abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the longitudinal effects of TNF inhibitors on @entity1555 and radiographic progression in @entity1 with @entity5427 and to assess independent factors associated with increased @entity1555 in the lumbar spine. METHODS: Sixty-three @entity1 with @entity5427 were included. Twenty-six @entity1 were treated with TNF inhibitors and 37 were not. @entity1555 in the lumbar spine and right femur was measured by DXA at baseline @entity676 years later. Lumbar spine radiography was performed at baseline and after 2 years. Radiographic progression was scored using the Stoke @entity5427 Spinal Score (SASSS) and the modified SASSS. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with spinal @entity1555 increase. RESULTS: @entity1555 in the lumbar spine and total proximal femur of @entity1 receiving TNF inhibitors increased consistently over 2 years compared with that in @entity1 not receiving TNF inhibitors (P < 0.01 and P = 0.02), and treated @entity1 showed increased SASSS scores (P = 0.05); however, syndesmophyte development was no different between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the change of SASSS in @entity1 treated with both TNF inhibitors and @entity171 compared with those treated with TNF inhibitors alone (P < 0.01). TNF inhibitor therapy and the increase in SASSS were independently associated with increased lumbar spine @entity1555 (P = 0.009 and P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: TNF inhibitors appear to be associated with increased SASSS scores and improvements in @entity1555 . Further prospective studies with larger subject numbers are needed to validate this paradoxical role of TNF inhibitors.

title: The paradoxical effects of TNF inhibitors on bone mineral density and radiographic progression in XXXX with ankylosing spondylitis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity1643 is extremely common with a life time prevalence estimated at greater than 70% [1]. Facet joint @entity4040 is thought to be the causative aetiological substrate in approximately 25% of @entity1643 cases [2]. Facet joint injection is a routine intervention in the armamentarium for both the diagnostic and therapeutic management of @entity1643 . In fact, a study by Carrino et al. reported in excess of 94,000 facet joint injection procedures were carried out in the US in 1999 [3]. Although generally considered safe, the procedure is not entirely without risk. Complications including @entity548 , @entity281 , exacerbation of @entity158 , dural puncture @entity10 , and pneumothorax have been described. We report a rare case of a 47-year-old female @entity1 who developed a left L4/5 facet septic @entity4040 with an associated @entity3553 and @entity693 following facet joint injection. This case is unique, as to the best of our knowledge no other case of @entity3553 following facet joint injection has been reported in the literature. Furthermore this case serves to highlight the potential serious adverse sequelae of a routine and apparently innocuous intervention. The need for medical practitioners to be alert to and respond rapidly to the infective complications of facet joint injection cannot be understated.

title: XXXX following lumbar facet joint injection: An exceeding rare complication.

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['chronic low back pain', 'Chronic low back pain']

entities_list: @entity3553 :: ('MESH:D013354', 'Disease') :: ['subdural empyema']

entities_list: @entity4040 :: ('MESH:C537208', 'Disease') :: ['arthrosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity3553 :: (MESH:D013354,Disease) :: ['Subdural empyema']


abstract: 1. The Rathke's gland secretions of @entity23116 ( @entity23116 ) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempi) sea turtles contain 20 and 10 mg of protein/ml, respectively. The proteins of each species were separated by gel filtration into two major fractions, one (35%) in the excluded volume, and one (50%) with a molecular mass of approximately 55 kDA. 2. The 55 kDa fraction from each species' secretions exhibits a single band on SDS-PAGE (Mr approximately equal to 55,000) and a single @entity1472 -terminal sequence. 3. The @entity535 compositions of the two 55 kDa proteins are similar, and the first 15 residues of their @entity1472 terminus are identical. Both proteins contain @entity4823 . 4. Analyses of the @entity535 and @entity17596 composition of the high molecular weight fractions from the two turtle species also indicate similarities; there are distinct differences between them and their 55 kDa proteins.

title: Glycoproteins in Rathke's gland secretions of @entity23116 ( XXXX ) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempi) sea turtles.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity4823 :: ('MESH:D005944', 'Chemical') :: ['glucosamine']

entities_list: @entity23116 :: ('8467', 'Species') :: ['loggerhead', 'Caretta caretta']

entities_list: @entity17596 :: ('CHEBI:28963', 'Chemical') :: ['amino sugar']

answer: @entity23116 :: (8467,Species) :: ['Caretta caretta']


abstract: The regulation of T helper (Th)1- and @entity61 -type cytokine patterns is important in the final outcome of @entity232 in @entity1 and @entity19 models. We examined the efficacy of garlic therapy or a combination of garlic and an antimonial drug (glucantime) in promoting healing and regulation of @entity630 / @entity61 cytokine patterns in highly susceptible BALB/c @entity19 infected with @entity3667 . Separate groups of infected @entity19 received 20 mg/kg/day garlic, 60 mg/kg/day @entity17004 or a combination of the two, from day 30 after infection for 2 weeks. An enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was performed on spleen cell culture supernatants for interferon(IFN)-gamma interleukin(IL)-2, @entity58 and @entity1618 . The results indicate that garlic therapy is more effective than the usual antileishmanial drug in curing the infection. Garlic-treated @entity19 developed @entity630 -type cytokine responses. In contrast, glucantime therapy led to a @entity61 -type response in the control group with a lower level of @entity2047 . However, a combination of garlic and glucantime treatment was more effective than either treatment alone, and resulted in a @entity630 -type response similar to that which developed with garlic treatment. These results suggest that garlic extract in combination with an antimonial drug, may provide effective therapy against @entity3667 . The immunomodulatory properties of garlic were elucidated in terms of shifting the cytokine response to a @entity630 -type pattern and therefore causing the protective response.

title: Garlic induces a shift in cytokine pattern in @entity3667 -infected BALB/c XXXX .

entities_list: @entity17004 :: ('MESH:C005278', 'Chemical') :: ['glucantime']

entities_list: @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity3667 :: ('5664', 'Species') :: ['L. major', 'Leishmania major']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: It appears that Chinese @entity1 had more @entity548 complications during anticoagulative and thrombolytic therapies than western populations. To determine the effect of a moderate dosage of urokinase for Chinese @entity1 with evolving @entity583 ( @entity583 ), we studied 17 @entity1 with @entity583 . The @entity1 were divided into 2 groups: Urokinase group (UG) and control group (CG). Seven @entity1 in UG, having @entity583 5.1 +/- 1.3 hours after the onset received intravenous urokinase 250,000-450,000 units within 30 minutes and then were treated with heparin. Ten @entity1 in CG, having @entity583 12.1 +/- 10.1 hours after the onset received conventional therapy as well as heparin. The successful reperfusion of coronary artery was assessed noninvasively using peak @entity9153 level less than 18 hours and elevated ST segment normalization within 24 hours as the criteria. RESULTS: Successful reperfusion was found in 5 of 7 @entity1 in UG and in only 1 of 10 @entity1 in CG (P less than 0.05). No @entity360 or other major @entity548 complications were observed in UG, while 1 of 10 @entity1 in CG had @entity356 requiring transfusion. The mortality during 2 months of hospitalization was 2/10 (20%) in CG, but no @entity1 in UG died during 2 months of hospital stay. The results of the study suggest that moderate dosage of urokinase could achieve reperfusion in majority of Chinese @entity1 with @entity583 and may have less @entity548 complications. However, randomized and large-group @entity1 studies are needed to confirm the presented results.

title: [Thrombolytic effect of a moderate dose of urokinase in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal and cerebrovascular bleeding']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric bleeding']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['acute myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A prophylactic antibiotic is recommended to reduce @entity281 following cesarean delivery. There is a current debate on the time of prophylactic antibiotic in cesarean delivery. METHODS: An opened randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted at Soba hospital, Sudan to investigate the timing (pre-incision or after clamping of the umbilical cord) of @entity8933 for elective cesarean delivery. The outcome measures were; the incidence of post-cesarean febrile and infection-related morbidity and neonatal outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: Hundred -eighty @entity1 (90 @entity1 in each arm of the study) received intravenous injection of 1 g of @entity8933 as single dose either at pre-incision or after clamping of the umbilical cord. None of the @entity1 in either group had @entity7288 . One @entity1 in the pre-incision group had @entity5837 . There was no significant difference in the incidence of wound infection between the two groups, 8 (6.7%) vs. 3 (3.3%); P = 0.2. Two babies in the pre-incision group (P = 0.497) had a low Apgar score (< 8) at 1 min. Similar number of neonate (15 in each arm) was admitted to nursery. There were no significant difference in the @entity4837 between the two groups, 5 (5.5%) vs. 4 (4.4%), P = 0.2. There was no perinatal @entity204 . CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the two regimens (pre-incision or post-clamping of the umbilical cord) of @entity8933 as prophylactic for elective cesarean delivery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01347593.

title: Prophylactic XXXX for elective cesarean delivery at Soba Hospital, Sudan.

entities_list: @entity4837 :: ('MESH:D007567', 'Disease') :: ['neonatal jaundice']

entities_list: @entity7288 :: ('MESH:D004716', 'Disease') :: ['endometritis']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['chest infection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection-related complication']

entities_list: @entity8933 :: ('MESH:D015296', 'Chemical') :: ['ceftizoxime']

answer: @entity8933 :: (MESH:D015296,Chemical) :: ['ceftizoxime']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Experiments in animals and two epidemiologic studies in @entity1 suggest that @entity117 and other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be protective against @entity694 . We tested this hypothesis in a prospective mortality study of 662,424 adults who provided information in 1982 on the frequency and duration of their @entity117 use. @entity204 rates from @entity694 were measured through 1988. The possible influence of other risk factors for @entity694 was examined in multivariate analyses for 598 case @entity1 and 3058 matched control subjects drawn from the cohort. RESULTS: @entity204 rates from @entity694 decreased with more frequent @entity117 use in both @entity1 and @entity1 . The relative risk among @entity1 who used @entity117 16 or more times per month for at least one year was 0.60 in @entity1 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.89) and 0.58 in @entity1 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.37 to 0.90). The risk estimates were unaffected when we excluded @entity1 who reported at entry into the study that they had @entity5 , @entity299 , @entity64 , or another condition that might influence both their @entity117 use and their mortality. Adjustment for dietary factors, @entity28 , physical activity, and family history did not alter the findings significantly. No association was found between the use of @entity1443 and the risk of @entity694 . CONCLUSIONS: Regular @entity117 use at low doses may reduce the risk of fatal @entity694 . Whether this is due to a direct effect of @entity117 , perhaps mediated by the inhibition of @entity3009 synthesis, or to other factors indirectly associated with @entity117 use is unclear.

title: @entity117 use and reduced risk of fatal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'humans', 'patients', 'persons', 'men']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon cancer']


abstract: One hundred and 26 faecal samples from healthy @entity235 (2009) and 157 faecal samples from healthy @entity1 (2007) from La Rioja region (Spain) were tested to know the carriage of @entity2176 -resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE with intrinsic resistance (vanC) were found in 12% of healthy @entity235 and @entity1 (29 @entity797 gallinarum and four @entity797 casseliflavus). Nevertheless, VRE with acquired mechanism of resistance were not detected among these samples. Four @entity797 isolates with @entity2176 MIC of 8-16 mg L(-1) were recovered in @entity1 samples, but no single organism with known mechanism of acquired resistance could be identified. These 37 VRE isolates (33 E. gallinarum/E. casseliflavus and four @entity797 ) of @entity235 and @entity1 origin were further characterized (PCR detection of antibiotic resistance, virulence and bacteriocin genes). High prevalence of @entity803 resistance was identified (70%), especially among @entity235 isolates harbouring tet(M)    tet(L) genes; @entity2929 resistance was also higher among isolates from @entity235 and they harboured the erm(B) gene, associated with erm(A) gene in one case. Virulence genes were only identified among @entity797 isolates of @entity1 origin (agg, cpd and/or gelE) and never among E. gallinarum/E. casseliflavus of @entity1 or @entity235 origin. Five E. gallinarum isolates of @entity235 and three @entity797 of @entity1 origin expressed bacteriocin activity; among them, only one @entity797 presented activity against @entity5125 . The bacteriocin structural gene ef1097 was identified in 3 @entity5618 -producing @entity797 isolates, associated with ent1071 in one of them.

title: Study of XXXX resistance in faecal enterococci from healthy @entity1 and @entity235 in Spain a decade after the avoparcin ban in Europe.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity5125 :: ('1639', 'Species') :: ['Listeria monocytogenes']

entities_list: @entity5618 :: ('CHEBI:48081', 'Chemical') :: ['bacteriocin']

entities_list: @entity797 :: ('1351', 'Species') :: ['Enterococcus faecalis', 'E. faecalis', 'Enterococcus']

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline']

answer: @entity2176 :: (MESH:D014640,Chemical) :: ['vancomycin']


abstract: It is generally accepted that there are dichotomous biologic pathways that lead to the development of either: i) superficial @entity1358 ( @entity1606 ) or ii) precursor lesions to muscle-invasive (CIS, T1) @entity1606 and muscle-invasive (> or =T2) @entity1606 . We investigated the expression of several progression-related genes to characterize the phenotype of these @entity5 within these divergent developmental pathways. Using a colorimetric in situ hybridization technique, we examined the expression of mRNAs of several progression-related genes in archival, pathologic specimens from 77 @entity1 with @entity150 . These genes included @entity540 ( @entity540 ), @entity7 ( @entity7 ), @entity687 , @entity1495 , and @entity470 ( @entity470 ). Relative gene expression was quantified using image analysis. Gene expression was normalized using poly (dT) and the expression of each factor in a panel of specimens of normal urothelium. @entity1 were stratified according to disease stage, and the level of gene expression among the stratified groups was compared. @entity7 , @entity540 , @entity687 , and @entity1495 expression was increased in muscle-invasive compared with superficial @entity5 , (p<0.05) and @entity7 expression was increased in muscle-invasive @entity5 compared with CIS specimens (p<0. 05). @entity540 , @entity687 , and @entity470 expression was increased in CIS specimens compared with superficial @entity5 (p<0.05). The pattern of expression of @entity540 , @entity7 , @entity687 , @entity1495 , and @entity470 represent the divergent developmental pathways in the pathogenesis of @entity150 , which characterizes superficial or invasive @entity150 . @entity540 , @entity687 , and @entity470 appear to be upregulated in early precursor lesions (CIS), whereas @entity7 appears to be upregulated at later stages in the development of muscle-invasive @entity1606 .

title: Differential expression of progression-related genes in the evolution of superficial to invasive XXXX of the bladder.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['papillary tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity470 :: ('1956', 'Gene') :: ['EGFR', 'epidermal growth factor receptor']

entities_list: @entity540 :: ('2247', 'Gene') :: ['bFGF', 'basic fibroblast growth factor']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['papillary (Ta) transitional cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder TCC', 'bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity1495 :: ('4318', 'Gene') :: ['MMP-9', 'matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9']

answer: @entity1606 :: (MESH:D002295,Disease) :: ['transitional cell carcinoma']


abstract: In order to understand the fine structure and distribution of the interstitial glandular cells (IGCs) and associated elements in the @entity1 fetal ovary, we studied @entity1 fetal ovaries at 16 weeks post fertilization (p. f.) by transmission electron microscopy. Semithin sections revealed voluminous typical IGCs usually grouped in clusters, located in the interstitium among the ovigerous cords. Isolated primordial follicles were seen in the cords located close to the interstitium in which IGCs were present. Besides the main ultrastructural characteristics of @entity134 secreting cells, the IGCs showed lipofuscin granules and stacks of annulate lamellae in their cytoplasm. Fibrocytes, macrophages and mast cells were detected close to the IGCs. In particular, the fibrocytes were located around the IGCs, with which they occasionally formed focal cell contacts. Fibrocytes issued numerous long projections, which, together with collagen fibers, surrounded the clusters of IGCs and small vessels (mainly capillaries), often extending into the intercellular spaces among IGCs. These data indicated that, already at the initiation of folliculogenesis, the IGCs are present numerously in a close association with the ovigerous cords. The morphological aspects of IGCs were comparable to that of fetal testis interstitial (Leydig) cells and hilar cells in adult ovary, and suggest that fetal IGCs may be source of adult ovary hilar cells. In addition, we have here demonstrated for the first time that IGCs are associated with stromal cells whose distribution seems to support IGCs microtopography. Fetal ovarian fibrocytes revealed a structural arrangement similar to that of the "compartmentalizing cells" previously described in the adult testis. Macrophages and mast cells presumably have a role as local modulators of @entity134 synthesis. Mast cells may also affect fibrocyte organization and vascular permeability. We thus suggest that IGCs and associated cells may form a glandular unit in the @entity1 fetal ovary similar to that in the adult testis, and this structure is likely involved in early @entity134 secretion during gonadal differentiation.

title: Ultrastructure and distribution of interstitial glandular cells and associated elements in XXXX fetal ovaries.

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies report mixed findings regarding antidepressant agents and suicide risks, and few examine suicide deaths. Studies using observational data can accrue the large sample sizes needed to examine @entity204 , but selection biases must be addressed. We assessed associations between @entity204 and treatment with the 7 most commonly used antidepressants in a national sample of Department of Veterans Affairs @entity1 in @entity308 treatment. Multiple analytic strategies were used to address potential selection biases. METHODS: We identified Department of Veterans Affairs @entity1 with @entity308 diagnoses and new antidepressant starts between April 1, 1999, and September 30, 2004 (N = 502,179). Conventional @entity797 regression models, @entity797 models with inverse probability of treatment weighting, propensity-stratified @entity797 models, marginal structural models (MSM), and instrumental variable analyses were used to examine relationships between suicide and exposure to @entity752 , @entity837 , @entity905 , @entity13332 , @entity903 , @entity3756 , and @entity906 . RESULTS: Crude suicide rates varied from 88 to 247 per 100,000 @entity1 -years across antidepressant agents. In multiple @entity797 models and MSMs, @entity3756 and @entity905 had lower risks for @entity204 than @entity903 . Bupropion had lower risks than several antidepressants in @entity797 models but not MSMs. Instrumental variable analyses did not find significant differences across antidepressants. DISCUSSION: Most antidepressants did not differ in their risk for @entity204 . However, across several analytic approaches, although not instrumental variable analyses, @entity905 and @entity3756 had lower risks of @entity204 than @entity903 . These findings are congruent with the Food and Drug Administration meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials reporting lower risks for "suicidality" for @entity3756 and a trend toward lower risks with @entity905 than for other antidepressants. Nevertheless, divergence in findings by analytic approach suggests caution when interpreting results.

title: Antidepressant agents and @entity204 among US Department of Veterans Affairs @entity1 in XXXX treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

entities_list: @entity13332 :: ('MESH:C035133', 'Chemical') :: ['mirtazapine']

entities_list: @entity903 :: ('MESH:D017374', 'Chemical') :: ['paroxetine']

entities_list: @entity3756 :: ('MESH:D020280', 'Chemical') :: ['sertraline']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['citalopram']

entities_list: @entity906 :: ('MESH:C047426', 'Chemical') :: ['venlafaxine']

entities_list: @entity752 :: ('MESH:D016642', 'Chemical') :: ['bupropion']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['suicide death']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: @entity6 and @entity85 are secondary to long-standing diabetes and neglected foot care. The concept of surgical correction for these deformities is quite recent. The primary objective of reconstructive foot and ankle surgery is the reduction of @entity101 , @entity158 and the restoration of function, stability and proper appearance. Foot and @entity85 can result in significant disability, loss of life style, employment and even the loss of the lower limb. Therefore, restoration of normal, problem free foot function and activities will have a significant impact on @entity1 ' lives. Reconstructive surgical procedures are complex and during reconstruction, internal and external fixation devices, including pins, compression screws, staples, and wires, may be used for repair and stabilization. The surgeries performed depend on the type and severity of the condition. Surgery can involve any part of the foot and ankle, and may involve @entity2721 . Corrective surgeries can at times be performed on an outpatient basis with minimally invasive techniques. Recovery time depends on the type of condition being treated.

title: Reconstructive foot and ankle surgeries in @entity6 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased plantar pressures']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic foot']

entities_list: @entity2721 :: ('MESH:D018213', 'Disease') :: ['tendon, bone, joint, tissue or skin repair']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of pain']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['ankle deformities']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity935 (DA)-containing neurons involved in the regulation of sleep and waking (W) arise in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The VTA and SNc cells have efferent and afferent connections with the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei ( @entity18753 /LDT), the locus coeruleus (LC), the lateral and posterior hypothalamus (LH), the basal forebrain (BFB), and the thalamus. Molecular cloning techniques have enabled the characterization of two distinct groups of DA receptors, D(1)-like and D(2)-like receptors. The D(1) subfamily includes the D(1) and D(5) receptors, whereas the D(2) subfamily comprises the D(2), D(3), and D(4) receptors. Systemic administration of a selective D(1) receptor agonist induces behavioral arousal, together with an increase of W and a reduction of @entity25 ( @entity25 ) and @entity1949 ( @entity1949 ). Systemic injection of a DA D(2) receptor agonist induces biphasic effects, such that low doses reduce W and increase @entity25 and @entity1949 (predominant activation of the D(2) autoreceptor), whereas large doses induce the opposite effect (predominant facilitation of the D(2) postsynaptic receptor). Compounds with DA D(1) or D(2) receptor blocking properties augment non- @entity1949 and reduce W. Preliminary findings tend to indicate that the administration of a DA D(3)-preferring agonist induces somnolence and sleep in laboratory animals and @entity1 . DA neurons in the VTA and the SNc do not change their mean firing rate across the sleep-wake cycle. It has been proposed that DA cells in the midbrain show a change in temporal pattern rather than firing rate during the sleep-wake cycle. The available evidence tends to indicate that during W there occurs an increase of burst firing activity of DA neurons, and an enhanced release of DA in the VTA, the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and a number of forebrain structures. A series of structures relevant for the regulation of the behavioral state, including the DRN, LDT/ @entity18753 , LC, and LH, could be partly responsible for the changes in the temporal pattern of activity of DA neurons.

title: The involvement of XXXX in the modulation of sleep and waking.

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['REM sleep', 'REMS']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['slow wave sleep', 'SWS']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['Dopamine']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Published results addressing the treatment of @entity14 ( @entity14 ) with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) vary widely with local recurrence rates of 2-40% and 5-year survival of 14-55%. The goal of this study was to analyze our 10-year experience with laparoscopic RFA. METHODS: From January 2000 to July 2010, 130 @entity1 underwent laparoscopic RFA for @entity14 . Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess survival. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify factors associated with survival and recurrence. RESULTS: In this cohort, median survival was 40.4 months with 5-year survival of 28.8%. Overall, 9.2% of @entity1 had a local recurrence (3.6% for @entity5 3 cm or less). On univariate analysis, factors associated with decreased survival were BMI (P   =   0.045), rectal primary (P   =   0.005), and increased @entity5 size (P   =   0.002). On multivariate analysis, increased @entity5 size (HR 1.29 [95% CI: 1.04-1.59]; P   =   0.020) and bilobar disease (HR 2.06 [95% CI: 1.02-4.15]; P   =   0.044) were associated with decreased survival. On univariate analysis, only BMI was found to be associated with disease recurrence (P   =   0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that laparoscopic RFA can achieve a median survival of 40.4 months with a low local recurrence rate. @entity1 with @entity5 3 cm or less have a decreased risk of local recurrence.

title: Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation for the management of XXXX : 10-year experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRLM', 'colorectal liver metastases']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal liver metastases']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The pathogenesis of @entity354 ( @entity354 ) is multifactorial, including the mechanical anti-reflux barrier of the gastroesophageal junction. This barrier can be evaluated endoscopically in two ways: by measuring the axial length of any @entity357 present or by assessing the gastroesophageal flap valve. The endoscopic measurement of axial length is troublesome because of the physiological dynamics in the area. Grading the gastroesophageal flap valve is easier and has proven reproducible. The aim of the present study was to compare the two endoscopic grading methods with regard to associations with @entity354 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Population-based subjects underwent endoscopic examination assessing the axial length of @entity357 , the gastroesophageal flap valve using the Hill classification, @entity2910 using the Los Angeles (LA) classification, and columnar metaplasia using the Z-line appearance (ZAP) classification. Biopsies were taken from the squamocolumnar junction to assess the presence of intestinal metaplasia. Symptoms were recorded with the validated Abdominal Symptom Questionnaire. @entity354 was defined according to the Montreal definition. RESULTS: In total, 334 subjects were included in the study and underwent endoscopy; 86 subjects suffered from @entity354 and 211 presented no symptoms or signs of @entity354 . Based on logistic regression, the estimated area under the curve statistic (AUC) for Hill (0.65 [95%CI 0.59-0.72]) was higher than the corresponding estimate for the axial length of a @entity357 (0.61 [95%CI 0.54-0.68]), although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.225). CONCLUSION: From our data, and in terms of association with @entity354 , the Hill classification was slightly stronger compared to the axial length of a @entity357 , but we could not verify that the Hill classification was superior as a predictor. The Hill classification may replace the axial length of a @entity357 in the endoscopic assessment of the mechanical anti-reflux barrier of the gastroesophageal junction.

title: Hill classification is superior to the axial length of a XXXX for assessment of the mechanical anti-reflux barrier at the gastroesophageal junction.

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['hiatus hernia', 'hiatal hernia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'GERD']

answer: @entity357 :: (MESH:D006551,Disease) :: ['hiatal hernia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the surgical feasibility and early oncological outcomes of laparoscopic distal ureterectomy in @entity1 with low-grade @entity3484 ( @entity3484 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed @entity1 treated laparoscopically with conservative management for a @entity3484 between 2001 and 2005. We collected data on gender, age, mode of diagnosis, smoking, history of @entity150 , complications, @entity5 site, size, stage, grade, hospital stay, recurrence and progression. RESULTS: Data were analysed for six @entity1 with a mean (range) age of 68.5 (54-76) years. Four @entity1 had a diagnostic ureteroscopy with biopsy. The operative duration was 173.3 (120-240) min, the estimated @entity190 was 75 (50-200) mL and the length of ureteric resection was 5.23 cm. Two @entity1 required a psoas hitch. JJ stents were maintained for 25.8 (15-30) days. The hospital stay was 6 (5-8) days. There were minor complications in three @entity1 after surgery. The follow-up was 32 (17-46) months. The @entity5 size was 1.7 (0.8-2.6) cm. There were low-grade @entity5 in four @entity1 and pTa in five. All @entity1 are alive and free of disease; there were no anastomotic strictures. Two @entity1 developed a recurrence, one in the @entity8 and one in the bladder. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic distal ureterectomy with direct re-implantation is technically feasible for low-risk @entity3484 (i.e. low-grade, noninvasive), in the properly selected @entity1 . Early oncological outcomes are promising but strict surveillance protocols must be followed.

title: Laparoscopic distal ureterectomy and anastomosis for management of low-risk XXXX : preliminary results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3484 :: ('MESH:D014571', 'Disease') :: ['upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma', 'UUT-TCC']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral renal pelvis']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer']

answer: @entity3484 :: (MESH:D014571,Disease) :: ['upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In vivo detection of @entity75 in @entity1 with @entity15 ( @entity15 ) by MR imaging is hampered by several factors. Among them is the low contrast between small @entity75 and surrounding cortical gray matter offered by present techniques. METHODS: T1-weighted 3D spoiled gradient-recalled-echo (SPGR) volumes and 2D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences of 22 @entity1 with @entity15 who had 12 monthly brain MR imaging examinations at 1.5T, using a quadrature head coil, were retrospectively analyzed. These serial studies were coregistered and averaged to generate a single high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) mean image, which was used to identify @entity75 . The means of 12 FLAIRs and SPGRs from 14 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were analyzed as well. RESULTS: No @entity75 were found on images of healthy subjects. Eighty-six @entity75 were identified in 13 (59.1%) @entity1 , predominantly in the frontal lobe (73.3%); 23.3% of @entity75 lay entirely in the cortex, whereas the remaining lesions invaded the white matter underneath. CONCLUSION: Averaging multiple SPGRs created a single high SNR volume, allowing identification of @entity75 . Because data were obtained monthly for 1 year, the average image does not account for transient lesion activity. However, for @entity75 that remained stable during this time, the findings are valid in demonstrating the importance of high SNR images for detecting cortical @entity75 in @entity15 .

title: In vivo detection of cortical plaques by MR imaging in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain abnormalities', 'cortical lesions']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: Changes in arterial blood pressure induced by mechanical ventilation allow assessment of cardiac preload. In this study, @entity64 volume variation ( @entity6355 ), which is the percentage change between the maximal and minimal @entity64 volumes (SV) divided by the average of the minimum and maximum over a floating period of 30 s, continuously displayed by the PiCCO continuous cardiac output monitor, was evaluated as a predictor of fluid responsiveness. Fifteen @entity1 undergoing brain surgery were included. During surgery, graded volume loading was performed with each volume loading step (VLS) consisting of 100 mL of 6% hydroxyethylstarch given for 2 min. Successive responsive VLSs were performed (increase in SV > 5% after a VLS) until a change in SV of < 5 % was reached (nonresponsive). A total of 140 VLSs were performed. Responsive and nonresponsive VLSs differed in their pre-VLS values of systolic blood pressure, SV, and @entity6355 , but not in the values of heart rate and central venous pressure. By using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve for @entity6355 (0.870, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.809 to 0.903) was statistically more than those for central venous pressure (0.493, 95% CI: 0.397 to 0.590, P = 7 x 10(-10)), heart rate (0.593, 95% CI: 0.443 to 0.635, P = 5.7 x 10(-10)), and systolic blood pressure (0.729, 95% CI: 0.645 to 0.813, P: = 4.3 x 10(-3)). An @entity6355 value of 9.5% or more, will predict an increase in the SV of at least 5% in response to a 100-mL volume load, with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 93%. IMPLICATIONS: @entity64 volume variation may be used as a continuous preload variable and in combination with the continuously measured cardiac output, defining on-line the most important characteristics of cardiac function, allowing for optimal fluid management.

title: @entity64 volume variation as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in XXXX undergoing brain surgery.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity11332 (HBoV) is a prevalent virus worldwide and is mainly associated with @entity1576 . Recently, it was detected in several disease conditions, including @entity5 . @entity14 ( @entity14 ) is the third main cause of @entity5 worldwide. Risk factors that initiate cell transformation include nutritional, hereditary and infectious causes. The aim of the current study was to screen for the presence of @entity5 of @entity14 and to determine the genotypes of the detected strains. Surgically excised and paraffin-embedded @entity14 tissue specimens from 101 male and female @entity1 with and without @entity3 were collected over the last four years. Pathological analysis and @entity5 stages were determined. The presence of HBoV was screened by polymerase chain reaction, and the genotype of the detected HBoV was determined by direct gene sequencing. Most of the examined specimens were @entity420 with mucinous activity in many of them. Twenty-four out of 101 (23.8  %) @entity14 tissue specimens were found to contain HBoV-1. Low sequence diversity was recorded in the detected strains. The virus was detected in both male and female @entity1 with an age range of 30-75 years. It is proposed that HBoV-1 could play a potential role in the induction of @entity14 .

title: Screening of XXXX in surgically excised @entity5 specimens.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'HBoV in solid tumors', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity11332 :: ('329641', 'Species') :: ['Human bocavirus']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory disorders']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity11332 :: (329641,Species) :: ['human bocavirus']


abstract: The @entity5746 (SPT) uses recombinant phage proteins to detect Salmonella species in @entity1 and animal food products and production environmental samples after 18-26 h of enrichment. The VIDAS SPT assay is performed with the automated VIDAS or mini-VIDAS instruments. The VIDAS SPT method was compared in a multilaboratory collaborative study to the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service-Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (USDA/FSIS-MLG) 4.05 (2011) Isolation and @entity5746 from Meat, Poultry, Pasteurized Egg and Catfish Products reference method following the current AOAC guidelines. A total of 15 laboratories representing government, academia, and industry throughout the United States participated. One matrix, raw ground beef, was analyzed using two different test portion sizes, 25 and 375 g. Each test portion was artificially contaminated with Salmonella at three inoculation levels, an uninoculated control level (0 CFU/test portion), a low inoculum level (0.2-2 CFUltest portion), and a high inoculum level (2-5 CFU/test portion). In this study, 1656 unpaired replicate samples were analyzed. Of those unpaired replicates, 476 were presumptive positive by the VIDAS method, with 475 confirmed positive by the traditional confirmation procedures and 476 confirmed positive by an alternative confirmation procedure. There were 411 confirmed positive replicates by the USDA/FSIS-MLG reference method. Statistical analysis was conducted according to the probability of detection (POD). For the low-level 375 g test portions, the following dLPOD values, with 95% confidence intervals, were obtained: 0.01 (-0.12, +0.15) for samples confirmed following the traditional confirmation; 0.02 (-0.18, +0.2) for samples confirmed following traditional confirmation on IBISA and @entity24232 ; and 0.03 (-0.18, +0.24) for samples confirmed following the alternative confirmation on IBISA and @entity24232 . For the low-level 25 g test portions, the following dLPOD values, with 95% confidence intervals, were obtained: 0.41, (0.32, +0.49) for samples confirmed following the traditional confirmation, the traditional confirmation on IBISA and @entity24232 , and the alternative confirmation on IBISA and @entity24232 . With 0.0 within the confidence intervals for the 375 g test portions, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of positive samples detected by the VIDAS SPT method and the USDA/FSIS-MLG method at the 0.05 level. For the 25 g test portions, a statistically significant difference was observed between the VIDAS SPT method and the reference method for the low inoculum level, where the VIDAS SPT method recovered a higher number of positive results than the reference method. It is recommended that the VIDAS SPT method with the optional @entity24232 and IBISA agar confirmation method be adopted for Official First Action status for the @entity5746 in a variety of foods and environmental samples.

title: Evaluation of XXXX (SPT) assay for the @entity5746 in a variety of foods and environmental samples: collaborative study.

entities_list: @entity5746 :: ('MESH:D012480', 'Disease') :: ['VIDAS UP Salmonella', 'detection of Salmonella', 'Identification of Salmonella']

answer: @entity5746 :: (MESH:D012480,Disease) :: ['VIDAS UP Salmonella']


abstract: The management of @entity1893 is complicated by wide heterogeneity within recognized subtypes. @entity1 with supposedly similar diagnoses can have remarkably varied clinical presentations, molecular profiles and clinical outcomes. Reliable prognostic markers could allow the identification of @entity1 subsets that may benefit from alternate approaches. Historically, a large number of clinical and molecular prognostic factors have been elucidated. However, the recent introduction of new therapies such as monoclonal antibodies has revolutionized treatment practices and greatly improved outcomes. This has called into question the value of previously recognized prognostic factors that need to be revalidated in the era of immunochemotherapy. It would appear that the commonly used clinical indices (IPI and FLIPI) retain predictive capacity, although they may have limited ability to identify a very poor outcome group. Currently there are no molecular markers that have been revalidated and shown to retain significance in the setting of current treatment practices for diffuse large @entity1892 or @entity706 . The biologic insights provided by molecular studies should allow for more targeted therapies to be developed, which will increase treatment choice and the possibility of tailored therapy in the future. It is imperative that future steps forward be made in the context of well-designed clinical trials with prospective correlative studies of clinical and biologic markers. This will allow us to continuously assess outcome predictors in the context of treatment change and to rationally design tailored treatment algorithms.

title: Optimal use of prognostic factors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['follicular lymphoma']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Dynamic balance and quiet standing balance are decreased in @entity626 ( @entity571 ), with dynamic balance being more affected. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a group exercise programme of lower extremity muscles integrated with education on dynamic balance using the Star Excursion Balance test (SEBT) in knee @entity571 . METHODS: Experimental before-and-after pilot study design. Nineteen @entity1 with knee @entity571 attended the exercise sessions once a week for six weeks, in addition to home exercises. Before and after the exercise programme, dynamic balance was assessed using the SEBT in the anterior and medial directions in addition to hip and knee muscle strength, @entity158 , and function. RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 completed the study. Dynamic balance on the affected side demonstrated significant improvements in the anterior and medial directions (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively). The contralateral side demonstrated significant improvements in dynamic balance in the anterior direction (p<0.001). However, balance in the medial direction did not change significantly (p=0.07). Hip and knee muscle strength, @entity158 , and function significantly improved (p<0.05) after the exercise programme. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to explore the effect of an exercise programme on dynamic balance using the SEBT in knee @entity571 . The exercise programme was effective in improving dynamic balance which is required in different activities of daily living where the @entity1 might experience the risk of falling. This might be attributed to the improvement in muscle strength and @entity158 after the exercise programme.

title: The effectiveness of an exercise programme on dynamic balance in @entity1 with XXXX : A pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity626 :: ('MESH:D020370', 'Disease') :: ['knee osteoarthritis']

answer: @entity626 :: (MESH:D020370,Disease) :: ['medial knee osteoarthritis']


abstract: @entity5837 ( @entity5837 ) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in @entity1 with @entity3458 ( @entity3458 ). An association between @entity565 and @entity5837 has been reported. Our aims were to determine whether @entity565 was more common in @entity3458 @entity1 than controls and the relationship of the timing of the @entity3458 @entity1 's first @entity5837 episode to a diagnosis of @entity565 . One hundred and sixty-five @entity3458 @entity1 median age 8.2 (range 0.3-17.3) years and 151 similar ethnic origin and aged controls were prospectively recruited into the study and a detailed history was taken from all of the @entity1 to determine if they were taking anti- @entity565 medication. The medical records of the @entity3458 @entity1 were examined to assess whether they had an @entity5837 episode, the age this episode occurred and when any diagnosis of @entity565 had been made. A similar proportion of the @entity3458 @entity1 and controls were taking anti- @entity565 medication (7% and 9%). Thirty-three @entity3458 @entity1 had at least one @entity5837 episode. More of the @entity1 who had an @entity5837 compared to those who had not were taking anti- @entity565 medication (P = 0.02). The @entity5837 @entity1 had been diagnosed as @entity748 at a median of 3.5 (range 0.5-7) years prior to their first @entity5837 episode. In conclusion, these results suggest @entity565 exacerbations may predispose to @entity5837 episodes.

title: Temporal relationship of @entity565 to XXXX in @entity3458 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity748 :: ('MESH:D013224', 'Disease') :: ['asthmatic']

entities_list: @entity3458 :: ('MESH:D000755', 'Disease') :: ['SCD', 'sickle cell disease']

entities_list: @entity5837 :: ('MESH:D056586', 'Disease') :: ['Acute chest syndrome', 'ACS']

answer: @entity5837 :: (MESH:D056586,Disease) :: ['acute chest syndrome']


abstract: In many @entity149 , proliferation becomes dysregulated; cells divide and participate in pathological processes. @entity5219 is a fundamental CNS response to @entity66 in which cell hypertrophy and proliferation play prominent roles. The DBA/2J @entity19 is a @entity726 model in which @entity19 experience @entity5219 concomitant with raised intraocular pressure that leads to a slow and progressive @entity989 . We sought to determine if glaucomatous changes in DBA/2 retina would alter the regulation of cell proliferation, specifically in relation to @entity2479 . Astrocyte and M  ller glia populations within DBA/2 retina upregulated glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA and protein compared with C57Bl/6; microglial cell number increased twofold from 4 to 10 months. Various @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) injection paradigms were used to label dividing cells in DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 retina at 4 and 10 months of age. Very modest cell division in the retina, primarily in ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers, was observed at all ages. Immunohistochemistry indicated cell turnover primarily of NG2+ pericytes and @entity9271 + microglia; astrocytes and M  ller glia did not proliferate. There were no significant differences in @entity1603 + cell numbers in 4 and 10-month-old retina, though 4-month retina had generally fewer @entity1603 + cells than 10-month. C57Bl/6 retinas had fewer @entity1603 + cells than @entity7840 /2 retinas at all ages. These data show that, in contrast to @entity5219 in other CNS @entity130 and @entity179 , glaucomatous changes in retina do not include substantive cell proliferation. Retinal changes in a chronic model of @entity726 engender a reactive, not proliferative, @entity5219 response.

title: Reactive nonproliferative @entity5219 predominates in a chronic XXXX model of @entity726 .

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', 'bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['trauma or disease']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal glia']

entities_list: @entity5219 :: ('MESH:D005911', 'Disease') :: ['gliosis', 'Gliosis']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['CNS diseases']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion cell axonopathy']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether neuronal and inducible @entity842 synthase ( @entity5612 and @entity1506 ) isoforms are expressed within cortical neurons during early reperfusion after focal @entity2806 . METHODS: Male spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 underwent occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery for 2 h. Coronal brain sections with normal and @entity63 cortex were obtained after 15 min or 1, 6 or 24 h of reperfusion. Immunohistochemical and double-label immunofluorescent techniques were used to confirm cellular identity and localize @entity5612 and @entity1506 . RESULTS: Immunoreactive @entity5612 was identified within isolated neurons in layer V of normal cortex. However, the number of @entity5612 -immunoreactive neurons in @entity63 cortex rose markedly at 15 min and persisted for 24 h (P< or =0.001 at each time point when compared to normal cortex). Cells that were immunoreactive for @entity5612 appeared in perivascular clusters within @entity63 brain at all sampling times. Immunoreactive @entity1506 was also expressed within neurons in @entity63 cortex, peaking after 15 min of reperfusion (P< or =0.01). Although @entity5612 -immunoreactive neurons were observed in random numbers within normal tissue throughout reperfusion, @entity1506 -immunoreactive neurons increased steadily in the same region (P< or =0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic neurons become immunoreactive for both @entity5612 and @entity1506 during early reperfusion. Expression of @entity1506 immunoreactivity in unaffected neurons may reflect transcription of immediate early genes in response to stimulatory neurotransmission from @entity63 cortex.

title: Rapid expression of neuronal and inducible @entity842 synthases during post- XXXX reperfusion in @entity35 brain.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Dry, itchy and inflamed scalp conditions are common and often associated with diseases such as @entity483 or @entity1569 . To improve these symptoms, we investigated the efficacy of a new tonic containing the active ingredients @entity1133 , @entity880 , @entity5324 , and Glycyrrhiza inflata root extract, containing @entity41886 . STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: 30 subjects with dry and itchy scalp conditions underwent a randomized half-head study for 4 weeks, applying the leave-on tonic three times a week on one side of the scalp. Tonic effects on skin hydration, @entity111 , lipids, microinflammation, and substantivity of tonic compounds were determined using corneometry, middle-infrared spectroscopy, direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Volunteers performed a self-assessment; changes in scalp condition were documented by in vivo microscopy. RESULTS: After tonic treatment, scalp moisture was significantly increased, whereas scalp @entity111 and tautness were significantly reduced. Results also demonstrated a high substantivity of @entity1133 and @entity880 on the scalp, an increase in @entity412 , and a decrease in free @entity844 levels. The amount of total lipids was unchanged. Analyses of scalp wash-ups verified a significant reduction in important pro-inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: Due to the actives @entity1133 , @entity880 , @entity5324 , and the anti-inflammatory @entity41886 , the new scalp tonic exhibited excellent performance in alleviating scalp dryness, @entity111 , microinflammation, and in normalizing disturbances of scalp lipids.

title: Efficacy of a new tonic containing @entity1133 , @entity880 , XXXX , and glycyrrhiza inflata root extract in the treatment of a dry, itchy, and subclinically inflamed scalp.

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity41886 :: ('MESH:C070840', 'Chemical') :: ['licochalcone A']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity5324 :: ('MESH:C008976', 'Chemical') :: ['polidocanol']

answer: @entity5324 :: (MESH:C008976,Chemical) :: ['polidocanol']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Although major @entity73 at lower pH values has been reported for @entity2887 , acidification is a widely recommended practice for the prophylaxis and treatment of uncomplicated @entity293 ( @entity293 ). Until now, there is little evidence for the influence of pH on the activity on other antimicrobial classes in urine. METHODS: Bacterial growth curves of @entity794 (ATCC 29213), @entity7101 (ATCC 700324), @entity5609 (ATCC 14153), @entity526 (ATCC 25922) and @entity797 (ATCC 29212) were performed in Mueller-Hinton broth and in pooled @entity1 urine with a pH of between 5.0 and 8.0. Bacterial killing of @entity206 , @entity8912 , @entity4509 , @entity3273 and ertapenem against the five strains (where appropriate) was determined consecutively at concentrations equal to the MIC. RESULTS: While no difference in the bacterial growth of @entity526 , S. aureus, @entity9700 and @entity7101 was observed at different pH values, bacterial growth of @entity797 was significantly reduced at low pH. Acidification to pH 5 impaired the antimicrobial activity of all investigated antibiotics, i.e. the net effect of bacterial growth and killing resulted in increased colony-forming units/ml at the end of the experiment. CONCLUSION: The present in vitro findings indicate that acidification of urine during the treatment of @entity293 should be carefully considered. While growth curves of one strain supports the concept of therapeutic or prophylactic acidification during @entity293 , the most common pathogen, @entity526 , was not affected by low pH. Independent of the investigated strain or antibiotic, pH values below 6 lead to a reduction of antimicrobial activity.

title: Impact of pH on activity of @entity206 , @entity8912 , @entity4509 , @entity3273 and ertapenem in XXXX urine.

entities_list: @entity3273 :: ('MESH:D003091', 'Chemical') :: ['colistin']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of activity']

entities_list: @entity5609 :: ('584', 'Species') :: ['Proteus mirabilis']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity8912 :: ('MESH:D005578', 'Chemical') :: ['fosfomycin']

entities_list: @entity4509 :: ('MESH:D000583', 'Chemical') :: ['amikacin']

entities_list: @entity797 :: ('1351', 'Species') :: ['Enterococcus faecalis', 'E. faecalis']

entities_list: @entity2887 :: ('MESH:D024841', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoroquinolones']

entities_list: @entity7101 :: ('571', 'Species') :: ['Klebsiella oxytoca', 'K. oxytoca']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections', 'UTIs']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of published guidelines on managing @entity2210 in general practice. Existing guidelines emphasize the role of investigations and drugs rather than management approaches. Focus groups are a means of uncovering the way in which the @entity1 think and work in the pragmatic-setting, and have not previously been formally used in creating guidelines. AIM: To develop guidelines for the management of @entity2210 and to assess the use of focus groups of general practitioners (GPs) in order to do so. METHOD: Initial evidence-based guidelines were proposed by a group of four GPs with an audit facilitator, and used for discussion in three focus groups using a standard format. An anthropological analysis of the proceedings led to modifications of the original guidelines, based on knowledge, perceptions and attitudes. The study was set in three distinct locations involving 30 GPs. The outcome measures consisted of feedback, categorized by types of responses, from the analysis of the focus groups and the creation of guidelines. RESULTS: The resulting guidelines were @entity1 centred and based on the principles of good consultation. They encompassed @entity1 ' fears and doctors' clinical uncertainties, and allowed flexibility in the individual @entity1 's management. The focus group methodology exposed a substantial number of GPs to guideline development, and had the added benefits of dissemination, peer review and educational challenge. CONCLUSION: It was possible to develop guidelines for @entity2210 using focus groups. The methodology had the added benefits of ownership, peer review, exposure of educational gaps and locality factors, and dissemination of good practice. It included steps from evidence review to implementation strategies. The development of this technique could lead to a strategy towards the creation and application of evidence-based and professionally acceptable clinical guidelines and practice on a locality basis nationally.

title: Guidelines for XXXX management in general practice using focus groups.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2210 :: ('MESH:D004415', 'Disease') :: ['dyspepsia']

answer: @entity2210 :: (MESH:D004415,Disease) :: ['dyspepsia']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study whether increased @entity5 risk, particularly of @entity5 types previously related to radiation, was found among cabin attendants, using employment time as a surrogate of exposure to @entity1161 . METHODS: A cohort of 1690 cabin attendants, 158 @entity1 and 1532 @entity1 from the Icelandic Cabin Crew Association and two airline companies in Iceland, was established. @entity5 sites were ascertained between 1955 and 1997 by follow-up in a @entity5 registry. The personal identification number of each subject was used in record linkage to population-based registers containing vital and emigration status, reproductive factors and histologically verified @entity5 diagnosis. Standardized incidence rates (SIR) of different @entity5 sites in relation to employment time and year of hiring were calculated, as well as predictive values of @entity0 risk for evaluating possible confounding due to reproductive factors. RESULTS: The total number of @entity1 -years was 27,148. Among the @entity1 , 64 @entity5 were observed whereas 51.63 were expected (SIR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.6), and significantly increased risk for @entity320 (SIR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2-6.2) was found. Significantly increased risks of @entity5 (SIR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.8) and @entity0 (SIR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.4) were observed among the female cabin attendants when 15 years lag time was applied. Those hired in 1971 or later had the heaviest exposure to @entity1161 at a young age and had significantly increased risk of @entity5 (SIR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-4.9) and @entity0 (SIR 4.1, 95% CI 1.7-8.5). Predictive values calculated on the basis of reproductive factors among the cabin attendants and the population, and risk of @entity0 were 1.0 for parous vs. nulliparous, 1.0 for number of @entity1 , and 1.1 for age at birth of first @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The increased risk of @entity0 and @entity320 among cabin attendants seems to be occupationally related. The part played by occupational exposures, i.e. @entity1161 , disturbance of the circadian rhythm, and electromagnetic fields or combination of these factors in the etiology of @entity0 among the cabin crew, is still a puzzle as confounding due to parity appears to be ruled out. The relationship between the sunbathing habits of the cabin crew and the increased risk of @entity320 needs to be clarified. There is also an urgent need to elucidate the importance of these findings for today's aviation.

title: Risk of XXXX in female flight attendants: a population-based study (Iceland).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'children', 'person', 'child', 'men']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['overall cancer', 'overall cancers', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['cosmic radiation']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['malignant melanoma']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: Primary focal @entity1119 is a benign condition of unknown etiology. Tap water iontophoresis has long been known to inhibit sweat production. The mechanism of reduced @entity1119 by iontophoresis is not completely clear. For operational convenience, our @entity1 received their treatments at different intervals to those recommended by the manufacturer of the iontophoresis unit. We performed a retrospective audit to evaluate the effectiveness of tap water iontophoresis using this regimen. This new treatment regimen was effective at controlling @entity709 . Minimal undesirable effects such as mild skin irritation and erythema were noted but none were severe enough to necessitate discontinuation of treatment. In conclusion, tap water iontophoresis is a safe and effective treatment of @entity1119 when used on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 4 weeks. Continued treatment is needed to maintain the effect and many @entity1 go on to purchase their own machines. This technique should be considered prior to systemic or aggressive surgical intervention.

title: The effectiveness of tap water iontophoresis for XXXX using a Monday, Wednesday, and Friday treatment regime.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1119 :: ('MESH:D006945', 'Disease') :: ['hyperhidrosis', 'palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis']

entities_list: @entity709 :: ('MESH:D007645', 'Disease') :: ['palmoplantar hyperhidrosis']

answer: @entity709 :: (MESH:D007645,Disease) :: ['palmoplantar hyperhidrosis']


abstract: PROBLEM/CONDITION: Data from a population-based, multisite surveillance network were used to determine the prevalence of @entity1 aged 8 years with @entity72 ( @entity72 ) in six areas of the United States and to describe the characteristics of these @entity1 . REPORTING PERIOD: 2000. METHODS: @entity1 aged 8 years were identified as having an @entity72 through screening and abstraction of evaluation records at multiple sources, with clinician review of abstracted records to determine case status. @entity1 whose parent(s) or legal guardian(s) resided in one of the six surveillance areas during 2000 and whose records documented behaviors consistent with the American Psychiatric Association's criteria for diagnosing 1) @entity2438 , 2) @entity245 -not otherwise specified, or 3) @entity13104 were classified as having an @entity72 . RESULTS: For 2000, across six sites, a total of 1,252 @entity1 aged 8 years were identified as having an @entity72 . The overall prevalence of ASDs per 1,000 @entity1 aged 8 years ranged from 4.5 in West Virginia to 9.9 in New Jersey. With the exception of one surveillance site (Georgia), no statistically significant (p<0.05) differences were identified in the rate of ASDs between @entity7864 and non-Hispanic white @entity1 . The ratio of male-to-female prevalence varied (range: 2.8:1.0-5.5:1.0). The majority of @entity1 with ASDs received special education services and had a documented history of concerns regarding their development before age 3 years. The prevalence of @entity1 with a previously documented @entity72 classification varied across sites, but the median age of earliest documented @entity72 diagnosis was similar across sites (age 52-56 months). For three sites with sufficient data on intelligence quotient (IQ), @entity73 (i.e., IQ of </=70) was reported for 40%-62% of @entity1 whose conditions were consistent with the case definition for @entity72 . INTERPRETATION: Findings from this first U.S. multisite collaborative study to monitor @entity72 prevalence demonstrated consistency across the majority of sites, with prevalence statistically significantly (p<0.001) higher in New Jersey. Average @entity72 prevalence across all six sites was 6.7 per 1,000 @entity1 aged 8 years. These results indicate that ASDs are more common than was believed previously. PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS: Collecting data regarding prevalence of ASDs by associated characteristics (e.g., @entity73 , age of first documented concerns, and history of @entity72 diagnosis), race/ethnicity, and sex will provide important baseline standards that can be compared with follow-up surveillance data to track changes in @entity72 prevalence. Knowledge of these characteristics has implications for identification and intervention strategies and for medical and educational service planning for @entity1 with ASDs.

title: Prevalence of XXXX spectrum disorders-- @entity2438 and developmental disabilities monitoring network, six sites, United States, 2000.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity7864 :: ('MESH:D055008', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hispanic black']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity2438 :: ('MESH:D001321', 'Disease') :: ['autistic disorder']

entities_list: @entity13104 :: ('MESH:D020817', 'Disease') :: ['Asperger disorder']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['pervasive developmental disorder']

entities_list: @entity72 :: ('MESH:D002659', 'Disease') :: ['ASD', 'autism spectrum disorder']

answer: @entity2438 :: (MESH:D001321,Disease) :: ['autism']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the use of single implant-supported, magnet-retained mandibular overdentures to improve the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and masticatory performance of @entity1 wearing conventional complete dentures. The study also aimed at comparing the OHRQoL, masticatory performance, and crestal @entity604 with two different types of overdenture prosthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten completely edentulous @entity1 with @entity133 and having difficulty coping with technically adequate mandibular dentures were selected for implant-supported overdentures (ISOD). To assess the success of the implant fixture clinically, a crossover study design was followed, and the @entity1 were divided into two groups. Group A received ISOD with conventional complete dental arch, and group B received ISOD with a shortened dental arch for the first 3 months and vice versa for the next 3 months. The OHRQoL was measured with the OHIP-49 questionnaire, and masticatory performance was assessed with the sieve method using peanuts as test food. Peri-apical radiographs were taken to evaluate the crestal @entity604 . RESULTS: A significant improvement was seen both subjectively and objectively when conventional complete dentures were modified to implant-supported prosthesis. When comparing the implant overdenture prosthesis, @entity1 were more satisfied with conventional arch than with the shortened dental arch. In the first 3 months following implant placement, less @entity604 was seen with the shortened dental arch overdenture (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Single implant-supported, magnet-retained mandibular overdentures significantly improve the OHRQoL of completely edentulous @entity1 .

title: OHRQoL, masticatory performance and crestal XXXX with single-implant, magnet-retained mandibular overdentures with conventional and shortened dental arch.

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic mandibular residual alveolar ridges']

answer: @entity604 :: (MESH:D016301,Disease) :: ['bone loss']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) pose a major threat, especially to extremely preterm @entity1 . This study describes a 35-day outbreak of multidrug-resistant @entity526 (E. coli) in a tertiary-level NICU in Germany. AIM: To underline the importance of surveillance policies in the particularly vulnerable cohort of preterm @entity1 and to describe the efficacy of outbreak control strategies. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively from medical reports. @entity1 and environment were tested for @entity526 . FINDINGS: The outbreak affected a total of 13 @entity1 between 25(+1) and 35(+0) weeks of gestation with seven @entity1 showing signs of @entity281 . The outbreak strain was identified as @entity526 sequence type 131. Environmental screening provided no evidence for an environmental source. Through colonization surveillance and immediate and adequate treatment of potentially infected preterm @entity1 , no fatalities occurred. Outbreak control was achieved by strict contact precautions, enhanced screening and temporary relocation of the NICU. Relocation and reconstruction improved the NICU's structural layout, focusing on isolation capacities. Follow-up indicated carriage for several months in some @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Routine surveillance allowed early detection of the outbreak. The identification of carriers of the outbreak strain was successfully used to direct antibiotic treatment in case of @entity281 . Enhanced hygienic measures and ward relocation were instrumental in controlling the outbreak.

title: Outbreak of multidrug-resistant XXXX sequence type 131 in a neonatal intensive care unit: efficient active surveillance prevented fatal outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E.  coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Comorbidities are known to affect @entity15 ( @entity15 ) @entity1 in a number of ways, including delaying time to diagnosis and reducing health-related quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of @entity101 , @entity407 , @entity6 , @entity3885 on disease course in @entity15 @entity1 . METHODS: The Knowledge Program is a database linked to our electronic medical record allowing capture of @entity1 and clinician reported outcomes. Through Knowledge Program query and chart review, we identified all relapsing-remitting @entity15 @entity1 seen between 1 January 2010 and 29 May 2012 and acquired their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results and comorbidities. Linear and logistic regression models with adjustment for important covariates were used to determine whether the comorbidities affected outcomes over a 3-year period. RESULTS: @entity101 , @entity6 , @entity3885 , but not @entity407 , impacted clinical outcomes, including walking speed, self-reported disability, and @entity308 . @entity101 had the greatest effect. The presence of multiple comorbidities had a cumulative effect on clinical outcomes. MRI outcomes were unaffected by comorbidities. CONCLUSION: This 3-year longitudinal study revealed that all comorbidities tested except @entity407 impacted clinical outcomes and a cumulative effect with multiple comorbidities was observed. Consideration of comorbid conditions is essential in @entity15 @entity1 care.

title: Influence of @entity101 , XXXX , @entity407 , @entity3885 on @entity15 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'Hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['and obstructive lung disease']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Induced @entity8338 (3N) in salmon results from a blockage of maternal meiosis II, and hence provides a unique opportunity to study dosage effects on phenotypic variance. @entity11806 families were bred using a paternal half-sib breeding design (62 females and 31 males) and half of each resulting family was treated to induce @entity8338 . The paired families were used to test for dosage effects (resulting from @entity8338 ) on (1) the distribution and magnitude of phenotypic variation, (2) narrow-sense heritability and (3) maternal effects in fitness-related traits (i.e., survival, size-at-age, relative growth rate and serum lysozyme activity). Quantitative genetic analyses were performed separately for diploid and triploid family groups. Triploidization resulted in significantly higher levels of phenotypic variance and substantial differences in patterns of variance distribution for growth and survival-related traits, although the patterns were reversed for lysozyme activity. @entity8338 exhibited higher narrow sense heritability values relative to diploid @entity11806 . However, maternal effects estimates were generally lower in triploids than in diploids. Thus, the dosage effects resulting from adding an extra set of chromosomes to the @entity11806 genome are primarily additive. Somewhat counterintuitively, however, the relative magnitude of the combined effects of dominance, epistasis and maternal effects is not affected by dosage. Our results indicate that inheritance of fitness-related quantitative traits is profoundly affected by dosage effects associated with induced @entity8338 , and that triploidization can result in unpredictable performance and fitness outcomes.

title: Dosage effects on heritability and maternal effects in diploid and triploid @entity11806 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity8338 :: ('MESH:D057885', 'Disease') :: ['triploidy', 'Triploids']

entities_list: @entity11806 :: ('74940', 'Species') :: ['Chinook salmon']

answer: @entity11806 :: (74940,Species) :: ['Oncorhynchus tshawytscha']


abstract: This study was conducted to identify early predictors of the total cost of @entity625 ( @entity625 ). One hundred and eighty @entity1 affected by undifferentiated @entity625 (UA) or @entity309 ( @entity309 ) were included in the French Very Early @entity309 (VErA) cohort between 1998 and 2001. Health economic data for 2003 were collected using a @entity1 self-questionnaire. Results were analysed in terms of direct, indirect and total costs in 2003 @entity7634 (2003 @entity7634 ) for the population as a whole and in diagnostic subgroups. A payor perspective (the French National Health Insurance, in this case) was adopted. Multiple linear regression models were used to identify predictors of total cost from among the criteria assessed on recruitment. Results of the study showed that for the study population as a whole, the mean total cost was euro4700 per @entity1 . The costs attributable to the @entity309 and UA sub-groups were euro5928 and euro2424 per @entity1 , respectively. In a univariate analysis, certain parameters were significantly correlated with a higher cost of illness. In the multivariate analysis, some of these parameters were further identified as being predictive of higher cost. Two strong significant, early predictors of total cost were identified: higher @entity158 (P = 0.002) and the presence of rheumatoid factor (P = 0.004). In the @entity309 sub-group, lower grip strength of the dominant hand (P = 0.039) was another predictor of the illness's subsequent economic impact. In conclusion, our data show that simple clinical and laboratory parameters can be used early in the course of @entity625 to predict the condition's impact on healthcare budgets.

title: Is it possible to identify early predictors of the future cost of XXXX ? The VErA project.

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['IA', 'inflammatory arthritis', 'arthritis']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA', 'rheumatoid Arthritis']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['chronic arthritis']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity195 is marked by the accumulation of the amyloid-beta (Ab) peptide, and increases in phosphorylation of the @entity3668 . Changes in these proteins are considered responsible, in part, for the progressive @entity528 and @entity73 seen in @entity195 . We examined the effect of repeated consecutive peripheral poly I:C injections on @entity73 , central Ab, and phosphorylated tau accumulation, following three treatment durations: 7, 14, and 21 days. Forty-eight hours after the final injection, animals were trained in a contextual fear-conditioning paradigm, and tested 24h later. Immediately after testing, the hippocampus was collected to quantify Ab and phosphorylated tau accumulation. Results showed that, although poly I:C-induced Ab was significantly elevated at all time points examined, poly I:C only disrupted cognition after 14 and 21 days of administration. Moreover, elevations in phosphorylated tau were not seen until the 14-day time point. Interestingly, phosphorylated tau expression then declined at the 21-day time point. Finally, we demonstrated that Ab levels are a stronger predictor of @entity73 , explaining 37% of the variance, whereas phosphorylated tau levels only accounted for 0.2%. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that @entity32 -induced elevation in Ab disrupts cognition, independently of phosphorylated tau, and suggest that long-term administration of poly I:C may provide a model to investigate the contribution of long-term @entity32 toward the development of @entity195 .

title: Hippocampal Ab expression, but not phosphorylated tau, predicts XXXX following repeated peripheral poly I:C administration.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits', 'cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease", "Alzheimer's-like pathology"]

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity3668 :: ('4137', 'Gene') :: ['microtubule associated protein, tau']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive deficits']


abstract: @entity6562 is one of the foremost concerns among the @entity645 -positive population, and is often associated with @entity74 . We evaluated the clinical efficacy of facial infiltrations with autologous fat, @entity7049 , and @entity2975 gel using clinical inspection and facial photographs (ordinal scale). Additionally, we assessed the safety of the infiltration techniques and determined changes in @entity1 satisfaction, emotional status, and quality of life. Evaluations were made at 48- and 96-week follow-up visits. This paper presents the 48- week follow-up results. The current analysis includes 138 @entity1 : 8, 25, and 105 in the fat, @entity7049 , and @entity2975 gel groups, respectively. At baseline, almost 50% of the @entity1 (67/138) presented grades 3 and 4 lipoatrophy, but at week 48 only 7.5% (7/93) remained in these advanced grades (no @entity1 from the @entity2975 group). A new round of infiltrations at week 48 was necessary in 35% (33/93) of @entity1 (88%, 84%, and 8% in the fat, polylactic, and @entity2975 groups, respectively). No serious adverse events were detected with any of the substances. @entity1 satisfaction and quality of life improved significantly in all three groups. Infiltrations with autologous fat, @entity7049 , or @entity2975 gel appear to be an effective and safe alternative to repair @entity2652 , at least up to 48 weeks, significantly improving @entity1 quality of life. Similar results were observed for all degrees of severity and between genders. @entity2975 gel provided the longest lasting benefits.

title: Reconstructive treatment for antiretroviral-associated XXXX : a prospective study comparing autologous fat and synthetic substances.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity6562 :: ('MESH:D008060', 'Disease') :: ['Lipodystrophy']

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['facial lipoatrophy']

entities_list: @entity7049 :: ('MESH:C010506', 'Chemical') :: ['polylactic acid']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide', 'Polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['psychosocial disorders']

answer: @entity2652 :: (MESH:D005148,Disease) :: ['facial lipoatrophy']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report on an @entity2600 and @entity2903 regimen for @entity521 ( @entity521 ). Quality of life and minimizing @entity137 were major considerations. @entity1 AND METHODS: The plan stipulated 5-day courses of @entity2600 50 mg/m2 (1-hour infusion) and @entity2903 150 mg/m2 (oral) every 3 to 4 weeks, with a pretreatment platelet count more than 30,000/microL. @entity1261 was used when the absolute neutrophil count was less than 1,000/microL. RESULTS: Forty-nine @entity521 @entity1 received 1 to 15 courses (median, 5). @entity344 were readily managed. Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin after 2 to 10 courses (median, 3.5) were normal in 10 of 10 @entity1 treated after nonimmunosuppressive therapy, and normalized in five of seven @entity1 first treated less than 2 months after high-dose alkylators. Of 19 @entity1 treated for refractory @entity521 and assessable for response, nine showed evidence of disease regression, including two complete responses and seven objective responses. Of 17 @entity1 treated for progressive disease, three showed evidence of disease regression, including one partial response and two objective responses. Multiple courses entailed no cumulative @entity137 and controlled disease for prolonged periods in many @entity1 , including some who were unable to complete prior treatments because of hematologic, infectious, cardiac, or renal problems. CONCLUSION: This regimen has anti- @entity521 activity, spares vital organs, is feasible with poor bone marrow reserve, causes limited immunosuppression, and allows good quality of life.

title: @entity2600 plus @entity2903 for relapsed or refractory XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity1261 :: ('1440', 'Gene') :: ['Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['Gastrointestinal and myelosuppressive toxicities']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['NB', 'neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: @entity6923 develops in approximately one-fourth of @entity1 in their childbearing years. Conventional management consists of antifungal creams or tablets/suppositories administered intravaginally. Many @entity1 have stated preferences for oral therapy. A randomized, double-blind placebo trial compared the efficacy of a single oral 200 mg dose of @entity2380 with the application of @entity41668 80 mg vaginal suppository daily for 3 days. Twenty-two @entity1 ( @entity2380 = 12, @entity41668 = 10) were evaluated during a four-month period and favorable clinical responses were observed at both early and late evaluations. Mycologic cure was attained by 75% of the @entity2380 group and 50% of the @entity41668 group at the early evaluation. At the late evaluation, mycologic cure was 75% and 100% respectively. The mean time to onset of symptom relief was 2.4 (1.7) days for the @entity2380 group and 1.8 (1.8) days for the @entity41668 group. The mean time to complete relief of symptoms was 6.08 (2.84) and 6.6 (2.95) days respectively. A statistically significant difference did not exist for any of these measures. Seventy-three percent of the @entity1 preferred oral therapy.

title: Single dose oral @entity2380 vs intravaginal @entity41668 in treatment of XXXX . Comparison and pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity41668 :: ('MESH:C037815', 'Chemical') :: ['terconazole']

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['Candida vaginitis']

entities_list: @entity2380 :: ('MESH:D015725', 'Chemical') :: ['fluconazole']

answer: @entity6923 :: (MESH:C536777,Disease) :: ['Candida vaginitis']


abstract: The present study provides an experimental model of the apoptotic death of pyramidal neurons in @entity35 olfactory cortex after total bulbectomy. Terminal transferase (TdT)-mediated @entity9342 ( @entity1977 )- @entity1885 nick end labeling (TUNEL), DNA electrophoresis, and neuronal ultrastructure were used to provide evidence of apoptosis; neurons in olfactory cortex were counted by stereology. Maximal TUNEL staining occurred in the piriform cortex between 18 and 26 hr postbulbectomy. Within the survival times used in the present study (up to 48 hr postlesion), cell death was observed exclusively in the piriform cortex; there was no evidence of cell death in any other areas connected with the olfactory bulb. Neurons undergoing apoptosis were pyramidal cells receiving inputs from, but not projecting to, the olfactory bulb. The apical dendrites of these neurons were contacted by large numbers of degenerating axonal terminals. Gel electrophoresis of DNA purified from lesioned olfactory cortex showed a ladder pattern of fragmentation. Inflammatory cells or phagocytes were absent in the environment of degenerating neurons in the early stages of the apoptotic process. The present model suggests that @entity130 in sensory systems can cause apoptosis. In addition, olfactory bulbectomy can be used for investigating molecular mechanisms that underlie apoptosis in mature @entity1 cortical neurons and for evaluating strategies to prevent the @entity528 .

title: Deafferentation causes apoptosis in cortical sensory neurons in the adult XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity9342 :: ('MESH:C027078', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxyuridine triphosphate']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration of cortical neurons']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['deafferentation injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity221 is a recognized teratogen in animals and there is strong evidence that it also causes significant damage to @entity1 embryos. Studies with induced @entity221 in pregnant animals defined the defects which are produced, the susceptible stages of development, and threshold doses of heat required to cause defects. The in vivo experiments lacked precision because of variability of embryonic development at a given conceptual age, varying maternal responses to agents causing temperature elevations, the difficulty in measuring embryonic temperature and the possibility that defects were caused by toxic changes in maternal metabolism. These variables were eliminated by the use of postimplantation whole @entity35 and @entity19 embryo cultures, which were exposed to various doses of heat at closely defined stages of development. The studies showed that heat acts directly on embryos and that elevations of 2 degrees C and greater sustained over early @entity35 organogenesis cause defects mainly by causing apoptotic cell death especially in the developing central nervous system. A moderate, non damaging exposure is followed within 15 min by protection for up to 8 h against a more severe and otherwise teratogenic exposure. The protective @entity1457 response is accompanied by a reduction of normal protein synthesis and concurrent synthesis of @entity1457 proteins ( @entity4041 , 71, 47, 27). Most @entity1879 in these families are also present constitutively in embryos, probably having important roles in protecting newly synthesized proteins from aggregation and facilitating folding into their normal functional configurations. The appearance of induced @entity1879 and @entity1879 mRNA at known sites of thermal damage suggests a protective role. Heat induced cell death by apoptosis is a feature of teratogenic damage to the developing brain. Apoptosis could be a by-product of a damaging heat exposure because of a priority favoring induction of the @entity1457 response over the normal gene program for organogenesis, survival being achieved at the expense of normal development.

title: @entity221 , teratogenesis and the XXXX response in @entity1 embryos in culture.

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia', 'Hyperthermia']

answer: @entity1457 :: (MESH:D012769,Disease) :: ['heat shock']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity73 ( @entity73 ) is a subtle @entity2414 not matching criteria for @entity303 . There is evidence for vascular comorbidity in several types of @entity303 . We hypothesized that @entity531 would detect a high degree of @entity455 in @entity1 with @entity73 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: In cooperation with our memory clinic, @entity1 with @entity73 were referred to our department for neurovascular investigation. The workup encompassed ultrasound examination with carotid duplex including @entity121 ( @entity121 ) measurement, and transcranial Doppler (TCD) including one-hour microemboli monitoring, cerebrovascular reactivity measurement and Bubble test. Cerebral MRI for the evaluation of @entity62 , @entity1010 , hippocampal volumes, and @entity2333 was performed. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 were included. Vascular risk factors were present in six @entity1 . Four @entity1 had @entity731 , three classified as mild, and one as moderate @entity543 . @entity121 > 1 mm was found in two @entity1 , with a maximum @entity121 of 1.11 mm. None of the @entity1 with acceptable bone window had @entity932 in TCD. Vasoreactivity was pathologically low in one @entity1 . Permanent right-left shunt was found in three @entity1 , of which one showed spontaneous cerebral microembolism. Hippocampal volume reduction and cortical @entity194 were found in four @entity1 . Chronic ischemic changes in MRI were present in one @entity1 , and three @entity1 had subcortical @entity1188 . @entity1188 , microbleeds, or @entity2333 were not found. CONCLUSIONS: Pure @entity73 is probably less associated with @entity66 and may be more consistent with evolving @entity195 . However, vascular risk factors are common in these @entity1 .

title: A vascular approach to mild XXXX : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial stenosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Mild cognitive impairment', 'amnestic MCI', 'MCI']

entities_list: @entity1010 :: ('MESH:C566985', 'Disease') :: ['brain atrophy']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Cortical infarctions', 'infarctions']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['vascular and white-matter lesions']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['memory disorder']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular workup']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'Intima-Media-Thickness']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid angiopathy']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['amnestic cognitive impairment']