abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to aid primary care providers in distinguishing @entity1832 ( @entity1832 ) from @entity195 and from @entity191 with @entity303 . Differentiating these entities has important treatment implications. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed search was undertaken using the keywords Lewy body @entity303 , @entity1832 , and @entity1832 . There were no date restrictions. Only articles in the English language were reviewed. References of selected articles were reviewed for additional sources. DATA SELECTION AND EXTRACTION: Initially, 2,967 articles were retrieved. All 3 authors participated in data selection and extraction. Articles were further selected for content specific to epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, treatment, and prognosis. For articles with repetitive information, the most current article was used. This resulted in a total of 62 articles included in the review. DATA SYNTHESIS: @entity303 with @entity1832 is the second leading cause of @entity303 after @entity195 . The core symptoms of @entity1832 , including cognitive fluctuations, @entity1833 , and @entity304 , may not always be present as a triad, and clinicians may be unaware of associated symptoms. Thus, this diagnosis is frequently missed by primary care providers. Often, @entity1832 is misdiagnosed as @entity195 , @entity191 , or a primary @entity146 . Treatments for @entity1832 include cholinesterase inhibitors and @entity1024 antagonists. Antipsychotics should be avoided or used with caution. CONCLUSIONS: @entity303 with @entity1832 is an often missed diagnosis. Symptoms are often attributed to other disorders. A high clinical suspicion is helpful in accurate diagnosis, and presence of any of the core symptoms should initiate clinical suspicion of @entity1832 . Distinguishing @entity1832 from other disorders has important treatment implications.

title: XXXX with lewy bodies: diagnosis and management for primary care providers.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric illness']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['visual hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity1832 :: ('MESH:D020961', 'Disease') :: ['Lewy body disease', 'Lewy bodies', 'dementia with Lewy bodies', 'DLB']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['Dementia']


abstract: A series of 41 @entity1653 involving the clivus operated on from July 1983 to January 1990 is reported. The presenting symptoms and signs of these @entity1 were similar to those reported previously. All the @entity1 were evaluated by pre- and postoperative thin-section, high-resolution computed tomography using soft tissue and bone algorithms. Most of the @entity1 also underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The regions of the clivus involved by @entity5 were divided into upper, middle, or lower regions on the basis of anatomical landmarks. The diameter of the @entity5 was measured in three axes, and a @entity5 volume and a @entity5 equivalent diameter were computed to categorize @entity5 as small, medium, large, or giant types. There were 9 medium, 27 large, and 5 @entity5 in this series. Some simple and some complex operative approaches were employed to effect @entity5 removal. Large and @entity5 often required more than one operative approach to remove the @entity5 . Intraoperative technical difficulties included @entity5 consistency, vascularity, dissection from the brain stem, and @entity129 . Postoperative computed tomographic scans documented total excision in 32 @entity1 (78%). @entity41 remained in the clival or cavernous sinus areas. These @entity1 were either being observed, or were treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. There was one @entity204 due to @entity55 (2%), and three @entity1 (7%) suffered permanent major neurological changes, presumably due to @entity432 in the posterior circulation. In the follow-up period, which ranged from 3 to 76 months, 2 @entity1 (6%) with @entity5 that had appeared to be totally excised experienced recurrence. These @entity1 were treated by a second operation, alone or in combination with radiation therapy. Two @entity1 who had subtotal excisions (25%) had evidence of regrowth. In 2 @entity1 , @entity5 growth continued despite gamma knife radiosurgery or external beam radiotherapy.

title: XXXX involving the clivus: a six-year experience with 41 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['vascular and cranial nerve encasement']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['Residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'giant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['vascular occlusions']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['operative death']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['Meningiomas']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity14 ( @entity14 ) is mainly a disease of developed countries and a major cause of @entity204 worldwide. The present study was undertaken to investigate the association of novel @entity5 ( @entity5 ) antigen, A-kinase anchor protein ( @entity24839 ) with @entity14 . @entity24839 gene and protein was examined by RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 200 clinical specimens of different stages and grades. In addition, humoral response against @entity24839 was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting in 172 available sera samples of @entity14 @entity1 . We observed that majority of @entity14 @entity1 demonstrated @entity24839 expression and elicited immune response. @entity24839 protein expression, based on immunoreactivity score (IRS) predicted presence of @entity14 with 84% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% of positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ) and 83.33% negative predictive value (NPV). Humoral response against @entity24839 protein was generated in 82% of the @entity14 @entity1 . Further, statistical analysis revealed that antibodies found against @entity24839 in @entity14 @entity1 predicted presence of malignancy with 81.98% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% @entity2286 , and 63.53% NPV. Collectively, our data suggests that the majority of @entity14 cases show significant difference of @entity24839 expression among stages and grades and also generated antibodies against @entity24839 protein. Therefore, @entity24839 may be potential candidate molecule for developing as a biomarker for early diagnosis and immunotherapy of @entity14 .

title: A novel @entity5 antigen target A-kinase anchor protein ( XXXX ) for the early diagnosis and immunotherapy of colon cancer.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['CT', 'cancer testis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'CRC']

answer: @entity24839 :: (8852,Gene) :: ['AKAP4']


abstract: Metabotropic @entity2227 (mGlu) receptors, which are present on neurons and glial cells, have been shown to play a role in @entity9 . The present study sought to investigate how the glial inhibitors @entity1214 and @entity1502 alter the effect that @entity8638 ( @entity8638 ) has on the expression of mGlu receptors and on their associated ligands. RT-PCR analysis revealed that seven days after @entity8638 , the mRNA levels of glial markers C1q and @entity9327 , as well as those of mGlu5 and @entity15367 , but not mGlu7, were elevated in the lumbar spinal cord - ipsilateral to the injury. The protein levels of the microglial marker OX42, the astroglial marker @entity9327 , and mGlu5 receptor protein were increased, whereas the levels of @entity15367 and mGlu7 receptor proteins were reduced. Preemptive and repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration (16 and 1h before @entity128 and then twice daily for seven days) of @entity1214 (30mg/kg) and @entity1502 (20mg/kg) prevented the injury-induced changes in the levels of @entity15367 and mGlu5 receptor mRNAs and the injury-induced changes in the protein levels of all the receptors. Repeated administration of @entity1214 and @entity1502 significantly attenuated @entity8638 -induced @entity1931 (von Frey test) and @entity1931 (cold plate test) measured on day seven after injury and potentiated the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of single i.p. and intrathecal (i.t.) injections of mGlu receptor ligands: @entity12370 , @entity15366 or @entity26127 . We conclude that attenuation of injury-induced glial activation can reduce glutamatergic activity, thereby contributing to regulation of @entity158 sensation.

title: Glial inhibitors influence the mRNA and protein levels of @entity15367 receptors and potentiate the analgesic effects of their ligands in a mouse model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['allodynia', 'hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1502 :: ('MESH:D010431', 'Chemical') :: ['pentoxifylline']

entities_list: @entity8638 :: ('MESH:D020208', 'Disease') :: ['chronic constriction injury', 'CCI']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity9 :: (MESH:D009437,Disease) :: ['neuropathic pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To define adaptational subgroups in @entity1 with @entity1118 and @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ), and to compare these subgroups with respect to demographic factors, level of injury, functional independence, @entity158 , depressed mood, social support, and life satisfaction. DESIGN: Interviews. SETTING: Veterans Affairs medical center and The Miami Project to Cure @entity912 . @entity1 : @entity1 with @entity1566 and @entity1118 (N=190). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The Multidimensional Pain Inventory, @entity1566 version. RESULTS: Cluster analysis revealed 3 subgroups: (1) dysfunctional (34.6% of all @entity1 ), characterized by higher @entity158 severity, life interference, and affective distress scores, and lower levels of life control and activities scores; (2) interpersonally supported (33.0% of @entity1 ), characterized by moderately high @entity158 severity, and higher life control, support from significant others, distracting responses, solicitous responses, and activities scores; and (3) adaptive copers (32.4% of @entity1 ), characterized by lower @entity158 severity, life interference, affective distress, support from significant others, distracting responses, solicitous responses, activities and higher life control scores. Compared with the dysfunctional subgroup, the interpersonally supported subgroup reported significantly greater social support and life satisfaction and less @entity158 and emotional distress, despite moderately high @entity158 severity. CONCLUSION: Three subgroups, independent of sex, @entity158 duration, and functional status, were identified. Although severe @entity158 significantly decreases life satisfaction after @entity1566 , its impact is moderated by perceived social support.

title: Psychosocial subgroups in @entity1 with XXXX and @entity1118 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Persons', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'pain disability']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['Paralysis']

answer: @entity1566 :: (MESH:D013119,Disease) :: ['spinal cord injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiologic studies suggesting that there were differences in @entity5 recurrence contingent on anesthetic regimens have raised the possibility that  -opioid agonists can influence @entity5 progression. Based on our previous studies indicating the  -opioid receptor ( @entity6253 ) is up-regulated in several types of @entity1149 , this study examined the functional significance of @entity6253 overexpression to elucidate a possible mechanism for the epidemiologic findings. METHODS: Stable vector control and @entity6253 overexpressing @entity1 @entity133 cells were evaluated using immunoblot analysis, proliferation and transendothelial extravasation assays with or without @entity584 inhibitor, @entity3470 inhibitor ( @entity13850 ), or the peripheral @entity6253 antagonist, @entity25716 . In @entity1 @entity2 xenograft models, @entity5 growth rates and lung @entity3 were analyzed using consecutive @entity5 volume measurements and nestin immunoreactivity in lungs of the nude @entity19 model. RESULTS: The authors provide evidence that @entity6253 is an important regulator of @entity2 progression. @entity6253 overexpression increased @entity584 and @entity3470 activation, proliferation, and extravasation in @entity1 @entity133 cells. In vivo, overexpression of @entity6253 in @entity1 @entity189 cells increased @entity5 growth rates in @entity19 by approximately 2.5-fold and lung @entity3 by approximately 20-fold compared with vector control cells (n = 4 per condition). CONCLUSIONS: The overexpression data suggest a possible direct effect of @entity6253 on @entity584 and @entity3470 activation and @entity2 progression. Such an effect provides a plausible explanation for the epidemiologic findings. The authors' observations further suggest that exploration of @entity6253 in @entity1149 merits further study both as a diagnostic and therapeutic option.

title: Overexpression of the  -opioid receptor in @entity1 @entity1149 promotes @entity584 and @entity3470 activation, XXXX growth, and @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity13850 :: ('MESH:C401859', 'Chemical') :: ['temsirolimus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer', 'non-small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity25716 :: ('MESH:C032257', 'Chemical') :: ['methylnaltrexone']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['bronchoalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: @entity5 of endocrine tissues represent almost half of the @entity5 diagnosed clinically in the United States, and many of these respond to hormonal therapies. @entity172 -induced testicular @entity8302 in the @entity19 would seem to represent a realistic model for the laboratory investigation of this significant group of @entity5 . Data accumulated over the past few years clearly show that the Leydig cell is a target tissue for @entity172 . Administering large doses of @entity172 results in a reduction of enzymes converting @entity1420 to @entity251 and induces a transient, but quantitatively very significant, synthesis of DNA in the Leydig cells of @entity5 -susceptible strains of @entity19 . Neither of these actions of @entity172 is mediated via the hypophysis. It has been demonstrated that the Leydig cells have specific protein receptors in their cytoplasm that bind @entity172 and transport them to the nucleus where they are also bound. The genetic composition of the Leydig cells themselves is extremely important for the development of @entity5 . An adequately functioning pituitary gland is also essential for @entity5 formation. Confining the testes to the abdomen results in enzyme changes similar to those produced by @entity172 administration and significantly augments the development of @entity8302 . Once @entity5 form they frequently are dependent for their continued growth on estrogenic stimulation and/or on a functioning hypothysis. @entity5 may remain dormant for many months only to resume progressive growth when placed in and adequate hormone environment.

title: XXXX -induced @entity8302 in the @entity19 : a model system for the study of carcinogenesis and hormone dependency.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen', 'estrogens', 'Estrogen']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Regressed tumors', 'cancers', 'Malignant neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity8302 :: ('MESH:D007984', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig cell tumors']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['Estrogen']


abstract: Early somatosensory (ESEP) and auditory (EAEP) evoked potentials were recorded in 27 @entity1 with severe @entity772 (Glasgow score less than 5) following @entity1167 , within the first 7 days of its course. Somatosensory responses were elicited by stimulation of the median nerve. ESEP were abolished in 17 @entity1 due to a @entity75 . Among these, 6 @entity1 died within one month and 11 presented with a persistent vegetative state. In all @entity1 EAEP were obtained, showing functional brainstem activity. @entity258 , especially for peak V (inferior colliculus or upper part of the brainstem), was sometimes observed. One @entity1 , in whom ESEP and EAEP were initially abolished, died rapidly. In 9 other @entity1 scalp-recorded ESEP and EAEP were normal; all emerged from @entity772 including 5 with good neurological recovery and 4 with neurological sequelae. Clinical, electroencephalographic and computerized tomographic data appeared to be devoid of predictive value at the same initial period. In view of their sensitivity to @entity519 and to @entity4 , even with neurosedative drugs, ESEP seemed to be reliable in predicting outcomes and in evaluating @entity6220 at cortical and subcortical levels (basal ganglia and brainstem) after @entity1167 .

title: [Early somatosensory and auditory evoked potentials in XXXX . Role in evaluating and prognostic value].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6220 :: ('MESH:D020279', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system lesions']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['parietal thalamo-cortical lesion']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral oedema']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory arrest']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['Low-voltage EAEP']

answer: @entity772 :: (MESH:D003128,Disease) :: ['anoxic coma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of low-dose @entity117 in the primary prevention of @entity583 among @entity1 with @entity5749 . DESIGN: A randomized, double-blind, trial. @entity1 : The study included 333 @entity1 with baseline @entity5749 but with no previous history of @entity583 , @entity64 , or transient @entity63 attack who were enrolled in the Physicians' Health Study, a trial of @entity117 among 22,071 male physicians. INTERVENTION: @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive alternate-day @entity117 therapy (325 mg) or placebo and were followed for an average of 60.2 months for the occurrence of @entity583 , @entity64 , or @entity65 . RESULTS: During follow-up, 27 @entity1 had confirmed @entity583 ; 7 were among the 178 @entity1 with @entity5749 who received @entity117 therapy and 20 were among the 155 @entity1 who received placebo (relative risk, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.63; P = 0.003). While simultaneously controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors in a proportional hazards model, an overall 87% risk reduction was calculated (relative risk, 0.13; CI, 0.04 to 0.42; P less than 0.001). For the subgroup of @entity1 with @entity5749 but no previous coronary bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty, an almost identical reduction in the risk for @entity583 was found (relative risk, 0.14; CI, 0.04 to 0.56; P = 0.006). Of 13 @entity64 , 11 occurred in the @entity117 group and 2 in the placebo group (relative risk, 5.4; CI, 1.3 to 22.1; P = 0.02). No @entity64 was fatal, but 4 produced some long-term impairment of function. One @entity64 , in the @entity117 group, was @entity548 . CONCLUSION: Our data indicated that alternate-day @entity117 therapy greatly reduced the risk for first @entity583 among @entity1 with @entity5749 , a group of @entity1 at high risk for @entity65 (P less than 0.001). Although our results for @entity64 were based on small numbers, they suggested an apparent increase in frequency of @entity64 with @entity117 therapy; this finding requires confirmation in randomized trials of adequate sample size.

title: Low-dose XXXX therapy for @entity5749 . A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes', 'stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity5749 :: ('MESH:D060050', 'Disease') :: ['chronic stable angina']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarctions']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular death']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Efficient @entity1608 removal is a primary goal in periodontal therapy. @entity11710 -coated ultrasonic inserts (DIs) offer promise for improved scaling and were evaluated in vitro. METHODS: Extracted @entity1 teeth with moderate to severe @entity1608 had areas of @entity1608 ( approximately 5 x 5 mm) delineated with small burs. Each @entity1608 area was treated under 2.5x magnification to the point of visible root cleanliness with sharp Gracey curets (hand instruments [HIs]), plain ultrasonic inserts (PIs), or ultrasonic inserts with fine-grit diamond coating; the latter two were used in a magnetostrictive ultrasonic instrument at a medium power setting. Each curet or insert was used for four teeth and then replaced by a new instrument. The time needed to clean each tooth/surface was recorded. The total area treated and the area of the residual @entity1608 were calculated using an imaging analysis program. RESULTS: The mean time required for clinical @entity1608 removal was 29.7 seconds for DIs, 91.9 seconds for PIs, and 49.8 seconds for HIs (all P <0.0001 from each other). Overall, the mean percentage of residual @entity1608 was 6.3% for DIs, 5.4% for PIs, and 3.1% for HIs (significant differences between HIs and the other treatments). CONCLUSIONS: In vitro @entity1608 removal was faster with DIs, followed by HIs and PIs. More residual @entity1608 was found with the DIs; however, the 1% to 3% difference (93.7% clean versus 94.6% clean versus 96.9% clean with DIs, PIs, and HIs, respectively) does not seem to be clinically significant.

title: Calculus removal with XXXX -coated ultrasonic inserts in vitro.

answer: @entity11710 :: (MESH:D018130,Chemical) :: ['diamond']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 undergoing cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) sometimes suffer large @entity190 . In a retrospective study, we explored whether postoperative intra-articular retrograde injection of @entity927 (TA) and leaving a drain clamp in place for 1 h reduced @entity190 . @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 (n = 140) treated with unilateral primary cementless TKA (posterior cruciate ligament retained) were divided into two groups: those who had an intra-articular injection of TA (1000 mg) and drain clamping for 1 h postoperatively (study group, n = 70) and those who were not given TA and did not undergo clamping of their drains (control group, n = 70). @entity86 , volume of drainage, hemoglobin level, transfusion amounts and rates, D-dimer level at postoperative day (POD) 7, and complications were recorded. RESULTS: Total @entity190 , total drainage, mean transfusion volume, and transfusion rates were lower in the study group than in controls (P < 0.001). Hemoglobin levels on @entity773 were similar in the groups, but on POD 7 the hemoglobin level was higher in the study group than in controls (P < 0.001). D-dimer level on POD 7 was lower in the study group than in controls (P < 0.05). There were no complications in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Immediately postoperative intra-articular retrograde injection of TA and 1 h of drain-clamping effectively reduced @entity190 and blood transfusion after cementless TKA. We believe that this method is simple, easy, and suitable for these @entity1 .

title: Intra-articular injection of XXXX via a drain plus drain-clamping to reduce @entity190 in cementless total knee arthroplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative total blood loss']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

answer: @entity927 :: (MESH:D014148,Chemical) :: ['tranexamic acid']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines recommend @entity737 ( @entity737 ) for selected @entity1 with chronic @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) to improve survival, yet @entity1479 treatment rates for eligible @entity1 with @entity1002 or @entity712 ( @entity712 ) in cardiology practices remain poorly studied. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine @entity1 and practice characteristics associated with @entity1479 use in the outpatient setting. METHODS: IMPROVE @entity712 (Improve the Use of Evidence-Based @entity712 Therapies in the Outpatient Setting), a prospective cohort study, is designed to characterize management of @entity712 with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF < or =35%). Baseline data were collected for 15,381 @entity1 attending 167 outpatient cardiology practices located in the U.S. RESULTS: By current guidelines, 7,221 @entity1 met eligibility for @entity1479 implantation (+/- cardiac resynchronization therapy [CRT]), of whom 3,659 (50.7%) received either @entity1479 (63.8%) or CRT with defibrillator (36.2%). Individual practice conformity for guideline-recommended @entity1479 use ranged from 0% to 100% (27.3% to 74.6% at the 10th and 90th percentiles, respectively). Adjusted analyses revealed lack of adherence for @entity1479 use most notably with advancing age (odds ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.82 to 0.93 per 10 years), black race (odds ratio: 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.60 to 0.94), and lack of insurance (odds ratio: 0.45; 95% confidence interval: 0.26 to 0.78). Characteristics of increased adherence included male sex, @entity63 , @entity955 , and wider QRS. Practices in the Northeast U.S. were more likely to adhere to guidelines (P <.001), as were those with a dedicated @entity712 clinic (P = .004) and electrophysiologists on staff (P <.001). CONCLUSION: Although a number of @entity1 and practice characteristics are associated with guideline-based @entity1479 use, there is significant unexplained variation in the use of @entity1479 therapy for @entity944 prophylaxis across cardiology practices.

title: Evidence of clinical practice heterogeneity in the use of @entity737 in @entity712 and post-myocardial XXXX : Findings from IMPROVE @entity712 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['HF', 'Heart Failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic disease']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['implantable cardioverter-defibrillators', 'ICDs']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LVD', 'left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['infarction left ventricular dysfunction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 is extremely rare. The published data on this manifestation include predominantly case reports and do not provide any statistical information. PURPOSE: To identify clinical signs and radiological features of @entity0 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: PubMed and Medline databases between 1980 and 2010 were screened using ' @entity0 ' and ' @entity1778 of the breast' as keywords. Secondary references were also reviewed. By this search, a total of 139 @entity1 were identified from the literature. RESULTS: In most @entity1 (n = 85, 61.2%) @entity3052 was diagnosed. Acute @entity1778 occurred in 35 @entity1 (25.2%). Isolated @entity2109 before @entity236 was seen in 24 @entity1 (17.3%). Involvement of the breast during the course of @entity1778 was diagnosed in 25 cases (18%). Intramammary leukemic relapse after therapy/stem cell transplantation occurred in 59 @entity1 (42.4%). In 71 cases (51.1%) the lesions were solitary and in 57 (41%) multiple. The number of lesions was not reported in 11 @entity1 (7.9%). There was no significant difference between the number of lesions in ML and LL. Clinically, 73% of the @entity1 presented with palpable breast masses. Most of them were painless. Mammography was performed in 39 @entity1 , allowing the identification of the following three mammographic patterns: breast masses (28 @entity1 , 72%), architectural distortion (5 @entity1 , 13%), no abnormalities (6 @entity1 , 15%). On ultrasound, most identified masses were homogeneously hypoechoic with microlobulated or indistinct margins. On MRI, on T2-weighted images breast lesions were hyperintense. After venous administration of contrast medium, @entity2109 showed marked inhomogeneous contrast enhancement. Treatment of @entity2109 is the same as for other localizations and is based on chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: In the present study the clinical and radiological features of @entity2109 are described. They are non-specific. However, @entity2109 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of @entity1558 , especially in @entity1 with @entity1778 .

title: XXXX : an update.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast leukemia', 'Breast leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloid leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['lymphatic leukemia', 'leukemia']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow infiltration']

entities_list: @entity1558 :: ('MESH:D001941', 'Disease') :: ['breast disorders']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast leukemia']


abstract: The neuropathological changes were examined in 2 cases of type I @entity14755 ( @entity14755 ), confirmed by a genetic study with @entity1 @entity20117 (prealbumin) cDNA. These cases were from different foci of type I @entity14755 in Japan, but showed a similar pathology in the peripheral nerves. Loss of dorsal root and sympathetic ganglion neurons, predominantly those of small size, was prominent, whereas ventral horn cells were well preserved. Distally accentuated axonal loss with marked axonal sprouting was the principal feature. Fibre sprouts were ubiquitous throughout the nerves and affected the fibre size distribution. @entity17 were prominent in the proximal portions of nerves, but @entity528 was more conspicuous in the distal portions. The centrally-directed branches of the primary sensory neurons did not show distally-accentuated axonal loss in the dorsal columns. @entity527 were present universally in the endoneurial spaces of the peripheral nerves, but more prominently in the dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia and more proximal portions of the nerves, and the distribution correlated well with the occurrence of the pathology of peripheral nerves. Neurofilamentous accumulation was frequent in the proximal axons and neuronal cell bodies of the sensory and sympathetic neurons. Schwann cells and satellite cells to which @entity527 were @entity10273 frequently showed disappearance of basement membrane and proliferation of distorted processes. The findings in the present cases suggest that the Schwann and satellite cells may be directly affected by the @entity527 , but the pathogenetic mechanism of marked axonal and neuronal involvement still remains to be elucidated.

title: XXXX . A pathological study of the peripheral nervous system.

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['Segmental demyelination and remyelination']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposits', 'Amyloid deposits']

entities_list: @entity14755 :: ('MESH:D028227', 'Disease') :: ['familial amyloid polyneuropathy', 'FAP']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['axonal degeneration']

answer: @entity14755 :: (MESH:D028227,Disease) :: ['Type I familial amyloid polyneuropathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The oral food intake of terminally ill @entity5 @entity1 is known to gradually decrease, but there are few reports about how oral intake changes around the terminal stage. It is important to clarify changes in oral food intake, as such changes affect the support and care of terminally ill @entity5 @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: We aimed to clarify changes in oral food intake in terminally ill @entity5 @entity1 during the last 2 weeks before @entity204 . METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a designated @entity5 center hospital in Japan from January 2013 to June 2013. The subjects were recognized as clinically terminally ill @entity5 @entity1 who were hospitalized for >= 14 days, and who had @entity204 as their reason for hospital discharge. One researcher investigated basic @entity1 information and the food intake status of the subjects using their medical records. The basic information investigated was gender, age, type of @entity5 , and the presence of @entity344 14 days prior to @entity204 . The @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ) was prospectively recorded. RESULTS: After applying the exclusion criteria, 108 subjects were finally included in the analysis (59 males aged 70.3        13.3 years; 49 females aged 70.3        14.5 years). The @entity2653 gradually declined, and half of the subjects were unable to take food orally 6 days before @entity204 . In 81 subjects, after excluding subjects with @entity344 , the @entity2653 gradually declined, and half of the subjects were unable to take food orally 4 days prior to @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: Many terminally ill @entity5 @entity1 can take food orally up to a few days prior to their @entity204 . Therefore, various specialists should support the oral intake of terminally ill @entity5 @entity1 until immediately before their @entity204 .

title: Change in Food Intake Status of Terminally Ill Cancer XXXX during Last Two Weeks of Life: A Continuous Observation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['Food Intake LEVEL Scale', 'FILS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal obstruction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ocular manifestations of @entity1374 constitute a wide clinical spectrum ranging from @entity2194 , lid retraction, lid lag and ocular injection, to sight threatening eyeball protusion and @entity2850 . Thyroid-related @entity735 are most commonly associated with @entity2743 , and this most frequently occurs in the setting of @entity1378 . However, in 10% of cases, typical eye signs have also been reported in euthyroid and @entity1375 states. The severity of @entity2194 has been linked to cigarette smoking. There is very little data specifically reporting the ocular manifestations of @entity1374 among black African @entity1 and there is no known report from Nigeria. This pilot study therefore focused on documenting the ocular signs accompanying @entity1374 in a black African population. AIM: To evaluate the pattern of ocular complications, among @entity1 treated for @entity1374 , in a major Nigerian teaching hospital. RESULTS: A total of 75 @entity1 with @entity1374 , were evaluated, comprising 63 females and 12 males. There was a very low prevalence of smoking among @entity1 (<5%). @entity2743 was the commonest @entity1374 , representing 70% of cases. Seventy-eight percent of @entity1 were @entity1378 , 11.8% were euthyroid and only 9.8% of @entity1 were @entity1375 . Commonest systemic symptoms were neck swelling (68.6%), @entity353 (63.8%), @entity400 (60.9%) and palpitations (59.4%). Two-thirds of @entity1 reported ocular symptoms consisting mainly of @entity4 (66.7%) and ocular irritation (58%). Conjunctival injection, lid lag and lid retraction were the commonest ocular signs. Chemosis, severe @entity5768 and @entity1319 were very rare. @entity1781 was found in 4 @entity1 but was related to pre-existing @entity726 . Majority of @entity1 required only ocular emollients and tear supplements. CONCLUSION: Severe ocular complications of @entity1374 were uncommon in this cross-section of Nigerian @entity1 . This may be linked to the very low prevalence of cigarette smoking among Nigerians or genetic and environmental factors linked to their African heritage.

title: Severe Ophthalmological Complications of XXXX are Rare in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria: Results of a Pilot Study.

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid eye disease', 'minor ocular discomfort']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' disease"]

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['painless eye swelling']

entities_list: @entity5768 :: ('MESH:D005094', 'Disease') :: ['proptosis']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve compression']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism', 'hyperthyroid']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['eye disorders']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['Optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['ocular motility disorder']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disease', 'thyroid dysfunction', 'thyroid disorders', 'thyroid disorder']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['Thyroid Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To address the impact of antidiabetic drugs on cardiovascular safety is a matter of clinical concern. Preclinical studies revealed that various protective effects of @entity8238 inhibitor (DPP4i) on @entity65 ; however, its impact of on @entity101 remains controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS: Teneligliptin (TEN; 10mg/kg/day/p.o.) ameliorates @entity101 and cardiac remodeling by normalizing a rise of @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ) that specifically observed in spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR). TEN had no effects on vasculature and concentrations of the @entity8238 -related vasoactive peptides ( @entity1812 , @entity10969 , and atrial natriuretic peptide). The primary action of TEN on BP lowering was due to restoring the @entity1808 -induced manifestation of @entity712 observed in SHR. @entity1372 -proton pump exchanger type 1 ( @entity30845 ) is a regulator of intracellular acidity (pHi) and implicated pathophysiological role in cardiac remodeling occurred in diseased myocardium. Cardiac @entity30845 expression level was increased in SHR and this was restored in TEN-treated SHR. @entity1808 directly augmented cardiac @entity30845 expression and its activity that contributed to @entity1184 response. TEN attenuated the @entity1808 -induced @entity1283 with decline in pHi via suppression of @entity30845 . Loss of @entity30845 activity by specific inhibitor or RNA silencing promoted intracellular acidification and consistently attenuated the @entity1808 -mediated @entity1283 . CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the protective actions of TEN on @entity101 and comorbid cardiac remodeling via @entity1808 / @entity30845 @entity2270 and the novel pathophysiological roles of intracellular acidification via @entity30845 in @entity1283 .

title: A @entity8238 inhibitor ameliorates @entity101 via @entity1808 / XXXX -proton pump exchanger-1 @entity2270 .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1372 :: (MESH:D012964,Chemical) :: ['sodium']


abstract: @entity82 involves activation of fibroblasts, increased production of collagen and fibronectin and transdifferentiation into contractile myofibroblasts. The process resembles aspects of wound-healing but remains unresolved and can be life-threatening when manifest in the kidneys, lungs and liver, in particular. The causes are largely unknown, but recent suggestions that repetitive @entity130 results in the eventual failure of epithelial cell repair due to replicative senescence are gaining favour. This is consistent with the onset of @entity66 in middle age. Because @entity130 often involves @entity190 , @entity32 responses associated with the fibrotic response have been considered as therapeutic targets. However, this has proved largely unsuccessful and focus is now switching to earlier events in the process. These include EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and fibroblast activation in the absence of @entity32 . @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) induces both EMT and fibroblast activation and is considered to be a major pro-fibrotic factor. Recently, @entity14172 [IGF ( @entity14172 ] has also been shown to induce similar effects on @entity2533 , and is strongly implicated in the process of senescence. It also stimulates migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, implicating it in the @entity32 response. In this paper, we examine the evidence for a role of @entity14172 in @entity82 and highlight its structural relationship with other matrix proteins and growth factors also implicated in tissue remodelling.

title: XXXX induces epithelial and fibroblast responses consistent with the fibrotic response.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'inflammatory']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'Fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['fibrotic diseases']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['TGFbeta1', 'transforming growth factor-beta1']

entities_list: @entity14172 :: ('3488', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor)-binding protein-5', 'IGFBP-5']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial injury', 'micro-injury']

answer: @entity14172 :: (3488,Gene) :: ['IGFBP-5']


abstract: PURPOSE: Late morbidity of surgically repaired @entity1498 includes early cardiovascular and @entity66 , shortened life expectancy, abnormal vasomodulator response, @entity101 and exercise-induced @entity101 in the absence of recurrent @entity1498 . Observational studies have linked patterns of arch remodeling (Gothic, Crenel, and Romanesque) to late morbidity, with Gothic arches having the highest incidence. We evaluated flow in native and surgically repaired aortic arches to correlate respective hemodynamic indices with incidence of late morbidity. METHODS: Three dimensional reconstructions of each remodeled arch were created from an anatomic stack of magnetic resonance (MR) images. A structured mesh core with a boundary layer was generated. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis was performed assuming peak flow conditions with a uniform velocity profile and unsteady turbulent flow. @entity1642 ( @entity1642 ), pressure and velocity data were extracted. RESULTS: The region of maximum @entity1642 was located in the mid-transverse arch for the Crenel, Romanesque and Native arches. Peak @entity1642 was located in the isthmus of the Gothic model. Variations in descending aorta flow patterns were also observed among the models. CONCLUSION: The location of peak @entity1642 is a primary difference among the models tested, and may have clinical relevance. Specifically, the Gothic arch had a unique location of peak @entity1642 with flow disorganization in the descending aorta. Our results suggest that varied patterns and locations of @entity1642 resulting from abnormal arch remodeling may exhibit a primary effect on clinical @entity455 .

title: Hemodynamic Modeling of Surgically Repaired XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity1642 :: ('MESH:D015775', 'Disease') :: ['Wall shear stress', 'WSS']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['Coarctation of the Aorta']


abstract: PURPOSE: Diagnosis and @entity174 ( @entity174 ) have progressed over the previous 30 years. Despite advances in computed tomography, there is no current diagnostic uniformity with regard to classification and treatment. We developed a statistically valid treatment protocol for @entity174 based on injury pattern, nasofrontal outflow tract (NFOT) injury, and complication(s). These data outlined predictable injury patterns based on specific computed tomographic findings critical to the diagnosis and ultimate treatment of this potentially fatal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on @entity1 with FSF from 1979 to 2005 under institutional review board approval. All computed tomographic scans were reviewed by the authors and @entity174 categorized by location, displacement, comminution, and degree of @entity130 . RESULTS: One thousand ninety-seven @entity1 with FSF were identified, 87 expired and 153 had inadequate data, leaving a group of 857 @entity1 . Simultaneous displacement of anterior-posterior tables constituted the largest group (38.4%). @entity130 occurred in most @entity1 (70.7%) and was strongly associated with anterior (92%) and posterior (88%) table involvement (comminuted 98%). Sixty-seven percent of @entity1 with @entity130 had obstruction. Five hundred four @entity1 (59.6%) had surgery with 10.4% complications and 353 @entity1 were observed with 3.1% complications. All but 1 @entity1 with complications had @entity130 (98.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Predictable patterns of injury based on specific computed tomographic data play a pivotal role in classification and surgical management of potentially fatal frontal @entity130 . Radiologic diagnosis of @entity130 in @entity174 , particularly obstruction, plays a decisive role in surgical planning.

title: Critical computed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['sinus injuries', 'NFOT injury']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'treatment of frontal sinus fractures', 'FSFs']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['tomographic diagnostic criteria for frontal sinus fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To our knowledge, study of the intraoperative profuse @entity548 of pterygoid venous plexus ( @entity12468 ) in large @entity18871 resection has not yet been reported. Attention should be paid to this topic in clinical practice. METHOD: From 1981 to 2009, 44 cases of JNAs were treated in our hospital. Twenty-six of 44 cases were large nasopharyngeal angiofibromas according to the Fisch classification system(Fisch type III 16, type IV 10). The amount of intraoperative @entity190 in these 26 cases varied from 200 ml to 5200 ml. Factors influencing intraoperative @entity548 of 26 large @entity18871 resections were analyzed retrospectively. The intra-operative observations and imaging data of three typical cases were hereby studied. RESULT: After embolization of the @entity5 (ECA), both the intraoperative observations and imaging data demonstrated that the pterygoid venous plexus ( @entity12468 ) played a crucial role in intraoperative @entity548 . CONCLUSION: @entity12468 in the infratemporal fossa communicates with craniofacial veins. There is no valve between these veins. Once @entity12468 is seriously damaged, venous blood of all craniofacial veins will flow out profusely. In the first operation, the intact @entity12468 in the fatty pad generally can be identified and separated from the @entity5 by delicate surgical managements. If an unsuccessful operation due to serious @entity548 had been done previously, then scar tissue might tightly adhere with @entity12468 , @entity5 and the pterygoid muscles, and separation of the @entity5 from @entity12468 without @entity548 is more difficult. Appropriate surgical approach and correct hemostatic procedure of every @entity548 point should be done carefully under direct vision. Using finger or instrument for quick blind dissection should be prohibited.

title: [Study and analysis on the @entity548 of pterygoid venous plexus in large XXXX resection].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumor-supplying branches of the external carotid artery']

entities_list: @entity18871 :: ('MESH:D018322', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngeal angiofibroma']

answer: @entity18871 :: (MESH:D018322,Disease) :: ['nasopharyngeal angiofibroma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purposes of this study were to identify the presence of the @entity4518 (AIL), to study its attachment patterns and relationships to other anatomic structures within the knee and to evaluate the potential association of its rupture with other pathology of the knee. METHODS: Ten @entity1 cadaver knees were dissected excluding knees with surgical scars. Fifty-one MR examinations were performed in symptomatic @entity1 . Arthroscopic observations were carried out on ten @entity1 . RESULTS: AIL was found in nine dissected knees with type I insertion in six cases, type II insertion in three cases. The average length was 31.2 mm (25-45 mm). The average distance between AIL and insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament was 12 mm (11-15 mm). Concerning MR study, AIL was found in 34 cases (82.9%). Four (9.75%) ruptures of the AIL were encountered. Where AIL was intact, 14 @entity1 presented @entity75 (46.6%). Where AIL was ruptured, three @entity1 presented @entity75 (75%). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates through anatomical and MR studies that AIL is present in more than 80% of the cases with predominant type I insertion. The association of meniscal and @entity75 was highlighted demonstrating that AIL is not only an anatomical point of interest but also a clinical and surgical reality.

title: The XXXX : an anatomic and MR study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['meniscal lesions', 'AIL lesions']

entities_list: @entity4518 :: ('MESH:D046788', 'Disease') :: ['anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee']

answer: @entity4518 :: (MESH:D046788,Disease) :: ['anterior intermeniscal ligament of the knee']


abstract: BACKGROUND: For adequate staging and subsequent accurate estimation of prognosis, a sufficient number of lymph nodes (LNs) has to be evaluated. This study aimed to identify factors associated with adequate nodal evaluation and to determine its relationship with survival. METHODS: Data from all @entity1 with stage I to III @entity189 who underwent surgical treatment and who were diagnosed in the period 2000 to 2006 were retrieved from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Multilevel logistic analysis was performed to examine the influence of relevant factors on the number of evaluated LNs. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to analyze the association with overall survival. RESULTS: The number of evaluated LNs was determined for 10,788 (91%) of 11,818 @entity5 . Median number of evaluated LNs was 7, ranging from 4 to 11 between pathology laboratories. The proportion of @entity1 with positive LNs increased with increasing number of evaluated LNs. @entity1 , younger @entity1 , @entity5 with deeper invasion and nodal involvement, @entity1 without preoperative radiotherapy who underwent a low anterior resection, and @entity1 whose LNs were evaluated in an academic pathology laboratory were more likely to have >= 12 LNs evaluated. After adding these factors to the model, unexplained variation between pathology laboratories and between hospitals remained. The overall survival increased with increasing number of evaluated LNs. CONCLUSIONS: A large variation in LN evaluation among @entity1 with @entity5 was revealed. Improvement in LN evaluation by both hospitals and pathology laboratories could improve staging, leading to more reliable estimation of prognosis.

title: Variation in lymph node evaluation in XXXX : a Dutch nationwide population-based study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare mechanical stability between a novel @entity7502 mesh repair (Mesh), a modified 3-loop pulley suture (Suture), and a combination of the techniques (Suture+Mesh) for the repair of distal @entity235 Achilles' @entity397 . STUDY DESIGN: In vitro mechanical evaluation. SAMPLE POPULATION: Cadaveric @entity235 Achilles' tendon/calcaneus units (n=34). METHODS: Constructs were loaded under tension to failure in a materials testing machine with synchronized kinematic analysis. Ultimate load to failure, global construct stiffness, and force required to reach 1 and 3 mm gap formation was recorded. RESULTS: Ultimate load to failure was greatest for the Suture+Mesh group and lowest for the Suture group. The Suture+Mesh technique afforded a significantly greater global stiffness than the Suture or Mesh treatments. Force to generate 1 and 3 mm gap formation was greatest with the Suture group. CONCLUSIONS: The Suture+Mesh group had the highest ultimate load to failure and afforded the greatest global stiffness though it had no added benefit to resist local gap formation at the repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Achilles' @entity397 repaired with suture can be augmented with mesh to increase the ultimate load to failure, but as currently tested, there was a decrease in resistance to gap formation At this time we cannot recommend Mesh or the Suture+Mesh techniques without further testing.

title: In vitro biomechanical comparison of @entity7502 mesh, modified three-loop pulley suture pattern, and a combination for repair of distal XXXX achilles' tendon injuries.

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['tendon ruptures', 'ruptures']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: The aim of this study was to test the effect of an intensive hand exercise programme in @entity1 with @entity309 ( @entity309 ). Designed as a clinical controlled trial, the first 30 @entity1 received a conservative exercise programme (CEP), while the next 30 received an intensive exercise programme (IEP). Outcomes were assessed at baseline, and after 2 and 14 weeks. Hand strength, measured as grip strength and pinch strength, was the primary outcome variable. Secondary outcomes were joint mobility, hand @entity158 , and functional ability. After two weeks, there were significant differences between the groups in favour of the IEP in pinch strength in the dominant hand (p = 0.01), as well as grip and pinch strength in the non-dominant hand (p = 0.04 and 0.05, respectively). After 14 weeks, there was a significant difference between the two groups in grip strength in the non-dominant hand (p = 0.04), again in favour of the IEP. There was a trend towards increased @entity158 in the CEP group and towards @entity158 in the IEP group, with significant differences between the groups in several measures of @entity158 after 2 and 14 weeks. However, there were few significant differences between the two groups regarding joint mobility and functional ability. The results indicate that, compared with a traditional programme, an intensive hand exercise programme is well tolerated and more effective in improving hand function in @entity1 with @entity309 .

title: Effect of an intensive hand exercise programme in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'decreased pain']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of @entity4512 in European countries varies considerably. We analyzed data from the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) to explore the role of personal, occupational, and social risk factors in determining the national prevalence of @entity4512 . METHODS: Over the course of 2010, 43 816 subjects from 34 countries were interviewed. We analyzed the one-year prevalence of back and neck/upper-limb @entity158 . Individual-level risk factors studied included: sex; age; educational level; socioeconomic status; housework or cooking; gardening and repairs; somatizing tendency; job demand-control; six physical occupational exposures; and occupational group. Data on national socioeconomic variables were obtained from Eurostat and were available for 28 countries. We fitted Poisson regression models with random intercept by country. RESULTS: The main analysis comprised 35 550 workers. Among individual-level risk factors, somatizing tendency was the strongest predictor of the symptoms. Major differences were observed by country with @entity615 more than twice as common in Portugal (63.8%) than Ireland (25.7%), and prevalence rates of neck/upper-limb @entity158 ranging from 26.6% in Ireland to 67.7% in Finland. Adjustment for individual-level risk factors slightly reduced the large variation in prevalence between countries. For @entity615 , the rates were more homogenous after adjustment for national socioeconomic variables. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis indicates substantial variation between European countries in the prevalence of back and neck/upper-limb @entity158 . This variation is unexplained by established individual risk factors. It may be attributable in part to socioeconomic differences between countries, with higher prevalence where there is less risk of poverty or social exclusion.

title: XXXX in Europe: the role of personal, occupational, and social risk factors.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal pain']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

answer: @entity4512 :: (MESH:D059352,Disease) :: ['Musculoskeletal pain']


abstract: The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) produces @entity5 cells that are invasive, migratory, and exhibit stem cell characteristics, hallmarks of cells that have the potential to generate @entity3 . Inducers of the EMT include several transcription factors (TFs), such as Goosecoid, @entity4245 , and Twist, as well as the secreted @entity2533 . Each of these factors is capable, on its own, of inducing an EMT in the @entity1 mammary epithelial (HMLE) cell line. However, the interactions between these regulators are poorly understood. Overexpression of each of the above EMT inducers up-regulates a subset of other EMT-inducing TFs, with Twist, @entity18075 , @entity18436 , @entity2533 , and @entity8944 being commonly induced. Up-regulation of @entity19099 and @entity8944 by either @entity4245 or Twist does not depend on @entity2533 signaling. Gene expression signatures (GESs) derived by overexpressing EMT-inducing TFs reveal that the Twist GES and @entity4245 GES are the most similar, although the Goosecoid GES is the least similar to the others. An EMT core signature was derived from the changes in gene expression shared by up-regulation of Gsc, @entity4245 , Twist, and @entity2533 and by down-regulation of @entity5962 , loss of which can also trigger an EMT in certain cell types. The EMT core signature associates closely with the claudin-low and metaplastic @entity0 subtypes and correlates negatively with pathological complete response. Additionally, the expression level of @entity17967 , another EMT inducer, correlates strongly with poor survival of @entity0 @entity1 .

title: Core epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition interactome gene-expression signature is associated with claudin-low and metaplastic XXXX subtypes.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Goto-Kakizaki (GK) @entity35 develop early-onset @entity2175 ( @entity2175 ) symptoms, with signs of @entity2316 becoming apparent with aging. To determine whether @entity2175 and @entity8 share similar genetic architecture, we ran a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in the F2 progeny of a GK x Brown Norway (BN) @entity35 cross. Further, to determine whether @entity74 change over time, we ran the QTL analysis on phenotypes collected longitudinally, at 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo, from the same animals. We confirmed three chromosomal regions that are linked to early @entity6 phenotypes (chromosomes 1, 5, and 10) and a single region involved in the late progression of the disorder (chromosome 4). A single region was identified for the onset of the @entity8 (chromosome 5). This region overlaps the @entity6 QTL, although it is not certain whether similar genes are involved in both phenotypes. A second QTL linked to the progression of the renal phenotype was found on chromosome 7. Linkage for @entity412 and @entity165 levels were also identified (chromosomes 7 and 8, respectively). These results demonstrate that, in general, different @entity74 control @entity6 and renal phenotypes in a @entity2316 model. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that, over time, different @entity74 are involved in progression of disease from those that were involved in disease onset. This observation would suggest that clinical studies collecting @entity1 over a wide age distribution may be diluting genetic effects and reducing power to detect true effects.

title: Distinct genetic regulation of progression of @entity6 and XXXX in the Goto-Kakizaki @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['type 2 diabetes', 'T2D']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal phenotype proteinuria', 'renal disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic components']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The incidence of initial prescriptions of opioids for chronic non- @entity5 @entity158 rose by 37% in Germany from 2000 to 2010. Prescribing practice does not always conform with the recommendations of current guidelines. In the USA, 8-12% of @entity1 with chronic non- @entity5 @entity158 are opioid-dependent. METHODS: This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective PubMed search and on the German S3 guideline on the long-term use of opioids in non- @entity5 @entity158 . RESULTS: @entity1 must be informed and counseled about the effects and risks of opioids before these drugs are prescribed. All opioid prescriptions for @entity1 with chronic non- @entity5 @entity158 should be regularly reviewed. The risk of abuse is high in young adults (odds ratio [OR] = 6.74) and in those with a history of @entity734 (OR = 2.34). Any unusual medication-related behavior, e.g., loss of prescriptions or increasing the dose without prior discussion with the physician, calls for further assessment by the physician in conversation with the @entity1 . Urine testing for drugs and their metabolites is helpful as well. The goal of treatment of @entity4784 is opioid abstinence by gradual reduction of the dose. If this is not possible on an outpatient basis, hospitalization for drug withdrawal or substitution-based addiction therapy can be offered. CONCLUSION: Physicians who know the indications and risks of opioid therapy and the typical behavior of drug-dependent @entity1 will be better able to identify @entity1 at risk and to prevent @entity734 . Studies on the prevalence of @entity4784 and @entity734 in German @entity1 with @entity1118 can help provide better estimates of the current extent and implications of this problem in Germany.

title: XXXX on Prescription Opioids.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['opioid abuse']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence', 'substance abuse']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['Dependence']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To use a mathematical model and computer simulation to study transmission dynamics and control of @entity2040 in mountainous regions of Sichuan. METHODS: Based on studies of @entity2040 japonica transmission in 20 villages in mountainous regions of Sichuan, a mathematical model was developed to characterize the impact of local environmental factors on transmission intensity. The model integrated site-specific factors and was calibrated to field epidemiological data from 3 subset villages. The dichotomic method was then used to predict different control measures. RESULTS: The study showed high variations in prevalence of @entity281 and @entity281 intensity across villages, ranging between 3%-73%, 0.1-100 epg (eggs per gram stool), respectively. Important factors including occupation of local residents, exposure to contaminated water, microclimatic characteristics were integrated in the model. The predictions of dichotomic models showed that continuing chemotherapy (coverage between 50%-60%) could reduce @entity281 intensities to 30%-80%, but could not change local transmission potential; therefore, the termination of chemotherapy would be followed by bouncing back of transmission. Sustaining targeted environmental interventions through snail and parasite oval control at certain coverage (30%-50%, respectively) could reduce the transmission to relatively stable levels. The model predictions showed that an integrated control (e.g., including both chemotherapy and environmental interventions) could suppress the transmission to an undetectable level even interruption of transmission between 5-10 years. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the feasibility of using a dynamic model, calibrated to local data, to gain insights into complicated processes underlying the transmission and informing site-specific control strategies.

title: [Modeling transmission dynamics and control of XXXX in the mountainous region, Sichuan].

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

answer: @entity2040 :: (MESH:D012552,Disease) :: ['schistosomiasis']


abstract: @entity1117 ( @entity1117 ) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality from @entity281 . The first @entity1117 gene therapy trial resulted in only short-term marking of 0.01% to 0.1% of neutrophils. A recent study, using busulfan conditioning and an @entity18903 retrovirus vector, achieved more than 20% marking in 2 @entity1 with @entity1117 . However, oxidase correction per marked neutrophil was less than normal and not sustained. Despite this, @entity1 clearly benefited in that severe @entity281 resolved. As such, we initiated a gene therapy trial for X- @entity1117 to treat severe @entity281 unresponsive to conventional therapy. We treated 3 adult @entity1 using busulfan conditioning and an MFGS retroviral vector encoding gp91(phox), achieving early marking of 26%, 5%, and 4% of neutrophils, respectively, with sustained long-term marking of 1.1% and 0.03% of neutrophils in 2 of the @entity1 . Gene-marked neutrophils have sustained full correction of oxidase activity for 34 and 11 months, respectively, with full or partial resolution of @entity281 in those 2 @entity1 . Gene marking is polyclonal with no clonal dominance. We conclude that busulfan conditioning together with an MFGS vector is capable of achieving long-term correction of neutrophil oxidase function sufficient to provide benefit in management of severe @entity281 . This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00394316.

title: Retrovirus gene therapy for XXXX can achieve stable long-term correction of oxidase activity in peripheral blood neutrophils.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity1117 :: ('MESH:D006105', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic granulomatous disease', 'X-linked CGD', 'CGD']

answer: @entity1117 :: (MESH:D006105,Disease) :: ['X-linked chronic granulomatous disease']


abstract: AIM OF STUDY: To assess the utility of internal jugular vein (IJV) / peripheral @entity4545 (ACTH) gradient in determining the etiology of ACTH- dependent @entity699 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 with ACTH-dependent @entity699 , (except @entity1 less than 12 years), had IJV blood collection under ultrasound guidance using a linear 7 MHZ probe. Blood was collected with a 21 G needle at the level of mandible with the @entity1 in supine position. Six ml of blood was collected sequentially from right and left internal jugular veins for ACTH and prolactin estimation. Peripheral blood for ACTH and prolactin was taken from a previously placed IV cannula in the antecubital vein. RESULTS: Thirty @entity1 (20 F, 10 M, age 14 to 50 yrs) were enrolled for this study. Source of ACTH excess was pituitary in 22, ectopic ACTH in 4, and unknown in 4 cases. Using an IJV: Peripheral ACTH ratio of >=  1.6, 15 out of 22 @entity699 @entity1 were correctly identified. However, 1 out of 4 ectopic Cushing also had IJV: Peripheral ratio >=  1.6. Overall, it had sensitivity of 68% with specificity of 75% while MRI pituitary and HDDST had sensitivity of 86% and 59%, respectively, with specificity of 100% each. CONCLUSION: IJV: Peripheral ACTH gradient was observed in 68% of @entity1 with @entity699 . Simultaneous IJV and peripheral sample collection with @entity6192 stimulation may improve sensitivity and specificity of this test.

title: Internal jugular vein @entity4545 estimation for diagnosis of @entity4545 -dependent XXXX : Ultrasound-guided direct jugular vein sample collection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4545 :: ('5443', 'Gene') :: ['adrenocorticotropic hormone']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's disease", "Cushing's syndrome"]

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['Cushing's syndrome']


abstract: The leucocyte-specific phosphatase @entity1195 is present in two main isoforms: the large @entity1195 RA and the short CD45RO. We have recently shown that distinctive expression of these isoforms distinguishes natural killer (NK) populations. For example, co-expression of both isoforms identifies in vivo the anti @entity5 NK cells in hematological @entity5 @entity1 . Here we show that low @entity1195 expression associates with less mature, CD56bright, NK cells. Most NK cells in healthy @entity1 donors are CD45RA+CD45RO-. The CD45RA-RO+ phenotype, CD45RO cells, is extremely uncommon in B or NK cells, in contrast to T cells. However, healthy donors possess CD45RAdimRO- (CD45RAdim cells), which show immature markers and are largely expanded in hematopoietic stem cell transplant @entity1 . Blood borne @entity5 @entity1 also have more CD45RAdim cells that carry several features of immature NK cells. However, and in opposition to their association to NK cell progenitors, they do not proliferate and show low expression of the @entity8282 / @entity8282 , suggesting low metabolic activity. Moreover, CD45RAdim cells properly respond to in vitro encounter with target cells by degranulating or gaining @entity7986 expression. In summary, they are quiescent NK cells, with low metabolic status that can, however, respond after encounter with target cells.

title: XXXX Isoform Profile Identifies Natural Killer (NK) Subsets with Differential Activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity8282 :: ('7037', 'Gene') :: ['transferrin receptor protein 1', 'CD71']

answer: @entity1195 :: (5788,Gene) :: ['CD45']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography has emerged as a new tool for quantifying @entity393 in @entity15 ( @entity15 ). A reduction in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness is correlated with Expanded Disability Status Scale score and @entity1010 . OBJECTIVE: To investigate RNFL and macular volume measurements using optical coherence tomography in the @entity922 population. DESIGN: Prospective case series. Settings Neurologic clinics at the university hospitals of Lille and Strasbourg (France). @entity1 : Fifty-six consecutive @entity1 with @entity922 (18 with @entity7995 and 38 without @entity7995 ) and 32 control subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Macular volume and RNFL thickness. RESULTS: Mean (SD) overall RNFL thickness (98.98 [10.26] microm) and macular volume (6.86 [0.32] microm(3)) in the @entity922 population were not significantly different compared with the controls (98.71 [9.08] mum and 6.92 [0.38] microm(3), respectively). No link was noted between atrophy of the RNFL or macula and conversion to @entity15 at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Optical coherence tomography does not reveal retinal @entity393 at the earliest clinical stage of @entity15 and does not predict conversion to @entity15 at 6 months.

title: Optical coherence tomography in @entity922 : no evidence of subclinical retinal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity7995 :: ('MESH:D009902', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuritis']

entities_list: @entity1010 :: ('MESH:C566985', 'Disease') :: ['brain atrophy']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['axonal loss']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity922 :: ('MESH:D013568', 'Disease') :: ['clinically isolated syndrome']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['axonal loss']


abstract: Astrocytes react to various @entity179 rapidly and undergo changes known as @entity5219 or astrogliosis. In @entity195 ( @entity195 ), a wall of reactive astrocytes surrounds @entity527 of b-amyloid (Ab) and might play an important role in clearing of Ab. @entity195 is neuropathologically characterized by the co-existence of two pathological structures, @entity527 and neurofibrillary tangles composed of Ab and Tau protein respectively. However, the molecular mechanisms underlie astrogliosis and increased expressions of @entity9327 and other astrogliosis markers are poorly understood. Since @entity195 is age related, the aim of this study is to compare the @entity5219 of aging prone astrocytes cultured from senescence-accelerated @entity19 and astrocytes from normal @entity19 in response to Ab and Tau treatment. Our results demonstrated that the aging prone astrocytes have showed larger degree of @entity5219 than normal astrocytes. Since reactive astrocytes had less ability to support co-cultured neurons as compared with control astrocytes. Therefore, it is likely that aging prone astrocytes might contribute to cell loss or dysfunction associated with insults in @entity195 . In other words, aging prone astrocytes might have decreased ability than normal astrocytes to protect or prevent @entity528 in @entity195 pathology. In addition, further @entity195 related studies should use aging prone astrocytes instead of normal astrocytes.

title: The difference in @entity5219 induced by b-amyloid and Tau treatments in astrocyte cultures derived from senescence accelerated and normal XXXX strains.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['senile plaques']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative insults']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal dysfunction']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Due to increasing prevalence of intracranial device use and multidrug-resistant and nosocomial organisms, central nervous system (CNS) @entity281 requiring treatment with @entity1757 ( @entity1757 ) @entity581 are becoming increasingly common. This article systematically reviews @entity1757 @entity5292 literature in adults and integrates available evidence to serve as a practical reference for clinicians. Medline (1946 to December 2015), Embase (1974 to December 2015), PubMed (1966 to December 2015), Google, and Google Scholar were searched using the term @entity5292 combined individually with the terms @entity1757 , @entity693 , @entity281 , @entity5034 , and cerebral spinal fluid. Eighteen articles were included. @entity1757 @entity581 were assessed in @entity693 , @entity5034 , @entity281 and neurosurgery prophylaxis. No serious adverse effects following @entity1757 @entity5292 were reported. Dosages ranged from @entity1757 @entity801 4-10  mg daily, @entity1757 @entity2890 5-10  mg daily, and @entity1757 @entity4509 5-50  mg daily. Duration of therapy should be individualized; however, continuing @entity1757 antibiotics for 3  days and up to 21  days after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sterilization has been reported in literature. Most studies included concomitant intravenous antibiotic use. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) was reported in five studies, with varying timing of CSF concentrations obtained. No clear relationship between CSF levels and efficacy or @entity137 was evident. Based on current literature, @entity1757 @entity581 for the treatment of sensitive gram-negative @entity693 , @entity5034 , and CNS device-associated @entity281 appear safe and effective. Optimal dosing regimens are unclear. It is reasonable to initiate @entity1757 @entity5292 at lowest dose in combination with IV therapy and continuing post CSF sterilization. Preservative-free formulations should be utilized to minimize adverse drug reactions. TDM should not be routinely utilized but reserved for more complicated @entity1 . Further pharmacokinetic and clinical trials of @entity1757 @entity581 are necessary to fill current therapeutic gaps. Due to the relatively limited cases of @entity1757 @entity5292 utilization, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are likely not feasible, and clinicians will have to rely on data from non-randomized and/or retrospective studies.

title: Systematic Review of Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and Administration of Intraventricular XXXX in Adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2890 :: ('MESH:D014031', 'Chemical') :: ['tobramycin']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular', 'IVT']

entities_list: @entity5034 :: ('MESH:D058565', 'Disease') :: ['ventriculitis']

entities_list: @entity5292 :: ('D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycoside']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial device infections', 'infections', 'shunt infection']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

answer: @entity581 :: (MESH:D000617,Chemical) :: ['Aminoglycosides']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess frequency of @entity1086 in @entity8431 ( @entity8431 ). METHODS: We evaluated 34 @entity1 with @entity8431 (average age 16.7 years, age range 2-39 years) screened for @entity1085 by ultrasound. In the case of cholecystectomy, findings at pathology were reviewed. RESULTS: Only 8 of 34 @entity1 (23%) had a normal gallbladder at ultrasound. @entity1127 were visible in 8 @entity1 (23%). Cholecystectomy was performed in 11 @entity1 (32%). In these, pathology revealed @entity854 , including @entity1127 , intestinal @entity4648 , prominent @entity26128 , and @entity10839 storage. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that gallbladder involvement is the rule rather than the exception in @entity8431 . The high prevalence of @entity1127 , a known @entity1613 , and one death from @entity1086 at a young age suggest that @entity8431 predisposes to @entity1085 . As novel therapies for this @entity1 group are emerging leading to increased life expectancy, we recommend screening for @entity1085 by ultrasound in order to prevent @entity204 .

title: Gallbladder and the risk of XXXX and carcinoma in @entity8431 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['neoplastic gallbladder abnormalities', 'gallbladder abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1127 :: ('MESH:D011127', 'Disease') :: ['Gallbladder polyps', 'hyperplastic polyps']

entities_list: @entity8431 :: ('MESH:D007966', 'Disease') :: ['MLD', 'metachromatic leukodystrophy']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['various abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4648 :: ('MESH:D008679', 'Disease') :: ['metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['precancerous condition']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder polyposis and carcinoma', 'gallbladder carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity10839 :: ('CHEBI:18318', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfatide']

entities_list: @entity26128 :: ('MESH:C535869', 'Disease') :: ['Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['early death']

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['polyps']


abstract: The standard-of-care treatment for newly diagnosed @entity463 changed in 2005, when radiation therapy plus @entity2903 chemotherapy replaced radiation therapy alone. It is not yet clear how this change in treatment has influenced @entity1 survival in routine clinical practice, or if a survival benefit extends to @entity1 older than those enrolled in the trial. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program was analyzed to compare survival of @entity463 @entity1 diagnosed from 2000-2003 to @entity1 diagnosed from 2005-2008, in order to evaluate pre- @entity2903 and post- @entity2903 periods. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used. 6,673 @entity1 with @entity463 diagnosed from 2000-2003 and 7,259 @entity1 diagnosed from 2005-2008 were identified. Median survival times of all @entity1 diagnosed in the 2000-2003 and 2005-2008 periods were 8.1 and 9.7 months, respectively. Amongst @entity1 treated with surgery and a radiation-containing regimen, median survival was 12.0 months in 2000-2003 and 14.2 months in 2005-2008. In the @entity2903 @entity7971 , median survival times ranged from a high of 31.9 months in @entity1 age 20-29 to a low of 5.6 months in @entity1 age 80 and older. The survival of @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity463 improved from 2000-2003 to 2005-2008, likely due to @entity2903 use. However, median survival time after @entity463 diagnosis in the SEER population remains well under one year, largely driven by poor prognosis in elderly @entity1 .

title: @entity463 survival in the United States before and during the @entity2903 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['adult glioblastoma', 'glioblastoma']

answer: @entity7971 :: (26284,Gene) :: ['era']


abstract: A national distribution of 66 French @entity1 , from 49 sibships, has been studied. Segregation analysis, using the maximum likelihood method, was found to agree with the theoretical values expected in recessive autosomal inheritance. The birthplaces of these @entity1 show an unequal geographic distribution of @entity8518 , the incidence being higher in Western France. Compared with the total number of live births during the period 1959 to 1972, the minimum incidence of the condition in the province of Brittany is 1 per 25 909, and the gene frequency 0.0062. In the rest of France, the minimum incidence is 1 per 326,440 and the gene frequency 0.0018. Application of Dahlberg's formula gives a similar result. The mean inbreeding coefficient is 530 X 10(-5), a figure 23 times higher than the mean coefficient of France. An indirect test of inbreeding, the distance between parental birthplaces, was studied, first using the French administrative boundaries, second by using kilometers. This distance was constantly smaller for the parents of @entity1 than for the parents of controls. Analysis of two erythrocyte polymorphisms ( @entity6910 and Rh) showed a large excess of group A @entity1 when compared with overall French data. These findings are difficult to interpret on genetic grounds. The genetic reasons for the unequal geographic distribution of @entity8518 in France are discussed.

title: Infantile XXXX in France: genetics, incidence, geographic distribution.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8518 :: ('MESH:D003554', 'Disease') :: ['cystinosis']

answer: @entity8518 :: (MESH:D003554,Disease) :: ['cystinosis']


abstract: As knowledge of regional @entity1082 ) type distribution is essential for the optimization of prevention strategies, this study was carried out to explore the prevalence and type distribution of high-risk HPV in a screening population across Greece. Cervical samples were collected by local physicians and nurses in hospitals and health centers across the country from 4139 @entity1 attending for cervical @entity5 screening. High-risk HPV-DNA was detected by using Hybrid Capture-2 (HC2) and positive samples with adequate cellular content were further typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction. Almost six percent (5.9%) of @entity1 tested positive in HC2. The most common type was @entity1799 (1.4% in the whole sample and 32.4% of the typed samples), followed by HPV53 (0.6 and 14.0%, respectively), HPV31 (0.6 and 12.9%, respectively), HPV35 (0.5 and 12.3%, respectively), HPV51 (0.4 and 7.8%, respectively), HPV18 (0.3 and 7.3%, respectively) and 22 more types. Almost 15% of the typed samples showed a coinfection with two HPV types and 2.1% with three types. There was a bimodal distribution by age, with the highest peak in @entity1 20-29 years old and a lower peak in @entity1 50-59 years old. Apart from the types originally included in HC2 cocktail, PCR analysis identified 15 more types (HPV6, HPV11, HPV34, HPV37, HPV38, HPV42, HPV53, HPV54, HPV55, HPV61, HPV62, HPV66, HPV73, HPV82, HPV83). Eleven percent of HC2-positive results arose from single-type @entity281 with HPV53 (10%) and HPV66 (1%), which are potentially high-risk types. In conclusion, @entity1799 is the most common type in the largest Greek screening sample used to date and, together with its related types, accounts for more than half of high-risk HPV @entity281 . Approximately 10% of positive HC2 results arise from HPV53, which is not normally detected by the test, but may be clinically significant.

title: Prevalence and distribution of high-risk XXXX in Greece.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

answer: @entity1082 :: (10566,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus']


abstract: @entity302 prevalence in the developing world is many fold that found in developed countries. For individuals whose conditions failed to respond to pharmacotherapy, surgery is the only opportunity for cure. In Uganda, we developed a center for treatment of intractable @entity1315 (iTLE) that functions within the technologic and expertise constraints of a severely low resource area. Our model relies on partnership with @entity302 professionals and training of local staff. @entity1 were prescreened at regional clinics for iTLE. Individuals meeting inclusion criteria were referred to the treating Ugandan hospital (CURE @entity1 's' Hospital of Uganda, CCHU) for video-EEG (electroencephalography), computed tomography (CT) imaging, and neuropsychological evaluation. Data were transferred to @entity302 experts for analysis and treatment recommendations. Ten @entity1 were diagnosed with iTLE and surgically treated at CCHU. Six (60%) were @entity410 free, and there was no neurologic morbidity or mortality. Our model for surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant TLE has functioned successfully in a true developing world low resource setting.

title: Surgery for pharmacoresistant XXXX in the developing world: A pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'Epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: @entity1 -controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) for labor was introduced into clinical practice 20 yr ago. The PCEA technique has been shown to have significant benefits when compared with continuous epidural infusion. We conducted a systematic review using MEDLINE and EMBASE (1988-April 1, 2008) of all randomized, controlled trials in parturients who received PCEA in labor in which one of the following comparisons were made: background infusion versus none; @entity1342 versus @entity1341 ; high versus low concentrations of local anesthetics; and new strategies versus standard strategies. The outcomes of interest were maternal analgesia, satisfaction, @entity616 , and the incidence of unscheduled clinician interventions. A continuous background infusion improved maternal analgesia and reduced unscheduled clinician interventions. Larger bolus doses (more than 5 mL) may provide better analgesia compared with small boluses. Low concentrations of @entity1341 or @entity1342 provide excellent analgesia without significant @entity616 . Many strategies with PCEA can provide effective labor analgesia. High volume, dilute local anesthetic solutions with a continuous background infusion appear to be the most successful strategy. Research into new delivery strategies, such as mandatory programmed intermittent boluses and computerized feedback dosing, is ongoing.

title: XXXX -controlled epidural analgesia for labor.

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['motor block']

entities_list: @entity1342 :: ('MESH:C037663', 'Chemical') :: ['ropivacaine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We undertook this study to compare the clinical outcomes in @entity1 treated for threshold @entity989 ( @entity989 ) with transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation versus transscleral cryotherapy. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed of @entity1 treated for threshold @entity989 at our institution between 1988 and 1997. Cryotherapy was used to treat @entity1 before 1992, and diode laser was used thereafter. One hundred fifteen eyes of 63 @entity1 underwent cryotherapy, and 130 eyes of 70 @entity1 underwent laser treatment. Because strong concordance exists between fellow eyes treated for @entity989 , statistical analysis was done for right eye outcomes only. Demographics, short-term complications, and treatment parameters were compared on the entire cohort of @entity1 . Structural outcomes were compared between a group of 79 cryotreated eyes (39 OD, 40 @entity3012 ) and a group of 113 laser-treated eyes (56 OD, 57 @entity3012 ). Mean cycloplegic refraction was compared between a group of 38 cryotreated eyes (18 OD, 20 @entity3012 ) and a group of 90 laser-treated eyes (46 OD, 44 @entity3012 ). Visual acuity for preverbal and nonverbal @entity1 was estimated and converted to a Snellen visual acuity equivalent. Geometric mean visual acuity was then compared between a group of 44 cryotreated eyes (22 OD, 22 @entity3012 ) and a group of 92 laser-treated eyes (47 OD, 45 @entity3012 ). @entity1 were included in each outcome analysis if adequate documentation was present in the @entity1 record. RESULTS: Demographics and short-term complications were not significantly different between the 2 groups. In the statistical group, 22 of 39 right eyes (56.4%) in the cryotherapy group versus 49 of 56 right eyes (87.5%) in the laser group had resolution of @entity989 after treatment (P = .0008). Mean spherical equivalent cycloplegic refraction at 12 months of age and over the follow-up period was not significantly different between the cryotherapy and laser groups. Estimated geometric mean visual acuity in the cryotherapy group was 20/103 and in the laser group was 20/49 at 12 months of age (P= .0099). CONCLUSIONS: Diode laser photocoagulation was associated with a better long-term structural outcome and visual acuity compared with cryotherapy for the treatment of threshold @entity989 . @entity2516 was not significantly different between the 2 groups over an equivalent follow-up period.

title: Therapeutic outcomes of cryotherapy versus transpupillary diode laser photocoagulation for threshold XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2516 :: ('MESH:D012030', 'Disease') :: ['Refractive error']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy of prematurity', 'ROP']

answer: @entity989 :: (MESH:D012164,Disease) :: ['retinopathy of prematurity']