abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of five @entity2887 against clinical isolates of @entity328 . DESIGN: In vitro analysis. SETTING: University research laboratory. INTERVENTION: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for penicillin and five @entity2887 by E test for 201 S. pneumoniae isolates. Serum concentration-time profiles were simulated for the following regimens: @entity2177 750 mg orally every 12 hours and 400 mg intravenously every 8 hours; @entity800 500 mg orally and intravenously every 24 hours; @entity36471 200 mg orally and intravenously every 24 hours; @entity7046 400 mg orally and intravenously every 24 hours; and @entity46663 200 mg orally and intravenously every 12 hours. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Free 24-hour areas under the serum concentration-time curves (AUC0-24) were calculated using the trapezoidal rule, and the average AUC0-24:MIC ratio was calculated for each regimen. Differences in ratios among agents were determined by analysis of variance (Scheffe post hoc test, p < 0.05). For intravenous dosing, the average AUC0-24:MIC for @entity7046 , @entity46663 , @entity36471 , @entity2177 , and @entity800 was 146, 142, 122, 71, and 61, respectively. For both oral and intravenous regimens, @entity7046 and @entity46663 ratios were significantly greater than those for @entity36471 , @entity800 , and @entity2177 (p < or = 0.007). Ratios for @entity36471 were significantly greater than those for @entity800 and @entity2177 (p < 0.0001), and @entity800 and @entity2177 ratios were not significantly different from each other. CONCLUSION: @entity7046 and @entity46663 achieve significantly higher AUC0-24:MIC ratios for @entity2260 than @entity36471 , @entity800 , and @entity2177 . Large comparative studies are necessary to determine the clinical significance of these findings.

title: Comparative in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of five XXXX against clinical isolates of @entity328 .

entities_list: @entity7046 :: ('MESH:C078049', 'Chemical') :: ['gatifloxacin', 'Gatifloxacin']

entities_list: @entity46663 :: ('MESH:C057477', 'Chemical') :: ['clinafloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity2887 :: ('MESH:D024841', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoroquinolones']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['levofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity36471 :: ('MESH:C080163', 'Chemical') :: ['trovafloxacin']

answer: @entity2887 :: (MESH:D024841,Chemical) :: ['fluoroquinolones']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This randomized phase II trial investigated the efficacy and safety of @entity416 / @entity901 (CapOx) plus bevacizumab and dose-modified @entity416 / @entity2600 (mCapIri) plus bevacizumab as first-line therapy in @entity1 with metastatic @entity14 (mCRC). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 received bevacizumab 7.5 mg/kg with @entity901 130 mg/m(2)/day 1 plus @entity416 1000 mg/m(2) bid/days 1-14 or with @entity2600 200 mg/m(2)/day 1 plus @entity416 800 mg/m(2) bid/days 1-14 both every 21 days. The primary end point was 6 months progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: A total of 255 @entity1 were enrolled. The intent-to-treat population comprised 247 @entity1 (CapOx-bevacizumab: n = 127; mCapIri-bevacizumab: n = 120). The six-month PFS rates were 76% (95% CI, 69%-84%) and 84% (95% CI, 77%-90%). Median PFS and @entity3012 were 10.4 months (95% CI, 9.0-12.0) and 24.4 months (95% CI, 19.3-30.7) with CapOx-bevacizumab, and 12.1 months (95% CI, 10.8-13.2) and 25.5 months (95% CI, 21.0-31.0) with mCapIri-bevacizumab. Grade 3/4 @entity294 as predominant toxic effect occurred in 22% of @entity1 with CapOx-bevacizumab and in 16% with mCapIri-bevacizumab. CONCLUSIONS: Both, CapOx-bevacizumab and mCapIri-bevacizumab, show promising activity and an excellent toxic effect profile. Efficacy is in the range of other bevacizumab-containing combination regimen although lower doses of @entity2600 and @entity416 were selected for mCapIri.

title: @entity416 / @entity2600 or XXXX / @entity901 in combination with bevacizumab is effective and safe as first-line therapy for metastatic @entity14 : a randomized phase II study of the AIO colorectal study group.

entities_list: @entity901 :: ('MESH:C030110', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaliplatin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity416 :: (MESH:C110904,Chemical) :: ['capecitabine']


abstract: The crystal structure of an open @entity972 channel reveals a kink in the inner helix that lines the pore (Jiang, Y.X., A. Lee, J.Y. Chen, M. Cadene, B.T. Chait, and R. MacKinnon. 2002. Nature 417:523-526). The putative hinge point is a highly conserved @entity2228 residue. We examined the role of the homologous residue ( @entity4022 466) in the S6 transmembrane segment of Shaker @entity972 channels. The nonfunctional alanine mutant @entity53100 will assemble, albeit poorly, with @entity164 ( @entity164 ) subunits, suppressing functional expression. To test if this @entity2228 residue is critical for activation gating, we did a @entity2228 scan along the S6 segment in the background of @entity53100 . Although all of these double mutants lack the higher-level glycosylation that is characteristic of mature Shaker channels, one ( @entity53100 / @entity53101 ) is able to generate voltage-dependent @entity972 current. Surface biotinylation shows that functional and nonfunctional constructs containing @entity53100 express at comparable levels in the plasma membrane. Compared with @entity164 channels, the shifted- @entity2228 mutant has impairments in voltage-dependent channel opening, including a right-shifted activation curve and a decreased rate of activation. The double mutant has relatively normal open-channel properties, except for a decreased affinity for intracellular blockers, a consequence of the loss of the side chain of @entity2596 467. Control experiments with the double mutants @entity53102 / @entity53100 and @entity53100 / @entity53103 suggest that the flexibility provided by @entity4022 466 is more important for channel function than its small size. Our results support roles for Gly466 both in biogenesis of the channel and as a hinge in activation gating.

title: Investigating the putative @entity2228 hinge in Shaker XXXX channel.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5870 is considered to be one of the important causes of @entity3152 . To investigate the relationship between inflammatory cytokines in amniotic fluid and the histologic evidence of @entity5870 , we studied amniotic fluid @entity650 ( @entity650 ) levels in @entity1 with @entity3152 . METHODS: Between 1993 and 1996, we obtained amniotic fluid by amniocentesis from 110 @entity1 before 32 weeks of gestation who had @entity3152 on admission. We measured @entity650 levels in the amniotic fluid with an ELISA method. Histologic examination of placentae and fetal membranes after delivery was evaluated. As controls, we measured @entity650 levels in the amniotic fluid of 37 @entity1 without @entity3152 . Seventy-eight @entity1 delivered after 35 weeks of gestation, and 32 @entity1 delivered before 34 weeks of gestation. Analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U test and Scheffe's multiple comparison test. RESULTS: Amniotic fluid @entity650 levels in @entity1 delivering before 34 weeks were significantly higher than those in @entity1 delivering after 35 weeks (p<0.01). @entity650 levels in the amniotic fluid were significantly different among control @entity1 , @entity1 without @entity5870 and those with histologic stages I, II and III which means subchorionic intervillositis, @entity18565 and @entity5870 , respectively (controls vs @entity1 with stage I, II, III: p<0.001, @entity1 without @entity5870 vs those with stage II, III, stage I vs II, stage II vs III: p<0.01). The @entity650 concentration in the amniotic fluid associated with histologic stages II or III was above 3500 pg/ml (sensitivity: 87.5%, specificity: 89.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that amniotic fluid @entity650 may have a sensitive diagnostic and prognostic value in the management of @entity3152 and is an index of the severity of @entity5870 during pregnancy.

title: The relationship between amniotic fluid XXXX concentration and histologic evidence of @entity5870 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labor']

entities_list: @entity18565 :: ('MESH:C564876', 'Disease') :: ['chorionitis']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['Chorioamnionitis', 'chorioamnionitis', 'amnionitis']

answer: @entity650 :: (3569,Gene) :: ['interleukin-6']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Owing to the scarcity of upper urinary tract @entity189 (UUT-UC) it is often necessary for investigators to pool data. A @entity1 -specific survival nomogram based on such data is needed to predict @entity5 -specific survival (CSS) post nephroureterectomy (NU). Herein, we propose and validate a nomogram to predict CSS post NU. @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-one French institutions contributed data on 1120 @entity1 treated with NU for UUT-UC. A total of 667 had full data for nomogram development. Study population was divided into the nomogram development cohort (397) and external validation cohort (270). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for univariate and multivariate analyses and to build a nomogram. A reduced model selection was performed using a backward step-down selection process, and Harrell's concordance index (c-index) was used for quantifying the nomogram accuracy. Internal validation was performed by bootstrapping and the reduced nomogram model was calibrated. RESULTS: Of the 397 @entity1 in the nomogram development cohort, 91 (22.9%) died during follow-up, of which 66 (72.5%) died as a consequence of UUT-UC. The actuarial CSS probability at 5 years was 0.76 (95% CI, 71.62-80.94). On multivariate analysis, T stage (P<0.0001), N status (P=0.014), grade (P=0.026), age (P=0.005) and location (P=0.022) were associated with CSS. The reduced nomogram model had an accuracy of 0.78. We propose a nomogram to predict 3 and 5-year CSS post NU for UUT-UC. CONCLUSION: We have devised and validated an accurate nomogram (78%), superior to any single clinical variable or current model, for predicting 5-year CSS post NU for UUT-UC.

title: Cancer-specific survival after radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract XXXX : proposal and multi-institutional validation of a post-operative nomogram.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['urothelial carcinoma']


abstract: To assess the relation of lipid levels to @entity453 ( @entity453 ), lipid profiles were obtained on 125 @entity1 and 72 @entity1 undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. @entity453 , defined as greater than or equal to 25% diameter narrowing in a major coronary artery, was present in 106 @entity1 (85%) and 54 @entity1 (75%). Multiple regression analyses revealed that only high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 level in @entity1 , and age and total/HDL @entity165 ratio in @entity1 , were independently associated with the presence of @entity453 after adjustment for other risk factors. HDL @entity165 level and age were significantly correlated with both extent (number of diseased vessels) and severity (percent maximum stenosis) of @entity453 in @entity1 . In @entity1 , age was the only independent variable related to severity, whereas age and total/HDL @entity165 ratio were related to extent. Of 71 @entity1 with total @entity165 less than 200 mg/dl, 79% had @entity453 . With multiple regression analyses, HDL @entity165 was the only variable independently related to the presence and severity of @entity453 in these @entity1 after adjustment for age and gender; extent was significantly associated with age and male gender, and was unrelated to any of the lipid parameters. With use of multiple logistic and linear regression analyses of the group of 197 @entity1 , HDL @entity165 was the most powerful independent variable associated with the presence and severity of @entity453 after adjustment for age and gender. HDL @entity165 was also an independent predictor of extent. Age was independently associated with each of the end points examined, and was the variable most significantly related to extent. These data add to the growing body of information demonstrating an important association between HDL and @entity453 .

title: Relation of serum lipoprotein XXXX levels to presence and severity of @entity453 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'angiographic coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: In @entity1 with @entity27 ( @entity27 ), the very low frequency power spectral density index (VLFI) derived from analysis of heart rate correlates with the severity of obstructive apnoeas. VLFI is also associated with Cheyne-Stokes @entity25 ( @entity9362 /CSA) in @entity712 ( @entity712 ). The present authors have tested the hypothesis that per cent VLFI, derived from a standard Holter ECG recording, can be used to detect the presence of @entity27 and @entity9362 /CSA in @entity1 with mild-to-moderate @entity712 . In total, 60 @entity712 @entity1 underwent polysomnography with monitoring of heart rate. Data from 33 @entity1 were analysed for per cent VLFI. Of the 60 @entity1 , 27 were excluded due to @entity955 , extensive pacing or frequent ventricular extra systoles. Receiver operator characteristic curves were constructed to establish the per cent VLFI that would optimally identify the presence or absence of @entity387 . Using an apnoea-hypopnoea index>20 events.h-1 and setting the per cent VLFI at 2.23% yielded a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 65%, positive predictive value of 61% and a negative predictive value of 87%. The latter increased to 100% when using an apnoea-hypopnoea cut-off of 30 events.h-1. In conclusion, these results suggest that spectral analysis of heart rate may be useful as a "rule-out test" for @entity387 in @entity1 with mild-to-moderate @entity712 .

title: Can heart rate variation rule out XXXX in @entity712 ?

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity387 :: ('MESH:D012891', 'Disease') :: ['sleep-disordered breathing']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive sleep apnoea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['respiration/central sleep apnoea']

answer: @entity387 :: (MESH:D012891,Disease) :: ['sleep-disordered breathing']


abstract: A total of 4591 indigent @entity1 were scored for risk of @entity3152 and birth by the Creasy et al. scoring system and delivered at greater than or equal to 20 weeks' gestation. Of 462 preterm deliveries (less than 37 weeks), only 39.6% were contributed by the 18.1% of @entity1 who scored at high risk (score greater than or equal to 10). Of the 44 risk factors in the scoring system, 25 were not statistically significant by univariate chi 2 analysis. The spontaneous preterm birth rate was 8.0%. The positive predictive value of the Creasy et al. system was 18.3%. With multiple logistic analyses we excluded infrequent risk factors and identified five factors that remained significant (prepregnancy weight less than 45.5 kg, black race, single marital status, one @entity3152 and delivery, @entity3152 , and delivery greater than or equal to 2). With these five risk factors we created an equation that allowed identification of 12% of @entity1 at high risk of @entity3152 with a positive predictive value of 21.9%. Because of the importance of previous @entity3152 , risk scoring of primigravid @entity1 is of limited value.

title: Evaluation of risk scoring in a preterm birth prevention study of indigent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery', 'preterm labor']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed in southeast Norway, between January 2002 and February 2008, to identify subjects with @entity2746 and @entity9718 , and to estimate the prevalence of these disorders. @entity1 were recruited through colleagues, families, searches in computerized hospital archives and the National @entity1 ' Association for @entity2746 and @entity451 . Strict criteria were used for inclusion of familial and isolated subjects. A project neurologist examined all index subjects and clinical and genetic data were registered. The source population on January 1, 2008 was 2.63 million and the prevalence day was set as February 1, 2008. One hundred seventy-one subjects from 87 unrelated families with @entity2746 and 194 subjects from 65 unrelated families with @entity9718 were included. The total prevalence was estimated at 13.9/100 000. @entity2746 prevalence in the region was estimated at 6.5/100 000: 4.2/100 000 for @entity74 .3/100 000 for @entity74 for @entity7960 for @entity1129 . @entity9718 prevalence was 7.4/100 000: 5.5/100 000 for @entity9718 , 0.6/100 000 for @entity9718 and 1.3/100 000 for isolated subjects. Marked differences were found in the frequencies of @entity2746 compared with other countries, while those of the most common @entity9718 genotypes, @entity12408 , @entity12407 and @entity29686 , were similar to those previously reported. Clear variations between age groups and counties were observed, but no gender differences. Mean age on prevalence day was 48 years, mean age at onset was 24 years. We present the largest population study performed on @entity2746 and @entity9718 prevalence and report a higher prevalence than expected. Better inclusion criteria and multiple search strategies may explain the observed differences.

title: Prevalence of @entity2746 and XXXX in southeast Norway: a population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity7960 :: ('MESH:D005621', 'Disease') :: ["Friedreich's ataxia and 0.4/100 000"]

entities_list: @entity9718 :: ('MESH:D015419', 'Disease') :: ['Hereditary spastic paraplegia', 'hereditary spastic paraplegia', 'autosomal dominant-hereditary spastic paraplegia', 'autosomal recessive-hereditary spastic paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive, 0.15/100 000', 'autosomal-dominant and 2']

entities_list: @entity1129 :: ('MESH:D001260', 'Disease') :: ['ataxia telangiectasia']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['Spastic Paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity2746 :: ('MESH:D013132', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary ataxia', 'Hereditary ataxia', 'Hereditary Ataxia', 'hereditary ataxia subtypes']

answer: @entity451 :: (MESH:C536857,Disease) :: ['spastic paraplegia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity7305 was removed from the market due to complications of @entity3028 and @entity39 . @entity7305 has been reported in a high proportion of seized @entity2072 in North America and has been associated with multiple cases of @entity39 . OBJECTIVE: We report three cases of @entity7305 / @entity2072 -induced @entity39 who responded to treatment with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression. RESULTS: Three @entity1 presented with @entity158 necrotic @entity272 on the ears, cheeks, breasts, and buttocks. The extremities were involved in two @entity1 and the upper respiratory tract mucosa in one @entity1 . All had markers of immune activation, with elevated @entity1851 , antinuclear antibody, and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Skin biopsy in all cases revealed a mixed pattern of @entity715 and @entity1333 within dermal vessels, with overlying ischemic ulceration of skin and soft tissues. One @entity1 required extensive d  bridement of the skin and soft tissue of the @entity291 and also had respiratory involvement. All @entity1 were treated with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression with rapid stabilization and/or improvement of the lesions. CONCLUSION: @entity7305 is frequently added to crack/ @entity2072 ; we report three @entity1 who developed @entity455 and @entity39 after using @entity2072 / @entity7305 . These improved with plasmapheresis and immunosuppression as well as abstention from the drugs; one @entity1 with severe disease required d  bridement and skin grafting.

title: Plasmapheresis and steroid treatment of XXXX -induced @entity455 and associated @entity39 in crack/ @entity2072 users.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['skin necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity7305 :: ('MESH:D007978', 'Chemical') :: ['Levamisole', 'levamisole']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['agranulocytosis']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity7305 :: (MESH:D007978,Chemical) :: ['levamisole']


abstract: Neutrophils are phagocytic leukocytes that represent one of the first lines of defense during @entity130 . Neutrophils emigrate into tissues during @entity32 and are phenotypically different compared to cells in the circulation. To further understand the biology of tissue-recruited neutrophils, we have developed a reliable method to isolate these cells from inflamed liver. @entity879 was induced in @entity19 by systemic treatment with adenovirus vectors. Two hours following adenovirus treatment, livers were enzymatically digested and leukocytes isolated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Neutrophils were then purified by negative immunomagnetic separation. Neutrophils isolated in this manner were 95% pure as determined by flow cytometry and more than 97% viable by @entity2667 staining. In order to carry out molecular studies, we extracted high quality genomic DNA and RNA from isolated neutrophils. PCR was used to successfully amplify sample genes from isolated neutrophil DNA. Isolated neutrophil RNA was used in a ribonuclease protection assay to evaluate chemokine gene expression. Neutrophils were shown to express multiple chemokine mRNA transcripts including @entity22425 , @entity9701 and @entity15369 . This work describes a novel method to isolate highly pure, viable neutrophils from pathologically inflamed tissue for subsequent detailed cellular and molecular analysis.

title: Isolation of neutrophils from @entity19 liver: A novel method to study effector leukocytes during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2667 :: ('MESH:D011419', 'Chemical') :: ['propidium iodide']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['Acute liver inflammation']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['infection and injury']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: Nine hundred and ninety-three @entity1 who underwent surgical removal of the mandibular third molars with oral antibiotic prophylaxis were examined to determine the incidence of @entity86 and its background factors. @entity86 was observed in 8 of the @entity1 (0.8%; 4 males and 4 females), and submandibular spaces were involved in all infected @entity1 . Only 1 of these 8 @entity1 was an immune compromised host. @entity1 aged 30 years or more had a significantly higher incidence of @entity281 than those aged under 30. Five @entity1 had partial bony impactions and 3 had complete bony impactions. However, the incidence of @entity281 according to the molar positions was not significantly different between partial bony @entity3355 . The 8 @entity1 had not had @entity23029 preoperatively. The clinical courses of all were favorable after antibiotics were administered intravenously. In conclusion, the incidence of @entity281 after removal of the mandibular third molars was low, at 0.8%. However, it may be desirable to remove the molars, if applicable, at a younger age because of the higher incidence of @entity281 in @entity1 aged over 30. The results of this study also offer information that will be useful as a basis for obtaining informed consent from @entity1 whose mandibular third molars are to be removed.

title: Incidence of XXXX after surgical removal of the mandibular third molars.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3355 :: ('MESH:D014095', 'Disease') :: ['impaction and complete bony impaction']

entities_list: @entity23029 :: ('MESH:D010497', 'Disease') :: ['pericoronitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep fascial space infection', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative deep fascial space infection', 'postoperative deep fascial space infection']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['deep fascial space infection']


abstract: A working group was created to address clinical "gaps to care" as well as opportunities for development of new treatment approaches for @entity302 . The working group primarily comprised clinicians, trialists, and pharmacologists. The group identified a need for better animal models for both efficacy and tolerability, and noted that animal models for potential disease-modifying or antiepileptogenic effect should mirror conditions in @entity1 trials. For @entity734 ( @entity734 ), current animal models have not been validated with respect to their relationship to efficacy in common @entity302 syndromes. The group performed an "expert opinion" survey of perceived efficacy of the available @entity734 , and identified a specific unmet need for @entity734 to treat @entity3148 . No correlation has as yet been demonstrated between animal models of tolerability and adverse effects (AEs), versus tolerability in @entity1 . There is a clear opportunity for improved therapies in relation to dose-related AEs. The group identified common and @entity302 that could represent opportunities for clinical trials. They identified opportunities for antiepileptogenic (AEG) therapies in both adults and @entity1 , acknowledging that the presence of a biomarker would substantially improve the chances of a successful trial. However, the group acknowledged that disease-modifying therapies (given after the first @entity410 or after the development of @entity302 ) would be easier to study than AEG therapies.

title: Development of new treatment approaches for XXXX : unmet needs and opportunities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'rare epilepsy syndromes']

entities_list: @entity3148 :: ('MESH:D004831', 'Disease') :: ['tonic-atonic and myoclonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['ASDs', 'antiseizure drugs']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is necessary to elucidate whether extensive resection of the bile ducts combined with liver resection is a feasible and valid procedure for @entity5 of the main hepatic duct junction. METHODS: Based on a multi-institutional study, resectability rate, operative mortality, long-term survival, and factors contributory to long-term survival were investigated. RESULTS: Between January 1973 and December 1991, a total of 158 @entity1 with this @entity5 were admitted to Keio University Hospital and six affiliated institutions. Eighty-three (53%) of the 158 @entity1 underwent resection, with seven (8.4%) postoperative deaths. The operations were performed by seven surgeons who were in charge of liver surgery at each respective institution. The 5-year actuarial survival rate of the 83 @entity1 who underwent resection was 20%. Twelve @entity1 survived more than 5 years, and these @entity1 underwent curative resection. Three of the 12 @entity1 were doing well after 10 years. Procedures of liver resection were right trisegmentectomy in two @entity1 and left lobectomy with resection of the right portal vein in one. CONCLUSIONS: It is clear that @entity5 of the main hepatic duct junction has become a curable disease. The operation is a valid procedure that can be widely practiced by competent surgeons.

title: Extensive resection of the bile ducts combined with liver resection for XXXX of the main hepatic duct junction: a cooperative study of the Keio Bile Duct Cancer Study Group.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Histology is an important factor in the etiology, treatment, and prognosis of @entity5 . The purpose of this study was to descriptively characterize @entity14 ( @entity14 ) histology in the United States population. METHODS: Data from @entity5 registries in the National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR) or Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, representing 88% of the U.S. population, were used in the study. The analysis included 522,630 microscopically confirmed @entity14 cases diagnosed from 1998-2001. RESULTS: About 96% of CRCs were @entity420 , approximately 2% were other specified @entity189 (including @entity5 ), about 0.4% were @entity957 , and about 0.08% were @entity242 . The proportion of @entity957 , @entity189 , and @entity5 was greater among females. Several histologic patterns with regard to race and ethnicity existed, including a higher percentage of @entity5 among most non-white populations. With respect to age, higher percentages of @entity242 , mucin-producing @entity420 , @entity2580 , and @entity5 were found in individuals under age 40. Overall, @entity420 were more likely to be diagnosed at regional stages with moderate differentiation. Compared with other @entity420 , @entity2580 were more often poorly differentiated and were at distant stage at diagnosis. @entity5 and @entity242 were mainly poorly differentiated and were at localized stage at diagnosis. @entity4153 were more likely undifferentiated and were at distant stage at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: To date, this is the largest population-based study to analyze @entity14 histology in the United States. Distinct demographic and clinical patterns associated with different histologies may be helpful for future epidemiologic, laboratory, and clinical studies.

title: A population-based study of XXXX histology in the United States, 1998-2001.

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['Small cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'carcinoid tumors', 'Carcinoid tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['epidermoid carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2580 :: ('MESH:D018279', 'Disease') :: ['signet ring cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'mucin-producing carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We describe seven @entity1 presenting with combination substance abuse involving @entity2932 ( @entity2933 ). METHODS: During a 3 month period, we identified consecutive @entity1 with @entity2933 ingestion confirmed by urine mass spectrometry presenting to a high-volume urban emergency department. RESULTS: All @entity1 presented with @entity933 and transient but severe @entity1576 . With supportive care, including intubation and mechanical ventilation in four cases, normal mentation and respiratory function returned within 2 to 6 hours. None of these @entity1 had documented @entity410 , and none of the four @entity1 who received @entity1510 had a reversal response. This clinical observation supports previous experimental work in @entity2933 -intoxicated @entity1 subjects demonstrating neither epileptiform changes on electroencephalography nor reversal with @entity1510 . Two findings are remarkable in this series. The first is the observation of a peculiar state of violent aggression present on stimulation of the @entity2933 -intoxicated @entity1 despite near or total @entity386 . The fact that @entity1 fully recovered from this state may be the result of a previously demonstrated @entity2933 @entity519 -sparing effect. The second is the observation of ECG abnormalities in several cases, including U waves in five @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Emergency physicians should be alerted to this agent, its characteristic effects, and its potential for serious sequelae including @entity1576 and @entity204 .

title: A tale of novel intoxication: seven cases of XXXX overdose.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity2932 :: ('MESH:C111420', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-hydroxybutyric acid']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression', 'respiratory arrest']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['acute delirium']

answer: @entity2932 :: (MESH:C111420,Chemical) :: ['gamma-hydroxybutyric acid']


abstract: PIOPED represents a milestone in the study of @entity1151 diagnosis because of its well-designed protocol, proper execution, and the large number of @entity1 enrolled. The most important conclusions of the study are 1. Interobserver agreement is good for classifying ventilation-perfusion scans either as normal or as high probability for @entity1151 , but interobserver agreement is lower for classifying scans as intermediate or low probability. 2. About 40% of @entity1 with @entity1151 have high probability ventilation-perfusion scans, 40% have intermediate probability scans, and 20% have low probability scans. Few (less than 1%) @entity1 with normal perfusion scans have @entity1151 . 3. Eighty-seven percent of @entity1 with high probability scans have @entity1151 , and 30% of @entity1 with intermediate probability scans have @entity887 . Unfortunately, 14% of @entity1 with low probability scans have @entity1151 . 4. Clinical suspicion can be combined with the ventilation-perfusion scan results to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of @entity1151 . About 90% of @entity1 with high probability scans and high or intermediate clinical suspicion for @entity1151 indeed have @entity887 . At the other extreme, only 4% of @entity1 with both low probability scans and low clinical suspicion have @entity887 . In the remaining combinations of categories 6% to 66% of @entity1 have @entity887 . 5. Suggested modifications of the original PIOPED criteria for classifying ventilation-perfusion scans make the analysis simpler and more useful. New studies have examined subgroups from PIOPED to refine guidelines for clinical practice further and to incorporate the results of tests for @entity1150 into the diagnostic evaluation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX . The implications of prospective investigation of @entity1151 diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

answer: @entity1151 :: (MESH:D011655,Disease) :: ['Pulmonary embolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1393 are often treated with antibiotics in emergency because routine analysis of CSF is not always efficient for distinguishing between viral and @entity2348 . The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of @entity1904 (PCT) to reduce antibiotic treatments. METHODS AND RESULTS: A blood PCT level < 0.5 ng/mL was prospectively used for the diagnosis of viral origin of @entity693 in 58 @entity1 (two months-14 years), in which enterovirus was isolated by culture or PCR during an outbreak (May-June 2000). CSF cells range was 10 to 2800/mL (m: 244), PMN 5 to 2464/mL and CSF proteins range was 0.19 to 0.92 mg/dL (m: 0.37). Seventeen patients received antibiotic therapy in admission. In nine @entity1 , PCT (dosage was routinely measured 3/week) result < 0.5 ng/mL was obtained in 24 h and in 48 h in six: treatment was then stopped and @entity1 led hospital. In two @entity1 , PCT was > 1 ng/mL because of @entity2348 . CSF and PCT values were similar to those of an already published control group. CONCLUSION: PCT dosage allowed to shorten hospitalization of 4.47 (controls) to 2.06 ( @entity1 ) days in @entity1 receiving unnecessary antibiotic treatments. During this outbreak, PCT dosage allowed to reduce 40 days of hospitalization.

title: [ XXXX and @entity1393 : reduction of unnecessary antibiotics by measurement during an outbreak].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection', 'bacterial coinfection']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity1393 :: ('MESH:D008587', 'Disease') :: ['Viral meningitis']

answer: @entity1904 :: (MESH:C029100,Chemical) :: ['Procalcitonin']


abstract: @entity746 ( @entity2655 ) is progressive, @entity4681 . No efficacious therapy is available to slow the progressive loss of function, but several new approaches including neurotrophic factors, antioxidants and @entity2227 antagonists, are currently being evaluated as potential therapies. Mortality, and/or time to tracheostomy, muscle strength and pulmonary function are used as primary endpoints in clinical trials for treatment of @entity2655 . The effect of new therapies on the quality of @entity1 ' lives are also important, so we sought to develop a rating scale to measure it. The revised @entity2655 Functional Rating Scale(ALSFRS-R), which has addition of items to ALSFRS to enhance the ability to assess respiratory symptoms, is an assessment determining the degree of impairment in @entity2655 @entity1 ' abilities to function independently in activities of daily living. It consists of 12 items to evaluate bulbar function, motor function and respiratory function and each item is scored from 0(unable) to 4(normal). We translated the English score into Japanese one with minor modification considering the inter cultural difference. And we examined reliability of the translated scale. As a measure of reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) was evaluated for total score and the Kappa coefficient proposed by Cohen and Kraemer was calculated for each item. Moreover, we examined sensitivity to clinical change over time and carried out the factor analysis to analyze the factorial structure. The subjects were 27 @entity2655 @entity1 and each was scored twice for reliability or three times for sensitivity by 2 to 5 neurologists and if possible, nurses. The ICC for total score was 0.97(95% C. I.; 0.94-0.98). Extension of the Kappa coefficients were 0.48 to 1.00 for inter-rater reliability and the averaged Kappa coefficients were 0.63 to 1.00 for intra rater reliability, respectively. Concerning the factorial structure, the contribution of the first factor(the first principal component) were 53.5% principal factor solution. The factor loadings of items were 0.52-0.91 except "salivation" and this factor almost equal to the simple sum of all items was interpreted as the general degree of deterioration. The promax votation revealed the riginally supposed factor structure with 3 factors(groups of items): neuromuscuclar function, respiratory function and bulbar function. The rating scale correlated with Global clinical impression of change(GCIC) scored by neurologists and declined with time, indicating its sensitivity to change. On the bases of these results, ALSFRS-R(Japanese version) is considered to be highly reliable enough for clinical use.

title: [Study of functional rating scale for XXXX : revised ALSFRS(ALSFRS-R) Japanese version].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative, fatal disease of the motor neuron']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

answer: @entity746 :: (MESH:D000690,Disease) :: ['amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been previously reported that a group of 12 @entity249 @entity1 , who had a normal baseline hormonal profile and did not respond to repeated ovarian stimulation with gonadotrophins, developed @entity2670 within a few months. Based on this observation, we carried out a controlled retrospective cohort study to examine whether non-response to ovarian stimulation is linked to @entity43 . METHODS: All @entity1 aged 35-40 years who had cancelled IVF cycles for non-response between 1991 and 1993 in our centre were asked to report on the subsequent development of menopausal symptoms, menopause or commencement of hormone replacement therapy. A control group consisted of @entity1 with the same age and similar medical history, who had IVF the same year and responded well. RESULTS: Eleven out of the 12 @entity1 of the non-response group developed menopausal symptoms within 7 years, compared with only four out of 24 in the control group. Similarly, eight out of 12 non-responders either went into menopause or started using hormone replacement therapy compared with one out of 24 in the control group. Using Fisher's exact test, the differences were highly significant (P < 0.0001). The median age at development of menopausal symptoms in the study group was 40 years (range 38-45). The median time between non-response and development of menopausal symptoms was 4 years (range 1-7). CONCLUSION: We carried out a controlled retrospective cohort study that showed a strong association between an extremely poor response to @entity43 and @entity43 .

title: Is there a link between an extremely poor response to XXXX and @entity43 ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertile']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['early ovarian failure', 'ovarian hyperstimulation']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian failure']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation']


abstract: Most mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract are currently classified as @entity674 ( @entity674 ). @entity674 are diagnosed by immunopositivity for @entity2467 , @entity2280 , and DOG1.1, with or without molecular analyses. According to the World Health Organization classification, the diagnosis of @entity1822 of the gastrointestinal tract is so rare that there are no significant data on demographic, clinical, or gross features of this @entity5 . A comprehensive literature search was performed to identify @entity344 . Searches were limited to the past 12 years because definitive tools to differentiate @entity1822 from @entity674 were introduced in the late 1990s. Cases were included only if convincing data were presented. Six cases of @entity2910 and 5 cases of @entity356 were confirmed. Furthermore, 26 cases of @entity694 cases arising in the rectum were identified. Finally, 28 cases of @entity1822 were reviewed. Although survival analysis is precluded by small case numbers and limited survival data availability, the trend identifies that increased size and mitotic activity portends to a worse @entity29 . @entity694 appear to be @entity146 , regardless of @entity5 size and mitotic activity. @entity1822 present as @entity5 with favorable prognosis. @entity1822 in post- @entity674 era are rare @entity5 of the gastrointestinal tract with distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics. Owing to different treatment options, it is necessary to accurately differentiate these from @entity674 , using a combination of histologic appearance, presence of smooth muscle antigens, and absence of specific @entity674 .

title: Primary @entity1822 of the gastrointestinal tract in the post-gastrointestinal stromal XXXX era.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'smaller tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['prognosis in small bowel leiomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity1822 :: ('MESH:D007890', 'Disease') :: ['infantile and adolescent leiomyosarcoma', 'Rectal leiomyosarcomas', 'Leiomyosarcomas', 'leiomyosarcomas', 'primary leiomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyosarcoma of the small bowel, 11 cases of the colon, and 8', 'Colonic leiomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric leiomyosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['GIST', 'GIST immunomarkers', 'gastrointestinal stromal tumors', 'Gastrointestinal stromal tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2828 /Primitive @entity4969 (ES/ @entity6196 ) is an extraordinarily rare @entity5 in the kidney. We re-port herein the clinical, histological, and immunohisto-chemical features of a primary renal ES/ @entity6196 . METHODS: A 19-year old male referred a two weeks history of constant, colic, left @entity812 , and fever. A left radical nephrectomy was performed. Gross pathologic examination showed pink-tan, lobulated solid @entity5 , localized at the superior pole. RESULTS: Histologically, the @entity5 was solid with @entity39 . The neoplastic cells showed a small amount of clear cytoplasm, and had vesicular nuclei with small nucleoli. Immunohistochemical studies showed strongly and diffusely positive staining for @entity3778 in a membranous pattern. CONCLUSIONS: This case represents a typical ES/ @entity6196 affecting a young male @entity1 . Adequate diagnosis is important because this @entity5 has an @entity146 .

title: Primary XXXX /primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the kidney. An infrequent finding.

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ["Ewing's sarcoma"]

entities_list: @entity4969 :: ('MESH:D017599', 'Disease') :: ['neuroectodermal tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behaviour']

entities_list: @entity812 :: ('MESH:D021501', 'Disease') :: ['flank pain']

answer: @entity2828 :: (MESH:D012512,Disease) :: ['Ewing's sarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread use of written health education materials as interventions, relatively few studies have adequately evaluated the effectiveness of such materials on changing healthcare behaviors in the general population. SETTING/ @entity1 : The study consisted of ten matched pairs of small rural towns in New South Wales, Australia, with a total combined population of approximately 25,000 in both the intervention and control group towns. A randomized controlled trial was used. INTERVENTION: Personal Health Record Booklets (PHRBs) that include the latest evidence-based recommendations for reducing risk of @entity5 and @entity65 were developed using leading behavioral change theories to maximize effectiveness. The booklets included an explanatory letter, a gender-specific Better Health Booklet, and a gender-specific Better Health Diary. Following a media campaign, the PHRBs were mailed to all residents aged 20 to 60 years (about 12,600 @entity1 ) in the ten intervention towns. Family practitioners in the intervention towns were recruited to support and encourage @entity1 to use the PHRBs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Health Insurance Commission data for Papanicolaou ( @entity2786 ) tests, mammograms, and skin operations were obtained for 5 years before the intervention, and 3 months and 1 year after the intervention. RESULTS: No significant increases in the rates of Pap tests, mammograms, and skin operations were detected in either short- or long-term follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS: While PHRBs may represent an inexpensive, easy-to-produce, and time-efficient method of communicating information to the general population, it appears unlikely that any significant behavioral change will result unless such materials are targeted toward high-risk groups or constitute the first intervention for a particular risk factor.

title: Can personal health record booklets improve XXXX screening behaviors?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells must select between alternative fates of self-replication and lineage commitment during continuous proliferation. Here, we delineate the role of autocrine production of @entity11175 ( @entity11175 ) and associated activation of the @entity8837 ( @entity8837 ) signalling cascade. @entity11175 is the major stimulus activating @entity13436 in @entity19 ES cells. Interference with FGF or @entity13436 activity using chemical inhibitors or genetic ablations does not impede propagation of undifferentiated ES cells. Instead, such manipulations restrict the ability of ES cells to commit to differentiation. ES cells lacking @entity11175 or treated with FGF receptor inhibitors resist neural and mesodermal induction, and are refractory to BMP-induced non-neural differentiation. Lineage commitment potential of @entity11175 -null cells is restored by provision of FGF protein. Thus, FGF enables rather than antagonises the differentiation activity of BMP. The key downstream role of @entity13436 signalling is revealed by examination of @entity13436 -null ES cells, which fail to undergo either neural or mesodermal differentiation in adherent culture, and retain expression of pluripotency markers @entity7002 , @entity14230 and @entity14232 . These findings establish that @entity11175 stimulation of @entity8837 is an autoinductive stimulus for na  ve ES cells to exit the self-renewal programme. We propose that the @entity13436 cascade directs transition to a state that is responsive to inductive cues for germ layer segregation. Consideration of @entity13436 signalling as a primary trigger that potentiates lineage commitment provides a context for reconciling disparate views on the contribution of FGF and BMP pathways during germ layer specification in vertebrate embryos.

title: FGF stimulation of the XXXX signalling cascade triggers transition of pluripotent embryonic stem cells from self-renewal to lineage commitment.

answer: @entity8837 :: (26417;26413,Gene) :: ['Erk1/2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To retrospectively access the outcome and @entity137 of a @entity272 ( @entity272 ) in @entity1 with @entity706 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Treatment results of 25 @entity1 (median age 63 years; 5 female, 20 male) with cutaneous manifestations of advanced and therapy-refractory @entity706 (n   =   21; @entity784 @entity19 , @entity1892 n   =   3) @entity5 (n   =   4; AML n   =   2, CLL n   =   1, PDC n   =   1) treated between 1993 and 2010 were reviewed. All @entity1 were symptomatic. The median total dose was 29Gy, applied in 29 fractions of median 1 Gy each. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 10 months. Palliation was achieved in 23 @entity1 (92%). A clinical complete response was documented in 13 (52%) and a partial response in 10 @entity1 (40%). The median time to skin progression was 5 months (range 1-18 months) and the actuarial one-year progression-free survival 35%. The median overall survival (OS) after the initiation of @entity272 was 10 months (range 1-46 months) and the actuarial one-year OS 45%. @entity272 related acute adverse events (grade 1 or 2) were observed in all @entity1 during the treatment period. An acute grade 3 epitheliolysis developed in eight @entity1 (32%). Long-term adverse events as a @entity2117 of the skin (grade 1 or 2) were documented in 19 @entity1 (76%), and a @entity3797 in seven @entity1 (28%). CONCLUSION: For palliation of symptomatic cutaneous manifestations of advanced @entity706 or @entity1778 , @entity272 is an efficient and well tolerated considerable treatment option.

title: Total skin electron beam therapy as palliative treatment for cutaneous manifestations of advanced, therapy-refractory @entity706 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['CL', 'cutaneous lymphoma', 'cutaneous lymphoma (CL) or leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage IIB-IV or leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2117 :: ('MESH:D017495', 'Disease') :: ['hyperpigmentation']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['TSEBT', 'total skin electron beam therapy']

entities_list: @entity3797 :: ('MESH:D007007', 'Disease') :: ['hypohidrosis']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemia']


abstract: Few studies provide data on pregnant @entity130 @entity1 that can be used to direct management decisions. Therefore, this retrospective study of 79 pregnant @entity1 who were injured and admitted to a @entity130 center during a 9-year period was conducted to obtain such information. Maternal mortality for these pregnant @entity1 was 10%, which was not different from that for nonpregnant females. Overall, rate of fetal loss was 34%. Rates of fetal loss were not different in @entity1 with and without evidence of shock and/or @entity519 or in restrained and unrestrained automobile occupants. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage proved to be 95% accurate and safe. Based on these findings, we concluded the following: pregnancy does not increase maternal mortality from @entity130 . Blood pressure, pulse rate, and @entity4095 are unreliable indicators of adequate maternal resuscitation and fetal well-being. Assumption of maternal and fetal stability based solely on these usually standard criteria is unwise. Use of seat belts during pregnancy is advisable in the absence of evidence that restraints increase the rate of fetal loss.

title: XXXX during pregnancy. A review of 79 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe outcomes after unrelated donor stem cell transplantation (HCT) in @entity1 (< 18 months at diagnosis) with @entity3052 and compare these with outcomes after human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling donor HCT. @entity1 AND METHODS: We compared the results of unrelated donor HCT with bone marrow (n = 85) or cord blood grafts (n = 81) and HLA-matched sibling donor HCT with bone marrow grafts (n = 101) for acute myeloid or @entity981 using Cox proportional hazards models. Unrelated donor HCT recipients were younger, more likely to have @entity11626 gene rearrangement, to have advanced @entity1778 , and to receive irradiation before HCT. RESULTS: Treatment-related mortality rates were 6%, 15%, and 31% after matched sibling, unrelated donor bone marrow, and cord blood HCT, respectively. Risks of relapse, @entity1778 -free survival were significantly associated with disease status at transplantation. Though @entity1778 recurrence was lowest after unrelated donor HCT in first clinical remission (CR), overall survival, and @entity1778 -free survival rates were similar after matched sibling and unrelated donor HCT, after adjustment for disease status. Relapse, @entity1778 -free survival did not differ by graft type (bone marrow v cord blood) or type of @entity1778 . Three-year probabilities of @entity1778 -free survival were 49% and 54% after HLA-matched sibling and unrelated donor transplantation in first CR, respectively. Corresponding rates for those with advanced @entity1778 were 20% and 30%. CONCLUSION: Unrelated donor HCT should be considered for @entity1 with @entity3052 in first CR using the same eligibility criteria as are currently used for those with HLA matched sibling donors.

title: Comparable long-term survival after unrelated and HLA-matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantations for XXXX in @entity1 younger than 18 months.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['overall and leukemia', 'leukemia']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the magnetic resonance (MR) T2 image signal intensity ratio and clinical manifestations can predict the prognosis in @entity1 with @entity3799 ( @entity3799 ). METHODS: A total of 73 @entity1 treated with anterior, posterior, or posterior-anterior combined surgery for compressive cervical @entity602 were enrolled retrospectively in this study. 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on all @entity1 before surgery. T2-weighted images (T2WI) of sagittal signal intensity were obtained of the cervical spinal cord, and the regions of interest (ROI) were taken by 0.05 cm(2). MR T2WI of sagittal normal cord signal at the C7-T1 disc level were also obtained, and the ROI were taken by 0.3 cm(2). Signal value was measured by computer and the signal ratio between regions 0.05 cm(2) and 0.3 cm(2) calculated. Where no intramedullary high signal intensity was noted on MR T2WI, the ROI were taken by 0.05 cm(2) of the region of most severe @entity1745 . The 73 @entity1 were divided into three groups by hierarchical clustering analysis with signal intensity ratio (group 1: low signal intensity ratio; group 2: middle signal intensity ratio; group 3: high signal intensity ratio). Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 11.0. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the three groups according to the recovery rate (P < 0.001), age (P= 0.003), duration of disease (P= 0.001), Babinski sign (P < 0.001), pre- and postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score (P= 0.006). With increases in both signal intensity ratio grade and age, the recovery rate and pre- and postoperative JOA scores gradually decreased, and the incidence of Babinski sign increased. There was no significant difference in sex among the three groups (P= 0.387). Multiple comparison tests further supported the above-mentioned results. CONCLUSION: @entity1 with light or no intramedullary signal changes on T2WI had a good surgical outcome. However, increase of signal intensity ratio and occurrence of the pyramidal sign were associated with a poor prognosis after surgery.

title: The effects of MRI signal intensity changes and clinical manifestations on prognosis after surgical intervention for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['CSM', 'cervical spondylotic myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord compression']

answer: @entity3799 :: (MESH:D002575,Disease) :: ['cervical spondylotic myelopathy']


abstract: We studied the effects of different preoperative oral fluid protocols on preoperative discomfort, residual gastric fluid volumes, and @entity356 . Two-hundred-fifty-two elective abdominal surgery @entity1 (ASA physical status I-II) were randomized to preparation with a 12.5% @entity1735 drink ( @entity435 ), placebo (flavored water), or overnight fasting. The @entity435 and Placebo groups were double-blinded and were given 800 mL to drink on the evening before and 400 mL on the morning of surgery. Visual analog scales were used to score 11 different discomfort variables. @entity435 did not increase gastric fluid volumes or affect acidity, and there were no adverse events. The visual analog scale scores in a control situation were not different between groups. During the waiting period before surgery, the @entity435 -treated group was less hungry and less anxious than both the other groups (P < or = 0.05). @entity435 reduced thirst as effectively as placebo (P < 0.0001 versus Fasted). Trend analysis showed consistently decreasing thirst, hunger, @entity148 , and unfitness in the @entity435 group (P < 0.05). The Placebo group experienced decreasing unfitness and malaise, whereas @entity390 , tiredness, and inability to concentrate increased (P < 0.05). In the Fasted group, hunger, thirst, tiredness, @entity425 , and inability to concentrate increased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, @entity435 significantly reduces preoperative discomfort without adversely affecting gastric contents. IMPLICATIONS: Discomfort during the period of waiting before elective surgery can be reduced if @entity1 are prepared with a @entity1735 -rich drink, compared with preoperative oral intake of water or overnight fasting. Visual analog scales can provide useful information about preoperative discomfort in elective surgery @entity1 .

title: A XXXX -rich drink reduces preoperative discomfort in elective surgery @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety, malaise']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric acidity']

answer: @entity1735 :: (CHEBI:16646,Chemical) :: ['carbohydrate']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore associations between @entity146 comorbidity and rehospitalization risk, length of hospitalization, and costs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 1-year hospital administrative data. SETTING: Claims-based study of older adults hospitalized in the United States. @entity1 : Twenty-one thousand four hundred twenty-nine @entity1 from a 5% national random sample of U.S. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older, with at least one acute care hospitalization in 1999 with a Diagnostic-Related Group of @entity712 . MEASUREMENTS: The number of hospitalizations, mean length of hospital stay, and total hospitalization costs in calendar year 1999. RESULTS: Overall, 15.8% of @entity1 hospitalized for @entity712 ( @entity712 ) had a coded @entity146 comorbidity; the most commonly coded comorbid @entity146 was @entity308 (8.5% of the sample). Most forms of @entity146 comorbidity were associated with greater inpatient utilization, including risk of additional hospitalizations, days of stay, and hospitalization charges. Additional hospitalization costs associated with @entity146 comorbidity ranged up to  7,763, and additional days length of stay ranged up to 1.4 days. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric comorbidity appears in a significant minority of @entity1 hospitalized for @entity712 and may affect their clinical and economic outcomes. The associations between @entity146 comorbidity and use of inpatient care are likely to be an underestimate, because @entity146 is known to be underdetected in older adults and in hospitalized medical @entity1 .

title: Psychiatric comorbidity and greater hospitalization risk, longer length of stay, and higher hospitalization costs in older adults with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'HF', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric illness', 'psychiatric disorder']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: 1. This study examines the relative contributions made by inhibition of mast cell degranulation, reduction of mast cell recruitment and maturation, and lowering the responsiveness of the vasculature to @entity112 , in the inhibition by glucocorticoids of the weal and flare in @entity1 skin. 2. One forearm of healthy @entity1 volunteers was treated for 24 h (n=6) or daily for 21 days (n=10) with 0.05% @entity6914 . The other arm served as control. Weal and flare responses were elicited by intradermal injection of 20 microl of 0.3 mM @entity10425 . The areas of the responses were measured using scanning laser Doppler imaging. Microdialysis was used to assess @entity112 release. Mast cell numbers and tissue @entity112 content were assessed in 4-mm punch biopsies. @entity112 (20 microl of 1 microM i.d.) was used to assess the status of the vasculature. 3. No significant effects were seen at 24 h. At 21 days, @entity6914 reduced the areas of the @entity10425 -induced weal and flare responses by 59 and 58% respectively (both P=0.006). Mast cell numbers were reduced by 47%, (P=0.014) and total tissue @entity112 content by 52% (P=0.006). @entity10425 -induced @entity112 release was reduced by 44% (P=0.022). The weal, but not the flare, induced by @entity112 was significantly inhibited (P=0.019). Echography revealed a 15% thinning of the skin by @entity6914 . 4. These results demonstrate that reduction of the weal and flare responses to @entity10425 following @entity6914 treatment, results primarily from reduced mast cell numbers and tissue @entity112 content rather than inhibition by corticosteroids of mast cell degranulation.

title: Inhibition by glucocorticoids of the mast cell-dependent weal and flare response in XXXX skin in vivo.

entities_list: @entity10425 :: ('MESH:D003061', 'Chemical') :: ['codeine', 'Codeine']

entities_list: @entity6914 :: ('MESH:D002990', 'Chemical') :: ['clobetasol propionate', 'clobetasol']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine', 'histamine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The emergence of @entity5 cells resistant to chemotherapeutic treatment is a major confounding factor in anticancer treatment. Many chemotherapeutic drugs are DNA damaging agents. Resistance to DNA damage can be acquired via a plethora of different mechanisms, including, surprisingly, loss of DNA mismatch repair activity. The DNA mismatch repair system acts after DNA replication and corrects non-Watson-Crick base pairs and other replication errors. @entity1 cells lacking mismatch repair activity have high spontaneous mutation rates. Frequent frameshift mutations in repetitive DNA sequences are characteristically associated with the defect. This hypermutability at repetitive sequences is termed @entity124 . DNA mismatch repair defects underlie a predisposition to @entity5 and are associated with a significant fraction of apparently @entity5 cases. In contrast to many other @entity5 , gross genetic aberrations are rare in cells from @entity5 with @entity124 . In these mismatch repair-defective @entity5 , certain genes that would normally hinder @entity5 development are frequently found to be inactivated by frameshift mutations in repetitive DNA tracts within their coding sequences. This implies that the small-scale genome alterations characteristic of mismatch repair defects can act as a driving force in @entity5 development.

title: Selection for genome instability by DNA damage in XXXX cells: unstable microsatellites and their consequences for tumourigenesis.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['sporadic cancer', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'neoplasms', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['microsatellite instability']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: One hundred eight-three @entity1 underwent stress-redistribution thallium-201 myocardial perfusion tomography. After evaluation of various preprocessing filters in a phantom study, the Butterworth filter with a frequency cutoff of 0.2 cycles/pixel, order 5 (which provided optimal filter power) was used in the back projection algorithm of the @entity1 studies. All @entity851 and apical portions of vertical long-axis images were quantified by dividing each myocardial slice into 60 equal sectors and displaying the maximal count per sector as a linear profile. In a pilot group consisting of 20 normal @entity1 (less than 5% likelihood of @entity453 ) and 25 @entity1 with @entity453 (greater than or equal to 50% coronary stenosis by angiography), profiles representing the lowest observed value below the mean normal profiles provided the best threshold for defining normal limits. Abnormal portions of the @entity1 profiles were plotted on a two-dimensional polar map. The polar map was divided into 102 sectors, and sectors with a probability of greater than or equal to 80% for disease of each one of the three major coronary arteries were clustered to represent specific coronary artery territories. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for defect size showed that the optimal threshold for defining a definite perfusion defect was 12% for the left anterior descending and left circumflex and 8% for the right coronary artery territories. These criteria were prospectively applied to an additional 92 @entity1 with angiographic @entity453 , 18 @entity1 with normal coronary arteriograms and 28 @entity1 with less than 5% likelihood of @entity301 . Sensitivity, specificity (in @entity1 with normal coronary arteriograms) and normalcy rate (in @entity1 with less than 5% likelihood of @entity453 ) for overall detection of @entity301 were 96%, 56% and 86%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for identification of individual diseased vessels were, respectively, 78% and 85% for the left anterior descending, 79% and 60% for the left circumflex and 81% and 71% for the right coronary artery. These results were not significantly different from those of the pilot group. An optimized quantitative method for interpretation of stress thallium-201 myocardial perfusion tomography has been developed. Prospective application of this method indicates that the technique is accurate for the overall detection of @entity453 and identification of disease in individual arteries.

title: Quantitative single photon emission computed thallium-201 tomography for detection and localization of XXXX : optimization and prospective validation of a new technique.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short-axis']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: The clinical controversy regarding the timing of surgery for asymptomatic newborns with obstructed @entity3041 was addressed using a model of reversible partial @entity1695 in the newborn @entity95 . The histomorphometric changes in the ureteropelvic junction complex (for example, pelvis, ureteropelvic junction and upper ureter) and kidney in 44 normal cases were determined and compared with the effects of 47 cases of ongoing @entity3885 and timed reversal of @entity3885 at 1 week in 9 cases, at 2 weeks in 10 or at 4 weeks in 10 (end of the study at age 8 weeks). After @entity3885 @entity3041 appeared by 1 week postoperatively. There were progressive @entity101 and mass index of smooth muscle and collagen (all p < 0.001). However, since the per cent surface area of smooth muscle did not change significantly in comparison to normal, there was disproportionately more collagen. For reversals at 1 week the muscle and collagen in the lamina muscularis were not significantly different from normal. For reversals at 2 weeks the mass index of collagen was greater than normal (p < 0.05) and reversal at 1 week (p < 0.05). For reversals at 4 weeks the lamina muscularis was thicker, and the mass index of collagen and muscle was greater than the earlier reversal groups and normal (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, partial @entity1695 causes progressive thickening of the lamina muscularis by collagen and muscle with a disproportionately greater increase in collagen than muscle. The earlier the obstruction can be reversed, the more normal is the ureteropelvic junction complex histology. The functional significance of these changes needs to be determined.

title: Response of the newborn ureteropelvic junction complex to induced and later reversed partial XXXX in the @entity95 model.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in the thickness of the lamina muscularis']

entities_list: @entity1695 :: ('MESH:D014517', 'Disease') :: ['ureteral obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['partial obstruction']

entities_list: @entity3041 :: ('MESH:D006869', 'Disease') :: ['hydronephrosis']

answer: @entity1695 :: (MESH:D014517,Disease) :: ['ureteral obstruction']


abstract: Geographical and socio-economic factors such as climate, culture, ethnic origin, diet and life style such as smoking have been noted to influence the occurrence of @entity153 . We conducted this study to document the frequency of various histological types of @entity153 and correlated it with their demographic characteristics. This descriptive study was carried out among admitted @entity1 with the suspicion of @entity153 from January 2010 to January 2011 in medicine units of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh. Among those only 30 consecutive histopathologically _/or cytological confirmed cases of @entity153 were included in the study. No age, gender, environmental or occupational limits were applied for the selection of @entity1 . @entity1 already diagnosed by some other hospital presenting to our unit with complications were not included in the study. Age rang were 26-70 years. Majority of @entity1 i.e. 63.33% (n=19) were found to be in their fourth and sixth decade of life. Males were 86.66% (n=26) as compared to females 13.44% (n=4) and male to female ratio were 6.5:1. The majority of the @entity1 were belonged to urban areas 63.34% (n=19), while 36.66% (n=11) came from the Rural population. In this study smokers were 86.66% (n=26) and nonsmokers were 13.33% (n=4). In Occupational distribution farmers were 33.33% (n=10), service holders were 20% (n=6), businessman were 16.66% (n=5), all the female were house wife 13.33% (n=4). Specimens for histopathological study were collected by trans-thoracic needle aspiration under CT or ultrasono-guided. The results of cell types in histopathologically proven 30 @entity153 @entity1 were; 10(33.36%) @entity420 , 7(23.33%) @entity957 , 6(20%) @entity4153 , 4(13.33%) large cell @entity189 and 3(10%) @entity4153 .

title: Demographics and cell types of XXXX of a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell carcinoma', 'non-small cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial carcinoma', 'Bronchial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['bronchial carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1002 ( @entity67 ) is a key determinant of outcomes in @entity296 ( @entity296 ), but remains very challenging to diagnose and classify. Adult paradigms and guidelines relating to @entity67 are currently applied in @entity1 . However, it is unknown whether these are applicable to @entity1 with @entity296 . We investigated the assessment of @entity67 in @entity1 with @entity296 using adult and pediatric echocardiographic criteria and tested whether recent adult guidelines are applicable to this population. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three investigators independently classified diastolic function in 4 study groups: controls, dilated, @entity1184 , and restrictive @entity296 . Agreement among investigators, failure to classify @entity67 , and the reasons for diagnostic failure were determined. The usefulness of individual echo parameters to diagnose and classify @entity67 was assessed. One hundred seventy-five @entity1 (aged 0-18 years) were studied. @entity67 diagnostic criteria were discrepant in the majority of @entity1 . Delayed relaxation was diagnosed in only 14% of @entity1121 @entity1 and never in dilated @entity296 and restrictive @entity296 , with 50% of those @entity1 having coexisting findings of elevated filling pressures. Many key parameters, such as mitral and pulmonary venous Doppler, were not informative. Agreement among investigators for grading of @entity67 was poor (36% of @entity296 @entity1 ). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of @entity67 in childhood @entity296 seems inadequate using current guidelines. The large range of normal pediatric reference values allows diagnosis of @entity67 in only a small proportion of @entity1 . Key echo parameters to assess DF are not sufficiently discriminatory in this population, and discrepancies between criteria within individuals prevent further classification and result in poor interobserver agreement.

title: Interpretation of @entity1002 in @entity1 with XXXX by echocardiography: problems and limitations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric cardiomyopathy', 'CM']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1121 :: ('MESH:D002312', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic CM']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['cardiomyopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Localized @entity2783 is an unusual finding in surgical pathology material. Previous studies have demonstrated that the amyloid is directly produced by the seminal vesicle epithelial cells. We investigated the possible association of seminal vesicle amyloid in @entity1 hormonally treated for @entity263 . METHODS: Cases were collected from over 200 prostate needle biopsies, seminal vesicle biopsies, and prostatectomy specimens from the surgical pathology files at The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY. None of the @entity1 with @entity2783 had a chronic @entity32 , serum or urine protein abnormalities, or other identifiable masses. RESULTS: Six cases of localized @entity2783 were found in the surgical pathology material examined. Five of the six cases had @entity263 , and one case was seen in a biopsy for @entity1067 . Four of the five @entity189 cases had prior hormonal treatment (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist with an antiandrogen agent, and one @entity1 , in addition, had received radiotherapy). The @entity527 were limited to the seminal vesicle lamina propria without involvement of vascular walls. The amyloid reacted with Congo red staining that was sensitive to @entity19592 . Immunohistochemically, all cases were negative for AA amyloid, beta 2-microglobulin, and kappa and lambda light chains. CONCLUSION: We raise the possibility that in some instances, prior hormonal therapy may act as a seminal vesicle epithelial stimulant for the elaboration of this protein.

title: @entity2783 of the seminal vesicle. Possible association with hormonally treated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disorder']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic carcinoma', 'prostate carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposits']

entities_list: @entity19592 :: ('MESH:D011196', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium permanganate']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['seminal vesicle amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostatic adenocarcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A Phase I trial of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) in the treatment of superficial @entity1606 ( @entity1606 ) of the bladder was performed. METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with recurrent superficial @entity1606 of the bladder after receiving a mean of 2.6 (range 1 to 6) courses of intravesical therapy were treated with @entity34 . The photosensitizer @entity17654 dose was 1.5 or 2.0 mg/kg. A 630-nm intravesical red laser was used to activate the photosensitizer 2 days after administration of @entity17654 II. A 0.01% intralipid solution was used as a bladder-filling medium to scatter light and achieve more homogeneous light distribution. Light doses from 5.1 to 25.6 J/cm2 (total dosage 1500 to 5032 J) were used to illuminate the bladder. RESULTS: Twenty @entity1 underwent 21 treatments with @entity34 . Complications included asymptomatic reflux in 4 @entity1 . One other @entity1 , treated at the highest total light dose, experienced @entity1494 and @entity82 . Nine @entity1 (45%) had no @entity5 evident at cystoscopy, on random biopsies, or in urinary cytology at the 3-month evaluation after treatment. Four @entity1 remained without recurrent disease for 23 to 56 months. Sixteen of 20 (80%) @entity1 experienced recurrence, and 8 of the 16 underwent cystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: An intravenous photosensitizer dose of 1.5 mg/kg @entity17654 II followed by light energy in the range of 13 J/cm2 (total light dose 2500 to 3250 J) was defined as a safe treatment parameter and resulted in @entity5 responses. With present technologies, administration of @entity34 requires careful dosimetry.

title: Phase I trial of XXXX in the treatment of recurrent superficial @entity1606 of the bladder.

entities_list: @entity17654 :: ('MESH:D017323', 'Chemical') :: ['Photofrin II', 'Photofrin']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder contraction']

entities_list: @entity1606 :: ('MESH:D002295', 'Disease') :: ['transitional cell carcinoma', 'TCC']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['photodynamic therapy', 'PDT']

answer: @entity34 :: (MESH:D016609,Disease) :: ['photodynamic therapy']


abstract: Sixty pregnant @entity1 with fetuses affected by @entity8674 major underwent termination of gestation induced by amniocentesis and intrauterine instillation of @entity3774 between 19 and 25 weeks. Pharmacokinetics of @entity2177 in maternal blood and amniotic fluid were studied after two doses of @entity2177 (200 mg intravenously every 12 hours), after two doses of @entity13658 (400 mg intravenously every 12 hours), and after two doses of @entity800 (400 mg intravenously every 12 hours). Twenty @entity1 were studied in each group. The ranges of mean maternal serum and amniotic fluid levels were as follows: @entity2177 in maternal serum 0.01 to 0.28 micrograms/ml, in amniotic fluid 0.1 to 0.13 micrograms/ml; @entity13658 in maternal serum 2.65 to 4.31 micrograms/ml, in amniotic fluid 1.97 to 2.74 micrograms/ml; and @entity800 in maternal serum 0.07 to 0.68 micrograms/ml, in amniotic fluid 0.13 to 0.25 micrograms/ml. Three groups of lactating @entity1 (10 @entity1 in each), were given three doses of 750 mg @entity2177 orally, 400 mg @entity13658 orally, and 400 mg @entity800 orally. Serum and milk samples were obtained simultaneously at two, four, six, nine, 12, and 24 hours after dosage administration. The mean breast milk levels of @entity2177 at the corresponding time intervals were 3.79, 2.26, 0.86, 0.51, 0.20, and 0.02 micrograms/ml. The mean breast milk levels of @entity13658 were 3.54, 3.43, 2.93, 2.24, 1.79, and 0.88 micrograms/ml, and of @entity800 , 2.41, 1.91, 1.25, 0.64, 0.29, and 0.05 micrograms/ml. It is concluded that all studied @entity5176 penetrate the placenta and are found in amniotic fluid at low concentrations and at much higher levels in breast milk. Because of the potential for @entity5176 to cause @entity2720 in juvenile animals, their use should be avoided in pregnant and lactating @entity1 .

title: Pharmacokinetics of three newer @entity5176 in pregnant and lactating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity13658 :: ('MESH:D015366', 'Chemical') :: ['pefloxacin']

entities_list: @entity5176 :: ('MESH:D015363', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolones']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2 alpha']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['arthropathy']

entities_list: @entity8674 :: ('MESH:D017086', 'Disease') :: ['beta-thalassemia']

entities_list: @entity800 :: ('MESH:D015242', 'Chemical') :: ['ofloxacin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: The mucosal microcirculation in innervated and denervated small intestine was studied using anesthetized @entity35 . Denervation did not cause significant (P greater than 0.05) diameter changes in the precapillary vasculature; however, venules did constrict significantly. These results indicate minimum neural control in the precapillary vasculature during the resting state. The innervated precapillary vasculature constricted during both the @entity432 reflex and @entity551 . The diameter of the denervated precapillary vasculature was unchanged during the @entity432 reflex and dilated during @entity548 . The responses of innervated and @entity11471 were attributed to increased neural activity and autoregulatory mechanisms, respectively. Neither innervated nor denervated venules responded during the @entity432 reflex. During @entity548 , however, innervated venules constricted and denervated vessels dilated. The vasoconstriction of the innervated vasculature during @entity548 contributed to a stoppage of blood and epithelial detachment; these responses did not occur in the dilated, denervated vasculature. Therefore, neural vasoconstriction, qualitatively similar to that in normal animals during the baroreceptor reflex, is a contributing cause to the vascular and tissue impairment in the intestinal mucosa during @entity548 .

title: Microvascular control in intestinal mucosa of normal and hemorrhaged XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11471 :: ('MESH:C565633', 'Disease') :: ['denervated precapillary vasculatures']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['carotid occlusion']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic hypotension']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether measurements of @entity2690 and/or intermediate @entity2690 degradation products could be used to differentiate between autoimmune ( @entity164 1) and non-autoimmune ( @entity164 2) @entity6 in young adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total @entity2690 , intact @entity2690 and 32,33 split @entity2690 concentrations were measured in 25 @entity1 aged 15-34 years with @entity164 1 @entity6 , as defined by the presence of at least two positive islet autoantibodies, and in 23 antibody-negative @entity1 of similar age with @entity164 2 @entity6 , at the time of clinical onset of @entity6 and at 3-4 months thereafter. Comparisons were made with data from 25 healthy subjects matched for gender and age. RESULTS: Plasma levels of total @entity2690 , intact @entity2690 and 32,33 split @entity2690 were significantly increased 2-3-fold in the @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity164 2 @entity6 as compared with the controls, both in absolute terms (p<0.0001) and when related to circulating insulin (p<0.01-0.0002). In contrast, absolute @entity2690 and 32,33 split @entity2690 concentrations were significantly lower in @entity1 with onset of @entity164 1 @entity6 than in controls. When @entity2690 and split @entity2690 release were related to plasma insulin, however, similar ratios were found in the @entity164 1 @entity6 @entity1 and in controls. Using the 90th percentile for total @entity2690 in the control group as the cut-off, the sensitivity and specificity for differentiation between autoimmune and non-autoimmune @entity6 were 87% and 92%, respectively. At 3-4 months after clinical onset of @entity6 , @entity2690 secretion was still 2-3 times higher in @entity164 2 than in @entity164 1 @entity6 @entity1 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Young adult @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity164 2 @entity6 , whereas @entity2690 secretion appears to be normal in @entity1 with clinical onset of @entity164 1 @entity6 . Evaluation of @entity2690 and 32,33 split @entity2690 concentrations may be useful as a diagnostic tool in differentiating between autoimmune and non-autoimmune @entity6 in young adults, particularly in those lacking islet autoantibodies at diagnosis.

title: Hyperproinsulinemia segregates young adult XXXX with newly diagnosed autoimmune ( @entity164 1) and non-autoimmune ( @entity164 2) @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes display disproportionate hyperproinsulinemia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We have recently determined the complete @entity535 sequence of @entity54672 , a group D prothrombin activator from the venom of Tropidechis carinatus (Australian rough-scaled snake). This proteinase is both functionally and structurally similar to @entity1 @entity1003 @entity6236 . It shows approximately 70% homology and possesses the characteristic Gla domain, two EGF domains and @entity563 proteinase domain. To examine structure-function relationships, we generated a molecular model of @entity54672 based on a @entity1 @entity6236 des- @entity9984 crystal structure (1xka) as template. Based on known sites of interaction between @entity1 @entity6236 and prothrombin, structure-function relationships of @entity54672 were explored. Unlike @entity6236 , @entity54672 is glycosylated and has a large @entity1735 moiety at the entrance to its active site pocket. This might contribute to differences observed in the kinetics of hydrolysis of synthetic substrates by @entity54672 as compared to @entity1 @entity6236 . A @entity141 -binding loop present in the heavy chain of @entity6236 also seems to be lost in @entity54672 . In addition to its role in hemostasis, @entity6236 shows other biological effects, including @entity32 via its interaction with effector protease receptor-1 (EPR-1). Interestingly, the EPR-1 recognition site is distinctly different in @entity54672 , the functional consequences of which are being investigated.

title: Snake venom prothrombin activators homologous to @entity1003 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['blood coagulation']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity6236 :: ('2159', 'Gene') :: ['factor Xa, factor Va', 'factor Xa']

answer: @entity6236 :: (2159,Gene) :: ['factor Xa']


abstract: AIMS: In view of the dual role that DNA topoisomerase IIa (TopoIIa) plays as a cell proliferation marker and as a possible indicator of chemosensitivity, we investigated its expression in @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) in relation to conventional clinicopathological parameters, cell proliferation (as defined by Ki67 immunoreactivity), response to therapy and @entity1 outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity406 -fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 153 @entity1 with @entity1893 were immunohistochemically stained for TopoIIalpha. @entity1 were followed up until @entity204 (n = 63) or for an average of 68 months (median 64 months, n = 90). The percentage of TopoIIalpha positive cells (TopoIIalpha @entity3162 ) increased with grade (P < 0.001), extranodal location (P = 0.05) and Ki67 @entity3162 (P = 0.01, r = 0.673). In most cases (58%), Ki67 @entity3162 exceeded TopoIIalpha @entity3162 (TopoIIalpha/Ki67 < 1), especially within the indolent group (P < 0.001). TopoIIalphaLI, Ki67LI and TopoIIalpha/Ki67 ratio were all adversely related to overall survival in univariate analysis, though their significance was not maintained after adjustment for grade. In multivariate analysis high TopoIIalpha/Ki67 ratio and high TopoIIalpha @entity3162 independently predicted shortened overall and post-relapse survival, respectively. Most importantly, low TopoIIalpha/Ki67 ratio was the only independent predictor of diminished disease-free survival. However, there was no relationship between TopoIIalpha expression and response. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that evaluation of TopoIIalpha expression and TopoIIalpha/Ki67 ratio as cell proliferation markers provides independent prognostic information in relation to post-relapse and overall survival. Furthermore, TopoIIalpha/Ki67 ratio appears to play a key role in the identification of @entity1 prone to early relapse.

title: Evaluation of DNA topoisomerase IIalpha expression provides independent prognostic information in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['Formalin']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['NHL', "non-Hodgkin's lymphomas"]

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphomas']


abstract: @entity2396 is a frequent and serious complication of @entity5507 . The @entity1381 can get much improvement by aggressive heparin-free hemodialysis therapy. However, the presenting symptoms and signs are too nonspecific to identify at early stage. @entity299 , and need the immediate _ adequate management. A 35-year-old female @entity1 suffered from @entity390 , @entity391 and right upper quadrant dull pain in November 1993, and was admitted to a local hospital. @entity5507 (BUN: 210 mg/dl, serum Cr.: 13.2 mg/dl) and @entity409 (SGOT: 330 IU/L, SGPT: 449 IU/L) were found, then she received regular hemodialysis therapy. About 10 days later, acute exacerbation of liver function (SGOT: 2,488 IU/L, SGPT: 1,048 IU/L), consciousness disturbance and @entity551 occurred during hemodialysis. She was referred to our ER immediately. At ER, she had been on comatous, shock state with pulseless electric activity. After resuscitation and serial evaluation, @entity2293 was diagnosed. Emergent pericardiocentesis and then bilateral partial pericardiectomy were done about 2 hours later. The @entity2294 was bloody without evidence of @entity2348 . The pathology of pericardium revealed @entity32 only. HBsAg, Anti-HCV Ab, and anti-HAV IgM were undetectable. So the etiology of acute @entity99 was diagnosed as @entity99 . Her general condition and vital sign became stable thereafter. The liver function also improved rapidly. She was discharged one month later and received maintainance hemodialysis therapy and no evidence of recurrence till now.

title: [Acute @entity1381 presented as @entity2293 with XXXX : a case report].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis', 'ischemic hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity2293 :: ('MESH:D002305', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac tamponade']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity5507 :: ('MESH:D014511', 'Disease') :: ['chronic uremia', 'Uremia']

entities_list: @entity2396 :: ('MESH:D010493', 'Disease') :: ['Pericarditis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['abnormal liver function']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy, bacterial or TB infection']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac tamponade is the late and fatal complication']

entities_list: @entity1381 :: ('MESH:D006463', 'Disease') :: ['uremic pericarditis']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['acute ischemic hepatitis']