abstract: BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial @entity101 is a @entity455 , characterized by aberrant regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis in distal pulmonary arteries. Prostacyclin ( @entity4770 ) analogues have anti-proliferative effects on distal @entity1 pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), which are dependent on intracellular @entity268 stimulation. We therefore sought to investigate the involvement of the main @entity268 -specific enzymes, @entity1980 ( @entity1980 ), responsible for @entity268 hydrolysis. METHODS: Distal @entity1 PASMCs were derived from pulmonary arteries by explant culture (n = 14, passage 3-12). Responses to platelet-derived growth factor-BB (5-10 ng/ml), serum, @entity4770 analogues (cicaprost, iloprost) and @entity1980 inhibitors ( @entity21041 , @entity7428 , cilomilast) were determined by measuring @entity268 phosphodiesterase activity, intracellular @entity268 levels, DNA synthesis, apoptosis (as measured by DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 ( @entity1476 , @entity1495 ) production. RESULTS: Expression of all four PDE4A-D genes was detected in PASMC isolates. @entity1980 contributed to the main proportion (35.9 +/- 2.3%, n = 5) of @entity268 -specific hydrolytic activity demonstrated in PASMCs, compared to PDE3 (21.5 +/- 2.5%), PDE2 (15.8 +/- 3.4%) or PDE1 activity (14.5 +/- 4.2%). Intracellular @entity268 levels were increased by @entity4770 analogues and further elevated in cells co-treated with roflumilast, @entity7428 and cilomilast. DNA synthesis was attenuated by 1 microM roflumilast (49 +/- 6% inhibition), @entity7428 (37 +/- 6%) and @entity36795 (30 +/- 4%) and, in the presence of 5 nM cicaprost, these compounds exhibited EC50 values of 4.4 (2.6-6.1) nM (Mean and 95% confidence interval), 59 (36-83) nM and 97 (66-130) nM respectively. Roflumilast attenuated cell proliferation and gelatinase ( @entity1476 and @entity1495 ) production and promoted the anti-proliferative effects of @entity4770 analogues. The @entity268 activators iloprost and @entity1928 also induced apoptosis, whereas roflumilast had no significant effect. CONCLUSION: @entity1980 enzymes are expressed in distal @entity1 PASMCs and the effects of @entity268 -stimulating agents on DNA synthesis, proliferation and MMP production is dependent, at least in part, on @entity1980 activity. @entity1980 inhibition may provide greater control of @entity268 -mediated anti-proliferative effects in @entity1 PASMCs and therefore could prove useful as an additional therapy for @entity120 .

title: XXXX expression and anti-proliferative effects in @entity1 pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['proliferative vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1980 :: ('5141', 'Gene') :: ['phosphodiesterase type 4', 'PDE4']

entities_list: @entity7428 :: ('MESH:D020889', 'Chemical') :: ['rolipram']

entities_list: @entity36795 :: ('MESH:C433247', 'Chemical') :: ['cilomilast']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary arterial hypertension']

entities_list: @entity21041 :: ('MESH:C424423', 'Chemical') :: ['roflumilast']

entities_list: @entity1928 :: ('MESH:D005576', 'Chemical') :: ['forskolin']

answer: @entity1980 :: (5141,Gene) :: ['Phosphodiesterase type 4']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background @entity299 results from the @entity527 in heart tissue, either in the context of a @entity262 or as a localized form. Several pro-amyloid proteins can produce @entity527 in the heart. Each of these amyloidoses has characteristic clinical (cardiac and extracardiac) features, and a specific diagnosis and treatment. Case Report A 58-year-old @entity1 who presented with @entity712 and echocardiographic findings strongly suggestive of infiltrative @entity296 needed percutaneous veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as bridge-to-decision. @entity527 was found on endomyocardial and bone marrow biopsies. Bone marrow plasma cell infiltrate with acute @entity8 and @entity2741 confirmed the diagnosis of @entity1582 -associated systemic light-chain @entity2783 ( @entity2783 ). @entity881 persisted and no improvements in left ventricular function and structure were seen. After extensive discussion by a multidisciplinary team, and with the @entity1 ' family, she was not considered eligible for high-dose chemotherapy and/or autologous stem cell transplantation, heart transplantation, or sequential heart with autologous stem cell transplantation. The @entity1 died a few hours after ECMO withdrawal. During the 14 days of ECMO support no major @entity548 or @entity715 complications occurred. Conclusions The clinician must consider a diagnosis of @entity299 in @entity1 with @entity712 , a restrictive type of @entity296 with @entity123 in the absence of @entity340 , or uncontrolled arterial @entity101 . Although developments in chemotherapy have greatly improved the outcomes in @entity2783 , the prognosis of @entity1 with severe @entity299 remains very poor. ECMO is potentially a reliable bridge-to-diagnosis and bridge-to-decision in these @entity1 . An experienced ECMO team, careful @entity1 selection, and rigorous management protocols with objective criteria to wean or stop ECMO are needed.

title: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as Bridge-to-Decision in Acute XXXX due to Systemic Light-Chain @entity2783 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'woman', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal lesion']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['acute heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid deposits', 'Amyloid deposition', 'amyloid deposition']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['cardiomyopathy']

entities_list: @entity2741 :: ('MESH:D006934', 'Disease') :: ['hypercalcemia']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['AL', 'AL amyloidosis', 'amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['systemic disease']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['Refractory shock with multi-organic failure syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac amyloidosis', 'cardiac involvement', 'cardiac amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity123 :: ('MESH:D024741', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombotic']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valve abnormalities']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['Heart Failure']


abstract: An open reading frame (ORF) of 819nt coding for a predicted protein of 272 @entity1522 was identified in the genome of @entity61024 (SpltNPV-I). Sequence derived @entity535 sequence analysis of this ORF suggested it to be a eukaryotic type protein kinase having conserved I-XI subdomains of Hanks kinase. In addition to kinase catalytic domains, this hypothetical protein had two bromodomains which could play regulatory roles in transcription. The ORF was expressed as approximately 31 kDa apoprotein in @entity526 and approximately 33 kDa glycoprotein in Sf9 cells, and was called SpltNPV-I pk1 or pk1. The protein was localized in the nuclei of infected cells of the SpltNPV-I permissive cell line, NIV-HA-197. The recombinant protein had autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation activities in presence of @entity3281 or @entity1025 , and these activities were inhibited by @entity866 . Mutation of @entity61025 but not @entity61026 abolished pk1 kinase activity. Kinetics of pk1 showed that the rate of phosphorylation of SpltNPV-I pk1> @entity11231 >histone H1, and both @entity11231 and histone H1 had the K(m)s of 3muM. Analysis of phosphorylated protein showed the phosphorylation of @entity563 and @entity1889 residues, but not @entity669 . All these results suggested that identified SpltNPV-I ORF codes for a @entity563 / @entity1889 kinase.

title: Characterization of a eukaryotic type @entity563 / XXXX kinase in @entity61024 -I (SpltNPV-I).

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity61025 :: ('p|SUB|K|50|M', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Lys-50 to Met']

entities_list: @entity61024 :: ('46242', 'Species') :: ['Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus']

entities_list: @entity866 :: ('MESH:D019311', 'Chemical') :: ['staurosporine']

entities_list: @entity1889 :: ('CHEBI:26986', 'Chemical') :: ['threonine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

entities_list: @entity61026 :: ('p|SUB|K|44|Q', 'ProteinMutation') :: ['Lys-44 to Gln']

answer: @entity1889 :: (CHEBI:26986,Chemical) :: ['threonine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Relatively high rates of complications occur after operation for unruptured @entity438 . Published data on endovascular treatment suggest lower rates of complications. We measured the impact of treatment of @entity439 by clipping or coiling on functional health, quality of life, and the level of @entity148 and @entity308 . METHODS: In three centres, we prospectively collected data on @entity1 with an unruptured @entity439 who were treated by clipping or coiling. Treatment assignment was left to the discretion of the treating physicians. Before, 3 and 12 months after treatment, we used standardised questionnaires to assess functional health (Rankin Scale score), quality of life (SF-36, EuroQol), and the level of @entity148 and @entity308 ( @entity148 and @entity308 Scale). RESULTS: Nineteen @entity1 were treated by coiling and 32 by clipping. In the surgical group, 4 @entity1 (12%) had a permanent complication; 36 of all 37 @entity439 (97%) were successfully clipped. Three months after operation, quality of life was worse than before operation; 12 months after operation, it had improved but had not completely returned to baseline levels. Scores for @entity308 were higher than in the general population. In the endovascular group, no complications with @entity51 occurred; 16 of 19 @entity439 (84%) were occluded by more than 90%. One @entity1 died from rupture of the previously coiled @entity439 . In the others, quality of life after 3 months and after 1 year was similar to that before treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In the short term, operation of @entity1 with an unruptured @entity439 has a considerable impact on functional health and quality of life. After 1 year, recovery occurs but it is incomplete. Coil embolisation does not affect functional health and quality of life.

title: Quality of life after treatment of unruptured XXXX by neurosurgical clipping or by embolisation with coils. A prospective, observational study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['Depression', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['permanent deficits']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'aneurysm', 'unruptured aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety', 'Hospital Anxiety']

entities_list: @entity438 :: ('MESH:D002532', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial aneurysms']

answer: @entity438 :: (MESH:D002532,Disease) :: ['intracranial aneurysms']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 7509 Background: A bicistronic plasmid encoding HLA-B7 and @entity4400 microglobulin genes formulated in cationic lipids, Allovectin-7   ( @entity60077 ), is an immunotherapeutic designed to induce a pro-inflammatory response and express MHC-class I after @entity5 injections. Expression of HLA-B7 in @entity5 may result in increased immunorecognition of @entity5 that in turn elicits an antitumor response. METHODS: We are conducting a phase 2 trial to evaluate the activity of @entity60077 in @entity1 (pts) with @entity320 ( @entity320 ). Eligible pts have stage III or IV @entity320 recurrent or unresponsive to prior therapy; injectable (1 to 25 cm(2) cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal) lesion(s); ECOG PS 0-1 and adequate organ function. Pts with brain or non-lung visceral metastases or any lesion >=  100 cm(2) are excluded. Pts with 2 or more injectable lesions are randomized to receive injections into 1 or up to 5 lesions. Pts receive weekly intratumoral injections of a total of 2 mg for 6 wks followed by 3 wks of observation and evaluation. Response is assessed using RECIST guidelines two wks following the last injection of each cycle. Pts with stable or responding disease receive additional cycles. RESULTS: Interim unaudited data will be presented for all 133 pts enrolled. All pts were evaluated for safety (6 pts in the dose escalation stage plus 127 pts in the high-dose stage), and 127 pts are evaluated for efficacy. In an interim data analysis 12 of 91 pts (13.2%) achieved an objective response lasting a median duration of 6.4 months. Median overall survival has not yet been reached and durability of response is still accruing. One Grade 3 and no Grade 4 adverse event associated with @entity60077 have been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Interim results indicate that high-dose @entity60077 is an active, well-tolerated treatment for Stage III/IV @entity320 pts with injectable cutaneous, subcutaneous, or nodal lesions. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

title: A phase 2 trial of high-dose Allovectin-7 in @entity1 with advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['MM', 'metastatic melanoma']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['metastatic melanoma']


abstract: Cetuximab, an anti- @entity470 @entity1 /mouse chimeric antibody, has just been approved in Japan for @entity1 with @entity470 positive unresectable or recurrent @entity14 , as monotherapy or in combination with @entity2600 . We reported two cases of unresectable or recurrent @entity14 effectively treated by cetuximab after the progression of the prior chemotherapy. Case 1: A51-year-old male suffered from @entity694 with synchronous liver metastases. He received cetuximab plus @entity2600 combination therapy in the third-line setting. Amonth after the initiation of the chemotherapy, abdominal CT showed @entity5 shrinkage of liver metastases. Case 2: A57-year-old female suffered from @entity694 with metachronous liver, ovarian metastases, ascites and @entity1143 . Her performance status(PS)according to ECOG performance scale was 1, and she complained of @entity1353 on exertion. She received cetuximab monotherapy in the fourth-line setting. Five weeks after initiation of chemotherapy, her chest, abdominal and pelvic CT showed @entity5 shrinkage of the liver metastases and the @entity843 and @entity1143 , together with resolution of her @entity1353 on exertion. Before cetuximab administration, we investigated @entity984 status on @entity5 tissue previously resected in the above 2 cases, which showed @entity984 wild-type. Cetuximab could be effective for @entity984 wild-type @entity14 , as well as the previous reports from Western countries.

title: [Two cases of XXXX wild-type unresectable or recurrent @entity14 effectively treated by cetuximab after progression of prior chemotherapy].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity843 :: ('MESH:D001201', 'Disease') :: ['reduction of both ascites']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['sigmoid colon cancer']

answer: @entity984 :: (3845,Gene) :: ['KRAS']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Online continuing medical education (CME) offers a number of advantages for physicians including flexibility with regards to location and timing of use. In order to effect physician practices and improve @entity1 outcomes, it is important that the development of online CME is theory and evidence-based. OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to describe the development of an online CME program for practising general practitioners (GPs) on @entity560 and sun health called "The ABC's of @entity560 for GPs" using elements of design principles for physician-education web sites as a framework. The paper will also report the program's usability and acceptability pilot test results. METHODS: The ABC's of @entity560 program was developed following nine principles: needs assessment; evidence-based content development; multimodal program and modularisation; clinical cases; tailoring and interactivity; audit and feedback; credibility of the web site host; @entity1 education materials; ease of use and navigation. Among the 20 GPs invited, acceptability and useability was tested with 12 GPs (60%) who agreed to participate and were interviewed following use of the program. The study was conducted between 2011 and 2013. RESULTS: An online CME program consisting of eight modules was constructed. Of the 12 participating GPs, most (n=11) reported that the program was clear and easy to understand, logical, easy to navigate, and took a reasonable amount of time (estimated between 1 and 3h) to complete. Eleven of 12 @entity1 said they would use the program as an accredited CME activity and all @entity1 indicated that the program was 'very or somewhat' likely to lead to changes in the advice @entity1 are given. CONCLUSION: This study found that a theory and evidence based approach for the development of an online CME program for GPs was acceptable to users. Further research is needed to examine whether the online CME program is effective at changing GP practices and improving @entity1 outcomes.

title: An internet based approach to improve general practitioners' knowledge and practices: The development and pilot testing of the "ABC's of XXXX " program.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity560 :: ('MESH:D014807', 'Chemical') :: ['vitamin D', 'Vitamin D']

answer: @entity560 :: (MESH:D014807,Chemical) :: ['vitamin D']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: @entity6331 is the most common cause of @entity66 in developing countries. Unless aggressive and timely intervention in the form of valve replacement is pursued, the condition progresses rapidly to disability and @entity204 . Combined mitral-aortic valve replacement represents a major technical challenge, and carries high early and late mortality rates. METHODS: The course of 382 consecutive hospital survivors of combined mitral-aortic valve replacement, operated on between January 1992 and December 2006, was reviewed. The valve of choice for the mitral position was the Starr-Edwards (98%), while Medtronic-Hall and St. Jude Medical valves were favored for the aortic position (81%). RESULTS: The mean postoperative follow up was 64.8 +/- 53.9 months, with a total cumulative follow up of 1,792 @entity1 -years (pt-yr); the follow up was 87% complete (n=332). Late @entity204 occurred in 29 @entity1 (8.7%). Long-term survival at five, 10 and 15 years was 92%, 78% and 45%, respectively, with a mean survival of 153 months. The linearized rates of @entity1031 , anticoagulation-related @entity548 and @entity340 were 1.06, 2.41 and 0.334% per pt-yr, respectively. CONCLUSION: Among the rheumatic population, double valve replacement offers excellent symptomatic improvement and favorable late survival. Hemodynamic superiority and thromboresistance are the normal selection criteria for these prostheses, although the surgeon's experience, and the ease of insertion, availability and cost of the valve also play important roles. A strict adherence to optimal anticoagulation levels optimizes protection against @entity1031 and anticoagulation-related @entity548 , and helps to provide the @entity1 with a good quality life.

title: Combined mitral and aortic valve replacement for XXXX : fifteen-year follow up and long-term results.

entities_list: @entity6331 :: ('MESH:D012214', 'Disease') :: ['Rheumatic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multivalvular disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['thromboembolism']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis']

answer: @entity6331 :: (MESH:D012214,Disease) :: ['rheumatic heart disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: In bacteria regulatory RNAs play an important role in regulation and balancing of many cellular processes and stress responses. Among these regulatory RNAs, trans-encoded small RNAs (sRNAs) are of particular interest, since one sRNA can lead to the regulation of multiple target mRNAs. In the purple bacterium @entity11704 several sRNAs are induced by oxidative stress. In this study we focus on the functional characterization of four homologous sRNAs which are co-transcribed with the gene for the conserved hypothetical protein RSP_6037, a genetic arrangement only described for few sRNAs until now. Each of the four sRNAs is characterized by two stem-loops that carry CCUCCUCCC-motifs in the loops. They are induced under oxidative stress as well as by various other stress conditions and were therefore renamed here as CcsR1-4 sRNAs for conserved CCUCCUCCC-motif stress-induced RNAs. Increased CcsR1-4 expression decreases the expression of genes involved in C1 metabolism or encoding components of the @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex either directly by binding to their target mRNAs or indirectly. One of the CccR1-4 target mRNAs encodes the transcriptional regulator FlhR, an activator of @entity2041 -dependent @entity1042 / @entity406 metabolism. Down-regulation of this @entity2041 -dependent pathway increases the pool of @entity2041 , which helps to counteract oxidative stress. The FlhR-dependent down-regulation of the @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex reduces a primary target of reactive @entity26 species and reduces aerobic electron transport, a main source of reactive @entity26 species. Our findings reveal a so far unknown strategy of bacteria to counteract oxidative stress. IMPORTANCE: Phototrophic organisms have to cope with photooxidative stress due to the function of @entity38 as photosensitizers for the formation of singlet @entity26 . Our study assigns an important role in photoxidative stress resistance to a cluster of 4 homologous sRNAs in the anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium @entity11704 . We reveal a function of these regulatory RNAs in fine-tuning of C1 metabolism. A model that relates oxidative stress defense to C1-metabolism is presented.

title: A cluster of four homologous small RNAs modulates C1 metabolism and the @entity2388 dehydrogenase complex in XXXX under various stress conditions.

entities_list: @entity11704 :: ('1063', 'Species') :: ['Rhodobacter sphaeroides']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity406 :: ('MESH:D005557', 'Chemical') :: ['formaldehyde']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity38 :: ('MESH:D002734', 'Chemical') :: ['chlorophylls']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity11704 :: (1063,Species) :: ['Rhodobacter sphaeroides']


abstract: Cases of @entity378 diagnosed at the Hospital Cl  nico Universitario between January 1978 and December 1989 were studied. @entity378 was the most frequent type of extrapulmonary @entity378 diagnosed, accounting for 81 (40.9%) of 198 cases. Fifty-one @entity1 (63%) were @entity1 . The mean ages of male and female @entity1 were 48.4 years and 51.1 years, respectively (range, 21-75 years). Cases were widely distributed among most age groups; @entity1 were most often 30-69 years of age. Constitutional symptoms were less frequent than local, urinary tract-related symptoms. Only 23.5% of @entity1 had a known history of @entity378 . @entity4658 plus @entity811 with sterile cultures was the commonest urinary finding. The results of intravenous pyelography were abnormal in 95% of cases. Ziehl-Neelsen staining gave positive results in 48% of cases. Cultures became positive after a mean (ISD) of 2.3 +/- 1.5 weeks. Sequelae were documented in 42% of cases, but only one death due to @entity378 was recorded.

title: XXXX in Spain: review of 81 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculosis', 'genitourinary tuberculosis', 'Genitourinary tuberculosis']

entities_list: @entity811 :: ('MESH:D006417', 'Disease') :: ['hematuria']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['Genitourinary tuberculosis']


abstract: The primary objective of this study was to determine whether sphincter preservation is possible among @entity1 who develop @entity834 after @entity5 surgery. The secondary objective was to determine the factors that may contribute to @entity834 . This is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database. All @entity1 with @entity5 who underwent restorative proctectomy over 1  year were included in the study. The parameters analyzed were age, preoperative hemoglobin and albumin, neoadjuvant therapy, type of surgery, level of ligation of inferior mesenteric pedicle, technique of @entity254 , and defunctioning proximal stoma. In this study, 176 cases of anterior resection were included,of which15 (8.5  %) had @entity834 . None of the factors contributing to @entity834 reached statistical significance on univariate analysis. Among the @entity1 who had proximal defunctioning ileostomy (n  =  9), five (56  %) required re-surgery whereas other four were managed with antibiotics and presacral drainage alone (44  %). Among the @entity1 who didnot have proximal defunctioning ileostomy (n  =  6), all (100  %) required re-surgery. Among the 12 eligible @entity1 , stoma reversal was successful in eight (67  %) @entity1 . This study highlights the importance of defunctioning proximal stoma in reducing the incidence and severity of @entity834 as well as the need and extent of re-surgery for low @entity5 . Sphincter preservation is possible in majority of @entity1 who develop @entity834 after @entity5 surgery.

title: Analysis of Risk Factors and Management of Anastomotic Leakage After XXXX Surgery: An Indian Series.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity834 :: ('MESH:D057868', 'Disease') :: ['anastomotic leakage']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Rectal Cancer']


abstract: We examined the nonluteal production of relaxin in the pregnant @entity3474 . In experimental animals (n = 5), the corpus luteum-bearing ovary was removed in early pregnancy (days 25-30), and intact pregnant @entity6599 served as controls. In both groups of @entity6599 , peripheral, uterine, and @entity2670 and amniotic fluid were collected immediately before hysterotomy, which was performed late in pregnancy (days 139-142). After hysterotomy, samples of reproductive and control tissues were obtained (placenta, decidua, myometrium, fetal membranes, and omentum). Relaxin concentrations were determined in all samples using an antiporcine relaxin RIA. In unilaterally oophorectomized pregnant @entity6599 , peripheral plasma levels of relaxin were below the limits of detection (less than 157 pg/ml) for 100 days following corpus luteum removal, while levels in control pregnant @entity6599 were greater than 1000 pg/ml. Relaxin levels in uterine venous plasma were comparable to peripheral plasma levels in each group. Relaxin concentrations in amniotic fluid of both groups were below the limits of detection (less than 157 pg/ml). @entity50759 was found in decidua, placenta, and myometrium in those pregnant @entity6599 in which the corpus luteum-bearing ovary had been removed over 100 days earlier. This finding together with the absence of a relaxin gradient in uterine venous plasma and undetectable relaxin levels in amniotic fluid is a strong indication of local relaxin production in reproductive tissues without contribution to peripheral plasma levels.

title: Relaxin in the pregnant XXXX : evidence for local production in reproductive tissues.

entities_list: @entity2670 :: ('MESH:D010049', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian venous blood samples']

answer: @entity3474 :: (9555,Species) :: ['baboon']


abstract: Importance: Renal transplantation is associated with reduction in the risk for @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in @entity1 with @entity740 requiring long-term dialysis (stage 5D CKD). Whether outcomes of @entity583 differ among renal transplant recipients vs @entity1 with stage 5D CKD or those without CKD has not been well examined. Objectives: To compare in-hospital reperfusion rates and outcomes of @entity583 ( @entity583 ) in renal transplant recipients vs the stage 5D CKD group or the non-CKD group. Design, Setting, and @entity1 : The National Inpatient Sample database was queried to identify @entity1 18 years or older who were hospitalized with the principal diagnosis of @entity583 . All hospitalizations for @entity583 in the United States from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2013, were included. Codes from International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, were used to identify @entity1 in the non-CKD, stage 5D CKD, or prior renal transplant groups. Data were analyzed from March to May 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures: In-hospital mortality. Results: From 2003 to 2013, 2   319   002 @entity1 in the non-CKD group (34.7% @entity1 ; 65.3% @entity1 ; mean [SD] age, 64.2 [14.4] years), 30   072 @entity1 in the stage 5D CKD group (45.0% @entity1 ; 55.0% @entity1 ; mean [SD] age, 66.9 [12.5] years), and 2980 @entity1 in the renal transplant group (27.3% @entity1 ; 72.7% @entity1 ; mean [SD] age, 57.5 [11.1] years) were identified who were hospitalized with @entity583 . Of these, 68.9% of the @entity1 in the non-CKD group, 39.5% in the stage 5D CKD group, and 65.2% in the renal transplant group received in-hospital reperfusion for @entity583 . The renal transplant group was more likely to receive reperfusion compared with the stage 5D CKD group (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.67-2.01; P   <   .001) but less likely compared with the non-CKD group (AOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.68-0.83; P   <   .001). Risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality among the renal transplant group with @entity583 was markedly lower compared with the stage 5D CKD group (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.33-0.43; P   <   .001) but similar compared with the non-CKD group (AOR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.99-1.31; P   =   .08). Among renal transplant recipients with @entity583 , the use of reperfusion increased from 53.7% in the 2003-2004 interval to 81.4% in the 2011-2013 interval (AOR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.25-1.43; P   <   .001 for trend), whereas risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality remained unchanged during the study period, from 8.9% in the 2003-2004 interval to 6.1% in the 2011-2013 interval (AOR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.85-1.05; P   =   .27 for trend). Conclusions and Relevance: In-hospital mortality rates in renal transplant recipients with @entity583 are more favorable compared with those of @entity1 with stage 5D CKD and approach those of the general population with @entity583 .

title: Management and Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation XXXX in US Renal Transplant Recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Participants', 'men']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['STEMI', 'myocardial infarction', 'MI', 'ST-segment elevation MI']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['Myocardial Infarction']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study attempted to evaluate the value of ultrasonography in determining the therapeutic strategy for @entity1 with @entity130 caused by @entity3681 . DESIGN: A 10-MHz compact linear-array ultrasound transducer was used to assess @entity1 with @entity3681 . Eleven female and 12 male @entity1 who had @entity174 detected by sonograms were included in the study. All 23 @entity1 underwent radiographic examination for identification of @entity174 . Bone scintigraphy was performed for those who had negative x-ray findings. RESULTS: Eighteen @entity1 had distal fibular tip @entity174 , three @entity1 had the fifth metatarsal base @entity174 , one @entity1 had a @entity174 , and one @entity1 had a @entity174 . These @entity174 were all detected by ultrasonography and then proved even by radiography or by bone scans. All the 23 @entity1 had anterior talofibular ligament injuries. Among these @entity1 , 11 had anterior ankle-joint recess effusion, and two had additional anterioinferior tibiofibular ligament injuries. Six weeks of immobilization with the @entity1171 brace was prescribed for all the @entity1 after the identification of @entity174 . Their @entity158 symptoms soon improved. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography is valuable in evaluating tiny foot and @entity1171 and coexistent soft tissue injuries. It can guide the treatment for @entity1 with @entity130 caused by @entity3681 .

title: Ultrasonographic examination for @entity3681 associated with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'navicular fracture', 'talar neck fracture']

entities_list: @entity3681 :: ('MESH:D016512', 'Disease') :: ['ankle sprains', 'inversion ankle sprains']

entities_list: @entity1171 :: ('MESH:D064386', 'Disease') :: ['ankle fracture', 'ankle fractures']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['ankle pain']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['osseous injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['osseous injuries']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Plant stanol consumption may improve long-term @entity165 control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 2g/day of plant stanols in reducing low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels in @entity1 with @entity1007 . METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study included 182 adults diagnosed with @entity1007 . A yogurt drink containing 2g of plant stanols was administered to 91 @entity1 in the intervention group; 91 @entity1 in the control group received unsupplemented yogurt. The primary end point was the change in the lipid profile at 12 months. RESULTS: Low-density lipoprotein @entity165 levels at 12 months were significantly more reduced in the stanol intervention group than in the control group: 13.7 (95% confidence interval, 3.2-24.1) mg/dL (P=.011). A reduction of more than 10% in low-density lipoprotein @entity165 was achieved by a significantly higher proportion of @entity1 in the intervention group (relative risk=1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.7). In this group, the mean (standard deviation) level of low-density lipoprotein @entity165 decreased by 11.0% (23.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that administration of plant stanols at a dosage of 2  g/day for 12 months significantly reduces (by slightly more than 10%) the concentrations of low-density lipoprotein @entity165 in individuals with @entity1007 . Trial registration (www.ClinicalTrials.gov): Current Controlled Trials NCT01406106.

title: Long-term Effects of Plant Stanols on the Lipid Profile of @entity1 With XXXX . A Randomized Clinical Trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1007 :: ('MESH:D006937', 'Disease') :: ['hypercholesterolemia']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1007 :: (MESH:D006937,Disease) :: ['Hypercholesterolemia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Alternative endovascular strategies using parallel or snorkel/chimney ( @entity439 repair  [ch-EVAR]) techniques have been developed to address the lack of widespread availability and manufacturing limitations with branched/fenestrated aortic devices for the treatment of @entity1028 . Despite high technical success and midterm patency of snorkel stent configurations, concerns remain regarding the perceived increased incidence of early gutter-related type @entity1070 . We aimed to evaluate the incidence and natural history of gutter-related type @entity1070 following ch-EVAR. METHODS: Review of medical records and available imaging studies, including completion angiography and serial computed tomographic angiography, was performed for all @entity1 undergoing ch-EVAR at our institution between September 2009 and January 2015. Only procedures involving >= 1 renal artery with or without visceral snorkel stents were included. Primary outcomes of the study were presence and persistence or resolution of early gutter-related type Ia endoleak. Secondary outcomes included @entity439 sac shrinkage and need for secondary intervention related to the presence of type Ia gutter endoleak. RESULTS: Sixty @entity1 (mean age, 75.8     7.6  years; male, 70.0%) underwent ch-EVAR with a total of 111 snorkel stents (97  renal [33 bilateral renal], 12 superior mesenteric artery, 2 celiac). A mean of 1.9     0.6 snorkel stents were placed per @entity1 . Early gutter-related type @entity1070 were noted on 30.0% (n  = 18) of initial postoperative imaging studies. Follow-up imaging revealed spontaneous resolution of these gutter @entity1070 in 44.3%, 65.2%, and 88.4% of @entity1 at 6, 12, and 18  months postprocedure, respectively. Long-term anticoagulation, degree of oversizing, stent type and diameter, and other clinical/anatomic variables were not significantly associated with presence of gutter @entity1070 . Two @entity1 (3.3%) required secondary intervention related to persistent gutter endoleak. At a mean radiologic follow-up of 20.9  months, no difference in mean @entity439 sac size change was observed between those with or without early type Ia gutter endoleak (-6.1     10.0  mm vs  -4.9     11.5  mm; P  = .23). CONCLUSIONS: Gutter-related type @entity1070 represent a relatively frequent early occurrence after ch-EVAR, but appears to resolve spontaneously in the majority of cases during early to midterm follow-up. Given that few ch-EVAR @entity1 require reintervention related to gutter @entity1070 and the presence of such endoleak did not correlate to increased risk for @entity439 sac growth, its natural history may be more benign than originally expected.

title: Natural history of gutter-related type XXXX repair.

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm', 'chimney endovascular aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity1028 :: ('MESH:D017544', 'Disease') :: ['complex abdominal aortic aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity1070 :: ('MESH:D057867', 'Disease') :: ['endoleaks', 'Ia endoleaks']

answer: @entity439 :: (MESH:D000783,Disease) :: ['Ia endoleaks after snorkel/chimney endovascular aneurysm']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 6593 Background: CNS complications of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) remain an important cause of morbidity and @entity204 in @entity1 with intermediate or high-grade disease. We previously conducted an analysis of the safety and pharmacokinetics of intrathecal Rituximab administration in nonhuman primates (Rubenstein et al; Blood 2003). These results constitute the basis for the current phase I study of intraventricular Rituximab administration. METHODS: Six @entity1 with recurrent or refractory @entity2225 + @entity1893 were treated at UCSF or at MSKCC. Nine planned injections of Rituximab at 10 mg and at 25 mg dose levels were administered through an Ommaya reservoir over a 5 week period. Matched CSF and serum levels of Rituximab were measured at baseline, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 96 hours. To define early transcriptional events caused by Rituximab, gene expression profile analysis was conducted on B-lymphoma cells purified from CSF at baseline, 1, 2, and 4 hours post-Rituximab administration. RESULTS: Our preliminary results suggest that intraventricular administration of Rituximab was well-tolerated. @entity137 observed include mild @entity62 and paresthesias, each occurring in one @entity1 . Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those defined in nonhuman primates. High peak drug levels were obtained within the ventricles with evidence for rapid craniospinal axis distribution; Rituximab was reproducibly detectable within the lumbar sac at 4 hours. Administration of Rituximab by LP in resulted in a 5-fold increase in intraventricular concentration at 90 minutes. Cytologic responses were immediately detected in 4 @entity1 . One @entity1 had complete resolution of parenchymal as well as @entity1893 and marked improvement in @entity1893 . Gene expression profile analysis provided evidence for the activation of an apoptotic pathway after Rituximab exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Intraventricular Rituximab administration represents a novel means of treatment of CNS involvement of @entity1893 . Efficacy and safety data are promising but additional studies and follow-up are required to evaluate this route of administration. [Table: see text].

title: Results from a phase I study of intraventricular administration of rituximab in XXXX with recurrent lymphomatous meningitis.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicities']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL', 'ocular NHL', 'leptomeningeal NHL']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['leukoencephalopathy']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the multislice computed tomography (MSCT) parameters associated with adverse outcomes after chronic @entity432 percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO-PCI) with drug-eluting stents. METHODS: A total of 285 @entity1 who underwent MSCT before CTO-PCI were analyzed. Lesion morphology was assessed with MSCT. @entity256 , reocclusion, and MACE (a composite of @entity204 , @entity583 , stent @entity715 , and @entity75 revascularization) were analyzed. RESULTS: MACE was observed in 36 @entity1 (13.6  %). Occlusion length was greater (39.5        19.9  mm vs. 22.3        13.7  mm, p   <   0.01), minimal vessel area smaller (11.2        5.7  mm(2) vs. 14.5        5.6  mm(2), p   <   0.01), and severe @entity730 more common (36  % vs. 12  %, p   <   0.01) in the MACE group compared to the non-MACE group. We defined occluded length >25.4  mm, minimal vessel area <11.9  mm(2), which were identified by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and severe @entity730 as CT-derived risk factors. @entity256 (60  % vs. 12  % vs. 7  %, p   <   0.01), reocclusion (29  % vs. 2  % vs. 2  %, p   <   0.01), and MACE (43  % vs. 6  % vs. 3  %, p   <   0.01) were more common in @entity1 with 2 or more risk factors than in those with 1 or 0. CONCLUSIONS: MSCT characteristics associated with adverse outcomes after CTO-PCI were occlusion length, minimal vessel area, and severe @entity730 . KEY POINTS:     Percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic @entity432 remains a challenge.     The parameters related to adverse outcomes after CTO-PCI have not been clarified.     MSCT can provide useful information associated with adverse outcomes after CTO-PCI.

title: Impact of lesion morphology on angiographic and clinical outcomes in @entity1 with chronic XXXX after recanalization with drug-eluting stents: a multislice computed tomography study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['target lesion']

entities_list: @entity256 :: ('MESH:D023903', 'Disease') :: ['Angiographic restenosis']

entities_list: @entity730 :: ('MESH:D002114', 'Disease') :: ['calcification']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['total occlusion']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac death']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['total occlusion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Two separate cohorts of consecutive @entity1 admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of @entity712 were studied, the first in 1986 in Rochdale, and the second in 1995 in Brighton. METHODS: We observed the clinical profile, treatment and mortality during hospital admission and reviewed their status at 6 months. There were 132 @entity1 in the Rochdale cohort and 223 in the Brighton cohort. RESULTS: The Rochdale cohort was characterised by a lower mean age and longer hospital stay. Significant differences were also observed in co-morbidity and the use of @entity1289 inhibitors, but hospital mortality was almost identical (25% in Rochdale and 24% in Brighton). A low systolic blood pressure, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and a raised blood urea at presentation were independent adverse prognostic factors. In contrast, prior treatment with @entity1289 inhibitors in @entity1 with @entity712 led to a more favourable hospital outcome. Age, gender and co-morbidity did not affect mortality apart from @entity1 with @entity583 . Follow-up of these cohorts showed that mortality of the two groups remained high at 180 days after admission (40% in Rochdale and 39% in Brighton). There were marked differences in the use of @entity1289 inhibitors in survivors, but target doses of @entity1289 inhibitors ( @entity4688 20 mg/day or equivalent) were only achieved in 31%, despite direct communication between the hospital and primary care physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Although clinical and treatment profiles differed between the two periods studied, the hospital and 6-month mortality of @entity1 with @entity712 remained high. More emphasis needs to be given to optimising @entity1289 inhibitor use in primary care.

title: @entity712 in XXXX admitted to hospital: mortality is still high.

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive cardiac failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The @entity1 GH family consists of five genes, including the placental chorionic somatomammotropins (CS), within a single locus on chromosome 17. Based on nuclease sensitivity, the entire GH/CS locus is accessible in pituitary chromatin, yet only @entity2124 is expressed. Previously, we reported a P sequence element (263P) capable of repressing placental CS-A promoter activity in transfected pituitary (GC) cells, and our data indicated a possible role for nuclear factor-1 (NF-1) and @entity18622 in this repression. In this study we show the formation of two independent pituitary complexes in vitro: a repressor complex containing NF-1 and a nonfunctional complex containing @entity18622 . In vitro repressor function is stabilized by the presence of P sequence element C (PSE-C), downstream of the previously characterized PSE-A and PSE-B. Repressor function is also dependent on an intact Pit-1 binding site in the CS-A promoter. EMSAs with PSE-C reveal binding of the @entity60213 ) family of transcription factors in @entity35 pituitary GC cells. This observation is extended to @entity1 pituitary tissue, where @entity9323 's association with P sequences is confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions between @entity9323 and NF-1 family members are demonstrated. These results identify @entity9323 as an additional member of the pituitary P sequence regulatory complex, implicating it in tissue-specific expression of the @entity1 GH/CS family.

title: Hepatocyte nuclear factor-3alpha binding at P sequences of the @entity1 XXXX locus is associated with pituitary repressor function.

entities_list: @entity60213 :: ('171302(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['hepatocyte nuclear factor-3/forkhead (HNF-3/fkh']

entities_list: @entity18622 :: ('5989', 'Gene') :: ['regulatory factor X1']

answer: @entity2124 :: (2688,Gene) :: ['growth hormone']


abstract: Confocal Raman microspectroscopy was used to monitor local and age-related changes in protein conformation in @entity1 eye lenses. In clear @entity1 lenses of varying age (range 17-80 years) spectra were recorded along the @entity227 , using laser light of 660 nm wavelength. The Raman vibrations in the 650-1750 cm-1 spectral region were analyzed. Difference spectra between central core and different positions along the @entity227 were calculated after calibration for protein content using the I(1450) cm-1 @entity845 / @entity5498 vibration peak. @entity2340 content was quantified using the peak at 760 cm-1 calibrated for protein. Changes in the 'exposed' vs. 'buried' position of @entity2340 were analyzed using the peak heights at I(880) and I(760) cm-1. The difference spectra revealed an excess of @entity2340 , @entity669 , @entity815 , beta-sheet conformation and molecules or molecular groups responsible for a 1425 cm-1 peak in the core region in all lenses investigated. The excess peaks disappeared at about 0.6-0.9 mm below the surface. The @entity2340 content increased from superficial to deep layers, levelling off between 0.4-0.8 mm below the surface. Upon aging, the @entity2340 content increases in the core not in the cortex. No changes in the 'exposed' vs. 'buried' position of @entity2340 were observed. Changes in @entity2340 and @entity669 probably reflect the maturational shift from cortex to core in the relative content of alpha, beta and gamma crystallines. The age-related increase in @entity2340 in the core may reflect the preferential breakdown by endo- and exopeptidases of alpha-crystallins damaged upon aging. The increase in beta-sheet conformation may indicate a post-translational shift in secondary conformation upon aging. These changes in protein conformation are largely completed in a small superficial zone, i.e., in the early life span of the crystallins.

title: Local variations in protein structure in the XXXX eye lens: a Raman microspectroscopic study.

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual axis']

entities_list: @entity2340 :: ('CHEBI:27897', 'Chemical') :: ['Tryptophan', 'tryptophan']

entities_list: @entity815 :: ('CHEBI:28044', 'Chemical') :: ['phenylalanine']

entities_list: @entity669 :: ('CHEBI:18186', 'Chemical') :: ['tyrosine']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity99 ( @entity99 ) is a rare @entity5 with an unpredictable course and prognosis. The aim of this study is to describe our experience with liver resection, as well as transplantation, in the treatment of this @entity5 . We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, pathological findings, and postoperative results in a series of 11 @entity1 presenting between 1990 and 1998. Five @entity1 (45%) presented with @entity490 , 3 @entity1 (27%) with @entity1087 and @entity843 , and the rest were asymptomatic. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging showed localized lesions in 2 @entity1 (18%) and @entity66 in the others. Seven @entity1 (64%) had @entity75 , detected either by preoperative imaging or discovered at exploration. Two resections of apparently localized lesions were followed by rapid and aggressive recurrence. Five @entity1 were treated with transplantation, including 1 @entity1 who had previously undergone resection. Of these 5 @entity1 , 2 @entity1 are currently free of detectable disease, 1 @entity1 who had severe @entity843 and @entity1087 is now asymptomatic with stable @entity75 , and 2 @entity1 (including 1 who had previously undergone a resection) died of @entity5 recurrence. One @entity1 with advanced @entity5 died while waiting for transplantation. The remaining 4 @entity1 are free of symptoms and have stable @entity99 . @entity99 is nearly always multifocal, and our results with resection were dismal. Because of the unpredictable nature of the @entity5 , the indications for transplantation in @entity1 without liver-related symptoms should be carefully evaluated. Nevertheless, @entity6687 should not be an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation in @entity1 with severe @entity409 .

title: XXXX : resection or transplantation, which and when?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['multifocal disease']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic lesions']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity490 :: ('MESH:D015746', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal pain']

entities_list: @entity6687 :: ('MESH:D001651', 'Disease') :: ['extrahepatic disease']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['HEHE', 'Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma', 'hepatic and extrahepatic disease']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma']


abstract: Previous work has shown that two general processes contribute to @entity96 ( @entity96 ) prognosis: @entity409 , monitored by indices such as blood @entity648 , prothrombin time (PT), and @entity492 aminostransferase (AST); and @entity5 biology, monitored by indices such as @entity5 size, @entity5 number, presence of @entity715 ( @entity715 ) and blood @entity160 ( @entity160 ) levels. These processes may affect one another, with prognostically significant interactions between multiple @entity5 and host parameters. These interactions form a context that provide personalization of the prognostic meaning of these factors for every @entity1 . Thus, a given level of @entity648 or @entity5 diameter might have a different significance in different personal contexts. We previously applied @entity66 ( @entity66 ) to characterize interactions between liver function indices of Asian @entity96 @entity1 and recognized two clinical phenotypes, S and L, differing in @entity5 size and @entity5 nodule numbers. Our aim was to validate the applicability of the @entity66 -based @entity96 S/L classification on an independent European @entity96 cohort, for which survival information was additionally available. Four sets of peripheral blood parameters, including @entity160 -platelets, derived from routine blood parameter levels and @entity5 indices from the ITA.LI.CA database, were analyzed using @entity66 , a graph-theory-based approach that compares personal patterns of complete relationships between clinical data values to reference patterns with significant association to disease outcomes. Without reference to the actual @entity5 sizes, @entity1 were classified by @entity66 into two subgroups with S and L phenotypes. These two phenotypes were recognized using solely the @entity96 screening test results, consisting of eight common blood parameters, paired by their significant correlations, including an @entity160 -platelets relationship. These trends were combined with @entity1 age, gender, and self-reported @entity988 into @entity66 personal @entity1 profiles. We subsequently validated (using actual scan data) that @entity1 in L phenotype group had 1.5  larger mean @entity5 masses relative to S, P = 6   10(-16). Importantly, with the new data, liver test pattern-identified S-phenotype @entity1 had typically 1.7  longer survival compared to L-phenotype @entity1 . @entity66 integrated the liver, @entity5 , and basic demographic factors. @entity82 -associated @entity882 was typical for @entity5 . In @entity5 phenotype, typical platelet levels increased with the @entity5 mass. @entity99 and @entity5 factors contributed to more @entity146 , with parenchymal destruction and shorter survival. @entity66 provides integrative interpretation for @entity96 behavior, identifying two @entity5 and survival phenotypes by clinical parameter patterns. The @entity66 classifier is provided as an Excel tool. The @entity66 system shows the importance of considering each @entity5 marker and parameter in the total context of all the other parameters of an individual @entity1 .

title: Identification of two clinical hepatocellular carcinoma XXXX phenotypes from results of standard screening parameters.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['Cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['network phenotyping strategy', 'NPS']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity96 :: ('MESH:D008113', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'hepatocellular cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'smaller S tumors', 'L tumor']

entities_list: @entity988 :: ('MESH:D000437', 'Disease') :: ['alcoholism']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver damage']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive L tumors']

entities_list: @entity160 :: ('174', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein', 'AFP']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartate']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['PVT', 'portal vein thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatic inflammation']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: BACKGROUND: As @entity8945 methylation is specific to @entity14 , detection of @entity8945 methylation from faeces samples might be useful for @entity14 screening. However, because the content of @entity1 DNA in faeces is very small, it is very difficult to detect @entity8945 methylation by conventional @entity6764 -based methylation assays. Therefore, we developed a new methylation assay without @entity6764 treatment, the @entity5640 ( @entity5640 ) assay, and evaluated its sensitivity and specificity in combination with and without the faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin (FIT) for @entity14 detection from faeces samples. METHODS: For the @entity5640 assay, DNA was treated with three methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes and an exonuclease, followed by measurement of @entity8945 methylation level by droplet digital PCR. Faecal DNA testing and FIT were performed on 109 @entity1 with @entity14 and 10 control individuals. RESULTS: Basic performance testing showed that the @entity5640 assay enabled detection of 0.14% of the @entity8945 methylation level for the lymphocyte DNA. The @entity5640 assay from faeces samples had a sensitivity of 22.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8%-60.0%) for non-advanced @entity652 , 47.1% (95% CI, 23.0%-72.2%) for advanced @entity652 , and 33.7% (95% CI, 23.7%-45.0%) for @entity14 ( @entity14 ), and a specificity of 100.0%. Combination of FIT and faecal @entity5640 assay increased sensitivity to 82.4% (95% CI, 56.6%-96.2%) for the detection of advanced @entity652 . CONCLUSIONS: We developed the @entity5640 assay, a possible highly sensitive methylation assay. Combination of faecal @entity5640 assay with FIT may provide an alternative screening strategy for @entity14 , especially for potentially @entity1613 . Keywords Advanced @entity652 , @entity14 , digital PCR, faecal DNA test, faecal immunochemical test, methylation, @entity8945 .

title: ANNALS EXPRESS: Highly sensitive faecal DNA testing of XXXX methylation in combination with faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin is a promising marker for detection of @entity14 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5640 :: ('MESH:D002313', 'Disease') :: ['combined restriction digital PCR', 'CORD']

entities_list: @entity6764 :: ('CHEBI:17137', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulphite']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal neoplasia', 'CRC', 'colorectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['precancerous lesions']

answer: @entity8945 :: (7291,Gene) :: ['TWIST1']


abstract: Deficits in attention and response inhibition are apparent across several neurodegenerative and @entity146 for which current pharmacotherapy is inadequate. While it is difficult to model such executive processes in animals, the 5-choice serial reaction time test (5-CSRTT), which originated from the continuous performance test (CPT) in @entity1 , may serve as a useful translational assay for efficacy in these key behavioral domains. At Wyeth and Abbott, we recently investigated the utility of employing the 5-CSRTT in adult @entity35 . This involved training and testing groups of @entity35 over an extended period of several months and required the animals to learn to nose-poke into one of five apertures following presentation of a brief visual stimulus in that aperture in order to obtain a food reward. When the stimulus duration was short, the @entity35 had to pay close attention to make a correct choice--a nose-poke into the aperture with the brief visual stimulus. We evaluated @entity1239 and the @entity112 H(3) receptor antagonist, @entity10449 , since compounds targeting both nicotinic and histaminergic neurotransmission are currently under investigation for treating @entity73 in @entity71 , @entity195 and @entity161 . After approximately 12 weeks of training, @entity35 were tested with drug when they had achieved stable performance. @entity1239 (0.2, 0.4 mg/kg s.c.) significantly improved accuracy and @entity146 (reflecting improved attention and vigilance) when baseline performance was <90% correct. In contrast, @entity1239 tended to worsen accuracy when baseline performance was >90% correct. Using the same test paradigm, @entity10449 (3mg/kg i.p.) reduced premature responding, a measure of impulsivity. Under conditions of variable stimulus duration, @entity10449 also improved accuracy and decreased impulsivity. In summary, we have replicated previous findings by others of positive effects of @entity1239 on attention, but also showed that this is dependent on baseline performance. We also expanded on previous positive findings by others with @entity10449 on attention and both Wyeth and Abbott demonstrate for the first time decreased impulsivity with this mechanism.

title: Differential effects of @entity10449 and XXXX on impulsivity and attention measures in the 5-choice serial reaction time test.

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['neuropsychiatric disorders', 'reduced errors of omission']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['Nicotine', 'nicotine']

entities_list: @entity161 :: ('MESH:D012559', 'Disease') :: ['schizophrenia']

entities_list: @entity112 :: ('MESH:D006632', 'Chemical') :: ['histamine']

entities_list: @entity10449 :: ('MESH:C115705', 'Chemical') :: ['ciproxifan']

answer: @entity1239 :: (MESH:D009538,Chemical) :: ['nicotine']


abstract: CONTEXT: Polypharmacy is widely used in the treatment of @entity161 , although it is believed to have major adverse effects on the well-being of @entity1 . OBJECTIVE: To investigate if the use of @entity1245 , antidepressants, or multiple concomitant antipsychotics is associated with increased mortality among @entity1 with @entity161 . DESIGN: Registry-based case linkage study. SETTING: Academic research. @entity1 : We linked national databases of mortality and medication prescriptions among a complete nationwide cohort of 2588 @entity1 hospitalized in Finland for the first time with a diagnosis of @entity161 between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2007. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hazard ratios (HRs) were computed for all-cause mortality during the use of antipsychotics, antidepressants, or @entity1245 in outpatient care, adjusting for the effects of sociodemographic and clinical variables, geographic location, and current and past pharmacological treatments. RESULTS: Compared with antipsychotic monotherapy, concomitant use of 2 or more antipsychotics was not associated with increased mortality (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.51-1.44). Similarly, antidepressant use was not associated with a higher risk for mortality (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.28-1.16) and was associated with markedly @entity204 (HR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.77). However, @entity1245 use was associated with a substantial increase in mortality (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.13-3.22), and this was attributable to suicidal @entity204 (HR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.45-10.12) and to nonsuicidal @entity204 (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.86-2.97). In total, 826 of 904 @entity1 (91.4%) who used @entity1245 had purchased prescriptions that contained more than 28 defined daily doses, violating treatment guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1245 use was associated with a marked increase in mortality among @entity1 with @entity161 , whereas the use of an antidepressant or several concomitant antipsychotics was not. Antidepressant use was associated with @entity204 . The literature indicates that long-term use of @entity1245 among @entity1 with @entity161 is more prevalent in other countries (eg, the United States) compared with Finland, which suggests that @entity1245 use may contribute to mortality among this @entity1 population worldwide.

title: Polypharmacy with antipsychotics, antidepressants, or XXXX and mortality in @entity161 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['Benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepine', 'benzodiazepines']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['decreased suicide deaths', 'deaths']

answer: @entity1245 :: (MESH:D001569,Chemical) :: ['benzodiazepines']


abstract: PURPOSE: Mortality is high in @entity1 with locally advanced @entity0 ( @entity0 ), especially in those with @entity5 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The aim of this study was to determine if pretreatment @entity419 PET/CT staging and pathological findings after NAC could together allow stratification of @entity1 into prognostic groups. METHODS: Initial staging with @entity419 PET/CT was performed prospectively in 85 consecutive @entity1 with stage II/III @entity0 . Correlations between PET findings and @entity66 ( @entity66 ) were examined. In @entity1 without distant @entity3 on PET staging, the impact of pathological response to NAC on @entity66 was examined. Patterns of recurrence were also analysed. RESULTS: @entity8984 -DG PET/CT revealed distant @entity3 in 11 of 85 @entity1 (12.9  %). Among 74 M0 @entity1 , 23 (31.1  %) showed a pathological complete response (pCR) at surgery, while 51 had residual invasive disease (no pCR). @entity66 differed considerably among the three groups of @entity1 (log-rank P   <   .001): among @entity1 with occult @entity3 on baseline PET/CT, 2-year @entity66 was 18.2  %, and among @entity1 without initial @entity3 on PET/CT, 5-year @entity66 was 61.3  % in @entity1 without pCR after NAC and 95.2  % in those with pCR. Of the 51 @entity1 who did not achieve pCR, 21 relapsed (17 developed distant @entity3 ). The sites of distant recurrence were: lung/pleura (nine @entity1 ), brain (eight @entity1 ), liver (six @entity1 ), distant lymph nodes (six @entity1 ) and bone (five @entity1 ). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 with clinical stage II/III @entity0 , @entity419 PET/CT findings at initial staging and pathological response at the end of NAC allow three groups of @entity1 with quite different prognoses to be defined. Extraskeletal recurrences predominated. Specific follow-up strategies in @entity1 with @entity0 who do not achieve pCR deserve investigation.

title: Prognostic impact of XXXX PET/CT staging and of pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['triple-negative breast cancer', 'TNBC']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['DSS', 'disease-specific survival']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['residual tumour']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity419 :: (MESH:D019788,Chemical) :: ['(18)F-FDG']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recently a hyperthermic @entity35 hippocampal slice model system has been used to investigate febrile @entity410 pathophysiology. Our previous data indicates that heating immature @entity35 hippocampal slices from 34 to 41 degrees C in an interface chamber induced @entity302 -like population spikes accompanied by a @entity308 ( @entity308 ). This may serve as an in vitro model of @entity410 . RESULTS: In this study, we further investigate cellular mechanisms of @entity221 -induced initial population spike activity. We hypothesized that @entity1246 (A) receptor-mediated 30-100 Hz gamma oscillations underlie some aspects of the hyperthermic population spike activity. In 24 @entity35 hippocampal slices, the hyperthermic population spike activity occurred at an average frequency of 45.9 +/- 14.9 Hz (Mean +/- SE, range = 21-79 Hz, n = 24), which does not differ significantly from the frequency of post-tetanic gamma oscillations (47.1 +/- 14.9 Hz, n = 34) in the same system. High intensity tetanic stimulation induces hippocampal neuronal discharges followed by a slow @entity308 that has the magnitude and time course of the @entity308 , which resembles hyperthermic responses. Both post-tetanic gamma oscillations and hyperthermic population spike activity can be blocked completely by a specific @entity1246 (A) receptor blocker, @entity1027 (5-20 microM). Bath-apply @entity5373 (7 mM) blocks synaptic transmission, but fails to prevent hyperthermic population spikes, while intracellular diffusion of @entity7231 (30 mM) abolishes spikes and produces a smooth depolarization in intracellular recording. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the @entity1246 (A) receptor-governed gamma oscillations underlie the hyperthermic population spike activity in immature hippocampal slices.

title: Gamma oscillation underlies @entity221 -induced @entity302 -like spikes in immature XXXX hippocampal slices.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'febrile seizures']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['SD', 'spreading depression']

entities_list: @entity1027 :: ('MESH:D001640', 'Chemical') :: ['bicuculline']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptiform']

entities_list: @entity221 :: ('MESH:D005334', 'Disease') :: ['hyperthermia']

entities_list: @entity5373 :: ('MESH:D007736', 'Chemical') :: ['kynurenic acid']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The aim of the study was to identify problematic situations in using zebra crossings. They were identified from photo documentations comprising film sequences and the perspectives of @entity1 with @entity303 . The aim was also to identify how they would understand, interpret and act in these problematic situations based on their previous experiences and linked to the film sequences. A qualitative grounded theory approach was used. Film sequences from five zebra crossings were analysed. The same film sequences were used as triggers in two focus group interviews with @entity1 with @entity303 . Individual interviews with three informants were also performed. The core category, the hazard of meeting unfolding problematic traffic situations when only one layer at a time can be kept in focus, showed how a problematic situation as a whole consisted of different layers of problematic situations. The first category, adding layers of problematic traffic situations to each other, was characterized by the informants' creation of a problematic situation as a whole. The different layers were described in the subcategories of layout of streets and zebra crossings, weather conditions, vehicles and crowding of pedestrians. The second category, actions used to meet different layers of problematic traffic situations, was characterized by avoiding problematic situations, using traffic lights as reminders and security precautions, following the flow at the zebra crossing and being cautious pedestrians. In conclusion, as community-dwelling @entity1 with @entity303 commonly are pedestrians, it is important that health care professionals and caregivers take their experiences and management of problematic traffic situations into account when providing support.

title: Being a pedestrian with XXXX : A qualitative study using photo documentation and focus group interviews.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['people', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['dementia']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: This study examined the influence of @entity310 ( @entity7790 ), @entity2533 , and LH on @entity1420 (P4) secretion and plasminogen activator (PA) activity in cultured avian granulosa cells from the first (F1), third (F3), and fifth and sixth ( @entity742 ) preovulatory follicles during a 21-h incubation period. PA activity in the cell (PAc) and the medium (PAm) fractions was measured by fibrinolysis and fibrin overlay methods. P4 was determined by RIA. Basal PAc and PAm activities were highest in cell cultures from the less mature ( @entity742 ) follicles and decreased as follicles matured to the F1 stage of development. PAc activity was greater than PAm activity regardless of the stage of follicular maturation. @entity7790 (0.1-10 ng/ml) increased PA activity in cultures of granulosa cells from F1, F3, and @entity742 follicles in a concentration-dependent manner. @entity7790 -induced PAc and PAm activities were observed by 6 and 15 h of incubation, respectively, and increased rapidly between 15-21 h. LH (100 ng/ml) attenuated @entity7790 -induced PA activity by 15 h in cultures of granulosa cells from @entity16963 , but not @entity742 , follicles. Basal PA activities were unaffected by the gonadotropin. @entity2533 (2-100 ng/ml) stimulated PAc activity in a dose-dependent manner only in cultures of granulosa cells from @entity742 follicles and significantly enhanced @entity7790 -induced PAc and PAm activities in cell cultures from @entity61914 , but not F1, follicles. Basal and growth factor-induced PAc and PAm activities corresponded to a mol wt of about 35 kDa, a value consistent with that of the low mol wt uPA species. @entity7790 and @entity2533 , alone or in combination, had no effect on basal P4 secretion at all stages of follicular development. @entity7790 , however, decreased LH-induced P4 secretion in @entity16963 cultures. These results demonstrate a tightly controlled interaction of @entity7790 , @entity2533 , and LH in regulating PA activity and P4 secretion during follicular development in the domestic hen.

title: Interactions of XXXX and -beta and luteinizing hormone in the regulation of plasminogen activator activity in avian granulosa cells during follicular development.

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity310 :: ('7124', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-alpha']

answer: @entity310 :: (7124,Gene) :: ['transforming growth factor-alpha']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently injured ligament of the knee. Injury causes @entity158 , @entity1143 and @entity32 leading to the inability to fully activate the thigh muscles. Regaining muscular control is essential if the individual wishes to return to pre-injury level of function and @entity1 will invariably be referred for rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES: To present the best evidence for effectiveness of exercise used in the rehabilitation of isolated @entity130 in adults, on return to work and pre-injury levels of activity. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro - The Physiotherapy Evidence Database, CINAHL, AMED, and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials testing exercise programmes designed to rehabilitate adults with isolated @entity130 . Trials where @entity1 were randomised to receive any combination of the following: no care, usual care, a single-exercise intervention, and multiple-exercise interventions. The primary outcome measures of interest were returning to work and return to pre-injury level of activity post treatment, at six months and one year. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All trials judged to have met the inclusion criteria were independently assessed for methodological quality by use of a 15 point checklist. Pairs of authors independently extracted data. For each study, relative risk and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences and 95% confidence intervals calculated for continuous outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: Nine trials, involving 391 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria of the review. Only two trials, involving 76 @entity1 , reported conservative rehabilitation and seven trials, involving 315 @entity1 , evaluated rehabilitation following ACL reconstruction. Methodological quality scores varied considerably across the trials, with the nature of @entity1 and assessor blinding poorly reported. Trial comparisons fell into six categories. Pooling of data was rarely possible due to lack of appropriate data as well as the wide variety in outcome measures and time points reported. Insufficient evidence was found to support the efficacy of one exercise intervention over another. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review has demonstrated an absence of evidence to support one form of exercise intervention against another and the use of supplementary exercises in the management of isolated @entity130 . Further research in the form of large scale well designed randomised controlled trials with suitable outcome measures and surveillance periods, using standardised reporting should be considered.

title: Exercise for treating isolated anterior cruciate XXXX in adults.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'participant']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['ACL injuries']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['ligament injuries']


abstract: From July 1996 to August 2001, we operated on 23 @entity1 (age 4-12 years) with @entity3029 (AAD). Sixteen had reducible AAD and 6 had the fixed type, while a single @entity1 had @entity3473 . Preoperatively, these @entity1 were divided into four functional grades depending on the level of @entity51 and @entity734 on others for activities of daily living (Di Lorenzo grades I-IV). There were only 2 @entity1 with no deficits (grade I), while 15 of the 23 @entity1 presented with severe @entity51 and were completely dependent for all activities of daily living (grade IV). Stigmata suggestive of congenital AAD were documented in 6 @entity1 and @entity154 in 18 @entity1 . Transoral decompression and posterior stabilization was performed in 7 @entity1 , while 16 @entity1 underwent the posterior stabilization procedure only. All @entity1 were immobilized with a hard cervical collar postoperatively. Six @entity1 developed one or other treatable complications, of whom reoperation was indicated in 3, but could only be undertaken in 2 @entity1 . Retightening of the wire was done in 1 and further decompression of the odontoid process was carried out in the other. There was no @entity86 in @entity1 with no @entity51 (grade I). Ten out of the 15 @entity1 who were completely dependent for all activities in the preoperative period (grade IV) improved, and 6 @entity1 achieved normalcy or near normalcy (grade I or II). Three @entity1 deteriorated in the postoperative period, of whom 2 subsequently improved at follow-up. There were 2 deaths in the series; both these @entity1 belonged to the severely compromised group (grade IV) and in addition had respiratory compromise. Bony fusion at the posterior stabilization site could be seen in 14 out of 16 @entity1 screened. The various problems faced by the authors in managing these very fragile and severely compromised @entity1 with cervicomedullary compression due to @entity3029 in a setting with limited resources are discussed.

title: Management of pediatric XXXX : a report of 23 cases from northern India.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['radiological osseous anomalies']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['preoperative deficits', 'neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative deterioration']

entities_list: @entity3473 :: ('MESH:D007443', 'Disease') :: ['basilar invagination']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['dependence']

entities_list: @entity3029 :: ('MESH:D004204', 'Disease') :: ['congenital atlantoaxial dislocation']

answer: @entity3029 :: (MESH:D004204,Disease) :: ['congenital atlantoaxial dislocation']


abstract: Three isoforms of malic enzyme have been described in @entity1 tissues: a cytosolic @entity1110 -dependent enzyme, a @entity1110 -dependent mitochondrial isoform and a mitochondrial isozyme which can use both @entity2125 + and @entity1110 + but is more effective with @entity2125 +. We purified mitochondrial and cytosolic malic enzyme from @entity1 brain extract to apparent homogeneity in order to compare properties of these isozymes and to verify whether mitochondria contain one or two malic enzyme. Specific activities of both isoforms are approx. 90 mumol/min/mg of protein, which corresponds to about 1900-fold purification. The two isozymes have identical native molecular mass (257 kDa) and are presumably tetramers composed of four identical subunits (M(r) = 64 kDa). The isoelectric point of cytosolic isozyme is 5.65, and that of mitochondrial one is 7.0. The isozymes show a substantial difference in their capability to catalyse the reductive carboxylation of @entity2388 to @entity5910 : the maximal carboxylation rate approaches 80% that of decarboxylation velocity for the cytosolic enzyme, and only 17% for the mitochondrial isozyme. The coenzyme specificity of both isozymes is not stringent; @entity1110 + is the preferred and @entity2125 + can substitute it, although with much lower efficiency. The homogenous cytosolic malic enzyme catalysed decarboxylation of @entity5911 and @entity1110 -dependent reduction of @entity2388 at about 24 and 0.5% of the maximum rate of @entity1110 -dependent oxidative decarboxylation of @entity5910 respectively. Decarboxylation of @entity5911 catalysed by mitochondrial malic enzyme has not been detectable, while @entity1110 -linked reduction of @entity2388 approaches only 0.15% of the maximum rate of @entity1110 -linked oxidative decarboxylation of @entity5910 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Purification and properties of cytosolic and mitochondrial malic enzyme isolated from XXXX brain.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human']

entities_list: @entity5911 :: ('MESH:D062907', 'Chemical') :: ['oxaloacetate']

entities_list: @entity2388 :: ('MESH:D019289', 'Chemical') :: ['pyruvate']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: We and others previously reported experimental evidence suggesting an important role for @entity3957 ( @entity3958 ) in @entity26 sensing in @entity19 carotid body chemoreceptors. More recent data implicated abnormal @entity3958 -mediated chemoreceptor signaling in pathological conditions such as @entity712 and @entity101 . However, the idea of @entity3958 as a mediator of @entity26 -sensing in chemoreceptors has been challenged. In particular, it was shown that exogenous @entity3958 inhibited the release of neurotransmitters (ACh and @entity855 ) from the cat carotid body, raising the possibility that there exists significant species difference in @entity3958 -mediated signaling in chemoreceptors. This study was designed specifically to determine the effect of @entity3958 on chemoreceptors in different species. We conducted multiunit extracellular recordings of the sinus nerve in the ex vivo carotid body preparation taken from the @entity35 , the cat and the @entity95 . As observed in the @entity19 carotid body, @entity3958 donors ( @entity8835 or @entity17122 ) evoked qualitatively similar excitatory responses of the afferent sinus nerves of the species studied here. The excitatory effects of the @entity3958 donors were concentration-dependent and reversible. The sinus nerve responses to @entity3958 donors were prevented by blockade of the transmission between type I cells and the afferent terminals, as was the response to @entity519 . These results demonstrate that exogenous @entity3958 exerts qualitatively similar excitatory effects on chemoreceptor afferents of different species. The role of endogenous @entity3958 -mediated signaling in carotid body function in different species awaits further investigation.

title: @entity3957 activates the carotid body chemoreceptors in cat, @entity95 and XXXX ex vivo preparations.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['chronic heart failure']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity3957 :: ('MESH:D006862', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen sulfide']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is the fourth commonest @entity5 in Singapore. Surgical resection offers the only chance of "cure". Resection tends to be difficult in @entity157 because of late presentation and concomitant @entity1575 . Specialized units with higher volume of operations are known to produce better results. The present review aims to evaluate early results with @entity157 resection and discuss the correlation between various @entity5 prognostic factors and the outcome. METHODS: The records of 81 consecutive hepatic resections for @entity157 in the hepatobiliary unit of the Department of General Surgery at the Singapore General Hospital from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The mean age of the @entity1 was 56.0 +/- 15.4 years. There were more @entity1 (M:F: 72:9) and Chinese @entity1 (75 Chinese @entity1 (92.6%); four Malay @entity1 (4.9%); two Indian @entity1 (2.5%)) affected by the disease. @entity1956 and C carrier status were present in 67.1% (n = 51) and 3.9% (n = 1) of the @entity1 , respectively. Forty-two @entity1 (53.2%) had underlying @entity1575 . Twenty-eight @entity1 (34.6%) underwent major hepatectomy and 53 (65.4%) underwent minor hepatectomies. Perioperative mortality was 4.9% (n = 4). The morbidity rate following hepatic resections was 28.4% (n = 23). The median follow up was 21 months (range: 1-52 months). The median survival was 43 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 34.6-51.4 months) after surgery and median time to recurrence was 9.6 months (range: 2-32 months). Overall survival was 79% and 59% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Disease-free survival was 59% and 30% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Advance pathological @entity5 , nodes, metastases (TNM) stage (III and IV), and presence of adjacent organ involvement were risk factors for early recurrence. Advance pathological TNM stage (III and IV) and @entity190 of more than 2 L were poor prognostic factors for overall survival. CONCLUSION: The results of hepatectomies for @entity157 in the newly established unit at Singapore General Hospital have been shown to be comparable to other established specialized hepatobiliary units with similar perioperative mortality and morbidity rates.

title: Results of resections for XXXX in a new hepatobiliary unit.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['liver cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'Hepatocellular carcinoma']

answer: @entity157 :: (MESH:D006528,Disease) :: ['hepatocellular carcinoma']


abstract: PURPOSE: We report a detailed analysis of different training modalities on the transferability of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy to generations of surgeons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The first generation surgeon with experience with 600 cases and the second generation surgeon with 150 were trained in open retropubic radical prostatectomy and laparoscopy, whereas the third generation surgeon with 150 cases was trained only laparoscopically. The fourth generation of surgeons with a total of 50 cases was trained in our fellowship program. We analyzed groups of 50 operations. The groups were comparable with respect to @entity1 age, prostate weight and pathological @entity5 stage. RESULTS: We observed a continual decrease in operative time between (322 to 247 minutes.) and within (332 to 196 minutes.) the analyzed groups. This result was also expressed in a decrease in the time required for @entity254 . A significant decrease was observed for the initial transfusion rate (4% to 10%). No difference was found in the complication rate (ie conversion in 8% to 0% of cases). Pathological outcomes (ie positive margins for pT2/ @entity1803 ) were comparable in the first 3 surgeon groups (14.9%, 14.2% and 22%, respectively) and available functional results (followup greater than 2 years) did not reveal any influence of the learning curve. A learning curve was observed only for overall operative time and the time required for @entity254 but it was shown to be significantly shorter for the following generations. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a specific training program the personal level of education has a minor impact on the results and reproducibility of the laparoscopic radical prostatectomy technique.

title: Comparison of training modalities for performing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: experience with 1,000 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate to what extent prenatal, early postnatal, and late postnatal growth predicts risk of @entity28 . METHODS: This was a historical cohort study of 1335 full term singletons born in southwest England in 1989. The main outcome measure was body mass index (BMI) at age 7. Absolute weights at birth, 6 weeks, and 18 months, and change in weights during the intervening periods were measured. Measures were examined as z scores standardised to the 1990 UK reference population. RESULTS: BMI at age 7 was positively associated with z scores for weight at all ages. Regression coefficients (95% confidence intervals) were: 0.16 (0.11 to 0.22), 0.19 (0.15 to 0.24), and 0.29 (0.26 to 0.33) for weights at birth, 6 weeks, and 18 months, respectively. Regression coefficients for birth weight, early @entity1017 (change in weight z score between birth and 6 weeks), and late @entity1017 (change in weight z score between 6 weeks and 18 months), adjusted for each other were: 0.32 (0.27 to 0.38), 0.31 (0.26 to 0.37), and 0.28 (0.23 to 0.32), respectively. There was no statistical evidence for interaction among weights, @entity1017 , or social deprivation. Social deprivation independently predicted BMI at age 7, the major influence being @entity1017 after 6 weeks of life. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that @entity28 risk is acquired gradually over the perinatal and postnatal periods, instead of during a prenatal or early postnatal critical window. The association of @entity28 risk with social circumstances and the timing of its origin offer pointers to some underlying determinants of @entity28 .

title: Early growth and XXXX : a historical cohort study.

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain', 'weight gains']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['childhood obesity', 'obesity']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['childhood obesity']


abstract: @entity492 aminotransferase, @entity493 aminotransferase and @entity5428 transferase activities were measured in sera from 411 @entity6 outpatients and were raised in 26 (6.4%), 34 (8.3%) and 62 (15.2%) patients, respectively. Serum total @entity6741 concentrations were raised in 4 @entity1 (1%). Percentage glycated hemoglobin A1, serum @entity9208 concentration and plasma @entity413 concentration were also measured. No relationship between the presence of raised enzyme activity and mature age, short duration of @entity6 treatment regimen or glycemic control was found. Twenty-six @entity1 with an @entity493 aminotransferase activity greater than 60 U/l were reviewed at 23 +/- 6.5 weeks. The activity of this enzyme had fallen to within the reference interval in 15 (58%). In the other 11 @entity1 , its median activity was 75 U/l (range 51-181 U/l). Median gamma-glutamyl transferase activity had risen in these 11 @entity1 from 78 U/l to 93 U/l (P less than 0.01). No statistical differences in treatment regimen or glycemic control were found between these two groups. Raised liver-associated enzyme activity in treated stabilised @entity6 outpatients should therefore not be attributed to poor glycemic control or @entity6 treatment regimen.

title: Raised liver associated enzyme activity and post-prandial @entity6741 concentrations in sera from treated XXXX outpatients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5428 :: ('CHEBI:24190', 'Chemical') :: ['gamma-glutamyl']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity9208 :: ('MESH:D019270', 'Chemical') :: ['fructosamine']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity492 :: ('CHEBI:29995', 'Chemical') :: ['Aspartate']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Routine histopathological assessment is standard practice for nasal polyp specimens obtained during @entity50 ( @entity50 ) for @entity102 ( @entity102 ). Retrospective studies suggest that routine histopathology of @entity480 shows few unexpected diagnoses that alter @entity1 management. Our objective was to study the use of routine pathological analysis, and its cost to the healthcare system, in a prospective manner. METHODS: A multicenter prospective assessment was performed from data collected between 2007 and 2013. Only cases of @entity1 undergoing @entity50 for bilateral @entity102 were included. We excluded unilateral disease cases, and cases in which diagnoses other than @entity1127 were suspected either preoperatively or intraoperatively. We then compared the preoperative diagnosis with the final histopathology and identified the rate of unexpected pathologies. A cost analysis was performed. RESULTS: Only 4 of 866 pathological specimens were identified as having a clinically significant unexpected diagnosis. All unexpected pathologies in this series were benign. These 4 cases account for 0.46% of all specimens reviewed. This translates to a number needed to screen of 217 cases of bilateral @entity102 to discover 1 unexpected pathology. The associated cost for making an unexpected diagnosis was  19,192.73. CONCLUSION: Routine histopathology of @entity480 in @entity50 for bilateral @entity102 with @entity1127 yields few unexpected and management-altering diagnoses. It carries a significant cost to the healthcare system. In cases of bilateral @entity102 with no other concerning clinical features, clinicians should exercise judgment in submitting polyp specimens for pathology rather than routinely sending @entity1127 for histopathologic analysis.

title: The utility of routine polyp histopathology after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic rhinosinusitis', 'CRS']

entities_list: @entity480 :: ('MESH:D009298', 'Disease') :: ['nasal polyps']

entities_list: @entity50 :: ('MESH:D012851', 'Disease') :: ['ESS', 'endoscopic sinus surgery']

answer: @entity50 :: (MESH:D012851,Disease) :: ['endoscopic sinus surgery']