abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the results of @entity1457 ( @entity1457 ) in @entity1 with @entity545 . METHODS: This study included 42 @entity1 (mean age 55.4 years, range 32 to 72, SD 9.92) with @entity545 . The mean duration of disease was 16.5 months (range 3 to 60, SD 13.31). Before treatment, the degree of angulation was assessed artificially by injection of 10 to 20 microg @entity5015 , and Polaroid photographs were taken. @entity1 were also questioned about @entity158 on erection, whether sexual intercourse was possible, and the quality of erections. All were initially treated with three sessions of @entity1457 (3000 shock waves). After three sessions, @entity1 who believed that improvement had resulted or who wanted to undergo additional treatment went on to have further sessions. The mean duration of follow-up was 5.9 months (range 2 to 18, SD 4.4), after which the results were analyzed. RESULTS: Those who believed that improvement in angulation had resulted were asked to provide Polaroid photographs to assess the improvement objectively. Six (14%) said that they had excellent results, 21 (50%) had significant improvement, 7 (17%) had slight improvement, and 8 (19%) had no change. Of the 25 who had @entity158 on erection before treatment, 21 (84%) reported complete or near complete relief after treatment. Five @entity1 said that the quality of the erections had improved after treatment. Eight @entity1 complained of mild and one of severe @entity158 during or immediately after treatment; 2 of these 9 @entity1 had both @entity158 and @entity2981 . CONCLUSIONS: The initial results with @entity1457 are promising, with minimal complications. The long-term results need to be evaluated.

title: Evaluation of @entity1457 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['ESWT', 'extracorporeal shock wave therapy']

entities_list: @entity545 :: ('MESH:D010411', 'Disease') :: ["Peyronie's disease"]

entities_list: @entity5015 :: ('MESH:D000527', 'Chemical') :: ['alprostadil']

answer: @entity545 :: (MESH:D010411,Disease) :: ['Peyronie's disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Massive hemoptysis was a rare but severe @entity2 . The aim of the present study is to investigate the mechanisms, risk factors, early symptoms, prevention, and treatment options for fatal hemoptysis. METHODS: From April 2007 to May 2011, 1,737 @entity1 with @entity2 were surgically treated in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Twenty @entity1 died during the perioperative period, seven of whom died of massive hemoptysis. These seven cases were analyzed, and their clinical data, as well as related literatures, were reviewed. RESULTS: Massive hemoptysis is the second cause of @entity204 after @entity2 surgery. Six @entity1 died directly of massive hemoptysis. One @entity1 underwent secondary surgery because of massive hemoptysis, but eventually died because of @entity358 and @entity1576 . Early symptoms of @entity548 were observed in four cases, and the overall incidence rate of massive hemoptysis was 0.4% (7/1,737). CONCLUSION: Bronchovascular    stula (BVF) caused by @entity292 ( @entity292 ) is the mechanism for massive hemoptysis. @entity6 is a high risk factor. Early diagnosis and surgical treatment of @entity292 or BVF can prevent the occurrence of @entity204 as a result of massive hemoptysis.

title: [Clinical experiences of @entity292 -related fatal hemoptysis after the resection of XXXX : a report of 7 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complication of lung cancer', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung infection']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['BPF', 'bronchopleural fistula']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This phase I/II trial evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetics of @entity12379 plus @entity2903 as well as the efficacy and safety of @entity12379 as monotherapy (A) or with @entity2903 ( @entity1129 ) vs @entity2903 monotherapy (T) in @entity1 with recurrent @entity463 ( @entity463 ). METHODS: Phase I followed a traditional 3 + 3 dose-escalation design to determine MTD. Treatment cohorts were: @entity12379 20, 40, and 50 mg/day (plus @entity2903 75 mg/m(2)/day for 21 days per 28-day cycle). In phase II, @entity1 were randomized (stratified by age and KPS) to receive A, T or @entity1129 ; A was dosed at 40 mg/day and T at 75 mg/m(2) for 21 of 28 days. Primary endpoint was progression-free survival rate at 6 months (PFS-6). @entity1 were treated until intolerable adverse events (AEs) or disease progression. RESULTS: Recommended phase II dose was 40 mg/day (A) + T based on safety data from phase I (n = 32). Most frequent AEs in phase II (n = 119) were @entity294 (71% [A], 82% [ @entity1129 ]) and @entity1910 (71% [A] and 69% [ @entity1129 ]). @entity12379 and @entity2903 pharmacokinetics were unaffected by coadministration. Independently assessed PFS-6 rate was 3% (A), 10% ( @entity1129 ), and 23% (T). Median PFS was longer in @entity12379 -treated @entity1 with epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR) vIII-positive @entity5 versus EGFRvIII-negative @entity5 . Best overall response included partial response in 1 (A), 2 ( @entity1129 ), and 4 (T) @entity1 and stable disease in 14 (A), 14 ( @entity1129 ), and 21 (T) @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity12379 has a manageable safety profile but limited single-agent activity in unselected recurrent @entity463 @entity1 .

title: Phase I/randomized phase II study of @entity12379 , an irreversible ErbB family blocker, with or without protracted @entity2903 in adults with recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity12379 :: ('MESH:C522924', 'Chemical') :: ['afatinib', 'Afatinib']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['GBM', 'glioblastoma']

answer: @entity463 :: (MESH:D005909,Disease) :: ['glioblastoma']


abstract: Without the brainstem, thoracic spinal cords of neonatal @entity35 in vitro spontaneously generate tonic @entity3389 ( @entity3389 ) in the splanchnic nerves. Activation of nicotinic receptors in cords is known to alter a repertoire of neurotransmitter releases to sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs). Using in vitro nerve-cord preparations, we investigated whether endogenous nicotinic receptor activity is essential for @entity3389 genesis. Application of @entity6959 , an open-channel nicotinic receptor blocker, reduced @entity3389 in a progressive manner. Exogenous activation of nicotinic receptors by application of various nicotinic agonists generally excited @entity3389 at low agonistic concentrations. At higher concentrations, however, agonists induced biphasic responses characterized by an initial excitation followed by prolonged @entity3389 suppression. Whether ionotropic @entity3264 , @entity1246 (A), or @entity8959 receptors are downstream signals of nicotinic receptor activation was explored by pretreatment of cords with selective antagonists. The initial excitation of @entity3389 persisted in the presence of ionotropic @entity3264 receptor antagonists. In contrast, the @entity3389 suppression was partially reversed by @entity8959 or @entity1246 (A) receptor antagonists. Incubation of the cord in a low @entity141 /high @entity1025 bath solution to block @entity141 -dependent synaptic transmission did not affect @entity3389 excitation induced by nicotinic agonists, confirming direct activation of postsynaptic nicotinic receptors on SPNs. In conclusion, the endogenous activity of nicotinic receptors is essential for @entity3389 genesis in the thoracic spinal cord. Nicotinic activation of glycinergic and GABAergic interneurons may provide a recurrent inhibition of SPNs for homeostatic regulation of sympathetic outflow.

title: Endogenous activation of nicotinic receptors underlies sympathetic tone generation in neonatal XXXX spinal cord in vitro.

entities_list: @entity6959 :: ('MESH:D008464', 'Chemical') :: ['mecamylamine']

entities_list: @entity3389 :: ('MESH:D019522', 'Disease') :: ['sympathetic nerve discharge', 'SND']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The oral stimulating effects of @entity969 and @entity2827 ( @entity1219 ) were assessed in chronic decerebrate and pair-fed intact control @entity35 by measuring both oral motor taste-reactivity responses and intraoral intake volume. Taste-reactivity responses were videotaped during the first minute of the intraoral taste infusion. The infusion continued until the taste solution was rejected from the mouth, and the intake volume was computed accordingly. The number of ingestive taste-reactivity responses and the volume of intraoral intake consumed by pair-fed control and decerebrate @entity35 increased with increasing @entity969 concentration. @entity969 intake increased as concentration increased to 0.1 M, then plateaued between 0.3, 1.3, and 2.0 M @entity969 for both groups. For control @entity35 , intraoral @entity1219 elicited an inverted U-shaped function for both taste-reactivity responses and intake. Taste-reactivity responses of chronic decerebrate @entity35 varied with @entity1219 concentration. In contrast to control @entity35 , intake of @entity1219 did not differ from that of water for decerebrate @entity35 . These data indicate that caudal brain-stem mechanisms are sufficient to control @entity969 intake but are not adequate for the concentration dependent intake of @entity1219 . Second, these data also indicate that it is possible for taste-elicited oral motor responses to be dissociated from intake. The different roles of taste and postingestive factors in @entity969 and @entity1219 intake are discussed.

title: Intraoral intake and taste reactivity responses elicited by XXXX and @entity2827 in chronic decerebrate @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['Sucrose', 'sucrose']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

answer: @entity969 :: (MESH:D013395,Chemical) :: ['sucrose']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: It is important to find ways to predict response to treatments as this may inform treatment planning. We examined rapid response in @entity28 @entity1 with @entity5550 ( @entity5550 ) who participated in a randomized placebo-controlled study of @entity350 administered with cognitive behavioral therapy delivered by guided self-help (CBTgsh) format. METHODS: Fifty @entity1 were randomly assigned to 12-week treatments of either @entity350 +CBTgsh or placebo+CBTgsh, and were followed in double-blind fashion for 3 months after treatment discontinuation. Rapid response, defined as 70% or greater reduction in @entity6426 by the fourth treatment week, was determined by receiver operating characteristic curves, and was then used to predict outcomes. RESULTS: Rapid response characterized 42% of @entity1 , was unrelated to @entity1 ' demographic features and most baseline characteristics, and was unrelated to attrition from treatment. @entity1 with rapid response were more likely to achieve @entity6426 and 5% @entity353 . If rapid response occurred, the level of improvement was sustained during the remaining course of treatment and the 3-month period after treatment. @entity1 without rapid response showed a subsequent pattern of continued improvement. CONCLUSION: Rapid response demonstrated the same prognostic significance and time course for CBTgsh as previously documented for individual CBT. Among rapid responders, improvements were well sustained, and among non-rapid responders, continuing with CBTgsh (regardless of medication) led to subsequent improvements.

title: Rapid response predicts @entity6426 and @entity353 in XXXX : findings from a controlled trial of @entity350 with guided self-help cognitive behavioral therapy.

entities_list: @entity350 :: ('MESH:C055122', 'Chemical') :: ['orlistat']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6426 :: ('MESH:D002032', 'Disease') :: ['binge eating remission', 'binge eating']

entities_list: @entity5550 :: ('MESH:D056912', 'Disease') :: ['BED', 'binge eating disorder']

answer: @entity5550 :: (MESH:D056912,Disease) :: ['binge eating disorder']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pathologic studies suggest that neovascularization and @entity548 are important features of plaque vulnerability for disruption. Our aim was to determine the associations of these features in carotid plaques with previous @entity63 events by using high-resolution CE-MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven @entity1 (36 @entity1 ; mean age 72.5    10 years) underwent CE-MRI and MRA examinations for carotid plaque at 3T. IPH presence was recorded. @entity2295 was categorized by the degree of adventitial enhancement (0, absent; 1, <50%; 2, >= 50%). Reader variability was assessed by using weighted k. Associations with events were determined by using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Intra- and inter-reader agreement for grading adventitial enhancement were good to excellent. IPH was present in 49% of @entity1 and was associated with events (P = .03). @entity1 grouped by categories 0, 1, and 2 adventitial enhancement had increasing frequencies of events (14% category 0, 48% category 1, 65% category 2; P = .02). Events were associated with IPH (OR, 10.18; 95% CI, 1.42-72.21) and adventitial enhancement (compared with category 0: OR, 14.90, 95% CI, 0.98-225.93 for category 1; OR, 51.17, 95% CI, 3.4-469.8 for category 2) after controlling for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, wall thickness, and @entity850 . @entity850 was not associated with events. CONCLUSIONS: Adventitial enhancement and IPH are independently associated with previous events and may provide important insight into @entity64 risk not achievable by @entity850 .

title: Carotid plaque neovascularization and @entity548 detected by MR imaging are associated with recent XXXX events.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['Neovascularity']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Stenosis', 'stenosis']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['cerebrovascular ischemic']


abstract: A chiral gas chromatographic assay previously developed for quantitative analysis of @entity17979 and its major metabolites in @entity35 urine has been adapted for the analysis of the drug in plasma. @entity17979 , both as a racemic mixture and as the individual enantiomers, was administered to conscious @entity35 by the intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using standard non-compartmental methods. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters of @entity57280 and @entity57281 showed that total body clearance of @entity57281 was significantly larger than that of @entity57280 and that elimination half-life was significantly shorter following administration of both 40 mg i.v. and i.p. doses, indicating that there is stereoselective elimination of @entity17979 . However, no significant differences were found between apparent volumes of distribution. In addition, no significant differences were found for either enantiomer between the estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained following administration as the individual enantiomer and as a constituent of the racemic mixture. This indicates that, at the doses studied, the preferential faster elimination of @entity57281 is not dependent upon the presence of the (S)-enantiomer. Also, for each enantiomer, the lack of any significant difference between estimates of clearance when administered as part of a racemic mixture and when administered separately indicates that neither enantiomer affects the clearance of the other.

title: The pharmacokinetics of @entity17979 enantiomers in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity17979 :: ('MESH:D005013', 'Chemical') :: ['Ethosuximide', 'ethosuximide']

entities_list: @entity57281 :: ('CHEBI:60354', 'Chemical') :: ['(R)-ethosuximide']

entities_list: @entity57280 :: ('CHEBI:60355', 'Chemical') :: ['(S)-ethosuximide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to review the outcome of nonoperative treatment for penetrating internal jugular vein (IJ) injuries in a continuous series of prospectively identified, hemodynamically stable @entity1 . METHODS: All penetrating neck injuries assessed from February 1, 2004, to August 31, 2004, were prospectively identified. @entity1 without an indication for urgent neck exploration underwent diagnostic assessment with multislice helical computed tomographic angiography with or without vascular ultrasonography. All IJ injuries with no other indication for surgical exploration were treated nonoperatively. All @entity1 were discharged home and followed up for a minimum of 1 week to document outcomes. RESULTS: From 51 neck injuries penetrating the platysma, 7 required urgent neck exploration, during which 2 IJ injuries were ligated. Forty-four @entity1 underwent multislice helical computed tomographic angiography. Eight IJ injuries (two gunshot wounds and @entity2980 ) with no other indication for neck exploration were identified and managed nonoperatively. One external wound was in zone 1, five were in zone 2, one was in zone 3, and one traversed all three zones. The average length of stay was 4.5 days. At follow-up, ranging from 1 week to 5 months, all @entity1 were asymptomatic, and no @entity1 required delayed operation for @entity130 . CONCLUSIONS: In hemodynamically stable @entity1 with no other indication for exploration, the nonoperative management of penetrating jugular vein injuries should be considered as a safe alternative.

title: The nonoperative management of penetrating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2980 :: ('MESH:D014951', 'Disease') :: ['six stab wounds']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['IJ injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['internal jugular vein injury']


abstract: The hGH cluster contains a single @entity1 pituitary growth hormone gene ( @entity2124 ) and four placenta-specific paralogs. Activation of the cluster in both tissues depends on 5' remote regulatory elements. The pituitary-specific locus control elements DNase I-hypersensitive site I (HSI) and HSII, located 14.5 kb 5' of the cluster (position -14.5), establish a continuous domain of histone acetylation that extends to and activates @entity2124 in the pituitary gland. In contrast, histone modifications in placental chromatin are restricted to the more 5'-remote HSV-HSIII region (kb -28 to -32) and to the placentally expressed genes in the cluster, with minimal modification between these two regions. These data predict distinct modes of hGH cluster gene activation in the pituitary and placenta. Here we used cell culture models to track structural changes at the hGH locus through placental-gene activation. The data revealed that this process was initiated in primary cytotrophoblasts by histone H3K4 di- and trimethylation and H4 acetylation restricted to HSV and to the individual placental-gene repeat (PGR) units within the cluster. Later stages of transcriptional induction were accompanied by enhancement and extension of these modifications and by robust H3 acetylation at HSV, at HSIII, and throughout the placental-gene regions. These data suggested that elements restricted to HSIII-HSV regions and each individual PGR might be sufficient for activation of the @entity10716 genes. This model was tested by comparing @entity10716 transgene expression in the placentas of @entity19 embryos carrying a full hGH cluster to that in placentas in which the HSIII-HSV region was directly linked to the individual @entity10716 -A PGR unit. The findings indicate that the HSIII-HSV region and the PGR units, although targeted for initial chromatin structural modifications, are insufficient to activate gene expression and that this process is dependent on additional, as-yet-unidentified chromatin determinants.

title: Epigenetic activation of the XXXX growth hormone gene cluster during placental cytotrophoblast differentiation.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The remission rate of @entity1 with @entity110 ( @entity110 ) due to elimination diets varies between 31% and 71%. However, the diagnostic value of subsequent traditional oral provocation tests with food additives in capsules remains unsatisfactory. OBJECTIVES: A newly incremental build-up food challenge (IBUF) for @entity1 with @entity110 was designed and implemented in an open pilot study. Primary endpoint was the percentage of @entity1 developing @entity110 during at least one step of IBUF after an initial complete remission due to a pseudoallergen-free elimination diet. METHODS: In total, 153 @entity1 with @entity110 were submitted for 5 weeks to a pseudoallergen-free diet. All @entity1 with remission were included to the 6-week IBUF protocol, containing pseudoallergen-rich foods in a systematic and additive manner. The recurrence and severity of @entity110 was evaluated by @entity110 score. Subjective disturbance and quality of life were evaluated by @entity1 ' diary, visual analogue scale and quality of life questionnaire ( @entity110 -Q2oL). Subsequently, @entity1 were followed up for 3-24 months after IBUF by a telephone interview. RESULTS: A total of 104 @entity1 completed the pseudoallergen-free diet, whereby 51% reported partial, 17% complete and 32% no remission due to the diet. All diet responders showed a @entity73 , @entity110 and quality of life score (P<0.001 each). Eighty-six percent (12/14) of the @entity1 reaching complete remission, showed a recurrence of @entity110 symptoms during the IBUF protocol. Fifty-eight percent (7/12) of these @entity1 still remained free of symptoms due to avoidance of IBUF-identified foods at telephone follow-up. In @entity1 with partial remission to pseudoallergen-free diet, however, IBUF did not provide information about the cause of @entity110 symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The newly developed IBUF protocol seemed to be a promising method for identifying individually incompatible foods in some @entity110 @entity1 . IBUF should be verified by randomized controlled trials to gain additional evidence for its diagnostic value.

title: Incremental build-up food challenge--a new diagnostic approach to evaluate pseudoallergic reactions in @entity110 : a pilot study: stepwise food challenge in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['decrease in subjective impairment']

entities_list: @entity110 :: ('MESH:D014581', 'Disease') :: ['CU', 'chronic urticaria', 'urticaria']

answer: @entity110 :: (MESH:D014581,Disease) :: ['chronic urticaria']


abstract: We studied the effect of different chronic (3-4 weeks) dietary salt intakes on intrarenal hemodynamics of normal and @entity349 -intoxicated @entity35 . Cardiac output (CO), total renal blood flow (RBF), and the zonal perfusion rate in the outer cortex (OC) and inner cortex (IC) were measured by the radioactive microsphere method. The distribution of cortical blood flow was calculated as the @entity6128 ( @entity6128 ), which reflects the ratio OC/IC. @entity35 were placed on a high salt diet (group I), intermediate salt diet (group II), or low salt diet (group III). For each group control @entity35 (subgroup A) and @entity349 -intoxicated @entity35 (subgroup B) were studied. No effect of the different salt intakes on the @entity6128 could be detected. The @entity6128 in group IA was 2.35 +/- 0.14; in IIA, 2.40 +/- 0.16; and in IIIA, 2.38 +/- 0.09 (P greater than 0.05). After @entity349 injection RBF changed from 5.32 +/- 0.36 ml/g.min(-1) (IIA) to 3.31 +/- 0.20 ml/g.min(-1), IIB and from 4.32 +/- 0.11ml/g.min(-1) (IIIA) to 1.98 +/- 0.10 ml/g.min(-1) (IIIB) P less than 0.01). The @entity6128 was lowered to 1.53 +/- 0.06 (IIB) (P less than 0.05) and to 1.16 +/- 0.10 (IIIB) (P less than 0.01). In both IIB and IIIB a marked elevation of the blood @entity1133 was noted (IIB = 97 +/- 9 MG/100 ML AND IIIB = 182 +/- 25 mg/100 ml). In group IB no effect on RBF, OC, IC, or @entity6128 could be observed (for all values, P greater than 0.05) despite similar histological @entity8 . Group IB @entity35 also had normal blood @entity1133 levels (31 +/- 6 mg/100 ml;P greater than 0.05). We conclude (1) that variations in dietary salt intake appear to have no detectable effect on the intracortical blood flow distribution; and furthermore (2) that the @entity349 -induced @entity810 ( @entity810 ) is characterized hemodynamically by a total renal and preferential outer cortical @entity63 and that chronic salt loading prevents the @entity810 while preserving normal renal perfusion.

title: Effect of variation in dietary NaCl intake on total and fractional renal blood flow in the normal and @entity349 -intoxicated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal lesions']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['mercury']

entities_list: @entity6128 :: ('MESH:D020243', 'Disease') :: ['distribution index', 'DI']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure', 'ARF']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The passive transfer of specific antibodies to a naive splenectomized @entity11420 monkey infected with the Palo Alto FUP/SP strain of @entity3964 resulted in the emergence of parasites resistant to the transferred antibodies. Molecular typing indicated that the original and resistant parasites were isogenic. Saimiri monkeys primed with original parasites were fully susceptible to a challenge by the resistant ones, and vice versa. This absence of crossprotection indicates that strain-specific determinants would be the major targets of protective immunity developed in these monkeys. Phenotypic analysis showed that the surface of the infected red blood cells differed in both lines. Original parasites formed rosettes, autoagglutinated, presented characteristic knobs at the surface of the infected red blood cell, and did not agglutinate in the presence of a pool of @entity1 immune sera. In contrast, the resistant parasites did not form rosettes, did not spontaneously autoagglutinate, presented abnormal flattened knobs, and formed large aggregates in the presence of a pool of @entity1 immune sera. The presence of strain-specific determinants at the surface of the resistant parasites was confirmed by surface immunofluorescence and agglutination using homologous Saimiri serum. Neither the original nor the resistant parasites cytoadhered to an @entity5701 cell line, suggesting that cytoadherence and agglutination can be dissociated. These results indicate that parasites that differ by the antigens exposed at the surface of the red blood cell induce strain-specific immunity. Furthermore they show that rosetting and nonrosetting parasites differ in their antigenic properties and do not crossprotect.

title: Immune pressure selects for XXXX parasites presenting distinct red blood cell surface antigens and inducing strain-specific protection in @entity11420 monkeys.

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity5701 :: ('MESH:D018328', 'Disease') :: ['amelanotic melanoma']

entities_list: @entity11420 :: ('9521', 'Species') :: ['Saimiri sciureus']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: In the four decades from 1951 to 1990, the six provinces or autonomous regions (Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xizang and Nei Monggol) reported a total of 26,065 surgical cases of hydatid disease, most of which were reported in the recent decade. About one third of the @entity1 was @entity1 and adolescents under 15 years old. So far, cystic hydatid infections of local origin have been confirmed in 22 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in the whole nation. Findings of X-ray examination and real-time B-mode ultrasonography in agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xizang showed that the morbidity rate of @entity8434 in @entity1 population varied between 0.5% and 4.5%. The main animal intermediate host in all these regions is @entity742 , the morbidity of which varied between 3.3% and 90%. The infection rate of adult @entity12047 in @entity235 varied between 7% and 71%. The high-risk period for @entity1 contracting hydatid disease is the pre-school age. Direct contact of @entity1 with @entity235 and ingestion of water, vegetables and foods contaminated by worm eggs are the chief mode of transmission for @entity1 @entity8434 . The common practices of home slaughter and of feeding @entity235 on offal containing hydatid cysts facilitate the life cycle of the parasite. On the basis of hydatid control efforts for several years, the Ministry of Public Health promulgated officially the "1992-1995 National Programme for Hydatid Disease Control" in April, 1992, and pilot studies in which the control of @entity8434 is composed of extensive health education, sanitation of slaughtering and management and deworming of @entity235 are being established. @entity8434 has wide distribution in China and is a major public health problem in hyperendemic areas, poses a great threat against @entity1 's health and influences the development of livestock husbandry. This problem has received great attention from the medical and veterinary departments. In the recent decade great efforts have been made in the epidemiology, parasitology and clinical treatment of @entity8434 , resulting in a better understanding of the disease and procedures effective in bringing about control of the disease.

title: Epidemiological studies on XXXX in China--a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'humans', 'human', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['Cystic echinococcosis', 'echinococcosis', 'hydatidosis']

entities_list: @entity12047 :: ('6210', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus granulosus']

answer: @entity8434 :: (MESH:D004443,Disease) :: ['cystic echinococcosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic success of @entity1947 - @entity4744 (ZOE), Calcicur, Sealapex and Vitapex in primary @entity13258 . METHODS: 80 primary molars, showing signs of @entity1548 , with no abnormal mobility, were selected from 76 @entity1 aged between 4-9 years-old, free from @entity262 . Radiographic evaluation was done to exclude teeth showing internal or pathological external root resorption and/or inadequate bone support. The selected teeth (20 in each group) were randomly treated with ZOE, Sealapex, Calcicur and Vitapex. The procedure involved primarily a one-visit pulpectomy. The teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically every 2 months for a period of 18 months. RESULTS: In the ZOE group, all pulpectomies were successful. In the Sealapex group, two pulpectomies and in the Calcicur group, four pulpectomies showed complete resorption of the material in the root canal. Although re-treatment was performed, those teeth had to be removed due to pathological root resorption. In the Vitapex group, although six pulpectomies showed resorption of the filling material within the canals, this had no effect on the clinical and radiographical success of the treatment.

title: Evaluation of various root canal filling materials in primary XXXX : an in vivo study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1947 :: ('MESH:D015034', 'Chemical') :: ['zinc oxide']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity1548 :: ('MESH:D010483', 'Disease') :: ['pulpal and/or periapical involvement']

entities_list: @entity13258 :: ('MESH:D014096', 'Disease') :: ['molar pulpectomies']

answer: @entity13258 :: (MESH:D014096,Disease) :: ['molar pulpectomies']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity3214 ( @entity3214 ) is a form of @entity1375 that occurs during @entity221 . @entity3214 is characterized by low thyroid hormones (TH) level in the serum and tissues, with normal serum TSH levels that are considered "inappropriately" normal. The mechanisms responsible for a lack of increase in serum TSH during @entity3214 are unknown. However, a decreased expression of hypothalamic @entity1218 has been documented in deceased @entity1 with @entity3214 . It has been suggested that pro-inflammatory cytokines are responsible for the inhibition of @entity1218 release. If a similar TSH response occurs in severely ill @entity1 with @entity1375 has not been reported. DESIGN: Seven severely ill @entity1 with unknown or poorly treated @entity1375 are presented. Serum TSH and TH were measured at admission and during TH replacement. SETTING: Tertiary university hospital. RESULTS: Besides suffering severe @entity221 , patient's serum TSH was high and decreased once TH replacement was given. @entity1955 administration was enough to down regulate TSH secretion. Serum reverse T3 (rT3) was normal or high and showed further elevation with stepwise increase in @entity1955 doses. CONCLUSIONS: The thyroid axis inhibitory feedback system is fully preserved in @entity1375 during severe @entity221 . In @entity3214 , serum TSH levels remain within normal limits because the supply of TH to @entity1218 neurons is sustained normally. Pro-inflammatory cytokines does not play a major role inhibiting @entity1218 release during @entity3214 associated to @entity1375 . D3 activity increases in @entity1 with severe @entity221 , a mechanism behind the increased requirements in TH replacement to achieve normal serum TH.

title: Thyroid hormones are needed to sustain "inappropriately" normal TSH during non-thyroidal illness syndrome: a clinical observation in severely ill XXXX with @entity1375 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism', 'primary hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['levothyroxine', 'Levothyroxine']

entities_list: @entity3214 :: ('MESH:D005067', 'Disease') :: ['Non-thyroidal illness syndrome', 'NTIS']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The authors studied the clinical and angiographic findings in two @entity1 who had a @entity296 ( @entity296 ) in the right anterior descending coronary artery and did not have any @entity75 in the coronary arteries. The two @entity1 were @entity1 , 57 and 58 years old. Both had a history of arterial @entity101 (for 19 years and 6 months, respectively) and @entity951 (for 7 years and 6 months, respectively). The resting EKG showed @entity63 in one and was normal in the other. The stress test was positive in both. Coronary artery angiography showed an @entity296 in the right anterior descending coronary artery which caused a systolic constriction of 90% and 80%, 3 and 2 cm. long. Both @entity1 had @entity4346 . The authors conclude that @entity296 is a frequent cause of @entity301 and that the appearance of symptoms and their severity depends on the degree of systolic constriction, greater than 75%, and on the presence of @entity4346 . The majority of @entity1 are controlled with medical treatment and only a small number require surgical therapy.

title: [Myocardial bridging as a cause of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial bridge', 'MB']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['subepicardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary insufficiency']


abstract: The mechanisms underlying @entity68 -induced liver fibrogenesis in @entity1 with @entity9595 are poorly understood. We studied signs of Kupffer cell activation and inflammatory responses in liver biopsy specimens obtained from 15 @entity1 with untreated and six @entity1 with treated @entity9595 . Immunohistochemistry was performed on 11 of the untreated and all treated @entity1 . Three of the untreated @entity1 (20%) had @entity82 and eight (53%) had @entity82 . None had @entity3619 ( @entity3619 ). Immunohistochemistry indicated that 55% of the untreated @entity1 had sparse @entity2071 ( @entity2071 ) expression by hepatocytes, and all of these had Kupffer cell @entity68 overload. No @entity2071 expression was seen by hepatocytes in treated @entity1 or healthy controls. @entity2071 was strongly expressed by hepatocytes from control @entity1 with @entity409 . HLA-DR reactivity was seen on sinusoidal cells in all groups, but not on hepatocytes except for two of the control @entity1 with @entity3619 . Twenty-seven percent of the untreated @entity9595 @entity1 displayed moderate infiltration by CD3-positive lymphocytes. Electron microscopy of samples from untreated @entity9595 @entity1 showed @entity1184 Kupffer cells containing @entity68 -rich remnants of phagocytosed hepatocytes. Fat-storing cells close to @entity68 -laden hepatocytes contained multiple lipid droplets and adjacent collagen fibril bundles. Thus, in @entity1 with untreated @entity9595 and Kupffer cell @entity68 overload, hepatocytes occasionally express @entity2071 . In regions with heavy @entity68 overload, Kupffer cell hypertrophy and transition of fat-storing cells are seen. Our findings indicate that release of factors from @entity68 -loaded, activated Kupffer cells is of importance for the transformation of fat-storing cells and increased collagen deposition seen in @entity9595 .

title: Kupffer cell @entity68 overload induces XXXX expression on hepatocytes in @entity9595 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis', 'cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory liver disease']

entities_list: @entity2071 :: ('3383', 'Gene') :: ['ICAM-1', 'intercellular adhesion molecule-1']

entities_list: @entity3619 :: ('MESH:D006521', 'Disease') :: ['CAH', 'chronic active hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity9595 :: ('MESH:D006432', 'Disease') :: ['hemochromatosis', 'genetic hemochromatosis']

answer: @entity2071 :: (3383,Gene) :: ['intercellular adhesion molecule-1']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish clinical and diagnostic findings of @entity311 and @entity99 in @entity1 , stressing similarities and differences, so as to enhance the sensitivity of early @entity311 diagnosis in childhood. METHODS: Two groups were studied, each including 30 @entity1 between 2 and 10 years of age. The @entity1 presented either primary @entity281 or @entity99 , confirmed by thick blood film and tests for markers of @entity99 and B. The @entity1 were submitted to the following evaluations: erythrocyte, leucocyte and platelet counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit dosage, hepatic enzymes, @entity1133 , @entity1011 and @entity648 dosage. Clinical and laboratory findings were described for both groups and compared. Individuals with alterations on the physical exam in both groups were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Baseline clinical findings were the same in all @entity1 : fever, @entity10 , digestive problems and dark urine. One half of @entity311 @entity1 did not present the classical @entity311 signs, but all of them presented fever, differently from @entity1 with @entity99 . In @entity311 @entity1 , @entity417 and @entity882 were significantly more frequent than in @entity99 @entity1 . A remarkable increase of @entity648 and hepatic enzyme levels was found in @entity99 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: A detailed physical examination and a thorough evaluation of non-specific laboratory tests are sufficient to allow the presumptive diagnosis of both @entity311 and @entity99 , and to reinforce the early diagnosis and treatment of @entity311 .

title: [Importance of clinical and laboratory profiles for the differential diagnosis of XXXX and @entity99 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['malaria infection']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis', 'acute viral hepatitis', 'viral hepatitis', 'viral hepatitis A']

answer: @entity311 :: (MESH:D008288,Disease) :: ['malaria']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Doppler ultrasound (DUS) is used as a screening tool to assess internal carotid artery (ICA) disease. Recent reports suggest that the DUS may be inaccurate in over 28% of @entity1 . We sought to evaluate the accuracy of DUS, when performed in a dedicated @entity64 prevention clinic (SPC). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of @entity1 who had a DUS performed in our SPC, followed by conventional cerebral angiography. Three groups of @entity1 were defined. Group 1 had DUS measured ICA @entity850 of >50%; Group II had a DUS measured ICA @entity850 of <50%; Group III had @entity432 on DUS. RESULTS: Sixty-seven @entity1 (69 arteries) were included in the study. There were 45 @entity1 in Group I and based on the findings of cerebral angiography, carotid endarterectomy was considered inappropriate in only one @entity1 --a misclassification rate of 2.2% (95% CI: 0 - 6.5%). Group II consisted of 19 @entity1 and on cerebral angiography, none of these @entity1 had a @entity850 of >50%--a misclassification rate of 0%. Group III consisted of five @entity1 in whom DUS showed @entity432 . The angiogram confirmed the occlusion in all five @entity1 --a misclassification rate of 0%. Overall, misclassification rate was 1.45% (95% CI: 0 - 4.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Doppler ultrasound when performed in a @entity64 prevention clinic (SPC), has a high accuracy in measuring ICA @entity850 of >50%. Doppler ultrasound is reliable in detecting @entity432 and finally DUS is a reliable screening tool to rule out clinically significant ICA @entity850 .

title: Reliability of carotid doppler performed in a dedicated XXXX prevention clinic.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['complete ICA occlusion']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: To clarify the mechanism of action of a two-layer [ @entity7634 -Collins' solution (EC)/perfluorochemical (PFC)] cold storage method in the preservation of the pancreas, pancreatic viability and tissue concentrations of @entity855 ( @entity855 ) were examined in the @entity235 model of pancreatic autotransplantation after preservation for 24 and 48 h by simple cold storage in EC (group 1), the two-layer, EC/PFC, method (group 2) and the two-layer, EC+2, 4 @entity9310 ( @entity3213 )/PFC, method (group 3). @entity3213 is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Maintenance of normoglycemia for at least 5 days after transplantation was considered a successful preservation. After preservation for 24 h, the functional success rates of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 100% (4/4), 100% (5/5) and 80% (4/5) respectively. One of five @entity235 in group 3 died of a cause unrelated to the pancreas. @entity855 tissue concentrations in group 2 were significantly higher than in group 1 (7.47 +/- 0.47 micromol/g dry weight vs 1.41 +/- 0.53 micromol/g dry weight, P < 0.01) and @entity855 tissue concentrations in group 3 were significantly lower than in group 2 (1.25 +/- 0.37 micromol/g dry weight vs 7.47 +/- 0.47 micromol/g dry weight, P < 0.01). It was apparent that @entity855 was not an essential factor for successful 24-hour preservation of the @entity235 pancreas in EC because all the pancreatic grafts except one of five grafts in group 3 remained viable after preservation for 24 h, regardless of @entity855 tissue concentrations. On the other hand, after preservation for 48 h, the functional success rates for groups 1, 2 and 3 were 0% (0/4), 100% (4/4) and 0% (0/3) respectively. @entity855 tissue concentrations in group 2 were significantly higher than in group 1 (7.91 +/- 1.21 micromol/g dry weight vs 1.21 +/- 0.31 micromol/g dry weight, P < 0.01) and @entity855 tissue concentrations in group 3 were significantly lower than in group 2 (0.61 +/- 0.07 micromol/g dry weight vs 7.91 +/- 1.21 micromol/g dry weight, P < 0.01). It was clear that preservation of the pancreas for 48 h was unsuccessful by simple cold storage in EC (group 1) and the two-layer method (group 2) made preservation for 48 h possible by increasing @entity855 tissue concentrations. However, @entity3213 (group 3) inhibited the synthesis of @entity855 and the effectiveness of the two-layer method for 48-hour preservation of the pancreas. It was clear that maintenance of high @entity855 tissue concentrations during preservation was essential for the successful preservation of the @entity235 pancreas in EC by the two-layer method for more than 48 h. We concluded that an adequate supply of @entity26 to the pancreas during preservation by the two-layer method led to sufficient production of @entity855 to maintain cellular integrity and permitted the improvement of pancreatic preservation.

title: The mechanism of action of the two-layer ( @entity7634 -Collins' solution/perfluorochemical) cold storage method in XXXX pancreas preservation.

entities_list: @entity9310 :: ('CHEBI:39352', 'Chemical') :: ['dinitrophenol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity855 :: ('MESH:D000255', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine triphosphate', 'ATP']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Low-intensity phototherapy using light fonts, like @entity3917 ( @entity3917 ), in the red to infrared spectrum is a promising alternative for the treatment of @entity158 . However, the underlying mechanisms by which @entity3917 phototherapy reduces acute @entity158 are not yet well understood. This study investigated the analgesic effect of multisource @entity3917 phototherapy on the acute nocifensive behavior of @entity19 induced by thermal and chemical noxious stimuli. The involvement of central afferent C fibers sensitive to @entity2951 in this effect was also investigated. @entity19 exposed to multisource @entity3917 (output power 234, 390, or 780  mW and power density 10.4, 17.3, and 34.6  mW/cm(2), respectively, from 10 to 30  min of stimulation with a wavelength of 890  nm) showed rapid and significant reductions in @entity406 - and @entity1543 -induced nocifensive behavior. This effect gradually reduced but remained significant for up to 7  h after @entity3917 treatment in the last model used. Moreover, @entity3917 (390  mW, 17.3  mW/cm(2)/20  min) irradiation also reduced nocifensive behavior in @entity19 due to chemical [endogenous (i.e., @entity3264 , @entity2918 , and @entity1812 ) or exogenous (i.e., @entity406 , @entity1543 , TRPs and @entity21296 agonist, and protein kinase A and C activators)] and thermal (hot plate test) stimuli. Finally, ablating central afferent C fibers abolished @entity3917 analgesia. These experimental results indicate that @entity3917 phototherapy reduces the acute @entity158 behavior of animals caused by chemical and thermal stimuli and that @entity3917 analgesia depends on the integrity of central afferent C fibers sensitive to @entity2951 . These findings provide new information regarding the underlying mechanism by which @entity3917 phototherapy reduces acute @entity158 . Thus, @entity3917 phototherapy may be an important tool for the management of acute @entity158 .

title: Light-Emitting Diode Phototherapy Reduces Nocifensive Behavior Induced by Thermal and Chemical Noxious Stimuli in XXXX : Evidence for the Involvement of @entity2951 -Sensitive Central Afferent Fibers.

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity2918 :: ('MESH:D011453', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandins']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity1812 :: ('MESH:D001920', 'Chemical') :: ['bradykinin']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['LED', 'light-emitting diode']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the characteristics of @entity1034 ( @entity778 ) in @entity1 with and without @entity402 . DESIGN: Retrospective cohort comparative study. METHODS: @entity1 who presented at the @entity267 Service, Wills Eye Hospital, between March 2003 and March 2004 who had been previously diagnosed in the same institution as having ocular @entity778 diagnosis or were just diagnosed as having the disease were asked to complete a study questionnaire that enabled categorization into atopic and nonatopic. In April 2005, 223 @entity1 who agreed to be in the study had their charts reviewed, and 125 @entity1 were excluded according to exclusion criteria: immunosuppression, follow-up less than one year, previous history of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) out of the @entity267 Service, and no active @entity778 episode during follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of all types of @entity778 . SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Bilaterality, @entity227 , need for PK , and secondary @entity2348 in both groups. @entity778 episodes were classified into infectious, inflammatory, and mixed for analysis. RESULTS: Ninety eight @entity1 (110 eyes) were included in the study. @entity1097 /nonatopic (P value): the mean follow-up was 11.6 (+/- 10.6)/8.8 years (+/- 8.4) (P = .14); the mean incidence of @entity778 episodes per year of follow-up was: total episodes 0.32 (+/- 0.36)/0.28 (+/- 0.33) (P = .14), infectious 0.16 (+/- 0.22)/0.10 (+/- 0.14) (P < .01), inflammatory 0.11 (+/- 0.19)/0.11 (+/- 0.19) (P < .01), and mixed 0.09 (+/- 0.20)/0.07 (+/- 0.16) (P = .06); bilateral @entity778 was present in 9/3 @entity1 (P = .22); the mean @entity1018 was four lines of Snellen in both groups; PK was performed in 14 of 16 eyes (P = .45); secondary @entity2348 was present in two of four eyes (P = .26). CONCLUSIONS: @entity1097 @entity1 had considerably more infectious and fewer inflammatory episodes when compared with nonatopics.

title: Comparative study of XXXX in @entity1 with and without self-reported @entity402 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['HSV', 'HSV recurrences']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual loss']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['loss of vision']

entities_list: @entity1034 :: ('MESH:D016849', 'Disease') :: ['ocular herpes simplex virus']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infection']

answer: @entity1034 :: (MESH:D016849,Disease) :: ['ocular herpes simplex virus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity746 ( @entity746 ) is a @entity179 characterized by selective motoneurons degeneration. There is today no clear-cut pathogenesis sequence nor any treatment. However growing evidences are in favor of the involvement, besides neurons, of several partners such as glia and muscles. To better characterize the time course of pathological events in an animal model that recapitulates @entity1 @entity746 symptoms, we investigated functional and cellular characteristics of @entity1367 ( @entity24869 ) @entity19 . METHODS AND FINDINGS: We have evaluated locomotor function of @entity1367 ( @entity24869 ) @entity19 through dynamic walking patterns and spontaneous motor activity analysis. We detected early functional deficits that redefine symptoms onset at 60 days of age, i.e. 20 days earlier than previously described. Moreover, sequential combination of these approaches allows monitoring of motor activity up to @entity454 . To tentatively correlate early functional deficit with cellular alterations we have used flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry approaches to characterize neuromuscular junctions, astrocytes and microglia. We show that (1) decrease in neuromuscular junction's number correlates with @entity73 , (2) astrocytes number is not altered at pre- and early-symptomatic ages but intraspinal repartition is modified at symptoms onset, and (3) microglia modifications precede disease onset. At pre-symptomatic age, we show a decrease in microglia number whereas at onset of the disease two distinct microglia sub-populations emerge. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, precise motor analysis updates the onset of the disease in @entity1367 ( @entity24869 ) @entity19 and allows locomotor monitoring until the end stage of the disease. Early functional deficits coincide with alterations of neuromuscular junctions. Importantly, we identify different sets of changes in microglia before disease onset as well as at early-symptomatic stage. This finding not only brings a new sequence of cellular events in the natural history of the disease, but it may also provide clues in the search for biomarkers of the disease, and potential therapeutic targets.

title: Early functional deficit and microglial disturbances in a XXXX model of @entity746 .

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['motor impairment']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative disorder']

entities_list: @entity746 :: ('MESH:D000690', 'Disease') :: ['ALS', 'Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['disease end stage']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the occurrence of common variable @entity465 ( @entity6078 ) in a @entity1 with @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ) and @entity4932 -associated @entity1596 . METHODS/RESULTS: Case report. A 29-year-old @entity1 was followed-up since the age of 10 years because of right eye @entity4932 -associated recurrent anterior @entity1596 . She was treated with @entity230 and immunosuppressants with good control of @entity1596 and @entity625 . At the age of 17 years, she did not experience any further relapse of @entity1596 or @entity625 and both diseases were considered to be in remission. Concomitantly, she started to have recurrent infections and later she underwent splenectomy because of @entity5506 and @entity882 . Liver biopsy disclosed @entity99 . She was ultimately diagnosed with @entity6078 at the age of 23 years when her blood tests revealed @entity1398 and severe panhypogammaglobulinemia. She has been treated since then with intravenous immunoglobulins with good control of the disease. Since the development of @entity6078 , she has had no relapses of @entity1596 or @entity625 during a follow-up period of 12 years. CONCLUSIONS: @entity6078 ( @entity6078 ) is the most common @entity465 where defective antibody formation is the most common feature with B-cell differentiation failure. @entity2194 have been rarely documented and included @entity6063 , @entity4816 and @entity5278 . We herein report on the occurrence of @entity4932 -associated @entity1596 as a comorbid manifestation of @entity6078 . We speculate a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of @entity4932 and @entity4932 -associated @entity1596 here, as this @entity1 had total remission of both conditions with the onset of @entity6078 .

title: Resolution of XXXX -associated @entity1596 after development of common variable @entity465 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['Ocular complications']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity6078 :: ('MESH:D017074', 'Disease') :: ['Common variable immunodeficiency', 'CVID']

entities_list: @entity5278 :: ('MESH:C537374', 'Disease') :: ['multifocal choroiditis']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['JIA', 'juvenile idiopathic arthritis']

entities_list: @entity6063 :: ('MESH:D003234', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial conjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['primary immunodeficiency', 'immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity5506 :: ('MESH:D000744', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune hemolytic anemia']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity4816 :: ('MESH:D031300', 'Disease') :: ['retinal vasculitis']

answer: @entity4932 :: (MESH:D001171,Disease) :: ['juvenile idiopathic arthritis']


abstract: The tendency for development of @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity31 is well documented. Each physician must take into account the clinical presentation of the @entity1 and the known risk factors and must adapt follow-up and consultation to the @entity1 and family accordingly. Presently, after a 5- to 7-year history of @entity31 , it is reasonable to document mucosal changes with air-contrast barium enema examination and laboratory assessment with carcinoembryonic antigen levels being obtained. If the extent of disease is more limited to the distal colon, then the surveillance should be modified accordingly because the relative risk is reduced. In the future, the addition of histochemical and immunohistologic analysis of mucosal biopsies will result in better criteria for @entity1 selection for surgical intervention. Because of the delay in recognition of a @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity31 , a total proctocolectomy is recommended by some after the first @entity66 . Most prefer, however, to continue surveillance of some type. During surveillance, if moderate or severe @entity1141 is found, a proctocolectomy should be performed. This mode of surveillance and treatment of @entity1 at risk for developing @entity694 subsequent to @entity31 remains an evolving process. There will be further changes in management following better classification of the neoplastic changes and the discovery of the etiology of the disease process itself.

title: The incidence of @entity694 complicating XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['decade of disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'cancerous lesion']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colonic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity31 :: (MESH:D003093,Disease) :: ['ulcerative colitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Amygdala enlargement (AE) has been suggested to be a subtype of @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ). However, most reports related to AE have referred to imaging studies, and there have been few reports regarding surgical and pathological findings. The present study was performed to clarify the surgical outcomes and pathology of AE. METHODS: Eighty @entity1 with drug-resistant @entity1315 were treated surgically at the Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital between April 2010 and July 2013. Of these @entity1 , 11 were diagnosed as AE based on presurgical MRI. Nine @entity1 with AE underwent selective amygdalohippocampectomy, while the remaining two @entity1 underwent selective amygdalotomy with hippocampal transection. Intraoperative EEG was routinely performed. The histopathology of the resected amygdala tissue was evaluated and compared with the amygdala tissue of @entity1 with @entity131 . RESULTS: Pathological findings indicated that 10 of 11 specimens had closely clustering @entity1184 neurons with vacuolisation of the background matrix. Slight @entity5219 was seen in nine specimens, while the remaining two showed no gliotic changes. Intraoperative EEG showed abnormal sharp waves that seemed to originate not from the amygdala but from the hippocampus in all cases. Ten @entity1 became @entity410 -free during the postoperative follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Histopathologically, clustering @entity1184 neurons and vacuolation with slight @entity5219 or without @entity5219 were considered to be pathological characteristics of AE. Amygdalohippocampectomy or hippocampal transection with amygdalotomy is effective for @entity410 control in @entity1 with AE.

title: Surgery for amygdala enlargement with XXXX : pathological findings and @entity410 outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['hippocampal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['MTLE', 'mesial temporal lobe epilepsy']

answer: @entity1315 :: (MESH:D004833,Disease) :: ['mesial temporal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: Reactive @entity26 species (ROS) are no longer considered merely toxic by-products of the oxidative metabolism. Tightly controlled concentrations of ROS and fluctuations in redox potential may be important mediators of signaling processes. Understanding the role of ROS and redox status in physiology, stress response, development, and aging requires their nondisruptive, spatiotemporal, real-time quantification in a living organism. We established @entity2199 strains bearing the genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors HyPer and Grx1-roGFP2 for the detection of @entity273 ( @entity274 ) and the @entity2041 redox potential, respectively. Although, given its transparency and genetic tractability, @entity2199 is perfectly suitable as a model organism for such approaches, they have never been tried before in this @entity2199 . We found that @entity274 treatment clearly induces a dose-dependent, reversible response of both biosensors in the living worms. The ratio of oxidized to reduced @entity2041 decreases during postembryonic development. @entity274 levels increase with age and this effect is delayed when life span is extended by dietary restriction. In young adults, we detected several regions with distinct redox properties that may be linked to their biological function. Our findings demonstrate that genetically encoded biosensors can reveal previously unknown details of in vivo redox biology in multicellular organisms.

title: Exploring real-time in vivo redox biology of developing and aging XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'C. elegans', 'Caenorhabditis elegans']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']


abstract: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy has been shown to be an effective non-surgical treatment for common bile duct and intrahepatic duct stones. This technique was applied via the endoscopic retrograde route in 14 @entity1 (mean age, 70) with the @entity13083 , all of whom were at high risk for surgery. The procedure was performed under strict cholangioscopic guidance. Twelve @entity1 had a single stone and two had multiple stones impacted in the cystic duct. Stone diameter was 1.5 cm in one @entity1 , 2 to 3 cm in nine @entity1 , and greater than 3 cm in four @entity1 . Insertion of the babyscope and stone fragmentation were successful in all @entity1 . Complete stone clearance required one session in 12 @entity1 and two sessions in two @entity1 (both with multiple stones). In one @entity1 post-procedural leakage of contrast medium from the cystic duct into the peritoneal cavity was noted. This was attributed to pressure @entity39 induced by the impacted stone. The @entity1 had an uneventful course of recovery, and leakage resolved with conservative management. Mortality was zero. Endoscopic treatment of the @entity13083 with electrohydraulic lithotripsy seems to be an effective and relatively safe alternative to surgery.

title: Endoscopic treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity13083 :: ('MESH:D057792', 'Disease') :: ['Mirizzi syndrome']

answer: @entity13083 :: (MESH:D057792,Disease) :: ['Mirizzi's syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity6910 -incompatible live transplantation (ILT) is not occasionally performed due to a relative high risk of graft failure. Knowledge of both graft and @entity1 survival rate after ILT is essential for donor selection and therapeutic strategy. We systematically reviewed studies containing outcomes after ILT compared to that after @entity6910 -compatible liver transplantation (CLT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We carried out a comprehensive search strategy on MEDLINE (1966-July 2010), EMBASE (1980-July 2010), Biosis Preview (1969-July 2010), Science Citation Index (1981-July 2010), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Library, issue 7, 2010) and the National Institute of Health (July 2010). Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of each study and abstracted outcome data. Fourteen eligible studies were included which came from various medical centers all over the world. Meta-analysis results showed that no significantly statistical difference was found in pediatric graft survival rate, pediatric and adult @entity1 survival rate between ILT and CLT group. In adult subgroup, the graft survival rate after ILT was significantly lower than that after CLT. The value of totally pooled OR was 0.64 (0.55, 0.74), 0.92 (0.62, 1.38) for graft survival rate and @entity1 survival rate respectively. The whole complication incidence (including acute rejection and biliary complication) after ILT was higher than that after CLT, as the value of totally pooled OR was 3.02 (1.33, 6.85). Similarly, in acute rejection subgroup, the value of OR was 2.02 (1.01, 4.02). However, it was 4.08 (0.90, 18.51) in biliary complication subgroup. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In our view, pediatric ILT has not been a contraindication anymore due to a similar graft and @entity1 survival rate between ILT and CLT group. Though adult graft survival rate is not so satisfactory, ILT is undoubtedly life-saving under exigent condition. Most studies included in our analysis are observational researches. Larger scale of researches and Randomized-Control Studies are still needed.

title: Recipient outcomes after XXXX -incompatible liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

answer: @entity6910 :: (28,Gene) :: ['ABO']


abstract: Clinical studies were conducted on @entity9102 (a formulation containing 15 parts ticarcillin plus 1 part clavulanic acid). @entity9102 was administered at doses of 1.6 g or 3.2 g b.i.d., generally for 10 days by drip infusion to @entity1 with pelvioperitonitis or @entity733 . The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 18 @entity1 (pelvioperitonitis 14, @entity733 4), but 8 @entity1 out of a total of 26 @entity1 were excluded. 2. In the evaluation of clinical improvement by doctors in charge, clinical improvement rates were 44.4% on day 3, 88.2% on day 5. 3. On the basis of committee judgement, the clinical efficacy rate was 100%. 4. The bacteriological eradication rate of causative organisms was 100% in 11 @entity1 (15 strains). Five strains out of a total of 15 strains produced @entity5357 . 5. As a side effect, @entity390 was observed in 1 case. In laboratory examination, @entity409 were observed in 1 case. 6. Regarding usefulness as judged by doctors in charge, the satisfactory rate was 83.3%. From the above results, it has been concluded that @entity9102 is very useful in the treatment of pelvioperitonitis and @entity733 .

title: [Clinical studies of XXXX (clavulanic acid/ticarcillin) in the treatment of pelvioperitonitis and @entity733 ].

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver function abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity5357 :: ('MESH:D012497', 'Disease') :: ['beta-lactamase']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ["Douglas' abscess"]

answer: @entity9102 :: (MESH:C043215,Chemical) :: ['BRL 28500']


abstract: @entity281 might occur in up to 80% of organ transplant recipients (OTR) and @entity1800 are the most common them. The risk of different @entity272 is among related to the intensity of immunosuppression. During the first post-transplant period, herpes viruses are most common. After some months following transplantation, @entity1 @entity1185 viruses represent the most significant @entity281 among OTR. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus in OTR can become more invasive, takes longer to heal, and shows greater potential for dissemination to visceral organs compared to the general population. Specific immunosuppressive drugs (namely muromonab and @entity618 ) have been associated with an increased risk of herpes virus reactivation after transplantation. On the other hand, there is evidence that the @entity3470 inhibitors, such as @entity2239 , may be associated with a decreased incidence of @entity16541 in transplant recipients. The incidence of herpes zoster in OTR is 10 to 100 fold higher than the general population, ranging from 1% to 12%. The chronic immunosuppression performed in OTR may lead to persistent replication of @entity778 ( @entity778 , @entity55 , @entity2401 , @entity198 and disseminated @entity5642 ) and eventually, the emergence of antiviral-drug resistance. Viral warts are the most common cutaneous infection occurring in OTR. The number of warts increases with the duration of immunosuppressive therapy. Since warts in organ recipients are frequently multiple and only rarely undergo spontaneous regression, the therapeutic management of warts in @entity1 treated with immunosuppressive drugs might be challenging. Imiquimod, 1% @entity7076 ointment, @entity14028 proved to be useful off-labelstrategies for recalcitrant cutaneous viral warts in OTR. Extensive and atypical presentation of molluscum contagiosum has been also reported in OTR, with a prevalence between 3% to 6.9%. Giant molluscum contagiosum is a clinical variant in which large nodule greater than 0.5-1 cm in diameter are observed.

title: Cutaneous XXXX in organ transplant @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['herpesviruses, dissemination of the virus with multivisceral involvement', 'hepatitis']

entities_list: @entity14028 :: ('MESH:D017255', 'Chemical') :: ['acitretin']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity7076 :: ('MESH:C059262', 'Chemical') :: ['cidofovir']

entities_list: @entity16541 :: ('MESH:D006566', 'Disease') :: ['herpesvirus infections']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papilloma']

entities_list: @entity2239 :: ('MESH:C107135', 'Chemical') :: ['everolimus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['Cutaneous infections', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['mycophenolate mofetil']

entities_list: @entity5642 :: ('MESH:D004211', 'Disease') :: ['intravascular coagulation']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin infection']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

answer: @entity1800 :: (MESH:D014777,Disease) :: ['viral infections']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the use of the Rankin scale for the assessment of disability in @entity1 with @entity299 . SETTING: University Hospital Utrecht. DESIGN: Prospective interobserver study. @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty-two outpatients with @entity299 (previous @entity583 , @entity951 or both) were separately interviewed by four physicians (residents or specialists), viz., two cardiologists and two neurologists. The degree of disability was recorded by each observer on two different scales: the modified Rankin scale, a six-point scale developed from a neurological background, and the four-point scale developed by the @entity299 ( @entity299 ). The agreement rates for the observers (23 in all) were corrected for chance (kappa-statistics; maximum 1.0). RESULTS: Total agreement on both scales was found for six of the participating 51 @entity1 and for 10 and 11 @entity1 when the Rankin scale and the @entity299 scale were considered separately. Kappa values were 0.21 for the Rankin scale and 0.24 for the @entity299 scale. The weighted kappa values were 0.56 and 0.47, respectively. The agreement among neurologists and cardiologists was comparable. CONCLUSION: The agreement rates of cardiologists and neurologists in the use of the Rankin scale and the @entity299 scale in outpatients with @entity299 are at best satisfactory. The good results of an earlier study with the Rankin scale in @entity64 @entity1 were not achieved. This study indicates that the Rankin scale may be useful for the assessment of disability from @entity299 particularly in @entity1 with @entity16 , but there is room for further improvement.

title: [Interobserver variation in the application of 2 disability scales in heart XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease', 'New York Heart Association', 'heart disease', 'NYHA']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the spatiotemporal expression of glycosaminoglycans during development of the @entity35 retina. METHODS: Hyaluronan and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, including chondroitin @entity597 , @entity31847 and keratan @entity597 were detected using biotinylated hyaluronan binding protein, immunohistochemical analysis, respectively, in the @entity35 retina at various stages of development. RESULTS: Hyaluronan was expressed in the nerve fiber layer, inner plexiform layer and outer plexiform layer during early postnatal stages (postnatal day 1-14; P1-P14) and was undetectable after @entity7504 . In contrast, hyaluronan was faintly observed in the photoreceptor layer on P7, and gradually increased up to P49. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of chondroitin @entity597 was similar to that of hyaluronan. @entity31847 was also detected in the nerve fiber layer, inner plexiform layer and outer plexiform layer during early postnatal stages (P1-P14). In addition, heparan @entity597 was expressed in the inner limiting membrane during all stages of development. Keratan @entity597 was not detected in the retina at any stage of development. CONCLUSIONS: Hyaluronan, chondroitin @entity597 and heparan @entity597 are expressed in nerve fiber-rich layers during early postnatal stages and may regulate neurite outgrowth. In adulthood, both hyaluronan and chondroitin @entity597 are expressed in the photoreceptor layer and may consist of the interphotoreceptor matrix. In addition, heparan @entity597 is expressed in the inner limiting membrane throughout the various stages of development and may be associated with the structure of the inner limiting membrane.

title: Expression of glycosaminoglycans during development of the XXXX retina.

entities_list: @entity31847 :: ('MESH:D006497', 'Chemical') :: ['Heparan sulfate', 'heparan sulfate']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity3252 is a devastating @entity1292 that can affect immunocompromised @entity1 such as cord blood transplantation (CBT) recipients. The clinical characteristics of 4 @entity3252 CBT @entity1 treated at our institution are reviewed, together with 5 cases collected from the literature. The rate of @entity3252 in our hospital was 6% in CBT recipients and 0.2% in other types of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (P  <  0.001). Five @entity1 (56%) presented disseminated @entity3252 and 4 @entity1 (44%) had @entity281 in the central nervous system. In 5 of the 9 @entity1 considered (56%), cytomegalovirus viral replication had been detected before the clinical onset of @entity3252 . Seven @entity1 (78%) had previously developed @entity2132 . All @entity1 who exhibited disseminated disease died due to @entity3251 . Pre-transplant serology was positive in 1 @entity1 , negative in 3 @entity1 , and not performed in another. Only 1 of these 5 @entity1 with disseminated disease had received Toxoplasma prophylaxis with @entity799 . It could be concluded that mortality in CBT @entity1 with disseminated @entity3252 is unacceptably high. The negative results of serology in the majority of these cases, and its unspecific clinical presentation, makes diagnosis exceedingly difficult. Better diagnostic tests and prophylaxis strategy are needed in CBT recipients.

title: XXXX in cord blood transplantation recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity799 :: ('MESH:D015662', 'Chemical') :: ['cotrimoxazole']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['localized infection']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['graft-versus-host disease']

entities_list: @entity3251 :: ('MESH:D014125', 'Disease') :: ['Toxoplasma infection']

entities_list: @entity3252 :: ('MESH:D014123', 'Disease') :: ['toxoplasmosis', 'Toxoplasmosis']

entities_list: @entity1292 :: ('MESH:D009894', 'Disease') :: ['opportunistic infection']

answer: @entity3252 :: (MESH:D014123,Disease) :: ['Toxoplasmosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity6954 leukotrienes are known important mediators in @entity565 . OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of @entity22398 on the late-phase reaction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) and T cell-related cytokine mRNA expression in ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized brown @entity35 (BNRs). METHODS: Thirty BNRs were equally divided into three groups. Group I and II animals were sensitized and then provoked with OA. @entity22398 was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to group I animals prior to provocation. Group II animals received i.p. normal saline. Group III animals (controls) were not sensitized and breathed aerosolized saline. After OA provocation, the animals were anaesthetized. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were performed at baseline and after varying doses of @entity934 . Thereafter, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and the lungs were examined histologically. Total RNA was extracted from lung tissue and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using primers for @entity5041 , @entity12718 , @entity22538 , @entity568 , @entity13358 , @entity1505 , @entity3692 , @entity1506 and @entity4644 . RESULTS: Group II OA-treated BNRs had worse PFT results, more severe bronchoconstriction in response to @entity934 , and more severe @entity32 in lung tissue than the other two groups. Group II had higher @entity5041 , @entity12718 , @entity13358 and @entity3692 cytokine levels in BAL fluid and higher @entity5041 , @entity12718 , @entity22538 , @entity568 , @entity13358 , @entity3692 , @entity1505 and @entity1506 mRNA levels when compared with group I. CONCLUSION: @entity22398 is effective in preventing late-phase bronchoconstriction and BHR, reducing inflammatory response, and decreasing @entity5041 , @entity12718 , @entity22538 , @entity568 , @entity13358 and @entity3692 and @entity1506 mRNA expression.

title: Pulmonary function changes and immunomodulation of cytokine expression by @entity22398 after sensitization and allergen challenge in brown XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity22398 :: ('MESH:C062735', 'Chemical') :: ['zafirlukast', 'Zafirlukast']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Norway rats']

entities_list: @entity6954 :: ('CHEBI:23511', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteinyl']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Norway rats']


abstract: @entity2878 is considered to be an important cause of mortality in the @entity7452 ( @entity10033 ). Thirty nine of 344 (11.3%) California (CA) and Washington state (WA) @entity10033 examined from 1985 to 2004 had histopathological evidence of significant @entity2878 . The aetiological agents and histopathological changes associated with these @entity2878 are described. The morphology of the actively multiplicative life stages of the organisms (tachyzoites for @entity3204 and merozoites for Sarcocystis neurona) and immunohistochemical labelling were used to identify infection with S. neurona (n=22, 56.4%), @entity3204 (n=5, 12.8%) or dual infection with both organisms (n=12, 30.8%). Active S. neurona was present in all dual infections, while most had only the latent form of @entity3204 . In S. neurona @entity5422 , multifocal to diffuse @entity5219 was widespread in grey matter and consistently present in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. In @entity3204 @entity5422 , @entity5219 and malacia were more widely separated, sometimes incorporated pigment-laden macrophages and mineral, and were found predominantly in the cerebral cortex. Quiescent tissue cysts of @entity3204 were considered to be incidental and not a cause of clinical disease and mortality. @entity2878 was diagnosed more frequently in the expanding population of WA @entity10033 (10 of 31, 32.3%) than in the declining CA population (29 of 313, 9.3%). Among @entity10033 with @entity2878 , those that had displayed @entity16 prior to death had active S. @entity198 , supporting the conclusion that S. neurona is the most significant protozoal pathogen in the central nervous system of @entity10033 .

title: @entity2878 in XXXX ( @entity10033 ): a histopathological and immunohistochemical study of naturally occurring cases.

entities_list: @entity10033 :: ('34882', 'Species') :: ['sea otters', 'Enhydra lutris']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['neurona encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity5422 :: ('MESH:D008590', 'Disease') :: ['meningoencephalitis']

entities_list: @entity5219 :: ('MESH:D005911', 'Disease') :: ['discrete foci of gliosis', 'gliosis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological signs']

entities_list: @entity2878 :: ('MESH:D020808', 'Disease') :: ['protozoal meningoencephalitis', 'protozoal infections', 'Protozoal meningoencephalitis']

entities_list: @entity7452 :: ('MESH:D004670', 'Disease') :: ['California sea otter']

entities_list: @entity3204 :: ('5811', 'Species') :: ['T. gondii', 'Toxoplasma gondii']

answer: @entity10033 :: (34882,Species) :: ['sea otters']


abstract: Effects of @entity4878 on DNA synthesis, @entity1496 metabolism, and thyroid peroxidase messenger RNA levels were studied in cultured porcine thyroid cells. @entity904 (10(-8)-10(-5) M) alone did not affect DNA synthesis but potentiated that induced by @entity10423 without changes in the number or affinity of receptors for the growth factors, suggesting that @entity904 stimulates postreceptor events responsible for DNA synthesis. @entity904 was an inhibitor of TSH-stimulated @entity1496 metabolism. @entity6893 uptake and release of organified @entity1496 stimulated by TSH or @entity1928 were inhibited dose dependently by treatment with @entity904 . The inhibition was detected at 10(-8) M and was approximately 50% at 10(-6) M. The potency of @entity1968 was comparable to that of @entity904 . The inhibitory effect of @entity904 was detected after treatments of thyroid cells for 24 h, and the maximal effect occurred after 48 h incubation. The @entity268 accumulation in cultures treated with TSH plus @entity904 was lower than that of control cultures treated with TSH alone. However, @entity6893 uptake stimulated by @entity5987 was also inhibited by @entity4878 . @entity904 reduced TSH- or @entity5987 -stimulated gene expression of thyroid peroxidase. Thus, the data suggest that @entity4878 inhibit TSH-stimulated @entity1496 metabolism by reducing @entity268 accumulation and also by acting on the steps subsequent to @entity268 production.

title: Effects of XXXX on @entity1496 metabolism, thyroid peroxidase gene expression, and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in porcine thyroid cells in culture.

entities_list: @entity4878 :: ('MESH:D012176', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoids']

entities_list: @entity904 :: ('MESH:D014801', 'Chemical') :: ['Retinol', 'retinol']

entities_list: @entity6893 :: ('CHEBI:16382', 'Chemical') :: ['iodide', 'Iodide']

entities_list: @entity10423 :: ('MESH:C565529', 'Disease') :: ['epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor-I']

entities_list: @entity1968 :: ('MESH:D014212', 'Chemical') :: ['retinoic acid']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity4878 :: (MESH:D012176,Chemical) :: ['retinoids']


abstract: 1. Further developmental changes in @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) receptor channel function were examined in @entity1238 muscle cultures using the cell-attached patch-clamp technique. 2. Two types of @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) receptor channel events, low- and high-conductance channel events, were distinguished as reported earlier. Apparent open-time histograms for high-conductance channel events were well fitted by a single exponential but those for low-conductance channel events were sometimes fitted better by two exponentials. 3. In low-conductance channel events when the open-time histogram was well fitted by two exponentials, successive open times were correlated: an event with a long open time tended to be followed after a brief interval (less than 1 ms) by another long-duration event. A short-duration event was less frequently followed by an event within a short interval (1 ms) with a long-duration event. 4. Closed-time histograms for the interval between successive low-conductance channel events and between successive high-conductance channel events were both fitted by two exponentials. The fast time constant was 0.36 ms for the high-conductance channel event and 0.31 ms for the low-conductance channel event. There was an indication that a third and faster component was hidden in the first bin (0-200 microseconds) in the closed-time histogram of both types of channel events. 5. Defining a burst as successive openings separated by closures briefer than 1 ms, the number of gaps per burst was different for the two types of channel events. They were 0.16 for high- and 0.37 for low-conductance channel events. In both types of channels, neither the fast component in the closed-time histogram nor the number of gaps per burst changed with time in culture. 6. The apparent open time of both types of channels increased progressively as @entity1617 concentration was increased, suggesting an increasing number of unresolved closures at higher concentrations. At 100 microM- @entity1617 the apparent open time became shorter probably due to channel blockade by @entity1617 molecules. Closed-time histograms were fitted by two exponentials. The time constant of the fast component remained similar to that at low concentration (0.2 microM) up to 20 microM, but the relative number of closures belonging to this component increased with @entity1617 concentration. In contrast, the slow component shortened its time constant as @entity1617 concentration increased and the relative frequency decreased. Again, there was an indication that another faster component existed in the closed-time histogram.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Two types of XXXX receptor channels in developing @entity1238 muscle cells in culture: further kinetic analyses.

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigate the feasibility of the use of @entity8454 ( @entity2518 )-induced fluorescence in the detection of parathyroid glands in @entity35 . BACKGROUND DATA: The intraoperative identification of parathyroid glands is difficult, which is one of the main reasons for @entity86 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: An animal experiment was designed. Ten Sprague-Dawley (S-D) adult @entity35 were injected intraperitoneally with a 300   mg/kg dosage of @entity2518 . Anesthesia and surgical dissection were performed to expose the thyroid gland 1   h later. Blue light with a wavelength of 405  3   nm was used to light the @entity825 bilaterally in order to detect parathyroid fluorescence by direct vision. Histology of the fluorescent tissue was performed to confirm parathyroid identification. RESULTS: Parathyroid gland fluorescence was visualized in all 10 S-D @entity35 . The red fluorescence of the parathyroid glands was located on the posterolateral thyroid glands and could be seen with the naked eye. Histology of the fluorescent tissue confirmed the identification of parathyroid glands under light microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2518 induced fluorescence of parathyroid glands can clearly differentiate them from the surrounding tissue by direct vision alone. This method could be used intraoperatively and has potential clinical value.

title: Fluorescence identification of parathyroid glands by @entity8454 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative hypoparathyroidism']

entities_list: @entity8454 :: ('MESH:D000622', 'Chemical') :: ['aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Elevated serum levels of transaminases must always be considered as an abnormal finding in @entity1 . Drugs and toxins must be eliminated first as possible hepatotoxic agents or co-factors. Antiviral @entity99 immunoglobulin M serology is the first test to perform. However, others viruses with spontaneous benign courses are the most frequent cause. Only if initial presentation is severe or if liver tests remain abnormal after several weeks, other @entity395 can be sought. Aetiologies of persistent cytolysis associated to @entity1448 are different in infancy and childhood. Metabolic, auto immune, genetic, muscular, @entity4903 and @entity28 may cause isolated persistent @entity2915 . Early diagnosis and management is essential. Isolated elevation of serum amino transferases in healthy looking @entity1 with negative investigations is mostly a benign condition that usually resolves within a year. Liver biopsy is does not contribute much to diagnosis and is probably unnecessary.

title: [Diagnosis of XXXX in childhood].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity1448 :: ('MESH:D002779', 'Disease') :: ['cholestasis']

entities_list: @entity2915 :: ('MESH:D006948', 'Disease') :: ['hyper transaminasemia']

entities_list: @entity395 :: ('MESH:D035583', 'Disease') :: ['rare diseases']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatitis A']

entities_list: @entity4903 :: ('MESH:D004700', 'Disease') :: ['endocrine disorders']

answer: @entity2915 :: (MESH:D006948,Disease) :: ['hyper transaminasemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In 2000 the European Society of Cardiology and the American College of Cardiology published a consensus document revising the definition of @entity583 . The usefulness of this revised definition has been challenged. It has been suggested that, rather than any release of cardiac troponin being potentially diagnostic of @entity583 , a diagnostic threshold consistent with significant @entity296 should be defined. METHODS: We studied 65 @entity1 undergoing elective major vascular surgery to examine the relationship between the magnitude of @entity6949 ( @entity6949 ) and @entity908 kinase MB fraction (CK-MB) release and clinical signs or symptoms of @entity296 . @entity6949 and CK-MB concentrations were measured preoperatively and on the first 4 postoperative days using the ACCESS assay (Beckmann). @entity1 were considered to have suffered a perioperative @entity583 if they had either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with this diagnosis, together with @entity6949 release. RESULTS: Peak postoperative @entity6949 concentrations above the lower detection limit of the ACCESS assay (0.06 microg litre(-1)) occurred in 26 @entity1 . Eight of these @entity1 displayed symptoms or ECG changes consistent with @entity296 . A @entity6949 level greater than 0.68 microg litre(-1) was found to be consistent with the clinical diagnosis of @entity583 . The optimal cut-off for the diagnosis of MI using CK-MB was 40.4 microg litre(-1). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that further studies are required to define the optimal cardiac troponin diagnostic threshold for the diagnosis of @entity583 in the non-cardiac surgery population.

title: Relationship between perioperative troponin elevation and other indicators of @entity296 in vascular surgery XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury']

entities_list: @entity908 :: ('MESH:D003401', 'Chemical') :: ['creatine']

entities_list: @entity6949 :: ('7137', 'Gene') :: ['cTnI', 'cardiac troponin I']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential markers of serious @entity2348 (SBI) in @entity1 under 3 months of age presenting with @entity221 of unknown origin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied all @entity1 under 3 months of age seen in the emergency department between January 2004 and December 2006 for a @entity221 with no identifiable focus. Clinical data, @entity1904 (PCT), @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) and leucocyte count were evaluated for their ability to discriminate between SBI and non-SBI; receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for the laboratory markers and analysis was performed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The sample comprised 347 @entity1 (23.63% with SBI). Mean PCT, @entity1851 , leucocyte and neutrophil count were significantly higher in the group with SBI unlike the other criteria studied. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for PCT was 0.77 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.81) and 0.79 for @entity1851 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.84); both these variables were stronger predictors than leucocyte count (0.67, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.73). In the 15 @entity1 with more invasive @entity2348 ( @entity295 , @entity582 , @entity4008 ), the diagnostic value of PCT (AUC 0.84, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.88) was higher than @entity1851 (AUC 0.68, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.73). In @entity1 who had been febrile for under 12 h, the differences between PCT, @entity1851 and leucocyte count were statistically significant in both SBI and non-SBI groups, with increasing predictive value of PCT and decreasing value of @entity1851 . CONCLUSIONS: PCT, @entity1851 , and leucocyte count have intrinsic predictive value for SBI in febrile @entity1 under 3 months of age. The diagnostic value of PCT is greater than @entity1851 for more invasive @entity2348 and for @entity221 of short duration.

title: Markers that predict serious XXXX in @entity1 under 3 months of age presenting with @entity221 of unknown origin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity4008 :: ('MESH:D016920', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial meningitis']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'bacterial infection']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemia']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['febrile syndrome', 'fever']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity2348 :: (MESH:D001424,Disease) :: ['bacterial infection']