abstract: Neurotrophic factors are known to promote neuronal survival during development and after @entity131 . Recent data suggest that some neuropeptides also exhibit neurotrophic activities, as shown for the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, which increases the survival of various neuronal populations in culture. Employing in situ hybridization techniques, we have studied the regulation of messenger RNA for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and its receptor type 1 after a moderate @entity131 to @entity35 brain cortex. We have further compared their messenger RNA expression to that of @entity2136 and to the amount of cell death occurring in the brain at various times after the @entity1545 . Levels of @entity2136 messenger RNA increased rapidly within 2 h after @entity130 in cortex and hippocampus, and returned to control levels thereafter. The levels of messenger RNA for pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide also increased with time in the injured brains and reached maximal expression at 72 h, i.e. the end of the observation period. The alterations in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide messenger RNA levels were particularly pronounced in the perifocal region and in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus of the @entity1545 . In contrast, the messenger RNA levels encoding pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor type 1 first decreased after @entity130 and were then normalized in the dentate gyrus. There was a large increase in the number of cells labelled for DNA breaks at 12 h post- @entity130 , indicative of enhanced cell death. The number of labelled cells, however, decreased at later stages concomitant with an increase in the expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide messenger RNA. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide rescued cortical neurons in cultures against @entity1360 -induced cell death, supporting the concept of a neuroprotective effect for the peptide. These results demonstrate a differential regulation of messenger RNA for @entity2136 and the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and its receptor after @entity131 . The data also suggest that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide might have a beneficial effect in @entity1545 by counteracting neuronal cell death.

title: Regulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and its receptor type 1 after @entity131 : comparison with XXXX and the induction of neuronal cell death.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['brain trauma', 'traumatic brain injury', 'acute brain injury']

entities_list: @entity2136 :: ('24225(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['brain-derived neurotrophic factor']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

answer: @entity2136 :: (24225(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['brain-derived neurotrophic factor']


abstract: @entity204 ( @entity204 ), known as hypersensitive response cell death, has an important role in plant defense response. The signaling pathway of @entity204 remains unknown. We employed AAL toxin and Nicotiana umbratica to analysis plant @entity204 . AAL toxin is a pathogenicity factor of the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata @entity10327 . lycopersici. N. umbratica is sensitive to AAL toxin, susceptible to pathogens, and effective in @entity15510 -based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). VIGS analyses indicated that @entity204 ( @entity204 ) is dependent upon the @entity3457 ( @entity3457 ) kinase kinase @entity29343 , which is upstream of both @entity3785 -induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) responsible for @entity1786 (ET) synthesis. ET treatment of @entity29343 -silenced N. umbratica re-established @entity204 . In SIPK- and WIPK-silenced N. umbratica, @entity204 was compromised and ET accumulation was not observed. However, in contrast to the case of @entity29343 -silenced plants, ET treatment did not induce cell death in SIPK- and WIPK-silenced plants. This work showed that ET-dependent pathway and @entity3457 kinase cascades are required in @entity204 . Our results suggested that @entity29343 -SIPK/WIPK cascades have roles in ET biosynthesis; however, SIPK and WIPK have other roles in ET signaling or another pathway leading to cell death by AAL toxin.

title: XXXX signaling pathway and MAPK cascades are required for AAL toxin-induced programmed cell death.

entities_list: @entity3785 :: ('MESH:D020156', 'Chemical') :: ['salicylic acid']

entities_list: @entity15510 :: ('12295', 'Species') :: ['Tobacco rattle virus']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['PCD', 'ACD', 'AAL toxin-triggered cell death', 'Programmed cell death']

entities_list: @entity3457 :: ('OMIM:612348', 'Disease') :: ['mitogen-activated protein', 'MAP']

entities_list: @entity1786 :: ('MESH:C036216', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene']

answer: @entity1786 :: (MESH:C036216,Chemical) :: ['Ethylene']


abstract: A system for inducible gene expression by @entity6621 ) vectors utilizing the @entity526 lac I repressor/operator system is described. A VV recombinant that expresses the lac I repressor protein from the constitutively active 7.5K promoter was constructed. Gel retardation experiments showed that a protein present in extracts of cells infected with this virus, but not wild-type virus, bound to the lac operator and that this binding was inhibited by @entity6874 . A series of VV recombinants were constructed that contained a 21-bp synthetic operator sequence(s) at different positions between the VV late 4b promoter and the firefly luciferase gene. Cells were co-infected with one of these viruses and the VV recombinant expressing the lac I repressor protein in the presence or absence of @entity6874 , and the level of luciferase activity was determined. Single operators positioned 19, 11, or 6 bp downstream of the promoter resulted in the 30, 50, or 97% inhibition of luciferase activity, respectively, while two operators increased the inhibition to greater than 99.9%. Addition of 1.25 mM @entity6874 at any time after @entity281 restored 90% of enzyme activity from viruses containing a single operator, but reversal was only 50% when two operators were present. Both elements of the lac I inducible system were functional and stable in the genome of single recombinant virus. S1 nuclease protection of virus mRNA confirmed that luciferase expression was controlled at the transcriptional level and that @entity6874 did not affect transcription of endogenous VV genes. The utility of this inducible expression system for functional analyses of endogenous VV genes is demonstrated by the controlled expression of a gene encoding a 14-kDa protein and the correlation of 14-kDa expression with a biological property of the virus, namely plaque size phenotype. Plasmid vectors that are generally applicable to the inducible expression of genes by VV recombinants are described.

title: Inducible gene expression from XXXX vectors.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

entities_list: @entity6621 :: ('10245', 'Species') :: ['vaccinia virus (VV']

answer: @entity6621 :: (10245,Species) :: ['vaccinia virus']


abstract: The maternal history of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) has been reported more frequently in @entity1 with type 2 @entity6 than paternal history. The aim of the present study was to determine if there was an association between maternal history of @entity6 and the presence of chronic complications or @entity209 ( @entity209 ) in @entity1 with type 2 @entity6 . A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1455 @entity1 with type 2 @entity6 . All outpatients with type 2 @entity6 attending the endocrine clinics who fulfilled the eligibility criteria were included. Familial history of @entity6 was determined with a questionnaire. @entity6 complications were assessed using standard procedures. The definition of @entity209 used was that of the World Health Organization and the National @entity165 Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report criteria. Maternal history of @entity6 was present in 469 (32.3%), absent in 713 (49.1%) and unknown in 273 @entity1 (18.7%). Paternal history of @entity6 was positive in 255 (17.6%), negative in 927 (63.8%) and unknown in 235 @entity1 (16.1%). The frequency of microvascular chronic complications in @entity1 with and without a positive maternal history of @entity6 was similar: @entity2316 (51.5 vs 52.5%), @entity6 (46.0 vs 41.7%), and @entity3949 (31.0 vs 37.1%). The prevalence of macrovascular chronic complications and @entity209 was also similar. @entity1 with type 2 @entity6 were more likely to have a maternal than a paternal history of @entity6 , although maternal history of @entity6 was not associated with an increased prevalence of chronic complications or @entity209 .

title: The prevalence of chronic diabetic complications and XXXX is not associated with maternal type 2 diabetes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetes', 'DM', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus', 'diabetic retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity3949 :: ('MESH:D003929', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic sensory neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome', 'MetS']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the 2.8 years of the @entity6 Prevention Program (DPP) randomised clinical trial, @entity6 incidence in high-risk adults was reduced by 58% with intensive lifestyle intervention and by 31% with @entity2449 , compared with placebo. We investigated the persistence of these effects in the long term. METHODS: All active DPP @entity1 were eligible for continued follow-up. 2766 of 3150 (88%) enrolled for a median additional follow-up of 5.7 years (IQR 5.5-5.8). 910 @entity1 were from the lifestyle, 924 from the @entity2449 , and 932 were from the original placebo groups. On the basis of the benefits from the intensive lifestyle intervention in the DPP, all three groups were offered group-implemented lifestyle intervention. @entity2449 treatment was continued in the original @entity2449 group (850 mg twice daily as tolerated), with @entity1 unmasked to assignment, and the original lifestyle intervention group was offered additional lifestyle support. The primary outcome was development of @entity6 according to American @entity6 Association criteria. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00038727. FINDINGS: During the 10.0-year (IQR 9.0-10.5) follow-up since randomisation to DPP, the original lifestyle group lost, then partly regained weight. The modest @entity353 with @entity2449 was maintained. @entity6 incidence rates during the DPP were 4.8 cases per 100 @entity1 -years (95% CI 4.1-5.7) in the intensive lifestyle intervention group, 7.8 (6.8-8.8) in the @entity2449 group, and 11.0 (9.8-12.3) in the placebo group. @entity6 incidence rates in this follow-up study were similar between treatment groups: 5.9 per 100 @entity1 -years (5.1-6.8) for lifestyle, 4.9 (4.2-5.7) for @entity2449 , and 5.6 (4.8-6.5) for placebo. @entity6 incidence in the 10 years since DPP randomisation was reduced by 34% (24-42) in the lifestyle group and 18% (7-28) in the @entity2449 group compared with placebo. INTERPRETATION: During follow-up after DPP, incidences in the former placebo and @entity2449 groups fell to equal those in the former lifestyle group, but the cumulative incidence of @entity6 remained lowest in the lifestyle group. Prevention or delay of @entity6 with lifestyle intervention or @entity2449 can persist for at least 10 years. FUNDING: National Institute of @entity6 and Digestive and @entity8 (NIDDK).

title: 10-year follow-up of @entity6 incidence and @entity353 in the XXXX Prevention Program Outcomes Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'person']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['Kidney Diseases']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['Metformin', 'metformin']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Rathke @entity2419 can enlarge and become symptomatic. OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical data and results of all @entity1 treated by the senior author for a Rathke @entity2419 . METHODS: A prospectively maintained surgical database, supplemented with updates from telephone conversations, of all @entity1 presenting to the Barrow Neurological Institute from 1992 to the present was reviewed. RESULTS: Seventy-three @entity1 (17 males, 56 females; mean age, 40 years; range, 5-80 years) underwent 77 resections. The mean length of follow-up was 27 months (range, 0-129 months). Presenting symptoms included @entity10 (75%), followed by @entity2744 (49%), and @entity227 (39%). Preoperative chiasmopathy resolved in 75% and improved in 21% of the @entity1 . @entity1 ' preoperative @entity2744 resolved at various rates, depending on the specific axis (29%-100%). @entity2744 were more likely to resolve in females than males. New postoperative @entity2744 also occurred (0-8%). @entity10 resolved (68%) or improved (21%) in most @entity1 . No @entity1 had worsened @entity10 . Eight @entity1 had a recurrence, 4 of whom underwent reoperation. The presence of squamous metaplasia was the only predictor of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Surgical fenestration and/or resection of Rathke @entity2419 via the transsphenoidal approach are a rational choice for surgical management of these lesions when symptomatic. In most cases, @entity227 and @entity10 can be expected to improve. New persistent endocrine deficits can be expected in a small percentage of @entity1 , but preexisting @entity2744 resolve in many @entity1 .

title: XXXX , @entity10 , and recurrence after transsphenoidal surgery for Rathke @entity2419 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual symptoms']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['cleft cyst']

entities_list: @entity2744 :: ('MESH:C567425', 'Disease') :: ['endocrinopathies', 'Endocrinopathies', 'endocrinopathy']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['Headache', 'headache', 'headaches']

answer: @entity227 :: (MESH:D014786,Disease) :: ['Endocrinopathy, vision']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ischaemia and @entity39 of @entity272 is a common complication after mastectomy. This study evaluated the influence of @entity26108 and Salvia miltiorrhiza on wound complications after mastectomy for @entity0 . METHODS: Ninety @entity1 undergoing mastectomy for @entity0 were divided into three groups. Group 1 received routine wound care, group 2 received intravenous Salvia miltiorrhiza after surgery for 3 days and group 3 similarly received intravenous @entity26108 . Skin flaps were observed on postoperative days 4 and 8; areas of wound ischaemia and @entity39 were graded and adverse events recorded. RESULTS: There was no difference in demographic characteristics between the groups. At 4 days after surgery the rate of ischaemia and @entity39 in groups 2 and 3 was significantly reduced compared with that in control group 1 (median wound score 6  80 versus 23  38, P = 0  002, and 3  76 versus 23  38, P < 0  001, respectively). This improvement in groups 2 and 3 continued to postoperative day 8 (both P < 0  001), but wound scores at this stage were better in group 3 than in group 2 (1  82 versus 6  92 respectively; P = 0  022). The volume of wound drainage was lower in group 3 than in group 1 (P = 0  004). The incidence of adverse effects was highest in group 3, and two @entity1 in this group discontinued treatment. No significant complications were noted in group 2. CONCLUSION: @entity26108 and S. miltiorrhiza were both effective in reducing skin flap ischaemia and @entity39 after mastectomy, although @entity26108 was associated with a higher rate of adverse effects.

title: Randomized clinical trial of Chinese herbal medications to reduce wound complications after mastectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26108 :: ('MESH:C003922', 'Chemical') :: ['anisodamine', 'Anisodamine']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin flaps']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To reduce the incidence of @entity86 after great saphenous vein (GSV) surgery, various barrier techniques have been introduced, aiming at containment of postoperative neovascularization at the saphenofemoral junction in the groin. Interposition of a prosthetic barrier (patch saphenoplasty) may be useful for this purpose; however, the incidence of @entity260 after patch saphenoplasty is unknown. A prospective study examined the incidence of complications after patch saphenoplasty in primary and repeat varicose vein surgery. METHODS: @entity1346 patch saphenoplasty was performed in a consecutive series of 462 limbs (primary GSV surgery in 380, repeat surgery in 82) in 387 @entity1 . Early and late complications in the groin potentially related to patch saphenoplasty were registered at clinical follow-up after 1 week and at clinical and duplex ultrasound examination after 2 months, 1 year, and later in case of new symptoms. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 44 limbs (9.5%), 28 (7.4%) after primary GSV surgery and 16 (19.5%) after repeat surgery (P < .01). After repeat surgery, half of the complications were lymphatic problems. Nine limbs (2.0%) developed a complication after >2 months. @entity2737 was registered in 13 limbs (2.8%), lymphocele or @entity4269 in the groin or thigh in 15 limbs (3.2%), symptomatic or asymptomatic @entity1211 in 14 limbs (3.0%), and swelling of the thigh due to important stenosis of the common femoral vein visible on duplex scan in 4 limbs (0.9%). Two of the latter remained symptomatic even after venoplasty and stenting of the pinpoint stenosis of the common femoral vein. CONCLUSION: Patch saphenoplasty can cause early and @entity260 in the groin, which are usually minor. In exceptional cases, major complications may cause important morbidity and may be difficult to handle.

title: Early and late complications of XXXX patch saphenoplasty at the saphenofemoral junction.

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['late postoperative complications', 'postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['Wound infection']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['Silicone']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative recurrence']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['proximal venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1346 :: (MESH:D012828,Chemical) :: ['silicone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure @entity79 ( @entity79 ) in a group of @entity1 meeting Gand criteria for @entity1614 , comparatively with a group of healthy controls. METHODS: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to measure @entity79 at the hip and wrist in 130 @entity1 seen at the Multidisciplinary Marfan Clinic, Paris, France. Results were compared to values in the database of the absorptiometry machine (Hologic QDR100) and to values in 72 healthy height-matched controls including 35 whose body mass index (BMI) values were similar to those in the @entity1 . RESULTS: A history of @entity174 was noted in 32 (24.6%) @entity1 . Z-score values were significantly decreased in the @entity1 compared to the Hologic database values at the femoral neck (-1.190+/-0.098, P<0.0001) and wrist (-1.403+/-1.06; P < 0.001). @entity1 had significantly lower @entity79 values at the femoral neck compared to the height-matched controls (0.841+/-0.15 versus 1.010+/-0.017; P<0.0001). @entity79 values were also significantly lower in the @entity1 compared to the controls of similar height and BMI. @entity79 values did not correlate with history of @entity174 or acetabular protrusion. In the @entity1 , @entity79 values lower than -2.5 correlated with presence of dural @entity4122 . CONCLUSION: @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity1614 have significant @entity2331 independent from BMI.

title: Bone mineral density in XXXX . A large case-control study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'Men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity1614 :: ('MESH:D008382', 'Disease') :: ['Marfan syndrome']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

answer: @entity1614 :: (MESH:D008382,Disease) :: ['Marfan syndrome']


abstract: Given the Growing Prevalence of @entity301 ( @entity301 ) in the United States, risk assessment and reduction remain fundamental to family medicine practice. Risk assessment in @entity65 is a constantly evolving field. The literature can be overwhelming; more than 4300 papers on the topic of @entity301 and risk were published in 2008 alone. Staying current with new, important developments in cardiovascular risk assessment clearly is challenging for most family physicians. Family physicians identify cardiac risk to prevent first @entity299 in their otherwise healthy @entity1 and recurrent events in their @entity1 with existing @entity301 . The first step in reaching primary prevention goals is to determine each individual @entity1 's 10-year risk of @entity301 . Risk assessment instruments traditionally have viewed low-density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C) levels as a cornerstone of individual risk and a principal target for therapeutic intervention. Although risk assessment tools are helpful, many may not be useful to family physicians because they may be cumbersome, may measure individual risk components rather than global risk, and may require excessive time to complete. Nevertheless, some form of quantitative risk assessment is useful. Traditional global risk assessment instruments may underestimate risk, especially in asymptomatic @entity1 with subclinical @entity731 . Emerging data about the role of biomarkers and the benefits of aggressive reduction in LDL-C suggest the need for a paradigm shift in risk attribution and intervention for primary care @entity1 . Risk assessment strategies and new data about cardiovascular risk of interest to family physicians are presented here.

title: An urgent matter-identifying your XXXX ' cardiovascular risk and improving their outcomes. Assessing cardiovascular risk one @entity1 at a time.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular risk reduction in ambulatory @entity1 who survive @entity583 ( @entity583 ) is effective but underused. We sought to evaluate a provider-directed, Internet-delivered intervention to improve @entity65 for @entity583 outpatients. METHODS: The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) @entity583 -Plus study was a cluster-randomized trial involving 168 community-based primary care clinics and 847 providers in 26 states, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico, from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2008, with the clinic as the randomization unit. We collected administrative data for 15,847 @entity583 @entity1 and medical record data for 10,452 of these. A multicomponent, Internet-delivered intervention included quarterly educational modules, practice guidelines, monthly literature summaries, and automated e-mail reminders delivered to providers for 27 months. Main outcome measures included percentage of @entity1 who achieved each of 7 clinical indicators, a composite score of the 7 clinical indicators, and mean low-density lipoprotein @entity165 and hemoglobin A(1c) levels. RESULTS: Clinics had a median of 3 providers (interquartile range, 2-6), with a median of 50.0% of providers (33.3%-66.7%) participating in the study. @entity1 in intervention clinics had greater improvements (from 70.0% to 85.5%) in the percentages prescribed b-blockers than @entity1 in control clinics (71.9% to 84.0%; adjusted improvement gain for intervention vs control, 2.6%; 95% CI, 0.1%-4.1%). We found nonsignificant differences in improvements favoring @entity1 in intervention clinics for 5 of 6 remaining clinical indicators and levels of low-density lipoprotein @entity165 and hemoglobin A(1c). CONCLUSION: A longitudinal, Internet-delivered intervention improved only 1 of 7 clinical indicators of @entity65 in ambulatory @entity583 @entity1 .

title: Improving care after XXXX using a 2-year internet-delivered intervention: the Department of Veterans Affairs @entity583 -plus cluster-randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['post-MI', 'myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular management']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Associations between @entity167 use disorders and polymorphisms of genes influencing @entity1068 metabolism have been widely reported, but gene-gene and gene-sex interaction studies have rarely been examined. Using a set of samples collected during an epidemiological study of @entity167 use disorders AUDs in a Tibetan population in China, we performed a case-control study to investigate the relationship between the functional polymorphisms of genes influencing @entity1068 metabolism and AUDs. The sample included 383 individuals with an AUDIT score >or=10 and 350 control subjects with the AUDIT score <or=5. All @entity1 were genotyped for @entity6921 *1/*2, @entity5873 *1/*2, and @entity5321 *c1/c2*. Data were analyzed employing an integrated strategy using MDR, SPSS, and UNPHASED software. The MDR analysis showed that the four-factor model including @entity5873 *1/*2, @entity6921 *1/*2, and @entity5321 *c1/*c2 polymorphisms, and sex was the most accurate model associated with AUDs with the highest OR 3.299. It also revealed that @entity5321 *c1/*c2 polymorphism interacted significantly with sex. Independent analysis confirmed that both ADH2*2 and @entity6921 *2 allele were significantly associated with AUDs (OR: 0.441 for ADH2*2 and 0.137 for @entity6921 *2). @entity5321 *c2 was positively associated with AUDs only in males homozygotic for @entity6921 *1 and @entity5873 *1 (OR: 2.585). Cumulative association analysis showed the number of protective alleles and genotypes were negatively associated with AUDs. In conclusion, @entity6921 *2 and @entity5873 *2 alleles were not only independently associated with AUDs but also demonstrated cumulative dosage effects. However the positive association between @entity5321 *c2 allele and AUDs might only exist in males homozygotic for @entity6921 *1 and @entity5873 *1.

title: Interaction among genes influencing XXXX metabolism and sex is association with @entity167 use disorders in a Tibet population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['ethanol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This systematic review is an update of evidence since the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation on @entity0 screening. PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of mammography screening in decreasing @entity0 mortality among average-risk @entity1 aged 40 to 49 years and 70 years or older, the effectiveness of clinical breast examination and breast self-examination, and the harms of screening. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (through the fourth quarter of 2008), MEDLINE (January 2001 to December 2008), reference lists, and Web of Science searches for published studies and @entity0 Surveillance Consortium for screening mammography data. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized, controlled trials with @entity0 mortality outcomes for screening effectiveness, and studies of various designs and multiple data sources for harms. DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant data were abstracted, and study quality was rated by using established criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: Mammography screening reduces @entity0 mortality by 15% for @entity1 aged 39 to 49 years (relative risk, 0.85 [95% credible interval, 0.75 to 0.96]; 8 trials). Data are lacking for @entity1 aged 70 years or older. Radiation exposure from mammography is low. @entity1 adverse experiences are common and transient and do not affect screening practices. Estimates of overdiagnosis vary from 1% to 10%. Younger @entity1 have more false-positive mammography results and additional imaging but fewer biopsies than older @entity1 . Trials of clinical breast examination are ongoing; trials for breast self-examination showed no reductions in mortality but increases in benign biopsy results. LIMITATION: Studies of older @entity1 , digital mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging are lacking. CONCLUSION: Mammography screening reduces @entity0 mortality for @entity1 aged 39 to 69 years; data are insufficient for older @entity1 . False-positive mammography results and additional imaging are common. No benefit has been shown for clinical breast examination or breast self-examination.

title: Screening for XXXX : an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patient', 'women']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast Cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the differences in the frequency of @entity548 ( @entity548 ) and prevalence of beta-zone @entity194 (bPPA) between individuals of @entity2109 ( @entity2109 ) and @entity17991 ( @entity17991 ). DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort. @entity1 : A total of 1950 eyes of 1172 @entity1 of the African Descent and @entity726 Evaluation Study (ADAGES). METHODS: Stereoscopic disc photographs of subjects with and without @entity1781 ( @entity1781 ) followed during the first 13 years of the ADAGES underwent masked review searching for @entity548 and bPPA. A total of 928 eyes (non- @entity1781 , 581; @entity1781 , 347) of 551 @entity2109 @entity1 (non- @entity1781 , 334; @entity1781 , 217) and 1022 eyes (non- @entity1781 , 568; @entity1781 , 454) of 611 @entity17991 @entity1 (non- @entity1781 , 334; @entity1781 , 277) were included. We compared the number of eyes with detected @entity548 at any time during follow-up and eyes with bPPA between the @entity2109 and @entity17991 groups. The analyses were then adjusted for clinical parameters using multivariable logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in frequency of @entity548 and prevalence of bPPA. RESULTS: A total of 9395 stereoscopic disc photographs were reviewed. More @entity735 experience @entity548 than @entity735 (49/1022 [4.8%] vs. 10/928 eyes [1.1%], respectively; P < 0.001), whereas bPPA had higher prevalence in @entity735 (675 eyes [72%] vs. 659 eyes [64%]; P < 0.001). In the final multivariable model, after controlling for confounders, @entity735 were less likely to have at least 1 detected @entity548 than @entity735 (odds ratio [OR], 0.21; 95% CI, 0.10-0.45; P < 0.001) but were more likely to have bPPA than @entity735 (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.12-2.14; P  = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects of @entity17991 are at higher risk for developing @entity548 compared with @entity2109 subjects, whereas @entity2109  subjects have greater prevalence of bPPA. These findings suggest that there are structural differences within  the optic nerve complex between these groups. Further research is needed to determine whether racial differences in the frequency of @entity548 and prevalence of bPPA affect the likelihood of @entity2789 .

title: African Descent and XXXX Evaluation Study (ADAGES): Racial Differences in Optic Disc @entity548 and Beta-Zone @entity194 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity2789 :: ('MESH:D018450', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous progression']

entities_list: @entity17991 :: ('MESH:D004675', 'Disease') :: ['ED', 'European descent']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['DH', 'optic disc hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ['African descent', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['AD eyes', 'ED eyes']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous optic neuropathy', 'GON']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['parapapillary atrophy']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['Glaucoma']


abstract: The aim of this study was to present detailed population-based survival estimates for @entity1 with a @entity420 , using @entity5 register data supplemented with clinical data. Based on @entity5 register data, differences in @entity5 survival have been reported between countries in Europe. Variation in the distribution of stage at diagnosis, initial therapy including surgical technique, and comorbidity are possible explanatory factors. @entity420 in the rectum, diagnosed in 1997 and identified in the national @entity5 registries in the Nordic countries and Scotland were included. Age standardized 5-year relative survival and multiplicative regression models for the relative excess mortality were calculated. 3888 @entity1 were included in the survival study. @entity1 in Denmark, Finland and Iceland had lower 5-year relative survival and poorer stage distribution compared to Norway, Sweden and Scotland. Danish @entity1 had the highest rate of excess @entity204 in the first six months after diagnosis. Stage adjusted, the elevated relative excess mortality decreased and after six months the excess mortality rates were the same in all countries. The poor 5-year relative survival in Danish @entity1 was mainly due to a high excess rate of @entity204 during the first six months after diagnosis. The low survival in Finland and Iceland was not in accordance with other periods. For both countries this may be explained by random variation due to small numbers. The study emphasizes the need for high quality and detailed data in order to understand international survival differences, and cautions comparisons between large national samples and those of smaller areas.

title: XXXX survival in the Nordic countries and Scotland.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Men', 'men']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'death']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['rectal adenocarcinoma', 'Adenocarcinomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'rectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Rectal cancer']


abstract: Cryopreserved allograft valves and valved conduits have been used in 122 @entity1 during the past 3 years for surgical repair of @entity299 . In 55 of these @entity1 , the right ventricular outflow tract was reconstructed with a pulmonary allograft conduit. Although most @entity1 requiring a conduit had complex lesions, 12 @entity1 with @entity215 without @entity1146 or @entity340 have been treated in this manner since April 1985. @entity1 were selected for conduit therapy because of @entity358 (nine @entity1 had 12 prior shunts) or increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Ages ranged from 7 months to 6 years (mean 3.1 years) and weights from 7.4 to 18.5 kg (mean 12.2 kg). Pulmonary artery conduit size ranged from 16 to 24 mm internal diameter (mean 22 mm). Distal pulmonary artery reconstruction beyond the bifurcation was required in nine @entity1 and the proximal connection was completed with a hood-shaped patch. One @entity204 (8.3%) occurred at 20 days as a result of severe right @entity67 . @entity715 was discovered postmortem. Eleven survivors observed for 3 to 37 months (mean 17 months) are without cardiac symptoms. A chronologically overlapping group of @entity215 repairs accomplished with a transannular patch was also reviewed. Twenty-five @entity1 aged 2 months to 4 years (mean 1.7 years) and weighing 3.6 to 14.8 kg (mean 9.2 kg) underwent this procedure from April 1983 to January 1987 (seven @entity1 had one prior shunt each). The mortality rate in this group was 28% (six operative @entity204 and one late death). Of 18 survivors observed from 20 to 60 months (mean 41.4 months), five (28%) have required pulmonary artery conduit reconstruction for chronic @entity67 . Postrepair right ventricular/left ventricular pressure ratios were available in 19 @entity1 , including five of seven who died and three of five who required reoperation. The ratios averaged 0.54, which indicates adequate relief of obstruction. The operative mortality rate from a number of series for transannular patch repair of @entity215 averages 16%, ranging from 3% to 63%. However, when distal pulmonary artery problems are added as a risk factor this rate rises to 21%, and valved conduit insertion increases the mortality rate (Kirklin and Barratt-Boyes, 1986). Although not clearly superior, pulmonary artery conduit repair of @entity215 achieves results comparable with those of transannular patch repair and is recommended as an alternative, particularly when distal pulmonary artery anatomy is abnormal or vascular resistance is elevated.

title: Pulmonary allograft conduit repair of XXXX . An alternative to transannular patch repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular failure', 'ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['congenital or iatrogenic pulmonary artery problems']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1146 :: ('MESH:D018633', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary atresia']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['Left pulmonary artery thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['absent valve syndrome']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['operative death', 'deaths']

answer: @entity215 :: (MESH:D013771,Disease) :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']


abstract: The delay phenomenon is a surgical procedure performed to raise a wider skin flap and to improve the survival of skin flaps. Surgery, chemicals, sutures, and lasers can be used for the delay procedure. In this study, delayed @entity542 created by suturing were used for coverage of nasal skin defects in eleven @entity1 . In 7 @entity1 , the cross-paramedian @entity542 was used to increase the extent of flap lengthening. In the first session, suture delay was performed on both sides of the @entity542 margin. In the second session, the flap was elevated and sutured to its new position, 7 to 10 days after the initial surgery. All flaps were completely viable, and @entity1 satisfaction was optimal in all cases. The positive effect of surgical delay on flap survival has been shown in experimental and clinical studies. However, experimentally, suture delay or chemical delay procedures have been shown to be beneficial in flap survival only. Suture delay seems to be an inexpensive, effective, easily performed, atraumatic, and safe technique, especially among @entity1 with @entity262 such as @entity6 or @entity65 , @entity9927 @entity1 who may lose the flap, or @entity1 who need very wide and long flaps.

title: Clinical outcomes of suture delay in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['forehead flap', 'forehead flaps']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic diseases']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['forehead flap']


abstract: OPINION STATEMENT: @entity5 survivors who receive head and neck radiation are at increased risk for cerebrovascular events. This is mediated via damage to the @entity2339 leading to the @entity209 and @entity1317 leading to @entity543 . Head and neck radiation can also lead to @entity1504 that can present as moyamoya, especially in @entity1 . Survivors require lifelong periodic follow-up for the development of pan- @entity4614 or its individual components as well as for @entity2299 and @entity28 . Aggressive control of traditional cardiovascular risk factors is recommended to reduce @entity65 and mortality. There are no specific guidelines for the surveillance and management of asymptomatic @entity2998 in @entity5 survivors. However, regular detailed examination for carotid bruits and @entity16 is recommended. Treatment of significant radiation-induced @entity2998 has not been specifically studied and is based upon recommendations for @entity1 with @entity2998 . Carotid endarterectomy can be difficult in radiation @entity1 due to anatomic concerns and the risk of post-operative @entity128 and wound complications but should be considered in @entity1 with suitable anatomy and neck architecture. Carotid artery stenting, while successful, may be associated with greater long-term mortality and neurologic complications. Regardless of the strategy employed, radiation @entity1 are at increased risk for @entity256 and should undergo routine surveillance even after revascularization.

title: XXXX of Cranial and Neck Radiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid artery disease', 'atherosclerotic carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial injury']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamus-pituitary axis']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['extracranial arterial injury']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular morbidity']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['Cardiovascular Complications']


abstract: 1463 @entity1 with @entity583 were treated in 26 hospitals in Northern Germany from June 1972 till August 1973. The time elapsed between onset of symptoms and admission to the regional hospital was similar in rural @entity1 and those living in cities. 39% were admitted later than 12 hours after onset of symptoms. Having survived the prehospital phase the age of @entity1188 did not influence the mortality. The treatment in the different hospitals was in no way standardized, except the treatment with streptokinase. Regarding this procedure, the following results can be presented. The overall mortality was 25.8%. Mortality was higher in cases of high age, preexisting @entity712 , @entity6 and in cases of shock and/or @entity943 . Anterior wall @entity1188 showed a higher mortality than posterior wall @entity1188 . In this study the average results of treating 1463 @entity1 with @entity583 treated in Northern Germany were presented.

title: [Investigations of the clinical course of XXXX . II. Epidemiological facts (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial failure']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: The actions of omega-conotoxin (omega- @entity3525 ) and @entity3988 on adrenergic and purinergic components of double peaked vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial nerve stimulation have been investigated in the isolated, perfused @entity235 splenic arterial preparation. Double peaked vasoconstrictions (biphases of vasoconstrictors) were consistently observed in the conditions of 30 s trains of pulses at 1 - 10 Hz frequencies. omega- @entity3525 (1 - 30 nM) produced similar inhibitory effects on the first phase and second phase responses in a dose-related manner. Thirty nM omega- @entity3525 almost completely inhibited the biphasic vasoconstrictions at any used frequencies but did not affect the vasoconstrictor responses to exogenous applied @entity855 (0.01 - 1 micromol) and @entity1063 (0.03 - 3 nmol). Intraluminal application of a large dose of @entity3988 (3 - 10 microM) also produced a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on biphasic vasoconstrictions at any used frequencies. Three microM @entity3988 exerted rather a larger inhibitory effect on the second phase than the first phase response at low frequencies (1 - 3 Hz), but a similar inhibition on first and second phasic responses at high frequencies (6 - 10 Hz). An extremely high dose of @entity3988 (10 microM) almost completely inhibited the biphasic vasoconstrictor responses to nerve stimulation, and slightly inhibited the contractile responses to exogenous applied @entity855 (0.01 - 1 micromol) and @entity1063 (0.03 - 3 nmol). The present results indicate that omega- @entity3525 selectively acts prejunctionally to inhibit the release of transmitters from sympathetic nerve terminals, and omega- @entity3525 -sensitive @entity460 channels may produce a parallel controlling of purinergic and adrenergic components of sympathetic cotransmission. A large dose of @entity3988 has inhibitory effects on both prejunctional and postjunctional sympathetic co-transmission. British Journal of Pharmacology (2000) 129, 47 - 52

title: Effects of omega-conotoxin GVIA and XXXX on double peaked vasoconstrictor responses to periarterial electric nerve stimulation in isolated @entity235 splenic artery.

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: We report a case of a small cortical @entity1188 in the postcentral gyrus that presented an isolated hemicape-like @entity132 . A 47-year-old @entity1 suddenly developed @entity1183 and @entity809 in the left neck, shoulder, arm, and upper trunk. Examination revealed @entity1183 to touch and @entity158 in these areas along with a hemicape-like distribution. The sensitivity to cold and vibration was normal, and two-point discrimination and graphesthesia were preserved. The @entity1 had a normal visual field, muscle strength, and reflexes, and there were no neuropsychological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a fresh, small @entity385 in the right postcentral gyrus, which was superior medial to the precentral knob. The area of @entity1188 in this @entity1 corresponds well with the area of the upper trunk, neck, head, shoulder, and arm in the sensory homunculus drawn by Penfield and Rassumussen. The spinal MRI was normal. Transesophageal echocardiography disclosed a @entity4616 with a right-to-left-shunt. The @entity1 was diagnosed as having acute @entity385 , probably due to @entity2121 , and was treated with @entity1229 . A small localized infarct in the postcentral gyrus can present an isolated @entity132 with an atypical hemicape-like distribution.

title: [Hemicape-like @entity132 caused by cortical XXXX in the postcentral gyrus].

entities_list: @entity1183 :: ('MESH:D006987', 'Disease') :: ['numbness', 'hypoesthesia']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbance']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['paresthesia']

entities_list: @entity2121 :: ('MESH:D019320', 'Disease') :: ['paradoxical embolism']

entities_list: @entity4616 :: ('MESH:D054092', 'Disease') :: ['patent foramen ovale']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral infarction']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarction']


abstract: The detailed mechanisms of age-related atrial structural and electrophysiological changes remain elusive. Small animal models have recently been used for the investigation of @entity4710 . In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that atrial structural and electrical characterization with @entity1240 provides a substrate for @entity955 using a @entity19 model of @entity1240 . Male Kunming @entity19 aged  2 (young), 12  (middle-aged) and 24 months (aged) were used in this study. A surface electrocardiogram and sinus node recovery time (SNRT) were recorded at baseline. @entity955 ( @entity955 ) inducibility and duration were measured by a transesophageal electrode catheter. Collagen content was assessed by the collagen volume fraction. Whole cell configuration using the patch clamp technique was performed for the transient outward @entity972 (Ito) and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier @entity972 (Ikur) currents. P-wave duration, SNRT and rate-corrected SNRT were longer in the aged group than in the remaining 2  groups, paralleled by inducibility significantly being increased in the aged group. The right atrium had significantly higher levels of @entity82 than the left atrium in all the groups (P<0.05), whereas the extent of @entity82 in the left atrium had a higher positive correlation with age relative to the right atrium (P<0.05). Moreover, in old age, the dispersion of left relative to right atrium repolarization and augmented Ito currents contributed to vulnerability to @entity955 . Nevertheless, Ikur currents in the atrial myocytes showed no age-related changes. The present study demonstrates that in addition to the structural alterations, @entity1240 can also cause integrative and cellular electrophysiological changes in a @entity19 model of @entity1240 , facilitating @entity955 initiation and maintenance.

title: Characterization of atrial histopathological and electrophysiological changes in a @entity19 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'Atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmia']

answer: @entity1240 :: (MESH:D019588,Disease) :: ['aging']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ultra-filtration failure is a serious complication of long-term @entity298 ( @entity298 ). This complication is related to histological changes of the peritoneum, i.e. severe interstitial @entity82 and @entity1463 . Although their pathogenesis has not been elucidated yet, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been shown to accumulate in the peritoneal tissue of @entity298 @entity1 . METHODS: Peritoneal biopsy specimens from 14 @entity298 @entity1 with low ultra-filtration (n = 9) and high ultra-filtration (n = 5) capacity were immunohistochemically investigated using a monoclonal antibody against AGEs (6D12). The severity of peritoneal @entity82 , @entity1463 and intensity of AGE accumulation were semi-quantitatively evaluated. Peritoneal ultra-filtration capacity was evaluated by calculating daily ultrafiltration volume per body weight (UFV/BW) and D/D0 ( @entity413 ) of the peritoneal equilibration test. RESULTS: In all @entity1 with low ultra-filtration, AGE accumulated in the peritoneal fibrous tissue and microvascular walls. Remarkably, AGE accumulated more intensely in hyalinized @entity82 of small venular media. Extent of AGE accumulation in peritoneal interstitium and vascular walls correlated with the progression of interstitial @entity82 (rho = 0.727, P = 0.0088) and @entity455 (rho = 0.915, P = 0.001). UFV/BW was inversely correlated to interstitial @entity82 (rho = -0.660, P = 0.0174), @entity1463 (rho = -0.671, P = 0.0155) and microvascular AGE accumulation (rho = -0.678, P = 0.0145). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity298 @entity1 , AGE formation in the peritoneum correlates with the development of severe interstitial @entity82 and @entity1463 , which is associated clinically with impaired peritoneal ultra-filtration.

title: Accumulation of advanced glycation end products in the peritoneal vasculature of XXXX @entity1 with low ultra-filtration.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis', 'CAPD']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['microvascular sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity298 :: (MESH:D010538,Disease) :: ['continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis']


abstract: One hundred forty-six cases of @entity2 are assessed according to the classification of Gould and associates and are evaluated for their clinical presentation and subsequent clinical course. @entity4303 are characteristically found to be @entity5 often occurring in comparatively young @entity1 ; surgical resection with minimal but clear margins is usually curative. The long-term prognosis is excellent in the majority of @entity1 , although rarely regional nodal and distant @entity3 develop. Well-differentiated @entity3270 are most frequently @entity1263 . In stage I and II disease, surgical resection alone is curative and @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 may have a prolonged disease-free interval. The overall prognosis is less favorable than that of @entity4303 but considerably better than that of @entity4153 , with which they are still at times confused. @entity1358 are often wrongly categorized as large cell @entity189 . They have a distinctly @entity146 clinical course comparable with that of @entity4153 and should be treated similarly. @entity4153 are @entity146 , rapidly disseminating @entity5 . Even in clinical stage I @entity5 , @entity1 must be considered to have disseminated @entity3 . The role of surgical therapy in these two latter tumor types is adjuvant to @entity146 systemic chemotherapy.

title: Neuroendocrine XXXX of the lung. A clinicopathologic update.

entities_list: @entity1263 :: ('MESH:D010524', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral tumors']

entities_list: @entity4153 :: ('MESH:D018288', 'Disease') :: ['small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas', 'small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma', 'Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['central tumors', 'neoplasms', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['undifferentiated carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['Intermediate-sized cell neuroendocrine carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial carcinoids', 'Bronchial carcinoids']

entities_list: @entity3270 :: ('MESH:D018278', 'Disease') :: ['neuroendocrine carcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['neoplasms']


abstract: Fifty-five @entity1 who presented with the complaint of tibia plateau fractures between January 1998 and November 2001 were retrospectively evaluated. The evaluation was based on their treatment modality. Twenty-five conservatively-treated @entity1 (group 1) and 30 surgically-treated @entity1 (group 2) were evaluated. In group 1, seven @entity1 with proximal @entity174 had lateral hamstring tightness. Five out of these seven @entity1 had concomitant lateral knee @entity158 . Similarly, nine @entity1 with proximal @entity174 in group 2 had lateral hamstring tightness, and seven @entity1 in the same group suffered from lateral knee @entity158 . The @entity1 with no fibula proximal @entity174 in both groups had no hamstring tightness or lateral knee @entity158 . The proximal fibula in the knee joint and its anatomical structures are of utmost importance for the anatomical integrity of the knee and its normal functions. The fibula has rich anatomical relations, some of which are important structures of the knee. These anatomical structures and the fibula provide stability of the knee joint and its functions as well as being an important mechanical support to the knee joint. Therefore, the knee joint will receive the negative effects from the pathologies of the bone or soft tissue that may occur in @entity174 .

title: The impact of proximal @entity174 in the prognosis of XXXX : a novel classification.

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fibula fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['tibial plateau fractures']


abstract: OBJECT: The effects of sagittal kyphotic deformities or mechanical stress on the development of @entity3799 , or the reduction and fusion of kyphotic sagittal alignment have not been consistently documented. The aim in this study was to determine the effects of kyphotic sagittal alignment of the cervical spine in terms of @entity16 and outcome after 2 types of surgical intervention. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 476 @entity1 who underwent cervical spine surgeries for spondylotic @entity602 between 1993 and 2006 at their university medical center. Among these were identified 43 @entity1 -30 @entity1 and 13 @entity1 , with a mean age of 58.8 years-who had cervical @entity1513 exceeding 10 degrees on preoperative sagittal lateral radiographs obtained in the neutral position, and their cases were analyzed in this study. Anterior decompression with interbody fusion was conducted in 28 @entity1 , and en bloc open-door C3-7 laminoplasty in 15 @entity1 . Both pre- and postoperative neurological, radiographic, and MR imaging findings were assessed in both surgical groups. RESULTS: The mean preoperative kyphotic angle in all 43 @entity1 was 15.9 +/- 5.9 degrees in the neutral position. Segmental instability was noted in 26 @entity1 (61%) and reversed dynamic spinal canal stenosis at the level above the local @entity1513 in 22 (51%). Preoperative T2-weighted MR images showed high-intensity signal within the cord at and around the level of maximal compression or segmental instability in 28 @entity1 (65%). The mean kyphotic angle in both the neutral and flexion positions was significantly smaller at 4-6 weeks after surgery in the anterior spondylectomy group than in the laminoplasty group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the angle in the neutral position was significantly smaller on follow-up in the anterior spondylectomy group than in the laminoplasty group (p = 0.034). The transverse area of the spinal cord was significantly larger in the anterior spondylectomy group than in the laminoplasty group on follow-up (p = 0.037). Preoperative neurological scores (assessed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale) and improvement on follow-up > or = 2 years after treatment (average 3.3 years) were not significantly different between the 2 groups; however, there was a significant difference in Japanese Orthopaedic Association score at 4-6 weeks postoperatively (p = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: @entity85 and mechanical stress in the cervical spine may play an important role in @entity51 . In a select group of @entity1 with @entity85 > or = 10 degrees , adequate correction of local sagittal alignment may help to maximize the chance of neurological improvement.

title: Cervical spondylotic XXXX associated with @entity1513 or sagittal sigmoid alignment: outcome after anterior or posterior decompression.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological morbidity']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['cervical spondylotic myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['kyphotic deformity', 'Kyphotic deformity']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['myelopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This nationwide study aimed to determine whether @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) shares familial susceptibility with @entity449 ( @entity449 ), @entity3657 ( @entity3657 ) and @entity715 ( @entity715 ) in locations other than the heart and brain. METHODS: Nationwide Swedish family study. Data from the Swedish Multi-Generation Register for subjects aged 0-78   years old, covering the period 1964-2010, were linked to the Hospital Register. @entity4310 (standardised incidence ratio, SIR) of @entity449 , @entity3657 and @entity715 were determined for individuals with a first-degree relative (parents/sibling) diagnosed with @entity1211 . Separate analyses were done to determine risks for spouses. RESULTS: A total of 13   063 individuals had @entity449 , 15   494 had @entity3657 and 7325 had @entity715 . Fully adjusted familial risks for individuals with family history (parent/sibling) of @entity1211 were 1.04 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.08)) for @entity449 , 1.42 (1.35 to 1.49) for @entity715 and 1.08 (1.04 to 1.13) for @entity3657 . The familial sibling risks were 1.07 (0.99 to 1.14) for @entity449 , 1.61 (1.48 to 1.74) for @entity715 and 1.19 (1.11 to 1.26) for @entity3657 . Among individuals younger than 50   years of age, the familial risks were: 1.13 (0.99 to 1.29) for @entity449 , 1.76 (1.62 to 1.91) for @entity715 and 1.12 (1.03 to 1.21) for @entity3657 . In spouses of @entity1 with @entity1211 , the SIRs were 1.21 (1.17 to 1.25) for @entity449 , 1.19 (1.14 to 1.23) for @entity715 and 1.26 (1.21 to 1.30) for @entity3657 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1211 shares only weak familial susceptibility with @entity449 and @entity3657 in the Swedish population. However, @entity715 partially shares a moderate familial susceptibility and possibly genetic factors with @entity1211 . Moreover, familial non-genetic factors may contribute to the observed familial associations.

title: A nationwide family study of XXXX and risk of arterial vascular disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity449 :: ('MESH:D001014', 'Disease') :: ['AA', 'aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity3657 :: ('MESH:D058729', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral artery disease', 'PAD']

entities_list: @entity4310 :: ('MESH:D009386', 'Disease') :: ['Familial risks']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['ATE', 'arterial thrombosis and embolisation']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['VTE', 'venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To shorten the time to make a diagnosis and to begin definitive treatment of severely injured @entity1 , thereby improving their medical care. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Teaching hospital, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 61 @entity1 who had sustained high-energy @entity130 , including @entity542 which required surgical intervention, and @entity174 of the femoral shaft before (1987-1988 n = 23) and after (1991-1993 n = 38) the reorganisation. INTERVENTION: @entity130 care was reorganised during the year 1989-1990 and the concept of early multidisiplinary treatment with the general surgeon as @entity130 -leader was adopted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The time required to make a diagnosis and begin definitive treatment as well as the assessment of medical care taking account of the @entity1 's general condition and other @entity130 . RESULT: The immediate medical care was classified as delayed or inappropriate in 9 of 23 @entity1 before, and in 2 of 38 @entity1 after, the reorganisation (p = 0.001). The time needed to make a diagnosis was less than 4 hours in all cases. The time needed to start definitive treatment of @entity542 was less than four hours in 9 of 12 @entity1 before, and in 18 of 21 @entity1 after the reorganisation. The internal fixation of @entity3330 was @entity1021 within four hours in 2 of 11 @entity3330 before, compared with 12 of 17, after the reorganisation. CONCLUSION: The time to beginning definitive treatment of severe @entity130 was shorter after the reorganisation, as a result of early participation of members of the @entity130 team.

title: Improved XXXX care after reorganisation: a retrospective analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries', 'head injury']

entities_list: @entity3330 :: ('MESH:D005264', 'Disease') :: ['femoral fractures']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ), unlike @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ), is highly correlated with cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of adipose tissue composition, as measured by computed tomography, for @entity65 in @entity1 with stable @entity453 . METHODS: 357 consecutive @entity1 who underwent 64-slice computed tomography and elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were recruited. The ratio of visceral to @entity1386 ( @entity1386 / @entity1386 ) was calculated. @entity1 were divided into three groups in accordance with @entity1386 / @entity1386 (low @entity1386 / @entity1386 , <0.55 [<25th percentile]; moderate @entity1386 / @entity1386 , 0.55-1.03 [25th-75th percentile]; high @entity1386 / @entity1386 , >= 1.03 [>= 75th percentile]). The investigated risk factors were @entity101 , hyperglycaemia, and dyslipidaemia. We analysed the incidence of major adverse @entity65 (MACE), defined as the composite of @entity204 , @entity583 , and any revascularization. RESULTS: The rate of @entity1 with two or more concomitant risk factors was significantly higher in the high @entity1386 / @entity1386 group (p  =  0.006). During 1480 @entity1 -years, 109 events were documented. There was a significant association between the incidence of MACE and @entity1386 / @entity1386 , with the worst event-free survival rate in the high @entity1386 / @entity1386 group (log-rank, p  =  0.01). In Cox analysis, the hazard ratio of high @entity1386 / @entity1386 for MACE was 2.72 (95% confidence interval 1.04-7.09, p  =  0.04) compared with the low @entity1386 / @entity1386 after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Increased @entity1386 / @entity1386 is independently associated with the incidence of MACE, indicating that adipose tissue composition is a useful predictor of cardiovascular outcome, after elective PCI.

title: Impact of adipose tissue composition on cardiovascular risk assessment in XXXX with stable @entity453 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['Visceral adipose tissue', 'subcutaneous adipose tissue', 'SAT', 'VAT']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: CONTEXT: Intermittent @entity461 treatment stimulates bone formation, but the mechanism(s) of this effect remain unclear. @entity14539 is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, and animal studies have demonstrated that @entity461 suppresses @entity14539 production. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to test whether intermittent @entity461 treatment of postmenopausal @entity1 alters circulating @entity14539 levels. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: The study was conducted at a clinical research unit. @entity1 AND INTERVENTIONS: @entity1 included 27 postmenopausal @entity1 treated with @entity461 (1-34) for 14 d and 28 control @entity1 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum @entity14539 levels were measured. RESULTS: Circulating @entity14539 levels decreased significantly in the @entity461 -treated subjects, from (mean    SEM) 551    32 to 482    31 pg/ml (-12.7%, P < 0.0001) but did not change in the control @entity1 (baseline, 559    34 pg/ml; end point, 537    40 pg/ml, P = 0.207; P = 0.017 for difference in changes between groups). Bone marrow plasma was obtained in a subset of the control and @entity461 -treated subjects (n = 19 each) at the end of the treatment period, and marrow plasma and peripheral serum @entity14539 levels were significantly correlated (R = 0.64, P < 0.0001). Marrow plasma @entity14539 levels were 24% lower in @entity461 -treated compared with control @entity1 , but perhaps due to the smaller sample size, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.173). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating @entity14539 levels correlate with bone marrow plasma levels and are reduced by intermittent @entity461 therapy in postmenopausal @entity1 . Further studies are needed to assess the extent to which decreases in @entity14539 production contribute to the anabolic skeletal response to @entity461 .

title: Effects of parathyroid hormone treatment on circulating XXXX levels in postmenopausal @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity14539 :: ('50964', 'Gene') :: ['Sclerostin', 'sclerostin']

answer: @entity14539 :: (50964,Gene) :: ['sclerostin']


abstract: Virtually all @entity1 with @entity1062 are cured regardless of postorchiectomy management. For @entity1 treated with adjuvant radiotherapy, late @entity137 is a major concern. However, @entity137 may be limited by radiotherapy techniques that minimize radiation exposure of healthy normal tissues. This article is an evidence-based review that provides radiotherapy treatment planning recommendations for @entity4797 . The minority of Stage I @entity1 who choose adjuvant treatment over surveillance may be considered for (1) para-aortic irradiation to 20 Gy in 10 fractions, or (2) @entity3003 chemotherapy consisting of area under the curve, AUC = 7   1-2 cycles. Two-dimensional radiotherapy based on bony anatomy is a simple and effective treatment for Stage IIA or IIB @entity4797 . Centers with expertise in vascular and nodal anatomy may consider use of anteroposterior-posteroanterior fields based on three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy instead. For modified @entity235 -leg fields delivering 20 Gy in 10 fractions, clinical studies support placement of the inferior border at the top of the acetabulum. Clinical and nodal mapping studies support placement of the superior border of all radiotherapy fields at the top of the T12 vertebral body. For Stage IIA and IIB @entity1 , an anteroposterior-posteroanterior boost is then delivered to the adenopathy with a 2-cm margin to the block edge. The boost dose consists of 10 Gy in 5 fractions for Stage IIA and 16 Gy in 8 fractions for Stage IIB. Alternatively, @entity1732 , @entity2879 , and @entity900 chemotherapy for 3 cycles or @entity2879 and @entity900 chemotherapy for 4 cycles may be delivered to Stage IIA or IIB @entity1 (e.g., if they have a @entity8 , @entity29 , or a history of radiotherapy).

title: Radiotherapy treatment planning for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['horseshoe kidney']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1062 :: ('MESH:D013736', 'Disease') :: ['Stage I testicular seminoma']

entities_list: @entity4797 :: ('MESH:D018239', 'Disease') :: ['testicular seminoma']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity4797 :: (MESH:D018239,Disease) :: ['testicular seminoma']


abstract: The annual mortality from @entity340 was calculated among potential candidates for surgical replacement of the aortic valve. From the Swedish Central Register of Causes of Death, 70 @entity1 below the age of 80 years who had died from @entity472 during a 1-year period in the County of Stockholm (population 1.5 million), were identified. A retrospective analysis of their medical records showed that 37 individuals were suitable candidates for surgery. The presence of @entity472 had been verified at autopsy in 31 (84%) @entity1 . The remaining six @entity1 (16%) had their @entity472 diagnosis established by a thorough non-invasive investigation performed before @entity204 . Although typical signs and symptoms of @entity472 were recorded in all 37 @entity1 , only six (16%) of them had been considered by their physicians to be suitable candidates for surgery prior to @entity204 . The deceased @entity1 were compared with a group of 68 @entity1 who had undergone aortic valve replacement for @entity472 during the same period. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to symptoms and clinical findings, except for a higher incidence of @entity1163 in the operated group. It is concluded that, of 105 (68 surgically treated and 37 deceased) eligible @entity1 with @entity472 , 37 individuals did not receive surgical care in time. The reason for this was probably insufficient knowledge of the curability of the disease.

title: Unnecessary deaths from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity472 :: ('MESH:D001024', 'Disease') :: ['aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['aortic valvular stenosis']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['valvular aortic stenosis']


abstract: A 47-year-old @entity1 developed radiating right lower @entity158 with @entity425 . A CT scan, subsequent myelogram, and postmyelogram CT scan were reported as negative. Two months of bed rest diminished the radiating symptoms, but the @entity425 persisted. Three months post onset a severe @entity809 developed in the right foot, and the @entity1 became unable to bear weight on that extremity. Physical examination revealed 4-/5 @entity425 of the ankle dorsiflexors, foot evertors, toe extensors, and hip abductors. The entire right foot was swollen and had a red, mottled discoloration. An EMG was equivocal, and a three-phase bone scan was positive in the right foot in all three phases, which is characteristic of @entity6865 . A repeat CT scan and review of the earlier scans revealed a high lateral disc fragment at the exit foramina of the L5 nerve root. Upon laminectomy, a free disc fragment at the exit foramina was removed, and the @entity1 's symptoms resolved completely. @entity6865 is very rarely reported in association with @entity614 . This case emphasizes the need to carefully evaluate the far lateral exit foramina on CT scan in @entity1 with symptoms of @entity614 . Myelogram is characteristically normal in these cases.

title: @entity6865 secondary to L5 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['burning dysesthesia']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness in the L5 myotomes', 'weakness']

entities_list: @entity6865 :: ('MESH:D012019', 'Disease') :: ['Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome', 'reflex sympathetic dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['extremity pain']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar radiculopathy', 'radiculopathy']

answer: @entity614 :: (MESH:D011843,Disease) :: ['radiculopathy']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity12837 ( @entity6053 ) is an essential mitochondrial co-factor and, as a free molecule, it can exert multi-level immunomodulatory functions. Both @entity6053 and its reduced form, @entity26952 ( @entity8534 ), are believed to be able to chelate heavy metals, to regenerate essential antioxidants and to repair important molecules damaged by oxidation. The largest part of the effects of @entity6053 / @entity8534 couple can be explained by a specific stimulatory activity on @entity13791 -dependent gene transcription and by the inhibition of NF-kB activity. These features have prompted its as a drug for several diseases. AREAS COVERED: This article surveys the main features of @entity6053 / @entity8534 and its therapeutic effects. Its complex and differentiated function cannot simply be reduced to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and detoxifying action. We highlight its capability to finely modulate several physiological pathways when unbalanced. In particular, we focus our attention on pregnancy, in relation to @entity6053 administration by oral route and by a new formulation for vaginal delivery, in @entity1 with threatened @entity2208 . EXPERT OPINION: Future efforts should be devoted to explaining carefully @entity6053 / @entity8534 mechanism of action to reactivate the physiological balance when modified during pregnancy. On the other hand, @entity6053 safety in pregnant @entity1 and its pharmacokinetics by vaginal route, have to be studied in depth. Moreover, @entity6053 efficacy has to be confirmed in a much larger sample of @entity1 .

title: Immunomodulatory activities of XXXX with a special focus on its efficacy in preventing @entity2208 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriage']

entities_list: @entity26952 :: ('MESH:C015144', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrolipoic acid']

entities_list: @entity12837 :: ('MESH:D008063', 'Chemical') :: ['Alpha lipoic acid']

answer: @entity12837 :: (MESH:D008063,Chemical) :: ['alpha lipoic acid']


abstract: Circulating @entity1254 is associated with both clinical and subclinical @entity65 ( @entity65 ). Variants of the @entity1254 gene ( @entity1254 ) are associated with clinical @entity65 , but little is known about associations with subclinical @entity65 . We studied the association of 11 @entity1254 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with common and internal carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), presence of @entity729 ( @entity729 ), and @entity729 scores (in those with @entity729 ) in 2,847 @entity1 in the Multi-Ethnic Study of @entity731 (MESA). @entity1 were white (n = 712), African American (n = 712), Chinese (n = 718), and Hispanic (n = 705). All models were adjusted for age, sex, and field site, and stratified by race/ethnic group. African Americans with genotypes AG/GG of @entity26593 had 36% greater (95% confidence interval (CI; 16%, 59%), P = 0.0001) @entity729 prevalence; they also had a larger common cIMT (P = 0.0043). Also in African Americans, genotypes AG/AA of @entity26594 were associated with a 35% (95% CI (14%, 59%), P = 0.0005) greater @entity729 prevalence. Hispanics with the AA genotype of @entity26595 had a 37% (95% CI (14%, 66%), P = 0.0011), greater @entity729 prevalence compared to those with the GG genotype. Additional adjustment for ancestry in African-American and Hispanic @entity1 did not change the results. No single SNP was associated with subclinical @entity65 phenotypes in Chinese or white @entity1 . There appears to be an association between @entity1254 SNPs and subclinical @entity65 in African Americans and Hispanics. Replication as well as assessment of other @entity1254 SNPs is warranted.

title: Associations of SNPs in @entity1254 and subclinical XXXX in the multi-ethnic study of @entity731 (MESA).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity1254 :: ('9370', 'Gene') :: ['ADIPOQ', 'adiponectin']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery calcification', 'CAC']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Since the polio epidemic in Ireland in the 1950s, most polio survivors are approaching into the 6th and 7th decade of their lives. There is little data about bone density and risk of @entity174 in these @entity1 . In 2006, we undertook an audit of @entity11165 @entity1 attending rheumatology and neurology outpatient clinics in a university teaching hospital. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of @entity170 ( @entity170 ), falls and @entity174 and to evaluate the association of bone density with other potential contributing factors to @entity170 . METHODS: Over a 6-month period, 50 @entity11165 @entity1 attending outpatient clinics completed a questionnaire, and subsequently their medical records were reviewed. Demographic data and details of treatment were extracted. The @entity1 underwent a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning to quantify bone mineral density. RESULTS: Thirty subjects (60%) were females (26 were postmenopausal). The average age of females was 60 +/- 13.4 years and of @entity1 59 +/- 16.8 years. Overall, 41 (82%) of the @entity1 had experienced falls in the last 5 years and 32 (64%) in the last 6 months. Nineteen (38%) of the @entity1 had experienced a @entity174 in the last 5 years. Based on the bone mineral density data, 28 (56%) of the @entity1 were diagnosed with @entity170 and 20 (40%) had @entity2331 , but only 8 (16%) received anti-resorptive therapy. Of the 19 @entity1 who had a @entity174 , 14 (74%) had @entity170 and 5 (26%) had @entity2331 , of whom only 6 (32%) received anti-resorptive therapy. Eight out of 9 @entity174 of the neck of femur occurred in the weaker leg. CONCLUSIONS: Post-polio @entity1 are a high-risk group for @entity174 , and thus bone density assessment, review of falls risk and therapeutic intervention should be considered for all @entity1 . Both @entity2331 and @entity170 are associated with increased @entity174 risk.

title: High incidence of @entity170 and XXXX in an aging @entity11165 population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture', 'bone fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['OP', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A symptom cluster is a group of symptoms that occur together and are interrelated. The clinical implication of symptom cluster research is to use the clustering patterns of symptoms to understand the mechanisms for these symptoms and develop management strategies targeted at multiple symptoms. OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this review were to summarize the evidence for a @entity751 in @entity5 @entity1 , to provide information regarding the underlying biological mechanisms for each of the @entity1109 within the cluster, and to propose possible common biological pathways that may underlie this cluster. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. RESULTS: Empirical evidence exists to support a cluster of @entity1109 (ie, @entity308 , @entity73 , @entity1295 , @entity25 , @entity158 ). At a molecular level, common biological pathways (ie, proinflammatory cytokines, @entity2339 , and @entity1154 neurotransmission system) may underlie the development of symptoms within this cluster. Activation of proinflammatory cytokines is proposed as a first stage of mechanistic pathway. However, other biological factors, such as lowered @entity172 or hemoglobin levels, may influence @entity2686 . CONCLUSION: Additional studies are needed to confirm the roles of cytokines as well as other biological factors in the development of the @entity2686 and to determine the biomarkers to identify the subgroups of @entity5 @entity1 who are at greatest risk for this cluster. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This information can be used by researchers and clinicians to guide the selection of symptom management strategies that are ideally targeted to the biological mechanisms that underlie this symptom cluster.

title: Common biological pathways underlying the @entity751 in XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive disturbance']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['psychoneurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity2686 :: ('MESH:D003027', 'Disease') :: ['psychoneurological cluster']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['psychoneurological symptom cluster']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbance']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: In vivo and in vitro approaches were used to examine the role of beta-adrenergic agonists in the regulation of surfactant synthesis and secretion in the lung. @entity95 fetuses of either 28 or 30 gestational days were treated with @entity16825 . Fetuses from half of the does in each group were removed and allowed to breathe for 30 minutes. The others were left in utero. Intracellular and extracellular surfactant pools were isolated. Breathing increased secreted surfactant. On the twenty-eighth day without @entity1353 , @entity16825 treatment increased secretion of surfactant. The reverse effect was noted in the group that received the drug and also breathed. In contrast, on the thirtieth day, the drug inhibited surfactant release in those fetuses that did not breathe. In in vitro studies, undifferentiated @entity133 were isolated and stimulated to differentiate. Subsequent exposure to @entity16825 (5 or 10 mumol/L) stimulated both the synthesis and secretion of radiolabeled disaturated @entity2434 . Concurrent incubation of those cells exposed to 10 mumol/L @entity16825 with either unsaturated or disaturated @entity2434 that was @entity505 14 labeled showed a strong preference for incorporation of the latter phospholipid into total cellular @entity2434 . These results suggest that beta-adrenergics may inhibit as well as stimulate secretion of surfactant by @entity133 and that these cells may reincorporate secreted disaturated phospholipid.

title: Beta-adrenergic-induced surfactant synthesis, secretion, and reutilization in fetal @entity95 lung and isolated differentiating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity2434 :: ('MESH:D010713', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['type II alveolar cells']

entities_list: @entity16825 :: ('MESH:D007556', 'Chemical') :: ['isoxsuprine']

answer: @entity133 :: (MESH:D002282,Disease) :: ['type II alveolar cells']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers ( @entity11882 ) can inhibit @entity5 growth by inhibition of angiogenesis. This study was designed to study the anticancer effects of ACEI and @entity11882 on @entity5 growth and lymphangiogenesis in an implanted @entity356 @entity19 model. METHODS: A model of @entity356 was established by subcutaneously inoculating @entity1 @entity356 cell line SGC-7901 into 60 @entity19 . One week later, all @entity19 were randomly divided into 5 groups. A control group received physiologic saline once daily for 21 days. @entity19 in the 4 treatment groups received one of the following agents by gavage once daily for 21 days: @entity4687 , 2 mg/kg; @entity3371 , 5 mg/kg; @entity9886 , 50 mg/kg; or @entity917 , 40 mg/kg. Twenty-one days after treatment, all the @entity19 were sacrificed and the @entity5 were removed. @entity5 sections were processed, and immunohistochemical methods were used to observe the expressions of @entity18266 ( @entity18266 ), @entity21423 ( @entity21423 ), and lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD). RESULTS: @entity5 volume was significantly inhibited in all ACEI and @entity11882 groups, compared with the control group (all P < 0.01). LMVD in the ACEI and @entity11882 groups was also significantly lower than that of the control group (all P < 0.01). In the ACEI groups, the expressions of @entity18266 and @entity21423 were both significantly decreased, compared with the control group (all P < 0.05). In the @entity11882 groups, expression of @entity18266 was significantly decreased compared with the control group (all P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in the expression of @entity21423 between @entity11882 groups and the control group. CONCLUSION: In a @entity19 model, ACEI and @entity11882 might inhibit @entity356 growth by suppressing lymphangiogenesis.

title: Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on lymphangiogenesis of XXXX in a nude @entity19 model.

entities_list: @entity917 :: ('MESH:C081489', 'Chemical') :: ['valsartan']

entities_list: @entity18266 :: ('22341(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor C', 'VEGF-C']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'nude mice', 'Mice']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['captopril']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'gastric cancer tumor']

entities_list: @entity4687 :: ('MESH:D020913', 'Chemical') :: ['perindopril']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Much of the emphasis for primary care management of @entity740 ( @entity740 ) has focused on cardiovascular risk; however, many @entity1 die of other causes. Aim. In order to guide future primary care management of @entity740 , we report the causes of @entity204 from a large U.K. @entity740 cohort linked to health care administrative data. DESIGN, SETTING AND METHODS: The Grampian Laboratory Outcomes Mortality and Morbidity Study (GLOMMS-1) is a community cohort of @entity1 with established @entity740 , identified in 2003 and followed up for 6 years. Causes of @entity204 were available from @entity204 certificates. The relative likelihood of different causes of @entity204 was compared to the general population. RESULTS: When standardized for age and sex, mortality was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 4.5-4.9) times higher in GLOMMS-1 than the general population. @entity65 accounted for 1076 (50.9%) of @entity204 , 3.7 times more common than in the age- and sex-matched general population. For those with stages 3 and 4 @entity740 , without @entity65 at baseline, a non-cardiovascular cause accounted for almost two-thirds of @entity204 . In those 75 years and older, @entity303 and falls were among the main non-cardiovascular causes of @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in those with @entity740 is high, with non-cardiovascular diseases accounting for more than half of all @entity204 . While there is evidence that intervention may benefit those at risk of @entity65 , most of the non-cardiovascular causes of @entity204 identified were not readily amenable to prevention. A mechanism to identify which @entity1 may benefit from intervention to prevent @entity65 or @entity8 progression is needed.

title: XXXX , a useful trigger for proactive primary care? Mortality results from a large U.K. cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Non-cardiovascular diseases', 'cardiovascular death', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['Chronic kidney disease']


abstract: Peroxidase-mediated oxidation has been proposed as a treatment method for @entity6201 -contaminated water. However, the impact of solution chemistry on @entity6201 polymerization and removal has not been documented. This research investigated the impact of pH and ionic strength on peroxidase-mediated removal of @entity20780 in completely mixed batch reactors. The impact of @entity273 to @entity20780 ratio and activity of horseradish peroxidase was also studied. Size exclusion chromatography was used to estimate the molecular weight distribution of oligomeric products, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to estimate product structure. @entity6201 transformation decreased with ionic strength, and substrate removal was lowest at neutral pHs. Solution pH influenced the size and the composition of the oligomeric products. An equimolar ratio of @entity274 : @entity6201 was sufficient for optimal @entity6201 removal. Polymerization products included @entity30812 and oligomers derived from two, three, and four @entity6201 molecules. Our results illustrate the importance of water chemistry when considering a peroxidase-based approach for treatment of @entity6201 -contaminated waters.

title: Peroxidase-mediated polymerization of XXXX : impact of solution pH and ionic strength.

entities_list: @entity6201 :: ('CHEBI:35682', 'Chemical') :: ['Naphthol', 'naphthol']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity30812 :: ('MESH:D009285', 'Chemical') :: ['naphthoquinones']

answer: @entity20780 :: (MESH:C029350,Chemical) :: ['1-naphthol']