abstract: PURPOSE: The combination of @entity632 and @entity786 (AC) is a standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimen. Studies of @entity1205 and @entity786 (TC) in @entity0 ( @entity0 ) showed promise in @entity0 . In 1997, we initiated a randomized adjuvant trial of TC compared with standard-dose AC with a primary end point of disease-free survival (DFS). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity1 were eligible if they had stage I to III operable invasive @entity0 with complete surgical excision of the @entity5 . Between June 1997 and December 1999, 1,016 @entity1 were randomly assigned to four cycles of either standard-dose AC (60 and 600 mg/m2, respectively; n = 510) or TC (75 and 600 mg/m2, respectively; n = 506), administered intravenously every 3 weeks as adjuvant chemotherapy. Radiation therapy (as indicated) and @entity440 , for @entity1 with hormone receptor-positive disease, were administered after completion of chemotherapy. RESULTS: Both treatment groups (TC and AC) were well balanced with respect to major prognostic factors. @entity1 were observed through 2005 for a median of 5.5 years. At 5 years, DFS rate was significantly superior for TC compared with AC (86% v 80%, respectively; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.67; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.94; P = .015). Overall survival rates for TC and AC were 90% and 87%, respectively (HR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.1; P = .13). More @entity925 , @entity4841 , @entity4 , and @entity1398 occurred on the TC arm; more @entity390 and @entity391 occurred on the AC arm as well as one incident of @entity712 . CONCLUSION: At 5 years, TC was associated with a superior DFS and a different @entity137 profile compared with AC.

title: Phase III trial comparing @entity632 plus @entity786 with @entity1205 plus @entity786 as adjuvant therapy for operable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'metastatic breast cancer', 'MBC']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumor']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgia']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The study aimed to explore the protective effects of AS-IV against @entity295 -induced ALI. @entity295 was induced by @entity1588 ( @entity1588 ) method in @entity35 . @entity35 were randomly assigned into five groups: animals undergoing a sham @entity1588 (sham group); animals undergoing @entity1588 ( @entity1588 group); animals undergoing @entity1588 and treated with AS-IV at 2.5  mg/kg  bw (low-dose AS-IV [L-AS] group), at 5  mg/kg  bw (mid-dose AS-IV [M-AS] group), and at 10  mg/kg  bw (high-dose AS-IV [H-AS] group). At 6  h, 12  h and 24  h post- @entity1588 surgery, six @entity35 were respectively sacrificed to collect blood and lung tissue samples. The levels of arterial blood gas index, lung water content, protein level and leukocyte counts (total amount, neutrophils and lymphocytes) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and cytokines such as @entity1505 and @entity568 in BALF were measured at each time point in different groups. HE-staining and optical microscopy were performed to examine the pathological changes in lungs. The 72  h-survival rate of each group was also recorded. PaO2 was decreased significantly, while the lung water content, BALF protein level, cell numbers, BALF cytokine @entity1505 and @entity568 levels were increased significantly for @entity1588 group as compared with sham group. Moreover, pathological injury was observed in lung tissue indicating the successful @entity295 -induced ALI model. Speaking of the effect of AS-IV, we founded that, compared with the @entity1588 group, the AS-IV treatment groups could significantly alleviate all the above  negative changes exited in the @entity1588 group in a dose-dependent manner. What's more, the pathological injury was also gradually improved by AS-IV treatment compared with the @entity1588 @entity35 . AS-IV exerts its protective effect against @entity295 -induced ALI in @entity35 via improving pulmonary ventilation function, decreasing the permeability of alveolar epithelium and capillary as well as repressing @entity55 .

title: Protective effect of Astragaloside IV against XXXX -induced acute lung injury in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['lung inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1588 :: ('MESH:D002429', 'Disease') :: ['CLP', 'cecal ligation and puncture']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague Dawley rats', 'Rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['sepsis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) should be considered a standard treatment option for small and medium-sized @entity5513 ( @entity5513 ). It results in a @entity5 control rate similar to that seen with microsurgery and provides better preservation of facial nerve function and hearing. METHODS: From December 2002 to April 2011, a total of 260 @entity1 with VS underwent GKS using Leksell Gamma Knife model 4C with an automatic positioning system. There were 30 Koos stage I @entity5 , 112 stage II, 100 stage III, and 18 stage IV. All @entity1 were treated with the use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging; creation of the highly precise conformal and selective multi-isocenter dose planning with small collimators, carefully sparing adjacent cranial nerves of any excessive irradiation; and creation of a wide 80 % isodose area within the @entity5 while applying a low marginal dose (mean 11.9 Gy) at the 50 % isodose line. RESULTS: Among 182 @entity1 who were followed for more than 3 years after treatment, the @entity5 control and shrinkage rates were 98.4 % and 76.4 %, respectively. Volume reduction of >50 % was marked in 54.9 % of @entity5513 . Preservation of facial nerve function and hearing at the pretreatment level was noted in 97.8 % and 87.9 %, respectively. There was marked improvement of facial nerve function and hearing after GKS in 2.2 % and 3.8 %, respectively. There was no major morbidity. CONCLUSION: Due to contemporary technological and methodological achievements GKS can be focused not only on growth control but on shrinking the VS, with possible reversal of the @entity51 .

title: Do we really still need an open surgery for treatment of XXXX with @entity5513 ?

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['VSs', 'vestibular schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficit']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: About 30  years ago, the first Dutch unifactorial guidelines on @entity101 and hypercholesterolaemia were developed. These guidelines have been revised several times, often after publication of landmark studies on new generations of drugs. In 1978, cut-off points for pharmacological treatment of @entity101 were based on diastolic blood pressure values >= 115  mmHg, and in 2000 they were lowered to >100  mmHg. From 1997 onwards, cut-off points for systolic blood pressure values >180  mmHg were introduced, which became leading. In 1987, cut-offs for hypercholesterolaemia of >= 8  mmol/l were set and from 2006 pharmacological treatment was based on a total/HDL @entity165 ratio >8. Around 2000, treatment decisions for @entity101 and/or hypercholesterolaemia were no longer based on high levels of individual risk factors, but on a multifactorial approach based on total risk of @entity65 ( @entity65 ), determined by a risk function. In the 2006 multidisciplinary guideline on cardiovascular risk management, the Framingham risk tables were replaced by European SCORE risk charts. A cut-off point of 10% @entity65 mortality was set in the Netherlands. In 2011, this cut-off point changed to 20% fatal plus nonfatal @entity65 risk. Nowadays, 'the lower the risk factors, the lower the absolute risk' is the leading paradigm in @entity65 prevention.

title: Cardiovascular risk management of XXXX and hypercholesterolaemia in the Netherlands: from unifactorial to multifactorial approach.

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of arthroscopic transtendon repair of partial articular-sided supraspinatus tendon @entity155 (PASTA) in a large study group. METHODS: A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was conducted. One hundred and eighteen @entity1 with PASTA lesion (grade A2-A3) who underwent arthroscopic transtendon repair were identified, of which 110 were eligible for the study. Ten @entity1 were lost at final follow-up leaving a study group of 100 @entity1 (52 male, 48 female). The average follow-up was 37  months (minimum 24  months, range 24-50, median 40). Mean age at the time of surgery was 50.4 (range 17-71, median 45). @entity1 were assessed before surgery and at 24-month follow-up, using the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), UCLA shoulder rating scale and the visual analogue scale (VAS). ROM was measured bilaterally and was evaluated before surgery, at 3-, 6- and 24-month follow-up. The satisfaction rate was calculated. Data were analysed using a paired Student's t test with 95  % confidence interval (significance p  <  0.05). RESULTS: Significant improvement in UCLA, SST and VAS score was observed. Fifty-four cases were rated excellent, 42 good, 2 fair, 2 poor according to the UCLA score. No significant differences in ROM were noted compared to the contra-lateral side (p  <  0.001) at the 24-month follow-up. Eighteen @entity1 presented with a stiff shoulder at the 3-month follow-up, but they recovered full ROM by the 6-month follow-up evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: The arthroscopic transtendon repair of partial articular-sided rotator cuff tears is an effective procedure that leads to significant improvement in @entity158 and shoulder function, with high @entity1 ' satisfaction rate, while the complication rate is low. This study demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of this technique in a large homogeneous study group. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

title: Arthroscopic transtendon repair of partial articular-sided supraspinatus tendon XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity155 :: ('MESH:D014084', 'Disease') :: ['avulsion']

answer: @entity155 :: (MESH:D014084,Disease) :: ['avulsion']


abstract: SETTING: The value of microbiological criteria in diagnosing non-tuberculous mycobacteria @entity358 ( @entity19635 -PD) and monitoring its epidemiology is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To correlate the rate of @entity19635 -PD based on microbiological criteria (American @entity1514 Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America [ATS/IDSA] or stricter microbiological criteria) compared with the full ATS/IDSA criteria, to assess the positive predictive value ( @entity2286 ) of different microbiological criteria in predicting @entity19635 -PD, and to evaluate the clinical relevance of different @entity19635 species. DESIGN: Retrospective study of all @entity1 with pulmonary @entity19635 isolates in Croatia during an 8-year period. @entity19635 species were divided into low, intermediate and high clinical relevance groups for additional analyses. RESULTS: Good correlation between both microbiological and full ATS/IDSA criteria was observed. The @entity2286 of stricter and ATS/IDSA microbiological criteria was respectively 93.3% and 59.8%. The usefulness of microbiological criteria varied between groups. ATS/IDSA microbiological criteria had a @entity2286 of 89.8% in the high relevance group, while in the intermediate relevance group, the @entity2286 of stricter and ATS/IDSA microbiological criteria was respectively 94.3% and 63.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Microbiological criteria are useful in detecting @entity19635 -PD, allowing laboratory-based monitoring. Stricter criteria should be used for species of low clinical relevance, and less stringent criteria for species of high relevance in the local setting.

title: Microbiological criteria in non-tuberculous mycobacteria XXXX : a tool for diagnosis and epidemiology.

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['pulmonary disease']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the late outcomes of @entity3446 -eluting stent implantation in @entity1 with @entity453 . BACKGROUND: Drug-eluting stents reduce intimal @entity1373 , which is the main cause of in-stent @entity256 . @entity3446 -eluting stents significantly reduce clinical and angiographic @entity256 and improve event-free survival. METHODS: The study population consisted of 207 @entity1 (273 stents) who had undergone coronary @entity20204 stent implantation. @entity1 were eligible for enrollment if there was symptomatic @entity453 or positive exercise testing, and angiographic evidence of single or multivessel disease with a @entity75 stenosis of > or = 70% in a > or = 2.25 mm vessel. Follow-up coronary angiography was performed 18 months after stent deployment. @entity1 were followed-up for a mean of 24.7 +/- 7.4 months. RESULTS: All @entity1 survived after stent implantation, but 5 (2.4%) @entity1 experienced @entity583 and 4 (1.9%) @entity1 developed non-Q wave @entity583 following angioplasty. Recurrent @entity951 was observed in 16 (7.7%) @entity1 (11 stable @entity951 and 5 unstable @entity951 ). Angiographic evidence of @entity256 was observed in these 20 (9.66%) @entity1 . The 5 other @entity1 had noncritical angiographic @entity256 . Eleven (5.3%) @entity1 underwent angioplasty because of @entity256 , and coronary artery bypass grafting was conducted in the other 9 (4.3%) @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that @entity20204 stents could be implanted with a very high success rate and have encouraging long-term angiographic and clinical results.

title: Angiographic and clinical outcome following XXXX -eluting stent ( @entity20204 ) implantation. A single center experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute ST elevation myocardial infarction', 'myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['target lesion']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus', 'Sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['sirolimus']


abstract: @entity1 with recurrent @entity662 with normal coronary vessels are deemed to have the syndrome of noncardiac @entity662 (NCCP). These @entity1 , despite having significant @entity299 ruled out, often spend a restricted lifestyle believing they have @entity299 . These recurrent episodes of @entity662 may be related to @entity354 ( @entity354 ), @entity1319 of the esophagus and esophageal (visceral) @entity1931 . These disease entities are often difficult to diagnose and treat except for @entity354 and @entity1318 . Recent prospective double-blind studies have shown that about 44% of these @entity1 may have underlying @entity354 . There is now more evidence to support the practice of empiric use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) as the first step in therapy. Newer modalities for diagnosis like endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) showed that this group of @entity1 had sustained muscular contractions of longer that 68 s during @entity662 . These sustained contractions noted on EUS were secondary to isometric contraction of the circular muscle which did not cause luminal constriction nor was related to contraction of the longitudinal muscles which cannot be recorded by pressure manometry. Treatment is difficult if @entity1 do not respond to high-dose PPIs. Other medications which are known to alter @entity1931 in low doses, such as tricyclic antidepressants like @entity2645 and desyrel, can be tried. Psychological intervention may be useful in the management of some of these patie

title: Update on noncardiac XXXX .

entities_list: @entity662 :: ('MESH:D002637', 'Disease') :: ['chest pain', 'angina-like chest pain']

entities_list: @entity1318 :: ('MESH:D004931', 'Disease') :: ['achalasia']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['visceral hyperalgesia', 'hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'GERD']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['spastic motility disorders']

answer: @entity662 :: (MESH:D002637,Disease) :: ['chest pain']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Current treatments for @entity1694 include different therapeutic modalities, such as @entity288 , immunomodulators, pseudocatalase, skin grafts, diverse types of phototherapy [ultraviolet B (UVB), psoralen plus UVA (PUVA), narrow-band UVB (NB-UVB)], and, recently, targeted phototherapy. After a literature search, we found only two studies using different targeted broad-band UVB units for the treatment of @entity1694 . OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the repigmentation response induced with broad-band, UVB-targeted phototherapy used as monotherapy in @entity1 with @entity1694 affecting less than 10% of the skin surface. METHODS: Twelve @entity1 were recruited for treatment with 30 sessions of UVB-targeted phototherapy administered twice weekly. The assessment of repigmentation was made from a comparison of baseline photographs with those after 30 sessions by two independent investigators. Morphometric analysis was performed using a computer program. RESULTS: Repigmentation with an average of 66.25% was obtained on lesions of the face, and of 31.5% on the neck, trunk, and genitalia. On the extremities, there was no repigmentation. Itching, a burning sensation, erythema, desquamation, and transitory hyperpigmentation were observed in some @entity1 . Minimal blistering and ulceration were observed in one @entity1 . CONCLUSION: Targeted UVB phototherapy seems to be effective for the repigmentation of @entity75 located on the face, to a lesser degree on the trunk, and with no response in @entity75 ; there were minimal adverse effects that did not require discontinuation of treatment.

title: Therapeutic evaluation of UVB-targeted phototherapy in XXXX that affects less than 10% of the body surface area.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['acral lesions', 'vitiligo in lesions']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity1694 :: (MESH:D014820,Disease) :: ['vitiligo']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity3762 ( @entity3762 ) resistant to treatment is common, but its neuronal correlates are not entirely understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine resting-state default mode network ( @entity1233 ) functional connectivity in @entity1 with treatment-resistant @entity3762 . METHODS: Treatment resistance was defined as continuing @entity410 despite an adequate dose of @entity1092 ( @entity1092 , @entity2052 ). Data from 60 @entity302 @entity1 and 38 healthy controls who underwent simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were included (EEG/fMRI). Independent component analysis (ICA) and dual regression were used to quantify @entity1233 connectivity. Confirmatory analysis using seed-based voxel correlation was performed. KEY FINDINGS: There was a significant reduction of @entity1233 connectivity in @entity1 with treatment-resistant @entity302 when compared to @entity1 who were treatment responsive and healthy controls. Connectivity was negatively correlated with duration of @entity302 . SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings in this large sample of @entity1 with @entity3762 indicate the presence of reduced @entity1233 connectivity in @entity3762 and show that connectivity is further reduced in treatment-resistant @entity302 . @entity1233 connectivity may be useful as a biomarker for treatment resistance.

title: Reduced default mode network connectivity in treatment-resistant XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate', 'valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['Idiopathic generalized epilepsy', 'IGE']

answer: @entity3762 :: (MESH:C562694,Disease) :: ['idiopathic generalized epilepsy']


abstract: There is clinical evidence that cervical lateral glide (CLG) improves neurodynamics and @entity158 in @entity1 who suffer from @entity158 . @entity3799 ( @entity3799 ) is also a treatment method and a means of testing neurodynamics. However, for both techniques nerve movement has not yet been investigated using ultrasound imaging (US). The purpose of this study was to quantify median nerve movement in the arm during CLG and @entity3799 . For this study 27 healthy @entity1 were recruited. Longitudinal movement of the median nerve was measured using US during CLG and @entity3799 with the shoulder in 30   abduction in the middle and distal forearm (Fad). Data could be obtained from 11 @entity1 (6 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 , average age 25.6 years,    2.25) at the middle forearm (Fam) and from 9 @entity1 (5 @entity1 and 4 @entity1 , average age 27.2 years,    2.75) at the Fad. When applying @entity3799 , the median nerve moved 2.3 mm (SEM    0.1 mm) at the Fam. At the same measuring point the median nerve moved 3.3 mm (SEM    0.3 mm, p = 0.005) by applying CLG. At the Fad the difference between @entity3799 and @entity3799 amounted to 0.6 mm ( @entity3799 : 1.9 mm (SEM    0.2 mm, CLG: 2.5 mm (SEM    0.2 mm, p  <= 0.05). The movements during CLG are larger than during @entity3799 . This difference is statistically significant. However, the statistical relevance cannot be extrapolated to a clinical relevance.

title: Sonography assessment of the median nerve during cervical lateral glide and lateral flexion. Is there a difference in neurodynamics of asymptomatic XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'participants', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3799 :: ('MESH:D002575', 'Disease') :: ['Cervical lateral flexion', 'CLF']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['alleviates pain', 'neurogenic arm pain']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic factors and ultrasound (US) features predictive of central lymph node @entity3 (LNM) in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity7172 ( @entity7172 ). METHODS: From March 2008 to August 2008, the clinicopathologic features and preoperative US features of 483 @entity1 who were diagnosed with conventional @entity7172 were included. Medical records, US features, and pathology reports of all @entity1 were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify clinicopathological prognostic factors associated with central LNM. Odds ratios (OR) with relative 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) were calculated to determine the relevance of all potential predictors of central LNM. RESULTS: Among the 483 @entity1 with @entity7172 , 139 (28.8 %) @entity1 had central LNM. The OR of significant independent factors were 2.055 (95 % CI, 1.137-3.716), 2.075 (95 % CI, 1.27-3.39), 1.71 (95 % CI, 1.073-2.724), and 15.897 (95 % CI, 4.173-60.569), respectively, for bilaterality, larger @entity5 size (>5 mm), extracapsular invasion, and lateral LNM. No significant association was seen among the US features of @entity7172 with central LNM. CONCLUSIONS: Central lymph node @entity3 in @entity1 with @entity7172 was significantly associated with various clinicopathological factors, including larger @entity5 size (>5 mm), bilaterality, extracapsular invasion, and lateral LNM. When these features are detected on preoperative US, selective central compartment dissection may be helpful in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity7172 .

title: Preoperative prediction of central lymph node @entity3 in thyroid XXXX using clinicopathologic and sonographic features.

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity7172 :: ('MESH:C563277', 'Disease') :: ['PTMC', 'papillary thyroid microcarcinoma']

answer: @entity7172 :: (MESH:C563277,Disease) :: ['papillary microcarcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) are important hemodynamic parameters in emergency @entity1 and for clinical early goal-directed therapy. This study evaluated the feasibility of CO and SVR determination using preclinical continuous wave Doppler ultrasound in a @entity341 ( @entity341 ) on emergency @entity1 presenting with or without @entity158 as a pilot observational study. METHODS: Forty-four consecutive medical emergency @entity1 (62.8 +/- 22 years of age, 23 males) were classified at the scene as with (15 @entity1 , 69 +/- 14 years of age, 40% male) or without (29 @entity1 , 60 +/- 25 years of age, 59% male) @entity158 by an emergency physician. Hemodynamic parameters were determined based on continuous wave Doppler noninvasively (USCOM, Sydney, Australia): @entity64 volume (SV), CO, cardiac index (CI), @entity5529 ( @entity5529 ), and SVR. RESULTS: Noninvasive SV, @entity5529 , CO, CI, and SVR determination is feasible using preclinical ultrasound in @entity341 . @entity158 @entity1 had higher SVR (2,709 +/- 891 vs 1,499 +/- 661 dyne*sec*cm-5) and lower CO/CI (3.37 +/- 1.1 vs 5.06 +/- 2.9 L/min, CI: 1.67 +/- 0.58 vs 3.18 +/- 1.34 L/min/m2) as well as a reduced aortic @entity5529 (11.2 +/- 3.3 m/min vs 19.1 +/- 8 m/min, P = .001) than @entity1 without @entity158 . Highest cardiac outputs were measured during and within 30 minutes after @entity410 (n = 5, 7.5 +/- 3.05 L/min). The range of CO measured in six cardiopulmonary resuscitation @entity1 was 2.7 to 12 L/min; the level of CO was not associated with the establishing of sustained circulation. CONCLUSIONS: Determining SV, CO/CI, and SVR in different emergency situations in @entity341 using rapid CW Doppler ultrasound is feasible. @entity158 @entity1 have increased SVR and lower CO/CI and reduced aortic @entity5529 than do non- @entity158 @entity1 in the preclinical setting.

title: Feasibility of preclinical cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance in XXXX in @entity158 --the ultrasonic cardiac output monitor.

entities_list: @entity5529 :: ('MESH:C535290', 'Disease') :: ['MD', 'minute distance']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['helicopter emergency medical service', 'HEMS']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['Thoracic pain', 'thoracic pain']

answer: @entity341 :: (MESH:D004630,Disease) :: ['HEMS']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the treatment effect of an optimized resuscitation strategy on prognosis of @entity1 with @entity326 . METHODS: A systematic review of MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CBM, CNKI and other sources using a comprehensive strategy was conducted. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of treatment of severe @entity295 and @entity326 were included. The @entity1 were randomized into treatment group and control group. Preplanned subgroup analysis required studies to be categorized based on early (goal-directed therapy accomplished within 6-24 hours) vs. late (initiated after 24 hours or unknown time of resuscitation implementation). Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality using standardized methods. Consensus was reached by conference. The Cochrance Collaboration's software RevMan 5.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in the final analysis, providing a sample of 2066 @entity1 . The combined results demonstrated a decrease in mortality [odds ratio (OR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.48-0.84, P = 0.002]; however, there was statistically significant heterogeneity [P = 0.01, I(2) = 55%]. Among the early optimal resuscitation studies (n = 8) there was minimal heterogeneity [P = 0.44, I(2) = 0%] and a significant decrease in mortality (OR = 0.53, 95%CI 0.42-0.66, P < 0.00001) and incidence of @entity881 ( @entity881 , OR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.43-0.85, P = 0.004). For the late resuscitation studies (n = 3), there was statistically significant difference [P = 0.05, I (2)=66%], and there was no significant effect on mortality (OR = 0.89, 95%CI 0.52-1.54, P = 0.68) and incidence of @entity881 (OR = 0.43, 95%CI 0.17-1.08, P = 0.07). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis found that the application of an early optimal resuscitation strategy to @entity1 with @entity326 imparts a significant reduction in mortality and incidence of @entity881 .

title: [The effect of an optimized resuscitation strategy on prognosis of @entity1 with XXXX : a systematic review].

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ dysfunction syndrome', 'MODS']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

answer: @entity326 :: (MESH:D012772,Disease) :: ['septic shock']


abstract: Male @entity146 is generally regulated by @entity251 (T). In most temperate breeding males, @entity146 is only expressed during the reproductive period. At this time circulating T concentrations, brain @entity134 receptors, and @entity134 metabolic enzymes are elevated in many species relative to the nonreproductive period. Many tropical birds, however, display @entity146 both during the breeding and the nonbreeding season, but plasma levels of T can remain low throughout the year and show @entity306 . Studies on the year-round territorial spotted antbird (Hylophylax n. naevioides) suggest that T nevertheless regulates @entity146 in both the breeding and nonbreeding season. We hypothesize that to regulate @entity146 during the nonbreeding season, when T is at its minimum, male spotted antbirds increase brain sensitivity to @entity230 . This can be achieved by locally up-regulating @entity342 receptors (ARs), @entity172 receptors (ERs), or the enzyme aromatase (AROM) that converts T into @entity53 . We therefore compared mRNA expression of AR, @entity1782 , and AROM in free- living male spotted antbirds across reproductive and nonreproductive seasons in two brain regions known to regulate both reproductive and @entity146 . mRNA expression of @entity1782 in the preoptic area and AR in the nucleus taeniae were elevated in male spotted antbirds during the nonbreeding season when circulating T concentrations were low. This unusual seasonal receptor regulation may represent a means for the year-round regulation of vertebrate @entity146 via @entity230 by increasing the brain's sensitivity to sex @entity230 during the nonbreeding season.

title: Low sex XXXX , high @entity134 receptors: Increasing the sensitivity of the nonreproductive brain.

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive behaviors', 'aggressive behavior']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['little seasonal fluctuation']

answer: @entity230 :: (MESH:D013256,Chemical) :: ['steroids']


abstract: Recent advancements in neurobiology have provided increasing insights into the pathophysiology of @entity179 , and opened doors to the development of molecular targeted therapies. Although many compounds showed positive results in animal studies, there is almost no drug for which the efficacy has been confirmed in clinical trials. This failure reflects a number of unsolved problems: limited knowledge of the exact pathways of neuron loss; safety and delivery issues of compounds; lack of established animal models that faithfully recapitulate @entity1 pathology; lack of validated, sensitive outcome measures; and limited tools to diagnose pre-symptomatic @entity1 . To investigate the efficacy of potential disease modifying agents with limited financial and @entity1 resources, the efficiency of both basic and clinical studies should be improved by integrated approaches. The reproduction of positive results from animal experiments that analyse the efficacy of compounds at symptomatic stages is needed to improve the credibility of preclinical studies. To effectuate proof of concept processes, novel designs of phase 2 clinical trials, such as the futility study, are being developed. Given the modest effects of molecular targeted therapies in @entity1 , it is necessary to explore clinical outcome measures that are resistant to variability, subjectivity and placebo. Furthermore, there is an increasing need for testing interventions before the onset of symptoms. Analyses of natural histories of biological and neurophysiological markers may provide indispensable information for designing such preventive trials. As it is now clear that conventional approaches are not necessarily appropriate for the development of molecular targeted therapies, both basic and clinical studies require conceptual innovation.

title: Perspectives on molecular targeted therapies and clinical trials for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']

answer: @entity179 :: (MESH:D019636,Disease) :: ['neurodegenerative diseases']


abstract: Although @entity49 is an uncommon cause of @entity64 among the young, it is being increasingly recognised. A prothrombotic risk factor is identified in the majority of the @entity1 . In most instances it is seen in @entity1 in the post-partum period and those on oral contraceptives. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has improved our ability to diagnose this condition however the variability of radiological and clinical presentation remains a challenge. MR in combination with MR venography (MRV) is the single most sensitive diagnostic technique. The MR appearance of the @entity715 within the dual sinus or cortical vein is variable and is largely dependent on its age. The loss of the normal flow void on spin echo T2 images is a sensitive parameter. @entity715 on MRV is seen as loss of high flow signal from the sinus. Focal parenchymal changes occur in approximately 50% of cases and are due to @entity4 and @entity1188 , with or without @entity548 . Appearances of these lesions too are dependent on their age. Diffuse changes of raised intracranial pressure with gyral effacement may also be present.

title: MRI and MRV in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['oedema']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['Cerebral venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus', 'Thrombus']

answer: @entity49 :: (MESH:D019851,Disease) :: ['cerebral venous thrombosis']


abstract: The accurate diagnosis of pediatric acute @entity490 is one of the most challenging tasks in the @entity341 ( @entity341 ) due to its unclear clinical presentation and non-specific findings in physical examinations, laboratory data, and plain radiographs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of abdominal multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) performed in the @entity341 on pediatric @entity1 presenting with acute @entity490 . A retrospective chart review of @entity1 aged <18 years with acute @entity490 who visited the @entity341 and underwent MDCT between September 2004 and June 2007 was conducted. @entity1 with a history of @entity130 were excluded. A total of 156 @entity1 with acute @entity490 (85 males and 71 females, age 1-17 years; mean age 10.9    4.6 years) who underwent abdominal MDCT in the pediatric @entity341 during this 3-year period were enrolled in the study. One hundred and eighteen @entity1 with suspected @entity698 underwent abdominal MDCT. Sixty four (54.2%) of them had @entity698 , which was proven by histopathology. The sensitivity of abdominal MDCT for @entity698 was found to be 98.5% and the specificity was 84.9%. In this study, the other two common causes of nontraumatic abdominal emergencies were @entity344 and @entity42 . The most common etiology of @entity490 in @entity1 that requires imaging with abdominal MDCT is @entity698 . MDCT has become a preferred and invaluable imaging modality in evaluating uncertain cases of pediatric acute @entity490 in @entity341 , in particular for suspected @entity698 , @entity5 , and @entity344 .

title: Multidetector computed tomography in the evaluation of pediatric acute XXXX in the @entity341 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal tract (GI) infections', 'gastrointestinal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cysts']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

answer: @entity490 :: (MESH:D015746,Disease) :: ['abdominal pain']


abstract: The renin-angiotensin- @entity1369 system is involved in the arterial @entity101 -associated @entity65 . In this context, the development of @entity299 results from an imbalance between profibrotic and antifibrotic pathways, in which the role of @entity1369 is yet not established. To determine the role of intracardiac @entity1369 in the development of @entity296 during @entity101 , we used a double transgenic model ( @entity5427 - @entity29604 ) of cardiac @entity1368 ( @entity5427 ) and systemic @entity101 ( @entity29604 ). The 9-month-old @entity101 @entity19 had @entity299 , and @entity1368 enhanced the fibrotic level. The mRNA levels of connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor-b1 were similarly increased in @entity29604 and @entity5427 - @entity29604 @entity19 compared with wild-type and @entity5427 @entity19 , respectively. @entity1368 combined with @entity101 favored the macrophage infiltration ( @entity18901 (+) cells) in heart, and enhanced the mRNA level of @entity1750 , osteopontin, and galectin 3. Interestingly, in @entity5427 - @entity29604 @entity19 the @entity101 -induced increase in @entity7739 mRNA and protein levels was significantly inhibited, and B-type natriuretic peptide expression was blunted. The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist @entity14292 restored B-type natriuretic peptide and @entity7739 levels and decreased @entity18901 and galectin 3 levels in @entity5427 - @entity29604 @entity19 . Finally, when @entity101 was induced by angiotensin II infusion in wild-type and @entity5427 @entity19 , the mRNA profiles did not differ from those observed in @entity29604 and @entity5427 - @entity29604 @entity19 , respectively. The @entity1369 -induced inhibition of B-type natriuretic peptide and @entity7739 expression was confirmed in vitro in neonatal @entity19 cardiomyocytes. Altogether, we demonstrate that, at the cardiac level, @entity1368 worsens @entity101 -induced @entity82 through 2 mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanisms, activation of @entity32 /galectin 3-induced @entity82 and inhibition of antifibrotic factors (B-type natriuretic peptide and @entity7739 ).

title: @entity1369 inhibits antifibrotic factors in XXXX @entity101 heart.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1750 :: ('20296(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['monocyte chemoattractant protein 1']

entities_list: @entity14292 :: ('MESH:C414690', 'Chemical') :: ['eplerenone']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1368 :: ('MESH:D006929', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperaldosteronism', 'hyperaldosteronism']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular remodeling']

entities_list: @entity7739 :: ('12159(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['bone morphogenetic protein 4']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: We report a population-based case-control study on risk factors for @entity2675 . Data on a broad range of previously suggested risk factors were collected in a set of Scandinavian @entity0 cases and matched controls. Incident cases (n = 282) with histologically verified @entity189 of the breast were identified from notification to the @entity5 registries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden over a 4-year period 1987-1991 and of these cases, 156 @entity1 could be approached and responded. Controls were identified through national central population registers and were matched individually for country, sex and year of birth. Controls with a diagnosis of @entity0 were excluded; 468 of 780 controls responded. Data on risk factors were collected by self-administered questionnaires mailed to the cases between land 2 years after diagnosis and to controls during the same period. The findings were compatible with an increased risk associated with family history of @entity0 (odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-5.6), @entity28 10 years before diagnosis (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.5) for BMI > 30, @entity6 (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.3) and the use of @entity6838 and @entity12833 (OR = 2.0 and 2.1, respectively). The association with family history of @entity0 has been repeated in several studies, while the relation to anthropometric measures has been equivocal. We could not substantiate some associations seen in other studies; namely those with high education, fertility, marital status, @entity130 , @entity409 and religion. The detailed questions about gynaecomastia indicated that many cases reported signs of @entity0 as a gynaecomastia. This type of misunderstanding may explain the strong association with gynaecomastia seen in other studies. Several @entity1 died before contact. Thus, risk factors related to a more @entity2675 or related to high risk of dying (e.g. @entity1575 , heavy smoking) may have been missed.

title: Risk factors for XXXX --a case-control study from Scandinavia.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity2675 :: ('MESH:D018567', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive male breast cancer', 'male breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity12833 :: ('MESH:D008750', 'Chemical') :: ['methyldopa']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['testicular injury']

answer: @entity2675 :: (MESH:D018567,Disease) :: ['male breast cancer']


abstract: Cell lines of @entity16762 resistant to @entity2929 (EryR), @entity2755 (CapR), and @entity4626 (OliR) have been isolated. These may be the first such mutants for A. castellanii. These mutants have been phenotypically stable for 2 years, surviving storage and vegetative multiplication in the absence of drugs. Resistance was specific for each drug, but double mutants (e.g. EryRCapR) were obtained by stepwise selection. Mutant frequencies were determined in multiwell plates; less than 10 colony forming units (CFU/10(5) amebas were observed in wild-type populations 12 days after incubation in 500 microgram Ery/ml, 2.5 mg Cap/ml, or 15 microgram Oli/ml. After 30 days, averages of 100 CFU/10(5) amebas were observed in Ery and Cap, whereas, frequencies for Oli remained unchanged. Frequencies for EryR and CapR were consistent with rates of recovery from these drugs in batch cultures. We were unable to obtain spontaneous mutants resistant to @entity1880 , @entity16345 , @entity10049 , or @entity5611 . EryR, CapR and OliR could be mitochondria mutants.

title: Mutants of @entity16762 resistant to @entity2929 , @entity2755 , and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity5611 :: ('MESH:D004996', 'Chemical') :: ['ethidium bromide']

entities_list: @entity2929 :: ('MESH:D004917', 'Chemical') :: ['erythromycin']

entities_list: @entity10049 :: ('MESH:D005467', 'Chemical') :: ['5-fluorodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity16762 :: ('5755', 'Species') :: ['Acanthamoeba castellanii']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

entities_list: @entity4626 :: ('MESH:D009840', 'Chemical') :: ['oligomycin']

answer: @entity4626 :: (MESH:D009840,Chemical) :: ['oligomycin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a new closed parallel technique of Veress needle insertion and to compare this method with the conventional closed approach. DESIGN: Sequential, randomized, prospective, single-blind clinical trial. SETTING: University hospital. @entity1 (S): @entity1 undergoing elective diagnostic and/or operative laparoscopy. Subjects (n = 200) were assigned randomly to undergo the conventional closed method (group 1; n = 100) or the new parallel technique (group 2; n = 100) of Veress needle insertion. INTERVENTION(S): Randomization of the @entity1 was performed in the operating room. The investigator performed both diagnostic and operative laparoscopy in both study groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Safety and effectiveness of the needle insertion technique. RESULT(S): There were no significant differences in demographics between the groups, or in the time required for Veress needle insertion to establish @entity516 . There were no nonlethal major or minor intraoperative complications associated with either laparoscopic approach. CONCLUSION(S): There is no significant disadvantage to the parallel technique of @entity516 needle insertion compared with the conventional closed approach. This new technique avoids the anatomic location of large vessels during insertion and may serve as a safeguard to decrease the potential for lethal laceration of a major vessel.

title: Randomized, prospective, single-blind trial of a new parallel technique of XXXX needle insertion versus the conventional closed method.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Women', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity516 :: ('MESH:D011027', 'Disease') :: ['pneumoperitoneum', 'Veress pneumoperitoneum']

answer: @entity516 :: (MESH:D011027,Disease) :: ['Veress pneumoperitoneum']


abstract: To evaluate gonadotropin release in @entity3610 ( @entity3610 ), one or more of the following hypothalamic-pituitary function tests were performed on 24 @entity1 with the syndrome. These tests included (a) the pulsatile pattern and day-to-day fluctuation of gonadotropin release; (b) effects of exogenous @entity172 and @entity8413 ( @entity4082 ) administration on gonadotropin release; and (c) pituitary responsiveness to maximal (150 mug) and submaximal (10 mug) @entity12275 ( @entity12275 ) injections. In 10 of the 14 @entity1 sampled frequently (15 min) for 6 h, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were elevated above the concentration seen in normal cycling @entity1 (except the LH surge). These high LH concentrations appeared to be maintained by and temporally related to the presence of exaggerated pulsatile LH release, either in the form of enhanced amplitude or increased frequency. In all subjects, levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were low or low normal, and a pulsatile pattern was not discernible. In four @entity1 , daily sampling revealed marked day-to-day fluctuation of LH but not FSH. That the elevated LH levels were not related to a defect in the negative-feedback effect of @entity172 was suggested by the appropriate fall of LH in four @entity1 given an acute intravenous infusion of @entity53 . This infusion had no effect on FSH levels. In addition, @entity4082 elicited rises of both LH and FSH that were comparable to the ones observed in normal @entity1 given the same treatment. The @entity4082 study also suggested that the positive-feed-back mechanism of @entity172 on LH release was intact when the preovulatory rises of @entity53 induced appropriate LH surges. The elevated LH levels appeared to be related to a heightened pituitary responsiveness to the @entity12275 . This was found in the 11 and 2 @entity1 given maximal (150 mug) and submaximal (10 mug) doses of @entity12275 , respectively. The augmented pituitary sensitivity for LH release correlated with the basal levels of both @entity1815 (P less than 0.025) and @entity53 (P less than 0.02). The net increase in FSH was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in the @entity3610 @entity1 than the normal @entity1 with maximal doses of @entity12275 . With the smaller dose study none of the injections had a discernible effect on FSH concentrations in either subject. The disparity between LH and FSH secretion could be explained by the preferential inhibitory action of @entity172 on FSH release, coupled with a relative insensitivity of FSH release. These data indicate that in these @entity3610 @entity1 the abnormalities of the hypothalamic-pituitary regulation of gonadotropin secretion was not an inherent defect but represented a functional derangement consequent to inappropriate @entity172 feedback, which led to a vicious cycle of chronic @entity3206 and inappropriate gonadotropin secretion.

title: Characterization of the inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic ovary syndrome', 'PCO']

entities_list: @entity8413 :: ('MESH:D020847', 'Chemical') :: ['antiestrogen']

entities_list: @entity12275 :: ('153222', 'Gene') :: ['luteinizing hormone-releasing factor', 'LRF']

entities_list: @entity4082 :: ('MESH:D002996', 'Chemical') :: ['clomiphene']

entities_list: @entity3206 :: ('MESH:D000858', 'Disease') :: ['anovulation']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity3610 :: (MESH:D011085,Disease) :: ['polycystic ovary syndrome']


abstract: We have developed procedures for sensitive measurement of specific radioactivities of @entity7391 nucleosides excreted from cells in culture. The changes in the observed values reflect dilution of the added isotope through de novo biosynthesis of nonradioactive @entity7392 or by shifting and equilibration of other @entity377 pools into the free @entity6683 pool. It is thus possible to monitor @entity6683 biosynthesis occurring in intact cells without destroying or disrupting the cell population. On comparing a series of normal and and transformed lines, we have observed several growth-dependent patterns of change in specific activity and levels of @entity6683 excretion and the temporal appearance of these changes. Hamster embryo fibroblasts slows @entity7391 biosynthesis at mid-growth while the hamster cell line V79 continues to dilute the @entity7391 pool at about 7% of the rate observed during exponential growth at confluence. Both cells exhibit Urd excretion beginning at one-half maximal growth. Passageable normal @entity35 liver cells (IARC-20) also show a cessation of @entity7391 biosynthesis with a prior increase in @entity6683 excretion. Two chemically transformed lines IARC-28 and IARC-19 derived from IARC-20 show different patterns. IARC-19 begins @entity6683 excretion in early log growth and the specific activity continues to decrease at about 2% of the rate observed during exponential growth at confluence. The IARC-28 cells also begin excretion in early log growth but @entity7391 biosynthesis stops at about midlog. This method may prove to be an additional aid in recognizing and differentiating transformed cells in culture that do not exhibit the transformed phenotype.

title: XXXX biosynthesis in normal and transformed cells.

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity7392 :: ('MESH:D011741', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine nucleosides']

entities_list: @entity7391 :: ('MESH:C030986', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrimidine']

answer: @entity7391 :: (MESH:C030986,Chemical) :: ['Pyrimidine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Late-onset @entity13785 (LOPD) is a rare cause of declining proximal muscle strength and respiratory function that can also affect other organ systems. The development of enzyme replacement therapy has made it one of the few @entity74 with treatment, but clinical response is difficult to assess due to the variable and often slow progression of illness. A better understanding of the disease's systemic effects can be gleaned through autopsy findings. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to: (1) describe the histological findings observed in LOPD, (2) provide correlations between reported histological and clinical findings, and (3) review the literature on autopsy findings in LOPD. METHODS: Histological evaluation of autopsy tissues from a 62-year-old @entity1 with LOPD was conducted. A clinical history was obtained by review of the medical records. The literature was reviewed for previously reported histological and clinical findings in LOPD. Based on this case report and information from prior publications, histological and clinical findings for the disease were correlated. RESULTS: Histologic examination revealed mostly mild @entity13312 typical of glycogen accumulation within skeletal and smooth muscle cells. The most prominent @entity13312 was in quadriceps muscle, which also exhibited chronic @entity5442 with degenerating and regenerating muscle fibers. Transmission electron microscopy disclosed lysosomal glycogen accumulation within skeletal, cardiac, and vascular smooth muscle cells, correlating with published case reports of basilar artery and ascending @entity438 . Organs containing smooth muscle cells (the bladder, intestine, and esophagus) were also affected, explaining reports of symptoms such as @entity322 and @entity1282 . In addition to glycogen accumulation, there was obvious damage to the contraction apparatus of myofibrils within cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. These histological and ultrastructural findings correlate with the clinical manifestations of LOPD. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to describe histological findings of LOPD utilizing both traditional paraffin-processed tissues and @entity990 resin embedded tissues for high-resolution light microscopy. The findings are similar to those seen in previous studies, but with improved morphological detail and glycogen preservation. This @entity1 exhibited histological involvement of multiple organs, correlating with the clinical features of LOPD. With the advent of definitive therapy for @entity13785 , it is important to be aware of these findings and use them to develop methods for tracking therapeutic response.

title: Autopsy findings in late-onset XXXX : a case report and systematic review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity13312 :: ('MESH:C536522', 'Disease') :: ['vacuolar myopathy']

entities_list: @entity13785 :: ('MESH:D006009', 'Disease') :: ['Pompe disease']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['inherited muscle disorders']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['aortic aneurysms and carotid artery dissection']

answer: @entity13785 :: (MESH:D006009,Disease) :: ['Pompe disease']


abstract: Gut mesodermal tissues originate from the splanchnopleural mesenchyme. However, the embryonic gastrointestinal coelomic epithelium gives rise to mesenchymal cells, whose significance and fate are little known. Our aim was to investigate the contribution of coelomic epithelium-derived cells to the intestinal development. We have used the transgenic @entity19 model @entity11490 ( @entity11490 (cre)) crossed with the Rosa26R-EYFP reporter @entity19 . In the gastrointestinal duct @entity11490 , the @entity3969 suppressor gene, is specific and dynamically expressed in the coelomic epithelium. In the embryos obtained from the crossbreeding, the @entity11490 -expressing cell lineage produces the yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) allowing for colocalization with differentiation markers through confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. @entity11490 (cre-YFP) cells were very abundant throughout the intestine during midgestation, declining in neonates. @entity11490 (cre-YFP) cells were also transiently observed within the mucosa, being apparently released into the intestinal lumen. YFP was detected in cells contributing to intestinal vascularization (endothelium, pericytes and smooth muscle), visceral musculature (circular, longitudinal and submucosal) as well as in Cajal and Cajal-like interstitial cells. @entity11490 (cre-YFP) mesenchymal cells expressed @entity13650 , a critical growth factor for intestinal development, as well as @entity20421 , mainly within developing villi. Thus, a cell population derived from the coelomic epithelium incorporates to the gut mesenchyme and contribute to a variety of intestinal tissues, probably playing also a signaling role. Our results support the origin of interstitial cells of Cajal and visceral circular muscle from a common progenitor expressing anoctamin-1 and SMCa-actin. Coelomic-derived cells contribute to the differentiation of at least a part of the interstitial cells of Cajal.

title: Cells derived from the coelomic epithelium contribute to multiple gastrointestinal tissues in XXXX embryos.

entities_list: @entity3969 :: ('MESH:D009396', 'Disease') :: ["Wilms' tumor"]

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: PURPOSE: Demonstration of experimental @entity792 (EAU) with extremely small, fragmented peptides (12-30 @entity535 residues) of @entity27128 ( @entity27128 ). METHOD: Very small fragmented peptides (no. 854, 888, 907, and 1057) were conjugated to heat-killed Group A Streptococcus cells and administered as a single intravenous injection to Lewis @entity35 . A non-uveitogenic peptide 950 was also conjugated to heat-killed Streptococcus and administered. Administration of a mixture of small peptides and Streptococcus was a control for the peptides conjugated with Streptococcus. RESULTS: The uveitogenic peptide/Streptococcus conjugates produced @entity1596 inflammatory responses in the uvea, retina and pineal gland. Administration of mixtures of small peptides and Streptococcus cells, and a non-uveitogenic peptide 950 conjugated with Streptococcus did not produce @entity792 . CONCLUSIONS: Since mixtures of small uveitogenic peptides and Streptococcal cells did not develop @entity792 , conjugated Streptococcal cells provided a vehicle for macrophage phagocytosos of very small uveitogenic @entity27128 peptides. Subsequent antigen presentation from macrophages to lymphocytes developed @entity792 . Peptide 888, one of four @entity27128 peptides that encompass the major uveitogenic domain, proved to be the most effective in development of @entity1596 .

title: A new procedure for experimental XXXX with small uveitogenic peptides.

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity27128 :: ('24711(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IRPB', 'interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein', 'IRBP']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune uveitis']

answer: @entity792 :: (MESH:D001327,Disease) :: ['autoimmune uveitis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Salivary gland epithelial cells in @entity1 with @entity244 ( @entity244 ) and in NOD and NODscid @entity19 express Fas and Fas ligand, and these cells die from apoptosis. To elucidate the intracellular molecular mechanisms responsible for this salivary gland epithelial cell apoptosis, expression of the @entity1379 family of proteins ( @entity1379 , @entity26667 , @entity1380 ) and caspase ( @entity34645 ) was studied in young (ages 8-10 weeks) and old (ages 17-28 weeks) NOD and NOD.scid @entity19 . METHODS: Sections of frozen salivary gland tissue were obtained from NOD and NOD.scid @entity19 and from the lip biopsy material of @entity244 @entity1 . Immunohistochemistry or Western blot analysis was performed to assess the apoptotic-associated proteins. RESULTS: Levels of @entity1380 and @entity185 were elevated in the epithelial cells of glands from old NOD @entity19 , but not in those from young NOD @entity19 . In contrast, epithelial cells from both young and old NOD.scid @entity19 exhibited strong expression of @entity1380 and @entity185 . Western blot analysis showed that the activated form of @entity185 was increased 2-5-fold in the glands from old NOD, old NOD.scid, and young NOD.scid @entity19 compared with those from young NOD @entity19 . @entity522 was also significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in @entity244 @entity1 whose focus scores were grade 3 or 4. In the @entity244 @entity1 ' biopsy tissue and in the @entity19 glands, cells with fragmented DNA were positive for @entity185 . CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that salivary gland epithelial cells in NOD and NOD.scid @entity19 overexpress the proapoptotic molecules @entity1380 and @entity185 . @entity1380 could be the gene responsible for initiation of caspase activation, epithelial cell destruction, and lymphocyte glandular localization in @entity244 .

title: Elevated proapoptotic @entity1380 and @entity185 activation in the NOD.scid model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Sj  gren's syndrome", 'SS']

answer: @entity244 :: (MESH:D014899,Disease) :: ['Sj  gren's syndrome']


abstract: BACKGROUND: An alternative to implant-based breast reconstruction using acellular dermal matrix is the use of a @entity702 -coated @entity7502 mesh. The mesh was approved for implant-based breast reconstruction in Europe in 2008, but only limited clinical data are available. METHODS: Two hundred seven @entity1 (231 breasts) with skin-sparing/nipple-sparing or modified radical mastectomy and immediate or delayed implant-based breast reconstruction using @entity702 -coated @entity7502 mesh were evaluated retrospectively. The primary endpoints were identification of @entity1 -related and surgical factors that were predictive for an adverse outcome and the development of recommendations for @entity1 eligible for implant-based breast reconstruction using the mesh. Complications were divided into major (need for additional surgery), minor (conservative treatment), and implant loss. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the influence of the @entity1 - and procedure-related characteristics on @entity260 and implant loss. RESULTS: No risk factors were observed for @entity1 -associated complications. Major complications occurred in 13.4 percent, minor complications in 15.6 percent, and implant loss in 8.7 percent of @entity1 . Univariate analysis revealed procedure-related risk factors for @entity260 with a bilateral procedure (p = 0.013) or skin expansion before implant surgery (p = 0.043). Multivariate analysis confirmed these risk factors and revealed an increased risk for implant loss in @entity1 with @entity39 (p < 0.001) and capsule @entity82 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This @entity702 -coated @entity7502 mesh shows acceptable complication rates and can be a helpful device in implant-based breast reconstruction. The mesh should only be used in primary cases and, when adhering to the proposed indications, is a safe and convenient option in implant-based breast reconstruction. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, III.

title: Implant-based breast reconstruction using a XXXX -coated @entity7502 mesh (TiLOOP Bra): a multicenter study of 231 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['skin necrosis']

entities_list: @entity7502 :: ('MESH:D011126', 'Chemical') :: ['polypropylene']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

answer: @entity702 :: (MESH:D014025,Chemical) :: ['titanium']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) has been demonstrated to be an important immunoregulation molecule in the process of cellular immunologic interactions. Our recent results demonstrated that NO is produced in association with acute allograft rejection and NO inhibition may suppress rejection histologically. This data provides direct evidence of NO in allograft rejection and the immunosuppressive potential of NO inhibitors. In this paper, the effect of NO inhibition on allograft survival was evaluated to investigate the capacity of NO inhibitors as immunosuppressive agents. Seventeen @entity35 left lung transplants from BN donors to F344 recipients were accepted for this study. After surgery, recipients were randomized into two groups and received either @entity5118 (AG), a highly selective NO synthase inhibitor, 200 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal every 6h (n = 13) or normal saline treatment (n = 4). No production was determined from the recipient's serum @entity3542 and @entity1507 levels. Graft survival was monitored via semi-quantitative radiographic aeration scores (AS: 0 = opaque lung to 6 = normal appearing lung). The @entity3542 and @entity1507 levels were clearly detectable before the radiographic finding associated with rejection became obvious. Production of NO was significantly inhibited by AG treatment. AG treatment prolonged allograft survival radiographically (12.0 days and 6.0 days for treated and untreated groups respectively, p = 0.0001). These data suggest that the inducible NO is produced in association with acute lung allograft rejection and may serve as a sensitive rejection marker. NO inhibition significantly prolonged @entity35 lung allograft survival but failed to induce @entity1200 .

title: Inhibition of inducible @entity842 synthase prolongs XXXX lung allograft survival.

entities_list: @entity5118 :: ('MESH:C004479', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoguanidine']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immunological tolerance']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: @entity440 has been the gold standard adjuvant therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal @entity1 with hormone-receptor-positive (HR+) early @entity0 for many years. @entity440 treatment is limited to 5 years because of the development of de novo and acquired resistance, and an ongoing risk of adverse events, including @entity1204 , @entity1031 , and gynecological symptoms with long-term use. The third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs), @entity4672 , @entity13558 , and @entity17082 , are displacing @entity440 as the first-choice therapy for HR+ early @entity0 , and are now recommended as the preferred therapy by national and international guidelines. Recent randomized trials have demonstrated that the AIs are more effective than @entity440 in preventing disease recurrence when used in substitution and sequential strategies in the early adjuvant setting, and @entity4672 has been shown to be more effective than placebo in the extended adjuvant setting (after 5 years of @entity440 therapy). Trial safety data show that the overall tolerability of AIs is similar to that of @entity440 , with adverse events being predictably characteristic of @entity172 deprivation; however, some important differences in adverse event profiles between @entity440 and the AIs have been demonstrated. In addition to antiestrogenic effects, @entity440 acts as an @entity172 agonist in some tissues, which can lead to serious side effects not associated with the AIs, which prevent @entity172 biosynthesis. A lower incidence of gynecological and @entity1031 is observed in @entity1 taking AIs, and fewer cases of @entity1204 are seen compared with @entity440 . Adverse events that are more frequent with adjuvant AI therapy compared with @entity440 include @entity4841 and @entity925 , @entity604 , and effects on the @entity65 . The effects of AIs on bone are predictable and may be easily managed, where necessary, with @entity171 . Studies examining the effects of AIs on the cardiovascular system and lipid profiles, including in the extended adjuvant setting, suggest that these adverse events may be due to the absence of a protective effect of @entity440 rather than true AI @entity137 . Further studies are required to determine the long-term safety of AI therapy in postmenopausal @entity1 with HR+ early @entity0 .

title: Aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal @entity1 with early XXXX : Putting safety issues into perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity4672 :: ('MESH:C067431', 'Chemical') :: ['letrozole']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen', 'Tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity171 :: ('MESH:D004164', 'Chemical') :: ['bisphosphonates']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

entities_list: @entity17082 :: ('MESH:C056516', 'Chemical') :: ['exemestane']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolic events']

entities_list: @entity13558 :: ('MESH:C090450', 'Chemical') :: ['anastrozole']

entities_list: @entity4841 :: ('MESH:D018771', 'Disease') :: ['arthralgia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular system and blood lipids']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of identifying the sentinel lymph node and involvement of neoplastic cells in @entity1 with @entity1204 limited to the uterus, and also its correlation with the conditions of other pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes. Forty @entity1 with @entity1204 , clinical staging I and II, were submitted to complete surgical staging through laparotomy, as recommended by FIGO in 1988. The sentinel node was investigated using patent blue dye in the myometrial subserosa. The sentinel node was excised and submitted to frozen section examination of specimen, stained with @entity1710 and @entity1711 (H_E). Afterward, selective bilateral para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy, total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed. The lymph nodes excised were examined by means of paraffin-embedded slices stained with H_E and of imunohistochemistry with antikeratin antibody @entity1325 / @entity1326 . The sentinel lymph node was identified in 77.5% of @entity1 (31/40), and 16.1% (5/31) presented neoplastic involvement in the node. In 25 cases of negative sentinel node, 96% (24/25) had no neoplastic involvement, and 4% (1/25) had other lymph node affected (false negative). In nine cases with no sentinel node identified, 55.5% (5/9) had lymph node involvement. The results of this study allow us to conclude that it is possible to identify the sentinel node using the methods described, and the pathologic examination significantly represents the same conditions of other pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes.

title: Sentinel lymph node in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1710 :: ('MESH:D006416', 'Chemical') :: ['hematoxylin']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['endometrial cancer']


abstract: Radiological diagnosis of @entity1028 is discussed. This review is based on the evaluation of 70 abdominal plain films and 58 aortograms. In addition, 11 @entity439 have been examined by ultrasound tomography (grey-scale technique). In 15% of @entity1 referred with suspicion of @entity439 , the diagnosis could not be confirmed radiologically or operatively. The diagnosis of @entity1028 can be established in 80% of @entity1 on the basis of the abdominal plain films. Ultrasonography gives better results as a screening method, since it renders a definite diagnosis possible in about 98% of cases and unnecessary arteriography can thus be avoided. However, preoperative abdominal aortography remains indispensable for demonstration of the exact anatomic details and pathologic changes in the large abdominal and pelvic arteries. The risk involved in this examination are minimal. Suprarenal or combined supra- and infrarenal @entity439 were found in 9% (5 @entity1 ), and @entity2791 or @entity3885 in 12% (7 cases). @entity850 of the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery were present in only 2 @entity1 with suprarenal expansion of the @entity439 . The angiographic-anatomic correlation is excellent, and only very infrequently is it impossible to determine exactly the distal extent of the @entity439 (2 @entity1 ).

title: [Radiologic diagnosis of XXXX . Value of abdominal radiography, ultrasonic tomography and abdominal aortography].

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['obstruction']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['Obstruction or stenosis']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['arteriosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm', 'abdominal aortic aneurysm']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['abdominal aortic aneurysm']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Controlled evaluations are subject to uncertainty regarding their replication in the real world, particularly around systems of service provision. Using routinely collected data, we undertook a risk adjusted cost-effectiveness (RAC-E) analysis of alternative applied models of primary health care for the management of @entity28 adult @entity1 . Models were based on the reported level of involvement of practice nurses (registered or enrolled nurses working in general practice) in the provision of clinical-based activities. DESIGN AND METHODS: Linked, routinely collected clinical data describing clinical outcomes (weight, BMI, and @entity28 ) and resource use (primary care, pharmaceutical, and hospital resource use) were collected. Potential confounders were controlled for using propensity weighted regression analyses. RESULTS: Relative to low level involvement of practice nurses in the provision of clinical-based activities to @entity28 @entity1 , high level involvement was associated with lower costs and better outcomes (more @entity1 losing weight, and larger mean reductions in BMI). Excluding hospital costs, high level practice nurse involvement was associated with slightly higher costs. Incrementally, the high level model gets one additional @entity28 @entity1 to lose weight at an additional cost of  6,741, and reduces mean BMI by an additional one point at an additional cost of  563 (upper 95% confidence interval  1,547). CONCLUSION: Converted to quality adjusted life year (QALY) gains, the results provide a strong indication that increased involvement of practice nurses in clinical activities is associated with additional health benefits that are achieved at reasonable additional cost. Dissemination activities and incentives are required to encourage general practices to better integrate practice nurses in the active provision of clinical services.

title: A risk adjusted cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative models of nurse involvement in XXXX management in primary care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity-related complications', 'obese']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Amorphous @entity730 frequently appears in dental pulp tissues of @entity6 @entity1 ; however, its pathologic process has not been fully elucidated. We previously found that @entity3466 and thickened predentin occurred more frequently in @entity6 @entity35 . Recent findings demonstrated that accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) might be involved in @entity729 complicated with @entity6 . The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AGE on calcified nodule formation by @entity35 dental pulp cells in culture. METHODS: @entity35 dental pulp cells and gingival fibroblasts were independently cultured with 50 and 100  g/mL AGE. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcified nodule formation were measured. Expressions of receptor for AGE, osteopontin (OPN), and @entity9356 ( @entity9356 ) mRNA were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of OPN and @entity9356 secreted in culture medium were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: AGE (50 and 100  g/mL) markedly increased both alkaline phosphatase activity and calcified nodule formation in dental pulp cells (P < .01), whereas it did not affect those in gingival fibroblasts. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that AGE increased mRNA expressions of receptor for AGE, OPN, and @entity9356 in dental pulp cells (P < .05). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis revealed that the protein levels of OPN and @entity9356 produced by dental pulp cells were higher in AGE-treated than in untreated cells (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: AGE enhanced the @entity730 potentials of @entity35 dental pulp cells, suggesting that it may stimulate pathologic @entity730 of @entity6 .

title: Advanced glycation end-products enhance XXXX in cultured @entity35 dental pulp cells.

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes', 'diabetic dental pulp tissues']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['vascular calcification']

entities_list: @entity3466 :: ('MESH:D003784', 'Disease') :: ['pulp stones']

answer: @entity730 :: (MESH:D002114,Disease) :: ['calcification']


abstract: The effects of excessive doses of @entity815 on @entity410 susceptibility were examined in animal models in the past, primarily because of their relevance to @entity814 . It was thought that such effects might involve brain monoaminergic mechanisms. Recently, this issue has been pursued with a renewed interest but for a different reason. The dipeptide sweetener, @entity14006 , contains a @entity815 residue. In the last three years, a number of studies involving as many as nine animal models of @entity410 have reexamined the effects of @entity815 (and @entity14006 ) on @entity410 thresholds. Data from these studies are in general agreement that @entity14006 at dosage levels below 1,000 mg/kg, or @entity815 at equimolar doses, is without an effect on @entity410 susceptibility in animals. When the dosage level of @entity14006 reaches 1,000 mg/kg, the findings between various laboratories and from different animal models of @entity410 are inconsistent, showing either no effect or a proconvulsant effect. The Acceptable Daily Intake of @entity14006 in @entity1 set by the Food and Drug Administration is 50 mg/kg/day. Thus, the data from the excessive bolus doses in rodents do not appear to be relevant to @entity1 use. This article provides a detailed review of the data from both early and recent studies and points out the methodological problems apparent at such high doses.

title: Pharmacological effects of @entity815 on XXXX susceptibility: an overview.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity814 :: ('MESH:D010661', 'Disease') :: ['phenylketonuria']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity14006 :: ('MESH:D001218', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartame']

answer: @entity410 :: (MESH:D012640,Disease) :: ['seizure']


abstract: Earlier studies on the cardiovascular effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) inhibitors implicate @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ) present in the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of @entity101 . We have now examined whether central @entity1808 contributes to the maintenance of established @entity101 in @entity64 -prone spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 (SHRSP). The @entity1811 inhibitor, enalaprilat, was infused i.c.v. for two weeks at a rate of 5 micrograms/h via osmotic minipumps. Control @entity35 were either untreated or infused with saline. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), measured via an indwelling catheter, fell within 24 h in the enalaprilat-treated @entity35 and remained at least 30 mmHg lower than in controls. This difference persisted after intravenous (i.v.) administration of a vasopressin (AVP) antagonist but was eliminated by subsequent ganglion blockade with i.v. @entity30049 . Without prior administration of the AVP antagonist, however, the reductions of MAP after @entity30049 were smaller. The reduction was still attenuated in treated @entity35 compared with controls but there was a significant difference in the residual MAP. Circulating @entity2922 levels were reduced by central @entity1811 inhibition. However, pressor responsiveness to i.v. @entity2647 was unaffected. The results suggest that, in SHRSP, central @entity1811 inhibition lowers blood pressure by reducing sympathetic outflow, implying that central @entity1808 has a tonic sympathoexcitatory effect in this strain.

title: Chronic central administration of enalaprilat lowers blood pressure in XXXX -prone spontaneously @entity101 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['adult stroke']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity30049 :: ('MESH:D010425', 'Chemical') :: ['pentolinium']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity2922 :: ('CHEBI:33567', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamine']

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin converting enzyme']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of @entity322 among a community-residing older population in Japan. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: A randomly selected sample of 1473 @entity1 aged 65 years and older living in the City of Settsu, Osaka, in 1992. MEASURES: Data collected via in-home visits were used to estimate the prevalence of @entity322 and to provide information regarding potential risk factors of @entity322 . RESULTS: Data were obtained from 1405 older adults, a response rate of 95.4%. The prevalence of any degree of @entity322 was 98/1000 in both sexes, and 87/ 1000 @entity1 and 66/1000 @entity1 admitted to some degree of @entity1241 . Daily, 34/1000 and 20/1000 of the population were @entity322 and feces, respectively. There was an increasing prevalence of @entity322 with age in both sexes, but the expected greater prevalence in @entity1 was not found. By univariate analyses, age older than 75 years, poor general health as measured by Activities of Daily Living, @entity64 , @entity303 , no participation in social activities, and lack of life worth living (Ikigai) were associated significantly with both @entity322 . In the multivariate analyses using logistic regression, age older than 75 years, poor general health, and @entity64 were independent risk factors for any type of @entity322 . @entity6 was an independent risk factor for isolated @entity1241 , and @entity303 and no participation in social activities were independent risk factors for double @entity322 . CONCLUSIONS: Incontinence of urine and feces is a prevalent condition among very old @entity1 living in the community in Japan and is associated highly with health and psychosocial conditions.

title: Urinary and XXXX in a community-residing older population in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary and fecal incontinence', 'urinary incontinence', 'incontinence', 'incontinent of urine']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity1241 :: ('MESH:D005242', 'Disease') :: ['fecal incontinence']

answer: @entity1241 :: (MESH:D005242,Disease) :: ['fecal incontinence']


abstract: The response of the adaptive immune system is usually less intense in premature neonates than term neonates. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether immunological parameters vary between preterm (PT) neonates (>= 32 weeks of gestational age) and @entity6632 ( @entity6632 ) neonates (<32 weeks of gestational age). A cross-sectional study was designed to prospectively follow PT and @entity6632 neonates at risk of developing @entity295 . Plasma concentrations of @entity379 , @entity310 , @entity650 , @entity3646 , and @entity688 were detected using flow cytometry. @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) and the complex SC5b-9 were detected in the plasma using commercial kits. A total of 83 @entity1 were included. The laboratory results and clinical histories showed that 26 @entity1 had @entity295 ; 14 were @entity6632 , and 12 were PT. The levels of @entity1851 , SC5b-9 (innate immune response mediators), and @entity688 or @entity3646 (anti-inflammatory cytokines) were elevated during @entity295 in both groups. @entity379 , @entity310 , and @entity650 (proinflammatory cytokines) were differentially elevated only in PT neonates. The @entity6632 neonates with @entity295 presented increases in @entity1851 , SC5b-9, and anti-inflammatory cytokines but not in proinflammatory cytokines, whereas PT neonates showed increases in all studied mediators of @entity32 .

title: Inflammatory Response in Preterm and Very Preterm Newborns with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'C-RP']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6632 :: ('MESH:C536353', 'Disease') :: ['VPT', 'very preterm']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['Sepsis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find the prevalence of @entity286 dependency in the population of six counties in Lleida and in @entity1 with @entity102 or vascular risk factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. A descriptive analysis of the data. SETTING: Six counties in Lleida: 5 Pyrenean counties with a rural population and the Segri   county with an urban population. @entity1 : A personal questionnaire covering 900 @entity1 over 15 (95% CI, 4% accuracy), chosen by randomised sampling, stratified for urban or rural, from the Municipal Rolls. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 543 individuals took part. Prevalence of @entity286 dependency was 19.7%, higher in @entity1 (27.7%) than in @entity1 (12%) (p < 0.05). However, among the young there were no difference between the sexes. CONCLUSIONS: We found a low, in comparison with other studies, percentage of smokers in our sample, with a high prevalence of ex-smokers among @entity1 with ictus or @entity301 . However, the high prevalence of smokers among the individuals with some @entity65 factor points to the need to redouble efforts in health education on @entity286 .

title: [Prevalence of XXXX dependence in 6 counties of Lleida].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary Disease']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic diseases']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risk']

answer: @entity286 :: (4097,Species) :: ['tobacco']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe the surgical technique, and evaluate and analyze the clinical outcomes of @entity1 who underwent tibial tubercle realignment in our institution. Reported results of tibial tubercle transfer for patellofemoral @entity893 vary considerably. Most authors rely mainly on the passive intraoperative patellar tracking test in determining the new location of the tibial tubercle. Conversely, the senior author relocates the tibial tubercle based on the intraoperative active and passive patellar tracking tests and the condition of the patellar articular surface. The medical records of 66 consecutive @entity1 who underwent 80 tibial tubercle relocation procedures due to patellar instability or patellofemoral @entity158 and maltracking were reviewed. Fifty-five @entity1 with 69 operated knees participated in designated follow-ups which were conducted according to a predesigned protocol. The median follow-up was 6.2 years (range 2-13 years). Clinical outcomes significantly improved compared to the preoperative state; 72.5% of operated knees demonstrated good-to-excellent results according to the Lysholm and Karlsson scores, and physical findings supported the positive effect of the procedure. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between clinical outcomes and male gender, the absence of moderate to severe @entity16 , and instability as the dominant preoperative symptom. @entity260 rate was low and @entity1 with longer postoperative follow-ups demonstrated better clinical outcomes. The presented method of tibial tubercle transfer provided a good long-lasting surgical solution for @entity1 with patellar instability and @entity1 with patellar maltracking and anterior knee @entity158 . Good prognostic factors included male gender, clinical patellar instability as the dominant preoperative symptom and intact patellar articular cartilage.

title: Tailored tibial tubercle transfer for patellofemoral XXXX : analysis of clinical outcomes.

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['patellar chondral damage']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity893 :: ('MESH:D017760', 'Disease') :: ['malalignment']

answer: @entity893 :: (MESH:D017760,Disease) :: ['malalignment']


abstract: Twenty-three consecutive @entity1 with duodenal @entity1066 complicated by @entity2203 who came under the care of one surgeon were treated by highly selective vagotomy (HSV) combined with digital dilatation of the @entity850 through a gastrotomy. No form of @entity5173 procedure was used. Thus the antral "mill" and the pyloric sphineter were left intact. Since the @entity850 is usually distal to the pylorus rather than truly pyloric such dilatation does not damage the pyloric ring, although it may on occasion lead to perforation of the first part of the duodenum. The subsequent progress of these @entity1 was compared with that of a similar, consecutive series of 23 @entity1 with @entity2203 who were treated by truncal vagotomy with a @entity5173 procedure by other surgeons on the same surgical unit. @entity1 were followed up for between four months and five years. The clinical assessment was carried out in "blind" fashion at a special gastric follow-up clinic. No evidence of recurrent @entity1066 was found in either group of @entity1 . Two @entity1 from each group subsequently came to reoperation for the relief of @entity7623 . Twenty-two of the 23 @entity1 (96%) who had undergone HSV plus dilatation eventually achieved a good-to-excellent clinical result (Visick grades 1+2), wheras only 17 of the 23 @entity1 (74%) who had undergone truncal vagotomy with @entity5173 achieved such a result. The main clinical difference between the two groups was that side effects such as @entity294 and @entity490 or discomfort were more common after vagotomy with @entity5173 than after HSV. These results bear witness to the remarkable propulsive powers of the gastric antrum after HSV, which were evidently sufficient to overcome any tendency to @entity850 in more than 90% of @entity1 . The 9% incidence of failure due to @entity850 could perhaps be avoided if a small duodenoplasty were performed instead of simple digital dilatation. The results support the hypothesis that damage to the antral mill and pyloric sphincter can be avoided in the course of operations for "pyloric" @entity850 secondary to duodenal @entity1066 . Avoidance of the @entity5173 procedure is of benefit to the @entity1 , just as it is in @entity1 who have duodenal @entity1066 without @entity850 .

title: Highly selective vagotomy plus dilatation of the @entity850 compared with truncal vagotomy and XXXX in the treatment of @entity2203 secondary to duodenal @entity1066 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulceration']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhoea']

entities_list: @entity2203 :: ('MESH:D011707', 'Disease') :: ['pyloric stenosis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity7623 :: ('MESH:D018589', 'Disease') :: ['gastric stasis']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['re-stenosis', 'stenosis']

answer: @entity5173 :: (MESH:D065634,Disease) :: ['drainage']