abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardioembolism due to @entity955 assumes a dominant etiologic role in @entity66 due to its growing incidence, high embolic risk and particular aspects of clinical events caused. Our objectives are to analyze the frequency of @entity955 in @entity1 with @entity385 , study the vital and functional impact of @entity64 due to different etiologies and evaluate antithrombotic options before and after @entity64 . METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study including @entity1 admitted in a central hospital due to @entity385 in 2010 (at least one year of follow-up). Etiology of @entity64 was defined using the Trial of @entity10269 in @entity64 (TOAST) classification, and functional outcome by modified Rankin scale. We performed a descriptive analysis of different @entity64 etiologies and antithrombotic medication in @entity1 with @entity955 . We then conducted a cohort study to evaluate the clinical impact of antithrombotic options in secondary prevention after @entity64 . RESULTS: In our population (n = 631) we found superior frequency of cardioembolism (34.5%) to that reported in the literature. Mortality, morbidity and antithrombotic options are similar to other previous series, confirming the severity of @entity64 and the underuse of @entity2067 antagonists. Oral anticoagulation was effective in secondary prevention independently from post- @entity64 functional condition. CONCLUSIONS: Despite unequivocal recommendations, oral anticoagulation is still underused in @entity64 prevention. This study confirms the clinical efficacy of @entity2067 antagonists in secondary prevention independently from residual functional impairment.

title: [ XXXX in @entity66 : national neurological perspective].

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cardioembolic strokes', 'cardioembolic stroke', 'stroke', 'Acute Stroke']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity2067 :: ('MESH:D014812', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin K']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['Atrial fibrillation']


abstract: Our experience with repair of @entity292 in 33 @entity1 over a 5-year period is reviewed. The ages ranged from 2 to 12 years with an average of 8 years. Meatal advancement and glanuloplasty (MAGPI) were performed in five @entity1 ; there was no recurrence. A layered repair was used in 26 @entity1 ; of these, 12 recurred. Twelve @entity1 needed a second operation and, of these, one had urethral dilatation with spontaneous cure of the @entity292 and the remaining 11 had a layered repair with a recurrence in five. Five @entity1 had a third repair with further recurrence in three. Suprapubic urinary division was used in 13 cases with a failure rate of 77% (10 cases), while transurethral drainage was used in 31 cases with a failure rate of 35% (11 cases). Three of the cases with a MAGPI procedure had no urinary division. It is concluded that the MAGPI principle should be used in the repair of coronal and some subcoronal urethral fistulae as it carries a good healing rate with a short hospital stay. Transurethral @entity1494 should be used more frequently.

title: A policy in the management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'urethral fistula']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder drainage']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['urethral fistula']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background The disease burden associated with @entity64 by age is not well known. Aim To assess the trends in @entity64 hospitalizations and associated cost among adults aged >= 18 years by age groups in the United States. Methods The study population consisted of 2003-2012 adult hospitalizations from the National Inpatient Sample of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. @entity510 , @entity1779 , and acute @entity385 hospitalizations were identified by the principal diagnosis ICD-9-CM code. We estimated national hospitalization rates and inflation-adjusted hospital costs across five consecutive 2-year time intervals, stratified by seven age groups. Results Hospitalization rates for @entity510 decreased significantly from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012 for ages 35-44 (relative percent change (RPC): -23%) and 45-54 (RPC: -22%), respectively. For @entity1779 , the rates decreased significantly for ages >= 65 years. Acute @entity385 hospitalization rates increased significantly for ages 18-54 and decreased significantly for ages 65-84 years. The average per-hospitalization cost for @entity510 increased 7-35% among all age groups, except those aged 65-74, and increased 10-29% for intracerabral @entity548 except those aged 75-84, and increased 6-19% among all ages for acute @entity385 , respectively. Overall, the estimated total national cost increased 7% for @entity510 , 10% for @entity1779 , and 18% for acute @entity385 from 2003-2004 to 2011-2012. Conclusions From 2003 to 2012, @entity510 and intracerabral @entity64 hospitalization rates declined across all age groups. While US acute @entity385 hospitalizations among ages 65-84 declined significantly, the hospitalization rates increased significantly among ages 18-54. The estimated hospital costs increased across all @entity64 subtypes during the study period.

title: Trends in hospitalizations and cost associated with XXXX by age, United States 2003-2012.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'hemorrhage stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['Subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'subarachnoid hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors, clinical features and complications in @entity1 with @entity63 ( @entity63 ). METHODS: All @entity1 diagnosed with biopsy proven @entity63 within a 2-year period were identified; clinical data were retrospectively collected and subsequently analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 72 @entity63 @entity1 with a mean age of 68   years were included in this study. Among them, 18 (25.0%) were younger than 65 years with a female predominance. One-third of the @entity1 was found to be without vascular risk factors, and 8 @entity1 met the criteria for @entity1744 . No history of oral contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapy use could be found among the @entity1 diagnosed with @entity63 . Over a mean duration of follow-up of 9.5 months (range 0-65   months), the rate of recurrent disease was 16.7%, while only 2 (2.8%) @entity1 developed extra intestinal vascular sequelae. Statistical analysis identified a history of @entity955 and the use of @entity1483 to be the only significant predictors of a poor outcome, while @entity453 and @entity177 predicted recurrence and low platelet count predicted @entity850 formation. CONCLUSIONS: Although most @entity1 with @entity63 are elderly and have conventional vascular risk factors, it should also be considered in young @entity1 without vascular risk factors, especially in @entity1 , who may have an atypical distribution of the disease. Severe complications and extraintestinal vascular sequelae are rare, however, @entity344 and recurrent disease are relatively common and there are no reliable predictors of the outcome.

title: Retrospective analysis of disease association and outcome in histologically confirmed XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic colitis', 'IC']

entities_list: @entity1483 :: ('MESH:D005665', 'Chemical') :: ['furosemide']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['residual gastrointestinal complaints']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stricture']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic colitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The current techniques for quantifying trophoblast viability, migration and invasion are mainly limited by the need to sacrifice the cells during the test procedure. In this study, the vital dye @entity12440 ( @entity12440 ) was used to quantify cell number and viability of BeWo and JEG-3 @entity1466 cells, as well as their migration and invasion through fibronectin-coated filters. METHODS: @entity12440 was directly added to culture medium of incubated test and control cells. At various time intervals, the redox reaction, in which @entity12440 is reduced by the cells, was measured by absorbance readings at 540 and 630 nm. For cell migration and invasion, cells were cultured onto uncoated or fibronectin-coated inserts, respectively. @entity12440 reduction of migrated cells was normalized to that of control cells to calculate percentages of migration. This model was also tested in the presence of a reported inhibitor, @entity851 ( @entity851 ) beta. RESULTS: The curve of % @entity12440 reduction versus cell number was linear, with intra- and inter-assay Coefficient of Variations of 1.88%and 2.94%, respectively. @entity12440 reduction increased with both seeding concentrations and incubation time with @entity12440 . @entity2533 treatment caused a modest decrease in @entity12440 reduction in both JEG-3 and BeWo cells. @entity2533 treatment also decreased migration in BeWo, but not in JEG-3, cells. CONCLUSIONS: @entity12440 assay is a simple and reliable method for quantifying trophoblast viability, migration and invasion.

title: The use of Alamar Blue assay for quantitative analysis of viability, migration and invasion of XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity1466 :: ('MESH:D002822', 'Disease') :: ['choriocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['transforming growth factor', 'TGF']

answer: @entity1466 :: (MESH:D002822,Disease) :: ['choriocarcinoma']


abstract: Five surgical centers conducted a clinical randomized prospective trial in order to objectively evaluate the two-year results of three anti-reflux procedures regularly performed in France: complete (360 degrees) fundoplication (Nissen), posterior partial (180 degrees) fundoplication (Toupet) and cardiophrenopexy (Lortat-Jacob). Fifty-two @entity1 , mean age 53 years, range 28 to 74 yrs, with uncomplicated @entity354 , as defined according to clinical, radiologic, endoscopic and pHmetry criteria, were included in this study. Twenty @entity1 underwent a Nissen procedure, 18 had a Toupet procedure, while 14 had a Lortat-Jacob procedure. The main criterion of assessment was Minaire's pHmetry score evaluated at two years postoperative. All three groups were well matched for clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, manometry and pHmetry findings. At two years, the number of asymptomatic @entity1 did not statistically differ within the three groups. Four @entity1 , however, required reoperation for invalidating recurrences: three following Lortat-Jacob's procedure and one after Toupet's procedure. Nissen's and Toupet's procedures significantly improved pHmetry scores compared with Lortat-Jacob's procedure; pHmetry was improved, but non significantly, by Nissen's procedure, as compared with Toupet's procedure. Lower sphincter pressure was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) by Nissen's procedure as compared with the two other techniques. The lower sphincter was significantly lengthened by Nissen's and Toupet's procedures as compared with Lortat-Jacob's technique (p less than 0.01). The total length of esophagus was significantly increased (p less than 0.01) by Nissen's and Lortat-Jacob's procedures in comparison with Toupet's technique. The distance separating the lower sphincter of the esophagus and point of pressure reversal was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) by the Nissen procedure only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Surgical treatment of XXXX : which operation to choose: Nissen, Toupet or Lortat-Jacob? A multicenter randomized trial].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity674 ( @entity674 ) is a relatively common @entity356 with potential for malignant transformation. The efficacy of a new method for resection of these @entity5 , endoscopic band ligation, was evaluated. METHODS: The study included 29 @entity1 with small @entity356 arising in the @entity356 as determined by endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and deep endoscopic biopsies. A standard endoscope with a transparent cap attached to the tip was used. The cap was placed over the lesion, maximum sustained suction was applied, and an elastic band was released around the base. Beginning two weeks after banding, the lesions were observed endoscopically once per week until healing was complete. Thereafter, all @entity1 underwent EUS every two to three months on schedule. RESULTS: The 28 GISTs sloughed completely. The mean time required for complete healing after band ligation was 4.8 weeks. One lesion did not slough because they were not completely ligated. The lesion was ligated for the second time and sloughed completely. Bleeding occurred in one @entity1 three days after ligation because the lesion sloughed early. The @entity548 was managed successfully with metallic clips. No perforation and other complications occurred. Followup ranged from 36 to 51 months, during which time only one recurrence was observed four months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic band ligation with systematic followup by EUS is an effective and safe treatment for small GISTs.

title: Endoscopic band ligation of small XXXX and follow-up by endoscopic ultrasonography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['GIST', 'Gastrointestinal stromal tumor']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric submucosal tumor', 'gastric stromal tumors', 'gastric muscularis propria']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric stromal tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Adjuvant post-mastectomy radiotherapy (RT), which is often unpredicted, is known to increase complications following @entity0 ( @entity0 ). AIM: To investigate the role of @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) in predicting RT and improving the choice of @entity0 . @entity1 AND METHODS: All @entity1 who had mastectomy and @entity0 between January 2004 and January 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Axillary staging (clearance or @entity1600 ) was performed at the same time until October 2005 (Group 1), when the Unit's protocol was updated to perform @entity1600 initially prior to mastectomy and @entity0 (Group 2). @entity1 in Group 2 with positive @entity1600 were offered either a delayed reconstruction or a temporary subpectoral immediate tissue expander, while all options were offered if @entity1600 was negative and in Group 1 @entity1 . RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine @entity1 were reviewed. 20 @entity1 received unexpected RT in Group 1 (14 tissue expander, 4 Latissimus Dorsi flap with an implant and 2 DIEP flaps) compared to 11 @entity1 in Group 2 who had a temporary tissue expander due to expected RT (P=0.03). Unexpected RT caused delayed complications in 14 @entity1 (70%) compared to no delayed complications in @entity1 who received expected RT in Group 2. CONCLUSION: @entity1600 biopsy before @entity0 helps to predict RT and avoids its complications on breast reconstruction. @entity1 with positive @entity1600 biopsy are best offered a temporary subpectoral tissue expander for @entity0 .

title: Sentinel lymph node biopsy before mastectomy and XXXX may predict post-mastectomy radiotherapy, reduce delayed complications and improve the choice of reconstruction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['sentinel lymph node biopsy', 'SLN']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['immediate breast reconstruction', 'IBR']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['immediate breast reconstruction']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that @entity731 in the thoracic aorta detected by transesophageal echocardiography is a marker for @entity453 . BACKGROUND: Previous pathologic and roentgenographic studies have suggested a relation between aortic plaque and @entity453 but have lacked clinical utility. METHODS: We performed transesophageal echocardiography on 61 @entity1 (30 @entity1 and 31 @entity1 aged 22 to 83 years [mean 60 +/- 14]) who had previously undergone cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography. The clinical indications for angiography were @entity951 (n = 26), @entity340 (n = 17), positive noninvasive evaluation for @entity63 without @entity951 (n = 6), @entity1188 (n = 5), @entity753 (n = 4), coronary cameral fistula (n = 1), @entity4615 (n = 1) and suspected @entity1580 (n = 1). All @entity1 underwent transesophageal echocardiography with imaging of the thoracic aorta. The criteria used to diagnose @entity731 on transesophageal echocardiography were the presence of linear or focal increased echo-density with lumen irregularity and thickening or calcification of the aortic intima. RESULTS: In 41 of the 61 @entity1 , obstructive @entity453 was detected by angiography in at least one vessel (> 50% left main @entity3979 or > 70% stenosis in the left anterior descending, right coronary or left circumflex artery distribution). In 37 of the 41, @entity731 was detected in the thoracic aorta by transesophageal echocardiography. Twenty of the 61 @entity1 had normal coronary angiographic findings or nonobstructive lumen irregularities. In 2 of these 20 @entity1 , plaque was detected in the thoracic aorta on transesophageal echocardiography. The presence of aortic plaque on transesophageal study had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 90% for angiographically proved obstructive @entity453 . The positive predictive value of aortic plaque for obstructive @entity453 was 95% and the negative predictive value was 82%. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of @entity731 in the thoracic aorta by transesophageal echocardiography appears to be a marker for the identification of obstructive @entity453 and deserves further investigation.

title: Transesophageal echocardiographically detected atherosclerotic aortic plaque is a marker for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity753 :: ('OMIM:143890', 'Disease') :: ['familial hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity4615 :: ('MESH:C538262', 'Disease') :: ['atrial myxoma']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['postmyocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic plaque']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1580 :: ('MESH:C562834', 'Disease') :: ['aortic dissection']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['coronary artery disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Incisional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage after cranial surgery is a significant cause of morbidity due to poor wound healing and @entity281 , @entity693 , and pseudomeningocele formation. Many common dural closure techniques, such as sutures, autologous grafts, gelatin or collagen sponges, and fibrin glues, are used to achieve watertight closure, although none are US Food and Drug Administration approved for this use. DuraSeal Dural Sealant System is a @entity968 ( @entity970 ) hydrogel approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for obtaining watertight dural closure when applied after standard dural suturing. This multicenter, prospective randomized study further evaluated the safety of a @entity970 hydrogel compared with common dural sealing techniques. METHODS: A total of 237 @entity1 undergoing elective cranial surgery at 17 institutions were randomized to dural closure augmented with the @entity970 hydrogel or a control "standard of care" dural sealing technique after Valsalva maneuver demonstrated an intraoperative nonwatertight dural closure. Data were collected on complications resulting in unplanned postoperative interventions or reoperations, surgical site infections, CSF leaks, and other @entity16 within 30 days. Surgeons also provided data on the ease of use of the dural sealing techniques, as well as preparation and application times. RESULTS: The incidences of @entity532 , surgical site infections, and CSF leaks were similar between treatment and control groups, with no statistically significant difference between the measures. In the @entity970 hydrogel group (n = 120), the incidence of @entity532 was 5.8% (n = 7), the incidence of surgical site infections was 1.7% (n = 2), and the incidence of CSF leak was 0.8% (n = 1). In the control group (n = 117), the incidence of @entity532 was 7.7% (n = 9), the incidence of @entity281 was 2.6% (n = 3), and the incidence of CSF leak was 1.7% (n = 2). Sealant preparation time was less than 5 minutes in 96.6% of the @entity970 hydrogel group compared with 66.4% of controls (P < 0.001). The dural augmentation was applied in less than 1 minute in 85.7% of the @entity970 hydrogel group compared with 66.4% of the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity970 hydrogel dural sealant used in this study has a similar safety profile to commonly used dural sealing techniques when used as dural closure augmentation in cranial surgery. The @entity970 hydrogel dural sealant demonstrated faster preparation and application times than other commonly used dural sealing techniques.

title: A multicenter, single-blind, prospective randomized trial to evaluate the safety of a XXXX hydrogel (Duraseal Dural Sealant System) as a dural sealant in cranial surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological complications']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['neurosurgical complications']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'surgical site infection']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity968 :: (MESH:D011092,Chemical) :: ['polyethylene glycol']


abstract: PURPOSE: We report the development of an instrument to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents with @entity302 . METHODS: A sample of 197 English-speaking adolescents (aged 11-17 years) with @entity302 completed a test questionnaire of 88 items. Also included were mastery and self-esteem scales to assess external validity. A parent simultaneously completed an 11-item questionnaire to evaluate the @entity1 's HRQOL. Both adolescent and parent questionnaires were repeated in 2-4 weeks. Demographic information and information pertaining to @entity410 were collected at baseline along with assessment of systemic and @entity137 . RESULTS: The QOLIE- @entity13416 contains 48 items in eight subscales: @entity302 impact (12 items), memory/concentration (10), attitudes toward @entity302 (four), physical functioning (five), stigma (six), social support (four), school behavior (four), health perceptions (three), and a total summary score, with higher scores indicating better HRQOL. Internal construct validity was demonstrated in a single-factor solution for the eight dimensions. All correlations were statistically significant at p < 0.05 level. Internal consistency reliability estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.74 for the summary score and ranged from a low of 0.52 (three-item Health Perceptions Scale) to 0.73-0.94 for the other individual scales. Good test-retest reliability was found for the overall measure (0.83). Summary score correlations with the two external validity scales, self-efficacy and self-esteem were 0.65 and 0.54, respectively. Statistically significant differences in summary scores indicating that HRQOL was increasingly better for adolescents as @entity410 severity decreases (no @entity410 = 77+/-13, low = 70+/-17, high = 63+/-17) were found among @entity410 -severity groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data describe the development of a robust instrument to evaluate HRQOL in adolescents with @entity302 . Empiric analyses provide strong evidence that the QOLIE- @entity13416 is both a reliable and valid measure for adolescents with @entity302 .

title: Development of the Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory for Adolescents: the QOLIE- XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic toxicity']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity13416 :: (MESH:C092567,Chemical) :: ['AD-48']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The optimal timing of surgical treatment for @entity884 complicated by cerebrovascular events is controversial, largely due to the perceived risk of perioperative @entity510 . Current guidelines suggest waiting 2 weeks between the diagnosis of @entity64 and surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and neurological outcomes of early surgery following a @entity64 . METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective analysis of 12 consecutive @entity1 requiring surgery for @entity884 between 2011 and 2014 at Rush University Medical Center, with either @entity63 (n   =   6) and/or @entity548 (n   =   6) cerebrovascular complications. All underwent computed tomographic angiography prior to early valve reconstructive surgery to identify potentially actionable neurological findings. Early valve surgery was performed for ongoing @entity295 or persistent emboli. Neurologic risk and outcome were assessed pre- and postoperatively using the National Institutes of Health @entity64 Scale and the Glasgow Outcome Scale, respectively. RESULTS: All 12 @entity1 underwent surgical treatment within 10 days of the diagnosis of @entity64 . Mortality in the immediate postoperative period was 8%. Eleven of the 12 @entity1 exhibited good neurological recovery in the immediate postoperative period, with a Glasgow Outcome Scale score   >=    3. There was no correlation between duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and neurological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Early cardiac surgery in @entity1 with @entity884 and @entity64 maybe lifesaving with a low neurological risk. Comprehensive @entity531 may help in identifying @entity1 -related risk factors.

title: Reconstructive valve surgery within 10 days of XXXX in @entity884 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial bleeding']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['neurovascular imaging']

entities_list: @entity884 :: ('MESH:D004696', 'Disease') :: ['infective endocarditis']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Weight reduction reduces @entity79 ( @entity79 ) and increases the risk of @entity170 . OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether bone is mobilized in postmenopausal @entity1 during energy restriction and whether hormones regulate bone turnover and mass. DESIGN: Twenty-seven @entity28 postmenopausal @entity1 with a mean (+/-SD) age of 55.9 +/- 7.9 y and body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 33.0 +/- 3.8 completed the 6-mo study. Fourteen @entity1 followed a moderate energy-restricted diet (WL group) and 13 control subjects maintained their body weight (WM group). Body weight, bone turnover markers, serum @entity461 ( @entity461 ), and dietary intake were measured throughout the study. @entity79 , sex hormone binding globulin, leptin, and @entity1815 were measured at baseline and at week 25. RESULTS: In the WL group, body weight decreased by 10.2 +/- 5.5% (P < 0.001), body fat mass decreased by 18.7 +/- 11.3% (P < 0.001), and total-body @entity79 decreased by 1.2 +/- 1.2%; these changes were significantly different from those in the WM group (P < 0.05). Serial measurements showed chronically elevated rates of bone resorption and formation during energy restriction that were greater than in the WM group (P < 0.05). Serum sex hormone binding globulin increased and leptin decreased with @entity353 (P < 0.05). Serum @entity461 tended to increase in the WL group but not in the WM group (P < 0.06). The reduction in fat mass with @entity353 was directly associated with a decrease in serum @entity1815 (P < 0.01, R(2) = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate energy restriction increases bone turnover in @entity28 postmenopausal @entity1 and may be regulated in part by alterations in serum @entity461 and @entity1815 .

title: Moderate energy restriction increases bone resorption in XXXX postmenopausal @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD', 'Total-body BMD']

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obese']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons has called upon institutions providing @entity5 care to compare practice patterns and outcomes with the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Using data from the Virginia Mason Tumor Registry (VMTR), we sought to compare our @entity788 care patterns with those reported nationally, while critically evaluating the accuracy and usefulness of our registry. METHODS: A review of the 906 computerized @entity1 files in the VMTR from 1973 to 1995 was performed, with more detailed data on @entity1 from the last 5 years retrieved from 224 manual abstracts. These data were compared with the 1991 NCDB for @entity788 . RESULTS: The percent of cases according to AJCC stage in the NCDB (n = 9,715) versus the VMTR (n = 149), respectively, with cases of unknown stage excluded, were stage I 22% versus 22%, stage II 9% versus 12%, stage III 17% versus 28% (P <0.05) stage IV 52% versus 38% (P <0.05). One-third of the cases in the VMTR 1991 to 1995 were of unknown stage; number of cases with unknown stage for NCDB was 26.6%. The percent of surgical procedures for the NCDB (n = 7,802) versus the VMTR (n = 224), respectively, was pancreatectomy 14% versus 11%, local excision 1% versus 0%, no @entity5 -directed surgery 83% versus 89% (P <0.05), unknown 2% versus 0% (P <0.05). The actuarial relative survival rates for the 1991 NCDB versus 1987 to 1995 VMTR was 3-year 18% versus 38%, and 5-year 14% versus 35%. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with the NCDB, VMTR may have fewer stage IV @entity788 , but improvement is needed in decreasing the number of @entity1 for whom the stage is unknown, as many of these likely represent late stage disease. We have a similar resection rate and a higher survival compared with the NCDB, but a mechanism is not in place to statistically compare our survival data with those of the NCDB. Even though all accredited hospitals are required to have a @entity5 registry, our data were difficult to compare with those of the NCDB because of coding and reporting @entity942 and inability to statistically compare survival data. Before our practice patterns and outcomes can be compared with national standards, both the VMTR and the NCDB must have standardized data collection and better access to the data.

title: XXXX and comparison of a hospital-based @entity5 registry with a National Cancer Data Base.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic cancers']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['deficiencies']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['Pancreatic cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is potentially curative in early stages of follicle @entity706 . Frequent side effects are @entity3043 , @entity390 and abdominal discomfort. A radiation-induced @entity99 with serious clinical symptoms and changes in liver function is a rare complication. CASE REPORT: Whole abdomen was irradiated in a 49-year-old @entity1 with a centrocytic-centroblastic lymphoma, stage IA (localization: left inguinal region). A total dose of 30 Gy was delivered in a weekly fractionation of five times 1.5 Gy. Kidneys were protected by shielding after a dose of 13.5 Gy, @entity409 were positioned after 25 Gy. During the last 2 days of therapy the @entity1 presented with @entity1017 , @entity843 , dyspnoea and elevated liver enzymes. Diagnostics revealed @entity828 , @entity843 and an increased portosystemic pressure gradient. Liver biopsy specimen showed a @entity5501 . Complete relief of symptomatology was achieved within 7 days following placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPSS), heparinization and diuretics. Liver enzymes are in the normal range. CONCLUSION: @entity5501 (VOD) is a very rare side effect of primary abdominal irradiation of follicle @entity706 . This complication should be taken into consideration if a @entity1 presents with upper right quadrant @entity158 , @entity843 and elevation of liver enzymes especially within 4 months following radiotherapy. Genesis of @entity5501 , diagnostics, therapy and a review of the literature are presented.

title: [Veno-occlusive XXXX after total infradiaphragmatic lymphoid irradiation. A rare complication].

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['center lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver blocks']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity5501 :: ('MESH:D006504', 'Disease') :: ['veno-occlusive disease', 'Veno-occlusive disease of the liver']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

answer: @entity409 :: (MESH:D008107,Disease) :: ['liver disease']


abstract: @entity29050 is a potent melatonergic ( @entity4911 agonist and 5HT(2C) antagonist that is an effective antidepressant in animal models of @entity308 and in @entity1 suffering from @entity308 . Our recent studies revealed that acute restraint stress increases extracellular levels of @entity2227 and @entity1246 and that these increases in @entity535 efflux are inhibited by some but not all antidepressants. In view of the increasing evidence supporting a role of @entity1522 in the pathology of @entity308 , the current study examined whether acute stress-mediated changes in @entity2227 and @entity1246 neurotransmission are modulated by @entity29050 . In agreement with our previous work, acute stress increases extracellular @entity2227 levels in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). Similarly, acute stress increases @entity2227 efflux in the central nucleus of the amygdala ( @entity13396 ). In the hippocampus, acute stress increases @entity2227 efflux and elicits an oscillatory pattern of @entity1246 efflux. @entity29050 administration (40mg/kg ip) prior to acute stress inhibited stress-mediated increases in @entity2227 efflux in the hippocampus, BLA and @entity13396 . These results demonstrate that acute @entity29050 administration effectively inhibits acute stress-mediated changes in extracellular @entity2227 in the @entity35 hippocampus and amygdala. While acute stress did not modulate @entity1246 efflux in these regions, @entity29050 treatment induced an overall reduction of @entity1246 levels in the hippocampus. These data suggest that @entity29050 modulates @entity535 efflux in limbic structures implicated in major @entity308 .

title: The antidepressant @entity29050 inhibits stress-mediated changes in @entity535 efflux in the XXXX hippocampus and amygdala.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity29050 :: ('MESH:C084711', 'Chemical') :: ['agomelatine', 'Agomelatine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: In vivo experiments were conducted on @entity8575 ( @entity8575 ) and @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ) in sea water to determine the potential role of externally oriented or gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase in @entity544 excretion. This was accomplished by assessing pH changes in expired water using a stopped-flow apparatus. In dogfish, expired water was in acid-base disequilibrium as indicated by a pronounced acidification (delta pH=-0.11+/-0.01; N=22; mean +/- s.e.m.) during the period of stopped flow; inspired water, however, was in acid-base equilibrium (delta pH=-0.002+/-0.01; N=22). The acid-base disequilibrium in expired water was abolished (delta pH=-0.005+/-0.01; N=6) by the addition of @entity291 carbonic anhydrase (5 mg l-1) to the external medium. Addition of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor @entity3791 (1 mmol l-1) to the water significantly reduced the magnitude of the pH disequilibrium (from -0.133+/-0.03 to -0.063+/-0.02; N=4). However, after correcting for the increased buffering capacity of the water caused by @entity3791 , the acid-base disequilibrium during stopped flow was unaffected by this treatment (control delta [H+]=99.8+/-22.8 micromol l-1; @entity3791 delta [H+]=81.3+/-21.5 micromol l-1). In @entity5660 , expired water displayed an acid-base disequilibrium (delta pH=0.09+/-0.01; N=6) that also was abolished by the application of external carbonic anhydrase (delta pH=0.02+/-0.01). The origin of the expired water acid-base disequilibrium was investigated further in dogfish. Intravascular injection of @entity3791 (40 mg kg-1) to inhibit internal carbonic anhydrase activity non-specifically and thus @entity515 excretion significantly diminished the extent of the expired water disequilibrium pH after 30 min (from -0.123+/-0.01 to -0.065+/-0.01; N=6). Selective inhibition of extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity using a low intravascular dose (1.3 mg kg-1) of the inhibitor @entity15540 caused a significant reduction in the acid-base disequilibrium after 5 min (from -0.11+/-0.01 to -0.07+/-0. 01; N=14). These results demonstrate that the expired water acid-base disequilibrium originates, at least in part, from excretory @entity515 and that extracellular carbonic anhydrase in dogfish may have a significant role in @entity544 excretion. However, externally oriented carbonic anhydrase (if present in dogfish) plays no role in catalysing the hydration of the excretory @entity515 in water flowing over the gills and thus is unlikely to facilitate @entity515 excretion.

title: Does gill boundary layer carbonic anhydrase contribute to XXXX excretion: a comparison between dogfish ( @entity8575 ) and @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ).

entities_list: @entity15540 :: ('MESH:D001574', 'Chemical') :: ['benzolamide']

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss', 'rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity8575 :: ('7797', 'Species') :: ['Squalus acanthias', 'spiny dogfish']

entities_list: @entity3791 :: ('MESH:D000086', 'Chemical') :: ['acetazolamide']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

answer: @entity544 :: (MESH:D002245,Chemical) :: ['carbon dioxide']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Centralization of @entity418 surgery to high-volume institutions has been shown to improve perioperative outcomes in several studies. However, there is an ongoing debate, whether defined minimal annual hospital volumes for esophagectomies are required for quality assurance. The aim of the study was to assess perioperative outcomes of esophagectomies in a single institution in Switzerland. METHODS: Data from a database of esophagectomies performed between 2004 and 2013 was analyzed. Perioperative morbidity of esophagectomies due to @entity5 was assessed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Postoperative mortality was defined as death from any cause within the same hospital stay. RESULTS: A total of 143 operations (125 transthoracic esophagectomies, 18 extended transhiatal gastrectomies) were performed in the surveyed 10-year period. Two surgeons performed 91  % of all procedures. Postoperative morbidity was 43.4  %. Complications with a Clavien-Dindo score of III/IV (requiring surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention) occurred in 19 cases (13.4  %). The overall anastomotic leak rate was 3.5  %. @entity358 were the most frequent postoperative problems involving 21  % of @entity1 . In-hospital mortality was 0.7  %. Mean length of hospital stay was 17  days in @entity1 with no complications and 22  days if there were any complications (p  <  0.001). CONCLUSION: @entity418 surgery is complex and has a significant risk of morbidity. The most common postoperative problems are @entity358 , usually responding well to non-invasive treatment. Appropriate @entity1 selection and preparation, high surgeon volume, and a comprehensive multidisciplinary care pathway can provide a low perioperative mortality rate in a mid-volume institution.

title: Perioperative outcomes of XXXX surgery in a mid-volume institution in the era of centralization.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary complications', 'pulmonary complications']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['Esophageal cancer', 'esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To improve and assess the effectiveness of disease management programs (DMPs), it is critical to understand how many @entity1 drop out of disease management programs and why. METHODS: We used routine data provided by a statutory health insurance fund from the regions North Rhine, North Wurttemberg and Hesse. As part of the German DMP for @entity164 2 @entity6 , the insurance fund received regular documentation of all members participating in the program. We followed 10,989 @entity1 who enrolled in the DMP between July 2004 and December 2005 until the end of 2007 to study how many @entity1 dropped out of the program. Dropout was defined based on the discontinuation of program documentation on a particular @entity1 , excluding situations in which the @entity1 died or left the insurance fund. Predictors of dropout, assessed at the time of program enrolment, were explored using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 5.5% of the @entity1 dropped out of the disease management program within the observation period. Predictors of dropout at the time of enrolment were: region; retirement status; the number of secondary diseases; presence of a disabling secondary disease; doctor's recommendations to stop smoking or to seek nutritional counselling; and the completion and outcome of the routine foot and eye exams. Different trends of dropout were observed among retired and employed @entity1 : retired @entity1 of old age, who possibly drop out of the program due to other health care priorities and employed @entity1 of younger age who have not yet developed many secondary diseases, but were recommended to change their lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, dropout rates for the German disease management programs for @entity164 2 @entity6 were low compared to other studies. Factors assessed at the time of program enrolment were predictive of later dropout and should be further studied to provide information for future program improvements.

title: Predictors of dropout in the German disease management program for @entity164 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: The development of @entity4611 has been studied in a group of 165 @entity1 who underwent external radiotherapy for @entity5 of the pituitary or closely related anatomical sites, and who have been observed for up to 10 years. One hundred and forty had undergone pituitary surgery before radiotherapy. All @entity1 received external radiotherapy by a three-field technique, giving 3750-4250 cGy in 15 or 16 fractions over 20-22 days. A combined test of anterior pituitary function using insulin hypoglycaemia or glucagon stimulation in conjunction with @entity7287 and gonadotrophin releasing hormone tests and basal estimations of @entity4090 , thyroid hormones and @entity251 or @entity53 was performed before radiotherapy. This was repeated six and 12 months later and subsequently annually. Before radiotherapy, 18 per cent of @entity1 had normal @entity2124 secretion, 21 per cent had normal gonadotrophin secretion, 57 per cent had normal corticotrophin reserve and 80 per cent had normal @entity7287 secretion. Life table analysis demonstrated increasing incidences of all @entity4611 with time: by five years all @entity1 were @entity2124 deficient, 91 per cent were gonadotrophin deficient, 77 per cent were corticotrophin deficient and 42 per cent were @entity7287 deficient. At eight years, respective @entity942 were 100, 96, 84 and 49 per cent. Radiation-induced @entity4089 was seen in 73 patients; mean serum @entity4090 concentration rose from 227 +/- 11 mU/l to a peak of 369 +/- 60 mU/l at two years and subsequently declined towards the basal value. The primary diagnosis, @entity1 age, sex, irradiated tissue volume and previous surgery were examined as variables that might influence the rate of development of @entity4611 , but none of these factors had a significant effect. The radiation induced @entity4089 was however more marked in female @entity1 . Although @entity4611 most commonly developed in the order @entity2124 , gonadotrophin, corticotrophin, @entity7287 (61 per cent of @entity1 ), other sequences were evident. Most notably corticotrophin deficiency occurred before @entity24859 . There is a high incidence of @entity4611 in @entity1 treated surgically for @entity5 and the incidence increases after external radiotherapy. Deficiencies may occur in an unpredictable sequence and endocrine testing is recommended on an annual basis.

title: Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity4089 :: ('MESH:D006966', 'Disease') :: ['hyperprolactinaemia']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity4611 :: ('MESH:D010900', 'Disease') :: ['anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['oestradiol']

entities_list: @entity7287 :: ('MESH:D013972', 'Chemical') :: ['thyrotrophin']

entities_list: @entity24859 :: ('MESH:C536961', 'Disease') :: ['gonadotrophin deficiency']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['incidences of deficiencies']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['pituitary tumours']


abstract: Mixed @entity977 / @entity976 are very rare @entity5 . Their pathogenesis is still unclear and it is not known whether they are collision @entity5 derived from independent stem cells or whether they originate from a single stem cell undergoing divergent differentiation. The latter hypothesis is supported by the close commixture between the two @entity5 components with transition areas that has been previously described. However, "hybrid" cells with both @entity977 and @entity976 features have never been described. In this paper we report a case of mixed @entity977 / @entity976 observed in a 75-year-old @entity1 presenting with @entity892 and slight increase of serum @entity4090 , who underwent @entity5 resection. Histologically, the @entity5 was composed of a typical pituitary silent subtype 2 ACTH cell adenoma admixed with islands of @entity976 . Electron microscopy showed that, in addition to distinct silent subtype 2 ACTH and @entity976 cells, there were "hybrid" cells, showing characteristics of both @entity977 and @entity976 , consisting of small dense secretory granules, bundles of cytoplasmic filaments, and desmosomes. This ultrastructural finding was also confirmed by the presence of cells showing nuclear @entity4666 expression and @entity3507 immunoreactivity. The close commixture between the two components and the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings demonstrate a common histogenesis of the two components and support the classification of the @entity5 as a mixed @entity5 . The @entity1 completely recovered and, 10 months after surgery, head MR confirmed the complete resection of the lesion.

title: Mixed @entity977 / XXXX : clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of a case, review of the literature, and pathogenetic and nosological considerations.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal tumor', 'neoplasm', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngiomas', 'adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma', 'craniopharyngioma']

answer: @entity976 :: (MESH:D003397,Disease) :: ['craniopharyngioma']


abstract: The authors report a case of @entity779 presenting with @entity5422 and developing subdural haematoma and pure @entity1688 due to axonal @entity305 . This 27-year-old female @entity1 presented to us during the latter part of the @entity779 in India in 2010. She had mild thrombocytopaenia and subtle signs of capillary leak. Dengue-specific IgM antibody was positive. She presented initially with recurrent @entity410 . Initial CT scan of brain was normal with cerebrospinal fluid showing albuminocytologic dissociation. After 6 days, the @entity1 developed @entity1688 with @entity4894 . MRI showed bilateral subdural haematoma with no evidence of @entity614 . The nerve conduction study showed evidence of @entity16 . The @entity1 's @entity1688 improved such that she was able to walk with support after 4 weeks with conservative management. This case report highlights a possible association between dengue and motor @entity16 subtype of @entity5011 .

title: Subdural haematoma and axonal XXXX complicating @entity779 .

entities_list: @entity1688 :: ('MESH:D011782', 'Disease') :: ['quadriparesis', 'motor quadriparesis']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity4894 :: ('MESH:D019846', 'Disease') :: ['areflexia']

entities_list: @entity5422 :: ('MESH:D008590', 'Disease') :: ['aseptic meningoencephalitis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['axonal neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity305 :: ('MESH:D011115', 'Disease') :: ['polyneuropathy']

entities_list: @entity5011 :: ('MESH:D020275', 'Disease') :: ['Guillain-Barr   syndrome']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['dengue epidemic', 'dengue fever']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['spinal nerve root compression']

answer: @entity305 :: (MESH:D011115,Disease) :: ['polyneuropathy']


abstract: The success of external cardioversion (ECV) of @entity955 depends on generating sufficient transmyocardial current for defibrillation with minimal @entity296 . Thoracic electrical impedance plays an important role in the relation between the delivered energy and transmyocardial current. This study assessed the determinants of thoracic electrical impedance in ECV of @entity955 . ECV of @entity955 was performed in 80 consecutive @entity1 (mean age 73 +/- 9 years; @entity1 69%; body mass index 26.0 +/- 3.6 kg/m(2)) within 12 months, using biphasic shocks (Multipulse Biowave) delivered through adhesive pads in an anteroposterior position. Thoracic electrical impedance was measured using the first shock. The mean thoracic electrical impedance was 57.7 +/- 12.3 Omega (energy 71 +/- 43 J, current intensity 33 +/- 12 A). Sinus rhythm was immediately restored in 75 @entity1 (94%). Thoracic electrical impedance was greater (60.9 +/- 11.8 vs 51.7 +/- 11.0 Omega, p = 0.001) in @entity1 requiring >1 shock (65%). At multivariate linear regression analysis (R = 0.761, p <0.001), female gender (+9.7 +/- 2.0 Omega, p <0.001), body mass index (+1.5 +/- 0.3 for a 1 kg/m(2) increase, p <0.001), hemoglobin concentration (+1.9 +/- 0.6 for a 1 g/dl increase, p = 0.004), and the presence of chronic @entity712 (-5.3 +/- 2.0 Omega, p = 0.009) were independent predictors of thoracic electrical impedance. In conclusion, to increase ECV efficacy and minimize complications, the delivered energy should be adjusted in accordance with the clinical variables that independently affect thoracic electrical impedance and, hence, transmyocardial current.

title: Determinants of thoracic electrical impedance in external electrical cardioversion of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial injury']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: AIM: The aim of this study was to assess @entity1735 ( @entity435 )-to-insulin ratio ( @entity435 /IR) values in pregnant @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 and to describe differences in @entity435 /IR across each week of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational study (2006-2012) of 101 white pregnant @entity1 with a mean age of 32 (range, 18-43) years who had @entity164 1 @entity6 and were under continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy. These @entity1 had the following characteristics: @entity164 1 @entity6 duration was 1 year (range, 1-31 years), the pregestational glycosylated hemoglobin level was 6.9% (range, 6.8-12.1%), the median weight gain during pregnancy was 14   kg (-3; 25   kg), with delivery at 37 weeks (range, 30-40 weeks), and the @entity1 had a birth weight of 3.530   kg (range, 1.480-5.250   kg). The @entity435 /IR was measured by dividing the @entity435 (in g) of each meal by insulin unit injected to acquire and maintain the following glycemic targets: fasting <90   mg/dL and 1-h postprandial <130   mg/dL. Simultaneously, @entity435 /IR indices were calculated through 500/total daily doses of insulin and 300/total daily doses of insulin. Education and management before and during pregnancy were in agreement with Italian Association of Dietitians, Association of Medical Diabetologists, and Italian Society of Diabetology recommendations. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). RESULTS: The @entity435 /IR decreased on average from 9.6 (5-18) to 5.4 (2.3-8) at breakfast, from 10 (3.5-16) to 8.4 (3.0-17.8) at lunch, and from 12.5 (8-20) to 6.1 (4.2-12) at dinner. The @entity435 /IR calculated using the "500 rule" decreased from 14.3 (10-20.3) to 8.6 (4.1-15.9). Using the "300 rule," the ratios decreased from 8.5 (6-12.1) to 5.2 (2.4-9.5). The bivariate correlation between the values calculated more appropriate values using the "300 rule" for breakfast and the "500 rule" for lunch and dinner across all weeks of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: @entity435 /IR reduction in pregnancy is likely due to an increase in insulin resistance.

title: A Study of the @entity1735 -to-Insulin Ratio in Pregnant XXXX with Type 1 @entity6 on Pump Treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1735 :: ('CHEBI:16646', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Women']


abstract: Progenitor cells in bone marrow have been explored for the treatment of @entity99 . Stem cell homing to the injured tissue is regulated through @entity19149 ( @entity19149 ) and its receptor @entity9843 . We hypothesized that syngenic bone marrow cells (BMCs) would restore hepatic function in the injured liver through the regulation by @entity19149 / @entity9843 system. After injecting @entity4314 ( @entity14605 ), the @entity19 were injected with syngenic BMCs or normal saline. Morphological and functional analysis of the liver was performed. Flow cytometry for the stem cell markers and @entity9843 was done with the liver, BM, and spleen cells from each group. @entity22139 was used to trace the homing of transplanted BMCs. The @entity19149 expression of the liver was assessed by immunohistochemistry. @entity828 and @entity39 of the @entity14605 -injected @entity19 liver were improved after BMCs transplantation The hepatic enzymes were increased after injury and then decreased after BMCs transplantation. The expression of stem cell markers and @entity9843 was exclusively increased in the damaged liver compared to the BM and spleen, and even more elevated after BMCs transplantation. @entity19149 expression in the liver was observed after @entity14605 injection and it was elevated after BMCs transplantation. The intrinsic and extrinsic BMCs migrate specifically to the injured liver rather than BM or spleen, and the transplanted BMCs contribute to the repair of the damaged liver. @entity19149 / @entity9843 interaction plays a role in stem cell homing toward the damaged organ, and transplanted BMCs are involved in the up-regulated @entity19149 expression seen in the injured liver.

title: Syngenic bone marrow cells restore hepatic function in XXXX -induced @entity19 @entity99 .

entities_list: @entity4314 :: ('MESH:D002251', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon tetrachloride']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity828 :: ('MESH:C535727', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatosplenomegaly']

entities_list: @entity22139 :: ('MESH:C087165', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

answer: @entity4314 :: (MESH:D002251,Chemical) :: ['carbon tetrachloride']


abstract: AIM:   o examine the effects of @entity12118 on portal vein haemodynamics and oxidative stress in @entity1 with portal @entity101 . METHODS: Thirty healthy controls and 39 @entity1 with clinically verified portal @entity101 and increased vascular resistance participated in the study. Liver diameters, portal diameters and portal flow velocities were recorded using color flow imaging/pulsed Doppler detection. Cross-section area, portal flow and index of vascular resistance were calculated. In collected blood samples, @entity224 anion radical ( @entity3612 ), @entity273 ( @entity5568 ), index of lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS) and @entity842 (NO) as a marker of endothelial response (measured as @entity3542 - @entity6836 ) were determined. Time-dependent analysis was performed at basal state and in 10th and 15th min after @entity12118 (sublingual 0.5 mg) administration. RESULTS: Oxidative stress parameters changed significantly during the study. @entity5568 decreased at the end of study, probably via @entity3612 mediated disassembling in Haber Weiss and Fenton reaction; @entity3612 increased significantly probably due to increased diameter and tension and decreased shear rate level. Consequently @entity3612 and @entity5568 degradation products, like @entity3787 radical, initiated lipid peroxidation. Increased blood flow was to some extent lower in @entity1 than in controls due to double paradoxes, flow velocity decreased, shear rate decreased significantly indicating non Newtonian characteristics of portal blood flow. CONCLUSION: This pilot study could be a starting point for further investigation and possible implementation of some antioxidants in the treatment of portal @entity101 .

title: XXXX effects on portal vein mechanics and oxidative stress in portal @entity101 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity12118 :: ('CHEBI:28787', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroglycerine']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity273 :: ('MESH:D006861', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen peroxide']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity12118 :: (CHEBI:28787,Chemical) :: ['Nitroglycerine']


abstract: @entity1239 is a highly addictive drug and exerts its effect partially through causing @entity935 release, thereby increasing intrasynaptic @entity935 levels in the brain reward systems. Dopaine D1 receptor ( @entity2255 ) mRNAs and receptors are localized in reward-related brain regions, which receive cholinergic input. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether @entity1239 administration affects the expression of @entity2255 s, and if so, whether epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone acetylation, are involved. Twenty Male @entity35 received @entity1239 (0.4 mg/kg/day, s.c.) or saline injections for 15 days. After @entity1239 /saline treatment, @entity35 were perfused with saline; prefrontal cortex (PFC), corpus striatum (STR), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were dissected. Homogenates were divided into two parts for total RNA isolation and histone H4 acetylation studies. @entity2255 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the PFC of the @entity1239 -treated group compared with controls; similar trends were observed in the VTA and STR. To study epigenetic regulation, the 2kb upstream region of the @entity2255 gene promoter was investigated for histone H4 acetylation in PFC samples. After chromatin immunoprecipitation with anti-acetyl histone H4 antibody, we found an increase in histone acetylation by two different primer pairs which amplified the -1365 to -1202 (P   <   0.005) and -170 to +12 (P   <   0.05) upstream regions of the @entity2255 promoter. Our results suggest that intermittent subcutaneous @entity1239 administration increases the expression of @entity2255 mRNA in the PFC of @entity35 , and this increase may be due to changes in histone H4 acetylation of the 2kb promoter of the @entity2255 gene.

title: The epigenetic effect of @entity1239 on @entity935 D1 receptor expression in XXXX prefrontal cortex.

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine', 'nicotine']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review and summarize the @entity1 and veterinary literature regarding @entity66 ( @entity66 ) pathogenesis, @entity1 risk factors, and therapeutic options for prophylaxis and treatment. ETIOLOGY: @entity66 is a common sequela of @entity3124 in @entity1 @entity1 . Development of @entity66 results from splanchnic hypoperfusion, reperfusion injury, and exposure of the gastric mucosa to acid, pepsin, and @entity3645 following breakdown of the gastric mucosal defense system. @entity1 @entity1 with the highest risk of stress ulceration include those with @entity1576 necessitating mechanical ventilation greater than 48 h or @entity1003 . Currently, little is known about the incidence and pathophysiology of @entity66 in critically ill veterinary @entity1 . DIAGNOSIS: A presumptive diagnosis can be made in high-risk @entity1 populations following detection of occult or gross blood in nasogastric tube aspirates, hematemesis, or @entity476 . Definitive diagnosis is achieved via esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Lesions are localized to the acid-producing portions of the stomach, the fundus, and body. THERAPY: Therapy is aimed at optimization of tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Pharmacologic interventions are instituted to increase intraluminal pH and augment natural @entity356 . @entity112 (2)-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and @entity5418 are the mainstays of therapy. In @entity1 , clinically significant @entity548 may necessitate additional interventions (eg, packed red blood cell transfusions, endoscopic, or surgical hemostasis). PROGNOSIS: Mortality is increased in @entity1 with clinically significant @entity548 compared to those @entity1 who do not bleed. Institution of prophylaxis is recommended in high-risk @entity1 . However, no consensus exists regarding initiation of prophylaxis, preference of frontline drug class, or indication for discontinuation of therapy. The prognosis of veterinary @entity1 with @entity66 remains unknown at this time.

title: A review of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient', 'Human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['SRMD', 'stress-related mucosal disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critical illness']

entities_list: @entity1003 :: ('MESH:D001778', 'Disease') :: ['coagulopathy']

entities_list: @entity5418 :: ('MESH:D013392', 'Chemical') :: ['sucralfate']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['Histamine']

entities_list: @entity3645 :: ('MESH:D001647', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acids']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric defenses']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['stress-related mucosal disease']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the refractive outcome of @entity20377 intraocular lens (IOL) implant. METHODS: This is a retrospective case series. Consecutive @entity1 with corneal @entity940 of at least 1.5 D had @entity2790 implant during @entity231 surgery. The exclusion criteria included irregular @entity940 on corneal topography, large scotopic pupil diameter (>6 mm), poor visual potential and significant ocular comorbidity. Postoperative manifest refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) at 3/4 m and uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) were obtained. RESULTS: There were 70 eyes from 49 @entity1 in this study. @entity1 were refracted at a median of 8.9wk (range 4.0 to 15.5) from the operation date. Sixty-five percent of eyes had 6/7.5 (0.10 logMAR) or better, and 99% 6/12 (0.30 logMAR) or better postoperative UDVA. Eighty-nine percent could read Jaeger (J) 3 (0.28 logMAR) and 95% J5 (0.37 logMAR) at 40 cm. The median magnitude of @entity940 decreased from 1.91 D to 0.49 D (Wilcoxon, P<0.001) after the operation. The range of the cylindrical error was reduced from 1.5-3.95 D (keratometric) preoperatively to 0.00-1.46 D (subjective refraction transposed to corneal plane) postoperatively. CONCLUSION: @entity2790 has good predictability in reducing preexisting corneal @entity940 .

title: The refractive outcome of @entity20377 implant in XXXX surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity940 :: ('MESH:D001251', 'Disease') :: ['astigmatism']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['Toric Lentis Mplus IOL']

entities_list: @entity20377 :: ('MESH:D004479', 'Disease') :: ['Toric Lentis Mplus']

answer: @entity231 :: (MESH:D002386,Disease) :: ['cataract']


abstract: AIMS: Several studies suggested that @entity1252 ( @entity1252 ) were associated with the risk of @entity2 . However, other studies did not confirm the result. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate this association. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WANFANG databases for relevant published articles. The strength of the associations between @entity1252 and @entity2 risk was measured by odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). RESULTS: All 12 studies, involving a total of 57,890 @entity1252 @entity1 were included in the meta-analysis. A statistically significant association between @entity1252 and @entity2 risk was found. The data showed that @entity1252 @entity1 had an @entity2 risk (OR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.44-1.77; P < 0.00001). In the subgroup analysis of study design, population and hospital based studies also showed an @entity2 risks (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.49-1.89; P < 0.00001; OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.12-1.69; P = 0.002). In the subgroup analysis of follow-up duration, significant results were observed in the study with more than 10 years (OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.08-2.73; P = 0.02) and < 10 years (OR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.43-1.77; P < 0.00001), respectively. In addition, studies with large and small sample size also showed an @entity2 risk (OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.42-1.76; P < 0.00001; OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.16-2.67; P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggested that @entity1252 was associated with an @entity2 risk.

title: Systemic lupus erythematous XXXX risk: Evidence from a meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['increased lung cancer', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['SLE', 'systemic lupus erythematosus']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['increased lung cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1263 are rarely acknowledged as a cause of radiating @entity158 in lower limbs and suspicion is almost always pointed towards lumbo-sacral causes. @entity808 are @entity5 of peripheral nerve sheaths occurring anywhere along the peripheral nervous system. Often it can produce symptoms, which can be misleading in cases where obvious swelling is not present. The diagnosis may therefore be delayed by several years of emergence of symptoms. Very few such cases have been reported previously and none of them had an intrasubstance location of the @entity5 as in our case. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a middle aged female @entity1 presenting with radiating @entity158 in left lower limb, which was diagnosed and treated as @entity614 for five years before an obvious swelling appeared, which on further investigations led to diagnosis of @entity808 of tibial nerve. Intraoperatively, the @entity808 was found to be intrasubstance in location which has never been reported in the past literatures making its excision, without damaging the conducting elements, a challenge. CONCLUSION: The possibility of @entity1263 should always be kept in mind while dealing with long standing cases diagnosed as @entity614 and which do not get better with treatment on similar lines. A thorough clinical examination of the entire limb including Tinel's sign can clinch the diagnosis earlier in cases where obvious swelling is not present. Even unusual presentations, as in our case, can be dealt surgically with good results.

title: Intrasubstance Schwannoma of Posterior Tibial Nerve Presenting as XXXX .

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannoma', 'Schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity1263 :: ('MESH:D010524', 'Disease') :: ['Peripheral nerve tumours', 'peripheral nerve tumour']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['lumbo-sacral radiculopathy', 'radiculopathy']

answer: @entity614 :: (MESH:D011843,Disease) :: ['Lumbo-Sacral Radiculopathy']


abstract: Both the male and female partners of 28 couples with muco-semen incompatibility and of 8 couples with @entity249 were examined for the presence of @entity281 by @entity1047 . and/or @entity9463 H. and/or Ureaplasma U. ( @entity281 ), and for topical and serum antisperm antibodies (AS-abs). The presence of other @entity281 , and for Candida A. and Trichomonas had previously been excluded in all the subjects; all the female partners presented normal hysterosalpingographs, regular ovulatory function and cervical score > or = 10. The main cause of the muco-semen incompatibility was dysspermia (35.7%), either associated or not with @entity10552 , followed by female @entity281 (21.4%), @entity10552 without dysspermia (3.6%), and the presence of AS-abs in the mucus (3.6%) and in the semen (3.6%); in 32.6% of the cases no plausible explanation was found for muco-semen incompatibility. In 42.8% @entity281 were implicated in the muco-semen incompatibility; furthermore, there was associated dysspermia in 50% of the cases. AS-abs were found in the mucus or in the serum of 70% of the @entity1 with @entity281 , while this figure went down to 34.6% in subjects not affected by such @entity281 . None of the @entity1 with @entity281 showed AS-abs either in the semen and/or in the serum. AS-abs were found in the serum of 25% of the female @entity1 with so-called "unexplained" @entity249 . @entity281 are important for the determination of muco-semen incompatibility, both with and without dyspermia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Evaluation of the importance of Chlamydia T. and/or Mycoplasma H. and/or Ureaplasma U. genital infections and of antisperm antibodies in couples affected by muco-semen incompatibility and in couples with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity9463 :: ('MESH:D009175', 'Disease') :: ['Mycoplasma']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility', 'unexplained infertility']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['common genital infections', 'genital infections', 'CMU infections', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity10552 :: ('MESH:D005832', 'Disease') :: ['male CMU infections']

entities_list: @entity1047 :: ('MESH:D002690', 'Disease') :: ['Chlamydia T']

answer: @entity249 :: (MESH:D007246,Disease) :: ['unexplained infertility']


abstract: During a critical period prior to hearing onset, cochlea ablation leads to massive @entity528 in the @entity19 anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), where cell survival is believed to depend on glutamatergic input. We investigated the development of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in AVCN neurons using whole cell patch-clamp techniques during [postnatal day 7 (P7)] and after ( @entity3843 , @entity5207 ) this critical period. We also examined the effects of unilateral cochlea ablation on mEPSC development. The two main AVCN neuron types, bushy and stellate cells, were distinguished electrophysiologically. Bushy cell mEPSCs became more frequent and faster between P7 and @entity3843 / @entity5207 but with little change in amplitude. Dendritic filtering of mEPSCs was not detected as indicated by the lack of correlation between 10 and 90% rise times and decay time constants. Seven days after cochlea ablation at P7 or @entity3843 , mEPSCs in surviving bushy cells were similar to controls, except that rise and decay times were positively correlated (R = 0.31 and 0.14 for surgery at P7 and @entity3843 , respectively). Consistent with this evidence for a shift of synaptic activity from the somata to the dendrites, SV2 staining (a synaptic vesicle marker) forms a ring around somata of control but not experimental bushy cells. In contrast, mEPSCs of stellate cells showed few significant changes over these ages with or without cochlea ablation. Taken together, mEPSCs in @entity19 AVCN bushy cells show dramatic developmental changes across this critical period, and cochlea ablation may lead to the emergence of excitatory synaptic inputs impinging on bushy cell dendrites.

title: Development of spontaneous miniature EPSCs in XXXX AVCN neurons during a critical period of afferent-dependent neuron survival.

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal death']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study demonstrated invasive and reproducible hepatic artery catheterization in @entity35 . A rigorously documented guide and pictorial essay describes the performance of an invasive hepatic artery catheterization technique suitable for the study of liver-targeted interventional procedures in rodent models of @entity96 . The goal was to produce a well-illustrated guide to hepatic artery catheterization under direct visualization via the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 20 @entity35 were inoculated with McA-RH7777 @entity157 cells in the left lateral liver lobe. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure @entity5 growth. Catheter placement in the hepatic artery proper was performed by entry through the GDA under direct visualization after laparotomy. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed catheter placement in the hepatic artery proper. Antegrade blood @entity409 was restored after catheter removal. @entity35 were euthanized after procedures; livers were harvested for @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E) staining. RESULTS: 85.0% of inoculated animals developed measurable @entity5 on MRI; average @entity5 size was 6.3    2.3 mm   4.3    1.5 mm (mean    SD). 94.1% of animals with @entity5 were successfully catheterized. H_E staining demonstrated @entity5 growth in all inoculated animals, including those with no measurable @entity5 on MRI. CONCLUSION: Invasive catheter placement in the hepatic artery of a rodent model of @entity157 can be performed reproducibly according to the techniques described in this tutorial. These catheterization techniques are ideal for a broad range of preclinical IR studies intending to evaluate the efficacy of intra-arterial therapies for the treatment of primary and metastatic @entity96 .

title: Invasive catheterization of the hepatic artery for preclinical investigation of liver-directed therapies in rodent models of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['liver tumors', 'liver cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['flow to the liver']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity96 :: (MESH:D008113,Disease) :: ['liver cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the manometric changes, function, and impact of @entity1690 ( @entity1690 ) on the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). BACKGROUND: Implantation of a @entity1690 around the gastroesophageal junction has been shown to be a safe and effective therapy for @entity354 , but its effect on the LES has not been elucidated. METHODS: Retrospective case control study (n = 121) evaluating manometric changes after @entity1690 . Inclusion criteria consisted of a confirmed diagnosis of @entity354 by an abnormal esophageal pH study (body mass index <35kg/m, hiatal hernia <3cm, and absence of @entity66 ). Manometric changes, pH testing, and proton pump inhibitor use were assessed preoperatively and 6 and 12 months after @entity1690 . RESULTS: @entity1690 was associated with an overall increase in the median LES resting pressure (18 pre- @entity1690 vs 23mm Hg post- @entity1690 ; P = 0.0003), residual pressure (4 vs 9mm Hg; P < 0.0001), and distal esophageal contraction amplitude (80 vs 90mm Hg; P = 0.02). The percent peristalsis remained unaltered (94% vs 87%; P = 0.71).Overall, @entity1 with a manometrically defective LES were restored 67% of the time to a normal sphincter with @entity1690 . Those with a structurally defective or severely defective LES improved to a normal LES in 77% and 56% of @entity1 , respectively. Only 18% of @entity1 with a normal preoperative manometric LES deteriorated to a lower category. CONCLUSION: @entity1690 results in significant manometric improvement of the LES without apparent deleterious effects on the esophageal body. A manometrically defective LES can be restored to normal sphincter, whereas a normal LES remains stable.

title: Manometric Changes to the Lower Esophageal Sphincter After Magnetic Sphincter Augmentation in @entity1 With XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1690 :: ('MESH:D046628', 'Disease') :: ['magnetic sphincter augmentation', 'MSA']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['endoscopic Barrett disease']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease']

answer: @entity354 :: (MESH:D005764,Disease) :: ['Chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease']


abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the role of intertubular macrophages in modifying the response of the @entity35 testis to stimulation by @entity1 chorionic gonadotrophin ( @entity1465 ). The phagocytic activity of macrophages was stimulated by a unilateral intratesticular injection of @entity852 latex beads. Latex beads were engulfed by the resident macrophages and retained within their cytoplasm. Contralateral testes received injection of vehicle alone. A group of control @entity35 was killed 3 days later; other groups received 100 IU @entity1465 s.c. and the morphological and functional responses of the testes were examined 12, 24 and 48 h later. Spermatogenesis was unaffected in control @entity35 , whereas in the testes of all @entity1465 -treated @entity35 leukocytes infiltrated into the intertubular tissue and the seminiferous tubules exhibited focal disruptions of spermatogenesis which were more severe in testes containing activated macrophages. Spermatogenic disruption was dependent upon the stage of the spermatogenic cycle, with the maximum tubule degeneration occurring at or near stages III and IX-XI. However these changes were not a consequence of @entity342 deprivation, since no consistent correlation was demonstrated between alterations in @entity251 levels in testicular interstitial fluid and the accompanying damage to germ cells. It is concluded that @entity1465 alone or in combination with activated macrophages induces an inflammatory-type response of the intertubular tissue and localized degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. The antispermatogenic effects of @entity1465 may have important implications for in-vivo investigations of Leydig cell function in laboratory animals and for the efficacy of @entity1465 administration used in the clinical treatment of @entity14136 .

title: Macrophage activation enhances the XXXX chorionic gonadotrophin-induced disruption of spermatogenesis in the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity852 :: ('MESH:D011137', 'Chemical') :: ['polystyrene']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity14136 :: ('MESH:D005058', 'Disease') :: ['male hypogonadism']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Invasive @entity57 (IPA) is frequent and often fatal in immunosuppressed @entity1 . Timely diagnosis of IPA improves survival but is difficult to make. We examined the analytical and clinical validity of galactomannan (GM) testing of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in diagnosing IPA in a mixed population by retrospectively reviewing records of 251 consecutive at-risk @entity1 for whom BAL fluid GM testing was ordered. The performance of the enzyme immunoassay was evaluated by using a range of index cutoffs to define positivity. Three samples were associated with proven IPA, 56 were associated with probable IPA, 63 were associated with possible @entity364 ( @entity364 ), and 129 were associated with no @entity364 . Using a BAL fluid GM index of >= 0.8 (optimal optical density [OD] index cutoff identified by a receiver operating characteristic curve), the sensitivity in diagnosing proven and probable IPA was 86.4%, and the specificity was 90.7%. At this cutoff, positive and negative predictive values were 81% and 93.6%, respectively. However, an OD index value of >= 3.0 corresponded to a 100% specificity, thus ruling the disease in, irrespective of the pretest probability. Conversely, an OD index cutoff of <0.5 corresponded to a high sensitivity, virtually always ruling the disease out. For all values in between, the posttest probability of @entity9348 depends largely on the prevalence of disease in the at-risk population and the likelihood ratio of the OD index value. Detection of GM in BAL fluid samples of @entity1 at risk of IPA has an excellent diagnostic accuracy provided results are interpreted in parallel with clinico-radiological findings and pretest probabilities.

title: Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of XXXX at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: analytical and clinical validity.

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['IFD', 'invasive fungal disease']

entities_list: @entity57 :: ('MESH:D055732', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary aspergillosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity3149 ( @entity3149 ) is a genetic generalized @entity302 accounting for 3-12% of adult cases of @entity302 . @entity1092 has proven to be the first-choice drug in @entity3149 for controlling the most common @entity410 types: @entity2045 , absence, and generalized tonic-clonic (GTC). In this retrospective study, we analyzed @entity410 outcome in @entity1 with @entity3149 using @entity1092 monotherapy for a minimum period of one year. Low @entity1092 dose was considered to be 1000mg/day or lower, while serum levels were considered to be low if they were at or below 50mcg/dl. One hundred three @entity1 met the inclusion criteria. Fifty-six @entity1 (54.4%) were female. The current average age was 28.4  7.4years, while the age of @entity302 onset was 13.6  2.9years. Most @entity1 corresponded to the subsyndrome of classic @entity3149 . Forty-six (44.7%) @entity1 were free from all @entity410 types, and 76 (73.7%) @entity1 were free from GTC @entity410 . No significant difference was found in @entity410 freedom among @entity1 using a low dose of @entity1092 versus a high dose (p=0.535) or among @entity1 with low blood levels versus high blood levels (p=0.69). In @entity1 with @entity3149 , it seems appropriate to use low doses of @entity1092 (500mg to 1000mg) for initial treatment and then to determine if freedom from @entity410 was attained.

title: High-dose versus low-dose XXXX for the treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Going from low to high.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonic']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate', 'Valproate']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3149 :: ('MESH:D020190', 'Disease') :: ['Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy', 'JME']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['valproate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although the efficacy of @entity285 pharmacotherapy has been widely investigated, little is known about real-world prescription patterns. Population-based dispensing data can provide an understanding of prescription patterns and characteristics of treatment in nonexperimental settings. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of @entity1 (aged 15-84) treated with @entity14081 or @entity836 between July 2009 and June 2013 was conducted using dispensing claims from the Australian Pharmaceutical benefits Scheme Database. Only individuals with prescriptions from September 2009 onwards were included. RESULTS: We identified 61,904 individuals (40% female, 32% in 35-44 age bracket,) with a total number of 198,247 dispensings. There were 23,452 @entity836 -treated and 38,452 @entity14081 -treated @entity1 . For @entity836 , 42% of initial dispenses were followed by a second dispense with only 25% receiving at least 3 months of treatment. For @entity14081 , 28% of dispenses were followed by a third dispense with only 15% receiving at least 3 months of treatment. @entity1 in older age groups were more likely to be dispensed a repeat script than those in younger age groups (e.g., for the 75-84 vs 15-24 age bracket OR's=2.27 and 2.98 for @entity836 and @entity14081 respectively). CONCLUSION: Current national guidelines in Australia recommend @entity285 pharmacotherapy for a minimum period of 3 months yet only 15-25% are receive this duration of treatment. @entity836 -treated @entity1 were more likely to return for a second and third dispense than @entity14081 -treated @entity1 . Prevalence and prescribing patterns change with age.

title: National trends in XXXX pharmacotherapy: Findings from an Australian claims database.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity836 :: ('MESH:D009271', 'Chemical') :: ['naltrexone', 'Naltrexone']

entities_list: @entity14081 :: ('MESH:C043877', 'Chemical') :: ['acamprosate']

answer: @entity285 :: (D000431,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: Studies were performed to evaluate the contributions of @entity2362 and collagen to the formation of @entity438 . @entity235 carotid arteries and @entity1 external and internal iliac arteries were excised, mounted horizontally in a tissue bath, and were pressurized. Vessel diameter and longitudinal force were measured. the vessels were treated with elastase or collagenase. Those treated with elastase dilated, but never @entity397 . Those treated with collagenase dilated still more and, in every case, @entity397 . Circumferential stability resulted from recruitment of previously non-loaded collagen fibers, and from a change in geometry from a cylinder to a sphere. The laminated thrombus lining the lumen has little intrinsic strength and therefore does not confer strength to the aneurysmal wall. Treatment with elastase also reduces the retractive force exerted by the vessel in the longitudinal direction. Therefore loss of @entity2362 permits the vessel to elongate and to become tortuous. In aged @entity1 arteries collagen also contributes a small portion of the retractive force. Progressive @entity439 results from continued failure of wall connective tissues reflecting a) genetically defective collagen and or b) activity of the immune system.

title: Pathophysiology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity397 :: ('MESH:D012421', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['enlargement of aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['arterial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['arterial aneurysms']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare the hypnotic effects of a bedtime dose of @entity2492 , @entity5756 , and placebo. DESIGN: "Double-blind, randomized, placebo- and active-controlled, parallel-group" trial. SETTING: Six Canadian hospitals. @entity1 : 357 @entity1 (aged 19 to 71 years) hospitalized the night before a surgical procedure. INTERVENTIONS: At bedtime, each @entity1 received either @entity2492 10 mg, @entity5756 0.25 mg, or placebo, and was allowed to sleep for a maximum of 8 hours. MEASUREMENTS: Outcome measures were subjective in nature and included a morning questionnaire, visual analog scales, and observation forms by study personnel. All continuous variables were analyzed by analysis of variance. All categorical data were compared using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test, and the percentage of @entity1 asleep was compared using a CMH chi-square analysis. When significant overall treatment effects were observed, pairwise comparisons were undertaken. Compared with the placebo group, the following parameters were significantly (p < 0.001) different in the @entity2492 and @entity5756 groups: sleep latency was shorter, total sleep time was longer, @entity1 fell asleep more easily, and the number of @entity1 awake 2 hours after drug administration was lower. There were no differences between any groups in next-morning @entity2147 or ability to concentrate. Both drugs were well tolerated, with adverse event incidence rates nearly identical to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 suffering from transient @entity22 , a single dose of @entity2492 10 mg was as effective as @entity5756 0.25 mg, and both were more effective than placebo and were well tolerated.

title: Evaluation of @entity2492 , XXXX , and placebo as hypnotic drugs the night before surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5756 :: ('MESH:D014229', 'Chemical') :: ['triazolam']

entities_list: @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['somnolence']

entities_list: @entity2492 :: ('MESH:C049109', 'Chemical') :: ['zolpidem']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity5756 :: (MESH:D014229,Chemical) :: ['triazolam']


abstract: To evaluate the possible role of the vagus nerve in the development of the @entity8053 in @entity1526 , we examined 18 nerves from chagasic @entity1 and 8 from non-chagasic @entity1 , autopsied at the Department of Pathology, Ribeir  o Preto School of Medicine, Brazil. Histological analysis showed mild inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T lymphocytes, in epi-, peri- and endoneurium. No parasites were observed. Semithin sections showed swollen unmyelinated fibres, occasional thinly myelinated fibres, degenerated and @entity2537 , related to myelinated fibres. These findings were confirmed by electron microscopy, and in teased fibres. The changes were observed both in chagasic and in non-chagasic @entity1 . Statistical analysis of the morphometric findings (myelinated fibre density, axonal and fibre diameters) failed to show significant differences between the 2 groups. The frequency of myelinated fibres of various diameters was also similar in the 2 groups. The morphological and morphometrical findings in chagasic @entity1 are mild, non-specific, and could be related to the age of the @entity1 , or with artefacts, since they have also been observed in non-chagasic @entity1 . Retrograde changes due to the @entity75 in the innervated organs cannot be completely ruled out. Our results do not allow us to implicate the vagus nerve in the @entity8053 in @entity1526 .

title: Autonomic dysfunction in XXXX : lack of participation of the vagus nerve.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['ganglionic lesions']

entities_list: @entity2537 :: ('MESH:D020966', 'Disease') :: ['atrophic axons']

entities_list: @entity1526 :: ('MESH:D014355', 'Disease') :: ['Chagas disease']

entities_list: @entity8053 :: ('MESH:D054969', 'Disease') :: ['dysautonomia']

answer: @entity1526 :: (MESH:D014355,Disease) :: ['Chagas disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Conformal radiotherapy of @entity263 relies on contouring of individual CT slices for target and normal tissue localization. This process can be very time consuming. In the present report, we describe a method to more efficiently localize pelvic anatomy directly from digital reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten @entity1 with @entity263 underwent CT simulation (the spiral mode at 3 mm separation) for conformal four-field "box" radiotherapy. The bulbous urethra and bladder were opacified with iodinated contrast media. On lateral and anteroposterior DRRs, the volume of interest (VOI) was restricted to 1.0-1.5 cm tissue thickness to optimize digital radiograph reconstruction of the prostate and seminal vesicles. By removing unessential voxel elements, this method provided direct visualization of those structures. For comparison, the targets of each @entity1 were also obtained by contouring CT axial slices. RESULTS: The method was successfully performed if the target structures were readily visualized and geometrically corresponded to those generated by contouring axial images. The targets in 9 of 10 @entity1 were reliable representations of the CT-contoured volumes. One @entity1 had 18 mm variation due to the lack of bladder opacification. Using VOIs to generate thin tissue DRRs, the time required for target and normal tissue localization was on the average less than 5 min. CONCLUSION: In CT simulation of the four-field irradiation technique for @entity263 , thin-tissue DRRs allowed for efficient and accurate target localization without requiring individual axial image contouring. This method may facilitate positioning of the beam isocenter and provide reliable conformal radiotherapy.

title: Efficient CT simulation of the four-field technique for conformal radiotherapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate carcinoma']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate carcinoma']