abstract: Selection in the parental Auburn Strain Leghorn (A line) for resistance (R line, 13 filial generations) and susceptibility (S line, 7 filial generations) to @entity697 ( @entity697 ) caused by @entity12917 resulted in a sixfold difference in the @entity697 mortality rates of the two lines. Relaxation of selection for resistance in line RR, derived entirely from R line, resulted in gradual regression of the @entity697 mortality rate toward that of the parental A line nonselected control. Progress of selection in R line based on the same low dose of oocysts employed in S line neared a plateau of low mortality after six generations. Average @entity697 mortality in the first four generations of S line was 50% greater than that in A line. Before @entity281 , chicks of S line were smaller than those of lines A, R, and RR. After @entity281 , growth of S line survivors was inferior to that of survivors of the other lines. Uninfected controls of S line and A line grew at similar rates; those of R line grew at a significantly lower rate. In R line, large doses of oocysts caused high mortality. The largest dose caused mortality approaching 90% in both sexes; at lower doses, males died at higher rates than females. Among the survivors, growth rates of females were inferior to those of males; the difference increased with increasing dose. Large doses of oocysts resulted in spreading of the @entity281 beyond the typical site. In R line, severe @entity281 occurred in the necks of the cecal pouches and rectum with comparatively mild @entity281 in the bulbar portion of the pouches. In contrast, the chief focus of @entity281 remained in the bulbar pouches in S line. Selection for resistance seemingly disrupted the typical host tissue specificity of @entity12917 . Thus, genes mediating the response of the host to @entity697 are possibly identical or complementary to genes controlling tissue specificity.

title: Responses to prolonged selection for resistance and susceptibility to XXXX in the auburn strain single comb white leghorn.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute cecal coccidiosis', 'ACC']

entities_list: @entity12917 :: ('5802', 'Species') :: ['Eimeria tenella', 'E. tenella']

answer: @entity697 :: (MESH:D000208,Disease) :: ['acute cecal coccidiosis']


abstract: The efficacy of prophylactic thyroidectomy in @entity1 with positive @entity8958 mutational analysis, @entity259 , or both has been reported. As cost has become critical to medical decision-making, this study was designed to evaluate currently existing coverage policies for prophylactic thyroidectomy. A confidential detailed cross-sectional nationwide survey of 481 medical directors from the American Association of Health Plans, Medicare, and Medicaid was conducted. Of the 150 respondents, 65% (n = 97) had 100,000 or more enrolled members, and 35% (n = 53) had fewer than 100,000 enrolled members. Only 9% of private plans have specific policies for coverage of prophylactic thyroidectomy for @entity1 with a strong family history of @entity259 , 19% provided no coverage, and 72% had no policy. Only 9% of private plans have specific policies for @entity1 with a known @entity259 genetic mutation, 12% provided no coverage, and 79% had no policy. Governmental carriers were less likely to provide coverage for prophylactic surgery: 4% for a strong family history and 6% for a genetic mutation. Altogether, 52% of government carriers provided no coverage for @entity1 with a strong family history, and 50% provided no coverage in @entity1 with a known genetic mutation; 44% of governmental carriers had no policy for either clinical scenario. Limited health insurance coverage for prophylactic thyroidectomy is offered in both private and governmental plans, with variations in coverage. As genetic testing becomes more widespread and with the potential identification of a gene predisposing to @entity259 , more uniform policies should be established to enable appropriate high risk candidates broader, equal coverage and access to these procedures.

title: Current national health insurance policies for XXXX prophylactic surgery in the United States.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer', 'familial thyroid cancer', 'familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A 36-year-old male with a history of cryptorchidism of the right side, treated with orchidopexy at the age of 4, presented with bilateral testicular swelling. INVESTIGATIONS: Investigations included laboratory workup, ultrasound of both testes, as well as CT-scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Initial treatment was bilateral orchiectomy. RESULTS: Scrotal examination revealed a mass on the left side and a small right testis with a hard mass at the lower pole. One markedly enlarged right inguinal lymph node was palpable. LDH, betaHCG, and @entity160 were significantly elevated. Scrotal ultrasound revealed a homogeneous @entity1062 without a mass and a heterogeneous mass containing multiple inhomogeneous cystic areas on the left side. A hypoechoic mass was visualized in the right groin. CT evaluation revealed an enlarged retroperitoneal lymph node on the left side. DIAGNOSIS: Histopathological evaluation revealed @entity4797 of the right testis, @entity10711 of the left testis, and metastatic @entity4797 in the right groin postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Due to improved diagnostic tools as well as the establishment of various adjuvant treatment options, the mortality of @entity5 generally decreased in the last decades. However, metastatic bilateral @entity5 of different histology is a challenging situation for the urologist, which warrants further discussion. Adjuvant treatment as well as postoperative follow-up should be chosen carefully.

title: Simultaneously detected bilateral XXXX of different histopathological origin--a challenging situation for the urologist.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular cancer']

entities_list: @entity10711 :: ('MESH:C537844', 'Disease') :: ['nonseminomatous germ cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity1062 :: ('MESH:D013736', 'Disease') :: ['hypoechoic right testis']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['testicular cancer']


abstract: Hyaluronectin (HN), a hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid, HA)-binding glycoprotein is normally expressed in the nervous system, found in the @entity5 , and is also produced in vitro by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We have therefore investigated the expression and the production of HN by leukemic cells, with the hypothesis that HN would be expressed in @entity1778 of the myeloid lineage. Fresh and frozen leukemic cells were studied from 70 @entity1 of whom 53 had @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ). HN was strongly expressed (> 80% blood cells) in two out of 13 M4 AMLs and four out of four M5B AMLs. One further M4 @entity3052 displayed 25% positive cells and two 20% cell positivity cases were seen, in one case of M4 @entity3052 and in one case of @entity6130 ( @entity6130 ). The rest of the cases of @entity3052 as well as all cases of @entity981 ( @entity981 ) showed almost no positivity (< 1%). The residual positive cells appeared to be normal blood promonocytes. Taken together > or = 20% positive cells was seen in eight out of 56 (14%) examined @entity2800 . The HN production was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in cell culture media of M4 and M5 @entity3052 cells than in other @entity3052 or @entity981 cell culture media. A significant correlation was found (p < 0.0001) between the number of @entity8624 and the number of cells with a monocytic morphology, suggesting that HN is a marker for the promonocyte.

title: Expression of the hyaluronan-binding glycoprotein hyaluronectin in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['desmoplasia of tumours']

entities_list: @entity6130 :: ('MESH:D015477', 'Disease') :: ['CMML', 'chronic myelomonocytic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity2800 :: ('MESH:D007951', 'Disease') :: ['myeloid leukemias']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloblastic leukemia', 'AML']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemias']

entities_list: @entity8624 :: ('MESH:D015448', 'Disease') :: ['HN-positive leukemic cells']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukemias']


abstract: PURPOSE: The German Society of Senology (step-3 guidelines for the early recognition of @entity0 in Germany) recommends whole-body staging including chest X-ray, ultrasound of the liver and bone scintigraphy before systemic therapy in @entity1 with @entity0 . The performance of these three examinations is time-consuming and involves radiation exposure. Whole-body MR imaging (WB-MRI) allows staging in a single examination without radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of WB-MRI with staging according to the guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During 04/07 and 06/09, the initial staging in 51 @entity1 (56    12 yrs) with @entity0 (24 @entity1 with lymph node @entity3 ) was performed according to the S 3-guidelines. Additionally, all @entity1 underwent contrast-enhanced WB-MRI (1.5-Tesla-Magnetom Avanto, Siemens, Erlangen). The findings of the different modalities were compared after correlation of the lesions by follow-up. The detection of suspicious findings and the accuracy of prediction of malignancy of the detected lesions were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 14 @entity3 were detected in 4 of 51 @entity1 after completion of the follow-up. By means of WB-MRI, all 14 @entity3 could be detected, while just 4 of these @entity3 were identified by the conventional methods. CONCLUSION: The detection of distant @entity3 has an important impact on @entity1 management. In this study WB-MRI in @entity0 has shown promising results in regard to possible clinical implementation as a matter of routine staging.

title: [Whole-body MRI in preoperative diagnostics of XXXX --a comparison with [corrected] staging methods according to the S 3 guidelines].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast cancer staging']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of intraperitoneal local anesthesia in relieving @entity282 after laparoscopic sterilization. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study of two groups of 25 subjects each, @entity1 scheduled for tubal sterilization under general anesthesia received 80 mL of 0.5% @entity3303 with 1/320,000 epinephrine intraperitoneally in the right subdiaphragmatic quadrant at the beginning of the procedure. At the end of the procedure, they received 10 mL of 2% @entity3303 with 1/80,000 epinephrine injected into each mesosalpinx. Controls received saline instead of @entity3303 . Shoulder and pelvic @entity158 assessed by visual analogue @entity158 scale, postoperative analgesic requirements, @entity390 or @entity391 , and time to return to normal daily activities were evaluated in the ambulatory unit and after discharge during the first 48 postoperative hours. Blood samples were taken in ten subjects receiving @entity3303 to evaluate peak plasma concentrations and time to peak plasma concentrations. RESULTS: Pain was significantly less in @entity1 who received @entity3303 , and the difference lasted for the duration of the study (P < .05). Analgesic requirements and time to return to normal daily activities were significantly reduced in @entity1 who received @entity3303 (P < .05). Blood samples revealed no toxic concentrations. The peak plasma concentration was 3.22 +/- 1.21 micrograms/mL, and the time to peak plasma concentration was 42 +/- 15 minutes. CONCLUSION: Intraperitoneal instillation of @entity3303 - @entity1425 combined with mesosalpinx infiltration of @entity3303 during tubal sterilization produces effective, long-lasting @entity1337 and improves the postoperative course.

title: XXXX after local anesthetics for laparoscopic sterilization.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity282 :: (MESH:D010149,Disease) :: ['Postoperative pain']


abstract: Serum and urinary @entity6421 concentrations were measured in 142 @entity1 suffering from various @entity5 . Increased serum and urinary @entity6421 levels were found in 48% and 55% of @entity1 respectively. @entity6421 showed sufficient sensitivity in the detection of @entity74 and @entity1358 , whereas the sensitivity of @entity6421 was rather poor in @entity1 with other solid @entity5 . Comparison of serum @entity160 ( @entity160 ) and @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) concentrations and serum or urinary @entity6421 levels in @entity5 @entity1 showed that determination of @entity6421 provides no further information in the management of these @entity1 . In @entity5 @entity1 receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, a significant increase in serum (p less than 0.005) and urinary (p less than 0.0005) @entity6421 concentrations was measured after chemotherapy, reflecting the release of @entity6421 from macrophages during the damage by cytotoxic drugs. In the adjuvant @entity5 @entity1 , known to be @entity5 free, 1 out of 16 @entity1 showed elevated serum and 3 out of 15 @entity1 showed false positive urinary @entity6421 levels. False positive serum (24%) and urinary (37%) @entity6421 values were also obtained in 28 @entity1 with various nonmalignant diseases, but no evidence for an inflammatory process. In 23 @entity1 with inflammatory diseases pathological serum and urinary @entity6421 levels were measured in 55% and 59% respectively. When a RIA was compared with a HPLC method, higher urinary @entity6421 values were obtained with the RIA, indicating that non-oxidized pterines are also determined by the RIA method. In conclusion, @entity6421 might be a helpful biological marker in monitoring @entity1 with malignant @entity74 and @entity1358 , but provides no additional information in other solid @entity5 studied.

title: @entity6421 as XXXX marker serum and urinary @entity6421 concentrations in @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6421 :: ('MESH:D019798', 'Chemical') :: ['Neopterin', 'neopterin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['testicular tumour', 'testicular cancer', 'tumours', 'malignant diseases', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['hypernephroma', 'renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['haematological disorders']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Impairments in the neural circuitry of @entity2414 are evident in @entity308 . Factors of task demand and @entity308 state might have significant effects on its functional neuroanatomy. METHODS: Two groups underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a @entity2414 task of varying cognitive load (n-back). The @entity1 group comprised 20 medication-free individuals in an acute episode of @entity308 and the control group comprised 20 healthy individuals. Scans were acquired at weeks 0 (baseline), 2, and 8. @entity1 received treatment with @entity905 after the baseline scan. Cerebral activations were measured for mean overall activation as well as the linear and quadratic load-response activity with increasing task demand (1-, 2-, 3-back). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in performance accuracy between groups. However, a main effect of group was observed in the load-response activity in @entity2414 network in which @entity1 showed a greater load-response relative to control subjects. Group by time effects were revealed in the load-response activity in the caudate and thalamus. As a marker of treatment response, a lower linear load-response at baseline in the dorsal anterior cingulate, left middle frontal, and lateral temporal cortices was associated with an improved clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Maintenance of performance accuracy in @entity1 was accompanied by a significant increase in the load-response activity in @entity2414 network. These data also provide further support for resilience of activity in the anterior cingulate as a predictor of treatment response in @entity308 .

title: A longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study of XXXX in @entity308 after antidepressant therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['frontal and posterior cortical regions within the verbal working memory', 'verbal working memory']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression', 'unipolar major depression', 'depressive']

entities_list: @entity905 :: ('MESH:D005473', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoxetine']

answer: @entity2414 :: (MESH:D008569,Disease) :: ['verbal working memory']


abstract: Cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses to a reproducible @entity1032 test were investigated in eight healthy young @entity1 before and during intravenous infusion of the @entity842 (NO) synthesis inhibitor @entity7293 ( @entity7293 ). Before @entity7293 , stress responses included significant increases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac output (CO) and decreases in systemic and forearm vascular resistance. Arterial plasma @entity1063 (NE) increased. At rest after 30 min of infusion of @entity7293 (0.3 mg.kg(-1).min(-1) iv), mean arterial pressure increased from 98 +/- 4 to 108 +/- 3 mmHg (P <0.001) because of an increase in systemic vascular resistance from 12.9 +/- 0.5 to 18.5 +/- 0.9 units (P <0.001). CO decreased from 7.7 +/- 0.4 to 5.9 +/- 0.3 l/min (P <0.01). Arterial plasma NE decreased from 2.08 +/- 0.16 to 1.47 +/- 0.14 nmol/l. Repeated @entity1032 during continued infusion of @entity7293 (0.15 mg.kg(-1).min(-1)) induced qualitatively similar cardiovascular responses, but there was a marked attenuation of the increase in mean arterial blood pressure, resulting in similar "steady-state" blood pressures during @entity1032 without and with NO blockade. Increases in heart rate and CO were attenuated, but stress-induced decreases in systemic and forearm vascular resistance were essentially unchanged. Arterial plasma NE increased less than during the first stress test. Thus the increased arterial tone at rest during @entity7293 infusion is compensated for by attenuated increases in blood pressure during @entity1032 , mainly through a markedly attenuated CO response and suppressed sympathetic nerve activity.

title: Hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal responses to XXXX during @entity842 synthesis inhibition.

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental stress']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'N-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1032 :: (MESH:D008607,Disease) :: ['mental stress']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in retinal morphology and visual function after transplantation of @entity1 fetal neuroretina and @entity989 ( @entity989 ) in a minipig model of light-induced @entity2000 . METHODS: Photoreceptor degeneration was induced by 2500 lux white light exposure for six months in 16 minipigs. @entity1 fetal (12-24 week) neuroretina and @entity989 were transplanted into the subretinal space adjacent to the central retina in 25 eyes. Sham operation was performed in three eyes. The operated eyes were examined by multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), fundus fluorescence angiography (FFA), and histology for up to 12 months. RESULTS: Subretinal transplantation of neuroretina and @entity989 was successful in 15 out of 25 eyes (60%), among which 10/15 eyes showed evidence of the grafted tissue in subsequent histology. Structural processes between the graft and host tissue were observed from one month post implantation, accompanied by increased numbers of @entity538 -positive cells over time. Immunohistochemistry showed the presence of @entity538 - and @entity16527 -positive cells, but @entity8695 staining was not observed within the grafted tissue. In 15 eyes, mfERG revealed retinal functional improvement in regions both inside and outside of the grafted area, but this was not observed in sham-operated eyes. FFA showed no vascular leakage or inflammatory cells in eyes receiving tissue transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Following subretinal transplantation, the grafted fetal neuroretina and @entity989 can survive for up to 12 months without signs of graft rejection, and the host retinas showed functional improvement over the same period. Our data suggest that @entity528 and @entity989 might be beneficial in improving retinal function in cases of @entity2000 .

title: Rescue from light-induced XXXX by @entity1 fetal retinal transplantation in minipigs.

entities_list: @entity2000 :: ('MESH:D012162', 'Disease') :: ['retinal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinal pigment epithelium', 'RPE']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['subretinal transplantation of neuronal retina']

answer: @entity2000 :: (MESH:D012162,Disease) :: ['retinal degeneration']


abstract: Mitochondrial @entity3915 ) mutation @entity24563 is associated with respiratory chain @entity9714 and has been described as a rare cause of mostly adult-onset slowly progressive @entity121 . Five families with 11 @entity1 have been described so far; 5 of them died young due to @entity177 . Here, we report on a segregation study in a family with an index @entity1 who already presented at the age of 18 months with proximal muscular @entity2421 , abnormal fatigability, and @entity8193 . This early-onset @entity121 was rapidly progressive. At 8 years, the @entity1 is wheel-chair bound, requires nocturnal assisted ventilation, and suffers from recurrent @entity1729 . Severe @entity9714 and nearly homoplasmy for @entity24563 were found in muscle. We collected blood, hair, buccal swabs and muscle biopsies from asymptomatic adults in this pedigree and determined heteroplasmy levels in these tissues as well as OXPHOS activities in muscle. All participating asymptomatic adults had normal OXPHOS activities. In contrast to earlier reports, we found surprisingly little variation of heteroplasmy levels in different tissues of the same individual. Up to 45% mutation load in muscle and up to 38% mutation load in other tissues were found in non-affected adults. The phenotypic spectrum of @entity3915 ) @entity24563 mutation seems to be wider than previously described. A threshold of more than 45% heteroplasmy in muscle seems to be necessary to alter complex I activity leading to clinical manifestation. The presented data may be helpful for prognostic considerations and counseling in affected families.

title: Mitochondrial tRNA(Leu( @entity3915 )) mutation XXXX presenting as childhood-onset severe @entity121 : threshold determination through segregation study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity8193 :: ('MESH:D000140', 'Disease') :: ['lactic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['hypotonia']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathy']

entities_list: @entity9714 :: ('MESH:C537475', 'Disease') :: ['complex I deficiency']

answer: @entity24563 :: (m|SUB|A|3302|G,DNAMutation) :: ['m.3302A > G']


abstract: Microbial @entity597 reduction is a primary cause of oil reservoir souring. Here we show that amendment with @entity3782 or @entity13756 [collectively (per) @entity3782 ] potentially resolves this issue. Triplicate packed columns inoculated with marine sediment were flushed with coastal water amended with @entity375 extract and one of @entity1507 , @entity3782 , or @entity13756 . Results showed that although @entity3287 production was dramatically reduced by all treatments, effluent @entity3287 was observed in the @entity1507 (10 mM) treatment after an initial inhibition period. In contrast, no effluent @entity3287 was observed with @entity13756 (10 mM). Microbial community analyses indicated temporal community shifts and phylogenetic clustering by treatment. @entity1507 addition stimulated Xanthomonadaceae and Rhizobiaceae growth, supporting their role in @entity1507 metabolism. @entity13756 showed distinct effects on microbial community structure compared with @entity1507 and resulted in a general suppression of the community relative to the untreated control combined with a significant decrease in @entity597 reducing species abundance indicating specific @entity137 . Furthermore, @entity3782 stimulated Pseudomonadaceae and Pseudoalteromonadaceae, members of which are known @entity3782 respirers, suggesting that @entity3782 may also control sulfidogenesis by biocompetitive exclusion of @entity597 -reduction. @entity13756 addition stimulated Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfomonadaceae, which contain @entity3287 oxidizing and elemental @entity599 -reducing species respectively, suggesting that effluent @entity3287 concentrations may be controlled through @entity599 redox cycling in addition to @entity137 and biocompetitive exclusion. @entity599 isotope analyses further support @entity599 cycling in the columns, even when @entity3287 is not detected. This study indicates that @entity13756 show great promise as inhibitors of sulfidogenesis in natural communities and provides insight into which organisms and respiratory processes are involved.

title: Inhibition of microbial XXXX reduction in a flow-through column system by @entity13756 treatment.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3782 :: ('CHEBI:49709', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorate']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitrate', 'nitrate']

entities_list: @entity13756 :: ('MESH:C494474', 'Chemical') :: ['(Per)chlorate', '(per)chlorate', 'perchlorate', 'Perchlorate']

entities_list: @entity599 :: ('MESH:D013455', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfur', 'Sulfur']

entities_list: @entity3287 :: ('CHEBI:26822', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfide']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity597 :: (CHEBI:16189,Chemical) :: ['sulfate']


abstract: In 159 @entity1204 , @entity172 (ER) and @entity1420 receptors (PR) were determined biochemically by dextran-coated charcoal ( @entity18040 ) assay and immunohistochemically ( @entity6455 ) on frozen sections. @entity6455 receptor content was estimated by a total histologic score (HSCORE), including all tissue components, and by a @entity5 HSCORE, including malignant cells only. These scores were closely correlated. A single biopsy was found to be representative for each @entity5 . ER- @entity18040 status was positive in 90.3% and PR- @entity18040 status in 92.2% of the @entity5 . ER total HSCORE was positive in 47% and PR total HSCORE in 89% of @entity5 . ER and PR correlated inversely with @entity5 grade (p < 0.001). Correlations were found between ER and PR content determined by either method ( @entity18040 : r = 0.77; @entity6455 : r = 0.50), as well as between @entity18040 and @entity6455 content (ER: r = 0.52; PR: r = 0.76). The association between @entity18040 and @entity6455 was affected by the @entity5 grade: the @entity18040 values decreased relatively more than total HSCOREs with increasing grade. The sensitivity of @entity6455 against @entity18040 assay was 56% for ER and 86% for PR. Maximal agreement between receptor status as determined by @entity6455 and by @entity18040 would result from a @entity18040 cutoff level of 130 fmol/mg for ER and 114 fmol/mg for PR.

title: XXXX and @entity1420 receptors in @entity1204 : comparison of immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

answer: @entity172 :: (MESH:D004967,Chemical) :: ['Estrogen']


abstract: CONTEXT: @entity22069 ( @entity22069 ), the @entity1112 resulting from activating mutation of the @entity3488 V2 receptor gene ( @entity17367 ), is a recently described condition causative of episodes of @entity2753 in @entity1 and male and female adults. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was the pathophysiological characterization of @entity22069 . DESIGN: A family with @entity22069 was identified and investigated for hyponatremic episodes and degrees of urine dilution defects. For the first time, the impact of the mutated @entity17367 on @entity7060 ( @entity7060 ) excretion is reported. SETTING: The study was conducted at a referral center. @entity1 : Five @entity1 of seven carriers (two young brothers and their mother and her two sisters) were investigated together with age-matched controls. INTERVENTIONS: There were no interventions. RESULTS: In @entity22069 @entity1 , urinary @entity7060 excretion occurred independently of concomitant @entity3488 excretion and strongly correlated with urine osmolality, confirming direct @entity7060 involvement in urine concentration. Water loading was followed by a very slow and incomplete elimination in the asymptomatic hemizygous @entity1 with no suppression of @entity7060 excretion and a delayed elimination in the heterozygous @entity1 because of an incomplete suppression of @entity7060 , and it induced @entity2753 in all @entity22069 @entity1 . Two hemizygous carriers presented with severe @entity2753 -induced @entity410 , and the repetition in one of them led to @entity1032 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity2753 was a constant and characteristic aspect of the abnormal response to even mild water-loading tests in an asymptomatic hemizygous @entity1 as well as heterozygous adults. We confirm the phenotypic variability of @entity22069 , a disease that should be regarded in pediatric intensive care units in presence of severe and/or recurrent @entity2753 , and also in adults, because carriers are prone to @entity2753 .

title: Familial nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis: dissociation between XXXX and @entity3488 excretion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['child', 'women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'boy', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity1112 :: ('MESH:D040181', 'Disease') :: ['X-linked disease']

entities_list: @entity22069 :: ('MESH:C564491', 'Disease') :: ['NSIAD', 'Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis']

entities_list: @entity2753 :: ('MESH:D007010', 'Disease') :: ['hyponatremia', 'Hyponatremia']

answer: @entity7060 :: (359,Gene) :: ['aquaporin-2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in resuscitation algorithms, @entity16 after @entity1167 due to @entity2806 and reperfusion is one of the reasons for poor neurological outcome. There is currently no adequate means of measuring cerebral perfusion during @entity1167 . It was the aim of this study to investigate the feasibility of measuring near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a potential surrogate parameter for cerebral perfusion in @entity1 with out-of-hospital resuscitations in a physician-staffed emergency medical service. METHODS: An emergency physician responding to out-of-hospital emergencies was equipped with a NONIN cerebral oximetry device. Cerebral oximetry values (rSO2) were continuously recorded during resuscitation and transport. Feasibility was defined as >80% of total achieved recording time in relation to intended recording time. RESULTS: 10 @entity1 were prospectively enrolled. In 89.8% of total recording time, rSO2 values could be recorded (213 minutes and 20 seconds), thus meeting feasibility criteria. 3 @entity1 experienced return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). rSO2 during manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was lower in @entity1 who did not experience ROSC compared to the 3 @entity1 with ROSC (31.6%,    7.4 versus 37.2%        17.0). ROSC was associated with an increase in rSO2. Decrease of rSO2 indicated occurrence of re-arrest in 2 @entity1 . In 2 @entity1 a mechanical chest compression device was used. rSO2 values during mechanical compression were increased by 12.7% and 19.1% compared to manual compression. CONCLUSIONS: NIRS monitoring is feasible during resuscitation of @entity1 with out-of-hospital @entity1167 and can be a useful tool during resuscitation, leading to an earlier detection of ROSC and re-arrest. Higher initial rSO2 values during CPR seem to be associated with the occurrence of ROSC. The use of mechanical chest compression devices might result in higher rSO2. These findings need to be confirmed by larger studies.

title: Monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation during resuscitation in out-of-hospital XXXX : a feasibility study in a physician staffed emergency medical system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological injury']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['cardiac arrest']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity20015 ( @entity20015 ) is a @entity5 suppressor gene, which belongs to the anti  -proliferation gene family. Our previous study demonstrated that @entity10017 and the expression of @entity20015 were negatively correlated during hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of @entity10017 on the growth and progression of @entity96 cells, and to determine the underlying mechanism. A luciferase reporter assay was used to demonstrate that the @entity20015 gene was a direct target of @entity10017 . In addition, the effects of @entity10017 on cell growth and gene expression in HepG2 @entity1 @entity157 ( @entity157 ) cells were analyzed using reverse transcription  -quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, an @entity98 assay, flow cytometry, a Transwell invasion assay and a wound healing assay. The expression levels of @entity10017 in the HepG2 cells were significantly higher, compared with those in L02 normal liver cells. The expression levels of @entity20015 in @entity96 cell lines (HepG2 and @entity5959 ) were significantly lower, compared with that in the L02 cells. These results suggested that @entity20015 was the direct target gene of @entity10017 . The protein expression levels of @entity20015 were inhibited by high expression levels of @entity10017 , and increased by inhibition of the expression of @entity10017 in the HepG2 cells. Inhibition of @entity10017 reduced cell proliferation and invasion, and increased the rate of apoptosis in the HepG2 cells. These results indicated that @entity10017 regulates cell proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, which may be associated with its effects on the expression of @entity20015 . The results of the present study may provide a basis for targeting the @entity10017 / @entity20015 interaction for the treatment of @entity157 .

title: MicroRNA  -21 regulates the expression of XXXX in HepG2 @entity96 cells.

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity20015 :: ('7832', 'Gene') :: ['B  -cell translocation gene  2', 'BTG2']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity20015 :: (7832,Gene) :: ['BTG2']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In a previous study, we determined the effects of @entity23588 (EE) on gene expression using microarrays that represented approximately 9,000 genes, which was the state of-the-art. Higher content arrays with almost double the number of genes have since become available. In order to better determine whether common sets of gene expression changes can be predictive of estrogenic activity, we have replicated the previous experiment using the more comprehensive microarray. METHODS: Immature 20-day-old @entity35 were exposed to 0.1, 1, and 10 microg EE/kg/day ( subcutaneously [s.c.]), for four days, dosing from postnatal day (PND) 20-23). Changes in a more comprehensive expression level of 15,923 @entity35 annotated genes and expressed sequence tags were evaluated on PND 24. RESULTS: By comparing the response of the treatment groups versus controls using various statistical parameters, we determined that the expression of 1,394 genes showed a significant change with respect to control (p< or =0.0001), to at least one of the EE dosages. The tissues from animals exposed to 0.1 microg EE/kg/day showed changes in the expression of only 33 genes, whereas when they were exposed to 1 or 10 microg EE/kg/day, the expression of 409 and 548 genes was modified, respectively. A dose-dependent analysis indicated that 592 genes showed a robust and significant response to EE exposure (increased or decreased). Our analysis confirmed the regulation of previously identified @entity172 -sensitive genes, and clearly identified novel mediators of @entity172 actions, both in the uterus as well as in the ovary. CONCLUSIONS: This compendium of genes represents the largest compilation of @entity172 -responsive genes that has ever been identified for the immature uterus and ovary of any species, and can be used to generate testable hypothesis to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways associated with physiological and pathophysiological responses to exposure to chemicals with estrogenic properties.

title: Evaluation of the gene expression changes induced by XXXX in the immature uterus/ovaries of the @entity35 using high density oligonucleotide arrays.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats']

entities_list: @entity23588 :: ('CHEBI:4903', 'Chemical') :: ['17-alpha-ethynyl estradiol']

answer: @entity23588 :: (CHEBI:4903,Chemical) :: ['17-alpha-ethynyl estradiol']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1151 following a shoulder joint replacement is a rare event. The exact prevalence of shoulder arthroplasties is not clear. Unlike hip and knee joint replacements where some form of thromboprophylaxis is routinely prescribed, no such guidelines and practice exist for shoulder replacements. Other case reports have confirmed fatal and non-fatal @entity1151 following shoulder replacements, but particular risk factors were identifiable in those @entity1 . CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 73-year-old Caucasian @entity1 with fatal @entity1151 secondary to a @entity291 @entity1150 following a shoulder joint replacement procedure. The @entity1 was otherwise healthy; there were no other risk factors directly contributing to @entity1150 and @entity1151 except for a body mass index of 34. Post-mortem examination confirmed that the @entity1 had a @entity715 in the @entity291 and a @entity358 . CONCLUSIONS: Fatal @entity1150 and @entity1151 can occur following shoulder joint replacements in otherwise normal @entity1 . A high degree of suspicion should therefore be maintained in susceptible individuals. Thromboprophylaxis needs careful consideration in shoulder replacements in susceptible individuals.

title: XXXX following shoulder arthroplasty: a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['Fatal pulmonary embolism', 'pulmonary embolism', 'pulmonary embolisms']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['deep vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolus']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

answer: @entity1151 :: (MESH:D011655,Disease) :: ['Fatal pulmonary embolism']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence, presentation, and outcome of @entity8770 and @entity8193 . DESIGN AND METHODS SETTING: Grey's Hospital, a tertiary level referral institution. STUDY POPULATION: A chart review of 1719 @entity1 commenced on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between August 1, 2004, and July 31, 2006. A total of 1000 @entity1 (615 females) received @entity14027 (d4T)/ @entity16332 ( @entity16332 )/efavirenz (EFV), 719 @entity1 (598 females) received d4T/ @entity16332 / @entity5198 (NVP). RESULTS: Of the 1719 @entity1 , 152 (8.84%) had an elevated plasma venous @entity880 (>2.2 mmol/L), 45 @entity1 required admission for @entity8193 . The overall incidence rate was 13.5 cases per 1000 @entity1 years. The most common presenting symptoms were loss of weight (95%), @entity490 (78.9%), @entity1277 , and paresthesias (63.8%). The median body mass index (BMI) at commencement of HAART and at onset of symptoms was 24.5 and 26, respectively. A median serum @entity880 level of 6.08 mmol/L (range 2.3-19.7 mmol/L) was observed at the onset of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: High BMI at treatment initiation did not always predict @entity8770 . All @entity1 who died had a baseline @entity404 count <10 cells/mm(3) at HAART initiation.

title: XXXX -induced @entity8770 / @entity8193 at a tertiary communicable diseases clinic in South Africa.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity14027 :: ('MESH:D018119', 'Chemical') :: ['stavudine']

entities_list: @entity8770 :: ('MESH:D065906', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlactatemia']

entities_list: @entity8193 :: ('MESH:D000140', 'Disease') :: ['lactic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1277 :: ('MESH:D001068', 'Disease') :: ['loss of appetite']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity5198 :: ('MESH:D019829', 'Chemical') :: ['nevirapine']

answer: @entity14027 :: (MESH:D018119,Chemical) :: ['Stavudine']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine changes in @entity23040 , endothelin (ET) receptors, and @entity224 production in kidneys of aged @entity35 and whether these changes are exacerbated in aged @entity35 with @entity73 . Twenty aged @entity35 (male, 27 months) were divided into an Old Impaired group (n=9) and an Old Intact group (n=11) according to a cognitive function test. A group of 12-month-old @entity35 (n=10) was used as a Young Intact group. Serum @entity1011 was increased significantly in the Old Impaired group, suggesting @entity8 . Aged @entity35 showed @entity631 and tubulointerstitialfibrosis. These pathological changes were markedly aggravated in the old cognitively impaired than in the old cognitively intact animals. Notably, aged @entity35 demonstrated a significant decrease in @entity23040 protein expression in renal cortex and medulla. Protein expression of @entity568 , @entity8562 , @entity11081 receptors and @entity224 production were increased whereas mitochondrial SOD (MnSOD) and @entity10932 receptors expression were decreased in kidneys of the aged @entity35 . Interestingly, these changes were more pronounced in the old impaired than in the old intact @entity35 . In conclusion, the aging-related @entity8 was exacerbated in aged @entity35 with @entity73 . @entity23040 , @entity10932 , and MnSOD were downregulated but @entity11081 , @entity568 , @entity8562 , and @entity224 production were upregulated in the aging-related @entity8 . These changes were more pronounced in @entity35 with @entity73 .

title: Aging-related @entity8 is associated with a decrease in @entity23040 expression and an increase in XXXX production.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney damage', 'impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity224 :: (MESH:D013481,Chemical) :: ['superoxide']


abstract: PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to determine influential factors related to minor @entity62 ( @entity62 ) caused by moderate-dose @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy (CRT) in childhood @entity1583 . We also compared the incidence of @entity62 following this treatment to that reported in the literature following treatment with high-dose @entity1500 alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-eight pediatric @entity1 of @entity1583 (37 @entity981 , 1 @entity1893 ) who were given CRT (18-24 Gy) as well as prophylactic intrathecal and per os @entity1500 were studied for @entity62 by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. All the @entity1 were free from grave @entity146 . The data were examined to elucidate the influential ones of five factors ( @entity1 ' age, doses of intrathecal and per os @entity1500 , dose of CRT, interval between treatment, and MR study) to develop @entity62 using multiple regression analysis. To compare the effect of moderate-dose @entity1500 and prophylactic CRT on @entity62 to that of high-dose @entity1500 alone, we conducted literature review. RESULTS: Seven out of 38 @entity1 (18%) developed @entity62 . From multiple regression analysis and partial correlation coefficients, the age and CRT dose seemed influential in the subsequent development of @entity62 . The incidence of @entity62 following treatment with moderate-dose @entity1500 and prophylactic CRT appears to be less than that reported in the literature following treatment with intravenous high-dose @entity1500 . However, even moderate-dose @entity1500 in combination with @entity12506 can result in a significant incidence of MR-detectable @entity62 , particularly in @entity1 6 years of age or younger receiving 24 Gy. CONCLUSION: @entity62 was caused by moderate-dose @entity1500 and prophylactic CRT in pediatric @entity1 , probably less frequently than by high-dose @entity1500 treatment alone. The influential factors were @entity1 's age and CRT dose.

title: @entity62 in XXXX caused by moderate-dose @entity1499 and prophylactic cranial radiotherapy--an MR analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['acute lymphoblastic leukemias']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric disturbances']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematopoietic malignancies']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hodgkin lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['Leukoencephalopathy', 'leukoencephalopathy', 'LEP']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['childhood hematopoietic neoplasm']


abstract: Protein A (PA) of @entity794 is known to elicit several cytokines such as @entity60 , @entity637 and IL1. However, it has not been delineated yet as to which differentiation pathway lymphocytes follow after stimulation by PA. In this report, we attempted to collect such evidences. Cytokines, such as @entity60 , @entity2047 , @entity58 , @entity777 , @entity1618 , @entity637 , @entity634 and @entity635 were measured in serum by ELISA. Our results show that 1 microg dose of PA stimulates the production of @entity60 (115 +/- 5 pg/ml), @entity637 (250 +/- 8 pg/ml) and @entity634 (100 +/- 5 pg/ml) as compared to control levels of, 22 +/- 2, 20 +/- 2 and 35 +/- 3 pg/ml respectively whereas @entity2047 and @entity635 secretion were less (beyond the lower detection limit of the kit and 25 +/- 1 pg/ml, respectively) as compared to control (28 +/- 2 and 52 +/- 4 pg/ml, respectively). Larger dose of PA (10 microg) increases the expression of @entity2047 (75 +/- 3 pg/ml), @entity637 (1380 +/- 120 pg/ml), @entity634 (495 +/- 10 pg/ml) and @entity635 (110 +/- 7 pg/ml) as compared to controls described above. We also observed that 1 microg dose of PA decreases @entity58 , @entity777 and @entity1618 secretion to 9 +/- 1, 10 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 2 pg/ml, respectively, whereas 10 microg dose also decreased them to 11 +/- 1, 12 +/- 2 and 30 +/- 4 pg/ml, respectively as compared to the background controls, i.e. 50 +/- 5, 50 +/- 2 and 215 +/- 9 pg/ml respectively. The ratio of @entity60 to @entity58 increased and the peak value at 4 h, came to 13 +/- 1 and 9.6 +/- 0.5 with 1 microg and 10 microg PA, respectively, which is an established parameter indicating a @entity630 type response. Flow cytometry analysis of @entity1961 +/CD8+ cells, and c-myc protein expression by splenocytes indicate that 1 microg dose of PA causes 2-fold increase of @entity1961 + cells with no change in CD8+ cells, and 10-fold increase in c-myc protein, whereas 10 microg dose increases @entity1961 + cells 4-fold, CD8+ cells 3-fold and c-myc protein 100-fold. The cell cycle data shows an induction of apoptosis in thymocytes and splenocytes with the large dose (10 microg), whereas the 1 microg dose does not show any apoptosis. This report indicates that a @entity630 response is induced in @entity19 , after PA inoculation at a dose of 1 microg animal. Thus, cytokine mediated therapeutic strategies should consider the fact that an induction of large concentration of some cytokines might become detrimental to the host.

title: Protein A of @entity794 evokes XXXX type response in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

answer: @entity630 :: (57314(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Th1']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Although @entity1205 ( @entity3105 ) is the standard of care for advanced @entity263 ( @entity263 ), most @entity1 develop resistance to @entity3105 . Therefore, elucidating the mechanism that underlies resistance to @entity3105 is critical to enhance therapeutic intervention. Mining cDNA microarray from the PC-3 @entity263 cell line and its @entity3105 -resistant derivative (PC3-TxR) revealed decreased @entity1874 ( @entity1874 ) expression in the resistant cells. @entity1874 expression was inversely correlated with @entity3907 resistance in a panel of @entity263 cell lines. @entity1874 knockdown conferred @entity3105 resistance to @entity263 cells in vitro and in vivo; whereas @entity1874 overexpression reduced @entity3105 resistance in several @entity263 cell lines. A @entity19 model of @entity263 demonstrated that @entity263 cells developed resistance to @entity3105 in the bone microenvironment, but not the soft tissue microenvironment. This was associated with decreased @entity1874 expression in @entity263 cells in the bone microenvironment compared to the soft tissue microenvironment. It was identified that bone stromal cells decreased @entity1874 expression through methylation and induced chemoresistance in @entity263 in vitro. These findings reveal that a subset of @entity263 develops @entity3105 resistance through loss of @entity1874 expression associated with methylation and that the bone microenvironment promotes this drug resistance phenotype. IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests that the @entity1874 pathway should be further explored as a viable target for preventing or reversing @entity3907 resistance in @entity263 .

title: Bone Microenvironment Changes in XXXX Expression Promote Chemoresistance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer', 'PCa']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

answer: @entity1874 :: (56925,Gene) :: ['Latexin']


abstract: Hydroxylation of @entity21946 , catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 @entity5320 exhibits genetic polymorphism, with large inter-individual differences in metabolic capacity. About 7% of Caucasians carry deficient @entity5320 alleles and lack the @entity5320 enzyme (poor metabolizers). We have shown in two Swedish families, individuals carrying duplicated or amplified functional CYP2D6L-genes (CYP2D6L2), causing the opposite phenomenon, ultrarapid metabolism of @entity21946 . In the present study, the occurrence of extra copies of CYP2D6L-alleles was studied in relation to @entity21946 metabolic ratio (MR) in 270 Swedish Caucasians including 64 selected subjects with very rapid metabolism (MR < or = 0.2). Thirteen of the 64 subjects carried a duplicated @entity5320 -gene as identified by EcoRI and XbaI restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction-amplification of genomic DNA. A new allele with three active CYP2D6L-genes was identified, characterized by an XbaI 54 kilobase fragment. This indicates a preference of the CYP2D6L-gene to be amplified compared to other @entity5320 genes. Only one subject with an MR higher than 0.2 carried the duplicated @entity5320 L-allele, also being heterozygous for the defect CYP2D6B-allele. The overall frequency of the duplicated/amplified @entity5320 -allele was about 1%, and was present in 40% of subjects with MRs < or = 0.1. Thus, other variant @entity5320 -genes may exist that cause increased @entity5320 activity. In conclusion, a haplotype with duplicated or amplified functional @entity5320 genes predicts, with high accuracy, ultrarapid metabolism of @entity21946 . Genotyping for this @entity5320 locus variant might be of value in @entity1 not responding to generally recommended doses of @entity5320 substrates, to distinguish between high metabolic capacity and noncompliance.

title: Ultrarapid hydroxylation of XXXX in a Swedish population. Analysis of the molecular genetic basis.

entities_list: @entity21946 :: ('MESH:D003647', 'Chemical') :: ['debrisoquine']

answer: @entity21946 :: (MESH:D003647,Chemical) :: ['debrisoquine']


abstract: The current investigations were undertaken to study the mechanism of the adverse effect of phytoestrogens on the function of @entity291 granulosa (follicles >1< cm in diameter) and luteal cells from day 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-19 of the oestrous cycle. The cells were incubated with @entity670 , @entity8139 or @entity19097 (each at the dose of 1   10(-6) m). The viability and secretion of @entity53 (E2), @entity1420 (P4) and @entity398 (OT) were measured after 72 h of incubation. Moreover, the expression of mRNA for neurophysin-I/OT (NP-I/OT; precursor of OT) and peptidyl- @entity2228 -a-amidating monooxygenase ( @entity6987 , an enzyme responsible for post-translational OT synthesis) was determined after 8 h of treatment. None of the phytoestrogens used affected the viability of cells except for @entity19097 . The increased secretion of @entity19098 was only obtained by @entity19097 (p<0.05) from granulosa cells from follicles <1cm in diameter and decreased from luteal cells on days 11-15 of the oestrous cycle, respectively. All three phytoestrogens stimulated (p<0.05) OT secretion from granulosa and luteal cells in all stages of the oestrous cycle and the expression of NP-I/OT mRNA in the both types of cells. The expression of mRNA for @entity6987 was stimulated (p<0.05) by @entity8139 and @entity19097 in granulosa cells, and by @entity670 and @entity19097 in luteal cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that these phytoestrogens can impair the ovary function in @entity291 by adversely affecting the synthesis of OT in follicles and in corpus luteum. However, their influence on the ovarian @entity230 secretion was less evident.

title: The adverse effect of phytoestrogens on the synthesis and secretion of ovarian @entity398 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity19097 :: ('MESH:D003375', 'Chemical') :: ['coumestrol']

entities_list: @entity8139 :: ('MESH:C004742', 'Chemical') :: ['daidzein']

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity670 :: ('MESH:D019833', 'Chemical') :: ['genistein']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: Polyploidy--the doubling of chromosome sets of cells caused by a stop of mitosis at different levels of the mitotic cycle--is a phenomenon widely observed in plants, protozoa, metazoa, and animals. In @entity1 obligate polyploid tissues are found in liver parenchyma, heart muscle cells, and bone marrow megakaryocytes. Polyploidy occurs mostly in stable and highly differentiated cells and tissues. Besides age, stimulation of proliferation and increased metabolic function lead to polyploidization in these organs. @entity2007 , however, is exclusively found in @entity5 cells. Megakaryocyte differentiation and @entity5700 are controlled by thrombopoietin-like activities, of which the loci of production are still unknown. Megakaryocytes are unique among polyploid @entity1 cells. On the precursor level they maintain their proliferative activity independently of the @entity1 's age. Once having entered the incomplete mitotic cycle they stop cytokinesis and develop into highly polyploid cells. Polyploidization of megakaryocytes is the basic requirement for establishing highly effective hemostasis in mammals, which exhibit blood circulation based on @entity101 . Every polyploidization results in increased production of membrane materials with which the platelet becomes endowed. By shedding cytoplasmic fragments approximately 3000 platelets are set free from a 32c megakaryocyte, compared with only 16 nucleated thrombocytes by mitotic division. There is further evidence that the heterogeneity of platelets mostly depends on the different @entity5700 classes of the megakaryocytes from which they are derived. Changes in the @entity5700 pattern of megakaryocytes could therefore have consequences for @entity4461 in several @entity1 diseases, particularly in @entity5 .

title: Significance of XXXX in megakaryocytes and other cells in health and @entity5 disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'man', 'mammal']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['Aneuploidy']

entities_list: @entity5700 :: ('MESH:D011123', 'Disease') :: ['polyploidy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['high blood pressures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['hemostatic disorders']

answer: @entity5700 :: (MESH:D011123,Disease) :: ['polyploidy']


abstract: Renal physiology is circadian rhythmic. The major @entity137 of @entity900 ( @entity900 ) is irreversible @entity8 . A single dose of @entity900 (11 mg/kg) was given to groups of standardized female Fischer 344 @entity35 at one of six equispaced circadian stages. A statistically significant effect of time of injection upon tolerance was found by chi 2 analysis. Differences of 3- to 8-fold in survival rate of 50% mortality and a nearly 3-fold difference in long-term survival depended on circadian timing of @entity900 administration. @entity900 timing resulting in optimal tolerance was similar from study to study. Additional 0.9% @entity1219 solution was administered with @entity900 in three experiments and resulted in an increase in overall mean survival time. It also resulted in an amplification of the survival rhythm without changing its timing. The increase in survival resulting from 0.9% @entity1219 solution loading, when compared to controls receiving @entity900 alone, was also highly time dependent. A 52% improvement in mean survival time was achieved in those animals receiving @entity900 and 0.9% @entity1219 solution at the most favorable circadian stage, as compared to a 20% improvement when this regimen was administered at an inopportune circadian stage. The safest time for @entity900 administration is near the midactivity span, shortly after the maximum of the circadian rhythm in rectal temperature.

title: Circadian stage dependence of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum lethal @entity137 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal damage']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'cis-diamminedichloroplatinum', 'Cisplatin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: A purified preparation of @entity11519 from pituitaries of water buffaloes ( @entity11520 ) has been extensively characterized with regard to physico-chemical properties. The molecular size of buffalo GH (buGH) by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ES-MS) was found to be 21394.00+/-8.44Da and its stokes radius was determined as 2.3 nm. Size heterogeneity in buffalo GH was checked both by electrophoresis and molecular sieve chromatography using 125I-labelled buffalo GH. Similar size heterogeneity was found in standard preparations of ovine and @entity291 growth hormones. Isoelectric focussing and chromatofocussing indicated charge heterogeneity in buffalo GH preparation. Major charge isoforms having pI of 7.2, 7.7 and minor forms in the pI range of 5.7 to 7.0 were found. Lectin chromatography on Concanavalin A matrix showed that less than 1% of buffalo GH was glycosylated. Heterogeneity in @entity2733 -terminal sequence was also observed, with @entity493 , @entity815 and @entity1853 as the @entity2733 -terminal residues as checked by @entity11521 and DABITC methods. Estimation of @entity2340 residue indicated that a single @entity2340 residue was present. Ellman's method showed presence of two @entity1520 bridges per mole of buffalo GH. Intrinsic fluorescence spectrum of buffalo GH exhibited lambda emission maximum at 337 nm. UV-CD spectrum showed that almost 48% of the secondary structure of buGH was constituted by alpha-helicity. The T(M) of buGH as determined by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies was found to be 63 degrees C.

title: Physico-chemical characterization of @entity11519 from water buffaloes ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity1853 :: ('MESH:D008715', 'Chemical') :: ['methionine']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity1520 :: ('CHEBI:48343', 'Chemical') :: ['disulfide']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity11520 :: ('89462', 'Species') :: ['Bubalus bubalis']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

answer: @entity11520 :: (89462,Species) :: ['Bubalus bubalis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Acral nevi occasionally demonstrate pagetoid spread of melanocytes. This feature may be of considerable concern because it is commonly associated with @entity320 . Other features of @entity320 must be assessed to accurately classify these @entity5 as benign. OBJECTIVE: We examined acral melanocytic lesions, benign and malignant, to evaluate their features. METHODS: A retrospective analysis during 3 years was performed on 158 acral pigmented lesions diagnosed by the dermatopathology service. Blue nevi, @entity21989 , @entity6311 , and Spitz nevi were excluded. The specimens were divided into three groups: benign nevi, benign nevi with pagetoid spread, and @entity320 . They were evaluated for circumscription, symmetry, papillary dermal @entity3385 , bridging between rete ridges, inflammatory infiltrate, pagetoid spread, cytologic atypia, and mitotic activity. RESULTS: Most lesions (60%) were compound nevi and 84% were from the foot. Ten specimens were @entity320 (6%) and 28 (18%) were nevi with @entity74 . Pagetoid spread of melanocytes, often minimal, was found in 57 benign lesions. However, these nevi did not demonstrate the degree of pagetoid spread, cellular atypia, @entity32 , and asymmetry found in malignant lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of pagetoid spread of melanocytes is common in otherwise benign acral nevi. Other parameters of @entity5 must be evaluated to determine their biologic potential.

title: XXXX : a histologic analysis of 158 lesions.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms', 'malignancy in these neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity6311 :: ('MESH:D007911', 'Disease') :: ['lentigines']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['architectural disorder']

entities_list: @entity3385 :: ('MESH:D012178', 'Disease') :: ['fibroplasia']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

entities_list: @entity21989 :: ('MESH:D018330', 'Disease') :: ['intradermal nevi']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Acral melanocytic neoplasms']


abstract: A dramatic increase in the number of adverse reactions to @entity6616 initiated a survey of the reports to the Swedish @entity137 Committee 1966-1976. Pulmonary reactions constituted about half of these reports: 398 cases with acute and 49 with chronic reactions. Three-quarters of the @entity1 were hospitalized in connection with the reaction. Six reactions were fatal. The clinical picture and the laboratory findings differed considerably between the acute and chronic forms, although the age and sex distribution was very similar. About 85% of the @entity1 were @entity1 . The median age was 59 years in the acute and 68 years in the chronic group. The acute pulmonary reactions carry the characteristics of an @entity56 but we suggest that the chronic pulmonary and liver reactions may be caused by a toxic mechanism. Chronic reactions do not follow upon acute reactions, nor do acute reactions predispose to chronic ones. Early recognition of the reactions and prompt withdrawal of the drug are essential in both forms.

title: Pulmonary reactions to XXXX . 447 cases reported to the Swedish @entity137 Committee 1966-1976.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6616 :: ('MESH:D009582', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrofurantoin']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic reaction']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Adverse Drug Reaction']

answer: @entity6616 :: (MESH:D009582,Chemical) :: ['nitrofurantoin']


abstract: We studied the corneal endothelial cells in 14 @entity1 (6 @entity1 and 8 @entity1 , ranging in age from 15 to 70 years) with unilateral @entity5502 ( @entity5502 ) by means of specular microscopy. The healthy fellow eyes of the @entity1 served as control material. Two affected eyes had undergone an intracapsular @entity231 extraction before specular microscopy. In one @entity1 , the cyclitic eye also had @entity726 . Changes of the endothelium characterized by intra- and intercellular dark bodies, larger dark defects spanning several endothelial cells and bright irregular patchy areas crossing cell borders on the specular reflex were found in all eyes with @entity5502 . Individual cell analysis did not reveal any significant differences in the endothelial cell density, cell area, coefficient of variation for cell area, cell perimeter, cell shape and in the number of endothelial cell apices between unoperated cyclitic and healthy fellow eyes. The mean cell density was 4.9% lower in the unoperated eyes with @entity5502 than in the control eyes. A significant negative correlation was observed between the @entity1 ' age and the cell density both in the healthy and the cyclitic eyes. On the other hand, the correlation between follow-up period and cell density was not statistically significant in the cyclitic eyes. Although @entity5502 does not seem to accelerate significantly the age-related cell density reduction, the magnitude of the cell loss found in the two operated eyes (45.5% and 49.8%) and in the eye with @entity726 (45.2%) may indicate altered tolerance against endothelial traumas in this disease.

title: Characteristics of corneal endothelial cells in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity5502 :: ('MESH:D015863', 'Disease') :: ["Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis", 'FHC']

answer: @entity5502 :: (MESH:D015863,Disease) :: ['Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis']


abstract: Since 1977, >2000 research papers described attempts to detect, identify and/or quantify parasites, or disease organisms carried by @entity13957 -parasites, using DNA-based tests and 148 reviews of the topic were published. Despite this, only a few DNA-based tests for @entity4801 are routinely available, and most of these are optional tests used occasionally in disease diagnosis. @entity311 , @entity7246 , @entity3252 , @entity232 and cryptosporidiosis diagnosis may be assisted by DNA-based testing in some countries, but there are very few cases where the detection of veterinary parasites is assisted by DNA-based tests. The diagnoses of some bacterial (e.g. @entity3001 ) and @entity1800 (e. @entity13958 borne @entity198 ) which are transmitted by @entity13957 -parasites more commonly use DNA-based tests, and research developing tests for these species makes up almost 20% of the literature. Other important uses of DNA-based tests are for epidemiological and risk assessment, quality control for food and water, forensic diagnosis and in parasite biology research. Some DNA-based tests for water-borne parasites, including Cryptosporidium and Giardia, are used in routine checks of water treatment, but forensic and food-testing applications have not been adopted in routine practice. Biological research, including epidemiological research, makes the widest use of DNA-based diagnostics, delivering enhanced understanding of parasites and guidelines for managing @entity4801 . Despite the limited uptake of DNA-based tests to date, there is little doubt that they offer great potential to not only detect, identify and quantify parasites, but also to provide further information important for the implementation of parasite control strategies. For example, variant sequences within species of parasites and other organisms can be differentiated by tests in a manner similar to genetic testing in medicine or livestock breeding. If an association between DNA sequence and phenotype has been demonstrated, then qualities such as drug resistance, strain divergence, virulence, and origin of isolates could be inferred by DNA-based tests. No such tests are in clinical or commercial use in parasitology and few tests are available for other organisms. Why have DNA-based tests not had a bigger impact in veterinary and @entity1 medicine? To explore this question, technological, biological, economic and sociological factors must be considered. Additionally, a realistic expectation of research progress is needed. DNA-based tests could enhance parasite management in many ways, but patience, persistence and dedication will be needed to achieve this goal.

title: Molecular diagnosis of infections and resistance in veterinary and XXXX parasites.

entities_list: @entity7246 :: ('MESH:D014352', 'Disease') :: ['trypanosomiasis']

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['lyme disease']

entities_list: @entity198 :: ('MESH:D004660', 'Disease') :: ['encephalitis']

entities_list: @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral diseases']

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasitic diseases']

entities_list: @entity3252 :: ('MESH:D014123', 'Disease') :: ['toxoplasmosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity1318 is the best characterized @entity1957 but the etiology is unknown. The pathology is characterized by a decrease in @entity842 -producing neurons and the presence of an activated T-cell inflammatory infiltrate in the myenteric plexus that are reactive to HSV-1 viral antigens. These findings are not present in normal controls. The current study compared the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) between @entity1 with @entity1318 and normal controls to determine if PBMCs of @entity1 exhibit a similar heightened reactivity to the virus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Whole blood culture experiments were conducted with heparinized peripheral venous blood obtained from 151 @entity1 with @entity1318 and 118 healthy controls. Whole blood was cultured in the presence of ultraviolet inactivated @entity3307 or conditioned cell culture media. Reactivity of mononuclear cells to viral antigens was quantified by measuring expression of the cytokine gene @entity379 using Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data are expressed as cytokine fold change corresponding to ratio of @entity379 messenger RNA copies produced in antigen stimulated versus unstimulated cells. RESULTS: The @entity379 fold change was higher in cases 61.33 (20.54-217.00) than controls 49.67 (10.05-157.05). Mean fold change difference between cases and controls was 1.66 times (95% confidence interval 1.17-2.34, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the PBMCs of @entity1 with @entity1318 show an enhanced immune response to HSV-1 antigens. The data suggest that there is persistent stimulation of immune cells by @entity3307 ) or HSV-1 like antigen moieties.

title: Enhanced reactivity of peripheral blood immune cells to XXXX in @entity1318 .

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['primary achalasia', 'Achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['oesophageal motor disorder']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity3307 :: ('10298', 'Species') :: ['herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1', 'HSV-1']

answer: @entity3307 :: (10298,Species) :: ['HSV-1']


abstract: This study compares relationships between each of morning home blood pressure (BP), evening home BP and office BP with electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities among treated @entity101 Japanese @entity1 . We defined ECG @entity4346 ( @entity4346 ) as Sokolow-Lyon voltage and/or Cornell voltage duration product. Abnormal T waves and ST segment @entity308 were categorized based on the Minnesota code. Office BP was calculated as the mean of four readings taken during two visits. Morning and evening home BP were calculated as the mean of five readings measured once each morning and evening for 5 days, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that ECG- @entity4346 in 747 @entity101 (mean age: 72 years; @entity1 : 63%) was more closely associated with morning home BP than with either office or evening home BP. Even the first reading of morning home BP on day 1 was significantly associated with ECG- @entity4346 independently of office BP. The association between home BP and ECG- @entity4346 increased with the cumulative number of home BP measurements. The results for abnormal T waves were similar. Home and office BP did not significantly differ between @entity1 with and without ST segment @entity308 . Morning home BP was more closely associated with ECG- @entity4346 and abnormal T waves than either office or evening home BP among treated @entity101 Japanese @entity1 .

title: Electrocardiographic abnormalities and home blood pressure in treated elderly XXXX @entity1 : Japan home versus office blood pressure measurement evaluation in the elderly (J-HOME-Elderly) study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['LVH', 'left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensives', 'hypertensive']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertensive']


abstract: @entity17325 ( @entity17325 ) is very common in the Hutterite population of the North American Prairies. We have recently reported the homozygous @entity24346 mutation in @entity15273 associated with @entity24347 . We have also identified Hutterite @entity1 with @entity24348 , homozygous for the common @entity24349 mutation in @entity16559 . To date, all Hutterites with @entity17325 have been shown to be homozygous for either the @entity15273 or @entity16559 mutation. We now report a Hutterite family in which both parents and five sons were all found to be homozygous for the @entity15273 mutation. The father had slowly progressive proximal @entity425 , whereas three sons and their mother, all currently asymptomatic, had normal physical examinations. The remaining two sons (7 and 10 years old), presented with mild decrease in stamina, had normal neuromuscular examinations and were found to be homozygous for the @entity16559 mutation in addition to the @entity15273 mutation. These two @entity1 do not differ in age at or mode of presentation, physical findings, or serum CK levels compared to age-matched individuals affected with @entity24348 alone. This suggests that the effects of these two mutations are not acting synergistically at this time. It remains to be seen whether there will be signs of interaction between these two mutations as the @entity1 get older.

title: Hutterite brothers both affected with two forms of XXXX : @entity24347 and @entity24348 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity17325 :: ('MESH:D049288', 'Disease') :: ['Limb girdle muscular dystrophy', 'LGMD']

answer: @entity17325 :: (MESH:D049288,Disease) :: ['limb girdle muscular dystrophy']


abstract: @entity1 fetal kidney explants can be maintained during 5 days in Leibovitz's L15, a basic serum-free medium. Because culture conditions are minimal for growth and differentiation, DNA synthesis drastically decreases during the first 48 h, but stabilizes thereafter. The addition of insulin plus @entity69 significantly restores this important cellular function in kidneys of fetuses younger than 16 wk. However, renal explants from older fetuses are more difficult to culture: they respond less to growth factors and are more prone to @entity39 . The objective of this study was to verify the influence of @entity803 , an antibiotic with anti-collagenase potential, on cultured kidney explants aged 17 to 20 wk. The addition of 20 micrograms/ml @entity803 did not influence DNA synthesis nor the effectiveness of insulin plus @entity69 on cell proliferation. Nor did it change the activities of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, two enzymic markers of brush border differentiation. After 5 days in L15 alone, explants often showed @entity39 and an important reduction in both weight and volume. Insulin plus @entity69 significantly restored these parameters to control values observed at Day 0, but evidence of @entity39 was still present. @entity803 alone markedly @entity39 resulting in a significant increase in weight and volume. The effectiveness of insulin plus @entity69 on explant morphometry was not improved when @entity803 was added as third factor. These results indicate that insulin plus @entity69 restores explant mass through cell proliferation, whereas @entity803 does so possibly through a reduction in extracellular matrix degradation. The two effects are not additive in cultured mid-term fetal kidneys.

title: Positive influence of XXXX on @entity1 fetal kidney in serum-free organ culture.

entities_list: @entity803 :: ('MESH:D013752', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracycline', 'Tetracycline']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['reduced explant necrosis', 'necrosis']

answer: @entity803 :: (MESH:D013752,Chemical) :: ['tetracycline']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Although mobility aids such as crutches, walkers, and wheelchairs are typically beneficial, they can be associated with injury. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, patterns, and trends of pediatric mobility @entity3224 -related @entity130 to @entity1 and adolescents who were aged < or = 19 years and treated in US emergency departments between 1991 and 2008. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database for @entity1 and adolescents who were aged < or = 19 years. Sample weights were used to calculate national estimates of mobility @entity3224 -related @entity130 on the basis of 2301 actual cases. RESULTS: An estimated 63 309 cases of @entity1 and adolescents who were aged < or = 19 years were treated in US emergency departments for mobility @entity3224 -related @entity130 . Approximately 70% of mobility @entity3224 - related @entity130 occurred while @entity1 were using wheelchairs. @entity1 who were aged 2 to 10 years were more likely to @entity130 while using walkers and wheelchairs, injure their heads, and sustain @entity131 . @entity1 who were aged 11 to 19 years were more likely to @entity130 while using crutches, injure their lower extremities, and sustain sprains and strains. Injuries involving wheelchairs were more likely to be @entity131 and result in hospitalization. Injuries involving crutches were more likely to involve misuse and be triggered by stairs or curbs. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries related to crutches, walkers, and wheelchairs have distinct injury patterns, mechanisms of injury, and trigger factors. Injury patterns between younger and older @entity1 were different. Additional research is needed to identify effective injury prevention strategies for the pediatric population.

title: Pediatric mobility @entity3224 -related XXXX treated in US emergency departments from 1991 to 2008.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['sustain injuries', 'injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['injuries']


abstract: Because of the many anatomical and functional links to the limbic system, the neuroendocrine system is often affected by limbic disturbances. Limbic @entity410 in @entity1 and animals alter neuroendocrine function and hormone levels. We have shown that in an animal model for partial @entity410 , the amygdala kindled @entity35 , plasma @entity3488 levels are elevated and a sustained increase in @entity3488 (VP) mRNA follows stage 5 kindled @entity410 . In the present experiments we sought to determine when during the course of amygdala kindling the VP mRNA increase occurs and whether specific anatomical pathways mediate this increase. Animals kindled to early @entity410 stages (stages 1, 2 or 3) had no consistent increase in VP mRNA in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) while animals kindled to generalized @entity410 , stages 4 or 5, invariably had increased VP mRNA relative to controls. Electrical kindling to stage 5 @entity410 from two other brain sites, the dorsal hippocampus and the anterior olfactory nucleus, consistently resulted in a significant increase in VP mRNA one week after completing kindling. In all experiments the increase in VP mRNA in the SON showed no differences related to the side or proximity of the electrodes used for kindling. Measures of water balance did not change following kindling. These results indicate that kindled @entity410 generalization is a prerequisite for the long-term increase in VP mRNA. Furthermore, the VP mRNA increase appears to involve polysynaptic pathways accessible from different limbic kindling sites. These studies support the hypothesis that changes in mRNA regulation may contribute to the neuroendocrine pathophysiology accompanying limbic @entity410 .

title: XXXX mRNA changes during kindling: the effects of kindling site and stage.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

answer: @entity3488 :: (551,Gene) :: ['Vasopressin']


abstract: AIMS: The aim of our study was to assess the spontaneous outcome of @entity2401 associated with severe @entity299 in @entity1 , as well as to compare these features with those occurring in adult @entity1 . METHODS: Fifty @entity1 consecutively diagnosed of @entity2401 during the last 7 years in our hospital were studied; 15 @entity1 were @entity1 younger than 14 years, and 35 were adults. Immunosuppressive therapy was not used in any @entity1 . RESULTS: Mean age was 2 +/- 3 years in @entity1 , ranging from 2 months to 12 years. One @entity1 required temporary pacing for a third-degree @entity713 , while the remaining 14 @entity1 had severe @entity712 , with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 30 +/- 12% (16 to 44%). After a mean follow-up of 21 +/- 26 months, only 3 @entity1 died, at 1, 4 and 10 months after the initial diagnosis. @entity204 was sudden in all 3 @entity1 . Left ventricular ejection fraction rose to 45 +/- 14% at 1 month after diagnosis, and to 58 +/- 15% at the end of follow-up. Unfavorable evolution ( @entity204 or evolution to chronic @entity384 , with a left ventricular ejection fraction < 45%) occurred in 6 @entity1 (40%) at 1 month after diagnosis and in only 4 (25%) at the end of follow-up. The 9 @entity1 with 1-month favorable outcome were alive and had an ejection fraction > 45% at long-term, while only 2 of the 6 @entity1 with 1-month unfavorable outcome were alive and had an ejection fraction > 45% at long-term. Only the 3 @entity1 who died had an ejection fraction < 30% at 1-month. Favorable outcome was more frequent in @entity1 that in adult @entity1 with @entity2401 (75% versus 46%). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of @entity2401 with severe @entity299 was favorable in a majority of pediatric @entity1 ; this favorable evolution was less frequent in adults. @entity1 in whom left ventricular ejection fraction did not increase at short-term had a higher risk of @entity204 , and they should probably be considered for heart transplantation.

title: [Acute @entity2401 with severe @entity299 in the pediatric population. The evolution and differential characteristics with respect to adult XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['atrioventricular block']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocarditis']

answer: @entity2401 :: (MESH:D009205,Disease) :: ['myocarditis']


abstract: @entity5139 -based pesticides are widely used throughout the world. The acute effects of over-exposure to such compounds are well known. Concern has also been expressed that long-term exposure may result in @entity16 . In a cross-sectional study, we compared neuropsychological performance in 146 @entity742 farmers who were exposed to @entity2958 in the course of @entity742 dipping with 143 non-exposed quarry workers (controls). The farmers performed significantly worse than controls in tests to assess sustained attention and speed of information processing. These effects remained after adjustment for covariates. The farmers also showed greater vulnerability to @entity146 than did the controls as measured by the General Health Questionnaire. There were no observed effects on short-term memory and learning. Repeated exposure to @entity5139 -based pesticides appears to be associated with subtle changes in the nervous system. Measures should be taken to reduce exposure to @entity2958 as far as possible during agricultural operations.

title: Neuropsychological effects of long-term exposure to @entity2958 in XXXX dip.

entities_list: @entity2958 :: ('MESH:D010755', 'Chemical') :: ['organophosphates']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric disorder']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['damage to the nervous system']

entities_list: @entity5139 :: ('D010755', 'Chemical') :: ['organophosphate', 'Organophosphate']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4350 ( @entity4350 , Yondelis) and @entity7509 (Zalypsis) are marine derived compounds that have antitumor activity. @entity4350 and @entity7509 exposure over sustained periods of treatment will result in the development of drug resistance, but the mechanisms which lead to resistance are not yet understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: @entity1 @entity511 cell lines resistant to @entity4350 ( @entity7510 ) or @entity7509 ( @entity7510 ) were established in this study. The @entity7510 and @entity7510 exhibited cross resistance to @entity900 and @entity1499 but not to @entity632 . @entity1 Affymetrix Gene Chip arrays were used to examine relative gene expression in these cell lines. We found that a large number of genes have altered expression levels in @entity7510 and @entity7510 when compared to the parental cell line. 595 @entity7510 genes were identified as overexpressing; 856 @entity7510 transcripts were identified as underexpressing. Three zinc finger protein (ZNF) genes were on the top 10 overexpressed genes list. These genes have not been previously associated with drug resistance in @entity5 cells. Differential expressions of @entity7511 and @entity7512 genes were confirmed in both @entity7510 and @entity7510 resistant cell lines by real-time RT-PCR. @entity7511 was overexpressed in two @entity4350 resistant @entity2828 cell lines as well as in a @entity900 resistant @entity43 cell line, but was not overexpressed in paclitaxel resistant cell lines. @entity7511 knockdown by siRNA in @entity7510 and @entity7510 caused increased sensitivity for @entity4350 , @entity7509 , and @entity900 . Furthermore, @entity7511 transfected CS-1 cells are relatively resistant to @entity4350 , @entity7509 and @entity900 . CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that @entity219 finger proteins, and @entity7511 in particular, are involved in resistance to @entity4350 and @entity7509 .

title: @entity7511 increases resistance to @entity4350 (Trabectedin; Yondelis) and @entity7509 (Zalypsis) in XXXX @entity5 cell lines.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity511 :: ('MESH:D002813', 'Disease') :: ['chondrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity2828 :: ('MESH:D012512', 'Disease') :: ['Ewing sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cancer']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess whether early treatment of @entity6750 fully prevents @entity73 . DESIGN: A national register of @entity1 with @entity6750 who were compared with unaffected @entity1 from the same school classes and matched for age, sex, social class, and first language. SETTING: First three years (1982-4) of a neonatal screening programme in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. SUBJECTS: 361 @entity1 with @entity6750 given early treatment and 315 control @entity1 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intelligence quotient (IQ) measured at school entry at 5 years of age with the Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence. RESULTS: There was a discontinuous relation between IQ and plasma @entity1955 concentration at diagnosis, with a threshold at 42.8 nmol/l (95% confidence interval 35.2 to 47.1 nmol/l). @entity1375 @entity1 with @entity1955 values below 42.8 nmol/l had a mean IQ 10.3 points (6.9 to 13.7 points) lower than those with higher values and than controls. None of the measures of quality of treatment (age at start of treatment (range 1-173 days), average @entity1955 dose (12-76 micrograms in the first year), average @entity1955 concentration during treatment (79-234 nmol/l in the first year), and @entity1955 concentration less than 103 nmol/l at least once during the first year) influenced IQ at age 5. CONCLUSIONS: Despite early treatment in @entity6750 the disease severity has a threshold effect on brain development, probably determined prenatally. The 55% of @entity1 with more severe disease continue to show clinically significant @entity73 ; @entity1 with milder disease show no such impairment. The findings predict that 10% of early treated @entity1 with severe @entity1375 , compared with around 40% of those who presented with symptoms in the period before screening began, are likely to require special education.

title: Relation between biochemical severity and intelligence in early treated XXXX : a threshold effect.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['Hypothyroid', 'hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['intellectual impairment']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity6750 :: ('MESH:D003409', 'Disease') :: ['congenital hypothyroidism']

answer: @entity6750 :: (MESH:D003409,Disease) :: ['congenital hypothyroidism']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity6126 has been linked with systemic @entity32 and opioid use in males with @entity5 . We aimed to investigate the interaction of gonadal status with systemic @entity32 and opioids in determining nutritional status and prognosis in advanced @entity788 . METHODS: One hundred and seventy-five @entity1 (92 males, 83 postmenopausal females) with unresectable @entity788 were studied. Serum sex @entity230 (total @entity251 [TT], calculated free @entity251 [cFT], @entity53 , @entity443 ), gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone) and pro-inflammatory mediators (C-reactive protein [CRP], @entity650 [ @entity650 ], soluble @entity5 necrosis factor receptor 75 [sTNFR75]) were measured, and nutritional assessment and opioid use recorded. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of males were @entity6126 (by cFT definition). cFT correlated positively with BMI (r (2)   =0.349; p<   0.001) and grip strength (r (2)   =   0.229; p   =   0.034) and inversely with @entity353 (r (2)   =   -0.287; p   =   0.007), CRP (r (2)   =   -0.426; p   <   0.001) and @entity650 (r (2)   =   -0.303; p   =   0.004). CRP (p=   0.007), opioid dosage (p   =   0.009) and BMI (p   =   0.005) were independent determinants of cFT on ANOVA. @entity14136 demonstrated worsened survival compared with eugonadal @entity1 (TT: OR of death   =   2.87; p   <   0.001; cFT: OR   =   2.26; p   =   0.011). Furthermore, male opioid use was associated with decreased TT (p   <   0.001) and cFT (p   <   0.001) and worsened survival (OR   =   1.96; p   =   0.012). In contrast, 18% of postmenopausal females exhibited premenopausal ("hyperoestrogenic") @entity53 levels. @entity53 correlated positively with sTNFR75 (r (2)   =   0.299; p   =   0.008). CRP (p   <   0.001) was an independent determinant of @entity53 . @entity15776 demonstrated worsened survival compared with eugonadal @entity1 (OR   =   2.43; p   =   0.013). CONCLUSIONS: In males with @entity788 , systemic @entity32 and opioid use are associated with @entity6126 . @entity14136 and female hyperoestrogenism are associated with shortened survival in advanced @entity788 .

title: Interaction of gonadal status with systemic XXXX and opioid use in determining nutritional status and prognosis in advanced @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity15776 :: ('MESH:C536769', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperoestrogenic females']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['advanced cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol', 'Oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism', 'hypogonadal', 'Hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity14136 :: ('MESH:D005058', 'Disease') :: ['Male hypogonadism', 'Hypogonadal males']

entities_list: @entity443 :: ('6462', 'Gene') :: ['sex hormone binding globulin']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['inflammation']