 400-microns-long and reached their maximal length prenatally. Their axon and its collaterals were very fine and sometimes measured several millimetres. It followed a random but planar trajectory confined to the first layer. Healthy Cajal-Retzius bearing growth cones were seen until one week after birth when signs of Cajal-Retzius cell degeneration began to occur and intensified in the days that followed. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex swelling along with a progressive darkening of the Cajal-Retzius cells were revealed by electron microscopy, strongly suggesting that most Cajal-Retzius cells disappear from the first cortical layer. Usually @entity528 is the result of cell deafferentation following synapse retraction; however, this effect does not seem to apply to Cajal-Retzius cells engaged in the process of @entity204 since normal synaptic junctions were seen on them. No signs of the morphological transformation of Cajal-Retzius cells into persisting horizontal first layer cells were observed. The concept of dual origin of neocortex is discussed in light of the similar fate of Cajal-Retzius cells and subplate neurons which both are transient neurons.

title: Cajal-Retzius cell ontogenesis and XXXX in @entity19 brain visualized with horseradish peroxidase and electron microscopy.

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['bipolar neurons', 'neuronal death']

entities_list: @entity28408 :: ('MESH:C557039', 'Chemical') :: ["3,3'-diaminobenzidene"]

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of risk factors on MR images for predicting the outcome of @entity1 with @entity2530 of the femoral head. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eighty-three asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic @entity572 in 61 consecutive @entity1 were followed up prospectively. Inclusion criteria included @entity2530 of the femoral head identified by typical MRI findings, with no radiographic evidence of progression of collapse, and Harris hip score of 85 points or more. Every 3 months, the @entity1 underwent clinical and radiographic examination, and MR images were obtained at 6- to 12-month intervals. Follow-up continued until worsening of @entity158 with Harris hip score of less than 70 points or surgery. Asymptomatic @entity572 were followed up for at least 24 months. The mean clinical and radiographic follow-up period after the initial diagnosis was 60 months (range, 3-168 months). RESULTS: Thirty-six (43%) of the 83 @entity572 were symptomatic at the last follow-up. @entity236 was present in 28 @entity572 (34%) during the follow-up period. Twenty-seven (96%) of the 28 @entity572 were symptomatic, and @entity236 significantly correlated with worsening of @entity158 (p < 0.0001). The @entity39 volume of @entity572 with @entity236 was significantly larger than those without @entity236 (p < 0.0001). @entity236 was found to be the most significant risk factor for worsening of @entity158 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: @entity236 strongly correlated with @entity39 volume and was the most significant risk factor for worsening of @entity158 . A large @entity39 volume of 30% or more may be the second useful indicator for predicting future worsening of @entity158 .

title: Relationship between XXXX and development of symptoms in @entity1 with @entity2530 of the femoral head.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['hip pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['Bone marrow edema', 'bone marrow edema']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['osteonecrosis']

answer: @entity236 :: (MESH:D001855,Disease) :: ['bone marrow edema']


abstract: Mechanisms by which mesenchymal-derived tissue lineages participate in amplifying and perpetuating @entity32 in @entity625 have been relatively underinvestigated and are therefore poorly understood. Elucidating these processes is likely to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of @entity66 . @entity8285 ( @entity8285 ) is a potent proinflammatory lipid mediator that initiates and amplifies @entity32 in the K/BxN model of @entity625 . We sought to elucidate mechanisms by which mesenchymal-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) perpetuate @entity32 . We focused on the abilities of FLSs to contribute to @entity8285 synthesis and to respond to @entity8285 within the joint. Using a series of bone marrow chimeras generated from @entity25084 (-/-) and @entity25898 ( @entity25899 (-/-) @entity19 , we demonstrate that FLSs generate sufficient levels of @entity8285 production through transcellular metabolism in K/BxN serum-induced @entity625 to drive @entity625 . FLSs-which comprise the predominant lineage populating the synovial lining-are competent to metabolize exogenous @entity25898 into @entity8285 ex vivo. Stimulation of FLSs with @entity637 increased their capacity to generate @entity8285 3-fold without inducing the expression of @entity25899 protein. Moreover, @entity8285 (acting via LTB(4) receptor 1) was found to modulate the migratory and invasive activity of FLSs in vitro and also promote joint @entity2681 by @entity2070 tissue in vivo. Our results identify novel roles for FLSs and @entity8285 in joints, placing @entity8285 regulation of FLS biology at the center of a previously unrecognized amplification loop for @entity32 and tissue pathology.

title: Joint tissues amplify XXXX and alter their invasive behavior via leukotriene B4 in experimental @entity625 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['synovial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis', 'inflammatory arthritis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multiple diseases']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Proper timing of catheter insertion and the use of a suitable surgical method are essential parts of producing @entity35 models to evaluate @entity1973 following @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). METHODS: Thirty-two female @entity35 were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 underwent surgical laminectomy using the classic method. Group 2 underwent @entity1566 7 d following insertion of the catheter, and group 3 underwent sham operation. For bladder catheterization, a 4.5 Fr catheter was fixed into the bladder and tunneled beneath the skin to reach out at the nape of the neck. Group 4 underwent urodynamic study via bladder catheter prior to surgery and every 10 d following the operation to determine the exact time of establishing @entity1973 following spinal shock. The animals' survival rate and bladder wall's histopathologic changes were assessed 30 d following the operation. RESULTS: Simultaneous suprapubic catheter placement raised the mortality rate in group 1 in comparison with group 2. Repeated urodynamic study in group 4 showed @entity146 in the bladder 10 d after @entity1566 , with significantly increased leak point pressure and bladder capacity; however, the end filling pressure and constant @entity1973 on cystometric indices are attained from 20 d after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Insertion of a bladder catheter 1 wk prior to @entity1566 provides an applicable route for repeated cystometric studies in @entity35 . The results demonstrate that sustained bladder overactivity is established in @entity35 20 d after @entity1566 and animals are ready for further experiments on @entity1973 following this period.

title: The timing of established detrusor hyperreflexia in a @entity35 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity1973 :: ('MESH:D001750', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic bladder', 'neuropathic bladder dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['hypertonic behavior']

answer: @entity1973 :: (MESH:D001750,Disease) :: ['neuropathic bladder']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intra-abdominal adhesions remain a major clinical problem. Previously, @entity12895 lavage was used to prevent @entity1104 formation in the septic abdomen. The aim of our study was to test the effectiveness of intraperitoneal application of alternate antibiotics in an @entity1661 model. METHODS: Sixty @entity35 -albino @entity35 were randomly divided into 6 equal groups. @entity298 was induced using caecal ligation and puncture model in all groups. Group 1 was an untreated control. The peritoneum was lavaged with isotonic saline in Group 2, with imipenem in Group 3, with @entity2756 in Group 4, with @entity7048 in group 5 and with @entity868 in group 6. Four weeks after the surgery, intra-abdominal adhesions were graded, tensile strength of the adhesions was measured and histopathological examinations were performed. RESULTS: Imipenem, @entity2756 and @entity7048 significantly reduced @entity1104 formation (p<0.001) with significantly reduced @entity82 scores (p=0.013). Adhesion formation was greatest in the @entity868 treatment group. The breaking force of adhesions was significantly reduced in Groups 4 and 5 (p<0.001). Although, the @entity32 scores were similar between groups (p=0.058), grade 3 @entity32 scores were only seen in control, saline and @entity868 -treatment groups. CONCLUSION: According to these data, @entity2886 may be effective in preventing @entity1104 formation in septic abdomens. These antibiotics need to be evaluated in a clinical trial.

title: Effect of antibiotic lavage in @entity1104 prevention in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12895 :: ('MESH:C023808', 'Chemical') :: ['rifamycin']

entities_list: @entity2756 :: ('MESH:D002443', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftriaxone']

entities_list: @entity7048 :: ('MESH:D002437', 'Chemical') :: ['cefazolin']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal sepsis']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial peritonitis']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['bacterial peritonitis']


abstract: Culture of @entity1 osteoblast-like MG-63 cells within collagen gels results in the generation of intrinsic stress. Release of such collagen gels from attachment results in gel contraction and enhanced @entity3334 , @entity1549 , and alpha2 integrin mRNA levels. To understand the potential role of microtubules and signaling pathways involved in MG-63 cell-mediated contraction and gene expression, cells were cultured in collagen gels. After 24 h collagen gels were released, then immediately treated with @entity10612 or specific protein kinase inhibitors. Contraction was assessed, RNA isolated, and real-time PCR analysis performed. Treatment with high concentrations of a microtubule depolymerization agent, @entity10612 , enhanced early contraction and led to elevated mRNA levels for @entity1549 , whereas low concentrations inhibited contraction at later time points and did not affect mRNA levels. ROCK inhibitor treatment ( @entity12223 ) inhibited collagen gel contraction and led to depressed mRNA levels. The @entity1366 inhibitor @entity5732 did not affect contraction, but treatment led to depressed @entity3334 , @entity1549 , and alpha2 mRNA levels. The p38MAPK inhibitor @entity1441 modestly affected contraction, but did not affect mRNA levels. These results suggest the potential role of cytoskeletal integrity and multiple kinase signaling pathways in specific bone-remodeling events.

title: Molecular and mechano-biology of collagen gel contraction mediated by XXXX MG-63 cells: involvement of specific intracellular signaling pathways and the cytoskeleton.

entities_list: @entity10612 :: ('MESH:D015739', 'Chemical') :: ['nocodazole']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity7765 ( @entity16980 ) is a newer generation @entity5948 anticancer drug. In the clinic, @entity16980 and @entity16980 -based combination therapies have been demonstrated to be effective against @entity5 without severe side effects. However, previous clinical studies have shown that most @entity1 with @entity5 are not sensitive to @entity16980 treatment, and the associated mechanisms are not clear. Consistent with the clinical study, we confirmed that @entity5 cells were resistant to @entity16980 in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrated that @entity16980 induced a protective macroautophagy/autophagy response in @entity5 cells, and suppression of this autophagy dramatically enhanced the @entity137 of @entity16980 . By scanning the mRNA level change of autophagy-related genes, we found that the upregulation of @entity33793 (autophagy-related 4B @entity462 peptidase) plays an important role in @entity16980 -induced autophagy. Moreover, @entity16980 increased the mRNA level of @entity33793 in @entity5 cells by promoting mRNA stability without influencing its transcription. Furthermore, @entity16980 triggered a downregulation of MIR34C-5p, which was associated with the upregulation of @entity33793 and autophagy induction. Overexpression of MIR34C-5p significantly decreased the level of @entity33793 and attenuated autophagy, accompanied by enhanced cell death and apoptosis in @entity16980 -treated @entity5 cells. These results for the first time reveal the presence of a MIR34C-5p- @entity33793 -autophagy signaling axis in @entity16980 -treated @entity5 cells in vitro and in vivo, and the axis, at least partially, accounts for the @entity16980 nonsensitivity in @entity5 @entity1 . This study may provide a new insight for improving the chemotherapeutic effect of @entity16980 , which may be beneficial to the further clinical application of @entity16980 in @entity5 treatment.

title: Targeting the MIR34C-5p- @entity33793 -autophagy axis enhances the sensitivity of XXXX cells to @entity7765 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity7765 :: ('MESH:C027260', 'Chemical') :: ['Pirarubicin']

entities_list: @entity5948 :: ('D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['various tumors', 'cervical cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: The relationship between hospital and catchment area utilization of antimicrobial agents and the antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from primary @entity281 has been studied after 750 gastric operations performed between 1972 and 1986 at the Huddinge University Hospital. Over 80% of the antibiotics were used in the catchment area. Penicillins (G and V) overall were the most commonly used drugs and comprised 37% of the total antibiotic consumption in 1977-1986. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics dominated throughout the period under investigation. No change in the bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents was found over time. Many strains of @entity4005 /Enterobacter and @entity526 resistant to @entity869 and @entity2930 were recovered throughout the period under investigation. No aerobic Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to @entity801 . All Bacteroides strains except two were sensitive to cefoxitin. @entity2930 and @entity869 / @entity115 were mainly used in the catchment area, and @entity3398 and @entity581 were almost exclusively used in the hospital. Antimicrobial agents primarily used for out- @entity1 in the catchment area seemed to have more influence on the susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from post-operative @entity281 than agents primarily used in the hospital.

title: Hospital and catchment area antibiotic utilization and bacterial sensitivity in primary XXXX following gastric surgery in Huddinge, Sweden.

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxycillin']

entities_list: @entity2930 :: ('MESH:D013754', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracyclines', 'Tetracyclines']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity3398 :: ('MESH:D002440', 'Chemical') :: ['cefoxitin']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the availability of heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy was associated with a decrease in need for mechanical ventilation in neonates hospitalised with @entity697 . METHODS: A combined retrospective and prospective (ambispective) cohort study was performed in a type II-B Neonatal Unit, including hospitalised neonates with @entity697 after the introduction of HFNC (HFNC-period; October 2011-April 2015). They were compared with a historical cohort prior to the availability of this technique (pre-HFNC; January 2008-May 2011). The need for mechanical ventilation between the two study groups was analysed. Clinical parameters and technique-related complications were evaluated in neonates treated with HFNC. RESULTS: A total of 112 neonates were included, 56 after the introduction of HFNC and 56 from the period before the introduction of HFNC. None of @entity1 in the HFNC-period required intubation, compared with 3.6% of the @entity1 in the pre-HFNC group. The availability of HFNC resulted in a significant decrease in the need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (30.4% vs 10.7%; P=.01), with a relative risk (RR) of .353 (95% CI; .150-.829), an absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 19.6% (95% CI; 5.13 - 34.2), yielding a NNT of 5. In the HFNC-period, 22 @entity1 received high flow therapy, and 22.7% (95% CI; 7.8 to 45.4) required non-invasive ventilation. Treatment with HFNC was associated with a significant decrease in heart rate (P=.03), respiratory rate (P=.01), and an improvement in the Wood-Downes F  rres score (P=.00). No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of HFNC reduces the need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation, allowing a safe and effective medical management of neonates with @entity697 .

title: [High flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in the treatment of XXXX in neonates].

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute bronchiolitis']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute bronchiolitis']


abstract: @entity398 (OT) is well known for its role in reproduction. However, evidence has emerged suggesting a role in cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective effect of @entity398 on @entity63 /reperfusion (I/R) injury in an in vivo @entity35 . @entity741 , was surgically induced by means of left anterior descending @entity1563 for 25 min followed by reperfusion for 120 min. @entity1188 size was evaluated using the staining agent @entity5045 . @entity908 kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in plasma were analyzed to assess the degree of @entity299 . Intraperitoneal administration of OT 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 microg significantly reduced @entity1188 size, LDH and CK-MB levels as compared to control (I/R) group and it had a biphasic effect on the reduction of @entity63 /reperfusion injury. This biphasic effect was revealed as a U-shaped curve in which efficacy was optimal between very low and very high doses. Furthermore there were no significant differences in mean arterial pressure or heart rate between the OT treatment groups and control group during I/R. Blockade of specific OT receptors by @entity18219 (10(-6)M) abolished or attenuated the effect of OT preconditioning. The result of this study shows that OT possess a dose-dependent cardioprotective effect against @entity63 /reperfusion injury and so study of OT preconditioning may provide a new target site for therapeutic exploitation.

title: Biphasic protective effect of @entity398 on XXXX /reperfusion injury in anaesthetized @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin', 'Oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity5045 :: ('MESH:C009591', 'Chemical') :: ['2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['Creatine']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac injury']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['cardiac ischemia']


abstract: @entity3089 ( @entity3090 ) is widely recognised as a powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenger. This study examined the radioprotective effects of EGCg on @entity1 granulopoiesis and erythropoiesis. Highly purified @entity1 @entity2280 (+) haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells were prepared from @entity1 placental/umbilical cord blood. The cells were exposed to X rays at a dose rate of    1 Gy min(-1) and then cultured in a medium supplemented with either @entity1261 ( @entity1261 ) or @entity1307 (EPO). EGCg (100 nM) was added to the culture immediately before or after X-irradiation. The concentration of 100-nM EGCg was determined in the authors' previous study. The number of granulocyte and erythrocyte colonies generated by X-irradiated @entity2280 (+) cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Although EGCg addition yielded an    2-fold increase in the proliferation of each haematopoietic progenitor, no significant protective effect was observed in the surviving fraction of granulocyte progenitors ( @entity1261 alone: D(0)=1.06 Gy, n=1.14). However, EGCg addition before or after irradiation conferred a significantly higher protective effect on erythrocyte colony formation compared with the control (EPO alone: D(0)=0.66 Gy, n=1.56; EGCg (before): D(0)=0.43 Gy, n=5.48). EGCg addition before irradiation significantly improved the survival of erythroid progenitors subjected to radiation of <1 Gy. These results suggest that EGCg is more protective of erythropoiesis than granulopoiesis from radiation damage.

title: Radioprotective effects of XXXX on @entity1 erythrocyte/granulocyte lineages.

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['G-CSF', 'granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity3089 :: ('MESH:C045651', 'Chemical') :: ['Epigallocatechin-3-gallate']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

answer: @entity3089 :: (MESH:C045651,Chemical) :: ['(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3610 ( @entity3610 ) is characterised by @entity3206 , hyperandrogaenemia and @entity2690 resistance. Hyperinsulinaemia is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk and the development of @entity6 . If @entity2690 sensitising agents such as @entity2449 are effective in treating features of @entity3610 , then they could have wider health benefits than just treating the symptoms of the syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of @entity2690 sensitising drugs in improving clinical and biochemical features of @entity3610 . SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane @entity1866 _ Subfertility Group trials register (searched September 2008 ), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library, September 2008), MEDLINE (January 1966 to September 2008), and EMBASE (January 1985 to September 2008). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials which investigated the effect of @entity2690 sensitising drugs compared with either placebo or no treatment, or compared with an ovulation induction agent. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Thirty nine trials (3576 subjects) were included for analysis, 31 of them using @entity2449 and involving 2625 @entity1 . MAIN RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed that @entity2449 is effective in achieving ovulation in @entity1 with @entity3610 with odds ratios of 2.21(CI 1.57 to 3.10) for @entity2449 versus placebo and 3.93(CI 2.32 to 6.65) for @entity2449 and @entity4082 versus @entity4082 alone. An analysis of pregnancy rates suggests a significant treatment effect for @entity2449 and @entity4082 (OR 1.58, CI 1.20 to 2.07). Nevertheless, these benefits were not translated into live birth rates. @entity2449 has a significant effect in reducing fasting @entity2690 levels (WMD -4.20 mIU/L, CI -7.68 to -0.73); however, the reduction was only significant in the non- @entity28 group (BMI < 30 kg/m2). Treatment effect on serum @entity251 concentration was observed; but the magnitude of the reduction was greater in the non- @entity28 group compared with the @entity28 group (WMD -1.79 versus. -0.30 nmol/L). @entity2449 has no effect on serum lipid profiles. @entity2449 was also associated with a significantly higher incidence of @entity344 , but no serious adverse effects were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with the previous review, @entity2449 is still of benefit in improving ovulation and pregnancy rates. However, @entity2449 does not improve live birth whether it is used alone or in combination with @entity4082 . In addition, @entity2449 has limited effect on metabolic parameters, especially in @entity28 @entity1 with @entity3610 . Therefore, the use of @entity2449 in improvement of reproductive outcomes or in reducing the risk of developing @entity209 in @entity1 with @entity3610 appears to be limited.

title: WITHDRAWN: XXXX -sensitising drugs for @entity3610 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['Polycystic ovary syndrome', 'PCOS']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity4082 :: ('MESH:D002996', 'Chemical') :: ['clomiphene']

entities_list: @entity3206 :: ('MESH:D000858', 'Disease') :: ['anovulation']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal disturbance']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['Menstrual Disorders']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['Metformin', 'metformin']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['Insulin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of prophylactic @entity26729 (3 mg/kg given once daily) for the prevention of recurrent and complicated @entity293 ( @entity293 ) in pediatric @entity1 . METHODS: The study included 14 @entity1 who were observed for at least 6 months following the first signs of @entity281 (eight @entity1 , six @entity1 ; mean age at admission [   SD]: 6.2 [   7.4] months). Twelve @entity1 had vesico-ureteric reflux (grade I, two; grade II, three; grade III, six; grade IV, one), and two @entity1 had @entity850 . RESULTS: No @entity1 discontinued medication due to @entity294 or other adverse drug reactions. The @entity1 had a 6-month recurrence-free rate of 93% (13/14); only one @entity1 had recurrent @entity293 . The mean urinary @entity26729 concentration was 16.3 [   11.7]  g/mL; there was considerable variability among individual measurements, even though the samples were collected at similar intervals after drug intake (mean 18.00 [   2.63] h after dose). However, the lowest measured urinary @entity26729 concentration (1.16   g/mL) was sufficient to eradicate @entity526 , one of the most significant causes of @entity293 . Fecal cultures, obtained at monthly clinic visits during the observation period, indicated that the @entity1 ' @entity526 strains were very sensitive to @entity26729 . No @entity1 were infected with @entity796 or other non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli or fungi. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that @entity26729 given 3 mg/kg once daily is very effective and safe for preventing recurrent complicated @entity293 in @entity1 .

title: Prophylactic @entity26729 for pediatric cases of complicated urinary tract XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'infants', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['ureteropelvic junction stenosis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections', 'UTI']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: Ambulatory radionuclide monitoring of left ventricular function was performed with the nuclear Vest device in 35 @entity1 early after @entity583 . @entity1 were evaluated during post- @entity1188 treadmill, other activities that included @entity1032 and cold pressor challenge, and with stress @entity4214 imaging and cardiac catheterization. Of the 35 @entity1 evaluated, 14 had @entity63 responses on treadmill testing and 21 had negative responses. By contrast, 20 had redistribution by @entity4214 imaging suggesting @entity63 . Vest studies demonstrated 56 responses suggestive of @entity63 in 23 @entity1 . Twenty-two occurred during exercise and 13 with @entity1032 . Seventy-five percent were silent and only 39% had associated electrocardiographic changes. Vest responses were compared in @entity1 whose @entity4214 scan was indicative of @entity63 ( @entity4214 -positive) and those without @entity63 ( @entity4214 -negative). Ejection fraction was higher in the @entity4214 -positive group (0.52 +/- 0.11), as compared with @entity4214 -negative @entity1 (0.44 +/- 0.1). With exercise, ejection fraction decreased for the @entity4214 -positive @entity1 from 0.52 +/- 0.11 to 0.40 +/- 0.09 at peak exercise. For @entity4214 -negative @entity1 , ejection fraction changes were not significant. During @entity1032 , ejection fraction decreased from 0.51 +/- 0.11 to 0.45 +/- 0.12 for @entity4214 -positive @entity1 while @entity4214 -negative @entity1 were unchanged. Vest-measured decreases in ejection fraction of greater than or equal to 5 units during exercise were highly sensitive (90%), specific (73%) and predictive (82%) of a positive @entity4214 scan. The same response for @entity1032 was specific (87%) and predictive (85%) of a positive scan result.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Usefulness of ambulatory radionuclide monitoring of left ventricular function early after XXXX for predicting residual myocardial ischemia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental stress']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity4214 :: ('MESH:D013793', 'Chemical') :: ['thallium']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: We have introduced @entity4688 , in doses equal to or less than the 2.5 mg currently recommended, as an adjuvant to digoxin and diuretics in 17 @entity1 of mean (SD) age 83 (5) years with severe @entity712 . Only eleven @entity1 tolerated its introduction. Unlike those reported in younger @entity1 , all but one of the adverse drug reactions occurred 8 h or more after the first dose. Aged @entity1 started on ACE inhibitors should be observed in hospital until stabilized on a maintenance dose. Three @entity1 had an adverse reaction which differed in nature from those previously reported: acute confusional state, @entity2055 and @entity2913 . Ten @entity1 were discharged on 5 mg or 10 mg maintenance doses of @entity4688 . In nine of them improvement on triple therapy was sustained for a minimum of three months. ACE inhibition was lost in the other @entity1 when her compliance with @entity4688 therapy fell to around 75%: monitoring compliance is essential when ACE inhibitors are used in low dosages. @entity4688 was withdrawn during follow up in three @entity1 because of symptoms of @entity2913 and in four because of @entity5122 of renal function. One of the latter was found subsequently to have severe bilateral @entity2791 . When @entity3763 was substituted for @entity4688 , symptoms of @entity2913 resolved and renal function returned to baseline. Continuing surveillance for adverse effects is essential in @entity1 of this age group with severe @entity712 , and the risk of occult @entity2791 requires regular biochemical screening during follow up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Evaluation of the safety of XXXX in the treatment of @entity712 in the very old.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril', 'Enalapril']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity3763 :: ('MESH:D007548', 'Chemical') :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']

entities_list: @entity5122 :: ('MESH:C565430', 'Disease') :: ['dramatic deterioration']

entities_list: @entity2913 :: ('MESH:D008639', 'Disease') :: ['mesenteric ischaemia']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['atheromatous renal artery stenosis', 'renal artery stenosis']

answer: @entity4688 :: (MESH:D004656,Chemical) :: ['enalapril']


abstract: Chromosomal analysis is routinely used in follow-up studies of @entity3052 , but it cannot be used in @entity1 who do not have karyotypic abnormalities in blastic phase (10-46% of all cases). Recently we have demonstrated that unspecific DNA-fingerprint (DNA-F) changes can be detected in blastic phase of @entity1778 by DNA-F analysis. These changes can be used as molecular markers of the disease and in the follow-up studies of @entity3052 karyotyping and DNA-F analysis are complementary. The comparative analyses of @entity1778 samples with both these methods could help to localize minisatellite loci in chromosomes and reveal new DNA areas related to @entity1778 . New, more specific probes targeted to specific chromosomes could consequently be developed. We compared the DNA-F to the karyotypes of 50 @entity3052 @entity1 . In blastic phase, 19 @entity1 had DNA-F alterations and 31 @entity1 abnormal karyotypes, 12 @entity1 had both DNA-F alterations and karyotypic abnormalities. DNA-F changes were detected in six of the 16 @entity1 with normal karyotypes and 19 @entity1 with normal DNA-F had abnormal karyotypes at the time of diagnosis. Eleven @entity1 showed neither DNA-F changes nor abnormal karyotypes in blastic phase. Three @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) @entity1 with DNA-F changes in blastic phase had trisomy eight as a sole abnormality or combined with balanced translocation, which suggests that there might be @entity3052 associated minisatellite locus in chromosome 8. In other cases the karyotypes were complicated and no clear evidence of the relationship of DNA-F changes with other chromosomes could be found.

title: DNA-fingerprint changes compared to karyotypes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia', 'AML', 'acute leukemia']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute leukemia']


abstract: A two-component system consisting of the @entity3793 kinase @entity2176 -resistance-associated sensor and the response regulator @entity2176 -resistance-associated regulator (VraR) allows @entity794 to sense antibiotic-related cell wall stress and to mount a suitable response. An experimental structure of full-length VraR is not available yet, but previous work points to similarities between VraR and the well-characterized NarL. This work employs @entity3884 exchange mass spectrometry to gain insights into the phosphorylation-induced activation of VraR, a process that primes the protein for dimerization and DNA binding. Whereas VraR is highly dynamic, phosphorylated VraR shows less extensive deuteration. This rigidification is most dramatic within the receiver domain, which carries the phosphorylation site D55. Alterations in the DNA-binding domain are much less pronounced. Changes in deuteration within the receiver domain are consistent with a Y-T coupling mechanism. In analogy to NarL, the activation of VraR is thought to involve @entity1172 and subsequent reorientation of the two domains, thereby allowing the alpha8-turn-alpha9 element to engage in DNA binding. The current work suggests that this structural transition is triggered by a reduction in the effective length of the linker through enhanced @entity3884 bonding. In addition, @entity1172 of the two domains may be favored by the establishment of noncovalent protein-protein interactions and intradomain contacts at the expense of previously existing interdomain bonds. alpha9 appears to be packed against the receiver domain in nonactivated VraR. Support is presented for alpha1 as a dimerization interface in phosphorylated VraR, whereas protein-protein interactions for nonphosphorylated VraR are impeded by extensive disorder in this region.

title: Phosphorylation-induced activation of the response regulator VraR from XXXX : insights from @entity3884 exchange mass spectrometry.

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity1172 :: ('MESH:D001010', 'Disease') :: ['separation']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of @entity8718 ( @entity29910 )-pumice compound with conventional @entity5836 ( @entity5828 )-pumice compound in treating different severities of @entity3296 with the microabrasion technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-seven anterior teeth from seven @entity1 with different severities of @entity3296 were treated. In each @entity1 , half of the teeth were treated with @entity5828 -pumice compound and the other half with @entity29910 -pumice compound (split-mouth design). Both treatment compounds were applied for 30-second periods and treatment continued up to 10 minutes. Before and after treatment, standardized photographs were taken. The photographs were compared by two experienced observers unaware of the modality of treatment. Two indices of aesthetics, improvement in appearance (IA) and degree of stain removal (DSR), were determined according to a visual analog scale. The inter- and intra-correlation coefficients were made; then, statistical analyses were calculated using Mann-Whitney and t-test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in interobserver evaluation. Improvements in aesthetic indices were observed in all fluorotic teeth by both compounds; however, the mean treatment time with @entity5828 -pumice was significantly lower than @entity29910 -pumice. CONCLUSION: The @entity29910 -pumice compound improved aesthetic indices in fluorotic teeth similar to the @entity5828 -pumice compound.

title: Comparison between @entity8718 and @entity5836 in microabrasion technique for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8718 :: ('MESH:C030242', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoric acid']

entities_list: @entity5836 :: ('MESH:D006851', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrochloric acid']

entities_list: @entity3296 :: ('MESH:D009050', 'Disease') :: ['dental fluorosis']

answer: @entity3296 :: (MESH:D009050,Disease) :: ['dental fluorosis']


abstract: The relationship between genotypic and phenotypic divergence over evolutionary time varies widely, and cases of rapid phenotypic differentiation despite genetic similarity have attracted much attention. Here, we report an extreme case of the reverse pattern--morphological @entity3179 in a tropical fish despite massive genetic divergence. We studied the enigmatic African freshwater butterfly fish ( @entity25814 ), whose distinctive morphology earns it recognition as a monotypic family. We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Pantodon from the Congo basin and nine other osteoglossomorph taxa for comparison with previous mitogenomic profiles of Pantodon from the @entity3456 basin and other related taxa. Pantodon populations form a monophyletic group, yet their mitochondrial coding sequences differ by 15.2 per cent between the @entity3456 and Congo basins. The mitogenomic divergence time between these populations is estimated to be greater than 50 @entity17054 , and deep genetic divergence was confirmed by nuclear sequence data. Among six sister-group comparisons of osteoglossomorphs, Pantodon exhibits the slowest rate of morphological divergence despite a level of genetic differentiation comparable to both species-rich (e.g. Mormyridae) and species-poor (e.g. Osteoglossidae) families. Morphological @entity3179 in these two allopatric lineages of Pantodon offers a living vertebrate model for investigating phenotypic stability over millions of generations in the face of profound fluctuations in environmental conditions.

title: Remarkable morphological XXXX in an extant vertebrate despite tens of millions of years of divergence.

entities_list: @entity25814 :: ('8276', 'Species') :: ['Pantodon buchholzi']

answer: @entity3179 :: (MESH:D014647,Disease) :: ['stasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To develop a methodology which quantifies multiple changing lesion features resulting in an optimized computed tomography (CT) response score ( @entity91 ) for prediction of @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) in response to treatment for @entity14 ( @entity14 ). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, institutional review board-approved retrospective study evaluated multiple changing imaging findings and their correlation with @entity1349 with a new methodology comparing the baseline and first post-treatment CT scans in 38 @entity14 @entity1 on last-line chemotherapy (cetuximab and @entity2600 ). @entity5 size/enhancement changes and interval development of new lesions were quantified with either Likert-type scales (all parameters) or Response Evaluation Criteria in @entity5 (RECIST) (size change only). The most predictive parameters for @entity1349 were used to generate the @entity91 with an overall range of -3 (complete disappearance) to +2 (definite @entity5 increase). The Cox Hazard Ratio was used to assess prediction of survival. Reader agreement was evaluated by the kappa statistic. RESULTS: @entity5 size was the best predictor of @entity1349 using the Likert-type scale or RECIST. The @entity91 was not improved combining size change with other parameters. Use of the Likert-type scale resulted in predicting @entity1349 with a Cox hazard ratio of 1.697 (P=.0004) and good agreement (kappa=0.73, 95% CI=0.41-1.10) between observers with no significant difference using RECIST. CONCLUSION: The methodology produces a @entity91 for @entity14 predicting @entity1349 resulting from therapy which expands standard RECIST guidelines to allow critical evaluation of multiple additional imaging parameters. Size change alone was found to be the best parameter of those considered in terms of maximizing agreement and prediction of @entity1349 .

title: Quantitative methodology using CT for predicting survival in @entity1 with XXXX : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Solid Tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['MCRC', 'metastatic colorectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['metastatic colorectal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is scarcity of data on @entity1355 fiber burden in lung and @entity5 . AIM: To evaluate @entity1355 fiber burden in biopsy samples of suspected lung and @entity5 . STUDY DESIGN: This was a single-centre, observational study. STUDY PERIOD: From August 2010 to July 2010. SETTING: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, CSMMU, UP, Lucknow, a tertiary care hospital in India. STUDY POPULATION: Suspected cases of lung and @entity5 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biopsy tissues taken by computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy, bronchoscopic biopsy, and pleural biopsy by Cope's needle were analyzed for histopathology and @entity1355 burden by Haq et al.'s method. RESULTS: 20 @entity1 were studied. Mean fiber burden was 9.25   10 4 fibers/g. Average burden in @entity358 (11 @entity1 ) was 9.178   10 4 fibers/g and in pleural tissue (9 @entity1 ) was 9.332   10 4fibers/g. Among the different cell types, mean fiber burden in @entity957 was 8.99   10 4 fibers/g, in @entity420 was 9.71   10 4 fibers/g, and in @entity4153 was 7.54   10 4 fibers/g. Mean fiber burden in bronchoscopic endobronchial biopsy tissue was 10.69   10 4 fibers/g, while in CT-guided biopsy was 8.60  10 4fibers/g. CONCLUSION: Maximum number of fibers was found in @entity420 .

title: A study to evaluate XXXX fiber burden in lung and @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pleural malignancies', 'pleural malignancy']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung malignancies']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1355 :: (MESH:D001195,Disease) :: ['asbestos']


abstract: Avian @entity683 A (H5N1) has spread to the UK causing outbreaks in commercial poultry. Vaccination of poultry workers with seasonal @entity683 has been advised to prevent a viral mutation that could facilitate @entity1 -to- @entity1 transmission, causing a new pandemic strain. This project aimed to determine delivery options and costs of a vaccination programme targeted at poultry workers. Data from the Great Britain Poultry Register were used to understand the distribution of the target population. A stakeholders group in the East of England (EoE) discussed delivery options. An options appraisal is used to prioritize these options. There are over 10,000 poultry workers distributed throughout the EoE. Five delivery options were considered (industry's occupational health services, via general practitioners as a Directed or Locally Enhanced Services, via other community healthcare providers and a commercial provider). Delivery is likely to cost between   35,414 and   182,899 (or   10.18-  48.93 per @entity1 vaccinated) in the EoE, depending on delivery mechanism, target threshold and level of uptake. Delivering through a commercial provider was the preferred option. Whichever way the programme is delivered it should be cost-neutral to the Primary Care Trust (PCT). Otherwise PCTs may see themselves having to prioritize between vaccinating poultry workers against other pressing programmes.

title: Programme to vaccinate poultry workers against seasonal XXXX : options for delivery in the East of England.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'person']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: Recently, we reported the purification of a 46-kDa membrane-associated platelet protein which is phosphorylated in intact platelets and platelet membranes by @entity6708 - and @entity268 -dependent protein kinases (Halbr  gge, M., and Walter, U. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 185, 41-50). Here we demonstrate that both @entity6708 - and @entity268 -dependent protein kinases catalyze the rapid incorporation of up to 1.4 mol of @entity1391 /mol of this purified @entity19319 ( @entity19319 ). A specific rabbit antiserum was prepared which recognized both the 46-kDa dephospho form and the 50-kDa phospho form of @entity19319 in Western blots. In untreated washed platelets, @entity19319 was found to be present primarily as a 46-kDa dephosphoprotein. @entity1854 (100 microM) raised the intracellular platelet @entity6708 concentration from approximately 0.44 to 4.1 microM, without a significant effect on the @entity268 level, and converted up to 50% of @entity19319 to the 50-kDa phospho form. @entity5015 (10 microM) raised the platelet @entity268 concentration from approximately 4.4 to 28.4 microM, without a significant effect on the @entity6708 level, and shifted up to 67% of @entity19319 to the 50-kDa phospho form. Removal of the vasodilators @entity1854 and @entity5015 from the platelet suspension was followed by a return of the cyclic @entity377 concentration to basal levels and subsequent conversion of the 50-kDa phospho form of @entity19319 to the 46-kDa dephospho form. The results support the hypothesis that @entity19319 phosphorylation is an important component of the intracellular mechanism of action of these vasodilators in @entity1 platelets.

title: Stoichiometric and reversible phosphorylation of a 46-kDa protein in XXXX platelets in response to @entity6708 - and @entity268 -elevating vasodilators.

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside', 'Sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity5015 :: ('MESH:D000527', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin E1', 'Prostaglandin E1']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity19319 :: ('7408', 'Gene') :: ['VASP', 'vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the body image scale (BIS; Hopwood, P., Fletcher, I., Lee, A., Al Ghazal, S., 2001. A body image scale for use with @entity5 @entity1 . European Journal of @entity5 , 37, 189-197). This is a brief and psychometric robust measure of body image for use with @entity5 @entity1 , independently of age, @entity5 type, treatment or stage of the disease and it was developed in collaboration with the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) Quality of Life Study Group. METHOD: The sample is comprised of 173 Portuguese postoperative @entity0 @entity1 that completed a battery of measures that included the BIS and other scales of body image and quality of life, in order to explore its construct validity. RESULTS: The Portuguese version of BIS confirmed the original unidimensional structure and demonstrated adequate internal consistency, both in the global sample (alpha=.93) as in surgical subgroups (mastectomy=.92 and breast-conserving surgery=.93). Evidence for the construct validity was provided through moderate to largely sized correlations between the BIS and other related measures. In further support of its discriminant validity, significant differences in BIS scores were found between @entity1 who underwent mastectomy and those who underwent breast-conserving surgery, with the former presenting higher scores. Age and time since diagnosis were not associated with BIS scores. CONCLUSIONS: The Portuguese BIS proved to be a reliable and valid measure of body image concerns in a sample of @entity0 @entity1 , allowing a brief and comprehensive assessment, both on clinical and research settings.

title: The Portuguese version of the body image scale (BIS) - psychometric properties in a sample of XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: A 41-year-old @entity1 in November 2002 underwent a gastric bypass by the Capella technique for morbid @entity28 . Almost 1 year after the surgery, she developed severe @entity391 . Radiological studies confirmed a severe @entity850 of the gastrojejunal @entity254 . Two pneumatic dilatations of the @entity850 failed. In February 2004, she underwent resection of the stenotic @entity254 . Histology showed an intact mucosa and beneath it an abscess filled with numerous filamentous microorganisms, with typical features of Actinomyces. With the diagnosis of @entity356 , she received a postoperative course of antibiotherapy with @entity2892 and was discharged after an uneventful recovery. Gastric @entity5850 is a rare infection, of which only 19 additional cases have been reported in the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first case to affect a @entity1 following batriatric surgery. The reported cases of this entity are reviewed, and the diagnostic criteria that could avoid surgery in these cases are discussed.

title: Gastric @entity5850 : a rare complication after gastric bypass for morbid XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity5850 :: ('MESH:D000196', 'Disease') :: ['actinomycosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric actinomycosis']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: Introduction. The best pancreatic @entity254 technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is still debated. @entity3472 ( @entity3472 ) is the most important complication but is also related to @entity86 and pancreatic remnant involution. We support pancreaticojejuno @entity254 (PJ) advantages describing our technique with brief technical considerations. Materials and Methods. 89 consecutive @entity1 underwent PD with suprapyloric gastric resection and double loop reconstruction. Pancreaticojejunal end-to-end @entity254 was done by simple invagination with a single layer of interrupted pledget-supported Ticron stitches. Results. @entity3472 occurred in seven @entity1 (7.8%): six cases of grade A @entity292 resolved spontaneously, and in only one case of grade B @entity292 percutaneous drainage was necessary. @entity86 occurred in only two (2.2%) of 89 @entity1 . Conclusion. Pancreaticojejunostomy with minor changes in anastomotic techniques can contribute to improvement of the outcome of Roux-en-Y reconstruction regarding @entity3472 and other related complications. The particular reconstruction reported seems also to preserve the pancreatic exocrine function.

title: Pancreaticojejuno XXXX after pancreaticoduodenectomy: brief pathophysiological considerations for a rational surgical choice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3472 :: ('MESH:D010185', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic fistula', 'PF']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleedings', 'Postoperative hemorrhage']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent international guidelines recommend intra-articular corticosteroid injections for @entity1 with @entity570 who have moderate to severe @entity158 and do not respond satisfactorily to oral analgesic/anti-inflammatory agents. Of the five available randomized controlled trials, four showed positive effects with respect to @entity158 reduction. However, intra-articular injection in the hip is complex because the joint is adjacent to important neurovascular structures and cannot be palpated. Therefore fluoroscopic or ultrasound guidance is needed.The systemic effect of @entity288 has been studied in @entity1 with impingement shoulder @entity158 . Gluteal corticosteroid injection was almost as effective as ultrasound-guided subacromial corticosteroid injection. Such a clinically relevant effect of a systemic corticosteroid injection offers a less complex alternative for treatment of @entity1 with @entity570 not responsive to oral @entity158 medication. METHODS/DESIGN: This is a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. A total of 135 @entity1 (aged > 40 years) with @entity570 and persistent @entity158 despite oral analgesics visiting a general practitioner or orthopaedic surgeon will be included. They will be randomized to a gluteal intramuscular corticosteroid injection or a gluteal intramuscular placebo (saline) injection. The randomization will be stratified for setting (general practitioner and outpatient clinics of department of orthopaedics). Treatment effect will be evaluated by questionnaires at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks follow-up and a physical examination at 12 weeks. Primary outcome is severity of @entity158 reported by the @entity1 at 2-week follow-up. Statistical analyses will be based on the intention-to-treat principle. DISCUSSION: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of an intramuscular corticosteroid injection on @entity158 in @entity1 with @entity570 . @entity1 recruitment has started. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial is registered in the Dutch Trial Registry: number NTR2966.

title: Effectiveness of intramuscular corticosteroid injection versus placebo injection in @entity1 with XXXX : design of a randomized double-blinded controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['hip pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity570 :: ('MESH:D015207', 'Disease') :: ['hip osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity570 :: (MESH:D015207,Disease) :: ['hip osteoarthritis']


abstract: The relationship between agonist-sensitive @entity460 compartments and those discharged by the @entity141 -ATPase inhibitor @entity2426 were studied in @entity1 platelets. In this context, @entity460 mobilization from intracellular pools and @entity921 influx was investigated in relation to the effect of altered cyclic- @entity377 levels. For maximal @entity460 release from intracellular stores, @entity2426 , compared to a receptor agonist like @entity556 , requires the platelet's self-amplification mechanism, known to generate @entity2404 . With this lipid mediator formed, @entity2426 released @entity460 and stimulated @entity921 influx in a manner similar to @entity556 . Blocking the @entity2871 receptor by addition of @entity34441 (BM13.177) or, alternatively, increasing platelet @entity268 or @entity6708 using @entity4770 or @entity1854 , dramatically reduced the ability of @entity2426 to release @entity460 from intracellular compartments. The same experimental conditions significantly reduced the rate of @entity921 influx initiated by @entity2426 compared to @entity556 . The experiments indicate that @entity2426 -sensitive compartments play only a minor role in inducing @entity921 influx compared to the receptor-sensitive compartment. @entity8613 accelerate the redistribution of an agonist-elevated platelet @entity460 into the @entity2426 -sensitive compartment, from which @entity460 can be released by inhibition of the @entity141 -ATPase. In @entity1 platelets, @entity2426 -induced @entity460 increase and influx were responsible for only part the @entity460 release resulting from inhibition of the corresponding @entity855 ase; another part results from the indirect effect of @entity2426 acting via @entity2871 -A2-receptor activation. @entity8613 are therefore an interesting regulatory device which can modify the @entity2426 response by not allowing the self-amplification mechanism of platelets to operate.

title: XXXX and intracellular- @entity460 homeostasis in @entity1 platelets.

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity921 :: ('MESH:D008345', 'Chemical') :: ['manganese']

entities_list: @entity2404 :: ('MESH:D013928', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane A2']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity8613 :: ('MESH:D009712', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclic nucleotides']

entities_list: @entity34441 :: ('MESH:C040624', 'Chemical') :: ['sulotroban']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity8613 :: (MESH:D009712,Chemical) :: ['Cyclic nucleotides']