abstract: The modified Fontan operation for @entity299 associated with @entity3888 entails a high surgical risk. It is likely that @entity123 secondary to chronic pressure overload plays a significant role. This problem was approached with a new type of palliative operation comprising both a proximal pulmonary artery to ascending aorta @entity254 and a bidirectional cavopulmonary @entity254 . This operation was performed in six @entity1 ranging in age from 26 to 63 months. There was one intraoperative death due to @entity548 . In one @entity1 , a pulmonary to aorta conduit caused compression of the right coronary artery; the problem was solved by lengthening the conduit with a second period of cardiopulmonary bypass. The five survivors experienced an uneventful postoperative course. Repeat cardiac catheterization in these five @entity1 showed low pressure in the cavopulmonary system (mean 10 mm Hg), absence of a gradient at rest between the systemic ventricle and aorta and fair arterial oxygenation (mean 82%). A @entity1136 perfusion lung scan visualized a slight prevalence of pulmonary blood flow ipsilateral to the shunt in three cases, whereas in one case preferential flow to the right lung was associated with a narrowing at the site of the cavopulmonary @entity254 . Mild hypoperfusion of the anterior pulmonary segments was observed in two cases. Both pressure and @entity1284 are abolished with this procedure and a satisfactory oxygenation is provided. Low venous pressure in the coronary, hepatic and renal areas as well as the short bypass time may explain the smoothness of the postoperative course in our @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Palliation of @entity299 with XXXX : new operative approach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity3888 :: ('MESH:D011662', 'Disease') :: ['subaortic obstruction']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['complex cardiac anomalies']

entities_list: @entity123 :: ('MESH:D024741', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1284 :: ('MESH:D019190', 'Disease') :: ['volume overload']

answer: @entity3888 :: (MESH:D011662,Disease) :: ['subaortic obstruction']


abstract: In Germany, surveillance of @entity580 is obligatory by law in hospitals, but not in long-term care facilities. In long-term care facilities, neither X-ray nor laboratory facilities are available; therefore, special criteria for @entity281 surveillance in these facilities were developed by Mc Geer et al. (1991), based only on observations of the medical staff and foregoing laboratory methods. The practicability of these criteria was assessed in a long-term care facility with an electronic medical documentation system. In a retirement home in Frankfurt/Main, Germany, the residents' symptoms according to McGeer et al. were recorded from January, 1 to June 31, 2006. The study included 278 residents, 45,710 resident days, including 4413 "urinary catheter days" und 6009 "gastric tube days". Based on the symptoms documented in the electronic medical documentation system, the respective diagnoses were obtained. Data on gastrointestinal, bronchial, urinary, and @entity5517 are reported here, including number of cases as well as incidences per 1000 resident days. The overall incidence rate was 5.07/1000 resident days, including 1.9 @entity344 , 0.95 @entity3617 / @entity55 , and 0.44 @entity293 . Incidence of @entity293 in residents with an indwelling urinary catheter was 2.26/1000 catheter days compared to 0.242/1000 days for those without a catheter. Urinary catheter, however, was not only a risk factor for @entity293 (OR 9.4, 95CI 3.4-25.8) but also for @entity281 (OR 3.0, 95CI 1.3-6.8), and @entity5517 (OR 1.6, 95CI 0.4-5.8). Gastric tubes were associated with @entity281 (OR 3.7; CI 1.7-7.9), @entity5517 (OR 5.4, CI 1.9-15.2), and @entity293 (OR 2.7, 95CI 0.9-8.2). Urinary or fecal @entity322 were not associated with any @entity281 , and age (>80 years) was negatively associated with @entity293 (OR 0.35, significant) and @entity281 (OR 0.51, significant). Compared with published studies, the incidence rates were comparable. The practicability of the criteria of McGeer et al. could be confirmed - with only slight modification - in a long-term care facility with electronic medical documentation.

title: [Surveillance of XXXX in a long-term care facility. Incidence and risk factors].

entities_list: @entity3617 :: ('MESH:D001991', 'Disease') :: ['bronchitis']

entities_list: @entity5517 :: ('MESH:D015817', 'Disease') :: ['eye infections']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal infections']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'bronchial infections', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary infections']

answer: @entity580 :: (MESH:D003428,Disease) :: ['nosocomial infections']


abstract: @entity3009 (PG) E(2), which exerts its actions via the PG receptors @entity7700 -4, is produced from @entity1426 by @entity9859 and @entity2247 . The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which @entity1356 induces the expression of PG receptors in cultured @entity1 chondrocytes and to explore the role of @entity1421 in this process. The cells were cultured with 0, 10, or 100 U/mL @entity1356 with or without 1 muM @entity12698 , a specific inhibitor of @entity2247 , for up to 28 days. Expression of the genes encoding @entity9859 , @entity2247 , and @entity7700 -4 was quantified using real-time PCR, and expression of the corresponding proteins was examined using immunohistochemical staining. @entity1421 production was determined using ELISA. @entity1356 treatment caused a marked dose- and time-dependent increase in the levels of @entity1421 , @entity2247 , and @entity2912 as compared with the untreated control. It did not affect the expression of @entity9859 , and it decreased the expression of @entity7700 and @entity7701 . @entity7699 expression was not detected in either the absence or the presence of @entity1356 . When @entity12698 was also present, @entity1356 failed to stimulate @entity1421 production and @entity2912 expression, but its stimulatory effect on @entity2247 expression and its inhibitory effect on @entity7700 and @entity7701 expression were unchanged. @entity1356 increases the production of @entity1421 , @entity2247 , and the PG receptor @entity2912 in cultured @entity1 chondrocytes. The increase in @entity2912 expression appears to be a result of the increased @entity1421 production.

title: @entity1356 stimulates the expression of XXXX receptor @entity2912 in @entity1 chondrocytes by increasing production of @entity1421 .

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin (IL)-1beta', 'IL-1beta']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['Prostaglandin']

answer: @entity3009 :: (CHEBI:26333,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity788 ( @entity788 ) presents at late stage with high mortality. Effective early detection methods are needed. Aberrantly methylated genes are unexplored as markers for noninvasive detection by stool testing. The authors aimed to select discriminant methylated genes and to assess accuracy of these and mutant @entity984 in stool to detect @entity788 . METHODS: Nine target genes were assayed by real-time methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in @entity9736 -treated DNA from microdissected frozen specimens of 24 @entity788 cases and 30 normal colon controls. Archived stools from 58 @entity788 cases and 65 controls matched on sex, age, and smoking were analyzed. Target genes from fecal supernatants were enriched by hybrid capture, @entity9736 -treated, and assayed by MSP. @entity984 mutations were assayed using the QuARTS technique. RESULTS: Areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUCs) for tissue @entity45730 , @entity14973 , @entity45731 , @entity5855 , @entity45732 , @entity2277 , @entity32274 , @entity12317 , and @entity7427 were 0.90, 0.79, 0.78, 0.78, 0.77, 0.77, 0.69, 0.67, and 0.66, respectively. The top 4 markers and mutant @entity984 were evaluated in stool. @entity45730 was the most discriminant methylation marker in stool. At 90% specificity, methylated @entity45730 alone detected 51% of PanCs, mutant @entity984 detected 50%, and combination detected 67%. AUCs for methylated @entity45730 , mutant @entity984 , and combination in stool were 0.73, 0.75, and 0.85, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that stool assay of a methylated gene marker can detect @entity788 . Among candidate methylated markers discriminant in tissue, @entity45730 alone performed well in stool. Combining methylated @entity45730 and mutant @entity984 increased stool detection over either marker alone.

title: Stool DNA testing for the detection of XXXX : assessment of methylation marker candidates.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer', 'PanC']

entities_list: @entity9736 :: ('MESH:C042345', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulfite']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic cancer']


abstract: A case of traumatic @entity1410 in the basal ganglia that showed deterioration after arrival at the hospital was reported. A 65-year-old @entity1 crashed into the wall while riding a motorcycle. His Glasgow @entity772 scale was E3V4M6 and showed @entity5186 and slight right motor weakness. Because head CT in the secondary @entity130 survey showed @entity510 in the right Sylvian fissure and multiple gliding contusions in the left frontal and parietal lobe, he was entered into the intensive care unit for diagnosis of @entity1545 . He showed complete @entity425 of left upper and lower limbs 5 h after the accident. Head CT newly showed @entity1410 , 2 cm in diameter, in the right basal ganglia. The @entity1 vomited following the CT scan, and so his consciousness suddenly deteriorated into a stupor. We performed head CT again. The @entity1410 had enlarged to 5 cm at the same lesion and partially expanded into midbrain. The @entity1 died on the 13th day of @entity130 . Based on retrospective interpretation, we conclude that clinical examinations, follow-up CT scans and blood examinations should be performed frequently as part of ICU management for all @entity131 @entity1 in the early phase after @entity130 .

title: A case of traumatic XXXX in the basal ganglia that showed deterioration after arrival at the hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity5186 :: ('MESH:D000648', 'Disease') :: ['retrograde amnesia']

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse brain injury']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

answer: @entity1410 :: (MESH:D006406,Disease) :: ['hematoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (LPEC) for pediatric @entity169 is a simple technique in which a purse-string suture made of nonabsorbable material is placed extraperitoneally around the hernia orifice by a special suture needle (Lapaherclosure   ). Concerns have been raised about the extensive learning curve for both attending surgeons and residents to master this technique. This study assesses the difference in learning curves for the safe performance of LPEC by attending surgeons and residents. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the surgical charts of 409 consecutive @entity1 (175 @entity1 , 234 @entity1 ) who had undergone LPEC for @entity169 repair from December 2005 to December 2011 at Jikei University Hospital. The number of operation needed by attending surgeons and residents to reach the appropriate operation time was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: LPEC was performed by three attending surgeons and four residents who had not previously performed LPEC. The standard operation time for LPEC by attending surgeons who have performed more than 100 LPEC cases safely is 30 min. In our study, the attending surgeons needed a mean of 12 operations (range, 10-16) to reach 30 min for LPEC. Three residents needed a mean of 31 operations (range, 27-33) to reach 30 min for LPEC. The fourth resident could not perform LPEC in 30 min or less. The difference between the number of operations needed by the attending surgeons and the residents to perform LPEC safely was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The overall incidence of contralateral patent processus vaginalis was 47.9 %. CONCLUSIONS: Our learning curve analysis showed that whereas attending surgeons needed a mean of 12 operations to perform LPEC repairs safely in 30 min or less, residents needed more than 30 operations to safely perform LPEC repairs without supervision.

title: Laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure for XXXX : learning curve for attending surgeons and residents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['girls', 'patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia']

answer: @entity169 :: (MESH:D006552,Disease) :: ['inguinal hernia']


abstract: @entity1778 ( @entity1778 ) was diagnosed in 99 adults, aged 18-85 years (median 56) over a period of 10 years. Sixty-five @entity1 had extramedullary @entity1778 , 13 had clinical signs of leucostasis, and 19 had disseminated @entity5642 . Four @entity1 died before receiving any treatment, 12 received supportive care only and seven received low dose @entity2592 , but only one of them responded. Seventy-six @entity1 received intensive chemotherapy, 72 of them with an @entity4349 -AraC based regimen, with or without an epipodophyllotoxin. Fifteen @entity1 died within 7 d of diagnosis, due to leucostasis in nine cases. Predictive factors for early @entity204 were advanced age, leucostasis, @entity221 , leucocytes above 100 x 10(9)/l, and @entity177 . Fifty (66%) of the @entity1 treated intensively reached complete remission (CR). Advanced age, @entity221 and @entity2008 were significantly associated with a lower CR rate. Median actuarial disease-free survival was 20.5 months, and was not significantly influenced by any pretreatment parameter. Five @entity1 relapsed in the central nervous system (CNS), in spite of systematic CNS prophylaxis. No differences in CR rates were seen with the three @entity4349 -AraC based regimens used in our @entity1 . Significant differences in disease-free survival were seen between them, however, suggesting that early consolidation chemotherapy and, more hypothetically, epipodophyllotoxin agents could prolong remission duration in @entity1778 .

title: XXXX in adults: treatment and prognosis in 99 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia', 'Acute monocytic leukaemia', 'AMoL']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['complex cytogenetic abnormalities']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['Acute monocytic leukaemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND _ AIMS: We investigated the efficacy of electroacupuncture in reducing the duration of @entity86 and hospital stay after laparoscopic surgery for @entity14 . METHODS: We performed a prospective study of 165 @entity1 undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery for colonic and upper @entity5 , enrolled from October 2008 to October 2010. @entity1 were assigned randomly to groups that received electroacupuncture (n = 55) or sham acupuncture (n = 55), once daily from postoperative days 1-4, or no acupuncture (n = 55). The acupoints Zusanli, Sanyinjiao, Hegu, and Zhigou were used. The primary outcome was time to defecation. Secondary outcomes included postoperative analgesic requirement, time to ambulation, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: @entity1 who received electroacupuncture had a shorter time to defecation than @entity1 who received no acupuncture (85.9    36.1 vs 122.1    53.5 h; P < .001) and length of hospital stay (6.5    2.2 vs 8.5    4.8 days; P = .007). @entity1 who received electroacupuncture also had a shorter time to defecation than @entity1 who received sham acupuncture (85.9    36.1 vs 107.5    46.2 h; P = .007). Electroacupuncture was more effective than no or sham acupuncture in reducing postoperative analgesic requirement and time to ambulation. In multiple linear regression analysis, an absence of complications and electroacupuncture were associated with a shorter duration of @entity86 and hospital stay after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In a clinical trial, electroacupuncture reduced the duration of @entity86 , time to ambulation, and postoperative analgesic requirement, compared with no or sham acupuncture, after laparoscopic surgery for @entity14 . ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00464425.

title: Electroacupuncture reduces duration of XXXX after laparoscopic surgery for @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative ileus']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative ileus']


abstract: In Thailand there are 3 parasites that commonly cause @entity16 in @entity1 . 1) In @entity10628 @entity1 becomes an accidental host by eating infected under-cooked fresh water fish. The tissue @entity2199 involved, Gnathostoma spinigerum, because of its high motility, may cause @entity16 in the spinal cord and brain stem. The common presenting @entity16 are severe nerve @entity158 , @entity912 of limbs and urinary retention. Less frequently seen are @entity129 and symptoms of @entity510 . The disease has significant morbidity and mortality. 2) @entity693 caused by @entity23699 , the lungworm of @entity35 , has a more benign, self limiting course. It occurs in Thai @entity1 of lower socio-economic groups who acquire the parasite by eating infected raw Pila snails. 3) @entity8785 , caused by @entity8785 , commonly results in @entity302 , and sometimes increased intracranial pressure from intraventricular obstruction or from basal @entity2443 . Spinal cord and cauda equina involvement occurs much less frequently. Cysticercus complement fixation tests on the CSF and computerised axial tomography have been found to be of great diagnostic value.

title: XXXX in Thailand.

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve palsies']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological symptoms', 'neurological diseases', 'widespread damage']

entities_list: @entity10628 :: ('MESH:D058429', 'Disease') :: ['gnathostomiasis']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['Eosinophilic meningitis']

entities_list: @entity23699 :: ('6313', 'Species') :: ['Angiostrongylus cantonensis']

entities_list: @entity8785 :: ('6204', 'Species') :: ['Taenia solium', 'Cysticercus cellulosae']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['root pain']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2443 :: ('MESH:D001100', 'Disease') :: ['arachnoiditis']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['Parasitic diseases of the nervous system']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Complications of grief are an important area of investigation with potential to improve the well-being of palliative care caregivers. There has been little study of the prevalence or significance of @entity1005 for those bereaved after an expected @entity204 . AIM: To identify evidence suggestive of @entity1005 symptoms in a population of bereaved caregivers of @entity1 who have died of @entity43 . DESIGN: Caregivers' recollections of their end-of-life experiences were coded and analysed, using qualitative data obtained from interviews 6 months after the @entity1 's @entity204 . SETTING/ @entity1 : Australian @entity43 Study-Quality of Life Study is a population-based epidemiological study using mixed methods to explore caregivers' experiences following the expected @entity204 of a @entity1 with @entity43 . Thirty-two caregivers from the Australian @entity43 Study-Quality of Life Study participated in semi-structured telephone interviews 6 months post-bereavement. RESULTS: When describing the @entity1 's @entity204 at their 6-month interview, all interviewees used language consistent with some degree of @entity1457 and traumatisation. For the majority, there was also evidence suggesting resilience and resolution. However, a number of interviewees describe intrusive memories associated with physical sights and sounds that they witnessed at the deathbed. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study demonstrates the phenomenon of the 'shocked caregiver'. If @entity130 symptoms are present in bereaved carers in palliative care, it has implications for palliative care provision. Given that @entity130 symptoms may be distinct from @entity1162 , this may also have implications for provision of bereavement counselling. Further research into this phenomenon is required.

title: Signs of XXXX in caregivers following an expected @entity204 : a qualitative study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['Ovarian Cancer', 'ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['post-traumatic stress disorder']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged grief disorder']

answer: @entity1005 :: (MESH:D013313,Disease) :: ['post-traumatic stress disorder']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive mitomycin-c (MMC) during probing in adults with primary nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction. METHODS: This is a prospective, comparative, randomized interventional study. A total of 40 adult @entity1 with @entity9467 caused by @entity1448 were treated and evaluated. Lacrimal probing and irrigation with adjunctive MMC (1 mL of 0.2 mg/mL, once) in cases and only probing in controls were done. At the end of 3 months, subjective improvement in @entity9467 and patency on syringing were evaluated. RESULTS: Complete subjective improvement in @entity9467 was found in 15% of cases as opposed to 0% in controls, at 3 months of follow-up. Moderate improvement was seen in 25% of cases as opposed to 5% of controls. Mild improvement was seen in 25% of cases as opposed to 35% in controls. The overall subjective improvement was seen in 65% of cases as opposed to 40% in controls. On syringing, NLD was patent in 30% of cases as opposed to 10% in controls at 3 months of follow-up, which was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Use of intraoperative @entity1139 improves the success of probing to some extent. Being a minimally invasive procedure, it can be tried in @entity1 who refuse or are not systemically fit for undergoing dacryocystorhinostomy.

title: Efficacy of probing with mitomycin-C in adults with primary acquired XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['primary NLD obstruction']

entities_list: @entity9467 :: ('MESH:D007766', 'Disease') :: ['epiphora', 'unilateral epiphora']

answer: @entity1448 :: (MESH:D002779,Disease) :: ['nasolacrimal duct obstruction']


abstract: @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is characterized by poorly reversible airflow limitation. The pathological hallmarks of @entity1030 are @entity32 of the peripheral airways and destruction of lung parenchyma or @entity2415 . The functional consequences of these abnormalities are expiratory airflow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation, which then increase the elastic load of the respiratory system and decrease the performance of the respiratory muscles. These pathophysiologic features contribute significantly to the development of @entity1353 , exercise intolerance and @entity177 . Several treatments may palliate flow limitation, including interventions that modify the respiratory pattern (deeper, slower) such as pursed lip @entity1353 , exercise training, @entity26 , and some drugs. Other therapies are aimed at its amelioration, such as bronchodilators, lung volume reduction surgery or @entity1353 mixtures of helium and @entity26 . Finally some interventions, such as inspiratory pressure support, alleviate the threshold load associated to flow limitation. The degree of flow limitation can be assessed by certain spirometry indexes, such as vital capacity and inspiratory capacity, or by other more complexes indexes such as residual volume/total lung capacity or functional residual capacity/total lung capacity. Two of the best methods to measure flow limitation are to superimpose a flow-volume loop of a tidal breath within a maximum flow-volume curve, or to use negative expiratory pressure technique. Likely this method is more accurate and can be used during spontaneous @entity1353 . A definitive definition of dynamic hyperinflation is lacking in the literature, but serial measurements of inspiratory capacity during exercise will document the trend of end-expiratory lung volume and allow establishing relationships with other measurements such as @entity1353 , respiratory pattern, exercise tolerance, and gas exchange.

title: Hyperinflation and its management in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1353 :: ('MESH:D004417', 'Disease') :: ['breathing', 'dyspnea']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2415 :: ('MESH:D004646', 'Disease') :: ['emphysema']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['ventilatory failure']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['COPD']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recent studies documented that sensitization and exposure to cockroach allergens significantly increase @entity1 's @entity565 morbidity as well as severity, especially among inner city @entity1 . @entity637 has been postulated to be a critical mediator directly contributing to the @entity32 and airway hyper-responsiveness in @entity565 . This study investigated whether an anti- @entity637 antibody would inhibit @entity55 and @entity2710 (Mch) hyper-responsiveness in a @entity19 model of @entity565 induced by a house dust extract containing both endotoxin and cockroach allergens. METHODS: A house dust sample was extracted with @entity1391 -buffered saline and then used for immunization and two additional pulmonary challenges of BALB/c @entity19 . @entity19 were treated with an intravenous injection of anti- @entity637 antibody or control antibody 1 h before each pulmonary challenge. RESULTS: In a kinetic study, @entity637 levels within the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid increased quickly peaking at 2 h while BAL levels of @entity58 , @entity59 , and @entity1312 peaked at later time-points. Mch hyper-responsiveness was measured 24 h after the last challenge, and @entity19 were killed 24 h later. @entity637 inhibition resulted in an augmentation of these Th2 cytokines. However, the @entity55 was significantly reduced by anti- @entity637 antibody treatment as demonstrated by a substantial reduction in the number of BAL eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils compared with rat IgG-treated @entity19 . Mch hyper-responsiveness was also significantly reduced in anti- @entity637 antibody-treated @entity19 and the pulmonary histology was also significantly improved. Inhibition of @entity637 significantly reduced @entity639 levels within the lung, suggesting a potential mechanism for the beneficial effects. These data indicate that anti- @entity637 antibody can reduce the @entity32 and pathophysiology of @entity565 in a @entity19 model of @entity565 induced by a house dust extract.

title: Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody treatment reduces @entity55 and XXXX hyper-responsiveness in a @entity19 @entity565 model induced by house dust.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopulmonary inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary inflammation', 'allergic pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'mouse', 'Mice', 'murine']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity2710 :: (MESH:D016210,Chemical) :: ['methacholine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei is a widespread but a neglected tropical zoonosis. In this study, we characterised a @entity9250 thioredoxin peroxidase (SsTPx) and evaluated a recombinant SsTPx as a diagnostic antigen in @entity95 . METHODS: The open reading frame of the gene encoding SsTPx-2 was amplified and the recombinant protein was expressed in @entity526 cells and purified. SsTPx was localized in mite tissue by immunolocalisation using the purified recombinant protein. Serodiagnosis assays were carried out in 203 New Zealand White rabbit serum samples by dot-ELISA. RESULT: The open reading frame (489 bp) of the gene encodes an 18.11 kDa protein, which showed highly homology to that of Psoroptes cuniculi (98.77% identity) and belongs to the 2- @entity2569 family of peroxiredoxins. SsTPx was mainly distributed in muscle tissues of mites, integument of the epidermis and the anterior end of @entity9250 . Although SsTPx cross-reactivity with psoroptic mites was observed, the SsTPx dot-ELISA showed excellent diagnostic ability, with 95.3% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity in mange-infected and uninfected groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the purified SsTPx is a highly sensitive antigen for the diagnosis of @entity281 by dot-ELISA. This technique is a rapid and convenient method that can be used worldwide for the clinical diagnosis of @entity1908 in @entity95 , and is especially useful in developing regions.

title: Characterisation and analysis of thioredoxin peroxidase as a potential antigen for the serodiagnosis of @entity1908 in XXXX by dot-ELISA.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['mange infection']

entities_list: @entity1908 :: ('MESH:D012532', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoptic mange']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbits']


abstract: A 23-year-old @entity1 presented with a mass in the pineal region and obstructive @entity1276 . A neuroendoscopicbiopsy for the lesion, ventriculoperitoneal (VP)shunting, and focal irradiation were conducted as initial treatment. Histological diagnosis of the biopsy specimen was @entity3438 . He underwent further irradiation and two @entity5 resections. Histological diagnosis was @entity44 without a germinomatous component. After serial treatments, the @entity1504 was controlled. However,14 months after presentation, @entity75 were confirmed in the posterior mediastinum and retroperitoneal space. The biopsy specimen of the retroperitoneal space lesion was histologically diagnosed as @entity3438 . Although chemotherapy with @entity900 and @entity2879 was undertaken, @entity75 ware uncontrollable and he died. At autopsy, @entity75 were confirmed in the posterior mediastinum, retroperitoneal space, and right lung. Histological diagnosis of @entity75 was @entity3438 .This case was considered to be a pineal @entity2971 mainly consisting of @entity3438 and @entity44 ,which caused hematogenous @entity3 of the @entity3438 component. Systemic chemotherapy and irradiation for primary lesions as an initial treatment is important to cure the @entity75 and prevent extraneural @entity3 .

title: Hematogenous extraneural @entity3 of the germinomatous component of a pineal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['mature teratoma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['extraneural lesions', 'primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity2971 :: ('MESH:D009373', 'Disease') :: ['mixed germ cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial lesion']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3438 :: ('MESH:D018237', 'Disease') :: ['germinoma']

answer: @entity2971 :: (MESH:D009373,Disease) :: ['mixed germ cell tumor']


abstract: Important advances in the knowledge of pathophysiology and management of @entity583 have occurred lately. The results of large multicentric randomized trials allowed the introduction of new diagnostic techniques, @entity1 stratification tools, drugs and treatment strategies to clinical practice. As a result, a significant reduction in mortality has been achieved. However there is a great variation in the adoption of the new diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in different countries. In this issue of Revista M  dica de Chile, a registry of @entity1 with @entity583 treated in Chile between 1993 and 1995, is reported. The mean age of @entity1 (62 +/- 12 years old), the proportion of males (74%) and the prevalence of risk factors is similar to that reported in series from developed countries. Similarly, 33% of @entity1 received thrombolytic therapy, and the pattern of drug use was comparable. The 13.4% global mortality can be improved. An early consultation to health services when an @entity583 is suspected should be encouraged in the population. Likewise, treatment norms for health institutions should be devised.

title: [Acute XXXX : the evolving knowledge about the disease].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: Dysregulation of both B- and T-cell responses is observed in @entity1201 . Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and @entity3172 antibody subclasses are selectively elevated towards the @entity1203 or disseminated form of the disease accompanied by a @entity308 of T-cell responses. T-cell and macrophage cytokines influence antibody class switching, differentiation and proliferation of B cells. To understand the dynamic nature of the immune response in @entity1201 , we examined the relationship between circulating Mycobacterium leprae-specific antibodies and secreted cytokines [ @entity379 ( @entity379 ), @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ), @entity225 , @entity688 , @entity650 , @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha ( @entity310 ) and @entity2841 ( @entity2841 )] in @entity1201 @entity1 (19 @entity1203 @entity1 ; 25 tuberculoid @entity1 ) and their exposed household contacts (HC=14) in response to M. leprae antigens. Paired comparison revealed a highly significant negative correlation between @entity379 and IgG (P=0.016), IgG1 (P<0.001) and @entity3172 (P=0. 007) antibodies. No significant relationship was observed with other T-cell cytokines ( @entity1199 , @entity225 and @entity688 ). These results strongly suggest that @entity379 may play a role in down-regulating antigen-specific IgG1 and @entity3172 antibodies. Among the macrophage cytokines, @entity310 and @entity2841 which have not been shown to play a role in B-cell activation were positively associated with IgG1 ( @entity310 , P=0.0005; @entity2841 , P=0.001) and @entity3172 ( @entity310 , P=0.001; @entity2841 , P=0.021) antibodies. Since macrophages have high-affinity Fc receptors for IgG1 and @entity3172 , it is possible that antigen uptake via these receptors may influence cytokine expression of @entity310 , a key modulator of disease pathogenesis in @entity66 . We are currently investigating the role of Fc receptors on activated macrophages, in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in @entity66 .

title: Selective correlation of @entity379 , @entity5 XXXX factor-alpha and @entity2841 with immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G3 subclass antibody in @entity1201 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['mycobacterial diseases']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor', 'GM-CSF']

entities_list: @entity1203 :: ('MESH:D015440', 'Disease') :: ['lepromatous']

answer: @entity39 :: (MESH:D009336,Disease) :: ['necrosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of 3-dimensional (3-D) computed tomographic (CT) endoscopic images of the larynx in unilateral vocal fold @entity912 and the changes of the paralyzed vocal fold after phonosurgery as indicated by 3-D CT endoscopy. SETTING: A university medical center. @entity1 : Twelve consecutive @entity1 with unilateral vocal fold @entity912 who underwent helical CT examination. Five of them underwent the CT examination before and after phonosurgical treatment. INTERVENTIONS: Three @entity1 underwent arytenoid adduction, and 2 underwent type 1 thyroplasty. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: "Sagging," defined as @entity6466 of the vocal fold; and "thinning," defined as a decrease in the vertical thickness of the vocal fold and expansion of the ventricle on the affected side, were evaluated. RESULTS: Excessive motion artifacts in one @entity1 prevented detailed description of his 3-D images. Sagging and thinning of the vocal fold and expansion of the ventricle on the affected side were noted on 6, 11, and 8 occasions, respectively. Adduction or augmentation of the paralyzed vocal fold after phonosurgery was observed in 3-D CT endoscopic images when displayed with bony densities. CONCLUSIONS: The use of 3-D CT endoscopy enables description of 3-D characteristics of unilateral vocal fold @entity912 and supplements stroboscopic findings. Furthermore, CT endoscopic images, when simultaneously displayed with bony densities, may help in evaluating the effects of phonosurgical treatment of the paralyzed vocal fold.

title: Three-dimensional endoscopic images of vocal fold XXXX by computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6466 :: ('MESH:C535879', 'Disease') :: ['caudal displacement']

entities_list: @entity912 :: ('MESH:D010243', 'Disease') :: ['paralysis']

answer: @entity912 :: (MESH:D010243,Disease) :: ['paralysis']


abstract: Pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic @entity1176 ( @entity1176 ) is suppressed by alpha-adrenergic antagonists in ovariectomized (OVX) @entity95 , thus suggesting that initiation of @entity1176 pulses requires the presence of @entity1063 (NE) stimulation. Terminals of NE neurons are located in proximity with @entity1176 cells in the hypothalamus, including the arcuate nucleus-median eminence (AME) region. Synaptic NE molecules may be catabolized or transported back to NE terminals (i.e. reuptake) via specific NE transporter proteins (NET). Thus, the amount of synaptic NE acting on @entity1176 cells is a function of the rate of NE release, metabolism and reuptake. Hypothetically, the rise and fall of a @entity1176 pulse may be associated with the similar fluctuations of synaptic NE release and/or NET activity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of @entity15516 administration of @entity5829 ( @entity9956 , a specific NET blocking drug) on @entity1176 release. First, we delivered 0.2-10 mM doses of @entity9956 continuously for 1 h via an AME microdialysis (microD) system into intact male @entity95 . We found that each AME- @entity9956 infusion, between dosages of 1 mM and 10 mM, stimulated a @entity1176 pulse, and that the size of these @entity1176 pulses were proportional to the dosage of @entity9956 . To confirm the specificity of @entity9956 on NET, we measured @entity2922 content in microD samples by HPLC. The temporal (60 min) @entity9956 induced a pattern of NE release that included a rising limb within the first 20-30 min; although NE returned to baseline values within the period of @entity9956 treatment. Neither @entity1425 nor @entity935 levels were changed by @entity9956 . Second, a median dose of @entity9956 (5 mM) was given by microD for 60 min in four separate @entity95 models: gonadal intact females (F-INT), intact males (M-INT), gonadectomized females (F-GDX) and castrated males (M-GDX). Individual microD samples were measured for NE and @entity1176 . Regardless of gender or gonadal status, 5 mM of @entity9956 concomitantly induced a pulse-like release of NE and @entity1176 . Furthermore, the response of @entity1176 to @entity9956 was greater in GDX @entity95 than in INT animals of both genders. Third, we administered @entity9956 (5 mM) for 30 min via a push-pull perfusion (PPP) system during four repeated 90 min intervals, in either F-INT or ovariectomized (F-GDX) females, and measured @entity1176 in PPP samples. In both F-INT and F-GDX, each @entity9956 challenge induced a @entity1176 pulse. In F-INT, all sequential @entity9956 -induced @entity1176 pulses were nearly equal in size. In contrast, in F-GDX, the first @entity9956 -induced @entity1176 pulse was greater than subsequent ones. Collectively, these observations are consistent with the concept of noradrenergic regulation of pulsatile @entity1176 release, and we conclude that the temporal activity of NET may be an integral part of the mechanism by which @entity1176 pulses operate.

title: Possible involvement of XXXX transporter activity in the pulsatility of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone release: influence of the gonad.

entities_list: @entity5829 :: ('MESH:D003891', 'Chemical') :: ['desipramine']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity1176 :: ('MESH:D007987', 'Chemical') :: ['GnRH', 'gonadotropin-releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: @entity712 and increased arterial stiffness are associated with declining renal function. This longitudinal study was designed to assess whether the combination of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and the ratio of brachial pre-ejection period (bPEP) to brachial ejection time (bET) was independently associated with renal outcomes in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ), stages 3-5. The baPWV and bPEP/bET values were measured using an ankle-brachial index (ABI)-form device in 186 @entity1 who were classified into 4 groups according to the baPWV and bPEP/bET median values. Renal function change was determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope. Rapid renal progression was defined as an eGFR slope less than -3   ml   @entity1009 ) per 1.73   m(2) per year. The renal endpoints were defined as commencement of dialysis or    25% decline in eGFR. Among the four study groups, the group with high baPWV and bPEP/bET values had the lowest eGFR slope (P   0.042). Multivariate analysis revealed that this group was independently associated with rapid renal progression (odds ratio, 9.560; P=0.009) and progression to renal endpoints (hazard ratio, 2.587; P=0.039). Our findings show that a combination of high baPWV and bPEP/bET is associated with adverse renal outcomes in @entity1 with advanced @entity740 . Screening @entity740 @entity1 by baPWV and bPEP/bET during the same examination may help identify @entity1 with an elevated risk for adverse renal outcomes.

title: Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and brachial pre-ejection period to ejection time ratio with renal outcomes in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['Heart failure']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['chronic kidney disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the value of terminal force of P wave in V1 lead (Ptf-V1) in the diagnosis of @entity7864 with @entity3618 complicated by @entity4346 . METHODS: Select the coal-worker with @entity3673 postmortem examination cases which were pathologically diagnosed as @entity3618 complicated by @entity4346 and can measure Ptf-V1. Select 14 cases with ECG left @entity2270 deviation, no deviation and right @entity2270 deviation. Measure and analyze the Ptf-V1 value, the thickness of left and right ventricular wall. RESULTS: There's obvious discrepancy in ventricular wall thickness mean in ECG left @entity2270 deviation, no deviation and right @entity2270 deviation groups, the discrepancy have statistical significance (F1 = 32.18, P < 0.01, F2 = 8.02, P < 0.01). The left ventricular wall is thicker in ECG left @entity2270 deviation group [(1.81 +/- 0.18) cm] than in no deviation [(1.47 +/- 0.15) cm] and right @entity2270 deviation groups [(1.39 +/- 0.10) cm], the discrepancy have statistical significance with (P < 0.01). The right ventricular wall is thicker in ECG left @entity2270 deviation group [(0.79 +/- 0.14) cm] than in no deviation group [(0.58 +/- 0.14) cm], the discrepancy have statistical significance with (P < 0.01). The right ventricular wall is thicker in ECG right @entity2270 deviation group [(0.71 +/- 0.14) cm] than in no deviation group, the discrepancy have statistical significance with (P < 0.05). ECG left @entity2270 deviation Ptf-V1 relevance ratio 85.71% is higher than in no deviation (35.70%) and right @entity2270 deviation groups (28.57%), the discrepancy have statistical significance with (P < 0.01). The Ptf-V1 absolute value is positively related with left ventricular wall thickness in ECG left @entity2270 deviation and no deviation groups (r1 = 0.92, P < 0.01, r2 = 0.93, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Pft-V1 absolute value is the criterion index of left ventricular morphosis and function especially left atrium loading change. ECG Ptf-V1 combined with ECG left @entity2270 deviation is valuable to the diagnosis of coal-workers with @entity3673 complicated by @entity4346 .

title: [The value of terminal force of P wave in V1 lead in the diagnosis of @entity7864 with XXXX complicated by @entity4346 ].

entities_list: @entity7864 :: ('MESH:D055008', 'Disease') :: ["coal-workers' pneumoconiosis"]

entities_list: @entity3673 :: ('MESH:D011009', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoconiosis']

entities_list: @entity3618 :: ('MESH:D011660', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

answer: @entity3618 :: (MESH:D011660,Disease) :: ['pulmonary heart disease']


abstract: @entity44822 ( @entity8642 ) is a @entity44823 derivative whose use has been associated with severe intoxications. @entity8642 is usually regarded as a selective @entity750 -releasing agent. Nevertheless, previous data have suggested that its mechanism of action probably involves a catecholaminergic component. As little is known about dopaminergic effects of this drug, in this work the actions of @entity8642 upon the @entity935 (DA) transporter ( @entity23491 ) were studied in vitro, in vivo and in silico. Also, the possible abuse liability of @entity8642 was behaviourally assessed. @entity8642 exhibited an in vitro affinity for the @entity35 @entity23491 in the low micromolar range (6.01   M) and induced a significant, dose-dependent increase in striatal DA. @entity8642 significantly increased @entity5019 -positive cells in striatum and nucleus accumbens, induced conditioned place preference and increased locomotor activity. Docking experiments were performed in a homology model of the @entity23491 . In conclusion, our results show that @entity8642 is able to increase extracellular striatal DA levels and that its administration has rewarding properties. These effects were observed at concentrations or doses that can be relevant to its use in @entity1 beings.

title: @entity44822 increases @entity935 in the XXXX striatum and has rewarding effects in vivo.

entities_list: @entity44822 :: ('MESH:C078956', 'Chemical') :: ['4-Methylthioamphetamine']

entities_list: @entity44823 :: ('CHEBI:42724', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylisopropylamine']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of definitive treatment of sacral @entity3580 by high-dose proton/photon-beam radiation therapy alone or combined with surgery. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The records of 16 primary and 11 recurrent sacral @entity3580 @entity1 treated from November 1982 to November 2002 by proton/photon radiation therapy alone (6 @entity1 ) or combined with surgery (21 @entity1 ) have been analyzed for local control, survival, and treatment-related morbidity. The outcome analysis is based on follow-up information as of 2005. RESULTS: Outcome results show a large difference in local failure rate between @entity1 treated for primary and recurrent @entity3580 . Local control results by surgery and radiation were 12/14 vs. 1/7 for primary and recurrent lesions. For margin-positive @entity1 , local control results were 10 of 11 and 0 of 5 in the primary and recurrent groups, respectively; the mean follow-up on these locally controlled @entity1 was 8.8 years (4 at 10.3, 12.8, 17, and 21 years). Radiation alone was used in 6 @entity1 , 4 of whom received > or =73.0 Gy (E); local control was observed in 3 of these 4 @entity1 for 2.9, 4.9, and 7.6 years. CONCLUSION: These data indicate a high local control rate for surgical and radiation treatment of primary (12 of 14) as distinct from recurrent (1 of 7) sacral @entity3580 . Three of 4 @entity3580 treated by > or =73.0 Gy (E) of radiation alone had local control; 1 is at 91 months. This indicates that high-dose proton/photon therapy offers an effective treatment option.

title: Sacral XXXX : Impact of high-dose proton/photon-beam radiation therapy combined with or without surgery for primary versus recurrent tumor.

entities_list: @entity3580 :: ('MESH:D002817', 'Disease') :: ['chordoma', 'chordomas']

answer: @entity3580 :: (MESH:D002817,Disease) :: ['chordomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The relation between platelet reactivity and stent @entity715 , major @entity548 , and other adverse events after coronary artery implantation of drug-eluting stents has been incompletely characterised. We aimed to determine the relation between platelet reactivity during dual therapy with @entity117 and @entity1397 and clinical outcomes after successful coronary drug-eluting stent implantation. METHODS: @entity2283 was a prospective, multicentre registry of @entity1 successfully treated with one or more drug-eluting stents and given @entity117 and @entity1397 at 10-15 US and European hospitals. We assessed platelet reactivity in those @entity1 after successful percutaneous coronary intervention using VerifyNow point-of-care assays, and assigned different cutoffs to define high platelet reactivity. The primary endpoint was definite or probable stent @entity715 ; other endpoints were all-cause mortality, @entity583 , and clinically relevant @entity548 . We did a propensity-adjusted multivariable analysis to determine the relation between platelet reactivity and subsequent adverse events. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00638794. FINDINGS: Between Jan 7, 2008, and Sept 16, 2010, 8665 @entity1 were prospectively enrolled at 11 sites, of which 8583 were eligible. At 1-year follow-up, stent @entity715 had occurred in 70 (0  8%) @entity1 , @entity583 in 269 (3  1%), clinically relevant @entity548 in 531 (6  2%), and @entity204 in 161 (1  9%) @entity1 . High platelet reactivity on @entity1397 was strongly related to stent @entity715 (adjusted HR 2  49 [95% CI 1  43-4  31], p=0  001) and @entity583 (adjusted HR 1  42 [1  09-1  86], p=0  01), was inversely related to @entity548 (adjusted HR 0  73 [0  61-0  89], p=0  002), but was not related to mortality (adjusted HR 1  20 [0  85-1  70], p=0  30). High platelet reactivity on @entity117 was not significantly associated with stent @entity715 (adjusted HR 1  46 [0  58-3  64], p=0  42), @entity583 , or @entity204 , but was inversely related to @entity548 (adjusted HR 0  65 [0  43-0  99], p=0  04). INTERPRETATION: The findings from this study emphasise the counter-balancing effects of @entity548 and @entity532 after stent implantation, and suggest that safer drugs or tailored strategies for the use of more potent agents must be developed if the benefits of greater platelet inhibition in @entity1 with @entity65 are to be realised. FUNDING: Boston Scientific, Abbott Vascular, Medtronic, Cordis, Biosensors, The Medicines Company, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Volcano, and Accumetrics.

title: Platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes after coronary artery implantation of drug-eluting stents ( XXXX ): a prospective multicentre registry study.

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding', 'haemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic complications']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity2283 :: (1674,Gene) :: ['ADAPT-DES']


abstract: Carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (ESBL-E) has increased in community settings. Little is known about their long-term evolution. French Guiana Amerindians living in a very remote village, already sampled in 2001 and 2006 for ESBL-E fecal carriage, were screened again in October 2010. Sociodemographic data and antibiotic intake data were collected during the previous year. ESBL-E strains collected in 2010 and their plasmid contents were typed. The results were compared to those of the previous campaigns. The prevalence of ESBL-E carriage in 2010 was 5.3%, whereas it was 8.0% and 3.2% in 2006 and 2001, respectively. As previously determined, no individual factor was associated with carriage, including personal antibiotic exposure. However, overall antibiotic use had decreased to a 0.67 treatments/subject/year in 2010 versus 1.09 in 2006 (P < 0.001), which supports the idea that population exposure to antibiotics impacts on ESBL-E community carriage rates. A wide diversity of ESBL @entity526 strains belonging to the A0, A1, B1, and D2 phylogroups and producing the @entity14722 , CTX-M-2, and @entity3525 -M-8 enzymes were isolated. Despite the overall genetic diversity of the strains evaluated by repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) and multilocus sequence typing, two @entity14722 -producing clones were found to have spread. In contrast, similar ESBL-bearing I1/Iy plasmids were present in various strains both within and between carriers, suggesting high rates of plasmid transfer. Our results suggest that overall antibiotic exposure affects ESBL-E fecal carriage in the community. ESBL-E spread may be the result of both @entity6475 in intestinal microbiota.

title: Characterization of fecal extended-spectrum-b-lactamase-producing XXXX in a remote community during a long time period.

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['strain dissemination and the transfer of plasmids']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: For the evaluation of newly developed orthopaedic implantations, it is of utmost importance to collect all available information with respect to the behaviour of the implant. Retrieval analysis of well-functioning implants (post-mortem) and of failures (during revision) may give very valuable information with respect to short term reactions of the organism to the implant.In this case, bone reactions were studied around a @entity702 , @entity692 (HA) coated Osteonics bipolar hip prosthesis, which was revised for severe mid @entity158 four years after implantation. Scarce remnants of a coating-like material on the surface of the prosthesis were found after inspection of the retrieved prosthesis using a dissecting microscope. Histology of these remnants and of the bony side of the bone-HA interface, failed to reveal any remnants of a HA coating. Trabecular bone which closely followed the contour of the prosthesis was found at the bone-prosthesis interface. Facing the prosthesis, this trabecular bone was mainly immature callous bone. At other locations, where mineralized bone faced the prosthesis, many small dark @entity702 wear particles were found. Similar particles were found in macrophages in the intertrabecular medullary space. @entity691 wear particles were specifically located in macrophages in a soft tissue interface at more distal levels along the stem of the prosthesis.Although the observations presented in this case cannot be generalized, it clearly shows that the HA coating layer had completely disappeared after four years. More detailed retrieval studies and longer clinical follow-up studies are needed before a final evaluation of the behaviour of HA coatings and long term fixation of HA-coated prostheses can be made.

title: Retrieval analysis of orthopaedic implants. Tissue reactions around a XXXX coated hip prosthesis.

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['thigh pain']

entities_list: @entity691 :: ('MESH:D020959', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyethylene']

entities_list: @entity692 :: ('MESH:D017886', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyapatite']

answer: @entity692 :: (MESH:D017886,Chemical) :: ['hydroxyapatite']


abstract: Traditionally, it has been assumed that during middle-distance running @entity26 uptake (VO2) reaches its maximal value (VO2max) providing the event is of a sufficient duration; however, this assumption is largely based on observations in individuals with a relatively low VO2max. The aim of this study was to determine whether VO2max is related to the VO2 attained (i.e. VO2peak) during middle-distance running on a treadmill. Fifteen well-trained male runners (age 23.3 +/- 3.8 years, height 1.80 +/- 0.10 m, body mass 76.9 +/- 10.6 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The @entity1 undertook two 800-m trials to examine the reproducibility of the VO2 response. These two trials, together with a progressive test to determine VO2max, were completed in a randomized order. @entity26 uptake was determined throughout each test using 15-s Douglas bag collections. Following the application of a 30-s rolling average, the highest VO2 during the progressive test (i.e. VO2max) was compared with the highest VO2 during the 800-m trials (i.e. VO2peak) to examine the relationship between VO2max and the @entity4962 attained in the 800-m trials. For the 15 runners, VO2max was 58.9 +/- 7.1 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ). Two groups were formed using a median split based on VO2max. For the high and low VO2max groups, VO2max was 65.7 +/- 3.0 and 52.4 +/- 1.8 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) respectively. The limits of agreement (95%) for test-retest reproducibility for the VO2 attained during the 800-m trials were +/- 3.5 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) for a VO2peak of 50.6 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) (the mean VO2peak for the low VO2max group) and +/- 2.3 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) for a VO2peak of 59.0 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) (the mean VO2peak for the high VO2max group), with a bias in VO2peak between the 800-m runs (i.e. the mean difference) of 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ). The VO2peak for the 800-m runs was 54.8 +/- 4.9 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) for all 15 runners. For the high and low VO2max groups, VO2peak was 59.0 +/- 3.3 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) (i.e. 90% VO2max) and 50.6 +/- 2.0 ml x kg(-1) x @entity1009 ) (i.e. 97% VO2max) respectively. The negative relationship (-0.77) between VO2max and % VO2max attained for all 15 runners was significant (P = 0.001). These results demonstrate that (i) reproducibility is good and (ii) that VO2max is related to the %VO2max achieved, with @entity1 with a higher VO2max achieving a lower %VO2max in an 800-m trial on a treadmill.

title: Relationship between maximal @entity26 uptake and XXXX uptake attained during treadmill middle-distance running.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: A rapidly growing method to identify origins of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is @entity17158 ( @entity17158 ). Current @entity17158 research utilizes either an organism's genetic or physiological traits to establish source identification. To determine if an @entity17158 method based on fecal @entity2348 can be used to determine sources of NPS pollution, samples from known NPS contributors ( @entity1 , @entity291 , poultry, and @entity1707 ) were collected and analyzed for fecal coliform (FC) and @entity1241 ( @entity1241 ). Five colonies from each bacterial type were randomly selected, isolated and identified using phenotypic profiles. The species composition was calculated from these data and analyzed statistically via discriminant analysis. The @entity1168 ( @entity1168 ) for FC species composition patterns were 64, 71, 47 and 70% for @entity291 , @entity1 , poultry and @entity1707 , respectively. The @entity1168 for @entity1241 species composition patterns were 87, 86, 74, and 83% for @entity291 , @entity1 , poultry, and @entity1707 , respectively. The average rate of correct classification for samples from all known sources was significantly higher (P=0.05) for @entity1241 species composition data (82%) than for FC (63%). The average rate of correct classification was increased when the FC and @entity1241 species composition data was combined (93%). The results from this study indicate that a phenotypic @entity17158 methodology based on species composition of dominant fecal bacteria may be useful in determining major contributors to NPS pollution. Based on the average @entity1168 , the use of @entity1241 species composition patterns appears to be more useful in identifying source than the use of FC patterns.

title: Discriminant analysis of fecal @entity2348 for use as a phenotypic XXXX method.

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['rates of correct classification', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity17158 :: ('MESH:D015163', 'Disease') :: ['MST', 'microbial source tracking']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial species composition']

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['fecal streptococci', 'FS']

answer: @entity17158 :: (MESH:D015163,Disease) :: ['microbial source tracking']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Complete conversion of @entity9909 ( @entity9909 ) immunosuppressant therapy to non-nephrotoxic agents such as @entity618 ( @entity2098 ) is controversial, but may be safe in selected @entity1 , although appropriate protocols and long-term benefits of conversion are not well reported. METHODS: We analyzed all liver transplant (LT) recipients at our institution who were converted from @entity9909 -based therapy to @entity2098 monotherapy because of @entity8 (n = 23) and compared them with @entity1 remaining on @entity9909 -based therapy (n = 23). Renal function, rejection episodes, and markers of @entity9909 -related comorbidities (lipid profile, blood pressure, and glycosylated hemoglobin) were noted. RESULTS: Overall, serum @entity1011 (SCr) and calculated glomerular filtration rate improved on @entity2098 monotherapy. This improvement was significant when compared with @entity1 who remained on @entity9909 -based therapy. Improvement was most pronounced in @entity1 with milder @entity8 (SCr <2.2 mg/dL prior to conversion) (n = 14) with decrease in SCr from 1.63    0.29 to 1.34    0.26 mg/dL (p = 0.02) at last follow-up. Five @entity1 on @entity2098 monotherapy (21.7%) progressed to @entity454 ( @entity454 ), while only two (8.7%) had rejection episodes following conversion. Clinical markers of @entity9909 -related comorbidities also improved. @entity2098 monotherapy was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: In summary, our data support the safety and efficacy of @entity9909 to @entity2098 monotherapy conversion.

title: XXXX monotherapy in liver transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity9909 :: ('23523', 'Gene') :: ['calcineurin inhibitor', 'CNI']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease', 'ESRD']

answer: @entity618 :: (MESH:C063008,Chemical) :: ['Mycophenolate mofetil']


abstract: Immunization with high doses of @entity1457 protein, @entity22074 given in vivo, has been shown to mediate the activation of @entity1961 + T cell, which in turn suppresses an ongoing CD8+ immune response. Here we demonstrate that high doses of @entity22074 (HDgp 6) (100 microg given subcutaneously on days 0 and 7 following skin graft transplantation) improve survival of skin grafts with both minor and major histocompatibility. First, skin from male C57BL/6 donors was grafted onto female C57BL/6 recipients that were subsequently treated with either HDgp 6 or buffer and graft survival was monitored. At 64 days post-transplantation, graft recipients treated with HDgp 6 showed 56% graft survival compared to 10% in those treated with buffer. Further, HDgp 6 down regulates a secondary immune response as well. Skin graft obtained from a male C57BL/6 donor was transplanted to a female C57BL/6 recipient that had previously rejected a male skin graft. Recipients that were treated with HDgp 96 showed a 75% graft survival of the secondary graft at 64 days post-transplantation, whereas recipients treated with buffer rejected their secondary grafts within 37 days. Finally, the effect of HDgp 96 treatment on survival of graft with major histoincompatibility was tested. Skin grafts from female BALB/c donors were transplanted to female C57BL/6 recipients previously treated with either HDgp 96 or buffer. Although all the grafts were ultimately rejected, @entity19 treated with HDgp96 showed a delay in the rejection as compared with buffer controls. Our findings indicate that HDgp 96 improves survival of grafts with both minor and major antigenic disparity and could lead to developing novel therapies in transplant medicine.

title: In vivo treatment of XXXX with @entity1457 protein, gp 96, improves survival of skin grafts with minor and major antigenic disparity.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) form a class of noncoding RNA genes whose products are small single-stranded RNAs that are involved in the regulation of translation and degradation of mRNAs. There is a fine balance between deregulation of normal developmental programs and @entity5 genesis. An increasing body of evidence suggests that altered expression of miRNAs is entailed in the pathogenesis of @entity1 @entity5 . Studies in @entity19 and @entity1 cells have identified the @entity10014 cluster as a potential oncogene. The @entity10014 cluster is often amplified or overexpressed in @entity1 @entity5 and has recently emerged as the prototypical oncogenic polycistron miRNA. The functional analysis of @entity10014 is intricate by the existence of two paralogues: @entity696 -106a-363 and @entity696 -106b-25. During early evolution of vertebrates, it is likely that the three clusters commenced via a series of duplication and deletion occurrences. As @entity696 -106a-363 and @entity696 -106b-25 contain miRNAs that are very similar, and in some cases identical, to those encoded by @entity10014 , it is feasible that they regulate a similar set of genes and have overlapping functions. Further understanding of these three clusters and their functions will increase our knowledge about @entity5 progression. The present review discusses the characteristics and functions of these three miRNA clusters.

title: The Three Paralogous MicroRNA Clusters in Development and Disease, @entity10014 , @entity696 -106a-363, and XXXX -106b-25.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer']

answer: @entity696 :: (29116,Gene) :: ['miR']


abstract: @entity101 in the elderly is a major risk factor for @entity65 . We aimed to analyze determinants of blood pressure (BP) control across different age groups. Population of a large global survey on @entity101 treatment and control including 18927 @entity1 was analyzed. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate BP control rates and the prevalence of antihypertensive drug usage according to age. Systolic BP control decreased from 29.6% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 26.0;33.5) at 18-40 years to 22.4% (20.8;24.2) at >75 years (P<0.0001), and diastolic BP control increased from 31.6% (27.9;35.6) to 57.3% (55.2;59.3), respectively (P<0.0001). BP control was worse in @entity6 @entity1 , but did not differ substantially with co-morbid conditions, except for a better control in @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ) (P<0.05). The use of >=  3 antihypertensive drugs increased with age from 16.1 to 37.8% (P<0.0001) due to a more frequent use of loop diuretics (P<0.0001), @entity7206 (P<0.0001), @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors (P<0.0001) and @entity460 channel blockers (P<0.0001). About one third of @entity1 received non-guideline-recommended drug-drug combinations. BP control is largely unsuccessful with increasing age. Owing to frequent inadequacies in the combination of antihypertensive drugs, future guidelines and educational programs should devote increased attention to the choice of optimal drug-drug combinations in the elderly.

title: Treatment of XXXX in the elderly: data from an international cohort of @entity101 treated by cardiologists.

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity7206 :: ('MESH:D049971', 'Chemical') :: ['thiazides']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: @entity18575 (BPO) was introduced in the treatment of acne in 1934. Despite the fact that only few randomized trials have been published, BPO is considered the standard in topical acne treatment. Anaerobic bacteria are reduced by oxidative mechanisms and the induction of resistant strains is reduced. Topical formulations are available at concentrations of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %. The effect is dose-dependent, but the irritation increases with higher concentrations. Usually 5 % BPO is sufficient to control acne grade I-II. Due to its strong oxidative potential, @entity1 should be advised that BPO may bleach colored and dark clothing, bedding and even hair. BPO is safe for use in pregnant and lactating females because it is degraded to @entity13266 . It is a cost-effective treatment for acne grade I-II. @entity1 with papulopustular acne grade I-II, particularly with marked @entity32 , show satisfactory improvement with topical antibiotic treatment. The following compounds are available and effective: @entity2929 , @entity3402 and @entity803 (the latter being less frequently used). A review in 1990 suggested that topical @entity803 was ineffective in the treatment of acne. Along with eliminating @entity5478 , the main mechanism of topical antibiotics is their antiinflammatory effect. All three penetrate the epidermal barrier well and are similarly efficacious. Randomized trials have shown that in concentrations of 2-4 %, their effects are comparable to oral @entity803 and @entity1214 . Combination therapy with @entity4878 or @entity18575 (BPO) increases efficacy. @entity4878 increase penetration and reduce comedones, while topical antibiotics primarily address @entity32 . One side effect of topical antibacterial treatment is an increase in drug-resistant resident skin flora with gram-negative microorganisms prevailing, which can lead to gram-negative @entity14663 . All three antibiotics fluoresce under black light which may produce interesting effects in a discotheque. There are two reports of topical @entity3402 causing @entity8307 after long-term and widespread usage. @entity24402 has a predominant antibacterial action, although it is not considered as an antibiotic in the classical sense. Furthermore, it possesses a modest comedolytic effect. Burning upon application is common. Since @entity24402 is naturally present, systemic side effects are not likely to occur, making it safe for acne treatment during pregnancy and lactation.

title: [Acne therapy with topical XXXX , antibiotics and @entity24402 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity13266 :: ('MESH:D019817', 'Chemical') :: ['benzoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids', 'Retinoids']

entities_list: @entity18575 :: ('MESH:D001585', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzoyl peroxide', 'benzoyl peroxide']

entities_list: @entity24402 :: ('MESH:C010038', 'Chemical') :: ['Azelaic acid', 'azelaic acid']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity14663 :: ('MESH:D005499', 'Disease') :: ['folliculitis']

entities_list: @entity5478 :: ('1747', 'Species') :: ['Propionibacterium acnes']

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomembranous colitis']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity3402 :: ('MESH:D002981', 'Chemical') :: ['clindamycin']

answer: @entity18575 :: (MESH:D001585,Chemical) :: ['benzoyl peroxide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Microalbuminuria can reflect the progress of microvascular complications and may be predictive of @entity66 in @entity164 2 @entity6 . The effect of intensive glycemic control on microalbuminuria in @entity1 in the U.S. who have had @entity164 2 @entity6 for several years has not previously been evaluated. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We randomly assigned 153 male @entity1 to either intensive treatment (INT) (goal HbA(1c) 7.1%) or to standard treatment (ST) (goal HbA(1c) 9.1%; P = 0.001), and data were obtained during a 2-year period. Mean duration of known @entity6 was 8 years, mean age of the @entity1 was 60 years, and @entity1 were well matched at baseline. We obtained 3-h urine samples for each @entity1 at baseline and annually and defined microalbuminuria as an albumin: @entity1011 ratio of 0.03-0.30. All @entity1 were treated with insulin and received instructions regarding diet and exercise. @entity101 and @entity2299 were treated with similar goals in each group. RESULTS: A total of 38% of @entity1 had microalbuminuria at entry and were evenly assigned to both treatment groups. INT retarded the progression of microalbuminuria during the 2-year period: the changes in albumin: @entity1011 ratio from baseline to 2 years of INT versus ST were 0.045 vs. 0.141, respectively (P = 0.046). Retardation of progressive urinary albumin excretion was most pronounced in those @entity1 who entered the study with microalbuminuria and were randomized to INT. @entity1 entering with microalbuminuria had a deterioration in @entity1011 clearance at 2 years regardless of the intensity of glycemic control. In the group entering without microalbuminuria, the subgroup receiving ST had a lower percentage of @entity1 with a macrovascular event (17%) than the subgroup receiving INT (36%) (P = 0.03). Use of ACE inhibitors or @entity460 -channel blockers was similarly distributed among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive glycemic control retards microalbuminuria in @entity1 who have had @entity164 2 @entity6 for several years but may not lessen the progressive @entity8 . Increases in macrovascular event rates in the subgroup entering without @entity633 who received INT remain unexplained but could reflect early worsening, as observed with @entity66 in the @entity6 Control and Complications Trial.

title: Effect of intensive glycemic control on microalbuminuria in @entity164 2 XXXX . Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type 2 @entity6 Feasibility Trial Investigators.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['deterioration of glomerular function']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['macrovascular disease', 'microvascular disease']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity633 :: ('MESH:D000419', 'Disease') :: ['albuminuria']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: AIM: The aim of the present study was the evaluation of non-microbial salivary caries activity parameters and salivary biochemical indicators in predicting @entity1547 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was carried out on 60 @entity1 , aged 4-6 years, selected from the schools of Panchkula district, Haryana, on the basis of their caries status. Level of hydration, flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, relative viscosity, @entity460 , @entity3151 and alkaline phosphatase levels in caries-free and caries-active @entity1 were evaluated. RESULTS: Results showed that 90% of subjects in the caries-free group and 30% of subjects in the caries-active group had normal level of hydration value of less than 60 s and the difference was found to be statistically very highly significant. Normal flow rate of stimulated saliva was found in 90% of the subjects in caries-free group and 33.3% subjects in the caries active group and difference was found to be statistically very highly significant. Adequate salivary pH was found in 100% subjects in caries-free group and 30% in caries-active group and the difference was statistically very highly significant. CONCLUSION: To conclude, within limitations of this study, it became clear that normal level of hydration and higher values for flow rate, pH, buffering capacity of saliva lead to good oral health and a reduced caries occurrence. Increased salivary viscosity plays a role in increasing caries incidence. Salivary biochemical indicators like @entity460 , @entity3151 and alkaline phosphatase also play their respective role in determining caries susceptibility of an individual. These salivary parameters can be used as diagnostic tool for caries risk assessment.

title: Evaluation of non-microbial salivary caries activity parameters and salivary biochemical indicators in predicting XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity1547 :: ('MESH:D003731', 'Disease') :: ['dental caries']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity1547 :: (MESH:D003731,Disease) :: ['dental caries']


abstract: A neuro-control system was designed to control the knee joint to move in accordance with the desired trajectory of movement through stimulation of @entity121 muscle. This control system consisted of a neural controller and a fixed parameter @entity14338 ( @entity14338 ) feedback controller, which was designated as a neuro- @entity14338 controller. A multilayer feedforward time-delay @entity1274 was used and trained as an inverse model of the functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced @entity121 for direct feedforward control. The training signals for @entity1274 learning were obtained from experimentation using a low-pass filtered random sequence to reveal the plant characteristics. The Nguyen-Widrow method was used to initialize the neural connection weights. The conjugate gradient descent algorithm was then used to modify these connection weights so as to minimize the errors between the desired outputs and the network outputs. The knee joint angle was controlled with only small deviations along the desired trajectory with the aid of the neural controller. In addition, the @entity14338 feedback controller was utilized to compensate for the residual tracking errors caused by @entity132 . This control strategy was evaluated on one able-bodied and one paraplegic subject. The neuro- @entity14338 controller showed promise as a position controller of knee joint angle with @entity121 stimulation.

title: A neuro-control system for the knee joint position control with XXXX stimulation.

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural network']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['quadriceps-lower leg system', 'quadriceps']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['disturbances and modeling errors']

entities_list: @entity14338 :: ('MESH:C535733', 'Disease') :: ['PID', 'proportional-integral-derivative']

answer: @entity121 :: (MESH:D009135,Disease) :: ['quadriceps']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: @entity1561 ( @entity1561 ) is the most common @entity409 in @entity1 and adolescents. Obesity is a major risk factor for @entity1561 ; however, it has been shown that @entity1561 is not rare in @entity28 adults. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of @entity1561 in @entity28 and @entity28 @entity1 and adolescents. METHODS: The medical records of 340 subjects (aged 2-20 years) in whom autopsy was performed were retrospectively reviewed. Of those, 10 subjects were excluded due to insufficient data. The remaining 330 subjects were included in the study, of whom 264 were normal weight and 66 were @entity28 . All liver biopsy sections were evaluated by two pathologists in a blinded fashion. RESULTS: The prevalence of @entity1560 was 6% among all the subjects and was higher in the overweight group than in the normal-weight group (10.6% vs 4.9%; p<0.001). The prevalence of @entity1561 increased concomitant with age. There was no significant difference between sexes in cases with @entity1561 . @entity1560 was detected in 7 subjects. @entity1560 was determined as type 1 in 5 subjects, type 2 in 7 subjects, and as overlap in 1 subject. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that @entity1561 is an important public health problem not only in @entity28 but also in @entity28 @entity1 and adolescents. This suggests that whereas @entity28 may be a risk factor, other pathogenic factors may exist that could contribute to the @entity1561 .

title: XXXX in an autopsy series of @entity1 and adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['Steatohepatitis', 'Simple steatosis', 'fatty liver']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity', 'obese', 'non-obese']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['chronic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1561 :: ('MESH:D065626', 'Disease') :: ['NAFLD', 'Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['Fatty liver disease']


abstract: @entity1 adenoviruses species D ( @entity43799 ) are known to cause severe @entity9849 . However, the isolation rate of @entity43799 is not high, because @entity43799 is usually slow to propagate. Although new types of @entity43799 have been reported, accurate surveillance has not been performed because of difficulties in culturing the viruses and lack of a practical identification method. In this study, HAdV-Ds were detected and identified from @entity1 with @entity9849 in the Fukui Prefecture during 1995-2010 by PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of DNA, and conventional virus isolation and neutralization tests. All samples were subjected to culture and PCR and LAMP. A total of 124 strains of @entity43799 were detected from 157 @entity1 with @entity9849 . The strains consisted of the following types: D8 (n   =   8), D19 (n   =   4), D37 (n   =   40), D53 (n   =   5), D54 (n   =   66), and D56 (n   =   1). Among these, D53, D54, and D56 are new types that have been reported recently. The results of this study demonstrated that new types of @entity43799 caused @entity9849 during 1995-2010, and included an outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis caused by HAdV-D54. The LAMP method was able to detect and identify HAdV-D53 and HAdV-D54 in 1   hr, and may therefore be applicable for use at the bedside.

title: Surveillance of adenovirus D in XXXX with @entity9849 from Fukui Prefecture, Japan, 1995-2010.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity9849 :: ('MESH:D007637', 'Disease') :: ['epidemic keratoconjunctivitis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In @entity2060 , transcripts from the beta 2-tubulin gene (tubB2), as well as those from other tubulin-encoding genes, accumulate immediately after flagellar excision as well as at a specific time in the cell cycle. Control of tubB2 transcript accumulation following deflagellation is regulated, at least partially, at the transcriptional level. We have fused the tubB2 promoter to the @entity47351 ( @entity47351 ) reporter gene, introduced this construct into @entity2060 , and compared expression of the chimeric gene with that of the endogenous tubB2 gene. After flagellar excision, transcripts from the tubB2/ @entity47351 chimeric gene accumulate with kinetics similar to those of transcripts from the endogenous tubB2 gene. The tubB2/ @entity47351 transcripts also accumulate in a cell cycle-specific manner; however, chimeric transcripts are more abundant earlier in the cell cycle than the endogenous tubB2 transcripts. To elucidate transcriptional control of tubB2, we have mutated or removed sequences in the tubB2 promoter and examined the effect on transcription. The tubB2 promoter shares features with the promoters of other tubulin-encoding genes; these include a GC-rich region between the TATA box and the transcription initiation site and multiple copies of a 10-bp sequence motif that we call the tub box. The tubB2 gene contains seven tub box motifs. Changing the GC-rich region to an @entity1129 -rich region or removing three of the seven tub box motifs did not significantly affect transcription of the chimeric gene. However, removing four or five tub box motifs prevented @entity101 and diminished cell cycle-regulated transcription from the tubB2 promoter.

title: Sequences controlling transcription of the XXXX beta 2-tubulin gene after deflagellation and during the cell cycle.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased transcription following deflagellation']

entities_list: @entity2060 :: ('3055', 'Species') :: ['C. reinhardtii', 'Chlamydomonas reinhardtii']

answer: @entity2060 :: (3055,Species) :: ['Chlamydomonas reinhardtii']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To evaluate long-term survival of the first cohort of stage-4 @entity521 @entity1 treated with the N7 induction chemotherapy, surgery of the @entity5 and high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) containing Busulfan-Melphalan (Bu-Mel) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). PROCEDURE: From 1998 to 1999, 47 @entity1 were included in the NB97 trial and treated with induction chemotherapy according to the N7 protocol, followed by surgery of the @entity5 . HDC ( @entity1863 , 600 mg/m(2) Melphalan, 140 mg/m(2) ) was administered in @entity1 with partial response of @entity3 with no more than 3 mIBG spots. Radiotherapy was delivered to the @entity5 site when @entity5 displayed MYCN amplification. RESULTS: Thirty-nine @entity1 received Bu-Mel (83%): 23 who had achieved complete response (CR) of @entity3 , 20 after induction treatment and 3 after second-line chemotherapy, and 16 in partial response (PR). The @entity137 of the whole treatment was manageable. The main HDC related- @entity137 was @entity5501 grade > 2 occurring in 15% of the @entity1 . The 8-year EFS of the whole cohort was 34% (95% CI, 22-48%). The 8-year EFS of the 39 @entity1 who received Bu-Mel and ASCT was 41% (95% CI, 27-57%). @entity1 who achieved a CR of @entity3 at the end of induction chemotherapy had a significantly better outcome than the others (8-year EFS, 52% vs. 20%; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term results of this first prospective cohort of @entity1 with @entity3 treated with the N7 induction chemotherapy and HDC (Bu-Mel) confirm published data with stable survival curves but with a longer follow-up.

title: Long-term results of the combination of the N7 induction chemotherapy and the XXXX -melphalan high dose chemotherapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1863 :: ('MESH:D002066', 'Chemical') :: ['Busulfan']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity5501 :: ('MESH:D006504', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic veno-occlusive disease']

answer: @entity1863 :: (MESH:D002066,Chemical) :: ['busulfan']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the clinical, radiographic, and neuropathologic features of bilateral @entity9479 . METHODS: We searched our hospital records (1963 to present) to identify @entity1 diagnosed as having the disease. RESULTS: Our search revealed eight @entity1 , ranging in age from 8-63 years, with bithalamic @entity5 diagnosed by angiography, CT, and/or MR. All @entity1 displayed @entity1314 , including @entity2414 , inattention, @entity911 , @entity1833 , @entity7298 , or slow mentation. Unilateral motor weakness was also noted in six cases. The @entity5 always involved the medial aspect of the left and right thalami, but was often more extensive. The pathology was determined to be grades I-IV @entity816 , confirmed by stereotactic biopsy or autopsy in six. Mild to moderate @entity1276 occurred in some cases and was considered to be a contributing factor to @entity1032 . No correlation was found between age and type of @entity5 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity11 of the dorsomedial and intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus can be a primary cause of @entity303 that has not been well-recognized in the past. CT and particularly MR should be considered for @entity1 presenting with personality change or @entity303 , because of the possible presence of this unusual but devastating disease.

title: @entity9479 : review of eight cases with personality change and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental deterioration']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephaly']

entities_list: @entity7298 :: ('MESH:D006963', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphagia']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['hallucination']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['Bilateral glioma']

entities_list: @entity9479 :: ('MESH:D013786', 'Disease') :: ['thalamic glioma']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity816 :: ('MESH:D001254', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytoma']

entities_list: @entity1314 :: ('MESH:D010554', 'Disease') :: ['personality changes and/or mental deterioration']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory loss']

answer: @entity1032 :: (MESH:D008607,Disease) :: ['mental deterioration']


abstract: @entity2033 is characterized by death of striatal projection neurons. We used a Cre/ @entity5559 transgenic approach to generate an animal model in which D1 @entity935 receptor ( @entity37746 )+ cells are progressively ablated in the postnatal brain. Striatal @entity37746 , @entity10501 , and dynorphin expression is progressively lost, whereas D2 @entity935 receptor ( @entity9767 ) and enkephalin expression is up-regulated. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis demonstrated early elevation of the striatal @entity1877 / @entity908 ratio, a finding associated with extensive reactive striatal astrogliosis. Sequential MRI demonstrated a progressive reduction in striatal volume and secondary ventricular enlargement confirmed to be due to loss of striatal cells. Mutant @entity19 had normal gait and rotarod performance but displayed hindlimb @entity3519 , @entity2915 , and handling-induced electrographically verified spontaneous @entity410 . Ethological assessment identified an increase in rearing and impairments in the oral behaviors of sifting and chewing. In line with the limbic @entity410 profile, cell loss, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and down-regulated dynorphin expression were seen in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. This study specifically implicates @entity37746 + cell loss with tail suspension hindlimb @entity3519 , @entity2915 , and abnormal oral function. The latter may relate to the speech and swallowing disturbances and the classic sign of tongue-protrusion motor impersistence observed in @entity2033 . In addition, the findings of this study support the notion that @entity37746 and @entity9767 are segregated on striatal projection neurons.

title: Ablation of D1 @entity935 receptor-expressing cells generates XXXX with @entity410 , @entity3519 , @entity2915 , and impaired oral behavior.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ["Huntington's disease"]

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['locomotor hyperactivity', 'hyperactivity']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']