abstract: RATIONALE: Monoaminergic imbalances play a role in the pathogenesis of @entity308 and most common antidepressant drugs act on @entity1154 neurotransmitters. However, the lag time between restoring neurochemical balance and symptom improvement suggests that the response to drugs involves complex biological events downstream of primary targets that have not yet been fully characterized. Here, we report a @entity19 mRNA expression study to evaluate the effect of @entity837 (a serotonergic antidepressant) and @entity5080 (a noradrenergic antidepressant) on genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of @entity308 and to assess the similarities and differences between two drugs on gene expression levels. METHODS: Genome-wide RNA expression data from the hippocampal tissues of four inbred @entity19 strains (129S1/SvlmJ, C57LB/6J, @entity7840 /2J and FVB/NJ) were treated with varying doses of either @entity5080 (NRI) or @entity837 (SSRI) and subjected to two different depressogenic protocols. Following robust multichip average normalization, we applied the nonparametric RankProd approach to identify differentially expressed genes in response to drugs across the four strains. Pathway analysis was subsequently carried out on top-ranking genes to gain further biological insights. RESULTS: A total of 371 genes were significantly differentially expressed in response to @entity5080 , whereas 383 were altered by @entity837 . Genes involved in the pathways of integrin signalling (Fnlb, @entity13436 , @entity14032 ), synaptic transmission ( @entity39059 , @entity39060 , @entity4029 , @entity15368 ) or @entity2033 ( @entity24896 , @entity39061 , @entity39062 ) were altered by both @entity5080 and @entity837 . Several biological processes and pathways were identified, which could explain the divergence between the molecular mechanisms of @entity5080 and @entity837 . CONCLUSION: From a large-scale animal study, we obtain gene sets comprised of commonly and differentially expressed genes in response to different antidepressant drug treatments. The results may help to characterize the response to antidepressant treatment, shed further light on the neurobiology of @entity308 and inform future animal and @entity1 studies. Finally, the top-ranking pathways from Ingenuity provide further evidence for the hippocampal neurogenesis hypothesis of @entity308 .

title: Antidepressant-dependent mRNA changes in XXXX associated with hippocampal neurogenesis in a @entity19 model of @entity308 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['major depressive disorders', 'depressive disorders', 'depression']

entities_list: @entity5080 :: ('MESH:D009661', 'Chemical') :: ['nortriptyline']

entities_list: @entity2033 :: ('MESH:D006816', 'Disease') :: ['Huntington disease']

entities_list: @entity837 :: ('MESH:D015283', 'Chemical') :: ['escitalopram']

entities_list: @entity1154 :: ('CHEBI:25375', 'Chemical') :: ['monoamine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: Inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), @entity817 , and @entity8047 ( @entity8047 ) induce @entity5 regression in the majority of @entity1 with @entity817 -mutant metastatic @entity320 . The clinical benefit of MAPK inhibitors is restricted by the development of acquired resistance with half of those who benefit having progressed by 6 to 7 months and long-term responders uncommon. There remains no agreed treatment strategy on disease progression in these @entity1 . Without published evidence, fears of accelerated disease progression on inhibitor withdrawal have led to the continuation of drugs beyond formal disease progression. We now show that treatment with MAPK inhibitors beyond disease progression can provide significant clinical benefit, and the withdrawal of these inhibitors led to a marked increase in the rate of disease progression in two @entity1 . We also show that MAPK inhibitors retain partial activity in acquired resistant @entity320 by examining drug-resistant clones generated to @entity5458 , @entity5459 , or the combination of these drugs. All resistant sublines displayed a markedly slower rate of proliferation when exposed to MAPK inhibitors, and this coincided with a reduction in MAPK signaling, decrease in @entity1603 incorporation, and S-phase inhibition. This cytostatic effect was also associated with diminished levels of @entity4910 and p-pRb. Two short-term @entity320 cultures generated from resistant @entity5 biopsies also responded to MAPK inhibition, with comparable inhibitory changes in proliferation and MAPK signaling. These data provide a rationale for the continuation of @entity817 and @entity8047 inhibitors after disease progression and support the development of clinical trials to examine this strategy.

title: Antiproliferative effects of continued mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibition following acquired resistance to @entity817 and/or XXXX inhibition in @entity320 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['bromodeoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity5459 :: ('MESH:C560077', 'Chemical') :: ['trametinib']

entities_list: @entity5458 :: ('MESH:C561627', 'Chemical') :: ['dabrafenib']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma']

answer: @entity8047 :: (5609,Gene) :: ['MEK']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intradiscal radiofrequency, with the electrode placed in the center of the nucleus pulposus, has been a controversial procedure in @entity1 with @entity158 . Possibly the effect has not been due to the production of heat, but to exposure to electric fields. DESIGN: We have investigated the effect of high-voltage, long-duration intradiscal pulsed radiofrequency in @entity1 with one-level discogenic low back @entity158 , as confirmed by discography. OUTCOME MEASURE: The @entity158 intensity score on a 0-10 numeric rating scale (NRS) was taken as outcome measure. @entity1 : Eight @entity1 were reported. The mean duration of @entity158 was 6.3 years (range 0.5-16, median 4). The mean NRS score was 7.75 (range 5-9). Disc height was reduced 60% in one @entity1 and up to 30% in the others. INTERVENTION: A 15-cm, 20-gauge needle with a 15-mm active tip was placed centrally in the disc. Pulsed radiofrequency was applied for 20 min at a setting of 2 x 20 ms/s and 60 V. RESULTS: There was a very significant fall in the NRS scores over the first 3 months (P < 0.0001). On an individual basis, all @entity1 had a fall of the NRS score of at least 4 points at the 3-month follow-up. A follow-up of 12.8 months (range 6-25, median 9) was available for five @entity1 . All these @entity1 are now @entity158 free, except for one @entity1 with an NRS score of 2. Conclusion. It is concluded that this method merits a controlled, prospective study.

title: Intradiscal high-voltage, long-duration pulsed radiofrequency for XXXX : a preliminary report.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'discogenic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['discogenic pain']


abstract: The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is critical in normal development. However, it has been reported to be up-regulated in numerous @entity5 and implicated in tumorigenicity and @entity3 . Classical activation of Hh signaling initiated by Hh ligands results in activation of @entity2751 ( @entity2751 ) and culminates in the activation of the GLI transcription factors. Classical Hh signaling is autocrine or paracrine (involving interaction between @entity5 cells and their stroma/microenvironment). The @entity5 milieu is rich in inflammatory cytokines that can modulate @entity5 cell behavior. Here, we show for the first time that the Hh pathway can be nonclassically up-regulated by the inflammatory cytokine, @entity1096 ( @entity1096 ). @entity1096 -initiated @entity584 - @entity9459 signaling mediates the subcellular distribution and activation of @entity8889 resulting in the modulation of epithelial mesenchymal plasticity and drug resistance. Interestingly, the @entity2751 inhibitor @entity5050 was unable to uncouple the effects of @entity1096 on Hh signaling, indicating that @entity1096 nonclassically activates GLI-mediated transcription. Given the fact that @entity1096 is itself transcriptionally activated upon Hh signaling, our current findings highlight the possibility of a feedforward vicious cycle such that the Hh pathway might be turned on nonclassically by stimuli from the @entity5 milieu. Thus, drugs that target the classical Hh ligand-mediated activation of Hh signaling may be compromised in their ability to interfere with the functioning of the pathway.

title: Nonclassical activation of Hedgehog signaling enhances multidrug resistance and makes @entity5 cells refractory to XXXX -targeting Hedgehog inhibition.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancers']

entities_list: @entity5050 :: ('MESH:C000541', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclopamine']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity2751 :: (6608,Gene) :: ['Smoothened']


abstract: @entity921 is a vital element and cofactor of many key enzymes, but it is toxic at high levels, causing pronounced disturbances in the @entity1 brain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies using @entity921 ions as a paramagnetic contrast agent are often limited by the @entity2359 of @entity3281 . In this work, we have explored a new in vivo model to study @entity3281 uptake, distribution and @entity2359 in @entity19 by subcutaneous implantation of mini-osmotic pumps delivering @entity13718 continuously for 21 days. Fractionated injections can reduce the @entity137 ; however, constant administration at very low doses using osmotic pumps caused a substantial effect on the T(1) contrast in MRI while reducing @entity137 . @entity921 -enhanced MRI documented fast but reversible @entity3281 deposition largely in glomerular and mitral cell layers of the olfactory bulb, in the @entity4779 area of the hippocampus, and in the gray matter of the cerebellum. @entity3281 accumulated as early as the first days after implantation, with a fast dispersal 9 days after stopping a 12-days @entity3281 exposure. Prominent @entity3281 accumulation was also seen in salivary glands and in the endocrine thyroid and posterior pituitary gland. These structures with enhanced @entity3281 accumulation correlated well with those showing high expression of the secretory pathway @entity141 / @entity3281 -ATPase (SPCA1), i.e. a transporter that could take part in @entity3281 detoxification. Our new experimental model for continuous low-dosage administration of @entity3281 is an easy alternative for enhancing @entity3281 -based contrast in MEMRI studies, and might provide insight into the etiology of neuropathologies resulting from chronic @entity3281 exposure in vivo.

title: Evaluation of @entity921 uptake and @entity137 in @entity19 brain during continuous XXXX administration using osmotic pumps.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity921 :: ('MESH:D008345', 'Chemical') :: ['manganese', 'Manganese']

entities_list: @entity2359 :: ('MESH:D020258', 'Disease') :: ['neurotoxicity']

answer: @entity13718 :: (MESH:C025340,Chemical) :: ['MnCl2']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity242 is a slowly growing soft tissue @entity5 that rarely arises from the penis. AIM: The aim of this case is to describe this rare pathology and to underline the importance of differential diagnosis with benign diseases such as @entity545 . METHOD: We report the case of a 20-year-old @entity1 who referred the onset of a progressive left dorsolateral penile curvature (about 60  ) started 3 years before. The @entity1 was evaluated with two US examinations that revealed two sites of tunical thickening with normal hemodynamic evaluation. The physical examination demonstrated a dorsal fibrotic plaque of about 2.5 cm. RESULTS: A juvenile form of @entity545 was diagnosed, and the @entity1 was scheduled for surgical treatment (plaque's incision/excision and grafting). Intraoperative appearance showed that the great part of the left cavernous body was substituted by a very tough tissue which deeply involved the erectile tissue; intraoperative frozen section was suspicious for @entity361 . In order to obtain definitive histological analysis and collect proper informed consent, we preferred to proceed with our original project, applying a dual graft (buccal mucosa and allograft dermal matrix) to cover the wide excised area. The final histological report confirmed the diagnosis of @entity242 . Postoperative CT and MRI, at 3 and 6 months from surgery, were negative for @entity3 . The @entity1 underwent radical intervention after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: @entity242 and @entity545 can present with similar clinical findings although they obviously entail a different clinical progress. Since the diagnosis of @entity5 can be established only by the pathologist on biopsy specimen, in cases of unusual clinical presentation of @entity545 (especially in young @entity1 suffering from a fast-growing penile induration), an early histological assessment should be performed to avoid the possibility of misdiagnosis in case of this poor-prognosis disease and to assure the definitive diagnosis.

title: XXXX : a case report.

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['Epithelioid sarcoma of the penis', 'epithelioid sarcoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity545 :: ('MESH:D010411', 'Disease') :: ["Peyronie's Disease", "Peyronie's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity361 :: ('MESH:C535700', 'Disease') :: ['mesenchymal epithelioid neoplasm']

answer: @entity242 :: (MESH:D012509,Disease) :: ['Epithelioid sarcoma of the penis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity8798 released from tissue @entity68 stores may accelerate lipid peroxidation by virtue of its pro-oxidant properties and thus promote early atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present prospective survey addresses the potential association between serum ferritin concentrations and the 5-year progression of @entity2998 as assessed by ultrasonographic follow-up evaluations. The study population comprises a random sample of 826 @entity1 and @entity1 40 to 79 years old. Serum ferritin was one of the strongest risk predictors of overall progression of @entity731 . The main part of this association appeared to act through modification of the atherogenic potential of LDL @entity165 (OR [95% CI] for a 1-SD unit increase in ferritin at LDL levels of 2.5, 3.6, and 4.9 mmol/L: 1.55 [1.30 to 1.85], 1.77 [1.40 to 2.24], and 2.05 [1.50 to 2.80]; P=.0012 for effect modification). Changes in @entity68 stores during the follow-up period modified @entity731 risk, in that a lowering was beneficial and further @entity68 accumulation exerted unfavorable effects. All these findings applied equally to incident @entity731 and the extension of preexisting @entity731 . The significance of prominent @entity68 stores in the development of @entity543 was clearly less pronounced. Finally, ferritin and LDL @entity165 showed a synergistic association with incident @entity65 and @entity204 (n=59). CONCLUSIONS: The present study provided strong epidemiological evidence for a role of @entity68 stores in early atherogenesis and suggests promotion of lipid peroxidation as the main underlying pathomechanism. This hypothesis could in part explain the sex difference in @entity731 .

title: Body XXXX stores and the risk of @entity2998 : prospective results from the Bruneck study.

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['carotid atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions', 'atherosclerotic vascular disease']

entities_list: @entity543 :: ('MESH:D016893', 'Disease') :: ['carotid stenosis']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity68 :: (MESH:D007501,Chemical) :: ['iron']


abstract: PURPOSE: Left @entity955 (LAA) closure is an interventional procedure increasingly used to prevent @entity64 in @entity1 with permanent @entity955 and contraindications to anticoagulation therapy. As this procedure requires a relatively immobile @entity1 and performance of continuous and prolonged transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), it is usually performed under general anesthesia. In this case series, we describe the feasibility of prolonged TEE for percutaneous LAA closure using a new noninvasive ventilation device that can avoid the need for endotracheal intubation and general anesthesia. CLINICAL FEATURES: Percutaneous LAA closure was performed under deep sedation in three elderly @entity1 with permanent @entity955 . Sedation was obtained with a combination of @entity1363 , @entity1875 , and @entity1937 . Continuous intraoperative TEE was performed through the port of the newly available Janus mask (Biomedical @entity7217 ; Florence, Italy), allowing for noninvasive ventilation (pressure support = 12-16 cm @entity4358 ; positive end-expiratory pressure = 7 cm @entity4358 ; FIO2 = 0.3) in these spontaneously breathing @entity1 . The total procedure times ranged from 75-90 min. The @entity1 reported excellent satisfaction with the sedation received in terms of discomfort experienced during the procedure, capacity to recall the procedure, and comfort with the mask. The operators also rated the procedural conditions as excellent. CONCLUSION: Deep sedation with noninvasive ventilation may be a reasonable and safe alternative to general endotracheal anesthesia in @entity1 requiring prolonged TEE for noninvasive cardiac procedures, including LAA closure.

title: Prolonged transesophageal echocardiography during percutaneous closure of the left XXXX without general anesthesia: the utility of the Janus mask.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'atrial appendage']

entities_list: @entity1363 :: ('MESH:D008874', 'Chemical') :: ['midazolam']

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial appendage']


abstract: This study assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of @entity10780 ( @entity10780 ) after surgery due to secondary @entity298 or failed conservative therapy of severe @entity788 . Of 60 @entity1 , 30 were randomly assigned to receive postoperative @entity10780 and the remaining 30 constituted the control group. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, nutritional intake, @entity1850 , and outcomes were measured. @entity1 in @entity10780 group received the daily mean of 1294.6 (362.6) kcal including 830.6 (372.7.0) kcal enterally, versus 472.8 (155.8) kcal daily in the control group (P < 0.0001). There were fewer complications in the @entity10780 @entity1 , with no significant difference; length of stay in the intensive care unit and in the hospital did not differ. The frequency of @entity1850 was similar in both groups, but outcomes differed. The first surgical intervention resulted in 3.3% of relaparotomies in @entity10780 @entity1 , caused by unresolved @entity298 , versus 26.7% in the control subjects (P = 0.03). Recovery of bowel transit took significantly less time in the @entity10780 @entity1 (mean: 54.6 h versus 76.8 h in control subjects, P = 0.01). @entity10780 resulted in 3.3% mortality as opposed to 23.3% in the control group (P = 0.05). In conclusion, @entity10780 is feasible and effective in postoperative treatment of @entity1 due to secondary @entity298 or severe @entity788 . Improved bowel and peritoneal function could be the main impact of @entity10780 .

title: Jejunal feeding, even when instituted late, improves outcomes in @entity1 with severe XXXX and @entity298 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity1850 :: ('MESH:D018746', 'Disease') :: ['systemic inflammatory response syndrome']

entities_list: @entity10780 :: ('MESH:D007579', 'Disease') :: ['jejunal feeding', 'JF']

entities_list: @entity298 :: ('MESH:D010538', 'Disease') :: ['peritonitis']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatitis']


abstract: The blood @entity1068 concentrations (BECs) and reactive capacity of young (8 months) and old (24 months) male Fischer 344 @entity35 were compared at 5, 10, 20, 45, 65, and 90 min following the administration of @entity1068 ( @entity167 ). The time-dependent effects of intragastric intubation (IG; 3 g/kg) and intraperitoneal injection (IP; 1.5 g/kg) of @entity167 (20% w/v) were determined. Subsequent to IG delivery, BECs rose most rapidly within the first 20 min, but did not reach peak levels until 90 min for both young (240 mg/dl) and old @entity35 (250 mg/dl). Following IP injections, BECs escalated within 5 min to 250 mg/dl in the young, to 175 mg/dl in the old, and declined gradually to a stabilized value of 150 mg/dl (young) and 130 mg/dl (old). The old @entity35 never achieved the high BECs seen in the young. Reactive capacity, a measure of auditory/visual reaction time, was inversely related to BECs. As BECs (IP) declined, performance improved at a similar rate in both age groups, although the old @entity35 ' performance was more impaired than that of the young. However, BEC per se was not an adequate predictor of reactive capacity. When @entity167 was delivered by IG so that BECs remained high for long periods of time, reactive capacity was far less impaired compared with IP delivery in which comparable BECs were present for only a few minutes. The possibility was noted that behavioral tolerance may have developed during the 90-min post- @entity167 period, and that the IP delivery method may disrupt behavior in ways independent of brain @entity1068 levels.

title: Effects of route of administration of @entity1068 on high-speed reaction time in young and old XXXX .

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: We studied the effect of posteroventral pallidotomy on movement preparation and execution in 27 @entity191 @entity1 using various motor tasks. @entity1 were evaluated after overnight withdrawal of medication before and 3 months after unilateral pallidotomy. Surgery had no effect on initiation time in unwarned simple and choice reaction time tasks, whereas movement time measured during the same tasks was improved for the contralesional hand. Movement times also improved for isometric and isotonic ballistic movements. In contrast, repetitive, distal and fine movements measured in finger-tapping and pegboard tasks were not improved after pallidotomy. Preparatory processes were investigated using both behavioural and electrophysiological measures. A precued choice reaction time task suggested an enhancement of motor preparation for the contralesional hand. Similarly, movement-related cortical potentials showed an increase in the slope of the late component ( @entity3535 ) when the @entity1 performed @entity717 with the contralesional hand. However, no significant change was found for the early component ( @entity8768 ) or when the @entity1 moved the ipsilesional hand. The amplitude of the long-latency stretch reflex of the contralesional hand decreased after surgery. In summary, the data suggest that pallidotomy improved mainly the later stages of movement preparation and the execution of proximal movements with the contralesional limb. These results provide detailed quantitative data on the impact of posteroventral pallidotomy on previously described measures of upper limb @entity910 in @entity191 .

title: The effects of posteroventral pallidotomy on the preparation and execution of XXXX in @entity191 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['akinesia']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'parkinsonian']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['joystick movements']

answer: @entity717 :: (MESH:D009069,Disease) :: ['voluntary hand and arm movements']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinicians often obtain a panel of lipids but then only use low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 to make clinical decisions. We previously described the multiple lipid measure, a strategy that integrates information about seven lipid measures. Our current inquiry uses the multiple lipid measure to create a scoring system and validates that system in a second cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: A scoring system that uses total @entity165 , high-density lipoprotein (HDL) @entity165 , LDL @entity165 and @entity1674 was developed and tested. African-American @entity1 of the @entity731 Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study were used to validate the multiple lipid measure score. For nonsmokers, scores > or = 2 had a hazard ratio of 4.25 (95% CI 1.92-9.40) compared to reference scores of < or = -3 in adjusted survival analysis predicting incident @entity301 risk in the ARIC. The best conventional single lipid measure for nonsmokers was LDL @entity165 . Compared to LDL @entity165 <100 mg/dl, those with LDL @entity165 > or = 160 mg/dl had a hazard ratio of 2.31 (95% CI 1.13-4.75). For current smokers, the best conventional lipid measure was the total @entity165 /HDL @entity165 ratio, which was similar in predictive ability to the multiple lipid measure score. However, the multiple lipid measure score predicted an additional 10% of the cohort at risk compared to the total @entity165 /HDL @entity165 ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the multiple lipid scoring system improves the assessment of incident @entity301 risk and may have utility for clinicians in integrating lipid values.

title: Multiple lipid scoring system for prediction of XXXX risk: application to African Americans.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity301 :: (MESH:D003327,Disease) :: ['coronary heart disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Drought causes a decline of root hydraulic conductance, which aside from @entity887 , is governed ultimately by aquaporins. Multiple factors probably regulate aquaporin expression, abundance and activity in leaf and root tissues during drought; among these are the leaf transpiration rate, leaf water status, @entity2271 ( @entity2272 ) and soil water content. Here a study is made of how these factors could influence the response of aquaporin to drought. METHODS: Three plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) or aquaporins were cloned from @entity11297 plants and their expression was analysed after 4 d of @entity1949 and also 1 d after re-watering. The effects of @entity2272 and of @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ), an inhibitor of stomatal opening, on gene expression and protein abundance were also analysed. Protein abundance was examined using antibodies against PIP1 and PIP2 aquaporins. At the same time, root hydraulic conductance (L), transpiration rate, leaf water status and @entity2272 tissue concentration were measured. KEY RESULTS: None of the treatments (drought, @entity2272 or @entity1500 ) changed the leaf water status or tissue @entity2272 concentration. The three treatments caused a decline in the transpiration rate and raised PVPIP2;1 gene expression and PIP1 protein abundance in the leaves. In the roots, only the drought treatment raised the expression of the three PIP genes examined, while at the same time diminishing PIP2 protein abundance and L. On the other hand, @entity2272 raised both root PIP1 protein abundance and L. CONCLUSIONS: The rise of PvPIP2;1 gene expression and PIP1 protein abundance in the leaves of @entity19321 plants subjected to drought was correlated with a decline in the transpiration rate. At the same time, the increase in the expression of the three PIP genes examined caused by drought and the decline of PIP2 protein abundance in the root tissues were not correlated with any of the parameters measured.

title: Drought, XXXX and transpiration rate effects on the regulation of PIP aquaporin gene expression and abundance in @entity11297 plants.

entities_list: @entity2271 :: ('MESH:D000040', 'Chemical') :: ['abscisic acid']

entities_list: @entity11297 :: ('3885', 'Species') :: ['Phaseolus vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity1949 :: ('MESH:D012892', 'Disease') :: ['water deprivation']

entities_list: @entity887 :: ('MESH:D004617', 'Disease') :: ['embolisms']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

answer: @entity2271 :: (MESH:D000040,Chemical) :: ['abscisic acid']


abstract: Bulk-isolated @entity1 and @entity291 oligodendroglia, practically free from myelin, have been used in attempts to elicit an autoimmune response which has been compared with acute @entity56 ( @entity56 ). For these experiments, a total of 20 Hartley @entity840 , 33 Lewis @entity35 and 16 @entity95 have been studied. Animals were inoculated with a range of doses of purified preparations of both @entity1 and @entity291 oligodendroglial cells in complete Freund's adjuvant ( @entity3795 ) and compared with others challenged with whole white matter in @entity3795 . The latter animals all developed clinical and histological signs of @entity56 ( @entity56 ) 2-3 weeks post-inoculation. In general, oligodendroglial cells were encephalitogenically less potent than white matter. @entity840 were the most susceptible to inoculations of oligodendroglia. In several given @entity1 oligodendroglia 14 days earlier, a paraparesis indistinguishable from conventional @entity56 was seen. Animals receiving @entity291 cells showed no clinical signs. Histologically, the CNS of afflicted @entity840 displayed severe @entity32 but, in contrast to conventional @entity56 in the same species, @entity17 was rare in the small group of animals tested. After sensitization with oligodendroglia, @entity35 displayed no clinical disease. Histologically, some given @entity1 cells had positive evidence of disease while @entity291 cells in others gave a mild response. @entity95 showed no clinical and very little histological disease. Although more extensive studies are needed to confirm the findings, from the animals studied it appears that (1) variation in response to inocula containing oligodendroglia exists among the species tested, (2) that @entity1 oligodendroglia are more potent immunologically than @entity291 cells, (3) that CNS lesions produced by these cells in @entity840 , lack a strong demyelinative component and (4) a specific antigen might exist in oligodendrocytes which is distinct from @entity7998 . The possible reasons underlying our findings are discussed.

title: Studies on the encephalitogenic effects of purified preparations of XXXX and @entity291 oligodendrocytes.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['demyelination']

entities_list: @entity840 :: ('10141', 'Species') :: ['Guinea pigs', 'guinea pigs']

entities_list: @entity95 :: ('9986', 'Species') :: ['Rabbits', 'rabbits']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['experimental allergic encephalomyelitis', 'EAE']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Isobaric @entity1341 0.5% with adrenaline 1:200,000 was used for spinal anaesthesia. The influence of dose (mg) and volume (ml) on segmental spread and duration of spinal block was investigated. @entity1341 10 or 15 mg was injected in 2 or 3 ml of solution. The segmental spread and duration of @entity616 was tested at certain time intervals. The results showed that: 1. an increase in dose is not followed by a larger segmental spread or longer duration of @entity616 , 2. the increase of the volume injected is followed by an increase in segmental spread of @entity616 . This is independent of the concentration of the local anaesthetic, 3. the segmental regression of @entity616 starts in the cephalad segments. Therefore, higher spread of @entity616 provides prolonged @entity1337 in the lower segments. The results of this investigation are controversal in relation to the reports in the literature of the last two decades. The increase in dosage of the local anaesthetic did not increase the segmental spread and duration of @entity1337 . Only the volume injected is responsible for an increase in segmental spread of @entity1337 . Of course the concentration of the local anaesthetic injected has to be at least the minimal concentration necessary to result in a sensory nerve block.

title: [The dose-effect-ratio of isobaric XXXX in spinal @entity1337 (author's transl)].

entities_list: @entity1341 :: ('MESH:D002045', 'Chemical') :: ['bupivacaine', 'Bupivacaine']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['analgesic block']

answer: @entity1341 :: (MESH:D002045,Chemical) :: ['bupivacaine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Various nerve blocks using local anaesthetic agents have been used in order to reduce @entity158 after @entity173 . OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of nerve blocks (inserted either pre-operatively, operatively or post-operatively) as part of the treatment for a @entity173 . SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised trials register, MEDLINE, and bibliographies of trial reports were searched. Date of the most recent search: October 2000. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials involving the use of nerve blocks as part of the care of a @entity173 @entity1 . DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality, by use of a nine item scale, and extracted data. Wherever appropriate, results of outcome measures were pooled. MAIN RESULTS: Seven randomised or quasi-randomised trials involving 269 @entity1 were included. Two trials related to insertion of a nerve block pre-operatively and the remaining five to peri-operative insertion. @entity616 resulted in a reduction of the quantity of parenteral or oral analgesia administered to control @entity158 from the @entity174 /operation or during surgery and a reduction in reported @entity158 levels. It was not possible to demonstrate if this reduction in analgesia use was associated with any other clinical benefit. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Because of the small number of @entity1 included in this review and the differing type of nerve blocks and timing of insertion, it is not possible to determine if nerve blocks confer any significant benefit when compared with other analgesic methods as part of the treatment of a @entity173 . Further trials with larger numbers of @entity1 and full reporting of clinical outcomes would be justified.

title: @entity616 (subcostal, lateral cutaneous, femoral, triple, psoas) for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity616 :: ('MESH:D006327', 'Disease') :: ['Nerve blocks']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fractures']


abstract: The following order of genes on the short arm of @entity1 chromosome 11 (11p) was determined previously: @entity461 ( @entity461 )-the beta-globin gene cluster (HBBC)- @entity8498 / @entity2690 . Although it is generally agreed that @entity8498 (formerly termed @entity8498 ) and the @entity2690 gene are close to each other [1-4 centimorgans (cM)], their order on chromosome 11p is still in question. We have now added three other genes, those for @entity2196 , calcitonin, and @entity2690 -like growth factor II ( @entity5100 ), to this map of chromosome 11p by use of restriction site polymorphisms adjacent to these genes in classical linkage analysis. Most importantly, we find no evidence of linkage between the @entity2196 and HBBC loci. In addition, our data indicate that the calcitonin gene is located between the @entity2196 gene and the @entity461 gene. Our best estimate of the distance between the @entity2196 and calcitonin gene is approximately 16 cM, while that between the calcitonin and @entity461 genes is approximately equal to 8 cM. In agreement, very loose linkage was found between the @entity2196 and @entity461 loci (approximately 26 cM). Since the @entity2196 locus has been mapped to 11p13, these data support the view that the @entity461 , HBBC, @entity8498 , and @entity2690 loci are located on the distal short arm of chromosome 11. The @entity5100 gene is tightly linked to both the @entity8498 oncogene and the @entity2690 gene since no recombinants were observed between the @entity5100 and the @entity8498 / @entity2690 loci. Thus, based on our linkage analysis we propose that the most likely gene order for the short arm of chromosome 11 is centromere- @entity2196 -calcitonin- @entity461 -HBBC- @entity8498 / @entity2690 -tel ome re and that the @entity5100 gene is very close to both the @entity8498 and the @entity2690 genes.

title: Linkage map of the short arm of XXXX chromosome 11: location of the genes for @entity2196 , calcitonin, and @entity2690 -like growth factor II.

entities_list: @entity461 :: ('5741', 'Gene') :: ['PTH', 'parathyroid hormone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review the clinical profile of @entity1 with @entity1581 presenting with @entity625 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on clinical, laboratory and imaging data of @entity1 who presented with @entity625 between May 2009 and April 2010 and were subsequently diagnosed as having @entity1581 . Six out of 630 @entity1 presenting with @entity625 were identified. The demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of these @entity1 were analyzed. The diagnosis of @entity1581 was based on protein electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy. The outcomes of the treatments were analyzed. RESULTS: Four patients had @entity1581 of unknown significance and two @entity1 had @entity1582 . Mean age of the @entity1 was 65  years (range 59-74). Three @entity1 presented with oligoarticular @entity625 , two with symmetrical @entity158 and one with fleeting @entity158 . Wrist and shoulder were the most commonly involved joints. Three @entity1 had @entity923 . Five @entity1 were seronegative for both rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. Mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was high in all @entity1 (range: 82-120  mm/h with a mean of 99.6  mm/h). @entity625 improved with chemotherapy in @entity1 with @entity1582 . CONCLUSION: Occurrence of @entity625 with @entity1581 is more than a chance association. @entity1581 should be ruled out in any elderly @entity1 presenting with atypical @entity625 with disproportionately high ESR, high @entity1011 and hyperglobulinemia.

title: @entity1581 presenting as XXXX : uncommon but important--a case series.

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory arthritis', 'arthritis', 'Arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1581 :: ('MESH:D010265', 'Disease') :: ['Plasma cell dyscrasias', 'monoclonal gammopathy', 'plasma dyscrasias', 'plasma cell dyscrasias']

entities_list: @entity1582 :: ('MESH:D009101', 'Disease') :: ['multiple myeloma']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['polyarticular joint pains', 'periarticular pains']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity923 :: ('MESH:D002349', 'Disease') :: ['carpal tunnel syndrome']

answer: @entity625 :: (MESH:D001168,Disease) :: ['inflammatory arthritis']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: We evaluate the effect of a modification of the University of California-Davis @entity542 Rule on the ability of the decision instrument for pediatric @entity542 to predict clinically important @entity1504 in an external cohort. METHODS: We analyzed data prospectively recorded in 1,666 pediatric @entity1 enrolled in the derivation set of the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study II (NEXUS II). Treating physicians at 21 emergency departments recorded the presence or absence of clinical predictors on all @entity1 who received a head computed tomography (CT) scan after experiencing blunt @entity542 . Predictors included 3 exact elements of the University of California-Davis Rule (abnormal mental status, signs of @entity174 , and scalp @entity1410 in @entity1 < or = 2 years of age), some with different wording, and 2 modified elements with new definitions (the presence of @entity391 or severe @entity10 , rather than any @entity391 or @entity10 ). RESULTS: A significant @entity1504 was identified by CT in 138 (8.3%) @entity1 . Sensitivity of the modified instrument to detect significant @entity1504 was 90.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85.4% to 95.4%); 13 @entity1 with such an injury were misclassified as low risk. Specificity of the modified instrument was 42.7% (95% CI 40.1% to 45.3%). CONCLUSION: In the NEXUS II cohort, a modified version of the University of California-Davis Rule misclassified a substantial proportion of pediatric @entity1 with clinically important blunt @entity542 . Although we cannot evaluate the exact University of California-Davis Rule, we demonstrate that using stricter definitions of " @entity10 " and " @entity391 " and different wording than in the original study may have unintended or negative consequences. We emphasize the importance of careful attention to precise definitions of clinical predictors when a decision instrument is used.

title: Evaluation of a modified prediction instrument to identify significant pediatric @entity1504 after blunt XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['skull fracture']

entities_list: @entity542 :: ('MESH:D006259', 'Disease') :: ['Pediatric Head Injury', 'head trauma', 'head injury']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting', 'high-risk vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial injury']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity542 :: (MESH:D006259,Disease) :: ['head trauma']


abstract: A non-solvent-refined oil, previously shown to produce @entity5 in a long-term skin painting assay and a positive result in the @entity19 skin nuclear enlargement test, was separated using @entity3440 gel elution techniques into eight fractions. Fraction 1, which contained saturated and 1-2 ring @entity10519 , was used to dilute the other fractions to produce solutions equivalent to and twice their original concentration in the intact oil. Fraction 1, diluted fractions 2-8, the reconstituted oil, the original oil and a negative control oil were examined for their ability to produce nuclear enlargement. The degree of nuclear enlargement observed with fraction 1 was considered to indicate marginal or no carcinogenic activity. With the fraction that contained 2-3 ring aromatic compounds, weak carcinogenic activity could not be ruled out but it is unlikely that these components played a major role in the carcinogenicity of the oil. The greatest activity was identified in the fraction containing the total 3/4-6 ring @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ) and further fractionation of this suggested that the parent 4-6 ring @entity2556 were responsible for more than half the activity of the intact oil, despite being present at only 0.06%. The fraction that contained polar compounds showed no activity. The reconstituted oil showed slightly less activity than the original oil. Other fractions, which contained alkylated @entity2556 , did not seem to have much activity. These findings, which are in close agreement with published evidence on @entity5 induction by fractions of oils and coal liquids, suggest that the components responsible for inducing nuclear enlargement are the same as those responsible for @entity1489 induction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Carcinogenic oil fractionation and nuclear enlargement in XXXX skin.

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity10519 :: ('MESH:D006841', 'Chemical') :: ['aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin tumour']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity688 ( @entity688 ) signaling genes are attractive @entity29 ( @entity29 ) candidate genes as @entity688 restricts intestinal @entity32 , @entity688 polymorphisms have been associated with @entity29 in genome-wide association studies, and mutations in @entity688 and @entity10772 ( @entity10772 ) genes have been reported in @entity465 @entity1 with severe @entity29 . Our objective was to determine if @entity10772 polymorphisms were associated with early-onset @entity29 (EO- @entity29 ) and very-early-onset @entity29 (VEO- @entity29 ). METHODS: Candidate-gene analysis of @entity10772 and @entity15061 was performed after initial sequencing of an infantile onset- @entity29 @entity1 identified a novel homozygous mutation. The discovery cohort included 188 EO- @entity29 subjects and 188 healthy subjects. Polymorphisms associated with @entity29 in the discovery cohort were genotyped in an independent validation cohort of 422 EO- @entity29 subjects and 480 healthy subjects. RESULTS: We identified a homozygous, splice-site point mutation in @entity10772 in an @entity29 @entity1 causing a premature stop codon ( @entity39976 ) and @entity688 insensitivity. @entity10772 and @entity15061 sequencing in the discovery cohort identified five @entity10772 polymorphisms associated with @entity31 ( @entity31 ) and two @entity15061 polymorphisms associated with @entity30 ( @entity30 ). Of these polymorphisms, two @entity10772 single nucleotide polymorphisms, @entity39977 and @entity35810 , were associated with VEO- @entity31 in the discovery cohort and replicated in an independent validation cohort (odds ratio [OR] 3.08, combined P = 2 x 10(-4); and OR 2.93, P = 6 x 10(-4), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We identified @entity10772 polymorphisms that confer risk for developing VEO- @entity31 . Additionally, we identified the first splice site mutation in @entity10772 resulting in @entity29 . This study expands the phenotype of @entity10772 polymorphisms to include both severe @entity625 and VEO- @entity31 .

title: XXXX polymorphisms are associated with very-early-onset @entity31 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'children']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['arthritis']

entities_list: @entity31 :: ('MESH:D003093', 'Disease') :: ['ulcerative colitis', 'UC']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['infantile-onset IBD', 'IBD', 'inflammatory bowel disease']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficient']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease", 'CD']

answer: @entity10772 :: (3587,Gene) :: ['IL-10R']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1697 are uncommon. Most of cases are secondary to @entity358 and the primary form is rare. EXEGESIS: We report the case of a 64 year-old @entity1 , smoker, presenting a chronic @entity1066 , with @entity448 and important weight loss. The biopsy of this @entity1066 showed @entity32 and Langhans type giant cells, without @entity39 . Ziehl-Nielsen stain was negative. @entity358 were subsequently detected (chest X-ray, CT-scan) and the disseminated @entity378 was confirmed by a positive culture with acid-fast bacilli in urine, blood, and pulmonary sample. Antituberculosis treatment resulted in the complete resolution of the oral lesion. CONCLUSION: Biopsy for histopathological diagnosis, acid-fast stains and culture, is essential to determine the exact nature of chronic oral ulceration to distinguish between oral malignancy, infectious (syphilis), traumatic, or aphthous ulcers. @entity378 of the tongue is a difficult diagnosis. However it should be searched for because treatment usually results in a rapid recovery.

title: [Lingual XXXX revealing disseminated @entity378 ].

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['granulomatous inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1697 :: ('MESH:D009062', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculous lesions of the oral cavity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1066 :: ('MESH:D014456', 'Disease') :: ['ulcer', 'ulcer of the tongue']

entities_list: @entity448 :: ('MESH:D000855', 'Disease') :: ['anorexia']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary disease', 'Pulmonary lesions']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['Tuberculosis', 'tuberculosis']

answer: @entity378 :: (MESH:D014376,Disease) :: ['tuberculosis']


abstract: The objectives of this study were to determine how quickly @entity1 who have an @entity510 are diagnosed and referred to a regional neurosurgical unit for assessment and management. We examined whether delayed diagnosis resulted in poorer management outcome and how such delays could and should be avoided. An in-depth analysis of pre-hospital and hospital management of 180 consecutive @entity1 with an @entity510 was carried out at the Wessex Neurological Centre, a regional neuro-surgical unit with a catchment population of 2.8 million @entity1 . One hundred and eighty @entity1 with a proven (computed tomography and/or lumbar puncture) @entity510 were studied. The main outcome measures were management of mortality and morbidity using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (three months to one year follow-up period). Of the 180 @entity1 , 136 were suitable for the study. Diagnosis was delayed in 69 (51%). In this group, failure to recognise this condition resulted in 45 @entity1 (65%) suffering a second or third @entity548 before being diagnosed. As a direct consequence of this delay significantly more @entity1 died or were severely disabled than those whose @entity548 was diagnosed without delay (chi 2 = 8.27, p < 0.005). Delays in diagnosis and transfer to a neurosurgical unit are largely avoidable.

title: 'Brain attack'-- XXXX : death due to delayed diagnosis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: In most of the reported series, almost half of the @entity2967 involved the knee region. The characteristics of the lesions were usually benign but often locally aggressive and easily recurrent @entity5 . Some surgeons performed intralesional excision combined with local adjunctive chemical coagulant, and bone grafting or @entity3677 cement packing. These methods could both decrease local recurrence and retain the function of joint. METHODS: From January, 1984 to December, 1994, a review was made of the results for eighteen @entity1 who had been managed consecutively at the Veterans General Hospital-Taipei for @entity2968 around the knee. Fourteen instances had occurred in the proximal tibia and four, in the distal femur. According to the classification of Campanacci, nine lesions were Stage II and nine, Stage III. Eleven @entity1 had been managed with intralesional excision of the @entity5 with local adjunctive application; the other seven had en bloc resection and reconstructive procedures. RESULTS: All @entity1 had been followed for a mean of fifty-six months (range 22 to 125 months). The overall recurrence rate was 11% (2/18). The intralesional excision had 18% (2/11) recurrence; there was no recurrence in the en bloc resection (0/7). The complication rate was 16% (4/18); 9% (1/11) for intralesional excision and 42% (3/7) for en bloc resection, respectively. The mean functional score was 28 points (range, 22 to 30) in the intralesional excision group and 21 points (range, 11 to 30) in the en bloc resection group. CONCLUSIONS: En bloc resection with reconstruction had a lower rate of recurrence, but a higher rate of complication and poor functional results. Intralesional excision, combined with a local adjunctive application and packed with bone grafting or @entity3677 cement, was an acceptably good method with satisfactory results, which either decreased local recurrence or retained the function of the joint.

title: XXXX around the knee.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2968 :: ('MESH:D018212', 'Disease') :: ['giant-cell tumor of bone']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity2967 :: ('MESH:D005870', 'Disease') :: ['giant-cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity3677 :: ('MESH:D020366', 'Chemical') :: ['methylmethacrylate']

answer: @entity2968 :: (MESH:D018212,Disease) :: ['Giant-cell tumor of bone']


abstract: PURPOSE: Chronic @entity2633 remains a treatment challenge. Traditional surgical treatments for @entity2633 involve variations of the classic Nirschl lateral release. Anatomic studies reveal that the posterior branch or branches of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm consistently innervate the lateral humeral epicondyle. We undertook the present study to determine the effectiveness of denervation of the lateral humeral epicondyle in treating chronic @entity2633 . METHODS: An institutional review board-approved prospective study included 30 elbows in 26 @entity1 . Inclusion criteria included failure to respond to nonoperative treatment for more than 6 months and improvement in grip strength and in @entity227 scale after diagnostic nerve block of the posterior branches of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm proximal to the lateral humeral epicondyle. We excluded @entity1 who had undergone previous surgery for @entity2633 . Outcome measures included @entity227 scale and grip strength testing. Denervation surgery involved identification and transection of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm branches with implantation into the triceps. The presence of @entity4542 was noted but did not affect inclusion criteria; if it was present, we did not correct it surgically. We used no postoperative splinting and permitted immediate return to activities of daily living. RESULTS: At a mean of 28 months of follow-up, the average visual analog scale score decreased from 7.9 to 1.9. Average grip strength with the elbow extended improved from 13 to 24 kg. A total of 80% of @entity1 had good or excellent results, as defined by an improvement of 5 or more points on the visual analog scale for @entity158 . CONCLUSIONS: Denervation of the lateral epicondyle was effective in relieving @entity158 in 80% of @entity1 with chronic @entity2633 who had a positive response to a local anesthetic block of the posterior branches of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm. @entity2850 must be evaluated as a confounding source of symptoms and may require additional treatment in @entity1 who fail to improve with denervation alone. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV.

title: Denervation of the lateral humeral epicondyle for treatment of chronic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual analog pain']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['Radial nerve compression syndromes']

entities_list: @entity2633 :: ('MESH:D013716', 'Disease') :: ['lateral epicondylitis']

entities_list: @entity4542 :: ('MESH:D020425', 'Disease') :: ['radial tunnel syndrome']

answer: @entity2633 :: (MESH:D013716,Disease) :: ['lateral epicondylitis']


abstract: This study systematically assesses the literature pertaining to the diagnostic test accuracy of assessment instruments to evaluate @entity1 following @entity173 surgery who present with @entity73 . A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Studies assessing the reliability, validity, sensitivity or specificity of assessment tools for @entity1 following @entity173 who were cognitively impaired were included. An assessment of published (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, AMED, Cochrane library, PEDro) and unpublished/trial registry (OpenGrey, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Current Controlled Trials, the UK National Research Register Archive) databases were undertaken. Methodological quality of the literature was assessed using the QUADAS-2 appraisal tool. Nine studies including 690 @entity1 , with a mean age of 82.1 years were included. The literature demonstrated a high risk of bias for study methodology, but low risk of bias for applicability. Two assessment domains were recognized: @entity158 and @entity933 . For @entity158 , the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and DOLOPLUS-2 tools possessed strong inter-rater reliability and internal consistency, with the FACS demonstrating concurrent validity with other @entity158 scales. For @entity933 , the Delirium Rating Scale-Revisited-98 (DRS-R-98) demonstrated high inter-rater reliability and sensitivity and specificity, with the NEECHAM Confusion Scale possessing high internal consistency. To conclude, there is a paucity of literature assessing the reliability, validity and diagnostic test accuracy of instruments to assess @entity1 with @entity73 following @entity173 surgery. Based on the current available data, @entity933 may be best assessed using the NEECHAM Confusion Scale or DRS-R-98. @entity158 is most accurately evaluated using the FACS.

title: Assessment of @entity1 with @entity73 and XXXX : a systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'people']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive impairment']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']


abstract: We previously have shown that chronic @entity2827 ( @entity1219 ) loading protects against @entity3143 -induced @entity810 ( @entity810 ) in @entity235 . To determine whether @entity1219 loading protects against an @entity63 model of @entity810 , unilateral @entity177 was produced by the infusion of @entity1063 (NE) into the renal artery of both saline-expanded (SE) and @entity457 ( @entity457 ) @entity235 (n = 7). The renal @entity1122 content (30 U/g kidney) of SE @entity235 was suppressed (P less than 0.001) compared to that of @entity457 @entity235 (132 +/- 18). Forty-eight hours after infusion of NE (1.5 microgram/kg per min X 100 min), inulin clearances from the infused kidney of SE (6 ml/min +/- 2) and @entity457 @entity235 (7 +/- 2) did not differ; in both groups, respective clearances from the noninfused kidney (43 ml/min +/- 3) and (36 +/- 5) also did not differ from each other. The present fall in renal blood flow to the infused kidney 48 hours after NE in SE (44%) and @entity457 @entity235 (38%) did not differ. Because of failure to demonstrate protection, a lower dose of NE (0.75 microgram/kg per min X 40 min) was infused into SE and @entity457 animals (n = 6). Forty-eight hours after low dose NE, inulin clearances of the infused kidney of SE (17 ml/min +/- 5) and @entity457 @entity235 (17 +/- 4) did not differ. Respective clearances in the noninfused kidney of SE (46 ml/min +/- 6) and @entity457 @entity235 (35 +/- 4) did not differ. Therefore, despite suppression of renal @entity1122 content, @entity1219 loading failed to protect against this @entity63 model of @entity810 . In conclusion, unlike @entity3143 -induced @entity810 , it is unlikely that the @entity1122 angiotensin system contributes to the pathogenesis of this @entity63 model of @entity810 .

title: Failure of chronic @entity2827 loading to protect against @entity1063 -induced @entity810 in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['oliguric renal failure']

entities_list: @entity457 :: ('MESH:D063425', 'Disease') :: ['water-drinking', 'WD']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['ARF', 'acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity2827 :: ('MESH:D012965', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium chloride']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

answer: @entity235 :: (9615,Species) :: ['dogs']


abstract: In order to investigate @entity32 and subsequent adaptation after ambient @entity1787 exposure, nasal lavage (NL) fluid was collected from 170 schoolchildren on 11 occasions (time points) between March and October. @entity11153 ( @entity11153 ), albumin and leukocytes were quantified as markers of @entity32 . The highest half-hour outdoor O3 concentration for each individual on the day prior to the NL was used as a measure of exposure (O3indiv). To avoid confounding with exposure to common environmental allergens, the study population was restricted to @entity1 without sensitization to inhalant allergens. In the initial period of increased O3 levels in May (time point 4), with a median O3indiv of 135 microg x m(-3) (5th-95th percentile 100-184 microg x m(-3)), the highest medians of all 11 leukocyte and @entity11153 measurements were observed. The highest O3indiv were observed in June at time point 7 (O3indiv 173 microg x m(-3), 5th-95th percentile 120-203 microg x m(-3)). Cross-sectional analysis of all 11 time points revealed no significant association of O3indiv on the one hand and @entity11153 , albumin and leukocyte levels on the other. A multivariable model estimated using generalized estimating equations showed a statistically significant association of O3indiv and leukocytes and @entity11153 as the dependent variable, when time points 1-4 were analysed (p<0.05). In the same model, this association diminished continuously when time points 5-11 were added stepwise, in spite of high O3 exposure. Not even a tendency towards an O3 effect could be recognized when time points 1-8 were considered. The results indicate: 1) acute @entity32 of the nasal mucosa after the first increase in ambient @entity1787 levels, with 2) a significant dose-dependent increase in leukocyte and @entity11153 levels, and 3) possible adaptation of the nasal mucosa in spite of constant high levels of @entity1787 exposure in @entity1 during the summer season.

title: Upper airway @entity32 in @entity1 exposed to ambient XXXX and potential signs of adaptation.

entities_list: @entity11153 :: ('6037', 'Gene') :: ['eosinophil cationic protein', 'Eosinophil cationic protein', 'ECP']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'nasal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

answer: @entity1787 :: (MESH:D010126,Chemical) :: ['ozone']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Surgery in @entity1 with @entity3883 caused by a periampullary (pancreas, @entity1829 , distal bile duct) @entity5 is associated with a higher risk of @entity260 than in non- @entity1087 @entity1 . Preoperative biliary drainage was introduced in an attempt to improve the general condition and thus reduce postoperative morbidity and mortality. Early studies showed a reduction in morbidity. However, more recently the focus has shifted towards the negative effects of drainage, such as an increase of infectious complications. Whether biliary drainage should always be performed in @entity1087 @entity1 remains controversial. The randomized controlled multicenter DROP-trial (DRainage vs. Operation) was conceived to compare the outcome of a 'preoperative biliary drainage strategy' (standard strategy) with that of an 'early-surgery' strategy, with respect to the incidence of severe complications (primary-outcome measure), hospital stay, number of invasive diagnostic tests, costs, and quality of life. METHODS/DESIGN: @entity1 with @entity3883 due to a @entity5 , eligible for exploration after staging with CT scan, and scheduled to undergo a "curative" resection, will be randomized to either "early surgical treatment" (within one week) or "preoperative biliary drainage" (for 4 weeks) and subsequent surgical treatment (standard treatment). Primary outcome measure is the percentage of severe complications up to 90 days after surgery. The sample size calculation is based on the equivalence design for the primary outcome measure. If equivalence is found, the comparison of the secondary outcomes will be essential in selecting the preferred strategy. Based on a 40% complication rate for early surgical treatment and 48% for preoperative drainage, equivalence is taken to be demonstrated if the percentage of severe complications with early surgical treatment is not more than 10% higher compared to standard treatment: preoperative biliary drainage. Accounting for a 10% dropout, 105 @entity1 are needed in each arm resulting in a study population of 210 (alpha = 0.95, beta = 0.8). DISCUSSION: The DROP-trial is a randomized controlled multicenter trial that will provide evidence whether or not preoperative biliary drainage is to be performed in @entity1 with @entity3883 due to a @entity5 .

title: Preoperative biliary drainage for @entity5 causing XXXX ; DRainage vs. (direct) OPeration (DROP-trial).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity1087 :: ('MESH:D007565', 'Disease') :: ['jaundiced']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'periampullary tumor']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

answer: @entity3883 :: (MESH:D041781,Disease) :: ['obstructive jaundice']


abstract: Elevated levels of postprandial @entity1674 -rich lipoproteins (ppTRLs) are atherogenic. @entity1 with @entity6 ( @entity6 ) have exaggerated @entity407 associated with elevation or prolonged residence of ppTRL remnants. We examined whether dietary @entity844 compositions (DFACs) decrease atherogenic lipid profiles in ppTRL subfractions in @entity6 Chinese @entity1 . A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted among 28 @entity6 @entity1 . @entity1 consumed 1 of 3 standardized DFAC-specific fat meals: equidominant (1:1:1), @entity5204 ( @entity5204 )-dominant ( @entity5204 -D, 1:1.7:2.3), or @entity8981 ( @entity8981 )-dominant ( @entity8981 -D, 1:1.7:1.2) meals. Numbers in parenthesis, respectively, represent the ratio of @entity1718 , @entity8981 , and @entity5204 to @entity1718 . The @entity8981 -D meal was the control. @entity1674 and @entity165 levels were measured in Svedberg flotation rate (S(f)) greater than 400, S(f) 60 to 400, S(f) 20 to 60, and S(f) 12 to 20 ppTRL subfractions at fasting (0 hour) and 2, 4, and 6 hours after the consumption of the fat meals. Effects of DFACs on mean concentrations of @entity1674 and @entity165 averaged over 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours in ppTRL subfractions were assessed using linear mixed models. Stability and robustness were validated with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Contrasted to the control, equidominant meal reduced 6-hour average @entity1674 levels in S(f) greater than 400 (P = .002, bootstrap P < .05) and S(f) 20 to 60 (P = .02, bootstrap P < .05) subfractions, and decreased average S(f) 20 to 60 @entity165 (P = .04, bootstrap P < .05); @entity5204 -D decreased S(f) greater than 400 average @entity1674 levels (P = .09, bootstrap P < .05). Bootstrap samples suggested that @entity5204 -D decreased average S(f) 20 to 60 @entity165 levels (bootstrap P < .05). Therefore, modifying DFACs attenuates the atherogenic lipid profile of ppTRLs in @entity6 @entity1 ; but increasing @entity5204 ratio may be more feasible.

title: Beneficial effects of designed dietary @entity844 compositions on lipids in XXXX -rich lipoproteins among Chinese @entity1 with @entity6 .

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['postprandial lipemia']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity5204 :: ('CHEBI:26208', 'Chemical') :: ['polyunsaturated fatty acid', 'PUFA']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['T2DM', 'type 2 diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol', 'triacylglycerols', 'Triacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity8981 :: ('CHEBI:25413', 'Chemical') :: ['MUFA', 'monounsaturated fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['saturated fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity1674 :: (MESH:D014280,Chemical) :: ['triacylglycerol']


abstract: A cross-sectional survey for seropositivity to @entity3993 of @entity1707 in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, was carried out in 1996 together with a standardized questionnaire on predetermined individual @entity1707 and household risk factors for porcine @entity281 . Serum samples from 697 @entity1707 were analysed by immunoblot for antibodies to @entity8785 @entity3993 and questionnaires from 227 households in 18 villages were collected. All the data were analysed using multivariate analytical techniques taking household clustering into account. The overall porcine seroprevalence in the area was found to be 29%. The most important risk factors for seropositivity in @entity1707 were presence versus absence of a toilet (adjusted odds ratio [adj. OR] 2.37, P = 0.005), crowded households (adj. OR 1.75, P = 0.034) and both corralling (adj. OR 2.14, P = 0.017) and letting @entity1707 loose (adj. OR 2.32, P = 0.035) versus tying them up. There was evidence of clustering at household level and that possible risk factors at municipal or village level may also interact with higher risk management practices such as allowing @entity1707 to run loose.

title: Investigation of risk factors for porcine XXXX @entity3993 : a multiple regression analysis of a cross-sectional study in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.

entities_list: @entity3993 :: ('MESH:D003551', 'Disease') :: ['cysticercosis']

entities_list: @entity8785 :: ('6204', 'Species') :: ['Taenia solium']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity8785 :: (6204,Species) :: ['Taenia solium']


abstract: The bactericidal action of three formulations of a @entity4279 (PVI) complex in vitro, in vivo, and in the presence of competing organic matter was evaluated. Bacterial organisms included @entity794 ATCC 25923 and 25 clinical isolates of Staph. aureus, designated KU 1-25. For the in vitro studies, 1.0 mL of bacterial inoculum containing 10(7) organisms was introduced into 9.0 mL of chemically stable 10% and 1% PVI formulations in sterile culture tubes, and 1.0-mL samples were withdrawn at set intervals. Samples were plated by using standard techniques and incubated for 24 hours, after which colony-forming units were counted. For in vivo studies, 0.1 mL of 10(6) Staph. aureus ATCC 25923 or KU inoculum was deposited on the dorsum of the hand of healthy @entity1 subjects. This area was wiped with a @entity2708 swab saturated with 1%, 2.5%, or 10% PVI formulations. Samples were taken at 15 and 30 seconds after application of the iodophor. To test the bactericidal activity of the three formulations in the presence of a competing substrate, a swab soaked with sterile @entity742 's blood was applied to the skin and allowed to dry. The percentage of 10(4) Staph. aureus inoculum recovered allowed for comparison of the three products. In vitro, the 1% PVI formulation was bactericidal for 10(7) Staph. aureus within two minutes, as compared with the four minutes required by 10% PVI. On the skin contaminated with 10(6) organisms, the rates of killing within 30 seconds were comparable for both solutions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: In vitro and in vivo bactericidal activities of 10%, 2.5%, and 1% XXXX solution.

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity4279 :: ('MESH:D011206', 'Chemical') :: ['povidone-iodine']

answer: @entity4279 :: (MESH:D011206,Chemical) :: ['povidone-iodine']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background: Obesity is a significant public health problem in the United States, and many studies have established @entity28 as a significant risk factor for @entity1204 . Surgery is the standard of care in staging and treatment of @entity1204 , and @entity28 may influence surgical outcomes because of its attendant comorbid conditions. Therefore, assessment of the impact of @entity28 on surgical outcome is important for decreasing morbidity and improving survival in @entity1 with @entity1204 . Objective: The aims of this research were to evaluate and review epidemiologic data systematically on the impact of @entity28 on surgical outcomes and to assess safety and feasibility of newer surgical techniques in @entity28 @entity1 . Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted to identify articles between 2004 and 2013 that focused on the impact of @entity28 on surgical outcome. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also used to identify other relevant articles. Thirteen relevant articles were reviewed. Results: Evidence from epidemiologic studies showed that @entity28 impacts surgical outcome adversely. On average, @entity28 @entity1 have worse surgical outcomes than their nonobese counterparts. In addition, surgical outcome worsens as level of @entity28 increases. However, surgical procedure also influences this association. Minimally invasive surgeries are more useful and are accompanied with fewer complications than conventional laparotomy and can be performed safely in @entity28 @entity1 . Conclusions: Obesity is a significant risk in the etiology, treatment, and surgical outcomes of @entity1 with @entity1204 . Future research will need more randomized controlled trials and prospective studies to identify the best procedures for maximal outcomes. (J GYNECOL SURG 32:149).

title: The Impact of Obesity on Surgical Outcome in XXXX @entity1 : A Systematic Review.

entities_list: @entity1204 :: ('MESH:D016889', 'Disease') :: ['endometrial cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity1204 :: (MESH:D016889,Disease) :: ['Endometrial Cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a staff sexuality training programme as a means of improving the rehabilitative management of client sexual health concerns after @entity16 . DESIGN: A prospective controlled pre- and posttest evaluation design with six-month follow-up. SUBJECTS: Seventy-four multidisciplinary rehabilitation and disability staff who attended a two-day workshop, and a control group of 25 staff members who did not receive the training. SETTING: Two workshops were held at major rehabilitation centres in the North and South Islands of New Zealand respectively. MAIN MEASURES: The Sex Attitude Scale, as well as three purpose-designed measures including an objective knowledge test, a self-rating inventory of skills and clinical activity, and a single-item measure of the degree of staff comfort. RESULTS: Workshop @entity1 showed significant increases in knowledge, skills and comfort comparing pre-to post-workshop scores. A number of these gains were maintained at the six-month follow-up. There was an associated increase in the level of reported staff activity in addressing @entity1 /client sexual health concerns in the six months to follow-up, compared to a similar time period preceding the workshop. In contrast, the control group had similar pre-workshop scores to the workshop @entity1 , but recorded no increase on the measures, or in their level of reported activity, at the six-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The programme showed initial promise as an effective intervention in upgrading the capacity of staff working in rehabilitation and disability agencies to address the sexual health concerns of their @entity1 /clients.

title: Improving the rehabilitative management of client sexual health concerns after XXXX : evaluation of a staff sexuality training programme in New Zealand.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological disability']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neurological disability']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Randomized Swedish studies demonstrate the efficacy of a 5-fraction course of preoperative radiotherapy for @entity189 . The present study evaluates the results in a single U.S. institution over a 20-year period with a similar regimen. METHODS AND MATERIALS: During the period of 1975-1995, 83 @entity1 received pelvic radiotherapy of 20 Gy/5 fractions, followed by immediate surgery for @entity5 . These @entity1 represented 21% of cases receiving preoperative treatment; the remainder received 45-50 Gy preoperatively. The 5-fraction course was used for lesions deemed readily resectable but too bulky for conservative endocavitary treatment. Since 1990, it has been our policy to administer postoperative chemotherapy to medically fit @entity1 who prove to have pathologic @entity5 . @entity1 characteristics including age (mean 65 years, range 23-90), gender (45% male), and location within the rectum were comparable to our previously reported cases that received 45 Gy/25 fractions preoperatively. However, the group selected for 5 fractions preoperatively had relatively fewer lesions that were tethered (20% vs. 61%), circumferential (11% vs. 20%), or near obstructing (1% vs. 16%). RESULTS: With a post treatment follow-up of 1-15 years (mean 4.7), there have been 3 local failures and 12 distant failures, with an actuarial local control of 95%, and disease-specific survival of 77% at 5 and 10 years. Grade > or = 3 perioperative or late @entity137 occurred in 11 cases (13%), including 3 (3.5%) late @entity1744 . @entity5 was found in 56% of the cases, 74% of which were free of disease at last follow-up. However, @entity1 with @entity5 that were significantly tethered or fixed had a 40% greater likelihood of recurring than similar stage lesions that were, at most, slightly tethered. Sphincter-preserving surgery was possible in 60% of the @entity1 . In recent years, postoperative chemotherapy has been administered to 16 @entity1 with @entity5 ; this has been well tolerated, with only 1 late @entity137 ( @entity2335 managed medically). When compared with a matched group of cases receiving conventionally fractionated preoperative radiation, there were no significant differences in perioperative morbidity and nonradiotherapeutic cost generating factors (length of hospital stay, duration of postoperative antibiotics, @entity190 at surgery). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with resectable @entity5 who received 20 Gy/5 fractions preoperative radiotherapy to the pelvis had excellent local and distant control of disease. These @entity1 were able to undergo sphincter-preserving surgery and postoperative chemotherapy. It would be of interest to conduct a randomized trial comparing short course with longer course (45 or 50 Gy) preoperative radiotherapy for resectable T3 lesions. The results of this study suggest that, in general, differences in @entity137 , local control, and disease-free survival would probably be < 10%. However, since the results of this study suggest that @entity1 with significantly @entity75 may be better served with the higher dose and longer duration course of radiation, clinical degree of fixation should be included as a stratification parameter, and stopping criteria should be included for @entity75 .

title: Five fractions of preoperative radiotherapy for selected cases of XXXX : long-term @entity5 control and tolerance to treatment.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Stage II or III disease', 'Stage II or III lesions', 'rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['tethered lesions']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['rectal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['bowel obstructions']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['rectal carcinoma']


abstract: @entity4148 is the term used to describe autonomic disturbances resulting from diseases of the peripheral autonomic nervous system. This is a group of disorders in which the small, lightly myelinated and unmyelinated autonomic nerve fibers are selectively targeted. Most often, @entity4148 occur in conjunction with a somatic @entity16 (i.e. with @entity425 ), but they can occur in isolation. Causes of @entity4148 are immune-mediated, paraneoplastic, infectious, @entity137 and drug-induced, hereditary, nutritional and idiopathic. Amongst all, @entity6 is the most common cause. Autonomic features, which involve the cardiovascular, @entity344 , occur in varying combination in these disorders. @entity551 is often the first recognized and most disabling symptom. Noninvasive, well-validated clinical tests of autonomic functions along with a host of laboratory tests are of immense value to diagnose the presence and to demonstrate the distribution of autonomic failure. Treatment aims to treat specific cause of the @entity4148 (if possible) and to control symptoms of @entity5433 . Present review attempts to outline clinical approach to a case of @entity1897 .

title: Approach to a case of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal, urogenital, sudomotor, and pupillomotor systems']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['motor weakness and/or sensory loss']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic peripheral neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity4148 :: ('MESH:D001342', 'Disease') :: ['Autonomic neuropathy', 'autonomic neuropathy', 'autonomic neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity5433 :: ('MESH:C563939', 'Disease') :: ['autonomic dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Orthostatic hypotension']

answer: @entity1897 :: (MESH:D010523,Disease) :: ['autonomic peripheral neuropathy']


abstract: We report a cased of a 68-year-old @entity1 with primary T-cell/histiocyte-rich @entity1892 (T/HRBCL) that arose in the trigeminal ganglion. He had a 30-year history of @entity309 and presented with progressive @entity158 that had started 3  weeks earlier. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an enhanced mass in the trigeminal ganglion and swelling of the distal part of the trigeminal root. The @entity5 , subtotally resected via the left anterior petrosal approach, was composed of proliferating @entity5823 - and CD79-positive atypical large polygonal cells with hyperchromatic single or multiple nuclei. CD3-positive small lymphoid cells and @entity469 -positive histiocytic cells were intermingled with the neoplastic cells. These findings were compatible with T/HRBCL. After whole-brain radiation, his @entity158 improved and he was discharged. Postoperatively, he developed @entity2896 . This is the first report of this rare type of @entity1892 arising from the trigeminal ganglion. We posit that his prolonged immunosuppressive treatment for @entity309 contributed to its development.

title: Primary T-cell/histiocyte-rich @entity1892 arising in the trigeminal ganglion in a @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity2896 :: ('MESH:D020434', 'Disease') :: ['transient left sixth nerve paresis']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial pain', 'left facial pain']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity309 :: (MESH:D001172,Disease) :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether @entity65 related to @entity28 could be modified by physical activity. DESIGN: Mortality follow-up. SETTING: Population study. @entity1 : @entity1 in a health survey: 34 868 @entity1 and 32 872 @entity1 free from known @entity65 or @entity6 at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total @entity65 . MAIN RESULTS: During 16 years of follow-up, 3026 @entity1 and 3526 @entity1 had died from cardiovascular causes. In middle age, @entity28 [body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher] was associated with increased risk of @entity65 , but the association weakened with age. After 70, there was no association between BMI and @entity65 . At all ages, a lower level of physical activity was associated with a higher @entity65 . In @entity1 with high physical activity, indicated by at least 30 min of moderate to vigorous activity more than once a week, @entity65 was only slightly higher in the @entity28 compared to lean @entity1 (adjusted relative risk, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-2.00). In @entity1 with high physical activity, @entity65 was, however, significantly higher among the @entity28 (relative risk, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.40). In both genders @entity65 was substantially higher in @entity28 @entity1 who reported no regular physical activity compared to @entity28 @entity1 with a high level of physical activity. CONCLUSION: In @entity28 @entity1 , being highly active may, to a large extent, compensate for the risk-increasing effect of being @entity28 , whereas in @entity28 @entity1 who engage in a high level of physical activity, the risk of @entity65 may be higher than in lean and equally active @entity1 .

title: Adiposity and physical activity as predictors of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Participants', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people', 'men']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular mortality', 'cardiovascular death', 'cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular mortality']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of partial surgical excision of enlarged lacrimal caruncles, termed megalocaruncles, in @entity1 with @entity9467 from functional lacrimal @entity3885 . DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. @entity1 : From May 1995 through December 1999, 88 @entity1 (46 @entity1 and 42 @entity1 ; mean age, 68 years) with @entity9467 , patent lacrimal drainage system on irrigation, and a megalocaruncle underwent a partial lacrimal carunculectomy procedure. In 26 @entity1 , a bilateral partial lacrimal carunculectomy was performed. INTERVENTION: Lacrimal caruncular tissue, with its overlying mucosa, was partially excised, and the wound was closed with interrupted sutures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Symptomatology and @entity1 satisfaction. RESULTS: After a partial lacrimal carunculectomy procedure, @entity9467 was subjectively improved in 77% of the @entity1 , ranging from complete relief in 33% to significant improvement in 44% of the @entity1 . Twenty-three percent of the @entity1 had no change in symptoms. The mean follow-up was 12.7 months. CONCLUSIONS: Megalocaruncles can be the cause of @entity9467 in @entity1 with functional lacrimal @entity3885 , for whom a partial lacrimal carunculectomy is an effective surgical procedure in 77% of the cases.

title: Partial lacrimal carunculectomy: a simple procedure for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3885 :: ('MESH:D008173', 'Disease') :: ['drainage obstruction']

answer: @entity9467 :: (MESH:D007766,Disease) :: ['epiphora']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There is still uncertainty regarding the best treatment optionfor @entity308 inpatients and the best strategy to follow if @entity1 response is insufficient. AIM: To compare the efficacy of @entity2645 and @entity3755 in @entity308 inpatients who subsequently received @entity1091 supplement in case of poor response. METHOD: After a drug-free period and four days of placebo use, @entity1 were randomised either to @entity2645 or to @entity3755 (phase 1); the antidepressant dosage was fixed according to a predetermined plasma level. The efficacy of the antidepressant was evaluated four weeks after the predetermined plasma level had been attained. If @entity1 response was inadequate, the antidepressant was augmented with @entity1091 (phase 2). @entity1 response to the @entity1091 addition was evaluated three weeks after an adequate @entity1091 level had been attained. RESULTS: The study involved 138 inpatients. At the end of phase 1, @entity2645 was found to be superior tofluvoxamine according to the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement. Remission was achieved by 6 (23%) @entity1 on @entity2645 and by 10 (15%) @entity1 on @entity3755 ; this difference was not statistically significant. At the end of phase 2, 41 (9%) @entity1 on @entity2645 and 27 (40%) @entity1 on @entity3755 achieved remission, this significant difference demonstrating the superiority of the @entity2645 strategy. CONCLUSION: @entity2645 with subsequent @entity1091 addition is superior to a similar strategy with @entity3755 .

title: [Comparison of the effectiveness of two treatment strategies in inpatients with a @entity308 . A double-blind study of XXXX followed by @entity1091 addition versus @entity3755 followed by @entity1091 addition].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity3755 :: ('MESH:D016666', 'Chemical') :: ['fluvoxamine']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['imipramine', 'Imipramine']

answer: @entity2645 :: (MESH:D007099,Chemical) :: ['imipramine']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Psychopathy is characterised by a postulated @entity51 , with @entity73 . Although studies have examined performance on laboratory tasks within incarcerated populations, there is a paucity of work exploring how subclinical @entity10420 traits translate into everyday social interactions. METHODS: The present study investigated this by screening 502 university students with the @entity10420 Inventory and comparing 20 high-scoring (10F; mean age   =   19.85 years) and 19 low-scoring (15F; mean age   =   21.00 years) @entity1 on their responses to the Social Strategy Task. This comprises social scenarios that each end with an awkward request posed by the main character. @entity1 provided verbal responses and rated the awkwardness of each situation. Verbal responses were classified into positive or negative social strategies, denoting the extent of compliance with requests. RESULTS: The groups were compared using analysis of variance and t-tests. The high @entity10420 trait group used fewer positive social strategies than the low group was less polite in emotional tone and perceived situations as less awkward. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are considered in relation to the postulated dissociation between @entity73 and @entity73 . The potential implications for clinical interventions are briefly discussed.

title: The influence of subclinical XXXX traits on responding to others' awkward requests.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['deficit in emotional empathy']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired emotional empathy', 'intact cognitive empathy']

entities_list: @entity10420 :: ('MESH:D000987', 'Disease') :: ['psychopathic', 'Psychopathic Personality']

answer: @entity10420 :: (MESH:D000987,Disease) :: ['psychopathic']


abstract: The author treated for prolonged periods 179 @entity1723 and II using an @entity2690 pump. The shortest period of treatment was 6 months, the longest three years. Treatment failed only in six @entity1 , i.e. in 3.3%, in all instances because they were incapable of adhering to the dietetic regime or to control the function of the pump. Complications had also mainly technical reasons, in 43 @entity1 the pump failed and had to be replaced. Indicators of metabolic compensation reached normal levels in 173 @entity1 and the @entity1674 and @entity165 blood levels declined significantly. @entity2480 was recorded in all @entity1 , hypoglycaemia with clinical symptoms only in 17 @entity1 . As to specific complications of @entity6 , @entity644 and @entity16 were influenced most favourably. Long-term treatment with an @entity2690 pump is useful in @entity1723 with metabolic lability and in @entity2175 where @entity353 is essential because of @entity2690 resistance. So far the effectiveness of treatment with a pump to suppress permanently progression of specific complications is controversial.

title: [Long-term therapy with the XXXX pump].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity2175 :: ('MESH:D003924', 'Disease') :: ['obese type II diabetics']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight reduction']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triacylglycerol']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['type I diabetes', 'diabetics type I']

entities_list: @entity2480 :: ('MESH:D007757', 'Disease') :: ['Laboratory hypoglycaemia']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity2690 :: (3630,Gene) :: ['insulin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Opioid prescribing for noncancer @entity158 has increased dramatically. We examined whether the prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles, @entity458 , health care utilization, and co-prescribing of sedative-hypnotics increased with increasing duration of prescription opioid use. METHODS: We analyzed electronic data for 6 months before and after an index visit for @entity615 in a managed care plan. Use of opioids was characterized as "none," "acute" ( <=90 days), "episodic," or "long term." Associations with lifestyle factors, @entity458 , and utilization were adjusted for demographics and comorbidity. RESULTS: There were 26,014 eligible @entity1 . Of these, 61% received a course of opioids, and 19% were long-term users. Psychologic distress, unhealthy lifestyles, and utilization were associated incrementally with duration of opioid prescription, not just with chronic use. Among long-term opioid users, 59% received only short-acting drugs; 39% received both long- and short-acting drugs; and 44% received a sedative-hypnotic. Of those with any opioid use, 36% had an emergency visit. CONCLUSIONS: Prescription of opioids was common among @entity1 with @entity615 . The prevalence of @entity458 , unhealthy lifestyles, and health care utilization increased incrementally with duration of use. Coprescribing sedative-hypnotics was common. These data may help in predicting long-term opioid use and improving the safety of opioid prescribing.

title: Opioids for XXXX @entity1 : primary care prescribing patterns and use of services.

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['back pain']

entities_list: @entity458 :: ('MESH:D020018', 'Disease') :: ['psychologic distress']

answer: @entity615 :: (MESH:D001416,Disease) :: ['back pain']