abstract: 1. Despite its @entity137 , @entity2379 (AB) continues to be the drug of choice for the treatment of @entity364 . The drug acts on several cell types, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), where it inhibits the oxidative burst of cells submitted to several stimuli. 2. It was previously shown that the association of AB with a @entity412 -rich emulsion that physiologically mimics chylomicrons reduces @entity137 . 3. We found that the association of AB with a @entity412 -rich emulsion reduces the loss of PMN viability produced by the drug. 4. The inhibition of the PMN oxidative burst triggered by @entity1359 ( @entity4515 ) and opsonized zymosan (OZ) also was decreased by the association of the drug with this lipid emulsion. 5. @entity1892 in a lipid emulsion may be of advantage in the treatment of immunosuppressed @entity1 .

title: Effect of XXXX associated with a lipid emulsion on the oxidative burst of @entity1 polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity1359 :: ('CHEBI:37537', 'Chemical') :: ['phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['systemic fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['Delivery of AB']

answer: @entity2379 :: (MESH:D000666,Chemical) :: ['amphotericin B']


abstract: 1. The concentrations of @entity17548 ( @entity17548 ), @entity2090 ( @entity2090 ), @entity1955 (T4), @entity1954 ( @entity3938 ), reverse- @entity1954 ( @entity3938 ), @entity1674 (Tri), free @entity1718 (FFA) and @entity413 ( @entity367 ) were determined at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of age in blood plasma of male and female @entity1573 of broiler lines selected for body weight (GL) or food conversion (FC). 2. Plasma concentrations measured in the same animal over a 24 h or a 2 week interval were not significantly correlated with each other. For different traits measured in the same plasma sample only the correlation between T4 and @entity3938 differed significantly from zero. 3. All traits were dependent on age. Line and sex effects were significant (P less than 0.05) for @entity17548 , T4, Tri, FFA and @entity367 . Additionally, line significantly influenced the plasma @entity3938 /T4 ratio and sex influenced plasma @entity3938 . Interactions between line, sex and/or age were seldom significant. 4. Within line and sex, @entity17548 (at 6 weeks of age) and @entity3938 (at 4 weeks of age) were negatively, and @entity2090 and Tri (both at 6 weeks of age) positively correlated with the amount of abdominal fat at 6 weeks of age. No significant correlation between body weight at 2, 4 or 6 weeks of age and any of the plasma traits was found.

title: Concentrations of hormones, XXXX , @entity1674 and free @entity1718 in the plasma of broiler @entity1573 selected for weight gain or food conversion.

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['thyroxine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity2090 :: ('100327329(Tax:9031)', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor I', 'IGF-I']

entities_list: @entity1954 :: ('MESH:D014284', 'Chemical') :: ['triiodothyronine']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: @entity311 is a leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa. Tanzania changed its @entity311 treatment policy from @entity503 (CQ) to @entity1484 (SP) as first line drug in August 2001. We wanted to assess the perception and behaviour about SP after phasing out @entity503 which was very popular, cheap, available, and was preferred by many @entity1 for self-medication in homes as it was considered to have minimal side effects. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were carried out after one year of the anti-malarial drug treatment policy change in the country. The FGD themes were on @entity311 for under-five @entity1 and other age groups, anti-malarial drug use through self-medications, specific experiences @entity1 had about SP drug for both mothers/guardians, @entity1 in the communities and health workers. A total of twelve FGDs were performed with mothers/guardians, @entity1 and health workers in the selected public health care facilities in the district. In the FGDs @entity1 feared adverse reactions from SP; its slow ability of reducing fever and self-treatment in this case was less reported from the mothers/guardians groups. However, SP was reported by health workers to be administered using the direct observation approach under supervision in their health care facilities. This was done in order to increase compliance as there were worries that some mothers were throwing away the drug if they were instructed by health workers to go and administer SP to their sick @entity1 at home. Based on this information, it is obvious that fear and negative perceptions about SP drug was common in the study setting. As evidence of this, there was less reported home-stocking and self-medication in the discussions for this particular recommended new first-line anti-malarial. The public has demonstrated a lack of confidence in SP. Furthermore, some health workers expressed obvious fear and negative perceptions towards the drug despite the fact that some FGDs with health workers considered the drug to be good and effective against @entity311 . Such negative perception towards SP highlights the need to start earlier sensitization and educational campaigns to the rural communities for a new drug program to ensure its success. Messages should clearly state what should be expected from the new drug (Coartem), before its introduction. This is important especially as Tanzania is expected to move towards the expensive but efficacious and effective fixed-combination (Coartem) anti-malarial therapy early next year (2006).

title: How @entity1484 (SP) was perceived in some rural communities after phasing out XXXX (CQ) as a first-line drug for uncomplicated @entity311 in Tanzania: lessons to learn towards moving from monotherapy to fixed combination therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity311 :: ('MESH:D008288', 'Disease') :: ['Malaria', 'malaria']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

entities_list: @entity1484 :: ('MESH:C001205', 'Chemical') :: ['Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine']

answer: @entity503 :: (MESH:D002738,Chemical) :: ['chloroquine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The comorbidity between the mood and @entity148 is extensive and it is probable that individuals with these disorders share a number of cognitive characteristics. However, comorbidity rates with @entity308 are not uniform among the various @entity148 . This study examined the common and distinguishing features of self-schematic structure in major @entity308 and social @entity148 compared to other @entity148 in general and to no @entity146 disturbance. METHODS: @entity1 completed the Psychological Distance Scaling Task, which provided an index of the cognitive organization of positively and negatively valenced interpersonal and achievement self-referent content. RESULTS: The @entity308 and @entity913 groups were statistically equivalent on all indices of cognitive organization, and showed greater interconnectedness among interpersonal negative content than both control groups, and less interconnectedness among both positive interpersonal and achievement content than did nonpsychiatric controls. Psychiatric groups were equivalent on negative achievement content but showed greater interconnectedness than controls. LIMITATIONS: This study had a modest sample size and the findings are constrained to females. CONCLUSIONS: Negative interpersonal content is more densely interconnected in individuals with @entity913 and @entity308 compared with both other @entity148 and nonpsychiatric controls. In addition, both @entity913 and @entity308 were associated with less interconnected positive content. These findings are indicative of similarities in the way self-schematic content may be organized in individuals with @entity308 and @entity913 . Theoretical explanations of these results and future research directions are discussed.

title: Specificity of cognitive structure in depression and XXXX : a comparison of interpersonal and achievement content.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressive disorder', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity913 :: ('MESH:D010698', 'Disease') :: ['social phobia']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorder', 'anxiety', 'anxiety disorders']

answer: @entity913 :: (MESH:D010698,Disease) :: ['social phobia']


abstract: @entity1 @entity2041 transferases (GSTs) are a multigene family of enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of a wide range of electrophilic compounds of both exogenous and endogenous origin. GSTs are generally recognized as detoxifying enzymes by catalyzing the conjugation of these compounds with @entity2041 , but they may also be involved in activation of some carcinogens. The memmalian GSTs can be differentiated into four classes of cytosolic enzymes and two membrane bound enzymes. @entity1 @entity4299 hydrolases (EHs) catalyze the addition of water to @entity21807 to form the corresponding @entity53783 . The enzymatic hydration is essentially irreversible and produces mainly metabolites of lower reactivity that can be conjugated and excreted. The reaction of EHs is therefore generally regarded as detoxifying. The @entity1 EHs can be distinguished by their physical and enzymatic properties. Microsomal @entity21789 ( @entity21789 ) exhibits a broad substrate specificity, while the soluble @entity21789 ( @entity22852 ) is an enzyme with a "complementary" substrate specificity to @entity21789 . @entity165 @entity21789 and @entity19960 are two EHs with very limited substrate specificity. The activities of either GSTs or EHs expressed in vivo exhibit a relatively large interindividual variation, which might be explained by induction, inhibition, or genetic factors. These variations in levels or activities of individual isoenzymes are of importance with respect to an individual's susceptibility to genotoxic effects. This article gives a general overview of GSTs and EHs, discussing the modulation of activities, determination of these enzymes ex vivo, and the polymorphic expression of some isoenzymes.

title: The role of XXXX @entity2041 transferases and @entity4299 hydrolases in the metabolism of xenobiotics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'Human']

entities_list: @entity4299 :: ('CHEBI:32955', 'Chemical') :: ['epoxide']

entities_list: @entity53783 :: ('MESH:C507866', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrodiol']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity19960 :: ('4048', 'Gene') :: ['leukotriene A4 hydrolase']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Near-tetraploidy is a rare cytogenetic abnormality observed in @entity3052 ( @entity3232 ). It was recently suggested that near-tetraploid @entity3232 may be associated specifically with t(8;21)(q22;q22). We report here a new case of near-tetraploid @entity3232 with double t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocations. A 61-year-old @entity1 was admitted to our hospital because of high fever and @entity3043 . Her bone marrow was markedly hypercellular, with 72% giant and bizarre myeloblasts. These myeloblasts were positive for @entity4587 , @entity10793 , @entity1075 , @entity1116 , @entity2280 , and HLA-DR but negative for @entity3138 and @entity2940 . The @entity1 's disease was diagnosed as the M2 subtype of @entity3232 (by @entity3232 ). Chromosome analysis revealed a karyotype of 45,X,-X, t(8;21) (q22;q22)[1]/90,XXX,-X,t(8;21)(q22;q22)x2,-9[7]/46,XX[12]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with an @entity5316 / @entity10794 probe detected 4 fusion signals on 2 der(8)t(8;21) and 2 der(21)t(8;21) in near-tetraploid cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of the @entity5316 / @entity10794 fusion transcript. These findings suggested that near-tetraploidy may be a secondary genetic change originating from a diploid clone with t(8;21) and that 2 @entity5316 / @entity10794 fusion genes are generated on the der(8)t(8;21) in near-tetraploid clones. Consideration of the other reported cases suggests that the immunophenotypes of near-tetraploid @entity3232 with double t(8;21) are heterogenous, but it is possible that t(8;21)- @entity3232 with expression of @entity3138 or @entity4587 may be associated with a secondary clonal evolution to near-tetraploidy.

title: @entity4587 + near-tetraploid @entity3052 M2 with double t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocations and XXXX / @entity10794 rearrangements detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3232 :: ('MESH:D008310', 'Disease') :: ['AML', 'French-American-British classification']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity3043 :: ('MESH:D010198', 'Disease') :: ['pancytopenia']

answer: @entity5316 :: (861,Gene) :: ['Aml1']


abstract: Our aim in this study was to determine the mediastinal areas where lymphadenectomy should be done at the time of surgical resection of clinical @entity5 . Between 1984 and 1994, 575 @entity1 with clinical stage I @entity1149 underwent lobectomy and systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy. Mediastinal lymph nodes were pathologically positive for disease in 79 @entity1 (14%), and positive nodes appeared normal intraoperatively in 54 @entity1 (68%). Thirty-three percent of those @entity1 with positive N2 (mediastinal) nodes had negative lobar (N1) nodes. In @entity5 of the right upper lobe, all N2 cases had the lymph node @entity3 in the superior mediastinal compartment. In @entity5 of the right middle lobe, all N2 cases but one had the @entity3 in subcarinal or anterior mediastinal nodes. In @entity5 of the right lower lobe, all N2 cases but one the @entity3 in subcarinal nodes. In @entity5 , all N2 cases had the lymph node @entity3 in the subaortic compartment. In @entity5 of the left lower lobe, all N2 cases but one had the lymph node @entity3 in the subcarinal area or subaortic compartment. In conclusion, systematic staging of mediastinal lymph nodes is necessary for all @entity1 with resectable clinical @entity5 . The location of the primary @entity5 determines the mediastinal areas where lymphadenectomy should be done to examine all lymph nodes.

title: Mediastinal lymph node @entity3 in XXXX with clinical stage I peripheral @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'stage I lung cancer', 'cancer of the left upper lobe', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small-cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A 52-year-old @entity1 presented with a 3-week history of right knee @entity158 , significant enough to prevent weight bearing. There was no history of knee @entity66 . On knee examination, an effusion and medial joint line tenderness was noted. Knee range of motion was full, but @entity158 . Radiographs revealed minor osteoarthritic changes. Laboratory values were within normal limits, including those associated with @entity281 . Magnetic resonance imaging showed decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images within the medial femoral condyle and corresponding increased signal intensity on T2-weighted consistent with @entity236 as well as @entity4 to the adjacent soft tissues. Bone scanning showed increased uptake of radioisotope in the medial femoral condyle. The @entity1 was diagnosed with @entity236 , and managed medically with analgesics and continued non weight-bearing status. At the 1-month follow-up, his symptoms had improved significantly. The @entity1 progressively increased weight bearing as tolerated over the subsequent weeks. At 12-week follow-up, symptoms had completely resolved. Magnetic resonance imaging showed no signal abnormalities in the affected knee. Transient @entity170 is an uncommon and typically self-limiting condition that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. The clinician must be aware of this entity, as well as its typical course, to prevent unnecessary testing and invasive intervention.

title: Transient XXXX of the knee.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['injury or disease']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'painful']

entities_list: @entity236 :: ('MESH:D001855', 'Disease') :: ['bone marrow edema', 'bone marrow edema syndrome']

answer: @entity170 :: (MESH:D010024,Disease) :: ['osteoporosis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess change in behavior, @entity308 , and self-esteem in sexually abused @entity1 after 5 years and to determine which factors predict later functioning. METHOD: Sixty-eight of 84 @entity1 and their nonoffending parents were reassessed after 5 years for @entity308 , self-esteem, and @entity146 in the @entity1 ; parental mental health; and family functioning. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in @entity308 , self-esteem, or behavior over 5 years. Forty-three percent of the @entity1 were now sad or depressed, 43% had low self-esteem, and 46% had @entity146 . While some @entity1 improved, a nearly equal number deteriorated, with no clear pattern of change. The only abuse-related variables associated with 5-year functioning were further contact with the abuser, which was significantly associated with @entity308 and self-esteem, and @entity458 prior to intake, which was related to an increased incidence of @entity146 . Older @entity1 showed more @entity308 and lower self-esteem but less @entity146 . Poor family functioning at 5 years was associated with low self-esteem and @entity146 . Treatment had no effect on @entity308 , self-esteem, or behavior. Multivariate analysis showed that @entity308 and self-esteem at intake were prognostic indicators of 5-year outcome. CONCLUSION: Many sexually abused @entity1 have continuing problems with behavior, self-esteem, and @entity308 . Family and abuse-related variables do not appear to be good predictors of outcome, although sexually abused @entity1 who are sad or depressed and have low self-esteem at intake are likely to have continuing problems in these areas.

title: Five years after @entity1 XXXX : persisting dysfunction and problems of prediction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['sexual abuse']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['behavioral dysfunction', 'behavior problems']

answer: @entity458 :: (MESH:D020018,Disease) :: ['sexual abuse']


abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to reside in @entity1 adult organs. However, mechanisms of migration of these endogenous MSCs within their tissue of origin are not well understood. Here, we investigate migration of @entity1 adult lung-resident (LR) mesenchymal progenitor cells. We demonstrate that bioactive lipid @entity4990 ( @entity4991 ) plays a principal role in the migration of @entity1 LR-MSCs through a signaling pathway involving @entity25068 -induced @entity3546 activation. LR-MSCs isolated from @entity1 lung allografts and lungs of @entity1 with @entity2631 demonstrated a robust migratory response to @entity4991 in vitro. Furthermore, @entity4991 levels correlated with LR-MSC numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), providing demonstration of the in vivo activity of @entity4991 in @entity1 adult lungs. Migration of LR-MSCs was mediated via @entity25068 receptor ligation and @entity25068 silencing significantly abrogated the migratory response of LR-MSCs to @entity4991 as well as @entity1 BAL. @entity4991 treatment of LR-MSCs induced protein kinase C-mediated glycogen synthase kinase-3b phosphorylation, with resulting cytoplasmic accumulation and nuclear translocation of @entity3546 . @entity5907 gene reporter assay demonstrated a significant increase in transcriptional activity after @entity4991 treatment. LR-MSC migration and increase in reporter gene activity in the presence of @entity4991 were abolished by transfection with @entity3546 small interfering RNA demonstrating that @entity3546 is critical in mediating @entity4991 -induced LR-MSC migration. These data delineate a novel signaling pathway through which ligation of a G protein-coupled receptor by a biologically relevant lipid mediator induces migration of @entity1 tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitors.

title: XXXX induces migration of @entity1 lung-resident mesenchymal stem cells through the @entity3546 pathway.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5907 :: ('3172', 'Gene') :: ['TCF/LEF dual luciferase']

entities_list: @entity4990 :: ('MESH:C032881', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

answer: @entity4990 :: (MESH:C032881,Chemical) :: ['Lysophosphatidic acid']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of @entity955 using an endocardial single lead system presently used for @entity67 . The study population consisted of 26 recipients of an @entity1479 in combination with a conventional endocardial single lead system with the proximal spring electrode as anode in the @entity6480 and the distal as cathode in the apex of the RV. @entity4710 were induced by right atrial burst pacing. If the @entity943 sustained > 1 minute, biphasic shocks synchronized with the R wave were delivered using the implanted device, beginning with an energy of 4 J. If 4 J failed to terminate the @entity943 , energy was increased stepwise, if the first shock was successful, a step-down testing was performed after reinduction of @entity4710 . The mean @entity955 threshold was 2.3 +/- 1.2 J (range, 0.5-5 J). A total of 154 shocks were delivered and no adverse effects were observed. The mean defibrillation threshold for @entity956 was somewhat lower than that for AF (1.8 +/- 1 J vs 2.7 +/- 1.4 J, P = 0.08). There was no correlation between the @entity955 threshold and a history of previously occurring @entity4710 , the kind of the underlying @entity299 , a prescription of antiarrhythmic drugs, the dimension of the LA, the LVEF, or the ventricular DFT. Internal @entity955 of short duration @entity4710 using a transvenous single lead system designed for @entity67 is feasible and safe at low energies, and may have important clinical applications.

title: Low energy transvenous cardioversion of short duration XXXX in humans using a single lead system.

entities_list: @entity956 :: ('MESH:D001282', 'Disease') :: ['atrial flutter']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial cardioversion', 'atrial defibrillation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['Atrial tachyarrhythmias', 'atrial tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular defibrillation']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

answer: @entity4710 :: (MESH:D013617,Disease) :: ['atrial tachyarrhythmias']


abstract: Interleukin-1 is a potent immunomodulator and has been shown to initiate many aspects of the inflammatory response. To determine the effects of @entity20573 in the central nervous system (CNS), the @entity95 retina was used, adjacent to which factors can be injected with minimal @entity130 and both pathologic and physiologic effects can be monitored. Intravitreal injection of 300 units of @entity20573 induced an alteration in the visual evoked potentials (VEP) that was associated with marked intravascular red blood cell accumulations, @entity548 , and cellular @entity32 of the epiretinal vessels. Analysis of these events showed slowing and occasional hyper-excitability of the compound action potential of the optic tract and of the cortical VEP that correlate with the maximum inflammatory response. Histologic studies show the following: no apparent response occurs within the first 1.5 hours after intraocular challenge; and between 3 and 6 hours after injection an extensive intravascular red blood cell accumulation and progressive @entity548 is accompanied by an increase in the number of mononuclear (MN) cells and the appearance of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells. Polymorphonuclear cells continue to increase with time to give a single wave of @entity32 that peaks 24 hours after injection, while the number of MN cells steadily increases. These events are associated with changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and correlate with the electrophysiologic dysfunctions. Forty-one hours after injection, MN @entity32 , reactive @entity5219 , and residual PMN @entity32 are evident. Neutralization with specific antibody inhibited the responses through 6 hours after injection. It is concluded that the @entity95 retina provides a valuable model for the in vivo analysis of CNS @entity32 .

title: Pathophysiologic effect of XXXX in the @entity95 retina.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

answer: @entity20573 :: (100008990(Tax:9986),Gene) :: ['interleukin-1b']


abstract: Neuroimaging studies with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning have contributed significantly to our understanding of @entity739 . Cortical @entity75 are the most common abnormalities seen with MRI in @entity1 with @entity2473 , but other structural lesions are also detected occasionally. An underlying @entity6795 may not be apparent until myelination has advanced in the brain and poor gray-white matter differentiation becomes observable. Many cortical @entity75 can only be detected using PET scanning of @entity413 metabolism or @entity1246 (A) ( @entity1246 (A)) receptor binding. The MRI and PET findings, together with neurophysiological observations, strongly suggest that @entity739 are initiated as cortical @entity302 discharges that, during a 'critical' developmental period, may undergo secondary generalization in an age-dependent mechanism to emerge as @entity2473 . The onset of @entity2473 often coincides with the functional maturation of cerebral cortex. Based on data from @entity413 metabolism PET scanning as well as electrophysiological and neurochemical findings on @entity1 with @entity2473 , we have postulated that the offending lesion is a focal or @entity66 which, at a critical stage of maturation, causes abnormal functional interactions with brainstem raphe nuclei which project widely throughout the brain. Raphe-cortical projections could mediate the hypsarrhythmic changes seen on EEG. The prominent serotonergic raphe-striatal pathway and descending spinal pathways may be responsible for secondary generalization of the cortical discharges to result in the relatively symmetric @entity2473 . It is likely that additional factors (e.g. genetic) play a role in the manifestation of the age-specific electroclinical features of @entity739 . Recently developed PET tracers can be used to detect epileptogenic brain regions and also to investigate developmental @entity854 (using the tracer alpha[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan) and GABAergic (using [(11)C]flumazenil) neurotransmitter systems. These systems are implicated in epileptogenesis, and their involvement in the pathophysiology of @entity739 can be further addressed by future functional neuroimaging studies.

title: Neuroradiological assessment of brain structure and function and its implication in the pathogenesis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1246 :: ('MESH:D005680', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-aminobutyric acid', 'GABA']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse cortical abnormality']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity6795 :: ('MESH:D054220', 'Disease') :: ['cortical dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity739 :: ('MESH:D013036', 'Disease') :: ['infantile spasms', 'West syndrome']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities of serotonergic']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity739 :: (MESH:D013036,Disease) :: ['West syndrome']


abstract: Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system are distinguished by morphological and functional criteria in myelinating and non-myelinating subtypes. We and others have previously reported that Schwann cells in isolated peripheral @entity1 and @entity35 nerve respond to extracellular application of @entity855 with a rise in the intracellular free @entity460 concentration [ @entity141 ]i. In the present study, the receptors mediating these @entity141 transients have been investigated in myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells of intact fascicles of isolated @entity1 sural nerves, @entity35 ventral roots, and @entity35 vagus nerves. Microfluorometry and confocal laser scanning was used on preparations stained with the @entity141 -sensitive dyes @entity460 Green-1 and Fura Red. In myelinating Schwann cells of @entity1 and @entity35 nerves, the @entity855 -induced rise of [ @entity141 ]i resulted from the activation of a @entity12700 purinoceptor subtype (rank order of potency: @entity856 > or = @entity855 > @entity20483 = @entity857 ). In contrast, in non-myelinating Schwann cells, @entity141 transients were produced by activation of a P2Y1 purinoceptor subtype (rank order of potency: @entity20483 > @entity855 > @entity857 > @entity856 ). The P1 agonist @entity859 and alpha,alpha-me @entity855 did not evoke @entity141 signals. @entity141 transients in both types of Schwann cells were found to be due to @entity141 release from @entity19643 -sensitive intracellular stores. However, inhibition by @entity5747 was only found in non-myelinating Schwann cells. These findings indicate that @entity1 Schwann cells express phenotype-specific P2Y receptor subtypes.

title: Differences in the sensitivity to purinergic stimulation of myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells in peripheral @entity1 and XXXX nerve.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['adenosine']

entities_list: @entity19643 :: ('MESH:C000543', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopiazonic acid']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium', 'Calcium']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Early surgical intervention is now often considered for symptomatic @entity1 after an acute @entity583 . Conversely coronary artery bypass grafting soon after an acute @entity583 poses substantial risks. The present study was performed to evaluate the results of Coronary artery bypass grafting soon after an acute @entity583 . METHODS: From November 1991 to November 1999, 478 consecutive @entity1 underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and 68 of these underwent an operation within 30 days of AMI. The data of these @entity1 were analyzed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses of many variables were performed regarding operative mortality. RESULTS: Operative mortality (7.4%) was significantly higher in the @entity1 with an acute @entity583 than in the @entity1 without it (0.8%) during the same period as the subjects of this study. Coronary artery bypass grafting without arterial grafts was solely determined to be the predictor of survival. The survival curve demonstrated better long-term results in @entity1 undergoing bypass grafting with arterial grafts than in @entity1 undergoing bypass grafting with venous grafts alone. CONCLUSIONS: If hemodynamic conditions can not be stabilized, then coronary artery bypass grafting using arterial grafts, when indicated, should be performed even early after AMI.

title: Coronary artery bypass grafting within 30 days of an acute XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarction']


abstract: We report the experience of 11 @entity1 (of 60 planned @entity1 ) enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of infliximab in @entity1 with severe, active @entity134 -refractory @entity31 . The study was terminated prematurely because of slow enrollment. @entity1 having active disease for at least 2 weeks and receiving at least 5 days of intravenous @entity288 were eligible to receive a single intravenous infusion of infliximab at 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg body weight. The primary endpoint used in this study was treatment failure at 2 weeks after infusion. Treatment failure was defined as 1) unachieved clinical response as defined by a modified Truelove and Witts severity score, 2) increase in @entity228 dosage, 3) addition of immunosuppressants, 4) colectomy, or 5) death. Safety evaluations included physical examination, clinical chemistry and hematology laboratory tests, and occurrence of adverse experiences. Four of 8 @entity1 (50%) who received infliximab were considered treatment successes at 2 weeks, compared with none of 3 @entity1 who received placebo. Improvement in erythrocyte sedimentation rates and serum concentrations of @entity1851 and @entity650 correlated with the clinical response observed in @entity1 receiving infliximab. Infusion with infliximab produced no significant adverse events. Infliximab was well tolerated and may provide clinical benefit for some @entity1 with @entity134 -refractory @entity31 .

title: Infliximab in the treatment of severe, XXXX -refractory @entity31 : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis']

entities_list: @entity228 :: ('CHEBI:50858', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroid']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity134 :: (CHEBI:35341,Chemical) :: ['steroid']


abstract: beta-Amyloid protein ( @entity537 ) is the major protein component of @entity195 -related senile plaques and has been postulated to be a significant contributing factor in the onset and/or progression of the disease. In the @entity527 , @entity537 appears as bundles of amyloid fibrils. The biological activity of @entity537 may be related to its state of aggregation. In this work, self-assembly, fibril formation, and interfibrillary aggregation of beta(1-28), a synthetic peptide homologous with the @entity1472 -terminal fragment of @entity537 , were investigated. The predominant form of beta(1-28) detected by size-exclusion chromatography and @entity2975 gel electrophoresis was apparently a tetramer which does not bind Congo red. Aggregates containing cross-beta sheet structures which bind Congo red and @entity7732 were observed at concentrations of approximately 0.3 mg/ml or greater. Concentrations of 0.5-1 mg/ml were necessary for aggregation into fibrils to be detectable by classical or quasielastic light scattering. Both fibril elongation and fibril-fibril aggregation occur over the time scale investigated. The kinetics of aggregation were much faster at physiological salt concentrations than at lower ionic strength. Ionic strength also appeared to influence the morphology of the fibril aggregates. The data indicate that sample preparation method and sample history influence fibril size and number density.

title: Light scattering analysis of fibril growth from the XXXX -terminal fragment beta(1-28) of beta-amyloid peptide.

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['senile plaque']

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['Alzheimer disease']

entities_list: @entity7732 :: ('MESH:C009462', 'Chemical') :: ['thioflavin T']

answer: @entity1472 :: (CHEBI:46882,Chemical) :: ['amino']


abstract: During a 2-year period, we performed a single-stage procedure on 7 @entity1 with unilateral "tuberous" breasts after thorough analysis of the deformity and the contralateral breast. @entity0 was replaced by use of a laterally based random inframammary cutaneous flap. Breast tissue rearrangement with or without augmentation was required to address the parenchymal maldistribution and @entity854 . Associated tuberous breast ptosis was adequately corrected by tissue rearrangement, augmentation, and circumareolar mastopexy. Areola herniation and size were adjusted by performing a circumareolar mastopexy. Relocation of the inframammary crease was necessary to achieve symmetry. There were two complications in two @entity1 : In one @entity1 a @entity1793 developed in the breast pocket after a traumatic @entity1410 that occurred 2 weeks after surgery. Another @entity1 required implant exchange for a smaller one to achieve better symmetry. Nipple sensation was not affected adversely by the surgery. Ultimately, all @entity1 achieved acceptable symmetry and were satisfied with the results.

title: A systematic, one-stage approach in the treatment of tuberous XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Deficient breast envelope skin']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['volume abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1793 :: ('MESH:D013203', 'Disease') :: ['staphylococcal infection']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast deformity']


abstract: Controlling the differentiation of @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and providing tissue functions in engineered constructs before implantation are major challenges. Beside the additives in culture media, the artificial niches inside a scaffold can serve this purpose. To prepare niches favoring the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSCs, components of the extracellular matrix of bone were immobilized on fabrics of @entity13099 . Aqueous gels of fibrillar @entity291 collagen I, with or without addition of chondroitin sulphate (CS), were immobilized on the textile scaffold, sub-structured in a freeze-drying process, and cross-linked. hMSCs of four donors were isolated from bone marrow. After expansion, the cells were seeded dynamically onto the scaffolds. From thereon, the culture was transferred into perfused vessels and partly submitted to @entity619 to promote osteogenic differentiation. During their 4 weeks of culture, the cells' distribution and morphology throughout the scaffolds were characterized by laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and @entity4653 ( @entity4653 ). Photospectrometrically the cells' viability ( @entity98 ) and @entity623 ( @entity623 ) production were assessed. The transcription of osteoblast-specific markers was elucidated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Cells on CS-containing scaffolds in the presence of @entity619 showed the highest @entity623 production. PCR monitored an increase of osteoblastic markers. All scaffolds showed higher @entity460 deposition than cell-free controls. These results lead to the conclusion that a niche containing CS renders the differentiation of hMSCs toward osteoblastic cells more specific.

title: Mimicked bioartificial matrix containing chondroitin sulphate on a textile scaffold of XXXX alters the differentiation of adult @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells.

entities_list: @entity13099 :: ('MESH:C003182', 'Chemical') :: ['poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['SEM', 'scanning electron microscopy']

answer: @entity13099 :: (MESH:C003182,Chemical) :: ['poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)']


abstract: The role of the developing hippocampus and the amygdala on patterned (single) alternation (PA) in the @entity1 @entity35 was investigated in 4 experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, pups were given 2 bilateral electrolytic hippocampal lesions or sham surgeries at 10 or 11 days of age and were trained 6 days later in a straight runway. In Experiment 1, there were 120 trials in 1 day, with an 8-, a 15-, or a 30-s intertrial interval (ITI). PA learning occurred in lesion and sham pups at the 8- and 15-s ITIs, but it was reduced in both groups at the 30-s ITI. In Experiment 2, training was extended to 240 trials over 2 days, with a 30- or 60-s ITI. Sham and lesion pups showed PA at the 30-s ITI, but the emergence of PA was delayed in the lesion pups at the 60-s ITI. In Experiment 3, @entity75 had no effect on PA learning at the 8-s ITI. However, when pups with hippocampal and @entity75 were trained at the 8-s ITI, the emergence of PA was delayed, and its size was reduced (Experiment 4). The results of these experiments argue for a role of the hippocampus in PA learning at long ITIs and suggest that, even in 16-day-old pups exposed to an 8-s ITI, the combined hippocampal and @entity75 produces a deficit greater than either the hippocampal or the @entity75 . The results are discussed in relation to current theories that distinguish between 2 levels of memory function.

title: Patterned (single) alternation in XXXX @entity35 after combined or separate lesions of hippocampus and amygdala.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['amygdaloid lesion', 'amygdaloid lesions']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['infant']


abstract: We investigated the effects of dose rate on the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in bone marrow and spleen cells of @entity35 exposed to @entity11540 ( @entity6157 ). Four groups (18/group) of male Fischer 344 @entity35 were exposed to @entity6157 by inhalation. The exposures consisted of 100 ppm for 6 hr/day, 300 ppm for 2 hr/day, 600 ppm for 1 hr/day, and clean air control. All @entity6157 treated @entity35 were given a total exposure dose of 600 ppm.hr daily, 5 days/week for 3, 6, or 9 months. Six @entity35 per group were sacrificed at each time point, and SCEs were measured in cultured spleen and bone marrow cells. A statistically significant increase was found in SCEs in both bone marrow and spleen cells for all treated groups and at each time point when compared to the control, except at the 3-month exposure for the middle and high dose-rate groups in bone marrow cells. In the spleen, the increases in SCEs were similar among the three experimental groups. In bone marrow, the lowest dose rate (100 ppm) resulted in higher SCE frequencies than the medium and high dose-rate group after 3 and 6 month exposures. The overall frequencies of SCEs in the spleen cells were higher than in the bone marrow cells. The increase in SCE frequencies and decrease in the replicative index in spleen cells were also dependent on the duration of exposure. These results indicate that (1) @entity6157 , by inhalation, can cause SCEs both in spleen and bone marrow cells of Fischer 344 @entity35 , (2) spleen cells are more sensitive to @entity6157 than bone marrow cells, and (3) in bone marrow cells the lowest dose-rate (longest) exposure causes more SCEs than the highest dose-rate (shortest) exposures.

title: Induction of sister chromatid exchange in spleen and bone marrow cells of XXXX exposed by inhalation to different dose rates of @entity11540 .

entities_list: @entity11540 :: ('MESH:D005027', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene oxide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: @entity779 is prevalent in all subtropical areas. @entity548 forms of the disease were first described in southeast Asia but have now been observed on several continents. Travelers are at risk for @entity281 and the likelihood of @entity779 has grown in relation to volume of air traffic. In developed countries, dengue usually presents in the benign form, but sudden aggravation is always possible. The purpose of this report is to describe a case of imported @entity7643 associated with @entity490 in a traveler returning from Asia. Radiological findings were suggestive of nonlithiasic @entity2679 . Similar ultrasound feature have been reported by pediatric groups during dengue outbreaks in Asia. Previous findings have shown that bladder involvement is a predictive sign of severe disease and @entity1457 . Surgery is contraindicated in these @entity1 . Close clinical and laboratory surveillance is necessary due to the high risk of aggravation. The pathogenesis of this severe life-threatening form of the disease is unclear. A possible explanation is involvement of a more @entity778 . @entity779 should always be considered after @entity311 in the differential diagnosis of returning travelers @entity1 presenting @entity221 .

title: [Imported @entity7643 : aprops of 1 case presenting with signs of acute alithiasic XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['virulent strain of virus']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['Hemorrhagic']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['impending shock']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity7643 :: ('MESH:D019595', 'Disease') :: ['dengue hemorrhagic fever']

entities_list: @entity779 :: ('MESH:D003715', 'Disease') :: ['Dengue', 'imported dengue']

answer: @entity2679 :: (MESH:D002764,Disease) :: ['cholecystitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In @entity1 with acute @entity385 the magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion-diffusion mismatch pattern (perfusion lesion at least 20% larger than the lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging) may indicate ischemically threatened but viable tissue. To our knowledge, the relationship of this MR pattern to serial changes in MR angiography (MRA) has not been reported. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between MRA changes and patterns of diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion abnormalities and to determine if the information obtained could be used in clinical management. METHODS: The MR studies of 35 @entity1 who had undergone sequential multimodality MR imaging studies within the first 4 days of @entity64 were reviewed. All lesions were in the internal carotid artery territory distribution. Magnetic resonance angiographies were read by 2 observers blinded to the clinical data. RESULTS: During the first 24 hours a perfusion-diffusion mismatch was present in 22 (92%) of the 24 @entity1 with an MRA @entity432 . (At this time 5 [46%] of the 11 @entity1 with a normal MRA [P =.006] also had a mismatch.) Two to 4 days after @entity64 , of these 22 @entity1 resolution of the mismatch occurred in 8 (87%) of 9 @entity1 with recanalization on MRA compared with 5 (39%) of 13 @entity1 without arterial recanalization (P =.03). Resolution of mismatch occurred in 3 (60%) of 5 @entity1 with a normal MRA and a mismatch at the first time point. CONCLUSIONS: Concordance between MRA and the MR perfusion-diffusion mismatch pattern provides supportive evidence for an arterial vascular basis for this MR signature in @entity64 . Discordance between MRA lesions and mismatch may result from arterial branch occlusions undetected by MRA or from an alternate mechanism for the mismatch. The MR imaging patterns identified extend our understanding of the pathophysiology of @entity64 and may contribute to the improvement of @entity64 management in the future.

title: Relationship between magnetic resonance arterial patency and perfusion-diffusion mismatch in acute XXXX and its potential clinical use.

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'acute stroke']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['arterial occlusive lesion']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: PURPOSE: In @entity5 variation in lymph node recovery influences the detection of nodal @entity3 and prognosis among @entity1892 (Stage II) cases. However, the possible prognostic importance of node size and inherent @entity1 / @entity5 characteristics in determining node recovery has not been studied. METHODS: We examined 269 @entity1892 (Stage II) @entity5 , with a mean of 12 nodes per case. @entity5 characteristics were correlated with the number and size of recovered nodes. Clinical follow-up permitted determination of long-term survival. RESULTS: The five-year survival of 94 @entity1892 cases with nine or fewer nodes was 69.4 percent vs. 87.6 percent in 175 cases with ten or more nodes (P = 0.001). Lymph nodes were smaller in @entity1 dying of recurrence; among 130 @entity1892 @entity1 whose mean node diameter was <4 mm, survival was 73.3 vs. 88 percent when mean nodal diameter was > or =4 mm. The number and size of recovered nodes was related to @entity1 age, histologic antitumor immune response, and @entity5 growth pattern. By combining the number and size of nodes, a poor prognosis subgroup of 98 @entity1892 @entity1 with relatively few large nodes (no more than 5 measuring > or =4 mm) was identified with a five-year survival of 65.6 percent compared with 89.6 percent for the remaining 158 @entity1892 cases (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In @entity5 , the number and size of lymph nodes are related to inherent @entity1 and @entity5 characteristics and permit the identification of @entity1892 cases at increased risk of recurrence. A valid comparison of nodal sampling efficiency between centers necessitates measuring and counting harvested lymph nodes.

title: Number and size of lymph nodes recovered from dukes B XXXX : correlation with prognosis and histologic antitumor immune response.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'rectal tumors', 'Primary tumor', 'Dukes B rectal tumors', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancers']


abstract: The use of bacterial systems for recombinant protein production has advantages of simplicity, time and cost over competing systems. However, widely used bacterial expression systems (e.g. @entity526 , @entity11763 ) are not able to secrete soluble proteins directly into the culture medium. This limits yields and increases downstream processing time and costs. In contrast, Bacillus spp. secrete native enzymes directly into the culture medium at grams-per-litre quantities, although the yields of some recombinant proteins are severely limited. We have engineered the @entity3881 genome to generate novel strains with precise deletions in the genes encoding ten extracytoplasmic proteases that affect recombinant protein secretion, which lack chromosomal antibiotic resistance genes. The deletion sites and presence of single @entity377 polymorphisms were confirmed by sequencing. The strains are stable and were used in industrial-scale fermenters for the production of the @entity6192 vaccine protein, protective antigen, the productivity of which is extremely low in the unmodified strain. We also show that the deletion of so-called quality control proteases appears to influence cell-wall synthesis, resulting in the induction of the cell-wall stress regulon that encodes another quality control protease.

title: Proteomic analysis of XXXX strains engineered for improved production of heterologous proteins.

entities_list: @entity6192 :: ('1392', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus anthracis']

entities_list: @entity11763 :: ('294', 'Species') :: ['Pseudomonas fluorescens']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity3881 :: (1423,Species) :: ['Bacillus subtilis']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine whether low doses of @entity619 can enhance the lowering of ocular pressure by low doses of @entity6839 . @entity1 AND METHODS: In 12 @entity1 with @entity2790 and similar intraocular pressures in each eye, one eye was randomly selected in a masked manner for pretreatment with three applications of topical 0.01% @entity21025 drops prepared in artificial tears. The other eye was treated with three applications of drops of artificial tears alone. Both eyes were then treated with 0.01% @entity6839 maleate drops. Ocular pressure was measured for the next 100 minutes at 20-minute intervals. The study was done in an outpatient office. Twelve untreated ocular @entity101 @entity1 participated in this study. RESULTS: When compared with eyes treated with @entity6839 drops alone, eyes pretreated with @entity619 drops showed a significantly greater decrease in ocular pressure (mean +/- SD); the maximal decrease in 12 @entity619 -treated @entity1 was 3.5 +/- 1.9 mm Hg (15.9% from baseline). Six @entity619 -treated @entity1 had a response of 4.0 to 6.0 mm Hg, whereas three showed responses < 4 and > 2 mm Hg with three < or = 2 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: This synergistic effect of @entity6839 with @entity619 on lowering of ocular pressure offers a potential therapeutic use in ocular @entity101 and @entity726 .

title: Enhanced acute ocular hypotensive response to XXXX with @entity619 treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity21025 :: ('MESH:C004180', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone sodium phosphate']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2790 :: ('MESH:D009798', 'Disease') :: ['untreated ocular hypertension']

answer: @entity6839 :: (MESH:D013999,Chemical) :: ['timolol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity309 ( @entity309 ) is among the most common @entity1 systemic @entity792 , affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. To date, there is no cure for the disease and current treatments show undesirable side effects. As the disease affects a growing number of individuals, and during their working age, the gathering of all information able to improve therapies--by understanding their and the disease mechanisms of action--represents an important area of research, benefiting not only @entity1 but also societies. In this direction, network analysis methods have been used in previous work to further our understanding of this complex disease, leading to the identification of @entity31307 as a potential drug target for treatment of @entity309 . Here, we use computational methods to expand on this work, testing the hypothesis in silico. RESULTS: Analysis of the @entity31307 network--available at http://www.picb.ac.cn/ClinicalGenomicNTW/software.html--allows for investigation of the potential effect of perturbing genes of interest. Within the group of genes that are significantly affected by simulated perturbation of @entity31307 , we are lead to further investigate the importance of @entity53870 . Our results allow us to (1) refine the hypothesis on @entity31307 as a novel drug target (2) indicate potential causes of side effects in on-going trials and (3) importantly, provide recommendations with impact on on-going clinical studies. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a virtual network that collects and connects a large number of the molecules known to be involved in a disease, one can simulate the effects of controlling molecules, allowing for the observation of how this affects the rest of the network. This is important to mimic the effect of a drug, but also to be aware of -and possibly control- its side effects. Using this approach in @entity309 research we have been able to contribute to the field by suggesting molecules to be targeted in new therapies and more importantly, to warrant efficacy, to hypothesise novel recommendations on existing drugs currently under test.

title: From desk to bed: computational simulations provide indication for XXXX clinical trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in the transport of @entity165 to the adrenal gland for steroidogenesis and may have actions that modulate response to @entity281 and @entity3124 . The clinical relevance of HDL level in @entity1 with @entity1578 remains poorly characterised. METHODS: In 164 critically-ill @entity1 with acute ( @entity2928 ) and @entity879 ( @entity879 ) we evaluated the relationship between HDL levels measured on admission to intensive care unit (ICU) and survival, predisposition to @entity295 and adrenocortical function assessed through the @entity701 response to short synacthen testing (SST). RESULTS: In @entity879 and @entity879 , high density lipoprotein levels were significantly lower in non-survivors (P  <  0.01). Levels correlated closely with biochemical markers of liver function and the duration of @entity1578 . However, predictive accuracy was not superior to conventional markers and on multi-variate analysis did not show independent association with survival. Low HDL concentration was not associated with an increased incidence of @entity295 either precipitating or complicating ICU admission. Evidence of @entity5343 was present in more than half of @entity1 undergoing SST and HDL level but not other lipid parameters correlated closely with @entity701 increment after SST (r  =  0.364, P  <  0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: High density lipoprotein levels are low in @entity1 with @entity1578 and reflect its severity. Levels are lower in non-survivors but do not offer an advantage as early indicators of prognosis over conventional markers. No evidence of a major predisposing role for @entity281 was found, but findings suggest a close link to adrenal function.

title: High density lipoprotein in XXXX with @entity1578 ; relation to @entity295 , adrenal function and outcome of illness.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity879 :: ('MESH:D017114', 'Disease') :: ['AOCLF', 'acute liver failure', 'acute on chronic liver failure']

entities_list: @entity3124 :: ('MESH:D016638', 'Disease') :: ['critical illness']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity5343 :: ('MESH:D000224', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity976 are @entity5 that are usually suprasellar in origin. They are considered a type of @entity977 that can cause hyposecretion of anterior pituitary hormones or @entity4614 . Clinically, they may cause @entity227 similar to @entity977 . Histopathologically, they are distinct from @entity977 and are generally classified as either @entity1377 . @entity5 are more common in @entity1 , whereas the squamous papillary type is found almost exclusively in adults. CASE REPORT: A 45-year-old white @entity1 came to our clinic with a history of @entity227 in his left eye for the previous five months that fluctuated. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a suprasellar multilobular mass, which was distinguishable from the pituitary gland. The @entity1 underwent a right frontotemporal craniotomy for resection of the @entity5 . Histopathological analysis showed a benign squamous epithelial-lined mass consistent with squamous @entity976 . CONCLUSION: @entity976 are generally considered to be @entity1377 in origin. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging has been used to distinguish between these two types of @entity5 , although clinically no significant difference has been found with respect to resectability. Clinical presentation, treatment options, recurrence, and differential diagnosis of @entity976 are discussed.

title: Suprasellar squamous XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['adamantinomatous or squamous papillary']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual and endocrine deficiencies', 'decreased vision']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Adamantinomatous tumors', 'tumors', 'benign neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity4614 :: ('MESH:D007018', 'Disease') :: ['hypopituitarism']

entities_list: @entity977 :: ('MESH:D010911', 'Disease') :: ['pituitary tumor', 'pituitary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity976 :: ('MESH:D003397', 'Disease') :: ['craniopharyngiomas', 'Craniopharyngiomas', 'papillary craniopharyngioma']

answer: @entity976 :: (MESH:D003397,Disease) :: ['papillary craniopharyngioma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The rectum is a rare site of @entity674 ( @entity674 ), and factors determining long-term outcome remain unclear. In a population study, we assessed the outcome of @entity674 @entity1 treated at two referral centers. METHODS: A total of 39 @entity1 diagnosed with @entity674 between January 2002 and December 2010 were identified in prospective databases. @entity5 and @entity1 characteristics, treatment details, and outcome were evaluated. Median follow-up was 41 (3-110) months. RESULTS: A male predominance was noticed (M/F = 29/10). Median age was 53 years (range, 32-80 years). The cohort included, of 39 @entity1 , 12 low-risk, 26 high-risk, and 1 with M1 disease. Of 38 @entity1 with nonmetastatic disease, 36 underwent surgery as transabdominal (15 of 36) or local (21 of 36) resection. There were 21 @entity1 who received preoperative and/or postoperative @entity2213 treatment. @entity1 with preoperative @entity2213 (16 of 36) had a significantly higher rate of R0 resections (p = .02). Five @entity1 developed local recurrences. All of them had undergone local @entity5 excision with positive margins and without perioperative @entity2213 . Also, five @entity1 suffered from distant metastases. All belonged to the high-risk group and underwent @entity5 surgery (3 R0, 2 R1) without receiving perioperative @entity2213 . A total of three @entity1 died of disease. Perioperative @entity2213 was associated with improved @entity66 -free, disease-free, and overall survival (p < .01, p < .01, and p = .03, respectively). @entity66 -free survival was significantly improved by negative resection margins (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Complete resection is recommended to achieve @entity66 control. Preoperative @entity2213 was associated with improved surgical margins. Perioperative @entity2213 was associated with improved @entity66 -free, disease-free, and overall survival.

title: @entity674 : results of surgical and multimodality therapy in the era of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['Local disease', 'local disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity674 :: ('MESH:D046152', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal stromal tumor', 'GIST', 'rectal GIST']

entities_list: @entity2213 :: ('MESH:C097613', 'Chemical') :: ['imatinib']

answer: @entity2213 :: (MESH:C097613,Chemical) :: ['imatinib']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the extent of pattern-reversal visual evoked potential parameter alteration by epiretinal membranes and to investigate the use of pattern-reversal visual evoked potential in the estimation of macular function in eyes with epiretinal membrane and in the fellow eyes. METHODS: In both eyes of 162 @entity1 with epiretinal membrane, 92 of primary and 70 of secondary origin, pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials were recorded. Check sizes of 17', 10', and 7' (minutes of arc) were used. Parameters investigated were N80 and @entity7286 latencies and @entity7286 amplitude. RESULTS: No significant difference was detected between eyes with epiretinal membrane of primary and secondary origin regarding visual acuity and the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential parameters for the different check sizes. Compared with the @entity735 with epiretinal membrane had a significantly reduced visual acuity, prolonged N80 and @entity7286 latencies, and a reduced @entity7286 amplitude for the different check sizes. Compared with a separate control group (N = 20) with @entity1 50 to 59 years old, eyes with epiretinal membrane (N = 9) showed the same features as in the total group, but only for the 17' and 10' check sizes. The fellow eyes (N = 9) showed a significant reduction of the @entity7286 amplitude (P < .05) for the pattern sizes of 17' and 10', but no difference in visual acuity or pattern-reversal visual evoked potential latency was found. CONCLUSIONS: In eyes with epiretinal membrane, pattern-reversal visual evoked potential latencies are prolonged, and amplitude is reduced. Relationships between clinical parameters and pattern-reversal visual evoked potential parameters require further study.

title: Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials in XXXX with epiretinal membrane.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity735 :: ('MESH:D005124', 'Disease') :: ['fellow eyes, the eyes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Excessive accumulation of @entity5357 (Abeta) has been proposed as a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of @entity195 . Possible mechanisms underlying Abeta-induced @entity528 include excess production of reactive @entity26 species (ROS) and apoptosis. We have designed novel nanoparticles, @entity21101 radical-containing nanoparticles (RNPs), which possess @entity21101 radical in the core and chemically scavenges ROS. This study aimed to determine the potential neuroprotective role of RNPs on Abeta-induced @entity137 in @entity1 @entity521 SH-SY5Y cells. METHOD: SH-SY5Y cells were preincubated with 0.1-1 mM RNP for 24 h and then incubated with 20 microM Abeta1-42, for 48 h. In every group, cell viability, apoptotic rate, ROS levels including @entity224 anion radicals and @entity3787 radicals, ROS production including lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA oxidation were measured. RESULTS: SH-SY5Y cells preincubated with 0.1-2 mM RNP for 24 h were protected from Abeta-induced damage. SH-SY5Y cells preincubated with more than 2 mM RNPfor 24 h showed @entity137 . From the quantitative analyses, it was observed that RNPs reduced intracellular oxidative stress. RNP treatment significantly reduced the amount of oxidized lipids, proteins and DNA. It also reduced DNA fragmentations, which caused lower apoptosis levels. CONCLUSION: RNPs are promising intracellular ROS scavengers.

title: Chemical nanotherapy: @entity21101 radical-containing nanoparticle protects XXXX SH-SY5Y cells from Abeta-induced oxidative stress.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity5357 :: ('MESH:D012497', 'Disease') :: ['beta-amyloid']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['neuronal cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity521 :: (MESH:D009447,Disease) :: ['neuroblastoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Terminal warm blood cardioplegia, "Hot shot", is the method for providing an energy replenishment and/or early recovery of aerobic metabolism without electromechanical activity at initial reperfusion. The mechanism of beneficial effects of this Hot Shot is multifactorial. This study was designed to assess the effects of terminal warm blood cardioplegia by comparing with oxygenated terminal warm crystalloid cardioplegia. METHODS: In Group HS-B, n=8 (oxygenated blood; 37 degrees C, Ht: 20%, K+ 20 mEq/l, pH 7.237, @entity4095 219 mmHg) and in Group @entity17912 , n=8 (bloodless oxygenated (5% @entity515 +95%O2) crystalloid, 37 degrees C, K+ 20 mEq/l, pH 7.435, @entity4095 624 mmHg), terminal warm cardioplegia (20 ml/kg for 5 minutes) was studied in the isolated blood perfused neonatal lamb heart following 2 hr of @entity63 . Another eight hearts served as control without any kind of terminal cardioplegia. After 60 min of reperfusion, LV function was measured. Coronary blood flow (CBF), @entity26 content, and @entity26 consumption (MVO2) were measured and the @entity26 extraction ratio was calculated in Group HS-B and @entity17912 during terminal cardioplegia and/or reperfusion. Results are given as % recovery of preischemic values. RESULTS: HS-B as well as @entity17912 groups showed better functional recovery in maximum developed pressure (DP: 78.0+/-8.3 in HS-B vs 65.2+/-9.2%; p=0.018), maximum dp/dt (67.3+/-6.2 in HS-B, 65.3+/-7.4 in @entity17912 vs 55.8+/-5.0%; p=0.003, p=0.02), DP V10 (87.1+/-8.5 in HS-B vs 67.2+/-9.9%; p=0.0001), and peak dp/dt V10 (76.4+/-7.6 in HS-B, 69.8+/-8.1 in @entity17912 vs 58.6+/-6.9 %; p=0.0001) than the control group. Between the HS-B and @entity17912 groups, HS-B showed better functional recovery in terms of DP V10 (p=0.01). @entity26 delivery of terminal cardioplegia was almost four times higher in HS-B group (90.4+/-17.7 vs 18.7+/-1.1 mcl/ml), contrarily, @entity17912 group showed four times higher @entity26 extraction ratio compared to HS-B group (0.78+/-0.06 vs 0.18+/-0.11), thus @entity26 consumption during hot shot was maintained at the same level in both groups. CBF in the control group was lower than that in the other groups at 60 min of reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS: Reperfusion with both terminal warm cardioplegia including blood and oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegia resulted in better recovery of function and higher levels of CBF with slightly better function in terminal warm blood cardioplegia.

title: Effects of Hot shot on recovery after hypothermic XXXX in neonatal lamb heart.

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['cardioplegic ischemia']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen', 'Oxygen']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: CONTEXT: The prevalence of @entity28 among adolescents has increased and we lack effective treatments. OBJECTIVE: To determine if gastric bypass is safe and effective for an unselected cohort of adolescents with morbid @entity28 in specialized health care. DESIGN, SETTING AND @entity1 : Intervention study for 81 adolescents (13-18 years) with a body mass index (BMI) range 36-69 kg   m(-2) undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in a university hospital setting in Sweden between April 2006 and May 2009. For weight change comparisons, we identified an adult group undergoing gastric bypass surgery (n=81) and an adolescent group (n=81) receiving conventional care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Two-year outcome regarding BMI in all groups, and metabolic risk factors and quality of life in the adolescent surgery group. RESULTS: Two-year follow-up rate was 100% in both surgery groups and 73% in the adolescent comparison group. In adolescents undergoing surgery, BMI was 45.5    6.1 (mean    s.d.) at baseline and 30.2 (confidence interval 29.1-31.3) after 2 years (P<0.001) corresponding to a 32% @entity353 and a 76% loss of excess BMI. The 2-year @entity353 was 31% in adult surgery @entity1 , whereas 3% weight gain was seen in conventionally treated adolescents. At baseline, @entity3190 (>20 mU   l(-1)) was present in 70% of the adolescent surgery @entity1 , which was reduced to 0% at 1 year and 3% at 2 years. Other @entity65 factors were also improved. Two-thirds of adolescents undergoing surgery had a history of psychopathology. Nevertheless, the treatment was generally well tolerated and, overall, quality of life increased significantly. Adverse events were seen in 33% of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with severe @entity28 demonstrated similar @entity353 as adults following gastric bypass surgery yet demonstrating high prevalence of psychopathology at baseline. There were associated benefits for health and quality of life. Surgical and psychological challenges during follow-up require careful attention.

title: Two-year outcome of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in adolescents with severe XXXX : results from a Swedish Nationwide Study (AMOS).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular risk']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: We studied history, renal histopathology and microbiology of an epidemic of acute @entity631 associated with @entity281 and uncommon culture results in four neighbour families. A 40-year-old @entity1 (index @entity1 ) was referred to a university hospital for dialysis and kidney biopsy due to a suspected acute @entity631 . An @entity697 had preceded the condition. @entity114 treatment had been started four days before the discovery of @entity177 . Throat swabs were positive for beta-hemolytic streptococci, group C (GCS). GCS were also found in throat cultures from his wife and two of their @entity1 . The bacteria were typed as @entity4195 constellatus. A third @entity1 had S. constellatus expressing Lancefield antigen group G. A neighbour and two of his @entity1 fell ill the following week with renal involvement. Throat swabs from both these @entity1 were positive for S. constellatus. His third @entity1 had @entity9374 and S. constellatus in the throat while a fourth @entity1 had beta-hemolytic streptococci group A; @entity4195 . Kidney biopsies on the index @entity1 and his neighbour showed an acute diffuse prolipherative @entity631 compatible with acute post-streptococcal @entity1310 and microbiological analysis of renal tissue revealed in both cases @entity4195 and S. constellatus. The families had had much contact and had consumed unpasteurized milk from our index @entity1 's farm. In four of seven @entity1 in two additional neighbouring families S. constellatus was found in throat swabs during the same month while two @entity1 carried @entity4195 anginosus expressing the Lancefield C antigen. In conclusion spread of S. constellatus coincided with the occurrence of four cases of acute @entity631 . The two biopsied @entity1 had both @entity4195 and S. constellatus present in renal tissue. The epidemic either suggested that the outbreak of @entity631 was due to @entity4195 but coincided with the transmission and colonization of S. constellatus or that the S. constellatus strains were highly pathogenic or nephritogenic and that this organism can be transmitted in such cases.

title: Acute @entity631 associated with @entity4195 with concomitant spread of XXXX constellatus in four rural families.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'man', 'child', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity1310 :: ('MESH:D009393', 'Disease') :: ['nephritis']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute tonsillitis']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['Penicillin']

entities_list: @entity4195 :: ('1314', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus', 'Streptococcus pyogenes', 'S. pyogenes']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['throat infections']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity9374 :: ('MESH:D004892', 'Disease') :: ['erythema multiforme']

answer: @entity4195 :: (1314,Species) :: ['streptococcus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the @entity6475 experienced by @entity1 over a day and during different types of rehabilitation therapies during a clinical rehabilitation programme. In addition, to investigate the use of the Borg scale as an instrument to monitor exercise intensity. DESIGN: An observational, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Rehabilitation centre in the Netherlands. @entity1 : Eleven @entity1 after @entity64 (age range 20-71 years), 9 @entity1 with a lower limb amputation (age range 21-66 years) and 11 @entity1 with a @entity1566 (age range 28-65 years). All @entity1 were inpatients undergoing clinical rehabilitation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency distribution of percentage heart rate reserve (%HRR) and length of time heart rate (HR) >   40%HRR over one day, and mean %HRR, length of time HR >   40%HRR and HR >   70%HRR during different types of rehabilitation therapies were compared with the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines for achieving an aerobic training effect. The correlation coefficient between the Borg scale score and %HRR was assessed. RESULTS: @entity1 ' mean HR was 114 min/day (standard deviation 92) >   40%HRR, of which 1 h was spent in therapy. In 5 out of 10 rehabilitation therapies (fitness, hydrotherapy, walking group, wheelchair group and cycling/handbike group) a mean HR >   40%HRR was reached and more than half of the time was spent >   40%HRR. A moderate correlation (R   =   0.56) was found between Borg scale score and %HRR. All outcome measures showed large variation between and within @entity1 . CONCLUSION: In general, @entity1 in a clinical rehabilitation programme experience adequate @entity6475 to potentially induce an aerobic training effect. The large variation in @entity6475 , however, necessitates individual monitoring to ensure proper exercise intensity. The Borg scale was shown to be of limited value for this monitoring, and therefore the use of HR monitors during rehabilitation should be considered.

title: Does clinical rehabilitation impose sufficient XXXX to improve aerobic fitness?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6475 :: ('MESH:D013180', 'Disease') :: ['cardiorespiratory strain']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

answer: @entity6475 :: (MESH:D013180,Disease) :: ['cardiorespiratory strain']


abstract: An outbreak caused by salted salmon roe contaminated with enterohemorrhagic @entity526 O157 occurred in Japan in 1998. Since about 0.75 to 1.5 viable cells were estimated to cause @entity281 , we presumed that O157 might enter the viable but nonculturable (VNC) state in salted salmon roe and consequently that viable cell numbers might be underestimated. Although @entity1 -originating O157 cells could not grow on agar plates after 72 h of incubation in 13% @entity1219 , they were resuscitated in @entity375 extract broth, and more than 90% of the cells were shown to be viable by fluorescent staining, suggesting that almost all of them could enter the VNC state in @entity1219 water. Roe-originating O157 was resistant to @entity1219 because it could grow on agar after 72 h of incubation in @entity1219 water, but about 20% of cells appeared to enter the VNC state. Therefore, germfree @entity19 were infected with O157 to examine the resuscitation of cells in the VNC state and the retention of pathogenicity. O157 that originated in roe, but not @entity1 , killed @entity19 and was isolated from the intestine. However, these isolates had become sensitive to @entity1219 . O157 cells of roe origin incubated in normal media also killed @entity19 and were isolated from the intestine, but they also became transiently @entity1219 sensitive. We therefore propose that bacterial cells might enter the VNC state under conditions of stress, such as those encountered in vivo or in high salt concentrations, and then revive when those conditions have eased. If so, the VNC state in food is potentially dangerous from a public health viewpoint and may have to be considered at the time of food inspection. Finally, the establishment of a simple recovery system for VNC cells should be established.

title: Does enterohemorrhagic XXXX O157:H7 enter the viable but nonculturable state in salted salmon roe?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: @entity18641 are mycotoxins produced by @entity18327 (moniliforme) and Fusarium proliferatum that are found in @entity4336 and processed @entity4336 -based food products. Although generally heat stable, @entity20695 concentrations appear to decline as processing temperatures increase. At processing temperatures of 125 degrees C or lower, losses of @entity20695 are low (25-30%), whereas at temperatures of 175 degrees C and higher, losses are greater (90% or more). Processes such as baking and canning, where product temperatures rarely reach 175 degrees C, result in little or no loss of @entity20695 . Processes such as frying and extrusion cooking, where temperatures can exceed 175 degrees C, result in greater losses. Heating @entity20695 in the presence of @entity413 results in an apparent first order loss of the toxin. Adding @entity413 to @entity4336 muffins and extrusion mixes results in high losses of @entity18641 during baking and extrusion processing. Little information exists on the effects of chemical and bioprocessing on @entity18641 . Alkaline processing of @entity4336 , such as in the nixtamalization process, hydrolyzes @entity18641 and results in a more toxic product. Additional research is needed to identify and to determine the @entity137 of @entity20695 decomposition products.

title: Stability of XXXX in food processing.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity18641 :: ('MESH:D037341', 'Chemical') :: ['Fumonisins', 'fumonisins']

entities_list: @entity18327 :: ('117187', 'Species') :: ['Fusarium verticillioides']

entities_list: @entity20695 :: ('CHEBI:38224', 'Chemical') :: ['fumonisin']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity18641 :: (MESH:D037341,Chemical) :: ['fumonisins']


abstract: Regulating the cell number is critically important for the development and maintenance of a multi-cellular organism. The cell number can be altered by inducing cell proliferation and/or programmed cell death (apoptosis). These two processes are linked by cell cycle-regulatory pathways, and protein phosphorylation and proteolytic degradation play key roles in both. @entity1131 has been a rather neglected aspect of cell cycle control. Recent advances in this field make it imperative to provide a view of the cell cycle from a phosphatase's vantage point. Although a number of protein phosphatases may be instrumental in cell cycle and apoptosis control, the emphasis here will be on the prototypical Ser/Thr-specific protein phosphatase @entity13977 . Experiments will be considered in their historical context. The major goal of this review will be to re-evaluate the hypothesis that @entity13977 - and other protein phosphatases - may function as negative growth regulators. Currently available evidence suggests that @entity13977 activity is required for exit from mitosis, yet may also block cell cycle progression and facilitate apoptosis. Where appropriate, results highlighting the role of the other major phosphatase, @entity4333 , will also be discussed. This review will conclude with some unresolved issues including the question whether @entity13977 might be a suitable target for anti- @entity5 strategies.

title: XXXX and the intracellular control of the cell number.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1131 :: ('MESH:D011488', 'Disease') :: ['Protein dephosphorylation']

answer: @entity1131 :: (MESH:D011488,Disease) :: ['Protein dephosphorylation']


abstract: The intestinal epithelium is in a constant state of renewal. The rapid turnover of cells is fed by a hierarchy of transit amplifying and stem/progenitor cells destined to give rise to the four differentiated epithelial lineages of the small intestine. @entity632 (Dox) is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent that preferentially induces apoptosis in the intestinal stem cell zone (SCZ). We hypothesized that Dox treatment would initially decrease "+4" intestinal stem cell numbers with a subsequent expansion during mucosal repair. Temporal assessment following Dox treatment demonstrated rapid induction of apoptosis in the SCZ leading to a decrease in the number of intestinal stem/progenitor cells as determined by flow cytometry for @entity8236 (-) SP cells, and immunohistochemistry of cells positive for putative +4 stem cell markers beta-cat(Ser552) and @entity16252 . Between 96 and 168 h postinjection, overall proliferation in the crypts increased concomitant with increases in both absolute and relative numbers of goblet, Paneth, and enteroendocrine cells. This regeneration phase was also associated with increases of @entity8236 (-) SP cells, beta-cat(Ser552)-positive cells, crypt fission, and crypt number. We used @entity42804 -lacZ @entity19 to assess behavior of @entity42804 -positive stem cells following Dox and found no change in this cell population. @entity42804 mRNA level was also measured and showed no change immediately after Dox but decreased during the regeneration phase. Together these data suggest that, following Dox-induced injury, expansion of intestinal stem cells occurs during mucosal repair. On the basis of available markers this expansion appears to be predominantly the +4 stem cell population rather than those of the crypt base.

title: Regeneration of intestinal stem/progenitor cells following XXXX treatment of @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['Doxorubicin']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['doxorubicin']


abstract: Phylogeny is fundamental as it constrains explanations about history and forms our foundation for recognizing and diagnosing species. In the absence of such a framework taxonomists historically relied on intuitive processes, personal judgment and authority, often embracing a typological view of species that disregarded otherwise unequivocal historical and biological criteria. Species of @entity14776 are among the most characteristic tapeworms infecting carnivores and @entity1 as definitive hosts and indeed Taeniidae is unique among the Eucestoda in requiring 2 obligate @entity1 hosts for transmission; a high percentage (>80%) of life cycles have been completely elucidated among the approximately 45 species and nominal subspecies of @entity14776 . Until recently there had been no comprehensive attempts at reconstruction of a phylogeny among these important parasites. Such analyses have allowed us to explore the origins and evolution of those independent species of @entity14776 that occur in @entity1 ( @entity21564 , @entity21565 , and @entity8785 ) and to understand the ecological and historical processes serving as determinants of biogeography and host-association. These studies supported the status of @entity21565 as a valid species and diagnosed a relationship as the sister-species of @entity21564 . These conclusions contrasted with a diversity of opinions that would subsume @entity21565 as a subspecies. Recognition of a species constitutes a specific and testable hypothesis, is not an arbitrary decision and is most appropriately assessed in the context of phylogenetic or historical data. Considering macrospecies, a process has been outlined by Brooks and McLennan [Brooks DR, McLennan DA. The nature of diversity: an evolutionary voyage of discovery. University of Chicago Press: Chicago; 2002] as follows: (1) Discovery: a systematist describes the species; (2) Phylogenetic reconstruction; (3) Evaluation I: do sister-species show geographical overlap-are they sympatric or allopatric (use phylogeny+geographical distributions)? (4) Evaluation II: are sister-species reproductively isolated based on information from natural history, ecology and reproductive biology? Species may be viewed in the context of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary processes. For instance, microspecies are defined in ecological time and involve populations and contemporary process that are potentially reversible (reticulate). In contrast, macrospecies as exemplified by @entity21564 and @entity21565 are divergent lineages resulting from processes in evolutionary time where an ancestor has undergone a permanent split that is non-reversible (non-reticulate). Applying these criteria in evaluation of @entity21564 and @entity21565 , it becomes clear that in evolutionary time these represent historical lineages with independent spatial and temporal trajectories, having separated from a common ancestor near 0.78 to 1.71 MYBP in Africa, or Eurasia. In ecological time, sympatry, reproductive isolation, and differences in life history evident for @entity21564 and @entity21565 as observed in China, and perhaps other regions of Southeast Asia, further serve to validate these taeniids.

title: Phylogeny of XXXX : Species definitions and origins of @entity1 parasites.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans']

answer: @entity14776 :: (MESH:D013622,Disease) :: ['Taenia']


abstract: Homeobox D10 ( @entity47906 ) gene plays a critical role in cell differentiation and morphogenesis during development. However, the function of @entity47906 in @entity5 progression remains largely unknown. We demonstrate that the expression of @entity47906 is commonly downregulated in @entity356 tissues (n = 33) and cell lines (n = 8) relative to normal stomach tissues. Functionally, reexpression of @entity47906 results in significant inhibition of cell survival, induction of cell apoptosis, and impairment of cell migration and invasion. Moreover, ectopic expression of @entity47906 suppresses @entity356 growth in a @entity19 xenograft model. To identify target candidates of @entity47906 , we performed cDNA microarray and showed that @entity47906 regulates multiple downstream genes including @entity10246 . Reintroduction of @entity47906 transcriptionally upregulates @entity10246 , activates @entity185 and @entity4699 , and subsequently induces cell apoptosis. Methylation specific PCR revealed that @entity47906 promoter DNA was hypermethylated in @entity356 cell lines. Additionally, 5-aza demethylation treatment could transiently reactivate the expression of @entity47906 in @entity356 cells. @entity47906 promoter methylation frequently was detected in @entity356 tissues obtained from endoscopic biopsies (85.7%, 24/28) and surgically resected samples (82.6%, 57/69). Intestinal metaplasia tissues showed a 60% methylation rate (18/30), but no detectable methylation in normal stomach tissues (0%, 0/10). Taken together, our results suggest that @entity47906 functions as a candidate @entity5 suppressor in @entity356 , which is inactivated through promoter hypermethylation.

title: Homeobox D10 gene, a candidate @entity5 suppressor, is downregulated through promoter hypermethylation and associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric tumor', 'gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric carcinogenesis']


abstract: The growth and development of breastfed @entity1 whose mothers used the contraceptive implants Norplant containing levonorgestrel and the injectable containing @entity17233 were studied. Each group comprised of 120 @entity1 who initiated the use during the 5th to 7th week postpartum and were compared with a similar number of IUD using mothers. The breastfeeding performance did not differ between groups. The @entity1 of the three groups performed similarly as regards their physical growth and health as well as the time of acquisition of the various milestones of psychomental development. A vaginal ring releasing 10 mg of the "natural" @entity1420 per 24 h was tested in breastfeeding mothers. The continuous use of the ring produced a serum level of @entity1420 around 4 ng/ml. This was effective in augmenting lactational @entity249 even through the later phases of breastfeeding when such an effect starts to wane off. The use of the ring proved to be acceptable and had no ill-effect on breastfeeding or @entity1 growth or health. Using the natural @entity1420 as a contraceptive adds a new measure of safety, since the amount of the @entity134 secreted in the mother's milk will not be effectively absorbed from the @entity1 's gut. These studies suggest the possibility of using two new methods for breastfeeding mothers; Norplant and the @entity1420 vaginal contraceptive ring. These can be initiated early postpartum, whenever this is considered needed.

title: Contraception with progestogens and XXXX during lactation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity17233 :: ('MESH:C024319', 'Chemical') :: ['norethisterone enanthate']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity1420 :: (MESH:D011374,Chemical) :: ['progesterone']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Cranial CT has been the most extended evaluation means for @entity1 suffering @entity542 . However, it has low sensitivity in the identification of @entity21 and posterior fossa lesions. Cranial MR is a potentially more sensitive test but difficult to perform in these @entity1 , a fact that has hampered its generalised use. OBJECTIVE: To compare the identification capability of traumatic intracranial lesions by both diagnostic tests in @entity1 with moderate and severe @entity542 and to determine which radiological characteristics are associated with the presence of @entity131 in MR and their clinical severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 @entity1 suffering moderate or severe @entity542 to whom a MR had been performed in the first 30 days after @entity130 were included. All clinical variables related to prognosis were registered, as well as the data from the initial CT following Marshall et al., classification. The MR was blindly evaluated by two neuroradiologists that were not aware of the initial CT results or the clinical situation of the @entity1 . All lesions were registered as well as the classification following the classification of lesions related to DAI described by Adams et al. CT and MR findings were compared evaluating the sensitivities of each test. Factors related to the presence of @entity131 in MR were studied by univariate analysis using chi2 test and simple correlations. RESULTS: MR is more sensitive than CT for lesions in cerebral white matter, corpus callosum and brainstem. It also detects a greater number of cerebral contussions. The presence of @entity21 depends on the mechanism of the @entity130 , being more frequent in higher energy @entity130 , specially in traffic accidents. Among the radiological characteristics associated to DAI the most clearly related is @entity548 . The presence of a @entity130 and a higher score in the scales of Adams is associated with a lower score in the GCS and motor GCS, and so with a worse level of consciousness and bigger severity of injury, confirming Ommaya's model.

title: [Magnetic resonance in moderate and severe XXXX : comparative study of CT and MR findings. Characteristics related to the presence and location of @entity21 in MR].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse injury']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['head trauma', 'head injury']

entities_list: @entity21 :: ('MESH:D001480', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse axonal injury']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['deeper injury', 'trauma']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head injury']