abstract: BACKGROUND: The cause of @entity548 is unknown, but a venous source is suggested. If @entity548 is of venous origin, less elevation of the intracranial pressure and less perfusion deficits are expected than after @entity510 . AIMS: We compared perfusion in the acute stage after @entity548 and @entity510 . METHODS: We included 45 @entity548 @entity1 and 45 @entity510 @entity1 , who were matched on clinical condition at admission and underwent computerized tomographic scanning <72   h after @entity510 . Cerebral blood flow was assessed in 12 predefined regions of interest. Differences in cerebral blood flow values with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Sub-group analyses were performed stratified on comparable amounts of blood and location of blood (posterior circulation @entity439 and additionally in infratentorial and supratentorial @entity439 ). RESULTS: Cerebral blood flow was higher in @entity548 @entity1 (mean: 63  8) than in aneurysmal sub-arachnoid @entity548 @entity1 (mean: 55  9; difference of means: -7  9 [95% confidence interval: -10  7 to -5  2]) and also in the sub-group with comparable amounts of blood (mean cerebral blood flow: 56  4; difference of means: -7  4 [95% confidence interval: -10  4 to -4  3]). Cerebral blood flow was comparable with @entity548 @entity1 for the sub-group with posterior circulation @entity439 (difference of means: -0  7 [95% confidence interval: -5  2 to 3  8]); however, differences diverged after stratifying posterior circulation @entity439 into supratentorial (difference of means -3  9 [95% confidence interval: -9  3 to 1  4]) and @entity439 (difference of means 3  0 [95% confidence interval: -2  8 to 8  8]). CONCLUSIONS: @entity548 @entity1 have a higher cerebral blood flow than @entity510 @entity1 . The findings of this study further support a venous origin of bleeding in @entity548 @entity1 . Future studies should further elaborate on cerebral blood flow in posterior circulation @entity439 .

title: Cerebral CT perfusion in XXXX with perimesencephalic and those with @entity510 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'infratentorial aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Perimesencephalic hemorrhage', 'perimesencephalic hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'subarachnoid hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity10470 ( @entity10470 ) have an unpredictable history with no correlation between histology and clinical behavior. Of reported cases since 1891, local and distant metastases appear in approximately 10% of cases and remain the hallmark of @entity5 . Currently, there are not enough data to support a single treatment regimen for malignant @entity10470 . The reported case demonstrates some unanswered issues with regard to malignant @entity10470 to include lymph node dissection, the need for carotid resection, and the role of radiation therapy. A 46-year-old pathologist underwent a resection of a Shamblin I CBT, to include jugular lymph node sampling, without complication. There was lymph node involvement, and @entity5 cells were found on the margins of the pathologic specimen. Subsequent carotid resection with reversed interposition saphenous vein graft and modified neck dissection were performed again without complication. Follow-up at 4 years has been uneventful. Diagnosis of @entity10470 with the use of magnetic resonance angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, color flow duplex scanning, and the role of arteriography are reviewed. The current treatment options are discussed with reference to primary lymph node sampling, carotid resection, and neck dissection in malignant cases. This case demonstrates that the unpredictable nature of @entity10470 and their malignant potential warrant aggressive initial local treatment to include @entity5 resection.

title: XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy', 'jugular lymph node sampling and complete tumor']

entities_list: @entity10470 :: ('MESH:D002345', 'Disease') :: ['Carotid body tumors', 'CBTs']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Malignant carotid body tumor']


abstract: @entity9812 ( @entity9812 ) is a rare @entity3459 due to the development of an autoantibody against and inhibitor of @entity2801 . It has been reported that immunosuppressive therapy with @entity288 , @entity786 , @entity500 and @entity1891 are effective to decrease this inhibitor. When @entity288 and cytotoxic drugs are ineffective, @entity205 (CyA) may be effective as a second-line salvage therapy. Except for postpartum conditions, @entity9812 usually occurs in elderly @entity1 who are often already suffering from @entity6 , @entity741 and/or @entity407 . However, immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs may have adverse effects on these @entity1 . We report on a 66-year-old @entity1 who developed @entity9812 after @entity694 resection (factor @entity797 inhibitor: 61 Bethesda units/ml, aPTT : 97.9 s). Since he already had both @entity6 and @entity741 , we abandoned treatment with @entity288 and oral @entity786 was started, but was switched to CyA because of @entity1431 . Within 3 months of starting the CyA treatment, aPTT levels returned to normal and 4 further months were required for complete eradication of the inhibitor. This case revealed that CyA is as effective as @entity288 for @entity9812 . For @entity1 with @entity9812 who have unfavorable complications due to @entity288 and cytotoxic drugs, CyA could be a potential first-line drug.

title: [ XXXX as an effective treatment for a @entity1 with acquired hemophilia A complicated with @entity6 and @entity741 ].

entities_list: @entity2801 :: ('2157', 'Gene') :: ['coagulation factor VIII']

entities_list: @entity9812 :: ('MESH:C536392', 'Disease') :: ['AHA', 'Acquired hemophilia A']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'man']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity3459 :: ('MESH:D025861', 'Disease') :: ['coagulation disorder']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukopenia']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['Cyclosporine A']


abstract: The aim of the study was to obtain incidence figures for @entity1467 throughout a period where a considerable change in the age distribution of @entity1 -bearing mothers has taken place and to study if the expected fall in incidence has occurred. In parts of the Copenhagen Metropolitan area 235 liveborn @entity1 with @entity1467 were ascertained in the period 1960 to 1971 in a population of 1-2 million with a total of 204771 births. All @entity1 available were examined cytogenetically (75%). In 160 (90-4%) a regular trisomy 21 was observed. In 6-2% of the cases translocations and in 2-3% of the cases mosaics were found. Two double trisomies and a double trisomy mosaic were observed. Throughout the period 1960-71 the percentage of @entity1 over 30 years delivering @entity1 decreased from 23-4% in the beginning of the period to 16-2% at the end of the period. In the first part of the period 52-6% of the cases were born to mothers over 30, at the end of the period 40% of @entity1467 mothers were of that age. However, the incidence was unchanged throughout the whole period, about 1-15 per 1000 births. For some age groups a steady rise in incidence of trisomy 21 cases was found throughout the whole period. These findings may be explained by better ascertainment of @entity1 at the end of the period; however, environmental factors may also play a role.

title: Incidence study of XXXX in Copenhagen, 1960-1971; with chromosome investigation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"]

answer: @entity1467 :: (MESH:D004314,Disease) :: ['Down's syndrome']


abstract: The early and differential diagnosis of the clinical phenotypes of @entity747 ( @entity747 ), including @entity4943 ( @entity4943 ), @entity4943 ( @entity4943 ) and non-fluent progressive @entity2026 (NFPA), can be challenging. It may be difficult not only to differentiate these conditions from normal aging, @entity146 , and other @entity303 , but also to distinguish between them. For early diagnosis, information on the initial and presenting symptoms of the @entity747 phenotypes is essential. In the present study caregivers of 78 @entity1 with @entity4943 , 20 @entity1 with @entity4943 and 17 @entity1 with PA were interviewed about initial symptoms. In @entity1 with @entity4943 , the most frequent initial symptoms were alterations of personality, followed by forgetfulness and @entity51 . @entity1 with @entity4943 presented with word finding @entity146 . Almost all @entity1 with PA developed @entity51 as the first manifestation of their disorder. Diagnostic latency - the time from disease onset to diagnosis was 4.1 years in @entity4943 , 4.2 years in @entity4943 and 3.1 years in PA. Caregivers, and in some cases also @entity1 , should be educated about the likely course and mortality of @entity747 . To obtain information about survival time and cause of @entity204 associated with @entity747 we analyzed follow-up data on 106 @entity1 of whom 25 had died. The median survival time from the occurrence of first symptoms was 14 years. Mortality risk was significantly higher in @entity1 with an @entity66 onset. Causes of @entity204 were varied, but @entity55 and @entity944 were particularly frequent.

title: [Initial symptoms, survival and causes of @entity204 in 115 @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['early disease']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorders', 'difficulty and behavioral disturbances']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementias']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden unexplained deaths']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['word finding difficulty']

entities_list: @entity747 :: ('MESH:D057174', 'Disease') :: ['frontotemporal lobar degeneration', 'FTLD']

entities_list: @entity4943 :: ('MESH:D057180', 'Disease') :: ['FTD', 'SD', 'frontotemporal dementia', 'semantic dementia']

answer: @entity747 :: (MESH:D057174,Disease) :: ['frontotemporal lobar degeneration']


abstract: The cooperative group included 18 provincial and district hospitals. A retrospective study was carried out on 140 cases of @entity1778 ( @entity1778 ) caused by @entity47743 (BML) for @entity1569 from 1984 to 1992. This series of BML- @entity1778 consists of 90 male and 50 female @entity1 . 87.1% of them were from 20 to 50 years old. Annual incidence varied from 4 to 24 cases, and was maintained at this level through the period from 1986 to 1991 without any declining tendency. The average time interval between BML administration and diagnosis of @entity1778 was 46 months. 138 cases were diagnosed as ANLL and 2 cases were suspected of having @entity981 . Subtype frequency was shown as follows: M3 > M2 > M5 > M4 > M1 > M6. 67.1% of the @entity1 had a low peripheral white blood cell counts (< 5 x 10(9)/L). 116 @entity1 received chemotherapy. A 26.7% remission rate was obtained with 18.1% complete remission and 8.6% partial remission. A 115 day median survival was calculated through a follow up survey of 95 @entity1 . Finally, we concluded that: (1) This has been the largest group of non-cancer-therapy-related- @entity1778 @entity1 ever reported. This type of @entity1778 is characterized by a shorter latent period, higher remission rate less incidence of @entity2590 and more frequent occurrence of @entity1431 , as compared with other types of @entity1778 . BML is supposed to be a strong @entity1778 -causing cytotoxic agent. Use of this drug in @entity1569 and other benign diseases is not recommended.

title: [140 cases of acute leukemia caused by XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia', 'therapy related leukemia', 'TRL']

answer: @entity47743 :: (MESH:C031186,Chemical) :: ['bimolane']


abstract: Birth timing, a relative measure of the timing of births within a season, has been shown to be related to the ways mothers and @entity1 interact as well as to @entity1 behavior and physiology. Although effects of birth timing on the @entity2339 have previously been associated with variation in social relationships, these effects could also be related to seasonal variation in climate conditions when the birth season is long. The current study examines the effects of birth timing and ambient temperature on the activity and regulation of the @entity2339 in 3-4 month old @entity2608 (N=338). Subjects were part of a BioBehavioral Assessment in which @entity1 were separated from their mothers and relocated to a novel testing environment for a period of 25h. Four blood samples were collected and assayed for @entity701 concentrations and reflected HPA response to (1) 2h maternal separation and relocation, (2) 7h maternal separation and relocation (sustained challenge), (3) @entity619 suppression, and (4) ACTH challenge. Nonlinear mixed modeling was used to examine the independent effects of birth timing and temperature on @entity2339 activity and regulation over the study period. Results indicated that birth timing and ambient temperature both had significant, but opposing effects on the @entity701 response to sustained challenge. Chronic exposure to low ambient temperatures was associated with higher @entity701 levels. After controlling for the effect of ambient temperature, birth timing was positively associated with @entity701 such that late-born @entity1 exhibited higher @entity701 concentrations than did early-born @entity1 . These results highlight the fact that climate conditions, even mild, subtropical conditions, can have potentially important influences on the activity and development of the @entity2339 .

title: The effects of birth timing and ambient temperature on the @entity2339 in 3-4 month old XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['HPA axis', 'hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkeys']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuous saline bladder irrigation (CSBI) after @entity150 ( @entity150 ) in @entity1 with low- to intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive @entity150 (NMIBC). @entity1 AND METHODS: In this prospective randomized study, 250 @entity1 with primary low- to intermediate-risk @entity5 were enrolled. @entity1 were randomly allocated to receive CSBI (2 000 mL/h for the first 1 h, then 1 000 mL/h for 2 h, followed by 500 mL/h for 15 h) or a single immediate instillation of @entity1138 ( @entity1139 ) after @entity150 . The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival, and secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 227 @entity1 (114 in the CSBI group and 113 in @entity1139 group) remained for analysis after exclusion criteria had been applied. The median follow-up period was 37 months. No significant differences in @entity1 characteristics were observed between the groups. The 5-year recurrence-free rates for CSBI and @entity1139 were 62.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-0.73) and 70.4% (95% CI 0.59-0.78), respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis of recurrence-free survival did not show any significant differences between the groups (log-rank test P = 0.53). Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of @entity5 progression rate and the median time to first recurrence. The incidence of adverse events was significantly lower in the CSBI group. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that CSBI after @entity150 may be a treatment option for @entity1 with low- to intermediate-risk NMIBC in terms of its prophylactic effect and safety.

title: Randomized controlled study of the efficacy and safety of continuous saline bladder irrigation after transurethral resection for the treatment of non-muscle-invasive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1138 :: ('MESH:D016685', 'Chemical') :: ['mitomycin C']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['TURBT', 'bladder cancer', 'transurethral resection of bladder tumour']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['bladder cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The bad prognosis of primary @entity6887 is ascribed to early lymphogenous @entity3 . Due to the rarity of cases, there exist only few and divergent results on the importance of lymph node @entity3 in the relevant literature. Thus, our study aimed at detecting the incidence of lymph node @entity3 and their influence on overall survival, as well as at evaluating the therapeutic effect of radical lymphadenectomy. METHODS: We studied 158 cases of primary @entity6887 in a retrospective multicenter analysis. Group I (n = 38) consisted of @entity1 who were subjected to radical pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy in addition to total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral adenectomy and omentectomy. The control group II (n = 71) underwent the same surgical procedures but without radical lymphadenectomy. @entity1 who received post-operative irradiation (n = 49) were excluded from the study. RESULTS: On average, 38 lymph nodes (range 12-68) were extirpated. In group I 42.1% of the cases showed lymph node @entity3 . Lymphatic dissemination was observed only after the @entity189 had spread beyond the organ (intraabdominal stage II); the incidence of lymph node @entity3 rose significantly (P = 0.02) with growing intraperitoneal @entity5 masses. Pelvic and para-aortic @entity3 occur simultaneously. Overall survival with @entity5 of equal size is markedly, but not significantly reduced (P = 0.18) if the lymph nodes are involved. If, however, radical lymphadenectomy is performed (group I) the median survival time increases to 43 months (95% confidence-interval 20-66), compared with 21 months (95% confidence-interval 10-32) in group II (P = 0.095). CONCLUSION: Correct staging is obtained only on the basis of pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Radical lymphadenectomy in @entity5 of equal size may markedly prolong survival.

title: Lymphadenectomy in primary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6887 :: ('MESH:D005185', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the Fallopian tube']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity6887 :: (MESH:D005185,Disease) :: ['carcinoma of the Fallopian tube']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Perivascular adipose tissue of normotensive @entity35 releases a transferable factor that induces relaxation by opening voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels. The relevance of these observations to @entity101 is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We characterized mesenteric perivascular adipose tissue from 3-month-old @entity35 Kyoto @entity35 (WKY) and aged-matched spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHR). @entity6227 ( @entity6227 ) weight and @entity6227 total lipid content were lower in SHR than in WKY. Freshly isolated @entity6227 adipocytes were smaller in SHR. Plasma @entity1674 , @entity653 , nonesterified @entity3691 , and @entity165 were also lower in SHR. Plasma and mesenteric leptin were correlated with the quantity of mesenteric fat. To study vascular function, the @entity6227 was cannulated and perfused at a constant 2 mL/min flow. The Kv channel blocker @entity973 (4-AP; 2 mmol/L) increased perfusion pressure less in SHR @entity6227 than WKY and was directly correlated with the mesenteric fat amount. In isolated mesenteric artery rings, 4-AP (2 mmol/L) induced a contractile effect that was attenuated in SHR compared with WKY. The anticontractile effects of perivascular fat were reduced in SHR mesenteric artery rings compared with WKY. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in visceral perivascular adipose tissue mass and function may contribute to the increased vascular resistance observed in SHR.

title: Perivascular adipose tissue and mesenteric vascular function in spontaneously XXXX @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity973 :: ('MESH:D015761', 'Chemical') :: ['4-aminopyridine']

entities_list: @entity653 :: ('MESH:D005990', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol']

entities_list: @entity6227 :: ('MESH:D003668', 'Disease') :: ['MB', 'Mesenteric bed']

entities_list: @entity3691 :: ('MESH:D005230', 'Chemical') :: ['free-fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: PURPOSE: To answer the question whether a single fraction of radiotherapy that is considered more convenient to the @entity1 is as effective as a dose of multiple fractions for @entity158 . @entity1 : 1171 @entity1 were randomised to receive either 8 Gy x 1 (n = 585) or 4 Gy x 6 (n = 586). The primary @entity5 was in the breast in 39% of the @entity1 , in the prostate in 23%, in the lung in 25% and in other locations in 13%. Bone @entity3 were located in the spine (30%), pelvis (36%), femur (10%), ribs (8%), humerus (6%) and other sites (10%). METHOD: Questionnaires were mailed to collect information on @entity158 , analgesics consumption, quality of life and side effects during treatment. The main endpoint was @entity158 measured on a @entity158 scale from 0 (no @entity158 at all) to 10 (worst imaginable @entity158 ). Costs per treatment schedule were estimated. RESULTS: On average, @entity1 participated in the study for 4 months. Median survival was 7 months. Response was defined as a decrease of at least two points as compared to the initial @entity158 score. The difference in response between the two treatment groups proved not significant and stayed well within the margin of 10%. Overall, 71% experienced a response at some time during the first year. An analysis of repeated measures confirmed that the two treatment schedules were equivalent in terms of palliation. With regard to @entity158 medication, quality of life and side effects no differences between the two treatment groups were found. The total number of retreatments was 188 (16%). This number was 147 (25%) in the 8 Gy x 1 irradiation group and 41 (7%) in the 4 Gy x 6 group. It was shown that the level of @entity158 was an important reason to retreat. There were also indications that doctors were more willing to retreat @entity1 in the single fraction group because time to retreatment was substantially shorter in this group and the preceding @entity158 score was lower. Unexpectedly, more pathological fractures were observed in the single fraction group, but the absolute percentage was low. In a cost-analysis, the costs of the 4 Gy x 6 and the 8 Gy x 1 treatment schedules were calculated at 2305 and 1734 @entity7634 respectively. Including the costs of retreatment reduced this 25% cost difference to only 8%. The saving of radiotherapy capacity, however, was considered the major economic advantage of the single dose schedule. CONCLUSION: The global analysis of the Dutch study indicates the equality of a single fraction as compared to a 6 fraction treatment in @entity1 with painful bone @entity3 provided that 4 times more retreatments are accepted in the single dose group. This equality is also shown in long term survivors. A more detailed analysis of the study is in progress.

title: The effect of a single fraction compared to multiple fractions on painful bone XXXX : a global analysis of the Dutch Bone @entity3 Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['palliation of painful bone metastases', 'pain']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: Erysipelas is a bacterial @entity2688 usually associated with @entity883 . Erysipelas of the upper limbs in @entity1 treated for @entity0 is relatively rare. We undertook a 10-year retrospective study identifying 26 cases of @entity3140 following treatment for @entity0 ; we describe the clinical, therapeutic, and evolutionary aspects. The age of our @entity1 ranged from 37 to 80 years with a mean age of 53. All @entity1 had a breast surgery and lymphadenectomy. Fifteen @entity1 had chemotherapy and 23 had radiotherapy. The @entity13171 appeared with an average of 5.23 years after @entity5 treatment (3 months to 15 years) and was recurrent in nine cases. @entity4269 occurred in eighteen @entity1 . The first signs were @entity221 and shivering in 25 @entity1 . The clinical aspect was an inflammatory plaque. The physical findings of @entity13171 included a raised edge (6 cases), blisters (1 case), @entity4125 (1 case), and @entity2688 (1 case). The portal of entry was not found in eleven @entity1 . The upper limb was affected in all cases. Involvement of the axillary folds or the chest was observed in eight cases. Treatment with @entity114 was undertaken for all @entity1 ; the length of treatment varied from 11 to 26 days. Lympadenectomy and radiotherapy in @entity0 may lead to @entity4269 , which can be evident or sometimes discrete. Those @entity1 who developed @entity13171 in our series usually fared well with treatment, but many had recurrences attributed to persistent @entity4269 . It was also of note that for many @entity1 in this series, the portal of entry was not identified.

title: Erysipelas after XXXX treatment (26 cases).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['Streptococcal infection']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['Lymphedema', 'lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis', 'hypodermal cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity3140 :: ('MESH:D038062', 'Disease') :: ['erysipelas of the upper limb']

entities_list: @entity13171 :: ('MESH:D004886', 'Disease') :: ['erysipelas']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: This multicenter, phase II clinical study was conducted to evaluate the activity of the combination of pemetrexed and @entity3003 in @entity1 with @entity3620 ( @entity3620 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: Chemotherapy-naive @entity1 with measurable disease and adequate organ function, who were not eligible for curative surgery, received pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 and @entity3003 area under the plasma concentration-time curve of 5 mg/mL/min, administered intravenously every 21 days. All @entity1 received @entity1501 and @entity2186 supplementation. Pemetrexed was provided within the Expanded Access Program. RESULTS: A total of 102 @entity1 were enrolled. An objective response was achieved in 19 @entity1 (two complete and 17 partial responses), for a response rate of 18.6% (95% CI, 11.6% to 27.5%). Forty-eight @entity1 (47.0%; 95% CI, 37.1% to 57.2%) had stable disease after treatment. Overall, 67 @entity1 (65.7%) achieved disease control (95% CI, 55.6% to 74.8%). Median time to progression was 6.5 months; median overall survival time was 12.7 months. Compliance to treatment was excellent, with a relative dose-intensity of 97% for pemetrexed and 98% for @entity3003 . @entity137 was mild, with grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 occurring in 9.7% of total cycles and grade 3 or 4 @entity417 occurring in 3.5% of total cycles. @entity137 was negligible. CONCLUSION: Treatment with pemetrexed and @entity3003 was active and well tolerated in @entity1 with @entity3620 . Disease control rate, time to disease progression, and overall survival were similar to the results achieved with the standard regimen of pemetrexed and @entity900 , suggesting that the @entity3003 combination could be an alternative option for these @entity1 .

title: Phase II study of pemetrexed plus @entity3003 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Nonhematologic toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['MPM', 'malignant pleural mesothelioma']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

answer: @entity3620 :: (MESH:C562839,Disease) :: ['malignant pleural mesothelioma']


abstract: The aim of the current study was to determine the prognostic factors of primary @entity421 in adults. This is a review of 47 @entity1 older than 40 years (27 @entity1 and 20 @entity1 ) who were treated between 1977 and 1998 at the authors' institution. @entity5 involved the lower limbs in 26 @entity1 and the axial skeleton in 18 @entity1 (38.3%). Eight @entity1 (17%) had @entity358 and seven had a pathologic fracture before the definitive surgery. At review, 33 @entity1 had died and 13 were alive. Twenty-one @entity1 (44.7%) did not receive any form of systemic treatment. @entity5 were treated surgically in 42 @entity1 (89%). Local recurrence was documented in seven @entity1 (17%). @entity3 after diagnosis appeared in 29 @entity1 (61.7%). The 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 32.54% and 41.64%, respectively. Adult @entity1 (> 19 years) with primary @entity421 had a poor clinical outcome. @entity3 at presentation or later, a pathologic fracture, large @entity5 volumes, and inadequate margins at the time of surgery were associated with significantly lower survival. The high number of adults presenting with advanced stage lesions and more @entity5 in the axial location might explain the high rate of recurrences. Aggressive multiagent regimens are needed to improve survival.

title: Primary XXXX in adults older than 40 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['synchronous pulmonary metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastasis', 'Metastatic disease']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['osteosarcoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in treatment and outcome @entity1036 . METHODS: Medical and microbiology records of seven cases of culture-provenNocardia @entity1036 seen between January 1997 and March 1999 were reviewed retrospectively. In all @entity1 , corneal scrapings were obtained for direct microscopic evaluation and culture. Drug sensitivity was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. The @entity6251 of @entity2177 and @entity4509 for these isolates was determined by agar dilution method. Response to medical therapy and the end result were analyzed. RESULTS: By the in vitro Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion techniques, all isolates were sensitive to @entity4509 ; six of these isolates were sensitive to @entity801 and four were sensitive to @entity2177 . The @entity6251 ( @entity6251 ) of @entity4509 for all isolates by the agar-dilution technique was well below the @entity6251 breakpoint forNocardia resistance, whereas the @entity6251 of @entity2177 was above the @entity6251 breakpoint forNocardia resistance. All @entity1 responded to medical therapy. The @entity281 resolved in three @entity1 after treatment with @entity2177 , in one @entity1 after fortified @entity801 , and in three @entity1 after fortified @entity4509 . Outcome details were available for six @entity1 . There was good visual recovery in four @entity1 , with visual acuity of 20/25 or better in three. The @entity267 of two @entity1 developed nonvascularized scars, and in four @entity1 in whom the infiltrates were peripheral, vascularization was seen. CONCLUSIONS: Although @entity1 @entity1036 may respond to other antibiotics, @entity4509 appears to be a drug of choice. In this small series, when appropriate therapy was initiated,Nocardia @entity1036 resolved promptly with good visual recovery.

title: Treatment and outcome of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity1036 :: ('MESH:D007634', 'Disease') :: ['ofNocardia keratitis', 'keratitis']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['corneal infection']

entities_list: @entity6251 :: ('MESH:C567712', 'Disease') :: ['MIC', 'minimum inhibitory concentration']

answer: @entity1036 :: (MESH:D007634,Disease) :: ['nocardia keratitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A high-dose oral intermittent @entity560 (pulse therapy) is widely used for the treatment of @entity3528 associated with @entity177 . However, @entity2741 by @entity560 sometimes interrupts this treatment. Because serum @entity460 concentration possesses a circadian rhythm, a chronopharmacologic approach of @entity560 may have merit for avoidance of adverse reactions. METHODS: Six female @entity3528 @entity1 receiving maintenance hemodialysis received a single oral dose of 2 microg @entity3873 at either 8 AM or 8 PM in a crossover design. Serum concentrations of ionized and total @entity460 , @entity1391 , and @entity3875 were determined for a 48-hour period after administration. We also measured serum intact parathyroid hormone before and 48 hours after dosing as an index for efficacy. RESULTS: A single oral administration of the drug caused an increase in concentration of ionized @entity460 , serum @entity460 , and @entity1391 . However, the area under concentration-time curve from zero to 48 hours [AUC(0-48)] and peak concentration of these variables were markedly lower after dosing at 8 PM. Pre-dose concentrations of these variables were lower at night. The AUC(0-48) of serum @entity3875 of the morning and night trials did not differ significantly. Reduction of intact parathyroid hormone concentration was also similar between the two trials. CONCLUSION: The administration of @entity3875 at night may reduce the occurrence of @entity2741 and @entity2265 in @entity1 with @entity3528 , whereas the pharmacokinetics and intact parathyroid hormone-lowering effect of the drug does not vary with dosing time.

title: Chronotherapy of high-dose XXXX in hemodialysis @entity1 with @entity3528 : a single-dose study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity3873 :: ('MESH:D002117', 'Chemical') :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3']

entities_list: @entity3528 :: ('MESH:D006962', 'Disease') :: ['secondary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['kidney failure']

entities_list: @entity2265 :: ('MESH:D054559', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphosphatemia']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D']

answer: @entity3873 :: (MESH:D002117,Chemical) :: ['1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3']


abstract: Most of @entity11410 may demonstrate no specific change on CT and MR images. @entity4 , @entity4 , abnormal density (CT) and abnormal intensity (MR) can be detected in herpes simplex @entity198 and @entity9488 (coxsackie, echo, polio). The common finding on CT and MRI in @entity1 with @entity645 @entity75 are @entity194 , @entity5719 . @entity7578 ( @entity7578 ) shows multifocal oval or round white matter T2-hyperintensities on MR images. Subacute @entity8300 ( @entity8300 ) may present slight changes in the subcortical and periventricular white matter, as well as basal ganglia. Progressive disorder makes widespread T1-low, T2-high intensity area and @entity194 . MRI of @entity6831 ( @entity6831 ) shows multifocal subcortical @entity2915 intense foci on T2-weighted studies. The deep white matter, brainstem, thalamus and cerebellum can be affected. Most of @entity6831 resolve. Imaging findings of acute @entity693 by echovirus and coxsackievirus are usually normal.

title: [Radiological diagnosis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity9488 :: ('MESH:D004769', 'Disease') :: ['enterovirus encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity11410 :: ('MESH:D018792', 'Disease') :: ['viral encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema', 'Brain swelling']

entities_list: @entity6831 :: ('MESH:D004673', 'Disease') :: ['ADEM', 'acute disseminated encephalomyelitis', 'ADEM lesions']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocytic meningitis']

entities_list: @entity8300 :: ('MESH:D013344', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosing panencephalitis', 'SSPE']

entities_list: @entity5719 :: ('MESH:D007969', 'Disease') :: ['leukomalacia']

entities_list: @entity7578 :: ('MESH:D007968', 'Disease') :: ['Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'PML']

answer: @entity11410 :: (MESH:D018792,Disease) :: ['viral encephalitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to establish baseline data and develop a tool to allow for systematic evaluation of @entity299 . As a first step, we examined the incidence and distribution of complications, risk stratified by case complexity in a single institution. With improving mortality rates for congenital heart surgery, the next frontier for improving @entity1 outcomes is characterizing and reducing complications. Currently, no standardized approach is available to monitor the incidence and severity of all complications associated with a congenital cardiac surgery program. METHODS: Complications occurring in pediatric cardiac surgical @entity1 (January 2006 to March 2009) were collected by database review applying standardized definitions. The surgical procedures were stratified by complexity to analyze the distribution of complications over the risk spectrum. Each complication was assigned a severity coefficient (1-3) used to calculate the combined effect of frequency and severity. The cumulative sum method was used to determined the trend of the adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Of 292 procedures, 84 (28.8%) were associated with a total of 150 complications. Of the 150 complications, 37 occurred in @entity1 who died. The most common complications were @entity943 (14.5%), cardiac (12.6%), and operative (12.6%). There was a linear relationship between the frequency and severity of complications and surgical complexity, as stratified using the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery category or Aristotle basic complexity levels (Spearman's coefficient = 1). CONCLUSIONS: When examined in a systematic fashion, the risk of complications in pediatric cardiac surgical @entity1 is considerable. Our data illustrate that it is possible to track complications over time in a consistent manner. The effect of complication monitoring on @entity1 outcomes remains to be proved.

title: Improving and standardizing capture of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric cardiac surgical complications']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['pediatric cardiac surgical complications']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal @entity2995 (IVTA) treatment on @entity1713 in @entity1 with central @entity2994 (CRVO). METHODS: Ten eyes of 10 @entity1 with CRVO (6 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 ; age range, 54-78 years) made up the study population. The eligibility criteria for this study included clinically and angiographically detectable @entity1103 ( @entity1103 ) in which the presence of @entity1713 was documented by optical coherence tomography (OCT). After IVTA (4 mg/0.1 mL) injection, visual and anatomical responses were observed. RESULTS: In all eyes, after IVTA injection, @entity1103 and @entity1713 regressed. At 3 months and 6 months, @entity1103 and @entity1713 had recurred in 4 (40%) and 5 eyes (50%), respectively. @entity1 with recurrence were retreated. No eyes lost vision at 1 month, and all eyes had improvement. At 3 months, no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 7 eyes (70%) had improvement. At 6 months, again no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 6 eyes (60%) maintained improved visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that IVTA is effective treatment for @entity1713 in @entity1 with CRVO.

title: Intravitreal @entity2995 for treatment of @entity1713 in central XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2995 :: ('MESH:D014222', 'Chemical') :: ['triamcinolone acetonide']

entities_list: @entity1713 :: ('MESH:D012163', 'Disease') :: ['serous macular detachment']

entities_list: @entity2994 :: ('MESH:D012170', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vein occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1103 :: ('MESH:D008269', 'Disease') :: ['CME', 'cystoid macular edema']

answer: @entity2994 :: (MESH:D012170,Disease) :: ['retinal vein occlusion']


abstract: Hemocytes play multiple important roles during insect growth and development. Five types of hemocytes have been identified in the @entity12638 , @entity12638 : prohemocyte, plasmatocyte, granulocyte, spherulocyte, and oenocytoid. We used the S-phase marker @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) antibody along with the mitosis marker phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) antibody to monitor proliferation of hemocytes in vivo. The results indicate that @entity12638 hematopoiesis not only occurs in the circulatory system but also in hematopoietic organs (HPOs). During the 5th instar, the hemocyte proliferation in the circulatory system reaches a peak at the pre-wandering stage. Following infection by @entity526 , circulating hemocytes increase their cell divisions as demanded by the cellular immune response. All hemocytes, except spherulocytes, have the capacity to multiply in vivo. The @entity1603 label-retaining assay shows that a small portion of cells from the circulatory system and the HPOs are continuously labelled up to 9days and 4days respectively. A small number of long-term label retaining cells (LRCs) quiescently locate in circulatory system. All results indicate that there are a few quiescent stem cells or some progenitors in the larval circulatory system and HPO that produce new hemocytes and continuously release them into the circulating system.

title: Characterization of hemocytes proliferation in larval @entity12638 , XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', 'bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity12638 :: ('7091', 'Species') :: ['Bombyx mori', 'silkworm']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity12638 :: (7091,Species) :: ['Bombyx mori']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The second leading cause of @entity204 due to @entity5 in @entity233 is @entity0 , which accounts for 24% of female @entity5 . AIMS: To determine the practices of nurses and midwives and their attitude toward @entity0 ( @entity0 ). SETTING AND DESIGN: The descriptive survey was conducted to determine the practices of nurses and midwives and their attitude toward @entity0 . It tried to cover the total population rather than sampling part of it. However, 15 nurses and midwives, where there were errors detected in their data coding papers, and who did not accept to join the study, were excluded from the study. A total of 80 nurses and midwives were included in the study group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This survey was carried out at the State Hospital, all Public Health Cabins, and Family Health Centers, in the rural area of Izmir, a city located in the western region of @entity233 . The data was collected between 15 March and 1 April 2004. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The analysis included descriptive statistics, to examine the association between @entity0 and medical history, knowledge of @entity0 , and attitude toward @entity0 . RESULTS: The results of the study indicated that 52% of the sample performed @entity0 . Approximately 35% of those who performed @entity0 reported that they acquired information regarding @entity0 during their work experience. A significant relationship was found between higher levels of work experience and @entity0 practice. Except for age, no significant relation was found between the sociodemographic factors and @entity0 practice. The sample showed a strong belief in the breast lump being the cause of @entity0 and it had a significant correlation with @entity0 practice. CONCLUSION: A positive correlation was found between nursing work experience and their practice alongside @entity0 medical professionals. Almost all the nurses and midwives knew how to conduct @entity0 , but did not prioritize practicing it.

title: Breast self-examination among nurses and midwives in Odemis health district in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast self-examination', 'breast cancer', 'BSE']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We explored the construct validity and test-retest reliability of the passive motion component of the Cyriax soft tissue diagnosis system. We compared the hypothesized and actual patterns of restriction, end-feel, and @entity158 /resistance sequence (P/RS) of 79 subjects with @entity571 ( @entity571 ) of the knee and examined associations among these indicators of dysfunction and related @entity2720 , @entity158 intensity, and chronicity. SUBJECTS: Subjects had a mean age of 68.5 years (SD = 13.3, range = 28-95), knee stiffness for an average of 83.6 months (SD = 122.4, range = 1-612), knee @entity158 averaging 5.6 cm (SD = 3.1, range = 0-10) on a 10-cm visual analogue scale, and at least a 10-degree limitation in passive range of motion (ROM) of the knee. METHODS: Passive ROM (goniometry, n = 79), end-feel (n = 79), and P/RS during end-feel testing (n = 62) were assessed for extension and flexion on three occasions by one of four experienced physical therapists. Test-retest reliability was estimated for the 2-month period between the last two occasions. RESULTS: Consistent with hypotheses based on Cyriax's assertions about @entity1 with @entity571 , most subjects had capsular end-feels for extension; subjects with tissue approximation end-feels for flexion had more flexion ROM than did subjects with capsular end-feels, and the P/RS was significantly correlated with @entity158 intensity (rho = .35, extension; rho = .30, flexion). Contrary to hypotheses based on Cyriax's assertions, most subjects had noncapsular patterns, tissue approximation end-feels for flexion, and what Cyriax called @entity158 synchronous with resistance for both motions. @entity158 intensity did not differ depending on end-feel. The P/RS was not correlated with chronicity (rho = .03, extension; rho = .01, flexion). Reliability, as analyzed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC[3,1]) and Cohen's kappa coefficients, was acceptable (> or = .80) or nearly acceptable for ROM (ICC = .71-.86, extension; ICC = .95-.99, flexion) but not for end-feel (kappa = .17, extension; kappa = .48, flexion) and P/RS (kappa = .36, extension; kappa = .34, flexion). CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The use of a quantitative definition of the capsular pattern, end-feels, and P/RS as indicators of knee @entity571 should be reexamined. The validity of the P/RS as representing chronicity and the reliability of end-feel and the P/RS are questionable. More study of the soft tissue diagnosis system is indicated.

title: An examination of Cyriax's passive motion tests with XXXX having @entity571 of the knee.

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['constructs of joint motion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: @entity13550 causes relapsing episodes of @entity255 due to the presence of @entity9279 . Strategies for @entity255 prevention are still widely debated. @entity10055 , hepaticojejunostomy, partial hepatectomy, or transplantation, have all been proposed as therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of therapeutic endoscopy, and especially endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES), in the management of @entity13550 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Between 1983 and 1995, six @entity1 with @entity13550 (mean age 52, range 17-75) underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for acute @entity255 . Sphincterotomy was performed if common bile duct stones were present. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, (ESWL) or intraductal electrohydraulic lithotripsy (IEL) were performed if necessary. RESULTS: The mean number of endoscopic sessions per @entity1 was four (range three to seven). Sphincterotomy was performed in five @entity1 and cholangioscopy in three. ESWL was performed twice in each of four @entity1 . A Strecker expandable metal stent was placed in one @entity1 to maintain sphincterotomy patency. In one @entity1 , two sessions of IEL and pulsed laser were carried out. Complete clearance of intrahepatic stones was achieved in four of the six subjects (66.6%) and partial clearance in two @entity1 . No morbidity or mortality was observed. During the follow-up (mean 6.2 years; range: 2.1-16.3), only two @entity1 had acute @entity255 at nine months and three years, respectively, after the endoscopic treatment. Both had residual intrahepatic stones left after the initial endoscopic attempt at clearance. CONCLUSION: ERCP is a necessary diagnostic procedure which should always be carried out in @entity1 with @entity13550 . Our experience shows that ES does not result in an increased incidence of @entity255 and that therapeutic endoscopy allows complete clearance of intrahepatic stones in the majority of @entity1 with unresectable symptomatic @entity13550 . Nevertheless, the oncological risk in these @entity1 remains unchanged, and they still have an increased risk of @entity201 .

title: The role of therapeutic endoscopy associated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and bile acid treatment in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity201 :: ('MESH:D018281', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity13550 :: ('MESH:D016767', 'Disease') :: ["Caroli's disease"]

entities_list: @entity255 :: ('MESH:D002761', 'Disease') :: ['cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity9279 :: ('MESH:D020347', 'Disease') :: ['intrahepatic lithiasis']

entities_list: @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['Ursodeoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity13550 :: (MESH:D016767,Disease) :: ['Caroli's disease']


abstract: To establish a single and reliable test for evaluating GH secretion, we examined successive GH provocation by two agents with different modes of action: @entity7704 and @entity369 ( @entity534 ). In 4 normal subjects, a bolus injection of 50 micrograms of @entity7704 followed by 0.5 g/kg @entity534 infusion after 90 min evoked two GH peaks and the priming of the @entity7704 potentiated @entity534 -induced GH peak by 88% of that by @entity534 alone. In contrast, @entity534 pretreatment suppressed the @entity7704 -induced GH peak to a level of 15%. This inhibitory effect of @entity534 priming was not recovered by an increase in the @entity7704 dose (100 micrograms) or by prolongation of the @entity7704 injection period to 180 min. During @entity534 infusion, plasma @entity1943 (SRIH) was significantly reduced and there was a linear correlation between @entity534 -induced GH peaks and basal TSH levels. This suggests that GH release by @entity534 is mediated by suppression of hypothalamic SRIH. One subject showed a blunted GH peak in response to @entity7704 but a normal peak in response to @entity534 repeatedly, suggesting an endogenous hypertonicity of SRIH. In 4 other normal subjects, the effect of endogenous GH fluctuation on the @entity7704 - @entity534 test was examined in the morning, afternoon and evening. The GH secretory profile was fairly consistent in individuals, but in 2 of them, GH response to @entity7704 was exaggerated in the evening and @entity534 -unresponsiveness ensued. This potentiation of GH release appears to be due to an increase in endogenous @entity7704 secretion or a decrease in SRIH tone. The @entity7704 - @entity534 test is therefore able to evaluate GH secretory dynamics through two major mechanisms, @entity7704 stimulation and SRIH inhibition in a single procedure, reducing the incidence of false negative GH response to @entity534 .

title: Mutual priming effects of XXXX and @entity369 on GH secretion: informative procedure for evaluating GH secretory dynamics.

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity7704 :: (2691,Gene) :: ['GHRH']


abstract: We sometimes experience @entity1 with persistent or progressive @entity4 , among which residual or recurrent @entity5 is often accompanied. Because it is difficult to distinguish @entity5 rest or recurrence from normal tissue sequelae in the early period after irradiation, it is important to know both the contributing factors for @entity4 , and the incidence of residual or recurrent @entity5 in @entity1 with postirradiation @entity4 . We therefore reviewed the charts of 67 @entity1 with early @entity189 who had received a curative dose of irradiation in the last 5 years. Fourteen @entity1 (20.9%) had moderate or severe @entity4 persisting for or developing at more than 3 months after completion of a course of definitive radiotherapy. The incidence was highest in supraglottic T2 disease, followed by glottic T2 @entity5 . Of the 14 @entity1 with @entity4 , six (42.9%) had persistent or recurrent disease. The @entity66 was uncontrolled in 18 @entity1 , 17 of whom received successful salvage surgery. In @entity1 without @entity5 , the @entity4 was usually moderate and resolved within a year, although four @entity1 had chronic @entity4 lasting more than a year after treatment. All four had supraglottic T2 lesions and received 70 Gy of X-ray. We also reviewed, for sake of comparison, the records of 38 @entity1 treated with radiotherapy at doses of more than 40 Gy between 1975 and 1980, when endoscopic microsurgery for @entity5 was introduced as a primary part of treatment. The incidence of persistent or late developed @entity4 over the period, though not significant, was 36.8%: nearly twice that of the last 5 years. Microscopic endolaryngeal surgical procedures seem to have been a causal factor for @entity4 in this period.

title: The significance of @entity4 following radiotherapy of XXXX with respect to @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['primary disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal cancer', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'residual tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal edema', 'edema', 'arytenoid edema']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['laryngeal carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different types of absorbent product for @entity1 with @entity322 . DESIGN: A systematic review of randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials was performed to compare different types of absorbent products for the containment of urinary and/or fecal @entity322 in adults. SETTING AND METHODS: Randomized and quasi-randomized trials available by March 2000 were used. Trials were identified through searches of major bibliographic and research databases. Investigators in the field were also contacted to locate studies. SUBJECTS: The trials reviewed comprised a total of 345 @entity1 . RESULTS: Five trials were identified. The following comparisons were considered: disposable versus nondisposable pad-and-pant systems or all-in-one diapers (bodyworns), disposable versus nondisposable underpads, bodyworns versus underpads, and superabsorbent versus fluff-pulp products. Outcomes and type of intervention were heterogeneous among trials. Combining data from more than one trial proved to be impracticable. In a single trial, fewer @entity1 who used disposable products complained of skin problems compared with those who used nondisposable products (odds ratio, 0.08; 95% confidence interval 0.03 to 0.20). Similarly, @entity1 who used superabsorbent products experienced less severe skin problems than those who used fluff pulp products (P <.03). CONCLUSIONS: The data were too few and of insufficient quality to provide a firm basis for practice. However, the data suggest that disposable products are more costly but more effective than nondisposable products in decreasing the incidence of skin problems and that superabsorbent products perform better than fluff pulp products.

title: Absorbent products for containing urinary and/or fecal XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: CONCLUSION: This review highlights the currently limited and contradictory evidence on the role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in the management of pediatric @entity3540 @entity1 . Available data confirm the need for prospective DW-MRI studies of a larger number of pediatric @entity1 . Factors such as @entity1 compliance, adhesion to follow-up or local logistic circumstances should also be considered. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to collect and analyze the body of evidence on the usefulness of DW-MRI in first-stage tympanoplasty and in replacing second-look surgery in @entity1 with @entity3540 . METHODS: A comprehensive search of medical databases was conducted. The keywords used were pediatric/paediatric, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, DW-MRI, @entity3540 , @entity1 , and all meaningful combinations of them. RESULTS: Only one study with 17 @entity1 primarily fulfilled all criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 62%, 88%, 89%, and 58%, respectively. A second study retrospectively analyzed a subset of younger @entity1 (n = 21) of a larger population. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 100%. One additional study described 1 @entity1 and 11 adolescents among 32 cases. In all cases the correlation between imaging and surgery findings was 100%. There were no randomized controlled trials and power calculations were not performed.

title: Does diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) change treatment strategy in pediatric XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3540 :: ('MESH:D002781', 'Disease') :: ['cholesteatoma']

answer: @entity3540 :: (MESH:D002781,Disease) :: ['cholesteatoma']


abstract: Emerging concepts in the areas related to the pathogenesis and treatment of @entity483 are reviewed. In particular, recent findings have revealed several key steps in the maintenance of a vicious circle of @entity1909 associated with elevated T-lymphocyte activation, hyperstimulatory Langerhans cells, defective cell-mediated immunity, and B-cell IgE overproduction. The discovery of specific IgE-binding structures on Langerhans cells provides a mechanism for Langerhans cells to capture and present IgE-targeted allergens to allergen-specific T cells. Furthermore, certain microbial allergens that tend to preferentially elicit IgE-type responses also elicit a T-cell response dominated by the IgE-inducing lymphokine interleukin 4. Repeated stimulation by activated Langerhans cells appears to induce just such a response. Abnormal biochemical responsiveness and mediator release by @entity195 monocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils also participate in the sustainment or initiation of such a vicious circle, and contribute directly to the @entity1909 as well. Developments in the areas of neuropeptides, genetics, microbial superantigens, and cytokine networks in the skin also appear to have promise in providing a rational link between immune defects and the inflammatory events in @entity195 . Conventional therapy remains the mainstay of @entity483 management; however, new therapies based upon the above concepts are being tested in clinical trials. Although the difficulty of objectively grading @entity195 lesional activity and the high placebo response of @entity195 @entity1 hampers the interpretation of many reports, several types of approaches are coming into focus. The effectiveness of @entity205 , which targets T-cell activation and antigen presentation, indicates that additional agents with such activity should be effective, and verifies the criticality of these cells in @entity195 pathogenesis. Therapy with biologic response modifiers, such as interferon gamma or thymopentin, is oriented toward normalization of imbalanced immune responsiveness, rather than direct suppression of the immune system. The mechanism of action of and @entity137 of Chinese herbal mixtures require further investigation, but may reveal hitherto unconsidered avenues. Other recent therapeutic trials have focused on reduction of trigger factors, such as house dust mite exposure, foods, and the abnormal epidermal lipid barrier to irritation.

title: XXXX : recent trends in pathogenesis and therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis', 'spongiotic dermatitis']

answer: @entity483 :: (MESH:D003876,Disease) :: ['Atopic dermatitis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: the study of the host-parasite interactions is a new challenge to understanding some aspects of the parasitic metabolism and the mechanisms of invasion, immunological evasion and damage. @entity9124 may cause @entity417 and @entity715 . It was previously shown that @entity9124 modified the superficial charge of erythrocytes, which means that the parasite can capture @entity3167 from the red blood cell. OBJECTIVE: to study the effect of adult parasite extracts on the erythrocyte charge using the Alcian Blue method and to compare its sensitivity with the Polybrene method: METHODS: fifty five adult parasite extracts and Group O erythrocyte suspensions were used. The erythrocytes were treated by incubating the sediment with an equal volume of parasite extracts for one hour at 37 degrees C. The control group (erythrocytes without any contact with the parasite extracts) was incubated with pH 7.4 @entity1391 buffer solution. Alcian Blue method was applied and the percentage erythrocyte anionic charge was determined in the control group and in the treated red cells. The experimental coefficient of erythrocyte anionic charge was defined as the quotient between the initial and the final percentage erythrocyte anionic charge. RESULTS: it was shown that 27 out of 55 parasite extracts (49.1 %) modified the charge of the red blood cells, being their experimental coefficient of the erythrocyte anionic charge 0.75 +/- 0.1144 whereas the same coefficient amounted to 0,94 +/- 0.0445 for those which did not show any charge variation. The statistical analysis concluded that the @entity9850 and Alcian Blue Methods had comparable sensitivities (p>0.20). CONCLUSIONS: A. lumbricoides is able to capture @entity3167 from the erythrocyte, which would not only explain the @entity715 attributed to the parasite, but also suggest that the @entity2199 could use this acid either in its metabolic routes or for its strategies of immunological evasion.

title: [Change of erythrocyte charge with the use of Alcian blue method in XXXX extracts].

entities_list: @entity3167 :: ('MESH:D019158', 'Chemical') :: ['sialic acid']

entities_list: @entity9850 :: ('MESH:D006583', 'Chemical') :: ['Polybrene']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity9124 :: ('6252', 'Species') :: ['Ascaris lumbricoides']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity9124 :: (6252,Species) :: ['Ascaris lumbricoides']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the stability of benefits of mime therapy, a modality of physiotherapy for @entity1 with @entity2103 , during a period of 1 year. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective follow-up build on a randomized clinical trial in which a treatment group is compared with a control group. SETTING: Physiotherapy outpatient department. @entity1 : Forty-eight @entity1 with a history of a @entity2103 of 9 months or more. INTERVENTION: Mime therapy. METHOD: Sequelae of @entity2103 were measured using the same measurement instruments as in the randomized clinical trial--the Sunnybrook and the House-Brackmann (HB) Facial Grading Systems, the lip length and pout indices, a stiffness scale, and the @entity717 Index. Stability of outcome level and of interpatient differences is analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 46 @entity1 who completed the follow-ups, repeated-measures analyses of covariance revealed no significant differences in the average scores nor significant trends of the posttherapy measurements, except for the pout index and the @entity717 Index-social. For six sequelae (except HB), 95% of @entity1 -sequel combinations showed immediate improvement after mime therapy, for HB grades this was 74%. Where sequelae improved, the posttherapy individual courses (T2-T3-T4) showed, also for HB, in majority absence of deterioration; benefits obtained were stable. CONCLUSION: Mime therapy is effective in @entity1 with @entity2103 and benefits are stable 1 year after therapy.

title: Stability of benefits of mime therapy in sequelae of XXXX during a 1-year period.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Facial Disability']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve paresis']

answer: @entity2103 :: (MESH:D005155,Disease) :: ['facial nerve paresis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In Brazil, @entity356 is the fourth most common @entity5 among @entity1 and sixth among @entity1 . The cause is multivariate and the risks are well known. It has prognosis and treatment defined by the location and staging of the @entity5 and number of lymph nodes resected and involved. AIM: The Brazilian Consensus on @entity356 promoted by ABCG was designed with the intention to issue guidelines that can guide medical professionals to care for @entity1 with this disease. METHODS: Were summarized and answered 43 questions reflecting consensus or not on diagnosis and treatment that may be used as guidance for its multidisciplinary approach. The method involved three steps. Initially, 56 digestive surgeons and related medical specialties met to formulate the questions that were sent to @entity1 for answers on scientific evidence and personal experience. Summaries were presented, discussed and voted in plenary in two other meetings. They covered 53 questions involving: diagnosis and staging (six questions); surgical treatment (35 questions); chemotherapy and radiotherapy (seven questions) and anatomopathology, immunohistochemistry and perspective (five questions). It was considered consensus agreement on more than 70% of the votes in each item. RESULTS: All the answers were presented and voted upon, and in 42 there was consensus. CONCLUSION: It could be developed consensus on most issues that come with the care of @entity1 with @entity356 and they can be transformed in guidelines.

title: Brazilian consensus in @entity356 : guidelines for XXXX in Brazil.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer', 'Gastric Cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: Uninfected @entity19 @entity19 cells are known to express high levels of viral sequences that hybridize to complementary DNA made by the @entity1603 -induced @entity778 of @entity19 cells. The genome in the @entity1603 -induced @entity778 has been found to consist mainly of an RNA species that migrates as 30S RNA material during electrophoresis through agarose gels. This @entity778 -like 30S RNA, designated @entity23769 RNA, apparently represents a new class of endogenous defective retroviruses that are not generally evident because of their defectiveness and lack of biological function. Fingerprint analysis and hybridization studies show that @entity23769 RNA does not have homology with the standard nondefective @entity19 @entity1778 viruses. Upon superinfection with a nondefective @entity19 @entity1778 @entity778 , or upon induction of endogenous @entity778 with @entity1603 , @entity23769 RNA is rescued into virions by phenotypic mixing. When @entity23769 RNA is rescued by @entity1603 induction, the @entity23769 RNA is mainly organized as a 50S complex, but when @entity23769 is rescued by superinfection, @entity23769 is also found in 70S RNA. Rescued @entity23769 RNA sequences can be reverse transcribed by the virion-associated DNA polymerase in an endogenous reaction. Many @entity19 cells express the sequences, whereas heterologous cells such as @entity35 or @entity95 cells do not contain them. By using hybridization of a complementary DNA probe to cellular RNA immobilized on paper, no subgenomic RNA related to the @entity23769 RNA could be found in cells expressing the @entity23769 sequences. From 20 to 50 copies of these sequences were found to be contained in the @entity19 genome. @entity23769 RNA is probably present in most stocks of @entity1778 and @entity242 viruses made in @entity19 cells.

title: XXXX -like 30S RNA in @entity19 cells.

answer: @entity778 :: (MESH:D015658,Disease) :: ['Virus']


abstract: Twenty-five consecutive @entity1 with unstable thoracolumbar and lumbar burst @entity174 were surgically treated with the AO Fixateur Interne (Synthes USA, 1690 Russell Rd., Paoli, PA). Indications for surgery included a progressive @entity51 , spinal canal compromise greater than 50%, vertebral body collapse greater than 50%, or sagittal angulation greater than 20 degrees. Twenty males and five females ranging in age from 16 to 60 years (average 31) were treated surgically and prospectively followed. Twenty-one @entity174 occurred at the thoracolumbar junction (T10-L2) and 4 in the lumbar spine ( @entity34756 ). Twenty-four @entity1 were followed for a minimum of 12 months, ranging from 12 to 38 months (average 22); one @entity1 was lost to follow-up after 1 month postoperatively. Preoperatively, 12 @entity1 had partial @entity51 ; postoperatively, 11 improved at least 1 Frankel grade. Preoperatively, the 12 @entity1 with partial @entity51 averaged 45 points (range 24-49) on the lower extremity motor index scale. After surgery, these @entity1 improved an average of five points (range 1-23) on the motor index scale. Both @entity1 with complete @entity1566 remained unchanged neurologically postoperatively; no @entity1 deteriorated neurologically after surgery. The average preoperative @entity1513 at the @entity174 site was +16 degrees (range +10 degrees to +31 degrees); the immediate postoperative sagittal angular correction averaged -4 degrees ( @entity1515 ) and ranged from +12 degrees ( @entity1513 ) to -26 degrees ( @entity1515 ). At last follow-up, the sagittal angular correction remained unchanged in three @entity1 and decreased in 21 @entity1 to an average of +5 degrees (range +37 degrees to -14 degrees).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Unstable thoracolumbar and lumbar burst XXXX treated with the AO fixateur interne.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['sagittal kyphosis', 'kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit', 'neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injuries']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: The stress of dietary protein restriction in the immature domestic @entity233 ( @entity233 ) induces @entity1887 that is associated with an alteration in the proportion of density-dependent subpopulations of steroidogenic cells within the adrenal gland. In contrast, when imposed on immature @entity1573 , this nutritional stressor induces long-term enhancement of adrenal steroidogenic function. However, whether this alteration in function is accompanied by a remodeling of @entity1573 adrenal steroidogenic tissue as in the @entity233 is not known. To address this question, immature cockerels (2 weeks old) were fed established isocaloric synthetic diets containing either 20% (control) or 8% (restriction) soy protein for 4 weeks. Adrenal glands were processed for the isolation of defined, density-separable, adrenal steroidogenic cell subpopulations: three low-density adrenal steroidogenic cell subpopulations [LDAC-1 (rho = 1.0285-1.0430 g/ml), LDAC-2 (rho = 1. 0430-1.0485 g/ml), and LDAC-3 (rho = 1.0485-1.0500 g/ml)] and one high-density subpopulation [HDAC (rho = 1.0510-1.0840 g/ml)]. The steroidogenic function of these cell subpopulations was assessed. Protein restriction consistently, but differentially, enhanced maximal ACTH-induced @entity2819 production by the subpopulations: values of LDAC-1, -2, and -3 and HDAC from protein restricted birds were, respectively, 116, 43, 33, and 20% greater than those of corresponding cell subpopulations from control birds. However, it had contrasting influences on maximal ACTH-induced @entity1369 production by the cell subpopulations. Whereas the value of LDAC-1 from protein-restricted birds was 70% greater than that from control birds, the values for LDAC-2 and -3 were not different from those of the control, and the value for HDAC was 22% less than that of the control. Protein restriction also altered the cell subpopulation composition of the adrenal gland: compared to control, it increased the proportion of LDAC-1 by 46% and decreased the proportion of LDAC-3 and HDAC by 34 and 20%, respectively. Thus, dietary protein restriction increased the proportion of cells (i.e., LDAC-1) having the greatest enhancement in corticosteroid production. This pattern of remodeling of @entity1573 adrenal steroidogenic tissue in response to dietary protein restriction contrasts sharply with the pattern that occurs in another galliform species, the domestic @entity233 .

title: Dietary protein restriction stress in the domestic @entity1573 ( XXXX ) induces remodeling of adrenal steroidogenic tissue that supports hyperfunction.

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity233 :: ('9103', 'Species') :: ['turkey', 'Meleagris gallopavo']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal steroidogenic hypofunction']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity1573 :: ('9031', 'Species') :: ['chickens', 'chicken']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['Gallus gallus domesticus']


abstract: Interferon-y induced @entity1 @entity18988 ( @entity18988 ) belongs to a family of dynamin related large GTPases. Unlike all other GTPases, @entity18988 hydrolyzes @entity3007 to a mixture of @entity3006 and @entity8077 with GMP being the major product at 37  C but @entity3006 became significant when the hydrolysis reaction was carried out at 15  C. The hydrolysis reaction in @entity18988 is believed to involve with a number of catalytic steps. To investigate the effect of temperature in the product formation and on the different catalytic complexes of @entity18988 , we carried out temperature dependent GTPase assays, mutational analysis, chemical and thermal denaturation studies. The Arrhenius plot for both @entity3006 and GMP interestingly showed nonlinear behaviour, suggesting that the product formation from the @entity3007 -bound enzyme complex is associated with at least more than one step. The negative activation energy for @entity3006 formation and GTPase assay with external @entity3006 together indicate that @entity3006 formation occurs through the reversible dissociation of @entity3006 -bound enzyme dimer to monomer, which further reversibly dissociates to give the product. Denaturation studies of different catalytic complexes show that unlike other complexes the free energy of @entity3006 -bound @entity18988 decreases significantly at lower temperature. @entity3006 formation is found to be dependent on the free energy of the @entity3006 -bound enzyme complex. The decrease in the free energy of this complex at low temperature compared to at high is the reason for higher @entity3006 formation at low temperature. Thermal denaturation studies also suggest that the difference in the free energy of the @entity3007 -bound enzyme dimer compared to its monomer plays a crucial role in the product formation; higher stability favours GMP but lower favours @entity3006 . Thus, this study provides the first thermodynamic insight into the effect of temperature in the product formation of @entity18988 .

title: Insight into temperature dependence of GTPase activity in XXXX @entity18988 .

entities_list: @entity18988 :: ('2633', 'Gene') :: ['hGBP1', 'guanylate binding protein-1']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether @entity219 with oral rehydration solution ( @entity24850 ) is more cost effective than @entity24850 alone in the treatment of acute @entity294 . STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Cost-effectiveness analysis among @entity1 consulting the emergency room of a government institution. METHOD: Cost of treatment and outcome of @entity1 of a randomized trial of @entity219 + @entity24850 vs. @entity24850 alone for acute @entity294 were investigated. Included were subjects 2-59 months with @entity294 <7 days and no dehydration. The direct medical, nonmedical and indirect costs were obtained, using the societal perspective. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. RESULTS: Sixty @entity1 were given @entity219 + @entity24850 and 57 were given @entity24850 alone. Mean duration of @entity294 was 17 hours shorter and mean total cost of treatment was 5% cheaper in the @entity219 than @entity24850 group . The ICER showed that with use of @entity219 , the society saves   2.4 per day of @entity294 <4 days and spends   0.03 per case of @entity294 averted <4 days from consult, although the confidence interval included the null value of zero. CONCLUSION: Use of @entity219 with @entity24850 reduced the total cost and duration of acute @entity294 . The ICER suggests cost effectiveness of @entity219 supplementation but there is a need to further assess the role of @entity219 supplementation in a larger population.

title: @entity219 supplementation reduced cost and duration of acute XXXX in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['diarrhea']


abstract: The roles of particular @entity1522 in substrate and coenzyme binding and catalysis of @entity3776 dehydrogenase of @entity14921 have been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic analysis, and determination of binding constants. The enzyme from this species has functional dual @entity1110 / @entity2125 specificity. Previous investigations in our laboratories determined the three-dimensional structure. Kinetic studies showed an ordered mechanism for the @entity1110 -linked reaction while the @entity2125 -linked reaction is random. His-240 was identified as the catalytic base, and @entity534 -46 was identified as important for @entity1110 but not @entity2125 binding. Mutations have been selected on the basis of the three-dimensional structure. Kinetic studies of 14 mutant enzymes are reported and kinetic mechanisms are reported for 5 mutant enzymes. Fourteen substrate or coenzyme dissociation constants have been measured for 11 mutant enzymes. Roles of particular residues are inferred from k(cat), K(m), k(cat)/K(m), K(d), and changes in kinetic mechanism. Results for enzymes @entity46282 , @entity46283 , @entity37717 , and @entity46284 establish Lys-182 and Lys-343 as important in binding substrate both to free enzyme and during catalysis. Studies of mutant enzymes @entity46285 and @entity46286 showed no significant contribution for Tyr-415 to substrate binding and only a small contribution for Tyr-179. Changes in kinetics for @entity46287 , @entity46288 , and @entity46289 enzymes implicate these residues, to differing extents, in coenzyme binding and discrimination between @entity1110 and @entity2125 . By the same measure, Lys-343 is also involved in defining coenzyme specificity. Decrease in k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) for the @entity46290 mutant enzyme defines the way @entity2574 -374, unique to @entity14921 G6PD, modulates stabilization of the enzyme during catalysis by its interaction with Lys-182. The greatly reduced k(cat) values of enzymes @entity46291 and @entity46292 indicate the importance of the cis conformation of Pro-149 in accessing the correct transition state.

title: Delineation of the roles of XXXX involved in the catalytic functions of @entity14921 @entity3776 dehydrogenase.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity46289 :: ('p|SUB|R|46|A', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['R46A']

entities_list: @entity46288 :: ('p|SUB|Q|47|E', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Q47E']

entities_list: @entity14921 :: ('1245', 'Species') :: ['Leuconostoc mesenteroides', 'L. mesenteroides']

entities_list: @entity3776 :: ('MESH:D019298', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose-6-phosphate']

answer: @entity1522 :: (CHEBI:33709,Chemical) :: ['amino acids']


abstract: 1. The acid phosphatase (AcPase, EC 3.1.3.2) IV from @entity35 testicular tissue was purified to apparent homogeneity. 2. The enzyme displays a native molecular weight of 70 kDa determined on gel permeation chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 column and 68 kDa using linear 5-20% @entity969 density gradient centrifugation. The subunit molecular weight on SDS-PAGE analysis is 67 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme is a monomeric protein. 3. The enzyme does not bind to Concanavaline A-Sepharose 4B column, indicating that it is not a glycoprotein. 4. The @entity35 testis AcPase IV is a metal activated enzyme in which @entity1025 is the metal activating agent with a Ka = 0.88 x 10(-3) M. The Michaelis constant for @entity7480 , in the presence of saturating concentrations of @entity1025 ions, is 0.23 x 10(-3) M. 5. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzes @entity7480 , @entity47892 and @entity855 .

title: Purification and some properties of a @entity1025 -activated acid phosphatase from XXXX testis.

entities_list: @entity47892 :: ('MESH:C074782', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylphosphate']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity7480 :: ('MESH:C008644', 'Chemical') :: ['p-nitrophenylphosphate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the ability of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), optic nerve head (ONH), and macular measurements to detect preperimetric @entity16 . METHODS: The study included 142 eyes from 91 @entity1 suspected of having the disease based on the appearance of the optic disc. All eyes had normal visual fields before the imaging session. Forty-eight eyes with progressive @entity16 were included in the @entity726 group. @entity735 without any evidence of progressive @entity16 and followed untreated for 12.8    3.6 years were used as controls. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were calculated to summarize diagnostic accuracies of the parameters. RESULTS: The three RNFL parameters with the largest AUCs were average RNFL thickness (0.89    0.03), inferior hemisphere average thickness (0.87    0.03), and inferior quadrant average thickness (0.85    0.03). The three ONH parameters with the largest AUCs were vertical cup-to-disc ratio (0.74    0.04), rim area (0.72    0.05), and rim volume (0.72    0.05). The three macular parameters with the largest AUCs were GCC average thickness (0.79    0.04), GCC inferior thickness (0.79    0.05), and GCC superior thickness (0.76    0.05). Average RNFL thickness performed better than vertical cup-to-disc ratio (0.89 vs. 0.74; P = 0.007) and GCC average thickness (0.89 vs. 0.79; P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: SDOCT RNFL measurements performed better than ONH and macular measurements for detecting preperimetric @entity16 in a cohort of @entity726 suspects. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00221897.).

title: Comparison of different spectral domain OCT scanning protocols for diagnosing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['Ninety-four eyes']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous damage']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['preperimetric glaucoma', 'glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['preperimetric glaucoma']


abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, is a compound of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, which has been demonstrated to induce inflammatory reactions in vitro as well as in vivo, including lethal shock. A great number of different cells have been documented to be reactive to LPS, e.g. monocytes/macrophages, vascular cells, polymorphonuclear cells, and even B lymphocytes. We have now established that T lymphocytes could also contribute to an inflammatory reaction to LPS. LPS is a potent inducer of @entity1 T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. The activation of T lymphocytes by LPS requires direct cell-to-cell contact with viable accessory monocytes. This interaction was found to be MHC-unrestricted, but strongly dependent on costimulatory signals provided by B7/ @entity1361 interactions. The frequency of responding T lymphocytes is less than 1:1000. A very exciting finding was that not only monocytes, but also @entity2280 + hematopoietic stem cells, which circulate in peripheral blood in very low frequency, exert essential accessory cell activity during stimulation of T lymphocytes by LPS. In contrast, the response of T lymphocytes to conventional recall antigens is not controlled by blood stem cells. These conclusions are based on the observation that depletion of @entity2280 -positive blood stem cells resulted in a complete loss of LPS-induced T-lymphocyte stimulation. Addition of @entity2280 -enriched blood stem cells led to a recovery of reactivity of T lymphocyte to LPS. The characteristics of T-lymphocyte activation indicate that LPS is neither active as a mitogen, or as a superantigen, or as a classical antigen, but may activate T lymphocyte through a new, so far undescribed, mechanism. Furthermore, the involvement of hematopoietic blood stem cells in the activation of T lymphocytes by LPS demonstrates a role of these cells in inflammatory and immunological events.

title: Induction of proliferation and cytokine production in XXXX T lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The Mishel uncertainty in illness scale (MUIS) has been used extensively with other solid @entity5 throughout the continuum of illness. Interventions to manage uncertainty have been shown to improve mood and symptoms. @entity1 with @entity1313 ( @entity1313 ) face uncertainty related to diagnosis, prognosis, symptoms and response. Modifying the MUIS to depict uncertainty in @entity1313 @entity1 will help define this issue and allow for interventions to improve quality of life. Initially, 15 experts reviewed the content validity of the MUIS-brain @entity5 form (MUIS-BT). @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1313 then participated in the study to test validity and reliability. Data was collected at one point in time. Six out of 33 items in the original MUIS were modified to better describe @entity1313 @entity1 ' uncertainty. 32 of the 186 @entity1 in the second-stage of the study were newly diagnosed with @entity1313 , 85 were on treatment, and 69 were followed-up without active treatment. The validity of the MUIS-BT was demonstrated by its correlations with mood states (P < 0.01) and symptom severity (P < 0.01) and interference (P < 0.01). The MUIS-BT measures four constructs: ambiguity/inconsistency, unpredictability of disease prognosis, @entity1109 and other triggers, and complexity. Cronbach's alphas of the four subscales were 0.90, 0.77, 0.75 and 0.65, respectively. The 33-item MUIS-BT demonstrated adequate select measures of validity and reliability in @entity1313 @entity1 . Based on this initial validation and significant correlations with symptom distress and mood states, further understanding of uncertainty and evaluation of measures to help manage @entity1 ' uncertainty can be evaluated which in turn may improve coping and quality of life.

title: Validation of the Mishel's uncertainty in illness scale-brain XXXX form (MUIS-BT).

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['unpredictability of symptoms']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['PBT', 'primary brain tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: Whether @entity6875 is the results of a cell-mediated or humoral autoimmune response is controversial. T-Lymphocytes that regulate these two mechanisms, @entity1198 and Th2, respectively, are characterized by the profile of cytokines that they secrete. We, therefore, investigated the spectrum of T-lymphocyte cytokines expressed in Graves' orbital tissue by means of the polymerase chain reaction using reverse transcribed mRNA as template. From three Graves' thyroid tissues (positive controls), we obtained DNA products of the predicted size for the @entity1198 cytokines @entity379 ( @entity379 ) and @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ) as well as for Th2 cytokines @entity3646 and @entity225 . A signal for @entity688 ( @entity1198 and Th2) was also detected. No cytokine signals were observed in peripheral blood (negative control). Despite the presence of T-cells ( @entity31614 marker) in the orbital connective tissue/fat of all five @entity1 studied as well as in orbital muscle from one of these @entity1 , @entity379 reverse transcribed mRNA was notably absent from these tissues. In contrast, @entity1199 , @entity225 , and @entity688 cDNA was present in orbital tissues from one or more @entity1 . Of particular importance, an @entity3646 signal was detected in orbital connective tissue/fat of @entity1 6 and 7 as well as in muscle of @entity1 7. The balance between @entity3646 and @entity379 determines whether an immune response is predominantly humoral or cell mediated. Our finding of @entity3646 , but not @entity379 , mRNA expression in orbital tissue supports a role, at least in some @entity1 , for humoral @entity792 in @entity6875 .

title: Cell-mediated or humoral immunity in XXXX ? Profiles of T-cell cytokines amplified by polymerase chain reaction from orbital tissue.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN gamma', 'interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity6875 :: ('MESH:D049970', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' ophthalmopathy"]

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity6875 :: (MESH:D049970,Disease) :: ['Graves' ophthalmopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The wide spectrum of circumcision @entity130 / @entity292 makes selection of appropriate repair methods challenging in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reports on the outcome of repair-oriented categorization in a Nigerian center. METHODS: Consecutive @entity1 presenting with circumcision @entity130 / @entity292 at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital were categorized into six repair-oriented groups in 2009-2011. RESULTS: 21 @entity1 were treated. Except in 2 cases, early neonatal circumcision at an average age of 8 days (range 4-14 days) had been performed, the majority (52%) by paramedics at home. Categories of injury/ @entity292 based on severity ranged from @entity292 (38%) which required @entity292 excision and repair (category A) to severe ventral urethral/coronal/glanular avulsion (29%) which required urethral plate tubularization/ventral penile reconstruction (category F). Overall, successful first-stage repair was achieved in 19 (91%) @entity1 . @entity850 (2), urethral stricture (1), which responded to serial dilatation, and minor urinary leakage (2), which was closed at second stage, were the post-repair complications. Adequate penile size and straight penis on erection were achieved in all cases. Cosmetic outcome was excellent in 16 (76%) cases, good in 4 (19%) and fair in 1 (5%). CONCLUSION: Repair-oriented categorization, which could be useful to practitioners in similar settings, was satisfactory in managing @entity130 /urethrocutaneous @entity292 .

title: Repair-oriented categorization of circumcision XXXX in Benin city, Nigeria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Meatal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['isolated fistula', 'fistula']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['urethral injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['urethral injury']