abstract: BACKGROUND: The development of potent H1-receptor antagonists that are free of adverse effects has renewed interest in their use in the treatment of @entity565 . METHODS: We performed a study of the action of @entity17567 , @entity9691 , @entity30887 , @entity14746 , @entity7782 , @entity29744 , and @entity11366 compared with placebo on @entity112 -induced skin wheals and bronchoconstriction in a single group of @entity1 with @entity565 . Another group underwent @entity2710 bronchoprovocation. RESULTS: @entity16206 pretreatment increased mean baseline measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) between 2.58% and 9.28% compared with placebo, which was significant for all drugs except @entity30887 and @entity29744 . Compared with placebo, all antihistamines provided significant protection against @entity112 -induced bronchoconstriction when measured as the provocation concentration required to cause a 20% fall in FEV1; @entity9691 and @entity14746 provided significantly greater protection than other antihistamines. Protection against @entity112 -induced skin wheals, measured as the slope of the log concentration-response curve, was only significant for the new drugs, @entity9691 and @entity14746 . There was a good correlation between the protective effect of the drugs in the skin and airways (r = 0.85; p < 0.01). No significant difference in @entity2710 provocation concentration required to cause a 20% fall in FEV1 values between treatments was found. CONCLUSIONS: The new H1-receptor antagonists @entity9691 and @entity14746 provided significantly better protection than the older antihistamines against the action of @entity112 in the skin and airways. None of the antihistamines showed evidence of anticholinergic activity in the asthmatic airways at the doses studied.

title: The comparative actions and adverse effect profile of single doses of H1-receptor antihistamines in the airways and skin of subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity16206 :: ('CHEBI:37956', 'Chemical') :: ['Antihistamine']

entities_list: @entity7782 :: ('MESH:D003533', 'Chemical') :: ['cyproheptadine']

entities_list: @entity29744 :: ('MESH:D002974', 'Chemical') :: ['clemastine']

entities_list: @entity30887 :: ('MESH:D001977', 'Chemical') :: ['brompheniramine']

entities_list: @entity9691 :: ('MESH:D016593', 'Chemical') :: ['terfenadine']

entities_list: @entity14746 :: ('MESH:D017332', 'Chemical') :: ['cetirizine']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity17567 :: ('MESH:D002744', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorpheniramine']

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

entities_list: @entity11366 :: ('MESH:D016589', 'Chemical') :: ['astemizole']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The surgical treatment of @entity3604 is associated with many complications. Vertebroplasty (VP) and kyphoplasty (KP) are minimally invasive procedures allowing us to strengthen the vertebral body and thus stabilize it. The aim of this non-randomized study is to evaluate a group of @entity1 treated by VP and KP procedures and to discuss related risks. MATERIAL Between September 2005 and October 2007, a total of 32 @entity1 (37 vertebrae) were treated by the VP and KP techniques. Vertebroplasty was used in 21 and kyphoplasty in 11 @entity1 . In this initial group, four @entity1 were excluded from evaluation because of a @entity5 aetiology of the @entity174 . The remaining 28 @entity1 who had an @entity3604 verified by CT scan findings were followed up and evaluated. METHODS The evaluation was based on modified @entity717 index (ODI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores recorded at 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months and 1 year postoperatively. Cement leakage detected by X-ray was assessed by means of the classification used by Yeom et al. and, at the same time, the occurrence of adjacent @entity174 , if any, was detected by 1 year after surgery. RESULTS Radiographic cement leakage was found in eight @entity1 (21.6%), with clinical manifestation in two (5.4%). One had an incomplete @entity66 due to cement leakage into the spinal column, and the other had @entity1151 due to cement leakage into the mediastinum. The whole group showed marked improvement in clinical condition, as assessed by the ODI. When expressed as per cent, the average ODI was 57% pre- and 15.7 % post-operatively. All @entity1 reported @entity158 relief in the affected spine. The average VAS score of 8.1 pre-operatively decreased to an average of 2.6 post-operatively. There were no radiographic findings of adjacent @entity174 . DISCUSSION Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are currently used to treat @entity3604 . Their advantages include an immediate stabilization of the vertebra by cement solidification, possibility of percutaneous application under local anaesthesia, and early @entity1 mobilization without any external fixation. However, when evaluating these techniques, safety of the surgical procedure should be taken into consideration. The most frequent risk is cement leakage. CONCLUSIONS Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty can, under strict adherence to the operative protocol, be an effective approach to the treatment of @entity3604 . It permits early mobilization of the @entity1 without the necessity of external fixation. Key words: vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty, @entity3604 , @entity170 .

title: [Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty--treatment of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic vertebral fracture', 'osteoporotic spine fracture', 'osteoporotic vertebral body fractures', 'osteoporotic vertebral body fracture']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['motor lesion']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['vertebral fracture', 'fracture', 'vertebral body fracture']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['Oswestry disability']

answer: @entity3604 :: (MESH:D058866,Disease) :: ['osteoporotic vertebral fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the results of meniscal transplantation in a consecutive series of younger @entity1 treated for @entity158 in the tibiofemoral compartment following a previous meniscectomy. METHODS: Forty cryopreserved menisci were implanted into thirty-eight @entity1 . Sixteen knees also had an osteochondral autograft transfer, and nine had a knee ligament reconstruction. The clinical outcome and failure rate of all transplants were evaluated at a mean of forty months postoperatively. Meniscal allograft characteristics were determined with use of a rating system that combined subjective, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging factors. RESULTS: Thirty-four (89%) of the thirty-eight @entity1 rated the knee condition as improved. Before surgery, thirty @entity1 (79%) had @entity158 with daily activities, but only four (11%) had such @entity158 at the time of the latest follow-up. While noteworthy @entity158 was present in the tibiofemoral compartment in all forty knees before surgery, twenty-seven knees (68%) had no @entity158 and thirteen (33%) had only mild compartment @entity158 at the time of the latest follow-up. Twenty-nine @entity1 (76%) returned to light low-impact sports without problems. Concomitant osteochondral autograft transfer and knee ligament reconstruction procedures improved knee function and did not increase the rate of complications. Meniscal allograft characteristics were normal in seventeen knees (43%), altered in twelve (30%), and failed in eleven (28%). CONCLUSIONS: The short-term results of meniscal transplantation are encouraging in terms of reducing knee @entity158 and increasing function; however, long-term transplant function and any chondroprotective effects remain unknown and require further investigation.

title: Meniscal transplantation in symptomatic XXXX less than fifty years old.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Our study explores the relative efficacy of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on antigen-specific @entity1198 and Th2 clonal responses. Proliferative responses for both phenotypes were down-regulated by the @entity1980 inhibitor, @entity7428 , but not the PDE3 inhibitor, @entity21574 . The Th2 clones were more sensitive than the @entity1198 clones to @entity1980 inhibition (P < .05 at 10 and 100 microM @entity7428 ). The addition of 1 microM of the adenylyl cyclase activator, @entity3044 , significantly decreased both the EC50 and IC50 of @entity7428 in both phenotypes (P < .05). Gene expression for @entity3646 , @entity225 , or @entity379 , assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, was down-regulated by the @entity1980 inhibitor, but not the PDE3 inhibitor, in each respective clone. Cytokine protein secretion paralleled the results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for @entity3646 and @entity379 (P < .01 for each). No differential efficacy on cytokine generation parameters between T helper phenotypes was apparent. @entity7428 treatment significantly elevated intracellular @entity1919 ( @entity268 ) in clonal T cells (P < .01 for @entity1198 or Th2 clones); these elevations were consistently greater in the Th2 clones (P < .05). Finally, @entity1198 cells showed reduced gene expression for the @entity45914 isoform and a lack of gene expression for the @entity20224 isoform by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, compared to the Th2 cells. These data demonstrate the potent immunomodulatory efficacy of @entity1980 inhibition on antigen-specific T cell clones. The enhanced sensitivity of Th2 cells to @entity1980 inhibition may be due, in part, to the differential expression of @entity1980 isoforms between @entity1198 and Th2 cells.

title: Differential regulation of human antigen-specific XXXX and Th2 lymphocyte responses by isozyme selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity21574 :: ('MESH:C056215', 'Chemical') :: ['siguazodan']

entities_list: @entity7428 :: ('MESH:D020889', 'Chemical') :: ['Rolipram', 'rolipram']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['interferon-gamma']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

answer: @entity1198 :: (51497,Gene) :: ['Th1']


abstract: The @entity3002 represents the final common pathway for autonomic control of the vertebrate heart in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. In teleost fishes, details of the organization of this system are not well understood. Here we investigated innervation patterns in the heart of the @entity2083 , a species representative of a large group of cyprinids. We used antibodies against the neuronal markers zn-12, acetylated tubulin, and @entity1 neuronal protein C/D, as well as @entity1877 acetyltransferase, @entity669 hydroxylase, @entity842 synthetase, and @entity3549 ( @entity3549 ) to detect neural elements and their transmitter contents in wholemounts and sections of cardiac tissue. All chambers of the heart were innervated by @entity1877 acetyltransferase-positive axons, implying cholinergic regulation; and by @entity669 hydroxylase-containing axons, implying adrenergic regulation. The mean total number of intracardiac neurons was 713    78 (SE), nearly half of which were cholinergic. Neuronal somata were mainly located in a ganglionated plexus around the sinoatrial valves. Somata were contacted by cholinergic, adrenergic, nitrergic, and @entity3549 -positive terminals. Putative pacemaker cells, identified by immunoreactivity for hyperpolarization activated, cyclic @entity377 -gated channel 4, were located in the base of the sinoatrial valves, and this region was densely innervated by cholinergic and adrenergic terminals. We have shown that the @entity2083 heart possesses the necessary neuroanatomical substrate for fine, region-by-region autonomic control of the myocardial effectors that are involved in determining cardiac output.

title: Regional innervation of the heart in the XXXX , @entity2083 : a confocal microscopy study.

entities_list: @entity3549 :: ('7432', 'Gene') :: ['VIP', 'vasoactive intestinal polypeptide']

entities_list: @entity3002 :: ('MESH:D009421', 'Disease') :: ['intracardiac nervous system']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity2083 :: (7957,Species) :: ['goldfish']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Biochemical diagnosis of @entity2012 relies on measurement of @entity442 ( @entity442 ) and @entity2124 ( @entity2124 ). An elevated @entity442 level above the age- and gender-specific normal range and nonsuppression of @entity2124 to oral @entity413 load to a nadir < 0.4 ng/ml in sensitive assays are currently considered diagnostic of @entity2012 . Lack of normative data for both @entity442 and @entity2124 across a wide range of populations and ethnicities, interassay and intraassay laboratory variability, pulsatility of @entity2124 secretion, and effects of medications and hormones may confound interpretation of these biochemical tests. AREAS COVERED: Clinical situations in which @entity2012 should be suspected and/or investigated. Strengths and limitations of current @entity442 / @entity2124 assays are discussed. Clinical scenarios with discordant @entity2124 suppression test and @entity442 levels and, briefly, @entity2012 in pregnancy, prolactin-cosecreting @entity5 , familial @entity2012 , and nonpituitary @entity2012 are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: Serum @entity442 is the cornerstone and in most cases the stand-alone test in the diagnosis and follow-up in @entity1 with @entity2012 . Diagnosis depends on the accurate and reliable measurement of serum @entity442 . @entity2124 suppression testing is currently used in limited clinical setting. Standardization of @entity442 assay and development of normative data across a wide population base are needed. Newer bioassays for @entity442 hold promise for future.

title: Diagnosis of XXXX : state of the art.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor-1', 'IGF-1']

entities_list: @entity2012 :: ('MESH:D000172', 'Disease') :: ['acromegaly']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity2012 :: (MESH:D000172,Disease) :: ['acromegaly']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are widely used for distal @entity5 , one-step SEMS (direct placement without a prior plastic stent) and two-step SEMS (placement at second endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] following plastic stent placement) have not been fully compared. METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, @entity1 were included who underwent first-time endoscopic SEMS placement between September 1994 and December 2010. We compared the one-step and two-step strategies using a propensity analysis. RESULTS: In total, 370 @entity1 were identified and one-step SEMS was performed in 59 @entity1 . After adjustment using propensity scores, the median times to dysfunction were 116 and 219 days, respectively, for one-step and two-step SEMS (P = 0.058). Stent migration was more frequently observed in one-step SEMS as compared with two-step SEMS (25 vs. 11 %, P = 0.031). In one-step SEMS, the number of days of hospitalization associated with first-time SEMS placement was shorter compared with that in two-step SEMS (21 vs. 30 days, P = 0.001), and the total costs of SEMS-related interventions within 6 months were lower (6510 and 8100 USD, P = 0.004). The pathological diagnosis rates for @entity788 at initial ERCP were 52 and 61 %. After failed diagnosis at initial ERCP, pathological diagnosis rates for @entity788 were 32 versus 76 % (P = 0.005) by repeated ERCP versus endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA). CONCLUSIONS: One-step SEMS was associated with increased stent migration, despite having potential cost-effectiveness. The additional yield of pathological diagnosis at repeated ERCP was low compared with that yielded by EUS-guided FNA.

title: One- and two-step self-expandable metal stent placement for distal XXXX : a propensity analysis.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant biliary obstruction']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic and biliary tract cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant biliary obstruction']


abstract: @entity519 pulmonary vasoconstriction is a challenging clinical problem with limited therapeutic options. @entity7604 , a phosphodiesterase (PDE)-3 inhibitor, is frequently used to treat perioperative @entity120 . However, recent evidence suggests that the PDE-5 isoform may be more specific for lung tissue. We hypothesized that the PDE-5 inhibitor zaprinast has greater efficacy for pulmonary vasorelaxation, attenuation of @entity519 pulmonary vasoconstriction, and inhibition of @entity519 -induced pulmonary artery cytokine expression when compared with @entity7604 . To study this, isolated @entity35 pulmonary artery and thoracic aorta rings suspended in physiologic organ baths for measurement of isometric force transduction were treated with vehicle ( @entity3733 ), @entity7604 , or zaprinast to assess pulmonary artery relaxation, thoracic aorta relaxation, inhibition of @entity519 ( @entity4095 = 30-35 mmHg) pulmonary vasoconstriction, and @entity519 -induced pulmonary artery @entity1505 and @entity3426 expression (reverse transcriptase-PCR). @entity7604 and zaprinast resulted in dose-dependent pulmonary artery and aortic relaxation, but zaprinast caused significantly less aortic relaxation compared with @entity7604 (50.12% +/- 3.36% versus 91.03% +/- 2.97%, P < 0.001). Zaprinast, but not @entity7604 , significantly inhibited @entity519 pulmonary vasoconstriction (zaprinast, 58.42% +/- 5.37%; @entity7604 , 77.65% +/- 4.42% versus vehicle: 74.42% +/- 7.54%). @entity519 -induced upregulation of @entity1505 and @entity3426 mRNA in pulmonary artery was decreased by zaprinast, but not @entity7604 , pretreatment. These results suggest that zaprinast, but not @entity7604 , preferentially vasodilates pulmonary artery over aorta, attenuates @entity519 pulmonary vasoconstriction, and inhibits @entity519 -induced pulmonary artery @entity1505 and @entity3426 expression. Therefore, PDE-5 inhibition may be advantageous in the treatment of @entity120 .

title: Zaprinast attenuates hypoxic pulmonary artery injury and causes less aortic relaxation than XXXX .

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3733 :: ('MESH:D004121', 'Chemical') :: ['dimethyl sulfoxide']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxic', 'Hypoxia', 'hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity7604 :: ('MESH:D020105', 'Chemical') :: ['milrinone', 'Milrinone']

answer: @entity7604 :: (MESH:D020105,Chemical) :: ['milrinone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the diagnostic value of the imaging modalities (chest radiography, @entity4649 ( @entity4649 ) and @entity2101 ( @entity2101 )) and the @entity5 markers ( @entity787 ( @entity787 ), cytokeratin marker (CYFRA 21-1) and @entity3508 ( @entity3508 )) in the differentiation of malignant (MSPLs) from benign solitary pulmonary lesions (BSPLs). @entity1 AND METHODS: @entity358 ( @entity358 ) were examined, evaluated and then completely removed by surgery in 104 consecutive @entity1 (MSPLs n = 81, BSPLs n = 23). Chest radiography was performed with frontal and lateral views, @entity4649 was carried out with a slice thickness of 8 mm and @entity2101 with a slice thickness of 1 mm and a 12-cm field of view. For the @entity5 marker analysis, serum concentrations were determined 1-3 days prior to surgery by ELISA for @entity787 and CYFRA 21-1 and by IRMA for @entity3508 using commercially available assay kits. The cut-off values were set at 3 ng/ml (for non-smokers) and 5 ng/ml (for smokers) for @entity787 , at 3.3 ng/ml for CYFRA 21-1 and at 12.5 ng/ml for @entity3508 . RESULTS: Using any one of the characteristics with a significance level of P <0.01, the identification of MSPLs using chest radiography showed a sensitivity of 64.2% and a specificity of 82.6%, using @entity4649 a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 60.9% and using @entity2101 a sensitivity of 91.4% and a specificity of 56.5%. For the identification of MSPLs using @entity787 a sensitivity of 27.2% and a specificity of 87.0% (accuracy of 40.4%) was observed. Using CYFRA 21-1 a sensitivity of 19.8% and a specificity of 100.0% (accuracy of 37.5%) and using @entity3508 a sensitivity of 13.6% and a specificity of 100. 0% (accuracy of 32.7%) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Using chest radiography, @entity4649 and @entity2101 , a precise morphological assessment of the periphery of the @entity358 and the adjacent visceral pleura is necessary to distinguish MSPLs from BSPLs. Tumour markers used alone or in combination with the imaging methods brought no additional benefits, in terms of sensitivity and accuracy, over the diagnostic imaging methods alone. However, the @entity5 markers exhibited a far superior specificity (100% for @entity3508 ) compared with the imaging methods.

title: Diagnostic value of chest radiography, computed tomography and XXXX markers in the differentiation of malignant from benign solitary pulmonary lesions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity787 :: ('1084', 'Gene') :: ['CEA', 'carcinoembryonic antigen']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['Solitary pulmonary lesions', 'pulmonary lesion', 'SPLs']

entities_list: @entity3508 :: ('2026', 'Gene') :: ['NSE', 'neuron-specific enolase', 'CYFRA 21-1 and NSE']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['high-resolution computed tomography', 'HRCT']

entities_list: @entity4649 :: ('MESH:C563535', 'Disease') :: ['spiral computed tomography', 'SCT']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumour']


abstract: The present study was undertaken with the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of @entity8939 implants to deliver @entity1420 (P) and @entity53 (E) in a sustained levels for long duration using adult female @entity35 as a model. A total of 128 @entity8939 implants, each having a final fired density of 1.88 +/- S.D. 0.17 g/cm3, were fabricated by using standard laboratory procedure. A total of 80 CD-female @entity35 were randomly divided into five equal groups. @entity35 in groups II, III and IV and V were implanted with capsules containing 100 mg P, 5 mg E, 100 mg P plus 5 mg E, and 100 mg P plus 10 mg E. Group I animals were left without implants and served as controls. At the end of 2,4, 6 and 10 weeks postimplantation four @entity35 from each group were euthanized and the reproductive organs were collected and the @entity8939 devices were retrieved. The total amount of P and E left within the devices was determined spectrophotometrically. Data obtained indicates that a sustained rather constant release of P and E during the entire investigation. @entity134 delivery rates from the @entity8939 implants in groups II and III and IV differed significantly (P,0.05) for the 10 week period of the experiment. The results show that the rate of E released from the @entity8939 implants was directly proportional to the amount of @entity134 placed initially in the reservoir.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Sustained release of XXXX and @entity53 on adult female @entity35 by ceramic delivery devices.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['Steroid', 'steroid']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To use confocal microscopy to demonstrate the similarity among three @entity3985 and the diversity of the deposit patterns within a single @entity3986 . DESIGN: A prospective, comparative case series. @entity1 : Twenty @entity1 (40 eyes) from 10 families suffering from @entity3985 agreed to take part: 3 with Reis-B  ckler @entity3986 , 12 with @entity3985 , and 5 with lattice @entity3986 . Of these, nine had recurrence in their grafts or after phototherapeutic keratectomy before the confocal examination. The confocal images of affected corneas were compared with those of ten normal control eyes (ten subjects). INTERVENTION: All @entity1 were examined by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Confocal microscopy was performed with Achroplan 40x/numeric aperture (NA) = 0.75 and 63x/NA = 0.9 water immersion objectives. Image analysis was used to identify the corneal epithelial and stromal deposits correlated with @entity74 . MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Selected images of the corneal layers were evaluated qualitatively for the size, shape, light scattering, and reflection of the deposits. RESULTS: Slit-lamp biomicroscopy showed stromal involvement in all affected eyes. Confocal microscopy identified epithelial deposits in 30% of the eyes and stromal deposits in all eyes. The deposits within the epithelium were revealed more clearly with the 63x/NA = 0.9 objective (higher numeric aperture). Some of the confocal findings near the Bowman layer were common for all three @entity3986 . Normal control eyes showed no epithelial or stromal deposits, either by biomicroscopy or confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Confocal microscopy provides an in vivo evaluation of the deposits in the @entity267 , with a higher resolution than biomicroscopy. The confocal findings common to the three @entity3986 may agree with previous hypotheses of the same genetic origin. It may be a useful adjunct to slit-lamp biomicroscopy, particularly when histopathologic studies cannot be performed.

title: Confocal microscopy in Bowman and stromal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['type-I dystrophy', 'dystrophy', 'dystrophies']

entities_list: @entity3985 :: ('MESH:D003317', 'Disease') :: ['Bowman or stromal dystrophy', 'granular dystrophy', 'autosomal-dominant corneal dystrophies']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['each disorder']

answer: @entity3985 :: (MESH:D003317,Disease) :: ['corneal dystrophies']


abstract: The prevalence of @entity3137 in Sweden is virtually unknown. Available prevalence figures concern but a few types of lesions and relate to highly selected, special populations. Investigations on general populations are sparse also in other countries. The aim of the present study was to survey the occurrence of @entity3137 in a relatively large general population in Sweden. The study was performed in collaboration with a health screening organization in the middle of Sweden. The populations of two municipalities in the County of Uppsala were investigated. A mobile health screening group visited several places in the selected area and during the time of the present investigation a total of 30,118 @entity1 , aged 15 years or above, were summoned. Of these, 62% or 18.659 individuals attended and were examined. The non- @entity1 became the subject of a special investigation for which every fifth individual, or 2.292 @entity1 , was randomly sampled. After a second summons, 933 @entity1 presented for examination. Through personal contact, an additional 741 individuals were examined in private homes, places of work, hospitals, old age homes and other institutions. The final non-participation, representing 10.3% of the total population, was considered to have but a marginal influence on the results of the study. The diagnostic procedure was based on clinical criteria set forth especially for the investigation. The validity of the final diagnoses was evaluated by, for instance, inter-examiner tests and comparisons between clinical diagnoses and histologic descriptions and was found to be acceptable. Tests of the reliability were, among else, undertaken through re-examinations and indicated, that underregistration apparently occurred for a few of the lesions investigated. The prevalences of about 60 @entity3137 were recorded and compared with previous findings. Notably high prevalences were found for @entity2543 (0.11%), @entity14705 (49.07%), @entity29021 (1.85%). For some lesions prevalence figures are difficult to compare with findings from previous studies. This includes lesions which are directly or indirectly related to local etiologic factors such as denture status and @entity286 habits. As regards these factors basic information has been collected and will be used for further analyses. The collected total material has also been designed to form the basis for longitudinal studies of, for example, @entity1613 .

title: A prevalence study of XXXX in an adult Swedish population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity14705 :: ('MESH:D007967', 'Disease') :: ['leukoedema']

entities_list: @entity29021 :: ('MESH:D005929', 'Disease') :: ['geographic tongue (8.45%) and lichen planus']

entities_list: @entity2543 :: ('MESH:D017573', 'Disease') :: ['focal epithelial hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['precancerous lesions']

entities_list: @entity3137 :: ('MESH:D009059', 'Disease') :: ['oral mucosal lesions']

answer: @entity3137 :: (MESH:D009059,Disease) :: ['oral mucosal lesions']


abstract: A 62-year-old @entity1 admitted to our hospital because of @entity936 and thirst. On admission, his bilateral parotid and submandibular glands were @entity4 . Laboratory data revealed severe @entity1712 (3309/microl), elevated serum IgE (1821IU/dl) and @entity4754 (IgG 6049 mg/dl). @entity401 and @entity8 were present. He was diagnosed with @entity244 (SjS) according to the European criteria. After the initiation of the therapy with 30 mg of @entity617 , all abnormal findings including salivation ameliorated promptly. In the absence of any other obvious causes of @entity1712 and elevation of serum IgE, these findings might be associated with SjS itself. Moreover, both serum @entity225 and IgG4 levels were elevated in this @entity1 , suggesting that Th2 type cytokines were dominant. Elevation of serum IgE and IgG4, and @entity1712 were likely to be reactive. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of these cytokines and of IgG subclass in such @entity1 . We propose the existence of Th2-type-cytokine-dominant subtype of SjS.

title: [Case of primary @entity244 with @entity1712 and elevation of serum IgE: measurements of serum IL-4, XXXX and the IgG subclass].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia', 'hypereosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity4754 :: ('MESH:D006942', 'Disease') :: ['hypergammaglobulinemia']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Sj  gren's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['Interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity225 :: (3567,Gene) :: ['IL-5']


abstract: We have previously shown that @entity19 transgenic for both the @entity1 @entity916 and @entity1 @entity2178 genes ( @entity309 +) exhibit appropriate tissue- and cell-specific expression of both transgenes, have 4-fold higher plasma @entity2178 (AII) levels, and are chronically @entity101 . However, the relative contribution of circulating and tissue-derived AII in causing @entity101 in these animals is not known. We hypothesized that the brain @entity916 -angiotensin system contributes to the elevated blood pressure in this model. To address this hypothesis, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were measured in conscious, unrestrained @entity19 after they were instrumented with intracerebroventricular cannulae and carotid arterial and jugular vein catheters. Intracerebroventricular administration of the selective AII type 1 ( @entity14207 antagonist @entity9886 (10 microgram, 1 microL) caused a significantly greater peak fall in MAP in @entity309 + @entity19 than in nontransgenic @entity309 - controls (-29+/-4 versus -4+/-2 mm Hg, P<0.01). To explore the mechanism of a central @entity916 -angiotensin system-dependent @entity101 in @entity309 + @entity19 , we determined the relative depressor responses to intravenous administration of the ganglionic blocking agent @entity4033 (5 mg/kg) or an @entity5463 ( @entity1831 ) V1 receptor antagonist (AVPX, 10 microgram/kg). @entity4033 caused equal lowering of MAP in @entity309 + @entity19 and controls (-46+/-3 versus -52+/-3, P>0.05), whereas @entity47374 caused a significantly greater fall in MAP in @entity309 + compared with @entity309 - @entity19 (-24+/-2 versus -6+/-1, P<0.01). Consistent with this was the observation that circulating AVP was 3-fold higher in @entity309 + @entity19 than in control @entity19 . These results suggest that increased activation of central AT-1 receptors, perhaps those located at sites involved in AVP release from the posterior pituitary gland, plays a role in the @entity101 in @entity309 + @entity19 . Furthermore, our finding that both @entity1 transgenes are expressed in brain regions of @entity309 + @entity19 known to be involved in cardiovascular regulation raises the possibility that augmented local production of AII and increased activation of AT-1 receptors at these sites is involved.

title: The brain @entity916 -angiotensin system contributes to the XXXX in @entity19 containing both the @entity1 @entity916 and @entity1 @entity2178 transgenes.

entities_list: @entity4033 :: ('MESH:D018738', 'Chemical') :: ['Hexamethonium', 'hexamethonium']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity2178 :: ('183', 'Gene') :: ['angiotensin II', 'angiotensinogen']

entities_list: @entity5463 :: ('MESH:D001127', 'Chemical') :: ['arginine vasopressin']

entities_list: @entity9886 :: ('MESH:D019808', 'Chemical') :: ['losartan']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to improve and evaluate the practibility of a method for the assessment of drug-associated side effects, and we implemented a clinical drug monitoring for atypical neuroleptics. METHODS: Side effects of initially hospitalized @entity1 treated with @entity1088 (n = 16), @entity1037 (n = 16), and @entity1090 (n = 19) were prospectively monitored on a weekly basis for the first 3 weeks. In the case of stable medication, measurements of all variables were made every 4 weeks or upon discharge. We used the Dosage Record Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES) in a supplemented version to measure the presence and severity of side effects. RESULTS: Drowsiness and @entity1957 were common, especially in the first 2 weeks. @entity551 , @entity101 , constipation, and nasal congestion were seen in more than 30% to 60% of @entity1 treated with @entity1088 and were less common in adolescents treated with @entity1037 and @entity1090 . @entity2003 , @entity400 , and @entity3519 were seen in 5% to 15% of @entity1 treated with @entity1090 and @entity1037 . The average @entity1017 after 6 weeks of treatment with the atypical neuroleptics was significantly higher for the @entity1037 group (4.6 +/- 1.9 kg) than for the @entity1090 (2.8 +/- 1.3 kg) and @entity1088 (2.5 +/- 2.9 kg) groups. CONCLUSIONS: The authors' supplemented DOTES version is generally applicable to clinical use in mental health centers. The differences among the side effects of these three agents may affect compliance with medication and medical risks of @entity209 , @entity6 , and @entity65 . More research on the short- and long-term safety of psychotropic drugs in @entity1 and adolescents, using standardized methods, should be considered.

title: Clinical drug monitoring in XXXX and adolescent psychiatry: side effects of atypical neuroleptics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1088 :: ('MESH:D003024', 'Chemical') :: ['clozapine']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increased salivation']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Orthostatic hypotension']

entities_list: @entity1957 :: ('MESH:D019957', 'Disease') :: ['decreased motor activity']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity618 ( @entity2098 ) is an immune suppressive initially introduced for the prevention of solid organ allograft rejection that is increasingly used in autoimmune conditions, including @entity1333 . METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of @entity2098 in 51 sequential patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies-associated @entity13571 (AASV) treated in a single centre between 2001 and 2004. RESULTS: The mean age was 54 years and median disease duration was 36 months. A mean of 3.5 systems were involved and the previous median exposure to @entity786 was 9 g. @entity2098 was administered either as remission maintenance therapy (29/51, 56.9%) or as treatment for active disease (22/51, 43.1%). The mean duration of @entity2098 therapy was 20 months and the mean @entity2098 dose during the first year was 1.6 g/day. 14/29 (48.3%) of those receiving @entity2098 for remission maintenance therapy eventually relapsed with a mean time to relapse of 14 months. Of those receiving @entity2098 for relapsing disease, 3 failed to respond to therapy while the rest achieved remission by 3.9 months. However, 9 of these subsequently flared; mean time to disease flare was also 14 months. @entity2098 was withdrawn in 28 @entity1 (54.9%) because of treatment inefficacy in 21, severe adverse events in 5 and intolerance in 2. Of the 51 treated, 36 (70.6%) experienced at least 1 side effect, namely @entity281 in 24, gastrointestinal side effects in 12 and psychological events in 6 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: We have observed varying efficacy of @entity2098 in AASV, with over 50% of @entity1 with relapsing disease achieving remission and marked falls in concomitant @entity134 doses. However, longer follow-up indicates a subsequent relapse rate of over 50% that may be associated with low @entity2098 dosing.

title: @entity618 in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies-associated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity13571 :: ('MESH:D056647', 'Disease') :: ['systemic vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity618 :: ('MESH:C063008', 'Chemical') :: ['Mycophenolate mofetil']

answer: @entity13571 :: (MESH:D056647,Disease) :: ['systemic vasculitis']


abstract: To determine whether a single prophylactic dose of synthetic surfactant would reduce mortality and morbidity rates, we performed a randomized, controlled trial of Exosurf Neonatal at 19 hospitals in the United States. The Exosurf preparation (5 ml/kg) was instilled into the endotracheal tube of premature @entity1 weighing 700 to 1100 gm during mechanical ventilation, as soon as practical after birth. Control @entity1 were treated with air (5 ml/kg). Dose administration was performed in secrecy by clinicians who did not reveal for 2 years what they had instilled. A total of 222 @entity1 received air and 224 received the synthetic surfactant; 36 @entity1 with @entity55 or @entity600 were excluded from the primary efficacy analysis. By the age of 28 days, there were 44 @entity204 in the air group and 27 @entity204 in the surfactant group (p = 0.022). By the age of 1 year after term there were 61 @entity204 in the air group and 35 @entity204 in the surfactant group (p = 0.002). Although there was no reduction in the incidence of @entity649 , a significant @entity204 attributed to @entity649 , a significant reduction in the incidence of pulmonary air leaks, and significantly lower requirements for @entity26 and mean airway pressure indicated that @entity358 was less severe in the Exosurf-treated @entity1 . There were no significant differences in the incidence of complications such as @entity2107 , @entity548 , @entity2461 , @entity3166 , and @entity281 . The results indicate that a single prophylactic dose of Exosurf, in high-risk premature @entity1 treated soon after birth, reduces the number of @entity204 from @entity649 and the overall mortality rate.

title: Decreased mortality rate among small premature XXXX treated at birth with a single dose of synthetic surfactant: a multicenter controlled trial. American Exosurf Pediatric Study Group 1.

entities_list: @entity3166 :: ('MESH:D020345', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing enterocolitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['congenital pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2461 :: ('MESH:D004374', 'Disease') :: ['patent ductus arteriosus']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformations']

entities_list: @entity2107 :: ('MESH:D001997', 'Disease') :: ['bronchopulmonary dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung disease']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in the number of deaths', 'deaths']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: Severe cortical @entity130 frequently causes @entity302 that develops after a long latency. We hypothesized that plastic changes in excitability during this latent period might be initiated or sustained by the level of neuronal activity in the injured cortex. We therefore studied effects of action potential blockade by application of @entity1022 ( @entity4524 ) to areas of @entity130 in a model of chronic epileptogenesis. Partially isolated islands of sensorimotor cortex were made in 28- to 30-day-old male @entity35 and thin sheets of Elvax polymer containing @entity4524 or control vehicle were implanted over lesions. Ten to 15 days later neocortical slices were obtained through isolates for electrophysiological studies. Slices from all animals (n = 12) with lesions contacted by control-Elvax (58% of 36 slices) exhibited evoked @entity302 potentials, and those from 4 @entity35 had spontaneous @entity302 . Only 2 of 11 lesioned animals and 6% of slices from cortex exposed to @entity4524 in vivo exhibited evoked epileptiform potentials, and no spontaneous @entity302 were observed. There was no evidence of residual @entity4524 during recordings. @entity4524 -Elvax was ineffective in reversing epileptogenesis when implanted 11 days after @entity130 . These data suggest that development of antiepileptogenic drugs for @entity1 may be possible.

title: @entity1022 prevents posttraumatic epileptogenesis in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy', 'epileptiform events', 'epileptiform field']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['cortical injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: In solid organ recipients, as with other immunosuppressed @entity1 , infections by Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. are the most frequent invasive @entity364 . Infections by Cryptococcus spp. and fungi of the Mucorales order are less common. Infections by Fusarium spp. and Scedosporium spp. are very uncommon, except in @entity1 undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant and @entity1 with prolonged @entity1398 . The risk factors for @entity364 are immunosuppression, surgery, viral @entity325 , and environmental exposure. Diagnosis is challenging: blood culture is of little use, except in @entity7553 and @entity1328 , and the poor accuracy of antigen-based techniques, except in @entity1328 , favors widespread use of empirical therapy. A delay in the initiation of therapy increases the already high mortality of these infections. The agents used to treat @entity364 are azoles, @entity5626 , and lipid @entity2379 . Administration depends on antifungal activity, drug-drug interactions with calcineurin inhibitors, and safety profiles (effects on grafts and other side effects).

title: XXXX in solid organ recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin']

entities_list: @entity7553 :: ('MESH:D002177', 'Disease') :: ['candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['mycoses', 'fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity5626 :: ('MESH:D054714', 'Chemical') :: ['echinocandins']

entities_list: @entity325 :: ('MESH:D060085', 'Disease') :: ['co-infection']

entities_list: @entity1328 :: ('MESH:D003453', 'Disease') :: ['cryptococcosis']

answer: @entity364 :: (MESH:D009181,Disease) :: ['Fungal infection']


abstract: OBJECT: In @entity385 , the @entity63 crisis activates a cascade of traumatic events that are potentiated by reperfusion and eventually lead to @entity528 . The primary aim of this study was to investigate a procedure that could minimize this damage by interfering with the interactions between reestablished blood flow and ischemically damaged tissue, as well as by improving regional microcirculation. METHODS: Using a novel hollow filament, the authors flushed the @entity63 territory with heparinized saline before vascular reperfusion after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The results demonstrate a statistically significant (p < 0.001) reduction in @entity1188 volume (75%; from 45.3 +/- 3.6% to 11.4 +/- 1.7%, determined with Nissl staining) in @entity35 in which a 2-hour MCA occlusion was followed by a 48-hour reperfusion. @entity1188 and @entity528 were confirmed using @entity575 staining, which revealed a significantly larger @entity1188 (36.3%, p < 0.05) than that detected with Nissl staining. The long-term neuroprotection of the prereperfusion flushing was also evaluated. This was determined by a series of motor behavior tasks (foot placing, parallel bar traversing, rope and ladder climbing) performed up to 28 days after reperfusion. Motor deficits were found to be significantly ameliorated in animals that underwent the flushing procedure (p < 0.001). In addition, neurological outcome was also improved significantly (p < 0.001) in the same animals. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that interaction between reperfusion and the metabolically and biochemically compromised tissue could be interrupted by the prereperfusion flushing procedure, which could lead to a reduction in @entity1545 from @entity64 . Mechanical reopening of the @entity2500 with local flushing and isolated reperfusion of the regionally injured brain might offer new treatment options for @entity1 with @entity64 .

title: Prereperfusion flushing of @entity63 territory: a therapeutic study in which histological and behavioral assessments were used to measure @entity63 -reperfusion injury in @entity35 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct', 'Infarction']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: The combination of ipsilateral humeral @entity174 at three different levels namely proximal, shaft and supracondyle has been rarely defined in the literature. We present a case report on such a @entity130 in a 10-year-old @entity1 after falling down from the second floor of his house while playing. To the best of our knowledge, no such case report exists in the English literature. We define it as double floating @entity14141 . Firstly, shaft of humerus was open reduced and fixed with 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate. Then closed reduction and pinning of the supracondylar humerus under an image intensifier was obtained. Open reduction using deltopectoral approach to the proximal humerus was done and the @entity174 was fixed with three K-wires. Ipsilateral @entity174 in @entity1 often result from high energy @entity130 . Immediate reduction and fixation is required. Usually surgeons need to treat simple @entity174 firstly, which makes the subsequent treatment of complex @entity174 easier.

title: Double floating @entity14141 in a XXXX : a case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['trauma', 'complex injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'multiple fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['child']


abstract: The present work describes the chemical characterization of a @entity3636 fraction (CF) obtained from an extract of Ocotea puberula (Lauraceae) fruits, and preliminary antinociceptive analysis of CF and the alkaloid @entity45783 , isolated from this fraction. CF (30-300   mg/kg, p.o.) caused dose-related inhibition of abdominal constrictions caused by @entity1543 and also inhibited both phases of @entity406 -induced nociception. However, @entity4315 or @entity1046 fractions did not produce any effect. Antinociception caused by CF (100   mg/kg, p.o.) in the @entity1543 test was not affected either by @entity5834 , an @entity859 receptor antagonist, or by @entity1510 , an opioid receptor antagonist, and neither was associated with nonspecific effects such as @entity121 or sedation. Furthermore, @entity45783 (30-300   mg/kg, p.o.) produced dose-related inhibition of @entity1543 -induced @entity158 without causing changes in the motor performance of @entity19 . The results show, for the first time, that CF from Ocotea puberula fruits produced marked antinociception in different models of @entity158 , and this effect appears to be, at least in part, due to the presence of @entity45783 . The mechanism by which CF and the alkaloid produced antinociception still remains unclear, but the adenosinergic or opioid system seems unlikely to be involved in this action.

title: Antinociceptive effects of a XXXX extract and the alkaloid @entity45783 isolated from fruits of Ocotea puberula.

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity1046 :: ('MESH:C007650', 'Chemical') :: ['ethyl acetate']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle relaxation']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity3636 :: ('MESH:D002725', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroform']

entities_list: @entity5834 :: ('MESH:D002110', 'Chemical') :: ['caffeine']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['naloxone']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['chemical pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity45783 :: ('MESH:C067342', 'Chemical') :: ['dicentrine']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

answer: @entity3636 :: (MESH:D002725,Chemical) :: ['chloroform']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity5123 ( @entity5123 ), or benign mixed @entity5 , is the most common @entity14253 . One of the factors influencing the management strategy in parotid @entity5123 is the risk of malignant transformation of this @entity5 . The objective of this study was the clinical and pathological analysis of @entity3905 treated surgically at the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospectively analysed clinical material included 12 @entity1 with @entity3905 selected from the group of 423 @entity1 who underwent surgical treatment for parotid @entity5123 at the Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, between January 1988 and June 2010. There were 7 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 ; age ranged from 39 to 67 years, with a mean of 56 years. The following parameters were analysed: demographic data, symptoms and disease duration, results of diagnostic tests, intraoperative data, results of histopathological examination, and adjunctive therapy. Four @entity1 with a follow-up shorter than 5 years were excluded from the analysis of treatment results. RESULTS: A group of 12 @entity1 with malignant mixed @entity5 included 10 (83.3%) cases of a @entity5 and 2 (16.7%) cases of a recurrent @entity5 . In the complete study sample (n=423), @entity1 with @entity3905 comprised: 2.8% of all @entity1 , 2.5% of @entity1 with primary @entity5123 and 5.1% of @entity1 with recurrent @entity5123 . @entity1 with @entity3905 were significantly older than @entity1 with benign @entity5123 (an average @entity1 age was 56.0 and 43.2 years, respectively p<0.001). 83.3% (n=10) @entity1 were older than 50 years. An average disease duration was longer in @entity1 with @entity5 . Considering all data from preoperative @entity1 assessment (medical history, physical examination, FNAB, imaging studies), a preliminary diagnosis of @entity5 was made in 6 (50%) @entity1 . All @entity1 were treated surgically and 10 also had radiation therapy. The group of @entity1 (n=8), subjected to evaluation of treatment results, included three @entity1 with @entity189 and five @entity1 with @entity189 . All @entity1 with @entity189 were free from disease symptoms during the follow-up of 9 to 21 years after the treatment. Five-year survival was 80% (4 of 5 @entity1 ) in a group of @entity1 with @entity189 . The rate of death for the underlying disease was the same (80%). An overall 5-year survival in @entity1 with @entity3905 was 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Malignant transformation of @entity5123 more frequently occurs in recurrent @entity5 and in older @entity1 . 2. Uncharacteristic clinical picture of @entity3905 allows to make an accurate initial diagnosis only in half of the @entity1 . 3. Extracapsular @entity5 invasion is a vital prognostic factor. Overall 5-year survival for invasive and noninvasive @entity189 was 80 % and 100 % respectively.

title: [Malignant mixed XXXX of the parotid gland: a review of the Department of Otolaryngology Medical University of Warsaw experience].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patient', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'primary tumor', 'tumours', 'tumors', 'malignant disease', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['invasive carcinoma', 'carcinoma', 'non-invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3905 :: ('MESH:D018198', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mixed tumors', 'malignant mixed tumor']

entities_list: @entity14253 :: ('MESH:D012468', 'Disease') :: ['salivary gland neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity5123 :: ('MESH:D008949', 'Disease') :: ['Pleomorphic adenoma', 'PA', 'pleomorphic adenoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The development of late @entity997 ( @entity997 ) following @entity299 is an important complication, as it is associated with a severe impairment of exercise capacity and a poor symptomatic outcome. The pathogenesis of this condition remains poorly defined. It is still a challenge in terms of its prevention, treatment and indications for surgical correction. AIMS: To investigate the possible pathogenesis and report the surgical results of the late @entity997 after @entity299 . METHODS: There were 56 @entity1 with moderate to severe @entity997 after @entity299 , divided into normal prosthesis group (10 @entity1 with normal prosthetic valve function) and dysfunctional prosthesis group (46 @entity1 with prosthetic @entity340 ). In the normal prosthesis group, 4 @entity1 underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR) and 6 @entity1 underwent combined mitral and aortic valve replacement (DVR). @entity1 in the dysfunctional prosthesis group included MVR in 36, aortic valve replacement (AVR) in 4 and DVR in 6, with bioprosthetic @entity340 occurring in 18, mechanical prosthetic @entity340 in 6 @entity1 . At the initial operation, 10 @entity1 underwent DeVega's tricuspid annuloplasty and 46 @entity1 ' tricuspid valves were normal. At the second operation, the surgical treatment of @entity997 included tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) in 9 and tricuspid annuloplasty in 47. RESULTS: Two @entity1 died postoperatively giving a 3.6% hospital mortality. The 54 survivors were followed up for 6-132 months (mean of 79.4 months). Heart function improved significantly in 8 with TVR and in 40 with tricuspid annuloplasty. Echocardiography showed moderate @entity997 in 5 and severe @entity997 in 1 @entity1 with tricuspid annuloplasty who need a further surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: @entity120 , @entity296 , and @entity955 might be responsible for the development of late @entity997 after @entity299 . Tricuspid annuloplasty, as the surgical method of first choice, resulted in improvement in 87% of @entity1 with late @entity997 after @entity299 . TVR can also be safely applied to repair organic disease and the extremely dilated tricuspid valve annulus. If the @entity997 area is more than 25cm(2), the TVR is recommended.

title: Surgical treatment of late XXXX after @entity299 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['Pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity997 :: ('MESH:D014262', 'Disease') :: ['TR', 'tricuspid regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['left cardiac valve replacement']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve dysfunction', 'valve obstruction in 22 and periprosthetic valve leakage']

answer: @entity997 :: (MESH:D014262,Disease) :: ['tricuspid regurgitation']


abstract: @entity286 smoking is the leading cause of @entity2 worldwide. Gene expression in surgically resected and microdissected samples of @entity1149 (18 @entity957 and nine @entity420 ), matched normal bronchial epithelium, and peripheral lung tissue from both smokers (n = 22) and non-smokers (n = 5) was studied using the Affymetrix U133A array. A subset of 15 differentially regulated genes was validated by real-time PCR or immunohistochemistry. Hierarchical cluster analysis clearly distinguished between benign and malignant tissue and between @entity957 and @entity420 . The bronchial epithelium and @entity420 could be divided into the two subgroups of smokers and non-smokers. By comparison of the gene expression profiles in the bronchial epithelium of non-smokers, smokers, and matched @entity5 tissues, it was possible to identify a signature of 23 differentially expressed genes, which might reflect early cigarette smoke-induced and @entity5 -relevant molecular lesions in the central bronchial epithelium of smokers. Ten of these genes are involved in xenobiotic metabolism and redox stress (eg AKR1B10, AKR1C1, and MT1K). One gene is a @entity5 suppressor gene (HLF); two genes act as oncogenes (FGFR3 and LMO3); two genes are involved in matrix degradation (MMP12 and PTHLH); three genes are related to cell differentiation (SPRR1B, RTN1, and MUC7); and five genes have not been well characterized to date. By comparison of the @entity286 -exposed peripheral alveolar lung tissue of smokers with non-smokers and with @entity420 from smokers, it was possible to identify a signature of 27 other differentially expressed genes. These genes are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics (eg GPX2 and FMO3) and may represent cigarette smoke-induced, @entity5 -related molecular targets that may be utilized to identify smokers with increased risk for @entity2 .

title: Smoking and XXXX -related gene expression in bronchial epithelium and @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small-cell lung cancers']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In essence, the clinical goal of general anesthesia is to produce a state of unresponsiveness and @entity2730 . These endpoints are commonly achieved with drugs like @entity5161 , but the sites and mechanisms by which these specific endpoints are achieved remain unknown. Blocking the somatic motor response to painful stimuli is widely used as an indicator of anesthetic adequacy, and the concentration of anesthetic agent (minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) required to achieve this unresponsiveness is the benchmark of anesthetic potency. Recent work has demonstrated that precollicular decerebration does not alter MAC in @entity35 , suggesting that the forebrain is not a major site of action of @entity5161 in blocking motor responses. The brain stem contains systems that modulate @entity158 processing in the spinal cord. The current study was undertaken to assess the relative roles of the brain stem and spinal cord as sites of anesthetic action in blocking somatic responsiveness. METHODS: In seven @entity35 , anesthesia was induced and maintained with @entity5161 in @entity26 . MAC was determined by observing the response to tail clamp and fore- and hind limb toe pinch at three times: after intubation, after cervical laminectomy, and after staged hypothermic spinal cord transection. RESULTS: MAC determined by tail clamp did not change during the protocol (1.28 +/- 0.08% [mean +/- standard deviation] baseline vs. 1.25 +/- 0.18% postlaminectomy vs. 1.03 +/- 0.40% posttransection). In one animal, the MAC value decreased from a prelesion value of 1.2% to 0.25%, accounting for most of the variance in the postlesion mean; the MAC value as determined by withdrawal to rear paw pinch was unchanged from its prelesion value in this animal. The MAC values as determined by toe pinch in all animals remained unchanged after spinal transection of the lesion both rostrally and caudally. CONCLUSIONS: Somatic motor responsiveness and its sensitivity to @entity5161 appeared to be unaltered despite acute loss of descending cortical and bulbar controls. This observation suggests that the site of anesthetic inhibition of motor response may be in the spinal cord.

title: Anesthetic potency is not altered after hypothermic spinal cord transection in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In order to identify @entity5 @entity1 with psychosocial needs during radiotherapy, a routine screening questionnaire is widely recommended in the literature. Several tools focusing mainly on psychological issues have been developed during the past decade. However, problems with their implementation into clinical routine have been repeatedly reported, due to a lack of practicability for clinicians and nurses. This study reports the compilation of a multidisciplinary screening questionnaire and an analysis of the effectiveness of its implementation into clinical routine at the Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Vienna. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The screening questionnaire is based on a compilation of several subscales from established and validated assessment tools. It focuses on comprehensive information with high a clinical relevance for all professions. In a pilot study, @entity1 ' acceptance was assessed qualitatively. Analysis of missing screening data in consecutively admitted @entity1 reflects the effectiveness of implementation and representativity of the data. A validation analysis of the psychological subscales was performed using external criteria and its internal consistency was tested with Cronbachs'  a. RESULTS: Qualitative @entity1 acceptance of the screening questionnaire is good. The overall response rate in the screening procedure was 75   %. Missing @entity1 screening data sets arose randomly-mainly due to organizational problems-and did not result in @entity2246 . The psychological subscales identify highly distressed @entity1 with a sensitivity of  89 and  78   %, and an internal consistency of  0.843 and  0.617. CONCLUSION: The multidisciplinary screening questionnaire compiled in this study has a high @entity1 acceptance, provides reliable and representative data and identifies highly distressed @entity1 with excellent sensitivity. Although requiring additional personnel resources, it can be implemented successfully in clinical routine with benefits for both the @entity1 and the professional team.

title: Validation and practical implementation of a multidisciplinary XXXX distress screening questionnaire.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['systematic errors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: It has been reported that @entity244 has various @entity358 including @entity10487 , @entity82 and various pulmonary manifestation. And some @entity1576 have been pointed out. @entity56 has been indicated in @entity1 with @entity565 . It has been revealed that it plays an important role in pathogenesis of @entity565 . Recently, some authors reported @entity56 in @entity1 with @entity244 . We studied bronchial responsiveness to @entity2710 by using astograph in @entity1 with @entity244 . The @entity1 are 25 subjects with @entity244 . @entity56 was seen in 15 @entity1 (60%). And it's pattern was more slight than it of @entity565 @entity1 . Our results show @entity56 in @entity244 which has been pointed out recently. It may be due to an alteration of bronchial epithelium secondary to lymphocytic @entity32 and damage of bronchial glands.

title: [ XXXX in @entity244 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['lung fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial asthma']

entities_list: @entity10487 :: ('MESH:C562489', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoid interstitial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary involvement']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['bronchial hypersensitivity', 'Bronchial hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in respiratory function']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Sj  gren's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2710 :: ('MESH:D016210', 'Chemical') :: ['methacholine']

answer: @entity56 :: (MESH:D004342,Disease) :: ['Bronchial hypersensitivity']


abstract: A 63-year-old @entity1 developed progressive @entity425 and @entity132 in the legs, and had to walk with a stick three months later. Neurological examination revealed symptoms of transverse @entity602 at the level of the first lumbar cord. The plain X-rays revealed flattening and osteolytic changes of the 11th thoracic vertebra which suggested a spine @entity5 . CT showed a destruction of the 11th vertebra which invaded the spinal canal. The 11th vertebral body and the arches were filled by lobulated @entity5 masses. MRI of the spine revealed the 11th vertebra to be low in T1 and high in T2 images with marked spotty enhancement effect by @entity2287 . The neighboring discs and spines were not involved by the @entity5 . The @entity5 was surgically resected with resultant massive @entity548 . Histological diagnosis of the @entity5 was @entity80 . She developed a postoperative stress ulcer with perforation, but recovered. Finally she was able to walk without a stick nine months after surgery. @entity80 , though very rare in elderly @entity1 , should be considered in differentiating spine diseases which cause transverse @entity602 . It is important to make a preoperative diagnosis because severe @entity548 may occur during a surgical procedure, as was seen in our case.

title: [Transverse XXXX caused by @entity80 in an old @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['sensory disturbance']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity80 :: ('MESH:D017824', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal bone cyst', 'Aneurysmal bone cyst']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

answer: @entity602 :: (MESH:D013118,Disease) :: ['myelopathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationships between affected ankle dorsiflexion strength, other ankle muscle strength measurements, plantarflexor @entity508 , and Timed "Up _ Go" (TUG) times in @entity1 with @entity1158 after @entity64 . DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: A university-based rehabilitation centre. @entity1 : Seventy-three subjects with @entity1158 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional mobility was assessed using TUG times. Plantarflexor @entity508 was measured using the Composite Spasticity Scale. Affected and unaffected ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength were recorded using a load-cell mounted on a foot support with the knee bent at 50   and subjects in supine lying. RESULTS: TUG times demonstrated strong negative correlation with affected ankle dorsiflexion strength (r   =   -0.67, p    <=   0.001) and weak negative correlations with other ankle muscle strength measurements (r   =   -0.28 to -0.31, p    <=   0.05), but no significant correlation with plantarflexor @entity508 . A linear regression model showed that affected ankle dorsiflexion strength was independently associated with TUG times and accounted for 27.5% of the variance. The whole model explained 47.5% of the variance in TUG times. CONCLUSION: Affected ankle dorsiflexion strength is a crucial component in determining the TUG performance, which is thought to reflect functional mobility in subjects with @entity1158 .

title: Ankle dorsiflexor, not plantarflexor strength, predicts the functional mobility of XXXX with @entity1158 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spasticity']

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['spastic hemiplegia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['people']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Accumulated studies have shown that hematological parameters [e.g., red blood cell distribution width (RDW), hemoglobin, platelet count] and serum @entity972 level can impact the prognosis of @entity1 with @entity583 ( @entity583 ). However, no previous study has evaluated the prognostic values of these laboratory tests simultaneously. METHODS: This study is based on an intensive care unit (ICU) database named Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II (MIMIC II). Adult @entity1 with @entity583 were included, and their hematological parameters and serum ion levels on admission were extracted. The relationships between these laboratory tests and hospital mortality were evaluated using a logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The effects of these laboratory tests on 1-year mortality were evaluated using a Cox hazard regression model and Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. RESULTS: In univariable analysis, increased white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil percentage, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), RDW, @entity972 and decreased red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin, @entity70 ( @entity70 ), hematocrit and percentage of lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil and eosinophil were significantly associated with hospital mortality. In multivariable analyses, basophil percentage, @entity972 , WBC and @entity70 were independently associated with hospital morality, while WBC, RDW, @entity70 , @entity972 and percentages of neutrophil and lymphocyte were associated with 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Hematological parameters and serum @entity972 can provide prognostic information in @entity583 @entity1 . @entity70 is an independent prognostic factor for both short and long term outcomes of @entity583 .

title: Lower @entity70 is associated with poorer outcomes in intensive care unit admitted XXXX with @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity70 :: ('MESH:D006445', 'Disease') :: ['mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration', 'MCHC']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The efficacy of the reverse Less Invasive Plating System in the management of unstable proximal femoral extracapsular @entity174 was retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-seven @entity1 with complex proximal @entity3330 were identified. There were three open @entity174 . The mean age was 71 years (range; 65-79). The mean follow up was 24 months (range; 15-32). The main outcome measures were union, union time, requirement for secondary procedures, development of @entity281 , @entity2531 . Nonunion was observed in one @entity1 . The average Harris hip score at the last assessment was 73 points (range 58-85). The outcome was adversely affected by concomitant medical problems, anatomical reduction and fixation of the plate. The use of this plate in the management of proximal @entity3330 of all types may be a safe and alternative method to other treatment options.

title: Minimally invasive management of unstable proximal femoral extracapsular XXXX using reverse LISS femoral locking plates.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['deep infection']

entities_list: @entity2531 :: ('MESH:D013001', 'Disease') :: ['pain, and functional impairment']

entities_list: @entity3330 :: ('MESH:D005264', 'Disease') :: ['femoral fractures']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: The immunoregulatory properties of novel specific inhibitors of @entity1437 (5-LO) were investigated in vitro. These novel @entity12035 were found to inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes in response to @entity1192 and @entity1199 ( @entity1199 ). Mitogen- and antigen-induced lymphoproliferation were likewise inhibited and so too was the spontaneous proliferation of transformed cells of myeloid and lymphoid origin. In this respect the compounds were one-tenth as potent as @entity500 on a molar basis. The production of @entity1192 and @entity1199 remained unaffected. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation was not related to inhibition of 5-LO. The latter occurred at 40-fold lower concentrations of 5-LO inhibitor. Moreover, inhibition of lymphoproliferation was not reversible in the presence of excess @entity1426 . @entity1192 -induced collagenase production by chondrocytes was unaffected by 5-LO inhibitors. Contrary to a number of published reports, products of 5-LO do not appear to be obligatory mediators in @entity1192 and @entity1199 signal transduction. The immunosuppressive action of the 5-LO inhibitors described here seems to be a novel secondary property of the compounds.

title: Immunoregulatory properties of novel specific inhibitors of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity500 :: ('MESH:D001379', 'Chemical') :: ['azathioprine']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity12035 :: ('CHEBI:22177', 'Chemical') :: ['acetohydroxamic acids']

answer: @entity1437 :: (240,Gene) :: ['5-lipoxygenase']


abstract: Nine @entity1 with @entity15 underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the contrast enhancement of individual lesions after a single dose and a triple dose of @entity2287 . A single dose (0.1 mmol/kg) of @entity25942 was administered and after a delay, axial T1-weighted images were obtained. After an additional 0.2-mmol/kg dose, the same T1-weighted sequence was repeated. An unblinded reader simultaneously viewed the images from both doses, and utilizing a computer console to rule out flow artifacts, created a gold standard of "definite" enhancing lesions. Using this system, he determined that there was a total of 12 definite enhancing lesions among the @entity1 . This reader also evaluated lesion conspicuity. The contrast-noise ratio was calculated for each lesion. A second reader, blinded to the dose used, then evaluated the number of enhancing lesions at both doses. The unblinded reader noted increased lesions at both doses. The unblinded reader noted increased lesion conspicuity after the triple dose. Contrast-noise ratios were significantly (p < 0.001) higher after the triple dose (mean, 9.19) than after the single dose (mean, 2.97). The blinded reader detected 11 of the 12 definite lesions on MRIs after the triple dose (sensitivity, 92%) but saw only 6 on MRIs after the single dose (sensitivity, 50%). The difference was significant (p < 0.001). Subjective analysis of the films revealed an increase in "ghosting artifacts" at the high dose. Administration of triple-dose @entity2287 provides increased lesion conspicuity and an improved lesion detection rate when compared to single-dose @entity2287 in @entity1 with @entity15 .

title: Triple-dose versus single-dose XXXX in @entity15 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity25942 :: ('MESH:C062402', 'Chemical') :: ['gadoteridol']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity25942 :: (MESH:C062402,Chemical) :: ['gadoteridol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Leg ulcres can be seen as manifestations of antiphospholipid syndromes but their pathogenic relationship with vascular @entity715 events secondary to antiphospholipid antibodies remains to be defined with precision. A significant association between anticardiolipin antibodies and @entity3179 has been described. We conducted this study to determine whether such an association is found in @entity3179 and if it could also be present in cases involving the arterial and/or arteriolar circulation. @entity1 AND METHODS: From December 1995 to March 1997, 48 @entity1 with leg @entity1066 involving venous (27 cases), arteriovenous (9 cases) or arteriolar (12 cases) circulations were admitted. The etiologic diagnosis was based on clinical presentation and duplex Doppler findings examining the superficial and deep venous and arterial circuits. Antiphospholipid antibodies were searched for in all cases: VDRL, ELISA for IgG and IgM antiphospholipid antibodies, antiprothrombinase circulating anticoagulant. RESULTS: Circulating anticoagulants were found in 22 of the 48 @entity1 (46%): 12/27 (44%) involved @entity3179 (anticardiolipin antibodies, 5 cases; circulating anticoagulants, 4 cases; both, 2 cases); 1/9 involved arteriovenous @entity1066 (anticardiolipin antibodies, 5 cases); 9/12 involved arteriolar @entity1066 (anticardiolipin antibodies, 3 cases; circulating anticoagulants, 6 cases; both, 3 cases). Seven of the 9 @entity1 also had severe @entity3468 . A past history of @entity49 was found in 3 cases with @entity3179 and antiphospholipid antibodies. One @entity1 among the 5 with arteriolar @entity1066 had a past history of arterial @entity715 . DISCUSSION: Our cohort is too small for a formal conclusion but underlines two points: 1. antiphospholipid antibodies can be associated with @entity3179 independently of @entity715 history. The hypothesis that leukocyte stasis and endothelial cell activation causes an immune reaction implicating antiphospholipid antibodies has been put forward. The usefulness of an antiaggregate treatment or an anticoagulant treatment should be discussed, 2. The possible association between arteriolar @entity1066 and antiphospholipid antibodies requires further large scale studies.

title: [Leg XXXX and antiphospholipid antibodies. Prospective study of 48 cases].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity3179 :: ('MESH:D014647', 'Disease') :: ['venous ulcers', 'venous leg ulcers']

entities_list: @entity3468 :: ('MESH:D001167', 'Disease') :: ['arteritis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis', 'thrombotic']

answer: @entity1066 :: (MESH:D014456,Disease) :: ['ulcers']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: Case report of surgically treated @entity1643 from the facet joint contralateral to a @entity7687 ( @entity244 ). OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of facet-related @entity1643 in a 17-year-old cheerleader and its successful surgical treatment with resection of a contralateral anomalous articulation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae are common in the general population. @entity244 is @entity1643 associated with these transitional segments. Little is known about the pathophysiology and mechanics of these vertebral segments and their propensity to be @entity158 generators. Treatment of this syndrome is controversial, and surgical intervention has been infrequently reported. METHOD: A retrospective chart analysis and radiographic review were performed. RESULTS: Repeated fluoroscopically guided injections implicated a symptomatic L6-S1 facet joint contralateral to an @entity7687 . Eventually, a successful surgical outcome was achieved with resection of the anomalous articulation. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should consider the possibility that @entity1643 may occur from a facet contralateral to a @entity7687 , even in a young @entity1 . Although reports of surgical treatment of @entity244 are infrequent, resection of the anomalous articulation provided excellent results in this @entity1 , presumably because of reduced stresses on the symptomatic facet.

title: Partial lumbosacral transitional vertebra resection for contralateral facetogenic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1643 :: ('MESH:D017116', 'Disease') :: ['mechanical low back pain', 'low back pain']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Bertolotti's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity7687 :: ('MESH:D001184', 'Disease') :: ['anomalous lumbosacral articulation', 'unilateral anomalous lumbosacral articulation']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: @entity741 -reperfusion injury contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity6 . Insulin decreases @entity583 size in animals and the rate of apoptosis in cultured cells. @entity63 -reperfusion activates @entity12220 (MAPK), which regulates cellular apoptosis. To examine whether @entity12220 MAPK affects insulin's cardioprotection against @entity63 -reperfusion injury, we studied overnight-fasted adult male @entity35 by use of an in vivo @entity35 model of @entity741 -reperfusion. A euglycemic clamp (3 mU.min(-1).kg(-1)) was begun either 10 min before @entity63 (InsulinBI), 5 min before reperfusion (InsulinBR), or 30 min after the onset of reperfusion (InsulinAR), and continued until the end of the study. Compared with saline control, insulin decreased the @entity1188 size in both InsulinBI (P < 0.001) and InsulinBR (P < 0.02) @entity35 but not in InsulinAR @entity35 . The @entity63 area showed markedly increased phosphorylation of @entity12220 MAPK compared with the nonischemic area in saline animals. Acute activation of @entity12220 MAPK with @entity11007 (2 mg/kg iv 10 min before @entity63 ) had no effect on @entity1188 size in saline @entity35 . However, it completely abolished insulin's protective effect in InsulinBI and InsulinBR @entity35 . Activation of @entity12220 MAPK by @entity11007 was associated with marked and persistent elevation in @entity24577 @entity563 phosphorylation. Treatment of animals with @entity40226 , a potent and specific inhibitor of @entity12220 MAPK, 10 min before reperfusion enabled insulin-mediated myocardial protection in InsulinAR @entity35 . We conclude that insulin protects myocardium against @entity63 -reperfusion injury when given prior to @entity63 or reperfusion, and activation of @entity12220 MAPK abolishes insulin's cardioprotective effect.

title: Activation of XXXX abolishes insulin-mediated myocardial protection against @entity63 -reperfusion injury.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['Ischemia', 'ischemic', 'ischemia']

entities_list: @entity11007 :: ('MESH:D000841', 'Chemical') :: ['anisomycin']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial ischemia', 'myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarct']

entities_list: @entity12220 :: ('81649(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase', 'p38']

answer: @entity12220 :: (81649(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To establish whether the practice of end-of-life decision-making for neonates and @entity1 under the age of 1 in the Netherlands in 2000 was different from that in 1995. DESIGN: Retrospective descriptive and comparative study. METHODS: In both years, all @entity204 of @entity1 under the age of one year that took place in August-November (1995: n = 338; 2001: n = 347) were studied. The response rate was 96% in 1995 and 84% in 2001. The questionnaires which were sent to the physicians who reported the @entity204 , included structured questions about whether or not death had been preceded by end-of-life decisions, i.e. decisions to withhold or withdraw potentially life-prolonging treatment or to administer (potentially) life-shortening drugs, and questions about the decision-making process. RESULTS: The proportion of end-of-life decisions increased slightly from 62% to 68% of all @entity204 in the first year of life, but the difference was not statistically significant. The large majority of these decisions involved withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. The frequency of decisions to actively terminate the life of an @entity1 who was not dependent on life-sustaining treatment remained stable at 1%. The proportion of decisions that had been discussed with the parents increased slightly, from 91% in 1995 to 97% in 2001; similar percentages of the decisions had been discussed with other physicians. The percentage of decisions that had been discussed with the nursing staff decreased from 40 in 1995 to 28 in 2001. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the practice of end-of-life decision-making in neonatology was rather stable between 1995 and 2001. The frequency of the active termination of life had not increased, despite the new euthanasia regulation in the Netherlands.

title: [No conspicuous changes in the practice of medical end-of-life decision-making for neonates and XXXX in the Netherlands in 2001 as compared to 1995].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'infant', 'children']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infants']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoid (GC), a mediator of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal @entity2270 , has been found to play an important role in maintaining the stability of immune endo-environment of the body. The pathogenesis of @entity1988 , an @entity792 , is thought to be related to the intrinsic hyposensitivity to GC secreted by adrenal gland, and impairs the regulation of the immuno-neuro-endocrine @entity2270 . METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we examined the response of 39 clinic @entity1 with @entity1988 to GC and analyzed the molecular structure and function of the GC receptor (GR) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: There was no difference in the level of ACTH, GC and ligand affinity of GR between the @entity1 and the controls. The GR number on mononuclear cells of @entity1252 @entity1 was lower than that of the controls. There was no difference in GR number between the @entity1 with heterogeneous response, i.e. sensitive, dependent and resistance, to GC. The analysis of exon 9 of the GC receptor with PCR-amplified single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method showed the polymorphism in exon 9 of GC receptor in 8 of the 39 @entity1988 @entity1 . DNA sequence analysis revealed an @entity5536 insertion at the 2439 base pair of the GC receptor gene. This phase-shift mutation caused an additional 20 @entity1522 being translated into protein of GC receptor. CONCLUSION: The decreased number of GC receptor and the molecular variation of GR on mononuclear cells could explain the phenomenon of GC resistance, potentially to endogenous GC, which suggested an etiological significance of neuro-endocrine-immune mechanism in @entity1988 . This may be useful in the design of @entity1988 therapy.

title: The phase-shift mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor gene: potential etiologic significance of neuroendocrine mechanisms in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disease']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extracts of fruit and bark of Ficus glomerata Roxb. on @entity786 -induced myelosuppression in @entity19 and the phagocytic effect on @entity1 neutrophils. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanolic extracts of fruits and bark of Ficus glomerata Roxb. at two dose levels of 250 and 500 mg/kg p.o. were administered for 13 days to albino @entity19 and @entity786 (30 mg/kg i.p.) was administered on 11th, 12th, and 13th days, 1 hour after the administration of the respective treatment. On 14th day blood was collected and the hematological parameters were evaluated. The two extracts in the concentration range 100, 50, 25, 12 and 6.25  g were also tested for phagocytic effect on @entity1 neutrophils using the in vitro models- @entity2387 (NBT) dye test, phagocytosis of @entity5132 , and chemotaxis assay. RESULTS: Methanolic extracts of fruit and bark of Ficus glomerata Roxb. showed significant counteracting effect (P < 0.01) to @entity786 -induced reduction in total WBC, differential leucocyte count, platelet counts, RBC counts, and hemoglobin levels. The extracts of the plant in the concentration range 100, 50, 25, 12, and 6.25  g also showed significant (P < 0.01) phagocytic effect on @entity1 neutrophils in the parameters studied. CONCLUSION: Methanolic extracts of fruits and bark of Ficus glomerata Roxb. exhibited immunomodulatory property in both in vivo and in vitro models.

title: Immunomodulatory activity of methanolic extracts of fruits and bark of Ficus glomerata Roxb. in XXXX and on @entity1 neutrophils.

entities_list: @entity2387 :: ('MESH:D009580', 'Chemical') :: ['nitroblue tetrazolium']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Although @entity8 remains the most common cause of @entity454 worldwide, major advances have been made recently in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms which mediate these disorders. @entity1985 in non inflammatory lesions such as minimal-change/focal @entity1463 and MN results from disorders of the GEC which can be simulated in animal models by antibodies to various GEC membrane epitopes. Clarification of how these antibodies effect the GEC to induce a loss of glomerular barrier function should substantially improve understanding of the pathogenesis of minimal change/focal @entity1463 . In MN, @entity644 is mediated primarily by C5b-9 through similar mechanisms that also involve the GEC as a target. @entity8 are induced by circulating inflammatory cells or proliferating resident glomerular cells. Understanding of how these cells induce tissue injury has also evolved considerably over the past decade. Neutrophil-induced disease involves leukocyte adhesion molecules in regulating neutrophil localization; proteases, oxidants, and @entity3335 in mediating injury and platelets in augmenting these processes. The activated mesangial cell exhibits altered phenotype and proliferation with release of oxidants and proteases. Mesangial cell proliferation may be initiated by basic fibroblast growth factor and is maintained by an autocrine mechanism involving PDGF. TGF-beta is important in the subsequent development of @entity1463 . As understanding of these areas evolves, numerous new therapeutic strategies can now be devised, including agents which block or inhibit complement effects, oxidants, proteases, growth factors, and other cytokines. Appreciation of the role of several natural inhibitors of these mechanisms may also allow therapeutic manipulations that upregulate regulatory proteins, with a consequent therapeutic benefit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Mediation of immune XXXX .

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular disease', 'Inflammatory glomerular lesions']

entities_list: @entity3335 :: ('4353', 'Gene') :: ['myeloperoxidase']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['Nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity454 :: ('MESH:D007676', 'Disease') :: ['end-stage renal disease']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['glomerular injury']


abstract: Narrow-band UVB has been reported to be efficacious in @entity1 with @entity1694 . The epidermis of @entity1 with @entity1694 showed reduction in the levels of @entity2196 , in association with high levels of @entity3884 peroxidase ( @entity274 ) that is toxic for melanocytes. Based on these findings, we studied the efficacy and safety of a topical gel containing @entity2196 and @entity224 dismutase (Vitix) in combination with narrow-band UVB. The study included 22 @entity1 of which 19 completed the 6-month study period. @entity1 applied the gel containing @entity2196 and @entity224 dismutase twice a day and received narrow-band UVB 3 times per week. Two different dermatologists evaluated the grade of repigmentation by photograph comparison. At the end of therapy, more than 50% of overall repigmentation was noticed in 11 of 19 (57.9%) @entity1 . More than 75% repigmentation was recorded in three (15.79%), 26%-50% repigmentation in six (31.58%) @entity1 and 1%-25% repigmentation in one (5.26%) @entity1 , whereas one (5.26%) of 19 @entity1 showed no repigmentation at all. The best response was achieved on the face and neck, with more than 50% repigmentation observed in 11 of 14 (78.6%) @entity1 . Development of new lesions was not observed. Adverse events were mild and transient. The study showed that the combination therapy of narrow-band UVB and gel containing @entity2196 and dismutase is a therapeutic option that could be considered in the management of @entity1694 . Further evaluation of this combination in multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies should be undertaken.

title: Treatment of @entity1694 with narrow-band UVB and topical gel containing @entity2196 and XXXX dismutase.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3884 :: ('MESH:D006859', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity224 :: (MESH:D013481,Chemical) :: ['superoxide']