abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study examined the efficacy, safety and tolerability of co-administering the @entity165 absorption inhibitor, @entity3709 10 mg with ongoing statin therapy in hypercholesterolaemic @entity1 . @entity1 AND METHODS: I n this multicentre, open-label, observational study, hypercholesterolaemic @entity1 (from 44 South African specialty practices) on statin therapy were screened and after meeting the inclusion criteria, all received @entity3709 (10 mg/day) in addition to their ongoing statin therapy for four weeks. RESULTS: In 358 @entity1 , @entity3709 co-administered with ongoing statin therapy significantly reduced the low-density lipoprotein @entity165 ( @entity11429 ) level by an additional 21.9% in the total population. In the secondary-prevention @entity1 (category 1 cardiovascular risk according to ESC guidelines adopted for South Africa), an additional 20.4% reduction was observed, and a 25.5% additional reduction for the primary-prevention @entity1 (category 2 cardiovascular risk according to ESC guidelines adopted for South Africa). These results were consistent across gender, race, age, statin brand and dose subgroups. @entity3709 co-administered with ongoing statin therapy also increased the number of @entity1 reaching their @entity11429 goals according to their risk category (2.5 mmol/l for category 1 @entity1 and 3.0 mmol/l for category 2 @entity1 ). @entity3709 -plus-statin therapy was well tolerated, with a good safety profile. CONCLUSION: @entity3709 co-administered with ongoing statin therapy consistently produced significant additional improvements in @entity11429 levels and goal attainment. This was observed for the whole population as well as for the two risk categories. The addition of @entity3709 to ongoing statin therapy may be considered for @entity1 not achieving their @entity11429 goals on conventional statin therapy.

title: A multicentre, open-label, observational local study to evaluate the low-density lipoprotein @entity165 -lowering effect of XXXX as prescribed in daily routine practice in the South African population.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity3709 :: ('MESH:C108606', 'Chemical') :: ['ezetimibe', 'Ezetimibe']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3709 :: (MESH:C108606,Chemical) :: ['ezetimibe']


abstract: Incidence rates of @entity65 are often estimated by linkage to hospital discharge and mortality registries. The validity depends on the quality of the registries and the linkage. Therefore, we validated incidence rates of @entity301 ( @entity301 ), @entity583 , unstable @entity951 , and @entity712 , estimated by this method, against the disease registry of the cardiovascular registry Maastricht cohort study. The cohort consists of 21,148 @entity1 , born between 1927 and 1977, who were randomly sampled from Maastricht and surrounding communities in 1987-1997. Incident cases were identified by linkage to the Netherlands causes of death registry and either the hospital discharge registry (HDR) or the cardiology information system (CIS) of the University Hospital Maastricht. Sensitivities and positive predictive values were calculated using the CIS-based registry as gold standard. Relatively high sensitivities and positive predictive values were found for @entity301 (72 and 91%, respectively) and @entity583 (84 and 97%, respectively). These values were considerably lower for unstable @entity951 (53 and 78%, respectively) and @entity712 (43 and 80%, respectively). A substantial number of cases (14-47%) were found only in the CIS-based registry, because they were missed or miscoded in the HDR-based registry. As a consequence, the incidence rates in the HDR-based registry were considerably lower than in the CIS-based registry, especially for unstable @entity951 and @entity712 . Incidence rates based on hospital discharge and mortality data may underestimate the true incidence rates, especially for unstable @entity951 and @entity712 .

title: Validity of @entity301 and XXXX based on hospital discharge and mortality data in the Netherlands using the cardiovascular registry Maastricht cohort study.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity951 :: ('MESH:D000787', 'Disease') :: ['angina pectoris']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['heart failure']


abstract: A new specific ageusia was found in @entity1 subjects for @entity5542 ( @entity5542 ). Four tests were successively applied to discriminate non-tasters and hypotasters from tasters. (i) @entity1219 and @entity5542 thresholds, and (ii) suprathreshold sensitivity were evaluated using the up-and-down procedure. Only 73% of 109 subjects common to both tests demonstrated a sensitivity for @entity5542 significantly higher than their sensitivity to @entity1219 , and hence a specific sensitivity to @entity8854 . The remaining 27% who showed no significant difference in sensitivity to @entity5542 and @entity1219 solutions were considered as putative hypotasters. (iii) Perception profiles (time-intensity) for @entity5542 and @entity1219 were tested in 58 subjects and appeared significantly different in 47 tasters (81%). This technique helped in identifying among putative hypotasters of tests 1 and 2 a few tasters who perceived equal intensity for isoconcentration of @entity1219 and @entity5542 but who could discriminate isomolar solutions on other cues. Thus, 19% of subjects, for whom no significant differences were found between @entity5542 and @entity1219 time-intensity profiles, remained in the hypotaster group. (iv) A discrimination task including 24 triangular presentations per subject of @entity1219 and @entity5542 29 mM applied to the eight most severe hypotasters showed that two subjects at least (two of 58; 3.5%) could not discriminate between both stimuli. Moreover, these subjects probably perceived identical sensations for @entity5542 and @entity1219 solutions. The six other hypotasters (10.3%) could discriminate both stimuli at the limit of significance. None of these eight subjects were able to identify the typical umami taste in 29 mM @entity5542 .

title: A new specific ageusia: some XXXX cannot taste @entity8854 .

entities_list: @entity5542 :: ('CHEBI:64243', 'Chemical') :: ['monosodium L-glutamate', 'MSG']

entities_list: @entity8854 :: ('CHEBI:29985', 'Chemical') :: ['L-glutamate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: The management of peptic @entity1066 with up to 6 years of continuous @entity4444 treatment has been studied at four centres in the UK and Ireland. @entity4444 , 1 g daily for up to 12 weeks, was used to heal duodenal or gastric ulceration, alternating with 400 mg each night to maintain remission. After an initial healing phase, 402 @entity1 started maintenance therapy. Classical life-table analyses showed that after 5 years one-quarter of the @entity1 had suffered a symptomatic relapse, about half during the first year of maintenance treatment. Prevalence analyses (reflecting the cyclical nature of H2-antagonist use in peptic @entity1066 ) over 6 years show that, on average, over 97% remain free of symptomatic ulceration at any one time. @entity1 'lost' to the study due to withdrawal or default may, however, bias the results. A model designed to account for these estimates that during the long-term management of peptic ulcer with @entity4444 , on average around 95% of @entity1 remain free of symptomatic ulceration at any one time. Safety studies, including haematological and biochemical testing over the whole period, revealed no previously unknown adverse reaction. Seven @entity1 were withdrawn for events considered to be related to the drug. Eleven @entity1 died; none of the deaths appears to be connected with the treatment. It is concluded that long-term use of @entity4444 is effective in the management of peptic @entity1066 , and continuous treatment for up to 6 years has not revealed any previously unknown hazard.

title: Six years of continuous @entity4444 treatment in peptic @entity1066 : efficacy and safety. Anglo-Irish XXXX Long-Term Study Group.

entities_list: @entity4444 :: ('MESH:D002927', 'Chemical') :: ['cimetidine', 'Cimetidine']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer disease']

answer: @entity4444 :: (MESH:D002927,Chemical) :: ['Cimetidine']


abstract: Recurrence along an endoscope tract has been described after endoscopic biopsy and resection of @entity5 arising in multiple organ systems. We describe a case of tract recurrence following the ventriculoscopic biopsy of a @entity1221 . A retrospective review of the @entity1 's clinical course, radiology and pathology was undertaken to formulate a case report. A 14-year-old @entity1 was treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy and endoscopic biopsy of a @entity979 associated with @entity1276 . Persistent @entity1276 required repeat third ventriculostomy. The @entity1 subsequently received focal external beam radiotherapy. Seventeen months after the first third ventriculostomy, a routine MRI revealed a 2-cm enhancing mass in the ventriculoscope tract. This was removed via a right frontal craniotomy. Again the pathology was @entity3438 . Serum and CSF markers were negative at initial presentation and at the time of recurrence. The potential for tract recurrence and CSF dissemination should be considered following the endoscopic biopsy of @entity979 as this could affect the extent of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.

title: Ventriculoscope tract recurrence after endoscopic biopsy of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity979 :: ('MESH:D010871', 'Disease') :: ['pineal germinoma', 'pineal germ cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1221 :: ('MESH:D016543', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system tumor']

entities_list: @entity3438 :: ('MESH:D018237', 'Disease') :: ['germinoma']

answer: @entity979 :: (MESH:D010871,Disease) :: ['pineal germinoma']


abstract: The execution phase of apoptosis occurs through the activation and function of caspases which cleave key substrates that orchestrate the @entity204 process. Here, we have compared the sensitivity of various T and B cell lines to @entity204 receptor or @entity866 -induced apoptosis. First, we found a lack of correlation between @entity204 receptor expression and sensitivity to Fas or @entity2205 . By contrast, a correlation between caspase activation, DNA fragmentation and cell @entity204 in T cell lines was evidenced. Among T cells, CEM underwent apoptosis in response to @entity10762 but were resistant to @entity2205 in agreement with the absence of @entity2205 receptors @entity55964 ) on their surface. The B cell line SKW 6.4 was sensitive to @entity10762 and @entity866 but resistant to @entity2205 . As B cell lines expressed significant levels of @entity4107 and @entity3049 , resistance to @entity2205 in SKW 6.4 is likely due to the expression of the decoy receptor @entity3050 . @entity2109 such as RPMI 8866 and Raji did not exhibit DNA fragmentation in response to @entity10762 , @entity2205 or @entity866 but showed long-term caspase-dependent loss of viability upon effector treatment. The B cell lines used in this study express very weak or undetectable levels of @entity13779 and relatively high levels of @entity15975 . Interestingly, cytosolic extracts from RPMI 88.66 but not other B lymphoma exhibit altered levels of @entity4674 -dependent caspase activation. Taken together, our results show that: (1) @entity204 receptor expression does not correlate with sensitivity to apoptosis; (2) the very low ratio of @entity13779 vs. @entity15975 is unlikely to explain by itself the lack of DNA fragmentation observed in certain B cell lines; and (3) a defective @entity4674 -dependent caspase activation might account at least in part for the insensitivity of certain @entity2109 (RPMI 88.66) to apoptosis. Thus it seems that resistance of @entity2109 to apoptosis is not governed by a general mechanism, but is rather multifactorial and differs from one cell line to another.

title: T and B leukemic cell lines exhibit different requirements for cell @entity204 : correlation between caspase activation, @entity13779 / XXXX expression, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in T cell lines but not in @entity2109 .

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ["Burkitt's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity866 :: ('MESH:D019311', 'Chemical') :: ['staurosporine']

answer: @entity15975 :: (1676,Gene) :: ['DFF45']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the treatment of @entity3681 in an accident and emergency department could be improved by an audit of existing treatment and the creation and use of a protocol. DESIGN: The study consisted of three parts: a review of the current treatment and published reports on treatment, the formation of a protocol, and a study of treatment after introducing the protocol. SETTING: Accident and emergency department of a district general hospital. @entity1 : 550 @entity1 attending the department with @entity3681 over four months. RESULTS: The review of treatment showed that @entity1 with @entity174 were detected and treated adequately, but most had radiography. @entity1 with @entity130 may have been undertreated. After introducing the protocol the number of @entity1 undergoing radiography was reduced from 205 (80%) to 186 (70%) (0.0027 less than p less than 0.01). In 87% of the notes reviewed the protocol had been completed. Sixty six @entity1 with @entity130 were reviewed in the department or soft tissue clinic compared with 20 before the protocol was introduced. There was a 53% reduction in inappropriate referrals to the @entity174 clinic (13 before v nine after). CONCLUSIONS: Using a protocol can, at little expense, improve the treatment of @entity3681 and reduce the cost of radiology in an accident and emergency department. IMPLICATION: Treatment of other conditions may be improved by introducing a protocol.

title: Audit of XXXX in an accident and emergency department.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ligamentous injuries']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['ankle injuries']

answer: @entity3681 :: (MESH:D016512,Disease) :: ['ankle injuries']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Litigation analysis and clinician education are essential to reduce the number and cost of malpractice claims. This study evaluates the clinical characteristics and legal outcomes of medical malpractice litigation initiated by @entity1 having undergone a @entity547 repair operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Published civil suits were obtained from a legal database for state and federal decisions constituting case law. The published material includes information on defendants, plaintiffs, allegations, outcomes, and a variety of legal issues. A retrospective review of 44 published cases from 25 states was performed. RESULTS: Complications were present in 20 of 44 (45%) suits, four (9%) of which were because of @entity281 . @entity204 occurred in five (11%) cases, and failure to obtain informed consent was alleged in seven (16%) of the suits. Retained foreign bodies were present in 7 of the 44 (16%) suits. Other allegations included incorrect surgical technique, insufficient need for surgery, and @entity147 . Most (64%) @entity1 initiating malpractice litigation were male, and inguinal, hiatal, and @entity4037 repairs account for 39%, 27%, and 14% of cases, respectively. Most suits (40%) were initiated in Southern states. Surgical mesh was indicated in 5 of 44 (11%) suits but four of five were unrelated to the suit. One @entity1 initiated litigation because of the fact that the surgeon did not use mesh during surgery, which was discussed preoperatively during the informed consent. The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff in 12 of 44 (27%) suits, with compensation ranging from roughly  19,000 to  8,000,000. Louisiana and New York had six and seven suits each, which appears disproportionate given their respective populations. CONCLUSION: Complications and @entity204 resulting from alleged clinical negligence play a significant role in both the initiation and the outcome of malpractice litigation. Retained foreign bodies and lack of informed consent account for roughly one-third of malpractice litigation associated with @entity547 repairs. Many of these suits may be avoided with proper @entity1 education and documentation of such along with standard operative preventative measures.

title: Medical malpractice and XXXX repair: an analysis of case law.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity147 :: ('MESH:D005316', 'Disease') :: ['emotional distress']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity4037 :: ('MESH:D006555', 'Disease') :: ['ventral hernia']

answer: @entity547 :: (MESH:D006547,Disease) :: ['hernia']


abstract: The neuropeptides orexin A ( @entity15114 ), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and galanin (GAL) have been shown to play a role in the regulation of food intake in mammals. They also significantly stimulate feeding in @entity2083 . In order to assess the interactions between these peptides in the control of feeding in @entity2083 , we investigated the effects of central injection of specific receptor antagonists for NPY (BIBP 3226) and GAL (M40) on @entity15114 -induced feeding and the effects of desensitization of orexin receptors on NPY- and GAL-induced feeding. We investigated the effects of BIBP 3226 on GAL-induced feeding and the effects of M40 on NPY-induced feeding. We also examined the effects of coinjection of each pair of neuropeptides on feeding behavior. Injections of 10 ng/g @entity15114 , 5 ng/g NPY and 10 ng/g GAL each induced an increase in feeding. Fish treated with 5 ng/g BIBP or 20 ng/g M40 had food consumption similar to saline controls. BIBP at 5 ng/g significantly reduced NPY- and @entity15114 -induced feeding. Injections of 20 ng/g M40 significantly decreased GAL-induced feeding, but had no effect on @entity15114 -induced feeding. Blocking of orexin receptors by treatment with high doses of @entity15114 (100 ng/g) resulted in a decrease in both NPY- and GAL-induced feeding. Coinjection with 0.5 ng/g @entity15114 and either 0.5 ng/g NPY or 0.5 ng/g GAL resulted in a food intake higher than that observed in saline control fish and in fish treated with NPY or @entity19447 alone at 0.5 ng/g. NPY mRNA expression was increased in the telencephalon and in the hypothalamus compared to saline-treated fish, following injection of @entity15114 . These results indicate that both NPY and GAL are at least, in part, dependent on coaction with @entity15114 for the stimulation of food intake and feeding behavior in @entity2083 . In addition, the effects of @entity15114 are mediated, in part, by the NPY pathway. This suggests a functional interdependence between these three peptidergic systems in the control of energy balance in @entity2083 .

title: Interactions between orexin A, NPY and galanin in the control of food intake of the XXXX , @entity2083 .

answer: @entity2083 :: (7957,Species) :: ['goldfish']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of bidirectional Glenn when performed with or without @entity392 pulmonary blood flow in a cohort of @entity1 with a single ventricle. METHODS: Records of 212 @entity1 undergoing staged single ventricle palliation during a 10-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Of those, 103 (33 in @entity392 group A and 70 in nonpulsatile group B) were selected. RESULTS: Demographics and pre- and intraoperative variables were comparable for both groups. There was no difference in @entity26 saturations immediately after the bidirectional Glenn in the 2 groups. The duration and output of chest tube drainage, incidence of chylothorax, and total length of stay was higher in group A. There was no difference in the number of diuretics or @entity26 requirement upon discharge between groups. Pre-Glenn measurements showed a mean McGoon ratio in group A of 1.5 (1.46-1.57) and in group B of 1.59 (1.53-1.7) (P = .11); however, there was a significant difference in the ratio between groups at pre-Fontan measurements: group A, 1.76 (1.73-1.79) and group B, 1.6 (1.53-1.66) (P < .05). At pre-Fontan measurements there was a significant difference in mean pulmonary artery pressure between group A (14 mm [12.8-15.2]) and group B (10 mm [9.7-11]) (P < .05) and a trend toward higher incidence of venovenous collaterals in group A. There was no perioperative or interstage mortality in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsatile bidirectional Glenn is associated with better pulmonary artery growth, which might improve long-term outcomes after Fontan. However, it was associated with a higher postoperative complication rate.

title: Is additional XXXX pulmonary blood flow beneficial to @entity1 with bidirectional Glenn?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity392 :: ('MESH:D014012', 'Disease') :: ['pulsatile']

answer: @entity392 :: (MESH:D014012,Disease) :: ['pulsatile']


abstract: @entity2926 is a disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of genus Leptospira. It is considered the most common zoonosis in the world. Acute @entity788 is a rare complication of @entity2926 (25%). We present the case of a 34-year-old male @entity1 with severe @entity2926 complicated with @entity810 . After 9 days from the onset of the disease, the @entity1 developed @entity656 , infected from the very beginning, associated with @entity881 , @entity326 and severe @entity417 . The diagnosis was clinically and biologically stated and confirmed by CT-scan. The @entity1 underwent surgery for infected @entity39 acute @entity788 of the head and neck of the pancreas, with left retroperitoneal expansion down to the left iliac fossa. We performed a necrosectomy with the evacuation of the @entity5922 , multiple drainage of the peritoneal cavity, followed by an open abdomen with synthetic mesh. The postoperative evolution was difficult but constantly progressive. Two reinterventions were necessary. The @entity1 left the hospital in @entity558 after 75 days postoperatively.

title: Severe acute XXXX - a serious complication of @entity2926 .

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['good condition']

entities_list: @entity656 :: ('MESH:D019283', 'Disease') :: ['acute necrotizing pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity2926 :: ('MESH:D007922', 'Disease') :: ['leptospirosis', 'Leptospirosis']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['septic shock']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing']

entities_list: @entity5922 :: ('MESH:C536356', 'Disease') :: ['tisular debris']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multiple organ failure']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: @entity712 is associated with a high risk of life-threatening ventricular re-entrant @entity943 . Down-regulation of the principal gap-junctional protein of the ventricular myocytes, @entity495 , has previously been implicated in @entity943 in @entity299 , but it is not known whether @entity495 is similarly reduced in @entity712 due to @entity1000 , whether disease-related @entity495 down-regulation occurs at the level of transcription or translation, or whether the expression of other @entity19279 isotypes is altered in @entity712 . We therefore investigated the expression of the four connexins expressed in the heart-connexins 43, 40, 45 and 37-at the mRNA and protein levels in explanted hearts from transplant @entity1 with end-stage @entity712 (NYHA class 4) by immunoconfocal analysis, and northern and western blotting. @entity495 mRNA and protein were markedly downregulated in the left ventricle in end-stage @entity712 due both to @entity296 and @entity1000 . @entity495 content was spatially heterogeneous in the diseased ventricle. @entity8439 mRNA was increased in the ischaemic group, more so in the left ventricle than the right. This correlated with an increased depth of @entity8439 protein expression in myocytes at the endocardial surface. @entity28292 mRNA and protein, present only in very low quantities, followed a similar trend to @entity495 , while @entity45450 (exclusively expressed in endothelium) showed no change. Our findings show that @entity712 is associated with significantly reduced levels of the principal gap junction protein, @entity495 , in the left ventricle, potentially contributing to enhanced @entity4128 and @entity409 . This down-regulation is due predominantly to a reduced transcript steady-state level. Elevated @entity8439 may represent a compensatory response that improves the spread of depolarization in the otherwise compromised ischaemic ventricle.

title: Altered @entity19279 expression in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4128 :: ('MESH:D019571', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmogenicity']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'Congestive heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['contractile dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1000 :: ('MESH:C536277', 'Disease') :: ['idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: To study the structure-activity relationships of aromatic cytokinins, the cytokinin activity at both the receptor and cellular levels, as well as CDK inhibitory and anticancer properties of 38 @entity21928 ( @entity3015 ) derivatives were compared in various in vitro assays. The compounds were prepared by the condensation of @entity53171 with corresponding substituted @entity21676 . The majority of synthesised derivatives exhibited high activity in all three of the cytokinin bioassays employed ( @entity286 callus, @entity3505 senescence and Amaranthus bioassay). The highest activities were obtained in the senescence bioassay. For some compounds tested, significant differences of activity were found in the bioassays used, indicating that diverse recognition systems may operate and suggesting that it may be possible to modulate particular cytokinin-dependent processes with specific compounds. Position-specific steric and hydrophobic effects of different @entity15060 ring substituents on the variation of biological activity were confirmed. In contrast to their high activity in bioassays, the @entity3015 derivatives were recognised with much lower sensitivity than @entity30119 in both @entity958 @entity24619 and @entity24620 receptor assays. The compounds were also investigated for their effects on @entity15308 ( @entity15308 ) and for antiproliferative properties on @entity5 and normal cell lines. Several of the tested compounds showed stronger inhibitory activity and @entity137 than @entity3015 . There was also a significant positive correlation of the inhibitory effects on @entity1 and plant CDKs with cell proliferation of @entity5 and cytokinin-dependent @entity286 cells, respectively. This suggests that at least a part of the antiproliferative effect of the new cytokinins was due to the inhibition of CDK activity.

title: Preparation and biological activity of @entity21928 derivatives in plants and @entity1 XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity21928 :: ('MESH:C000142', 'Chemical') :: ['6-benzylaminopurine']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis thaliana']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity21676 :: ('MESH:D001596', 'Chemical') :: ['benzylamines']

entities_list: @entity53171 :: ('MESH:C079308', 'Chemical') :: ['6-chloropurine']

entities_list: @entity15308 :: ('1017', 'Gene') :: ['cyclin-dependent kinase 2', 'CDK2']

entities_list: @entity30119 :: ('CHEBI:16522', 'Chemical') :: ['trans-zeatin']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: The impact of acute volume imbalances on gastric volume (GV) was studied in anesthetized @entity35 (250-300 g). After cervical and femoral vessel cannulation, a balloon catheter was positioned in the proximal stomach. The opposite end of the catheter was connected to a barostat with an electronic sensor coupled to a plethysmometer. A standard ionic solution was used to fill the balloon (about 3.0 ml) and the communicating vessel system, and to raise the reservoir liquid level 4 cm above the animals' @entity2466 . Due to constant barostat pressure, GV values were considered to represent the gastric compliance index. All animals were monitored for 90 min. After a basal interval, they were randomly assigned to normovolemic, hypervolemic, @entity3485 or restored protocols. Data were compared by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP) and GV values did not change in normovolemic animals (N = 5). Hypervolemic animals (N = 12) were transfused at 0.5 ml/min with a suspension of red blood cells in Ringer- @entity880 solution with albumin (12.5 ml/kg), which reduced GV values by 11.3% (P<0.05). @entity3485 @entity35 (N = 12) were bled up to 10 ml/kg, a procedure that increased GV values by 15.8% (P<0.05). In the restored group (N = 12), shed blood replacement brought GV values back to basal levels in bled animals (P>0.05). MAP and CVP values increased (P<0.05) after hypervolemia but decreased (P<0.05) with @entity3485 . In conclusion, blood volume level modulates gastric compliance, turning the stomach into an adjustable reservoir, which could be part of the homeostatic process to balance blood volume.

title: Variations in gastric compliance induced by acute blood volume changes in anesthetized XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3485 :: ('MESH:D020896', 'Disease') :: ['hypovolemia', 'hypovolemic', 'Hypovolemic']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity2466 :: ('MESH:D001063', 'Disease') :: ['xiphoid appendix']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We undertook this nursing home study in order to determine the relationships between dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) and blood levels of @entity1815 , @entity251 , @entity2671 , and @entity2494 ( @entity2494 ). Little is known about this issue. METHODS: cross-sectional study of 370 nursing home residents. @entity9646 levels in blood specimens drawn in 1997 and 1998 were correlated with degree of ADL dependency recorded in medical charts. RESULTS: Because of multiple comparisons associations were deemed significant for P-values < or =0.017 for males and < or =0.0125 for females. In males, the following were inversely related: @entity251 levels with dependency in transferring and eating; @entity1815 with eating and a summary ADL index; and @entity2671 with toileting and a summary ADL index (in all cases, r=-0.4; P=0.007-0.015). Inverse trends existed between @entity251 levels and dependency in mobility and a summary ADL index; and @entity2671 and eating (in all cases r=-0.3; P=0.030-0.055). Among females the following were directly related: @entity1815 levels with @entity734 in mobility, toileting, transferring, and a summary ADL index; and @entity2494 with transferring and a summary ADL index (r=0.2-0.3, P=0.0001-0.01). Trends existed between @entity1815 and eating, and @entity2494 and toileting (r=0.1-0.2, P=0.04). CONCLUSION: In male residents, higher sex hormone levels are associated with better ADL performance. Among females the opposite is true. While further studies are needed to elucidate these relationships, our results and recent findings of others suggest sex hormone actions in older @entity1 differ from those in younger populations. A possible stress-related mechanism is also presented.

title: Relationships of sex hormone levels to XXXX in activities of daily living in the frail elderly.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity2494 :: ('MESH:D003687', 'Chemical') :: ['DHEA', 'dehydroepiandrosterone']

entities_list: @entity2671 :: ('MESH:D000735', 'Chemical') :: ['androstenedione']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

answer: @entity734 :: (MESH:D019966,Disease) :: ['dependence']


abstract: We tested the hypothesis that the cellular mechanisms mediating @entity519 vasoconstriction (HVC) in frog skin, an important vertebrate respiratory organ, are similar to those mediating HVC in the pulmonary vasculature of mammals. An accepted hypothesis in the lung is that alveolar @entity519 alters the redox potential in vascular smooth muscle cells of arterial vessels. This decreases membrane K+ conductance, causing depolarization. Depolarization increases the open probability of L-type @entity141 channels, facilitating @entity141 entry into the cell, which leads to vascular smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction. We studied the cutaneous microcirculation of the frog ( @entity1238 ) web by enclosing the web in a transparent chamber that was ventilated with different gas mixtures. Arteriolar and venular diameters were measured by video microscopy. Drugs were applied topically or intravascularly. A dose-dependent constriction to @entity519 occurred in arterioles but not venules, although both vessel types constricted to similar degrees to the @entity2871 mimetic @entity2872 . The magnitude of HVC was not associated with arteriolar size. Constriction of arterioles with @entity973 , a K+-channel antagonist, was blocked by the L-type @entity141 -channel blocker @entity594 . @entity594 also antagonized HVC and hypercapnic vasoconstriction. Bay K 8664, a drug that increases the open probability of L-type @entity141 channels, augmented HVC. These data support our hypothesis that the cellular mechanisms mediating HVC are similar in frog skin and @entity1 lungs. This similarity between amphibian and @entity1 tissues suggests that the mechanisms of HVC may have arisen relatively early in vertebrate evolution. In addition, because of its structural simplicity and easy accessibility, frog skin may be a useful tissue for studying this general phenomenon in vivo.

title: Sites and ionic mechanisms of XXXX vasoconstriction in frog skin.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity2871 :: ('CHEBI:26995', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane']

entities_list: @entity1238 :: ('8355', 'Species') :: ['Xenopus laevis']

entities_list: @entity973 :: ('MESH:D015761', 'Chemical') :: ['4-amino pyridine']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity594 :: ('MESH:D009543', 'Chemical') :: ['nifedipine', 'Nifedipine']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: PURPOSE: In @entity1582 , B cells and plasma cells show a clonal relationship. Clonotypic B cells may represent a @entity5 -initiating compartment or @entity5 stem cell responsible for minimal @entity66 in @entity1582 . EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We report a study of 58 @entity1 with @entity1582 at time of diagnosis or relapse. B cells in bone marrow were evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry and sorting. Clonality was determined by light chain and/or immunoglobulin chain gene rearrangement PCR. We also determined @entity264 dehydrogenase activity and colony formation growth. Drug sensitivity was tested with conventional and novel agents. RESULTS: Marrow @entity1075 + cells express a light chain identical to plasma cells and are therefore termed light chain restricted (LCR). The LCR B-cell mass is small in both newly diagnosed and relapsed @entity1 ( <= 1%). Few marrow LCR B cells (~10%) are @entity1075 +/ @entity2280 +, with the rest being more differentiated @entity1075 +/ @entity2280 - B cells. Marrow LCR @entity1075 + B cells exhibit enhanced @entity264 dehydrogenase activity versus healthy controls. Both @entity1075 +/ @entity2280 + and @entity1075 +/ @entity2280 - cells showed colony formation activity, with colony growth efficiency optimized when stroma-conditioned medium was used. B-cell progenitors showed resistance to @entity3601 , @entity6985 , and @entity1749 . @entity13537 , a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induced apoptosis of LCR B cells and @entity13221 + cells. LCR B cells are @entity2467 , survivin, and Notch positive. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that antigen-independent B-cell differentiation stages are involved in disease origination and progression in @entity1582 . Furthermore, investigations of @entity1582 putative stem cell progenitors may lead to novel treatments to eradicate the potential reservoir of minimal @entity66 .

title: Stemness of B-cell progenitors in XXXX bone marrow.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3601 :: ('MESH:D008558', 'Chemical') :: ['melphalan']

entities_list: @entity6985 :: ('MESH:C467567', 'Chemical') :: ['lenalidomide']

entities_list: @entity13537 :: ('MESH:C496932', 'Chemical') :: ['Panobinostat']

entities_list: @entity1749 :: ('MESH:C400082', 'Chemical') :: ['bortezomib']

entities_list: @entity264 :: ('CHEBI:17478', 'Chemical') :: ['aldehyde']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: Intravenous thrombolytic therapy has become a routine therapeutic intervention in @entity583 . In order to evaluate its success in the general hospital community noninvasive methods are needed. Therefore, the effect of infarct reperfusion on the times to peak value of @entity5632 , CKMB, and CK were studied in @entity1 with @entity583 . Recanalization of the occluded coronary artery was achieved by intracoronary infusion of streptokinase in eight @entity1 within 3.5 h, and in 18 @entity1 more than 3.5h after onset of @entity158 . In 10 @entity1 , the coronary artery remained occluded, and in eight @entity1 thrombolysis was not attempted. Analyzing the times to peak value of @entity5632 , CKMB, and CK, the probability of correct classification of infarct reperfusion varied between 1 and 0.9, if recanalization was achieved within 3.5 h after onset of @entity158 . The predictive power could be improved further by a combined analysis of the times to peak value of both @entity5632 . In cases where reperfusion was achieved more than 3.5 h after the onset of @entity158 , the probability of correct classification of infarct reperfusion varied between 0.99 and 0.05. Among the marker proteins analyzed, @entity5632 allowed the earliest and best discrimination between reperfusion or no reperfusion. Thus, by applying the time to peak value analysis, infarct reperfusion can only be predicted reliably if it is achieved early after onset of @entity158 .

title: Non-invasive assessment of infarct reperfusion: the predictive power of the time to peak value of XXXX , CKMB, and CK in serum.

entities_list: @entity5632 :: ('4151', 'Gene') :: ['myoglobin', 'myoglobin and CK']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity5632 :: (4151,Gene) :: ['myoglobin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity729 is highly correlated with @entity65 ( @entity65 ) morbidity and mortality, and it is associated with @entity32 . Receptor activator of NF-  B ligand ( @entity5271 ) inhibition in vivo has been shown to reduce @entity729 in a @entity19 model of @entity731 . Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that @entity5271 regulates @entity3960 ( @entity3960 ) @entity730 by modulating macrophage production of pro-calcific cytokines. METHODS: We used a bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM)/ @entity3960 co-culture system and examined the effects of @entity5271 on BMDM activation and @entity3960 matrix @entity730 . RESULTS: Treatment with @entity5271 alone did not stimulate @entity3960 induced by elevated @entity1391 . BMDMs differentiated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor and placed in co-culture with SMCs increased @entity1391 -induced @entity3960 . @entity5271 added to the BMDM/ @entity3960 co-cultures further enhanced @entity3960 . Treatment of BMDMs with @entity5271 resulted in increased expression of @entity777 and @entity637 . Thus, increased expression of these pro-calcific cytokines in macrophages may mediate @entity5271 -induced @entity3960 in a paracrine fashion. Addition of neutralizing @entity777 and @entity637 antibodies together with @entity5271 treatment significantly reduced the @entity5271 induction of @entity3960 . CONCLUSION: @entity5271 activation of pro-inflammatory and pro-calcific pathways in macrophages may contribute to @entity729 and @entity32 .

title: @entity5271 enhances macrophage paracrine pro-calcific activity in high @entity1391 -treated smooth muscle cells: dependence on @entity777 and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity1391 :: ('CHEBI:26020', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphate']

entities_list: @entity3960 :: ('MESH:D018235', 'Disease') :: ['SMC calcification', 'smooth muscle cell', 'SMC']

entities_list: @entity729 :: ('MESH:D061205', 'Disease') :: ['vascular calcification', 'Vascular calcification']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['CVD', 'cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity637 :: (21926(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['TNF-a']


abstract: The present study identified a novel @entity7844 ( @entity2697 ) sensitization mechanism in @entity5 . We tested whether @entity2697 reduced proliferation in a high-density population by counting attached cell numbers after @entity2697 treatment. @entity2697 reduced proliferation in high-density cell populations. Longer exposure to @entity2697 further reduced proliferation. @entity2697 concentrations of 0.1 and 5 _M had similar sensitization effects, suggesting that @entity2697 @entity137 was minimal with longer exposure to a high-density cell population. The results suggest that @entity2697 can be applied at a relatively low concentration for a longer time to overcome @entity5 . The 0.5 _M @entity2697 treatment resulted in fewer attached cells than that of the 5 _M @entity2697 treatment with a longer exposure. The lower @entity2697 concentration mainly increased the number of easily detachable cells on the surface. In particular, 0.5 _M @entity2697 increased cellular detachment of newly produced daughter cells. The easily-detachable cells were undergoing apoptosis. It seems that the 0.5 _M @entity2697 treatment also increased cellular @entity137 . These novel findings may contribute to the development of @entity2697 -based therapy for @entity1 with @entity5 or a high-density solid @entity5 .

title: Lower XXXX concentration increases apoptotic detachment in high-density @entity5 cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'drug-resistant cancer', 'cancer', 'drug-resistant solid tumors']

entities_list: @entity7844 :: ('MESH:C010327', 'Chemical') :: ['salinomycin']

answer: @entity7844 :: (MESH:C010327,Chemical) :: ['salinomycin']


abstract: A clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of @entity12695 and its stabiliser @entity4591 on serum pseudocholinesterase (PChE) and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC AChE) in @entity235 with @entity743 . The trial was conducted on naturally occurring, uncomplicated cases of @entity743 (n = 20) that were randomly allocated to groups receiving a standard therapeutic dose of @entity12695 with @entity4591 stabiliser (n = 10) or @entity4591 alone (n = 10). Blood was drawn immediately before and every 15 minutes for 1 hour after treatment. Plasma PChE showed a 4% decrease between 0 and 60 min within the treatment group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any of the time intervals for PChE. There was an increase in RBC AChE activity at 15 min in the treatment group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any time interval for RBC AChE. In view of the difference in PChE, samples from additional, new cases (n = 10) of @entity235 @entity743 were collected to identify the affect of the drug over 12 hours. No significant @entity308 was identified over this time interval. The results suggests that the underlying mechanism in producing side-effects, when they do occur, is unlikely to be through cholinesterase @entity308 .

title: The effect of @entity12695 on cholinesterase activity in @entity235 with @entity235 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity12695 :: ('MESH:C003915', 'Chemical') :: ['diminazene aceturate']

entities_list: @entity743 :: ('MESH:D001404', 'Disease') :: ['babesiosis']

entities_list: @entity4591 :: ('MESH:D000983', 'Chemical') :: ['antipyrine']

answer: @entity743 :: (MESH:D001404,Disease) :: ['babesiosis']


abstract: Previous studies have identified a counterinflammatory vagal reflex in the context of @entity326 . We have extended this observation to show that the vagus confers protection against acute (5 days) @entity1960 induced by dextran @entity2397 (DSS) or by @entity34059 ( @entity17564 ). We have shown that this is mediated via macrophages and involves the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we have examined whether the vagal integrity confers long-lasting protection by studying @entity17564 - and DSS-induced inflammatory responses in the colon at 9 to 61 days postvagotomy. The integrity of vagotomy was confirmed at all time points using CCK-induced satiety. As previously described in a @entity17564 and DSS model, vagotomy associated with the pyloroplasty increased all indices of @entity32 . Vagotomy increased the disease activity index as well as the macroscopic and histological scores by 75 and 41%, respectively. In addition, @entity10873 ( @entity10873 ) activity, serum levels of @entity24759 ( @entity24759 ), and colonic tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokine increased when @entity1960 was induced 9 days postvagotomy. However, these increases in inflammatory indices were substantially diminished in @entity19 with @entity1960 induced 21, 33, and 61 days postvagotomy. This was accompanied by an increased production of @entity1618 , transforming growth factor-beta, @entity3744 ( @entity3744 ) staining in colonic tissue, and serum @entity2819 . These findings indicate that although vagal integrity is an important protective factor, other counterinflammatory mechanisms come into play if vagal integrity is compromised beyond 2 wk.

title: Vagus nerve integrity and experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity34059 :: ('MESH:C007488', 'Chemical') :: ['dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid']

entities_list: @entity326 :: ('MESH:D012772', 'Disease') :: ['endotoxic shock']

entities_list: @entity2397 :: ('MESH:C012036', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium sulfate']

entities_list: @entity2819 :: ('MESH:D003345', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosterone']

answer: @entity1960 :: (MESH:D003092,Disease) :: ['colitis']


abstract: It is now clear that UV radiation causes @entity1489 in at least two ways: by causing permanent changes in the genetic code and by preventing immunologic recognition of mutant cells. These are interacting rather than separate mechanisms. Damage to DNA results in disregulation of cellular proliferation and initiates immune suppression by stimulating the production of suppressive cytokines. These cytokines contribute to the loss of immunosurveillance. Ultraviolet radiation has both local and systemic immunosuppressive effects. Locally, it depletes and alters antigen-presenting LC at the site of UV irradiation. Systemic suppression results when Ts cells are induced, by altered LC, by inflammatory macrophages that enter the skin following UV irradiation, or by the action of cytokines. Damage to DNA appears to be one of the triggering events in inducing systemic immunosuppression via the release of immunosuppressive cytokines and mediators. Immunologic approaches to treating @entity1489 so far have concentrated on nonspecifically stimulating immune cells that infiltrate these @entity5 , but induction of specific immune responses against these @entity5 with antitumor vaccines has received little attention as yet. Preventive measures include sun avoidance and the use of sunscreens to prevent DNA damage by UV light. Future strategies may employ means to reverse UV-induced immunosuppression by using anti-inflammatory agents, biologicals that accelerate DNA repair or prevent the generation of immunosuppressive cytokines, and specific immunotherapy with @entity5 antigens. New approaches for studying the immunology of @entity1 @entity1489 are needed to accelerate progress in this field.

title: Immune response associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['nonmelanoma skin cancer', 'skin cancers']

answer: @entity1489 :: (MESH:D012878,Disease) :: ['nonmelanoma skin cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of @entity1851 (CRP) with symptoms of clinical disease and demographic factors in @entity571 ( @entity571 ). In addition, to compare CRP with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in their ability to associate with osteoarthritic symptoms and features. METHODS: A total of 655 consecutive clinic @entity1 with @entity571 of the knee or hip underwent a @entity627 examination, completed a clinical health assessment questionnaire (CLINHAQ), and had laboratory tests performed, including hemoglobin, CRP, and ESR. RESULTS: The median value of CRP was 5.9 micrograms/ml. CRP was significantly associated with functional disability, joint @entity925 , @entity158 , @entity1295 , global severity, and @entity308 . In addition, correlations were noted for body mass index (BMI) and sex. ESR, by contrast, was unassociated with clinical signs or symptoms except for a weak association with functional disability. The best explanatory multiple regression model for CRP in @entity571 includes BMI, functional disability, and joint @entity925 count (R-squared 0.159). CONCLUSION: CRP is elevated in @entity571 compared to healthy individuals, and is correlated with @entity627 signs and symptoms, including @entity717 , joint count, and @entity158 . The associations, not seen with ESR, appear to be real, but are not strong. An inflammatory component associated with @entity571 can be detected in the serum.

title: The XXXX but not erythrocyte sedimentation rate is associated with clinical severity in @entity1 with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip.

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatic disease']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['osteoarthritis', 'OA']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['HAQ disability']

entities_list: @entity925 :: ('MESH:D063806', 'Disease') :: ['tenderness']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity1851 :: (1401,Gene) :: ['C-reactive protein']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity0 develops in over 7000 @entity1 each year in Ontario. These @entity1 will all undergo some @entity5 work-up at diagnosis. The @entity0 Site Group of the @entity5 Care Ontario Practice Guidelines Initiative reviewed the evidence and indications for routine bone scanning, liver ultrasonography and chest radiography in asymptomatic @entity1 who have undergone surgery for @entity0 . METHODS: A systematic review of the published literature was combined with a consensus interpretation of the evidence in the context of conventional practice. RESULTS: There were 11 studies of bone scanning reported between 1972 and 1980, involving a total of 1307 @entity1 ; bone scans detected skeletal @entity3 in 6.8% of those with @entity0 , 8.8% with stage II and 24.5% with stage III. A total of 5407 @entity1 participated in 9 studies of bone scanning reported between 1985 and 1995; in these studies, bone scans detected skeletal @entity3 in only 0.5% of @entity1 with stage I disease, 2.4% with stage II and 8.3% with stage III. Among 1625 @entity1 in 4 studies of liver ultrasonography reported between 1988 and 1993, hepatic @entity3 were detected in 0% of @entity1 with stage I disease, 0.4% with stage II and 2.0% with stage III. Among 3884 @entity1 in 2 studies of chest radiography published in 1988 and 1991, lung @entity3 were detected in 0.1% of those with stage I, 0.2% with stage II and 1.7% with stage III. False-positive rates ranged from 10% to 22% for bone scanning, 33% to 66% for liver ultrasonography and 0% to 23% for chest radiography. The false-negative rate for bone scanning was about 10%. RECOMMENDATIONS: The following recommendations apply to @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity0 who have undergone surgical resection and who have no symptoms, physical signs or biochemical evidence of @entity3 . Routine bone scanning, liver ultrasonography and chest radiography are not indicated before surgery. In @entity1 with intraductal and pathological @entity5 , routine bone scanning, liver ultrasonography and chest radiography are not indicated as part of baseline @entity5 . In @entity1 who have pathological @entity5 , a postoperative bone scan is recommended as part of baseline @entity5 . Routine liver ultrasonography and chest radiography are not indicated in this group but could be considered for @entity1 with 4 or more positive lymph nodes. In @entity1 with @entity5 , bone scanning, liver ultrasonography and chest radiography are recommended postoperatively as part of baseline @entity5 . In @entity1 for whom treatment options are restricted to @entity440 or hormone therapy, or for whom no further treatment is indicated because of age or other factors, routine bone scanning, liver ultrasonography and chest radiography are not indicated as part of baseline @entity5 .

title: Baseline XXXX tests in primary @entity0 : a practice guideline.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'Breast Cancer Disease', 'stage I breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage I tumours', 'stage II tumours', 'Cancer', 'staging', 'pathological stage III tumours']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['staging']


abstract: Germ-free @entity35 were monoinfected with @entity2523 strains 381 or A7A1-28 for 42 or 84 days. Both strains induced @entity604 and soft tissue when compared to non-infected controls, but the patterns were different. Strain A7A1-28 was associated with increased activity of host collagenase and gelatinase at 42 days, whereas the activity was elevated to a lesser extent at 84 days. Strain 381 showed a moderate increase in host proteinase activity at 42 days, and this remained unchanged until day 84. Strain A7A1-28 was associated with more @entity604 than strain 381 by a morphometric analysis that detects horizontal bone @entity393 . Strain 381 was associated with more @entity604 than strain A7A1-28 by a radiographic method that detects vertical intrabony defects in the mandible. Infection with one strain gave rise to serum and salivary antibodies strongly reactive to the infecting strain and moderately reactive to antigens from the other strain. This indicates that some antigenic similarity exists between the strains and that there are also strain or perhaps serotype differences in antibody responses induced by @entity281 . Thus two strains of @entity2523 differing in antigenicity and pathogenicity in the @entity19 model of the @entity733 cause substantial periodontal destruction in the germ-free @entity35 . The disease pattern is, however, different, with strain A7A1-28 inducing mostly horizontal @entity604 and strain 381 mostly vertical.

title: Periodontopathic potential of two strains of XXXX in gnotobiotic @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['substantial destruction of alveolar bone', 'bone loss']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity733 :: ('MESH:D000038', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous abscess']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['loss in the maxilla']

entities_list: @entity2523 :: ('837', 'Species') :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis', 'P. gingivalis']

answer: @entity2523 :: (837,Species) :: ['Porphyromonas gingivalis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies report that @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) is beneficial in the treatment of juvenile @entity2631 (JLS) but little is known about its long-term effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the therapeutic role of @entity1500 in @entity1 with JLS who were followed up for a prolonged period. METHODS: A cohort of @entity1 with JLS, previously enrolled in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial and treated with oral @entity1500 (15 mg/m(2)/wk) and @entity229 (1 mg/kg/ @entity8906 50 mg) for the first 3 months, were prospectively followed up. Lesions were evaluated clinically, with infrared thermography, and by a computerized skin score. Response to treatment was defined as: (1) no new lesions; (2) skin score rate less than 1; and (3) decrease in lesion temperature by at least 10% compared with baseline. Clinical remission (CR) on medication was defined when response was maintained, on treatment, for at least 6 months, and complete CR when response was maintained, without treatment, for at least 6 months. RESULTS: Of 65 @entity1 treated with @entity1500 , 48 (73.8%) were responders, 10 (15.4%) relapsed by 24 months since @entity1500 start, and 7 (10.8%) were lost to follow-up. Among the responders, 35 (72.9%) maintained CR for a mean of 25 months and 13 (27.1%) were in CR on medication. Adverse effects seen in 28 @entity1 (48.3%) were generally mild and never required treatment discontinuation. LIMITATIONS: The use of objective measures not widely available, such as infrared thermography and computerized skin score, makes it difficult to compare data from previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term @entity1500 therapy is beneficial and well tolerated for JLS.

title: A long-term follow-up study of @entity1499 in juvenile XXXX ( @entity2631 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity2631 :: ('MESH:D012594', 'Disease') :: ['localized scleroderma']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity2631 :: (MESH:D012594,Disease) :: ['localized scleroderma']


abstract: @entity11095 Y ( @entity10969 ) is a powerful orexigenic factor, and alphaMSH is a melanocortin (MC) peptide that induces satiety by activating the MC4 receptor subtype. Genetic models with disruption of MC4 receptor signaling are associated with @entity28 . In the present study, a 7-day intracerebroventricular infusion to male @entity35 of either the MC receptor antagonist @entity13683 or porcine @entity10969 (10 nmol/day) was shown to strongly stimulate food and water intake and to markedly increase fat pad mass. Very high plasma leptin levels were found in @entity10969 -treated @entity35 (27.1 +/- 1.8 ng/ml compared with 9.9 +/- 0.9 ng/ml in @entity13683 -treated animals and 2.1 +/- 0.2 ng/ml in controls). As expected, @entity10969 infusion induced @entity6126 , characterized by an impressive decrease in seminal vesicle and prostate weights. No such effects were seen with the @entity13683 infusion. Similarly, whereas the somatotropic @entity2270 of @entity10969 -treated @entity35 was fully inhibited, this @entity2270 was normally activated in the obese @entity13683 -treated @entity35 . Chronic infusion of @entity13683 strikingly reduced hypothalamic gene expression for @entity10969 (65.2 +/- 3.6% of controls), whereas gene expression for @entity9210 was increased (170 +/- 19%). @entity10969 infusion decreased hypothalamic gene expression for both @entity9210 and @entity10969 (70 +/- 9% and 75.4 +/- 9.5%, respectively). In summary, blockade of the MC4 receptor subtype by @entity13683 was able to generate an @entity28 with no apparent side-effects on the reproductive and somatotropic axes. In this situation, it is unlikely that @entity7298 was driven by increased @entity10969 release, because hypothalamic @entity10969 gene expression was markedly reduced, suggesting that @entity7298 mainly resulted from loss of the satiety signal driven by MC peptides. @entity10969 infusion produced @entity6126 and hyposomatotropism in the face of markedly elevated plasma leptin levels and an important reduction in hypothalamic @entity9210 synthesis. In this situation @entity10969 probably acted both by exacerbating food intake through Y receptors and by reducing the satiety signal driven by MC peptides.

title: Chronic blockade of the melanocortin 4 receptor subtype leads to XXXX independently of @entity11095 Y action, with no adverse effects on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes.

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity syndrome', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity7298 :: ('MESH:D006963', 'Disease') :: ['hyperphagia']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The purpose of this prospective study was to assess whether neurodevelopmental status and exercise capacity of @entity1 5 to 10 years after corrective surgery for @entity215 or @entity1757 in @entity950 was different compared with normal @entity1 and influenced by the preoperative condition of @entity519 or @entity299 . METHODS: Forty unselected @entity1 , 20 with @entity215 and @entity519 and 20 with @entity1757 and @entity299 , operated on with combined deep hypothermic @entity1167 and low flow cardiopulmonary bypass at a mean age of 0.7 +/- 0.3 years (mean +/- SD), underwent, at mean age 7.4 +/- 1.6 years, standardized evaluation of neurologic status, gross motor function, intelligence, @entity4207 achievement, language, and exercise capacity. Results were compared between the groups and related to preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative status and management. RESULTS: Rate of mild @entity51 was increased compared with normal @entity1 , but not different between the groups. Exercise capacity and socioeconomic status were not different compared with normal @entity1 and between the groups. Compared with the normal population, motor function, formal intelligence, @entity4207 achievement, and expressive and receptive language were significantly reduced (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001) in the whole group and in the subgroups, except for normal intelligence in @entity1757 @entity1 . Motor dysfunction was significantly higher in the Fallot group compared with the @entity1757 group (p < 0.01) and correlated with @entity51 , lower intelligence, and reduced expressive language (p < 0.05 each). Reduced New York Heart Association functional class was correlated with lower exercise capacity and longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (p < 0.05 each). Reduced socioeconomic status significantly influenced dysfunction in formal intelligence (p < 0.01) and @entity4207 achievement (p < 0.05). Preoperative risk factors such as prenatal @entity519 , perinatal @entity1763 , and @entity600 , factors of perioperative management such as @entity1167 , lowest nasopharyngeal temperature, and age at surgery, and postoperative risk factors as postoperative @entity1887 and duration of mechanical ventilation were not different between the groups and had no influence on outcome. Degree of @entity519 in Fallot @entity1 and degree of @entity299 in @entity1757 @entity1 did not influence the outcome within the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with preoperative @entity519 in @entity950 are at higher risk for motor dysfunction than @entity1 with @entity299 . Corrective surgery in @entity950 for @entity215 or @entity1757 with combined @entity1167 and low flow bypass is associated with reduced neurodevelopmental outcome, but not with reduced exercise capacity in childhood. In our experience, the general risk of long-term @entity245 is related to unfavorable effects of the global perioperative management. Socioeconomic status influences cognitive capabilities.

title: Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome and exercise capacity after corrective surgery for XXXX or @entity1757 in @entity950 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity215 :: ('MESH:D013771', 'Disease') :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['cardiocirculatory insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1757 :: ('MESH:D006345', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular septal defect']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['neurodevelopmental impairment']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['preterm birth']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest', 'circulatory arrest']

answer: @entity215 :: (MESH:D013771,Disease) :: ['tetralogy of Fallot']


abstract: PURPOSE: Lesion-negative refractory @entity302 is a major challenge in the assessment of @entity1 for potential surgery. Finding a potential epileptogenic lesion simplifies assessment and is associated with good outcome. Here we describe imaging features of @entity1141 in five cases that were initially assessed as having imaging-negative frontal or @entity1315 . METHODS: We analyzed the clinical and imaging features of five @entity1 with @entity410 from the parahippocampal region. RESULTS: Five @entity1 had subtle but distinctive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in the parahippocampal gyrus. This was a unilateral signal abnormality in the parahippocampal white matter extending into gray matter on heavily T(1)- and T(2)-weighted images with relative preservation of the gray-white matter boundary on T(1)-weighted volume sequences. Only one of these @entity1 had typical electroclinical unilateral @entity1315 ( @entity1315 ); one mimicked @entity4940 , two showed @entity410 , and one had unlocalized partial @entity410 . All have had surgery; four are @entity410 -free (one has occasional auras only, follow-up 6 months to 10 years), and one has a >50% @entity410 reduction. Histopathologic evaluation suggested @entity154 in the surgical specimens in all. DISCUSSION: In @entity1 with lesion-negative @entity302 with frontal or temporal semiology, or in cases with apparent @entity410 , @entity854 should be carefully excluded. Recognizing the MRI findings of an abnormal parahippocampal gyrus can lead to successful surgery without invasive monitoring, despite apparently incongruent electroclinical features.

title: XXXX with @entity1141 : A cause of "imaging negative" @entity302 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic features']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures', 'bitemporal seizures']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['subtle parahippocampal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['partial epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity4940 :: ('MESH:D017034', 'Disease') :: ['frontal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['subtle parahippocampal dysplasia']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['Parahippocampal epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity5187 comprises @entity11375 , @entity1274 and @entity2341 . Polygenic, autosomal dominant, and X-linked inheritance have been hypothesized. The disorder has rarely been reported in males. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old male, born of consanguineous parents, presented with @entity2341 , mixed @entity393 , C2-C3 fusion, neck stiffness, and right @entity3541 . A variety of cardiac, neurological and @entity790 occurred in his relatives. The electro-oculographic studies showed @entity2194 and @entity2194 . Vergence, @entity1319 and peripheral vestibular responses were normal. Somatosensory evoked potentials showed absence of the N13 peak and brainstem auditory evoked potentials bilateral delay of the I-III interpeak latencies. CONCLUSIONS: Consanguinity of the @entity1 's parents, not previously reported, suggests autosomal recessive inheritance, but autosomal dominant inheritance is indicated by the family history. The pattern of the @entity51 is consistent with @entity4145 of the abducens nuclei with preserved internuclear neurons in the right abducens nucleus. Neurophysiological investigations revealed lower brainstem and cervical cord involvement.

title: XXXX in a male with consanguineous parents.

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['impaired abduction and adduction of the right eye', 'impaired abduction of the left eye']

entities_list: @entity4145 :: ('MESH:C537373', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity2341 :: ('MESH:D004370', 'Disease') :: ["Duane's syndrome", "Duane's retraction syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity11375 :: ('MESH:D007714', 'Disease') :: ['Klippel-Feil anomaly']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['oculomotor deficit']

entities_list: @entity1274 :: ('MESH:D006319', 'Disease') :: ['sensorineural deafness']

entities_list: @entity3541 :: ('MESH:D005158', 'Disease') :: ['facial palsy']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity5187 :: ('MESH:C535326', 'Disease') :: ['cervico-oculo-acoustic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['urogenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['vertical eye movements']

answer: @entity5187 :: (MESH:C535326,Disease) :: ['Cervico-oculo-Acoustic syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was performed to determine the relationship among surgical treatment, @entity14 , and outcome in @entity1 with @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ). METHODS: Records of 115 @entity1 with @entity1412 who underwent surgery at The Mount Sinai Medical Center between 1947 and 1994 were retrospectively reviewed. @entity1 without @entity5 were compared with those with @entity14 at initial surgery and with @entity1 who developed @entity5 following colectomy. RESULTS: Thirty-one @entity1 (27 percent) had @entity14 at the time of initial surgery (colon = 24; rectal = 7). Another 11 @entity1 (26 percent) developed @entity5 after colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA). Mean age of @entity1 with @entity14 at initial surgery was significantly higher than those without @entity5 (P < 0.01). @entity1 who developed @entity5 after IRA were significantly older than @entity1 with @entity14 at initial surgery (P < 0.01). All @entity1 with @entity5 after IRA had advanced disease with either nodal or distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: @entity14 remains a major problem in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity1412 . Nearly one-fourth of these @entity1 have @entity14 at initial operation, and one-fourth of @entity1 with IRA develop @entity5 after a mean follow-up of 13 years. @entity1 with @entity5 following IRA are more likely to have advanced @entity5 than @entity1 with @entity14 at initial operation. The high incidence and late stage of @entity5 detected while under surveillance after IRA supports excision of the entire colorectal mucosa as the treatment of choice for most @entity1 with @entity1412 .

title: @entity14 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis', 'FAP']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'rectal cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['Colorectal cancer', 'colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity1412 :: (MESH:D011125,Disease) :: ['familial adenomatous polyposis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Several studies have confirmed the advantages of delivering high doses of external beam radiotherapy to achieve optimal @entity5 -control outcomes in @entity1 with @entity263 . We evaluated the medium-term treatment outcome after high-dose, image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using intra-prostate fiducial markers for clinically @entity263 . METHODS: In total, 141 @entity1 with @entity263 treated with image-guided IMRT (76 Gy in 13 @entity1 and 80 Gy in 128 @entity1 ) between 2003 and 2008 were enrolled in this study. The @entity1 were classified according to the National @entity5 Network-defined risk groups. Thirty-six intermediate-risk @entity1 and 105 high-risk @entity1 were included. @entity342 -deprivation therapy was performed in 124 @entity1 (88%) for a median of 11 months (range: 2-88 months). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse was defined according to the Phoenix-definition (i.e., an absolute nadir plus 2 ng/ml dated at the call). The 5-year actuarial PSA relapse-free survival, the 5-year distant metastasis-free survival, the 5-year cause-specific survival (CSS), the 5-year overall survival (OS) outcomes and the acute and late @entity137 were analyzed. The @entity137 data were scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. The median follow-up was 60 months. RESULTS: The 5-year PSA relapse-free survival rates were 100% for the intermediate-risk @entity1 and 82.2% for the high-risk @entity1 ; the 5-year actuarial distant metastasis-free survival rates were 100% and 95% for the intermediate- and high-risk @entity1 , respectively; the 5-year CSS rates were 100% for both @entity1 subsets; and the 5-year OS rates were 100% and 91.7% for the intermediate- and high-risk @entity1 , respectively. The Gleason score (<8 vs. >=  8) was significant for the 5-year PSA relapse-free survival on multivariate analysis (p = 0.044). There was no grade 3 or 4 acute @entity137 . The incidence of grade 2 acute @entity344 were 1.4% and 8.5%, respectively. The 5-year actuarial likelihood of late grade 2-3 GI and GU @entity137 were 6% and 6.3%, respectively. No grade 4 GI or GU late @entity137 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: These medium-term results demonstrate a good tolerance of high-dose image-guided IMRT. However, further follow-up is needed to confirm the long-term treatment outcomes.

title: Treatment outcome of high-dose image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy using intra-prostate fiducial markers for XXXX at a single institute in Japan.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['localized prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Comprehensive Cancer']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['Androgen']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['localized prostate cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The morphology and functional results of the ulnar nerve were evaluated in @entity1 treated with simple decompression and anterior subcutaneous transposition due to the diagnosis of @entity7769 . @entity1 AND METHODS: Thirteen elbows of 13 @entity1 (8 males, 5 females; mean age 41 years; range 25 to 56 years) treated with simple decompression and anterior subcutaneous transposition due to the diagnosis of @entity7769 were investigated. The involvement was on the dominant side in six @entity1 . There was a 25   cubitus @entity85 in one @entity1 . No significant etiologic cause was found in the other @entity1 . Seven @entity1 were treated with anterior subcutaneous transposition and six with simple decompression. During the follow-ups, the @entity194 magnitude, the new pressure areas and the intrinsic structure of the nerve tissue along the ulnar nerve path were evaluated by using soft tissue ultrasonography (USG). The flow rate of the artery supplying the ulnar nerve by Doppler mode USG and ulnar nerve conduction rate by electromyography (EMG) were assessed. Functional results were evaluated according to the Akahori's criteria and the modified Bishop scoring system. The average follow-up time was two years (range 12-44 months). RESULTS: In the Doppler USG examination, no arterial blood flow supplying the ulnar nerve was found in five of seven @entity1 who underwent anterior transposition. A blood flow decrease of approximately 20 cm/s was found in two @entity1 . A blood flow decrease of 10 cm/s on average was found in six @entity1 who underwent simple decompression. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05). The control EMG revealed an increase of 9 m/s in the ulnar nerve conduction rate in the transposition group (p>0.05) and an increase of 17 m/s in the simple decompression group compared to the preoperative values (p<0.05). In seven @entity1 who underwent anterior subcutaneous transposition, five excellent and two good results and an average of 8.2 points were achieved according to the Akahori's criteria and the modified Bishop scoring system, respectively. In six @entity1 who underwent simple decompression, five excellent results, and one good result and an average of 8.1 points were achieved according to the Akahori's criteria and the modified Bishop scoring system, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between functional results of both surgical techniques (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Although the functional results of the @entity7769 surgery are good, it must be noted that the blood supply to the nerve may be distorted, especially during anterior transposition. If there is no additional requirement, simple decompression may be considered as the first option.

title: [Assessment of the effects of surgical treatment options for XXXX on the ulnar nerve by USG and EMG].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['valgus deformity']

entities_list: @entity7769 :: ('MESH:D020430', 'Disease') :: ['cubital tunnel syndrome']

answer: @entity7769 :: (MESH:D020430,Disease) :: ['cubital tunnel syndrome']


abstract: A retrospective review of 114 solid organ donors over a 6-year period (1982-1987) was undertaken to identify problems in organ donor management and determine outcome of donated organs. Admission GCS was less than or equal to 4 in 84% of the donors. Complications included @entity551 (81%), multiple transfusion requirements (63%), @entity2010 (53%), DIC (28%), @entity943 (27%), @entity1167 requiring @entity13324 (25%), @entity3126 (19%), @entity519 (11%), @entity520 (11%), @entity410 (10%), and positive bacterial cultures (10%). Only 18% of organs were procured within 3 hours of @entity1620 ; 23% were procured more than 6 hours later. Six @entity1 excluded from this study suffered @entity65 before their organs could be retrieved. From 114 organ donors, consent was obtained to procure 224 kidneys, 77 livers, 62 hearts, 35 pancreata, and ten @entity299 . All 224 donated kidneys were procured and 202 were ultimately transplanted. Of 77 donated livers, 32 were procured; 31 transplanted. Of 62 donated hearts, 38 were procured; 29 transplanted and nine used for valves. Ten @entity299 were donated; six were procured and transplanted. Of 35 donated pancreata, 11 were procured; only five were transplanted. Reasons for failure of donated organs to be procured or transplanted included abnormal organ characteristics, lack of compatible recipients, unavailability of surgical teams, organ injury during procurement, intraoperative arrest, and anatomic limitations precluding multiple organ procurement. This study identifies characteristics of organ donors and common organ-threatening complications. Rapid and continuing resuscitation of clinically brain dead @entity130 victims is mandatory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Organ donor management and organ outcome: a 6-year review from a Level I XXXX center.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart-lung units']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1620 :: ('MESH:D001926', 'Disease') :: ['brain death']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular collapse']

entities_list: @entity2010 :: ('MESH:D003919', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes insipidus']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: Significant modifications of the uterine circulation are observed during pregnancy, with uterine circulation accounting for up to 11% of cardiac output at the end of pregnancy. We studied the reactivity of the uterine microcirculation to determine the time course of uterine mechanical and pharmacological alterations during pregnancy and postpartum. Arcuate artery segments, obtained from virgin, pregnant (7, 14, and 22-23 days), and postpartum (5 days) @entity35 , were set up in wire myographs for microvessels under a passive tension equivalent to a transmural pressure of 50 mmHg (L50). Cumulative concentration-response curves to @entity1808 ( @entity1808 ), @entity2647 (PE), and @entity4337 ( @entity4338 ) were measured. Diameter of the arcuate artery at L50 increased progressively until term from 108 +/- 4 microns in virgins to 188 +/- 9 microns at day 22 of pregnancy. This increase in diameter was partially reversed at day 5 postpartum (151 +/- 9 microns). Surprisingly, the passive length-tension relationship on arcuate arteries showed greater stiffness from day 14 of pregnancy through day 5 postpartum. The maximum response of the arteries to @entity1808 was markedly increased during pregnancy (from 0.78 +/- 0.02 to 1.43 +/- 0.09 mN/mm at day 22) and was already evident at day 14 (1.20 +/- 0.07 mN/mm) but was reversed in postpartum @entity35 (0.81 +/- 0.04 mN/mm, nonsignificant). Similar results were obtained for maximum responses to PE and @entity4338 , but the reversal at day 5 postpartum was only partial. Sensitivity (measured as the negative log of the concentration of stimulant required to produce 50% of the maximum response) of the uterine arcuate artery to the three vasopressors increased during the postpartum period and also at day 21 of pregnancy with PE and day 14 with @entity4338 . The present results show that the uterine arcuate artery doubles in diameter during pregnancy. This increase in diameter is accompanied by increased stiffness of the vessel and heightened responsiveness to @entity1808 , PE, and @entity4338 . These data demonstrate that pregnancy induces changes in reactivity of the @entity35 uterine arcuate artery that appear to be linked to modifications in the mechanical properties of the vessel, at least for @entity1808 and PE.

title: Increased reactivity of XXXX uterine arcuate artery throughout gestation and postpartum.

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

entities_list: @entity2647 :: ('MESH:D010656', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylephrine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The replication of @entity13581 in @entity291 testis cells was analysed in one-step growth experiments. Newly replicated viral DNA was detected 4 to 6 hours post-infection (p.i.), accumulated rapidly between 8 and 16 hours p.i. and reached a plateau between 25 and 30 hours p.i. Most virus-induced polypeptides were first detected in a two hour period beginning 10 hours p.i., reached a peak rate of synthesis between 14 and 16 hours p.i., and continued at that rate for at least 10 hours. Host polypeptide synthesis declined to very low levels by 20 hours p.i. From these results, the transition between early and late events appears to occur between 8 and 10 hours p.i. Infectious virus was first detected between 16 and 18 hours p.i. and continued to be produced at a steady rate till 40 hours p.i. Up to 35 polypeptides were detected in @entity214 - @entity2975 gels of purified orf virions disrupted in @entity214 /2-ME. Virions treated with @entity10385 /2-ME were separable into soluble and insoluble components by centrifugation. Some 13 polypeptides were found in the soluble fraction and a polypeptide of molecular weight 38,500 believed to be the basic subunit of the virion surface tubule structure. Little difference was found between polypeptide profiles of five independently isolated NZ @entity13581 strains.

title: @entity13581 replication in XXXX testis cells: kinetics of viral DNA, polypeptide, and infectious virus production and analysis of virion polypeptides.

entities_list: @entity2975 :: ('CHEBI:51135', 'Chemical') :: ['polyacrylamide']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the effects of heparin and the potential protective effects of @entity1481 ( @entity2904 ) on exercise performance, plasma @entity842 (NO), @entity2232 (ET-1) and free @entity844 (FFA) release in @entity1 with stable @entity453 ( @entity453 ). BACKGROUND: Heparin has been shown to reduce the @entity63 threshold in @entity1 with @entity453 . @entity1481 may affect myocardial substrate utilization by shifting energy production from FFA to @entity413 oxidation. METHODS: In four consecutive days, nine @entity1 with @entity453 each received one of the following four regimens: 1) one tablet of placebo the evening before and at 8 AM and 4 PM on the day of the study, 10 ml of saline in a bolus 10 min before exercise, followed by an infusion of the same preparation; 2) placebo at the same times as in the first regimen, 5,000 IU of heparin 10 min before exercise, followed by 1,000 IU/h; 3) 20 mg @entity2904 at the same times as in the first regimen, 5,000 IU of heparin 10 min before exercise, followed by 1,000 IU/h; or 4) @entity2904 at the same times as in the first regimen, 10 ml of saline 10 min before exercise, followed by an infusion of the same preparation. RESULTS: During placebo (test 2), heparin reduced the time to 1-mm ST-segment @entity308 and prolonged the recovery time, as compared with the results of test 1. When heparin was administered after @entity2904 (test 3), the time to 1-mm ST-segment @entity308 and the recovery time were similar to those recorded during saline (test 1). Finally, compared with all study phases, @entity2904 during saline (test 4) prolonged the time to 1 mm. No changes in NO release were found, whereas ET-1 was decreased at peak exercise and during recovery, when the @entity1 were receiving @entity2904 (tests 3 and 4). Free @entity1718 increased after heparin, both with placebo and @entity2904 . CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with @entity453 , heparin reduces the @entity63 threshold. @entity1481 reduces the effects of heparin, probably by inhibiting FFA oxidation and enhancing @entity413 metabolism. The concomitant novel observation of reduced ET-1 release is likely to be also dependent on @entity2904 -induced improvement of endothelial metabolism or reduction of @entity741 .

title: Acute effects of heparin administration on the XXXX threshold of @entity1 with @entity453 : evaluation of the protective role of the metabolic modulator @entity1481 .

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1481 :: ('MESH:D014292', 'Chemical') :: ['Trimetazidine', 'trimetazidine']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['CAD', 'coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemic']


abstract: @entity2622 is the most common @entity5 among @entity1 in Paraguay. Cytological screening programs have not been successful and a plan for @entity1082 ) based-screening program and/or vaccination is under evaluation. This study aimed to identify the contribution of HPV genotypes in @entity3 in Paraguay to provide essential background data to guide and assess the introduction and impact of new preventive strategies based on HPV. Four hundred thirty two histologically confirmed cases (1960-2004) were analyzed. HPV detection in paraffin blocks was performed at the Catalan Institute of Oncology using PCR with SPF-10 broad spectrum primers followed by DNA enzyme immunoassay and genotyping with a reverse hybridization line probe analysis. The majority of cases were @entity957 (92.8%). Mean @entity1 age was 48 years old. HPV DNA was detected in 73.1% of the cases and single @entity281 were predominant (97.8%). The most common HPV single types were 16, 18, 45, 33, 31, 52, 35, and 39. 73.1% of HPV positive cases had an @entity1799 , 18 as single infection. @entity1799 was frequent in SCC whereas HPV 18 and 45 were @entity5 . Significant decrease of @entity1799 with age groups (P-trend = 0.022) and increase in other HPV types (P-trend > 0.001) were observed. The potential impact of @entity1799 and 18 for a vaccination program was 73.1%. The study provide a profile of the HPV situation in the country, with robust clinical, pathological and virological data which would permit a @entity5 screening and vaccination programs.

title: Type-specific @entity1082 distribution in invasive XXXX in Paraguay. A study of 432 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['prevalent in glandular tumors', 'better cervical cancer', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2622 :: ('MESH:D002583', 'Disease') :: ['Cervical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1082 :: ('10566', 'Species') :: ['human papillomavirus (HPV']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['invasive cervical cancer']

answer: @entity2622 :: (MESH:D002583,Disease) :: ['cervical carcinomas']


abstract: Intravenous injection of liposomes into @entity1707 reportedly induces anaphylactoid reactions at a small dose, resulting in @entity1457 . @entity7825 vesicles (HbVs) are artificial @entity26 carriers encapsulating Hb solution in liposomes. It is not known how @entity1707 respond to @entity97 injection. We aimed to analyze the cardiopulmonary responses to small injections of @entity97 and empty vesicle (EV) and compare them with a conventional liposome (CL) with a different lipid composition containing @entity3634 (PG). PG is known to induce an anaphylactoid reaction in @entity1707 . Nine male miniature @entity1707 were used for @entity97 , EV, and CL injections. The anesthetized @entity1707 received 0.05 and 0.5 mL/kg of a test fluid for the first and second injection with a 70 min interval. Results show that CL repeatedly induced significant @entity101 and vascular resistances and @entity998 (CO). @entity97 and EV at the first injection-induced @entity120 , with significantly smaller changes in systemic arterial pressure and CO. No remarkable response was visible at the second injection in spite of a larger dosage. Only CL repeatedly induced @entity882 , @entity1431 , and plasma @entity7489 increase resulting from complement activation, although @entity97 and EV showed smaller changes. Transmittance electron micrograph of pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) showed phagocytosis of @entity97 , indicating the possibility that nonspecific phagocytosis by PIMs relates to the responses observed after the first injection. @entity97 does not induce a significant anaphylactoid reaction in @entity1707 compared with CL because of the different lipid composition.

title: Cardiopulmonary hemodynamic responses to the small injection of @entity7825 vesicles (artificial @entity26 carriers) in miniature XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['increases in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity998 :: ('MESH:D002303', 'Disease') :: ['decreases in heart rate and cardiac output']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['circulatory disorder']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity7489 :: ('MESH:D013929', 'Chemical') :: ['thromboxane B(2)']

entities_list: @entity1431 :: ('MESH:D007970', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity3634 :: ('MESH:D010715', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylglycerol']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['pigs']


abstract: @entity18230 is a novel @entity3624 with a low @entity859 antagonistic potency, but with a good bronchodilator activity. In order to further elucidate its central nervous actions we have studied its effects in the @entity35 hippocampus, both electrophysiologically and biochemically. @entity859 was found to depress evoked field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in the @entity35 hippocampus. The effect of @entity859 was antagonized by @entity2544 but not by @entity18230 . Both @entity18229 caused a slight increase per se of the field EPSP amplitude. @entity1919 accumulation in the @entity35 hippocampus was stimulated by the @entity859 analogue @entity19350 , by @entity3044 and by @entity1063 in the presence of @entity1169 . The @entity1919 accumulation induced by these agents was not significantly altered by omitting @entity460 . @entity18230 antagonized the effect of @entity19350 and @entity1063 (after beta-blockade) but not that of @entity3044 . The IC50 of @entity18230 against @entity19350 was about 20 mumol X 1(-1). The inhibitory effect of @entity18230 against @entity19350 induced @entity1919 accumulation was not affected by omitting @entity460 or by the @entity460 channel antagonist @entity10202 , but was decreased by the calmodulin inhibitor @entity6105 and the intracellular @entity460 chelator @entity6028 . The results show that @entity18230 is much more potent as an inhibitor of @entity859 A2-receptor-mediated @entity1919 accumulation than against @entity859 A1-receptor-mediated inhibition of field EPSP. The difference may depend on a role of a special pool of @entity460 in the former response.

title: Actions of XXXX in the @entity35 hippocampus.

entities_list: @entity1169 :: ('MESH:D011433', 'Chemical') :: ['propranolol']

entities_list: @entity2544 :: ('MESH:D013806', 'Chemical') :: ['theophylline']

entities_list: @entity859 :: ('MESH:D000241', 'Chemical') :: ['Adenosine', 'adenosine']

entities_list: @entity3624 :: ('MESH:D019820', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthine']

entities_list: @entity10202 :: ('MESH:D015736', 'Chemical') :: ['felodipine']

entities_list: @entity18229 :: ('MESH:D014970', 'Chemical') :: ['xanthines']

entities_list: @entity18230 :: ('MESH:C034347', 'Chemical') :: ['enprofylline', 'Enprofylline']

entities_list: @entity6105 :: ('MESH:D014268', 'Chemical') :: ['stelazine']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['Cyclic AMP', 'cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['noradrenaline']

answer: @entity18230 :: (MESH:C034347,Chemical) :: ['enprofylline']