abstract: @entity6599 ( @entity3474 ) were injected in the leg muscle with 18,000 20 Krad irradiated schistosomula of @entity4114 . Four protocols were followed: single, primary injection; single injection into animals primed by patent @entity4114 @entity281 ; secondary vaccine injection following an earlier injection; and single injection following @entity2039 treatment of infected animals. Injection of the putative vaccine elicited localized mixed inflammatory infiltration at the site of injection which was both intense and prolonged. Three grades of tissue reaction were seen: the relatively mild primary response; the response in infected animals which had enhanced tissue @entity1712 ; and the response in animals primed by prior injection and drug-treated prior @entity281 . The latter 2 showed intensification of @entity1712 , stellate abscesses in the lesion centers, and perischistosomular Hoeppli precipitates. Intramuscular lesions peaked at 14 days for the primary response and at 7 days for all secondary responses. Traces of the milder lesions persisted beyond 4 weeks; more severe reactions healed more rapidly. Some schistosomula survived for 14 days in the milder reactions. A few larvae were deposited in the skin by backflushing of the injectate which produced @entity32 . Compared to @entity19 , live schistosome vaccines injected into @entity6599 elicited greater @entity32 ; however, while evidence suggested that sporadic vaccine schistosomula did reach the lymphatic nodes draining the injection sites, no systemic lesions were found and the injection sites healed in approximately 5-6 weeks without permanent damage.

title: Pathology resulting from the administration of a live attenuated anti- XXXX haematobium vaccine in @entity6599 .

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['local inflammation']

entities_list: @entity3474 :: ('9555', 'Species') :: ['Papio anubis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity6599 :: ('9557', 'Species') :: ['baboons', 'Baboons']

entities_list: @entity4114 :: ('6185', 'Species') :: ['Schistosoma haematobium', 'S. haematobium']

entities_list: @entity2039 :: ('MESH:D011223', 'Chemical') :: ['praziquantel']

answer: @entity4114 :: (6185,Species) :: ['Schistosoma']


abstract: The capsid proteins of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have five conserved @entity462 residues. Structural analysis of AAV serotype 2 reveals that @entity2569 289 and @entity2569 361 are located adjacent to each other within each monomer, while @entity2569 230 and @entity2569 394 are located on opposite edges of each subunit and juxtaposed at the pentamer interface. The @entity2569 482 residue is located at the base of a surface loop within the trimer region. Although plausible based on molecular dynamics simulations, intra- or inter-subunit @entity1525 have not been observed in structural studies. In the current study, we generated a panel of @entity2569 -to-Ser mutants to interrogate the potential for @entity1520 bond formation in AAV capsids. The @entity48697 , @entity48698 and @entity48699 mutants were similar to wild type AAV with regard to titer and transduction efficiency. However, AAV capsid protein subunits with @entity48700 or @entity48701 mutations were prone to proteasomal degradation within the host cells. Proteasomal inhibition partially blocked degradation of mutant capsid proteins, but failed to rescue infectious virions. While these results suggest that the @entity2569 230/394 pair is critical, a @entity48702 mutant was found viable, but not the corresponding @entity48703 mutant. Although the exact nature of the structural contribution(s) of @entity2569 230 and @entity2569 394 residues to AAV capsid formation remains to be determined, these results support the notion that @entity1520 bond formation within the @entity2569 289/361 or @entity2569 230/394 pair appears to be nonessential. These studies represent an important step towards understanding the role of inter-subunit interactions that drive AAV capsid assembly.

title: Intra- and inter-subunit XXXX bond formation is nonessential in adeno-associated viral capsids.

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

entities_list: @entity1525 :: ('MESH:D004220', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfides']

answer: @entity1520 :: (CHEBI:48343,Chemical) :: ['disulfide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the body fat distribution and fat cell size and number in an overweight/ @entity28 population from both genders, and to determine the possible relationship between fat cell data from three different adipose tissue localizations (subcutaneous (SA), perivisceral and omental) and adipose tissue composition and dietary @entity844 . DESIGN: The sample consisted of 84 overweight/ @entity28 @entity1 (29 @entity1 and 55 @entity1 ) who have undergone abdominal surgery. The adipocyte size and total fat cell number was studied. Fat cell data were related with anthropometric, adipose tissue and subject's habitual diet @entity844 composition. MEASUREMENTS: Fat cell size was measured according to a Sj  str  m method from the three adipose depots. Total fat cell number was also calculated. The @entity844 composition of adipose tissue was examined by gas chromatography. The subjects diet was studied by a 7 days dietary record. RESULTS: Our data showed a negative relationship between the adipocyte size and the n-6 and n-3 @entity1718 content of the SA adipose tissue (r=-0.286, P=0,040; r=-0.300, P=0.030) respectively, and the n-6 in the omental depots (r=-0.407, P=0.049) in the total population. Positive associations with the total of saturated (r=0.357, P=0.045) and negative (r=-0.544, P=0.001) with the n-9 @entity1718 were observed when the relationship between the adipocyte number and the @entity844 composition of the different anatomical fat regions was studied. Dietary @entity1718 composition positively correlated with fat cell size for the @entity18257 (14:0) in @entity1 in the visceral depot (r=0.822, P=0.023), and for the @entity1718 ( @entity10194 ) in @entity1 in the omental depot (r=0.486, P=0.035). CONCLUSION: In the present study, for the first time in @entity1 we found that n-3 and n-6 @entity1718 are related to a reduced adipocyte size according to the depot localization. In contrast, adipose tissue and dietary @entity10194 significantly correlated with an increase in fat cell size and number. No significant associations were found between n-9 acids content and adipocyte size. However, n-9 adipose tissue @entity1718 content was inversely associated with fat cell number showing that this type of @entity844 could limit @entity1373 in @entity28 populations. The differences observed in the three different regions, perivisceral, omental and SA fat, indicate that this population adipose tissue have depot-specific differences.

title: Relationship between fat cell size and number and @entity844 composition in adipose tissue from different fat depots in overweight/ XXXX @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity18257 :: ('MESH:D019814', 'Chemical') :: ['myristic acid']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids', 'saturated fatty acids']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Results of awake craniotomy are compared to results of resections done under general anesthesia in @entity1 operated with IMRI control. We hypothesized that stimulation of the cortex and white matter during awake surgery supplements IMRI control allowing for safer resection of eloquent @entity1313 . METHODS: The study group consisted of 20 consecutive @entity1 undergoing awake craniotomy with IMRI control. Resection outcome of these @entity1 was compared to a control group of 20 @entity1 operated in the same IMRI suite but under general anesthesia without cortical stimulation. The control group was composed of those @entity1 whose age, sex, @entity5 location, recurrence and histology best matched to @entity1 in study group. RESULTS: Cortical stimulation identified functional cortex in eight @entity1 (40 %). Postoperatively the @entity16 in 16 @entity1 (80 %) in the study group was unchanged or improved compared with 13 @entity1 (65 %) in the control group. In both groups, three @entity1 (15 %) had transient @entity73 . There was one @entity1 (5 %) with permanent @entity16 in the study group compared to four @entity1 (20 %) in the control group. These differences between groups were not statistically significant. There was no surgical mortality in either group and the overall infection rate was 5 %. Mean operation time was 4 h 45 min in the study group and 3 h 15 min in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The study consisted of a limited @entity1 series, but it implies that awake craniotomy with bipolar cortical stimulation may help to reduce the risk of @entity86 following resection of @entity5 located in or near speech and motor areas also under IMRI control.

title: Awake craniotomy may further improve neurological outcome of intraoperative MRI-guided XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain area tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment symptoms']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological impairment', 'neurological condition']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative impairment']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['brain tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of @entity2066 against @entity130 induced by @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ). DESIGN: Experimental study. SETTING: Animal and histology laboratory at Inonu University. ANIMAL(S): Twenty-eight @entity35 male @entity35 . INTERVENTION(S): Twenty-eight @entity35 were separated into four groups: control, @entity2066 , @entity1500 , and @entity2066 + @entity1500 . At the end of the treatment, the animals were killed, and tissue samples were examined via histologic and biochemical methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): In each group, 100 tubules were classified as intact, sloughing, @entity3202 , and degenerated. @entity4124 , a universal effector of apoptosis, was evaluated according to staining in place of coloring as weak, mild, and strong. RESULT(S): In the @entity1500 group, 58.5 + 3.7% of tubules were sloughing, 10.8 + 2.1% of tubules were @entity3202 .0 + 0.6% of tubules were degenerative. In the @entity2066 + @entity1500 group, the affected tubule number was statistically significantly lower than in the @entity1500 group. The distribution of @entity4124 in the @entity1500 group showed a statistically significant increase, but it decreased in the @entity2066 + @entity1500 group. The enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), @entity224 dismutase (SOD), and @entity2041 peroxidase (GP-x) and the level of @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) increased and decreased in parallel. CONCLUSION(S): Our results indicate that @entity2066 may be useful in decreasing the side effects of chemotherapy, including apoptotic cell death.

title: Antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of @entity2066 against @entity1499 -induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2066 :: ('MESH:D019207', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-carotene']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity3202 :: ('MESH:D016109', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic', 'atrophic, and 2']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['testicular injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['testicular injury']


abstract: We developed an algorithm that distinguishes between on and off states in @entity1 with @entity191 during daily life activities. Twenty-three @entity1 were monitored continuously in a home-like situation for approximately 3 hours while they carried out normal daily-life activities. Behavior and comments of @entity1 during the experiment were used to determine the on and off periods by a trained observer. Behavior of the @entity1 was measured using triaxial accelerometers, which were placed at six different positions on the body. Parameters related to @entity2845 (percentage movement), @entity2845 (mean velocity), and @entity400 (percentage peak frequencies above 4 Hz) were used to distinguish between on and off states. The on-off detection was evaluated using sensitivity and specificity. The performance for each @entity1 was defined as the average of the sensitivity and specificity. The best performance to classify on and off states was obtained by analysis of movements in the frequency domain with a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.97. We conclude that our algorithm can distinguish between on and off states with a sensitivity and specificity near 0.97. This method, together with our previously published method to detect levodopa-induced @entity910 , can automatically assess the motor state of @entity191 @entity1 and can operate successfully in unsupervised ambulatory conditions.

title: Ambulatory motor assessment in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['dyskinesia']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2845 :: ('MESH:D018476', 'Disease') :: ['bradykinesia', 'hypokinesia']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: @entity955 ( @entity955 ) contributing to the increasing mortality risk is the most common disease in clinical practice. Owing to the side effects and relative inefficacy of current antiarrhythmic drugs, some research focuses on @entity1122 -angiotensin- @entity1369 system (RAS) for finding out the new treatment of @entity955 . The purpose of this study is to confirm whether aliskiren as a proximal inhibitor of @entity1122 , which completely inhibits RAS, has beneficial effects on @entity13678 in @entity955 . In this study, rapid atrial pacing was induced at 500 beats per minute for 2  weeks in a @entity235 model. A different dose of aliskiren was given orally for 2  weeks before rapid atrial pacing. HE staining and Masson's staining were used for analysis of @entity296 . @entity30913 , signal pathways, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were shown for the mechanism of structural remodeling after the treatment of aliskiren. Serious atrial @entity82 was induced by rapid atrial pacing, followed by the elevated @entity30913 , upregulated MEK and @entity23417 , and increased inflammatory factors. Aliskiren could apparently improve @entity296 by reducing the expression of @entity30913 , inhibiting MEK and @entity23417 signal pathways, and decreasing @entity33782 and @entity31621 in both serum and atrial tissue. In conclusion, aliskiren could prevent @entity13678 from rapid atrial pacing for 2  weeks. Aliskiren may play a potential beneficial role in the treatment of @entity955 induced by rapid atrial pacing.

title: Aliskiren protecting @entity13678 from rapid atrial pacing in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity13678 :: ('MESH:D064752', 'Disease') :: ['atrial structural remodeling']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['Atrial fibrillation', 'AF']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic value and clinical reliability of the 2004 World Health Organization classification system of non-muscle-invasive @entity150 . METHODS: Between January 1995 and November 2010, 153 @entity1 were diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive @entity150 . We used a substage system that discerns T1-microinvasive (T1m, 42 @entity1 ) and T1-extensive-invasive (T1e, 37 @entity1 ) @entity5 . RESULTS: There were 2 (1.3%), 89 (58.2%) and 62 (40.5%) cases of Grade 1-3 @entity189 , respectively, on the basis of the 1973 World Health Organization classification system. Of these, 37 (24.2%) and 116 (75.8%) were graded as low and high on the basis of the 2004 World Health Organization classification system. All of the cases with progression (15 @entity1 ) were diagnosed as high grade at the time of primary transurethral resection of the @entity150 . Based on the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 2004 World Health Organization classification system accurately predicted @entity5 recurrence (P = 0.029) and progression (P = 0.031). The 5-year recurrence-free survival rates in @entity1 with low-grade and high-grade @entity5 were 68.7 and 47.1%, and the 5-year progression-free survival rates were 100 and 89.0%, respectively. In the high-grade T1 cases, the substage (T1m or T1e) was a significant predictor of @entity5 recurrence (P = 0.001) and progression (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: The 2004 World Health Organization classification system accurately predicts the risk of recurrence in primary non-muscle-invasive @entity150 cases and has the same accuracy when predicting the risk of progression as the 1973 World Health Organization classification. Furthermore, the substaging system for high-grade T1 @entity5 is useful in predicting both recurrence and progression.

title: Clinicopathological analysis of XXXX with non-muscle-invasive @entity150 : prognostic value and clinical reliability of the 2004 WHO classification system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumor', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with locking plates or primary arthroplasty remains a controversial issue in the management of complex @entity174 . Aim of this study was to evaluate the surgeon- and @entity1 -based outcome of @entity1 older than 65 years who underwent ORIF using locking plate fixation of a 3- or 4-part @entity174 of the proximal humerus. Twenty-seven @entity1 older than 65 years were treated with locking plate fixation (PHILOS, Fa. Synthes, Umkirch, Germany). At an average follow-up of 44 months, the clinical and the subjective outcome were evaluated, and complications were analyzed. The mean age- and gender-related Constant score was 70% (30   100%) compared with 92% (47   108%) of the contralateral non-injured shoulder. The mean DASH score was 29 points (0   71). Five @entity1 (18.5%) showed clinical signs of an impingement, which was related to malpositioning of the plate in 3 cases. Screw cutout was seen in 22.2% (6 @entity1 ). @entity2530 of the head or the tubercula was found in 8 @entity1 (29.6%). The revision rate was 29.6%. However, the @entity1 considered the functional status of their shoulder as    good    or    satisfactory.    The functional and @entity1 -orientated results of the locking plate fixation of complex displaced @entity174 in the elderly are comparable to those of primary arthroplasty and minimally invasive treatment. Proper surgical technique (screw length, plate position) is mandatory for reducing the revision rate.

title: Complex XXXX of the proximal humerus in the elderly--outcome and complications after locking plate fixation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['proximal humerus fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity2530 :: ('MESH:D010020', 'Disease') :: ['Avascular necrosis']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although it is known that right-side @entity694 increase with @entity1240 , the location of @entity652 according to age has been controversial. @entity652 found at initial colonoscopies may be a mixture of @entity1127 that arose at various earlier ages. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the relationship between location and age at which @entity652 actually developed. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A large-scale health appraisal institution in Japan. @entity1 : A total of 23,444 consecutive, asymptomatic Japanese who underwent total colonoscopy at their annual medical health check-up. INTERVENTIONS: We analyzed newly developed @entity652 after confirmation of the absence of @entity14 by two serial total colonoscopies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The results of follow-up colonoscopies in 6304 subjects with no @entity14 at 2 initial colonoscopies were analyzed. The locations were separated into right-side colon and left-side colon from the splenic flexure. The locations of new @entity652 found for the first time during the follow-up term were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1472 subjects developed new @entity2513 . In 1255 cases with single @entity652 , the ratios of number of cases with @entity75 to that with @entity75 at the ages of <40 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, and > or =70 years were 1.18, 1.00, 1.29, 1.31, and 1.89, respectively. In 217 cases with multiple @entity652 found concurrently, the percentage of cases with @entity652 only on the right side at the ages of <40 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, and > or =70 years were 0%, 25%, 34%, 37%, and 63%, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Small lesions might have been missed even by 2 serial colonoscopies. CONCLUSIONS: @entity652 on the right-side colon increased with @entity1240 .

title: Right-side shift of XXXX with @entity1240 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['right-side lesions', 'left-side lesions']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['Adenomas', 'adenomas']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancers']

entities_list: @entity2513 :: ('MESH:C563365', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal adenomas']

answer: @entity2513 :: (MESH:C563365,Disease) :: ['colorectal adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine adolescent @entity1 ' perspectives on their understanding and decision making about a pediatric phase I @entity5 study. PROCEDURE: @entity1 included adolescents ages 14-21 years with @entity5 (N   =   20), all of whom attended a phase I study consent conference. @entity1 responded to closed- and open-ended questions on a verbally administered structured interview, which assessed aspects of understanding and decision making about the phase I study. RESULTS: All @entity1 decided to enroll in the phase I study. The majority of @entity1 understood that participation was voluntary, entailed risks, and that they could withdraw. Most also believed that participation in the phase I study would increase the length of their lives. The most frequent reasons for enrolling were positive clinical benefit, needing an option, impact on quality of life, and few side effects or fewer than those of current or past treatments. Eighty-five percent of @entity1 reported that they themselves made the final decision about enrollment in the phase I study. CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1 hoped or expected that the phase I study would provide a direct benefit (increased survival time or cure) and reported that they themselves were the final decision-maker about enrollment. Clinicians may underestimate the role of adolescents, especially if they believe that parents typically make such decisions. Future research should assess the actual participation of @entity1 and adolescents during the informed consent process and explore the role of hope in their decision making about phase I studies.

title: Adolescent perspectives on phase I XXXX research.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'children', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Intraocular pressure (IOP) determination using dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) has been considered to be independent of @entity2840 ( @entity2840 ), while Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) is known to be influenced by various corneal properties. In this study, IOP was measured before and 1 day after @entity231 surgery using GAT and DCT to investigate the possible effects of @entity3279 on IOP measurements. METHODS: Thirty @entity1 with advanced @entity231 were included in a pilot study. IOP was measured using GAT and DCT before and 1 day after phacoemulsification. @entity2840 was determined before and after surgery to quantify postsurgical @entity3279 . RESULTS: @entity2840 increased significantly (by 89.7    107.4  m, P < 0.0001) 1 day after surgery. No significant difference was found for IOP measurements using GAT and DCT before surgery (mean IOP GAT: 17.5    5.7 mmHg; mean IOP DCT: 17.9    6.4 mmHg; P = 0.67) and 1 day after surgery (mean IOP GAT: 16.1    6.6 mmHg; mean IOP DCT: 16.8    8.3 mmHg; P = 0.69). IOP values using GAT and DCT were significantly correlated before as well as 1 day after surgery (before surgery: r = 0.82, P < 0.0001; after surgery r = 0.83, P < 0.0001). Bland-Altman plots showed a high variability in the difference in IOP measurements between methods before and 1 day after surgery. CONCLUSION: GAT and DCT seem to be equally valuable in IOP determination in postsurgical central @entity3279 , although large differences between both methods are present in individual @entity1 . IOP evaluation in @entity3279 remains a difficult clinical challenge.

title: Tonometry in XXXX after @entity231 surgery: dynamic contour tonometry versus Goldmann applanation tonometry.

entities_list: @entity2840 :: ('MESH:C563262', 'Disease') :: ['central corneal thickness', 'CCT']

entities_list: @entity3279 :: ('MESH:D015715', 'Disease') :: ['corneal edema']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataracts', 'cataract']

answer: @entity3279 :: (MESH:D015715,Disease) :: ['corneal edema']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical results of surgical resection (SR) and percutaneous thermal ablation ( @entity865 ) for @entity5 ( @entity157 ) ( @entity5 nodule <or= 5 cm in diameter, or <or= 3 nodules with <or= 3 cm in diameter). METHODS: One hundred and five @entity1 with 114 @entity157 nodules were randomly allocated to SR (n = 54) and ultrasound-guided @entity865 with microwave or radiofrequency energy (n = 51). RESULTS: The complete tumor elimination rates in SR and @entity865 groups were similar (100% vs 94.7%) and the local recurrence rates were both 0. There were no significant differences in distance recurrence rate (16.7% vs 27.5%, P = 0.182) and time to the first recurrence (4.9 month vs 9.6 month, P = 0.130) between the SR and @entity865 groups. One, 2-, and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 82.4%, 82.4% and 82.4%, respectively, in SR group, whereas they were 78.5%, 61.5% and 51.3% in @entity865 group, respectively. The difference between these two groups was statistically not significant (P = 0.128). The overall survival rates in SR group were 91.3%, 86.4% and 86.4% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, and those in @entity865 group were 93.5%, 87.1% and 87.1%, respectively. There was no significant difference between these two groups (P = 0.808). Compared with SR, @entity865 required less treatment time (27 min vs 145 min, P < 0.005), less necessity for blood transfusion (0 @entity1 vs 7 @entity1 , P = 0.013) and less hospital-stay (5.2 d vs 19.1, P < 0.005). There was no significant difference in the rate of treatment-related complication between the two groups (11.1% for SR vs 7.8% for @entity865 , P = 0.742). At day 7 and day 30 after treatment, the numbers of @entity1 with physical status (WHO Performance Status grades) of grade 0 - 1 were 32 and 44 in @entity865 group, respectively, significantly more than 16 and 33 in SR group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION: Besides minimal invasiveness, easy to access and cost saving, @entity865 achieved equivalent local therapeutical effectiveness and 3-year survival outcomes as SR did, and may be considered as a one of the first-choice treatment modality for treatment of early-stage @entity157 .

title: [Surgical resection versus percutaneous thermal ablation for XXXX : a randomized clinical trial].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['single tumor', 'early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: Recently there have been considerable advances made in the treatment of @entity15 . For the first time since its initial clinical description in the 1800s, there are now available several medications which unequivocally exert favourable clinical effects through the lowering of the biological activity of the @entity1 @entity221 . The therapeutic efficacy of @entity2391 preparations seems particularly well established in this regard on the basis of five large, independent, trials of this agent. These trials have demonstrated remarkably consistent reductions in both attack rates and disability levels using a combination of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcome measures. The therapeutic benefit of @entity1638 also has been well established, although there is less available data on this agent than there is for interferon. It is important to recognise, however, that, although these agents represent an important first step in the management of @entity1 with @entity15 , they are only partial therapies. In order to actually cure the @entity221 or even to substantially improve @entity1 outcome we need considerably better agents than we have currently. Nevertheless, it is likely that, with improved knowledge of the role that interferon beta plays in the pathogenesis of @entity15 and with better understanding of the mechanism by which glatiramer @entity598 exerts its therapeutic effect, greatly improved therapeutic agents will be available in the future. In addition, it seems likely that, in the future (by analogy to the experience in oncology), we will begin utilising combinations of therapies in order to better control the biological activity of this debilitating disease. Such combination therapy will almost certainly include combinations of partially effective agents as well as combinations of these agents with other medications (e.g., the immunosuppressive drugs) which, by themselves, have only been demonstrated to exert marginal clinical benefits on the course of @entity221 . Moreover, it also seems likely that, increasingly, therapeutic strategies that enhance or promote myelin repair will become a major focus of clinical research in this area.

title: Therapeutic developments in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1638 :: ('MESH:C089995', 'Chemical') :: ['glatiramer acetate']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: A Y-shaped tracheo-bronchial tube was designed and used for two @entity1 with @entity850 following a lower tracheal resection in one case and a @entity5 in the other. The tube consisted of three parts including a Y-shaped, thin-walled, soft @entity1346 stent; a spiral-wire-reinforced main tube; and a curved tracheostomy tube. The stent was inserted easily and comfortably through the tracheostomy under fiberoptic bronchoscopic guidance with minimal local anesthesia. The positioning stability of the tube was excellent because of the carina-shaped structure of the tube end. Resistance to compression was satisfactory due to the embedded spiral wire. The insertion procedure through the tracheostomy was smooth, even in @entity1 whose @entity1576 was severe or critical. Satisfactory phonational activity was also provided by breathing through the hole on the tube back up to the vocal cord. Bronchoscopic inspection was uncomplicated, and the @entity1 themselves could easily clean the stent. Since palliation of the @entity1224 is the main purpose of such a stent for @entity1 with either severe lower @entity6184 , and because of the difficulty of ordinary stent insertion in this part of the airway, this device appears to offer excellent stability and easy insertion of the stent. In addition, the ease of maintenance and suctioning through the tracheostomal end allows for an excellent quality of life in which the @entity1 are able to return to their homes.

title: Y-shaped tracheobronchial stent for carinal and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tracheal fistula']

entities_list: @entity6184 :: ('MESH:D014135', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal or carinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory condition']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['carinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['airway obstruction']

answer: @entity6184 :: (MESH:D014135,Disease) :: ['distal tracheal stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Mild @entity551 (drops of systolic blood pressure of > or = 20 mmHg) occurs in 14-38% of @entity452 stress echo (DSE) and carries a good prognosis for subsequent @entity299 . The incidence and significance of more profound @entity551 (PH) (> or = 50 mmHg) is unknown. HYPOTHESIS: The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of PH during DSE and its prognosis for subsequent @entity299 . METHODS: We reviewed 617 DSE performed at our institution between 1992 and 1996 and identified two DSE subgroups. The first group (PH group) consisted of all @entity1 with PH during DSE. A second group was selected with baseline characteristics similar to the PH group but without PH during DSE (non-PH group). Follow-up was by a physician chart review and direct telephone contact. @entity299 rates were determined for hard [ @entity583 ( @entity583 ), or @entity204 ] and soft ( @entity951 , @entity712 , coronary angioplasty, or coronary bypass surgery) events occurring after the DSE. RESULTS: Of the 617 DSE performed, 16 (3%) @entity1 developed PH (PH group) during DSE, with 13 showing no inducible @entity63 . The hard and soft cardiac event rate in this 13 PH group was 46% (mean follow-up of 28.7 +/- 18 months). Of the non-PH group, 32 @entity1 had a negative DSE with a coronary event rate of 12.5%. Profound @entity551 correlated with a significantly higher cardiac event rate (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PH during DSE is low (3%) and appears to predict a worse prognosis for subsequent @entity299 .

title: Incidence and significance of profound @entity551 during XXXX stress echocardiography.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac events', 'Cardiac event']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

answer: @entity452 :: (MESH:D004280,Chemical) :: ['dobutamine']


abstract: We report a case of a bright, alert @entity1 with central @entity10441 (CNH) associated with cerebral @entity706 . CNH is a syndrome comprising normal or elevated arterial @entity26 tension, decreased arterial @entity544 tension, and @entity3945 in the absence of @entity299 that stimulates a compensatory hyperpnea. A-72-year-old @entity1 with recurrent @entity149 presented with hyperpnea. showing a respiratory rate over 30 per minute. He was fully awake and conscious. Routine laboratory studies and chest X-ray were normal, but arterial blood gas examination on room air showed @entity3945 , regardless of wakefulness or sleep. @entity8995 was denied by pulmonary flow scintigram. Rebreathing from a paper bag, intravenous administration of @entity3175 , and @entity26 inhalation failed to alter the respiratory pattern. Brain MRI demonstrated two mildly enhanced lesions within the left side of the medulla oblongata and right side of the pons. CNH is rare in @entity1 with normal consciousness. It seems to be caused by @entity130 that includes the respiratory center.

title: Central @entity10441 with XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity3175 :: ('MESH:D003975', 'Chemical') :: ['diazepam']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity8995 :: ('MESH:D054060', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary infarction']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac or pulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity3945 :: ('MESH:D000472', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory alkalosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['brainstem injury']

entities_list: @entity10441 :: ('MESH:D006985', 'Disease') :: ['neurogenic hyperventilation']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['primary cerebral lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ) are at increased risk for the development of @entity14 . Surgery and chemoprevention are the most effective means to prevent @entity5 development. @entity14685 (TQ) is considered the main compound of the volatile Nigella sativa seed oil and has been reported to possess anticarcinogenic properties. In this study we evaluated the chemopreventive properties of TQ in a @entity19 model of @entity1412 . METHODS: APCMin @entity19 were fed with chow containing 37.5 mg/kg or 375 mg/kg TQ for 12 weeks. H_E stained intestine tissue sections were assessed for @entity5 number, localization, size, and grade. Immunohistochemistry for b-catenin, c-myc, @entity14160 and TUNEL-staining was performed to investigate TQ's effect on major @entity14 pathways. TQ's impact on @entity6913 and b-catenin were studied in RKO cells. RESULTS: 375 mg/kg but not 37.5 mg/kg TQ decreased the number of large @entity1127 in the small intestine of APCMin @entity19 . TQ induced apoptosis in the neoplastic tissue but not in the normal mucosa. Furthermore, upon TQ treatment, b-catenin was retained at the membrane and c-myc decreased in the nucleus, which was associated with a reduced cell proliferation in the villi. In vitro, TQ activated @entity6913 , which induced membranous localization of b-catenin and reduced nuclear c-myc expression. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, TQ interferes with polyp progression in ApcMin @entity19 through induction of @entity5 -cell specific apoptosis and by modulating Wnt signaling through activation of @entity6913 . Nigella sativa oil (or TQ) might be useful as nutritional supplement to complement surgery and chemoprevention in @entity1412 .

title: @entity14685 @entity5 growth in ApcMin XXXX by interference with Wnt-signaling.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients']

entities_list: @entity14685 :: ('MESH:C003466', 'Chemical') :: ['Thymoquinone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis', 'FAP']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: The electrophysiological responses of isolated @entity840 outer hair cells (OHCs) to hyposmotic activation were studied using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The cell swelling by hyposmotic activation hyperpolarized OHCs by 6.6 +/- 2.3 mV from the resting membrane potential of -58.5 +/- 5.9 mV (n = 48). This hyperpolarization was associated with an outward current (97.7 +/- 22.2 pA, n = 15). The hyperpolarization was inhibited by 300 microM @entity4807 , 5 mN @entity8594 and increasing the extracellular K+ to 30 mM from 5 mM. In the absence of extracellular @entity141 (1 mM @entity4527 ), the hyperpolarization during hyposmotic activation was also abolished while the following depolarization was preserved. 50 microM @entity21953 , which is known to block stretch-activated non-specific cation channels, inhibited the hyperpolarization reversibly. 50 microM @entity21953 also inhibited [ @entity141 ]i increase during hyposmotic activation as shown by the @entity460 -sensitive dye @entity593 . Simultaneously, the [ @entity141 ]i increase and the hyperpolarization during hyposmotic activation could be observed using the combined method of whole-cell patch clamp and @entity593 technique. It is concluded that the cell swelling by hyposmotic activation may activate the stretch-activated non-specific cation channels in the OHCs which allow a @entity141 influx. In turn, this [ @entity141 ]i increase leads to an activation of the @entity141 -activated K+ channels at the basolateral membrane of OHCs which results finally in a reversible hyperpolarization of OHCs by K+ efflux.

title: Hyposmotic activation hyperpolarizes outer hair cells of XXXX cochlea.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity840 :: (10141,Species) :: ['guinea pig']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite the mortality benefits of @entity0 screening, not all @entity1 receive regular mammography. Such factors as age, socioeconomic status, and physician recommendation have been associated with greater use of screening. However, we do not know whether having an abnormal mammogram affects future screening. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a false-positive mammogram on adherence to the next recommended screening mammogram. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The @entity0 screening program at Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in Washington state. @entity1 : 5059 @entity1 40 years of age or older with no history of @entity0 or breast surgery who had false-positive (n = 813) or true-negative (n = 4246) index screening mammograms between 1 August 1990 and 31 July 1992. MEASUREMENTS: Screening rates and odds ratios for recommended interval screening up to 42 months after the index mammogram. RESULTS: After adjustment for differences in age; previous use of mammography; family history of @entity0 ; exogenous hormone use; and age at menarche, first childbirth, and menopause, @entity1 with false-positive index mammograms were more likely than those with true-negative index mammograms to obtain their next recommended screening mammogram (odds ratio, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.45]). The relation between a false-positive mammogram and the likelihood of adherence to screening in the next recommended interval was strongest among @entity1 who had not previously undergone mammography (odds ratio, 1.66 [CI, 1.26 to 2.17]). CONCLUSIONS: Having a false-positive mammogram did not adversely affect screening behavior in the next recommended interval. @entity1 with false-positive mammograms, especially those without previous mammography, were more likely to return for the next scheduled screening.

title: Effect of false-positive mammograms on interval XXXX screening in a health maintenance organization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS', 'Women', 'women']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Inflammation-induced P-selectin ( @entity45230 ) expression on platelets and endothelial cells facilitates interactions among platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and can also promote coagulation. The effects of @entity1397 and @entity117 (ASA) on @entity1641 platelet @entity45230 expression were investigated. Six @entity1641 were treated in a cross-over design with @entity1397 (2mg/kg PO q 24) or ASA (5mg/kg PO q 24h) for 5 days. Platelets collected at 24, 72, 96, 120, and 168 h after the initiation of therapy were stimulated using 0.1  g/mL thrombin, followed by flow cytometric analysis using anti-CD41/61 and anti-equine @entity45230 antibodies. Platelet-PMN aggregates were also enumerated. Baseline @entity45230 positive platelet numbers were not different between groups (mean    SD): 4254    1785 ( @entity1397 ) and 3600    1780 (ASA, P=0. 435). Although expression tended to decrease, there were no significant changes in @entity45230 +platelets after treatment with either drug ( @entity1397 P=0.139, ASA P=0.161). There was also no difference in platelet-PMN aggregates during or after treatment with @entity1281 (P=0.513) or @entity1397 (P=0.543). Due to small numbers of @entity1641 , this study may have been underpowered to detect a true decrease in expression, and differences between therapies may have been more pronounced if this study had evaluated @entity1641 with systemic @entity32 .

title: Treatment with XXXX or @entity1397 does not affect @entity1641 platelet expression of P selectin or platelet-neutrophil aggregates.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

answer: @entity117 :: (MESH:D001241,Chemical) :: ['aspirin']


abstract: Moderate @entity167 consumption is associated with a reduced risk of @entity301 . Part of this inverse association may be explained by its effects on HDL. Paraoxonase, an HDL-associated enzyme, has been suggested to protect against LDL oxidation. We examined the effects of moderate consumption of red wine, beer and spirits in comparison with mineral water on paraoxonase activity in serum. In this diet-controlled, randomised, cross-over study 11 healthy middle-aged @entity1 consumed each of the beverages with evening dinner for 3 weeks. At the end of each 3 week period, blood samples were collected pre- and postprandially and after an overnight fast. Fasting paraoxonase activity was higher after intake of wine (P<0. 001), beer (P<0.001), and spirits (P<0.001) than after water consumption (149.4+/-111.1, 152.6+/-113.1, 152.8+/-116.5 and 143. 1+/-107.9 U/l serum), but did not differ significantly between the 3 alcoholic beverages. Similar effects were observed pre- and postprandially. The increases in paraoxonase activity were strongly correlated with coincident increases in concentrations of HDL-C and apo A-I (r=0.60, P<0.05 and r=0.70, P<0.05). These data suggest that increased serum paraoxonase may be one of the biological mechanisms underlying the reduced @entity301 risk in moderate @entity167 consumers

title: Daily moderate XXXX consumption increases serum paraoxonase activity; a diet-controlled, randomised intervention study in middle-aged @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of various catecholaminergic agents on pulmonary venous tone. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled, experimental study. SETTING: Physiology laboratory of a university hospital. SUBJECTS: Thirty anesthetized, mechanically ventilated adult @entity742 . INTERVENTIONS: Four groups of six animals received 1-hr infusions of @entity1063 (0.5 microg/kg/min), @entity1425 (0.5 microg/kg/ min), @entity935 (10 microg/kg/min), or @entity452 (10 microg/kg/min). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A 7-Fr pulmonary artery catheter was placed in a proximal location to measure cardiac output and pressure in a large pulmonary vein (Ppw) after balloon inflation. Another catheter wedged in a small pulmonary artery measured pressure in a small pulmonary vein (Pdw). A third catheter measured left atrial pressure ( @entity1989 ). This method was able to detect the pulmonary venoconstrictive effects of @entity112 in a separate group of six animals. Pdw- @entity1989 increased from a mean of 2.0+/-1.7 to 3.0+/-1.5 (SD) cm @entity2507 (p < .01), 2.3+/-1.6 to 4.4+/-1.3 cm @entity2507 (p < .01), and 1.7+/-1.0 to 3.5+/-2.2 cm @entity2507 (p < .05) with @entity1063 , @entity1425 , and @entity935 , respectively. All of these drugs increased Pdw-Ppw, but only @entity1063 and @entity1425 increased Ppw- @entity1989 . No change in either pressure difference was observed with @entity452 . Elevation of cardiac output alone could not account for these findings since the increase in cardiac output induced by fluid infusion did not change the pressure differences. CONCLUSION: @entity1063 , @entity1425 , and @entity935 at doses commonly used in @entity1 increase pulmonary venous tone in @entity742 .

title: Effects of catecholamines on the pulmonary venous bed in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Norepinephrine', 'norepinephrine']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: @entity1 with both @entity543 and previously cervical radiation therapy are considered "high risk" for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). @entity3538 ( @entity3538 ) seems a reasonable alternative, but neither the operative risk for CEA nor the effectiveness of @entity3538 has been proven. The purpose of this study was to evaluate perioperative and long-term outcome of both procedures in @entity1 with radiation therapy. METHODS: A systematic search strategy with the synonyms " @entity543 " and "cervical irradiation" was conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. To provide and compare estimates of outcomes, pooled and metaregression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-seven articles comprising 533 @entity1 undergoing radiation therapy (361 @entity3538 and 172 CEA) fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis showed perioperative risk for "any cerebrovascular adverse event" (CVE) of 3.9% (95% CI, 2.3%-6.7%) in @entity3538 studies against 3.5% (95% CI, 1.5%-8.0%) in CEA studies (P=0.77). Risk for @entity128 ( @entity128 ) after CEA was 9.2% (95% CI, 3.7%-21.1%) versus none after @entity3538 . Late outcome showed rates of CVE favoring CEA (P=0.014). The rate of @entity256 >50% was significantly higher in @entity1 treated with @entity3538 compared with CEA (P<0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity3538 and CEA proved to be feasible revascularization techniques with low risk for CVE. Although @entity1 undergoing CEA had more temporary @entity128 , higher rates of late CVE and @entity256 were identified after @entity3538 .

title: Stenting versus surgery in XXXX with @entity543 after previous cervical radiation therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3538 :: ('MESH:D002341', 'Disease') :: ['CAS', 'Carotid angioplasty and stenting']

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['CNI', 'cranial nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis', 'carotid artery stenosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Granzyme-mediated apoptosis, supported by pore-forming perforin, plays an important role in CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL)-dependent cellular immunity protection against both @entity5 and @entity1800 . Quantitative and qualitative problems with CTL are potential contributing factors to disease progression. The feasibility of developing CTL-independent cellular immunity is desired but must first overcome the barrier of CTL-independent target cell recognition. @entity10807 with its strong pro-apoptotic activity in many different target cells is investigated for use in the CTL-independent cellular immunity approach, and @entity10807 or its bioactive peptides without the enzymatic activity are more desirable for use. Native @entity10807 with enzymatic activity is usually investigated in @entity5 cells for its mediation of apoptosis by detection of DNA fragmentation. Detection of cell death mediated by such peptides in @entity5 cells is needed to demonstrate the potential therapeutic purposes. We show with never-before-seen microscopic images using fluorescence microscopy that a synthetic @entity10807 -like peptide fluorescent conjugate (GP1R) can: 1) mediate cell death of different @entity5 cells via membrane extrusion, 2) bind to constitutively expressed binding targets in different @entity5 cells and bacteria, and 3) promote bacterial phagocytosis. The putative binding targets may serve as a universal pathologic biomarker detectable by GP1R. Our data taken together demonstrate the potential applications of GP1R for use in CTL-independent target cell recognition and target cell death induction. It may lead to development of rapid targeted detection and new treatment of @entity5 . The new treatment may show mutual benefits for two or more diseases.

title: Detection of Cancer Cell Death Mediated by a Synthetic XXXX -like Peptide Fluorescent Conjugate and the same Peptide Binding in Bacteria.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancer, viral and bacterial infections']

entities_list: @entity10807 :: ('3002', 'Gene') :: ['granzyme B', 'Granzyme B']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

answer: @entity10807 :: (3002,Gene) :: ['Granzyme B']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Psychological distress, including @entity308 and @entity148 , has been associated with increased risk for sexual revictimization in youth who have experienced @entity1 @entity458 . The present study utilized assessment information from treatment seeking youth with histories of @entity458 to explore specific risk indicators for revictimization-risk taking, social problems, maladaptive cognitions, and posttraumatic stress-that may be indicated by self-reported distress. The relationship between initial levels of distress and change in symptoms over a 12-week course of treatment was also explored. @entity1 were 101 youth referred to a @entity1 -focused therapeutic group for victims of @entity458 referred to an adolescent-focused group, and their non-offending caregivers. Results revealed that when combined into a distress score, @entity308 and @entity148 were associated with delinquent behaviors, interpersonal difficulties, maladaptive cognitions, and posttraumatic stress symptoms for @entity1 and adolescent group @entity1 at presentation to treatment. @entity1 exhibited improvement on measures of interpersonal difficulties, maladaptive cognitions, and self-reported @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) symptoms. Adolescents exhibited less change over time, with significant improvement on self-reported social problems and @entity1005 only. @entity458 was associated with less improvement in regard to negative expectations of abuse impact for @entity1 group @entity1 . The findings suggest that distress indicates the presence of specific revictimization risk indicators, helping to identify targetable symptoms for intervention. Therefore, screening for @entity458 after discovery of @entity458 may help detect youth at higher risk for revictimization and guide treatment.

title: Psychological Distress and Revictimization Risk in Youth Victims of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Children', 'Participants', 'child']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual abuse, 65 youth', 'psychological distress', 'sexual abuse', 'Higher psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['posttraumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['Sexual Abuse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity161 is a severe, chronic, and @entity221 that adversely impacts @entity1 ' lives and health care payer budgets. Cost comparisons of treatment regimens are, therefore, important to health care payers and researchers. Pre-Post analyses ("mirror-image"), where outcomes prior to a medication switch are compared to outcomes post-switch, are commonly used in such research. However, medication changes often occur during a costly crisis event. @entity1 may relapse, be hospitalized, have a medication change, and then spend a period of time with intense use of costly resources (post-medication switch). While many advantages and disadvantages of Pre-Post methodology have been discussed, issues regarding the attributability of costs incurred around the time of medication switching have not been fully investigated. METHODS: Medical resource use data, including medications and acute-care services (hospitalizations, partial hospitalizations, emergency department) were collected for @entity1 with @entity161 who switched antipsychotics (n = 105) during a 1-year randomized, naturalistic, antipsychotic cost-effectiveness @entity161 trial. Within- @entity1 changes in total costs per day were computed during the pre- and post-medication change periods. In addition to the standard Pre-Post analysis comparing costs pre- and post-medication change, we investigated the sensitivity of results to varying assumptions regarding the attributability of acute care service costs occurring just after a medication switch that were likely due to initial medication failure. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of all costs incurred during the first week on the newly initiated antipsychotic were likely due to treatment failure with the previous antipsychotic. Standard analyses suggested an average increase in cost-per-day for each @entity1 of  2.40 after switching medications. However, sensitivity analyses removing costs incurred post-switch that were potentially due to the failure of the initial medication suggested decreases in costs in the range of  4.77 to  9.69 per day post-switch. CONCLUSION: Pre-Post cost analyses are sensitive to the approach used to handle acute-service costs occurring just after a medication change. Given the importance of quality economic research on the cost of switching treatments, thorough sensitivity analyses should be performed to identify the impact of crisis events around the time of medication change.

title: Methodological issues in assessing changes in costs pre- and post-medication switch: a XXXX study example.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['costly illness']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia', 'Schizophrenia']

answer: @entity161 :: (MESH:D012559,Disease) :: ['schizophrenia']


abstract: We have studied the magnitude of apoptosis in heart, @entity121 ( @entity121 ) and fast-twitch skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) of @entity35 exposed to 3 weeks in vivo chronic @entity519 . Apoptosis was evaluated biochemically by DNA laddering and by TUNEL and @entity13909 -staining. The expression of @entity2310 and @entity1976 proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Western blot analysis revealed only a slight difference in @entity2310 expression among the different tissues under normoxic and @entity519 conditions; therefore we can consider that @entity2310 protein is constitutively expressed in muscle tissues. However a singular pattern of @entity1976 expression was observed among the different tissues under normoxic conditions. @entity1976 protein was more expressed in fast-twitch glycolytic muscles than in slow-twitch or oxidative muscles with a highest value found in gastrocnemius (4926 +/- 280 AU), followed by @entity121 (2138 +/- 200 AU) and a very low expression was displayed in the heart muscle (543 +/- 50 AU). After exposure to @entity519 for 21 days (10% O2), @entity1976 protein expression markedly increased, (44%) in gastrocnemius, (323%) in @entity121 and (1178%) in heart, with significant differences (p < 0.05 student t-test), reaching a similar threshold of expression in both types of muscles. Furthermore, no sign of apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay, @entity13909 -binding assay or DNA electrophoresis analysis. The latter suggested some indiscriminate fragmentations of DNA without apoptosis. In conclusion, we postulate that these protein modifications could represent a adaptative mechanism allowing a better protection against the lack of @entity26 in oxidative muscles by preventing apoptosis.

title: @entity1976 / @entity2310 protein expression in heart, slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscles in young @entity35 growing under chronic XXXX conditions.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['soleus', 'slow-twitch skeletal muscle']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxia']


abstract: Medication use is an important consideration in @entity1118 rehabilitation programs (CPRPs). However, it is difficult to quantify this aspect of @entity1118 treatment, because @entity1 often take multiple medications that can differ by pharmacological class as well as dosage level. The @entity910 ( @entity910 ) provides a method for quantifying medication use in @entity1 with chronic, nonmalignant @entity158 . Scores are calculated for each medication based on weights assigned by medication class and dosage level, and these scores are summed to provide a quantitative index of total medication usage suitable for statistical analysis. The method for calculating @entity910 scores is illustrated, and research data on @entity910 reliability and validity are presented. Interrater reliability was rho = 0.985 (p less than 0.0001) for 30 @entity910 scores calculated by two clinicians. @entity910 scores for 88 @entity1 correlated well with the clinical judgment of 12 health care professionals (mean rho = 0.755, p less than 0.0001). The @entity910 scores for 60 @entity1118 @entity1 (30 treated in a CPRP and 30 untreated) were obtained at two time points: evaluation and 1-year follow-up. A two (groups) by two (time points) analysis of variance yielded a significant group-by-time interaction (F = 8.82, p less than 0.0043). Treated @entity1 decreased their medication intake significantly (p less than 0.0001), whereas untreated @entity1 did not (p greater than 0.57). The @entity910 offers a reliable and valid method for quantifying medication usage in @entity1118 @entity1 .

title: XXXX medications: equivalence levels and method of quantifying usage.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic-pain']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['Medication Quantification Scale', 'MQS']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['Chronic-pain']


abstract: It is well known that @entity6 affects bone in @entity1 and animal models, and leads to @entity2331 and @entity170 . Bone-mineral density and other biochemical markers of bone turnover are very much affected in @entity1 with @entity6 . Reduced bone mass, occurring with @entity6 , has been attributed to poor glycemic control, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. High concentrations of @entity413 ( @entity4854 ) in diabetics leads to this complication. Very few in vitro studies using bone-cell lines have been carried out to address this problem. In this study, we examined the effects of different doses of @entity413 concentration (5.5, 16.5, and 49.4 mmol/L), alone, with insulin (0.6 microg/mL), or with @entity53 (E2) (10 nmol/L), on @entity35 bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in the presence of an osteogenic medium. BMSC proliferation and @entity623 ( @entity623 ) were studied after 3 and 7 d of culture, respectively; the area stained for collagen and mineralized nodules was studied after 28 d of culture. With high concentrations of @entity413 , BMSC proliferation, @entity623 activity, the number of nodules formed, and the area stained for collagen were greatly reduced. Insulin treatment alone was able to increase @entity665 uptake or @entity623 activity, whereas both insulin and @entity53 were able to increase the number of mineralized nodules and the area stained for collagen and mineralization. In conclusion, this study suggests that insulin and @entity53 are able to contain the deleterious effect of high concentrations of @entity413 on BMSC-derived osteoblast proliferation and function.

title: Effects of XXXX and its modulation by insulin and @entity53 on BMSC differentiation into osteoblastic lineages.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['increased frequency in diabetes mellitus', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17beta-estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1491 ( @entity1491 ) is the most frequent @entity5 with increasing incidence over the last decades. Standard of care is surgical excision, upon which complete @entity5 clearance is achieved in most cases. However, a small subgroup of @entity1 will have remnants of disease post-excision and require further treatment options. Over 90% of all BCCs carry a mutation in @entity2750 or @entity2751 , two conducting proteins of the Hedgehog pathway (Hh). Therefore, inhibition of the Hh pathway is a promising option for systemic first-line therapy. @entity2752 was the first developed of these small molecules, which was approved by the FDA in January 2012. AREAS COVERED: The authors review current treatment modalities for @entity1491 and discuss current developments in pharmacological therapy. The current literature including meta-analyses, the Cochrane database and registered as well as completed randomized controlled trials. EXPERT OPINION: Hh inhibitors are a new promising treatment option for @entity1 with advanced or metastatic @entity1491 . Phase I and II clinical trials with the Hh inhibitor, vismodegib, showed a significant @entity5 size and appearance of new @entity5 with relatively good tolerability. Nevertheless, further investigation on new molecules and the effectiveness of an intermittent dosing regimen is necessary.

title: XXXX : a paradigm for targeted therapies.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in tumour', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2752 :: ('MESH:C538724', 'Chemical') :: ['Vismodegib']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['Basal cell carcinoma', 'BCC']

answer: @entity1491 :: (MESH:D002280,Disease) :: ['Basal cell carcinoma']


abstract: Thirty-nine samples from 30 @entity1 with @entity43 were collected. Using the method described by A. Hamburger (J. Natl. @entity5 Inst. 66, 981 (1981] and @entity3972 et al. (N. Engl. J. Med. 308, 129 (1983], @entity5 cells were exposed to antineoplastic agents ( @entity632 and @entity900 ) and then cultured in double-layer agar. There were 23 evaluable @entity1 . The percentage of complete and partial responses for @entity1 whose cells were sensitive in vitro, whether or not treated with the same drugs, was 68, vs 44% compared to @entity1 whose cells were resistant in vitro and treated in vivo with therapeutic regimens which may or may not have included drugs used in the test. More @entity1 with @entity41 greater than 2 cm were resistant to chemotherapy.

title: XXXX : relationship between in vitro chemosensitivity and clinical response.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cis-platinum']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['Ovarian cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity5 @entity1 benefit from percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( @entity970 ) in many ways including nutritional support and venting in cases of @entity5 . Lack of high-quality studies with adequate follow-up has led to limited information regarding risk stratification and predictors of morbidity and mortality. AIMS: Elucidate predictors of complications and mortality with long-term follow-up in @entity5 @entity1 undergoing @entity970 . METHOD: Retrospective review of all @entity1 undergoing @entity970 placement at MD Anderson @entity5 Center from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2006. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 218 subjects underwent @entity970 . Those with American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) scores of 4, 4E, or 5E were at significant risk of a major complication in the first 30  days. Multivariate analysis revealed ASA scores  >= 4, elevated WBC count, and advanced @entity5 stage to be independent predictors of mortality in the first 30  days and INR  >1.5 and diversion/venting as an indication for @entity970 placement to be independent predictors of overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with high baseline illness severity are more likely to have complications and are at increased risk of mortality after @entity970 . Our study results suggest that particular attention be directed to ASA score, INR, WBC counts, transfusion requirements, presence of advanced @entity5 , and the indication for @entity970 placement when determining risk of complications or @entity204 . @entity1 undergoing venting @entity970 are expected to have short post- @entity970 survival but improvement in quality of life likely justifies the risks associated with @entity970 placement.

title: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in XXXX @entity1 : predictors of 30-day complications, 30-day mortality, and overall mortality.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'malignant obstruction', 'Cancer', 'malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The efficacy and @entity137 of @entity900 / @entity2879 and @entity3003 / @entity2879 combinations along with thoracic irradiation were prospectively assessed in @entity1 with @entity151 . Both combinations were equally effective. However, the @entity3003 / @entity2879 regimen caused significantly less @entity390 , @entity391 , nephrotoxicity, and @entity2359 , and it was easier to administer. Dose intensity and treatment delays were similar in both groups. Thoracic irradiation given concurrently with chemotherapy is feasible and seems to offer a survival advantage. The relapse rate also is lower among @entity1 who have received radiation therapy, and recurrences tended to be outside of the lung. Overall, a survival benefit was identified for @entity1 aged between 50 and 65 years who had limited disease, good performance status, and only one metastatic site. Prophylactic brain irradiation in a subset of @entity1 reduced brain @entity3 , but the difference did not reach significance. From this trial, it is concluded that @entity3003 / @entity2879 combination therapy is highly effective and is well tolerated by @entity1 with @entity151 . In limited disease, this combination can be given concurrently with thoracic irradiation and offers a survival advantage.

title: @entity900 / @entity2879 versus @entity3003 / XXXX chemotherapy and irradiation in @entity151 : a randomized phase III study. Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group for Lung Cancer Trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity2879 :: (MESH:D005047,Chemical) :: ['etoposide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity712 ( @entity712 ) the skeletal muscle of the lower limbs develops a @entity121 characterised by @entity194 and shift from the slow to the fast type fibres. The mechanisms responsible for these changes are not clear yet. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the influence of blood flow and degree of @entity2057 on the myosin heavy chains (MHC) composition of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of @entity35 with right ventricle @entity1184 and failure. METHODS: @entity712 was induced in 16 @entity35 by injecting 30 mg/kg @entity6560 . Eight animals had the same dose of @entity6560 but resulting in compensated right ventricle @entity1184 . Two age- and diet-matched groups of control animals (nine and five respectively) were also studied. The relative percentage of MHC1 (slow isoform), MHC2a (fast oxidative) and MHC2b (fast glycolytic) was determined by densitometric scan after electrophoretic separation. The relative weights of soleus and EDL (muscle weight/body weight) were taken as an index of @entity2057 . Skeletal muscle blood flow was measured by injecting fluorescent micropheres. RESULTS: @entity712 and Control (Con) @entity35 showed similar degree of @entity194 both in soleus (0.40 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.06 p = NS), and EDL (0.47 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.45 +/- 0.02, p = 0.09). In @entity712 @entity35 these two muscles showed a statistically significant MHCs redistribution toward the fast type isozymes. In fact in EDL of @entity712 @entity35 MHC2a was 30.5 +/- 6.1% vs. 35.8 +/- 8.6% of the Con (p < 0.05). MHC2b was however higher (68.5 +/- 6.6% vs. 61.0 +/- 9.6%, p = 0.017). In the soleus of @entity712 @entity35 MHC1 was decreased (87.6 +/- 3.4% vs. 91.9 +/- 5.2%, p = 0.02), while MHC2a was increased (12.04 +/- 3.5% vs. 7.9 +/- 5.2%; p = 0.028). Similar changes were not found in the muscles of the compensated @entity1184 animals. No correlation was found between MHC pattern and the relative muscle weight in the @entity712 animals. Soleus blood flow in @entity712 @entity35 was significantly lower than that of Con (0.11 +/- 0.03 ml/min/g vs. 0.22 +/- 0.03 p < 0.05), while no differences were found in EDL (0.06 +/- 0.02 ml/min/g vs. 0.08 +/- 0.02, p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity35 with @entity712 a @entity121 characterised by a shift of the MHCs toward the fast type isoforms occurs. The magnitude of the shift correlates neither with the degree of @entity194 , nor with the skeletal muscle blood flow, suggesting that these two factors do not play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the @entity121 .

title: Skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain expression in @entity35 with XXXX -induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Relation to blood flow and degree of @entity2057 .

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity6560 :: ('MESH:D016686', 'Chemical') :: ['monocrotaline']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle atrophy']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['skeletal muscle myopathy', 'myopathy']

answer: @entity6560 :: (MESH:D016686,Chemical) :: ['monocrotaline']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether healthy @entity1 could be trained to perform glossopharyngeal pistoning (GP) to insufflate the lungs to volumes exceeding maximum inspiratory capacity (IC), whether such insufflation caused discomfort, and the immediate and long-term effects on vital capacity (VC). DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. Twenty-six healthy @entity1 were randomly assigned to a @entity1585 ( @entity1585 , n = 17) or to a control group (CG, n = 9). The @entity1585 performed 15-30 deep inspiratory efforts supplemented by GP to lung volumes exceeding IC, three times per week for 6 wks. Pulmonary function and chest expansion were measured before and after the 6-wk period. The @entity1585 was retested again 12 wks after the end of the training period. RESULTS: One of 17 @entity1 had difficulty performing GP and was excluded. Temporary symptoms (while performing GP) were reported in 44% of subjects in the @entity1585 . After 6 wks of training, subjects in the @entity1585 had significantly increased their VC (P < 0.001). VC did not change in the CG. The increase in vital capacity of the @entity1585 was still evident after 12 wks without performing GP. Chest expansion increased significantly with GP. CONCLUSION: The @entity1 in the @entity1585 were able to perform the technique, and it did not cause major discomfort. VC increased significantly in the @entity1585 , and the increase was still present after 12 wks without GP.

title: Effects of glossopharyngeal pistoning for lung insufflation on vital capacity in healthy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1585 :: ('MESH:D065703', 'Disease') :: ['training group', 'TG']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: The patterns of cell death and of macrophages were investigated in the forebrain and eyes of the tree shrew @entity13190 during five phases of optic cup formation. Seventeen embryos were studied. Three- dimensional reconstructions were made from one embryo of each phase. In phase 1 (V-shaped optic evagination) a midline band of cell death passes through the closing anterior neuroporus. From phases 2 (optic vesicle) to 5 (far-advanced @entity3473 ) the midline band of cell death extends in the dorsal wall of the forebrain to its rostral pole and, further, into its ventral wall. At the approximate future position of the optic chiasm this ventral pycnotic area, predicted but so far unidentified by others, is connected to a previously described second band of cell death passing through the optic anlagen. Recently, evidence has been presented that @entity1573 embryos develop @entity10146 and @entity10146 when ventral forebrain structures are lost secondary to experimentally induced apoptosis. Our findings in Tupaia suggest that, in cases of spontaneous malformations of this kind, such an atypical pycnotic area in the ventral telencephalon might result from the defective regulation of cell death processes during optic cup formation. In the forebrain and eyes of Tupaia, the occurrence of bands of cell death precedes the appearance of the earliest intraepithelial macrophages. From phase 3 (onset of @entity3473 ) onwards almost all of them are concentrated along the band of cell death.

title: The patterns of cell death and of macrophages in the developing forebrain of the tree shrew XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13190 :: ('37347', 'Species') :: ['Tupaia belangeri']

entities_list: @entity3473 :: ('MESH:D007443', 'Disease') :: ['invagination']

entities_list: @entity10146 :: ('MESH:D016142', 'Disease') :: ['cyclopia', 'holoprosencephaly']

answer: @entity13190 :: (37347,Species) :: ['Tupaia belangeri']


abstract: Clinical pharmacology and safety of @entity5646 ( @entity5647 ) in the neonatal period were investigated. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Serum concentrations of @entity5647 at 30 minutes after administration of 10 mg/kg were 22.1-32.2 micrograms/ml and those of 20 mg/kg 22.5-75.9 micrograms/ml. 2. Serum half-lives of @entity5647 were 3.5-6.6 hours in 0-3 day-old neonates, and 2.0-4.0 hours in neonates 4 day-old or older. 3. A dose response was evident between the 10 mg/kg administration group and the 20 mg/kg group. 4. Urinary recovery rates of @entity5647 in the first 6 hours after administration ranged between 17.8 and 69.9%. 5. No clinical side effects were observed in the administration of @entity5647 alone (6 cases), or in combination with @entity869 (9 cases). @entity1148 was observed in 1 case as an abnormal laboratory finding, but it returned to normal within 1 week after the completion of @entity5647 administration. 6. @entity5647 had a potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative aerobes and hardly induced @entity5357 . Furthermore, side effects were not observed in this study. Therefore, @entity5647 is considered to be useful for the treatment of @entity293 and other serious @entity281 caused by Gram-negative pathogens even in the neonatal period.

title: [Pharmacokinetics and clinical safety of XXXX in neonates].

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity5357 :: ('MESH:D012497', 'Disease') :: ['beta-lactamase']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity5646 :: ('MESH:D001398', 'Chemical') :: ['aztreonam']

answer: @entity5646 :: (MESH:D001398,Chemical) :: ['aztreonam']


abstract: Patients with anti- @entity3335 ( @entity3335 )-associated necrotizing crescentic @entity631 (NCGN) may develop @entity177 ( @entity177 ) leading to @entity454 despite an initially favorable response to treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic features at the time of presentation and during follow-up for the development of @entity177 in 21 consecutive anti- @entity3335 -positive @entity1 with NCGN. Renal function did not recover in two of five @entity1 who were dialysis-dependent at presentation. The remaining 19 @entity1 all went into remission and were off dialysis at 3 mo after diagnosis. At long-term follow-up, nine of these @entity1 had stable renal function and did not relapse (group A), five @entity1 developed @entity177 without signs of relapse (group B), and five @entity1 relapsed (group C). At diagnosis, serum @entity1011 , @entity1851 , and anti- @entity3335 levels did not differ between groups A, B, and C. Microscopic erythrocyturia resolved in all @entity1 within 4 mo of treatment. BP at presentation and during follow-up did not differ between groups A, B, and C. @entity644 at diagnosis and in the first 6 mo after diagnosis was higher in @entity1 who developed @entity177 than in @entity1 with a stable renal function. Anti- @entity3335 levels at 3 mo had decreased compared with anti- @entity3335 levels at diagnosis in groups A and C, whereas anti- @entity3335 levels did not fall significantly in @entity1 who developed @entity177 . The predictive value of a renal biopsy at diagnosis on long-term renal outcome was limited. In conclusion, a higher degree of @entity644 at diagnosis and during follow-up as well as persistently elevated anti- @entity3335 levels after induction of remission are associated with the development of @entity177 and are predictive of poor renal outcome in anti- @entity3335 -associated NCGN.

title: Determinants of renal outcome in anti- XXXX -associated necrotizing crescentic @entity631 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria', 'Proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity3335 :: ('4353', 'Gene') :: ['MPO', 'myeloperoxidase']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure', 'CRF']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity3335 :: (4353,Gene) :: ['myeloperoxidase']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Vedolizumab is a gut-selective biologic that has shown efficacy in @entity31 ( @entity31 ) and @entity30 ( @entity30 ). We studied the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a new formulation of vedolizumab produced by an improved manufacturing process. METHODS: @entity31 @entity1 were randomized to receive vedolizumab (2, 6, or 10 mg/kg) or placebo on days 1, 15, 29, and 85. Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity evaluations were performed at multiple timepoints through day 253. Partial Mayo Scores and fecal calprotectin levels were used to assess efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 46 @entity1 (9 placebo, 37 vedolizumab) received at least one dose of study medication. The vedolizumab serum concentration declined monoexponentially until concentrations reached 1-10  g/mL, and then fell nonlinearly. Vedolizumab maximum serum concentration (C(max) ) and area under the curve (AUC) increased approximately proportionally as a function of dose. Vedolizumab maximally saturated a(4) b(7) receptors on peripheral serum lymphocytes at all measurable serum concentrations. Vedolizumab was well tolerated, with no @entity204 and no adverse events leading to discontinuation. At every assessment from day 29 through day 253, over 50% of vedolizumab-treated @entity1 were in clinical response, while placebo response rates generally ranged between 22% and 33%. Vedolizumab treatment reduced fecal calprotectin levels compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Vedolizumab demonstrated dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and maximally saturated a(4) b(7) receptors over the tested dose range. Multiple dosing up to 10 mg/kg was well tolerated. Over the course of follow-up a greater proportion of @entity1 treated with vedolizumab were in clinical response than those who were assigned to placebo.

title: Vedolizumab for the treatment of active XXXX : a randomized controlled phase 2 dose-ranging study.

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ['CD', "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the heparin- @entity2041 test (HEGLUT) for the selection of viable sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia and Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad. @entity1 (S): Semen samples from healthy donors and @entity1 with @entity249 . INTERVENTION(S): Sperm samples were kept in culture for different periods in Ham's F-10 medium supplemented or not supplemented with heparin, @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ), or a heparin- @entity2197 mixture. Control and heparin- @entity2197 -treated spermatozoa were injected into hamster oocytes. The HEGLUT and ICSI were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Sperm nuclear decondensation, progressive and nonprogressive motility, and male pronucleus formation. RESULT(S): The maximum proportion of sperm nuclear decondensation (28.7%+/-2.1% versus 2.6%+/-0.5% in the control group) was reached after 60 minutes of incubation in the presence of a heparin- @entity2197 mixture. Differences in the percentages of progressive and nonprogressive motility among treatments and times of incubation, although statistically significant, were biologically negligible. No statistically significant differences were observed in the rate of sperm head decondensation (8.2% [4/49] versus 11.1% [6/54]) and male pronucleus formation (18.4% [9/49] versus 22.2% [12/541) after the injection of control and treated spermatozoa into hamster oocytes. CONCLUSION(S): The HEGLUT may offer an alternative to the hypo-osmotic swelling test for the selection of viable sperm for ICSI.

title: The heparin- XXXX test: an alternative to the hypo-osmotic swelling test to select viable sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione', 'reduced glutathione']

answer: @entity2041 :: (MESH:D005978,Chemical) :: ['glutathione']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ixodes granulatus is widely distributed in various countries of Southeast Asia and Taiwan. Although this tick species is presumed to be the vector for the enzoonotic transmission of @entity24553 in the Taiwan area, the prevalence of @entity281 and genetic diversity of @entity24553 harbored by this tick species need to be further determined. METHODS: DNA extraction was performed from individual tick specimens collected from Rattus losea on Kinmen Island of Taiwan. @entity12732 in I. granulatus ticks was detected by performing a specific PCR assay based on the 5S-23S intergenic spacer amplicon gene of @entity2069 sensu lato. The genetic identities of detected spirochetes were identified by gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: @entity12732 was detected in nymph, male, and female stages of Ixodes granulatus ticks with an @entity281 rate of 42.9%, 36%, and 52.7%, respectively. Genospecies identification reveals that @entity18276 is the main genotype (70.7%) as compared to the genotype of @entity2069 (15.4%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these detected spirochetes were genetically affiliated to the genospecies @entity18276 and @entity2069 , with a high sequence homology within the genospecies of @entity18276 (95.8 to 100%) and @entity2069 (97.2 to 100%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the significance of high prevalence and genetic diversity of @entity24553 in I. granulatus ticks collected from Rattus losea on Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Intraspecific analysis also revealed that @entity18276 species detected in Kinmen Island can be easily distinguished from the European group of @entity18276 and other genospecies of @entity24553 . This may imply an enzoonotic cycle between I. granulatus ticks and rodent hosts that maintains @entity24553 in Kinmen Island as well as Southeast Asia.

title: Prevalence and molecular identification of XXXX in Ixodes granulatus ticks collected from Rattus losea on Kinmen Island of Taiwan.

entities_list: @entity2069 :: ('139', 'Species') :: ['B. burgdorferi sensu stricto', 'B. burgdorferi']

entities_list: @entity12732 :: ('MESH:D001899', 'Disease') :: ['Borrelia infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity24553 :: ('MESH:D013145', 'Disease') :: ['Borrelia spirochetes']

answer: @entity24553 :: (MESH:D013145,Disease) :: ['Borrelia spirochetes']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the method of treating @entity5043 with free serratus muscle flap. METHODS: Three @entity1 diagnosed as having serious @entity5043 was treated with free serratus muscle flap. The root of the flap was thoracodorsal artery and thoracodorsal vein, which was anastomosed with superficial temporal artery and @entity455 and vein, and so on. During the operation, long thoracic nerve was dissected and anastomosed with facial nerve. The sizes of the flaps were 12 cm x 8 cm - 16 cm x 12 cm. RESULTS: All free-muscle flaps healed well after the transplant. The face and buccal area looked chubby and rounded. There were no obvious protuberance and discontentment on the buccal area. The shoulders of all @entity1 moved well. The facial contour of the @entity1 recovered well during the follow-up period (1-3 years). CONCLUSION: The method has a good result. The long-term effect needs further study.

title: [Clinical study on reconstruction of XXXX with serratus anterior free-muscle flap].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vein, facial artery and vein, lingual artery']

entities_list: @entity5043 :: ('MESH:D005150', 'Disease') :: ['hemifacial atrophy']

answer: @entity5043 :: (MESH:D005150,Disease) :: ['hemifacial atrophy']


abstract: @entity1 with @entity0 have a relatively high prevalence of diffuse thyroid uptake of @entity419 related to @entity1669 . It is postulated that the presence of @entity1669 has prognostic implications for @entity0 . The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of incidental diffuse thyroid uptake in @entity0 @entity1 . METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study in a tertiary referral hospital. We evaluated a total of 564 @entity1 who had undergone surgery for primary @entity0 between January 2006 and December 2009. @entity1 were divided into 2 groups according to their diffuse thyroid uptake. The main outcome measure was disease-free survival. RESULTS: Of the 564 @entity1 , 108 (19.1%) showed diffuse thyroid uptake. The median follow-up period was 36.0 mo (range, 1.0-77.0 mo). Both @entity5787 and thyroglobulin antibody titers were higher in @entity1 with thyroid uptake than in those without (P < 0.001 for both). Of the 108 @entity1 with thyroid uptake, 5 had a recurrence of @entity0 during the follow-up, whereas 85 without uptake had a recurrence (log-rank statics, 12.28; P < 0.001). The association between diffuse thyroid uptake and @entity5 recurrence was not significant in multivariate analysis of @entity1 with @entity0 (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.06-1.10; P = 0.067). However, the association between diffuse thyroid uptake and @entity0 recurrence was statistically significant in multivariate analysis with adjustment for several prognostic variables (hazard ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.62; P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Incidental diffuse thyroid uptake related to @entity1669 was an independently favorable prognostic factor in advanced @entity0 . These findings support evidence that @entity1669 has a beneficial effect on the outcomes of @entity0 @entity1 .

title: Incidental diffuse thyroid @entity419 uptake related to XXXX may be a favorable prognostic factor in advanced @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5787 :: ('7173', 'Gene') :: ['thyroperoxidase']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'early-stage breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1669 :: ('MESH:D013967', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune thyroiditis', 'thyroid autoimmunity']

answer: @entity1669 :: (MESH:D013967,Disease) :: ['autoimmune thyroiditis']