abstract: @entity421 is one of the most common juvenile @entity5 in Korea. Combined modality treatment (pre-operative chemotherapy + limb salvage surgery + adjuvant therapy) improved the @entity1 ' overall survival and quality of life. We evaluated the efficacy and feasibility of pre-operative chemotherapy with intra-arterial (IA) @entity900 plus continuous intravenous infusion (CI) of @entity632 . We assessed the rate of limb salvage, recurrence pattern and the survival impact based on the histologic response of pre-operative chemotherapy. Fourty-one @entity1 with histologically-proven high grade @entity421 of the extremities were enrolled from January 1990 to June 1995. Pre-operative chemotherapy, @entity900 120 mg/m2 IA and @entity632 75 mg/m2/72 h CI was administered every 3 weeks for 3 cycles, followed by limb salvage surgery if possible or by amputation. According to the histologic @entity5 response, if the @entity5 @entity39 was >90%, the same regimen was administered for 3 cycles as an adjuvant therapy. A salvage regimen (Ifosfamide 7.5 gm/m2/5 d IV + high dose @entity1500 10 gm/m2 IV+ @entity2879 360 mg/m2/3 d IV) was administered every 3 weeks for 6 cycles if the @entity5 @entity39 was <90%. Of 41 @entity1 , 37 @entity1 were evaluable for efficacy and @entity137 , because 4 @entity1 refused chemotherapy after 1 or 2 cycles. Twenty-one @entity1 were male and 16 were female with median age of 16 years (range 8-41). The @entity5 locations were: distal femur 20, proximal tibia 8, humerus 6, distal tibia 2 and 1 in proximal femur. All but one @entity1 , who died of @entity1398 , completed the planned pre-operative therapy. Of the 36 @entity1 who received surgery, limb salvage surgery was possible in 30 @entity1 (83.3%) and 27 @entity1 (75%) showed a good response (grade @entity18349 ; 27.8%, grade IV 17; 47.2%). With a median follow-up of 23 months, 3-year disease-free survival rate was 54.7% and overall survival rate was 78.3%. Of the 15 @entity1 who recurred, the major metastatic site was the lung. No operation-related mortality was observed. Most @entity1 experienced grade III-IV @entity390 , @entity391 and hematologic @entity137 , which were reversible with supportive cares. Pre-operative chemotherapy with IA DDP+CI ADR followed by surgery showed 75% histologic @entity5 response rate, 83% limb salvage rate and 54.7% 3-year disease-free survival rate with tolerable side effects. To improve the survival rate, the possible role of good salvage chemotherapy with a non-cross resistance regimen in poor responders should be evaluated.

title: Combined pre-operative chemotherapy with intra-arterial @entity900 and continuous intravenous @entity632 for high grade XXXX .

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['adriamycin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenic sepsis']

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['Osteosarcoma', 'osteosarcoma']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['osteosarcoma']


abstract: We reported a 26-year-old female who had experienced 2 @entity2208 associated with a possible cause of antiphospholipid antibody. She consulted to Kainan Municipal Hospital with major complaints of @entity2208 and positive antiphospholipid antibody. No evidence of @entity74 was apparent and routine haematological parameters were normal. Serological studies and clinical evidence did not show @entity1252 . While biologically false positive (reaction of serological test for syphilis) and @entity4555 was negative, IgG anticardiolipin antibody was positive. She was diagnosed as possible @entity1701 based on positive anticardiolipin antibody and the history of @entity2208 . In 1993, she was started on @entity617 and @entity117 therapy; antiphospholipid antibody returned to negative. Treatment with @entity617 (7.5 mg/day) and @entity117 (40 mg/day) was continued. She was able to be pregnant. She gave birth successfully at our hospital in August 1995. She and her newborn showed no abnormalities.

title: [A case of @entity1701 successfully treated with XXXX and low-dose @entity117 , with subsequent normal pregnancy].

entities_list: @entity2208 :: ('MESH:D000022', 'Disease') :: ['miscarriages']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1701 :: ('MESH:D016736', 'Disease') :: ['antiphospholipid antibody syndrome']

entities_list: @entity4555 :: ('MESH:C531622', 'Disease') :: ['lupus anticoagulant']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['obstetric disorder']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity617 :: (MESH:D011239,Chemical) :: ['prednisolone']


abstract: Numerous reports of @entity688 cytokine secretion by @entity5 infiltrating cells indicate there is suppression of immune surveillance within the milieu of many @entity320 . In this paper we have outlined the suppressor system that best fits the published data. The regulatory system is composed of @entity404 + T-lymphocytes which have been activated and programmed to secrete Th2 cytokines. Initially these cells do not secrete cytokines, but subsequently they enter an @entity688 secretory phase as a result of @entity1619 cell interaction. After activation, @entity1198 programmed T-cells express MHC class II molecules and B7 second signals. When these @entity1198 T-cells express MHC II molecules containing 'self' polypeptides coupled with faulty B7-H1 second signals they are subject to inactivation by Th2 T-cells. If this system can be inactivated, immunotherapy of @entity320 will be more successful. If an antigen can be discovered that stimulates sensitized Th2 T-cells without stimulating @entity1198 T-cells, this antigen, followed with @entity786 , can be used to destroy the Th2 T-cells in the course of both active and passive immunotherapy. Solubilized MHC II molecules with appropriate 'self' polypeptides should qualify as such an antigen. We postulate such an antigen can be prepared using @entity9925 1 (Sabin) to lyse @entity320 tissue cultures.

title: Suppression of immune surveillance in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: Evidence-based practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic @entity158 are systematically developed and professionally derived statements and recommendations that assist both physicians and @entity1 in making decisions about appropriate health care in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic or persistent @entity158 . The guidelines were developed utilizing an evidence-based approach to increase @entity1 access to treatment, to improve outcomes and appropriateness of care, and to optimize cost-effectiveness. All types of relevant and published evidence and consensus were utilized. The guidelines include a discussion of their purpose, rationale, and importance, including descriptions of the @entity1 population served, the methodology, and the pathophysiologic basis for intervention. Multiple diagnostic and therapeutic interventional techniques are included in this document. Strong evidence was shown for diagnostic facet joint blocks for the diagnosis of @entity158 , and lumbar provocative discography for discogenic @entity158 . Moderate evidence was shown for sacroiliac joint blocks in the diagnosis of @entity158 , and for transforaminal epidural injections in the preoperative evaluation of @entity1 with negative or inconclusive imaging studies, but with clinical findings of nerve root irritation. Moderate to strong evidence was shown for multiple therapeutic interventional techniques including medial branch blocks and medial branch neurotomy; caudal epidural steroid injections and transforaminal epidural steroid injections; lumbar percutaneous adhesiolysis; and implantable therapies. These guidelines do not constitute inflexible treatment recommendations. It is expected that a provider will establish a plan of care on a case-by-case basis, taking into account an individual @entity1 's medical condition, personal needs, and preferences, and the physician's experience. Based on an individual @entity1 's needs, treatment different from that outlined here could be warranted. These guidelines do not represent "standard of care."

title: Evidence-based practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facet joint pain', 'sacroiliac joint pain', 'spinal pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['spinal pain']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study which variables involved in the process of selective sentinel node biopsy (SSNB) influence the intraoperative detection of the sentinel lymph node. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study in 210 @entity1 (mean age, 54 years) diagnosed with @entity0 who underwent SSNB. We recorded clinical, radiological, radioisotope administration, surgical, and histological data as well as follow-up data. We did a descriptive analysis of the data and an associative analysis using multivariable regression. RESULTS: Deep injection alone was the most common route of radioisotope administration (72.7%). Most lesions were palpable (57.1%), presented as nodules (67.1%), measured less than 2cm in diameter (64.8%), were located in the upper outer quadrant (49.1%), were @entity513 (85.7%), were accompanied by infiltration (66.2%), and had a histologic grade of differentiation of ii (44.8%). Preoperative scintigraphy detected the sentinel node in 97.6% of cases and 95.7% were detected during the operation. One axillary relapse was observed. In the associative study, the variables   preoperative lymphoscintigraphy   and   histologic grade of differentiation of the @entity5   were significantly associated with the detection of the sentinel lymph node during the operation. CONCLUSION: The probability of not detecting the sentinel lymph node during the surgical intervention is higher in @entity1 with high histologic grade @entity5 or in @entity1 in whom preoperative lymphoscintigraphy failed to detect the sentinel node.

title: XXXX histologic grade are associated with surgical detection of the sentinel lymph node.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and tumor']


abstract: The products of the @entity986 / @entity986 and @entity995 ( @entity995 ) @entity5 suppressor genes, @entity986 and @entity996 , act as agonists in controlling the late G1 cell cycle checkpoint. Inactivation of either gene occurs in a wide range of @entity1 @entity5 . Data on the expression of both genes in the same set of @entity706 are scarce. We studied the @entity986 / @entity996 pathway in low-grade and high-grade @entity1893 , using immunohistochemical techniques. Paraffin sections of 9 reactive lymph nodes and 43 low-grade and 60 high-grade @entity706 were reacted with antibodies against @entity996 and @entity986 . All benign lymph nodes showed a normal pattern of @entity995 and @entity986 / @entity986 expression. Of 101 @entity706 , only a single high-grade @entity5 displayed loss of @entity995 reactivity. Loss of @entity986 was identified in 14 of 55 evaluable high-grade @entity706 but not in any of the low-grade lesions. All but 3 of the @entity995 - and @entity986 -negative cases were diffuse large cell @entity706 , for an abnormality rate of 55% in this category. While loss of @entity995 function was a rare event in @entity1 lymphomagenesis, @entity986 was absent in some 25% of high-grade @entity1893 ; diffuse large cell @entity706 were the primary target of @entity5 suppressor gene inactivation.

title: Loss of @entity5 suppressor gene expression in high-grade but not low-grade XXXX .

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['malignant lymphomas', 'malignant lymphoid neoplasms', 'evaluable lymphomas', 'lymphomas']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'malignant neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphomas"]

entities_list: @entity995 :: ('MESH:D012175', 'Disease') :: ['retinoblastoma', 'RB']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphomas']


abstract: An outbreak of 20 @entity6101 -resistant @entity794 (ORSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) was detected in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Hospital Sao Paulo, Brazil. In a surveillance study, 10% of ICU personnel were defined as chronic nasal carriers of ORSA. Thirteen BSIs and five nasal isolates were available for phage typing, restriction endonuclease analysis of plasmid (REAP) and chromosomal DNA hybridized with 32P rRNA gene probe. Susceptibility testing against select antimicrobial agents, including 11 @entity5176 , six glycopeptides, and five topical agents, was performed by broth microdilution and the disk diffusion tests. Ten of the 13 BSI isolates and four of the five nasal strains were @entity6101 and @entity1536 resistant. The new @entity2887 CI-960 and @entity40732 , the glycopeptides, and the topical agents @entity54591 , @entity3637 , @entity23782 , and @entity8801 were most active. Fourteen strains, 12 BSI isolates, and three nasal isolates showed the same REAP profile. Moreover, the same REAP and chromosomal profile was detected in at least nine BSI isolates and in two nasal isolates. These strains were nontypable by phage typing. We concluded that nosocomial cross-transmission of a single, multiresistant strain of @entity794 occurred and that the epidemic reservoir was nasal carriage by ICU personnel.

title: Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Testing of @entity1536 -resistant XXXX strains isolated in Brazil.

entities_list: @entity5176 :: ('MESH:D015363', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolones']

entities_list: @entity54591 :: ('MESH:C041438', 'Chemical') :: ['ramoplanin']

entities_list: @entity3637 :: ('MESH:D001414', 'Chemical') :: ['bacitracin']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus', 'S. aureus']

entities_list: @entity8801 :: ('MESH:D009675', 'Chemical') :: ['novobiocin']

entities_list: @entity6101 :: ('MESH:D010068', 'Chemical') :: ['oxacillin']

entities_list: @entity2887 :: ('MESH:D024841', 'Chemical') :: ['fluoroquinolones']

entities_list: @entity23782 :: ('MESH:D016712', 'Chemical') :: ['mupirocin']

entities_list: @entity1536 :: ('CHEBI:23765', 'Chemical') :: ['quinolone']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: The incidence of @entity1282 in @entity1 with @entity10632 ( @entity10632 ) has been underestimated and all too often ascribed to @entity2133 , without considering the possible presence of esophageal motor abnormalities affecting other nonscleroderma connective tissue diseases. Esophageal and salivary functions were prospectively evaluated in 27 females who met the four criteria proposed by Fox for the diagnosis of @entity10632 , using esophageal manometry after wet swallows and Saxon's test, respectively. @entity1282 was graded using a standard symptoms questionnaire and results were compared with those obtained in a group of 21 healthy controls. Seven @entity1 with @entity10632 (26%) had no swallowing discomfort, 2 (7.4%) had mild @entity1282 , 7 (26%) had moderate @entity1282 , and 11 (40.6%) had severe @entity1282 . Saxon's test revealed an overall decrease in the salivary flow rate compared to controls, with no difference between @entity1 with or without @entity1282 . Esophageal manometry demonstrated the absence of any lower or upper esophageal sphincter function abnormalities in all @entity1 . In the @entity1 with @entity10632 as a whole, manometric study of the esophageal body showed a motor pattern comparable with that of controls, with no difference between @entity1 with and without @entity1282 . Defective peristalsis, ie, the presence of simultaneous contractions in more than 30% of wet swallows was detected, however, in the distal tract of the esophagus of six @entity1 (22.2%) and in the proximal tract of three (11.1%). All these @entity1 had severe @entity1282 and the modified Saxon's test revealed a salivary secretion comparable with that of @entity1 with a normal peristalsis. @entity1282 is a very common complaint in @entity1 with @entity10632 and does not seem to correlate with @entity2133 , which is a constant and typical finding of the disease. About one third of @entity1 with @entity10632 have an abnormal esophageal peristalsis that is responsible for severe @entity1282 , whereas decreased salivary outflow exacerbates the swallowing discomfort. This has to be taken into account and justifies the routine use of esophageal manometry in @entity1 with @entity10632 . The cause of @entity1282 in @entity10632 @entity1 without peristaltic disorders of the esophagus has to be investigated.

title: Esophageal motor function in primary Sj  gren's syndrome: correlation with XXXX and @entity2133 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity10632 :: ('MESH:D012859', 'Disease') :: ['pSS', "primary Sjogren's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['xerostomia']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['Dysphagia', 'dysphagia']

answer: @entity1282 :: (MESH:D003680,Disease) :: ['dysphagia']


abstract: In this study, we characterized alpha-adrenergic (alpha AR) and muscarinic induced [ @entity141 ]i changes in individual parotid acinar cells from male Fischer 344 @entity35 (6-24 month-old) fed ad libitum (AL) or 60% ad libitum intake (FR). Cells were prepared by collagenase/hyaluronidase digestion. [ @entity141 ]i was measured by video image, fluorescent microscopy in single acinar cells loaded with @entity593 . Neither age nor food restriction altered the peak [ @entity141 ]i achieved in response to @entity5402 (100 microM). Similar results were obtained for @entity1425 (Epi = 100 microM) stimulation in 6- and 12-month-old animals. However, the peak [ @entity141 ]i response to Epi declined between 12 and 18 months in both dietary groups (e.g., AL: 12 months = 387 +/- 21 nM, 18 months = 253 +/- 10 nM; FR: 12 months = 430 +/- 22 nM, 18 months = 325 +/- 14 nM). The decline in response to Epi seen with age was less in FR than in AL animals at 18 months, but not at 24 months. In addition, db @entity268 reduced the @entity5402 -stimulated [ @entity141 ]i response to levels comparable to those observed with @entity1425 . The results support the view that @entity460 mobilization in parotid acinar cells from male Fischer 344 @entity35 in response to alpha AR, but not to muscarinic, stimulation is impaired with age. Food restriction may slow down, but does not prevent, the functional decline. Furthermore, @entity268 appears to modulate the muscarinic response.

title: Effects of age and food restriction on XXXX signaling in parotid acinar cells of Fischer 344 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5402 :: ('MESH:D002217', 'Chemical') :: ['carbachol']

answer: @entity460 :: (MESH:D002118,Chemical) :: ['calcium']


abstract: A 58-year-old male presented with a rare case of brain metastatic @entity153 with @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin ( @entity3566 ) production causing @entity548 with symptoms of @entity390 , @entity391 , and @entity10 . @entity153 manifesting as @entity247 had been resected a few months previously. Neurological examination revealed @entity6447 . Neuroimaging showed multiple cerebellar metastases with @entity548 adjacent to the tentorium. Angiography demonstrated @entity5 staining fed by the hemispheric branch of the left posterior @entity5487 . Suboccipital craniectomy was performed. The @entity76 was evacuated and the @entity5 was partially removed to prevent @entity548 and avoid brain stem injury. Histological examination showed the resected @entity5 was @entity152 . @entity3566 was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and was identified by immunohistochemical staining in @entity5 cells. The @entity75 of @entity153 showed @entity5 could produce @entity3566 . The choriocarcinomatous cells with higher metastatic potential formed lesions in the brain, and finally intratumoral @entity548 occurred producing the rapid development of symptoms.

title: Metastatic XXXX with @entity1 chorionic gonadotropin production manifesting as @entity548 --case report.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['massive intraoperative hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage', 'cerebellar hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'choriocarcinomatous change because the tumor']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['primary lesion']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity247 :: ('MESH:D006177', 'Disease') :: ['gynecomastia']

entities_list: @entity153 :: ('MESH:D002283', 'Disease') :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma', 'Bronchogenic carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity6447 :: ('MESH:D002524', 'Disease') :: ['left cerebellar ataxia']

entities_list: @entity5487 :: ('MESH:D014854', 'Disease') :: ['inferior cerebellar artery']

entities_list: @entity76 :: ('MESH:D002526', 'Disease') :: ['left cerebellar hematoma']

entities_list: @entity152 :: ('MESH:D018287', 'Disease') :: ['large cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity153 :: (MESH:D002283,Disease) :: ['bronchogenic carcinoma']


abstract: @entity1489 ( @entity1489 ) are the most common @entity5 in organ transplant recipients (OTRs). These @entity5 are more invasive and metastatic as compared to those developed in normal cohorts. Previously, we have shown that immunosuppressive drug, @entity205 ( @entity870 ) directly alters @entity5 phenotype of cutaneous @entity957 ( @entity957 ) by activating @entity2533 and @entity10152 /TAB1 signaling pathways. Here, we identified novel molecular targets for the therapeutic intervention of these @entity957 . We observed that combined blockade of @entity584 and @entity1435 kinases-dependent signaling pathways in CsA-promoted @entity1 @entity957 A431 xenograft @entity5 abrogated their growth by more than 90%. This diminution in @entity5 growth was accompanied by a significant decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. The @entity41 following the combined treatment with @entity584 inhibitor @entity25453 and @entity1435 inhibitors @entity1441 showed significantly diminished expression of phosphorylated @entity584 and @entity1435 and these @entity5 were less invasive and highly differentiated. Diminished @entity5 invasiveness was associated with the reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition as ascertained by the enhanced @entity5962 and reduced @entity2277 and @entity6076 expression. Consistently, these @entity5 also manifested reduced @entity5379 . The decreased p- @entity584 expression was accompanied by a significant reduction in p-mTOR. These data provide first important combinatorial pharmacological approach to block the pathogenesis of CsA-induced highly aggressive cutaneous @entity5 in OTRs.

title: Combined inhibition of @entity1435 and @entity584 signaling pathways abrogates XXXX -mediated pathogenesis of aggressive skin @entity957 .

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'tumor', 'tumors', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['Non-melanoma skin cancers', 'NMSCs']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['SCCs', 'squamous cell carcinomas', 'epidermoid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity25453 :: ('MESH:C023764', 'Chemical') :: ['triciribine']

answer: @entity205 :: (MESH:D016572,Chemical) :: ['cyclosporine A']


abstract: Surveys of older populations reveal rates of @entity195 varying from 5.2% to 25%. The specialist branch of @entity25632 with the elderly advocates that services for these @entity1 and their carers should predominantly be based outside hospital. The following study was conducted in Limerick, Ireland before the arrival of a consultant in old age psychiatry and associated services. Its aim was to assess the extent to which the @entity1 with @entity74 were using hospital facilities other than those in @entity146 wards. The study assessed 371 @entity1 aged 65 years and over in various medical and surgical units. The Mini Mental State Examination was performed on all @entity1 . @entity1 with scores of 23/31 or less were considered to have significant @entity73 and those with 16 or less to have severe impairment. As mental performance can be impaired by @entity697 , methods were used to avoid such @entity1 being wrongly labelled as suffering from @entity303 . In the acute hospital 112 @entity1 with an average age of 74.7 years were examined and 22.3% of these had significant @entity73 . These @entity1 were predominantly sited on medical wards. On acute medical wards 31% of older @entity1 had significant impairment compared to only 7.3% on the surgical wards. In the orthopaedic unit 15.8% of the elderly had evidence of @entity73 . In hospitals specializing in continuing care of the elderly the proportion was 70.6% and of these 46% were severely impaired. We conclude that in the absence of specialized @entity303 services for the elderly, medical beds both in the acute and long-stay sector will be used for these @entity1 more than their medical needs might otherwise require.

title: Prevalence of XXXX in the hospitalized elderly.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute illness']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatric']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity25632 :: ('MESH:C538206', 'Disease') :: ['psychiatry dealing']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['dementing disorders']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['senile dementia']

answer: @entity73 :: (MESH:D003072,Disease) :: ['cognitive impairment']


abstract: @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) from @entity418 is rare. Its prognosis and effective treatments remain unknown. Between 1997 and 2005, esophagectomy was performed in 361 @entity1 with @entity418 in our hospital. @entity1600 was identified in four @entity1 (1.1%). All @entity1 had left @entity1600 with ipsilateral left supraclavicular lymph node @entity3 . In two @entity1 @entity1600 developed after radical esophagectomy with regional lymphadenectomy and in the other two @entity1 after chemoradiotherapy of primary lesions. Axillary lymphadenectomy with chemoradiotherapy was given to all @entity1 . Median survival time and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) after initial treatment for primary @entity418 were 30.5 months and 11.5 months, respectively. One @entity1 , who had a small number of regional lymph node @entity3 (two lymph nodes) at esophagectomy and prolonged @entity66 (22 months) until axillary node recurrence, is still alive, 67 months after axillary lymphadenectomy. The other three @entity1 , who had larger numbers of regional lymph node @entity3 (average, 8.3) and shorter @entity66 (average, 9.7 months), died of recurrence an average of 13.3 months after axillary lymphadenectomy. In conclusion, although @entity1600 is considered a type of distant organ @entity3 , if it is a solitary recurrence, good survival may be obtained after appropriate loco-regional therapy. The number of metastatic regional lymph nodes at initial esophagectomy and the duration of @entity66 until axillary node recurrence can help to guide the decision whether aggressive treatments are warranted.

title: Prognostic and clinical evaluation of axillary lymph node @entity3 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['DFS', 'disease-free survival']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['ALNM', 'Axillary lymph node metastasis']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity418 :: (MESH:D004938,Disease) :: ['esophageal cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In the late 1980s, evidence of an @entity3082 of @entity91 in Colorado included reports of clusters from selected high-altitude communities and an investigation showing the high and rapidly rising rates of surgically corrected @entity8213 . Some evidence suggested that local diagnostic practice could account for the @entity3082 . OBJECTIVE: To determine the contributions of any excess rates of disease occurrence, surgery-based ascertainment, and diagnosis to the reported @entity3082 . DESIGN: Population-based birth prevalence study with diagnostic evaluation. SETTING: The Colorado Department of Health, April 15, 1986, to July 14, 1989. @entity1 OR OTHER @entity1 : @entity1 in the @entity91 Registry or state birth record files. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birth prevalence was estimated from registry and birth record data; case classification by suture type and @entity600 patterns were determined by review of radiographs and medical records. RESULTS: The period birth prevalence of radiographically confirmed nonsyndromic @entity8213 was 14.1 per 10,000 live births. Of a total of 605 @entity1 , 307 (51%) had definite radiographic evidence of @entity8213 , for which the intrarater reliability was good (except for the coronal suture on plain films) and the interrater reliability was fair or good (except for the metopic suture on plain films). Between the first and third years, case reports fell from 347 to 103. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic criteria strongly influenced the rate of @entity8213 . The rate of radiographically confirmed @entity8213 was within the range of published estimates. Low diagnostic thresholds, which changed over time, created the semblance of a severe statewide @entity3082 and may have obscured excess rates of disease at high altitude.

title: Diagnostic practice and the estimated prevalence of XXXX in Colorado.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Children', 'PATIENTS', 'PARTICIPANTS']

entities_list: @entity8213 :: ('MESH:D013580', 'Disease') :: ['synostosis']

entities_list: @entity600 :: ('MESH:D000014', 'Disease') :: ['malformation']

entities_list: @entity91 :: ('MESH:D003398', 'Disease') :: ['Craniosynostosis', 'craniosynostosis']

answer: @entity91 :: (MESH:D003398,Disease) :: ['craniosynostosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Sexual reproduction entails the encounter of the sexes and the multiplicity of rituals is parallel to the diversity of mating systems. Evolutionary mechanisms such as sexual selection and sexual conflict have led to the elaboration of traits to gain attention and favours from potential partners. A paradox exists about how coordinated systems can evolve and diverge when there would seem to be a stabilising selection acting. Moth display traits - @entity20218 - constitute an advantageous model with which to address questions about the evolution of mating systems in animals. Both males and females can possess pheromones that are involved either in close- or long-range communication. Female and male pheromones appear to have different origins and to be under different evolutionary constraints, thus they might be envisioned as independently evolving traits. We conducted laboratory experiments to explore the role of scents released during courtship by males of the @entity33167 , @entity33167 . RESULTS: Information provided by the male @entity5681 appears critical for female acceptance. The composition of this male @entity5681 varies in an age-dependent manner and females show mating preference towards older males in choice experiments. Furthermore, male signals may allow species discrimination and reinforce reproductive isolation. Finally, we found evidence for a genetic correlation between male and female signals, the evolution of which is best explained by the constraints and opportunities resulting from the sharing of gene products. CONCLUSION: In this study we used an integrative approach to characterise the male sex @entity5681 in a moth. Interestingly, the male chemical signal is analogous to the female signal in that structurally similar compounds are being used by both sexes. Hence, in systems where both sexes possess display traits, the pleiotropy of genes generating the traits could influence the evolutionary trajectories of sexual signals and lead to their divergence, with speciation being the ultimate result.

title: Concerted evolution of male and female display traits in the @entity33167 , XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5681 :: ('CHEBI:26013', 'Chemical') :: ['pheromone']

entities_list: @entity20218 :: ('MESH:D010675', 'Chemical') :: ['pheromones']

entities_list: @entity33167 :: ('29057', 'Species') :: ['European corn borer', 'Ostrinia nubilalis']

answer: @entity33167 :: (29057,Species) :: ['Ostrinia nubilalis']


abstract: Our main aim was to find out if the outcome after @entity1348 ( @entity1348 ) discectomy differed between @entity1 diagnosed with chronic closed lock and those with reciprocal clicking. A further aim was to identify factors that could have an adverse influence on the outcome of discectomy. The study was designed as a prospective, clinical, follow-up audit. A total of 51 @entity1 were included, 24 diagnosed with closed lock and 27 with reciprocal clicking. All @entity1 had a @entity1348 discectomy and were followed up for 6 months. The treatment was regarded as successful when the maximal interincisal opening postoperatively was 35 mm or more, and the subjective scoring of functional impairment and @entity158 (rated on a10-point visual analogue scale) showed at least 40% improvement or was rated less than 4. Both groups showed significant improvements (p<0.0001). There was a significant difference in outcome only for @entity158 between the 2 groups using our criteria for success. An unsuccessful outcome seems to correlate with chronic closed lock without preceding clicking and a previous unsuccessful arthroscopy. Discectomy seems to be a good choice of treatment for @entity1 with reciprocal clicking or chronic closed lock of the @entity1348 , and is associated with a low incidence of complications.

title: Discectomy without replacement for the treatment of painful reciprocal clicking or catching and chronic closed lock of the XXXX : a clinical follow-up audit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1348 :: ('MESH:D013706', 'Disease') :: ['TMJ', 'temporomandibular joint']

answer: @entity1348 :: (MESH:D013706,Disease) :: ['temporomandibular joint']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4653 is a common manifestation of @entity191 which increases in frequency and intensity with the progress of the disease (Streifler 1984). Up to 20% of @entity191 @entity1 are referred for speech and language therapy (S _ L T), its aim being to improve the intelligibility of the @entity1 's speech. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of speech and language therapy versus placebo or no interventions in @entity1 with @entity191 . SEARCH STRATEGY: Relevant trials were identified by electronic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ISI-SCI, AMED, MANTIS, REHABDATA, REHADAT, GEROLIT, Pascal, LILACS, MedCarib, JICST-EPlus, AIM, IMEMR, SIGLE, ISI-ISTP, DISSABS, Conference Papers Index, Aslib Index to Theses, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the CentreWatch Clinical Trials listing service, the metaRegister of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, CRISP, PEDro, NIDRR and NRR; and examination of the reference lists of identified studies and other reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled trials (RCT) were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were abstracted independently by KD and RW and differences settled by discussion. MAIN RESULTS: Three randomised controlled trials were found comparing speech and language therapy with placebo for @entity8408 in @entity191 . A total of 63 @entity1 were examined. The loudness of the @entity1 ' voices were increased by between 7-18%, depending on the speaking task being performed. It is likely that this is a clinically significant improvement. After six months the degree of improvement was reduced but was still statistically significant. Overall measures of @entity4653 were measured in two trials and also improved. The clinical significance of these improvements was less clear cut as intelligibility of speech was not measured in any of these studies. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Considering the small number of @entity1 examined, the methodological flaws in many of the studies, and the possibility of publication bias, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the efficacy of speech and language therapy for @entity4653 in @entity191 . A Delphi-style survey is needed to develop a consensus as to what is 'standard' S< for @entity4653 in @entity191 . Then a large well designed placebo-controlled RCT is needed to demonstrate speech and language therapy's effectiveness for @entity4653 in @entity191 . The trial should conform to CONSORT guidelines. Outcome measures with particular relevance to @entity1 should be chosen and the @entity1 followed for at least 6 months to determine the duration of any improvement.

title: Speech and language therapy for @entity4653 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8408 :: ('MESH:D013064', 'Disease') :: ['speech disorders']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ['Parkinsonian', "Parkinson's disease"]

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['Dysarthria', 'dysarthria']

answer: @entity191 :: (MESH:D010300,Disease) :: ['Parkinson's disease']


abstract: Cultivated hepatocytes represent a well-established in vitro system. However, the applicability of hepatocytes in toxicogenomics is still controversially discussed. Recently, an in vivo/in vitro discrepancy has been described, whereby the non-genotoxic @entity35 liver carcinogen @entity21371 alters the expression of the metabolizing genes @entity19084 and @entity53556 , as well as the DNA damage response gene @entity41236 in vitro, but not in vivo. If the collagen sandwich cultures of hepatocytes really produce false-positive data, this would compromise its application in toxicogenomics. To revisit the putative in vivo/in vitro discrepancy, we first analyzed and modeled @entity21371 concentrations in the portal vein of @entity35 . The relatively short half-life of 2.8 h implies a rapid decrease in orally administered @entity21371 in vivo below concentrations that can cause gene expression alterations. This corresponded to the time-dependent alteration levels of @entity41236 , @entity53556 and @entity19084 RNA in the liver: RNA levels are altered 1, 6 and 12 h after @entity21371 administration, but return to control levels after 24 and 72 h. In contrast, @entity21371 concentrations in the culture medium supernatant of primary @entity35 hepatocyte cultures decreased slowly. This explains why @entity41236 , @entity53556 and @entity19084 were still deregulated after 24 h exposure in vitro, but not in vivo. It should also be considered that the earliest analyzed time point in the previous in vivo studies was 24 h after @entity21371 administration. In conclusion, previously observed in vitro/in vivo discrepancy can be explained by different pharmacokinetics present in vitro and in vivo. When the in vivo half-life is short, levels of some initially altered genes may have returned to control levels already 24 h after administration.

title: Pharmacokinetics explain in vivo/in vitro discrepancies of carcinogen-induced gene expression alterations in XXXX liver and cultivated hepatocytes.

entities_list: @entity21371 :: ('MESH:D008701', 'Chemical') :: ['methapyrilene']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is well known that @entity55 , such as that observed in @entity55 , elevates secretory leukoprotease inhibitor ( @entity9511 ) levels in serum. A previous report indicated that serum @entity9511 levels in @entity2 @entity1 with concurrent @entity55 were significantly higher than in those in @entity1 whose disease was unaccompanied by @entity55 or in healthy subjects. The authors hypothesized that serum @entity9511 may increase in @entity1 with @entity2 , even @entity189 occurring without @entity55 , and that cells in @entity2 might produce @entity9511 . METHODS: Serum @entity9511 levels in 58 @entity1 with primary @entity2 unaccompanied by @entity55 and in 42 healthy subjects were measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Twenty-four specimens from 24 of the @entity1 with primary @entity2 also were examined immunohistochemically using the rabbit antihuman @entity9511 antibody. RESULTS: The results of the current study confirmed that the serum levels of @entity9511 in @entity1 with primary @entity2 were higher than those in healthy subjects, and further found there was no significant correlation between serum @entity9511 levels and C-reactive protein in @entity2 @entity1 without @entity55 . When classifying primary @entity2 by its histology, @entity9511 levels in @entity1 with @entity420 and @entity957 were significantly higher than in those in @entity1 with @entity151 ( @entity151 ). In @entity1 with @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ), the @entity9511 levels in the advanced group (International Union Against @entity5 Stages III and IV disease; n = 35) were significantly elevated compared with the nonadvanced group (Stages I and II disease; n = 12), and such elevated @entity9511 levels were reduced in some cases by an efficient response to surgical therapy or chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical studies showed that all the @entity1149 tissues were stained with anti-human @entity9511 antibody, whereas staining was not noted in any of the @entity151 tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The authors believe that the findings of the current study demonstrate that cells of @entity1149 produce @entity9511 . Furthermore, they suggest that serum @entity9511 levels in serum may be a helpful marker in @entity1 with @entity1149 unaccompanied by @entity55 , and that @entity9511 also could be used as an immunohistochemical marker to distinguish between @entity1149 and @entity151 .

title: Increased secretory leukoprotease inhibitor in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia', 'acute pulmonary inflammation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'nonsmall cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'small cell lung carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['nonsmall cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: C57Bl/6 female @entity19 were infected with an intrapulmonary dose of 2.5 x 10(4) BCG ( @entity2497 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin). Lymphocyte populations in lung interstitium and lung-associated tracheal @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) were examined at 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 weeks after @entity281 . BCG load in lungs peaked between 4-6 weeks post- @entity281 and declined to very low levels by the 12th week of @entity281 . Lung leukocytes were obtained over the course of @entity281 by enzyme digestion of lung tissue followed by centrifugation over Percoll discontinuous density gradients. By 4 to 6 weeks after @entity281 , numbers of lung leukocytes had more than doubled but the proportions of lymphocytes (about 70%), macrophages (about 18%) and granulocytes (about 12%) remained essentially unaltered. Flow cytometric studies indicated: (i) the total number of @entity5168 + T cells in lungs increased by 3-fold relative to uninfected controls at 5 to 6 weeks post- @entity281 , but the relative proportions of @entity1961 and CD8 cells within the T cell compartment remained unaltered; (ii) relative proportion of NK cells in lungs declined by 30% but the total number of NK cells (NK1.1+) per lung increased by about 50%, 5-6 weeks post @entity281 ; (iii) tracheal @entity1600 underwent marked increase in size and cell recoveries (6-10-fold increase) beginning 4 weeks after @entity281 . While both T and B cells contributed to the increase in cell recoveries from infected tracheal LNs, the T/B ratio declined significantly but @entity1961 /CD8 ratio remained unaltered. In control @entity19 , @entity60 producing non-T cells outnumbered T cells producing @entity60 . However, as the adaptive response to @entity281 evolves, marked increase occur in the number of @entity60 producing T cells, but not NK cells in the lungs. Thus, T cells are the primary cell type responsible for the adaptive @entity60 response to @entity358 . Few T cells in tracheal @entity1600 of BCG infected @entity19 produce @entity60 , suggesting that maturational changes associated with migration to the lungs or residence in the lungs enhance the capability of some T cells to produce this cytokine.

title: XXXX model of @entity358 : dynamics of lymphocyte subpopulations in lung interstitium and tracheal @entity1600 .

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['LN', 'lymph nodes']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary BCG infection']

entities_list: @entity2497 :: ('1765', 'Species') :: ['Mycobacterium bovis']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Murine']


abstract: Simple bone marrow @entity82 is seen in 10-30% of @entity1582 ( @entity1582 ) @entity1 . We investigated the incidence and characteristics of the bone marrow stromal alterations, in order to characterize the collagens involved by immunohistochemistry, and to evaluate the use of serum aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) as a marker of marrow fibrogenesis and disease activity in @entity1582 . 34 consecutive @entity1 with newly diagnosed @entity1582 were included prospectively, and followed for 12-30 months. Compared with the findings in 15 normal individuals we found increased interstitial deposits of collagen III in 48% of @entity1582 @entity1 , whereas deposits of collagen I were not increased. Interstitial @entity82 appeared to be restricted to areas of severe @entity8450 cell infiltration, but it could also have a more dispersed presentation in the severely infiltrated marrow. There was a high co-distribution of collagen III fibrils and reticulin fibres. Serum PIIINP levels were elevated in most @entity1 , and in the follow-up study serum PIIINP showed a good correlation with the response to treatment. @entity1 with resistant or progressive disease had continually elevated levels of PIIINP. In most @entity1 with responsive disease serum PIIINP normalized, and we observed no relapses in @entity1 who had normal serum PIIINP levels. Other @entity1 who responded to treatment by reduced M-component level, but had persistently elevated serum levels of PIIINP, had either early relapses or developed progression of @entity690 in spite of unchanged M-component levels. Therefore an elevated serum PIIINP during treatment might indicate an active malignant clone. Serum PIIINP does not simply follow the M-component, but gives further information of potential therapeutic value.

title: Bone marrow fibrosis and disease activity in XXXX monitored by the aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen III in serum.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma', 'MM']

entities_list: @entity690 :: ('MESH:D030981', 'Disease') :: ['osteolytic lesions']

answer: @entity1582 :: (MESH:D009101,Disease) :: ['multiple myeloma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity349 derivatives are frequent contact allergens and their cross-reactivity is not constant. Thimerosal is an organic mercurial used as an antiseptic and as a preservative in most vaccines. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cross-reactivity, exposure factors, and tolerance to vaccines containing thimerosal in @entity1 sensitized to @entity349 derivatives. METHODS:                 <AbstractText Label="DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">Observational study (cross-sectional); @entity1 : 125 @entity1 were recruited for the study, 72 @entity1 and @entity1 and 53 @entity1 and @entity1 , average age 18.7 years old, range 3 to 65, with positive patch tests to @entity349 derivatives and/or thimerosal; INTERVENTIONS: All @entity1 were studied by means of enquiry, patch tests, intradermal tests, and intramuscular challenge with thimerosal. RESULTS: A sensitization to thimerosal was observed in 57 @entity1 . Twenty-four of these 125 @entity1 presented a positive intradermal reaction. Ammoniated @entity349 seems to be a good marker of @entity349 sensitization eliciting positive reaction in 78% of all @entity1 and merbromin in 66%. In most cases, (100/125) cross-reactivity was found among @entity349 derivatives. The intramuscular injection of thimerosal induced a mild local reaction in only 5 @entity1 (4% of the total, 9% of thimerosal positive reactions). Childhood vaccinations, @entity54541 used as an antiseptic, broken thermometers, and the use of drops were the main sources of exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the @entity1 showed positive tests to both organic and inorganic @entity349 derivatives. Vaccination with thimerosal is relatively safe, even for individuals with @entity56 to this chemical, since more than 90% of @entity56 @entity1 tolerated intramuscular challenge tests with thimerosal. A simplified protocol of patch tests to study @entity349 derivatives is proposed. It would be advisable to restrict the use of mercurial antiseptics and @entity349 thermometers.

title: Allergic contact dermatitis from XXXX antiseptics and derivatives: study protocol of tolerance to intramuscular injections of thimerosal.

entities_list: @entity349 :: ('MESH:D008628', 'Chemical') :: ['Mercury', 'mercury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'boys', 'PATIENTS', 'girls', 'men']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['delayed type hypersensitivity', 'allergic']

entities_list: @entity54541 :: ('MESH:D008622', 'Chemical') :: ['merbromin']

answer: @entity349 :: (MESH:D008628,Chemical) :: ['mercury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Peritoneal spread of @entity5 cells is a major source of morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity14 . In order to develop strategies to prevent intraperitoneal dissemination and to treat @entity298 , the spread of @entity5 cells in the peritoneal cavity was studied. METHODS: Two million CC531 @entity694 cells were administered intraperitoneally in five groups of eight @entity35 . The @entity35 were killed after 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. After inspection of the abdominal cavity, samples of blood and ascites were taken. Liver, spleen, omentum, mesentery, diaphragm, parathymic lymph nodes and lungs were removed for histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: No abnormalities were seen in the abdominal cavity until day 3. Subsequently the peritoneum and omentum became thickened and after 21 days all @entity35 had @entity548 . The abdominal fluid contained @entity5 cells at all stages. The number of @entity5 cells decreased in the first 8 hours, and increased thereafter. At microscopy the peritoneum was completely covered by @entity5 cells after 3 days. @entity5 cells concentrated in the @entity1867 ( @entity1867 ) of the omentum within 4 hours. The size of the @entity1867 increased as a result of an increase in number of @entity5 cells and macrophages. After 7--21 days the @entity1867 were completely replaced by @entity5 cells and new @entity1867 were formed. In the diaphragm @entity5 cells invaded the lymphatic lacunae after 8 h, and obliterated these after 3--7 days. Also invasion of the muscle fibres was seen after 3 days. Microscopically no @entity5 cells were found in blood, liver, spleen, parathymic nodes and lung. CONCLUSION: After intraperitoneal administration of CC531 @entity694 cells, @entity5 cells spread throughout the abdominal cavity, and concentrate in the @entity1867 of the greater omentum, the paracolic gutters, the subhepatic and subphrenic spaces and in the lymphatic lacunae of the diaphragm.

title: Metastatic pattern of CC531 XXXX cells in the abdominal cavity: an experimental model of @entity298 in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic ascites and peritoneal carcinomatosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumour', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1867 :: ('MESH:D008796', 'Disease') :: ['milky spots', 'MS']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritoneal carcinomatosis']

answer: @entity694 :: (MESH:D003110,Disease) :: ['colon carcinoma']


abstract: By deliberate analogy with the well-established concept of hematopoiesis, the term "mammopoiesis" is occasionally used to describe the development of the different cellular lineages and functional units in the mammary gland. The use of this term signifies a strong bias towards the idea that tissue homeostasis during mammary development, pregnancy, lactation and involution is brought about by the action of somatic stem cells characterized by longevity and multipotency. The progenies hereof eventually differentiate into structurally and functionally well-defined @entity28648 . During the past two decades evidence of such a notion in the @entity19 has developed from being largely circumstantial based on non-clonal in vivo experiments to a quite elaborate characterization of individual candidate stem cells by a number of different properties. Within @entity5 biology this has led to a renaissance of the concept of @entity5 as caricatures of tissue renewal. Thus, recent molecular classification of @entity0 based on genome wide expression analysis operates with different subtypes with specific reference to the normal luminal epithelial and myoepithelial/basal lineages in the breast. Apparently some @entity5 are lineage restricted and others differentiate more broadly as if they have preserved some stem-like properties. This holds promise for the existence of a stem cell hierarchy, the understanding of which may prove to be instrumental in further dissecting the histogenesis of @entity0 evolution. Most attention has been devoted to the question of different cellular origins of @entity5 subtypes and different susceptibilities of possible stem cells to gain or loss of oncogenes and @entity5 suppressor genes, respectively. Invaluable progress has been made over the past two decades in culture technology not only in terms of population doubling and clonal growth, but also the availability of lineage specific markers, cell sorting, and three-dimensional functional assays for tissue specific morphogenesis. Transcriptional profiling of stem cell zones has unraveled a hitherto unknown preservation of signaling pathways for maintenance of stem cell properties across tissue boundaries and species. Somatic stem cells have therefore been narrowed down to specific anatomic locations not only in rapidly renewing tissues such as skin and skin derivatives, but also in tissues with slower turnover times, such as lung, kidney and prostate. It is therefore now possible to integrate this information in a search for similar cells within the breast. Even if cell turnover after birth is provided exclusively by dividing lineage-restricted cells, more information about the robustness of breast differentiation programs during @entity5 progression is still very much required. Complete knowledge of the primary cell of origin of @entity0 and the mechanisms that influence differentiation programs during @entity5 initiation, promotion and progression may be crucial for the development of novel non-toxic therapies that influence @entity5 cell behaviour. The scope of this review is to discuss reports that have begun to elucidate the topographic location, key cellular type and lineage fidelity in culture and xenograft models of candidate @entity1 breast stem cells and their differentiated progenies with particular emphasis on comparison with the differentiation programs of @entity5 subtypes.

title: In search of a stem cell hierarchy in the XXXX breast and its relevance to @entity0 evolution.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity28648 :: ('MESH:D018299', 'Disease') :: ['ductal-lobular units']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Conidiobolomycosis (also known as rhinoentomophthoramycosis) is a rare cutaneous/mucosal @entity364 seen mainly in the tropical rain forest regions of the world that can be associated with disfiguring @entity28802 , and rarely, @entity204 . OBJECTIVE: To present an exemplary case report and perform a systematic review of the world's literature to more accurately describe the natural history and the effect of therapy on outcome in conidiobolomycosis. METHODS: Case report and meta-analysis of published case reports and series of conidiobolomycosis to determine which clinical, pathologic, mycologic, and treatment factors impact on prognosis. RESULTS: We document delay in @entity146 in a young Malaysian @entity1 , whose biopsy showed pathognomonic features-massive tissue @entity1712 and @entity2407 surrounding broad hyphae. These findings coexisted with @entity738 (fibrosing @entity3144 ) and @entity4269 . Treatment with multiple antifungals was followed by complete resolution. For the meta-analysis, pooled data from 199 cases (162 with full outcome data) from 120 reports revealed a similar course for most cases: a disease affecting healthy young adults who present with progressive nasal symptoms (eg, @entity8968 ) and central facial swelling and show improvement or cure after surgical excision and/or treatment with one or more antifungal agents in 83%. Persistent-progressive @entity66 occurred in 11%, and 6% died rapidly of @entity364 . Presentation with @entity28802 correlated with persistent-progressive rhinoentomophthoramycosis and a longer duration of disease before diagnosis (P = 0.02). @entity281 were significantly associated with nonstereotypical presentation (eg, @entity4550 ), @entity281 , absence of the @entity2407 , presence of comorbidities (eg, immunosuppression, @entity5 ), @entity281 (not Conidiobolus coronatus), lack of response to @entity2379 , and female sex (all P  <= 0.002). The few sensitivity studies performed demonstrated in vitro multidrug resistance of Conidiobolus species to most available antifungal agents. LIMITATIONS: Publication bias, reporting heterogeneity, and data deficits may affect results. CONCLUSIONS: Conidiobolomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of @entity1 who present with nasal symptoms and @entity4 . Massive tissue @entity1712 and @entity3129 coating thin-walled hyphae confirms the clinical diagnosis. The @entity738 faciale-like histology found in this case can explain the onset of @entity2652 by fibroinflammatory destruction of lymphatic vessels; the duration of disease and severity of @entity32 likely predicts whether the @entity4269 is reversible or not. Although rhinoentomophthoramycosis ostensibly responds in vivo to most available antifungal agents, routine culture and susceptibility testing is recommended to better define the efficacy of these therapeutic agents.

title: Conidiobolomycosis in a young Malaysian XXXX showing chronic localized fibrosing @entity3144 : a case report and meta-analysis focusing on clinicopathologic and therapeutic correlations with outcome.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

entities_list: @entity3129 :: ('MESH:D005119', 'Disease') :: ['Splendore-Hoeppli material']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['facial disease']

entities_list: @entity738 :: ('MESH:D006099', 'Disease') :: ['granuloma faciale-like changes', 'granuloma']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['diagnosis of conidiobolomycosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['hematolymphoid malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2379 :: ('MESH:D000666', 'Chemical') :: ['amphotericin B']

entities_list: @entity4269 :: ('MESH:D008209', 'Disease') :: ['lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity28802 :: ('MESH:D004604', 'Disease') :: ['facial elephantiasis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['painless centrofacial swelling']

entities_list: @entity2407 :: ('MESH:D011928', 'Disease') :: ['Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon']

entities_list: @entity2652 :: ('MESH:D005148', 'Disease') :: ['facial lymphedema']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['visceral infection', 'infection with Conidiobolus incongruus or Conidiobolus lamprauges', 'Lethal infections']

entities_list: @entity364 :: ('MESH:D009181', 'Disease') :: ['fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity4550 :: ('MESH:D054517', 'Disease') :: ['orbital cellulitis']

entities_list: @entity3144 :: ('MESH:C535509', 'Disease') :: ['leukocytoclastic vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity8968 :: ('MESH:D015508', 'Disease') :: ['nasal obstruction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['woman']


abstract: Myocardial @entity1063 (NE) is considered a meaningful parameter for estimation of cardiac function. Long lasting changes in myocardial NE appear to be not only a consequence of pathologic processes in the myocardium, but may be a factor responsible for some diseases (e.g. increased propensity for @entity943 or negative effect on left ventricular contractility in @entity712 ). In this respect monitoring of myocardial NE is of great importance. A microdialysis sampling technique coupled with liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LCEC) was developed to measure the in vivo NE concentration in the myocardial interstitium of conscious, freely moving @entity35 . LCEC using a dual-electrode amperometric detection in the series configuration provided detection limits for NE of 10 pg/ml in 20 microl microdialysis samples. Microdialysis probes of the linear design were implanted in the myocardial tissue in the periphery of the left descending coronary artery. The basal steady-state concentration of NE in myocardial dialysate of awake, freely moving @entity35 was found to be 0.17+/-0.026 ng/ml. Delivery through the microdialysis probe of the NE reuptake inhibitor @entity5829 ( @entity9956 ) at a concentration of 0.1 mM increased NE release to 153+/-13% of control. If the concentration of @entity9956 in the perfusate was increased to 1.0 mM, NE release increased to only 166+/-21% of control.

title: Determination of myocardial XXXX in freely moving @entity35 using in vivo microdialysis sampling and liquid chromatography with dual-electrode amperometric detection.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity5829 :: ('MESH:D003891', 'Chemical') :: ['desipramine']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity1063 :: (MESH:D009638,Chemical) :: ['norepinephrine']


abstract: AIM: Axillary dissection may be avoided in @entity1 with @entity0 and negative sentinel lymph node (SL); not all metastatic SL @entity1 show @entity3 on the remaining axillary lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible presence of @entity3 in the remaining axillary lymphatic glands, the so called not-SL, in @entity1 with SL either macro- or micrometastatic, and to try to locate a subgroup of @entity1 in which @entity3 are present only in SL. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 91 @entity1 who from March 2000 to June 2003 underwent a biopsy of SL and dissection of the axillary cavity (23 @entity1 with micrometastatic SL and 68 with macrometastatic SL). A multivariate analysis evaluated the statistic association with not-SL @entity3 of almost 22 prognostic factors. RESULTS: Of the 68 @entity1 affected by macrometastatic SL, 32 (47%) showed @entity3 of the not-SL; of the 23 @entity1 with micrometastatic SL, 7 (30%) showed @entity3 of the not-SL. In the last 2 years, among all those @entity1 with micrometastatic SL, the probability of disease at the not-SL reached the null percentage. During year 2000, 3 (50%) @entity1 out of 6 with micrometastatic SL showed @entity3 at the not-SL; during years 2002/2003 no @entity1 out of 8 with micrometastatic SL showed @entity3 at the not-SL. A multivariate analysis showed only 2 factors significantly associated to the metastatic not-SL: age (cut off 60 years) OR 4.6, P 0.003 and histological examination of the SL OR 2.8, P 0.003. CONCLUSIONS: The average frequency of disease of not-SL in @entity1 with either micro- or macrometastatic SL is not so different than values observed in literature. The predictive disease value of the remaining axillary lymphatic glands of the micrometastatic SL reached the null percentage in the last 2 years, therefore at seems to depend on the operators experience in SL biopsy technique. Among @entity1 with metastatic SL (micro and macro), it was not possible to detect a subgroup in which not-SL are not metastatic with reasonable certainty. Nevertheless, a multivariate analysis showed the histological factor of the SL, to be significantly associated to not-SL @entity3 , as well as to the age-factor.

title: [Staging role of micrometastatic sentinel lymph nodes in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: The regulation of @entity1412 activity involves two nucleotidylation cycles, the uridylylation cycle of PII and the adenylylation cycle of @entity1412 , which are catalyzed by two converter enzymes, @entity52083 , respectively. The converter enzymes sense the fluctuation in the availability of @entity1568 and accordingly regulate the activity of @entity1412 . On the other hand, the posttranslational modification of @entity1412 is tightly coupled to the transcriptional regulation of the glnA gene by unmodified PII protein acting as a repressor in the @entity1412 synthesis. Therefore, metabolic signals perceived by uridylyltransferase are transmitted through PII to two different levels of the regulation, namely, the posttranslational level and transcriptional level. In order to study the converter enzymes which exist in extremely low concentration, the glnD and glnE genes were cloned into a plasmid vector carrying the strong, regulatable @entity5999 promoter. In this way, @entity52083 were overproduced to the levels approaching 800- and 500-fold, respectively. The recombinant DNA technology also enabled us to examine the transcriptional regulation of the glnD and glnE genes. The expression of these genes was slightly repressed under @entity1568 -excess conditions and the repressions were more pronounced under excess @entity1568 plus @entity505 -limiting conditions. It was found that variations of the concentration of @entity52083 also affect the rate of @entity1412 synthesis. Studies with strains harboring a multicopy plasmid, pglnD or pglnE, indicate that the elevated synthesis of the converter enzymes causes the enhancement of @entity1412 synthesis. In addition, the absence of one of the converter enzymes reduces the expression of the glnA gene. The parallel relationship between the converter enzymes and @entity1412 seems to derive from the binding capacity of the converter enzymes for the unbound PII, which is a repressor for the glnA gene. Therefore, it is believed that the metabolic regulation of the glnD and glnE genes is ultimately linked to the expression of the glnA operon.

title: The role of XXXX and uridylyltransferase in the regulation of glutamine synthetase in Escherichia coli.

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity52083 :: ('20468722', 'Gene') :: ['uridylyltransferase and adenylyltransferase']

answer: @entity52083 :: (20468722,Gene) :: ['adenylyltransferase']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Clinical assessment of @entity309 ( @entity309 ) based on @entity158 and swelling and physical examination is limited by observer error and interpretation. We compared magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical examination to detect @entity603 in @entity309 . METHODS: Twelve @entity1 with active @entity309 were assessed according to Ritchie index, swollen joint count and score, swollen joint count of hands and wrists [2 wrists, 10 metacarpophalangeal (MCP), 10 proximal interphalangeal (PIP)], morning @entity2693 , @entity158 intensity, Disease Activity Score (DAS), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and @entity1851 . MR images of hands and wrists were obtained with an adapted device, on T1 weighted (T1W) spin echo (SE) coronal images before and after @entity7241 , TIW SE axial images with @entity7241 , T2* gradient echo recall coronal and axial sequences, and assessed by 2 radiologists (O = no @entity603 , 1 = @entity603 ). RESULTS: The swollen joint count on hands and wrists was 59 on clinical examination (mean 5.08 +/- 3.15 per @entity1 ; 20/24 wrists, 7/120 MCP, 32/120 PIP) and 162 on MRI (mean 13.50+/- 5.65; 22/24 wrists, 70/120 MCP, 70/120 PIP). Statistically significant correlations were found between MRI @entity603 count and swollen joint count (p = 0.015) and score (p = 0.019), Ritchie Index (p = 0.035), DAS (p = 0.02) and morning @entity2693 (p = 0.07). MRI revealed @entity603 significantly more often than clinical examination (162 vs 59; p = 0.00002) [2-fold in PIP (70/32) and 10-fold in MCP (70/7)]. Clinical examination and MRI were concordant for 157/264 joints (59.5%). The association of normal MRI with @entity603 on clinical examination was observed in 2 cases, the opposite in 105. CONCLUSION: MRI is more sensitive than clinical examination to detect @entity603 of hands and wrists in @entity309 , especially for MCP and @entity6520 , and is valuable for assessment of @entity32 in hands and wrists in @entity309 .

title: Magnetic resonance imaging: a valuable method for the detection of XXXX in @entity309 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity6520 :: ('MESH:C536223', 'Disease') :: ['PIP joints']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity7241 :: ('MESH:D019786', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium DTPA']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis', 'RA']

entities_list: @entity2693 :: ('MESH:C566112', 'Disease') :: ['stiffness']

answer: @entity32 :: (MESH:D007249,Disease) :: ['synovial inflammation']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Atypical antipsychotic medications are widely used to treat delusions, @entity146 , and agitation in @entity1 with @entity195 ( @entity195 ) and other @entity303 . Several clinical trials have not shown efficacy, and there have been concerns about adverse events. The objective of this study was to assess the evidence for efficacy and adverse events of atypicals for @entity1 with @entity303 . METHODS: MEDLINE, the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, meetings, presentations, and information obtained from sponsors were used in this study. Published and unpublished randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trials in @entity1 with @entity195 or @entity303 of atypical antipsychotics marketed in the United States were studied. Clinical and trials characteristics, outcomes, and adverse events were extracted. Data were checked by a second reviewer. Fifteen trials including 16 contrasts of atypical antipsychotics with placebo met selection criteria: @entity1770 ( @entity16914 ), @entity1037 ( @entity4205 ), @entity1089 ( @entity16914 ), and @entity1090 ( @entity4205 ). A total of 3,353 @entity1 were randomized to drug and 1,757 to placebo. Standard meta-analysis methods were used to summarize outcomes. RESULTS: Quality of the reporting of trials varied. Efficacy on rating scales was observed by meta-analysis for @entity1770 and @entity1090 , but not for @entity1037 . Response rates were frequently not reported. There were smaller effects for less severe @entity303 , outpatients, and @entity1 selected for @entity716 . Approximately one-third dropped out without overall differences between drug and placebo. Adverse events were mainly somnolence and @entity293 or @entity322 across drugs, and extrapyramidal symptoms or abnormal gait with @entity1090 or @entity1037 . Cognitive test scores worsened with drugs. There was no evidence for @entity130 , falls, or @entity1163 . There was a significant risk for cerebrovascular events, especially with @entity1090 ; increased risk for @entity204 overall was reported elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS: Small statistical effect sizes on symptom rating scales support the evidence for the efficacy of @entity1770 and @entity1090 . Incomplete reporting restricts estimates of response rates and clinical significance. Dropouts and adverse events further limit effectiveness. Atypicals should be considered within the context of medical need and the efficacy and safety of alternatives. Individual @entity1 meta-analyses are needed to better assess clinical significance and effectiveness.

title: Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for XXXX : meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity322 :: ('MESH:D014549', 'Disease') :: ['incontinence']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggression']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

entities_list: @entity716 :: ('MESH:D011605', 'Disease') :: ['psychosis']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'Alzheimer disease']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity1037 :: ('MESH:C076029', 'Chemical') :: ['olanzapine']

entities_list: @entity1770 :: ('MESH:C094645', 'Chemical') :: ['aripiprazole']

entities_list: @entity1089 :: ('MESH:C069541', 'Chemical') :: ['quetiapine']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['increased injury']

entities_list: @entity1090 :: ('MESH:D018967', 'Chemical') :: ['risperidone']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: The disease @entity1328 , caused by the fungus @entity1327 , is acquired directly from environmental exposure rather than transmitted @entity1 -to- @entity1 . One explanation for the pathogenicity of this species is that interactions with environmental predators select for virulence. However, co-incubation of @entity1327 with amoeba can cause a "switch" from the normal @entity375 morphology to a pseudohyphal form, enabling fungi to survive exposure to amoeba, yet conversely reducing virulence in @entity1 models of @entity1328 . Like other @entity1 pathogenic fungi, @entity1327 is capable of microevolutionary changes that influence the biology of the organism and outcome of the host-pathogen interaction. A @entity375 -pseudohyphal phenotypic switch also happens under in vitro conditions. Here, we demonstrate that this morphological switch, rather than being under epigenetic control, is controlled by DNA mutation since all pseudohyphal strains bear mutations within genes encoding components of the RAM pathway. High rates of isolation of pseudohyphal strains can be explained by the physical size of RAM pathway genes and a hypermutator phenotype of the strain used in phenotypic switching studies. Reversion to wild type @entity375 morphology in vitro or within a @entity1 host can occur through different mechanisms, with one being counter-acting mutations. Infection of @entity19 with RAM mutants reveals several outcomes: clearance of the infection, asymptomatic maintenance of the strains, or reversion to wild type forms and progression of disease. These findings demonstrate a key role of mutation events in microevolution to modulate the ability of a fungal pathogen to cause disease.

title: DNA mutations mediate microevolution between host-adapted forms of the pathogenic fungus XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human', 'person']

entities_list: @entity1327 :: ('5207', 'Species') :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans', 'C. neoformans']

entities_list: @entity1328 :: ('MESH:D003453', 'Disease') :: ['cryptococcosis']

answer: @entity1327 :: (5207,Species) :: ['Cryptococcus neoformans']


abstract: AIMS: To clarify whether urinary type IV collagen-to- @entity1011 ratio is a predictor for the incidence of microalbuminuria in @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 . METHODS: A longitudinal observational cohort study was conducted; the subjects included normoalbuminuric @entity1 diagnosed with @entity164 1 @entity6 before the age of 30 years and who were less than 40 years old at the start of the observation. In total, 225 @entity1 were enrolled (age, mean    SD: 25    5 years; male: 32.9%). The endpoint was the incidence of microalbuminuria, defined as 30 mg/g Cr  <= urinary albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio < 300 mg/g Cr. @entity1 were divided into two groups based on the median of urinary type IV collagen-to- @entity1011 ratio levels. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 8.8 years (range 1.0-12.8 years), 13 @entity1 with high urinary type IV collagen-to- @entity1011 ratio progressed to microalbuminuria. Meanwhile, only one @entity1 with low urinary type IV collagen-to- @entity1011 ratio reached the endpoint. Kaplan-Meier estimates for the time to reach the endpoint were significantly faster for @entity1 with a high ratio than for those with a low ratio (log-rank test, P < 0.001). In the multivariate Cox hazard analysis, the hazard ratio for @entity1 with high vs. low urinary type IV collagen-to- @entity1011 ratio was 13.51 (95% CI 1.59-115.02, P = 0.017). When urinary type IV collagen-to- @entity1011 ratio was treated as a continuous variable, logarithmically transformed urinary type IV collagen-to- @entity1011 ratio, but not baseline albumin-to- @entity1011 ratio, was independently associated with reaching the endpoint (hazard ratio 19.23, 95% CI 1.53-242.30, P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary type IV collagen may be an important predictor for the incidence of microalbuminuria in young @entity1 with @entity164 1 @entity6 .

title: Urinary type IV collagen as a predictor for the incidence of microalbuminuria in young XXXX with @entity164 1 @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: @entity6558 is regarded as an autoimmune inflammatory @entity121 . A major subgroup of @entity1 have autoantibodies to cellular @entity5044 ( @entity5044 ). We have analyzed the role of the autoantigen @entity5044 in the induction of @entity19 @entity5442 in a comparative study of inoculation of BALB/c @entity19 with recombinant @entity5044 protein versus naked DNA coding for @entity5044 . Adult BALB/c mice produced antibodies to @entity1 @entity5044 following inoculation with @entity5044 protein and adjuvant, but @entity5442 was not observed. Alternatively, expression plasmid DNA constructs encoding full-length and truncated @entity1 @entity5044 were inoculated intramuscularly in gene transfer studies. DNA-inoculated @entity19 produced relatively low anti- @entity5044 antibody titers. However, in contrast to recombinant @entity5044 protein-inoculated @entity19 , @entity5044 gene transfer induced pathology with evidence of cellular infiltration of perivascular and endomysial regions of the inoculated muscle. Multiple inoculations of a plasmid construct encoding a hybrid molecule consisting of @entity5044 and the @entity3654 receptor cytoplasmic tail induced the highest levels of antibodies and persisting cellular infiltration. Unlike @entity5044 , expression of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) following inoculation of an HA plasmid did not induce @entity5442 . Transfer of naked DNA constructs expressing @entity5044 is likely to provide valuable information on the autoimmune response to this protein and its role in the development of @entity5442 .

title: XXXX induced by naked DNA immunization with the gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity5044 :: ('OMIM:143470', 'Disease') :: ['histidyl-transfer RNA synthetase', 'HRS']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['muscle disease']

entities_list: @entity6558 :: ('MESH:D017285', 'Disease') :: ['Polymyositis']

answer: @entity5442 :: (MESH:D009220,Disease) :: ['Myositis']


abstract: 1. About 10% of @entity1 aged 75 and over are demented to an appreciable degree; the proportion may exceed 20% in those over 85. 2. Potentially reversible causes include pernicious @entity417 , @entity1375 , frontal @entity1653 , and normal pressure @entity1276 . In many cases, however, treatment has little effect on cognitive function. 3. Around 50% are due to @entity195 , 20% to @entity9398 , and a further 15-20% have both conditions. 4. Recognition is facilitated by using a standard test of cognitive function (the Abbreviated Mental Test Score or the Mini Mental State Examination). 5. @entity303 must be distinguished from @entity933 and @entity308 . 6. Investigations by the general practitioner include full blood count and TSH. Urine should be tested, particularly if there is incontinence. Physical examination should exclude @entity66 and check for @entity51 . 7. Sudden onset of @entity911 without obviously remediable cause and the need for respite care are indications for referral. @entity1 may also be referred for initial assessment. 8. An individually tailored care package should be designed for each @entity1 . It should be clear who is taking responsibility for follow-up and monitoring. 9. Carers should be supported, encouraged to ventilate their feelings, put in contact with appropriate voluntary groups, advised on appropriate allowances, and offered respite care when needed.

title: XXXX in old age.

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['hypothyroidism']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['intercurrent disease']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia']

entities_list: @entity9398 :: ('MESH:D015161', 'Disease') :: ['multi-infarct dementia']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningioma']

entities_list: @entity911 :: ('MESH:D003221', 'Disease') :: ['confusion']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["Alzheimer's disease"]

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['Dementia']


abstract: PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate left ventricular (LV) shape and regional relaxation to determine if rapid, early relaxation of the LV is lost with spherical remodeling of the LV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant study was approved by the institutional review board. All @entity1 gave written informed consent. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) were performed in 18 individuals. Each @entity1 was classified into one of three groups according to LV shape and TTE-derived mitral filling parameters. Pairwise comparisons of cardiovascular MR imaging measurements of LV relaxation were made between healthy individuals and those with spherically shaped LVs. RESULTS: The LV regional relaxation rates were determined in a total of 108 basal, middle, and apical @entity296 in 18 @entity1 (13 @entity1 , five @entity1 ; age range, 35-76 years). @entity1 with a spherically shaped LV (sphericity index, <1.5) and a mitral inflow velocity E wave/A wave ratio of less than 1.0 exhibited apical thinning velocities that were lower than those of healthy individuals (sphericity index, > or =1.5) (P < .01). The ratio of LV relaxation velocities in the apical versus middle LV segments correlated significantly with sphericity index (R(2) = 0.53; P = .0005). CONCLUSION: LV apical relaxation velocities in @entity1 with @entity5707 (sphericity index, <1.5) were reduced compared with those of healthy individuals (sphericity index, > or =1.5).

title: @entity5707 : cardiovascular MR imaging measurement of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'participant', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial segments']

entities_list: @entity5707 :: ('MESH:D020257', 'Disease') :: ['LV spherical remodeling']

answer: @entity296 :: (MESH:D009202,Disease) :: ['myocardial segments']


abstract: From February 1980 to December 1986, 428 cases of @entity5 in Stage I through @entity3480 were given curative radiation therapy at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei. All of them received external irradiation and intracavitary brachytherapy. The degree of @entity5 regression was assessed immediately before the first intracavitary brachytherapy treatment. @entity1 were classified at this time as having (a) no gross @entity41 , or (b) gross @entity41 . Factors found to be associated with @entity5 regression by logistic regression analysis were stage, age and hemoglobin level. @entity1 with @entity5 (Stage III, @entity3480 ), young age (less than 40 years), and low hemoglobin level (less than 10 g/dl) had a low incidence of no gross @entity41 . Five-year survival rate was 77% in @entity1 with no gross @entity41 and 31% in @entity1 with gross @entity41 (p less than 0.001). This significant difference held true even when one compared these two groups stage for stage; the difference was 77% versus 41% (p less than 0.001) in Stage II and 72% versus 28% (p less than 0.001) in Stage III. The local relapse rate was 59% in the gross @entity41 groups, significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than the 12% found in the no gross @entity41 group. It was concluded that @entity1 whose @entity5 did not regress after external pelvic irradiation tended to recur after intracavitary brachytherapy, most often locally. This would justify a more aggressive treatment to improve @entity5 control in this subset of high risk @entity1 .

title: Prognostic assessment of @entity5 regression after external irradiation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cervical cancer', 'advanced cancer', 'local tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity41 :: ('MESH:D018365', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumor']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cervical cancer']


abstract: The myocardial protection afforded by GIK solution, widely used as cardioplegic solution in this country, was compared with that provided by St. Thomas solution or oxygenated St. Thomas solution. Eighteen isolated @entity299 of @entity235 were made and their hearts were subjected to 3 hours cold (4 degrees C) @entity1167 . GIK group hearts (n = 6) received 20 ml/kg of GIK solution at the time of aortic cross-clamp perfused through the aortic root and were subsequently given 10 ml/kg of GIK solution every 30 minutes. St. Thomas group hearts (n = 6) and oxygenated St. Thomas group hearts (n = 6) were treated identically except that cardioplegic solution were St. Thomas solution or fully oxygenated one. Four hearts of GIK group showed @entity2224 immediately after reperfusion that required DC countershock. @entity616 was recognized in two hearts. In the other two groups, however, neither @entity2224 nor @entity616 was found. Heart rate, coronary flow, aortic flow and LVSW were measured before arrest and after 60 minutes of reperfusion (mean aortic pressure 70 mmHg, left atrial pressure 4 mmHg). Post reperfusion % recovery rates (post-reperfusion/before arrest) of heart rate, coronary flow, aortic flow and LVSW (mean value +/- standard deviation) were 93.4 +/- 10.32%, 104.6 +/- 24.91%, 18.8 +/- 8.54%, 32.6 +/- 6.12% respectively for GIK group, 81.4 +/- 6.50%, 125.9 +/- 15.23%, 35.4 +/- 9.91%, 56.3 +/- 12.90% for St. Thomas group and 83.1 +/- 8.40%, 121.6 +/- 16.92%, 47.0 +/- 7.89%, 69.1 +/- 9.71% for oxygenated St. Thomas group. St. Thomas and oxygenated St. Thomas groups revealed significantly (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01 respectively) more excellent functional preservation than GIK group. Intramyocardial pH was also measured by use of glass needle pH electrode punctured into the anterior interventricular septum. Preischemic intramyocardial pH (at 37 degrees C) was 7.49 +/- 0.106 in GIK group, 7.48 +/- 0.113 in St. Thomas group and 7.43 +/- 0.114 in oxygenated St. Thomas group. During 3 hours of @entity1167 , intramyocardial pH (at 4 degrees C) decreased to 6.84 +/- 0.101 in GIK group, 7.03 +/- 0.088 in St. Thomas group and 7.23 +/- 0.239 in oxygenated St. Thomas group, which was significantly higher than GIK group (p less than 0.01). Therefore oxygenated St. Thomas solution was found to maintain more favorable energy supply to ischemic myocardium. These results clearly evidenced that St. Thomas and oxygenated St. Thomas solutions would provide more effective myocardial protection during ischemic arrest than GIK solution.

title: [Comparison of myocardial protective effects between GIK solution and St. Thomas solution by use of XXXX isolated @entity299 ].

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart-lung preparations']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardioplegic arrest']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['A-V block', 'Temporary A-V block']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['canine']


abstract: @entity2 is the leading cause of @entity5 in western countries. The prognosis for @entity1 with @entity2 depends primarily on the stage of the @entity5 at the time of clinical diagnosis. New understanding of @entity5 biology has turned attention away from detection of clinical @entity2 , usually metastatic at presentation, toward recognition of genetic and protein markers which precede @entity5 . Mutations of four types of genes contribute to the process of epithelial @entity105 by modifying control of cell growth. Examples of three of these changes have been detected in pre-malignant sputum, and validated in subsequent @entity5 . We have identified gene products ( @entity5 associated and differentiation protein antigens), mutations of @entity984 and @entity876 , and microsatellite alterations as potential markers of subsequent @entity5 . We consider the morphologic progression seen in archived sputum cells as the paradigm of neoplastic development in the lung. Although the @entity4049 collaborative trials had shown that this progression is not recognized sufficiently often (sensitive) to be useful for @entity2 screening, this progression may be used to assess the timing of gene and peptide markers of @entity105 . Previous work has shown that at the time Johns Hopkins Lung Project sputum cells express moderately @entity4648 , 53% (8/15) of sputum specimens expressed common (codon 12) @entity984 or (codons 273 or 281) @entity876 mutations. Other investigators have reported that earlier morphologic changes (metaplasia) accompany 3p and 9p losses of heterozygosity. These observations suggest that 3p and 9p loss likely precede @entity984 or @entity876 mutations. Our preliminary data demonstrate that over-expression of a 31 kD @entity5 associated antigen recently purified, sequenced, and identified as @entity6746 ( @entity6746 ) A2 (with cross reactivity to splice variant B1), is expressed in most @entity2 cases before any morphologic abnormality. Comparison of the accuracy of this marker with sputum cytology will determine its value for early @entity2 detection. Preliminary evidence confirms this marker greatly improves the accuracy of standard sputum cytology for detection of lung @entity105 . Clinical intervention trials must be undertaken to determine whether modulation of @entity6746 overexpression is useful as an intermediate endpoint for chemoprevention.

title: Clinical detection of XXXX progression markers.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6746 :: ('3183', 'Gene') :: ['heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein', 'hnRNP']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer-related deaths', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['Lung cancer', 'lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity4648 :: ('MESH:D008679', 'Disease') :: ['atypical metaplasia']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: Acute abdomen was the presenting manifestation of @entity8307 in six @entity1 who had previously been treated with antibiotics and presented with @entity1661 , @entity158 with absent or mild @entity294 . Plain abdominal radiographs revealed @entity1528 in two, combined small and large bowel dilation in three, with one of them showing volvuluslike pattern, and isolated @entity29 in one. Emergency colonoscopy was performed successfully in all @entity1 and revealed @entity8307 in five and nonspecific @entity1960 in one. All @entity1 had positive latex test results for @entity2718 , and two tested positive for @entity137 . All @entity1 were treated with IV @entity868 , resulting in resolution of symptoms and abdominal findings. In addition, two @entity1 underwent colonoscopic decompression with improvement. Endoscopically, complete resolution of the @entity8307 occurred at 4 weeks in all cases. No @entity1 had a recurrence. It is concluded that (a) @entity8307 may present as @entity1661 mimicking @entity29 . @entity4391 , @entity3313 , or @entity63 ; (b) in such cases, emergency colonoscopy is safe and useful for diagnosis and therapeutic decompression and may obviate the need for surgery; and (c) treatment with IV @entity868 is effective. @entity1960 due to @entity2718 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen in @entity1 previously treated with antibiotics.

title: Acute abdomen as the first presentation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity1528 :: ('MESH:D008531', 'Disease') :: ['megacolon']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity4391 :: ('MESH:D003112', 'Disease') :: ["Ogilvie's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal distention']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['small bowel ileus']

entities_list: @entity8307 :: ('MESH:D004761', 'Disease') :: ['pseudomembranous colitis', 'pseudomembranes']

entities_list: @entity1960 :: ('MESH:D003092', 'Disease') :: ['colitis', 'Colitis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain, fever, and leukocytosis']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['C. difficile', 'Clostridium difficile']

answer: @entity8307 :: (MESH:D004761,Disease) :: ['pseudomembranous colitis']