abstract: OBJECTIVE: We describe results from 284,503 mammographic examinations and associated diagnostic workups provided to medically underserved @entity1 in an ongoing nationwide @entity0 early detection program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report the results of mammographic examinations and diagnostic workups on 230,143 medically underserved @entity1 40 years old or older who underwent at least one mammographic examination from July 1991 through June 1995. Mammograms were obtained in hundreds of mammography and clinical facilities throughout the United States, including community health centers, health department clinics, private practitioners' offices, university based facilities, and mobile mammography units. Our analysis included rates of mammograms with abnormal findings (reported according to the categories of the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System), @entity0 detection rates, numbers of diagnostic procedures performed, stage and size distribution of @entity0 , and positive predictive value of mammograms and biopsies with abnormal findings--all presented according to screening round and 10-year age intervals. RESULTS: Mammograms with abnormal findings constituted 5% of mammograms in the first round and 4% in subsequent rounds, both proportions declining by approximately one third from the youngest (40-49 years) to the oldest (70 years and older) age group. @entity0 detection rates per 1000 mammographic examinations were 5.1 for the first round and 2.0 for subsequent rounds; from the youngest to the oldest age group, the first-round rates doubled and the subsequent-round rates tripled. Early-stage @entity5 accounted for 54% of first-round @entity5 and 81% of subsequent-round @entity5 . Percentage of invasive @entity5 at least 2 cm in size declined from 51% in the first round to 33% in subsequent rounds: however, we found little change in the proportion of lesions smaller than 1 cm. Positive predictive @entity5 per 100 mammograms with abnormal findings in the first round to 5.6 @entity5 per 100 mammograms with abnormal findings in the subsequent rounds. CONCLUSION: A large nationwide @entity0 early detection program conducted through hundreds of diverse facilities has provided results that, although not a statistically representative sample of mammography services, are probably the best available characterization of the current state of @entity0 screening practices as they actually occur in the 1990s in the United States. These results should be useful to clinicians, researchers, and public health personnel in counseling @entity1 , planning new studies, and improving efforts to control @entity0 .

title: The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: report on the first 4 years of mammography provided to medically underserved XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['values declined from 9.5 cancers', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity149 occurs in @entity1 and adults with @entity3458 , but little is known about neurodevelopment in very young @entity1 . We examined the neurodevelopmental status of @entity1 participating in the Pediatric Hydroxyurea Phase III Clinical Trial (Baby Hug) to determine relationships with age, cerebral blood flow velocity, and hemoglobin concentration. METHODS: Standardized measures of @entity1 neurodevelopment were administered to 193 @entity1 with hemoglobin SS or hemoglobin S-b(0) thalassemia between 7 and 18 months of age at the time of their baseline evaluation. Associations between neurodevelopmental scores and age, family income, parent education, hemoglobin concentration, and transcranial Doppler velocity were examined. RESULTS: Mean functioning on the baseline neurodevelopment scales was in the average range. There were no mental development scores <70 (impaired); 22 @entity1 had scores in the clinically significant range, 11 with @entity1155 and 11 with problematic behavior rating scores. Significantly poorer performance was observed with older age at baseline. Behavior rating scores were an average of 2.82 percentile points lower per month of age, with similar patterns observed with parent report using adaptive behavior scales. Parent-reported functional abilities and hemoglobin were negatively associated with higher transcranial Doppler velocities. CONCLUSIONS: Whereas overall functioning was in the normal range, behavioral and adaptive function was poorer with older age, even in this very young group of @entity1 . Explanatory mechanisms for this association between poorer developmental function and older age need to be identified.

title: Developmental function in toddlers with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['sickle cell anemia']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['Neurocognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity1155 :: ('MESH:D011596', 'Disease') :: ['impaired psychomotor scores']

answer: @entity3458 :: (MESH:D000755,Disease) :: ['sickle cell anemia']


abstract: A case of @entity10146 associated with @entity32050 is reported. The @entity1 was a male baby whose mother had normal serum titers for toxoplasma, syphilis, @entity2462 and @entity1956 . She had no history of @entity6 , administration of drugs or irradiation during the pregnancy. At the 8th month of gestation, fetal @entity1276 was diagnosed by ultrasonic imaging. He was delivered by caesarean section at 34 weeks and 4 days, weighing 2,644 g. His head circumference was 42 cm; the anterior fontanel was not distended and its tension was normal. The chromosomal karyotype was a normal 46 XY. X-ray CT showed a large dorsal sac cyst in the supratentorial space and a hypoplastic cerebellum with a large cyst in the posterior fossa. He received a cyst-peritoneal shunt 24 days after birth. After this procedure, his @entity135 was arrested. We discuss the etiology of this rare coexistence of two major @entity600 .

title: XXXX with @entity32050 . Rare coexistence of two major @entity600 .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head enlargement']

entities_list: @entity32050 :: ('MESH:C538507', 'Disease') :: ['Dandy-Walker cyst']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity10146 :: ('MESH:D016142', 'Disease') :: ['holoprosencephaly']

answer: @entity10146 :: (MESH:D016142,Disease) :: ['Holoprosencephaly']


abstract: OBJECT: Cerebral bypass is a useful microsurgical technique for the treatment of unclippable @entity439 and @entity3 . The authors present the largest reported series of cerebrovascular bypasses in the pediatric population. They describe the short- and long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of extracranial-intracranial and local bypasses performed for complex @entity438 and recurrent, invasive, and @entity5 in pediatric @entity1 . METHODS: A consecutive series of 17 pediatric @entity1 who underwent revascularization were analyzed retrospectively for indications, graft patency, and neurological outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age was 12 years (median 11 years, range 4-17 years), and there were 7 @entity1 (41%) and 10 @entity1 (59%). A total of 18 bypasses were performed in 17 @entity1 and included 10 @entity439 cases (55.5%) and 8 @entity5 cases (45%). Of these 18 bypasses, there were 11 (61.1%) extracranial-intracranial bypasses (10 saphenous vein grafts [90%] and 1 radial artery graft [10%]), 1 side-to-side @entity254 (5.5%), 2 intracranial reimplants (11.1%), and 4 interposition bypass grafts (22.2%; 2 radial artery grafts, 1 saphenous vein graft, and 1 lingual artery graft). The mean clinical follow-up was 40.5 months (median 24 months, range 3-197 months). The mean radiographic follow-up was 40 months (median 15 months, range 9-197 months). Eighty-two percent of @entity1 (14 of 17) achieved a modified Rankin Scale score between 0 and 2; however, 2 @entity1 died of disease progression during long-term follow-up. The short-term (0- to 3-month) graft patency rate was 100%. Two @entity1 had graft stenosis (11.7%) and underwent graft revisions. Two @entity1 (11.1%) with @entity438 (> 25 mm) had @entity64 postoperatively but recovered without a persistent @entity51 . One @entity1 observed for 197 months showed a stable @entity6349 change at the end of the graft. The long-term graft patency was 100% with a mean follow-up of 40 months. There were 2 deaths in the cohort during follow-up; both @entity1 died of @entity5 ( @entity421 and @entity511 ). CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that in properly selected cases, bypasses can be safely performed in @entity1 with @entity439 and @entity5 . The bypasses remained patent over long periods of time despite the growth of the @entity1 .

title: Pediatric bypasses for @entity439 and XXXX : short- and long-term outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['strokes']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant skull base tumors', 'malignant tumors', 'skull base tumors']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['osteogenic sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive skull base tumors']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral aneurysms', 'giant middle cerebral artery aneurysms']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['skull base tumors']


abstract: Although @entity2120 is more efficacious than many other @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ) prevention strategies after @entity130 , its routine use in @entity130 @entity1 at low risk for @entity49 is unlikely to be cost-effective and may be deleterious if risk factors for @entity548 are present. By way of consensus of opinion of @entity130 surgeons and pharmacists, @entity2120 @entity1150 prophylaxis guidelines were developed, implemented, and evaluated. Fifty @entity1 with major orthopedic or spinal @entity130 were followed throughout hospitalization. @entity2120 use and frequency of @entity1150 , @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ), @entity882 , and @entity2120 -related major @entity548 (overt @entity548 associated with a hemoglobin decrease > or = 2 g/dl, need for > or = 2 units of packed red blood cells, or need for surgery) were recorded. All pharmacist interventions pertaining to @entity2120 prophylaxis were collected. Average @entity1 age was 45.6+/-19.5 years, average Injury Severity Score was 19.0+/-11.2, and average length of hospitalization was 14.3+/-10.0 days. Most injuries were related to motor vehicles (52%) and falls (30%). @entity130 were femur or @entity2091 (52%), pelvis or acetabulum (32%), hip (20%), and spinal cord (12%). Two-thirds (72%) of @entity1 received @entity2120 during part of their hospital stay (on average, for 53% of the duration of hospitalization). Sequential compression devices and vena caval filters were used in 86% and 10% of @entity1 , respectively. Duplex-proven @entity1150 occurred in two @entity1 , and angiography-proven @entity1151 developed in one @entity1 . @entity2120 -related major @entity548 and @entity882 occurred in three and one @entity1 (s), respectively. Pharmacists recommended @entity2120 initiation in nine (18%) @entity1 and discontinuation of the agent in seven (14%) @entity1 (one for @entity548 ; six for lack of indication). Most recommendations (78%) were accepted. Data from the 50 @entity1 in this study showed fewer @entity715 but more @entity548 than the frequencies found in controlled studies. It is unclear whether the large number of days that @entity1 did not receive @entity2120 was due to fears of @entity2120 -related @entity548 or other factors.

title: Implementation and evaluation of guidelines for use of @entity2120 as @entity1150 prophylaxis after major XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic complications']

entities_list: @entity2120 :: ('MESH:D017984', 'Chemical') :: ['enoxaparin', 'Enoxaparin']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Sites of injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the @entity137 and clinical outcome in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity5 (LACC) treated with whole pelvic conventional radiation therapy (WP-CRT) versus intensity modulated radiation therapy (WP-IMRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 2010 and January 2012, 44 @entity1 with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO 2009) stage IIB-IIIB squamous cell @entity189 were randomized to receive 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions delivered via either WP-CRT or WP-IMRT with concurrent weekly @entity900 40 mg/m(2). Acute @entity137 was graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0, and late @entity137 was graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group system. The primary and secondary endpoints were @entity344 and disease-free survival, respectively. RESULTS: Of 44 @entity1 , 22 @entity1 received WP-CRT and 22 received WP-IMRT. In the WP-CRT arm, 13 @entity1 had stage IIB disease and 9 had stage IIIB disease; in the IMRT arm, 12 @entity1 had stage IIB disease and 10 had stage IIIB disease. The median follow-up time in the WP-CRT arm was 21.7 months (range, 10.7-37.4 months), and in the WP-IMRT arm it was 21.6 months (range, 7.7-34.4 months). At 27 months, disease-free survival was 79.4% in the WP-CRT group versus 60% in the WP-IMRT group (P=.651), and overall survival was 76% in the WP-CRT group versus 85.7% in the WP-IMRT group (P=.645). @entity1 in the WP-IMRT arm experienced significantly fewer grade >= 2 acute gastrointestinal @entity137 (31.8% vs 63.6%, P=.034) and grade >= 3 gastrointestinal @entity137 (4.5% vs 27.3%, P=.047) than did @entity1 receiving WP-CRT and had less chronic @entity344 (13.6% vs 50%, P=.011). CONCLUSION: WP-IMRT is associated with significantly less @entity137 compared with WP-CRT and has a comparable clinical outcome. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up times are warranted to justify its use in routine clinical practice.

title: Early clinical outcomes and @entity137 of intensity modulated versus conventional pelvic radiation therapy for locally advanced XXXX : a prospective randomized study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cervical cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastrointestinal toxicity', 'gastrointestinal toxicity']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['cervix carcinoma']


abstract: AIM: Although most @entity1 with @entity1318 respond to @entity384 , one-third experienced recurrence, and prolonged follow-up studies on parameters associated with various outcomes are scanty. In this retrospective study, we reported a 15-years' experience with @entity384 treatment in @entity1 with @entity1318 , and determined whether previously described predictors of outcome remain significant after @entity384 . METHODS: Between September 1989 and September 2004, 39 consecutive @entity1 with primary symptomatic @entity1318 (diagnosed by clinical presentation, esophagoscopy, barium esophagogram, and manometry) who received balloon dilation were followed up at regular intervals in @entity1 or by phone interview. Remission was assessed by a structured interview and a previous symptoms score. The median @entity1282 -free duration was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Symptoms were @entity1282 (n = 39, 100%), regurgitation (n = 23, 58.7%), @entity662 (n = 4, 10.2%), and @entity353 (n = 26, 66.6%). A total of 74 dilations were performed in 39 @entity1 ; 13 @entity1 (28%) underwent a single dilation, 17 @entity1 (48.7%) required a second procedure within a median of 26.7 mo (range 5-97 mo), and 9 @entity1 (23.3%) underwent a third procedure within a median of 47.8 mo (range 37-120 mo). Post-dilation lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, assessed in 35 @entity1 , has decreased from a baseline of 35.8+/-10.4 - 10.0+/-7.1 mmHg after the procedure. The median follow-up period was 9.3 years (range 0.5-15 years). The @entity1282 -free duration by Kaplan-Meier analysis was 78%, 61% and 58.3% after 5, 10 and 15 years respectively. CONCLUSION: Balloon dilation is a safe and effective treatment for @entity1318 . Post-dilation LES pressure estimation may be useful in assessing response.

title: Long-term results of XXXX for @entity1318 : a 15 years' experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['primary achalasia', 'achalasia']

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic dilation', 'pneumatic dilation']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

answer: @entity384 :: (MESH:D002311,Disease) :: ['pneumatic dilation']


abstract: Many of micro-organisms under aerobic conditions showed @entity26 tolerance caused by the induction of several @entity26 -derived free radical scavengers. In the present study, we tried to clarify the changes of active @entity26 metabolism of @entity6586 (sobrinus) B13 under aerobic conditions. Aerobic and anaerobic culture of @entity6586 (sobrinus) B13 was made in normal, metal chleted, and metal supplemented medium. @entity224 dismutase (SOD) activity and bacterial proliferation were determined on the cultured cells. We obtained the following results. 1) In the anaerobic normal medium, SOD activity was not detected, but proliferation was observed. On the other hand, the neither were detected in the metal chleted medium. 2) No effect was observed on the induction of SOD activity and proliferation by the supplementation of @entity920 in the metal chelated medium. 3) We observed positive effects on the induction of SOD activity and proliferation by the supplementation of @entity68 , managnese, or both in the metal chlated medium under aerobic condition. Based on the above results, we found that @entity68 and @entity921 were essential metals for SOD activity induction. Moreover, we suggested that there was close association of the aerobic bacterial proliferation with the induction of @entity26 -derived free radical scavengers.

title: [Proliferation and @entity224 dismutase (SOD) induction of XXXX (sobrinus) B13. 1. Metal requirement].

entities_list: @entity6586 :: ('1309', 'Species') :: ['streptococcus mutans']

entities_list: @entity921 :: ('MESH:D008345', 'Chemical') :: ['manganese']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['Superoxide']

answer: @entity6586 :: (1309,Species) :: ['Streptococcus mutans']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To track the severity and location of @entity2371 associated with @entity46 throughout the reproductive-age years and to evaluate the association between these @entity158 parameters and the stage of disease. DESIGN: Historical prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary care center. @entity1 (S): Forty-eight @entity1 with @entity1118 who had undergone medical and/or conservative surgical therapy. INTERVENTION(S): Each @entity1 was administered a questionnaire that included a determination of the severity and location of her @entity158 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The stage of disease, the area of the pelvis that contained the bulk of disease, the severity of @entity158 , and the location of the most severe @entity158 were recorded. RESULT(S): The mean duration from the initial diagnosis until follow-up was 15.7 +/- 3.1 years, Twenty-one (43.8%) subjects denied any symptoms of @entity158 on follow-up evaluation. Of the 27 @entity1 with persistent @entity158 , 21 (78%) identified the location of their most severe @entity158 as being the same as at initial diagnosis. The stage of disease at initial diagnosis was significantly associated with a higher degree of @entity158 at follow-up. CONCLUSION(S): These data suggest that @entity1118 commonly persists throughout the reproductive years and that @entity46 stage is directly related to the persistence of @entity2371 .

title: @entity2371 : evidence for an association between the stage of disease and a history of chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'participant', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity2371 :: ('MESH:D017699', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic pain']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain', 'endoscopically staged endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain']

answer: @entity2371 :: (MESH:D017699,Disease) :: ['pelvic pain']


abstract: Chronic subcutaneous infusion of @entity7832 causes @entity101 via central pathways involving angiotensin type 1 ( @entity1129 (1)) receptor stimulation. The present study assessed plasma and tissue @entity1808 levels as well as AT1 receptor and @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) mRNA levels and binding densities by real-time PCR and in vitro autoradiography in relevant brain nuclei and peripheral tissues (heart and kidney) in @entity35 at 1 and/or 2 wk after start of @entity7832 infusion at 50 microg/day. After 2 wk (but not after 1 wk), blood pressures significantly increased (+15 mmHg). At 2 wk, plasma @entity1808 levels were markedly suppressed by @entity7832 . In contrast, in the heart and kidneys, ANG I levels were not affected, and @entity1808 levels tended to decrease, whereas in the hypothalamus @entity1808 content clearly increased. At 1 wk, no changes in @entity1811 and AT1 receptor densities were seen. After 2 wk, there were significant decreases in @entity1129 (1) receptor mRNA and densities in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), subfornical organ (SFO), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). @entity1811 densities decreased only in the OVLT and SFO, but @entity1811 mRNA showed more variable responses (decrease in OVLT vs. increase in PVN). In the kidneys, at 2 wk both AT1 receptor and @entity1811 densities were decreased, but mRNA abundance did not change. The heart showed no significant changes. The increase in hypothalamic @entity1808 content and associated decreases in central AT1 receptor and @entity1811 densities support the involvement of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the central hypertensive mechanism of action of @entity7832 .

title: Central and peripheral renin-angiotensin systems in XXXX -induced @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

answer: @entity7832 :: (MESH:D010042,Chemical) :: ['ouabain']


abstract: Primary spermatocyte nuclei of fixed testes of @entity238 exhibit three large clusters of thread-like structures, each consisting of two long, continuous, loop-shaped filaments. No comparable intranuclear structures are observed in spermatogonia, secondary spermatocytes or spermatids. The threads begin to form in young spermatocytes, grow throughout spermatocyte development, reach their maximum size in mature spermatocytes and disintegrate prior to meiotic metaphase I. The presence of each cluster of threads depends upon the presence of a specific region of the Y chromosome; when this region is deleted the cluster is absent, and when it is duplicated the cluster is also duplicated. Together these observations strongly suggest that these structures represent giant Y chromosome lampbrush-like loops analogous to those described in @entity238 hydei. Two antibodies, one polyclonal and one monoclonal, differentially react with the three loops of @entity238 . Moreover, two of these loops are specifically stained by Giemsa at pH 10. By indirect immunofluorescence with these antibodies followed by Giemsa staining, each loop can be unambiguously identified and its presence and normality readily assessed. This enabled us to perform fine mapping experiments to determine the relationships between the Y chromosome fertility factors and the loops. The loop-forming sites map within the kl-5, @entity26190 and ks-1 fertility factors. Regions h3 and h21 of the Y chromosome correspond to the loop-forming sites of kl-5 and ks-1, respectively. Each of these regions contains about 1300 kb of DNA and spans about one-third of its locus. The loop-forming site of the @entity26190 locus is coextensive with region h7-h9 which contains about 4300 kb of DNA and corresponds to the minimum physical size of this locus. These data suggest that each loop is an integral part of a different fertility factor, representing the cytological manifestation of its activity in primary spermatocytes. The kl-2, kl-1 and ks-2 fertility regions do not produce any visible intranuclear structure and do not affect the kl-5, @entity26190 and ks-1 loops. Thus, these loci may either not form loops at all or produce loop-like structures that we are unable to see because they are physically minute, destroyed by our fixation procedure, or both.

title: Y chromosome loops in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila', 'D. melanogaster', 'Drosophila melanogaster']

answer: @entity238 :: (7227,Species) :: ['Drosophila melanogaster']


abstract: The incidence of @entity420 arising at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is increasing at a rate greater than that for any other form of solid malignancy. Commensurate with this, the incidence of histologically similar @entity5 arising in the gastric body and antral mucosa is declining. The increased incidence of the proximal group of @entity5 may reflect, in part, the higher prevalence of Barrett esophagus. These epidemiological features suggest that histologically similar @entity5 arising at the EGJ and from the distal stomach are different, which may be reflected in the @entity74 that characterize the two groups of @entity5 . The purpose of this study was to screen genomic DNA from @entity420 of the esophagus and stomach for regions of chromosomal imbalance, using comparative genomic hybridization to determine whether @entity5 at the EGJ (junctional @entity5 ) have a different profile compared with @entity5 of the distal stomach. Tumor samples were derived from a series of 48 @entity420 (20 junctional and 28 distal) that were acquired prospectively from @entity1 undergoing esophagogastrectomy. These @entity5 are characterized by several regions of chromosomal imbalance with no obvious correlation between most regions of abnormal copy number and @entity5 type. However, our study shows for the first time cytogenetic abnormalities (5p+ and 18q-) that identify statistically significant differences (P < 0.02 and < 0.05, respectively) between junctional and distal @entity356 . These differences are gain of 5p (55% [11/20] of junctional @entity5 vs. 21% [6/28] of distal @entity356 ) and loss of 18q (25% [5/20] cases of junctional @entity5 vs. 4% [1/28] of @entity5 ) segregating with @entity5 of the EGJ. These abnormalities may distinguish distinct @entity5 subtypes that are recognized in epidemiological and clinical studies but that are otherwise histologically identical.

title: Chromosomal imbalances in XXXX : specific comparative genomic hybridization-detected abnormalities segregate with junctional @entity420 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'distal tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric tumors']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma']


abstract: Many @entity5 have been shown to induce @entity2295 and this may correlate with @entity146 . We investigated the phenomenon of neovascularity in benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Microvessel profiles and tissue sections were visualized by antibodies to Factor VIII and standard immunohistochemical techniques, and quantified utilizing the Optimas computerized image analysis system. Microvessel density was compared in benign and cancerous portions of 15 radical prostatectomy specimens. Fourteen of 15 cases demonstrated significantly higher vascular density in the area of @entity189 as compared with benign tissue (ratio = 2.02, p < 0.001). Distribution of microvessels within @entity5 was random, whereas it was restricted primarily to the periglandular space in benign tissue. Among 20 @entity1 undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy, there was a correlation between the vessel density and the pathologic stage. No @entity1 with organ-confined @entity189 or @entity5 penetrating (but not perforating) the capsule had microvessel density greater than 156 microvessels/mm2. In contrast, six of 15 @entity1 with more advanced pathologic stage exceeded this arbitrary threshold. These data demonstrate both increased vascularity of @entity263 as compared with benign tissue, and a further correlation between pathologic stage and vascularity. Microvessel density may be useful as a prognostic indicator.

title: Quantitative morphometric analysis of the microcirculation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behavior']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'neoplasms', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['capillary neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the significant prognostic factors for primary @entity320 and propose a standard surgical procedure. @entity1 AND METHODS: From 1975 to 1995, 19 @entity1 with primary @entity320 were treated. Five @entity1 were given palliative care, 6 had abdominoperineal amputation and 8 had curative local transrectal tumoral excision. Two @entity1 also underwent inguinal node dissection. RESULTS: Overall 5-year survival was 21%. Univariate analysis showed a significantly poorer prognosis when: inguinal or pelvic nodes were invaded (p = 0.01), surgical margins were invaded (p = 0.003), visceral metastases were present (p = 0.01) and the @entity5 measured over 20 mm thick (p = 0.01). Prognosis was unchanged by the type of surgical exeresis. CONCLUSIONS: Local transrectal excision is the first ling choice for primary @entity320 . Amputation of the rectum should be reserved for cases where complete @entity5 resection is technically impossible transrectally. Node dissection is indicated in cases with clinical invasion of the inguinal nodes.

title: [Primary XXXX . Apropos of 19 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma of the anus', 'anorectal melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['anorectal melanoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: In two sequential phase II studies, we evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of adding @entity1311 to a standard @entity902 / @entity2879 regimen in the first-line treatment of @entity151 . @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred seventeen @entity1 with @entity151 were treated between June 1993 and July 1996. The first 38 @entity1 received a lower-dose regimen: @entity1311 135 mg/m2 by 1-hour infusion, @entity3003 at an area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of 5.0, and @entity2879 50 mg alternating with 100 mg orally on days 1 to 10. When only mild myelosuppression was observed, doses of @entity1311 and @entity3003 were increased in the subsequent 79 @entity1 ( @entity1311 200 mg/m2 by 1-hour infusion and @entity3003 at an AUC of 6.0). All @entity1 received four courses of treatment, administered at 21-day intervals. @entity1 with @entity5 also received thoracic radiation therapy (1.8 Gy/d; total dose, 45 Gy) administered concurrently with courses 3 and 4 of chemotherapy. RESULTS: Seventy-two of 79 @entity1 (91%) who receive the higher-dose regimen had major responses. Thirty-two of 38 (84%) with extensive-stage disease responded (21% complete response rate); median survival was 10 months for this group. With limited-stage disease, the overall response rate was 98%, with 71% complete responses; the median survival time has not been reached at 16 months. Median survival in extensive-stage @entity1 was longer in @entity1 who received the higher-dose regimen (10 months) than in the previous group treated with lower doses (7 months; P = .008). The higher-dose regimen was well tolerated, with myelosuppression being the major @entity137 . Compared with the lower-dose regimen, grade 3/4 @entity1398 increased from 8% to 38% of courses, but the incidence of hospitalization for @entity1398 and fever did not increase. Other nonhematologic @entity137 were uncommon, and did not increase substantially with the higher-dose regimen. CONCLUSION: @entity1311 can be added at full dose (200 mg/m2) to a @entity3003 / @entity2879 combination while maintaining a tolerable @entity137 profile. Median survival times in both extensive- and limited-stage @entity1 compare favorably with other reported regimens. This regimen merits further investigation, and a randomized trial to compare this regimen with a standard @entity3003 / @entity2879 combination is underway.

title: XXXX , @entity3003 , and extended-schedule @entity2879 in the treatment of @entity151 : comparison of sequential phase II trials using different dose-intensities.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['limited-stage small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['paclitaxel', 'Paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

answer: @entity1311 :: (MESH:D017239,Chemical) :: ['Paclitaxel']


abstract: Liver-derived lymphocytes were isolated from 40 @entity1 livers with @entity3851 that were removed at the time of orthotopic liver transplantation. In addition, 10 resection specimens or whole livers removed from @entity1 with @entity96 and seven normal livers (unused donor organs) were studied as controls. Liver-derived lymphocytes were isolated from enzymatically digested tissue by gradient centrifugation and adherence to plastic. Their phenotypical characteristics were studied by two-color flow cytometry, and effector cell function was determined in 4-hr 51Cr-release assays against a natural killer-sensitive target, K562 (natural killer activity), natural killer-resistant Daudi line (lymphokine-activated killer activity) and by P815 line with or without phytohemagglutinin to assess lectin-dependent cellular @entity137 . Liver-derived lymphocytes isolated from normal liver contained equal proportions of T and natural killer lymphocytes (mean natural killer/T ratio = 0.7). CD3- @entity2940 + @entity4071 - natural killer cells were the main natural killer subset present in liver-derived lymphocytes, in contrast to the predominant natural killer phenotype in the circulation ( @entity2940 + @entity4071 +). Control liver-derived lymphocytes had levels of @entity137 significantly greater than those of the normal peripheral-blood lymphocytes against all three targets. In contrast, liver-derived lymphocytes isolated from organs with advanced @entity409 differed markedly in the natural killer/T cell ratio and levels of liver-derived lymphocyte @entity137 . Liver-derived lymphocytes obtained from @entity157 or rejecting allografts treated by immunosuppressive therapy had virtually no @entity137 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Natural killer activity of @entity1 liver-derived lymphocytes in various XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity3851 :: ('MESH:D058625', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage liver disease']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver diseases']


abstract: The @entity1 tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is found in liver, kidney, and bone. Mutations in the TNAP gene can lead to @entity4370 , a rare @entity74 that is characterized by defective bone mineralization. TNAP is 74% homologous to @entity1 @entity623 ( @entity623 ) whose crystal structure has been recently determined at atomic resolution (Le Du, M. H., Stigbrand, T., Taussig, M. J., M  nez, A., and Stura, E. A. (2001) J. Biol. Chem, 276, 9158-9165). The degree of homology allowed us to build a reliable TNAP model to investigate the relationship between mutations associated with @entity4370 and their probable consequences on the activity or the structure of the enzyme. The mutations are clustered within five crucial regions, namely the active site and its vicinity, the active site valley, the homodimer interface, the crown domain, and the metal-binding site. The crown domain and the metal-binding domain are @entity1 -specific and were observed for the first time in the @entity623 structure. The crown domain contains a collagen binding loop. A synchrotron radiation x-ray fluorescence study confirms that the metal in the metal-binding site is a @entity460 ion. Several severe mutations in TNAP occur around this @entity460 site, suggesting that @entity460 may be of critical importance for the TNAP function. The presence of this extra metal-binding site gives new insights on the controversial role observed for @entity460 .

title: Structural evidence for a functional role of XXXX tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase in bone mineralization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inborn disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['PLAP', 'placental alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity4370 :: ('MESH:D007014', 'Disease') :: ['Hypophosphatasia', 'hypophosphatasia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Alterations in thyroid status may lead to changes in both systolic and diastolic function of the heart. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography is a reliable non-invasive means of assessing left-ventricular (LV) diastolic function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate LV diastolic function in @entity1 with @entity1375 receiving @entity1955 therapy. METHODS: Twelve @entity1 (all females, mean age 47 +/- 17, range 16-69 years) with @entity1375 were studied by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. The first examination was made before the start of @entity1955 substitution and the second at 37-68 (mean 53 +/- 10) days after commencing @entity1955 treatment (mean dose 136 +/- 22 microg/day). RESULTS: During @entity1955 substitution therapy, the @entity1375 @entity1 became clinically euthyroid and serum T4 increased from 51 +/- 21 to 119 +/- 24 nmol/l; TSH decreased from 50.4 +/- 55.3 to 1.2 +/- 1.5 mU/l. During therapy, heart rate increased from 61 +/- 8 to 68 +/- 10 (p = 0.05). The LV posterior wall (7.8 +/- 1.0 mm) and interventricular septum thickness (8.0 +/- 1.4 mm) were significantly greater in @entity1375 @entity1 than in the control subjects (6.4 +/- 1.0 mm, p = 0.007 and 6.8 +/- 1.0 mm, p = 0.04, respectively). There was no significant change in LV dimensions and wall thickness during follow-up. E/A(max) increased significantly during treatment (from 1.679 +/- 0.432 to 1.947 +/- 0.335, p = 0.006). The isovolumic relaxation time shortened significantly (from 88 +/- 23 ms to 75 +/- 24 ms, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that LV diastolic function as assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in @entity1375 @entity1 is enhanced by @entity1955 therapy during a rather short follow-up period.

title: Thyroid hormone substitution therapy rapidly enhances left-ventricular diastolic function in @entity1375 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroid', 'primary hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The incidence of oral premalignant and @entity5 is on the rise due to an increased number of @entity1 taking in @entity286 and @entity167 related habits. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1028 @entity1 with @entity286 , @entity167 and areca nut habits attending our Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology formed the study sample. An interviewer based questionnaire was used to record the habit details. All the @entity1 were then examined clinically for the presence of lesions. Chi square and Fisher exact tests were used to assess the statistical significance of the study parameters. RESULTS: Males had a higher prevalence and comprised 87.9% of the sample. The commonest habit in this study sample was smoking (39.2%) followed by smokeless @entity286 use (28.1%). Out of the 1028 @entity1 with habits 40% had no clinically detectable changes in their mucosa. Of the mucosal changes @entity12120 (14%) was the commonest. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided information about the habit trends in the @entity1 visiting this institution. The study may serve as a useful tool in educating the @entity1 about the deleterious effects of oral @entity286 , @entity167 and betel exposure.

title: Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among XXXX smokers, @entity286 chewers, areca nut and @entity167 users.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lesions']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity12120 :: ('MESH:D007971', 'Disease') :: ['leukoplakia']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: We investigated whether the age-related decrease in sensitivity of the heart to @entity2661 was accompanied by changes in @entity141 homeostasis and abnormal electrical and contractile activity caused by beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation. Ventricular myocytes were isolated from young adult (3 months) and aged (24 months) male Fischer 344 @entity35 . Unloaded cell shortening was measured in field-stimulated myocytes (2Hz, 37 degrees C); membrane currents and action potentials were measured with microelectrodes. Contractile responses to the non-selective beta-AR agonist, @entity3044 were significantly decreased in aged myocytes compared to younger myocytes and aged myocytes were less sensitive to @entity3044 . In contrast, @entity141 transients measured simultaneously with contractions were similar between groups. @entity3044 increased sarcoplasmic reticulum @entity141 stores in both groups, but the increase was larger in aged cells. However, signs of @entity141 overload induced by @entity3044 were reduced with age. Diastolic @entity141 accumulation, @entity1159 and the incidences of transient inward current, oscillatory afterpotentials (OAPs), aftertransients and aftercontractions induced by @entity3044 also were reduced with age. These results demonstrate that aged myocytes exhibit fewer signs of @entity141 overload in response to @entity3044 than young adult myocytes. These age-related changes in intracellular @entity141 may protect the aging heart against induction of @entity943 initiated by OAPs.(1).

title: The effects of XXXX on abnormal electrical and contractile activity and diastolic calcium are attenuated in myocytes from aged Fischer 344 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoproterenol', 'isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['contracture']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

answer: @entity3044 :: (MESH:D007545,Chemical) :: ['isoproterenol']


abstract: Ulceration is the most common complication of haemangioma and occurs in 5-15% of cases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the clinical features of @entity1066 and efficacy of the management protocol adopted by us over a period of 20 years. All @entity1 with @entity1066 were evaluated on the basis of age at presentation, sex, rural or urban distribution and site of haemangioma. Treatment included application of topical antibiotic and systemic antibiotic and analgesic for @entity158 . The total number of @entity1 was 608. The male to female ratio was 1: 2.28. The rural:urban distribution was 2.43:1. The most common site of involvement was head and neck. Mean age of @entity1 was 5.60 +/- 2.44 months. Mean size of haemangioma and @entity1066 was 47.30 +/- 20.67 cm(2) and 7.49 +/- 4.52 cm(2), respectively. The mean time for @entity1066 healing was 40.06 +/- 19.41 days. Ulcer size of more than 10 cm(2) took more time to heal. Response to treatment was satisfactory. @entity1066 usually occurs before completion of 1 year of age; hence, every @entity1 with haemangioma needs careful attention. Adequate treatment and regular follow up brings satisfactory response in the @entity1 .

title: Conservative management of XXXX --twenty years experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer', 'ulcerated haemangioma', 'Ulcerated haemangioma', 'ulceration']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcerated haemangioma']


abstract: More than 80% of undifferentiated @entity189 @entity1 with N3 disease (AJC-UICC 1987) will die with or from distant metastases within 3 years after the first symptom. From February 1986 to November 1987 30 consecutive @entity1 with very advanced @entity66 were entered in a programme with chemotherapy-radiotherapy (CT-RT) alternation after a thorough work-up to eliminate the possibility of distant metastases. PROTOCOL: two cycles of @entity900 100 mg/m2 day 1, @entity1732 15 mg intravenously day 1 and 16 mg/m2 per day by continuous infusion days 1-5; @entity1487 ( @entity1487 ) 650 mg/m2 per day by continuous infusion days 1-5 4 weeks apart. This was followed by two series of high-energy radiotherapy, 35 Gy/3.5 weeks, with a third chemotherapy cycle in between. 27 @entity1 and 3 @entity1 were treated, the median age was 37 years (range 17-71) and the mean WHO performance status was 1 (range 0-3). @entity2802 classification: 15 T4, 9 T3, 6 T2, 28 N3 and 2 N2c. 18 @entity1 had nodes larger than 8 cm and 24 had bulky bilateral cervical nodes. @entity137 for this protocol was moderate, @entity390 and @entity391 being the main side-effects. Results after two CT cycles were 3 complete responses (CR; 10%), 22 partial responses (PR; 73%), 2 disease stabilizations, 2 progressions, and 1 @entity1 inevaluable. Of the 30 @entity1 , 27 @entity1 completed the CT-RT protocol, 2 @entity1 died before radiotherapy and 1 refused treatment after 2 days on protocol. 25 @entity1 were in CR 3 months after the end of radiotherapy. As of August 1991, with a median follow-up of 55 months (range 43-63), there are 17 @entity1 alive, 2 of them with active disease and 15 are NED (2 after salvage therapy).

title: Alternating chemo-radiotherapy with @entity900 and @entity1487 plus XXXX by continuous infusion for locally advanced undifferentiated @entity189 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['local disease']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma nasopharyngeal type']

entities_list: @entity1732 :: ('MESH:D001761', 'Chemical') :: ['bleomycin']

answer: @entity1732 :: (MESH:D001761,Chemical) :: ['bleomycin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid as a tool for diagnosing @entity10543 and assess how @entity2783 affects thyroid tissue and thyroid function. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory evaluation of 50 @entity1 with @entity1582 was done, and goitre was found in 38 of them. All 38 @entity1 underwent thyroid aspiration biopsy. Tissue samples were stained with @entity6175 and @entity1711 , May-Gr  nwald-Giemsa, @entity1686 and Congo red. RESULTS: Of the 38 cases of @entity10543 , 10 showed @entity3214 , two showed @entity1378 , two showed @entity1375 and one showed subacute @entity1374 . The serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone were normal in the remaining @entity1 . Thirty-five of the 38 @entity1 (92%) showed @entity2783 after thyroid aspiration. One of these @entity1 had @entity1377 in addition to @entity10543 . Ten @entity1 underwent subtotal thyroidectomy, and one @entity1 underwent total thyroidectomy after aspiration. Microscopic evaluation revealed that the @entity1374 in all @entity1 was largely replaced with amyloid and adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid is a valuable and sensitive method for diagnosing @entity10543 , especially because it is a safe and easily performed procedure. Further, @entity10543 has no significant influence on thyroid function even when it causes extensive parenchyma replacement.

title: Diagnosing XXXX with thyroid aspiration biopsy.

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity1686 :: ('MESH:D005840', 'Chemical') :: ['crystal violet']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperthyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['secondary systemic amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity10543 :: ('MESH:D017772', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid goitre']

entities_list: @entity3214 :: ('MESH:D005067', 'Disease') :: ['euthyroid sick syndrome']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroiditis', 'thyroid parenchyma']

answer: @entity10543 :: (MESH:D017772,Disease) :: ['amyloid goitre']


abstract: To determine whether @entity1510 infusion is efficacious in severe @entity326 , we conducted a prospective study of 22 @entity1 randomly assigned to a @entity1510 or placebo group. @entity1 were treated 12 +/- 2 h (SEM) after the onset of shock, with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 63 +/- 3 mm Hg. All @entity1 had clinical evidence of an infectious process and required @entity935 20 +/- 2 micrograms/kg.min. Five (46%) of 11 @entity1 in the @entity1510 group and one (9%) of the other 11 @entity1 in the placebo group responded clinically. The MAP among the five responders increased from 62 +/- 5 to 89 +/- 4 mm Hg within 20 min of @entity1510 treatment (p less than .01). This favorable hemodynamic response was sustained throughout the @entity1 ' clinical course. In contrast, the MAP did not change significantly in the nonresponders who received @entity1510 , nor did it change in the placebo group. More @entity1 in the @entity1510 group than in the placebo group received @entity230 concurrently. Survival rate was 100% in those who responded to @entity1510 clinically. However, overall survival rate in each group was essentially the same. No adverse effects were observed, except for mild @entity2146 in some of the @entity1 receiving @entity1510 . We conclude that @entity1510 infusion is clinically efficacious in improving the hemodynamic profile of a subgroup of @entity1 with severe early @entity326 , but does not appear to improve the overall survival rate.

title: Prospective, controlled, randomized trial of XXXX infusion in early @entity326 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['hyperdynamic septic shock']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['agitation']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity1510 :: (MESH:D009270,Chemical) :: ['naloxone']


abstract: From December, 1985 to October, 1987, 16 @entity1 aged from 14 to 62 (median 34) with @entity3052 in relapse (10 affected by @entity3052 and 6 by ALL) were treated with the following regimen: @entity8779 12 mg/m2/day on days 1-2-3, @entity2592 600 mg/m2 twice a day from day 1 to 6. Twelve @entity1 (75%) achieved complete remission (C.R.). Two (12%) died during the induction phase from @entity55 . One @entity1 was resistant. The median duration of C.R. and survival was respectively 12 (range 6 to 100 +) and 23 weeks (4 to 108 +). The median duration of @entity3028 was 16 days (range 10 to 24 days). The most frequent @entity1503 consisted of @entity390 , @entity391 , @entity294 and @entity33 . Four @entity1 had hepatic and splenic microabscesses of suspected mycotic etiology, and one showed a transient @entity943 . The C.R. rate obtained in this series may be considered satisfaying since all but 3 @entity1 were on treatment at the time of relapse. Yet the short duration of C.R. suggests the opportunity of performing consolidation cycles or suprelethal therapy followed by bone marrow transplantation.

title: @entity8779 combined with intermediate-dose @entity2592 in the treatment of refractory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['alveolar pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity8779 :: ('MESH:D015255', 'Chemical') :: ['Idarubicin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['ANLL', 'acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['non-hematological complications']

entities_list: @entity3028 :: ('MESH:D000380', 'Disease') :: ['granulocytopenia']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute leukemia']


abstract: Rapid and slow venous infusion of various doses of @entity1855 in a mixed series of 185 cases of @entity943 since 1968 is reported. Results and electrophysiological and ECG changes observed for each type of @entity943 examined are considered separately: @entity955 , supraventricular paroxystic @entity591 (atrial and/or junctional), and hyperkinetic @entity943 . An association of i.v. @entity1855 and a @entity5126 salt per os is suggested as an alternative to cardioversion in cases of recent @entity955 . Results obtained in the treatment of @entity943 due to electrical instability following @entity951 and of @entity951 following @entity943 are also described. A study of His potentials as the premiss for using @entity1855 in subjects with stimulus conductivity changes, including W.P.W. syndrome, is also reported. I.v. @entity1855 was used in association with atrial and/or ventricular electrostimulation, and/or with electrical counter-shock in cases of @entity943 (mostly supraventricular) that were especially refractory. Attention is drawn to the use of @entity1855 in the control of @entity943 after electrical cardioversion.

title: [Anti-arrhythmic therapy with XXXX by intravenous infusion].

entities_list: @entity1855 :: ('MESH:D014700', 'Chemical') :: ['Verapamil']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation-flutter']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmia', 'arrhythmia']

answer: @entity1855 :: (MESH:D014700,Chemical) :: ['verapamil']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The higher prevalence of metopic and sagittal suture synostosis in male @entity1 suggests a role for @entity3800 in early craniofacial development. These experiments characterize the influence of @entity342 stimulation on growth and differentiation of fetal dural and calvarial bone cells and on cranial suture fusion. METHODS: Primary @entity19 fetal (E18) dural cells and @entity9332 were isolated and cultured. Cells were treated for 48 hours with @entity586 (0 to 1000 nM). Cell proliferation was examined by nonradioactive proliferation assay; mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase, @entity2533 , and the bone matrix proteins @entity1096 , osteocalcin, and type 1 collagen was determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In separate experiments, intact fetal calvariae were grown in tissue culture with 10 nM @entity586 for 7 and 14 days and then examined histologically. RESULTS: @entity342 stimulation at 5 nM increased proliferation of fetal dural cells by 46.0 percent and of fetal @entity9332 by 20.5 percent. Dural expression of @entity1096 , osteocalcin, and type 1 collagen was enhanced by @entity586 , as was that of @entity2533 and alkaline phosphatase. @entity342 stimulation increased calvarial osteoblast expression of alkaline phosphatase and @entity2533 but induced little change in expression of osteocalcin, @entity1096 , and type 1 collagen. In tissue culture, @entity586 stimulated osteoid formation and fusion of sagittal sutures. CONCLUSIONS: @entity342 stimulation of dural cells and osteoblasts isolated from fetal calvaria promotes cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation and can induce cranial suture fusion. These results suggest that sex @entity479 hormone signaling may stimulate sutural osteogenesis by means of osteodifferentiation of dural cells, thus explaining the male prevalence of @entity91 .

title: XXXX stimulates proliferation and differentiation of fetal @entity9332 and dural cells and induces cranial suture fusion.

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['5alpha-dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity9332 :: ('MESH:C537963', 'Disease') :: ['calvarial osteoblasts']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1', 'TGF-beta1']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen', 'Androgen']

entities_list: @entity91 :: ('MESH:D003398', 'Disease') :: ['nonsyndromic craniosynostosis']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

answer: @entity586 :: (MESH:D013196,Chemical) :: ['Dihydrotestosterone']


abstract: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in vivo of adult @entity35 brains was used to observe the fate of @entity1933 -labeled intracerebral neural grafts. The host animals received grafts of fetal (E17-E18) @entity35 tissue prepared as cell suspensions and labeled by incubation with reconstituted Sendai viral envelopes containing @entity1933 particles. Control studies were performed in animals following surgical @entity130 alone or transplantation of unlabeled cell suspensions. In vivo NMR imaging (either two-dimensional Fourier transform or three-dimensional Fourier transform) was performed once on each animal between 5 and 60 days postsurgery. The NMR images of the host brains containing the labeled cells showed sufficient anatomical detail for the identification of the major brain structures. The graft sites were seen in the T2-weighted NMR images as dark regions (low-intensity signal) in the cortex. Histochemical staining for ferric @entity68 (prussian blue stain) demonstrated the presence of numerous prussian blue-positive cells in tissue sections corresponding to the dark regions in the NMR images. Surviving prussian blue-positive cells with neuron-like morphology were relatively more numerous 10 days after transplantation than at 1-2 months postgrafting. The NMR images and immunohistochemical and histochemical staining of hosts containing labeled cells suggest cell migration of astrocytes and macrophages up to 2 mm away from the graft sites. The migrating cells were primarily along fiber tracts in the host white matter. @entity527 were also present within the brains of the control animals, but the NMR images from the same animals did not contain distinct dark regions like those in the images of brains which had received labeled cell transplants. These results demonstrate that NMR imaging can be used to study cell survival and migration following neural grafting procedures.

title: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of XXXX -labeled neural transplants.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['Prussian blue deposits']

entities_list: @entity1933 :: ('MESH:C000499', 'Chemical') :: ['iron oxide']

answer: @entity1933 :: (MESH:C000499,Chemical) :: ['iron oxide']


abstract: 1. The distribution of morphological injury was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively in the perfused @entity35 kidney in vitro at controlled rates of @entity26 delivery in the presence of low concentrations of erythrocytes. 2. In control kidneys (total @entity26 delivery approximately 32 mumol/min per kidney) no injury was seen in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (MTAL) whilst 11 +/- 5(SD)% of proximal tubules sustained damage. 3. Mild @entity519 (total @entity26 delivery approximately 28 mumol/min per kidney) produced little or no injury to MTAL, namely 6 +/- 4(SD)% and 3 +/- 3% of tubules damaged, respectively. In contrast, both groups sustained extensive damage to proximal tubules, averaging 46 +/- 13% (P less than 0.01 vs control) and 84 +/- 14% (P less than 0.001 vs control), respectively. This damage was equally distributed between the superficial and deep cortex. 4. Comparison with morphometric data obtained previously from cell-free-perfused @entity35 kidneys [P.J. Ratcliffe, Z. H. Endre, S. J. Scheinman, J. D. Tange, J. G. G. Ledingham _ G. K. Radda (1988) Clinical Science 74, 437-448] showed that (a) erythrocytes prevent @entity12807 at mild and moderate levels of @entity519 ; (b) when @entity26 delivery rates are matched between cell-free- and erythrocyte-perfused kidneys, proximal @entity810 is greater in the presence of erythrocytes; (c) when arterial partial pressure of @entity26 is matched between cell-free- and erythrocyte-perfused kidneys, the degree of proximal @entity810 is similar. 5. The data suggest that the proximal tubule and not the MTAL is the nephron segment most at risk of @entity130 in vitro.

title: Erythrocytes alter the pattern of renal hypoxic injury: predominance of proximal @entity810 with moderate XXXX .

entities_list: @entity12807 :: ('MESH:D002534', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic damage to the MTAL']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['tubular injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic injury']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: To evaluate the reliability of Doppler-ultrasonography in identifying @entity1 with @entity2791 among those with @entity101 , we compared Doppler ultrasonography results in 29 @entity101 @entity1 (mean age: 8.3 +/- 4.7 years) with angiography. Doppler-ultrasonography and arteriography were performed within a period less than two months. First, we established normal values in 40 normotensive @entity1 (mean age: 8.4 +/- 4.5 years). The diagnosis of @entity2791 was settled when maximal systolic velocities where > or = to 1.70 m.s-1. Peak systolic velocities values of Doppler-ultrasonography were significantly higher in @entity1 with proven angiographic @entity2791 (3.56 +/- 0.70 m.s-1) than in @entity101 @entity1 with normal renal arteries at angiography (1.02 +/- 0.29 m.s-1, p < 0.0001), and than in normotensive healthy @entity1 (1.05 +/- 0.33 m.s-1, p < 0.0001). We observed 3 false negative and 2 false positive diagnoses with Doppler-ultrasonography. Of the 3 false negatives, one had a @entity850 on a right and @entity1416 and the other had bilateral and multiply @entity2791 with few hemodynamic significance. The 2 false positives were due to a sinuous main renal artery and to a technical mistake, respectively. In another @entity1 , Doppler-ultrasonography revealed a tight main @entity2791 , not detected by arteriography. @entity2791 was subsequently confirmed by a second arteriography. Our results showed a sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 93%, a positive predictive value of 92% and a negative predictive value of 89%, demonstrating the reliability of Doppler-ultrasonography for the diagnosis of @entity2791 in @entity101 @entity1 . With the use of a rigorous methodology and the increasing experience of the operators, diagnostic errors of @entity2791 are currently avoidable. Nevertheless, it is not excluded that @entity2791 with few hemodynamic significance might be missed by Doppler-ultrasonography.

title: [Renal XXXX in @entity101 @entity1 . Doppler/arteriographic correlation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['posterior segmental artery']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['intra-renal artery stenosis', 'Renal artery stenosis', 'renal artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To quantify the incidence of @entity1 @entity458 referred to a forensic examination centre; to identify possible risk factors predisposing @entity1 to @entity458 by measuring their prevalence among the complainant population. METHODOLOGY: The records of @entity1 involved in @entity458 presenting over a 12 month period were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic data such as nature of case, sex, ethnicity, number of previous allegations, assailant relationship, month of presentation, and age were compiled. Potential risk factors such as @entity167 or drug use, being 'looked after', @entity717 , @entity4207 , previous consensual sexual intercourse, past @entity146 history, and history of @entity146 support were compiled. Descriptive statistics were calculated. RESULTS: 138 cases were recorded, of which the majority were acute. Epidemiological data demonstrated a higher incidence in females and most complainants were of White British origin. Most of the cases were of first allegations and the assailant relationship was most frequently an acquaintance. The incidence was highest in January. The modal age was 15 years and age distribution was positively skewed. Of the potential risk factors studied, @entity167 and drug use was the most prevalent. Prevalence increased with age for the majority of factors studied. CONCLUSIONS: @entity167 and drug use may be an area in which preventative strategies would be beneficial. Ethnic minorities may hold a large amount of unreported cases.

title: Risk factors in XXXX @entity458 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'Alcohol']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual abuse allegations', 'sexual abuse']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['learning disability']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['physical disability']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: The @entity1 equilibrative @entity2353 transporter 1 gene ( @entity11573 ) is the primary @entity2353 transporter for @entity2592 ( @entity2592 ), a @entity7090 analog used for treatment of @entity3052 . We screened approximately 1.6 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site of @entity11573 for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that affect gene expression. We identified one SNP at position @entity55893 with a frequency of 21% in whites and 5% in African-Americans. In African-Americans, we observed two SNPs at positions @entity55894 and @entity55895 with allele frequencies of 8% and 19%, respectively. TRANSFAC analysis suggested that @entity55894 and @entity55893 may alter transcription factor binding sites. Four naturally occurring haplotypes (CGG, CAG, CGC and GAG) were cloned into a luciferase expression plasmid, transfected into Cos-1 cells, and reporter activity measured at 24 and 48 h. Three haplotypes, CAG, CGC and GAG, respectively, showed average expression that was approximately two-fold (P<0.05), 1.4-fold (P<0.05) and 1.1-fold (P>0.05) higher than lowest expression haplotype CGG at 48 h. When reanalysed as single SNPs, the differences in expression were significant for @entity55894 and @entity55895 genotypes, and not for @entity55893 . However, the magnitude of difference was reduced, suggesting that no single SNP completely accounts for the expression differences observed at the haplotype level. By real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay, individuals with CGG/CGC haplotypes showed 1.37-fold higher median expression of @entity11573 transcript than those with common CGG/CGG haplotypes. Although not statistically significant (P=0.12), this difference is in the direction predicted by the in vitro data. @entity11573 promoter region haplotypes may influence gene expression and alter AraC chemosensitivity.

title: Functional single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes in the @entity1 equilibrative XXXX transporter 1.

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity2592 :: ('MESH:D003561', 'Chemical') :: ['AraC', 'cytosine arabinoside']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute leukemias and lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity7090 :: ('MESH:D003841', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxycytidine']

answer: @entity2353 :: (CHEBI:33838,Chemical) :: ['nucleoside']


abstract: Laparoscopic treatment of @entity44 has been recommended following the study of relatively small numbers of @entity1 . We reviewed our experience with a prospective ongoing protocol for the treatment of benign @entity43 , between January 1990 and December 1996. Sonography established the diagnosis, and biochemical markers were used to screen for possible @entity5 . Surgery consisted of resecting the cyst and conserving the ovary if appropriate. The resected cyst was aspirated of its contents following insertion into an EndoCatch bag. Removal was accomplished via the narrowest incision possible by pulling the bag's margins through the incision and grasping the solid parts with conventional surgical instruments. The diameter of the cysts ranged from 2 to 15 cm. Cystectomy was performed in 47, and oophorectomy in 37, @entity1 . Spillage occurred in 11 cases, but none developed @entity298 or @entity221 . The mean duration of post-operative stay was 0.9 days (range 0.5-2). We conclude that laparoscopic resection of benign @entity44 of the ovary is safe, well tolerated, and shortens hospital stay.

title: Laparoscopic resection of ovarian benign cystic XXXX : experience with 84 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian teratomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['benign cystic teratoma of the ovary', 'teratomas']

answer: @entity44 :: (MESH:D013724,Disease) :: ['teratomas']


abstract: Intestinal @entity8151 mRNA is edited at @entity377 6666 by a C to U transition resulting in a translational stop codon. The enzymatic properties of the editing activity were characterised in vitro using @entity35 enterocyte cytosolic extract. The editing activity has no @entity377 or ion cofactor requirement. It shows substrate saturation with an apparent Km for the RNA substrate of 2.2 nM. The editing enzyme requires no lag period prior to catalysis, and does not assemble into a higher order complex on the RNA substrate. In crude cytosolic extract editing activity is completely abolished by treatment with micrococcal nuclease or @entity17726 . Partially purified editing enzyme is no longer sensitive to nucleases, but is inhibited in a dose dependent manner by nuclease inactivated crude extract. The buoyant density of partially purified editing enzyme is 1.3 g/ml, that of pure protein. Therefore, the @entity8151 mRNA editing activity consists of a well defined enzyme with no RNA component. The nuclease sensitivity in crude cytosolic extract is explained by the generation of inhibitors for the editing enzyme. The editing of apo B mRNA has little similarity to complex mRNA processing events such as splicing and unlike editing in kinetoplastid protozoa does not utilise guide RNAs.

title: Characterization of the XXXX mRNA editing enzyme: no similarity to the proposed mechanism of RNA editing in kinetoplastid protozoa.

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity8151 :: (54225(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['apolipoprotein B']


abstract: Different types of integrated management programmes have lately been introduced in the treatment of @entity74 ( @entity74 ). In this study regular primary care physiotherapy and physiotherapy management with integrated components of cognitive-behavioural origin was compared in an experimental group study. The predictive value of self-efficacy was also addressed. In all thirty-three @entity1 with chronic @entity74 were included in the trial. Results revealed no significant differences between groups in self-ratings of disability or @entity158 intensity. However, among the self-reported benefits of treatment, @entity1 in the experimental group reported significantly less @entity158 than did the comparison group. At three months follow-up the experimental group also reported better performance of daily activities. Between group differences in the coping repertoire were found at pre-, post-and three-month follow-up. Generally, @entity1 with high self-efficacy reported less use of 'maladaptive' and passive coping style than less self-efficient subjects at all times. In conclusion cognitive behavioural components can be useful in physiotherapy treatment for @entity1 with chronic @entity74 , but their contributions are not yet fully understood. Self-efficacy is related to @entity1 ' use of different coping styles. Positive long-term outcomes in @entity74 - @entity1 could therefore be improved by boosting self-efficacy and by teaching @entity1 to use active, adaptive coping strategies.

title: Cognitive behavioural components in physiotherapy management of chronic @entity74 ( XXXX )--a randomised group study.

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['Whiplash Associated Disorders', 'WAD']

answer: @entity74 :: (MESH:D030342,Disease) :: ['WAD']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Crude extracts of Boophone disticha are used in Southern African traditional medical practice for the management of various illnesses and conditions and have also been abused for their claimed euphoric and hallucinogenic effects. Unfortunately, ingestion of Boophone disticha has resulted in @entity137 and @entity204 . The results of a recent acute @entity137 study in a @entity35 model insinuated that central nervous system (CNS) @entity750 overdrive could be the cause of @entity137 in B. disticha @entity4968 . The present work sought to test that hypothesis by investigating whether pre-treatment of B. disticha poisoned BALB/c @entity19 with the CNS acting @entity750 antagonist, @entity7782 , has a dose-dependent protective effect on @entity137 and mortality. METHODS: A hydroethanolic extract of B. disticha was used in all the experiments. Five groups each with 10 animals were constituted as follows; a negative control group (received 10 ml/kg Normal Saline), a positive control group (received 375 mg/kg of the B. disticha extract), and three test groups each receiving 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg @entity7782 intraperitoneally 15 minutes before oral gavage administration of 375 mg/kg B. disticha extract respectively. The Functional Observational Battery was used to evaluate neurobehavioral and physiological changes resulting from @entity137 of the plant extract. The @entity19 were then placed in an open field for another five minutes and the number of rearings and border crossings were counted and recorded. @entity854 , @entity910 , mobility, arousal and stereotypical behavior were also scored according to predefined criteria. All open field investigations were recorded electronically using a LABTEC Webcam(  ) and results were later analysed and recorded by one of the group members. All results were entered on data collection forms. Time to @entity204 (survival time) was considered as the time period from dosage with Boophone disticha to time of @entity204 . The study follow up period was 7 days and those @entity19 that were alive at the end of the 7 day follow-up period were considered as having survived the @entity4968 episode. The Kaplan Meier plot and Log-rank test were used to compare differences in mortality and median time to @entity204 for @entity19 in the 5 treatment groups. RESULTS: We found that @entity7782 pre-treatment led to a dose-dependent decrease in mortality from 80% in the group not pre-treated with @entity7782 , to 30% in the 15 and 20 mg/kg @entity7782 pre-treated groups (n = 10 per group, p < 0.05). There was also a dose-dependent increase in median survival times amongst the groups (p < 0.0001). Pre-treatment with @entity7782 also resulted in a decrease of other toxic symptoms associated with Boophone disticha. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that @entity7782 has a dose-dependent protective effect on mortality and @entity137 produced by exposure to Boophone disticha in our @entity19 model of @entity137 .

title: Pre-treatment of BALB/c @entity19 with a centrally acting XXXX antagonist ( @entity7782 ) reduces mortality from Boophone disticha @entity4968 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7782 :: ('MESH:D003533', 'Chemical') :: ['cyproheptadine']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['involuntary motor movements']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['Gait abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity750 :: (MESH:D012701,Chemical) :: ['serotonin']


abstract: PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE: Radiation of the entire shaft of a long bone affected by @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) is often advocated to prevent recurrent disease in the bone remote from the symptomatic site. Our standard of care has been to irradiate only the symptomatic area. We investigated the pattern of recurrence in @entity1 treated in this manner. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 163 @entity1 with @entity1582 were treated between 1971 and 1994. Twenty-seven @entity1 received treatment to a long bone with 41 sites irradiated (17 humeri, 22 femurs, 1 radius, 1 ulna). The most common long bone treated was the femur. All @entity1 were treated with megavoltage therapy. The symptomatic lesion, plus a margin of 1-2 cm was treated with no attempt to treat the entire shaft. Mean radiation dose was 27.82 Gy (range 6.00-44.80 Gy). The length of the field was measured in centimeters and expressed as both an absolute (AL) and relative (RL) length (i.e., percentage of total length of bone). RESULTS: The mean total AL and RL for femur fields was 18 cm and 42%, respectively. For the humerus, the AL and RL were 20 cm and 68%, respectively. Only four @entity1 developed @entity74 in the same bone but outside the previously irradiated field. In three of the four @entity1 the RL was between 20 and 30%. The dose of radiation given to these @entity1 was 12.50, 21.00, 30.00, and 35.00 Gy. In all of these four cases, treatment of @entity74 in adjacent sites provided effective palliation of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Radiation therapy to the symptomatic portion of a long bone affected by @entity1582 is effective for palliation. Symptomatic recurrence out of the irradiated field is uncommon and can be effectively treated. Potential benefits of this approach include irradiation of less normal marrow and elimination of use of pairs of fields or extended distance treatment to cover the entire femur.

title: XXXX of an extremity: must the entire bone be treated?

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progressive disease']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['Multiple myeloma']


abstract: A physiological role of substance @entity10133 ) in inflammatory reaction was examined in the @entity35 incisor pulp and inferior lip. SP content in pulps and lips significantly increased after antidromic stimulation of the @entity129 . Following the same stimulation, vascular permeability also increased significantly in pulps and lips, and this permeability response was significantly inhibited by an SP-antagonist. @entity1286 reduced the permeability response to antidromic stimulation in pulps but had no effect in lips. @entity54447 (a peripherally selective narcotic antagonist) prevented the @entity1286 -induced reduction, and was more potent than @entity1510 . @entity1286 caused a marked increase of SP content in pulps following antidromic stimulation of the @entity129 but failed in lips. These suggest a possibility that a peripheral SP release-suppressive mechanism by opiates may exist in pulps but not in lips. The permeability response to antidromic stimulation was also reduced by @entity117 and a @entity1812 antagonist in both of the tissues, indicating that @entity3009 and @entity1812 may be related to this response. Since @entity8765 and @entity3858 inhibited the permeability response in lips but were inactive in pulps, there is a difference in participation of @entity112 and @entity750 between the two tissues. SP injection into the dental pulp and lip induced @entity2680 . This response was inhibited by compound 48/80 pretreatment in lips whereas it was resistant in pulps. @entity112 content in lips decreased significantly after antidromic stimulation and compound 48/80 pretreatment, but it was not changed in pulps. The present results suggest that in lips after being released from the peripheral sensory nerve endings SP may act on vascular system through @entity112 release from mast cells, while in pulps SP may directly cause vascular response because mast cells may be few or not exist.

title: [Role of substance P on neurogenic inflammation in the XXXX dental pulp and inferior lip].

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['inferior alveolar nerve']

entities_list: @entity3858 :: ('MESH:D008784', 'Chemical') :: ['methysergide']

entities_list: @entity2680 :: ('MESH:D003763', 'Disease') :: ['dye leakage']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity8765 :: ('MESH:D011738', 'Chemical') :: ['mepyramine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine', 'histamine']

entities_list: @entity54447 :: ('MESH:C045482', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl levallorphan']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine', 'Morphine']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The responses of interrenal and chromaffin tissues of @entity7136 to @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) and its agonists/antagonists were studied in an in vitro perifusion system of head kidney. There was a dose-dependent release of @entity1425 and @entity1063 to @entity1617 between 0.01 and 100 mM added for 15 min to the incubation medium. @entity701 secretion was also stimulated, but the response peaked at 1.0 mM @entity1617 and was attenuated with 10 or 100 mM @entity1617 . The maximal release occurred about 30 min after addition of the transmitter. @entity1239 stimulated the @entity2661 , but had no effect on @entity701 , while @entity5402 , a nicotinic agonist, increased both the @entity2661 and @entity701 . @entity11039 increased @entity701 secretion, but affected @entity2661 only at higher doses. In contrast, @entity2134 , a muscarinic agonist, stimulated @entity2661 more than @entity701 . @entity3897 was not antagonistic, rather it increased the secretion of @entity2661 in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibited the release of @entity701 . It is concluded that both tissues are influenced by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic system acting on chromaffin cells and the parasympathetic system acting on interrenal cells. However, the nerve supply cannot clearly be defined by agonists or antagonists as in mammals. There is evidence for paracrine effects, e.g., @entity2661 inhibit @entity701 release and @entity701 influences @entity2922 secretion.

title: Neuroendocrine effects on adrenal hormone secretion in @entity7136 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity11039 :: ('MESH:D009116', 'Chemical') :: ['Muscarine']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['Cortisol', 'cortisol']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamylcholine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity7136 :: (7962,Species) :: ['Cyprinus carpio']


abstract: There is considerable evidence supporting a role for mold exposure in the pathogenesis and expression of childhood @entity565 . Aspergillus versicolor and Cladosporium cladosporioides are common molds that have been implicated in @entity565 . In a model of mold-induced @entity565 , @entity19 were repeatedly exposed to either A. versicolor or C. cladosporioides spores. The two molds induced distinct phenotypes, and this effect was observed in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains. C. cladosporioides induced robust @entity1224 ( @entity1224 ), @entity1712 , and a predominately Th2 response, whereas A. versicolor induced a strong Th17 response and @entity32 , but very mild @entity1224 . Neutralization of @entity636 resulted in strong @entity1224 and @entity32 following A. versicolor exposure. In @entity39379 -deficient @entity19 , A. versicolor exposure resulted in markedly attenuated @entity636 and robust @entity1224 compared with wild-type @entity19 . In contrast, C. cladosporioides induced @entity1224 and @entity32 independent of @entity636 and @entity39379 . A. versicolor, but not C. cladosporioides, spores had increased exposure of b-glucans on their surface and were able to bind @entity39379 . Thus, the host response to C. cladosporioides was @entity636 and @entity39379 -independent, whereas @entity39379 - and @entity636 -dependent pathways were protective against the development of @entity565 after exposure to A. versicolor.

title: @entity39379 and @entity636 suppress @entity19 XXXX induced by Aspergillus versicolor but not Cladosporium cladosporioides due to differences in b-glucan surface exposure.

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic inflammation', 'neutrophilic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['AHR', 'airway hyperresponsiveness']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: A phenotype-genotype correlation was previously described for carriers of different sized of @entity12483 expansions in @entity27833 . We report on a detailed comparison of 55 members (approximately 220 limbs) from 4 Danish families with duplications of 21 or 27 bp, expanding the @entity12483 repeat from 15 to 22 and 24 residues, respectively. Two of these were previously described by Danish pioneers of @entity1 genetics, Tage Kemp and Oluf Thomsen. A clinical score was assigned to each limb based on manifestations assumed to represent different degrees of a duplication defect in hand rays 3-4 and foot rays 4-5. The length of metacarpals and phalangeal bones in rays 1, 2, and 5 was measured on hand radiographs and converted to Z-scores. The relative difference between corresponding right and left bones and directional, total, and fluctuating asymmetry was calculated for each individual. All of these parameters were compared between carriers of the +9 @entity493 expansion, the +7 @entity493 expansion, and non-mutation carriers with affected parents from the two families. Upper limb scores and the rate of abnormal bones (>2SD) were significantly higher in the first group than in the others. The first metacarpal and the middle phalanx of the little finger were significantly shorter, and the proximal phalanx of the index finger was significantly longer in this group than in the others. An increased level of total and fluctuating asymmetry was observed in long expansion carriers. Thus, our data have added evidence to the phenotype-genotype correlation previously reported, which was further extended to include lesser involvement of bones in @entity22459 .

title: A 72-year-old Danish puzzle resolved--comparative analysis of phenotypes in families with different-sized @entity27833 XXXX expansions.

entities_list: @entity12483 :: ('MESH:C019529', 'Chemical') :: ['polyalanine']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity12483 :: (MESH:C019529,Chemical) :: ['polyalanine']


abstract: The effect of @entity15645 ( @entity15645 ) which is a systemic poison on the adrenal cortex was studied in 30 @entity1 of @entity15645 @entity4968 . A significant rise in the plasma @entity701 level (greater than 1048 nmol/l) was observed in the twenty @entity1 . Mortality was 50 per cent. Autopsy study could be undertaken only in 10 @entity1 . Histopathology showed mild to moderate changes. In the rest (10 @entity1 ), the adrenal cortex was critically involved and the @entity701 level failed to rise beyond normal levels (less than 690 nmol/l). The histopathology revealed severe changes (complete lipid depletion, @entity548 , @entity39 etc.) and all these @entity1 died. In the critically ill @entity1 , the @entity701 levels remained low because of severe adreno-cortical involvement. The changes in the adrenal cortex could be due to shock or to cellular toxic effect of @entity29281 . The histopathological changes in various viscera showed congestion, @entity4 and cellular infiltration. In the heart, there were patchy areas of @entity39 , while the liver showed fatty changes and the lungs showed, in addition areas of gray/red hepatization. There was no adrenal apoplexy or extensive @entity548 that could explain shock in these @entity1 . @entity1455 could not be confirmed due to lack of facilities for haemodynamic monitoring, but there was histopathological evidence in support of @entity65 .

title: Adrenocortical involvement in @entity15645 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity4968 :: ('MESH:D011041', 'Disease') :: ['poisoning']

entities_list: @entity29281 :: ('MESH:C044646', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphine']

entities_list: @entity15645 :: ('CHEBI:38495', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminium phosphide', 'AlP']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiogenic shock']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular shock']

answer: @entity4968 :: (MESH:D011041,Disease) :: ['poisoning']


abstract: Over the years, our ideas about @entity172 signaling have greatly expanded. In addition to @entity53 having direct nuclear actions that mediate transcription and translation, more recent experiments have demonstrated membrane-initiated signaling. Both direct nuclear and @entity53 membrane signaling can be mediated by the classical @entity172 receptors, @entity7971 and @entity1783 , which are two of the numerous putative membrane @entity172 receptors. Thus far, however, only @entity7971 has been shown to play a prominent role in regulating female reproduction and sexual behavior. Because @entity7971 is a ligand-gated transcription factor and not a typical membrane receptor, trafficking to the cell membrane requires post-translational modifications. Two necessary modifications are palmitoylation and association with caveolins, a family of scaffolding proteins. In addition to their role in trafficking, caveolin proteins also serve to determine @entity7971 interactions with metabotropic @entity2227 receptors (mGluRs). It is through these complexes that @entity7971 , which cannot by itself activate G proteins, is able to initiate intracellular signaling. Various combinations of @entity7971 -mGluR interactions have been demonstrated throughout the nervous system from hippocampus to striatum to hypothalamus to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in both neurons and astrocytes. These combinations of ER and mGluR allow @entity53 to have both facilitative and inhibitory actions in neurons. In hypothalamic astrocytes, the @entity53 -mediated release of intracellular @entity460 stores regulating neurosteroid synthesis requires @entity7971 - @entity9446 a interaction. In terms of @entity53 regulation of female sexual receptivity, activation of @entity7971 - @entity9446 a signaling complex leads to the release of neurotransmitters and alteration of neuronal morphology. This review will examine @entity53 membrane signaling (EMS) activating a limbic-hypothalamic @entity1515 regulating circuit, which involves @entity7971 trafficking, internalization, and modifications of neuronal morphology in a circuit that underlies female sexual receptivity.

title: Membrane-initiated XXXX actions mediate structural plasticity and reproduction.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['estradiol']