abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: @entity1930 are commonly combined for lower-extremity anesthesia using large doses of @entity1342 . Limited information is available about the pharmacokinetics of this practice. We analyzed plasma @entity1342 concentrations after single-injection lumbar-plexus blocks with and without @entity1930 . METHODS: Twenty @entity1 having lower-extremity surgery using a lumbar-plexus block with 0.5% @entity1342 with 1:400,000 epinephrine (35 mL, n = 10) or the same lumbar-plexus block with the addition of a @entity1930 (25 mL, n = 10, 60 mL total) using the same solution were enrolled. Venous blood samples were collected at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after block placement and analyzed for total @entity1342 concentration by use of gas chromatography. Individual timepoints, maximum concentrations (C( @entity50686 )), and time @entity50686 (T( @entity50686 )) were compared. Values are mean +/- SD. RESULTS: Both groups demonstrated a rapid increase in plasma concentration over the first 30 to 45 minutes. Concentrations were greater for those who received both blocks (P = .0005) at all timepoints. The lumbar-plexus block C( @entity50686 ) was less (986 +/- 221 ng/mL) than for the combined blocks (1,560 +/- 351 ng/mL, P = .0004). The T( @entity50686 ) was greater for the lumbar plexus (80 +/- 49 min) than for the combined blocks (38 +/- 22 min, P = .03). There was no relationship between the C( @entity50686 ) and @entity1 age, weight, or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the plasma @entity1342 concentrations increase quicker when a @entity1930 is added to a lumbar-plexus block, but C( @entity50686 ) remains below the @entity137 threshold.

title: @entity1930 : an analysis of plasma XXXX concentrations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic-nerve blocks', 'sciatic-nerve block', 'Lumbar-plexus and sciatic-nerve blocks']

answer: @entity1342 :: (MESH:C037663,Chemical) :: ['ropivacaine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Local cryotherapy is used to relieve @entity158 and @entity32 in injuries and inflammatory conditions. Whole-body cryotherapy is an extreme method administered at -110 degrees C for 2 to 3 minutes. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of cryotherapies on @entity158 and @entity32 in @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ). METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with active seropositive @entity309 were recruited in a randomised controlled single-blinded study to receive whole-body cryotherapy at -110 degrees C, whole-body cryotherapy at -60 degrees C, application of local cold air at -30 degrees C and the use of cold packs locally. In the final analysis, the last 2 groups were pooled. The @entity1 had 2-3 cryotherapy sessions daily for one week plus conventional physiotherapy. Clinical and laboratory variables and @entity1 's and physician's global assessments were used to assess the outcome. Disease activity was calculated by DAS. RESULTS: @entity158 decreased in all treatment groups, most markedly in the whole-body cryotherapy (-110 degrees C) group. DAS decreased slightly with no statistically significant differences between the groups. No serious or permanent adverse effects were detected. Six of 40 @entity1 (15%) discontinued the whole-body cryotherapy. CONCLUSION: @entity158 seemed to decrease more in @entity1 in the whole-body cryotherapy at -110 degrees C than during other cryotherapies, but there were no significant differences in the disease activity between the groups. However, cryotherapy at -110 degrees C is expensive and available only in special centres and may have minor adverse effects. Based on our results, whole-body cryotherapy at -110 degrees C is not superior to local cryotherapy commonly used in @entity309 @entity1 for @entity158 relief and as an adjunct to physiotherapy.

title: Effectiveness of different cryotherapies on @entity158 and disease activity in active XXXX . A randomised single blinded controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The role of surgery in @entity1 with the @entity8579 is controversial. To determine the efficacy of surgery in @entity1 with this syndrome, we followed 151 consecutive @entity1 who underwent laparotomy between 1981 and 1998. Of these @entity1 , 123 had @entity7581 and 28 had @entity7582 with an imaged @entity5 of at least 3 cm in diameter. Tumor-localization studies and functional localization studies were performed routinely. All @entity1 underwent surgery according to a similar operative protocol, and all @entity1 who had surgery after 1986 underwent duodenotomy. RESULTS: The 151 @entity1 underwent 180 exploratory operations. The mean (+/-SD) follow-up after the first operation was 8+/-4 years. @entity7581 were found in 141 of the @entity1 (93 percent), including all of the last 81 @entity1 to undergo surgery. The @entity5 were located in the duodenum in 74 @entity1 (49 percent) and in the pancreas in 36 @entity1 (24 percent); however, @entity5 were found in lymph nodes in 17 @entity1 (11 percent) and in another location in 13 @entity1 (9 percent). The primary location was unknown in 24 @entity1 (16 percent). Among the @entity1 with @entity7581 , 34 percent were free of disease at 10 years, as compared with none of the @entity1 with @entity7582 . The overall 10-year survival rate was 94 percent. CONCLUSIONS: All @entity1 with the @entity8579 who do not have @entity7582 or @entity3 should be offered surgical exploration for possible cure.

title: Surgery to cure the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity7582 :: ('MESH:D018761', 'Disease') :: ['multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity8579 :: ('MESH:D015043', 'Disease') :: ['Zollinger-Ellison syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity7581 :: ('MESH:D015408', 'Disease') :: ['sporadic gastrinomas', 'Gastrinomas']

answer: @entity8579 :: (MESH:D015043,Disease) :: ['Zollinger-Ellison syndrome']


abstract: The cervical spine, containing twenty-articulations, is particularly exposed to sprains. Benign cases are those in which both spinal stability is not affected and only subjective @entity531 are present. Management essentially involves constant volontary immobilization of the cervical spine with or without apparatus (Postural training). The severity of the sprains results from the possibility of either vertebral instability or objective @entity531 . Bony instability can be detected on dynamic radiographs based on precise criteria defined by physiologic study of normal spinal movements. When a persistant vascular syndrome involving the vertebro-basilar arteries is observed, vertebral arteriography may be indicated. Likewise, the presence of a @entity531 may required sub-clavian arteriography. Metrizamide myelography is used to explore @entity16 . The author concluded that only severe cervical sprains required surgical intervention. A @entity890 , revealed by discography and especially @entity6161 myelography, most often requires an anterior approach to surgery.

title: [Cervical sprains and cervical XXXX (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic lesions']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular complaints', 'neurovascular complications', 'thoracic outlet syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6161 :: ('MESH:D008793', 'Chemical') :: ['metrizamide']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['prolapsed cervical disc']

answer: @entity890 :: (MESH:D007405,Disease) :: ['herniated discs']


abstract: @entity3270 ( @entity3270 ) of the esophagus are very rare. The majority of the @entity1 with @entity3270 present with @entity3 . @entity8231 , @entity751 of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone and @entity11563 , have been reported in previous reports.  Esophageal @entity3270 are related to a poor prognosis.  A 38-year-old male with the histologic diagnosis of @entity2910 , which initially manifested as @entity3582 ( @entity3582 ), later developed brain metastases. He was initially treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisting of @entity900 and @entity2879 followed by a partial esophagectomy in November 2009. At follow-up in February 2010, he complained of a @entity10 that prompted imaging. MRI of the brain revealed a @entity75 . Subsequently, he underwent a craniotomy and resection of the lesion. Pathological analysis revealed that the lesion was consistent with metastatic disease from the primary @entity2910 . The @entity1 underwent 40 Gy  whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), followed by two weeks of stereotactic radiation (SRS) to the @entity5 bed for an additional 12 Gy. During this time, his @entity5 marker @entity3508 ( @entity3508 ) initially dropped but later increased, which led us to offer him radiotherapy to the remaining esophagus to be followed by localized radiation to areas immediately adjacent to the surgical site, followed by six cycles of systemic chemotherapy consisting of @entity900 and @entity2600 . Finally, his @entity3508 normalized around the end of systemic chemotherapy. Surveillance imaging in 2015 - six years from initial diagnosis - showed no evidence of @entity5 . Of interest, treatment of the @entity2910 also led to clinical resolution of his musculoskeletal symptoms, including his @entity3582 .  High-grade esophageal @entity3270  are rare, aggressive, and have a poor prognosis. @entity3582 can be a presenting sign associated with a high-grade @entity2910 . The predominant site of metastatic spread is the liver, but metastases to rare sites, such as the  brain, can occur, as was the case in our @entity1 . Better survival has been reported for @entity1 with @entity66 compared to @entity1 with distant metastases. However, multidisciplinary management can lead to an improved outcome in selected @entity1 with distant metastases.

title: Poorly Differentiated @entity5 of the Esophagus with @entity3582 and XXXX : A Success Story.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['locoregional disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['left frontal lobe lesion']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal NEC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity11563 :: ('MESH:D003969', 'Disease') :: ['watery diarrhea-hypokalemia-achlorhydria syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3508 :: ('2026', 'Gene') :: ['neuron-specific enolase', 'NSE']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['such as syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity8231 :: ('MESH:D010257', 'Disease') :: ['Paraneoplastic syndromes']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity3270 :: ('MESH:D018278', 'Disease') :: ['NECs', 'Neuroendocrine carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3582 :: ('MESH:D010004', 'Disease') :: ['HOA', 'hypertrophic osteoarthropathy']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['Brain Metastasis']


abstract: @entity1271 is the most frequent, complex, and @entity66 in dairy @entity291 . Genetic improvement of milk production traits has accompanied an increased susceptibility to @entity1271 . To determine genome-wide quantitative trait locus-linked markers for @entity1271 resistance, a total of 200 @entity291 , comprising 100 top clinical @entity1271 - (CM) resistant and 100 top CM-susceptible @entity291 , were screened by selective DNA pooling and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. The AFLP analysis on resistant and susceptible pools using 89 selective primer combinations revealed 27 significant AFLP markers at a false discovery rate (FDR) of < 5%. The most promising AFLP marker was then selected for further characterization. Individual AFLP genotyping of the marker on all selected animals confirmed a significant difference. Sequence analysis detected a single nucleotide polymorphism ( @entity50321 ) responsible for the AFLP polymorphism, which was named CGIL4. The PCR-RFLP analysis indicated that the frequency of allele A was significantly higher in the resistant group. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the marker was significantly associated with somatic cell score, CM residual values, and production traits. Radiation hybrid mapping assigned the marker to @entity291 autosome 22. The present study provides promising markers for marker-assisted selection for CM resistance. Our results also demonstrated the capability of AFLP on selective DNA pools as a method for detection of genome regions containing quantitative trait loci.

title: Detection and characterization of amplified fragment length polymorphism markers for clinical XXXX in Canadian Holsteins.

entities_list: @entity291 :: ('9913', 'Species') :: ['cows', 'cattle', 'Bos taurus']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['costly disease']

entities_list: @entity1271 :: ('MESH:D008413', 'Disease') :: ['Mastitis', 'mastitis']

answer: @entity1271 :: (MESH:D008413,Disease) :: ['mastitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The complex of Down Syndrome- @entity1375 - @entity2294 is largely unreported in sub-Sahara. OBJECTIVE: To present and highlight an unusual manifestation of @entity1375 . METHODS: A 16-year-old @entity1 with confirmed Down Syndrome presented with complaints of generalised @entity4 of eight months' duration. Her work-up consisted of full clinical and laboratory evaluation including ECG and echocardiography. RESULTS: The @entity1 was diagnosed of @entity1467 at birth but was lost to follow-up after at eight years of age. Body swelling was associated with clinical features of @entity712 . Echocardiography showed massive @entity2294 . Serum @entity1955 was less than 0.5mg/dl and TSH >40iu/l. The @entity712 and @entity1866 responded to @entity1955 therapy. CONCLUSION: This appears to be the first report of the complex of Down syndrome, @entity1375 and @entity2294 in a Nigerian @entity1 . Thyroid function test is therefore recommended as a part of baseline investigation for Nigerian @entity1 with Down syndrome as is the practice.

title: Recurrent XXXX associated with @entity1375 in Down Syndrome: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girl', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity2294 :: ('MESH:D010490', 'Disease') :: ['pericardial effusion']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['body swelling']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['l-thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity1866 :: ('MESH:D008599', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual irregularities']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's Syndrome"]

answer: @entity2294 :: (MESH:D010490,Disease) :: ['pericardial effusion']


abstract: Ovarian sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropin stimulation ( @entity1641 chorionic gonadotropin [eCG] and @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin [hCG]) following pre-treatment with a @entity1871 (levonorgestrel) versus @entity1176 antagonist (antide) was studied in @entity468 known to be induced versus spontaneous ovulators. Queens were assigned to one of three treatments: (1) levonorgestrel implants+eCG/hCG (n=7 cats); (2) antide injections+eCG/hCG (n=7) or (3) eCG/hCG alone (control; n=7). Hormonal metabolites were assessed in fecal samples collected daily for 60 days before and during the 37 days inhibitory pre-treatment and for more than 60 days after eCG/hCG. Fecal metabolites of @entity53 and @entity1420 were measured by radioimmunoassay. Females that maintained baseline @entity1420 were considered induced ovulators, whereas @entity468 that exhibited a luteal phase before inhibition treatment were classified as spontaneous ovulators. Based on fecal hormone profiles, levonorgestrel thoroughly inhibited ovarian activity, whereas antide synchronized follicular phases but did not induce complete ovarian down-regulation. Both treatments prevented ovulation in spontaneous ovulators, but neither caused regression of existing corpora lutea (CL). Levonorgestrel, but not antide, pre-treatment resulted in a quiescent ovary at the time of eCG injection, yet endocrine responses to eCG/hCG were not different among treatments. Interestingly, spontaneously ovulating females exhibited a prolonged @entity53 response to gonadotropin stimulation compared to induced ovulators, and this prolonged @entity53 surge was replicated by levonorgestrel pre-treatment. Thus, the @entity1871 levonorgestrel effectively suppresses follicular and luteal activity in the cat, resulting in a more consistent response to gonadotropin stimulation, even in females prone to spontaneous ovulation.

title: Priming with @entity1871 , but not @entity1176 antagonist, induces a consistent endocrine response to exogenous gonadotropins in induced and spontaneously ovulating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1871 :: ('CHEBI:59826', 'Chemical') :: ['progestin']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study angiogenesis of @entity1600 (including micrometastatic foci and @entity3 ) in @entity0 and the relationship between microvessel density (MVD) and @entity3 . METHODS: Thirty-seven @entity0 tissues and 121 metastatic axillary lymph nodes were collected from @entity0 @entity1 and studied immunohistochemically. MVD was counted by means of microvideo system under 100x magnification. The diameter of each micrometastasis was measured with a micrometer. RESULTS: The mean diameter of 13 micrometastatic foci was 210 +/- 37 microns. No blood vessel formation was found. MVD of the @entity5 and that of @entity3 in the axillary lymph node was 93.8 +/- 21.8 and 89.3 +/- 18.4, respectively (P > 0.05). The distribution of microvessels of the @entity3 in the lymph node and that of the @entity5 was similar, being higher at the periphery than at the center. CONCLUSION: Micrometastatic foci of @entity0 in the axillary lymph node do not have new blood vessel formation. Their further growth, however, depends on neo-angiogenesis. Treatment based on inhibition of angiogenesis may be efficacious in the prevention of micrometastatic foci from developing into @entity3 in lymph node.

title: [Immunohistochemical study of angiogenesis of XXXX in @entity1 @entity0 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['axillary lymph node metastases']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastatic tumors', 'metastatic tumor']

answer: @entity1600 :: (MESH:D014388,Disease) :: ['axillary lymph node metastasis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity393 ( @entity393 ) is caused by different factors, including genetics and @entity49 . Beside @entity5337 , another @entity4334 change in a factor V (FV) gene ( @entity39324 ; @entity39323 ) has been identified linking to @entity22384 . Also, two proposed @entity9769 polymorphisms, @entity9770 and @entity24038 ( @entity47630 ) are linked with @entity393 . OBJECTIVE: In this study, the effect of two factors, @entity39324 in FV and @entity24038 in @entity9769 are evaluated in @entity393 @entity1 from Mazandaran province, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sample population of 100 @entity1 with @entity393 and 100 controls with Mazandarani ethnics from northern Iran were consist. The factor V ( @entity39324 ) and @entity9769 ( @entity24038 ) polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS: Molecular study showed 5 @entity1 from @entity1 and 9 @entity1 from control group were heterozygous AG for @entity39324 . Frequency of "A" allele in @entity1 and control groups was 97.5% (0.975) and 95.5% (0.955) respectively, and "G" allele frequency was 2.5% (0.025) and 4.5% (0.045) respectively. No significant association (p <=0.05) between FV @entity39324 genotype and @entity393 with an OR=1.88, CI 95%=0.6-5.82, was observed (p=0.4). Also, for @entity24038 , all @entity1 and control individuals were @entity5066 genotype. "A" allele frequency in @entity1 and control was 100% and "C" allele frequency was zero. There was no significant difference for @entity24038 between groups. CONCLUSION: Our finding showed that @entity39324 and @entity24038 polymorphisms cannot be considered as a cause of PRL in @entity1 from Mazandaran province, northern Iran.

title: @entity39323 in coagulation Factor V and XXXX in @entity9769 genes in recurrent @entity393 in Sari, Mazandaran.

entities_list: @entity47630 :: ('p|SUB|E|429|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Glu429A']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity39323 :: ('p|SUB|H|1299|R', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['His1299Arg']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['thrombophilia']

entities_list: @entity22384 :: ('MESH:C540694', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary thrombophilia']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['Recurrent pregnancy loss', 'RPL']

answer: @entity47630 :: (p|SUB|E|429|A,ProteinMutation) :: ['Glu429Ala']


abstract: @entity14 ( @entity14 ) are classified as having @entity124 ( @entity124 ) or @entity1344 ( @entity1344 ); herein termed @entity124 ( @entity124 ). @entity124 @entity694 frequently display a poorly differentiated histology for which the molecular basis is not well understood. Gene expression and immunohistochemical profiling of @entity124 and @entity124 CRC cell lines and @entity5 revealed significant down-regulation of the intestinal-specific cytoskeletal protein villin in @entity694 , with complete absence in 62% and 17% of @entity124 cell lines and @entity5 , respectively. Investigation of 577 @entity14 linked loss of villin expression to poorly differentiated histology in @entity124 . Furthermore, mislocalization of villin from the membrane was prognostic for poorer outcome in @entity124 @entity1 . Loss of villin expression was not due to coding sequence mutations, epigenetic inactivation, or promoter mutation. Conversely, in transient transfection assays villin promoter activity reflected endogenous villin expression, suggesting transcriptional control. A screen of gut-specific transcription factors revealed a significant correlation between expression of villin and the homeobox transcription factor @entity30411 . @entity30411 overexpression induced villin promoter activity, @entity30411 knockdown down-regulated endogenous villin expression, and deletion of a key Cdx-binding site within the villin promoter attenuated promoter activity. Loss of @entity30411 expression in CRC lines was associated with @entity30411 promoter methylation. These findings demonstrate that loss of villin expression due to @entity30411 loss is a feature of poorly differentiated @entity14 .

title: Villin expression is frequently lost in poorly differentiated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['microsatellite stable', 'MSI', 'microsatellite instability', 'MSS', 'MSI and MSS tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRCs', 'Colorectal cancers']

entities_list: @entity1344 :: ('MESH:D043171', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal instability', 'CIN']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['MSI colon cancer', 'colon cancers']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity571 ( @entity571 ) and @entity170 ( @entity170 ) of the hip rarely occur in the same @entity1 . The purpose of this study was to determine whether this difference might be attributable to the different quantity and quality of subchondral cancellous bone in the two conditions. METHODS: Subchondral cancellous bone from the femoral head was obtained at the time of hip arthroplasty from 60 postmenopausal @entity1 , 30 with @entity571 and 30 with @entity170 . In each group, 10 specimens were subjected to compressive @entity1295 loading and 20 were left nonloaded. Specimens were examined by compressive mechanical testing, micro-computed tomography scanning, fluorescence microscopy, and nanoindentation techniques. RESULTS: Both the ultimate stress and the elastic modulus of cancellous bone from @entity571 @entity1 were significantly higher than those of cancellous bone from @entity170 @entity1 (P < 0.05). Compared to cancellous bone from @entity170 @entity1 , the bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness were significantly increased, but bone matrix mineralization was significantly decreased, in cancellous bone from @entity571 @entity1 (P < 0.05 for each comparison). The microcrack density was significantly higher in @entity170 cancellous bone than in @entity571 cancellous bone (P < 0.001), irrespective of @entity1295 loading. In addition, @entity1295 loading resulted in a significant increase in microcrack density in both @entity571 and @entity170 cancellous bone (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in nanoindentation elastic modulus and hardness between cancellous bone from @entity571 and @entity170 @entity1 , as well as between bones with and without @entity1295 loading. CONCLUSION: The difference in mechanical properties between @entity571 and @entity170 cancellous bone is attributed to different bone mass and bone structure. @entity170 cancellous bone is susceptible to @entity16 due to insufficient structure. However, increased bone volume and plate-like structure provide @entity571 cancellous bone a superior capacity to resist @entity16 .

title: Difference in subchondral cancellous bone between postmenopausal XXXX with hip osteoarthritis and osteoporotic fracture: implication for @entity1295 microdamage, bone microarchitecture, and biomechanical properties.

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['OA', 'Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['fatigue damage']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['OP', 'osteoporosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: PURPOSE: There is increasing concern that environmental chemicals have a direct effect on fertility. Heavy metals such as @entity349 have been shown to affect various organ systems in @entity1 including nervous system and skin, however they could also act as endocrine disrupting chemicals adversely affecting fertility. Metals such as @entity219 and @entity4259 are essential micronutrients with diverse functions that may be important for reproductive outcomes. We measured @entity349 , @entity219 and @entity4259 levels in the hair, a reliable reflection of long term environmental exposure and dietary status, to correlate with the outcome of @entity43 for @entity52 ( @entity52 ) treatment. METHODS: We analysed the hair of 30 subfertile @entity1 for @entity349 , @entity219 and @entity4259 using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Each @entity1 underwent one cycle of @entity52 treatment. Correlation between the levels of these trace metals and treatment outcomes was investigated. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 were recruited with mean (  SD) age of 32.7(4.4) years and BMI of 25.4(5.0)kg/m(2). Hair @entity349 concentration showed a negative correlation with oocyte yield (p   <   0.05,bcoefficient 0.38) and follicle number (p   =   0.03,b coefficient0.19) after ovarian stimulation. @entity219 and @entity4259 levels in hair correlated positively with oocyte yield after ovarian stimulation (p   <   0.05,b coefficient0.15) and (p   =   0.03,b coefficient0.21) respectively. @entity4259 levels in hair correlated significantly with follicle number following stimulation (p   =   0.04, bcoefficient0.22). There was no correlation between @entity349 , @entity219 and @entity4259 in hair and their corresponding serum levels. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that @entity349 had a deleterious effect whilst there was a positive effect for @entity219 and @entity4259 in the ovarian response to gonadotrophin therapy for @entity52 . Hair analysis offers a novel method of investigating the impact of long-term exposure to endocrine disruptors and nutritional status on reproductive outcomes.

title: Endocrine disruptor _ nutritional effects of heavy metals in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'woman']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['Selenium', 'selenium']

entities_list: @entity52 :: ('MESH:C566179', 'Disease') :: ['IVF', 'in vitro fertilisation']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['ovarian hyperstimulation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The present exploratory phase II study was performed to evaluate the activity and tolerability of adding a second agent ( @entity136 ) to the well-tolerated @entity2664 / @entity229 regimen in @entity1 with locally advanced or @entity263 no longer responsive to hormonal treatment. @entity1 AND METHODS: Forty-three @entity1 with @entity263 ( @entity263 ) were included in the study from May 2000 to April 2004. Their median age was 71 years (range, 56-81) and their median Karnofsky performance status (KPS) was 90 (range, 70-100). The treatment schedule consisted of intravenous (i.v.) @entity2664 (8 mg/m2 on day 1), i.v. @entity136 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, recycled every 21 days and oral @entity229 administered at a dose of 10 mg per day. Hormonal treatment with LHRH was continued in all @entity1 . Up to six cycles of treatment were planned in the absence of @entity74 . RESULTS: Sixteen @entity1 had measurable disease (six @entity1 only measurable disease, ten @entity1 @entity79 plus measurable disease) and 27 @entity1 had only @entity79 . Concerning the PSA levels, a partial response (PR) was observed in 15 @entity1 (38%), @entity66 ( @entity66 ) in 16 @entity1 (41%) and @entity74 ( @entity74 ) in eight @entity1 (21%). The objective response was evaluable in 16 @entity1 ; one @entity1 was not evaluable because he had received only one cycle. Ten @entity1 (63%) had @entity66 and five @entity1 (31%) @entity74 . In the ten evaluable @entity1 with objective @entity66 , depending upon the PSA response, three PR, six @entity66 and one @entity74 were observed. Among the five @entity1 who progressed, three @entity74 and two @entity66 were observed as a PSA response. @entity158 remission was recorded in 15/41 @entity1 (36%) and the KPS remained stable in most @entity1 . The median overall survival was 15 months (range, 1-41) (95% CI: 10-20 months). The 1-year survival rate was 61%. @entity1503 was mild: G 3-4 @entity1398 was observed in five (12%) @entity1 . There were no neutropenic, fevers. No significant @entity1503 was observed. CONCLUSION: The @entity2664 , @entity136 and @entity229 combination, in accordance with the present regimen, was feasible, had a palliative effect, good tolerance and antitumor activity. Nonetheless, our results do not seem to be superior to those previously described for @entity2664 plus @entity229 .

title: @entity136 plus @entity2664 and @entity229 in the palliative treatment of hormone-resistant @entity263 ( XXXX ): A phase II study (GOAM 01.01 study).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic prostate cancer', 'hormone-refractory prostate cancer', 'HRPC']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['stable disease', 'SD']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['non-hematological toxicity', 'Hematological toxicity']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone disease']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['PD', 'progressive disease']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['HRPC']


abstract: Objectives. To assess the clinical features and local control (LC) outcomes in adult @entity1 with localized @entity2828 ( @entity2828 ). Methods. The records of 102 @entity2828 @entity1 with @entity66 >= 18   years of age seen from 1977 to 2007 were reviewed. Factors relevant to prognosis, survival, and LC were analyzed. Results. The 5-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) and event-free survival (EFS) were 60% and 52%, respectively, for the entire cohort. Treatment era (1977-1992 versus 1993-2007) remained an independent prognostic factor for @entity1349 on multivariate analysis, with improved outcomes observed in the 1993-2007 era (P = 0.02). The 5-year @entity1349 and EFS for the 1993-2007 era were 73% and 60%, respectively. @entity1260 and @entity2879 based chemotherapy and surgery were more routinely used in the 1993-2007 era (P < 0.01). The 5-year local failure rate (LFR) was 14%, with a 5-year LFR of 18% for surgery, 33% for radiation, and 0% for combined surgery and radiation in the 1993-2007 era (P = 0.17). Conclusion. Modern survival outcomes for adults with localized @entity2828 are similar to multi-institutional results in @entity1 . This improvement over time is associated with treatment intensification with chemotherapy and increased use of surgery. Aggressive LC (combined surgery and radiation) may improve outcomes in poor prognosis @entity1 .

title: Adult ewing sarcoma: survival and local control outcomes in 102 XXXX with @entity66 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ['ES', 'Ewing Sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['localized disease']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['Ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of relaxation on @entity3152 outcome. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, with @entity1 who experienced @entity3152 randomly assigned to a control or experimental group. The experimental group was to do a daily relaxation exercise. A third group was added to the study: @entity1 who were originally assigned to the relaxation group but were unable to adhere to the daily practice. Final data were analyzed for three groups: control (n = 40), experimental (n = 44), and nonadherent (n = 23) @entity1 . SETTING: @entity1 were referred to the study from physician offices and a hospital-based obstetric triage clinic in the Northwest. @entity1 : Total sample was comprised of 107 @entity1 with singleton gestations, documented contractions with cervical change, and intact membranes. INTERVENTIONS: The experimental group was instructed in a progressive relaxation exercise. The @entity1 were given tapes of the exercise and instructed to do it daily. OUTCOME MEASURES: Study outcomes included gestational age at birth, rate of pregnancy prolongation, and birth weight. RESULTS: The outcome variables were analyzed using analysis of covariance, with the @entity3152 risk score entered as a covariate to compensate statistically for group differences. A positive response to the relaxation intervention was found: The experimental group had significantly longer gestations and larger newborns when compared to the control and nonadherent groups. CONCLUSIONS: Relaxation therapy made a difference in @entity3152 outcome. @entity1 who practiced relaxation had larger newborns, longer gestations, and higher rates of pregnancy prolongation. Given the low cost of the intervention, it should be offered to all @entity1 at risk for @entity3152 .

title: The effect of relaxation therapy on XXXX outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labor']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm labor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a significant difference in the degree of @entity3577 assigned during examination in the standing position compared with the dorsal lithotomy position with the @entity1 performing maximal Valsalva maneuver. METHODS: Fifty-one @entity1 with symptoms of @entity3577 were examined in both the dorsal lithotomy position, while performing maximal Valsalva, and in the standing position at the same visit by one of two examiners. Nine site-specific measures and summary stages were recorded, as outlined by the International Continence Society's classification system for @entity3577 . The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The mean age was 52 +/- 15 years. Excellent correlation was noted between all six points representing the vaginal prolapse. The R values for point Aa were 0.97, Ba 0.96, C 0.98, Ap 0.97, Bp 0.96, and D 0.97. The total vaginal length, perineal body, and genital hiatus measurements were performed in the dorsal lithotomy position with the @entity1 at rest and were not repeated. The stages were identical in 48 of 51 @entity1 . The average stage in the dorsal lithotomy position was 2.3 and in the standing position, 2.3. There was no statistically significant difference between the stage or any of the measured points in the dorsal lithotomy and standing examinations. CONCLUSION: The degree of @entity3577 can be assessed adequately in the dorsal lithotomy position with the @entity1 performing maximal Valsalva. It is not necessary to routinely repeat the examination in the standing position.

title: Comparison of XXXX in the dorsal lithotomy compared with the standing position.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'women', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3577 :: ('MESH:D056887', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic organ prolapse']

answer: @entity3577 :: (MESH:D056887,Disease) :: ['pelvic organ prolapse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: To examine the effects of a mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2-inhibitor, @entity5459 , on @entity625 development, and compare its anti-arthritic effect with @entity6963 . MATERIALS: @entity1 , @entity19 , and @entity35 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were used. Lewis @entity35 and DBA/1J @entity19 were used for animal models. TREATMENT: @entity5459 was tested between 0.1-100  nM in in-vitro studies. @entity5459 (0.01-0.3  mg/kg) and @entity6963 (2-10  mg/kg) were administered orally in vivo. METHODS: PBMCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Adjuvant-induced @entity625 (AIA) and type II @entity1753 ( @entity1753 ) was induced in Lewis @entity35 or DBA1/J @entity19 , respectively. RESULTS: @entity5459 blocked @entity5 @entity39 factor-a and @entity568 production from PBMCs. AIA and @entity1753 development were suppressed almost completely by 0.1  mg/kg of @entity5459 or 10  mg/kg of @entity6963 . In the @entity1753 , @entity5459 , but not @entity6963 , suppressed collagen-reactive T-cell proliferation ex vivo, whereas @entity6963 , but not @entity5459 , suppressed anti-collagen antibody production. CONCLUSIONS: @entity5459 exerts potent anti-arthritic effects with a different profile from @entity6963 , suggesting that @entity5459 may be useful as a new therapeutic reagent in the treatment of @entity309 .

title: Suppressive effect of an orally active MEK1/2 inhibitor in two different animal models for @entity309 : a comparison with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6963 :: ('MESH:C045463', 'Chemical') :: ['leflunomide']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1753 :: ('MESH:D001169', 'Disease') :: ['collagen-induced arthritis', 'CIA']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity6963 :: (MESH:C045463,Chemical) :: ['leflunomide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Continuation of intrathecal anesthesia into the postoperative period has been limited by important safety concerns. Principal among these has been the assumption that extended intrathecal therapy leads to @entity281 . To address the role of extended intrathecal catheter therapy as a cause of infections, we cultured all intrathecal catheters used to provide postoperative analgesia. METHODS: All intrathecal catheters were inserted in the operating room using sterile technique. The catheters were used either for the duration of the @entity1 stay in the intensive care unit or until they were no longer judged to provide a therapeutic advantage. They were removed without skin preparation. The distal 2-3 cm of the catheters was cultured using semiquantitative culture methods. Results were divided into four groups: group 1, negative culture results; group 2, ten or fewer colonies of growth; group 3, more than 10 colonies on initial plates and/or growth from broth cultures; and group 4, any bacterial growth, along with evidence of @entity4767 . RESULTS: Cultures were obtained from 139 @entity1 with a mean indwelling catheter time of 66.1 h. Group 1 (102 @entity1 ) had a mean indwelling duration of 55 h. Group 2 (26 @entity1 ) and group 3 (11 @entity1 ) had significantly longer indwelling duration (83.2 h P = .0023, 129.6 h P = < .0001, respectively) than group 1. Cultures of cerebrospinal fluid obtained simultaneously with catheter cultures in 9 cases (5 in group 2 and 4 in group 3) showed no growth. No @entity1 had evidence of @entity4767 . Difficulty of catheter placement (number of attempts made and the number of levels explored), antibiotic administration, the composition of the postoperative infusions and the number of catheter breaks in the postoperative period were similar in each group. With the exception of two catheters in group 3, (cultured at 49 and 54 h), significant bacterial growth (more than ten colonies) was observed only after more than 96 h of indwelling duration. CONCLUSIONS: Application of semiquantitative culture methods assisted in explaining the results seen in group 2 as secondary to contamination of the catheter that occurred on removal. Higher numbers of bacteria (group 3) may define a population at increased risk for @entity166 . The results of this study do not absolutely resolve the issue of infectious risk associated with postoperative intrathecal catheter use, nor do they define a safe period beyond which the risk of continued catheter use would be unacceptable. However, it appears that limited periods of use (96 h or less) is not associated with either frequent local or spinal infections. Semiquantitative culture methods may help identify individuals (with catheter cultures yielding more than ten colonies) at increased risk for @entity166 and in need of closer observation.

title: Is postoperative intrathecal catheter use associated with XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['spinal (epidural and intrathecal) space infections']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['local or central nervous system infection', 'local or central nervous system infections']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious complications']

answer: @entity4767 :: (MESH:D002494,Disease) :: ['central nervous system infection']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To assess the comparative risk of overcorrection in @entity2194 for adjustable suspension vs traditional recession surgery. To determine the ideal initial postop' binocular alignment for adjustable suture surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of records of 31 @entity1 . @entity2194 excluded. All had inferior rectus recessions by either adjustable suspension-recession suture technique (20 @entity1 ) or traditional fixed recession technique (11 @entity1 ). RESULTS: None of 11 @entity1 in the traditional recession group were overcorrected, one was undercorrected. Five of 20 @entity1 who had adjustable suspension sutures had overcorrections which ranged from 6 to 18 prism diopters (PD), mean 12 PD. Two adjusted @entity1 required additional surgery for their overcorrections. Statistical analysis of difference: 1/11 or 9.1% vs 5/20 or 25%, p=0.38. (="clinically/medically significant" for this study). CONCLUSIONS: Overcorrection is more frequent with the postop' adjustable suspension suture technique. If postop' adjustment is made, undercorrection is recommended.

title: Overcorrection after adjustable suture suspension- recession of the inferior rectus muscle in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['Thyroid eye disease', 'non-thyroid eye disease']

answer: @entity2194 :: (MESH:D005128,Disease) :: ['non-thyroid eye disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1318 is an uncommon illness affecting 1 per 100,000 @entity1 yearly. There is evidence to suggest viral, autoimmune, and hereditary etiologies. There are many treatment options available including medications, botulinum toxin injection, @entity384 , and surgical myotomy. METHODS: We present a retrospective review of @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic-modified Heller myotomy at a large referral and surgical training center. RESULTS: There were 36 @entity1 identified. Thirty @entity1 had undergone prior treatment with botulinum toxin injection, @entity384 , previous Heller myotomy, or esophageal stenting. Immediate complications included mucosal perforation (2), @entity130 (1), and trocar-site infection (1). There were no postoperative esophageal leaks. Three @entity1 suffered reflux requiring the daily use of a proton pump inhibitor 9 months after surgery. Three @entity1 suffered recurrent @entity1282 . CONCLUSIONS: Presently, there are little data to suggest an ideal management strategy in @entity1 with @entity1318 . Our @entity1 population consists predominantly of failures of other treatment methods submitted for laparoscopic myotomy. Our data suggest that laparoscopic Heller myotomy can be safely undertaken in this population, without a higher than expected rate of recurrent symptoms or reflux.

title: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia', 'Achalasia']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['pneumatic dilation']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['spleen injury']

answer: @entity1318 :: (MESH:D004931,Disease) :: ['achalasia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Missense ( @entity535 changing) variants found in @entity5 predisposition genes often create difficulties when clinically interpreting genetic testing results. Although bioinformatics has developed approaches to predicting the impact of these variants, many of these approaches have not been readily applicable in the clinical setting. Bioinformatics approaches for predicting the impact of these variants have not yet found their footing in clinical practice because 1) interpreting the medical relevance of predictive scores is difficult; 2) the relationship between bioinformatics "predictors" (sequence conservation, protein structure) and @entity5 susceptibility is not understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We present a computational method that produces a probabilistic likelihood ratio predictive of whether a missense variant impairs protein function. We apply the method to a @entity5 suppressor gene, @entity2674 , whose loss of function is important to @entity5 susceptibility. Protein likelihood ratios are computed for 229 unclassified variants found in individuals from high-risk @entity5344 families. We map the variants onto a protein structure model, and suggest that a cluster of predicted deleterious variants in the @entity2674 OB1 domain may destabilize @entity2674 and a protein binding partner, the small acidic protein @entity8448 . We compare our predictions with variant "re-classifications" provided by Myriad Genetics, a biotechnology company that holds the patent on @entity2674 genetic testing in the U.S., and with classifications made by an established medical genetics model [1]. Our approach uses bioinformatics data that is independent of these genetics-based classifications and yet shows significant agreement with them. Preliminary results indicate that our method is less likely to make false positive errors than other bioinformatics methods, which were designed to predict the impact of missense mutations in general. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Missense mutations are the most common disease-producing genetic variants. We present a fast, scalable bioinformatics method that integrates information about protein sequence, conservation, and structure in a likelihood ratio that can be integrated with medical genetics likelihood ratios. The protein likelihood ratio, together with medical genetics likelihood ratios, can be used by clinicians and counselors to communicate the relevance of a VUS to the individual who has that VUS. The approach described here is generalizable to regions of any @entity5 suppressor gene that have been structurally determined by X-ray crystallography or for which a protein homology model can be built.

title: Classifying Variants of Undetermined Significance in XXXX with protein likelihood ratios.

entities_list: @entity5344 :: ('MESH:D061325', 'Disease') :: ['breast/ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino-acid']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

answer: @entity2674 :: (675,Gene) :: ['BRCA2']


abstract: Testing for mutations in @entity5345 and @entity2674 can provide important information about @entity5344 risk to a small but identifiable subgroup of @entity1 . @entity1 who test positive for a @entity6069 mutation can pursue more aggressive @entity5 surveillance and prevention regimens. Among families with known mutations, @entity1 who test negative may avoid unnecessary interventions. Currently, little is known about the factors associated with the use of clinical @entity6069 testing. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with decisions about clinical @entity6069 testing among @entity1 undergoing clinical @entity6069 counseling through a retrospective cohort study of @entity1 who participated in a university-based clinic offering @entity0 risk assessment, genetic counseling, and @entity5345 /2 testing between January 1996 and April 1998. From the 251 eligible @entity1 who responded to a follow-up survey, 125 (50%) had undergone or were undergoing @entity6069 testing, 86 (34%) had decided not to undergo testing, and 40 (16%) were undecided about testing. After multivariate adjustment, we found that @entity1 who chose to undergo @entity5345 /2 testing were more likely to have a known familial mutation [odds ratio (OR), 7.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.97-62.16], more likely to be Ashkenazi Jewish (OR, 6.37; 95% CI, 2.68-15.12), more likely to want @entity5 risk information for family members (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.99-4.14), more likely to want information about @entity43 risk (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.18-3.69), and less likely to be concerned about insurance or job discrimination (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21-0.94). These associations were also found in the subgroup of @entity1 with a predicted probability of a @entity5345 mutation of 25%. Our study suggests that approximately half of eligible @entity1 choose to undergo clinical @entity6069 testing after participating in counseling. @entity1 who have the highest risk of carrying a mutation, and thus the greatest probability of gaining some useful information from the test results, are most likely to undergo testing. @entity1 who undergo testing are also more interested in @entity43 risk information and less concerned about job and insurance discrimination.

title: Factors associated with decisions about clinical XXXX testing.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity5344 :: ('MESH:D061325', 'Disease') :: ['breast and ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity6069 :: (672;675,Gene) :: ['BRCA1/2']


abstract: In Japan the number of @entity1 with @entity3084 has been dramatically decreasing since the beginning of 1980's. The number of @entity1 was 1626 in 1978 according to statistics of @entity378 @entity1 in Japan. This was only 2.02% of new @entity378 @entity1 of Japan in 1978. Since that time the number of @entity1 with @entity3084 , in Japan, has been in steady decline. The number was only 675 @entity1 in 1996. This was only 1.34% of new @entity378 @entity1 . The rate of new @entity281 also decreased. Recently due to the development of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and so on, @entity1 with @entity3084 can be diagnosed early, with great certainty. Curettage of infected focus and bone grafting via anterior approach has resulted in consistently improved results. While there are many reports of about the operative treatment with spinal instruments for @entity3083 , artificial materials must be implanted with great care.

title: [Bone and joint XXXX in the field of orthopedics].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3084 :: ('MESH:D014394', 'Disease') :: ['bone and joint tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity3083 :: ('MESH:D014399', 'Disease') :: ['spinal tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: Smoking can be detected by the determination of @entity4874 in urine. We compared the performance of an automated modification of the 'K  nig' reaction adapted to a centrifugal analyzer with an automated commercial fluorescence polarization immunoassay (TDX system). In the latter assay, @entity4874 , as the primary metabolite of @entity1239 , can be measured with high specificity. In contrast, the 'K  nig' reaction also detects @entity1239 metabolites other than @entity4874 by a group colour reaction. Analysis speed of the 'K  nig' reaction was about 66 samples/h with a detection limit 2 S.D. above the mean value of urine samples of non-smokers. Analysis speed of the TDX system was 41 samples/h. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of both methods in smokers' urine was 8.6% ('K  nig' reaction) vs. 3.4% (TDX system) in the high range and 16.4% vs. 9.5% in the low range. In a controlled, prospective study recruiting 86 cigarette-smoking volunteers, 83.7% were correctly classified as being smokers by both systems, 13.9% were classified as smokers by the 'K  nig' reaction only and 2.4% were misclassified as non-smokers by both systems. Thus, the sensitivity of the 'K  nig' reaction seems to be higher than in the TDX system (97.6% vs. 83.7%). Of 33 non-smoking individuals, 81.8% were correctly classified as non-smokers by both systems, 18.2 were misclassified as smokers by the 'K  nig' reaction and no @entity1 was misclassified by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Thus, the specificity of the TDX system seems to be higher than that of the 'K  nig' reaction (100% vs. 81.8%). We conclude that both systems are applicable to detect individuals who smoke regularly by simple urine testing. The higher specificity of the TDX system is outweighed by the higher sensitivity of the 'K  nig' reaction at much lower cost.

title: Comparison of a mechanized version of the 'K  nig' reaction and a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the determination of XXXX metabolites in urine.

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity4874 :: ('MESH:D003367', 'Chemical') :: ['cotinine']

answer: @entity1239 :: (MESH:D009538,Chemical) :: ['nicotine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to estimate the mean direct costs of @entity1229 treatment for @entity955 ( @entity955 ) @entity1 . Secondly, the costs of initiating @entity1229 treatment during a 60-day period and the impact of International Normalized Ratio (INR) and co-morbidities on costs were estimated. DESIGN AND DATA: The study was performed as a retrospective cohort study over a 12-month period in a Finnish communal health care setting. All @entity955 @entity1 aged 65 years or older (n = 250) with @entity1229 treatment were identified from the database of the health service district of an urban area. @entity1 specific information related to comorbidities, INR-control, complications and health care resource use were collected. Cost information was obtained from the Finnish national health care unit cost list. METHODS: The effect of treatment balance and other background variables on treatment costs were evaluated using ordinary least squares regression (OLS), log-transformed OLS and @entity3628 ( @entity3628 ). The mean costs were calculated on the basis of the different models and bias corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the mean costs. RESULTS: The best fitting cost model was log-transformed OLS. The costs of @entity1229 treatment on the basis of the log-transformed model were 589.82 @entity7634 (BCa 95% CI: 586.68-591.99) per @entity1 compared to 616.00 @entity7634 (BCa 95% CI: 579.98-652.96) obtained with the OLS-model. For the treatment initiation period, the mean costs were 263 @entity7634 (BCa 95% CI: 218.90-314.71). Depending on the way that INR-control was defined, the mean costs were 95.27 @entity7634 or 166.92 @entity7634 higher for @entity1 who were not in the defined INR-balance. CONCLUSIONS: The INR-control has a significant impact on the @entity1229 treatment costs. The choice of model influences the estimated mean costs. In addition, different models identify statistically significant effects between different background variables and costs.

title: Direct costs of @entity1229 treatment among XXXX with @entity955 in a Finnish health care setting.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity3628 :: ('MESH:D004195', 'Disease') :: ['GLM', 'generalized linear model']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Cytotoxic agents have unequivocal activity in @entity1149 . Currently available agents have demonstrated the ability to prolong life and improve quality of life in @entity1442 , and to increase the rate of cure when used in stage I and II disease in the adjuvant setting and as part of chemoradiotherapy in @entity5 . These agents have served as the core regimen to which agents effecting newly discovered molecular targets are added. However, there is little question that there is much room for improvement. A number of new agents have been identified that either derive from older drugs or affect their targets in novel ways. In particular, tubulin has been an attractive target since the dawn of medical oncology. A number of new antitubulin agents are currently in development. @entity21597 are novel agents that bind to the same site as @entity6023 , yet are structurally distinct. Xyotax and @entity37415 are agents in which @entity1311 is delivered in a novel fashion that may both reduce @entity137 and enhance activity. @entity17489 is an agent that targets the @entity3812 site of tubulin. Another approach is to enhance the activity of currently available agents by targeting detoxification and resistance pathways. @entity26519 is a novel agent that may enhance the activity of previously available agents by inhibiting GST-pi, a detoxifying mechanism that may be of particular relevance to @entity902 agents. It has also demonstrated some single-agent cytotoxic activity.

title: Novel cytotoxic agents for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity21597 :: ('MESH:D034261', 'Chemical') :: ['Epothilones']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III disease']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['advanced disease']

entities_list: @entity3812 :: ('MESH:D003078', 'Chemical') :: ['colchicine']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A laboratory study using isolated ligamentous @entity1 cadaveric cervical spines to investigate @entity432 during (transient) and after (steady-state) axial compressive @entity174 . OBJECTIVES: To determine whether differences exist between transient and postinjury @entity432 under axial compressive loading, and to examine the effect of loading rate on @entity432 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Prior studies have shown no correlation between @entity51 and @entity432 measurements made on radiographs and computed tomography scans. The authors hypothesized that postinjury radiographic assessment does not provide an appreciation for the transient occlusion that occurs during the traumatic @entity174 event, which may significantly affect the neurologic outcome. METHODS: Twelve @entity1 cervical spines were instrumented with a specially designed @entity432 transducer, which dynamically monitored @entity432 during axial compressive impact. Six specimens were subjected to a fast-loading rate (time to peak load, approximately 20 msec), and the other six were subjected to a slow-loading rate (time to peak load, approximately 250 msec). After impact, two different postinjury @entity432 measurements were performed. RESULTS: Each of the six specimens subjected to the fast-loading rate incurred @entity174 , whereas the slow-loading rate produced six wedge-compression @entity174 . For the fast-rate group, the postinjury occlusion-measurements were significantly smaller than the transient occlusion. In contrast, transient occlusion was not found to be significantly different from postinjury occlusion in the slow-rate group. All of the comparisons between loading rate groups showed significant differences, with the fast-rate @entity174 producing larger amounts of @entity432 in every category. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that even if @entity432 could be measured immediately after axial compressive @entity130 , the measurement would underestimate the maximal amount of transient @entity432 . Therefore, postinjury measurement of @entity432 may indicate a smaller degree of @entity51 than what might be expected if the transient occlusion could be measured.

title: Canal geometry changes associated with axial compressive cervical spine XXXX .

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'burst fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['canal occlusion']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fracture']


abstract: We investigated 56 families afflicted with @entity5 . One hundred and twenty-four individuals within these families had had an episode of @entity590 , of whom we saw seventy-two. Serum @entity908 phosphokinase (CPK) was statistically higher in affected individuals and in close relatives than in normal volunteers. The magnitude of the serum CPK elevations varied significantly between families. While in some families the serum CPK was clearly elevated in affected individuals, in other families the serum CPK was normal or only moderately or inconsistently raised. In these latter families serum CPK measurement was therfore of little or no value in identifying afflicted members. The incidence of @entity85 was greater in affected individuals and in close relatives than in the general population. Thus, the concomitant individual belonging to a family known to be susceptible to @entity590 was a better indicator of the @entity8176 trait than was the presence of only one of these parameters. For reasons which we do not fully understand, @entity8176 individuals were found to require fewer anaesthetics than normal @entity1 . The incidence of @entity8176 crises within each family fell significantly following investigation, counselling, and issuance of Medic-Alert bracelets.

title: Screening of XXXX susceptible families by @entity908 phosphokinase measurement and other clinical investigations.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant hyperpyrexia']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity590 :: ('MESH:D008305', 'Disease') :: ['malignant hyperthermia']

answer: @entity590 :: (MESH:D008305,Disease) :: ['malignant hyperthermia']


abstract: The early events that follow the transplantation of dispersed @entity291 adrenocortical cells into scid @entity19 were investigated. We introduced adrenocortical cells into a small cylinder inserted beneath the kidney capsule, where they form a tissue structure that becomes vascularized and secretes @entity230 that replace those from the animal's own adrenal glands, which are removed during the transplantation surgery. We studied cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis, and the role of p21WAF1/ @entity5207 / @entity5207 over the first 6 days following transplantation. Additionally we examined the invasion of the tissue by host macrophages and endothelial cells. The data show that there is healthy survival of most of the transplanted cells, and that this is related to their position in the cell transplantation cylinder. In the layer of cells that was adjacent to the kidney parenchyma there was a higher rate of cell proliferation and a lower rate of apoptosis than in cells that were located in the upper part of the cylinder. In the lower layer cells were more likely to have nuclear @entity5207 , and macrophages and endothelial cells were observed only in this region. Cells that incorporated @entity1603 administered to animals 2 or 4 days following transplantation were not more likely than other cells to be undergoing a second division when the animals were killed at 6 days, suggesting that proliferation in the lower layer is not confined to a small subpopulation of cells. Among different animals, the extent to which the spaces between the transplanted cells became lined by host endothelial cells was correlated with higher levels of proliferation and nuclear @entity5207 , suggesting that vascularization is the critical step for the continued survival and proliferation of the transplant. The present experiments show that @entity291 adrenocortical cells transplanted into scid @entity19 form a useful model for the study of tissue formation from dispersed cells and the interaction of the transplanted cells with the host.

title: Early events in the formation of a tissue structure from dispersed @entity291 adrenocortical cells following transplantation into scid XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: We have adopted an approach to the management of @entity2590 @entity1 which is contrary to that most commonly supported by the existing literature. We screen @entity1 shortly after birth with ultrasound, urine culture and serum @entity1011 , and then follow @entity1 at 3 to 6-month intervals with similar studies. Cystography and urodynamics are done only as required clinically or by a change in the sonogram. Clean intermittent catheterization is indicated for continence or medical reasons. With this approach of aggressive observation and prompt intervention, we observed a rate of @entity177 (diminished function on renal scan or parenchymal loss on imaging studies) of 5%. @entity177 was associated statistically with @entity293 and reflux. @entity1 started on clean intermittent catheterization for medical indications had greater risk for @entity177 than those started on it for continence. @entity177 occurred with equal frequency between @entity1 with abnormal and normal urodynamic studies, that is urodynamics did not predict @entity177 . Our data show a rate of @entity177 similar to other reports. We believe that aggressive observation with prompt intervention for problems once identified represents a reasonable alternative to managing @entity1 with @entity2590 .

title: An alternative approach to XXXX management: aggressive observation and prompt intervention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplasia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal deterioration', 'Renal deterioration']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the rational use of anticoagulants, especially among the elderly, balancing antithrombotic efficacy and risk for @entity548 . Previous prospective studies have not provided powerful assessments of risk factors for @entity932 , the dominant complication in reversing the anticoagulant decision. DESIGN: Case-control analysis. SETTING: A large general hospital and its anticoagulant therapy unit. @entity1 : 121 consecutive adult @entity1 taking @entity1229 who were hospitalized with @entity932 were each matched to three contemporaneous controls randomly selected from among outpatients managed by our hospital anticoagulant therapy unit. RESULTS: 77 @entity1 had @entity1779 (46% fatal) and 44 had @entity548 (20% fatal). The prothrombin time ratio (PTR) was the dominant risk factor for @entity932 . For each 0.5 increase in PTR over the entire range, the risk for @entity1779 doubled (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.9). For @entity548 , the risk was unchanged over the PTR range from 1.0 to 2.0 but rose dramatically above a PTR of 2.0 (approximate international normalized ratio, 4.0). Age was the only other significant independent risk factor for @entity548 (odds ratio, 2.0 per decade; CI, 1.3 to 3.1). For @entity1779 , age was of borderline significance (odds ratio, 1.3 per decade; CI, 1.0 to 1.6) after controlling for PTR and the two other independent risk factors: history of @entity66 (odds ratio, 3.1; CI, 1.7 to 5.6) and presence of a prosthetic heart valve (odds ratio, 2.8; CI, 1.3 to 5.8). CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize the importance of maintaining the prothrombin time ratios under 2.0 and the need for especially careful use of @entity1229 in the elderly.

title: Risk factors for XXXX in outpatients taking @entity1229 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'subdural hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity932 :: (MESH:D020300,Disease) :: ['intracranial hemorrhage']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the level of @entity835 use in @entity716 @entity1 admitted to two acute admission wards in New Zealand. Symptomatology was investigated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). METHOD: During a 1 -month period, all acute admissions to Tokanui Hospital with @entity716 were interviewed and symptoms rated on the BPRS (n = 35). Cannabis use was recorded with a questionnaire and urine test. Those positive for @entity835 were compared to those negative. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 (86%) had tried @entity835 at least once and 11 (31%) were positive on urine screen. Those with positive urine tests were significantly more likely to use @entity835 most days (p < 0.001). This positive urine test group was less likely to be thought disordered, suspicious or deluded (as measured by the BPRS). CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use was widespread in this sample of @entity1 with @entity716 and may affect their symptomatology. Larger studies are needed to examine these associations in more detail.

title: Cannabis use in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity835 :: ('MESH:D002189', 'Disease') :: ['cannabis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychotic', 'psychosis']

answer: @entity716 :: (MESH:D011605,Disease) :: ['psychotic']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A randomized controlled trial was performed to assess soft tissue cell adhesion to implant @entity702 abutments subjected to different cleaning procedures and test if plasma cleaning can enhance cell adhesion at an early healing time. STUDY DESIGN: Eighteen @entity1 with osseointegrated and submerged implants were included. Before re-opening, 18 abutments were divided in 3 groups corresponding to different clinical conditions with different cleaning processes: no treatment (G1), laboratory customization and cleaning by steam (G2), cleaning by plasma of Argon (G3). Abutments were removed after 1 week and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze cell adhesion to the abutment surface quantitatively (percentage of area occupied by cells) and qualitatively (aspect of adhered cells and presence of contaminants). RESULTS: Mean percentages of area occupied by cells were 17.6    22.7%, 16.5    12.9% and 46.3    27.9% for @entity2818 respectively. Differences were statistically significant between @entity43881 (p=0.030), close to significance between @entity20064 (p=0.056), and non-significant between @entity2818 (p=0.530). The proportion of samples presenting adhered cells was homogeneous among the 3 groups (p-valor = 1.000). In all cases cells presented a flattened aspect; in 2 cases cells were less efficiently adhered and in 1 case cells presented filipodia. Three cases showed contamination with cocobacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the present study, plasma of Argon may enhance cell adhesion to @entity702 abutments, even at the early stage of soft tissue healing. Further studies with greater samples are necessary to confirm these findings.

title: Soft tissue cell adhesion to XXXX abutments after different cleaning procedures: preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Examination of the pattern of expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms alpha and gamma in a model of @entity28 . DESIGN: Examination of adipose tissue and primary adipocyte cultures from lean and @entity28 Zucker @entity35 at different ages (28 days and 12 weeks). METHODS: mRNA levels were measured by RNase protection assay. RESULTS: The highest levels of @entity3725 and gamma mRNA were present in brown adipose tissue (BAT), followed by liver and @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) for the alpha and gamma subtypes, respectively, at both ages examined. @entity3725 was expressed 100-fold higher in BAT compared with @entity1386 , and @entity9781 mRNA levels were 2-fold higher in the @entity1386 of @entity28 compared with lean @entity35 . @entity3725 and gamma expression was minimal in m. soleus, although higher levels of @entity9781 were found in the diaphragm. In marked contrast to the findings in vivo, virtually no @entity3725 mRNA could be detected in BAT cultures differentiated in vitro. CONCLUSION: @entity3725 and gamma are most highly expressed in BAT in vivo. However, @entity3725 is undetectable in brown adipose cells in vitro, suggesting that the expression of this receptor is induced by some external stimuli. In addition, the expression of @entity9781 was increased in @entity1386 from young @entity28 animals, compatible with an early adaptive phenomenon. Finally, the presence of @entity9781 mRNA is detectable only in particular muscles, such as the diaphragm, suggesting the possibility of an influence of fiber type on its expression, although exercise did not influence the expression of @entity9781 in other skeletal muscles.

title: Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in lean and @entity28 Zucker XXXX .

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['white adipose tissue', 'WAT']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: PURPOSE: To summarize mortality, morbidity, and long-term patency data of bifurcated aortoiliac or aortofemoral bypass graft procedures in @entity432 . METHODS: A Medline search was performed of the medical literature published between 1970 and 1996. Studies were included if (1) they reported patency rates based on life tables and the number at risk was provided at yearly intervals; and (2) @entity1 and study characteristics were reported in sufficient detail. Mortality and morbidity risks were pooled using a fixed-effects model. The patency data were combined using a technique that enables adjustment for differences across studies in @entity1 characteristics or reporting methods. In the current analysis, we corrected for the symptomatic status of the @entity1 at the time of surgery ( @entity613 vs @entity63 ) and the unit of observation used in reporting the patency (limb vs @entity1 ). RESULTS: We identified 23 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The aggregated operative mortality risk in the older studies (started before 1975) was 4.6%, as compared with 3.3% in the more recent studies (p = 0.01). The aggregated systemic morbidity risk was 13.1% in the older studies and 8.3% in the more recent studies (p < 0.001). Limb-based patency rates for @entity1 with @entity613 were 91.0% and 86.8% at 5 and 10 years, respectively, as compared with 87.5% and 81.8% for @entity1 with @entity63 . Patency rates reported in the older studies were markedly similar to those of more recent studies (p = 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that mortality and systemic morbidity rates of aortic bifurcation graft procedures have dropped since 1975, whereas patency rates seem to be fairly constant over the years.

title: Results of aortic bifurcation grafts for XXXX : a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['aortoiliac occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['claudication']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['aortoiliac occlusive disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the pathogenesis of arteriovenous (AV) @entity292 failure in @entity1 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) and tests the vascular protective effect of @entity8671 on the fistulous communication of @entity6 @entity35 . METHODS: @entity6 was induced in @entity35 by a single injection of @entity3839 . One week later, a @entity292 was created in the descending aorta and the adjacent inferior vena cava (aortocaval [AC] @entity292 ). @entity35 were then randomly assigned to receive placebo or @entity8671 (15 mg/kg/d) in chow for 2 weeks. Blood flow in the aortic segments of the @entity292 was measured. Circulating @entity6098 +/KDR+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were determined 2 weeks after creation of the AC @entity292 using flow cytometry. Vascular function of the AC @entity292 was assessed by isometric force testing. The expression of proinflammatory genes and generation of @entity224 anions in the @entity292 were examined. RESULTS: The number of EPCs was reduced in @entity6 @entity35 , and @entity8671 significantly increased the number of circulating EPCs. Reduced blood flow and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in the AC @entity292 of animals with @entity6 was significantly potentiated after treatment with @entity8671 . @entity8671 also attenuated the expression of inducible @entity842 synthase and @entity1110 oxidase and generation of @entity224 anions in the @entity292 tissues isolated from @entity6 @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first evidence demonstrating that @entity8671 improves blood flow and endothelial function of AC @entity292 in @entity35 with @entity6 by attenuating the activity of proinflammatory genes and generation of @entity224 anions in the remodeled vasculature. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Arteriovenous (AV) @entity292 is the most common vascular access for hemodialysis in @entity1 with @entity454 . Studies have shown that blood flow in the @entity2548 is significantly reduced in @entity1 with @entity6 and the period for maturation of an @entity2548 is longer in these @entity1 . The underlying mechanisms of @entity2548 failure in @entity6 are still poorly understood and there are limited therapeutic approaches that can increase the lifespan of these @entity292 . The present study demonstrates that oral administration @entity8671 improves blood flow and endothelial function of AC @entity292 in @entity35 with @entity6 , which results from attenuating the activity of proinflammatory genes in the remodeled vasculature, thereby reducing the generation of tissue @entity224 anions. Our results may thus enhance our ability to prevent and manage vascular access failure in @entity1 with @entity6 with @entity740 .

title: @entity8671 improves vascular function of @entity2548 in a @entity6 XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity8671 :: ('MESH:C422923', 'Chemical') :: ['rosuvastatin', 'Rosuvastatin']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal disease']

entities_list: @entity1110 :: ('MESH:D009249', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['AV fistula']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The diagnosis of @entity5 or its recurrence is often emotionally devastating for @entity1 and those close to them. @entity1 may have a great deal of difficulty accepting the diagnosis and may seek others' opinions about the best course of treatment. When a physician projects that there is no hope, or if a cure is no longer probable, the @entity1 and those close to him or her may feel helpless and hopeless. Given the resultant psychologic turmoil, the @entity1 may be led to try unproven methods. Such methods, often referred to as " @entity5 quackery," represent a @entity1 's attempt to reassert personal control in response to these feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. @entity5 quackery involves about  2 billion each year in the United States alone. One study demonstrated that approximately 39% of the pediatric outpatients studied had either tried, considered, or received recommendations for unproven methods of @entity5 treatment. Laetrile and faith healing were the most frequent methods used. One of the most recent of the unproven methods of @entity5 treatment that have been shown to cause life-threatening complications is IV injection of @entity273 . The scientific rationale behind this procedure is still unclear, but the side effects are clearly life threatening.

title: A 39-year-old @entity1 with acute hemolytic crisis secondary to intravenous injection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'person', 'People']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

answer: @entity273 :: (MESH:D006861,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen peroxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess, in a multicenter setting, safety, technical results, and @entity256 rate of the Palmaz stent for treatment of @entity2791 . METHODS: Ten centers enrolled 106 @entity1 (120 treated @entity2791 ) in the study. @entity1 selection was based on unsuccessful percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (residual stenosis >/= 20%) performed for treatment of @entity850 >/= 50%, in @entity1 with @entity101 and/or @entity8 . Safety was assessed by means of the complication rate, and technical results by the number of successful stent placements and occurrence of @entity256 (>50%) at intraarterial angiographic follow-up. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful (n = 112) or partially successful (n = 5) in 117 (98%) arteries. Complications occurred in 19 procedures; seven were of serious clinical significance. Angiographic follow-up was performed in 89 of 117 (76%) cases, at a mean of 8 months (range 2. 5-18 months). Fifteen stents (16.9%) showed @entity256 (at a mean of 8.5 months), of which 10 were successfully redilated. CONCLUSION: Renal artery stenting has a high technical success rate, a complication rate comparable to percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, and a low rate of @entity256 at 8 months angiographic follow-up.

title: The Erasme study: a multicenter study on the safety and technical results of the Palmaz stent used for the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis', 'renal artery stenoses']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['ostial stenosis']

answer: @entity2791 :: (MESH:D012078,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic ostial renal artery stenosis']


abstract: 1. @entity16749 dehydrogenase from @entity95 mammary gland was purified to homogeneity by the criterion of @entity2975 -gel electrophoresis in the presence of @entity214 . The molecular weight of the subunit is 52 000. The enzyme was purified 150-fold with a final specific activity of 20 mumol of @entity1110 + reduced/min per mg of protein and overall yield of 3%. The molecular weight of the native enzyme is estimated to be 104 000 from gel-filtration studies. The final purification step was carried out by affinity chromatography with @entity1110 +- @entity3367 . 2. The Km values for @entity16749 and @entity1110 + are approx. 54 muM and 23 muM respectively. 3. @entity1792 and @entity9955 are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme with respect to both @entity16749 and @entity1110 +. 4. @entity8723 affects the apparent Km for @entity1110 + at saturating concentrations of @entity16749 .

title: Purification and properties of XXXX dehydrogenase from @entity95 mammary gland.

entities_list: @entity16749 :: ('MESH:C008884', 'Chemical') :: ['6-Phosphogluconate', '6-phosphogluconate']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity3367 :: ('MESH:D012685', 'Chemical') :: ['Sepharose']

entities_list: @entity9955 :: ('MESH:C107241', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrophosphate']

entities_list: @entity214 :: ('CHEBI:8984', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulphate']

answer: @entity16749 :: (MESH:C008884,Chemical) :: ['6-phosphogluconate']


abstract: The striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus were studied by combined morphometric methods in serial sections of 13 brains of normal adults and of 15 @entity1 with @entity4790 . In addition the volume of the hemispheres and of the cortex were measured. All data obtained were corrected by the shrinkage factor to represent fresh brain values. In @entity2033 was more severely affected than is commonly appreciated. The average volume reduction was of the same degree (lateral-57%, medial-50%) as that of the striatum (-56%). The absolute number of nerve cells of the pallidum decreased in both segments by about 40%. The reduction of the volume and of the number of nerve cells was not reduced in the three subcortical nuclei studied. For the first time it has been shown that there is no increase in the absolute number of glial cells in the striatum. The increased numerical density of glial cells is caused by shrinkage. The loss of nerve cells of the pallidum and subthalamic nucleus is caused mainly by a primary process. @entity2033 is a multifocal process. Morphometric data do not suggest that subchorea is a variant of @entity2033 . @entity4790 minor is regarded as a multifocal process with varying affliction of the striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus. An increase in the number of glial cells and, as a rule, a moderate loss of nerve cells were found in this disease.

title: Morphometric studies of the neuropathological changes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4790 :: ('MESH:D002819', 'Disease') :: ['choreatic diseases', 'Chorea']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Huntington's chorea", "Huntington's chorea the pallidum"]

answer: @entity4790 :: (MESH:D002819,Disease) :: ['choreatic diseases']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Cross-cultural translation and psychometric testing. OBJECTIVE: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the @entity717 Index (ODI) version 2.0 for the French-Canadian population. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Many authors have recommended the administration of standardized instruments, rather than the creation of new scales, and advocate the adaptation of validated questionnaires in other languages. The application of these scales in different countries and by cultural groups necessitates cross-cultural adaptation. Many scales evaluate the functional incapacity resulting from @entity1643 . The ODI is among the most commonly used for this purpose. METHODS: The French-Canadian ODI (ODI-FC) was developed by cross-cultural adaptation following internationally recommended methodology: forward translation, back translation, expert committee revision, and clinical evaluation of the prefinal version. Psychometric testing was performed on 72 @entity1 with @entity1643 . The subjects were recruited from a physiatry department in a university hospital and from a private practice physiatry clinic. They came from the Montreal area. The psychometric testing included internal consistency (Cronbach a), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient) with a time interval set at 48 hours, and construct validity, comparing the ODI-FC with the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (Pearson correlation coefficient). RESULTS: In 44.4% of the subjects, the average duration of @entity1643 varied between 1 and 5 years. Average score for the ODI-FC was 29.2. Good internal consistency was found (Cronbach a = 0.88). Reliability was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.95). Construct validity results revealed excellent correlations between the ODI and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (r = 0.90) and between the ODI and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (r = 0.84). CONCLUSION: Cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the ODI-FC were successful. Psychometric testing determined that the instrument was homogeneous, reliable, and valid. It could be employed in future clinical trials in Canada and possibly in other French-speaking countries.

title: Development of a French-Canadian version of the XXXX Index: cross-cultural adaptation and validation.

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry Disability']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['chronic low back pain', 'low back pain', 'low-back pain']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['Oswestry Disability']


abstract: Desmopressin (DDAVP, 0.3 microgram/kg) has been used routinely after cardiopulmonary bypass, particularly in patients having antiplatelet therapy. Recently @entity929 (single dose of 5 g) given before cardiopulmonary bypass has been added to the protocol. One hundred consecutive @entity1 taking desmopressin and @entity929 (group A) and another 100 taking desmopressin alone (group B) were analyzed. There was no difference among these two groups in @entity1 age, sex, preoperative history of @entity548 and drug consumption, or number of @entity1 for elective, urgent, emergent, redo, and reoperation for @entity548 . Results of routine @entity3459 studies were within normal limits in both groups. Preoperative hemoglobin level was 13.5 g/dL in group A and 13.8 g/dL in group B (p = 0.12). Estimated @entity190 in the operating room was 513 mL for group A and 587 mL for group B (p = 0.07). The total chest drainage at the end of 24 hours was 492 mL in group A and 746 mL in group B (p = 0.0001). Amicar given before cardiopulmonary bypass does not lessen operating room @entity190 , but significantly decreases postoperative chest drainage. Group B @entity1 received more fresh frozen plasma (60 U versus 4 U), more platelets (130 U versus 16 U), and more cryoprecipitate (118 U versus 10 U) than group A @entity1 . Adding @entity929 could save  206.18 in blood product use per @entity1 , compared with the expense of  24.12 per @entity1 for E- @entity7115 administration.

title: Decreased postoperative drainage with addition of XXXX before cardiopulmonary bypass.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity7115 :: ('MESH:D000614', 'Chemical') :: ['aminocaproic acid']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['preoperative coagulation']

entities_list: @entity929 :: ('MESH:D015119', 'Chemical') :: ['epsilon-aminocaproic acid']

answer: @entity929 :: (MESH:D015119,Chemical) :: ['epsilon-aminocaproic acid']


abstract: Ankle orthoses are commonly used for protection against initial @entity3681 and for protection against reinjury. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the DonJoy Ankle Ligament Protector (ALP) and the @entity2587 ( @entity2587 ) on the functional performance tasks of a 40-meter sprint, a figure-of-eight run, and standing vertical jump. Subjects were 14 males and nine females who reported a history of two or more @entity3681 of the same ankle and no sprains of the contralateral ankle. Each subject performed all functional tasks on the first test day with both ankles unbraced and with the recurrently sprained ankle braced with one of the two orthoses. Each subject returned for testing on a second day and performed all tasks with both ankles unbraced and with the other orthosis on the recurrently sprained ankle. Subjects also rated the orthoses for comfort and support. Analysis of variance indicated that braced data were not significantly different than unbraced data and that data for the two orthoses did not differ significantly for any of the functional performance tasks. Seventy-four percent of the subjects reported the @entity2587 was more comfortable than the ALP, and 61% of the subjects indicated that the @entity2587 provided more support than the ALP. Neither orthosis had an effect on functional performance. The results may assist clinicians in selecting either of these orthoses for use in protection against @entity3681 .

title: Effect of ankle orthoses on functional performance for individuals with recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2587 :: ('MESH:D001265', 'Disease') :: ['Aircast Sport-Stirrup', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['lateral ankle sprains', 'ankle sprain injury', 'ankle sprain injuries']

answer: @entity3681 :: (MESH:D016512,Disease) :: ['lateral ankle sprains']