abstract: @entity5532 ( @entity10775 ), an @entity68 -chelating drug, up to today has been essential for the care of thalassaemic @entity1 . Unfortunately it presents some toxic effects. One of these is @entity1274 , already reported some years ago. In 1987 we documented in our @entity1 a prevalence of 19.4% (7 cases of 36) of @entity1274 that proved to be significantly associated with the highest pro kg/die doses of @entity10775 . We made a follow-up audiometry over a 5-year period after a general adjustment of the @entity10775 dosage related to serum Ferritin levels. Four @entity1 with mild hypoacusia (30-50 dB) showed normal audiometry after one year. The hypoacusia of the two severe cases (50-80 dB) proved stable until 5-years later in one case and increased in the other. Only a new case arose denovo. In pathologic @entity1 "Therapeutic index" ( @entity10775 /serum Ferritin) was significantly higher than in normoacusic ones and the "threshold" value between the two populations was of 0.027. We think that the Therapeutic index may be a useful guideline to calculate safe doses of @entity10775 about @entity2167 .

title: [Evaluation of XXXX @entity2167 in thalassemic @entity1 . Follow-up over a 5-year period and results].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5532 :: ('MESH:D003676', 'Chemical') :: ['Desferrioxamine']

entities_list: @entity2167 :: ('MESH:D006311', 'Disease') :: ['ototoxicity']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural hypoacusia']

answer: @entity5532 :: (MESH:D003676,Chemical) :: ['desferrioxamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: HA-1A is a human monoclonal IgM antibody that binds specifically to the lipid A domain of endotoxin and prevents @entity204 in laboratory animals with @entity2259 and @entity5694 . METHODS: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of HA-1A, we conducted a randomized, double-blind trial in @entity1 with @entity295 and a presumed diagnosis of gram-negative @entity281 . The @entity1 received either a single 100-mg intravenous dose of HA-1A (in 3.5 g of albumin) or placebo (3.5 g of albumin). Other interventions, including the administration of antibiotics and fluids, were not affected by the study protocol. RESULTS: Of 543 @entity1 with @entity295 who were treated, 200 (37 percent) had @entity2259 as proved by blood culture. For the @entity1 with @entity2259 followed to @entity204 or day 28, there were 45 @entity204 among the 92 recipients of placebo (49 percent) and 32 @entity204 among the 105 recipients of HA-1A (30 percent; P = 0.014). For the @entity1 with @entity2259 and shock at entry, there were 27 @entity204 among the 47 recipients of placebo (57 percent) and 18 @entity204 among the 54 recipients of HA-1A (33 percent; P = 0.017). Analyses that stratified according to the severity of illness at entry showed improved survival with HA-1A treatment in both severely ill and less severely ill @entity1 . Of the 196 @entity1 with @entity2259 who were followed to hospital discharge or @entity204 , 45 of the 93 given placebo (48 percent) were discharged alive, as compared with 65 of the 103 treated with HA-1A (63 percent; P = 0.038). No benefit of treatment with HA-1A was demonstrated in the 343 @entity1 with @entity295 who did not prove to have @entity2259 . For all 543 @entity1 with @entity295 who were treated, the mortality rate was 43 percent among the recipients of placebo and 39 percent among those given HA-1A (P = 0.24). All @entity1 tolerated HA-1A well, and no anti-HA-1A antibodies were detected. CONCLUSIONS: HA-1A is safe and effective for the treatment of @entity1 with @entity295 and @entity2259 .

title: Treatment of @entity2259 and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The HA-1A XXXX Study Group.

entities_list: @entity5694 :: ('MESH:D019446', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxemia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['death', 'deaths']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['gram-negative bacteremia']

answer: @entity295 :: (MESH:D018805,Disease) :: ['Sepsis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Incidental thyroid nodules (ITNs) are defined as newly encountered nodules identified on imaging performed for an unrelated purpose. In practice, ITNs are often detected on chest computed tomography (CT). We investigated the prevalence and clinical significance of ITNs detected on low-dose chest CT (LDCT) for @entity2 screening. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of @entity1 with no history of @entity1374 who underwent LDCT for @entity2 screening between March 2009 and February 2012 at Jeju National University Hospital (Korea). RESULTS: Among 1,941 @entity1 that underwent LDCT, 55(2.8%) were found to have ITNs. Seven (12.7%) of those cases were malignant. The positive and negative predictive values of chest LDCT for the detection of incidental malignant thyroid nodules were 26.9% and 73.4%, respectively. Factors considered to be predictive of malignancy on LDCT were a mean attenuation value of 55 HU or more (p   =   0.036) and the presence of dense calcifications (p   =   0.048). Sex, age, location of the nodule, longest diameter of the lesion, AP/T (anteroposterior/transverse dimension) ratio, margins, density, presence of punctate calcifications, and @entity1374 had no significant predictive value in discriminating benign and malignant nodules. On multivariate analyses, a mean attenuation value above 55 was the only statistically significant feature (p   =   0.048). CONCLUSIONS: A mean attenuation value greater than 55 HU on LDCT may be a useful predictive factor for differentiating malignant from benign lesions. Therefore, a careful assessment of the thyroid gland is necessary for @entity1 undergoing LDCT for @entity2 screening.

title: Clinical significance of incidental thyroid nodules identified on low-dose CT for XXXX screening.

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid enlargement', 'thyroid disease']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypotheses that low concentration of @entity274 attenuates the @entity141 paradox ( @entity141 PD) injury, and that activation of @entity7131 ( @entity7131 ) and/or @entity855 -sensitive @entity972 channel (KATP) are involved in the protective effects of @entity274 . METHODS: Langendorff-perfused @entity35 hearts were subjected to the @entity141 PD (10 min of @entity141 depletion followed by 10 min of @entity141 repletion). Functional and biochemical effects of @entity274 and other interventions on the cell injury induced by the @entity141 PD were assessed. RESULTS: In the @entity141 PD hearts pretreated with 20 mumol/l @entity274 , left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and coronary flow were significantly preserved. Furthermore, peak @entity880 dehydrogenase release was significantly decreased and @entity855 contents were more preserved, compared with non-treated @entity141 PD hearts. @entity274 -treated hearts also showed remarkable preservation of cell structure. Addition of a specific @entity7131 inhibitor, @entity668 during @entity274 treatment completely abolished the beneficial effects of @entity274 on the @entity141 PD. Similarly, an activator of @entity7131 . @entity10757 12-myristate 13 @entity598 mimicked the protection by @entity274 . Furthermore, pretreatment with a KATP opener, cromakalim also provided protection similar to @entity274 against the @entity141 @entity130 . However, a specific KATP inhibitor, @entity5217 was not able to completely block the effects of @entity274 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that pretreatment with low concentration of @entity274 provides significant protection against the lethal injury of @entity141 PD in @entity35 hearts. @entity7131 -mediated signaling pathways appear to play a crucial role in the protection against the @entity141 @entity130 .

title: Oxidant stress with hydrogen peroxide attenuates calcium paradox injury: role of @entity7131 and @entity855 -sensitive XXXX channel.

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['PD injury']

entities_list: @entity668 :: ('MESH:C016299', 'Chemical') :: ['chelerythrine']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glibenclamide']

entities_list: @entity7131 :: ('MESH:D020151', 'Disease') :: ['protein kinase C', 'PKC']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: This letter reports another case of invasive @entity957 in a @entity1 who had been exposed to @entity4742 ( @entity4743 ) in utero. The @entity1 was a 21-year-old nulliparous white @entity1 . Her mother had taken DES, 25 mg daily, beginning at 6 weeks of gestation and continuing possibly as late as 20 weeks. The mother also took dimenhydrinate, 50 mg once daily. A pelvic examination of the @entity1 at age 19 was normal and the cytologic smear was negative. The @entity1 used an oral contraceptive containing .5 mg of @entity6692 and .05 mg of @entity2082 for 3 months. A year later, gynecologic examination and cytologic smear were negative. Subsequently she was treated for trichomonal and @entity363 . Later, leukorrhea and @entity1867 developed. On examination, an ulcerating exphytic @entity5 was found. Cytologic smear and biopsy showed @entity957 . A radical hysterectomy was done with removal of pelvic lymph nodes and the upper 1/3 of the vagina. Endometriosis implants on the colon and on both ovaries were also removed. Follow-up examinations and cytologic smears have been negative to date.

title: Invasive XXXX in a @entity4742 -exposed offspring.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity363 :: ('MESH:D002181', 'Disease') :: ['monilial vaginitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity2082 :: ('MESH:D004997', 'Chemical') :: ['ethinyl estradiol']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix']

entities_list: @entity6692 :: ('MESH:D009644', 'Chemical') :: ['norgestrel']

entities_list: @entity1867 :: ('MESH:D008796', 'Disease') :: ['intermenstrual bleeding']

entities_list: @entity4742 :: ('MESH:D004054', 'Chemical') :: ['diethylstilbestrol']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Images and clinical characteristics of some lesions may lead to misinterpretations between diseases of endodontic and non-endodontic origin. @entity1893 occur in extranodal sites and may arise primarily in the oral cavity or jaws. METHODS: A case of @entity706 associated with the roots of teeth #21-23 in a 38-year-old @entity1 is described. The @entity1 sought dental care because of continuous discomfort at palpation of the periapical area of teeth #21-23, which had been treated endodontically. Radiographic and clinical exams revealed no inflammatory signs. The @entity1 reported losing 24 pounds in the last 2 months. Intraoral examination revealed an expansion of the buccal surface, a solid hard mass, and normal mucosa color. RESULTS: Conventional radiographs showed a diffuse bone radiolucent area, and cone-beam computed tomography images confirmed destruction of the buccal cortical bone, which was suggestive of @entity5 . Incisional biopsy was performed, and microscopy showed a lymphoproliferative lesion of uncertain nature with pleomorphic lymphocyte-like round cells, hyperchromatic nuclei, and atypical mitoses. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the nature of these cells and the type of @entity1071 , and results showed an area of diffuse large @entity1892 . CONCLUSIONS: @entity1893 should be part of the differential diagnosis of other @entity89 such as @entity1546 . The @entity1 was treated with chemotherapy and did not report any abnormalities after 2 years of treatment.

title: XXXX in the periapical region of a mandibular canine.

entities_list: @entity1546 :: ('MESH:D010485', 'Disease') :: ['apical periodontitis']

entities_list: @entity1071 :: ('MESH:D008232', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoproliferative disorder']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity89 :: ('MESH:D007571', 'Disease') :: ['jaw lesions']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['Non-Hodgkin lymphoma', 'Non-Hodgkin lymphomas']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['Non-Hodgkin lymphoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Most birds vocalize with an open beak, but vocalization with a closed beak into an inflating cavity occurs in territorial or courtship displays in disparate species throughout birds. @entity2133 generate resonance conditions that favor low-frequency sounds. By contrast, @entity2133 cover a wider frequency range. Here we describe closed-mouth vocalizations of birds from functional and morphological perspectives and assess the distribution of closed-mouth vocalizations in birds and related outgroups. Ancestral-state optimizations of body size and @entity146 indicate that closed-mouth vocalizations are unlikely to be ancestral in birds and have evolved independently at least 16 times within Aves, predominantly in large-bodied lineages. @entity2133 are rare in the small-bodied passerines. In light of these results and body size trends in non-avian dinosaurs, we suggest that the capacity for @entity2133 was present in at least some extinct non-avian dinosaurs. As in birds, this behavior may have been limited to sexually selected @entity3746 , and hence would have co-occurred with open-mouthed vocalizations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Coos, booms, and hoots: the evolution of closed-mouth XXXX in birds.

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['open-mouth vocalizations', 'Closed-mouth vocalizations', 'closed-mouth vocalization']

entities_list: @entity3746 :: ('MESH:D014826', 'Disease') :: ['vocal displays']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['vocal behavior']

answer: @entity146 :: (MESH:D001523,Disease) :: ['vocal behavior']


abstract: @entity3647 is expressed at low levels on adult blood lymphocytes, and at lower levels on cord blood cells. @entity2902 and beta chain expression increases gradually from 0-18 months of age. The level of soluble @entity2902 ( @entity2902 chain) has been reported to be elevated in cord blood. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that adult cells express 10 times as much @entity2902 mRNA as cord cells. Cord plasma showed only a marginal ability to strip @entity2902 from the membrane. To assess the functional consequences of low @entity3647 expression, cord and adult cells were activated in vitro. The response was stimulus-dependent, but cord cells upregulated @entity2902 readily. Cord and adult cells proliferated in an @entity1199 -dependent assay to a similar extent. @entity1 suffering acute @entity281 showed marginally higher levels of membrane @entity2902 expression than @entity1 without overt @entity281 . Thus neonatal and @entity1 lymphocytes express lower levels of @entity1199 receptors than adult cells, reflecting lower mRNA concentrations at least for @entity2902 ; they are able to up-regulate receptors in response to in vitro stimulation and are able to respond in vitro to @entity1199 -dependent stimulation; however in vivo there may be a dampening down of the @entity1199 system in infancy.

title: XXXX receptor regulation and @entity1199 function in the @entity1 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity1199 :: (3558,Gene) :: ['Interleukin 2']


abstract: Postmastectomy radiation therapy may be recommended for @entity1 with a high risk for local recurrence after mastectomy for @entity3821 ( @entity3821 ). However, long-term outcomes after postmastectomy radiation therapy are not well described. This study was performed to determine long-term outcomes in @entity1 treated with radiation therapy after mastectomy for @entity3821 . The authors reviewed the records of all @entity1 with @entity0 treated with postmastectomy radiation therapy between 1978 and 1992. Of 287 total @entity1 treated, three (1%) were for @entity3821 . These three @entity1 had diffuse microcalcifications on screening mammography. The reason for postmastectomy radiation therapy was a potentially increased risk for local recurrence because of a positive resection margin after mastectomy for @entity3821 . Surgery consisted of a total mastectomy (n = 2) or a modified radical mastectomy (n = 1). Radiation therapy consisted of 4275-5000 cGy to the chest wall in 200-225 cGy fractions. The energy used was 6-MV photons (n = 2) or 15-MV photons (n = 1). No regional nodal irradiation was used. Bolus was applied to the chest wall every other day in one of the three @entity1 . One @entity1 was treated with a scar boost after chest wall irradiation (boost dose, 1000 cGy; total dose, 5275 cGy). The median age for the three @entity1 was 46 years (range, 41-68 years). No @entity1 received adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. With a minimum follow-up of 7.1 years (median, 7.4 years; range, 7.1-19.4 years), no local-regional recurrence or evidence of metastatic disease developed in any of the @entity1 . No long-term complication from radiation therapy was noted, and no @entity0 developed. All @entity1 were alive and free of relapse at the last follow-up. The use of radiation therapy in this group of three @entity1 has shown no evidence of relapse with a minimum of 7.1 years of follow-up. The authors conclude that radiation therapy may be indicated after mastectomy for @entity3821 to reduce the risk of recurrence for high-risk @entity1 .

title: Long-term outcome after postmastectomy radiation therapy for the treatment of XXXX of the breast.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3821 :: ('MESH:D002285', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ', 'DCIS']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['contralateral breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity3821 :: (MESH:D002285,Disease) :: ['ductal carcinoma in situ']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of preoperative localization studies on the surgical management of @entity1 with @entity459 ( @entity459 ). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Reported cure rates of initial surgical exploration for @entity459 are close to 95%. Preoperative localization studies are frequently obtained to improve surgical success and decrease operative time. METHODS: Initial cervical exploration was performed in 113 @entity1 with @entity459 from 1981 to 1993. Twenty-four @entity1 (21%) had surgery without preoperative localization studies. The remaining 89 @entity1 (79%) had 132 noninvasive preoperative localization studies. Success of the localization studies in @entity5 localization, pathologic findings, postoperative serum @entity460 levels, and operative times were compared. @entity1 costs of the studies were calculated. RESULTS: Disease was identified during operation in 23 of 24 @entity1 (96%) having cervical exploration without preoperative localization studies, and they had normal @entity460 levels after surgery. Eighty-seven of 89 @entity1 (98%) having preoperative localization studies were surgically cured. The highest sensitivity rate (60%) and highest positive predictive value (79%) of the localization studies were found with @entity4214 - @entity1136 scintiscanning. Average cost of the localization studies was  901 per @entity1 . Combination studies were obtained in 32 @entity1 at an average cost of  1,314 per @entity1 without improving sensitivity. Mean operating time did not differ for localized and nonlocalized @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative localization studies did not improve parathyroid localization or cure rate and did not substantially shorten operating time in initial cervical exploration for @entity459 . The economic burden of routine preoperative localization studies in these @entity1 is not justified.

title: Cost-effectiveness of preoperative localization studies in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium']

entities_list: @entity459 :: ('MESH:D049950', 'Disease') :: ['primary hyperparathyroid disease', 'PHPT']

entities_list: @entity4214 :: ('MESH:D013793', 'Chemical') :: ['thallium']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity459 :: (MESH:D049950,Disease) :: ['primary hyperparathyroid disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The @entity5 blood supply and thus oxygenation is a potentially important strategy for improving the treatment of solid @entity5 by radiation. Increased knowledge about the characteristics that distinguish the @entity5 vasculature from its normal counterparts may enable @entity5 blood flow to be more selectively modified. @entity4571 (NA) causes relaxation of preconstricted normal and @entity5 in @entity35 . It has also been shown to affect microregional blood flow in @entity1 @entity5 . Direct effects of NA on @entity1 @entity5 supply arteries have not previously been reported. This paper describes our evaluation of the effects of NA on two parameters: 'spontaneous', oscillatory contractile activity and agonist ( @entity2647 )-induced constriction in the arteries supplying @entity1 @entity1358 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolated @entity1358 feeder vessels were perfused in an organ bath with the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist @entity2647 (PE). When the arteries had reached a plateau of constriction, @entity4571 (8.2 mM) was added to the perfusate and changes in perfusion pressure were measured. RESULTS: PE (10 microM) induced a sustained constriction in the majority of the @entity1358 feeder vessels examined, demonstrating that they retain contractile characteristics, at least in response to this alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist. In combination with NA (8.2 mM) the constriction was significantly attenuated in half of the preparations. In addition, seven arteries exhibited spontaneous contractile activity which was significantly attenuated by NA in six of them. CONCLUSIONS: NA can significantly attenuate both 'spontaneous' and agonist-induced constrictions in @entity5 -recruited @entity1 arteries, though not all arteries are sensitive.

title: Contractile properties of @entity1 XXXX recruited arteries and their response to @entity4571 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour', 'tumours', 'manipulation of tumour', 'tumour-supply arteries']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinomas', 'renal cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

entities_list: @entity4571 :: ('MESH:D009536', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotinamide', 'nicotinamide']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features, mutation of the @entity2163 and pathogenesis of @entity9980 ( @entity9980 ). METHOD: The typical clinical, pathological and radiographic features of a @entity1 with @entity9980 were collected and summarized following family survey. The @entity2163 gene sequence of all family members were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the products were sequenced directly to identify the mutations. A literature review and long-term follow up were also conducted. RESULT: The @entity1 was an 11-year-old @entity1 who had the onset in infancy, which indicates a chronic progressive cause of disease. The clinical features include the unsmooth local skin of the right shank where spread many rigid @entity579 -like or irregular slabby uplifts, slabby bone-like @entity1463 on the left lower mandible, left masticatory muscles, in lateral subcutaneous site of left hip joint and deep tissue, accompanied by gradually progressive difficulty in @entity2133 . Histopathology showed that there were loosened hyperplasia of fibroblast and @entity4 with punctiformed ossification. Radiographs showed flocculence hyperdense image in the subcutaneous tissues and muscles around left lower mandible, and the left masticatory muscles were obviously involved. The 3-dimensional computed tomography showed dislocations of the left temporomandibular joint. Sheeted hyperdense image with inequable density could be noted in lateral muscles of the left hip. And lamellar hyperdense image parallel to the long axis of the bone could be seen in the subcutaneous dorsum of the left foot and achilles tendon. Macro-thumb and of @entity14883 of the hands and feet were not present. The level of @entity460 , @entity3151 and alkaline phosphatase in the blood were normal. Brother of same father but different mothers was free of the disease and no @entity1 of the same disease was found in maternal line and paternal lines. A mutated allele in exon 7 and a polymorphism in exon 5 were found in @entity2163 gene in both of the @entity1 and his father. CONCLUSION: There is possibility/likelihood/probability that Chinese @entity1 could develop @entity9980 . Translocated dermal ossification began in infancy and shows a progressive cause in childhood. The disease is characterized by the @entity2736 of the skin, deep tissue, muscles and facial surface tissues. The location of the mutation in this study was different from that reported in abroad studies although exist in the same exons.

title: [Clinical features, mutation of the @entity2163 and pathogenesis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['opening mouth']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial edema']

entities_list: @entity1463 :: ('MESH:D012598', 'Disease') :: ['sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity2736 :: ('MESH:D009999', 'Disease') :: ['heterotopic ossification']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

entities_list: @entity9980 :: ('MESH:C562735', 'Disease') :: ['POH', 'progressive osseous heteroplasia']

entities_list: @entity14883 :: ('MESH:D059327', 'Disease') :: ['brachydactylia']

answer: @entity9980 :: (MESH:C562735,Disease) :: ['progressive osseous heteroplasia']


abstract: PURPOSE: For @entity1 with metastatic castration-resistant @entity263 (mCRPC), @entity1205 plus @entity229 leads to superior survival and a higher response rate compared with @entity2664 plus @entity229 . We analyzed the efficacy of long-term treatment with >= 10 cycles of @entity1205 , and validated the risk group classification in predicting @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) in Japanese @entity1 with mCRPC. @entity1 AND METHODS: Fifty-two @entity1 with mCRPC were administered 55 mg/m(2) @entity1205 and 8 mg @entity619 , every 3 or 4 weeks, simultaneously with hormonal therapy and daily oral @entity619 . They were divided into two groups, short-term (9 or fewer cycles) and long-term (10 or more cycles). Four risk factors including the presence of @entity417 , bone metastases, significant @entity158 and visceral metastases were utilized for the risk group classification. RESULTS: Fourteen @entity1 (27%) had an elevation of PSA in spite of @entity1205 treatment, while 23 @entity1 (44%) had a decline in PSA level, including 9 @entity1 (17%) whose PSA level declined by >= 50%. The median duration of @entity1349 after the initiation of this therapy was 11.2 months in the short-term group and 28.5 months in the long-term group. The good risk group showed a significant difference in @entity1349 compared with the intermediate and poor risk groups (P<0.001). The median number of cycles of treatment was 14, 4 and 3 for each risk group, respectively (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that >= 10 cycles of this @entity1205 therapy can significantly prolong survival in Japanese @entity1 with @entity263 . This risk group classification for @entity1 with mCRPC at the initiation of this chemotherapy is useful.

title: Risk factors for metastatic @entity263 ( XXXX ) predict long-term treatment with @entity1205 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['CRPC', 'prostatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['OS', 'overall survival']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['CRPC']


abstract: Transvaginal sonography can show partial urinary penetration in the urethra in @entity1 with no clinical @entity322 . The Fluid Bridge Test-Pressure urodynamically demonstrates the same phenomenon. We compared these two technics in @entity1 with @entity3142 ( @entity3142 ). 49 @entity1 underwent urodynamic testing and transvaginal sonography; 18 had @entity3142 , 20 were asymptomatic postoperatively (Burch procedure) and 11 were normal controls. Urodynamics consisted of filling cystometry with saline (infusion speed: ml 70/min) using transurethral Foley catheter (n degree 14 Fr), and a profilometric-pressure Bard catheter (10 Fr); micturitional cystometry; uroflowmetry; clino- and orthostatic urethral pressure profile (UPP) (extraction speed: cm 0.5-1/sec; infusion speed: cm 1.2/min); sphincteric electromyography (EMG); FBT-P with the Bard catheter only. During extraction @entity1 were requested to cough (stress condition). If the urethra is incompetent pressure is transmitted to the water column connected to the pressure transducer, and a "spike" is observed. A competent urethra shows little pressure variation. Ultrasound (US) equipment consisted in a General Electric (RT 3600) sonograph with an electronic transvaginal probe (7.5 MHz) inserted in a gel-lubricated condom. The probe was positioned in the vaginal vestibule in direct proximity to the urethra. Axial and coronal scannings were performed. Echo-imagings were submitted to "post-processing" on US recording equipment. Fluid penetration in the urethra was evident if iperchogenic "turbulence" was observed on playback of the dynamic sonogram on a videocassette recorder (VCR) connected to the sonograph. The @entity3142 group shows leakage of water under stress without detrusorial activity and dynamic UPP with reduced transmission of abdominal pressure on the urethra.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [Ultrasonographic and urodynamic evaluation in stress XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity3142 :: ('MESH:D014550', 'Disease') :: ['stress urinary incontinence', 'SUI']

answer: @entity322 :: (MESH:D014549,Disease) :: ['incontinence']


abstract: Breakfast skipping is associated with @entity28 and an increased risk of @entity164 2 @entity6 . Later chronotypes, individuals who have a preference for later bed and wake times, often skip breakfast. The aim of the study was to explore the relationships among breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 . We collected sleep timing and 24-h dietary recall from 194 non-shift-working @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 who were being followed in outpatient clinics. Mid-sleep time on free days (MSF) was used as an indicator of chronotype. Hemoglobin @entity3916 (HbA1C) values were obtained from medical records. Hierarchical linear regression analyses controlling for demographic, sleep, and dietary variables were computed to determine whether breakfast skipping was associated with HbA1C. Additional regression analyses were performed to test if this association was mediated by chronotype. There were 22 @entity1 (11.3%) who self-reported missing breakfast. Breakfast skippers had significantly higher HbA1C levels, higher body mass indices (BMI), and later MSF than breakfast eaters. Breakfast skipping was significantly associated with higher HbA1C values (B   =   0.108, p   =   0.01), even after adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, number of @entity2412 , insulin use, depressive symptoms, perceived sleep debt, and percentage of daily caloric intake at dinner. The relationship between breakfast skipping and HbA1C was partially mediated by chronotype. In summary, breakfast skipping is associated with a later chronotype. Later chronotype and breakfast skipping both contribute to poorer glycemic control, as indicated by higher HbA1C levels. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine whether behavioral interventions targeting breakfast eating or sleep timing may improve glycemic control in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in @entity164 2 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity2412 :: ('MESH:D048909', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes complications']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: The present study describes the development of a questionnaire, and the subsequent collection of data, to gather information on the demands and supports which influence stress (as measured by @entity148 and @entity308 scales) in direct care staff who work with @entity1 with @entity717 . The results from the questionnaire were also used to explore the relationships between the factors derived from the questionnaire and to consider how these may be influential in building organizational models. The questionnaire was specifically constructed to measure the demands and supports experienced by direct care staff. The @entity1 included 216 staff working in community residential services for @entity1 with @entity717 . These individuals included staff working for two British health trusts and similar staff working for one local authority. The questionnaire consisted of 33 demands items and 23 supports items. Separate factor analyses were conducted on the demands and supports scales. Analyses of the reliability and validity of the resulting factors were conducted. Stepwise multiple regressions were conducted to further explore the relationship of factors with the measures of @entity148 and @entity308 . Four factors were extracted from the demands scale and three factors from the support scale. There was some concern over levels of reliability and validity for individual factors; however, the reliability of the main scales appeared to be satisfactory. All but one support factor correlated significantly with levels of @entity148 and @entity308 . The factors explained a modest amount of the variance in the regressions. While there are some concerns about the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, it is argued that the scales and factors can be used to confirm and further understanding of the relationship between groups of demands, supports and stress in staff. The usefulness of the questionnaire as a means of diagnosing specific sources of demand and support is considered. It is suggested that the questionnaire could form the basis for assessment and subsequent intervention in houses where staff are reporting relatively high levels of @entity148 and @entity308 .

title: Stress and residential staff who work with @entity1 who have an XXXX : a factor analytic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'people']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['intellectual disability']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['intellectual disability']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity102 ( @entity102 ) is characterized by inflammatory mucosal thickening and @entity1127 formation with a predominantly eosinophilic infiltrate. Chemokines are a novel group of inflammatory mediators capable of attracting specific inflammatory cell populations. Monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCP) are a subfamily of chemokines ( @entity2842 , @entity12869 , @entity7721 , and @entity12866 ) that share a number of functional properties including chemotactic activity for eosinophils. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the MCP family of chemokines in @entity566 and non- @entity566 -associated chronic @entity1244 using the technique of immunocytochemistry. METHOD: We examined the expression of @entity2842 , @entity7721 , and @entity12866 in biopsies from the ethmoid sinuses of @entity1 with @entity102 and normal controls. RESULTS: MCPs were localized to the epithelial cells and a subset of inflammatory cells within the mucosa. The expression of both @entity7721 and @entity12866 immunoreactivity were significantly increased in @entity1 with both @entity566 and non- @entity566 -associated @entity102 compared to normal controls (p < .001). There was no significant difference in the expression of @entity2842 in nasal biopsies from individuals with @entity102 and normals. The level of expression of @entity7721 and @entity12866 correlated with eosinophil (p < .001) and @entity404 -positive T-cell infiltrate (p < .001) but not with @entity405 -positive T-cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest biologic redundancy in the expression of eosinophil chemoattractants in @entity102 and a potential role for @entity7721 and @entity12866 , but not @entity2842 , in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Further, chemokines may be a common link between the eosinophilia of @entity566 -associated and non- @entity566 -associated @entity102 , a finding that may have therapeutic implications.

title: Monocyte chemotactic protein expression in XXXX and non- @entity566 -associated chronic @entity1244 .

entities_list: @entity1244 :: ('MESH:D012852', 'Disease') :: ['sinusitis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['CS', 'Chronic sinusitis']

answer: @entity566 :: (MESH:D006967,Disease) :: ['allergy']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare outcomes of @entity1 receiving surgical @entity572 and those undergoing arthroscopic treatment for @entity1743 ( @entity1743 ), using a matched-pair analysis. METHODS: Between January 2008 and August 2011, @entity1 aged 30 years or younger with a diagnosis of @entity1743 treated with @entity3029 or arthroscopy were included. @entity1 were excluded with T  nnis grade 2 or greater, @entity1141 , @entity2444 , and previous hip surgery. @entity1 treated with @entity3029 were pair-matched to @entity1 treated arthroscopically in a 1:2 ratio. @entity1 -reported outcomes were prospectively obtained in all @entity1 preoperatively and postoperatively at 3 months, at 1 year, at 2 years, and at latest follow-up. Alpha angles were measured preoperatively and postoperatively for both groups. Revision surgery and complications were recorded for  each group. RESULTS: Ten @entity1 were included in the @entity3029 group, and 20 pair-matched @entity1 were included in the  arthroscopic group. We obtained 100% follow-up at a mean of 24.8 months in the open group and  25.5  months in the  arthroscopic group. Preoperative scores were similar between the 2 groups; significant improvements were made postoperatively for both groups. When we compared the 2 groups, the change in Hip Outcome Score-Sport-Specific Subscale (42.8 v 23.5, P  = .047) and 2-year Non-Arthritic Hip Score (94.2 v 85.7, P  =  .01) were significantly higher in the arthroscopic group. Both groups showed a significant decrease in the alpha angle postoperatively (P  = .775). CONCLUSIONS: Favorable results were shown with both approaches, with significant improvement in all @entity1 -reported outcome measures and high @entity1 satisfaction ratings. However, arthroscopic treatment of @entity1743 showed greater improvement in the Hip Outcome Score-Sport-Specific Subscale and a higher absolute Non-Arthritic Hip Score at an average 2-year follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective matched-pair comparative study.

title: Surgical @entity572 versus arthroscopic treatment of XXXX : a prospective matched-pair study with average 2-year follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1743 :: ('MESH:D057925', 'Disease') :: ['femoroacetabular impingement', 'FAI']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip dislocation']

entities_list: @entity2444 :: ('MESH:D007873', 'Disease') :: ['Legg-Calve-Perthes disease']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['surgical dislocation']

answer: @entity1743 :: (MESH:D057925,Disease) :: ['femoroacetabular impingement']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity2548 ( @entity2548 ) in @entity1 undergoing hemodialysis (HD) may cause coronary left internal mammary artery (IMA) steal. This phenomenon was demonstrated by few prospective studies with limited number of @entity1 and case reports. We aimed to demonstrate with a relatively larger @entity1 population that the @entity2548 may cause @entity2998 steal. METHODS: We included 22 prospective @entity1 undergoing HD who had left IMA to left anterior descending artery graft and left upper limb @entity2548 . Right IMA was taken as control. Flows were assessed by using color Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: The mean age was 57.8        9 years. Statistically nonsignificant increases in @entity2548 flow and decreases in left IMA flow were observed during HD compared with pre-HD. Moreover, @entity292 localization did not affect median left IMA flows (for peak systolic velocity [PSV] 43.7 versus 70 cm/s, respectively; p   =   0.7, and for @entity998 [ @entity998 ] 3.4 versus 6.5 cm/s, respectively; p   =   0.7). We have not detected significant difference in left IMA flows during HD (median values of PSV 58.4 versus 68.4 cm/s, respectively; p   =   0.1, and @entity998 6.4 versus 4.4 cm/s, respectively; p   =   0.08). Only three @entity1 experienced dialysis-induced reduction of @entity2998 flow that was accompanied by evidence of @entity2845 of the anterior left ventricular wall without clinical angina. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamically affected left IMA flow by @entity2548 may cause steal phenomenon. Hemodynamic differences between left and right IMAs in @entity1 undergoing HD via left wrist and brachial fistulae are limited.

title: Hemodynamic effects of left upper extremity arteriovenous XXXX on ipsilateral internal mammary coronary artery bypass graft.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['EDV', 'end diastolic velocity']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral IMA']

entities_list: @entity2845 :: ('MESH:D018476', 'Disease') :: ['hypokinesia']

entities_list: @entity2548 :: ('MESH:D001164', 'Disease') :: ['AVF', 'Arteriovenous fistula', 'ipsilateral upper extremity AVF']

answer: @entity292 :: (MESH:D005402,Disease) :: ['fistula']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the frequency of malignant pathology in a macroscopically normal appendix during surgery for a borderline or @entity43 (MOT). METHODS: @entity1 with borderline and malignant MOT were identified from the pathology database from 2000 to 2014. @entity1 who had a benign MOT and had an appendicectomy were excluded from the study. Data were collected from the electronic @entity1 record and case notes. RESULTS: Of 310 @entity1 identified with MOT, 203 @entity1 with benign MOT were excluded. Of the remaining 107 @entity1 , 15 @entity1 with previous appendicectomy were also excluded. The study population consisted of 92 @entity1 . There were 57 (62%) @entity1 with borderline MOT and 35 (38%) @entity1 with malignant MOT. In the borderline subgroup, 40/57 (70%) @entity1 had appendicectomy of whom 8 (20%) had macroscopically abnormal appendices. One @entity1 had @entity1725 secondarily involving the appendix and 7 @entity1 had a histologically normal appendix. Normal histology was found in all macroscopically normal appendices. In the malignant subgroup, 29/35 (83%) @entity1 had an appendicectomy. There were 8 (27.5%) macroscopically abnormal appendices with a malignant pathology in 7 (87.5%) @entity1 and 1 @entity1 had a resolving @entity698 . There were 21 macroscopically normal appendices of which, serrated @entity652 was found in 1 (4.8%) @entity1 , whereas the remaining 20 (95.2%) @entity1 had normal histology. CONCLUSIONS: In MOT, an abnormal appearing appendix should be excised. If the appendix is grossly normal, our data do not support performing an appendicectomy as part of a surgical staging procedure.

title: Outcome of Appendicectomies at Surgery for Mucinous XXXX : Report From A UK Center and Review of Literature.

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['malignant mucinous ovarian tumor']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'Women']

entities_list: @entity698 :: ('MESH:D001064', 'Disease') :: ['appendicitis']

entities_list: @entity1725 :: ('MESH:D011553', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomyxoma peritonei']

answer: @entity43 :: (MESH:D010051,Disease) :: ['Ovarian Neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to study the relationship between the @entity1760 status in type 1 @entity6 @entity1 and disturbances in nerve conduction velocity. Furthermore we wanted to investigate whether repletion of @entity1760 depletion could improve the decreased nerve conduction velocity measurements. In a cross-sectional study, 154 type 1 @entity6 @entity1 were screened for their erythrocyte @entity1760 content and an electrophysiological measurement of the peripheral nervous system was carried out. In a subsequent intervention study, out of this screened population, 23 type 1 @entity1 , with disturbed nerve conduction velocity measurements and low erythrocyte @entity1760 levels [< 2.3 mmol/L) were given oral @entity1760 supplements, during 1 year. Twenty type 1 @entity1 with identical characteristics served as controls. In the cross-sectional study disturbed nerve conduction velocities were found in the older @entity1 , in @entity1 with a longer duration of @entity6 and a worse metabolic control. EMG @entity305 signs were significantly more frequent in @entity6 @entity1 with low erythrocyte @entity4612 . The intervention study demonstrated that under unchanged metabolic control, supplementation with @entity1760 could improve nerve conduction, especially in younger @entity1 with a shorter duration of @entity6 . Erythrocyte @entity4612 was lower in type 1 @entity6 @entity1 with @entity305 . @entity4612 supplementation increasing @entity4612 RBC might (possibly?) improve nerve conduction measured by electromyography at least in younger @entity1 with a short duration of @entity6 and presenting early signs of the @entity16 .

title: Are low @entity1760 levels in type 1 @entity6 associated with electromyographical signs of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological complication']

entities_list: @entity305 :: ('MESH:D011115', 'Disease') :: ['polyneuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium']

answer: @entity305 :: (MESH:D011115,Disease) :: ['polyneuropathy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: While the population in the western world is aging and @entity5 survival rates are increasing, there is a lack of knowledge concerning factors affecting social support and its relation to coping and distress among older @entity1 . The aim of the current study is to assess the impact of marital status and gender upon levels of @entity458 , coping, and social support among middle-aged and older unmarried (divorced/widowed) and married @entity14 @entity1 . METHODS: Samples of 339 male and female colorectal @entity1 were recruited from three major @entity5 centers in Israel. @entity1 ' @entity458 , coping styles and social support were assessed using four self-report standardized instruments. RESULTS: Two-way MANOVAs and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to assess the relationships between the study variables. High levels of distress were found among unmarried and male @entity1 . Married @entity1 reported on significantly higher levels of spouse support than married @entity1 . Family support was correlated with @entity458 only among married @entity1 . Surprisingly, spiritual-religious support was found to be correlated among some of the study groups with Helplessness and Fatalism. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the assumption that married @entity1 cope better with @entity5 than unmarried @entity1 and that @entity1 cope better than @entity1 . These differences may be related to the cultural mores of Israeli society in which @entity1 are expected to play the 'hero' role or to a generally lower ability of @entity1 to use social support and of unmarried @entity1 to get family support. Practical conclusions in terms of intervention are discussed.

title: How relevant is marital status and gender variables in coping with @entity14 ? A sample of middle-aged and older XXXX survivors.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychological distress']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: This investigation is part of an effort to develop chemoprevention for @entity105 of the lung. It focuses on the efficacy of low doses of synthetic glucocorticoids administered either as single agents or in combination with a second compound, @entity8580 . Glucocorticoids are potent inhibitors of @entity105 . The use of low doses is important to avoid potential side-effects. The synthetic glucocorticoid @entity4184 , administered by aerosol for 20 s three times a week, was studied to determine its effects on @entity3014 -induced @entity652 formation in female A/J @entity19 . Two dose levels were employed, 10 and 25 microg/kg body wt. The lower dose produced a 34% reduction in @entity2 formation and the higher dose level a 60% @entity2 . In additional groups of @entity19 , the effects of 0.3% @entity8580 added to the diet was found to reduce @entity2 formation by 53%. The two agents given in combination resulted in a greater inhibition of @entity2 formation than either by itself. @entity4184 at 10 microg/kg body wt plus 0.3% @entity8580 reduced the number of @entity5 by 60% and @entity4184 at 25 microg/kg body wt plus 0.3% @entity8580 reduced @entity2 formation by 79%. To determine whether a glucocorticoid other than @entity4184 would have inhibitory effects in this experimental model, @entity2715 administered by aerosol for 20 s three times a week was studied as a single agent and showed almost identical inhibitory properties to @entity4184 . The doses of the glucocorticoids calculated on a daily basis are within the range of those used widely for control of @entity56 in the @entity1 . The capacity of low doses of inhaled glucocorticoids to prevent @entity358 and the enhancement of this preventive effect by @entity8580 , an essentially non-toxic compound, are findings that should encourage further work to evaluate the applicability of these agents to the prevention of @entity5 of the lung in the @entity1 .

title: Chemoprevention of @entity105 by brief exposures to aerosolized XXXX or @entity2715 and by the combination of aerosolized @entity4184 and dietary @entity8580 .

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['myo-inositol']

entities_list: @entity2715 :: ('MESH:D001507', 'Chemical') :: ['beclomethasone dipropionate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['reduction in lung tumors', 'pulmonary tumor', 'lung tumor']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['chronic allergic respiratory diseases']

entities_list: @entity4184 :: ('MESH:D019819', 'Chemical') :: ['Budesonide', 'budesonide']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary adenoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity4184 :: (MESH:D019819,Chemical) :: ['budesonide']


abstract: The current study employed aged and young male Fischer 344 @entity35 to examine the relationship between long-term @entity308 (LTD), age, and memory. Memory performance was measured on two tasks that are sensitive to hippocampal function; inhibitory avoidance and spatial discrimination on the Morris water maze. The slope of the extracellular excitatory postsynaptic field potential was recorded from @entity20052 synapses in hippocampal slices. @entity4365 ( @entity4365 ) induced a modest LTD only in aged animals under standard recording conditions. The decrease in synaptic transmission examined only in aged animals correlated with memory scores on the spatial task and LTD was not observed in aged animals with the highest memory scores. LTD induction was facilitated by increasing the @entity141 / @entity1025 ratio of the recording medium or employing a paired-pulse stimulation paradigm. Age differences disappeared when @entity4365 was delivered under conditions of elevated @entity141 / @entity1025 in the recording medium. Using multiple induction episodes under conditions which facilitate LTD-induction, no age-related difference was observed in the maximum level of LTD. The results indicate that the increased susceptibility to LTD induction is associated with @entity2414 and results from a shift in the induction process. The possible relationship between LTD and memory function is discussed.

title: Susceptibility to induction of long-term @entity308 is associated with XXXX in aged Fischer 344 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity4365 :: ('MESH:C565121', 'Disease') :: ['LFS', 'Low frequency stimulation']

entities_list: @entity2414 :: ('MESH:D008569', 'Disease') :: ['impaired memory']

answer: @entity2414 :: (MESH:D008569,Disease) :: ['impaired memory']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Structural complexities of the intact ventricular wall cause a very complex spread of activation. The effects of regional tissue damage and of antiarrhythmic drugs on directional differences in activation should help to further elucidate intramural conduction patterns. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 10 healthy @entity235 and in 5 @entity235 with subacute anterior wall @entity1188 , 6 parallel rows of 6 needle electrodes with 4 bipolar electrode pairs per needle were inserted into the left anterior ventricular wall. Using a computerized multiplexer-mapping system, the spread of activation in epi-, endo- and @entity121 and in the surviving epicardium, respectively, was reconstructed. Marked differences in conduction velocities relative to fiber orientation were evident in the surviving epicardium of @entity1188 hearts. Directional differences in conduction velocities, although less pronounced, were still preserved throughout the intact ventricular wall. Epicardial transverse conduction in intact hearts was significantly faster than transverse conduction in @entity1188 hearts (0.87 +/- 0.11 m/s vs 0.68 +/- 0.1 m/s). In normal hearts, @entity2779 (2 mg/kg) decreased conduction velocities primarily in longitudinal directions (-27 +/- 10%), but also moderately in transverse directions (-13 +/- 7 %) of all muscle layers, with no significant effect on straight (-4 +/- 8 %), but on oblique transmural conduction (-33 +/- 18 %). In @entity1188 hearts @entity2779 decreased conduction particularly in longitudinal direction (-23 +/- 14 %) without affecting conduction transverse to the fiber orientation (+3 +/- 6%). CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal intramural shortcircuits reduce directional differences in activation. Transmural @entity1188 results in a loss of alternative intramural pathways, unmasking marked anisotropy in the surviving epicardium. Conduction delay in intramural pathways explains the effects of @entity2779 on transverse and oblique transmural conduction. Primarily longitudinal conduction delay results in reduced tissue anisotropy.

title: Effects of XXXX on anisotropic conduction properties within the three-dimensional structure of the @entity235 ventricular wall.

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarcted', 'infarction']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['midmyocardial muscle layers']

entities_list: @entity2779 :: ('MESH:D011405', 'Chemical') :: ['propafenone']

answer: @entity2779 :: (MESH:D011405,Chemical) :: ['propafenone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The pharmacological properties of @entity15718 (OB) have been investigated using different experimental models, techniques, and conditions, and consequently, the results are not always easy to compare. The aim of the present work was to investigate the pharmacological properties of OB in @entity1 cultured colonic smooth muscle cells (HCSMCs), which is the main target of the drug 'in vivo'. @entity35 colonic strips were used to confirm the pharmacological properties. METHODS: @entity1 cultured colonic smooth muscle cells were studied using the @entity460 imaging technique. Microelectrodes and muscle bath experiments were performed in @entity35 colonic strips. KEY RESULTS: @entity15718 (OB) concentration dependently inhibited @entity594 -sensitive @entity460 transients induced by @entity4338 (EC50   =  3.6   M) and @entity9898 (EC50   =  4.0   M). All the following experiments were performed in the presence of @entity594 . In HCSMC, @entity5402 -induced @entity460 transients were inhibited by OB (EC50   =  8.4   M). @entity5402 evoked 1-a smooth muscle depolarization (10  mV) that was antagonized by 100   M OB; and 2-a contraction that was inhibited by OB (EC50   =  13.0   M). 'Non-nitrergic (L-NNA 1  mM) non-purinergic ( @entity15095 1   M)' conditions were used to elicit endogenous excitatory responses. Electrical field stimulation caused 1-an @entity3897 -sensitive excitatory junction potential that was inhibited by OB (EC50   =  8.9   M) and 2-an @entity3897 -sensitive contraction that was inhibited by OB (EC50   =  7.3   M). In HCSMC, @entity4757 (NKA) and @entity3282 induced @entity460 transients that were inhibited by OB (NKA: EC50   =  11.7   M; @entity3282 : EC50   =  17.5   M). CONCLUSIONS _ INFERENCES: @entity15718 causes inhibition of L-/T-type @entity460 channels, muscarinic, and tachykininergic responses that acting together explain the pharmacological properties of the compound.

title: Mechanisms of action of @entity15718 (OB) in @entity1 cultured smooth muscle cells and XXXX colonic strips.

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity15718 :: ('MESH:C013934', 'Chemical') :: ['otilonium bromide', 'Otilonium bromide']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol', 'Carbachol']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Increased circulating cytokine levels are a prominent feature of aging that may contribute to @entity731 . However, the role vascular cells play in @entity32 induced by aging is not clear. Here, we examined the role of aging on inflammatory responses of vascular cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: In an ex vivo culture system, we examined the inflammatory response of aortas from young (2-4 months) and aged (16-18 months) @entity19 under nonstimulatory conditions. We found that basal levels of @entity777 were increased in aged aortas. Aged aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibited a higher basal secretion of @entity777 than young VSMC. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed that aged VSMC exhibited upregulation of chemokines (eg, @entity1750 ), adhesion molecules (eg, intracellular adhesion molecule 1), and innate immune receptors (eg, Toll-like receptor [ @entity1990 ), which all contribute to @entity731 . Using VSMC from aged TL4(-/-) and @entity5001 (-/-) @entity19 , we demonstrate that signaling via @entity1990 and its signal adaptor, @entity5001 , are in part responsible for the age-elevated basal @entity777 response. CONCLUSIONS: Aging induces a proinflammatory phenotype in VSMC due in part to increased signaling of @entity1990 and @entity5001 . Our results provide a potential explanation as to why aging leads to @entity32 and enhanced @entity731 .

title: Aging enhances the basal production of @entity777 and XXXX in vascular smooth muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['chronic inflammation']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

answer: @entity1750 :: (20296(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['CCL2']


abstract: Conditional mutations are essential for determining the stage- and tissue-specific functions of genes. Here we achieve conditional mutagenesis in @entity3392 using @entity44944 , a gene-trap cassette that can be stably inverted by both Cre and Flp recombinases. We demonstrate that intronic insertions in the gene-trapping orientation severely disrupt the expression of the host gene, whereas intronic insertions in the neutral orientation do not significantly affect host gene expression. Cre- and Flp-mediated recombination switches the orientation of the gene-trap cassette, permitting conditional rescue in one orientation and conditional knockout in the other. To illustrate the utility of this system we analyzed the functional consequence of intronic @entity44944 insertion in @entity44945 , a gene encoding a mitochondrial RNA helicase. Global supv311 mutants have impaired mitochondrial function, @entity2085 , and agenesis of the liver. Conditional rescue of supv311 expression in hepatocytes specifically corrected the liver defects. To test whether the liver function of supv311 is required for viability we used Flp-mediated recombination in the germline to generate a neutral allele at the locus. Subsequently, tissue-specific expression of Cre conditionally inactivated the targeted locus. Hepatocyte-specific inactivation of supv311 caused @entity409 , @entity851 , and juvenile lethality, a phenotype that was less severe than the global disruption of supv311. Thus, supv311 is required in multiple tissues for organismal viability. Our mutagenesis approach is very efficient and could be used to generate conditional alleles throughout the @entity3392 genome. Furthermore, because @entity44944 is based on the promiscuous Tol2 transposon, it should be applicable to many organisms.

title: Conditional control of gene function by an invertible gene trap in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic lethality']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver degeneration']

answer: @entity3392 :: (7955,Species) :: ['zebrafish']


abstract: Hybrid materials formed by the combination of a @entity1372 rich @entity6638 ( @entity569 ), with @entity3703 nanoparticles (40 nm, @entity13528 NPs) coated with @entity12279 polymer ( @entity8681 800 g/mol or @entity8681 25000 g/mol) were prepared. The intercalation of the @entity3703 nanoparticles coated with @entity8681 among @entity569 platelets was achieved by cationic exchange. The resulting materials presented a high degree of exfoliation of the @entity569 sheets and a good dispersion of @entity13528 NPs on both the surface and among the layers of @entity569 . The presence of @entity6115 groups in the @entity8681 structure not only aids the exfoliation of the @entity569 layers, but also gives to the hybrid material the necessary functionality to interact with heavy metals. These hybrid materials were used as magnetic sorbent for the removal of @entity6596 from water. The effect that pH, @entity6596 concentration, and adsorbent material composition have on the @entity6596 removal efficiency was studied. A complete characterization of the materials was performed. The hybrid materials showed a slight dependence of the removal efficiency with the pH in a wide range (1-9). A maximum amount of adsorption capacity of 8.8 mg/g was determined by the Langmuir isotherm. Results show that these hybrid materials can be considered as potential magnetic adsorbent for the @entity6596 removal from water in a wide range of pH.

title: Hybrid materials: @entity3703 - XXXX - @entity6638 , as magnetic adsorbents for @entity6596 water treatment.

entities_list: @entity12279 :: ('MESH:D011094', 'Chemical') :: ['Polyethylenimine']

entities_list: @entity3703 :: ('MESH:D052203', 'Chemical') :: ['magnetite']

entities_list: @entity6596 :: ('MESH:C074702', 'Chemical') :: ['Cr(VI)', 'hexavalent chromium']

entities_list: @entity6638 :: ('MESH:D001546', 'Chemical') :: ['Montmorillonite']

answer: @entity12279 :: (MESH:D011094,Chemical) :: ['Polyethylenimine']


abstract: AIMS: Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer replenishment is a cornerstone in the therapy of @entity2335 ( @entity2335 ). During the last years intravesical GAG layer replenishment has proven to be an effective treatment for @entity2182 ( @entity2182 ), @entity2335 , and recurrent @entity293 ( @entity293 ). METHODS: Examination of different substances available for intravesical GAG replenishment and evaluation of the evidence for the treatment of the above-mentioned conditions. RESULTS: We searched the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) database for studies on intravesical GAG replenishment. A total of 27 clinical studies remain relevant to this topic, many of them with mixed @entity1 selection and suboptimal definition of symptom improvement/success. Two placebo controlled studies with hyaluronic acid failed to show superiority and have not been published. One active controlled randomized study has been published showing that @entity13488 0.2% has a clear benefit for @entity2182 @entity1 . Another study with @entity13488 2.0% failed to show statistically significant evidence, but was underpowered. CONCLUSIONS: A short number of randomized controlled studies confirm efficacy of intravesical GAG layer replenishment therapy. Concluded from the study background (which comprises also uncontrolled studies), so far @entity13488 0.2% is in favor for intravesical GAG layer replenishment therapy. In general, large-scale trials are urgently needed to underline the benefit of this type of therapy.

title: GAG layer replenishment therapy for chronic forms of XXXX with intravesical glycosaminoglycans--a review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity13488 :: ('CHEBI:37397', 'Chemical') :: ['chondroitin sulphate']

entities_list: @entity2182 :: ('MESH:D053201', 'Disease') :: ['overactive bladder', 'OAB']

entities_list: @entity2335 :: ('MESH:D003556', 'Disease') :: ['IC', 'radiation cystitis', 'interstitial cystitis']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections', 'UTIs']

answer: @entity2335 :: (MESH:D003556,Disease) :: ['cystitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To characterize the spectrum of @entity31923 mutations present in 453 @entity1 with @entity1105 with an interest in understanding the range of functional deficits attributable to sequence variants in this gene. METHODS: The 14 exons of @entity31923 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from @entity1 ' DNA and analyzed for sequence changes by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct sequencing. Haplotype analysis was performed using @entity31923 intragenic polymorphisms. @entity1 were examined clinically and with visual function tests. RESULTS: Twenty-one different disease-associated DNA sequence changes predicting missense or nonsense point mutations, insertions, deletions, and splice site defects in @entity31923 were identified in 20 @entity1 in homozygous or compound heterozygous form. In one @entity1 , paternal @entity8882 ( @entity8882 ) of chromosome 1 resulted in homozygosity for a probable functional null allele. Eight of the disease-associated mutations ( @entity46253 , @entity46254 , @entity46255 , @entity46256 , @entity46257 , @entity46258 , @entity46259 , and @entity46260 ) and one mutation likely to be associated with disease ( @entity24641 ) have not been reported previously. The most commonly occurring sequence variant identified in the @entity1 studied was the @entity46261 mutation, accounting for 9 of 40 (22.5%) total disease alleles. This splice site mutation, as well as @entity46262 , the most common missense mutation, exists on at least two different genetic backgrounds. The phenotype resulting from @entity31923 mutations appears to be relatively uniform and independent of mutation class, suggesting that most missense mutations (15 of 40 disease alleles [37.5%]) result in loss of function. At young ages, this group of @entity1 has somewhat better subjective visual capacity than is typically associated with @entity26000 ( @entity26000 ) type I, with a number of @entity1 retaining some useful visual function beyond the second decade of life. CONCLUSIONS: @entity31923 mutations account for a significant percentage (11.4%) of disease alleles in @entity1 with early-onset @entity2000 . The identification and characterization of @entity1 with @entity31923 mutations is likely to represent an important resource for future trials of rational therapies for @entity2000 .

title: Genetics and phenotypes of @entity31923 mutations in inherited XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2000 :: ('MESH:D012162', 'Disease') :: ['retinal degeneration']

entities_list: @entity1105 :: ('MESH:D058499', 'Disease') :: ['retinal dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity46253 :: ('p|SUB|Y|79|H', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Y79H']

entities_list: @entity46254 :: ('p|SUB|E|95|Q', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['E95Q']

entities_list: @entity26000 :: ('MESH:D057130', 'Disease') :: ['Leber congenital amaurosis', 'LCA']

entities_list: @entity8882 :: ('MESH:D024182', 'Disease') :: ['uniparental isodisomy', 'UPD']

entities_list: @entity46262 :: ('p|SUB|R|91|W', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['R91W']

answer: @entity2000 :: (MESH:D012162,Disease) :: ['retinal degeneration']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiation therapy is generally contraindicated for @entity5 @entity1 with @entity1413 ( @entity1413 ) such as @entity2631 due to an increased risk of @entity82 . The tight skin (TSK) @entity19 has skin which, in some respects, mimics that of @entity1 with @entity2631 . The skin radiation response of TSK @entity19 has not been previously reported. If TSK @entity19 are shown to have radiation sensitive skin, they may prove to be a useful model to examine the mechanisms underlying skin @entity1161 , protection, mitigation and treatment. METHODS: The hind limbs of TSK and parental control C57BL/6 @entity19 received a radiation exposure sufficient to cause approximately the same level of acute injury. Endpoints included @entity272 scored using a non-linear, semi-quantitative scale and tissue @entity82 assessed by measuring passive leg extension. In addition, @entity641 cytokine levels were measured monthly in skin tissue. RESULTS: Contrary to our expectations, TSK @entity19 were more resistant (i.e. 20%) to radiation than parental control @entity19 . Although acute skin reactions were similar in both @entity19 strains, @entity1161 in TSK @entity19 continued to decrease with time such that several months after radiation there was significantly less @entity272 and leg contraction compared to C57BL/6 @entity19 (p < 0.05). Consistent with the expected association of @entity641 ( @entity641 ) with late tissue injury, levels of the cytokine were significantly higher in the skin of the C57BL/6 @entity19 compared to TSK @entity19 at all time points (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: TSK @entity19 are not recommended as a model of @entity2631 involving @entity1161 . The genetic and molecular basis for @entity1161 observed in TSK @entity19 warrants further investigation particularly to identify mechanisms capable of reducing tissue @entity82 after @entity1161 .

title: Radiation-induced @entity272 in the animal model of XXXX : implications for post-radiotherapy @entity82 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['reduced radiation injury', 'radiation injury']

entities_list: @entity641 :: ('21803(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor beta-1', 'TGF-beta1']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity272 :: ('MESH:D012871', 'Disease') :: ['skin damage']

entities_list: @entity1413 :: ('MESH:D003095', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'collagen vascular diseases']

answer: @entity2631 :: (MESH:D012594,Disease) :: ['scleroderma']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether @entity5 volume, an important prognostic factor in @entity263 , could be estimated from the amount of @entity5 in multiple core biopsies. METHODS: In 80 @entity1 , transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies were taken from focal lesions detected by ultrasound and 8 to 10 standardized positions, including sextant biopsies (apex, midmedial, base) and midlateral and transition zone biopsies. The @entity5 length in the biopsies was measured. After radical prostatectomy, the prostates were totally embedded, whole-mounted, and @entity5 volume was measured planimetrically. RESULTS: The @entity5 volume correlated significantly with the total @entity5 length of all biopsies (r = 0.56) and of the sextant biopsies (r = 0.39). It was found that midlateral and transition zone biopsies provided independent information when included in a multiple regression model with @entity5 volume as the dependent variable and the sextant biopsies as explanatory variables. All @entity1 (n = 6) with less than 3 mm @entity5 length in only one positive biopsy and a Gleason score less than 7 had a @entity5 volume less than 1 mL. Nine of 10 @entity1 with less than 7 mm of @entity5 in one positive biopsy and Gleason score less than 7 had @entity5 smaller than 1 mL. Sextant biopsies did not reliably predict @entity5 volumes less than 1 mL. CONCLUSIONS: The @entity5 yield of 8 to 10 biopsies correlated better with the volume of @entity263 than sextant biopsies. This extended biopsy protocol could be used to predict @entity5 of less than 1 mL in volume.

title: Estimation of XXXX volume by multiple core biopsies before radical prostatectomy.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: @entity1124 ( @entity1124 ) remains a major unsolved health problem. Most drugs that pass preclinical tests fail in these @entity1 , emphasizing the need of improved preclinical models to test novel anticancer strategies. Here, we developed four orthotopic @entity19 models using primary @entity1 @entity1124 cells genetically engineered to express firefly- and Gaussia luciferase, simplifying the ability to monitor @entity5 growth and @entity3 longitudinally in individual animals with MRI and high-frequency ultrasound. In these models, we conducted detailed histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses on @entity982 -embedded pancreatic tissues and metastatic lesions in liver, lungs, and lymph nodes. Genetic characteristics were compared with the @entity5 and @entity5 cells using array-based comparative genomic hybridization, using frozen specimens obtained by laser microdissection. Notably, the orthotopic @entity1 xenografts in these models recapitulated the phenotype of @entity1 PDACs, including hypovascular and @entity519 areas. Pursuing genomic and immunohistochemical evidence revealed an increased copy number and overexpression of @entity1916 in one of the models; we examined the preclinical efficacy of @entity1916 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. In particular, we found that @entity9816 decreased @entity5 dimension, prolonged survival, and increased blood and tissue concentrations of @entity136 , synergizing with a @entity3183 deaminase-mediated mechanism of action. Together, these more readily imaged orthotopic @entity1124 models displayed genetic, histopathologic, and metastatic features similar to their @entity1 @entity5 of origin. Moreover, their use pointed to @entity1916 as a candidate therapeutic target in @entity1124 and highlighted @entity9816 and @entity136 as a synergistic combination of drugs warranting clinical evaluation for @entity1124 treatment.

title: @entity9816 inhibits metabolic inactivation of @entity136 in XXXX -driven pancreatic carcinoma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1124 :: ('MESH:D021441', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma', 'PDAC']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumor', 'originator tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity9816 :: ('MESH:C551994', 'Chemical') :: ['crizotinib']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity3183 :: ('MESH:D003562', 'Chemical') :: ['cytidine']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1916 :: (4233,Gene) :: ['c-Met']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: The liver is the most frequent site of @entity3 of @entity788 ( @entity788 ). Moreover, hepatic @entity3 is a strong prognostic factor for @entity1 with advanced @entity788 and is often difficult to treat and cure. @entity1 AND METHODS: We employed our recently developed new transcatheter arterial chemoembolization technique using a fine-powder formulation of @entity900 mixed with degradable starch microspheres (DSM) for the treatment of unresectable hepatic metastases from PNET in five consecutive @entity1 . RESULTS: A total of 24 sessions of @entity3375 was performed. The responses were complete response in one, partial response in three, and stable disease in one @entity1 . All @entity1 were alive at the time of analysis with a median survival of 36 (3-70) months after the initial treatment of @entity3375 . There were no severe @entity137 or adverse effects. CONCLUSION: This new treatment induced a significant effect on hepatic metastases of PNET. The response rate was very high, which has not been achieved even by recent new agents. Our findings may warrant further prospective studies of this therapy.

title: Significant efficacy of new transcatheter arterial chemoembolization technique for hepatic metastases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors', 'PNETs']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors']


abstract: PURPOSE: Adolescent @entity1 with congenital @entity8244 presenting with @entity158 and limitation in motion might benefit from radial head excision. We report objective and @entity1 -rated data for @entity1 treated with radial head excision and those followed nonsurgically. We hypothesized that surgery would improve @entity158 and motion and that outcomes and the need for additional surgery would be similar between the 2 groups. METHODS: We reviewed our surgical logs and identified 16 @entity1 (10 treated surgically and 6 treated nonsurgically) for participation. At a mean of 10 years for the surgical group and 16 years after initial office visit for the nonsurgical group, we collected @entity1 -rated and objective data, including range of motion, strength, and @entity158 at the wrist or elbow. RESULTS: Eight of 16 @entity1 had bilateral dislocations. Preoperative and postoperative elbow flexion (137   versus 135  ) and extension (27   versus 23  ) were unchanged in surgically treated @entity1 . Forearm rotation was improved after surgery (100   versus 119  ). Carrying angle was similar between surgical (17  ) and nonsurgical (13  ) elbows, but surgically treated elbows had significantly different ulnar variance at +4.9 mm compared to -0.4 mm for the nonsurgically treated @entity1 . Surgically treated @entity1 had significant improvement in @entity158 following radial head excision. Final Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were similar between groups, although there were lower mean scores among nonsurgically treated @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Radial head excision in @entity1 with symptomatic, isolated, congenital radial head dislocations resulted in @entity158 relief and @entity1 satisfaction but modest improvement in @entity717 and no improvement in @entity14228 . Furthermore, more than 25% of the surgically treated limbs developed wrist @entity158 and needed additional surgery. The nonsurgical group did not lose motion, develop @entity158 , or need surgery. This information might help make the decision whether to excise the radial head in @entity1 with symptomatic, congenital @entity8244 .

title: Intermediate-term to long-term outcome of surgically and nonsurgically treated congenital, isolated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8244 :: ('MESH:C566728', 'Disease') :: ['radial head dislocation']

entities_list: @entity14228 :: ('MESH:C535618', 'Disease') :: ['elbow flexion-extension']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['substantial pain', 'pain', 'elbow pain']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['forearm rotation']

answer: @entity8244 :: (MESH:C566728,Disease) :: ['radial head dislocation']


abstract: The physiological role of endogenous @entity842 in regulation of renal function in @entity1 is unclear. Eight healthy @entity1 received an inhibitor of @entity842 synthase, @entity7293 ( @entity7293 , 3 mg/kg), and saline placebo intravenously on two occasions. @entity7293 significantly increased mean arterial pressure (+7%) and total peripheral resistance (+36%). However, because renal plasma flow did not decrease significantly, the increase in renal vascular resistance (+21%) was significantly less than the increase in total peripheral resistance. Glomerular filtration rate (-19%), filtration fraction (-10%), urine flow rate (-18%), @entity1372 (-28%), and free water excretion (-25%) all decreased significantly. Fractional distal, but not proximal, @entity1372 reabsorption increased. @entity7293 also significantly decreased plasma @entity1507 and urinary excretion of @entity1507 and @entity935 . There were no significant changes in plasma @entity916 activity, plasma endothelin, and @entity1369 or in platelet number and ex vivo aggregation. @entity7293 had a plasma half-life of 75 min. Basal generation of @entity842 appears to contribute less to vascular tone in the kidney than systemically but may alter afferent arteriolar tone. Decreased fractional @entity1372 excretion supports an important physiological role for @entity842 in inhibition of tubular @entity1372 reabsorption, possibly mediated by the renal dopaminergic system.

title: Physiological role of @entity842 in regulation of renal function in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1369 :: ('MESH:D000450', 'Chemical') :: ['aldosterone']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity7293 :: ('CHEBI:28229', 'Chemical') :: ['L-NMMA', 'N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study sought to report the final 5 years follow-up of the landmark LEADERS (Limus Eluted From A Durable Versus ERodable Stent Coating) trial. BACKGROUND: The LEADERS trial is the first randomized study to evaluate biodegradable polymer-based drug-eluting stents (DES) against durable polymer DES. METHODS: The LEADERS trial was a 10-center, assessor-blind, noninferiority, "all-comers" trial (N  =  1,707). All @entity1 were centrally randomized to treatment with either biodegradable polymer biolimus-eluting stents (BES) (n  = 857) or durable polymer @entity3446 -eluting stents (SES) (n  = 850). The primary endpoint was a composite of @entity204 , @entity583 ( @entity583 ), or clinically indicated target vessel revascularization within 9 months. Secondary endpoints included extending the primary endpoint to 5 years and stent @entity715 (ST) ( @entity4207 ). Analysis was by intention to treat. RESULTS: At 5 years, the BES was noninferior to SES for the primary endpoint (186 [22.3%] vs. 216 [26.1%], rate ratio [RR]: 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68 to 1.02], p for noninferiority <0.0001, p  for superiority  = 0.069). The BES was associated with a significant reduction in the more comprehensive @entity1 -orientated composite endpoint of all-cause death, any @entity583 , and all-cause revascularization (297 [35.1%] vs. 339 [40.4%], RR: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.71 to 0.98], p for superiority  = 0.023). A significant reduction in very late definite ST from 1 to 5 years was evident with the BES (n  = 5 [0.7%] vs. n  = 19 [2.5%], RR: 0.26 [95% CI: 0.10 to 0.68], p  = 0.003), corresponding to a significant reduction in ST-associated clinical events (primary endpoint) over the same time period (n  = 3 of 749 vs. n  = 14 of 738, RR: 0.20 [95% CI: 0.06 to 0.71], p  = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The safety benefit of the biodegradable polymer BES, compared with the durable polymer SES, was related to a significant reduction in very late ST (>1 year) and associated composite clinical outcomes. (Limus Eluted From A Durable Versus ERodable Stent Coating [LEADERS] trial; NCT00389220).

title: Improved safety and reduction in stent @entity715 associated with biodegradable polymer-based biolimus-eluting stents versus durable polymer-based XXXX -eluting stents in @entity1 with coronary artery disease: final 5-year report of the LEADERS (Limus Eluted From A Durable Versus ERodable Stent Coating) randomized, noninferiority trial.

entities_list: @entity3446 :: ('MESH:D020123', 'Chemical') :: ['sirolimus']

entities_list: @entity4207 :: ('MESH:D007859', 'Disease') :: ['Academic Research Consortium definition']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'MI']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity3446 :: (MESH:D020123,Chemical) :: ['sirolimus']


abstract: Random genomic @entity3881 lacZ fusions were screened in order to identify the possible existence of regulons responding to the stimuli generated by partial purine starvation. A leaky pur mutation (purL8) was isolated and used to generate the partial purine starvation conditions in the host strain used for screening. On the basis of their induction during partial purine starvation, seven genomic lacZ fusions were isolated. None of the fusions map in loci previously reported to contain @entity10043 -regulated genes. One fusion maps very close to the citB locus and may very well be a citB fusion. The fusions were divided into two types on the basis of their response to complete starvation for either @entity855 or @entity3007 or both components at the same time. Except for one, type 2 fusions were induced by specific starvation for @entity855 and by simultaneous starvation for @entity855 and @entity3007 , but not by specific @entity3007 starvation in a gua strain or by @entity3007 starvation induced by the addition of @entity47655 . Type 1 fusions were equally well induced by all three kinds of purine starvation including @entity3007 starvation induced by @entity47655 . Further subdivisions of the fusions were obtained on the basis of their responses to the spo0A gene product. A total of five fusions showed that spo0A affected expression. One class was unable to induce lacZ expression in the absence of the spo0A gene product, whereas the other class had increased lacZ expression during partial purine starvation in a spo0A background.

title: Isolation and characterization of XXXX genomic lacZ fusions induced during partial purine starvation.

entities_list: @entity47655 :: ('MESH:C012182', 'Chemical') :: ['decoyinine']

entities_list: @entity3881 :: ('1423', 'Species') :: ['Bacillus subtilis']

answer: @entity3881 :: (1423,Species) :: ['Bacillus subtilis']


abstract: @entity4528 epoxidation was studied in @entity35 liver microsomes. The assay is very sensitive; amounts of less than 1 microgram of microsomal protein were sufficient for activity determination. The very low background, stability of the metabolite, and the complete separation of substrate and metabolite permit estimation of mono-oxygenase activities of less than 1 pmol per mg of protein per min by a simple procedure. Pretreatment of animals with the mono-oxygenase inducer @entity109 (PB) increased the epoxidation rate 3-fold, whereas @entity5954 (MC) treatment markedly depressed enzyme activity. Induction with MC did not change the apparent Km of the reaction, which was 18 muM. The Km in microsomes from PB-treated animals was 28 muM. These data suggest that the same or (a) similar form(s) of mono-oxygenase catalyze(s) the epoxidation in the three different microsomal preparations. SKF 525-A, @entity4235 , and @entity10978 were almost similarly active as inhibitors in microsomes from control and inducer-treated @entity35 . Sensitivity to these inhibitors was low; 0.7 mM SKF 525-A and 0.4 mM @entity10978 were necessary to reduce enzyme activity by 50%, whereas 0.5 mM @entity4235 caused an inhibition of 10-45%. The activity of @entity4528 epoxidation in untreated @entity35 increased almost parallel to the activity of @entity7680 demethylation between 3 and 10 weeks of age. The rate of @entity3014 hydroxylation remained unchanged during this period. The results demonstrate that @entity4528 epoxidation offers a selective and sensitive assay for the activity of mono-oxygenases dependent on @entity1447 forms.

title: @entity4528 epoxidation, a highly sensitive indicator specific for XXXX -dependent mono-oxygenase activities.

entities_list: @entity4235 :: ('MESH:D008797', 'Chemical') :: ['metyrapone']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity109 :: ('MESH:D010634', 'Chemical') :: ['phenobarbital']

entities_list: @entity7680 :: ('MESH:D005036', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylmorphine']

entities_list: @entity5954 :: ('MESH:D008748', 'Chemical') :: ['3-methylcholanthrene']

entities_list: @entity4528 :: ('MESH:D000452', 'Chemical') :: ['Aldrin', 'aldrin']

answer: @entity1447 :: (25251(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['cytochrome P-450']


abstract: Right ventricular @entity63 occurs in experimental models of @entity120 . We analyzed right ventricular size and function and 201Tl uptake to determine if there was a relationship between 201Tl uptake and systolic function in 19 @entity1 with @entity120 who were being evaluated for heart-lung transplantation. All @entity1 had @entity4341 stress 201Tl scintigraphy, radionuclide angiography and echocardiography. In nine @entity1 (Group 1), right ventricular ejection fraction was < 30% (mean 22% +/- 8%). In 10 @entity1 (Group 2) it was > 30% (mean 45% +/- 11%). In Group 1, right ventricular 201Tl uptake in the lateral wall after @entity4341 was increased compared to Group 2 (40% +/- 7% versus 28% +/- 15% counts/pixel, p < 0.05) while left ventricular free wall uptake was similar. The ratio of right to left ventricular 201Tl uptake was increased in Group 1 versus Group 2 (0.81% +/- 0.30% versus 0.49% +/- 0.18%, p < 0.05). At 4 hr, right ventricular free wall 201Tl clearance was comparable, 51% +/- 13% versus 51% +/- 18% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. No @entity1 had perfusion abnormalities. Right ventricular ejection fraction was inversely related to @entity4341 stress right ventricular 201Tl uptake, r = -0.49, p < 0.03, s.e.e. = 13.6. Right ventricular 201Tl uptake was directly related to right ventricular wall thickness (r = 0.56, p = 0.18, s.e.e. = 10.4). Therefore, @entity1 with more severe @entity67 have greater 201Tl uptake after @entity4341 stress, suggesting increased myocardial mass and possibly blood flow in response to @entity1184 . @entity1 with the most marked @entity1184 have @entity67 , independent of @entity63 .

title: Right ventricular thallium-201 kinetics in XXXX : relation to right ventricular size and function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'pulmonary artery hypertension']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['impairment of right ventricular systolic function', 'right ventricular systolic dysfunction']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: The pathogen @entity794 uses various strategies for persisting in the host, among which switching to a small-colony variant ( @entity6723 ) phenotype is of particular biological and therapeutic significance. Phenotypically, SCVs are characterized by a slow growth rate, atypical colony morphology and unusual biochemical features, constituting a real challenge for identification by the clinical microbiology laboratory. Their metabolic defects also alter their susceptibility to antibiotics, which, combined with the ability to survive intracellularly and, for some strains, to form biofilms, largely contributes to therapeutic failures. This paper reviews the available literature on antibiotic activity against SCVs of @entity794 in vitro, in animal models and in clinics. In vitro, @entity581 and antifolate agents show high MICs for electron-transport-defective and @entity1014 -dependent SCVs, respectively. The other antibiotic classes usually show MICs comparable to those measured for the parental strains, but they are less bactericidal. Intracellularly, auxotrophs for @entity1014 , @entity11161 or @entity8197 show contrasting behaviours with respect to their response to antibiotics, resulting from differences in their intracellular fate. In animal models, SCVs often persist in various locations, including metastatic ones, in spite of the administration of active antibiotics. In healthcare, several case reports mention the selection of SCVs after prolonged administration of not only @entity581 and antifolate agents, but also several other antibiotic classes. Apparent eradication requires several weeks or even months of aggressive polytherapy combined, whenever possible, with surgical intervention. Further research is thus warranted for optimizing the treatment of @entity281 caused by SCVs.

title: Antibiotic activity against small-colony variants of XXXX : review of in vitro, animal and clinical data.

entities_list: @entity8197 :: ('MESH:D024483', 'Chemical') :: ['menadione']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']