abstract: Type IV pili (Tfp) of gram-negative species share many characteristics, including a common architecture and conserved biogenesis pathway. Much less is known about the regulation of Tfp expression in response to changing environmental conditions. We investigated the diversity of Tfp regulatory systems by searching for the molecular basis of the reported variable expression of the Tfp gene cluster of the pathogen @entity6649 . Despite the presence of an intact Tfp gene cluster consisting of four genes, apfABCD, no Tfp were formed under standard growth conditions. Sequence analysis of the predicted major subunit protein ApfA showed an atypical @entity493 residue at position -1 from the prepilin peptidase cleavage site in 42 strains. This @entity493 deviates from the consensus @entity2228 at this position in Tfp from other species. Yet, cloning of the apfABCD genes under a constitutive promoter in A. pleuropneumoniae resulted in pilin and Tfp assembly. Tfp promoter-luxAB reporter gene fusions demonstrated that the Tfp promoter was intact but tightly regulated. Promoter activity varied with bacterial growth phase and was detected only when bacteria were grown in chemically defined medium. Infection experiments with cultured epithelial cells demonstrated that Tfp promoter activity was upregulated upon adherence of the pathogen to primary cultures of lung epithelial cells. Nonadherent bacteria in the culture supernatant exhibited virtually no promoter activity. A similar upregulation of Tfp promoter activity was observed in vivo during experimental infection of @entity1707 . The host cell contact-induced and in vivo-upregulated Tfp promoter activity in A. pleuropneumoniae adds a new dimension to the diversity of Tfp regulation.

title: Host cell contact-induced transcription of the type IV fimbria gene cluster of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6649 :: ('715', 'Species') :: ['Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae']

entities_list: @entity493 :: ('CHEBI:16449', 'Chemical') :: ['alanine']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

answer: @entity6649 :: (715,Species) :: ['Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Normoxic and @entity519 ventilation are influenced by chemoreceptor and nonchemoreceptor drives. Although inhalational anesthetics blunt @entity519 ventilation, this effect is reversed by audiovisual stimulation but not by @entity158 . Opioids reduce both normoxic and @entity519 ventilation, but their interaction with @entity158 and audiovisual stimulation has not been fully reported. METHODS: Isocapnic, acute @entity519 ventilatory responses (AHRs) were measured in 11 volunteers. @entity5874 and normoxic ventilation were measured under the following conditions: (1) eyes closed, no audio stimulation (low wakefulness); (2) low wakefulness conditions plus painful thermal stimulation; and (3) playing a computer game (high wakefulness), each with and without @entity1937 infusion. RESULTS: The average (+/- sd) @entity1937 dose was 0.035 +/- 0.012 microg x kg x @entity1009 ). Both normoxic and @entity519 ventilation were significantly reduced by the @entity1937 infusion under all three conditions. The @entity5874 values under low wakefulness conditions were 0.33 +/- 0.19 and 0.89 +/- 0.49 l x @entity1009 ) x @entity30893 ) with and without @entity1937 , respectively (P < 0.05). High wakefulness significantly increased @entity5874 with and without @entity1937 , whereas low wakefulness with @entity158 did not. However, high wakefulness with @entity1937 did not increase the @entity5874 back to what was observed during low wakefulness without @entity1937 . CONCLUSIONS: The computer game was a more potent stimulus than @entity158 in countering the depressant effect of @entity1937 on @entity5874 . Although the effect of high wakefulness was more attenuated than was previously observed with respect to inhalational anesthetics, the significance of these findings is underlined by the more clinically relevant scenario of what is experienced in the face of opioid administration.

title: Effects of @entity158 and audiovisual stimulation on the opioid-induced depression of the XXXX ventilatory response.

entities_list: @entity1937 :: ('MESH:C071741', 'Chemical') :: ['remifentanil']

answer: @entity519 :: (MESH:D000860,Disease) :: ['hypoxic']


abstract: The antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of @entity2718 clinical isolates in Taiwan have not previously been reported. One hundred and thirteen isolates were collected from two major teaching hospitals in Taiwan from 2001 to 2009. Molecular typing was performed by an automated repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) method (DiversiLab; Bacterial Barcodes, Inc., Athens, GA) and PCR ribotyping. Detection of tcdA, tcdB, cdtA, and cdtB genes was performed using a multiplex PCR assay, and gyrA and gyrB genes of @entity3477 -nonsusceptible isolates were sequenced. All isolates were susceptible to @entity2176 and @entity868 . Ninety-five (84%) isolates were susceptible to @entity3477 , and the MIC(90) for @entity59773 was 4  g/ml. @entity9001 showed favorable antibacterial activity (MIC(90) of 0.06  g/ml). Thirteen rep-PCR types were identified as a predominant rep-PCR type (type A; non-North American pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 [NAP1], -NAP7, or -NAP8) accounting for 52.2% (59 isolates). Nine of 18 @entity3477 -nonsusceptible isolates belonged to the rep-PCR type A. The rep-PCR type A and C isolates were distinct from NAP1 (ribotype 027) and NAP8 (ribotype 078) as determined by PCR ribotyping. Seventy-four (65%) isolates harbored tcdA and tcdB, and 15 (13%) harbored cdtAB encoding binary toxin. Eleven isolates had a gene deletion in tcdC, including a 39-bp deletion (9 isolates) and an 18-bp deletion (2). In conclusion, dissemination of a predominant @entity2718 clone in southern and northern Taiwan was noted. However, no NAP1 (ribotype 027) isolate could be discovered in this study.

title: Antimicrobial susceptibilities and molecular epidemiology of clinical isolates of XXXX in taiwan.

entities_list: @entity2176 :: ('MESH:D014640', 'Chemical') :: ['vancomycin']

entities_list: @entity868 :: ('MESH:D008795', 'Chemical') :: ['metronidazole']

entities_list: @entity3477 :: ('MESH:C104727', 'Chemical') :: ['moxifloxacin']

entities_list: @entity59773 :: ('MESH:C543520', 'Chemical') :: ['nemonoxacin']

entities_list: @entity2718 :: ('1496', 'Species') :: ['C. difficile', 'Clostridium difficile']

entities_list: @entity9001 :: ('MESH:C119092', 'Chemical') :: ['Tigecycline']

answer: @entity2718 :: (1496,Species) :: ['Clostridium difficile']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity295 commonly progresses to @entity647 and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Septic @entity647 is characterized by severe oxidative stress response, remained refractory to present therapies, and new therapies need to be developed to improve further clinical outcomes. We determined the effect of @entity11983 (BA) on oxidative @entity651 in @entity19 using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five groups of @entity19 (six in each group) received three pretreatments at 24-h interval before surgery. Surgery was done 1  h after last dosing. Sham and CLP control group @entity19 received vehicle. BA was administered to other three groups of @entity19 at 3, 10, and 30  mg/kg dose. Lung and plasma samples were collected for analysis by sacrificing the @entity19 at 18  h of surgery. RESULTS: Compared with sham, CLP significantly increased total protein, @entity3542 , @entity1234 , @entity10329 , @entity224 , protein @entity6738 , oxidative stress index, inducible @entity842 synthase protein, and histopathologic changes and reduced the @entity224 dismutase, @entity5533 activity, and total @entity1432 levels in lungs and plasma, which were restored by BA pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS: BA pretreatment decreased the levels of oxidants, increased the levels of antioxidants in lungs and plasma thereby reducing the oxidative @entity651 in CLP @entity19 . Additionally, BA was found to scavenge the @entity224 and @entity842 radical in  vitro. Thus, BA is suggested to be effective in treatment of oxidative @entity651 in @entity295 .

title: @entity11983 negates oxidative XXXX in surgical @entity295 model.

entities_list: @entity295 :: ('MESH:D018805', 'Disease') :: ['sepsis', 'Sepsis']

entities_list: @entity11983 :: ('MESH:C002070', 'Chemical') :: ['betulinic acid']

entities_list: @entity3542 :: ('CHEBI:16301', 'Chemical') :: ['nitrite']

entities_list: @entity651 :: ('MESH:D055370', 'Disease') :: ['lung injury']

entities_list: @entity1234 :: ('MESH:D008315', 'Chemical') :: ['malondialdehyde']

entities_list: @entity10329 :: ('MESH:D028421', 'Chemical') :: ['isoprostane']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity224 :: ('MESH:D013481', 'Chemical') :: ['superoxide']

entities_list: @entity6738 :: ('CHEBI:23019', 'Chemical') :: ['carbonyl']

entities_list: @entity647 :: ('MESH:D055371', 'Disease') :: ['acute lung injury']

answer: @entity651 :: (MESH:D055370,Disease) :: ['lung injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Although known as common causes of @entity1729 , rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, and corona-viruses are poorly studied as inducers of wheezing in @entity1 , and their possible role in the development of @entity565 has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to assess the occurrence of RV, enterovirus, and @entity7822 in wheezing @entity1 and to evaluate the association of these viral findings with early school-age @entity565 . METHODS: In 1999, outcome in relation to @entity565 was studied in 82 of 100 initially recruited @entity1 who had been hospitalized for wheezing in infancy during the period 1992-1993. In 2000, etiologic viral studies regarding the index episode of wheezing were supplemented by rhinovirus, enterovirus, and coronavirus detection by RT-PCR from frozen nasopharyngeal aspirates in 81 of the @entity1 for whom adequate samples were available. Of these @entity1 , 66 had participated in the follow-up in 1999. RESULTS: Rhinoviruses were identified in 27 (33%) of the 81 @entity1 , enteroviruses in 10 (12%), and coronaviruses in none. Rhinoviruses were present as single viral findings in 22 (81%) of the 27 rhinovirus-positive cases, and @entity281 were associated with the presence of @entity483 in infancy. Enteroviruses were commonly encountered in mixed @entity281 and had no association with @entity402 . As single viral findings, rhinoviruses were associated with the development of @entity565 (P =.047; odds ratio, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.02-16.77 versus rhinovirus-negative cases [by logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and @entity483 on entry)]. CONCLUSION: Our results present rhinoviruses as important inducers of wheezing even in infancy. The association with @entity402 and subsequent @entity565 calls for reevaluation of the role of rhinoviruses in the development of @entity565 .

title: Rhinovirus-induced wheezing in infancy--the first sign of XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'infants']

entities_list: @entity483 :: ('MESH:D003876', 'Disease') :: ['atopic dermatitis']

entities_list: @entity565 :: ('MESH:D001249', 'Disease') :: ['childhood asthma', 'asthma']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['rhinovirus infections', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['upper respiratory infections']

entities_list: @entity7822 :: ('MESH:D018352', 'Disease') :: ['coronavirus infections']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['childhood asthma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The data of histopathological factors affecting prognosis of @entity1 with FIGO @entity1544 of the cervix are rarely known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the histopathological factors rendering therapeutic failure in @entity1 with FIGO Stage IIB. METHODS: Survival and prognostic factors were analyzed in 83 @entity1 with FIGO stage @entity957 of the cervix treated with radical hysterectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy between 1980 and 1989. The relapse-free and overall survival rate was 61.4%. RESULTS: Univariate analysis demonstrated that the degree of lymphoreticular cells infiltrating the cervix, lymph node @entity3 , barrel shape of the cervix, lymph-vascular space invasion, more than three lymph nodes involved, and bulky @entity5 size (i.e. @entity5 size larger than 4 cm) were of prognostic significance in disease-free survival. However, pronounced lymphoreticular cells infiltrating the cervical @entity5 was the only independent factor to disease-free survival in @entity1 with FIGO stage @entity957 treated with radical hysterectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection using multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the immune function of the host might play a crucial role in the process of anti- @entity5 even if local advanced @entity189 is noted. Individual therapies may very well have limited efficacy based on the @entity1 's @entity5 or the inherent host response. How to strengthen the power of the host's immune system may offer another thinking process to treat such a subgroup of @entity1 . More studies are required.

title: Lymphocyte-infiltrated FIGO Stage XXXX of the cervix is a prominent factor for disease-free survival.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'neoplasm']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['IIB squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma of the cervix']

entities_list: @entity1544 :: ('MESH:D018307', 'Disease') :: ['Stage IIB squamous cell carcinomas']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

answer: @entity957 :: (MESH:D002294,Disease) :: ['IIB squamous cell carcinoma']


abstract: Chloralosed @entity468 were acutely vagotomized and their adrenal glands were ligated. The gastric lumen was perfused with isotonic @entity1219 and @entity356 was recorded as change in hydrostatic pressure within the perfusion circuit. Gastric secretions of H+ and HCO3- were calculated from continuous measurements of pH and pCO2 in the perfusate. Mucosal HCO3- secretion in the distal duodenum was titrated in situ by pH-stat equipment. The experiments were divided into three different groups dependent on the state of sympathetic splanchnic nervous supply: intact; cut on a preganglionic level; blocked with the adrenolytic agent @entity2997 . Basal levels for @entity356 , gastric H+ and HCO3- secretions and duodenal HCO3- secretion were more or less similar in all groups. Gastric motility, gastric HCO3- and duodenal HCO3- secretory responses to bilateral vagal stimulation were significantly enhanced in splanchnicotomized or @entity2997 -treated animals as compared to controls with intact sympathetic supply. However, no clear differences in gastric H+ secretory responses to vagal stimulation were demonstrated between animals with an intact or disrupted sympathetic innervation. These results suggest a sympatho-adrenergic inhibitory action on vagally induced mucosa-protective HCO3- secretion in the stomach and the duodenum. Furthermore, vagal stimulation in animals with intact splanchnic nerves induced a @entity2997 -resistant delayed increase in duodenal HCO3- secretion. The nature of this response was not further analysed.

title: Sympatho-adrenergic inhibition of vagally induced XXXX and gastroduodenal HCO-3 secretion in the cat.

entities_list: @entity2997 :: ('MESH:D006145', 'Chemical') :: ['guanethidine']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric motility']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric motility']


abstract: Embolization with @entity4832 ( @entity939 ) is an accepted method of rendering @entity2758 ( @entity7026 's) more amenable to surgery, but its effects on @entity1 vascular tissues have not been adequately documented. The authors reviewed the histopathology of 66 intracranial @entity7026 's resected 1 to 76 days after embolization with @entity939 . The mean age of the @entity1 was 36 years, and their @entity7026 's were located in the cerebral hemispheres (92%), the cerebellum (6%), or the corpus callosum (2%). In 79% of cases, at least one vessel contained @entity939 particles; in most cases, the vessel was filled with sharp, angular @entity939 particles in a serpiginous pattern. @entity4832 particles indented the endothelium in 69% of cases but were rarely found subendothelially. Clotted blood and fibroblasts were present among the particles, and abundant intraluminal mononuclear and polymorphonuclear inflammatory cells were found in all vessels containing @entity939 particles. @entity5744 cells appeared 2 to 14 days after embolization in the majority of cases. Patchy mural angionecrosis and @entity1333 were found in 39% of the cases. Recanalized lumina were seen in 18% of @entity939 -embolized vessels. Foreign materials resembling @entity2708 fibers and other particulate substances, which were probably contaminants of the contrast solution or the embolic material, were found in 65% of the cases. These findings suggest a specific chain of events in the interaction between @entity939 and vessel wall components and may explain some important sequelae of embolization therapy.

title: Histopathological follow-up study of 66 XXXX after therapeutic embolization with @entity4832 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2758 :: ('MESH:D001165', 'Disease') :: ['complex arteriovenous malformations']

entities_list: @entity4832 :: ('MESH:D011142', 'Chemical') :: ['polyvinyl alcohol', 'Polyvinyl alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['necrotizing vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity5744 :: ('MESH:D005547', 'Disease') :: ['Foreign-body giant']

answer: @entity7026 :: (MESH:D002538,Disease) :: ['cerebral arteriovenous malformations']


abstract: A common complaint of normal aging is the increase in word-finding failures such as tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs). Behavioral research identifies TOTs as phonological @entity177 , and recent findings [Shafto, M. A., Burke, D. M., Stamatakis, E. A., Tam, P., _ Tyler, L. K. On the tip-of-the-tongue: Neural correlates of increased word-finding failures in normal aging. @entity73 , 19, 2060-2070, 2007] link age-related increases in TOTs to @entity194 , a region implicated in phonological production. Here, younger and older adults performed a picture naming task in the fMRI scanner. During successful naming, left insula activity was not affected by age or gray matter integrity. Age differences only emerged during TOTs, with younger but not older adults generating a "boost" of activity during TOTs compared to successful naming. Older adults also had less activity than younger adults during TOTs compared to "don't know" responses, and across all @entity1 , less TOT activity was affiliated with lower gray matter density. For older adults, lower levels of activity during TOTs accompanied higher TOT rates, supporting the role of an age-related neural mechanism impacting older more than younger adults. Results support a neural account of word retrieval in old age wherein, despite widespread age-related @entity194 , word production processes are not universally impacted by age. However, @entity194 undermines older adults' ability to modulate neural responses needed to overcome @entity177 .

title: XXXX in old age: the relationship between structure and function.

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['retrieval failures']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity194 :: ('MESH:D001284', 'Disease') :: ['atrophy in left insula', 'atrophy']

answer: @entity177 :: (MESH:D051437,Disease) :: ['Word retrieval failures']


abstract: @entity2172 ( @entity2172 ), a @entity2172 , is the most common childhood illness treated by pediatricians. If inadequately treated, @entity2172 can result in long-term chronic problems persisting into adulthood. @entity1 with chronic @entity2172 or recurrent @entity2172 often have conductive @entity393 and communication difficulties and require surgical treatment. Tympanostomy tube insertion, the placement of a small drainage tube in the tympanic membrane (TM), is the most common surgical procedure performed in @entity1 under general anesthesia. Recent clinical studies have shown evidence of a direct correspondence between chronic @entity2172 and the presence of a bacterial biofilm within the middle ear. Biofilms are typically very thin and cannot be recognized using a regular otoscope. Here we report the use of optical coherent ranging techniques to noninvasively assess the middle ear to detect and quantify biofilm microstructure. This study involves adults with chronic @entity2172 , which is generally accepted as a biofilm-related disease. Based on more than 18,537 optical ranging scans and 742 images from 13 clinically infected @entity1 and 7 normal controls using clinical findings as the gold standard, all middle ears with chronic @entity2172 showed evidence of biofilms, and all normal ears did not. Information on the presence of a biofilm, along with its structure and response to antibiotic treatment, will not only provide a better fundamental understanding of biofilm formation, growth, and eradication in the middle ear, but also may provide much-needed quantifiable data to enable early detection and quantitative longitudinal treatment monitoring of middle-ear biofilms responsible for chronic @entity2172 .

title: Noninvasive in vivo optical detection of biofilm in the XXXX middle ear.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity393 :: ('MESH:D034381', 'Disease') :: ['hearing loss']

entities_list: @entity2172 :: ('MESH:D010033', 'Disease') :: ['Otitis media', 'OM', 'middle-ear infection']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Increasing evidence suggests an inverse relationship between @entity648 levels and @entity65 . The present study evaluated the effect of @entity648 level on the @entity301 ( @entity301 ) phenomenon. METHODS: This study was cross-sectional and observational. We enrolled 222 consecutive @entity1 who underwent coronary angiography for suspected @entity299 and were found to have normal or near-normal coronary arteries. Then, @entity648 levels were measured and coronary flow rate was assessed using the thrombolysis in @entity583 (TIMI) frame count. @entity301 was defined as a TIMI frame count > 27 frames. RESULTS: @entity301 was observed in at least one coronary vessel in 22 of the 222 subjects, indicating a prevalence of 10%. Serum @entity648 levels were significantly decreased in the @entity301 group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, total @entity648 and @entity6 were independent risk factors for @entity301 . Furthermore, after adjusting for age, sex, and @entity65 risk factors, serum @entity648 level (B = -0.34, p < 0.001) was independently associated with TIMI frame count. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum total @entity648 levels may be a useful marker for @entity1 with the @entity301 phenomenon. We believe that further studies are needed to clarify the role of @entity648 in @entity1 with @entity301 .

title: Low XXXX levels are associated with coronary slow flow phenomenon.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes mellitus']

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['SCF', 'slow coronary flow']

entities_list: @entity648 :: ('MESH:D001663', 'Chemical') :: ['bilirubin']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['ischaemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity648 :: (MESH:D001663,Chemical) :: ['bilirubin']


abstract: Although it has been hypothesized that the synteny between @entity19 and @entity1 genes provides an approach to the localization of genes that determine quantitative traits in @entity1 , this has yet to be demonstrated. We tested this approach with two quantitative traits, plasma @entity3294 ( @entity3294 ) and free @entity844 ( @entity6334 ) levels. @entity3294 is the second most abundant protein of high density lipoprotein particles, but its function remains largely unknown. We now show that, in a backcross between strains Mus spretus and C57BL/6J, @entity3294 levels correlate with plasma @entity6334 concentrations on both chow (P < 0.0001) and high-fat (P < 0.0003) diets and that @entity3294 levels are linked to the @entity3294 gene (P < 0.0002). To test whether variations of the @entity3294 gene influence plasma lipid metabolism in @entity1 , we studied 306 individuals in 25 families enriched for @entity453 . The segregation of the @entity3294 gene was followed by using an informative simple sequence repeat in the second intron of the gene and two nearby genetic markers. Robust sib-pair linkage analysis was performed on members of these families using the SAGE linkage programs. The results suggest linkage between the @entity1 @entity3294 gene and a gene controlling plasma @entity3294 levels (P = 0.03). Plasma @entity3294 levels were also significantly correlated with plasma @entity6334 levels (P = 0.007). Moreover, the @entity3294 gene exhibited linkage with a gene controlling @entity6334 levels (P = 0.003). Evidence for nonrandom segregation was seen with markers as far as 6-12 centimorgans from the @entity3294 structural locus. These data provide evidence, in two species, that the @entity3294 gene is linked to a gene that controls plasma @entity3294 levels and that @entity3294 influences, by an unknown mechanism, plasma @entity6334 levels. The results illustrate the utility of animal studies for analysis of complex traits.

title: Evidence for linkage of the apolipoprotein A-II locus to plasma apolipoprotein A-II and free @entity844 levels in XXXX and @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity844 :: ('CHEBI:35366', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acid']

entities_list: @entity3294 :: ('336', 'Gene') :: ['apoAII', 'ApoAII', 'apolipoprotein A-II']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity3595 Lanka is a developing country with a high rate of cardiovascular mortality. It is still largely dependent on thrombolysis for primary management of acute @entity583 . The aim of this study was to present current data on the presentation, management, and outcomes of acute @entity583 ( @entity583 ) at a tertiary-care hospital in @entity3595 Lanka. METHODS: Eighty-one @entity1 with acute @entity583 presenting to a teaching hospital in Peradeniya, @entity3595 Lanka, were included in this observational study. RESULTS: Median interval between symptom onset and hospital presentation was 60  min (mean 212  min). Thrombolysis was performed in 73% of @entity1 . The most common single reason for not performing thrombolysis was delayed presentation. Median door-to-needle time was 64  min (mean, 98  min). Only 16.9% of @entity1 received thrombolysis within 30  min, and none underwent primary PCI. Over 98% of @entity1 received @entity117 , @entity1397 , and a statin on admission. Intravenous and oral beta blockers were rarely used. Follow-up data were available for 93.8% of @entity1 at 1  year. One-year mortality rate was 12.3%. Coronary intervention was performed in only 7.3% of @entity1 post @entity1188 . CONCLUSION: Late presentation to hospital remains a critical factor in thrombolysis of @entity583 @entity1 in @entity3595 Lanka. Thrombolysis was not performed within 30  min of admission in the majority of @entity1 . First-contact physicians should receive further training on effective thrombolysis, and there is an urgent need to explore the ways in which PCI and post- @entity1188 interventions can be incorporated into treatment protocols.

title: Management and outcomes of acute XXXX at a tertiary-care hospital in @entity3595 Lanka: an observational study.

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarction']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['STEMI', 'myocardial infarction', 'ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction']


abstract: The authors reviewed the prenatal (11 @entity1 ) and postnatal (17 @entity1 ) sonograms and the clinical, surgical, and pathologic findings in 17 @entity1 with an @entity42 to determine the sonographic features and natural history of neonatal @entity42 . An uncomplicated cyst (nontwisted, nonhemorrhagic) was completely anechoic and the cyst wall was imperceptible with sonography (five cases). A twisted or @entity548 was cystic with a fluid-debris level, cystic with a retracting clot, septated with or without internal echoes, or solid (12 cases). These complicated cysts contained liquid and/or organized @entity1410 . Eleven of the 12 complicated cysts had a thin, highly echogenic wall. Cyst torsion commonly occurred in utero and could be diagnosed on prenatal sonograms by a typical sonographic appearance (eight cases). All of these @entity1 were asymptomatic after birth. Four @entity1 with @entity548 or twisted cysts were symptomatic. All cysts except one that resolved spontaneously were treated surgically, including three twisted cysts that showed no change in size over a 1-8-month interval. All of the cysts were of follicular origin.

title: Neonatal XXXX : sonographic-pathologic correlation.

entities_list: @entity42 :: ('MESH:D010048', 'Disease') :: ['ovarian cyst', 'ovarian cysts']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic', 'hemorrhagic cyst']

answer: @entity42 :: (MESH:D010048,Disease) :: ['ovarian cysts']


abstract: @entity6503 ( @entity6503 ) is an animal model that mimics many of the clinical and pathological features of the @entity1 disease @entity15 ( @entity15 ). Both are inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative pathologies of the central nervous system associated with motor, sensory, and @entity73 . In @entity15 , gray matter @entity194 is related to the emergence of @entity73 and contributes to clinical progression. In @entity21962 have been correlated to the development of @entity1295 , one of the most common and disabling symptoms in @entity15 . However, the molecular bases of these changes remain unknown. Taking advantage of @entity6503 similitude, we herein analyze functional and morphological changes in isolated cortical presynaptic terminals (synaptosomes) from an acute @entity35 model. We found impaired @entity2227 release in the frontal cortex from @entity6503 @entity35 . This defect appeared along with the onset of the disease, reversing when clinical signs were no more evident. Biochemical analysis of @entity6503 synaptosomes revealed alterations in the presynaptic release machinery and in the response to depolarization, which was accompanied by abnormal @entity12148 phosphorylation and dispersion. These changes were associated with reduced @entity6679 , with no alterations in synaptosomal morphology as evidenced by electron microscopy. The present are the first pieces of evidence unraveling the molecular @entity528 in @entity6503 and, possibly, @entity15 .

title: @entity2227 Release Machinery Is Altered in the Frontal Cortex of XXXX with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

entities_list: @entity2227 :: ('CHEBI:29987', 'Chemical') :: ['glutamate']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive deficits']

entities_list: @entity21962 :: ('MESH:D020144', 'Disease') :: ['particular, prefrontal cortex injury and dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity6503 :: ('MESH:D004681', 'Disease') :: ['EAE', 'Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity6679 :: ('MESH:D014086', 'Disease') :: ['synaptic vesicle mobility']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['MS', 'multiple sclerosis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['mechanisms of frontal cortex neuronal dysfunction']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['Rats']


abstract: @entity5900 results in @entity32 at the bitten site as well as target organs. Neutrophils and other polymorphonuclear leukocytes execute @entity32 resolving mechanism and will undergo apoptosis after completing the task. However, the target specific toxins induce neutrophil apoptosis at the bitten site and in circulation prior to their function, thus reducing their number. Circulating activated neutrophils are major source of inflammatory cytokines and leakage of reactive @entity26 species (ROS)/other toxic intermediates resulting in aggravation of inflammatory response at the bitten/target site. Therefore, neutralization of venom induced neutrophil apoptosis reduces @entity32 besides increasing the functional neutrophil population. Therefore, the present study investigates the venom induced perturbances in isolated @entity1 neutrophils and its neutralization by @entity24149 (Crocus sativus) a potent antioxidant carotenoid. @entity1 neutrophils on treatment with venom resulted in altered ROS generation, intracellular @entity141 mobilization, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cyt-c translocation, caspase activation, phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA damage. On the other hand significant protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis were evidenced in @entity24149 pre-treated groups. In conclusion the viper venom induces neutrophil apoptosis and results in aggravation of @entity32 and tissue damage. The present study demands the necessity of an auxiliary therapy in addition to antivenin therapy to treat secondary/overlooked complications of @entity5900 .

title: Propensity of XXXX to offset Vipera russelli venom induced oxidative stress mediated neutrophil apoptosis: a biochemical insight.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5900 :: ('MESH:D012909', 'Disease') :: ['Viper envenomation', 'envenomation']

answer: @entity24149 :: (MESH:C029036,Chemical) :: ['crocin']


abstract: We measured bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 20 @entity1 with @entity699 ( @entity699 ) (14 pre- and 2 postmenopausal @entity1 , 4 @entity1 ) before and in 18 of them also at regular intervals after surgical cure (median duration of follow-up, 36 months). In addition, in the premenopausal @entity1 with @entity699 , fasting blood samples and 2-h fasting urine samples for measurement of biochemical parameters of bone and collagen metabolism were collected before and in 9 of them also at regular intervals during the first 2 yr after surgery. Marked @entity2331 was present in most @entity1 with active @entity699 (Z-scores: lumbar spine -1.45 +/- 1.44 and femoral neck -1.50 +/- 1.02; mean +/- SD). No consistent change in BMD was observed at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Thereafter BMD increased considerably in almost all @entity1 . For the 15 @entity1 with a follow-up of at least 1 yr, Z-scores at the last evaluation were -0.65 +/- 1.27 for the lumbar spine and -0.98 +/- 1.02 for the femoral neck (both P < 0.002 compared with pretreatment values). In the premenopausal @entity1 , the increase in BMD both in the lumbar spine and in the femoral neck at 24 months was inversely correlated with age (r = -0.733, P < 0.03, and r = -0.667, P < 0.05, respectively). Serum levels of osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, carboxyterminal propeptide of @entity4173 , aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen, and the cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen were not significantly different between the group of 14 premenopausal @entity1 with active @entity699 and a control group of 18 age-matched healthy premenopausal @entity1 . However, the urinary @entity720 / @entity1011 ratio was significantly higher in @entity1 with @entity699 (24.6 +/- 9.6 vs. 16.2 +/- 3.5 mumol/mmol, P < 0.01). In all 9 premenopausal patients, serum levels of osteocalcin increased considerably between 0 and 3 months (from 1.04 +/- 0.20 to 3.82 +/- 0.30 nmol/L) (mean +/- SEM, P < 0.0001), indicating a prompt increase of osteoblast activity. Also serum levels of carboxyterminal propeptide of @entity4173 , aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen, and cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, and the urinary @entity720 / @entity1011 ratio increased significantly between 0 and 3 months. Thereafter these levels decreased gradually. We conclude that marked @entity2331 in the lumbar spine and femoral neck is present in most @entity1 with active @entity699 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Bone mineral density and bone turnover before and after surgical cure of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity4173 :: ('1278', 'Gene') :: ['type I procollagen']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ['CS', "Cushing's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity720 :: ('CHEBI:18095', 'Chemical') :: ['hydroxyproline']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['Cushing's syndrome']


abstract: @entity932 associated with @entity1313 is rate, but when present, it is often seen in @entity5 such as @entity463 and @entity3 , and in @entity1653 . @entity279 , @entity5 , rarely develop fatal @entity1779 . We thus documented an uncommon case of @entity279 associated with @entity548 , the cause of which was thoroughly examined during autopsy. A 69-year-old @entity1 was transferred to our Service because of swallowing disturbance and @entity4653 . The @entity1 was known to have a @entity279 and @entity1276 , for which VP shunt had been placed. Two weeks after admission he suddenly became @entity772 and eventually died of progressive herniation. At autopsy it was shown that the brain was @entity4 and covered with subarachnoid @entity4461 . The @entity5 was found involving the cerebellar vermis and the right hemisphere, protruding upward from the superior surface of the cerebellum. Horizontal sections through the cerebellum disclosed a well circumscribed @entity5 with adjacent @entity1410 involving the vermis and brain stem. The pathological diagnosis was @entity279 and varix-like abnormal vessels were observed within the @entity5 . The sites of @entity1410 and @entity5 adjacent to the tentorial incisura and the history of VP shunting may suggest that upward herniation played a significant role in rupture of the abnormal vessels, which then led to the devastating @entity548 in this particular case.

title: [ XXXX associated with fatal @entity548 : report of an autopsied case].

entities_list: @entity279 :: ('MESH:D018325', 'Disease') :: ['cerebellar hemangioblastoma', 'Hemangioblastomas', 'hemangioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity932 :: ('MESH:D020300', 'Disease') :: ['Intracranial hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'massive hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumors']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'benign vascular tumors', 'malignant tumors']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['edematous']

entities_list: @entity772 :: ('MESH:D003128', 'Disease') :: ['comatose']

entities_list: @entity1653 :: ('MESH:D008579', 'Disease') :: ['meningiomas']

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematoma', 'hematomas']

entities_list: @entity4461 :: ('MESH:D020141', 'Disease') :: ['blood clots']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['intracerebral hemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity4653 :: ('MESH:D004401', 'Disease') :: ['dysarthria']

answer: @entity279 :: (MESH:D018325,Disease) :: ['Cerebellar hemangioblastoma']


abstract: @entity1499 ( @entity1500 ) treatment of @entity309 may require increasing doses to maintain clinical efficacy. An overall plateau of clinical response is reached after only six months of treatment. To study the immunologic, biochemical and genetic effects of @entity1500 on T cells, the Jurkat T cell line was made @entity1500 -resistant by serial addition of @entity1499 @entity1372 into culture medium. Cells proliferated and divided successfully in @entity1500 concentrations ranging to 15 microM. @entity1500 resistance of Jurkat T cells in vitro was accompanied by significantly (P < 0.05) decreased expression of @entity3138 , CD3, @entity404 , @entity1361 , and @entity7986 , @entity1199 production, and @entity1500 uptake assessed by cell association or disassociation of 3[H]- @entity1500 or fluoresceinated @entity1500 ( @entity21691 ), respectively. In addition, there was @entity12838 gene amplification and increased levels of @entity12838 in all resistant cell lines. Both permanent and transient phenotypic changes developed in resultant cell lines exposed to increasing concentrations of @entity1500 in vitro. Expression of @entity404 and @entity2902 and sensitivity to @entity1500 returned to near-parental levels after removal of @entity1500 from culture medium, whereas expression of @entity5735 and @entity1500 uptake were significantly increased. Expression of @entity3138 , CD3, @entity7986 and @entity1199 production as well as the @entity12838 levels did not return to the parental phenotype after removal from @entity1500 . We conclude that @entity1500 -cultured cells express depressed levels of cell-surface markers vital for T cell function and activation. The return of enhancement of these cell-surface markers critical to T cell activation suggests a possible mechanism for the severe flares experienced by @entity309 @entity1 when drug treatment is discontinued.

title: Long-term exposure to @entity1499 induces immunophenotypic changes, decreased XXXX uptake and increased dihydrofolate gene copy number in Jurkat T cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1499 :: ('MESH:D008727', 'Chemical') :: ['Methotrexate', 'methotrexate']

entities_list: @entity309 :: ('MESH:D001172', 'Disease') :: ['rheumatoid arthritis']

answer: @entity1499 :: (MESH:D008727,Chemical) :: ['methotrexate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Probiotic @entity3869 brevisCD2 (CD2) exerts anti-inflammatory properties by preventing @entity842 synthesis. It is hypothesized that oral application of CD2 can inhibit naturally occurring @entity32 . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four healthy adults were randomized to receive L. brevisCD2 lozenges or placebo, three times daily for 14 days. The subjects refrained from oral hygiene, the extent of which was determined at various time points. RESULTS: In both groups, @entity548 on probing scores increased continuously throughout the study except on day 3. In the placebo group, scores increased significantly from 9.50 at baseline to 14.75 and 14.81 on days 10 and 14, respectively (P < 0.05). No significant change from baseline was observed in the CD2 group. However, scores were consistently higher with placebo, and significant intergroup differences were observed on day 10. Plaque and gingival indices increased from baseline in both treatment groups, but no intergroup differences were observed. Measurements of immune markers in gingival crevicular fluid revealed increased production of @entity842 in the placebo group (P < 0.05). @entity1421 production decreased over time in both groups. CONCLUSION: @entity3869 brevisCD2 may delay @entity2522 development in this model by downregulating an inflammatory cascade.

title: Modulation of the host response by probiotic @entity3869 CD2 in experimental XXXX .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['gingival inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1421 :: ('MESH:D015232', 'Chemical') :: ['Prostaglandin E2']

entities_list: @entity2522 :: ('MESH:D005891', 'Disease') :: ['gingivitis']

entities_list: @entity3869 :: ('1580', 'Species') :: ['Lactobacillus']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

answer: @entity2522 :: (MESH:D005891,Disease) :: ['gingivitis']


abstract: @entity3428 is the pathological condition, which clinical signs are "androgendependent @entity3431 " ( @entity19857 , @entity5477 , @entity3427 , @entity1665 ) and not in every cases evidence with @entity3610 . Free @entity251 is the most frequent marker of @entity3428 , but its determination routinely not feasible in all laboratories. Therefore, some models for calculating free and bioavailable @entity251 have been developed. In @entity1 the @entity251 sources are not only ovaries and adrenal glands, but also abdominal and peripheral fat. There are many investigations to definite correlations between body mass index, @entity3800 and @entity443 . The aim of this study was to define the correlations between clinical, biochemical markers of @entity3428 and body mass index, with regard of @entity1144 in young @entity1 with @entity3427 . 83 female adolescents (14-20 year) with @entity3427 and 20 female adolescents in control group were included. C-peptide, @entity53 , total @entity251 , @entity443 ( @entity443 ) were measured. Free @entity342 index (FAI), free (cFT) and bioavailable (Bio-T) testosterone were calculated. The levels of C-peptide and @entity413 were used to compute Homa-IR (homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance). There were detected significant high levels by all hormonal parameters of @entity3428 in @entity1 with @entity3427 , than in control group. In @entity1 with @entity1144 were also found significant high levels by all calculated parameters of @entity3428 and significant low level of @entity134 -bind globulin, than in @entity1 with @entity1144 . In two groups by @entity3427 degree were not detected any differences between @entity342 markers. The findigs of this research suggest, that @entity28 in female adolescents with @entity3427 can cause harder @entity3428 and elevate free @entity342 index, free and bioavailable @entity251 levels. The prophylactic reduction of body mass index may prevent complications.

title: [Correlations between clinical signs and hormonal parameters in young @entity1 with XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity3610 :: ('MESH:D011085', 'Disease') :: ['hyperandrogenemia']

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['android obesity']

entities_list: @entity3428 :: ('MESH:D017588', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperandrogenism', 'hyperandrogenism']

entities_list: @entity3431 :: ('MESH:C536920', 'Disease') :: ['dermopathies']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['estradiol']

entities_list: @entity1144 :: ('MESH:D056128', 'Disease') :: ['abdominal obesity', 'central obesity']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity3800 :: ('MESH:D000728', 'Chemical') :: ['androgens']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

entities_list: @entity3427 :: ('MESH:D006628', 'Disease') :: ['hirsutism']

entities_list: @entity443 :: ('6462', 'Gene') :: ['sex hormone binding globulin', 'SHBG']

answer: @entity3427 :: (MESH:D006628,Disease) :: ['hirsutism']


abstract: BACKGROUND: We report our treatment for chronic @entity8244 associated with segment @entity79 and shortening in ulna after @entity4034 , using bone transport with a unilateral external fixator. METHODS: Between October 1994 and January 2009, 10 @entity1 with chronic @entity8244 associated with @entity79 and shortening in ulna caused by @entity4034 underwent bone transport using a unilateral external fixator in our unit. There were six males and four females, with a mean age of 14.2 years (range, 10-17 years). The mean ulna defect measured as the discrepancy between the length of the radius and the ulna was 5.4 cm (range, 3.5-7.8 cm). RESULTS: In a mean follow-up of 78 months (range, 27-132 months), all @entity1 had achieved bony union and complete reduction of the @entity135 . All @entity1 were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance of the elbow and the length of the upper extremity. The mean arc of flexion-extension was improved by 26.5 degrees (from preoperative 96.5 degrees to postoperative 123.0 degrees) and the mean arc of supination-pronation was improved by 48.5 degrees (from preoperative 86.5 degrees to postoperative 135.0 degrees). The mean bone healing index was 40.5 d/cm (range, 35-47 d/cm). The mean ulnar lengthening was 5.2 cm (range, 3.5-7.5 cm). CONCLUSION: Although it is time consuming, bone transport is a therapeutic alternative for chronic dislocation of the @entity135 associated with @entity79 and shortening in ulna. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level V.

title: Management of chronic @entity8244 associated with segment XXXX in ulna after @entity4034 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['radial head']

entities_list: @entity4034 :: ('MESH:D010019', 'Disease') :: ['osteomyelitis']

entities_list: @entity8244 :: ('MESH:C566728', 'Disease') :: ['radial head dislocation']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone defect']

answer: @entity79 :: (MESH:D001847,Disease) :: ['bone defect']


abstract: @entity227 has been reported in @entity1 diagnosed with @entity302 . Some of these @entity227 may be attributable to either the disease process, or the anticonvulsant therapy prescribed to control the @entity410 . The aims of our study were to evaluate whether color vision and macular function are impaired in @entity302 adolescents, to study if the monotherapy with @entity1092 ( @entity3262 ) and @entity2049 ( @entity8358 ) can affect color vision and macular function and to determine the possible relationship between color vision, retinal function and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) dosage and their serum concentrations. We examined 45 (16 male and 29 female, mean age +/- SD, 15.71 +/- 2.01 years) Caucasian @entity302 @entity1 suffering from various types of @entity302 before the beginning of therapy and after 1 year of @entity3262 or @entity8358 monotherapy and 40 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Color vision was assessed by Farnsworth Munsell (FM) 100-hue test and @entity2246 ( @entity2246 ) was evaluated. This test consists of colored caps: the testee has to arrange the caps according to their colors macular function was assessed by nyctometry evaluating initial recovery time (IRT) and summation method (SM). This test evaluates visual acuity after a period of intense illumination of macula. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the difference between controls and @entity1 ; moreover, Pearson's correlation test have been performed. Before the beginning of therapy, there were no differences in color vision and macular function between controls and @entity302 @entity1 . After 1 year, the @entity1 , treated with @entity3262 or @entity8358 , showed a deficit in @entity10832 -hue test. At nyctometry, all @entity1 showed no significant variation of macular function between baseline evaluation and second evaluation at end of the follow-up. Our study demonstrates that, in our group of @entity302 @entity1 , @entity302 per se does not affect color vision and retinal function. In contrast, after 1 years of therapy with @entity3262 and @entity8358 these @entity1 showed a deficit in @entity10832 -hue test although nyctometry evaluation continued to be normal allowing to exclude an impairment in macular function. Further investigations are required to determine the pathophysiological alteration(s) that are at the basis of color perception defects.

title: Color vision and macular recovery time in @entity302 adolescents treated with XXXX and @entity2049 .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual disturbances', 'Visual dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproic acid']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epileptic', 'epilepsy', 'cryptogenic epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity2049 :: ('MESH:D002220', 'Chemical') :: ['carbamazepine']

entities_list: @entity2246 :: ('MESH:D008661', 'Disease') :: ['TES', 'total error score']

answer: @entity1092 :: (MESH:D014635,Chemical) :: ['valproate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To summarize our experience with the surgical treatment of @entity2075 ( @entity2075 ) and discuss the surgical indications. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical data of 118 @entity1 with @entity2075 who were treated at the West China Hospital in Sichuan University, Chengdu, China between October 2008 and October 2011, including age, gender, cause of injury, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS: Among the 118 @entity1 , there were 12 @entity1 with different types of @entity1410 at the same site, 69 with one @entity1410 type in different compartments, and 37 with different types of @entity1410 in different compartments. In total, 106 @entity1 had obliteration of basal cisterns, and 34 had a simultaneous midline shift >/=5 mm. Eighty-nine @entity1 underwent single-site surgery, 19 had 2-site surgeries, and 10 @entity1 did not undergo surgery. Based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale 6 months post-injury, 41 @entity1 had favorable outcomes, and 77 had unfavorable outcomes. Basal cisterns obliteration was a strong indicator for surgical treatment. Single- or 2-site surgery was not related to outcome (p=0.234). CONCLUSION: Obliteration of the basal cisterns is a strong indication for surgical treatment of @entity2075 . After evacuation of the major @entity1410 , the remaining @entity1410 can be treated conservatively. Most @entity1 only require single-site surgical treatment.

title: Surgical treatment of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1410 :: ('MESH:D006406', 'Disease') :: ['hematomas', 'hematoma']

entities_list: @entity2075 :: ('MESH:D020198', 'Disease') :: ['TMIHs', 'traumatic multiple intracranial hematomas']

answer: @entity2075 :: (MESH:D020198,Disease) :: ['traumatic multiple intracranial hematomas']


abstract: Early diagnosis of @entity957 ( @entity957 ) may have a major impact on survival and quality of life. Recent studies have shown that the majority of @entity957 is preceded by precursor lesions characterized by genetic alterations. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a noninvasive screening test for oral @entity1613 , based on genetic alterations as marker. Various methods to obtain a high yield of cells by brushing a small area of the oral mucosa were compared. A novel genetic assay, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), was applied that enables the measurement of gains and losses at 40 different chromosomal locations in one PCR reaction using 150 ng DNA. MLPA was performed on DNA of normal and @entity5932 as well as of @entity957 with the intention to select a specific probe set for accurate detection of precursor lesions in the oral cavity. The assay was correlated to loss of heterozygosity analysis using microsatellite markers, and evaluated on noncancer subjects and @entity1 with @entity8407 . A noninvasive sampling method was developed with DNA yields ranging from 150 to 600 ng. Using 120 probes, we could detect large differences with MLPA in the number of alterations between normal vs @entity6349 and @entity5 tissue with P-values <0.001. A significant correlation was found between the number of alterations as detected by MLPA and the analysis for allelic loss. The available data enabled the selection of a set of 42 MLPA probes, which had the power to optimally discriminate between normal and @entity6349 tissue. Our data show that MLPA is a sensitive, reliable, high-throughput and easy-to-perform technique, enabling the detection of genetic alterations on small noninvasive samples and can be considered a promising method for population-based screening of @entity1613 in the oral cavity.

title: A noninvasive genetic screening test to detect oral XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8407 :: ('MESH:D007972', 'Disease') :: ['oral leukoplakia']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic vs tumor']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['OSCC', 'oral squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5932 :: ('MESH:C565008', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic oral mucosa']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['preneoplastic lesions']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

answer: @entity1613 :: (MESH:D011230,Disease) :: ['preneoplastic lesions']


abstract: BackgroundA varying response to cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) treatment has been reported among @entity1 with @entity195 ( @entity195 ). Whether the individual-specific response, specific ChEI agent or dose affects mortality is unclear. We aimed to examine the relationship between the 6-month response to ChEI and lifespan.MethodsSix hundred and eighty-one deceased @entity1 with a clinical @entity195 diagnosis and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 10  26 at the start of ChEI therapy (baseline) were included in a prospective, observational, multicentre study in clinical practice. At baseline and after 6  months of treatment, the @entity1 were assessed using the MMSE, the Alzheimer  s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale, the Clinician  s Interview-Based Impression of Change (CIBIC), the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale, and the Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS). The individuals   socio-demographic characteristics, ChEI dose, and date of @entity204 were recorded. Responses to ChEI and the association of possible risk factors with survival were analysed using general linear models.ResultsA longer lifespan (mean of 0.5  years) was observed among the improved/unchanged @entity1 , as measured by MMSE or CIBIC score, but not by ADAS-cog score, after 6  months of ChEI therapy. In the multivariate models, increased survival time was independently related to a better 6-month response in MMSE, CIBIC, IADL, and PSMS scores, female sex, no antihypertensive/cardiac or antidiabetic therapy, younger age, lower education, milder disease stage at baseline, and higher ChEI dose. @entity2204 genotype did not affect mortality significantly. The @entity1 who received a higher ChEI dose during the first 6  months had a mean lifespan after baseline that was 15  months longer than that of those who received a lower dose.ConclusionsA better short-term response to ChEI might prolong survival in naturalistic @entity195 @entity1 . In individuals who received and tolerated higher ChEI doses, a longer lifespan can be expected.

title: Response to cholinesterase inhibitors affects lifespan in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity2204 :: ('348', 'Gene') :: ['Apolipoprotein E']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'Alzheimer  s disease']

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['Alzheimer  s disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Recent studies document the importance of @entity528 in @entity5 development and @entity3 . We reported previously that both depletion of neuropeptides in @entity2951 -sensitive sensory nerve endings and vagotomy increases @entity3 of triple negative @entity0 . Of the sensory neuropeptides, Substance @entity10133 ) is distributed widely for regulation of immune functions. We therefore examined the affects of continuous exposure to low doses of SP on brain metastatic cells of the @entity19 @entity0 (4TBM) in the presence of radiotherapy (RT) thought to increase antigenicity of @entity5 cells. 4TBM cells have a @entity5 stem cell phenotype and induce extensive visceral @entity3 after orthotopic inoculation into the mammary pad. Results demonstrated that SP treatment decreases the number of @entity5 -infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells as well as the @entity637 response to @entity558 challenge. SP also increased @entity1961 +Cd25(bright) cells in draining lymph nodes of @entity5 -bearing animals and IFN-y secretion from leukocyte culture prepared from lymph nodes and spleens of @entity5 -bearing animals. SP also prevented @entity5 -induced @entity528 and altered release of angiogenic factors from @entity5 -associated fibroblasts (CAF) and @entity5 explants. In accordance with these observed immunological effects, combination treatment of continuous SP with a single dose of RT induced complete @entity5 regression and significantly reduced or prevented @entity3 in 50% of the animals while suppressing primary @entity5 growth and @entity3 in the remaining @entity19 . These original findings demonstrate that SP through neuroimmune modulation can prevent formation of immune suppression in the @entity5 microenvironment, enhance cytotoxic immunity in the presence of RT and prevent metastatic growth.

title: Activation of neuroimmune pathways increases therapeutic effects of radiotherapy on poorly differentiated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity2951 :: ('MESH:D002211', 'Chemical') :: ['capsaicin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration of sensory nerve endings', 'neuronal dysfunction']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast carcinoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Focal @entity2806 (i.e., @entity385 ) may cause major @entity1545 , leading to a severe @entity528 and consequently to a host of motor and @entity73 . Its high prevalence poses a serious health burden, as @entity64 is among the principal causes of long-term disability and death worldwide(1). Recovery of neuronal function is, in most cases, only partial. So far, treatment options are very limited, in particular due to the narrow time window for thrombolysis(2,3). Determining methods to accelerate recovery from @entity64 remains a prime medical goal; however, this has been hampered by insufficient mechanistic insights into the recovery process. Experimental @entity64 researchers frequently employ rodent models of focal @entity2806 . Beyond the acute phase, @entity64 research is increasingly focused on the sub-acute and chronic phase following @entity2806 . Most @entity64 researchers apply permanent or transient occlusion of the MCA in @entity19 or @entity35 . In @entity1 , occlusions of the MCA are among the most frequent causes of @entity385 (4). Besides proximal occlusion of the MCA using the filament model, surgical occlusion of the distal @entity9623 is probably the most frequently used model in experimental @entity64 research(5). Occlusion of a distal (to the branching of the @entity432 ) MCA branch typically spares the striatum and primarily affects the neocortex. @entity432 can be permanent or transient. High reproducibility of lesion volume and very low mortality rates with respect to the long-term outcome are the main advantages of this model. Here, we demonstrate how to perform a chronic cranial window (CW) preparation lateral to the sagittal sinus, and afterwards how to surgically induce a @entity64 underneath the window using a craniotomy approach. This approach can be applied for sequential imaging of acute and chronic changes following @entity63 via epi-illuminating, confocal laser scanning, and two-photon intravital microscopy.

title: Lateral Chronic Cranial Window Preparation Enables In Vivo Observation Following Distal Middle Cerebral XXXX in @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'distal stroke']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral ischemia']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['cognitive disabilities']

entities_list: @entity432 :: ('MESH:D001157', 'Disease') :: ['lenticulo-striate arteries', 'Vessel occlusion']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['loss of neuronal function']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity432 :: (MESH:D001157,Disease) :: ['Artery Occlusion']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review systematically the evidence for an effect of long chain and shorter chain @entity9539 on total mortality, cardiovascular events, and @entity5 . DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases searched to February 2002; authors contacted and bibliographies of @entity23 ( @entity23 ) checked to locate studies. REVIEW METHODS: Review of @entity23 of omega 3 intake for (3) 6 months in adults (with or without risk factors for @entity65 ) with data on a relevant outcome. Cohort studies that estimated omega 3 intake and related this to clinical outcome during at least 6 months were also included. Application of inclusion criteria, data extraction, and quality assessments were performed independently in duplicate. RESULTS: Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 @entity23 (36,913 @entity1 ) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. The trial results were inconsistent. The pooled estimate showed no strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality (relative risk 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.73 to 1.03) or combined cardiovascular events (0.95, 0.82 to 1.12) in @entity1 taking additional omega 3 fats. The few studies at low risk of bias were more consistent, but they showed no effect of omega 3 on total mortality (0.98, 0.70 to 1.36) or cardiovascular events (1.09, 0.87 to 1.37). When data from the subgroup of studies of long chain omega 3 fats were analysed separately, total mortality (0.86, 0.70 to 1.04; 138 events) and cardiovascular events (0.93, 0.79 to 1.11) were not clearly reduced. Neither @entity23 nor cohort studies suggested increased risk of @entity5 with a higher intake of omega 3 (trials: 1.07, 0.88 to 1.30; cohort studies: 1.02, 0.87 to 1.19), but clinically important harm could not be excluded. CONCLUSION: Long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fats do not have a clear effect on total mortality, combined cardiovascular events, or @entity5 .

title: Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, @entity65 , and XXXX : systematic review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity23 :: ('MESH:D007174', 'Disease') :: ['randomised controlled trials', 'RCTs']

entities_list: @entity9539 :: ('MESH:D015525', 'Chemical') :: ['omega 3 fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: It is important to be able to measure and maintain a specific sedation level to compare outcomes of different levels of sedation during anesthesia and the aims include general @entity1 comfort, freedom from specific discomfort, and some @entity2730 for both the block procedure and the surgical operation, in order to meet the @entity1 preference and safety. In this prospective randomized clinical study, we compared the three different infusion doses of @entity1875 . OBJECTIVE: To find out the appropriate infusion dose of @entity1875 for optimal sedation without causing undue side effects in @entity1 undergoing spinal anaesthesia. METHOD: One hundred twenty @entity1 ASA PS I-II were randomly allocated to three groups 1, 2 and 3 receiving @entity1875 infusion at the rate of 25, 50 and 75 microgram/kg/min with concentration of (0.5%), (1%) and (1.5%) respectively. They were observed for sedation score, hemodynamic parameters and satisfaction level. The adverse effects like @entity1576 , @entity1209 score were assessed. RESULT: Median sedation score increased in a dose dependent manner, with significantly higher scores in group 2 and 3 compared with group 1. Hemodynamic parameters were better in group 1 and 2 as judged by @entity61379 requirement. The awakening time after stoppage of infusion was significantly delayed in group 3 (p < 0.001). @entity1576 , @entity1209 were comparable clinically. Almost three fourth of the @entity1 were satisfied with the techniques used. CONCLUSION: @entity1875 infusion at the rate of 50 mcg/kg/min for sedation in spinal anaesthesia provides optimal sedation, early awakening and excellent satisfaction level in the postoperative period.

title: XXXX sedation during spinal anaesthesia- a dose finding study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity61379 :: ('MESH:D008616', 'Chemical') :: ['mephentermine']

entities_list: @entity1576 :: ('MESH:D012131', 'Disease') :: ['respiratory depression', 'Respiratory depression']

entities_list: @entity1875 :: ('MESH:D015742', 'Chemical') :: ['propofol', 'Propofol']

entities_list: @entity1209 :: ('MESH:D020250', 'Disease') :: ['nausea and vomiting']

answer: @entity1875 :: (MESH:D015742,Chemical) :: ['Propofol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 who develop cutaneous @entity320 are at increased risk of developing a second primary @entity320 . There are many aetiological reasons by which the risk of a second @entity320 increases. Among others, genetic factors may contribute to modulating this risk. The risk of identifying a @entity986 germline mutation increases with the number of primary @entity320 and with the presence of familial history of @entity320 . @entity1 with @entity320 are especially encouraged to have regular follow-up visits with their dermatologist to perform clinical and dermatoscopic examination. In particular, dermoscopy could be very useful in multiple primary @entity320 (MPM) @entity1 . OBJECTIVES: To analyse the clinical and dermatoscopic features of multiple @entity320 , focusing on those features that are more frequently found in the same @entity1 to recognize them earlier and understand whether they appear with the similar peculiar dermatoscopic features, especially in @entity986 carriers. METHODS: Medical records of MPM @entity1 were selected from a database including 1065 @entity1 with histopathologically proven @entity320 diagnosis, all treated at the dermatology clinic of the University of Florence from 2000 to 2013. Pictures of @entity320 were independently and blindly administered to three dermatologist experts in dermoscopy to evaluate the presence or absence of ABCD criteria for each clinical image, and the main pattern for the dermoscopic images. The results were then analyzed and crossed to rate the clinical and dermoscopic features of MPM. RESULTS: Seventy five (7.0%) of 1065 @entity1 included in our database were found to carry an MPM disease. Among them, we selected 12 (16%) @entity1 with three or more MPMs. The presence of the @entity986 @entity320 susceptibility gene was observed in 4/12 (33.33%) @entity1 ; two @entity1 presented the @entity57814 and @entity57815 polymorphisms in the @entity986 gene. In @entity986 carriers, each @entity1 showed a similar and specific dermatoscopic pattern in their lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Even being aware of the limitations of this study, according to hereditary characters and their modes of transmissions, we could speculate that for each @entity1 with a @entity986 germline mutation, it is possible to find the same kind of dermoscopical pattern among their @entity5 .

title: @entity986 mutations could influence the dermoscopic pattern of presentation of multiple primary XXXX : a clinical dermoscopic genetic study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['melanocytic tumours']

entities_list: @entity320 :: ('MESH:D008545', 'Disease') :: ['melanoma', 'melanomas']

answer: @entity320 :: (MESH:D008545,Disease) :: ['melanoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the feasibility and safety of transcatheter @entity1416 in the management of postgastrectomy @entity548 . METHODS: Between January 2004 and July 2015, 13,246 @entity1 underwent total or subtotal gastrectomy at our institution, and 24 @entity1 (18 @entity1 ; mean age 66.8  years; range 42-80  years) underwent transcatheter @entity1416 for postoperative @entity548 identified on angiography. RESULTS: Postgastrectomy @entity548 occurred after subtotal gastrectomy in 14 @entity1 (58%) and after total gastrectomy in 10 @entity1 (42%), after a mean of 17  days (range 1-57  days). It manifested itself as luminal @entity548 in 10 @entity1 and as abdominal @entity548 in 14 @entity1 . Technical success was achieved in all 24 @entity1 (100%). The clinical success rate was 79% (19-24); there were three @entity455 that resulted in @entity204 within 30  days (12%), one case of recurrent @entity548 , and one case of persistent @entity548 . The cause of @entity204 included @entity1188 in the spleen and/or remnant stomach (n  =  2) and bowel perforation (n  =  1). The commonest @entity548 focus was the gastroduodenal artery (46%, 11 @entity1 ), followed by the splenic artery (29%, 7 @entity1 ). By surgery type, the gastroduodenal artery was the commonest site of @entity548 in subtotal gastrectomy (64%, 9/14) and the splenic artery was commonest site of @entity548 in total gastrectomy (50%, 5/10). CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter @entity1416 demonstrated high technical and clinical success rates with an acceptable complication rate in the management of postgastrectomy @entity548 . However, transcatheter @entity1416 may not be the best treatment option in @entity1 who have undergone subtotal gastrectomy and bled from the splenic artery owing to the high risk of @entity1188 of the remnant stomach and the spleen.

title: Clinical outcome of transarterial embolization for postgastrectomy XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['transcatheter-arterial-embolization-related major complications']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['arterial bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity1416 :: ('MESH:D020762', 'Disease') :: ['arterial embolization']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarctions']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['arterial bleeding']


abstract: The virulence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) variants of @entity6368 Gc40 was studied in vivo using the @entity840 subcutaneous chamber model. Survival of variants D1, D2, D4 and D5 was assessed by viable counts made on chamber fluid at various times after inoculation. Chemotactic effect was measured by counts of white cells in the chambers. Differential cell counts and assessments of the location of the gonococci were made on Giemsa-stained smears of chamber fluid. Sensitivity of the variants to normal guinea-pig serum was determined by in vitro bactericidal assays. D1 and D5 had relatively high Mr LPS which was shed in the medium, were serum resistant, produced intense @entity281 and were mainly extracellular. Large number of damaged white cells were present. D2 and D4, had low Mr LPS which was poorly shed in the medium, were serum sensitive and produced low grade @entity281 . D2 was the least infective and was seen mainly inside neutrophils. Collectively the data indicates that the type of LPS on the gonococcal surface and possibly the amount of shed LPS strongly influence the fate of gonococci in vivo, in an environment in which antibodies, complement and phagocytic cells are freely available. This may be decisive at some stages of the @entity1 @entity281 .

title: Alterations of the LPS determine virulence of XXXX in @entity840 subcutaneous chambers.

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity6368 :: ('485', 'Species') :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain']

answer: @entity6368 :: (485,Species) :: ['Neisseria gonorrhoeae']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: Despite the number of studies on @entity2835 , contrasting data remain concerning modalities of @entity204 . Liver biopsies obtained from 40 patients with anti mitochondrial antibody-positive @entity2835 , at various stages of the disease, were examined, and special attention was paid to the expression of subcellular damage and evidence of apoptosis. METHODS: Liver sections were stained with @entity6175 / @entity1711 or Sirius red. Ductular mass was evaluated on sections after @entity5822 staining. Apoptosis was evaluated on @entity6175 / @entity1711 stained material or after processing for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end-labelling assay. In 16 @entity1 , part of the biopsy was processed for electron microscopy. Twenty histologically normal liver biopsies were used for control purposes. RESULTS: According to Scheuer's classification, 29 @entity1 were classified as stage I-II, and 11 as stage III-IV. A strong staining of bile ducts was evident after immunohistochemistry for @entity5822 , often associated with ductular metaplasia in lobular zone 1. @entity5822 -positive cells occupied 3.0+/-1.3% of liver mass as compared to 0.25+/-0.03% in controls. Ductular metaplasia accounted for 1.4+/-0.07% of all @entity5822 -positive cells. Regardless of staging, apoptotic bodies were seen only exceptionally in epithelial wall of bile ducts, whereas @entity16 leading to extensive @entity39 appeared responsible for most of the bile duct mass loss, as also confirmed by ultrastructural studies. A few terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end-labelling-positive nuclei were occasionally associated with the inflammatory infiltrate and evidence of apoptosis in hepatocytes was frequent, especially in zone 1. CONCLUSION: Regardless of staging, @entity39 and not apoptosis accounts for most of the bile duct loss in @entity2835 . Furthermore, ductular metaplasia appears as a late event with highly variable pattern being observed between @entity1 .

title: @entity2835 : modalities of XXXX in biliary epithelium.

entities_list: @entity2835 :: ('MESH:D008105', 'Disease') :: ['primary biliary cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['lytic necrosis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocyte damage']

entities_list: @entity5822 :: ('3855', 'Gene') :: ['cytokeratin 7', 'Cytokeratin 7']

entities_list: @entity6175 :: ('CHEBI:5601', 'Chemical') :: ['haematoxylin']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['cholangiocyte death']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['injury and death']


abstract: @entity7154 (MFA) has been associated with rare but severe cases of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, @entity344 , and @entity56 reactions that are believed to result from the formation of reactive metabolites. Although formation of protein-reactive acylating metabolites by phase II metabolism has been well-studied and proposed to be the cause of these toxic side effects, the oxidative bioactivation of MFA has not yet been competely characterized. In the present study, the oxidative bioactivation of MFA was studied using @entity1 liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant @entity1 P450 enzymes. In addition to the major metabolite 3'-OH-methyl-MFA, resulting from the benzylic hydroxylation by @entity5060 , 4'-hydroxy-MFA and 5-hydroxy-MFA were identified as metabolites resulting from oxidative metabolism of both aromatic rings of MFA. In the presence of @entity2197 , three @entity2197 conjugates were formed that appeared to result from @entity2197 conjugation of the two @entity56269 formed by further oxidation of 4'-hydroxy-MFA and 5-hydroxy-MFA. The major @entity2197 conjugate was identified as 4'-OH-5'-glutathionyl-MFA and was formed at the highest activity by @entity4914 and to a lesser extent by @entity5060 and @entity5322 . Two minor @entity2197 conjugates resulted from secondary oxidation of 5-hydroxy-MFA and were formed at the highest activity by @entity4914 and to a lesser extent by @entity5322 . Additionally, the ability of seven @entity1 glutathione S-transferases (hGSTs) to catalyze the @entity2197 conjugation of the @entity56269 formed by P450s was also investigated. The highest increase of total @entity2197 conjugation was observed with @entity4191 , followed by hepatic hGSTs @entity57368 and @entity9164 . The results of this study show that, next to phase II metabolites, reactive @entity56269 formed by oxidative bioactivation might also contribute to the idiosyncratic @entity137 of MFA.

title: Cytochrome p450-mediated bioactivation of @entity7154 to XXXX intermediates and inactivation by @entity1 glutathione s-transferases.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity344 :: ('MESH:D005767', 'Disease') :: ['gastrointestinal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity56 :: ('MESH:D004342', 'Disease') :: ['hypersensitivity']

entities_list: @entity7154 :: ('MESH:D008528', 'Chemical') :: ['Mefenamic acid']

entities_list: @entity56269 :: ('CHEBI:50193', 'Chemical') :: ['quinoneimines']

answer: @entity56269 :: (CHEBI:50193,Chemical) :: ['quinoneimine']


abstract: Variation in the size and relative proportion of type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers can occur in a number of conditions, including structural @entity121 , @entity16 , and various syndromes. In most cases, the pathogenesis of such fiber type changes is unknown and the etiology is heterogeneous. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory chain analysis was performed in 10 @entity1 aged 3 weeks to 5 years with abnormalities in muscle fiber type, size, and proportion. Five @entity1 were classified as having definite, four as probable, and one as possible @entity2383 . Type 1 fiber predominance was the most common histological finding (six of 10). On light microscopy, four cases had subtle concomitants of a mitochondriopathy, including mildly increased glycogen, lipid, and/or @entity4588 dehydrogenase staining, and one case had more prominent evidence of underlying @entity2383 with marked subsarcolemmal staining. Most cases (nine of 10) had abnormal mitochondrial morphology on electron microscopy. All were found to have mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) abnormalities and met diagnostic criteria for @entity2383 . We did not ascertain any @entity1 who had isolated @entity854 and normal respiratory chain analysis during the period of study. We conclude that mitochondrial @entity74 may represent an etiology of at least a subset of muscle @entity854 . To establish an etiologic diagnosis and to determine the frequency of such changes in @entity2383 , we suggest analysis of ETC function in individuals with fiber type changes in skeletal muscle, even in the absence of light histological features suggestive of @entity2383 .

title: Relationship of primary mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction to XXXX in skeletal muscle.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity4588 :: ('MESH:D019802', 'Chemical') :: ['succinate']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathies']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['fiber type abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity74 :: ('MESH:D030342', 'Disease') :: ['ETC disorders']

entities_list: @entity121 :: ('MESH:D009135', 'Disease') :: ['myopathies']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial disease', 'mitochondrial disorders']

answer: @entity854 :: (MESH:D018376,Disease) :: ['fiber type abnormalities']


abstract: INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Weekly home-based @entity2015 ( @entity2015 ) therapy is an alternative to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in the treatment of @entity1 with @entity465 . The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy, safety, related quality of life and cost effectiveness of @entity2015 in our area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational and descriptive study including paediatric @entity1 with @entity6078 ( @entity6078 ) receiving @entity2015 in our hospital (November 2006 to April 2008). Obtained data were compared with those from the last year with IVIg. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 with @entity6078 were included. Median age was 15 years. The median trough serum IgG level was 622 mg/dl with IVIg. In @entity1 in whom the @entity2015 dose was maintained or reduced compared to IVIg, the median trough serum IgG level was 850 mg/dl (p < 0.0005). Annual rate of infection was 2.22 per @entity1 -year, without significant differences to IVIg (p = 0.212). There were 58 treatment-related adverse events (AE) reported with @entity2015 (45 local AE and 13 systemic AE). The most frequent treatment-related adverse event was infusion-site reaction. Switching to home-based subcutaneous IgG treatment led to significant improvements in quality of life and substantial cost savings. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that subcutaneous administration of 16% @entity2015 is a safe and cost-effective alternative to IVIg for replacement therapy of @entity465 . Median trough serum IgG levels were higher with @entity2015 . Local AE were common but mild and the incidence decreased over time. Quality of life is significantly improved.

title: [Subcutaneous gammaglobulin in XXXX . First experience in Spain].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6078 :: ('MESH:D017074', 'Disease') :: ['common variable immunodeficiency', 'CVID']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['primary antibody deficiencies']

entities_list: @entity2015 :: ('MESH:D004406', 'Disease') :: ['subcutaneous immunoglobulin', 'SCIg']

answer: @entity6078 :: (MESH:D017074,Disease) :: ['common variable immunodeficiency']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intracranial @entity2849 are @entity455 , particularly in @entity1 and adolescents, and are characterized by the presence of organizing @entity1410 and @entity82 outside the true lumen, instead of true vascular elements. Most @entity2849 result from an eminent insult, such as @entity130 or grave @entity166 . Development of @entity2849 without antecedent incident is rare. Furthermore, clinical manifestation with only a @entity10 is also unusual in this age group. CASE HISTORY: We now describe one @entity1 who had a @entity2849 arising at the distal middle cerebral artery. A 17-year-old @entity1 complained of @entity10 that had become apparent 3 years ago and intractable to medicine 3 months ago. Brain computed tomographic scan and lumbar cerebrospinal spinal fluid study revealed no trace of recent @entity548 . However, digital subtraction angiography revealed a huge @entity384 along the right M2 segment with the features of delayed filling and emptying of contrast agent. Surgical obliteration of the corresponding @entity439 with tandem clipping and aneurysmectomy rendered him free of @entity10 thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: The actual cause and mechanisms of this case are not certain; nonetheless, we suggest that traumatic cause produced such a lesion, and minor repeated @entity548 also elicited @entity10 , albeit no evidence of @entity130 .

title: A spontaneous XXXX presenting with chronic headache in adolescent.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['rare vascular lesions']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['major trauma', 'recent major injury']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal dilatation']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

entities_list: @entity166 :: ('MESH:D003141', 'Disease') :: ['infectious illness']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm', 'giant pseudoaneurysm', 'pseudoaneurysms']

answer: @entity2849 :: (MESH:D017541,Disease) :: ['giant pseudoaneurysm']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Well known risk factors for @entity1150 are the presence of a central venous catheter (CVC) and @entity5 , but other potential risk factors, such as surgery, injury and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), have not yet been explored. METHODS: We performed a population-based case-control study including 179 consecutive @entity1 , aged 18-70 years with @entity1150 and 2399 control subjects. @entity1 reported on acquired risk factors in a questionnaire and @entity5337 and prothrombin 20210A mutation were ascertained. Information on CVC was obtained from discharge letters. RESULTS: Forty-two @entity1 (23%) and one control subject (0.04%) had a CVC (ORadj: 1136, 95% CI: 153-8448, adjusted for age and sex). @entity5 @entity1 without a CVC had an eightfold increased risk of @entity49 of the arm (ORcrude: 7.7, 95% CI: 4.6-13.0). Other evident risk factors were prothrombotic mutations, surgery, immobilization of the arm (plaster cast), oral contraceptive use and family history, with odds ratios varying from 2.0 up to 13.1. The risk in the presence of injury and during puerperium was twofold or more increased, although not significantly. In contrast HRT, unusual exercise, travel and @entity28 did not increase the risk. Hormone users had an increased risk in the presence of prothrombotic mutations or surgery. Obese @entity1 (BMI > 30 kg m(-2)) undergoing surgery had a 23-fold increased risk of arm @entity715 compared with @entity28 @entity1 not undergoing surgery. CONCLUSION: A CVC is a very strong risk factor for arm @entity715 . Most risk factors for @entity715 in the leg are also risk factors for arm @entity715 .

title: Old and new risk factors for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['non-obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['Cancer', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1150 :: ('MESH:D020246', 'Disease') :: ['upper extremity deep venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis']

answer: @entity1150 :: (MESH:D020246,Disease) :: ['upper extremity deep venous thrombosis']


abstract: The 2004 WHO classification of @entity5 recognised @entity189 as a variant of @entity957 . We report a unique case of primary @entity420 with a basaloid component. An 82-year-old @entity1 underwent pulmonary lobectomy for a 2.8 cm @entity5 . The @entity1 is disease-free 13 months after diagnosis. Histologically, an @entity189 having a glandular and a solid component was observed. The former was an @entity420 with mucus containing spaces lined by columnar mucinous cells and basaloid cells. The solid component was an organoid proliferation of basaloid-type cells, as in @entity1491 . Basaloid cells, but not mucinous cells, were immunoreactive for high molecular weight cytokeratins (CK), @entity5822 and, focally, for @entity10922 . High Ki67 index, @entity876 and @entity470 expression were also found. This @entity5 is unique in several respects: (1) The solid areas resemble a conventional @entity189 , except for the presence of small mucin-containing spaces. (2) The mucinous @entity420 areas contain two layers of columnar and basaloid cells. (3) Both components are neoplastic based on cell morphology, invasive properties and phenotypic profile. These findings indicate that a basaloid variant of @entity420 is also existing in the spectrum of basaloid @entity189 of the lung.

title: XXXX . A new variant of @entity420 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumours', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous and large cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['basaloid carcinoma', 'carcinomas', 'invasive carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity420 :: ('MESH:D000230', 'Disease') :: ['adenocarcinoma', 'pulmonary adenocarcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['cutaneous basal cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity420 :: (MESH:D000230,Disease) :: ['Basaloid adenocarcinoma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the radiological and functional results of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - retaining and posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasties in @entity1 with severe varus gonarthrosis. METHODS: Medical records of 112 knees of 96 @entity1 who underwent total knee arthroplasty for severe varus (>= 15  ) were reviewed. PCL-retaining and PCL-stabilizing groups consisted of 58 and 54 knees, respectively. Mean follow-up time was 56.6 months (range: 24-112 months). Knee Society (KS) clinical rating system was used in clinical evaluation. Range of motion, degree of @entity1159 , postoperative alignment, and complication rates were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Mean preoperative mechanical tibiofemoral angle was 20.1   in varus alignment, and was restored to 4.6   in valgus postoperatively. No statistically significant differences were found between PCL-stabilizing and PCL-retaining groups when KS knee scores, function scores, and flexion arc were evaluated. Two @entity1 in PCL-retaining group underwent revision surgery due to aseptic loosening of tibial component. One @entity1 in PCL-stabilizing group needed arthrotomy due to @entity8043 . CONCLUSION: There were no notable differences between the 2 groups and PCL-retaining design had outcomes as good as PCL-stabilizing total knee implant in osteoarthritic knees with severe @entity85 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Therapeutic study.

title: Posterior cruciate-retaining versus posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis with severe XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity85 :: ('MESH:D009140', 'Disease') :: ['varus deformity']

entities_list: @entity8043 :: ('MESH:D031222', 'Disease') :: ['patellar clunk syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['flexion contracture']

answer: @entity85 :: (MESH:D009140,Disease) :: ['varus deformity']


abstract: @entity66 @entity8544 phenotypic variation but do not follow a simple Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Variances of these @entity66 are presumably controlled by multiple loci and environmental variants. A least-squares method has been developed for mapping such complex disease loci by treating the binary phenotypes (0 and 1) as if they were continuous. However, the least-squares method is not recommended because of its ad hoc nature. Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian methods have also been developed for binary disease mapping by incorporating the discrete nature of the phenotypic distribution. In the ML analysis, the likelihood function is usually maximized using some complicated maximization algorithms (e.g. the Newton-Raphson or the simplex algorithm). Under the threshold model of binary disease, we develop an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm to solve for the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs). The new EM algorithm is developed by treating both the unobserved genotype and the disease liability as missing values. As a result, the EM iteration equations have the same form as the normal equation system in linear regression. The EM algorithm is further modified to take into account sexual dimorphism in the linkage maps. Applying the EM-implemented ML method to a four-way-cross @entity19 family, we detected two regions on the fourth chromosome that have evidence of QTLs controlling the segregation of @entity1492 , a form of connective tissue @entity5 . The two QTLs explain 50-60% of the variance in the disease liability. We also applied a Bayesian method previously developed (modified to take into account sex-specific maps) to this data set and detected one additional QTL on chromosome 13 that explains another 26% of the variance of the disease liability. All the QTLs detected primarily show dominance effects.

title: An EM algorithm for mapping binary disease loci: application to @entity1492 in a four-way cross XXXX family.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['binary diseases', 'Many diseases']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity8544 :: ('MESH:D005254', 'Disease') :: ['show dichotomous']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']