abstract: Sex determination in mammals is controlled by the presence or absence of the Y-linked gene @entity11488 . In the developing male (XY) gonad, sex-determining region of the Y ( @entity11488 ) protein acts to up-regulate expression of the related gene, @entity430 , a transcriptional regulator that in turn initiates a downstream pathway of testis development, whilst also suppressing ovary development. Despite the requirement for a number of transcription factors and secreted signalling molecules in sex determination, intracellular signalling components functioning in this process have not been defined. Here we report a role for the phylogenetically ancient mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in @entity19 sex determination. Using a forward genetic screen, we identified the recessive boygirl (byg) mutation. On the C57BL/6J background, embryos homozygous for byg exhibit consistent XY gonadal sex reversal. The byg mutation is an A to T transversion causing a premature stop codon in the gene encoding @entity22794 (also known as @entity22794 ), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase. Analysis of XY byg/byg gonads at 11.5 d post coitum reveals a growth deficit and a failure to support mesonephric cell migration, both early cellular processes normally associated with testis development. Expression analysis of mutant XY gonads at the same stage also reveals a dramatic reduction in @entity430 and, crucially, @entity11488 at the transcript and protein levels. Moreover, we describe experiments showing the presence of activated @entity22795 , a direct target of @entity22794 , and activated @entity1995 in the coelomic region of the XY gonad at 11.5 d post coitum, establishing a link between MAPK signalling in proliferating gonadal somatic cells and regulation of @entity11488 expression. Finally, we provide evidence that haploinsufficiency for @entity22794 accounts for T-associated sex reversal (Tas). These data demonstrate that @entity22794 -dependent signalling events are required for normal expression of @entity11488 during testis development, and create a novel entry point into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sex determination in @entity19 and @entity4998 in @entity1 .

title: Loss of @entity22794 ( @entity22794 ) reveals a requirement for MAPK signalling in XXXX sex determination.

entities_list: @entity4998 :: ('MESH:D012734', 'Disease') :: ['disorders of sexual development']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: Conditional survival (CS) estimates provide important prognostic information for clinicians and @entity1 who have survived a period after diagnosis. In this study we performed a contemporary evaluation of conditional survival among @entity694 @entity1 and created a browser-based tool for real-time determination of conditional survival expectancies. @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 with @entity694 diagnosed between 1988 and 2000 were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology End Results (SEER) registry. Conditional survival estimates were calculated by using the multiplicative law of probability after adjustment for age; sex; ethnicity; grade; and American Joint Commission on @entity5 , sixth edition stage. A browser-based calculator was constructed. RESULTS: A total of 83,419 @entity1 were analyzed. As the time alive after initial treatment increased from 0 to 5 years, significant improvements in CS were observed for @entity1 in all stages except stage I, which was associated with good CS even at diagnosis and which reflected the high likelihood of cure. Notably, adjusted 5-year CS rates improved from 42% to 80% for @entity5 and from 5% to 48% for stage IV @entity5 during the first 5 years. Differences in @entity5 at diagnosis were identified on the basis of age, ethnicity, and grade, but these differences decreased over time. A browser-based CS calculator was implemented by using the multivariate survival model (concordance index, 0.81). CONCLUSION: For @entity1 with @entity694 who survive over time, 5-year, @entity5 -specific CS improved dramatically, and the greatest improvements were among @entity1 with poorer initial prognoses. These prognostic data are critical to inform @entity1 for non-treatment-related life decisions and to inform treating physicians for planning of follow-up and surveillance strategies.

title: Practical application of a calculator for conditional survival in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon adenocarcinoma', 'colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage IIIC cancers', 'cancer-related CS', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess vision-related quality-of-life subscales with objective measurements of visual function in @entity1 affected with @entity6391 of Bothnia type ( @entity2403 ). METHODS: Forty-nine @entity1 answered the NEI-VFQ-25 questionnaire. High- and low-contrast distance acuity (VA), near VA, and @entity227 ( @entity227 ) were measured. Weighted VA (WVA) and low-contrast (10%) VA (WLCVA), binocular @entity227 areas, and central @entity1019 were calculated. Adjusted mean subscale scores were calculated and associations analyzed. RESULTS: Subscale scores for general, far, @entity227 , social functioning, and color vision were lowest while general health, @entity3856 , and mental health were highest in the @entity2403 phenotype. The correlations were substantial and similar for WVA, @entity227 . The degree of measured @entity227 had few associations with the different adjusted subscale scores. CONCLUSION: The NEI VFQ-25 subscales were well associated with clinical vision measures depending on VA. The progression of @entity227 defects typical for the @entity2403 phenotype does not seem to affect the self-perceived quality of life, which might indicate adaptability to this type of progressive @entity227 . The @entity2403 phenotype has a significant impact on multiple domains of daily life, but there are no signs of accelerating @entity308 related to the increasing @entity227 .

title: Self-reported quality of life in @entity1 with XXXX and maculopathy of Bothnia type.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['and near vision', 'visual fields', 'VF impairment', 'VF loss', 'VF', 'visual impairment', 'WLCVA, and near vision']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3856 :: ('MESH:D058447', 'Disease') :: ['ocular pain']

entities_list: @entity6391 :: ('MESH:D012174', 'Disease') :: ['retinitis pigmentosa']

answer: @entity6391 :: (MESH:D012174,Disease) :: ['retinitis pigmentosa']


abstract: This study describes a recent cluster of 30 @entity1 (median age 52 years) with serious group A streptococcal (GAS) infections in Uppsala County, Sweden, from December 2006 to May 2007. @entity1 hospitalized with a severe @entity883 , i.e. cases with either invasive GAS (iGAS) disease or @entity1 with a positive non-sterile site culture/rapid antigen test for GAS and clinically considered as having a critical disease, were included in the study. Common clinical presentations were @entity9244 (53%) and @entity55 (17%). Eight @entity1 (27%) were diagnosed with streptococcal @entity137 . In 40% of the cases no relevant underlying disease was reported. Among the 16 @entity1 with soft tissue infections, the upper chest, neck or upper arm area was frequently affected and the @entity281 was associated with severe @entity158 . Among the 20 collected isolates, the @entity5893 type dominated (80%). The majority (86%) of 7 analysed acute sera lacked neutralizing activity against superantigens produced by the @entity1 ' own infecting isolate. The study underscores the association between @entity5893 and outbreaks of serious GAS infections. This highlights the importance of surveillance for prompt identification of more aggressive isolates in the community, thereby increasing awareness among healthcare professionals of these life-threatening infections.

title: Severe group A XXXX in Uppsala County, Sweden: clinical and molecular characterization of a case cluster from 2006 to 2007.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity883 :: ('MESH:D013290', 'Disease') :: ['GAS infection']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxic shock syndrome']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity9244 :: ('MESH:D018461', 'Disease') :: ['skin and soft tissue infections']

answer: @entity883 :: (MESH:D013290,Disease) :: ['streptococcal infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity73 are an important component of @entity308 and may remain impaired after recovery from @entity308 . OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of @entity73 in @entity308 on @entity73 in the area of attention and memory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was hospital based pre- and post-intervention with follow-up assessment design. Selection of the @entity308 @entity1 was by purposive sampling. The sample size consists of 30 intervention @entity308 @entity1 included in the study after giving written informed consent. After preassessment, all @entity1 underwent 15 sessions as part of @entity73 . Postassessment was done to see the outcome of @entity73 after 3 months follow-up. RESULTS: After the intervention, there was significant improvement in attention and memory area. Along with these deficits, their basic living skills were also improved. CONCLUSION: Cognitive rehabilitation techniques are useful in remediating @entity73 in the area of attention and memory in @entity1 with @entity308 .

title: Cognitive rehabilitation of attention and memory in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Cognitive deficits', 'cognitive dysfunction', 'cognitive rehabilitation']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'depressive']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: CONTEXT: There is no standardized assay of @entity251 in @entity1 . Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/ @entity15 ) has been proposed as the preferable assay by an Endocrine Society Position Statement. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare assay results from a direct RIA with two LC/ @entity15 . DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a blinded laboratory study including masked duplicate samples at three laboratories--two academic (University of Virginia, RIA; and Mayo Clinic, LC/ @entity15 ) and one commercial (Quest, LC/ @entity15 ). @entity1 AND INTERVENTIONS: Baseline @entity251 levels from 596 @entity1 with @entity3610 who participated in a large, multicenter, randomized controlled infertility trial performed at academic health centers in the United States were run by varying assays, and results were compared. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: We measured assay precision and correlation and baseline @entity3427 scores. RESULTS: Median @entity251 levels were highest with RIA. The correlations between the blinded samples that were run in duplicate were comparable. The correlation coefficient (CC) between LC/ @entity15 at Quest and Mayo was 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-0.85], between RIA and LC/ @entity15 at Mayo was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.76-0.82), and between RIA and LC/ @entity15 at Quest was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.72). Interassay variation was highest at the lower levels of total @entity251 ( <=50 ng/dl). The CC for Quest LC/ @entity15 was significantly different from those derived from the other assays. We found similar correlations between total @entity251 levels and @entity3427 score with the RIA (CC=0.24), LC/ @entity15 at Mayo (CC=0.15), or Quest (CC=0.17). CONCLUSIONS: A @entity251 RIA is comparable to LC/ @entity15 assays. There is significant variability between LC/ @entity15 assays and poor precision with all assays at low @entity251 levels.

title: Total @entity251 assays in XXXX with @entity3610 : precision and correlation with @entity3427 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity3427 :: ('MESH:D006628', 'Disease') :: ['Ferriman-Gallwey hirsutism', 'hirsutism']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: For many years it has been recognized that seemingly benign neck cysts may contain @entity189 . The true incidence is unknown. This paper investigated nine out of 270 @entity1 presenting with a neck mass--which proved to contain a @entity957 . Records (from a 30-year period) of over 3400 @entity1 with @entity957 of the @entity135 , were examined. The histology slides were reviewed, the number of @entity5409 was noted and also the clinical outcome. Out of the 270 @entity1 nine presented with a @entity5409 and these were studied. Six @entity5409 were originally diagnosed as @entity12743 although the youngest age was 39 years. All @entity1 underwent a simple excision. In six cases the tonsil was the primary site, in one the primary was in the base of tongue and in two the primary remained occult. One-third of the @entity1 had died of their disease by the time this report was written and the maximum follow-up time for the remaining @entity1 was 18 months. Therefore 16 per cent of @entity12743 in this series represented metastases from @entity957 . At the Royal Liverpool University Hospital only 25 @entity1 had @entity12743 excised between 1988 and 1993: out of these only four contained @entity957 . In @entity1 over 40 years of age panendoscopy and @entity717 is mandatory prior to cyst excision.

title: Cervical node metastases presenting with features of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck']

entities_list: @entity5409 :: ('MESH:D052177', 'Disease') :: ['cystic lesion', 'cystic lesions']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity12743 :: ('MESH:D001935', 'Disease') :: ['branchial cysts']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral tonsillectomy']

answer: @entity12743 :: (MESH:D001935,Disease) :: ['branchial cysts']


abstract: Juvenile @entity239 (JPFS) is a chronic @entity158 condition associated with significant impairment in physical functioning, but no studies have used newer technologies such as actigraphy to document objective physical activity levels in JPFS. This is the first study to objectively describe physical activity in JPFS @entity1 and examine the relationship of @entity158 , perceived functional impairment, and @entity308 on physical activity. One hundred four clinically referred adolescents with JPFS (ages 11 to 18 years) wore a hip-mounted actigraph for 1 week. Data on @entity158 intensity, functional disability, @entity308 , and @entity146 diagnoses were obtained using self- and parent-report measures and a standardized @entity146 interview. Results showed that younger @entity1 were more active. @entity158 intensity was not significantly associated with physical activity levels overall, but the most highly active group of adolescents reported lower levels of @entity158 and disability than the least active. Parent report of adolescents' physical functioning and @entity308 were significantly correlated with adolescents' physical activity levels. Actigraphy provides a unique source of information about physical functioning which is distinct from adolescents' self-report of physical functioning in JPFS. Preliminary findings suggest that further study of factors that predict perceived and actual physical functioning in JPFS is warranted. PERSPECTIVE: This study presents the results of physical activity monitoring in adolescents with JPFS using actigraphy. Results indicate that actigraphy provides a unique source of objective information that can advance our understanding of @entity717 in JPFS and the factors associated with @entity73 .

title: Actigraphy-based physical activity monitoring in adolescents with juvenile XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive symptoms']

entities_list: @entity239 :: ('MESH:D005356', 'Disease') :: ['primary fibromyalgia syndrome']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['physical impairment']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['physical disability']

answer: @entity239 :: (MESH:D005356,Disease) :: ['primary fibromyalgia syndrome']


abstract: AIMS/INTRODUCTION: @entity6 is a major health concern throughout the world because of its increasing prevalence in epidemic proportions. b-Cell deterioration in the pancreas is a crucial factor for the progression of @entity6 . Therefore, the restoration of b-cell mass and its function is of vital importance for the development of effective therapeutic strategies and most accessible cell sources for the treatment of @entity6 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity1 fetuses (12-20  weeks gestation age) were used to isolate @entity1 hepatic progenitor cells (hHPCs) from fetal liver using a two-step collagenase digestion method. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive (EpCAM+ve)-enriched hHPCs were cultured in vitro and induced with 5-30  mmol/L concentration of @entity413 for 0-32  h. @entity5908 expression and insulin secretion was analyzed using immunophenotypic and chemifluorescence assays, respectively. Relative gene expression was quantified in induced hHPCs, and compared with uninduced and pancreatic cells to identify the activated transcription factors ( @entity5908 , @entity15865 , @entity15866 , @entity15867 , @entity6484 and @entity15868 ) involved in b-cell production. RESULTS: EpCAM+ve cells derived from @entity1 fetal liver showed high in vitro trans-differentiation potential towards the b-cell phenotype with 23  mmol/L @entity413 induction after 24  h. The transcription factors showed eminent expression in induced cells. The expression level of transcription factors was found significantly high in 23  mmol/L-induced hHPCs as compared with the uninduced cells. CONCLUSIONS: The present study has shown an exciting new insight into b-cell development from hHPCs trans-differentiation. Relative quantification of gene expression in trans-differentiated cells offers vast possibility for the production of a maximum number of functionally active pancreatic b-cells for a future cure of @entity6 .

title: In vitro quantitative and relative gene expression analysis of pancreatic transcription factors @entity5908 , XXXX , @entity15866 , @entity15867 , @entity6484 and @entity15868 in trans-differentiated @entity1 hepatic progenitors.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity15865 :: (50674,Gene) :: ['Ngn-3']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the obstetric outcome in terms of duration of labour and mode of delivery between the walking epidural analgesia with 0.1% @entity1341 + 0.5% @entity1340 and routine labour practice. STUDY DESIGN: Non-randomized controlled trial. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Anaesthesia, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from August 2004 to July 2007. METHODOLOGY: Consecutive 50 primiparous @entity1 , ASA-I, coming to antenatal clinic for routine delivery were included in control group-A, and consecutive 50 primiparous ASA-I, coming to antenatal clinic and requesting for painless delivery were included in group-B. In group-A, only injection @entity5889 10 mg intramuscular was given when @entity158 was unbearable, on @entity1 's request as a routine practice. In group-B epidural analgesia was given with 15 ml of 0.1% @entity1341 + 0.5 mg/ml @entity1340 . First stage, second stage and total duration of labour were noted. Mode of delivery was also recorded in both groups. @entity1 satisfaction was assessed by interviewing the parturient at evening round after delivery. RESULTS: In group-A, first stage duration of labour was 6.72 + or - 1.16 hours and in group-B, it was 4.03 + or - 1.00 hours, (p < 0.001). Second stage of labour in group-A was 0.55 + or - 0.35 hours and in group-B it was 0.67 + or - 0.33 hours; (p=0.072). Total duration of labour, in group-A was 7.57 + or - 1.13 hours and in group-B it was 4.77 + or - 1.21 hours, (p < 0.001). In group-A 46/50 (92%) @entity1 were delivered spontaneously, while 4/50 (8%) required instrumental assistance. In group-B 36/50 (72%) @entity1 were delivered spontaneously and instrumental deliveries were 13/50 (26%) (p=0.015). One @entity1 developed @entity147 and went through cesarean section in group B. @entity1 satisfaction was excellent in 88% of group-B parturients. CONCLUSION: Epidural analgesia with combination of low concentration of @entity1341 , injection @entity1340 and ambulation markedly reduce the duration of labour.

title: Walking epidural with low dose XXXX plus @entity1340 on normal labour in primipara.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1340 :: ('MESH:D014147', 'Chemical') :: ['tramadol', 'Tramadol']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['fetal distress']

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['Bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity5889 :: ('MESH:D009266', 'Chemical') :: ['Nalbuphine']

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['bupivacaine']


abstract: For the 5-year period 1979 to 1983, 242 @entity1 were followed up who had received @entity2643 treatment, 156 for @entity4710 ( @entity4710 ) and 86 for @entity943 . Five @entity1 were lost to follow-up overseas; the rest were followed to cessation of therapy, @entity204 or recent review for a mean of 24 +/- 15 months. Male/female incidence was 1.8:1 and mean age was 58 years (range 4 to 88). Half the group had @entity1002 . Adverse effects were recorded in 59% of the @entity1 and led to drug withdrawal in 26% of the total group. In contrast, unsuccessful treatment was the cause of drug withdrawal in only 5% of the @entity1 , although an additional 25% stopped taking the drug for various reasons. Actuarial survival for the whole group, and subgroups with @entity4710 and @entity2224 were 66%, 74% and 52%, respectively, at 50 months. For the whole group, the actuarial probability of being alive and continuing with @entity2643 therapy was only 19% at 50 months. Thus, although @entity2643 was effective, few @entity1 tolerated the drug on a long-term basis. Although @entity2643 remains a valuable treatment for @entity1 with @entity1165 , its long-term effectiveness for @entity1 with @entity4710 is less certain.

title: Long-term tolerance of @entity2643 treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular tachycardia', 'SVT']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['impaired left ventricular function']

answer: @entity943 :: (MESH:D001145,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrhythmias']


abstract: AIMS: left ventricular (LV) mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) has emerged as a therapeutic target using cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in chronic @entity712 @entity1 . Current methods used to evaluate LVMD are technically challenging and do not assess all the components of LVMD simultaneously. We analysed real-time 3D speckle tracking (3DST) echocardiography as a novel method to assess LVMD. METHODS AND RESULTS: three-dimensional ST was performed in 60 unselected @entity1 (71    9 years old; 39% with @entity296 ) who were referred to optimize and to control of a CRT device; implanted according to current guidelines (9 added to be excluded from the protocol). Two standardized conditions [right ventricular (RV) versus an optimized biventricular ( @entity3032 ) pacing modality] were tested. These two pacing modalities lead to two distinct electrical activation patterns. We sought to test the capability of 3DST to distinguish these two patterns. The LV ejection fraction was 24    9 in the RV mode and 29    10% in @entity3032 . By 3DST, we measured global end-systolic @entity1002 (standard deviation of the time to peak/16 LV-segment). The 3D radial strain increased from 13.8    5.7 in the RV to 15.9    6.5% in theBiV mode, and the dyssynchrony index decreased from 15.1    5.0 to 11.8    4.1%. 3D longitudinal strain increased from -6.9    2.8 in the RV to -7.8    3.2% in the @entity3032 mode, and the dyssynchrony index decreased from 14.2    4.8 to 11.5    5.0% (P < 0.01 for all). The 3D @entity6475 ( @entity6475 ) increased from -15.4    6 in the RV to -18.3    7.0% in the @entity3032 mode, and the dyssynchrony index decreased from 12.2    5.1 to 9.5    4.5% (P < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION: When image quality is optimal, 3DST might offer a new rapid method to quantify global LVMD in CRT candidates. In a comparison of the utility of various 3D strain measurements, the 3D @entity6475 appears to be closed to the ideal parameter that we are looking for.

title: Real-time three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['area strain', 'AS']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['LV deformation and dyssynchrony']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony']


abstract: Studies were conducted to determine the cardiovascular responses to @entity368 -enkephalin (L-enk) in three different species of animals; @entity95 , @entity235 and monkey. All animals were anesthetized with @entity4485 after sedation with @entity3652 . @entity551 ( @entity551 ) and heart rate (HR) were simultaneously monitored. The pressor and HR responses to bilateral @entity432 (BCO) were determined before injection of L-enk. @entity101 due to BCO in monkey were significantly greater than in the other two animal groups. Following i.v. injection of L-enk (5-30 micrograms/kg), a significant fall in @entity551 occurred in all groups in a dose-dependent manner; however, the time course of changes in @entity551 in @entity95 was significantly shorter than that in the other animal groups. Significant decreases in HR after the injection of L-enk occurred in @entity95 and @entity235 , whereas increases in HR occurred in monkeys. These results show that some cardiovascular responses to L-enk may be species dependent. These different cardiovascular responses to L-enk may be at least partly related to species differences in baroreceptor reflex sensitivity.

title: Some species differences in cardiovascular responses to intravenously injected XXXX -enkephalin.

entities_list: @entity4485 :: ('MESH:D010424', 'Chemical') :: ['pentobarbital sodium']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Increased MBP and HR']

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity3652 :: ('MESH:D007649', 'Chemical') :: ['ketamine']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['carotid occlusion']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Mean blood pressure', 'MBP']

answer: @entity368 :: (CHEBI:25017,Chemical) :: ['leucine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the associations between the periconceptional maternal biomarkers of one- @entity505 metabolism and embryonic growth. DESIGN: Prospective, periconceptional hospital-based birth cohort. SETTING: Tertiary medical care center. @entity1 (S): Between 2010 and 2014, 236 @entity1 with early singleton ongoing pregnancies that resulted in 139 strictly dated spontaneous pregnancies and 97 pregnancies conceived after assisted reproductive technology. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Maternal serum @entity2186 and plasma total @entity1255 (tHcy) assessed at enrollment, and longitudinal first-trimester crown-rump length (CRL), embryonic volume (EV), and absolute growth rates obtained via three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US) and virtual reality. RESULT(S): In early pregnancy, we performed a median of five 3D-US scans (range: 1-7). @entity2186 concentrations were positively associated with CRL and EV measurements in the total population (CRL: b 5  10(-4) (1  10(-4) to 9  10(-4))    mm; EV: b 2  10(-4) (0  10(-4) to 4  10(-4)) (3)   cm(3)) and in the strictly dated spontaneous pregnancy subgroup. The tHcy concentration was negatively associated with embryonic growth in all study groups. High tHcy concentrations (+2 standard deviation [SD], 10.3   mol/L) were associated with a 1.7  mm smaller CRL (-13.4%) at 7  weeks and a 3.6-mm smaller CRL (-7.1%) at 11  weeks compared with -2 SD tHcy (-3.0   mol/L). A high tHcy concentration was also associated with a 0.10  cm(3) smaller EV (-33.3%) at 7  weeks and a 1.65  cm(3) smaller EV (-16.1%) at 11  weeks. The embryonic growth rate was positively associated with @entity2186 and negatively associated with tHcy. CONCLUSION( @entity18381 variations in periconceptional maternal concentrations of one- @entity505 metabolism biomarkers are associated with @entity1 embryonic growth.

title: Periconceptional maternal biomarkers of one- XXXX  metabolism and embryonic growth trajectories: the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict Study).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'human', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity1255 :: ('MESH:D006710', 'Chemical') :: ['homocysteine']

entities_list: @entity2186 :: ('MESH:D014805', 'Chemical') :: ['Vitamin B12', 'vitamin B12']

answer: @entity505 :: (MESH:D002244,Chemical) :: ['carbon']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: It is still unclear what happens in the glomerulus when @entity644 starts. Using @entity8424 @entity3450 (PAN) @entity35 , we studied early ultrastructural and permeability changes in relation to the expression of the podocyte-associated molecules nephrin, a-actinin, dendrin, and @entity22040 , the last two of which were only recently discovered in podocytes. METHODS: Using immune stainings, semiquantitative measurement was performed under the electron microscope. Permeability was assessed using isolated kidney perfusion with tracers. Possible effects of ACE inhibition were tested. RESULTS: By day 2, some patchy foot process effacement, but no @entity644 , appeared. The amount of nephrin was reduced in both diseased and normal areas. The other proteins showed few changes, which were limited to diseased areas. By day 4, foot process effacement was complete and @entity644 appeared in parallel with signs of size barrier damage. Nephrin decreased further, while dendrin and @entity22040 also decreased but a-actinin remained unchanged. ACE inhibition had no significant protective effect. CONCLUSIONS: PAN glomeruli already showed significant pathology by day 4, despite relatively mild @entity644 . This was preceded by altered nephrin expression, supporting its pivotal role in podocyte morphology. The novel proteins dendrin and @entity22040 were both reduced, suggesting roles in PAN, whereas a-actinin was unchanged.

title: Permeability, ultrastructural changes, and distribution of novel proteins in the glomerular barrier in early @entity8424 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity3450 :: ('MESH:D009401', 'Disease') :: ['nephrosis']

entities_list: @entity8424 :: ('MESH:D011692', 'Chemical') :: ['puromycin aminonucleoside']

answer: @entity3450 :: (MESH:D009401,Disease) :: ['nephrosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: It was our aim in this study to develop a technique that is rather simple, overcomes the problems of Devine and Horton glanuloplasty in @entity1 with small glans, and is flexible to be tailored to any @entity2650 surgery. METHODS: A total of 11 @entity1 were included in this preliminary report. A triangular skin flap was interpositioned between the developed glanular wings to cover the neourethra. The source of this flap was either the outer preputial skin in eight @entity1 subjected to double onlay preputial flaps and was a skin flap developed from the ventrolateral penile skin in two cases repaired by Snodgrass procedure and another by Mathieu flip flap repair. RESULTS: Cosmetic appearance was good in all cases except one. In this case the distortion of the glans was due to the use of excessive skin for interpositioning. One @entity1 suffered from urethracutaneous @entity292 that was repaired later. In addition, three @entity1 experienced @entity4 of the interpositioned skin, which was self-limiting. Otherwise, we did not face any meatal regression, glanular dehiscence, repair disruption or any other major complications. CONCLUSION: The interpositioned vascularized skin flap between the developed glanular wings is a promising technique for glanuloplasty. Most of the problems faced with the triangularized glans technique have been solved with our modification. It provides tension-free closure of the glans with improved cosmetic results. This report is preliminary, and long-term data and larger number of @entity1 should be treated with this procedure before a final conclusion is reached.

title: Glanuloplasty by ventral skin interposition in XXXX repair: preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2650 :: ('MESH:D007021', 'Disease') :: ['hypospadias']

answer: @entity2650 :: (MESH:D007021,Disease) :: ['hypospadias']


abstract: PURPOSE: On occasion, the left colon is not available for rectal or low pelvic @entity254 either because of synchronous pathology, previous resections, or inadequate blood supply. The short middle colic pedicle prevents use of the transverse colon for this purpose. In this situation, the right colon is a good anastomotic conduit. The aim of this video is to demonstrate the right colonic transposition technique. METHODS: Intraoperative footage was filmed and edited in a multimedia format. Operative details were as follows: the diseased left colon and transverse colon are excised; the right colon is fully mobilized and transposed 180 degrees anticlockwise around the axis of the ileocolic pedicle, so the hepatic flexure reaches into the pelvis without @entity2701 . The hepatic flexure is then used for @entity254 within the pelvis either to the residual rectum or anus (see Supplemental Digital Content, Videos 1-3, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A46, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A47, and http://links.lww.com/DCR/A48). Case notes were reviewed to analyze clinical outcome and bowel function. RESULTS: Three @entity1 underwent the technique, 2 females and 1 male (median age, 45 (range, 30-55) years). Median operating time was 98 (range, 95-114) minutes. There were no anastomotic failures or other major complications. One @entity1 had a superficial wound @entity281 . The median in-hospital stay was 7 (range, 7-8) days. The median time to first bowel movement was 3 (range, 3-4) days; the median daily stool frequency was 4 (range, 3-4) on discharge, decreasing to 2 daily stools 12 months after surgery. Stoma formation and total colectomy were successfully avoided in each @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Right colonic transposition is a useful technique to enable the construction of a @entity2701 -free rectal @entity254 with a good blood supply. The use of the right colon in these clinicopathological situations can be achieved with low morbidity and results in good short- and long-term bowel function in these @entity1 . Careful preservation of the ileocolic pedicle and division of the right colic vessels are essential to facilitate successful @entity254 .

title: Right colonic transposition technique: when the left colon is unavailable for achieving a pelvic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity254 :: (MESH:C563598,Disease) :: ['anastomosis']


abstract: OBJECT Intracranial @entity10220 are rarely reported due to their extremely low incidence. Knowledge about @entity10220 is therefore poor. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and clinical, radiological, and pathological features of @entity932 . METHODS Approximately 60,000 @entity5 were surgically treated at Beijing Tiantan Hospital between 2003 and 2013. The authors identified all cases in which @entity1 underwent resection of an @entity5 that was found to be pathological examination demonstrated to be @entity10220 and analyzed the data from these cases. RESULTS Forty-three cases of pathologically confirmed, surgically treated @entity932 were identified. Thus in this @entity1 population, @entity10220 accounted for approximately 0.07% of @entity5 (43 of an estimated 60,000). Radiologically, 79.1% (34/43) of @entity932 were misdiagnosed as other diseases. Pathologically, 34 were confirmed as @entity10220 , 8 were mixed with @entity424 , and 1 was mixed with @entity816 . Thirty-five @entity1 were followed up for 3.0 to 120 months after surgery. Three of these @entity1 experienced @entity5 recurrence, and one died of @entity5 recurrence. Univariate analysis revealed that shorter progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly associated with poorly defined borders. The association between shorter PFS and age < 14 years was almost significant (p = 0.51), and this variable was also included in the multivariate analysis. However, multivariate analysis showed showed only poorly defined borders to be an independent prognostic factor for shorter PFS (RR 18.655, 95% CI 1.141-304.884, p = 0.040). In @entity1 14 years of age or older, the lesions tended to be @entity10220 located in the unilateral supratentorial area, total removal tended to be easier, and PFS tended to be longer. In comparison, in younger @entity1 @entity10220 tended to be mixed @entity5 involving the bilateral infratentorial area, with a lower total removal rate and shorter PFS. CONCLUSIONS Intracranial @entity10220 is a rare @entity5 with definite radiological features. Long-term survival can be expected, although poorly defined borders are an independent predictor of shorter PFS. All the features that differ between @entity5 in younger and older @entity1 suggest that they might have different origins, biological behaviors, and prognoses.

title: Clinical, radiological, and pathological features in 43 cases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial subependymoma', 'intracranial subependymomas']

entities_list: @entity424 :: ('MESH:D004806', 'Disease') :: ['ependymoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'benign intracranial tumor', 'intracranial tumors', 'intracranial tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity10220 :: ('MESH:D018315', 'Disease') :: ['subependymomas', 'pure subependymomas', 'subependymoma']

answer: @entity932 :: (MESH:D020300,Disease) :: ['intracranial subependymoma']


abstract: GH secretion is primarily regulated by the hypothalamic-releasing hormones @entity7704 and @entity1943 . Additionally, several neurotransmitters act at the hypothalamus and pituitary to modulate GH release. The agents commonly used in clinical practice to diagnose @entity2338 , such as @entity369 , insulin and L-dopa, act through the neural GH network. Many @entity1 with a poor GH response to conventional agents have a significant serum GH response to iv @entity7704 . GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are synthetic peptides that like @entity7704 act directly on pituitary somatotrophs to stimulate GH release. GHRP-2, an investigational drug, is one of the most potent members of the GHRP family. It has been shown to be effective in adults via the oral and intranasal as well as the iv route of administration. In this study, GH responses to GHRP-2 were compared with GH responses to other provocative agents in @entity1 of @entity851 . GHRP-2 was administered iv or intranasally to @entity1 with @entity851 . In the same subjects, GHRP-2 was administered iv in combination with @entity7704 . Twenty-four @entity1 undergoing evaluation for @entity2338 received at least one conventional agent ( @entity369 , L-dopa/exercise, insulin) in addition to iv @entity7704 and GHRP-2. The GH responses to @entity7704 or GHRP-2 were similar in each @entity1 , and both were equally reliable predictors of pituitary reserve. The conventional agents used in GH testing were less likely to predict the capacity of the pituitary to release GH than were either @entity7704 or GHRP-2. There was no correlation between maximal GH response to standard tests with GH responses to @entity7704 or GHRP-2. A subset of the group of 21 @entity1 who had a robust response to iv GHRP-2 were later administered @entity7704 +GHRP-2 simultaneously. The GH response to @entity7704 +GHRP-2 was synergistic in this group of 12 @entity1 , similar to previously reported observations in adults of normal stature. Fifteen of the 21 @entity1 who had a robust response to the iv GH-releasing factors also received intranasal GHRP-2. All 15 of these @entity1 had a significant GH response to intranasal GHRP-2 over a dose range of 5-20 micrograms/kg per dose. The mean peak GH response to 15 micrograms/kg was 31.3 micrograms/L. The intranasal preparation was well tolerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Diagnostic studies with intravenous and intranasal growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 in XXXX of @entity851 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2338 :: ('MESH:D004393', 'Disease') :: ['GH deficiency']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['short stature']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin']

entities_list: @entity369 :: ('CHEBI:29016', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: After orchiectomy in @entity5 the standard is adjuvant radiation therapy. We analyzed the @entity1 retrospectively to evaluate the contributions of the treatment volume and dosage to treatment outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2005, 91 @entity5 @entity1 with a median age 36 (range;22-62) applied to our center, who were treated using anterior-posterior parallel opposed fields with linear accelerator or Co60 after orchiectomy. Twenty-five (27.5%) @entity1 received irradiation to the paraaortic and ipsilateral pelvic nodes, and 66 (62.5%) @entity1 only received to paraaortic nodes. RESULTS: With a follow up time of median 57 months (range; 27-104), paraaortic nodes treated group had 4 relapses (6%) - 3 of them pelvic, one of them both pelvic and paraaortic. Both @entity717 irradiated @entity1 had only one relapse (4%) (P = 0.726). While the 5 year @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) is 98.8%, it is 100% in the @entity235 -leg group and 98.4% in the paraaortic group (P = 0.548). Univariate analyses of @entity1349 and Disease Free Survival (DFS) showed that there is no statistically significant difference related to factors as age, histologic subgroup, @entity5 size, rete @entity1062 involvement, radiotherapy (RT) fields, dose ranges and the therapy device. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant RT approach is the preferred for non-compliant low risk @entity1 as well as intermediate and high risk @entity1 in @entity5 . 20 Gy/ 10 fractions/ 2 weeks RT is the adequate treatment.

title: Radiotherapy for XXXX of the @entity1062 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage I seminoma']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['paraaortic and ipsilateral nodes']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['stage I seminoma']


abstract: Members of the RAS gene family have been implicated in many @entity5 with activating mutations around @entity535 positions 12 and 61. We have assessed the mutational activation of H, K, and @entity8497 in @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ) by polymerase chain reaction and hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Using this method, point mutations in codons 12/13 and 61 of these RAS genes were detected in 20 of 50 @entity1 including two with @entity417 ( @entity417 ). Ten normal individuals had no detectable RAS mutations. In 11 instances, DNA from @entity1 with detectable RAS mutations were shown to register in either NIH3T3 focus-forming or nude @entity19 tumorigenicity assays. In addition, one @entity1 ( @entity417 ) was shown to have an activated @entity8497 gene detected by a tumorigenicity assay and Southern blot analyses. Two @entity2590 @entity1 had mutations detected in two different RAS genes. DNA from one of these @entity1 was observed to give rise to transformants with activated N and HRAS. Two @entity1 with detectable @entity8497 mutations in the @entity2590 stage progressed to @entity3052 and DNA from the @entity3052 stage registered positively in a transformation assay with @entity8497 activation. These results show that RAS mutations can occur at early, as well as late, stages of leukemic progression. The incidence of RAS mutations appears to be significantly higher in @entity12188 than in the other subgroups (p = 0.02).

title: RAS mutations in XXXX detected by amplification, oligonucleotide hybridization, and transformation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts', 'RARS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplasia', 'MDS']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplasia']


abstract: @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) promotes tissue @entity82 via the receptor-specific Smad pathway and non-canonical pathways. We recently reported that @entity2533 -stimulated collagen expression by cultured kidney cells requires integrin-dependent activation of @entity3818 ( @entity3818 ) and consequent @entity3963 MAP kinase activity leading to @entity7379 linker region phosphorylation. Here, we defined a role for avb3-integrin in this non-canonical pathway. A @entity1 kidney tubular cell line in which b1-integrin was knocked down (b1-k/d) demonstrated enhanced type I collagen mRNA expression and promoter activity. A second shRNA to either av-integrin or b3-integrin, but not to another av-binding partner, b6-integrin, abrogated the enhanced @entity4173 promoter activity in b1-k/d cells. Although avb3-integrin surface expression levels were not different, avb3-integrins colocalized with sites of focal adhesion significantly more in b1-k/d cells, and activated avb3-integrin was detected only in b1-k/d cells. Further, the collagen response was decreased by a function-blocking antibody or a peptide inhibitor of avb3-integrin. In cells lacking avb3-integrin, the responses were attenuated, whereas the response was enhanced in avb3-overexpressing cells. @entity5180 and @entity3963 , previously defined mediators for this non-canonical pathway, showed increased activities in b1-k/d cells. Finally, inhibition of avb3-integrin decreased @entity5180 activity and @entity4173 promoter activity in b1-k/d cells. Together, our results indicate that decreasing b1 chain causes avb3-integrin to become functionally dominant and promotes renal cell fibrogenesis via @entity5180 -mediated @entity3963 activity.

title: Loss of beta1-integrin enhances XXXX -induced collagen expression in epithelial cells via increased alphavbeta3-integrin and @entity5180 activity.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['Transforming growth factor b', 'TGF-b', 'TGF-b1']

entities_list: @entity3818 :: ('5747', 'Gene') :: ['FAK', 'focal adhesion kinase']

answer: @entity2533 :: (7040,Gene) :: ['TGF-beta1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe vertigo and hearing disturbance as a first sign of @entity463 . STUDY DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Ear, Nose, and Throat Department of the University of Regensberg, Germany. Primary Care Center. @entity1 : A @entity1 with a left @entity463 . RESULTS: A 67-year-old @entity1 presented with a 2-month history of vertigo and hearing disturbance. Radiological imaging revealed a left @entity5 with dural inflation and erosion of the petrous bone and superior semicircular duct. The surgery involved total resection of the @entity5 and resurfacing of the gap in the superior canal. The histopathological examination revealed World Health Trade Organization IV @entity463 . Postoperatively, the debilitating symptoms were relieved and the @entity1 received radiation therapy. @entity5 progression indicated a recraniotomy and a mastoidectomy. The @entity5 was only partially resected, and required chemotherapy. It subsequently developed otoliquorrhea and required a remastoidectomy. Histopathology of a pathological fracture of the X thoracic vertebra revealed a @entity3 of the known @entity463 . The @entity1 died from @entity649 . CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, we are presenting the first case with transdural infiltration of bony structures by a @entity463 at the moment of diagnosis. The transdural spread could be via the sinus petrosus and along the nervous petrosus major in the petrosal bone. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of vertigo and hearing disturbance. Two different processes for the etiology of the superior canal dehiscence syndrome are discussed previously in the literature; however, we present a new entity with a @entity5 -cause dehiscence of the bone overlying the superior canal.

title: Vertigo and hearing disturbance as the first sign of a XXXX (World Health Organization grade IV).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'PATIENTS', 'man']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'temporal tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['temporal glioblastoma', 'glioblastoma']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: @entity853 played a central role in the reconstruction of 30 limbs involved in posttraumatic @entity4034 . The tibia was involved in 15, the femur in six, the ankle in five, and the foot and radius in two each. Of the thirty limbs, 27 were ununited. Positive bacteriology and/or histology was found in each case. A total of 36 frames were used with 20 unilateral half-frame constructs and 16 bilateral transfixion frames. The average duration of external fixation was 60 days. Specific procedures for soft tissue coverage were required in 21 cases and autogenous bone grafting in 26. Loosening and @entity281 occurred in three of 168 external fixation pins. There were no cases of pin-track @entity4034 , @entity174 through pintracks, or @entity16 from pin insertion. Infection was controlled in 29 of 30 limbs, with one requiring a below-knee amputation. Skeletal union was achieved in all cases. At an average follow-up of 35 months, 20 of 28 lower limbs in 27 @entity1 tolerated full weight bearing without ambulatory aides. Four used a patellar tendon-bearing @entity7502 orthosis, two used a cane, and one a walker. In the 23 @entity1 ambulating without upper-extremity aides, the average time from the start of treatment to reach this functional status was 14 months.

title: The role of external fixation in the treatment of posttraumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity853 :: ('MESH:D009139', 'Disease') :: ['External skeletal fixation']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular damage']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['local infection']

answer: @entity4034 :: (MESH:D010019,Disease) :: ['osteomyelitis']


abstract: @entity4444 has been administered during 7 days to 28 @entity1 with different degrees of @entity177 . Thirteen of these @entity1 had a further week's treatment at least one month later. The daily dose of @entity4444 was reduced in relation to pretrial values of @entity1011 clearance. There was a clear rise in serum @entity1011 all through the trial (22.3 +/- 2.6% at day 7) (p < 0.001). Maximal decreases in @entity1011 clearance occurred on day 2 (21.8 +/- 2.2%) and day 3 (23 +/- 2.0%) (p < 0.001), but were still present on days 6 (16.4 +/- 2.9%) and 7 (17.3 +/- 2.8%) (p < 0.001). There was a small rise in serum @entity414 all through the trial (p < 0.05). Three days after finished treatment there were no significant differences in serum @entity1011 , @entity1011 clearance and serum @entity414 when compared to pretrial values. The pattern of changes in serum @entity1011 and @entity1011 clearance was the same in both mild and severe @entity177 . Glomerular filtration rate determined by  52Cr   @entity1098 clearance before, on day 3 of treatment and 3 days after treatment did not show any differences. No change was seen in serum @entity2262 during the trial. The decrease in @entity1011 clearance during treatment with @entity4444 is probably not caused by a reduction of glomerular filtration rate, but could be explained by competition by @entity4444 for tubular secretion of @entity1011 . Treatment with @entity4444 of @entity1 with @entity177 may invalidate measurements of serum @entity1011 and @entity1011 clearance as standard routine tests for glomerular filtration rate.

title: The effects of XXXX (Tagamet) on renal function in @entity1 with @entity177 .

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine', 'Cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity2262 :: ('567', 'Gene') :: ['beta 2-microglobulin']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity4444 :: (MESH:D002927,Chemical) :: ['cimetidine']


abstract: PURPOSE: The efficacy of radiation therapy in orbital @entity6725 in @entity1 who fail medical therapy is unclear. The purpose of this study was to ascertain its effectiveness. METHODS: The records of 11 cases were reviewed retrospectively for histopathologic findings, age, gender, site of involvement, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of treatment. The case histories of the 4 @entity1 treated with radiation, all of whom had failed medical treatment, were described. RESULTS: Of 11 @entity1 , 5 were female, and all were white. The age range at the time of presentation was 25 to 85 years. Nine @entity1 had bilateral involvement. Five @entity1 , all of whom had bilateral disease, had systemic manifestations or @entity792 thought to be related to their orbital disease. In general, @entity1 treated with systemic corticosteroids had at least a partial response of their lesion. However, none of the 4 @entity1 treated with orbital radiation (3 of whom had not responded to @entity134 treatment and 1 of whom had responded only to high-dose @entity230 ) experienced improvement, and at least 3 experienced exacerbation of their disease. The histologic features before treatment in all cases were similar and consistent with @entity6725 . CONCLUSION: Orbital @entity6725 may be a unilateral or bilateral condition. Particularly when bilateral, it may be associated with similar lesions elsewhere or with systemic @entity792 . The results of this study suggest that fractionated radiotherapy not only may be ineffective but also may exacerbate the progression of the orbital lesions in @entity1 who do not respond to medical therapy or who are @entity134 dependent on intolerable doses of medication.

title: Failure of radiation therapy in orbital XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6725 :: ('MESH:D014972', 'Disease') :: ['xanthogranuloma']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease', 'autoimmune disorders']

answer: @entity6725 :: (MESH:D014972,Disease) :: ['xanthogranuloma']


abstract: Photodynamic therapy ( @entity4906 ) is an innovative treatment involving the use of a photosensitizer and low powered laser to selectively destroy @entity5 cells. In the head and neck, its application to @entity1724 , @entity3 and @entity5 have been reported but our report on @entity4906 for @entity5 is the only clinical report in Japan. At present, we treat @entity5 by @entity4906 using @entity3503 and excimer dye lasers such as the HpD. In the present study, we assessed the utility and safety of @entity4906 and investigated long-term prognosis after this therapy. The subjects were 12 @entity1 with @entity5 who underwent @entity4906 between February 1988 and October 1993. Among them, ten with @entity5 of the vocal cords underwent @entity4906 as the primary treatment and two underwent @entity4906 because of recurrence after radiotherapy. Under local anesthesia, @entity4906 was performed using a video endoscope (Pentax EB2000). The optimal dose from an @entity3503 dye laser was set at 200-500 mW/cm2 of continuous waves for 20 minutes and that from the excimer dye laser was set at 200 J/cm2 of pulse waves (3-4 mJ/pulse, 30-40 Hz). The @entity3503 dye laser used was the Fujinon @entity4906 developed by Fuji Photo Optical Co., Ltd. The excimer dye laser used was a product of Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd. 1) Effect of @entity4906 The effect of @entity4906 as a primary treatment for ten @entity1 was classified as CR in eight and PR in two cases, the CR rate being 80.0%. When evaluated only for T1 @entity1 , the results were classified as CR in eight and PR in one. The @entity1 whose response was classified as PR had refused repeated @entity4906 . CR was maintained for five and 13 months in the two @entity1 who underwent @entity4906 as a secondary treatment after radiotherapy. CR was obtained in 83.3% of all @entity1 studied. 2) Duration of the effect of @entity4906 and long-term prognosis The @entity1 were followed up for 14 to 71 months. The longest duration of CR achieved by @entity4906 monotherapy was 65 months. Among the @entity1 who underwent @entity4906 as a primary treatment, one developed local recurrence and underwent radiotherapy. However, the prognosis was uneventful in all other @entity1 . CR after @entity4906 monotherapy was maintained for 42 months in one T3 @entity1 . Two @entity1 with a history of previous treatment thereafter relapsed and underwent total laryngectomy. The larynx could be conserved in 83.3% of all @entity1 . However, it could be conserved in 100% of @entity1 who underwent @entity4906 as a primary treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: [Clinical study of photodynamic therapy for XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1724 :: ('MESH:C535297', 'Disease') :: ['laryngeal papilloma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'laryngeal cancer', 'cancer', 'oral cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['laryngeal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The treatment paradigm in @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) has changed in the recent years. @entity2240 has been established as a new standard for first-line therapy. We studied the prognostic significance of baseline characteristics and we compared the risk stratification with the established Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) model. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of @entity1 treated in six Greek Oncology Units of HECOG. Inclusion criteria were: @entity1358 not amenable to surgery and treatment with @entity2240 . Previous cytokine therapy but no targeted agents were allowed. @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was the major end point. Significance of prognostic factors was evaluated with multivariate cox regression analysis. A model was developed to stratify @entity1 according to risk. RESULTS: One hundred and nine @entity1 were included. Median follow up has been 15.8 months and median @entity1349 17.1 months (95% CI: 13.7-20.6). Time from diagnosis to the start of @entity2240 (<or= 12 months vs. >12 months, p = 0.001), number of metastatic sites (1 vs. >1, p = 0.003) and performance status (PS) (<or= 1 vs >1, p = 0.001) were independently associated with @entity1349 . Stratification in two risk groups ("low" risk: 0 or 1 risk factors; "high" risk: 2 or 3 risk factors) resulted in distinctly different @entity1349 (median not reached [NR] vs. 10.8 [95% confidence interval (CI): 8.3-13.3], p < 0.001). The application of the MSKCC risk criteria resulted in stratification into 3 groups (low and intermediate and poor risk) with distinctly different prognosis underlying its validity. Nevertheless, MSKCC model did not show an improved prognostic performance over the model developed by this analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Studies on risk stratification of @entity1 with advanced @entity1358 treated with targeted therapies are warranted. Our results suggest that a simpler than the MSKCC model can be developed. Such models should be further validated.

title: Prognostic stratification of @entity1 with @entity1358 treated with XXXX : comparison with the Memorial Sloan-Kettering prognostic factors model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['advanced renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity2240 :: ('MESH:C473478', 'Chemical') :: ['Sunitinib']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'Overall survival']

answer: @entity2240 :: (MESH:C473478,Chemical) :: ['sunitinib']


abstract: 1. The role of cannabinoid (CB) receptors in the regulation of gastric acid secretion was investigated in the @entity35 by means of functional experiments and by immunohistochemistry. 2. In anaesthetized @entity35 with lumen-perfused stomach, the non selective CB-receptor agonist @entity10024 (0.30 - 4.00 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) and the selective CB(1)-receptor agonist @entity10025 (0.03 - 1.50 micromol kg(-1), i.v.), dose-dependently decreased the acid secretion induced by both @entity10026 (30 nmol kg(-1) h(-1)) and @entity897 (1.25 mmol kg(-1), i.v.). By contrast, neither @entity10024 (1 - 4 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) nor @entity10025 (0.03 - 1.50 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) did modify @entity112 -induced acid secretion (20 micromol kg(-1) h(-1)). The selective @entity10027 agonist @entity10028 (3 - 10 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) was ineffective. 3. The gastric antisecretory effects of @entity10024 and @entity10025 on @entity10026 -induced acid secretion were prevented by the selective CB(1)-receptor antagonist @entity351 (0.65 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) and unaffected by the selective @entity10027 antagonist @entity10029 (0.65 - 2 micromol kg(-1), i.v.). 4. Bilateral cervical vagotomy and ganglionic blockade with @entity4033 (10 mg kg(-1), i.v., followed by continuous infusion of 10 mg kg(-1) h(-1)) significantly reduced, but not abolished, the maximal inhibitory effect of @entity10025 (0.3 micromol kg(-1), i.v.) on @entity10026 -induced acid secretion; by contrast, pretreatment with @entity3897 (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) did not modify the antisecretory effect of @entity10025 . 5. Immunoreactivity to the CB(1) receptor was co-localized with that of the cholinergic marker @entity1877 acetyltransferase in neural elements innervating smooth muscle, mucosa and submucosal blood vessels of @entity35 stomach fundus, corpus and antrum. In contrast, @entity10027 -like immunoreactivity was not observed. 6. These results indicate that gastric antisecretory effects of cannabinoids in the @entity35 are mediated by suppression of vagal drive to the stomach through activation of CB(1) receptors, located on pre- and postganglionic cholinergic pathways. However, the ineffectiveness of @entity3897 in reducing the effect of @entity10025 suggests that the release of non cholinergic excitatory neurotransmitters may be regulated by CB(1) receptors.

title: Gastric antisecretory role and immunohistochemical localization of cannabinoid receptors in the XXXX stomach.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity10026 :: ('MESH:D010418', 'Chemical') :: ['pentagastrin']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity897 :: ('MESH:D003847', 'Chemical') :: ['2-deoxy-D-glucose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: Using three separate models that included total body mass, total lean and total fat mass, and abdominal and thigh fat as independent measures, we determined their association with knee joint loads in older overweight and @entity28 adults with @entity626 ( @entity571 ). METHODS: Fat depots were quantified using computed tomography, and total lean and fat mass were determined with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in 176 adults (age, 66.3 yr; body mass index, 33.5 kg  m) with radiographic knee @entity571 . Knee moments and joint bone-on-bone forces were calculated using gait analysis and musculoskeletal modeling. RESULTS: Higher total body mass was significantly associated (P  <= 0.0001) with greater knee compressive and shear forces, compressive and shear impulses (P < 0.0001), patellofemoral forces (P < 0.006), and knee extensor moments (P = 0.003). Regression analysis with total lean and total fat mass as independent variables revealed significant positive associations of total fat mass with knee compressive (P = 0.0001), shear (P < 0.001), and patellofemoral forces (P = 0.01) and knee extension moment (P = 0.008). Gastrocnemius and @entity121 forces were positively associated with total fat mass. Total lean mass was associated with knee compressive force (P = 0.002). A regression model that included total thigh and total abdominal fat found that both were significantly associated with knee compressive and shear forces (P  <= 0.04). Thigh fat was associated with knee abduction (P = 0.03) and knee extension moment (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Thigh fat, consisting predominately of subcutaneous fat, had similar significant associations with knee joint forces as abdominal fat despite its much smaller volume and could be an important therapeutic target for @entity1 with knee @entity571 .

title: Knee joint loading in XXXX : influence of abdominal and thigh fat.

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['quadriceps']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: e18573 Background: @entity17476 ( @entity17476 ) is a frequent target of @entity17477 from @entity1 with MGUS, @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) and @entity8057 ( @entity8057 ). @entity1 with @entity17476 specific @entity17477 are carriers of a hyperphosphorylated @entity17476 ( @entity17478 ). @entity17478 carrier state is inherited in an autosomal-dominant fashion, explaining cases of familial MGUS/ @entity1582 / @entity8057 . The aim of this study was to determine whether other auto-antigenic targets of @entity1 @entity17477 are also hyperphosphorylated. METHODS: Moleculary defined auto-antigenic targets of @entity17477 were subjected to DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focussing. RESULTS: Of 11 molecularly defined antigenic targets of @entity17477 , 9 were auto-antigens. Of these 9 cases, autologous tissues from the @entity1 whose paraprotein targeted the respective auto-antigen were available from 8 @entity1 . These autoantigens were: paratarg-2= TTP2, paratarg-5 = microtubulus-associated protein, paratarg-6 = @entity17479 , @entity17476 = @entity17476 , @entity16863 = @entity16863 , paratarg 9 = RSP16, paratarg-10 = @entity17480 and paratarg 11 = SIVA. SNPS or mutations in the autologous @entity1 were excluded by sequencing the genes coding for the respective auto-antigens in the @entity1 and in healthy controls. However, isoelectric focussing before and after phosphatase treatment revealed that all autoantigens tested were hyperphosphorylated in the respective @entity1 compared to healthy controls. For two antigenic targets ( @entity17476 and @entity16863 ) an autosomal-dominant inheritance could be shown. CONCLUSIONS: The consistent finding of hyperphosphorylated autoantigens suggests that these posttranslationally modified autoantigens entertain a chronic auto-immune response. @entity3980 represents a common underlying mechanism associated with the pathogenesis of MGUS/ @entity1582 , the elucidation of which can now be addressed using specific molecular tools.

title: Hyperphosphorylation of auto-antigen targets of @entity17477 in MGUS, @entity1582 ( XXXX ), and @entity8057 ( @entity8057 ) is a consistent finding and suggests chronic antigenic stimulation by post-translationally modified auto-antigens as a common mechanism playing a role in the pathogenesis of MGUS/ @entity1582 / @entity8057 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity17477 :: ('MESH:C563516', 'Disease') :: ['paraproteins']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity3980 :: ('MESH:C535887', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperphosphorylation of antigenic targets of paraproteins']

entities_list: @entity8057 :: ('MESH:D008258', 'Disease') :: ['WM', "Waldenstroem's macroglobulinemia"]

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['MM']


abstract: A review was undertaken of the use of alternative immunosuppressive treatment in addition to corticosteroids in a cohort of 429 @entity1 with @entity134 sensitive @entity1985 (SSNS) treated between 1980 and 1994. Two hundred and twenty two @entity1 (52%) received at least one course of alternative treatment, 98 (23%) two, and 43 (10%) three. @entity786 was administered to 196 @entity1 (46%); in 181 it was the first course of alternative treatment and in 104 (57%) of those it was also the last ('final course'). Levamisole was given to 56 @entity1 (13%) and @entity205 to 53 (12%). Fifteen @entity1 in whom cyclosporin failed were treated with @entity5805 . A few @entity1 received @entity500 or @entity1891 . Ten @entity1 developed secondary @entity134 resistance, of whom five progressed to @entity177 . Acute complications included reversible @entity177 , @entity295 , @entity298 , @entity410 , and @entity5892 . There were three deaths. It is concluded that half of the referred @entity1 with SSNS were deemed to require at least one course of alternative immunosuppressive treatment, and that side effects of the treatment and complications of SSNS are infrequent but occasionally fatal.

title: Alternative treatment to corticosteroids in XXXX sensitive idiopathic @entity1985 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['convulsions']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity5892 :: ('MESH:D020767', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity5805 :: ('MESH:D002699', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorambucil']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure', 'chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: @entity5870 is an important problem in perinatology today, leading to @entity1545 and @entity16 . However, there are almost no data available regarding @entity5870 and a specific damage of the cerebellum. Therefore, this study aimed at determining if @entity5870 causes @entity296 . @entity5870 was induced in @entity742 by the intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a gestational age (GA) of 110 days. At a GA of 140 days, we assessed the mean total and layer-specific volume and the mean total granule cell (GCs) and Purkinje cell (PC) number in the cerebelli of LPS-exposed and control animals using high-precision design-based stereology. Astrogliosis was assessed in the gray and white matter (WM) using a glial fibrillary acidic protein staining combined with gray value image analysis. The present study showed an unchanged volume of the total cerebellum as well as the molecular layer, outer and inner granular cell layers (OGL and IGL, respectively), and WM. Interestingly, compared with controls, the LPS-exposed brains showed a statistically significant increase (+20.4%) in the mean total number of GCs, whereas the number of PCs did not show any difference between the two groups. In addition, LPS-exposed animals showed signs of astrogliosis specifically affecting the IGL. Intra-amniotic injection of LPS causes morphological changes in the cerebellum of fetal @entity742 still detectable at full-term birth. In this study, changes were restricted to the inner granule layer. These cerebellar changes might correspond to some of the motor or non-motor deficits seen in neonates from compromised pregnancies.

title: Increased number of cerebellar granule cells and astrocytes in the internal granule layer in XXXX following prenatal intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar morphological alterations']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological handicaps']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['Chorioamnionitis', 'chorioamnionitis']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of poorly differentiated @entity3270 of the @entity1819 . METHODS: Twenty-three poorly differentiated @entity3270 of the @entity1819 were treated in the Department of Abdominal Surgery at the @entity5 Hospital, Fudan University between January 1996 and December 2007. Clinicopathological characteristics and survival data were analyzed. RESULTS: Poorly differentiated @entity3270 of the @entity1819 accounted for 0.52% of all the @entity356 . The @entity5 occurred more often in males (18 of 23), older @entity1 (mean age of 62 years), upper third of the @entity1819 (16 of 24,one @entity1 had more than one lesion) with large size (mean diameter of 6.8 cm). TNM stages were as follows: stage II in 3 @entity1 , stage III in 12, and stage IIII in 8. Thirteen @entity1 underwent curative resection, while 8 underwent palliative resection and 2 others underwent exploratory laparotomy with biopsy. Of the 21 surgical resection specimens, vascular invasion was found in 18 @entity1 (85.7%), perineural invasion in 16 @entity1 (76.2%), and regional lymph node @entity3 in 17 @entity1 (81.0%). Follow up time ranged from 3 to 63 months. Mean overall survival time was 17.7 months. The 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year survival rates were 47.8%, 19.1%, and 4.3%, respectively. Statistically significant differences in survival curves were observed which were related to @entity5 staging and surgery type, but not related to gender, age, @entity5 location, or diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Poorly differentiated @entity3270 of the @entity1819 are rare and with poor prognosis. @entity5 stage and surgical type have potential impact on survival.

title: [Clinicopathological and prognostic analysis of 23 poorly differentiated @entity3270 of the XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity3270 :: ('MESH:D018278', 'Disease') :: ['neuroendocrine carcinomas', 'neuroendocrine carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric carcinomas']

answer: @entity1819 :: (MESH:D013272,Disease) :: ['stomach']


abstract: 1. The effects of a purified scorpion toxin (obtained from the Tityus serrulatus venom) on gastric secretion and on @entity112 and @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) levels were studied in @entity35 . 2. Intravenous injection of 0.25 mg/kg of scorpion toxin induced a marked increase in gastric secretion in anesthetized @entity35 . 3. Scorpion toxin also increased the @entity112 content in both the glandular and membranous portions of gastric wall, but there was no change in @entity1617 content. 4. Incubation of slices of gastric wall with scorpion toxin induced a release of @entity1617 from glandular and membranous portions. No effect of the toxin was observed on tissue-bound @entity1617 or on free and tissue-bound @entity112 of either portion of the gastric wall. 5. We conclude that the gastric secretion evoked by intravenous injection of scorpion toxin in the @entity35 is due, at least in part, to release of @entity1617 and @entity112 . It is suggested that the toxin also induces synthesis of both @entity1617 and @entity112 in the gastric wall.

title: Effect of scorpion toxin on gastric @entity112 and @entity934 content in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: This nonblinded, crossover study was undertaken to compare the extent and duration of @entity1337 after administration of @entity3310 0.15% oral rinse and Hospital for Sick @entity1 (HSC) mouthwash for @entity158 (nystatin 7000 U/ml, @entity3303 viscous 0.58 ml/ml in @entity1219 0.9%) in pediatric patients with antineoplastic-induced @entity3136 . Each mouthwash was administered as a paint or a gargle q2h while the @entity1 was awake on two consecutive days. @entity1 older than three years were asked to describe their @entity158 by means of a pictorial or a visual analog scale. @entity158 was assessed by the investigator, parent, or nurse caring for the @entity1 as well as the @entity1 whenever possible before each dose and 10, 30, and 60 minutes after the first three doses each day for four days. @entity3136 severity was graded daily. Four @entity1 completed the study protocol; an additional three @entity1 dropped out of the study due to severe @entity8976 when @entity3310 oral rinse was administered. The case histories of the @entity1 who completed the study are presented. Both preparations reduced @entity158 for at least one hour in most instances but not for two hours. Three of four @entity1 elected to continue treatment with HSC mouthwash for @entity158 . Study recruitment was halted due to the ethical concern of continuing with the knowledge that @entity3310 oral rinse causes @entity158 and @entity8976 , especially in @entity1 with severe @entity3136 .

title: Comparative evaluation of @entity3310 oral rinse in children with antineoplastic-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient', 'child']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis', 'Stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity3310 :: ('MESH:D001591', 'Chemical') :: ['benzydamine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Pain', 'pain', 'oral pain']

answer: @entity3136 :: (MESH:D013280,Disease) :: ['stomatitis']


abstract: EPIDEMIOLOGY: Risk factors for @entity712 vary in magnitude, depending on age and sex. Incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality are strongly age-related. The presence of @entity101 or @entity6 among @entity1 aged 35-64 years increases the risk fourfold. Electrocardiographic evidence of @entity4346 in this group increases the risk 15-fold, independently of the presence of @entity101 . Other independent risks include @entity28 , a high ratio of total to high-density @entity165 , @entity644 , an @entity18893 or a non-specific repolarization abnormality. Among blacks, the presence of @entity101 increases the incidence of @entity712 ; among whites, the underlying cause is more commonly @entity741 . PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Impaired cardiac contractility is the primary hemodynamic change in @entity712 . Increases in ventricular filling pressure following changes in ventricular diastolic compliance contribute to the symptoms. Neurohormonal changes, particularly those related to activation of the @entity916 -angiotensin- @entity1369 system through interactions with the sympathetic nervous system, have been correlated with the severity of the disease and mortality. Drugs that modulate neurohormonal systems have more favorable effects on the outcome of @entity299 than those that only affect hemodynamic systems. THERAPY: @entity1 must be educated towards improved compliance with recommendations on @entity1372 intake, cessation of smoking, weight control, exercise and medication regimens. Current drug therapy includes treatment with diuretics with or without digitalis and can be improved by the use of @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors. Optimal doses of these inhibitors, their use in @entity1 with asymptomatic @entity1002 and their mechanisms of action are currently being evaluated.

title: The changing syndrome of XXXX : an annotated review as we approach the 21st century.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity18893 :: ('MESH:C535853', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular conduction delay']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound and sonohysterography (SHG) in diagnosing residual trophoblastic tissue in @entity190 @entity1 and to assess the adverse effects and complications of the SHG procedure. METHODS: A prospective study of @entity1 with @entity190 bleeding enrolled for clinical symptoms and signs of residual trophoblastic tissue. All @entity1 underwent transvaginal ultrasound and SHG. Uterine cavity curettage was performed in all @entity1 and the material collected was sent for pathologic examination. RESULTS: Among 84 @entity1 , transvaginal ultrasound revealed residual trophoblastic tissue in 60 @entity1 , whereas SHG detected residual trophoblastic tissue in 48 and @entity4461 in 12. Pathologic examination confirmed trophoblastic tissue in 48 @entity1 and @entity4461 in 12. Fifteen (17.9%) @entity1 experienced adverse effects after SHG. Thirteen (15.5%) experienced postprocedural @entity221 that resolved with antibiotics. Two @entity1 (2.4%) had severe complications of @entity281 : 1 required surgery for @entity298 , which revealed @entity9414 and a pelvic abscess; 1 experienced @entity221 and mild @entity490 that resolved with antibiotics after 10 days of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Although SHG showed greater accuracy than transvaginal ultrasound in detecting residual trophoblastic tissue, a high proportion of @entity1 experienced adverse effects.

title: Transvaginal ultrasound and sonohysterography for assessment of XXXX residual trophoblastic tissue.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['postpartum']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['blood clots']

entities_list: @entity9414 :: ('MESH:D012488', 'Disease') :: ['salpingitis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity190 :: (MESH:D006473,Disease) :: ['postpartum']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to characterize peripheral flow kinetics in response to progressive discontinuous maximal exercise in 10 @entity1 who underwent repair of @entity1498 and 11 age-matched healthy adolescents. BACKGROUND: An @entity73 has been suggested on the basis of exaggerated femoral muscle lactate accumulation in @entity1 with successful repair of @entity1498 . Few data are available describing blood flow kinetics of the exercising leg in such @entity1 . METHODS: Duplex ultrasound provided transcutaneous measurements of peak systolic and end-diastolic flow velocities of the femoral, humeral and renal arteries at rest and immediately after mild, moderate and maximal exercise intensities for computation of mean velocity, resistance index and femoral blood flow. RESULTS: Femoral mean velocity and femoral blood flow increased linearly with exercise intensity in both groups, but the slope of this increase was significantly lower in @entity1 . Similarly, humeral mean velocity increased significantly less in @entity1 than in control subjects. Femoral resistance index sharply decreased from that at rest ( @entity1 [mean +/- SE] 1.4 +/- 0.04; control subjects 1.4 +/- 0.03) to mild exercise intensity in both groups ( @entity1 0.69 +/- 0.03; control subjects 0.72 +/- 0.03). A further decrease was observed at maximal exercise in @entity1 (0.60 +/- 0.04, p = 0.08) but not in control subjects (0.69 +/- 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that despite a greater exercise-induced @entity2096 , @entity1 with successful correction of @entity1498 demonstrate an impaired lower limb blood flow in response to strenuous dynamic exercise. In the absence of @entity850 at rest, this alteration could result from exaggerated flow turbulence in the descending aorta distal to the site of correction because of loss of elasticity at the site of the resection of the coarcted segment.

title: Peripheral blood flow responses to exercise after successful correction of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of leg blood flow']

entities_list: @entity2096 :: ('MESH:D020428', 'Disease') :: ['femoral vasodilation']

entities_list: @entity1498 :: ('MESH:D001017', 'Disease') :: ['coarctation of the aorta', 'coarctation']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity1498 :: (MESH:D001017,Disease) :: ['coarctation of the aorta']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity661 ( @entity661 ) was first described in 1990 in Japan. A @entity661 registry was initiated by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhaus  rzte (ALKK) in order to evaluate the clinical spectrum and the management of @entity1 with this syndrome in Germany. METHODS: @entity1 from 37 hospitals were included in the registry if they fulfilled the following criteria: 1. acute chest symptoms or @entity1163 , 2. new ischemic ECG changes with ST-segment elevation    T-wave inversion, 3. reversible left ventricular regional wall motion abnormality not corresponding to a single coronary artery territory, 4. absence of significant @entity3979 . RESULTS: 296 of the 324 @entity1 (age 68       12) were @entity1 (91 %) and 28 @entity1 (9 %). Leading symptoms were @entity951 (72 %), dyspnoea (16 %), @entity1163 (3 %) or resuscitation/ @entity1455 (2 %). An antecedent trigger was found in 77 %. Time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 7,6          6,9 hours. An @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) was clinically suspected in 87 %. The ECG showed ST-segment elevation in 85 %. Cardiac troponin was elevated in more than 90 % of @entity1 . Left ventricular ejection fraction by angiography was reduced to 49    14 %. Initial medical treatment corresponded to the working diagnosis of an @entity1187 . @entity2661 or an intraaortic balloon pump were necessary in 5 % and 1 %, respectively. Seven @entity1 (2.2 %) died in hospital. CONCLUSION: @entity661 afflicts mainly @entity1 and presents clinically as an @entity1187 in 87 %. Hospital mortality is low with symptomatic therapy.

title: [Clinical spectrum of XXXX in Germany: results of the tako-tsubo registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhaus  rzte (ALKK)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery stenoses']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity661 :: ('MESH:D054549', 'Disease') :: ['TTC', 'Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['Catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1455 :: ('MESH:D012770', 'Disease') :: ['cardiogenic shock']

answer: @entity661 :: (MESH:D054549,Disease) :: ['tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy']


abstract: Predisposition to addictions is presumably related to a dysfunction of the brain reward system, which can be 'compensated' by the intake of different psychoactive drugs. Hence, animals showing propensity for developing @entity734 to a specific drug class may also be useful for modeling other addictions. We compared the effects of repeated (14 daily doses) @entity1286 (10 mg/kg) or @entity284 (2 mg/kg) treatment followed by a 2-week withdrawal and a @entity1286 challenge (5 mg/kg) on locomotor activity, brain @entity5019 expression and selected brain regional levels of @entity935 , @entity750 and their metabolites in the 38th generations of selectively bred Warsaw low- @entity167 -preferring (WLP) and Warsaw high- @entity167 -preferring (WHP) @entity35 lines. The @entity35 were given the opioids during the active (i.e. dark) phase of their daily cycle. Drug-na  ve WHP @entity35 compared to their WLP counterparts showed higher locomotor activity in an open field test and higher propensity for lasting behavioral sensitization to @entity1286 . @entity1286 did not significantly enhance, but suppressed @entity5019 expression in certain brain regions of drug-na  ve WLP and WHP @entity35 . @entity5019 expression revealed considerable differences in the responses of WLP and WHP @entity35 to @entity1286 challenge, particularly after @entity284 pretreatment. These differences were associated with differences in @entity1154 metabolite levels that were suggestive of elevated basal ganglia and lowered frontal cortical @entity935 function, and of lowered somatosensory cortex @entity750 function, in the @entity1286 -challenged WHP @entity35 (irrespective of the pretreatment type). Hence, the WLP/WHP line pair may be useful for the search of factors that underlie the propensity for developing @entity4784 .

title: Diverse behavioral, monoaminergic and @entity5019 protein responses to opioids in Warsaw high- @entity167 preferring and Warsaw low- @entity167 preferring XXXX .

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity4784 :: ('MESH:D009293', 'Disease') :: ['opiate dependence']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine', 'Morphine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the activity of 5% Imiquimod cream in the primary treatment of @entity5436 ( @entity5436 ) grade 2/3. METHODS: @entity1 with histologically confirmed @entity5436 2/3 were recruited from regional colposcopy units. A Simon two-stage phase 2 study design was used. Imiquimod cream was applied over the abnormal @entity5436 areas by the @entity1 , using an escalating dose regimen for a total treatment duration of 16 weeks. Colposcopy assessments were performed every 2 weeks to evaluate for response. A historical cohort of @entity5436 2/3 @entity1 treated with primary surgical ablation was used to compare recurrence patterns. RESULTS: Thirty-nine @entity1 enrolled in the study. Six @entity1 dropped out due to side effects and non-compliance with study protocol. Thirty-six @entity1 (92%) had @entity5436 3. Therapy was well tolerated with the most common observed side effects being only minor skin irritation at the application site. Histologic complete response was observed in 21 @entity1 with partial response in another nine @entity1 . The overall response rate was 77% using intention to treat principle. No @entity5436 progression or @entity5 was diagnosed. At a median follow-up of 16 months in the whole study cohort, eight recurrences (20.5%) were observed. In comparison, the recurrence rate for primary surgically treated @entity1 was 53.5% (p=0.013). CONCLUSION: Imiquimod cream was well tolerated and resulted in the regression in a majority of high-grade @entity75 . The recurrence rate appeared to be comparable to primary surgical ablation.

title: Final results of a phase 2 study using continuous 5% Imiquimod cream application in the primary treatment of high-grade XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['VIN lesions']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity5436 :: ('MESH:D019048', 'Disease') :: ['VIN', 'vulva intraepithelial neoplasia']

answer: @entity5436 :: (MESH:D019048,Disease) :: ['vulva intraepithelial neoplasia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine if plaques in the carotid and femoral arteries were associated with cardiovascular events during a 10-year follow-up independently of usual risk factors for such diseases. METHODS: Plaque occurrence in both carotid arteries, and in the right femoral artery were assessed at baseline by B-mode ultrasound in a population-based sample of 58-year-old @entity1 (n=391) with no @entity65 , and varying degrees of @entity28 and insulin sensitivity at entry. Anthropometry and blood pressure were recorded. Fasting venous blood samples were used for measurement of cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiovascular events occurring during follow-up were obtained by access to register data. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure, serum @entity1674 and waist-hip ratio as well as baseline occurrence of carotid and femoral plaques were associated with events. Logistic multi-variate analyses showed that carotid plaques (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.05-4.16, p=0.037), femoral plaques ( @entity15591 , 95% CI 1.01-3.91, p=0.047) and concomitant presence of carotid, and femoral plaques ( @entity16545 , 95% CI 1.23-5.21, p=0.011) were associated with cardiovascular events independently of other risk factors. Plaques occurred in 0-3 arteries and there was a parallel increase in cardiovascular risk (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: Occurrence of carotid or femoral plaques at baseline had similar predictive value for cardiovascular events. Increased plaque burden, with plaques in both carotid and femoral arteries increased the cardiovascular risk further. Hence, the results from this study indicate that ultrasound examination of both the carotid and femoral arteries was the preferred method to predict cardiovascular risk.

title: Ultrasound-assessed plaque occurrence in the carotid and femoral arteries are independent predictors of cardiovascular events in middle-aged XXXX during 10 years of follow-up.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']