abstract: Primary @entity4018 is a clonal @entity74 , incurable with conventional therapy, and associated with a median survival of 4-5 years. @entity1 with @entity11998 vera and @entity1148 who progress into a myelofibrotic picture also have a poor prognosis. Between 1980 and 1996, 13 @entity1 with @entity4018 due to one of these three @entity6961 (primary @entity4018 [n=8], @entity1148 [n=3], @entity11998 vera [n=2]) underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation in Seattle. The median age was 40 years (range 18-49). The median time from myeloproliferative diagnosis to transplantation was 39 months (range 5-192). Three @entity1 received preparative regimens containing total body irradiation and 10 received @entity1863 - @entity786 regimens. Nine @entity1 received marrow from HLA-matched related donors, one from a one antigen mismatched related donor, and three from HLA-matched unrelated donors. The median time to both granulocyte and platelet engraftment was 21 d. Nine @entity1 survive between 1.2 and 7.1 years post-transplant. Two @entity1 relapsed at 1 year post-transplant, both of whom survive in a chronic myeloproliferative state. Four @entity1 died of transplant-related complications between 43 d and 2.2 years post-transplant. At 1 year post-transplant the majority of the disease-free survivors have normal peripheral blood counts and none-to-minimal marrow @entity82 . These preliminary results are encouraging, and suggest that stem cell transplantation can be curative therapy for selected @entity1 with @entity4018 .

title: Allogeneic marrow transplantation for primary @entity4018 and @entity4018 secondary to XXXX vera or @entity1148 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['essential thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity11998 :: ('MESH:C548016', 'Disease') :: ['polycythaemia']

entities_list: @entity4018 :: ('MESH:D055728', 'Disease') :: ['myelofibrosis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['haemopoietic disorder']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['busulphan']

entities_list: @entity6961 :: ('MESH:D009196', 'Disease') :: ['myeloproliferative disorders']

answer: @entity11998 :: (MESH:C548016,Disease) :: ['polycythaemia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Massive @entity548 is the most common cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. The first step in treatment of these @entity1 is establishing the adequate circulatory volume. The primary goal of therapy is to identify and remove the cause of @entity548 , with appropriate symptomatic and substitution therapy. @entity1 recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) is officially registered for the treatment of @entity1 suffering from @entity447 with inhibitors. Its use has also proved successful in other congenital and acquired @entity1003 and in @entity1 with acute non-haemophilic @entity548 . A special significance is given to the application of rFVIIa in cases of @entity548 , in order to avoid postpartum hysterectomy and occurrence of complications of @entity548 in obstetrics. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to show our experience and results of the use of rFVIIa in the treatment of @entity1 with massive @entity548 . METHOD: The retrospective study encompassed six @entity1 with primary postpartum @entity548 treated with rFVIIa at our institution in the period from 2005 to 2007. RESULTS: The treated @entity1 were divided into two groups. In the first group, there were three @entity1 who underwent hysterectomy and who received rFVIIa over 24 hours after delivery. The second group consisted of three @entity1 who received rFVIIa in the first 24 hours after delivery, before we decided to perform hysterectomy. The application of rFVIIa led to successful cessation of @entity548 in all @entity1 . Relevant side effects were not registered. CONCLUSION: The administration of rFVIIa in obstetrics should be considered for each @entity1 before decision to apply hysterectomy, and it should certainly be applied in @entity1 who want to preserve the uterus and fertile capability. According to our experience, in cases of postpartum hemorrhagia rFVIIa is to be administered in intravenous bolus doses of at least 90 mcg/kg, at least 6 hours after the onset of @entity548 . rFVIIa is not an alternative to adequate surgical haemostasis; therefore, it needs to be administered after its detailed revision.

title: [Our experince with the use of recombinant activated factor VII in postpartum XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathies']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric haemorrhage', 'postpartum bleeding', 'haemorrhagic shock', 'bleeding', 'obstetric bleeding', 'haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['haemorrhage']


abstract: Dried blood spots (DBSs) technology was evaluated in an assay for the quantitation of @entity14031 (DM) and its metabolite, @entity3982 (DT), in @entity1 whole blood using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method (LC- @entity15 / @entity15 ). Both the parent drug and metabolite were spiked in the blood matrix and subsequently allowed to dry on a specimen collection card. The dried blood spots were removed using a manual punch and then extracted into @entity7389 ( @entity7389 ). The organic supernatant was transferred and evaporated and the residue was reconstituted in 20% @entity1626 . The overall method recovery of DM and DT was 87.8% and 95.4%, respectively. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.2-200ng/mL for both analytes. Several factors that potentially affect DBS assay quantitation were investigated, such as punch size, DBS sample punch-out location, and the volume of the blood sample pipetted on the specimen collection cards. The study determined that punch size does not affect assay quantitation accuracy. Indeed, a larger punch size increases the sensitivity due to the larger sampled blood spots. Sampling from different location on the specimen collection cards shows no significant variation for both drugs. The study also shows that acceptable results can be achieved with some variation of the sample volume, which allows a simple blood sampling procedure at the test sites. To achieve the similar lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) as the plasma assay, several blood spots at the same concentration level were stacked together and extracted. Bioanalytical assays using the DBS technique are promising given the advantages of the method over the plasma assay.

title: Study of dried blood spots technique for the determination of @entity14031 and its metabolite dextrorphan in @entity1 whole blood by LC- @entity15 / XXXX .

entities_list: @entity14031 :: ('MESH:D003915', 'Chemical') :: ['dextromethorphan']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity3982 :: ('MESH:D003917', 'Chemical') :: ['dextrorphan']

entities_list: @entity7389 :: ('MESH:C043243', 'Chemical') :: ['MTBE', 'methyl tert-butyl ether']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['MS']


abstract: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) characterizes @entity74 that are accompanied by prolonged fevers of 101 degrees F or greater for 3 weeks or more that remain undiagnosed after comprehensive inpatient and outpatient diagnostic testing. At the present time, @entity5 are the most common cause of FUOs. Among malignant FUOs, @entity706 are the most common. We present the case of a non-Asian young adult @entity1 who presented with FUO. He had no peripheral adenopathy or @entity381 but was found to have anterior/superior mediastinal adenopathy and right paratracheal adenopathy. His diagnostic workup was negative for @entity4789 . Laboratory test results were unremarkable except for a highly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and highly elevated serum ferritin level. Otherwise unexplained highly elevated serum ferritin levels in @entity1 with FUOs suggest @entity4789 , for example, @entity1252 flare or @entity5 . The findings of mediastinal adenopathy combined with a highly elevated ESR and highly elevated serum ferritin levels indicate @entity706 as the most likely diagnosis. He also had @entity1581 on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP). In a @entity1 with FUO, negative blood cultures, and a heart murmur, @entity1581 on SPEP suggests @entity4615 . Lymphomas are often associated with elevated alpha(1)/alpha(2) globulins on SPEP. Lymph node biopsy of the mediastinal nodes was negative for @entity706 but did not show characteristic emperiopolesis, pathognomonic of @entity9312 , a @entity1071 . @entity9312 usually presents with massive bilateral cervical adenopathy but may present with lymph node involvement in other sites, as in this case. In @entity1 with @entity3329 and a negative FUO workup, clinicians should consider the possibility of @entity9312 , particularly if accompanied by an otherwise unexplained highly elevated serum ferritin levels and @entity1581 on SPEP.

title: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) due to @entity9312 with mediastinal adenopathy mimicking XXXX : diagnostic importance of elevated serum ferritin levels and @entity1581 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity4789 :: ('MESH:D012213', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic and inflammatory disorders', 'rheumatic/inflammatory and infectious diseases']

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity9312 :: ('MESH:D015618', 'Disease') :: ['Rosai-Dorfman disease']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['benign lymphoproliferative disorder']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['polyclonal gammopathy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity4615 :: ('MESH:C538262', 'Disease') :: ['atrial myxoma']

entities_list: @entity381 :: ('MESH:D013163', 'Disease') :: ['splenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['febrile disorders']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine if the leukocyte esterase and bacterial @entity3542 rapid dipstick test for @entity293 ( @entity293 ) is susceptible to spectrum bias (when a diagnostic test has different sensitivities or specificities in @entity1 with different clinical manifestations of the disease for which the test is intended). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. @entity1 : A total of 366 consecutive adult @entity1 in whom clinicians performed urinalysis to diagnose or exclude @entity293 . SETTING: An urban emergency department and walk-in clinic. MEASUREMENTS: After the @entity1 encounter, but before dipstick test or culture was done, clinicians recorded the signs and symptoms that were the basis for suspecting @entity293 and for performing a urinalysis and an estimate of the probability of @entity293 based on the clinical evaluation. For all @entity1 who received urinalysis, dipstick tests and culture were done in the clinical microbiology laboratory by medical technologists blinded to clinical evaluation. Sensitivity for the dipstick was calculated using a positive result in either leukocyte esterase or bacterial @entity3542 , or both, as the criterion for a positive dipstick, and greater than 10(5) CFU/mL for a positive culture. RESULTS: In the 107 @entity1 with a high (greater than 50%) prior probability of @entity293 , who had many characteristic @entity293 symptoms, the sensitivity of the test was excellent (0.92; 95% CI, 0.82 to 0.98). In the 259 @entity1 with a low (less than or equal to 50%) prior probability of @entity293 , the sensitivity of the test was poor (0.56; CI, 0.03 to 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: The leukocyte esterase and bacterial @entity3542 dipstick test for @entity293 is susceptible to spectrum bias, which may be responsible for differences in the test's sensitivity reported in previous studies. As a more general principle, diagnostic tests may have different sensitivities or specificities in different parts of the clinical spectrum of the disease they purport to identify or exclude, but studies evaluating such tests rarely report sensitivity and specificity in subgroups defined by clinical symptoms. When diagnostic tests are evaluated, information about symptoms in the @entity1 recruited for study should be included, and analyses should be done within appropriate clinical subgroups so that clinicians may decide if reported sensitivities and specificities are applicable to their @entity1 .

title: Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests: lessons from the rapid dipstick test for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection', 'UTI']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infection']


abstract: Several significant advances in the treatment of @entity99 have evolved over the past decade. These trends have been incorporated into the overall treatment strategy of @entity99 and are reflected in experiences with 411 consecutive @entity1 . Two hundred fifty-eight @entity1 (63%) with minor injuries (grades I to II) were treated by simple suture or hemostatic agents with a mortality rate of 6%. One hundred twenty-eight @entity1 (31%) sustained complex @entity99 (grades III to V). One hundred seven @entity1 (83.5%) with grades III or IV injury underwent portal triad occlusion and finger @entity174 of @entity99 alone. Seventy-three surviving @entity1 (73%) required portal triad occlusion, with @entity63 times varying from 10 to 75 minutes (mean, 30 minutes). The mortality rate in this group was 6.5% (seven @entity1 ) and was accompanied by a morbidity rate of 15%. Fourteen @entity1 (11%) with grade @entity130 (retrohepatic cava or hepatic veins) were managed by prolonged protal triad occlusion (mean cross-clamp time, 46 minutes) and extensive finger @entity174 to the site of injury. In four of these @entity1 an atrial caval shunt was additionally used. Two of these @entity1 survived, whereas six of the 10 @entity1 managed without a shunt survived, for an overall mortality rate of 43%. Over the past 4 years, six @entity1 (4.7%) with ongoing @entity1003 were managed by packing and planned re-exploration, with four @entity1 (67%) surviving and one (25%) developing an @entity6177 . One additional @entity1 (0.8%) was managed by resectional debridement alone and survived. During the past 5 years, 25 hemodynamically stable and alert adult @entity1 (6%) sustaining blunt @entity130 were evaluated by computed tomography scan and found to have grade I to III injuries. All were managed nonoperatively with uniform success. The combination of portal triad occlusion (up to 75 minutes), finger @entity174 technique, and the use of a viable omental pack is a safe, reliable, and effective method of managing complex @entity99 (grade III to IV). Juxtahepatic @entity1317 continue to carry a prohibitive mortality rate, but nonshunting approaches seem to result in the lowest cumulative mortality rate. Packing and planned reexploration has a definitive life-saving role when used adjunctively in the presence of a @entity1003 . Nonoperative management of select hemodynamically stable adult @entity1 , identified by serial computed tomography scans after sustaining blunt @entity130 is highly successful (95-97%).

title: Significant trends in the treatment of XXXX . Experience with 411 injuries.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity6177 :: ('MESH:D018784', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal abscess']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathies', 'coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['venous injuries']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injuries', 'hepatic parenchyma']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'V injury']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine if prophylactic percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) can extend patency in functioning virgin ePTFE arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of a prospectively randomized study of 64 @entity1 with greater than 50% @entity850 of functioning ePTFE arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts who were blindly assigned to be treated with @entity865 (treatment group) or observed without treatment (control group) were subjected to statistical subset analysis. Within this group were 21 @entity1 (virgins) who had never undergone surgery, PTA, or thrombolysis. Eight @entity1 had been assigned to the treatment group and 13 to the control group. The virgin groups were well matched as to age, sex, and risk factors. The virgin treatment group versus virgin control group had 1.63 versus 1.46 stenoses per @entity1 and 61.3% versus 63.3% average percentage @entity850 per lesion, respectively. Stenoses were treated with PTA 27 times (average, 3.4 per @entity1 ) in the virgin treatment group. Primary study patency began at the time of randomization and ended with graft @entity715 or nonfunction. RESULTS: Among the 32 @entity1 randomized to treatment with PTA, study patency was significantly increased (P > .0001) and the incidence of graft @entity715 significantly decreased (P = .0151) in the eight- @entity1 virgin subset when compared with the 24- @entity1 nonvirgin subset of the treatment group. During the 81.3 @entity1 -dialysis-year study period, patency in the virgin-treatment versus virgin-control groups, respectively, was terminated by @entity715 in two versus nine, by death in two versus two, and cadaveric renal transplant in one versus zero. There was a statistically significant prolongation of study patency (P = .0349) and a reduction of graft @entity715 , 0.10 versus 0.44 @entity715 per @entity1 -dialysis year, in the virgin-treatment group compared to the virgin-control group. CONCLUSION: Patency after PTA of ePTFE hemodialysis grafts is significantly affected by previous interventions. Prophylactic PTA of stenoses greater than 50% in functioning virgin ePTFE arteriovenous hemodialysis grafts can significantly extend their patency. PTA should be included as an important treatment option in this @entity1 population.

title: Prophylactic angioplasty reduces XXXX in virgin ePTFE arteriovenous dialysis grafts with greater than 50% @entity850 : subset analysis of a prospectively randomized study.

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses', 'thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombosis']


abstract: A prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial was carried out in order to elucidate the incidence of @entity1211 in selected @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and other types of minimally invasive surgery, as well as to show safety and efficacy of a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in the prevention of post-operative @entity1211 . Seven hundred and eighteen @entity1 were randomly allocated to one of two groups: One group received physical measures for prevention of @entity1150 , i.e. graduated elastic stockings (n = 359). The second group also received graduated elastic stockings and, additionally, a LMWH ( @entity55909 , @entity55909 ) s.c. once daily (n = 359). For safety reasons, with respect to the untreated control group, @entity1 with three or more risk factors for @entity1211 were not included into the trial. Diagnosis for @entity11942 was systematically done by duplex scan. In this, rather artificial low-risk selection the overall incidence of @entity1031 events was surprisingly low: five cases of suspected @entity1151 , confirmed by scintigraphy in one case only, and one @entity1 with phlebographically confirmed @entity291 vein @entity715 . The use of reviparin for prevention of @entity1211 was safe and convenient--the rate of post-operative @entity548 complications was 2.3% in the LMWH group, even lower than in the control group (3.2%). The real incidence of @entity1211 in @entity1 undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains unclear. Further trials with unselected @entity1 are needed.

title: [Prevention of XXXX in minimal invasive interventions and brief inpatient treatment. Results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled study with a low molecular weight heparin].

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep-vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity55909 :: ('MESH:C094240', 'Chemical') :: ['reviparin sodium', 'Clivarin']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1031 :: (MESH:D013923,Disease) :: ['thromboembolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: On the basis of the data of a multicenter study, the impact of prehospital intubation and ventilation in the therapy of severe @entity130 without manifest @entity1576 was analyzed. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively in the @entity130 Registry of the German @entity130 Society. In a matched-pair analysis, @entity1 with severe @entity130 (Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 4) with and without prehospital intubation were compared. @entity1 were paired with respect to age, @entity130 , and prognosis (according to the TRISS method). RESULTS: From a total of 3,814 @entity1 , two groups (with/without prehospital intubation) of 44 matched @entity1 each with comparable average age (36 vs. 36 years), Injury Severity Score (29 vs. 29), and TRISS (95.2 vs. 95.3) were identified. No @entity1 was unconscious at the scene (all Glasgow @entity772 Scale scores > or = 8) or presented with severe @entity1576 (all > or = 10 breaths/min). Time between injury and hospital admission was significantly longer (73 minutes; p < 0.05) in the group with prehospital intubation compared with the nonintubated group (47 minutes). Furthermore, fluid requirements in the prehospital period were significantly higher in the intubated @entity1 (3,000 mL vs. 1,000 mL). In the prehospital intubation group, the number of @entity1 with mass transfusion (9 vs. 4) as well as with emergency operations (10 vs. 4) were not significantly different from the nonintubated group. The prehospital intubation group showed a similar incidence of lung failure (17 vs. 14), @entity177 (6 vs. 2), and circulation failure (13 vs. 5). Except for two of the primarily nonintubated @entity1 , all were intubated during their stay in the emergency room or on the intensive care unit. Days of ventilation (median, 7 days) as well as the length of stay on the ICU (median, 11 days) were comparable in both groups. Mortality in the prehospital intubation group was not significantly different between groups (six vs. two deceased). CONCLUSION: Prognosis with respect to organ failure, treatment time, and mortality is not adversely affected in the German trauma system, if @entity1 with severe @entity130 without manifest @entity1576 and without other indications for intubation are not treated with prehospital intubation.

title: Prehospital intubation in severe @entity130 without @entity1576 : a matched-pair analysis based on the XXXX Registry of the German @entity130 Society.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['kidney failure']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'thoracic trauma', 'injury severity']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['Trauma']


abstract: 1. In this study the effect of @entity5753 , an inhibitor of @entity165 and @entity12307 synthesis, on the rises in intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i) induced by platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), @entity2178 (AII), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and foetal calf serum (FCS) was examined in @entity1 cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from saphenous vein. Changes in [ @entity141 ]i were measured in cell suspensions by the @entity141 sensitive probe, @entity593 . 2. Incubation with @entity5753 for 24-26 h markedly reduced the peak rise and sustained phase of [ @entity141 ]i elevation in response to PDGF-BB but the responses to AII, LDL and FCS were unaffected. Further experiments showed that @entity5753 pretreatment inhibited PDGF-BB induced @entity141 influx but not intracellular @entity141 release. This inhibition could be overcome by co-incubation with @entity12308 . 3. Pretreatment of cells with the heterotrimeric G protein inhibitor pertussis toxin for up to 24 h completely abolished AII-induced [ @entity141 ]i rises but the response to PDGF-BB was unaffected. 4. The @entity669 kinase inhibitor @entity670 largely abolished PDGF-BB-induced [ @entity141 ]i elevation but had no significant effect on AII-induced responses. 5. Pre-incubation with @entity5753 had no effect on the level of @entity669 phosphorylation of PDGF-beta receptors (as measured by Western blot) in response to the PDGF-BB ligand. 6. PDGF-BB elicits @entity141 influx via a @entity669 kinase-dependent mechanism distinct from the heterotrimeric G protein coupled pathway utilized by AII. @entity5753 most likely acts by inhibition of isoprenylation (via blockade of isoprenoid synthesis) of an intermediate molecule involved in PDGF-BB-induced @entity141 influx.

title: Differential effects of @entity5753 on mitogen induced @entity460 influx in XXXX cultured vascular smooth muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity12308 :: ('MESH:D008798', 'Chemical') :: ['mevalonic acid']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II']

entities_list: @entity12307 :: ('CHEBI:24913', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenoid']

entities_list: @entity5753 :: ('MESH:D008148', 'Chemical') :: ['lovastatin', 'Lovastatin']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal anesthesia to high thoracic dermatomes is alleged to result in almost complete block of all sympathetic efferent nerves. To examine the degree of sympathectomy during spinal anesthesia, the sympathetic response to a cold pressor test (CPT) applied to unblocked dermatomes before and during spinal anesthesia was measured with use of three different local anesthetics. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers were studied in a randomized and double-blind fashion on three separate occasions. In random order, each volunteer received approximately equipotent spinal doses of @entity6513 15 mg, @entity1341 15 mg, and @entity3303 100 mg in hyperbaric solutions. Prior to and 30 minutes after spinal injection of local anesthetic, a CPT was applied for 2 minutes, and changes from baseline resting conditions in five physiologic variables were measured. RESULTS: The @entity13513 given before anesthetic administration resulted in an increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, and plasma concentrations of @entity1063 and @entity1425 . Spinal anesthesia to a median level of T3 resulted in a decrease in mean arterial pressure by 10-12% but did not significantly decrease the other variables. Spinal anesthesia did not change the increase in heart rate or cardiac index in response to the second CPT, but the increase in mean arterial pressure was attenuated compared to the CPT before anesthesia. No increase in @entity1063 or @entity1425 concentration was observed during the CPT given during spinal anesthesia. There was no significant relationship between level of analgesia and sympathetic response to stress. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric solutions of @entity6513 15 mg, @entity1341 15 mg, and @entity3303 100 mg attenuated sympathetic function but did not produce complete sympathectomy. The effects were independent of the local anesthetic used.

title: Sympathetic block during spinal anesthesia in volunteers using @entity3303 , XXXX , and @entity1341 .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity6513 :: ('MESH:D013748', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracaine']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity6513 :: (MESH:D013748,Chemical) :: ['tetracaine']


abstract: The development of distant @entity3 is the most important predictor of death from @entity259 . @entity33913 is a recently cloned @entity1 @entity3 suppressor gene whose product, @entity33913 , was recently identified as the endogenous agonist for a novel Gq/11 coupled receptor ( @entity23735 ). The expression and functional consequences of @entity33913 and the @entity23735 have not been evaluated in @entity259 . We measured @entity33913 and @entity23735 mRNA levels in 10 FCs and 13 @entity1377 ( @entity1377 ), 2 benign non-functioning follicular adenomas (FAs), and 11 normal thyroid samples, and evaluated the signaling pathways activated by @entity33913 in @entity4819 @entity259 cells that express the @entity23735 endogenously. Paired normal and @entity5 samples were available for 4 PC and 3 PFC samples. @entity33913 mRNA was detected in 6/11 normal samples, and 0/2 FA, 2/10 FC, and 9/13 PC samples (p < 0.05 for PC vs. FC). @entity23735 was not expressed in any normal thyroid or benign FA samples, and was expressed in only a minority (2/10) of FC samples. However, the receptor was expressed in the majority (10/13) of @entity1377 (p = 0.002 for PC vs. normal tissue). Increased levels of @entity23735 were detected in all four @entity1377 compared to adjacent normal tissue. Incubation levels of @entity23735 were detected in all four @entity1377 compared to adjacent normal tissue. Incubation of @entity23735 expressing @entity4819 @entity259 cells with @entity33913 resulted in activation of ERK, but not Akt. Taken together, these data suggest a potential role for @entity33913 and/or @entity33913 receptors in modulating the biological behavior of @entity259 .

title: @entity23735 is overexpressed in papillary thyroid cancer and activates MAP kinase in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinomas', 'PCs']

entities_list: @entity23735 :: ('84634', 'Gene') :: ['Metastin receptor', 'metastin receptor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancers', 'thyroid cancer']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid cancer']


abstract: We analyzed international patterns and socioeconomic and @entity22550 in all-cause mortality and mortality from homicide, suicide, unintentional @entity130 , and @entity645 / @entity791 among @entity10479 youth aged 15-24  years. A county-level socioeconomic deprivation index and rural-urban continuum measure were linked to the 1999-2007 @entity10479 mortality data. Mortality rates were calculated for each socioeconomic and rural-urban group. Poisson regression was used to derive adjusted relative risks of youth mortality by deprivation level and rural-urban residence. The USA has the highest youth homicide rate and 6th highest overall youth mortality rate in the industrialized world. Substantial socioeconomic and rural-urban gradients in youth mortality were observed within the USA. Compared to their most affluent counterparts, youth in the most deprived group had 1.9 times higher all-cause mortality, 8.0 times higher homicide mortality, 1.5 times higher unintentional-injury mortality, and 8.8 times higher @entity645 / @entity791 mortality. Youth in rural areas had significantly higher mortality rates than their urban counterparts regardless of deprivation levels, with suicide and unintentional-injury mortality risks being 1.8 and 2.3 times larger in rural than in urban areas. However, youth in the most urbanized areas had at least 5.6 times higher risks of homicide and @entity645 / @entity791 mortality than their rural counterparts. Disparities in mortality differed by race and sex. Socioeconomic deprivation and rural-urban continuum were independently related to disparities in youth mortality among all sex and racial/ethnic groups, although the impact of deprivation was considerably greater. The USA ranks poorly in all-cause mortality, youth homicide, and unintentional-injury mortality rates when compared with other industrialized countries.

title: All-cause and cause-specific mortality among @entity10479 youth: socioeconomic and XXXX and international patterns.

entities_list: @entity22550 :: ('MESH:C538276', 'Disease') :: ['rural-urban disparities']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries']

answer: @entity22550 :: (MESH:C538276,Disease) :: ['rural-urban disparities']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate 5-year biochemical disease-free outcome for @entity1 with clinical T1b-T3a NxM0 1977 American Joint Committee on Cancer (1997 AJCC) @entity263 who underwent transperineal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Four hundred twenty-five @entity1 underwent transperineal ultrasound-guided prostate brachytherapy using either 103Pd or 125I, for clinical T1b-T3a NxM0 (1997 AJCC) @entity263 , from April 1995 to October 1999. No @entity1 underwent pathologic lymph-node staging. One hundred ninety @entity1 were implanted with either 103Pd or 125I monotherapy; 235 @entity1 received moderate-dose external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), followed by a prostate brachytherapy boost; 163 @entity1 received neoadjuvant hormonal manipulation, in conjunction with either 103Pd or 125I monotherapy (77 @entity1 ) or in conjunction with moderate-dose EBRT and a prostate brachytherapy boost (86 @entity1 ). The median @entity1 age was 68.0 years (range, 48.2-81.3 years). The median follow-up was 31 months (range, 11-69 months). Follow-up was calculated from the day of implantation. No @entity1 was lost to follow-up. Biochemical disease-free survival was defined by the American Society of Therapeutic Radiation and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus definition. RESULTS: For the entire cohort, the 5-year actuarial biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED) survival rate was 94%. For @entity1 with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, the 5-year biochemical disease-free rates were 97.1%, 97.5%, and 84.4%, respectively. For hormone-naive @entity1 , 95.7%, 96.4%, and 79.9% of @entity1 with low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease were free of biochemical failure. Clinical and treatment parameters predictive of biochemical outcome included: clinical stage, pretreatment @entity1486 , Gleason score, risk group, age > 65 years, and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Isotope choice was not a statistically significant predictor of disease-free survival for any risk group. The median postimplant @entity1486 was < or = 0.2 for all risk groups, regardless of hormonal status. The mean posttreatment @entity1486 , however, was significantly lower for @entity1 implanted with 103Pd (0.14 ng/mL) than for those implanted with 125I (0.25 ng/mL), p < or = 0.001. CONCLUSION: With a median follow-up of 31 months, permanent prostate brachytherapy results in a high probability of actuarial 5-year biochemical disease-free survival (DFS) for @entity1 with clinical T1b-T3a (1997 AJCC) @entity263 , with an apparent plateau on the @entity1486 survival curve.

title: Five-year biochemical outcome following permanent interstitial brachytherapy for clinical T1-T3 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen (PSA)', 'PSA']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: We evaluated the in-hospital and 1-year outcomes and predictors of admission @entity712 in @entity1 with non-ST-elevation @entity1187 (NSTE-ACSs) without previous @entity712 . We analyzed 4,825 @entity1 with NSTE-ACS without a history of @entity712 who were included in the multicenter Canadian ACS Registries. @entity1 in Killip's class II/III on admission (n = 559, 11.6%) were compared with @entity1 in Killip's class I. @entity1 with @entity712 on admission were older (72 [64, 79] vs 64 [54, 73] years, p < 0.0001), with higher baseline @entity1011 levels (96 vs 88 mmol/dl, p <0.0001), more @entity6 (32.2% vs 22.8%, p < 0.0001), @entity101 (58% vs 52.4%, p = 0.014), previous @entity583 ( @entity583 ; 38.9% vs 30.3%, p < 0.0001), previous @entity64 (13.5% vs 7.4%, p < 0.0001), and had more ST @entity308 on admission (27.7% vs 17.3%, p < 0.0001). In-hospital treatment was similar except for a lower rate of @entity117 therapy and fewer coronary interventions. Crude event rates were significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity712 (in-hospital @entity204 3.6% vs 1.1%, p < 0.0001; @entity204 or @entity583 7.9% vs 4.7%, p = 0.0011; @entity64 1.1% vs 0.4%, p = 0.03). One-year event rates were also higher in @entity1 with @entity712 ( @entity204 14.6% vs 4.4%, p < 0.0001; @entity583 9.3% vs 6.6%, p = 0.03; @entity204 or @entity583 21.5% vs 10.3%, p < 0.0001). Variables independently associated with @entity712 were age (odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.43 to 1.73), @entity6 (odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.24 to 1.89), admission ST @entity308 (odds ratio 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 1.90), @entity583 , and baseline @entity1011 . @entity712 on admission was an independent predictor of in-hospital @entity204 , @entity204 or @entity583 , and @entity64 and of 1-year @entity204 and @entity204 or @entity583 . In conclusion, in @entity1 with NSTE-ACS, @entity712 on admission is associated with increased short- and long-term rates of @entity204 and @entity583 .

title: Prognostic significance of admission @entity712 in @entity1 with non-ST-elevation XXXX (from the Canadian Acute Coronary Syndrome Registries).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'Heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI', 'previous MI']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndromes']


abstract: @entity1 with left @entity715 are considered at high risk for @entity1031 events. The actual prognosis of these @entity1 and the features most predictive of future events are unclear. We performed transesophageal echocardiograms in 2,894 @entity1 over a 6 1/2-year period; 94 (age 69 +/- 11 years, 59 @entity1 , 83 in @entity955 ) were found to have left @entity715 . The thrombi were considered mobile in 45 @entity1 and 33 @entity1 had @entity715 with a maximum dimension > or = 1.5 cm. Seven of the 94 @entity1 with prosthetic valves were excluded from follow-up analysis. Over a follow-up period of 25.3 +/- 19.2 months, 17 @entity1 had suffered a @entity64 or embolic event (event rate 10.4% per year) and 27 had died (mortality 15.8% per year). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis identified a maximum @entity715 dimension > or = 1.5 cm (RR 19, p = 0.002), history of @entity1031 (RR 4.2, p = 0.038), and mobile @entity715 (RR 5.3, p = 0.02) as predictors of subsequent @entity1031 . Moderate or severe @entity1002 was the only significant predictor of @entity204 (RR 2.9, p = 0.04). Gender, age, @entity1229 therapy at follow-up, @entity955 , location (cavity vs appendage) of @entity715 , and spontaneous echocardiographic contrast were not significant. Aggressive antithrombotic therapy may be indicated in these high-risk @entity1 .

title: XXXX risks of left @entity715 detected by transesophageal echocardiogram.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism', 'thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['atrial thrombus', 'thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1031 :: (MESH:D013923,Disease) :: ['Thromboembolic']


abstract: We used @entity1 arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that had been reorganized three-dimensionally into aggregates, so-called spheroids, as a model system that might more closely correspond to arterial smooth muscle in vivo than do conventional monolayer cultures. After reaggregation the presence of serum in the culture medium strongly promoted the maintenance of spheroidal SMCs. With access to fresh serum, the spheroids developed into highly organized structures with an outer laminated shell of spindle-shaped SMCs and a more porous core of rounded or polygonal SMCs. After several weeks in culture, extracellular matrix components appeared and the tissue assumed features characteristic of maturing intimal repair tissue. Many cells had features of programmed cell death (apoptosis). This feature may be important because it may indicate that regression of arterial smooth muscle tissue may be a much more strongly controlled process than hitherto realized. Without access to fresh serum, the spheroidal tissue showed degenerative features, much like those in @entity731 , ie, the presence of foam cells, cellular debris, and some cell death. It is possible that this situation in vitro resembles that of @entity731 tissue in vivo, in which retention of plasma constituents is a conspicuous feature. In some respects, therefore, the small sample of @entity1 arterial tissue represented by the spheroid may represent an in vitro analogue of the arterial wall, which may undergo maturation or degenerative @entity731 -like changes depending on exogenous factors. The spheroidal SMC system may therefore also be a suitable model for in vitro studies of atherogenesis.

title: Structural organization of reconstituted XXXX arterial smooth muscle tissue.

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions', 'atherosclerotic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the relation between right ventricular @entity1188 (RVI) and the presence of @entity713 . Thus, the objective of this study was to analyse a possible correlation between the conditions, which are frequently associated with inferior @entity583 ( @entity583 ). METHODS: We studied 107 @entity1 with inferior @entity583 , of whom 49 had RVI, assessed by ST-segment elevation in right precordial leads (V3R- @entity17750 ) and by @entity1136 (99mTc) pyrophosphate scintigraphy. The diagnosis of @entity713 was made by continuous ECG monitoring during the first week of admission. RESULTS: The @entity1 were divided into two groups: group A with RVI and group B with isolated inferior @entity583 . These groups were similar regarding sex, age, coronary risk factors, and time from the onset of @entity158 to hospital admission. Group A had a predominance of @entity713 (61.2 versus 15.5%, P < 0.0004), peak creatine kinase MB (82.5 +/- 22.4 versus 65.2 +/- 25.1 IU/l, P < 0.05), @entity712 or @entity1455 (57.1 versus 18.9%, P < 0.002), and proximal @entity1563 (80.4 versus 25.0%, P < 0.001). Non-Q-wave @entity1188 was more frequent in group B @entity1 (14.2 versus 34.4%, P < 0.01). The mortality rate was similar in the two groups (12.2 versus 13.7%). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that @entity1188 extension from inferior wall to the right ventricle may be related to the development of @entity713 and does not increase mortality.

title: Mortality is not increased with inferior @entity1188 associated with right ventricular XXXX and @entity713 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['right coronary artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity17750 :: ('p|SUB|V|4|R', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['V4R']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['precordial pain']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarction']


abstract: The @entity995 suppressor protein ( @entity995 ) is a negative regulator of the cell cycle that inhibits both G(1) and S-phase progression. While @entity995 -mediated G(1) inhibition has been extensively studied, the mechanism utilized for S-phase inhibition is unknown. To delineate the mechanism through which @entity995 inhibits DNA replication, we generated cells which inducibly express a constitutively active allele of @entity995 ( @entity995 ). We show that @entity995 -mediated S-phase inhibition does not inhibit the chromatin binding function of @entity9965 or RPA, suggesting that @entity995 does not regulate the prereplication complex or disrupt early initiation events. However, activation of @entity995 in S-phase cells disrupts the chromatin tethering of @entity1364 , a requisite component of the DNA replication machinery. The action of @entity995 was S phase specific and did not inhibit the DNA damage-mediated association of @entity1364 with chromatin. We also show that @entity995 -mediated @entity1364 inhibition was dependent on downregulation of @entity15308 activity, which was achieved through the downregulation of @entity7596 . Importantly, restoration of @entity15308 ( @entity15308 )- @entity7596 and thus @entity1364 activity partially restored S-phase progression in the presence of active @entity995 . Therefore, the data presented identify @entity995 -mediated regulation of @entity1364 activity via @entity15308 attenuation as a mechanism through which @entity995 regulates S-phase progression. Together, these findings identify a novel pathway of @entity995 -mediated replication inhibition.

title: Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein signals through inhibition of @entity15308 activity to disrupt XXXX function in S phase.

entities_list: @entity15308 :: ('1017', 'Gene') :: ['cyclin-dependent kinase 2', 'CDK2']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma tumor', 'RB', 'PSM-RB']

answer: @entity1364 :: (5111,Gene) :: ['PCNA']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1988 is a life-threatening complication of @entity1252 . Treatment regimes include @entity230 and @entity786 , both associated with significant morbidity. Newer regimes include @entity618 ( @entity2098 ). We report our outcomes in a prospectively monitored cohort of @entity1 receiving our new standard treatment protocol, comprising rituximab induction therapy and @entity2098 maintenance in @entity1 already taking maintenance immunosuppression for @entity1252 who developed @entity1988 . We then attempted @entity134 reduction/withdrawal. METHODS: @entity1 with class III/IV/V @entity1988 were included. All @entity1 were on @entity230 prior to the development of @entity1988 . Eighteen @entity1 have reached at least 1 year follow-up. These @entity1 received rituximab induction therapy and @entity2098 maintenance therapy. @entity134 reduction/withdrawal was guided by clinical response. RESULTS: Fourteen of 18 (78%) @entity1 achieved complete or partial remission with a sustained response of 12/18 (67%) at 1 year, with 2 @entity1 having a relapse of @entity644 . Four @entity1 did not respond. There was a significant decrease in @entity644 from a mean protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) of 325 mg/mmol at presentation to 132 mg/mmol at 1 year (P = 0.004). Serum albumin significantly increased from a mean of 29 g/L at presentation to 34 g/ @entity16063 year (P = 0.001). The complication rate was low with no severe @entity281 . Following treatment with rituximab, 6 @entity1 stopped prednisolone, 6 @entity1 reduced their maintenance dose and 6 @entity1 remained on the same dose (maximum 10 mg). CONCLUSION: This data demonstrates the efficacy of a rituximab and @entity2098 based regime in the treatment of @entity1988 , allowing a reduction or total withdrawal of corticosteroids.

title: Rituximab is an effective treatment for @entity1988 and allows a reduction in maintenance XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['Lupus nephritis', 'lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']


abstract: Detection of micronuclei (MN) in skin cells from HRA/Skh hairless @entity19 treated with chemical or physical agents may prove informative in qualitative and quantitative studies of @entity105 . MN induction and cell survival were estimated in cytokinesis-blocked keratinocytes, cultured for 4 days in vitro, after a single topical dose of various organic compounds. Treatment with 2.56 micrograms (10 nmol) @entity3653 ( @entity106 ) resulted in maximal MN induction in cells removed from skin 12-24 hr after topical administration (79-88 MN/1,000 cells compared with 10-16 MN/1,000 cells in @entity1324 -treated controls). Even in cells removed only 1 hr after @entity106 treatment, a significant increase in MN was evident. However, to allow sufficient time for metabolic activation, a sampling time for of 24 hr was adopted for all test substances. Dose-dependent increases in MN were observed with @entity106 , @entity3014 , @entity12684 , and @entity4774 . Increased numbers of micronucleated cells were detected at the lowest doses administered in the present study (0.128, 0.5, 50, and 50 micrograms, respectively). Although reduced cell recovery occurred following exposure of @entity19 to @entity1324 , @entity9435 , and other chemicals, there was no evidence that @entity137 contributed to MN scored in keratinocytes. Moreover, the probable noncarcinogen, @entity9435 , failed to induce MN at doses from 2.5 micrograms to 2.5 mg/ @entity19 . These results show that it is possible to assess chemical exposure in skin by measuring cell survival and skin genotoxicity by measuring MN induction in cultured keratinocytes. The available data suggest that MN induction may be a useful indicator of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals applied to the skin.

title: Micronuclei in @entity19 skin cells following in vivo exposure to @entity3014 , XXXX , @entity12684 , @entity9435 and @entity4774 .

entities_list: @entity3653 :: ('CHEBI:254496', 'Chemical') :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['skin carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity3653 :: (CHEBI:254496,Chemical) :: ['7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Role of pelvic osteotomy in surgical management of @entity1494 is controversial But pelvic rim closure importantly. Bulking agents have been used for perineal and pelvic dysfunction in adults. In this study, @entity7891 repair was performed without pubic closure And bulking agent injections were used as the strut of anterior pelvis for prevention of Organ prolapse and other functions in this series. @entity1 AND METHODS: During the period 2008-2012, twenty-five exstrophy- @entity7890 complex @entity1 with a mean age of 14 months underwent surgical reconstruction. Rectus abdominis muscle was detached from the superior pubis and sutured to each other in the midline and Re-anchored at the pubis and 8-9 month later urethra was constructed and placed between perineal muscles. @entity1494 repair and ntersyphyseal reconstruction was done with bulking agents one year after primary bladder closure when in our series @entity1494 mainly occurred. One to 4 mL of bulking agents @entity21573 (vantris/promedon) was injected at the level of the intersymphyseal area and opening on either sides of the urethra. RESULTS: Mean urinary continence score, before, 3 and 6 months after injection Were (2.65    074),(1.95    082),(1.75    0.78), respectively.(p < 0.001). The correlation factor Between before injection, 3 and 6 months were % 82, % 74 respectively. Mean capacity of bladder before, 3, 6 months after injection were (31    14.01), (41    12.81), (56    11.98) mml, respectively. The correlation factor before and after injection were 59%. Comparing the CS and CB between male and female before and after injection were significant. (p < 0.001) but correlation factor in male 99% and Female 74%. Three out of five @entity1 had improved @entity1494 . There was no complication, @entity281 or migration of bulking agents. @entity1 had increased in soft tissue according to MRI. CONCLUSION: Using bulking agents is a good alternative to sling pelvic floor not only cosmetically but also for ease of @entity1 and operation.

title: Role of bulking agents in XXXX - @entity7890 complexes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity21573 :: ('CHEBI:51134', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylate']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['Bladder neck', 'bladder prolapse', 'bladder exstrophy']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity7891 :: ('MESH:D001746', 'Disease') :: ['bladder extrophy']

entities_list: @entity7890 :: ('MESH:D004842', 'Disease') :: ['epispadias']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder exstrophy']


abstract: Members of the @entity723 family have been suggested to act as mesoderm-inducing factors during early amphibian development. Little is known, however, about mesoderm formation in the @entity1 embryo, and as one approach to investigating this we have studied @entity723 expression during early @entity19 development. Activins are homo- or heterodimers of the beta A or beta B subunits of inhibin, itself a heterodimer consisting of one of the beta subunits together with an alpha subunit. Our results indicate that the oocyte contains mRNA encoding all three subunits, and antibody staining demonstrates the presence of both alpha and beta protein chains. From the fertilized egg stage onwards, alpha subunit protein cannot be detected, so the presence of beta subunits reflects the presence of @entity723 rather than inhibin. Maternal levels of @entity723 protein decline during early cleavage stages but increase, presumably due to zygotic transcription (see below), in the compacted morula. By 3.5 days, only the inner cell mass (ICM) cells of the blastocyst express @entity723 , but at 4.5 days the situation is reversed; @entity723 expression is confined to the trophectoderm. Using reverse transcription-PCR, neither beta A nor beta B mRNA was detectable at the two-cell stage but transcripts encoding both subunits were detectable at the morula stage, with beta B mRNA persisting into the blastocyst. We have also analyzed @entity723 and inhibin expression in ES and EC cells. Consistent with the observation that activins are expressed in the ICM of 3.5-day blastocysts, we find high levels of beta A and beta B mRNA in all eight ES cell lines tested. F9 EC cells express only @entity723 beta B, together with low levels of the inhibin alpha chain. When ES and EC cells are induced to differentiate, levels of @entity723 fall dramatically. These results are consistent with a role for activins in mesoderm formation and other steps of early @entity19 development.

title: Activins are expressed in preimplantation XXXX embryos and in ES and EC cells and are regulated on their differentiation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: @entity957 were induced in hairless @entity19 by repeated irradiations with UVB (280-320 nm, total dose 30 J/cm2) plus UVA (320-400 nm, total dose 168 J/cm2). The irradiated animals and non-irradiated controls were fed on diets with or without @entity904 supplementation (20,000 IU/kg). At the appearance of @entity5 , 30 to 43 weeks after the last irradiation, the @entity904 ( @entity904 plus @entity15994 ) concentrations in the serum, liver, epidermis and @entity5 and the @entity904 esterifying activities in microsomes from epidermis and @entity5 were measured. The liver and epidermal @entity904 concentrations were 2-3 times higher in @entity904 supplemented than in unsupplemented animals, but did not differ between @entity5 -bearing animals and non-irradiated controls receiving identical diets. The @entity904 concentration in the @entity5 was significantly lower than in perilesional epidermis. The largest difference (p less than 0.001) between the @entity5 and epidermal values was observed in the @entity904 supplemented group. The low @entity904 content of the @entity5 was entirely due to a marked (2 to 6-fold) reduction in the @entity15994 fraction. In contrast, the @entity904 content of the @entity5 was increased to twice that of normal epidermis. The activity of the esterifying enzyme, @entity8595 : @entity904 acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.76), was unchanged. The reason for the reduced @entity15994 concentration thus remains unclear. Still, it is possible that a disturbed interconversion of @entity904 to @entity15994 plays a role in @entity19 photo- @entity105 .

title: Decreased @entity15994 concentrations in UV-induced @entity19 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity15994 :: ('CHEBI:16179', 'Chemical') :: ['retinyl esters', 'retinyl ester']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin A', 'retinol']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']


abstract: A single, intravenous administration of a low dose of @entity42223 (MCTP), a derivative of the @entity50434 alkaloid @entity6560 (MCT), induces @entity120 and @entity8158 ( @entity8158 ) in @entity35 . The temporal relationship between morphologic alterations, biochemical markers of @entity651 , and the development of @entity120 was determined during the developing @entity358 . Three days after a single iv injection of 3.5 mg/kg MCTP, small increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and accumulation in the lungs of intravenously administered 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) were associated with minimal to mild @entity4 around large airways and blood vessels. By Day 5, BAL fluid LDH activity and 125I-BSA accumulation had increased further, and lung weight/body weight ratio and BAL fluid protein concentration were greater than those of control. @entity4 was more pronounced and involved patches of alveolar septal walls. A mild increase in numbers of mononuclear cells, including hypertrophied interstitial cells, was evident in these areas. Walls of pulmonary arteries less than 60 microns in diameter were mildly thickened. By Day 8, scattered clusters of alveolar sacs contained serous exudate, and interstitial mononuclear infiltrates were more pronounced. Mild to moderate thickening of arterial walls was apparent in small and large vessels. By Day 14, pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated and @entity8158 was evident. Arterial walls were thickened and had @entity1184 of medial smooth muscle cells and intercellular @entity4 , which was particularly prominent in areas with perivascular @entity32 . Large patches of lung interstitium and alveolar lumens contained serous or fibrinous exudate. In summary, a single, intravenous administration of MCTP induced a delayed and @entity358 , @entity32 , and alterations in muscular blood vessels which resulted in @entity120 within 14 days. These morphologic, biochemical, and hemodynamic changes are nearly identical to alterations induced by the parent alkaloid, MCT.

title: Development of morphologic, hemodynamic, and biochemical changes in lungs of @entity35 given XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity6560 :: ('MESH:D016686', 'Chemical') :: ['monocrotaline']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['Interstitial edema', 'edema', 'interstitial edema']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'progressive pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity8158 :: ('MESH:D017380', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular hypertrophy', 'RVH']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

entities_list: @entity50434 :: ('CHEBI:64950', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrrolizidine']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease', 'progressive pulmonary microvascular leak']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity42223 :: ('MESH:C014114', 'Chemical') :: ['monocrotaline pyrrole']

answer: @entity42223 :: (MESH:C014114,Chemical) :: ['monocrotaline pyrrole']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim was to explore the cost-utility in providing complementary individual psychosocial support to @entity0 @entity1 compared with standard care (SC). METHODS: @entity1 just starting adjuvant therapy (n = 168) at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, were consecutively included and randomized into three groups: psychosocial support from a specially trained nurse (INS), from a psychologist ( @entity3465 ), or SC. Psychological effects and healthcare utilization were monitored during a 2-year period. The hospital billing system provided cost estimates. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated using health-related quality of life data from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of @entity5 Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C-30) translated into the @entity7634 Quality of Life- 5-Dimensional classification. On the basis of the medical cost offset, a cost-utility analysis was performed. RESULTS: Health care utilization was mainly related to the @entity0 and treatment. The intervention costs amounted to about    500 or 3% of the total costs. Total health care costs, including interventions cost, were lower in the INS (   18,670) and @entity3465 (   20,419) groups than in the SC group (   25,800). The number of QALYs were also higher in the INS (1.52 QALY) and @entity3465 (1.59 QALY) groups, compared with the SC group (1.43 QALY). CONCLUSIONS: The cost-utility analysis revealed that, during adjuvant treatment for @entity0 , the individual psychosocial support interventions provided here was cost effective because the health care costs were lower and QALYs were higher compared to SC alone.

title: Cost-utility analysis of individual psychosocial support interventions for XXXX @entity1 in a randomized controlled study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer diagnosis', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: We describe the complications of complete repair and their management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 19 @entity1 were referred after failed complete repair. Total dehiscence occurred in 6 males, major @entity1494 in 3, minor prolapse in 3, pubic separation in 1, impassable stricture in 1, and total hemiglans and corporal loss in 2. Overall, partial glans loss was seen in 7 @entity1 , @entity393 in 5 and penile skin loss in 3. One female had complete dehiscence and 1 had major prolapse, both losing the urethrovaginal septum. One female had an impassable stricture. RESULTS: Six males with dehiscence underwent re-closure with osteotomy. Urethral replacement was performed with full thickness skin graft (FTSG) in 3 and with buccal mucosa in 3. Five @entity1 underwent a modified @entity7890 repair after placement of skin expanders, and 1 awaits repair. The 3 @entity1 with major prolapse underwent re-closure with osteotomy. A urethral buccal graft was used in 1 @entity1 , FTSG was used in 2 at a later operation and all 3 underwent C-R @entity7890 repair. Of the 3 @entity1 with minor prolapse 2 underwent re-closure with osteotomy using urethral buccal graft or FTSG followed later with a C-R repair. The final @entity1 with minor prolapse underwent re-closure with osteotomy and C-R repair after @entity251 stimulation. One @entity1 with pubic separation and urethral and skin loss underwent re-closure with osteotomy, C-R repair after skin expanders and later bladder neck repair. In 1 case a ureteral graft replaced a @entity3832 . Of the 2 @entity1 with hemiglans and corporal loss 1 underwent @entity546 repair and @entity2650 repair, while the other is being observed. Two females underwent re-closure with osteotomy and urethral replacement with tubularized bladder. The case of stricture was managed endoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: Complications of complete repair are similar to those of other repairs but more serious if soft tissue loss occurs. Because of these increased risks, this procedure and its formidable complications are best managed by experienced exstrophy surgeons.

title: The failed complete repair of XXXX : insights and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['later hypospadias']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder prolapse']

entities_list: @entity7890 :: ('MESH:D004842', 'Disease') :: ['epispadias', 'Cantwell-Ransley (C-R) epispadias']

entities_list: @entity3832 :: ('MESH:D014525', 'Disease') :: ['posterior urethral stricture']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['urethral loss']

entities_list: @entity546 :: ('MESH:D004414', 'Disease') :: ['penile torsion']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder exstrophy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) compared with multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) in @entity8719 , with special emphasis on middle- and inner-ear anatomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. @entity1 : Twenty @entity1 who underwent a stapedectomy 30 years ago were selected on the basis of bone conduction threshold values. Their mean age was 65 years (range, 48-76 yr). INTERVENTION: All @entity1 underwent CBCT and MSCT with a slice thickness of 0.5 to 0.6 mm. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sixteen middle- and inner-ear anatomic structures and stapedial prostheses were analyzed by visual grading analysis. To assess critical reproduction and thereby the clinical applicability of CBCT, a dichotomization was made. Assessment of otosclerotic foci was performed using a grading system dividing the lesions in; (1) sole fenestral lesions, (2) @entity75 with or without fenestral lesions and (3) severe @entity75 . RESULTS: The 16 anatomic structures were clearly reproduced by both imaging techniques. However, there was an interobserver variation in judging the superiority of 1 method in favor of the other. @entity75 were diagnosed in 80/95% using MSCT and 50/85% using CBCT (evaluators 1 and 2, respectively). @entity75 were diagnosed in 5 of 10 of ears with severe-to-profound @entity393 , whereas no @entity75 were diagnosed in the 10 ears with mild-to-moderate @entity393 . The stapedial prostheses were adequately or very well reproduced by both methods. CONCLUSION: CBCT is a new imaging technique with a considerably lower radiation dose than conventional MSCT. Our study indicates that CBCT is suitable and, in many ways, equivalent to MSCT, for temporal bone imaging in @entity8719 .

title: XXXX : anatomy and pathology in the temporal bone assessed by multi-slice and cone-beam CT.

entities_list: @entity8719 :: ('MESH:D010040', 'Disease') :: ['otosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Otosclerotic lesions', 'retrofenestral lesions', 'Retrofenestral lesions']

answer: @entity8719 :: (MESH:D010040,Disease) :: ['Otosclerosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate survival and local control of brain metastases in @entity1 with @entity1358 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: From November 1993 through March 1999, 38 radiosurgical treatments using the Leksell gamma knife unit were performed on 22 @entity1 with @entity1358 . The indications for treatment were failure after whole-brain radiation therapy or de novo treatment. All radiosurgical treatments were given on an outpatient basis. The workup included computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The age of the @entity1 ranged from 38 to 80 years (median age, 60 years). The mean minimum @entity5 dose was 18 Gy, and the mean volume was 3.9 cc. Previous whole-brain radiation therapy was used in 11/22 (50%) @entity1 . Four of 22 @entity1 presented with single @entity3 . Thirteen @entity1 were treated once, one @entity1 was treated four times and one @entity1 seven times for new lesions. The number of lesions treated ranged from one to 21. RESULTS: One @entity1 is al ive at 63 months of fol low-up. Twenty-one @entity1 died, with a median survival of 8 months (range, 1-38 months). Eighteen of 21 @entity1 died of nonneurologic causes. Overall local control was 98.5%. One @entity1 developed radiation @entity39 . CONCLUSIONS The long-term survival achieved in @entity1 with @entity1358 requires aggressive management, even in the presence of multiple brain metastases. Gamma knife radiosurgery for @entity1358 is an effective noninvasive modality of treatment. It offers high local control rate and improved quality of life and survival.

title: Brain metastases in XXXX : management with gamma knife radiosurgery.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Aim of the study was to assess the short-term and long-term morbidity after inguinal sentinel lymph node biopsy ( @entity5848 ) with or without completion groin dissection (GD) in @entity1 with @entity320 . METHODS: Between 1995 and 2003, 127 inguinal SLNBs were performed for @entity320 . Sixty-six @entity1 , median age 50 (18-77) years, met the inclusion criteria and were studied. Short-term complications were analysed retrospectively, while long-term complications were evaluated using volume measurement and range of motion measurement of the lower extremities. RESULTS: Fifty-two @entity1 underwent @entity5848 alone ( @entity5848 group) and 14 @entity1 underwent completion groin dissection after @entity5 -positive @entity5848 ( @entity5848 ). Morbidity after @entity5848 alone: wound @entity281 (n=1), @entity2080 (n=1), @entity86 (n=1), erysipelas (n=1), and slight @entity4269 6% (n=3). Morbidity after @entity5848 /GD: wound @entity281 (n=4), @entity2080 (n=1), wound @entity39 (n=1), @entity86 (n=1), and slight @entity4269 64% (n=9). There were differences between the two groups in the total number of short-term complications (p<0.001), volume difference (p<0.001), flexion (p=0.009), and abduction (p=0.011) limitation of the hip joint. CONCLUSION: Inguinal @entity5848 is accompanied with a low complication rate. However, @entity5848 followed by groin dissection is associated with an increased risk of wound @entity281 and slight @entity4269 .

title: Morbidity after inguinal sentinel lymph node biopsy and completion lymph node dissection in XXXX with @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity5848 :: ('MESH:D000784', 'Disease') :: ['SLNB', 'SLNB/GD group']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative bleeding']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous melanoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Remyelination is one of the elusive topics in treatment of @entity15 ( @entity15 ). Our previous studies have shown that @entity3597 ( @entity3598 )-infected   -knock-out (KO) @entity19 did not exhibit the extensive remyelination, seen in @entity164 ( @entity164 ) B6 @entity19 , after viral clearance and @entity17 . The Remyelination in @entity3598 -infected @entity164 @entity19 started on day 15 and was completed by day 35 @entity281 ( @entity281 ), whereas the KO @entity19 remained partially demyelinated through day 42 @entity281 . Treatment with E2 peptide2 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), resulted in higher antibody production and earlier remyelination in @entity3598 -infected KO (day 28 @entity281 ), than @entity164 @entity19 . This finding suggested that anti-E2 peptide2 antibody could play a part in remyelination. In the current study, the effect of E2 peptide2 treatment was evaluated in the @entity6503 ( @entity6503 ) model. @entity19 with established @entity6503 were treated with E2 peptide2 in IFA to develop antibody. Treated @entity6503 @entity19 made significantly higher anti-E2 peptide2 antibody than untreated @entity6503 group. Average clinical disease scores were significantly lower in peptide treated compared to untreated @entity6503 @entity19 . Furthermore, histopathological and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated increased remyelinating areas and higher number of activated oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, in treated compared to untreated @entity6503 groups. Moreover, the anti-E2 peptide2 antibody showed higher binding to the myelinated areas of treated than untreated @entity6503 @entity19 . We conclude that treatment with, or antibody to, @entity3598 E2 peptide2 triggers some mechanism that promotes remyelination.

title: Immunization with a peptide of @entity3597 promotes remyelination in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['pi', 'post-infection']

entities_list: @entity6503 :: ('MESH:D004681', 'Disease') :: ['EAE', 'experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity3597 :: ('11033', 'Species') :: ['Semliki Forest virus']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis', 'MS']

answer: @entity6503 :: (MESH:D004681,Disease) :: ['experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis']


abstract: It has been suggested that many of the changes in the developmental program might be in the cis-acting promoters and enhancer regions. Here I study the macro-evolutionary changes of an enhancer region for the early developmental gene hairy in @entity238 , @entity12137 , @entity42596 , @entity15397 , D. nebulosa, D. hydei, and @entity18308 . The enhancer region is characterized by small, highly conserved blocks interspersed among highly variable regions. Nevertheless, species phylogenies constructed by the enhancer sequences agree with the widely accepted phylogeny of these species. The evolution of the variable regions is consistent with a molecular clock, while the evolution of the conserved blocks is significantly different from a clock. In particular, the @entity42596 lineage shows the highest degree of species-specific change consistent with changes in expression timing reported in an earlier study. It has been suggested that the variation in sequence length between highly conserved blocks may play a role in the coordination of regulatory processes, such as protein-protein interactions; thus, stabilizing selection has been suggested to act on the length variations. Here I develop a test for stabilizing selection on length variation and show that the hairy enhancer does not show statistically significant evidence for stabilizing selection. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:175-185, 2001.

title: Macro-evolution of the hairy enhancer in XXXX species.

entities_list: @entity42596 :: ('7237', 'Species') :: ['D. pseudoobscura']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila']


abstract: Thirty @entity1 treated with combination chemotherapy (CT) and @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ) for anal canal @entity189 were reviewed retrospectively to analyze the results of abdominoperineal resection (APR) for treatment failures. Mean follow-up was 34.9 months. Twenty-four @entity1 had @entity957 , and six had @entity48532 . Twenty-five had negative inguinal lymph nodes, and five had positive inguinal lymph nodes. The group received @entity1487 , @entity1138 , and 30 to 50 Gy of @entity1161 . Biopsy was obtained at six weeks posttherapy. Seventeen of 22 @entity1 (77 percent) with @entity5 of less than 5 cm and negative nodes were disease free at 37 months post- @entity1161 . None of the seven @entity1 with @entity5 of greater than 5 cm or positive nodes were free of disease. APR was done for positive biopsy in eight @entity1 and for local recurrence (disease detected after six months of treatment) in one @entity1 . Eight of nine @entity1 who had APR died of disease (mean, 20 months), and one of nine died of other causes. A review of published series, including our data, reveals 24 cases of APR post- @entity1161 for positive biopsy, with 17 of 24 (71 percent) dead of disease within three years. APR for @entity177 has a poor prognosis. Future protocols may determine whether further @entity1161 will improve survival. APR for palliation should always remain an option.

title: Results of abdominoperineal resections for failures after combination chemotherapy and @entity1161 for anal canal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity48532 :: ('MESH:C562739', 'Disease') :: ['cloacogenic carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT', 'CT-RT']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['CT-RT failures']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorouracil']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Previous reports suggest that younger carriers of the @entity5337 mutation are at greater risk for @entity1211 than are older carriers. However, available data on @entity1031 risk are limited. OBJECTIVE: To determine age-specific incidence rates of @entity1211 associated with the @entity5337 mutation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. @entity1 : 14,916 initially healthy @entity1 participating in the Physicians' Health Study who were followed from 1982 to August 1994 for the occurrence of @entity1150 or @entity1151 . MEASUREMENTS: Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine @entity5337 mutation status in 156 study @entity1 who developed @entity1211 during follow-up and in 2406 study @entity1 who remained free of @entity455 . RESULTS: Risks for @entity1211 in heterozygous carriers of @entity5337 mutation increased with age at a rate significantly greater than that in noncarriers. Whereas incidence rates of @entity1211 were similar in @entity1 with and @entity1 without the @entity5337 mutation who were younger than 50 years of age, incidence rate differences (per 1000 @entity1 -years of observation) between affected and unaffected @entity1 increased significantly from 1.23 (95% CI, -0.4 to 2.9) for those aged 50 to 59 years to 1.61 (CI, -0.5 to 3.7) for those aged 60 to 69 years of age to 5.97 (CI, 0.6 to 11.3) for those aged 70 years or older (P for trend = 0.008). For @entity1211 , age-specific incidence rate differences between @entity1 with and without the @entity5337 mutation increased significantly with age (P = 0.017). However, no significant relation was found for secondary events (P > 0.2). CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of @entity1211 involves acquired as well as genetic risk factors and indicate that determination of @entity5337 mutation status should not be limited to young @entity1 .

title: Age-specific incidence rates of XXXX among heterozygous carriers of @entity5337 mutation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'person', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic venous thromboembolism', 'venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: This multicentre, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel group study was investigated in order to compare on 3 days the efficacy and the safety of the 16 mg once a day (od) ondansetron suppository (suppository group) with the recommended @entity3974 treatment, i.e. 8 mg intravenous (i.v.) ondansetron on day 1 followed by 8 mg tablet (p.o.) twice daily (i.v. + p.o. group) on days 2 and 3 in @entity1 receiving @entity900 (> or = 50 mg/m2) containing chemotherapy. In the 420 @entity1 included in the intent-to-treat population, 209 received the 16 mg suppository and 211 the i.v. + p.o. treatment. The number of @entity2749 and the @entity390 score were recorded each day. Concerning the primary criterion, both treatments provided good anti-emetic control with 87% of all @entity1 having a complete or major response (0-2 @entity2749 ) on day 1 in the suppository group and 92% in the i.v. + p.o. group (P = 0.058). The 90% confidence interval for the difference between the two treatments for complete or major control was included in the interval (-15%, 15%) and showed that the treatment groups could be regarded as equivalent. Small differences in favour of the i.v. + p.o. group were observed concerning the secondary parameters. Both treatments were well tolerated. The results of this study show that both treatments are equivalent in the prevention of @entity900 -containing chemotherapy induced emesis for the primary efficacy criteria and that the ondansetron suppository is efficient and well tolerated and is a suitable alternative to the anti-emetic treatment combining the intravenous and oral routes.

title: Ondansetron suppository: an effective treatment for the prevention of emetic disorders induced by XXXX -based chemotherapy. French Ondansetron Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3974 :: ('MESH:D017294', 'Chemical') :: ['ondansetron']

entities_list: @entity2749 :: ('MESH:C580065', 'Disease') :: ['emetic episodes']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: Both experimental and clinical data have shown that @entity3459 are common in @entity1 with @entity5 although clinical symptoms occur rarely. A prethrombotic state is probably involved in the mechanism of metastatic spread. Anticoagulant treatment, with either @entity1229 or heparin, has been shown to have a positive influence in @entity151 . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prethrombotic state as a possible marker of the outcome of @entity2 . Pretreatment prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), @entity5582 ( @entity5582 ), platelet blood count (P), @entity2002 (F) and @entity4620 ( @entity4620 ) were prospectively recorded in a series of 286 consecutive @entity1 with a new primary @entity2 . Other recorded variables (32 in all) consisted of a set of anthropometric, clinical, physical, laboratory, radiological and pathological data. All @entity1 were carefully followed up, and their subsequent clinical course recorded. Spearman rank correlation tests between coagulation factors were weakly significant, or more often non-significant. The best correlation index was that between PT and PTT (ra = -0.25). Univariate analyses of survival showed that a prolonged value of PT (P = 0.00167) and higher values of F (P = 0.00143) and @entity4620 (P = 0.0005) were associated with a poor prognosis. A few, weak relationships between well-known prognostic variables and @entity854 were also found. Because of the weakness of this correlation pattern, coagulation factors emerged in all the Cox's regression analyses as important predictors of survival, regardless of the number and type of cofactors used. A prethrombotic state (depicted by a prolongation of PT and increase of @entity4620 ) is confirmed in this study as an aggravating @entity2 . Studies attempting to reverse possible @entity854 with the use of anticoagulants are justified by the present data.

title: XXXX in @entity2 : prognostic implications.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer', 'condition in lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['coagulation disorders']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['haemostatic abnormalities', 'coagulation abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5582 :: ('462', 'Gene') :: ['antithrombin III', 'AT-III']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity854 :: (MESH:D018376,Disease) :: ['Haemostatic abnormalities']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We have previously shown that @entity409 in @entity792 is severe, widespread, and predominantly post-ganglionic. However, the long-term changes in sudomotor function have not been studied in detail. Our objective was to characterize the long-term changes in @entity409 in @entity1 with @entity792 . METHODS: Changes in sudomotor function were compared in a cohort of nine a3 @entity6786 antibody positive @entity792 @entity1 over an approximate 5-year period. Standard measurements of sudomotor function were used including the thermoregulatory sweat test and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test. RESULTS: Total body anhidrosis on thermoregulatory sweat testing showed improvement in four of nine @entity1 . Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing for both forearm and foot sites was variable with four of nine @entity1 showing @entity998 . @entity409 at follow-up was post-ganglionic in seven of nine @entity1 at the foot site and three of nine @entity1 at the forearm site. @entity409 was post-ganglionic in seven of nine @entity1 throughout the follow-up period (62.4    19.4 months). INTERPRETATION: @entity409 in @entity792 was severe and widespread throughout the follow-up period for the majority of @entity1 studied. @entity409 was predominantly post-ganglionic throughout the follow-up period.

title: @entity409 in XXXX : a follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['improvement in total sweat output']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['sudomotor dysfunction', 'Overall, sudomotor dysfunction', 'Distribution of sudomotor dysfunction', 'Sudomotor dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy']


abstract: @entity417 developing during the course of @entity740 is a frequent complication often necessitating periodic transfusion therapy. A number of etiologic factors have been implicated, including decreased production of @entity1307 ; decreased erythrocyte life span secondary to @entity5507 and @entity381 ; increased @entity548 tendency due to @entity1423 ; and acquired lack of @entity1501 and @entity68 . This paper concerns the problem of acquired @entity24194 , @entity417 secondary to heavy urinary loss of @entity68 and @entity69 in a @entity1 with the @entity1985 . The @entity1 had microcytic, @entity417 with serum @entity68 , 12 mug. per dl. and a serum @entity68 -binding capacity of 12 mug. per dl. There was no evidence of major @entity548 resulting in a @entity548 . Urinary @entity68 was 64 mug. per dl., with a urinary @entity68 -binding capacity of 366 mug. per dl. Renal biopsy showed mesangio-proliferative @entity631 . Evaluation of any @entity1 with the @entity1985 should include careful analysis of the various serum and urinary proteins and determination of serum and urinary @entity68 and @entity68 -binding capacity. This information would offer a more precise evaluation of the underlying cause of @entity417 in the @entity1985 @entity1 who may develop urinary loss of @entity68 and @entity69 and subsequent @entity24194 , @entity417 .

title: XXXX loss into the urine with @entity24194 , @entity417 .

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['Anemia', 'hypochromic anemia', 'anemia', 'microcytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['chronic hemorrhagic anemia', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity24194 :: ('MESH:D000747', 'Disease') :: ['hypochromic']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal disease']

entities_list: @entity381 :: ('MESH:D013163', 'Disease') :: ['splenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome', 'nephrotic']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

answer: @entity69 :: (7018,Gene) :: ['Transferrin']


abstract: 1 Organoid cultured explants from differentiated tissues have gained renewed interest in the undertaking of physiological and pharmacological studies. In the work herein, we examined the pharmaco-mechanical properties of an in vitro model consisting of organoid cultured rings derived from @entity35 extra- and intrapulmonary arteries, over a period of 4 days in culture. 2 Mechanical changes were quantified using isometric tension measurements on both fresh and cultured pulmonary arterial tissues, with experiments performed in the presence or absence of 10% foetal calf serum. Conventional histochemical and immunofluorescent stainings were also performed to assess tissue structure integrity and apoptosis. 3 The explants developed spontaneous rhythmic contractions (SRC) in approximately half of the vessels. SRC amplitude and time course were modified by conditions and agents acting on membrane potential (high- @entity972 solutions-- @entity31802 , a @entity972 channel opener), while @entity9805 , an L-type @entity460 channel blocker, suppressed SRC. 4 Cultured explants also developed a hyper-reactivity to high @entity972 challenges (10-40 mM). Whereas contraction to @entity750 ( @entity750 ) was enhanced in intrapulmonary arteries, contraction to @entity1827 remained unchanged after 4 days of culture. Serum did not alter contractile properties during the culture period. 5 Endothelial-dependent relaxation was maintained in response to @entity3365 500 microM, but was abolished in response to 10 microM @entity5402 . 6 Histological and immuno-histological analyses revealed the absence of hypertrophied vascular wall or apoptosis. 7 In conclusion, the contractile phenotype as well as tissue structure integrity of organoid explants remain essentially intact during short-term culture, making this model suitable for pharmaco-genomic studies.

title: Effect of short-term organoid culture on the pharmaco-mechanical properties of XXXX extra- and intrapulmonary arteries.

entities_list: @entity31802 :: ('MESH:D019806', 'Chemical') :: ['levcromakalim']

entities_list: @entity9805 :: ('MESH:D009568', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrendipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']