abstract: Between April 1975 and March 2005, 4,436 cases of histologically proven @entity631 ( @entity631 ) were diagnosed by the same team at the Kidney Unit of Charles Nicolle Hospital in Tunis. Respectively 1,510, 1,419 and 1,509 cases were diagnosed in 1975-1985, 1985-1995, and 1995-2005. We compared trends in the incidence rates of the different types of @entity631 and those of Tunisian indicators of health, social and economic status. The following differences were found between 1975-1985 and 1995-2005:--As a proportion of all cases of @entity631 , the frequency of @entity2783 fell from 12,6 % to 6,5 % (p < 0,0001). The 444 cases of @entity2783 observed during the study period were of type AA in 87 % of cases, and were related to chronic @entity166 in 239 cases (54 %; @entity1907 in 114 cases). The frequency of @entity378 -associated @entity2783 fell during the study period, in parallel with the reduction in the incidence of @entity378 in the Tunisian population (48,7 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 1983 to 20,17 in 2004). @entity1988 accounted for 7.7 % of all cases of @entity631 diagnosed in 1975-1985, compared to 13 % in 1995-2005 (p < 0,00001). Increased exposure to sunlight and use of cosmetics could be involved in this increase.--The incidence of both proliferative @entity631 (as a proportion of all cases of @entity631 ) fell between 1975-1985 and 1995-2005, from 15,9 % and 21,6 % to 6,9 % and 7,7 %, respectively (p < 0,0001). This matched a drop in the incidence of @entity4789 in the Tunisian population, from 7,26/100,000 inhabitants in 1984 to 0,83 in 2004, probably as a result of public health measures and widespread use of antibiotics. The incidence of membranous @entity631 increased from 11,1 to 17,7 % in adults (p < 0,001) whereas it fell from 10,1 to 4,6 % in @entity1 (p < 0,01), possibly as a result of a nationwide @entity97 vaccination program launched in 1995. The incidence of @entity8 increased from 0,9 to 12,9 % in adults (p < 0,0001) and from 0,3 % to 18,4 % in @entity1 , but remained relatively stable in elderly adults. This study, conducted in a single center, by the same team, and using the same renal biopsy practices, confirms that the control of @entity166 in Tunisia has led to a substantial regression of proliferative @entity631 and @entity12042 . Environmental factors, such as the adoption of western lifestyles, could explain the increase in lupus and IgA @entity8 .

title: [Epidemiology of XXXX in Tunisia from 1975 to 2005. Influence of changes in healthcare and society].

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['acute rheumatic fever']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathies', 'IgA nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity12042 :: ('MESH:C538249', 'Disease') :: ['renal amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['Lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['GN', 'endocapillary and membranoproliferative GN', 'glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity1907 :: ('MESH:D014397', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary tuberculosis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular diseases']


abstract: Using @entity3569 ovary K1 cells, chromosomal aberration tests were carried out with @entity5189 , @entity1543 and @entity880 , and the relationship between the pH of the medium and the clastogenic activity was examined. The medium used was Ham's F12 supplemented with 17 mM @entity5993 and 10% fetal calf serum. All of these acids induced @entity2008 at the initial pH of ca. 6.0 or below (about 10-14 mM of each acid) both with and without S9 mix. Exposure of cells to about pH 5.7 or below (about 12-16 mM of each acid) was found to be toxic. When the culture medium was first acidified with each of these acids and then neutralized to pH 6.4 or pH 7.2 with @entity6674 , no clastogenic activity was observed. Using F12 medium supplemented with 34 mM @entity5993 as a buffer, no clastogenic activity was observed at doses up to 25 mM of these acids (initial pH 5.8-6.0). However, it was found that about 10% of the cells had aberrations at pH 5.7 or below (27.5-32.5 mM of each acid). Furthermore, when 30 mM @entity7482 was used as a buffer, @entity2008 were not induced at doses up to 20 mM @entity5189 and @entity1543 (initial pH 7.0-7.1), and at doses up to 30 mM @entity880 (initial pH 6.6). In the initial pH range of 6.4-6.7 (25-32.5 mM of each acid), @entity2008 were observed. The above results show that these acids themselves are non-clastogenic, and the pseudo-positive reactions attributable to non-physiological pH could be eliminated by either neutralization of the treatment medium or enhancement of the buffering ability.

title: Evaluation of clastogenicity of XXXX , @entity1543 and @entity880 on cultured mammalian cells.

entities_list: @entity3569 :: ('10029', 'Species') :: ['Chinese hamster']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal aberrations']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity5189 :: ('MESH:C030544', 'Chemical') :: ['formic acid']

answer: @entity5189 :: (MESH:C030544,Chemical) :: ['formic acid']


abstract: In the awake restrained @entity35 the intrathecal (i.th.) administration of 8.1 pmol-8.1 nmol of @entity1812 (BK) and @entity17230 (KD) enhanced the reaction time (RT) to a noxious radiant heat stimulus in a dose-dependent manner. The fragments BK-(1-8) and BK-(1-7) were active only at doses higher than 10 nmol and the following rank order of potency was observed: BK greater than KD much greater than BK-(1-8) greater than BK-(1-7). The increment of tail-flick latency was greatest at 1 (BK) or 6 (KD) min and the RT returned to basal levels within 15 min post-administration. The effect of BK (81 pmol) was unaffected by the prior i.th. administration of @entity1169 and @entity1510 but was significantly potentiated by @entity3159 (P less than 0.05). In contrast, the response to BK was significantly blocked (P less than 0.001) by @entity5521 , @entity9006 and @entity3160 as well as by treatment with @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) at a dose of 20 micrograms (i.th.) 1 week earlier. The latter pretreatment reduced the antinociceptive effect of i.th. @entity6114 (7 mumol) and potentiated that to @entity1063 (NA) (0.6 nmol) (P less than 0.01) while it preserved both the antinociceptive effect of @entity16423 (8 nmol) and the @entity1931 effect of substance P (6.5 nmol). A biochemical analysis revealed that @entity2955 treatment reduced the NA content in the lumbar spinal cord by 60% without affecting the levels of @entity750 , @entity935 , @entity1425 or their main metabolites. There were also significant reductions in NA content in cervical (44%) and @entity1514 (55%) spinal cord. Pretreatment with @entity2955 for a longer survival period (2 weeks) caused a further decrease of NA in the lumbar spinal cord (88%); however, the @entity750 and @entity935 levels were reduced in all regions examined. These results suggest that BK (kinins) may inhibit spinal nociceptive sensory transmission and produce @entity1337 by acting presynaptically on terminals of bulbospinal NA-containing fibers.

title: Intrathecal XXXX acts presynaptically on spinal noradrenergic terminals to produce antinociception in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity3160 :: ('MESH:D015016', 'Chemical') :: ['yohimbine']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesic']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenaline']

entities_list: @entity5521 :: ('MESH:D010646', 'Chemical') :: ['phentolamine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity9006 :: ('MESH:D019329', 'Chemical') :: ['idazoxan']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

entities_list: @entity6114 :: ('MESH:D014439', 'Chemical') :: ['tyramine']

answer: @entity1812 :: (MESH:D001920,Chemical) :: ['bradykinin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the cosmetic effects of photodynamic therapy with @entity29721 cream and intense pulsed light in subjects with mild-to-moderate facial photodamage. DESIGN: Six-month, open-label, single-center, pilot study comprising three study treatments, each separated by 30 days, and two follow-up visits (one and four months following third treatment). SETTING: Tennessee Clinical Research Center, Nashville, Tennessee. @entity1 : Ten @entity1 (ages 36 to 64 years) with skin color classified as Fitzpatrick I to III. MEASUREMENTS: The investigator evaluated erythema, dryness, @entity2981 , crusts and @entity2681 , and stinging/burning immediately before and after each treatment and at each follow-up visit. In addition, the investigator rated cosmetic appearance at each follow-up visit. Subjects rated stinging, tingling, @entity111 minutes after each treatment and cosmetic effects (radiance, smoothness, pore appearance, evenness of skin tone, and overall effect) at each follow-up visit. RESULTS: Mean (standard error of the mean) objective cosmetic appearance scores were 0.900 (0.233) and 1.400 (0.267) (0=very much improved; l=much improved; 2=improved) one and four months following treatment, respectively. Mean subjective assessments of radiance, smoothness, pore appearance, evenness of skin tone, and overall effect ranged from 2.200 to 2.800 (2=much improved; 3=improved) one and four months following treatment. Mean objective erythema, dryness, @entity2981 , and stinging/burning scores were <1 (minimal/slight) at all time points. Mean subjective post-treatment stinging, tingling, itching, and burning scores were <1 (mild) at all time points. CONCLUSION: Photodynamic therapy with @entity29721 and intense pulsed light improved cosmetic appearance and was generally well tolerated. Further investigation in larger @entity1 populations is warranted.

title: Safety and Cosmetic Effects of Photodynamic Therapy using XXXX and Intense Pulsed Light: A Pilot Study Conducted in Subjects with Mild-to-moderate Facial Photodamage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['itching, and burning 15']

entities_list: @entity29721 :: ('MESH:C419924', 'Chemical') :: ['hexyl aminolevulinate']

answer: @entity29721 :: (MESH:C419924,Chemical) :: ['Hexyl Aminolevulinate']


abstract: Opioids are the most commonly prescribed medications to treat severe @entity158 in the Western world. It has been estimated that up to 90% of American @entity1 presenting to specialized @entity158 centres are treated with opioids. Along with their analgesic properties, opioids have the potential to produce substantial side effects, such as @entity390 , @entity73 , addiction and urinary retention. In the gut, opioids exert their action on the enteric nervous system, where they bind to the myenteric and submucosal plexuses, causing @entity4423 , @entity1690 , which all leads to opioid-induced @entity29 (OIBD). In the clinic, this is reported as @entity390 , @entity391 , gastro-oesophageal reflux-related symptoms, @entity1142 , etc. One of the most severe symptoms is @entity1142 , which can be assessed using different scales for subjective assessment. Objective methods such as radiography and colonic transit time can also be used, together with manometry and evaluation of anorectal function to explore the pathophysiology. Dose-limiting adverse symptoms of OIBD can lead to insufficient @entity158 treatment. Even though several treatment strategies are available, the side effects are still a major challenge. Traditional laxatives are normally prescribed but they are often insufficient to alleviate symptoms, especially those from the upper gastrointestinal tract. Newer prokinetics, such as @entity17627 and @entity17628 , may be more effective in alleviating OIBD. Another treatment approach is co-administration of opioid antagonists, which either cannot cross the blood-brain barrier or selectively target opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. However, although these new agents have proved to be more efficacious than placebo, clinical trials still need to prove their superiority to standard co-prescribed laxative regimes.

title: Opioid-induced XXXX : pathophysiology and management.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['decreased fluid secretion and sphincter dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity17628 :: ('MESH:C506401', 'Chemical') :: ['lubiprostone']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['bowel dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity17627 :: ('MESH:C406662', 'Chemical') :: ['prucalopride']

entities_list: @entity4423 :: ('MESH:D015154', 'Disease') :: ['dysmotility']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['bowel dysfunction']


abstract: PURPOSE: To explore therapy-goals and @entity1 ' expectations regarding discontinuing @entity4149 kinase inhibitors (TKIs) therapy in Chinese with @entity1860 ( @entity1860 ). To identify variables associated with these expectations and preferences. METHODS: Noninterventional, cross-sectional study using questionnaires distributed to @entity1 with @entity1860 and answered anonymously. RESULTS: With @entity1860 in chronic phase, 888 respondents were evaluable. In total, 513 respondents (58  %) were male. Median age was 41  years (range 18-88  years). Median TKI therapy duration was 3  years (range <1-13  years). In total, 735 respondents (83  %) paid part or all of the cost of TKI. As their treatment goal, 430 of 888 respondents (48  %) reported treatment-free remission (TFR). In the future, 734 respondents (83  %) expected to discontinue TKI. Multivariate analyses confirmed younger age [HR  =  1.3; (1.1, 1.4); P  <  0.001] and higher out-of-pocket expense [HR  =  1.2; (1.1, 1.4); P  <  0.001] were associated with TFR as a therapy-goal. Both variables were also associated with @entity1 ' hope to stop TKI therapy in the future: HR  =  1.4; (0.8, 1.7; P  <  0.001) and HR  =  1.5; (1.3, 1.8; P  <  0.001). Achieving a complete molecular response [HR  =  1.8 (1.1, 2.9); P  =  0.017] and decreased quality of life resulting from adverse effects [HR  =  1.2; (1.0, 1.5); P  =  0.021] were factors associated with the expectation of discontinuing TKI therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Younger age and higher out-of-pocket cost are associated with @entity1 ' preference for stopping TKI therapy.

title: Young age and high cost are associated with future preference for stopping XXXX kinase inhibitor therapy in Chinese with @entity1860 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['CML', 'chronic myeloid leukemia']

answer: @entity4149 :: (D014443,Chemical) :: ['tyrosine']


abstract: To investigate the causative factors of @entity384 ( @entity384 ), 29 @entity384 @entity1 were echocardiographically and histopathologically compared with 17 @entity1 with specific @entity299 mimicking @entity384 . These consisted of 6 cases of @entity2401 and 11 of alcoholic @entity299 . @entity2401 @entity1 had less dilation of the left ventricle, more marked segmental wall motion abnormality on admission and more extensive @entity296 than @entity1 with alcoholic @entity299 and @entity384 . Four @entity2401 @entity1 died of @entity712 before showing a marked dilatation of the left ventricle. The alcoholic @entity299 @entity1 revealed diffuse wall motion abnormality on admission. Out of these 8 @entity1 who had abstained showed amelioration. However, in 3 who had not abstained, both wall motion abnormality and dilatation of the left ventricle markedly progressed and 2 died of @entity712 . Although the @entity384 @entity1 as a group showed deterioration throughout the follow-up period, individual @entity1 revealed a variety of echocardiographic and pathological findings, which led to the regrouping of 29 @entity1 with @entity384 into 2 subgroups. One group had characteristic features similar to these of @entity1 with @entity2401 , and the other had characteristics similar to these of @entity1 with alcoholic @entity299 . These findings suggested that different causative factors might coexist in @entity384 .

title: Comparative study of @entity384 and specific XXXX from pathophysiological aspects--echocardiographic observation.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['DCM', 'dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart muscle diseases', 'heart muscle disease']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis', 'Myocarditis']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['heart muscle diseases']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review the available literature and define clinical practice guidelines for the use of agents for the prevention and treatment of @entity344 . METHODS: A systematic review was conducted by the @entity33 Study Group of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO). The body of evidence for each intervention, in each @entity5 treatment setting, was assigned an evidence level. Based on the evidence level, one of the following three guideline determinations was possible: recommendation, suggestion, and no guideline possible. RESULTS: A total of 251 clinical studies across 29 interventions were examined. Panel members were able to make one new evidence-based negative recommendation; two new evidence-based suggestions, and one evidence-based change from previous guidelines. Firstly, the panel recommends against the use of @entity396 suppositories for the prevention of acute radiation-induced @entity4272 . Secondly, the panel suggests probiotic treatment containing Lactobacillus spp., may be beneficial for prevention of chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced @entity294 in @entity1 with @entity5 of the pelvic region. Thirdly, the panel suggests the use of hyperbaric @entity26 as an effective means in treating radiation-induced @entity4272 . Finally, new evidence has emerged which is in conflict with our previous guideline surrounding the use of systemic @entity1160 , meaning that the panel is unable to form a guideline. No guideline was possible for any other agent, due to inadequate and/or conflicting evidence. CONCLUSIONS: This updated review of the literature has allowed new recommendations and suggestions for clinical practice to be reached. This highlights the importance of regular updates.

title: Systematic review of agents for the management of @entity344 in @entity5 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1160 :: ('CHEBI:28300', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancies', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4272 :: ('MESH:D011349', 'Disease') :: ['proctitis']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['Mucositis']

entities_list: @entity396 :: ('MESH:D016595', 'Chemical') :: ['misoprostol']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal mucositis']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We assessed the IHC expression of ER and PR and their prognostic significance in @entity1822 ( @entity1822 ). METHODS: We identified 43 "high-grade" uterine @entity1822 cases from 7/82-7/07 for whom ER/PR IHC analysis was performed at initial diagnosis at our institution. RESULTS: Disease was confined to the uterine body in 20/43 (47%). Eighteen (42%) of 43 were ER(+); 17/42 (41%) were PR(+). At last follow-up, 33 (77%) had recurred or progressed, and 23 (54%) had died. PR expression was associated with improved progression-free survival (PFS; P=0.002) and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ; P=0.03) overall; ER expression was not. After adjusting for stage, ER expression was associated with PFS (P=0.01), not @entity1349 (P=0.3), and PR expression maintained a significant association with PFS (P=0.002) and approached a significant association with @entity1349 (P=0.05). Neither ER nor PR expression was associated with outcome in cases with disease outside the uterine body. In cases with confined disease, median PFS for ER(+) or PR(+) cases was not reached compared to 16.9 months for ER(-) cases (95% CI: 8.1-25.7; P=0.03) and 13.5 months for PR(-) cases (95% CI: 5.9-21.1; P=0.001). Only 1/10 PR(+) cases recurred and died; 9/10 PR(-) cases recurred, and 5 died. Two of 9 ER(+) cases recurred and died; 8/11 ER(-) cases recurred, and 4 died. CONCLUSION: ER/PR expression is associated with survival outcomes in @entity1 with high-grade uterine @entity1822 confined to the uterine body. PR expression seems capable of identifying cases confined to the uterine body, which have better outcomes.

title: Immunohistochemical expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and outcomes in @entity1 with newly diagnosed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['uterine leiomyosarcoma', 'LMS']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1822 :: (MESH:D007890,Disease) :: ['uterine leiomyosarcoma']


abstract: Short-term treatment of young spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) with @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) inhibitors reduces systolic blood pressure. Renal medullary neutral lipids (RMNLs) have vasodilator properties that may explain the effects of @entity1811 inhibition. We measured RMNL levels of SHR treated between 6 and 10 weeks of age with (1) vehicle, (2) @entity3372 1 mg. kg-1. d-1, (3) the @entity1812 B2 receptor antagonist icatibant 0.5 mg. kg-1. d-1, or (4) icatibant 0.5 mg. kg-1. d-1 plus @entity3372 1 mg. kg-1. d-1. RMNLs were quantified by oil red O fluorescence at 10 and 20 weeks of age. Systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured by tail-cuff plethysmography. @entity3372 reduced BP at 10 weeks of age and increased RMNLs compared with controls (0.99+/-0.07% versus 0.56+/-0. 06%, P<0.01). Icatibant alone had no significant effect on RMNLs (0.55+/-0.04%) but attenuated the increase in RMNLs by @entity3372 (0. 81+/-0.05%). In control SHR, the increase in BP between 10 and 20 weeks of age was associated with a significant increase in RMNLs (0.79+/-0.09%). SHR that had received @entity3372 had significantly lower BP than controls at 20 weeks of age, but RMNL was not significantly different (0.92+/-0.10%). Therefore, in young SHR, @entity1811 inhibition increases RMNLs and reduces blood pressure, an effect that appears to depend on @entity1812 . The changes in RMNLs at the age of 10 weeks paralleled long-term BP effects and may be involved in setting the BP track in SHR.

title: Long-term effects of XXXX inhibition on renal medullary neutral lipid in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity3372 :: ('MESH:D017257', 'Chemical') :: ['ramipril', 'Ramipril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

answer: @entity1811 :: (24310(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['angiotensin-converting enzyme']


abstract: To explore the correlation between the typical findings of dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (DCE-CT) and @entity5 (microvessel density [MVD] and @entity7 [ @entity7 ]) in @entity652 and nonadenomas such that the enhancement mechanism of @entity9243 -CT in @entity774 can be explained more precisely. Forty-two @entity1 with 46 @entity774 confirmed by surgery and pathology were included in the study; these masses included 23 @entity652 , 18 nonadenomas, and 5 hyperplastic nodules. The findings of DCE-CT and angiogenesis in @entity774 were studied. The features of DCE-CT in @entity652 and nonadenomas were evaluated to determine whether the characteristics of DCE-CT in @entity774 were closely correlated with @entity5 . @entity652 were significantly different from nonadenomas in the time density curve and the mean percentage of enhancement washout at the 7-minute delay time in DCE-CT. The mean MVD and @entity7 expression exhibited significant differences between the rapid washout group (types A and C) and the slow washout group (types B, D, and E) and between the relative washout (Washr) >= 34% and the absolute washout (Washa) >= 43% on the 7-minute enhanced CT scans (P=0.000). @entity652 were suggested when @entity774 presented as types A and C, and/or the Washr >= 34%, and/or the Washa >= 43%, and the opposite was suggested for nonadenomas. These results showed a close correlation between the characteristics of DCE-CT and both MVD and @entity7 expression in @entity774 . There was also a significant difference in MVD and @entity7 expression between @entity652 and nonadenomas. In conclusion, MVD and @entity7 expression are two important pathological factors that play important roles in the characterization of DCE-CT in @entity774 because they cause different time density curve types, the Washr and the Washa for adrenal @entity652 and nonadenomas.

title: Tumoral angiogenesis in both adrenal XXXX and nonadenomas: a promising computed tomography biomarker for diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumoral angiogenesis']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Adrenal adenomas', 'adenomas', 'Adenomas']

entities_list: @entity774 :: ('MESH:D000312', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal masses']

answer: @entity652 :: (MESH:D000236,Disease) :: ['adenomas']


abstract: The introduction of @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ) has advanced chemotherapy for @entity11 . However, a considerable number of @entity463 ( @entity463 ) cases are refractory to @entity2904 . Previous studies have revealed that the @entity10412 / @entity584 pathway is activated in an @entity1129 and Rad3 related-dependent manner in response to @entity2904 . Thus, we hypothesized that @entity10412 inhibitors may act as antitumor agents against @entity11 and potentiate the @entity137 of @entity2904 . The @entity137 of a @entity10412 inhibitor, @entity2306 , was examined both alone and in combination with @entity2904 in @entity1 @entity11 cell lines. Proliferation of @entity5 cells treated with @entity2306 in combination with @entity2904 was significantly suppressed compared to treatment with either drug used alone. The combination treatment induced a higher apoptosis rate, while reducing the invasive capability of U87 cells. The apoptosis-associated proteins, cleaved-caspase-3 and @entity589 , were more significantly up-regulated by the combined treatment than by @entity2904 used alone. In addition, p- @entity584 and @entity588 , which can promote @entity2904 resistance, were markedly decreased by @entity2306 . These findings suggest that @entity2306 enhances the @entity137 of @entity2904 by down  -regulation of the @entity10412 / @entity584 pathway.

title: @entity2306 enhances @entity137 of XXXX in @entity11 by down-regulation of the @entity10412 / @entity584 pathway.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['gliomas', 'glioma', 'malignant gliomas']

entities_list: @entity1129 :: ('MESH:D001260', 'Disease') :: ['ataxia telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'glioblastoma']

answer: @entity2903 :: (MESH:C047246,Chemical) :: ['temozolomide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a new intracerebral microdialysis catheter with a high-cutoff membrane and its potential for the study of macromolecules in the @entity1 brain. METHODS: Paired intracerebral microdialysis catheters were inserted in 10 @entity1 who became @entity772 after @entity510 or @entity131 and were then treated in our neurosurgical unit. The only differences from the routine use of microdialysis in our clinic were the length (20 mm) and cutoff properties of the catheter membranes (100 kD) and the perfusion fluids used (standard perfusion fluid, 3.5% albumin, or Ringer-dextran 60). Samples were weighed (for net fluid fluxes) and analyzed at bedside (for routine metabolites) and later in the laboratory (for total protein and @entity650 ). The in vitro recovery of @entity413 , @entity2227 , and @entity653 were also investigated under different conditions. RESULTS: Even brief perfusion with standard perfusion fluid resulted in a significant loss of volume from the microdialysis system. For albumin and Ringer-dextran 60 fluid, recovery was comparable to standard settings. @entity650 (highest value close to 25,000 pg/ml) was sampled from all catheters, and total protein was analyzed from catheters perfused with Ringer-dextran 60 (average concentration, 234 mug protein/ml). There were detectable patterns of variations in the concentration of @entity650 , seemingly related to concomitant variations in intracerebral conditions. In the present study, no direct comparison was made with the standard CMA 70 catheter (CMA Microdialysis, Stockholm, Sweden), but in vivo, the measured mean concentrations of @entity413 , @entity653 , @entity880 , and @entity2388 were comparable to those previously reported from standard catheters. In vitro, the recovery of metabolites was better when using Ringer-dextran 60 compared with albumin. CONCLUSION: Microdialysis catheters with high-cutoff membranes can be used in routine clinical practice, allowing for sampling and analysis of cytokines and other macromolecules.

title: A microdialysis technique for routine measurement of macromolecules in the injured XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity650 :: ('3569', 'Gene') :: ['Interleukin-6', 'interleukin-6']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['comatose']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to study low dose hypobaric 0.15% @entity1341 and hyperbaric 0.5% @entity1341 in outpatient anorectal surgical procedures. METHODS: Two groups of 50 @entity1 , physical status ASA I and II, undergoing anorectal surgical procedures in a jackknife position, received 6 mg of hypobaric 0.15% @entity1341 in the surgical position (Group 1) or 6 mg of hyperbaric 0.5% @entity1341 in the sitting position for 5 minutes, after which they were placed in a jackknife position (Group 2). Sensitive and motor blockade, time of first urination, ambulation, complications, and the need for analgesics were evaluated. @entity1 were followed until the third postoperative day and questioned whether they experienced post-puncture @entity10 or @entity16 , and until the 30th day and questioned about permanent @entity16 . The test t Student, Mood's median, and Fisher Exact test were used for statistical analysis, and a p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Every @entity1 in Group 1 presented selective blockade of the posterior sacral nerve roots, while @entity1 in Group 2 experienced blockade of the anterior and posterior nerve roots. Blockade was significantly higher in Group 1. Motor blockade was significantly less severe in Group 1. Forty-nine @entity1 in Group 1 transferred to the stretcher unassisted while only 40 @entity1 in Group 2 were able to do so. Recovery in Group 1 occurred in 105 +/- 25 minutes and in 95 +/- 15 minutes in Group 2, and this difference was not statistically significant. There were no hemodynamic changes, @entity390 or @entity391 , urine retention, or post-puncture @entity10 . CONCLUSIONS: Anorectal surgical procedures under spinal block with low dose @entity1341 , hyperbaric or hypobaric, can be safely done.

title: [Hypobaric 0.15% XXXX versus hyperbaric 0.5% @entity1341 for posterior (dorsal) spinal block in outpatient anorectal surgery.].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['temporary neurological symptoms', 'neurological complications']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['bupivacaine']


abstract: Lipid-lowering by postmenopausal hormone therapy (HRT) explains only partly the assumed coronary risk reduction associated with therapy. To explore other possible mechanisms, we studied associations of HRT use with @entity32 and hemostasis risk markers in @entity1 >/=65 years of age. Subjects were selected from 3393 @entity1 in the fourth year examination of the Cardiovascular Health Study, an observational study of @entity455 risk factors. After excluding @entity1 with @entity455 , we compared levels of @entity32 and hemostasis variables in the 230 @entity1 using unopposed @entity172 and 60 using @entity172 /progestin, with those of 196 nonusers selected as controls. Compared with nonusers, unopposed @entity172 use was associated with 59% higher mean @entity1851 (P<0.001), but with modestly lower levels of other @entity32 indicators, @entity2002 , and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (P<0.001). Factor VIIc was 16% higher among @entity172 users (P<0.001), but this was not associated with higher thrombin production (prothrombin fragment 1-2), or increased fibrin breakdown (D-dimer). Concentration of @entity2289 was 50% lower in both using groups (P<0.001) compared with nonusers, and this was associated with higher plasmin-antiplasmin complex: 8% higher in @entity172 and 18% higher in @entity172 /progestin users (P<0. 05). Relationships between the markers and hormone use were less pronounced in @entity172 / @entity1871 users, with no association for @entity1851 except in @entity1 in upper 2 tertiles of body mass index (P for interaction, 0.02). The direction and strength of the associations of HRT use with @entity32 markers differed depending on the protein, so it is not clear whether HRT confers coronary risk reduction through an @entity32 -sensitive mechanism. Associations with hemostasis markers indicated no association with evidence of procoagulation and a possible association with increased fibrinolytic activity.

title: Hormone replacement therapy, @entity32 , and hemostasis in elderly XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity2289 :: ('5054', 'Gene') :: ['plasminogen activator inhibitor-1']

entities_list: @entity1871 :: ('CHEBI:59826', 'Chemical') :: ['progestin']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: RATIONALE: Cardiac muscle adapts to increase workload by altering cardiomyocyte size and function resulting in @entity1283 . G protein-coupled receptor signaling is known to govern the @entity1184 response through the regulation of ion channel activity and downstream signaling in failing cardiomyocytes. OBJECTIVE: Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels are G protein-coupled receptor operated channels previously implicated in @entity1283 . Our objective of this study is to better understand how TRPC channels influence cardiomyocyte @entity460 signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we used whole cell patch clamp of adult cardiomyocytes to show upregulation of a nonselective cation current reminiscent of TRPC channels subjected to pressure overload. This TRPC current corresponds to the increased TRPC channel expression noted in hearts of @entity19 subjected to pressure overload. Importantly, we show that @entity19 lacking @entity27097 channels are missing this putative TRPC current. Moreover, @entity27097 (-)(/)(-) @entity19 fail to manifest evidence of @entity1283 and maintain preserved cardiac function when subjected to hemodynamic stress and neurohormonal excess. In addition, we provide a mechanistic basis for the protection conferred to @entity27097 (-)(/)(-) @entity19 as mechanosensitive signaling through calcineurin/NFAT, @entity3470 and @entity1994 is altered in @entity27097 (-)(/)(-) @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: From these studies, we suggest that @entity27097 channels are critical for the adaptation to biomechanical stress and @entity10204 leads to @entity1283 and failure.

title: @entity27097 channels are critical for XXXX signaling in the heart.

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy', 'maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity10204 :: ('MESH:D021081', 'Disease') :: ['TRPC dysregulation']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1184 :: (MESH:D006984,Disease) :: ['hypertrophic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We retrospectively reviewed outcomes in @entity1 treated with radiotherapy (RT) for cutaneous @entity135 with @entity3 ( @entity3 ), with the aim of developing risk-adapted treatment guidelines. METHODS: A total of 118 @entity1 were treated with RT between April 1992 and July 2000. Ninety-seven @entity1 had @entity3 discovered through histology (pPNI) and 21 @entity1 had symptoms/signs of @entity3 (cPNI). All received RT (median dose, 55 Gy; range, 17-74): 114 postoperatively and 4 definitively. Median follow-up was 84 months (range, 4-201). RESULTS: The 5-year local control (LC) rates were 90% with pPNI and 57% with cPNI (p < .0001). The pPNI and cPNI groups also differed in relapse-free survival (76% vs 46%, p = .003), disease-specific survival (90% vs 76%, p = .002), and overall survival (69% vs 57%, p = .03). pPNI @entity1 with BCC histology (n = 42) had better LC (97% vs 84%, p = .02) than pPNI SCC (n = 55). CONCLUSION: Surgery plus RT provides a high rate of LC in @entity1 with pPNI, particularly those with BCC. Therapeutic improvements are needed for @entity1 with cPNI.

title: Radiotherapy for @entity3 in XXXX : toward a risk-adapted treatment approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['perineural invasion', 'PNI']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['cutaneous head and neck carcinomas']


abstract: A multicentre comparative clinical evaluation of @entity32473 , an @entity2645 analogue, and @entity2645 has been made with double-blind technique and fixed dosage ( @entity32473 70 mg t.i.d., @entity2645 50 mg t.i.d.). Plasma was drawn after 3 weeks for determination of @entity1063 -uptake inhibitory capacity of the parent compound and/or its active metabolites. Plasma concentrations of @entity32473 and @entity5829 ( @entity9956 ) were determined in the same samples. The concentrations of @entity32473 in the whole material were low (5-27 ng/ml) except for one @entity1 who had a level of 53 ng/ml. In both groups of @entity1 there was an almost 40-fold range in the plasma levels of @entity9956 or apparent @entity9956 . The @entity1 were rated for severity of @entity308 before treatment, then once weekly for 3 weeks and finally during the fifth week. For further information concerning the psychiatric aspects, see d'Elia et al. in this issue (1977). A significant correlation was found between the concentrations of @entity9956 and the @entity1063 -uptake inhibitory capacity in the plasma samples. No correlations were found between uptake inhibitory capacity of plasma samples and the amelioration scores.

title: Comparative clinical evaluation of @entity32473 and XXXX . Pharmacological aspects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity5829 :: ('MESH:D003891', 'Chemical') :: ['desmethylimipramine']

entities_list: @entity32473 :: ('MESH:D008127', 'Chemical') :: ['lofepramine']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity2645 :: (MESH:D007099,Chemical) :: ['imipramine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of chewing gums containing probiotic bacteria on oral malodour. The null hypothesis was that no difference would be displayed compared with placebo gums. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five healthy young adults with self-reported @entity1353 completed this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The design included run-in and wash-out periods interspersed by two intervention periods of 14 days each. The subjects were instructed to chew one gum in the morning and one in the evening containing either two strains of probiotic lactobacilli ( @entity6374 DSM 17938 and @entity6374 ATCC PTA 5289) or placebo. The outcome measures were (i) organoleptic scores (0-5) by a certified test panel, (ii) concentration of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) measured with a Halimeter and (iii) concentration of VSC after a @entity462 rinse. Registrations were made at baseline and after each intervention period. Differences between the groups were assessed by non-parametric paired statistics and chi-square test. RESULTS: The median organoleptic score was similar (score 2) in both groups at baseline. After 14 days of treatment, the organoleptic scores were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Assessments of the VSC levels displayed no significant differences between the groups, either before or after rinsing with @entity462 . No adverse effects were registered. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that probiotic chewing gums may have some beneficial effect on oral malodour assessed by organoleptic scores. The results indicate that the probiotic gum may affect bacteria that produce malodourous compounds other than VSCs.

title: Effect of chewing gums containing the probiotic bacterium XXXX on oral malodour.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine', 'L-cysteine']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['malodorous morning breath']

answer: @entity6374 :: (1598,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus reuteri']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity571 is a common presentation in primary care, and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (sometimes also referred to as traditional NSAIDs or tNSAIDs) and selective cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors ( @entity2247 inhibitors) are commonly used to treat it. The UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) recommends taking @entity1 risk factors into account when selecting a tNSAID or a @entity2247 inhibitor, but GPs have lacked practical guidance on assessing @entity1 risk. METHODS: A multi-disciplinary group that included primary care professionals (PCPs) developed an evidence-based consensus statement with an accompanying flowchart that aimed at providing concise and specific guidance on NSAID use in @entity571 treatment. An open invitation to meet and discuss the issue was made to relevant healthcare professionals in South Yorkshire. A round table meeting was held that used a modified nominal group technique, aimed at generating opinions and ideas from all stakeholders in the consensus process. A draft developed from this meeting went through successive revisions until a consensus was achieved. RESULTS: Four statements on the use of tNSAIDs and @entity2247 inhibitors (and an attached category of evidence) were agreed: 1) tNSAIDs are effective drugs in relieving @entity158 and immobility associated with @entity571 . @entity2247 inhibitors are equally effective; 2) tNSAIDs and @entity2247 inhibitors vary in their potential gastrointestinal, liver, and @entity8 . This risk varies between individual treatments within both groups and is increased with dose and duration of treatment; 3) @entity2247 inhibitors are associated with a significantly lower @entity344 compared to tNSAIDs. Co-prescribing of @entity117 reduces this advantage; 4) PPIs should always be considered with a tNSAID and with a @entity2247 inhibitor in higher GI risk @entity1 . An accompanying flowchart to guide management was also agreed. CONCLUSIONS: Individual @entity1 risk is an important factor in choice of treatment for @entity1 with @entity571 and the consensus statement developed offers practical guidance for GPs and others in primary care. Where there are clinical uncertainties, guidance developed and agreed by local clinicians has a role to play in improving @entity1 management.

title: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of XXXX and immobility-associated @entity571 : consensus guidance for primary care.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['cardio-renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: Civil commitment rates to @entity146 hospitals in Norway are among the highest in Europe. However, published rates are based on registry data of uncertain quality. Civil commitment at four @entity146 hospitals were examined and the quality of registry data assessed. We examined 2043 admissions, recorded the duration of deprivation of liberty and calculated incidence rates for civil commitment. The overall study generated incidence rate for civil commitment based on "involuntary referrals", "treatment periods" and @entity1 involved were 259, 209 and 186 per 100,000 adults/year, respectively. For @entity1 admitted for involuntary observation only, the mean duration of deprivation of liberty was 8.5 days, compared with 34.3 days for those admitted for long-term detention, representing 37.8% and 86.6% of the total inpatient period, respectively. The submitted records to the Norwegian @entity1 Registry (NPR) were incomplete and had missing information at two of the four hospitals. Moreover, when official civil commitment rates based on the NPR data were computed, almost 30% of all admissions were routinely excluded. Civil commitment in this study was higher than corresponding figures based on registry data. In general, civil commitment rates as reported by the NPR seem to be an underestimate.

title: Rates for civil commitment to XXXX hospitals in Norway. Are registry data accurate?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['persons', 'Patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether corticospinal projections from @entity1 supplementary motor area ( @entity11280 ) are functional during precise force control with the precision grip (thumb-index opposition). Since beta band corticomuscular coherence (CMC) is well-accepted to reflect efferent corticospinal transmission, we analyzed the beta band CMC obtained with simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) signals. Subjects performed a bimanual precise visuomotor force tracking task by applying isometric low grip forces with their right hand precision grip on a custom device with strain gauges. Concurrently, they held the device with their left hand precision grip, producing similar grip forces but without any precision constraints, to relieve the right hand. Some subjects also participated in a unimanual control condition in which they performed the task with only the right hand precision grip while the device was held by a mechanical grip. We analyzed whole scalp topographies of beta band CMC between 64 EEG channels and 4 EMG intrinsic hand muscles, 2 for each hand. To compare the different topographies, we performed non-parametric statistical tests based on spatio-spectral clustering. For the right hand, we obtained significant beta band CMC over the contralateral M1 region as well as over the @entity11280 region during static force contraction periods. For the left hand, however, beta band CMC was only found over the contralateral M1. By comparing unimanual and bimanual conditions for right hand muscles, no significant difference was found on beta band CMC over @entity30004 . We conclude that the beta band CMC found over @entity11280 for right hand muscles results from the precision constraints and not from the bimanual aspect of the task. The result of the present study strongly suggests that the corticospinal projections from @entity1 @entity11280 become functional when high precision force control is required.

title: Functional corticospinal projections from XXXX supplementary motor area revealed by corticomuscular coherence during precise grip force control.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Experiments have been carried out with 150 @entity35 in order to study some psychophysiological functions of the mesencephalocortico limbic dopaminergic A10 group. Lesions in the A10 area were made by using @entity2955 ( @entity2955 ) local injections; 2 small volumes of injections were used at the same concentration (2 mug/1 mul or 1 mug/0.5 mul). In a first experiment the effects of these two injections were tested on locomotor activity measured in a circular corridor, 10 and 30 days after surgery. Injections provoked @entity2915 , mainly during nocturnal basal activity periods, but not during initial exploratory activity periods. The larger the injection, the more important the @entity2915 was. The larger injections induced important food spillage evidence through the wire floor of the home cage and perturbation in a passive avoidance learning. There was no change in body weight or in amount of ingested food. In a second experiment, the effects of local injection of @entity2955 in the other CA structures or bundles situated in or near the ventral tegmental area were tested. Injections in the substantia nigra compacta, in the noradrenergic ventral bundle, in the dorsal periventricular system-tegmental radiations did not provoke @entity2915 . In a third experiment, a possible role of the median raphe (MR) nucleus in the A10-lesion induced @entity2915 was tested: first, radiofrequency MR lesions were made and no durable significant @entity2915 was recorded; secondly, @entity2955 (1 mug/0.5 mul) was injected into the A10 area and activity was measured 10 days later: these injections provoked significant @entity2915 during the nocturnal basal and the diurnal basal activity periods. It might be concluded that neither the neighboring CA fibers nor the MR were directly involved in the ventral tegmental -- @entity2955 lesions syndrome. Anatomical controls by using the Fink-Heimer @entity575 impregnating method have demonstrated, first, that the @entity2955 injections did not destroy fibers other than catecholaminergic and secondly, that the degenerations are found in the forebrain and cortical limbic A10 projections. Hypotheses are made about a possible general inhibitory role of the A10 in behavior, in the sence of selective and attentive arousal processes, often impaired in some mental illnesses.

title: Behavioral effects of lesions in the A10 dopaminergic area of the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2955 :: ('MESH:D016627', 'Chemical') :: ['6-hydroxydopamine', '6-OHDA']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['locomotor hyperactivity', 'hyperactivity']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: MSCs possess potent immunosuppressive capacity. We have reported that @entity19 MSCs inhibit T cell proliferation and function via @entity842 . This immune regulatory capacity of MSCs is induced by the inflammatory cytokines IFNy together with either @entity637 or @entity635 . This effect of inflammatory cytokines on MSCs is extraordinary; logarithmic increases in the expression of @entity13633 and chemokines are often observed. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this robust effect of cytokines, we examined the expression of microRNAs in MSCs before and after cytokine treatment. We found that @entity20214 is most significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, our results showed that @entity20214 inhibits the immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs by reducing @entity13633 expression. We further demonstrated that @entity20214 targets @entity29598 (TAB2) to regulate @entity13633 expression. Additionally, knockdown of TAB2 reduced @entity13633 expression. In summary, our study demonstrated that @entity20214 inhibits the immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs by reducing @entity13633 expression by targeting TAB2. Our data revealed a novel role of @entity20214 in regulating the immune modulatory activities of MSCs.

title: @entity20214 regulates immune modulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells by targeting XXXX .

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity29598 :: (68652(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['TAK1-binding protein 2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Banana peels (Musa spp.) are a good example of a plant tissue where protein extraction is challenging due to the abundance of interfering metabolites. Sample preparation is a critical step in proteomic research and is critical for good results. RESULTS: We sought to evaluate three methods of protein extraction: @entity2804 ( @entity2974 )- @entity1324 precipitation, @entity3971 extraction, and @entity2974 precipitation. We found that a modified @entity3971 extraction protocol was the most optimal method. @entity214 -PAGE and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) demonstrated good protein separation and distinct spots of high quality protein. Approximately 300 and 550 protein spots were detected on 2-DE gels at pH values of 3-10 and 4-7, respectively. Several spots were excised from the 2-DE gels and identified by mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS: The protein spots identified were found to be involved in glycolysis, the @entity6626 cycle, and the biosynthesis of @entity1786 . Several of the identified proteins may play important roles in banana ripening.

title: Evaluation of different methods of protein extraction and identification of differentially expressed proteins upon XXXX -induced early-ripening in banana peels.

entities_list: @entity6626 :: ('CHEBI:27093', 'Chemical') :: ['tricarboxylic acid']

entities_list: @entity2804 :: ('MESH:D014238', 'Chemical') :: ['trichloroacetic acid']

entities_list: @entity1786 :: ('MESH:C036216', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene']

answer: @entity1786 :: (MESH:C036216,Chemical) :: ['ethylene']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the eligible pediatric donor pool in the United States by age, consent rate, location, and cause of donor loss. STUDY DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Organ procurement organizations in the United States. @entity1 : @entity4806 @entity1 who suffered @entity1620 in the United States in 2005 and who were medically suitable for organ donation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We determined the number of @entity1 , age < or =17 yrs, who were eligible for organ donation and the consent rate by age. Each hospital in which donation occurred was characterized by the presence of a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), a pediatric critical care medicine (PCCM) fellowship, solid organ transplant programs, and level I trauma programs. Additional information was obtained on the number of donation after @entity204 donors and eligible donors lost due to medical examiner refusals and deterioration before organ recovery. The number of reported eligible pediatric donors in 2005 was 1330. The consent rate was 69.2% with higher consent rates in eligible donors 12 yrs of age and older. Eligible donors were spread across a large number of hospitals with few having ten or more eligible donors. Variability exists among hospitals in consent rate and number of donors per 100 PICU beds. The presence of a level I trauma program and/or a PCCM fellowship was associated with higher numbers of donors per 100 PICU beds. Ninety-four eligible donors were lost before recovery of organs due to medical examiner denials or @entity1167 . Donation after @entity204 accounted for 37 donors. CONCLUSIONS: Overall pediatric consent rates were 69.2% but varied by age. Eligible donors were found most often in hospitals with level I trauma programs or PCCM fellowship programs. Few hospitals had >10 eligible donors in a 12-month period. This study is the first to describe in detail the U.S. pediatric donor population.

title: XXXX organ donation: a national survey examining consent rates and characteristics of donor hospitals.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4806 :: ('MESH:D063766', 'Disease') :: ['Pediatric']

entities_list: @entity1620 :: ('MESH:D001926', 'Disease') :: ['brain death']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity4806 :: (MESH:D063766,Disease) :: ['Pediatric']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Quality of life (QoL) is an important outcome measure in clinical studies. However, there is little experience with the interpretation of QoL results. METHODS: To guide interpretation of QoL results from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) targeting the effectiveness of the immune modulator @entity1261 on postoperative recovery in high risk (ASA III/IV) @entity14 @entity1 , we compared RCT data with data from a population based cohort study and norm reference data. QoL was assessed using the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of @entity5 (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and CR38 questionnaires. QoL results were analysed on discharge from hospital and six months postoperatively. RESULTS: @entity14 @entity1 (both from the RCT and the cohort study) showed the greatest differences in QoL scores compared to norm reference data at discharge from hospital. Six months postoperatively, global quality of life and @entity158 approximated norm reference values indicating optimal recovery. However, deficits still appeared in scores for role functioning, physical functioning, social functioning and fatigue. The best improvements (discharge from hospital to six months postoperatively) were seen with respect to physical functioning, fatigue and @entity158 . CONCLUSIONS: For further analysis of RCT data, physical functioning and fatigue scores may be more sensitive than global quality of life to detect differences in treatment effects.

title: Understanding quality of life in XXXX with @entity14 : comparison of data from a randomised controlled trial, a population based cohort study and the norm reference population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aimed at describing the type and dosage of psychopharmaceuticals dispensed to @entity1 with @entity146 and to assess the percentage of @entity1 treated with antipsychotics and antidepressants, the associated therapies, treatment adherence, and dosages used in individuals registered at the @entity146 Center (PDC), Regional Health Service of Ferrara. METHODS: The analysis focused on therapeutic programmes presented to the Department of Pharmacy of the University Hospital of Ferrara of 892 @entity1 treated by the PDC (catchment area of 134605 inhabitants). All diagnoses were made according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). The analysis focused on prescriptions from September 2007 to June 2009. Data on adherence to prescribed therapy have were processed by analysis of variance. RESULTS: Among the @entity1 63% were treated with antipsychotics and 40% with antidepressants. Among patients receiving antipsychotics 92% used second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) whereas the remaining 8% used first generation antipsychotics (FGAs). Antipsychotic doses were lower than Daily Defined Dose (DDDs), and SGAs were often given with anticholinergics to decrease side effects. Mean adherence to antipsychotic therapy was 64%. Among antidepressants, selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were the most often prescribed, 55%. Dosages of these were within the limits indicated by the technical datasheet but higher than DDDs. Only 26% of @entity1 underwent monotherapy. In antidepressants polytherapy, medication was associated with another antidepressant, 6% or with an antipsychotic, 51%. Mean adherence to the antidepressant therapy was 64%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 treated with antipsychotics tend to use doses lower than DDDs. The opposite tendency was noted in @entity1 treated with antidepressants. Only a small percentage of @entity1 (14%) modified their neuroleptic therapy by increasing the dosage. On the contrary, @entity1 treated with antidepressants mainly tended to reduce the doses of their drugs. This study highlights the tendency to follow combination therapies, prescribing SGAs together with anticholinergics in order to minimize extrapyramidal side effects or by combining two antidepressants. The study showed low adherence for both pharmaceutical therapies, which is typical in the setting of the analyzed diseases.

title: Use of antipsychotic and antidepressant within the XXXX Centre, Regional Health Service of Ferrara.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders', 'Psychiatric Disease']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['Psychiatric Disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the clinical effects of @entity2198 ( @entity2198 ) repair of acquired @entity850 and @entity1146 with the aid of an endoscope and to discuss the value of acquired @entity850 and @entity1146 typing in clinical therapy. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: @entity14696 . @entity1 : Thirty-two @entity1 , aged 32 to 65 years, with acquired @entity850 and @entity1146 (from @entity130 in 9 cases and from radiotherapy after @entity189 in 23 cases); 13 cases were bilateral, and 19 were unilateral. INTERVENTIONS: Transnasal @entity2198 repair with the aid of an endoscope. Acquired @entity850 and @entity1146 can be divided into 3 types: type 1, diagnosed within 3 months of the causative @entity130 or radiotherapy; type 2, diagnosed between 3 and 6 months after the @entity130 or radiotherapy; and type 3, diagnosed more than 6 months after the @entity130 or radiotherapy. All @entity1 with types 1 and 2 disease received nasal stents made from Silastic that were fixed with transseptal sutures. However, @entity1 with type 3 disease received no stenting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The thickness of the @entity850 and @entity1146 revealed by computed tomographic scan and the surgical results were also analyzed. There was no significant correlation between them (P > .05). RESULTS: Twenty-nine @entity1 remained free of symptoms for 12 to 42 months after surgery. Three @entity1 required revision surgery, including 2 cases of type 1 disease (3 sides) and 1 case of type 2 (1 side). Two of the @entity1 who underwent revision recovered completely, with no @entity256 at 12 months after the second surgery. However, 1 @entity1 with type 1 bilateral @entity1146 experienced another @entity256 and required another revision, through a transpalatal approach. There were no postoperative complications. There was no significant correlation between thickness of the @entity850 revealed by computed tomographic scan and the surgical results. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a @entity2198 technique with the aid of an endoscope for choanal repair. In our experience, it has been a highly successful, safe, and effective procedure, with minimal @entity190 , @entity514 recovery, and short time of hospitalization. It is important in postoperative care to remove any granulation or @entity1127 at the site of the neochoana. Types 2 and 3 are the best types of disease to treat with this procedure.

title: Repair of acquired posterior choanal stenosis and XXXX by @entity2198 with the aid of an endoscope.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['temperature-controlled radio frequency', 'TCRF']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity14696 :: ('MESH:D010038', 'Disease') :: ['Academic otorhinolaryngologic referral center']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['choanal stenosis', 'stenosis']

answer: @entity1146 :: (MESH:D018633,Disease) :: ['atresia']


abstract: BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Cell motility entails the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking for effective protrusion. The GIT-PIX protein complexes are involved in the regulation of cell motility and adhesion and in the endocytic traffic of members of the family of G-protein-coupled receptors. We have investigated the function of the endogenous GIT complexes in the regulation of cell motility stimulated by fMLP ( @entity5037 ) peptide, in a @entity35 basophilic @entity1778 @entity35 cell line stably expressing an HA (haemagglutinin)-tagged receptor for the fMLP peptide. RESULTS: Our analysis shows that RBL cells stably transfected with the chemoattractant receptor expressed both @entity28357 -PIX and @entity28358 -PIX endogenous complexes. We have used silencing of the different members of the complex by small interfering RNAs to study the effects on a number of events linked to agonist-induced cell migration. We found that cell adhesion was not affected by depletion of any of the proteins of the GIT complex, whereas agonist-enhanced cell spreading was inhibited. Analysis of agonist-stimulated haptotactic cell migration indicated a specific positive effect of @entity28357 depletion on trans-well migration. The internalization of the @entity435 -peptide receptor was also inhibited by depletion of @entity28357 and @entity28358 . The effects of the GIT complexes on trafficking of the receptors was confirmed by an antibody-enhanced agonist-induced internalization assay, showing that depletion of PIX, @entity28357 or @entity28358 protein caused decreased perinuclear accumulation of internalized receptors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that endogenous GIT complexes are involved in the regulation of chemoattractant-induced cell motility and receptor trafficking, and support previous findings indicating an important function of the GIT complexes in the regulation of different G-protein-coupled receptors. Our results also indicate that endogenous @entity28357 and @entity28358 regulate distinct subsets of agonist-induced responses and suggest a possible functional link between the control of receptor trafficking and the regulation of cell motility by GIT proteins.

title: The GIT-PIX complexes regulate the chemotactic response of XXXX basophilic @entity1778 cells.

entities_list: @entity5037 :: ('MESH:D009240', 'Chemical') :: ['formyl-Met-Leu-Phe']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity435 :: ('CHEBI:42485', 'Chemical') :: ['formyl']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity6701 nanoparticles (nano- @entity3759 ) catalyze reactions under UV radiation and are hypothesized to cause @entity6337 . A @entity1 -derived line of retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) was treated with six samples of nano- @entity3759 and exposed to UVA radiation. The @entity3759 nanoparticles were independently characterized to have mean primary particle sizes and crystal structures of 22nm anatase/rutile, 25nm anatase, 31nm anatase/rutile, 59nm anatase/rutile, 142nm anatase, and 214nm rutile. Particles were suspended in cell culture media, sonicated, and assessed for stability and aggregation by dynamic light scattering. Cells were treated with 0, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100 g/ml nano- @entity3759 in media for 24hrs and then exposed to UVA (2hrs, 7.53J/cm(2)) or kept in the dark. Viability was assessed 24hrs after the end of UVA exposure by microscopy with a live/dead assay ( @entity10857 / @entity2667 ). Exposure to higher concentrations of nano- @entity3759 with UVA lowered cell viability. The 25nm anatase and 31nm anatase/rutile were the most phototoxic (LC(50) with UVA<5 g/ml), while the 142nm anatase and 214nm rutile were the least phototoxic. An acellular assay ranked @entity3759 nanoparticles for their UVA photocatalytic reactivities. The particles were found to be capable of generating @entity4466 reactive substances (TBARS) under UVA. Flow cytometry showed that nano- @entity3759 combined with UVA decreased cell viability and increased the generation of reactive @entity26 species (ROS, measured by Mitosox). LC(50) values under UVA were correlated with TBARS reactivity, particle size, and surface area.

title: In vitro XXXX and hazard identification of nano-scale @entity6701 .

entities_list: @entity6337 :: ('MESH:D017484', 'Disease') :: ['phototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity4466 :: ('MESH:C029684', 'Chemical') :: ['thiobarbituric acid']

entities_list: @entity6701 :: ('MESH:C009495', 'Chemical') :: ['Titanium dioxide']

answer: @entity6337 :: (MESH:D017484,Disease) :: ['phototoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We analyzed the prevalence of @entity1944 in @entity1 with fistulizing @entity30 ( @entity30 ), including the @entity6820 / @entity6820 and @entity14283 genotype status. METHODS: Medical records of n = 1,110 @entity1 with @entity29 were screened for @entity1 with fistulizing and stricturing @entity30 . Study inclusion required diagnosis of @entity850 made within 6 months of diagnosing @entity292 . @entity30 -associated @entity6820 and @entity14283 variants were genotyped. Similarly, we prospectively investigated 42 @entity1 presenting with fistulizing @entity30 . RESULTS: In the retrospective study (n = 333 @entity30 @entity1 ), @entity292 were found in 145 (43.5%) @entity1 and stenoses in 223 (67.0%) @entity1 . Concomitant @entity850 was diagnosed in 125 @entity1 with @entity292 resulting in a positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ) of 86.2% for @entity292 predicting @entity1944 (p = 5.53 x 10(-11); OR 5.74, 95% CI 3.22-10.50). In logistic regression analysis, presence of @entity292 (OR 4.51; 95% CI 2.54-8.01, p = 2.68 x 10(-7)) and disease duration (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.05-1.13; p = 3.19 x 10(-6)) were strongly associated with @entity1944 . @entity6820 genotype information, but not @entity14283 status, increased the @entity2286 for the correct diagnosis of @entity850 ( @entity2286 = 89.9%). All homozygous carriers (100%) of @entity6820 variants with fistulizing @entity30 were diagnosed with @entity850 ; 1007fs homozygotes were found more often among @entity1 with @entity292 and stenoses than in @entity1 without stenoses and @entity292 (p = 0.00037). Similar results were found in the prospective analysis, in which 83.3% of the @entity1 with fistulizing @entity30 had concomitant @entity850 . CONCLUSION: Fistulizing @entity30 is strongly associated with @entity1944 , particularly in homozygous carriers of @entity6820 mutations.

title: The presence of @entity292 and @entity6820 homozygosity strongly predict @entity1944 in @entity30 independent of the XXXX genotype.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal stenosis', 'concomitant intestinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel diseases']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistulas']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity14283 :: (149233,Gene) :: ['IL23R']


abstract: Proinflammatory responses induced by @entity3964 @entity4495 (GPIs) are thought to be involved in @entity311 pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) in the regulation of @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-12, two of the major inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages stimulated with GPIs. We show that MK2 differentially regulates the GPI-induced production of TNF-alpha and IL-12. Although TNF-alpha production was markedly decreased, IL-12 expression was increased by 2-3-fold in GPI-stimulated MK2(-/-) macrophages compared with @entity164 ( @entity164 ) cells. MK2(-/-) macrophages produced markedly decreased levels of TNF-alpha than @entity164 macrophages mainly because of lower mRNA stability and translation. In the case of IL-12, mRNA was substantially higher in MK2(-/-) macrophages than @entity164 . This enhanced production is due to increased NF-kappaB binding to the gene promoter, a markedly lower level expression of the transcriptional repressor factor c-Maf, and a decreased binding of GAP-12 to the gene promoter in MK2(-/-) macrophages. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time the role of MK2 in the transcriptional regulation of IL-12. Using the protein kinase inhibitors @entity1441 and @entity5732 , we also show that the ERK and p38 pathways regulate TNF-alpha and IL-12 production, and that both inhibitors can reduce phosphorylation of MK2 in response to GPIs and other toll-like receptor ligands. These results may have important implications for developing therapeutics for @entity311 and other @entity166 .

title: MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 differentially regulates XXXX @entity4495 -induced production of @entity5 @entity39 factor-{alpha} and interleukin-12 in macrophages.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity4495 :: ('MESH:D017261', 'Chemical') :: ['glycosylphosphatidylinositols']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Treatment of @entity17539 , even if it is well codified, is not well known because of its rarity. The aim of this article is to report the management of @entity17539 in 2010. @entity1 AND METHODS: This article is a summary of the forum of the Committee of Oncology of the French Association of Urology (AFU-CC), held at the Congress of the AFU. RESULTS: The role of the urologist is to diagnose @entity1613 and @entity17539 beginners to limit the risk of mutilating treatments. In case of doubt, a biopsy with orientation must be performed. The extension of the @entity5 is mainly based on clinical examination. Penile MRI can help to assess the depth extension. The treatment of @entity5 must be the most conservative either with surgery or brachytherapy. The risk of local recurrence, after conservative treatment, is 20  % but does not influence survival. The management of lymph nodes should be systematic, bilateral and performed at diagnosis. @entity5 greater or equal to pT1b and/or grade greater or equal to 2  are at risk of lymph node extension. The staging of lymph node and distance metastase is clinical and radiological (CT and/or PET-CT @entity419 ). The inguinal lymphadenectomy have a curative role. The type of inguinal lymphadenectomy (modified and/or total) is based on clinical examination, para-clinical and fine needle aspiration of lymph nodes. In some cases, associated pelvic lymph node dissection is recommended. The place and the type of chemotherapy remain to be defined. This treatment is based at least on the administration of @entity900 . CONCLUSION: The treatment of @entity17539 requires a local treatment of the @entity5 as conservative as possible. The management of inguinal lymph nodes is important because of its prognostic value. It must be made at initial diagnosis and is based on clinical and para-clinical examinations.

title: [ XXXX in 2010: update from the Oncology Committee of the French Association of Urology: external genital organs group (CCAFU-OGE)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['penile tumor', 'tumor', 'Tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['precancerous lesions']

entities_list: @entity17539 :: ('MESH:D010412', 'Disease') :: ['penile carcinomas', 'penile carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Penile cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous endoscopic management of @entity3226 is not new. The ideal technique to establish suprapubic access, however, is still not justified. In this study, we used the 12-mm self-retaining laparoscopic trocar for access during management of large @entity3226 . @entity1 AND METHODS: With the @entity1 in the lithotomy position, a 12-mm self-retaining laparoscopic trocar was inserted in a full bladder under cystoscopic visual control. @entity26521 nephroscope was used to fragment the stone using ultrasound and pneumoclast lithotriptors. After stone treatment, the trocar was left in place, and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) was completed when indicated. Both urethral and suprapubic catheters were left at the end of the procedure. Clinical examination, urinalysis, and ultrasonographic examination were routinely performed during follow-up visits. RESULTS: The mean stone size was 4.07 + 0.20 cm (2.8-6 cm). The average time for stone fragmentation was 32.78 + 2.16 minutes (range 8-53 min). A concomitant TURP was performed in 12 @entity1 . The mean hospital stay was 2.56 + 0.15 days (range 1-4 days). All @entity1 were stone free, and a total of six complications occurred, including extravasation, one @entity1 ; @entity811 , two @entity1 ; and fever, three @entity1 . All were treated conservatively. The mean follow-up time was 15.65 + 1.51 months (range 9-36 mos). CONCLUSIONS: Suprapubic percutaneous cystolithotripsy is a safe, minimally invasive alternative for management of large @entity3226 . The use of a self-retaining trocar facilitates access and allows use of a large nephroscope for rapid fragmentation and extraction of the stone fragments. The presence of specific trocars for suprapubic access into the urinary bladder will encourage more transvesical end-laparoscopic procedures.

title: Percutaneous cystolithotripsy using self-retaining laparoscopic trocar for management of large XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

entities_list: @entity3226 :: ('MESH:D001744', 'Disease') :: ['bladder stones']

entities_list: @entity26521 :: ('p|SUB|A|28|F', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['A 28F']

answer: @entity3226 :: (MESH:D001744,Disease) :: ['bladder stones']


abstract: Multiple cases of @entity6732 were diagnosed in bioassay specimens of @entity7021 ( @entity7021 ), a small fish species. @entity706 in chemically exposed specimens was not clearly related to specific compounds, dose, or sex. Multiple cases of @entity706 occurred in three specimens held in one aquarium and in two specimens in two other aquaria, suggesting the possibility of horizontal transmission. Forty cases were observed in 9802 specimens (0.41%), with an incidence of 0.46% in exposed specimens (5690 total) and 0.34% in controls (4112 total). Lesions were dominated by small cells with large, basophilic nuclei and a thin cytoplasmic rim. Mitotic figures were frequently observed. Electron microscopy showed that the nuclei of @entity706 cells were highly invaginated but revealed no viral particles. @entity706 appeared to originate in the thymus and subsequently infiltrate esophagopharyngeal regions, retroperitoneal spaces, cranial regions, heart, and abdominal viscera. Given the scattered occurrence of the @entity706 and the fact that they tend to occur in specimens in contact with one another, we suspect a viral etiology. @entity706 appears to be the most frequently occurring spontaneous @entity5 in @entity7021 and should be taken into account when assessing results of @entity105 studies.

title: Occurrence of @entity6732 in @entity105 bioassay specimens of the XXXX ( @entity7021 ).

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'Lymphomas', 'Lymphoma', 'lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity6732 :: ('MESH:D013953', 'Disease') :: ['thymic lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity7021 :: ('8090', 'Species') :: ['Oryzias latipes', 'medaka', 'Japanese medaka']

answer: @entity7021 :: (8090,Species) :: ['Japanese medaka']


abstract: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has existed since the early 1970s. However, randomized placebo controlled studies show inconclusive results in the treatment of @entity1118 . These results could be explained by assuming that TENS elicits a placebo response. However, in animal research TENS has been found to decrease @entity1931 , which contradicts this assumption. The aim of this study is to use quantitative sensory testing to explore changes in @entity158 processing during sham versus real TENS in @entity1 with @entity1118 . @entity1 with @entity1118 (N = 20) were randomly allocated to real TENS or sham TENS application. Electrical @entity158 thresholds (EPTs) were determined inside and outside the segment stimulated, before and after the first 20 minutes of the intervention, and after a period of 10 days of daily real/sham TENS application. @entity158 relief did not differ significantly for real versus sham TENS. However, by comparing time courses of EPTs, it was found that EPT values outside the segment of stimulation increased for sham TENS, whereas for real TENS these values decreased. There were, however, no differences for EPT measurements inside the segment stimulated. These results illustrate the importance of including mechanism-reflecting parameters in addition to symptoms when conducting @entity158 research.

title: Different mechanisms for the short-term effects of real versus sham transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in @entity1 with XXXX : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['chronic pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity11792 Link:Fr, an opportunistic fungus that produces @entity11189 , is pathogenic to @entity2829 and other oilseed crops. @entity11189 is a potent carcinogen, and its presence markedly reduces the value of grain. Understanding and enhancing host resistance to @entity281 and/or subsequent @entity11189 accumulation is generally considered an efficient means of reducing grain losses to @entity11189 . Different proteomic, genomic and genetic studies of @entity2829 ( @entity2829 .) have generated large data sets with the goal of identifying genes responsible for conferring resistance to A. flavus, or @entity11189 . RESULTS: In order to maximize the usage of different data sets in new studies, including association mapping, we have constructed a relational database with web interface integrating the results of gene expression, proteomic (both gel-based and shotgun), Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) genetic mapping studies, and sequence data from the literature to facilitate selection of candidate genes for continued investigation. The @entity4336 Fungal Resistance Associated Sequences Database (CFRAS-DB) (http://agbase.msstate.edu/) was created with the main goal of identifying genes important to @entity11189 resistance. CFRAS-DB is implemented using MySQL as the relational database management system running on a Linux server, using an Apache web server, and Perl CGI scripts as the web interface. The database and the associated web-based interface allow researchers to examine many lines of evidence (e.g. microarray, proteomics, QTL studies, SNP data) to assess the potential role of a gene or group of genes in the response of different @entity2829 lines to @entity281 and subsequent production of @entity11189 by the fungus. CONCLUSIONS: CFRAS-DB provides the first opportunity to integrate data pertaining to the problem of A. flavus and @entity11189 resistance in @entity2829 in one resource and to support queries across different datasets. The web-based interface gives researchers different query options for mining the database across different types of experiments. The database is publically available at http://agbase.msstate.edu.

title: Integrated database for identifying candidate genes for @entity11792 resistance in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11792 :: ('5059', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus flavus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['A. flavus infection']

entities_list: @entity11189 :: ('MESH:D000348', 'Chemical') :: ['aflatoxin', 'Aflatoxin']

answer: @entity2829 :: (4577,Species) :: ['maize']


abstract: The pathogenesis of @entity2316 remains poorly defined, and animal models that represent the @entity1 disease have been lacking. It was demonstrated recently that the severe @entity409 that accompanies a @entity6 state may cause an uncoupling of the @entity1611 ( @entity1611 )-endothelial @entity842 (eNO) axis, resulting in increased levels of @entity1611 and excessive endothelial cell proliferation. It was hypothesized further that @entity1611 -NO uncoupling could be a major contributory mechanism that leads to @entity532 . For testing of this hypothesis, @entity6 was induced in eNO synthase knockout @entity19 (eNOS KO) and C57BL6 controls. @entity6 eNOS KO @entity19 developed @entity101 , @entity633 , and @entity177 with @entity6517 , mesangial matrix expansion, mesangiolysis with microaneurysms, and Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules. Glomerular and peritubular capillaries were increased with endothelial proliferation and @entity1611 expression. @entity6 eNOS KO @entity19 showed increased mortality at 5 mo. All of the functional and histologic changes were improved with insulin therapy. Inhibition of eNO predisposes @entity19 to classic @entity2316 . The mechanism likely is due to @entity1611 -NO uncoupling with excessive endothelial cell proliferation coupled with altered autoregulation consequent to the development of @entity66 . @entity409 in @entity1 @entity6 is common, secondary to effects of @entity413 , advanced glycation end products, C-reactive protein, @entity414 , and oxidants. It was postulated that @entity409 should predict @entity8 and that correction of the dysfunction may prevent these important complications.

title: @entity6 endothelial @entity842 synthase knockout XXXX develop advanced @entity2316 .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity6517 :: ('MESH:D057770', 'Disease') :: ['arteriolar hyalinosis']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['preglomerular arteriolar disease']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction', 'Endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic vasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1611 :: ('22339(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: At the blastocyst stage of @entity1 pre-implantation development, three distinct cell lineages have formed: trophectoderm, hypoblast (primitive endoderm) and epiblast. The inability to derive @entity2085 ( @entity2085 ) cell lines in a variety of species suggests divergence between species in the cell signaling pathways involved in early lineage specification. In @entity19 , segregation of the primitive endoderm lineage from the pluripotent epiblast lineage depends on FGF/MAP kinase signaling, but it is unknown whether this is conserved between species. Here we examined segregation of the hypoblast and epiblast lineages in @entity291 and @entity1 embryos through modulation of FGF/MAP kinase signaling pathways in cultured embryos. @entity291 embryos stimulated with @entity29177 and heparin form inner cell masses (ICMs) composed entirely of hypoblast cells and no epiblast cells. Inhibition of @entity8047 in @entity291 embryos results in ICMs with increased epiblast precursors and decreased hypoblast precursors. The hypoblast precursor population was not fully ablated upon @entity8047 inhibition, indicating that other factors are involved in hypoblast differentiation. Surprisingly, inhibition of FGF signaling upstream of @entity8047 had no effects on epiblast and hypoblast precursor numbers in @entity291 development, suggesting that @entity27387 expression is not dependent on FGF signaling. By contrast, in @entity1 embryos, inhibition of @entity8047 did not significantly alter epiblast or hypoblast precursor numbers despite the ability of the @entity8047 inhibitor to potently inhibit ERK phosphorylation in @entity1 @entity2085 cells. These findings demonstrate intrinsic differences in early @entity1 development in the role of the FGF/MAP kinase signaling pathways in governing hypoblast versus epiblast lineage choices.

title: The roles of FGF and MAP kinase signaling in the segregation of the epiblast and hypoblast cell lineages in XXXX and @entity1 embryos.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['ES', 'embryonic stem']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Staging laparoscopy is useful for increasing the accuracy of @entity5 staging. Diagnostic laparoscopy has therefore been introduced to prevent unnecessary laparotomy in @entity1 with unresectable @entity5 . However, the technique of laparoscopic observation remains controversial. In this study, we determined the efficacy of hand-assisted laparoscopic staging. METHODOLOGY: We retrospectively studied 44 @entity1 who underwent conventional (LS group) or hand-assisted laparoscopic staging (HALS group). RESULTS: The T factors of the @entity2802 staging system was accurately determined in 95% of the @entity1 in the HALS group and 58.3% of the @entity1 in the LS group (p<0.0060). A total of 33.3% @entity5 in the LS group and 10% in the HALS group were judged to be unresectable. The overall mean survival was longer in the HALS group (20.3  12.2 months) than in the LS group (15.8  11.9 months). CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic diagnosis and staging of advanced @entity356 are reliable. Moreover hand-assisted laparoscopic staging enables the accurate assessment of @entity5 resectability.

title: Technical considerations in laparoscopic staging for advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['preoperative tumor', 'tumor', 'cancers', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: AIM: This study was undertaken to evaluate the expression of claudins 7 and 18 in @entity1124 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Material tested included 111 operated samples and 47 additional biopsy samples consisting of 26 cases of @entity788 , 3 cases of @entity788 and 18 ductal @entity420 . Samples were stained with antibodies to claudins 7 and 18 and analysed for membranous and cytoplasmic expression. Membrane bound @entity17291 and 18 expression was detected in 62 of 105 (59%) and 78 of 111 (70%) cases, respectively. Membrane bound @entity17291 and 18 were associated with large or intermediate neoplastic ducts (p=0.01, p=0.002, respectively). Well differentiated @entity788 displayed more cases with membrane bound @entity17291 or 18 immunopositivity (p=0.003, p=0.03, respectively). All @entity788 studied expressed membrane bound @entity35863 . Membrane bound @entity17291 or 18 positivity was not associated with survival (p=0.17, p=0.98). In the biopsy cases membrane bound @entity35863 had 100% specificity and 51% sensitivity for a @entity5 marker. CONCLUSION: @entity17291 and 18 expression is related to gland size of neoplastic cells and is especially found in @entity5 with intermediate and large ducts and well differentiated @entity5 . Membrane bound @entity35863 , when present, is a useful marker for diagnosis of @entity788 . Claudins 7 and 18 were not associated with @entity1 survival or spread of @entity5 .

title: Expression of claudins 7 and 18 in XXXX : association with features of differentiation.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia', 'pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias', 'pancreatic adenocarcinomas', 'pancreatitis', 'pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity1124 :: (MESH:D021441,Disease) :: ['pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma']