abstract: The fundamental pathological process(es) associated with @entity161 remain(s) uncertain, but multiple lines of evidence suggest that this condition is associated with (1) excessive stimulation of striatal @entity935 (DA) D2 receptors, (2) deficient stimulation of prefrontal DA D1 receptors and, (3) alterations in prefrontal connectivity involving @entity2227 ( @entity367 ) transmission at @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors. This chapter first briefly discusses the current knowledge status for these abnormalities, with emphasis on results derived from clinical molecular imaging studies. The evidence for hyperstimulation of striatal D2 receptors rests on strong pharmacological evidence and has recently received support from brain imaging studies. The hypothesis of @entity550 (PFC) D1 receptor stimulation is almost entirely derived from preclinical studies. Preliminary imaging data compatible with this hypothesis have recently emerged. The @entity143 hypofunction hypothesis originates mainly from indirect pharmacological data. The interactions between DA and @entity367 systems relevant to @entity161 are then reviewed. Animal and imaging data supporting the general model that the putative DA imbalance in @entity161 ( @entity14799 ) might be secondary to @entity143 hypofunction in the PFC and its connections are presented. Equally important are the potential consequences of this DA imbalance for @entity143 function in the striatum and the cortex, which are subsequently discussed. In conclusion, it is proposed that @entity161 is associated with strongly interconnected abnormalities of @entity367 and DA transmission: @entity143 hypofunction in the PFC and its connections might generate a pattern of dysregulation of DA systems that, in turn, further weakens @entity143 -mediated connectivity and plasticity.

title: @entity2227 , @entity935 , and XXXX : from pathophysiology to treatment.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-d-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity550 :: ('MESH:D000303', 'Disease') :: ['deficient prefrontal cortex']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity14799 :: ('MESH:C537500', 'Disease') :: ['striatal excess and cortical deficiency']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: @entity5642 necrosis of the skin is rare and appears as hemorrhagic infiltrates that may develop @entity1066 necrosis, mainly on the acral areas. The face, arms, and legs were severely involved in our @entity1 . In this @entity1 @entity5642 was associated with @entity63398 , @entity6 , and IgM @entity6894 autoantibodies. In addition, rheumatoid factor, elevated polyclonal IgA, and @entity2104 were present as risk factors for the @entity455 . Skin biopsy specimens showed plugging of dermal venules by thrombi formed of fibrin and erythrocytes. Immunohistologic staining revealed a strong positive reaction for fibrinogen, with some positivity for C3, C4, IgG, IgA, and IgM. Erythrocyte extravasation occurred in late lesions without being accompanied by perivascular leukocytic infiltrates. Detailed clinical examination failed to identify an underlying @entity5 . Treatment with heparin and @entity617 produced only a brief remission. However, the combination of @entity5805 (7 mg/day orally) with low-dose oral @entity617 (10 mg/day) for several weeks controlled the disease and greatly reduced the cryofibrinogen. No relapse occurred after discontinuation of treatment.

title: @entity5642 necrosis of the skin associated with XXXX , @entity6 , and @entity6894 autoantibodies.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vasculopathy']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerating']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['Intravascular coagulation', 'intravascular coagulation necrosis']

entities_list: @entity63398 :: ('MESH:C536218', 'Disease') :: ['cryofibrinogenemia']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity6894 :: ('MESH:D002308', 'Chemical') :: ['cardiolipin']

answer: @entity63398 :: (MESH:C536218,Disease) :: ['cryofibrinogenemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1486 (PSA) is an important tool in the follow-up of @entity263 after radical prostatectomy (RP). However, the relevance of ultrasensitive PSA (uPSA) after RP is not well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of uPSA in follow-up after RP and to determine whether ultrasensitive PSA doubling time (uDT) correlates with traditional PSA doubling time (tDT). @entity1 AND METHODS: In total, 604 consecutive @entity1 undergoing open RP and pelvic lymphadenectomy between 2004 and 2008 (minimum 5y of follow-up) were studied. To evaluate the postsurgical uPSA level, scatter plot statistics were used. To correlate uDT and tDT in @entity1 with a biochemical recurrence (PSA >= 0.2ng/ml), at least 2 uPSA and 2 PSA measurements without salvage treatment were required and a weighted Cohen kappa statistic and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to test agreement across the categories. RESULTS: There were 229 @entity1 without biochemical recurrence who did not have 3 rising PSA values after nadir within ultrasensitive area. Their highest uPSA value was between 0.003 and 0.1ng/ml. In 97.4% of @entity1 , the highest uPSA value was less than 0.03ng/ml, and in 89% of these @entity1 , the values were less than 0.02ng/ml. The median uDT and tDT were 10.2 and 11.4 months, respectively. The weighted Cohen kappa statistic between these 2 groups was 0.30 (95% CI:-0.09 to 0.50), demonstrating a poor agreement of PSA doubling time across categories. The predictive capability of uDT was tested with tDT <9 months. A receiver operating characteristic curve area under the curve value was 0.737 (95% CI:-0.577 to 0.897) demonstrating a fair agreement between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: uPSA values>0.03ng/ml seems to be valid and can be used in a clinical setting. There was a poor to fair agreement between tDT and uDT. The accuracy of uDT improves when it approaches the traditional PSA threshold of 0.1ng/ml. Also according to our results, there is no prognostic benefit of uDT calculation.

title: Role of ultrasensitive @entity1486 in the follow-up of XXXX after radical prostatectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['Prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the long-term results of trabeculectomy and Ahmed @entity726 valve implant in the initial surgical management of primary open- and @entity2747 . DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. METHODS: One eye each of consecutive @entity1 with primary @entity726 and without prior intraocular surgery was randomized to receive either trabeculectomy or the Ahmed implant. Large university-affiliated eye hospital in Columbo, Sri Lanka. RESULTS: Of 123 @entity1 , 64 were randomized to trabeculectomy and 59 to the Ahmed implant. With a mean follow-up of 31 months, the trabeculectomy group had statistically lower intraocular pressures (IOP) during the first postoperative year. After the first year, the IOPs were comparable. No statistically significant differences between groups were noted for postoperative visual acuity, visual field, anterior chamber depth, and short-term or long-term complications. Adjunctive medication requirement was comparable for both groups. The cumulative probabilities of success (IOP <21 mm Hg and at least 15% reduction in IOP from preoperative levels) at the final follow-up period (months, 41-52) were 68.1% for trabeculectomy and 69.8% for Ahmed implant (P =.86). CONCLUSIONS: Lower IOPs were noted for the trabeculectomy group during the first year. With longer follow-up, the IOPs and the cumulative probabilities of success were comparable between the two groups.

title: Long-term follow-up of primary @entity726 surgery with Ahmed XXXX valve implant versus trabeculectomy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2747 :: ('MESH:D015812', 'Disease') :: ['closed-angle glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: One of the @entity14996 (LOS) structures of @entity6368 contains a terminal @entity19447 (beta 1-4)GlcNAc residue which is a good candidate to serve as a ligand for @entity1 @entity34049 ( @entity34049 ). These receptors have been shown to be present on macrophages, sperm cells, and hepatocytes. The @entity1 tissue culture cell line used most often to study this receptor, HepG2, was used in our investigations only as a model. We also chose @entity6368 1291 for these studies because, unlike many other @entity2954 , this strain expresses one main species of LOS. The LOS structure expressed by this strain has also been fully characterized. Using well-established assays for the utilization of the @entity34049 , we found that incubation of HepG2 cells with gonococci expressing the terminal Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc asialo-LOS @entity1735 structure competitively inhibited the @entity34049 from binding to one of its well-known ligands, asialo-alpha-acid-1-glycoprotein. The inhibition was specific to the @entity34049 , since binding of two other ligands to their specific receptors in the same model cell system was not affected. Immunoblot analysis for the @entity34049 suggested that gonococci seemed to stimulate the HepG2 cells to increase the expression of the major (46-kDa) receptor species. This observation was confirmed both by functional analysis, which showed that the concentration of total receptor molecules, as well as surface receptors, was about 60% higher after incubation with gonococci than in control cells and by Northern (RNA) blot analysis using a cDNA probe of the major @entity1 H1 subunit. Poly(A) RNA purified from control and HepG2 cells exposed to gonococci indicated the presence of increased amounts of mRNA coding for the @entity34049 after incubation with gonococci. This result supports the idea that the molecular mechanism controlling the receptor level after gonococcal exposure is under transcriptional regulation.

title: XXXX utilizes and enhances the biosynthesis of the asialoglycoprotein receptor expressed on the surface of the hepatic HepG2 cell line.

entities_list: @entity2954 :: ('MESH:D006069', 'Disease') :: ['gonococcal strains']

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['N. gonorrhoeae', 'Neisseria gonorrhoeae']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

entities_list: @entity34049 :: ('432', 'Gene') :: ['asialoglycoprotein receptors', 'ASGP-R']

entities_list: @entity14996 :: ('CHEBI:35371', 'Chemical') :: ['lipooligosaccharide']

answer: @entity6368 :: (485,Species) :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae']


abstract: We have determined that one small @entity1457 protein gene, encoding Hsp17.7, plays an important role in the ability of @entity10786 cells and plants to survive thermal stress. Transgenic cells and regenerated plants were generated in which the @entity10786 Hsp17.7 gene was either constitutively expressed (denoted CaS lines) or expressed as a heat inducible antisense RNA (denoted @entity3798 lines). Thermotolerance measurements demonstrated that CaS lines were more thermotolerant than vector controls and @entity3798 antisense lines were less thermo- tolerant than vector controls. RNA analysis demonstrated that @entity22472 17. 7 mRNA was detectable, but not abundant, prior to @entity1457 in CaS cells, but not in vector control cells. Conversely, RNA analysis of antisense cells showed that, after @entity1457 , the amounts of mRNA for Hsp17.7 was moderately less abundant in @entity3798 cells than in vector controls. Analysis of protein synthesis in CaS cells did not indicate substantial synthesis or accumulation of Hsp17.7, or any small @entity22472 , at 23 degrees C. However, in the most thermotolerant line, protein synthesis was maintained at a higher rate than in other cell lines at a more extreme @entity1457 (42 degrees C). In contrast, antisense @entity3798 cells showed reduced synthesis of many @entity22472 , large and small. These results suggest that the Hsp17.7 gene plays a critical, although as yet not understood, role in thermotolerance in @entity10786 . This represents the first demonstration of the ability to both increase and decrease thermotolerance by the manipulation of expression of a single gene.

title: Modified expression of a XXXX small @entity1457 protein gene, hsp17. 7, results in increased or decreased thermotolerancedouble dagger

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

answer: @entity10786 :: (4039,Species) :: ['carrot']


abstract: This review focuses on three preserved, ancient, biological mechanisms (physical activity, @entity2690 sensitivity, and fat storage). Genes in @entity1 and rodents were selected in an environment of high physical activity that favored an optimization of aerobic metabolic pathways to conserve energy for a potential, future @entity6766 . Today machines and other technologies have replaced much of the physical activity that selected optimal gene expression for energy metabolism. Distressingly, the negative by-product of a lack of ancient physical activity levels in our modern civilization is an increased risk of @entity102 . We have been employing a rodent wheel-lock model to approximate the reduction in physical activity in @entity1 from the level under which genes were selected to a lower level observed in modern daily functioning. Thus far, two major changes have been identified when @entity35 undertaking daily, natural @entity2798 on wheels experience an abrupt cessation of the running (wheel lock model). First, @entity2690 sensitivity in the epitrochlearis muscle of @entity35 falls to sedentary values after 2 days of the cessation of running, confirming the decline to sedentary values in whole-body @entity2690 sensitivity when physically active @entity1 stop high levels of daily exercise. Second, visceral fat increases within 1 week after @entity35 cease daily running, confirming the plasticity of @entity1 visceral fat. This review focuses on the supporting data for the aforementioned two outcomes. Our primary goal is to better understand how a physically inactive lifestyle initiates maladaptations that cause @entity102 .

title: Reduced physical activity and risk of XXXX : the biology behind the consequences.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['food deficiency']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disease']

entities_list: @entity2798 :: ('MESH:D009155', 'Disease') :: ['voluntary running']

answer: @entity102 :: (MESH:D002908,Disease) :: ['chronic disease']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the effect of @entity1063 infusion in a case of @entity326 refractory to volume loading, @entity935 and @entity452 , on hemodynamic parameters, @entity26 transport, @entity880 and @entity2388 levels. DESIGN: Description of a clinical case. SETTING: Postsurgical Intensive Care Unit in a University Hospital. @entity1 : A 48-year-old @entity1 with symptoms of @entity298 due to @entity5133 and refractory @entity326 . INTERVENTIONS: Administration of @entity1063 in doses ranging from 0.03 to 0.14 micrograms/kg/min. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Before and after @entity1063 infusion the following were evaluated: hemodynamic (parameters) and @entity26 transport acid-base status, arterial blood levels of @entity880 and @entity2388 , and @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio. During the administration of @entity1063 an increase was observed over time in @entity26 consumption (from 110 +/- 16 to 164 +/- 19 mL/min/m2; p < 0.01), peripheral vascular resistance (from 509 +/- 95 to 1172 +/- 384 dynes.sec.cm-5, p < 0.01) and the @entity26 extraction index (from 12.9 +/- 2.1 to 21.2 +/- 2.9%, p < 0.01), together with reduced @entity880 (from 24.4 +/- 1.5 to 4.9 +/- 5.1 mmol/L) and @entity2388 levels (from 945 +/- 62 to 357 +/- 174 mumol/L; p < 0.01) and a reduced @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio (from 26.2 +/- 1.2 to 11.8 +/- 5.9, p < 0.01). No significant increases were found in cardiac output and @entity26 delivery. CONCLUSIONS: In the case observed here the infusion of @entity1063 induced an increase in @entity26 consumption and the @entity26 extraction index associated with a reduction in the @entity880 / @entity2388 ratio and the normalisation of the acid-base status. These changes were not associated with an increase in @entity26 which remained delivery > or = 600 mL/min/m2.

title: [Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of XXXX infusion in a case of @entity326 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity5133 :: ('549', 'Species') :: ['Enterobacter Agglomerans']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['hyperdynamic septic shock']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['noradrenaline']


abstract: A relatively rapid, accurate and precise solid phase extraction method is presented for the determination of cadmium(II) and lead(II) in various food and water samples. Quantitation is carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method is based on the retention of the trace metal ions on Dowex Marathon C, a strong acid cation exchange resin. Some important parameters affecting the analytical performance of the method such as pH, flow rate and volume of the sample solution; type, concentration, volume, flow rate of the eluent; and matrix effects on the retention of the metal ions were investigated. Common coexisting ions did not interfere on the separation and determination of the analytes. The detection limits (3  b) for @entity19198 were found as 0.13 and 0.18 gL(-1), respectively, while the limit of quantification values (10  b) were computed as 0.43 and 0.60 gL(-1) for the same sequence of the analytes. The precision (as relative standard deviation was lower than 4% at 5 gL(-1) Cd(II) and 10 gL(-1) Pb(II) levels, and the preconcentration factor was found to be 250. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was verified by analysing the certified reference materials, SPS-WW2 Batch 108 wastewater level 2 and INCT- @entity33639 tea leaves, with the satisfactory results. In addition, for the accuracy of the method the recovery studies (   95%) were carried out. The method was applied to the determination of the analytes in the various natural waters (lake water, tap water, waste water with @entity7232 , waste water with @entity4197 ) and food samples (pomegranate flower, organic pear, radish leaf, lamb meat, etc.), and good results were obtained. While the food samples almost do not contain @entity3409 , they have included lead at low levels of 0.13-1.12 gg(-1).

title: A solid phase extraction procedure for the determination of XXXX ions in food and water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

entities_list: @entity7232 :: ('MESH:C032688', 'Chemical') :: ['boric acid']

answer: @entity19198 :: (10879,Gene) :: ['Cd(II) and Pb(II)']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Improved outcome measures are essential to efficiently screen the growing number of potential @entity2655 therapies. METHODS: This longitudinal study of 100 (70 male) @entity1 with @entity2655 compared Accurate Test of Limb Isometric Strength (ATLIS), using a fixed, wireless load cell, with @entity2655 Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) and vital capacity (VC). RESULTS: @entity1 enrolled at 5 US sites. Data were analyzed from 66 @entity1 with complete ATLIS, ALSFRS-R, and VC data over at least 3 visits. Change in ATLIS was less variable both within- and among- @entity1 than change in ALSFRS-R or VC. Additionally, @entity1 who had normal ALSFRS-R arm and leg function averaged 12 to 32 percent below expected strength values measured by ATLIS. DISCUSSION: ATLIS was more sensitive to change than ALSFRS-R or VC and could decrease sample size requirements by about one-third. The ability of ATLIS to detect pre-functional change has potential value in early trials. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Fixed Dynamometry is More Sensitive than Vital Capacity or XXXX Rating Scale.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'participants', 'person']

answer: @entity2655 :: (MESH:C565957,Disease) :: ['ALS']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiovascular responses to electrical stimulation of different supramedullary brain regions. Arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) effects were elicited by electrical stimulation of the @entity2339 ( @entity2339 ), mamillary bodies (Mm), substantia nigra (SN), globus pallidus (GP), and the subthalamic nucleus (Sub) in conscious, freely moving @entity468 . Pressor responses were obtained from all of these regions. The higher intensity of stimulation the higher increase in BP and HR was obtained. However, clear-cut differences occurred in the effects both during and after the termination of stimulations. Namely, a continuous increase in BP and HR was obtained from the @entity2339 and SN. In contrast, the initial increase in BP and HR was followed by a reduction compared to the peak value of the effects of stimulation in the GP and the Sub. @entity551 reduced to the pre-stimulaion level during the stimulation. Also the changes following the cessation of stimulation at the different brain loci were dissimilar. The BP and HR either returned gradually to the pre-stimulation level, or long-lasting oscillation occurred. The electrical activity of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the vagus nerve co-varied with the changes in BP and HR. It is concluded that the supramedullary stimulations produce differential cardiovascular effects, and these effects are modified by the baroreflexes that are activated by the electrically elicited rise in blood pressure.

title: Differential blood pressure and heart rate responses to supramedullary brain stimulation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['However, the BP and HR never']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['lateral hypothalamus', 'LH']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Nephron loss is a major determinant of @entity177 in @entity8 . The prevalent concept stresses the role of the @entity137 of filtered proteins and/or of @entity32 in @entity528 . However, whether that concept is compatible with the actual histopathological features of @entity393 has not been investigated specifically. METHODS: We investigated the morphological aspects of @entity528 in crescentic @entity631 in @entity19 . @entity631 was induced by intravenous injection of anti-glomerular basement membrane antiserum in presensitized @entity19 . Kidneys were fixed by perfusion and examined by light- and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: @entity528 started with cellular hypotrophy in the proximal tubule. Hypotrophy appeared to follow obstruction of the initial proximal tubule by a cellular crescent. Whereas induction of @entity8024 ( @entity8024 ) was diffuse in glomerulonephritic @entity19 , expression of @entity3844 and @entity6580 ( @entity6580 ) appeared to be restricted to degenerating tubules. @entity32 developed in the vicinity of degenerating tubules. Inflammatory infiltration of tubules themselves was observed only in late stages of @entity528 . CONCLUSION: In a similar manner as described earlier for @entity628 , in crescentic @entity631 @entity393 can be initiated by the progression of a glomerular lesion into the proximal tubule. @entity32 might be rather a consequence than the cause of @entity528 .

title: A novel mechanism of @entity393 in a @entity19 model of crescentic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['Interstitial inflammation', 'interstitial inflammation']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular diseases']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity628 :: ('MESH:D005923', 'Disease') :: ['focal segmental glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity6580 :: ('22329(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['VCAM-1', 'vascular cell adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity8024 :: ('15894(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['nephron loss']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['Glomerulonephritis', 'glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['tubular degeneration', 'Tubular degeneration']

answer: @entity631 :: (MESH:D005921,Disease) :: ['glomerulonephritis']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim was to examine low-level 7 Hz-modulated 450 MHz radiation effects on @entity1 performance in visually presented neuropsychological tasks associated with attention and short-term memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A homogeneous group of 100 subjects (37 female, 63 male) were randomly assigned to either the exposed (10-20 min, 0.158 mW cm(-2)) or the sham-exposed group. A battery of three different tests measured attention and short-term memory. @entity43113 involved alternately selecting black digits from 1 to 25 in ascending order and white digits from 24 to 1 in descending order. The time spent on the task and the number of errors were recorded and analysed. @entity26686 involved viewing a picture of 12 objects during 3 s, followed by a list of 24 words. The subject was required to select words representing previously presented objects. In @entity9902 , an array of letters in 10 rows (60 in each row) was presented, and the subject was required to identify all examples of a particular two-letter combination. RESULTS: The results of @entity65253 showed a significant increase in variances of errors (p<0.05) in the exposed versus the sham-exposed group. The results of @entity26686 indicated a significant decrease in errors (p<0.05) in the exposed group. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide additional evidence that acute low-level exposure to microwaves modulated at 7 Hz can affect cognitive processes such as attention and short-term memory.

title: Effects of 7 Hz-modulated 450 MHz electromagnetic radiation on XXXX performance in visual memory tasks.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: We reviewed retrospectively our experiences with @entity1 with @entity302 who were indicated for a modified Atkins diet (MAD). METHODS: Twenty @entity1 (8 female, 12 male) who were aged 2-17 years with @entity302 and tried the MAD between September 2008 and December 2010 were enrolled. Outcome measures included @entity410 frequency, adverse reactions and tolerability of the diet. RESULTS: Finally 9 @entity1 maintained the MAD with favorable @entity410 outcomes (a reduction of @entity410 frequency by over 50%) or successfully completed the diet therapy. Two @entity1 who required a long-term trial of the diet therapy respectively due to @entity8433 and uncategorized mitochondrial cytopathy derived from cytochrome c oxidase defect, respectively, successfully maintained the diet treatment without any significant complications. In 7 @entity1 , the ketogenic diet (KD) was not only effective but also too restrictive or caused serious unwanted events. Five of them maintained the @entity410 outcome previously achieved by the KD with the MAD. Ten @entity1 began the MAD because they were reluctant to start the KD. Unfortunately, only 2 @entity1 maintained the MAD with favorable @entity410 outcomes. One @entity1 who chose the MAD to bridge the KD and complete discontinuation of the treatment successfully completed the diet therapy. CONCLUSION: A long-term treatment with the MAD was well tolerated. Moreover, the MAD can successfully substitute the classic KD in @entity1 who showed improvement in @entity410 outcomes by the KD but could not tolerate it.

title: Various indications for a modified Atkins diet in intractable childhood XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['intractable epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity8433 :: ('MESH:D007888', 'Disease') :: ["Leigh's syndrome"]

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: There is debate as to the role of inflammatory disease activity in the etiology of @entity309 ( @entity309 )-related fatigue. We undertook this study to determine the relationship of @entity1295 activity by examining pathways associated with change in fatigue in subjects starting anti- @entity5 @entity39 factor (anti-TNF) therapy for the first time. METHODS: @entity1 who had been recruited to the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for @entity309 provided information on fatigue (Short Form 36 [SF-36] vitality scale) and other health status variables at the start of anti-TNF therapy and 6 months later. The Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and @entity32 (erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]/ @entity1851 [CRP] level) were also reported. A path analysis model comprising changes in fatigue, @entity158 , disease activity, disability, and mental health, along with effects of sex and a history of @entity308 , was used to examine those with high levels of fatigue at baseline (score of  <=12.5 units on the SF-36 vitality scale). The DAS28 was substituted for ESR/CRP to delineate the specific role of @entity32 . RESULTS: With a total of 2,652 @entity1 , we identified a well-fitting model (  2    =   0.18, P   =   0.98) accounting for 40% of the variance in fatigue change. There was no direct pathway from change in @entity32 to change in fatigue; instead, significant pathways to change in fatigue were observed from changes in disease activity, @entity158 , mental health, and disability, along with effects of sex and a history of @entity308 . A total of 82% of the effect of change in disease activity was indirect, of which    50% was mediated through a change in @entity158 . CONCLUSION: Improvements in fatigue do not appear to be driven by inflammatory disease activity; instead, they appear to result indirectly from improvements in @entity158 . Additional significant pathways through disability and mental health suggest potentially modifiable factors that could be targeted to improve clinically important levels of fatigue.

title: Determining Pathways to Improvements in Fatigue in @entity309 : Results From the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1295 :: ('MESH:D005221', 'Disease') :: ['fatigue to disease']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['Rheumatoid Arthritis']


abstract: A classical proteomic analysis was used to establish a reference map of proteins associated with healthy @entity1 erythrocyte ghosts. Following osmotic lysis and differential centrifugation, ghost proteins were separated by either one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DE) or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Selected protein bands or spots were excised and trypsinized before mass spectrometric analyses and data mining was performed using the SWISS-PROT and NCBI nonredundant databases. A total of 102 protein spots from a 2-D gel were successfully identified. These corresponded to 59 distinct polypeptides with the remaining 43 being isoforms. As for the 1-D gel, 44 polypeptides were identified, of which 19 were also found on the 2-D gel. Most of the 19 common polypeptides were membrane cytoskeletal proteins that are often referred to as the "band" proteins. The remaining 25 polypeptides that were found exclusively on 1-D gels were proteins with high hydrophobicity (e.g., @entity5121 dehydrogenase and @entity413 transporter) and high molecular mass (e.g., Kell blood group glycoprotein and @entity4016 ). A higher number of signaling proteins was also identified on 1-D gels compared to 2-D gels. These included Ras, @entity268 dependent protein kinase and TGF-beta receptor type 1 precursor.

title: Separation of XXXX erythrocyte membrane associated proteins with one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.

entities_list: @entity5121 :: ('MESH:D013012', 'Chemical') :: ['sorbitol']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND DATA: Our purpose was to describe the deformities, natural history, and course of treatment in @entity1610 , a @entity1141 characterized by stippled epiphysis in infancy, @entity851 , and progressive @entity3792 . STUDY DESIGN: We identified 20 @entity1 (15 female, 5 male) with @entity1610 and @entity4681 . RESULTS: The @entity85 was rarely present in the neonatal radiographs but typically appeared during the first year. We identified three patterns of @entity85 . The first was a C2 @entity1172 , which was successfully fused. @entity1635 had two patterns: one slowly progressive without @entity6349 vertebrae or significant @entity1513 (two @entity1 ) and the other rapidly progressive with @entity6349 vertebral bodies often appearing similar to a @entity3792 (17 @entity1 ). Follow-up averaged 7.9 years (range 2-20 years). The slowly progressive type was fused successfully with standard posterior techniques. The @entity6349 , however, required on average 2.5 procedures, including anteroposterior fusions, repeat fusions for @entity1516 repair, extension of the fusions for progression beyond the curves, and osteotomies for progression through the fusion mass. Unlike @entity85 , they did not respond well to hemiepiphysiodesis. CONCLUSION: Three types of @entity85 were identified in @entity1 with @entity1610 , including cervical @entity952 , a slowly progressive, @entity1635 responding well to standard fusion techniques and a @entity3792 , which is rapidly progressive and resistant to fusion. The best results in @entity6349 curves are obtained with an anterior strut graft and a posterior fusion. The @entity1 must be observed long-term for further @entity12896 and progressive @entity3792 .

title: @entity85 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1610 :: ('MESH:D010009', 'Disease') :: ['chondrodysplasia punctata']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short stature']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['Scoliosis', 'nondysplastic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['spinal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity3792 :: ('MESH:C565711', 'Disease') :: ['congenital kyphoscoliosis', 'kyphoscoliosis', 'dysplastic kyphoscoliosis']

entities_list: @entity12896 :: ('MESH:C566140', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1172 :: ('MESH:D001010', 'Disease') :: ['dentocentral synchondrosis separation']

entities_list: @entity952 :: ('MESH:D019958', 'Disease') :: ['bony disruption']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['spinal deformities', 'congenital deformities', 'spinal deformity']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic type', 'dysplastic']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudarthrosis']

answer: @entity1610 :: (MESH:D010009,Disease) :: ['chondrodysplasia punctata']


abstract: Radical operative treatment of @entity31 and regional @entity30 leads to satisfactory short-term results. The high mortality of one-stage proctocolectomy in the acute case can be markedly reduced by a staged operation. The same applies for surgery in toxic megacolon. Preservation of continence in @entity31 is rarely possible without endangering long-term results. Chances of evading @entity1162 in @entity30 are very much better. The prominent ileostoma represents a great step forwards. Conservatively treated @entity1 with @entity31 are by no means free from the risk of dangerous complications. 10% had to undergo surgery in the end and only 36% were symptom-free according to their own evaluation. Out of @entity1 with @entity31 treated with procto-colectomy and ileostoma 75% were completely symptom-free. @entity1 with symptoms had not obtained a prominent ileostoma or it was unsuccessful. Acute @entity13570 should not be treated operatively. Surgical treatment of chronic @entity30 need seldom be urgently performed and should be carefully evaluated. Late mortality in operated @entity1 occurs only in the young, in a small percentage due to relapse.

title: [ XXXX and @entity30 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['life-long ileostoma']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous enteritis']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['Ulcerative colitis']


abstract: The aim of this study was to aggregate the risk of @entity130 due to overjet using several published papers and performing a meta-analysis on the results. The 11 articles involved in this investigation were identified by a literature search of Medline (1966-1996) and Exerpta Medica (1985-1996) databases using predetermined keywords, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. In order to assess the quality of each paper, a methodological checklist for observational studies was developed resulting in a score between 0 and 100. The relative risk of overjet, compared with a reference, was expressed as an Odds Ratio (OR). For each study, the OR was computed using the data presented and, subsequently, these ORs were pooled across studies. The effect of confounders (i.e. age, gender), which could bias the relationship between overjet and @entity8495 was taken into account. Furthermore, the influence of quality of the study on the pooled OR was addressed. The average methodological score was 41. From the results, it can be concluded that @entity1 with an overjet larger than 3 mm are approximately twice as much at risk of @entity8495 than @entity1 with an overjet smaller than 3 mm. The effect of overjet on the risk of @entity8495 is less for @entity1 than for @entity1 in the same overjet group. In addition, risk of @entity8495 tends to increase with increasing overjet size. Furthermore, the pooled OR does not seem to be affected by the quality of the studies.

title: A systematic review of the relationship between overjet size and traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity8495 :: ('MESH:D018677', 'Disease') :: ['dental injury', 'injury of anterior teeth', 'injury to anterior teeth']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic dental injury']

answer: @entity8495 :: (MESH:D018677,Disease) :: ['dental injuries']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity6447 ( @entity6447 ) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous @entity179 , characterised by @entity76 and other neurological or non-neurological signs. So far, more than 20 genes have been described in autosomal dominant HCA; in @entity74 , even more genes are involved, in often more complex phenotypes. Because of that complexity, the genetic diagnosis of these diseases is often based on the next-generation sequencing techniques. In this review paper, we discuss the major contributions that they have made to the genetic landscape of @entity6447 . Numerous novel genes have been identified; still more have recently been implicated in @entity6447 in addition to being responsible for other diseases. The phenotypic spectrum associated with a single gene constantly gains in complexity. Novel types of mutations or transmissions in known genes are regularly being identified. All these factors make genotype-phenotype correlations particularly difficult. Some but not all of this variability can be explained by different pathophysiological consequences (loss of function, gain of function, variable levels of haploinsufficiency). This also raises the question of modifier genes. Finally, we highlight some functional pathways that increasingly appear important in @entity6447 .

title: XXXX remodelling in spinocerebellar ataxias: the influence of next-generation sequencing.

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive HCA']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorders']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['a cerebellar syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6447 :: ('MESH:D002524', 'Disease') :: ['Hereditary cerebellar ataxias', 'HCAs']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['Genetic landscape']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the features and mechanism of the cerebral evoked potentials by repetitive stimulation of @entity291 muscle in @entity1555 ( @entity1555 ) @entity1 with obvious @entity3986 and psuedohypertrophy. METHODS: Cerebral evoked potentials by stimulation of @entity291 muscles and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) by the stimulation of posterior tibial nerves at ankle were measured in 10 @entity1 with @entity1555 and 10 normal controls matched with gender and age. The intensity of the magnetic stimulation was at 30% of maximal output (2.1 Tesla, MagPro magnetic stimulator, Dantec) and the frequency was 1 Hz. The low intensity of magnetic stimulation was just sufficient to produce a contraction of the muscle belly underneath the coil. Recording electrode was placed at 2 cm posterior to the Cz, reference to Fpz. The latencies of @entity30649 , @entity1435 , N48 and @entity14798 and amplitude ( @entity1435 - N48) were recorded. SEPs were recorded by routine methods. RESULTS: In normal subjects, the amplitudes of cerebral evoked potentials by magnetic stimulation of @entity291 muscle was 40% lower than that by electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerves at ankle. The latency of @entity1435 was 2.9 +/- 2.1 ms longer compared with electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerves at ankle. In 6 @entity1 , @entity1435 latency from magnetic stimulation was remarkably prolonged (P < 0.01), and in 4 @entity1 , there was no remarkable response. SEPs evoked by electrical stimulation were normal in all of the @entity1 . CONCLUSION: @entity1555 is an available model for the study of mechanism of cerebral evoked potentials by magnetic stimulating muscle. We can conclude that the responses from magnetic stimulation were produced by muscle input. The abnormal responses in @entity1 may relate to decreased input of muscle by stimulating dystrophic and psedohypertrophic muscle.

title: The mechanism of cerebral evoked potentials by repetitive magnetic stimulation of gastrocnemius muscle in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'DMD']

answer: @entity1555 :: (MESH:D020388,Disease) :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy']


abstract: METHODS: Leptomeningeal @entity3 (LM) in the setting of @entity11 have often been thought to carry a particularly poor prognosis. We sought to better characterize this phenomenon through a review of @entity1 with @entity11 seen in our institution over the preceding 10   years. We focus here on 34 cases with LM due to grade III or IV @entity11 . Over the period in question, we estimate a prevalence of almost 4% in those affected by grade IV @entity5 . RESULTS: Leptomeningeal spread was present at the time of initial diagnosis in 4 @entity1 . Among the others, LM occurred at the time of first progression of disease in 17. The median time to development of LM (excluding those where it was present at initial diagnosis) was 16.4   months [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.2-43.9]. The median time to further progression of disease following LM was 4.9   months (95% CI 3.1-6.9). Twenty-five @entity1 were known to have died at the time of writing. Thus, median @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was 10.2   months (95% CI 8.8-14.7) following LM. At the time of diagnosis of LM, some form of treatment (chemotherapy and/or radiation vs. no treatment) increased @entity1349 (median 11.7 vs. 3.3   months, p   <   0.001 by log-rank test). Use of radiation therapy (vs. no radiation) also increased @entity1349 , although the effect was more modest (7.8 vs. 16.8   months, p   =   0.07). Higher Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) at the time of diagnosis of LM was associated with @entity1349 (p   =   0.007, median @entity1349 for KPS >= 90 19   months vs. 7.8 for KPS <90). In a two-variable model incorporating the use any treatment (vs. none) and KPS, the latter tended to be a more significant predictor of survival (p   =   0.22 vs. p   =   0.06 by likelihood-ratio test). This was also true for radiation (vs. none) and KPS (p   =   0.27 vs. p   =   0.02). No significant benefit could be demonstrated for the use of chemotherapy considered alone, either systemic or intrathecal. It should be noted that 4 of 9 @entity1 receiving intrathecal chemotherapy had a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt in place during these injections, which may have reduced its effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Overall, treatment appears to improve outcomes. We favor maximal treatment, as tolerated, particularly with a KPS of >= 70. Such treatment would typically include radiation to the maximum tolerated dose, concurrent, and adjuvant chemotherapy (preferably with an alkyating agent), in addition to intrathecal treatment.

title: Leptomeningeal @entity3 in high-grade XXXX : development, diagnosis, management, and outcomes in a series of 34 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity11 :: (MESH:D005910,Disease) :: ['adult glioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) consists of two major protein complexes, IFT-A and IFT-B. In contrast to the IFT-B complex, all components of IFT-A have recently been linked to @entity1 ciliopathies when defective. We therefore hypothesised that mutations in additional IFT-B encoding genes can be found in @entity1 with multisystemic ciliopathies. METHODS: We screened 1628 individuals with reno-ocular ciliopathies by targeted next-generation sequencing of ciliary candidate genes, including all IFT-B encoding genes. RESULTS: Consequently, we identified a homozygous mutation in @entity53560 affecting an obligatory donor splice site in an individual with @entity12000 and @entity5767 . Further, we detected a loss-of-stop mutation with extension of the deduced protein by 10 @entity1522 in an individual with @entity67458 . This proband presented with @entity1105 and @entity75 including @entity76 , a phenotype to which the @entity53560 variant might contribute. Cultured fibroblasts of this latter affected individual showed a significant decrease in ciliated cell abundance compared with controls and increased expression of the transcription factor @entity1357 suggesting deranged sonic hedgehog signalling. CONCLUSIONS: This work describes identification of mutations of @entity53560 in individuals with symptoms consistent with the clinical spectrum of ciliopathies. It might represent the rare case of a core IFT-B complex protein found associated with @entity1 disease. Our data further suggest that defects in the IFT-B core are an exceedingly rare finding, probably due to its indispensable role for ciliary assembly in development.

title: XXXX , encoding an IFT-B core protein, as a very rare cause of a ciliopathy phenotype.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain lesions']

entities_list: @entity67458 :: ('MESH:C564953', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-1']

entities_list: @entity1105 :: ('MESH:D058499', 'Disease') :: ['retinal dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity5767 :: ('MESH:D017689', 'Disease') :: ['polydactyly']

entities_list: @entity12000 :: ('MESH:C537699', 'Disease') :: ['nephronophthisis']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar atrophy']

answer: @entity53560 :: (28981,Gene) :: ['IFT81']


abstract: Introduction. Although an extensive body of literature suggests that face-to-face problem-solving interventions are an effective means of fostering @entity146 medication adherence for @entity1 with @entity72 , the majority of outpatients with @entity72 lack access to this proven intervention. There is a need for exploration of alternate delivery methods for problem solving. Design. This randomized controlled trial will examine the effectiveness of cellular telephone delivered Telephone Intervention - Problem Solving (TIPS) upon medication adherence, medication self efficacy and symptom management in outpatients with @entity72 over 9 monthsMethods. To ensure consistent telephone access, all one hundred twenty eight @entity1 will be provided a basic cellular telephone with unlimited local calling for 9 months. @entity1 will be randomly assigned to treatment as usual plus weekly TIPS or treatment as usual only (TAU). Assessment of serum medication levels, pill count medication adherence, medication attitudes and @entity146 symptoms will be conducted at baseline and every 3 months on all @entity1 . Summary.In addition to testing the long term effect of TIPS, this study will provide information on the responses to our cellular telephone delivery method. We believe this information will be critical as we continue to explore a variety of cellular telephone technologies to provide needed interventions to @entity1 with @entity72 in a feasible, economical way.

title: The Long Term Effects of Cellular-Telephone-Delivered Telephone Intervention Problem Solving (TIPS) For @entity72 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity72 :: (MESH:D002659,Disease) :: ['SSDs']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We conducted a survey of the literature on face recognition (FR), an activity that is essential for social relations and their dynamics. Unlike the recognition of non facial objects, this type of recognition is a special process since it is based on the detection of individual features. The most characteristic clinical parameter of @entity2438 subjects is their inability to relate socially, possibly due to the difficulty they have in processing faces, although they are more skilled at recognising objects. DEVELOPMENT: We describe the two mechanisms involved in FR, one based on features and the other referring to the whole. The latter can be further divided into overall processing that allows a whole image to be compared with another previously assimilated image, and the processing of the arrangement of a face that is recognised as a whole. These may correspond to two different neuronal pathways. During the first days of life, the newborn baby has a predilection for faces in their feature and overall aspects, and processing of the arrangement is slower. Visual development in @entity2438 @entity1 is erratic, similar to the level of a newborn @entity1 , and their lack of interest for @entity1 faces is apparent during the first year of life, as they look at everything as if they were objects, that is, by features. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the literature enabled us to determine how FR mechanisms develop in the earliest days of the @entity1 s life. It also highlighted the importance of the integrity of the pathway that facilitates stimulation for the recognition of facial arrangement, which is altered in @entity2438 @entity1 perhaps from the peripheral area to the cortex. Further work on peripheral pathways and the fundamental cortical connections that are affected in @entity2438 subjects will help us to understand the inefficiency of their facial arrangement recognition system.

title: [Face recognition in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infant', 'children', 'human']

answer: @entity2438 :: (MESH:D001321,Disease) :: ['autism']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to compare the performance of a mechanical radial endosonoscope and an endorectal electronic probe and to evaluate the value of @entity273 ( @entity274 ) injection in the diagnosis of perianal @entity292 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Sixty-one @entity1 underwent clinical and endosonographic studies for suspected perianal @entity292 or abscesses. Endosonography was performed using two instruments: a mechanical radial endosonoscope (Olympus GF-UM20) and an electronic endorectal probe (Hitachi EUP-R53). The @entity1 were re-examined during and following @entity274 injection using both systems. RESULTS: Thirty-seven fistulous tracts were visualized with the electronic endorectal probe versus only 9 with the mechanical radial endosonoscope. Four @entity1 had @entity850 , precluding the use of the larger electronic probe. Three @entity292 were detected in these @entity1 using the mechanical radial endosonoscope. @entity274 injection was not feasible in 26 @entity1 (43%). Visualization of 11 (31%) @entity292 improved after administration of @entity274 . Six fistulous tracts not detected before @entity274 administration were clearly visualized during injection and for several minutes thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Work-up of perianal @entity292 should be preferably performed using the endorectal electronic probe. However, the mechanical radial endoscope is preferred in @entity1 with anal stricture. @entity274 injection should become an integral part of every sonographic study of perianal @entity292 .

title: Endosonographic evaluation of perianal XXXX and abscesses: comparison of two instruments and assessment of the role of @entity273 injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'fistulas']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['anal stenosis']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistulas']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Functional properties of the soy protein need to improve to have better applications in food industry. Alkali extracted and acid precipitated soy protein isolate ( @entity3507 ) was glycosylated using @entity413 (G) and Xanthan gum (X) via Maillard reaction to improve solubility. The effects of @entity3507 to G and @entity3507 to X ratios ( @entity3507 :G = 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2; @entity3507 :X = 100:1 and 10:1) and incubation time (0, 6, 12, and 24  h) on the solubility and functional properties of glycosylated @entity3507 were evaluated. The @entity3507 :G ratio of 1:2 yielded a maximum degree of glycosylation of 71.1  %. The solubility of @entity3507 after glycosylation significantly increased (P   <   0.05) at pH  4.0-8.0 compared to @entity3507 alone. Although the emulsion stability of glycosylated SPIs  has not significantly increased (P   >   0.05), the emulsifying activity improved significantly (P   <   0.05). Glycosylation with @entity3507 -X at a ratio of 10: 1 showed maximum emulsifying activity of 191.6  m(2)/g ( @entity3507 alone: 66.3  m(2)/g). Moreover, the @entity3507 :X (ratio of 100:1) showed the maximum foaming activity (205  mL) compared  to @entity3507 alone (155  mL). The foaming stability of @entity3507 (2.6  %) increased to 5.5 and 8.2  % when using xanthan gum at the ratio of 100:1 and 10:1, respectively. Glycosylated @entity3507 with enhanced emulsifying and foaming properties has potential to improve the functional quality of the food products.

title: Improved functional properties of glycosylated soy protein isolate using XXXX and xanthan gum.

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['D-glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['D-glucose']


abstract: AIMS: To evaluate the introduction of a community-based non-mydriatic and mydriatic digital photographic screening programme by measuring the sensitivity and specificity compared with a reference standard and assessing the added value of technician direct ophthalmoscopy. METHODS: Study @entity1 had one-field, non-mydriatic, 45 degrees digital imaging photography prior to mydriatic two-field digital imaging photography followed by technician ophthalmoscopy. Of these @entity1 , 1549 were then examined by an experienced ophthalmologist using slit lamp biomicroscopy as a reference standard. The setting was general practices in Gloucestershire. @entity1 were selected by randomizing groups of @entity1 (from within individual general practices) and 3611 @entity1 were included in the study. @entity1 for reference standard examination were recruited from groups of @entity1 on days when the ophthalmologist was able to attend. The main outcome measure was detection of referable @entity6 ( @entity6 ) as defined by the Gloucestershire adaptation of the European Working Party guidelines. RESULTS: For mydriatic digital photography, the sensitivity was 87.8%, specificity was 86.1% and technical failure rate was 3.7%. Technician ophthalmoscopy did not alter these figures. For non-mydriatic photography, the sensitivity was 86.0%, specificity was 76.7% and technical failure rate was 19.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Two-field mydriatic digital photography is an effective method of screening for referable @entity6 . Non-mydriatic digital photography has an unacceptable technical failure rate and low specificity.

title: The effectiveness of screening for XXXX by digital imaging photography and technician ophthalmoscopy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['DR', 'diabetic retinopathy']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic retinopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify the most reliable predictor of the pathological stage among multiple parameters obtained by performing systematic biopsies and to assess the predictive value of any identified parameters in combination with the @entity1486 and the Gleason scores. METHODS: We examined 5 biopsy parameters from 12 systematic needle biopsy results in 104 consecutive @entity263 @entity1 who underwent prostatectomy: the number of cores positive for @entity5 , percentage of positive biopsy cores, @entity5 (absolute sum of @entity5 length at each core), percentage @entity5 length (total @entity5 length divided by total length of cores obtained x100), and maximum @entity5 core length. The predictive values of these parameters were assessed using multivariate logistic analysis and receiver operating characteristic analysis. We evaluated whether the most reliable biopsy parameter in combination with traditional variables show better predictability of the pathological stage than traditional variables alone by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: Of 104 @entity1 , 85 (82.9%) had organ confined @entity5 and 19 (17.1%) showed extraprostatic extension. Of the five parameters examined, maximum @entity5 length was found to best predict pathological staging. Although insignificant, adding results of maximum @entity5 length to @entity1486 and Gleason scores improved predictability. Of 41 @entity1 with a maximum @entity5 length of <0.9 cm, PSA of <16 ng/mL, and Gleason score of <7, none showed extraprostatic extension. CONCLUSIONS: The maximum @entity5 length was found to be the most reliable predictor of disease staging. The findings of a maximum @entity5 length of <0.9 cm, PSA of <16 ng/mL, and a Gleason score of <7 can suggest an organ-confined disease.

title: Prediction of pathological stages before prostatectomy in @entity263 XXXX : analysis of 12 systematic prostate needle biopsy specimens.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'total linear cancer length', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Non-invasive measures of large artery structure and function--such as aorto-femoral pulse wave velocity ( @entity122 ), arterial compliance (AC) and @entity2998 ( @entity2998 )--can predict new CV events, independently of traditional CV risk factors. However, neither their relations with aorta properties nor the effects of aging and @entity101 on those relations are yet clear. METHODS AND RESULTS: 40 subjects (18 M, 22 F; mean age 60+/-16 yrs, range 21-83 yrs) free of any acute CV event, @entity340 or @entity955 , were studied. @entity2333 , diastolic diameter (D) and distensibility (Dist) were measured by transesophageal echocardiography at three different levels: ascending aorta (AA), distal aortic arch (Aarc) and descending aorta (DA). @entity122 was measured by Complior. AC was measured as the ratio of @entity64 volume to pulse pressure. @entity2998 was measured by ultrasonography in diastole. The Dist, IMT, and D of each aortic segment were introduced alternatively into the regression models. After controlling for age, sex, traditional risk factors and prevalent @entity66 , AC showed a significant positive association with the distensibility of proximal aortic segments, but no significant association with properties of distal aorta; @entity122 showed a significant positive association with proximal aorta wall thickness and a negative association with distal aorta distensibility; @entity2998 was positively associated with distal aorta wall thickness, but not with any explored property of the proximal aorta. None of these relationships differed between younger or older, normotensive or @entity101 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Non-invasive measures of large artery structure and function are not equivalent with respect to their relations with aortic properties, so that AC seems to reflect proximal aorta function, @entity122 proximal aorta structure and distal aorta function, and @entity2998 distal aorta structure. Future studies are needed to confirm whether these relations identify a common pathogenetic mechanism, which may be the target for new therapeutic strategies.

title: Aortic correlates of clinical markers of large artery structure and function. Effects of aging and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['CV disease']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['CCA IMT', 'common carotid intima-media thickness']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['Aortic IMT']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasmall paramagnetic @entity1933 (USPIO: Sinerem)-enhanced @entity7994 in @entity1 with @entity135 and enlarged lymph nodes compared with current staging examinations using histology as a gold standard. @entity1 AND METHODS: Seventeen @entity1 with a histologically proven @entity135 ( @entity135 ) and different N-stages underwent a non-enhanced and a USPIO-enhanced @entity7994 examination. Signal intensity (SI) was measured in a region of interest evaluation. Pathohistological examination was used as a reference. RESULTS: On a @entity1 basis, USPIO-enhanced @entity7994 showed a higher specificity and diagnostic accuracy (94%) compared with non-enhanced @entity7994 (53%). One @entity1 showed a lymph node of 6 mm in the short axial diameter which was suggested as being metastatic in Sinerem-enhanced @entity7994 according to the enhancement pattern of Sinerem. This @entity1 was staged as N1 with Sinerem-enhanced @entity7994 . The histopathological examination did not confirm the Sinerem-enhanced @entity7994 result. CONCLUSION: The high values for the specifity and diagnostic accuracy of Sinerem- enhanced @entity7994 justifies further investigations with this contrast agent. USPIO-enhanced @entity7994 could be advantageous in avoiding surgical overtreatment.

title: XXXX particle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for detection of benign lymph nodes in the head and neck: how reliable are the results?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell cancer of the head and neck', 'head and neck cancer', 'SCCHN']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

answer: @entity1933 :: (MESH:C000499,Chemical) :: ['Iron oxide']


abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of low-intensity @entity1229 treatment plus @entity117 during the first 6 months after surgery in @entity1 undergoing heart valve substitution with mechanical prostheses. @entity2067 antagonists (VKA) are able to reduce but not eliminate @entity715 and systemic @entity887 in @entity1 with mechanical heart valves. The intensity of treatment and additional use of @entity117 in these @entity1 is still controversial. Consecutive @entity1 undergoing aortic or mitral valve replacement (or a combination of the two) with mechanical prostheses were invited to participate in the study. After stratifying for site of prosthesis, @entity1 were randomized to receive low intensity VKA treatment (target INR 2.5) plus @entity117 (100 mg/day) for the first six months (Group A) or standard-intensity (INR target 3.7) VKA treatment (Group B). Mean follow-up was 1.5 years. Principal outcome events were systemic @entity887 , major @entity548 , and @entity204 . A total of 94 @entity1 in Group A and 104 in Group B were randomized and followed up for 144 and 163 @entity1 years, respectively. There were 5 (5%) events in Group A (4 major @entity548 events and 1 @entity204 ) and 4 (4%) in group B (2 major @entity548 events and 2 @entity385 ). All the events except 1 occurred within the first 6 months after surgery. Cumulative incidence of primary outcome events was 5.8% (95% CI 0.9 to 10.7) in Group A and 4.3% (95% CI 0.2 to 8.4) in Group B (p=0.6). Low-intensity treatment plus @entity117 during the first six months after surgery appears to be as effective and safe as moderate-high-intensity anticoagulation.

title: Low-intensity oral anticoagulant plus low-dose @entity117 during the first six months versus standard-intensity oral anticoagulant therapy after mechanical heart valve replacement: a pilot study of low-intensity @entity1229 and XXXX in cardiac prostheses (LIWACAP).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2067 :: ('MESH:D014812', 'Chemical') :: ['Vitamin K']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['vascular death']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1358 harbors high numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes with apparent limited efficacy in @entity5 control. This study focused on the natural killer (NK) cells infiltrating @entity1358 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were isolated from @entity1358 and analyzed for NK cell frequency and phenotype (n = 34). NK cells were enriched and tested for effector function. RESULTS: Two @entity1358 subtypes were identified, one containing high (>20% of the lymphocyte population, n = 14), the other low (<20%, n = 20), NK cell numbers. NK cells of both groups were noncytolytic ex vivo but differed in @entity4071 and cytotoxic effector molecule expression as well as in their capacity to acquire cytotoxic activity: The majority of NK cells from @entity5 with high NK cell content (high NK-TIL) were @entity4071 (bright), whereas few @entity4071 bright NK cells were found in @entity5 with low NK cell frequencies (low NK-TIL). The @entity4071 dichotomy correlated with different capacities to develop @entity137 after short-term activation with @entity1199 ex vivo: Low NK-TIL remained noncytolytic against K562 and unresponsive to signals via the activating receptor @entity3222 despite expression of receptor and adaptor molecules. In contrast, high NK-TIL acquired cytotoxic function. As described for peripheral @entity4071 bright NK cells, NK cells from high-NK @entity5 showed high per cell expression of @entity24570 , @entity10807 , and perforin. NK cells from low NK-TIL resembled @entity4071 (neg/dim) peripheral NK cells with few cytotoxin+ cells and lower expression of perforin. CONCLUSION: The extent of NK cell infiltration and the expression of markers ( @entity4071 and cytotoxins) predict the functional capacity of NK cells infiltrating @entity1358 and can be used to characterize subgroups of @entity1358 .

title: Cytotoxic markers and frequency predict functional capacity of natural killer cells infiltrating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'Renal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: A theoretical metabolic-control-analysis approach has been used to study aspects of glycolytic-flux control and @entity505 -metabolite regulation, particularly the role of @entity855 demand ( @entity4430 ), in order to determine what general features of the regulation of energy metabolism would be consistent with good @entity505 -metabolite homeostasis in the face of large changes in @entity505 flux. On the basis of a semi-quantitative control-analysis model, incorporating estimates of substrate, product and effector actions on the enzymes, the experimentally observed characteristics of glycolytic-flux changes prove to impose constraints on the feasible ranges of these estimates. This leads to the identification of several features of energy metabolism, each of which is necessary but not sufficient to explain the observations; although most of these have been advocated previously (such as @entity860 activation of phosphofructokinase (PFK), @entity857 inhibition of @entity4430 and the role of energy charge or @entity855 / @entity857 ratio), our analysis allows their relative importance to be assessed. In the model, the distribution of flux control depends primarily on @entity857 inhibition of @entity4430 , and on the activation of PFK by @entity860 ; increase in @entity857 inhibition of @entity4430 increases the control on PFK; increase in @entity860 activation of PFK increases control on @entity4430 . PFK exerts greater flux control than does @entity4430 over approximately 50% of the ranges (parameter space) studied, but its control is sufficiently high to achieve sizeable flux increases over less than 20% of the space. Furthermore, control by alteration in PFK activity is shown to result in poor glycolytic metabolite homeostasis over the entire parameter space studied. However, over a large proportion of the parameter space, control by activation of @entity4430 can lead to large flux changes, i.e. high flux control, coupled with excellent glycolytic-metabolite homeostasis, similar to that observed in working muscle. As well as altering the relative degrees of flux control invested in PFK and @entity4430 , @entity857 inhibition of @entity4430 and @entity860 activation of PFK have pronounced effects on the homeostatic properties of the system. Stronger @entity857 inhibition of @entity4430 results in improved homeostasis of glycolytic metabolites, @entity855 and @entity857 in response to PFK activation, whereas stronger activation of PFK by @entity860 improves the homeostasis of these three quantities in response to @entity4430 activation. The results are further evidence of the potential for physiological @entity855 demand to exert control over glycolytic flux, but additionally show that the known effector interactions, in addition to their previously known role in @entity855 regulation, could contribute to the remarkable homeostasis of glycolytic-metabolite levels observed in vivo. They further indicate that quantitative characterisation of likely domains of behaviour of metabolic systems can be achieved by an algebraic analysis that is not highly dependent on a full and precise knowledge of the molecular details of the kinetic/regulatory properties of the enzymes, but that still allows an assessment of whether hypotheses regarding the system are feasible and sufficient to account for the observations.

title: A control analysis exploration of the role of XXXX utilisation in glycolytic-flux control and glycolytic-metabolite-concentration regulation.

answer: @entity855 :: (MESH:D000255,Chemical) :: ['ATP']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore anti- @entity5 effect and mechanism of green tea extract (GTE) in three @entity1 @entity957 cell lines (CAL-27, @entity1 and KB). METHODS: The cell lines were in vitro cultured and its growth inhibition was detected by @entity98 . After screening most sensitive cell line, effect of GTE on CAL-27 cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The protein expression of GTE on CAL-27 cell strain was determined by protein chip technique. The protein expression of @entity8985 , @entity14107 , and p- @entity18774 was verified by using Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the inhibition rate on CAL-27 increased significantly after treated by 50, 100, 200, and 400  g/mL GTE; the inhibition rate on KB increased after treated by 100, 200, and 400  g/mL GTE; the inhibition rate on SCC-25 increased after treated by 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400  g/mL GTE, all with statistical difference and in dose dependant manner (P < 0.01). Flow cytometric analysis showed that, when compared with the control group, 50  g/mL GTE arrested CAL-27 cells in the G2/M phase (P < 0.05), and 100  g/mL GTE arrested CAL-27 cells in the G2/M phase with concurrent decreased cells in the G0/G1 phase (P < 0.01). Totally 107 proteins were analyzed by protein chip technique. After treated by GTE, a total of 13 proteins significantly changed in CAL-27 cell line. Western blot showed that 25, 50, and 100  g/mL GTE inhibited the expression of phopho-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (p- @entity18774 ), @entity8985 ( @entity8985 ), and @entity14107 of CAL-27 cell line with statistical difference (P < 0.05). The higher the drug concentration, the higher the inhibition rate (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: GTE could inhibit the proliferation of different @entity1 @entity957 cell lines. CAL-27 is a sensitive cell line. GTE significantly affected @entity470 and Notch signal network, and influenced changes of cell cycle related protein expression levels through the aforesaid channels, resulting in cell cycle arrest in S and G2/M phases.

title: [Experimental study on anti- XXXX effect and mechanism of green tea extract].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['oral squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity8985 :: ('1019', 'Gene') :: ['CDK4', 'cyclin-dependent kinase 4']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous closure of @entity118 is an alternative to surgical treatment. OBJECTIVES: We report the results of percutaneous closure of @entity118 with the Amplatzer(  ) device. METHOD: We include @entity1 taken to the catheterization laboratory from September 1997 to December 2011. RESULTS: We proceeded with defect closure in 721 @entity1 and in 85 the defect was considered not suitable for closure. The stretched diameter of the defect was 23  6.7mm (limits, 5-42). All devices were positioned successfully. In 15 cases (2.1%) the device was changed due to instability and in 6 (0.8%) the device embolized within the first 24h, 4 were retrieved and repositioned (final success with intention to treat 719/806-89.2%). Immediate control showed complete closure in 247 @entity1 (34.3%), leak through the device in 395 (54.9%), mild residual leak in 75 (10.4%) and moderate in 2 (0.3%). We have follow-up in 626 @entity1 (87.1%) for 33  27.5 months, with @entity10 in 54 (8.6%), new @entity943 in 10 (1.6%), puncture site complications in 4 (0.6%), and @entity64 in one (0.1%). CONCLUSION: The design of the Amplatzer(  ) device allows effective closure of @entity118 with a simple technique and @entity1 safety.

title: [Percutaneous closure of XXXX with the Amplatzer   device: 15 years of experience.]

entities_list: @entity118 :: ('MESH:D006344', 'Disease') :: ['atrial septal defects']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular arrhythmia']

answer: @entity118 :: (MESH:D006344,Disease) :: ['atrial septal defects']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to investigate the trends over time in the initial treatment of @entity263 in Japan. METHODS: A total of 8291 @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity263 whose treatment started in 2010 were registered in a multi-institutional observational study undertaken nationwide across Japan by the Japan @entity263 Study Group. Each @entity1 's background characteristics and initial treatment were recorded. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 71 years. The proportion of T1c disease was 40.5% and that of M1 disease was 10.4%. The @entity1486 level was <10 ng/ml in 52.0% of the @entity1 . High-, intermediate- and low-risk @entity1 as determined by D'Amico's classification system made up 19.3, 29.8 and 25.9% of the cases, respectively. The initial treatment was @entity342 depletion therapy in 40.2%, radical prostatectomy in 32.0% (17.3% of these involved laparoscopic prostatectomy), radiation in 21.0% (46.4% of these involved brachytherapy). In cases of organ-confined disease, radical prostatectomy was selected in 39.5%, @entity342 depletion therapy in 28.0% and radiation in 23.9%. In D'Amico's low-risk group, the proportion treated with radiation was nearly equal to that treated with radical prostatectomy (30.2 and 32.7%, respectively); 73.2% of the radiation treatments involved brachytherapy. CONCLUSION: Compared with previous Japanese studies, radiation use was increased by    10%. This increased proportion of radiation use was a typical trend in initial therapy for newly diagnosed @entity263 cases in Japan. Although @entity342 depletion therapy use was decreased, it was selected in a high proportion of the @entity1 irrespective of the disease stage.

title: Recent Trends in the Initial Therapy for Newly Diagnosed XXXX in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'Prostate Cancer']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate Cancer']


abstract: @entity2695 is a common soft tissue @entity5 that frequently occurs in the oral and maxillofacial region including salivary glands, but is rarely biopsied and is therefore often unfamiliar to the surgical pathologist. Our study examined the subclassification and histologic features of @entity3359 ( @entity3359 ). Consultative cases coded as @entity2695 and located in salivary gland from 1970 to 2000 were retrieved from the Registry of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (Washington, DC). Only cases with histologic evidence of salivary gland involvement were included. Slide material and @entity1 history for all cases were reviewed, subclassification assigned, and histologic features were noted. Ten cases coded as @entity2695 with slides and history met our inclusion criteria. Seven cases were the " @entity2695 " subtype in the parotid of @entity1 , ranging in age from 3 to 10 months (mean age, 5.3 months) with a male predominance. These @entity3359 had a distinctive histologic appearance of a cellular proliferation of capillary sized vessels around retained salivary gland ducts. Mitoses were easily identified. Three additional cases in females included an @entity2758 of a lip minor salivary gland since birth in a 15-month-old @entity1 and two parotid gland lesions: a lobular @entity8702 of a 10-year-old and a @entity2477 in a 51-year-old. The latter three cases grew as replacing masses and lacked retained salivary gland ducts within the lesion, despite glandular tissue at the periphery of the @entity5 . No @entity3359 cases in our series were identified in the submandibular or sublingual glands. Despite its common occurrence, @entity3359 is relatively rare in our surgical pathology files. The parotid gland is the most common location (90%). @entity3359 includes @entity2695 subtypes, mainly in females, and a distinctive infantile subtype of @entity8702 ( @entity2695 ), displaying distinctive histology and found predominately in males. The cellularity, mitotic activity, and retained salivary gland ducts in the latter lesion should not make one consider @entity5 .

title: XXXX of the salivary gland: a study of ten cases of a rarely biopsied/excised lesion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['arteriovenous hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity3359 :: ('MESH:D012466', 'Disease') :: ['SGH', 'salivary gland hemangioma', 'Salivary gland hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity2695 :: ('MESH:D006391', 'Disease') :: ['hemangioma', 'juvenile hemangioma', 'usual hemangioma', 'Hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity8702 :: ('MESH:D018324', 'Disease') :: ['capillary hemangioma']

entities_list: @entity2477 :: ('MESH:D006392', 'Disease') :: ['cavernous hemangioma']

answer: @entity2695 :: (MESH:D006391,Disease) :: ['Hemangioma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical followup for a large series of @entity1 with clinically localized @entity263 who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy to identify clinical and/or pathological indicators of biochemical ( @entity1486 [PSA]) recurrence. We then used those indicators to develop multivariate models for determination of recurrence probability following radical retropubic prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1982 to 1999, 2,091 consecutive @entity1 underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for clinically localized @entity263 (clinical stage T1c or T2 disease with Gleason score 5 or greater). Actuarial analysis was performed comparing freedom from biochemical recurrence after radical retropubic prostatectomy (PSA 0.2 ng./ml. or greater.) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Event time distributions for the time to recurrence were compared using the log rank statistic or the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The first model was developed using preoperative variables only and the second model using all available variables. Observed and predicted recurrence-free survival curves for different models were compared to select a model for calculation of predicted recurrence-free probabilities and confidence intervals. RESULTS: With a median followup of 5.9 years (range 1 to 17) 360 @entity1 (17%) had biochemical recurrence. Overall actuarial 5, 10 and 15-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were 84%, 72% and 61%, respectively. The relative risk of biochemical recurrence following surgery decreased with time, even after adjusted for other perioperative parameters. Variables identified for the preoperative model were biopsy Gleason score, clinical TNM stage and PSA. Variables identified for the postoperative model were prostatectomy Gleason score, PSA and pathological organ confinement status. Nomograms were generated and corrected for the decreasing relative risk of biochemical recurrence over time. CONCLUSIONS: Using 3 preoperative or postoperative parameters, these nomograms can easily be used to determine the 3, 5, 7 and 10-year biochemical recurrence-free survival probabilities among @entity1 who undergo radical retropubic prostatectomy for clinically localized @entity263 in the modern era.

title: Biochemical ( XXXX ) recurrence probability following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized @entity263 .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'adenocarcinoma of the prostate']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate specific antigen']

answer: @entity1486 :: (354,Gene) :: ['prostate specific antigen']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of @entity28 and elevated waist circumference in Germany is high. However, there are insufficient data on the situation in primary care and on regional distribution to support medical preventive measures. METHODS: The German Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Project (GEMCAS) is a national cross-sectional study including 1511 primary care practices and 35 869 @entity1 . Height, weight, waist circumference, laboratory values, and @entity164 2 @entity6 were documented. RESULTS: The crude prevalence of @entity28 was 23.9% (95% CI 23.4 to 24.3) (standardized 22.8% [95% CI 22.3 to 23.2]), with a minimum in Bremen (19.8% [95% CI 15.1 to 24.5]) and a maximum in Saxony-Anhalt (28.3% [95% CI 25.4 to 31.1]). The crude prevalence of high waist circumference (> 102/88 cm) was 39.5% (95% CI 39.0 to 40.0) (standardized 36.5% [95% CI 36.0 to 36.9]), with a minimum in Hamburg (30.5% [95% CI 26.2 to 34.8]) and a maximum in Saxony-Anhalt (42.1% [95% CI 39.2 to 45.1]). The prevalence of @entity28 as assessed by BMI was higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 , but greater in @entity1 as assessed by waist circumference. Nationwide, 50 out of every 100 @entity1 with @entity28 had @entity164 2 @entity6 , and 32 of 100 @entity1 with a high waist circumference had @entity164 2 @entity6 . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of @entity28 is higher in northeastern Germany than in the southwest. Overall, @entity1144 is considerably more frequent than @entity28 based on BMI. Surprisingly, a high prevalence of @entity28 in some federal states does not automatically mean a higher number of @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Overweight, XXXX and high waist circumference: regional differences in prevalence in primary medical care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: To investigate the quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating plasma @entity165 , the female progeny of an (SMxNZB/ B1NJ)xNZB/B1NJ backcross were fed an atherogenic diet. After 18 wk, plasma total @entity165 and high-density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) was measured. HDL-C concentrations were greater in NZB than in SM @entity19 . For standard chow-fed @entity19 , QTL were found near D5Mit370 and D18Mit34. For @entity19 fed an atherogenic diet, a QTL was found near D5Mit239. The QTL for chow-fed and atherogenic-fed @entity19 on chromosome 5 seem to be two different loci. We used a multitrait analysis to rule out pleiotropy in favor of a two-QTL hypothesis. Furthermore, the HDL-C in these strains was induced by the high-fat diet. For inducible HDL-C, one significant locus was found near D15Mit39. The gene for an HDL receptor, @entity25694 , maps close to the HDL-C QTL at D5Mit370, but the concentrations of @entity25694 mRNA and @entity25694 protein and the gene sequence of NZB/B1NJ and SM/J did not support @entity25694 as a candidate gene. With these QTL, we have identified chromosomal regions that affect lipoprotein profiles in these strains.

title: Quantitative trait locus mapping of genes that regulate HDL @entity165 in SM/J and NZB/B1NJ inbred XXXX .

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The present work investigated the release of @entity8726 (FLU) from @entity21049 RS100 (RS) and @entity21049 RL100 (RL) nanosuspensions to a biological model membrane consisting of @entity17595 ( @entity17595 ) multilamellar vesicles (MLV). This release was compared with those observed from solid drug particles as well as with dialysis experiments. Nanosuspensions were prepared by a modification of Quasi-Emulsion Solvent Diffusion technique. Drug release was monitored by the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). FLU dispersed in MLV affects the transition temperature (T(m)) of @entity17595 liposomes, causing a shift towards lower values. The temperature shift is modulated by the drug fraction present in the aqueous lipid bilayer suspension. DSC was also performed, after increasing incubation periods at 37 degrees C, on suspensions of blank liposomes added to fixed amounts of unloaded and FLU-loaded nanosuspensions, as well as to powdered free drug. T(m) shifts, caused by the drug released from the polymeric system or by free-drug dissolution during incubation cycles, were compared with those caused by free drug increasing molar fractions dispersed directly in the membrane during their preparation. These results were compared with the drug release and were followed by a classical dialysis technique. Comparing the suitability of the 2 different techniques in order to follow the drug release as well as the differences between the 2 RL and RS polymer systems, it is possible to confirm the efficacy of DSC in studying the release from polymeric nanoparticulate systems compared with the "classical" release test by dialysis. The different rate of kinetic release could be due to void liposomes, which represent a better uptaking system than aqueous solution in dialysis experiments.

title: XXXX release from @entity21049 RS and RL aqueous nanosuspensions: a kinetic study by DSC and dialysis experiments.

entities_list: @entity8726 :: ('MESH:D005480', 'Chemical') :: ['Flurbiprofen']

entities_list: @entity17595 :: ('MESH:D004134', 'Chemical') :: ['Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine', 'DMPC']

answer: @entity8726 :: (MESH:D005480,Chemical) :: ['Flurbiprofen']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 of the ovary are the leading cause of death from gynecologic @entity5 in the United States. Population-based incidence data for these @entity5 by histopathologic type and race are limited. Variation in rates may provide clues for future etiologic studies. METHODS: The authors performed a detailed, population-based analysis of U.S. incidence rates by histologic type, race, and age for invasive @entity43 that were diagnosed during 1978-1998 and for @entity43 that were diagnosed during 1992-1998 using data from the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. RESULTS: White @entity1 had significantly higher rates compared with black @entity1 of all types of @entity5 , with the white:black rate ratios ranging from 1.23 to 2.56. Black @entity1 had higher rates of @entity5 . Among both white @entity1 and black @entity1 , total @entity189 rates did not change greatly from 1978-1982 to 1995-1998. Among white @entity1 , the reported incidence rates for invasive serous, endometrioid, and clear cell @entity5 increased during 1978-1998, whereas the rates of mucinous; papillary, not otherwise specified (NOS); and other @entity5 declined. Among black @entity1 , the reported rates of papillary, @entity5 decreased significantly, whereas the rates of other @entity5 types fluctuated. Incidence rates of @entity43 were higher among white @entity1 compared with black @entity1 and did not change significantly during 1992-1998. Serous and mucinous @entity5 were the predominant @entity5 reported for @entity1 age < 45 years, whereas serous; papillary, NOS; and other @entity5 predominated among older @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Incidence rates for malignant @entity43 have remained relatively stable, with higher rates for white @entity1 compared with black @entity1 . The reported rates for some specific histopathologic @entity5 types have changed over time, in part reflecting more specific pathologic classification. The possible effect of shifting exposure prevalence on incidence patterns warrants further study.

title: Incidence patterns of invasive and XXXX among white @entity1 and black @entity1 in the United States. Results from the SEER Program, 1978-1998.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'epithelial tumors', 'gonadal stromal tumors', 'NOS tumors', 'neoplasms', 'Malignant tumors', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian tumors', 'borderline ovarian tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['borderline ovarian tumors']


abstract: The prevalence of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) is very high worldwide. According to the World Health Organization in 2000 the worldwide prevalence of @entity6 was 171,000,000. @entity2316 is a major vascular complication of @entity6 . If @entity6 is not treated early and adequately, many @entity6 @entity1 may reach @entity454 ( @entity454 ) secondary to advanced irreversible @entity2316 . In many countries @entity2316 has become the single most frequent cause of prevalent @entity454 @entity1 undergoing @entity22 ( @entity22 ). In the early era of renal replacement therapy (RRT) by means of intermittent hemodialysis the prognosis of @entity6 @entity1 undergoing @entity22 was extremely poor and disappointing. While the prognosis of @entity1 suffering from @entity454 and maintained by chronic intermittent dialysis has greatly improved, the rehabilitation rate and survival of these @entity1 continue to be worse than those of non- @entity6 @entity1 . A preexisting severely compromised @entity65 , vascular access problems, @entity6 , @entity1017 , and @entity551 explain most of the less favorable outcome. Despite improved techniques and more aggressive medical therapy in recent years, a review of the fate of @entity6 in dialysis units since 1972 reveals that these @entity1 have had significant morbidity and mortality. We still have a long way to go in order to achieve more ideal outcomes for our @entity1 . Most of the @entity454 @entity1 are still maintained by @entity22 , but they can choose other modalities of RRT such as chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), kidney and kidney plus pancreas transplantation. The results of different studies and national registries on the mortality and morbidity of @entity454 @entity1 being maintained on different modalities of dialysis are conflicting. It can be concluded that the two modalities of dialysis (CAPD and @entity22 ) are almost comparable in terms of survival. The recent suggestions for nocturnal daily hemodialysis, short daily hemodialysis, and an integrative care approach for the management of @entity6 with @entity454 provides better promise for these @entity1 .

title: @entity6 : changing the fate of XXXX in the dialysis unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics', 'diabetic', 'diabetic foot disease', 'diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic ESRD', 'end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'Diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['interdialytic weight gain']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['intradialytic hypotension']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular condition']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['maintenance hemodialysis', 'MHD']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetics']