abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the prognosis after treatment for loco-regional recurrences (LR) after (modified) radical mastectomy (MRM) or breast conserving therapy (BCT), in terms of overall survival and time to subsequent LR, in @entity1 originally treated in two European randomised trials. In EORTC trial 10801 and DBCG trial 82-TM, 1,807 @entity1 with @entity0 were randomised to receive MRM or BCT from 1980 to 1989. All @entity1 with a LR in these trials were analysed for survival and time to subsequent LR after salvage treatment. Of these, 133 @entity1 had their LR as a first event, the majority within 5 years after initial treatment. The prognostic significance for survival and time to subsequent LR after salvage treatment was analysed in uni-, and multivariate analyses for a number of @entity5 - and recurrence-related variables. After salvage treatment of LR after MRM or BCT, actuarial survival curves and the actuarial locoregional control curves were similar. The 5-year survival rates were 58% and 59% and the 5-year subsequent loco-regional control rates 62% and 63%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, pN category (P = 0.03), pT category (P = 0.01) and vascular invasion (P = 0.02) of the primary @entity5 were the only independent prognostic factors for survival, whereas extensive LR (P < 0.001), interval < or = 2 years (P < 0.002) and pN+ at primary treatment (P = 0.004) were significant predictive factors for time to subsequent LR. The type of original treatment (MRM or BCT) did not have any prognostic impact. It is concluded that the survival and time to subsequent LR after treatment for an early loco-regional recurrence after MRM or BCT was similar in these two European randomised trials. This suggests that both after MRM and BCT an early LR is an indicator of a @entity5 ; early loco-regional relapse carries a poor prognosis and salvage treatment only cures a limited number of @entity1 , whether treated by MRM or BCT originally.

title: Prognosis after treatment for loco-regional recurrence after mastectomy or breast conserving therapy in two randomised trials (EORTC 10801 and DBCG-82TM). EORTC XXXX Cooperative Group and the Danish @entity0 Cooperative Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['biologically aggressive tumour', 'original tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['stage I and II breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['Breast Cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: To explore the use of the biological @entity5 factor alpha ( @entity310 ) inhibitors used in the treatment of @entity309 as a measure of access to treatment with new medicines. In addition, characteristics both related to national health systems and spending will be assessed to explore possible differences in international utilisation. METHODS: Data from four European countries were included: Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway and Portugal. Annual utilisation rates of @entity310 inhibitors (2003-2007) were expressed as defined daily doses (DDDs)/1000 inhabitants/day. Qualitative data such as country characteristics, national health policy characteristics, guidelines were obtained from the literature. In addition, interviews were held with leading rheumatologists of each country to put obtained results into (cultural) context. RESULTS: Utilisation of @entity310 inhibitors varied widely from 0.32 (Portugal) to 1.89 (Norway) DDDs/1000 inhabitants/day (2007). A major driver for the utilisation of @entity310 inhibitors seemed to be the country's total health expenditure (R(2)=0.81). When the use of @entity310 inhibitors became more established, the association seemed stronger. Differences in health expenditure were nevertheless not the only determinant of usage. Cultural aspects such as difference in recognition of guidelines also come into play when looking at differences in @entity310 utilisation between countries. CONCLUSIONS: The prospects of @entity1 receiving @entity310 inhibitor treatment depend on the country where they are living. In case uniformity of management and treatment would be considered to provide health benefits, the extent and the causes of variation should feature prominently on future public health agendas.

title: Do @entity309 @entity1 have equal access to treatment with new medicines?: XXXX factor-alpha inhibitors use in four European countries.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour necrosis']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour necrosis']


abstract: @entity957 ( @entity957 ) of the lung represents 30% of @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). @entity1205 and the @entity470 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), @entity3866 , are the only two drugs approved for second-line treatment of advanced @entity957 . The sensitivity of @entity957 to TKIs can be explained by @entity470 overexpression. @entity3866 demonstrated a significant benefit in terms of @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) in successive lines in @entity1149 , including squamous histology. The magnitude of this benefit is similar to that of chemotherapy. @entity12379 is an irreversible inhibitor of the entire ErbB family ( @entity470 , HER2-4) that has recently been approved for its current indication, advanced @entity470 mutation-positive @entity1149 and has well-defined and manageable @entity137 , mainly gastrointestinal and cutaneous. The LUX-Lung 8 study was a phase III randomized trial in @entity1 with @entity1149 with squamous histology that compared @entity3866 versus @entity12379 as second-line treatment. A total of 795 @entity1 were included and a significant benefit was observed for @entity12379 in progression-free survival (2.7 vs 1.9 months (HR 0.79 [95%CI 0.68-0.91]; p=0.0012) and in @entity1349 (7.9 vs 6.8 months (HR 0.81 [95%CI 0.69-0.95]; p=0.0077), as well as a significant improvement in @entity1349 at 12 and 18 months. More @entity294 and @entity3136 was observed with @entity12379 and more rash with @entity3866 , but the overall proportion of @entity137 was similar in each group. @entity12379 offered better results in quality of life. In summary, @entity12379 is a second-line treatment option in squamous @entity1149 based on its survival advantage over @entity3866 .

title: [ XXXX in @entity1 with @entity957 : current context and the option of oral treatment].

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3136 :: ('MESH:D013280', 'Disease') :: ['stomatitis']

entities_list: @entity12379 :: ('MESH:C522924', 'Chemical') :: ['afatinib', 'Afatinib']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['SCC', 'Squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib', 'Erlotinib']

answer: @entity12379 :: (MESH:C522924,Chemical) :: ['Afatinib']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Clinical prospective cohort study in academic tertiary setting. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring of the spinal cord in @entity1 with thoracolumbar burst @entity174 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The majority of clinical studies using intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring in spinal @entity130 focus exclusively on somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP), and there are no specific article on the use of transcranial motor-evoked potentials (TcMEP), and stimulated electromyography (SEMG) by direct stimulation of the pedicular screws in thoracolumbar burst type @entity174 . In addition, controversy regarding the relation between spinal cord decompression and improvement in spinal cord function in such @entity1 remains. METHODS: Eighteen @entity1 with thoracolumbar burst type @entity174 (<3 weeks) who underwent indirect posterior spinal cord decompression was carried out from 2002 to 2006. @entity1 were monitored intraoperatively by SSEP, TcMEP, and SEMG. Findings that suggested worsening of spinal cord function were as follows: reduction in SSEP amplitude greater than 50% or increased latency time of 10%; and increased TcMEP of 100 V. Signs of improvement were 20% increase in SSEP amplitude and 20% decrease in TcMEP stimuli intensity. Four (22%) @entity1 presented @entity51 . The mean American @entity3510 Association (1993) score for motor function was 99+/-29 (range, 90-100). The mean American @entity3510 Association (1993) score for sensory function was 111+/-32 (range, 107-112). RESULTS: There were no significant changes in the spinal cord function during the surgical procedure, although a decrease in the mean latency could be observed after spinal cord decompression (43.21x40.86; P<0.01). Two screws triggered SEMG responses and were replaced. All cases were true negatives. CONCLUSION: No significant changes in spinal cord function (to better or worse) were found in the current series after indirect spinal cord decompression through a posterior approach in @entity1 with mild or no @entity51 . Further studies with larger series of @entity1 presenting severe @entity51 are necessary to better establish these findings.

title: Intraoperative neurophysiologic spinal cord monitoring in thoracolumbar burst XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['Spinal Injury']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit', 'neurologic deficits']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: A polyclonal antiserum directed against @entity1 sperm coating proteins of epididymal origin (anti- @entity4338 ) was tested for its ability to alter sperm function. Spermatozoa from normal ejaculates were selected by swim-up separation and capacitated by overnight incubation at room temperature. Exposure of these cells to anti- @entity4338 (0.39 mg protein/ml), prior to their use in the hamster ova penetration test, reduced the penetration of denuded oocytes by 65% (P less than 0.005). Significant inhibitions of lesser magnitude were observed at lower serum concentrations (to 0.098 mg/ml). In an effort to understand the mechanism of this inhibition, other sperm function parameters thought to be related to oocyte penetration were studied. The inhibitory effect was exerted without noticeable changes in sperm motility (determined by the percentage of motile cells and their linear velocity), and in the absence of major sperm agglutination. Anti- @entity4338 did not inhibit the occurrence of spontaneous or induced (by @entity1 follicular fluid) acrosome reaction in capacitated spermatozoa. In contrast, exposure to anti- @entity4338 reduced the ability of capacitated spermatozoa to bind tightly to the hamster oolemma. None of these effects were elicited by a control preparation obtained from pre-immune @entity95 sera. Exposure of zona-free oocytes to the antiserum did not alter their penetrability by normal sperm. These results suggest that the antigens recognized by anti- @entity4338 participate in some specific step of the sperm-ovum interaction.

title: Participation of XXXX epididymal sperm coating antigens in fertilization.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Meta-analyses show benefits for @entity1 from a combination of medication and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapy. However, it is still unclear whether or not additional cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) also produces a better treatment outcome in a naturalistic @entity146 setting. METHODS: Two-hundred six consecutively registered acute @entity146 inpatients with a @entity308 were treated with additional CBT. This combined therapy was then compared with @entity146 primary care in an inpatient setting (clinical management). In addition to pharmacological treatment, 105 of the 206 @entity1 also received symptom-focused CBT after hospitalization. Seventeen-item Hamilton Rating Scale for @entity308 (HAMD, primary outcome criterion), Beck @entity308 Inventory (BDI), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale and the Global Assessment of Functioning were performed with all @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity1 who were treated with additional CBT revealed a considerably greater reduction of depressive symptoms than in @entity1 who received inpatient primary care only (HAMD: -22.21 versus -19.86, p = 0.027; BDI: 14.99 versus 11.36, p = 0.031). Moreover, remission rates were significantly higher (HAMD: 72% to 51%, p = 0.045; BDI: 58.8% versus 43.1%, p = 0.044) in the combined treatment group than in the primary care only group. LIMITATION: The naturalistic design and the inconsistent pharmacological treatment are design flaws. CONCLUSION: The results show that additional cognitive-behavioural treatment of @entity308 notably improves outcome over standard procedure in acute @entity146 treatment. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE: There is a need for treatment strategies to accompany medication. In the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve @entity308 trial (STAR*D), only 33% of the @entity1 reached remission criteria after the first antidepressant treatment step and only 50% after the second step. The strict inclusion criteria of randomized controlled trials often render their @entity1 populations unrepresented. For an accurate view of treatment effectiveness, their results need to be complemented with results gained from trials in clinical practice. Additional cognitive-behavioural treatment notably improves treatment outcomes compared with standard treatments in the acute @entity146 treatment of @entity308 . The results of this study under naturalistic conditions are an important addition to findings from randomized and controlled studies.

title: Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy plus pharmacotherapy in inpatient treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depressive disorders', 'unipolar depressive disorder']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depressive disorders']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Pregnancy after @entity2209 or @entity204 is an emotionally challenging life-event for @entity1 and adequate emotional support during pregnancy should be considered an essential component of quality maternity care. There is a lack of evidence surrounding the role of UK maternity services in meeting @entity458 in subsequent pregnancies. This study aimed to gain an overview of current UK practice and womens' experiences of care in pregnancy after the death of a baby. METHODS: Online cross-sectional surveys, including open and closed questions, were completed on behalf of 138 United Kingdom (UK) Maternity Units and by 547 @entity1 who had experience of UK maternity care in pregnancy after the death of a baby. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively using SPSS software. Open textual responses were managed manually and analysed using the framework method. RESULTS: Variable provision of care and support in subsequent pregnancies was identified from maternity unit responses. A minority had specific written guidance to support care delivery, with a focus on antenatal surveillance and monitoring for complications through increased consultant involvement and technological surveillance (ultrasound/cardiotocography). Availability of specialist services and professionals with specific skills to provide emotional and psychological support was patchy. There was a lack of evaluation/dissemination of developments and innovative practice. Responses across all UK regions demonstrated that @entity1 engaged early with maternity care and placed high value on professionals as a source of emotional support. Many @entity1 were positive about their care, but a significant minority reported negative experiences. Four common themes summarised womens' perceptions of the most important influences on quality and areas for development: sensitive communication and conduct of staff, appropriate organisation and delivery of services, increased monitoring and surveillance and perception of standard vs. special care. CONCLUSIONS: These findings expose likely inequity in provision of care for UK parents in pregnancy after @entity2209 or @entity204 . Many parents do not receive adequate emotional and psychological support increasing the risk of poor health outcomes. There is an urgent need to improve the evidence base and develop specific interventions to enhance appropriate and sensitive care pathways for parents.

title: Marvellous to mediocre: findings of national survey of UK practice and provision of care in pregnancies after XXXX or @entity204 .

entities_list: @entity2209 :: ('MESH:D050497', 'Disease') :: ['stillbirth']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal death']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ["womens' emotional and psychological needs"]

answer: @entity2209 :: (MESH:D050497,Disease) :: ['stillbirth']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity4155 ( @entity4155 ) was recently linked to pathogenesis of @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ), but its relation to disease activity has not been well characterized. We examined the relation between serum levels of Th17 ( @entity4155 , @entity4452 ), @entity1198 (IL-12, interferon-y), Th2 ( @entity688 , @entity650 , @entity3646 ) cytokines and disease activity in @entity1 with @entity1252 . METHODS: Serum cytokines were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Disease activity was determined by @entity1252 activity index (SLEDAI), anti-dsDNA antibody, and C3 and C4 levels. RESULTS: Serum levels of @entity4155 (p < 0.001), @entity650 (p = 0.006) and @entity688 (p < 0.001) were higher in @entity1252 @entity1 (n = 70) compared to healthy controls (n = 36). Higher serum @entity4452 level was found in @entity1 with active disease with cutaneous manifestations (p = 0.004) and @entity11534 (p = 0.04) compared to those without. Serum @entity4155 level above the detection limit was more frequently found in @entity1 who had active @entity1988 (11/23, 47.8%) (p = 0.002), nonrenal active disease (9/15, 60%) (p = 0.001), and inactive lupus (21/32, 65.6%) (p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls (0%). Serum @entity4155 levels were otherwise comparable between these 3 groups of @entity1 and were not related to SLEDAI, glomerular filtration rate, activity or chronicity score and ISN/RPS criteria class among @entity1 with active @entity1988 . There was no significant correlation between serum @entity4155 / @entity4452 and @entity1198 or Th2 cytokine levels. CONCLUSION: @entity1252 @entity1 had higher serum @entity4155 levels than healthy controls. Elevated serum @entity4452 was found in @entity1 with inflammatory manifestations including cutaneous involvement and @entity11534 . The lack of correlation between Th17, @entity1198 , and Th2 cytokines suggested independent regulatory mechanisms for these cytokines.

title: The relation of @entity4155 ( @entity4155 ) and @entity4452 to XXXX /Th2 cytokines and disease activity in @entity1252 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus', 'SLE disease']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

answer: @entity1198 :: (51497,Gene) :: ['Th1']


abstract: AIM: Screening algorithms for @entity740 have been developed and validated in American populations. Given the worldwide burden of @entity8 , developing algorithms for populations outside the USA is needed. METHODS: Using simple, non-invasive questions, we developed a prediction model for @entity740 from national population samples in Korea. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 6565) was used for model development while validation was performed in two independent population samples, internal (n = 2921) and external datasets (n = 8166). @entity740 was defined as glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2). RESULTS: Seven factors - age, female gender, @entity417 , @entity101 , @entity6 , @entity65 and @entity644 - were significantly associated with prevalent @entity740 . Integer scores were assigned to variables based on the magnitude of associations: 2 for age 50-59 years, 3 for age 60-69 years and 4 for age 70 years or older, and 1 for female gender, @entity417 , @entity101 , @entity6 , @entity644 and cardiovascular dis ase. Based on the Youden index, a value of 4 or greater defined a high risk population with sensitivity 89%, specificity 71%, and positive predictive value 19%, and negative predictive value 99%. The area under the curve was 0.83 for the development set, and 0.87 and 0.78 in the two validation datasets. CONCLUSION: This prediction algorithm, weighted towards common non-invasive variables, had good performance characteristics in an Asian population, and provides new evidence of the similarity of the algorithms for Western and Eastern populations.

title: A simple prediction score for XXXX in the Korean population.

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic kidney disease', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['kidney disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1456 is a key protein of fibrinolytic system. In recent years the relation between @entity3479 , its genetic polymorphisms and arterial or @entity49 were investigated in different populations. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of @entity3479 gene polymorphism in Turkish @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) @entity1 . METHODS: A case-control study was performed. We investigated the @entity3479 insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in 93 @entity1211 @entity1 and 146 controls without @entity1211 . Recurrent cases and documented risk factors for PTE were recorded. RESULTS: Cases and controls did not differ with respect to the different @entity3479 genotypes. The prevalence of I allele was 44.1%, 44.5% in cases and controls respectively (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.78-1.24, p > 0.05). Different @entity3479 genotypes had no effect on recurrent disease. No gender difference was observed with respect to the different @entity3479 genotypes. There was no significant difference for genotype frequency between PTE @entity1 with documented risk factors and unprovoked cases. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion there was no association between @entity3479 genotype and @entity1211 in this group of Turkish population. It was also found that genotype frequencies for @entity3479 in both @entity1211 and control subjects seems different from those reported from western part of the world. ABBREVIATED ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of @entity3479 gene polymorphism in Turkish @entity1211 @entity1 . We investigated 93 @entity1211 @entity1 and 146 controls without @entity1211 . Cases and controls did not differ with respect to the different @entity3479 genotypes. The prevalence of I allele was 44.1%, 44.5% in cases and controls respectively (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.78-1.24, p > 0.05). Different @entity3479 genotypes had no effect on recurrent disease. No gender difference was observed with respect to the different @entity3479 genotypes. There was no significant difference for genotype frequency between PTE @entity1 with documented risk factors and unprovoked cases. In conclusion there was no association between @entity3479 genotype and @entity1211 in this group of Turkish population. It was also found that genotype frequencies for @entity3479 in both @entity1211 and control subjects seems different from those reported from western part of the world.

title: Is @entity1456 gene polymorphism a risk factor for XXXX in every population?

entities_list: @entity1456 :: ('100128998', 'Gene') :: ['Tissue-plasminogen activator']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['VTE', 'venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity1211 :: (MESH:D054556,Disease) :: ['venous thromboembolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of 5-year-old preschoolers in Sharjah, affected by @entity2681 and to assess the predictors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 403 5-year-old @entity1 were examined of which 48.14% (n = 194) were @entity1 and 51.86% (n = 209) were @entity1 ; 31.27% (n = 126) were Emirati and 68.73% (n = 277) were non-Emirati Arabs. Examination of @entity2681 was confined to palatal surfaces of maxillary incisors using the erosion index described in the UK National Survey of @entity1 's Dental Health, 1993. @entity1547 was charted using the World Health Organization 1997 criteria. RESULTS: In the sample of 403 5-year-old preschoolers examined, @entity2681 was apparent in 237 (58.80%) @entity1 , with 55.09% showing the dissolution of enamel and 3.72% exhibiting exposed dentin. Predictors of @entity2681 as determined by logistic regression concluded that compared to Emirati citizens other Arab nationalities have 0.27 times the odds (95% confidence interval [CI] =0.18-0.42) of having @entity2681 (P < 0.05). @entity1 with caries experience have 0.28 times the odds (95% CI = 0.16-0.51) of having @entity2681 compared to @entity1 with no caries experience (P < 0.05). @entity1 who drink sugary or carbonated beverages have 0.30 times the odds (95% CI = 0.19-0.41) of having @entity2681 compared to @entity1 who drink water (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that 58.80% of 5-year-old preschoolers in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, were affected by @entity2681 . Caries experience and consumption of acidic drinks were associated with @entity2681 .

title: The prevalence of XXXX in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

entities_list: @entity2681 :: ('MESH:D014077', 'Disease') :: ['tooth erosion', 'dental erosion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['Dental caries']

answer: @entity2681 :: (MESH:D014077,Disease) :: ['dental erosion in 5-year-old preschoolers']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate gender differences in basic disease characteristics, motor deterioration and @entity528 in @entity191 ( @entity191 ). METHODS: We studied 253 consecutive @entity191 @entity1 who were not receiving levodopa or @entity935 agonists (disease duration < or = 10 years). We investigated the influence of gender and @entity2931 status on: (1) age at onset, (2) presenting symptom, (3) severity and progression of motor symptoms (Unified @entity191 Rating Scale III (UPDRS-III) scores) and (4) amount and progression of @entity528 ([123I]FP-CIT single photon emission computed tomography measurements). RESULTS: Age at onset was 2.1 years later in @entity1 (53.4 years) than in @entity1 (51.3 years). In @entity1 , age at onset correlated positively with parity, age at menopause and fertile life span. @entity1 more often presented with @entity400 (67%) than @entity1 (48%). Overall, @entity1 presenting with @entity400 had a 3.6 year higher age at onset and a 38% slower @entity191 . Mean UPDRS-III scores at disease onset were equal for both genders, as was the rate of deterioration. @entity1 had a 16% higher striatal [123I]FP-CIT binding than @entity1 at symptom onset and throughout the course of @entity191 . CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that, in @entity1 , the development of symptomatic @entity191 may be delayed by higher physiological striatal @entity935 levels, possibly due to the activity of @entity2931 . This could explain the epidemiological observations of a lower incidence and higher age at onset in @entity1 . @entity1 also presented more often with @entity400 which, in turn, is associated with milder motor deterioration and striatal degeneration. Taken together, these findings suggest a more benign phenotype in @entity1 with @entity191 .

title: Gender differences in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2931 :: ('CHEBI:50114', 'Chemical') :: ['oestrogen', 'oestrogens']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", "Parkinson's Disease", 'UPDRS-III deterioration', 'PD']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['nigrostriatal degeneration']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: Severe multiple @entity130 raises difficult problems of rehabilitation. In the most usual cases, other @entity130 are associated with @entity542 and @entity772 , and they must be systematically screened by a very complete radiological assessment and a thorough clinical examination. Rehabilitation will be passive as long as the injured @entity1 is comatose; however, it is very important as it allows preventing @entity6227 that may have serious consequences later on. The associated @entity174 of the limbs require orthopedic or surgical solutions. External fixation devices, which are sometimes used, complicate the rest of rehabilitation. @entity174 of the spine are fortunately rare, even more so when associated with lesions of the cord causing @entity451 and @entity1688 . @entity1514 are frequent and sometime produce a complicated postoperative period so that the removal of the tracheal tube, and sometimes the suppression of feeding through a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy, will be delayed. The management of @entity542 is complex. First of all the injured @entity1 , whose consciousness often is fluctuant for some times, must be reassured, pampered, then progressively helped to cooperate and to take care of himself again. The disorders, including disorders of speech, of vision, @entity1957 , will be as completely assessed as possible through a complete examination. The existence of frequent @entity74 will hinder the progress towards self-reliance. Simultaneously, the cognitive functions will be restored: the memory is often severely disturbed, and disorders of attentiveness and reasoning must also be dealt with. As far as possible, attempts will be made to treat the very

title: [Rehabilitation of multiple injured XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['tetraplegia']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture', 'Fractures']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head injuries']

entities_list: @entity1514 :: ('MESH:D013896', 'Disease') :: ['Thoracic complications']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies, disorders of balance, of coordination']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['orthopedic disorders']

entities_list: @entity6227 :: ('MESH:D003668', 'Disease') :: ['bedsores and the reduction of joint amplitude']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF) induce apoptotic pathways in @entity1 @entity5 cells. The potential therapeutic effective of nsPEF has been reported in cell lines and in xenograft animal @entity5 model. The present study investigated the ability of nsPEF to cause @entity5 cell death in vivo using carcinogen-induced animal @entity5 model, and the pulse duration of nsPEF was only 7 and 14 nano second (ns). An nsPEF generator as a prototype medical device was used in our studies, which is capable of delivering 7-30 nanosecond pulses at various programmable amplitudes and frequencies. Seven @entity957 cell lines and five other types of @entity5 cell lines were used to detect the effect of nsPEF in vitro. Rate of cell death in these 12 different @entity5 cell lines was dependent on nsPEF voltage and pulse number. To examine the effect of nsPEF in vivo, carcinogen-induced @entity1185 and @entity957 in @entity19 were exposed to nsPEF with three pulse numbers (50, 200, and 400 pulses), two nominal electric fields (40 KV/cm and 31 KV/cm), and two pulse durations (7 ns and 14 ns). Carcinogen-induced @entity1185 and @entity957 were eliminated efficiently using one treatment of nsPEF with 14 ns duration pulses (33/39 = 85%), and all remaining lesions were eliminated after a 2nd treatment (6/39 = 15%). 13.5% of carcinogen-induced @entity5 (5 of 37) were eliminated using 7 ns duration pulses after one treatment of nsPEF. Associated with @entity5 lysis, expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins @entity26667 and @entity1379 were markedly reduced and apoptosis increased (TUNEL assay) after nsPEF treatment. nsPEF efficiently causes cell @entity204 and @entity957 in vivo from skin of @entity19 . nsPEF has the therapeutic potential to remove @entity1 @entity957 .

title: @entity1185 and XXXX therapy utilizing nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEF).

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous carcinomas', 'squamous carcinoma', 'squamous cell carcinomas', 'cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous papillomas']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death in vitro and removes papillomas']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: @entity2523 ( @entity2523 ) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is reported to be associated with the progression of @entity731 ( @entity731 ). In this study, we explored the potential of @entity1 b-defensin-3 ( @entity6390 ), an antimicrobial peptide with immunomodulatory properties, to alleviate @entity731 progression accelerated by @entity2523 LPS and the mechanism underlying this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: @entity6970 -deficient @entity19 were injected intraperitoneally with @entity6390 , @entity2523 LPS, or @entity6390 + @entity2523 LPS. The aorta was assessed immunohistologically and mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by quantitative PCR. Macrophages and vascular endothelial cells were stimulated in vitro to investigate the @entity6390 target cells. Inflammatory cytokines in serum and cell culture supernatants were detected using cytometric bead arrays. Signaling pathways were investigated by Western blotting. RESULTS: In @entity2523 LPS-treated @entity19 , @entity6390 significantly reduced serum @entity777 and @entity637 levels and aortic expression of @entity8024 , @entity777 , and @entity8929 (mRNA and protein). The area and severity of @entity731 were also diminished, with less advanced plaque formation, more continuous and distinct elastic lamina, and more normal smooth muscle cells arranged along the tunica media layer. In vitro, @entity6390 decreased @entity637 , IL-1b, @entity777 secretion and downregulated @entity637 , IL-1b, @entity777 , IL-8, VCAM-1, and IL-10 mRNA levels in macrophages. @entity6390 did not influence @entity637 , @entity777 , and IL-8 levels in HUVECs culture supernatants. Furthermore, @entity6390 suppressed @entity2523 LPS-induced activation of the NF-kB, p38 and JNK pathways. CONCLUSION: @entity6390 alleviates @entity731 progression accelerated by @entity2523 LPS in @entity6970 -deficient @entity19 by downregulating the cytokine expression in macrophages via the MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways.

title: @entity1 b-defensin-3 alleviates the progression of XXXX accelerated by @entity2523 lipopolysaccharide.

entities_list: @entity6970 :: ('11816(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein E', 'Apolipoprotein E']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'AS', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity2523 :: ('837', 'Species') :: ['P.gingivalis', 'Porphyromonas gingivalis']

answer: @entity731 :: (MESH:D050197,Disease) :: ['atherosclerosis']


abstract: Identification of drug exposure as a cause for @entity3519 is important since cessation of the causative agent offers a chance for remission. We describe two @entity1 with a cranial, cervical, pharyngo-laryngeal and axial @entity3519 , @entity2146 , @entity943 together with @entity308 and @entity148 . Both @entity1 were started on the @entity460 channel blocker (CCB) @entity3591 1  month before symptom onset. They symptoms were non-acute and due to CCBs well-known D2 antagonism; hence they were classified as a @entity3520 . @entity304 and @entity308 have been described especially for the CCB @entity4271 and @entity11358 . @entity3519 under CCB has rarely been reported. CCB exposure should be investigated in all @entity3519 with cranial, cervical, pharyngo-laryngeal and axial manifestations, especially when additional @entity2146 , @entity304 and @entity308 are present. When CCB induction is suspected, CCB cessation may offer a chance for spontaneous remission. Whether CCB exposure can deteriorate, idiopathic @entity3519 is unclear. Therefore, CCB should best be avoided in @entity1 with @entity3519 .

title: Tardive @entity3520 induced by the XXXX -channel blocker @entity3591 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity3520 :: ('MESH:D020821', 'Disease') :: ['tardive dystonic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity304 :: ('MESH:D010302', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinsonism']

entities_list: @entity2146 :: ('MESH:D011595', 'Disease') :: ['akathisia']

entities_list: @entity3591 :: ('MESH:D017311', 'Chemical') :: ['amlodipine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity11358 :: ('MESH:D002936', 'Chemical') :: ['cinnarizine']

entities_list: @entity3519 :: ('MESH:D004421', 'Disease') :: ['dystonias', 'dystonia', 'Tardive dystonia']

entities_list: @entity4271 :: ('MESH:D005444', 'Chemical') :: ['flunarizine']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['breathing dysrhythmias']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: Epidemiologic and preclinical data support the @entity5 prevention potential of green tea extract (GTE). We randomly assigned @entity1 with high-risk oral @entity75 (OPL) to receive GTE at 500, 750, or 1,000 mg/m(2) or placebo thrice daily for 12 weeks, evaluating biomarkers in baseline and 12-week biopsies. The OPL clinical response rate was higher in all GTE arms (n = 28; 50%) versus placebo (n = 11; 18.2%; P = 0.09) but did not reach statistical significance. However, the two higher-dose GTE arms [58.8% (750 and 1,000 mg/m(2)), 36.4% (500 mg/m(2)), and 18.2% (placebo); P = 0.03] had higher responses, suggesting a dose-response effect. GTE treatment also improved histology (21.4% versus 9.1%; P = 0.65), although not statistically significant. GTE was well tolerated, although higher doses @entity22 but produced no grade 4 @entity137 . Higher mean baseline stromal @entity7 ( @entity7 ) correlated with a clinical (P = 0.04) but not histologic response. Baseline scores of other biomarkers (epithelial @entity7 , @entity876 , Ki-67, @entity4910 , and @entity986 promoter methylation) were not associated with a response or survival. Baseline @entity986 promoter methylation (n = 5) was associated with a shorter @entity5 -free survival. Stromal @entity7 and @entity4910 expression were downregulated in clinically responsive GTE @entity1 and upregulated in nonresponsive @entity1 at 12 weeks (versus at baseline). An extended (median, 27.5 months) follow-up showed a median time to @entity5 of 46.4 months. GTE may suppress OPLs, in part through reducing angiogenic stimulus (stromal @entity7 ). Higher doses of GTE may improve short-term (12-week) OPL outcome. The present results support longer-term clinical testing of GTE for @entity5 prevention.

title: Phase II randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extract in @entity1 with high-risk oral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'oral cancer']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['premalignant lesions']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['increased insomnia/nervousness']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['premalignant lesions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is an important risk factor for @entity626 ( @entity571 ), Weight loss can reduce the symptoms of knee @entity571 . No prospective studies assessing the impact of @entity353 on knee cartilage structure and composition have been performed. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of @entity353 on knee cartilage thickness and composition. METHODS: 111 @entity28 adults were recruited from either laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding or exercise and diet @entity353 programmes from two tertiary centres. MRI was performed at baseline and 12-month follow-up to assess cartilage thickness. 78 eligible subjects also underwent delayed @entity2287 -enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC), an estimate of proteoglycan content. The associations between cartilage outcomes (cartilage thickness and dGEMRIC index) and @entity353 were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and presence of clinical knee @entity571 . RESULTS: Mean age was 51.7    11.8 years and mean BMI was 36.6    5.8 kg/m(2); 32% had clinical knee @entity571 . Mean @entity353 was 9.3    11.9%. Percentage @entity353 was negatively associated with cartilage thickness loss in the medial femoral compartment in multiple regression analysis (b=0.006, r(2)=0.19, p=0.029). This association was not detected in the lateral compartment (r(2)=0.12, p=0.745). Percentage @entity353 was associated with an increase in medial dGEMRIC in multiple regression analysis (b=3.9, r(2)=0.26; p=0.008) but not the lateral compartment (r(2)=0.14, p=0.34). For every 10% @entity353 there was a gain in the medial dGEMRIC index of 39 ms (r(2)=0.28; p=0.014). The lowest @entity353 cut-off associated with reduced medial femoral cartilage thickness loss and improved medial dGEMRIC index was 7%. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss is associated with improvements in the quality (increased proteoglycan content) and quantity (reduced cartilage thickness losses) of medial articular cartilage. This was not observed in the lateral compartment. This could ultimately lead to a reduced need for @entity2720 and is thus a finding with important public health implications.

title: Weight loss in XXXX people has structure-modifying effects on medial but not on lateral knee articular cartilage.

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['total joint replacements']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: Reaching-to-eat (skilled reaching) is a natural behaviour that involves reaching for, grasping and withdrawing a target to be placed into the mouth for eating. It is an action performed daily by adults and is among the first complex behaviours to develop in @entity1 . During development, visually guided reaching becomes increasingly refined to the point that grasping of small objects with precision grips of the digits occurs at about one year of age. Integration of the hand, upper-limbs, and whole body are required for successful reaching, but the ontogeny of this integration has not been described. The present longitudinal study used Laban Movement Analysis, a behavioural descriptive method, to investigate the developmental progression of the use and integration of axial, proximal, and distal movements performed during visually guided reaching. Four @entity1 (from 7 to 40 weeks age) were presented with graspable objects (toys or food items). The first prereaching stage was associated with activation of mouth, limb, and hand movements to a visually presented target. Next, reaching attempts consisted of first, the advancement of the head with an @entity2133 and then with the head, trunk and @entity2133 . Eventually, the axial movements gave way to the refined action of one upper-limb supported by axial adjustments. These findings are discussed in relation to the biological objective of reaching, the evolutionary origins of reaching, and the decomposition of reaching after @entity16 .

title: The consummatory origins of visually guided reaching in @entity1 XXXX : a dynamic integration of whole-body and upper-limb movements.

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['opening mouth']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological injury']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: Ligand-mediated endocytosis is an intricate regulatory mechanism for @entity470 ( @entity470 ) signal transduction. Coordinated trafficking of @entity470 ensures its temporal and spatial communication with downstream signaling effectors. We focused our work on @entity4814 , a monomeric GTPase shown to participate in early stages of the endocytic pathway. @entity4814 has three isoforms (A, B, and C) sharing more than 90% of sequence identity. We individually ablated endogenous isoforms in HeLa cells with short interfering RNAs and examined the loss-of-function phenotypes. We found that suppression of @entity4814 or 5B hampered the degradation of @entity470 , whereas @entity31882 depletion had very little effect. The differential delay of @entity470 degradation also corresponds with retarded progression of @entity470 from early to late endosomes. We investigated the activators/effectors of @entity4814 that can potentially separate its potency in @entity470 degradation from other isoforms and found that @entity15302 , a @entity4814 exchange factor, preferably associated with @entity4814 . Moreover, @entity4814 activation is sensitive to EGF stimulation, and suppression of @entity15302 diminished this sensitivity. Based on our results together with previous work showing that @entity15302 interacts with signal transducing adapter molecule to facilitate the degradation of @entity470 (Kong, C., Su, X., Chen, P. I., and Stahl, P. D. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 15294-15301), we hypothesize that the selective association of @entity4814 and @entity15302 contributes to the dominance of @entity4814 in @entity470 trafficking, whereas the other isoforms may have major functions unrelated to the @entity470 degradation pathway.

title: XXXX isoforms differentially regulate the trafficking and degradation of epidermal growth factor receptors.

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

answer: @entity4814 :: (5868,Gene) :: ['Rab5']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Bypass grafting remains the standard of care for @entity453 and severe @entity63 . Efficacy is limited by poor long-term venous graft patency secondary to @entity1373 ( @entity1373 ) caused by @entity1317 upon exposure to arterial pressure. We investigate whether @entity3145 ( @entity3145 ) treatment of vein grafts modulates smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration, and inhibits development of @entity1373 . METHODS AND RESULTS: @entity3145 was performed at increasing fluences up to 120  J/cm(2) on porcine veins. Tensiometry performed to assess vessel elasticity/stiffness showed @entity101 with increasing fluence until plateauing at 90  J/cm(2) (median, interquartile range [IQR]). At 90  J/cm(2), @entity3145 -treated vessels had a 10-fold greater Young's modulus than untreated controls (954 [IQR, 2217] vs 99  kPa [IQR, 63]; P=0.03). Each @entity1707 received a @entity3145 -treated and untreated carotid artery venous interposition graft. At 4-weeks, intimal/medial areas were assessed. @entity3145 reduced the degree of @entity1373 by 66% and medial @entity1184 by 49%. Intimal area was 3.91  (IQR, 1.2) and 1.3  mm(2) (IQR, 0.97; P <=0.001) in untreated and @entity3145 -treated grafts, respectively. Medial area was 9.2  (IQR, 3.2) and 4.7  mm(2) (IQR, 2.0; P <=0.001) in untreated and @entity3145 -treated grafts, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and @entity33815 ( @entity33815 ). Objectively, there were less SMA-positive cells within the intima/media of @entity3145 -treated vessels than controls. There was an increase in @entity33815 -positive cells within control vein grafts (18% [IQR, 5.3]) versus @entity3145 -treated vein grafts (5% [IQR, 0.9]; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: By strengthening vein grafts, @entity3145 decreases SMC proliferation and migration, thereby reducing @entity1373 .

title: Photochemical Tissue Passivation Reduces Vein Graft Intimal @entity1373 in a XXXX Model of Arteriovenous Bypass Grafting.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased stiffness']

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['PTP', 'photochemical tissue passivation']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['lower extremity ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['IH', 'intimal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity33815 :: ('692192(Tax:9823)', 'Gene') :: ['PCNA', 'proliferating cell nuclear antigen']

entities_list: @entity1317 :: ('MESH:D057772', 'Disease') :: ['venous injury']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['Swine']


abstract: The objective of this study was to test the reliability of the Turkish version of @entity1619 ( @entity1619 ) as a specific scale for LE, and to investigate the validity of this version by correlating and comparing its outcomes with those of the scales DASH (the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire) and Quick DASH (QDASH), @entity158 (VAS), tenderness, and maximal grip strength (MGS). Fifty @entity1 (14 males and 36 females) with the diagnosis of @entity2633 were included in this study. @entity1619 Questionnaire was translated into Turkish according to the guideline for the cross-cultural adaptation process. All @entity1 filled the @entity1619 questionnaire. Maximal grip strength, @entity158 , and tenderness were measured. Next, the @entity1 filled the DASH forms. The @entity1 were asked to reevaluate @entity1619 2 h after they filled the first form. The internal consistency reliability of @entity1619 was assessed by calculating 'if item deleted' using Cronbach alpha and 'Item-total correction' coefficient for each item of the questionnaire. Consistency of subscales was assessed using Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. In addition to correlation analysis, test-retest values were compared using Wilcoxon test to assess the changes on the basis of the items. Criterion validity of the scale was measured using DASH and QDASH scales, and construct validity was measured using tenderness and maximal grip strength values by Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. For internal reliability; Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated 0.837 by the overall assessment of the scale. For test-retest reliability; correlation coefficient was found 0.920 (P < 0.001). Comparison of the scores obtained from test-retest measurements showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). The @entity158 sub-scale, the function sub-scales, and the overall score from the @entity1619 each showed significant correlations with the DASH score (P < 0.001), QDASH score (P < 0.001), and maximal grip strength (P < 0.001). Significant correlation was found between the sub-scales of the scale. The results of our study have shown that the Turkish version of a specific and practical scale developed for LE can be both valid and reliable. @entity1619 is easy to apply in a relatively short period and may prove to be valuable for evaluation and follow up of the @entity1 in daily clinical practice.

title: Reliability and validity of Turkish version of the XXXX rated @entity2633 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2633 :: ('MESH:D013716', 'Disease') :: ['lateral epicondylitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The moulting accelerating compounds (MACs) or @entity8827 agonists represent a selective group of insecticides acting upon binding to the ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and leading to lethal premature moulting in larval stages and aborted reproduction in adults. Psyttalia concolor Sz  pl. is a useful parasitic wasp attacking important tephritid pests such as the medfly and @entity25146 . RESULTS: Contact and oral exposure in the laboratory of female parasitic wasps to the @entity29159 -based @entity29160 , @entity29161 and @entity29162 did not provoke negative effects. No mortality and no reduction in beneficial capacity were observed. The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the EcR of @entity6396 was sequenced, and a homology protein model was constructed which confirmed a cavity structure with 12 a-helices, harbouring the natural insect moulting hormone @entity11088 . However, a steric clash occurred for the MAC insecticides owing to a restricted extent of the ligand-binding cavity of the PcLBD-EcR, while they did dock well in that of susceptible insects. CONCLUSIONS: The insect @entity137 assays demonstrated that MACs are selective for @entity6396 . The modelling/docking experiments are indications that these insecticides do not bind with the LBD-EcR of @entity6396 and support the theory that they show no biological effects in the parasitic wasp. These data may help in explaining the compatible use of MACs together with parasitic wasps in IPM programmes.

title: Ecdysteroid receptor docking suggests that XXXX -based insecticides are devoid of any deleterious effect on the parasitic wasp Psyttalia concolor (Hym. Braconidae).

entities_list: @entity29161 :: ('MESH:C082026', 'Chemical') :: ['tebufenozide']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity29160 :: ('MESH:C406712', 'Chemical') :: ['methoxyfenozide']

entities_list: @entity8827 :: ('MESH:D026461', 'Chemical') :: ['ecdysteroid']

entities_list: @entity29159 :: ('CHEBI:38453', 'Chemical') :: ['dibenzoylhydrazine']

entities_list: @entity11088 :: ('MESH:D004441', 'Chemical') :: ['20-hydroxyecdysone']

answer: @entity29159 :: (CHEBI:38453,Chemical) :: ['dibenzoylhydrazine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is an automated operant conditioning task that measures rodent attention. The task allows the measurement of several parameters such as response accuracy, speed of processing, motivation, and impulsivity. The task has been widely used to investigate attentional processes in rodents for @entity71 and @entity2915 and has expanded to other illnesses such as @entity195 , @entity308 , and @entity161 . NEW METHOD: The 5-CSRTT is accompanied with two significant caveats: a time intensive training period and largely varied individual @entity35 capability to learn and perform the task. Here we provide a regimented acquisition protocol to enhance training for the 5-CSRTT and discuss important considerations for researchers using the 5-CSRTT. RESULTS: We offer guidelines to ensure that inferences on performance in the 5-CSRTT are in fact a result of experimental manipulation rather than training differences, or individual animal capability. According to our findings only @entity35 that have been trained successfully within a limited time frame should be used for the remainder of the study. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): Currently the 5-CSRTT employs a training period of variable duration and procedure, and its inferences on attention must overcome heterogeneous innate animal differences. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-CSRTT offers valuable and valid insights on various rodent attentional processes and their translation to the underpinnings of illnesses such as @entity161 . The recommendations made here provide important criteria to ensure inferences made from this task are in fact relevant to the attentional processes being measured.

title: Improvements and important considerations for the 5-choice serial reaction time task - An effective measurement of visual attention in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['attention deficit']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyperactivity disorder']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Kinetochores may perform several functions at mitosis and @entity4523 including: (a) directing anaphase chromosome separation, (b) regulating prometaphase alignment of the chromosomes at the spindle equator (congression), and/or (c) capturing and stabilizing microtubules. To explore these functions in vivo, autoimmune sera against the centromere/kinetochore complex are microinjected into @entity19 oocytes during specific phases of first or second @entity4523 , or first mitosis. Serum E.K. crossreacts with an 80-kD protein in @entity19 cells and detects the centromere/kinetochore complex in permeabilized cells or when microinjected into living oocytes. Chromosome separation at anaphase is not blocked when these antibodies are microinjected into unfertilized oocytes naturally arrested at second meiotic metaphase, into eggs at first mitotic metaphase, or into immature oocytes at first meiotic metaphase. Microtubule capture and spindle reformation occur normally in microinjected unfertilized oocytes recovering from cold or microtubule disrupting drugs; the chromosomes segregate correctly after parthenogenetic activation. Prometaphase congression is dramatically influenced when antikinetochore/centromere antibodies are introduced during interphase or in prometaphase-stage meiotic or mitotic eggs. At metaphase, these oocytes have unaligned chromosomes scattered throughout the spindle with several remaining at the poles; anaphase is aberrant and, after division, karyomeres are found in the polar body and oocyte or daughter blastomeres. Neither nonimmune sera, @entity7087 , nor sham microinjections affect either @entity4523 or mitosis. These results suggest that antikinetochore/centromere antibodies produced by CREST @entity1 interfere with chromosome congression at prometaphase in vivo.

title: Microinjected centromere [corrected] kinetochore antibodies interfere with chromosome movement in meiotic and mitotic XXXX oocytes.

entities_list: @entity7087 :: ('MESH:D045743', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse scleroderma sera']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although it is well known that @entity6687 induces @entity409 , the mechanisms are still not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of platelets and P-selectin in @entity1448 -induced @entity99 . EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: C57BL/6 @entity19 underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) and pretreatment with an anti- @entity30232 balpha antibody, which depletes platelets, an anti-P-selectin antibody or a control antibody. Hepatic platelet and leukocyte recruitment as well as microvascular perfusion were determined by intravital fluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS: BDL caused significant @entity409 and sinusoidal perfusion failure. BDL further induced @entity409 with @entity1423 , @entity1423 in postsinusoidal venules and massive platelet accumulation in liver sinusoids. Administration of the anti- @entity13837 antibody reduced systemic platelet count by 90%. Depletion of platelets in BDL @entity19 not only abolished accumulation and adhesion of platelets in sinusoids and venules but also restored sinusoidal perfusion and reduced liver enzymes by more than 83%. Platelet depletion further reduced BDL-associated sinusoidal leukocyte accumulation by 48% although leukocyte-endothelium interactions in venules were not affected. Immunoneutralization of P-selectin also inhibited hepatic microvascular accumulation of platelets and leukocytes, and protected against @entity1448 -provoked @entity16 . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Platelets play an important role in BDL-induced @entity99 by promoting leukocyte recruitment and deteriorating microvascular perfusion. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that @entity1448 -induced accumulation of platelets is mediated by P-selectin. Thus, targeting platelet accumulation may be a useful strategy against @entity409 associated with @entity3883 .

title: Platelet-dependent accumulation of leukocytes in sinusoids mediates @entity16 in bile duct ligation-induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['increased platelet adhesion', 'widespread intravascular platelet aggregates']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['hepatocellular damage']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic platelet accumulation', 'liver damage']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity6687 :: ('MESH:D001651', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity1448 :: (MESH:D002779,Disease) :: ['cholestasis']


abstract: PURPOSE: Antidepressant use has been associated with @entity73 in older @entity1 . We sought to examine whether this association might reflect an indication bias. METHODS: A total of 544 community-dwelling @entity101 @entity1 aged >= 65 years completed the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test at baseline and 1 year. Antidepressant medications were ascertained by the use of medical records. Potential confounding by indications was examined by adjusting for @entity308 -related diagnoses and severity of @entity308 symptoms using multiple linear regression, a propensity score, and a @entity2383 ( @entity2383 ). RESULTS: Before adjusting for the indications, a one unit cumulative exposure to antidepressants was associated with -1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.94, -0.06) point lower HVLT score. After adjusting for the indications using multiple linear regression or a propensity score, the association diminished to -0.48 (95% CI, -0.62, 1.58) and -0.58 (95% CI, -0.60, 1.58), respectively. The most clinical interpretable empirical @entity2383 with adequate fit involves both direct and indirect paths of the two indications. @entity308 -related diagnoses and @entity308 symptoms significantly predict antidepressant use (p < .05). Their total standardized path coefficients on Hopkins Verbal Learning Test score were twice (0.073) or as large (0.034) as the antidepressant use (0.035). CONCLUSION: The apparent association between antidepressant use and memory deficit in older @entity1 may be confounded by indications. @entity2383 offers a heuristic empirical method for examining confounding by indications but not quantitatively superior @entity353 compared with conventional methods.

title: Antidepressant use and @entity73 in older XXXX : addressing confounding by indications with different methods.

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['bias reduction']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['structural equation model', 'SEM']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Consanguineous marriage is a common practice in @entity233 . Sociodemographic and cultural factors associated with it are still unclear. AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between sociodemographic and fertility factors and consanguineous marriages in an urban slum of a metropolitan area in @entity233 . METHODS: This community-based case-control study was conducted in Bayrakli Municipality health centres. Of the 1243 married @entity1 , 85 consanguineously married were included in the case group. A control group in non-consanguineous marriages consisted of 85 @entity1 matched to cases according to age and neighbourhood. Information about the subjects' sociodemographic features, fertility history and opinions about consanguineous marriage was collected. RESULTS: Factors that were associated with consanguinity included; having a low level of education (OR = 2.7, CI = 1.1-6.7), a brief duration time in Izmir after migration (OR = 4.7, CI = 1.9-11.6) and consanguineous parents (OR = 3.8, CI = 1.5-9.7). Despite the increased numbers in fertility features and higher perinatal mortality for first cousin marriages, there was no significant difference in the mean numbers of pregnancies, births, stillbirths and living @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Time after migration and educational background of @entity1 were the main factors associated with consanguineous marriages. Public health interventions to reduce consanguineous marriage in urban areas should target socioeconomically disadvantaged populations in cities.

title: Sociodemographic aspects of consanguineous marriage in an urban slum of a metropolitan area in   zmir, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children']

answer: @entity233 :: (9103,Species) :: ['Turkey']


abstract: Growth rates, measures of ascarid burden, and the levels of anteroventral @entity55 and @entity21650 at slaughter were determined for 352 hogs born between @entity30510 and March 28, 1987 on 15 farms located in Prince Edward Island. Regression analyses were used to determine associations between average daily gain (ADG) and independent variables controlling for sex, farm, and litters nested within farm. The regression model accounted for 75.4% of the variation in ADG. The number of intestinal ascarids at slaughter did not affect ADG. However, the "life-time burden" (a composite measure based on fecal egg counts and duration of @entity281 ) was associated with ADG (p less than 0.05) in a quadratic manner. Although heavy ascarid burdens decreased the growth rate of @entity1707 , the magnitude of the effect was minimal. The maximum improvement one could expect from reducing the ascarid burden on heavily infected farms would be less than 1%. Severe @entity21650 and the presence of anteroventral @entity55 each had a detrimental effect on ADG (p less than 0.001). The corresponding reductions in mean ADG were 7.7% and 2.8% respectively. There was significant interaction between the effects of @entity21650 and anteroventral @entity55 on ADG (p less than 0.05). Hogs with both anteroventral @entity55 and severe @entity21650 had a 17.6% lower ADG than hogs with neither disease. There is much greater potential for improvement in ADG through control of @entity1576 than through control of @entity2329 .

title: Effect of @entity2329 and @entity1576 on growth rates in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity21650 :: ('MESH:D012222', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity2329 :: ('MESH:D001196', 'Disease') :: ['ascariasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory diseases']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The antithrombotic, antiplatelet and endothelial activity of @entity26671 , a specific thromboxane prostaglandin receptor antagonist, was assessed in @entity1 previously treated with @entity117 for the prevention of @entity385 . METHODS: This double-blind, parallel-group, 10-day study included 48 @entity1 (age = 70.5 +/- 9.5 years) with cerebral @entity63 in 4 groups: @entity26671 10 mg/day (n = 13), @entity117 300 mg/day (n = 12), @entity26671 10 mg/day + @entity117 300 mg/day (n = 11) or @entity1397 75 mg/day + @entity117 300 mg/day (n = 12). The measurements included parameters from an ex vivo model of @entity715 , @entity1423 in platelet-rich plasma and plasma biomarkers of endothelial/platelet activation. RESULTS: Between days 0 and 10, the mean cross-sectional surface of dense @entity715 significantly decreased with @entity26671 (58%, p = 0.001), @entity26671 + @entity117 (63%, p = 0.005) and @entity1397 + @entity117 (61%, p < 0.05). On day 10, the value for @entity26671 was significantly lower than that for @entity117 (p < 0.01) and was comparable to the dual therapy @entity26671 + @entity117 or @entity1397 + @entity117 . Similar results were found for total @entity715 surface and platelet adhesion. @entity1423 induced by the specific thromboxane @entity3009 receptor agonist @entity2872 was almost completely inhibited on day 10 in both @entity26671 groups but not in the others. As regards markers of endothelial/platelet activation or lesions, thrombomodulin significantly increased and plasma soluble P selectin significantly decreased by day 10 in both @entity26671 groups, whereas the @entity2880 factor did not change significantly. @entity26671 was found to be safe and well TOLERATED. CONCLUSIONS: @entity26671 has demonstrated an antithrombotic activity that is superior to @entity117 and similar to @entity1397 + @entity117 ; it induces a significant in vivo reduction in endothelial/platelet activation.

title: Effect of the thromboxane prostaglandin receptor antagonist @entity26671 on arterial thrombogenesis after repeated administration in XXXX treated for the prevention of @entity385 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic event and/or carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['platelet aggregation', 'Platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity26671 :: ('MESH:C501362', 'Chemical') :: ['Terutroban', 'terutroban']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity2880 :: ('MESH:D014842', 'Disease') :: ['von Willebrand']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Substantial evidence now shows that the genetic vulnerability to @entity161 can be manifested clinically in first-degree relatives of @entity1 with @entity161 , even without the full manifestations of the disorder. One pattern of problems observed involves the combination of negative symptoms and @entity51 . We have investigated whether a low dose of a novel antipsychotic medication, @entity1090 , could attenuate these clinical problems in non-psychotic, first-degree relatives, and report here findings from our first 4 cases. METHODS: Twelve adults who were first-degree relatives of @entity1 with @entity161 were evaluated for the presence of negative symptoms and @entity51 (in @entity2414 , long-term verbal memory and executive functions). Four subjects who met our predetermined criteria, and who did not demonstrate medical contraindications, were enrolled in a 6-week trial of @entity1090 . Clinical and medical measures were assessed before, during and after treatment. Doses of @entity1090 started at 0.25 mg and were increased to 1.0-2.0 mg/day. RESULTS: These subjects showed substantial reductions in negative symptoms, and one subject showed modest reductions. All four subjects showed substantial improvements on some tests of @entity2414 . Side effects of @entity1090 were temporary and mainly mild. CONCLUSIONS: These initial findings support two conclusions. First, clinical deficits in non-psychotic first-degree relatives of @entity1 with @entity161 are identifiable, and to a significant extent, reversible. Second, @entity1090 may eventually serve as an effective treatment for @entity1 whose lives are impaired by similar or related problems.

title: Treatment of nonpsychotic relatives of XXXX with @entity161 : four case studies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychological deficits']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['attention and working memory']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Recent studies have indicated that type 1 T cell responses (potent @entity379 and cytolytic responses, with absence of @entity3646 production) are important for protective immunity against mycobacteria. These observations suggest that assays of type 1 T cell responses may be useful as surrogate markers of protective immunity in the evaluation of new @entity378 vaccines. To be useful as surrogate markers, immunologic assays must distinguish between vaccine recipients and control subjects in clinical trials. Previous studies have shown that bacille Calmette-Gu  rin (BCG) vaccination can induce @entity1 type 1 T cell responses, but randomized trials have not been done to determine whether measurement of these responses can distinguish between BCG recipients and control subjects. We have conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of intradermal vaccination with two different BCG strains. We compared the mean lymphoproliferative, cytotoxic, @entity1198 and Th2 cytokine, and antibody responses detected in BCG and placebo recipients. These studies demonstrated that significant increases in Mycobacterium-specific T cell proliferative responses and type 1 cytokine responses were induced by BCG when compared with results with a placebo. In addition, BCG induced significant increases in Mycobacterium-specific antibody responses with an isotype profile characteristic of a type 1 cytokine bias. T cell and antibody assays involving the use of mycobacterial whole cell lysates or live BCG were able to discriminate between BCG and placebo recipients better than were assays using mycobacterial culture filtrates. These studies provide important information for the development of immunologic assays that might be useful as surrogate markers of protective immunity in future trials of new @entity378 vaccines.

title: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Mycobacterium-specific XXXX immune responses induced by intradermal bacille Calmette-Gu  rin vaccination.

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Left-sided colonic and @entity63 is commonly seen after surgery for @entity1755 ( @entity1755 ) and is associated with increased mortality. Earlier studies have shown that @entity8364 ( @entity8364 ) may detect @entity63 when performed postoperatively, and suggestions have been made that @entity1 can be selected for @entity8364 based on clinical and biochemical parameters. We sought to perform @entity8364 in all @entity1 surviving the first 24 hours after surgery for rAAA and to compare the findings of @entity8364 to clinical and biochemical parameters. METHODS: All @entity1 undergoing emergency surgery for rAAA and surviving the first 24 hours underwent @entity8364 to assess any degree of @entity63 . RESULTS: During the study period, 41 @entity1 survived the first 24 hours after surgery. In 9 (22%) @entity1 , some degree of @entity63 was found. Segmental @entity39 was only shown in 5% at first @entity8364 . @entity1 with @entity63 received more blood transfusions intraoperatively than those with normal findings at @entity8364 . They also had longer periods with mean blood pressure <60 mm Hg postoperatively, and lower arterial pH on the first postoperative day. Blood @entity880 levels did not differ between the groups. None of the parameters were sufficiently discriminative to be used for distinguishing between @entity1 with and without @entity63 . CONCLUSIONS: Severe @entity63 was less common than previously reported. All cases of @entity63 were identified by early @entity8364 , but none of the clinical and biochemical parameters were sufficiently reliable to distinguish between @entity1 with and without @entity63 . It is suggested that all @entity1 initially surviving surgery for rAAA should be offered @entity8364 to screen for @entity63 .

title: The value of routine XXXX within 48 hours after surgical repair of @entity1755 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['rAAAs', 'ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['colonic ischemia', 'ischemia', 'rectal ischemia']

entities_list: @entity8364 :: ('MESH:D002375', 'Disease') :: ['flexible sigmoidoscopy', 'FS']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity8364 :: (MESH:D002375,Disease) :: ['flexible sigmoidoscopy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether endocrinologist-performed ultrasonography improves the localization of @entity3243 in @entity1 with @entity459 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive @entity1 with @entity459 due to a single @entity652 who underwent surgery at the Dokuz Eylul University Hospital in Izmir, @entity233 , between January 2000 and January 2008. Data regarding the localization of @entity652 were obtained from surgical reports. Neck ultrasonography was performed in all @entity1 as first-line imaging. Parathyroid ultrasonography was performed by a staff radiologist between January 2000 and December 2004. Beginning January 2005, parathyroid ultrasonography was performed blindly by an endocrinologist in addition to the staff radiologist. In the case of discordant preoperative localization between the endocrinologist- and radiologist-performed ultrasonography, surgery was performed according to the technetium Tc 99m sestamibi (MIBI) scan and endocrinologist-performed ultrasonography localization results. RESULTS: A total of 156 @entity1 with @entity459 due to a single @entity652 were included. Of the 156 @entity1 , 139 also underwent MIBI scan. Ultrasonography localized 102 @entity3243 (65%). The accuracy of the ultrasonography was improved in @entity1 who underwent endocrinologist-performed ultrasonography. Endocrinologist-performed ultrasonography localized the @entity652 correctly in 19 @entity1 for whom the staff radiologist had reported a negative or unsuccessful localization. When ultrasonography results were combined with the MIBI scan findings, @entity3243 were again more likely to be localized in @entity1 who underwent operation after January 2005 and thus had endocrinologist-performed ultrasonography. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that endocrinologist-performed ultrasonography improves the preoperative localization of @entity3243 .

title: Beneficial effect of endocrinologist-performed ultrasonography on preoperative XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity3243 :: ('MESH:D010282', 'Disease') :: ['parathyroid adenoma', 'parathyroid adenomas']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity3243 :: (MESH:D010282,Disease) :: ['parathyroid adenoma localization']


abstract: Harnessing the regenerative capabilities of endogenous precursor cells in the spinal cord may be a useful tool for clinical treatments aimed at replacing cells lost as a consequence of disease or @entity130 . To better understand the proliferative properties and differentiation potential of the adult spinal cord after injury, we used a @entity19 model of compression @entity1566 ( @entity1566 ). After injury, adult @entity19 were administered @entity1603 to label mitotic cells and sacrificed at different time-points for immunohistochemical analysis. Our data show that the rate of proliferation increased in all regions of the spinal cord 1day after injury, peaked after 3days, and remained elevated for at least 14days after injury. Proliferation was greater at the @entity130 than in rostral and caudal adjacent spinal segments. The number of proliferative cells and rate of proliferation varied between dorsal and ventral regions of the spinal cord and between the gray and white matter. Newly generated cells expressed markers for progenitor cells (Nestin and @entity18900 ), oligodendrocytes ( @entity31017 ), astrocytes ( @entity2658 and glial fibrillary acidic protein), and microglia ( @entity9271 ), but not neuronal markers ( @entity7001 and @entity7079 ). Marker expression varied with regard to the dorso-ventral region, rostro-caudal proximity to the @entity130 , and time after injury. At early time-points after injury, BrdU(+) cells mainly expressed microglial/macrophage and astrocytic markers, while at these same time-points in the control spinal cord the mitotic cells predominately expressed oligodendrocyte and oligodendrocyte progenitor cell markers. The profile of proliferation and cell fate marker expression indicates that after moderate compression, the spinal cord has the capacity to generate a variety of glial cells but not neurons, and that this pattern is space and time specific. Future studies should focus on ways to control proliferation and cell fate after injury to aid the development of cell replacement treatments for @entity1566 .

title: Compression injury in the XXXX spinal cord elicits a specific proliferative response and distinct cell fate acquisition along rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral axes.

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury', 'SCI']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injury epicenter', 'trauma']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to compare the performance of dual-energy CT with that of 3-T @entity7994 with late enhancement for the detection of chronic @entity583 during first-pass coronary CT angiography (CTA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six @entity1 underwent coronary CTA for the assessment of coronary bypass graft patency on a first-generation dual-source CT scanner in dual-energy mode. Gray-scale images (100 kV, 140 kV, and blended virtual 120 kV) were assessed for areas of hypodense myocardium during the arterial phase. In addition, a color-coded map of myocardial @entity1496 distribution was calculated from the dual-energy data for perfusion analysis. @entity5748 data were compared with data from 3-T @entity7994 with late enhancement, which served as the reference standard for scar detection using the American Heart Association's 17-segment model of the left ventricle. RESULTS: One hundred one (17%) of 612 @entity296 in 22 (61%) of 36 @entity1 showed late enhancement on @entity7994 . Although myocardial @entity1496 mapping was prone to artifacts, mostly arising from sternal wires (70% sensitivity), 100-kV gray-scale images showed the highest sensitivity (80%) for the detection of @entity296 . Blended virtual 120-kV images with lower noise and higher resolution had the best diagnostic accuracy (77% sensitivity, 97% specificity, 85% positive predictive value, 96% negative predictive value, and 94% accuracy). CONCLUSION: Detection of chronic @entity583 on color-coded @entity1496 distribution analysis with first-generation dual-energy CT is impeded by thoracic metallic devices. This group of @entity1 benefits more from adequate blending of high- and low-kilovoltage gray-scale images. Further technical improvements are desirable to lower artifact burden and improve sensitivity on myocardial @entity1496 distribution mapping.

title: @entity5748 for the assessment of chronic @entity583 in XXXX with chronic coronary artery disease: comparison with 3-T @entity7994 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial segments', 'myocardial scar']

entities_list: @entity5748 :: ('MESH:D009105', 'Disease') :: ['Dual-energy CT']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Candiduria is a hospital-associated @entity281 and a daily problem in the intensive care unit. The treatment of asymptomatic candiduria is not well established and the use of @entity2379 bladder irrigation (ABBI) is controversial. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the best place for this therapy in practice. METHODS: The databases searched in this study included MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and LILACS (January 1960-June 2007). We included manuscripts with data on the treatment of candiduria using ABBI. The studies were classified as comparative, dose-finding, or non-comparative. RESULTS: From 213 studies, nine articles (377 @entity1 ) met our inclusion criteria. ABBI showed a higher clearance of the candiduria 24 hours after the end of therapy than @entity2380 (odds ratio (OR) 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-1.00). Fungal culture 5 days after the end of both therapies showed a similar response (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.81-2.80). The evaluation of ABBI using an intermittent or continuous system of delivery showed an early candiduria clearance (24 hours after therapy) of 80% and 82%, respectively (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.52-1.36). Candiduria clearance at >5 days after the therapy showed a superior response using continuous bladder irrigation with @entity2379 (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.94). The use of continuous ABBI for more than 5 days showed a better result (88% vs. 78%) than ABBI for less than 5 days, but without significance (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34-1.04). CONCLUSION: Although the strength of the results in the underlying literature is not sufficient to allow the drawing of definitive conclusions, ABBI appears to be as effective as @entity2380 , but it does not offer systemic antifungal therapy and should only be used for asymptomatic candiduria.

title: Bladder irrigation with @entity2379 and fungal urinary tract XXXX --systematic review with meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infection']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Giant @entity977 (> or =40 mm) pose a major management challenge. We describe the experience of a single surgeon and a dedicated neuro-endocrine team with multimodality treatment of these @entity5 in three specialized institutions. DESIGN: Retrospective data set analyses. @entity1 : Fifty-one consecutive @entity1 with a giant @entity652 (39 endocrine-inactive, 12 endocrine-active; mean @entity5 diameter 45 mm) treated over 10 years by an endonasal transsphenoidal approach were included. All @entity1 had surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and/or medical therapy as judged necessary. MEASUREMENTS: Hormonal and visual status, extent of resection, @entity5 control rates, complications and use of medical and radiotherapy were evaluated. RESULTS: Surgery resulted in gross total, near @entity512 (41%), 10 (20%) and 20 (39%) @entity1 respectively. @entity5 removal was associated with absence of cavernous sinus invasion (P < 0.001). Long-term endocrine function improved in 49% of @entity1 and new @entity2744 occurred in 14.6%; 76% required long-term hormone replacement therapy. Vision improved in 81.5% of the @entity1 and there was no visual worsening. At the last follow up (median 30 months), @entity5 control was achieved in 96% of @entity1 : 59% with surgery alone, 20% with surgery plus focussed radiotherapy, 18% with surgery and medical therapy and two with all three modalities. CONCLUSIONS: Endonasal surgery provides effective initial treatment for @entity1 with @entity652 . Multimodality therapy was needed in almost 50% of @entity1 and this rate will likely increase with longer follow up. Close collaboration of neurosurgeons with endocrinologists and radiation oncologists is essential for optimal treatment of @entity1 with these challenging @entity5 .

title: Endonasal transsphenoidal surgery and multimodality treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Complete tumour', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity2744 :: ('MESH:C567425', 'Disease') :: ['endocrinopathy']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenomas']

entities_list: @entity512 :: ('MESH:C567308', 'Disease') :: ['total and subtotal removal in21']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['giant adenomas', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity977 :: (MESH:D010911,Disease) :: ['giant pituitary adenomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity205 ( @entity870 ) is effective in the short-term for severe, @entity134 refractory @entity31 ; but its use has been limited by concerns about safety and colectomy-sparing rates. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term colectomy-sparing effects and safety of @entity870 in @entity1 hospitalized for @entity31 . METHODS: Review of the @entity1 who underwent intravenous @entity870 for @entity31 between 1989 and 2003. RESULTS: A total of 71 @entity1 with severe @entity31 were treated with IV @entity870 . The median length of follow-up was 1.5 years (mean=3 y) (range 1 mo to 14 y) (IQR 0.6 to 4.6). Eighty-five percent (60/71) of @entity1 responded to IV @entity870 and were discharged on oral @entity870 . Of these 60 @entity1 , 26 were transitioned from @entity870 to 6MP. Of the 26 @entity1 who were transitioned from @entity870 to 6MP, only 1 @entity1 (4%) ultimately required colectomy; whereas colectomy was carried out in 76% (26/34) of the @entity1 who were not transitioned from @entity870 to 6MP. Only concomitant 6MP therapy was associated with a reduced risk of colectomy (OR 0.01, 95% CI 0.001, 0.09, P<0.0001) on long-term follow-up in this group. Cumulative colectomy rates for the entire cohort were 39% (28/71) at 1 year, 42% (30/71) at 2 years, and 46% (33/71) at 5 years. Side effects were noted in two-thirds of the @entity1 , the majority of which were mild. CONCLUSION: @entity870 is an effective therapy for severe @entity31 . Long-term efficacy is improved with transition to 6MP. Adverse events with @entity870 are frequent, but most are mild.

title: @entity205 is safe and effective in XXXX with severe @entity31 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclosporine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the biocompatibility of extracellular matrix (ECM) of @entity2132 , so as to identify whether this material can be used in repair of @entity8 . METHODS: The fascia latae of 2 @entity235 were stripped and underwent treatment of decellularizing liquid, DNAse, RNAse, etc. so as to produce ECM. Twenty Kunming @entity19 were randomly divided into 2 equal groups to be injected with the extractive liquid of the ECM or normal saline. 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours later the @entity19 were observed so as to examine the @entity137 of the ECM. @entity19 fibroblasts of the line L929 were cultured. ECM was added into the suspension of the cells, and 2, 4, and 7 days later the relative growth rate (RGR) of the cells was observed by @entity98 method. The left kidneys of 10 @entity235 were cut by knife so as to establish @entity8 models, and the wounds were covered by prepared ECM pieces immediately. 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 2, and 4 months after the operation respectively the @entity235 were killed and light microscopy and electron microscopy were conducted to observe the condition of the wounds. RESULTS: No abnormal situation was found in the @entity19 after the extractive liquids of the ECM was injected into their bodies at any time point. @entity98 method showed that no obvious @entity137 was seen in the L292 cells, the RGR levels 2, 4, and 7 days were 112%, 96%, and 97% respectively, and the cytotoxic grade were 0, 1, and 1 respectively. No obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells into the local site of renal repair could be seen, only mild adhesion to the surrounding tissues was found at different time-points after operation. CONCLUSION: With good biocompatibility, ECM of @entity2132 may be used as an ideal tissue-engineering material for renal repair.

title: [Biocompatibility of extracellular matrix of @entity2132 as material for XXXX repair].

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney injury', 'renal trauma']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['homologous fascia lata']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We have previously demonstrated that @entity5 reduces in activity and size during the course of radiotherapy ( @entity138 ) in a limited number of @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). This study aimed to quantify the metabolic @entity5 volume (MTV) on PET and compare its changes with those of gross @entity5 volume (GTV) on CT during- @entity138 for 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). METHODS: @entity1 with stage I-III @entity1149 treated with a definitive course of @entity138    chemotherapy were eligible for this prospective study. FDG-PET/CT scans were acquired within 2 weeks before @entity138 ( @entity138 ) and at about two thirds of total dose during- @entity138 . PET-MTVs were delineated using a method combining the @entity5 /aorta ratio autosegmentation and CT anatomy based manual editing. Data is presented as mean (95% confident interval). RESULTS: The MTV delineation methodology was first confirmed to be highly reproducible by comparing volumes defined by different physicians and using different systems (coefficiency >0.98). Fifty @entity1 with 88 primary and nodal lesions were evaluated. The mean ratios of MTV/GTV were 0.70(-0.07~1.47) and 0.33(-0.30~0.95) for @entity138 and during- @entity138 , respectively. PET-MTV reduced by 70% (62-77%), while CT-GTV by 41% (33-49%) (p< 0.001) during- @entity138 . MTV reduction was 72.9% and 15.4% for 3DCRT and SBRT, respectively (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: PET-MTV reduced more than CT-GTV during- @entity138 , while @entity1 treated with 3DCRT reduced more than SBRT. RTOG1106 is using during- @entity138 PET-MTV to adapt radiation therapy in 3DCRT.

title: Metabolic Tumor Volume on PET Reduced More than Gross Tumor Volume on CT during Radiotherapy in @entity1 with XXXX Treated with 3DCRT or SBRT.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the cause of @entity204 for centenarians' offspring and controls. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Community-based, nationwide sample. @entity1 : Family pedigree information was collected on 295 offspring of centenarians (from 106 families with a parent already enrolled in the nationwide New England Centenarian Study) and on 276 controls (from 82 control families) from 1997 to 2000. Controls were individuals whose parents were born in the same year as the centenarians but at least one of whom died at the average life expectancy. MEASUREMENTS: Age at @entity204 and cause of @entity204 . RESULTS: Centenarians' offspring had a 62% lower risk of all-cause mortality (P<.001), a 71% lower risk of @entity5 -specific mortality (P=.002), and an 85% lower risk of @entity301 -specific mortality (P<.001). Significant differences were not found for other causes of @entity204 . However of those who died centenarian offsprings dead at a significantly younger age than controls. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that centenarians' offspring have lower all-cause mortality rates and cause-specific mortality rates for @entity5 and @entity301 . These results suggest that mechanisms for survival to exceptional old age may go beyond the avoidance or delay of @entity65 and also include the avoidance or delay of @entity5 . Moreover survival advantage of centenarian offsprings may not be due to factors related to childhood mortality. Ultimately, survival to exceptional old age may involve lower susceptibility to a broad range of age-related diseases, perhaps secondary to inhibition of basic mechanisms of aging.

title: Lower all-cause, cardiovascular, and XXXX mortality in centenarians' offspring.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']