abstract: PURPOSE: We studied the effects of @entity10043 depletion on the cell cycle using a specific inhibitor of de novo purine biosynthesis, @entity55177 , an inhibitor of @entity55178 formyltransferase (GARFT). METHODS: @entity137 was determined by clonogenic assays, and cell cycle perturbations by flow cytometry. @entity2151 pools were measured by anion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography, and DNA strand-breaks were determined by alkaline elution and by the TUNEL assay. RESULTS: When cells were maintained in standard tissue culture medium, which contained 2.2 microM @entity1501 , @entity55177 was cytostatic in all the cell lines tested. Under low- @entity1501 conditions (50 nM @entity1501 ), @entity55177 caused up to 50% cell death in cell lines that possessed a functional G1 checkpoint (A549, MCF-7), but was only cytostatic to the remaining cells, even at very high concentrations (100 microM). In contrast, @entity55177 at 10 nM or 100 nM killed all the cells in cultures of HeLa/S3 or SW480 cells, which lack a functional G1 checkpoint. Flow cytometry studies indicated that in G1 checkpoint-competent cells, @entity55177 caused a @entity1167 . Those cells (up to 50%) that were already in S phase died, but the cells that were in @entity1167 maintained viability, based upon clonogenic assays, for many days. In G1 checkpoint-deficient cells, no @entity1167 was seen after @entity55177 treatment, all cells progressed into S phase, and all cells died. Measurement of DNA strand-breaks, either by alkaline elution or by the @entity1977 end-labelling technique, indicated no DNA strand-breaks 24 h after @entity55177 treatment, indicating that purine @entity377 depletion can trigger the G1 checkpoint in the absence of DNA damage. CONCLUSION: Purine depletion causes slow cell death in cells that have passed the G1 checkpoint, but cytostasis in cells that are arrested at the G1 checkpoint. The GARFT inhibitor, at physiological @entity1501 concentrations, thus causes selective @entity137 to cells lacking a functional G1 checkpoint.

title: An inhibitor of XXXX formyltransferase is selectively cytotoxic to cells that lack a functional G1 checkpoint.

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid', 'folate']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity55178 :: ('MESH:C402896', 'Chemical') :: ['glycinamide ribonucleotide']

entities_list: @entity2151 :: ('CHEBI:26561', 'Chemical') :: ['Ribonucleotide']

answer: @entity55178 :: (MESH:C402896,Chemical) :: ['glycinamide ribonucleotide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with extensive @entity453 ( @entity453 ) have better prognosis when treated with coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG), especially when @entity1002 ( @entity1002 ) is present. However, there are scanty data about the clinical course of @entity1 not referred to CABG because of extensive and severe @entity731 involvement of distal coronary arteries (ENDCAD). The aim of this study was to evaluate @entity1 with multivessel (MV) or left main @entity453 (LM) who had CABG precluded because of ENDCAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between August 1999 and July 2001, 51 @entity1 who had clinical indication but were not eligible for CABG because of ENDCAD were followed for at least 12 months or until @entity204 . There were 32 @entity1 and 19 @entity1 (age 61+/-9 years). Previous @entity583 ( @entity583 ) was present in 31 (60.8%), @entity6 ( @entity6 ) in 28 (54.9%), @entity262 arterial @entity101 in 37 (72.5%), @entity1002 (left ventricular ejection fraction <40%) in 26 (51%), 3 vessel @entity453 in 31 (60.8%), and LM in 4 (7.8%). During follow-up there were 20 cardiac (39.2%) deaths, 19 (37.2%) @entity583 , and 3 (5.8%) @entity1 developed @entity712 . There were 2 (3.9%) noncardiac deaths. @entity1 with @entity6 (60.7% versus 13%; P=0.001; odds ratio [OR], 10.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.46 to 43.09), @entity1002 (76.9% versus 0%; P<0.0001; OR, 4.33; 95% CI, 2.14 to 8.74), 3-vessel @entity453 (51.6% versus 20%; P=0.039; OR, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.16 to 15.69), and LM (100% versus 34%; P=0.019; OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.004 to 1.556) were more likely to die. There was no deaths in @entity1 with 2-vessel @entity453 but they had more nonfatal @entity583 (43.8% versus 14.3%; OR, 4.667; 95% CI, 1.188 to 18.332). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 in whom CABG could not be performed because of ENDCAD had high mortality, especially in the presence of @entity1002 . @entity6 (particularly insulin-dependent), LM @entity453 , and 3-vessel @entity453 were independent markers of increased risk.

title: High mortality associated with precluded coronary artery bypass surgery caused by severe distal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['DM', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LVD', 'left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review our cases of @entity32603 and to examine the prognostic factors with the goal of establishing criteria for the intrauterine treatment for @entity3609 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirty-one cases of @entity32603 were managed by us from January 1988 to December 1997, and 21 cases were available for analysis. Three prognostic factors, namely @entity2008 , @entity11578 and @entity4296 , were evaluated. We treated 2 cases of @entity3609 associated with @entity4296 in utero using @entity1012 injection under ultrasound guidance. RESULTS: The fetuses without any of the prognostic factors listed above showed a good prognosis throughout the fetal and neonatal periods. However, in this group, 2 @entity1 with large @entity5 died of @entity548 from the @entity5 at 6 months and 3 years of age, respectively. Cases with @entity4296 without @entity2526 (5 cases) resulted in either @entity5617 ( @entity5617 , 2 cases) or early perinatal @entity204 (early PND, 3 cases). The cause of early PND was @entity1457 . Most of the @entity4 cases with either a @entity2526 resulted in @entity5617 before 22 weeks of gestation. The size of the cyst decreased in 1 of 2 cases treated in utero. CONCLUSIONS: The fetal cases of @entity3609 showing @entity4296 without @entity2526 are considered to be possible candidates for intrauterine therapy. Those with very large @entity3609 without any of the three prognostic factors are also thought to be candidates for fetal treatment. Based on our clinical experience, sclerotherapy using @entity1012 is considered to be a treatment option in selected cases with @entity32603 .

title: Outcome of XXXX and experience of intrauterine treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity3609 :: ('MESH:D018191', 'Disease') :: ['cystic hygroma']

entities_list: @entity11578 :: ('MESH:D020914', 'Disease') :: ['structural anomaly']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory failure']

entities_list: @entity32603 :: ('MESH:C537852', 'Disease') :: ['fetal cystic hygroma']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['hydrops']

entities_list: @entity2526 :: ('MESH:D025063', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormalities or structural anomalies', 'chromosomal abnormality or structural anomaly']

entities_list: @entity4296 :: ('MESH:D015160', 'Disease') :: ['hydrops fetalis']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal abnormality']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal death']

entities_list: @entity5617 :: ('MESH:D005313', 'Disease') :: ['intrauterine fetal death', 'IUFD']

answer: @entity32603 :: (MESH:C537852,Disease) :: ['fetal cystic hygroma']


abstract: @entity2167 input in young @entity19 results in dramatic @entity528 in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (CN), while the same manipulation performed in older @entity19 does not result in significant @entity528 . The molecular basis underlying this critical period of susceptibility to loss of afferent input remains largely unknown. One possibility is that developmental differences in baseline mRNA expression of specific genes could predispose CN neurons to either @entity204 or survival after deafferentation. We used two microarray platforms to identify differentially expressed genes in the CN during and after this critical period. Results across platforms were also compared to each other. Three ages were examined; during the critical period (postnatal day (P)7), at the closing of the critical period ( @entity3843 ), and 1 week after the critical period ( @entity5207 ). Of all the genes surveyed (22,690 or 15,247), 1,082 were identified as significantly changed in expression during the critical period relative to after. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry confirmed and extended the microarray results for a subset of these genes. Further analysis of genes related to apoptotic pathways showed 6 out of 7 differentially expressed known pro-apoptotic genes had higher expression during the critical period. In contrast, 9 out of 11 differentially expressed known pro-survival genes increased after the critical period when CN neurons survive deprivation. This finding supports the concept that multiple neuroprotective mechanisms increase and pro-apoptotic factors decrease over development to protect mature neurons from stressful insults, making them less dependent on afferent input for survival.

title: Gene expression differences over a critical period of afferent-dependent neuron survival in the XXXX auditory brainstem.

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['Deprivation of auditory nerve']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuron death', 'neuronal loss']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We previously reported that deletion of brain type neuronal @entity842 synthase-alpha ( @entity17693 -alpha) accelerates @entity731 in apolipoproteinE (apoE) knockout (ko) @entity19 . The regulation of @entity17693 expression is complex, involving the generation of mRNA splice variants. The current study investigates occurrence and distribution of @entity17693 variants in @entity731 of apoE ko and apoE/ @entity17693 -alpha double ko (dko) animals. METHODS: @entity19 were fed a high fat diet for 20 weeks. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed using antibodies detecting the @entity1473 terminal-, or @entity1472 terminal-residue of the @entity17693 protein. Confocal microscopy and in situ hybridization were used to identify the compartment of cellular expression. RESULTS: In situ hybridization revealed the presence of @entity17693 -alpha and -gamma mRNA variants in apoE ko plaques, while only @entity17693 -gamma was detectable in apoE/ @entity17693 dko plaques. Consistent with mRNA expression @entity17693 -alpha protein can be detected in the @entity8233 of apoE ko, but not apoE/ @entity17693 dko animals. In contrast, the @entity1473 terminal antibody stained the @entity8233 and media in apoE ko vessels and showed residual @entity17693 immunoreactivity in apoE/ @entity17693 dko lesions. Confocal microscopy showed predominant @entity17693 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells, while colocalization with macrophages was less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that @entity17693 -alpha and -gamma splice variants are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques of apoE ko @entity19 . @entity17693 variants colocalized with markers for vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages but not for endothelial cells. Since @entity17693 -alpha is atheroprotective, other @entity17693 splice variants which differ in enzyme kinetic and subcellular localization may also influence plaque formation.

title: Expression of neuronal @entity842 synthase splice variants in atherosclerotic plaques of apoE knockout XXXX .

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1473 :: ('CHEBI:46883', 'Chemical') :: ['carboxy']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['neointima']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Visceral fat @entity28 is located upstream of @entity209 and @entity731 . Accumulating evidences indicate that several immunocytes including macrophages infiltrate into adipose tissue and induce chronic low-grade @entity32 . We recently analyzed the association between visceral fat adiposity and the gene expression profile in peripheral blood cells in @entity1 subjects and demonstrated the close relationship of visceral fat adiposity and disturbance of circadian rhythm in peripheral blood cells. In a series of studies, we herein investigated the association of visceral fat adiposity and mRNA levels relating to inflammatory genes in peripheral blood cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Microarray analysis was performed in peripheral blood cells from 28 @entity28 subjects. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted by using blood cells from 57 @entity28 subjects. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2 according to the Japanese criteria. Gene expression profile analysis was carried out with Agilent whole @entity1 genome 4 44K oligo-DNA microarray. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that 14 genes were significantly associated with visceral fat adiposity among 239 genes relating to @entity32 . Among 14 genes, RT-PCR demonstrated that @entity2757 , @entity7966 , and S100A12 positively correlated with visceral fat adiposity in 57 subjects. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that @entity2757 and S100A12 mRNA levels were closely associated with HOMA-IR and @entity7966 mRNA was significantly related to adiponectin and CRP. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral blood mRNA levels of @entity2281 family were closely associated with insulin resistance and @entity32 .

title: Gene expression levels of @entity2281 protein family in blood cells are associated with insulin resistance and @entity32 (Peripheral blood XXXX mRNAs and @entity209 ).

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic diseases']

answer: @entity2281 :: (6271,Gene) :: ['S100']


abstract: The loop gain (G) of the autonomic reflex function in orthostatic stress was assessed in anesthetized @entity235 subjected to 45 and 90 degrees head-up tilt. We observed the magnitude of @entity551 before and after 1) @entity50 ( @entity50 ), or 2) ganglionic blockade (GB) with @entity4033 . The decreases in arterial pressure during the orthostatic stress before and after interruption of the autonomic reflex from either the afferent or efferent limb were defined as E and D, respectively. The loop G of the compensatory system was calculated using closed-loop analysis: G = (D/E) - 1. In the @entity50 experiments, the average values of E, D, and G were 18.6 mmHg, 62.6 mmHg, and 2.36, respectively, for 45 degrees tilt; and 31.2 mmHg, 82.7 mmHg, and 1.63, respectively, for 90 degrees tilt. The data provide a quantitative measure of the autonomic reflex function in @entity551 . Furthermore, we found that the corresponding G values in the @entity50 and GB experiments were not significantly different. In each experiment, the G value in 90 degrees tilt was lower than that in 45 degrees tilt. The findings suggest that reflexes from the arterial baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors account for a large part of the autonomic compensation to the orthostatic stress. The whole control system operates in a nonlinear fashion, because the gain value tends to decrease as the degree of tilt is increased.

title: The loop gain of autonomic reflex function in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['orthostatic hypotension']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['sinus denervation and vagotomy', 'SDVT']

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['orthostatic hypotension']


abstract: Crystallographic studies have shown that the binding of @entity460 to domain III of @entity4404 is accompanied by a large conformational change involving surface exposure of Trp187. Here we examine this conformational transition using computer simulation. It is found that the burial of Trp187 is accompanied by a large increase in conformational strain, compensated by improved protein-protein interaction energies. A low energy pathway for the conformational change is determined using the conjugate peak refinement method [Fischer, S., and Karplus, M. (1992) Chem. Phys. Lett. 194, 252-261] with solvent effects taken into account using nonuniform charge scaling. The pathway obtained is complex, involving >300 dihedral angle transitions and the complete unwinding of one helix. Acidic residues play a key role in the conformational pathway, via a succession of direct @entity3884 bonds with the @entity104 ring of Trp187. This finding is discussed in the light of experimentally determined pH, @entity460 ion and mutational effects on the conformational transition.

title: Pathway for large-scale conformational change in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity4404 :: (308,Gene) :: ['annexin V']


abstract: Echocardiography (ECHO) was used to assess the systolic and diastolic cardiac function before and after balloon valvuloplasty (BV) in @entity1 with @entity15202 ( @entity472 ) or congenital @entity849 (PS), as compared to age-matched control subjects. BV was performed on each of 7 @entity1 with @entity472 and 9 @entity1 (one @entity1 twice) with PS. BV was effective in all @entity1 . In the @entity472 group the left ventricular outflow pressure gradient was significantly decreased from 67 +/- 16 to 29 +/- 15 mmHg (p < 0.01), and in the PS group the right ventricular outflow pressure gradient was significantly decreased from 64 +/- 21 to 31 +/- 16 mmHg (p < 0.01). To evaluate the systolic function, M-mode ECHO was employed. Before BV, both the @entity472 and PS groups had a higher ejection fraction (EF) and smaller left ventricular (LV) dimension than the control group. Also, before BV, the @entity472 group had severe @entity4346 , and the PS group had thick right ventricular wall (RVW) and thick intraventricular septum (IVS). These abnormalities were not significantly changed immediately after BV or in the short term after BV, though they became normalized later, in the intermediate term after BV. To evaluate the diastolic function, the ventricular inflow pattern was assessed using pulsed Doppler ECHO. Before BV, despite the @entity4346 in the @entity472 group, the LV inflow indices were similar to those of the control group. During the follow-up period after BV, the LV inflow indices of the @entity472 group did not change. On the other hand, before BV, both the RV and LV inflows of @entity1 with PS had abnormal diastolic filling patterns with decreased filling volumes during early diastole and increased filling volumes during atrial contraction. Immediately after and in the short term after BV, there were no significant changes in the diastolic indices of the @entity1 with PS, but later the abnormal indices became normal with an improvement in the RVW and IVS @entity1184 . These data indicate that the @entity4346 may be related to the small LV and the high EF in the @entity472 group before BV. Also, the RVW @entity1184 , the IVS @entity1184 , and the RV high pressure load to the LV through the IVS may be related to the small LV, high EF, and abnormal two chamber inflow in the PS group before BV. This small LV could maintain the cardiac output by elevating EF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Effects of aortic and pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty on systolic and diastolic cardiac function in XXXX --echocardiographic evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['valvular pulmonary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity15202 :: ('MESH:C535576', 'Disease') :: ['congenital valvular aortic stenosis']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['LV hypertrophy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the expression and localisation of transforming growth factor betas ( @entity2533 s) and their receptor CD105 (endoglin) in relation to @entity730 and bone formation in @entity731 of @entity1 carotid arteries. BACKGROUND: The @entity2533 family regulates cellular growth, differentiation and angiogenesis and plays a key role in enchondral bone formation. CD105 is part of the @entity2533 receptor complex preferentially expressed on endothelial cells (EC). METHODS: Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the localisation of @entity2533 isoforms 1, 2 and 3 and their spatial expression patterns in relation to @entity730 and bone formation in @entity731 . Cellular sources of @entity2533 s and CD105 were assessed using cell-type specific antibodies. RESULTS: There was marked variability in @entity2533 expression in different cell types associated with @entity730 . Smooth muscle cells (SMC) in the @entity1856 cap showed higher levels of @entity2533 3 and 2 than 1, but in the deep musculoelastic intima there were higher levels of @entity2533 and alpha-actin. All three @entity2533 isoforms were expressed in monocyte-macro-phages. Giant cells associated with calcifications showed intense staining for @entity6474 . @entity2533 was most strongly expressed on matrix and cells associated with bone formation. CD105 expression on SMCs and monocyte-macrophages was lower on cells in close association with @entity730 . SMCs associated with bone formation expressed high levels of CD105. CONCLUSIONS: The different @entity2533 isoforms exhibit distinct but overlapping patterns of expression, and support the hypothesis that they are involved in the process of @entity730 and bone formation in @entity1 @entity731 . Lower expression of CD105 on cells associated with @entity730 may represent their state of lower responsiveness to @entity2533 s.

title: Transforming growth factor-betas and CD105 expression in @entity730 and bone formation in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']


abstract: This cross-sectional study describes @entity1118 in 94 @entity1 with @entity15 residing in the community. The characteristics of @entity1118 , @entity158 , @entity158 treatments, barriers to health care, and impact on quality of life were examined. Sixty-four percent of @entity1 reported @entity1118 ; of these, 60% had @entity158 and 70% had episodic increases in @entity158 . The mean numerical @entity158 intensity rating score was moderate (5). @entity1118 Grade was used to classify severity of @entity158 , using scores for items for @entity158 intensity and @entity158 . Those in the higher @entity158 grades had more disability and recorded more health care visits (P = .06) (not significant because of small sample size). Effective @entity158 management techniques included analgesic medication and physical measures as reported by 54% and 44% @entity1 , respectively. @entity1 ' perceived barriers to health care included environmental and personal factors. Those with @entity15 and @entity158 , compared with those with no @entity158 , showed a significant difference in the domain of psychological well-being scores (P = .01) on the Assessment of Quality of Life scale. Additionally, the domains of independent living (P = .009) and total scores (P = .04) showed better quality of life in @entity1 with lower @entity158 grades. Improved understanding of @entity1118 in this population may facilitate early identification for timely intervention and minimize @entity158 . PERSPECTIVE: This article describes @entity1118 in @entity1 with @entity15 living in the community. The information regarding @entity158 prevalence, @entity158 , and impact on quality of life provides insight into the complex multidimensional @entity158 experience. Improved understanding of @entity158 and early intervention may contribute to the overall well-being and decrease @entity158 in this population.

title: @entity1118 in XXXX : prevalence, characteristics, and impact on quality of life in an Australian community cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic Pain', 'chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-related disability', 'pain', 'dysesthetic pain']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: Thirty-four @entity1 with locally advanced @entity150 have been treated with selective intra-arterial infusion of CDDP and/or ADM (IA therapy) prior to planned surgical resection. Follow-up ranged from 25 to 108 months (median 61). Initial @entity5 stage was cT2 in 10 @entity1 , cT3 in 19 and cT4a in 5. Catheterization technique: gluteal muscles were dissected gently along the muscle fiber to expose the inferior gluteal artery with the @entity1 in prone position, then the catheter was inserted. The tip was wedged in the internal iliac artery below the bifurcation of the superior gluteal artery. @entity24157 -20 mg and/or CDDP 10-20 mg were infused once or twice a week. Total dose of ADM and CDDP were 40-580 and 60-240 mg. Thirteen @entity1 received IA therapy + @entity221 and 8 IA therapy + irradiation. Surgical resection included total cystectomy (22 @entity1 ), partial cystectomy (3 @entity1 ) and transurethral resection of the prostate (5 @entity1 ). Survival rate at 5 years is 57.9% (T2 = 90.0, T3 = 52.1, T4 = -). Eighteen @entity1 are alive with no evidence of recurrences, and 11 @entity1 were free of disease for more than 5 years. Side effects were @entity236 (5 @entity1 ), @entity391 (4), erosion of gluteal skin (7), and @entity2359 , such as @entity132 in lower extremities or ischialgia (2); treatment was well tolerated in others. In conclusion, our results suggest that intra-arterial infusion of ADM and/or CDDP by insertion of catheter from inferior gluteal artery is safe with minimal systemic side effects, and prolongs survival for invasive @entity150 .

title: Intra-arterial chemotherapy for XXXX by insertion of catheter from inferior gluteal artery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbance']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow suppression']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing use of breast-conserving therapy, modified radical mastectomy retains an important role in primary as well as in salvage treatment of @entity0 . Nevertheless, a significant number of @entity1 will eventually develop a local recurrence (LR). AIMS: To identify the potential prognostic factors at the time of the first isolated LR, and to compare the expression of several parameters of the molecular biology of @entity0 by @entity5 and paired isolated LRs. METHODS: We analyzed the medical records from 1,087 @entity1 who underwent mastectomy for @entity0 , out of which 98 developed LRs as the first manifestation of @entity5 progression. We investigated the prognostic value of various classical prognostic factors, at the time of mastectomy as well as when the diagnosis of LR was made. In addition, by using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical techniques, we analyzed the expression of @entity172 (ER), @entity1420 (PR) and @entity342 receptors (AR), ki67, @entity876 , @entity1722 and @entity16990 in @entity5 and paired isolated LRs from a subset of @entity1 (n = 25). RESULTS: @entity1 who developed distant metastases as well as @entity1 with local recurrent disease showed a significantly higher percentage of larger @entity5 , node-positive status and higher tumoral grade than @entity1 without evidence of tumoral recurrence. Furthermore, @entity1 with LR had a better outcome compared with those with distant metastases, although the former received less frequently adjuvant systemic therapy and/or radiotherapy. @entity5 size, histological grade, ER and PR status, and a shorter disease-free interval (<12 months) were significantly associated with overall survival amongst mastectomized @entity1 that developed isolated LR. There was a significant concordance between @entity5 and LRs regarding the expression of the following factors: ER, PR and @entity876 . However, we were not able to demonstrate similar findings for AR, @entity1722 and ki67. In addition, ER, PR and @entity876 status in the LRs were significantly associated with a poorer overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Based on classical clinicopathological factors as well as on some new biological parameters we have been able to identify subgroups of mastectomized @entity1 with LR differing in their prognosis. Thus, at the present time it would be possible to select group of @entity1 candidates for further and individualized therapeutic strategies.

title: Local recurrence after mastectomy for XXXX : analysis of clinicopathological, biological and prognostic characteristics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity16990 :: ('347', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein D']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: Maximal @entity880 steady state (MLSS) is the highest exercise intensity at which blood @entity880 concentration (HLa) remains stable. In this study, we examined the validity of simulated 5-km and 40-km time trials (TT) as methods for estimating average speed at MLSS in cyclists. METHODS: Nine trained cyclists reported to the laboratory for five to seven exercise trials. Testing included a VO2max test, a simulated 5-km and 40-km TT, and several 30-min MLSS trials. RESULTS: Mean VO2peak was 4.42 +/- 0.13 L. @entity1009 , whereas VO2 at MLSS (N = 8) was 3.54 +/- 0.15 L. @entity1009 , representing 80.1 +/- 4.1% of VO2peak. HR and HLa at MLSS were 174.7 +/- 2.6 b. @entity1009 +/- 0.8 mM, respectively. MLSS speed was 36.8 +/- 1.0 km.h-1, which corresponded to 92.1 +/- 1.2% of 5 km average speed (AVS5km). Mean AVS, HLa, and HR during the 40-km TT were 36.6 +/- 0.9 km.h-1, 6.3 +/- 0.7 mM, and 174.1 +/- 2.1 b. @entity1009 , respectively, and did not differ from those at MLSS. CONCLUSIONS: Both the (simulated) 5-km and 40-km TT can be used to estimate the MLSS in cyclists. In addition, HLa at MLSS shows a large degree of variation between riders.

title: Methods for estimating the maximal XXXX steady state in trained cyclists.

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity880 :: (MESH:D019344,Chemical) :: ['lactate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The combination of cytology and biopsies improves the recognition and typing of small cell ( @entity4153 ) versus non small cell (NSCLC) @entity2 in the fiberoptic bronchoscopy assessment of centrally located @entity5 . METHODS: We studied whether bronchial aspirates performed before biopsies (BA) and washings performed after biopsies (BW) could increase the diagnostic yield of fiberoptic bronchoscopy. A series of 334 consecutive samples taken in @entity1 with suspicious fiberoptic bronchoscopy findings was studied. Two hundred primary @entity5 were included in the study. The actual diagnosis was based on surgical tissue specimen analysis and/or imaging techniques. The typing used was that of the 1999 WHO/IASLC classification. RESULTS: The diagnosis of @entity5 typing were analyzed according to the sequential (combined) or single use of tests. @entity5 was assessed by cytology in 144/164 (87.8%) positive biopsy cases and in 174/200 @entity5 cases (87.0%). BA before biopsies allowed 84.0% of @entity5 to be diagnosed, whereas BW after biopsies allowed 79.0% of @entity5 to be found (p = ns). However, combining biopsies with BW allowed 94.0% of @entity5 to be diagnosed, whereas 82.0% were diagnosed by biopsies alone (p < 0.001). The highest diagnostic yield was obtained with the combination of BA, biopsies and BW, with 97.0% sensitivity. Exact concordance in typing was obtained in 83.8% of cases. The six surgically resected cases (3.0%) with negative cytology and biopsy results included four @entity957 with @entity39 or fibrous surface and two @entity420 , @entity2558 stage. CONCLUSION: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy may reach a yield of close to 100% in the diagnosis and typing of centrally located, primary @entity2 by combining bronchial aspirates, biopsies and washings.

title: Sequential use of bronchial aspirates, biopsies and washings in the preoperative management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy and tumour', 'tumour', 'cancers', 'tumours', 'Malignancy']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancers']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the acute haemodynamic response of a single dose co-administration of @entity6309 plus @entity3159 in @entity1 with @entity712 . DESIGN: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised crossover study followed by a 2-week, open safety evaluation. SETTING: Wentworth Hospital, Durban. @entity1 : 12 @entity1 with @entity712 who were in functional class (NYHA) II-III. INTERVENTIONS: All @entity1 underwent right heart catheterisation. On days 1 and 2 they received study drug or placebo plus @entity3159 and underwent haemodynamic recordings for 4 hours. RESULTS: Single-dose (200 mg) @entity6309 plus @entity3159 @entity998 (and index) and an early (0-60 minute) phasic response in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) that did not appear to be influenced by the presence of @entity3159 . The increase in cardiac output was accompanied by a moderate decline in systemic vascular resistance (P = NS) without a change in heart rate. In the open evaluation, 8/14 @entity1 reported adverse events. Six events were considered to be related to study medication of which one ( @entity1296 ) occurred in the haemodynamic phase. CONCLUSION: This study shows that @entity6309 has beneficial haemodynamic effects in @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity712 . The increase in cardiac output was mild and sustained but with little change in systemic vascular resistance. The early rise in PCWP is not mediated by the alpha-agonistic vasoconstrictor effects of @entity6309 .

title: Evaluation of @entity6309 plus @entity3159 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['augmented cardiac output']

entities_list: @entity6309 :: ('MESH:C023487', 'Chemical') :: ['ibopamine']

entities_list: @entity3159 :: ('MESH:D011224', 'Chemical') :: ['prazosin']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: In a series of 160 @entity1 submitted to esophageal resection because of @entity5 , four cases were found who have been partially gastrectomized for benign stomach or duodenal @entity1066 decades ago (2.5%). An other similar case was detected by endoscopy and aimed biopsy. In the sixth @entity1 , the @entity5 developed simultaneously in the gastric remnant and in the distal jejunum loop after partial gastrectomy of Billroth--II. type. Two @entity418 of the above-mentioned four resected specimens, were in the T1 stage according to TNM classification of UICC. One @entity5 of the later two @entity418 did not reveal any clinical sign. The @entity1 had at the same time early invasive @entity1086 and synchronously a @entity1358 in the left kidney. The main clinical symptoms of the last @entity1 could be attributed to the @entity5990 . The @entity418 that developed after partial gastrectomy did not show any difference neither in localization, in the macro- or in the microscopical features nor in the @entity5202 and @entity5115 in comparison with other @entity418 of @entity1 who were not submitted to partial gastrectomy. Attention must be called to the significance of @entity354 which can occur with partial gastrectomy. The follow-up of such @entity1 is doubly important if the forceps biopsy detected @entity5115 in the esophagus. On the other hand, the reconstruction of HIS-angle during partial gastrectomy is very important in the prevention of @entity354 .

title: [Digestive tract XXXX after gastrectomy of peptic @entity1066 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5115 :: ('MESH:C567703', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity5202 :: ('MESH:D057765', 'Disease') :: ['chronic esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity5990 :: ('MESH:D042882', 'Disease') :: ['gallstone disease']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'esophageal cancers', 'esophageal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['reflux-esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['cancer in the gallbladder']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity and overweight have been described as factors associated with @entity565 . Our aim was to evaluate the role @entity28 plays on @entity565 in @entity1 . SCOPE AND SUBJECTs: A study carried out on @entity1 and teenagers between 8 and 15 years of age, chosen for a cluster-type random sampling from @entity1 who studied in 80 schools, which represents 30% of the schools in the city of Valencia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysed data was organized into two groups, @entity28 (from the Body Mass Index (Kg/m2)), showing @entity1 with a percentile over 85% of the measuring reference for the Spanish population) and non @entity28 , when they did not fulfil this condition. The prevalence of the different parameters studied was calculated by an Interval of Confidence of 95%. The risk was calculated (Relative Risk) from those symptoms compatible with @entity565 among @entity28 @entity1 compared to non @entity28 @entity1 . RESULTS: No significant relative risk (RR) was seen for @entity28 with regards to @entity565 in those percentiles of @entity28 over 85. Otherwise, an increase in the relative risk (RR) regarding the severity of @entity565 was seen in relation to @entity28 , mainly in the 85th percentile (RR = 1.51 of suffering between 4-12 wheezing attacks and RR = 1.86 of suffering more than 12 attacks in @entity28 @entity1 as opposed to non @entity28 @entity1 ). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we did not identify a higher risk of @entity565 among @entity28 @entity1 than among non @entity28 @entity1 , although we did find there was a higher risk of severity of @entity748 symptoms. As far as the severity of the @entity565 is concerned, we saw a higher risk of wheezing and whistling attacks among @entity28 @entity1 with the 85th and the 95th percentiles according to the Body Mass Index.

title: [Study of the obsesity and overweight as a risk factor for @entity565 and severity of the @entity565 in XXXX of Valencia (Spain)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECT: Immunosuppressive agents are believed to play a role in recovery from @entity1566 , but the underlying mechanisms by which neuronal function is improved by these agents are poorly understood. In this study, the authors evaluate the effect of immunosuppressive medications on neurite outgrowth and cell survival after a pharmacologically induced injury. METHODS: Differentiated @entity1 @entity521 SH-SY5Y cells were injured using the @entity460 agonist @entity2426 . After cellular injury, neurite outgrowth in the presence or absence of immunosuppressive agents was measured. Apoptosis was quantified with the aid of a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity9342 nick-end labeling assay. Neurite outgrowth was severely restricted following @entity2426 injury. Outgrowth was potentiated, however, by the addition of concentrations of 1 and 10 mM @entity205 in a dose-dependent fashion. Similarly, addition of 10 nM @entity1140 increased the percentage of neurites in the 20- to 40-micron range. A low dose (1 mM) of @entity619 did not have a significant effect on neurite outgrowth, but a higher dose (10 mM) increased the percentage of neurites in the 10- to 45-micron range. These agents also lessened the degree of @entity2426 -induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Immunosuppressive agents such as @entity205 , @entity1140 , and @entity619 can potentiate neurite outgrowth and protect against apoptotic cell death in a @entity1 postmitotic neuronal cell line. Such effects may have implications for lessening @entity528 after neurotrauma, @entity64 , or @entity179 .

title: Potentiation of neurite outgrowth and reduction of apoptosis by immunosuppressive agents: implications for XXXX and transplantation.

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal injury']

entities_list: @entity9342 :: ('MESH:C027078', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxyuridine triphosphate']

answer: @entity528 :: (MESH:D009410,Disease) :: ['neuronal injury']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a one-time dose of @entity8746 , 40 mg intramuscular (i.m.), given to adult @entity1 treated in the emergency department for mild to moderate exacerbation of @entity565 would decrease the rate of relapse during the following week, compared with a nontapering course of oral @entity229 , 40 mg/day over 5 days. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was conducted at two university-affiliated community teaching hospitals with a combined annual census of 97,000. @entity1 were eligible if they were between the ages of 18 and 50 years, had an initial peak expiratory flow rate of less than 350 L/minute, and were to be discharged from the @entity2613 taking @entity230 . @entity1 were randomly assigned to receive either @entity2713 (40 mg i.m.) and placebo tablets or a placebo injection and @entity229 (40 mg/day orally for 5 days). @entity1 were instructed to use a beta-agonist metered-dose inhaler, to continue other routine medications, to complete symptom diary cards, and to return in 7 to 10 days for follow-up. The main outcome measure was relapse, which was defined as an unscheduled visit to a physician's office or @entity2613 for worsening or persistent symptoms within 7 days of the initial @entity2613 visit. RESULTS: A total of 168 @entity1 were initially enrolled; 6 @entity1 were withdrawn for protocol violations and 8 because they could not be contacted for follow-up. A total of 154 @entity1 were available for outcome analysis, 78 in the @entity2713 group and 76 in the @entity229 group. There were no differences between the two @entity1 groups with regard to demographics, smoking history, weight, or symptom severity. Mean initial peak flows were 244+/-64 L/minute for the @entity2713 group and 245+/-83 L/minute for the @entity229 group. Fifty percent of the study @entity1 were current smokers. The relapse rates were 9.0% (7/78) in the @entity2713 group and 14.5% (11/76) in the @entity229 group (P=.29). The absolute difference in relapse rates was 5.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6% to 15.6%). There was no difference in symptom frequency or severity between the two groups during the first 5 days of outpatient treatment. Analysis between the groups stratified for smoking showed no difference in relapse rate between smokers and nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: A single dose of @entity8746 , 40 mg i.m., produced a relapse rate similar to that of @entity229 , 40 mg/day orally for 5 days, after @entity2613 treatment of mild to moderate exacerbations of @entity565 . Intramuscular @entity2713 would appear to be an attractive alternative when compliance with a daily oral regimen is of concern.

title: Comparison of intramuscular @entity2713 and oral @entity229 in the outpatient treatment of acute XXXX : a randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8746 :: ('MESH:C030262', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone diacetate']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity2713 :: ('MESH:D014221', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: @entity460 -dependent and @entity460 -independent proteinase activities were detected in extracts of @entity35 ventral prostate and its secretion by use of gelatin-containing @entity214 -PAGE zymography. @entity141 -independent proteinase activities of 22, 26, and 73-79 kDa and @entity141 -dependent activities of 58, 63, and 66 kDa were found in the adult gland. The 26- (most intense activity of gland) and 22-kDa activities were present in secretion and were not expressed in the undifferentiated gland of the 10-day-old animal. The @entity141 -dependent activities were also present in the secretion, where the 63-kDa form was more prominently expressed than the 58- and 66-kDa bands. The @entity141 -dependent and @entity141 -independent proteinase activities both responded to a broad range of pH values in the incubation media. The 73-79-kDa @entity141 -independent activities were sensitive to @entity11075 and the @entity141 -dependent activities were inhibited by @entity1098 and EGTA. Both @entity141 -dependent and @entity141 -independent proteinase activities responded to androgenic manipulations. Castration was followed by the appearance of a 35-kDa @entity141 -independent proteinase (at 2 days) and a 43-kDa @entity141 -dependent proteinase (at 4 days). In the @entity141 -independent proteinase group, the 73-79-kDa activities were increased somewhat and the 22- and 26-kDa activities decreased after castration. The @entity141 -dependent proteinases of 58, 63, and 66 kDa increased in activity with castration, but activity of the 58-kDa form decreased again at 7 days after castration. Treatment of animals upon castration for 4 days with @entity701 prevented these changes in proteinase activities whereas treatment with @entity4316 or @entity927 did not. @entity3033 replacement therapy of @entity35 castrated for 16 days stimulated the activities of the 22- and 26-kDa and 73-79-kDa @entity141 -independent and the 58- and 63-kDa @entity141 -dependent proteinases with 4 days of therapy. The activities of the 35-kDa @entity141 -independent and the 43-kDa @entity141 -dependent proteinases were repressed with 8 days of @entity251 treatment. Thus, individual proteinases show differential changes in activity during development and in response to androgenic manipulation: this suggests that in addition to proteinases which are secreted, others may be involved in intracellular functions or in mediating tissue organization changes.

title: XXXX -dependent and @entity460 -independent gelatinolytic proteinase activities of the @entity35 ventral prostate and its secretion: characterization and effect of castration and @entity251 treatment.

entities_list: @entity3033 :: ('MESH:D043343', 'Chemical') :: ['Testosterone propionate']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity4316 :: ('MESH:D003609', 'Chemical') :: ['actinomycin D']

entities_list: @entity11075 :: ('MESH:C032157', 'Chemical') :: ['benzamidine']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

entities_list: @entity927 :: ('MESH:D014148', 'Chemical') :: ['tranexamic acid']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['Calcium']


abstract: The effect of body mass index (BMI) on the risk of developing @entity454 ( @entity454 ) has not been critically evaluated. To investigate this issue we used the registries of community-based mass screening and chronic dialysis programs. In 1983, a total of 101,516 subjects (47,901 @entity1 and 53,615 @entity1 ) participated in a mass screening program in Okinawa, Japan. A total of 187 (101 @entity1 and 86 @entity1 ) entered an @entity454 program by March 31, 1994. Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Subjects were categorized into six groups based on BMI: < 20.0, 20.0-21.9, 22.0-23.9, 24.0-25.9, 26.0-27.9, and > or = 28.0 kg/m2. The cumulative incidence of @entity454 , per 100,000 subjects was calculated in each BMI subgroup for @entity1 and @entity1 . In @entity1 , the cumulative incidence of @entity454 increased with BMI, except in the range of 24.0 to 25.9 kg/m2. In @entity1 , the association between the cumulative incidence of @entity454 and BMI was not clear, but was lowest in the range of 24.0 to 25.9 kg/m2. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.99 (0.92 to 1.13) in @entity1 and 0.83 (0.72 to 0.96) in @entity1 .

title: Predictors of XXXX and body mass index in a screened cohort.

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage renal disease']


abstract: To study the signal transduction mechanisms by which ultraviolet B (UVB) leads to increased @entity1421 ( @entity1421 ) synthesis, @entity1 epidermal cultures were irradiated with 30 mJ/cm2 UVB and assayed for 6-h cumulative @entity1421 . Supernatants from irradiated cultures showed a 4-fold increase in @entity1421 synthesis (113.6 +/- 26.8 pg/mg protein) when compared to supernatants from sham-irradiated cultures (25.6 +/- 3.9 pg/mg protein). Pretreatment of irradiated cultures with @entity670 (10 micrograms/ml) or @entity10962 (50 microM), inhibitors of @entity669 kinases, blocked UVB-stimulated @entity1421 synthesis. Treatment of nonirradiated cultures with epidermal growth factor (EGF), which acts through the receptor @entity669 kinase @entity470 , produced a 4-fold increase in @entity1421 synthesis. However, addition of EGF to irradiated cultures did not further enhance their @entity1421 synthesis, indicating irradiation rendered them refractory to EGF stimulation. In contrast, irradiated cultures could still significantly increase their @entity1421 synthesis in response to the @entity460 ionophore @entity3365 or the protein kinase C activator @entity864 , suggesting that the lack of response to EGF was selective. Furthermore, anti- @entity10393 immunoblot analysis revealed UVB-induced phosphorylation of @entity669 residues of @entity470 , an indicator of receptor activation. Phosphorylation was maximal 30-60 min after irradiation and was blocked by the @entity669 kinase inhibitors, @entity670 and @entity12079 . The antioxidant @entity898 decreased UVB-induced @entity470 @entity669 phosphorylation and @entity1421 synthesis to near-basal levels. Conversely, treatment of unirradiated cultures with the potent oxidant @entity2469 (100 microM) increased both @entity1421 synthesis and @entity470 phosphorylation. Collectively, these data suggest that antioxidant depletion induced by UV results in @entity669 phosphorylation and activation of the @entity470 . This activation may subsequently activate epidermal phospholipase at early time points after UVB exposure.

title: Ultraviolet B injury increases prostaglandin synthesis through a @entity669 kinase-dependent pathway. Evidence for UVB-induced XXXX activation.

entities_list: @entity864 :: ('MESH:C554292|MESH:D013755', 'Chemical') :: ['12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['PGE2', 'prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity10393 :: ('CHEBI:74956', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphotyrosine']

entities_list: @entity898 :: ('MESH:D000111', 'Chemical') :: ['N-acetylcysteine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity2469 :: ('MESH:D020122', 'Chemical') :: ['tert-butyl-hydroperoxide']

entities_list: @entity12079 :: ('CHEBI:38637', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrphostin']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity470 :: (1956,Gene) :: ['epidermal growth factor receptor']


abstract: There is growing evidence that terrestrial ecosystems are exporting more dissolved organic @entity505 ( @entity4420 ) to aquatic ecosystems than they did just a few decades ago. This "browning" phenomenon will alter the chemistry, physics, and biology of inland water bodies in complex and difficult-to-predict ways. Experiments provide an opportunity to elucidate how browning will affect the stability and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. However, it is challenging to obtain sources of @entity4420 that can be used for manipulations at ecologically relevant scales. In this study, we evaluated a commercially available source of humic substances ("Super Hume") as an analog for natural sources of terrestrial @entity4420 . Based on chemical characterizations, comparative surveys, and whole-ecosystem manipulations, we found that the physical and chemical properties of Super Hume are similar to those of natural @entity4420 in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, Super Hume attenuated solar radiation in ways that will not only influence the physiology of aquatic taxa but also the metabolism of entire ecosystems. Based on its chemical properties (high lignin content, high @entity3276 content, and low C:N and C:P ratios), Super Hume is a fairly recalcitrant, low-quality resource for aquatic consumers. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that Super Hume can subsidize aquatic food webs through 1) the uptake of dissolved organic constituents by microorganisms, and 2) the consumption of particulate fractions by larger organisms (i.e., Daphnia). After discussing some of the caveats of Super Hume, we conclude that commercial sources of humic substances can be used to help address pressing ecological questions concerning the increased export of terrestrial @entity4420 to aquatic ecosystems.

title: A source of terrestrial organic XXXX to investigate the browning of aquatic ecosystems.

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare complication rates of diagnostic and operative laparoscopy. Design. Retrospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: One medical center and three teaching hospitals. @entity1 : Six thousand four hundred fifty-one @entity1 with various indications for laparoscopic diagnosis and/or laparoscopic surgery from January 1994 through June 1999. INTERVENTION: Diagnostic and operative laparoscopies. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forty-two major complications occurred that directly resulted in one @entity204 . One @entity1 had @entity130 , 3 had major @entity130 , 5 had @entity1698 , 10 had @entity1944 , and 23 had @entity1494 . The overall complication rate for all laparoscopies was 0.65% (42/6451); however, it rose to 0.80% (39/4865) for operative laparoscopy compared with 0.19% for diagnostic laparoscopy (3/1586; p <0.001, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic surgery is appropriate for managing various @entity13374 and has an acceptable complication rate. However, operative laparoscopy should be performed carefully because its rate of complications is significantly higher than that of diagnostic laparoscopy, especially for laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. (J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 8(1):68-73, 2001)

title: Major complications of operative and diagnostic laparoscopy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal injuries']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder injuries']

entities_list: @entity13374 :: ('MESH:D005831', 'Disease') :: ['gynecologic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1698 :: ('MESH:D014516', 'Disease') :: ['ureter injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['stomach injury', 'vessel injuries']

answer: @entity13374 :: (MESH:D005831,Disease) :: ['gynecologic disease']


abstract: Long-term intermittent urokinase therapy has been developed for @entity1 with severe @entity453 and @entity951 . This therapeutic approach is predominantly effective at the microcirculatory level based on a combination of rheologic and fibrinolytic effects; furthermore, plaque regression seems to be a possible mechanism. @entity1 with @entity951 are characterized by severe @entity453 without a therapeutic option for conventional revascularization procedures, only slight impairment of @entity1002 and hyperfibrinogenemia, which results in further enhancement of @entity741 due to @entity73 of blood flow. In this article data on the anti- @entity63 effectiveness as well as first results on the impact of this therapeutic approach on hemodynamics are described. A dose-response study, which compared 3 x 50,000 IU with 3 x 500,000 IU urokinase three times a week over a treatment period of 12 weeks demonstrated subjective as well as objective antiischemic effectiveness. Only @entity1 who were treated with 500,000 IU per injection achieved marked increases in exercise capacity, while some @entity1 in the low-dose group presented even with a deterioration of exercise performance. First hemodynamic studies could not show marked changes of systolic parameters, either at rest or during exercise. But a decrease of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest after treatment with 500,000 IU per injection indicates an improvement of diastolic function as a result of enhanced myocardial perfusion. Echocardiographic measurements of transmitral Doppler flow in 21 @entity1 with end-stage @entity453 demonstrated normalization of early and late diastolic filling rates in most cases. These changes were accompanied by a reduction of clinical signs of @entity712 . Long-term intermittent urokinase therapy is a valuable approach as it not only improves quality of life during the actual treatment period but by the persistence of therapeutic effects following the cessation of therapy.

title: [Chronic intermittent urokinase therapy: anti- XXXX and hemodynamic effects].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['microcirculatory impairment']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['refractory angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular systolic function']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Pathologic features of hemodialysis-associated @entity74 were evaluated using preoperative radiographic images and histologic findings of the spinal lesions resected during surgery. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the pathology of hemodialysis-related @entity74 and to determine the role of @entity2783 in the establishment of severe destruction of the spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The pathologic events leading to hemodialysis-associated @entity74 are poorly understood. The distribution of @entity527 in the spine also has not been clarified. METHODS: Twenty @entity1 with hemodialysis-associated @entity74 were investigated regarding pathologic features of neural compression and spinal destruction. Preoperative radiographic images such as plain radiography, tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and scintigraphy were assessed for the existence of an intracanal mass, @entity1184 of the ligamentum flavum, and destructive changes of the spinal components. Histologic examination also was conducted by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the distribution pattern of @entity527 in the spinal components. RESULTS: Six @entity1 with no destructive changes in the spine showed @entity612 . In the cervical spine, a main factor associated with @entity612 was the presence of intracanal @entity527 in three @entity1 . In the lumbar spine, a main factor associated with @entity612 was hypertrophied ligamentum flavum in three @entity1 . Destructive changes of the facet joints, intervertebral disc, and vertebral body were seen in the other 14 @entity1 . @entity527 were densely distributed at the enthesis of capsular fibers to the bone and in anular tears in the intervertebral discs. Vertebral end plates were destroyed by penetration of amyloid granulation into the vertebral body. Osteoclast activity in the destroyed vertebral bodies was enhanced, with no evidence of new bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: @entity527 played an important role in the progression of spinal destruction and severe instability.

title: Pathologic features of XXXX in @entity1 treated with long-term hemodialysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposits', 'Amyloid deposits']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity612 :: ('MESH:D013130', 'Disease') :: ['spinal canal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['spinal disorders']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['spinal disorders']


abstract: 1. We examined the receptive field properties of @entity2479 cells in the isolated, superfused retinae of spastic mutant @entity19 (B6C3Fe- @entity53948 / @entity53948 ) that did not have the @entity2000 ( @entity2000 ) phenotype. Glycine receptor density in the spastic mutant is greatly reduced in all areas of the CNS that have been examined. Phenotypically normal litter-mates were used as controls. Radial sections from the retinae of both spastic and normal animals were examined with light and electron microscopy and no differences were observed. The planimetric density of the cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer did not differ between the normal and mutant animals, about 400 cm-2. The absolute dark-adapted sensitivity of @entity508 cells was greater (271 +/- 69.0 impulses quanta-1 @entity53949 ) than that of normal @entity4494 cells (47.7 +/- 10.4 impulses quanta-1 @entity53949 ; P < 0.01). 2. Extracellular recordings of @entity2479 cell responses to circular and annular stimuli, centred on the receptive field, were used to construct peri-stimulus-time histograms. In normal retinae, an annular stimulus elicited a response that was characteristic of the surround response mechanism of receptive fields with antagonistic centre-surround organization. In the mutant retina, annular stimuli did not elicit a surround-type response; instead, a centre-type response was recorded. 3. Illumination of the receptive field periphery attenuated centre-type responses in @entity4494 cells from both spastic and normal retinae. Centred circular stimuli of various areas (14, 35, 78, 122, 235, 783 deg2) were presented to the receptive fields. For mutant and normal @entity4494 cells, the response to the largest stimulus was smaller than that to an intermediate-sized stimulus. 4. The effect of @entity1026 , a @entity2228 receptor antagonist, on the response to circular stimuli was examined. Very low concentrations of @entity1026 attenuated the light response in mutant retinae (apparent inhibitory binding constant KI = 8.1 x 10(-13) M). In normal animals, the light response was also attenuated by @entity1026 , but the apparent KI was much higher (apparent KI = 1 x 10(-7) M). 5. In normal @entity4494 cells, the sustained component of the light response was much more attenuated by @entity1026 than was the transient component. Interestingly, @entity4494 cells from spastic retinae did not exhibit a sustained component, even at stimulus luminances that evoked responses near threshold.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Receptive field organization of @entity2479 cells in the spastic mutant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1026 :: ('MESH:D013331', 'Chemical') :: ['strychnine']

entities_list: @entity2000 :: ('MESH:D012162', 'Disease') :: ['rd', 'retinal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spastic ganglion']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: In the postgenome era, development of novel targeted therapeutics is anticipated to accelerate, with the promise of specifically tailored strategies to treat specific molecularly characterized disease entities. Greater understanding of disease pathophysiology and pharmacologic actions at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels have provided the basis for expanding the clinical application of available therapies such as recombinant @entity1 @entity1307 (r-HuEPO, @entity1307 alfa). The role of @entity1307 alfa in anemic @entity5 @entity1 receiving chemotherapy has grown as our understanding of the relationship between @entity417 and quality of life in this @entity1 population has evolved. With @entity417 and @entity5 @entity519 associated with poorer outcomes in various solid @entity5 , the potential impact of @entity1307 alfa on outcomes, as well as quality of life, in @entity1 undergoing radiation or chemoradiation is of considerable interest. @entity417 occurs almost universally in critically ill @entity1 , resulting in substantial transfusion requirements. In this setting, the @entity417 appears to be consistent with @entity417 of @entity102 and is potentially treatable by @entity1307 alfa. Recent preclinical studies indicate that @entity1307 exhibits neuroprotective effects in models of @entity149 , suggesting additional potential novel clinical applications for @entity1307 alfa worthy of careful investigation. Advances in the understanding of the ras genes and their functional proteins in signaling pathways involved in the development of @entity5 , particularly @entity1583 , over the last decade have prompted development of a new class of agents, @entity11349 protein transferase inhibitors (FTIs), designed specifically to inhibit the initial step in Ras protein activation. Initial clinical evaluation of FTIs is ongoing, and preliminary results demonstrate antitumor activity in @entity1583 . Further identification and understanding of the function and complex interactions of proteins involved in diseases holds the promise of targeted therapies and improved @entity1 outcomes.

title: @entity5 therapy. New strategies and treatment modalities for optimizing XXXX outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity11349 :: ('CHEBI:24017', 'Chemical') :: ['farnesyl']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['Anemia', 'anemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system injury']

entities_list: @entity1307 :: ('2056', 'Gene') :: ['erythropoietin', 'epoetin']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: We evaluated the feasibility, reliability, and acceptability of prenatal diagnosis of @entity447 by DNA analysis of chorionic villi. Twenty-two @entity1 at risk to transmit the abnormal gene were referred for prenatal diagnosis, two of them twice. Two of the 22 @entity1 appeared to be non-carriers by DNA analysis. In one of these @entity1 , the results were known only after chorionic villus sampling had been carried out. Thirteen of the twenty carriers were heterozygous for an intragenic (Bc1I or XbaI) marker; six @entity1 were only heterozygous for the extragenic DXS52 (St14) locus. One of the @entity1 was homozygous for all the presently known DNA markers within or closely linked with the factor VIII locus. Twelve of the 22 fetuses at risk were male, ten were female. Seven of the 12 male fetuses were shown to be affected and were subsequently aborted. Four male fetuses appeared to be not affected. In one case, the diagnosis was made by use of an extragenic marker. The @entity1 rejected fetal blood sampling to confirm the diagnosis. After birth, a normal factor VIII level was found in three of the four cases. The fourth pregnancy is still continuing. In one of the 12 male fetuses, no diagnosis at the gene level was possible. DNA analysis is expected to provide maximum certainty as to the phenotype of the fetus for approximately 60 per cent of the @entity1 ; for another 37 per cent a rate of misdiagnosis of 4-5 per cent applies. In only 3 per cent of the cases will no diagnosis at the gene level be possible as yet. The new possibility of a prenatal diagnosis in the first trimester of pregnancy enabled some of these @entity1 to have a family of their own and was appreciated in particular by the @entity1 who underwent fetoscopy in an earlier pregnancy.

title: First trimester prenatal diagnosis of XXXX : two years' experience.

entities_list: @entity447 :: ('MESH:D006467', 'Disease') :: ['haemophilia A']

answer: @entity447 :: (MESH:D006467,Disease) :: ['haemophilia A']


abstract: CONTEXT: Every social group shares beliefs about health and illness. Knowledge and understanding of these health beliefs are essential for education programs to address health promotion and illness prevention. PURPOSE: This analysis describes the @entity6 Explanatory Models of Illness (EMs) of low-income, rural, white Southerners who have not been diagnosed with @entity6 . METHOD: In-depth interviews were conducted with low-income white @entity1 (n = 19) and @entity1 (n = 20) aged 18 to 54 years who resided in a rural Southern town. The tape-recorded interviews were completed by trained interviewers and were transcribed verbatim. Computer-assisted text analysis was used, and all transcripts were coded by 2 investigators. FINDINGS: Although all the @entity1 had heard of @entity6 , their EMs were vague and undeveloped. @entity1 were more knowledgeable than @entity1 were. Family and heredity were widely believed to be causes, with heredity including genetic and learned behavior components. @entity1 disagreed about the role of diet and weight in causing @entity6 ; exercise was not perceived as related to causation. @entity1 had knowledge of those symptoms, complications, and treatments that could be observed. CONCLUSIONS: These rural, white Southerners did not share well-developed EMs for @entity6 , with most having a vague and incomplete understanding of this disease. The @entity6 beliefs of these rural Southerners differ significantly from current medical knowledge. To be effective, culturally appropriate primary prevention programs must recognize these lay beliefs.

title: XXXX , white residents of a rural North Carolina community.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes beliefs among low-income']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe a @entity580 surveillance in a cardiology and @entity1514 hospital in Northern Mexico during its initial months of activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective report of @entity580 surveillance performed by the @entity281 control team with @entity1 visits, clinical records, microbiology reports, and direct information obtained by health personnel. General and specific @entity281 rates were analyzed by the chi 2 test and the Student t test. RESULTS: General @entity281 rate was 4.99 during the 17 month period. Monthly @entity281 rates changed significantly during @entity281 control team vacations. By site of @entity281 were the most common (1.14), followed by @entity293 (1.08), and @entity2259 (0.72). However, when we grouped @entity2259 and other @entity1212 , this intravascular access related @entity281 were the most frequent (1.73). Gram positive organisms were most commonly isolated in @entity580 , except in @entity55 (gram negative organism) and @entity293 (Candida spp.). Mortality related to @entity580 was high (21.7%), and at least one third of those deaths was directly related to the @entity281 . In hospital stay and cost were also increase with @entity580 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity580 is common in interventional cardiology hospitals, producing high mortality and rising costs and length of stay. We need a more effective @entity580 surveillance system to eliminate changes in monthly case detection produced by the @entity281 control team vacations, since this under-registry could result in lost of control of @entity580 and epidemic outbreak emergence.

title: [Surveillance of XXXX in a cardiology hospital].

entities_list: @entity1212 :: ('MESH:D055499', 'Disease') :: ['catheter related infections']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonias']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic diseases']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infection, surgical wound infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Nosocomial infection', 'nosocomial infection', 'nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia', 'bacteremias']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['nosocomial infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mechanical ventilation resulted in increased, decreased or unchanged end-diastolic volumes together with either profoundly decreased or unchanged right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). The goal of our study was, therefore, to evaluate the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on measurements of RVEF performed during apneic periods with different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive @entity1 suffering from @entity647 after major surgery or @entity130 were included. Measurements were performed during 15 seconds of @entity386 at airway pressure levels of 0 (baseline), 10, 20, and 30 cm @entity2507 . Cardiac output and RVEF were determined using the thermodilution technique. RESULTS: Lung inflation to an airway pressure of 30 cm @entity2507 caused a 22 +/- 14% decrease of cardiac output resulting from a 20 +/- 14% decrease of @entity64 volume index. The decrease of @entity64 volume index was induced by a 17 +/- 11% decrease of right ventricular end-diastolic volume index, while RVEF remained virtually unchanged (0.49 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.47 +/- 0.12 at 0 and 30 cm @entity2507 , respectively). Relative changes of cardiac output were closely correlated with changes of right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS: Right ventricular systolic function was well maintained despite substantially decreased end-diastolic volumes. In our study, during @entity558 , higher levels of positive end-expiratory pressure did not worsen RVEF in @entity1 with @entity647 . The proposed technique of @entity358 may serve as an alternative approach to obtain comparable measurements of RV function in @entity1 with @entity647 .

title: Measurement of right ventricular performance during XXXX in @entity1 with @entity647 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['apneic conditions']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['apneic lung inflation']

answer: @entity386 :: (MESH:D001049,Disease) :: ['apnea']


abstract: @entity1072 ( @entity1072 ) is a @entity66 with some @entity1 having an indolent course never needs treatment, while others having rapidly progressive one requires intensive treatment. In recent decades, numerous prognostic markers, such as immunoglobulin variable region heavy-chain (IgVH) mutational status, @entity6755 and the expression of @entity3053 on leukaemic cells were introduced to screen for @entity1 likely to have progressive course of @entity1072 bearing the potential to facilitate risk-adapted treatment strategies. In @entity1072 , T cell function is shown to be dysregulated. @entity3053 has been demonstrated to be an important transmembrane signalling molecule of T cell with a direct effect on its function. The present study was conducted to analyse @entity3053 expression on T cells by flow cytometry to evaluate its impact on the clinical course of 88 unselected @entity1072 @entity1 and correlate it with other risk factors. @entity3053 expression level on T cells was shown to predict the clinical course of @entity1072 in male @entity1 but not in female @entity1 . Male @entity1 showed @entity3053 expression on T cells in a stage-dependent manner, in contrast to female @entity1 who showed higher expression irrespective to clinical staging. @entity3053 expression on T cells negatively interacted with treatment-free survival in male @entity1 . Multivariate analysis revealed that @entity3053 expression level on T cells is an independent prognostic factor in @entity1072 male @entity1 . Simultaneous evaluation of @entity3053 expression on both @entity1072 cells and T cells allowed predicting male @entity1 groups with the most favourable prognosis as well as those with the worst.

title: T-cell XXXX expression in @entity1072 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['heterogeneous disease']

entities_list: @entity1072 :: ('MESH:D015451', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia', 'B-CLL']

answer: @entity3053 :: (952,Gene) :: ['CD38']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity0 who have responded to initial hormonal therapy frequently experience additional remissions upon further endocrine manipulation. We postulate that @entity56 to @entity53 (E2) may serve as a mechanistic explanation for these secondary responses. We previously provided evidence of @entity56 using an in vitro @entity0 and demonstrated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) in the process of adaptation to long-term @entity53 deprivation. In the present study, we wished to demonstrate that @entity56 could occur under more complex in vivo conditions and that MAP kinase activation is enhanced under these circumstances. We used an MCF-7 @entity0 involving long-term @entity53 deprived (LTED) cells to produce xenografts in @entity19 and an E2 clamp method to precisely control sex @entity134 levels. The E2 clamp was designed to maintain plasma E2 at a series of doubling doses from 1.25 pg/ml to 20.0 pg/ml in oophorectomized @entity19 . As evidence of the validity of the clamp method, a uterine weight bioassay revealed an excellent, linear dose-response relationship between the predicted level of plasma E2 and stimulation of uterine weight. As evidence of @entity56 , we found that LTED xenograft @entity5 grew to a greater extent than wild-type in response to E2 concentrations of 1.25 pg/ml (P = 0.003) and 2.5 pg/ml (P = 0.0002). At the 10.0 and 20.0 pg/ml plasma concentrations, the LTED @entity5 were stimulated to a lesser extent than the wild-type. This pattern of increased growth at lower concentrations and reduced growth vs. the wild-type at higher concentrations mimics closely the pattern seen for LTED cells in vitro. All LTED cell @entity5 exhibited enhanced activation of MAP kinase ranging from 18 to 25%, and E2 did not increase this further. In contrast, E2 caused a linear increase in the percentage of activated MAP kinase positive cells (P < 0.0001) in wild-type @entity5 from basal levels of 2.66% to maximal levels of 6.40%. These observations suggest a dynamic interplay whereby activation of MAP kinase renders cells more sensitive to the proliferative effects of E2. The precise mechanisms for this interplay are unknown but, when further understood, could potentially provide insight into approaches to prevent the evolution of @entity5 to a hormone insensitive state.

title: @entity53 @entity56 and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression in long-term estrogen deprived @entity1 XXXX cells in vivo.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast cancer model system']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity', 'hypersensitivity to E2']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Although the @entity17542 ( @entity17542 ) test defined as a single determination of @entity17542 plasma concentration after @entity3303 injection has been proposed as a liver function test, some discrepancies appeared in assessing the quality of liver donor for transplantation as well as the severity of @entity409 . The present study used a severe @entity63 -reperfusion @entity99 (IRI) in @entity35 to evaluate the various factors able to influence the level of @entity17542 . The metabolism of @entity3303 was studied on microsomes isolated from intact @entity35 and from @entity35 submitted to this @entity99 . A significant reduction of the various pathways transforming @entity3303 but also @entity17542 was demonstrated. @entity3303 inhibited the @entity17542 transformation both in intact and injured liver microsomes. In vivo, plasma @entity17542 concentrations, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were lower in IRI than in controls up to 80 minutes after @entity3303 injection but not later. By contrast, using the usual commercial fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), @entity17542 concentrations were paradoxically higher in IRI than in controls. Moreover, @entity17542 values obtained using FPIA were threefold higher in controls and ninefold higher in IRI than with HPLC. It was shown that these differences were related to the detection by FPIA of free and mainly of conjugated @entity6845 - @entity17542 that accumulated in plasma from @entity35 submitted to an IRI. These data emphasize the complexity of factors influencing the appearance and disappearance of @entity17542 because of delayed @entity17542 formation with @entity99 but also to inhibition of its further metabolization. The choice of the sampling time for @entity17542 determination is critical and has to be optimized in every type of @entity99 . Moreover, a specific technique, such as HPLC, will avoid cross-reactivity with other metabolites, which may be particularly abundant when the biliary excretion is impaired.

title: The monoethylglycinexylidide test does not correctly evaluate @entity3303 metabolism after ischemic XXXX in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity17542 :: ('MESH:C001173', 'Chemical') :: ['monoethylglycinexylidide', 'MEGX']

entities_list: @entity6845 :: ('CHEBI:43176', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxy']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['Lidocaine', 'lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['liver injury']


abstract: The new German Psychiatry Personnel Regulations were enforced in 1991. The aim was to set a standard for performance-adapted optimised personnel calculation for all professions taking part in stationary care and to initiate structural changes in @entity146 institutions. In general psychiatry, geronto-psychiatry, and @entity66 , @entity1 are classified in different categories according to the @entity66 and resulting therapeutic effort by the team taking part in therapy. In this manner personnel requirements are calculated prospectively in terms of working minutes. Realisation in Schleswig-Holstein is based on general agreements that allow evaluation, testing, and quality assurance by a graduated instrumentarium basing on valid data. A differentiated interventional management has been agreed upon. It will act in case of conflicts caused by the clinical classifications. Categorisation shows a clear trend towards classifying @entity1 in the mandatory intensive care groups A2, S2 and G2. Correspondingly fewer @entity1 are classified as requiring "standard treatment" and "treatment for severe and multiple sickness". This development is mainly supported by large specialised clinics and institutions with less than 50 beds. The acute-case departments of houses for central care show largely stable categorisation data during the 1 1/2 years of the survey. To evaluate the changes and trends a catalogue of structural points of view serves to verify the structural changes. Thus, criteria of quality are defined that contribute to an evaluation of the realisation of the new Personnel Regulations and support quality planning and management of the clinics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Implementation of the XXXX personnel regulation--an intermediate-term evaluation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['degree of disease', 'addiction diseases']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric']


abstract: PURPOSE: Since it is of great importance to distinguish between a @entity1850 ( @entity1850 ) and an @entity281 caused by microbes especially after heart transplantation (HTX), we examined @entity1 following heart surgery by determining @entity1904 (PCT), because PCT is said to be secreted only in @entity1 with microbial infections. METHODS: Sixty @entity1 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and 14 @entity1 after heart transplantation were included in this prospective study. In the CABG group we had 30 @entity1 without any @entity260 (group A). Furthermore we took samples of 30 @entity1 who suffered postoperatively from a @entity295 (group B, n=15) or a @entity1850 (C, n=15). In addition we measured the PCT-levels in 65 blood samples of 14 @entity1 after heart transplantation (Group I: rejection > IIa, II: @entity1800 ( @entity2834 ), III: @entity2348 , IV: controls). RESULTS: In all @entity1 of group A the pre- and intraoperative PCT-values and the measurement at arrival on intensive care unit (ICU) were less than 0.2 ng/ml. On the second postoperative day the PCT-value was 0.33+/-0.15 ng/ml in the control group. At the same time it was 19.6+/-6.2 ng/ml in @entity295 and 0.7+/-0.4 ng/ml in @entity1850 @entity1 (P<0.05). In transplanted @entity1 we could find the following PCT-values: Gr.I: 0.18+/-0.06 II: 0.30+/-0.09 III: 1.63+/-1.16 IV: 0.21+/-0.09 ng/ml (P<0.05 comparing group III with I, II and IV). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and @entity1850 do not initiate a PCT-secretion. Septic conditions cause a significant increase of PCT. In addition, PCT is a reliable indicator concerning the essential differentiation of @entity364 and rejection after heart transplantation.

title: @entity1904 (PCT) in cardiac surgery: diagnostic value in @entity1850 ( @entity1850 ), XXXX and after heart transplantation (HTX).

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial/fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial or fungal--not viral--infection']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['systemic inflammatory response syndrome', 'SIRS']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether splenectomy as a part of devascularization procedures is necessary. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled, randomized trial. SETTING: University hospital, referral center. @entity1 : A total of 55 @entity1 ( @entity1 -Pugh class A and B) with a history of @entity548 portal @entity101 were treated by means of a modified Sugiura-Futagawa procedure. Twenty-three @entity1 underwent splenectomy and 22 did not. METHODS: Postoperative outcome was recorded and comparison of the 2 groups was done with the Fisher exact test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed. Main outcome and postoperative differences between the @entity1 who underwent splenectomy and those who did not were investigated. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable in the postoperative period. Significant differences were observed in transfusion requirements and postoperative portal vein @entity715 , both favoring the group without splenectomy. No differences in rebleeding, @entity75 rate, operative time, or postoperative complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Splenectomy is not routinely necessary in devascularization procedures for @entity548 portal @entity101 .

title: Is splenectomy necessary in devascularization procedures for treatment of @entity548 portal XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: A total of 61 @entity1 with first-time mild to moderate @entity583 and no reinfarction within the following 2 months were studied prospectively by Doppler echocardiography before hospital discharge and after 2 months to evaluate the prevalence of @entity339 . Twenty-one age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. At baseline, the prevalence of Doppler-recorded @entity339 was 74% and 29% in @entity1 and controls, respectively. In the @entity1 , the regurgitant flow measured by color flow Doppler was 1.04 cm2 (range 0.2-8 cm2) and occupied 7.5% (range 2-45%) of the left atrial area. Corresponding figures for controls were 0.35 cm2 (0.1-0.6) and 2.4% (0.7-4.5), respectively. On continuous wave Doppler, most @entity1 (33/45) had Doppler signals similar to those of healthy controls. The prevalence of @entity339 was about the same in anterior and inferior @entity1188 (75 and 72% respectively). In the @entity1 , the prevalence was similar after 2 months (79%) with minor changes in the Doppler characteristics of the regurgitation (regurgitant flow 1.12 cm2 and occupying 8.1% of left atrial area). The study demonstrates that in a group of @entity1 with first-time mild to moderate @entity583 the prevalence of Doppler-recorded @entity339 is high and mild in severity in the majority of the cases. The changes remain almost similar even after 2 months.

title: XXXX following first-time @entity583 --early and late findings by Doppler echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral regurgitation']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['Mitral regurgitation']


abstract: Polygonum chinense is a Malaysian ethnic plant with various healing effects. This study was to determine preventive effect of aqueous leaf extract of P. chinense against @entity1068 -induced @entity1819 in @entity35 . @entity35 were divided into seven groups. The normal and @entity1066 control groups were orally administered with distilled water. The reference group was orally administered with 20   mg/kg @entity4546 . The experimental groups received the extracts 62.5, 125, 250, and 500   mg/kg, accordingly. After sixty minutes, distilled water and absolute @entity1068 were given (5   mL/kg) to the normal control and the others, respectively. In addition to histology, immunohistochemical and periodic acid schiff (PAS) stains, levels of lipid peroxidation, @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ), antioxidant enzymes, and @entity224 dismutase (SOD) were measured. The @entity1066 group exhibited severe @entity16 . The experimental groups significantly reduced @entity1819 and @entity1865 levels and increased SOD level. Immunohistochemistry of the experimental groups showed upregulation and downregulation of @entity18273 and @entity2310 proteins, respectively. PAS staining in these groups exhibited intense staining as compared to the @entity1066 group. Acute @entity137 study revealed the nontoxic nature of the extract. Our data provide first evidence that P. chinense extract could significantly prevent @entity2275 .

title: Gastroprotective Activity of Polygonum chinense Aqueous Leaf Extract on XXXX -Induced Hemorrhagic Mucosal Lesions in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosal injury', 'gastric lesions']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damages']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity4546 :: ('MESH:D009853', 'Chemical') :: ['omeprazole']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['gastric ulcer']

answer: @entity1068 :: (MESH:D000431,Chemical) :: ['Ethanol']