abstract: Use of anionic @entity2975 (PAM) to control @entity3151 (P) losses from a Chinese purple soil was studied in both a laboratory soil column experiment and a field plot experiment on a steep slope (27%). Treatments in the column study were a control, and PAM mixed uniformly into the soil at rates of 0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, and 0.20%. We found that PAM had an important inhibitory effect on vertical P transport in the soil columns, with the 0.20% PAM treatment having the greatest significant reduction in leachate soluble P concentrations and losses resulting from nine leaching periods. Field experiments were conducted on 5m wide by 21m long natural rainfall plots, that allowed collection of both surface runoff and subsurface drainage water. @entity3505 was planted and grown on all plots with typical fertilizer applied. Treatments included a control, dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha(-1), dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha(-1) applied together with lime ( @entity16415 at 4.9 t ha(-1)), and dry PAM at 3.9 kg ha(-1) applied together with gypsum ( @entity23553 at 4 t ha(-1)). Results from the field plot experiment in which 5 rainfall events resulted in measurable runoff and leachate showed that all PAM treatments significantly reduced runoff volume and total P losses in surface runoff compared to the control. The PAM treatments also all significantly reduced water volume leached to the tile drain. However, total P losses in the leachate water were not significantly different due to the treatments, perhaps due to the low PAM soil surface application rate and/or high experimental variability. The PAM alone treatment resulted in the greatest @entity3505 growth as indicated by the plant growth indexes of @entity3505 plant height, leaf length, leaf width, grain number per head, and dried grain mass. Growth indexes of the PAM with @entity460 treatments were significantly lesser. These results indicate that the selection and use of soil amendments need to be carefully determined based upon the most important management goal at a particular site (runoff/nutrient loss control, enhanced plant growth, or a combination).

title: Application of XXXX to reduce @entity3151 losses from a Chinese purple soil: a laboratory and field investigation.

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['Calcium']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

answer: @entity2975 :: (CHEBI:51135,Chemical) :: ['polyacrylamide']


abstract: The authors present 280 @entity1 operated on for @entity531 ( @entity531 ). In a first group of @entity1 anatomical variants were the striking findings. The underlying factor for @entity531 development is therefore a well defined structural condition and its pathogenetic mechanism is known to be a nerve fibre compression. In a second group there was no specific salient finding but a postural deviation. The unique pathological features were adhesions of the @entity121 . Consequently its pathogenetic mechanism is generally recognized as nerve fibre distraction. In all @entity1 neurological, vascular and @entity158 symptoms were observed before the operation. Neurological and vascular @entity158 disappeared after surgery, while the @entity158 remained. The authors believe that especially in the second, larger group of @entity1 enhancement of the @entity158 -immobility- @entity82 loop is the central pathogenetic factor on which surgical therapy is successful, and that @entity13705 --probably arising from a long-standing postural deviation--is not a @entity531 dependent symptom. In @entity531 , therefore, there is a @entity158 loop that cannot be resolved by surgical therapy alone. The connection between @entity158 syndrome and @entity531 might explain the many controversial opinions regarding frequency, results and surgical possibilities of this lesion.

title: XXXX pathophysiology and clinical features.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity13705 :: ('MESH:D009209', 'Disease') :: ['myofascial hemisyndrome']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['myofascial pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome', 'TOS']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus to the scalenus muscle']

answer: @entity531 :: (MESH:D013901,Disease) :: ['TOS']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The thalamus is one of the strategic diencephalic structures of the @entity1 brain. The artery of Percheron, an asymmetrical common trunk arising from a P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery, is a peculiar presentation of the three variants involved in the irrigation of the paramedian thalamic territory. Occlusion of this artery results in bilateral median @entity1188 . The paramedian syndrome includes an @entity909 , often associated with oculomotor and @entity132 . @entity1 AND METHODS: We present three cases of bilateral paramedian @entity1188 with onset of acute @entity772 , followed by fluctuations in the level of consciousness, memory, and behavioural alterations. A neuroradiological study with MRI identified individual thalamic nuclei, and a complete neuropsychological study was performed one month after onset of ictus. RESULTS: One of the @entity1 showed severe memory and executive @entity73 without improvement of @entity346 . The other two @entity1 presented with mild @entity409 with complete resolution of @entity16 . Neuroimaging results showed a bilateral lesion of the dorsomedial nuclei in the three @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Severe @entity2730 has been associated with an affection of the structures of the paramedian thalamic territory. Presently, the role of the dorsomedial nucleus remains controversial, with the suggestion that @entity2414 observed in this type of lesion could be secondary to executive function deficits. In our case, the @entity1 with the most severe @entity51 presented the most severe @entity2414 .

title: Neuropsychological profile of bilateral paramedian XXXX : three cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychological disturbances']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['function impairments']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['executive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['acute loss or reduction of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['dysexecutive deficit']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['thalamic infarction']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory impairments', 'memory deficits']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['vertical gaze palsy']

answer: @entity1188 :: (MESH:D007238,Disease) :: ['infarctions']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Target-specific anticoagulants such as @entity3925 facilitate immediate discharge of low-risk venous @entity1031 (VTE; including @entity1150 [ @entity1150 ] and @entity1151 [ @entity1151 ]) allowing treatment at home instead of hospitalization. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to compare costs accrued over 6  months by @entity1 diagnosed with low-risk VTE and treated at home with @entity3925 versus usual care with heparin- @entity1229 . METHODS: This case-control study calculated costs using the established charge-to-cost ratio from UB-04 billing claims of @entity1 diagnosed at two metropolitan hospitals. @entity1 were defined as low risk by the Hestia criteria. All patients were anticoagulated for 6  months. Control @entity1 were treated with usual care using low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and then @entity1229 . Case @entity1 were treated with an initial dose of @entity3925 in the @entity2613 followed by same-day discharge home with @entity3925 . Medians were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Fifty cases and 47 controls were identified. Groups were well matched according to mean age, Charlson comorbidity score, and proportions by sex and location of @entity715 . For all VTEs, median hospital charges for 6  months after diagnosis were  11,128 (interquartile range [IQR]  =  8,110 to  23,390) for controls, compared with  4,787 (IQR  =  3,042 to  7,596) for cases (Mann-Whitney U-test p  <  0.001). Subgroup analyses of the first week of therapy, @entity1151 , @entity1150 , and inpatient pharmacy costs retained significance, with costs for @entity3925 -treated @entity1151 @entity1 57% lower than control @entity1151 @entity1 (p  <  0.001) and 56% lower for @entity1150 @entity1 (p  =  0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Cost of medical care was lower for low-risk VTE @entity1 discharged immediately from the @entity2613 with @entity3925 therapy compared with @entity1 treated with LMWH- @entity1229 .

title: Cost of Treating Venous Thromboembolism With Heparin and XXXX Versus Home Treatment With @entity3925 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis', 'DVT']

entities_list: @entity3925 :: ('MESH:C503223', 'Chemical') :: ['rivaroxaban']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity1229 :: (MESH:D014859,Chemical) :: ['Warfarin']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 209 Background: Rolapitant, a novel @entity9766 antagonist, showed efficacy in CINV prevention in @entity1 (pts) receiving @entity34 ( @entity5948 / @entity786 (AC) and other regimens) in a global phase 3 trial. Recent anti-emetic guidelines consider AC based regimens to be highly emetogenic. In this post hoc analysis, the efficacy and safety of rolapitant was assessed in Cycle 1 in pts receiving non-AC @entity34 , and in the subset of pts receiving @entity3003 -based @entity34 . METHODS: In a double-blind, active-controlled study, pts were randomized to oral @entity17939 180 mg or placebo 1-2 hours before @entity34 . All pts received @entity10442 2 mg oral on days 1-3 and oral @entity619 20 mg on day 1. Complete response (CR = no emesis + no use of rescue medication), no emesis, and no @entity390 were assessed in overall (0-120 h), acute (0-24 h), and delayed ( > 24-120 h) phases. RESULTS: CR was significantly (P < 0.01) higher with rolapitant than active control in overall and delayed phases in the @entity3003 subset and in all 3 phases in the non-AC population (Table). No emesis rates were significantly (p < 0.05) higher with rolapitant in the @entity3003 subset in the overall phase. No @entity390 rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher with rolapitant in the overall and delayed phases in @entity3003 -based @entity34 . Incidences of treatment-related AEs in Cycle 1 with rolapitant vs. active control were 11.3% vs. 6.7% in the @entity3003 -based subset. Most common AEs with rolapitant and active control were @entity1142 , fatigue, and @entity10 . CONCLUSIONS: Rolapitant was superior to active control in preventing CINV in pts receiving non-AC @entity34 , including in the subgroup receiving @entity3003 . @entity17939 was well tolerated with low incidence of AEs. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION: NCT01500226. [Table: see text].

title: Efficacy and safety of rolapitant for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in non- @entity5948 / @entity786 (AC)-based @entity34 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5948 :: ('D018943', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity10442 :: ('MESH:D017829', 'Chemical') :: ['granisetron']

entities_list: @entity17939 :: ('MESH:C578834', 'Chemical') :: ['Rolapitant', 'rolapitant']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

answer: @entity34 :: (MESH:D016609,Disease) :: ['MEC']


abstract: Indwelling catheters are almost invariably associated with @entity3137 of the urinary bladder, commonly referred to as @entity2335 . In the present study, 20 male @entity1 with indwelling catheters (due to @entity1067 ) for 1-12 months were studied. Three non-catheter bearing male @entity1 served as controls. Biopsies were taken from the posterior urethra in all @entity1 and from the bladder in 16 of the 20 @entity1 with indwelling catheters. All @entity1 with catheters had endoscopic lesions in the urethra. The lesions varied from polypoid to bullous or oedematous, with or without @entity548 discoloration. In 11 of 20 @entity1 the urethral lesions were histologically almost identical to @entity2335 . In the remaining 9 @entity1 the reaction was less pronounced, and @entity4 , with or without mucosal @entity548 , dominated. Due to the similarity between the catheter associated @entity1494 and the urethral lesions we suggest the term @entity6369 for the urethral lesions. There was no correlation between type of catheter used or how long it was used and the @entity3137 . The results suggest @entity146 and/or pressure exerted by the catheter on the mucosa is responsible for the development of @entity6369 .

title: Effects of indwelling catheters on the urethral mucosa ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity6369 :: ('MESH:D014526', 'Disease') :: ['polypoid urethritis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic', 'hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder lesions']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['mechanical irritation']

entities_list: @entity1067 :: ('MESH:D011470', 'Disease') :: ['benign prostatic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['polypoid cystitis']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['characteristic mucosal lesions', 'mucosal lesions']

answer: @entity6369 :: (MESH:D014526,Disease) :: ['polypoid urethritis']


abstract: Between 1978 and 1985, 21 @entity1 were treated for @entity825 , (group I) and 4 for @entity10485 (group II). The median age at treatment was 7 months (range 1 to 96 months). Indications for surgery in group I were, "dying spells" (n = 12), recurrent @entity55 (n = 4), intermittent @entity1576 (n = 3) and inability to extubate airway (n = 2). 18 had @entity1152 repair. Treatment in group I was aortopexy (n = 19), three of whom also required an external airway splint; two had an airway splint only. @entity1224 was relieved in all. Group II @entity1 required surgery because they could not be extubated; none had @entity1152 . Aortopexy in all and splinting in one failed in 3 of 4 @entity1 . Aortopexy is the primary treatment of @entity825 . External airway splinting may be used where aortopexy is inadequate. A satisfactory treatment for @entity10485 has not yet been devised.

title: Treatment of XXXX : eight years' experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity825 :: ('MESH:D055090', 'Disease') :: ['tracheomalacia']

entities_list: @entity10485 :: ('MESH:D055089', 'Disease') :: ['tracheobronchomalacia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1152 :: ('MESH:D004933', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal atresia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory obstruction']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['Airway obstruction']

answer: @entity825 :: (MESH:D055090,Disease) :: ['tracheomalacia']


abstract: @entity1204 have been investigated by quantitative microscopical methods. The aim of this study was to develop an objective method of histopathological diagnosis because of the great subjective variability of these endometrial conditions. A total of 79 cases were studied. Only those were included, which, after re-examination of the material by different pathologists, were regarded as mild @entity1373 (38 cases), marked atypical (adenomatous) @entity1373 (11 cases), well and moderately differentiated @entity420 (19 and 11 cases, respectively). There are many significant differences between these four groups. Stereological features contained the most important information, whilst nuclear features were less successful discriminators. The volume percentage of the epithelium and of the glands and the inner surface density of the glands showed the most significant differences between @entity1412 and well differentiated @entity189 . On the basis of these findings, a quantitative model is suggested which might give more insight into the development of these abnormalities, assuming a gradual transition from one to another. The great advantage of the quantitative analysis of data over subjective impressions, it that is is objective, and provides consistently reproducible results. The present results may be especially useful when histopathological diagnosis is in doubt. It is concluded that application of quantitative microscopy in the discrimination of @entity1204 in histopathology is feasible.

title: Discrimination of @entity1373 and XXXX of the endometrium by quantitative microscopy--a feasibility study.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma', 'Endometrial hyperplasias and carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia', 'atypical hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinoma']


abstract: Sonothrombolysis is a promising modality for acute @entity64 treatment. In vitro data suggest a duty cycle dependence of sonothrombolytic efficacy of low-frequency applications. The aim of our study was to examine its impact on safety issues in a @entity35 model of @entity2500 . @entity35 were exposed to transcranial 60-kHz ultrasound with varied duty cycles. To determine effects on the inner ear, the acoustic threshold was determined in additional healthy animals (acoustic evoked potentials). A short duty cycle (20%) resulted in significant adverse effects ( @entity63 volume, @entity548 , functional outcome), which was not observed in longer duty cycle (80%). Continuous-wave insonation produced high rates of mortality and @entity510 . Hearing was impaired independent of duty cycle. In conclusion, cerebral side effects may be efficiently reduced by modulation of pulsed parameters, which is in line with data on an improved efficacy with longer duty cycle. However, side effects on the auditory system were found to be independent of parameter settings.

title: Low-frequency therapeutic ultrasound with varied duty cycle: effects on the XXXX brain and the inner ear.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['middle cerebral artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: Both bacteria and fungi produce extracellular proteinases since they need aminoacids for optimal reproduction. This may also occur inside host cells. Viral proteinases are produced during propagation inside host cells to supply @entity1522 for rapid synthesis of viral proteins, and/or to split poly-protein molecules into single protein molecules, e.g., capside, and matrix and/or envelope proteins. In host cells the most profound, microbial proteinase-mediated effect is thought to be damage of the mitochondria, the site of oxidative energy generation. Two major effects can be imagined: (i) damage of proteinase-susceptible extra-mitochondrial membrane-associated proteins (razor blade effect), e.g., of mitochondrial transport proteins and of @entity855 : @entity857 translocase, and (ii) damage of intra-mitochondrial proteinase-susceptible proteins that are involved in the energy-generating processes. Although proteinases are not thought to invade and destroy mitochondria and essential intra-mitochondrial structures involved in energy generation, they can destroy non-mitochondrial encoded mitochondrial proteins during transport to the mitochondria, i.e., before incorporation inside the mitochondria in intra-mitochondrial structures. A secondary effect may be damage of liver cells that effect hepatic gluconeogenesis, the process that is involved in the synthesis of @entity413 from @entity880 . The proteinase may bring about inactivation of specific gluconeogenesis enzymes. This means that accumulated amounts of @entity880 cannot rapidly be reduced and consequently, such inactivation will increase intracellular and later even systemic acidification that may finally result in @entity204 . We postulate that both direct and indirect proteinase-mediated damage of mitochondria and gluconeogenesis enzymes, and consequently of @entity1 cellular energy generation, is an essential element in acute (e.g., @entity683 ) and chronic (e.g., hepatitis B) intracellular infections.

title: Microbial proteinase inside XXXX cells as anti-mitochondrial activity: a new virulence factor in infectious diseases?

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity683 :: ('MESH:D007251', 'Disease') :: ['influenza']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactic acid']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The importance of elevated concentrations of @entity398 (OT) during the entire milking period was investigated in seven primiparous dairy @entity291 with inherent disturbed milk ejection and in sixteen healthy @entity291 with disturbed milk ejection induced by placing them in an operating theatre. Disturbance of milk removal in both groups has previously been demonstrated to be exclusively due to central blockage of the expected OT release in response to teat stimulation and milking. However, milk ejection can be induced by exogenous OT. OT (0.2 i.u.) was injected i.v. before milking and 49 +/- 6% of the total milk was removed. When plasma OT decreased, milk flow stopped. In response to a second and third injection of 0.2 i.u. OT, 30 +/- 4 and 7 +/- 2% of the milk were removed respectively. The remaining milk was removed with 10 i.u. OT. The lag time from injection of OT to the start of milk flow was inversely correlated with the amount of milk actually removed in response to the OT injection. If 0.2 i.u. OT was injected during intramammary pressure ( @entity15129 ) recording, @entity15129 immediately increased to its maximum value. After 2.5 +/- 0.3 min, @entity15129 decreased to an intermediate @entity15129 (between preinjection and maximum @entity15129 ). After two additional injections of 0.2 i.u. OT and after injection of 0.5 i.u. OT, @entity15129 increased to a similar maximum. However, after injection of 0.5 i.u. OT, maximum @entity15129 lasted longer (2.9 +/- 0.3 min; P < 0.05) than after injections of 0.2 i.u. If OT was continuously infused (0.15 i.u./min) during milking, milk flow lasted until the udder was completely emptied. @entity15129 increased during OT infusion to a maximum which remained stable until infusion was stopped after 10 min. The same @entity15129 maximum was reached after the first individual OT injection (0.2 i.u.), but when plasma OT decreased towards basal concentrations, milk flow ceased and @entity15129 decreased to an intermediate level. Thus continuously elevated OT concentrations such as those during infusion or during normal milking are necessary for complete milk removal.

title: Continuously elevated concentrations of @entity398 during milking are necessary for complete milk removal in dairy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cows']


abstract: 1. The cutaneous responses of @entity95 to small doses of horse serum intracutaneously is described. After an original injection of 0.1 cc. a secondary reaction often occurs about the 9th day, and tests at 3 day intervals with 0.001 cc. quantities indicate that general @entity272 is established at this time. Circulating precipitins for horse serum appear later. As the degree of sensitivity increases, lesions resulting from test doses reach a maximum development more quickly. 2. The reactivity of @entity95 to horse serum is greatly increased by antecedent sensitization of the animals with repeated small intracutaneous inoculation of indifferent streptococci or immunization with large intravenous injections of either indifferent or hemolytic streptococci. Doses of indifferent streptococci precisely comparable to those producing greatly enhanced reactivity when given intracutaneously, increase reactivity to horse serum irregularly and to slight degree when injected intravenously. 3. Increases in reactivity (allergic @entity146 ) are made evident by the occurrence of @entity272 at the site of the primary horse serum injections, the earlier development of more distinct secondary reactions in a higher percentage of animals, and by the more rapid appearance of skin sensitivity to the small test doses which may be first evidenced by delayed reactions at these injection sites. Accompanying these evidences of increased reactivity, there is an early appearance of blood serum precipitins in high titer. 4. There was no evidence of residual inflammation in any of the animals at the time reactivity to horse serum was tested. No attempt was made to determine the duration of this altered reactive capacity. It has been encountered in tests begun from 8 to 14 days after the last preliminary inoculation. 5. It is suggested that the increased reaction described is brought about by a persisting alteration in the functional activity of the reticulo-endothelial system.

title: THE EFFECT OF ANTECEDENT INFECTION AND IMMUNIZATION WITH STREPTOCOCCI UPON THE REACTIVITY OF XXXX TO HORSE SERUM.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['irritability']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin hypersensitivity', 'larger skin lesions']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['RABBITS']


abstract: The aim of this study is to compare the dosimetric characteristics of robotic and conventional linac-based SBRT techniques for @entity2 , and to provide planning guidance for each modality. Eight @entity1 who received linac-based SBRT were retrospectively included in this study. A dose of 60 Gy given in three fractions was prescribed to each target. The Synchrony Respiratory Tracking System and a 4D dose calculation methodology were used for CyberKnife and linac-based SBRT, respectively, to minimize respiratory impact on dose calculation. Identical image and contour sets were used for both modalities. While both modalities can provide satisfactory target dose coverage, the dose to GTV was more heterogeneous for CyberKnife than for linac planning/delivery in all cases. The dose to 1000 cc lung was well below institutional constraints for both modalities. In the high dose region, the lung dose depended on @entity5 size, and was similar between both modalities. In the low dose region, however, the quality of CyberKnife plans was dependent on @entity5 location. With anteriorly-located @entity5 , the CyberKnife may deliver less dose to normal lung than linac techniques. Conversely, for posteriorly-located @entity5 , CyberKnife delivery may result in higher doses to normal lung. In all cases studied, more monitor units were required for CyberKnife delivery for given prescription. Both conventional linacs and CyberKnife provide acceptable target dose coverage while sparing normal tissues. The results of this study provide a general guideline for @entity1 and treatment modality selection based on dosimetric, @entity5 and normal tissue sparing considerations.

title: A dosimetric comparison of stereotactic body radiation therapy techniques for XXXX : robotic versus conventional linac-based systems.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: AIMS: To develop a limited sampling strategy for estimation of @entity1259 clearance. METHODS: The data set comprised 1051 concentrations measured in 105 @entity1 with advanced or metastatic @entity0 treated with @entity1259 alone. Ten limited sampling designs comprising two or three blood samples were proposed, taken at times identified by D-optimality from population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates. The data set was then truncated to include the sampling times for each of the designs. MAP Bayesian estimates of clearance were generated for each design and compared with clearance estimates obtained using all the data. The limited sampling designs were also validated using a separate data set obtained from 18 @entity1 with either @entity0 . The sensitivity of the best limited sampling designs to sample time recording errors of 0-10% or 10-20% was then assessed using a simulated data set including 200 @entity1 . RESULTS: The optimum sampling times were: end of the injection and 18 min, 40 min, 3 h, 10 h and 48 h after the start of the injection. The best three-sample design included samples at 40 min, 3 h and 48 h and gave unbiased estimates of clearance with an imprecision of 9.1% (95% CI 7.3, 10.5). The best two sample design included samples at 3 and 48 h and gave unbiased estimates of clearance with an imprecision of 12.4% (95% CI 9.6, 14.6). Using the validation data set, these two and three sample designs gave unbiased estimates of clearance with an imprecision of 5.6% (95% CI 3.7, 7.0) and 4.2% (95% CI 2.6, 5.3), respectively. Simulations that included 0-10% or 10-20% errors in the recording of the blood sampling times had negligible effects on the bias and imprecision of clearance estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Limited sampling designs have been identified and validated that estimate @entity1259 clearance with adequate precision and without bias from two or three blood samples. These designs also allow flexibility in blood sample collection and are robust with regard to sample time recording errors.

title: Maximum a posteriori Bayesian estimation of XXXX clearance by limited sampling.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1259 :: ('MESH:D015251', 'Chemical') :: ['epirubicin']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity1259 :: (MESH:D015251,Chemical) :: ['epirubicin']


abstract: In a 20-year experience with total rhinectomy for @entity5 , 27 of 51 @entity1 had prior irradiation. In five @entity1 , the @entity5 masqueraded as a @entity272 . @entity1491 were the usual histologic types (86%). There had been previous unsuccessful surgical therapy in 31 @entity1 and radiation therapy in 17 @entity1 . Twenty-two @entity5 recurred at a mean of 9.4 months after rhinectomy; 50% of these @entity1 died. Despite rhinectomy, almost 25% (and 40% of @entity1 with @entity957 ) died, usually of uncontrolled @entity66 . Results of surgical reconstruction after total rhinectomy were not satisfactory. In eight of 12 cases, attempts failed primarily or recurrent disease developed. Reconstruction should not be attempted before one year after rhinectomy, and use of a nasal prosthesis is the cornerstone of rehabilitation. Total rhinectomy is an oncologically sound operation for extensive @entity189 .

title: Rhinectomy for XXXX . A 20-year experience.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['local disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant disease', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['nasal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['dermatosis']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['Basal or squamous cell carcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the usefulness of scalp-recorded ictal electroencephalograms (EEG) in diagnosing the epileptogenic area in @entity302 with complex partial @entity410 . METHODS: The authors analyzed the ictal EEG of 395 @entity410 in 43 @entity1 with complex partial @entity410 . Based on EEG findings the @entity1 were classified according to the degree of localization of their onset areas. The results were then compared with neuroimaging findings. RESULTS: Only 10 @entity1 fell into the category 'discrete', meaning that all the onset areas (as measured by ictal EEG) were localized in the same lobe of the same hemisphere. Seven @entity1 were categorized as 'lateralized', meaning that all the onset areas were clearly lateralized in the same hemisphere but without consistent localization. Eleven @entity1 were classified as 'localized', meaning that the onset area were localized simultaneously in bilateral same lobes, or changed consistently from one lobe in one hemisphere to the same lobe in the opposite hemisphere. The onset area could not be defined in 15 @entity1 and these were categorized as 'not defined'. No @entity1 who underwent seven or more ictal recordings was categorized as discrete. However, when confined only to those @entity1 in whom over 75% of the ictal recordings showed the same onset area, there was a high correlation between the @entity75 detected by ictal EEG and those detected by neuroimaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study indicate that ictal EEG recordings are useful for determining the epileptogenic area in @entity302 with complex partial @entity410 , provided that more than 75% of the ictal recordings show the same ictal onset area.

title: Utility of scalp-recorded ictal electroencephalograms in childhood XXXX with complex partial @entity410 .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['epileptogenic lesions']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: @entity1176 and @entity1176 -associated peptide (GAP) have been shown to be cosecreted as spontaneous pulses in hypophysial portal blood. In addition, GAP has been proposed as a physiological inhibitor of PRL secretion. The present investigation was performed to determine whether GAP might play a role in the moment to moment regulation of PRL release in the ovariectomized rat. We anticipated that an inverse relation might exist between PRL and LH pulses if GAP is a physiological regulator of PRL and is coreleased with @entity1176 . Serial blood samples were collected at 6-min intervals over 4 h from ovariectomized @entity35 bearing chronic jugular catheters and were analyzed for plasma concentrations of PRL and LH by RIA. Release patterns were assessed using a pulse detection algorithm. Some animals were pretreated 30 min before blood sampling with @entity2211 (a @entity935 antagonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier) to unmask PRL inhibitory responses to GAP that might not otherwise be observable in the presence of normal @entity935 inhibition. PRL secretory patterns were pulsatile but highly irregular, in contrast to the regular rhythmic patterns of circulating LH. @entity2211 treatment significantly increased the number of PRL pulses. PRL pulse amplitudes, and mean PRL concentrations compared to those in vehicle-injected controls. LH pulses after @entity2211 administration were more frequent, resulting in slightly higher mean LH concentrations. In both vehicle- and @entity2211 -injected @entity35 , 60-80% of PRL pulses were concordant with LH pulses (concordance defined as PRL and LH peaks occurring within one sample of each other). Assuming that GAP is cosecreted with @entity1176 , these data fail to support an acute physiological role for GAP during undisturbed PRL release in the ovariectomized @entity35 because the expected relation between PRL and LH pulses in the event of such a role was not observed. To test a role for GAP more directly, @entity2211 -treated @entity35 were injected with a rabbit anti-GAP serum during serial blood collection. No increase in PRL release was elicited by this treatment, and pulsatile PRL and LH secretion were unaffected compared to those in control animals injected with hyperimmune serum. To determine whether @entity1176 is the PRL-releasing secretagogue responsible for concordant PRL and LH pulses, some @entity35 were pretreated 4 h before blood sampling with a potent @entity1176 antagonist, followed by @entity2211 30 min before sampling. Treatment with @entity1176 antagonist virtually abolished LH pulses, but had no effect on PRL pulses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Relation between luteinizing hormone and prolactin pulses in ovariectomized @entity35 with or without XXXX inhibition.

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity2211 :: ('MESH:D004294', 'Chemical') :: ['domperidone', 'Domperidone']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: Cell adhesion and subsequent viability are critical initial steps in biomaterial-tissue integration and are strongly dependent on the material properties and the presence of matrix proteins. In the present study @entity19 osteoblast-like cell behavior on @entity25009 (SO) and @entity7049 ( @entity15274 ) substrates has been examined, with a focus on the influence of the adhesive protein fibronectin and the non-adhesive protein albumin adsorbed on the substrates. @entity3674 crystal microgravimetry showed adsorption of fibronectin and albumin to be nearly identical on SO and @entity15274 . Subsequent exposure a previously adsorbed fibronectin layer to albumin decreased the @entity2003 of the adsorbed layer without any measurable increase in adsorbed mass. Cell adhesion and spreading were significantly enhanced on both SO and @entity15274 substrates coated with fibronectin or with fibronectin and albumin, compared with uncoated or albumin-coated substrates. The only statistically significant difference between the two substrates in these assays was increased spreading on @entity15274 compared with SO in the presence of fibronectin and albumin. Cell proliferation was significantly higher on SO compared with @entity15274 after 7 days culture, but depended on the presence of fibronectin only in the @entity15274 system. In contrast, mitochondrial activity was higher on @entity15274 than on SO, and was enhanced by fibronectin on both substrates. @entity15274 substrates coated with fibronectin and subsequently exposed to albumin exhibited the highest level of cell differentiation, as assayed via alkaline phosphatase activity. These results demonstrate the importance of adsorbed proteins on osteoblast-like cell-surface interactions.

title: Pre-osteoblasts on @entity7049 and XXXX : Influence of fibronectin and albumin adsorption.

entities_list: @entity7049 :: ('MESH:C010506', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(L-lactic acid)']

entities_list: @entity25009 :: ('CHEBI:46727', 'Chemical') :: ['silicon oxide']

answer: @entity25009 :: (CHEBI:46727,Chemical) :: ['silicon oxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the morphology, corneal topography and sensitivity in individuals with @entity3918 . This @entity74 is characterized by recurrent @entity2687 and progressive subepithelial @entity82 not significantly affecting visual acuity. METHODS: The corneas of nine affected and nine unaffected individuals were examined using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and videokeratography. Corneal mechanical sensitivity was also measured using a non-contact esthesiometer. RESULTS: Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed that the affected individuals represented different stages of corneal changes, from a nearly normal @entity82 . Corneal changes in affected individuals did not significantly decrease the best spectacle-corrected visual acuity. In vivo confocal microscopy detected morphological changes in the epithelium and stroma. @entity231 formation including altered keratocytes could be found in the anterior stroma in all affected eyes. With the exception of two eyes (one affected and one unaffected), all videokeratographies showed irregular @entity940 . Corneal sensitivity was significantly lower in affected individuals (p = 0.01). Age and corneal sensitivity showed no correlation. CONCLUSION: The main morphological findings in affected individuals were discrete and progressive subepithelial @entity82 , in the in vivo confocal microscope corresponding to optically dense extracellular matrix and activated keratocytes. Subbasal nerve morphology was changed in the affected family members who also showed a decreased corneal sensitivity. The findings are per se not specific to the disease. The changes probably reflect a healing response to erosive events on the corneal surface influenced by the genotype.

title: XXXX --corneal morphology, topography and sensitivity in a hereditary @entity2687 with recurrent erosive episodes.

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cornea to subepithelial fibrosis of the central cornea']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['Subepithelial opacity']

entities_list: @entity2687 :: ('MESH:D003316', 'Disease') :: ['corneal erosive episodes']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['autosomal dominant corneal disease']

entities_list: @entity3918 :: ('MESH:D009223', 'Disease') :: ['Dystrophia Helsinglandica']

answer: @entity3918 :: (MESH:D009223,Disease) :: ['Dystrophia Helsinglandica']


abstract: In vivo lipogenesis was estimated in liver and carcass of male @entity1573 selected for leanness (LL) or @entity1386 (FL) by use of tritiated water. Effects of nutritional state and of a high fat diet (90 g/kg) were examined. Different classes of liver lipids were also measured. Fed birds exhibited enhanced hepatic lipogenesis, which was more pronounced in FL than in LL birds (+73%, mean of three experiments). Extrahepatic lipogenesis was poorly influenced by nutritional state in LL birds and not modified in FL ones. The high fat diet induced a fall in liver @entity1674 and reduced de novo lipogenesis more drastically in liver than in carcass of both lines. Reduction of carcass lipogenesis was less pronounced in FL than in LL. Starvation led to a fall in liver @entity1674 , nonesterified @entity1718 and free @entity165 . The fat diet had similar but less pronounced effects. In most circumstances FL @entity1573 exhibited a higher liver @entity1674 content than LL ones. Comparison of fed and refed birds 100 min after the beginning of refeeding showed that de novo lipogenesis did not reach a plateau and differences between lines were still not significant.

title: In vivo lipogenesis of genetically lean and fat XXXX : effects of nutritional state and dietary fat.

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol', 'triacylglycerols']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1573 :: (9031,Species) :: ['chickens']


abstract: Mammography remains the diagnostic test of choice for @entity0 , but 20% of @entity5 still go undetected. Many serum biomarkers have been reported for @entity0 but none have proven to represent effective diagnostic strategies. ProteinChip mass spectrometry is an innovative technology that searches the proteome for differentially expressed proteins, allowing for the creation of a panel or profile of biomarkers. The objective of this study was to construct unique @entity5 -associated serum profiles that, combined with a classification algorithm, would enhance the detection of @entity0 Pretreatment serum samples from 134 female @entity1 (45 with @entity5 , 42 with benign disease, 47 normal) were procured prospectively following institutional review board-approved protocols. Proteins were denatured, applied onto ProteinChip affinity surfaces, and subjected to surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The SELDI output was analyzed using Biomarker Pattern Software to develop a classification tree based on group-specific protein profiles. The cross-validation analysis of @entity5 versus normal revealed sensitivity and specificity rates of 80% and 79%, and for @entity5 versus benign disease, 78% and 83%, respectively. When 2 different chip surfaces were combined the sensitivity and specificity increased to 90% and 93%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of this technique are comparable to those of mammography and, if confirmed in a larger study, this technique could provide the means toward development of a simple blood test to aid in the early detection of @entity0 . The combination of SELDI ProteinChip mass spectrometry and a classification- and regression-tree algorithm has the potential to use serum protein expression profiles for detection and diagnosis of @entity0 .

title: A novel approach toward development of a rapid blood test for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Internal @entity2998 (ICAD) is a frequent cause of @entity385 in young @entity1 . Whether @entity2806 is of embolic or hemodynamic origin remains to be determined. Heparin is often administered in ICAD; however, a drug trial can hardly be conducted because of the low recurrence rate after the acute stage. Therefore, the best therapeutic approach should be determined on the basis of the presumed mechanism of @entity2806 . One way to approach the mechanism of @entity64 in ICAD is to determine @entity64 patterns. We postulated that most cortical and large subcortical @entity1188 (>/=15 mm) are of embolic origin and that small subcortical @entity1188 (<15 mm) and junctional @entity1188 are not. The aim of our study was to determine the @entity64 patterns in 40 consecutive @entity1 with ICAD. METHODS: The @entity1 (26 @entity1 and 14 @entity1 ; mean age, 42.8 years) had a total of 65 ICADs. Seventeen @entity1 were free of any vascular risk factor. CT scans, MRI scans, and angiographic features were analyzed by observers who were blinded to the clinical findings. RESULTS: We found 34 cortical @entity1188 , 25 large subcortical @entity1188 , 1 small subcortical @entity1188 , and 5 junctional @entity1188 . CONCLUSIONS: Most @entity1188 related to ICAD are cortical @entity1188 or large subcortical @entity1188 ; small subcortical @entity1188 and junctional @entity1188 are infrequent. Therefore, these findings suggest that most @entity1188 occurring in @entity2998 ( @entity2998 ) are probably embolic rather than hemodynamic in origin. According to this presumed mechanism, anticoagulation seems a logical treatment at the early stage of @entity2998 .

title: XXXX patterns of internal @entity2998 in 40 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'carotid artery dissection']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcts', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['Stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A consensus treatment strategy for @entity1 with @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ) that recurs after definitive esophagectomy has not been established. This study compared outcomes in @entity1721 @entity1 who underwent salvage lymphadenectomy and those who underwent salvage radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy for recurrence in cervical lymph nodes. METHODS: Clinical characteristics of 79 @entity1 were analyzed. Overall survival was calculated from the day of salvage treatment to the time of @entity204 or last follow-up. Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical analysis was performed using the log-rank test for equality of the survival curves. The    (2) test was used to compare @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics. Univariate analysis was performed using the log-rank test, and multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Initial treatment against recurrence (salvage lymphadenectomy vs. salvage radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) was the only significant prognostic factor with a hazard ratio of 2.358 and 95  % confidence interval of 1.067-5.210. Survival curves were significantly different between @entity1 receiving salvage surgery and those receiving salvage radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy (p  =  0.0269). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with salvage radiotherapy/radiochemotherapy, salvage cervical lymphadenectomy might be the main treatment for @entity418 @entity1 who developed cervical lymph node recurrence after curative esophagectomy.

title: Salvage Lymphadenectomy Versus Salvage Radiotherapy/Chemoradiotherapy for Recurrence in Cervical Lymph Node After Curative Resection of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal carcinoma']

answer: @entity1721 :: (MESH:C562729,Disease) :: ['Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma']


abstract: An improved method for separating and characterizing @entity2829 ( @entity2829 .) and @entity1101 ( @entity1101 ) storage proteins by free zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) was developed. Previous electrophoretic methods for analyzing these proteins required high concentrations of @entity1133 to maintain protein solubility during separation. To overcome disadvantages of @entity1133 , we developed a FZCE method that mimicked reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in that it used high levels of @entity1626 ( @entity2830 ) at low pH. The optimized FZCE buffer system consisted of 80 mM @entity1391 - @entity2228 buffer, nominal pH 2.5, containing 60% @entity2830 and a cellulose derivative to dynamically coat capillary walls. Resolution was similar to or higher than that previously achieved by FZCE buffers utilizing 8 M @entity1133 as a buffer additive. @entity2830 concentrations of at least 50% were necessary to achieve acceptable separations; this @entity2830 concentration is approximately that necessary to extract these storage proteins. @entity2830 was equally effective as traditional @entity1068 solvents and 8 M @entity1133 for solubilizing @entity2829 and @entity1101 proteins. The @entity2830 -based FZCE buffer system gave high repeatability (<0.3% relative standard deviation, measured over 15 consecutive injections) for migration time. Subclasses of @entity2829 and @entity1101 storage proteins were identified, and genotypes of each cereal were successfully differentiated using @entity2830 -containing buffers. This FZCE method may be applicable for the analysis of other hydrophobic proteins without the use of @entity1133 .

title: @entity1626 as a buffer additive for free zone capillary electrophoresis separation and characterization of @entity2829 (Zeamays L. ) and @entity1101 ( XXXX ) storage proteins.

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity1101 :: ('4558', 'Species') :: ['Sorghum bicolor L. Moench', 'sorghum']

entities_list: @entity1626 :: ('MESH:C032159', 'Chemical') :: ['acetonitrile']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

answer: @entity1101 :: (4558,Species) :: ['Sorghum bicolor L. Moench']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity6 foot @entity1066 is an important entity which in many cases is the first serious complication in @entity6 . Although a plantar forefoot location is common, there are few studies on larger cohorts and in such studies there is often a combination of various types of @entity1066 and @entity1066 locations. The purpose of this study is to discern the outcome of @entity1411 and their specific characteristics in a large cohort. All @entity1 (n=770), presenting with a plantar forefoot @entity1066 at a multidisciplinary @entity6 foot clinic from January 1(st) 1983 to December 31(st) 2012 were considered for the study. 701 @entity1 (median age 67 (22-95) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were followed according to a pre-set protocol until final outcome (healing or @entity204 ). @entity1095 ( @entity1095 ) was present in 26% of the @entity1 and 14% had evidence of deep infection upon arrival at the foot clinic. Fifty-five per cent (385/701) of the @entity1 healed without foot surgery, 25% (173/701) healed after major debridement, nine per cent (60/701) healed after minor or major amputation and 12% (83/701) died unhealed. Median healing time was 17 weeks. An @entity1066 classified as Wagner grade 1 or 2 at inclusion and independent living were factors associated with a higher healing rate. Seventy-nine per cent of 701 @entity1 with @entity6 and a plantar forefoot @entity1066 treated at a multidisciplinary @entity6 foot clinic healed without amputation. For one third some form of foot surgery was needed to achieve healing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: High probability of healing without amputation of @entity1411 in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1095 :: ('MESH:D016491', 'Disease') :: ['SPVD', 'Severe peripheral vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1411 :: ('MESH:D016523', 'Disease') :: ['plantar forefoot ulcers']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Although clear cell @entity189 have been described in numerous anatomic sites, their occurrence in the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBD) is practically unknown. We report 10 such cases. Seven arose in the gallbladder and three in the EHBD; all @entity1 with @entity1086 were females with @entity2963 whose ages ranged from 56 to 68 years. @entity1 with @entity1126 were younger (38 and 40 years of age) and had @entity490 . Two @entity1 with @entity1086 had elevated serum @entity787 ( @entity787 ) levels, and another without hepatic involvement had markedly elevated circulating levels of @entity160 ( @entity160 ). Histologically, nine @entity5 were @entity420 and one was a @entity957 . Seven @entity420 consisted of cords, sheets, nests, papillae, and trabeculae of clear cells with well-defined cytoplasmic borders. Two were composed predominantly of glands and papillary structures. The cells contained PAS-positive diastase-labile granules and were cytokeratin- and EMA-positive and immunoreactive for erythropoiesis-associated antigen. One @entity1086 contained areas of hepatoid differentiation, a feature described in @entity1086 only once before. These areas were @entity160 -positive and immunoreactive for @entity787 . By electron microscopy, they showed hepatoid differentiation with formation of bile canaliculi. In two @entity1086 , neoplastic cells contained subnuclear vacuoles reminiscent of early secretory endometrium. Foci of conventional @entity420 or @entity189 were recognized in all nine @entity5 . The @entity957 showed only foci of squamous differentiation with keratinization. The clear cells of this @entity5 had a trabecular and solid growth pattern. These clear cell @entity5 of the gallbladder and EHBD must be differentiated from @entity1358 , based upon the presence of areas of conventional @entity420 or foci of squamous differentiation since results of special stains and immunohistochemistry are similar in both @entity5 . One of the @entity1 with @entity1126 is alive and symptom-free 6 years following right hepatic lobectomy. Five @entity1 with @entity1086 had direct extension into the liver and died with @entity3 . Two are living with @entity3 .

title: Clear cell XXXX of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'mucinous carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1126 :: ('MESH:D001650', 'Disease') :: ['EHBD tumors', 'EHBD carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity2963 :: ('MESH:D002769', 'Disease') :: ['cholelithiasis']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic biliary obstruction and abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder tumor', 'gallbladder tumors', 'gallbladder carcinomas', 'gallbladder neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['carcinomas']


abstract: This study was performed to determine the membrane area of the different compartments involved in endocytosis in @entity35 kidney proximal tubule. This enables a direct estimation of the kinetics of the membrane turnover in the subprocesses of endocytosis and recycling of membrane constituents. To accomplish this, cross-sectioned @entity3473 have to be distinguished from endocytic vesicles. To obtain a continuous heavy staining of the apical plasma membrane, we have developed a sandwich-staining technique involving initial staining with @entity3739 red, @entity12925 , and @entity12926 functioning as a molecular bridge between @entity12925 molecules. The distribution of @entity3473 , noncoated and coated endocytic vesicles, as well as the surface density of @entity3473 , small endocytic vesicles, large endocytic vacuoles, lysosomes, and dense apical tubules are determined in segment 1 (S1) and 2 (S2) of the proximal tubule. This has shown that @entity3473 constitute most [54% (S1 and 62% (S2)] of the membrane in small membrane-bounded structures in the apical cytoplasm. No morphological characteristics enabled direct differentiation between cross-sectioned @entity3473 and small endocytic vesicles, but a method for correct identification of 72% of all @entity3473 and 82% of all small endocytic vesicles is presented. Using the surface densities of various compartments together with previous data on the internalization of membrane markers, we developed a kinetic model enabling calculation of the velocity of membrane internalization and subsequent recycling. The velocity of internalization is 6.4 X 10(-3) microns2.micron-3.s-1, corresponding to internalization of a membrane area equivalent to the entire surface of @entity3473 within 78 s. The velocity of membrane transfer from the vacuolar compartment to dense apical tubules and of recycling from dense apical tubules to the luminal membrane is 6.2 x 10(-3) microns 2.microns-3.s-1. The entire membrane area equivalent to the surface of the vacuolar compartment and dense apical tubules is transferred in 43 and 92 s, respectively. The amount of membrane that surrounds lysosomes is transported from the vacuolar compartment within 23 min.

title: Kinetics of endocytosis in renal proximal tubule studied with XXXX red as membrane marker.

entities_list: @entity12926 :: ('MESH:C011368', 'Chemical') :: ['thiocarbohydrazide']

entities_list: @entity3739 :: ('MESH:D012428', 'Chemical') :: ['ruthenium']

entities_list: @entity3473 :: ('MESH:D007443', 'Disease') :: ['invaginations']

answer: @entity3739 :: (MESH:D012428,Chemical) :: ['ruthenium']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity101 ( @entity101 ) are a common complication of pregnancy. It is widely believed that this is a more common complication of adolescent pregnancies. Adolescent pregnancies are generally primiparous and result in earlier delivery, and these factors put them at a greater risk of @entity1468 . However, the generally lower blood pressure of the group should act as a protective measure against this. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to compare the adolescent age group (maternal age <20years at time of recruitment) to those in the 20-34years age group in terms of their change in blood pressure and diagnosis of @entity101 and @entity1468 . Immediate obstetric outcomes (gestation at delivery, birthweight and mode of delivery) were also compared. METHODS: Questionnaires were administered to pregnant @entity1 at Campbelltown and Liverpool hospitals as part of a much broader study looking at @entity25 @entity1353 in pregnancy. Data collected included demographic information, pregnancy blood pressure readings, pregnancy complications, delivery type and neonatal outcomes. Adolescents (Group 1 age <20years) were compared to older @entity1 (Group 2 aged 20-34years) utilizing Student's t-tests analysed with IBM SPSS v.19   . RESULTS: Results were available on 2306 @entity1 , 108 in Group 1 and 2198 in Group 2. Adolescents had a lower booking systolic blood pressure (105mmHg and 109mmHg, p<0.005) and diastolic blood pressure (63mmHg and 65mmHG, p<0.002) than older @entity1 respectively. There was no statistical difference in the highest recorded systolic blood pressure antenatally (119mmHg and 121mmHg, p<0.06) nor the highest recorded diastolic blood pressure readings between Groups 1 and 2 respectively (74mmHg and 75mmHg, p=0.6). There was no difference in the rates of @entity101 between the groups (8.3% and 8.2%, p=0.8) nor the rates of @entity1468 (2.8% and 2.9%, p=1.0). CONCLUSION: Although adolescents have lower booking blood pressures than their older peers, their highest antenatal blood pressure readings are similar and they have the same incidence of @entity101 and @entity1468 .

title: PP021 Outcomes for adolescent XXXX and their pregnancies in greater Western Sydney.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['HDP', 'Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing']

entities_list: @entity1468 :: ('MESH:D011225', 'Disease') :: ['preeclampsia']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disordered']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: This study describes the use of a simple questionnaire-based tool to identify behavioural/lifestyle changes that are associated with @entity1118 in the cat. These changes were grouped into four behavioural domains (mobility, activity, grooming and temperament). Twenty-three @entity468 with chronic @entity4512 as determined by clinical examination were included. The owners of these @entity468 were asked to complete a questionnaire before and 28 days after the start of analgesic treatment ( @entity9213 ). This included a global assessment of changes in behaviour and assessment of the degree of behavioural change observed within each of the defined domains. The attending veterinary surgeon was independently asked to provide a global score before and after treatment. Both owners and veterinary surgeons reported significant changes in behaviour/lifestyle after analgesic therapy. There was no difference between the owners and veterinary surgeons global assessments at baseline but there was at day 28 (P=0.02). The owners' scores decreased from a median of 5 at baseline to 3 at 28 days (P=0.0004) while the median veterinary surgeon scores decreased from 5 to 2 at 28 days (P<0.0001). There was a statistically significant reduction in the owners' scores for each of the four domains with the greatest reduction occurring in the activity category (P=0.0001). This study shows that owner assessment of changes in their cat's behaviour/lifestyle is an important method of identifying @entity1118 in their pets.

title: A study of owner observed behavioural and lifestyle changes in XXXX with musculoskeletal disease before and after analgesic therapy.

entities_list: @entity4512 :: ('MESH:D059352', 'Disease') :: ['musculoskeletal pain']

entities_list: @entity9213 :: ('MESH:C065757', 'Chemical') :: ['meloxicam']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

answer: @entity468 :: (9685,Species) :: ['cats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Available statistics provide relatively reliable information on the number of @entity5281 , their causes and mechanisms, but less is known about long-term health impact. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of workers, who had been referred to a specialist for medico-legal assessment after seeking compensation because of @entity5281 , were asked to complete a questionnaire approximately three years (median) after the injury. Perceived health and function was assessed through the Short Form Questionnaire (SF-36) and a 100 mm visual analogue scale for physical and @entity458 . The injuries were scored according to the @entity130 ( @entity130 ). Information on outcome of the insurance claims was obtained from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). RESULTS: Of 314 distributed questionnaires, 191 (62 %) were returned. 83 % of the respondents had injuries with an @entity130 score < 2; mostly sprains, strains and contusions. Compared to Norwegian population norms, the claimants reported substantially reduced health and functioning; this was especially pronounced among those with soft-tissue injuries, age at injury < 45 years, and < 12 years of education. 33 % of the respondents worked full time, while 55 % were recipients of insurance benefits. 30 % had been granted workers' compensation by NAV. INTERPRETATION: The reported health deterioration in this selected injury group seems to be at odds with a biologically based disease model. Medico-legal considerations should take into account that prognosis after @entity5281 may be influenced by factors other than the actual injury.

title: [Health and function after XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity5281 :: ('MESH:D060051', 'Disease') :: ['occupational injuries', 'occupational injury']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological health']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'Abbreviated Injury Scale']

answer: @entity5281 :: (MESH:D060051,Disease) :: ['occupational injury']


abstract: This is a retrospective analysis of 5,600 @entity204 registered in Soweto from July 1990 to June 1991. The impact of @entity130 and violence on the overall mortality pattern was assessed. The majority of @entity204 occurred in @entity1 under the age of 50 years and more @entity1 died than @entity1 . In 40% of male @entity204 , the cause was stated as 'ill-defined' or 'unknown'; this was the case in an even higher percentage of female @entity204 (50.5%). @entity130 or violence accounted for 28.5% of all @entity204 . The gender difference was particularly visible in the @entity130 category, viz. 89.5% and 10.5% in @entity1 and @entity1 respectively. Young @entity1 (20-29 years) were particularly affected by @entity130 and violence-related @entity204 (38.5%). The major types of injuries inflicted were gunshot wounds (33%), unspecified @entity1230 (32%) and stab wounds (27%). Motor vehicle accidents accounted for only 8% of @entity204 . The urgent need for intervention programmes to prevent unnecessary loss of life, targeted especially at young adults and @entity1 , is highlighted.

title: Reflections on XXXX and violence-related @entity204 in Soweto, July 1990-June 1991.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1230 :: ('MESH:D009104', 'Disease') :: ['multiple injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['Trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe high frequency (HF) electrographic activity accompanying ictal discharges in the @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ) model of @entity739 . Previous studies of @entity2198 in @entity1 and animals suggest that they arise at sites of @entity410 onset. We compared @entity2198 at several cortical sites to determine regional differences. METHODS:     @entity4524 was infused for 4 weeks into the neocortex of @entity35 beginning on postnatal days 11 or 12. Electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes were implanted 2 weeks later and video-EEG recordings were analyzed between postnatal days 31 and 47. EEG recordings were digitally sampled at 2,048 Hz. HF EEG activity (20-900 Hz) was quantified using compressed spectral arrays and band-pass filtering. KEY FINDINGS:     Multiple @entity410 were analyzed in 10 @entity35 . Ictal onset was associated with multiple bands of rhythmic HF activity that could extend to 700 Hz. The earliest and most intense discharging typically occurred contralaterally to where @entity4524 was infused. HF activity continued to occur throughout the @entity410 (even during the electrodecrement that is recorded with more traditional filter settings), although there was a gradual decrease of the intensity of the highest frequency components as the amplitude of lower frequency oscillations increased. Higher frequencies sometimes reappeared in association with spike/sharp-waves at @entity410 termination. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings show that HF EEG activity accompanies ictal events in the @entity4524 model. Results also suggest that the @entity410 in this model do not originate from the @entity4524 infusion site. Instead HF discharges are usually most intense and occur earliest contralaterally, suggesting that these homologous regions may be involved in @entity410 generation.

title: High frequency EEG activity associated with ictal events in an animal model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['HF oscillations']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['infantile spasms']

answer: @entity739 :: (MESH:D013036,Disease) :: ['infantile spasms']


abstract: Seventeen @entity1 who received radioiodine (131I) therapy for Graves' @entity1378 had serial blood samples taken before therapy and after therapy for a period of at least 1 year. At 1 year post-therapy, six @entity1 were @entity1375 . Seven @entity1 were euthyroid, and four @entity1 were @entity1378 . Prior to isotope administration, 14 @entity1 had detectable serum thyrotropin-binding inhibiting immunoglobulin (TBII) and 16 @entity1 had detectable serum @entity5787 antibody (TPOAb). Three to 6 months after therapy, 11 of 14 TBII-positive @entity1 demonstrated a marked increase (> 10%) in serum TBII activity. Four @entity1 out of 11 developed @entity1375 and six of the 11 developed @entity3214 . A decrease in TBII was observed in three @entity1 who developed @entity1378 . In the three @entity1 with undetectable TBII prior to therapy, two had high titers of TPOAb. Seven @entity1 demonstrated a marked increase in TPOAb 3 to 6 months after therapy. Of these, four developed @entity1375 and three developed @entity3214 , whereas three of the four @entity1 who had a marked decrease in TPOAb developed @entity1378 . This study demonstrated that an increase in serum TBII and TPOAb activity 3 to 6 months after 131I therapy, may be useful in predicting which @entity1 may develop @entity3214 or @entity1375 after 1 year of 131I therapy.

title: Serum thyrotropin-binding inhibiting immunoglobulin and @entity5787 antibody in Graves' XXXX after 131I therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity5787 :: ('7173', 'Gene') :: ['thyroperoxidase']

entities_list: @entity1378 :: ('MESH:D006980', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthyroidism', 'hyperthyroid']

entities_list: @entity3214 :: ('MESH:D005067', 'Disease') :: ['euthyroidism']

answer: @entity1378 :: (MESH:D006980,Disease) :: ['hyperthyroidism']


abstract: The use of laparoscopy as a diagnostic method dates back to the first decades of this century. Laparoscopic surgical techniques were first used by gynecologists and later, in 1989, Dubois performed the first cholecystectomy using a laparoscopic approach. Since then, in the space of a few years, there has been an overwhelming spread of videolaparoscopic operating methods, extending the therapeutic possibilities to gastroenterological surgery, as well as to thoracic, oncological, urological, and of course, gynecological surgery. The use of the laparoscope as a diagnostic method in @entity1661 was proposed in the 70s by a number of authors, but only now, due to technological progress and the constant use of elective laparoscopic surgery, have surgeons been able to use this method for the diagnosis and treatment of @entity1 with blunt or penetrating @entity1661 . The experience accumulated to date includes a restricted number of cases, but preliminary results are encouraging and it is expected that this method will also be extended to emergency traumatology. The authors' preliminary experience consists of 7 laparoscopic examinations in subjects with @entity18767 . In 6 @entity1 the examination confirmed hemoperitoneum caused by @entity75 in 5 cases and @entity99 in 1 case. A @entity1410 of the left mesocolon was observed in one @entity1 and the authors refrained from other treatment. In one subject with a @entity9440 at the ileum it was necessary to convert the operation into splenectomy. In a further 5 cases repeated washing and aspiration were used, using biological necks when necessary, until @entity548 had completely ceased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Indications for laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity9440 :: ('MESH:D013161', 'Disease') :: ['splenic rupture']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['splenic lesion']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lesion']

entities_list: @entity18767 :: ('MESH:D006465', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma and hemoperitoneum']

answer: @entity1661 :: (MESH:D000008,Disease) :: ['abdominal trauma']


abstract: @entity1443 is the pharmaceutical most frequently ingested by small @entity1 . Although past research has allowed the safe management of 90% of these ingestions at home, several thousand are still referred to emergency departments annually. With the goal of further reducing the number of unnecessary referrals, the risk/benefit considerations of alternate referral strategies were analyzed. In a retrospective poison center chart review study from 11 centers, the records of @entity1 between the ages 1 and 6 years who acutely ingested @entity1443 and were referred to a hospital for determination of serum @entity1443 concentration in 1986 and 1987 were identified using the database of the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Risk of @entity99 was assigned on the basis of the Rumack-Matthew @entity1443 @entity137 nomogram. The cohort was stratified in terms of the amount ingested and whether a pediatric or adult preparation was ingested. The direct cost of an evaluation was estimated from four centers. Sensitivity, specificity and direct cost of each risk identification strategy were calculated. Eight hundred sixty six of 2091 @entity1 had a timed serum @entity1443 concentration recorded. Of these, three @entity1 had results in the "probable risk" area of the nomogram. A referral reduction strategy which would refer only @entity1 who ingest 200 mg/kg or more of an adult preparation could eliminate 82% of referrals without missing any of these "probable risk" @entity1 . Six other @entity1 were determined to have serum @entity1443 concentrations in an area of the nomogram labeled "possible risk". No referral reduction strategy explored identified all of these @entity1 . The average charge for an emergency department evaluation in 1992 was  272.00. These data suggest that @entity1 less than six years of age who ingest pediatric @entity1443 products other than those from packages containing greater than 30 tablets or who ingest less than 200 mg/kg of an adult preparation may be safely managed at home without referral to a hospital. This strategy would result in significant cost savings and prevent unnecessary inconvenience to many @entity1 and families.

title: XXXX ingestion in childhood--cost and relative risk of alternative referral strategies.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen', 'Acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic injury']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity1443 :: (MESH:D000082,Chemical) :: ['Acetaminophen']


abstract: The regulation and maintenance of the paracellular transport in renal tubular epithelia is @entity8 . Combination of the immunosuppressant drugs @entity205 ( @entity870 ) and @entity3446 (SRL) exerts powerful immunosuppression, but also causes nephrotoxicity. We have previously shown that @entity870 and SRL elevate transepithelial resistance (TER) in kidney tubular cells partly through @entity8047 / @entity1366 . In this work we examined the hypothesis that the @entity3547 pathway may also be mediating effects of @entity870 and SRL. We show that @entity870 and the @entity870 /SRL combination activated @entity3547 , induced cofilin phosphorylation and promoted stress fiber generation. The Rho kinase (ROK) inhibitor, @entity12223 , prevented @entity870 and @entity870 /SRL-induced cofilin phosphorylation and actin remodelling, reduced the TER increase and prevented the rise in @entity17291 levels caused by the drugs. Expression of the exchange factor @entity20183 was elevated in cells treated with @entity870 and @entity870 /SRL. @entity20183 silencing inhibited @entity3547 activation by    50%, and potently reduced cofilin phosphorylation and stress fiber formation induced by @entity870 and @entity870 /SRL. However, @entity20183 downregulation did not prevent the TER change. Thus the Rho/Rho kinase pathway was involved in mediating @entity870 and @entity870 /SRL-induced cytoskeleton rearrangement and TER changes via @entity17291 expression. Our data however point to differential regulation of Rho activation involved in central cytoskeleton remodelling, that is @entity20183 -dependent and junctional permeability that does not require @entity20183 .

title: @entity3547 and Rho kinase mediate @entity205 and XXXX -induced barrier tightening in renal proximal tubular cells.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['vital for kidney functions']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['sirolimus']


abstract: The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings in 82 @entity1 with @entity2488 ( @entity2488 ) have been reviewed, and we have discussed 4 additional cases. Most @entity1 are asymptomatic and come to attention because of abnormal radiographic findings of a round or lobulated perihilar, solid, or cystic mass--the mucoid impaction sign. Typically, the region distal to the mass is hyperinflated. Recently, computed tomography has been shown to be diagnostic and its use obviates the need for other more complex imaging modalities or surgical exploration. Excisional surgery has been performed to preserve lung function in younger @entity1 , because of lack of familiarity with the entity or, as in 2 of our cases, to prevent recurrent infections. Pathologic findings include a cystic, blindly terminating, mucus-filled bronchocele without connection to the main bronchial tree, but with normal subsequent generations of bronchi. Distally there is noncollapsible hyperinflation of the corresponding lung segment or lobe as the result of collateral ventilation from the surrounding lung. The @entity154 is the result of an insult to the growing bronchial tree in early development. The differential diagnosis most often includes @entity5929 , but cystic @entity4595 , @entity5619 , and intrapulmonary sequestration should also be considered. Unusual features in our 4 cases included recurrent @entity358 in 2 @entity1 and thoracic cage asymmetry in 1.

title: XXXX . A report of 4 cases and a review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5619 :: ('MESH:D001994', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic cysts']

entities_list: @entity2488 :: ('MESH:D001982', 'Disease') :: ['congenital bronchial atresia', 'CBA']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary infections']

entities_list: @entity5929 :: ('MESH:D001229', 'Disease') :: ['allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

answer: @entity2488 :: (MESH:D001982,Disease) :: ['Congenital bronchial atresia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Data suggests that @entity548 presentations occur in 20% of internal carotid artery dissections and 50% of @entity4066 . A Finnish study has reported favorable outcomes in only 32% of @entity1 . We aimed to review the epidemiology and management outcomes in a Chinese population. METHODS: We reviewed the @entity510 registry of @entity1 who presented with intracranial dissecting @entity439 at a neurosurgical center in Hong Kong over a five-year period. RESULTS: A total of 23 @entity1 with intracranial dissecting @entity439 were identified, accounting for 8% of all spontaneous @entity510 @entity1 . Forty-eight percent of the @entity1 identified were treated by main trunk occlusion and 39% were treated by embolization or stent-assisted embolization or stent alone. Thirteen percent were managed by craniotomy and trapping or wrapping. Favorable outcomes at six months were achieved in 67%. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with intracranial dissecting @entity439 account for a significant proportion of the cases of spontaneous @entity510 in our population. Carefully selected endovascular and microsurgical treatments can lead to management outcomes similar to @entity1 with @entity439 .

title: Treatment of ruptured intracranial dissecting XXXX in Hong Kong.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'saccular aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity4066 :: ('MESH:D020217', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral artery dissections']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['aneurysms']


abstract: @entity15484 induces @entity521 cell (SH-SY5Y) death following in vitro exposure. The objective of this study is to define apoptosis and @entity39 in an in vitro model system of SH-SY5Y cells, and to investigate appropriate defense mechanisms with @entity522 small interference RNA (siRNA) and necrostatin-1 (Nec-1). SH-SY5Y cells were treated with @entity15484 for 24 h, followed by analysis of cell death rates and alterations in morphology. The results show that @entity15484 could induce cell death by a combination of apoptosis and @entity39 . Treatment with @entity522 siRNA resulted in inhibition of @entity522 gene and protein expression, both indicatives of apoptosis reduction. In addition, decrement of apoptotic rate was evident. Interestingly, treatment with @entity522 siRNA could markedly up-regulate the expression of LC3- II, indicating a shift of cell death mode, from apoptosis to autophagy. Nec-1 treatment significantly affected @entity39 induced by @entity15484 , resulting in @entity1168 and marked inhibition of LC3- II expression. Results showed for the first time that cell death induced by @entity15484 could be rescued by @entity522 siRNA and Nec-1 in SH-SY5Y cells, and co-administration of both produced an additive effect on reducing cell death. These data will pave the way for future studies investigating the prevention of cell death in Al @entity2359 both in vivo and in vitro.

title: Novel interventions targeting on apoptosis and @entity39 induced by @entity15484 in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity15484 :: ('MESH:C010845', 'Chemical') :: ['aluminum chloride', 'Aluminum chloride']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['decreased necrotic rates']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: The aim of the study was to define the effects of daily hospice team's activities on @entity308 and @entity148 in @entity0 @entity1 having undergone mastectomy after three-month therapy. This prospective study included 35 @entity1 that underwent mastectomy for @entity0 , followed by 3-month treatment at daily hospice, Tuzla University Clinical Center. Control group consisted of 35 mastectomized @entity1 that did not visit daily hospice. @entity308 and @entity148 were estimated by use of Zung's scale. @entity1 were tested initially and retested at 12 weeks. On initial testing, the mean value of @entity308 was 59.85 +/- 6.97 in the study group and 55.65 +/- 7.91 in the control group. On three-month retesting, the level of @entity308 was lower in the study group, with a mean value of 48.57 +/- 7.06 (P<0.0001) (steam T-test and Wilcoxon's test) and higher in the control group, with a mean value of 60.45 +/- 7.47 (P=0.0001) (steam T-test and Wilcoxon's test). On initial testing, the mean value of @entity148 was 54.97 +/- 6.35 and 52.20 +/- 6.03 in the study and control group, respectively. On three-month retesting, the level of @entity148 was lower in the study group, with a mean value of 43.43 +/- 5.97 (P<0.0001), showing improvement from initial testing, but was higher in the control group, with a mean value of 55.68 +/- 7.47 (P=0.0002). In conclusion, daily hospice team's treatment had favorable effects on lowering the levels of @entity308 and @entity148 in @entity1 undergoing mastectomy for @entity0 .

title: Daily hospice: @entity308 and @entity148 after mastectomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Invasion of the @entity825 by @entity259 is best managed by resection with airway reconstruction. Localized extension of @entity5 may also require esophageal resection or radical resection including laryngectomy with mediastinal tracheostomy. Twenty-two @entity1 (12 with papillary, 3 with follicular, 4 with mixed papillary and follicular, and 3 with @entity189 ) underwent resection--16 with airway reconstruction and 6 with cervicomediastinal en bloc resection with mediastinal tracheostomy. Eleven had prior thyroidectomy. Ten of those having airway restitution required cylindrical tracheal resection, 5 had resection of @entity825 with a portion of the larynx, and 1 had wedge resection. Three undergoing laryngotracheal resection also needed esophagectomy. Colon reconstruction was used. Fifteen of the 16 having airway reconstruction had good surgical results with speech preservation. One died of complications due to prior irradiation. One of 6 undergoing radical resection died postoperatively. Six of the 20 survivors died of recurrence in 1 2/3 to 9 years, and 2 others died of other diseases. Three who had known pulmonary @entity3 at the time of palliative operation are alive between 2 and 3 2/3 years postoperatively, and a fourth who has pulmonary @entity3 is alive 6 1/6 years later. Eight @entity1 are alive without disease from 1/12 to 8 3/4 years. Only two @entity1 had airway recurrence. Resection and primary reconstruction of the @entity825 invaded by @entity259 should be done in the absence of extensive @entity3 when technically feasible. It offers prolonged palliation, avoidance of suffocation due to @entity548 or obstruction, and an opportunity for cure. In carefully selected @entity1 with massive regional involvement, radical excision with laryngectomy and esophagectomy is also appropriate.

title: Resectional management of airway invasion by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['undifferentiated carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinoma', 'carcinoma of the thyroid']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: A total of 43 operations were carried out in 37 @entity1 with a @entity1653 of the wing of the sphenoid bone or a @entity1653 . In 18 cases the primary extirpation could be performed and in 18 @entity1 the intervention only consisted of a resection. The removal of any @entity1653 tissue was classified as an extirpation. If a residual part of whatever size of the @entity5 was left, the intervention was declared to be a resection. Six @entity1 died, 31 were submitted to a control examination. All 14 @entity1 in whom an extirpation was carried out showed no signs of a renewed @entity5 growth within the observation period of 2 to 10 years after obtaining the computer-tomographical findings. In six of the 16 @entity1 in whom only a resection was possible a second operation was carried out. An extirpation could be performed in four of these @entity1 . Among the remaining ten @entity1 (period of observation 2 to 6 years) five showed a further increase of the @entity5 size, in four @entity1 no tendency of a growth could be proved, and one @entity1 had died. In the postoperative assessment we distinguish between a @entity5 and a new @entity5 growth. A renewed @entity5 growth is present if the computer tomogram shows signs of @entity1653 tissue although earlier postoperative checks had not shown this. In the postoperative control examinations the @entity5 should be differentiated with respect to their importance as (a) a @entity41 with a growth tendency and (b) a @entity5 without a growth tendency.

title: [Recurrent XXXX . Analysis of 43 surgical interventions in @entity1653 of the sphenoid bone].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculum sellae meningioma', 'meningioma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumour', 'residual tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningioma']


abstract: Clinical trials have shown life-prolonging effects of antithrombotics in @entity5 @entity1 , but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown due to the multitude of their effects. We investigated in a @entity19 model whether one of the targets of antithrombotic therapy, fibrin deposition, stimulates @entity5 development. Fibrin may provide either protection of @entity5 cells in the circulation against mechanical stress and the immune system, or form a matrix for @entity5 and/or angiogenesis in @entity5 to develop. @entity19 homozygous for Factor V Leiden (FVL), a mutation in one of the coagulation factors that facilitates fibrin formation, were used to investigate whether @entity49 affects @entity5 development in an experimental @entity3 model. Liver metastases of @entity694 were induced in @entity19 with the FVL mutation and wild-type littermates. At day 21, number and size of @entity5 at the liver surface, fibrin/fibrinogen distribution, vessel density and the presence of newly formed vessels in @entity5 were analysed. Number and size of @entity5 did not differ between @entity19 with and without the FVL mutation. Fibrin/fibrinogen was found in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and @entity5 cells, in blood vessels in liver and @entity5 tissue and diffusely distributed outside vessels in @entity5 , indicating leaky vessels. Vessel density and angiogenesis varied widely between @entity5 , but a pre-dominance for vessel-rich or @entity5 or vessel formation could not be found in either genotype. In conclusion, the FVL mutation has no effect on the development of @entity5 of @entity694 in livers of @entity19 . Fibrin deposition and thus inhibition of fibrin formation by anticoagulants do not seem to affect @entity5 development in this model.

title: @entity694 @entity3 in @entity19 liver is not affected by XXXX due to Factor V Leiden mutation.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['vessel-poor tumours', 'secondary tumours', 'cancer', 'tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['hypercoagulability']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity49 :: (MESH:D019851,Disease) :: ['hypercoagulability']


abstract: The pleiotrophic cellular response to DNA damage includes activation of cell cycle checkpoints, induction of DNA repair pathways, and initiation of programmed cell death among others. The fate of cells with damaged DNA depends on the coordination of these different responses. The clinical efficacy of genotoxic therapies is influenced by cell fate and thus by how the DNA damage response is coordinated. While a great deal has been learned about how different DNA lesions activate distinct cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair pathways, less is known about whether the type of DNA lesion influences the qualitative and quantitative nature of the cell death response. To address this question, HCT116 @entity694 cells have been treated with equally cytotoxic doses of the antitumor DNA alkylating agents @entity23413 or @entity23414 or the DNA strand scission agent C-1027. The relative contribution of cell cycle arrest and cell death to measured @entity137 varied among the three drugs. Apoptotic cell death accounts for most C-1027 @entity137 while cell cycle arrest and cell death both contribute to the @entity137 of the alkylating agents. Each of the drugs induces a distinct but overlapping pattern of caspase activation. In addition, the cell death response to these drugs is differentially dependent on @entity876 and @entity3544 . These observations suggest that the type of DNA lesion influences not only the relative extent of apoptotic cell death at a given cytotoxic dose but also the qualitative nature of that response.

title: Different DNA lesions trigger distinct cell death responses in HCT116 XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity23414 :: ('MESH:C072257', 'Chemical') :: ['bizelesin']

entities_list: @entity23413 :: ('MESH:C060090', 'Chemical') :: ['adozelesin']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon carcinoma']