abstract: BACKGROUND: Optimal positive end-expiratory pressure ( @entity9239 ) is an important component of adequate mechanical ventilation in @entity647 and @entity649 ( @entity649 ). In the present study we tested the effect on gastric intramucosal pH of incremental increases in @entity9239 level (i.e. @entity9239 titration) to improve oxygenation in @entity649 . Seventeen consecutive @entity1 with @entity649 , as defined by consensus criteria, were included in this clinical, prospective study. All @entity1 were haemodynamically stable, and were not receiving vasopressors. From an initial level of 5 cm @entity2507 , @entity9239 was titrated at 2 cm @entity2507 increments until the partial arterial @entity26 tension was 300 mmHg or greater, peak airway pressure was 45 cm @entity2507 or greater, or mean arterial blood pressure decreased by 20% or more of the baseline value. Optimal @entity9239 was defined as the level of @entity9239 that achieved the best oxygenation. The maximum @entity9239 was the highest @entity9239 level reached during titration in each @entity1 . RESULTS: @entity356 was measured using gastric tonometry at all levels of @entity9239 . The thermodilution technique was used for measurement of cardiac index. @entity356 was similar at baseline and at optimal @entity9239 levels, but it was slightly reduced at maximum @entity9239 . Cardiac index and @entity26 delivery remained stable at all @entity9239 levels. CONCLUSION: Incremental titration of @entity9239 based on improvement in oxygenation does not decrease gastric intramucosal perfusion when cardiac output is preserved in @entity1 with @entity649 .

title: Gastric intramucosal pH is stable during titration of positive end-expiratory pressure to improve oxygenation in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['Gastric mucosal pH']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity649 :: (MESH:D012128,Disease) :: ['acute respiratory distress syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Scoring systems that predict mortality do not necessarily predict prolonged length of stay or costs in the intensive care unit (ICU). Knowledge of characteristics predicting @entity1162 stay would be helpful, particularly if some factors could be modified. Such factors might include process of care, including active involvement of full-time ICU physicians and length of hospital stay before ICU admission. DESIGN: Demographic data, clinical diagnosis at ICU admission, Simplified Acute Physiology Score, and organizational characteristics were examined by logistic regression for their effect on ICU and hospital length of stay and @entity353 ( @entity353 ), a proxy for high cost of care. SETTING: A total of 34 ICUs at 27 hospitals participating in Project IMPACT during 1998. @entity1 : A total of 10,900 critically ill medical, surgical, and @entity130 @entity1 qualifying for Simplified Acute Physiology Score assessment. INTERVENTIONS: None. RESULTS: Overall, 9.8% of @entity1 had excess @entity353 , but the percentage varied by diagnosis. Factors predicting high @entity353 include Simplified Acute Physiology Score survival probability, age of 40 to 80 yrs, presence of @entity281 or mechanical ventilation 24 hrs after admission, male sex, emergency surgery, @entity130 , presence of critical care fellows, and prolonged pre-ICU hospital stay. Mechanical ventilation at 24 hrs predicts high @entity353 across diagnostic categories, with a relative risk of between 2.4 and 12.9. Factors protecting against high @entity353 include do-not-resuscitate order at admission, presence of @entity772 24 hrs after admission, and active involvement of full-time ICU physicians. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1 with high @entity353 , and thus high costs, can be identified early. Severity of @entity221 only partially explains high @entity353 . Age is less important as a predictor of high @entity353 than presence of @entity281 or ventilator dependency at 24 hrs. Both long ward stays before ICU admission and lack of full-time ICU physician involvement in care increase the probability of long ICU stays. These latter two factors are potentially modifiable and deserve prospective study.

title: Early indicators of prolonged intensive care unit stay: impact of XXXX severity, physician staffing, and pre-intensive care unit length of stay.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['WHD', 'weighted hospital days']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged ICU']

answer: @entity221 :: (MESH:D005334,Disease) :: ['illness']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Stonefish, belonging to the genus Synanceia and classified under the Synanceiidae family, are commonly found in the shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region and are considered the most dangerous and venomous of this family. The aim of the study was to describe the presenting features, clinical course and current management of this series of @entity1 with stonefish @entity5900 presenting to a tertiary general hospital in Singapore. METHODS: Data involving stonefish stings was retrospectively retrieved from the Singapore General Hospital Accident _ Emergency Emerge Version 3.7.6 database from October 2004 to September 2006. Information, such as the @entity1 ' demographics, date and location of the incident, identity of the fish, local or systemic effects, @entity158 score (upon arrival and after treatment), investigations and treatment as well as the outcome of the @entity1 , were evaluated. RESULTS: 30 cases were identified. The median age of the @entity1 was 28 years. The majority of @entity1 were male (80 percent) and 47 percent of cases were foreign nationals. Most incidences occurred on weekends/public holidays (77 percent), with November having the highest number of cases (seven cases). The majority of cases (80 percent) arrived at the hospital within two hours of @entity5900 . Symptoms included @entity158 , @entity4 and redness of the affected limbs. 24 (80 percent) @entity1 received hot water soak treatment and 27 (90 percent) @entity1 received either intramuscular @entity6882 or @entity3522 for analgesia, where nine @entity1 (33 percent) required additional analgesics after a period of observation. 17 @entity1 (58 percent) were treated and discharged, eight (26 percent) were referred to a specialist for follow-up and five (16 percent) were admitted for an average of three days. 13 out of 25 @entity1 (52 percent) were discharged with antibiotics. One case complained of persistent @entity158 and @entity1931 five months post- @entity5900 . One @entity1 required surgical intervention. No deaths and systemic symptoms were reported. CONCLUSION: Cases of stonefish @entity5900 that presented to our hospital showed that the majority of @entity1 were young male adults. Stonefish @entity5900 , though it rarely kills, can cause @entity158 , @entity4 and erythema, which can be managed with symptomatic treatment.

title: Stonefish XXXX presenting to a Singapore hospital.

entities_list: @entity1931 :: ('MESH:D006930', 'Disease') :: ['hyperalgesia']

entities_list: @entity3522 :: ('MESH:D004008', 'Chemical') :: ['diclofenac']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['swelling']

entities_list: @entity6882 :: ('MESH:D008614', 'Chemical') :: ['pethidine']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'extreme pain']

entities_list: @entity5900 :: ('MESH:D012909', 'Disease') :: ['envenomation']

answer: @entity5900 :: (MESH:D012909,Disease) :: ['envenomation']


abstract: It was shown previously [Riedinger, H. J., van Betteraey-Nikoleit, M _ Probst, H. (2002) Eur. J. Biochem.269, 2383-2393] that initiation of in vivo SV40 DNA replication is reversibly suppressed by @entity519 in a state where viral minichromosomes exhibit a nearly complete set of replication proteins. Reoxygenation triggers fast completion and post-translational modifications. Trying to reveal such fast changes of chromatin-bound replication proteins in the much more complex replication of the cellular genome itself, we developed a protocol to extend these studies using the @entity1 @entity150 cell line T24, which was presynchronized in G1 by starvation. Concomitantly with stimulation of the cells by medium renewal, @entity519 was established. This treatment induced @entity1 cells to contain a large amount of replicons arrested in the ' @entity519 preinitiation state', ready to initiate replication as soon as normal @entity4095 was restored. Replicons in other stages of replicative activity were not detectable. Consequently the arrested replicons were rapidly released into synchronous initiation and succeeding elongation. Extraction of T24 nuclei with a Triton X-100 buffer yielded a fraction containing the cellular chromatin, including DNA-bound replication proteins, while unbound proteins were removed. The usefulness of this protocol was tested by the proliferation marker PCNA. We demonstrate here that this protein switches from the remainder cellular protein pool into the Triton-extracted nuclear fraction upon reoxygenation. Employing this protocol, analyses of chromatin-bound @entity9965 , @entity10360 , @entity22733 and @entity15308 suggests that the 'classical' prereplication complex is already formed during @entity519 .

title: Analyzing changes of chromatin-bound replication proteins occurring in response to and after release from a hypoxic block of replicon initiation in XXXX cells.

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxic', 'hypoxia']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['T24']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The majority of @entity1 with @entity1149 have inoperable disease that is already too advanced for radical treatment at the initial diagnosis. But @entity1 who suffer from symptoms caused by @entity5 often require palliative treatment to relieve the symptoms. We investigated, retrospectively, the outcome of short-course palliative radiotherapy for airway @entity850 in @entity1149 . METHODS: Between October 1997 and June 2001, 24 @entity1 were treated by palliative radiotherapy to relieve airway @entity850 caused by @entity5 . The short-course radiotherapy consisted of a total dose of 30 Gy given in ten fractions over 2 weeks. The effect of treatment was assessed by improvement of radiographic findings. The duration of palliation and this duration as a percentage of the remaining survival time were also investigated. RESULTS: Palliation of airway @entity850 was achieved in 13 (54.2%) @entity1 . The time until palliation was achieved ranged from 11 to 44 days (median, 24 days). The duration of palliation ranged from 44 to 351 days (median, 116 days). In the palliated @entity1 , the median survival time was 192 days, while that of the non-responders was 43 days. The duration of palliation as a percentage of the remaining lifetime ranged from 41% to 96% (median, 66%). CONCLUSIONS: Short-course palliative radiotherapy of 30 Gy in ten fractions over 2 weeks achieved good palliation without severe acute @entity137 in over half of the @entity1 . It is suggested that, in the palliated @entity1 , the airway can be, potentially, maintained over the long term.

title: Short-course palliative radiotherapy for airway XXXX in @entity1149 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['intrathoracic tumor']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stenosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although corticosteroids are highly effective in improving symptoms of @entity30 , they may have substantial @entity137 . In some @entity1 , attempts to discontinue corticosteroids are unsuccessful. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study of weekly injections of @entity1499 in @entity1 who had chronically active @entity30 despite a minimum of three months of @entity229 therapy. @entity1 were randomly assigned to treatment with intramuscular @entity1499 (25 mg once weekly) or placebo for 16 weeks. The @entity1 also received @entity229 (20 mg once a day), which was tapered over 10 weeks unless their condition worsened. The primary outcome measure was clinical remission at the end of the 16-week trial. Remission was defined by the discontinuation of @entity229 and a score of < or = 150 points on the @entity30 Activity Index. RESULTS: A total of 141 @entity1 were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to @entity1499 (94 @entity1 ) or placebo (47 @entity1 ). After 16 weeks, 37 @entity1 (39.4 percent) were in clinical remission in the @entity1499 group, as compared with 9 @entity1 (19.1 percent) in the placebo group (P = 0.025; relative risk, 1.95; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.09 to 3.48). The @entity1 in the @entity1499 group received less @entity229 overall than those in the placebo group (P = 0.026). The mean (+/- SE) score on the @entity30 Activity Index after 16 weeks of treatment was significantly lower in the @entity1499 group (162 +/- 12) than in the placebo group (204 +/- 17, P = 0.002). The changes in quality-of-life scores and serum orosomucoid concentrations were similar. In the @entity1499 group, 16 @entity1 (17 percent) withdrew from treatment because of adverse events (including asymptomatic elevation of serum aminotransferase in 7 and @entity390 in 6), as compared with 1 @entity1 (2 percent) in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: In a group of @entity1 with chronically active @entity30 , @entity1499 was more effective than placebo in improving symptoms and reducing requirements for @entity229 .

title: XXXX for the treatment of @entity30 . The North American @entity30 Study Group Investigators.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity229 :: ('MESH:D011241', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisone']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's Disease", "Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['Methotrexate']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1760 's effect on @entity460 ion concentrations may attenuate @entity296 . The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effects on the recovery of myocardial function of initial reperfusion with varying @entity1025 concentrations following @entity1167 . METHODS: Isolated @entity840 hearts underwent 3.5 hours of @entity1167 in St. Thomas @entity580 (STH) or Bretschneider HTK solution (HTK) at 24 degrees C. Control hearts were reperfused with normal Krebs-Henseleit solution (KHS). In the therapy groups, hearts were initially reperfused with 5, 10, or 20 mM @entity1025 for 15 minutes, followed by 30 minutes of perfusion with KHS. RESULTS: During initial reperfusion, elevated @entity1025 concentrations markedly reduced rate-pressure product, dP/dt and O 2 demand. Release of LDH and CK was reduced in the therapy groups pretreated with Bretschneider HTK. After @entity1025 washout, left ventricular function recovery and compliance was improved after HTK but not after STH cardioplegia. Following both STH and HTK cardioplegia, @entity1025 reperfusion reduced reperfusion @entity943 . CONCLUSIONS: The combination of HTK cardioplegia with 15 min initial @entity1025 (5 and 10 mM, but not 20 mM) reperfusion was clearly superior to HTK followed by immediate Krebs-Henseleit reperfusion as well as STH cardioplegia with or without initial @entity1025 reperfusion. The high @entity1025 concentrations in the STH solution might mask beneficial effects of @entity1025 reperfusion.

title: Initial reperfusion with XXXX after @entity1167 attenuates @entity296 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardioplegic arrest']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['Hospital II solution']

entities_list: @entity1760 :: ('MESH:D008274', 'Chemical') :: ['Magnesium']

answer: @entity1760 :: (MESH:D008274,Chemical) :: ['magnesium']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Apoptosis is a mechanism for deletion of injured or obsolete cells that is distinct from @entity39 and mediated by mitochondrial release of @entity12508 caspase activation. Because @entity296 is a part of normal fetal and postnatal maturation, we hypothesize that neonatal myocardium is more vulnerable to undergo @entity296 than mature myocardium after @entity1167 . METHODS: Newborn and mature @entity742 (n = 5 in each group) underwent cardiopulmonary bypass, antegrade crystalloid hyperkalemic @entity1167 for 60 minutes, and a 6-hour recovery period. Myocardium was examined by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity9342 - @entity1859 nick end labeling (TUNEL), Western blotting, in vitro kinase assays, and fluorometric assays of the activity of caspases 3, 8, and 9. Myocardium from nonoperated control subjects (n = 5 in each age group) was also obtained. RESULTS: More TUNEL-positive nuclei were present in the newborn @entity1562 (P =.04). @entity40794 , 8, and 9 activities were 1.6-fold, 1.5-fold, and 1.4-fold greater in the newborn @entity1562 (P =.04, P =.01, and P =.01, respectively). The @entity5365 / @entity5364 ratio was @entity21130 (P =.04). Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 activity and cleaved @entity40794 levels were @entity21130 (P =.02 and P =.009). Mitochondrial release of @entity12508 was greater in the newborn @entity1562 (P =.009). CONCLUSIONS: The increased @entity5365 / @entity5364 ratio in the newborn myocardium suggests a proapoptotic state that is manifested by greater TUNEL staining, @entity12508 release, and cleavage of @entity40794 . Increased apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 activity suggests greater oxidative stress, immature mechanisms to ameliorate oxidative stress, or both in the neonatal myocardium. Mitochondrial release of @entity12508 suggests that apoptosis-related @entity2383 might contribute to early postoperative @entity296 in the neonate.

title: Neonatal vulnerability to ischemia and reperfusion: XXXX causes greater @entity296 in neonatal @entity742 than in mature @entity742 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial apoptosis', 'myocardial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1859 :: ('MESH:D004076', 'Chemical') :: ['digoxigenin']

entities_list: @entity21130 :: ('MESH:D006475', 'Disease') :: ['higher in the newborn postcardioplegic myocardium']

entities_list: @entity1562 :: ('MESH:D017682', 'Disease') :: ['postcardioplegic myocardium']

entities_list: @entity9342 :: ('MESH:C027078', 'Chemical') :: ['deoxyuridine triphosphate']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial dysfunction']

answer: @entity1167 :: (MESH:D006323,Disease) :: ['Cardioplegic arrest']


abstract: Herpes vector has been widely used for experimental gene therapy. We herein review the strategies of such therapy for the treatment of @entity3484 . Most experimental studies of genetically altered viruses have employed replication-incompetent vectors. However, such viruses are unable to infect additional cells subsequent to the initial infection event. Therefore, this strategy has relied heavily on the bystander effect because a large number of noninfected @entity5 cells remain. Conditionally replicating herpes vector G207 has been developed in order to overcome potential problems of safety and @entity5 specificity for @entity1 use. It has been used to treat malignant @entity1313 because of its neural tropism. In the last few years, applications of G207 for @entity5 have been reported. Because G207 may be useful for the treatment of urologic @entity5 , we evaluated the antitumor effect against several types of @entity5 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that G207 may be applicable for the treatment of urologic @entity5 .

title: Application of conditionally replicating herpes vector for gene therapy treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3484 :: ('MESH:D014571', 'Disease') :: ['urologic neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['non-neural tumors', 'tumor', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

answer: @entity3484 :: (MESH:D014571,Disease) :: ['urologic neoplasms']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity4056 ( @entity4056 ) are often detected after they have become metastatic. Using a novel protein array, we identified pathways important in SI-NET @entity3 development in surgically resected @entity1 . METHODS: Paired @entity5 and liver @entity3 from 25 @entity1 undergoing surgical resection for metastatic @entity4056 were harvested. Extracted proteins were separated by @entity3208 gel and multiplex immunoblots were performed with 136 antibodies. Significant Analysis of Microarray was used to select for differentially expressed proteins. A tissue microarray was constructed from 27 archived specimens and stained by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Comparing primary @entity4056 with matched normal small-bowel mucosa, 9 proteins were upregulated and cyclin E was downregulated. The SI-NET liver @entity3 demonstrated upregulation of P-ERK and @entity993 but downregulation of @entity15308 and @entity8188 . When comparing primary SI-NET with their paired liver @entity3 , cyclin E demonstrated a significant upregulation in the liver @entity3 . Tissue microarray demonstrated higher @entity1435 expression and lower @entity8188 expression in @entity4056 versus liver @entity3 and confirmed higher expression of @entity993 in liver @entity3 versus normal liver. CONCLUSIONS: Few studies have compared protein expression in paired primary and metastatic @entity4056 . Our findings reveal changes in a limited number of proteins, suggesting that these may be targets for therapy.

title: Differential Protein Expression in XXXX and Liver Metastases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3208 :: ('MESH:D012967', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium dodecyl sulfate']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['primary tumors']

entities_list: @entity4056 :: ('MESH:D007414', 'Disease') :: ['Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors', 'SI-NETs']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

answer: @entity4056 :: (MESH:D007414,Disease) :: ['Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors']


abstract: A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus, first detected in January 2014 in poultry and wild birds in South Korea, has spread throughout Asia and Europe and caused outbreaks in Canada and the United States by the end of the year. The spread of H5N8 and the novel reassortant viruses, H5N2 and H5N1 (H5Nx), in domestic poultry across multiple states in the United States pose a potential public health risk. To evaluate the potential of cross-species @entity281 , we determined the pathogenicity and transmissibility of two Asian-origin H5Nx viruses in @entity1 animal models. The newly isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses were able to cause severe disease in @entity19 only at high doses. Both viruses replicated efficiently in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of ferrets; however, the clinical symptoms were generally mild, and there was no evidence of @entity778 to multiple organs. Moreover, these influenza H5Nx viruses lacked the ability to transmit between ferrets in a direct contact setting. We further assessed viral replication kinetics of the novel H5Nx viruses in a @entity1 bronchial epithelium cell line, Calu-3. Both H5Nx viruses replicated to a level comparable to a @entity1 seasonal H1N1 virus, but significantly lower than a virulent @entity778 . Although the recently isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses displayed moderate pathogenicity in @entity1 models, their ability to rapidly spread among avian species, reassort, and generate novel strains underscores the need for continued risk assessment in mammals. IMPORTANCE: In 2015, highly pathogenic @entity1323 viruses have caused outbreaks in domestic poultry in multiple U.S. states. The economic losses incurred with @entity778 have raised serious concerns for the poultry industry and the general public due to the potential risk of @entity1 @entity281 . This recent outbreak underscores the need to better understand the pathogenesis and transmission of these viruses in mammals, which is an essential component of pandemic risk assessment. This study demonstrates that the newly isolated H5N2 and H5N8 viruses lacked the ability to transmit between ferrets and exhibited low to moderate virulence in mammals. In @entity1 bronchial epithelial ( @entity1 ) cells, both H5N8 and H5N2 viruses replicated to a level comparable to a @entity1 seasonal virus, but significantly lower than a virulent Asian-lineage H5N1 (A/Thailand/16/2004) virus. The results of this study are important for the evaluation of public health risk.

title: Pathogenesis and Transmission of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N2 and H5N8 Viruses in Ferrets and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'human', 'Calu-3']

entities_list: @entity778 :: ('MESH:D015658', 'Disease') :: ['H5N8 and H5N2 subtype virus infection', 'Asian-lineage H5N1 HPAI virus', 'systemic dissemination of virus']

entities_list: @entity1323 :: ('MESH:D005585', 'Disease') :: ['avian influenza (HPAI) H5']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mice']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1 undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are at risk for life-threatening @entity1800 . @entity7076 is often used first-line for @entity9504 , despite the absence of randomized controlled trials in HSCT @entity1 , and as a second-line agent for resistant herpesvirus infections. The frequency and severity of adverse effects, particularly nephrotoxicity, in pediatric HSCT recipients is unclear, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of @entity7076 in @entity1 have not previously been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an open-label, non-randomized, single-dose pilot study to determine the safety and PK of @entity7076 in pediatric HSCT recipients with symptomatic @entity9504 , @entity2353 -resistant @entity2834 or HSV, and/or @entity1 papovavirus infections. Subsequent dosing and frequency was determined by clinical response and side effects, as assessed by the treating physician. @entity1 had blood and urine samples obtained for PK- studies, assessment of @entity137 , and virologic response. RESULTS: Twelve @entity1 were enrolled (median 9 years; 33.5 days post-transplant). 4/7 @entity1 with @entity9504 were successfully treated and eventually cleared their infections. 4/12 @entity1 died of disseminated @entity1800 and @entity881 . 2/12 had evidence of @entity810 after the first dose and one of these developed @entity740 ; two other @entity1 developed late nephrotoxicity. Mean drug half-life was 9.5 hours. There was no correlation between nephrotoxicity and plasma maximum concentration, clearance, or half-life. DISCUSSION: PK was similar to those reported in adults, although drug half-life was significantly longer. @entity7076 was well-tolerated in the majority of @entity1 . However, effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to support @entity1 until immune reconstitution.

title: Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Intravenous XXXX for Life-Threatening @entity1800 in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'human', 'patients', 'Patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity9504 :: ('MESH:D000257', 'Disease') :: ['adenovirus']

entities_list: @entity2353 :: ('CHEBI:33838', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleoside']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity881 :: ('MESH:D009102', 'Disease') :: ['multi-organ failure']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections', 'viral disease']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute kidney injury']

entities_list: @entity7076 :: ('MESH:C059262', 'Chemical') :: ['cidofovir', 'Cidofovir']

answer: @entity7076 :: (MESH:C059262,Chemical) :: ['Cidofovir']


abstract: This review summarizes the published literature on the presence of @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ) in indoor air, settled house dust, and food, and highlights geographical and temporal trends in indoor @entity2556 contamination. In both indoor air and dust,   @entity2556 concentrations in North America have decreased over the past 30 years with a halving time of 6.7  1.9years in indoor air and 5.0  2.3 years in indoor dust. In contrast, indoor @entity2556 concentrations in Asia have remained steady. Concentrations of   @entity2556 in indoor air are significantly (p<0.01) higher in Asia than North America. In studies recording both vapor and particulate phases, the global average concentration in indoor air of   @entity2556 excluding @entity12683 is between 7 and 14,300 ng/m(3). Over a similar period, the average   @entity2556 concentration in house dust ranges between 127 to 115,817ng/g. Indoor/outdoor ratios of atmospheric concentrations of   @entity2556 have declined globally with a half-life of 6.3  2.3 years. While indoor/outdoor ratios for @entity3014 @entity137 equivalents (BaPeq) declined in North America with a half-life of 12.2  3.2 years, no significant decline was observed when data from all regions were considered. Comparison of the global database, revealed that I/O ratios for   @entity2556 (average=4.3  1.3), exceeded significantly those of BaPeq (average=1.7  0.4) in the same samples. The significant decline in global I/O ratios suggests that indoor sources of @entity2556 have been controlled more effectively than outdoor sources. Moreover, the significantly higher I/O ratios for   @entity2556 compared to BaPeq, imply that indoor sources of @entity2556 emit proportionally more of the less carcinogenic @entity2556 than outdoor sources. Dietary exposure to @entity2556 ranges from 137 to 55,000 ng/day. Definitive spatiotemporal trends in dietary exposure were precluded due to relatively small number of relevant studies. However, although reported in only one study, @entity2556 concentrations in Chinese diets exceeded those in diet from other parts of the world, a pattern consistent with the spatial trends observed for concentrations of @entity2556 in indoor air. Evaluation of @entity1 exposure to   @entity2556 via inhalation, dust and diet ingestion, suggests that while intake via diet and inhalation exceeds that via dust ingestion; all three pathways contribute and merit continued assessment.

title: Spatiotemporal analysis and XXXX exposure assessment on @entity2555 in indoor air, settled house dust, and diet: A review.

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity12683 :: ('MESH:C031721', 'Chemical') :: ['naphthalene']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: It is hypothesized that targeting stable cellular factors involved in viral replication instead of viral-specific proteins may raise the barrier for development of resistant mutants, which is especially important for highly adaptable small (+)RNA viruses. However, contrary to this assumption, the accumulated evidence shows that these viruses easily generate mutants resistant to the inhibitors of cellular proteins at least in some systems. Here we investigated the development of @entity9925 resistance to brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of the cellular protein @entity66002 , a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small cellular GTPases Arf. We found that while resistant viruses can be easily selected in HeLa cells, they do not emerge in Vero cells, in spite that in the absence of the drug both cultures support robust virus replication. Our data show that the viral replication is much more resilient to BFA than functioning of the cellular secretory pathway, suggesting that the role of @entity66002 in the viral replication is independent of its Arf activating function. We demonstrate that the level of recruitment of @entity66002 to the replication complexes limits the establishment and expression of BFA-resistance phenotype in both HeLa and Vero cells. Moreover, BFA-resistant phenotype of @entity9925 mutants is also cell type-dependent in different cells of @entity1 origin and results in @entity410 in the form of reduced efficiency of RNA replication in the absence of the drug. Thus rational approach to development of host-targeting antivirals may overcome the superior adaptability of (+)RNA viruses. IMPORTANCE: Compared to the number of @entity1800 , the number of available vaccines is miniscule. For some viruses vaccine development has not been successful after multiple attempts, and for many others vaccination is not a viable option. Antiviral drugs are needed for clinical practice and @entity341 . Yet viruses are highly adaptable and can easily generate mutants resistant to practically any compounds targeting viral proteins. An alternative approach is to target stable cellular factors recruited for the virus-specific functions. In this study we analyzed the factors permitting and restricting the establishment of resistance of @entity9925 , a small (+)RNA virus, to BFA, a drug targeting a cellular component of the viral replication complex. We found that emergence and replication potential of resistant mutants is cell-type dependent and that BFA resistance reduces the virus fitness. Our data provide a rational approach to development of antiviral therapeutics targeting host factors.

title: Cell-Specific Establishment of XXXX Resistance to an Inhibitor Targeting a Cellular Protein.

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['fitness loss']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['public health emergencies']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral diseases']

answer: @entity9925 :: (138950,Species) :: ['Poliovirus']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) gives positive results in the management of @entity2132 ( @entity2132 ), but in @entity1 , specific difficulties can outweigh this benefit. These difficulties must be taken into consideration when establishing a standardized reproducible procedure for implementation under a quality management plan. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-seven @entity1 underwent ECP for severe acute @entity2132 (aGVHD) or chronic @entity2132 (cGVHD) after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Data were collected prospectively, with particular emphasis placed on technical, biologic, immunologic, clinical, and long-term follow-up issues. RESULTS: The 27 @entity1 underwent a total of 750 sessions. Mononuclear cells were collected on a commercially available apheresis system (COBE Spectra, Gambro BCT). Overall survival was 73 percent, and ECP led to significant improvement in 21 of the 27 @entity1 (11 with complete response and 10 with partial response, i.e., >50% of organ involvement). Tolerance was good overall, the main limiting factors being vascular access and the psychological impact of repeated apheresis procedures. @entity1 weighing less than 25 kg were not more susceptible to side effects. CONCLUSION: A specifically pediatric-dedicated and -experienced team faces only limited difficulties when treating @entity1 with @entity2132 by ECP. Overall, ECP is efficient and well tolerated. Our experience was therefore pooled together with available pediatric data to establish clinical practice guidelines. These guidelines consider ECP as a first-line therapy in Grade IV aGVHD (in association with conventional pharmacologic approaches) and limited cGVHD and as a second-line therapy in @entity134 -resistant Grades II to III aGVHD and extensive cGVHD.

title: Photopheresis in pediatric XXXX after allogeneic marrow transplantation: clinical practice guidelines based on field experience and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity2132 :: ('MESH:D006086', 'Disease') :: ['GVHD', 'graft-versus-host disease']

answer: @entity2132 :: (MESH:D006086,Disease) :: ['graft-versus-host disease']


abstract: @entity632 and @entity1260 are the two most active agents used in the treatment of advanced inoperable soft-tissue @entity242 , but their use in combination produces dose-limiting myelosuppression. To explore the feasibility of combining optimal doses of both drugs, @entity632 (75 mg/m2) and @entity1260 (5 g/m2) were given every 3 weeks with recombinant @entity1 @entity2841 (rhGM-CSF; 250 micrograms m-2 day-1) by subcutaneous injection for up to 14 days after each course. A total of 52 @entity1 with progressive metastatic soft-tissue @entity242 were entered, none having received prior chemotherapy. One @entity1 was ineligible and received no treatment after registration. Preliminary analysis of six cycles of chemotherapy revealed that the full protocol dose intensity had been administered to the majority of @entity1 . Although the median leucocyte and neutrophil counts did not fall with subsequent courses of chemotherapy, the duration of @entity1398 increased with each course delivered. Cumulative @entity882 was a major dose-limiting @entity137 and was the main reason for any dose modifications that occurred. Although 26 @entity1 experienced @entity281 after one or more courses of treatment, in only 7 was admission required for parenteral antibiotics. One @entity1 died as a result of @entity295 after the first cycle of treatment. To date, there have been 22 responses (43%) with 8% complete remissions. It appears that the administration of rhGM-CSF allows this high-dose regime of chemotherapy to be given safely and the early encouraging response rate adds support to the concept that increasing the dose of @entity632 improves the outlook for @entity1 with advanced soft-tissue @entity242 .

title: XXXX plus @entity1260 with rhGM-CSF in the treatment of advanced adult soft-tissue @entity242 : preliminary results of a phase II study from the EORTC Soft-Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group.

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin', 'Doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity242 :: ('MESH:D012509', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoma', 'sarcomas']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity2841 :: ('1437', 'Gene') :: ['granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor']

answer: @entity632 :: (MESH:D004317,Chemical) :: ['Doxorubicin']


abstract: The @entity405 glycoprotein plays important functions in T cell development and in T cell activation. In rodents, @entity405 is a heterodimer, consisting of an @entity7722 (Lyt2) and a beta-chain ( @entity10665 ). In @entity1 , only the @entity7722 has been detected, and it has been thought that @entity405 consists of homodimers of this protein. We have isolated functional cDNA clones encoding @entity1 @entity10665 , and show that the @entity10665 protein is expressed on the surface of @entity405 + @entity1 T cells. cDNA clones encoding multiple forms of the @entity1 @entity10665 -chain have been isolated and characterized. These structural variants, which are likely to arise by alternative splicing, differ in the sequences encoding the cytoplasmic domain, which can consist of 19, 30, or 52 @entity1522 . One of the cDNAs lacks @entity377 sequences corresponding to a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and may encode a secreted @entity10665 protein. The protein product of the @entity1 @entity10665 gene can be detected by a recently described anti- @entity405 monoclonal antibody, 597. Expression of the epitope recognized by this antibody requires co-expression of the @entity405 and @entity10665 gene products. About 90% of @entity1 @entity405 positive thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes express @entity10665 at the cell surface. Expression of the @entity10665 chain is thus conserved between @entity1 and rodents, and the variant @entity10665 polypeptides may have distinct roles in T cell function and development.

title: A second subunit of @entity405 is expressed in XXXX T cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: Nearly a dozen antiepileptic drugs have been shown to prevent attacks in @entity1 with @entity302 , whether used alone, or in combination when successive single-agent well-conducted treatments have failed. Perampanel (Fycompa, Eisai) an AMPA @entity2227 receptor antagonist, has been granted marketing authorisation in the European Union and United States, for use in combination with other antiepileptic drugs in @entity1 aged 12 years or older with @entity302 . Perampanel has not been compared with other antiepileptic drugs in clinical trials. Its evaluation is based on three comparative, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, in which perampanel was added to other antiepileptic drugs considered to be inadequately effective. In these trials, after 19 weeks of treatment, its efficacy was only modest: the response rate was at best only about 20% higher than with placebo. Indirect comparison, albeit inherently unreliable, suggests that perampanel is no better than other antiepileptic drugs. Perampanel has frequent and often dose-dependent adverse effects; they mainly include @entity146 , @entity146 , @entity73 , and @entity1017 . @entity299 were observed during a long-term trial of perampanel. This possible adverse effect requires further study. Perampanel led to stunted growth in experimental animals. It is not known whether adolescents are also at risk. Perampanel does not appear to be a potent inducer or inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, but its drug interaction profile requires further evaluation. In animal studies, perampanel exposure resulted in increased perinatal mortality. In practice, there is no evidence that perampanel represents a therapeutic advance for @entity1 with @entity302 . In addition to its known adverse effects, there are concerns over possible long-term @entity1370 and a deleterious effect on growth. Other acceptable solutions, based on better-known drugs, should be discussed with @entity302 @entity1 .

title: Perampanel. Just another anticonvulsant for XXXX : no progress.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggression', 'irritability']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired alertness and coordination']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'partial epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiac disorders']

entities_list: @entity1370 :: ('MESH:D066126', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac toxicity']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['partial epilepsy']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of severe @entity1295 and @entity1295 -related limitations among adolescents with @entity4932 ( @entity4932 ) and other @entity627 ( @entity627 ). In addition, we assessed the effect of disease activity and @entity158 on the severity of @entity1295 . METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 175 @entity1 (10-18 years of age) who visited the pediatric rheumatology and immunology outpatient clinic at Wilhelmina @entity1 's Hospital from April through July 2013. @entity1 completed validated questionnaires regarding @entity1295 , physical functioning, and school attendance. Disease activity in @entity4932 @entity1 was measured using the @entity625 Activity Score (JADAS-27). The results were compared against a healthy control group. RESULTS: The prevalence of severe @entity1295 among @entity1 with @entity627 was 25.1%, which was significantly higher than the healthy control group (p<0.001). Fatigued @entity1 had significantly lower levels of physical functioning compared to non-fatigued @entity1 (62.1% vs. 89.0%, respectively; p<0.001) and a significantly higher percentage of school absences (21.2% vs. 11.6%, respectively; p =0.005). Among @entity4932 @entity1 , the level of @entity158 was significantly correlated with @entity1295 . Finally, disease activity was not a predictor for @entity1295 . CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue is a common problem among teenagers with @entity627 , with a higher prevalence among these @entity1 than in the general population. Severe @entity1295 leads to significant impairments, including increased school absences and decreased physical functioning. Interestingly, @entity1295 was associated with @entity158 , but not with the disease activity. Therefore, in this @entity1 population, @entity1295 may be a promising therapeutic target for improving functioning, school attendance, and possibly @entity158 as well. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

title: Prevalence of severe @entity1295 among adolescents with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Children', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity627 :: ('MESH:D012216', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric rheumatic diseases', 'PRD']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['Juvenile Arthritis Disease']

entities_list: @entity4932 :: ('MESH:D001171', 'Disease') :: ['JIA', 'juvenile idiopathic arthritis']

answer: @entity627 :: (MESH:D012216,Disease) :: ['pediatric rheumatic diseases']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 undergoing @entity5 therapy are at risk for @entity166 complications that require hospitalization and antimicrobial therapy. Host factors such as age and underlying disease may predict the risk of severe @entity281 in these @entity1 . To describe the increased morbidity due to @entity281 in @entity1 with @entity5 , we characterized the antibiotic use during the @entity166 complications in a national cohort of @entity1 7-16 years of age with @entity5 . PROCEDURE: Data on @entity166 complications were prospectively collected from the medical records of all newly diagnosed @entity1 with @entity5 , aged 7-16 years, in Sweden between 2004 and 2006. An episode of @entity281 was defined as a period of time when oral or intravenous antimicrobial treatment was prescribed because of symptoms of @entity281 . RESULTS: A total of 230 @entity166 episodes occurred in 80 of the 101 @entity1 . Pathogens were isolated in 15% of the blood cultures that showed a predominance of Gram-positive bacteria. Intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics with @entity2886 and @entity2888 were mostly used as single drugs but also in combination with @entity581 and glycopeptide. The median treatment length varied between 6 and 11 days depending on @entity5 diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that @entity166 complications contribute significantly to morbidity in @entity1 with @entity5 aged 7-16 years. At the time of this survey, antibiotic prescription patterns varied and @entity2886 and carbapenems were mostly used. With increasing antibiotic resistance, a more stringent antibiotic stewardship with less use of @entity2886 and carbapenems should be encouraged for @entity1 with @entity5 . Data on prescription patterns should be incorporated as a quality measurement in @entity5 care.

title: Antibiotic use during XXXX episodes in the first 6 months of anticancer treatment-A Swedish cohort study of @entity1 aged 7-16 years.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric cancer', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity2886 :: ('MESH:D002511', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalosporins']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity2888 :: ('MESH:D015780', 'Chemical') :: ['carbapenems']

entities_list: @entity581 :: ('MESH:D000617', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoglycosides']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious']

answer: @entity166 :: (MESH:D003141,Disease) :: ['infectious']


abstract: @entity2194 is autoimmune in nature and associated with @entity2743 . Autoantibodies to the 64 kDa antigen in thyroid membranes cross-react to the 64 kDa proteins in @entity1 eye muscle membranes. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity against @entity7733 are also found in @entity1 with @entity2194 . The purpose of this paper is to review the treatment available and to share the authors' experience using @entity205 . In the majority of cases, @entity2194 is mild, manifest only as bilateral or unilateral @entity5768 , with/without grittiness of the eyes. This is usually treated conservatively with eye drops. If @entity5768 is more severe and there is incomplete closure of eyelids, @entity9467 and conjunctival injection, then lateral tarrsorrhaphy is usually effective, combined with use of eye pads and eye drops. The problem of diplopia can be treated conservatively with special lenses, or with surgical correction of tethered muscles. However when @entity5768 is severe, with raised intraocular pressure, severe chemosis and danger of @entity1939 , then the choice of therapy is controversial: rapid decompression by surgical means or use of high doses of @entity617 . Most prefer prednisolone therapy initially, surgical decompression if it fails. Various other methods have been tried, aimed at the immunological nature of the disease, namely plasmapheresis, radiotherapy and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin, with variable success. Our experience with @entity205 had been mixed and inconclusive.

title: XXXX --medical or surgical therapy?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2194 :: ('MESH:D005128', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid eye disease', 'Thyroid eye disease']

entities_list: @entity2743 :: ('MESH:D006111', 'Disease') :: ["Graves' Disease"]

entities_list: @entity5768 :: ('MESH:D005094', 'Disease') :: ['proptosis']

entities_list: @entity1939 :: ('MESH:D001766', 'Disease') :: ['blindness']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporin A', 'cyclosporin']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

entities_list: @entity7733 :: ('MESH:D058494', 'Disease') :: ['eye muscle cells']

answer: @entity2194 :: (MESH:D005128,Disease) :: ['Thyroid eye disease']


abstract: There is concern surrounding the immunotoxic potential of @entity15863 ( @entity144 ), a major organic constituent in waters influenced by oil sands contamination. To assess the immunological response to @entity144 , @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ) waterborne exposures were conducted with oil sands-influenced waters, @entity144 extracted and purified from oil sands tailings waters, and @entity3014 ( @entity3015 ) as a positive control. After a 7d exposure, blood, spleen, head kidney, and gill samples were removed from a subset of fish in order to evaluate the distribution of thrombocytes, B-lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and T-lymphocytes using fluorescent antibodies specific for those cell types coupled with flow cytometry. The remaining trout in each experimental tank were injected with inactivated @entity6464 and held in laboratory water for 21 d and subjected to similar lymphatic cell evaluation in addition to evaluation of antibody production. Fluorescent metabolites in bile as well as liver CYP1A induction were also determined after the 7 and 21 d exposure. Oil sands waters and extracted @entity144 exposures resulted in an increase in bile fluorescence at @entity11966 wavelengths, though liver CYP1A was not induced in those treatments as it was with the @entity3015 positive control. Trout in the oil sands-influenced water exposure showed a decrease in B- and T-lymphocytes in blood as well as B-lymphocytes and myeloid cells in spleen and an increase in B-lymphocytes in head kidney. The extracted @entity144 exposure showed a decrease in thrombocytes in spleen at 8 mg/L and an increase in T-lymphocytes at 1mg/L in head kidney after 7d. There was a significant decrease in antibody production against A. salmonicida in both oil sands-influenced water exposures. Because oil sands-influenced waters affected multiple immune parameters, while extracted @entity144 impacts were limited, the @entity144 tested here are likely not the cause of immunotoxicity found in the oil sands-influenced water.

title: The immunological effects of oil sands surface waters and @entity15863 on @entity5660 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss', 'rainbow trout']

entities_list: @entity3014 :: ('MESH:D001564', 'Chemical') :: ['benzo[a]pyrene']

entities_list: @entity15863 :: ('MESH:C046170', 'Chemical') :: ['naphthenic acids']

entities_list: @entity6464 :: ('645', 'Species') :: ['Aeromonas salmonicida']

entities_list: @entity11966 :: ('MESH:C031181', 'Chemical') :: ['phenanthrene']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate @entity1 @entity1494 by neuroselective Current Perception Threshold (CPT) measures from healthy and @entity1973 . METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers and 38 @entity1 with urinary symptoms underwent conventional urodynamic tests including water-filling cystometry and ice water test. Standardized neuroselective CPT measures were obtained from the left index finger and the mucosa of the posterior bladder wall. Three different CPTs were obtained from each test site using a constant alternating current sinusoid waveform electrical stimulus presented at 2000Hz, 250Hz and 5Hz stimulation frequencies, which could selectively reflect the functions of the large myelinated fibers (A-beta-fiber), the small myelinated fibers (A-delta-fiber), and the unmyelinated fibers ( @entity7183 ), respectively. RESULTS: As the determination of CPT values on the finger skin, the CPT values in the bladder could be determined using the neuroselective measures in all @entity1 but three who had no sensory response (absence of sensation) caused by complete @entity3510 . In the 8 @entity1 with @entity427 due to incomplete @entity1566 (supra-sacral lesion), the bladder CPT value (4.0+/-1.9) at 5Hz was significantly lower (p<0.01) than that in the controls (26.2+/-17.7). In the neurogenic bladders determined to be underactive (n=11, including post pelvic surgery, post infra-sacral level @entity1566 and @entity6 @entity1 ), the higher CPT values of @entity1494 were found at 5Hz (p<0.05), 250Hz (p=0.07), and 2000Hz (p<0.05) compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative neuroselective measurement of CPT values in the @entity1 @entity1494 was feasible. @entity56 or hyposensitivity of the urinary sensory function could be determined using the CPT values in comparison to control. The quantitative neuroselective estimation of the bladder sensory functions in different types of sensory peripheral nerve fibers may contribute to the appropriate selection of therapeutic strategy in @entity1 with urinary sensory dysfunction.

title: Neuroselective current perception threshold evaluation of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3510 :: ('MESH:D013124', 'Disease') :: ['spinal injury']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder mucosal function', 'bladder mucosal sensory functions', 'bladder mucosal sensory function']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity1973 :: ('MESH:D001750', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic bladders']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['Hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity1566 :: ('MESH:D013119', 'Disease') :: ['spinal cord injury']

entities_list: @entity427 :: ('MESH:D012021', 'Disease') :: ['detrusor hyperreflexia']

answer: @entity1494 :: (MESH:D001745,Disease) :: ['bladder mucosal sensory function']


abstract: We report a case of @entity808 arising from the 9th @entity129 , which caused a bloodstained @entity1143 . The @entity1 , a 37-year-old @entity1 , presented with @entity615 . A chest X-ray showed left @entity1143 , which was subsequently found to be bloodstained but without malignant cells. Chest magnetic resonance imaging showed a 76-mm @entity5 arising from the 9th @entity129 . The @entity5 and @entity129 were successfully resected. Histological examination revealed that the @entity5 comprised spindle cells with both Antoni types A and B patterns. There were necrotic changes and @entity528 , but no atypical or mitotic cells. Based on these findings, benign @entity808 was diagnosed. @entity808 is rarely accompanied by bloody @entity1143 , which we assume was caused by partial @entity5 rupture. Magnetic resonance imaging proved very useful in localizing and characterizing the @entity5 in this case.

title: Successful resection of @entity808 from an @entity129 causing bloody XXXX : report of a case.

entities_list: @entity808 :: ('MESH:D009442', 'Disease') :: ['schwannoma', 'Schwannoma']

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['pleural effusion']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['intercostal nerve']

entities_list: @entity615 :: ('MESH:D001416', 'Disease') :: ['left-sided back pain']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['cystic degeneration']

answer: @entity1143 :: (MESH:D010996,Disease) :: ['pleural effusion']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 7088 Background: Phase II studies have shown that @entity4562 (Iressa) produces approximately a 10% response rate in previously treated @entity1 (pts) with @entity1149 . Currently, little is known about which pts are likely to benefit from treatment with @entity4562 . @entity286 , gender, and histologic subtype may be important factors in response to @entity4562 (M Kris et.al.,V Miller et.al.). Our objective is to evaluate potential clinical prognostic factors in @entity1149 pts treated with @entity4562 . METHODS: Response rate, progression free interval(PFI) and survival were evaluated for 126 @entity1 (64 female/62 male, median age 68; 67 @entity420 /59 other histologies; 72 PS 0-1/53 PS 2+; 110 used @entity286 / 16 no @entity286 use) who were treated with @entity4562 (500 mg po day 1, then 250 mg po daily) and evaluated monthly on the expanded access trial. CT scans were performed every two months. We collected data on the pts' age, sex, performance status(PS), @entity286 use, number of previous chemotherapies and date of last prior chemotherapy Results: Median follow-up was 169 days(d). Overall response rate was 5.6%(1CR,6PR) and 24 pts (19%) had stable disease. Median Kaplan-Meier survival and PFI were 172 and 59 d, respectively. The @entity16043 's Exact Test was used to evaluated associations. A greater proportion of @entity1 with @entity420 85% (6/7) responded than did other histologies 14% (1/7) p=.08. Median survival was 484 d for nonsmokers and 167 d for smokers. Similarly, PFI was146 days-nonsmokers and 59 days-smokers (p<.04). Significant differences in survival were also observed for pts with PS 0-1, 231 d and PS2+, 119 d (p=.0005). A significant association was also observed between @entity286 use and gender; a larger proportion of females never used @entity286 . CONCLUSIONS: Longer survival and PFI were observed in pts treated with @entity4562 who have never used @entity286 and have PS 0-1. These data suggest further investigation of @entity286 usage and PS as predictive factors of response to @entity4562 , as well as the relationship between @entity286 use and gender is warranted. [Table: see text].

title: Potential clinical prognostic factors in @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ) XXXX treated with @entity4562 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity286 :: ('4097', 'Species') :: ['tobacco', 'Tobacco']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinomas', 'adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: STUDY DESIGN: A consecutive and controlled cohort study. OBJECTIVES: To assess the value of @entity713 ( @entity713 ) between cortex and symptomatic leg muscles after transcranial magnetic brain stimulation as an indicator of reversible root @entity63 in @entity1 with @entity613 in @entity612 . SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: @entity613 in @entity612 is thought to result from transient @entity63 of active nerve root fibers. Subgroups of these @entity1 have slowing of sensory or motor nerve root conduction during @entity613 . MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-two @entity1 with @entity613 and radiologically confirmed signs of @entity612 were consecutively recruited. Motor conduction time was measured before and repetitively after challenge of walking on a treadmill (four stimuli per minute) until disappearance of the symptoms. Data of 30 @entity1 (65 +/- 10 years) with a defined onset of motor-evoked potentials were compared with those of 12 control subjects (62 +/- 12 years). RESULTS: One minute after treadmill challenge, @entity713 increased in all 13 @entity1 with signs of an exercise-dependent @entity51 by at least 1 msec (mean increase, 1.6 +/- 0.6 msec; < 0.001). Test-retest comparisons in six of these @entity1 revealed good reproducibility of the @entity713 increase (coefficient of repeatability, 1.24 msec). In contrast, MCTs were unchanged or decreased in all 17 @entity1 without exercise-dependent @entity51 ( < 0.01) and in the control subjects ( < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of @entity713 before and after treadmill challenge can demonstrate reversible root @entity63 in @entity1 with @entity613 and exercise-dependent @entity17 root fibers.

title: Reversible prolongation of @entity713 after transcranial magnetic brain stimulation after XXXX in @entity612 .

entities_list: @entity17 :: ('MESH:D003711', 'Disease') :: ['deficit of thickly myelinated nerve']

entities_list: @entity612 :: ('MESH:D013130', 'Disease') :: ['spinal stenosis']

entities_list: @entity713 :: ('MESH:D054537', 'Disease') :: ['MCT', 'motor conduction time']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurologic deficit']

entities_list: @entity613 :: ('MESH:D007383', 'Disease') :: ['spinal claudication', 'neurogenic claudication', 'Neurogenic claudication']

answer: @entity613 :: (MESH:D007383,Disease) :: ['neurogenic claudication']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: The unique characteristic of @entity213 ( @entity213 ) is that local invasion rather than distant @entity3 is the major route for dissemination. Therefore, targeting the locally invasive @entity5 cells is more important than preventing systemic @entity3 in @entity213 and other @entity3 . We previously demonstrate a specific mechanism for @entity213 local invasion: the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulator @entity8945 represses @entity40583 expression, leading to the activation of the small GTPase @entity5180 and engendering the mesenchymal-mode movement in three-dimensional (3D) culture. However, targeting the EMT regulator is relatively difficult because of its transcription factor nature and the strategy for confining @entity213 invasion to facilitate local treatment is limited. @entity2645 blue (IB) is a newly identified anti-invasive compound that effectively inhibits @entity3 . Here we demonstrate that in @entity213 cells, a noncytotoxic dose of IB represses mesenchymal-mode migration in two-and-a-half-dimensional/3D culture system. IB suppresses EMT and stemness of @entity213 cells through inhibition of @entity8945 -mediated @entity40583 downregulation and @entity5180 activation and the EMT signalling. Mechanistically, IB inhibits reactive @entity26 species-induced nuclear factor-kB pathway activation. Importantly, IB promotes degradation of the EMT inducer @entity8945 by enhancing F-box and @entity368 -rich repeat protein 14 ( @entity67633 )-mediated polyubiquitination of @entity8945 . Together, this study demonstrates the potent anti-invasion and EMT-inhibition effect of IB, suggesting the potential of IB in treating @entity3 .Oncogene advance online publication, 10 August 2015; doi:10.1038/onc.2015.291.

title: @entity2645 blue halts head and neck cancer invasion through promoting F-box and XXXX -rich repeat protein 14-mediated @entity8945 degradation.

entities_list: @entity368 :: ('CHEBI:25017', 'Chemical') :: ['leucine']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2645 :: ('MESH:D007099', 'Chemical') :: ['Imipramine']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'invasive-predominant cancers', 'glioma invasion', 'local invasion-predominant cancers']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck squamous cell carcinoma', 'HNSCC']

answer: @entity368 :: (CHEBI:25017,Chemical) :: ['leucine']


abstract: The current study addresses whether alterations in osteoclasts (OCs) derived from oim/oim @entity19 , an established model of moderate-to-severe @entity6926 , are present. Bone marrow cells from oim/oim and wildtype (+/+) @entity19 were cultured on bone slices in the presence of @entity9827 and @entity5271 and evaluated at days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7. OCs were identified by @entity5272 -resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, and bone slice resorption pits were analyzed by reflection microscopy. Flow cytometry was used to examine @entity64256 (integrin alphaV) and @entity10139 ( @entity10139 ) markers. Confocal microscopy was used to assess changes in OC morphology and resorption. There was no difference between the OC precursors of the two genotypes in expression of @entity64256 and @entity10139 markers. At day 2, the bone slices seeded with oim/oim cells had a greater percentage of mononuclear cells associated with resorption pits compared to +/+ bone slices. At day 4, the diameter and area of oim/oim OCs were larger compared to the +/+ OCs, and the number of nuclei per OC was also greater for the oim/oim group. At day 7, the oim/oim OCs contained more F-actin rings compared to the +/+ OCs, and the number of OCs in the oim/oim group was greater compared to the +/+ group. The resorbed area of bone slices for the oim/oim group was also greater compared to the +/+ group at day 7. In conclusion, oim/oim mononuclear resorbing cells and OCs showed cellular changes and greater resorptive activity compared to +/+ cells, features that likely contribute to dysregulated bone remodeling in @entity6926 .

title: Increased resorptive activity and accompanying morphological alterations in osteoclasts derived from the oim/oim @entity19 model of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5272 :: ('MESH:C029768', 'Chemical') :: ['tartrate']

answer: @entity6926 :: (MESH:D010013,Disease) :: ['osteogenesis imperfecta']


abstract: 1. The effects of combined treatment with @entity12098 . @entity5828 and @entity2449 on @entity6 and @entity28 were investigated in @entity35 fatty @entity35 , which are hyperglycaemic and hypertriglyceridaemic and have higher plasma levels of total @entity6178 bodies than lean @entity35 . 2. Plasma @entity413 was significantly decreased when @entity12098 . @entity5828 or @entity2449 was administered alone and combined treatment accentuated this decrease. The administration of @entity12098 . @entity5828 , but not @entity2449 , also decreased plasma levels of @entity412 and total @entity6178 bodies. 3. The glycogen content of skeletal muscle was not increased by @entity12098 . @entity5828 or @entity2449 alone, but was increased by combined treatment (P=0.003, ANOVA). 4. @entity12098 . @entity5828 produced increased food intake and bodyweight in hyperphagic @entity35 fatty @entity35 ; however, concurrent administration of @entity2449 significantly ameliorated these @entity12098 . @entity5828 -induced increases. 5. These results indicate that combined treatment with @entity12098 . @entity5828 and @entity2449 induces a marked hypoglycaemic effect accompanied by a reduction in plasma levels of total @entity6178 bodies and prevention of excessive @entity1017 in @entity35 fatty @entity35 . These favourable effects suggest that the combination would be beneficial in treating @entity1 with @entity164 2 @entity6 .

title: Effects of combined @entity12098 and @entity2449 on @entity6 and @entity28 in XXXX fatty @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity12098 :: ('MESH:C060836', 'Chemical') :: ['pioglitazone', 'Pioglitazone']

entities_list: @entity412 :: ('CHEBI:17855', 'Chemical') :: ['triglyceride']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['bodyweight gain']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity2449 :: ('MESH:D008687', 'Chemical') :: ['metformin']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Wistar']


abstract: We report a case of @entity5697 associated with @entity244 free of xerosis. A 62-year-old @entity1 was admitted due to @entity809 of both lower extremities and the left trunk, weakness of the left leg, and urinary disturbance. Neurological examination showed @entity602 at the Th7 level. CSF had increased protein (82 mg/dl) and IgG (23.4 mg/dl) and IgG index (1.03) but an almost normal cell count (7/mm3). T2-weighted MRI showed a high signal intensity lesion at the sixth and seventh thoracic levels. Although he was free of xerosis, typical sialographic findings, as well as the presence of anti-SSA antibody, are consistent with the diagnostic criteria for @entity244 decided by the Japanese research group on @entity244 . The @entity1 was treated with @entity617 , 60 mg/day, which completely cured his @entity425 and difficulty in walking, and sensory disturbance was gradually alleviated. Spinal MRI detected a marked reduction in the size of T2-weighted high signal intensity lesion during @entity617 treatment. In @entity149 are reported in up to 20% of @entity244 @entity1 , but @entity602 is a very rare condition. Only 12 cases, including ours, have been reported. The clinical manifestations of @entity602 in @entity244 include @entity5697 (6 cases, including ours), chronic progressive @entity602 (2 cases.), relapsing and remitting @entity602 (4 cases) and @entity4889 (none). Ten @entity1 were @entity1 . In 9 of 12 cases there were sicca symptoms. The level of the @entity602 in 6 of 10 cases was between the third to eighth thoracic level, consistent with the region vulnerable to @entity63 . Eight @entity1 were treated successfully with @entity230 . We speculate that @entity63 due to @entity1333 is important in the genesis of @entity602 associated with @entity244 . In the case of @entity602 , especially in the thoracic cord, it is necessary to look for evidence of @entity244 even when xerosis is unremarkable.

title: [A case of XXXX with @entity5697 as the initial manifestation].

entities_list: @entity5697 :: ('MESH:D009188', 'Disease') :: ['subacute transverse myelitis', 'acute or subacute transverse myelitis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity4889 :: ('MESH:D018455', 'Disease') :: ['Brown-S  quard syndrome']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity809 :: ('MESH:D010292', 'Disease') :: ['dysesthesia']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy', 'myelopathies', 'cord syndromes']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['Western countries, central nervous system complications']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['muscle weakness']

entities_list: @entity244 :: ('MESH:D014899', 'Disease') :: ["Sj  gren's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity617 :: ('MESH:D011239', 'Chemical') :: ['prednisolone']

answer: @entity244 :: (MESH:D014899,Disease) :: ['Sj  gren's syndrome']


abstract: @entity1197 ( @entity1197 ) is expressed on almost all types of @entity1 cells and is believed to mediate receptor-specific apoptotic signals. In @entity1 endometrial tissues, high Fas and @entity12 expressions and Fas-mediated apoptosis in endometrial epithelial cells have been discussed in many reports but no study has examined Fas-mediated signals in endometrial stromal cells. In this study we investigated Fas expression and Fas-mediated signals of normal @entity1 endometrial stromal cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed @entity1197 expression on the stromal cells and their Fas expression was enhanced by @entity7410 , a strong inducer of decidualization. Neither short-term nor long-term cultures with anti-Fas IgM affected proliferation or viability of the stromal cells. Anti-Fas IgM alone affected neither viable cell numbers nor PRL release of unstimulated stromal cells. However, anti-Fas IgM dose-dependently stimulated viable cell numbers of stromal cells co-stimulated with @entity7410 and anti-Fas IgM, whereas PRL secretion of the co-stimulated cells was not affected. Anti-Fas IgM dose-dependently stimulated viable cell numbers of @entity7410 -stimulated cells but did not affect PRL secretion of @entity7410 -induced decidualized cells. These results indicate that @entity1197 on @entity1 endometrial stromal cells cannot mediate receptor-specific apoptotic signals, and that Fas-mediated signals stimulate survival of @entity7410 -stimulated non-decidualized stromal cells. Thus, stimulation of @entity1197 on the endometrial stromal cells enhances anti-apoptotic/survival signals in certain stromal cells, autoregulating functional cellular subpopulations of @entity1 endometrial stromal cells in a paracrine manner.

title: @entity1197 ( XXXX ) mediates cell survival signals to regulate functional cellular subpopulations in normal @entity1 endometrial stromal cells.

entities_list: @entity1197 :: ('355', 'Gene') :: ['Fas-antigen', 'Fas antigen', 'CD95']

answer: @entity1197 :: (355,Gene) :: ['CD95']


abstract: AIMS: The new @entity3840 ( @entity3840 ) selective inhibitors, @entity12698 (Celebrex) and @entity13586 (Vioxx), have been widely prescribed since their launch. No reviews currently appear in the literature of prescribing patterns in Australia. This paper describes a self-audit of the clinical use of selective @entity3840 inhibitor therapy undertaken with rural general practitioners (GPs) in Australia. METHODS: A structured audit form was developed and distributed to interested GPs. The form was self-administered and focused on issues about @entity3840 inhibitors and the types of @entity1 who were receiving them, e.g. indications, @entity1 demographics, risk factors and drug interactions. RESULTS: A total of 627 @entity1 were recruited (569 @entity12698 and 58 @entity13586 ). A range of doses was prescribed. @entity571 was the most common indication (68.1%). Risk factors known for the nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were identified in 65.1% of @entity1 , with the most common being advanced age, @entity101 and previous @entity10189 . Potential drug interactions were common. A variety of reasons for initiation of therapy was identified; these included perceived increased efficacy, safety and failure of other treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that @entity3840 inhibitors are being prescribed for @entity1 with multiple risk factors that may place the @entity1 at increased risk of adverse drug reactions to a @entity3840 inhibitor. The perception of improved safety and efficacy was common and is of concern. Limitations of the study include the reliance on self-reporting.

title: A clinical audit of the prescribing of XXXX and @entity13586 in Australian rural general practice.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity13586 :: ('MESH:C116926', 'Chemical') :: ['rofecoxib']

entities_list: @entity12698 :: ('MESH:C105934', 'Chemical') :: ['celecoxib']

entities_list: @entity10189 :: ('MESH:D010437', 'Disease') :: ['peptic ulcer disease']

entities_list: @entity571 :: ('MESH:D010003', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoarthritis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

answer: @entity12698 :: (MESH:C105934,Chemical) :: ['celecoxib']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of endogenous @entity3957 ( @entity3958 ) and the effect of exogenously applied @entity3958 on ovalbumin-induced acute @entity565 . METHODS: Twenty-four Male SD @entity35 were randomly divided into a control group (n = 8), an @entity565 group (n = 8) and a @entity8835 group (n = 8). Pulmonary function was measured, and the pulmonary pathology changes, the content of @entity3958 in lung tissue and plasma and the activity of @entity3958 generating enzymes in lung tissue were detected at the 28 th day after ovalbumin administration. Western blotting was used to detect the endothelial @entity3959 -gamma-lyase CSE protein in the lung tissues. RESULTS: In the @entity565 group, the peak expiratory flow (PEF) was (2.90 +/- 0.70) L/s, the contents of @entity3958 in the plasma was (10 +/- 3) micromol/L, in the lung tissue was (4.9 +/- 1.3) micromol/L. The @entity3958 generating enzyme activity in the lung tissue of the @entity565 group was (1.00 +/- 0.10) nmolxmin(-1)xmg(-1) pro, and the lung CSE content of the @entity565 group was significantly lower than that of the control group (6.50 +/- 0.10) L/s, (54 +/- 10), (24.1 +/- 8.0) micromol/L, (1.80 +/- 0.10) nmolxmin(-1)xmg(-1), F = 112.13, 110.10, 27.34, 79.39, 12.28, all P < 0.05). The pulmonary pathology score of the @entity565 group was 3 (2 - 4), significantly higher than that of the control group [1 (0 - 1), H = 16.93, P < 0.01]. In the @entity8835 group, the PEF was (5.70 +/- 0.50) L/s, the content of @entity3958 in the plasma was (17 +/- 4) micromol/L, in the lung tissue was (15.3 +/- 4.0) micromol/L, the @entity3958 generating enzyme activity in the lung tissue was (1.60 +/- 0.20) nmolxmin(-1)xmg(-1) pro, the lung CSE content of the @entity8835 group was significantly higher than that of the @entity565 group (F = 112.13, 110.10, 27.34, 79.39, 12.28, all P < 0.05). The pulmonary pathology score of the @entity8835 group was 1 (1 - 2), significantly lower than that of the @entity565 group [3 (2 - 4) score, H = 16.93, P < 0.01]. There was a significantly positive correlation between the content of the content of @entity3958 in lung tissue and PEF (r = 0.74, P < 0.01). There was a significantly negative correlation between the content of @entity3958 in lung tissue and the pulmonary pathology score (r = -0.64, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Endogenous @entity3958 is involved in the pathogenesis of @entity565 in this animal model. Exogenously applied @entity3958 can attenuate inflammation of @entity565 and exert protective effect from @entity565 .

title: [The regulatory effect of endogenous XXXX on acute @entity565 ].

entities_list: @entity3959 :: ('MESH:D003540', 'Chemical') :: ['cystathionine']

entities_list: @entity3957 :: ('MESH:D006862', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrogen sulfide']

answer: @entity3957 :: (MESH:D006862,Chemical) :: ['hydrogen sulfide']


abstract: PURPOSE: To compare the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of utilizing continuous subcutaneous @entity4183 versus oral tocolytics following recurrent @entity3152 . DESIGN: Retrospective, 1:1 matched cohort. METHODOLOGY: From prospectively collected data in a nationwide, perinatal database of @entity1 receiving outpatient services, we identified singleton gestations having recurrent @entity3152 , stabilized during hospitalization, and subsequently treated with oral tocolytics (PO group) or continuous subcutaneous @entity4183 infusion (SQ group). Those without medically indicated delivery were eligible for inclusion. Each @entity1 in the PO group was matched 1:1 by gestational age at recurrent @entity3152 to a @entity1 in the SQ group. A standardized cost model was applied to compare total antepartum hospital, nursery, and outpatient charges. Wilcoxon Signed Rank, paired t, and McNemar's C2 test statistics were used for comparisons. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 558 @entity1 were studied (279 per group). The PO group had less gestational gain following recurrent @entity3152 than the SQ group (28.4 +/- 19.8 days vs. 33.9 +/- 19.0 days, respectively, P < .001). The SQ group had less per @entity1 charges ( ) for antepartum hospitalization (3,986 +/- 6,895 vs. 5,495 +/- 7,131, P = .009), and nursery (7,143 +/- 20,048 vs. 15,050 +/- 32,648, P < .001). Outpatient charges were less for the PO group (1,390 +/- 1,152 vs. 5,520 +/- 3,292, P < .001). Overall costs for those in the SQ group were  5,286 less per pregnancy compared to the PO group. CONCLUSION: In this population, continuous subcutaneous @entity4183 infusion was both a clinically beneficial and cost-effective treatment following recurrent @entity3152 .

title: Managing perinatal outcomes: the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity3152 :: ('MESH:D007752', 'Disease') :: ['preterm labor']

entities_list: @entity4183 :: ('MESH:D013726', 'Chemical') :: ['terbutaline']

answer: @entity3152 :: (MESH:D007752,Disease) :: ['preterm labor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and complications of vaginal and laparoscopic myomectomy, and analgesic drug consumption. METHODS: We conducted a pilot study involving 24 @entity1 with single, large (>5cm) symptomatic posterior uterine @entity2909 . Twelve @entity1 underwent vaginal myomectomy and 12 laparoscopic myomectomy. The main outcome measures were the operating time, peri- and post-operative complications, and analgesic drug consumption. RESULTS: There was no difference in mean age, the rate of nulliparity, and the mean size of @entity1868 between the two groups. The mean operating time was shorter in the vaginal group (96+/-38min versus 166+/-78min; P<0.01). There was no difference in mean @entity190 or @entity2909 weight between the two groups. One of the 12 @entity1 in the vaginal myomectomy group required laparoscopic conversion for an inaccessible @entity1868 . Post-operative @entity1286 consumption was lower in the vaginal group (37.2+/-64mg versus 150.8+/-42mg; P<0.003). No post-operative complications occurred in either group. Gas and stool recovery, the length of hospital stay, and the time required to return to normal activity were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Vaginal myomectomy is feasible and safe, and was associated with a shorter operating time and lower morphine consumption than laparoscopic myomectomy.

title: Vaginal and laparoscopic myomectomy for large posterior XXXX : results of a pilot study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity1868 :: ('MESH:D009214', 'Disease') :: ['fundal myoma', 'myomas']

entities_list: @entity2909 :: ('MESH:D007889', 'Disease') :: ['leiomyomas', 'fibroid']

answer: @entity1868 :: (MESH:D009214,Disease) :: ['myomas']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to assess the value of two-way interpretation (i.e., from rectum to cecum and vice versa) compared with one-way interpretation (i.e., from rectum to cecum only) in terms of polyp detection and interpretation time on MDCT colonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty consecutive @entity1 underwent both CT colonography and conventional colonoscopy. Three radiologists independently analyzed the CT colonographic examinations of each @entity1 using a primary 3D method. All examinations were analyzed using two techniques: navigation from rectum to cecum only (one-way) and navigation from rectum to cecum and vice versa (two-way). Sensitivity and positive predictive value were calculated on both a per-polyp basis and a per- @entity1 basis. Alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was estimated, and image interpretation time was documented. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-five @entity1127 were depicted in 45 @entity1 by colonoscopy. The mean sensitivity of CT colonography for polyp detection with two-way (88.4%) was significantly superior to that with one-way (78.1%) (p < 0.01). The mean positive predictive value of each observer with one-way was 66.7%, whereas that with two-way was 65.8%. The mean area under the alternative free-response ROC curve (A(z) value) with two-way (0.827) was higher than that with one-way (0.816), but there was not a statistically significant difference. The average interpretation time of each observer with two-way (39 min) was statistically significantly longer than that with one-way (25 min) (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: When using a primary 3D interpretation technique at CT colonography, complete 3D navigation from rectum to cecum and from cecum to rectum is mandatory to maximize polyp detection. The image interpretation time for two-way interpretation is statistically significantly longer than that with one-way interpretation.

title: Assessment of two 3D MDCT colonography protocols for observation of XXXX .

answer: @entity1127 :: (MESH:D011127,Disease) :: ['colorectal polyps']


abstract: In this paper, we present an effective and efficient computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on principle component analysis ( @entity4901 ) and extreme learning machine (ELM) to assist the task of @entity1374 diagnosis. The CAD system is comprised of three stages. Focusing on dimension reduction, the first stage applies @entity4901 to construct the most discriminative new feature set. After then, the system switches to the second stage whose target is model construction. ELM classifier is explored to train an optimal predictive model whose parameters are optimized. As we known, the number of hidden neurons has an important role in the performance of ELM, so we propose an experimental method to hunt for the optimal value. Finally, the obtained optimal ELM model proceeds to perform the @entity1374 diagnosis tasks using the most discriminative new feature set and the optimal parameters. The effectiveness of the resultant CAD system ( @entity4901 -ELM) has been rigorously estimated on a @entity1374 dataset which is taken from UCI machine learning repository. We compare it with other related methods in terms of their classification accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that @entity4901 -ELM outperforms other ones reported so far by 10-fold cross-validation method, with the mean accuracy of 97.73% and with the maximum accuracy of 98.1%. Besides, @entity4901 -ELM performs much faster than support vector machines (SVM) based CAD system. Consequently, the proposed method @entity4901 -ELM can be considered as a new powerful tools for diagnosing @entity1374 with excellent performance and less time.

title: A computer aided diagnosis system for XXXX using extreme learning machine.

entities_list: @entity1374 :: ('MESH:D013959', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid disease']

answer: @entity1374 :: (MESH:D013959,Disease) :: ['thyroid disease']


abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen presenting cells, playing a key role in the adaptive immune responses to @entity1800 . Our studies demonstrate that wild-type (wt) @entity17839 (RABV) does not activate DCs. Adoptive transfer of DCs primed with wt RABV did not activate DCs, stimulate virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA), or protect recipients against challenge. However, adoptive transfer of DCs primed with laboratory-attenuated RABV resulted in DC activation, production of VNA, and protection against challenge. In vitro studies with recombinant RABV (laboratory-attenuated RABV expressing the G or the P from wt RABV) demonstrate that DC activation is dependent on the glycoprotein (G) and involves @entity15237 pathway. Furthermore, binding to and entry into DCs by wt RABV is severely blocked and the copy number of de novo synthesized leader RNA was two logs lower in DCs infected with wt than in DCs treated with laboratory-attenuated RABV. However transient transfection of DCs with synthesized leader RNA from either wt or attenuated RABV is capable of activating DCs in a dose dependent manner. Thus, the inability of wt RABV to activate DCs correlates with its low level of the de novo synthesized leader RNA. IMPORTANCE: Rabies remains a public health threat with more than 55,000 fatalities each year around the world. Since dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the adaptive immune responses to @entity1800 , we investigated the ability of @entity17839 (RABV) to activate DCs. It was found that adoptive transfer of DCs primed with wild-type (wt) RABV did not activate DCs, stimulate VNA, or protect @entity19 against lethal challenge. Yet, laboratory-attenuated RABV mediates activation of DCs via @entity15237 pathway and is G-dependent. We further show that wt RABV evades DC-mediated immune activation by inefficient binding/entry into DCs as well as reduced level of de novo synthesized leader RNA. These findings may have important implications in the development of efficient rabies vaccines.

title: The inability of wild-type XXXX to activate dendritic cells is dependent on the glycoprotein and correlates with its low level of the de novo synthesized leader RNA.

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infections']

answer: @entity17839 :: (11292,Species) :: ['rabies virus']


abstract: 1. A systematic search was made for @entity299 (clinical, radiological and ECG) and @entity74 (catheterisation of the right side of the @entity3618 ) in 37 cases of confirmed biharziasis. It was generally found that:--14 @entity1 (37.8%) had no symptoms;--8 @entity1 (21.6%) had @entity120 ( @entity120 ) with the corresponding cardiac signs (these will be reported separately);--15 @entity1 (40.5%) had cardiac signs with no @entity120 ; these are studied in this paper. 2. Iatrogenic @entity2401 was noted on the ECG. It was found in 3 of the 37 cases (8.1%). This points to the importance of careful monitoring of treatment. There was also ECG evidence of anaemyic myocardial changes in 5 cases of the 37 (13.5%). In 3 of these 5 cases this was found to be due to @entity548 . @entity296 was found in 1 case (2.7%), a @entity1 with @entity8 . Myocardial signs were also found in 3 cases because of coexistant disease. 3. Three cases (8.1%) remain in whom there were ECG changes, but without @entity120 and without any other definable cause. These could have been due to @entity2401 ; the authors review the experimental and clinical evidence for such a possibility. The real incidence of this condition remains to be determined. 4. Although there was no such case in this series, the authors suggest that @entity2040 might cause @entity18032 ( @entity18032 ). 5. The authors put forward the hypothesis that the @entity358 is a tissue immunological reaction, and also that the @entity2401 (and possibly the @entity18032 ) is a manifestation of circulating antibodies.

title: [Cardiac findings in XXXX without @entity120 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Hypertensive myocardial disease']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity3618 :: ('MESH:D011660', 'Disease') :: ['heart and pulmonary artery']

entities_list: @entity18032 :: ('MESH:D004719', 'Disease') :: ['EMCF', 'endomyocardial fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension', 'PH']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary arteritis']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['haemodynamic disorders']

entities_list: @entity2040 :: ('MESH:D012552', 'Disease') :: ['bilharziasis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis', 'bilharzia myocarditis']

answer: @entity2040 :: (MESH:D012552,Disease) :: ['bilharziasis']


abstract: PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to assess the frequency and sequelae of portal system @entity715 (PST) after splenectomy in @entity1 with @entity5 or chronic @entity1503 and to determine whether routine surveillance imaging for this potential complication is warranted. METHOD: The radiology reports of 203 consecutive @entity1 with @entity5 or chronic @entity1503 who underwent splenectomy between January 1990 and January 1997 were reviewed. Imaging examinations and medical records were reviewed for those in whom PST was found after splenectomy. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three @entity1 (60.6%) underwent CT (n = 88), sonography (n = 10), or both (n = 24) after splenectomy; one other @entity1 underwent MRI. Twelve of these @entity1 (9.8%) had @entity715 of the splenic, portal, and/or superior mesenteric veins. Their underlying diseases were @entity4018 / @entity2590 (n = 8), @entity706 (n = 3), and @entity1778 (n = 1). At follow-up imaging (obtained in 10 of the 12 @entity1 ), PST had resolved (n = 5), worsened (n = 2), improved (n = 1), remained unchanged (n = 1), or resulted in cavernous transformation of the portal vein (n = 1). Nine of 12 @entity1 were symptomatic. No @entity1 died of PST. CONCLUSION: PST was an uncommon and typically unsuspected finding after splenectomy in this @entity1 population, and no serious sequelae of PST were found. Routine surveillance imaging for PST after splenectomy does not seem warranted, but in symptomatic @entity1 (particularly those with @entity4018 / @entity2590 ), a high clinical suspicion and a low threshold for obtaining imaging examinations are needed.

title: Portal system @entity715 after splenectomy for @entity5 or XXXX : is routine surveillance imaging necessary?

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2590 :: ('MESH:D009190', 'Disease') :: ['myelodysplastic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic disorders']

entities_list: @entity4018 :: ('MESH:D055728', 'Disease') :: ['myelofibrosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1503 :: (MESH:D006402,Disease) :: ['chronic hematologic disorder']


abstract: @entity6 Nurse Specialists (DNSs) are often the hub of the communications network for the entire @entity6 multiprofessional health care team, @entity1 and their families. Frequently they liaise between primary and secondary care and have a key role in the provision of a 'seamless service'. To work effectively and efficiently they need a foolproof system of documentation and communication. The aim of the study was to investigate the means by which DNSs document @entity1 care in order to provide baseline information about ongoing record-keeping practices. The study comprised a cross-sectional survey in which data were obtained by questionnaire. All DNSs in the UK registered with the British @entity6 Association were invited to participate in the study. A 70.3% response rate was achieved (n = 545). The results indicated that manual profession-specific records were used by 65.3% of DNSs, 21.1% used shared/integrated records, 12.8% used computerized records and only 0.7% made use of @entity1 -held records. Whilst almost all DNSs felt that a good record-keeping system was essential in providing 'seamless care' to @entity1 , not all felt their system was efficient. Of those using a computerized system 65.7% rated it as efficient, compared with only 28.1% of those using a profession-specific system and 26.1% of those using a manual shared system. A high percentage of DNSs (65.9%) felt that the provision of 'seamless care' was hindered by communication problems with members of other professional groups. The findings from this study indicate that computers alone cannot bridge the gap between primary and secondary care, but 'seamless care' may become more of a reality with computerized record-keeping systems and participation by all members of the multidisciplinary team.

title: Documenting @entity6 care: the XXXX nurse specialists' perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['Diabetes', 'Diabetic', 'diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']