abstract: We investigated the efficacy of @entity3102 , an inhibitor of testicular and adrenal biosynthesis, for treating @entity1 with progression of @entity263 . The study comprised 35 @entity1 with progressive disease despite salvage treatment with @entity12749 with or without @entity5713 . Treatment consisted high-doses @entity3102 (400 mg three times daily) and @entity701 substitution. @entity1 were monitored clinically and with serial PSA measurements every 3 months. The principal endpoint of the study was PSA response to applied therapy. Of the 35 @entity1 , 18 (51.4%) showed a decrease in PSA 50% with a median duration of 30 weeks (range 6-60 weeks). A PSA reduction 50% was seen in 15 of 31 @entity1 (48.4%) with established @entity3 . Twelve @entity1 (34.2%), all of whom had @entity3 , exhibited a PSA decrease 80% with median duration of 9 months (range 3-48 months). The median time to progression was 6.3 months (range 0-27 months) and the median survival time was 12.5 months (range 3-48 months). Twelve (34.3%) reported @entity137 related to @entity3102 , whereas no @entity1 required discontinuation of therapy. It is apparent from this study that a reasonable percentage of @entity1 failing salvage chemotherapy ( @entity12749 with or without @entity5713 ) respond favorably to high-dose @entity3102 and that @entity137 is mild. In the absence of studies demonstrating better survival with chemotherapy, we believe that a trail of @entity3102 should be considered when progression of PSA occurs, following initial hormonal @entity342 deprivation.

title: An evaluation of high-doses @entity3102 with @entity701 substitution in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity12749 :: ('MESH:D004961', 'Chemical') :: ['estramustine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['hormone-refractory prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity3102 :: ('MESH:D007654', 'Chemical') :: ['ketoconazole']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity5713 :: ('MESH:D014747', 'Chemical') :: ['vinblastine']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['hormone-refractory prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Surgical treatment of @entity1 with @entity7135 has mainly involved debridement of @entity39 skin and amputation of limbs. This resulted in major functional impairment. On the contrary, when early microsurgical arteriolysis was performed, freeing up the blood vessels, the impaired blood flow could be restored, thereby significantly reducing the amputation levels. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 14 @entity1 affected by @entity7135 . In 7 @entity1 , microsurgical arteriolysis was performed; standard sepsis treatment was performed on the remaining 7. @entity63 levels on admission were compared with permanent amputation levels after 1 year. RESULTS: Statistically significant decreases (P = .005) in @entity63 values were achieved by the arteriolysis, in comparison with final amputation percentages. The functional impairment of the affected limbs was highly reduced compared with the probable loss of function observed on admission. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that early microsurgical arteriolysis is a reliable method to reduce the devastating amputations normally found in @entity1 with @entity7135 . This significantly improves the functional outcome in severely @entity63 limbs in meningococcal induced septic @entity1 .

title: Minimizing limb amputations in XXXX by early microsurgical arteriolysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal sepsis']

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['meningococcal sepsis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess how socioeconomic deprivation influences the presentation, treatment, and outcome of @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Three year follow up of 869 consecutive @entity1 with @entity309 from nine hospital rheumatology clinics, with @entity1 categorised by the Carstairs deprivation score of their enumeration district of residence. Outcomes included Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), joint and @entity158 scores, grip strength, functional grade, radiological evidence of @entity2721 , and medical/surgical interventions. RESULTS: @entity1 from more deprived enumeration districts presented with more severe disease as judged by the HAQ score and joint scores. An increase from the 5th to the 95th centile of the Carstairs distribution was associated with an odds ratio of 1.87 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.31 to 2.66) for an above-median HAQ score and 1.77 (95% CI 1.23 to 2.54) for an above-median joint score. Statistically non-significant deprivation trends were seen with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, @entity158 score, and grip strength. By three years, despite no important differences in clinical management, socioeconomic differentials had worsened or remained unchanged such that clear deprivation trends were then seen in HAQ (p=0.002) and joint scores (p=0.001), in grip strength (p=0. 008), and in functional grade (p=0.003). The association between deprivation and HAQ at three years was present after adjustment for age, sex, treatment centre, and HAQ at presentation (adjusted odds ratio 1.74, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.74). CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic deprivation was associated with a worse clinical course of @entity309 , and this effect was already apparent at presentation, but not with systematic differentials in its treatment. This suggests that individual susceptibility and lifestyle factors contribute to socioeconomic differentials in outcome, an observation that has implications for clinical management.

title: Socioeconomic deprivation and @entity309 : what lessons for the health service? ERAS Study Group. Early XXXX Study.

entities_list: @entity2721 :: ('MESH:D018213', 'Disease') :: ['bony erosions']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'rheumatoid disease', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['Rheumatoid Arthritis']


abstract: Although relatively frequent. @entity6 involvement of digestive tract motility has not been investigated extensively in different organs. The authors studied esophageal, gastric, and gallbladder motor function in 35 type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) @entity6 @entity1 to determine the extent of gut involvement. Of these @entity1 , 27 (77%) had @entity1897 , 12 (34%) had both @entity1897 , and 22 (63%) had @entity344 . Esophageal manometric abnormalities were recorded in 18 @entity1 , and delayed radionuclide emptying of the esophagus was documented in 16 @entity1 , with a 83% concordance between the two tests. Scintigraphic gastric emptying of solids was delayed in 56% of @entity1 , whereas gallbladder emptying after @entity8586 stimulation was reduced in 69% of them. In 74% of @entity1 at least one of the viscera under investigation showed abnormal motor function; however, only 36% of @entity1 displayed involvement of the three organs. Gastrointestinal symptoms, duration and therapy of @entity6 , previous @entity989 did not correlate with the presence or the extent of @entity1957 . @entity16 was not predictive of gastrointestinal involvement and its extent; however, when @entity4681 were present in @entity1 with @entity16 , these were usually more severe. @entity344 are frequent and widespread in type 2 diabetics, regardless of symptoms. @entity4148 has a poor predictive @entity1957 (0.75 for the esophagus, 0.5 for the stomach, 0.8 for the gallbladder), thus suggesting the coexistence of other pathophysiologic mechanisms.

title: Gastrointestinal motor dysfunction, symptoms, and XXXX in noninsulin-dependent (type 2) @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neuropathy', 'neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal motor disorders', 'gastrointestinal symptoms']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['motor abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral and autonomic neuropathy', 'peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['value on motor disorders', 'motor disorders']

entities_list: @entity8586 :: ('MESH:D002766', 'Chemical') :: ['cholecystokinin']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['Autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['poor glycemic control, and retinopathy']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neuropathy']


abstract: Air pollution exposure patterns may contribute to known spatial patterning of @entity565 morbidity within urban areas. While studies have evaluated the relationship between traffic and outdoor concentrations, few have considered indoor exposure patterns within low socioeconomic status (SES) urban communities. In this study, part of a prospective birth cohort study assessing @entity565 etiology in urban Boston, we collected indoor and outdoor 3-4 day samples of @entity7459 ( @entity6836 ) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 43 residences across multiple seasons from 2003 to 2005. Homes were chosen to represent low SES households, including both cohort and non-cohort residences in similar neighborhoods, and consisted almost entirely of multiunit residences. Reflectance analysis and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were performed on the particle filters to determine elemental @entity505 (EC) and trace element concentrations, respectively. Additionally, information on home characteristics (e.g. type, age, stove fuel) and occupant behaviors (e.g. smoking, cooking, cleaning) were collected via a standardized questionnaire. The contributions of outdoor and indoor sources to indoor concentrations were quantified with regression analyses using mass balance principles. For @entity6836 and most particle constituents (except outdoor-dominated constituents like @entity599 and @entity5336 ), the addition of selected indoor source terms improved the model's predictive power. Cooking time, gas stove usage, occupant density, and humidifiers were identified as important contributors to indoor levels of various pollutants. A comparison between cohort and non-cohort @entity1 provided another means to determine the influence of occupant activity patterns on indoor-outdoor ratios. Although the groups had similar housing characteristics and were located in similar neighborhoods, cohort members had significantly higher indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and @entity6836 , associated with indoor activities. We conclude that the effect of indoor sources may be more pronounced in high-density multiunit dwellings, and that future epidemiological studies in these populations should explicitly consider these sources in assigning exposures.

title: Predictors of concentrations of XXXX , fine particulate matter, and particle constituents inside of lower socioeconomic status urban homes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity7459 :: ('MESH:D009585', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen dioxide']

entities_list: @entity5336 :: ('MESH:D014639', 'Chemical') :: ['vanadium']

answer: @entity7459 :: (MESH:D009585,Chemical) :: ['nitrogen dioxide']


abstract: Gene amplification is a common mechanism of proto-oncogene activation and contributes to @entity5 progression. Analysis of such genetic alterations is relevant to our understanding of @entity5 genetics and can provide prognostic information for the @entity1 . A rapid, non-radioactive approach based on qdPCR and fluorescent DNA technique was applied for determination of @entity10006 and @entity1722 gene amplification and correlated with other prognostic factors in 70 @entity0 samples. ER and @entity7273 were analysed by immunohistochemistry. The mixed template assay showed 96% concordance between calculated and measured gene copy number. @entity10006 gene and @entity1722 amplification were both found in 24% of the @entity5 . The amplification did not correlate with any of the other prognostic factors. 8% of the @entity5 showed amplification of both genes without significant correlations to any of the other parameters. The fd-PCR assay is a valuable tool for determination of amplification of @entity10006 and @entity1722 genes. Therefore, more detailed information about individual tumour biology and outcome may be acquired by this routine assay and probably provide prognostic impact.

title: @entity10006 and @entity1722 gene amplification detected in 70 frozen XXXX @entity0 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The effect of @entity619 on interstitial @entity101 was evaluated in a @entity1 @entity694 . Two weeks after transplantation of the @entity5 line LS174T into @entity915 @entity19 , recipients with @entity5 > 8.5 mm in diameter received one daily injection i.p. on days 1-4, at five different doses in the range of 0.3-30 mg/kg. Controls received saline. The interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) was determined in all @entity5 pretherapeutically on days 1, 4, and 7. A total of 68 @entity5 were examined, and in an additional group of 22 @entity19 , the effect of 4-day @entity619 therapy on blood pressure was evaluated. In the 3-, 10-, and 30-mg/kg dose groups a significant reduction in IFP was found, comparing treated versus controls and individual measurements from day 1 versus day 4. No effects were observed on day 7. A marginal effect was observed after 1.0 mg/kg, whereas 0.3 mg/kg did not affect the IFP. The systemic blood pressure was slightly increased by the @entity619 therapy, and no treatment related changes in @entity5 sizes were observed. Our findings indicate that the reversible decrease in @entity5 IFP by @entity619 is an effect of a reduced microvascular permeability and vascular hydraulic conductivity in the @entity5 .

title: @entity619 reduces the interstitial fluid pressure in a XXXX @entity694 xenograft.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Hyperglycaemia, in insulin-dependent or independent @entity6 , promotes endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and is a major factor in the development of macro- or microvascular diseases. The mechanisms and the disease-related genes in @entity455 resulting from hyperglycaemia are poorly understood. Macroarrays. bearing a total of 588 cDNA known genes, were used to analyze HUVEC gene transcription subjected to 25 or 5-mM @entity413 for 24 h. Isolated mRNA derived from treated first passage HUVEC were reverse transcribed, 32P labeled, and hybridized to the cDNA macroarrays. Results show that acute hyperglycaemia induces an up-regulation of seven major genes, four of which were not previously reported in the literature. Northern blot analyses, performed on these 4 genes, confirm macroarrays results for alphav, @entity46238 , and @entity9502 . Moreover, time course analysis (0, 2, 4, 8, 2, 16, 24 h) of alphav, beta4 c-myc, and @entity9502 mRNA expression, observed by northern blot assays, showed a peak at time points situated between 2 to 8 h. The 3 other genes ( @entity2071 , @entity8652 , and @entity687 ), were shown by others to be significantly upregulated after @entity413 stimulation. Furthermore, ELISA assays performed on the supernatant of HUVEC culture medium showed a significant increase of @entity687 for cells treated with 25-mM compared to 5-mM @entity413 . Identified genes, upregulated in endothelial cells as a result of acute hyperglycaemia, may serve as therapeutic or diagnostic targets in @entity455 present in @entity6 @entity1 . These results also demonstrate the use of cDNA macroarrays as an effective approach in identifying genes implicated in a diseased cell.

title: Acute hyperglycaemia induces changes in the transcription levels of 4 major genes in XXXX endothelial cells: macroarrays-based expression analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions', 'vascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: A series of modifications have been introduced to the TNM staging system over time for @entity189 ( @entity189 ), mainly focused on the T ( @entity5 ) and N (local node) components of the system. The M1 stage is a 'catch all' classification, covering a group of @entity1 whose outlook ranges from potentially curable to incurable. Since the current M1 stage does not allow clinicians to stratify @entity1 according to prognosis or guide therapeutic decision-making and allow comparison of results of radical and non-radical treatments, we aimed to subdivide the M1 stage according to a retrospective study of 1027 metastatic @entity189 @entity1 and to review the relevant literature. Between 1995 and 2007, 1027 inpatients with distant @entity3 from @entity189 were retrospectively analyzed. Various possible subdivisions of the M1 stage were considered, looking at different metastatic sites, the number of metastatic organs and the number of @entity3 . Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The most frequently involved metastatic sites were the bone, lung and liver. The incidence rates of solitary metastatic lesions and pulmonary @entity3 were 16.2 and 41.3%. Despite the poor survival of these @entity1 with a median survival of 30.8 months, @entity1 in the metachronous metastatic group with @entity3 to the lung and/or solitary lesions, were defined as M1a, and were significantly associated with favorable median survival of 41.5 and 49.1 months in the univariate and multivariate analysis, respectively. @entity1 in the metachronous metastatic group with @entity3 to the lung and/or solitary lesions (M1a) have a more favorable prognosis compared with those @entity1 with multiple @entity3 located in other anatomic sites (M1b). These data, in one of the largest reported metastatic @entity189 cohorts, are the first to show the prognostic impact of metastatic status in @entity189 . As a powerful predictor, the potential clinical value of a modified M1 of the TNM system for @entity189 will facilitate @entity1 counseling and individualize management.

title: Challenges in the modification of the M1 stage of the TNM staging system for XXXX : A study of 1027 cases and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma', 'NPC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity5419 have been shown to have increased small @entity1944 ( @entity1944 ) following ingestion of the offending food as well as during elimination diets. We investigated @entity1944 in asymptomatic food @entity56 @entity1 during an elimination diet to identify clinical characteristics associated with altered @entity1944 . METHODS: Urinary recovery ratios of @entity11884 and @entity2656 (L/M) were determined 5 h following ingestion of 7.5 g of @entity11884 and 2 g of @entity2656 in 131 @entity291 's milk and egg @entity56 @entity1 . An L/M ratio of >= 0.025 was considered abnormal based upon previously established laboratory internal references. A chart review was conducted to assess the clinical characteristics of these @entity1 . RESULTS: A total of 50 (38%) of the 131 @entity1 (median 6.7, range 4.8-8.9 yr; 66.2% male) with @entity5419 had elevated @entity1944 while asymptomatic on strict elimination diets. Age and height negatively correlated with @entity1944 . However, in the regression model analysis, abnormal @entity1944 was associated with shorter stature independently of age. Otherwise, food @entity56 @entity1 with increased @entity1944 were comparable in gender, nutritional status, age of onset of @entity5419 , history of reactions, @entity66 , and family history of @entity5419 to those with normal @entity1944 . CONCLUSIONS: Elevated @entity1944 was found in about one-third of asymptomatic food @entity56 @entity1 on elimination diets and was associated with shorter stature. Our results suggest that increased @entity1944 may be an intrinsic trait in a subset of food @entity56 @entity1 . However, large, prospective studies are necessary to determine the role of impaired intestinal barrier in @entity5419 .

title: Intestinal permeability in XXXX with @entity5419 on specific elimination diets.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['IP', 'intestinal permeability']

entities_list: @entity2656 :: ('MESH:D008353', 'Chemical') :: ['mannitol']

entities_list: @entity11884 :: ('MESH:D007792', 'Chemical') :: ['lactulose']

entities_list: @entity5419 :: ('MESH:D005512', 'Disease') :: ['food allergy', 'food allergies']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['atopic diseases']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: AIMS: Research into new risk markers for @entity2316 is required. We aimed to study 24-hour urinary @entity650 excretion (uIL-6) in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 in relation to organ damage induced by increased blood pressure. METHODS: 24-hour uIL-6 and albumin excretion and 24-hour blood pressure recording were evaluated in 49 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 and normal renal function. @entity1 with optimized mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP), defined as SBP  <= 130 mmHg, and those with uncontrolled SBP (SBP > 130 mmHg) were compared. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to study significant contributors to variance in the 24-hour uIL-6 excretion rate. RESULTS: Albumin excretion rate (AER) and uIL-6 were significantly correlated (r=0.63; p<0.0001). @entity1 with mean 24-hour SBP above 130 mmHg (n=27) had significantly higher mean uIL-6 excretion than those with a mean 24-hour SBP equal to or below 130 mmHg (n=22) (p=0.009). The strength of the association of uIL-6 with diurnal and mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly greater than that with AER. Mean SBP (p<0.0001) contributed to 25% of AER variance after body mass index, age, sex, mean SBP, mean DBP, HbA1c and smoking status were accounted for. Mean 24-hour SBP (p=0.005) and smoking (p=0.03) contributed to 15% and 9%, respectively, of uIL-6 variance. CONCLUSIONS: Increased uIL-6, perhaps by reflecting significant @entity3145 and remodelling, could be a marker for increased mean SBP in @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Urinary @entity650 excretion reflects mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure in @entity164 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic kidney disease']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: This systematic review aimed at investigating the role of therapeutic exercise and/or manual therapy in the treatment of @entity570 ( @entity571 ). Two independent reviewers (AR, CV) searched PubMed, Cinahl, Cochrane Library, PEDro and Scopus databases and a third one (SP) was consulted in case of disagreement. The research criteria were publication period (from May 2007 to April 2012) and publication language (English or Italian). Ten randomized controlled trials matched inclusion criteria, eight of which concerning therapeutic exercise and two manual therapy. Few good quality studies were found. At mid- and long-term follow-up land-based exercises showed insufficient evidence of effectiveness with respect to @entity158 and quality of life, but positive results were found for physical function. Water exercises significantly reduced fall risk when combined with functional exercises. Programs containing progressive and gradual exposure of difficult activities, education and exercises promoted better outcomes, higher adherence to home program and increased amount of physical activity, especially walking. Manual therapy seemed to reduce @entity158 and @entity2319 at short-term. Less use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was statistically significant at long-term follow-up in @entity1 treated with manual therapy. The relationship between clinical results and radiological grade of @entity571 was not investigated. Encouraging results were found in recent literature for manual therapy and functional training. Further research is needed to elucidate this issue through high-quality trials, especially addressing the aspects that have not been thoroughly explored yet, for instance type, amount and scheduling of conservative treatment.

title: Manual therapy and therapeutic exercise in the treatment of XXXX : a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['decrease disability']

entities_list: @entity570 :: ('MESH:D015207', 'Disease') :: ['hip osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity570 :: (MESH:D015207,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis of the hip']


abstract: 1. Blockade of @entity143 receptors by @entity3390 impairs the inspiratory off-switch (IOS) of central origin but not the IOS evoked by stimulation of sensory afferents. To investigate whether this difference was due to the effects of different patterns of synaptic interactions on respiratory neurones, we stimulated electrically the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) or vagus nerve in decerebrate @entity468 before and after i.v. administration of @entity3390 , whilst recording intracellularly. 2. Phrenic nerve responses to ipsilateral SLN or vagal stimulation were: at mid-inspiration, a transient inhibition often followed by a brief burst of activity; at late inspiration, an IOS; and at mid-expiration, a late burst of activity. 3. In all neurones (n = 16), SLN stimulation at mid-inspiration evoked an early EPSP during phase 1 (latency to the arrest of @entity3457 ), followed by an IPSP in inspiratory (I) neurones (n = 8) and by a wave of EPSPs in post-inspiratory (PI) neurones (n = 8) during phase 2 (inhibition of phrenic activity). An EPSP in I neurones and an IPSP in PI neurones occurred during phase 3 (brief phrenic burst) following phase 2. 4. Evoked IOS was associated with a fast (phase 1) activation of PI neurones, whereas during spontaneous IOS, a progressive (30-50 ms) depolarization of PI neurones preceded the arrest of phrenic activity. 5. Phase 3 PSPs were similar to those occurring during the burst of activity seen at the start of spontaneous inspiration. 6. @entity3390 did not suppress the evoked phrenic inhibition and the late burst of activity. The shapes and timing of the evoked PSPs and the changes in membrane potential in I and PI neurones during the phase transition were not altered. 7. We hypothesize that afferent sensory pathways not requiring @entity143 receptors (1) terminate inspiration through a premature activation of PI neurones, and (2) evoke a late burst of phrenic activity which might be the first stage of the inspiratory on-switch.

title: Synaptic potentials in respiratory neurones during evoked phase switching after XXXX receptor blockade in the cat.

entities_list: @entity3390 :: ('MESH:D016291', 'Chemical') :: ['Dizocilpine', 'dizocilpine']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['phrenic nerve activity']

answer: @entity143 :: (CHEBI:6121,Chemical) :: ['NMDA']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1 with severe @entity1545 often require long-term sedation and have a high incidence of @entity580 , causing an increased mortality rate. However, whether anesthetic drugs might contribute to immunosuppressive effects remains unclear. METHODS: In this prospective study, we investigated the effects of @entity1875 (4-6 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) and methohexital (1-3 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) on neutrophil leukocyte function and immune status in 21 @entity1 with @entity1545 who either received @entity1875 (n = 12; 9 male, 3 female; mean age, 51 +/- 15 years) or methohexital (n = 9; 8 male, 1 female; mean age, 48 +/- 17 years) after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Both sedatives were administered over 7 days and individual dosage was adapted according to clinical requirements. Neutrophil leukocyte function was assessed as phagocytosis and respiratory oxidative burst activity. Furthermore, leukocyte subpopulations, and surface markers of lymphocytes and monocytes (CD3; @entity404 ; CD45RO; @entity404 /CD45RO; @entity7211 ; @entity404 and @entity7211 ; @entity2071 ; @entity7986 ; @entity5750 /HLA-DR; @entity405 ; CD3/HLA-DR; @entity404 : @entity405 ratio) were assessed. Blood samples were drawn on ICU admission, and on days 3, 7, and 14. @entity1 ' demographics were compared by Wilcoxon test and laboratory results were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measurements, with an all pairwise multiple comparison procedure. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis within or between the two groups at the different time points. With respect to cellular markers of lymphocytes and monocytes, all values throughout remained in the normal range. CONCLUSION: Methohexital and @entity1875 exhibited no significant effects on neutrophil function and immune status in @entity1 with severe @entity1545 requiring long-term sedation.

title: Effects of XXXX vs methohexital on neutrophil function and immune status in critically ill @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: PURPOSE: To study the effect of rigid contact lens @entity26 transmissibility on cell proliferation of the corneal, limbal, and conjunctival epithelium in vivo following 2 days of extended wear in the @entity95 model. METHODS: Fourteen adult New Zealand White @entity95 were divided equally into two groups. Each group was assigned to one of two test rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses (Dk/Ltotal = 10 and 97) with uniform thickness (0.15 mm) and diameter (14.0 mm). One eye of each @entity95 randomly received a contact lens for two days (48 hrs) extended wear, and the fellow eye was used as a control. @entity95 were injected intravenously with @entity1603 (200 mg/kg) in sterile @entity1391 buffered saline (pH 7.4) 24 hours before being killed. Corneas with a limbal rim of episclera and overlying conjunctiva were fixed in situ and excised. Nuclei labeled with @entity1603 were detected with a monoclonal anti- @entity1603 antibody and an @entity2823 -conjugated secondary antibody. Digital images were collected and @entity1603 -labeled nuclei of whole-mount corneas were counted from superior limbus to inferior limbus using epifluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Twenty-four hours after intravenous injection of @entity1603 , labeled nuclei were confined to and appeared as pairs in the basal epithelial layer. The density of @entity1603 -labeled nuclei were found to be 258 +/- 42, 167 +/- 43, 372 +/- 64, and 310 +/- 46 (pairs/mm2, mean +/- SD, n = 14) in normal controls for adjacent conjunctiva, limbus, peripheral @entity267 , respectively. By contrast,there was significant 81.35% (low Dk)and 22.46% (ultra-high Dk) suppression of cell proliferation in the central cornea after two days lens wear (n = 7). In addition, significant increases in the labeling of limbal and conjunctival epithelium were also noted. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly less @entity1603 labeling of epithelial cells at the normal @entity95 limbus was noted as compared to the peripheral and central cornea (P < 0.05) and is consistent with the presence of slow-cycling limbal basal cells and the limbal stem cell theory; however, this is the first report of up-regulation of limbal cell proliferation induced by contact lens wear. This study also revealed, for the first time, that short-term extended wear of RGP lenses inhibits central corneal epithelial cell proliferation. This effect was significantly more pronounced for a low- @entity26 vs. a hyper- @entity26 transmissible test lens. This data also suggests that corneal epithelial layer thinning seen following extended contact lens wear may be explained, in part, by suppression of basal epithelial cell proliferation. Further study is clearly necessary to validate and extend these preliminary findings.

title: The effect of rigid gas permeable contact lens wear on proliferation of XXXX corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', '5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity267 :: ('MESH:D065306', 'Disease') :: ['cornea, and central cornea']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to define the normal CT appearance of the four pancreaticoduodenal veins (anterior and posterior superior, and anterior and posterior inferior) in the head of the pancreas in injected cadaveric specimens and to assess the frequency with which these normal vessels are seen on dynamic contrast-enhanced CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The appearance of the four pancreaticoduodenal veins was studied on CT scans of four cadavers in which the portal veins were injected in situ with radiopaque solutions. A computer-generated three-dimensional model of the pancreatic head and its venous drainage was then produced from one cadaveric examination to show the venous anatomy. After definition of the venous anatomy in the cadaveric specimen, the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein, posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein, and gastrocolic trunk were analyzed retrospectively on dynamic bolus contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans of 100 consecutive @entity1 who had no evidence of @entity660 . RESULTS: The anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal veins were seen on 98% and 88% of scans, respectively. The veins had mean diameters of 2.1 mm. The gastrocolic trunk was seen on 89% of scans and had a mean diameter of 4.7 mm. The inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins are small and were not identified definitively. CONCLUSION: The anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal veins and gastrocolic trunk are routinely visualized on CT scans of @entity1 without @entity660 . Consequently, assessment of the veins may be useful in staging @entity3123 .

title: Venous anatomy of the pancreatic head: normal CT appearance in cadavers and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity660 :: ('MESH:D010182', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity884 is a rare entity, corresponding to 1 to 3% of native @entity340 cases. It has a typically adverse prognosis, with high mortality. There is a reported predilection for the aortic valve; thus, a common presentation is acute @entity712 . We present a case of a 60-year-old @entity1 with a history of @entity1244 , who was admitted with the diagnosis of @entity55 . She rapidly deteriorated with signs of @entity326 and was transferred to the critical care unit. The transesophageal echocardiogram revealed severe @entity337 due to @entity340 . Blood cultures were positive for @entity328 . She underwent cardiac surgery and had @entity260 . Nonetheless, the @entity1 made a slow and complete recovery. @entity166 should be ruled out if any suspicion arises, and echocardiography should be performed in an early stage in @entity1 with poor response to vasopressors and inotropes. @entity1 with @entity884 benefit from an aggressive approach, with performance of early surgery.

title: Native aortic valve XXXX --fulminant presentation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['left heart failure']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['multiple postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['Infectious endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['aortic regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve vegetations', 'valve endocarditis']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal endocarditis', 'Pneumococcal endocarditis']

answer: @entity884 :: (MESH:D004696,Disease) :: ['pneumococcal endocarditis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Disturbances of conduction are well known in the setting of @entity4789 . The aim of this study is to investigate the @entity1162 as seen in the surface electrocardiogram of @entity1 with @entity4789 . METHODS: @entity1162 was quantitatively evaluated in 88 @entity1 with @entity4789 . @entity1 were divided into two groups based on the absence or presence of @entity2401 . As a control group, we studied 36 healthy @entity1 free of any disease, and matched for age with both groups. Repeat echocardiographic examinations were routinely scheduled in all @entity1 at 3 months after the initial attack to study the evolution of @entity75 . RESULTS: The mean @entity1162 was significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity627 . But there was no statistical difference between @entity1 without @entity2401 and normal @entity1 . Among the @entity1 with @entity2401 , the mean dispersion was higher in those with significant @entity338 . Dispersion of greater than 55 milliseconds had a sensitivity of 85%, and specificity of 70%, in predicting @entity627 , while a value of 65 milliseconds or greater had sensitivity of 81% specificity of 85% in predicting severe @entity75 in @entity22293 . At follow-up examination, a clear reduction on the @entity1162 was the main finding, reflecting an electrophysiological improvement. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that @entity1162 is increased in association with cardiac involvement in @entity1 with @entity4789 .

title: XXXX in @entity4789 .

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['acute rheumatic fever']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic carditis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['valvar lesions']

entities_list: @entity338 :: ('MESH:D011665', 'Disease') :: ['valvar regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['QT dispersion']

entities_list: @entity22293 :: ('MESH:C538407', 'Disease') :: ['acute rheumatic carditis']

answer: @entity1162 :: (MESH:D008133,Disease) :: ['QT dispersion']


abstract: It was determined whether @entity1 hepatocyte growth factor ( @entity11968 )-producing ability would change in the @entity1 embryonic lung fibroblast cell strains (MRC-5 and IMR-90) until the cells senesced in culture. The effects of @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ), @entity619 , and @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) on @entity11968 production were also studied in these cell strains. For stimulation of DNA synthesis of adult @entity35 hepatocytes in primary culture, @entity11968 secreted by MRC-5 cells at 39.9 and 69.8 population doubling levels (PDLs) showed almost the same activity as recombinant @entity11968 . Secretion of @entity11968 by MRC-5 cells increased about threefold between 37.3 and 67.8 PDLs. IMR-90 cells also showed about a threefold increase in @entity11968 secretion with increased passage from 37.8 to 66.0 PDL. Both cell strains showed almost the same ratio of @entity11968 amount in the cell extracts to that secreted into the medium around 40 and 70 PDLs. Northern blot analysis showed that the transcriptional level of the @entity11968 gene in MRC-5 cells increased about three-fold from 42.0 to 73.6 PDL in culture. These findings indicated that @entity11968 production increased in both cell strains with aging in culture. Production of @entity11968 in both cell strains was remarkably stimulated by treatment with 10 nM @entity4515 . On the other hand, @entity11968 production in both cell strains was slightly suppressed by treatment with 1 microM @entity619 . @entity2533 at a concentration of 5 ng/ml prominently inhibited @entity11968 production in both cell strains. The response of both cell strains to these regulators for @entity11968 production was almost the same around 40 and 70 PDLs in culture.

title: Increase in production of hepatocyte growth factor by XXXX embryonic lung fibroblasts in the process of aging in culture.

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-beta 1', 'TGF-beta', 'TGF-beta 1']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to study the incidence, risk factors, and treatment of gross @entity8763 and @entity1458 following sclerotherapy for @entity1211 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records and imaging studies of 131 @entity1 with @entity1211 (57 male and 74 female @entity1 ; age range, 2-58 years) who underwent sclerotherapy at our institution between July 1993 and August 2007 were reviewed. Demographic data, the location and estimated size of the @entity600 , the type and dose of the sclerosing agents, development of postprocedural @entity8763 and @entity1458 , and the treatment given were documented and analyzed. RESULTS: Four hundred seventy-five sclerotherapy procedures were performed on 131 @entity1 , with the number of procedures per @entity1 ranging from 1 to 21 (mean, 3.6 procedures). @entity13420 was used in 47% of the procedures, @entity1068 in 27%, and both agents in 26%. Transient @entity8763 occurred after 34% of the sclerotherapy procedures, and 57% of these were associated with transient @entity1458 , with increased risk with higher adjusted doses (sclerosant volume/weight of @entity1 ) for both agents. Resolution of the @entity8763 and @entity1458 with hydration, alkalinization, and diuretics occurred in all @entity1 . The risk of @entity8763 increased with higher adjusted dose (sclerosant volume/weight of @entity1 ) for both agents and with sclerotherapy of @entity1211 affecting the lower extremities and multiple locations. CONCLUSION: Transient @entity8763 and @entity1458 are common complications of sclerotherapy for @entity1211 . Nevertheless, with proper fluid management, all the @entity1 promptly recovered. The risk correlates with the volume of sclerosant (adjusted to @entity1 's weight) and is higher for lower extremity and multiple locations.

title: Gross XXXX and @entity1458 are common transient complications of sclerotherapy for @entity1211 : review of 475 procedures.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity13420 :: ('MESH:D012981', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium tetradecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity8763 :: ('MESH:D006456', 'Disease') :: ['hemoglobinuria']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous malformation', 'venous malformations']

answer: @entity8763 :: (MESH:D006456,Disease) :: ['hemoglobinuria']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to determine the erosive @entity3356 (ETW) status of institutionalized @entity1 for @entity285 misuse rehabilitation therapy in the north of Portugal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, analytical, and cross-sectional study, conducted on 277 individuals (83.4  % @entity1 ) with an average age of 43.6      8.4  years, institutionalized at @entity46219 (IDT-Norte). ETW prevalence and severity were assessed by Eccles and Jenkins index. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify ETW risk factors. Subjects with ETW risk identification according to biological and behavioral exposure were determined in the study. RESULTS: ETW prevalence was 98.6  %. In the cohort, 51.3  % showed localized ETW lesions, 40.1  % generalized ETW lesions, and 7.2  % enamel ETW lesions, more frequently localized in maxilla. From the examined dental surfaces (n  =  15,598), 11,493 had @entity75 : 92.4  % (95  % CI 91.7-93.1  %) of all occlusal surfaces, 71.9  % (95  % CI 70.7-73.1  %) of all palatal/lingual, and 56.7  % (95  % CI 55.4-58.1  %) of all buccal surfaces. Buccal and lingual surfaces showed 43.2 and 41.8  % enamel @entity75 ; occlusal surfaces had 43.4  % localized @entity75 in dentin. The main ETW risk factors were as follows: age, @entity354 over 1  year, daily intake of @entity285 >= 240  g (grams), and intra-oral location in anterior region; 46.2  % of the @entity1 had erosive risk by exposure to biological and behavioral factors. CONCLUSIONS: The ETW status showed high values for disease prevalence and severity, mainly located in the maxilla, and high frequency of @entity75 at occlusal, buccal, and lingual surfaces, resulting from simultaneous exposure to several risk factors. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: For ETW differential diagnosis, the association of both clinical and biological/nutritional/behavioral risk factors should be done for each studied population.

title: Erosive @entity3356 status of institutionalized alcoholic XXXX under rehabilitation therapy in the north of Portugal.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity46219 :: ('MESH:C535675', 'Disease') :: ['Instituto da Droga e Toxicodepend  ncia-Delega    o Regional Norte']

entities_list: @entity3356 :: ('MESH:D057085', 'Disease') :: ['tooth wear']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['erosive wear lesions']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity683 in @entity1 causes significant clinical and economic burden. Although some European countries have adopted @entity683 immunisation policies for healthy @entity1 , the debate about paediatric @entity683 vaccination in most countries of the European Union is ongoing. Our aim was to summarise @entity683 burden (in terms of health outcomes and economic burden) in @entity1 in Western Europe via a systematic literature review. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (1970-April 2011) and extracted data on @entity683 burden in @entity1 (defined as aged  <= 18 years) from 50 publications (13 reporting laboratory-confirmed @entity683 ; 37 reporting @entity683 ). RESULTS: @entity1 with laboratory-confirmed @entity683 experienced hospitalisations (0.3%-20%), medical visits (1.7-2.8 visits per case), antibiotic prescriptions (7%-55%), and antipyretic or other medications for symptomatic relief (76%-99%); young @entity1 and those with severe illness had the highest rates of health care use. Influenza in @entity1 also led to absenteeism from day care, school, or work for the @entity1 , their siblings, and their parents. Average (mean or median) length of absence from school or day care associated with confirmed @entity683 ranged from 2.8 to 12.0 days for the @entity1 , from 1.3 to 6.0 days for their siblings, and from 1.3 to 6.3 days for their parents. Influenza negatively affected health-related quality of life in @entity1 with @entity565 , including symptoms and activities; this negative effect was smaller in vaccinated @entity1 than in non-vaccinated @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Influenza burden in @entity1 is substantial and has a significant direct impact on the ill @entity1 and an indirect impact on their siblings and parents. The identified evidence regarding the burden of @entity683 may help inform both @entity683 antiviral use in @entity1 and paediatric immunisation policies in European countries.

title: Burden of paediatric XXXX in Western Europe: a systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['Influenza illness', 'influenza', 'influenza-like illness']

answer: @entity683 :: (MESH:D007251,Disease) :: ['influenza']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: In recent years, a number of structurally diverse @entity15152 ( @entity15152 ) inhibitors have been identified and these @entity15152 inhibitors induce @entity851 , differentiation and/or apoptosis of @entity5 cells in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed at investigating the anti- @entity5 activity of newly synthesized @entity15152 inhibitor, @entity45401 (IN-2001) using @entity1 @entity0 cells. METHODS: We have synthesized a new @entity15152 inhibitor, IN-2001, and cell proliferation inhibition assay with this chemical in @entity172 receptor-positive @entity1 @entity0 MCF-7 cells. Cell cycle analysis on MCF-7 cells treated with IN-2001 was carried out by flow cytometry and gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In MCF-7 cells IN-2001 showed remarkable anti-proliferative effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In MCF-7 cells, IN-2001 showed a more potent growth inhibitory effect than that of @entity782 . These growth inhibitory effects were related to the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. IN-2001 showed accumulation of cells at G(2)/M phase and of the sub-G(1) population in a time-dependent manner, representing apoptotic cells. IN-2001-mediated cell cycle arrest was associated with @entity15152 inhibitor-mediated induction of CDK inhibitor expression. In MCF-7 cells, IN-2001 significantly increased @entity994 ( @entity994 ) expression. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) induced growth inhibition, possibly through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as CDK inhibitors, and cyclins. Taken together, these results provide an insight into the utility of @entity15152 inhibitors as a novel chemotherapeutic regime for hormone-sensitive and insensitive @entity0 .

title: Anti- @entity5 Effect of @entity45401 in MCF-7 XXXX Breast @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth arrest']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity15152 :: ('9734', 'Gene') :: ['Histone deacetylase', 'HDAC']

entities_list: @entity45401 :: ('MESH:C511697', 'Chemical') :: ['3-(4-dimethylamino phenyl)-N-hydroxy-2-propenamide']

entities_list: @entity782 :: ('MESH:C111237', 'Chemical') :: ['suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Periportal @entity4 ( @entity15978 ) of the liver in multislice computed tomography (MS-CT) scans that develops immediately (primary @entity15978 [pPPE]) or later (secondary @entity15978 [sPPE]) is not uncommon in severe @entity130 @entity1 . Although @entity15978 may serve as a marker for blunt @entity1661 (22-31 % of cases), distinct causes and clinical implications of @entity15978 are unclear. We analyzed the incidence of pPPE and sPPE in 68 MS-CT scans in severe @entity130 @entity1 (2007-2009). Exclusion criteria were severely burned @entity1 and @entity1 with preexistent @entity409 predisposing to @entity15978 . We divided @entity15978 + @entity1 into two subpopulations-either initial/primary @entity15978 (pPPE+) or later/secondary @entity15978 (sPPE+). Further @entity1 data were collected and statistically analyzed. @entity15978 + was found in 27.9 % (n = 19). Females predominated (p = 0.01), and @entity15978 + @entity1 presented with a significantly better pH at admission (p = 0.008). The total amount of volume resuscitation (1,983    1,155 ml; p = 0.02) and crystalloids (1,117    796 ml; p = 0.006) administered before MS-CT scans was significantly higher in @entity15978 +, whereas the amount of administered colloids (797    640 ml) showed no significant difference in both groups. @entity15978 + was not associated with further @entity1 data, i.e., @entity130 mechanism, injury severity, prognosis-relevant factors, adverse clinical events, or mortality. pPPE+ in MS-CT may serve as a surrogate parameter for intravenous volume load and/or @entity450 , and sPPE+ may also indicate @entity450 and @entity712 after severe @entity130 . In severe @entity130 @entity1 with pPPE+/sPPE+ in MS-CT scans, causes of @entity15978 relating to intravenous fluid overload and/or @entity450 should be excluded or treated.

title: Clinical implications of immediate or later periportal XXXX in @entity130 scans: surrogate parameter of intravenous fluid status and @entity450 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['right heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver diseases']

entities_list: @entity450 :: ('MESH:D006940', 'Disease') :: ['venous congestion']

answer: @entity4 :: (MESH:D004487,Disease) :: ['edema']


abstract: A 31-year-old @entity1 underwent immunosuppressive treatment and was treated with 150 mg per day of prophylactic oral @entity2380 after receiving a small-intestine transplant. The @entity1 had acute rejection by the end of the first week after the transplant. Endoscopic examination showed white plaques. In blood and urine cultures, growth of @entity5132 was detected. Biopsy specimens showed high levels of conidia and hyphae in all regions. Intravenous treatment with @entity11794 was started for the @entity1 . Candidal findings had regressed on follow-up endoscopy. However, the @entity1 died 3 months after transplant because of the effects of immunosuppression on his bone marrow and the development of disseminated @entity5642 . Candida species are the most common cause of invasive @entity364 that develop after solid-organ transplant. Following transplant, @entity4963 may develop during systemic antifungal treatment with a high level of mortality.

title: Disseminated candidiasis developing during prophylaxis with XXXX in a small-intestine transplant recipient.

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

entities_list: @entity4963 :: ('MESH:D058387', 'Disease') :: ['candidemia']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infections']

entities_list: @entity11794 :: ('MESH:C105417', 'Chemical') :: ['caspofungin']

answer: @entity2380 :: (MESH:D015725,Chemical) :: ['fluconazole']


abstract: Absence of the spleen or splenic function predisposes individuals to risk of @entity281 . These @entity281 are most often due to encapsulated organisms, especially pneumococcus, @entity327 type b, and meningococcus, but any bacterial agent may cause the rapid onset of @entity295 , @entity693 , @entity55 , and shock characteristic of the @entity558 . The risk is greatest in @entity1 and young @entity1 , but @entity4479 also have an increased risk of @entity281 . Prophylactic antibiotics and immunization with polyvalent pneumococcal, @entity327 type b, and meningococcal vaccines have reduced the incidence of @entity281 in asplenic-hyposplenic individuals, but even these measures have not eliminated the risk. Surgeons have adopted techniques to save as much splenic tissue as possible and some splenic functions, such as pitting red cells, have been preserved, but conservative surgery has not provided total protection against @entity281 . Therapies designed to interrupt the cascade of overwhelming @entity295 have not yet been successful. In those cases in which the spleen is surgically removed, the underlying disease or condition leading to splenectomy influences the risk of @entity295 . Splenectomy incidental to other operations, such as gastrectomy, results in the lowest risk for @entity281 , but this is still some 35-fold greater than the risk for overwhelming @entity281 in the general population. In increasing order of risk, the other main indications for surgical removal of the spleen are @entity882 , @entity130 , transplantation procedures, @entity4310 , @entity101 with @entity6118 , and @entity2395 . Pathologists should comment on the risk of overwhelming @entity295 when spleens are processed as surgical specimens, and should carefully weigh all @entity4558 ( @entity4558 ), in autopsy cases with and without overwhelming @entity295 .

title: @entity295 : postsplenectomy XXXX revisited.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'children']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['asplenic-hyposplenic condition']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'septicemia']

entities_list: @entity4479 :: ('MESH:C538052', 'Disease') :: ['asplenic-hyposplenic adults']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['portal hypertension']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity6118 :: ('MESH:D006971', 'Disease') :: ['hypersplenism']

entities_list: @entity2395 :: ('MESH:D013789', 'Disease') :: ['thalassemia']

entities_list: @entity327 :: ('727', 'Species') :: ['H. influenzae', 'Haemophilus influenzae']

entities_list: @entity4558 :: ('MESH:D013158', 'Disease') :: ['splenosis', 'splenic tissue, including accessory spleens and splenic implants']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'overwhelming infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity4310 :: ('MESH:D009386', 'Disease') :: ["hereditary spherocytosis, staging Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: Low y serum albumin and high @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) have been shown to be significant predictors of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) @entity1 . Although @entity4988 has been attributed to @entity3147 , it has recently been recognized evidence of @entity32 that predicts serum albumin concentration in dialysis @entity1 . AIM: To establish, in our HD @entity1 , the factors associated with @entity3147 , @entity4988 and elevated levels of @entity1851 to determine its influence in the incidence and cause of @entity204 during a one year follow-up period. METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed in 64 @entity1 (35 males, 13% @entity6 ; mean age 64 +/- 12), who had beep on HD for 64 +/- 58 months. We assessed nutritional status by anthropometric and biochemical parameters and estimated protein and calorie intake by diet recall. The dialysis dose was measure by KT/V normalized for actual and ideal body weight (BW). Comorbidity (total and cardiovascular) were measured using a modified M. Charlson index. @entity1851 was used as a marker of @entity32 . During a one year follow-up period we determined the incidence and cause of @entity204 . RESULTS: According to Bilbrey index only seven @entity1 (11%) were well nourished. The variables associated with @entity3147 were civil status (not married) and dialysis dose estimated by KT/V normalized to ideal BW. Serum albumin (mean 4.1 +/- 0.3 g/dl) was associated with @entity1011 , comorbidity age and @entity281 . 37.5% of the @entity1 had @entity31553 mg/dl and they had more @entity65 and lower serum albumin, and they used higher doses of @entity1307 (table III). @entity1 using modified cellulosic membranes had higher levels of @entity1851 . Multivariate analysis showed that high global comorbidity, low serum @entity165 , and high level of @entity1851 and hematocrit predicted @entity204 . The principal cause of mortality was @entity281 . CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is a common problem in HD @entity1 . Low dialysis dose is associated with @entity3147 in some @entity1 . We propose to normalize @entity1133 clearances to ideal body weight. Inflammatory activity is frequent in HD, probably as a result of intermittent activation of the acute phase response during the dialysis procedure. Low serum albumin in HD @entity1 is principally associated with @entity32 but not with @entity3147 . @entity1851 is a sensitive marker of @entity32 and an power predictor of mortality in HD @entity1 .

title: [Nutritional status, comorbidity, and XXXX in hemodialysis].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'infection/inflammation']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular comorbidity']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']


abstract: @entity3118 has widely been studied in @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ), with impressive remission rates in refractory, relapsed or untreated disease. In our study the clinical response and survival of 9 @entity1 with a mean follow-up time of 28 months after treatment with @entity3118 as a single agent for @entity1072 has been evaluated. Seven @entity1 were previously treated. Partial remission was achieved in 8 @entity1 . No complete remission was seen. The cytoreductive activity of @entity3118 was excellent in all the 9 @entity1 . The median time to progression was 13.5 months. The median survival time from entering the trial was 27.9 months. Our @entity1 tolerated the @entity3118 treatment extremely well. Although @entity3118 has been established as the most active single agent in @entity1072 , most @entity1 will have recurrent disease. 7/9 @entity1 relapsed in our study, and they were given further chemotherapy. Grade 4 hematologic @entity137 was observed in 2 @entity1 . During the @entity3118 treatment the frequency of @entity281 decreased, but in the following 12 months increased again. Three @entity3118 -treated @entity1 developed high-grade @entity1893 . It is concluded that @entity3118 is a highly useful agent in @entity1072 .

title: [Long-term results with XXXX monotherapy in @entity1072 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['CLL', 'chronic lymphocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3118 :: ('MESH:C024352', 'Chemical') :: ['Fludarabine', 'fludarabine']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']

answer: @entity3118 :: (MESH:C024352,Chemical) :: ['fludarabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of @entity1518 can prevent fatal @entity20943 . Abnormal orientation of the @entity6029 ( @entity6029 ) and vein (SMV) on ultrasonography (US) has been described in @entity1518 . We aimed to determine the accuracy of this technique. METHODS: All @entity1 undergoing both upper @entity344 (UGI) and US for possible @entity1518 over a 3-year period were reviewed. @entity1 were excluded if US did not include SMV/ @entity6029 orientation or if the duodenojejunal flexure was not visualized on UGI. RESULTS: Of 211 eligible @entity1 , UGI and US were both normal in 62% and both abnormal in 15%. Forty-four had abnormal US and normal UGI (false positive, 21%), and 5 @entity1 had normal US and abnormal UGI (false negative, 2%). Of these 5, none were found to have a short mesenteric base, which put them at risk for @entity3313 . Among abnormal ultrasounds, inversion of SMV/ @entity6029 and a "whirlpool" sign were more predictive for @entity1518 and @entity3313 than anterior/posterior orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography is a good screening tool that effectively rules out @entity1518 at risk for @entity3313 . @entity1 with an abnormal ultrasound should have an UGI or go to the operating room, depending on clinical findings.

title: Is ultrasonography a good screening test for XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity20943 :: ('MESH:C562456', 'Disease') :: ['midgut volvulus']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal series']

entities_list: @entity1518 :: ('MESH:C562835', 'Disease') :: ['malrotation']

entities_list: @entity6029 :: ('MESH:D013478', 'Disease') :: ['superior mesenteric artery', 'SMA']

answer: @entity1518 :: (MESH:C562835,Disease) :: ['intestinal malrotation']


abstract: Telomerase activity has a close relationship with @entity5 in many cell types and it is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level of @entity1 telomerase reverse transcriptase ( @entity2215 ). Utilizing the @entity2215 promoter, the authors developed a gene delivery system of Fas associated protein with death domain ( @entity23903 ) ( @entity2215 / @entity23903 ). @entity23903 is a protein which plays an important role in the apoptotic pathway of Fas. Over-expression of @entity23903 induces apoptosis in the cells regardless of Fas expression on the cell surface. We hypothesized that we might be able to restrict the expression of @entity23903 in @entity11 cells if we use the gene transfer system under the control of @entity2215 promoter. This study was designed to investigate whether the @entity2215 / @entity23903 construct induces apoptosis effectively in @entity11 cells while keeping normal cells intact. First, using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique, we confirmed that @entity2215 mRNA was expressed in @entity1 @entity11 cells (U373-MG, A172 and GB-1), but not in cultured astrocytes (TEN) or fibroblasts (MRC5). After transient transfection with the @entity2215 / @entity23903 construct, a significant number of @entity23903 -positive cells and apoptotic cells were detected in @entity2215 -positive @entity11 cells. In contrast, @entity2215 -negative astrocytes and fibroblasts remained intact. Furthermore, subcutaneously @entity5 treated with the @entity2215 / @entity23903 construct reduced in volume significantly compared to the conrol treatment (p=0.0001). Gene transfer of @entity23903 under the control of the @entity2215 promoter may be a novel and promising therapy to kill @entity2215 -positive @entity11 cells while sparing normal brain cells lacking @entity2215 .

title: A novel treatment of XXXX @entity11 in vitro and in vivo: @entity23903 gene transfer under the control of the @entity1 telomerase reverse transcriptase gene promoter.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['implanted U373-MG tumors', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Randomized trials have demonstrated that adding a drug to a single-agent or to a two-agent regimen increased the @entity5 response rate in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), although its impact on survival remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical benefit of adding a drug to a single-agent or two-agent chemotherapy regimen in terms of @entity5 response rate, survival, and @entity137 in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 . SEARCH METHODS: There were no language restrictions. Searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE were performed using the search terms @entity1149 /drug therapy, @entity420 , @entity152 , @entity957 , lung, @entity5 , clinical trial phase III, and randomized trial. Manual searches were also performed to find conference proceedings published between January 1982 and June 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA: Data from all randomized controlled trials performed between 1980 and 2006 (published between January 1980 and June 2006) comparing a doublet regimen with a single-agent regimen or comparing a triplet regimen with a doublet regimen in @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent investigators reviewed the publications and extracted the data. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) for the objective @entity5 response rate, one-year survival rate, and @entity137 rate were calculated using the fixed-effect model. Pooled @entity10036 ( @entity10036 ) for median survival also were calculated using the fixed-effect model. ORs and @entity10036 lower than unity (< 1.0) indicate a benefit of a doublet regimen compared with a single-agent regimen (or a triplet regimen compared with a doublet regimen). MAIN RESULTS: Sixty-five trials (13601 @entity1 ) were eligible. In the trials comparing a doublet regimen with a single-agent regimen, a significant increase was observed in @entity5 response (OR 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37 to 0.47, P < 0.001) and one-year survival (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.91, P < 0.001) in favor of the doublet regimen. The median survival ratio was 0.83 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.89, P < 0.001). An increase also was observed in the @entity5 response rate (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.75, P < 0.001) in favor of the triplet regimen, but not for one-year survival (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.21, P = 0.88). The median survival ratio was 1.00 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.06, P = 0.97). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Adding a second drug improved @entity5 response and survival rate. Adding a third drug had a weaker effect on @entity5 response and no effect on survival.

title: WITHDRAWN: Second or third additional chemotherapy drug for XXXX in @entity1 with advanced disease.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous-cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer', 'non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity10036 :: ('MESH:D020423', 'Disease') :: ['MRs', 'median ratios']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large-cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of short-wavelength automated perimetry in the diagnosis of @entity726 . METHODS: Fourty-six eyes of 36 @entity1 with early open @entity726 and a group of 38 normal @entity1 (46 eyes) were examined both by the standard automated (white-on-white, W/W) perimeter and short-wavelength (blue-on-yellow, B/Y) perimeter. The age and sex in two groups were matched. The program 24 - 2 was performed on both B/Y and W/W fields in two groups. The @entity3917 ( @entity3917 ) of the central 25 degrees and in each quadrant from two perimetries was calculated and analyzed statistically by Student t-test and ASNOV. RESULTS: The difference of @entity3917 in central 25 degrees between two perimetries in normal group was 1.63 dB which showed a statistical significance of difference (t = 3.57, P < 0.001). @entity3917 was significantly higher in W/W than that in B/Y either in central 25 degrees or in each corresponding quadrant (t = 3.45, P < 0.001). The @entity3917 difference between them was more than 2.87 dB and the @entity3917 average difference of the corresponding quadrant was more than 2.5 dB (t = 4.57, 3.42, P < 0.001). @entity3917 from four quadrants were different from one other. The lowest @entity3917 was in the superior temporal, the highest @entity3917 was in inferior nasal quadrant; the superior nasal and inferior temporal were in between them. The defects in B/Y perimetry were larger and deeper than that in W/W perimetry. The result of corrected deviation points (u = 3.22, P < 0.05) was used to account the defected testing points, which showed the defected points were significantly more in B/Y perimetry than that in W/W perimetry (chi(2) = 226.72, P < 0.001). The data revealed that the defected testing points from B/Y perimetry were 2.6 times of that from W/W perimetry. In the @entity726 group, the positive rate in the abnormal visual field from B/Y perimetry was 87% (40/46) and that from W/W perimetry, 67% (31/46). CONCLUSIONS: A good coincidence is demonstrated between B/Y and W/W perimetries both in normal and in early open @entity726 groups. B/Y perimetry is more sensitive than W/W perimetry in detecting early glaucomatous @entity227 . The positive rate is higher and the defects are larger and deeper in B/Y perimetry than that in W/W perimetry. Therefore, B/Y perimetry can detect @entity726 defects earlier. It is suggested that B/Y perimetry be applied in diagnosing @entity726 .

title: [Short-wavelength perimetry in diagnosis of XXXX : comparison with standard automated perimetry].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defects']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'mean light sensitivity']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma', 'angle glaucoma', 'early glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['early glaucoma']


abstract: @entity1679 is a commensal and an opportunistic pathogen of economically important livestock, causing diseases as diverse as @entity1271 , liver abscessation and @entity55 . This organism possesses a number of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenic potential. A. pyogenes expresses a @entity165 -dependent cytolysin, @entity48862 , which is a haemolysin and is cytolytic for immune cells, including macrophages. Expression of pyolysin is required for virulence and this molecule is the most promising vaccine candidate identified to date. A. pyogenes also possesses a number of adherence mechanisms, including two neuraminidases, the action of which are required for full adhesion to epithelial cells, and several extracellular matrix-binding proteins, including a collagen-binding protein, which may be required for adhesion to collagen-rich tissue. A. pyogenes also expresses fimbriae, which are similar to the type 2 fimbriae of Actinomyces naeslundii, and forms biofilms. However, the role of these factors in the pathogenesis of A. pyogenes infections remains to be elucidated. A. pyogenes also invades and survives within epithelial cells and can survive within J774A.1 macrophages for up to 72 h, suggesting an important role for A. pyogenes interaction with host cells during pathogenesis. The two component regulatory system, PloSR, up-regulates pyolysin expression and biofilm formation but down-regulates expression of proteases, suggesting that it may act as a global regulator of A. pyogenes virulence. A. pyogenes is a versatile pathogen, with an arsenal of virulence determinants. However, most aspects of the pathogenesis of @entity281 caused by this important opportunistic pathogen remain poorly characterized.

title: XXXX : molecular pathogenesis of an animal opportunist.

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1679 :: ('1661', 'Species') :: ['Arcanobacterium pyogenes']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1679 :: (1661,Species) :: ['Arcanobacterium pyogenes']


abstract: In this report, we describe the case of a new Japanese family (32 to 64 years old; 2 females and 1 male) affected by adult-onset @entity26008 . Clinically, one member (age at onset, 56 years old) developed @entity6447 , another (age at onset, 55 years old) showed @entity6447 and pseudobulbar signs, and one member (32 years old) was asymptomatic. Marked @entity194 and spinal cord was detected in the two symptomatic @entity1 by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, in the asymptomatic @entity1 , cervicomedullary @entity194 was mild. Hyperintensity signals in the medulla oblongata were detected in the two symptomatic @entity1 , but not in the asymptomatic @entity1 . In addition, there are symmetrical hyperintensity signals in the posterior part of the globus pallidus on T2-weighted images in the two symptomatic @entity1 , which are rarely observed in adult-onset @entity26008 . Molecular genetic analysis revealed a novel missense mutation ( @entity46918 ) in the @entity538 ( @entity538 ) gene in this family. The typical @entity194 and upper cervical cord detected by MRI is the diagnostic feature of adult-onset @entity26008 . Genetic analysis of the @entity538 gene is recommended for all @entity1 with late-onset progressive @entity2055 and suspected of having adult-onset @entity26008 on the basis of MRI findings. Additionally, these characteristic MRI patterns might even lead to the identification of asymptomatic cases, as in one of our cases.

title: Familial adult-onset XXXX with a novel mutation ( @entity46918 ) in the @entity538 gene with unusual bilateral basal ganglia involvement.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity538 :: ('2670', 'Gene') :: ['GFAP', 'glial fibrillary acidic protein']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy of the medulla oblongata', 'atrophy']

entities_list: @entity6447 :: ('MESH:D002524', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar ataxia']

entities_list: @entity26008 :: ('MESH:D038261', 'Disease') :: ['Alexander disease']

entities_list: @entity46918 :: ('p|SUB|D|78|N', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p. D78N']

answer: @entity26008 :: (MESH:D038261,Disease) :: ['Alexander disease']


abstract: Coagulase-negative @entity295 is the most prominent @entity580 in neonatal intensive care units. Immaturity of host defenses in premature neonates is assumed to constitute an important risk factor. Opsonophagocytosis is considered to be the key host defense system against staphylococci with IgG antibodies as a major opsonin. For this reason we have studied serum IgG antibody titers and opsonic activity to coagulase-negative staphylococci in 20 @entity1 with @entity295 and 40 matched control subjects. In addition, we assessed the effect of administration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) on IgG antibody titer and serum opsonic activity in 12 @entity1 with @entity295 . IgG antibodies, quantified by ELISA and opsonic activity, determined by flow cytometry, were expressed as a percentage of the value of pooled normal human reference serum. Both @entity1 and control subjects showed low IgG titers (median, 21%; range, 1-192%) and a low opsonic activity (median, 33%; range, 8-484%) at birth. During the first 2 postnatal wk IgG titers decreased significantly in @entity295 @entity1 (from a median of 30 to 17%, p = 0.025), but not in control subjects, whereas opsonic activity remained unchanged. The titer of IgG antibodies increased significantly in @entity295 @entity1 after FFP administration (from a median of 17 to 41%, p = 0.002), whereas the effect on opsonic activity was unpredictable, showing a moderate increase in 10 out of 12 @entity1 , and in 2 @entity1 even a substantial decrease (>50%), despite adequate opsonic activity in the corresponding FFP batches. Immunoblotting of @entity295 isolates with the corresponding @entity1 sera demonstrated that septicemic @entity1 may generate IgG antibodies against their blood isolate. Neonates who acquire coagulase-negative @entity295 cannot be distinguished from control subjects on the basis of IgG antibodies and opsonic activity to staphylococci either at birth or during the first 2 postnatal wk. The administration of FFP to @entity295 neonates has an unpredictable effect on opsonic activity and therefore does not seem to be a useful addition to antibiotic therapy.

title: Antibody responses and opsonic activity in sera of preterm neonates with coagulase-negative XXXX and the effect of the administration of fresh frozen plasma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'staphylococcal septicemia', 'septicemia']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infection']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['staphylococcal septicemia']


abstract: This study describes the computed tomography features of various fulminant forms of @entity16058 and to clarify the usefulness of computed tomography in such @entity1 . Computed tomography scans in 19 @entity1 with fulminant forms of @entity16058 were reviewed. This study included @entity1 with @entity401 (n = 7), an accelerated form of @entity2416 (n = 2), and an acute exacerbation of @entity2416 (n = 10). Pathologic confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in all @entity1 . Follow-up computed tomography scans were available for eight @entity1 , and postmortem computed tomography scans were available for three @entity1 . All @entity1 had progressive ground-glass attenuation, consolidation, or both. In @entity1 with an acute exacerbation of @entity2416 , subpleural honeycombing was also seen. Follow-up computed tomography showed a change from ground-glass attenuation to consolidation with distortion. Architectural distortion, traction bronchiectasis, and ground-glass opacity were the prominent features in the initial computed tomography scans obtained more than 7 days after the onset of symptoms, and @entity5409 were seen in follow-up computed tomography obtained more than 1 month after the onset. High-resolution computed tomography was more sensitive than the plain radiographs in the early detection of these entities. Computed tomography examination at the onset of the acute symptoms is useful in classifying these fulminant forms of @entity16058 .

title: Computed tomography and pathologic findings in fulminant forms of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity16058 :: ('MESH:D054988', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['acute interstitial pneumonia']

answer: @entity16058 :: (MESH:D054988,Disease) :: ['idiopathic interstitial pneumonia']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: The effect of intravenous administration of hypertonic saline on leukocyte adhesion after compression injury of the spinal cord was evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in leukocyte adhesion after @entity1566 and to evaluate the effect of hypertonic saline on this process. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Leukocytes have been thought to exacerbate @entity3145 after @entity63 -reperfusion. Downregulating and reducing the number of circulating leukocytes has @entity3145 in various models of @entity2806 . Recently, investigators have reported that leukocytes exacerbate injury in the spinal cord after @entity130 . Other recent findings have indicated that hypertonic saline may play a role in decreasing leukocyte adhesion and activation. METHODS: @entity35 were anesthetized, and a C3-C5 laminectomy was performed. Injury was caused by 35 g of compression applied to the cord for 10 minutes. Animals were divided into three groups: sham treated, untreated, and treated. The treated animals received 7.5% hypertonic saline (5 mL/kg, intravenously) 5 minutes after the injury. Sticking leukocytes and shear rate were measured using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Administration of 7.5% hypertonic saline after injury significantly decreased the number of sticking leukocytes in the venules and arterioles. Shear rate was unchanged between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that an increase in leukocyte adhesion after a @entity2850 is attenuated by the administration of 7.5% hypertonic saline. The decrease in adhesion cannot be attributed to changes in the shearing forces, because no significant change was observed in the shear rate. Hypertonic saline may interfere with leukocytes directly by interfering with their ability to swell and thus may prevent activation.

title: Effect of hypertonic saline on leukocyte activity after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue injury', 'attenuated tissue damage']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['compressive injury']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injury']


abstract: @entity101 occurs in 10 to 15 p cent of pregnancies. Among them, 10 to 20% also have @entity644 . This situation defines @entity1468 , and involves a serious threat on foetal and even maternal prognosis. Presence of the hepatic ( @entity2102 ) @entity4932 severely worsens the prognosis. Pathophysiology of @entity1468 is based on a very early abnormality of placentation, leading to insufficient blood supply to the foeto-placental unit. At the maternal level, the main consequence of placental @entity63 is @entity409 , responsible for systemic vasoconstriction and clotting abnormalities. In such a context, merely lowering blood pressure with drugs is quite inefficient, or even harmful. The prognosis of this disease is mainly related to the pertinence of obstetrical management. An early preventive strategy is the most logical @entity1468 , its modalities remain under discussion. @entity101 has a high recurrence rate on subsequent pregnancies. It is most often linked to a high global vascular risk level, therefore many of those @entity1 will become permanent @entity101 in the near future.

title: [ XXXX in pregnancy].

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['syndrome still']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['approach of preeclampsia', 'preeclampsia']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['Hypertension']


abstract: PURPOSE: We designed this Phase II trial to assess the efficacy and safety of the addition of bevacizumab to concurrent neoadjuvant @entity416 -based chemoradiation in locally advanced @entity5 . METHODS: Between April 2004 and December 2007, 25 @entity1 with clinically staged T3N1 (n = 20) or T3N0 (n = 5) @entity5 received neoadjuvant therapy with radiotherapy (50.4 Gy in 28 fractions over 5.5 weeks), bevacizumab every 2 weeks (3 doses of 5 mg/kg), and @entity416 (900 mg/m(2) orally twice daily only on days of radiation), followed by surgical resection a median of 7.3 weeks later. RESULTS: Procedures included abdominoperineal resection (APR; 6 @entity1 ), proctectomy with coloanal anastamosis (8 @entity1 ), low anterior resection (10 @entity1 ), and local excision (1 @entity1 ). Eight (32%) of 25 @entity1 had a pathologic complete response, and 6 (24%) of 25 had <10% viable @entity5 cells in the specimen. No @entity1 had Grade 3 @entity8566 , @entity344 , or significant hematologic @entity137 . Three wound complications required surgical intervention (one coloanal anastamostic dehiscence requiring completion APR and two perineal wound dehiscences after initial APR). Five minor complications occurred that resolved without operative intervention. With a median follow-up of 22.7 months (range, 4.5-32.4 months), all @entity1 were alive; one @entity1 has had a recurrence in the pelvis (2-year actuarial rate, 6.2%) and 3 had distant recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of bevacizumab to neoadjuvant chemoradiation resulted in encouraging pathologic complete response without an increase in acute @entity137 . The impact of bevacizumab on perineal wound and @entity446 due to concurrent bevacizumab requires further study.

title: Phase II trial of neoadjuvant bevacizumab, XXXX , and radiotherapy for locally advanced @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity416 :: ('MESH:C110904', 'Chemical') :: ['capecitabine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity8566 :: ('MESH:D060831', 'Disease') :: ['hand-foot syndrome']

entities_list: @entity446 :: ('MESH:C563468', 'Disease') :: ['anastamotic healing']

answer: @entity416 :: (MESH:C110904,Chemical) :: ['capecitabine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Prions, the causative agents of the transmissible spongiform @entity75 , are notoriously difficult to inactivate. Current decontamination recommendations by the World Health Organization include prolonged exposure to 1 N @entity7159 or > 20,000 ppm @entity8830 , or autoclaving. For decontamination of large stainless steel surfaces and equipment as in abattoirs, for example, these methods are harsh or unsuitable. The current study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial product containing @entity22378 to inactivate prions. Samples of @entity19 brain infected with a @entity19 -adapted strain of the scrapie agent (RML) were exposed to a @entity22378 -based product (SPC-P). Treated samples were evaluated for abnormal @entity27465 ( @entity27465 )-immunoreactivity by western blot analysis, and residual infectivity by @entity19 bioassay. RESULTS: Exposure to a 21% solution of SPC-P or a solution containing either 2.1% or 21% SPC-P in combination with @entity3208 ( @entity214 ) resulted in increased proteinase K sensitivity of @entity27465 . Limited reductions in infectivity were observed depending on treatment condition. A marginal effect on infectivity was observed with SPC-P alone, but an approximate 2-3 log10 reduction was observed with the addition of @entity214 , though exposure to @entity214 alone resulted in an approximate 2 log10 reduction. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that exposure of a @entity19 -adapted scrapie strain to SPC-P does not eliminate infectivity, but does render @entity27465 protease sensitive.

title: Exposure of RML scrapie agent to a @entity22378 -based product and @entity3208 renders XXXX protease sensitive but does not eliminate infectivity.

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathies']

entities_list: @entity8830 :: ('MESH:D012973', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hypochlorite']

entities_list: @entity22378 :: ('MESH:C034738', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium percarbonate']

entities_list: @entity7159 :: ('MESH:D012972', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium hydroxide']

answer: @entity27465 :: (19122(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['PrPSc']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is evidence of associations between @entity442 ( @entity442 ), @entity48282 ( @entity10513 ), @entity2301 , and @entity263 risk. This study examines the association between dietary factors associated with @entity263 and serum levels of these peptides. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of self-reported 12-month dietary intake with serum IGF and IGFBP levels was performed using data from 1,798 subjects screened negative for @entity263 as part of a UK multicenter trial comparing treatments for this condition. Multivariable linear regression models tested associations of diet with IGFs and IGFBPs. RESULTS: For a one standard deviation (SD) increase in dairy product and dairy protein intake, @entity442 increased by 5.28  ng/mL (95  % confidence interval: 2.64, 7.92  ng/mL) and 6.02  ng/mL (3.34, 8.71  ng/mL), respectively. A 25  % increase in @entity460 and @entity4259 intake was associated with an increase in @entity442 of 5.92  ng/mL (3.77, 8.07  ng/mL) and 2.61  ng/mL (1.10, 4.13  ng/mL), respectively. A one SD increase in animal protein was associated with a decrease in @entity10513 of 6.20  % (-8.91, -3.41  %), and there was some evidence of an inverse association with dairy protein and @entity460 . There was no evidence of any dietary associations with @entity2301 or @entity5100 . CONCLUSIONS: Diet is associated with @entity442 and @entity10513 levels in @entity1 in the UK, and these peptides warrant further investigation as part of randomized trials of dietary interventions to reduce the risk or progression of @entity263 . There is no evidence that @entity5100 or @entity2301 are mediators of dietary associations with @entity263 .

title: A cross-sectional analysis of the association between diet and @entity442 , @entity5100 , @entity10513 , and XXXX in @entity1 in the United Kingdom.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor I', 'IGF-I']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity48282 :: ('3485;3481', 'Gene') :: ['IGF-II, insulin-like binding protein-2']

answer: @entity2301 :: (3486,Gene) :: ['IGFBP-3']


abstract: @entity157 ( @entity157 ) by chemotherapy is often impeded by the intrinsic multidrug resistance (MDR) of this frequent primary @entity96 . The MDR phenotype can be caused by @entity855 -dependent export of chemotherapeutic drugs across the plasma membrane being mediated by transporters of the MDR P-glycoprotein family or of the @entity11092 ( @entity11092 ) family. To elucidate the role of @entity11092 family members in @entity157 , we analyzed the expression and subcellular localization of @entity11092 ( @entity11092 ), @entity7737 ( @entity7737 ) and @entity22149 ( @entity22149 ); all 3 isoforms have been shown to confer resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Semiquantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that @entity7737 and @entity22149 mRNA expression in @entity157 was at least 10-fold higher than @entity11092 mRNA expression. @entity7737 immunostaining was observed in 87% (33/38) of @entity157 samples. @entity7737 was localized in the plasma membrane in a polarized fashion, either in trabecular structures resembling the canalicular membrane or in the luminal membrane when cells had a pseudoglandular arrangement. @entity22149 was detected in all samples examined (9/9) by RT-PCR and by immunofluorescence microscopy. @entity22149 was localized to the basolateral membrane of @entity189 cells. Double-label immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies specific for @entity7737 or @entity22149 indicated that @entity189 cells expressed both @entity11092 isoforms simultaneously. When @entity11092 was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy, it was localized on the intracellular membranes of @entity189 cells. Thus, plasma membrane expression of @entity7737 and @entity22149 , but not of @entity11092 , can contribute to the MDR phenotype of @entity157 .

title: Expression of the multidrug resistance proteins @entity7737 and @entity22149 in human XXXX .

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the liver']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity11092 :: ('4363', 'Gene') :: ['MRP', 'MRP1', 'multidrug resistance protein', 'ABCC1']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']