abstract: PURPOSE: To perform a quantitative analysis of the expression of major histocompatibility molecules (MHC classes I and II) and costimulatory molecules by @entity1 fetal retinal pigment epithelial (HFRPE) cells and to evaluate their potential role in providing costimulatory signals for the activation of @entity1 T cells in vitro. METHODS: Pure HFRPE cells were isolated and cultured. The ability of HFRPE cells to express MHC class I and II and costimulatory molecules before and after incubation with @entity379 was quantitatively analyzed by flow cytometry. The potential of HFRPE cells to activate @entity1 T cells was assessed in three different lymphocyte activation models. In the first model, anti-CD3 (OKT3)-coated beads were used to provide the @entity6057 ( @entity6057 ) signal. In the second model, the allogenic potential of HFRPE cells was assessed, and in the third assay a potent superantigen (SEA) was used to provide the @entity6057 signal. T-cell activation was determined by cell proliferation, measured by @entity665 incorporation. RESULTS: The cultured HFRPE cells expressed low levels of MHC class I and @entity2071 molecules. After incubation with @entity379 , the expression of MHC class I and @entity2071 molecules was further upregulated, and the expression of MHC class II and @entity4725 molecules was induced. The expression of the costimulatory molecules @entity12750 was not observed in normal or activated HFRPE cells. In the first T-cell activation model, neither normal nor @entity379 -activated HFRPE cells could provide T-cell costimulation for anti-CD3 (OKT3)-coated beads. However, the autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs; used here as the source of antigen-presenting cells) could provide costimulation for the T cells, inducing their proliferation. In the second T-cell activation assay, normal or @entity379 -activated HFRPE cells could not stimulate an alloresponse from the T cells, but they could induce a significant alloimmune T-cell response in the presence of PBMCs. In the third T-cell activation assay, the @entity379 -activated HFRPE cells were able to provide T-cell costimulation for the SEA-mediated activation. CONCLUSIONS: In these in vitro experiments, the @entity379 -activated HFRPE cells stimulated only the T cells with the potent superantigen SEA. In the absence of antigen-presenting cells, the HFRPE cells did not provide T-cell costimulation in an anti-CD3 mAb-coated bead system or induce significant alloimmune response. These results suggest that in transplantation between donors and recipients with different MHC molecules, the direct MHC peptide presentation by HFRPE cells may not induce a significant allospecific immune response. Nevertheless, an allospecific immune response could occur as a consequence of the indirect presentation, to the host T cells by the host antigen-presenting cells, of the HFRPE cells' derived MHC alloantigens.

title: The immunogenic potential of XXXX fetal retinal pigment epithelium and its relation to transplantation.

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon (IFN)-gamma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity302 can initiate a neural circuit and lead to aberrant neural communication with brain areas outside the epileptogenic region. We focus on interictal activity in focal @entity1315 and evaluate functional connectivity (FC) differences that emerge as function of bilateral versus strictly unilateral @entity302 . We assess the strength of FC at rest between the ictal and non-ictal temporal lobes, in addition to whole brain connectivity with the ictal temporal lobe. Results revealed strong connectivity between the temporal lobes for both @entity1 groups, but this did not vary as a function of unilateral versus bilateral interictal status. Both the left and right unilateral temporal lobe groups showed significant anti-correlated activity in regions outside the epileptogenic temporal lobe, primarily involving the contralateral (non-ictal/non-pathologic) hemisphere, with precuneus involvement prominent. The bilateral groups did not show this contralateral anti-correlated activity. This anti-correlated connectivity may represent a form of protective and adaptive inhibition, helping to constrain @entity302 to the pathologic temporal lobe. The absence of this activity in the bilateral groups may be indicative of flawed inhibitory mechanisms, helping to explain their more widespread @entity302 . Our data suggest that the location and build up of @entity302 networks in the brain are not truly random, and are not limited to the formation of strictly epileptogenic networks. Functional networks may develop to take advantage of the regulatory function of structures such as the precuneus to instantiate an anti-correlated network, generating protective cortico-cortico inhibition for the purpose of limiting @entity410 spread or epileptogenesis.

title: Functional connectivity evidence of cortico-cortico inhibition in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['Epileptic seizures', 'epilepsy', 'epileptiform activity']

answer: @entity1315 :: (MESH:D004833,Disease) :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine @entity15152 ( @entity15152 ) isoenzyme expression patterns in @entity5 tissues and cell lines and investigate their potential to predict the efficacy of the @entity15152 inhibitor vorinostat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression of @entity15152 mRNAs was determined by quantitative RT-PCR in 18 @entity5 cell lines (UCC), normal uroepithelial controls (NUC), 24 @entity5 tissues, and 12 benign controls. Results were compared with published microarray data. Effects of pan- @entity15152 inhibitor @entity782 and on UCCs were determined by viability and apoptosis assays, cell cycle analysis, and measurements of @entity3544 ( @entity994 ), @entity1382 ( @entity1382 ), and @entity16719 . In addition, protein expression levels of HDACs were investigated in UCCs. RESULTS: Prominent changes in UCCs were @entity15687 and/or @entity46560 up-regulation in 11 of 18 cell lines and decreased expression of @entity3994 , @entity19403 , and/or @entity42237 mRNA in 15 of 18 cell lines. In @entity5 tissues, @entity46560 was likewise significantly up-regulated (P = 0.002), whereas @entity15687 up-regulation was detected only in a subset of @entity5 (9/24, P = 0.085). Overexpression of @entity15687 and @entity46560 mRNA did not correspond with the protein level. Vorinostat induced G2/M arrest, an increase in the sub-G1 fraction, up-regulation of @entity3544 , and down-regulation of @entity1382 in all UCC. Effects on @entity16719 and @entity9190 cleavage as well as activation of @entity522 /7 differed between cell lines. Associations between the overall sensitivity to the pan-HDACi vorinostat and overexpression of @entity15687 and @entity46560 mRNA were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity5 , up-regulation of @entity15687 and @entity46560 and down-regulation of @entity3994 , @entity19403 , and @entity42237 mRNA are common findings. The treatment effect of the pan- @entity15152 inhibitor vorinostat was variable in UCCs and up-regulation of @entity15687 and @entity46560 was not predictive for treatment response. Whether selective targeting of @entity15687 , @entity46560 , or other HDACs deregulated in @entity5 (e.g., @entity3994 , @entity19403 , and @entity42237 ) result in a more consistent treatment response needs further investigation.

title: Changes in @entity15152 ( @entity15152 ) expression patterns and activity of @entity15152 inhibitors in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1382 :: ('MESH:D020159', 'Disease') :: ['thymidylate synthase', 'TS']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'urothelial cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity15152 :: ('9734', 'Gene') :: ['HDAC', 'histone deacetylase']

entities_list: @entity782 :: ('MESH:C111237', 'Chemical') :: ['vorinostat']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['urothelial cancers']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Our aim is to explore the trend of association between the survival rates of @entity14 ( @entity14 ) and the different clinical characteristics in @entity1 registered from 1960s to 2000s. We hypothesized that the survival rate of @entity14 increases over time and varies according to anatomic subsites. METHODS: Information from a total of 4558 stage T(1-4)N(1-2)M0 @entity14 @entity1 registered from 1960s to 2008 were analyzed. The association of @entity14 overall survival with age, gender, @entity5 locations, time, histopathology types, pathology grades, no. of examined lymph nodes, the T stage, and the N stage was analyzed. The assessment of the influence of prognostic factors on @entity1 survival was performed using Cox's proportional hazard regression models. RESULTS: From 1960 to 2008, the studied @entity14 @entity1 included 2625 (57.6%) and 1933 (42.4%) males and females, respectively. These included 1896 (41.6%) @entity694 , and 2662 (58.4%) @entity188 . The 5-year survival rate was 49%, 58%, 58%, 70%, and 77% for the time duration of 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, respectively. An increased 5-year survival rate was observed in the @entity694 and @entity188 @entity1 . @entity1 older than 60 years of age were more likely to develop @entity5 (49.2% vs. 39.9%). The Cox regression model showed that only @entity188 survival was related to time duration. CONCLUSION: The overall survival and 5-year survival rates showed an increase from the 1960s to 2000s. There is a trend of rightward shift of @entity5 location in @entity14 @entity1 .

title: Hospital-based XXXX survival trend of different @entity5 locations from 1960s to 2000s.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'colonic cancer (sigmoid) than rectum cancer']

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['rectum cancer', 'rectum cancers']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer', 'colon cancers']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: No research to date has compared the beliefs of adolescents, parents and physicians with respect to type 1 @entity6 self-care perceptions and barriers. This study examined how adolescents with type 1 @entity6 , their parents and physicians perceive 4 key @entity6 self-care behaviours (testing blood @entity413 , taking @entity2690 , exercise and diet) and what influences those behaviours. METHOD: Forty-eight adolescent/parent dyads and 21 pediatric endocrinologists rated importance, difficulty and proficiency for 4 self-care behaviours, and provided up to 5 perceived influences on these behaviours. We compared adolescents to parents and families to physicians. RESULTS: Groups rated all self-care behaviours as important, with taking @entity2690 as most important. Families rated behaviours as relatively easy compared to physicians. All groups agreed that diet was both the most difficult self-care behaviour and the behaviour at which adolescents were least proficient. Although families rated teens as proficient overall, physicians disagreed. Adolescent and parent perception of diet difficulty was related to poorer glycemic control, and blood @entity413 testing and @entity2690 administration proficiency were linked to better glycemic control. Compared to other groups, teens were especially likely to mention internal and hindering influences, and more likely to mention other @entity1 as negative influences. CONCLUSIONS: Although all groups agreed that all self-care behaviours are important, there are key areas of discrepancy in perceptions, particularly between families and physicians. Further research should connect the beliefs examined in this study to actual self-care behaviours.

title: Adolescents, parents and physicians: a comparison of perspectives on type 1 XXXX self-care.

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes', 'diabetes mellitus']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Since the middle ear structure of animals commonly used for experimental study is different from that of @entity1 , we used the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscatus) as an animal model for @entity2346 media with effusion (OME). The exact similarities and differences of the ear structure between @entity1 and Japanese monkeys were studied by the use of computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction, in addition to light and electron microscopy. @entity2172 with effusion was repeatedly induced by direct intratympanic inoculation of one of the following: keyhole limpet hemocyanin; following systemic immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, @entity328 ; or endotoxin. The temporal bones were serially sliced with a diamond band saw, after which the histologic findings were examined by light and electron microscopy on the basis of macroscopic observations. Each substance induced OME equally, 2 to 3 days after inoculation. Inflammatory reaction of the middle ear mucosa extended to all of the air cells; subsequently, the inflamed mucosa returned to normal in each case along with normalization of both the tympanometric and otoscopic findings. No remarkable architectural change remained, even after OME was induced repeatedly. These findings are applicable to @entity697 and acute @entity2267 . The development of chronic @entity2171 was not observed in this study. The usefulness of the diamond band saw and computer-aided analysis for temporal bone histologic evaluations is emphasized.

title: Three-dimensional images of the temporal bone and experimental XXXX media in Japanese monkeys.

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['Otitis media']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute otitis media']

entities_list: @entity2267 :: ('MESH:D008417', 'Disease') :: ['mastoiditis']

entities_list: @entity2171 :: ('MESH:D010034', 'Disease') :: ['middle ear effusion']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity2346 :: (MESH:D010031,Disease) :: ['otitis']


abstract: The role of @entity1024 ( @entity143 ) receptors in specific D1 and D2 regulation of striatal and accumbens @entity10056 (NT) systems was investigated. As demonstrated previously, stimulation of D1 receptors with multiple administrations of @entity2344 significantly increased striatal and accumbens NT content to approximately 145% of control. These responses were completely blocked by coadministration of the non-competitive @entity143 antagonist, @entity3390 . Previous studies have documented that D2 receptors tonically regulate striatal NT systems. Thus, multiple doses of @entity3216 , a D2 antagonist, increased striatal NT content to 167% of control while @entity11640 , a D2 agonist, decreased striatal NT content to 58% of control. @entity3390 did not alter either striatal NT response to D2 manipulation. As previously reported, levels of accumbens NT changed only in response to D2 blockade and not to D2 stimulation. Thus, @entity3216 increased accumbens NT content to 138% of control; this was not blocked by the coadministration of @entity3390 . NT content also significantly increased after stimulation of @entity2227 receptors with @entity143 . To determine if D1 receptors participate in this @entity143 -mediated change, the D1 antagonist @entity10095 was coadministered. Blockade of D1 receptors did not significantly alter the response of striatal NT systems to @entity143 . However, in both striatum and nucleus accumbens, the @entity143 effect on NT systems appeared to be lessened. In summary, expression of D1-, but not D2-mediated changes in striatal and accumbens NT systems are markedly dependent on @entity143 receptor activity. In comparison, expression of the @entity143 -mediated changes in the same NT systems do not appear to be as dependent on D1 receptor activity.

title: Role of XXXX receptors in dopamine D1-, but not D2-, mediated changes in striatal and accumbens @entity10056 systems.

entities_list: @entity11640 :: ('MESH:D019257', 'Chemical') :: ['quinpirole']

entities_list: @entity1024 :: ('CHEBI:31882', 'Chemical') :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity3216 :: ('MESH:D013469', 'Chemical') :: ['sulpiride']

answer: @entity1024 :: (CHEBI:31882,Chemical) :: ['N-methyl-D-aspartate']


abstract: BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: This report describes the results of a group study of the Japanese Study Group of Anorectal Anomolies (JSGA) to determine the relative incidence of specific types of @entity10645 in Japan, and includes discussion of @entity292 regarding the relationship between the levels of the @entity292 and blind end of the rectum, @entity258 , rare types, and associated anomalies. METHODS: A total of 1,992 @entity1 (1,183 @entity1 and 809 @entity1 ) registered from 1976 to 1995 were analyzed. RESULTS: High-type @entity85 accounted for 26.0% of cases, intermediate 10.7%, low 57.2%, miscellaneous 4.5% and unclassified 1.8%. The most frequent deformity was @entity3930 (n = 364), followed by @entity3930 (n = 333), and @entity292 (n = 241). There were 42 rectovesical fistulas in @entity1 and 93 rectocloacal fistulas in @entity1 . Covered anus complete occurred at the same frequency (10.1% of @entity258 ) as @entity850 . In @entity292 , the blind end of the rectum lay at or above the level of the P-C line in 40.3% of cases, at or above the M line in 39.6% and at the vicinity of the I line in 20.2%, respectively. There was no parallel relationship between the site of the @entity292 opening and the level of the rectal pouch. The overall incidence of @entity1 having one or more associated anomalies was 45.2%: 70.6% in high deformity, 60.7% in intermediate, and 31.3% in low. The rate of association of @entity1467 with @entity85 without @entity292 (40.3%) was significantly higher than with @entity85 with @entity292 (0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Rectovesical @entity292 and covered anus complete were not infrequent @entity85 in this series. We consider that at least 20% of @entity292 should be categorized as intermediate or low deformity from the viewpoint of the position of the rectal pouch. A significant preponderance of Down's @entity85 without @entity292 suggests that further investigation of associated anomalies in comparision with other @entity66 may provide insights into the pathogenesis of @entity2463 in the field of molecular genetics.

title: Analysis of 1,992 @entity1 with @entity2463 over the past two decades in Japan. Steering Committee of Japanese Study Group of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'girls', 'boys']

entities_list: @entity3930 :: ('MESH:D005834', 'Disease') :: ['male rectourethral fistula', 'male anocutaneous fistula']

entities_list: @entity10645 :: ('MESH:C567938', 'Disease') :: ['anorectal anomaly']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['covered anal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['congenital diseases']

entities_list: @entity2463 :: ('MESH:C537771', 'Disease') :: ['anorectal malformation']

entities_list: @entity292 :: ('MESH:D005402', 'Disease') :: ['fistula', 'rectourethral fistula', 'female anovestibular fistula']

entities_list: @entity1467 :: ('MESH:D004314', 'Disease') :: ["Down's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['deformities', 'syndrome in the deformities']

entities_list: @entity258 :: ('MESH:D009800', 'Disease') :: ['low type deformity', 'low deformities']

answer: @entity10645 :: (MESH:C567938,Disease) :: ['Anorectal Anomalies']


abstract: We have undertaken a series of experiments using @entity17234 null mutant @entity19 to better define the role of endogenous @entity17234 in spinal excitability following @entity32 and in response to centrally sensitizing stimuli. We have employed a behavioural paradigm, the @entity406 test, as a model of @entity10237 in both @entity17234 knock-out (gal-/-) and wild-type (gal+/+) @entity19 . In this model, we find that gal-/- @entity19 are markedly hypo-responsive, especially in the second phase response. Additionally, we have examined the thermal @entity1931 which develops following peripheral injection of carrageenan into the plantar surface of one hindpaw. In this inflammatory paradigm, thermal @entity1931 is markedly attenuated in gal-/- @entity19 . These behavioural findings suggest that endogenous @entity17234 contributes to nociceptive processing. We have tested this hypothesis further by employing an electrophysiological measure of spinal excitability, the flexor withdrawal reflex in gal-/- and gal+/+ @entity19 . We found no differences in acute reflex responses to single stimuli at C-fibre strength or in the time course and magnitude of wind-up induced by a short conditioning train between non-inflamed gal+/+ and gal-/- @entity19 . However, the long-lasting post-conditioning enhancement of reflex excitability was only seen in gal+/+ @entity19 . Moreover, following carrageenan @entity32 , there was a marked increase in spinal nociceptive reflex excitability in the inflamed gal+/+ @entity19 , but this enhanced excitability was absent in gal-/- animals. These findings illustrate that endogenous @entity17234 is necessary for the full expression of central sensitization, and as such, plays a critical role in the development of @entity1931 following peripheral tissue injury.

title: Endogenous XXXX potentiates spinal nociceptive processing following @entity32 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formalin']

entities_list: @entity10237 :: ('MESH:D059226', 'Disease') :: ['tonic nociception']

answer: @entity17234 :: (14419(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['galanin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether @entity1240 is associated with a reduction in the opioid modulation of feeding, which may be important in the pathogenesis of the " @entity448 of @entity1240 ." DESIGN: Three studies on separate days, in randomized order and double-blind fashion. SETTING: Clinical @entity1 Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, RAH, Adelaide, Australia. @entity1 : Twelve older (5 male/7 female) (age 65-84) and 12 young (5 male/7 female) (age 20-26) healthy subjects. INTERVENTION: Subjects received in double-blinded random order, intravenous bolus (10 minutes) and then continuous (140 minutes) infusions of saline (control), @entity1510 low dose (LD) (bolus 27 microg/kg; continuous 50 microg/kg/hr), or @entity1510 @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) (bolus 54.5 microg/kg; continuous 100 microg/kg/hr). MEASUREMENTS: After 120 minutes, subjects were offered a buffet meal, and their energy intake was quantified. Hunger, fullness, @entity390 , and drowsiness were assessed using visual analogue scales. RESULTS: The @entity1510 LD and @entity2101 infusions had no significant effect on ratings of hunger, fullness, or @entity390 , but increased drowsiness (P < .01) compared with the control infusion in both age groups. Older subjects ate less (P < .001) at the buffet meal than young subjects during all three infusions. @entity1510 infusions reduced energy intake compared with control (P < .001), LD by 13.2 +/- 5.0% and @entity2101 by 10.7 +/- 5.0%, with no difference between the doses (P = .71). Overall, @entity1510 suppressed energy intake in both young and older subjects (P < .01). This suppression was slightly, but not significantly, greater in young than in older subjects (mean of LD and @entity2101 16.4 +/- 4.9% vs 7.5 +/- 4.9%, P = .42), because of a trend to reduced suppression in older @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that healthy older adults retain their sensitivity to the suppressive effects of @entity1510 on food intake. Possible gender differences in this sensitivity warrant further investigation. A decline in opioid activity is unlikely to contribute substantially to the physiological @entity448 of @entity1240 observed in older @entity1 .

title: Effects of XXXX on the opioid modulation of feeding in @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Human', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity1510 :: ('MESH:D009270', 'Chemical') :: ['Naloxone', 'naloxone']

answer: @entity1240 :: (MESH:D019588,Disease) :: ['aging']


abstract: Fifty-seven (35.6%) of 160 @entity1 with @entity3557 had lymph node @entity3 at the primary treatment. @entity1 and adolescents were most frequently affected (69.2%), followed by the age group of 21-40-year olds (38.8%). Those older than 40 had the lowest incidence of lymph node @entity3 (29.6%; p less than 0.05). One fifth of all @entity1 had lymph node @entity3 as first indication of @entity3557 . Two thirds of these @entity1 were 40 years old or younger. Lymph node involvement affected the jugular vein in nearly all cases (78.8%) and the upper mediastinum as well in just under 15%. @entity1 predominated (67.5 vs. 35.3%; p less than 0.05) if there was @entity5 growth with lymph node @entity3 which occurred most frequently in the age group of 21-40-year olds. On the other hand, @entity1 had the highest incidence (67.7 vs. 32.5%; p less than 0.05) of lymph node @entity3 in connection with @entity5 growth outside the organ. Fixed lymph node @entity3 occurred more often in @entity1 , particularly in those older than 40 years of age. A pT4 stage ( @entity5 growth outside the organ, 66.7%) was often present at the same time. Especially young @entity1 had a high incidence of lymph node @entity3 in connection with multifocal @entity5 growth, the lymph node @entity3 often being substantially larger than the mostly occult foci of @entity259 . @entity528 were occasionally mistaken for cervical cysts.

title: XXXX : occurrence and types of lymph node @entity3 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Children', 'Women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['papillary thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'intrathyroidal tumor']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Cystic degenerations']

answer: @entity3557 :: (MESH:C536915,Disease) :: ['Papillary thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: Epidemiological studies aimed at assessing the relationship between a long-term exposure to lead and @entity101 were reviewed. The analysis of mortality based on blood lead levels (600-800 micrograms/l) indicated that the magnitude of exposure to lead was in general rather high. @entity204 caused by @entity66 proved to be the main risk in this group of population. The confirmation of this finding was looked for in studies of morbidity carried out in the working population and among @entity1 living in areas of high exposure to lead. The studies confirmed a significant relationship between the magnitude of exposure to lead and the level of systolic pressure. During those studies it was also attempted to monitor main confounding factors such as smoking and @entity167 consumption. A clinical effect, namely an increased systolic pressure was, however, very low not exceeding several mm Hg and in terms of the difference in blood lead levels was equal to 10 micrograms/l. Despite all efforts mechanisms responsible for an increased pressure resulting from exposure to lead have not yet been identified. It seems most likely that disorders in metabolism of @entity460 ions leading to a @entity2473 of muscular coat of vessels are a causal factor. There is an urgent need for assessing delayed effects of exposure to lead. Such studies should be performed in groups of @entity1 with good evidence to prove their exposure to this factor. It would be helpful to describe individual doses corresponding to the magnitude of exposure to individual @entity1 under study but that seems to be rather impossible in retrospective studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: [The role of long-term exposure to lead in the pathogenesis of XXXX --review of epidemiologic studies].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: Although @entity19 are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in @entity19 remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced @entity921 -enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents. In AIM MRI, @entity3281 acts a @entity460 analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons. Because @entity3281 shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, @entity3281 clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because @entity3281 does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in @entity19 . One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage. Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved @entity19 head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, @entity921 is administered to the whole @entity19 brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated @entity19 , AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response. To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated @entity19 . Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake @entity19 .

title: Functional neuroimaging using ultrasonic blood-brain barrier disruption and XXXX -enhanced MRI.

entities_list: @entity921 :: ('MESH:D008345', 'Chemical') :: ['manganese', 'Manganese']

answer: @entity921 :: (MESH:D008345,Chemical) :: ['manganese']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A shorter duration of @entity86 and earlier oral alimentation of @entity1 may be a clinically relevant benefit of laparoscopic compared with conventional colorectal resection. @entity1 /METHODS: A total of 60 @entity1 were randomised to either laparoscopic (n=30) or conventional (n=30) resection of @entity14 . Major endpoints were the postoperative time to the first bowel movement and the time until oral feeding without parenteral alimentation was tolerated. Minor endpoints were the postoperative interval to the first peristalsis and first passage of flatus, the distribution of radio-opaque markers in abdominal radiographs on day 3 and day 5 and the @entity1209 . RESULTS: Age, gender. ASA-classification and type of resection were comparable in the two groups. Peristalsis was first noticed 26+/-9 h after laparoscopic and 38+/-17 h after conventional colorectal resection (P<0.01). First flatus occurred 50+/-19 h after laparoscopic and 79+/-21 h after conventional surgery (P<0.01). The @entity1209 was similar in both groups. Three days after surgery radio-opaque markers were found more often in the right colon (P<0.01) and less often in the small intestine (P<0.05) in laparoscopic compared with conventional @entity1 . Five days after laparoscopic surgery, more markers had reached the left colon (P<0.05). The first bowel movement occurred 70+/-32 h after laparoscopic and 91+/-22 h after conventional resection (P<0.01). Oral feeding without additional parenteral alimentation was tolerated 3.3+/-0.7 days after laparoscopic and 5.0+/-1.5 days after conventional surgery (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The shorter duration of @entity86 allows earlier restoration of oral feeding after laparoscopic compared with conventional colorectal resection and therefore increases quality of life immediately after resection of @entity14 .

title: Laparoscopic versus conventional colorectal resection: a prospective randomised study of XXXX and early postoperative feeding.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative ileus']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal tumours']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['incidence of postoperative vomiting']

answer: @entity86 :: (MESH:D019106,Disease) :: ['postoperative ileus']


abstract: We report the discovery of an osmosensitive transcriptional control of @entity1 @entity5322 , @entity13112 , and @entity5396 . Ambient hypertonicity (350-450 mOsmol/kg) increased mRNA expressions of the @entity5322 by approximately 10- to 20-fold in @entity1 -intestinal @entity1 cells, followed by an increase of @entity5322 protein. @entity2421 , on the other hand, suppressed @entity5322 mRNA levels, indicating that physiological isotonic conditions may regulate the basal expression of @entity5322 . Similar responses to ambient tonicity were observed in other @entity1 -derived cell lines (intestinal LS180 and hepatic HepG2) and @entity1 primary colonic cells. The 11-base pair tonicity-responsive enhancer (TonE) is an osmosensitive regulator that is activated by the transcription factor, the @entity46359 ( @entity46359 ). Luciferase-based reporter assays of 13 consensus TonE motifs within +/-10 kilobases (kb) from the transcription start sites of @entity5322 showed that only the @entity13112 intron 2 region ( approximately 5 kb downstream from the transcription start site), which contains two TonE motifs (+5076/+5086 and + 5417/+5427), was responsive to hypertonicity stimuli. This observation was confirmed upon cotransfection with an @entity46359 expression vector, small interfering RNA, or dominant-negative @entity46359 . Deletion and mutation analyses suggested that the TonE (+5417/+5427) is indispensable for the enhancer activity. @entity46359 binding to the @entity13112 intron 2 TonE motif was demonstrated with electrophoretic mobility shift assay and in a native cell context by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We conclude that transcription of @entity1 @entity5322 is influenced by ambient tonicity. The physiological significance of the tonic regulation of @entity5322 enzymes remains to be determined.

title: Discovery of osmosensitive transcriptional regulation of XXXX cytochrome P450 3As by the @entity46359 ).

entities_list: @entity2421 :: ('MESH:D009123', 'Disease') :: ['Hypotonicity']

entities_list: @entity46359 :: ('10725', 'Gene') :: ['NFAT5', 'nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is no satisfactory medical therapy for @entity1 with @entity991 . @entity10055 ( @entity10055 ) benefits @entity1 with @entity2835 , another @entity409 . METHODS: From May 1989 to July 1995, we enrolled 105 @entity1 with well-documented @entity991 in a randomized, double-blind study comparing @entity10055 (13 to 15 mg per kilogram of body weight per day in divided doses) with placebo. The primary outcome was the time to treatment failure, defined as death; liver transplantation; histologic progression by two stages (of four) or progression to @entity82 ; the development of varices, @entity843 , or @entity75 ; sustained quadrupling of the serum @entity648 concentration; marked worsening of @entity1295 or @entity111 ; inability to tolerate the drug; or voluntary withdrawal from the study. RESULTS: We analyzed data on the 51 @entity1 in each group with at least 3 months of follow-up; the median follow-up was 2.2 years. There was no significant difference between the groups in time to treatment failure (relative risk of treatment failure in the @entity10055 group, 1.01; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.7). During the first two years of follow-up, treatment was unsuccessful in 17 of 32 @entity1 (53 percent) in the placebo group and 16 of 31 (52 percent) in the @entity10055 group. There were also no differences in time to treatment failure for @entity1 with early-stage disease or in time to liver transplantation. @entity10055 , but not placebo, was associated with improvement in serum alkaline phosphatase, @entity492 aminotransferase, @entity648 , and albumin levels at one and two years. CONCLUSIONS: In a group of @entity1 with well-defined @entity991 , @entity10055 provided no clinical benefit.

title: @entity10055 for @entity991 . Mayo XXXX -Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['encephalopathy']

entities_list: @entity991 :: ('MESH:D015209', 'Disease') :: ['primary sclerosing cholangitis']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['cholestatic liver disease']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity111 :: ('MESH:D011537', 'Disease') :: ['pruritus']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['ursodiol', 'Ursodiol', 'ursodeoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity991 :: (MESH:D015209,Disease) :: ['Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a proven treatment option for @entity1 with @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). Treatment of this @entity1 population with antiplatelet therapy before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is ever-changing. Combining @entity1397 , a @entity1747 , with @entity117 has become the gold standard dual antiplatelet therapy. However, new research reveals several limitations with @entity1397 , including potential drug-drug interactions, slow onset of action, irreversibility of platelet inhibition, and a wide array of @entity1 responses. A new @entity1747 , @entity3076 , has been approved and supported by the current guidelines for its faster onset of action, lack of significant drug-drug interaction, and consistent @entity1 response. PURPOSE: This article will present a background of @entity1187 and the 2 @entity2405 ( @entity3076 and @entity1397 ), provide a comprehensive analysis of 4 recent trials comparing the 2 drugs in @entity1 with @entity1187 undergoing PCI, and pose 2 further research questions involving the genetic variability and the optimum duration of antiplatelet therapy after PCI. CONCLUSIONS: The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines support @entity3076 in @entity1 specifically with ST-segment elevation @entity583 , non-ST-segment elevation @entity583 , previous or current stent @entity256 or @entity432 , and @entity6 . Relative contraindications in @entity1 using @entity3076 include @entity548 tendencies, age greater than 75 years, and body weight less than 60 kg. Absolute contraindications of @entity3076 use include history or current @entity64 and active @entity548 . With further research looking at duration of treatment and @entity65 with @entity3076 and @entity1397 , clinicians will be able to make more evidence-based decisions. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: @entity3076 has been shown to be an effective alternative to @entity1397 in treating @entity1 with dual antiplatelet therapy for @entity1187 requiring PCI. Awareness of the risks and benefits when deciding to prescribe @entity1397 or @entity3076 for @entity1 with @entity1187 during and after PCI will promote @entity1 safety, improve @entity1 outcomes, and support evidence-based practice.

title: XXXX versus @entity1397 : new management strategies for @entity1187 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3076 :: ('MESH:C408153', 'Chemical') :: ['prasugrel', 'Prasugrel']

entities_list: @entity2405 :: ('MESH:D058924', 'Chemical') :: ['thienopyridines']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['restenosis']

entities_list: @entity1747 :: ('MESH:C446540', 'Chemical') :: ['thienopyridine']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['occlusion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular events']

answer: @entity3076 :: (MESH:C408153,Chemical) :: ['Prasugrel']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Ph-positive @entity1778 are caused by the aberrant fusion of the @entity55448 and @entity12437 genes. @entity10542 is a selective @entity55448 /Abl @entity669 kinase inhibitor related to @entity2213 , which is widely used to treat @entity1860 . Because @entity981 only responds transiently to @entity2213 therapy, we have used @entity19 models to test the efficacy of @entity10542 against @entity981 caused by the @entity29532 form of @entity55448 /Abl. RESULTS: After transplant of 10,000 highly malignant leukemic cells into compatible recipients, untreated @entity19 succumbed to @entity1778 within 21 days, whereas @entity19 treated with 75 mg/kg @entity10542 survived significantly longer. We examined cells from @entity19 that developed @entity1778 while under treatment for @entity55448 /Abl kinase domain point mutations but these were not detected. In addition, culture of such cells ex vivo showed that they were as sensitive as the parental cell line to @entity10542 but that the presence of stromal support allowed resistant cells to grow out. @entity10542 also exhibited @entity1778 activity in @entity29532 @entity55448 /Abl @entity19 that had developed overt @entity1778 / @entity706 masses and that otherwise would have been expected to die within 7 days. Visible @entity706 masses disappeared within six days of treatment and leukemic cell numbers in peripheral blood were significantly reduced. Treated @entity19 survived more than 30 days. CONCLUSION: These results show that @entity10542 has @entity1778 activity but that @entity981 cells can become unresponsive to it both in vitro and in vivo through mechanisms that appear to be @entity55448 /Abl independent.

title: @entity10542 treatment in @entity19 models of XXXX @entity55448 /Abl @entity981 .

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoblastic leukemia', 'Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity19 :: ('10090', 'Species') :: ['mice', 'transgenic mice', 'mouse']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukemia', 'leukemias', 'impressive anti-leukemia', 'very impressive anti-leukemia']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity2213 :: ('MESH:C097613', 'Chemical') :: ['imatinib']

entities_list: @entity10542 :: ('MESH:C498826', 'Chemical') :: ['Nilotinib', 'nilotinib']

entities_list: @entity1860 :: ('MESH:D015464', 'Disease') :: ['chronic myelogenous leukemia']

answer: @entity29532 :: (19417(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['P190']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical aspects of @entity13571 associated with @entity6130 ( @entity6130 ). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 8 @entity1 suffering from @entity13571 associated with @entity6130 are described. The French and English literature on @entity13571 associated with @entity2590 was reviewed. RESULTS: All 8 @entity1 had a systemic medium-sized @entity1333 which fulfilled the American College of Rheumatology criteria for @entity573 nodosa in the setting of active @entity6130 . Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) were negative in 7 @entity1 . One @entity1 had cytoplasmic ANCA by indirect immunofluorescence without antiproteinase 3 or antimyeloperoxydase antibodies on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At presentation, 6 @entity1 had @entity221 of unknown origin, 5 had @entity2760 rheumatica, 3 had @entity393 , and 4 had @entity1712 . None had @entity1800 or drug-associated @entity1333 . Diagnostic procedures included @entity99 in 6 @entity1 which showed microaneurysms in 4, skin and temporal artery biopsy in 2 which showed @entity1333 , and 1 postmortem examination which showed @entity10189 . All @entity1 were treated with @entity288 , and 7 received immunosuppressive drugs. @entity204 was attributable to @entity1333 in 2 cases, @entity281 in 3, and other @entity1333 -related causes in 2. In a review of the French-English literature, we found 11 similar cases of ANCA-negative @entity13571 , generally associated with @entity417 , with or without blast excess. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic ANCA-negative @entity1333 seems closely associated to @entity6130 . Clinical presentation is nonspecific, and @entity13571 should be suspected when a @entity1 with @entity2590 develops atypical manifestations. Renal, gastrointestinal, or hepatic angiography are useful diagnostic procedures when more invasive biopsies should be avoided because of low platelet count. The prognosis of @entity13571 is poor.

title: Systemic medium-sized @entity1333 associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['gastroduodenal arteritis']

entities_list: @entity13571 :: ('MESH:D056647', 'Disease') :: ['CMML-associated systemic vasculitis', 'systemic vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity573 :: ('MESH:C537014', 'Disease') :: ['polyarteritis']

entities_list: @entity417 :: ('MESH:D000740', 'Disease') :: ['refractory anemia']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis', 'vessel vasculitis', 'polyarteritis nodosa-type vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity6130 :: ('MESH:D015477', 'Disease') :: ['chronic myelomonocytic leukemia', 'CMML']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplasia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity2760 :: ('MESH:D011111', 'Disease') :: ['polymyalgia']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['sensory hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['renal or hepatic angiography']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

answer: @entity6130 :: (MESH:D015477,Disease) :: ['chronic myelomonocytic leukemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To introduce a novel surgical technique for the repair of congenital long-segment @entity6184 . DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: Tertiary-care hospital. @entity1 : Three @entity1 ranging in age from 3 months to 3 years, all with complete tracheal rings, the stenotic segments representing between 36% and 49% of the total tracheal length. One @entity1 had an anomalous right upper lobe bronchus and an associated pulmonary artery sling. INTERVENTION: Slide tracheoplasty reconstruction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Postoperative clinical status as evidenced by day and site of extubation, duration of hospitalization, number of bronchoscopic examinations performed before discharge, and subsequent need for urgent bronchoscopic examinations, which reflects the adequacy of the reconstructed airway. RESULTS: Two @entity1 were extubated on the day of surgery, 1 intraoperatively; the @entity1 with the pulmonary artery sling required 3 days of elective intubation for postoperative ventilatory support. The duration of hospitalization ranged from 8 to 10 days. All @entity1 underwent elective bronchoscopy once before discharge; none had @entity738 formation. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 4 1/2 years. One @entity1 required a single urgent bronchoscopic examination in addition to planned surveillance endoscopy. Growth of the reconstructed hemitracheal rings is demonstrable. CONCLUSIONS: Slide tracheoplasty achieves successful tracheal reconstruction using the @entity1 's own tracheal tissues. Advantages of this method include the potential avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass, immediate or early postoperative extubation, and the near-complete absence of granulation tissue formation. The latter obviates the need for multiple postoperative bronchoscopic examinations, as has been reported in tracheoplasty procedures using either costal cartilage or pericardium.

title: Slide tracheoplasty for long-segment XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS', 'child']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma']

entities_list: @entity6184 :: ('MESH:D014135', 'Disease') :: ['tracheal stenosis']

answer: @entity6184 :: (MESH:D014135,Disease) :: ['tracheal stenosis']


abstract: The clinical, haematological and biochemical correlations of 224 consecutive unselected examples of @entity1581 have been studied. The paraprotein frequency detedted was IgG 62 percent, IgA 15.2 percent, IgM 10.3 percent, Bence Jones protein 8.9 percent and in 3.6 percent the paraproteins were not identified. In half the @entity1581 was associated with an immunocytoma ( @entity1582 in 82 and @entity706 in 30). In three cases the associated clinical disease was @entity2783 . In 36 cases (16.1 percent) the associated clincial disease was a nonlymphoproliferative @entity5 . @entity1581 may be a significant marker of @entity5 in such cases. In 73 cases (32.6 percent) the associated clinical conditions were unrelated to the @entity1581 although only 55 of these cases were sufficiently investigated to warrant classification as examples of @entity8058 . There was a strong correlation between Bence Jones @entity644 and @entity5 . Sixty-five @entity1 demonstrated Bence Jones @entity644 and in 59 of these a @entity5 was detected. The association was strong between hypercalcaemia and @entity5 as this was present in all 27 of the cases who had hypercalcaemia. The relationship between Bence Jones @entity644 and hypercalcaemia was also strong and Bence Jones @entity644 was detected in 73 percent of the hypercalcaemic @entity1 as opposed to 36.7 percent in the whole series. Hypercalcaemia and Bence Jones @entity644 , when found in a patient with @entity1581 have a grave clinical connotation.

title: Immunocytoma, XXXX and other associations of @entity1581 : a review of 224 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['monoclonal gammopathy', 'gammopathy', 'Monoclonal gammopathy']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumour', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity8058 :: ('MESH:D008998', 'Disease') :: ['benign monoclonal gammopathy']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: Intestinal involvement by endometriotic tissue occurs in up to 37% of @entity1 with @entity46 . The vast majority of @entity1 do not experience symptoms related to the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, the complications of @entity1321 and malabsorption secondary to @entity46 are exceedingly uncommon. We present a 42-year-old @entity1 with @entity1321 , @entity6518 , and @entity4 secondary to @entity46 . She had a 1-year history of watery @entity294 , bloating, and @entity490 with a 30-lb weight-loss over 3 months. She had no previous history of @entity46 , and laboratory investigations showed severe @entity4988 , @entity1371 , and @entity520 . Abdominal x-rays revealed air-fluid levels and dilated loops of small bowel. She underwent surgical resection with primary @entity254 . Pathologic evaluation showed extensive @entity46 , which resulted in @entity3885 . Segments of ileum also demonstrated moderate-to-marked blunting of the villi. Postoperatively, the @entity1 had a slow recovery with resolution of @entity4 and a gradual increase in her weight. This report illuminates the rare, yet significant, complications of @entity1944 , including @entity1744 , the development of a @entity6518 , and @entity4 . One should consider the possibility of @entity1944 in the differential diagnosis of @entity1744 in @entity1 of childbearing age.

title: @entity4 and XXXX secondary to @entity46 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1944 :: ('MESH:D007410', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity4988 :: ('MESH:D034141', 'Disease') :: ['hypoalbuminemia']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['anasarca']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['complete obstruction']

entities_list: @entity6518 :: ('MESH:D011504', 'Disease') :: ['protein-losing enteropathy']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic acidosis']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstruction', 'small bowel obstruction']

entities_list: @entity46 :: ('MESH:D004715', 'Disease') :: ['endometriosis of the small bowel and appendix', 'endometriosis']

entities_list: @entity1321 :: ('MESH:D007415', 'Disease') :: ['intestinal obstruction']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity1371 :: ('MESH:D007008', 'Disease') :: ['hypokalemia']

answer: @entity1744 :: (MESH:D043183,Disease) :: ['small bowel obstruction']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: @entity65 is the main cause of @entity204 in @entity1 with @entity177 . Moreover, the presence of @entity8 is an important prognostic factor in @entity1 with @entity299 , and is a determinant of outcome during follow-up. The main aim was to investigate the relationship between @entity177 at admission and one-year mortality in @entity1 with non-ST-elevation @entity1187 . @entity1 AND METHOD: We studied 1029 consecutive @entity1 admitted to our institution. The serum @entity1011 level and glomerular filtration rate were determined at admission, and classical risk factors and biochemical markers were assessed. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at one year. RESULTS: @entity1 who died were older, more frequently had a history of @entity453 , were more likely to have @entity712 at admission, had higher troponin-I, @entity5632 and @entity1011 levels, and were less likely to have @entity2299 or to be a smoker. Multivariate analysis showed that the independent predictors of all-cause mortality at one year were age, @entity6 , troponin-I level, Killip class > 1, male gender, @entity1011 level, and glomerular filtration rate. There was a linear correlation between increased risk and @entity1011 level. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1011 level at admission is one of the most important covariates in early prognostic stratification in these @entity1 . A high serum @entity1011 level (or a low glomerular filtration rate) increases the probability of @entity204 due to all causes. The serum @entity1011 level is, moreover, an inexpensive, easy-to-use, and widely available prognostic marker.

title: [Prognostic value of serum XXXX in non-ST-elevation @entity1187 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['impaired renal function']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity2299 :: ('MESH:D050171', 'Disease') :: ['dyslipidemia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['kidney failure']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['Creatinine', 'creatinine']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes or coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity1011 :: (MESH:D003404,Chemical) :: ['creatinine']


abstract: Experimental @entity1545 is associated with marked @entity2657 , as evidenced by an increase in brain water content. This prominent and widespread response raises questions about the vulnerability of microvasculature in the @entity1545 . In the present report we further characterize the vascular response by evaluating the integrity of the blood-brain barrier to circulating proteins. Vascular permeability to endogenous immunoglobulins (IgG) and to the protein @entity3699 ( @entity3699 ) was examined after a lateral, fluid percussive @entity1545 in the @entity35 . In study 1 IgG was immunolocalized in brain sections 1-24 hr after injury. In studies 2 and 3 @entity3699 was given intravenously either before impact (study 2) or 10 min before sacrifice (study 3). Permeability to this protein was assessed at 1-6 hr (study 2) or at 1-72 hr (study 3) after injury. In studies 1 and 2 the extravascular accumulation of proteins was evaluated. Pronounced abnormal permeability to IgG and @entity3699 occurred within the first hour after injury and was widespread throughout both hemispheres. The intensity of immunostaining for IgG increased with time up to 24 hr after injury. In contrast, maximal extravascular accumulation of @entity3699 occurred within the first hour after injury. In study 3 the time course for re-establishment of the blood-brain barrier to @entity3699 was determined. Maximal permeability occurred at 1 hr after injury. At 24 hr abnormal permeability was restricted to the impact site and this area remained permeable up to 72 hr after injury. In summary this study demonstrates that breakdown of the blood-brain barrier to plasma proteins is a prominent feature of experimental @entity1545 . This abnormal permeability is characterized by its transient expression and widespread distribution. The time course for re-establishment of the blood-brain barrier to circulating proteins is most delayed at the impact site.

title: Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier after fluid percussive @entity1545 in the XXXX . Part 1: Distribution and time course of protein extravasation.

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury', 'brain to injury']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['vasogenic edema']

entities_list: @entity3699 :: ('MESH:C563206', 'Disease') :: ['HRP', 'horseradish peroxidase']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity27 ( @entity27 ) has been reported as a feature of @entity1 with @entity1646 ( @entity1646 ). However, the incidence and severity of @entity27 with respect to disease type is poorly defined. The aim of the present study was to measure objectively the degree of @entity27 in a group of @entity1 with a range of @entity1646 . METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, cardiopulmonary sleep studies were performed during unsedated sleep in 26 @entity1 with @entity1646 over a period of 2 years. Scores of @entity27 severity based upon clinical history and upon objective sleep study data were made in each case and compared. RESULTS: @entity27 was present in 24/26 @entity1 , and ranged in severity from mild to severe. @entity27 was most marked in @entity1646 ( @entity12751 ) followed by types IHS ( @entity12751 ) and II ( @entity5684 ). Frequent arousals and poor sleep quality, not suspected clinically, were noted in several @entity1 . There was agreement between the clinical and objective scoring systems in only 17/26 @entity1 (65%) with clinical history scores tending to underestimate the most severe cases (5/26 cases) and overestimate the severity in the mild cases (4/26 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Obstructive respiratory problems are frequent in @entity1646 @entity1 and there are differences in severity of @entity27 between the different @entity1646 types. Assessments of the severity of @entity27 based upon clinical history alone are inadequate. Our results suggest that objective sleep studies are necessary to evaluate these cases, to monitor clinical outcome and to assess the effects of therapeutic intervention. Prospective studies in larger numbers of @entity1 are needed to validate these observations.

title: Disordered breathing during sleep in XXXX with @entity1646 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['Obstructive sleep apnoea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity1646 :: ('MESH:D009083', 'Disease') :: ['MPS type IH', 'MPS syndromes', 'MPS', 'mucopolysaccharidoses']

entities_list: @entity12751 :: ('MESH:D008059', 'Disease') :: ['Hurler--Scheie syndrome', 'Hurler syndrome']

entities_list: @entity5684 :: ('MESH:D016532', 'Disease') :: ['Hunter syndrome']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: In @entity742 , growth and development of ovarian follicles beyond 2 mm in diameter is acutely dependent on gonadotropin support. As a consequence, following hypophysectomy (HPX) or @entity2339 ( @entity2339 ), growth of follicles beyond 2 mm is arrested and all follicles > 2 mm undergo @entity1146 . Although administration of exogenous gonadotropins stimulates follicular growth and ovulation in @entity2339 ewes, follicles in HPX ewes remain unresponsive unless @entity12550 ( @entity12550 ) is also given. To determine whether the difference in follicular sensitivity to gonadotropins after @entity2339 (gonadotropin sensitive) or HPX (gonadotropin insensitive) is related to the distribution and quantity of binding sites for FSH, LH, and/or @entity9418 ( @entity9418 ), binding sites for these hormones were localized and quantified using topical autoradiography in healthy follicles from control (pituitary-intact), @entity2339 , and HPX ewes. In addition, in situ hybridization was performed to localize mRNA for @entity12550 and FSH receptors. Irrespective of treatment, binding of FSH and mRNA for FSH receptor were greatest (p < 0.05) in the membrana granulosa; LH binding was greatest (p < 0.05) in the theca interna; and @entity9418 binding was greatest (p < 0.05) in the theca externa. Although the relative number of binding sites for LH did not differ among treatments, those for FSH and @entity9418 were lower (p < 0.05) in @entity2339 and HPX ewes compared to controls. Attempts to quantify binding sites for @entity12550 were unsuccessful due to high nonspecific binding. However, mRNA for @entity43872 was most abundant (p < 0.05) in the membrana granulosa and oocytes of small antral and preantral follicles. Compared to levels in controls and @entity2339 ewes, the level of @entity43872 mRNA was lower (p < 0.05) in follicles obtained from HPX ewes. On the basis of these data, failure of small antral follicles in HPX ewes to respond to exogenous gonadotropins is not due to a reduction in receptors for FSH, LH, or @entity9418 . The observed reduction of mRNA for @entity43872 in the membrana granulosa of follicles from HPX ewes provides evidence that @entity12550 may play an important role in early stages of folliculogenesis and that it is involved in the maintenance of sensitivity to gonadotropins.

title: Localization and quantification of binding sites for follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, @entity12550 , and XXXX in @entity742 ovarian follicles.

entities_list: @entity9418 :: ('443318(Tax:9940)', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor I', 'IGF-I']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary stalk disconnection', 'HPD']

answer: @entity9418 :: (443318(Tax:9940),Gene) :: ['insulin-like growth factor I']


abstract: @entity4786 ( @entity1265 ) is a progressive disease, which is inherited as a monogenic, autosomal dominant trait. The @entity1265 gene is localized on chromosome 17(17q11.2), allowing antenatal and postnatal diagnostic tests. The prevalence of @entity1265 is 1/5000, but the disease may be more prevalent in @entity1 and young adults below twenty years of age. The pathophysiological mechanisms are presently unknown, although the gene defect can result in experimental inhibition of @entity5 suppression. @entity1265 in childhood can be associated with a variety of clinical and psycho-social problems, and the diagnostic criteria may not be met at birth. More than six caf  -au-lait spots in individuals should give rise to suspicion, and axillary and inguinal freckels are considered to be pathognomonic for the disease. @entity3292 are found in 15% of @entity1 below six years of age with @entity1265 . @entity18184 is pathognomonic (but very rare) in @entity1 with @entity1265 , and @entity1516 of the tibia is seen in three percent of cases. @entity1635 is @entity85 are found in 60% of all @entity1 . @entity5 are more prevalent in @entity1 with @entity1265 , and in @entity1 @entity11 and nonlymphocytic @entity1778 are the most frequent. In addition, learning difficulties are found. The treatment and clinical control of @entity1 with @entity1265 is a specialist task, which requires a centrally coordinated function. This organization has not yet been established in Denmark.

title: [Recklinghausen XXXX in @entity1 ].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Malignancies']

entities_list: @entity3292 :: ('MESH:D009455', 'Disease') :: ['Neurofibromas']

entities_list: @entity1635 :: ('MESH:D012600', 'Disease') :: ['Scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['opticus glioma']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

entities_list: @entity4786 :: ('MESH:D017253', 'Disease') :: ['Neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['prevalent, and back deformities']

entities_list: @entity18184 :: ('MESH:D015524', 'Disease') :: ['Sphenoidal dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoarthrosis']

answer: @entity4786 :: (MESH:D017253,Disease) :: ['neurofibromatosis']


abstract: @entity842 (NO) is generated by a family of enzymes, @entity842 synthases (NOS), in a wide range of @entity1 cells. NO produced by the inducible NOS isoform ( @entity3623 ) has been suggested to play an important role in @entity5 biology with both @entity5 promoter and anti- @entity5 activity. Here, the cellular localization of @entity3623 in tissue of 100 cases of @entity150 was assessed immunohistologically using a commercially available antiserum. Positive @entity3623 immunostaining was detected in all samples of @entity5 tissue, whereas nonmalignant tissue adjacent to malignant areas did not show any @entity3623 positivity. The @entity5 tissue revealed a highly inhomogeneous staining pattern. In addition to uniformly stained @entity5 specimens, we also found markedly @entity3623 -positive @entity5 islets in the midst of unstained @entity5 tissue and scattered individual @entity5 cells expressing marked staining. In some cases, the @entity5 tissue showed no or only weak staining intensity. In some instances, the superficial epithelial layer of @entity1377 was extremely immunoreactive, in other cases it was not. Thus we were unable to show a clear correlation to @entity5 grade or stage. Further studies with a diversity of @entity5 markers including molecular genetics techniques will be necessary to elucidate how and to what extent NO and @entity150 of different grades and stages are functionally interrelated.

title: Inducible @entity842 synthase expression in @entity1 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder cancer', 'urinary bladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['Nitric oxide', 'nitric oxide']

answer: @entity150 :: (MESH:D001749,Disease) :: ['urinary bladder cancer']


abstract: From a series of 282 consecutive temporal resections for medically intractable @entity302 associated with @entity3877 ( @entity3877 ), @entity5 ( @entity5 ) or non-specific pathology (NSP), 51 @entity1 had persistent or recurrent @entity410 occurring at least monthly. Of these @entity1 , 44 underwent detailed assessment of their postoperative @entity410 , which included clinical evaluation, interictal and ictal EEG and high-resolution MRI. Of the 20 @entity1 with @entity3877 in the original pathology, 14 (70%) had postoperative @entity410 arising in the hemisphere of the resection, the majority (12 @entity1 ) in the temporal region. Although MRI demonstrated residual hippocampus in five of these 12 @entity1 , only one @entity1 was considered to have @entity410 arising there, whilst the remainder had electroclinical evidence of @entity410 onset in the neocortex. In contrast, five of the @entity3877 relapses (25%) had @entity410 onset exclusively in the contralateral temporal region. Among the 14 @entity1 with non-specific pathology, relapse was also predominantly from the ipsilateral hemisphere (64%), but more relapsed from extratemporal sites compared with the @entity3877 cases, including two with NSP who had @entity2526 . Although 70% of the 10 @entity1 with @entity5 had postoperative partial @entity410 arising in the ipsilateral hemisphere, many (60%) had evidence of a more @entity74 with additional generalized @entity410 , cognitive and behavioural disturbance and multifocal and generalized EEG abnormalities. Nine @entity1 (20%) had immediate postoperative @entity410 -free periods of at least 1 year, and seven of these had @entity3877 in the operative specimen. Of these seven @entity1 , four had ipsilateral temporal @entity410 and three had contralateral temporal @entity410 . Overall, few missed lesions were discovered on postoperative MRI and reoperations were performed or considered possible in a minority of cases. Despite well-defined preoperative electroclinical syndromes of @entity1315 , many @entity1 relapsed unexpectedly, either immediately or remotely from the time of surgery. @entity2175 in a surgical scar was not, however, considered to be a significant primary mechanism in @entity1 who relapsed after a @entity410 -free interval.

title: Failed surgery for XXXX . A study of persistence and recurrence of @entity410 following temporal resection.

entities_list: @entity3877 :: ('MESH:C566903', 'Disease') :: ['MTS', 'mesial temporal sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['Maturing epileptogenicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour', 'DNT']

entities_list: @entity2526 :: ('MESH:D025063', 'Disease') :: ['occipital structural abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1315 :: ('MESH:D004833', 'Disease') :: ['temporal lobe epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse disorder']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: Caliciviruses are among the most common causes of @entity1902 in @entity1 of all age groups. These antigenetically and genetically diverse viruses have been grouped into two genera within the family Caliciviridae, designated Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) and Sapporo-like viruses (SLV). To gain more insight in their epidemiology, we have developed a tentative genotyping scheme, which was used to differentiate the viruses detected in a set of epidemiological studies. NLVs and SLVs were detected by generic RT-PCR in stool specimens from 5.1% and 2.4% of cases with @entity697 for which a general practitioner was consulted, and in 16.5% and 6.3% of community cases of @entity1902 . In addition, NLVs were associated with more than 80% of reported outbreaks of @entity1902 from 1994-1999. Typically, several genotypes of NLV co-circulate in the community. Occasionally, however, several consecutive outbreaks were caused by essentially the same virus, although an epidemiological link had not previously been noted. This was most pronounced in 1995/1996, when a Lordsdale-like variant was detected that subsequently was found worldwide. This epidemic spread suggests differences in virulence or mode of transmission. In addition, we found that related NLVs are highly prevalent in @entity291 in The Netherlands, raising questions about their potential for zoonotic transmission.

title: Molecular epidemiology of XXXX enteric caliciviruses in The Netherlands.

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute gastroenteritis']

entities_list: @entity1902 :: ('MESH:D005759', 'Disease') :: ['gastroenteritis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Low-molecular-weight hyaluronan produced by @entity32865 ( @entity32865 ) has been shown to play a role in @entity647 secondary to high-tidal-volume ventilation. Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors have been shown to decrease @entity32865 expression. We hypothesized that low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (LMW HA) produced by @entity32865 mediates LPS-induced @entity651 in the mechanically ventilated @entity35 and that @entity7604 (MIL), by blocking @entity32865 mRNA expression, would prevent the injury. @entity35 were randomized to four groups: controls with mechanical ventilation at 7 cc/kg MV, MV+LPS, MV+MIL, and MV+LPS+MIL. @entity35 were intubated and ventilated without @entity9239 for 4 h. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 mg/kg) was infused into the arterial line 1 h prior to MV. MIL 10 microg/kg/min (or an equivalent volume of saline) was infused through the venous line at the beginning of MV. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was collected after 4 h of ventilation and lungs were saved for histopathology. LPS significantly increased neutrophil infiltration and protein concentration in the BAL and @entity651 score on histology. MIL significantly lowered alveolar protein and neutrophil infiltration as well as @entity651 in response to LPS. Furthermore, MIL decreased the mRNA expression for @entity32865 and @entity17104 in lung tissue and decreased the protein content in BAL. MIL, a commonly used inotropic agent, inhibited LPS-induced @entity55 and @entity651 in mechanically ventilated rats. The anti-inflammatory properties of MIL may be mediated by inhibition of @entity32865 and/or @entity17104 and could be beneficial in the treatment of @entity295 .

title: Inhibition of HA synthase 3 mRNA expression, with a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, @entity651 in a septic ventilated XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['lung inflammation']

entities_list: @entity7604 :: ('MESH:D020105', 'Chemical') :: ['milrinone']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['augmented lung injury', 'lung injury']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: 10 days of @entity115 / @entity798 high dose and 5 days of @entity26729 have been the preferred first- or second-line antibiotics for treatment of @entity1 with @entity697 ( @entity697 ) since 2004, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics in the USA, but no head-to-head comparison study has been done. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to compare the clinical efficacy of @entity115 / @entity798 high-dose therapy for 10 days with @entity26729 therapy for 5 days for @entity697 at recommended doses. METHODS: This was an investigator-blind trial in young @entity1 6-24 months old with no history of recurrent @entity697 who were randomly assigned to @entity115 / @entity798 (80   mg/kg/day @entity115 ) or @entity26729 (14   mg/kg/day), both in two divided doses. The diagnosis of @entity697 was based on specific clinical criteria by validated otoscopists at two @entity697 research centres. The outcome measure for clinical cure was resolution of all symptoms and signs of @entity697 except for persistence of @entity2171 at test-of-cure (TOC) 11-14 days after initiation of antibiotic treatment. Clinical failure was defined as persistence of symptoms and signs of @entity697 and the need for additional antibiotic therapy. Subjects lost to follow up or who had not taken at least 80% of the prescribed medication were classified as having an indeterminate response. Compliance was monitored using @entity262 ( @entity262 ) caps and antibiotic bottle volume measurement at the TOC visit. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the association of age with cure rate. Full interactions in terms of age with treatment were included to estimate any age gradient differential. RESULTS: A total of 330 @entity1 (average age 13.1 months) with @entity697 were studied. At TOC, 256 @entity1 had clinical cure, 69 had clinical failure, and 5 were lost to follow-up. High-dose @entity115 / @entity798 -treated @entity1 had a better cure rate (86.5%) than @entity26729 -treated @entity1 (71.0%; p   =   0.001). @entity26729 was correlated with less frequent cure outcomes as @entity1 increased in age between 6 and 24 months. The odds ratios for clinical cure per increasing month of age estimated from a logistic regression model for @entity115 / @entity798 high dose and @entity26729 treatment groups was 0.992 (95% CI 0.932, 1.056), p   >   0.05 and 0.932 (95% CI 0.881, 0.986), p   =   0.01. The differences in the odds ratios are significant at p   <   0.002, indicating a stable clinical cure rate across the ages of @entity1 studied for @entity115 / @entity798 and decreasing clinical cure rates as @entity1 increased in age for @entity26729 . CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with bona fide @entity697 for whom clinical outcomes are assessed by validated otoscopists, 10 days of high-dose @entity115 / @entity798 is significantly more effective than 5 days of @entity26729 as therapy for @entity697 . Because of the identified age effect (correlated to @entity1 weight), higher doses of @entity26729 may have led to a different conclusion; 10 days of @entity26729 may also have led to a different conclusion.

title: Comparison of @entity115 / @entity798 high dose with XXXX in the treatment of @entity697 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'child']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute otitis media', 'AOM']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['Medical Electronic Monitoring System', 'MEMS']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity2171 :: ('MESH:D010034', 'Disease') :: ['middle-ear effusion']

entities_list: @entity26729 :: ('MESH:C056814', 'Chemical') :: ['cefdinir', 'Cefdinir']

answer: @entity26729 :: (MESH:C056814,Chemical) :: ['cefdinir']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent studies have shown the beneficial effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in @entity791 -related @entity7578 ( @entity7578 ). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the initial and follow-up imaging findings and survival in @entity1 with @entity7578 who were treated with HAART. METHODS: The clinical course and MR imaging findings on initial and follow-up MR studies in four consecutive @entity791 @entity1 with @entity7578 who were treated with HAART are described. RESULTS: Two @entity1 were short-term survivors and died after 3 months. Two @entity1 are still alive, with a survival time of 22 and 43 months, respectively. On initial MR studies, more extensive white matter changes were seen in the short-term survivors. Development of a mass effect and temporary enhancement (in one @entity1 ) was observed in two HAART responders on follow-up MR studies. Increased hypointensity on T1-weighted images with concomitant low signal on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery fast spin-echo (FLAIR-FSE) images was seen in two responders, representing @entity5719 . Atrophic changes of the involved areas of the brain, consistent with burnt out @entity7578 , were seen in two long-term survivors. In the short-term survivors, increased hypointensity was present on T1-weighted images with increased high signal on FLAIR-FSE images, representing @entity74 . CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a clinical and radiologic response can be seen in some @entity1 with @entity791 -associated @entity7578 on HAART while in others there may be no beneficial response. Development of a mass effect and temporary enhancement on MR images in the early phase of treatment might represent positive predictive factors for prolonged survival.

title: Initial and follow-up MR imaging findings in @entity791 -related XXXX treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5719 :: ('MESH:D007969', 'Disease') :: ['leukomalacia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['progressive destructive disease']

entities_list: @entity7578 :: ('MESH:D007968', 'Disease') :: ['PML lesions', 'progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy', 'PML']

answer: @entity7578 :: (MESH:D007968,Disease) :: ['progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1204 is the most common gynecologic malignancy. Surgery has been the standard therapy for stage I and II @entity1204 and radiation therapy either before or after surgery has been used to improve local control especially for high grade lesions. We have used @entity11413 (BA) in order to examine whether @entity1204 cells can be rendered more sensitive to radiation therapy. METHODS: @entity1204 cells in culture were pretreated with @entity11413 and then irradiated. Clonogenic survival assay was used to determine percentage of surviving cells. Changes in @entity589 and @entity588 protein levels were determined by Western blot analyses. Effect of @entity588 overexpression on induction of @entity589 in response to @entity4876 pretreatment was studied in cells transfected with @entity588 . RESULTS: A 24 h pretreatment of SKUT2 and @entity1 cells with BA has an additive effect with radiation. Analysis of pro and anti-apoptotic protein levels revealed that the 24 h pretreatment with BA resulted in increased expression of the proapoptotic protein @entity589 which correlated with potentiation of radiation induced cell kill. Treatment of cells over expressing @entity588 with BA did not show induction of @entity589 suggesting that higher levels of @entity588 can block butyrate induced increase in levels of @entity589 . CONCLUSIONS: Use of BA at lower than toxic doses to upregulate the proapoptotic potential of @entity5 cells may be useful in an adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting but its success may depend upon the intrinsic @entity588 levels in the @entity5 .

title: Pretreatment of @entity1204 cell lines with butyrate results in upregulation of XXXX and correlates with potentiation of radiation induced cell kill.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial carcinoma', 'Endometrial carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4876 :: ('MESH:D002087', 'Chemical') :: ['butyrate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity11413 :: ('CHEBI:64103', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium butyrate', 'Sodium Butyrate']

answer: @entity589 :: (581,Gene) :: ['Bax']


abstract: The results of 215 laparoscopic transabdominal pre-peritoneal @entity169 are reported with a follow-up of 1-4 years (median 2.5 years). The @entity1 " age range was 17-85 (median 59 years). Three recurrences occurred in the first 75 repairs, where a 12 x 7 cm mesh was used. There has been no recurrence in the subsequent 140 repairs where a larger 15 x 10 cm mesh was used for the repair. A total of 5% of @entity1 developed urinary retention after the operation and a further 13% developed minor complications. The procedure was remarkably @entity158 -free, with 25% requiring no analgesia after the operation and 67% requiring no analgesia after discharge from hospital. There was a rapid return to normal activity, with 55% driving within 1 week of the operation and 85% within 2 weeks. Sixty per cent returned to work within 2 weeks of the operation and 69% within 3 weeks. Forty-two of the @entity1 had undergone a previous @entity547 repair and 93% of these preferred the laparoscopic repair as there was less post-operative @entity158 and a quicker recovery. The results show that @entity547 repair is remarkably @entity158 -free, allows a rapid return to normal activity and has a low recurrence rate when a 15 x 10 cm mesh is used.

title: Prospective audit of 200 XXXX undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with follow-up from 1 to 4 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity169 :: ('MESH:D006552', 'Disease') :: ['inguinal hernia repairs']

entities_list: @entity547 :: ('MESH:D006547', 'Disease') :: ['open hernia', 'laparoscopic hernia']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the value of stained smears from the vaginal introitus and the posterior vaginal fornix for detection of candida morphotypes in the diagnosis of recurrent @entity15231 (RVVC) in cases with an assumed novel attack of the condition, and to compare the value of microscopy of such smears in relation to candida culture, vaginal pH-determinations and leucocyte esterase tests (LE). One hundred and thirteen @entity1 with a history and a current assumed attack of RVVC were studied by means of culture of samples from the @entity365 . Microscopy of @entity6693 - and Gram-stained smears from these sites was performed. The pH of vaginal secretion and the LE activity in vaginal flushing fluid was measured. Candida morphotypes were found significantly more often in the smears from candida culture-positive than culture-negative @entity1 . There was no difference in this respect between the findings in the @entity6693 - and Gram-stained smears. Differences were found in candida morphotypes among @entity5132 and non-albicans-positive cases, as blastoconidia were detected only in the latter cases. The leukocyte esterase activity score was higher in the candida-positive than in candida-negative cases. The study showed that microscopy of fixed, stained genital smears can play a role in attempts to distinguish cases infected and not infected by candida among @entity1 consulting with an assumed novel attack of RVVC. Study of @entity6693 -stained smears is recommended as they represent an easier means than Gram-stained smears to diagnose @entity6923 in assumed RVVC cases.

title: Microscopy of stained smears of vaginal secretion in the diagnosis of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6923 :: ('MESH:C536777', 'Disease') :: ['genital candida infections']

entities_list: @entity6693 :: ('MESH:D008751', 'Chemical') :: ['methylene blue']

entities_list: @entity5132 :: ('5476', 'Species') :: ['Candida albicans']

entities_list: @entity15231 :: ('MESH:D014848', 'Disease') :: ['vulvovaginal candidosis']

entities_list: @entity365 :: ('MESH:D014627', 'Disease') :: ['vaginal introitus and posterior vaginal fornix on Sabouraud and CHROMagar']

answer: @entity15231 :: (MESH:D014848,Disease) :: ['vulvovaginal candidosis']


abstract: As the oral @entity5539 of @entity1 appear connected with a predisposition of their environment, environmental adjustment and psychotherapy on the basis of psychosomatic dentistry are necessary in the treatment. We encountered a 9-year-old @entity1 who seemed to be suffering from a @entity1775 caused by psychological factors. An attempt of therapy on the basis of psychosomatic dentistry was made in this case. The results as follows were obtained: 1. Intake interview to a mother was carried out regarding a cause of the @entity1775 . It was shown that the attitude of the mother will bring up the @entity1 and her meddling as well as the stress of school life caused his @entity1775 . With our guidance, the mother reconsidered her meddling attitude toward the @entity1 . And she was able to handle the @entity1 with a kind attitude. 3. After play therapy as preparation, catharsis was carried out on the @entity1 , the @entity1775 decreased rapidly. 4. Finally a token economy method was used. 5. It was thought that sufficient correspondence on the basis of psychosomatic dentistry was beneficial in the therapy of @entity1 with @entity5539 in pedodontics.

title: [A treated case of XXXX caused by a psychological factor. Successful case approached by psychosomatic dentistry].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'infants', 'boy', 'child']

entities_list: @entity5539 :: ('MESH:D011602', 'Disease') :: ['psychosomatic disease', 'psychosomatic diseases']

entities_list: @entity1775 :: ('MESH:D020323', 'Disease') :: ['tic', 'facial tic. 2', 'facial tic']

answer: @entity1775 :: (MESH:D020323,Disease) :: ['facial tic']


abstract: The immunohistochemical distribution of opioid peptides derived from @entity14426 in the @entity35 pituitary was studied by indirect immunofluorescence; immunoreactive peptides were also characterized by column chromatography followed by specific RIAs. Nerve terminals in the neural lobe were immunoreactive (ir) for @entity54016 (YGGFMRF), @entity54017 (YGGFMRGL), and @entity2999 [ @entity2999 (YGGFM)]. All cells in the intermediate lobe were ir for YGGFMRF, while only occasional cells exhibited YGGFMRGL-like immunoreactivity, and YGGFM-ir cells were not detected in this lobe. In the anterior lobe, some large ovoid cells, identified as gonadotrophs, were immunoreactive for enkephalins. The number of YGGFMRF-ir cells was larger than the number of YGGFMRGL- and YGGFM-ir cells, and these opioid peptides were present in cells that did not contain beta-endorphin immunoreactivity. Twenty times more YGGFMRF than YGGFMRGL-immunoreactivity was present in the anterior lobe, whereas the neurointermediate lobe obtained 4 times more ir YGGFMRF than YGGFMRGL. Pituitary lobe extracts contained substantial amounts of high mol wt forms of ir YGGFMRF and YGGFMRGL, but not of YGGFM or Leu- @entity3000 ( @entity29591 ). Low mol wt ir peptides present in both lobes consisted largely of the authentic peptides when analyzed by HPLC; however, an unidentified YGGFMRF-ir peptide was also detected. The results indicate that the @entity14426 molecule may be processed differentially in the various compartments of the pituitary gland and that opioid peptides derived from this precursor may have functional roles in all three lobes. The relatively large amount of YGGFMRF immunoreactivity, which was detected both biochemically and immunohistochemically, indicates that YGGFMRF-ir peptides may be important @entity14426 -derived products in the pituitary gland.

title: Enkephalins in the XXXX pituitary gland: immunohistochemical and biochemical observations.

entities_list: @entity3000 :: ('MESH:D004745', 'Chemical') :: ['enkephalin']

entities_list: @entity29591 :: ('MESH:D004743', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu']

entities_list: @entity54016 :: ('MESH:C027511', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe']

entities_list: @entity14426 :: ('MESH:C029992', 'Chemical') :: ['proenkephalin A']

entities_list: @entity2999 :: ('MESH:D004744', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met', 'met-enkephalin']

entities_list: @entity54017 :: ('MESH:C033453', 'Chemical') :: ['Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Gly-Leu']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The @entity427 response of @entity25814 , the African butterfly fish, is a complete or incomplete ballistic jump resulting from abduction of the pectoral fins. This study analyzed the neuromuscular basis for such a jump by recording in vivo electromyograms (emgs) from the muscles of abduction, the @entity8807 ( @entity8807 ) and the @entity30338 ( @entity30338 ). The motor neurons innervating the @entity8807 muscle were localized by retrograde transport of biocytin. The latency between stimulus and the evoked emg in the @entity8807 was less than 5 ms; the latency of the @entity30338 was about 6.5 ms. A single emg was recorded per jump. High speed video demonstrated that onset of a @entity427 movement began within 10 ms of the onset of fin abduction. The emg associated with this movement is short (<2 ms) and followed by a variably-shaped, slower and smaller potential of 10-30 ms duration. The brief period between stimulus and @entity427 response of Pantodon suggests a Mauthner neuron-related response, only with the behavior occurring in the vertical plane. The @entity8807 may act only in a @entity427 response, whereas the @entity30338 might have a role in other behaviors. Elicited jumping habituates after a single trial. Electrophysiological evidence is presented indicating that the innervating motor neurons are suppressed for seconds following a stimulus. The neurons innervating the @entity8807 are located at the medullary-spinal cord junction and possess an average radius of approximately 17.9 mum. These fish have been historically described as 'fresh water' flying fish. As a single emg occurs per @entity427 response, repetitive pectoral activity generating flying cannot be supported. Pantodon 'flight' is ballistic.

title: Fast and singular muscle responses initiate the XXXX response of @entity25814 (Osteoglossomorpha).

entities_list: @entity30338 :: ('MESH:D015435', 'Disease') :: ['MAP', 'muscularis abductor profundus']

entities_list: @entity8807 :: ('MESH:C536354', 'Disease') :: ['MAS', 'muscularis abductor superficialis']

entities_list: @entity25814 :: ('8276', 'Species') :: ['Pantodon buchholzi']

answer: @entity427 :: (MESH:D012021,Disease) :: ['startle']


abstract: The goal of this study was to determine the distribution of @entity1792 synthase (CS), @entity19137 dehydrogenase (HOAD), and @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and myoglobin (Mb) concentration in the locomotor muscles (epaxial muscles) and heart of @entity16341 . The entire epaxial musculature, which produces most of the power for submerged swimming, was removed and weighed, and three transverse sections (cranial, middle, and caudal) were taken along the muscle bundle. Multiple samples were taken along points on a circular grid using a 6-mm biopsy. A single sample was taken from the left ventricle of the heart. Muscle groups of similar function were taken from three @entity235 as a control. Mean values were calculated for four roughly equal quadrants in each transverse section of the epaxial muscles. There were no significant differences among the quadrants within any of the transverse sections for the three enzymes or Mb. However, there were significant differences in the mean enzyme activities and Mb concentrations along the length of the muscle. The middle and caudal sections had significantly higher mean levels of CS, LDH, and Mb than the cranial section, which may be correlated with power production during swimming. The enzyme ratios CS/HOAD and LDH/CS exhibited no variation within transverse sections or along the length of the epaxial muscles. Relative to the @entity235 , the epaxial muscles and heart of the @entity16341 had higher HOAD levels and lower CS/HOAD, which, taken together, indicate an increased capacity for aerobic lipid metabolism during diving.

title: Metabolic indicators in the skeletal muscles of XXXX ( @entity16341 ).

entities_list: @entity19137 :: ('CHEBI:20060', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity16341 :: ('9720', 'Species') :: ['harbor seal', 'harbor seals']

answer: @entity16341 :: (9720,Species) :: ['harbor seals']