abstract: To analyze the value and limitations of flow cytometry (FCM) in the investigation of @entity1 with @entity3329 , a retrospective study of 196 @entity1 , referred for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, was carried out in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, between 1992-1997. Complete cytological, flow-cytometric, and outcome (clinical and histological) data were available on all the cases. The FNA appearances were read in conjunction with FCM findings. The following cytological categories were recognized: benign, 78 cases (39.8%); indeterminate, 9 cases (4.6%); and malignant, 109 cases (55.6%). None of the 78 cytologically benign cases had malignant outcome. All 109 cytologically malignant cases had malignant histology, and 8/9 of the cytologically indeterminate FNAs had malignant histology. The cytologically malignant category contained 106 @entity1892 and three @entity784 . All 65 @entity1892 with K light chain predominance had K/L ratio greater than 3/1, and all 34 @entity1892 with L light chain predominance had an L/K ratio greater than 2/1. Clonality was therefore established for K/L and L/K at 3/1 and 2/1, respectively. When K/L and L/K ratios were below these figures (7 cases), other parameters, including the proportion of @entity2225 and the dual expression of @entity1075 / @entity2282 and @entity2225 / @entity5893 , were used to determine the nature of the aspirate. In the @entity1892 without demonstrable light chain restriction, @entity2225 positivity in excess of 85%, @entity1075 / @entity2282 positivity of more than 18%, or @entity2225 / @entity5893 positivity greater than 35% were independently diagnostic of @entity1892 . In the @entity784 , greater than 90% of the cells were T cells, and aberrant T-cell antigen expression with loss of at least one pan-T-cell antigen was detected. In conclusion, the sensitivity of diagnosis of @entity5 , false-negative rate, and predictive value of malignant diagnosis with combined FNA cytology and FCM were 99%, 0%, and 100%, respectively.

title: Flow-cytometric algorithm on fine-needle aspirates for the clinical workup of XXXX with @entity3329 .

entities_list: @entity3329 :: ('MESH:D008206', 'Disease') :: ['lymphadenopathy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity784 :: ('MESH:D016399', 'Disease') :: ['T-cell lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphomas', 'B-cell lymphoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Studies using primary health care settings to promote literacy have demonstrated success. Since socioeconomically disadvantaged @entity1 have less access to primary care, obtaining much of their medical care episodically in @entity341 ( @entity341 ), the purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a simple literacy promotion program conducted in the @entity341 and to determine its efficacy and if there is a difference in promoting literacy with a brochure alone versus a brochure plus a @entity1 's book. METHODS: Medical student study investigators enrolled @entity1 aged 20 months to 7 years undergoing acute care treatment and evaluation in an @entity341 . Subjects were randomized to a literacy promotion brochure versus a brochure plus a @entity1 's book. Phone follow-up interviews were conducted to survey the degree of parental reading taking place at home. RESULTS: Fifty-one families were enrolled, 8 could not be contacted for follow-up, which left 43 families. Twenty-eight were randomized to book + handout and 15 were randomized to handout alone. On follow-up phone interviews, no significant change in reading was demonstrated regardless of whether a brochure alone was given or a book was given with the brochure. CONCLUSION: Literacy promotion in the @entity341 was not associated with any measurable improvement in parent- @entity1 reading. This could mean that the @entity341 is not an effective place to promote literacy or confounding factors in this study are responsible for failing to demonstrate a measurable benefit.

title: XXXX literacy promotion in the emergency department.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['ED', 'emergency departments']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Child']


abstract: AIM: This paper reports a study that aimed to evaluate the workload, to identify problems leading to the higher incidence rate of work-related @entity13400 among nurses in the orthopaedic and intensive care unit departments of the hospital, and to gather information about improvements that the nurses would like in the workplace. BACKGROUND: The literature shows that @entity13400 are common among nurses, and intervention programmes are needed to address this problem. METHOD: The hospital injury records were examined in a retrospective study. In addition, a validated questionnaire was administered between January and May 2005 to 47 nurses (23 orthopaedic and 24 intensive care nurses). The questionnaire contained questions on workload, history of @entity13400 , problems, possible solutions and psychophysical measures of exertion. FINDINGS: The life-time incidence and point prevalence of @entity1643 were 65% and 30%, respectively, in orthopaedic nurses, and 58% and 25%, respectively, in the intensive care nurses. The mean weight handled was reported to be 47 +/- 30 kg by the orthopaedic nurses and 26 +/- 10 kg by the intensive care nurses. The low back scored highest for body-part discomfort - 4.6 and 4.0, respectively, on a 10-point scale. The rate of perceived job exertion was 6.7 +/- 1.8 (very strong), and 5.8 +/- 1.9 (strong) on Borg's 10-point scale. The total effort required by the job, rated on Visual Analogue Scales, was 67 +/- 14% and 68 +/- 15% of the maximum, respectively. The Borg scores and the total effort according to the Visual Analogue Scale, and the Borg scores and force effort on the Visual Analogue Scale were moderately correlated (r = 0.53, P < 0.01 for both comparisons). CONCLUSION: The methodology proposed here is practical for job evaluation and to design a participatory ergonomic intervention aiming at reducing @entity13400 in nursing jobs. There are workload differences between nursing jobs. Lifting devices, biomechanical training, bigger rooms, adequate set-up and additional staff are suggested improvements.

title: XXXX and possible improvements in nursing jobs.

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['low back pain']

entities_list: @entity13400 :: ('MESH:D019567', 'Disease') :: ['low back injuries', 'back injuries', 'low back injury']

answer: @entity1643 :: (MESH:D017116,Disease) :: ['Low back problems']


abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the current practice and attitudes of pediatric cardiologists in the United States and Europe on the transfer and transition of @entity1 with @entity299 ( @entity299 ). A survey among pediatric cardiology programs in the United States and Europe was undertaken. Sixty-nine centers completed and returned the 61-item questionnaire that was specifically devised for this survey. Of 69 participating centers, 74% reported that they transfer their @entity1 to adult-focused care. When a center transfers its @entity1 , 80% transfer them to a formalized Adult @entity299 Program. The median age of transfer is 18 years. Comorbidities, pregnancy, and @entity1 /family request to leave pediatric cardiology were identified as initiators for transfer. Complexity of the @entity299 was relatively less important when deciding whether to transfer @entity1 . Only one-third of the centers that transfer their @entity1 provide a structured preparation for @entity1 and family. Development of a formal transition program is planned at 59% of the centers that transfer @entity1 . In conclusion, timely transfer and a structured transition process of @entity1 with @entity299 are not implemented in all pediatric cardiology programs. Health-care providers working in pediatric cardiology should make their transfer policies explicit and transition programs ought to be developed.

title: Attitude toward and current practice of transfer and transition of adolescents with XXXX in the United States of America and Europe.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Congenital Heart Disease', 'CHD', 'congenital heart disease', 'heart defect']

answer: @entity299 :: (MESH:D006331,Disease) :: ['congenital heart disease']


abstract: @entity27944 is a small mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein induced in @entity19 epidermal keratinocytes during @entity105 . It is located at plasma membrane projections, such as microvilli and ruffles, where it interacts with the actin cytoskeleton. Previous studies revealed that ectopic expression of PA2.26 in epidermal MCA3D keratinocytes induces cell surface extensions and increased motility. Here, we show that PA2.26-expressing MCA3D (3D2.26) cell transfectants undergo a phenotypic conversion linked to the acquisition of malignant characteristics. The 3D2.26 cells down-regulate basal keratin K14 and up-regulate @entity3111 and keratin K8 expression. Immunofluorescence analysis in 3D2.26 cell cultures showed loss of cortical actin filaments and destabilization of adherens junctions mediated by E- and @entity17818 , although both cadherin mRNAs were expressed in the transfectants. When the cadherin protein levels were analyzed in Western blots, no @entity17818 protein or smaller polypeptide @entity3112 forms were detected, suggesting that E- and @entity17818 synthesized in 3D2.26 cells was unstable and proteolytically degraded. Transplantation of 3D2.26 cells into athymic @entity19 induced @entity5 , whereas MCA3D cells and control (3DN) transfectants were not tumorigenic after 72 days postinjection. The phenotype of the @entity5 was undifferentiated, with mixed regions exhibiting a glandular differentiation pattern in which the presence of numerous surface microvilli was observed at the ultrastructural level. Interestingly, @entity27944 was highly expressed in these microvillous cell surfaces. @entity5 cells were @entity3111 - and K8-positive and showed an aberrant pattern of @entity3112 protein expression in which large cytoplasmic aggregates were found close to the nucleus. Infiltration of @entity5 cells into lymphatic vessels and the presence of frequent regional lymph node @entity3 were also observed in the @entity5 . These results indicate that expression of @entity27944 in premalignant keratinocytes induces a fully transformed and metastatic phenotype, and they suggest an involvement of PA2.26 in malignant progression.

title: Ectopic expression of XXXX in epidermal keratinocytes leads to destabilization of adherens junctions and malignant progression.

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'nude mice']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity27944 :: (14726(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['PA2.26 antigen']


abstract: Environmental stress played a major role in the evolution of the blind mole @entity35 superspecies @entity10176 , affecting its adaptive evolution and ecological speciation underground. Spalax is safeguarded all of its life underground from aboveground climatic fluctuations and predators. However, it encounters multiple stresses in its underground burrows including darkness, energetics, @entity519 , @entity2944 , @entity6766 , and pathogenicity. Consequently, it evolved adaptive genomic, proteomic, and phenomic complexes to cope with those stresses. Here I describe some of these adaptive complexes, and their theoretical and applied perspectives. Spalax mosaic molecular and organismal evolution involves reductions or regressions coupled with expansions or progressions caused by evolutionary tinkering and natural genetic engineering. Speciation of Spalax in Israel occurred in the Pleistocene, during the last 2.00-2.35 Mya, generating four species associated intimately with four climatic regimes with increasing aridity stress southwards and eastwards representing an ecological speciational adaptive trend: (Spalax golani, 2n=54 > S. galili, 2n=52 > S. carmeli, 2n=58 > S. judaei, 2n=60). Darwinian ecological speciation occurred gradually with relatively little @entity74 by Robertsonian chromosomal and genic mutations. Spalax genome sequencing has just been completed. It involves multiple adaptive complexes to life underground and is an evolutionary model to a few hundred underground mammals. It involves great promise in the future for medicine, space flight, and deep-sea diving.

title: Stress, adaptation, and speciation in the evolution of the blind mole XXXX , Spalax, in Israel.

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['hypercapnia']

entities_list: @entity6766 :: ('MESH:D005517', 'Disease') :: ['food scarcity']

entities_list: @entity10176 :: ('30637', 'Species') :: ['Spalax ehrenbergi']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic change']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Survival after @entity397 of the esophagus or intrathoracic stomach is improving, but continued leakage after initial therapy remains a problem. We retrospectively reviewed @entity1 with @entity397 of the esophagus or intrathoracic stomach to determine the prevalence of continued leakage after initial therapy and how this complication affects outcome. Our review included 58 @entity1 , 38 (66%) of whom had preexisting @entity1208 . The etiology of perforation was spontaneous @entity397 in 17, penetrating @entity130 in four, and @entity130 in 35; two @entity1 had perforation from other causes. Initial therapy consisted of drainage in eight, primary repair in 24, resection in 18, bypass in two, and observation in six. The overall mortality rate was 12% (7 of 58 @entity1 ) and continuing leaks were identified in 21% (12 of 58 @entity1 ). These leaks were unrelated to @entity1 age, existence of prior disease, or delay in therapy but were more common after initial treatment by primary repair with or without pleural flap coverage compared to other management strategies (6 of 9 vs. 6 of 49; P < 0.001). Salvage therapy with survival was possible in 10 (83%) of 12 @entity1 by means of esophagectomy in four, exclusion in one, drainage in two, or observation in three. Continuing leaks can be avoided by providing soft tissue coverage other than pleura over a primary repair and by not leaving an intrathoracic esophageal stump. Aggressive management of continuing leaks results in survival in more than 80% of @entity1 .

title: Outcome after failed initial therapy for XXXX of the esophagus or intrathoracic stomach.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1208 :: ('MESH:D004935', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal disease']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['iatrogenic injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity397 :: (MESH:D012421,Disease) :: ['rupture']


abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The early recognition and treatment of @entity295 is paramount to reducing the mortality of this disease. However, unlike @entity130 , @entity64 or acute @entity583 , the initial signs of @entity295 are subtle and easily missed by clinicians. Thus, hospital-based systems are needed to identify and triage @entity1 who might be septic. This review focuses on the early diagnosis of @entity295 and the implementation of a systems-based approach to help coordinate the identification and treatment of @entity1 with this disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Alterations in traditional hemodynamic parameters, such as blood pressure and heart rate, are poor predictors of the presence of @entity326 . Other more subtle findings (such as the 10 signs of vitality) are stronger determinants of poor tissue perfusion in a @entity1 who may be septic. Early detection of a @entity1 who is 'in trouble' on the ward by bedside nurses or physicians and activation of a medical emergency team has been shown to improve outcome. By coupling the medical emergency team with early goal-directed therapy, @entity1 with @entity295 can be discovered earlier and have therapy instituted within the so-called 'golden hour', first appreciated with @entity130 care. SUMMARY: The institution of a rapid response system for the detection and treatment of @entity326 requires a multidisciplinary approach. The infrastructure to create such a system must be facilitated by administrators and implemented by front-line healthcare providers. Continuous assessment of the outcome benefit of such a system by a quality assurance team is the final part of a truly integrated approach to @entity295 treatment.

title: A systems approach to the early recognition and rapid administration of best practice therapy in XXXX and @entity326 .

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The myriad of histologic types and anatomic sites of occurrence make @entity189 the most heterogeneous group of @entity189 of the upper aerodigestive tract. Many publications addressing this group consider different subsections, making it hard to get a clear picture of long term treatment results and of modifying prognostic factors. METHODS: Overall survival, disease specific survival, and percentage rates for no recurrence in all 55 @entity1 with a @entity189 , treated at the Netherlands Cancer Institute from 1973 to 1994, were calculated and compared to the results in major @entity189 @entity1 . Major prognostic factors were univariately analyzed. The median period of follow-up time for @entity1 alive at the end of follow-up was 134 months. RESULTS: The overall 5- and 10-year survival rates were 66% and 57%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year @entity1168 ( @entity1168 ) were 76% and 74%, respectively; and the 5- and 10-year recurrence-free rates were 63% and 60%, respectively. Prognostic for overall survival were age (P = 0.0005), site of occurrence (P = 0.0001), and the International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) @entity5 , Node, and @entity3 (TNM) classification and stage regrouping system (P = 0.0001). Factors predicting @entity1168 were site of occurrence (P < 0.0001) and the UICC/AJCC TNM classification and stage regrouping (P < 0.0001). In surgical @entity1 , histologic evidence for metastatic lymph nodes (P = 0.0037) and vascular invasion (P = 0.0051) conferred a lower @entity1168 . @entity5 recurrence was predicted by the UICC/AJCC TNM classification and stage regrouping (P = 0.0001). In surgical @entity1 , soft tissue invasion (P = 0. 0085) predicted @entity5 recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Sixty percent of @entity1 treated for @entity189 were free of @entity5 ten years later. This equals the result in major @entity189 @entity1 . The recent UICC/AJCC TNM classification and stage regrouping are confirmed as major predictors of outcome.

title: Stage as major long term outcome predictor in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'minor salivary gland carcinoma', 'salivary gland carcinoma', 'minor salivary gland carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['Metastases']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['disease specific survival rates', 'DSS']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['minor salivary gland carcinoma']


abstract: We have noted a significant incidence of @entity1151 ( @entity1151 ) and mortality associated with @entity1150 ( @entity1150 ). Since there is an association between site of lower extremity @entity11942 (LEDVT) and @entity1151 , we hypothesized that there might also be a correlation between site of @entity1150 and @entity1151 with associated mortality. To further elucidate this hypotheses, we analyzed the mortality and incidence of @entity1151 diagnosed with subclavian/axillary/internal jugular vein @entity715 during an 11-year period at our institution and compared the data to those of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity11438 . We studied 598 @entity1 diagnosed with acute internal jugular, subclavian, axillary, or @entity11438 by duplex scanning. The @entity1 were divided into three groups based on the most proximal location of the @entity715 : group I, @entity1150 involving the subclavian or axillary veins (n = 467); group II, isolated internal jugular @entity11942 (n = 80); group III, @entity11438 alone (n = 52). Mortality rates at 2 months were 29%, 25%, and 21% for each group, respectively. The number of @entity1 diagnosed with @entity1151 by ventilation/perfusion scans in groups I, II, and III, respectively, were 5%, 6.25% and 11.5% (p = 0.13). Furthermore, stratification by risk factors failed to demonstrate factors associated with increased 2-month mortality. Contrary to the initial hypothesis of a relationship between the site of @entity715 and the incidence of @entity1151 and mortality, these data demonstrated no statistical differences in mortality or incidence of @entity1151 among the groups studied. Additionally, these data suggest that @entity715 is a disease process related to comparable associated mortality and morbidity similar to other forms of @entity1150 . Based on these data, we suggest that @entity1150 may be thought of as a marker for the severity of @entity262 of the @entity1 rather than just as a cause of @entity1211 .

title: Morbidity and mortality associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity11438 :: ('MESH:D020968', 'Disease') :: ['brachial DVT']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic illness']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['PE', 'pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['UEDVT', 'upper extremity deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'thrombosis', 'brachial vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboembolism']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['brachial vein thrombosis']


abstract: It remains poorly understood whether vascular pathology plays an important role in the progression of @entity8 in @entity1 . Moreover, in the case of @entity101 @entity1 with mild @entity644 , nephrologists tend to make a diagnosis of @entity9161 without renal biopsy. Among 172 @entity1 who were treated at our hospital for biopsy-proven @entity8 , we performed quantitative histopathological analysis in 38 @entity1 with mild @entity644 of less than 0.5 g/day. We related these histopathological parameters with clinical data at biopsy and also with follow-up data. The percentage of glomeruli showing @entity1463 exceeded 10% of total glomeruli in 15 of the @entity1 (39.5%) and exceeded 20% in 9 (23.7%). @entity4288 and @entity1986 significantly correlated with @entity8 , but mesangial cell proliferation did not. Among the 38 @entity1 , the 12 with @entity101 showed more severe @entity8 , @entity1986 and @entity4288 compared with the 26 without @entity101 , but the mesangial cell proliferation was identical between the two groups. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that @entity101 and urinary protein excretion (UPE) were independent risk factors for @entity4288 . The follow-up data of a mean period of 27.6 months showed that 9 of the 38 @entity1 (23.7%) had an increase in UPE. @entity101 , @entity4288 , age, and UPE at biopsy were selected as the important risk factors for an increase in UPE in the follow-up. Our results provide not only clinical but histopathological evidence that @entity101 affects the prognosis of mild proteinuric @entity8 through @entity455 .

title: Impact of @entity101 and @entity101 -related @entity455 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['nephropathy', 'IgA nephropathy', 'renal parenchymal disease', 'glomerular sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertension', 'hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity9161 :: ('MESH:D009400', 'Disease') :: ['benign nephrosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['global sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial changes']

entities_list: @entity4288 :: ('MESH:D001161', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerosis', 'Arteriosclerosis']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['IgA nephropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the 4G/5G polymorphism of the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor ( @entity2289 ) gene and @entity715 manifestations in patients with @entity1701 ( @entity1701 ). METHODS: We studied a total of 247 @entity1 included in the following 4 groups: 70 @entity1 with primary @entity1701 , 104 @entity1 with @entity1252 (40 with antiphospholipid antibodies [aPL] and clinical [secondary] @entity1701 , 13 with aPL but without clinical @entity1701 , and 51 with neither detectable aPL nor a history of @entity715 ), 14 asymptomatic individuals with aPL, and 59 @entity1 with @entity715 but without known @entity715 risk factors. A control group of 100 healthy individuals was also analyzed. @entity2289 4G/5G polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction and endonuclease digestion. RESULTS: The allele frequency of 4G/5G in controls was 0.47/0.53. There were no differences in allele distribution among @entity1 groups or between @entity1 and controls. However, a higher frequency of the 4G allele was observed in @entity1701 @entity1 with versus those without @entity715 (0.57 versus 0.39; P < 0.05) (odds ratio [OR] 2.83, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.18-6.76). This higher frequency of the 4G allele was attributable to the higher frequency in @entity1 with versus those without @entity715 (0.64 versus 0.43; P < 0.01) (OR 5.96, 95% CI 1.67-21.32), while @entity1 with @entity49 had an allele distribution similar to that of those without @entity49 (0.49 versus 0.50; P not significant). There was a trend toward higher @entity2289 antigen and activity levels in @entity1701 @entity1 and controls with the 4G/4G genotype, but this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The presence of the 4G allele of the 4G/5G polymorphism of the @entity2289 gene may be an additional risk factor for the development of @entity715 in @entity1701 .

title: The 4G/5G polymorphism of the type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene and @entity715 in patients with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['APS', 'antiphospholipid syndrome']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['arterial thrombosis', 'thrombosis', 'thrombotic']

answer: @entity1701 :: (MESH:D016736,Disease) :: ['antiphospholipid syndrome']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A case of severe @entity86 after excision of cervical osteophyte is presented. Emergent tracheostomy was required. OBJECTIVES: To discuss the etiologies, diagnosis, and management of this unusual cause of @entity649 after an anterior cervical spinous procedure. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: To our knowledge, @entity113 as a complication of cervical spine surgery has not been reported previously. The @entity1 had no history of @entity113 , was not receiving an @entity16374 choline esterase inhibitor, and had a normal @entity19459 level. METHODS: The @entity1 was a 61-year-old @entity1 with @entity1691 who, because of progressive @entity1282 and @entity1224 episodes, underwent excision of a large C3-C4 osteophyte and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. While in the postanesthesia care unit, the @entity1 experienced massive @entity4 and neck, with associated difficulty breathing. Reexploration of the wound revealed a small (30 cc) @entity1410 , which was removed with no obvious benefit to the @entity1 , who ultimately required a tracheotomy. RESULTS: The @entity1 was managed with intravenous @entity288 . The tracheotomy tube was removed without incident after 7 days. The @entity1 noted @entity4048 and dramatic improvement in his ability to swallow postoperatively. He has had no further incidents of @entity113 , to date. CONCLUSION: @entity113 should be considered in the differential diagnosis in @entity1 with upper extremity @entity1576 after anterior surgery of the cervical spine.

title: Severe XXXX causing @entity1224 after anterior cervical surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['acute respiratory distress']

entities_list: @entity19459 :: ('710', 'Gene') :: ['C1-esterase-inhibitor']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edema of the tongue']

entities_list: @entity1691 :: ('MESH:D013167', 'Disease') :: ['ankylosing spondylitis']

entities_list: @entity4048 :: ('MESH:D019547', 'Disease') :: ['decreased neck pain']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative angioedema']

entities_list: @entity113 :: ('MESH:D000799', 'Disease') :: ['angioedema', 'Angioedema']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory obstruction']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity113 :: (MESH:D000799,Disease) :: ['angioedema']


abstract: The frequency of apoptosis was determined in 102 cases of @entity1 @entity14 . The results were correlated with the frequency of cell proliferation and with clinicopathological characteristics such as degree of differentiation, invasiveness and @entity3 . As a marker of apoptosis, intranuclear DNA strand breaks were localized with in situ nick translation (ISNT). As a marker of proliferation, @entity1364 ( @entity1364 ) was localized immunohistochemically. The numbers of nuclei positive with ISNT and for @entity1364 per 1,000 nuclei on tissue sections were obtained. The labelling indices were compared with clinicopathological characteristics for each @entity5 . The ISNT labelling index of well differentiated @entity694 was higher than that of poorly differentiated @entity189 . Among similarly differentiated @entity5 , ISNT L.I. of @entity694 classified as Dukes A was higher than @entity189 which did not metastasize to lymph node or liver was higher than that of @entity189 which metastasized. The @entity1364 labelling index did not correlate with any of the clinicopathological characteristics or with the ISNT labelling index. The data suggest that apoptosis indices severe as a marker of @entity5 progression.

title: Frequency of apoptosis relates inversely to invasiveness and metastatic activity in XXXX @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1364 :: ('5111', 'Gene') :: ['proliferating cell nuclear antigen', 'PCNA']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'Dukes B/C, and L.I. of carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinomas']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences have become an indispensible tool for defining the malignant boundary in @entity1 with @entity1313 by nulling the signal contribution from cerebrospinal fluid allowing both regions of @entity4 and regions of non-enhancing, infiltrating @entity5 to become hyperintense on resulting images. In the current study we examined the utility of a three-dimensional double inversion recovery (DIR) sequence that additionally nulls the MR signal associated with white matter, implemented either pre-contrast or post-contrast, in order to determine whether this sequence allows for better differentiation between @entity5 and normal brain tissue. T1- and T2-weighted, FLAIR, dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI estimates of cerebral blood volume (rCBV), contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (T1+C), and DIR data (pre- or post-contrast) were acquired in 22 @entity1 with @entity463 . Contrast-to-noise (CNR) and @entity5 volumes were compared between DIR and FLAIR sequences. Line profiles across regions of @entity5 were generated to evaluate similarities between image contrasts. Additionally, voxel-wise associations between DIR and other sequences were examined. Results suggested post-contrast DIR images were hyperintense (bright) in regions spatially similar those having FLAIR hyperintensity and hypointense (dark) in regions with contrast-enhancement or elevated rCBV due to the high sensitivity of 3D turbo spin echo sequences to susceptibility differences between different tissues. DIR @entity5 volumes were statistically smaller than @entity5 volumes as defined by FLAIR (Paired t test, P = 0.0084), averaging a difference of approximately 14 mL or 24 %. DIR images had approximately 1.5  higher lesion CNR compared with FLAIR images (Paired t test, P = 0.0048). Line profiles across @entity5 regions and scatter plots of voxel-wise coherence between different contrasts confirmed a positive correlation between DIR and FLAIR signal intensity and a negative correlation between DIR and both post-contrast T1-weighted image signal intensity and rCBV. Additional discrepancies between FLAIR and DIR abnormal regions were also observed, together suggesting DIR may provide additional information beyond that of FLAIR.

title: Pre- and post-contrast three-dimensional double inversion-recovery MRI in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: Transient @entity2749 of @entity63 preconditioning (PC) render myocardium protected against subsequent @entity130 after @entity63 and reperfusion. Recent studies indicate that application of short, repetitive @entity63 only during the onset of reperfusion after the lethal @entity63 event may obtain equivalent protection. We assessed whether such @entity63 postconditioning (Postcon) is cardioprotective in @entity1707 by limiting @entity130 . Pentobarbital @entity1372 -anesthetized, open-chest @entity1707 underwent 30 min of complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and 3-h reflow. PC was elicited by two cycles of 5-min occlusion plus 10-min reperfusion before the 30-min occlusion period. Postcon was elicited by three cycles of 30-s reperfusion, followed by 30-s reocclusion, after the 30-min occlusion period and before the 3-h reflow. @entity1188 size (%area-at-risk using @entity5045 macrochemistry; means +/- SE) after 30 min of @entity63 was 26.5 +/- 5.2% (n = 7 hearts/treatment group). PC markedly limited @entity583 size (2.8 +/- 1.2%, n = 7 hearts/treatment group, P < 0.05 vs. controls). However, Postcon had no effect on @entity1188 size (37.8 +/- 5.1%, n = 7 hearts/treatment group). Within the subendocardium, Postcon increased phosphorylation of @entity26439 (74 +/- 12%) and @entity53363 (56 +/- 10%) compared with control hearts subjected only to 30-min occlusion and 15-min reperfusion (P < or = 0.05), and these changes were not different from the response triggered by PC (n = 5 hearts/treatment group). Phosphorylation of downstream @entity53364 was also equivalent in PC and Postcon groups. These data do not support the hypothesis that application of 30-s cycles of repetitive @entity63 during reperfusion exerts a protective effect on @entity1707 hearts subjected to lethal @entity63 , but this is not due to a failure to phosphorylate ERK and @entity26439 during early reperfusion.

title: Ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion activates @entity26439 and ERK without protecting against lethal myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5045 :: ('MESH:C009591', 'Chemical') :: ['triphenyltetrazolium chloride']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarct']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['lethal injury']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite limited evidence of its effectiveness, most guidelines recommend @entity14 survivors undergo posttreatment surveillance care. This article describes the posttreatment use of colon examinations, @entity787 ( @entity787 ) testing, and metastatic disease testing among a managed care population. METHODS: Two hundred fifty-one @entity1 with @entity14 enrolled in a managed care organization at diagnosis (1/1/90-12/31/95) and treated with curative intent. @entity1 were identified via a Cancer Registry maintained by a large group practice. Cumulative incidences of service receipt were estimated using actuarial (Kaplan-Meier) survival analyses. Co- Proportional Hazard Models were used to evaluate the relation of @entity1 sociodemographic and clinical characteristics to service receipt. Average 8-year medical care expenditures were calculated. RESULTS: Within 18 months of treatment, 55% of the cohort received a colon examination, 71% received @entity787 testing, and 59% received metastatic disease testing. Whites were more likely than minorities to receive @entity787 testing (RR = 1.47, P = 0.04) and tended to be more likely to receive a colon examination (RR = 1.43, P = 0.09). As the median household income of a @entity1 's zip code of residence increased, so too did the likelihood of colon examination and metastatic disease testing receipt (RR = 1.09, P = 0.03 and RR = 1.12, P <0.01, respectively). Average 8-year medical care expenditures among the cohort were  30,247. CONCLUSIONS: Among a population with financial access to care, differences were found in the receipt of @entity14 by race and income. Additional investigations are needed to understand why minorities and those residing in @entity258 are less likely to receive surveillance care.

title: Sociodemographic differences in the receipt of XXXX following treatment with curative intent.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low-income areas']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer surveillance care']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer surveillance care']


abstract: A 69 year-old male with @entity741 indicated for coronary artery bypass grafting was scheduled for carotid microendoarterectomy. We induced mild @entity2332 technique with vasodilation and surface cooling by convecting warming device. We examined hemodynamics by pulmonary artery catheter. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal, @entity3575 , @entity1363 and @entity5161 in @entity3810 and @entity26 . Following administration of @entity3369 , @entity825 was intubated. Pulmonary artery catheter was inserted from the femoral vein. @entity935 , @entity452 3-5 micrograms.kg-1. @entity1009 and PGE1 5-10 ng.kg-1. @entity1009 were continuously administered to keep peripheral blood circulation and cardiac output (CO). Systemic vascular resistance decreased from 1800 to 591 dyne.s.cm-5 and CO increased from 2.8 to 6.9 l. @entity1009 . The occlusion of blood flow of the right carotid artery for 40 min at 34.5 degrees C of rectal temperature did not cause any @entity51 . No other complications such as @entity943 , @entity741 and @entity548 tendency were observed. Keeping peripheral blood circulation and uniform cooling and warming are important in inducing mild @entity2332 safely in a @entity1 with @entity741 .

title: [Mild @entity2332 anesthesia for carotid microendoarterectomy in a @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['Dopamine']

entities_list: @entity3369 :: ('MESH:D014673', 'Chemical') :: ['vecuronium']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity3575 :: ('MESH:D005283', 'Chemical') :: ['fentanyl']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease', 'myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3810 :: ('MESH:D009609', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrous oxide']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

entities_list: @entity2332 :: ('MESH:D007035', 'Disease') :: ['hypothermia']

answer: @entity741 :: (MESH:D017202,Disease) :: ['ischemic heart disease']


abstract: This review presents several relatively new areas of interest in radiotherapy for @entity135 . In the clinical arena, improving radiotherapy outcome by altering radiation schedules has undergone rigorous testing in @entity1 with @entity957 . The initial results show that such an approach increases the local control rate in subsets of @entity1 by 10% to 15%. Randomized multi-institutional studies, sponsored by large cooperative groups, are ongoing to assess the relative merits of various altered fractionation strategies. In the field of laboratory investigations, attempts have been made to develop tests reliable in predicting the radiation response of @entity5 and normal tissues. If successful, it would be possible to design the optimal radiation regimen for individual @entity1 based on the results of these tests, thereby improving the therapeutic ratio. Technologic innovations have enhanced the flexibility to conform radiation to the target volume so that higher doses can be delivered to the @entity5 without exceeding the tolerance of the surrounding normal tissues. Large-scale clinical studies evaluating the value of conformal therapy are being developed. Finally, long-term results of radiotherapy in the management of @entity3506 have been reported in recent years. These data have clearly defined the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of skull-base @entity1823 .

title: Radiotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity3506 :: ('MESH:D010236', 'Disease') :: ['chemodectomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['paragangliomas']

answer: @entity135 :: (MESH:D006258,Disease) :: ['head and neck neoplasms']


abstract: Six out of seven cuttlefish acquired by the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in July 1998 died before 1 November 1998. Postmortem examinations showed mantle ulcers, secondary @entity2348 . The surviving cuttlefish developed a progressive focal mantle @entity1066 , was treated with oral @entity2755 intermittently for 9 wk, and maintained a normal appetite and growth rate until death at 7 mo of age. The National Zoological Park pathology database showed signalments, histories, and causes of mortality of 186 @entity29682 , each 1-14 mo old, that received gross and histologic examinations; for example, the largest group of cuttlefish of known sex, age, and body weight at postmortem were 7-9 mo old and weighed an average of 376.2 g (males, n = 18) and 299.0 g (females, n = 15). Many cuttlefish had multiple pathologic diagnoses. Significant @entity32 and secondary @entity2348 , especially @entity65 , respiratory, reproductive, and ophthalmic, and @entity295 due to Vibrio spp. or other gram-negative bacteria. @entity75 , including ulceration/ @entity1909 , @entity733 / @entity738 , @entity39 / @entity82 / @entity2688 , and laceration/ @entity12893 /erosion, were also identified, along with inanition, cuttlebone lesions, and @entity130 . @entity75 were associated with secondary @entity204 . On the basis of this information, if captive cuttlefish behavior creates risk for development of mantle lesions, administration of antibiotics effective against gram-negative bacteria may delay or halt disease progression. Cuttlefish exhibits require proper design, husbandry, economic resources, and staffing to minimize disease syndromes and mortality.

title: @entity29682 ( XXXX ) mortality at the National Zoological Park: implications for clinical management.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['diseases included inflammation']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicemia']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity29682 :: ('6610', 'Species') :: ['common cuttlefish']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Mantle lesions']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'bacterial infections, inanition, and cuttlebone fractures']

entities_list: @entity2688 :: ('MESH:D002481', 'Disease') :: ['cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections and death']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity1909 :: ('MESH:D003872', 'Disease') :: ['dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal, cardiovascular']

answer: @entity29682 :: (6610,Species) :: ['Sepia officinalis']


abstract: A 59-year-old previously oophorectomized @entity1 underwent surgery for a recurrent @entity722 . Specimens and dispersed cells from the @entity5 tissue were incubated for 2 hr and cultured for 48 hr, respectively, with and without gonadotropins. @entity230 and @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) concentrations were measured in the incubation and culture media. Incubated specimens from the @entity5 tissue released measurable amounts of @entity268 , @entity1420 , and @entity53 into the medium. @entity1 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 1 microgram/ml significantly stimulated the formation of @entity268 and both @entity230 . @entity1 luteinizing hormone (LH) 1 microgram/ml stimulated @entity268 and @entity1420 but not @entity53 release. @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 10 micrograms/ml stimulated @entity268 and @entity1420 formation in @entity5 tissue but was totally devoid of effect on @entity53 release. In the tissue culture experiments @entity1420 and @entity53 were formed in considerable amounts, with a higher capacity for @entity1420 than for @entity53 . @entity1420 formation was stimulated by FSH and hCG, while @entity53 release was stimulated only by hCG. The addition of @entity251 significantly enhanced @entity53 formation in both incubation and culture experiments. It is concluded that the steroidogenesis of this @entity722 is sensitive to gonadotropins.

title: XXXX @entity722 : stimulation of steroidogenesis by gonadotropins in vitro.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity722 :: ('MESH:D006106', 'Disease') :: ['malignant granulosa cell tumor', 'granulosa cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroids', 'steroids']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: Platelet function and morphologic characteristics were evaluated in 43 @entity1 with @entity66 ( @entity66 ), 5 @entity1 with @entity2590 ( @entity2590 ), and 7 @entity1 with @entity1148 ( @entity1148 ). Platelet Factor IV ( @entity18042 ) and B-thromboglobulin (BTG) showed slight elevation in @entity1148 but significant elevation in all MPDs. They were either normal or slightly elevated in @entity2590 . Defective @entity1423 with one or more inducers was seen in 62% of all @entity1 . An @entity1425 -induced defect was the most consistent aggregation abnormality. Hyperaggregation and spontaneous aggregation were seen in 15% of @entity1 . Of the eight @entity1 who showed increased @entity548 tendency, all eight showed @entity1423 with two or more inducers, five showed decreased surface activation response, as well as decreased or abnormal granules and dense tubular disarray in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) study. Seven @entity1 had clinical evidence of recurrent arterial and @entity1150 . Five of these @entity1 showed hyperaggregation response to @entity857 and collagen and abnormal Wu and Hoak platelet aggregate ratio. Four @entity1 showed spontaneous aggregation on aggregometer. Surface activation response was significantly increased in five @entity1 , and an increase in platelet granules by TEM study was seen in four @entity1 . Primary @entity1148 could be differentiated from @entity1148 ( @entity1148 ) by the presence of abnormal aggregation response and significantly increased @entity18042 and BTG in the former, and greatly elevated plasma @entity2002 and Factor VIII, as part of acute phase reactant response, in the latter.

title: Platelet function and structure in @entity66 , XXXX , and @entity1148 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['ST', 'thrombocythemia', 'secondary thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['MPD', 'myeloproliferative disease']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['defective aggregation', 'platelet aggregation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['venous thromboses']

entities_list: @entity857 :: ('MESH:D000244', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine diphosphate']

answer: @entity2590 :: (MESH:D009190,Disease) :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyse the trends in stillbirths, neonatal @entity204 , and @entity306 in all @entity1 born in Western Australia from 1967 to 1985. To relate these trends to changes in perinatal care, particularly in relation to avoidance of intrapartum @entity1763 in term @entity1 and the increased survival of low birthweight @entity1 . DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiological study calculating population rates for perinatal @entity204 and @entity306 according to year of birth and birth weight. SETTING: Western Australia. SUBJECTS: All @entity1 born after 20 weeks' gestation or weighing at least 400 g (live and stillborn). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stillbirths, neonatal @entity204 (from perinatal death certificates), and @entity306 (from a population based register). RESULTS: Overall stillbirth rates fell from 12.1/1000 total births in 1967-70 to 8.1 in 1983-5. Early neonatal mortality fell from 13.0/1000 live births to 4.4 over the same period whereas @entity306 rates remained at around 2-2.5/1000 live births. Death rates fell in all birth weight categories, particularly in low birthweight @entity1 between 1975 and 1985, the period when birthweight data were available. In contrast, @entity306 rates in @entity1 under 1500 g rose significantly over this period (from 12.1 in 1968 to 64.9 in 1985). The rise was seen in all spastic categories, including severely and @entity1032 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Large increases in the use of interventions aimed at reducing @entity600 and handicaps had not (by 1985) resulted in lower rates of @entity306 . This suggests that @entity600 is not a major cause. The increased survival of low birthweight @entity1 has resulted in more @entity306 in this group, due either to postnatal complications of @entity44 or prenatal damage to the fetal brain. These findings have implications for planning perinatal care and for litigation for putative obstetric malpractice in @entity306 cases.

title: Trends in perinatal mortality and XXXX in Western Australia, 1967 to 1985.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['multiply handicapped']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['birth asphyxia']

entities_list: @entity44 :: ('MESH:D013724', 'Disease') :: ['immaturity']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['total cerebral palsy', 'cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity306 :: (MESH:D002547,Disease) :: ['cerebral palsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of mesh fixation with fibrin sealant (FS) in laparoscopic preperitoneal @entity169 and to compare it with stapled fixation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Laparoscopic hernia repair involves the fixation of the prosthetic mesh in the preperitoneal space with staples to avoid displacement leading to recurrence. The use of staples is associated with a small but significant number of complications, @entity128 and @entity1410 . FS (Tisseel) is a biodegradable adhesive obtained by a combination of @entity1 -derived @entity2002 and @entity556 , duplicating the last step of the coagulation cascade. It can be used as an alternative method of fixation. METHODS: A prosthetic mesh was placed laparoscopically into the preperitoneal space in both groins in 25 female @entity1707 and fixed with either FS or staples or left without fixation. The method of fixation was chosen by randomization. The @entity1707 were killed after 12 days to assess early graft incorporation. The following outcome measures were evaluated: macroscopic findings, including graft alignment and motion, tensile strength between the grafts and surrounding tissues, and histologic findings (fibrous reaction and inflammatory response). RESULTS: The procedures were completed laparoscopically in 49 sites. Eighteen grafts were fixed with FS and 16 with staples; 15 were not fixed. There was no significant difference in graft motion between the FS and stapled groups, but the nonfixed mesh had significantly more graft motion than in either of the fixed groups. There was no significant difference in median tensile strength between the FS and stapled groups. The tensile strength in the nonfixed group was significantly lower than the other two groups. FS triggered a significantly stronger fibrous reaction and inflammatory response than in the stapled and control groups. No infection related to method of fixation was observed in any group. CONCLUSION: An adequate mesh fixation in the extraperitoneal inguinal area can be accomplished using FS. This method is mechanically equivalent to the fixation achieved by staples and superior to nonfixed grafts. Biologic soft fixation with FS will prevent early graft migration and will avoid the complications associated with staple use.

title: Use of fibrin sealant for prosthetic mesh fixation in laparoscopic extraperitoneal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity128 :: ('MESH:D020209', 'Disease') :: ['mainly nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia repair']

answer: @entity169 :: (MESH:D006552,Disease) :: ['inguinal hernia repair']


abstract: 1. To examine the effect of chronic administration of @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitor on circulating @entity2178 ( @entity2178 ) concentration, 20 mg of @entity3593 was administered once daily for 7 consecutive days to eight healthy volunteers. 2. Plasma @entity1289 activity was inhibited to less than approximately 30% of the pretreatment level during the repeated administration. 3. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was slightly but significantly reduced during the administration period. Plasma @entity2178 concentration measured by an established method using high performance liquid chromatography combined with a radioimmunoassay, however, was maintained at approximately the pretreatment level when it was measured at 24 h intervals after each administration of @entity3593 . 4. With the gradual recovery of @entity1289 activity following discontinuation of administration, the plasma @entity2178 concentration correlated with AI concentration (r = 0.46), and also with the product of AI and @entity1289 activity (AI x @entity1289 ; r = 0.80), corresponding to the formula obtained from the kinetics of @entity1289 activity. No correlation was observed between MAP and @entity2178 levels throughout the study period. 5. We conclude that in normal subjects repeatedly administered with @entity1289 inhibitor, the @entity2178 level in the circulation is still determined by an elevated level of AI and any remaining @entity1289 activity, thus maintaining @entity2178 at pretreatment levels. We confirmed that it is not necessary to achieve a decrease in plasma @entity2178 concentration through the chronic administration of @entity1289 inhibitor in order to effectively lower blood pressure.

title: Circulating @entity2178 levels under repeated administration of XXXX in normal subjects.

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II', 'AII']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin I-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity3593 :: ('MESH:D017706', 'Chemical') :: ['lisinopril']

answer: @entity3593 :: (MESH:D017706,Chemical) :: ['lisinopril']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Continuous femoral @entity616 is a well-accepted technique for regional analgesia after total-knee replacement. However, many @entity1 still experience considerable @entity158 at the popliteal space and at the medial aspect of the knee. The goal of this study is to evaluate whether a psoas compartment catheter provides better postoperative analgesia than a femoral nerve catheter does and whether it is as effective as the combination of a femoral and a sciatic nerve catheter and, thus, improves functional outcome. METHODS: Ninety @entity1 who underwent total-knee replacement under standardized general anesthesia participated in this prospective randomized study. Group FEM received a continuous femoral @entity616 , group FEM/SCI received a combination of a femoral and a sciatic continuous @entity616 , and group PSOAS received a continuous psoas compartment block. @entity1 -controlled analgesia with @entity22730 was available for 48 hours. Maximal bending and extending of the knee and walking distance was assessed during the first 7 days. A standardized telephone survey was conducted after 9 to 12 months to evaluate @entity158 and functional outcome. RESULTS: Postoperative opioid consumption during 48 hours was significantly less in the FEM/SCI group (median: 18 mg; 25th/75th percentile: 6/40) compared with the FEM group (49 mg; 25/66) and the PSOAS group (44 mg; 30/62) (P =.002). @entity282 scores were not different, and no differences occurred with respect to short-term or long-term functional outcome. CONCLUSION: The FEM/SCI catheter is superior to FEM and PSOAS catheter with respect to reduced analgesic requirements after total-knee replacement, but functional outcome does not differ with those 3 continuous regional analgesia techniques.

title: Postoperative analgesia and functional recovery after total-knee replacement: comparison of a continuous posterior lumbar plexus (psoas compartment) block, a continuous femoral XXXX , and the combination of a continuous femoral and sciatic @entity616 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity22730 :: ('MESH:D010892', 'Chemical') :: ['piritramide']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['residual pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative pain']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['nerve block']

answer: @entity616 :: (MESH:D006327,Disease) :: ['nerve block']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore all the common clinical and biological variables that are characteristic of @entity262 @entity4932 (SoJCA) in order to determine which of them are suitable as predictors of a bad articular outcome (persistence of inflammatory symptoms and/or established limitation of the range of motion (ROM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical charts for 124 SoJCA @entity1 were retrospectively reviewed. From them, 91 were finally included in the study because they had all of the clinical and biological data at disease onset properly recorded. All have been followed for at least 3 years since the beginning of the disease. Data collected at onset, and after 3 and 6 months of the disease included: 1) systemic symptoms; 2) joint involvement, using both the usual articular count and the value of an articular index (Helsinki Index = HI) which intentionally excludes those joints that are not uniformly recorded in clinical charts; and 3) biological data. HI was used to separate the @entity1 into two groups. When applied 3 years after the disease onset, HI > or = 10 represented a bad articular outcome while HI < 10 meant a good prognosis. SPSS for Windows 6.1 was used for both the univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: From the multivariate logistic regression analysis, two different "clusters" of clinical data were found to be the best predictors of a bad articular outcome. A bad prognosis was linked at onset with the presence of generalized lymphadenopathies, age < 8 years and an HI > 6; at six months a bad outcome was linked with the presence of a polyarticular pattern plus hip involvement. CONCLUSION: Clinical parameters at the beginning of the disease were shown to be extremely useful in predicting the articular outcome of SoJCA. Therefore, they could constitute a good instrument to help clinicians tailor the best therapy for their @entity1 .

title: XXXX @entity4932 , polyarticular pattern and hip involvement as markers for a bad prognosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['Systemic onset']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['Juvenile Chronic Arthritis']

answer: @entity262 :: (MESH:D034721,Disease) :: ['Systemic onset']


abstract: We aimed to review recent prospective and cross-sectional studies regarding the gradual and chronic effects of (cumulative) @entity410 on cognition. In contrast with the increasing evidence of structural changes in the brain associated with repeated @entity410 , its functional repercussions remain unclear. Methodological difficulties of cross-sectional and prospective studies are addressed. It appears that all but one of the prospective studies available on @entity1 are limited to measures of intelligence. Most studies revealed no significant adverse effects, although there appears to be a subgroup of about 10-25% of @entity1 that shows a clinically significant intellectual decline. @entity1 with generalized symptomatic @entity302 , frequent @entity410 , high antiepileptic drug use, and early onset of @entity302 appear at risk, although psychosocial factors may also play an important role. Five of the six prospective studies on adults report evidence of a mild decline in cognition in @entity1 with a (longstanding) history of pharmacoresistant @entity302 . The adverse effect on cognitive abilities, memory in particular, seems somewhat more robust than that on measures of intelligence. A significant association between @entity73 and @entity410 related variables is rarely substantiated in prospective research and cross-sectional studies show contradicting results. Taken together, the data suggest a mild but measurable decline of intellectual performance in @entity1 and adults. Decline of specific cognitive abilities in @entity1 is impossible to evaluate given the very little data available. In adults, memory appears to be the most vulnerable cognitive function. Due to many confounding variables, the effect of @entity410 per se is difficult to estimate, but appears limited.

title: Cognitive effects of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive decline']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsies', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prognosis of scirrhous @entity356 remains poor when it is treated with surgical resection alone or chemotherapy alone. A phase II study of sequential high-dose @entity1499 and @entity1487 , combined with @entity632 , as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy was conducted in an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of this regimen in improving the survival of @entity1 with scirrhous @entity356 . METHODS: @entity1 were eligible if they had potentially resectable scirrhous @entity356 with adequate organ functions and no prior treatment. The treatment schedule consisted of @entity1499 (1 g/m2, day 1) @entity1487 (1.5 g/m2, day 1), @entity4181 (15 mg/m2, days 2-4), and @entity632 (30 mg/m2, day 15), repeated at a 28-day interval, and followed by radical surgery. RESULTS: A total of 20 eligible @entity1 were registered. Objective responses in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy segment were observed in 3 of the 20 (15%) @entity1 . No complete remission was observed. The neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 in 14 of the 20 (70%) @entity1 . The median time from the initial therapy to the operative day was 82 days. Thirteen of the 20 (65%) @entity1 underwent curative resection. No treatment-related @entity204 occurred. However, the 2-year survival rate in this treatment program (25%) did not show any superiority over that in historical controls. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential high-dose @entity1499 and @entity1487 , combined, with @entity632 , as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy for scirrhous @entity356 did not improve the survival rate in spite of improving the curative resection rate.

title: Phase II study of sequential high-dose XXXX and @entity1487 combined with @entity632 as a neoadjuvant chemotherapy for scirrhous @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4181 :: ('MESH:D002955', 'Chemical') :: ['leucovorin']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: @entity358 is a chronic @entity364 that has a high mortality when hemoptysis occurs. Surgery is the treatment of choice, but @entity1 often have severe physiologic impairment putting them at risk for significant surgical morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a 63-year-old @entity1 with a large aspergilloma, unfit for surgery due to medical reasons. The aspergilloma was enlarging, with progression of the @entity1 's symptoms of @entity448 , cough, chest discomfort, and hemoptysis. Bronchoscopy revealed an airway leading into a cavity with a large fungal ball. Biopsy confirmed @entity54 . Using flexible and rigid bronchoscopy, the aspergilloma was mechanically removed. Eighteen months later the @entity1 reported no hemoptysis, reduced @entity158 and cough, significant @entity1017 , and improved appetite, with no recurrence of the aspergilloma on repeat imaging. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bronchoscopic removal of a large cavitary aspergilloma. This important new treatment modality provides a viable alternative therapy for this potentially life-threatening problem.

title: Bronchoscopic removal of a large intracavitary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity54 :: ('746128', 'Species') :: ['Aspergillus fumigatus']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary aspergilloma']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary aspergilloma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Setback in insulin resistance has been described in @entity1 with essential @entity101 . The aim of our study was to verify at the receptor and postreceptor levels the presence of insulin resistance in @entity1 with high or low @entity916 activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six @entity1 with the @entity2791 (20 to 65 years, average age was 51 +/- 12 years, BMI: 27 +/- 2.0 kg.m2) and six @entity1 with @entity1368 (28 to 61 years, average age was 50 +/- 13 years, BMI: 26.9 +/- 3.2 kg.m2) were investigated. Their diagnose was confirmed by laboratory examination, computer tomography, and duplex sonography. Blood pressure was monitored for 24 hours with Spacelab tonometer (SBP: 161 +/- 29 mmHg, DBP: 98 +/- 12 mmHg versus SBP: 168 +/- 21 mmHg, DBP: 103 +/- 9 mmHg; plasma @entity916 activity was 8.1 +/- 5.6 versus 0.3 +/- 0.4 ng.ml-1.h-1, p < 0.001; recumbent plasma @entity1369 level was 98 +/- 31 versus 358 +/- 103 pg.ml-1, p < 0.001, normal value till 150 pg/ml, serum @entity972 was 3.9 +/- 0.4 and 3.5 +/- 0.6 mmol/l). All @entity1 had normal course of the oral @entity413 tolerance test. Six volunteers of corresponding age and BMI formed the control group. @entity1 had normal values of the basal morning glycemia (4.9 +/- 0.5 and 5.0 +/- 0.6 versus 4.9 +/- 0.6 mmol/l), basal insulinemia level was 28.8 +/- 12.4 and 21.0 +/- 10.2 versus 15.9 +/- 8.8 mU.l-1 in healthy controls. Insulin effect was tested using isoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method on Biostator with insulin infusion of 1 mU.kg.min-1. Plasma @entity972 concentration was kept at constant physiological levels using linear infusion pump (in @entity1 with @entity1368 after the prior supplementation). In @entity1 with high- @entity916 or low- @entity916 @entity101 , the @entity413 consumption during clamping was lower than that of healthy controls (M, @entity413 disposal rate: 23.7 +/- 4.8 and 19.5 +/- 3.4 versus 33.0 +/- 5.7 mumol.kg.-1.min-1, p < 0.001), increase of the metabolic @entity413 clearance (MCRG: 5.1 +/- 1.5 and 3.9 +/- 0.7 versus 7.9 +/- 1.4 ml.kg-1.min-1, p < 0.001) and tissue insulin sensitivity index (M/I: 24.3 +/- 10.1 and 26.4 +/- 8.3 versus 38.4 +/- 10.1 mumol.kg-1.min-1 to mU.l-1 x 100, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with high- @entity916 and low- @entity916 @entity101 have the insulin effectiveness significantly impaired. Such insulin resistance probably does not depend on the @entity916 activity, plasma @entity1369 concentration or on serum @entity972 level. The ethiopathogenesis of the described changes will be the aim of our next study.

title: [Effect of insulin in XXXX with high and low levels of @entity916 .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperaldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to study the epidemiology of chronic and subacute @entity3439 in an adult population and associated factors such as treatment, recurrence, @entity410 , complications, and outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 267 consecutive cases operated for a suspected diagnosis of chronic or subacute @entity3439 during a six-year period. RESULTS: An incorrect diagnosis was done in 12 of the cases (4.5%) giving a total of 255 cases of chronic or subacute @entity3439 . The mean age of the @entity1 was 68-year old. Two-thirds of the cases were chronic and one-third were subacute. A history of @entity542 was identified in 79% of the @entity1 occurring more frequently in the subacute group. The @entity1410 was bilateral in 16% of the @entity1 . Recurrence occurred in 7.8% of the cases, but there was no significant difference between chronic and subacute cases nor the type of operation done. @entity410 occurred in 6.2% of the cases. Preoperative @entity410 are not associated to the development of @entity410 . A postoperative @entity1779 occurred in 2.7% of the @entity1 and was associated in most of the cases with a poor outcome. The morbidity rate was 9% and the mortality rate was 0.9%. Outcome is good in 95% of the @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity6087 occurs more frequently than subacute @entity3439 . Surgical treatment modality and the use of a drain do not change the recurrence rate. Preoperative @entity410 are not associated to the development of @entity410 . The use of postoperative prophylactic antiepileptic drugs does not decrease the postoperative @entity410 rate even in the alcoholic @entity1 , therefore, their prophylactic use is not indicated.

title: Chronic and subacute XXXX in the adult population. The Puerto Rico experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3439 :: ('MESH:D006408', 'Disease') :: ['subdural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'Postoperative seizures', 'postoperative seizures']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma']

entities_list: @entity6087 :: ('MESH:D020200', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic subdural hematoma']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hematoma']

answer: @entity3439 :: (MESH:D006408,Disease) :: ['subdural hematoma']


abstract: Surgical techniques and their results for tuberculum sellae @entity1653 were studied. Thirty-three cases, the first of which was operated in 1980, were analysed. There were 4 @entity1 and 29 @entity1 with an average age of 46.7 years. Eight cases underwent reoperations. The mean follow-up was 10.7 years. Approaches were pterional for 15 @entity1 , FOZ/FO for 10, bilateral subfrontal for 6, and others for 2. Simpson's grade (I, II, III, IV) were 12, 9, 0, and 12 cases respectively. Recurrence rate was 0% for grade I and 58.3% for grade IV. The FOZ/FO approach resulted in a lower Simpson's grade (P=0.05), but other factors were not related to Simpson's grade (P=0.05). The postoperative visual outcome did not depend on total (grade I and II) or subtotal (grade III and IV) removal (P=0.01). We conclude that radical @entity5 may result in lower recurrence rate without increasing surgical complications. Furthermore, skull base approaches can improve the rate of radical removal of tuberculum sellae @entity1653 .

title: Treatment of tuberculum sellae XXXX :a long-term follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['removal of the tumours']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['meningiomas']


abstract: An experimental model was developed to study the process of fetal @entity924 . The flexor digitorum profundus tendons of the right hindlimb of 14 fetal @entity742 were partially lacerated at 100 days' gestation (term 145 days) and then studied macroscopically and histologically at several postinjury intervals (2, 4, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 days); two @entity742 were studied at each interval. A similar procedure was done in 14 adult @entity742 , who served as a control group. The fetal @entity742 showed no subcutaneous @entity2318 , the digital sheath and tendon healed 2 weeks after injury, and a smooth, gliding surface was reconstituted. Collagen fibers were randomly arranged at 1 week but became organized along the @entity924 by 2 weeks. No adhesions, @entity397 , or triggering was noted in the healing fetal tendons. Normal morphology was restored by 6 weeks. In the adult, dense subcutaneous @entity2318 was noted, the digital sheath healed by 4 weeks and the tendon gap by 6 weeks, but a smooth gliding surface was not restored. Collagen fibers were randomly arranged at 2 weeks and became organized along the @entity924 by 4 weeks after injury. There were no dense adhesions or @entity397 , but 25 percent of the tendons showed triggering.

title: Fetal XXXX : development of an experimental model.

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptures']

entities_list: @entity924 :: ('MESH:D052256', 'Disease') :: ['tendon axis', 'tendon healing']

answer: @entity924 :: (MESH:D052256,Disease) :: ['tendon healing']


abstract: OBJECT: Neurosurgery is a high-risk specialty currently undertaking the pursuit of systematic approaches to measuring and improving outcomes. As part of a project to devise evidence-based safety interventions for specialty surgery, the authors sought to review current evidence in cranial @entity5 resection concerning the frequency of adverse events in practice, their patterns, and current methods of reducing the occurrence of these events. This review represents part of a series of papers written to consolidate information about these events and preventive measures as part of an ongoing effort to ascertain the utility of devising system-wide policies and safety tools to improve neurosurgical practice. METHODS: The authors performed a PubMed search using search terms " @entity1313 ," " @entity5 ," " @entity1779 ," " @entity11 ," and "complications" or "adverse events." Only papers that specifically discussed the relevant complication rates were included. Papers were chosen to maximize the range of rates of occurrence for the reported adverse events. RESULTS: Review of the @entity5 neurosurgery literature showed that documented overall complication rates ranged from 9% to 40%, with overall mortality rates of 1.5%-16%. There was a wide range of types of adverse events overall. @entity1211 ( @entity1211 ) was the most common adverse event, with a reported incidence of 3%-26%. The presence of new or worsened @entity51 was the second most common adverse event found in this review, with reported rates ranging from 0% for the series of @entity1653 cases with the lowest reported rate to 20% as the highest reported rate for treatment of eloquent @entity11 . @entity5 recurrence was found to be a commonly reported adverse event following surgery for @entity1313 . Rates varied depending on @entity5 type, @entity5 location, @entity1 demographics, surgical technique, the surgeon's level of experience, degree of specialization, and changes in technology, but these effects remain unmeasured. The incidence on our review ranged from 2% for @entity1653 to 36% for @entity5702 . Other relatively common complications were dural closure-related complications (1%-24%), postoperative peritumoral @entity4 (2%-10%), early postoperative @entity410 (1%-12%), medical complications (6%-7%), wound @entity281 (0%-4%), surgery-related @entity1410 (1%-2%), and wrong-site surgery. Strategies to minimize risk of these events were evaluated. Prophylactic techniques for @entity1211 have been widely demonstrated and confirmed, but adherence remains unstudied. The use of image guidance, intraoperative functional mapping, and real-time intraoperative MRI guidance can allow surgeons to maximize resection while preserving neurological function. Whether the extent of resection significantly correlates with improved overall outcomes remains controversial. DISCUSSION: A significant proportion of adverse events in @entity1313 surgery may be avoidable by use of practices to encourage use of standardized protocols for @entity1211 , @entity410 , and @entity281 prophylaxis; intraoperative navigation among other steps; improved teamwork and communication; and concentrated volume and specialization. Systematic efforts to bundle such strategies may significantly improve @entity1 outcomes.

title: Patterns in neurosurgical adverse events: XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial neoplasms', 'intracranial neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Benign tumor', 'cerebral tumor']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['convexity meningiomas', 'meningioma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity5702 :: ('MESH:D018295', 'Disease') :: ['basal meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity1211 :: ('MESH:D054556', 'Disease') :: ['DVT', 'Deep venous thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral meningioma']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['intracranial neoplasm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Three known risk factors for @entity731 predict the severity of @entity453 ( @entity453 ): @entity730 ( @entity730 ), @entity2333 ( @entity2333 ), and @entity2333 ( @entity2333 ). PURPOSE: To determine the relationship of @entity730 , @entity2333 , and @entity2333 with the severity of @entity453 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 104 @entity1 who underwent both coronary CT angiography (CCTA) and invasive coronary angiography were enrolled. The severity of @entity453 was assessed by three methods: the segment involvement score (SIS), the segment @entity850 score (SSS), and the modified Gensini score (mG). We quantified @entity730 using the Agatston method on low-dose ungated chest CT (LDCT). We measured @entity2333 at the thickest portion of the descending thoracic aorta on CCTA. @entity2333 was calculated as the difference between the maximum and minimum areas of the ascending aorta and the pulse pressure. The relationships between the severity of @entity453 and the three aortic factors were assessed. RESULTS: The @entity730 and @entity2333 of the thoracic aorta were significantly higher in the occlusive @entity453 (OCAD) group (1984.21    2986.10 vs. 733.00    1648.71, P = 0.01; 4.13    1.48 vs. 3.40    1.01, P = 0.22). @entity1 with OCAD had more than one epicardial coronary artery with >50% luminal @entity850 . The @entity730 (r = 0.453 with SIS; r = 0.454 with SSS; r = 0.427 with mG) and the @entity2333 (r = 0.279 with SIS; r = 0.324 with SSS; r = 0.304 with mG) were significantly correlated with all three methods, and the @entity2333 was negatively correlated with the SIS (r = - 0.221, P < 0.05, respectively) in the unadjusted model. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, only the correlations between @entity730 and all three methods assessing @entity453 remained significant. CONCLUSION: There are significant relationships between @entity730 , @entity2333 and @entity2333 and severity of @entity453 . In particular, @entity730 measured on LDCT is the most consistent predictor of severity of @entity453 .

title: Relation of XXXX , wall thickness, and distensibility with severity of @entity453 : evaluation with coronary CT angiography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['aortic calcification', 'AC']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['AWT', 'aortic distensibility', 'AD', 'aortic wall thickness']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['aortic atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity730 :: (MESH:D002114,Disease) :: ['aortic calcification']


abstract: The concentrations of @entity9953 , inorganic @entity1391 and the yolk proteins, @entity55728 and lipovitellin, have been monitored in living embryos of @entity1238 by @entity9715 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The @entity9953 levels remain relatively constant at about 3.5-4.5 nmol/embryo at least until the 'spontaneous movement' stage of development. By the swimming tadpole stage an inorganic @entity1391 resonance representing about 30 nmol/embryo becomes evident in the NMR spectrum. Computer manipulation also shows such a resonance, although smaller, to be present at a somewhat earlier developmental stage; these findings are confirmed biochemically. The major contribution to the NMR spectrum of oocytes, unfertilized eggs and early embryos is the yolk phosphoprotein resonance. On isolation of the yolk from the embryos it is possible to quantify the contribution to the NMR spectrum from the lipid- @entity1391 and protein- @entity1391 moieties of the yolk proteins. During development, as the yolk is used up, it is found that the protein- @entity1391 resonance disappears at a greater rate than the lipid- @entity1391 peak. The total @entity3151 content of the embryo (approximately 200 nmol/embryo) is shown biochemically to remain constant during development; however, the total amount of @entity3151 observed by NMR decreases by about 40% during development. From the resonance positions of their alpha, beta and gamma @entity1391 groups it is deduced that the @entity9953 molecules are liganded in vivo to a divalent cation which is not @entity921 , but could be either @entity1760 or @entity460 . From the position of the inorganic @entity1391 resonance it is deduced that the internal pH of embryos where this resonance is evident is 6.8 +/- 0.2.

title: 31P nuclear-magnetic-resonance studies on the developing embryos of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

entities_list: @entity921 :: ('MESH:D008345', 'Chemical') :: ['manganese']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity9953 :: ('CHEBI:17326', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside triphosphate']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity1238 :: (8355,Species) :: ['Xenopus laevis']


abstract: In this study we used a @entity3307 ) deletion mutant to identify a segment of the genome necessary for @entity1425 -induced reactivation in the @entity95 eye model of @entity66 . In @entity3307 latently infected neural tissue, the only abundant viral products are the latency-associated transcripts (LATs). At least one promoter of LAT has been identified, and mutations in the LAT domain have been used to investigate @entity3307 reactivation. We used an ocular @entity95 model of @entity1425 -induced @entity3307 reactivation to study the effects of deleting a 437-bp region beginning 796 bp upstream of the LAT CAP site. Specifically, the 437-bp deletion is located between genomic positions 118006 and 118443 of the parent 17Syn+, and the construct is designated @entity53698 S/N. This region also controls a portion of the genome encoding two transcripts (1.1 and 1.8 kb) from the LAT domain. A rescuant, @entity53698 S/N-Res, was constructed from @entity53698 S/N. Following @entity5517 , all three viruses produced similar acute @entity75 in @entity95 . Five weeks after @entity281 , @entity95 received transcorneal iontophoresis of @entity1425 . The parent, 17Syn+, and the rescuant, @entity53698 S/N-Res, underwent a high frequency of @entity3307 ocular reactivation as determined by recovery of infectious virus in the tear film. @entity95 infected with @entity53698 S/N had a significantly lower frequency of ocular reactivation. Analysis of the trigeminal ganglia from all three groups of latently infected @entity95 revealed (i) similar amounts of HSV DNA (genomic equivalents), (ii) accumulation of 2.0- and 1.45-kb LATs, and (iii) explant reactivation at the same high frequency. Therefore, these studies indicate that the 437-bp deleted region in @entity53698 S/N is essential for @entity1425 -induced reactivation and could implicate the 1.1- and 1.8-kb transcripts in the mechanisms controlling @entity3307 reactivation.

title: A 437-base-pair deletion at the beginning of the latency-associated transcript promoter significantly reduced adrenergically induced XXXX ocular reactivation in latently infected @entity95 .

entities_list: @entity5517 :: ('MESH:D015817', 'Disease') :: ['ocular infection']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['herpetic recurrent disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['dendritic lesions']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbits', 'rabbit']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity3307 :: ('10298', 'Species') :: ['herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1', 'HSV-1']

answer: @entity3307 :: (10298,Species) :: ['herpes simplex virus type 1']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity14 , over 90% of the identified mutations are in two genes, @entity4311 and @entity6756 . A large proportion of the mutations detected in these genes are of the missense type which may be either deleterious mutations or harmless polymorphisms. AIM: To investigate whether nine missense and one splice site mutation of @entity6756 and @entity4311 , in 10 kindreds with a familial history of @entity14 or young age of onset, could be interpreted as pathogenic. METHODS: Clinical and genetic characteristics were collected: (i) evolutionary conservation of the codon involved; (ii) type of @entity535 change; (iii) occurrence of mutation in healthy controls; (iv) cosegregation of mutation with disease phenotype; (v) functional consequences of gene variant; and (vi) microssatellite instability and immunoexpression of @entity4311 and @entity6756 analysis. RESULTS: Seven different missense and one splice site mutation were identified. Only 1/8 was found in the control group, 2/7 occurred in conserved residues, and 5/7 resulted in non-conservative changes. Functional studies were available for only 2/8 mutations. Segregation of the missense variant with disease phenotype was observed in three kindreds. CONCLUSION: In the majority of families included, there was no definitive evidence that the missense or splice site alterations were causally associated with an increased risk of developing @entity14 . Until further evidence is available, these mutational events should be regarded and interpreted carefully and genetic diagnosis should not be offered to these kindreds.

title: Pathogenicity of missense and splice site mutations in XXXX and @entity6756 mismatch repair genes: implications for genetic testing.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity4311 :: (4436,Gene) :: ['hMSH2']


abstract: Myelosuppression is an important and potentially lethal complication of @entity500 treatment. The blood count has been reviewed in all @entity1 treated with @entity500 for @entity29 over 27 years in one hospital. Altogether 739 @entity1 (422 with @entity30 , 284 with @entity31 , and 33 with indeterminate @entity1960 ) were treated with 2 mg/kg/day @entity500 for a median of 12.5 months (range 0.5-132) between 1964 and 1991. Full blood counts were performed monthly for the duration of treatment. In 37 @entity1 (5%) who developed @entity236 , the drug was withdrawn or the dose reduced. Thirty two of these @entity1 were asymptomatic and five developed symptoms. @entity1210 (white blood count less than 3.0 x 10g/l) occurred in 28 (3.8%) @entity1 , in nine of whom it was severe (white blood count < 2.0 x 10(9)/l). Of these nine @entity1 , three were pancytopenic: two died from sepsis and the other had @entity55 but recovered. A further two @entity1 with severe @entity1210 developed a mild @entity1729 only. @entity882 (platelet count < 100,000 x 10(6)/l) in 15 @entity1 was associated with @entity1210 in six and developed in isolation in a further nine (total 2%). Isolated @entity882 was never clinically severe. Myelotoxicity from @entity500 developed at any time during drug treatment (range 2 weeks-11 years after starting the drug) and occurred either suddenly or over several months. @entity236 as a result of @entity500 treatment is uncommon when a moderate dose is used, but is potentially severe. @entity1210 is the commonest and most important haematological complication. Regular monitoring of the full blood count is recommended during treatment.

title: @entity236 caused by XXXX in @entity29 : 27 years of experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['Thrombocytopenia', 'thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper respiratory infection']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow toxicity', 'Bone marrow suppression']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

entities_list: @entity1210 :: ('MESH:C536227', 'Disease') :: ['leucopenia', 'Leucopenia']

answer: @entity500 :: (MESH:D001379,Chemical) :: ['azathioprine']


abstract: @entity2635 meshes are one of the synthetic prosthetic materials widely applied for the reconstruction of abdominal layers in @entity1 and neonatal surgery, cardiosurgery or vascular surgery. Because of the lack or insufficiency of the own, natural material multiple researches are performed in order to find the best material able to replace natural tissue. The most suitable prosthesis ought to be: sterile, non-toxic, soft, flexible, elastic, not very stretchy, durable, easy to operate (cutting, suturing); to create desired shape required while reconstracting, totally resistant to contagion, without any complication after being implanted. Since early seventies many scientists following above requirements have carried out researches to create the most similar prosthesis morphologically and functionally to @entity1 tissue but still there is no such an ideal material on the market. @entity2635 with its derivatives is one of the most commonly applied synthetic substances in surgery. The type of biomaterial highly depends on its purpose e.g.: for vascular prosthesis materials that are resorptive in organism and support tightness (gelatine, albumin, collagen); while for temporal replacement abdominal layers with prosthesis the most suitable is impervious to systemic fluids bacteria etc material, that prevents penetrating the surface of prosthesis by surrounding tissues, adhesions with intestinum or other organs. Tegmentum is a material that posses these features. This is a @entity2635 mesh covered with @entity2636 on one side produced by Tricomed S.A. (    d  ). Tegmentum has already been applied to neonates with congenital eventration in @entity1 and Neonatal Ward in the "Szpital Pomnik Matki Polki" hospital in     d  .

title: Evaluation of the healing process after implantation of synthetic material called Tegmentum consisting of XXXX mesh covered with @entity2636 in rat peritoneum.

entities_list: @entity2635 :: ('CHEBI:60160', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyester', 'polyester']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'human', 'child']

entities_list: @entity2636 :: ('MESH:D011140', 'Chemical') :: ['polyurethane']

answer: @entity2635 :: (CHEBI:60160,Chemical) :: ['polyester']