abstract: To examine whether concomitant anabolic @entity134 treatment combined with training might enhance previously observed training effects (A. Bisschop, G. Gayan-Ramirez, H. Rollier, R. Gosselink, R. Dom, V. de Bock, and M. Decramer. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155: 1583-1589, 1997) and whether @entity2135 ( @entity2135 ) was involved in these changes, male and female @entity35 were submitted to @entity121 ( @entity121 ) for 8 wk (30 min/day, 5 times/wk) and were compared with untrained controls. During the last 5 wk of training, trained @entity35 were divided to receive weekly either low-dose (LD; 1.5 mg/kg) or @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ; 7.5 mg/kg) @entity11330 or saline for the @entity121 and control @entity35 . In both sexes, diaphragm muscle mass and contractile properties were unchanged with treatment. In males, @entity2101 resulted in decreased diaphragm type I cross-sectional area (-15%; P < 0.05, @entity2101 vs. @entity121 ), whereas no changes were observed in females. Finally, an increase in @entity2135 mRNA levels was present in @entity2101 male (+73%; P < 0.05, @entity2101 vs. @entity121 ) and female treated @entity35 [LD (+58%) and @entity2101 (+96%) vs. @entity121 ; P < 0.001]. We conclude that administration of @entity11330 did not enhance the previously observed training effects in @entity35 diaphragm, although it increased the @entity2135 mRNA expression levels.

title: @entity11330 does not enhance training effects but increases XXXX mRNA in @entity35 diaphragm.

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2135 :: ('24482(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor I', 'IGF-I']

entities_list: @entity11330 :: ('MESH:C003297', 'Chemical') :: ['nandrolone decanoate']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['IMT', 'inspiratory muscle training']

answer: @entity2135 :: (24482(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['IGF-I']


abstract: We report a 53-year-old @entity1 of X-BSMA with @entity16 . The @entity1 developed slowly progressive @entity425 and @entity5653 over a 2-year period with an accompanying @entity1183 in the finger tip. He can run normally but not so fast. When he was aged 52-year old, difficulty in running progressed. General physical examination revealed nothing particular except for @entity101 and @entity247 . He showed @entity425 and @entity194 in the tongue, shoulder girdle, and upper and lower limbs. @entity291 muscle @entity1184 were prominent on both sides. The tendon reflexes were absent. Slight sensory impairment for vibration and pin-prick was present distally in all limbs. @entity66 was not observed. @entity4854 , elevated HbA1c and elevated serum CK (1,242 IU/l) were seen. The computed tomographic analyses on skeletal muscle showed @entity1184 changes in the @entity291 muscles with a few fatty infiltrations. Electromyography showed a systemic neurogenic pattern. Motor nerve conduction velocities were slightly delayed in the lower limits. Sensory nerve action potentials were not elicited in all nerves tested. Sural nerve biopsy disclosed marked @entity17 for that of large diameter with thin myelin. Teased fibre studies showed a definite increase in the incidence of fibres @entity17 . In electron microscopic examination, typical or atypical onion bulb formation was observed on individual fibres. Axonal changes were minimum. We believe that segmental @entity17 observed in this @entity1 is not secondary to axonal damage. We, also, investigated @entity2526 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in this @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [A case of X-linked recessive bulbospinal muscular atrophy with demyelinating @entity16 and @entity1184 of the XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['with segmental demyelination and remyelination', 'demyelination', 'reduction of myelinated fibres']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Autonomic nerve dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophies', 'hypertrophic']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscular weakness']

entities_list: @entity2526 :: ('MESH:D025063', 'Disease') :: ['AR gene abnormality']

entities_list: @entity247 :: ('MESH:D006177', 'Disease') :: ['gynecomastia']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['calves']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate MR in the diagnosis and @entity5 . METHODS: Five @entity1 with histologically proved @entity4236 were studied by MR. Four also had CT scans. RESULTS: The extent of disease delineated by MR agreed with surgical findings and surgical staging of the @entity5 in all five @entity1 . All cases of @entity4236 originated in the nasal cavity and involved the ethmoid sinuses. In three of the five cases, the @entity5 extended to the anterior skull base. In one case MR correctly suggested skull base involvement missed on CT. Lesions were isointense to hyperintense with muscle on T1-weighted scans. Compared with fat on T2-weighted scans, @entity4236 were variable in signal intensity. Enhancement was minimal to moderate in all cases. CONCLUSION: In the evaluation of @entity4236 , MR is most useful in delineating the extent of the @entity5 and may be more accurate than CT. However, the signal intensity characteristics of @entity4236 may overlap other @entity5 .

title: XXXX : MR evaluation.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'staging of olfactory neuroblastoma', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4236 :: ('MESH:D018304', 'Disease') :: ['olfactory neuroblastomas', 'olfactory neuroblastoma']

answer: @entity4236 :: (MESH:D018304,Disease) :: ['Olfactory neuroblastoma']


abstract: Hearing and understanding are two related, yet different processes. Hearing is the perception of sound. It can be of enormous value to @entity1 with severely impaired hearing, as it facilitates acoustic orientation. An understanding of speech, however, remains virtually impossible for most of these @entity1 . Nevertheless, early habituation to their acoustic situation makes lip-reading much easier, thus enabling conversations to be possible in good listening environments. @entity73 @entity1 , however, are still not in a position to follow conversation in larger groups. Even with hearing aids and the deployment of the latest technology, sufficient help is not always given. Before making a decision on the use of these technical aids, the ENT specialist should discuss the needs of the particular individual with the hearing-aid specialist. Provided that residual hearing can be used to understand speech with the help of a hearing aid, intracochlear implantation of an electronic prosthesis is not indicated. A cochlear implant is indicated when there is a complete @entity393 on both sides. Such a profound loss means that sufficient understanding of speech is no longer possible, even with the assistance of the latest hearing aids. For most adults, @entity2319 is a postlingual phenomenon. Adults who were born deaf or who lost their hearing in childhood tend to be unsuitable for cochlear implantation. Up to the age of six years, however, @entity1 born deaf can benefit considerably from a cochlear implant. @entity1 who are provided with a cochlear implant shortly after becoming deaf also have a good chance of being capable of learning and understanding speech.

title: [Extensive @entity393 and XXXX in adults].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Severely impaired']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

answer: @entity2319 :: (MESH:D003638,Disease) :: ['deafness']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to report our experience on @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in @entity1 with @entity4407 ( @entity4407 ) and @entity4406 ( @entity4406 ). DESIGN: @entity1 with @entity4406 and @entity4407 consecutively diagnosed and followed in authors' Department between 1 July 1986 and 30 June 1996. SUBJECTS: Over the past 10 years we have followed 170 @entity1 with @entity4407 and 149 with @entity4406 , diagnosed according to the Polycythemia Vera Study Group (PVSG) criteria. The @entity1 were divided into 3 groups on the basis of the age at diagnosis (group A < 40, B 41-65, C > 65 years). INTERVENTIONS: In all @entity1 with @entity4406 and/or myelosuppressive therapy were used to keep haematocrit level lower than 45%. @entity1862 was given to @entity1 with @entity4407 with a positive history for major @entity455 or with an extreme @entity1148 . Aspirin therapy ( @entity1281 ) (100 mg per day) was administered in @entity1 with @entity132 or previous @entity715 (in @entity1 with @entity4406 also in the presence of @entity731 risk factors). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of @entity583 in @entity1 with @entity4407 and @entity4406 with and without @entity1281 therapy. RESULTS: 9.4% of @entity1 with @entity4407 and 11.4% of those with @entity4406 had @entity583 . 17.6% of @entity1 with @entity4406 were younger than 40 years at the moment of @entity583 in contrast to 0% of those with @entity4407 . 75% of @entity1 with @entity4407 and 70.6% of those with @entity4406 with @entity583 had @entity731 risk factors such as smoking, @entity101 , @entity6 , dyslipidaemia. All @entity1 with @entity583 received @entity1281 100 mg daily after @entity715 and four of the @entity4407 group developed a @entity4905 ( @entity4905 ) afterwards. Four subjects with @entity4406 during the follow-up had TIAs and two @entity1897 in spite of @entity1281 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: @entity583 is less common in @entity1 with @entity4407 younger than 40 years than in older @entity1 . Association of @entity583 and cardiovascular risk factors is frequent in @entity1 with @entity4407 and @entity4406 . A low dose of @entity1281 could be able to reduce the number of @entity1186 without increasing @entity548 complications in @entity1 with @entity1423 and common @entity731 risk factors. However, a larger population must be evaluated to confirm our hypothesis.

title: Acute coronary disease in XXXX and @entity4406 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular complications']

entities_list: @entity1148 :: ('MESH:D013922', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytosis']

entities_list: @entity132 :: ('MESH:D010468', 'Disease') :: ['microvascular disturbances']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity1862 :: ('MESH:D006918', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydroxyurea']

entities_list: @entity4407 :: ('MESH:D013920', 'Disease') :: ['essential thrombocythemia', 'ET']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1423 :: ('MESH:D001791', 'Disease') :: ['elevated platelet count']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral arteriopathy']

entities_list: @entity4905 :: ('MESH:D002546', 'Disease') :: ['transient ischaemic attack', 'TIA']

entities_list: @entity4406 :: ('MESH:D011087', 'Disease') :: ['PV phlebotomies', 'polycythemia vera', 'PV']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1186 :: ('MESH:D003328', 'Disease') :: ['coronary thrombosis']

answer: @entity4407 :: (MESH:D013920,Disease) :: ['essential thrombocythemia']


abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of three different induction techniques, with or without @entity4094 , on tracheal intubation, haemodynamic responses and cardiac rhythm. Ninety @entity1 , aged 1-3 years, undergoing day-case adenoidectomy were randomly allocated to three groups: group @entity1950 received @entity4490 5 mg kg-1 and @entity2900 1.5 mg kg-1, group H 5 Vol.% @entity1508 and group PA @entity680 10 micrograms kg-1 and @entity1875 3 mg kg-1 for induction of anaesthesia. No anti-cholinergics were used. Holter-monitoring of the heart rate and rhythm was started at least 15 min before induction of anaesthesia and continued until 3 min after intubation. Tracheal intubation was performed by an anaesthetist blinded to the induction method and judged as excellent, moderate or poor according to ease of laryngoscopy, position of vocal cords and incidence of coughing after intubation. Tracheal intubation was successful at the first attempt in all @entity1 in groups @entity1950 and H and but only in 80% in group PA (P = 0.001). Intubating conditions were excellent in 22 (73%), 22 (73%) and one (3%) of the @entity1 in groups @entity1950 , H and PA, respectively (P = 0.001). @entity943 ( @entity4710 or junctional rhythm) occurred in two (7%) @entity1 in groups PA and H each ( @entity7031 ). @entity1168 occurred in 0 (0%), four (14%) and six (21%) @entity1 in groups @entity1950 , H and PA, respectively (P = 0.007 PA vs. @entity1950 , P = 0.03 H vs. @entity1950 ). In conclusion, induction of anaesthesia with @entity1875 3 mg kg-1 and @entity680 10 micrograms kg-1 without @entity4094 did not provide acceptable intubating conditions in @entity1 1-3 years, although it preserved arterial pressure better than @entity4490 / @entity2900 or @entity1508 . @entity943 were few regardless of the induction method.

title: Induction characteristics of @entity4490 / @entity2900 , XXXX / @entity680 or @entity1508 alone in @entity1 aged 1-3 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular block']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['Bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity680 :: ('MESH:D015760', 'Chemical') :: ['alfentanil']

entities_list: @entity4490 :: ('MESH:D013874', 'Chemical') :: ['thiopentone']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular extrasystole']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac dysrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity2900 :: ('MESH:D013390', 'Chemical') :: ['suxamethonium']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['propofol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: True @entity439 of the abdominal aorta and its branches are at least in part due to defects in the structural integrity of the arterial wall. Whether the defect is isolated to the vascular wall is unclear. If the structural weakness involves other tissues, @entity1 with @entity439 should have a higher incidence of collagen and @entity4438 , such as @entity4036 . METHOD: We reviewed 100 @entity1 who underwent elective aortic reconstruction for @entity432 . All @entity1 were operated on by the same group of vascular surgeons, through a midline incision, with fascia closed using running absorbable suture. Midline incisional and @entity169 were identified, and all @entity1 were followed up for at least 1 year. Comparisons between groups were made for established risk factors for @entity4037 . RESULTS: Incisional @entity547 occurred in 18 of 58 (31%) @entity439 @entity1 , compared with 5 of 42 (12%) @entity432 @entity1 (P = 0.025). @entity169 occurred in 11 of 58 (19%) @entity439 @entity1 versus 2 of 42 (5%) @entity432 @entity1 (P = 0.037). Risk factors were equally distributed between the two groups. Neither the size of the @entity439 nor the presence of an @entity1029 affected the incidence of @entity4036 in the @entity439 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the increased incidence of @entity4036 in @entity1 undergoing aortic surgery for @entity439 compared with @entity432 . The size of the @entity439 and the association of an @entity1029 did not affect the incidence of @entity547 among these @entity1 . Genetic and biochemical abnormalities are considered as possible explanations.

title: Incidence of XXXX in aortic surgery.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4438 :: ('MESH:C563219', 'Disease') :: ['fascial defects']

entities_list: @entity4036 :: ('MESH:D046449', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal wall hernias', 'abdominal and inguinal hernias']

entities_list: @entity1029 :: ('MESH:D017543', 'Disease') :: ['iliac artery aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysmal disease', 'aneurysm disease', 'aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal or occlusive disease', 'occlusive disease', 'aortoiliac occlusive disease']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernias', 'Inguinal hernias']

entities_list: @entity4037 :: ('MESH:D006555', 'Disease') :: ['ventral hernias']

answer: @entity4036 :: (MESH:D046449,Disease) :: ['abdominal wall hernia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1358 are the most common @entity5 leading to pancreatic @entity3 . The differentiation of @entity3 from primary @entity788 is important for the prognosis. Echo-enhanced power-Doppler sonography may be used for the differential diagnosis of @entity5 . In this study, the contrast behavior of @entity3 of @entity1358 was evaluated in comparison to primary @entity788 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Each 5 @entity1 with pancreatic @entity3 of a @entity1358 , a @entity513 , a @entity5 and a @entity788 -associated mass were investigated by B-mode sonography, fundamental and echo-enhanced power-Doppler sonography. RESULTS: @entity5 , @entity3 of @entity1358 were found to be hypervascularized. In contrast, @entity513 are hypovascularized compared to the surrounding tissue. @entity5 associated with @entity788 show different vascularization pattern depending on @entity32 and @entity39 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1358 and @entity513 show different vascularization pattern at echo-enhanced power-Doppler sonography. Renal cell @entity3 and @entity5 have similar contrast behaviors, therefore, clinical symptoms should be referred for their differentiation. However, histology is the standard of reference for the differential diagnosis of @entity788 .

title: [Pancreatic XXXX of @entity1358 - evaluation of the contrast behavior at echo-enhanced power-Doppler sonography in comparison to primary @entity788 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'pancreatic tumors']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neuroendocrine tumor', 'Tumors', 'primary tumors', 'Similar to neuroendocrine tumors', 'neuroendocrine tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinomas', 'ductal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinomas', 'Metastases of renal cell carcinomas', 'Renal cell carcinomas', 'renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: Cellular immune responses were examined in the skin of @entity291 after primary and secondary experimental infections with @entity27792 larvae. Skin biopsies were taken at 0, 6, 12, 48 and 96 h post-infection (h.p.i.). In primary infected animals the penetration of Hypoderma larvae was characterized by moderate inflammatory responses. The pattern of cellular changes in previously infected animals suggested an @entity56 or rheumatic process, probably as a consequence of the development of a @entity56 reaction against the second or successive reinfections. Perivascular infiltration with CD3(+) T lymphocytes was marked in infected groups, but especially in previously infected animals, with a significant increase with respect to uninfected controls at 48 h.p.i. B cells remained close to control values during @entity281 , while they increased significantly 12 h.p.i. in reinfected animals. IgG(+) plasma cells were also very abundant during secondary infections, with significant differences from primary infected and uninfected animals from 6 h.p.i. onwards. These results suggest that secondary infections allow cellular responses which may be effective in killing some of the entering larvae, resulting in a degree of resistance.

title: Skin immune responses in XXXX after primary and secondary infections with @entity27792 (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['primary infection']

entities_list: @entity27792 :: ('7389', 'Species') :: ['Hypoderma lineatum']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['type III hypersensitivity', 'allergic']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cattle']


abstract: To investigate the reproducibility of salt sensitivity testing using a dietary approach, 30 essential @entity101 @entity1 underwent salt sensitivity testing on an outpatient basis twice with a 6 month interval. At both tests casual and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (24-h BP) was recorded on habitual diet, then after a 6-day period on a low salt diet (aiming at 50 mmol/day), and finally after a 6-day period on a high salt diet (supplementation with @entity2827 tablets aiming at 250 mmol/day). Subjects showing > or =10% increase in mean BP when changing from low to high dietary salt intake were classified as @entity1702 . Dietary salt intake was assessed as 24-h urinary @entity1372 excretion. Based on 24-h BP recordings eight @entity1 were characterised as @entity1702 ( @entity1702 ) and 22 as salt resistant (SR) in the first test, and three of the initial @entity1702 and 15 of the initial SR @entity1 maintained their salt sensitivity status at the second test. Based on casual BP recordings 13 @entity1 were characterised as @entity1702 and 17 as SR in the first test, and three of the initial @entity1702 and 13 of the initial SR @entity1 maintained their salt sensitivity status at the second test. Thus, salt sensitivity status was reproducible in 60% when using 24-h BP, and in 53% when using casual BP measurements. There was no difference in baseline BP in dietary salt intake between the two tests. In the total study population, no significant correlation was found between the change in casual or 24-h BP during salt repletion in the first and second test. In conclusion casual and 24-h BP response to a 200 mmol/24h change in dietary salt intake is highly individual and varies over time. Characterisation of salt sensitivity using a dietary approach in out- @entity1 is reproducible in only 53-60% of the @entity1 .

title: Reproducibility of salt sensitivity testing using a dietary approach in essential XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1702 :: ('MESH:D013651', 'Disease') :: ['salt sensitive', 'SS']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity1789 is characterized by marked ST-segment elevation in the right precordial ECG leads and is associated with a high incidence of sudden and unexpected @entity204 . Our study examines the cellular basis for this syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using arterially perfused wedges of @entity235 right ventricle (RV), we simultaneously recorded transmembrane action potentials from 2 epicardial and 1 endocardial sites, together with unipolar electrograms and a transmural ECG. Loss of the action potential dome in epicardium but not endocardium after exposure to @entity1706 (2 to 5 micromol/L), a @entity3529 channel opener, or the combination of a @entity4024 channel blocker ( @entity6237 , 7 micromol/L) and @entity934 ( @entity3451 , 2 to 3 micromol/L) resulted in an abbreviation of epicardial response and a transmural dispersion of repolarization, which caused an ST-segment elevation in the ECG. @entity3451 facilitated loss of the action potential dome, whereas @entity3044 (0.1 to 1 micromol/L) restored the epicardial dome, thus reducing or eliminating the ST-segment elevation. Heterogeneous loss of the dome caused a marked dispersion of repolarization within the epicardium and transmurally, thus giving rise to phase 2 reentrant extrasystole, which precipitated @entity1165 ( @entity1165 ) and @entity2224 ( @entity2224 ). Transient outward current (I(to)) block with @entity973 (1 to 2 mmol/L) or @entity5126 (5 micromol/L) restored the dome, normalized the ST segment, and prevented @entity1165 / @entity2224 . Conclusions- @entity308 or loss of the action potential dome in RV epicardium creates a transmural voltage gradient that may be responsible for the ST-segment elevation observed in the @entity1789 and other syndromes exhibiting similar ECG manifestations. Our results also demonstrate that extrasystolic activity due to phase 2 reentry can arise in the intact wall of the @entity235 RV and serve as the trigger for @entity1165 / @entity2224 . Our data point to I(to) block ( @entity973 , @entity5126 ) as an effective pharmacological treatment.

title: Cellular basis for the XXXX and other mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis associated with ST-segment elevation.

entities_list: @entity1789 :: ('MESH:D053840', 'Disease') :: ['Brugada syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['VT', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression']

entities_list: @entity973 :: ('MESH:D015761', 'Chemical') :: ['4-aminopyridine']

entities_list: @entity6237 :: ('MESH:D005424', 'Chemical') :: ['flecainide']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation', 'VF']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmic death']

entities_list: @entity1706 :: ('MESH:D020110', 'Chemical') :: ['pinacidil']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity1789 :: (MESH:D053840,Disease) :: ['Brugada syndrome']


abstract: Radical retropubic prostatectomy is considered by many centres to be the treatment of choice for @entity1 aged less than 70 years with @entity263 . A rise in serum @entity1486 after radical prostatectomy occurs in 10-40% of cases. This study evaluates the usefulness of novel ultrasensitive PSA assays in the early detection of biochemical relapse. 200 @entity1 of mean age 61. 2 years underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. Levels < or = 0.01 ng ml-1 were considered undetectable. Mean pre-operative @entity1486 was 13.3 ng ml-1. Biochemical relapse was defined as 3 consecutive rises. The 2-year biochemical disease-free survival for the 134 @entity1 with evaluable @entity1486 nadir data was 61.1% (95% CI: 51.6-70.6%). Only 2 @entity1 with an undetectable @entity1486 after radical retropubic prostatectomy biochemically relapsed (3%), compared to 47 relapses out of 61 @entity1 (75%) who did not reach this level. Cox multivariate analysis confirms @entity1486 nadir < or = 0.01 ng ml-1 to be a superb independent variable predicting a favourable biochemical disease-free survival (P < 0.0001). Early diagnosis of biochemical relapse is feasible with sensitive @entity1486 assays. These assays more accurately measure the @entity1486 nadir, which is an excellent predictor of biochemical disease-free survival. Thus, sensitive @entity1486 assays offer accurate prognostic information and expedite decision-making regarding the use of salvage prostate-bed radiotherapy or hormone therapy.

title: Undetectable ultrasensitive PSA after radical prostatectomy for XXXX predicts relapse-free survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: PURPOSE: It has been shown that @entity26 gradients exist in R3230AC @entity5 grown in window chambers. The fascial surface is better oxygenated than the @entity5 surface. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether gradients exist for energy metabolites and other end points related to @entity26 transport. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Imaging bioluminescence was used to measure @entity855 , @entity413 , and @entity880 in cryosections of R3230AC @entity5 . Mean vessel density and @entity519 tissue fraction were assessed using immunohistochemistry. @entity5 redox ratio was assessed by redox ratio scanning. RESULTS: @entity880 content and @entity519 fraction increased, whereas @entity855 , @entity413 , redox ratio, and vessel density decreased from the fascial to the @entity5 surface. CONCLUSIONS: The data support a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism concomitant with the @entity4095 gradient. The vascular @entity519 that exists in perfused vessels at the @entity5 surface leads to macroscopic tissue regions with restricted @entity26 availability and altered metabolic status. Methods to reduce @entity5 @entity519 may have to take this into account if such gradients exist in @entity1 @entity5 . The results also have implications for @entity519 imaging, because macroscopic changes in @entity4095 (or related parameters) will be easier to see than @entity4095 gradients limited to the diffusion distance of @entity26 .

title: Tissue gradients of energy metabolites mirror XXXX tension gradients in a rat mammary carcinoma model.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['Lactate', 'lactate']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity26 :: (MESH:D010100,Chemical) :: ['oxygen']


abstract: To elucidate the prevalence and clinical implications of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) in @entity1988 ( @entity1988 ), we examined ANCA by indirect immunofluorescence and by ELISA against antilactoferrin (anti-LF) and antimyeloperoxidase (anti- @entity3335 ) antibody. To discriminate perinuclear ANCA (pANCA) with antinuclear antibody (ANA), all the ANCA-positive sera were tested again after incubating @entity1 ' sera with single-stranded (SS) and double-stranded (ds) DNA. These results were compared with clinicopathologic manifestations and clinical courses of @entity1988 . ANCA was positive in 19 (37.3%) of 51 @entity1988 @entity1 . Among these @entity1988 @entity1 , 3 had cytoplasmic ANCA (cANCA) and 16 had pANCA. ANCA was not found in 8 @entity1252 @entity1 without @entity1310 and 30 normal controls. The presence of ANCA, particularly pANCA, was associated with the presence of @entity1310 (18/51 cases vs. 0/8 cases, p < 0.05), especially with diffuse proliferative @entity1988 , WHO class IV (17/18 cases vs. 21/31 cases, p < 0.05) as well as the presence of anti-dsDNA antibody (17/19 cases vs. 18/30 cases, p < 0.05). @entity1 with ANCA frequently had deterioration of renal function (3/16 vs. 0/26 cases). Anti-LF antibody was positive in 13 @entity1 . Among those, 12 @entity1 had @entity1310 . Five patients with anti-LF antibody did not have ANCA, but 7 had pANCA, and 1 had cANCA. Patients with anti-LF antibody had lower initial @entity1011 levels than those without it [serum @entity1011 (mg/dl): 0.78 (0.6-1.0) vs. 1.43 (0.5-5.0), p < 0.05]. Anti- @entity3335 antibody was positive in only 1 @entity1 , suggesting that @entity3335 is a rare antigen for ANCA in @entity1988 .

title: Clinical implications of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody test in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity1988 :: ('MESH:D008181', 'Disease') :: ['lupus nephritis', 'LN']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1988 :: (MESH:D008181,Disease) :: ['lupus nephritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We reviewed our @entity1 with pathologic @entity1358 ( @entity1358 ) to determine which factors influenced survival in this high risk @entity1 group. METHODS: From April 1988 to August 2006, 722 @entity1 underwent nephrectomy for @entity1358 at Vanderbilt University. 128 @entity1 (17%) had T3b disease by 2002 AJCC TNM staging criteria. 31 (24%) of these @entity1 had known @entity3 at the time of nephrectomy. @entity1 demographics, clinical, and pathological characteristics were collected. RESULTS: There were 95 @entity1 (74%) and 33 @entity1 (26%) whose median age was 64 years (range 35-87). Median follow-up was 25.2 months (0-124). Median follow-up among those still alive at last follow up was 45.8 months (2.4-114). For overall survival (OS), @entity66 ( @entity66 ), and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ), non-clear cell histology, grade, presence of sarcomatoid features, @entity66 , presence of @entity39 , positive margins, and @entity3 present at the time of nephrectomy were all associated with worse outcomes. Race, gender, ASA class, age, and inferior vena cava (IVC) involvement were not associated with outcome. On multivariate analysis, @entity3 at the time of nephrectomy, margin involvement, and the presence of @entity39 were independently associated with decreased OS and @entity66 . The presence of @entity39 and lymph node involvement were independent predictors of worse @entity1349 . CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that in @entity1 with T3b @entity1358 , the presence or absence of macroscopic @entity39 should be included as part of the pathology report to help guide prognosis in this high risk @entity1 group.

title: Prognostic factors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['disease specific survival', 'DSS', 'LN positive disease']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['T3b renal cell carcinoma', 'RCC']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['recurrence free survival', 'RFS']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['T3b renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency, duration, and clinical importance of @entity14000 after a single episode of @entity4091 . DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with long term follow up. SETTING: Primary health care in Iceland. @entity1 : 421 @entity1 with a single episode of @entity4091 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age and sex distribution of @entity1 with @entity4091 , point prevalence of @entity14000 , and severity of @entity158 at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months and up to 7.6 years after the outbreak of zoster. RESULTS: Among @entity1 younger than 60 years, the risk of @entity14000 three months after the start of the @entity1910 was 1.8% (95% confidence interval 0.59% to 4.18%) and @entity158 was mild in all cases. In @entity1 60 years and older, the risk of @entity14000 increased but the @entity158 was usually mild or moderate. After three months severe @entity158 was recorded in two @entity1 older than 60 years (1.7%, 2.14% to 6.15%). After 12 months no @entity1 reported severe @entity158 and 14 @entity1 (3.3%) had mild or moderate @entity158 . Seven of these became @entity158 free within two to seven years, and five reported mild @entity158 and one moderate @entity158 after 7.6 years of follow up. Sex was not a predictor of @entity14000 . Possible immunomodulating comorbidity (such as @entity5 , systemic @entity134 use, @entity6 ) was present in 17 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The probability of longstanding @entity158 of clinical importance after @entity4091 is low in an unselected population of primary care @entity1 essentially untreated with antiviral drugs.

title: Prevalence of @entity14000 after a first episode of XXXX : prospective study with long term follow up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1910 :: ('MESH:D005076', 'Disease') :: ['zoster rash']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['herpes zoster']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity14000 :: ('MESH:D051474', 'Disease') :: ['postherpetic neuralgia']

answer: @entity4091 :: (MESH:D006562,Disease) :: ['herpes zoster']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We previously reported that short-term administration of @entity5101 ( @entity5252 ), 5 mg/kg/day on postoperative days 4 through 7, prolonged survival of @entity35 renal allografts indefinitely. We now report the immunologic environment of @entity5252 -treated recipients in the early postoperative phase. METHODS: TO ( @entity10001 ) @entity35 kidneys were transplanted into WKAH (RT1k) @entity35 . Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), splenocytes (SPC) and graft infiltrating lymphocytes (GIL) were harvested from rejecting (untreated) recipients on day 7 (group AR) and from @entity5252 -treated recipients on days 7 (Group DSG7) and 14 (group DSG14). Flow cytometric analysis was done to determine characteristics of these cells. Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions (MLRs) were also studied to examine suppressive activities of sera, SPC, and GIL of each group by adding them to TO/WKAH MLRs. RESULTS: In all groups, the proportions of CD8- and interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R)-positive cells were higher for GIL than for either PBL or SPC. The @entity11264 /CD8 ratio was lowest in GIL. Comparing groups DSG7 and DSG14, significant decreases in the proportion of CD8- and IL-2R-positive cells were found only in GIL. Sera of all groups nonspecifically suppressed MLRs, independent of @entity5252 -administration. GIL of all groups also nonspecifically suppressed MLRs, while these suppressive activities were not observed with SPC. Suppressive activities of GIL remained unchanged in the first 2 postoperative weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the immunologic environment were reflected primarily in GIL. @entity5252 seemed to decrease CD8- and IL-2R-positive cells in allografts. In the presence of @entity5252 , this model may feature a predominance of nonspecific suppressor T cells over cytotoxic T cells during the first 2 postoperative weeks.

title: Immunological analysis of @entity35 renal transplant recipients exhibiting long-term survival following treatment with XXXX in the early postoperative phase.

entities_list: @entity5101 :: ('MESH:C037258', 'Chemical') :: ['15-deoxyspergualin']

answer: @entity5101 :: (MESH:C037258,Chemical) :: ['15-deoxyspergualin']


abstract: Flow cytometric analysis reveals that 5 @entity1 @entity320 cell lines (M14, IGR3, ME1477, JUSO, GLL19) express both alpha and beta chain of the interleukin 2 receptor ( @entity2902 and @entity3647 ). These chains are able to specifically bind @entity1199 and to form high-affinity heterodimers ( @entity2902 beta). Analysis of poly A+ RNAs by Northern blot reveals the presence of typical transcripts for both the @entity2902 gene (3.6 kb) and the @entity3647 gene (4 kb). Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction analysis allowed transcripts for the IL2R gamma ( @entity16409 ) gene to be detected in 3 of these @entity320 cell lines (M14, IGR3, ME 1477). Incubation with @entity1 recombinant @entity1199 modifies in @entity2902 +beta+gamma+ (M14) the expression of several surface molecules: down-regulation of @entity2071 , HLA class I and HLA-DR and up-regulation of @entity1759 . @entity1199 is also active on @entity1199 alpha+beta+gamma- cell lines since it decreases @entity2071 and HLA class-II expression at the surface of JUSO cells. Down-regulation of @entity2071 , whose expression in @entity320 cells is a marker of @entity5 progression, is detectable within 3 hr in M14 cells and is maximal after 48 hr incubation, at @entity1199 concentrations corresponding to the high-affinity heterodimers. This feature is specific since it is partially inhibited by MAbs directed against the @entity1199 binding site of the @entity2902 (MAR93, 10T14) and @entity3647 (MiK beta 1, TU27) chains. Our data support the notion of a direct effect of @entity1199 on @entity1 @entity320 cells. Modulation of the expression of surface molecules which is important for the interaction with immunocompetent cells or for @entity5 progression, could have a role to play during in vivo @entity1199 treatment of @entity1 @entity320 .

title: @entity1 XXXX cells express a functional interleukin-2 receptor.

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: AIM: We report a multicentric prospective study which aimed to evaluate Doppler-assisted ligation of the @entity432 ( @entity432 ) for II and III degree haemorrhoids. METHOD: A total of 112 @entity1 from five colorectal units, including 81 @entity1 , mean age 48 +/- 13 years, with II degree (39) and III degree (73) haemorrhoids were treated by Doppler-guided transanal de-arterialization and anopexy using a new device ( @entity432 ). RESULTS: The mean operative time was 33.9 +/- 8.8 minutes, and the mean number of ligatures applied was 7.2 +/- 1.5. Postoperatively, 72% of @entity1 did not need analgesics and the other 28% used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 1-3 times/day for less than 2 days. All the @entity1 were operated as a day case. Early postoperative complications included @entity715 (2 @entity1 ), @entity548 (1) treated by haemostatic suture, @entity3833 (6) and acute urinary retention (1). After a mean follow-up of 15.6 +/- 6.5 months (range 6-32), 2/105 (20.9%) @entity1 complained of minor @entity548 , while mild @entity158 was still present in 4/51 @entity1 (7.8%). There were no statistically significant differences in the sample population regarding the gender or stage of the disease. Tenesmus was cured in 15/17 @entity1 , dyschaezia in 20/22 @entity1 and mucous soiling in 10/10 @entity1 . No new cases of altered defaecation or @entity322 were recorded. Overall, 85.7% of @entity1 were cured and 7.1% improved. Residual haemorrhoids were treated by elastic band ligation in nine (8%) @entity1 and by surgical excision in further five @entity1 (4.5%). CONCLUSION: Doppler-assisted ligation of the terminal branches of the @entity432 for II and III degree haemorrhoids is highly effective and painless. Complications are few and the technique can be performed as a day case.

title: Transanal haemorrhoidal artery echodoppler ligation and anopexy ( XXXX ) is effective for II and III degree haemorrhoids: a prospective multicentric study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['faecal incontinence']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhoidal arteries', 'THD', 'terminal haemorrhoidal arteries']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhoidal thrombosis']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['THD']


abstract: AIMS: More than 50% of @entity521 ( @entity521 ) present with haematogenous and/or lymphatic @entity3 ; however, little is known about the clinicopathological significance in @entity521 of the key lymphangiogenesis growth factors @entity7 ( @entity7 )-C and @entity9205 and the receptor @entity7802 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety-three @entity521 and nine @entity6010 ( @entity6010 ) were immunostained for @entity9961 , @entity9205 and @entity7802 . @entity9961 and @entity9205 were present in 76% and 82% of the @entity521 , respectively. There was no significant difference in @entity9961 expression between @entity521 and @entity6010 . @entity9205 expression was significantly higher in @entity521 compared with @entity6010 and in @entity4180 -amplified @entity521 . @entity7802 tumoral cell expression (VEGFR-3c), present in 48% of the @entity521 , was significantly higher in @entity521 from @entity1 >=  18 months at presentation and those belonging to a high-risk group. @entity7802 lymphovascular density was increased significantly in @entity521 compared with @entity6010 and in @entity521 associated with adverse clinicopathological and biological factors. Lymphovascular invasion, assessed in @entity7802 -stained vessels, was present in    50% of @entity521 . Cox regression analyses demonstrated that VEGFR-3c expression was associated with a significantly shorter event-free survival and that its effect was independent of the important pathological variable, mitosis-karyorrhexis index. CONCLUSIONS: @entity9205 and @entity7802 up-regulation support tumour progression in NB and VEGFR-3c may provide a useful prognostic marker in @entity521 .

title: @entity9961 , XXXX and @entity7802 expression in peripheral neuroblastic tumours.

entities_list: @entity6010 :: ('MESH:D005729', 'Disease') :: ['ganglioneuromas', 'GNs']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastomas', 'NBs']

answer: @entity9205 :: (2277,Gene) :: ['VEGF-D']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: There is a great concern about the worldwide prevalence of @entity56 in @entity1 and their assumed increase. In order to clarify these facts, the International Study of Asthma and @entity566 in @entity1 (ISAAC) group carried out a similar survey in 56 countries, including 463,801 adolescents. We report results of rhinoconjunctival and cutaneous @entity566 obtained from the 9 centers of the Spanish ISAAC group. @entity1 AND METHODS: The questionnaire was directly translated from the English text and self-answered by 27,407 schoolchildren between 13-14 years of age from Almer  a, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castell  n, Pamplona, Valencia and Valladolid. An Epi-Info software was used to assess contingency tables and odds ratios. RESULTS: Only 9.4% of the adolescents said that they had ever suffered @entity2023 or @entity2023 , although 31.3% had nasal symptoms with allergic characteristics during the last 12 months and they were associated with @entity3169 in 15.4%. Of these teenagers, 10.3% had ever had @entity483 and 6.2% continued to have active symptoms during the last 12 months. Severe forms were uncommon (0.7%). The female gender had high risk for nasal symptoms during the last 12 months (OR: 1.11; IC 95%: 1.11-1.17) and even higher for @entity483 (OR: 1.3; IC 95%: 1.28-1.37). The frequency of @entity7370 and cutaneous disturbances was different in the 9 centers. CONCLUSIONS: We found differences in the prevalence of rhinoconjunctival and cutaneous @entity74 between centers throughout Spain and now an investigation of the causes is needed. The diagnosis of @entity483 was well recognized by adolescents (10.3%), on the contrary, they frequently (31.3%) reported nasal symptoms with the allergic characteristics but nevertheless do not identify them as such.

title: [Prevalence of symptoms suggestive of XXXX and @entity483 in adolescents (Spanish ISAAC Study Group)].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity7370 :: ('OMIM:613207', 'Disease') :: ['rhinoconjunctivitis']

entities_list: @entity2023 :: ('MESH:D006255', 'Disease') :: ['hay fever', 'allergic rhinitis']

entities_list: @entity566 :: ('MESH:D006967', 'Disease') :: ['Allergy', 'allergies']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['allergic disturbances']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['atopic disorders']

entities_list: @entity3169 :: ('MESH:D003229', 'Disease') :: ['conjunctival disorders']

answer: @entity2023 :: (MESH:D006255,Disease) :: ['allergic rhinitis']


abstract: Astrocytosis is a common neurocellular manifestation of @entity75 in individuals with a variety of diseases. It is comprised of @entity1373 (an increase in number of astrocytes) and astrocytic @entity1184 (an increase in size of astrocytes). The precise cause(s) of @entity5219 remains unknown. We morphometrically measured the relative extent of @entity5219 in brains of 22 individuals who died with seven different diseases. The relative amounts of @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ) and @entity2533 ( @entity2533 ) immunoreactive products (IRPs) were next assessed in sections serial to those in which @entity5219 was measured because these cytokines were shown in animal and in vitro experiments to be associated with @entity5219 . The data demonstrate that @entity5219 and these cytokines were co-localized in all examined @entity1 tissues. Relative increase in density of astrocytes was correlated with the increase in total @entity1192 but not @entity2533 . In contrast, the increase in size of astrocytes was correlated with @entity2533 associated only with astrocytes but not with total @entity1192 . Both @entity1192 and @entity2533 IRPs were present in GFAP IRP-containing and other cells, as assessed by double label immunocytochemistry. These observations suggest that @entity1192 acts on astrocytes by both, paracrine and autocrine mechanisms whereas, @entity2533 only acts by an autocrine mechanism. Because these correlations were statistically significant and also because a change in number and size of astrocytes constitutes the most frequent response of astrocytes to several @entity66 , we conclude that these cytokines may mediate the most common pathological change in @entity1 brain.

title: Control of XXXX by interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in @entity1 brain.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diseases or injury']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['brain pathology']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity5219 :: ('MESH:D005911', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytosis']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['astrocytic hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-beta 1', 'TGF-beta 1']

answer: @entity5219 :: (MESH:D005911,Disease) :: ['astrocytosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The results of peripheral nerve repair, especially for high-level @entity1897 , have been unsatisfactory. The method of side-to-side neurorrhaphy was developed in our laboratory from 1994 to 2002. This method involves suturing the injured nerve to a nearby donor nerve in a side-to-side manner. This study was performed to assess the clinical results of side-to-side neurorrhaphy in @entity1 with high-level @entity1897 . METHODS: Twenty-five @entity1 with various types of high-level @entity1897 who underwent side-to-side neurorrhaphy were studied. The British Medical Research Council (BMRC) scale was used to assess recovery of nerve function. RESULTS: Average follow-up duration was 3.2  years. Before surgery the @entity1 had a nerve function of M0/S0 to M1/S1. After side-to-side neurorrhaphy, 7 @entity1 had a score of M3/S4, 8 @entity1 a score of M3/S3 and 10 @entity1 a score of M2/S3. The total useful recovery rate (BMRC grade >= 3) was 60% for motor function and 100% for sensory function. Side-to-side neurorrhaphy did not result in any significant loss of donor nerve function. There was significant correlation between both the @entity130 and the time interval between injury and surgery and motor nerve function. Age, gender and location of the injured nerve did not correlate with sensory or motor nerve function. CONCLUSION: Side-to-side neurorrhaphy appears to be promising as a feasible method for repair of high-level @entity1897 .

title: Side-to-side neurorrhaphy for high-level XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['type of injury']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['peripheral nerve injuries']


abstract: We report the clinical management and outcome of 11 @entity1 with a histological diagnosis of @entity5 of gynaecological origin who were treated at Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield during the period 1991 to 1996. Case note review provided the data on the @entity1 , their disease and the treatment given. In six @entity1 , the primary site was the ovary and in four it was the uterus; in the remaining @entity1 , the tissue of primary origin was uncertain. The median age at diagnosis was 53 years (range 48-84). Seven @entity1 had @entity5 histology. All but one underwent surgical removal or debulking of disease. Seven @entity1 were treated with @entity902 -based chemotherapy. There were four complete responders and three partial responders. The median survival was 18 months. Three @entity1 remain alive, two of them disease-free. Mixed mullerian @entity5 are initially chemosensitive but have an aggressive clinical course, typically with early relapse after treatment and a poor long-term prognosis. Collaborative Phase III studies are required to improve the management of this uncommon @entity5 .

title: @entity5 of gynaecological origin: chemosensitive but aggressive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity902 :: ('MESH:D010984', 'Chemical') :: ['platinum']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['mixed mullerian tumour', 'heterologous tumour', 'cancer', 'tumours']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumours']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity814 ( @entity814 ) is a rare @entity2246 caused by @entity815 hydroxylase enzyme ( @entity2556 ) deficiency. Treatment constitutes a strict Phe restricted diet with unpalatable @entity535 supplements. Residual PAH activity enhancement with its cofactor @entity8083 ( @entity8084 ) is a novel treatment which increases dietary tolerance in some @entity1 and permits dietary relaxation. Relaxation of diet may improve health related quality of life (HRQoL). This prospective cohort study aims to evaluate HRQoL of @entity1 with @entity814 and effects of @entity8084 treatment on HRQoL. METHODS: @entity1 aged 4years and older, diagnosed through newborn screening and early and continuously treated, were recruited from eight metabolic centers. @entity1 and mothers completed validated generic and chronic health-conditions HRQoL questionnaires (PedsQL, TAAQOL, and DISABKIDS) twice: before and after testing @entity8084 responsivity. Baseline results were compared to the general population. Data collected after @entity8084 testing was used to find differences in HRQoL between @entity8084 unresponsive @entity1 and @entity8084 responsive @entity1 after one year of treatment with @entity8084 . Also a within @entity1 comparison was performed to find differences in HRQoL before and after treatment with @entity8084 . RESULTS: 69/81 (85%) @entity1 completed the questionnaires before @entity8084 responsivity testing, and 45/69 (65%) participated again after testing. Overall @entity814 @entity1 demonstrated normal HRQoL. However, some significant differences were found when compared to the general population. A significantly higher (thus better) score on the PedsQL was reported by @entity1 8-12 years on physical functioning and by @entity1 13-17 years on total and psychosocial functioning. Furthermore, adult @entity1 reported significantly lower (thus worse) scores in the TAAQOL cognitive domain. 10 @entity1 proved to be responsive to @entity8084 treatment; however improvement in their HRQoL after relaxation of diet could not be demonstrated.

title: Evaluation of quality of life in @entity814 before and after introducing XXXX ( @entity8084 ); a prospective multi-center cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8083 :: ('MESH:C003402', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrahydrobiopterin']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity814 :: ('MESH:D010661', 'Disease') :: ['Phenylketonuria', 'PKU']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['inborn error of metabolism']

answer: @entity8083 :: (MESH:C003402,Chemical) :: ['tetrahydrobiopterin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the cumulative incidence of @entity281 acquired in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). DESIGN: Estimation of the cumulative incidence of @entity281 with data obtained from the Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN) point-prevalence survey and observed rates from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system. SETTING: Ten hospitals participated in both the PPN survey and NNIS system. @entity1 : All @entity1 present on the PPN survey dates (August 4, 1999, or February 1, 2000) in the NICUs or PICUs of the PPN hospitals were included in the survey. Point prevalences for PICU-acquired and for NICU-acquired @entity281 at these hospitals were calculated from the survey data. The cumulative incidence rates were estimated from the point prevalence rates using a standard formula and a standard method for calculating the time to recovery (ie, on the basis of the assumption that discontinuance of antimicrobial therapy indicates recovery from infection); alternate methods to judge the time to recovery from infection were also explored. RESULTS: The average cumulative incidence of intensive care unit-acquired infection for NICUs and PICUs combined (all units), as measured by NNIS, was 14.1 cases per 100 @entity1 ; in comparison, the prevalence was 14.06 cases for 100 @entity1 (median difference, -0.95 cases per 100 @entity1 ; 95% confidence interval, -4.6 to 5.0 cases per 100 @entity1 ), and the estimated cumulative incidence using the standard method of calculating the time to recovery was 13.8 cases per 100 @entity1 (median difference, -1.5 cases per 100 @entity1 ; 95% confidence interval, -9.1 to 2.9 cases per 100 @entity1 ). Estimates of cumulative incidence using alternate methods for calculation of time to recovery did not perform as well (range, 4.9-100.9 cases per 100 @entity1 ). The average incidence density for all units, as measured by the NNIS system, was 6.8 cases per 1,000 @entity1 -days, and the estimate of incidence density using the standard method of calculating the time to recovery was 3.6 cases per 1,000 @entity1 -days (median difference, 4.3 cases per 1,000 @entity1 -days; 95% confidence interval, 0.9 to 9.2 cases per 1,000 @entity1 -days). Estimated incidence densities using alternate methods for determining recovery time correlated closely with observed incidence densities. CONCLUSIONS: In this @entity1 population, the simple point prevalence provided the best estimate of cumulative incidence, followed by use of a standard formula and a standard method of calculating the time to recovery. Estimation of incidence density using alternate methods performed well. The standard formula and method may provide an even better estimate of cumulative incidence than does simple prevalence in general populations.

title: Incidence of pediatric and neonatal intensive care unit-acquired XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PARTICIPANTS', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['infections']


abstract: The detection of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies by standard procedures such as complement-dependent @entity137 assay (CDC) or flow cytometric (FACS) analysis is limited by its low sensitivity and the quality of the donor cells. Therefore, an ELISA-based technique was employed using solid phase-immobilized monoclonal antibodies to capture HLA class I or class II molecules of the donor, respectively. In this HLA class I and class II @entity262 ( @entity262 ) the donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies from the sera of recipients bind to the HLA molecules of the donor which have been immobilized by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing non-polymorphic epitopes. Upon binding of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies they are recognized by secondary enzyme-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies. A newly established modification of the standard protocol allows the differentiation between bound antibodies of the IgG and IgM isotype. Furthermore, this assay was adapted for investigating small amounts of solid tissue of donors from whom no other cells (e.g. from blood) were available. We here provide an overview of the classical crossmatch methods with their advantages and limits. In addition, the design of the novel @entity262 -ELISA is described in terms of quality and sensitivity of the approach using exemplary cases of different application. The selected cases show that the @entity262 -ELISA represents a valuable tool for the post-transplantation monitoring of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies during reaction crisis, after transfusion reactions and in particular cases of tissue transplantations lacking single cells.

title: Comparison of the established standard complement-dependent XXXX and flow cytometric crossmatch assays with a novel ELISA-based HLA crossmatch procedure.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['AMS', 'antibody monitoring system']

answer: @entity137 :: (MESH:D064420,Disease) :: ['cytotoxicity']


abstract: @entity6981 ( @entity6981 ) is the most common @entity8218 in @entity1 of @entity1 -bearing age. It is widely accepted that the microbial switch from normal microflora to the flora commonly associated with @entity6981 is characterized by a decrease in vaginal colonization by specific @entity10265 species together with an increase of @entity8439 and other anaerobes. However, the order of events leading to the development of @entity6981 remains poorly characterized and it is unclear whether the decrease in lactobacilli is a cause or a consequence of the increase in the population density of anaerobes. Our goal was to characterize the interaction between two @entity8439 strains, one of which was isolated from a healthy @entity1 5-1) and the other from a @entity1 diagnosed with @entity6981 (strain 101), and vaginal lactobacilli on the adherence to cervical epithelial cells. In order to simulate the transition from vaginal health to @entity6981 , the lactobacilli were cultured with the epithelial cells first, and then the @entity8439 was introduced. We quantified the inhibition of @entity8439 adherence by the lactobacilli and displacement of adherent lactobacilli by @entity8439 . Our results confirmed that pathogenic @entity8439 101 had a higher capacity for adhesion to the cervical epithelial cells than strain 5-1. Interestingly, strain 101 displaced @entity10265 but not L. iners whereas strain 5-1 had less of an effect and did not affect the two species differently. Furthermore, L. iners actually enhanced adhesion of strain 101 but not of strain 5-1. These results suggest that @entity6981 -causing @entity8439 and L. iners do not interfere with one another, which may help to explain previous reports that @entity1 who are colonized with L. iners are more likely to develop @entity6981 .

title: Reciprocal interference between XXXX spp. and @entity8439 on initial adherence to epithelial cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'woman (strain', 'child']

entities_list: @entity8439 :: ('2702', 'Species') :: ['G. vaginalis strain', 'G vaginalis', 'G. vaginalis', 'Gardnerella vaginalis']

entities_list: @entity6981 :: ('MESH:D016585', 'Disease') :: ['Bacterial vaginosis', 'BV']

entities_list: @entity8218 :: ('MESH:D014623', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal disorder']

entities_list: @entity10265 :: ('47770', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus', 'L. crispatus']

answer: @entity10265 :: (47770,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus']


abstract: Little has been published regarding the treatment of @entity1 with long-established capsular @entity1159 after previous submuscular or subglandular breast augmentation. This study reviews 7 years of experience in treating established capsular @entity1159 after augmentation mammaplasty by relocating implants to the "dual-plane" or partly subpectoral position. A retrospective chart review was performed on all @entity1 who were treated for capsular @entity1159 using this technique between 1993 and 1999. Data collected included the date of the original augmentation, the original implant location, date of revision and type of implant used, length of follow-up, outcome, and any ensuing complications. Different surgical techniques were used, depending on whether the prior implant was located in a subglandular or submuscular plane. All @entity1 had revisions such that their implants were relocated to a dual plane, with the superior two thirds or so of the implant located beneath the pectoralis major muscle and the inferior one third located subglandularly. Of 85 @entity1 reviewed, 54 had their original implants in a submuscular position and 31 had their initial augmentation in a subglandular position. Of the 54 @entity1 whose implants were initially submuscular, 23 @entity1 (43 percent) had @entity1346 gel implants, 15 @entity1 (28 percent) had double-lumen implants, and the remaining 16 @entity1 (30 percent) had saline implants. Of the 31 @entity1 whose implants were initially subglandular, 20 @entity1 (65 percent) had @entity1346 gel implants, three @entity1 (10 percent) had double-lumen implants, and the remaining eight @entity1 (26 percent) had saline implants. Fifty-one @entity1 (60 percent) had replacement with saline implants (37 smooth saline, 14 textured saline), whereas 34 (40 percent) had @entity1346 gel implants (seven smooth gel, 27 textured gel). The average time from previous augmentation to revision was 9 years 9 months. The average follow-up time after conversion to the @entity5748 was 11.5 months. Only three of 85 @entity1 required reoperation for complications, all of which involved some degree of implant malposition. Of @entity1 converted to the dual plane, 98 percent were free of capsular @entity1159 and were Baker class I at follow-up, whereas 2 percent were judged as Baker class II. There were no Baker level III or IV @entity1159 at follow-up. The dual-plane method of breast augmentation has proved to be an effective technique for correcting established capsular @entity1159 after previous augmentation mammaplasty. This technique appears to be effective when performed with either @entity1346 or saline-filled implants.

title: The correction of capsular XXXX by conversion to "dual-plane" positioning: technique and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity5748 :: ('MESH:D009105', 'Disease') :: ['dual-plane position']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['contracture', 'contractures']

answer: @entity1159 :: (MESH:D003286,Disease) :: ['contracture']


abstract: To examine @entity1495 activation in a cellular setting we employed cultures of @entity1 @entity5 cells that were induced to produce @entity1495 over a 200-fold concentration range (0.03 to 8.1 nM). The secreted levels of TIMPs in all the induced cultures remain relatively constant at 1-4 nM. Quantitation of the zymogen/active enzyme status of @entity1495 in the cultures indicates that even in the presence of potential activators, the molar ratio of endogenous @entity1495 to @entity2843 dictates whether proMMP-9 activation can progress. When the @entity1495 / @entity2843 ratio exceeds 1.0, @entity1495 activation progresses, but only via an interacting protease cascade involving @entity1351 and stromelysin 1 ( @entity1549 ). @entity1351 , generated by the endogenous plasminogen activator ( @entity11261 ), is not an efficient activator of proMMP-9. @entity1351 , however, is very efficient at generating active @entity1549 from exogenously added proMMP-3. The activated @entity1549 , when its concentration exceeds that to @entity2843 , becomes a potent activator of proMMP-9. Addition to the cultures of already-activated @entity1549 relinquishes the requirement for plasminogen and proMMP-3 additions and results in direct activation of the endogenous proMMP-9. The activated @entity1495 enhances the invasive phenotype of the cultured cells as their ability to transverse basement membrane is significantly increased following zymogen activation. That this enhanced tissue remodeling capability is due to the activation of @entity1495 is demonstrated through the use of a specific anti- @entity1495 -blocking monoclonal antibody.

title: Activation of proMMP-9 by a @entity1351 / @entity1549 cascade in a XXXX cell model. Regulation by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases.

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The thyroid gland is physiologically stimulated in normal early pregnancy. However, clinical @entity2743 in normal pregnancy has not been well described. In order to clarify this we examined thyroid function and thyrotoxic symptoms in relation to @entity391 in normal pregnancy. We also investigated the possible mechanism of gestational @entity2743 . DESIGN: Thyroid function was evaluated in view of the clinical thyrotoxic symptoms and the severity of gestational @entity391 in early pregnancy of 51 normal @entity1 . Two pregnant @entity1 who showed clinical @entity2743 were followed serially during and after pregnancy. MEASUREMENTS: Serum free T4, free T3 and TSH were measured by radioimmunoassay and @entity3566 by fluoroimmunoassay. Thyroid-stimulating activity of pregnancy sera was measured by @entity268 increase in cultured @entity35 cells. RESULTS: Fifty-one pregnant @entity1 were divided into three groups: those without @entity391 (n = 24), with @entity391 (n = 19) and with @entity7494 (n = 8). Serum free T4 and free T3 were higher in the @entity7494 group (P < 0.01) and the @entity391 group (P < 0.01), and serum TSH was suppressed to less than 0.1 mU/l in both groups, while serum @entity3566 was not significantly different among these three groups. However, serum thyroid-stimulating activity was remarkably high in the @entity7494 group (P < 0.01). Thus the ratio of thyroid-stimulating activity to @entity3566 was higher in the @entity7494 group (P < 0.05) and the @entity391 group (P < 0.05) compared with that in the group without @entity391 . These thyroid-stimulating activities were abolished by treatment of the serum with anti- @entity3566 antibody. Two of eight @entity1 with @entity7494 , who had the highest free T4 and thyroid-stimulating activity/ @entity3566 ratio, showed overt clinical symptoms of @entity2743 ; all the symptoms disappeared in association with a fall in thyroid-stimulating activity and free T4. CONCLUSION: Clinical @entity2743 is caused by circulating @entity3566 with higher biological activity in pregnant @entity1 with @entity7494 . A new clinical entity of 'gestational @entity2743 ' is proposed and tentative characteristics are discussed.

title: @entity2743 and @entity7494 gravidarum: possible role of XXXX with higher stimulating activity.

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ['thyrotoxicosis']

entities_list: @entity7494 :: ('MESH:D006939', 'Disease') :: ['hyperemesis']

answer: @entity3566 :: (3342,Gene) :: ['hCG']


abstract: It is well established that blocking the interaction of @entity12841 with growth factors leads to the arrest of @entity5 growth, resulting in @entity5 cell death. ER414 is a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) derived by guided selection of the @entity19 mAb A13. The ER414 exhibited a ~17-fold lower affinity and, as a result, lower efficacy of inhibition of the EGF-mediated @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity12841 when compared with mAb A13 and cetuximab. We performed a stepwise in vitro affinity maturation to improve the affinity of ER414. We obtained a 3D model of ER414 to identify the @entity1522 in the CDRs that needed to be mutated. Clones were selected from the phage library with randomized @entity1522 in the CDRs and substitution of @entity1522 in the HCDR3 and LCDR1 of ER414 led to improved affinity. A clone, H3-14, with a ~20-fold increased affinity, was selected from the HCDR3 randomized library. Then three clones, ER2, ER78 and ER79, were selected from the LCDR1 randomized library based on the H3-14 but did not show further increased affinities compared to that of H3-14. Of the three, ER2 was chosen for further characterization due to its better expression than others. We successfully performed affinity maturation of ER414 and obtained antibodies with a similar affinity as cetuximab. And antibody from an affinity maturation inhibits the EGF-mediated @entity669 phosphorylation of @entity12841 in a manner similar to cetuximab.

title: Affinity Maturation of an XXXX Targeting Human Monoclonal Antibody ER414 by CDR Mutation.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity12841 :: (13649(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor']


abstract: Gut-derived endotoxin is a critical factor in the development and progression of @entity5881 ( @entity5881 ). Probiotics can treat @entity167 -induced @entity99 associated with gut @entity5082 and @entity5694 in animal models, as well as in @entity1 @entity5881 ; however, the mechanism or mechanisms of their beneficial action are not well defined. We hypothesized that @entity167 impairs the adaptive response-induced @entity519 -inducible factor (HIF) and that probiotic supplementation could attenuate this impairment, restoring barrier function in a @entity19 model of @entity5881 by increasing HIF-responsive proteins (eg, @entity28841 ) and reversing established @entity5881 . C57BJ/6 @entity19 were fed the Lieber DeCarli diet containing 5% @entity167 for 8 weeks. Animals received @entity1905 (LGG) supplementation in the last 2 weeks. LGG supplementation significantly reduced @entity167 -induced @entity5694 and @entity1560 and improved liver function. LGG restored @entity167 -induced reduction of HIF-2a and @entity28841 levels. In vitro studies using the Caco-2 cell culture model showed that the addition of LGG supernatant prevented @entity167 -induced epithelial monolayer @entity409 . Furthermore, gene silencing of HIF-1a/2a abolished the LGG effects, indicating that the protective effect of LGG is HIF-dependent. The present study provides a mechanistic insight for utilization of probiotics for the treatment of @entity5881 , and suggests a critical role for intestinal @entity519 and decreased trefoil factor in the development of @entity5881 .

title: XXXX treatment potentiates intestinal @entity519 -inducible factor, promotes intestinal integrity and ameliorates @entity167 -induced @entity99 .

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity5881 :: ('MESH:D008108', 'Disease') :: ['ALD', 'alcoholic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity1560 :: ('MESH:D005234', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic steatosis']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['barrier dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5082 :: ('MESH:C535298', 'Disease') :: ['leakiness']

entities_list: @entity28841 :: ('21786(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['intestinal trefoil factor']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injury']

entities_list: @entity1905 :: ('568703', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG']

answer: @entity1905 :: (568703,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG']


abstract: @entity24661 / @entity24661 ( @entity21458 ) is known to induce food intake when administered into the lateral ventricle or certain brain areas. This is somewhat contradictory to its reward-suppressing role, as food is a strong rewarding stimulus. This discrepancy may be due to the functional diversity of @entity21458 's target brain areas. @entity21458 has been shown to inhibit orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, both of which are appetite-inducing cells. As the expression of these neurons is largely confined to the lateral hypothalamus/perifornical area (LH/ @entity10461 ), we hypothesized that @entity21458 inhibits food intake by acting in this area. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of local @entity21458 infusion within the LH/ @entity10461 on food intake in the @entity35 and found that @entity21458 decreased sugar pellet as well as chow intake. This effect was not seen when the injection site was outside of the LH/ @entity10461 , suggesting a site-specific effect. Next, to determine a possible cellular mechanism of @entity21458 action on food intake, whole cell patch clamp recordings were performed on @entity35 orexin neurons. As previously reported in @entity19 , @entity21458 induced a strong and long lasting hyperpolarization. Pharmacological study indicated that @entity21458 directly inhibited orexin neurons by activating @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 (KATP) channels. This effect was partially but significantly attenuated by the inhibitors of PI3K, @entity6164 and PKA, suggesting that the @entity21458 signaling is mediated by these protein kinases. In summary, our results demonstrate a KATP channel-dependent @entity21458 signaling and that @entity21458 is a site-specific anorexic peptide.

title: XXXX induces hypophagia in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area.

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity24661 :: (25516(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['Nociceptin']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To clarify the effects of ischaemia and reperfusion on membrane potential of skeletal muscle in @entity95 , and to study its correlation with the energy charge and the @entity880 content. DESIGN: Open experimental study. MATERIAL: 20 isolated @entity95 ' hindlimbs. INTERVENTIONS: The femoral arteries were cannulated and the limbs amputated at the level of the hip joint. Blood was removed by thorough perfusion with Ringer's solution. Below knee fasciotomies were done, and the whole limbs were immersed in Ringer's solution during periods of ischaemia. Reperfusion was with a modified Krebs' buffer with Dextran T70 saturated with @entity26 . OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of membrane potential; @entity855 , @entity857 , and @entity860 concentrations; and @entity880 concentrations in muscles after 1 (n = 8), 2 (n = 4), 4 (n = 4), or 6 (n = 4) hour periods of ischaemia followed by a 2 hour period of reperfusion compared with those in 4 limbs that were made ischaemic for 8 hours and not reperfused. RESULTS: During the first hour of ischaemia the membrane potential decreased from -90 mV to -63 mV and the energy charge remained unchanged at 0.9. After 8 hours of ischaemia the membrane potential had decreased to -20 mV, the energy charge was 0.2, and the @entity880 content had increased by a factor of 12. During reperfusion the membrane potential was restored only in limbs that had been subjected to 1 hour of ischaemia, whereas energy charge was also restored in those subjected to 2 and 4 hours of ischaemia. The @entity880 content decreased during reperfusion in all limbs. CONCLUSION: Assessment of membrane potential is more sensitive than that of energy charge as an indicator of recovery of skeletal muscle after a period of ischaemia followed by reperfusion.

title: Metabolic and electrophysiological changes in XXXX skeletal muscle during ischaemia and reperfusion.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity1539 ( @entity1539 ) caused by systemic alpha-blockers has been associated with an increased risk of @entity231 surgical complications when the surgeon was unaware of the medication history and did not anticipate its occurrence. This study was undertaken to evaluate the surgical outcomes and rate of complications when the ophthalmologist knew the @entity1 was taking @entity9940 (Flomax, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT) and used 1 of several strategies to manage @entity1539 . DESIGN: Prospective multicenter nonrandomized observational series. @entity1 : A total of 167 consecutive eyes in 135 @entity1 taking @entity9940 and undergoing @entity231 surgery. METHODS: Phacoemulsification was performed in conjunction with at least 1 of 4 different @entity1539 management strategies, namely, topical @entity3897 preoperatively, iris retractors, pupil expansion ring, or use of viscoadaptive ophthalmic viscosurgical device with reduced fluidic parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Severity of @entity1539 , incidence of @entity260 , and final visual acuity. RESULTS: The @entity1539 severity was rated as mild in 17%, moderate in 30%, and severe in 43% of the study eyes. No @entity1539 was noted in 10% of the eyes. The rate of posterior capsule @entity397 and @entity393 was 0.6% (1/167; 95% confidence interval, 0%-1.8%). Ninety-five percent of eyes achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of at least 20/40. CONCLUSION: When experienced surgeons could anticipate @entity1539 and employ compensatory surgical techniques, the complication rate from @entity231 surgery was low and the visual outcomes were excellent in eyes of @entity1 with a history of @entity9940 use.

title: Prospective multicenter evaluation of @entity231 surgery in XXXX taking @entity9940 (Flomax).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity1539 :: ('MESH:D007499', 'Disease') :: ['IFIS', 'Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['operative or postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['vitreous loss']

entities_list: @entity9940 :: ('MESH:C088482', 'Chemical') :: ['tamsulosin']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity2930 ( @entity3403 and @entity1214 ) inhibit inducible NO synthase expression and augment @entity2247 expression and @entity1421 production. In contrast, chemically modified @entity2930 (CMTs), such as @entity33954 and -8 (but not CMT-1, -2, and -5), that lack antimicrobial activity, inhibit both NO and @entity1421 production in LPS-stimulated @entity19 macrophages, @entity291 chondrocytes, and @entity1 @entity571 -affected cartilage, which spontaneously produces NO and @entity1421 in ex vivo conditions. Furthermore, @entity33954 augments @entity2247 protein expression but inhibits net @entity1421 accumulation. This coincides with the ability of @entity33954 and -8 to inhibit @entity2247 enzyme activity in vitro. The action of CMTs is distinct from that observed with @entity2930 because 1) @entity33954 -mediated inhibition of @entity1421 production coincides with modification of @entity2247 protein, which is distinct from the nonglycosylated @entity2247 protein generated in the presence of @entity2425 , as observed by Western blot analysis and 2) @entity33954 and -8 have no significant effect on @entity2247 mRNA accumulation. In contrast, @entity33954 and -8 do not inhibit @entity9859 expression in A549 @entity1 epithelial cells at the level of protein and mRNA accumulation or modification of @entity9859 protein. @entity33954 and -8 inhibit the sp. act. of @entity2247 (but not @entity9859 ) in cell-free extracts. These results demonstrate differential action of @entity33954 (Metastat) on @entity21513 expression, which is distinct from other @entity2930 .

title: A novel mechanism of action of chemically modified XXXX : inhibition of @entity2247 -mediated @entity1421 production.

entities_list: @entity1214 :: ('MESH:D008911', 'Chemical') :: ['minocycline']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity2930 :: ('MESH:D013754', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracyclines', 'Tetracyclines']

entities_list: @entity2425 :: ('MESH:D014415', 'Chemical') :: ['tunicamycin']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['doxycycline']

answer: @entity2930 :: (MESH:D013754,Chemical) :: ['tetracyclines']


abstract: Creativity is an important @entity1 quality upon which many achievements of humankind are based. Defined as the ability to produce something that is novel and useful or meaningful, it is difficult to operationalize for research. This text provides an overview of the historical and cultural context of this research. The assumption that creativity is related to @entity146 vulnerability dates back to antiquity. The modern interest in the subject stems from the romantic @entity7971 and gained a scientific aura in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a further entanglement of creativity and psychopathology came about through the influence of @entity1 artists on regular art. Psychometric, psychodiagnostic and genetic research supports a connection between creativity and @entity146 within the bipolar-psychotic continuum, with schizotypy/thymotypy as prototypes of creativity-related disorders. Evolutionary hypotheses link the @entity161 paradox to a survival advantage through enhanced creative ability. The relevance of scientific research in this complex and heterogeneous area can be increased if creativity and psychopathology are further operationalized and if underlying art concepts are made explicit and placed in a broader cultural context. There is a continuing need for meaningful definitions and measures, as well as a multidisciplinary collaboration.

title: Creativity and XXXX : the search for a missing link--an historical context for current research.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'psychiatric illness']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['psychiatric illness']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Standard (qualitative) electroencephalography (EEG) is routinely used in the diagnostic evaluation of @entity146 @entity1 . Quantitative EEG (qEEG) findings differ between @entity1 with @entity161 , @entity1 with @entity308 , but results are not consistent. The aim of our study was to determine the differences in qEEG parameters between @entity1 with @entity161 , @entity1 with @entity308 , and healthy subjects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included 30 @entity1 with @entity161 , 33 @entity1 with @entity308 , and 30 healthy subjects. All study @entity1 underwent standard EEG. Artifact-free 100-second epochs were selected from the recorded material and analyzed with Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis. RESULTS: The results are presented as absolute spectral power values ( V2) of delta, theta, alpha, and beta components of the EEG spectrum. EEGs were recorded from 12 locations including Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, and O2. In comparison with healthy subjects, @entity1 with @entity161 showed increased delta, theta, and beta activity and decreased alpha activity. Similar results were obtained in @entity1 with @entity308 , but in fewer regions. In @entity1 with @entity161 , delta power over Fp1, Fp2, F4, and F8 regions was increased in comparison with those in @entity1 with @entity308 . Interhemispheric asymmetry was found in @entity1 with @entity161 and healthy subjects, but not in @entity1 with @entity308 . CONCLUSION: The finding that @entity1 with @entity161 differed from @entity1 with @entity308 in delta power values could be potentially used in differential diagnosis between @entity161 and @entity308 . The role of qEEG in clinical differentiation between these two @entity146 may be especially important in cases of negative-symptom @entity161 .

title: Quantitative electroencephalography in @entity161 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric', 'mental disorders']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To restore alignment and length of the clavicle, to relieve typical symptoms of malunion, and to improve functional outcome and aesthetic results. INDICATIONS: Symptomatic malunion after @entity174 , including local @entity158 and @entity925 , @entity425 and rapid fatigability of the shoulder girdle muscles, impairment of @entity6679 , @entity1183 , parasthesia, and @entity158 of the arm and fingers during overhead movements due to @entity5300 ( @entity531 ), and dissatisfaction with the appearance of the shoulder girdle. CONTRAINDICATIONS: @entity3202 , @entity170 , asymptomatic malunion. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A 5-cm skin incision is made above the deformity of the @entity1517 . The osteotomy plane is determined under fluoroscopic guidance, within the callus separating the two original main @entity174 fragments. Under fluoroscopic guidance, the medullary canal is reopened on both sides with a 2.7  mm drill bit. Afterwards a 1.5  cm skin incision is made just above the sternal end of the clavicle. The anterior cortex is drilled and a @entity702 nail (diameter 2.5  mm) is introduced. Under rotational movement, the nail is advanced to the osteotomy site. The nail is inserted into the lateral fragment. Then the inserted nail is cut back as far as possible on the medial entry point. Wound closure. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: No immobilization, movement not restricted. @entity1 are encouraged to use the arm in daily activities. Heavy weight bearing is not allowed until osseus consolidation. RESULTS: In 5  @entity1 (3  @entity1 , 2  @entity1 ) with a mean age of 34  years (range, 23-44  years) with symptomatic malunion after @entity174 , a corrective osteotomy and elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) was performed. After 6  months (mean 4.4  months), all osteotomies were healed and the nails were removed. There were no complications. At final follow-up (12  months), the DASH and Constant scores were significantly improved compared to preoperative values. @entity1 were significantly more satisfied with the appearance of the shoulder girdle and overall outcome.

title: [Elastic stable intramedullary nailing after corrective osteotomy of symptomatic malunited midshaft XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['clavicular fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['weakness']

entities_list: @entity531 :: ('MESH:D013901', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic outlet syndrome']

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus irritation']

entities_list: @entity3202 :: ('MESH:D016109', 'Disease') :: ['Atrophic nonunions']

entities_list: @entity1517 :: ('MESH:D017759', 'Disease') :: ['malunited clavicle']

entities_list: @entity702 :: ('MESH:D014025', 'Chemical') :: ['titanium']

entities_list: @entity6679 :: ('MESH:D014086', 'Disease') :: ['overhead mobility']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['tenderness']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['clavicular fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution of @entity1243 , @entity1254 and resistin between paired serum and synovial fluid (SF) samples of @entity1 with @entity571 ( @entity571 ) and to determine the potential sources of these adipokines in the joint. The active free form of @entity1243 was also examined by evaluating the level of the soluble @entity1243 receptor (sOb-R). METHODS: Levels of adipokines and sOb-R were measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum and SF collected from @entity571 @entity1 . The levels of adipokines were also determined in conditioned media from cultured joint tissues (synovium, infrapatellar fat pad, meniscus, osteophyte, cartilage and bone). RESULTS: The adipokines exhibited different patterns of distribution between the joint and the circulating compartment. Serum levels of resistin and @entity1254 exceeded those in the paired SF. Conversely, @entity1243 SF concentrations were similar or higher than those measured in serum counterparts. @entity1243 and @entity1254 in SF may derive from each joint tissue examined, whereas resistin was not detected in conditioned media of cultured explants. Synovium and infrapatellar fat pad were the major sources of adipokines, but osteophytes released also large amounts of @entity1243 . The sOb-R deficiency found in SF further increased the difference in the bioactive @entity1243 levels between serum and SF. A gender-specific difference was observed with @entity1 exhibiting the highest level of free @entity1243 in the joint. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrated that adipokines serum levels are not predictive values for SF determination. The joint cavity is a special space where each adipokine undergoes specific regulatory pathways, strengthening the hypothesis that adipokines may have local effects in the joint and may account for the high prevalence of @entity571 in @entity1 .

title: Differential distribution of adipokines between serum and synovial fluid in @entity1 with XXXX . Contribution of joint tissues to their articular production.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

answer: @entity571 :: (MESH:D010003,Disease) :: ['osteoarthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: High levels of stress and @entity308 are seen in both general practitioners (GPs) and hospital doctors, and this has implications for @entity1 care. It is therefore important to discover the individual and organizational causes of elevated symptoms so they can be tackled. AIM: To discover the relative importance of individual characteristics measured 10 years earlier compared with current organizational stressors in predicting @entity308 in GPs. METHOD: Longitudinal questionnaire study, using data from those of the original cohort of 318 medical students who are now GPs (n = 131), considering perceptions of current stressors and comparing through regression analyses the relative strength of early personality and mood with current organizational factors of sleep, hours worked, and practice size in predicting current @entity308 levels. RESULTS: There were 22 (17%) stressors scoring above threshold for @entity308 . Relationships with senior doctors and @entity1 are the main reported stressors, followed by making mistakes and conflict of career with personal life. The predictors of symptom levels varied for @entity1 and @entity1 . In @entity1 , @entity308 and self-criticism as students, and current sleep levels; and in @entity1 , sibling rivalry and current @entity167 use, were the main predictors: in @entity1 , 27% of the variance was accounted for by early dispositional factors alone compared with 14% in @entity1 . A model is suggested linking @entity25 with workplace stressors, self-critical cognitions, and @entity308 . CONCLUSION: Interventions can be made throughout training, targeting self-criticism and recognizing early @entity308 , while later addressing the organizational stressors, particularly work relationships and sleep patterns.

title: Individual and organizational predictors of XXXX in general practitioners.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep loss']

answer: @entity308 :: (MESH:D003866,Disease) :: ['depression']