abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity2802 staging system for @entity1358 was revised by the American Joint Committee on @entity5 (AJCC) and the International Union Against @entity5 (UICC) in 1997. The 1997 @entity2802 staging system for @entity1358 reclassifies @entity5 using criteria for size and for extent of renal vein/vena cava involvement that are different from the criteria used in the 1987 staging system. The current study investigated the prognostic significance of @entity5 classification and other factors using the new staging system. METHODS: Records from 1547 @entity1358 @entity1 (1039 males and 508 females; mean age, 63.4 years; mean follow-up, 7.1 years) who underwent surgical resection between 1970 and 1998 were analyzed retrospectively. @entity5 were staged using the 1987 and 1997 @entity2802 criteria, and Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival and disease recurrence were compared for both staging systems. The Peto-Peto log rank test and the generalized Wilcoxon test were used to assess univariate significance of prognostic factors on survival. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was then completed to assess the significance of the revised staging system. RESULTS: Tumor classification using the 1987 @entity2802 staging system (P = 0.0001) and the 1997 @entity2802 staging system (P = 0.0001) was a significant predictor of cause specific survival. Using 1997 @entity2802 staging criteria, 641 @entity1 were reclassified from the T2 classification to the T1 classification, 114 @entity1 were reclassified from the T3c classification to the T3b classification, 11 @entity1 were reclassified from the T4b classification to the T3c classification, and 3 @entity1 were reclassified from the T4b classification to the T3b classification. @entity1 with reclassified @entity5 had outcomes similar to @entity1 with @entity5 that remained in the same @entity5 classification. @entity1 stratification was improved using the new staging system. Prognostic discrimination for cause specific survival at 10 years was noted for the 1987 and 1997 @entity2802 classifications (T1, 97% vs. 91%; T2, 84% vs. 70%; T3a, 53% vs. 53%; T3b, 48% vs. 42%; and T3c, 29% vs. 43%). CONCLUSIONS: The revised classification of @entity1358 was a significant predictor of cause specific survival for the cohort of @entity1 described in this report. Using the new system, the stratification of @entity1 was improved. @entity1 who had their @entity5 reclassified as a result of the new staging system had outcomes similar to those of @entity1 who had @entity5 that remained in the same classification. Based on an analysis of this cohort, @entity5 classification is valid, and the T1 subclassification is warranted. However, additional revision may be required to optimize staging.

title: Pathologic staging of XXXX : significance of @entity5 classification with the 1997 @entity2802 staging system.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumors', 'Cancer', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1358 :: ('MESH:D002292', 'Disease') :: ['renal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity1358 :: (MESH:D002292,Disease) :: ['renal cell carcinoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Inverted @entity1185 is an unusual neoplasm of the urinary tract. Although the association between inverted @entity1185 and @entity189 is not entirely clear, many studies indicate that @entity1 with @entity1179 are at increased risk for the development of @entity189 . In addition, @entity2007 @entity1179 have been associated with the subsequent development of @entity189 . The objective of this study was to determine whether ploidy, @entity1758 proliferative activity, or @entity876 protein staining in @entity1179 were predictive of @entity189 . METHODS: Fifty-one cases of @entity1179 were retrieved from the Tissue Registry of the Mayo Clinic. Clinical records were reviewed for @entity1 age, length of follow-up, and history of @entity189 ( @entity189 prior to, concurrent with, or subsequent to the diagnosis of @entity1179 ). DNA ploidy analysis was determined using Feulgen stained sections from paraffin embedded tissues using an image analysis system. Quantitation of @entity1758 proliferative activity and @entity876 immunostaining was determined similarly using immunoperoxidase stained sections from paraffin embedded tissues. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis of @entity1179 was 63.9 years (range, 37-87 years), and there were 39 @entity1 and 12 @entity1 . @entity1 were followed for a mean of 56.5 months (range, 1-252 months). @entity5 ranged in size from 0.2 to 4.3 cm (mean, 0.9 cm). Eight @entity1 (15.7%) had a prior, concurrent, or subsequent noninvasive World Health Organization and International Society of Urologic Pathology (WHO/ISUP) @entity4929 of low malignant @entity1377 of low grade (formerly WHO Grade 1 or 2 @entity1377 ). @entity1179 in @entity1 with a history of @entity189 were all diploid and had a mean @entity1758 activity of 6.3% (range, 0.04-24.8%) and mean @entity876 protein staining of 12.6% (range, 0.5-24.9%). These @entity1179 ranged in size from 0.3 to 1.0 cm (mean, 0.5 cm). @entity1179 in @entity1 without a history of @entity189 were @entity2007 in 6 cases (14.3%) and diploid in the remaining cases. These @entity1179 had a mean @entity1758 activity of 1.6% (range, 0.06-9.0%) and mean @entity876 protein staining of 9.7% (range, 0.05-38.0%). @entity5 size ranged from 0.2 to 4.3 cm (mean, 1.0 cm). There were no statistically significant differences in @entity1758 activity, @entity876 protein staining, ploidy, and morphologic features between @entity1179 in @entity1 with and without a history of @entity189 . CONCLUSIONS: Ploidy, @entity1758 proliferative activity, and @entity876 immunostaining in inverted @entity1185 were not useful in identifying @entity1 who had a history of @entity189 .

title: Inverted @entity1185 : is ploidy, @entity1758 proliferative activity, or @entity876 protein accumulation predictive of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary urothelial carcinoma', 'potential or papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploid']

entities_list: @entity4929 :: ('MESH:C565310', 'Disease') :: ['papillary neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Tumors', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity1179 :: ('MESH:D018308', 'Disease') :: ['inverted papillomas', 'Inverted papillomas', 'inverted papilloma']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['urothelial papilloma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['defined as carcinoma', 'urothelial carcinoma']

answer: @entity189 :: (MESH:D002277,Disease) :: ['urothelial carcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of glucocorticoid replacement quality in @entity1887 ( @entity1887 ) relies primarily on clinical judgement and thus largely depends on the physician's expertise. It is a matter of debate whether @entity701 day curves are of value in assessing glucocorticoid replacement quality. Here we compared the results of a structured clinical assessment to the outcome of repeated, timed serum @entity701 measurements. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in the outpatient department of a university teaching hospital. @entity1 : Forty-six @entity1 (19 @entity1 , 27 @entity1 , age range 16-76 years) with primary (n = 23) and secondary (n = 23) @entity1887 on stable replacement with a median dose of 37.5 mg @entity7043 (range 25-50 mg) since 10 +/- 7 years (range 1-31 years). MEASUREMENTS: Clinical performance was scored by structured assessment of signs and symptoms, physical examination and routine biochemical tests. Serum @entity701 was measured on two to three separate occasions in three timed samples after the morning glucocorticoid dose. Bone mineral density was measured in 15 @entity1 with long-standing glucocorticoid replacement. RESULTS: Thirty-seven @entity1 were considered well replaced, whereas clinical scores suggested over- or under-replacement in five and four, respectively. There was no correlation of the clinical score with total or body weight-adjusted glucocorticoid dose. The mean z score of serum @entity701 differed significantly between under- and over-replaced @entity1 (P < 0.05) but neither group differed significantly from well-replaced @entity1 . Bone mineral density was normal in all @entity1 studied. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that serum @entity701 day curves are of limited value in the monitoring of glucocorticoid replacement. Bone mineral density in @entity1887 is generally normal and does not require routine follow-up.

title: Quality of glucocorticoid replacement in XXXX : clinical assessment vs. timed serum @entity701 measurements.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency', 'AI']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity7043 :: ('MESH:C015087', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisone acetate']

answer: @entity1887 :: (MESH:D000309,Disease) :: ['adrenal insufficiency']


abstract: When @entity134 hormone antagonists have inappropriate agonist effects, the clinical consequences are grave. @entity1420 antagonists bind to two naturally occurring isoforms of @entity1 @entity1420 receptors ( @entity19586 ), hPRB and the @entity2733 -terminally truncated @entity11746 , and usually inhibit agonist-stimulated transcription. It is shown here that elevation of @entity268 levels in a @entity1 @entity0 cell line leads to the functional reversal of @entity1420 antagonist action. While @entity19586 occupied by the antagonists @entity3927 and @entity54539 are transcriptionally inactive, the antagonist-occupied receptors become strong activators of transcription in the presence of @entity7410 . However, this functional switch does not occur with the @entity1420 antagonist @entity19440 , which, unlike @entity3927 and @entity54539 , is unable to induce @entity19586 binding to DNA. This suggests that the @entity7410 -induced transcriptional reversal requires that the antagonist-occupied receptors be bound to DNA. Even with agonist-occupied @entity19586 , addition of @entity7410 results in a synergistic increase in transcriptional activity. When @entity11746 alone are transiently expressed in COS-1 cells, transcription of a reporter gene is stimulated by the agonist R5020 and by @entity7410 and is synergistic when both are present; but the @entity7410 -dependent component of transcription proceeds in the absence of @entity11746 , in the absence of the @entity1420 response element, and in the presence of a DNA-binding domain mutant of @entity11746 that cannot bind to the @entity1420 response element. Additionally, under the intracellular conditions in which @entity7410 activates antagonist- @entity19586 complexes, there is no protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of the receptors. We discuss a model in which a gene that is independently transcribed by @entity268 -responsive factors and by @entity19586 can be selected for positive or negative regulation on the transcription complex due to additive or cooperative interactions between the two DNA-bound factors.

title: Antagonist-occupied @entity1 @entity1420 receptors bound to DNA are functionally switched to transcriptional agonists by XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone', 'Progesterone']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

answer: @entity268 :: (CHEBI:17489,Chemical) :: ['cAMP']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The optimal @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) biopsy technique remains undefined in @entity0 . Injecting radiotracer or blue dye by a variety of routes seems to stage the axilla with comparable accuracy, and we have hypothesized that the dermal and the parenchymal lymphatics of the breast drain to the same @entity1600 in most @entity1 . Two previous studies from our institution support this concept: (1) a single-surgeon series of 200 consecutive @entity1600 biopsy procedures demonstrating a high dye-isotope concordance for both @entity21989 ( @entity21989 ) and @entity33575 ( @entity33575 ) isotope injection, and (2) a series of 100 procedures validated by a backup axillary dissection (ALND) in which the false-negative rate following @entity21989 isotope injection was comparable to that of our previous results with @entity33575 injection. Here, we directly compare the results of @entity1600 biopsy using either @entity21989 or @entity33575 isotope injection for our entire experience of @entity1600 biopsy procedures in which a backup ALND was done. METHODS: This is a retrospective, nonrandomized study of 298 clinical stage I to II @entity0 @entity1 having @entity1600 biopsy with a backup ALND planned in advance, comparing the results of @entity21989 (n = 164) and @entity33575 (n = 134) isotope injection. All @entity1 had @entity33575 injection of blue dye. Endpoints included (1) successful @entity1600 identification, (2) false-negative rate, (3) dye-isotope concordance, and (4) the @entity1600 /axillary background isotope count ratio. RESULTS: @entity21989 isotope was more successful than @entity33575 , identifying the @entity1600 in 98% versus 89% of cases, respectively. False-negative results (4.8% vs 4.4%) and dye-isotope concordance (92% vs 93%) were comparable between the 2 groups, and @entity1600 /axillary background isotope count ratios were significantly higher with @entity21989 than with @entity33575 injection (288/1 vs 59/1). CONCLUSIONS: @entity21989 isotope injection identifies the @entity1600 more often than @entity33575 , stages the axilla with comparable accuracy, and is associated with higher levels of @entity1600 isotope uptake. The dermal and parenchymal lymphatics of the breast drain to the same axillary @entity1600 in most @entity0 @entity1 , and @entity21989 isotope injection is the procedure of choice in this setting.

title: Intradermal isotope injection is superior to intramammary in sentinel node biopsy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity33575 :: ('MESH:D020202', 'Disease') :: ['IP', 'intraparenchymal']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['sentinel lymph node', 'SLN']

entities_list: @entity21989 :: ('MESH:D018330', 'Disease') :: ['intradermal', 'ID']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical, pathologic, and computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of @entity99 ( @entity99 ) and to improve the diagnostic efficacy of the @entity5 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings were retrospectively evaluated in 18 @entity1 with @entity99 . Two @entity1 underwent both CT and MRI, ten underwent CT alone, and six underwent MRI alone. Unenhanced and contrast-enhanced examinations were performed in all @entity1 . Imaging characteristics, such as the lesion location, lesion diameter, presence of early draining veins, attenuation/signal intensity of the lesions on imaging, and enhancement pattern were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 3 male and 15 female @entity1 . @entity99 was seen as a well-defined, solitary mass on imaging with medium size (mean diameter, 5.9  cm). Fat was detected in ten @entity1 . Calcification was noted in two @entity1 and @entity528 was seen in one @entity1 . @entity1575 and capsule were not detected in all @entity1 . The mean attenuation values exceeded 120  hounsfield units (HU) in 11 @entity1 (91.7%). Peripherally decreasing enhancement rim as well as early draining vein was seen in 15 @entity1 (83.3%). The early draining veins were all hepatic veins. Tumor vessels were noted in all @entity1 . CONCLUSION: The presence of early draining vein, peripheral decreasing enhancement rim, and the absence of @entity5 capsule in the hypervascular @entity99 on CT and/or MRI together with normal alpha fetal protein may be helpful for the diagnosis of @entity99 in non-cirrhotic liver.

title: XXXX : CT and MR imaging findings with clinical-pathologic comparison.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1575 :: ('MESH:D008103', 'Disease') :: ['Hepatic cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic angiomyolipoma', 'hepatic tumor', 'HAML']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['cystic degeneration']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['Hepatic angiomyolipoma']


abstract: We tested the hypothesis that resistance to @entity2899 ( @entity9856 ) is more intense in muscles closer to, than distant from, burn, and is related to the expression of immature and total @entity934 receptors (AChRs). Anesthetized @entity35 received approximately 4% surface area burn over the tibialis muscle of one leg with the contralateral leg serving as control, or approximately 45% of the flank burn, with sham-burned pair fed controls. At 1, 4, 7, or 14 days later, the 50% effective dose of @entity9856 , membrane AChRs, and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encode the @entity54464 (AChRgamma-mRNA) were quantified in the tibialis. After the local leg burn, AChRs increased at Days 4, 7, and 14, and AChRgamma-mRNA at Days 4 and 7 after burn. The increased AChRgamma-mRNA correlated with total AChRs (r = 0.82), suggesting that the up-regulated AChRs may contain the immature isoform. The 50% effective dose of @entity9856 after the local leg burn increased 1.2- to 1.5-fold at all periods and correlated significantly with AChRs (r = 0.54) and AChRgamma-mRNA (r = 0.57). After the flank burn, resistance was seen at Day 14 in association with @entity2057 ; AChRs and AChRgamma-mRNA were unaltered. The resistance to @entity9856 after a local burn occurs sooner, is more marked, and is probably related to both increases and isoform changes in AChRs. The resistance at distant muscles appears unrelated to AChR changes. IMPLICATIONS: The resistance to @entity2899 after a burn differs between muscles near and distant from the burn and seems to depend on quantitative and qualitative changes in @entity934 receptors and @entity2057 associated with the insult.

title: Thermal injury induces greater resistance to @entity2899 in local rather than in distant muscles in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle atrophy']

entities_list: @entity2899 :: ('MESH:D014403', 'Chemical') :: ['d-tubocurarine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The @entity9677 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), @entity52743 , is known to be associated with secondary @entity1162 ( @entity1162 ) and to cause a mild reduction in @entity9677 current. However, the precise incidence and its association with @entity1162 remain unknown in the greater cohort of the population in Japan. METHODS AND RESULTS: The genotype was screened at codon 643 of @entity9677 in 992 residents of a farming community. Eighty-eight individuals (female/male =52/36, 8.9%) were found to have a heterozygous @entity52743 SNP. Matching both gender and age, we randomly selected 243 control (G643G) cases and compared the electrocardiogram parameters in both groups; QT, QTf (QT corrected by Fridericia's formula) intervals, the peak and the end of the T wave (Tpe) interval, and the Tpe/QT ratio. The latter 2 reflect the transmural dispersion of ventricular repolarization (TDR). In @entity52743 carriers, both Tpe and Tpe/QT were significantly longer than in non-carriers, without significant @entity1162 . Both genders showed a tendency for an increase in QTf with aging. In females, both Tpe and Tpe/QT showed a similar significant increase with age, which was not observed in males. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly females, @entity52743 might be an independent risk factor for secondary @entity1162 by causing a greater TDR.

title: Gender and age effects on ventricular repolarization abnormality in Japanese general carriers of a @entity52743 common single nucleotide polymorphism for the XXXX gene.

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['LQTS', 'QT intervals', 'long QT syndrome', 'QT prolongation']

answer: @entity9677 :: (3784,Gene) :: ['KCNQ1']


abstract: The term @entity12293 refers to a heterogeneous group of benign reactive T-cell or B-cell lymphoproliferative processes of diverse causes that simulate @entity706 clinically and histologically but usually undergo spontaneous remission. Its pathogenesis is still unclear. The prognosis is good although some evidence suggests that @entity12293 may progress to @entity706 . @entity12293 of the urinary tract is extremely rare. We herein report a case of @entity8 in a 70-year-old @entity1 , associated with a high grade urothelial @entity150 and to a @entity263 (Gleason score 6). A brief review of the literature is included. The kidney showed a well-defined, whitish soft mass which involved the renal sinus. Microscopically, the lesion of the renal sinus consisted of a proliferation of small to medium size lymphocytes ( @entity2225 positive and @entity588 negative) sometimes arranged in @entity2383 . The diagnosis was confirmed by molecular studies which showed an oligopolyclonal @entity7513 rearrangement. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of @entity12293 with a complete molecular characterization ever described in the renal sinus and the first one associated with multiple @entity5464 .

title: XXXX in a @entity1 with multiple carcinomas: a case report and a brief review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['pseudolymphoma of the renal sinus']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostatic adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5464 :: ('MESH:D014565', 'Disease') :: ['urogenital carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the bladder']

entities_list: @entity12293 :: ('MESH:D019310', 'Disease') :: ['pseudolymphoma', 'Pseudolymphoma']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['hyperplastic follicular structures']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['Renal sinus pseudolymphoma']


abstract: The effectiveness of @entity1811 ( @entity1811 )-inhibitor therapy in attenuating ventricular remodeling when initiated immediately following @entity296 is clearly established. Less information, however, is available on the impact of late therapy on the remodeling process, especially its influence on the cellular components of these structural changes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of converting enzyme inhibitor therapy commenced 28 days following @entity1188 in the @entity35 on changes in cardiac myocyte dimension and the interstitium. At 28 days following @entity1188 , myocyte cell length (153.9+/-7.3 v 131.1+/-5.9 micron, P=0.0002) and cell volume in the free wall of the left ventricle (38. 5+/-5.0 x 10(3) v31.4+/-3.1 x 10(3), P=0.009) had increased compared with sham-operated @entity35 . Similar changes were noted in the septum and right ventricle. @entity3371 therapy administered between 28 and 56 days attenuated a further increase in cell length noted in an untreated group in the left ventricle (153.5+/-15.3 v 167.3+/-13.7 micron, P=0.02), right ventricle (153.8+/-20.5 v 173.8+/-2.3 micron, P=0.01) and septum (158.0+/-20.2 v 179.1+/-16.6 micron, P=0.004). There was an increase in @entity720 content in the right ventricle and a similar trend in the left ventricle in the untreated @entity583 groups. These changes were not altered by @entity3371 therapy. In summary, even late therapy with @entity3371 attenuates progressive @entity5707 , which may contribute to the ability of @entity1811 -inhibitor therapy to slow progressive chamber enlargement following @entity1188 .

title: Effect of delayed intervention with @entity1811 -inhibitor therapy on myocyte hypertrophy and growth of the cardiac interstitium in the XXXX model of @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial damage']

entities_list: @entity3371 :: ('CHEBI:3380', 'Chemical') :: ['Captopril', 'captopril']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity5707 :: ('MESH:D020257', 'Disease') :: ['myocyte remodeling']

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The 2004 classification of the World Health Organization (WHO) has demonstrated an efficacy for prediction of the prognosis of @entity788 . This study aimed to assess the predictive value of preoperative @entity419 positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in relation to the 2004 WHO criteria. The histology of 21 @entity788 resected at our hospital was reviewed and the @entity5 were classified according to the 2004 WHO criteria. FDG-PET findings were analyzed by comparing the findings with CT scans. FDG uptake was positive in 10 primary endocrine @entity5 (47%), but no uptake was seen in 11 @entity5 . In relation to the 2004 WHO classification, 1 out of 8 well-differentiated @entity5 with benign behavior was positive by PET (12.5%), 4 out of 7 well-differentiated @entity5 with uncertain behavior were positive (57%) and 4 low-grade @entity5 were positive (100%). According to the WHO criteria, the rate of positive FDG uptake increased as the malignant potential increased. The metastases of low-grade @entity5 also showed a positive FDG uptake. In conclusion, from our limited experience, FDG-PET appears to be useful for identifying @entity788 with a higher malignant potential. In addition, FDG-PET can detect distant metastases and may contribute to better staging of advanced disease.

title: Diagnostic value of @entity419 positron emission tomography for XXXX with reference to the World Health Organization classification.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors', 'pancreatic endocrine tumors']

entities_list: @entity419 :: ('MESH:D019788', 'Chemical') :: ['(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose']

answer: @entity788 :: (MESH:D010190,Disease) :: ['pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2008 often occur prenatally in @entity1778 , characterizing an early event in leukemogenesis. The majority of the abnormalities occurring in @entity1 involve the @entity11626 gene on chromosome band 11q23. We describe the molecular cytogenetic findings of 207 @entity1 @entity3052 (IAL) cases included in the Brazilian Collaborative Study Group of @entity1 @entity3052 . PROCEDURE: The diagnosis of @entity981 ( @entity981 ) or @entity3052 ( @entity3052 ) was made according to morphology and immunophenotyping classification, followed by conventional karyotyping. Samples were then screened using RT-PCR for the presence of specific chromosome translocations. FISH assay for @entity11626 rearrangements was performed only in cases with negative or inconclusive cytogenetic or PCR results. RESULTS: The characteristics of @entity1 with IAL were as follows: 115 @entity1 and 92 @entity1 , age range 0-23 months, mean age 12 months, 145 @entity981 , and 62 @entity3052 . A statistically significant association was observed between pro-B @entity981 cases and @entity11626 +ve (P=0.0001) cases and the age group 0-3 months with @entity11626 +ve (P=0.008) cases. Two rare cases of @entity981 with @entity11626 +ve were found. Other than @entity11626 rearrangements, various other molecular aberrations were detected including @entity9604 / @entity5316 +ve (n=9), E2A/PBX1+ve (n=4), @entity15629 /RARA+ve (n=4), and @entity5316 / @entity10794 +ve (n=2). Cytogenetic analysis revealed hyperdiploidy (n=6), del(7) in two cases and del(11)(q23) in seven cases. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that not only @entity11626 rearrangements, but also other @entity74 occur before birth and may contribute to leukemogenesis.

title: Molecular cytogenetic findings of XXXX included in the Brazilian Collaborative Study Group of @entity1 @entity3052 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Infant', 'infants', 'girls', 'boys', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia', 'pro-T ALL']

entities_list: @entity3052 :: ('MESH:D015470', 'Disease') :: ['acute myeloblastic leukemia', 'AML', 'acute leukemia']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['childhood leukemia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['molecular abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['Chromosome abnormalities']

answer: @entity3052 :: (MESH:D015470,Disease) :: ['acute leukemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: There has been little available information regarding secular changes in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms since the mid-1990s. AIM: To examine changes in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms for 1993-2001. DESIGN OF STUDY: A series of postal questionnaire surveys. SETTING: Two general practice populations, including all age groups. METHOD: Four postal respiratory questionnaire surveys were conducted between 1993 and 2001. Subjects who replied to two or more surveys (8058 adults and 2350 @entity1 ) were included in the main analyses. Validated scoring systems were used to define @entity1224 in adults and @entity565 in @entity1 . RESULTS: Over the 8-year observation period there were increases among adults in the crude prevalence of wheeze, being woken by cough, receipt of current @entity565 medication, and of @entity1224 , compared with decreases in @entity1 for wheeze, night cough, @entity565 attacks, and @entity565 . For adults, adjusted odds ratios per year of secular increase were 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 1.03) for wheeze, 1.03 (95% CI = 1.02 to 1.03) for being woken by cough, 1.03 (95% CI = 1.02 to 1.04) for @entity565 medication, and 1.02 (95% CI = 1.01 to 1.03) for @entity1224 . These increases were greater in those aged over 44 years, in males, and in those without a family history of @entity565 or a history of @entity2023 or @entity484 . Corresponding decreases for @entity1 were 0.94 (95% CI = 0.92 to 0.97) for wheeze, 0.93 (95% CI = 0.91 to 0.96) for night cough, 0.93 (95% CI = 0.90 to 0.95) for @entity565 attacks and 0.98 (95% CI = 0.95 to 1.00) for @entity565 . CONCLUSION: The increases found in adults are more likely to be due to @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) than @entity565 . This is supported by the decreases in symptom and @entity565 prevalence in @entity1 .

title: Temporal change in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and XXXX 1993-2001.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity1224 :: ('MESH:D000402', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive airways disease']

answer: @entity1224 :: (MESH:D000402,Disease) :: ['obstructive airways disease']


abstract: AIM: @entity890 (HTD) is a rare disease that, unlike other @entity890 of different size, need a different surgical management. The copresence of ''giant'' volume and calcification of the @entity890 heavily affects the surgical difficulty and is not elsewhere described. METHODS: Seven cases of surgically treated giant calcified HTDs were considered in this study. Five of them were females and two males, age range 18-63 years. Before and after surgery, all @entity1 underwent computed tomography myelography, magnetic resonance imaging or both pre-and postoperatively. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Asia grading system preoperatively, immediately after surgery, and at long-term follow-up examination. The mean overall follow-up period was 36 months. All @entity1 presented with various grades of @entity602 : according to the @entity73 scale, two were grade B, four were grade C and one were grade D. Six @entity1 underwent an anterior approach, i.e. thoracotomy, and one @entity1 underwent a posterolateral approach, i.e. peduncolocostotrasversectomy. RESULTS: Based on an analysis of the long-term follow-up data, the Asia grade improved in five @entity1 (71.4%), stabilized (no grade change) in one (14.3%), and worsened in one (14.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Giant calcified HTDs are particularly challenging surgical lesions and their volume and consistency are additional elements of difficulty. This article presents authors' personal experience on a small but extraordinary series of giant and @entity890 encountered in the management of this peculiar pathology since an accurate surgical planning leads to better clinical results.

title: Giant calcified XXXX : considerations aiming a proper surgical strategy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Asia impairment']

entities_list: @entity602 :: ('MESH:D013118', 'Disease') :: ['myelopathy']

entities_list: @entity890 :: ('MESH:D007405', 'Disease') :: ['herniated disc', 'thoracic disc herniations', 'Giant herniated thoracic disc', 'calcified thoracic herniated discs and the problems']

answer: @entity890 :: (MESH:D007405,Disease) :: ['thoracic herniated disc']


abstract: b-Arrestins play critical roles in @entity6722 and cytoskeletal reorganization downstream of several receptor types, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are targets for greater than 50% of all pharmaceuticals. Among them, receptors for @entity4990 ( @entity4991 ), namely @entity4991 (1) are overexpressed in @entity0 and promote metastatic spread. We have recently reported that b- @entity5262 regulates @entity4991 (1)-mediated @entity0 cell migration and invasion, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clearly understood. We show here that @entity4991 induces activity of the small G protein, @entity9704 in @entity0 cells in a b- @entity5262 -dependent manner, but fails to activate @entity9704 in non-malignant mammary epithelial cells. We found that @entity9704 mRNA levels are higher in @entity1 @entity0 compared to healthy @entity1 samples and @entity9704 is robustly expressed in @entity1 @entity513 in situ and invasive @entity5 , in contrast to the normal mammary ducts. @entity9704 protein expression is also higher in aggressive @entity0 cells (MDA-MB-231 and Hs578t) relative to the weakly invasive MCF-7 cells or non-malignant MCF10A mammary cells. Depletion of @entity9704 expression significantly impaired @entity4991 -stimulated migration of @entity0 cells and invasiveness in three-dimensional Matrigel cultures. Furthermore, we found that b- @entity5262 associates with the actin binding protein @entity52043 in @entity0 cells, and is necessary for the recruitment of @entity52043 to the leading edge of migratory cells. Depletion of @entity52043 blocked @entity4991 -stimulated @entity0 cell invasion. Finally, we have identified that @entity4991 enhances the binding of endogenous @entity9704 to b- @entity5262 , and also stimulates @entity9704 and @entity52043 to associate with @entity4991 (1). Thus our data establish novel roles for @entity9704 and @entity52043 as critical regulators of @entity4991 -induced @entity0 cell migration and invasion.

title: b- @entity5262 regulates @entity4990 -induced @entity1 @entity0 cell migration and invasion via XXXX and @entity52043 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6722 :: ('MESH:C565534', 'Disease') :: ['chemotaxis']

entities_list: @entity4990 :: ('MESH:C032881', 'Chemical') :: ['lysophosphatidic acid']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity513 :: ('MESH:D044584', 'Disease') :: ['ductal carcinoma']

answer: @entity9704 :: (5906,Gene) :: ['Rap1']


abstract: Spermatogenesis, a tightly regulated developmental process of male germ cells in testis, is associated with temporal and spatial expression of gap junction proteins, such as the connexin family members. Perturbation of their expressions may lead to @entity1167 as manifested by disruption of cell-cell interaction. To explore the role(s) of connexins during spermatogenesis, we utilized the small peptide antagonistic approach to specifically deplete @entity56399 , @entity56400 , and pan-connexin. Three connexin peptides corresponding to the extracellular binding domain of @entity56399 and @entity56400 and to the extracellular conserved domain of connexins were designed and synthesized commercially. Peptides (at single dosage of 0.5, 1, or 2 mg per animal) were injected into @entity35 testes and testes were collected on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 after microinjection. In situ TUNEL assay demonstrated the induction of apoptosis in the testes after pan-connexin peptide treatment in a dose-dependent manner from day 3 and onward. Unlike the pan-connexin peptide, @entity56399 and @entity56400 peptides appeared to have little effect on inducing apoptosis and germ cell loss. @entity1008 staining also detected the occasional presence of infiltrating lymphocytes in the seminiferous tubules. Accompanied with the apoptotic events, two apoptotic markers, NF-kappaB and @entity4124 , demonstrated a general up-regulation in their expressions. In adjacent testis sections, eliminations of @entity56399 , 32, and 43 were observed. However, an induction of @entity56400 expression was detected. This suggests the versatility and functional diversity of connexins in the testis. The expression of @entity10261 , the only known adaptor of connexins in the testis, was reduced and remained in a low level in the seminiferous epithelium. As such, the alterations of connexins in seminiferous epithelium may induce apoptotic signaling in the testis via the @entity4124 and the NF-kappaB pathway. This demonstrates the significant role of testicular connexins to maintain the survival of germ cells by regulating inter-cellular communications among germ cells and adjacent supporting cells during spermatogenesis. In addition, the inter-relationship between connexins and other junction proteins and associated signaling protein were investigated. After pan-connexin peptide treatment, a dys-localization of @entity17935 , an adherens junction protein, and diminution of @entity659 , a tight junction protein, level were detected. In addition, inductions of junction regulatory protein, @entity5346 , was observed during the course of peptide-mediated germ cell loss in the testes. In summary, pan-connexin peptide treatment triggered apoptosis and germ cell loss in the testes. This event influenced the localization and expression of different junction proteins and junction-associated protein in the testes.

title: Blockage of testicular connexins induced apoptosis in XXXX seminiferous epithelium.

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['spermatogenic arrest']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: CONTEXT: Pharmacotherapies that augment the incretin pathway have recently become available, but their role in the management of type 2 @entity6 is not well defined. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of incretin-based therapy in adults with type 2 @entity6 based on randomized controlled trials published in peer-reviewed journals or as abstracts. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE (1966-May 20, 2007) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (second quarter, 2007) for English-language randomized controlled trials involving an incretin mimetic ( @entity5445 [ @entity5445 ] analogue) or enhancer ( @entity5735 [ @entity5735 ] inhibitor). We also searched prescribing information, relevant Web sites, reference lists and citation sections of recovered articles, and abstracts presented at recent conferences. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials were selected if they were at least 12 weeks in duration, compared incretin therapy with placebo or other @entity6 medication, and reported hemoglobin A(1c) data in nonpregnant adults with type 2 @entity6 . DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently assessed trials for inclusion and extracted data. Differences were resolved by consensus. Meta-analyses were conducted for several efficacy and safety outcomes. RESULTS: Of 355 potentially relevant articles identified, 51 were retrieved for detailed evaluation and 29 met the inclusion criteria. Incretins lowered hemoglobin A(1c) compared with placebo (weighted mean difference, -0.97% [95% confidence interval {CI}, -1.13% to -0.81%] for @entity5445 analogues and -0.74% [95% CI, -0.85% to -0.62%] for @entity5735 inhibitors) and were noninferior to other hypoglycemic agents. @entity5445 analogues resulted in @entity353 (1.4 kg and 4.8 kg vs placebo and insulin, respectively) while @entity5735 inhibitors were weight neutral. @entity5445 analogues had more gastrointestinal side effects (risk ratio, 2.9 [95% CI, 2.0-4.2] for @entity390 and 3.2 [95% CI, 2.5-4.4] for @entity391 ). @entity5735 inhibitors had an increased risk of @entity281 (risk ratio, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.0-1.4] for @entity11266 and 1.5 [95% CI, 1.0-2.2] for @entity293 ) and @entity10 (risk ratio, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.1-1.7]). All but 3 trials had a 30-week or shorter duration; thus, long-term efficacy and safety could not be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Incretin therapy offers an alternative option to currently available hypoglycemic agents for nonpregnant adults with type 2 @entity6 , with modest efficacy and a favorable weight-change profile. Careful postmarketing surveillance for adverse effects, especially among the @entity5735 inhibitors, and continued evaluation in longer-term studies and in clinical practice are required to determine the role of this new class among current pharmacotherapies for type 2 @entity6 .

title: Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 XXXX : systematic review and meta-analysis.

entities_list: @entity11266 :: ('MESH:D009304', 'Disease') :: ['nasopharyngitis']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity5735 :: ('1803', 'Gene') :: ['Dipeptidyl peptidase 4', 'DPP4', 'dipeptidyl peptidase 4']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

entities_list: @entity5445 :: ('2641', 'Gene') :: ['Glucagonlike peptide 1', 'glucagonlike peptide 1', 'GLP-1']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: Morbidity and mortality in @entity5 are mainly related to the clinical consequences of tumoral peptide hypersecretion. Surgical resection at an early stage is the only curative treatment. However, most @entity5 are detected only when the hypersecretory state reflects the presence of metastases; surgery and chemotherapy then give only palliative results counterbalanced by serious side-effects. @entity1943 inhibits most endocrine secretions of the GEP tract and thus can alleviate invalidating symptoms. Its use is limited by its short half-life (2 min), the necessity of i.v. infusion and the possibility of a rebound phenomenon. @entity2390 , a synthetic @entity1943 analogue with a long duration of action, is administered subcutaneously and allows ambulatory treatment. In our series of 78 @entity1 we observed about 80 percent of excellent or good clinical results, enabling the @entity1 to resume normal life. Only minor and transient side-effects were noted. The overall tolerance of the drug was considered excellent or good. Prolonged administration of @entity2390 is a safe and effective symptomatic treatment in @entity1 without any restriction of anti-tumoral procedures. Furthermore, it prevents the severe @entity4303 crises that occur during surgery or embolization in @entity1 with @entity4303 .

title: [Use of @entity2390 in the treatment of digestive endocrine XXXX . A French multicenter study].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['endocrine gastro-enteropancreatic (GEP) tumours', 'tumours']

entities_list: @entity4303 :: ('MESH:D002276', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoid syndromes', 'carcinoid']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide', 'Octreotide']

entities_list: @entity1943 :: ('MESH:D013004', 'Chemical') :: ['somatostatin', 'Somatostatin']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desirudin in subjects with various degrees of @entity8 in comparison with subjects with normal renal function. METHODS: Eight subjects with normal renal function ( @entity1011 clearance > 90 ml/min) received 0.5 mg/kg desirudin intravenously over 30 minutes. Four subjects with mild @entity177 ( @entity1011 clearance between 61 and 90 ml/min) received 0.5 mg/kg. Five subjects with moderate @entity177 ( @entity1011 clearance between 31 and 60 ml/min) received 0.25 mg/kg. Six subjects with severe @entity177 ( @entity1011 clearance < 31 ml/min) received 0.125 mg/kg. RESULTS: Specific maximum concentration values (maximum concentrations corrected to a dose of 1 mg/kg) increased slightly with decreasing @entity1011 clearance. Mean specific area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased by a factor of 1.15, 2.83, and 7.0 for subjects with mild, moderate, and severe @entity177 , respectively, compared with healthy subjects. Total urinary excretion of desirudin was about 55% to 60% of the dose in all four groups; elimination was delayed for subjects with moderate and severe @entity177 . Total and renal clearance of desirudin were proportional to @entity1011 clearance. Total plasma clearance of desirudin was proportional to renal clearance of the drug. Prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time was increased among subjects with moderate and severe @entity177 despite a dose reduction. Area under the dynamic activated partial thromboplastin time curve for subjects with moderate @entity177 remained the same as that for healthy subjects despite a dose reduction by a factor of two. Area under the dynamic curve increased by a factor of about 1.5 for subjects with severe @entity177 despite a dose reduction by a factor of four. CONCLUSION: A dose reduction by a factor of six is recommended for @entity1 with severe @entity177 .

title: Effect of XXXX on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of desirudin.

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal impairment']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

answer: @entity8 :: (MESH:D007674,Disease) :: ['renal impairment']


abstract: We have previously shown that a basic 64-kilodalton (no. 3 in the catalog of Moll et al.) and an acidic 55-kilodalton (no. 12) keratin are characteristic of suprabasal cell layers in cultured @entity95 corneal epithelial colonies, and therefore may be regarded as markers for an advanced stage of corneal epithelial differentiation. Moreover, using an @entity39951 mouse monoclonal antibody, we showed that the 64-kilodalton keratin marker is expressed suprabasally in limbal epithelium but uniformly (basal layer included) in central corneal epithelium, suggesting that corneal basal cells are in a more differentiated state than limbal basal cells. In conjunction with previous data implicating the centripetal migration of corneal epithelial cells, our data support a model of corneal epithelial maturation in which corneal epithelial stem cells are located in the limbus, the transitional zone between the @entity267 and conjunctiva. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of the 64-kilodalton keratin in developing @entity1 corneal epithelium by immunohistochemical staining. At 8 weeks of gestation, the presumptive corneal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cuboidal cells with an overlying periderm; neither of these cell layers is @entity39951 positive. At 12-13 weeks of gestation, some superficial cells of the three- to four-layered epithelium become @entity39951 positive, providing the earliest sign of overt corneal epithelial differentiation. At 36 weeks, although the epithelium is morphologically mature (four to six layers), @entity39951 produces a suprabasal staining pattern, this being in contrast to the adult epithelium which exhibits uniform staining.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Suprabasal expression of a 64-kilodalton keratin (no. 3) in developing XXXX corneal epithelium.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Significant advancement in the identification of genetic mutations and molecular pathways underlying @entity16 was accomplished by using the methods of linkage, gene cloning, sequencing, mutation, and functional analyses, in the 1990s. Subsequently, the @entity1 Genome Project defined the entire sequence of the genome providing reference for any pathologic condition, and identified single @entity377 polymorphisms as a means for whole genome association studies and linkage disequilibrium mapping in common, complex trait diseases. Simultaneously, data also emerged describing the structural chromosomal variations, and it became increasingly recognized that in addition to the more traditional mutation types, gene copy number variations (CNVs) contribute to normal variability in @entity1 phenotypes and may underlie the development of diseases with Mendelian inheritance, complex trait, or sporadic presentation. REVIEW SUMMARY: Here we describe the occurrence of CNVs in the @entity1 genome, and discuss their importance in health and disease. Targeting the practicing neurologist, we review the presently known CNVs with pathogenic significance in common @entity16 , and highlight new research directions in complex trait diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The role of chromosomal structural variations in the pathogenesis of @entity16 is increasingly recognized. Available data may only capture a small subgroup of conditions related to these recently discovered genetic variations. The ongoing genome studies are expected to reveal structural chromosomal alterations as an underlying cause of many as yet poorly understood common diseases. New challenges include defining @entity6724 , evaluating biologic consequences of gene dosage effect, and using molecular genetics for personalized therapeutic intervention. This survey of the @entity471 literature was closed in September 2008.

title: Structural chromosomal variations in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6724 :: ('MESH:D019457', 'Disease') :: ['chromosomal break points']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Mendelian neurologic disorders', 'neurologic disorders']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neurological diseases']


abstract: Current treatment of @entity3883 includes endoscopic stenting and open surgical bypass. To combine the advantages of surgical bypass with the minimal invasive approach of endoscopic stenting we developed a laparoscopic technique, transient endoluminally stented @entity254 (TESA). As shown previously, small-diameter anastomoses (e.g., hepaticojejunostomy) by TESA technique can be performed reliably in growing domestic @entity1707 . This further preclinical trial was designed to exclude growth of the animals as the main reason for these excellent results. After ligation of the common bile duct, a laparoscopic Roux-en-y hepaticojejunostomy was performed 7 days later by TESA with a reabsorbable radiopaque @entity6886 stent. In group A (n = 7) growing @entity12526 and in group B (n = 5) adult minipigs were operated on. Laboratory parameters were controlled weekly. Stent degradation was followed by weekly abdominal x-ray. At necropsy 6 months after surgery, cholangiography was performed and the anastomoses were measured. Mean weight gain was 140.7 +/- 10.9 kg in @entity12526 versus 5.8 +/- 1.6 kg in minipigs. Cholestasis normalized within 7 days postoperatively. Duration of stenting was not significantly different between groups. Cholangiography at necropsy showed immediate runoff through the anastomoses in both groups. The diameter of the @entity254 was 4.7 +/- 0.5 mm in group A versus 3.0 +/- 0.4 mm in group B (p = 0.03). In conclusion, functionality of the small-diameter TESA hepaticojejunostomy is not related to age and growing factors in @entity1707 , justifying its application in @entity1 as the next step of investigation.

title: Is growth influencing diameter and function of laparoscopic TESA hepaticojejunostomy? A comparison of adult minipigs and juvenile domestic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity3883 :: ('MESH:D041781', 'Disease') :: ['obstructive jaundice']

entities_list: @entity12526 :: ('9825', 'Species') :: ['domestic pigs']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity6886 :: ('CHEBI:53492', 'Chemical') :: ['polyglycolic acid']

answer: @entity1707 :: (9823,Species) :: ['swine']


abstract: Thirty two @entity1 with refractory central and @entity9 of peripheral origin were treated by chronic stimulation of the motor cortex between May 1993 and January 1997. The mean follow-up was 27. 3 months. The first 24 @entity1 were operated according to the technique described by Tsubokawa. The last 13 cases (8 new @entity1 and 5 reinterventions) were operated by a technique including localization by superficial CT reconstruction of the central region and neuronavigator guidance. The position of the central sulcus was confirmed by the use of intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials. The somatotopic organisation of the motor cortex was established peroperatively by studying the motor responses at stimulation of the motor cortex through the dura. Ten of the 13 @entity1 with @entity158 (77%) and nine of the 12 @entity1 with neuropathic @entity158 had experienced substantial @entity158 relief (75%). One of the 3 @entity1 with post- @entity451 @entity158 was clearly improved. A satisfactory result was obtained in one @entity1 with @entity158 related to @entity2846 and in one @entity1 with @entity158 related to @entity4091 . None of the @entity1 developed @entity302 . The position of the stimulating poles effective on @entity158 corresponded to the somatotopic representation of the motor cortex. The neuronavigator localization and guidance technique proved to be most useful identifying the appropriate portion of the motor gyrus. It also allowed the establishment of reliable correlations between electrophysiological-clinical and anatomical data which may be used to improve the clinical results and possibly to extend the indications of this technique.

title: [Treatment of central and neuropathic XXXX by chronic stimulation of the motor cortex: value of neuronavigation guidance systems for the localization of the motor cortex].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4091 :: ('MESH:D006562', 'Disease') :: ['intercostal herpes zoster']

entities_list: @entity2846 :: ('MESH:D020288', 'Disease') :: ['plexus avulsion']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['central pain', 'facial pain', 'pain']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic seizures']

entities_list: @entity451 :: ('MESH:C536857', 'Disease') :: ['paraplegia']

entities_list: @entity9 :: ('MESH:D009437', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['facial pain']


abstract: Despite early recanalization of an occluded infarct artery, tissue reperfusion remains impaired in more than one-third of the @entity583 ( @entity583 ) @entity1 owing to a process of @entity5721 . The role of systemic @entity32 in triggering this phenomenon is unknown. Proinflammatory factors (hs-CRP, @entity310 ) and anti-inflammatory mediators ( @entity1193 , @entity688 ) were measured in 65 @entity1 during the acute phase of a @entity583 as well as in 11 healthy control subjects. @entity296 was defined as the presence of persistent ST-segment elevation despite successful coronary intervention (> or = 50 of the initial value) and was observed in 28 @entity1 . Systemic proinflammatory mediators (particularly hs-CRP and leukocytes) were higher in @entity583 @entity1 compared to control subjects. Within the group of @entity583 patients, only serum @entity310 differed significantly between @entity1 with versus without @entity5721 : a median value of 25 versus 13 pg/mL was observed, respectively. Logistic regression analysis identified a high level of @entity310 as the most important independent determinant of @entity5721 (P = .001), beyond total ischemic time (P = .01) and extent of jeopardized myocardium (P = .08). There was no correlation between the @entity310 level and the total ischemic time (P = .8) or the extent of jeopardized myocardium (P = .6). Systemic @entity32 , in particular high levels of @entity310 , is strongly associated with the occurrence of @entity5721 after successful recanalization. Our findings suggest that @entity310 is involved in the triggering and/or amplification of local inflammatory responses related to @entity63 - @entity5721 .

title: Systemic @entity32 and XXXX in @entity1 with @entity583 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity296 :: ('MESH:D009202', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity5721 :: ('MESH:D015427', 'Disease') :: ['reperfusion injury']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity1193 :: ('3557', 'Gene') :: ['IL-1 receptor antagonist']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['AMI', 'myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity5721 :: (MESH:D015427,Disease) :: ['reperfusion injury']


abstract: Autologous nerve graft is the most commonly applied treatment for the @entity1 with @entity1897 , while application is limited because of tissue availability and unfavorable donor site morbidity. To overcome this problem, peripheral nerve regeneration using a nerve conduit has been studied. Especially, nerve conduit using biodegradable materials has been considered promising. In this study, a potential of collagen nerve conduit has been studied with special reference to the regenerating process of a peripheral nerve. Twelve adult female @entity235 weighting 10-12 kg were used. The peroneal nerve was cut to make a 30-mm defect. The @entity129 was bridged by the collagen artificial nerve conduit. Comprehensive functional, electrophysiological, morphometrical, and histological analyses were performed until one year after operation. The wet weight of tibialis anterior muscles was only 32.4% of the healthy side at 24 weeks, which was recovered to 77.4% at 52 weeks after denervation. Electrophysiological evaluation of tibialis anterior muscle belly showed polyphasic wave at 52 weeks after implantation, which was almost half amplitude as compared with that of control. The diameters of myelinated nerve fibers thickened day by day, and the average diameter was 5.16 microm at @entity53687 .91 microm at CG, and 3.75 microm at DFN, and average thickness of myelin sheath was 0.94 microm at PFN, 0.46 microm at CG, and 0.55 microm at DFN after 52 weeks. The distribution of myelinated nerve fiber size in the 52 weeks group was distinctly bimodal with the major peak at approximately 2-4 microm and the minor peak at 10-12 microm. These findings were consistent with the distribution of the normal nerve fiber. This study proves the feasibility of the collagen artificial nerve conduit for promoting nerve regeneration, raises new possibilities of seeking alternatives to autograft for nerve repair. The results from this study showed detailed process of morphological, electrophysiological, and functional recovery of the regenerated nerve, which would provide scientific background for this novel therapy.

title: Recovery process of sciatic XXXX with novel bioabsorbable collagen tubes packed with collagen filaments in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['nerve defect']

entities_list: @entity235 :: ('9615', 'Species') :: ['Beagle dogs']

entities_list: @entity1897 :: ('MESH:D010523', 'Disease') :: ['peripheral nerve defect']

answer: @entity129 :: (MESH:D003389,Disease) :: ['nerve defect']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: High-order multifetal pregnancies carry a significant risk of obstetric complications and poor pregnancy outcome. Selective reduction has traditionally been performed using transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound-guided intracardiac injection of @entity4337 . We have previously shown that high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can create a coagulative tissue @entity39 in the @entity742 fetus. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of non-invasive selective fetal reduction using HIFU in a @entity95 model. METHODS: A protocol for HIFU-induced @entity3145 was developed in the @entity95 model. The fetal heart was targeted with ultrasound-guided tissue ablation by a HIFU beam. Five time-mated does between 20-29 days' gestation underwent transabdominal fetal cardiac ablation in a total of 11 fetuses. The HIFU system consisted of a 7-MHz high-power transducer, operated at 2000 W/cm2. The fetal heart rate was observed using real-time ultrasound with Doppler flow velocimetry. All lesions were assessed macroscopically and by histological analysis. RESULTS: Severe @entity1168 leading to @entity1167 was observed in all targeted fetuses with ultrasound examination. Dissection of fetuses demonstrated a @entity39 intrathoracic lesion similar in size to the HIFU focus (approximately 1 x 9 mm). None of the surrounding fetuses was found to have @entity1168 during the procedure or a macroscopic lesion on dissection. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study HIFU seems promising to ablate even highly vascularized tissue in the fetus.

title: Selective reduction of multifetal pregnancy using high-intensity focused ultrasound in the XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity3145 :: ('MESH:D017695', 'Disease') :: ['tissue coagulation']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrotic', 'necrosis']

entities_list: @entity1168 :: ('MESH:D001919', 'Disease') :: ['bradycardia']

entities_list: @entity4337 :: ('MESH:D011189', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium chloride']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent histopathological studies showed an unexpected high incidence of pathological changes in asymptomatic survivors after pediatric liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of @entity854 , to assess the clinical significance, and to identify predictive factors for these pathological changes. METHODS: The first annual protocol graft biopsies of 84 consecutive liver transplants were analyzed and correlated with concomitant liver function tests. Identification of predictive factors for the @entity854 in the biopsies was performed by a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of portal @entity82 (PF) was 31%. Liver function tests showed except for the albumin level, an increase in the PF group compared with the group without PF. Mean values of alkaline phosphatase and direct @entity648 were 264 U/liter and 3 micromol/liter, respectively, in the normal group, and 435 U/liter and 23 micromol/liter, respectively, in the PF group (P=0.043 and 0.037). Eight of 19 univariantly tested variables were entered into a logistic regression model: cold @entity63 time, preservation solution, type of allograft, @entity2803 recipient status, type of biliary reconstruction, biliary complications, graft complications, and rejection. A significant positive correlation with PF was found for cold @entity63 time, biliary complications, and @entity2803 status. Acute rejection showed a negative correlation. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of PF within 1 year post liver transplantation was 31%. This finding was accompanied by cholestatic liver function test abnormalities. Factors predisposing to PF were a prolonged cold @entity63 time, biliary complications, and a positive @entity2803 recipient status. Acute rejection seemed to prevent for PF.

title: Predictive factors for portal XXXX in pediatric liver transplant recipients.

entities_list: @entity2803 :: ('MESH:D003586', 'Disease') :: ['cytomegalovirus']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['histological abnormalities']

answer: @entity82 :: (MESH:D005355,Disease) :: ['fibrosis']


abstract: @entity17427 ( @entity17427 , @entity17427 , @entity17427 ) is a complex, @entity154 characterized by @entity1032 . Its features include growth inhibition, @entity3427 , structural anomalies of the limbs and abnormal development of osseous structures of the face. Independent of the phenotype of the disease, 85% of @entity1 are assumed to have symptoms of @entity354 ( @entity354 ). @entity1174 is one of the complications of @entity354 and a main cause of @entity204 in these @entity1 . @entity1 not responding to medical treatment qualify for surgery. Until recently, anti-reflux procedures for @entity354 in @entity17427 @entity1 were performed solely via laparotomy. The contemporary gold standard is a procedure performed laparoscopically. There are a few case reports of @entity1 with @entity17427 operated on for @entity354 with laparoscopy available in the literature. The goal of this paper is to present two cases of @entity17427 treated with laparoscopic antireflux procedures. We have performed two such procedures in 14 and 16 year-old @entity1 with typical symptoms of the syndrome, i.e. developmental and @entity1032 , @entity3427 , @entity4218 and abnormal face development. The main indications for surgery in both cases were ineffective medical treatment and persistent @entity1174 and its complications as a result of the @entity354 . @entity357 and reflux were confirmed with accessory tests in both cases. During 36 months of follow-up, according to Barents, no episode of oesophageal reflux with acidic gastric content was noted. The treated @entity1 slept well during the night and did not need hospitalization for @entity1174 . Neither of them required proton pump inhibitors. It should be concluded that laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is a safe and effective method of @entity354 treatment in @entity1 with @entity17427 .

title: XXXX - characteristics and laparoscopic treatment modalities of reflux based on own material.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital, multi-gene anomaly']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity17427 :: ('MESH:D003635', 'Disease') :: ['Brachmann syndrome', 'CdLS', 'Cornelia de Lange syndrome', 'typus degenerativus amstelodamensis']

entities_list: @entity4218 :: ('MESH:D017880', 'Disease') :: ['structural limb anomalies']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['Oesophageal hiatus hernia']

entities_list: @entity1174 :: ('MESH:D011015', 'Disease') :: ['aspiration pneumonia', 'Aspiration pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease', 'gastroesophageal reflux', 'GERD']

entities_list: @entity3427 :: ('MESH:D006628', 'Disease') :: ['hirsutism']

answer: @entity17427 :: (MESH:D003635,Disease) :: ['Cornelia de Lange syndrome']


abstract: It is believed that one muscle fiber consists of one fiber type determined by its innervating neuron. In biopsied muscles of @entity1555 ( @entity1555 ), however, the author has incidentally found a double-typed fiber which is divided into inner and outer parts. The author termed it a "boiled-egg fiber". The author has examined the appearance rate of the boiled-egg fibers on 682 biopsied muscles obtained from @entity1 with various @entity4094 , and classified the types of the inner and outer parts of the boiled-egg fibers by ATPase staining. Boiled-egg fibers were recognized in 17 cases out of 60 with @entity1555 , 5 out of 146 with other types of @entity3986 and 6 out of 94 with @entity5442 . No boiled-egg fiber was found in the remaining 382 cases with other disorders which did not represent @entity39 with regeneration of muscle fibers. The total number of boiled-egg fibers was 235 with 192 in @entity1555 and 43 in other disorders. 197 of 235 (83.8%) had the same type for both inner and outer parts and remaining 38 (16.2%) had different types for their inner parts. In 133 of 235 (56.6%), the inner parts were type 2C fibers. Boiled-egg fibers were segmentally found with the length of several hundred micrometers. The above findings suggest that boiled-egg fibers reflect an abnormal regenerating process. It remains to be clarified whether or not inner and outer parts of boiled-egg fibers are double-innervated respectively.

title: [The significance of boiled-egg fibers in biopsied muscles of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4094 :: ('MESH:D009468', 'Disease') :: ['neuromuscular disorders']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity3986 :: ('MESH:D009136', 'Disease') :: ['muscular dystrophy']

entities_list: @entity1555 :: ('MESH:D020388', 'Disease') :: ['Duchenne muscular dystrophy', 'DMD']

answer: @entity4094 :: (MESH:D009468,Disease) :: ['neuromuscular disorders']


abstract: SecG is an auxiliary protein in the Sec-dependent protein export pathway of @entity526 . Although the precise function of SecG is unknown, it stimulates translocation activity and has been postulated to enhance the membrane insertion-deinsertion cycle of SecA. Deletion of secG was initially reported to result in a severe export defect and cold sensitivity. Later results demonstrated that both of these phenotypes were strain dependent, and it was proposed that an additional mutation was required for manifestation of the cold-sensitive phenotype. The results presented here demonstrate that the cold-sensitive secG deletion strain also contains a mutation in glpR that causes constitutive expression of the glp regulon. Introduction of both the glpR mutation and the secG deletion into a wild-type strain background produced a cold-sensitive phenotype, confirming the hypothesis that a second mutation (glpR) contributes to the cold-sensitive phenotype of secG deletion strains. It was speculated that the glpR mutation causes an intracellular depletion of @entity7685 due to constitutive synthesis of GlpD and subsequent channeling of @entity7685 into metabolic pathways. In support of this hypothesis, it was demonstrated that addition of @entity7685 to the growth medium ameliorated the cold sensitivity, as did introduction of a glpD mutation. This depletion of @entity7685 is predicted to limit phospholipid biosynthesis, causing an imbalance in the levels of membrane phospholipids. It is hypothesized that this state of phospholipid imbalance imparts a dependence on SecG for proper function or stabilization of the translocation apparatus.

title: SecG function and phospholipid metabolism in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity7685 :: ('MESH:C029620', 'Chemical') :: ['glycerol-3-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity526 :: ('562', 'Species') :: ['Escherichia coli']

answer: @entity526 :: (562,Species) :: ['Escherichia coli']


abstract: Six hundred and seventy one @entity1 (52.5% @entity1 ) with @entity30 seen at Leiden University Hospital between 1934 and 1984 were identified. Follow up was 98.2% complete. Sixty four (9.7%) of the 659 @entity1 died. The cause of @entity204 was related to @entity30 in 34 @entity1 , probably related to the disease in four, and unrelated, from incidental causes, in 25. The cause of @entity204 could not be identified in one @entity1 . There was a significant decrease of deaths related to the disease after 1973. Causes of @entity204 such as @entity2783 and @entity3147 have disappeared and postoperative deaths have decreased. The standardised mortality ratio showed an excess mortality of 2.23 for all @entity1 . It was higher for @entity1 (3.30) than for @entity1 (1.76). A comparison of two recent 10 year periods showed a significant decrease in standardised mortality ratio in @entity1 but not in @entity1 . @entity1 whose disease started before the age of 20 years had an excess mortality compared with older @entity1 . This study supports the view that the prognosis of @entity30 has improved in general but high quality medical and surgical management is important particularly for younger @entity1 .

title: Mortality and causes of XXXX in @entity30 . Review of 50 years' experience in Leiden University Hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis']

entities_list: @entity3147 :: ('MESH:D044342', 'Disease') :: ['malnutrition']

entities_list: @entity30 :: ('MESH:D003424', 'Disease') :: ["Crohn's disease"]

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity409 ( @entity409 ) is highly prevalent in @entity1 with CKD. The relationship between @entity409 and @entity175 has not been demonstrated before in CKD @entity1 . METHODS: The study included non-diabetic CKD @entity1 not on dialysis. Demographic data (age, gender, comorbidities, current drug therapy, smoking status, weight, and height) were collected from the individual charts in the hospital's electronic database. After overnight fasting, laboratory measurements including serum @entity175 levels were performed in all @entity1 . A single observer who was blinded to the results of the study assessed @entity409 by measurement of @entity384 ( @entity384 ). RESULTS: In total, 84 CKD @entity1 (41 @entity1 , age 45.1    13.3 years) were included. Thirty-seven @entity1 had stage 3 and 47 @entity1 had stage 4 CKD. @entity1 with @entity175 levels above the median had lower @entity384 (6.87    0.58 vs. 7.23    0.66, P = 0.008) when compared with @entity1 with @entity175 levels below the median. None of the other demographic, laboratory and clinical parameters was different between the two groups. In multivariate regression analysis, serum @entity175 (P = 0.01), @entity5363 (P < 0.001), high-sensitive @entity1851 (P < 0.001), and hemoglobin (P = 0.004) were independently associated with @entity384 . CONCLUSION: Our present study demonstrated for the first time that serum @entity175 is independently related with @entity409 . This finding deserves further experimental and clinical exploration, in order to elucidate whether @entity175 is an innocent bystander or has a pathophysiologic relationship with @entity409 in @entity1 with CKD.

title: Serum XXXX and @entity409 in chronic kidney disease: a novel risk factor?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity175 :: ('MESH:D002116', 'Chemical') :: ['calcitonin']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['FMD', 'flow-mediated dilatation']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['ED', 'Endothelial dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein']

answer: @entity175 :: (MESH:D002116,Chemical) :: ['calcitonin']


abstract: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the t(14;18) has been shown to be a highly sensitive method to detect minimal @entity66 in @entity1 with @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) whose @entity5 bear this translocation. The ideal tissue source to detect @entity706 would be from a previously involved lymph node. However, lymphoid tissue is rarely available once @entity1 achieve complete remission. Although PCR amplification has been used to detect @entity706 cells in both bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) of @entity1 in complete remission, it is presently unknown whether BM and PB are equivalent tissue sources to detect @entity66 . In the present study, we compared the clinical utility of the detection of @entity706 in both the BM and the PB of @entity1 with advanced-stage @entity1893 before, at the time of, and after high-dose therapy and autologous BM transplantation (ABMT). The detection of @entity706 in either the BM or PB was associated with decreased disease-free survival. However, in the present study, 44% of @entity1 who relapsed had no evidence of circulating @entity706 cells in their PB. At the time of BM harvest, PCR-detectable @entity706 cells were detected in 211 of 212 @entity1 ; although, in a subset of these @entity1 analyzed, @entity706 cells were detected in the peripheral blood of only 49% of @entity1 . When @entity706 cells within the autologous BM are infused into the @entity1 these cells are rapidly detectable circulating in the PB in the @entity1 . These cells continue to circulate during the immediate posttransplant period and be detectable in the PB in the majority of @entity1 who are infused with marrow containing @entity706 . We conclude that BM is a more informative tissue source than PB in detecting minimal @entity66 at the time of and after ABMT, and that contamination of PB early after ABMT appears to be the consequence of reinfusion of @entity706 cells within autologous marrow.

title: Detection of XXXX cells by polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood is significantly less predictive for relapse than detection in bone marrow.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['residual disease']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma', 'residual lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL']

answer: @entity706 :: (MESH:D008223,Disease) :: ['residual lymphoma']


abstract: @entity232 represents a complex of diseases with a clinical and epidemiological diversity. @entity232 remains a severe public health problem and its burden is increasing. The disease is caused by a parasite @entity9497 . Approximately 350 billion @entity1 in 88 different countries are thought to be infected with Leishmania spp. Clinical forms of @entity232 are particularly diverse representing different diseases: @entity10478 ( @entity10478 ), cutaneous (CL), diffuse cutaneous (DCL) and muco-cutaneous ( @entity11708 ) @entity232 . Being the most important determinant not only cellular immunity plays the essential role in the control of @entity232 , but the virulence, tropism and pathogenicity that is modulated by environmental and genetic factors of their @entity1 hosts and sandfly vectors, are the key interactions. These eukaryotic pathogens have evolved with the vertebrate immune system and typically produce long lasting @entity281 . A critical step in their host interaction is the evasion of innate immune defenses. The ability to avoid attack by humoral effector mechanisms, such as complement lysis, and to resist killing by lysosomal enzymes and toxic metabolytes is of particular importance. They do so by remodelling the phagosomal compartments in which they reside and by interfering with signalling pathways that lead to cellular activation. In addition they modify the antigen presenting and immunoregulatory functions of dendritic cells, a process that fascilitates their evasion of both innate and adaptive immunity. Experimental animal studies revealed that these modifications and interference mechanisms led to two different pathogenesis schemes. For CL, the polarization of Th2/ @entity1198 cells is responsible for the progression of the disease which than leads to the chronic-persistant state. The Th2/ @entity1198 paradigm does not apply for @entity234 . Immunosupression rather than polarization is responsible for the systemic and progressive outcome of the disease in @entity10478 . Based on experience with animal models and @entity1 , new vaccine and novel immunotherapy strategies especially for the locations where the disease is endemic, hold promise for the near future. In this review article the immunopathogenesis of @entity232 has been discussed under the light of recent literature.

title: [Immunopathogenesis of XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans', 'people']

entities_list: @entity232 :: ('MESH:D007896', 'Disease') :: ['Leishmaniasis', 'leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity234 :: ('MESH:D007898', 'Disease') :: ['visceral leishmaniasis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['chronic infections']

entities_list: @entity9497 :: ('MESH:D056305', 'Disease') :: ['belonging to the genus Leishmania']

answer: @entity281 :: (MESH:D007239,Disease) :: ['Leishmania infections']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of postoperative @entity1161 ( @entity1161 ) on cause-specific survival in @entity1 with @entity693 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1990-2008 was queried for cases of surgically resected central nervous system @entity2698 . @entity1 demographics, @entity5 location, and extent of resection were included in the analysis as covariates. The Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to analyze cause-specific survival. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted to determine which factors were associated with cause-specific survival. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time is 7.9 years (95 months). There were 76 @entity1 included in the analysis, of these, 38 (50%) underwent gross total resection (GTR), whereas the other half underwent subtotal resection (STR). @entity86 was administered to 42% (16/38) of the @entity1 in the GTR group and 50% (19/38) in the STR group. The 1-year, 10-year, and 20-year cause-specific survival rates were 99%, 75%, and 43%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, postoperative @entity1161 was associated with significantly better survival (HR = 0.269, 95% CI 0.084-0.862; P=.027), in particular for @entity1 who underwent STR (HR = 0.088, 95% CI: 0.015-0.528; P<.008). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of large prospective trials, the current clinical decision-making of @entity2698 is mostly based on retrospective data. We recommend that postoperative @entity1161 be considered after subtotal resection for @entity1 who could tolerate it. Based on the current literature, the practical approach is to deliver limited field @entity1161 to doses of 50-60 Gy while respecting the normal tissue tolerance. Further investigations are clearly needed to determine the optimal therapeutic strategy.

title: The role of postoperative XXXX in the treatment of @entity693 -experience from the SEER database.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1161 :: ('MESH:D011832', 'Disease') :: ['radiation therapy', 'RT']

entities_list: @entity2698 :: ('MESH:D006393', 'Disease') :: ['hemangiopericytoma']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningeal hemangiopericytomas']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['Postoperative RT']

answer: @entity1161 :: (MESH:D011832,Disease) :: ['radiation therapy']


abstract: This report describes the results of two phase I/II dose escalation trials for the treatment of metastatic @entity0 . Successive groups of @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 responsive to induction therapy following standard doses of chemotherapy were treated with escalating doses of @entity1260 (6,000 to 24,000 mg/m2), @entity3003 (1,200 to 2,100 mg/m2), and @entity2879 (1,800 to 3,000 mg/m2) followed by autologous stem cell rescue. The maximum tolerated doses of these drugs were defined as @entity1260 20,100 mg/m2, @entity3003 1,800 mg/m2, and @entity2879 3,000 mg/m2. Major nonhematologic @entity137 consisted of @entity33 and @entity1681 , and the dose-limiting @entity137 were @entity149 and @entity810 . The overall treatment-related mortality rate was 4%. The event-free survival rate at 500 days for these @entity1 was 31%. @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 refractory to all standard dose therapy were treated with escalating doses of @entity2664 (45 to 105 mg/m2) and thiotepa (900 to 1,350 mg/m2) followed by autologous stem cell rescue. The maximum tolerated doses of these drugs were defined as @entity2664 90 mg/m2 and thiotepa 1,200 mg/m2 with @entity33 and @entity1681 as the major nonhematologic @entity137 and delayed myelosuppression as the dose-limiting @entity137 . Twelve percent of the @entity1 remain event free at 500 days and the treatment-related mortality rate for this group of heavily pretreated @entity1 was 17%. These data suggest that @entity1 with metastatic @entity0 may benefit from high-dose therapy and that treatment-related @entity137 is tolerable.

title: Two novel high-dose treatment regimens for metastatic @entity0 -- @entity1260 , XXXX , plus @entity2879 and @entity2664 plus thiotepa: outcomes and @entity137 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity149 :: ('MESH:D002493', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2664 :: ('MESH:D008942', 'Chemical') :: ['mitoxantrone']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity810 :: ('MESH:D058186', 'Disease') :: ['acute renal failure']

entities_list: @entity1260 :: ('MESH:D007069', 'Chemical') :: ['ifosfamide']

entities_list: @entity1681 :: ('MESH:D004751', 'Disease') :: ['enteritis']

answer: @entity3003 :: (MESH:D016190,Chemical) :: ['carboplatin']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: The @entity404 (+) T cell subset lacking surface @entity1361 plays a role in @entity65 . The association between @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) T cells and early @entity740 ( @entity740 ) has never been investigated. We evaluated the frequency of circulating @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) cells in 128 @entity740 and 62 control subjects. METHODS: Phenotype ( @entity404 and @entity1361 ) and cytotoxic potential (perforin and @entity10807 expression) were studied by flow cytometry. Systemic @entity32 (hsCRP, @entity650 and @entity310 ) was analyzed by ELISA. @entity2998 ( @entity2998 ) was measured with an ultrasound system. The effect of @entity310 and @entity650 on these cells was evaluated in vitro. RESULTS: The frequency of @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) cells was significantly increased in @entity740 @entity1 (10.14    0.8 vs. 3.53    0.36, p < 0.0001). The expression of perforin and @entity10807 on @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) cells was found to be significantly higher compared to @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (+) cells (p < 0.0001). A larger proportion of @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) cells obtained from @entity740 subjects showed the expression of perforin and @entity10807 compared to those from healthy controls. @entity740 @entity1 showed @entity2998 (p < 0.0001). @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) cells were positively correlated with the IMT (r = 0.505, p < 0.0001). @entity740 subjects showed increased levels of hsCRP, @entity650 and @entity310 . Only the @entity310 level showed a correlation with @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) cells (r = 0.45, p < 0.0001). In vitro treatment with @entity310 but not @entity650 resulted in further downregulation of @entity1361 on the @entity404 (+) T cell surface. CONCLUSIONS: @entity740 subjects exhibit an increase in the circulating cytotoxic @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) T lymphocyte population. @entity404 (+) @entity1361 (null) cell expansion correlated with preclinical @entity731 changes. @entity310 shows a specific relationship and might have a role in the expansion of this subset in @entity740 .

title: Cytotoxic CD4CD28(null) T Lymphocytes, Systemic @entity32 and Atherosclerotic Risk in XXXX with @entity740 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2998 :: ('MESH:D002340', 'Disease') :: ['Common carotid artery intima-media thickness', 'increased CCA-IMT', 'CCA-IMT']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'atherosclerotic changes in chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: The records of 16 cases seen at Mexico @entity1 's Hospital with a diagnosis of @entity573 were reviewed. Mean age was three years; eight were @entity1 , and males were dominant with a ratio of 4.3:1. Two cases occurred in sibling. Evidence of @entity2401 was recognized in six, and 12 had @entity301 , including five with @entity439 . Two @entity1 with severe @entity301 died, one suddenly with @entity741 , and one with a @entity1755 . Another @entity1 developed severe @entity850 of the right coronary artery but remains asymptomatic. Two cases have persistent @entity301 and seven are asymptomatic with a normal echocardiogram. Predictors of coronary risk were correlated with clinical outcome. All six cases with 6 or more points had @entity301 , two developed @entity439 , two died and one has severe @entity3979 . Of 10 cases with less than 6 points, four did not have coronary involvement, none developed @entity439 and none died nor developed severe coronary sequelae. Although @entity573 has been sporadically reported in this country, the present series, the largest from a single institution, firmly establishes the presence of the disease in Mexico.

title: [Kawasaki disease in Mexican XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Children', 'infants', 'infant']

entities_list: @entity1755 :: ('MESH:D001019', 'Disease') :: ['ruptured aortic aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary anomalies', 'coronary ectasia', 'coronary disease']

entities_list: @entity3979 :: ('MESH:D023921', 'Disease') :: ['coronary stenosis']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms', 'giant aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stenosis']

entities_list: @entity2401 :: ('MESH:D009205', 'Disease') :: ['myocarditis']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: Thirty-seven @entity1 with @entity1647 were treated between 1959 and 1989. Eighty percent of @entity1 became symptomatic by 3 years of age, with 70% presenting within the 1st year of life. @entity1276 was present in 91% of @entity1 at the time of diagnosis. Clinical presentation was most often heralded by symptoms and signs of @entity1276 with focal neurological findings being a less prominent feature. One third of @entity1 demonstrated @entity245 . Associated @entity154 were present in 48% of @entity1 . Contemporary neuroimaging including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging facilitated diagnosis obviating the need for invasive studies such as pneumoencephalography and ventriculography. @entity1 were initially managed by posterior fossa craniectomy with membrane excision (8), lateral ventricle shunt alone (13), shunting of the cyst alone (4), or combined shunting of the cyst and lateral ventricles (12). Combined shunting proved superior to the other methods, being successful in alleviating @entity1276 and posterior fossa symptoms in 92% cases. The overall mortality was 24%, the majority occurring before 1970. Of the 28 survivors, 27 (96%) are shunt-dependent, with 19 having a combined shunt system in place. Therefore, we currently favor combined shunting of the cyst and lateral ventricles as the initial procedure for @entity1 with @entity1647 .

title: Diagnosis and management of the XXXX : 30 years of experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['congenital anomalies']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus', 'Hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity245 :: ('MESH:D002658', 'Disease') :: ['developmental delay']

entities_list: @entity1647 :: ('MESH:D003616', 'Disease') :: ['Dandy-Walker malformation']

answer: @entity1647 :: (MESH:D003616,Disease) :: ['Dandy-Walker malformation']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the frequency by which breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information that influences the surgical management of @entity1 with @entity0 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 2006 to December 2008, contrast-enhanced bilateral breast MRI was performed on 68 @entity1 , all of whom exhibited highly suspicious imaging findings (BI-RADS category 4 or 5). @entity1 were grouped according to their histopathological diagnosis and type of breast parenchyma. All of the enrolled @entity1 were believed to be candidates for breast conservation on the basis of physical examination, mammography, and ultrasonography. The @entity1 were reevaluated with the MRI examination as to whether they were still candidates for breast conservation therapy. RESULTS: The MRI findings changed the previous management plans in 19.1% of the 68 @entity1 . With respect to the surgical approach, no statistically significant difference was observed between the histopathology groups (P = 0.403). In terms of the breast parenchymal pattern, however, surgical planning was changed in 53.8% of the @entity1 who exhibited a dense pattern, which was significantly different from the rates of the other groups (P = 0.006). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the MRI for additional malignant lesion detection and identification were 85%, 98%, 92%, and 96%, respectively. The agreement test revealed 86% agreement (very good) between the additional findings observed on the MRI and the histopathological results. CONCLUSION: If breast-conserving surgery is planned, an MRI should be performed in all @entity1 with suspected @entity0 , especially those exhibiting dense or heterogeneously dense breast parenchyma, for which the sensitivity of both ultrasonography and mammography is low.

title: The role of breast MRI in planning the surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']