abstract: OBJECTIVE: Surgical outcome has been less than desirable in the management of @entity1 with @entity1653 in the past, and little attention has been directed at improving their visual function. The purpose of this article is to advocate an available cranial base technique for removing these difficult @entity5 and to delineate the technique's advantages that @entity3224 in achieving an improved extent of @entity5 resection and enhancing the @entity1 ' overall outcome, particularly their visual outcome. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 15 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1653 (including a @entity1 with @entity2698 ) who underwent surgical resection at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation between June 1995 and January 2000. A cranial base technique consisting of extradural anterior clinoidectomy, coupled with optic canal unroofing and optic sheath opening, was used in 13 @entity1 , and standard pterional craniotomy was used in 2. Eight of 15 @entity1 had significant @entity227 preoperatively. All @entity1 had thorough preoperative and postoperative ophthalmological evaluations. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 60 months (mean, 37.2 mo). RESULTS: Total resection was achieved in 13 (86.7%) of the 15 @entity1 in this series, and the majority of the @entity1 with preoperative @entity227 experienced significant improvement (6 of 8 @entity1 ; 75%). CONCLUSION: In the majority of @entity1 with @entity1653 , total resection may be achieved with minimal complications. For large @entity5 encasing the optic nerve and internal carotid artery, or for those @entity5 causing preoperative @entity227 , use of the cranial base technique delineated in this study may lead to significant improvement in the @entity1 ' visual and overall outcomes.

title: Surgical management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual deficits', 'visual impairment']

entities_list: @entity2698 :: ('MESH:D006393', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiopericytoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['clinoidal meningiomas']

answer: @entity1653 :: (MESH:D008579,Disease) :: ['clinoidal meningiomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Renal function is often estimated using one of several glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimating equations. However, there is no consensus which estimating equation performs best in @entity1 with @entity177 . METHODS: We compared the performance of five different estimated GFR (eGFR) equations [Cockcroft-Gault, @entity8 ( @entity8 ), @entity740 ( @entity740 ) Epidemiology collaboration ( @entity740 -EPI) and Mayo Clinic and Lund-Malm  ] with measured GFR (plasma @entity6111 clearance) in 2098 referred @entity740 @entity1 with mGFR <30 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2). RESULTS: There were 398 @entity1 with an mGFR  <= 10 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2), 1974 with a measured GFR (mGFR) 11-20 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2) and 749 @entity1 with mGFR 21-30 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2). Across the entire range, the median bias of eGFR was lowest for the Lund-Malm   equation (0.7 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)), followed by the @entity740 -EPI (1.2 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)), the @entity8 (1.6 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)), Mayo Clinic equation (1.7 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)) and Cockcroft-Gault equation (4.6 mL/ @entity1009 .73 m(2)). The best accuracy within 30% of mGFR was also for Lund-Malm   (76%), while it was similar for @entity740 -EPI, @entity8 and Mayo (65-67%). The Cockcroft-Gault had the worst accuracy of only    54%.The median bias was stable across mGFR categories, while the accuracy within 30% of mGFR became worse with decreasing mGFR. All equations performed best among @entity1 with @entity8 and @entity1986 . Accuracy was generally worse for @entity1 >65 years of age and for those with @entity2316 . CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity177 , the GFR-estimating equations show reasonably good performance on the population level. On the individual @entity1 level, they are inaccurate, especially in elderly @entity1 and those with @entity2316 .

title: Glomerular filtration rate-estimating equations for XXXX with @entity740 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['MDRD', 'hereditary kidney diseases', 'Modification of Diet in Renal Disease']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'Chronic Kidney Disease']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['advanced renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Small DNA fragments (60 to 80 @entity2036 ), randomly obtained from a collection of 14 catabolic, biosynthetic or regulatory @entity526 genes, have been shot-gun cloned in place of the lacZ ribosome binding site. A total of 47 recombinants showing substantial beta-galactosidase synthesis (at least 1/30th of the wild-type) were isolated, and their newly acquired translational starts were characterized. Of these, 46 were found to carry a ribosome binding site from one of the original genes, and only one, a non-natural start. Moreover, 12 out of the 14 natural starts were found. The two that were not found are the only ones lacking a Shine-Dalgarno element. So, real starts are generally active in the lac mRNA, whereas the many sites (approx. 100 in this gene collection) that carry a Shine-Dalgarno element followed by AUG or GUG but are located in intra- or intergenic regions, or on non-transcribed strands, are inactive. I conclude that: (1) these "false" starts, being strongly discriminated against in the lac message, are presumably also inactive in their original mRNAs; (2) the discriminating information, being portable from one mRNA to another, must be contained within a small DNA region surrounding the starts. Indeed, I further show that it generally lies within a sequence of about 35 @entity2036 bracketing real starts; and (3) this information must have a larger effect on initiation than the exact structure of the mRNA, because the discrimination persists despite a complete change of this structure. Previous statistical analysis has shown that real starts differ from false starts in having a non-random sequence composition from @entity2036 -20 to +15 with respect to the start. To uncover whether these biases constitute the discriminating information or simply reflect coding constraints, translational starts were randomly searched in eukaryotic, largely non-coding, DNA. These "eukaryotic" starts all have an in-phase AUG or GUG, preceded by a typical Shine-Dalgarno sequence; outside these elements, the initiator region is strikingly rich in A, and poor in C. These biases match those found around real starts, demonstrating that they are indeed part of the initiation signal. Finally, I describe a simple procedure for introducing any DNA fragment in place of the lac operator site on the @entity526 chromosome.

title: What constitutes the signal for the initiation of protein synthesis on XXXX mRNAs?

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli', 'E. coli']

entities_list: @entity2036 :: ('MESH:D009711', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotides']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Weak opioid combined with @entity1443 ( @entity1443 ) has been proven to provide better analgesic efficacy and cause fewer complications than either drug alone. However, there are questions about whether different opioids, @entity1340 and @entity15848 , provide similar efficacy or safety. Thus, we investigated Ultracet (37.5 mg @entity1340 /325 mg @entity1443 ) and @entity1112 (65 mg @entity15848 /650 mg @entity1443 ). The primary aims of this study were to compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of single-dose oral Ultracet versus @entity1112 in acute @entity282 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a randomized, open-label, active-controlled parallel study on @entity1 with @entity158 . Sixty @entity1 who sustained moderate @entity158 (visual analog scale(3)3 cm) after undergoing implantation of venous access were randomized to two groups to receive either Ultracetor @entity1112 for postoperative @entity1337 . Assessment items included @entity158 intensity and @entity158 relief ratings at the first 4 hours, and adverse events. RESULTS: There were initially 107 @entity1 who were enrolled in this trial, but up to 45 (42.1%) of them were withdrawn during the study. In these 62 @entity1 who complied with treatment (Ultracet: @entity1112 = 29: 33), @entity158 relief scale indicated that Ultracet could provide a better analgesic effect than @entity1112 provided at 1 hour (p < 0.05). At 4 hours, the @entity158 score in the Ultracet group was significantly lower than that in the @entity1112 group (p < 0.05). Adverse events, such as drowsiness, @entity1296 , and skin itching did not differ in both groups. CONCLUSION: Among @entity1 with mild to moderate postoperative wound @entity158 , single-dose Ultracet can provide slightly better analgesic efficacy than @entity1112 in terms of onset and duration. @entity1112 is no longer marketed in Europe, America, Taiwan and other countries, therefore, Ultracet can serve as a good substitute for treating @entity282 .

title: Analgesic efficacy of @entity1340 / @entity1443 and @entity15848 / @entity1443 for relief of postoperative wound XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1296 :: ('MESH:D004244', 'Disease') :: ['dizziness']

entities_list: @entity1340 :: ('MESH:D014147', 'Chemical') :: ['tramadol']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'postsurgical pain']

entities_list: @entity15848 :: ('MESH:D011431', 'Chemical') :: ['propoxyphene']

entities_list: @entity1443 :: ('MESH:D000082', 'Chemical') :: ['acetaminophen', 'APAP']

entities_list: @entity282 :: ('MESH:D010149', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pain']


abstract: Two volatile agents, @entity5161 and @entity2614 have similar anesthetic properties but different potencies; this allows the discrimination between anesthetic potency and other properties on the protective mechanisms of @entity590 . Two times the minimal alveolar concentration of an anesthetic is approximately the maximally used clinical concentration of that agent; this concentration is 2% for @entity5161 and 4% for @entity2614 . We measured the effects of @entity5161 and @entity2614 on cornus ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal cells in @entity35 hippocampal slices subjected to 10 min of @entity519 (95% @entity1568 5% @entity544 ) and 60 min of recovery. Anesthetic was delivered to the gas phase using a calibrated vaporizer for each agent. At equipotent anesthetic concentrations, @entity2614 (4%) but not @entity5161 (2%), enhanced the initial hyperpolarization (6.7 vs. 3.4 mV), delayed the @entity519 rapid depolarization (521 vs. 294 s) and reduced peak @entity519 cytosolic @entity460 concentration (203 vs. 278 nM). While both agents reduced the final membrane potential at 10 min of @entity519 compared with controls, 4% @entity2614 had a significantly greater effect than 2% @entity5161 (-24.4 vs. -3.5 mV). The effect of these concentrations of @entity5161 and @entity2614 was not different for @entity1372 , @entity972 or @entity855 concentrations at 10 min of @entity519 , the only difference at 5 min of @entity519 was that @entity855 was better maintained with 4% @entity2614 (2.2 vs. 1.3 nmol/mg). If the same absolute concentration (4%) of @entity5161 and @entity2614 is compared then the cellular changes during @entity519 are similar for both agents and they both improve recovery. We conclude that an anesthetic's absolute concentration and not its anesthetic potency correlates with improved recovery of CA1 pyramidal neurons. The mechanisms of @entity2614 -induced protection include delaying and attenuating the depolarization and the increase of cytosolic @entity460 and delaying the fall in @entity855 during @entity519 .

title: The differential effects of volatile anesthetics on electrophysiological and biochemical changes during and recovery after @entity519 in XXXX hippocampal slice CA1 pyramidal cells.

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity544 :: ('MESH:D002245', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon dioxide']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity590 :: ('MESH:D008305', 'Disease') :: ['volatile anesthesia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and clinical effects of @entity688 ( @entity688 ) treatment of @entity1569 . DESIGN AND METHODS: In an open-label phase 2 trial, 10 @entity1 with @entity1569 subcutaneously received recombinant @entity1 @entity688 over a 7-week period in a dosage of 8 microg/kg daily (n=5) or 20 microg/kg 3 times per week (n=5). @entity1 were followed up for an additional 5 weeks. RESULTS: The treatment was well tolerated. Antipsoriatic effects were found in all but 1 @entity1 . A significant decrease of the @entity1569 area and severity index by 55.3% +/- 11.5% (mean +/- SEM) was observed (P<.02). The antipsoriatic efficiency was confirmed by histological examination. Heterogeneity in the effectiveness was found among the @entity1 , but seems to be independent of the dosage regimen. However, a tendency to a better response was found in the @entity1 who received 20-microg/kg @entity688 3 times per week. Decreasing response in the @entity56 reaction against recall antigens indicated immunosuppressive effects. Moderate effects on hematopoietic cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that @entity688 therapy for @entity1569 is safe and possibly clinically effective. Consequently, its value in @entity1569 and similar @entity1200 should be further determined. Dose-finding, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials are necessary now.

title: @entity688 treatment of XXXX : clinical results of a phase 2 trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1569 :: ('MESH:D011565', 'Disease') :: ['psoriasis']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immune diseases']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['delayed-type hypersensitivity']

answer: @entity1569 :: (MESH:D011565,Disease) :: ['psoriasis']


abstract: After @entity6565 was basically controlled (the microfilarial rate was lower than 1%) in Henan Province in 1987, longitudinal observation of the disease has been carried out in all the province in order to study the regular pattern of growth and decline or the transmission potential of the disease. According to the distribution of filaria species and original microfilarial rate, 7 administrative villages in 7 counties were selected as surveillance sites. From 1988 to 1995, etiological and mosquito vector surveys were made continuously in all sites where no control measure was conducted. 10 surviving microfilaremic individuals became negative gradually over the first 6 years and no new microfilaremia was found. Since then, the microfilarial rate was zero. During the 8 years, 19 vector mosquitos were positive, with a total of 33 filarial larva. @entity10722 pallens was the predominant mosquito species inside @entity1 dwelling in all sites. The @entity1 -biting rate of mosquitos for outdoor sleepers fluctuated greatly, the highest was 360.60 mosquitos per @entity1 per night and the lowest 7.20. The @entity1 -biting rate of mosquitos for sleepers inside mosquito-nets was approximately 1. The proportion of multiparous mosquitos also fluctuated greatly, the highest was 88.10% and the lowest 27.27%. According to the data described above, the @entity1 -biting rate of mosquitos which contained filaria L3 was less than 1 mosquito per @entity1 per transmission season. It is suggested that after the microfilarial rate was lower than 1%, the surviving microfilaremias became negative gradually in 3-5 years, and the transmission of the disease was blocked. Therefore, in the districts where @entity6565 was basically controlled, elimination of the disease was attainable.

title: Studies on the transmission potential of surviving microfilaremias after basic control of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6565 :: ('MESH:D005368', 'Disease') :: ['filariasis']

entities_list: @entity10722 :: ('7175', 'Species') :: ['Culex pipiens']

answer: @entity6565 :: (MESH:D005368,Disease) :: ['filariasis']


abstract: Defenses against free radicals were evaluated in the @entity235 under different conditions of ventilation. Changes in the levels of @entity2041 ( @entity2197 ), @entity1881 ( @entity270 ), @entity620 ( @entity620 ) and the lipid peroxidation end-products, estimated as @entity1234 ( @entity1865 ) and the activity of @entity224 dismutase (SOD), were studied in serial liver biopsies from @entity235 ventilated with either @entity26 , @entity1508 and @entity26 , @entity519 gas mixture of 8% @entity26 and 92% @entity1568 or @entity1508 under @entity519 conditions. Simultaneous determination of @entity2197 , @entity270 and @entity1865 were carried out in the plasma. The results showed time-dependent depletion of @entity2197 and @entity270 in liver and plasma and @entity620 in the liver. This was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the levels of @entity1865 . The magnitude of the change was in the following order: @entity1508 and @entity519 > @entity519 > @entity1508 and @entity26 > @entity26 . The greatest depletion was observed for @entity270 and the least for @entity620 . The rise in the level of @entity1865 in plasma was much higher than in the liver tissue. @entity519 resulted in inhibition of liver SOD activity. It seems that increased production of free radicals under @entity519 conditions may have overwhelmed the anti-oxidant defenses in the liver. In addition, the much higher level of @entity1865 in plasma, as compared to liver tissue, may indicate that @entity1865 could have originated in tissues or organs other than the liver and leaked into the blood, indicating possible damage in other locations in the body.

title: Changes in the defense against free radicals in the liver and plasma of the @entity235 during @entity519 and/or XXXX anaesthesia.

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['halothane']

entities_list: @entity620 :: ('MESH:D001205', 'Chemical') :: ['ascorbic acid', 'vitamin C']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['reduced glutathione']

entities_list: @entity1881 :: ('MESH:D024502', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-tocopherol']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoxia', 'hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

answer: @entity1508 :: (MESH:D006221,Chemical) :: ['halothane']


abstract: We describe the histologic findings in thyroid glands from six female and five male @entity1 with @entity1050 . The @entity1 were aged 9 to 43 years (mean age, 26 years). The salient thyroid lesions in this syndrome were @entity652 and @entity1412 (parenchymatous, hyperplastic) nodules showing a wide range of nonspecific cytoarchitectural patterns. Multiple tiny cellular foci, so-called microadenomas, were also a feature. Specific lesions composed of oxyphil or clear cells, a @entity5 with features of @entity652 , and an adenolipoma also occurred. Two cases showed a @entity189 in addition to multiple benign follicular cell proliferations. The @entity189 occurred at an older age and were larger in size than the clinically significant benign nodular lesions, suggesting @entity5 progression. All @entity5 showed thyroglobulin immunoreactivity and were negative for calcitonin. The histologic findings of a multiple @entity5651 or @entity652 , particularly in @entity1 and young adults, should alert the pathologist and physician to the possibility of an inherited trait, such as @entity1050 , with its implications for family screening. The @entity5 are usually benign and well demarcated, but, because of multicentricity and increased risk of recurrence or progression to @entity189 , total thyroidectomy should be advocated.

title: Thyroid pathologic findings in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous']

entities_list: @entity1050 :: ('MESH:D006223', 'Disease') :: ['Cowden disease']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['follicular carcinoma', 'follicular carcinomas', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5651 :: ('MESH:D006042', 'Disease') :: ['adenomatous goiter']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['hyalinizing trabecular adenoma', 'multicentric follicular adenomas', 'multiple follicular adenomas']

answer: @entity1050 :: (MESH:D006223,Disease) :: ['Cowden disease']


abstract: We propose a @entity1 -specific planning target volume ( @entity343 ) to deal with interfractional variations, and test its feasibility in a retrospective treatment-planning study. Instead of using one planning image only, multiple scans are taken on different days. The target and @entity347 ( @entity347 ) are delineated on each images. The proposed @entity343 is generated from a union of those target contours on the planning images, excluding voxels of the @entity347 , and is denoted the @entity343 'GP-OAR' (global prostate- @entity347 ). The study is performed using 'plan of the day' adaptive workflow, which selects a daily plan from a library of plans based on a similarity comparison between the daily scan and planning images. The daily plans optimized for GP-OAR volumes are compared with those optimized for PTVs generated from a single prostate contour ( @entity343 SP). Four CT serials of @entity263 @entity1 datasets are included in the test, and in total 28 fractions are simulated. The results show that the daily chosen GP-OAR plans provide excellent target coverage, with V95 values of the prostate mostly > 95%. In addition, dose delivered to the @entity347 as calculated from applying daily chosen GP-OAR plans is slightly increased but comparable to that calculated from applying daily SP plans. In general, the @entity343 GP- @entity347 are able to cover possible target variations while keeping dose delivered to the @entity347 at a similar level to that of the @entity343 SPs.

title: A XXXX -specific planning target volume used in 'plan of the day' adaptation for interfractional motion mitigation.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity347 :: ('MESH:D019965', 'Disease') :: ['organs at risk', 'OARs']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: @entity21773 a (HPV 6a) DNA was detected in a @entity189 both as integrated and episomal molecules, and one viral-cellular junction was molecularly cloned (Bercovich et al., J. Gen Virol., 72: 2569-2572, 1991). The cellular sequence was used as a probe for the isolation of a cosmid from a normal @entity1 genomic DNA library. A 2.7-kilobase subclone including the integration site was sequenced. It was shown to contain sequences with similarities to the E2 and L2 regions of @entity1 papillomaviruses, a 5' truncated long interspersed repeated DNA element type 1 retrotransposon, and a fragment of an O-repeat element. The chromosomal localization of the integration site was determined to be at region 24 of the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q24). This is the region where the fragile site is located in which HPV 18 DNA is integrated in the cell line FEP18-5. In addition it contains the site of breakpoints affecting protooncogenes @entity48286 and @entity7286 . Other genes related to cell division and DNA repair have also been mapped to this chromosomal band. Analysis of genomic DNA of cell lines and @entity1 using 10q24-derived probes is presented. The integration of @entity21773 DNA into chromosome 10q24 may have disrupted a cellular gene critical for normal cell growth, which further analysis should help to identify.

title: Integration of XXXX a DNA in a @entity189 : chromosomal localization and nucleotide sequence of the genomic target region.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity21773 :: ('31552', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus type 6', 'Human papillomavirus type 6']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['tonsillar carcinoma']

answer: @entity21773 :: (31552,Species) :: ['human papillomavirus type 6']


abstract: The influence of a purified holoenzyme form of polycation-modulable (PCM-) @entity35374 phosphatase on @entity141 -dependent actin- @entity35374 interactions was studied in detergent-skinned smooth muscle fibers from @entity1573 gizzard. The concentration of @entity141 required for half maximal isometric contraction (A0.5; 0.26 microM) of fibers incubated in the absence of phosphatase was increased 2-fold when PCM-phosphatase (13 U/ml) was included in the medium. Removal of the phosphatase restored A0.5 to control level showing that the enzyme-mediated decrease in @entity141 -sensitivity was reversible. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of fiber homogenates revealed that PCM-phosphatase decreased @entity141 -sensitivity for phosphorylation of the regulatory @entity35374 light chains in parallel fashion. @entity141 -dependent increases in isometric force were directly correlated to increases in the extent of light chain phosphorylation up to about 0.35 mol PO4/mol light chain; further increases in phosphorylation were not associated with further increases in force. Addition of PCM-phosphatase to fibers which had been contracted with a suboptimal concentration of @entity141 (0.35 microM) resulted in rapid relaxation. Unloaded shortening velocity, reflecting cross-bridge cycling rate, was reduced by 92% in the presence of PCM-phosphatase and light chain phosphorylation was decreased by 50%. These data show that both @entity2701 and unloaded shortening velocity may be related to @entity141 -dependent phosphorylation of the light chains. The results indicate that the level of phosphorylation attained in the fiber preparations studied probably reflects the ratio of @entity35374 kinase to phosphatase activities. Since protein phosphatases are regulated enzymes the results also suggest that modulation of phosphatase activity may participate in control of smooth muscle contractility.

title: A XXXX phosphatase modulates contractility in skinned smooth muscle.

answer: @entity35374 :: (395534(Tax:9031),Gene) :: ['myosin']


abstract: Placental @entity11331 dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) regulates transplacental passage of maternal glucocorticoids to the fetus and is thus a key determinant of fetal glucocorticoid levels. It has also been proposed that placental 11beta-HSD expression may influence local glucocorticoid actions by regulating access of @entity2819 to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) or mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Therefore, the present study used a @entity35 model to assess whether the GR or MR are coexpressed with the two forms of 11beta-HSD (types 1 and 2) in the placental labyrinth zone, the major site of maternal-fetal transfer, and in the basal zone, the primary site of placental hormone synthesis. In situ hybridization analysis was used to assess messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for the GR, MR, @entity47639 , and @entity47640 in the two placental zones on days 16, 19 and 22 of pregnancy (term = day 23). Whereas expression of the GR appeared relatively unchanged in both zones at these three stages of pregnancy, that of @entity47639 clearly increased in the labyrinth zone but fell in basal zone, whereas the opposite pattern of expression was observed for @entity47640 . MR expression was not detected at any stage. The pattern of placental @entity47640 mRNA expression over days 16, 19, and 22 of pregnancy was paralleled by changes in @entity47640 -specific bioactivity, but despite clear expression of @entity47639 mRNA, no bioactivity attributable to this enzyme was measurable in either placental zone. To assess the role of fetal adrenal maturation on these changes in 11beta-HSD, two experimental models, maternal adrenalectomy and fetectomy, were employed. Maternal adrenalectomy on day 13 advanced maturation of the fetal adrenal cortex but had no effect on @entity47640 bioactivity in either of the placental zones at day 19. Placental @entity47640 bioactivity on day 22 was also unaffected by fetectomy 3 or 6 days earlier. In conclusion, the consistent expression of the GR in the two placental zones late in pregnancy suggests that concomitant and marked changes in @entity47639 and @entity47640 expression could have a major influence on glucocorticoid action in the placenta at this time. Moreover, the changes in 11beta-HSD expression appear to be unrelated to development of the fetal adrenal cortex and are likely to reduce the placental glucocorticoid barrier near the end of pregnancy.

title: Tissue-specific messenger ribonucleic acid expression of XXXX dehydrogenase types 1 and 2 and the glucocorticoid receptor within @entity35 placenta suggests exquisite local control of glucocorticoid action.

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

entities_list: @entity11331 :: ('CHEBI:35346', 'Chemical') :: ['11beta-hydroxysteroid']

answer: @entity11331 :: (CHEBI:35346,Chemical) :: ['11beta-hydroxysteroid']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents in seven @entity1 with @entity3885 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using bronchoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance, stent placement was performed in seven @entity1 (median age, 12 y; range, 2 mo-14 y). The stents were electively removed 6 months after placement or whenever there were symptom-producing complications. During the follow-up period, technical and clinical success, complications and related reinterventions, and long-term prognosis were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Stent placement was technically successful for a total of eight stents in all seven @entity1 . Stent removal was also successful for six stents in five @entity1 ; two stents were removed electively 6 months after placement, and four stents were removed due to symptom-producing complications. Clinical success defined as ventilator weaning, extubation, or @entity1353 improvement was achieved in all @entity1 1 week after stent placement. A possible @entity281 source in one stent and abundant granulation tissue caused by three stents necessitated removal of four stents in three @entity1 . During the mean follow-up period of 18.7 months (range, 1-31 mo) after stent placement, three @entity1 died due to the progression of underlying @entity66 or @entity5 . There were no deaths directly related to stent placement or related complications. CONCLUSION: Although the findings were based on a small series, placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents seems to be safe and effective for the treatment of pediatric @entity3885 . Ventilator weaning, extubation, or @entity1353 improvement was possible in all @entity1 after stent placement.

title: Placement of covered retrievable expandable metallic stents for pediatric XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cardiopulmonary disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignancy']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['tracheobronchial obstruction']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity3885 :: (MESH:D008173,Disease) :: ['tracheobronchial obstruction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Communication skills training (CST) based on the Japanese SHARE model of family-centered truth telling in Asian countries has been adopted in Taiwan. However, its effectiveness in Taiwan has only been preliminarily verified. This study aimed to test the effect of SHARE model-centered CST on Taiwanese healthcare providers' truth-telling preference, to determine the effect size, and to compare the effect of 1-day and 2-day CST programs on @entity1 ' truth-telling preference. METHOD: For this one-group, pretest-posttest study, 10 CST programs were conducted from August 2010 to November 2011 under certified facilitators and with standard @entity1 . @entity1 (257 healthcare personnel from northern, central, southern, and eastern Taiwan) chose the 1-day (n = 94) or 2-day (n = 163) CST program as convenient. @entity1 ' self-reported truth-telling preference was measured before and immediately after CST programs, with CST program assessment afterward. RESULTS: The CST programs significantly improved healthcare personnel's truth-telling preference (mean pretest and posttest scores    standard deviation (SD): 263.8    27.0 vs. 281.8    22.9, p < 0.001). The CST programs effected a significant, large (d = 0.91) improvement in overall truth-telling preference and significantly improved method of disclosure, emotional support, and additional information (p < 0.001). Participation in 1-day or 2-day CST programs did not significantly affect @entity1 ' truth-telling preference (p > 0.05) except for the setting subscale. Most @entity1 were satisfied with the CST programs (93.8%) and were willing to recommend them to colleagues (98.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The SHARE model-centered CST programs significantly improved Taiwanese healthcare personnel's truth-telling preference. Future studies should objectively assess @entity1 ' truth-telling preference, for example, by @entity5 @entity1 , their families, and other medical team personnel and at longer times after CST programs.

title: Effectiveness of Japanese SHARE model in improving Taiwanese healthcare personnel's preference for XXXX truth telling.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of serum containing Jinmaitong Capsule (JMT) on apoptosis of Schwann cells (SCs) that are cultured in high @entity413 at the cellular and molecular levels. METHODS: SCs were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (control group), high @entity413 (50 mmol/L) medium supplemented with 20% rat serum (HG group), and 50 mmol/L @entity413 medium supplemented with serum containing JMT (JMT group). SC apoptosis was detected using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase @entity1977 nick end labeling kit. The expression of @entity1976 and the @entity4124 @entity10276 subunit in SCs were detected by realtime fluorogenic quantitative polymerase chain reaction and confocal laser scanning microscopy, respectively. RESULTS: No apoptosis was detected in SCs that were cultured in the control group. The percentage of apoptosis of SCs cultured in the HG group was much higher than that in the control group. The apoptosis of SCs in the JMT group was lower than that in the HG group. Fluorescence intensity of @entity1976 and the expression of @entity1976 mRNA in SCs that were cultured in the HG group were much lower than those in the control group and much higher than those in the JMT group (P<0.01). The fluorescence intensity of @entity4124 @entity10276 and the expression of @entity4124 @entity10276 mRNA in SCs that were cultured in the HG group were much higher than those in the control group (P<0.01), and they were remarkably lower in the JMT group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: JMT effectively prevents SC apoptosis that is induced by high @entity413 . This effect may be because of increased expression of @entity1976 mRNA and protein and decreased expression of @entity4124 @entity10276 mRNA and protein.

title: Effect of serum containing Jinmaitong Capsule on rats' Schwann cell apoptosis induced by high XXXX concentration.

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity413 :: (MESH:D005947,Chemical) :: ['glucose']


abstract: @entity19 models offer a powerful tool for unraveling the mechanisms of intimal @entity1373 and vascular remodeling, although their technical complexity increases experimental variability and limits widespread application. We describe a simple and clinically relevant @entity19 model of @entity1373 and remodeling. @entity2998 ( @entity2998 ) @entity850 was created by placing 9-0 nylon suture around the artery using an external 35-gauge mandrel needle (middle or distal location), which was then removed. The effect of adjunctive diet-induced @entity28 was defined. Flowmetry, wall strain analyses, biomicroscopy, and histology were completed. @entity2998 blood flow sharply decreased by    85%, followed by a responsive right carotid artery increase of    71%. Circumferential strain decreased by    2.1% proximal to the @entity850 in both dietary groups. At 28 days, morphologic adaptations included proximal @entity2998 intimal @entity1373 , which was exacerbated by diet-induced @entity28 . The proximal and distal @entity2998 underwent outward and negative inward remodeling, respectively, in the mid-focal @entity850 (remodeling indexes, 1.10 and 0.53). A simple, defined common carotid focal @entity850 yields reproducible @entity19 intimal @entity1373 and substantial differentials in arterial wall adaptations. This model offers a tool for investigating mechanisms of hemodynamically driven intimal @entity1373 and arterial wall remodeling.

title: A simplified @entity19 intimal XXXX model founded on a focal carotid stenosis.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mouse', 'murine', 'Murine']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['arterial intimal hyperplasia', 'hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['Focal left carotid artery', 'LCA']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity1373 :: (MESH:D006965,Disease) :: ['hyperplasia']


abstract: @entity1289 ( @entity1289 ) inhibitors are useful in the treatment of @entity101 and @entity712 . However, @entity810 ( @entity810 ) may occur in @entity1 who are taking these drugs in situations associated with decreased glomerular filtration pressure, such as @entity2700 caused by acute @entity294 or diuretic therapy. Sixty-four @entity1 who were admitted to the intensive care unit for @entity810 associated with @entity1289 inhibitor therapy were followed for more than 5 years. In this historical retrospective study, we documented that 45 @entity1 were treated for @entity101 (group I) and 19 were treated for @entity712 (group II). Their mean age was 71.2+/-11.6 years. @entity1 with @entity810 presented with overt @entity2700 in 91% and 84% of the cases in groups I and II, respectively. @entity3485 was caused by diuretics or gastrointestinal fluid loss. Bilateral artery-renal @entity850 or @entity850 in a solitary kidney was documented in 22% and 10% of @entity1 in groups I and II, respectively. The probability of survival was 91% and 49% at 1 year and 64% and 18% at 5 years, for groups I and II, respectively. @entity810 required hemodialysis in seven @entity1 , but none of them became dialysis dependent. In the subgroup of @entity1 with preexisting @entity177 , all the @entity1 except for one who belonged to group II died within 2 years. In both groups, after resolution of @entity810 , plasma @entity1011 concentration returned to baseline level and the course of renal function was not significantly worsened. In conclusion, @entity810 associated with @entity1289 inhibitors is likely to occur in many @entity1 without @entity2791 after unexpected @entity2700 , especially in older @entity1 with @entity712 . In both groups of @entity1 , in the absence of preexisting @entity5507 , recovery of renal function occurred without sequelae, even after an episode of @entity4295 requiring dialysis.

title: Long-term follow-up of @entity810 caused by XXXX inhibitors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1289 :: ('1636', 'Gene') :: ['Angiotensin converting enzyme', 'ACE']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2700 :: ('MESH:D003681', 'Disease') :: ['dehydration']

entities_list: @entity4295 :: ('MESH:D007683', 'Disease') :: ['acute tubular necrosis']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity5507 :: ('MESH:D014511', 'Disease') :: ['chronic uremia']

entities_list: @entity2791 :: ('MESH:D012078', 'Disease') :: ['renal artery stenosis']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['chronic renal failure']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['Acute renal failure', 'acute renal failure', 'ARF']

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['Hypovolemia']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity1289 :: (1636,Gene) :: ['angiotensin converting enzyme']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the aetiology, mode of presentation and treatment outcome of @entity1901 in Enugu. DESIGN: A prospective study carried out between January 1986 and December 1997. SETTING: Three busy health institutions in Enugu, Nigeria, namely, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Mother of Christ Specialist Hospital and @entity17264 Urological Clinic. SUBJECTS: All @entity1 presenting with @entity1901 during the study period. INTERVENTIONS: Exploration and reconstruction of the injured ureter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intravenous urography three months post operatively. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-eight @entity1 were treated, out of which fifteen had bilateral @entity130 . All the @entity130 except one, occurred during operations for various abdominal and pelvic conditions. Fifteen males (10.1%) and 133 females (89.9%) were involved. Gynaecological operations accounted for majority of cases (87.8%). The @entity130 was either transection or ligation. The left ureter was injured more than the right (52.1% and 47.9%, respectively). In 71 @entity1 (48.0%), there was a fistula between the injured ureter and the vagina, presenting clinically with @entity322 . In 39 @entity1 (26.4%), the @entity130 were discovered at surgery while the rest presented after the offending surgery. Ureteroneocystostomy, end-to-end ureteric @entity254 , and ileal interposition were the reconstructive methods adopted. All the renal units were salvaged and all the @entity1 survived the procedures, however, post-operative IVU in four @entity1 showed @entity3025 . CONCLUSION: Open gynaecological operations are still the leading cause of @entity1901 in Nigeria.

title: XXXX in Enugu, Nigeria.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['urinary incontinence']

entities_list: @entity1901 :: ('MESH:D014515', 'Disease') :: ['ureteric injuries']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity3025 :: ('MESH:D014718', 'Disease') :: ['ureteric reflux']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['injuries', 'type of injury']

answer: @entity1901 :: (MESH:D014515,Disease) :: ['Ureteric injuries']


abstract: Membrane dynamics is necessary for cell homeostasis and signal transduction and is in part regulated by @entity4357 . Pikfyve/ @entity49096 is a @entity7425 kinase that phosphorylates @entity8736 into @entity12498 [ @entity12498 ] and is implicated in membrane homeostasis in @entity375 and in @entity1 cells. These two @entity4357 are substrates of myotubularin phosphatases found mutated in @entity4094 . We studied the roles of @entity49097 kinase 3 ( @entity49098 ), the orthologue of PIKfyve/ @entity49096 , in a multicellular organism, @entity2199 . Complete loss of @entity49098 function induces developmental defects characterized by @entity2085 , whereas partial loss of function leads to @entity851 . At the cellular level, @entity49098 mutants display a striking enlargement of vacuoles positive for lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 in different tissues. In the intestine, @entity49099 -positive late endosomes are also enlarged. Membranes of the enlarged lysosomes originate at least in part from smaller lysosomes, and functional and genetic analyses show that the terminal maturation of lysosomes is defective. Protein degradation is not affected in the hypomorphic @entity49098 mutant and is thus uncoupled from membrane retrieval. We measured the level of @entity12498 and showed that its production is impaired in this mutant. This work strongly suggests that the main function of @entity49098 is to mediate membrane retrieval from matured lysosomes through regulation of @entity12498 .

title: The phosphoinositide kinase PIKfyve/ XXXX regulates terminal lysosome maturation in @entity2199 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular diseases']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['Caenorhabditis elegans']

entities_list: @entity2085 :: ('MESH:D020964', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic lethality']

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['growth retardation']

entities_list: @entity8736 :: ('MESH:C055525', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate']

entities_list: @entity7425 :: ('CHEBI:18179', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoinositide']

entities_list: @entity49097 :: ('CHEBI:28765', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol phosphate']

entities_list: @entity12498 :: ('MESH:C106336', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate', 'PtdIns(3,5)P2']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphoinositides']

answer: @entity49096 :: (850574(Tax:4932),Gene) :: ['Fab1p']


abstract: PURPOSE: Epilepsy can develop at any age for reasons that remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a family history of @entity302 (FHE) on the incidence and recurrence of @entity410 . METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in Aseer central hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia between January and June 2012. The medical records of 420 @entity1 were analyzed to test the impact of FHE on the risk factors, etiology and diagnosis of @entity302 determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS: 420 @entity1 were studied. @entity3762 was seen in 140 @entity1 (33%), symptomatic in 152 (36%), and cryptogenic in 128 @entity1 (30%). FHE was seen in 113 @entity1 (27%), which was associated with younger at the disease onset (15 years vs 20 years, p<0.05). @entity3762 was seen more in @entity1 with FHE (43% vs 30%, p value <0.05), and generalized @entity410 (primary or secondary) were also seen more in @entity1 with FHE (51% vs 36%, p value <0.05). Abnormal EEG was also seen more in @entity1 with FHE (79% vs 66%, p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that temporal @entity302 discharges were the best predictor for the presence of FHE (p<0.05, OR=3.1, 95% CI 1.7-5.8), more than @entity3762 or younger age at @entity302 onset. CONCLUSIONS: FHE has a significant impact on @entity302 , its classifications, and the EEG findings, and may underlie the presence of a genetic etiology, which could be related to a high incidence of consanguinity seen in our population. Temporal @entity302 discharges were the best predictor for FHE, which may suggest the presence of familial TLE.

title: Impact of a family history of XXXX on the diagnosis of @entity302 in Southern Saudi Arabia.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity3762 :: ('MESH:C562694', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic epilepsy', 'Idiopathic epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To further our understanding of the pathogenesis of @entity18826 (CM), we have studied the release into knee joint fluid and serum, obtained from @entity1 with CM, of molecules associated with the metabolism of joint cartilage matrix and synovium. METHODS: @entity1192 ( @entity1192 ), @entity1356 ( @entity1356 ), @entity650 ( @entity650 ), stromelysin-1 ( @entity1549 ), interstitial collagenase ( @entity3334 ), @entity2843 ( @entity2843 ), @entity18470 ( @entity18470 ), @entity8273 ( @entity8273 ), aggrecan fragments (AGN) and antigenic keratan @entity597 (KS) were quantified in knee joint lavage fluid from 96 @entity1 with CM; KS and @entity8273 also was measured in serum. @entity1844 was graded on a scale of I to IV according to Outerbridge (1961). The histopathology of the synovial membrane close to the patellofemoral joint was evaluated. Control samples were obtained from nine @entity1 with knee @entity158 presenting with arthroscopically normal knee joints. RESULTS: The concentrations of @entity1549 , @entity3334 and @entity2843 proteins in joint lavage fluid were increased in advanced (grade IV) CM, compared with controls. Levels of @entity3334 in lavage fluid correlated with the severity of CM (r = 0.38, P < 0.01) and @entity3334 and @entity1549 concentrations correlated with each other (r = 0.45, P < 0.001). @entity2843 was elevated in grade IV CM compared with grades II and III CM (P < 0.02, P < 0.01). Interleukins ( @entity1192 , @entity1356 and @entity650 ) showed no significant change in CM. The lavage fluid level of @entity18470 increased with the severity of CM (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). Serum KS was higher in CM IV than in controls (P = 0.05), while lavage fluid KS concentration was elevated in CM I (P = 0.04). There were no differences in the lavage fluid levels of AGN and @entity8273 between the different study groups. Synovium showed slight or moderate histological signs of @entity32 in 9% of CM @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The changes in the release and activity of these marker molecules from serum and synovial fluid may reflect changes in the metabolism of articular cartilage and synovium in CM, that are consistent with those observed in early-stage tibiofemoral cartilage changes in OA.

title: Markers of cartilage and synovial metabolism in joint fluid and serum of XXXX with @entity18826 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity8273 :: ('MESH:C565742', 'Disease') :: ['HA', 'hyaluronan']

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['Chondromalacia']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1356 :: ('3553', 'Gene') :: ['interleukin-1 beta', 'IL-1 beta']

entities_list: @entity2843 :: ('7076', 'Gene') :: ['tissue inhibitor for metalloproteinases-1', 'TIMP-1']

entities_list: @entity1192 :: ('3552', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1 alpha', 'Interleukin-1 alpha']

entities_list: @entity18470 :: ('5319', 'Gene') :: ['phospholipase activity A2', 'PLA2']

entities_list: @entity18826 :: ('MESH:D046789', 'Disease') :: ['chondromalacia of the patella']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The need for reirradiation in the metastatic disease appears when other modalities of treatment lose their efficacy. The aim of reirradiation in the metastatic disease is mainly palliative to control a particular symptom. However, this theoretical benefit must be confronted against the risk of an undesirable @entity137 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experience with reirradiation for symptomatic bone, brain or visceral @entity3 are reviewed. Twenty-two @entity1 were found to have a second palliative radiotherapy on the same location. Locati  n of @entity3 were visceral in 5 (23 %) @entity1 , brain in 4 (18 %) @entity1 , spine in 1 (4.5 %) @entity1 and bone @entity3 other than spine in 12 (54.5 %) @entity1 . Median dose delivered in the first treatment was 30  Gy (range 20-30  Gy) and 20  Gy for the second treatment (range 6-32.4  Gy). RESULTS: A good symptomatic response after first irradiation (complete response or disappearance of >50  % of symptoms) was reached in 21 (95.5  %) of the 22 @entity1 analyzed. After second irradiation, 82  % (18 @entity1 ) achieved a good response, 3 (14  %) @entity1 had a moderate response (relief of symptoms <50  %) whereas no response was observed in 1 (4  %) @entity1 . Acute @entity137 was limited to grade 1-2 proctitis in 2 and 3 @entity1 after the first and second irradiation, respectively. No cases of late @entity137 after the first or second irradiation were recorded. CONCLUSION: A second treatment with palliative radiotherapy is feasible and well tolerated and offers the possibility of symptomatic relief in a high percentage of @entity1 with symptomatic @entity3 .

title: Retreatment with radiotherapy for symptomatic bone, brain or visceral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity3 :: (MESH:D009362,Disease) :: ['metastases']


abstract: Adult hematopoietic differentiation is a developmental process that employs many of the same molecular mechanisms as embryogenesis. To explore the possibility that hedgehog signaling is involved in the control of hematopoietic differentiation, we screened a panel of @entity1 @entity1778 cell lines for the expression of @entity2750 and Smoothened, the receptor and coreceptor for hedgehog ligands. Expression was found in multiple cell lines, and @entity2750 expression was detected in normal marrow. Induction of myeloid differentiation in cell lines downregulated expression of both genes. When normal marrow mononuclear cells were grown in semisolid medium in the presence of 10 microM @entity5050 , development of colonies of granulocytic/monocytic lineage was unaffected in terms of both number and morphology. The number of erythroid colonies, however, was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Furthermore, hemoglobinization was substantially delayed relative to controls in those erythroid colonies that did form. Incubation of hematopoietic progenitors with @entity4851 -N and @entity2841 resulted in increased granulocyte/monocyte colonies (P < 0.01); the increase was blocked by @entity5050 . Incubation of hematopoietic progenitors with @entity4851 -N and stem cell factor resulted in larger erythroid colonies. These results suggest that elements of the hedgehog signaling pathway are involved in the control of hematopoietic differentiation.

title: Erythroid differentiation in vitro is blocked by XXXX , an inhibitor of hedgehog signaling.

entities_list: @entity5050 :: ('MESH:C000541', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopamine']

answer: @entity5050 :: (MESH:C000541,Chemical) :: ['cyclopamine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Tumor @entity3 and changes in host immunosurveillance are important components in @entity5 development. Tumor cell invasion into the bloodstream is an essential step for systemic @entity3 . Currently, the detection of @entity5 cells in the circulation is mainly dependent upon the utilization of known epithelial cell markers. However, expression of these molecules is not limited to @entity5 @entity1 ; healthy @entity1 also have a small number of epithelial cells in their circulation. Utilizing these markers to detect circulating @entity5 cells (CTCs) cannot adequately explain the mechanisms of @entity5 cell survival or their development of metastatic potential in peripheral blood. The immune system can also evolve along with the @entity5 , actually promoting or selecting the outgrowth of @entity5 variants. Unfortunately, both @entity3 and immunosurveillance remain mysterious and are debatable because we have yet to define the molecules that participate in these processes. We are interested in identifying the existence of expressed genes, or mRNA species, that are specifically associated with circulating cells of @entity5 @entity1 using @entity263 ( @entity263 ) as a model. RESULTS: We established two comprehensive subtracted cDNA libraries using a molecular technique called suppression subtractive hybridization. This technique selectively amplifies transcripts that are specifically expressed in circulating cells of either @entity263 @entity1 or healthy @entity1 . Following sequencing reaction, we showed that 17 out of 23 (73.9%) sequenced clones did not match any mRNAs in the GenBank database. This result suggests that genes associated with alterations in circulating cells of @entity5 @entity1 are largely unknown. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that two genes are up-regulated in circulating cells of @entity263 @entity1 , whereas another two genes are down-regulated in the same @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The comprehensive gene expression analysis is capable of identifying differentially expressed genes in circulating cells of healthy @entity1 and @entity263 @entity1 . We did not attempt to enrich specific cell types in this study because phenotypes of CTCs and subsets of leukocytes participating in immunosurveillance remain largely unknown. Continuous studies of these differentially expressed genes will eventually lead us to understand the mechanisms involved in @entity5 @entity3 and immune modulation during @entity5 development.

title: Screening and identification of differentially expressed transcripts in circulating cells of XXXX @entity1 using suppression subtractive hybridization.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer-bearing', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['PCa', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['prostate cancer']


abstract: Limits on the exposure to high-peak-power, short-duration microwave pulses have only recently been adopted. Additional data, however, are needed to understand the effects that may be produced by exposure to high-peak-power pulsed microwaves. Four male @entity2608 ( @entity2608 ) were trained on an operant task for food pellet reward to investigate the behavioral effects of very high-peak-power 5.62 GHz microwaves. The operant task required monkeys to pull one plastic lever on a variable interval schedule (VI-25 s) and then respond to color signals and pull a second lever to obtain food. The monkeys were conditioned to perform a color discrimination task using one of three colors displayed by a fiber-optic cable. A red signal was the discriminative stimulus for responding on the first lever. A response on the second lever when a green signal was presented (1 s duration) delivered a food pellet. If a response on the second lever was made in the presence of a white signal, a 30-s timeout occurred. While performing the behavioral task, the monkeys were exposed to microwave pulses produced by either a military radar (FPS-26A) operating at 5.62 GHz or the same radar coupled to a @entity7493 ( @entity7493 ) pulse-forming device (ITT-2972) that enhanced peak power by a factor of nine by adding a high power pulse to the radar pulse. The effects of both types of pulses were compared to sham exposure. Peak field power densities tested were 518, 1270, and 2520 W/cm2 for @entity7493 pulses and 56, 128, and 277 W/cm2 for the radar pulses. The microwave pulses (radar or @entity7493 ) were delivered at 100 pps (2.8 microseconds radar pulse duration; approximately 50 ns @entity7493 pulse duration) for 20 min and produced averaged whole-body @entity6723 of 2, 4, or 6 W/kg. Compared to sham exposures, significant alterations of lever responding, reaction time, and earned food pellets occurred during microwave exposure at 4 and 6 W/kg but not at 2 W/kg. There were no differences between radar or @entity7493 pulses in producing behavioral effects.

title: XXXX behavior during exposure to high-peak-power 5.62-GHz microwave pulses.

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys', 'Macaca mulatta']

entities_list: @entity7493 :: ('MESH:D011502', 'Disease') :: ['SLED', 'Stanford linear energy doubler']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['Rhesus monkey']


abstract: Transesophageal echocardiography provides excellent visualization of the left atrial appendage (LAA). This study was conducted to determine whether specific clinical risk factors could predict the presence of LAA @entity715 as demonstrated by transesophageal echocardiography. The most recent 860 transesophageal echocardiographic studies performed at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. The LAA was adequately visualized in 778 @entity1 (90%). For each study, the presence or absence of 5 specific clinical risk factors ( @entity4794 , severe @entity1002 , left @entity384 , @entity955 , or a prosthetic mitral valve) and the presence or absence of LAA thrombi were assessed. One or more clinical risk factors were present in 149 @entity1 , whereas no defined risk factors were noted in 629. Left @entity955 were found in 20 of 149 @entity1 with versus 6 of 629 @entity1 without a clinical risk factor (13% vs 1%, p = 0.0001). By logistic regression analysis, @entity4794 , severe @entity1002 , and left @entity384 were independent risk factors for LAA @entity715 formation. Neither @entity955 nor the presence of a mitral prosthetic valve achieved statistical significance as independent risk factors for LAA @entity715 . Thus, LAA thrombi occur most often in @entity1 with risk factors for @entity715 formation that can be determined by clinical evaluation and transthoracic echocardiography. Transesophageal echocardiography rarely identifies LAA thrombi in @entity1 without such clinical risk factors.

title: Relation of @entity715 in the left atrial appendage by transesophageal echocardiography to clinical risk factors for XXXX formation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['atrial dilatation']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'atrial appendage thrombi']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombus']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular dysfunction']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['thrombus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate numbers of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) in @entity19417 associated @entity1333 and compare vasculitic relapse with limited @entity738 . METHODS: Sixteen @entity1 with vasculitic relapse of @entity19417 associated @entity1333 and 12 @entity1 with limited @entity738 due to @entity2883 ( @entity2883 ) were studied. Six @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity66 and six @entity1 with @entity1333 with @entity166 were also studied. Twenty two @entity1 in remission were studied, as were 20 healthy controls. Counting of CECs was performed with anti-CD146 driven immunomagnetic isolation and staining with Ulex Europaeus lectin 1(UEA-1). RESULTS: @entity1 with vasculitic relapse had markedly increased numbers of circulating endothelial cells (12-800 cells/ml, median 88 cells/ml) as did @entity1 with newly diagnosed systemic @entity1333 (20-216 cells/ml, median 56 cells/ml). @entity1 with limited @entity738 due to @entity2883 had only slightly increased cell numbers (4-44 cells/ml, median 20 cells/ml), which were similar to those of @entity1 in remission (4-36 cells/ml, median 16 cells/ml). Numbers of CECs in @entity1 with @entity738 were significantly lower than in those @entity1 with relapse or new onset @entity1333 (p<0.001). Cell numbers in @entity1 with relapse and new onset @entity1333 declined with immunosuppressive treatment. @entity1 with @entity281 had 4-36 cells/ml (median 10 cells/ml). A cut off value of 20 cells/ml for a positive result yielded 64% specificity and 95% sensitivity for active systemic @entity1333 ; the positive predictive value was 63% and the negative predictive value 95%. CONCLUSION: Markedly increased numbers of CECs discriminate active @entity1333 from limited @entity738 and remission. These findings add further proof to the concept of CECs as a marker of @entity19417 associated @entity10763 .

title: Circulating endothelial cells in relapse and limited @entity738 due to XXXX associated @entity1333 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitic disease']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous disease']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity10763 :: ('MESH:C565222', 'Disease') :: ['small vessel vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2883 :: ('MESH:D014890', 'Disease') :: ['WG', "Wegener's granulomatosis"]

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious complications']

answer: @entity19417 :: (MESH:D056648,Disease) :: ['ANCA']


abstract: A triplex real-time (TRT-PCR) assay was developed to ensure a rapid and reliable detection of @entity3069 . @entity3068 (Map) in faecal samples and to allow routine detection of Map in farmed livestock and wildlife species. The TRT-PCR assay was designed using IS900, ISMAP02 and f57 molecular targets. Specificity of TRT-PCR was first confirmed on a panel of control mycobacterial Map and non-Map strains and on faecal samples from Map-negative @entity291 (n=35) and from Map-positive @entity291 (n=20). The TRT-PCR assay was compared to direct examination after Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and to culture on 197 faecal samples collected serially from five @entity291 experimentally exposed to Map over a 3-year period during the sub-clinical phase of the disease. The data showed a good agreement between culture and TRT-PCR (kappa score=0.63), with the TRT-PCR limit of detection of 2.5 x 10(2)microorganisms/g of faeces spiked with Map. ZN agreement with TRT-PCR was not good (kappa=0.02). Sequence analysis of IS900 amplicons from three single IS900 positive samples confirmed the true Map positivity of the samples. Highly specific IS900 amplification suggests therefore that each single IS900 positive sample from experimentally exposed animals was a true Map-positive specimen. In this controlled experimental setting, the TRT-PCT was rapid, specific and displayed a very high sensitivity for Map detection in faecal samples compared to conventional methods.

title: Development and validation of a triplex real-time PCR for rapid detection and specific identification of @entity3069 sub sp. XXXX in faecal samples.

entities_list: @entity3068 :: ('MESH:D010283', 'Disease') :: ['paratuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity3069 :: ('1764', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium avium subsp']

answer: @entity3068 :: (MESH:D010283,Disease) :: ['paratuberculosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2133 is known to cause severe @entity158 in the intraoral structures, and many @entity2133 @entity1 have been suffering from @entity158 . In development of an appropriate treatment, it is crucial to study the mechanisms underlying @entity158 associated with @entity2133 , yet the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. To evaluate the mechanisms underlying @entity158 related to @entity2133 , the dry-tongue @entity35 model was developed. Hence, the mechanical or heat nocifensive reflex, the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphorylated @entity4860 -IR immunohistochemistries, and the single neuronal activity were examined in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis of dry-tongue @entity35 . RESULTS: The @entity3347 to mechanical, but not heat, stimulation of the tongue was significantly decreased on day 7 after tongue drying. The mechanical, but not heat, responses of trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis nociceptive neurons were significantly enhanced in dry-tongue @entity35 compared to sham @entity35 on day 7. The number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-immunoreactive cells was also significantly increased in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis following noxious stimulation of the tongue in dry-tongue @entity35 compared to sham @entity35 on day 7. The decrement of the mechanical @entity3347 ( @entity3347 ) was reversed during intracisternal administration of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor, @entity4286 . The trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis neuronal activities and the number of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-immunoreactive cells following noxious mechanical stimulation of dried tongue were also significantly decreased following intracisternal administration of @entity4286 compared to vehicle-administrated @entity35 . Increased number of the phosphorylated @entity4860 -IR cells was observed in the trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis of dry-tongue @entity35 , and the number of phosphorylated @entity4860 -IR cells was significantly reduced in @entity4286 -administrated @entity35 compared to the vehicle-administrated tongue-dry @entity35 . CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the pERK-pGluR1 cascade is involved in central sensitization of trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis nociceptive neurons, thus resulting in tongue mechanical @entity1931 associated with tongue drying.

title: ERK- XXXX phosphorylation in trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis neurons is involved in @entity158 associated with dry tongue.

entities_list: @entity3347 :: ('MESH:D013375', 'Disease') :: ['HWT', 'head-withdrawal reflex threshold']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['dry mouth', 'Dry mouth']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['intraoral pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity4860 :: (50592(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['GluR1']


abstract: @entity73 is common in @entity15 ( @entity15 ). However, the relationship between white matter (WM) damage and cognition remains insufficiently clear. This study investigates the extent and severity of WM diffusion abnormalities in @entity15 @entity1 and relations with cognition. Diffusion tensor imaging scans were obtained in 131 @entity15 @entity1 (88 @entity1 , 6 years postdiagnosis) and 49 age-matched controls (29 @entity1 ). @entity1 groups were equal in terms of disease duration, disability, and WM lesion volume. Fractional anisotropy (FA), @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ), @entity5221 ( @entity5221 ), and radial diffusivity (RD) were compared between groups. Post hoc analyses calculated the spatial extent and severity of diffusion abnormalities to relate these to cognitive performance. In controls, 31% of WM voxels showed higher FA in @entity1 ; therefore, all @entity1 analyses were within-sex. The extent of diffusion changes was higher in male @entity1 than in female @entity1 for all parameters (FA: 24% in @entity1 , 53% in @entity1 ), as was the severity of changes (FA: Z = -0.18 in @entity1 , Z = -0.41 in @entity1 ). Especially the extent of @entity854 was strongly related to cognitive performance in all @entity1 (r = -0.42, P < 0.0001). Regionally, thalamic decreases in FA were especially correlated with cognitive performance. @entity73 @entity1 showed greater extent and severity on all diffusion parameters compared to cognitively preserved @entity1 . The WM of male @entity1 was both more extensively and also more severely affected than that of female @entity1 . The extent of WM FA changes, especially in the thalamus, was associated with cognitive performance in this cohort of early @entity15 @entity1 .

title: Sex-specific extent and severity of white matter damage in XXXX : implications for @entity73 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Cognitively impaired', 'Cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity5221 :: ('MESH:C537792', 'Disease') :: ['axial diffusivity', 'AD']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['FA abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['MD', 'mean diffusivity']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity15 :: (MESH:D009103,Disease) :: ['multiple sclerosis']


abstract: Although magnetic resonance imaging has revolutionised the management of @entity1504 with improved visualisation of anatomical structures, it only produces two-dimensional images, from which the clinician has to extrapolate a three-dimensional interpretation. Several approaches can be used to create 3D images; the discipline of image segmentation has encompassed a number of these techniques. Such techniques allow the clinician to delineate areas of interest. The resulting computer-generated outlines can be reconstructed in a three-dimensional arrangement. Although a plethora of "generic" segmentation techniques exist, we have developed a refined form, dependent on general and particular properties of the anatomical structures under investigation. High-contrast structures such as the ventricles and external surface of the head are found by using a localised adaptive thresholding technique. Less definable structures, with poor or nonexistent signal change across neighbouring structures, such as brain stem or pituitary, are found by applying an "energy minimisation"-based technique. To demonstrate the techniques we used the example of an 8-year-old @entity1 with uncontrolled @entity410 due to a @entity10128 , who is being considered for surgery. We were able to demonstrate the anatomical relationships between the @entity10128 and adjacent structures such as optic chiasm, brain stem and ventricular system. We were subsequently able to create a video, reproducing the stages of craniotomy for excision of this @entity5 . By creating true 3D objects, we were able at any stage of the simulation to visualise structures situated contralaterally to the approaching surgical dissector. These 3D representations of the structures can be either invisible or opaque, in order to afford 3D localisation as the "virtual" surgical dissection proceeds. The clinical application of such techniques will enable surgeons to improve their understanding of anatomical relations of @entity1504 and has obvious implications in image-guided surgery.

title: Computer simulation of a neurosurgical operation: craniotomy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['gelastic seizures']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial lesions']

entities_list: @entity10128 :: ('MESH:C537158', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic hamartoma']

answer: @entity10128 :: (MESH:C537158,Disease) :: ['hypothalamic hamartoma']


abstract: We describe two @entity1 and a previously reported @entity1 who acquired unique @entity346 of the eyes and concurrent contractions of the masticatory muscles, i.e., oculomasticatory myorhythmia (OMM). The smooth disjunctive eye movements cycled with a frequency of 0.8 to 1.2 Hz. An analysis of peak velocities (15 to 200 degrees/sec) with respect to peak amplitudes (5 to 25 degrees) revealed dynamics characteristic of normal vergence movements. The pathological alterations resulting in @entity346 implicate a separately functioning, physiologically normal vergence system within the brainstem. In addition to paralysis of vertical gaze, each @entity1 also experienced progressive @entity2147 and intellectual deterioration. An intestinal biopsy in 1 @entity1 established a diagnosis of @entity1595 , which led to appropriate treatment and amelioration of the OMM. A pathological diagnosis of @entity1595 of the central nervous system was made in the other 2 @entity1 ; results of an intestinal biopsy in one of these @entity1 were normal. No @entity1 had palatal @entity2045 , and olivary pseudohypertrophy was not found in two autopsy examinations. Thus, OMM is a distinct @entity717 and has been recognized only in @entity1595 . We conclude that @entity1 with OMM should be treated presumptively for @entity1595 of the central nervous system, even if a jejunal biopsy is normal.

title: Oculomasticatory myorhythmia: a unique @entity717 occurring in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2045 :: ('MESH:D009207', 'Disease') :: ['myoclonus']

entities_list: @entity2147 :: ('MESH:D006970', 'Disease') :: ['somnolence']

entities_list: @entity1595 :: ('MESH:D008061', 'Disease') :: ["Whipple's disease"]

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['movement disorder']

entities_list: @entity346 :: ('MESH:D009759', 'Disease') :: ['pendular vergence oscillations']

answer: @entity1595 :: (MESH:D008061,Disease) :: ['Whipple's disease']


abstract: The electrophysiological effects mediated by beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in spontaneously active @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers were investigated using the non-selective agonist @entity3044 ( @entity45027 ) and the selective agonists @entity1063 (beta 1) and @entity11610 (beta 2) in the absence and presence of the selective antagonists @entity2179 (beta 1) and @entity10342 (beta 2). @entity45027 (0.01 mumol/l) increased the spontaneous rate by 54% and the slope of diastolic depolarization by 68% of the respective control values. Further, @entity45027 increased the action potential duration at -20 mV (APD -20 mV) from 96 to 154 ms, reduced the APD-70 mV by 17% and the duration of the diastole by 39% and slightly hyperpolarized the maximum diastolic potential. These effects were partially inhibited by @entity10342 (0.03 mumol/l), diminished by @entity2179 (0.1 mumol/l) and almost completely blocked by the combination of both antagonists. Concentration response curves of @entity45027 were influenced by the selective antagonists as follows: @entity10342 (0.03 mumol/l) shifted the curves to the right by 0.2-0.4 log units and increased the slope factor. @entity2179 (0.1 mumol/l) induced a greater shift to the right by 1.1-1.5 log units. Combination of @entity2179 with @entity10342 shifted the curves to the right by 1.5-1.7 log units. @entity1063 (0.3 mumol/l) elicited similar actions as @entity45027 . @entity2179 (0.1 mumol/l) shifted the concentration response curves of @entity1063 to the right by 1.1-1.9 log units. Actions of @entity11610 (0.1 mumol/l) were weak, attained only 15-35% of the maximal effects of @entity45027 and could be blocked by @entity10342 (0.03 mumol/l). These results show that the increase of pacemaker activity induced by @entity2661 in @entity742 cardiac Purkinje fibers is predominantly mediated by stimulation of beta 1-receptors. However, contribution of beta 2-receptor mediated effects could be demonstrated.

title: Modulation of pacemaker activity in XXXX cardiac Purkinje fibers by stimulation of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes.

entities_list: @entity2179 :: ('MESH:D017298', 'Chemical') :: ['bisoprolol', 'Bisoprolol']

entities_list: @entity11610 :: ('MESH:D017265', 'Chemical') :: ['procaterol']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['(-)-isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity2661 :: ('MESH:D002395', 'Chemical') :: ['catecholamines']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['Noradrenaline', 'noradrenaline', '(-)-noradrenaline']

answer: @entity742 :: (9940,Species) :: ['sheep']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5589 ( @entity5589 ) is an @entity5442 characterized by progressive asymmetric extremity weakness, @entity1282 , and the potential for exaggerated @entity4094 and respiratory compromise. The authors describe their management of a @entity1 with @entity5589 undergoing urgent orthopedic surgery. CASE PRESENTATION: An 81-year-old @entity1 with @entity5589 suffered a left intertrochanteric femoral @entity174 after falling down stairs. His @entity5589 caused progressive left proximal lower extremity, bilateral @entity425 (left > right), and @entity1282 (solid food, pills). He denied @entity1353 , exercise intolerance, and a history of @entity1173 . Because @entity1576 resulting from @entity409 and prolonged duration of action of neuromuscular blockers may occur in @entity5589 , the authors avoided using a neuromuscular blocker. After applying cricoid pressure, anesthesia was induced using intravenous @entity3303 , @entity1875 , @entity1937 followed by manual ventilation with inhaled @entity2614 in @entity26 . Endotracheal intubation was accomplished without @entity4764 ; anesthesia was then maintained using @entity1937 and @entity2614 . The @entity174 was repaired with a trochanteric femoral nail. The @entity1 was extubated without @entity4764 and made an uneventful recovery. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, there is a lack of consensus about the use of neuromuscular blockers in @entity1 with @entity5589 . The authors avoided these drugs and were able to easily secure the @entity1 's airway and maintain adequate muscle relaxation using a balanced @entity2614 - @entity1937 anesthetic. Clinical trials are necessary to define the pharmacology of neuromuscular blockers in @entity1 with @entity5589 and determine whether use of these drugs contributes to postoperative @entity1576 in these vulnerable @entity1 .

title: Anesthetic Considerations of Sporadic Inclusion Body @entity5442 in an Elderly XXXX With Orthopedic Trauma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['sensitivity to neuromuscular blockers']

entities_list: @entity5442 :: ('MESH:D009220', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory myopathy']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['diaphragmatic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['distal upper extremity weakness']

entities_list: @entity3303 :: ('MESH:D008012', 'Chemical') :: ['lidocaine']

entities_list: @entity5589 :: ('MESH:D018979', 'Disease') :: ['Sporadic inclusion body myositis', 'IBM']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['oropharyngeal dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity4764 :: ('MESH:D051346', 'Disease') :: ['difficulty']

entities_list: @entity1173 :: ('MESH:D053120', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Man']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to estimate the 8-year rate of hospitalization for @entity712 ( @entity712 ), to report the resources consumed, and to evaluate previously reported risk factors in a nationally representative sample of 7,286 older white and black adults. METHODS: Secondary analysis of baseline interview data was linked to Medicare hospitalization and death records for 1984 to 1991. Hospitalization for @entity712 was defined as having one or more episodes with an International Classification of Diseases (ninth revision, clinical modification) discharge code of 428. Combined and separate analyses of first-listed and second-through fifth-listed @entity712 discharge diagnoses were conducted. Multivariable proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the risks in pooled analyses of all white and black @entity1 and @entity1 and in separate stratified analyses of white @entity1 and white @entity1 . RESULTS: Over the 8-year period, 1,102 or 15.1% of the 7,286 older white and black adults were hospitalized for @entity712 (7.1% with first-listed and 8.1% with second- through fifth-listed diagnoses). The 1- and 5-year combined postdischarge mortality rates were 34.7% and 69.0%, respectively. In descending order, the major risk factors for being hospitalized for @entity712 in the combined, pooled analysis were age, being a white @entity1 , having lower body functional limitations, and having self-reported medical histories of @entity301 , @entity299 , @entity6 , and @entity951 . The increased risk associated with age was not linear, and it diminished significantly over the course of life. Some significant differences were observed in the risk factors for hospitalization for first-listed versus second- through fifth-listed @entity712 and in the risk factors for white @entity1 versus white @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization for @entity712 among older adults is a common, costly event with a poor prognosis. The differential risk for white @entity1 remains unexplained and warrants further study.

title: The risk of hospitalization for XXXX among older adults.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'CHF']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart attack']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We assessed coronary flow reserve (CFR) by sestamibi imaging in @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 without @entity453 and normal coronary vessels. METHODS AND RESULTS: Dipyridamole/rest technetium 99m sestamibi imaging was performed in 33 @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 without a history of @entity453 and normal coronary vessels at angiography and in 12 control subjects. @entity296 ( @entity296 ) was estimated by measuring first-transit counts in the pulmonary artery and myocardial counts from tomographic images. Estimated CFR was expressed as the ratio of stress @entity296 to rest @entity296 . Rest @entity296 and CFR were corrected for rate-pressure product and expressed as normalized @entity296 and normalized CFR. At rest, estimated @entity296 and normalized @entity296 were not different in control subjects versus @entity1 (0.98 +/- 0.4 counts x pixel(-1) x s(-1) vs 1.42 +/- 0.9 counts x pixel(-1) x s(-1) and 1.14 +/- 0.5 counts x pixel(-1) x s(-1) vs 1.61 +/- 0.9 counts x pixel(-1) x s(-1), respectively). Conversely, stress @entity296 was higher in control subjects than in @entity1 (2.34 +/- 0.8 counts x pixel(-1) x s(-1) vs 1.55 +/- 0.8 counts.pixel(-1) x s(-1), P < .01). Thus estimated CFR was higher in control subjects than in @entity1 (2.40 +/- 0.3 vs 1.36 +/- 0.8, P < .0001). After correction for the rate-pressure product, normalized CFR was still higher in control subjects than in @entity1 (2.10 +/- 0.5 vs 1.28 +/- 0.8, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Sestamibi imaging may detect impaired coronary vascular function in response to @entity4341 in @entity164 2 @entity6 @entity1 without a history of @entity453 and with normal coronary arteries.

title: Estimation of coronary flow reserve by sestamibi imaging in @entity164 2 @entity6 XXXX with normal coronary arteries.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['MBF', 'Myocardial blood flow']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity4341 :: ('MESH:D004176', 'Chemical') :: ['dipyridamole']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity2132 following liver transplantation (LTx-aGVHD) poses a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and the mortality rate is as high as 85%. Even the liver contains large numbers of lymphoid cells in the parenchyma and surgical damage of liver transplantation would induce an immunosuppressive, the incidence of LTx-aGVHD is just approximately 1-2%. @entity11264 (+)CD25(+)regulatory T (Treg) cells have recently been shown to suppress proliferative responses of @entity11264 (+)CD25(-)T cells to alloantigenic stimulation in vitro and are required for ex vivo tolerization of donor T cells, which results in their reduced potential to induce aGVHD after bone marrow transplantation. To investigate the role of Treg in LTx-aGVHD, we compared the proportional frequency of Treg in syngeneic liver transplantation recipients (sLT group), semiallogeneic liver transplantation recipients (Semi-LT group), LTx-aGVHD induced recipients (LTx-aGVHD group) and healthy controls. Here we show that replacement of (LewisXBN)F1 liver by Lewis liver alone in Semi-LT group was not sufficient to induce aGVHD, and all recipients grew in a normal pattern as the syngeneic LT from Lewis to Lewis @entity35 . However, when 4 x 10(8) of donor splenocytes were transferred simultaneously with LT, the morbidity of lethal aGVHD were 100%. A relative stable percentage of Treg, defined as @entity11264 , CD25 and @entity13200 , was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of sLT group compared with healthy controls. In early time after transplantation, no significantly change of Treg population was observed in these recipients after semiallogeneic liver transplantation in comparison with healthy controls (P>0.05). However, Treg levels showed a relative increase 4 days after transplantation. Especially on 12th and 16th day after transplantation, there was significantly increased proportion of Treg cells compared with healthy controls (P<0.05). The present of Treg decreased progressively in LTx-aGVHD group, which was significantly lower than group 1 and group 2 on the 12th and 16th day after liver transplantation (p<0.05). In conclusion, recipients in semi-LT group harbor an increased percentage of Treg in peripheral blood compared with controls. Treg have an immunoregulatory effect on graft versus host reaction after liver transplantation. Additional donor splenocyte transplanted with the liver provoke the development of aGVHD after liver transplantation, and reversed the change of Treg in PBMCs as in Semi-LT group, which destroy the balance between Treg and conventional effector T cells which determine the outcome of aGVHD after liver transplantation.

title: Regulatory T cells contribute to the immunoregulatory effect on graft versus host reaction after liver transplantation in donor-dominant one-way MHC matching XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['Acute graft-versus-host disease']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We studied the effects of @entity18370 , a selective @entity935 @entity29745 agonist on systemic and splanchnic hemodynamics, renal blood flow and @entity1372 excretion in 12 @entity1 with @entity7160 and @entity843 . Hepatic, azygos and renal veins were catheterized before and after intravenous administration of @entity18370 , 0.05 micrograms/kg/min for 1 hr and increased to 0.1 micrograms/kg/min for another hour. Mean arterial pressure progressively decreased (from 83 +/- 7 to a minimum of 77 +/- 8 mm Hg 100 min after starting the infusion) but returned to baseline level at 120 min. Plasma @entity1063 and @entity916 activity increased (respectively from 567 +/- 297 to 919 +/- 375 pg/ml, p less than 0.05, and from 17 +/- 14 to 23 +/- 15 ng/ml/hr, p less than 0.05). Renal blood flow, urine output or @entity1372 excretion did not change. @entity1372 output decreased at 1 hr from 6.9 mumol/min to 4.0 mumol/min, p less than 0.05. Both hepatic venous pressure gradient and azygos blood flow significantly increased by 21%. We conclude that the acute administration of @entity18370 did not improve renal hemodynamics or function in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 . In addition, @entity935 @entity29745 agonism caused further increases in @entity1063 concentration and plasma @entity916 activity. Portal pressure also increased, probably because of an increase in mesenteric blood flow. These results question the renal benefit and raise concern about the use of @entity935 agonists in @entity1 with @entity82 and @entity843 .

title: Selective XXXX @entity29745 stimulation with @entity18370 in cirrhotic @entity1 with @entity843 : a systemic, splanchnic and renal hemodynamic study.

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity18370 :: ('MESH:D018818', 'Chemical') :: ['fenoldopam']

entities_list: @entity935 :: ('MESH:D004298', 'Chemical') :: ['dopamine']

entities_list: @entity1372 :: ('MESH:D012964', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium', 'sodium']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity7160 :: ('MESH:D008104', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholic cirrhosis']

answer: @entity935 :: (MESH:D004298,Chemical) :: ['dopamine']


abstract: @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced by the placenta, is essential for maintaining pregnancy. The @entity5 -suppressive property of hCG against palpable @entity7044 ( @entity7045 )-induced @entity35 @entity189 was examined. A single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg @entity7045 was administered to female Lewis @entity35 . When the @entity7045 -induced @entity5 reached a palpable size (>=  1 cm in diameter), 0, 100, or 300 IU hCG were intraperitoneally injected 5 times per week for 4 weeks (a total of 20 injections). At the end of the treatment period, the 300 IU hCG treatment had significantly suppressed the growth of @entity7045 -induced @entity189 as compared to the sham treatment. The lower dose of hCG (100 IU) did not exert a significant effect. Final @entity5 volume and @entity5 wet weight, respectively, were as follows: sham-treated, 8151.3    1367.1 mm(3) and 6011.3    1042.2 mg; 100 IU hCG, 7480.6    2011.2 mm(3) and 5613.5    1142.0 mg; and 300 IU hCG, 3925.0    875.3 mm(3) and 3482.4    817.3 mg. Serum @entity172 and @entity1420 levels were markedly elevated to pregnancy levels in 300 IU hCG-treated animals, while serum hCG levels remained low, resulting in significantly increased ovarian and uterine weights with multiple corpora lutea in the ovary and cystically dilated endometrial glands. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that almost all hCG-treated @entity189 cells expressed @entity172 and @entity1420 receptors, whereas luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor was barely detectable. In conclusion, 300 IU hCG treatment for a short duration (4 weeks) suppressed the growth of overt and palpable @entity7045 -induced @entity189 . The mechanism of action may be through accelerated ovarian steroid secretion with the elevation of @entity172 and @entity1420 levels to those in pregnancy.

title: @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin inhibits @entity7044 -induced XXXX growth in female Lewis @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity172 :: ('MESH:D004967', 'Chemical') :: ['estrogen']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'mammary tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mammary carcinomas', 'mammary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity7044 :: ('MESH:D008770', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-N-nitrosourea']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['mammary carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In general, drug metabolism has to be considered to avoid adverse effects and ineffective therapy. In particular, chemotherapeutic drug cocktails strain drug metabolizing enzymes especially the cytochrome P450 family (CYP). Furthermore, a number of important chemotherapeutic drugs such as @entity786 , @entity1260 , @entity440 or @entity4174 are administered as prodrugs and have to be activated by CYP. Therefore, the genetic variability of these enzymes should be taken into account to design appropriate therapeutic regimens to avoid inadequate drug administration, @entity137 and inefficiency. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to find drug interactions and to avoid side effects or ineffective therapy in chemotherapy. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: Information on drug administration in the therapy of @entity1778 and their drug metabolism was collected from scientific literature and various web resources. We carried out an automated textmining approach. Abstracts of PubMed were filtered for relevant articles using specific keywords. Abstracts were automatically screened for antineoplastic drugs and their synonyms in combination with a set of @entity1 CYPs in title or abstract. RESULTS: We present a comprehensive analysis of over 100 common @entity5 treatment regimens regarding drug-drug interactions and present alternatives avoiding CYP overload. Typical concomitant medication, e.g. antiemetics or antibiotics is a preferred subject to improvement. A webtool, which allows drug cocktail optimization was developed and is publicly available on http://bioinformatics.charite.de/chemotherapy.

title: Drug cocktail optimization in chemotherapy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity4174 :: ('MESH:D011344', 'Chemical') :: ['procarbazine']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']