abstract: RATIONALE: @entity3119 ( @entity3119 ) @entity1 show overactivation of the orbitofrontal cortex and @entity73 that require proper orbitofrontal functioning including delayed alternation tests of spatial working memory. We recently showed that @entity3119 -like behavior is induced in @entity19 by activating orbitofrontal @entity750 1B receptors (5-HT1Bs). However, the role of 5-HT1Bs in delayed alternation remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: We examined the effects of @entity36767 activation on delayed alternation task (DAT) performance. We also assessed the ability of an effective @entity3119 treatment, @entity905 , to prevent @entity36767 -induced deficits in DAT performance. METHODS: @entity19 were tested on the DAT after acute treatment with saline, 3 or 6  mg/kg @entity52104 ( @entity36767 /1A agonist), 0.3 or 3  mg/kg @entity10097 ( @entity19472 agonist), or co-injection with 3  mg/kg @entity52104 and 5  mg/kg @entity28262 ( @entity36767 /1D antagonist). Separate @entity19 were pretreated chronically (28  days) with 10  mg/kg @entity905 and then tested on the DAT after acute treatment with 3  mg/kg @entity52104 , 0.3  mg/kg @entity10097 , or saline. RESULTS: Both doses of @entity52104 decreased accuracy and increased latency on the DAT, and @entity28262 blocked @entity52104 -induced effects on accuracy. The 0.3  mg/kg @entity10097 did not affect the DAT performance, whereas 3  mg/kg increased omissions on the DAT. Finally, @entity52104 -induced @entity71 were absent in @entity905 -pretreated @entity19 . CONCLUSIONS: We show that @entity36767 activation disrupts DAT performance in @entity19 , and chronic @entity905 pretreatment blocks these @entity36767 -induced deficits. Our findings suggest that @entity36767 receptors play an important role in modulating orbitofrontal-dependent delayed alternation. Moreover, @entity36767 -induced @entity71 may provide a @entity19 model for @entity71 in @entity3119 .

title: Effects of chronic XXXX treatment on @entity750 1B receptor-induced @entity71 .

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['deficits in cognitive tasks']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['DAT deficits']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['Obsessive-compulsive disorder', 'OCD']

answer: @entity905 :: (MESH:D005473,Chemical) :: ['fluoxetine']


abstract: In order to assess the role of neuronal activity in the regulation of the fibroblast growth factor system, we examined changes in levels of @entity664 and the expression of its receptor-1 following @entity410 . @entity302 was induced by @entity4176 injection and the @entity35 displaying @entity410 were killed 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection. To identify @entity664 and @entity10702 immunoreactivity, we used a monoclonal antibody that binds to the biological active form of @entity664 and a monoclonal antibody that recognizes @entity10702 . In normal brain tissue, fibroblast growth factor staining was widely distributed throughout the brain and appeared to be localized within the nucleus of astrocytes. Starting 6 h after @entity410 , there was a progressive increase in @entity664 immunoreactivity. The @entity410 -induced effect on @entity664 immunoreactivity was expressed in astrocytes as an enlargement of the nucleus and a spreading of the staining to the processes. This phenomenon was particularly strong in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The @entity10702 immunoreactivity was virtually absent in control brain tissue. By 3 h post- @entity410 induction, there was an increase in @entity10702 immunoreactivity in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. After 6 h, @entity10702 -positive cells appeared in the stratum oriens along the @entity1249 , @entity1250 and @entity1251 hippocampal subfields. This effect gradually expanded to other brain regions and by 24 h @entity10702 immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Fluorescent double labelling indicated that the @entity10702 immunoreactivity was expressed in astrocytes. At 24 h, some @entity10702 immunoreactivity was also observed in neuron-like cells located throughout the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Since our results indicate that @entity410 activity modulates the expression of @entity664 and @entity10702 levels, it is also possible that physiological stimulation might have similar effects. In addition, our results suggest that the fibroblast growth factor system may have a role in plasticity events triggered by physiological activity.

title: @entity410 -associated induction of XXXX and its receptor in the @entity35 brain.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity664 :: ('54250(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['basic fibroblast growth factor']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epileptiform activity']

entities_list: @entity10702 :: ('79114(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['fibroblast growth factor receptor-1']

answer: @entity664 :: (54250(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['basic fibroblast growth factor']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) alone and EST combined with @entity384 (ESBD) are important endoscopic techniques for stone extraction. We were to conduct a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of ESBD and EST. METHODS: Meta-analysis was performed respectively on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies comparing the efficacy and safety of ESBD and EST. RESULTS: The results of three RCTs showed that stone removal in first session (relative risk [RR] 1.01, 0.92-1.11, P=0.85) and the utility of endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy (EML) (RR 0.78, 0.49-1.23, P=0.29) were equivalent between ESBD and EST. ESBD has equivalent complications (RR 0.61, 0.17-2.25, P=0.46) and post-ERCP @entity788 (Peto odds ratio [OR] 1.11, 0.37-3.35, P=0.86), but less @entity548 (Peto OR 0.10, 0.03-0.30, P<0.0001). The analysis of six retrospective studies suggested higher initial success in stone removal (RR 1.11, 1.02-1.20, P=0.01) and less EML (RR 0.32, 0.22-0.46, P<0.00001) in ESBD group. Less complications (RR 0.60, 0.44-0.83, P=0.02) happened in ESBD group, but equivalent post-ERCP @entity788 (Peto OR 0.65, 0.37-1.15, P=0.14) and @entity548 (Peto OR 0.60, 0.29-1.26, P=0.18). For @entity1 with stones >=  15 mm, ESBD required less EML (RR 0.35, 0.24-0.51, P<0.00001) and caused fewer complications (RR 0.67, 0.38-0.92, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: ESBD is feasible for the treatment of @entity2877 without increased risk of complications, causing less @entity548 . However, it warrants more clinical trials to compare the efficacy and safety of ESBD and EST.

title: Endoscopic @entity384 versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for XXXX : A meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['balloon dilation']

entities_list: @entity2877 :: ('MESH:D042883', 'Disease') :: ['choledocholithiasis']

answer: @entity2877 :: (MESH:D042883,Disease) :: ['choledocholithiasis']


abstract: The complications of @entity1244 have been well described. The most common classifications used for orbital complications have been that of Chandler et al. (1970) and Moloney et al. (1987). With the ready availability of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scanners, limitations of these classifications have become apparent. The aims of this study were to determine the relative frequency of the various complications associated with @entity697 , to determine which groups of sinuses were most frequently involved and to correlate the orbital signs with a new proposed classification of orbital complications. Over a five-year period, 87 consecutive @entity1 were admitted with @entity697 . Sixty-three @entity1 (72.4 per cent) had one or more complications. When orbital complications were classified under the proposed classification, all @entity1 with @entity5768 and/or decreased eye movement had post-septal infection. @entity227 occurred only in the post-septal group. Most complications had a combination of sinus involvement with the maxillary/ethmoid/frontal combination being the most common. The authors propose a modification of Moloney's classification for orbital complications of @entity697 that allows a clear differentiation between pre- and post-septal infection and a radiological differentiation to be made between @entity2688 /phlegmon and @entity733 formation. The latter is of importance when a decision is made on whether surgical intervention is appropriate or not.

title: The Groote Schuur hospital classification of the orbital complications of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['Visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity5768 :: ('MESH:D005094', 'Disease') :: ['proptosis']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis']

answer: @entity1244 :: (MESH:D012852,Disease) :: ['sinusitis']


abstract: Nine groups of pony mares (3/group) were used in a 3 times 3 factorial experiment. The factors were dose of PGF-2 alpha (0, 0.25 of 1.25 mg and route of administration (im, iu or il). Mares were laparotomized and treated on day 7 postovulation. Jugular blood was collected for @entity1420 RIA at 0 (pretreatment) and 1,6,12,24,48, and 72 hr posttreatment. In mares given either 0.25 mg or 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha, @entity1420 concentrations were not significantly different among the three routes at any of the posttreatment times studied except at 6 hr posttreatment. In mares given 0.25 mg, @entity1420 concentrations at 6 hr was less (p less than 0.05) for mares injected im than for mares injected iu. Compared to pretreatment @entity1420 values, @entity3774 (0.25 mg and 1.25 mg groups combined) administration significantly decreased @entity1420 concentration by 12 hr posttreatment in mares injected im and 24 hr in mares injected iu or il. In the iu group, a significant increase in @entity1420 concentration occurred between 1 and 6 hr followed by a significant decrease at 12 hr posttreatment. There were no significant differences among the three routes for intervals from treatment to estrus or ovulation, length of posttreatment estrus or length of interovulatory interval. Injection of either 0.25 mg or 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha significantly shortened the interval from treatment to estrus. Although 0.25 mg tended to shorten the interval from treatment to ovulation and interovulatory interval, these two end points were significantly shortened only in mares given 1.25 mg PGF-2alpha. Results indicated that local administration (iu or il) did not improve the luteolytic efficacy of PGF-2alpha over systemic administration (im).

title: Route of XXXX injection and luteolysis in mares (38519).

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

answer: @entity3774 :: (MESH:D015237,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin F2alpha']


abstract: Physiological evidence suggests that SK-type @entity141 -activated K+ channels participate in @entity1617 -induced hyperpolarization of OHCs (outer hair cells). Based on the sequences published by Kohler et al. [(1996), Science, 273: 1709), we designed degenerated primers recognizing cDNA subunits of @entity20626 , @entity20627 and @entity20628 . Using this consensus set of primers, we probed by PCR a @entity35 organ of Corti cDNA library. Two PCR products of 707 base pairs with sequence identical to @entity20628 and @entity20627 were obtained and cloned to generate RNA probes for in situ hybridization in the @entity35 cochlea. The subunit @entity20627 showed hybridization in the organ of Corti, at the location of the OHCs. The expression of @entity20627 by OHCs was confirmed by probing with PCR a poly(A) amplified OHC cDNA library. During development, @entity20627 hybridization in the organ of Corti was negative at embryonic days E16, E18 and at P0, weak at P4 and stronger from P8 to adulthood. The subunit @entity20627 could also be detected in the spiral ganglion from P4 to the adult stage. Contrary to @entity20627 , the subunit @entity20628 did not show specific hybridization in the organ of Corti at the adult stage (P120) and only a weak expression was observed at P10 and @entity7504 . Our study demonstrates expression of @entity20627 in OHCs. These @entity972 channels are good candidates to underlie the @entity1617 -activated K+ currents recorded during patch-clamp recordings in isolated OHCs. The expression of @entity20627 in the cochlear ganglion at the adult stage suggests that SK @entity141 -activated K+ channels may also participate in the repolarization of the auditory neurons after the action potential and may influence their firing patterns.

title: Expression of small-conductance calcium-activated @entity972 channels (SK) in outer hair cells of the XXXX cochlea.

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to assess the effect of food on the bioavailability of @entity12099 from a new tablet formulation containing @entity3724 nanoparticles. METHODS: In this 3-way crossover study, 45 subjects received in a random order one 145 mg @entity3724 tablet under high-fat fed (HFF), @entity258 ( @entity258 ) or fasting (reference) conditions. Plasma concentrations of @entity12099 were determined up to 120 hours post-dose. Comparisons were made between test (HFF and @entity258 ) and reference conditions (fasting). RESULTS: Very close values of pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained following the three diffiferent regimens. The 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the ratio of geometric means of HIFF versus fasting condition were (1.018-1.088) for AUCinfinity, (1.020-1.090) for AUCt and (0.963-1.054) for Cmax with point estimate:s of 1.052, 1.054 and 1.007, respectively. The 90% CI for the geometric means of @entity258 versus fasting condition were (0.978-1.046) for AUGinfinity, (0.981-1.047) for AUCt and (0.964-1.055) for Cmax with point estimates of 1.012, 1.013 and 1.009, respectively. They all fall within the required limits for bioequivalence (0.80-1.25). A slightly prolonged tmax was observed following HFF conditions (4.3 +/- 1.9 hours, versus 3.6 +/- 1.2 hours and 2.3 +/- 0.7 hours under @entity258 and fasting conditions, respectively), without any effect on mean Cmax. CONCLUSION: The peak and overall exposures from the new 145 mg @entity3724 tablet were not affected by food. Therefore, this new @entity3724 tablet may be taken without regard to the timing of meals.

title: Absence of a food effect with a 145 mg nanoparticle XXXX tablet formulation.

entities_list: @entity3724 :: ('MESH:D011345', 'Chemical') :: ['fenofibrate']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low-fat fed', 'LFF']

entities_list: @entity12099 :: ('MESH:C006012', 'Chemical') :: ['fenofibric acid']

answer: @entity3724 :: (MESH:D011345,Chemical) :: ['fenofibrate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A multicenter phase II trial was initiated in order to evaluate the weekly, high-dose 24-hour infusion of @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) plus @entity4181 (FA) in @entity1 with unresectable @entity14 . @entity1 AND METHODS: A weekly hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of FA 500 mg/m2 followed by a 24-hour infusion of @entity1487 2,600 mg/m2 (later reduced to 2,200 mg/m2) was given via a surgically implanted intra-arterial port system. One treatment cycle consisted of six weekly applications followed by a two-week rest period. @entity137 was assessed according to the WHO criteria. Chemotherapy was continued until disease progression or complete response occurred. RESULTS: A total of 50 @entity1 (40 chemonaive, 10 pre-treated) entered this trial. An objective @entity5 response occurred in 28 @entity1 (56%), while 13 @entity1 (26%) had stable disease. The median progression free survival was 12 months, and the median survival 22.3 months. Due to a high rate of gastrointestinal side-effects in the initial phase of the trial, the dosage of @entity1487 was reduced to 2,200 mg/m2 for all subsequent @entity1 . @entity294 and @entity390 led to a dose reduction in 40% of applications and 24% of @entity1 , respectively. One @entity1 died of @entity299 unrelated to chemotherapy before response evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: This HAI approach using high-dose @entity1487 was relatively well tolerated when 2,200 mg/m2 instead of 2,600 mg/m2 was used. The activity of this regimen is promising and warrants further evaluation and modification.

title: Phase II study of weekly 24-hour intra-arterial high-dose infusion of XXXX and @entity4181 for liver metastases from @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['folinic acid']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer hepatic metastases']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac insufficiency']

answer: @entity1487 :: (MESH:D005472,Chemical) :: ['5-fluorouracil']


abstract: Body composition changes occur with @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ): @entity1386 ( @entity1386 ) decreases and fat mass (FM) increases. @entity1386 has been reported to correlate with resting energy expenditure (REE) in non- @entity1566 individuals. This report addresses the question as to whether REE correlates with measures of @entity1386 in individuals with @entity451 . Twelve males with chronic @entity451 had measurements of total body @entity972 (TBK), an indicator of lean tissue, by whole body 40K counting, and @entity1386 by dual photon x-ray absorptiometry (FFMDPX). REE was measured using a metabolic cart for exhaled gas analysis. Corrleations between REE and TBK, and REE and FFMDPX were determined. The mean TBK for the group was 2,850 +/- 190 mEq. In all subjects, TBK was below that of expected (predicted from age, height, and weight). For the group this was 34 +/- 0.04% below predicted. The mean FFMDPX was 58.3 +/- 3.3 kg. Following an overnight fast, REE was measured for each subject while in a seated position. The mean REE was 1,855 +/- 70 kcal/day. REE correlates well with both TBK (r = 0.86, p < 0.0005) and FFMDPX (r = 0.80, p < 0.005). In summary, despite losses in metabolically active tissue in individuals with chronic @entity451 , TBK and FFMDPX continue to have a strong relationship with REE. REE (kcal/d) may be used as an indicator of TBK or FFMDPX using the following linear regression equations: TBK (mEq) = 2.28.REE (kcal/d) - 1,377 (SEE = +/- 347) or FFMDPX (kg) = 0.038.REE (kcal/d) - 11.5 (SEE = +/- 7).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The relationship between total body @entity972 and resting energy expenditure in individuals with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity1386 :: ('MESH:D018205', 'Disease') :: ['FFM', 'fat-free mass']

answer: @entity451 :: (MESH:C536857,Disease) :: ['paraplegia']


abstract: Six lighthorse stallions with previous sexual experience were used to determine the short-term effects of sexual stimulation (SS; 5 min exposure to an estrous mare), @entity2754 ( @entity2754 ), and no stimulation (control) on serum concentrations of LH, FSH, @entity251 , @entity701 and @entity4090 . Stallions received one treatment per day on d 1, 4 and 7. Treatments were assigned such that each stallion 1) received each treatment once and 2) experienced a unique sequence of treatments. Neither SS nor @entity2754 had any consistent effects on LH or FSH concentrations. @entity251 concentrations during control bleedings increased (P less than .05) with time. This increase was suppressed (P less than .05) by both SS and @entity2754 . @entity701 concentrations increased (P less than .05) immediately after SS and @entity2754 . @entity701 concentrations also tended to increase during the control bleedings, but only in stallions that previously had been exposed to SS or @entity2754 . @entity4090 concentrations increased (P less than .05) immediately after SS and @entity2754 and tended to rise during control bleedings in stallions previously exposed to SS or @entity2754 . We conclude that 1) @entity4090 and @entity701 were secreted rapidly in response to SS and @entity2754 , 2) the rise in @entity701 concentrations likely suppressed @entity251 secretion within the next hour, and 3) stallions appeared to associate the distant sounds of other stallions with their own previous exposure to SS and @entity2754 , resulting in a @entity701 response (and perhaps a @entity4090 response) even in the absence of direct stimulation.

title: Effects of sexual stimulation, with and without ejaculation, on serum concentrations of LH, FSH, @entity251 , XXXX and @entity4090 in stallions.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone', 'Testosterone']

entities_list: @entity4090 :: ('5617', 'Gene') :: ['prolactin', 'Prolactin']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol', 'cortisol']

entities_list: @entity2754 :: ('MESH:D061686', 'Disease') :: ['SSE', 'SS plus ejaculation']

answer: @entity701 :: (MESH:D006854,Chemical) :: ['cortisol']


abstract: Approximately 80% of @entity1 with @entity565 have coexisting @entity2023 . The accurate recognition and assessment of @entity565 and @entity2490 symptoms is an integral component of guideline-based treatment for both conditions. This article describes the development and preliminary evaluation of a novel paradigm for testing the accuracy of @entity1 's assessment of their upper airway ( @entity2490 ) symptoms. This work is guided by our previous research showing the clinical efficacy of tools to evaluate @entity1 's perceptual accuracy of @entity565 symptoms and linking accurate @entity565 symptom perception to decreased @entity565 morbidity (Fritz G, et al., Ethnic differences in perception of lung function: A factor in pediatric @entity565 disparities? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:12-18, 2010; Klein RB, et al., The Asthma Risk Grid: Clinical interpretation of symptom perception, Allergy Asthma @entity3790 251-256, 2004). The pilot study tests a paradigm that allows for the examination of the correspondence of @entity1 's assessment of their upper airway functioning with actual values of upper airway flow through the use of a portable, handheld nasal peak flowmeter. Nine @entity1 with persistent @entity565 were evaluated over a 4-week period. The article describes the @entity2490 perceptual accuracy paradigm and reviews the results of a pilot study, showing a large proportion of inaccurate @entity2490 symptoms "guesses" by the sample of @entity1 with persistent @entity565 . Patterns of inaccuracy, @entity2490 control, and @entity565 morbidity are also described. Directions for future work are reviewed. The development of clinical tools to evaluate @entity1 's accuracy of @entity2490 symptoms are needed, given the central role of the self-assessment of symptoms in guideline-based care. Accurate perception of the severity of @entity2490 symptoms may enhance @entity2490 control, lessen the burden of @entity565 , and prevent unnecessary emergency use among this high-risk group of @entity1 .

title: Perceptual accuracy of upper airway compromise in XXXX : Clinical relevance and future directions for research.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['allergic rhinitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that @entity5052 induces @entity65 resulting in @entity101 and @entity8 because of vascular @entity409 . The pathogenesis of @entity5052 , @entity409 , @entity101 , and @entity8 is progressive, and develops into a vicious cycle. It is reasonable to suggest that an antihypertensive drug with endothelial protection may block this vicious cycle. @entity54786 , a novel antihypertensive drug undergoing phase-three clinical trials, is a new @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channel opener and can ameliorate @entity409 . We hypothesized that @entity54786 could prevent @entity101 and retard the pathogenesis of @entity409 and @entity8 in @entity9503 @entity35 . METHODS AND RESULTS: In @entity35 with @entity5052 induced by 2% @entity32886 and 0.1 mmol/l @entity414 , @entity54786 prevented @entity101 , reduced the impairment of endothelial vasodilator function, and @entity8 and pathological changes in glomerular and renal interstitial tissue at 0.5, 1.5, and 4.5 mg/kg orally daily for 4 weeks. Serum levels of @entity842 and @entity4770 , and gene expression of endothelial @entity842 synthase in the aortic and intrarenal tissue, were increased, whereas the serum levels of @entity1827 and gene expression of @entity1827 in aortic and intrarenal tissue were decreased. However, serum levels of @entity1808 and renin remained unchanged in the @entity9503 @entity35 treated with @entity54786 . In cultured @entity35 aortic endothelial cells, amelioration of @entity409 by @entity54786 was suggested by inhibition of the overexpression of intercellular adhesive molecule-1, vascular cell adhesive molecule-1, and @entity657 mRNA induced by @entity414 , and reversal of the inhibitory effects of @entity414 on @entity842 release in a concentration-dependent manner, which could be abolished by pretreatment with @entity5217 , an @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channel blocker. @entity54786 ameliorated @entity5052 in this @entity35 model by decreasing renal damage through its antihypertensive and endothelial protective properties, and it had no direct effects on anabolism, catabolism and excretion of @entity414 . CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the activation of @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channels by @entity54786 can protect endothelial function against @entity101 and @entity8 induced by @entity5052 . @entity54786 is suitable for use in @entity101 individuals with @entity5052 .

title: Activation of @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channels protects vascular endothelial cells from XXXX and @entity8 induced by @entity5052 .

entities_list: @entity9503 :: ('MESH:C537696', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemic']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal injury', 'attenuated renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'increases in systolic blood pressure', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity657 :: ('24770(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['monocyte chemoattractant protein-1']

entities_list: @entity32886 :: ('MESH:D010094', 'Chemical') :: ['oxonic acid']

entities_list: @entity54786 :: ('MESH:C502260', 'Chemical') :: ['Iptakalim', 'iptakalim']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glibenclamide']

entities_list: @entity4770 :: ('MESH:D011464', 'Chemical') :: ['prostacyclin']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['reno-cardiovascular damage']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim is to report the 10-year retrospective experience of systemic chemotherapy for a population-based group of @entity1 with @entity995 at a national referral centre. The outcomes include control rates, treatment side-effects, adjuvant therapy, failure rate, survival, secondary @entity5 and @entity227 . METHODS: All @entity1 (n = 24, 46 eyes) diagnosed with @entity995 and treated with systemic chemotherapy at a national referral centre during 2001-2011 were included. Data were extracted from medical records. RESULTS: The @entity1 were followed for a mean of 60 months (range 13-144). Four-six cycles of VEC was administered to all newly diagnosed group B/C/D/E eyes with bilateral disease and 83% (38 of 46) responded to the treatment. None of the @entity1 discontinued chemotherapy because of adverse reactions. Altogether 26% (12 of 46) of the eyes received second-line therapy (other than thermotherapy, cryotherapy and chemotherapy). The failure rate was 35% (16 of 46) and mortality rate 0%. None of the @entity1 developed CNS manifestations ( @entity3 or @entity995 ). One of the @entity1 developed a second @entity5 ( @entity421 ) 4 years following @entity995 diagnosis. Altogether 17% (4 of 24) @entity1 received radiation therapy, 28% (13 of 46) of the eyes had to be enucleated, and one @entity1 underwent bilateral enucleation. The age-correlated @entity227 was mean of 73% of expected @entity227 . CONCLUSION: Group A/B @entity995 have a distinct chemotherapy response, while group C/D/E @entity5 do not respond as well. The success rate was 65%; while @entity1 have a good prognosis for life, approximately one-third of all hereditary cases received radiation therapy or underwent enucleation.

title: A 10-year experience of outcome in chemotherapy-treated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual acuity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'primary tumour', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary retinoblastoma', 'retinoblastoma', 'retinoblastomas', 'trilateral retinoblastoma']

answer: @entity995 :: (MESH:D012175,Disease) :: ['hereditary retinoblastoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the reliability of the histopathologic diagnosis of @entity8205 among diverse dermatopathologists who had no joint training, agreed to abide by predetermined criteria, and who were provided reference photomicrographs illustrative of the criteria. DESIGN, SETTING, AND @entity1 : A stratified random sample of 112 @entity5 were chosen from the files of the pathology department of a large staff-model health maintenance organization. The original diagnoses included typical and @entity8205 and @entity320 . A single representative slide for each case was interpreted independently by each of the 5 panel dermatopathologists and 2 @entity320 specialists. They had no prior knowledge of the original diagnosis or the diagnoses of the other panel members. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Interrater reliability was measured by intraclass and Pearson correlation coefficients. Each case was graded on a 5-point scale from no @entity1141 to @entity320 . RESULTS: The intraclass correlation among the panel members was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-0.73). The Pearson correlations of each of the 5 panel dermatopathologists with the mean of the 2 @entity320 specialists ranged from 0.67 to 0.84, and the correlations of the mean of the panel with the 2 @entity320 specialists were 0.79 and 0.82; the mean reading of the @entity320 specialists correlated 0.89 with the mean panel reading. Apparent protocol violations occurred in 6.5% of the readings. CONCLUSIONS: Agreement was substantial to excellent for the histopathologic diagnosis of 112 @entity5 by dermatopathologists. Using predetermined criteria, @entity8205 can be reproducibly graded among diverse general dermatopathologists.

title: Reliability of the histopathologic diagnosis of XXXX . The Dysplastic Nevus Panel.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic tumors']

entities_list: @entity8205 :: ('MESH:D009508', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic melanocytic nevi', 'melanocytic dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity8205 :: (MESH:D009508,Disease) :: ['melanocytic dysplasia']


abstract: Distal @entity7145 is defined as a @entity5 originating from an endobrachyesophagus or a @entity5 with its main @entity5 mass (more than two-thirds) located in the distal tubular esophagus. Controversy exists about the optimal mode of surgical resection. Some favor transthoracic esophagectomy, whereas others prefer transhiatal (blunt) esophagectomy. A radical transhiatal esophagectomy (RTE) combined with two-field lymphadenectomy and mediastinoscopic dissection of the upper thoracic esophagus (endodissection) is described herein. We assessed the short- and long-term results of this technique and compared them to a historical group of @entity1 undergoing conventional transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) for @entity420 of the distal esophagus. Altogether 124 @entity1 underwent transmediastinal esophagectomy because of @entity420 of the distal esophagus in our department between January 1986 and May 1995. Thirteen of these @entity1 were excluded from this analysis because of preoperative chemotherapy. The remaining 109 @entity1 were divided into two groups: 62 @entity1 who underwent THE between January 1986 and March 1991 (51 @entity1 , 11 @entity1 ; mean age 65.3 years, range 31-83 years) and 47 @entity1 who had RTE between April 1991 and May 1995 (44 @entity1 , 3 @entity1 ; mean age 63.4 years, range 41-84 years). To compare the long-term results of RTE and THE, we used a matched-pairs analysis considering @entity5 stage and age. The hospital (30-day) mortality was marginally lower in the RTE group (4.3% versus 6.4%), resulting in an overall mortality of 5.5%. The rate of @entity358 was insignificantly lower in the RTE group [19.1% RTE versus 25.8% THE; not significant (NS), and the rate of postoperative @entity299 significantly decreased after RTE (2.6% RTE versus 19.3% THE; p < 0.05). The overall rate of R0 resections was 87.2% (82.2% RTE, 87.1% THE). Overall survival was similar within the two study groups. @entity5 and N stages, and the lymph node ratio were identified as prognostic factors for long-term survival. Overall survival was better after RTE than after conventional THE in @entity1 with involved lymph nodes. The mean number of resected lymph nodes per @entity1 in the RTE group was 26.7. Positive lymph nodes were most common in the paracardial region and at the lesser curvature (72%/10.8% of all invaded abdominal nodes). In the mediastinum positive nodes were most common in the paraesophageal and paraaortal region (48%/27% of all mediastinal nodes). @entity1 with positive abdominal and mediastinal lymph nodes had a poor long-term prognosis. Distal @entity7145 can be safely resected by RTE with two-field lymphadenectomy and endodissection. This technique allows radical "enbloc" resection of the @entity5 -bearing distal third of the esophagus, which includes the primary area of lymph node metastasis of @entity420 of the distal esophagus: the lower mediastinum and paracardial region. The analysis showed that RTE incurred fewer @entity299 and a better overall survival in N1-positive @entity1 when compared retrospectively to THE. Intraoperative mediastinoscopy allows controlled dissection of the upper mediastinum and biopsy of several mediastinal lymph nodes, with the advantage of providing additional staging information.

title: Radical transhiatal esophagectomy with two-field lymphadenectomy and endodissection for distal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Complete tumor removal, T']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities', 'cardiac complications']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7145 :: ('MESH:C562730', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma of the esophagus']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['esophageal adenocarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity420 (AC) and @entity957 ( @entity957 ) have distinct clinico-pathologic characteristics; however, it is unclear whether treatment patterns differ by histologic subtype. The objective of this study was to examine differences in treatment use and outcomes by histologic subtype for @entity418 in the United States. METHODS: From the National Cancer Data Base, @entity1 with @entity418 were identified. Regression models were formulated to assess the influence of histologic subtype on treatment use and overall survival. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2007, 80,961 @entity1 were identified with @entity418 in the United States. A higher percentage of @entity1 with nonmetastatic AC underwent surgical resection compared with @entity1 with nonmetastatic @entity957 (AC, 65.7%; @entity957 , 36.0%; P<.001), who were more often treated with chemoradiotherapy alone (AC, 25.7%; @entity957 , 54.1%; P<.001). High-volume academic centers used surgery more frequently for both AC and @entity957 than did other centers, yet even at high-volume academic centers, surgery was used much less often to treat @entity957 than AC (AC, 79.3%; @entity957 , 53.7%; P<.001). The likelihood of operative treatment for nonmetastatic disease was significantly lower in @entity1 with @entity957 compared with @entity1 with AC (P<.001). Overall survival was lower for @entity1 with stage II/III disease of either histologic subtype treated with chemoradiotherapy alone compared with surgery plus chemoradiotherapy (P<.001). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of @entity1 with @entity418 are being treated nonoperatively, and treatment use varies according to @entity5 histology, particularly by center type.

title: Effect of histologic subtype on treatment and outcomes for XXXX in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'SCC']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: The effects of @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) concentration and exposure time on the inhibition of @entity5 cell @entity894 ( @entity894 ) were studied using surgical @entity150 samples from 14 @entity1 . The @entity150 were cultured as 1-mm3 fragments on collagen gels. @entity894 was determined by incorporation of @entity665 and autoradiography. All @entity5 responded to @entity1139 . However, the sensitivity varied significantly between @entity5 . At a 2-h exposure, the concentrations required for 50 and 90% inhibition (IC50 and IC90) ranged from 0.237 to 14.9 and 2.76 to 74.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. There was an inverse correlation between @entity1139 activity and @entity5 @entity894 ; the IC values were higher for the more rapidly proliferating @entity5 . Exposure time had a pronounced effect on @entity1139 activity. Shortening the exposure time from 2 to 0.5 h increased the IC50 3-fold, while prolonging the exposure time from 2 to 24 h decreased the IC50 6-fold. To determine the minimum concentration and exposure time necessary to reduce @entity5 @entity894 by 90%, the data for 6 @entity5 were computer fitted to the pharmacodynamic relationship Cn x T = k. The analysis showed that, on average, a 2.5-h exposure of 3 micrograms/ml was needed for 50% inhibition and a 7-h exposure of 8 micrograms/ml was needed for 90% inhibition. A comparison of the IC values of @entity1139 determined in this study with the literature values determined using monolayer and spheroid cultures of established @entity1 @entity150 cell lines showed that the drug activity in cultured @entity5 fragments ranged from 7- to 5300-fold lower than that in established cell lines. In summary, our data demonstrate a heterogeneity in the response of @entity150 from individual @entity1 to @entity1139 , a decreased sensitivity to @entity1139 with increasing @entity5 proliferation, and that drug concentration and exposure time are critical determinants of @entity1139 activity.

title: Pharmacodynamics of @entity1138 in cultured XXXX @entity150 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['labeling index', 'LI']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]thymidine']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor', 'bladder tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: AIMS: To determine the incidence of @entity2790 (IOP) elevation in the eyes of subjects with @entity9042 and establish the relationship between IOP and corticosteroid administrations in this population. METHODS: Following strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, a retrospective analysis was performed on a consecutive series of penetrating keratoplasties performed for @entity9042 observing a standardised surgical and postoperative regimen in Auckland, New Zealand. @entity1 demographics, ocular, medical, and family history, and pre- and postoperative data were recorded until 12 months postkeratoplasty. RESULTS: In all, 57 eyes of 48 @entity1 were included-31% New Zealand Europeans, 42% Pacific @entity1 , 15% Maori, and 12% other. Eighteen eyes (32%) of 17 @entity1 (35%) exhibited elevated IOP and 12 (21%) eyes exhibited moderate-to-severe elevation of IOP. IOP elevation occurred 3-6 months postkeratoplasty in 78% of eyes. Elevated IOP was significantly less common in Maori and Pacific @entity1 (P=0.02). All eyes except one required reduction/cessation of corticosteroids to normalise IOP. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of presumed @entity134 -related postkeratoplasty IOP elevation, in 35% of subjects with @entity9042 , is markedly higher in this New Zealand study than previously reported in the US and UK studies. Further clinical and genetic analysis of associations between @entity9042 and @entity134 -induced IOP elevation and @entity726 might improve our current understanding of this condition.

title: Corticosteroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation in XXXX is common following uncomplicated penetrating keratoplasty.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['peoples', 'patients', 'Patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['postkeratoplasty intraocular pressure']

entities_list: @entity9042 :: ('MESH:D007640', 'Disease') :: ['keratoconus']

answer: @entity9042 :: (MESH:D007640,Disease) :: ['keratoconus']


abstract: Brain structural deviation is known to be present in chronic @entity1 with @entity161 when compared with normal age-matched individuals. While the assumption is that these differences are based on a neurodevelopmental disturbance, whether they are static or continue to change throughout the disease process remains unknown. The following report describes a prospective follow-up study of first episode cases of @entity161 . Analyses of MRI evaluations on an approximate annual basis for a minimum of four years are presented on 50 @entity1 and 20 controls. Computer-assisted image analysis measuring the volume of several brain regions, using the program ANALYZE (Mayo Clinic), was performed on all scans. @entity1 were compared with controls for the rate of change over time in size of structures. No differences were found for the volumes of the caudate nucleus, temporal lobes, or hippocampus; and no changes in the degree of cerebral laterality were detected. However, there was a significant difference in the rate of change in the overall volumes of left and right hemispheres (P < 0.0004 and 0.001, respectively), right cerebellum (P < 0.02) and area of the isthmus of the corpus callosum (P < 0.05). The left cerebral ventricle had significantly greater enlargement over time when measured on coronal slice sequences (P < 0.02), but was not detected by axial views. These findings suggest that a subtle active brain process may be continuing through the first few years of a @entity161 causing greater than the normal adult cortical deterioration. Further studies using other methods of image analysis and over a longer period of time are needed to determine the course and nature of this biologic process.

title: @entity161 as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'schizophrenic illness']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: Cystic neck masses are varied in their histology and embryogenesis. Because neural, vascular, and @entity75 may all appear cystic, a multimodality imaging approach can help identify these potential mimics. Developmental neck cysts include @entity12743 , and @entity75 . Although laryngoceles are acquired lesions, @entity154 (e.g., abnormally long saccules) may play a role in their formation. Lesion location is at least as important a determinant as morphology in formulating the differential diagnosis of a cystic neck mass. Midline @entity5409 are most commonly thyroglossal duct cysts, although @entity5 are also frequently midline. @entity957 metastatic to anterior triangle lymph nodes (Fig. 17), and cystic, @entity39 , can mimic the typical appearance of an @entity12743 . Posterior triangle lymphadenopathy and @entity75 may resemble @entity3609 . Cystic-appearing masses in the carotid space include @entity5 , vascular @entity715 , and carotid chain lymphadenopathy. Neural-based lesions typically occur posterolateral to the carotid artery. @entity39 may be suggested by lesion multiplicity, or by the presence of ancillary features, such as systemic symptoms, or the existence of a @entity5 . It must be emphasized that the primary role of the radiologist in head and neck imaging is to help stage disease and guide surgery. Despite clinical and radiographic analysis, the diagnosis of many lesions ultimately depends on image-guided or excisional biopsy.

title: Imaging of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity3609 :: ('MESH:D018191', 'Disease') :: ['cystic hygromas']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic schwanommas', 'Necrotic lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['lipomatous lesions', 'teratomatous lesions or lymphangiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic tumors', 'dermoid tumors', 'primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['Squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity12743 :: ('MESH:D001935', 'Disease') :: ['thyroglossal duct, thymic, and branchial cleft cysts', 'infected second branchial cleft cyst']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thromboses']

answer: @entity5409 :: (MESH:D052177,Disease) :: ['cystic lesions']


abstract: The frequency and severity of adverse reactions are the main reasons for low compliance of mass drug administration ( @entity1865 ) under the Programme to Eliminate @entity3754 (PELF). This paper reports the frequency and types of adverse reactions during two MDAs during January 2002 and September 2004 in the State of Orissa, India. Of the @entity1 who consumed the drugs, 15.5% in the 2002 @entity1865 and 16.5% in the 2004 @entity1865 reported one or more adverse reactions. This rate is higher (49.7%) in a group of individuals who were monitored for 6 days from the day of consumption of drugs during the 2002 @entity1865 . However, many of these reactions were mild. No significant difference was found in the frequency of adverse reactions between @entity1865 with @entity6566 ( @entity6567 ) alone and with @entity6567 and @entity3753 . Significant gender differences were found in the 2004 @entity1865 but no such differences were found in the 2002 @entity1865 ; however, the frequency of adverse reactions increased with age. Of all the adverse reactions, systemic adverse reactions typically associated with microfilarial death were more frequent. The frequency of adverse reactions was higher in microfilaraemics compared with amicrofilaraemic controls. The present study warrants developing an active adverse reaction surveillance system to minimise the impact of adverse reactions on @entity1865 compliance.

title: Adverse reactions following mass drug administration during the Programme to Eliminate XXXX in Orissa State, India.

entities_list: @entity3753 :: ('MESH:D015766', 'Chemical') :: ['albendazole']

entities_list: @entity6566 :: ('MESH:D004049', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylcarbamazine']

entities_list: @entity3754 :: ('MESH:D004605', 'Disease') :: ['Lymphatic Filariasis']

answer: @entity3754 :: (MESH:D004605,Disease) :: ['Lymphatic Filariasis']


abstract: The results for 162 @entity1 who underwent curative gastrectomy for @entity356 from January 1988 to June 1994 were analysed statistically with special reference to the effect of lymph node dissection. Median survival was 69.3 months and the overall cumulative 5-year survival rate was 50.2 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 41.6-58.1) per cent. By univariate analysis age, histology, depth of @entity5 invasion, node involvement, number of metastatic lymph nodes and type of lymphadenectomy were found to be significant factors related to survival time. Multivariate analysis with the Cox model and stratified for @entity5 node @entity3 stage revealed that only the number of metastatic nodes (P = 0.04) and the extent of lymphadenectomy (P = 0.003) affected survival independently. With respect to D1 lymphadenectomy, the relative risk associated with D2 and D4 lymphadenectomy was respectively 0.61 (95 per cent c.i. 0.34-1.10) and 0.26 (95 per cent c.i. 0.12-0.60). The 5-year survival rate was 28 per cent for @entity1 who had a D1 dissection, 63 per cent for those who had D2 and 68 per cent for those who had D4. These results suggest that extended lymphadenectomy (D2) and especially superextended lymphadenectomy (D4) can improve survival in @entity1 with @entity356 .

title: Prognostic significance of lymph node dissection in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Currently, no validated instruments are available to measure the health status of Bangladeshi @entity1 with @entity239 ( @entity239 ). The aims of this study were to cross-culturally adapt the modified @entity239 Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) into Bengali (B-FIQ) and to test its validity and reliability in Bangladeshi @entity1 with @entity239 . METHODS: The FIQ was translated following cross-cultural adaptation guidelines and pretested in 30 female @entity1 with @entity239 . Next, the adapted B-FIQ was physician-administered to 102 consecutive female @entity239 @entity1 together with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), selected subscales of the SF-36, and visual analog scales for current clinical symptoms. A @entity925 ( @entity925 ) was performed by an experienced rheumatologist. Forty randomly selected @entity1 completed the B-FIQ again after 7 days. Two control groups of 50 healthy @entity1 and 50 @entity309 ( @entity309 ) @entity1 also completed the B-FIQ. RESULTS: For the final B-FIQ, five physical function sub-items were replaced with culturally appropriate equivalents. Internal consistency was adequate for both the 11-item physical function subscale (a = 0.73) and the total scale (a = 0.83). With exception of the physical function subscale, expected correlations were generally observed between the B-FIQ items and selected subscales of the SF-36, HAQ, clinical symptoms, and @entity925 . The B-FIQ was able to discriminate between @entity239 @entity1 and healthy controls and between @entity239 @entity1 and @entity309 @entity1 . Test-retest reliability was adequate for the physical function subscale (r = 0.86) and individual items (r = 0.73-0.86), except @entity148 (r = 0.27) and morning tiredness (r = 0.64). CONCLUSION: This study supports the reliability and validity of the B-FIQ as a measure of functional disability and health status in Bangladeshi @entity1 with @entity239 .

title: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a Bengali version of the modified XXXX impact questionnaire.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['Fibromyalgia', 'fibromyalgia', 'FM']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['tender point count', 'TPC']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity239 :: (MESH:D005356,Disease) :: ['fibromyalgia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Reactive @entity26 species including @entity224 have been shown to promote @entity731 . We previously showed that a major source of @entity224 , the @entity1110 oxidase system, is upregulated in the intima and adventitia during remodelling induced by periarterial collars in @entity95 . We have now examined the action of the @entity1110 oxidase inhibitor @entity12824 , given via the adventitia, on the @entity8233 formation and endothelial function in this model. METHODS: Perivascular collars were implanted around the common carotid arteries of male NZW @entity95 for 14 days to induce intimal thickening. The periarterial space of one collar was filled with @entity12824 (1 mM) while the contralateral collar with the vehicle (0.1% @entity3733 ). RESULTS: After 14 days, local treatment with @entity12824 via the adventitia, reduced @entity224 generation. In addition, @entity12824 significantly reduced @entity8233 formation and proliferation of cells in both the @entity8233 and adventitia. Moreover, NO-dependent vasorelaxation to @entity934 , which is normally impaired in collared arteries, was improved, and @entity12824 suppressed the endothelial expression of @entity12048 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1110 oxidase is implicated in vascular remodelling and @entity224 -stimulated cell proliferation in the @entity8233 contributes to intimal @entity1373 in this collar model. Targeting @entity1110 oxidase via adventitial drug delivery not only reduces @entity224 generation, but also normalises endothelial cell function. Targeting the primary source of @entity1110 oxidase-derived @entity224 is an effective approach to prevent deleterious arterial remodelling, providing a rationale for designing more efficacious and selective inhibitors of vascular @entity1110 oxidase as potential therapeutics for @entity1 @entity455 .

title: Adventitial application of the @entity1110 oxidase inhibitor @entity12824 in vivo reduces @entity8233 formation and endothelial dysfunction in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

entities_list: @entity12048 :: ('100008901(Tax:9986)', 'Gene') :: ['intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherogenesis']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity8233 :: ('MESH:D058426', 'Disease') :: ['neointima']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: @entity543 is currently estimated using methods based on flow velocity or two-dimensional projection images. Manipulation of magnetic resonance (MR) images in three dimensions (3-D MR) allows for direct measurement of carotid artery cross-sectional luminal area. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the accuracy of 3-DMR as a technique for estimating @entity543 , and (2) to compare 3-D MR results with estimates from duplex ultrasound sonography (DUS) and conventional angiography. Twenty-nine @entity1 underwent rapid, contrast-enhanced MRA within 1 month prior to carotid endarterectomy to obtain 3-D angiographic images of the carotid bifurcation. From these data, post-processing software was used to generate a @entity2270 through the center of the vessel along which orthogonal cross-sectional images were taken. Luminal area measurements at the location of @entity850 and the distal normal internal carotid artery were obtained and used to calculate percent area @entity850 . Applying the same procedure, 18 en bloc, ex vivo carotid plaques served as the standard against which we compared in vivo 3-D MR measurements at the location of @entity850 . Percent @entity850 comparisons between MRA, angiography, and duplex ultrasound were also made. Our results showed that the measurement of luminal area by 3-DMR is accurate in predicting the degree of @entity543 . Direct measurement of luminal area may overcome limitations inherent to methods that rely on flow velocities and two-dimensional views of the carotid vasculature. A larger prospective study is necessary to confirm the reliability of this technique.

title: Cross-sectional magnetic resonance angiography is accurate in predicting degree of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2270 :: ('MESH:C566610', 'Disease') :: ['longitudinal axis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis', 'carotid artery stenosis', 'Carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis', 'tightest stenosis']

answer: @entity543 :: (MESH:D016893,Disease) :: ['carotid stenosis']


abstract: The mechanism of severe @entity339 ( @entity339 ) due to active @entity627 is ill defined. This study involved 73 @entity1 , aged 7 to 27 years (mean 13), with severe @entity339 and active @entity627 who were subjected to surgery. Sixty-one were studied retrospectively (group 1) and 12 prospectively (group 2). Active @entity627 was diagnosed according to the modified Jones' criteria, morphologic appearances of the heart at operation and histology of the valve. All @entity1 had preoperative 2-dimensional echocardiographic and intraoperative assessment of the mitral valve apparatus. The presence of @entity3454 --defined as failure of leaflet edge coaptation resulting in systolic displacement of the free edge of the involved leaflet toward the left atrium--was determined in all @entity1 . Mitral anular diameter and maximal systolic chordal length were measured at 2-dimensional echocardiography in group 2 @entity1 and compared to values obtained from matched control subjects. Anular and chordal dimensions in 6 of the group 2 @entity1 were correlated with precise measurements obtained at surgery. @entity3454 involving the anterior leaflet was detected on echocardiography and confirmed at surgery in 69 @entity1 (94%). Mitral anular dilatation was observed at operation in 70 @entity1 (96%). Maximal anular diameter was significantly greater (p less than 0.0001) than in matched control subjects (37 +/- 4 vs 23 +/- 2 mm). The mean anular dimension measured at surgery (36 +/- 3 mm) was similar to that obtained by echocardiography and individual values using the 2 methods correlated well (r = 0.93). Chordal elongation was observed in 66 @entity1 at operation (90%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Functional anatomy of severe @entity339 in active XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3454 :: ('MESH:D008945', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve prolapse', 'Mitral valve prolapse']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic carditis']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['rheumatic carditis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Liver transplantation (OLT) in @entity1 has seen significant improvements in recent years. Long-term immunosuppressive strategies have focused on avoiding the risks of long-term immunosuppression, particularly nephrotoxicity, de novo @entity5 . Since its introduction in renal transplantation in 1999, @entity3446 (SRL) has been used by an increasing number of liver transplant centers. The aim of this study was to review the experience using SRL in pediatric liver transplant recipients at a single center. METHODS: Between 1989 and 2006, 318 @entity1 underwent OLT including 13 who were converted to SRL therapy because of @entity1140 -related side effects. The indications were @entity1071 ( @entity1071 ; n = 11), nephrotoxicity (n = 1), and de novo @entity775 (n = 1). One @entity1 with @entity1071 previously concurrently displayed chronic rejection. SRL dosages ranged between 0.4 and 5 mg/d. The median duration of follow-up was 18 months. RESULTS: @entity1071 recurred in 1 @entity1 . There were no episodes of acute rejection. One @entity1 developed @entity407 that resolved with diet and medication. CONCLUSIONS: Conversion from @entity1140 to SRL in selected pediatric liver transplant recipients is safe. @entity1 with @entity1071 may benefit from immunosuppression with SRL after liver transplantation.

title: XXXX in pediatric liver transplantation: a single-center experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'children', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease', 'PTLD']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy and late infections']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity1140 :: ('MESH:D016559', 'Chemical') :: ['tacrolimus']

entities_list: @entity775 :: ('MESH:D019693', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune hepatitis']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['Sirolimus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A multicenter clinical trial was performed to evaluate and validate the performance of Cervista HPV HR test and to establish its effectiveness in identifying @entity1 at risk of having @entity3146 ( @entity3146 ) or higher grade ( @entity3146 +) in the Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Residual ThinPrep Pap Test samples from @entity1 who are negative for intraepithelial lesion or @entity5 (NILM) and @entity10479 ( @entity10479 ) or higher grade cytology were tested for high-risk @entity1082 ). The HPV test results were compared with histology results to determine the clinical sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive @entity9273 for @entity3146 +. The analytical accuracy of Cervista HPV HR compared with consensus HPV L1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/sequencing was also determined. RESULT: A total of 1,064 subjects were enrolled, including 544 with NILM cytology and 520 with @entity10479 or higher grade cytology. Complete data sets including cytology, high-risk HPV test, colposcopy, and histology results for all subjects with @entity10479 or higher grade were included in the analysis. The positive rate of Cervista HPV HR was 12.5% in @entity1 with NILM and 69.04% in @entity1 with @entity10479 or higher grade. The overall percentage agreement between Cervista HPV HR and PCR with bidirectional sequencing was 86.26%, with positive percentage agreement and negative percentage agreement being 93.4% and 83.3%, respectively. In the overall population, the Cervista HPV HR positivity rate was 38.96% compared with 29.08% for PCR/sequencing. The clinical sensitivity and specificity for @entity3146 + of Cervista HPV HR were 98.50% and 68.21%, respectively. The negative and positive predictive values were 99.69% and 30.68%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Cervista HPV HR test, performed on ThinPrep Pap Test samples, has the clinical performance characteristics required by China for use as part of routine cervical @entity5 screening.

title: Clinical performance characteristics of the Cervista HPV HR test kit in cervical XXXX screening in China.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity10479 :: ('MESH:D065309', 'Disease') :: ['ASCUS', 'atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance']

entities_list: @entity9273 :: ('OMIM:167959', 'Disease') :: ['value of Cervista HPV HR']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2', 'CIN 2']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The lack of information about @entity1526 in Mexico, as well as the controversy concerning its importance, was the basis for the seroprevalence study of @entity1527 in the National Seroepidemiology Survey (NSS). This information was representative of the national situation with regard to disease prevalences and other factors related to the nation's health. Unfortunately the NSS was not a very good information source for the study of @entity7246 americana, because its coverage in the disperse rural areas was poor. Nevertheless, the results of the NSS indicated that @entity1526 has an irregular distribution in Mexico with seroprevalences of 1.6, 0.5 and 0.2 for the different dilution levels used in the evaluation. The survey data showed @entity1526 to be less important than that mentioned by other authors. The NSS data confirmed the areas of disease transmission already reported and identified some new ones in Hidalgo, Chiapas and Veracruz. The survey also detected migratory workers with Chagas antibodies in @entity8668 cities, a situation which indicates a risk for blood transfusion in areas of the country presumed to be free of the disease. Three quarters (74.5%) of the seropositive population were less than 39 years old. Moreover, the fact that @entity1 of less than four years were infected suggests that natural transmission is still very important in some areas. Although the seroprevalences were greater in the lower socio-economic groups, some @entity1 of the higher socio-economic level were also affected. This situation may be explained by the fact that many of these @entity1 own vacation homes in tropical areas.

title: [Seroepidemiology of XXXX in Mexico].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity7246 :: ('MESH:D014352', 'Disease') :: ['trypanosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity8668 :: ('MESH:D001882', 'Disease') :: ['Baja California border']

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma cruzi']

entities_list: @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ['Chagas disease']

answer: @entity1526 :: (MESH:D014355,Disease) :: ['Chagas disease']


abstract: Despite limited scientific knowledge, stretching of @entity1 skeletal muscle to improve flexibility is a widespread practice among @entity2587 . This article reviews recent findings regarding passive properties of the hamstring muscle group during stretch based on a model that was developed which could synchronously and continuously measure passive hamstring resistance and electromyographic activity, while the velocity and angle of stretch was controlled. Resistance to stretch was defined as passive torque (Nm) offered by the hamstring muscle group during passive knee extension using an isokinetic dynamometer with a modified thigh pad. To simulate a clinical static stretch, the knee was passively extended to a pre-determined final position (0.0875 rad/s, dynamic phase) where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase). Alternatively, the knee was extended to the point of discomfort (stretch tolerance). From the torque-angle curve of the dynamic phase of the static stretch, and in the stretch tolerance protocol, passive energy and stiffness were calculated. Torque decline in the static phase was considered to represent viscoelastic stress relaxation. Using the model, studies were conducted which demonstrated that a single static stretch resulted in a 30% viscoelastic stress relaxation. With repeated stretches @entity121 declined, but returned to baseline values within 1 h. Long-term stretching (3 weeks) @entity2720 as a result of a change in stretch tolerance rather than in the passive properties. Strength training resulted in increased @entity121 , which was unaffected by daily stretching. The effectiveness of different stretching techniques was attributed to a change in stretch tolerance rather than passive properties. Inflexible and older subjects have increased @entity121 , but a lower stretch tolerance compared to subjects with normal flexibility and younger subjects, respectively. Although far from all questions regarding the passive properties of @entity1 skeletal muscle have been answered in these studies, the measurement technique permitted some initial important examinations of vicoelastic behavior of @entity1 skeletal muscle.

title: Passive properties of XXXX skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers. A review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle stiffness']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['increased joint range of motion']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3136 is a serious complication of chemotherapy that results in @entity158 debilitating @entity32 , necessitating the administration of analgesics. There is no cure for @entity33 . Some studies have evaluated the effect of @entity17562 on @entity33 . The present study aims to evaluate the effect of oral @entity17562 on prevention of @entity33 , @entity2133 , and @entity158 induced by chemotherapy. METHODS: This double-blind, randomized controlled trial was carried out on 50 adult @entity1 who underwent chemotherapy during 2008-2009. @entity1 were divided in two groups. @entity1 in the intervention group were administered three, 220 mg @entity17562 capsules daily until the end of their chemotherapy treatment. @entity1 in the placebo group received three placebo capsules daily, which were similar in shape, taste, and color to the @entity17562 capsules. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 17 software, using the independent samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests. RESULTS: The incidence of grade 3 @entity33 was lower in the @entity17562 group. In the first follow up, grade 3 @entity33 was detected in 10% of @entity1 . In the placebo group, grade 3 @entity33 was seen in 46.6% of @entity1 . By the fourth follow up, grade 3 @entity33 was detected in 3.33% of @entity1 in the intervention group and in 20% of @entity1 in the placebo group. At the end of the study there was no grade 3 @entity33 detected in the @entity17562 group, whereas there were 3.57% of @entity1 in the placebo group with grade 3 @entity33 .   The results also showed that @entity17562 decreased the effects of @entity2133 and @entity158 in @entity1 under chemotherapy treatment. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that @entity17562 might decrease the intensity of @entity33 .

title: Evaluation of the efficacy of XXXX in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced @entity33 : a double-blind randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['Oral mucositis']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['xerostomia']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity17562 :: ('MESH:D019287', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc sulfate']

answer: @entity17562 :: (MESH:D019287,Chemical) :: ['zinc sulfate']


abstract: In @entity14940 , the principal transcription factor regulating @entity1568 metabolism, AREA, belongs to the GATA family of DNA-binding proteins. In seeking additional GATA factors, we have cloned areB, which was originally identified via a genetic screen for suppressors of areA loss-of-function mutations. Based on our analysis, areB is predicted to encode at least three distinct protein products. These arise from the use of two promoters, differential splicing and translation initiating at AUG and non-AUG start codons. All the putative products include a GATA domain and a putative Leu zipper. These regions show strong sequence similarity to regulatory proteins from @entity375 ( @entity23265 and @entity23266 ), @entity5449 (NREB) and @entity1980 (ASD4). We have characterized three classes of mutation in areB; the first are loss-of-function mutations that terminate the polypeptides within or before the GATA domain. The second class truncates the GATA factor either within or upstream of the putative Leu zipper but retains the GATA domain. The third class fuses novel gene sequences to areB with the potential to produce putative chimeric polypeptides. These novel gene fusions transform the putative negative-acting transcription factor into an activator that can partially replace areA.

title: The XXXX GATA transcription factor gene areB encodes at least three proteins and features three classes of mutation.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity14940 :: ('162425', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']

entities_list: @entity5449 :: ('5076', 'Species') :: ['Penicillium chrysogenum']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Species') :: ['Neurospora crassa']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']

answer: @entity14940 :: (162425,Species) :: ['Aspergillus nidulans']


abstract: Dietary @entity41379 was previously shown to protect effectively against chemically-induced mammary, lung, liver and @entity105 in rodents, whereas the negative dietary @entity460 control, @entity10041 , had no effect. In the present study the chemopreventative activity of dietary @entity41379 was evaluated in the @entity2985 intestinal carcinogenesis model using the Fischer strain @entity35 . The protocol limited the duration of @entity2985 treatment to 3 weeks to permit the evaluation of the separate effects of @entity53434 on the initiation and promotion phases. Control @entity35 , treated with @entity2985 and maintained on a low fat chow diet throughout the 32-week experiment had an intestinal @entity420 incidence of 55%, with an equal incidence of 27.7% in the small and large intestines. There was no significant difference between this control group and a negative @entity460 control group fed 128 mmol/kg chow of @entity460 as @entity10041 . In contrast to these two control groups, supplementation of the diet of @entity2985 -treated @entity35 with 128 mmol/kg diet of @entity41379 during both the initiation and promotion phases significantly inhibited the overall induction of @entity420 in the intestine, the incidence in the entire intestine and in the small and large intestines being 11.8, 5.8 and 5.8%, respectively. When fed only during the initiation phase, the inhibition again was statistically significant, the corresponding values being 11.8%, 5.8 and 5.8%. When @entity41379 was fed during the promotion phase, a statistically significant inhibition of @entity420 induction was observed only in the colon where the incidence was 5.5%. @entity1017 was similar in all groups. These and related data indicate that dietary @entity53434 exerts a significant inhibitory effect on @entity2985 -induced intestinal and in particular @entity694 in the @entity35 , decreasing their incidence and size and reducing their metastic potential.

title: Effects of the experimental chemopreventative agent, XXXX , on intestinal carcinogenesis in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2985 :: ('MESH:D001397', 'Chemical') :: ['azoxymethane']

entities_list: @entity53434 :: ('CHEBI:30613', 'Chemical') :: ['glucarate']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain']

entities_list: @entity10041 :: ('MESH:D002125', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium gluconate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity41379 :: ('MESH:D005937', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium glucarate']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['skin carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity53434 :: (CHEBI:30613,Chemical) :: ['glucarate']


abstract: It is argued that non-genotoxic mechanisms may be more important than genotoxic mechanisms in the genesis of @entity5 and that the use of tests for genotoxicity to screen chemicals for carcinogenicity in the hope of being able to prevent @entity1 @entity5 is ill-based. The general applicability of the two-stage model for @entity105 is also questioned. It is argued that @entity5 promotion as a second step in a two-stage process is only one of many possible non-genotoxic mechanisms involved in @entity105 and not a very important one at that. Many @entity5 arise against a background of prolonged disturbance of hormonal status leading to @entity1184 and/or @entity1373 of the tissues in which @entity5 eventually arise. This sequence of events does not fit the two-stage paradigm according to which genetic-damage (initiation) is followed by the stimulation of cell proliferation (promotion). In hormonal @entity105 cellular proliferation precedes @entity74 . It is suggested that the @entity74 that occurs as a secondary event in hormonal @entity105 may be due, not to exposure to environmental (exogenous) mutagens, but to endogenous mutagens generated during normal metabolic processes in hyperplastic and @entity2495 cells. Perhaps the rate of damage to DNA in such cells overwhelms the capacity for DNA repair. @entity5 is an ageing-related disease. The incidence and severity of both non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions are greatly enhanced by over-nutrition in @entity35 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Non-genotoxic XXXX : implications for testing and extrapolation to @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2495 :: ('MESH:C565498', 'Disease') :: ['hypermetabolic']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic damage']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['laboratory rats']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['carcinogenesis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity137 ( @entity137 ) is a rare severe acute exfoliative drug-induced @entity272 which has recently been ascribed to alterations in the control of keratinocyte apoptosis, mediated by an interaction between the cell surface death receptor Fas and its respective ligand. A therapeutic approach with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) associated with pulse @entity1667 , based on the inhibition of Fas-mediated keratinocyte death by naturally occurring Fas-blocking antibodies included in @entity1 immunoglobulin preparations, has produced good preliminary results. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the efficacy of IVIG in the treatment of @entity137 . @entity1 : Nine @entity1 with erythematous body surface area ranging from 38 to 85% and dermo- @entity1713 from 4 to 37% were treated. RESULTS: Eight @entity1 were healed and 1 died of @entity326 and @entity881 . Interruption of further @entity1713 occurred after an average of 4.8 days from the onset of IVIG therapy. Complete wound healing occurred after an average of 12 days. Concerning complications, 3 out of 8 surviving @entity1 had @entity1576 requiring mechanical ventilation and 1 @entity810 was treated with dialysis. Late sequelae were limited to dyschromia and nail @entity3986 . No @entity2805 were observed. CONCLUSION: IVIG therapy represents a safe and valid approach for @entity137 .

title: XXXX treated with intravenous high-dose immunoglobulins: our experience.

entities_list: @entity1667 :: ('MESH:D008775', 'Chemical') :: ['methylprednisolone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['TEN', 'Toxic epidermal necrolysis']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['epidermal detachment']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['dystrophies']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin disorder']

entities_list: @entity2805 :: ('MESH:D017439', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic scars']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['Toxic epidermal necrolysis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to evaluate long-term morbidity of @entity1 with @entity101 disorders of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including @entity1 who gave birth between the years of 1988 to 1998, and had a follow-up until December 2009. Data were extracted by linking a computerized database of hospitalizations with computerized database containing maternal records from the same regional medical center. The exposed group comprised 2072 @entity1 with mild or severe @entity1468 in one or more of their pregnancies and the comparison group included 20742 @entity1 without @entity1468 . Excluded from the study were @entity1 with chronic @entity101 and @entity6677 before the index pregnancy. Data included subsequent hospitalizations in internal medicine, oncology, nephrology, neurology, cardiac intensive care unit, and hematology, as well as a diagnosis of chronic @entity101 during the follow-up period. RESULTS: @entity1 with @entity1468 had significantly higher rates of chronic @entity101 diagnosed after the index pregnancy as compared with @entity1 without @entity1468 (12.5% vs. 0.9%; OR = 15.8, 95% CI 12.9-19.3; p < 0.001). Likewise, @entity1 with @entity1468 were more likely to be hospitalized at least once (13.7% vs. 11.4%; OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4; p = 0.002) as compared with @entity1 without @entity1468 . Exposed @entity1 had 582 hospitalizations (0.28 hospitalization/ @entity1 ), while the non-exposed @entity1 had a total of 4687 hospitalizations (0.23 hospitalization/ @entity1 ; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Preeclampsia is a significant risk factor for long-term morbidity such as chronic @entity101 and hospitalizations later in life.

title: Is XXXX a significant risk factor for long-term hospitalizations and morbidity?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6677 :: ('MESH:D016640', 'Disease') :: ['pre-gestational diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

answer: @entity1468 :: (MESH:D011225,Disease) :: ['preeclampsia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of @entity977 to radiosurgery as manifested by changes in size and appearance on serial MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a mean follow-up period of 36 months, changes in 44 @entity977 were assessed on 147 enhanced MR imaging studies. Prior surgery had been performed in 36 @entity5 (82%). RESULTS: At the time of radiosurgery, mean @entity5 volume was 5.9 +/- 0.8 cm(3) (mean diameter, 2.2 cm). The mean reduction in volume at last follow-up was 41% (+/- 5%, p < 0.001), and a decrease in @entity5 volume of 25-100% was observed in 34 @entity5 (77%). Mean reduction in @entity5 volume at 6 months after radiosurgery was 9% (p = 0.095); at 1 year, 24% (p < 0.001); at 2 years, 34% (p < 0.001); at 3 years, 41% (p < 0.001); and at 4 years, 50% (p = 0.008). Six months after radiosurgery a slight and transient increase in size was observed in 21% of @entity5 . During follow-up, neither decreased contrast enhancement nor cyst development was associated with changes in @entity5 volume. CONCLUSION: Tumor control was observed for most @entity977 after radiosurgery and occurred gradually over a period of several years. A small increase in @entity5 size might be observed in the first 6 months after radiosurgery. In most cases, reductions in @entity5 size were not accompanied by a change in contrast enhancement or cyst formation.

title: MR imaging of XXXX after gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['pituitary adenomas']


abstract: This study investigated the quality of life (QOL) of Hong Kong Chinese @entity1 with @entity5 ( @entity5 ). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 53 consecutive @entity1 with @entity5 who were admitted to a university-based palliative care unit. The assessment tools utilized were: the McGill quality of life questionnaire for Hong Kong Chinese (MQOL-HK); the hospital @entity148 and @entity308 scale (HADS); the @entity2653 ( @entity2653 ); and the psychosocial adjustment to illness scale (PAIS), @entity458 . The mean total score of the MQOL-HK was 4.63 +/- 1.94, within which the physical domain scored the worst (mean=3.99, SD=2.15, range: 0-7). @entity308 symptoms were common (62 percent). The median @entity2653 was 40 percent. Younger age, higher HADS @entity308 scores, and higher HADS @entity148 scores were significantly correlated with poorer QOL. Furthermore, younger age and @entity308 were significant predictors for a worse MQOL-HK score. In conclusion, Chinese @entity1 with @entity5 have a relatively poor QOL, especially in the physical domain and in terms of @entity308 symptoms. Age and @entity308 symptoms are the most important factors affecting QOL. Proper identification of physical symptoms and @entity308 symptoms, along with appropriate treatments, are important for improving QOL for @entity1 .

title: Quality of life for Hong Kong Chinese @entity1 with XXXX in the palliative phase of care: a cross-sectional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity2653 :: ('MESH:C538175', 'Disease') :: ['Palliative Performance Scale', 'PPS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['AGC', 'advanced gynecological cancers']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual relationships subscale']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['advanced gynecological cancers']


abstract: PURPOSE: Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) is the standard procedure for locally advanced @entity5 involving the prostate and seminal vesicles. We evaluated the feasibility of bladder-sparing surgery as an alternative to TPE. METHODS: Eleven @entity1 with advanced primary or recurrent @entity5 involving the prostate or seminal vesicles, or both, underwent bladder-sparing extended colorectal resection with radical prostatectomy. The procedures performed were abdominoperineal resection (APR) with prostatectomy (n = 6), colorectal resection using intersphincteric resection combined with prostatectomy (n = 4), and abdominoperineal @entity5 resection with prostatectomy (n = 1). Local control and urinary and anal function were evaluated postoperatively. RESULTS: Cysto-urethral @entity254 (CUA) was performed in seven @entity1 and catheter-cystostomy was performed in four @entity1 . Coloanal or colo-anal canal @entity254 was also performed in four @entity1 . There was no mortality, and the morbidity rate was 38%. All @entity1 underwent complete resection with negative surgical margins. After a median follow-up period of 26 months there was no sign of local recurrence, and ten @entity1 were alive without disease, although distant metastases were found in three @entity1 . Five @entity1 had satisfactory voiding function after CUA, and three had satisfactory evacuation after intersphincteric resection (ISR). CONCLUSION: These bladder-sparing procedures allow conservative surgery to be performed in selected @entity1 with advanced @entity5 involving the prostate or seminal vesicles, without compromising local control.

title: Bladder-sparing extended resection of locally advanced XXXX involving the prostate and seminal vesicles.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: The focus of this study was to develop @entity1968 receptor (RAR) @entity4879 /beta selective agonists with anticancer efficacy and reduced @entity137 associated with @entity19713 activity. In these studies, we report the identification and characterization of high-affinity @entity4879 /beta selective agonists with limited @entity19713 activity. These compounds inhibited @entity1 @entity5 cell line proliferation with similar efficacy to that observed for a pan-RAR agonist. However, for most @entity5 cell lines, the efficacy of these compounds was restricted to the micromolar range. To determine whether the @entity4879 /beta selective agonists could be additive or synergistic with existing agents, we investigated the effects of combining @entity4879 /beta selective agonists with various cytotoxic agents. Our results showed that the alpha/beta selective @entity4878 dramatically lowered the effective dose of @entity1311 needed to induce @entity137 of a wide range of @entity5 cell lines. This synergy was specific to tubulin-modifying agents and could not be observed with a variety of other cytotoxic agents of diverse function. Examination of pathways common to @entity1311 and @entity554 signaling revealed that this synergy was related in part to effects on @entity588 expression/phosphorylation as well as the activity of the c-Jun @entity2733 -terminal kinase and @entity11346 . In contrast, the tubulin polymerization induced by @entity1311 was not further affected by cotreatment with a variety of @entity554 receptor ligands. These observations indicate that potent @entity4879 /beta selective agonists may be of therapeutic benefit in combination with @entity1311 therapy.

title: Synergistic XXXX exhibited by combination treatment of selective @entity554 ligands with @entity1311 ( @entity1311 ).

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity554 :: ('CHEBI:26537', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoid']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Low birth weight (LBW), resulting from @entity1592 ( @entity1592 ) or @entity3465 , is a risk factor for adult @entity101 and @entity740 . LBW is associated with reduced nephron endowment and increased glomerular volume; however, the development of secondary @entity628 ( @entity628 ) has not been reported previously. DESIGN, SETTING, @entity1 _ MEASUREMENTS: The authors describe six @entity1 with clinical and pathologic findings suggesting a secondary form of @entity628 , in whom a history of @entity3465 and very LBW was obtained. No other known causes of secondary @entity628 were identified. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of two @entity1 and four @entity1 with a mean age of 32 yr. @entity1 were born at 22 to 30 wk gestation with mean birth weight of 1054 g (range 450 to 1420 g). Mean 24-h urine protein was 3.3 g/d (range 1.3 to 6.0 g/d), mean @entity1011 clearance 89 cc/min (range 71 to 132 cc/min), mean @entity1011 1.2 mg/dl (range 0.9 to 1.5 mg/dl), and mean serum albumin 4.1 g/dl (range 3.4 to 4.8 g/dl). No @entity1 had full @entity1985 . Renal biopsy revealed @entity628 involving a minority (mean 8.8%) of glomeruli, with a predominance of perihilar lesions of @entity1463 (five of six @entity1 ), glomerulomegaly (all six @entity1 ), and only mild foot process effacement (mean 32%), all features typical of postadaptive @entity628 . CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support that very LBW and @entity3465 promote the development of secondary @entity628 . Because birth history is often not obtained by adult nephrologists, this risk factor is likely to be underrecognized.

title: Very low birth weight is a risk factor for secondary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3465 :: ('MESH:C536271', 'Disease') :: ['prematurity']

entities_list: @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis', 'FSGS']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['IUGR', 'intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity628 :: (MESH:D005923,Disease) :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis']


abstract: @entity66 is rarely observed in the external iliac artery. During the last 15 years, eight symptomatic cases were encountered in six @entity1 and two @entity1 whose ages ranged from 29 to 63 years (mean: 47 years). Clinical onset was always recent, either progressive with claudication (three cases) or @entity490 and @entity63 due to dissection (five cases). Diagnosis was established by arteriograms showing either a typical appearance of @entity1373 or a segmental dissection or occlusion. Two @entity1 had associated fibromuscular disease of the renal arteries. One of these @entity1 had @entity439 of the thyrocervical trunk. Histopathological findings were typical of @entity1373 in the seven cases examined. Even though transluminal dilatation is presently simple, adequate, and durable for the management of non-complicated forms, all of our cases were treated surgically either because they were observed before transluminal dilatation was readily available or because of associated dissection. Results of surgery were satisfactory in all cases except one with a mean follow-up of 12.6 years. One @entity1 was reoperated upon 13 years later.

title: XXXX of the external iliac artery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Fibromuscular disease']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['acute ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['fibromuscular hyperplasia', 'medial fibromuscular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['sudden with abdominal and pelvic pain']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['Fibromuscular disease']