abstract: In this experimental study, the prophylactic effects of @entity4044 Extract (GBE) were examined after experimental @entity63 on intestinal wall damage. 50 @entity35 -Albino @entity35 (2.5 month old) were gathered and separated into 5 groups (n:10). Group 1 was subjected to a laparotomy (sham-operated group) whereas all other experimental groups were subjected to an occlusion of their superior mesenteric arteries for 30 minutes and a period of 20 minutes reperfusion following occlusion. Group 2 was not given any prophylactic agent during the experiment (untreated control group). GBE was administered in a dosage of 50 mg/kg (i.v.) as a prophylactic agent to Group 3 one hour prior to laparotomy whereas Group 4 was given GBE at 50 mg/kg (i.v.) just before @entity63 . Group 5 was given GBE in the same dosage just before reperfusion. Immediately after reperfusion, a biopsy was taken from the ileum (10 cm proximity to ileocaecal valve) for histopathological assessment. A significant prophylactic effect of GBE was observed in Group 5 in which GBE was administered just before reperfusion.

title: Histopathological assessment of the prophylactic effect of XXXX extract on @entity63 -reperfusion injury.

entities_list: @entity4044 :: ('3311', 'Species') :: ['Gingko-Biloba']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

answer: @entity4044 :: (3311,Species) :: ['gingko-biloba']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Improving the situation in older adults with @entity73 and evidence of cognitive rehabilitation is considered crucial in long-term care of the elderly. The objective of this study was to implement a computerized errorless learning-based memory training program ( @entity27447 ) for @entity1 with early @entity195 , and to compare the training outcomes of a @entity27447 group with those of a therapist-led errorless learning program (TELP) group and a waiting-list control group. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with a single-blind research design was used in the study. Chinese @entity1 with early @entity195 screened by the Clinical @entity303 Rating (score of 1) were recruited. The subjects were randomly assigned to @entity27447 (n = 6), TELP (n = 6), and waiting-list control (n = 7) groups. Evaluation of subjects before and after testing, and at three-month follow-up was achieved using primary outcomes on the Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination, Chinese @entity303 Rating Scale, Hong Kong List Learning Test, and the Brief Assessment of Prospective Memory-Short Form. Secondary outcomes were the Modified Barthel Index, Hong Kong Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form. The data were analyzed using Friedman's test for time effect and the Kruskal-Wallis test for treatment effect. RESULTS: Positive treatment effects on cognition were found in two errorless learning-based memory groups (ie, computer-assisted and therapist-led). Remarkable changes were shown in cognitive function for subjects receiving @entity27447 and emotional/daily functions in those receiving TELP. CONCLUSION: Positive changes in the cognitive function of Chinese @entity1 with early @entity195 were initially found after errorless training through @entity27447 . Further enhancement of the training program is recommended.

title: Evaluation of a computer-assisted errorless learning-based memory training program for @entity1 with early XXXX in Hong Kong: a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer's disease']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) consist of a DNA scaffold that can be destroyed by Deoxyribonuclease (DNase). Thus DNases are potential prerequisites for natural counter regulation of NETs formation. In the present study, we determined the relationship of NETs and DNase after major @entity130 . METHODS: Thirty-nine major @entity130 @entity1 , 14 with and 25 without @entity295 development were enrolled in this prospective study. Levels of cell-free (cf)-DNA/NETs and DNase were quantified daily from admission until day 9 after admission. RESULTS: Levels of cf-DNA/NETs in @entity1 who developed @entity295 were significantly increased after @entity130 . In the early septic phase, DNase values in septic @entity1 were significantly increased compared to @entity1 without @entity295 (P < 0.05). cf-DNA/NETs values correlated to values of DNase in all @entity130 @entity1 and @entity1 with uneventful recovery (P < 0.01) but not in septic @entity1 . Recombinant DNase efficiently degraded NETs released by stimulated neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: DNase degrades NETs in a concentration-dependent manner and therefore could have a potential regulatory effect on NET formation in neutrophils. This may inhibit the antibacterial effects of NETs or protect the tissue from autodestruction in inadequate NETs release in septic @entity1 .

title: Deoxyribonuclease is a potential counter regulator of aberrant neutrophil extracellular traps formation after major XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms of @entity2893 resistance in @entity796 (PA). METHODS: Forty-nine strains of PA were isolated from surgical intensive care unit during a period of 3 years. The levels of outer membrane protein OprD and OprN were measured by Western blotting. RT-PCR was used to measure the transcription levels of mexA gene. The metallo-beta-lactamase genes IMP and VIM and the negative regulator gene mexR for mexAB-OprM operon were amplified. The DNA fragments were sequenced by automated ABI PRISM 3700 sequencer. RESULTS: 42 of the 49 strains were resistant to @entity2893 . 23 of the 42 strains showed @entity393 and were all resistant to imipenem, but only one strain was resistant to @entity2889 . 18 of the 42 strains had a decreased OprD expression, 17 of which were resistant to Imipenem, and 3 were resistant to @entity2889 as well. 7 strains expressed OprD, all of which were sensitive to @entity2893 . 27 strains overexpressed the mexAB-OprM. The resistant rate to imipenem of the mexAB-OprM overexpression group was 86.4%, not significantly different from that of the mexAB-OprM low expression group (81.5%, chi(2) = 0.005, P = 0.943). But the resistant rate to @entity2889 of the mexAB-OprM overexpression group was 44.4%, statistically higher than that of mexAB-OprM low expression group (13.6%, chi(2) = 5.417, P = 0.020). @entity377 sequences and deduced @entity535 sequences analysis revealed that eight strains overexpressed mexAB-OprM carried mutations in mexR gene, 7 of which had @entity535 substitutions in MexR protein, and one of which had terminal code at the position of @entity535 32. 14 strains were found expressing OprN. Neither IMP gene nor VIM gene was found in the isolates. CONCLUSION: In the clinical strains from SICU, the @entity2892 resistance is mainly mediated by OprD @entity393 . Overexpression of MexAB-OprM is the primary mechanism of @entity2889 resistance, which is upregulated by mutations in mexR gene. Metallo-beta-lactamases IMP and VIM are rarely seen.

title: [The roles of active efflux system overexpression and outer membrane protein OprD XXXX in @entity2893 resistance of @entity796 ].

entities_list: @entity2892 :: ('MESH:D015378', 'Chemical') :: ['imipenem']

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['Nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity2889 :: ('MESH:C059500', 'Chemical') :: ['meropenem']

entities_list: @entity2893 :: ('CHEBI:46765', 'Chemical') :: ['carbapenem']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['deficiency or loss', 'loss of OprD']

answer: @entity393 :: (MESH:D034381,Disease) :: ['deficiency or loss']


abstract: Gene expression profiling has been shown to be useful for identifying underlying mechanisms of @entity137 , determining patterns of biological response, and elucidating candidate markers of exposure and response. Inorganic @entity3494 (iAs) is a @entity1 carcinogen and epidemiologic evidence implicates it in the development of @entity150 . @entity3495 ( @entity3496 ), the major excreted metabolite of iAs in @entity1 , is a known @entity35 bladder carcinogen. To examine the changes associated with @entity3496 exposure, microarray analysis of the urothelium was performed in female F344 @entity35 exposed to non-toxic and toxic doses of @entity3496 in their drinking water for 28 days. A novel method for isolating predominantly urothelial cells was developed. Gene expression profiling of the urothelium using a custom 2-dye spotted array revealed that @entity3496 treatment modulated the expression of transcripts of genes that regulate apoptosis, cell cycle regulation and the oxidative stress response. Expression of genes mapping to pathways involved in @entity5 control processes were also altered after @entity3496 exposure. Morphological data suggested a dose dependent increase in cellular @entity137 . Significant changes in differential gene expression were present after all treatments event at doses where standard toxicological responses were not detectable. The greatest perturbation in gene expression was present in @entity35 after treatment with 40 ppm @entity3496 . Doses which produced no histologic or ultrastructural evidence of @entity137 (non-toxic) could be differentiated from toxic doses based on the expression of a subset of genes, which control cell signaling and the stress response. These reported changes in gene expression show similarities between the mechanisms of action of @entity3496 in vivo and those previously described for iAs in vitro. These data illustrate the utility of transcriptional profiling and its potential in predicting key mechanistic pathways involved in @entity137 and as a time efficient tool to inform the mode of action analysis in risk assessment.

title: Gene expression profiling of responses to @entity3495 in female F344 XXXX urothelium.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['urinary bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity3495 :: ('MESH:D002101', 'Chemical') :: ['Dimethylarsinic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: We report evidence for the existence of a putative @entity50928 for corrinoid utilization in the extremely halophilic archaeon @entity50929 . Results from genetic and nutritional analyses of @entity50929 showed that mutants with lesions in open reading frames (ORFs) @entity50930 , Vng1371Gm, and @entity50931 required a 10(5)-fold higher concentration of @entity2186 for growth than the wild-type or parent strain. The data support the conclusion that these ORFs encode orthologs of the bacterial @entity2186 @entity50928 permease (btuC; @entity50930 ), @entity50932 (btuD; Vng1371Gm), and substrate-binding protein (btuF; @entity50931 ) components. Mutations in the @entity50930 , Vng1371Gm, and @entity50931 genes were epistatic, consistent with the hypothesis that their products work together to accomplish the same function. Extracts of btuF mutant strains grown in the presence of @entity2186 did not contain any @entity2186 molecules detectable by a sensitive bioassay, whereas btuCD mutant strain extracts did. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the BtuF protein is exported to the extracellular side of the cell membrane, where it can bind @entity2186 in the absence of BtuC and BtuD. Our data also provide evidence for the regulation of corrinoid transport and biosynthesis. @entity50929 synthesized @entity2186 in a chemically defined medium lacking corrinoid precursors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genetic analysis of an archaeal corrinoid transport system.

title: XXXX for corrinoids in @entity50929 .

entities_list: @entity2186 :: ('MESH:D014805', 'Chemical') :: ['cobalamin']

entities_list: @entity50929 :: ('64091', 'Species') :: ['Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1', 'Halobacterium']

answer: @entity50928 :: (1447642(Tax:64091),Gene) :: ['ABC transporter']


abstract: We report 2D-echocardiographic and angiocardiographic assessment of 28 cases of @entity24467 with @entity4032 , with particular emphasis on infundibular ventricular morphology. Ventricular D-loop was present in 15 cases (52.6%), and ventricular L-loop in 13 (46.4%); 25/48 @entity1 had concordant ventricular loop and cardiac position (89.3%). In 18 @entity1 (64.3%) there were 2 balanced ventricles; of the other 10 @entity1 , 9 (32.1%) presented right and 1 (3.6%) left ventricular dominance. @entity1757 was present in 12 cases (42.8%). Ventriculo-arterial connections were concordant, with "normally related" great arteries in 9/15 cases with ventricular D-loop (60%). In these cases, ventricular morphology, connections and relations of the great arteries were typical of situs solitus. In the remaining 6 @entity1 there was double-outlet right ventricle, also with normally related great arteries. In 12/13 cases (92.3%) with ventricular L-loop ventriculo-arterial connections were concordant with "mirror image normally related" great arteries. In these cases, ventricular morphology, connections and relations of the great arteries were typical of situs inversus. In one @entity1 there was double-outlet right ventricle, also with mirror image normally related great arteries. Twelve @entity1 (42.8%) had @entity849 and 5 had a systemic outflow obstruction (17.8%). From these observations we conclude that ventriculo-infundibular morphology, either of situs solitus-type or of situs inversus-type, is a typical anatomical feature of @entity4032 . These results may have important implications in the diagnosis and in the surgical management of @entity1 with @entity4032 .

title: [Ventricular-infundibular morphology in XXXX with left isomerism. An echocardiographic-angiocardiographic study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity24467 :: ('MESH:C538116', 'Disease') :: ['visceral heterotaxia']

entities_list: @entity849 :: ('MESH:D011666', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity4032 :: ('MESH:D059446', 'Disease') :: ['left atrial isomerism']

answer: @entity24467 :: (MESH:C538116,Disease) :: ['visceral heterotaxia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The detection of an abnormal hepatic mass with @entity384 is highly concerning for @entity5 . However, if such @entity1 happen to be immigrants from endemic parts of Asia or South America, further investigations are necessary to rule out oriental cholangiohepatitis, a rare recurrent disease of the hepatobiliary system that can masquerade as @entity201 . PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report a case of a @entity1 of South Asian origin who presented to us with acute @entity255 and moderately dilated left hepatic ducts. The findings were highly suspicious for advanced @entity99 ; however the laboratory and pathological investigations remained normal. We suspected an unlikely etiology and proceeded with conservative hepatic resection. The histology revealed cholangiohepatitis without any evidence of @entity5 . DISCUSSION: Cholangiohepatitis is a @entity66 that commonly manifests as recurrent @entity255 or overt @entity253 and can rarely present as an abnormal hepatic mass. It results from the development of @entity6687 that causes stone formation and @entity384 in the absence of @entity1085 . Although it is endemic in many parts of the world, it is rare in the western world, and therefore it can present as a significant diagnostic enigma. CONCLUSION: Cholangiohepatitis is a rare clinical entity that requires a multi-disciplinary team approach. Surgery plays a dominant role in the management of such @entity1 and therefore surgeons need to be aware of this disease.

title: Oriental cholangiohepatitis masquerading as XXXX : A rare presentation that surgeons need to know.

entities_list: @entity1085 :: ('MESH:D005705', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder disease']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['complex hepatobiliary disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['biliary dilation', 'ductal dilatation']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity6687 :: ('MESH:D001651', 'Disease') :: ['intrahepatic or extrahepatic strictures']

entities_list: @entity253 :: ('MESH:D001660', 'Disease') :: ['biliary sepsis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic malignancy']

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

answer: @entity201 :: (MESH:D018281,Disease) :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']


abstract: A full biphasic insulin response is the most sensitive index for well-coupled beta-cell signal transduction. While first-phase insulin response is extremely sensitive to potentiating and inhibiting modulations, full expression of second-phase response requires near maximally activated beta-cell fuel metabolism. In the isolated @entity35 pancreas, accelerated @entity460 entry or activation of @entity25180 ( @entity25180 )-A or @entity6164 result in no insulin response in the absence of fuel metabolism. At submaximal levels of beta-cell fuel secretagogue, @entity369 (which promotes @entity460 entry) or glucagon (which activates PKA) produces a small first-phase insulin response but minimal or no second-phase response; @entity5402 (which activates @entity6164 and promotes @entity460 entry) generates biphasic insulin response in the presence of minimal fuel (3.3 mmol/l @entity413 ). Glucagon produces full biphasic response in the presence of 10.0 mmol/l @entity413 , whereas @entity369 requires near-maximal stimulatory @entity413 (16.7 mmol) to produce full biphasic insulin response. Thus, PKA and @entity6164 signal pathways potentiate primary signals generated by fuel secretagogues to induce full biphasic insulin response, while @entity460 recruitment alone is insufficient to potentiate primary signals generated at low levels of fuel secretagogue. We suggest that three families of PKs (calmodulin-dependent PK [CaMK], PKA, and @entity6164 ) function as distal amplifiers for stimulus-secretion coupling signals originating from fuel metabolism, as well as from incretins acting through membrane receptors, adenylate cyclase, and phospholipase C. Several isoenzymes of PKA and @entity6164 are present in pancreatic beta-cells, but the specific function of most is still undefined. Each PK isoenzyme is activated and subsequently phosphorylates its specific effector protein by binding to a highly specific anchoring protein. Some @entity6 -related beta-cell derangements may be linked to abnormal function of one or more PK isoenzymes. Identification and characterization of the specific function of the individual PK isoenzymes may provide the tool to improve the insulin response of the @entity6 @entity1 .

title: Beta-cell protein kinases and the dynamics of the insulin response to XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: Adolescents with @entity2438 and their families experience a significant increase in the number of challenges encountered when leaving the structure of the formal education system. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the factors parents and professionals regard as important in preparing for transition of adolescents with @entity72 ( @entity72 ) to adulthood, vocational, and residential arrangements. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 @entity1 (i.e., 7 parents and 7 professionals) who were involved with adolescents with @entity72 in Johannesburg, South Africa. The findings revealed that there was a need for advocacy on behalf of learners with @entity72 transitioning into adult working and living environments. The responses of the @entity1 highlighted needs for curriculum transformation from basic literacy skills to development and teaching of functional self-help and daily living skills. The results also indicated lack of planning and the absence of service facilities for adolescents with @entity2438 post-school. There was a general feeling of fear and uncertainty when the @entity1 thought about transition of adolescents with @entity2438 and their future. However, there was also a sense of hope and optimism. Transition of adolescents with @entity2438 into adulthood is a challenging and stressful time for parents and professionals involved in trying to prepare them. With appropriate attention and support structures, individuals with @entity2438 can attain a reasonable quality of life, including residential, employment, and social opportunities.

title: Transition for Adolescents with XXXX : South African Parent and Professional Perspectives.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['autism spectrum disorder', 'ASD']

answer: @entity72 :: (MESH:D002659,Disease) :: ['Autism Spectrum Disorder']


abstract: Lewis (LEW) and spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR) have been shown to differ in a series of fear-related behaviours measured in different @entity148 tests. In the present study, we have investigated some of the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences. To this end, male and female @entity35 from the two inbred strains were crossed to produce two parental (LEW and SHR), two F1 (LEW or SHR mother), and two F2 (LEW or SHR grandmother) groups. All @entity35 were tested in the elevated plus-maze and in the open field, besides being characterised for systolic blood pressure (BP). LEW @entity35 approached the open arms of the plus-maze and the central area of the open field less than SHRs. The two strains also differed in their BP (SHR > LEW). LEW/SHR differences were found to be due to direct effects of the genes, rather than to indirect maternal and grand-maternal effects. Central locomotion in the open field was shown to be the most heritable of all the traits considered herein. A factor analysis on the segregating F2 population produced three independent factors. The first one was associated to measures of @entity148 from the elevated plus-maze, and the second to measures of locomotion in novel environments. Factor scores revealed that the parental strains differ in relation to the first but not to the second factor. This study demonstrates the usefulness of coupling genetic and multifactorial methods to investigate behavioural traits and it confirms LEW and SHR strains as an interesting genetic tool for the study of @entity148 .

title: A genetic and multifactorial analysis of XXXX -related behaviours in Lewis and SHR intercrosses.

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety', 'anxiety/emotionality']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 receive less evidence-based medical care than @entity1 and have higher rates of @entity204 after @entity583 ( @entity583 ). It is unclear whether efforts undertaken to improve @entity583 care have mitigated these sex disparities in the current era. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the Get With the Guidelines-Coronary Artery Disease database, we examined sex differences in care processes and in-hospital @entity204 among 78 254 @entity1 with @entity583 in 420 US hospitals from 2001 to 2006. @entity1 were older, had more comorbidities, less often presented with @entity583 ( @entity583 ), and had higher unadjusted in-hospital @entity204 (8.2% versus 5.7%; P<0.0001) than @entity1 . After multivariable adjustment, sex differences in in-hospital mortality rates were no longer observed in the overall @entity583 cohort (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.04; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.10) but persisted among @entity583 @entity1 (10.2% versus 5.5%; P<0.0001; adjusted OR=1.12; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.23). Compared with @entity1 , @entity1 were less likely to receive early aspirin treatment (adjusted OR=0.86; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.90), early beta-blocker treatment (adjusted OR=0.90; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.93), reperfusion therapy (adjusted OR=0.75; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.80), or timely reperfusion (door-to-needle time </=30 minutes: adjusted OR=0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92; door-to-balloon time </=90 minutes: adjusted OR=0.87; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.95). @entity1 also experienced lower use of cardiac catheterization and revascularization procedures after @entity583 . CONCLUSIONS: Overall, no sex differences in in-hospital mortality rates after @entity583 were observed after multivariable adjustment. However, @entity1 with @entity583 had higher adjusted mortality rates than @entity1 . The underuse of evidence-based treatments and delayed reperfusion among @entity1 represent potential opportunities for reducing sex disparities in care and outcome after @entity583 .

title: Sex differences in medical care and early @entity204 after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['STEMI', 'AMI', 'ST-elevation myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of a local anesthetic cream and music distraction in reducing or preventing @entity158 from needle puncture (intravenous cannulation) in @entity1 . A secondary aim was to examine the influence of age on the @entity158 report and behavior and on the therapeutic outcome. METHODOLOGY: @entity1 aged 4 to 16 years (N = 180) who were to undergo surgery under general anesthesia via intravenous cannulation were randomly allocated to one of three interventions. The comparison of @entity3303 - @entity5403 emulsion (EMLA, Astra) and a placebo emulsion was double-blind. Stratification by age group (4 to 6, 7 to 11, 12 to 16) ensured an equal number of @entity1 (20) in each intervention/age group category. A global assessment of the behavioral reaction to the procedure was made by the principal investigator, taking into account vocal, verbal, facial, and motor responses. The @entity1 was asked to assess @entity158 severity on the Faces @entity158 Scale (FPS) and a @entity227 ( @entity227 ). The scales were applied conservatively as ordinal scales: FPS 0 to 6; @entity227 0 to 10. RESULTS: @entity1 who received @entity3303 - @entity5403 emulsion reported less @entity158 (mean FPS score = 1.42) compared with placebo emulsion (mean FPS score = 2.58) and with music distraction (mean FPS = 2.62). There was a highly significant therapeutic effect (P < .001) on the self-report and behavioral scores. Younger @entity1 , regardless of intervention, reported significantly more @entity158 than the older @entity1 (mean FPS scores: 2.85, 2.33, 1.43 for age groups 4 to 6, 7 to 11, and 12 to 16 respectively; P < .001). The superiority of the local anesthetic emulsion was maximal in the youngest age group (4 to 6) almost eliminating @entity158 -related behavior, and multiple regression analysis confirmed significant age and treatment effects and revealed interaction between therapeutic effect and age. Although a trend favoring the active emulsion was evident in the older @entity1 (7 to 11, 12 to 16) the differences were not significant. The @entity158 scores were influenced by the type (gauge) of cannula, but this did not affect the conclusion regarding therapeutic and age effects. There was no influence of sex, experience with venipuncture, or whether the @entity1 was anxious on arrival in the operating room. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that @entity3303 - @entity5403 emulsion is highly effective in preventing @entity158 from venipunctures in young @entity1 , the group in most need of prevention.

title: Age-related response to XXXX - @entity5403 (EMLA) emulsion and effect of music distraction on the @entity158 of intravenous cannulation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity5403 :: ('MESH:D011318', 'Chemical') :: ['prilocaine']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual analogue toy', 'VAT']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

answer: @entity3303 :: (MESH:D008012,Chemical) :: ['lidocaine']


abstract: @entity989 ( @entity989 ) cells, situated between the neurosensory retina and the vascularized choroid, form part of the blood-eye barrier and are important for homeostasis of the outer retina. These cells are able to produce a variety of cytokines which may play a role in the maintenance of the immunosuppressive milieu inside the eye and in intraocular inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated whether @entity989 cells secreted the anti-inflammatory cytokine @entity6474 and the proinflammatory cytokine @entity2842 in a polarized manner. Monolayers of @entity1 donor @entity989 cells were cultured on transwell filters. Secretion of @entity6474 and @entity2842 at either the apical or basal side of the @entity989 cell monolayers, that were not treated or stimulated with @entity1356 (200 U/ml), was analysed by ELISA. All three cell lines examined had a different @entity6474 secretion pattern. In two of the three donor @entity989 cell lines tested, @entity6474 secretion was polarized, but not in the same direction. @entity6474 secretion was not up-regulated by stimulation with @entity1356 . In contrast, @entity1356 strongly induced @entity2842 secretion preferentially into the basal compartment of all @entity989 monolayers tested. These data indicate that @entity1 @entity989 cells are able to secrete @entity6474 and @entity2842 in a polarized fashion. Our results suggest that @entity2842 can be secreted by @entity989 cells in the direction of choroidal vessels during inflammatory responses in the posterior part of the eye, which may limit @entity16 .

title: Analysis of the secretion pattern of @entity2842 ( @entity2842 ) and @entity6474 ( XXXX ) by @entity1 retinal pigment epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['Retinal pigment epithelial', 'RPE']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['damage to the neurosensory retina']

answer: @entity6474 :: (7042,Gene) :: ['TGF-beta2']


abstract: A @entity19 model of @entity1687 has been found that exhibits neuropathology similar to the @entity1 condition. There is an age-related @entity179 in several brain regions and a lack of myelin in the corpus callosum in these @entity19 . The purpose of the present study was to examine the @entity8706 @entity19 and determine whether: (1) microglia and astrocytes exhibit ultrastructural pathology similar to that found in neurons; (2) nerve fiber number is reduced when the myelin sheath is absent; and (3) the lysosomal hydrolase, @entity43005 , is involved in the neurodegenerative process. Using light and electron microscopic methods, and immunocytochemistry, @entity8706 and control animals were examined at several ages. @entity43005 content was semi-quantitatively measured in neurons and glial cells in brain regions known to exhibit @entity179 , as was the density of glial fibrillary acidic protein-labeled astrocytes. The @entity8706 @entity19 exhibited: (1) an age-related increase in inclusion bodies in microglia and astrocytes, similar to that observed within neurons; (2) an almost complete absence of myelin in the corpus callosum by 7-8 weeks of age, along with a 30% reduction in the number of corpus callosum axons; (3) a mild age-related increase in @entity43005 content within nerve cells in many brain regions. However, the @entity43005 elevation was greatest in microglial cells; (4) an age-related increase in the number of microglial cells containing intense @entity43005 immunoreactivity in both the thalamus and cerebellum. Both of these brain regions have been shown previously to exhibit an age-related loss of neurons; and (5) an increase in the number of reactive astrocytes immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein, especially in the thalamus and cerebellum. These data indicate that glial cells are a major target for pathology in the @entity8706 @entity19 . The lack of myelin within the corpus callosum may be related to the loss of nerve fibers in this structure. The increase in @entity43005 -laden microglial cells, in brain regions previously shown to undergo @entity179 , is consistent with a role for microglia in the phagocytosis of dead neurons and in actively contributing to the neurodegenerative process. The activation of astrocytes in regions that undergo @entity179 is also consistent with a role for these glial cells in the neurodegenerative process.

title: @entity179 in the XXXX @entity19 : glial involvement.

entities_list: @entity1687 :: ('MESH:D052556', 'Disease') :: ['Niemann-Pick type C disease']

entities_list: @entity8706 :: ('MESH:D009542', 'Disease') :: ['Niemann-Pick']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegeneration']

answer: @entity1687 :: (MESH:D052556,Disease) :: ['Niemann-Pick C']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical value of Fuzheng Yiliu Recipe (FYR) combined with microwave ablation on @entity157 . METHODS: Sixty @entity1 with @entity157 were randomly assigned to the control group and the treatment group according to the random digit table, 30 in each group. @entity1 in the control group received microwave ablation therapy, while those in the treatment group received FYR three days after microwave ablation. The therapeutic course was 6 months. By the end of the treatment, the short-term objective therapeutic efficacy, the liver function, the @entity1575 index, the cellular immune function were statistically analyzed between the two groups. RESULTS: The indices of the liver function, the @entity1575 , and the cellular immune function were more significantly improved in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The @entity404 + level and the ratio of @entity404 +/ @entity405 + of the treatment group were remarkably higher than those of the control group (40.38 +/- 12.47 vs 28. 19 +/- 6.59, 1.49 +/- 0.41 vs 1.22 +/- 0.31). The tubercle recurrence rate of the treatment group (14.0%, 7/50) was significantly lower than that of the control group (33.3%, 15/45) after 6 months of treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: FYR combined with microwave ablation could elevate the therapeutic efficacy, enhance the @entity1 ' immunity, improve the liver function and the @entity1575 degree.

title: [Clinical study of Fuzheng Yiliu Recipe combined with microwave ablation on XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: The T4 @entity2234 loading protein (gp59) interacts with a multitude of DNA replication proteins. In an effort to determine the functional consequences of these protein-protein interactions, point mutations were introduced into the gp59 protein. Mutations were chosen based on the available crystal structure and focused on hydrophobic residues with a high degree of solvent accessibility. Characterization of the mutant proteins revealed a single mutation, @entity45830 , which is defective in polymerase binding and has weakened affinity for the @entity2234 . The interaction between single-stranded DNA-binding protein and @entity45830 is unaffected, as is the affinity of @entity45830 for DNA substrates. When standard concentrations of @entity2234 are employed, @entity45830 is unable to productively load the @entity2234 onto forked DNA substrates. As a result of the loss of polymerase binding, @entity45830 cannot inhibit the polymerase during @entity377 idling or prevent it from removing the primer strand of a D-loop. However, @entity45830 is capable of inhibiting strand displacement synthesis by polymerase. The retention of strand displacement inhibition by @entity45830 , even in the absence of a gp59-polymerase interaction, indicates that there are two modes of polymerase inhibition by gp59. Inhibition of the polymerase activity only requires gp59 to bind to the replication fork, whereas inhibition of the exonuclease activity requires an interaction between the polymerase and gp59. The inability of @entity45830 to interact with both the polymerase and the @entity2234 suggests a mechanism for polymerase unlocking by the @entity2234 based on a direct competition between the @entity2234 and polymerase for an overlapping binding site on gp59.

title: Site-directed mutations of T4 XXXX loading protein (gp59) reveal multiple modes of DNA polymerase inhibition and the mechanism of unlocking by gp41 @entity2234 .

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity2234 :: (164045,Gene) :: ['helicase']


abstract: -Agatoxin-IV @entity3480 s a well known P/Q-type Ca @entity141 hannel blocker and has been shown to affect presynaptic Ca @entity141 urrents as well postsynaptic potentials. P/Q-type voltage gated Ca @entity141 hannels play a vital role in presynaptic neurotransmitter release and thus play a role in action potential generation. Monitoring spontaneous activity of neuronal networks on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) provides an important tool for examining this neurotoxin. Changes in extracellular action potentials are readily observed and are dependent on synaptic function. Given the efficacy of mu @entity19 rontal cortex and spinal cord networks to detect neuroactive substances, we investigated the effects of   -agatoxin on spontaneous action potential firing within these networks. We found that networks derived from spinal cord are more sensitive to the toxin than those from frontal cortex; a concentration of only 10nM produced statistically significant effects on activity from spinal cord networks whereas 50 nM was required to alter activity in frontal cortex networks. Furthermore, the effects of the toxin on frontal cortex are more complex as unit specific responses were observed. These manifested as either a decrease or increase in action potential firing rate which could be statistically separated as unique clusters. Administration of bi @entity1027 a GA @entity8771 nhibitor, isolated a single response to   -agatoxin, which was characterized by a reduction in network activity. These data support the notion that the two clusters detected with   -agatoxin exposure represent differential responses from excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations.

title: Differential responses to   -agatoxin @entity3480 in XXXX frontal cortex and spinal cord derived neuronal networks.

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['murine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This is a multicenter, collaborative study to accumulate cases of small cell @entity2622 (SmCC), to clarify its clinical and clinicopathologic features and prognosis, and to obtain findings to establish future individualized treatment. METHODS: At medical centers participating in the Kansai Clinical Oncology Group/Intergroup, @entity1 diagnosed with SmCC between 1997 and 2007 were enrolled. Clinicopathologic features and prognosis were retrospectively evaluated in @entity1 with SmCC diagnosed at a central pathologic review. RESULTS: A total of 71 @entity1 were registered at 25 medical centers in Japan. Of these, 52 @entity1 (73%) were diagnosed with SmCC based on a pathological review. These 52 @entity1 diagnosed with SmCC were analyzed. The median follow-up period was 57 months. The 4-year progression-free survival (PFS) was: @entity3846 , 59%; @entity3847 , 68%; IIB, 13%; and IIIB, 17%. The 4-year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was: @entity3846 , 63%; @entity3847 , 67%; IIB, 30%; IIIB, 29%; and IVB, 25%. For postoperative adjuvant therapy, postoperative chemotherapy (a platinum drug in all cases) was compared to non-chemotherapy. The 4-year PFS was 65% and 14%, and the 4-year @entity1349 was 65% and 29%. PFS was significantly better (p=0.002), and the @entity1349 tended to be better (p=0.073) in the group with postoperative chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Even in @entity1 with early stage SmCC, the prognosis is poor. However, in early stage @entity1 , by adding postoperative chemotherapy, the prognosis may improve. Currently, various treatment protocols are used at each medical center, but in the future, a standardized treatment protocol for SmCC will hopefully be established.

title: Diagnosis, clinicopathologic features, treatment, and prognosis of small cell XXXX ; Kansai Clinical Oncology Group/Intergroup study in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the uterine cervix']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity2622 :: (MESH:D002583,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the uterine cervix']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity34275 is the exacerbation of some symptoms or the whole pathological situation, followed by improvement of the @entity1 's conditions. AIM: To evaluate the typology, intensity and frequency of @entity34275 , especially with Quinquagintamillesimal (Q, LM) potencies and its prognostic value. METHODS: The homeopathic prescription strategy evaluated consists in the administration of a single homeopathic medicine in Q dilutions, starting with 6Q, then a progressive scale of Q potencies. @entity1 whose symptoms could be attributed to a wrong and inappropriate prescription, according to the criteria previously described, were excluded. RESULTS: Data was collected on 1108 @entity1 consecutively visited from 3rd October 2002 to 31st December 2007, and 441 cases followed for at least 2 months (40% of total cases). 63 of these cases (14%) reported @entity34275 : 7% reported 'slight', 5% 'medium', 2% 'intense' and 0.4% 'very intense' aggravation. @entity34275 was present in 21% of paediatric @entity1 ( <= 14 years). About 50% of the cases manifested @entity34275 1 or 2 days after the prescription and for 67% of @entity1 the symptoms lasted 1 week or less. @entity1 with aggravation of the original disease had significantly greater improvement than those @entity1 showing the aggravation of other, new or different, symptoms or conditions, or no aggravation. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that @entity34275 with Q potencies is quite frequent in homeopathic clinical practice and seems to be associated with better treatment outcome.

title: XXXX with Quinquagintamillesimal potencies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity34275 :: ('MESH:C538353', 'Disease') :: ['Homeopathic aggravation', 'homeopathic aggravation']

answer: @entity34275 :: (MESH:C538353,Disease) :: ['Homeopathic aggravation']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is rising evidence that cardioprotective functions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have significant impact on clinical outcomes. @entity583 ( @entity583 ) represents a high-risk vascular condition. Whether higher HDL- @entity165 concentrations in @entity1 correspond to protective anti-oxidant properties in the setting of @entity583 is unknown. METHODS: We prospectively assessed gender related differences in the anti-oxidant function of HDL, and the impact of HDL properties on mortality in 242 @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity583 . Blood samples to determine HDL function and sex hormone levels were collected during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. RESULTS: @entity1 were stratified according to preserved anti-oxidant HDL function (HDL oxidant index (HOI)  <  1) and pro-oxidant HDL (HOI>= 1). Despite higher serum levels of HDL- @entity165 in postmenopausal @entity1 (48  mg/dl, IQR 42-54, versus 39  mg/dl, IQR33-47, p  <  0.001 in @entity1 ), the proportion of @entity1 with pro-oxidant HDL was not different between @entity1 (35%) and @entity1 (46%, p  =  0.132). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed higher @entity65 in both @entity1 (p  =  0.021) and @entity1 (p  =  0.045) with pro-oxidant HDL. We identified pro-oxidant HDL as strong and independent predictor of @entity65 with an adjusted HR of 8.33 (95% CI, 1.55-44.63; p  =  0.013) in @entity1 and with an adjusted HR of 5.14 (95% CI, 1.61-16.42; p  =  0.006) in @entity1 . Higher levels of free sex hormones ( @entity53 and @entity251 ) were associated with pro-oxidant HDL. HDL- @entity165 levels showed no association with mortality (HR in @entity1 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.11, p  =  0.45 and HR in @entity1 0.99, 95% CI 0.94-1.05, p  =  0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Total HDL- @entity165 serum levels were not associated with mortality in @entity583 @entity1 . Pro-oxidant HDL was a strong and independent predictor of mortality in @entity1 and @entity1 with @entity583 . The present study provides a link between sex hormones, HDL function and clinical events in @entity583 @entity1 . In clinical practice and future clinical trials, anti-oxidant properties of HDL rather than total HDL serum levels should be used for risk stratification.

title: Gender-related impact on outcomes of high density lipoprotein in acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['STEMI', 'ST-elevation myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['ST-elevation myocardial infarction']


abstract: Six adolescents, five males with @entity4090 -secreting @entity4611 and one female with idiopathic @entity4089 , are described. Their ages at presentation ranged from 13 years 7 months to 16 years 6 months. Presenting symptoms included @entity10 , @entity227 , arrested growth and puberty. Only two cases had @entity21696 . Every case had an elevated serum @entity4090 level. Three had surgery before the results of serum @entity4090 were to hand. Each @entity1 was treated with @entity2847 . @entity2847 suppressed serum @entity4090 level to normal in four cases, but in the @entity1 with idiopathic @entity4089 , @entity2847 was not useful. In two boys, serum @entity4090 was not suppressed with @entity2847 therapy alone, and they were subsequently treated with @entity9229 , surgery and irradiation. Nevertheless, in @entity1 and adolescents with @entity4090 -secreting @entity977 , @entity2847 should be the first line of treatment.

title: XXXX and @entity977 in adolescence.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girl', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinaemia']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual field defect']

entities_list: @entity2847 :: ('MESH:D001971', 'Chemical') :: ['bromocriptine', 'Bromocriptine']

entities_list: @entity9229 :: ('MESH:C047047', 'Chemical') :: ['cabergoline']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary macroadenomas']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity21696 :: ('MESH:C535402', 'Disease') :: ['galactorrhoea']

answer: @entity4089 :: (MESH:D006966,Disease) :: ['Hyperprolactinaemia']


abstract: CONTEXT: There is a paucity of data regarding the association between glycosylated hemoglobin variability (HbA1c) and risk of microvascular complications in adolescents with @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between @entity4051 c variability and risk of microvascular complications in adolescents with @entity1723 . DESIGN: Prospective cohort study from 1990-2014 (median follow-up 8.1 years). SETTING: Tertiary pediatric hospital. @entity1 : 1706 adolescents (aged 12-20 minimum @entity6 duration 5 years) with median age of 15.9 years [interquartile range 14.3-17.5] and @entity6 duration of 8.1 years [6.3-10.8]. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Glycemic variability was computed as the standard deviation of all HbA1c measurements (SD-HbA1c) after diagnosis. @entity989 was detected using seven-field fundal photography, renal function assessed using albumin excretion rate (AER), @entity1897 detected using thermal and vibration threshold testing, and @entity299 detected using time- and frequency-domain analyses of electrocardiogram recordings. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the relationship between complications outcomes and HbA1c variability, after adjusting for known risk factors including HbA1c, @entity6 duration, blood pressure and lipids. RESULTS: In multivariable analysis, SD-HbA1c was associated with @entity989 (odds ratio [OR] 1.32; 95% CI, 1.00-1.73), @entity633 (OR 1.81; 1.04-3.14), increased log10AER (OR 1.10; 1.05-1.15) and @entity299 (OR 2.28; 1.23-4.21), but not @entity1897 . CONCLUSIONS: Greater @entity4051 c variability predicts @entity989 , early @entity8 and @entity299 , in addition to established risk factors, in adolescents with @entity1723 . Minimizing long term fluctuations in glycemia may provide additional protection against the development of microvascular complications.

title: Association Between @entity4051 c Variability and Risk of Microvascular Complications in Adolescents with Type 1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac autonomic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['T1D', 'type 1 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy', 'early retinopathy', 'Retinopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Diabetes']


abstract: Interleukin (IL)-13 is a pleiotropic cytokine produced in large quantities by activated @entity1961 (+) Th2 lymphocytes. To define further its potential in vivo effector functions, the Clara cell 10-kDa protein promoter was used to express @entity1312 selectively in the lung, and the phenotype of the resulting @entity19 was characterized. In contrast to transgene-negative littermates, the lungs of transgene-positive @entity19 contained an inflammatory response around small and large airways and in the surrounding parenchyma. It was mononuclear in nature and contained significant numbers of eosinophils and enlarged and occasionally multinucleated macrophages. Airway epithelial cell @entity1184 , mucus cell metaplasia, the hyperproduction of neutral and acidic mucus, the deposition of @entity4532 , and subepithelial airway @entity82 were also prominently noted. @entity639 protein and mRNA were also present in large quantities in the lungs of the transgene-positive, but not the transgene-negative, @entity19 . @entity58 , @entity59 , @entity26450 were not similarly detected. Physiological evaluations revealed significant increases in baseline airways resistance and airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to @entity2710 in transgene-positive animals. Thus, the targeted pulmonary expression of @entity1312 causes a mononuclear and eosinophilic inflammatory response, mucus cell metaplasia, the deposition of @entity4532 , airway @entity82 , @entity639 production, airways obstruction, and nonspecific AHR. @entity1312 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of similar responses in @entity565 or other Th2-polarized tissue responses.

title: Pulmonary expression of XXXX causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial @entity82 , physiologic abnormalities, and @entity639 production.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity4532 :: ('MESH:C537431', 'Disease') :: ['Charcot-Leyden-like crystals']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity26450 :: ('20293(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-5']

answer: @entity1312 :: (16163(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['interleukin-13']


abstract: Right and left ventricular function in @entity583 ( @entity583 ) was assessed by ECG-gated magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) in 64 @entity1 and 8 volunteers. Five short axis images for @entity299 of the left ventricle were obtained at 9 msec and 309 msec after the R wave as end-diastole and end-systole. Right and left ventricular volumes were measured by Simpson's rule. The intraobserver variabilities in right and left ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF: r = 0.94, LVEF: 0.89) were excellent. The interobserver variabilities in RVEF (r = 0.61) and LVEF (r = 0.77) were fair. LVEF, but not RVEF, was significantly reduced in @entity1 with @entity583 . Among @entity1002 (LVEF < or = 40%) @entity1 , 50% exhibited @entity67 (RVEF < or = 40%). Among @entity1 without @entity1002 , only 12% exhibited @entity67 . In left @entity67 compared with control, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume index increased (65 +/- 10 ml/m2, 68 +/- 12 ml/m2 vs 54 +/- 8 ml/m2), the end-systolic volume index increased (40 +/- 16 ml/m2, 43 +/- 7 ml/m2 vs 18 +/- 1 ml/m2), and the right ventricular end-diastolic volume index decreased (52 +/- 13 ml/m2, 53 +/- 20 ml/m2 vs 65 +/- 8 ml/m2). MRI can thus be used to assess ventricular systolic function. Since @entity1 with @entity1002 revealed a high incidence of @entity67 , an interaction between the left and right ventricles may occur in @entity67 .

title: Assessment of ejection fraction of the right and left ventricles in XXXX with @entity583 by magnetic resonance imaging.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['intrinsic cardiac long-axis']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['right ventricular dysfunction', 'ventricular and biventricular dysfunction', 'ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity1327 and @entity14851 are closely related pathogenic fungi that cause @entity55 and @entity693 in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts and are a significant global infectious disease risk. Both species are found in the environment and are acquired via inhalation, leading to an @entity358 . The infectious propagule is unknown but is hypothesized to be small desiccated @entity375 cells or spores produced by sexual reproduction (opposite- or same-sex mating). Here we characterize the morphology, germination properties, and virulence of spores. A comparative morphological analysis of hyphae and spores produced by opposite-sex mating, same-sex mating, and self-fertile diploid strains was conducted by scanning electron microscopy, yielding insight into hyphal/basidial morphology and spore size, structure, and surface properties. Spores isolated by microdissection were found to readily germinate even on water agarose medium. Thus, nutritional signals do not appear to be required to stimulate spore germination, and as-yet-unknown environmental factors may normally constrain germination in nature. As few as 500 CFU of a spore-enriched infectious inoculum (approximately 95% spores) of serotype A @entity11937 were fully virulent (100% lethal @entity281 ) in both a @entity19 inhalation virulence model and the invertebrate model @entity2132 . In contrast to a previous report on @entity1327 . neoformans, spores of @entity11937 were not more infectious than @entity375 cells. Molecular analysis of isolates recovered from tissues of infected @entity19 (lung, spleen, and brain) provides evidence for @entity281 and dissemination by recombinant spore products. These studies provide a detailed morphological and physiological analysis of the spore and document that spores can serve as infectious propagules.

title: Spores as infectious propagules of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['C. neoformans var', 'Cryptococcus neoformans']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity11937 :: ('178876', 'Species') :: ['C. neoformans var. grubii']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['initial pulmonary infection']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['host Galleria mellonella']

entities_list: @entity14851 :: ('552467', 'Species') :: ['Cryptococcus gattii']

answer: @entity1327 :: (5207,Species) :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although soccer has a @entity130 rate than does American football, @entity542 and neck do occur. Indeed, soccer is classified as a contact sport. The potential for cervical injuries from the maneuver known as "heading" are of particular concern. This review provides a synopsis of soccer-related head and @entity9389 , an overview of the biomechanics of @entity130 , and a rational approach to evaluating @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: This review was conducted to assess and evaluate existing literature on the biomechanics of the act of heading in soccer and the potential for acute and long-term injury to the head and neck. DESIGN: The resulting work is based on literature searches of the PubMed and Medline databases, textbook reviews, and bibliographies of articles and textbooks obtained during the search. Findings from several studies were summarized and critiqued. Biomechanics, anatomy, pathophysiology, and their relation to the act of heading in soccer were also synthesized into the discussion. Relevant studies of athletes in other sports where activity can affect the neck and head in a manner similar to heading were also considered. RESULTS: The act of heading in soccer involves the athlete's entire body, and studies have used electromyography to define the activity of neck musculature during heading. The majority of head and @entity9389 in soccer occur secondary to impacts other than those that occur during heading, however, rare case reports of @entity130 exist. Degenerative bony changes in the cervical spine of soccer players have been noted in a few studies, but the connection with heading is not well established. Data from research in other sports, particularly American football and rugby, suggest a predisposition to @entity179 of the neck secondary to axial loading mechanisms; the exact relevance of these studies to heading and soccer is unclear. CONCLUSIONS: The complex biomechanics of heading in soccer are not completely defined, especially with regard to long-term effects on the neck and cervical spine. Existing studies of long-term effects suggest a predisposition to degenerative changes of the cervical spine, though they are somewhat limited, even when coupled with data regarding athletes in other sports. Further research in this area is needed with studies that assess biomechanical forces under simulated play conditions and control for impacts and stresses to the neck and spine that occur from non-heading activity.

title: "Heading" and XXXX in soccer: a review of biomechanics and potential long-term effects.

entities_list: @entity9389 :: ('MESH:D019838', 'Disease') :: ['neck injuries']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['injuries to the head']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative disease']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['lower injury', 'trauma', 'serious injury']

answer: @entity9389 :: (MESH:D019838,Disease) :: ['neck injuries']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: A clinical pathway standardizing management for @entity1 with an admission diagnosis of @entity55 was initiated after a previous study found delayed time to initial antibiotic administration, a longer length of stay, and higher mortality rate for the authors' @entity1 as compared with those in a "benchmark" hospital. The current study was undertaken to determine whether implementation of the clinical pathway resulted in statistically significant decreases for these measures, both in the initial year following pathway implementation and two years later. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was completed for three cohorts of @entity55 @entity1 admitted via the @entity2613 : 1) three months immediately prior to pathway implementation, 2) 10-12 months after implementation of the pathway, and 3) 34-36 months after implementation of the pathway. Four standard antibiotic regimens were used following pathway implementation: community-acquired, community-acquired @entity114 -allergic, nursing home-acquired, and nursing home-acquired @entity114 -allergic. Demographics, medical history, presentation signs and symptoms, process of care, and outcome data were abstracted from each @entity1 's medical record. RESULTS: The mean time to antibiotic administration decreased from 315 minutes prepathway to approximately 175 minutes during the first postpathway period and 171 minutes at three years (ANOVA, p < 0.0001). The percentage of @entity1 who received antibiotics in the @entity2613 increased from 58% prepathway to 94% during the first postpathway period and 97% at three years (chi square, p < 0.0001). Length of stay decreased from 9.7 prepathway to 8.9 days during the first postpathway period and 6.4 days at three years (ANOVA, p < 0.0001). There was no significant change of in-hospital mortality (9.6% prepathway to 5.2% and 4.9%) in the two respective periods. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that implementation of a @entity55 clinical pathway for the management of hospitalized @entity1 admitted via the @entity2613 decreases the time to initial antibiotic treatment and increases the proportion of @entity1 initially treated with antibiotics in the @entity2613 . These effects were evident in the first year following pathway implementation and sustained at the three-year study interval.

title: Effects of a XXXX clinical pathway on time to antibiotic treatment, length of stay, and mortality.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['pneumonia']


abstract: Sphingomyelinase (SMase) from @entity5259 (Bc-SMase) hydrolyzes @entity4291 to @entity2945 and @entity2367 in a divalent metal ion-dependent manner. Bc-SMase is a homologue of @entity1 @entity29682 ( @entity29682 ) and mimics the actions of the endogenous @entity1 @entity29682 in causing differentiation, development, aging, and apoptosis. Thus Bc-SMase may be a good model for the poorly characterized @entity1 @entity29682 . The metal ion activation of sphingomyelinase activity of Bc-SMase was in the order @entity515 > or = @entity3281 > or = @entity1025 > @entity141 > or = @entity15410 . The first crystal structures of Bc-SMase bound to @entity515 , @entity1025 , or @entity141 were determined. The water-bridged double divalent metal ions at the center of the cleft in both the @entity515 - and @entity1025 -bound forms were concluded to be the catalytic architecture required for sphingomyelinase activity. In contrast, the architecture of @entity141 binding at the site showed only one binding site. A further single metal-binding site exists at one side edge of the cleft. Based on the highly conserved nature of the residues of the binding sites, the crystal structure of Bc-SMase with bound @entity1025 or @entity515 may provide a common structural framework applicable to phosphohydrolases belonging to the DNase I-like folding superfamily. In addition, the structural features and site-directed mutagenesis suggest that the specific beta-hairpin with the aromatic @entity535 residues participates in binding to the membrane-bound @entity4291 substrate.

title: Structural basis of the XXXX phosphodiesterase activity in neutral sphingomyelinase from @entity5259 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity29682 :: ('6610', 'Gene') :: ['neutral SMase', 'nSMase']

entities_list: @entity2367 :: ('CHEBI:17761', 'Chemical') :: ['ceramide']

entities_list: @entity5259 :: ('1396', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus cereus']

entities_list: @entity2945 :: ('MESH:D010767', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphocholine']

entities_list: @entity4291 :: ('CHEBI:17636', 'Chemical') :: ['sphingomyelin']

answer: @entity4291 :: (CHEBI:17636,Chemical) :: ['sphingomyelin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We sought to determine regional myofiber stress after Coapsys device (Myocor, Inc, Maple Grove, MN) implantation using a finite element model of the left ventricle (LV). @entity339 is caused by LV remodeling after @entity583 . The Coapsys device consists of a single trans-LV chord placed below the mitral valve such that when tensioned it alters LV shape and decreases @entity339 . METHODS: Finite element models of the LV were based on magnetic resonance images obtained before (preoperatively) and after (postoperatively) coronary artery bypass grafting with Coapsys implantation in a single @entity1 . To determine the effect of Coapsys and LV before stress, virtual Coapsys was performed on the preoperative model. Diastolic and systolic material variables in the preoperative, postoperative, and virtual Coapsys models were adjusted so that model LV volume agreed with magnetic resonance imaging data. @entity339 was abolished in the postoperative models. In each case, myofiber stress and pump function were calculated. RESULTS: Both postoperative and virtual Coapsys models shifted end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relationships to the left. As a consequence and because @entity339 was reduced after Coapsys, pump function was unchanged. Coapsys decreased myofiber stress at end-diastole and end-systole in both the remote and @entity1188 regions of the myocardium. However, knowledge of Coapsys and LV prestress was necessary for accurate calculation of LV myofiber stress, especially in the remote zone. CONCLUSIONS: Coapsys decreases myofiber stress at end-diastole and end-systole. The improvement in myofiber stress may contribute to the long-term effect of Coapsys on LV remodeling.

title: XXXX -specific finite element-based analysis of ventricular myofiber stress after Coapsys: importance of residual stress.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['posterolateral myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation', 'Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity235 mammary @entity5 (CMGTs) are the most common @entity5 found in bitches. Changes in @entity1722 genes in @entity1 @entity0 (HBC) lead to decrease in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival rate (OSR). Previous studies have demonstrated that the biological behavior of malignant mammary @entity5 (MMGTs) is similar to that of HBC. The present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between overexpression of @entity1722 and clinicopathological features in MMGTs to represent a model of prognostic factors for HBC. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The clinicopathological data of 35 MMGTs were obtained. Immunohistochemical staining with @entity1722 , Ki-67 and @entity2280 markers was conducted with sections from @entity982 -embedded blocks. According to standard protocols, histological type, grade, margin status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), @entity1722 / @entity1722 score, proliferation rate and microvessel density (MVD) of @entity5 were determined and the association of @entity1722 overexpression with these parameters was assessed statistically. RESULTS: The IHC results showed that 12 (34.3%) cases were @entity1722 positive. Statistical analyses indicated a significant relationship between @entity1722 positivity and @entity5 grade (p=0.043), which also was demonstrated with @entity5 stage (p=0.035), @entity5 margin involvement (p=0.016), proliferation index (p=0.001) and MVD (p=0.001); however, there was no statistical relationship between LVI and @entity5 size. Overexpression of the @entity1722 gene in MMGTs results in similar biological behavior as that of HBC; as a result, these @entity5 have can be considered to have important similarities in clinicopathological characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: MMGTs can be regarded as an HBC animal model. Further studies in this field would result in new treatments that could be beneficial for both @entity235 and @entity1 .

title: Overexpression of her-2/neu in malignant @entity5 ; translation of clinicopathological features from XXXX to @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'gland tumors', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of primary anterior radical debridement, bone autograft, and sacral rod fixation for the treatment of @entity378 of the lumbosacral segment. METHODS: From March 2004 to November 2008,11 @entity1 with @entity378 of the @entity1347 received antituberculosis medications for 2 to 3 weeks before anterior radical debridement, autologous iliac bone grafting, and internal sacral rod fixation. Among the @entity1 , 5 @entity1 were male and 6 @entity1 were female, with an average age of (44.45 +/- 8.50) years (ranged from 29 to 56 years). The average time from stage of onset to operation was 11 months (ranged from 8 to 15 months). All the @entity1 presented with various degrees of @entity615 ; one @entity1 experienced preoperative lower extremity @entity158 , while 2 @entity1 experienced saddle area anaesthesia. However, only 6 @entity1 exhibited mild to moderate @entity137 . All the @entity1 were evaluated by plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The diagnosis of @entity378 was made with reference to clinical and radiological findings. Surgery was performed when the toxic symptoms of @entity378 were controlled and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) decreased to (37.2 +/- 9.6) mm/h (25 to 54 mm/h). Lumbosacral angle, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, ESR, and neurological performance were assessed before and after surgery. RESULTS: All surgical procedures were performed successfully without intra or postoperative complications. There were no instances of spinal @entity378 recurrence. @entity1 were followed up for a mean of (19.64 +/- 5.43) months. The mean lumbosacral angle significantly increased from the preoperative mean (12.9 +/- 5.0) degrees to postoperative (21.5 +/- 6.1) degrees and at final follow-up (20.1 +/- 5.2) degrees (P < 0.001). The mean VAS scores and ESR significantly decreased from preoperative (7.3 +/- 1.2) score and (37.2 +/- 9.6) mm/h respectively to final follow-up (0.6 +/- 0.5) score and (10.5 +/- 2.3) mm/h respectively (P < 0.001). Bone fusion occurred in all @entity1 at a mean of (9.0 +/- 1.9) months (ranged 6 to 12 months) after surgery. Three @entity1 who had impaired neurological performance before surgery had normal neurological performance after surgery. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that anterior radical debridement, interbody fusion, and sacral rod fixation can be an effective treatment option for @entity378 .

title: [Application of sacral rod fixation for the treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous toxic reactions']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['lumbosacral segments']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['lower back pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['radicular pain']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['lumbosacral segment tuberculosis', 'tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['lumbosacral segment tuberculosis']


abstract: Asian @entity2040 is a zoonotic @entity4801 infecting up to a million @entity1 and threatening tens of millions more. Control of this disease is hindered by the animal reservoirs of the parasite, in particular the @entity11520 ( @entity11520 ), which is responsible for significant levels of @entity1 transmission. A transmission-blocking vaccine administered to buffaloes is a realistic option which would aid in the control of @entity2040 . This will however require a better understanding of the immunobiology of @entity2040 in naturally exposed buffaloes, particularly the immune response to migrating schistosome larvae, which are the likely targets of an anti-schistosome vaccine. To address this need we investigated the immune response at the major sites of larval migration, the skin and the lungs, in previously exposed and re-challenged water buffaloes. In the skin, a strong allergic-type inflammatory response occurred, characterised by leukocyte and eosinophil infiltration including the formation of granulocytic abscesses. Additionally at the local skin site, @entity50987 transcript levels were elevated, while @entity50988 levels decreased. In the skin-draining @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) a predominant type-2 profile was seen in stimulated cells, while in contrast a type-1 profile was detected in the lung draining @entity1600 , and these responses occurred consecutively, reflecting the timing of parasite migration. The intense type-2 immune response at the site of cercarial penetration is significantly different to that seen in naive and permissive animal models such as @entity19 , and suggests a possible mechanism for immunity. Preliminary data also suggest a reduced and delayed immune response occurred in buffaloes given high cercarial challenge doses compared with moderate @entity281 , particularly in the skin. This study offers a deeper understanding into the immunobiology of @entity2040 in a natural host, which may aid in the future design of more effective vaccines.

title: Local immune responses of the Chinese water buffalo, XXXX , against Schistosoma japonicum larvae: crucial insights for vaccine design.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['schistosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic disease']

entities_list: @entity11520 :: ('89462', 'Species') :: ['water buffalo', 'Bubalus bubalis']

answer: @entity11520 :: (89462,Species) :: ['Bubalus bubalis']


abstract: Gastric bacteria from @entity26407 with @entity3621 were used to inoculate specific-pathogen free kittens and conventional @entity19 . Helicobacter sp. and Gastrospirillum sp. colonized kittens, while only Gastrospirillum sp. colonized @entity19 . In kittens, both bacterial species induced mild @entity3621 which did not change over the course of the 11 months observation period. In @entity19 , Gastrospirillum sp. induced lymphoplasmacytic and follicular @entity3621 which increased in severity over 6 months and persisted for the 12 month observation period. @entity2275 and @entity1819 were present in chronically infected @entity19 . These results indicate that host but not bacterial factors influence the severity of @entity3621 , and that in @entity19 , @entity2348 increases in severity with time and may lead to gastric ulceration in some individuals.

title: Animal models of XXXX : the role of host, bacterial species and duration of infection on severity of @entity3621 .

entities_list: @entity1819 :: ('MESH:D013272', 'Disease') :: ['gastric mucosal hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial gastritis']

entities_list: @entity3621 :: ('MESH:D005756', 'Disease') :: ['gastritis', 'lymphofolliclar gastritis']

entities_list: @entity2275 :: ('MESH:D013276', 'Disease') :: ['Gastric ulcers']

answer: @entity2348 :: (MESH:D001424,Disease) :: ['bacterial gastritis']


abstract: With the aging of the population, the medical and social costs of @entity2100 leading to @entity174 will cause an immense burden on society unless effective prophylactic and therapeutic regimens can be developed. Exercise is suggested as a possible regimen against involutional @entity604 . The purpose of the present meta-analysis is to address a quantitative review of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized controlled trials (CTs) on the effects of exercise training programs on bone mass, measured as @entity79 ( @entity79 ) or bone mineral content (BMC), of the lumbar spine (LS) and the femoral neck (FN) in pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 . The literature from 1966 through December 1996 was searched for published RCTs and CTs. Study treatment effect is defined as the difference between percentage change in bone mass per year in the training group and the control group. Overall treatment effects (OTs) with the 95% confidence intervals of these study treatment effects were calculated using inverse-variance weighting. Of the 62 articles identified, 25 met the inclusion criteria and were maintained for further analyses. The weighted OTs for the RCTs showed very consistently that the exercise training programs prevented or reversed almost 1% of @entity604 per year in both LS and FN for both pre- and postmenopausal @entity1 . The two OTs that could be calculated for strength training programs did not reach significance. The OTs for the CTs were almost twice as high as those for the RCTs, which gives an indication of the confounding introduced by the nonrandom allocation of the subjects to groups.

title: The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2100 :: ('MESH:D005600', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal fragility']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: The placenta acts a regulator of nutrient composition and supply from mother to fetus and is the source of hormonal signals that affect maternal and fetal metabolism. Thus, appropriate development of the placenta is crucial for normal fetal development. We investigated the effect of gestational protein restriction ( @entity46990 ) on placental morphology and mitochondrial function on day 19 of gestation. Pregnant dams were divided into two groups: normal (NP 17 % casein) or low-protein diet (LP 6 % casein). The placentas were processed for biochemical, histomorphometric and ultrastructural analysis. The integrity of @entity35 placental mitochondria (RPM) isolated by conventional differential centrifugation was measured by @entity26 uptake (Clark-type electrode). LP animals presented an increase in adipose tissue and @entity1674 and a decrease in serum insulin levels. No alterations were observed in body, liver, fetus, or placenta weight. There was also no change in serum @entity413 , total protein, or lipid content. Gestational protein restriction had tissue-specific respiratory effects, with the observation of a small change in liver respiration (~13 %) and considerable respiratory inhibition in placenta samples (~37 %). The higher @entity26 uptake by RPM in the LP groups suggests uncoupling between respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, ultrastructural analysis of junctional zone giant cells from LP placenta showed a disorganized cytoplasm, with loss of integrity of most organelles and intense vacuolization. The present results led us to hypothesize that @entity46990 alters placental structure and morphology, induces sensitivity to insulin, @entity2383 and suggests @entity1240 of the placenta. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

title: Gestational protein restriction induces alterations in placental morphology and mitochondrial function in XXXX during late pregnancy.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity1240 :: ('MESH:D019588', 'Disease') :: ['premature aging']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial abnormalities']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The surgical treatment of complex unstable proximal femur @entity174 from the trochanteric region to the middle shaft area is difficult and often highly invasive, especially in older @entity1 with @entity79 . METHODS: In 1993, we began to treat all unstable proximal femur @entity174 from the trochanteric region to the middle third of the shaft with the long gamma nail (LGN) and allowed the @entity1 immediate full weightbearing after surgery. Perioperative, postoperative, and follow-up data were analyzed. RESULTS: During a 3-year period, we treated 37 @entity1 with unstable proximal femur @entity174 with the LGN. Five of the @entity1 had sustained pathological @entity174 , and four @entity1 had sustained multiple @entity130 . The 37 operations were performed by 22 different surgeons with varying degrees of experience. The LGN implantations through maximal 40-mm skin incisions were performed in a mean skin-to-skin operation time of 125 minutes (range, 65-200 minutes) without any further complications. Thirty-one of the 37 @entity1 were allowed immediate full weightbearing after the second postoperative day. The six @entity1 who were not allowed full weightbearing were the ones who had multiple @entity130 (4) and those who were unable to walk before surgery (2). Three @entity260 were as follows: one deep infection 4 months after surgery, one superficial infection 3 weeks after surgery, and one deep vein @entity715 2 weeks after discharge. All three complications occurred in the group of @entity1 who had sustained only one @entity130 . All traumatic @entity174 (n = 32) healed without any bone grafting, which means a union rate of 100%. Although immediate full weightbearing was allowed, there were no implant dislocations, implant failures, or other problems. The 30-day mortality was 0%. The follow-up examinations after a mean time of 6 months were very satisfying. All traumatic @entity174 were healed. The @entity1 had symmetrical functional findings to the opposite side or before surgery, respectively, except for two @entity1 with a leg shortening of 2 cm, two @entity1 with an external malrotation of 10 degrees, and one @entity1 with a hip extension deficit of 10 degrees after a pathological @entity174 . CONCLUSION: The LGN is, after appropriate introduction and training, a safe and easy implant for the treatment of complex proximal femur @entity174 from the trochanteric region to the middle shaft area. The minimal invasive technique with low risks and minimal complications and the possibility of immediate full weightbearing sets a new standard, especially for older @entity1 with @entity79 .

title: Minimal invasive treatment of proximal femur XXXX with the long gamma nail: indication, technique, results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic bones']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: The results of previous studies on the proliferative response of resting cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) of term neonates to @entity1 recombinant @entity1199 (hrIL-2) are contrasting. Some authors have reported a good and others a poor response. In our study we have obtained a significant reactivity, compared with the response of resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of adult subjects, of resting CBMC to varying quantities of hrIL-2 in the absence of any known mitogenic or antigenic stimuli. Most responding cells was CD3 positive. Both @entity404 -positive and @entity405 -positive cells responded. However, we observed a more marked increase of the percentage of the @entity404 -positive T cells and a clear reduction of the percentage of the @entity10911 -positive cells (B-lymphocytes) testing CBMC rather than PBMC of the adult subjects. The percentage of the NK cells was reduced in both the categories of subjects. Moreover, we have examined the reactivity to hrIL-2 of CBMC of preterm neonates. The results showed that this response is low. The peculiar level and kinetic of CBMC proliferative response to hrIL-2 are discussed.

title: XXXX proliferative response by cord blood mononuclear cells of term and preterm neonates.

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['Interleukin 2']


abstract: Advances in @entity1486 ( @entity1486 ) diagnosis are accompanied by deficits in realization. The justification of claims by affected @entity1 against their doctors are reviewed by commissions of experts and mediation by medical councils out of court, impartial and free of charge. The objectivity of the review is ensured by the independence of the commission and its members as well as the determination of facts and their assessment. Criteria are professional standards and required care. Since 1995, 21 requests by affected @entity1 have been reviewed. In 15 cases (71.4%), treatment errors were ascertained. This involved either a delayed or an insufficient diagnosis (prostatic biopsy). In ten of the @entity1 , a mostly early @entity263 would have be diagnosed and treated at the time of the first finding of @entity1486 values between 3.3 and 10.4 ng/ml. In ten of 13 @entity1 , the @entity5 was diagnosed late, having @entity1486 values between 6.8 and 1251 ng/ml with no chance of curative therapy. As in other life threatening diseases, time of recognition is most important for the diagnosis and treatment of @entity1 with @entity263 . Particularly for early recognition, @entity1486 is much more sensitive then digital rectal examination, and in cases without a digital finding is the only parameter for early diagnoses. In @entity1 with suspicious @entity1486 values (>4.0 ng/ml) suitable a diagnostic test (prostate biopsy) is required early, until @entity5 is detected or excluded.

title: [Treatment errors involving diagnosis using XXXX . Decisions of the commission of experts for medical mistakes of treatment of the state medical board of North Rhine].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['PSA', 'prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity1486 :: (354,Gene) :: ['prostate specific antigen']


abstract: The effect of the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of hypertonic @entity2827 on plasma @entity12579 (ANP) and @entity398 (OT) was evaluated in conscious freely moving @entity35 . A hypertonic or isotonic @entity1219 solution was injected into the third ventricle. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored and blood samples were collected. I.c.v. injection of the hypertonic solution resulted in a significant increase in mean arterial pressure (105.3 +/- 2.9 mmHg at time 0 to 124.2 +/- 4.4 mmHg at 5 min, P less than 0.01) and heart rate (350.0 +/- 25.0 bpm at time 0 to 420.8 +/- 13.6 bpm at 20 min, P less than 0.01). Plasma OT increased 4-fold over the basal values 5 min after the injection (4.5 +/- 1.1 to 20.1 +/- 3.2 pg/ml, P less than 0.01), while there was no significant change in plasma ANP (37.3 +/- 9.1 to 46.6 +/- 12.6 pg/ml, n.s.). The control injection produced no significant changes in any parameters. These results show that hemodynamic changes are not necessarily associated with alterations in plasma ANP. Furthermore they suggest that central osmoreceptors are not involved in the control of ANP secretion.

title: Effect of central hypertonic stimulation on plasma @entity12579 and @entity398 in conscious XXXX .

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity12579 :: ('24602(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['atrial natriuretic peptide']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: In recent years, many babies who die of @entity944 ( @entity944 ) in Northern Ireland are found dead in bed--i.e. co-sleeping--with an adult. In order to assess its frequency autopsy reports between April 1996 and August 2001 were reviewed and linked to temporal factors. The day and month of @entity204 , and the place where the baby was found were compared to a reference population of @entity1 deaths between one week of age and the second birthday. Although the rate of @entity944 was lower than the UK average, 43 cases of @entity944 were identified, and two additional deaths with virtually identical autopsy findings that were attributed to @entity1763 caused by suffocation due to overlaying. Thirty-two of the 45 (71%) were less than four months of age. In 30 of the 45 cases (67%) the history stated that the baby was bed sharing with others; 19 died sleeping in an adult bed, and 11 on a sofa or armchair. In 16 of the 30 (53%) there were at least two other @entity1 sharing the sleeping surface, and in one case, three. @entity944 was twice as frequent at weekends (found dead Saturday-Monday mornings) compared to weekdays (p<0.02), and significantly more common compared to reference deaths (p<0.002). @entity204 were also more frequent at weekends. Almost half of all @entity944 (49%) occurred in the summer months--more than twice the frequency of reference deaths. While sharing a place of sleep per se may not increase the risk of @entity204 , our findings may be linked to factors such as habitual smoking, consumption of @entity167 or illicit drugs as reported in case-control studies. In advising parents on safer childcare practices, health professionals must be knowledgeable of current research and when, for example, giving advice on co-sleeping this needs to be @entity1 -specific cognisant of the risks within a household. New and better means of targeting such information needs to be researched if those with higher risk life-styles are to be positively influenced.

title: Sudden unexpected @entity204 in infancy: place and time of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['person', 'people', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy', 'SUDI']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['Co-sleeping deaths', 'death']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity72 ( @entity72 ) are characterised by abnormalities in social interaction and communication skills, as well as stereotypic behaviours and restricted activities and interests. Selective @entity750 reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are prescribed for the treatment of conditions often comorbid with @entity72 such as @entity308 , @entity148 and @entity3119 . OBJECTIVES: To determine if treatment with an SSRI:1. improves the core features of @entity2438 (social interaction, communication and behavioural problems);2. improves other non-core aspects of behaviour or function such as self-injurious behaviour;3. improves the quality of life of adults or @entity1 and their carers;4. has short- and long-term effects on outcome;5. causes harm. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases up until March 2013: CENTRAL, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC and Sociological Abstracts. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). This was supplemented by searching reference lists and contacting known experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any dose of oral SSRI compared with placebo, in @entity1 with @entity72 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently selected studies for inclusion, extracted data and appraised each study's risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS: Nine RCTs with a total of 320 @entity1 were included. Four SSRIs were evaluated: @entity905 (three studies), @entity3755 (two studies), @entity4899 (two studies) and @entity837 (two studies). Five studies included only @entity1 and four studies included only adults. Varying inclusion criteria were used with regard to diagnostic criteria and intelligence quotient of @entity1 . Eighteen different outcome measures were reported. Although more than one study reported data for Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and @entity3119 ( @entity3119 ), different tool types or components of these outcomes were used in each study. As such, data were unsuitable for meta-analysis, except for one outcome (proportion improvement). One large, high-quality study in @entity1 showed no evidence of positive effect of @entity837 . Three small studies in adults showed positive outcomes for CGI and @entity3119 ; one study showed improvements in aggression, and another in @entity148 . AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence of effect of SSRIs in @entity1 and emerging evidence of harm. There is limited evidence of the effectiveness of SSRIs in adults from small studies in which risk of bias is unclear.

title: Selective XXXX reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for @entity72 ( @entity72 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'people']

entities_list: @entity4899 :: ('MESH:D005277', 'Chemical') :: ['fenfluramine']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity3755 :: ('MESH:D016666', 'Chemical') :: ['fluvoxamine']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['citalopram']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'Autism spectrum disorders']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity3119 :: ('MESH:D009771', 'Disease') :: ['OCB', 'obsessive-compulsive behaviours', 'obsessive-compulsive behaviour']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']