abstract: @entity5445 ( @entity5445 ) is a growth factor that has demonstrated neuroprotective properties in a range of studies. In an APPswe/PS1  E9 @entity19 model of @entity195 ( @entity195 ), we previously found protective effects on memory formation, synaptic plasticity, synapse survival and a reduction of amyloid synthesis and plaque load in the brain. Here, we analyse the neuroprotective properties of the @entity5445 analogue liraglutide in @entity1 @entity521 cell line SH-SY5Y during @entity14625 stress. We show for the first time that cell viability was enhanced by liraglutide (XTT assay) in a dose-dependent way, while @entity137 (LDH assay) and apoptosis were reduced. Expression of the pro-survival @entity2423 signaling protein was increased, as was activation of cell survival kinases @entity584 , @entity16629 and the transcription factor @entity22564 . @entity32267 also decreased pro-apoptotic @entity589 and @entity24272 expression. In addition, the membrane potential and the influx of @entity460 into the cell were enhanced by liraglutide. @entity8142 expression was also increased by the drug. The results demonstrate a range of growth factor-related cytoprotective processes induced by liraglutide, which is currently on the market as a treatment for type 2 @entity6 (Victoza  ). It is also tested in clinical trials in @entity1 with @entity195 .

title: Neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of liraglutide on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to XXXX stress.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity14625 :: ('MESH:D011765', 'Chemical') :: ['methyl glyoxal']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity32267 :: ('MESH:C439759', 'Chemical') :: ['Liraglutide']

entities_list: @entity521 :: ('MESH:D009447', 'Disease') :: ['neuroblastoma']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', "Alzheimer's disease", 'Alzheimer disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity5445 :: ('2641', 'Gene') :: ['Glucagon-like peptide 1', 'GLP-1']

answer: @entity14625 :: (MESH:D011765,Chemical) :: ['methylglyoxal']


abstract: @entity2930 are effective but slow-acting antimalarial drugs whose mechanism of action remains uncertain. To characterize the antimalarial mechanism of @entity2930 , we evaluated their stage-specific activities, impacts on parasite transcription, and effects on two predicted organelle targets, the apicoplast and the mitochondrion, in cultured @entity3964 falciparum. Antimalarial effects were much greater after two 48-h life cycles than after one cycle, even if the drugs were removed at the end of the first cycle. @entity3403 -treated @entity4801 appeared morphologically normal until late in the second cycle of treatment but failed to develop into merozoites. @entity3403 specifically impaired the expression of apicoplast genes. Apicoplast morphology initially appeared normal in the presence of @entity3403 . However, apicoplasts were abnormal in the progeny of @entity3403 -treated @entity4801 , as evidenced by a block in apicoplast genome replication, a lack of processing of an apicoplast-targeted protein, and failure to elongate and segregate during schizogeny. Replication of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and mitochondrial morphology appeared normal. Our results demonstrate that @entity2930 specifically block expression of the apicoplast genome, resulting in the distribution of nonfunctional apicoplasts into daughter merozoites. The loss of apicoplast function in the progeny of treated @entity4801 leads to a slow but potent antimalarial effect.

title: @entity2930 specifically target the apicoplast of the malaria parasite XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4801 :: ('MESH:D010272', 'Disease') :: ['parasites']

entities_list: @entity3403 :: ('MESH:D004318', 'Chemical') :: ['Doxycycline', 'doxycycline']

entities_list: @entity2930 :: ('MESH:D013754', 'Chemical') :: ['tetracyclines', 'Tetracyclines']

answer: @entity3964 :: (5833,Species) :: ['Plasmodium falciparum']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the change in erythrocyte @entity972 content in normal @entity1 pregnancy is accompanied by a similar change in erythrocyte @entity2865 content. To assess erythrocyte hydration and @entity972 and @entity2865 content in pregnancies complicated by proteinuric pregnancy induced @entity101 . DESIGN: A serial study during and after normal pregnancy. A comparative study during and after pregnancies complicated by proteinuric pregnancy induced @entity101 ( @entity5029 ). Erythrocyte hydration, total osmoles, @entity972 and @entity2865 and plasma osmolality were determined. SETTING: University teaching hospital, UK. SUBJECTS: Twenty-eight @entity1 studied at 14, 28 and 36 weeks of normal pregnancy and ten @entity1 with @entity5029 studied during the third trimester of pregnancy. All @entity1 were reinvestigated 20 weeks after delivery. RESULTS: The fall of erythrocyte @entity972 early in normal pregnancy (277.4 vs 265.2 mmol/kg; P < 0.02) and its rise between 28 and 36 weeks (272.3 vs 288.0 mmol/kg; P < 0.005) were accompanied by similar changes in erythrocyte @entity2865 content (151.9 vs 131.1 mmol/kg; P < 0.001 and 129.4 vs 141.3 mmol/kg; P < 0.001, respectively). Plasma osmolality in @entity5029 was raised above that normal in pregnancy (287.2 vs 283.0 mosm/kg; P < 0.005). In @entity5029 , compared to normal pregnancy, erythrocyte hydration (2.00 vs 1.89 l/kg dry weight cells), total osmoles (573.0 vs 534.2 mosm/kg), @entity972 (303.0 vs 288.0 mmol/kg) and @entity2865 (154.9 vs 141.3 mmol/kg) were greater. CONCLUSIONS: These findings further support the hypothesis that changes in plasma osmolality in pregnancy are secondary to alterations in cell osmoles and serve to limit changes in cell hydration. Erythrocyte composition and plasma osmolality are altered in @entity5029 .

title: Alterations in erythrocyte @entity2865 content accompanying the changes in erythrocyte hydration and @entity972 content in normal @entity1 pregnancy: a comparison with pregnancy induced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2865 :: ('CHEBI:17996', 'Chemical') :: ['chloride']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have demonstrated the benefit of lowering @entity165 in decreasing coronary complications. These results need to be implemented in clinical practice, where an important barrier are the attitudes of physicians. DESIGN: General practitioners in the city of Helsinki were asked to respond to two questionnaires sent to them by post 12 months apart (1996 and 1997); 284 responses were received in 1996 and 258 in 1997. METHODS: In addition to brief questions aimed to characterize the responding physician, the questionnaire included four examples of @entity1 : (1) middle-aged @entity1 without, or (2) with @entity301 ( @entity301 ); (3) 70-year-old @entity1 with a history of @entity64 ; (4) 70-year-old @entity1 with @entity301 . The physicians were asked at what level of serum low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) @entity165 they usually initiate drug therapy. Comparisons were made longitudinally between 1996 and 1997, as well as between different @entity1 . Analyses are based on the responses of those physicians who reported that they treat @entity731 @entity1 (241 and 237 in 1996 and 1997, respectively). RESULTS: In case 1 (primary prevention), 40.1% of general practitioners in 1996 compared with 52.4% in 1997 (difference +12.3, 95% CI +3.2(-)+20.9, P < 0.01) reported that they would initiate drug therapy at the LDL @entity165 level < 5.0 mmol/l. In case 2 (secondary prevention), 42.0% in 1996 and 54.8 in 1997 (difference +12.8, 95% CI +4.0(-)+21.8, P < 0.01) would initiate drug therapy at the LDL @entity165 level < 4.0 mmol/l. In case 3 (70 year @entity1 with @entity64 ), 13.8% in 1996 compared with 30.4% in 1997 (difference +16.6, 95% CI +9.4(-)+24.0, P < 0.01) would initiate drug therapy at the LDL @entity165 level < 4.0 mmol/l. In case 4 (70 year old @entity1 with @entity301 ) 12.8% in 1996 compared with 34.2% in 1997 (difference +21.4%, 95% CI + 13.9(-)+28.7, P < 0.01) would initiate drug therapy at the LDL @entity165 level < 4.0 mmol/l. The physicians' attitudes were significantly more active towards LDL @entity165 lowering both in 1996 and 1997 in case 2 compared with case 1, case 3 or case 4. No difference was observed between case 3 and case 4. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1996 and 1997 the attitudes of general practitioners towards lowering LDL @entity165 have become significantly more active in all four @entity1 categories. However, the attitudes are still not optimal concerning coronary @entity1 and especially older @entity731 @entity1 .

title: Attitude changes of general practitioners towards lowering LDL XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'woman', 'patients', 'patient', 'man']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['CHD', 'coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: There is increasing evidence to suggest that @entity2135 and II play a crucial role in fetal lung development. Expression of @entity2135 and II has been demonstrated to be predominant during fetal life and decreases prior to birth. Antenatal glucocorticoids are reported to improve lung immaturity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administration on @entity2135 and II expression in @entity25327 -induced @entity2914 ( @entity2914 ) in @entity35 . A @entity2914 model was induced in pregnant @entity35 following administration of 100 mg @entity25327 on day 9.5 of gestation (term = 22 days). @entity619 (0.25 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally on days 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation. Cesarean section was performed on day 21. The fetuses were divided into three groups: I, normal controls; II, @entity25327 -induced @entity2914 ; and III, @entity1568 -induced @entity2914 with antenatal @entity619 treatment. mRNA was extracted from whole lung and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the relative amounts of @entity10680 mRNA. Levels of mRNA were expressed as a ratio of the band density divided by that of beta-actin, a housekeeping gene known to be expressed at a constant level. Immunohistochemistry using anti-rat @entity2135 and II antibody was also performed in each group. Levels of @entity2135 mRNA were significantly increased in group II (0.50 +/- 0.08) compared to group I (0.34 +/- 0.10) or group III (0.32 +/- 0.06) (P < 0.05). Levels of @entity2620 mRNA were also significantly increased in group II (0.95 +/- 0.20) compared to group I (0.42 +/- 0.07) or group III (0. 31 +/- 0.09) (P < 0.05). Strong @entity2135 and II expression was observed in the @entity2914 (group II), mainly in the bronchiolar epithelium. @entity2135 and II expression in group I and III lungs was either absent or weak. The finding of significant reductions in @entity10680 mRNA and protein levels in @entity619 -treated @entity2914 lung suggest that @entity619 may accelerate the fetal stage of lung development.

title: Effect of antenatal glucocorticoid administration on insulin-like growth factor I and II levels in hypoplastic lung in @entity25327 -induced XXXX in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity1568 :: ('MESH:D009584', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrogen']

entities_list: @entity2914 :: ('MESH:D065630', 'Disease') :: ['hypoplastic CDH lung', 'congenital diaphragmatic hernia', 'CDH']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['Dexamethasone', 'dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity2135 :: ('24482(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['IGF I', 'IGF-I', 'insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I']

answer: @entity2914 :: (MESH:D065630,Disease) :: ['congenital diaphragmatic hernia']


abstract: Measuring demented @entity1 ' 'quality of life' is an important issue in the Netherlands. Due to diminished cognition and other characteristics of @entity303 , general instruments are not suitable. A conceptual model for quality of life in @entity303 should guide instrument choice. We used a recently developed model, in which 'well-being' is indicated as the standard for quality of life. Appropriateness of fit in the model is shown of three important instruments developed in the '90s. Eventually, the ' @entity303 Quality of Life instrument' (DQoL or D-QoL) of Brod et al., 1999 was selected as exhibiting the best fit. The DQoL measures well-being as a balance of positive and negative aspects. Other instruments consider, for example, either positive or negative aspects or include determinants of well-being, such as the general health condition. In contrast to the other instruments, the DQoL requires only the @entity1 's own opinion. We plan further validation of the DQoL in @entity826 @entity1 .

title: [Quality of life and XXXX . II. Selection of a measurement instrument for wellbeing appropriate for the reference model].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity303 :: ('MESH:D003704', 'Disease') :: ['Dementia', 'dementia']

entities_list: @entity826 :: ('MESH:D054078', 'Disease') :: ['Dutch demented']

answer: @entity303 :: (MESH:D003704,Disease) :: ['dementia']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with @entity3557 (PTC and @entity6888 , respectively) risk, but few have replicated. After analyzing 17525 tag SNPs in 1129 candidate genes, we found associations with PTC risk in @entity10854 , @entity18957 , @entity48227 (near @entity48228 ) and other genes. Here, we report results from a replication effort in a large independent PTC/ @entity6888 case-control study conducted in Germany. We evaluated the best tagging SNPs from our previous PTC study and additionally included SNPs in or near @entity48228 and @entity7457 genes, known susceptibility loci for @entity259 . We genotyped 422 PTC and 130 @entity6888 cases and 752 controls recruited from three German clinical centers. We used polytomous logistic regression to simultaneously estimate PTC and @entity6888 associations for 79 SNPs based on log-additive models. We assessed effect modification by body mass index (BMI), gender and age for all SNPs, and selected SNP by @entity4982 interactions. We confirmed associations with PTC and SNPs in @entity48228 / @entity48227 , @entity10854 ( @entity48229 ), @entity18957 ( @entity48230 ), @entity9710 ( @entity48231 ), @entity26241 ( @entity48232 ) and @entity22579 ( @entity48233 ) genes. We found associations with SNPs in @entity48228 , @entity10854 , @entity18957 , @entity26241 and @entity6643 and @entity6888 . We found two significant interactions between @entity18957 ( @entity48230 ) and BMI (P = 0.0321) and between @entity26241 ( @entity48232 ) and @entity48228 ( @entity48234 ) (P = 0.0006). Besides the known associations with @entity48228 SNPs, we confirmed additional PTC SNP associations reported previously. We also found several new associations with @entity6888 risk and noteworthy interactions. We conclude that multiple variants and host factors might interact in complex ways to increase risk of PTC and @entity6888 .

title: Selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms in XXXX , @entity10854 , @entity18957 , @entity9710 , @entity26241 and @entity22579 are associated with @entity3557 risk: replication study in a German population.

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['papillary and follicular thyroid cancer']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer']

answer: @entity48228 :: (2304,Gene) :: ['FOXE1']


abstract: Intercellular communication through gap junctions allows tissue coordination of cell metabolism and sensitivity to extracellular stimuli. Intercellular @entity141 signaling was investigated with digital fluorescence video imaging in primary cultures of articular chondrocytes and in @entity95 synovial cells. In both cell types, mechanical stimulation of a single cell induced a wave of increased @entity141 that was communicated to surrounding cells. Intercellular @entity141 spreading was inhibited by @entity44601 , demonstrating the involvement of gap junctions in signal propagation. In the absence of extracellular @entity141 , mechanical stimulation induced communicated @entity141 waves similar to controls; however, the number of @entity95 cells recruited decreased significantly. Mechanical stress induced @entity141 influx both in the stimulated chondrocyte and @entity95 cell, but not in the adjacent cells, as assessed by the @entity3281 quenching technique. Treatment of cells with @entity2426 and with the @entity3353 ( @entity3353 ) inhibitor @entity4385 blocked mechanically induced signal propagation. These results provide evidence that in chondrocytes and in @entity95 synovial cells, mechanical stimulation activates @entity3353 , thus leading to an increase of intracellular @entity671 . The second messenger, by permeating gap junctions, stimulates intracellular @entity141 release in neighboring cells. It is concluded that intercellular @entity141 waves may provide a mechanism to coordinate tissue responses in joint physiology.

title: Mechanism of mechanically induced intercellular calcium waves in XXXX articular chondrocytes and in @entity95 synovial cells.

entities_list: @entity671 :: ('MESH:D015544', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate']

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity44601 :: ('MESH:C119129', 'Chemical') :: ['18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Therapy failures have been reported for retroviral gene transfer of herpes simplex virus @entity1014 kinase (HSV-TK) gene followed by systemic @entity4540 application in @entity1 @entity2 . Use of the HSV-TK mutant TK30 in combination with a VSV-G pseudotyped retroviral vector was found to enhance the efficacy of prodrug therapy. The present study evaluated this therapeutic strategy in @entity1 @entity1149 cell lines in a preclinical @entity19 xenotransplant model. METHODS: Intrathoracally induced by HSV-TK30 transduced @entity1149 cell lines Colo 699 ( @entity420 ) and KNS 62 ( @entity957 ) were monitored for local @entity5 growth, survival, and @entity3 . So-called bystander effects were investigated in @entity5 consisting of as little as 25% TK30 transfected cells and by analysis of gap junctional protein @entity495 expression. RESULTS: Survival was significantly prolonged, and @entity5 growth and @entity3 were reduced in @entity5 of both cell lines. A significant therapeutic effect in bystander experiments was observed in @entity957 . This was correlated with higher expression of @entity495 . CONCLUSIONS: Delivery of HSV-TK30 in a VSV-G pseudotyped retroviral vector and subsequent @entity4540 application provided therapeutic efficacy. Despite of low transduction rates achievable in gene transfer in situ, prodrug therapy appears to be feasible in @entity5 cells with efficient bystander effects.

title: @entity4540 prodrug therapy is effective in a @entity19 xenotransplant model of XXXX @entity2 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'HSV-TK30-positive tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1014 :: ('MESH:D013936', 'Chemical') :: ['thymidine']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'pleural metastases']

entities_list: @entity4540 :: ('MESH:D015774', 'Chemical') :: ['ganciclovir']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: This multicenter study evaluated three candidate microRNAs (miRNAs) ( @entity10017 , @entity10015 and miR-101) as potential biomarkers in @entity4929 ( @entity4929 ) of the pancreas. @entity1 AND METHODS: miRNA expression was quantified by quantitative RT-PCR in 86 laser-microdissected specimens, including 65 invasive @entity4929 , 16 non-invasive @entity4929 and 5 normal pancreatic ductal tissues. Univariate and multivariate analyses compared miRNAs and clinical parameters with overall ( @entity3012 ) and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: @entity10017 and @entity10015 were up-regulated in invasive @entity4929 compared with non-invasive @entity4929 , as well as in non-invasive @entity4929 compared with normal tissues. Conversely, miR-101 levels were significantly higher in non-invasive @entity4929 and normal tissues compared with invasive @entity4929 . High levels of @entity10017 were associated with worse @entity3012 [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.37-5.65, P = 0.0047]. @entity1 with high- @entity10017 expression also had a shorter median DFS (10.9 versus 29.9 months, P = 0.01). Multivariate analysis confirmed @entity10017 as independently prognostic for mortality and disease progression ( @entity204 risk: HR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.5-7.0, P = 0.02; progression risk: HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2-4.8, P = 0.02), as well as positive lymph-node status ( @entity204 risk: HR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.1-6.3, P = 0.03; progression risk: HR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.0-4.8, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: @entity10017 , @entity10015 and miR-101 showed significant differences in invasive versus non-invasive @entity4929 . @entity10017 emerged as an independent prognostic biomarker in invasive @entity4929 and should be validated in prospective studies.

title: The good, the bad and the ugly: a tale of miR-101, XXXX and @entity10015 in pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4929 :: ('MESH:C565310', 'Disease') :: ['IPMNs', 'intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms']

answer: @entity10017 :: (406991,Gene) :: ['miR-21']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity944 due to malignant @entity943 is the most important cause of @entity204 in acute @entity583 . Improved knowledge about the pathophysiology underlying these @entity943 is essential in the search for new anti-arrhythmic strategies. @entity6579 ( @entity15002 ), a hydrolysis product of (membrane) phospholipid degradation, is one of the most potent pro-arrhythmic substances that accumulate in the @entity1 heart during @entity741 . The aim of this study was to set up and validate an in vitro experimental system for studies on the effects of @entity15002 on electrophysiological parameters in beating cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Spontaneously beating @entity37462 cardiomyocytes were cultured on multielectrode array microchips for three days for the recording of electrical activities in the form of field potentials (FP). FPs were recorded at baseline and after addition of 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24   M of @entity15002 to the cell medium (n=9). We found that @entity15002 could induce rapid effects on electrical parameters in the @entity37462 cells. The overall half-maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) of @entity15002 was around 12   M. The beating rate and peak-peak amplitude of FP thus decreased at concentrations >=  12   M and were inversely proportional to increased @entity15002 concentration. The duration of FP was significantly prolonged with @entity15002 above 12   M and was concentration-dependent. @entity15002 delayed signal propagation, an effect which was mimicked by blocking gap junctions with @entity15264 and attenuated by pre-treatment with @entity3044 and @entity3897 . Finally, asynchronous activity was induced by @entity15002 at >12   M. CONCLUSIONS: @entity15002 induced prompt and pronounced electrophysiological alterations that may underlie its observed pro-arrhythmic properties. Our in vitro model with @entity37462 cells and microelectrode array system may be a useful tool for preclinical studies of electrophysiological effects of various pathophysiological concepts.

title: Electrophysiological effects of XXXX on @entity37462 cardiomyocytes assessed with a microelectrode array system.

entities_list: @entity6579 :: ('MESH:D008244', 'Chemical') :: ['Lysophosphatidylcholine']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden death']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprenaline']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial ischemia']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular arrhythmias', 'arrhythmias']

answer: @entity6579 :: (MESH:D008244,Chemical) :: ['lysophosphatidylcholine']


abstract: @entity5 recurrence due to incomplete eradication of @entity5 cells is a major problem facing current @entity5 therapies. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to enhance cell killing and/or prevent cell regrowth after treatment. Because @entity4357 3-kinases (PI3K) pathway plays an important role in stimulating cell survival and growth, we studied the feasibility of using a PI3K pathway inhibitor @entity28910 ( @entity28910 ) to enhance the effectiveness of vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (vPDT) with @entity4936 . We found that @entity28910 or PDT alone significantly inhibited cell growth in both SVEC endothelial and @entity263 cells, although SVEC cells appeared to be more responsive than PC-3 cells. Autophagy was detected after both @entity28910 and @entity4936 -PDT in both cell lines. Autophagy appeared to protect cells from PDT-induced cell death because inhibition of autophagy increased cell death. Autophagic flux assay revealed that PDT actually decreased autophagic flux especially at a high dose of @entity4936 . Combination of @entity28910 and @entity4906 caused greater inhibition of PI3K signaling pathway, leading to enhanced cell growth inhibition in both cell lines. SVEC cells exhibited a higher sensitivity towards such a combination than PC-3 cells. Our data indicated that @entity28910 in combination with PDT provides a promising approach of enhancing therapeutic response.

title: Combination of XXXX 3-kinases pathway inhibitor and photodynamic therapy in endothelial and @entity5 cells.

entities_list: @entity4936 :: ('MESH:C098350', 'Chemical') :: ['verteporfin']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['PC-3 prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity4357 :: (MESH:D010716,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidylinositol']


abstract: @entity9604 / @entity5316 gene fusion is the most frequent @entity74 in pediatric @entity981 ( @entity981 ). It occurs as a consequence of the cryptic chromosomal translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22). In a cohort of 50 RT-PCR-positive @entity9604 / @entity5316 @entity1 , karyotype examination by GTG banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed us to identify @entity2008 in addition to the already existing t(12;21). Secondary aberrations were found in 29 out of 41 @entity1 (71%) at initial diagnosis and in all 9 @entity1 with relapse. Structural rearrangements affected chromosome arms 2p, 2q, 5q, 9p, 12p (n = 2), 6q, 11p (n = 3), and 21q (n = 4). An extra chromosome 21 was found to be the most frequent @entity154 . It was detected in 6 out of 41 @entity1 at initial diagnosis (15%) and in 7 out of the 9 @entity1 at relapse. No karyotype with trisomy 21 exceeded 47 chromosomes. @entity2008 in GTG-banding analysis in 2/41 @entity1 at initial diagnosis and in 4/9 at relapse. Notably, chromosome painting analysis performed in 11 out of the 13 @entity1 with an extra chromosome 21 revealed duplication of the normal chromosome 21 in 8, and duplication of der(21)t(12;21) in 3 @entity1 . Furthermore, gain of der(21)t(12;21) chromosome was confined exclusively to the relapse @entity1 .

title: Trisomy 21 is a recurrent secondary aberration in childhood @entity981 with XXXX / @entity5316 gene fusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity981 :: ('MESH:D054198', 'Disease') :: ['ALL', 'acute lymphoblastic leukemia']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['genetic lesion']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['Gain of chromosome 21 was the sole anomaly', 'chromosome anomalies']

answer: @entity9604 :: (2120,Gene) :: ['TEL']


abstract: Accurate diagnosis of @entity2885 ( @entity2885 ) using clinical and laboratory parameters is often difficult in @entity1 . The aims of this retrospective study were twofold. Firstly, to correlate the clinical and laboratory manifestations of @entity2885 with the results of the @entity9409 ( @entity9409 ) renal scan in different age groups. Secondly, to compare the @entity9409 renal scan, renal ultrasonography (RUS), and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in @entity1 with clinical @entity2885 . The @entity9409 renal scan was utilized as the gold standard for renal involvement. We determined the sensitivity of these tests in febrile urinary tract infections (UTI) in three age groups: group I less than 2 years; group II 2-8 years; group III older than 8 years. During the period January 1992 through December 1998, 222 @entity1 presented with a febrile UTI. All @entity1 had a @entity9409 renal scan, 208 had contrast VCUG, and 163 had RUS. The clinical and laboratory manifestation of @entity2885 correlated better with a positive @entity9409 renal scan in the older @entity1 than in the younger @entity1 ; 85% of the @entity9409 renal scans were positive in group III; 69% in group II; 48% in group I (P<0.001). @entity3025 detected by contrast VCUG was more prevalent in the younger age groups. Although high grades of reflux (grade IV-V) correlated better with a positive @entity9409 renal scan, it did not reach a level of statistical significance (P>0.05). RUS did not correlate with a positive @entity9409 renal scan in any age group.

title: Age-related radiological imaging in XXXX with @entity2885 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2885 :: ('MESH:D011704', 'Disease') :: ['pyelonephritis', 'APN', 'acute pyelonephritis']

entities_list: @entity3025 :: ('MESH:D014718', 'Disease') :: ['Vesicoureteral reflux']

entities_list: @entity9409 :: ('MESH:D004113', 'Chemical') :: ['DMSA', 'dimercaptosuccinic acid']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: The purpose of this report is to present the descriptive epidemiology of @entity14 using the most recent data available to highlight two characteristics of the disease. First is the great variation which takes place in the frequency of this disease over geographic areas of all sizes. @entity14 is common in most countries of North America and Europe, is rare in Asia and is particularly uncommon in Africa. Internationally, the variation in @entity694 is 60-fold, and within Europe there is a 4-fold difference in the incidence of @entity694 between areas with the highest and lowest rates. For @entity188 , variation internationally is 18-fold and within Europe it is 3-fold. Within the United Kingdom, @entity694 is uniformly higher in the 5 Scottish Cancer Registry Regions than in their counterparts in England and Wales. Even within Scotland there is a 4-fold range of @entity694 incidence in rates, with the North and South clearly demarcated by a striking difference in @entity694 incidence in both sexes. Secondly, examination of international mortality rates for @entity14 demonstrates remarkable differences in trends over time between countries. In countries where @entity14 mortality rates were initially low, rates have increased substantially. In many countries where rates circa 1950 were moderately high, they have increased slightly or become stabilized. However, in countries such as Scotland, Canada, England and Wales and the United States, where rates were initially high, there have been gradual falls in mortality over time.

title: Descriptive epidemiology of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity188 :: ('MESH:D012004', 'Disease') :: ['cancer of the rectum']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancer']

entities_list: @entity14 :: ('MESH:D015179', 'Disease') :: ['colorectal cancer', 'Colorectal cancer']

answer: @entity14 :: (MESH:D015179,Disease) :: ['colorectal cancer']


abstract: Protein A (PA) of @entity794 has an array of biological functions, such as antitumor, antitoxic, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. We have already established that a theoretical trypsin-digested peptide fragment of protein A (20-mer) mimics immunomodulatory and IgG binding property of PA. In the present report we have concentrated on a 16-mer chymotryptic fragment of protein A, which has a sequence of 13 @entity1522 in common with the previously studied 20-mer peptide. Molecular modeling study qualitatively predicted that both 20-mer and 16-mer peptides retain Fc binding ability from an interaction energy point of view. In the present study our aim was to understand whether this theoretically predicted 16-mer chymotryptic fragment could be formed in a real experiment and also to understand its biological activities. Chymotrypsin cleavage of PA at 37 degrees C for 24 h produced four major fragments on reverse-phase HPLC. The @entity535 analyses of each fragment show the absence of @entity462 residue from all fragments, which justifies the absence of @entity462 in PA. We also observed high content of @entity2574 and @entity367 residues in all fragments. On gel-filtration chromatography the chymotrypsin cleavage of PA shows five peaks, one of which overlaps with our theoretically selected 16-mer peptide on superimposition. We verified the IgG binding capacity of 16-mer peptide by capillary electrophoresis. The 16-mer peptide also induces the production of @entity637 and @entity634 in serum of @entity19 . The above observations suggest that the 16-mer peptide may be produced by chymotrypsin cleavage and also that this peptide possesses some of the major biological properties of PA, such as IgG binding, @entity637 and @entity634 elicitation, etc.

title: Functional mimicry of protein A of XXXX by a proteolytically cleaved fragment.

entities_list: @entity1522 :: ('CHEBI:33709', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acids']

entities_list: @entity462 :: ('MESH:D003545', 'Chemical') :: ['cysteine']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity794 :: ('1280', 'Species') :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']

entities_list: @entity367 :: ('CHEBI:18237', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamic acid']

entities_list: @entity2574 :: ('CHEBI:22660', 'Chemical') :: ['aspartic acid']

answer: @entity794 :: (1280,Species) :: ['Staphylococcus aureus']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of hypertonic saline on bacterial translocation and the number and function of natural killer and T cells in controlled @entity548 . DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. Duration of follow-up was 24 hrs. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Adult male @entity35 , weighing 310-390 g. INTERVENTIONS: Controlled @entity548 was induced by blood withdrawal (mean arterial pressure, 30-40 mm Hg) and maintained for 30 mins. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 10) was sham-operated, group 2 (n = 10) was untreated, and group 3 was treated with 5 mL/kg hypertonic saline (n = 10). The @entity35 were killed after 24 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Infusion of hypertonic saline in group 3 was followed by reduced bacterial translocation rate (5.0 +/- 2.2% vs. 18.3 +/- 5.3%, p <.033). The total mass of bacteria isolated from hypertonic saline-treated animals with bacterial translocation was 7.8- to 10.4-fold less than that from untreated @entity35 . Controlled @entity548 resulted in a low percentage of @entity11264 + cells in blood (35.2 +/- 3.9%, p <.05) and lymph nodes (44.4 +/- 4.5%, p <.05) and depressed @entity11264 expression on blood (82 +/- 13 arbitrary units, p <.005) and lymph node (168 +/- 24 arbitrary units, p <.03) cells. A compensatory mobilization of NKR-P1+ cells from lymph nodes (8.6 +/- 2.3%, p <.05) to blood (21.2 +/- 5.2%, p <.01) with down-regulated NKR-P1 expression on blood cells (59 +/- 10 arbitrary units, p <.005) was observed. Natural killer cell-mediated @entity137 was decreased (67.9 +/- 9.7%, p <.05). Hypertonic saline treatment greatly stimulated @entity11264 expression on blood (419 +/- 113 arbitrary units, p <.005) and lymph node (553 +/- 115 arbitrary units, p <.03) cells. Also, normalization of NKR-P1 expression (160 +/- 19 arbitrary units, p <.005) and restoration of natural killer cell-mediated @entity137 to near normal values (88.6 +/- 7.4%, p <.05) were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Controlled @entity548 was accompanied by @entity11264 + cells suppression and excessive recruitment of natural killer cells with abnormally low NKR-P1 expression and suppressed cytolytic activity into circulation. Infusion of hypertonic saline reversed these changes and reduced bacterial translocation.

title: Reduced rate of bacterial translocation and improved variables of natural killer cell and T-cell activity in @entity35 surviving controlled XXXX and treated with hypertonic saline.

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic shock']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['hemorrhagic shock']


abstract: This study was undertaken to determine whether @entity1162 as a consequence of abnormal repolarization induced by @entity301 or antiarrhythmic drugs could be shortened by intravenous administration of @entity2399 . A total of 21 @entity1 with basal prolonged QTc intervals (QTc > 500 ms) were divided in two groups: 7 with @entity63 @entity301 and negative T waves (Group A), and 14 treated with antiarrhythmic drugs (Group B). Nine of the latter had negative T waves (Subgroup B-1) and five had positive T waves (Subgroup B-2) recorded in precordial leads. Nine @entity1 were taking @entity2643 and six @entity5126 . @entity2399 was given intravenously in a bolus of 3.75 g (25% solution) over 3 min. @entity1 had normal electrolyte serum levels. The prolonged QTc and JTc intervals were shortened after @entity2399 in @entity1 of Subgroup B-1 from the basal values [QTc 20.7% and JTc 25.4%, (p = < 0.0001 and 0.02, respectively)]. None of the @entity1 in Group A or Subgroup B-2 experienced altered QTc or JTc intervals. While some antiarrhythmic drugs are capable of altering the refractoriness of ventricular cells, probably by causing changes in the intracellular metabolic pathways, in @entity1 with @entity301 in the membrane induced by @entity63 let @entity460 enter the cells parallel with dispersion of ventricular repolarization. When secondary negative T waves are present, @entity2399 as an antidote probably acts as a blocking agent at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, thus reducing both QTc and JTc intervals.

title: Abnormal QT intervals associated with negative T waves induced by antiarrhythmic drugs are rapidly reduced using XXXX as an antidote.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2643 :: ('MESH:D000638', 'Chemical') :: ['amiodarone']

entities_list: @entity2399 :: ('MESH:D008278', 'Chemical') :: ['magnesium sulfate', 'Magnesium sulfate']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic injury', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary disease', 'coronary disease gaps']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity1162 :: ('MESH:D008133', 'Disease') :: ['prolonged QTc interval']

answer: @entity2399 :: (MESH:D008278,Chemical) :: ['magnesium sulfate']


abstract: PURPOSE: To assess the long-term motor and functional recovery of arm function after @entity64 . DESIGN: Cohort study. SUBJECTS: Fifty-four @entity1 with a first @entity64 , who underwent inpatient rehabilitation, were measured early after @entity64 , after 16 weeks and after 4 years. MEASURES: Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FM, upper extremity), Action Research Arm Test (ARA), Barthel Index, Arm Function Questionnaire, shoulder @entity158 , sensory function, Ashworth Scale and a perceived problem score. RESULTS: Although most of the improvement occurred during the first 16 weeks after @entity64 , improvement in the FM score continued after 16 weeks in 10 @entity1 . In 13 @entity1 the recovery of arm function only started after 16 weeks. After 4 years a fair to good recovery of arm motor function (FM score > 20) was found in 31 @entity1 . Twenty-seven @entity1 had fair to good functional abilities of the hemiplegic arm (ARA > 25). Submaximal ARA scores for the unaffected arm were found in 11 @entity1 . Barthel scores > 60 were found in 52 @entity1 . Serious shoulder @entity158 persisted in 11 @entity1 . Intact sensory function was found in only 14 @entity1 . It was associated with good motor recovery (FM score > 35 in 11 @entity1 ). Loss of arm function was perceived as a major problem by 36 @entity1 . CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate the recovery of arm function after @entity64 over a period of 4 years. It is encouraging to note that even after 16 weeks improvement still occurred in some @entity1 . However, considerable long-term loss of arm function, associated disability and perceived problems were found. There is an obvious need to develop effective treatment methods for hemiplegic arm function.

title: The long-term outcome of arm function after XXXX : results of a follow-up study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain', 'pain and range of motion']

answer: @entity64 :: (MESH:D020521,Disease) :: ['stroke']


abstract: Recent observations suggest that the endothelial cell-derived vasoconstrictive peptide @entity40612 ( @entity40612 ) interacts with @entity3774 (PGF2alpha) and that luteal @entity40612 participates in the rapid cascade of functional luteolysis in vivo. Thus, the present study aimed to determine in detail the real-time changes in @entity40612 , @entity398 (OT), and @entity1420 (P4) concentrations within the regressing corpus luteum (CL), along with the changes in ovarian venous plasma (OVP) ipsilateral to the CL as well as in jugular venous plasma (JVP) in the @entity291 . In the first study, peripheral plasma from daily sampling during the estrous cycle (n = 6) showed clear changes in @entity40612 concentration with the stage of the cycle (p < 0.05). @entity40612 remained at basal concentrations (23.2+/-1.3 pg/ml) on Days 2-12, increased (p < 0.05) on Days 13-19 (33.5+/-2.6 pg/ml), and reached the highest (p < 0.001) concentrations (45.6+/-4.4 pg/ml) on Days 20-22 after estrus. These data indicate that plasma @entity40612 concentration increases around luteolysis and estrus. In the second study, a @entity262 ( @entity262 ) was surgically implanted into the CL of 11 @entity291 in the midluteal phase. In 4 of the 11 @entity291 , the catheter was also fitted to the @entity43 at surgery. A PGF2alpha analogue ( @entity2669 ; 500 microg) was then injected (designated as 0 h) i.m. to induce luteolysis. In the @entity291 fitted with an @entity262 , the PGF2alpha injection clearly induced a rapid decrease in intraluteal P4 release within 4 h (p < 0.05), and the levels decreased to 20% of the baseline after 24 h. Intraluteal release of @entity40612 increased (p < 0.05) to 160% within 4 h after PGF2alpha injection, when an enormous OT release (to 950%) occurred, which reached a plateau of 250% after 20 h that persisted until 72 h. @entity40612 release into the ovarian vein began to increase at 2 h after PGF2alpha injection, when the acute OT release almost dropped to the baseline. The @entity40612 concentration was temporarily (between 0 and 24 h after PGF2alpha) 2-3 times higher in OVP than in JVP (p < 0.05), and increased again to higher levels than in JVP from 32 to 64 h (p < 0.05). @entity40612 concentrations in JVP gradually increased from 10 pg/ml to 30 pg/ml during PGF2alpha-induced luteolysis (p < 0.05). In conclusion, PGF2alpha injection rapidly increased @entity40612 release within the regressing CL as well as into the ovarian venous blood in the @entity291 . The overall results strongly support the hypothesis that luteal @entity40612 is a local luteolytic mediator/promotor in the regressing @entity291 CL.

title: Real-time relationships between intraluteal and plasma concentrations of endothelin, @entity398 , and @entity1420 during @entity3774 -induced luteolysis in the XXXX .

entities_list: @entity398 :: ('MESH:D010121', 'Chemical') :: ['oxytocin']

entities_list: @entity43 :: ('MESH:D010051', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian vein ipsilateral to the CL']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity262 :: ('MESH:D034721', 'Disease') :: ['microdialysis system', 'MDS']

entities_list: @entity2669 :: ('MESH:D003008', 'Chemical') :: ['cloprostenol']

entities_list: @entity3774 :: ('MESH:D015237', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin F2alpha']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['cow']


abstract: PURPOSE: The medium chain fatty acid @entity27145 ( @entity23882 ) is approved as an absorption enhancer but its mechanism of action has not been studied in @entity1 . The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of @entity23882 in @entity1 subjects after rectal administration. METHODS: Twelve healthy @entity1 subjects were randomised to receive @entity869 suppositories with (AM- @entity23882 ) or without (AM) @entity23882 . Serum and urine samples were collected and analysed for @entity869 by HPLC. Rectal biopsies were taken before and 25 min (approximate time of maximum serum concentration, Cmax, for @entity869 ) and 185 min (during the final part of the elimination phase) after rectal administration of the suppositories. The osmolality of the rectal fluid was also measured. RESULTS: AM- @entity23882 administration increased Cmax, area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and urinary recovery of @entity869 2.6-, 2.3- and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared to AM. Histological examination of the biopsies showed that AM- @entity23882 exposure resulted in reversible @entity16 that occurred at the same time as the Cmax for @entity869 while AM prolonged @entity16 . A reversible increase in rectal fluid osmolality was observed with both treatments. CONCLUSIONS: AM- @entity23882 -enhanced absorption of @entity869 coincides with non-specific @entity16 . @entity23882 itself as well as the suppository base and the hyperosmolality of the rectal fluid contributed to this effect. However, the histological damage was reversible with AM- @entity23882 , suggesting that @entity23882 also has a protective effect on the rectal mucosa.

title: Mechanism of absorption enhancement in @entity1 after rectal administration of @entity869 in suppositories containing XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal damage', 'damage to the rectal mucosa']

entities_list: @entity27145 :: ('MESH:C031071', 'Chemical') :: ['sodium caprate']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

answer: @entity27145 :: (MESH:C031071,Chemical) :: ['sodium caprate']


abstract: One of the causes of pseudohyperpotassemia is the induction of @entity972 (K) release from blood cells by various factors such as cold-storage of blood samples, various drugs including @entity7832 and so on. We speculated on the effect of storage temperature and therapeutic drugs used on the elevation of K levels in vitro. @entity452 was selected for in vitro experiment. The therapeutic dose of @entity452 (76 micrograms/l) was mixed with whole blood and incubated at 37 degrees C. A significant increase in K concentration was observed after incubation for 6 hours. These results suggested that many injection drugs used clinically induce K release from blood cells in vitro as well as in vivo and the administration of such drugs could be one of the causes of pseudohyperpotassemia. We developed a simple and practical method to determine the K-flux activity of erythrocytes. Employing this method, hemodialysis @entity1 and aged subjects were evaluated. These were shown to be reduced compared with those of healthy subjects. In 30 hemodialysis @entity1 , K-flux activity and the mean serum K concentration expressed as the average of 4 measurements correlated negatively (r = -0.482, p < 0.01). The K-flux activity of the erythrocytes collected after hemodialysis therapy was increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with that of erythrocytes collected before therapy. We conclude that the K-flux activity of erythrocytes might participate partly in the regulation of serum K concentration in hemodialysis @entity1 and that the inhibitory factors on K-flux activity might be removed by hemodialysis therapy.

title: [Metabolism of XXXX and its flux in erythrocytes].

entities_list: @entity452 :: ('MESH:D004280', 'Chemical') :: ['Dobutamine', 'dobutamine']

entities_list: @entity972 :: ('MESH:D011188', 'Chemical') :: ['potassium']

answer: @entity972 :: (MESH:D011188,Chemical) :: ['potassium']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of various @entity130 following, high-speed motor vehicle crashes with special reference to frequency of @entity99 , severity and complications. DESIGN: A descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Surgical Unit III, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, from August 1999 to February 2002. @entity1 AND METHODS: The study included 100 consecutive @entity1 of blunt @entity1661 . @entity1 of either gender and age above 12 and below 70 were included in this study. Purposive non-probability sampling was done. @entity130 were identified, graded and managed accordingly. The data was then entered into SPSS and descriptive statistical tests were applied. RESULTS: Liver was the most common organ injured (35%), followed by spleen (32 %) and small gut (30 %). In 23 @entity1 , liver was the only organ injured. Most of the @entity99 fell under grade I (42.8%) followed by grade II (28.35%) and grade III (22.85%) and were treated by suture hepatorrhaphy alone in 71.42% cases. The operated cases were mostly complicated by wound @entity281 (33.76%). Overall mortality remained high (12%) and was related to a combination of delays in arriving at a diagnosis due to non-availability of CT scan and routine use of peritoneal lavage. CONCLUSION: Liver is the most commonly affected organ in high speed motor vehicle crashes that is reliably treated by suture hepatorrhaphy. The rate of @entity86 and morbidity is high.

title: Pattern of @entity130 following blunt XXXX in motor vehicular accidents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal trauma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative infection']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['liver injuries']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['visceral injuries', 'Injuries']

answer: @entity1661 :: (MESH:D000008,Disease) :: ['abdominal trauma']


abstract: @entity1144 and @entity3190 are associated with @entity209 and are important risk factors for @entity453 . Because @entity3190 frequently accompanies @entity1144 , it is unclear whether each is independently related to @entity14822 . Dietary saturated fat may influence these associations since it is associated with elevated lipid levels, @entity28 and @entity3190 . @entity1144 (indexed as abdomen-to-hip circumference ratio), serum @entity2690 level and dietary saturated fat intake were examined in relation to serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins in 878 male @entity1 of the Normative Aging Study. Abdomen-to-hip ratio and @entity2690 level were inversely related to high density lipoprotein @entity165 (HDL-C) (r = -0.17 and -0.21, respectively), and positively related to @entity1674 (r = 0.25 and 0.36, respectively). Saturated fat intake was positively related to body mass index (r = 0.20), abdomen-to-hip ratio (r = 0.13), and @entity2690 level (r = 0.10). In multiple linear regression models, abdomen-to-hip ratio was positively related to @entity1674 and low density lipoprotein @entity165 (LDL-C) after adjusting for the effects of body mass index, @entity167 intake, age, cigarette smoking and physical activity level, but was not significantly related to HDL-C. When serum @entity2690 level was included as a covariate, abdomen-to-hip ratio remained significantly related to LDL-C and @entity1674 , although its relationship with @entity1674 was attenuated. @entity2690 level remained inversely related to HDL-C and @entity1674 in multivariate models which adjusted for the effects of abdomen-to-hip ratio and BMI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: The relationships of @entity1144 , XXXX and saturated fat intake to serum lipid levels: the Normative Aging Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity14822 :: ('MESH:C562935', 'Disease') :: ['lipid abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity1674 :: ('MESH:D014280', 'Chemical') :: ['triglycerides']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal obesity', 'Abdominal obesity']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['abnormalities in lipid metabolism']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity3190 :: (MESH:D006946,Disease) :: ['hyperinsulinemia']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy and safety of individualised dose optimisation of @entity2600 monotherapy as salvage treatment for advanced @entity356 (AGC). METHODS: A total of 43 @entity1 were enrolled. Intravenous @entity2600 (350   mg   m(-2)) was administered every 3 weeks. The dose was increased (425   mg   m(-2) and 500   mg   m(-2)) or decreased (250   mg   m(-2)) depending on @entity1 tolerance. @entity6912 genotypes were determined by direct sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood. RESULTS: A total of 183 cycles of @entity2600 were administered, with a median of four cycles per @entity1 . The overall response rate was 9.3%, and the disease control rate was 62.8%. Median time to disease progression was 2.8 months, and median overall survival was 8.0 months. Grade 3-4 @entity1398 was the most common @entity137 (53.5%), and @entity1398 was the least common @entity137 (4.6%). Compared with defective allele groups, @entity6912 *1/*1 was associated with a lower incidence of grade 3-4 @entity1398 during the first cycle (P=0.018). CONCLUSION: Individualised @entity2600 dose escalation based on @entity1 tolerance was not associated with increased @entity137 and shows modest activity as salvage chemotherapy for AGC. The role of @entity6912 genotype in clinical @entity137 requires further evaluation.

title: Phase II and @entity6912 genotype study of @entity2600 dose escalation as salvage therapy for advanced XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2600 :: ('MESH:C051890', 'Chemical') :: ['irinotecan']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with brain metastases from @entity2 have poor prognoses and short survival time, and they are often excluded from clinical trials. Whole-cranial irradiation is considered to be the standard treatment, but its efficacy is not satisfactory. The purpose of this phase II clinical trial was to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of the treatment of whole-brain irradiation plus three-dimensional conformal boost combined with concurrent topotecan for the @entity1 with brain metastases from @entity2 . METHODS: @entity1 with brain metastasis from @entity2 received concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy: conventional fractionated whole-brain irradiation, 2 fields/time, 1 fraction/day, 2 Gy/fraction, 5 times/week, and DT 40 Gy/20 fractions; for the @entity1 with  <= 3 lesions with diameter >=  2 cm, a three-dimensional (3-D) conformal localised boost was given to increase the dosage to 56-60 Gy; and during radiotherapy, concurrent chemotherapy with topotecan was given (the chemoradiotherapy group, CRT). The @entity1 with brain metastasis from @entity2 during the same period who received radiotherapy only were selected as the controls (the radiotherapy-alone group, @entity138 ). RESULTS: From March 2009 to March 2012, both 38 @entity1 were enrolled into two groups. The median progression-free survival(PFS) time , the 1- and 2-year PFS rates of CRT group and @entity138 group were 6 months, 42.8%, 21.6% and 3 months, 11.6%, 8.7% (  2 = 6.02, p = 0.014), respectively. The 1- and 2-year @entity1504 control rates of CRT and @entity138 were 75.9% , 65.2% and 41.6% , 31.2% (  2 = 3.892, p = 0.049), respectively. The 1- and 2-year overall survival rates (OS) of CRT and @entity138 were 50.8% , 37.9% and 40.4% , 16.5% (  2 = 1.811, p = 0.178), respectively. The major side effects were myelosuppression and digestive toxicities, but no differences were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Compared with radiotherapy alone, whole-brain irradiation plus 3-D conformal boost irradiation and concurrent topotecan chemotherapy significantly improved the PFS rate and the @entity1504 control rate of @entity1 with brain metastases from @entity2 , and no significant increases in side effects were observed. Based on these results, this treatment method is recommended for phase III clinical trial.

title: Phase II clinical trial of whole-brain irradiation plus three-dimensional conformal boost with concurrent topotecan for brain metastases from XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1504 :: ('MESH:D002561', 'Disease') :: ['intracranial lesion']

answer: @entity2 :: (MESH:D008175,Disease) :: ['lung cancer']


abstract: We report a rare case of @entity2783 in a 63-year-old @entity1 with a history of @entity12884 . The @entity1 was asymptomatic. Blood chemistry and hematologic laboratory levels, as well as values for @entity5 markers, were unremarkable. Ultrasonography (US) of the abdomen showed a focal echogenic lesion (22 x 15 mm) in the body of the gallbladder, and moderate enhancement was noted on contrast-enhanced US. Abdominal computed tomography revealed nodular wall thickening in the body of the gallbladder that was enhanced by contrast material. Although this @entity1 was asymptomatic, the existence of @entity1086 could not be totally denied. Therefore, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed for total biopsy of the gallbladder. An intraoperative frozen-section examination revealed evidence of mild @entity2679 with the appearance of @entity8855 . There was no malignant lesion. The final diagnosis, @entity2783 , was obtained by alkaline alcoholic Congo red staining. @entity527 were found in the walls of the vessels in the submucosa and the lamina propria mucosae, consistent with an @entity75 in the body of the gallbladder. To our knowledge, this is the first case of @entity2783 mimicking @entity1086 that was diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

title: @entity2783 of the gallbladder mimicking XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['woman', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity527 :: ('MESH:D058225', 'Disease') :: ['Amyloid depositions']

entities_list: @entity2783 :: ('MESH:D000686', 'Disease') :: ['amyloidosis of the gallbladder']

entities_list: @entity8855 :: ('MESH:D006819', 'Disease') :: ['hyalinal stroma']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['elevated nodular lesion']

entities_list: @entity2679 :: ('MESH:D002764', 'Disease') :: ['chronic cholecystitis']

entities_list: @entity1086 :: ('MESH:D005706', 'Disease') :: ['gallbladder cancer']

entities_list: @entity12884 :: ('MESH:C531616', 'Disease') :: ['primary amyloidosis']

answer: @entity1086 :: (MESH:D005706,Disease) :: ['gallbladder cancer']


abstract: Fifty consecutive @entity1 underwent standardized surgical treatment for isthmic @entity19339 . Twenty-two (44%) had mechanical symptoms only and were treated with in situ fusion. Twenty-eight (56%) had back and radicular symptoms and underwent decompression and fusion. Follow-up averaged 40.4 months. Satisfactory results were achieved in 30 (60%). @entity1 under 30 and over 50 appeared to do better. Success rate was not related to degree of slippage. Success rate in compensation cases was 39%, versus 83% in non-compensation cases (P less than 0.001); males, 53%, versus females, 78% (0.05 less than P less than 0.1); back @entity158 only, 73%, versus @entity614 , 50% (0.05 less than P less than 0.1); smokers, 48%, versus nonsmokers, 74% (0.05 less than P less than 0.1). @entity1516 rate was 12%, and this correlated with failure (P less than 0.002). Thus, a trend towards an unsatisfactory outcome was seen in males, middle-aged individuals, those with a smoking habit, and @entity1 with radicular symptoms. A compensable work situation and @entity1516 had a profoundly negative influence on outcome.

title: Surgical treatment of isthmic XXXX . Analysis of variables influencing results.

entities_list: @entity19339 :: ('MESH:D013168', 'Disease') :: ['lumbosacral spondylolisthesis']

entities_list: @entity614 :: ('MESH:D011843', 'Disease') :: ['radiculopathy']

entities_list: @entity1516 :: ('MESH:D011542', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoarthrosis', 'Pseudoarthrosis']

answer: @entity19339 :: (MESH:D013168,Disease) :: ['lumbosacral spondylolisthesis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical and @entity5 characteristics in @entity1 receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral stem-cell transplantation (PSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) for relapsed or primary @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ). @entity1 AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight @entity1 with @entity1893 received high-dose chemotherapy and ABMT or PSCT. A multivariate analysis of characteristics was performed for comparison of the long-term @entity177 ( @entity177 ) rate. RESULTS: Using a multivariate analysis, a prognostic model was constructed with @entity1 in the good-prognosis group being those without a mass > or = 10 cm at the time of transplant, and no more than one of the following characteristics: three or more prior chemotherapy regimens, @entity880 dehydrogenase (LDH) level above normal, and chemotherapy resistance. @entity1 in the poor-prognosis group had a mass > or = 10 cm, or two of the other characteristics noted. The poor-prognosis group had a 3-year @entity177 rate of 10%, compared with a 45% 3-year @entity177 in the good-prognosis group (P < .001). Within the prognostic groups, there was no difference in the 3-year @entity177 rate of the poor-prognosis @entity1 who received ABMT versus PSCT (10% v 12%; not significant). However, in the good-prognosis group, @entity1 who received ABMT had a 3-year @entity177 rate of 32%, compared with 70% for those who received PSCT (P < .008). CONCLUSION: This prognostic model can identify @entity1 with good and poor prognoses following high-dose chemotherapy and ABMT or PSCT for aggressive @entity1893 . In good-prognosis @entity1 , those who received PSCT had a superior @entity177 rate.

title: High-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for aggressive XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['FFS', 'failure-free survival']

entities_list: @entity880 :: ('MESH:D019344', 'Chemical') :: ['lactate']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ['NHL', "refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: A maternal high-fat diet creates an increased risk of offspring @entity28 and systemic @entity101 . Although the renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is known to regulate blood pressure, it is now recognized that the RAS is also activated in adipose tissue during @entity28 . We hypothesized that programmed offspring @entity101 is associated with the activation of the adipose tissue RAS in the offspring of @entity28 @entity35 dams. STUDY DESIGN: At 3 weeks of age, female @entity35 were weaned to a high-fat diet (60% k/cal; n = 6) or control diet (10% k/cal; n = 6). At 11 weeks of age, these @entity35 were mated and continued on their respective diets during pregnancy. After birth, at 1 day of age, subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected; litter size was standardized, and pups were cross-fostered to either control or high-fat diet dams, which created 4 study groups. At 21 days of age, offspring were weaned to control or high-fat diet. At 6 months of age, body fat and blood pressure were measured. Thereafter, subcutaneous and retroperitoneal adipose tissue was harvested from male offspring. Protein expression of adipose tissue RAS components were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: The maternal high-fat diet induced early and persistent alterations in offspring adipose RAS components. These changes were dependent on the period of exposure to the maternal high-fat diet, were adipose tissue specific (subcutaneous and retroperitoneal), and were exacerbated by a postnatal high-fat diet. Maternal high-fat diet increased adiposity and blood pressure in offspring, regardless of the period of exposure. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that programmed adiposity and the activation of the adipose tissue RAS are associated with @entity101 in offspring of @entity28 dams.

title: Maternal high-fat diet programs XXXX offspring @entity101 and activates the adipose renin-angiotensin system.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: PURPOSE: We assessed the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for large (more than 10 mm) ureteral calculi with the unmodified Dornier @entity16237 lithotriptor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 96 consecutive @entity1 with large ureteral stones were treated with shock wave lithotripsy using an unmodified @entity16237 lithotriptor. @entity1 , stone characteristics, preliminary treatment before shock wave lithotripsy, additional procedures after shock wave lithotripsy, complications and clinical outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2003 a total of 96 @entity1 (75 males, 21 females, mean age 51 years [range 16 to 81]) with large ureteral stones underwent shock wave lithotripsy. Average stone size was 14 mm (range 10 to 22), 90 stones were calcified, and 66 stones were located in the upper ureter, 20 in the mid ureter and 10 in the distal ureter. A total of 77 (80.2%) @entity1 underwent a single shock wave lithotripsy session, 18 (18.7%) underwent 2 sessions and 1 (1.1%) @entity1 underwent 3 sessions. The overall stone-free rate was 86.5% (83 @entity1 ). Complications occurred in 10 (10.4%) @entity1 . Shock wave lithotripsy failed in 13 (13.5%) @entity1 who were successfully treated with ureteroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that shock wave lithotripsy for large ureteral stones along the entire ureter with the unmodified @entity16237 lithotriptor has a high success rate with minimal morbidity. We recommend it as first line treatment.

title: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for large ureteral stones using XXXX lithotriptor.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patients', 'patient']

answer: @entity16237 :: (1131,Gene) :: ['HM3']


abstract: Smooth Kirschner wires (K-wires) are frequently used in pediatric orthopaedics; however, the @entity281 rate associated with these devices is not known. A retrospective study on @entity281 rates in pediatric @entity1 who had @entity174 treated with percutaneous smooth K-wire fixation was performed. A total of 202 @entity1 with an average age of 9.7 years were included in the study. Upper extremity @entity174 made up 93% of the cases. The overall @entity281 rate was 7.9%. The classification system of Green was used to describe major and @entity281 . There were 16 infections noted; 12 (5.9%) of these were minor, and 4 (2%) were major. Infection rates did not correlate with length of fixation. There was also no correlation of @entity281 rates with open @entity174 or @entity174 that required open reduction. The @entity281 rates associated with the use of smooth K-wires in pediatric @entity174 @entity1 is low. The major @entity281 rate is only 2% and does not correlate to length of fixation or type of @entity174 .

title: Incidence of pin track infections in @entity1 's XXXX treated with Kirschner wire fixation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['minor infections', 'increased infection', 'infection']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

answer: @entity174 :: (MESH:D050723,Disease) :: ['fractures']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate @entity6 clinical outcomes in a large @entity1 population by comparing results of computer-supported team care to those of usual care. STUDY DESIGN: @entity1 enrolled in a @entity6 care management program were tracked by a computerized system. Their subsequent healthcare outcomes were compared with those of usual-care @entity1 and those of @entity1 who had been discontinued from being managed in this program. @entity1 AND METHODS: Screening rates for glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), urinary protein, serum lipids, and glycemic and blood pressure control were compared between currently managed and usual-care @entity1 . Hospital days and screening rates in a subset of the currently managed group, long-term managed @entity1 , were compared with those of no longer managed @entity1 . RESULTS: Screening rates for GHb, urinary protein, and serum lipids were higher in currently managed @entity1 than in usual-care @entity1 . Follow-up of initially elevated GHb in currently managed and usual-care @entity1 showed an overall decrease in both groups. Follow-up of initially elevated blood pressure in currently managed @entity1 showed a decrease in both mean systolic and mean diastolic measurements, while follow-up in usual-care @entity1 showed no change in either mean systolic or mean diastolic measurements. Inpatient utilization for the long-term managed @entity1 decreased between 1995 and 1997 and was lower in 1997 for this group than for no longer managed @entity1 . Screening rates for GHb, urinary protein, and serum lipids were higher in the long-term managed @entity1 than in the no longer managed @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Computer-supported care management by a dedicated team appears to reduce the number of hospitalizations and improve screening rates and glycemic and blood pressure control.

title: @entity6 managed care and clinical outcomes: the Harbor City, California Kaiser Permanente XXXX care system.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes']


abstract: The results of treatment of 250 @entity1 with established @entity583 in a coronary care unit in a university hospital are described. The criteria for diagnosis have been carefully defined. In 62 percent of @entity1 admitted with a tentative diagnosis of acute @entity1188 , the initial impression was confirmed. Fifteen percent of @entity1 admitted to the unit were classified as having possible @entity1188 ; in this group, the mortality rate was 3 percent. A classification of functional severity based on clinical evidence of @entity712 or @entity1457 is presented. Morbidity and mortality in @entity583 are related to the functional severity of the illness. Although @entity943 is common, the overriding importance of five life-threatening @entity943 is emphasized. Mortality of @entity1 in the coronary care unit was not improved in comparison to those treated under regular care until strong central direction of therapeutic programs, immediate treatment of @entity943 in @entity1167 , and delegation of some medical authority to trained nurses was accomplished. The change in concept of the purposes and practices of special coronary care from resuscitation to prevention of @entity943 is emphasized. The mortality in @entity583 complicated by @entity1457 remains high. In the absence of @entity1457 , aggressive medical treatment in the coronary care unit reduced mortality from 26 to 7 percent. The implications of these data in the management of @entity1 admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of @entity583 are discussed.

title: 50th anniversary historical article. XXXX and coronary care units.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction', 'acute myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias', 'arrhythmia']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['Myocardial infarction']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Within the UK @entity283 ( @entity283 ), Spiritual and Pastoral Care (SPC) Services (chaplaincies) have not traditionally embraced research due to the intangible nature of their work. However, small teams like SPC can lead the way towards services across the @entity283 becoming @entity1 - centred and @entity1 -led. Using co-production principles within research can ensure it, and the resulting services, are truly @entity1 -led. METHODS: A series of interviews were conducted with service users across directorates of a large @entity283 mental health Trust. Their views on the quality of SPC services and desired changes were elicited. Grounded theory was used with a constant comparative approach to the interviews and analysis. RESULTS: Initial analysis explored views on spirituality and religion in health. @entity1 ' concerns included what chaplains should do, who they should see, and how soon after admission. Theoretical analysis suggested incorporating an overarching spiritual element into the bio-psycho-social model of mental healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: Service users' spirituality should not be sidelined. To service users with strong spiritual beliefs, supporting their spiritual resilience is central to their care and well-being. Failure will lead to non-holistic care unlikely to engage or motivate.

title: Service user views of spiritual and pastoral care (chaplaincy) in XXXX mental health services: a co-produced constructivist grounded theory investigation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity283 :: ('OMIM:603663', 'Disease') :: ['National Health Service', 'NHS']

answer: @entity283 :: (OMIM:603663,Disease) :: ['NHS']


abstract: For @entity1 with most severe @entity649 ( @entity649 ) conservative treatment with lung protective ventilation is often not sufficient to prevent life-threatening @entity519 and additional strategies are necessary. Extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) using capillary membrane oxygenators can provide sufficient gas exchange and lung rest. In 2 randomized trials mortality was unchanged for ECMO. Today an technically enhanced ECMO is used for most severe @entity649 using clinical algorithm and different case studies demonstrated a survival rate about 56%. Today miniaturized ECMO with optimized blood pumps and oxygenators are available and could enhance safety and clinical management. Another approach is an arterio-venous pumpless interventional lung assist (ILA) with a low resistance oxygenator. Advantages seem a simplified clinical management and less blood @entity130 . At present new devices are developed for chronic @entity1576 or bridge to lung transplant. Oxygenators with even less flow resistance could be implanted paracorporeal using the right ventricle as driving force. An intravascular oxygenator has been developed using the combination of a miniaturized blood pump and an oxygenator for implantation in the vena cava. Well designed clinical trials are necessary to demonstrate a clinical benefit for these experimental devices.

title: Role of extracorporeal lung assist in the treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['hypoxemia']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory failure']

answer: @entity1576 :: (MESH:D012131,Disease) :: ['acute respiratory failure']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess regional mechanical dyssynchrony as a determinant of the @entity339 (FMR). SETTING: Tertiary cardiology clinic. @entity1 : 74 consecutive @entity1 with @entity1002 (ejection fraction < 40%, mean 32.2 (SD 7.3)%) were evaluated. METHODS: Effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) area, indices of mitral deformation (systolic valvular tenting, mitral annular contraction) and of global LV function and remodelling (ejection fraction, end systolic volume, sphericity index) and local remodelling (papillary-fibrosa distance, regional wall motion score index), and tissue Doppler-derived @entity894 ( @entity894 ) (regional @entity894 , defined as the standard deviation of time to peak myocardial systolic contraction of eight LV segments supporting the papillary muscles attachment) were measured. RESULTS: All the assessed variables correlated significantly with ERO. By multivariate analysis, systolic valvular tenting was the strongest independent predictor of ERO (R(2) = 0.77, p = 0.0001), with a minor influence of papillary-fibrosa distance (R(2) = 0.77, p = 0.01) and regional @entity894 (R(2) = 0.77, p = 0.03). @entity1002 remodelling (regional wall motion score index: R(2) = 0.58, p = 0.001; papillary-fibrosa distance: R(2) = 0.58, p = 0.002) and global remodelling indices (sphericity index: R(2) = 0.58, p = 0.003) were the main determinants of systolic valvular tenting, whereas regional @entity894 did not enter into the model. Regional @entity894 was an independent predictor of ERO (R(2) = 0.56, p = 0.005) in @entity1 with @entity1002 but not in @entity1 with @entity1002 when these groups were analysed separately. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of FMR is associated mainly with mitral deformation indices. The regional dyssynchrony also has an independent association with ERO but with a minor influence; however, it is not a determinant of FMR in @entity1 with @entity1002 .

title: Role of regional mechanical dyssynchrony as a @entity339 in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity894 :: ('MESH:C566784', 'Disease') :: ['dyssynchrony index', 'DI']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['degree of functional mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity1002 :: ('MESH:D018487', 'Disease') :: ['Local LV', 'left ventricular (LV) dysfunction', 'non-ischaemic LV dysfunction', 'ischaemic LV dysfunction']

answer: @entity1002 :: (MESH:D018487,Disease) :: ['left ventricular systolic dysfunction']


abstract: @entity14507 ( @entity12315 ), an active metabolite of @entity103 , is thought to have antitumor effects in experimental animals and induce apoptosis in various @entity5 cells. However, the biological functions of @entity12315 in @entity1 @entity418 cells are unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of @entity12315 in @entity1 @entity1721 ( @entity1721 ) cells to elucidate the molecular mechanism of cell death. Three @entity1 @entity1721 cell lines (TT, TE-8 and TE-12) were used to test the response to @entity12315 . @entity98 , cell cycle and western blot analyses were conducted. @entity12315 significantly inhibited the proliferation of @entity1721 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The percentage of G1  phase cells increased 48  h after being treated with @entity12315 . @entity12315 also reduced @entity4910 , @entity20408 , @entity8985 and @entity14107 activities, and increased @entity9288 and @entity993 levels. Additionally, @entity12315 diminished pro- @entity8187 protein expression levels and induced increased cleaved @entity12874 polymerase levels. These results indicate that @entity12315 leads to G1  phase cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis by activating @entity8187 in @entity1721 cells.

title: @entity14507 suppresses growth of @entity1 esophageal squamous XXXX cells by G1 cell cycle arrest.

entities_list: @entity14507 :: ('MESH:C016392', 'Chemical') :: ["3,3'-Diindolylmethane"]

entities_list: @entity12874 :: ('MESH:D011064', 'Chemical') :: ['poly (ADP-ribose)']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1721 :: ('MESH:C562729', 'Disease') :: ['ESCC', 'esophageal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity8985 :: ('1019', 'Gene') :: ['cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4']

entities_list: @entity103 :: ('MESH:C016517', 'Chemical') :: ['indole-3-carbinol']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal cancer']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: As nephron population is lost from @entity66 the remaining nephrons undergo functional and anatomic @entity1184 . The compensatory or secondary events responsible for these changes may exert a detrimental effect on the remaining nephrons that ultimately leads to their destruction. Most studies have examined how these alterations cause @entity8 . Although @entity8 and functional alterations are the initial result of these events, @entity1986 may be the major determinate of subsequent nephron loss and progressive @entity177 . @entity644 has been used largely as an indicator of the severity of the glomerular involvement. However, an alternative hypothesis is that the @entity644 , resulting from the @entity8 , actually perpetuates @entity8 as a result of its damaging effect on renal tubules and the surrounding interstitium. Because of being the major protein fraction it has been assumed that albumin is largely, if not solely, responsible for the induction of @entity130 . However, with @entity8 all protein classes can be excreted. One protein of interest is @entity69 . In association with the glomerular @entity69 leak, @entity68 also would be presented to the tubule fluid. @entity68 is a transition element capable of catalyzing the Haber Weiss reaction with formation of @entity3787 radicals. Normally, @entity68 is maintained in a nonreactive state in virtually all biologic tissues and fluid. However, at the reduced pH of tubule fluid @entity68 can dissociate from @entity69 and assume a reactive state capable of catalyzing @entity3787 radical formation. The kidney in @entity1 with the @entity1985 appears to be unduly susceptible to free @entity130 , as documented by its increase @entity68 content in association with depletion of @entity920 and @entity4259 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: Role of @entity68 and oxygen radicals in the progression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity644 :: ('MESH:D011507', 'Disease') :: ['proteinuria', 'Proteinuria']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['glomerular disease', 'glomerular injury', 'renal injury']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['injury or disease']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity4259 :: ('MESH:D012643', 'Chemical') :: ['selenium']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['renal failure']

entities_list: @entity3787 :: ('MESH:D017665', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyl']

entities_list: @entity1986 :: ('MESH:D009395', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial disease']

entities_list: @entity1985 :: ('MESH:D009404', 'Disease') :: ['nephrotic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['tubulointerstitial injury', 'radical injury']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['chronic renal failure']


abstract: AIMS AND BACKGROUND: At least half of the @entity1 with @entity957 ( @entity957 ) present at diagnosis with @entity3 , and most @entity1 in a locally advanced phase will develop @entity3 despite potentially curative local therapy. Thus, the majority of @entity1 with @entity957 will become candidate for palliative chemotherapy. Only a few drugs have demonstrated moderate activity (>15%) against @entity957 . The main purpose of this phase II trial was to assess the activity of @entity1206 , a semisynthetic @entity18480 with a wide spectrum of action, in advanced or relapsed @entity957 . METHODS: Seventeen @entity1 were included in the trial. Eleven of them had already received chemotherapy ( @entity900 and @entity1487 ) and/or radiotherapy at the time of the first diagnosis. All @entity1 were treated with @entity1206 at the dose of 30 mg/m2 every two weeks. RESULTS: Sixteen of the 17 @entity1 enrolled in the trial were assessable for activity: partial responses were observed in 4 of the 16 (25%), and 3 of them were pre-treated @entity1 . A significant improvement of @entity1282 was obtained in 4 of 11 symptomatic @entity1 . @entity137 was mild, with only one episode of grade 4 @entity1398 and @entity1142 . CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, single-agent @entity1206 is active against @entity957 . It was also active in @entity1 previously treated with @entity900 and @entity1487 . The good tolerability and the possibility of relieving symptoms such as @entity1282 strongly suggest the addition of @entity1206 to combination regimens with @entity900 as front-line chemotherapy for @entity957 .

title: Single-agent chemotherapy with @entity1206 for pretreated or metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['SCCE', 'squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity1206 :: ('MESH:C030852', 'Chemical') :: ['vinorelbine']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases', 'metastatic disease']

entities_list: @entity1282 :: ('MESH:D003680', 'Disease') :: ['dysphagia']

entities_list: @entity1142 :: ('MESH:D003248', 'Disease') :: ['constipation']

entities_list: @entity18480 :: ('CHEBI:27288', 'Chemical') :: ['vinca alkaloid']

entities_list: @entity1487 :: ('MESH:D005472', 'Chemical') :: ['fluorouracil']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the factors and possible mechanisms associated with decreased self-awareness of @entity910 ( @entity910 ) in @entity1 with @entity191 ( @entity191 ). METHODS: We enrolled 30 @entity191 @entity1 with @entity910 . @entity1 were video-recorded in an "on" phase while experiencing @entity910 . @entity910 were objectively rated by means of the Unified Dyskinesias Rating Scale (UDyRS) by two @entity717 specialists while examining the @entity1 . @entity1 were asked to rate the body site and the severity of their @entity910 according to the 5-point UDyRS. @entity1 then rated their own @entity910 while watching the video recording of themselves. Lastly, the @entity1 rated the @entity910 of other reference @entity191 @entity1 on a video recording. The same reference video recordings were shown to 15 healthy individuals matched for age, gender and education. RESULTS: Seven of the 30 @entity191 @entity1 investigated were subjectively unaware of the presence of their @entity910 . The majority of @entity1 , however, recognized their @entity910 when watching video recording of themselves. @entity1 displayed a specific poor self-awareness of trunk @entity910 , in both the subjective evaluation and in the video recording-based subjective evaluation. By contrast @entity191 @entity1 correctly recognized @entity910 in video recordings of reference @entity191 @entity1 . Poor self-awareness correlated with predominance of motor symptoms on the left body side. CONCLUSIONS: Poor self-awareness of @entity910 is present in a proportion of @entity191 @entity1 as a form of @entity1054 . The poor self-awareness of @entity910 in the trunk is likely to be due to a complex interplay involving both anosognosic mechanisms and deficits in proprioceptive axial kinesthesia.

title: Poor self-awareness of XXXX in @entity191 : clinical features and mechanisms.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity910 :: ('MESH:D004409', 'Disease') :: ['levodopa-induced dyskinesias', 'LIDs']

entities_list: @entity191 :: ('MESH:D010300', 'Disease') :: ["Parkinson's disease", 'PD']

entities_list: @entity717 :: ('MESH:D009069', 'Disease') :: ['movement disorders']

entities_list: @entity1054 :: ('MESH:D000377', 'Disease') :: ['anosognosia']

answer: @entity910 :: (MESH:D004409,Disease) :: ['levodopa-induced dyskinesias']


abstract: @entity19 @entity6872 generally express higher levels of RNA transcripts from endogenous @entity37788 ( @entity37788 ) proviral elements than do lipopolysaccharide-stimulated normal lymphocytes. Lymphocytes express a limited and highly characteristic set of @entity37788 elements ( @entity2214 [ @entity2214 ] elements). In this study, we examined whether @entity2214 elements are expressed at higher levels after transformation of the cells and/or whether new @entity37788 elements are activated. The @entity37788 elements expressed in plasmacytoma MPC11 were characterized by sequence analysis of 22 cDNA clones. The long terminal repeats (LTRs) of the @entity5 cDNAs proved to be highly related in sequence. None of the clones was of the @entity2214 cDNA type. The MPC11 LTRs were five- to sixfold more active than an @entity2214 cDNA LTR when tested for promoter activity by transfection into plasmacytoma cells. The LTRs of the @entity5 -derived cDNAs contained a canonical ATF core sequence (ATF-PC), while the @entity2214 cDNAs contained an altered sequence (ATF- @entity2214 ). An ATF-PC oligonucleotide probe detected multiple @entity37788 transcripts on Northern (RNA) blots of RNA from several plasmacytoma but gave no reaction with RNA from stimulated B lymphocytes. In contrast, an ATF- @entity2214 probe detected higher levels of RNA in lymphocyte than in @entity5 RNAs. Thus, expression of @entity37788 elements in transformed B cells is selective for a different set of regulatory sequence variants than those expressed in normal B cells. Other oligonucleotide probes representing @entity2214 - and PC-specific sequence variants detected multiple common hypomethylated @entity37788 proviral loci in three independently derived @entity6872 . Overall, the results show that established @entity6872 exhibit a characteristic pattern of @entity37788 proviral hypomethylation and regulatory sequence selection.

title: Selective expression of @entity37788 genes in established @entity19 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2214 :: ('MESH:D007945', 'Disease') :: ['lymphocyte-specific', 'LS']

entities_list: @entity6872 :: ('MESH:D010954', 'Disease') :: ['plasmacytomas']

entities_list: @entity37788 :: ('15601(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['IAP', 'intracisternal A-particle']

answer: @entity6872 :: (MESH:D010954,Disease) :: ['plasmacytomas']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Cholinergic regulation of chronotropic (frequency) and inotropic (force) aspects of antral contractility and how these impact on gastric emptying are not well delineated. AIMS: To determine the effects of cholinergic stimulation and inhibition on myoelectric, contractile, and emptying parameters of @entity356 . METHODS: Ten normal subjects underwent three studies each, using simultaneous electrogastrography (EGG), antroduodenal manometry, and gastric emptying with dynamic antral scintigraphy (DAS). After 30 minutes of baseline fasting manometry and EGG, subjects received saline intravenously, @entity3897 (0.6 mg then 0.25 mg/hour intravenously), or @entity10257 (5 mg subcutaneously). This was followed by another 30 minutes' recording and by three hours of postprandial recording after ingestion of a @entity1136 labelled solid meal. RESULTS: During fasting, @entity3897 decreased, whereas @entity10257 increased, the antral manometric motility index and EGG power. Postprandially, @entity3897 decreased the amplitude of antral contractions by DAS, decreased the postprandial antral manometric motility index, and slowed gastric emptying. @entity3897 caused a slight increase in postprandial frequency of antral contractions by DAS and gastric myoelectrical activity by EGG. @entity10257 slightly increased the amplitude, but slightly decreased the frequency of antral contractions by DAS and decreased the frequency of gastric myoelectrical activity by EGG, with no significant increase in the motility index or gastric emptying. CONCLUSIONS: Cholinergic antagonism with @entity3897 reduces antral contractility and slows gastric emptying. Cholinergic stimulation with @entity10257 increases antral contractility, but decreases the frequency of antral contractions, without altering the antral motility index or gastric emptying.

title: Cholinergic effects on human XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity10257 :: ('MESH:D018723', 'Chemical') :: ['Bethanechol', 'bethanechol']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric motility']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['Atropine', 'atropine']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric motility']


abstract: There is a remarkably rising incidence of histologically proven @entity263 since the introduction of prostatic specific antigen (PSA) test into clinical practice. TNM classification of these @entity5 in about 50% of cases is in categories T1,2 N0M0, Gleason score 7 and PSA level under 10 ug/l (Graph 1). Such @entity5 are considered low risk and therefore conservative approach seems to be acceptable therapeutic variant. In spite of nonsurgical approach, @entity1 with the socalled early stage diagnosed disease have been almost only indicated for radical prostatectomy with a therapeutic approach. More than 2,100 @entity1 underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) in the Czech Republic in 2009 but mortality curve remained unchanged for years (Graph 2). The largest study (ERSPC) looking for influence of PSA screening on mortality, involving 182,000 @entity1 , of which 162,000 were valuable for analysis, really lowered mortality. After 11 years, in the screened arm (PCA arm) mortality decreased by more than 20% in the screened arm (PCA arm) when compared with unscreened arm. But to save one life, 1,410 @entity1 had to be screened and 48 of them underwent RP. But ERSPC results (and those similar from eg. PLCO study) gave a rise of speculation if all early detected @entity5 are indeed candidates for surgery (overtreatment), even if such intensive PSA screening is reasonable (overdiagnosis). In last decades, results of several studies support an opinion that low risk @entity5 diagnosed in @entity1 over 68 years, with several comorbidities and in less favorite health status would not be proper candidates for conservative approach (active surveillance or watchful waiting). As a consequence of these considerations, a question arises whether selected PSA test should not be more reasonable. In such a case, a @entity1 should thoroughly discuss what profit the PSA test brings to him with his doctor.

title: [ XXXX . Current dilemma of urooncology. How to help the needed and not to harm the others].

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['prostate cancer']

answer: @entity263 :: (MESH:D011471,Disease) :: ['Prostate carcinoma']