abstract: We report a case of left @entity4615 found when examination was made for the cause of @entity551 . The case was that of a @entity1 of 61 years of age. For the previous 2 years, the @entity1 had felt dizzy only at the standing or sitting position. The blood pressure was 90/50 at recumbency and 64/40 at the sitting position. Echocardiographic study revealed a left @entity5 , which fell into the left ventricular cavity and prevented the blood from filling the left ventricular cavity. This effect was more severe at the sitting position than at recumbency. Resection of the @entity5 was carried out. It was a @entity3291 with a diameter of 3.5 cm with a stalk adhering to the postero-inferior wall of the left atrium. After the removal of the @entity5 , the @entity1 's complaint and @entity551 disappeared; blood pressure was 102/60 at recumbency and 98/64 at sitting position. @entity1296 has been reported in some cases as one of the symptoms of the @entity5 . But the state of aggravation at the sitting position has never been observed during actual echocardiographic study. The @entity3291 adhered to the postero-inferior wall of the left atrium, which site might be associated with the symptom ( @entity551 ).

title: [A case of cardiac tumor found during examination in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intracardiac tumor', 'atrial tumor']

entities_list: @entity4615 :: ('MESH:C538262', 'Disease') :: ['atrial myxoma']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['Orthostatic dizziness']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['orthostatic hypotension']

answer: @entity551 :: (MESH:D007022,Disease) :: ['orthostatic hypotension']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of @entity6 ( @entity6 ) in the UK increased in 2009 to 4 %, of which @entity2175 accounts for 85-95 % of all cases. In Qatar the prevalence of @entity6 among the adult Qatari population in 2008 was 16.7 %; around four times higher than the prevalence in the UK. The aim of the study was to design and to apply a medication assessment tool (MAT) to determine the level of adherence to internationally recognised guideline recommendations in @entity2175 management and in primary prevention of @entity65 ( @entity65 ) among @entity2175 @entity1 , to quantify any gaps in guideline implementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 305 @entity1 were included in this study; all diagnosed with @entity2175 with no history of @entity65 . A 38 criteria MAT was designed from published guideline recommendations on the management of @entity2175 and combined with recommendations relevant to primary prevention of @entity65 . The MAT comprised 21 criteria assessing control of blood @entity413 , 5 criteria assessing management of @entity2412 and 12 criteria assessing preventive medication use in @entity65 . The MAT was validated by a group of practitioners and researchers and field tested in the @entity6 outpatient clinic within Hamad General Hospital, Qatar, with electronic and manual access to @entity1 ' medical records. Levels of applicability and adherence to each criterion were calculated individually and the overall adherence was determined. RESULTS: The MAT was applied to the whole study sample (11,590 assessed criteria in 305 @entity1 ). Application of the MAT identified 19/38 criteria with high levels of adherence (>= 80 %), 9/38 criteria with intermediate levels of adherence (>= 50 %; <80 %) and 10/38 criteria with low levels of adherence (<50 %). The overall adherence in 305 @entity1 was 68.1 % (95 % CI: 67, 69) in 6,657 applicable criteria. Total non-adherences, both justified and unjustified, were found in 30.8 % (95 % CI: 30, 32) in 2,049 of the applicable criteria in which only 5.8 % (95 % CI: 5, 7) in 118 criteria had a documented justification. Consequently 94.2 % of all non-adherences (95 % CI: 93, 95) in 1,931 criteria had unjustified non-adherence and indicated a need for inclusion in treatment review through an appropriate pharmaceutical care plan. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study identifies levels of adherence to guideline recommendations, the need for additional documentation and criteria with low adherence that might be a focus for an educational intervention and a starting point for targeted pharmaceutical care.

title: Adherence to clinical guidelines in management of XXXX and prevention of @entity65 in Qatar.

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['type-2 diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus', 'DM']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes complications']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Elevated fasting @entity2690 immunoreactive material (PIM) has previously been found in @entity1 with @entity164 2 (non-insulin-dependent) @entity6 mellitus. It is not known whether this is a genetic trait or whether it is related to the manifestation of @entity164 2 @entity6 . Neither is it clear whether the raised fasting insulin immunoreactivity previously observed in first-degree relatives of @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 is due to raised PIM. Furthermore, it has not been investigated whether first-degree relatives have altered PIM responses to different secretagogues. To study this, PIM, insulin and @entity2690 were measured in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 , in their first-degree relatives and in healthy control subjects in the fasting state and in relatives and controls during a @entity1602 clamp. At the end of the @entity1602 clamp, 0.5 mg of glucagon was given intravenously to stress the beta cells further. Fasting PIM concentrations were significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 (P < 0.05). These @entity1 did not have significantly elevated fasting insulin levels when corrected for PIM. In the relatives, fasting insulin concentrations were elevated but PIM levels were normal suggesting that the increase in fasting insulin concentrations reflected an increase in true insulin. The incremental PIM, insulin and @entity2690 responses to @entity413 and glucagon in the relatives were not different from those in the controls. We conclude that elevated fasting PIM levels in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 seem not to be a genetic trait.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Proportional @entity2690 responses in first-degree relatives of @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2690 :: ('3630', 'Gene') :: ['proinsulin', 'C-peptide']

entities_list: @entity1602 :: ('MESH:D006944', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemic']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['type 2 diabetes mellitus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We examined the independent prognostic value of the four subscales of the Heart @entity1 Psychological Questionnaire (HPPQ) on mortality in @entity583 ( @entity583 ) survivors up to 8 years after the event. METHODS: The HPPQ, which measures well-being, feelings of being disabled, despondency and social inhibition, was administered to 567 @entity583 @entity1 during hospitalisation and at 3 months follow-up. The @entity1 were followed for 8 years. RESULTS: During follow-up, 157 @entity1 (28%) died. Forty-one percent of the @entity1 had a score indicating at least mild to moderate feelings of being disabled. @entity1 with feelings of being disabled were at increased risk of mortality compared with those having a low score, adjusted for other cardiac risk factors [hazard ratio (HR)=1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.3-2.5]. There was no interaction between feelings of being disabled and gender. None of the other HPPQ subscales were related to mortality or recurrent @entity583 ( @entity583 ). When the study population was stratified by low and high clinical risk (43% vs. 57%, respectively), feelings of being disabled was the most prominent predictor of mortality in the low-risk group (HR=3.5, 95% CI=1.4-8.8). CONCLUSION: Feelings of being disabled measured at baseline and at 3 months was the most prominent predictor of mortality in low-risk @entity1 8 years @entity583 . This finding adds to the existing knowledge that psychosocial variables influence morbidity and mortality in cardiac @entity1 .

title: Feelings of being disabled as a risk factor for mortality up to 8 years after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['post-MI', 'AMI', 'myocardial infarction', 'MI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6926 ( @entity6926 ) is a heritable @entity79 that is usually due to dominant mutations in @entity13239 or @entity4173 . Rare recessive forms of @entity6926 , caused by mutations in genes involved in various aspects of bone formation, have been described as well. OBJECTIVE: To identify the cause of @entity6926 in eight @entity1 with severe @entity79 and a clinical diagnosis of @entity30717 who had had negative results on @entity13239 / @entity4173 Sanger sequencing. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was performed in genomic DNA samples from all eight individuals. RESULTS: @entity18142 mutations were found in four @entity1 from three families. @entity18142 was the only gene where mutations were found in all of these four @entity1 . Two siblings from a consanguineous family had a homozygous missense mutation affecting a highly conserved @entity462 residue in @entity18142 ( @entity50451 ( @entity50452 )). One @entity1 had a homozygous frameshift deletion ( @entity50453 ( @entity50454 )). A @entity1 from a third family was compound heterozygous for a frameshift insertion and a missense mutation affecting a conserved @entity3689 ( @entity50455 ( @entity50456 ); @entity50457 ( @entity50458 )). All of these @entity1 had @entity851 , low bone density, and severe @entity3814 in @entity174 in the first years of life. The Wnt signalling pathway is one of the key regulators of osteoblast activity. CONCLUSIONS: Recessive inactivating mutations in @entity18142 are a new cause of @entity30717 .

title: Mutations in XXXX are a cause of @entity6926 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'girl', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity50456 :: ('p|SUB|S|317|K', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.Ser317Lysfs']

entities_list: @entity50454 :: ('p|SUB|Q,P|96|RO', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.Gln96Profs']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short stature']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['addition to multiple long bone fractures']

entities_list: @entity50458 :: ('p|SUB|V|355|F', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.Val355Phe']

entities_list: @entity50452 :: ('p|SUB|C|143|F', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['p.Cys143Phe']

entities_list: @entity3814 :: ('MESH:D050815', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral compression fractures']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone fragility', 'bone fragility disorder']

entities_list: @entity6926 :: ('MESH:D010013', 'Disease') :: ['OI', 'Osteogenesis imperfecta']

answer: @entity18142 :: (7471,Gene) :: ['WNT1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The recent increase in @entity2718 -associated @entity294 (CDAD) has led to questions about the reproducibility and sensitivity of @entity2718 toxin testing (CDTT). While there have been recommendations to repeat CDTT following a negative result, previous studies have failed to show a benefit. However, no studies were performed during an outbreak of CDAD. The value of repeat CDTT after an initial negative result in @entity1 tested during and after an outbreak of CDAD is reported in the present study, as well as the reproducibility of CDTT when multiple samples are received and tested on the same day. METHODS: The results of CDTT, performed using a cell cytotoxicity assay between April 1, 2001, and March 31, 2008, were retrieved and searched for @entity1 who had repeat samples tested after an initial negative result. The result and the number of days after a negative result were determined using the date of the most recent negative test. The cumulative positivity rate was calculated by adding all of the repeat positive test results for the days in question and dividing by the total number of tests performed during that time. RESULTS: A total of 8661 @entity1 submitted 14,991 stool specimens for CDTT during the study period. There were 3095 samples that tested positive (20.6%) for the toxin. The results were divided into two time periods to reflect the CDAD outbreak, which began in April 2002: period 1 (outbreak) was from April 1, 2002, to March 31, 2006, and period 2 was from April 1, 2006, to March 31, 2008. The rate of positivity was 24.2% during period 1, and 11.6% during period 2 (P<0.001). Repeat CDTT was performed 619 times on samples received on the same day as the initial specimen, and only three (0.5%) were discordant. A total of 1630 samples were retested within one to seven days of a negative result, and 103 (6.3%) tested positive (7.8% period 1 and 2.9% period 2; P=0.002). The likelihood of a positive result on repeat testing in the first three days after a negative result was low (0.9%, 7% and 4%, respectively). The cumulative positivity for repeat testing performed in the first three days was 0.9%, 3.3% and 3.5%, respectively, and did not differ significantly at day 3 during the period of high CDTT positivity (P=0.110). CONCLUSIONS: The value of repeat CDTT, performed using a cell cytotoxicity assay, was low in the first three days after an initial negative result and was unchanged during a CDAD outbreak.

title: The value of repeat @entity2718 toxin testing during and after an outbreak of @entity2718 -associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['C difficile', 'Clostridium difficile']

answer: @entity294 :: (MESH:D003967,Disease) :: ['diarrhea']


abstract: The relationship of breast size both to @entity0 risk and to the laterality of the @entity5 was studied among 261 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity0 and 291 control subjects who were enrolled in the United States' Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project from 1973 to 1980. Standardized measures of breast area were obtained by applying planimetry to bilateral screening mammograms taken four years before @entity0 was diagnosed in case subjects. The left breast was larger in 53 percent of @entity1 with @entity0 and in 60 percent of @entity1 in the control group; the difference in breast area by laterality was significant only among controls (P = 0.01). To assess @entity0 risk, breast area was categorized by quartiles, with the lowest quartile being the referent group. Risk was increased minimally among @entity1 with the largest breast area (odds ratios = 0.9, 0.9, 1.2); however, the point estimates were not statistically significant and there was no evidence of a linear trend. Left-sided diseased was diagnosed in 51 percent of @entity1 in the case group. Although the mean area of the breast with the malignancy did not differ significantly from the opposite breast, @entity5 developed in the larger breast of 57 percent of @entity1 with left- and 46 percent of @entity1 with @entity66 . Breast size was associated with @entity5 of the left breast but not the right. However, these size differences were small since the area of the larger breast was less than 10 percent greater than the smaller breast among half of the case subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Is breast size a predictor of @entity0 risk or the laterality of the XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['right-sided disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: In Experiment 1, twelve @entity35 were trained in a two-choice food-reinforced drug discrimination task (10-min sessions) using the state-dependent interoceptive stimulus attributes of @entity1068 's ( @entity167 ) delayed or rebound effects (EDE) versus "normal" basal homeostasis. @entity35 were injected with either 4 g/kg @entity167 or equivalent volumes of saline ( @entity2697 ) 18 hr before the sessions. Each @entity35 was injected with an additional 1 ml/kg injection of SAL 15 min before the sessions. EDE training sessions were always followed by a "day off." SAL sessions were conducted between 36-96 hr after an EDE training session. @entity35 demonstrated > 90% discriminative accuracy. Test sessions showed a time-dependent, cyclic, return from the experimental "hangover" state to the "normal" state, by 48 hr. The acute (immediate) effects of @entity167 and @entity8685 (0.75 g/kg or 0.18 mg/kg, respectively; @15 min) did not cross-generalize with the "hangover" state. Both these low-dose @entity167 and @entity8685 pretreatments blocked the stimulus attributes of "hangover." All subjects responded on the EDE-appropriate lever at 5.6 mg/kg @entity5093 and exhibited an increase in susceptibility to @entity410 . In Experiment 2 blood @entity167 concentration kinetics functions were quantified in three groups (n = 8/group) of age-matched cohorts to Experiment 1 subjects (2, 3, and 4 g/kg @entity167 ) using a head-space gas chromatographic technique. The training stimulus state associated with 4 g/kg, at 18 hr postinjection intervals, in Experiment 1, did not produce any chromatogram peaks for @entity167 or any its active metabolite ( @entity3094 , @entity1324 , nor @entity1042 ).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: State-dependent stimulus control: cueing attributes of @entity1068 "hangover" in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['clonic seizures']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol', 'ETOH']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity8685 :: ('MESH:D002707', 'Chemical') :: ['chlordiazepoxide']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'Rats']

entities_list: @entity5093 :: ('MESH:D010433', 'Chemical') :: ['pentylenetetrazole']

entities_list: @entity3094 :: ('MESH:D000079', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaldehyde']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: In 1982 there were four reports of @entity900 -induced remissions of @entity3 . These observations led the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) to conduct a Phase II trial of @entity900 (50 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks). During a 4-year period 24 @entity1 were entered on this trial; 3 were excluded because review of histologic material failed to confirm the presence of @entity704 . The characteristics of the remaining 21 @entity1 were as follows: median age, 51; males/females, 11/10; ECOG performance status, 0-1/2-3, 16/5; previous treatment with chemotherapy, 3; previous surgery, 20; previous radiation, 15; @entity353 , < 5%/ > or = 5%: 17/4. One @entity1 was eliminated from response analysis because of failure to return for follow-up @entity5 measurements. The following responses were observed in the remaining 20 @entity1 . Partial remission, 2 (10%); stable disease, 8 (40%); and progression, 10 (50%). The median survival was 76 weeks, and the 2-year survival rate was 39%. Four @entity1 experienced severe @entity390 and @entity391 , but life-threatening and lethal @entity137 were not observed. @entity900 given at this dose was relatively ineffective in producing @entity5 regression in recurrent or metastatic @entity704 .

title: EST 2582 phase II trial of XXXX in metastatic or recurrent @entity704 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive thymoma']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: PURPOSE: The optimal timing of surgery after preoperative radiotherapy in @entity5 is unknown. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the role of the interval between preoperative radiotherapy and surgery. @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with @entity189 accessible to rectal digital examination, staged T2 to T3, NX, M0, were randomized before radiotherapy (39 Gy in 13 fractions) into two groups: in the short interval (SI) group, surgery had to be performed within 2 weeks after completion of radiation therapy, compared with 6 to 8 weeks in the @entity1162 ( @entity1162 ) group. Between 1991 and 1995, 201 @entity1 were enrolled onto the study. RESULTS: A @entity1162 between preoperative radiotherapy and surgery was associated with a significantly better clinical @entity5 response (53. 1% in the SI group v 71.7% in the @entity1162 group, P =.007) and pathologic downstaging (10.3% in the SI group v 26% in the @entity1162 group, P =.005). At a median follow-up of 33 months, there were no differences in morbidity, local relapse, and short-term survival between the two groups. Sphincter-preserving surgery was performed in 76% of cases in the @entity1162 group versus 68% in the SI group (P = 0.27). CONCLUSION: A @entity1162 between preoperative irradiation and surgery provides increased @entity5 downstaging with no detrimental effect on @entity137 and early clinical results. When sphincter preservation is questionable, a @entity1162 may increase the chance of a successful sphincter-saving surgery.

title: Influence of the interval between preoperative radiation therapy and surgery on downstaging and on the rate of sphincter-sparing surgery for XXXX : the Lyon R90-01 randomized trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['LI', 'long interval']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: To report a case of @entity49934 , which is an @entity74 characterized by the triad of @entity164 , @entity6519 , and @entity6126 . An 18-year-old @entity1 was seen for @entity227 , which had been diagnosed as @entity6391 at the age of 12 years. His puberty was delayed. At 16 years of age, the @entity1 experienced progressive deterioration of his balance and gait disturbance. Then he was referred to our clinic because @entity49934 was suspected. He had no specific family history; his visual acuity was 0.04 in both eyes. We observed broad retinal pigment epithelium @entity194 and @entity528 . Both @entity941 and @entity3194 angiography showed @entity194 in the posterior pole area and midperiphery. Macular optical coherence tomography showed thinning of the @entity2788 . An electroretinographic examination showed no photopic or scotopic responses. The @entity49934 should be included in the differential diagnosis of @entity1 with @entity2479 pigment epithelium @entity194 and degeneration.

title: Ophthalmologic findings of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual problems']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa']

entities_list: @entity2788 :: ('MESH:D015785', 'Disease') :: ['neurosensory retina']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy', 'choriocapillaris atrophy']

entities_list: @entity164 :: ('MESH:D017827', 'Disease') :: ['spinocerebellar ataxia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal recessive disorder']

entities_list: @entity6519 :: ('MESH:D002825', 'Disease') :: ['chorioretinal dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadotropic hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration in both fundi']

entities_list: @entity49934 :: ('MESH:C565850', 'Disease') :: ['Boucher-Neuh  user syndrome']

answer: @entity49934 :: (MESH:C565850,Disease) :: ['Boucher-Neuh  user syndrome']


abstract: Primary palmar @entity1119 can be a most unpleasant and distressing affliction. When normal daily activities, viz. writing, schoolwork, are interfered with and other treatments have failed, surgery is indicated. Between 1983-1987 9 @entity1 (6 F, 3 M), mean age 10.2 years (range 5-14 years) underwent bilateral transaxillary sympathectomy, 4 simultaneous and 5 1-4 weeks apart. On 14 sides a standard excision of @entity47670 was performed. The technique of lateral displacement of the sympathetic chain after transection distal to @entity8260 and division of preganglionic fibres of @entity47671 was used on 5 sides. In addition to clinical evaluation a @entity2134 stimulation test was performed on the palms of the hands before and at follow-up 3-7 years after surgery. 17/18 hands appeared sympathectomised at early follow-up. One inadequate result required reoperation. Other complications included 2 Horner's syndromes--1 transient and 1 mild but permanent; 3 temporary intercostobrachial paraesthesias, 2 mild late recurrences of sweating and 2 compensatory increases in sweating. In 14 palms where sweat volume was measured before and 3-7 years after surgery there was a mean decrease in sweat of 84% (mg), those sweating the most prior to surgery having the best response. In 2 further palms insufficient sweat was obtained for testing. All but 1 considered the procedure worthwhile. Transaxillary transpleural sympathectomy is a safe, effective, and cosmetically acceptable operation to control symptoms of @entity31639 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Trans-axillary transpleural sympathectomy for Palmar XXXX in @entity1 --a 3 to 7 year follow-up of 9 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity31639 :: ('MESH:D013543', 'Disease') :: ['excessive palmar sweating']

entities_list: @entity1119 :: ('MESH:D006945', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhidrosis']

answer: @entity1119 :: (MESH:D006945,Disease) :: ['hyperhidrosis']


abstract: 1. @entity1494 and pelvic nerve efferent activity were recorded in anaesthetized @entity468 under isotonic or isovolumic conditions. In @entity558 the bladder was connected to a reservoir and fluid entering or leaving the bladder was monitored for 8 min using different heads of pressure (isotonic recording). Under isovolumic conditions fixed volumes were injected into the bladder and pressure changes recorded (micturition contractions). 2. In @entity558 , at low pressures the bladder filled to a roughly constant level, and then developed small amplitude oscillatory contractions. At higher pressures, after the initial filling, the @entity1494 , expelling part of its volume. Depending on the pressure this contraction was either sustained or led to a gradual expansion of the bladder. In both cases transient periods of expansion were superimposed. In contrast after an initial slow build up, the efferent nerve activity increased reaching a sustained level of activity during which transient decreases in rate were seen. 3. The firing frequency of the efferent nerve activity during the sustained phase increased as the intravesical pressure was raised until a plateau was reached at high pressures. The plateau pressure (Pplateau) in a bladder was positively correlated with the peak pressure reached by the bladder during micturition contractions under isovolumic conditions, suggesting that micturition contractions were produced by the maximum output of the reflex pathway. 4. Section of the hypogastric nerves had relatively little effect, but additional section of the pelvic nerves abolished the contractile phase of the bladder response to filling, and resulted in continuous filling of the bladder. 5. The transient bladder expansions (duration, 3-33 s) seen when the innervation was intact were closely related to the transient decreases in efferent nerve activity, suggesting involvement of a central inhibitory mechanism. The threshold pressure for triggering transient expansions was similar to the pressure shown to activate myelinated afferent fibres. 6. Under isovolumic conditions the frequency of micturition contractions increased with increasing vesical volume, and the relaxed interval between contractions shortened. This response could also be evoked by stimulation of the central cut end of the pelvic nerves, suggesting that the central inhibitory mechanism could also be active during isovolumic conditions.

title: XXXX and efferent nerve activity during isotonic and isovolumic recording in the cat.

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['isotonic conditions']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder contracted', 'Bladder motility']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['Bladder motility']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of @entity1476 and @entity1495 in @entity2347 of @entity50864 as well as their relation with biological behaviour of @entity2347 . METHODS: Experimental study. The research objects were 60 cases of @entity2347 of @entity50864 which were collected from No.2 Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 1991 to Jule 2011. There were 25 males and 35 females aged from 29 to 42 years. Based on histological revision, there were 36 cases of cribriform-tubular subtype and 24 cases of solid subtype. Forty-five cases were primary lesions and 15 cases were recurrent lesions. Ten samples of normal @entity50864 around polymorphic adenoma were selected as the control group. The expression of CD105, @entity1476 and @entity1495 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) was defined by expression of CD105. One way ANOVA,   (2)-test and spearman correlation test were used to analyzed the data. RESULTS: The number of @entity2101 [(17.71    5.63)/100 folds field of vision] and the positive rates of @entity1476 (45.0%, 27/60) and @entity1495 (55.0%, 33/60) in the samples of @entity2347 of @entity50864 were higher than those in the normal @entity50864 [the number of @entity2101 was (0.70    0.95)/100 folds field of vision, the expressions of @entity1476 and @entity1495 were negative] (t' = 2.039, P < 0.05;   (2) = 5.550, P < 0.05;   (2) = 8.315, P < 0.01), the solid subtypes had more @entity2101 [(26.12    5.32)/100 folds field of vision] and higher positive rates of @entity1476 (62.5%, 15/24) and @entity1495 (79.2%, 19/24) than the cribriform-tubular subtypes (t' = 2.060, P < 0.05;   (2) = 4.950, P < 0.05;   (2) = 9.439, P < 0.05); the recurrent lesions had more @entity2101 and higher positive rate of @entity1476 and @entity1495 than the primary lesions (t' = 2.129, P < 0.05;   (2) = 9.899, P < 0.05;   (2) = 8.103, P < 0.05). The number of @entity2101 in ACC of @entity50864 @entity1 was correlated with the positive rate of @entity1476 and @entity1495 respectively (rs = 0.636, P < 0.05; rs = 0.524, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The number of @entity2101 and the expression of @entity1476 and @entity1495 are higher level in @entity2347 of @entity50864 and are significantly correlated with pathological type and recurrence. Detecting the number of @entity2101 and the expression of @entity1476 and @entity1495 may become biological indexes for @entity5 , recurrence and @entity3 of @entity2347 of @entity50864 .

title: [The expression of @entity1476 and @entity1495 in XXXX of @entity50864 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1476 :: ('4313', 'Gene') :: ['matrix metal proteinase (MMP)-2', 'MMP-2']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2347 :: ('MESH:D003528', 'Disease') :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['microvessel density', 'MVD']

entities_list: @entity50864 :: ('MESH:C562407', 'Disease') :: ['lacrimal gland']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity2347 :: (MESH:D003528,Disease) :: ['adenoid cystic carcinoma']


abstract: Gastrointestinal (GI) events have been described with @entity2857 , @entity2240 and @entity6219 in @entity5 @entity1 . We performed an up-to-date meta-analysis to determine the incidence and relative risk (RR) in @entity1 with @entity5 treated with these agents. PubMed databases were searched for articles published till May 2013. Eligible studies were selected according to PRISMA statement. Summary incidence, RR, and 95% CIs were calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects models based on the heterogeneity of selected studies. A total of 6,447 @entity1 were available for the meta-analysis; 2,260 had @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) and 4, @entity19 ,691 @entity1149 , 599 @entity96 , 1,066 @entity0 , 165 @entity5 , 304 @entity674 and 362 soft tissue @entity242 . @entity294 was the most common GI event. When stratified by tumor type ( @entity1358 vs. non- @entity1358 ), the difference among the incidences of GI events was significant for @entity294 (p < 0.001) and @entity391 (p = 0.006), that resulted higher in @entity1358 @entity1 . In @entity1358 @entity1 , @entity2857 registered the lower incidence and RR of all grades GI events. The difference was statistically significant for @entity2857 versus @entity2240 -related all and high-grade events (p < 0.001) and for @entity2857 versus @entity6219 all grades GI events (p < 0.001) and high-grade @entity448 (p < 0.001). Treatment with @entity319 TKIs @entity2857 , @entity2240 and @entity6219 is associated with a significant increase in the risk of GI events in @entity1 with @entity5 , and frequent clinical monitoring should be emphasized when managing these three and newer @entity319 TKIs.

title: Risk of gastrointestinal events with @entity2857 , @entity2240 and @entity6219 in XXXX with solid @entity5 : a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity6219 :: ('MESH:C516667', 'Chemical') :: ['pazopanib']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancers']

entities_list: @entity2240 :: ('MESH:C473478', 'Chemical') :: ['sunitinib']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular cancers']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'neuroendocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity2857 :: ('MESH:C471405', 'Chemical') :: ['sorafenib']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea', 'Diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity3179 are still today one of the main socioeconomic problems of medical interest in terms of prevalence, morbidity, and costs to the health service. In the past, various studies have been carried out to identify a systemic pharmacologic treatment able to accelerate venous @entity1066 healing times, but frequently the results have not been satisfactory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of @entity40204 , a drug with profibrinolytic and antithrombotic activity, in accelerating venous @entity1066 's healing time. Ninety-four @entity1 (32 @entity1 and 62 @entity1 ), aged 72 years old on average, were randomly distributed between two groups. In the first group ("control group") a standard treatment was applied, which consisted of cleansing by washing with physiological solution and the application of elastic compression with short-extensibility, removable bandages. The second group (" @entity40204 group") received the standard treatment plus @entity40204 (600 lipoprotein lipase releasing units [LRU] by im route per day for 30 consecutive days, followed by 500 LRU by oral route per day for a further 30 days). After 2 months the venous ulcers were found healed in 15 @entity1 (36%) in the control group and in 30 @entity1 (58%) in the @entity40204 group (p = 0.03). The life table showed that the healing times were shorter in the @entity40204 group in the first 2 months of treatment. Total healing times amounted to 110 days in the control group and 72 days in the @entity40204 group (p = 0.08) and the results were in proportion to the initial severity of the lesion. A significant correlation was noted between @entity1066 healing times and severity of the initial @entity1066 , the duration of the @entity1066 , and the group the @entity1 belonged to. No correlation was found between age, gender of the @entity1 and the etiology of the @entity1066 . In conclusion @entity40204 was shown effective in the treatment of @entity3179 , yielding healing more quickly than the standard treatment.

title: Treatment of XXXX with @entity40204 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer', 'ulcerous lesion']

entities_list: @entity40204 :: ('MESH:C007858', 'Chemical') :: ['sulodexide']

entities_list: @entity3179 :: ('MESH:D014647', 'Disease') :: ['venous leg ulcers', 'Venous ulcers']

answer: @entity3179 :: (MESH:D014647,Disease) :: ['venous leg ulcers']


abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate the antinociceptive activity of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. extract. The lyophilized extract was administered to male Swiss @entity19 . @entity406 paw test and tail flick tests were used for the evaluation of the antinociceptive activity. Plant extract (10, 25, 50 and 60 mg kg(-1), i.p.) (n = 16-24 for each group) or vehicle (n = 27) was administered 30 min before the subplantar @entity406 injection. In the tail flick test, @entity19 were examined for latency to withdraw their tails from a noxious thermal stimulus using a tail flick meter (n = 8 for each group). The effects of the extract on sensorimotor performance was also assessed (n = 16-24 for each group). The extract caused a significant dose-related inhibition of the first phase (50, 60 mg kg(-1), i.p.) and second phase (10, 25, 50 and 60 mg kg(-1), i.p.) of @entity406 induced hindpaw licking. Additionally, the extract administration (50, 60 mg kg(-1), i.p.) increased the tail flick latencies. No significant change was observed in any of the treatment groups in the sensorimotor performance test. The observed antinociceptive activity of the extract may be due to its @entity1063 and @entity750 reuptake blocking activity. Moreover, the probable antiinflammatory activity of the extract may play a role in the dose-related inhibition of the second phase of @entity406 paw test.

title: Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra. extract exhibits antinociceptive activity in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin', 'Formalin']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate to what extent antagonists of spinal neurotransmitters interact with the effects of sacral neuromodulation in a @entity35 model of a chronically hyperactive urinary bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In female @entity35 the urinary bladder was instilled with turpentine oil 2.5% to induce @entity2335 . After surviving for 10 days the @entity35 were anaesthetized with @entity4774 , the bladder catheterized and connected to a pressure transducer. Stimulating electrodes were placed in the sacral foramina bilaterally. The spinal cord was exposed by a laminectomy, and a small pool was placed on the cord for intrathecal administration of neurotransmitter antagonists. Sacral neuromodulation was applied before and after administering the antagonists. The antagonists used were: @entity3393 , an antagonist for @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors; CNQX, an antagonist for non- @entity143 receptors, and @entity51195 , a blocker of @entity842 synthase. RESULTS: With no electrical neuromodulation, @entity3393 and @entity51195 abolished the @entity2335 -induced bladder contractions for approximately 4 and approximately 37 min, respectively. The effect of CNQX was similar to that of artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Electrical sacral modulation with no antagonists also transiently abolished the bladder contractions; at the highest intensity used, the pause was 2-3 min. Superfusion of the spinal cord with CNQX reduced this effect of neuromodulation significantly, whereas @entity3393 had no influence, and @entity51195 increased the neuromodulation-induced pause. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that non- @entity143 receptors are involved in the effects of sacral neuromodulation, whereas @entity143 receptors appear to have no role. @entity842 is essential for maintaining the chronic hyperactive state of the urinary bladder.

title: Interaction between neurotransmitter antagonists and effects of sacral neuromodulation in XXXX with chronically hyperactive bladder.

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity4774 :: ('MESH:D014520', 'Chemical') :: ['urethane']

entities_list: @entity3393 :: ('MESH:D008559', 'Chemical') :: ['memantine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide', 'nitric oxide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, and liquid and acoustic reflex (AR) tests in the differential diagnosis of @entity2170 and discontinuity. DESIGN: A prospective clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. @entity1 : Thirty-nine @entity1 (46 ears) undergoing operations at University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan, from 1990 through 2003 for @entity2319 without perforation of the tympanic membrane. Clinical examinations for the preoperative diagnosis included pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, and liquid and AR tests. We compared the preoperative diagnosis with the surgical findings. RESULTS: Although neither pure-tone audiometry nor tympanometry contributed to the differential diagnosis of @entity66 , liquid and AR test results showed a significant difference between fixation and discontinuity of the ossicular chain. With the liquid test, bone conduction at lower frequencies was improved by filling the external auditory canal with water at lower frequencies in cases of @entity2170 . In contrast to the findings observed in @entity2170 , no improvement of the threshold of bone conduction was recognized at any frequency in the ears with ossicular discontinuity. In ipsilaterally stimulated AR, the reversed pattern was the most marked at 2000 and 500 Hz in @entity2170 and discontinuity, respectively. CONCLUSION: Liquid and AR tests are reliable examinations for the differential diagnosis of @entity2170 and discontinuity.

title: Preoperative evaluation of @entity66 in XXXX with @entity2319 without perforation of the tympanic membrane.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2170 :: ('MESH:C537142', 'Disease') :: ['ossicular fixation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['ossicular chain abnormality']

entities_list: @entity2319 :: ('MESH:D003638', 'Disease') :: ['conductive deafness']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: We report on a @entity1 with a @entity8882 (UPD(14)). At 7 years of age he was referred to us by the paediatrician because of symptoms of @entity6038 ( @entity6038 ). He showed @entity851 , @entity28 , mild @entity245 , @entity246 , and some mild @entity154 . The history further indicated @entity1592 at the end of the pregnancy. His mother was 44 years of age at the time of his birth. After birth he showed @entity2421 with poor sucking, for which gavage feeding was needed. Motor development was delayed. After 1 year he became @entity28 despite a normal appetite. Recurrent @entity2172 , a high @entity158 threshold, and a great skill with jigsaw puzzles were reported. There were no behavioural problems or @entity25 . Chromosomal analysis was normal (46,XY). DNA analysis for @entity6038 showed no abnormalities. Two years later he was re-examined because we thought his features fitted the @entity6038 -like phenotype associated with maternal UPD(14). At that time precocious puberty was evident. DNA analysis showed maternal heterodisomy for chromosome 14. In all the previously described 11 cases with maternal UPD(14), a Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 14 was detected cytogenetically before DNA analysis. This is the first report of diagnosis of maternal UPD(14) based on clinical features. This finding underlines the importance of DNA analysis for maternal UPD(14) in @entity1 with a similar @entity6038 -like phenotype even without previous identification of a Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 14.

title: @entity8882 in a XXXX with a normal karyotype.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['dysmorphic features']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short stature']

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear infections']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity246 :: ('MESH:D003456', 'Disease') :: ['cryptorchidism']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity1592 :: ('MESH:D005317', 'Disease') :: ['intrauterine growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia']

entities_list: @entity6038 :: ('MESH:D011218', 'Disease') :: ['PWS', 'Prader-Willi syndrome']

entities_list: @entity8882 :: ('MESH:D024182', 'Disease') :: ['maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbance']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['boy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of intraoperative high-field (1.5 Tesla) @entity2996 ( @entity2996 ) on the results of transsphenoidal surgery of GH-secreting @entity4611 . METHODS: Twenty-three acromegalic @entity1 (mean @entity5 size, 25 +/- 12 mm; untreated preoperative GH, 4.2-159 microg/l; @entity442 , 349-1111 microg/l) were investigated by intraoperative high-field @entity2996 . If intraoperative imaging depicted an accessible @entity5 remnant, resection was continued. RESULTS: In five @entity1 intraoperative @entity2996 led to further @entity5 removal, two of these met the consensus criteria for endocrine remission after 3 months. In two @entity1 basal GH and oral @entity413 tolerance test (OGTT) were <2 microg/l, only @entity442 was slightly elevated, and in one @entity1 GH was <5 microg/l and OGTT was 2 microg/l, with elevated @entity442 . Final intraoperative @entity2996 showed no @entity5 remnants in 14 @entity1 ; eight of them met the consensus criteria for remission of @entity2012 . In the @entity1 with @entity2996 showing incomplete removal (four suspect findings and five @entity1 with intended partial removal) none was normalized. CONCLUSION: With regard to the @entity1 with a @entity5 configuration in whom complete @entity5 removal was considered (n = 18), intraoperative @entity2996 increased the rate of endocrine normalization from 33 to 44% applying the consensus criteria, and improved endocrine outcome to 'nearly normalization' in another 17%. With regard to preoperative GH levels and @entity5 size, intraoperative @entity2996 can help to achieve endocrine remission in @entity1 who are normally considered not to be curable. However, taking GH as the @entity5 marker, even intraoperative high-field @entity2996 was not able to detect @entity5 remnants in every case.

title: Transsphenoidal surgery in XXXX investigated by intraoperative high-field @entity2996 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2996 :: ('MESH:C564543', 'Disease') :: ['MRI', 'magnetic resonance imaging']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary macroadenomas']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity29 is the result of both genes and environment. Canadian First Nations @entity1 , despite living in a region with a high prevalence of @entity29 , are relatively protected from this disease. We aimed to compare the carriage of genetic variants associated with @entity29 in healthy First Nations and white @entity1 . METHODS: DNA was extracted from the venous blood of healthy First Nations (n = 340) and white (n = 285) @entity1 from Manitoba. Genotyping was performed for 69 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with known or suspected associations with @entity29 . We compared the genotypes between groups by logistic regression, adjusting for multiple testing. We calculated a risk score for the @entity6820 gene by adding the number of risk alleles at three important @entity6820 SNPs ( @entity20717 , @entity20716 and @entity25732 ). RESULTS: We found genetic variation between white and First Nations @entity1 at 45 of 69 SNPs. Notably, carriage of the @entity10617 @entity30747 mutation was lower in First Nations @entity1 (p = 4.1   10(-30)). Cumulative carriage of important @entity6820 variants was significantly lower among First Nations @entity1 (3.9% v. 15.2%; p < 0.0001 for risk score) than among white @entity1 . Risk variants in @entity14283 (p = 0.014) and @entity18068 (p = 1.2   10(-16)), among others, were more prevalent among First Nations @entity1 than among white @entity1 . INTERPRETATION: The low prevalence of variants associated with bacterial processing and handling in First Nations @entity1 may explain their relative protection from @entity29 . Increased carriage of a number of risk variants, for example in the @entity21264 /Th17 pathway, is especially intriguing given their importance in other inflammatory diseases of high incidence in First Nations populations.

title: Prevalence of genetic variants associated with XXXX in a healthy First Nations cohort.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['Inflammatory bowel disease', 'inflammatory bowel disease']

answer: @entity29 :: (MESH:D015212,Disease) :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Extramedullary fixation of @entity173 involves the application of a plate and screws to the lateral side of the proximal femur. In external fixators, the stabilising component is held outside the thigh by pins or screws driven into the bone. OBJECTIVES: To compare different types of extramedullary fixation implants and external fixators for fixing extracapsular hip @entity174 in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (July 2005), various other databases, conference proceedings and reference lists. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing extramedullary implants or external fixators for fixing extracapsular hip @entity174 in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data. Data were pooled where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: The 14 included trials tested seven comparisons in a total of 2222 mainly female and older @entity1 . All trials had methodological flaws that may affect the validity of their results. Three trials comparing a fixed nail plate (Jewett or McLaughlin) with the @entity572 ( @entity572 ) found an increased risk of fixation failure for fixed nail plates. The two trials comparing the Resistance Augmented Bateaux (RAB) plate with the @entity572 had contrasting results, notably in terms of operative complications, fixation failure and anatomical restoration. One trial comparing the Pugh nail and the @entity572 found no significant difference between implants. Two trials compared the Medoff plate with the @entity572 . One trial reported higher blood losses and longer operation times for the Medoff plate. There was a lower risk of fixation failure with the Medoff plate for unstable @entity173 . Two trials compared the Medoff plate with three different screw-plate systems. There were no statistically significant differences in outcome for @entity173 . For subtrochanteric @entity174 , there was a lower fixation failure rate for the Medoff plate, but no evidence for differences in longer-term outcomes. Two trials comparing the Gotfried percutaneous plate with a @entity572 found a reduced @entity190 with the Gotfried plate. A higher intra-operative fixation failure rate of the Gotfried plate may indicate some restriction to its use. Two trials found less operative @entity130 for external fixation when compared with the @entity572 . Final outcome appeared similar. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The markedly increased fixation failure rate of fixed nail plates compared with the @entity572 is a major consideration and thus the @entity572 appears preferable. There was insufficient evidence from other comparisons to draw definite conclusions.

title: Extramedullary fixation implants and external fixators for extracapsular XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['trochanteric fractures', 'hip fractures']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['SHS', 'sliding hip screw']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fractures']


abstract: Both normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells in culture secrete @entity2290 ( @entity2290 ) into the culture medium. @entity2290 has been shown to have a direct association with invasive and metastatic potential of many types of @entity5 . We propose that @entity263 has the intrinsic ability to invade and metastasize because of its inherent ability to secrete the @entity563 protease @entity2290 . We further propose that in @entity263 , @entity2290 is the key enzyme which occupies a place at the apex of the proteolytic cascade and initiates the degradative process. Subsequently, collagenases are recruited after activation of procolla-genases by another @entity563 protease @entity1351 formed by the activation of plasminogen by @entity2290 . Extracellular proteolysis involving @entity1351 can cause massive degradation of the extracellular matrix. We show that @entity2290 alone can use fibronectin as a substrate and degrade it, but @entity2290 alone did not degrade laminin. Serum-free conditioned medium from DU-145 @entity1 @entity263 cells has the ability to degrade both fibronectin and laminin. However, treatment of cultures with 1 microM all-trans @entity1968 (RA) for 48 h reduced the ability of serum-free conditioned medium to cause @entity2290 -mediated degradation of fibronectin and laminin. Thus, RA had a protective effect on these extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Treatment of cells with RA also decreased their ability to invade Matrigel in the in vitro invasion assay in a dose-dependent manner. RA at the 0.5, 1, and 10 microM level reduced invasion to 65.7%, 46.7%, and 34.3% of control, respectively. RA reduced extracellular proteolysis and thus inhibited extracellular matrix degradation and invasion. These results may also explain one mechanism by which @entity4878 inhibit invasion and @entity3 in vitro and in vivo. These studies have important translational value in the chemoprevention of progression of @entity5436 to @entity189 .

title: Urokinase-mediated extracellular matrix degradation by @entity1 @entity263 cells and its inhibition by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic carcinoma', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity2290 :: ('5328', 'Gene') :: ['u-PA', 'urokinase-type plasminogen activator']

entities_list: @entity5436 :: ('MESH:D019048', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity1968 :: (MESH:D014212,Chemical) :: ['retinoic acid']


abstract: The current research was designed to determine the effect of @entity15280 in treatment of experimental @entity309 . Collagen-induced @entity625 was induced in Lewis @entity35 . The intramusculary administration of @entity15280 (ART) and intraperitoneally injection of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) were started on day 25 postimmunization and continued until final assessment on day 35. During this period, clinical examination was taken intermittently. The anticollagen type II antibody (CII Ab) and @entity842 synthesis were measured. The paws and kness were then removed for histopathology and radiography assay. The biocompatibility of ART and @entity1500 were assessed using @entity1492 cell line. Data showed that i.m. injection of ART to arthritic @entity35 induced a significant reduction in paw @entity4 . This beneficial effect was associated with a significant decrease in anti-CII antibody response compared with untreated @entity35 . Histopathological assessment showed a reduced inflammatory cell infiltrate in joints of treated @entity35 ; tissue @entity4 , and @entity79 in the paws were markedly reduced following ART therapy. Furthermore, our radiography results paralleled our histological findings. @entity137 analysis of ART showed greater tolerability compared with @entity1500 . Treatment with ART significantly diminished NO formation in treated @entity35 compared with nontreated controls. Our data shed light on the therapeutic efficacy of @entity15280 in experimental @entity309 compared with a choice drug ( @entity1499 ), and it may be offered as a second-line drug in treatment of @entity309 .

title: XXXX : a new therapeutic strategy in experimental @entity309 .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone erosion']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity15280 :: ('MESH:C032942', 'Chemical') :: ['artemether']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity15280 :: (MESH:C032942,Chemical) :: ['Artemether']


abstract: 1. Sulphur mustard ('mustard gas', @entity2033 ) is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent which affects the skin and respiratory tract. The primary targets of inhaled @entity2033 are the epithelia of the upper respiratory tract. @entity1332 (HMT) has been shown to protect @entity1 lung cells against @entity137 and has also been shown to be effective in vivo against the chemical warfare agent @entity31853 . The ability of HMT to protect against the @entity137 of @entity2033 was investigated in the @entity1 upper respiratory tract cell lines BEAS-2B and RPMI 2650. 2. @entity2033 was highly toxic to both cell lines, with LC50 values of 15-30 microM. HMT, at a concentration of 10 mM, was shown to protect the cell lines against the toxic effects of 20 microM and 40 microM @entity2033 . Results demonstrated that it was necessary for HMT to be in situ at the time of exposure to @entity2033 for effective cytoprotection. No protection was seen when cells were treated with HMT following exposure to @entity2033 , or where HMT was removed prior to @entity2033 exposure. 3. Results suggest that HMT may be effective prophylaxis for exposure to @entity2033 by inhalation.

title: Protection of @entity1 upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur XXXX by @entity1332 (HMT).

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'HD toxicity']

entities_list: @entity1332 :: ('MESH:D008709', 'Chemical') :: ['Hexamethylenetetramine']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['mustard toxicity']


abstract: Carriers of @entity5337 and @entity556 @entity14553 gene mutations have an increased risk of developing @entity1031 events and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. The objective of the present study was to identify risk factors which may predispose carriers of @entity5337 and/or @entity556 @entity14553 gene mutations to develop @entity1031 events and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. A retrospective case-control study of 217 carriers of @entity5337 and/or @entity556 @entity14553 gene mutations at two tertiary centers between January 2000 and December 2006. Symptomatic carriers (cases) were compared with asymptomatic carriers (controls) for the following risk factors: environmental, cardiovascular, family history of @entity715 , and presence of other @entity49 . For female carriers, we included the use of female hormones, pregnancy, and the postpartum period. Of the 217 carriers, there were 155 (71%) cases and 62 (29%) controls. Of the 155 cases, 90 (58%) had @entity49 and 26 (17%) arterial @entity715 . Among the 123 symptomatic female carriers, 55 (45%) had recurrent pregnancy losses and nine (7%) other adverse outcomes of pregnancy. The postoperative state and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies were risk factors for @entity1031 events and adverse outcomes of pregnancy in 10 (6%) and 22 (13%) cases, respectively. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in symptomatic carriers increased the risk of developing @entity1031 events 4.4-fold. The postoperative state and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies were significant risk factors for @entity1031 events and adverse outcomes of pregnancy among @entity5337 and/or @entity556 @entity14553 gene mutation carriers. Testing for the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies may be warranted in @entity5337 and/or @entity556 @entity14553 gene mutation carriers who develop these adverse clinical manifestations.

title: Risk factors for clinical manifestations in carriers of XXXX and @entity556 gene mutations.

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis', 'thrombophilias']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity5337 :: (2153,Gene) :: ['Factor V Leiden']


abstract: In this study, we investigated the effects of @entity46817 ( @entity4743 ) on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis in @entity1 bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells. Cells were treated with various doses of @entity4743 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 8.0mM) for 12, 24 or 36h. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by @entity98 assay and flow cytometer, respectively. The results showed that @entity4743 inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induced significant apoptosis in 16HBE cells. Apoptosis related proteins measurement results revealed that @entity4743 -induced apoptosis was concurrent with the increasing of @entity589 and cleavage fragment @entity522 and the decreasing of @entity588 and full length @entity522 . When cells were incubated with 2.0mM of @entity4743 for several time intervals, S and G2/M phase accumulation was observed. Further analysis indicated that both @entity4743 -induced G1/S transition acceleration and S arrest resulted in S phase accumulation, and that @entity4743 -induced G2/M arrest resulted in G2/M phase accumulation. Western blotting results demonstrated that after @entity4743 treatment p- @entity23902 (Ser345) and p- @entity9516 (Thr68) levels decreased in G1 cells, and increased in S and G2/M cells. In addition, the increasing of @entity23902 and @entity9516 were also induced by @entity4743 treatment. With the increase in the dose of @entity4743 , @entity876 levels first increased (0.5-4.0mM) and then decreased (8.0mM). Down-regulation of @entity876 by RNA interference increased 4.0mM of @entity4743 -induced apoptosis but did not affect 2.0mM @entity4743 -induced cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, @entity4743 inhibits 16HBE cells proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent behavior. Within the sublethal dose, @entity4743 induces S and G2/M arrest through activating DNA damage checkpoints. Within the lethal dose, @entity4743 induces apoptosis through evoking apoptosis programs. @entity876 might play an important role in the transition between evoking cell cycle arrest/pro-survival and apoptosis programs upon @entity4743 exposure.

title: @entity46817 -induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in XXXX bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells.

entities_list: @entity46817 :: ('MESH:C011612', 'Chemical') :: ['diethyl sulfate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Prior studies suggest adverse associations between out-of-hospital advanced airway management (AAM) and @entity1 outcomes after @entity130 . This secondary analysis of data from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Hypertonic Saline Trial evaluated associations between out-of-hospital AAM and outcomes in @entity1 suffering isolated severe @entity131 ( @entity131 ) or @entity548 . METHODS: This multicentre study included adults with severe @entity131 (GCS  <=8) or @entity548 (SBP  <=70 mm Hg, or (SBP 71-90 mm Hg and heart rate >= 108 bpm)). We compared @entity1 receiving out-of-hospital AAM with those receiving emergency department AAM. We evaluated the associations between airway strategy and @entity1 outcomes (28-day mortality, and 6-month poor neurologic or functional outcome) and airway strategy, adjusting for confounders. Analysis was stratified by (1) @entity1 with isolated severe @entity131 and (2) @entity1 with @entity548 with or without severe @entity131 . RESULTS: Of 2135 @entity1 , we studied 1116 @entity131 and 528 shock; excluding 491 who died in the field, did not receive AAM or had missing data. In the shock cohort, out-of-hospital AAM was associated with increased 28-day mortality (adjusted OR 5.14; 95% CI 2.42 to 10.90). In @entity131 , out-of-hospital AAM showed a tendency towards increased 28-day mortality (adjusted OR 1.57; 95% CI 0.93 to 2.64) and 6-month poor functional outcome (1.63; 1.00 to 2.68), but these differences were not statistically significant. Out-of-hospital AAM was associated with poorer 6-month @entity131 neurologic outcome (1.80; 1.09 to 2.96). CONCLUSIONS: Out-of-hospital AAM was associated with increased mortality after @entity548 . The adverse association between out-of-hospital AAM and injury outcome is most pronounced in @entity1 with @entity548 .

title: Association of out-of-hospital advanced airway management with outcomes after @entity131 and XXXX in the ROC hypertonic saline trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['TBI', 'traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['major trauma']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic shock']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: Fetal membranes consist of 10 distinct layers including components of amnion, chorion and decidua, the latter being of maternal origin. They form mechanically integrated sheets capable of retaining amniotic fluid and play an essential role in protecting fetal growth and development in the pregnant uterus. The extracellular matrix, substrate for plasminogen activators (PAs), is an important supportive framework of the fetal membranes. Fetal membranes from @entity1 with preterm @entity397 of membranes may differ in their protease activity compared with normal membranes. To identify the presence of PAs and their inhibitors (PAI) and their possible role in the process of fetal membrane rupture, this study investigated the distribution and localization of both protein and mRNA for tissue (t) and urokinase (u) PA and their inhibitors type 1 ( @entity2289 ) and type 2 ( @entity10933 ) in amniochorion of @entity1 and @entity2608 using conventional and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. In situ hybridization analysis showed that the distribution and localization of mRNAs for tPA, @entity2290 , @entity2289 and @entity10933 were similar in the fetal membranes of @entity1 and @entity2608 ; no obvious species difference was observed. Evidence of tPA mRNA was detected in amniotic epithelium, trophoblast cells and nearly all cells of the decidual layer. Strong expression of @entity2290 mRNA was noted in the decidual cells which increased in intensity as the abscission point was approached. Weak staining in chorion laeve trophoblast was also detected. In situ hybridization experiments showed @entity2289 mRNA to be concentrated mainly in the decidual cells, some of which were interposed into the maternal-facing edge of the chorion laeve. Maximal labelling of the decidua occurred towards the zone of abscission. Weak expression of @entity2289 mRNA was also noted in some cells of the chorion laeve. The distribution of @entity10933 mRNA in amniochorion was also concentrated in the cells of the decidual layer, maximum expression of the mRNA was in the level of abscission. No detectable amount of mRNAs for tPA, @entity2290 , @entity2289 and @entity10933 was found in the fibroblast, reticular and spongy layers. Distribution of the proteins of tPA, @entity2290 and @entity2289 in the fetal membranes of these two species was consistent with the distribution of their mRNA. Anti- @entity10933 immunofluorescence was found to be strongly concentrated in the amniotic epithelium, but @entity10933 mRNA was negative in this layer, suggesting that the epithelium-associated @entity10933 is not of epithelial origin. These findings suggest that a local fibrinolysis in fetal membranes generated by precisely balanced expression of PAs and their inhibitors via paracrine or autocrine mechanisms may play an essential role in fetal membrane development, maturation and in membrane rupture. Following an analysis of the distribution and synthesis of activators and inhibitors it was found that they may play a role in abscission during the third stage of labour.

title: Localization and distribution of tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators and their inhibitors Type 1 and 2 in @entity1 and XXXX fetal membranes.

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['premature rupture']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkey']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkey']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence or the effect of the extracts of Brysocarpus coccineus leaves on the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT) pore opening in @entity35 with a view to establishing if any bioactive constituent of the plant could become useful in the chemotherapy of @entity5 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of extracts of the leaves of Brysocarpus coccineus, a medicinal plant with anti- @entity5 , anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, were assessed on @entity35 liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT) pore in the presence and absence of @entity460 in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The results obtained show that @entity460 ions induced the opening of MMPT pore significantly (P < 0.05) in @entity35 liver mitochondria, while @entity8037 inhibited @entity460 -induced opening of pore, indicating that the mitochondria were intact ab initio. The results further revealed the inhibitory effects of different concentrations (200, 600, 1000, 1400, and 1800 microg/ml) of the various extracts of the leaves compared with @entity8037 . Specifically, the data revealed that @entity3636 and @entity1046 extracts reversed @entity460 -induced opening of MMPT pore in a concentration-dependent manner (74%, 79%, 85%, 86%, 87%) for the @entity3636 extract and (36%, 37%, 59%, 71% and 83%) for the @entity1046 extract, respectively. On the contrary, pre-incubation of normal healthy mitochondria with the extracts in the absence of @entity460 resulted in the induction of the MMPT pore opening to varying degrees by these concentrations of the extracts. The @entity3636 extract induced pore opening in a concentration-dependent manner in the order 2.4, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 and 3.0 folds while the @entity1046 extracts induced the opening of the pore by 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.3 and 1.4 folds between 200-1800 microg/ml, respectively. The results obtained using @entity35 orally exposed to various doses of @entity1042 extract of the leaves of B. coccineus for fourteen days showed that there was significant (p < 0.05) induction of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore opening in the absence of @entity460 in a dose-dependent manner. Maximum induction of 26-fold was obtained at 200 mg/kgbwt while the least dose (50 mg/kgbwt) gave 17 fold induction. CONCLUSION: The ability of the extracts of B. coccineus to induce MMPT pore opening in the absence of @entity460 in vitro and in vivo suggest that the leaves of the plant contain certain bioactive substances capable of inducing MMPT opening either in the original form or as formed biotrans derivative with eventual release of apoptotic proteins which may lead to apoptosis. The property of the extracts could be exploited for @entity5 chemotherapy when increased rate of apoptosis is required.

title: Effects of extracts of the leaves of Brysocarpus coccineus on XXXX liver mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MMPT) pore.

entities_list: @entity1046 :: ('MESH:C007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylacetate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity8037 :: ('MESH:D013096', 'Chemical') :: ['spermine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure the effect of breastfeeding on hospitalization for @entity1729 in the first 8 months after birth in contemporary United Kingdom. METHODS: The study was a population-based survey (sweep 1 of the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study). Data on @entity1 feeding, @entity1 health, and a range of confounding factors were available for 15,890 healthy, singleton, term @entity1 who were born in 2000-2002. The main outcome measures were parental report of hospitalization for @entity294 and lower @entity1729 in the first 8 months after birth. RESULTS: Seventy percent of @entity1 were breastfed (ever), 34% received breast milk for at least 4 months, and 1.2% were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 months. By 8 months of age, 12% of @entity1 had been hospitalized (1.1% for @entity294 and 3.2% for lower @entity1729 ). Data analyzed by month of age, with adjustment for confounders, show that exclusive breastfeeding, compared with not breastfeeding, protects against hospitalization for @entity294 and lower @entity1729 . The effect of partial breastfeeding is weaker. Population-attributable fractions suggest that an estimated 53% of @entity294 hospitalizations could have been prevented each month by exclusive breastfeeding and 31% by partial breastfeeding. Similarly, 27% of lower @entity1729 hospitalizations could have been prevented each month by exclusive breastfeeding and 25% by partial breastfeeding. The protective effect of breastfeeding for these outcomes wears off soon after breastfeeding cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding, particularly when exclusive and prolonged, protects against severe morbidity in contemporary United Kingdom. A population-level increase in exclusive, prolonged breastfeeding would be of considerable potential benefit for public health.

title: Breastfeeding and hospitalization for diarrheal and XXXX in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory tract infection', 'diarrheal and lower respiratory tract infections']

answer: @entity1729 :: (MESH:D012141,Disease) :: ['respiratory infection']


abstract: There is little information regarding the presentation, biologic behaviour, treatment and prognosis in @entity468 with @entity6444 ( @entity6444 ), and further investigation is needed to characterize this disease in @entity468 . The goal of this study was to describe the clinical presentation, response to treatment and prognosis of feline @entity6444 . A multi-institutional retrospective study of 18 @entity468 diagnosed with @entity6444 between 2000 and 2010 was performed. @entity6444 was defined as the presence of a mature lymphocytosis (>9000 lymphocytes   L(-1) ) and confirmation of an immunophenotypically monomorphic or clonal lymphoid population. Each @entity1 was required to also have at least one of the two following criteria: (1) concurrent cytopenia of at least one cell line and/or (2) >15% mature lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Data on signalment, history, clinical signs, clinicopathologic features and response to treatment were reviewed. Median age of the @entity468 at initial presentation was 12.5 years (range: 5-20 years). The most common presenting complaint was chronic @entity353 , which was present in 8/18 (44%) @entity468 . Sixteen of 18 (89%) @entity468 were treated with @entity5805 and @entity617 ; four of these @entity468 also received @entity1891 . Two (11%) @entity468 were treated with multi-agent injectable chemotherapy (L-CHOP, l-asparaginase, @entity786 , @entity632 , @entity1891 , @entity617 ). Eighty-eight percent of @entity468 evaluable for response achieved a complete (nine @entity468 ) or partial (six @entity468 ) remission. Median overall remission was 15.7 months (range: 1.3-22.8 months). The median overall survival in the 17 @entity468 with follow-up data was 14.4 months (range: 0.9-25.3 months). Results of this study suggest that @entity6444 affects older-aged @entity468 and responds favourably to treatment with oral @entity5805 and @entity617 .

title: XXXX in the cat: 18 cases (2000-2010).

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity6444 :: ('MESH:D015461', 'Disease') :: ['chronic lymphocytic leukaemia', 'CLL']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity6444 :: (MESH:D015461,Disease) :: ['Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia']


abstract: Drugs of abuse and their @entity1 metabolites have been recently recognized as emerging environmental contaminants. Notwithstanding the fact that these kinds of compounds share some features with pharmaceuticals, their ecotoxicology has not yet been extensively investigated, although some of their characteristics may potentially threaten aquatic ecosystems. One of the most abundant drugs found in rivers and wastewaters is @entity3234 (BE), the main metabolite of @entity2072 . We applied a redox proteomics approach to evaluate changes in the proteome of Dreissena polymorpha exposed to two different concentrations of BE (0.5 and 1   g/l). Exposures were performed in vivo for a period of 14 days and the effect of oxidative stress on protein @entity1432 and @entity6738 groups in mussel gills were evaluated. One-dimensional electrophoresis did not reveal a reduction in protein @entity1432 content but showed a significant @entity101 at both doses tested. Then, protein profiling using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed with subsequent @entity66 ( @entity66 ) and @entity215 / @entity215 with LIFT technique and linear ion trap combined with orbitrap mass spectrometer (LTQ-Orbitrap). This yielded de novo protein sequences suitable for database searching. These preliminary results and protein identifications obtained suggest that BE causes oxidative stress. Oxidative modifications were detected in differing classes of proteins such as those of the cytoskeleton, energetic metabolism and stress response.

title: A redox proteomic investigation of oxidative stress caused by XXXX in the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increase of protein carbonylation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['MALDI-TOF', 'matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight']

entities_list: @entity6738 :: ('CHEBI:23019', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonyl']

entities_list: @entity3234 :: ('MESH:C005618', 'Chemical') :: ['benzoylecgonine']

answer: @entity3234 :: (MESH:C005618,Chemical) :: ['benzoylecgonine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study determined the prevalence of @entity1576 and immediate @entity56 among fur farmers and fur garment workers and measured the pulmonary function of these groups of workers. METHODS: Fur farmers (N=188) and fur garment workers (N=175) were compared with workers in a factory producing @entity9031 products (N=181) and bank and health center workers (N=118), respectively. The groups were given a self-administered questionnaire, lung function tests (spirometry, diffusing capacity), and skin prick tests to common environmental allergens, and epithelium (hair) and urine of fur animals. RESULTS: @entity2194 were significantly more common among the fur garment workers than among their referents, but were not associated with @entity402 . Between the fur farmers and their referents, the symptom prevalence did not differ significantly. Smoking explained the lower forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second of the fur garment workers. The prevalence of positive skin tests did not differ significantly between the exposed group and their respective referents. The skin tests showed cross-reactivity between antibodies to fur and domestic animal allergens. As confirmed by a questionnaire sent to former fur workers, selection took place for both groups of fur workers. CONCLUSIONS: Fur garment workers have an excess of @entity2490 and @entity2194 , which primarily appear to be nonimmunologic. @entity566 to fur animals forces sensitized workers, especially asthmatics, to leave the trade. A supplementary questionnaire to former workers on pertinent exposures and reasons for leaving a particular job can be recommended for use in prevalence studies.

title: Respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function and XXXX to fur animals among fur farmers and fur garment workers.

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['Rhinitis symptoms and eye complaints', 'eye symptoms']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity to fur allergens']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory symptoms']

entities_list: @entity9031 :: ('MESH:D011145', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl']

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergy']


abstract: <AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">By providing estimates of tumor glucose me @entity5 i @entity413 -fluorodeoxyg @entity419 on tomography (FDG-PET) can potentially characterize the response of breast tumors to @entity0 o assess therapy response, serial measurements of FDG-PET parameters (derived from static and/or dynamic images) can be obtained at different time points during the course of treatment. However, most studies track the changes in average parameter values obtained from the whole tumor, thereby d @entity5 ding all spatial information manifested in tumor heterogene @entity5 Here, we propose a method whereby serially acquired FDG-PET breast data sets can be spatially co-registered to enable the spatial comparison of parameter maps at the voxel level. METHODS: The goal is to optimally register normal tissues while simultaneously preventing tumor distortion @entity5 order to accomplish this, we constructed a PET support device to enable PET/CT imaging of the breasts of ten patients in the @entity1 sition and applied a mutual information-based rigid body registration followed by a non-rigid registration. The non-rigid registration algorithm extended the adaptive bases algorithm (ABA) by incorporating a tumor volume-pre @entity5 ng constraint, which computed the Jacobian determinant over the tumor regions as @entity5 ined on the PET/CT images, into the cost function. We tested this approach on ten breast cancer pa @entity0 o @entity1 djuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: By both qualitative and quantitative evaluation, our constrained algorithm yielded significantly less tumor distortion @entity5 the unconstrained algorithm: considering the tumor volume det @entity5 ed from standard uptake value maps, the post-registration median tumor volume cha @entity5 and the 25th and 75th quantiles were 3.42% (0%, 13.39%) and 16.93% (9.21%, 49.93%) for the constrained and unconstrained algorithms, respectively (p   =   0.002), while the bending energy (a measure of the smoothness of the deformation) was 0.0015 (0.0005, 0.012) and 0.017 (0.005, 0.044), respectively (p   =   0.005). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the constrained ABA algorithm can accurately align prone breast FDG-PET images acquired at different time points while keeping the tumor from being @entity5 tantially compressed or distorted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00474604.

title: An algorithm for longitudinal registration of PET/CT images acquired during neoadjuvant chemotherapy in XXXX : preliminary results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumors']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['18F-fluorodeoxyglucose']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity45 constitute a very rare clinical entity. They may occur secondary to @entity130 or even being more seldom due to parasitic @entity277 , mainly caused by ecchinocccus granulosus. Literature lacks a defined concencus including the treatment plans and follow up strategies, nor long term results of the @entity1 . In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnosis, management of @entity1 with parasitic and non-parasitic @entity45 together with their long term follow up progresses. METHODS: Twenty-four @entity1 with @entity45 have undergone surgery in our department over the last 9 years. Data from eighteen of the twenty-four @entity1 were collected prospectively, while data from six were retrospectively collected. All @entity1 were assessed in terms of age, gender, hospital stay, preoperative diagnosis, additional disease, serology, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), cyst recurrences and treatment. RESULTS: In this study, the majority of @entity1 presented with abdominal discomfort and palpable @entity4 in the left hypochondrium. All @entity1 were operated on electively. The @entity1 included 14 female and 10 male @entity1 , with a mean age of 44.77 years (range 20-62). Splenic hydatid cysts were present in 16 @entity1 , one of whom also had liver hydatid cysts (6.25%). Four other @entity1 were operated on for a @entity45 (16%) two @entity1 for an epithelial cyst, and the last two for @entity2696 . Of the 16 @entity1 diagnosed as having splenic hydatit cysts, 11 (68.7%) were correctly diagnosed. Only two of these @entity1 were administered @entity9158 therapy pre-operatively because of the risk of @entity66 The mean follow-up period was 64 months (6-108). There were no recurrences of @entity45 . CONCLUSION: Surgeons should keep in mind the possibility of a @entity45 when no definitive alternative diagnosis can be made. In the treatment of @entity8434 , @entity9158 therapy is not necessary, although it is crucial to perform splenectomy without @entity397 and spilling the cysts.

title: Diagnostic problems with parasitic and non-parasitic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multicystic disease']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity9158 :: ('MESH:C031000', 'Chemical') :: ['benzimidazole']

entities_list: @entity277 :: ('MESH:D013984', 'Disease') :: ['infestations']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['splenic hydatidosis']

entities_list: @entity2696 :: ('MESH:D008202', 'Disease') :: ['splenic lymphangioma']

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['rupturing']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['splenic cysts', 'simple cyst', 'parasitic cyst']

answer: @entity45 :: (MESH:D010181,Disease) :: ['splenic cysts']


abstract: To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of benign functioning @entity822 causing @entity699 , we employed suppression PCR-based cDNA subtractive hybridization to identify novel genes that are differentially expressed in the @entity652 . In this report we describe the @entity652 -specific overexpression of the @entity1 homolog of the Diminuto/Dwarf1 (hDiminuto) gene. Northern blot analysis revealed that hDiminuto mRNA was overexpressed in the @entity652 tissue of 14 @entity1 with @entity699 in comparison to the adjacent nontumorous adrenal gland. In situ hybridization using hDiminuto cRNA probe showed its abundant expression in the @entity5 cells, whereas the nontumorous cells showed a low level of expression. As the @entity3202 adjacent gland may not represent the normal architecture, we examined the expression pattern of hDiminuto mRNA in normal @entity1 adrenal cortex. In situ hybridization revealed that it was expressed in all layers of the normal adrenal cortex. In situ apoptosis detection by the TUNEL method revealed that a low level of hDiminuto expression in the @entity3202 , adjacent gland was associated with numerous TUNEL-positive cells in all layers of cortex. In contrast almost no apoptotic cell was detected in the @entity5 or in the normal adrenal cortex where hDiminuto expression was abundant. These results are compatible with a recent report that hDiminuto acts as an antiapoptotic factor in neurons. The expression of hDiminuto in the normal adrenal cortex was most abundant in the @entity4091 , suggesting its possible regulation by ACTH/ @entity268 . Indeed, @entity1928 treatment of H295R @entity1 adrenocortical cells resulted in a significant induction of the mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. To further demonstrate the physiological regulation, an in vivo experiment was carried out in @entity619 -treated @entity35 . ACTH administration to these @entity35 increased the mRNA expression. These results led us to speculate that the overexpression of hDiminuto in the @entity652 could be due to the abundant expression of @entity4787 , as we previously described. Diminuto is involved in @entity134 synthesis and cell elongation in plants. We, therefore, hypothesize that hDiminuto might be involved in the molecular events of adrenocortical tumorigenesis by facilitating steroid synthesis and cell growth.

title: The XXXX homolog of Diminuto/Dwarf1 gene (hDiminuto): a novel ACTH-responsive gene overexpressed in benign cortisol-producing @entity822 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['zona fasciculata']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity822 :: ('MESH:D018246', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical adenomas']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PRINCIPLES: @entity1229 -induced @entity548 are rare. Clinical and laboratory findings are not specific for the diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) has some advantages in the evaluation of these @entity1 . The aim of this study is to report our experience regarding @entity548 due to @entity1229 , and describe clinical and CT findings, treatment, and prognosis of the @entity1 . METHODS: We reviewed our CT archive to search @entity1 with @entity548 caused by @entity1229 treatment retrospectively. A total of seven @entity1 with @entity1229 -induced @entity548 were included in this study. RESULTS: Four @entity1 had @entity490 , two @entity1 had @entity811 , and one @entity1 had @entity490 and @entity811 . There was @entity548 in three @entity1 on abdominal CT. One @entity1 had @entity548 and the jejunum, another had @entity548 , and another had @entity548 in the perirenal area and the retroperitoneal region. In the last @entity1 with @entity811 , there was no @entity548 . None of the @entity1 had a lesion-causing @entity548 . @entity1229 was stopped, and @entity2067 and fresh-frozen plasma were given to @entity1 . One @entity1 with @entity548 died, whereas other @entity1 were successfully treated using conservative approaches. CONCLUSIONS: @entity811 and @entity490 are the most common complaints in @entity1229 -induced @entity548 . CT can be the first imaging modality in these @entity1 due to its ability to directly evaluate all peritoneal and retroperitoneal structures. It also allows evaluation of any underlying lesion that can cause @entity548 from the renal area and the urinary tract. Conservative treatment is the first choice, and prognosis is good when diagnosed early.

title: XXXX -induced @entity548 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage in the renal pelvis and the perirenal area', 'retroperitoneal hemorrhage', 'massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage', 'renal and retroperitoneal hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage', 'renal and retroperitoneal hemorrhages', 'hemorrhage in the renal pelvis']

entities_list: @entity2067 :: ('MESH:D014812', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin K']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria', 'Hematuria']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['Coumadin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['Coumadin']


abstract: Recently the existence of 'heavy chain' immunoglobulins in Camelidae has been described. However, as yet there is no data on the binding of this type of antibody to haptens. In addition, it was not a priori predictable whether the binding domains (VHH) of these antibodies could be produced and secreted by the lower eukaryotic micro-organism @entity375 . In the present study these questions are addressed. Heavy chain immunoglobulins directed against two hapten molecules, the @entity24740 -dyes RR6 and RR120 as well as the (proteinaceous) @entity1 pregnancy hormone, have been raised in @entity7857 . We were able to select specific VHH fragments for all three antigens by direct screening of @entity526 or @entity375 libraries, even without prior enrichment via bio-panning. This is the first example of the isolation of llama anti-hapten VHH domains. Surprisingly, the affinities of the @entity7857 VHHs for the RR6 hapten obtained in this way are in the low nM range. Furthermore, some of the antigen specific VHHs were secreted by @entity375 at levels over 100 mg l-1 in shake flask cultures. These two findings extend the possible application areas for the @entity7857 VHH fragments significantly.

title: Isolation of antigen specific llama VHH antibody fragments and their high level secretion by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7857 :: ('9844', 'Species') :: ['llama', 'Lama glama']

entities_list: @entity375 :: ('4932', 'Species') :: ['yeast', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'S. cerevisiae']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity375 :: (4932,Species) :: ['Saccharomyces cerevisiae']