abstract: The complications of laparoscopic @entity357 repair at two institutions were reviewed to determine the rate and type of complications. A total of 76 @entity1 underwent laparoscopic @entity357 repair between December 1992 and April 1996. Seventy-one of them had fundoplication (6 required a Collis-Nissen procedure). Five @entity1 underwent @entity547 reduction and gastropexy only. There was one conversion to laparotomy. @entity130 occurred in eight @entity1 (11%) (gastric lacerations in 3, esophageal lacerations in 2, and bougie dilator perforations in 3). All lacerations were repaired intraoperatively except for one that was not recognized until postoperative day 2. @entity8809 occurred in at least three @entity1 . Three delayed perforations occurred in the postoperative period (4%) (2 gastric and 1 esophageal). Two @entity1 had @entity358 , two had @entity7623 , and one had fever of unknown origin. Seven @entity1 required reoperation for @entity7623 (n = 2), @entity1282 after mesh hiatal closure of the hiatus (n = 1), or recurrent herniation (n = 4). There were two deaths (3%): one from septic complications and one from @entity583 . @entity357 repair took significantly longer (3.7 hours) than standard fundoplication (2.5 hours) in a concurrent series (P <0.05). Laparoscopic @entity357 repair is feasible but challenging. The overall complication rate, although significant, is lower than that for nonsurgically managed @entity357 .

title: Complications of laparoscopic XXXX repair.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8809 :: ('MESH:D061223', 'Disease') :: ['Vagus nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['paraesophageal hernia', 'Paraesophageal hernia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity7623 :: ('MESH:D018589', 'Disease') :: ['gastroparesis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic visceral injury']

answer: @entity357 :: (MESH:D006551,Disease) :: ['paraesophageal hernia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between gestation @entity1017 (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcome in a Pakistani population. STUDY DESIGN: Analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The Aga Khan University, Karachi, from February 2003 to 2007. METHODOLOGY: This study used secondary data of 4,735 @entity1 from a large cohort study on fetal growth. Pre-pregnancy BMI was categorized according to the recommendations from the institute of medicine (IOM, 2009) and gestation @entity1017 (GWG) was noted. Chi-square test was used to find the association of GWG and pre-pregnancy BMI with low birth weight (LBW), @entity3152 , large for gestational age (LGA), and caesarean section. Logistic regression analysis was performed to control for confounders like age, parity, working status and ethnicity. RESULTS: The prevalence of LBW decreased with increasing BMI. GWG of the population was noted as 8.5 kg. LBW was observed to have an inverse relationship with GWG. @entity1 below the age of 19 were twice more likely to have LBW than above 35 years of age. @entity1017 above the recommended range were twice more likely to have large for dates.Overweight @entity1 were 1.5 times more likely to deliver preterm whereas @entity28 @entity1 were 1.4 times more likely to undergo caesarean section than @entity1 with normal BMI. CONCLUSION: The optimal @entity1017 was estimated to be 8.5 kg to prevent low birth weight in our population. Obese @entity1 are more likely to have LGA, caesarean sections and pre-term deliveries.

title: Association of gestational XXXX and pre-pregnancy body mass index with adverse pregnancy outcome.

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['Weight gain', 'weight gain']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm delivery']

answer: @entity1017 :: (MESH:D015430,Disease) :: ['weight gain']


abstract: 1. Central @entity935 turnover may be lowered in @entity1 with @entity308 particularly when associated with retardation. 2. @entity7831 selectively activates the central dopaminergic system and may be of special therapeutic value in @entity1 with motor inhibition. 3. A double-blind comparison of @entity8991 and @entity7831 was carried out in @entity1 with recurrent @entity308 . Biochemical and clinical assessments were carried out weekly for 4 weeks. 4. The mean @entity4926 level in cisternal liquor of those @entity1 who responded to @entity7831 , was significantly lower than the mean level of the total group. 5. The factor "retardation" on the Hamilton Depression Scale was improved more with @entity7831 than with @entity8991 .

title: Controlled study comparing XXXX and @entity8991 in @entity308 , using the probenecid technique.

entities_list: @entity7831 :: ('MESH:D009627', 'Chemical') :: ['nomifensine', 'Nomifensine']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['unipolar endogenous depression', 'unipolar depression']

entities_list: @entity8991 :: ('MESH:D002997', 'Chemical') :: ['clomipramine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity4926 :: ('MESH:D006719', 'Chemical') :: ['homovanillic acid']

answer: @entity7831 :: (MESH:D009627,Chemical) :: ['nomifensine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to assess the risk/benefit ratio of @entity1088 in the elderly. METHOD: MedLine and Internet searches, followed by cross-checking for further articles, identified the references. Reports on efficacy as well as side effects were examined. Five psychogeriatric @entity1 treated by the authors are presented. RESULTS: The review of the literature highlighted the lack of studies on the use of @entity1088 in the elderly. Retrospective studies and case reports dominate. There is only one double-blind placebo-controlled study of six @entity1 extant. Although efficacy seemed to parallel that in the younger age groups, the incidence of @entity1431 , @entity3028 , @entity551 and @entity911 was greater in the elderly. Two of the five @entity1 reported by the authors developed @entity3028 , bringing the Australian experience of @entity3028 in @entity1 over 65 years of age to 4/55. CONCLUSION: The risk/benefit ratio in the elderly is distinctly higher than found in the younger population. With specific reference to @entity3028 alone, the frequently quoted risk of 1% for @entity1 is likely to be 5-10 times higher in the over 65 population. Caution is advised when prescribing @entity1088 in the psychogeriatric population.

title: Is XXXX safe in the elderly?

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['postural hypotension']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['agranulocytosis']

answer: @entity1088 :: (MESH:D003024,Chemical) :: ['clozapine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The major obstacles of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) heat treatments are nonuniform heating in the thermal lesion and heat sinks caused by large blood vessels during treatments which could lead to high @entity5 recurrence in @entity1 . The objective of this study is to help comprehend RFA heat treatment through thermal lesion formation using computer simulation, and thus to provide helpful assistance in planning RFA. METHODS: RFA heat treatment is a popular "minimally invasive" treatment method for both primary and metastatic @entity96 , and the heat treatment is studied by numerical calculation. A finite difference model is used to solve all partial differential equations for a simple three-dimensional cubic geometry model. Maximum tissue temperature is used as a critical index for reaching thermal lesion during RFA. Cylindrical @entity6470 cool-tip electrode is internally cooled at constant water temperature. RFA thermal lesion is studied at various impacts by single and countercurrent blood vessel(s) traversing the thermal lesion. Several factors are considered, such as location, diameter, and orientation of the blood vessel(s) to the electrode. RESULTS: Results show the thermal lesion size decreases as the lesion blood perfusion rate increases. And, single large blood vessel which is orthogonal to @entity6470 electrode will cause less undercooled volume in the thermal lesion than one which is parallel to @entity6470 electrode. Furthermore, convective energy may easily damage parallel vessel and its surrounding normal tissues during RFA. Small blood vessels (or larger vessels with slow blood flow rate) during RFA could form "tail-like" thermal lesion formation, which could damage vessel downstream spots. CONCLUSIONS: Studies suggested that incomplete @entity5 ablation still exists within 1 cm distance between large blood vessel and @entity6470 electrode in a liver. This could have significant impact on local @entity5 recurrence rates. Second, if thermally significant vessel existed inevitably within the lesion, avoiding the @entity6470 cool-tip electrode placement next to the parallel large blood vessel would have a better heat treatment during @entity6470 heating. Additionally, reduced blood flow rate could help reduce significant cooling by large blood vessel.

title: Influence of blood vessel on the thermal lesion formation during radiofrequency ablation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'RF tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Parathyroidectomy is a definitive treatment for @entity459 . @entity1 contemplating this intervention will benefit from knowledge regarding the expected outcomes and potential risks of the currently available surgical options. PURPOSE: To appraise and summarize the available evidence regarding benefits and harms of @entity3 ( @entity3 ) and bilateral neck exploration (BNE). DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search of multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Scopus) from each database's inception to September 2014 was performed. STUDY SELECTION: Eligible studies evaluated @entity1 with @entity459 undergoing @entity3 or BNE. DATA EXTRACTION: Reviewers working independently and in duplicate extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified 82 observational studies and 6 randomized trials at moderate risk of bias. Most of them reported outcomes after @entity3 (n  =  71). Using random-effects models to pool results across studies, the cure rate was 98  % (95  % CI 97-98  %, I (2)  =  10  %) with BNE and 97  % (95  % CI 96-98  %, I (2)  =  86  %) with @entity3 . @entity3747 occurred in 14  % (95  % CI 10-17  % I (2)  =  93  %) of the BNE cases and in 2.3  % (95  % CI 1.6-3.1  %, I (2)  =  87  %) with @entity3 (P  <  0.001). There was a statistically significant lower risk of @entity13587 with @entity3 (0.3  %) than with BNE (0.9  %), but similar risk of @entity281 (0.5 vs. 0.5  %) and mortality (0.1 vs. 0.5  %). LIMITATIONS: The available evidence, mostly observational, is at moderate risk of bias, and limited by indirect comparisons and inconsistency for some outcomes (cure rate, @entity3747 ). CONCLUSION: @entity3 and BNE are both effective surgical techniques for the treatment of @entity459 . The safety profile of @entity3 appears superior to BNE (lower rate of @entity3747 and recurrent @entity13587 ).

title: Outcomes of Parathyroidectomy in @entity1 with XXXX : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3747 :: ('MESH:D006996', 'Disease') :: ['Hypocalcemia', 'hypocalcemia']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity13587 :: ('MESH:D061224', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['MIP', 'minimally invasive parathyroidectomy']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['Primary Hyperparathyroidism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Paraspinal muscle asymmetry in cross-sectional area (CSA) and composition have been associated with @entity1643 and pathology. However, substantial multifidus muscle asymmetry also has been reported in @entity1 who were asymptomatic, and little is known about other factors influencing asymmetry. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to identify behavioral, environmental, and constitutional factors associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 202 adult male twins was conducted. METHODS: Data were collected through a structured interview, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging. Measurements of multifidus and erector spinae muscle CSA and the ratio of fat-free CSA to total CSA were obtained from T2-weighted axial images at L3-L4 and L5-S1. RESULTS: In multivariable analyses, greater asymmetry in multifidus CSA at L3-L4 was associated with lower occupational physical demands and less disk height narrowing. Handedness was the only factor associated with multifidus muscle CSA asymmetry at L5-S1. For the erector spinae muscle, greater age, handedness, and disk height narrowing were associated with CSA asymmetry at L3-L4, and sports activity, handedness, disk height narrowing, and @entity1423 were associated with CSA asymmetry at L5-S1. In multivariable analyses of asymmetry in muscle composition, @entity1423 explained 7% to 20% of the variance in multifidus and erector spinae muscle side-to-side differences at both levels measured. In addition, handedness and @entity158 severity entered the model for erector spinae muscle asymmetry at L5-S1, and disability, handedness, and disk height narrowing entered the model for multifidus muscle asymmetry at L5-S1. LIMITATIONS: Reliance on @entity1 ' recall for @entity1643 history, occupation, and physical activity levels was a limitation of this study. CONCLUSIONS: Few of the factors investigated were associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry, and associations were inconsistent and modest, explaining little of the variance in paraspinal muscle asymmetry.

title: Factors associated with paraspinal muscle asymmetry in size and composition in a general population sample of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['familial aggregation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: We examined chromosomes and molecular aberrations in 21 @entity1 with therapy-related @entity1778 (t- @entity3052 ) or myelodysplastic syndromes ( @entity4289 ). All @entity1 showed abnormal karyotypes, and chromosomal losses of No. 5 and/or No. 7 (-5/5q- and/or -7/7q-) were identified in 12 @entity1 . Among these 12, six @entity1 (50%) harbored a @entity876 mutation, and two of five examined showed microsatellite instability, suggesting @entity124 (RER+) phenotype. Meanwhile, among the other nine @entity1 without -5/5q- and/or -7/7q-, none harbored a @entity876 mutation, and none of five examined showed RER+ phenotype. Thus, @entity876 mutations and RER+ phenotype were preferentially associated with specific chromosomal losses in t- @entity3052 / @entity4289 . We then screened for mutational events in representative DNA mismatch repair genes; exons 5-7 and 12-15 of the @entity4311 gene and exon 9 of @entity6756 . Notably, two unrelated @entity1 showing RER+ phenotype had an identical missense alteration at codon 419 of @entity4311 in their marrow cells and fibroblasts, which were not found in 120 DNA samples from healthy volunteers or @entity1 with other @entity1503 . Consequently, this study revealed a possible relationship of RER+ phenotype accompanying an @entity4311 alteration to the development of therapy-related @entity3052 / @entity4289 in association with @entity876 mutations and specific chromosomal losses, and suggests that some @entity1 may be predisposed to @entity2590 after chemotherapy for their @entity5 .

title: Distinct genetic involvement of the @entity876 gene in therapy-related @entity1778 and XXXX with chromosomal losses of Nos 5 and/or 7 and its possible relationship to @entity124 .

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['replication error']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematological disorders']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemias']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplasia']


abstract: Insulin has been shown to attenuate pressor-induced vascular contraction, but the mechanism for this vasodilatory action is unknown. This study examines the effect of insulin on angiotensin II ( @entity1808 )-induced increments in cytosolic @entity460 in cultured @entity35 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). 20-min incubations with insulin (10 microU/ml to 100 mU/ml) did not alter basal intracellular @entity460 concentration ([ @entity141 ]i), but inhibited the response to 100 nM @entity1808 in a dose-dependent manner ( @entity1808 alone, 721 +/- 54 vs. @entity1808 + 100 mU/ml insulin, 315 +/- 35 nM, P < 0.01). A similar effect of insulin on @entity1808 action was observed in @entity460 poor buffer. Moreover, insulin did not effect @entity460 influx. @entity1808 receptor density and affinity were not affected by 24-h incubation with insulin. To further clarify the mechanisms of these observations, we measured @entity1808 -induced production of @entity671 (IP3), and IP3-releasable 45Ca. Insulin treatment did not alter @entity1808 -stimulated IP3 production. However, IP3-stimulated release of 45Ca in @entity11040 permeabilized cells was significantly reduced after 5-min incubations with 100 mU/ml insulin. @entity2426 induced release of @entity460 stores was also blocked by insulin. Thus, insulin attenuates @entity1808 -stimulated [ @entity141 ]i primarily by altering IP3-releasable @entity460 stores. Insulin effects on @entity1808 -induced [ @entity141 ]i were mimicked by preincubation of VSMC with either @entity1854 or @entity8263 . As elevations in cGMP in vascular tissue lower [ @entity141 ]i, it is possible that insulin affects IP3 release of @entity460 by a @entity6708 -dependent mechanism that would contribute to its vasodilatory effects.

title: Insulin attenuates agonist-mediated @entity460 mobilization in cultured XXXX vascular smooth muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity671 :: ('MESH:D015544', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate']

entities_list: @entity11040 :: ('MESH:D004072', 'Chemical') :: ['digitonin']

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['Thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity1854 :: ('MESH:D009599', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium nitroprusside']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the use of @entity1559 and @entity4946 ( @entity3989 ) as an agent for preoperative mechanical bowel preparation. DESIGN: Prospective randomised comparison. SETTING: County general hospital, Greece. SUBJECTS: 58 @entity1 listed for elective colorectal operations were randomly divided into 2 groups. The first (n = 30) was given @entity3989 200 ml orally for 2 consecutive days before operation, and the second (n = 28) was given Ringer's solution through a nasogastric tube. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tolerability, acceptability, quality of cleansing, and complications. RESULTS: There were no disturbances in electrolyte concentrations, and other laboratory variables also remained unchanged. Two @entity1 treated with Ringer's solution had appreciable @entity101 , but there were no significant overall changes. About half the @entity1 given Ringer's felt nauseated and a third vomited. Such symptoms were uncommon in @entity1 treated with @entity3989 (p < 0.01). 28/30 and 26/28 (93%) had a clean colonic lumen at operation, whereas in the reminder the lumen was evaluated as containing "slight residue". There were no operation-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3989 can be used successfully as an agent for mechanical bowel preparation before elective colorectal surgery, as it gives equally good cleansing results compared with the established method of whole gut irrigation. It also seems to be better tolerated and accepted by @entity1 .

title: Preoperative bowel preparation with @entity1559 and XXXX ( @entity3989 ): a prospective randomised comparison.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in arterial blood pressure']

entities_list: @entity4946 :: ('MESH:D003973', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium diatrizoate']

entities_list: @entity1559 :: ('MESH:D008536', 'Chemical') :: ['meglumine']

entities_list: @entity3989 :: ('MESH:D003974', 'Chemical') :: ['Gastrografin']

answer: @entity4946 :: (MESH:D003973,Chemical) :: ['sodium diatrizoate']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal @entity2995 (IVTA) treatment on @entity1713 in @entity1 with central @entity2994 (CRVO). METHODS: Ten eyes of 10 @entity1 with CRVO (6 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 ; age range, 54-78 years) made up the study population. The eligibility criteria for this study included clinically and angiographically detectable @entity1103 ( @entity1103 ) in which the presence of @entity1713 was documented by optical coherence tomography (OCT). After IVTA (4 mg/0.1 mL) injection, visual and anatomical responses were observed. RESULTS: In all eyes, after IVTA injection, @entity1103 and @entity1713 regressed. At 3 months and 6 months, @entity1103 and @entity1713 had recurred in 4 (40%) and 5 eyes (50%), respectively. @entity1 with recurrence were retreated. No eyes lost vision at 1 month, and all eyes had improvement. At 3 months, no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 7 eyes (70%) had improvement. At 6 months, again no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 6 eyes (60%) maintained improved visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that IVTA is effective treatment for @entity1713 in @entity1 with CRVO.

title: Intravitreal XXXX for treatment of @entity1713 in central @entity2994 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['serous macular detachment']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['CME', 'cystoid macular edema']

answer: @entity2995 :: (MESH:D014222,Chemical) :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']


abstract: The myometrial invasion depth of @entity1204 is an important prognostic factor. The preoperative assessment is decisive for the appropriate surgical treatment. In 96 @entity1 with @entity1204 , the myometrial invasion depth (greater than 50% or less than 50%) was measured preoperatively using transvaginal sonography (TVS). The sonographic results were compared to the histopathological findings. A sensitivity of 93% was obtained for invasion depths greater than 50%. The predictive value of an invasion depth less than 50% was 93% as well. In 16% of the cases the invasion depth was overestimated while, in only 3% it was underestimated. The diagnostic accuracy was 81%. Forty-five @entity1 were examined preceding a diagnostic dilatation and curettage and fifty-one were examined following a diagnostic dilatation and curettage. The diagnostic accuracy in both groups was equivalent. Using transvaginal sonography, the spread of @entity5 to the cervix was observed in five of the seven cases in which it was postoperatively confirmed. TVS is a valuable, non-invasive diagnostic method for @entity1 with @entity1204 . When the TVS data are combined with results from other preoperative tests, the prognostic information obtained provides a useful basis in choosing the appropriate therapy.

title: Transvaginal sonography of myometrial invasion depth in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: Detection and prevention of @entity731 at an early stage is important for its prevention. The aim of this study was to propose a valid and highly reliable index for the evaluation of @entity2998 or carotid function. Images of carotid Doppler wave profiles were processed using an image processing software, and the relative fluctuation in blood flow was calculated from the luminance in one cardiac cycle. Frequency analysis was performed and up to 10 time components of basic frequency (f1) were indicated. The evaluation function alpha was estimated by calculating the ratio of the sum of components f3-f10 against the f1 + f2 components. Blood pressure of the finger was continuously measured using Finapress during passive postural change from the supine to the standing position, the baroreceptor function was evaluated by the frequency method, and the plaque score was measured by ultrasound tomography. The influence of factors such as arterial compliance, blood vessel resistance, and heart rate on this index was studied using electric circuit model simulation. The subjects were 33 @entity1 (18 @entity1 , 15 @entity1 ) who had various types of @entity731 and @entity101 . The average age was 67.3 + 12.2 years. The results showed that index alpha had a strong negative correlation with age and plaque score, and a weak positive correlation with baroreceptor function. Simulation results supported the clinical result. We proposed a new index to evaluate @entity2998 without blood pressure measurement using the carotid Doppler method. It is a potential index for detecting @entity731 of local arteries such as the carotid.

title: Evaluation of XXXX from the perspective of blood flow reflection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic disease']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity2998 :: (MESH:D002340,Disease) :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']


abstract: Study Type--Cohort study Level of Evidence 2b. What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for @entity703 provides equivalent long-term @entity5 control with shorter hospital stays, less @entity282 , and faster resumption of normal activities, but it has diffused slowly into clinical practice, perhaps as a result of perceptions about safety. @entity1 safety outcomes for laparoscopic and open radical nephrectomy using validated measures remain incompletely characterized. This is the first study to investigate peri-operative outcomes of radical nephrectomy using validated @entity1 safety measures. We found a 32% decreased probability of adverse @entity1 safety events occurring in laparoscopic compared with open radical nephrectomy. The safety benefits of laparoscopy were attained only after 10% of cases were completed laparoscopically--a proportion some have proposed as the 'tipping point' for the adoption of surgical innovations. This observation could have implications for @entity1 safety in the setting of diffusion of new surgical techniques. OBJECTIVE:     To compare peri-operative adverse @entity1 safety events occurring in laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) with those occurring in open radical nephrectomy ( @entity7222 ). METHODS:     We used the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify @entity1 undergoing kidney surgery for @entity703 from 1998 to 2008.     We used @entity1 safety indicators (PSIs), which are validated measures of preventable adverse outcomes, and multivariate regression to analyse associations of surgery type with @entity1 safety. RESULTS:     Open radical nephrectomy accounted for 235,098 (89%) cases while 28,609 (11%) cases were LRN.     Compared with @entity7222 , LRN @entity1 were more likely to be male (P= 0.048), have lower Charlson comorbidity scores (P < 0.001), and to undergo surgery at urban (P < 0.001) and teaching (P < 0.001) hospitals.     PSIs occurred in 18,714 (8%) of @entity7222 and 1434 (5%) of LRN cases (P < 0.001).     On multivariate analysis, LRN was associated with a 32% decreased probability of any PSI (adjusted odds ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.6 to 0.77, P < 0.001). Stratification by year showed that this difference was initially manifested in 2003, when the proportion of LRN cases first exceeded 10%. CONCLUSIONS:        We found that LRN was associated with substantially superior peri-operative @entity1 safety outcomes compared with @entity7222 , but only after the national prevalence of LRN exceeded 10%.     Further study is needed to explain these patterns and promote the safe diffusion of novel surgical therapies into broad practice.

title: Inpatient safety trends in laparoscopic and open nephrectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity703 :: ('MESH:D007680', 'Disease') :: ['renal cancer', 'renal tumours']

answer: @entity703 :: (MESH:D007680,Disease) :: ['renal tumours']


abstract: The presence of the @entity6478 -sensitive @entity1372 channel (ASSC) in ocular tissues was studied with the aid of a polyclonal antiserum raised against the 14 @entity535 peptide QGLGKGDKREEQGL. This sequence corresponds to the region 44-58 of the alpha subunit of the channel, termed @entity45268 , cloned from @entity35 colon. The antibody titers, measured by the ELISA technique, rose to 1_ratio;2560 4 weeks after immunization, and this bleed was used in all subsequent experiments. Immunoblotting with the polyclonal anti-alphaENaC serum, revealed a major band of 82-86 kDa in extracts prepared from whole @entity291 or @entity35 retina; a minor component of 92 kDa in the extract from @entity291 ciliary body may represent a glycosylated species. Immunohistochemistry, using the alphaENaC-specific antiserum, revealed strong fluorescence in specific areas of the @entity35 and @entity1 eye. Pronounced labelling was observed in the epithelial cell layer of the retina, the lens, as well as both the pigmented and the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body and the iris. All of the cell layers (epithelium, endothelium and fibroblasts) in the @entity267 , the blood vessels in the iris, and iris epithelium, were also strongly immunopositive. The somatic body of the photoreceptor cells (cones and rods) in the inner and outer segments could be traced to forming a synapse in both the internal and external portions of the internal nuclear layer. The bipolar cells and ganglia in the neuronal compartment also exhibited occasional immunofluorescence. The method of fixation and the source of the tissue were important parameters for the immunochemical localization of the @entity45268 . The resolution was very poor when @entity35 eye was fixed in Bouin's solution but this method was satisfactory for @entity1 tissues. For @entity35 eye, optimum resolution was obtained with AMeX fixation. This widespread distribution of the @entity45268 generally colocalizes with the previously observed immunopositivity for the mineralocorticoid receptor such that @entity134 hormone-mediated ion regulation would appear to add a new parameter to the functional expression of ocular tissues.

title: Immunochemical analysis of the @entity1372 channel in rodent and XXXX eye.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity6478 :: ('MESH:D000584', 'Chemical') :: ['amiloride']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The @entity4039 can result in development of @entity2738 which is very difficult condition to treat. Orthopedic surgeon can influence the development of @entity2530 . OBJECTIVE: The main objective in our study was to identify factors influencing the development of @entity2530 in nonoperative treated @entity1 for the @entity4039 . METHOD: A total of 53 @entity1 and 59 hips treated for the @entity4039 at the Institute for Orthopedic Surgery,Banjica" between 1968-2004 were studied. Necessary data were obtained from the accurate medical records. RESULTS: @entity2738 was diagnosed in 8 @entity1 (13.56%). Six of them (75%) were treated by manipulative reduction in general anesthesia and spica cast immobilization. Fischer test, used for statistical data processing, found significant difference between two non-operative methods of treatment (p = 0.0008). CONCLUSION: Higher-degree epihyseal displacement as well as complete separation of the physis and metaphysis were found to be the risk factors of @entity2530 . Every manipulation with the affected hip was also associated with higher percentage of @entity2738 .

title: [Factors influencing the development of @entity2530 in non-operative treatment of the XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2738 :: ('MESH:D005271', 'Disease') :: ['avascular necrosis of the femoral head', 'Avascular necrosis of the femoral head']

entities_list: @entity4039 :: ('MESH:D060048', 'Disease') :: ['acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['avascular necrosis']

answer: @entity4039 :: (MESH:D060048,Disease) :: ['acute slipped capital femoral epiphysis']


abstract: The serodiagnosis of @entity1526 , a highly prevalent disorder in South American countries, is usually made by the detection of antibodies to @entity1527 cruzi epimastigote antigen. In this study, we assess the diagnostic performance of the immunofluorescence test with @entity1527 (Y strain) amastigote antigen from an LLC-MK2-infected cell supernatant in comparison with a test with the conventional epimastigote antigen. A total of 238 serum samples from @entity1 in the acute and chronic phases of the disease, with the chronic indeterminate, cardiac, and digestive forms, and from nonchagasic individuals were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies. The reactivity of the amastigote antigen in terms of geometric mean titers was 2 to 4 times higher than that of the epimastigote antigen. Clear-cut results were obtained with the amastigote antigen, with no overlapping of true and false positives. IgG antibodies to amastigotes were found in all @entity1 with @entity1526 , whereas all sera from nonchagasic @entity1 were negative, except for those from @entity1 with @entity234 , in which 63% cross-reactivity was observed. IgM antibodies to amastigotes were detected in 100% of sera from @entity1 with @entity697 and in 7.5% of sera from @entity1 with chronic @entity1526 , whereas IgA antibodies were found in 60% of sera from @entity1 in the acute phase and in 33% of sera from @entity1 in the chronic phase. Despite the cross-reactivity observed with sera from @entity234 patients, the IgG immunofluorescence test with the amastigote antigen had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency. No relationship was observed between the class-specific antibodies or their titers and the clinical forms of @entity1 in the chronic phase. Amastigotes from the cell culture supernatant proved to be useful as an alternative antigen to epimastigotes because of their high resolution in the serodiagnosis of @entity1526 .

title: High resolution of XXXX cruzi amastigote antigen in serodiagnosis of different clinical forms of @entity1526 .

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ["acute Chagas' disease"]

entities_list: @entity1527 :: ('5693', 'Species') :: ['Trypanosoma', 'T. cruzi']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ["Chagas' disease"]

answer: @entity1527 :: (5693,Species) :: ['Trypanosoma']


abstract: The bacterial pathogen @entity5125 uses the surface protein InlB to invade a variety of cell types. The interaction of InlB with the hepatocyte growth-factor receptor, Met, is crucial for infection to occur. Remarkably, the ubiquitin ligase @entity5315 is rapidly recruited to InlB-activated Met. Recent studies have shown that ligand-dependent endocytosis of Met and other receptor @entity669 kinases is triggered by monoubiquitination of the receptor, a process that is mediated by @entity5315 . Here, we show that purified InlB induces the @entity5315 -dependent monoubiquitination and endocytosis of Met. We then demonstrate that the bacterium exploits the ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis machinery to invade @entity1 cells. First, we show that @entity5125 colocalizes with Met, EEA1, @entity5315 , clathrin and dynamin during entry. Then, we assess the role of different proteins of the endocytic machinery during @entity5125 infection. Over-expression or down-regulation of @entity5315 , respectively, increases or decreases bacterial invasion. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated knock-down of major components of the endocytic machinery (for example, clathrin, dynamin, @entity22273 , @entity10240 , @entity50840 , @entity6258 , @entity5263 and Hrs), inhibit bacterial entry, establishing that the endocytic machinery is key to the bacterial internalization process.

title: Listeria hijacks the clathrin-dependent endocytic machinery to invade XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes', 'L. monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['mammalian']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Adhesive @entity1744 (ASBO) is an important cause of hospital admission, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and therefore is a substantial burden for healthcare systems worldwide. Icodextrin 4% solution (Adept, Shire Pharmaceuticals, UK) is a high-molecular-weight a-1,4 @entity413 polymer approved in Europe for use as intraoperative lavage and postoperative instillation to reduce the occurrence of post-surgery intra-abdominal adhesions. The present clinical study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of icodextrin 4% in decreasing the incidence, extent, and severity of adhesions in @entity1 after abdominal surgery for ASBO. METHODS: The study was a single-center prospective, randomized investigation. The study is designed and conducted in compliance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice regulations. Safety and efficacy of icodextrin 4% in the study group are compared to no anti-adhesion treatment in a parallel control group with blinded evaluation of primary endpoints. Primary endpoints are the evaluation of the therapeutic role of icodextrin 4% in reducing ASBO recurrence incidence and the need of laparotomies for ASBO recurrence, as well as adhesion formation (with evaluation of their incidence, extent, and severity). A sum of 181 @entity1 with ASBO and surgical indication to laparotomy were enrolled and randomized in two groups. @entity1 were submitted to adhesiolysis with bowel resection if required with or without @entity254 . The first group received traditional treatment (control group), whereas the second group was treated with the addition of icodextrin 4% solution before the abdominal closure. RESULTS: Ninety-one @entity1 were randomized to have icodextrin 4% solution administered intraperitoneally, and 90 @entity1 were randomized to have the traditional treatment. The two study groups were homogeneous regarding their baseline characteristics. The ASBO recurrence rate was 2.19% (2/91) in the icodextrin groups vs 11.11% (10/90) in the control group after a mean follow-up period of 41.4  months (p   <   0.05). No differences were found in the need of laparotomies for ASBO recurrence in the studied groups. The adhesion severity score seems lower in the group treated with the addition of icodextrin (p   =   n.s.). CONCLUSIONS: The data resulting from this RCT showed that the use of icodextrin 4% solution in ASBO is safe and reduces intra-abdominal adhesion formation and the risk of re-obstruction.

title: P.O.P.A. study: prevention of postoperative abdominal adhesions by icodextrin 4% solution after laparotomy for adhesive XXXX . A prospective randomized controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['small bowel obstruction']


abstract: We conducted a retrospective study to determine whether @entity452 stress echocardiography (DE) can be used for risk stratification of @entity1 with known or suspected @entity453 ( @entity453 ). The study population consisted of 77 @entity1 who underwent DE at our institution. The protocol consisted of an echocardiogram at baseline followed by imaging during intravenous @entity452 infusion starting at 10 micrograms/kg/min with increments of 10 micrograms/kg/min every 3 minutes to a maximum dose of 40 micrograms/kg/min. The reasons for performing DE included preoperative cardiac evaluation (30), @entity662 (23), assessment of @entity63 (18), and suspected restenosis (6). DE was classified according to wall motion response as normal (before and during DE), fixed abnormal (abnormal before with no change during DE), or @entity63 (new wall-motion abnormality during DE). Mean duration of follow-up was 10 months. @entity299 occurred in 14 @entity1 . These included congestive @entity712 in seven @entity1 , @entity583 in six, and @entity204 in one. A normal wall-motion response (n = 40) was associated with a low incidence of @entity299 (5%), whereas 5 of 10 @entity1 (50%) with an @entity63 response had events. The risk of @entity299 was intermediate (26%) in @entity1 with fixed abnormal wall motion. Overall sensitivity of DE for predicting future @entity299 was 85%. In 45 @entity1 who underwent coronary angiography within 2 months of DE, the test detected @entity453 with a sensitivity of 71%. In conclusion, the wall-motion response during DE may be used for identifying @entity1 at high risk for future @entity299 .

title: XXXX stress echocardiography: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value for future @entity299 .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac events', 'cardiac events']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['Dobutamine']


abstract: A morphogenesis checkpoint in budding @entity375 delays cell cycle progression in response to perturbations of cell polarity that prevent bud formation (Lew, D.J., and S.I. Reed. 1995. J. Cell Biol. 129:739- 749). The cell cycle delay depends upon the @entity669 kinase @entity5676 , which phosphorylates and inhibits the cyclin-dependent kinase @entity11869 (Sia, R.A.L., H.A. Herald, and D.J. Lew. 1996. Mol. Biol. Cell. 7:1657- 1666). In this report, we have investigated the nature of the defect(s) that trigger this checkpoint. A @entity5676 - dependent cell cycle delay was triggered by direct perturbations of the actin cytoskeleton, even when polarity establishment functions remained intact. Furthermore, actin perturbation could trigger the checkpoint even in cells that had already formed a bud, suggesting that the checkpoint directly monitors actin organization, rather than (or in addition to) polarity establishment or bud formation. In addition, we show that the checkpoint could detect actin perturbations through most of the cell cycle. However, the ability to respond to such perturbations by delaying cell cycle progression was restricted to a narrow window of the cell cycle, delimited by the periodic accumulation of the checkpoint effector, @entity5676 .

title: A morphogenesis checkpoint monitors the actin cytoskeleton in XXXX .

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['yeast']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Screening for @entity14 using guaiac-based fecal occult blood tests (gFOBT) is well established in Western populations, but is hampered by poor @entity1 compliance due to the imposed dietary restrictions. @entity1241 ( @entity1241 ) do not require dietary restriction, but are more expensive than gFOBT and therefore restrict its use in developing countries in Asia. However, Asian diets being low in meat content may not require diet restriction for gFOBT to achieve equivalent results. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the validity and suitability of gFOBT and @entity1241 or a combination of the two in screening for @entity14 without prior dietary restriction in an Asian population. METHODS: @entity1 referred to the Endoscopic Unit for colonoscopy were recruited for the study. Stool samples were collected prior to bowel preparation, and tested for occult blood with both gFOBT and @entity1241 . Dietary restriction was not imposed. To assess the validity of either tests or in combination to detect a @entity5 or @entity5 in the colon, their false positive rates, their sensitivity (true positive rate) and the specificity (true negative rate) were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: One hundred and three @entity1 were analysed. The sensitivity for picking up any @entity5 was 53% for @entity1241 , 40% for gFOBT and 23.3% for the combination. The sensitivities for picking up only @entity189 were 77.8% , 66.7% and 55.5%, respectively. The specificity for excluding any @entity5 was 91.7% for @entity1241 , 74% for gFOBT and 94.5% for a combination, whereas for excluding only @entity189 they were 84%, 73.4% and 93.6%. Of the 69 with normal colonoscopic findings, FOBT was positive in 4.3%, 23.2 %and 2.9% for @entity1241 , gFOBT, or combination of tests respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity1241 is the recommended method if we are to dispense with dietary restriction in our @entity1 because of its relatively low-false positivity and better sensitivity and specificity rates.

title: Screening for XXXX with fecal occult blood tests: false-positive impact of non-dietary restriction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'neoplasia', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasias', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['FIT', 'Fecal immunochemical tests']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal neoplasias']


abstract: Two hundred fourteen @entity1 had anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions performed with banked freeze-dried or frozen allografts using an arthroscopic-assisted technique. Of these, 181 @entity1 were available for follow-up testing and examination. Minimum follow-up time was four years (average, 57 months). All @entity1 were evaluated by using KT-1000 arthrometer and Biodex testing as well as by physical examination. Final results were rated as satisfactory or unsatisfactory by using a modified Feagin knee scoring scale. @entity1 who were classified as good or excellent were considered to have satisfactory results. Those who were classified as fair or poor were considered to have unsatisfactory results. During the course of the study, 79% of the @entity1 had satisfactory results. The percentage of @entity1 with satisfactory results increased as the study progressed. The surgical technique was modified as new biomechanical principles were applied to ACL reconstruction. Rehabilitation of the @entity1 was also progressively changed from conservative to aggressive. The authors attribute the improvement from 67% of @entity1 with satisfactory results in 1984 to 85% in 1988 at least partially to these modifications. It was concluded that either frozen or freeze-dried aseptically excised and processed @entity79 allografts can serve adequately for the reconstruction of ACLs. Complications may be reduced and clinical end results improved by adherence to an exact, reproducible surgical technique and an aggressive rehabilitation regimen.

title: Reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligaments with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone-patellar tendon-bone and Achilles tendon']

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone-patellar tendon-bone and achilles tendon allografts']


abstract: Monitoring agricultural products requires the periodic determination of land cover and the production of land use policies in an optimum way. The hazelnut is one of the important Turkish agricultural exports and @entity233 provides 77% of the world's hazelnuts. In @entity233 , hazelnut production exceeds the demand; new regulations have been enacted to create new land use policies. By putting into practice regulations restricting hazelnut plantation areas, a more efficient and productive hazelnut harvest policy could be created. Therefore, more information on existing land cover is required to determine optimum (or ideal) @entity841 ( @entity841 ) and to forecast future crop production. The principle aim of this study is to create a methodology for determining existing @entity841 , using Geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques regarding to support hazelnut policy developers and economists. This study was basically carried out in the province of Trabzon, which is one of the most important hazelnut production areas in @entity233 . Landsat ETM+ image was used to generate a current land cover classification. Using the supervised classification method, overall accuracy was determined to be 84.7%. Suitable hazelnut areas were determined according to criteria settled by government regulations.

title: Detection of current and potential hazelnut plantation areas in Trabzon, North East XXXX using GIS and RS.

entities_list: @entity841 :: ('MESH:C537245', 'Disease') :: ['potential hazelnut areas', 'PHA']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Distinguishing bacterial from @entity5131 on admission to the hospital could guide the decision of whether or not to use antibiotics. We developed and validated a clinical prediction rule to distinguish bacterial from @entity5131 in hospitalized @entity1 . METHODS: We enrolled consecutive @entity1 , aged 1 month to 5 years, admitted to two tertiary @entity1 's hospitals in whom a bacterial or viral etiology for @entity55 was identified. Data from 175 @entity1 at one hospital were used to develop a clinical prediction rule or @entity2028 ( @entity2028 ). Data from 136 @entity1 at the second hospital were used to validate it. Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses and multivariable logistic regression, significant clinical and laboratory predictors, along with the radiographic score for each @entity1 , were included as factors in the @entity2028 . The main outcome measure was the sensitivity and specificity of the @entity2028 for @entity2028 . RESULTS: The @entity2028 (possible range: -3 to 15; auROCc = 0.996, 95%CI: 0.99-1.0) was developed by attributing 3 points for axillary temperature > or = 39.0 degrees C, 2 points for age > or equal to 9 months, 2 points for absolute neutrophil count > or = [corrected] 8,000 cells/mm3, 1 point for bands > or = 5%, and -3 to 7 points for the chest X-ray findings. A @entity2028 > or = 4 predicted @entity2028 with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 93.8%, positive predictive value of 75.8%, and negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity2028 accurately identifies hospitalized @entity1 's risk of @entity2028 , helping clinicians determine those not likely to benefit from antibiotic therapy.

title: Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule to distinguish bacterial from XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity5131 :: ('MESH:D011024', 'Disease') :: ['viral pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity2028 :: ('MESH:D018410', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial Pneumonia Score', 'BPS', 'bacterial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

answer: @entity5131 :: (MESH:D011024,Disease) :: ['viral pneumonia']


abstract: @entity857 - @entity413 pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) catalyzes a rate-limiting step in glycogen and starch synthesis in bacteria and plants, respectively. Plant AGPase consists of two large and two small subunits that were derived by gene duplication. AGPase large subunits have functionally diverged, leading to different kinetic and allosteric properties. @entity3689 changes that could account for these differences were identified previously by evolutionary analysis. In this study, these large subunit residues were mapped onto a modeled structure of the @entity2829 ( @entity2829 ) endosperm enzyme. Surprisingly, of 29 @entity3534 identified via evolutionary considerations, 17 were located at subunit interfaces. Fourteen of the 29 @entity3534 were mutagenized in the @entity2829 endosperm large subunit ( @entity46675 [ @entity46675 ]), and resulting variants were expressed in @entity526 with the @entity2829 endosperm small subunit ( @entity46676 ). Comparisons of the amount of glycogen produced in @entity526 , and the kinetic and allosteric properties of the variants with wild-type @entity46675 / @entity46676 , indicate that 11 variants differ from the wild type in enzyme properties or in vivo glycogen level. More interestingly, six of nine residues located at subunit interfaces exhibit altered allosteric properties. These results indicate that the interfaces between the large and small subunits are important for the allosteric properties of AGPase, and changes at these interfaces contribute to AGPase functional specialization. Our results also demonstrate that evolutionary analysis can greatly facilitate enzyme structure-function analyses.

title: Phylogenetic analysis of XXXX - @entity413 pyrophosphorylase subunits reveals a role of subunit interfaces in the allosteric properties of the enzyme.

entities_list: @entity3534 :: ('MESH:D000596', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity857 :: (MESH:D000244,Chemical) :: ['ADP']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of hospital social work. METHODS: We investigated in a retrospective study psycho-social implications of disease burden and acceptance of consultation by a social worker in 218 @entity1 (responders [R]) with the five most frequent gynaecological @entity5 . Similarly additional 55 oncological @entity1 (non-responders [NR]) with an identical spectrum of @entity5 , who had not been counselled by hospital social service, were also investigated using a standardised questionnaire. RESULTS: The acceptance of consultation by hospital social service was high. 78% of responders considered it beneficial. These estimates were independent of socio-economic background, kind and stage of @entity5 , and prognosis. Initially 71% did not know about the existence of hospital social service. 82% of non-responders would have wanted a consultation retrospectively. @entity1 felt that every @entity5 - @entity1 should be offered a consultation (96% [R]/93% [NR]). Emphasis in consultations was on medical rehabilitation and social law. Questions concerning coping-strategies and individual psycho-social burden followed in third position. CONCLUSIONS: Majority of responders benefited subjectively and objectively from the psycho-social intervention. Vast information deficits were revealed in non-responders. Social work has an important, not substitutable function within the realm of hospital professions.

title: [Acceptance of hospital social work by gynecological oncology XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'malignancies', 'tumour']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A series of phase I and phase II studies investigating multiagent concomitant chemoradiotherapy in @entity1 with poor-prognosis @entity135 have been conducted at the University of Chicago. Drug combinations initially included @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) and @entity1862 , with the more recent addition of @entity900 ; in the most recent trial, @entity1311 was substituted for @entity900 . The primary end point of these trials was definition of maximum tolerated doses in combination with radiation therapy. All radiation therapy was given concomitantly with chemotherapy on an every-other-week schedule (total dose, </=75 Gy). Maximum tolerated doses of the two-drug combination of @entity1862 and @entity1487 were defined at 1 g given orally twice daily for a total of 11 doses and 800 mg/m2/d for 5 days (by continuous intravenous infusion), respectively. When @entity900 was added to this regimen, the observed myelosuppression necessitated the addition of @entity1261 . The recommended phase II doses for the three-drug combination were @entity900 100 mg/m2 every 28 days, @entity1487 800 mg/m2/d for 5 days, and @entity1862 1 g orally twice daily for 11 doses. The feasibility of administering radiation at 1.5 Gy twice daily with chemotherapy was also established, which allowed the administration of 75 Gy over 5 cycles (10 weeks). The initial review of this trial suggested substantial @entity137 , particularly @entity33 and myelosuppression; however, local and regional control rates also were high. Most recently, @entity1311 has replaced @entity900 in this regimen. Recommended phase II doses were @entity1862 0.5 g orally twice daily for 11 doses, @entity1487 600 mg/m2/d for 5 days, and @entity1311 20 mg/m2/d for 5 days, with radiation therapy administered twice daily in 1. 5-Gy fractions. A formal phase II study of this regimen in previously untreated @entity1 with stage IV disease has recently completed accrual and is awaiting analysis. Evaluation of a simplified @entity1311 administration schedule (1-hour infusion on day 1 of chemoradiotherapy between the two radiation fractions) is under way. In addition, the feasibility of substituting @entity136 for @entity1862 is undergoing evaluation. Future trials in this disease should focus on developing new combinations that are less toxic and have similar efficacy.

title: XXXX , @entity1487 , @entity1862 , and concomitant radiation therapy for poor-prognosis @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: Two new repellent formulations, @entity15916 10% and 20% from Bayer AG, Germany, were evaluated together with DEET 10% and 20% as standard repellent formulations. Evaluation was based on two separate field studies: a daytime study (0900-1700 hr) in a forested orchard on Penang Island and a nighttime study (2100-0100 hr) in a squatter residential area on the adjacent mainland of peninsular Malaysia. Both studies were carried out by exposing @entity1 with bare arms and legs to mosquitoes landing/biting for an eight hour period. Right arms and legs of the @entity1 baits were treated with different repellent formulations ( @entity15916 10%, 20% and DEET 10%, 20%) and the left limbs were left untreated to act as controls. The daytime study indicated that all four formulations were equally effective (P < 0.05) as repellents against the predominant @entity197 with greater than 88.5% reduction in landing/biting in the first four hours and not less than 65.0% in the next four hours of the assessment period. In the night study, all four formulations were also found to be equally effective (P < 0.05) in repelling @entity2957 , the predominant species. All four formulations provided complete protection against Cx. quinquefasciatus in the first two hours of exposure. The percentage reduction values were maintained above 90.0% for the next six hours of the assessment period. In conclusion, both the @entity15916 and DEET formulations were found to be equally effective (P < 0.05) in providing a long-lasting reduction in @entity1 -mosquito contact in both the day and night field studies.

title: Field efficacy of a new repellent, @entity15916 , against @entity197 (SKUSE) and XXXX (SAY) in a tropical environment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity197 :: ('7160', 'Species') :: ['Aedes albopictus']

entities_list: @entity2957 :: ('7176', 'Species') :: ['Culex quinquefasciatus']

answer: @entity2957 :: (7176,Species) :: ['Culex quinquefasciatus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Noroviruses are the most common cause of @entity1902 worldwide. Noroviruses are comprised of at least five genogroups (GI-GV) and >35 genotypes. GII.7 is a nonpredominant genotype associated with Norovirus outbreaks. On November 17, 2011, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control monitored an increasing number of @entity1902 cases at a local college. To determine the causes and control the outbreak effectively, we carried out an epidemiologic investigation. METHODS: Suspected cases were defined as those with one of the following symptoms: @entity390 , @entity391 , @entity490 , or @entity294 presenting on or after November 15 among the @entity1 who lived at the college. Probable cases were defined as cases with @entity391 or @entity294 over three times per day on or after November 15. Confirmed cases were suspected or probable cases positive for Norovirus (nucleic acid). We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors of the outbreak. Norovirus was tested by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Norovirus polymerase chain reaction products were further sequenced. RESULTS: In total, 63 cases were identified, which were scattered in all 14 departments of the college. The outbreak lasted for 84   h. Time distribution mode indicated a point-source outbreak. Fifty-one cases and 94 controls were contacted. Seventy-five percent of the cases compared to 19% of the controls were exposed to delicatessens (various salad and meat products) from the "Y" convenience store (odds ratio=12, 95% confidence interval 5.4-28). Laboratory tests showed 14 of the 15 cases and two asymptomatic @entity6766 were positive for Norovirus nucleic acid. There was 100% similarity between the cases and the @entity6766 when we compared the @entity377 sequences of Norovirus, which clustered with GII.7 genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Delicatessens from the "Y" convenience store were associated with the GII.7 Norovirus outbreak. We strongly recommend food supervision and quality control in convenience stores to decrease the risk of future Norovirus outbreaks.

title: XXXX outbreaks caused by Norovirus genotype II.7 in a college in China (Zhuhai, Guangdong) in 2011.

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['food handlers']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis', 'epidemic gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity1902 :: (MESH:D005759,Disease) :: ['Gastroenteritis']


abstract: The x-ray examinations usually do not reveal morbid changes after lung expansion in the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax. In our observation computed tomography (CT) and scintigraphy enable not only the exact determination of the extent of changes but also they disclose bullae invisible in conventional chest radiographs. 15 @entity1 with cured spontaneous pneumothorax and 10 @entity1 with radiographic evidence of a bulla or bullae were examined. CT scans showed bullae from 3 to 18 cm in @entity3948 . 4 @entity1 had additionally subpleural or @entity4530 of various degrees. In all @entity1 with cured spontaneous pneumothorax, CT scans revealed @entity4530 , and in 6 cases bilateral @entity4530 were revealed. Only in sites of large bullae, no isotopic marker or its low elimination was shown in perfusion and inhalation scintigraphy. 10 @entity1 with @entity2415 were operated; in 6 @entity1 enucleation of bullae, in 3 lobectomy and in one @entity1 bullectomy were performed. CONCLUSION: CT is a method of choice in the diagnosis of @entity358 and it enables the detection of the changes undetectable in chest radiographs. Perfusion and inhalation scintigraphy is helpful in the diagnosis of large @entity4530 and postoperative follow-up examination.

title: [Usefulness of computed tomography and scintigraphy in diagnosis of XXXX in the lung].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4530 :: ('MESH:D001768', 'Disease') :: ['intraparenchymal bullae', 'emphysematous bullae']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['giant bullous emphysema']

entities_list: @entity3948 :: ('MESH:C538521', 'Disease') :: ['diameter involving predominantly the upper lobes']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung emphysematous bullae']

answer: @entity4530 :: (MESH:D001768,Disease) :: ['emphysematous bullae']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Many @entity1 with @entity3558 -producing @entity788 , characterized by dilatation of the pancreatic duct, are diagnosed by conventional ultrasonography in a mass ultrasonographic survey in Japan. It is a necessary and reliable method for making a precise diagnosis and for deciding on the treatment approach. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is appreciated as a useful method for precise diagnosis of @entity788 . Intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) is expected to be a new modality for the more detailed diagnosis of @entity788 . METHODOLOGY: Endoscopic ultrasonography and intraductal ultrasonography were performed in 23 @entity1 with @entity3558 -producing @entity788 . The differences in ultrasonographic findings between benign and @entity5 were studied. RESULTS: Ultrasonographic findings of @entity3558 -producing @entity788 revealed by EUS and IDUS were: @entity5409 , mural nodule in the @entity5409 , wall thickness of the cyst, mucus echoes, and @entity5 with a mixed echo pattern. Seven out of 11 @entity1 with mural nodule were diagnosed as @entity189 and another 4 @entity1 had @entity652 . Seven of 8 @entity1 with mucus echoes were diagnosed as @entity189 . Three of 4 @entity1 with @entity5 were diagnosed as @entity189 . The ultrasonographic findings suggesting malignancy were: mural nodule, irregular wall thickness, mucus echoes, and @entity5 with a mixed pattern. @entity5 indicated @entity189 exclusively. CONCLUSIONS: Intraluminal ultrasonography, EUS and IDUS are very useful in making a differential diagnosis between benign and @entity5 in @entity3558 -producing @entity788 .

title: XXXX -producing @entity5 of the pancreas--intraluminal ultrasonography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic tumors', 'pancreatic tumor']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesion']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Solid tumor', 'malignant tumors', 'solid tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'carcinoma', 'invasive carcinoma']

answer: @entity3558 :: (100508689,Gene) :: ['Mucin']


abstract: The effect of basic oligopeptides (Lys-Ala-Ala)n and (Lys-Leu-Ala)n (n = 1-4) on the B-Z transition of @entity46213 . @entity46213 in aqueous solution and in @entity1042 -water mixtures was investigated by c.d. spectroscopy. In aqueous solution dimers and higher oligomers induce a transition to the Z conformation. These temperature dependent transitions are consistent with positive delta HB-Z values which depend on peptide composition. In the absence of peptides no transition can be observed. In the presence of peptides B-Z transition can be induced by small amount of @entity1042 . The temperature dependence of this transition is consistent with a small, but definitely negative delta HB-Z. At high @entity1042 concentration a transition to Z' type conformation was observed. In subcritical @entity1042 concentrations B-Z transition can be induced by the addition of peptides. In this case the delta HB-Z values are again very small, but definitely positive. The effects of bulky hydrophobic peptide side chains, of the presence of @entity1042 and the temperature dependences are consistent with an important contribution of hydrophobic interactions in maintaining the stability of the Z DNA-peptide complex.

title: B-Z transition of XXXX . @entity46213 in the presence of basic oligopeptides.

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

answer: @entity46213 :: (MESH:C029988,Chemical) :: ['poly(dG-m5dC)']


abstract: @entity3570 is a multifaceted @entity16 with complex neuropsychological sequelae. The cognitive outcome in @entity3570 has frequently been attributed to the severity of the @entity1276 . However, because of complex neuropathology, the influence of @entity1276 alone does not sufficiently explain the @entity73 in @entity3570 . To date, little is known of the role of @entity1645 (ACM) in the cognitive profile of these @entity1 . Aim of the current study is to delineate the specific contribution of the ACM in @entity3570 by comparing @entity1 with ACM and those without ACM. 46 @entity1 between 6 and 15 years of age underwent a neuropsychological assessment covering intelligence and a wide range of cognitive functions, such as visuo-motor processing, attention, memory, word fluency and speed of information processing. Comparisons were made between @entity1 with ACM (ACM+) and those without ACM (ACM-); all @entity1 with ACM+ also had @entity1276 . Confounding effects of global @entity73 were excluded, such that groups were matched on verbal IQ. Because of complex neuropathology, which is inherent to @entity3570 , the method applied was based on a comparison of cognitive profiles of the study group with profiles of @entity1 with @entity76 and @entity1276 found in the literature. Impaired visual analysis and synthesis, verbal memory, and verbal fluency, even after correction for global @entity73 , were observed in @entity1 with ACM. The hypothesis that in addition to impairment in visual analysis and synthesis, which are related to both @entity1276 and ACM, specific @entity2414 and fluency may be attributed to ACM is supported.

title: XXXX and cognitive functioning in @entity3570 .

entities_list: @entity3570 :: ('MESH:D016135', 'Disease') :: ['spina bifida', 'Spina bifida']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment', 'deficits in the cognitive profile']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity1645 :: ('MESH:D001139', 'Disease') :: ['Arnold-Chiari-II malformation']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar damage']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies in verbal memory']

answer: @entity1645 :: (MESH:D001139,Disease) :: ['Arnold-Chiari-II malformation']


abstract: Tracheostomy and endotracheal intubation are complementary methods in the management of @entity1576 ( @entity1576 ). One hundred @entity1 (n = 100) were treated at the Intensive Care Unit for @entity1 and @entity1 , University Hospital of Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljevi  " Zagreb, from 1987 to 1991. They mostly suffered from severe @entity166 in the course of which @entity1576 developed. Endotracheal intubation was performed in 95/100 @entity1 , while tracheostomy was done in 11/100 @entity1 . In the majority of subjects the course of the disease required mechanical ventilation (96%). Complications connected with tracheostomy or intubation developed in 49% of the intubated @entity1 and in 100% of the @entity1 with tracheostomy. 17% mortality rate among our @entity1 was neither the result of tracheostomy or intubation nor of the respiratory support but of the adverse course of the disease and consecutive complications characteristic for newborns and @entity1 . Most of our @entity1 developed @entity1576 as a result of @entity5044 , particularly those suffering from @entity4767 . Nasotracheal intubation appeared to be the method of choice in the treatment of @entity1576 in infancy and childhood, while tracheostomy is only the supplement of substitute when particular indications are present. In most of our @entity1 (83%) those methods contributed to the positive outcome of @entity1576 treatment.

title: [Tracheotomy or intubation, alternatives in the treatment of @entity1576 during XXXX in childhood].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children', 'infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity4767 :: ('MESH:D002494', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system infection']

entities_list: @entity5044 :: ('OMIM:143470', 'Disease') :: ['inefficient gas transfer']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['ARF', 'acute respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious diseases']

answer: @entity166 :: (MESH:D003141,Disease) :: ['infectious diseases']


abstract: 1. This study compares a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor ( @entity117 ), a 5-HT2 antagonist ( @entity47853 ) and a combined @entity2871 synthase inhibitor/receptor antagonist ( @entity47854 ) as adjuncts to tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). 2. Application of an anodal current (332 +/- 4.1 microA) to the stenosed left circumflex coronary artery of 20 anaesthetized @entity235 produced a stable platelet-rich occlusive @entity715 . 3. After initial i.v. administration of recombinant @entity1 tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA, 3 mg bolus +2 mg kg-1 h-1 for 30 min) thrombolysis occurred in 15 out of 20 @entity235 . All 15 @entity235 reoccluded. 4. The second i.v. administration of rt-PA in the presence of either @entity117 , @entity47853 , @entity47854 or saline resulted in thrombolysis in all 20 @entity235 . 5. Both the combined @entity2871 synthase inhibitor/receptor antagonist ( @entity47854 ) and 5-HT2 antagonist ( @entity47853 ) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the time taken to lyse the @entity715 compared with the saline group. The times were 14.4 +/- 2.7 min, 18.0 +/- 3.9 min and 36.8 +/- 6.2 min for @entity47854 , @entity47853 and saline respectively. 6. @entity117 did not offer any additional benefit to using rt-PA alone. The times to thrombolysis were 36.8 +/- 8.4 min for @entity117 and 36.8 +/- 6.2 min for the saline group. 7. The number of @entity235 in which the circumflex coronary artery reoccluded within 60 min of terminating the second infusion of rt-PA were five for saline, four for @entity117 , two for @entity47854 and two for @entity47853 . 8. These results indicate that both @entity47854 and @entity47853 are more effective adjuncts than @entity117 in thrombolysis and may provide an improvement in current clinical practice.

title: Comparative effects of anti-platelet agents as adjuncts to tissue plasminogen activator in a XXXX model of occlusive coronary thrombosis.

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspirin', 'aspirin']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dog']


abstract: The study of the dose-response relationship of disinfectants is of great importance in treating @entity281 , the objective being to use concentrations above the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Below these concentrations, the bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect may be insufficient. Moreover, at low concentrations, a hormetic effect may be observed, producing a stimulation of growth instead of inhibitory action. Hormesis is not well known in the context of antimicrobial substances. This study investigates the possible existence of a hormetic effect in three commonly used antiseptics- @entity5164 , @entity4279 and @entity3676 -on strains of reference of @entity794 and @entity796 . Growth curves were determined for different concentrations of the disinfectants. The variables studied-concentration of disinfectant, instantaneous growth rate and number of generations-were analysed using linear, quadratic and cubic models to adjust for the variables. The three disinfectants tested show a significant hormetic effect with @entity796 and a less significant effect with @entity794 . These findings point to a dose-response effect that is not linear at low concentrations, while hormetic effects observed at some low concentrations result in greater bacterial growth. In @entity2737 , materials or surfaces where microorganisms may occupy zones of difficult access for a disinfectant, the hormetic effect may have important consequences.

title: Study of the hormetic effect of disinfectants chlorhexidine, XXXX and @entity3676 .

entities_list: @entity796 :: ('287', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'P. aeruginosa']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity4279 :: ('MESH:D011206', 'Chemical') :: ['povidone iodine']

entities_list: @entity2737 :: ('MESH:D014946', 'Disease') :: ['infected wounds']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3676 :: ('MESH:D001548', 'Chemical') :: ['benzalkonium chloride']

entities_list: @entity5164 :: ('MESH:C010882', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorhexidine digluconate']

answer: @entity4279 :: (MESH:D011206,Chemical) :: ['povidone iodine']


abstract: @entity16541 are significant in the care of turtles and tortoises. Clinical signs range from unspecific symptoms, due to the variety of organ manifestations, to the "classical" picture of @entity2490 . The presented case study showed the typical disease only with respect to clinical symptoms following hibernation, but lacks @entity3136 , @entity5932 . On the other hand, @entity272 on the extremeties, causative with @entity16541 , could be diagnosed. In this case study, various symptoms, sampling procedures and diagnostics using two different PCR methods are presented. Following hibernation, samples from a @entity45640 ( @entity45640 ) were taken ante mortem and post mortem and screened with respect to virology, pathology, bacteriology and parasitology. DNA-fragments specific for tortoise herpesvirus were detected in various organs and body liquids. Furthermore basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were found. The bacteriological examination showed a high level of Pasteurella testunis in the lungs. By parasitological examination @entity2199 (Oxyridae) were diagnosed. A potential prophylaxis tortoise herpesvirus is discussed.

title: [Molecularbiological diagnosis of herpes virus infection of a juvenile XXXX ( @entity45640 ) with skin and lung lesions].

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity16541 :: ('MESH:D006566', 'Disease') :: ['herpesvirus infection', 'Herpesvirus infections']

entities_list: @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['erosions or plaques in the oral mucosa']

entities_list: @entity2490 :: ('MESH:D012220', 'Disease') :: ['rhinitis-stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin lesions']

entities_list: @entity45640 :: ('101699', 'Species') :: ['Russian tortoise', 'Agrionemys horsfieldii']

answer: @entity45640 :: (101699,Species) :: ['Russian tortoise']


abstract: Approximately 10% of @entity1 with @entity1988 develop @entity454 ( @entity454 ). In some cases with a rapidly progressive course, treatment may result in partial recovery of renal function. The choice of aggressive treatment should be balanced against the risk of enhanced morbidity due to side effects in @entity1 with @entity177 ; one should therefore desist from preventing @entity454 at any cost. Renal replacement therapy (both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) may offer @entity1252 @entity1 with @entity454 good chances of survival. The indications for renal replacement therapy are similar to those in other uremic @entity1 . @entity1252 may be quenched by renal replacement therapy but it may also persist, especially during the first year. Immunosuppression and corticosteroids should be stopped when possible, as @entity1252 @entity1 on dialysis are liable to increased morbidity consisting of @entity281 and @entity65 due to side effects of therapy. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies may favor @entity715 events. Renal transplant offers the best rehabillitation for most @entity1252 @entity1 with @entity454 . Many studies have reported similar @entity1 and graft survival rates in @entity1252 and nonlupus transplant recipients. The results are better for living-donor transplants. Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies have a higher graft failure risk. Active @entity1252 and iatrogenic side effects are risk factors for enhanced morbidity after transplant; a 6-12 washout period before transplant is advisable for these candidates. Recurrence of @entity1988 is a rare event which usually does not compromise the outcome of the graft.

title: [Treatment of @entity1988 associated with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic lupus erythematosus activity', 'lupus']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity454 :: (MESH:D007676,Disease) :: ['end-stage renal disease']


abstract: The antigen-binding fragment @entity1334 -YADS2 recognizes @entity7 ( @entity7 ) and was derived from a library with chemical diversity restricted to only four @entity1522 (Tyr, Ser, Ala and @entity2574 ). The structure of the @entity1334 :antigen complex revealed that the structural paratope is dominated by Tyr side-chains. Isothermal titration calorimetry and cell-based assays show that restricted chemical diversity does not limit the affinity or specificity of @entity1334 -YADS2, which behaves in a manner comparable to natural antibodies. Mutagenesis experiments reveal that the functional paratope is dominated by Tyr, which represents 11 of the 15 functionally important residues. However, mutagenesis experiments also indicate that substitution of any of these @entity669 residues by @entity815 does not significantly affect binding to @entity7 . Furthermore, saturation mutagenesis shows that replacement of three functionally important @entity669 residues by combinations of other hydrophobic residues is not only tolerated, but can actually improve affinity. The results support a model for na  ve antigen recognition in which large Tyr side-chains establish binding contacts with antigen, and small Ser and Ala side-chains serve as auxiliaries that help to position Tyr in favorable binding conformations. While Tyr may not be optimal for any particular antigen contact, it is nonetheless capable of mediating favorable interactions with a diverse array of surfaces. Furthermore, the side-chain @entity3787 group makes Tyr significantly more hydrophilic than @entity815 and other hydrophobic @entity1522 . Increased hydrophilicity may reduce non-specific binding in the unbound state, and this may be critical for a na  ve repertoire that is exposed to a diverse range of potential antigenic surfaces. The results show that the chemical nature of Tyr endows the @entity535 with a privileged role in antigen recognition, and this likely explains the high abundance of Tyr in natural antigen-binding sites.

title: XXXX plays a dominant functional role in the paratope of a synthetic antibody derived from a four @entity535 code.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity669 :: (CHEBI:18186,Chemical) :: ['Tyrosine']


abstract: @entity131 ( @entity131 ) are common in sports accidents. Helmets are generally known to provide protection to the head. However, the effectiveness of helmets in mitigating a @entity131 may be compromised due to the impact location and impact speed. Although it is known that the helmet decreases the linear head accelerations and the resulting @entity542 potential, to the best of our knowledge, limited research effort has been devoted to the study of the biomechanics of @entity131 in side impact conditions. The present work is designed to delineate the biomechanics of @entity131 in a fall impacting the parietal/temporal regions. A standing Hybrid III male dummy with pedestrian pelvis was used. The dummy was placed on a swinging platform for the fall simulation. The drop was achieved by stopping the platform with a block. The platform was swung from a predetermined height and stopped to allow the free fall of the dummy. The test was conducted with and without a skate board helmet. The impact on the dummy  s head was in the parietal and temporal regions. The head impact speed with the floor was approximately 24 kph (6.7 m/sec) The dummy was instrumented with tri-axial linear and tri-axial angular head accelerometers to measure the biomechanical injury responses. Results from three tests were compared. The linear head CG acceleration, @entity542 Criteria (HIC) and angular head accelerations were compared. Results suggest that the helmet reduced the linear head acceleration, HIC and angular head acceleration compared to the impact without a helmet. Although the linear head accelerations and HIC were reduced, the angular head accelerations even with the helmet were above nearly all proposed rotational @entity542 threshold in the literature. The higher angular head accelerations indicate a higher probability of concussion, acute subdural @entity1410 and @entity21 . The present study is an additional step to better understand the biomechanics of @entity131 and the role of protective headgear systems in sports and recreational accidents.

title: Experimental biomechanical study of XXXX in lateral falls with skateboard helmet.

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['Traumatic brain injuries', 'TBI']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['Head Injury', 'head injury']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse axonal injuries']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injuries']


abstract: The analgesic effects of @entity3575 (4 micrograms/kg) and @entity8998 (10 micrograms/kg) in 1 mL saline injected epidurally were measured in 15 @entity468 . The response to an electrical cutaneous stimulus from a constant current generator was used as the index of @entity1337 . The stimulus was applied to a forelimb before epidural injection, and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes post-injection (PI). The hindlimb was tested 5 minutes later. One mL saline only was used to control for volume of injection and saline. @entity8998 significantly increased the @entity158 threshold for the hindlimb at 20 to 245 minutes PI compared with the preinjection level. @entity3575 significantly increased the @entity158 threshold at 20 minutes PI only compared with preinjection levels. @entity8998 significantly increased the @entity158 threshold of the forelimb at 15 to 120 minutes PI compared with the preinjection levels. @entity3575 did not significantly increase the @entity158 threshold of the forelimb. Administration of @entity8998 produced emesis in 12 of 15 @entity468 in an average of 6.4 minutes PI (range, 3 to 11 minutes) and mild sedation in all @entity468 . Injection of @entity3575 produced no visible side effects in any of the @entity468 .

title: The analgesic effects of administering XXXX or @entity8998 in the lumbosacral epidural space of @entity468 .

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity8998 :: ('MESH:D020926', 'Chemical') :: ['Medetomidine', 'medetomidine']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl', 'Fentanyl']

answer: @entity3575 :: (MESH:D005283,Chemical) :: ['fentanyl']


abstract: The benefits of high-throughput bioanalysis within the pharmaceutical industry are well established. One of the most significant bottlenecks in bioanalysis is transferring in vivo-generated study samples from their collection tubes during sample preparation and extraction. In most cases, the plasma samples must be stored frozen prior to analysis, and the freeze/thaw (F/T) process introduces thrombin clots that are capable of plugging pipets and automated liquid-transfer systems. A new approach to dealing with this problem involves the use of Ansys Captiva 96-well 20-microm @entity7502 filter plates to collect, store frozen, and filter plasma samples prior to bioanalysis. The samples are collected from the test subjects, and the corresponding plasma samples are placed directly into the wells of the filter plate. Two Duoseal (patent pending) covers are used to seal the top and bottom of the plate, and the plate is stored at down to -70 degrees C. Prior to sample analysis, the seals are removed and the plate is placed in a 96-well SPE manifold. As the plasma thaws, it passes (by gravity or mild vacuum) through the @entity7502 filter into a 96-well collection plate. A multichannel pipet or automated liquid-transfer system is used to transfer sample aliquots without fear of plugging. A significant advantage of this approach is that, unlike other methods, issues related to incomplete pipetting are virtually eliminated. The entire process is rapid since thawing and filtering take place simultaneously, and if a second F/T cycle is required for reanalysis, it is not necessary to refilter the samples (additional clotting was not observed after three F/T cycles). This technique was tested using monkey, @entity35 , and @entity235 plasma and @entity6950 and @entity1098 anticoagulants. To assess the possibility of nonspecific binding to the @entity7502 filter, a variety of drug candidates from diverse drug classes were studied. Validation data generated for two Lilly compounds from distinct classes, before and after filtering, are presented in this paper as practical examples of this technique. While LC/ @entity15 / @entity15 is the primary method of bioanalysis in our laboratory, the technique presented in this paper is applicable to other forms of detection as well.

title: Collection, storage, and filtration of in vivo study samples using 96-well filter plates to facilitate automated sample preparation and LC/ @entity15 / XXXX analysis.

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity6950 :: ('MESH:D006493', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium heparin']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['MS']


abstract: Studies on the response of bacterial spores to accelerated heavy ions (HZE particles) help in understanding problems of space radiobiology and exobiology. Layers of spores of @entity3881 strains, differing in repair capabilities, were irradiated with accelerated @entity9725 , @entity505 and neon ions of linear energy transfer (LET) values up to 14000 MeV cm2/g. Inactivation as measured by loss of colony forming ability and induction of mutations as measured by reversion to @entity3793 prototrophy and resistance to 150 micrograms/ml @entity4627 were tested, as well as the influence of repair processes on these effects. For inactivation, the cross-sectional values sigma plotted as a function of LET follow a saturation curve. The plateau, which is reached around a LET of 2000 MeV cm2/g, occurs at 2.5 x 10(-9) cm2, a value in good agreement with the dimensions of the spore protoplast. @entity16 produced at LET values < 2000 MeV cm2/g is reparable. Recombination repair is more effective than excision repair. At higher LET values, lethal damage could not be reconstituted by the repair mechanisms studied. In addition, at these high LET values, the frequency of induced mutations was drastically decreased. The data support the assumption of at least two qualitatively different types of lesion, depending on the LET of the affecting heavy ion.

title: Inactivation, mutation induction and repair in XXXX spores irradiated with heavy ions.

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis']

entities_list: @entity3793 :: ('CHEBI:27570', 'Chemical') :: ['histidine']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Lethal damage']

entities_list: @entity4627 :: ('MESH:D019810', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium azide']

answer: @entity3881 :: (1423,Species) :: ['Bacillus subtilis']


abstract: A 3-month-old @entity1 was admitted to the hospital because of @entity2421 . She had severe @entity520 and her liver function was abnormal. @entity382 and rapidly progressive @entity1578 developed, and she died at 4 months of age. Two half-siblings from a different mother had died in infancy of an undiagnosed @entity121 . The liver was fatty and hepatocytes were filled with large and small lipid droplets. Other tissues were morphologically normal. The respiratory chain enzymes containing subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA were markedly decreased in liver, partially decreased in muscle, but normal in other tissues. Southern blot analysis showed 90% depletion of mitochondrial DNA in liver, 53% depletion in muscle, and normal amounts in other tissues. This is the second case of fatal @entity1578 associated with @entity17823 . This pathogenetic mechanism should be considered in @entity1 with multiple respiratory chain defects and variable tissue expression.

title: Fatal XXXX associated with @entity17823 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girl', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure', 'infantile liver failure']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia and frequent vomiting']

entities_list: @entity17823 :: ('MESH:C537477', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial DNA depletion']

entities_list: @entity382 :: ('MESH:D006529', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatomegaly']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathy']

answer: @entity1578 :: (MESH:D017093,Disease) :: ['infantile liver failure']