abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2298 is associated with decreased HDL- @entity165 (HDL-C) and increased small dense LDL. In addition, small dense LDL is known to be susceptible to oxidation. METHODS: We measured LDL particle size, using gradient gel electrophoresis, and @entity1234 -modified LDL ( @entity1865 -LDL), using an ELISA, and investigated the association between @entity412 (TG) concentrations, LDL size, and @entity1865 -LDL. RESULTS: TG concentrations correlated negatively with the predominant LDL size (r = -0.650) and HDL-C concentration (r = -0.556). The relationship between TG concentration and LDL size, evaluated by measuring @entity1865 -LDL, distinguished subgroups derived from four subfractions of TG concentrations and four distribution ranges of LDL size. These experiments indicated that there is a threshold for oxidation susceptibility at an LDL size of 25.5 nm and a TG concentration of 1500 mg/L. To investigate the relationship between LDL size, @entity1865 -LDL concentration, and other lipids (TGs, HDL-C, @entity755 , and total @entity165 ), we evaluated them in control subjects and @entity1 with @entity6 or @entity2298 . When the size range for normal LDL was postulated to be 25.5 < or = phi (LDL diameter) < 26.5 nm, the @entity1865 -LDL concentration was significantly higher in the subgroups of @entity1 with LDL in the size range 24.5 < or = phi < 25.5 nm compared with @entity1 with normal LDL. This result also suggests that the threshold is at a LDL size of 25.5 nm. CONCLUSION: The threshold for oxidation susceptibility coincided with the point of LDL size separation between the LDL subclass patterns A and B as an @entity731 risk.

title: Relationship between @entity412 concentrations and LDL size evaluated by XXXX -modified LDL.

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertriglyceridemia', 'hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity755 :: ('338', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein B']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1234 :: (MESH:D008315,Chemical) :: ['malondialdehyde']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3001 ( @entity3001 ) is an @entity7823 in Australia. There has been controversy regarding @entity3001 in the country for over 20 years. @entity2069 (Bbss) and sensu lato (Bbsl) are closely related spirochetal species that are the causative agents of @entity3001 in @entity1 . Clinical transmission of this @entity7545 is marked by a characteristic rash known as @entity8831 ( @entity8831 ). This study employed molecular techniques to demonstrate the spirochetal agent of @entity3001 isolated from @entity8831 biopsies of @entity1 in Australia and then investigate their genetic diversity. METHODS: Four @entity1 who presented to the author's practice over a one-year period from mid 2010 to mid 2011 returned positive results on central tissue biopsy of @entity8831 lesions using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The findings were confirmed by DNA sequencing, and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis was then used to genetically characterize the causative organisms. RESULTS: Three isolates were identified as Bbss that lay genotypically between strains @entity30576 and ZS7 and were then characterized as strain 64b. One of the three isolates though may have similarity to @entity29568 a Bbsl. The fourth isolate was more appropriately placed in the sensu lato group and appeared to be similar, but not identical to, a @entity18276 -type isolate. In this study, a central biopsy taken within 6 days of @entity281 was used instead of conventional sampling at the leading edge, and the merits of this are discussed. CONCLUSION: These @entity1 acquired @entity281 in Australia, further proving endemic @entity3001 on the continent. Central biopsy site of @entity8831 is a useful tool for PCR evaluation. BLAST searches suggest a genetic diversity of @entity2069 , which has implications concerning the diagnosis, clinical severity, and testing of @entity3001 in Australia.

title: Investigation of @entity2069 genotypes in Australia obtained from XXXX tissue.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3001 :: ('MESH:D008193', 'Disease') :: ['LD', 'endemic lyme disease', 'Lyme disease']

entities_list: @entity2069 :: ('139', 'Species') :: ['B. burgdorferi', 'Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto']

entities_list: @entity7823 :: ('MESH:D021821', 'Disease') :: ['emerging infectious disease']

entities_list: @entity8831 :: ('MESH:C538499', 'Disease') :: ['EM', 'erythema migrans']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity7545 :: ('MESH:D017282', 'Disease') :: ['tick-borne disease']

answer: @entity8831 :: (MESH:C538499,Disease) :: ['erythema migrans']


abstract: We have recently described an algorithm to design, among others, peptides with complementarity contour to @entity792 . Immunization with one such peptide resulted in a monoclonal antibody (mAb), termed CTCR8, that specifically recognized Vbeta15 containing TCR on @entity934 receptor (AChR) alpha-chain residue 100-116-specific T cells. CTCR8 was found to label the cell surface of AChR100-116-specific T cell lines and clones, immunoprecipitate the TCR from such cells, and block their proliferative responses to AChRalpha100-116. In the present report, we have found that there is a marked reduction in @entity379 and no effect on @entity688 production in a CTCR8-treated AChRalpha100-116-specific T cell line. Interestingly, when AChR100-116-primed, primary T cells were stimulated with peptide and treated with CTCR8, there was once again inhibition of @entity379 but also marked stimulation of @entity688 production. The change in the @entity1198 /Th2 cytokine profile was paralleled by a reduction in AChR-specific IgG2a and IgM with no effect on IgG1. Remarkably, the most profoundly inhibited Ab population was that which causes experimental @entity6107 (EAMG) by reaction with the main immunogenic region (alpha61-76) of the AChR. Based on these results, CTCR8 was tested for prophylactic and therapeutic effects in EAMG. EAMG induced by immunization with purified native Torpedo AChR was both inhibited and reversed by CTCR8. These findings suggest a means to produce therapeutic mAb for the treatment of @entity792 .

title: Prevention and reversal of experimental @entity6107 by a monoclonal antibody against XXXX receptor-specific T cells.

entities_list: @entity6107 :: ('MESH:D020720', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune myasthenia gravis']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune epitopes', 'autoimmune diseases']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Development of @entity1274 requires that synapses are formed, eliminated and stabilized. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), @entity22735 /MuSK signaling, by triggering downstream pathways, causes clustering and phosphorylation of postsynaptic @entity934 receptors (AChRs). Postnatally, AChR aggregates are stabilized by molecular pathways that are poorly characterized. Gain or loss of function of @entity19640 -family kinases (SFKs) disassembles AChR clusters at adult NMJs in vivo, whereas AChR aggregates disperse rapidly upon withdrawal of @entity22735 from cultured @entity19640 -/-;fyn-/- myotubes. This suggests that a balance between protein @entity669 phosphatases ( @entity56218 ) and protein @entity669 kinases (PTKs) such as those of the @entity19640 -family may be essential in stabilizing clusters of AChRs. RESULTS: We have analyzed the role of @entity56218 in maintenance of AChR aggregates, by adding and then withdrawing @entity22735 from cultured myotubes in the presence of @entity26508 or PTK inhibitors and quantitating remaining AChR clusters. In wild-type myotubes, blocking @entity56218 with @entity7983 caused enhanced disassembly of AChR clusters after @entity22735 withdrawal. When added at the time of @entity22735 withdrawal, SFK inhibitors destabilized AChR aggregates but concomitant addition of pervanadate rescued cluster stability. Likewise in @entity19640 -/-;fyn-/- myotubes, in which @entity22735 -induced AChR clusters form normally but rapidly disintegrate after @entity22735 withdrawal, pervanadate addition stabilized AChR clusters. The @entity26508 @entity56219 , known to be enriched at the NMJ, associated and colocalized with MuSK, and @entity22735 increased this interaction. Specific @entity56219 knockdown by RNA interference reduced the stability of AChR clusters in wild-type myotubes. Similarly, knockdown of @entity56219 in adult @entity19 soleus muscle by electroporation of RNA interference constructs caused disassembly of pretzel-shaped AChR-rich areas in vivo. Finally, we found that @entity19640 -/-;fyn-/- myotubes contained elevated levels of @entity56219 protein. CONCLUSION: Our data are the first to show that the fine balance between @entity56218 and SFKs is a key aspect in stabilization of postsynaptic AChR clusters. One phosphatase that acts in this equilibrium is @entity56219 . Thus, @entity56218 such as @entity56219 stabilize AChR clusters under normal circumstances, but when these @entity56218 are not balanced by SFKs, they render clusters unstable.

title: @entity669 phosphatases such as @entity56219 act in a balance with XXXX -family kinases in stabilization of postsynaptic clusters of @entity934 receptors.

entities_list: @entity7983 :: ('MESH:C076715', 'Chemical') :: ['pervanadate']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['neural networks']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity19640 :: (20779(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['Src']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the effects of heparin and the potential protective effects of @entity1481 ( @entity2904 ) on exercise performance, plasma @entity842 (NO), @entity2232 (ET-1) and free @entity844 (FFA) release in @entity1 with stable @entity453 ( @entity453 ). BACKGROUND: Heparin has been shown to reduce the @entity63 threshold in @entity1 with @entity453 . @entity1481 may affect myocardial substrate utilization by shifting energy production from FFA to @entity413 oxidation. METHODS: In four consecutive days, nine @entity1 with @entity453 each received one of the following four regimens: 1) one tablet of placebo the evening before and at 8 AM and 4 PM on the day of the study, 10 ml of saline in a bolus 10 min before exercise, followed by an infusion of the same preparation; 2) placebo at the same times as in the first regimen, 5,000 IU of heparin 10 min before exercise, followed by 1,000 IU/h; 3) 20 mg @entity2904 at the same times as in the first regimen, 5,000 IU of heparin 10 min before exercise, followed by 1,000 IU/h; or 4) @entity2904 at the same times as in the first regimen, 10 ml of saline 10 min before exercise, followed by an infusion of the same preparation. RESULTS: During placebo (test 2), heparin reduced the time to 1-mm ST-segment @entity308 and prolonged the recovery time, as compared with the results of test 1. When heparin was administered after @entity2904 (test 3), the time to 1-mm ST-segment @entity308 and the recovery time were similar to those recorded during saline (test 1). Finally, compared with all study phases, @entity2904 during saline (test 4) prolonged the time to 1 mm. No changes in NO release were found, whereas ET-1 was decreased at peak exercise and during recovery, when the @entity1 were receiving @entity2904 (tests 3 and 4). Free @entity1718 increased after heparin, both with placebo and @entity2904 . CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity453 , heparin reduces the @entity63 threshold. @entity1481 reduces the effects of heparin, probably by inhibiting FFA oxidation and enhancing @entity413 metabolism. The concomitant novel observation of reduced ET-1 release is likely to be also dependent on @entity2904 -induced improvement of endothelial metabolism or reduction of @entity741 .

title: Acute effects of heparin administration on the @entity63 threshold of @entity1 with @entity453 : evaluation of the protective role of the metabolic modulator XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1481 :: ('MESH:D014292', 'Chemical') :: ['Trimetazidine', 'trimetazidine']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1481 :: (MESH:D014292,Chemical) :: ['trimetazidine']


abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of @entity165 intakes of greater (HC) or less than 300 mg/day (LC) (the upper advisable limit for the control of cholesterolaemia and the risk of @entity65 ) on a range of blood parameters, and to determine any influence such intakes might have on the consumption of food, energy and nutrients. The study subjects we one hundred and thirty young @entity1 . Food intake was determined using a 7-day dietary record (including a Sunday). A range of serum lipid parameters, and haematological and biochemical indicators of @entity68 status were also determined. The percentage discrepancy between observed energy intake and theoretical energy expenditure was greater amongst LC subjects (9.7 +/- 18.8% compared to 5.5 +/- 24.4% in HC subjects) (P < 0.05). Analysis of covariance was therefore performed with respect to the degree of underestimation/overestimation of intake. The comparison of the adjusted means showed that HC subjects consumed greater quantities of eggs and meat and less @entity167 , than did LC subjects. HC subjects also showed greater intakes of protein, @entity3363 , total fats, @entity6221 , @entity1474 , @entity1718 , @entity165 , @entity8728 , @entity1670 , @entity1501 , @entity270 , @entity219 and @entity68 . At blood level, HC subjects showed greater quantities of red blood cells, haemoglobin and HDL @entity165 . No significant differences were seen between LC and HC subjects for the remaining blood and biochemical parameters investigated. The development of criteria for the greatest protection against @entity65 whilst maintaining good nutritive condition, is the subject of studies soon to be commenced. @entity1 may need different advice to @entity1 , owing to their greater need of @entity68 . Greater quantities of foods rich in haem @entity68 , such as meat and fish, might be appropriate for the female population.

title: [Dietary @entity165 as a conditioner of ingestion of other nutrients and various blood parameters in young XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1501 :: ('MESH:D005492', 'Chemical') :: ['folic acid']

entities_list: @entity3363 :: ('MESH:D002241', 'Chemical') :: ['carbohydrates']

entities_list: @entity270 :: ('MESH:D014810', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin E']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1474 :: ('MESH:D005231', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity6221 :: ('MESH:D005229', 'Chemical') :: ['monounsaturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['saturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity8728 :: ('MESH:D012256', 'Chemical') :: ['riboflavin']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Endometriosis is a @entity13374 that may display features similar to @entity5 , including aggressive growth and localized invasion of the myometrium or spread to various organs outside the uterus. Molecular studies of @entity5 have demonstrated that genomic instability involving chromosome 17 plays a role in the development and progression of various @entity5 types. These involve gain and/or loss, deletions, and mutations of candidate @entity5 suppressor genes (eg, @entity5345 and @entity876 ) on chromosome 17. STUDY DESIGN: We used a 2-color fluorescence in situ hybridization method for analysis of endometriotic and normal archival tissue. Centromere-specific and locus-specific @entity876 probes localized to chromosome 17 were selected to study 8 @entity1 with late-stage (severe) @entity46 . Single cells localized to endometriotic lesions or normal endometrial glands were analyzed and identified as normal or abnormal on the basis of the distribution of fluorescence in situ hybridization signals. RESULTS: Overall, chromosome 17 @entity2007 was significantly greater (P <.05) in the @entity46 specimens (mean of 65%) than in normal endometrial cells (mean of 25%). No significant difference (P =.1071) in the distribution of fluorescence in situ hybridization signals was observed among the 5 normal endometrial specimens. However, significant differences (P <. 0001) were observed between the 8 @entity46 tissue specimens. CONCLUSION: We found increased heterogeneity of chromosome 17 @entity2007 in @entity46 . These findings support a multistep pathway involving somatic genetic alterations in the development and progression of this common disease.

title: Increased heterogeneity of chromosome 17 @entity2007 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy']

entities_list: @entity13374 :: ('MESH:D005831', 'Disease') :: ['complex gynecologic disorder']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis']

answer: @entity46 :: (MESH:D004715,Disease) :: ['endometriosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity788 is one of the most @entity5 with insufficient therapeutic options and poor outcome. @entity5 stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for progression and therapy resistance. We investigated the potential of pancreatic cell lines for CSC research by analyzing to what extent they contain CSC populations and how representative these are compared to clinical tissue. METHODS: Six @entity788 cell lines were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD326, @entity5439 , @entity1759 , @entity11707 , @entity436 and @entity10430 . Subsequently, 70 primary pancreatic tissues were evaluated for CD326, @entity5439 and @entity1759 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: All the cell lines but one showed a stable expression pattern throughout biological replicates. Marker expression in clinical tissue of @entity1759 distinguished normal @entity1 from @entity3123 @entity1 with a sensitivity of 50% at 80% specificity and metastasized from nonmetastasized @entity189 with 69% sensitivity at 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a link between elevated @entity1759 expression, @entity5 and @entity3 of pancreatic tissue. Furthermore, individual pancreatic cell lines show a substantial amount of cells with CSC properties which is comparable with interpatient variability detected in primary tissue. These @entity788 cell lines could thus serve for urgently needed pharmacological CSC in vitro research.

title: XXXX cell lines reflect frequency and variability of @entity5 stem cell markers in clinical tissue.

entities_list: @entity3123 :: ('MESH:C562463', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatic cancer', 'pancreatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['deadly malignancies', 'Cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity3123 :: (MESH:C562463,Disease) :: ['Pancreatic carcinoma']


abstract: @entity3964 mutations associated with antimalarial resistance may be beneficial for parasites under drug pressure, although they may also cause a fitness cost. We herein present an in vitro model showing how this combined effect on parasite growth varies with the drug concentration and suggest a calculated drug-specific cost-benefit index, indicating the possible advantage for mutated parasites. We specifically studied the D-to-Y change at position 1246 encoded by the pfmdr1 gene (pfmdr1 @entity46447 ) in relation to @entity16944 resistance. Susceptibilities to @entity16944 , @entity40685 , and @entity503 , as well as relative fitness, were determined for two modified isogenic @entity3964 clones differing only in the pfmdr1 1246 position. Data were used to create a new comparative graph of relative growth in relation to the drug concentration and to calculate the ratio between the benefit of resistance and the fitness cost. Results were related to an in vivo allele selection analysis after @entity16944 or @entity506 - @entity16944 treatment. pfmdr1 1246Y was associated with decreased susceptibility to @entity16944 and @entity40685 but at a growth fitness cost of 11%. Mutated parasites grew less in low drug concentrations due to a predominating fitness cost, but beyond a breakpoint concentration they grew more due to a predominating benefit of increased resistance. The cost-benefit indexes indicated that pfmdr1 1246Y was most advantageous for @entity16944 -exposed parasites. In vivo, a first drug selection of mutant parasites followed by a fitness selection of wild-type parasites supported the in vitro data. This cost-benefit model may predict the risk for selection of drug resistance mutations in different malaria transmission settings.

title: Assessing the cost-benefit effect of a XXXX drug resistance mutation on parasite growth in vitro.

entities_list: @entity16944 :: ('MESH:D000655', 'Chemical') :: ['amodiaquine']

entities_list: @entity40685 :: ('MESH:C047386', 'Chemical') :: ['desethylamodiaquine']

entities_list: @entity3964 :: ('5833', 'Species') :: ['P. falciparum', 'Plasmodium falciparum']

entities_list: @entity506 :: ('MESH:C039726', 'Chemical') :: ['artesunate']

entities_list: @entity503 :: ('MESH:D002738', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroquine']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Use of @entity165 -lowering regimens has been shown to reduce the risk of @entity301 ( @entity301 ), both in primary and secondary prevention. However, there have been few studies of the relative benefits and risks of the various @entity165 -lowering agents in @entity1 groups with specific risk factors for @entity301 . OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of this study was to compare the proportions of adult @entity1 with @entity1007 and a moderate to high risk for @entity301 achieving National @entity165 Education Program low-density lipoprotein @entity165 ( @entity11429 ) goals with titrate-to-goal regimens of @entity3413 and @entity5470 . METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study enrolling adult @entity1 with type IIa or IIb @entity1007 , @entity11429 levels <6.0 mmol/L (<232.0 mg/dL), and @entity412 levels <4.5 mmol/L (<398.6 mg/dL), and either @entity301 or other @entity731 (the @entity301 , or high-risk, group), or multiple risk factors for @entity301 (the @entity23578 , or moderate-risk, group). After a 6-week washout period, @entity1 were randomized to 18 weeks of treatment at an initial dosage of @entity3413 10 mg once daily or @entity5470 20 mg once daily. At 6- and 12-week titration visits, the dosage in @entity1 who had not acheived the @entity11429 goal could be increased to @entity3413 20 mg once daily and then 40 mg once daily, or to @entity5470 40 mg once daily and then 40 mg twice daily. Lipid profiles were obtained at each titration visit and at the end of treatment. In addition to the comparison between treatments, secondary comparisons were made between the @entity301 and @entity23578 subgroups within each treatment group. Statistical significance was assessed using analysis of variance. RESULTS: A total of 478 @entity1 were enrolled, 237 in the @entity3413 group and 241 in the @entity5470 group. There were no significant between-group differences in @entity1 ' characteristics at baseline. At the end of the study, 60.8% (135/222) of @entity1 in the @entity3413 group had reached target @entity11429 goals, compared with 35.1% (76/216) in the @entity5470 group (P < 0.001). In the @entity3413 @entity301 and @entity23578 subgroups, 49% and 73%, respectively, reached the @entity11429 target, compared with 19% and 50% in the corresponding @entity5470 subgroups (P < 0.001). The proportion of @entity1 requiring titration was higher in the @entity5470 group than in the @entity3413 group (87.1% and 64.1%, respectively; P = 0.001). The incidence of adverse events was similar between groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, more @entity1 with @entity1007 and @entity301 or multiple risk factors for @entity301 reached @entity11429 goals with @entity3413 treatment and required less titration than those who received @entity5470 treatment.

title: A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of titrate-to-goal regimens of @entity3413 and @entity5470 : a randomized, double-blind study in adult XXXX at moderate to high risk for cardiovascular disease.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['primary hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity3413 :: ('MESH:D019821', 'Chemical') :: ['simvastatin']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity5470 :: ('MESH:C065180', 'Chemical') :: ['fluvastatin']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['Cholesterol', 'cholesterol']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: A former dewatered fen was flooded for a multi-purpose landuse system including cattail production, fen protection, and water purification. These research plants with an area of 6 ha consist of three constructed surface-flow wetlands. The inflowing water is polluted by non-point sources due to intensive agriculture. The focus of this paper is the estimation of the potential of rewetted fens to reduce @entity3151 and @entity1568 . The dominating forms of @entity1568 in the inflow are organic @entity1568 and @entity1507 . The reduction rate is higher for @entity1507 than for organic @entity1568 , although the @entity1507 reductions occur only during the summer season. If no @entity1507 is available for denitrification, there is a release of @entity3265 from the peat into the water. The main form of @entity3151 in the in- and outflow is @entity6546 . In contrast to the values of @entity1507 , the concentrations of @entity3151 are very regular with no significant seasonal pattern. When @entity1507 isn't available in the water any more, the release of @entity3151 begins and the rewetted fens change from a sink for @entity3151 to a source of it. Rewetted fens can be a sink for @entity3151 and @entity1568 with @entity1507 as the limiting factor. Only if denitrification can occur, can the release of @entity3265 and @entity3151 from the peat layer be prevented.

title: XXXX and @entity3151 budget in rewetted fens.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity6546 :: ('MESH:D010710', 'Chemical') :: ['ortho-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity1507 :: ('CHEBI:48107', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrate']

entities_list: @entity3151 :: ('MESH:D010758', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphorus']

answer: @entity1568 :: (MESH:D009584,Chemical) :: ['Nitrogen']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the outcome of the prospective 11-center Italian Parodi Trial using straight and tapered endografts for the endovascular exclusion of @entity1028 ( @entity1028 ). METHODS: From April 1994 to July 1995, 27 @entity1 were evaluated and selected for endovascular @entity1028 exclusion. The Parodi devices were delivered through femoral arteriotomies using 18 to 22F introducers and deployed by balloon expansion of the terminal stents. RESULTS: Of 27 cases attempted, 24 endografts (15 tube, 9 aortomonoiliac) were implanted (1 deployment and 2 access failures [11.1%] were converted). Three @entity1070 (12.5%) were treated intraoperatively with covered stents, two successfully, and the third sealed within 30 days. Three (12.5%) of the 24 treated @entity1 died in-hospital of device-(n = 2) and procedure-related (n = 1) causes; the remaining 21 @entity1 were discharged within 8 days. Of the 8 aortomonoiliac grafts in follow-up, only 1 (12.5%) failed in the mean 23-month (range 18 to 30) follow-up: however, 4 (31%) of 13 tube graft @entity1 were converted to surgery within 18 months. Of the 16 (66.7%) surviving endografts at 2 years, 6 (38%) showed no change in the @entity1028 diameter, while 10 (62%) had shrunk. CONCLUSIONS: The tube graft was applicable in only about 5% of cases, and accurate endograft sizing and distal fixation were problematic. The aortomonoiliac design was not appealing to surgeons but fared better in the long term. Given the advent of newer endograft models, the Italian Parodi Trial has been terminated.

title: The Italian trial of endovascular XXXX exclusion using the Parodi endograft.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['AAA', 'abdominal aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['endoleaks']

answer: @entity1028 :: (MESH:D017544,Disease) :: ['AAA']


abstract: Renal microcirculation and function were studied in the unilateral clamp-induced @entity63 /reperfusion model in anesthetized @entity35 . After 60-min reperfusion fluorochromelabeled globulin was injected i.v. allowing histological determination of capillary plasma flow patterns (CPFP). In the 60-min @entity63 protocol the untreated group revealed poor capillary labeling in the outer medulla (OM), whereas cortical perfusion patterns were only slightly altered. Pre- and postischemic treatment with @entity3988 led to significant improvement of CPFP in the OM: 4.9% of tissue areas were lying more than 60 microns from the next perfused capillary vs 70.2% after untreated @entity63 . Postischemic treatment with @entity3988 proved much less effective. Inulin clearance (CIn) amounted to less than 2% of baseline values irrespective of the treatment regimen. However, in the 30-min @entity63 protocol, displaying normal CPFP, preservation of CIn was evident and most effective after pre- and postischemic @entity3988 treatment (53% vs 8% after untreated @entity63 ). Measurements of tubular function, however, did not reveal any significant improvement after @entity3988 treatment. This observation and the fact that the drugs has a vasodilating effect lend support to the view that the preservation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is most likely mediated by vascular mechanisms. In conclusion, in this experimental model @entity3988 significantly reduced postischemic disturbances of renal microcirculation occurring after prolonged periods of @entity63 and was clearly efficient in maintaining GFR after shorter @entity63 episodes; however, tubular function was not preserved. Our results, as well as those of other authors, strongly suggest that @entity3988 causes the aforementioned effects mainly by actions at the vascular site.

title: Influence of XXXX on postischemic microcirculation and function in the @entity35 kidney.

entities_list: @entity3988 :: ('MESH:D004110', 'Chemical') :: ['diltiazem']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic', 'ischemia']

answer: @entity3988 :: (MESH:D004110,Chemical) :: ['diltiazem']


abstract: We report two cases of @entity1 suffering from @entity5 in the lungs with questionable origin. In these cases, the expression of @entity3231 ( @entity3231 ) by the @entity5 cells has been a helpful feature in the process of diagnosis by indicating primary @entity189 of the lungs. @entity3231 is expressed by the pneumocytes II in lung tissue and a portion of @entity1149 and has not yet been found to be expressed by other @entity5 when detected immunohistochemically by use of the monoclonal antibody PE-10. We analyzed @entity406 -fixed, @entity982 -embedded specimens of @entity5 with pulmonary location for the expression of @entity3231 by the use of PE-10 with other antibodies against additional epitopes such as the @entity7457 . In normal lung areas a distinct staining of the pneumocytes II has been observed. All the control sections of primary and metastatic nonlung- @entity189 specimen in our study remained negative. The monoclonal antibody PE-10 used in this study provides high specificity when compared to the results obtained with polyclonal antibodies. One of the two cases reported, a @entity189 of the lungs, had been negative for @entity7457 but positive for @entity3231 . Thus, @entity3231 detected by immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody PE-10, together with other parameters such as @entity7457 , may be a useful tool for individual diagnosis of malignomas located in the lungs with a questionable primary origin. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:84-90, 2001.

title: Diagnostic value of immunohistochemically detected surfactant--apoprotein-A in XXXX located in the lungs: report of two cases.

entities_list: @entity3231 :: ('653509', 'Gene') :: ['SP-A', 'Surfactant-apoprotein-A']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'multiple tumors', 'different malignancies', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinomas', 'mucinous carcinoma', 'carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity982 :: ('MESH:D010232', 'Chemical') :: ['paraffin']

entities_list: @entity7457 :: ('7080', 'Gene') :: ['thyroid transcription factor-1']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['malignant tumors']


abstract: The effects of insulin and @entity934 ( @entity1617 ) on amylase secretion, transmembrane movement of 45Ca2+ and K+, membrane potential and cyclic @entity377 levels in the isolated @entity19 pancreas were investigated. Insulin alone had no effect on either amylase secretion or 45Ca2+ fractional efflux but it markedly potentiated the @entity1617 -evoked amylase secretion and significantly reduced the @entity1617 -induced 45Ca2+ fractional efflux. These effects were dose related. Insulin evoked a small membrane hyperpolarization and an increase in K+ efflux. The islet hormone had virtually no effect on @entity1617 -induced membrane depolarization but it markedly enhanced the @entity1617 -elicited K+ efflux. Both insulin and @entity1617 had marked time-dependent effects on the metabolism of @entity268 ( @entity1919 ). Insulin increased and @entity1617 decreased @entity1919 concentration when applied separately. However, when added together, insulin and @entity1617 caused a rapid and sustained elevation of @entity1919 levels. Superfusion of @entity19 pancreatic fragments with an exogenous lipid-soluble derivative of @entity1919 ( @entity8279 ) caused dose-dependent increases in amylase secretion. @entity5393 also markedly enhanced, in a dose-dependent manner, the @entity1617 -evoked amylase secretion. It is concluded that insulin may exert its potentiating action on @entity1617 -evoked amylase output in the @entity19 pancreatic acinar cells by elevating both cytoplasmic @entity141 and @entity1919 levels.

title: Mechanism of action of insulin on @entity934 -evoked amylase secretion in the XXXX pancreas.

entities_list: @entity268 :: ('CHEBI:17489', 'Chemical') :: ["adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity5393 :: ('MESH:D003994', 'Chemical') :: ['Dibutyryl cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity8279 :: ('CHEBI:50095', 'Chemical') :: ["dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate"]

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: We examined the growth of the right common carotid artery of young @entity95 after ligating the left common carotid artery at 3 weeks of age, a procedure that approximately doubled right carotid blood flows. Flow increased from 0.065 +/-0.003 to 0.096+/-0.009 ml/s within 1 h and, at 15 weeks of age, carotid blood flows in experimental animals (0.747+/-0.102 ml/s) were more than double of those of sham-operated control animals (0.334+/-0.053 ml/s). Contralateral carotid ligation resulted in more rapid increases in diameter of the artery with growth in the experimental animals. At 15 weeks of age, the vessel was 15% larger than that of sham-operated controls (2.70+/-0.09 vs. 2.34+/-0.05 mm). This more rapid growth of diameter resulted in shear stresses that were not different from controls despite the higher blood flow rates. Interestingly, however, shear stresses in control arteries fell from 17.4+/-3.4 to 9.19+/-1.16 dyn/cm2 over the experimental period (p < 0.05). @entity21341 accumulation in the experimental artery was much more rapid than in controls and @entity21341 contents were 49% more than in controls at 15 weeks of age. DNA and collagen contents were not significantly affected by contralateral carotid ligation. Previously, we found that experimental manipulations that decreased flow in the same artery of weanling @entity95 substantially affected @entity21341 and DNA accumulation, but had no effect on collagen contents. We conclude that increased blood flow is associated with arterial growth and specifically with accumulation of @entity21341 , a wall constituent that bears much of the wall tension at resting blood pressure, and therefore is a primary determinant of resting vessel dimensions.

title: Modulation of arterial growth of the XXXX carotid artery associated with experimental elevation of blood flow.

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate anecortave @entity598 treatment of @entity2479 ( @entity2479 ), a neovascular form of age-related @entity1020 , with specific regard to inhibition of @entity2295 and maintenance of vision. METHODS: Thirty-four @entity1 with @entity2479 with any stage of @entity2295 were randomized 1:1:1 for treatment with three different quantities (30 mg, 15 mg, 3 mg) of anecortave @entity598 sterile suspension for juxtascleral administration. @entity227 (Early Treatment @entity6 Study chart), intraocular pressure measurement, biomicroscopy, funduscopy, digital @entity941 , and @entity3194 angiography were recorded at baseline and at 3 months. A 6-month retreatment interval was established for this study with a follow-up of 12 months. In selected @entity1 optical coherence tomography was performed. The outcomes were mean changes in visual acuity and lesion size at 1 year. RESULTS: The @entity11471 and retinal pigment epithelium improved in all eyes, but all @entity75 increased in size. @entity1018 occurred in the majority of study eyes (22 out of 34 eyes, 64.7%) independent of the concentration administered. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that a posterior juxtascleral injection of anecortave @entity598 reduces capillary permeability in @entity1 with @entity2479 . However, in spite of improvement of the exudation there is a progression of @entity2295 and a significant @entity1018 in all these @entity1 . Like other monotherapeutic methods used to treat this variant of neovascular age-related @entity1020 , anecortave @entity598 alone does not appear to benefit these @entity1 . Future studies should investigate a combination form of therapy.

title: Anecortave @entity598 treatment for XXXX : a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1018 :: ('MESH:D054062', 'Disease') :: ['loss of vision', 'Vision loss']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['Best-corrected visual acuity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetic Retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal angiomatous proliferation', 'RAP']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['neovascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity2295 :: ('MESH:D015861', 'Disease') :: ['neovascularization']

entities_list: @entity598 :: ('CHEBI:47622', 'Chemical') :: ['acetate']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity941 :: ('MESH:D019793', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorescein']

entities_list: @entity1020 :: ('MESH:D008268', 'Disease') :: ['macular degeneration']

entities_list: @entity11471 :: ('MESH:C565633', 'Disease') :: ['detachment of the neurosensory retina']

answer: @entity2479 :: (MESH:D012173,Disease) :: ['retinal angiomatous proliferation']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We endeavored to determine under what conditions a strategy of upstream use of small molecule platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors for all @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) @entity1 is cost effective compared to that of selective use of abciximab in only those @entity1 requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Small molecule @entity1427 /IIIa inhibitors have shown benefit in @entity1187 , but abciximab, the more expensive @entity1427 /IIIa inhibitor, may be more effective during PCI. However, abciximab does not have proven efficacy in medical management. No prior study has attempted to balance these competing benefits. METHODS: A decision analysis was performed to examine two strategies: 1) treat all @entity1187 @entity1 upstream with a small molecule @entity1427 /IIIa inhibitor and continue through medical management and PCI, if performed; or 2) wait, and selectively use abciximab only in @entity1 who ultimately undergo PCI. Applicable randomized controlled trial data were used for the principal analysis. RESULTS: The strategy of upstream use of a small molecule @entity1427 /IIIa inhibitor was superior to selective use, and economically acceptable, with a cost-effectiveness ratio of 18,000 dollars per year of life gained. The superiority of the upstream use strategy persisted over the majority of sensitivity analyses. When stratified by risk according to Thrombolysis in @entity583 risk score, a strategy of upstream use was only cost effective in those @entity1 with moderate or high risk. CONCLUSIONS: Upstream use of small molecule @entity1427 /IIIa inhibition in @entity1187 @entity1 with moderate or high risk for cardiovascular events is a cost-effective approach that should be considered in this subset of @entity1 .

title: The role of risk stratification in the decision to provide upstream versus selective glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors for XXXX : a cost-effectiveness analysis.

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndromes']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial Infarction']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['acute coronary syndromes']


abstract: @entity10842 ( @entity10843 ) is an SN2 type alkylating agent which predominantly methylates @entity1568 atoms in @entity3042 . Among the methylated bases 3meA and 3meG are highly mutagenic and toxic. The excision of these lesions leads to the formation of apurinic (AP) sites and subsequently to AT-->TA or GC-->TA transversions. The in vivo method based on phenotypic analysis of @entity534 + revertants of @entity2624 and sensitivity to T4 nonsense mutants has been used to estimate the specificity of @entity10843 induced mutations. In the @entity526 @entity534 -his-thr- (AB1157) strain @entity10843 induces argE3(oc)--> @entity534 + revertants of which 70-80% arise by supL suppressor formation as a result of @entity13009 transversions. The remaining 20-30% arise by supB and supE(oc) suppressor formation as a result of @entity54202 transitions. The level of @entity13009 transversions decreases during starvation. This is a consequence of action of the repair mechanism called mutation frequency decline. This system which is a transcription coupled variant of @entity377 excision repair was discovered in UV induced mutations. We describe the mutation frequency decline phenomenon for @entity10843 mutagenesis. @entity10843 is a very efficient inducer of the SOS response and a umuDC dependent mutagen. In @entity10843 treated @entity526 cells mutated in umuDC genes the class of @entity13009 transversions dramatically diminishes. A plasmid bearing UmuD(D')C proteins can supplement chromosomal deletion of umuDC operon: a plasmid harbouring umuD'C is more efficient in comparison to that harbouring umuDC. Moreover, plasmids isolated from @entity10843 treated and transiently starved @entity526 AB1157 cells harbouring umuD(D')C genes have shown the repair of AP sites by a system which involves the UmuD'C or at least @entity56726 protein.

title: The role of mutation frequency decline and SOS repair systems in XXXX mutagenesis.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity10842 :: ('MESH:D008741', 'Chemical') :: ['Methyl methanesulfonate']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity54202 :: ('c|SUB|GC||AT', 'DNAMutation') :: ['GC-->AT']

entities_list: @entity13009 :: ('c|SUB|AT||TA', 'DNAMutation') :: ['AT-->TA']

entities_list: @entity2624 :: ('83333', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli K12']

answer: @entity10842 :: (MESH:D008741,Chemical) :: ['methyl methanesulfonate']


abstract: The mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in @entity0 is unresolved. @entity1262 / @entity1262 ( @entity7895 ) over-expression confers multidrug resistance in vitro and might play a role in clinical @entity0 . Studies using clinical samples have yielded conflicting results. @entity1262 / @entity7895 mRNA expression was determined relative to the expression in normal @entity1 liver using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR (corrected for expression of the housekeeping gene @entity6049 ). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed with monoclonal antibodies against @entity7895 (JSB1, C219). The positive control was SW1573/2R160, the intermediate control SW1573 and the negative control GLC4/ @entity31413 . We assayed 9 @entity0 cell lines by RT-PCR and IHC, 52 @entity189 samples by RT-PCR and 168 samples by IHC. SW1573/2R160 contained high levels of @entity1262 / @entity7895 mRNA (1.0, equal to liver) and showed strong membranous staining. Expression of @entity1262 / @entity7895 mRNA in SW1573 (0.05) and GLC4/ @entity31413 (3.2 x 10(-5)) was not detectable by IHC. Very low levels of @entity1262 / @entity7895 mRNA were measured in @entity0 cell lines (mean 3.1 x 10(-4), range 1 to 12 x 10(-4)), but @entity7895 was not detected by IHC. In 25 specimens from chemotherapy-naive @entity1 , @entity1262 / @entity7895 mRNA levels varied from 1 to 11 x 10(-2) (mean 3.9 x 10(-2)). In sections of 80 chemotherapy-naive @entity5 , no membrane-bound staining was observed in the @entity5 cells. Tumors of 27 @entity4349 -treated @entity1 had comparable @entity1262 / @entity7895 mRNA expression levels (mean 5.4 x 10(-2)). @entity7895 was undetectable in 88 @entity5 samples of @entity1 who had received @entity4349 -based chemotherapy. In @entity0 , @entity1262 / @entity7895 mRNA is low or absent and @entity7895 levels in @entity5 cells are too low to detect by IHC. Chemotherapy exposure does not result in detectable @entity1262 / @entity7895 over-expression.

title: Determining @entity1262 / XXXX expression in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast-cancer']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

answer: @entity1262 :: (5243,Gene) :: ['P-glycoprotein']


abstract: The effects of excess @entity1496 on the development of the thyroid gland of @entity1573 embryos was assessed following injections of @entity7526 prior to incubation. @entity6893 injection resulted in a significantly greater thyroid gland weight (goitre) on Day 18 of incubation and a delay in hatching. Histological studies of the thyroid gland on Day 12 of incubation revealed that @entity6893 injection had inhibited thyroid follicle development. On Day 14, however, the thyroid glands of the @entity6893 -treated embryos were indistinguishable from controls and on Day 18 the thyroid follicles of the @entity6893 -injected embryos were clearly hypertrophied. In agreement with these light microscopical observations, electron microscopical examination showed conspicuous development of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the follicle cells of both @entity6893 -treated 14 and 18 days old embryos and in those of the corresponding controls. Immunocytochemical studies of the pituitary of 18 days old embryos revealed a depletion of immunoreactive TSH suggesting that the @entity6893 -induced @entity1184 of the thyroid was mediated by an activation of the thyrotropes. @entity6893 treatment was without effect on plasma levels of T3 and T4 for Day 18 embryos suggesting that the @entity1184 of the thyroid gland was sufficient to maintain circulating levels of thyroid hormones. The present results demonstrate that, in the embryonic @entity1573 thyroid, excess @entity1496 produces effects which occur in two phases. The first phase consists of a transitory inhibition of the formation of follicles; it is followed by a second phase of @entity1184 resulting in goitre. The first phase probably results from a direct inhibitory effect of @entity1496 on the developing thyroid whereas the second phase probably reflects a stimulation of the thyroid by TSH.

title: Effects of excess XXXX in @entity1573 embryo thyroid follicles: initial inhibition and subsequent @entity1184 .

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['compensatory hypertrophy', 'hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity6893 :: ('CHEBI:16382', 'Chemical') :: ['Iodide', 'iodide']

entities_list: @entity7526 :: ('MESH:D011193', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium iodide']

answer: @entity1496 :: (MESH:D007455,Chemical) :: ['iodine']


abstract: Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play a role in the normal development and regeneration of tissues as well as in the biological behaviour of @entity5 . We studied the immunohistochemical expression of various CAMs, such as @entity2940 ( @entity2940 ), its polysialylated isoform (PSA- @entity2940 ), epithelial (E-) cadherin, and @entity8652 integrins (alpha2beta1, alpha5beta1, alpha6beta1) in a series of frozen specimens of 10 normal nerves, 5 @entity16 , 26 benign @entity808 and 2 @entity808 ( @entity808 ). @entity2940 was expressed by non-myelinating Schwann cells from normal nerves and overexpressed by Schwann cells from @entity1 with chronic @entity16 and @entity808 . The expression was lower in @entity808 . Expression of PSA- @entity2940 was heterogeneously displayed by Schwann cells from the various tissues studied. Anti @entity5962 immunoreactivity was present in myelin sheath in normal nerves and axonopathies. It was expressed in some @entity808 especially in @entity5513 . Integrins VLA alpha2 and VLA alpha6 were widely expressed by Schwann cells from normal nerves, @entity16 and @entity808 but their expression was low in @entity808 . VLA alpha5 was not expressed by Schwann cells from normal nerve and @entity808 but present in chronic @entity16 and @entity808 . In addition VLA alpha6 was strongly expressed by perineurial cells. These data show that CAMs have a characteristic pattern of expression in normal nerve. Also, some CAMs are always expressed by Schwann cells but the expression of others differs in normal nerves versus axonopathies or @entity5 , suggesting a role of the microcellular environment in the regulation of CAM expression. @entity808 have different pattern of expression than @entity808 .

title: Expression of cell adhesion molecules in normal nerves, chronic XXXX and @entity5 .

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors', 'MNST', 'Schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5513 :: ('MESH:D009464', 'Disease') :: ['vestibular Schwannomas']

entities_list: @entity2940 :: ('4684', 'Gene') :: ['neural cell adhesion molecule', 'NCAM']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['axonal neuropathies']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['axonal neuropathies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity442 ( @entity442 ) and insulin stimulate cell proliferation in @entity2909 (fibroid) tissue. We hypothesized that circulating levels of these proteins would be associated with increased prevalence and size of uterine @entity2909 . METHODS: @entity1 were 35-49-year-old, randomly selected members of an urban health plan who were enrolled in the study in 1996-1999. Premenopausal @entity1 were screened for @entity2909 with ultrasound. Fasting blood samples were collected. Associations between @entity2909 and @entity6 , plasma @entity442 , @entity2301 (BP3), and insulin were evaluated for blacks (n = 585) and whites (n = 403) by using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: @entity442 showed no association with @entity2909 in blacks, but in whites the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for both mid and upper tertiles compared with the lowest tertile were 0.6 (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.3-1.0 and 0.4-1.1, respectively). Insulin and @entity6 both tended to be inversely associated with @entity2909 in blacks. The insulin association was with large @entity2909 ; aOR for the upper insulin tertile relative to the lowest was 0.4 (0.2-0.9). The aOR for @entity6 was 0.5 (0.2-1.0). Associations of insulin and @entity6 with @entity2909 were weak for whites. Binding protein 3 showed no association with @entity2909 . CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our hypothesis, high circulating @entity442 and insulin were not related to increased fibroid prevalence. Instead, there was suggestion of the opposite. The inverse association with @entity6 , although based on small numbers, is consistent with previously reported findings. Future studies might investigate vascular dysfunction as a mediator between @entity3190 or @entity6 and possible reduced risk of @entity2909 .

title: Uterine leiomyomata in relation to XXXX , insulin, and @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2301 :: ('3486', 'Gene') :: ['IGF binding protein 3']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['Insulin-like growth factor-I', 'IGF-I']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['uterine leiomyoma', 'fibroids']

answer: @entity442 :: (3479,Gene) :: ['insulin-like growth factor-I']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Heavy @entity190 is a common reason for @entity1 to seek medical care. The @entity2692 -releasing intrauterine system (IUS) is an effective medical treatment for @entity931 . We report a randomised comparison of this approach with hysterectomy in terms of the quality of life of @entity1 with @entity931 and cost-effectiveness. METHODS: Of 598 @entity1 referred with @entity931 to five university hospitals in Finland, 236 were eligible and agreed to take part. They were randomly assigned treatment with the @entity2692 -releasing IUS (n=119) or hysterectomy (n=117). The amount of @entity190 was objectively measured. The primary outcome measure was health-related quality of life at 12-month follow-up. Analyses were by intention to treat. FINDINGS: In the group assigned the @entity2692 -releasing IUS, 24 (20%) @entity1 had had hysterectomy and 81 (68%) continued to use the system at 12 months. Of the @entity1 assigned to the hysterectomy group, 107 underwent the operation. Health-related quality of life improved significantly in both the IUS and hysterectomy groups (change 0.10 [95% CI 0.06-0.14] in both groups) as did other indices of psychological wellbeing. There were no significant differences between the treatment groups except that @entity1 with hysterectomy suffered less @entity158 . Overall costs were about three times higher for the hysterectomy group than for the IUS group. INTERPRETATION: The significant improvement in health-related quality of life highlights the importance of treating @entity931 . During the first year the @entity2692 -releasing IUS was a cost-effective alternative to hysterectomy in treatment of this disorder.

title: Quality of life and cost-effectiveness of XXXX -releasing intrauterine system versus hysterectomy for treatment of @entity931 : a randomised trial.

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['menstrual blood loss']

entities_list: @entity2692 :: ('MESH:D016912', 'Chemical') :: ['levonorgestrel']

entities_list: @entity931 :: ('MESH:D008595', 'Disease') :: ['menorrhagia']

answer: @entity2692 :: (MESH:D016912,Chemical) :: ['levonorgestrel']


abstract: Collagen induced @entity625 is an experimental animal model of inflammatory polyarthropathy that has many features of @entity1 @entity309 . Type II collagen is the major matrix protein of hyaline cartilage and is a sequestered protein which can be presented as an autoantigen under certain conditions. To induce @entity29941 , type II collagen is injected intradermally with complete Freund's adjuvant. Susceptibility to @entity29941 is dependent on the presence of the trimolecular complex: 1) the arthritogenic epitope on the type II collagen; 2) a class II MHC molecule on the accessory cell presenting the arthritogenic epitope; and 3) T cells expressing specific V beta chains in their TCRs. Complement and other non-MHC background genes also may play a role in susceptibility to @entity29941 . Both cell mediated and humoral immunity are involved in the pathogenesis of @entity29941 . To date immunotherapies that have modulated @entity29941 include use of anti-class Ii antibodies, anti-lymphokines, and monoclonal antibodies directed against specific cellular markers. All of these therapies are able to modulate disease to some extent but lack the specificity and efficacy to make them practical for widespread use in @entity1 disease. Most promising, is the use of monoclonal antibodies directed against specific V beta TCR subsets. This is potentially a very specific and effective therapy because it will affect only the cells involved in disease while leaving the host otherwise immunocompetent. Therapies on the horizon include the use of synthetic peptides with sequences homologous to various regions on the TCR, immunotoxins, and superantigens to modulate the immune response and ameliorate disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Immunogenetics of collagen induced @entity625 in mice: a model for XXXX @entity625 .

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity2670 , with consequent permanent @entity249 , is one of the more common side-effects which occurs during chemotherapeutic treatment of @entity1 affected by @entity978 . This damage is morphologically represented by a marked loss of primordial and primary follicles. The administration of contraceptive drugs before starting chemotherapy enhances survival of a greater number of ovarian follicles, as revealed by morphometric analyses, nevertheless, total ovarian protection is not assured. This study evaluated the number and the morphology of ovarian follicles, by means of transmission electron microscopy, in @entity1 with @entity978 treated with multi-drug chemotherapeutic protocols following the administration of @entity11796 . Ovarian biopsies were performed prior to any pharmacological treatment, after @entity7839 therapy, and after this therapy plus chemotherapy. Particular attention was given to the ultrastructure of primordial follicles. After morphometric evaluation, primordial follicles were numerous in controls and @entity7839 therapy (28.55 +/- 6.59/mm3 of ovarian cortex). After chemotherapy and @entity11796 , the number of follicles was slightly reduced (19.37 +/- 3.41/mm3 of ovarian cortex) in contrast to the dramatic loss usually observed when protection is not given, although more follicles were @entity38887 . @entity7839 may protect follicles only from acute, toxic effects of chemotherapy, which dramatically reduce their number and lead to sterility. Nevertheless, the quality of follicles is still impaired, and many undergo @entity1146 , resulting in a shortened fertility period.

title: Ultrastructure of @entity1 ovarian primordial follicles after combination chemotherapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity11796 :: ('MESH:D017258', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone acetate']

entities_list: @entity7839 :: ('MESH:D008525', 'Chemical') :: ['medroxyprogesterone', 'Medroxyprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['Ovarian damage']

entities_list: @entity978 :: ('MESH:D006689', 'Disease') :: ["Hodgkin's disease"]

answer: @entity978 :: (MESH:D006689,Disease) :: ['Hodgkin's disease']


abstract: A phase I study of @entity2664 given as a continuous infusion for 21 days using a venous access port and a portable pump was performed. The first dose step was 0.3 mg/m2/d for 21 days. Courses were repeated every 6 weeks. Dose increment per step was 0.1 mg/m2/d in the first three dose steps and 0.2 mg/m2/d in the latter dose steps. Twenty-five @entity1 entered the study and received a total of 50 courses, with a median of two courses (range, one to five). Up to 0.5 mg/m2/d, no @entity137 (according to the World Health Organization [WHO] criteria) occurred. At 0.7 mg/m2/d, one @entity1 experienced grade 2 @entity1431 and at the 0.9 mg/m2/d dose step, one @entity1 experienced grade 2 @entity1431 , grade 1 @entity882 , and grade 1 hair loss. At 1.1 mg/m2/d, two of six @entity1 had grade 3 @entity1431 , and in one @entity1 treatment was discontinued after two days because of @entity583 . In both @entity1 receiving 1.3 mg/m2/d, treatment was discontinued after 2 weeks because of grade 3 @entity1431 . Three @entity1 at the 1.1 mg/m2/d, dose step and two @entity1 at the 1.3 mg/m2/d dose step experienced some @entity390 in the last week of the infusion period. One @entity1 developed @entity715 . No @entity166 occurred. Pharmacokinetic studies were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection. Plasma steady-state was reached after 35 hours. During steady-state there was a linear relationship between the @entity2664 dose administered and the level of @entity2664 in plasma (r = .93, P less than .005). The @entity2664 level in leukocytes increased significantly during the infusion period at the 0.9 mg/m2, the 1.1 mg/m2, and the 1.3 mg/m2 dose steps. The area under the curve (AUC) in leukocytes was higher with continuous infusion of 1.1 mg/m2/d for 21 days compared with bolus injection of 12 mg/m2. @entity2664 could be detected in plasma for at least five days after the end of the 21-day infusion period and in leukocytes for at least 14 days. Continuous infusion @entity2664 may increase intracellular drug uptake as expressed by intracellular AUC. We recommend a dose of 1.1 mg/m2/d for 3 weeks for evaluation of antitumor efficacy in phase II studies.

title: A phase I pharmacokinetic study of 21-day continuous infusion XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone', 'Mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious complications']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['subclavian vein thrombosis']

answer: @entity2664 :: (MESH:D008942,Chemical) :: ['mitoxantrone']


abstract: @entity1489 is one of the most prevalent forms of @entity1 @entity5 with a frequency approaching that of all other @entity5 combined. Given this alarming statistic, which may be further exacerbated by increased ultraviolet B irradiation from @entity1787 depletion, it is vital that realistic, relevant model systems are developed to increase our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of @entity105 that result in or evaluate new treatment modalities. Toward this goal, the ability to stably introduce genes into the germline of @entity19 has greatly enhanced prospects for generation of transgenic animal models of multistage molecular @entity105 . Moreover, when genes are combined with regulatory sequences that target their expression to specific tissues, investigators are able to study @entity5 both in the context of living organisms and in the tissues suspected of being the targets of these genes. The epidermis is an attractive tissue for targeted gene expression; not only is it a model for @entity66 in general, but the accessibility of the epidermis allows easy detection of progressive pathological changes that result from transgene expression and facilitates assessment of the potential role played by environmental factors. We have developed a targeting vector based on the @entity1 keratin gene ( @entity11978 ), which is expressed exclusively in the epidermis of @entity19 , at a late stage in development and in both basal and differentiated cells. Through the use of this targeting ability, rasHa, fos, and @entity13898 @entity19 have been developed that exhibit preneoplastic @entity1373 and @entity5656 , and later benign, regression prone @entity1185 . Together, coexpression of two oncogenes cooperated to give @entity1185 , which possessed the phenotypic stability to allow assessment of a third genetic event, namely loss of the @entity899 @entity5 suppressor gene, via mating with @entity899 knockout @entity19 . Loss of @entity899 expression, however, identified a paradoxical block of papillomatogenesis. This latter result suggests that the epidermis possesses several mechanisms that can effectively compensate for the loss of important @entity5 suppressor functions and may have evolved to render the skin relatively resistant to the effects of environmental carcinogens.

title: Multistage epidermal XXXX in @entity19 : cooperativity and paradox.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['epithelial diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms', 'neoplasia']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['Skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['epidermal hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity5656 :: ('MESH:D017488', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkeratosis']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['autonomous papillomas', 'papillomas']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity105 :: (MESH:D063646,Disease) :: ['carcinogenesis']


abstract: Rituximab is a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 antibody. It binds the @entity2225 trans-membrane surface antigen expressed by mature B cells but not by antibody secreting plasma cells, and removes the cells by activating complement, inducing cell-mediated lysis, and by apoptosis. Mainly used for the treatment of @entity1893 , rituximab has recently been tried with favourable responses in @entity309 , @entity1252 , and other chronic @entity1200 . @entity2883 ( @entity2883 ) is a @entity1333 with high morbidity and mortality. It is thought that anti-neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies (ANCA) with specificity for @entity7134 ( @entity7134 ) are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Conventional therapy with @entity786 and @entity288 generally succeeds in inducing remission, but relapses frequently follow. Among the biological agents, @entity5 @entity39 factor-alpha ( @entity310 ) inhibitors have been tried with some success. Based on a case report we recently treated three refractory @entity2883 @entity1 with rituximab and achieved almost complete but temporary remission. @entity2225 + cells disappeared rapidly in peripheral blood, only to rise prior to subsequent disease flares occurring at 34, 63, and 54 weeks, respectively (Figure 1). A new flare occurred in one @entity1 at 86 weeks. At the end of the observation periods (54, 102, and 120 weeks), only one @entity1 had @entity644 . Chest radiographs became normal in two @entity1 , while infiltrates remained unchanged in the third. @entity2694 in two @entity1 seemed unresponsive to therapy.

title: Anti- @entity2225 therapy of treatment-resistant XXXX : favourable but temporary response.

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1252 :: ('MESH:D008180', 'Disease') :: ['systemic lupus erythematosus']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity2694 :: ('MESH:D009916', 'Disease') :: ['Granulomatous retro-orbital or sinus masses']

entities_list: @entity1200 :: ('MESH:D007154', 'Disease') :: ['immunological diseases']

entities_list: @entity2883 :: ('MESH:D014890', 'Disease') :: ['WG', "Wegener's granulomatosis"]

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphomas"]

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity2883 :: (MESH:D014890,Disease) :: ['Wegener's granulomatosis']


abstract: The term cryptogenic @entity55 has been used for the combination of dyspnoea, cough, @entity158 , widespread shadows on chest radiographs, and histological evidence of intra-alveolar organisation with buds of granulation tissue within the alveoli. We report 12 @entity1 with seasonal recurrence of this disorder for between 3 and 11 years. In all 12 @entity1 , symptoms recurred between late February and early May every year, tending to increase in severity each year, and resolved between June and January. Chest radiography and computed tomography showed bilateral consolidation. Lung biopsy samples showed intra-alveolar buds of granulation tissue. There were many neutrophils within the lumina of medium-sized airways and terminal bronchioles showed evidence of obstruction by granulation tissue. Functionally, the predominant defect was restrictive and only 2 @entity1 (life-long non-smokers) had airflow limitation. All 12 @entity1 had very high activities of liver enzymes, suggesting @entity9744 , but no other evidence of @entity409 . Cultures of blood, sputum, lung tissue, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, viral screening, and complement fixation tests were consistently negative. In all @entity1 all @entity854 responded rapidly to oral @entity479 therapy. These findings suggest a seasonal syndrome of @entity55 and biochemical @entity854 indicative of @entity9744 . No aetiological factor has been identified, but the nature and periodicity of the illness point to an inhaled agent present in the environment for a limited period every year.

title: Seasonal cryptogenic XXXX with biochemical cholestasis: a new clinical entity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['organising pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver disease']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pleuritic pain']

entities_list: @entity9744 :: ('MESH:D002780', 'Disease') :: ['intrahepatic cholestasis']

answer: @entity55 :: (MESH:D011014,Disease) :: ['organising pneumonia']


abstract: Fifty-eight @entity1 with severe thoracolumbar @entity174 were treated with bilateral transpedicular decompression, Harrington rod instrumentation, and spine fusion. Spinal realignment and stabilization was achieved by contoured dual Harrington distraction rods supplemented by segmental sublaminal wiring. @entity174 were noted in 25 @entity1 , 9 of whom had associated dural tears. Computed tomography was performed to assess the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal before surgery and after decompression. @entity1 at initial evaluation averaged greater than 67% spinal canal compromise. After surgery, successful decompression was accomplished in 57 @entity1 . One @entity1 required staged, anterior thoracoabdominal decompression and fibula strut grafting. At follow-up (average, 43 months; range, 25-70 months), neurologic improvement was found in 77% of the @entity1 who initially presented with @entity51 . Thirty-four of 40 @entity1 with incomplete @entity451 improved one or more subgroups on the Frankel scale. A solid fusion was attained in all 58 @entity1 . No @entity1 had a significant residual @entity85 . Single-stage bilateral transpedicular decompression and dual Harrington rod instrumentation reliably provides decompression of the spinal canal and restores spinal alignment. The procedure allows early mobilization and provides an environment for solid fusion and maximum neurologic return.

title: Bilateral transpedicular decompression and Harrington rod stabilization in the management of severe thoracolumbar XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['burst fractures', 'Posterior element fractures']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficits']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['kyphotic deformity']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['burst fractures']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Greater body mass index (BMI) is associated with shorter time to @entity1486 (PSA) failure following radical prostatectomy and @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ). Whether BMI is associated with @entity263 -specific mortality (PCSM) was investigated in a large randomized trial of @entity1 treated with @entity1161 and @entity342 deprivation therapy (ADT) for locally advanced @entity263 . METHODS: Between 1987 and 1992, 945 eligible @entity1 with locally advanced @entity263 were enrolled in a phase 3 trial (RTOG 85-31) and randomized to @entity1161 and immediate goserelin or @entity1161 alone followed by goserelin at recurrence. Height and weight data were available at baseline for 788 (83%) subjects. Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relations between BMI and all-cause mortality, PCSM, and @entity5 mortality. Covariates included age, race, treatment arm, history of prostatectomy, nodal involvement, Gleason score, clinical stage, and BMI. RESULTS: The 5-year PCSM rate for @entity1 with BMI <25 kg/m(2) was 6.5%, compared with 13.1% and 12.2% in @entity1 with BMI > or =25 to <30 and BMI > or =30, respectively (Gray's P = .005). In multivariate analyses, greater BMI was significantly associated with higher PCSM (for BMI > or =25 to <30, hazard ratio [HR] 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-2.27, P = .04; for BMI > or =30, HR 1.64, 95% CI, 1.01-2.66, P = .04). BMI was not associated with @entity5 or all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Greater baseline BMI is independently associated with higher PCSM in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity263 . Further studies are warranted to evaluate the mechanism(s) for increased @entity5 -specific mortality and to assess whether @entity353 after @entity263 diagnosis alters disease course.

title: Obesity and mortality in XXXX with locally advanced @entity263 : analysis of RTOG 85-31.

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'nonprostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity1486 :: ('354', 'Gene') :: ['prostate-specific antigen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['men']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore the management of @entity2806 caused by @entity12040 . METHODS: One hundred and three cases treated from 1984 to 2003 were reviewed including 92 females. Seven cases underwent ascending aorta to bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) bypass, 38 cases to the axillary artery with graft to single ICA bypass. Six cases underwent ascending aorta to axillary bypass with 3 graft to single ICA bypasses as the second stage surgery. Three cases underwent ascending aorta to right ICA bypass with 2 graft to left ICA bypasses as well as 6 subclavian to carotid bypass, @entity21728 in 5 and stenting in 3 cases, etc. RESULTS: Twenty-seven @entity1 with less clinical severity received conservative therapy, 9 of them had mostly temporarily improvement, 15 had slight improvement or basically no change, 1 had @entity1158 and 2 died of @entity64 and @entity583 respectively. Surgically, the short-term effective rate was 87% and operative death 7.8%. Fifty-five @entity1 were followed up, a mean follow-up time was 48 months, and the follow-up rate was 80.9%. The excellently, good, fair, no change and death rate were 36.4%, 38.2%, 20.0%, 3.6% and 1.8% respectively. All @entity1 with @entity21728 or stent had an immediate good response and all recurred within 3 to 5 months. CONCLUSIONS: For treating severe @entity2806 caused by @entity12040 , the ascending aorta to axillary and single ICA reconstruction or the ascending aorta-bilateral axillary bypass for @entity1 with @entity3526 is advocated; second stage operation from graft to contralateral ICA can be carried out if necessary.

title: [Challenges in management of @entity2806 due to XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1158 :: ('MESH:D006429', 'Disease') :: ['hemiplegia']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity12040 :: ('MESH:D013625', 'Disease') :: ["Takayasu's arteritis"]

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity3526 :: ('MESH:D013349', 'Disease') :: ['subclavian steal syndrome']

answer: @entity12040 :: (MESH:D013625,Disease) :: ['Takayasu's arteritis']


abstract: Visual inspection with @entity1543 (VIA) and @entity1082 detection have sensitivity higher than cytology but lower specificity. The high false-positive rate of either test poses a challenge to the colposcopists who obtain biopsies from the innocuous changes and to the pathologists who have to interpret large numbers of specimens that are either normal or have low-grade abnormalities. Interobserver variation in histopathologic interpretations of cervical punch biopsy specimens is high, specially for the lower-grade abnormalities. Use of the modified Bethesda system to report histology in place of the @entity3146 ( @entity3146 ) system has the potential to reduce such variability as there are fewer categories. The present study aimed to assess the interobserver agreement to interpret cervical punch biopsies when both pathologists followed the modified Bethesda classification system and also when one pathologist followed the modified Bethesda classification system and the other followed the @entity3146 classification system. Colposcopy-directed punch biopsies were obtained from VIA and/or Hybrid Capture 2-positive @entity1 . The Institute pathologist interpreted the slides using the @entity3146 system. Blinded review was done by 2 external pathologists who independently interpreted cervical punch biopsies using the Bethesda system. The Institute pathologist's diagnoses based on @entity3146 system were converted post hoc into categories belonging to the Bethesda system for comparison. The overall agreement was poor (k=0.36). The lowest agreement was observed in the low-grade squamous @entity75 category (k=0.23) and the highest in the @entity957 category (k=0.76). The agreement between the reviewers, both of whom used the Bethesda system, was substantial.

title: Interobserver agreement in the reporting of cervical biopsy specimens obtained from @entity1 screened by visual inspection with XXXX and hybrid capture 2.

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['intraepithelial lesion']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus']

entities_list: @entity1543 :: ('MESH:D019342', 'Chemical') :: ['acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity3146 :: ('MESH:D018290', 'Disease') :: ['cervical intraepithelial neoplasia', 'CIN']

answer: @entity1543 :: (MESH:D019342,Chemical) :: ['acetic acid']


abstract: Recent studies clearly support the role of the cardioverter implantable defibrillator in reducing arrhythmic and all-cause mortality in @entity1 with a previous @entity583 . However, the use of the cardioverter implantable defibrillator cannot be extended to all @entity583 @entity1 despite its effectiveness because implantation is an invasive procedure and the cost of the device is high. Thus, the correct and effective identification of @entity1 at high risk of life-threatening @entity943 represents a clinically relevant problem owing to the availability of an effective but expensive therapeutic tool. Many non-invasive tests have been studied in past years to assess the risk of @entity943 after @entity583 ; moreover, also programmed ventricular stimulation has been used to evaluate inducibility of @entity1165 . Nevertheless, the positive predictive value of both non-invasive and invasive testing is low and not adequate to make a clinical decision. This finding is probably related to the multifactorial genesis of @entity943 which need several concomitant factors to trigger @entity943 . For this reason the combined use of multiple risk markers is needed in order to improve diagnostic accuracy and identify subgroups of @entity1 at high enough risk to define specific prophylactic options. In this scenario, according to available data, @entity1 with two or more non-invasive risk markers should undergo electrophysiologic testing. In fact, @entity1 with a recent @entity583 who have positive non-invasive tests and also show inducibility of sustained monomorphic @entity1165 at programmed ventricular stimulation have a high incidence of arrhythmic events during the subsequent follow-up period and, in the author's opinion, should undergo a cardioverter defibrillator implantation. In the present review, an analysis of the main diagnostic tests for risk stratification of postinfarction @entity1 will be performed and operative suggestions will be provided.

title: [Stratification of the @entity943 risk after acute XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias', 'malignant ventricular arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarct']


abstract: PURPOSE: Data on @entity13425 @entity3 and their significance are lacking for @entity418 . This issue is important to determine the extent of lymphadenectomy for esophageal resection. In this study we examined the lymphatic spread in @entity418 by routine histopathology and by immunohistochemistry. @entity1 AND METHODS: A total of 1,584 resected lymph nodes were obtained from 86 @entity1 with resected @entity418 and evaluated by routine histopathology. Additionally, frozen tissue sections of 540 lymph nodes classified as @entity5 -free by routine histopathology were screened for micrometastases by immunohistochemistry with the monoclonal antibody Ber-EP4. The lymph nodes were mapped according to the mapping scheme of the American @entity1514 Society modified by Casson et al. RESULTS: Forty-four @entity1 (51%) had pN1 disease, and 61 @entity1 (71%) harbored lymphatic micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry. @entity13425 @entity3 detected by routine histopathology were present in 34% of pN1 @entity1 . Skipping of micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry was found in 66%. The presence of micrometastases was associated with a significantly decreased relapse-free and overall survival (56.0 v 10.0 months and > 64 v 15 months, P <.0001 and P =.004, respectively). Cox regression analysis revealed the independent prognostic influence of micrometastases in lymph nodes. Lymph node skipping had no significant independent prognostic influence on survival. CONCLUSION: Histopathologically and immunohistochemically detectable @entity13425 @entity3 are a frequent event in @entity418 . Only extensive lymph node sampling, in conjunction with immunohistochemical evaluation, will lead to accurate staging. An improved staging system is essential for more individualized adjuvant therapy.

title: XXXX : the mode of lymphatic @entity5 cell spread and its prognostic significance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer', 'esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['Esophageal cancer']


abstract: 1. The pharmacokinetics of @entity2932 ( @entity2933 ) were studied in 10 @entity167 dependent subjects after single and repeated therapeutic oral doses (25 mg kg-1 every 12 h for 7 days). 2. @entity2933 was readily absorbed and rapidly eliminated (tmax = 20-45 min; mean @entity8034 +/- 5 s.d. min). Urinary recovery of unchanged @entity2933 was negligible (less than 1% of the dose). @entity17106 was not detected in either plasma or urine, indicating that lactonization of @entity2933 does not occur in vivo. 3. The multiple-dose regimen resulted neither in accumulation of @entity2933 nor in time-dependent modification of its pharmacokinetics. 4. In five subjects, the data were consistent with nonlinear elimination kinetics of @entity2933 . Administration of a 50 mg kg-1 dose to these subjects resulted in significant increases in dose-normalized AUC, t1/2z and mean residence time. 5. Doubling of the dose also resulted in a significant increase in tmax with little change in Cmax. 6. At the administered doses, @entity2933 did not accumulate in the plasma and caused no serious side effects.

title: Pharmacokinetics of @entity2932 in XXXX dependent patients after single and repeated oral doses.

entities_list: @entity17106 :: ('MESH:D015107', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-butyrolactone']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity2932 :: ('MESH:C111420', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-hydroxybutyric acid']

answer: @entity167 :: (CHEBI:16236,Chemical) :: ['alcohol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies addressing reversal of anticoagulation in @entity130 have reported conflicting results. We hypothesized that current clinical practice is variable throughout North America. METHODS: We surveyed 100 @entity130 surgeons to obtain information regarding variability in current clinical practice. RESULTS: Seventy-five of 100 @entity130 surgeons surveyed responded, and the majority (98.7%) agreed that preinjury anticoagulation poses problems in @entity130 management that include @entity548 , increased complications, and mortality. Nine @entity1 (12.2%) had a protocol addressing reversal of anticoagulation in their institution. Most use fresh frozen plasma based on the type and location of injury, initial international normalized ratio (INR), and targeted INR value. Fresh frozen plasma was consistently used in @entity1 with positive head computed tomographic scans, hemothorax, nonoperative solid organ injury management, @entity174 , and any operative intervention. Practice inconsistencies were found in @entity1 with @entity909 and normal head computed tomographic scan, facial and @entity174 , and @entity358 . Significant variability was found in the reversal INR target. One third of @entity1 agreed that anticoagulation could be restarted 5 to 7 days after craniotomy; one sixth would do so within 72 hours and one third would wait 10 or more days. Most agreed that anticoagulation could be restarted 3 days after chest, abdominal, and orthopedic operations. Significant inconsistencies were also observed regarding when to restart anticoagulation in @entity6075 @entity1 treated nonoperatively. CONCLUSION: On the basis of the discrepancies observed in this survey, a clinical trial addressing specific injury location and patterns, INR thresholds, and type of strategy to achieve reversal is warranted, and most would agree to participate.

title: Reversal of anticoagulation in XXXX : a North-American survey on clinical practices among @entity130 surgeons.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['pelvic and long bone fractures', 'rib fractures']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity909 :: ('MESH:D014474', 'Disease') :: ['loss of consciousness']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary contusion']

entities_list: @entity6075 :: ('MESH:D016489', 'Disease') :: ['closed head injury']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: @entity1154 oxidase (MAO) oxidatively deaminates vasoactive and biogenic @entity4478 and exists in two distinct forms (A and B), coded for by separate genes, which exhibit distinct substrate specificities and inhibitor sensitivities. Using specific primers for @entity11926 and @entity11927 mRNA in a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on RNA from @entity1 liver, the predicted products for both enzymes were detected. Furthermore, RT-PCR on RNA from @entity1 placenta, believed to contain predominantly (or only) @entity11926 protein, also indicated the presence of both A and B gene transcripts. The cellular distribution of MAO mRNA in placental tissue was analyzed by in situ hybridization of @entity11926 and @entity11927 mRNA-specific cRNA probes on paraffin sections. @entity11926 mRNA was mainly evident in the syncytiotrophoblastic layer. None was detected in the vascular endothelium/smooth muscles. Significantly, @entity11927 mRNA signal was also evident in the placental villi, notably in the syncytiotrophoblasts, intermediate trophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, and the vascular endothelium. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the cellular distribution of MAO mRNA in @entity1 placenta via in situ hybridization. The expression of @entity11927 in placental tissue rather than in blood elements within placenta is also unequivocally demonstrated. These highly specific cRNA probes can now be used to study the distribution of @entity11926 and @entity11927 expression in other tissues.

title: Localization of @entity1154 oxidase mRNA in XXXX placenta.

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['Monoamine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Studies were performed in the @entity35 liver to examine whether or not insulin as well as glucagon causes the induction of mitochondrial @entity563 : @entity2388 aminotransferase (SPTm) [EC 2.6.1.51] and if so, whether the mechanisms of induction are similar or different for the two hormones. Not only glucagon but also insulin induced SPTm. Cell-free translation assaying and RNA blot analysis showed that both hormones cause an increase in the hepatic level of mRNA for the precursor of SPTm. Their effects were virtually additive, and the time course of the increase in the mRNA level differed between the hormones. The maximal increase induced by glucagon was observed 3.5 h after the hormone injection while that by insulin was found after 6 h. The increase in the mRNA due to insulin was completely inhibited by the co-administration of @entity1880 , while that due to glucagon was not. The finding suggests that a newly synthesized, insulin-dependent protein(s) is involved in the regulation of the mRNA level by insulin. On the other hand, @entity701 treatment selectively suppressed the increase in the mRNA due to glucagon. These data indicate that the synthesis of the mRNA for SPTm is regulated by glucagon and insulin through different mechanisms. The size of the hormone-induced mRNA for SPTm gradually decreased with time, but the cell-free translation products did not exhibit size alteration. RNase H digestion to remove the poly(A) tail of the mRNA indicated that shortening of the poly(A) sequence might be responsible for the time-dependent size alteration of the mRNA.

title: Induction of mitochondrial @entity563 : @entity2388 aminotransferase of XXXX liver by glucagon and insulin through different mechanisms.

entities_list: @entity1880 :: ('MESH:D003513', 'Chemical') :: ['cycloheximide']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: This study reports the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the reduction of @entity13395 by using citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata and @entity7588 ) juice extract as the reducing and stabilizing agent. A various shape and size of gold nanoparticles were formed when the ratio of the reactants were altered with respect to 1.0mM @entity13395 solution. The gold nanoparticles obtained were characterized by UV-visible spectra, @entity1579 ( @entity1579 ) and @entity11898 ( @entity11898 ). @entity1579 studies showed the particles to be of various shapes and sizes and particle size ranges from 15 to 80 nm. Selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern confirmed fcc phase and crystallinity of the particles. The @entity11898 analysis revealed the distinctive facets (111, 200, 220 and 222 planes) of gold nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies revealed that the average size for colloid gp(3) of C. limon, C. reticulata and @entity2441 are 32.2 nm, 43.4 nm and 56.7 nm respectively. The DLS graph showed that the particles size was larger and more polydispersed compared to the one observed by @entity1579 due to the fact that the measured size also includes the bio-organic compounds enveloping the core of the Au NPs. Zeta potential value for gold nanoparticles obtained from colloid gp(3) of C. limon, C. reticulata and @entity2441 are -45.9, -37.9 and -31.4 respectively indicating the stability of the synthesized nanoparticles. Herein we propose a novel, previously unexploited method for the biological syntheses of polymorphic gold nanoparticles with potent biological applications.

title: Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata and XXXX ) aqueous extract and its characterization.

entities_list: @entity11898 :: ('MESH:C564523', 'Disease') :: ['XRD', 'X-ray diffraction']

entities_list: @entity1579 :: ('MESH:D017096', 'Disease') :: ['transmission electron microscopy', 'TEM']

entities_list: @entity7588 :: ('2711', 'Species') :: ['Citrus sinensis']

entities_list: @entity13395 :: ('MESH:C024568', 'Chemical') :: ['chloroauric acid', 'HAuCl(4)']

answer: @entity7588 :: (2711,Species) :: ['Citrus sinensis']