abstract: @entity4357 3-kinases (PI3K) participate in numerous signaling pathways, and control distinct biological functions. Studies using pan-PI3K inhibitors suggest roles for PI3K in osteoclasts, but little is known about specific PI3K isoforms in these cells. Our objective was to determine effects of isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors on osteoclasts. The following inhibitors were investigated (targets in parentheses): @entity2307 and @entity2306 (pan-p110), @entity36272 (a), @entity36273 (a,   ), @entity36274 (b), @entity35640 (y), and @entity36275 (  ). In addition, we characterized a new potent and selective PI3K   inhibitor, GS-9820, and explored roles of PI3K isoforms in regulating osteoclast function. Osteoclasts were isolated from long bones of neonatal @entity35 and @entity95 . @entity2307 , @entity2306 , @entity36273 , @entity36275 , and GS-9820 induced a dramatic retraction of osteoclasts within 15-20 min to 65-75% of the initial area. In contrast, there was no significant retraction in response to vehicle, @entity36272 , @entity36274 , or @entity35640 . Moreover, @entity2307 and GS-9820, but not @entity36272 or @entity36274 , disrupted actin belts. We examined effects of PI3K inhibitors on osteoclast survival. Whereas @entity36272 , @entity36274 , and GS-9820 had no significant effect on basal survival, all blocked @entity9248 -stimulated survival. When studied on resorbable substrates, osteoclastic resorption was suppressed by @entity2307 and inhibitors of PI3Kb and PI3K  , but not other isoforms. These data are consistent with a critical role for PI3K   in regulating osteoclast cytoskeleton and resorptive activity. In contrast, multiple PI3K isoforms contribute to the control of osteoclast survival. Thus, the PI3K   isoform, which is predominantly expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin, is an attractive target for anti-resorptive therapeutics.

title: Effects of isoform-selective XXXX 3-kinase inhibitors on osteoclasts: actions on cytoskeletal organization, survival, and resorption.

entities_list: @entity2307 :: ('MESH:C009687', 'Chemical') :: ['wortmannin', 'Wortmannin']

entities_list: @entity4357 :: ('MESH:D010716', 'Chemical') :: ['Phosphatidylinositol']

answer: @entity4357 :: (MESH:D010716,Chemical) :: ['phosphatidylinositol']


abstract: @entity1600 ( @entity1600 ) was defined as the first lymph node that the @entity5 would drain to, within that @entity5 regional lymphatic basin. In 1998, Kelemen and coworkers have published the first results on @entity259 . Different methods have been used in a goal of lymphatic mapping (application of vital blue dye and/or radiocolloid). In a period from 2001 to 2003 we have performed @entity1600 biopsy in 64 @entity1 with @entity259 . There were 12 cases of @entity259 . @entity1600 identification rate was 73.44%. We found no false positive or negative results on definitive histopathology. The impact of lymph node @entity3 in differentiated @entity259 is still controversial. The management of cervical lymph nodes varies from berry picking to modified radical neck dissection. There is a significant disproportion in percentage of pre and intraoperatively enlarged lymph nodes (27-45%) and histologically confirmed lymph node @entity3 (80-90%) in @entity3557 . In the current literature the average rate of @entity1600 identification is 91% (66-100%) and when identified, the @entity1600 accurately predicts the disease status of the neck in most @entity1 (80-100%). The @entity1600 biopsy for @entity259 is good and feasible technique for estimating the cervical lymph node status.

title: [Identification of sentinel lymph nodes in XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['papillary thyroid carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1600 :: ('MESH:D014388', 'Disease') :: ['Sentinel lymph node', 'SLN']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid tumors', 'thyroid carcinoma', 'SLN lymphonodectomy in thyroid carcinomas']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['thyroid carcinoma']


abstract: @entity3163 ( @entity7034 ) is associated with @entity2241 , but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. DNA methylation, an important epigenetic reprogramming mechanism, is essential for normal embryonic development. Thus, we investigated the effect of @entity7034 on DNA methylation in early @entity19 embryos, as well as @entity19 sperm and liver using @entity9736 sequencing and ELISA. Data indicate that @entity7728 , a paternally imprinted gene, compared to control embryos, was less methylated in 8-cell embryos from pregnant @entity19 treated with @entity7034 (100 mg/l) in drinking water for 48 h. @entity29531 , a maternally imprinted gene, and the Line1 repeated sequence were similarly methylated in @entity7034 -treated and control embryos. Oral ingestion of @entity7034 for 35 days did not significantly change Line1 and genomic global DNA methylation in the liver. @entity7728 , @entity29532 , Line1, and genomic global DNA methylation were also similar in @entity7034 -treated and control sperm. Female @entity19 mated with @entity7034 -treated male @entity19 (35 days) had less methylated @entity7728 , but @entity29531 was significantly more methylated. Line1 was similarly methylated in treated 8-cell embryos, compared to control embryos. @entity7034 treatment of male @entity19 before copulation significantly increased the expression of @entity7728 in blastocysts, whereas @entity7728 expression was not detected in 8-cell embryos. Data suggest that @entity7034 may interact directly with the embryo to disrupt the maintenance of normal gene imprinting during pregnancy. Long-term @entity7034 exposure of males may not directly affect DNA methylation of the sperm and liver, but the sperm may signal to early embryos with abnormal gene imprinting.

title: XXXX disrupts DNA methylation of @entity7728 and @entity29531 imprinted genes during the early development of @entity19 embryo.

entities_list: @entity3163 :: ('MESH:D012969', 'Chemical') :: ['Sodium fluoride']

entities_list: @entity9736 :: ('MESH:C042345', 'Chemical') :: ['bisulfite']

entities_list: @entity2241 :: ('MESH:D005315', 'Disease') :: ['embryonic and fetal development abnormalities']

answer: @entity3163 :: (MESH:D012969,Chemical) :: ['Sodium fluoride']


abstract: OBJECT: @entity2112 is a pathological process influencing the spinal column in 3 dimensions. Initial surgical treatment focused primarily on correction in the coronal plane, and with improved instrumentation, increasing attention has targeted balancing the sagittal profile. Newer surgical techniques now permit operative corrective forces to also directly address axial rotation. Although several technical variations of direct vertebral body derotation (DVBD) have been devised, no studies have compared outcomes from the differing techniques. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the differences between segmental and en bloc DVBD. METHODS: A large prospectively collected database was queried for @entity1 with @entity1615 ( @entity1615 ) who underwent posterior spinal fusion and for whom there was a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. In all @entity1 some type of DVBD maneuver was performed (segmental, en bloc, or both). Any @entity1 with concurrent thoracoplasties were excluded. RESULTS: The authors identified 188 @entity1 , of whom 120 underwent segmental derotation, 17 en bloc derotation, and 51 both. No significant radiographic or clinical differences existed among the groups preoperatively. The mean preoperative thoracic curve in the entire cohort was 53.1      14.1   and the mean thoracic rib prominence was 14.0      5.5  , whereas the respective postoperative values were 19.3      8.3   and 7.2      4.0  . No significant difference was identified between the various techniques postoperatively, either. However, when comparing intraoperative variables, significant differences were found for operative duration (p = 0.0001), estimated @entity190 (p = 0.0081), and volume of blood transfusions (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Although each surgical technique of DBVD may have theoretical benefits and risks, no apparent difference in outcomes was observed between techniques. The concurrent use of both techniques was associated with increased @entity190 and operative duration without any appreciable benefit. The surgeon should adopt the derotation technique with which he or she is most comfortable, but concurrent use of both does not appear to improve results.

title: The impact of segmental and en bloc derotation maneuvers on scoliosis correction and rib prominence in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity2112 :: ('MESH:C564593', 'Disease') :: ['Idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['AIS', 'adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

answer: @entity1615 :: (OMIM:181800,Disease) :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4436 is a common benign condition; however, cases of acute and @entity4436 may be difficult for the surgeon to treat. We designed a study to compare the outcomes of @entity1 who undergo laparoscopic resections for @entity4436 with those who have similar resections for other indications. METHODS: From a prospectively accumulated database of 397 consecutive laparoscopic colorectal procedures performed by three surgeons, we reviewed the outcomes of 178 @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic sigmoid resections with primary @entity254 . RESULTS: Laparoscopic sigmoid colectomies or anterior resections were performed in 22 @entity1 with @entity697 ( @entity697 ), 70 @entity1 with @entity4436 ( @entity4436 ), and 86 @entity1 with @entity66 ( @entity66 ). @entity1 with @entity66 were significantly older than those with @entity697 or @entity4436 (67 +/- 14 year versus 55 +/- 13 year, 55 +/- 12 year, p < 0.05). Conversion to open surgery was required in three @entity697 @entity1 (14%), three @entity4436 @entity1 (4%), and 17 @entity66 @entity1 (20%) (chi2 = 8.23, p = 0.016). In cases completed laparoscopically, there was no significant difference in median operative time ( @entity697 , 165 min; @entity4436 , 150 min; @entity66 , 165 min), proportion of @entity1 with @entity3816 ( @entity697 , one; @entity4436 , six; @entity66 , one), or @entity260 ( @entity697 , four; @entity4436 , 13; @entity66 , 11). The occurrence of a @entity260 significantly prolonged median time to full diet (4 days vs 3 days, p < 0.001) and discharge (9 days vs 5 days, p < 0.001) but not return to normal activity (16 days vs 15 days). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, @entity1 who underwent laparoscopic sigmoid colectomies and anterior resections had similar outcomes regardless of diagnosis. This finding substantiates our view that laparoscopic resections for @entity4436 can be performed safely and with the same benefits as resections for other indications.

title: Laparoscopic sigmoid resection for acute and @entity4436 . An outcomes comparison with laparoscopic resection for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['AD', 'acute diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['nondiverticular disease', 'ND']

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications', 'postoperative complication']

entities_list: @entity4436 :: ('MESH:D004238', 'Disease') :: ['Sigmoid diverticulitis', 'diverticulitis', 'sigmoid diverticulitis', 'CD', 'chronic diverticulitis']

entities_list: @entity3816 :: ('MESH:D007431', 'Disease') :: ['intraoperative complications']

answer: @entity66 :: (MESH:D004194,Disease) :: ['nondiverticular disease']


abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLR) constitute one of the components of the innate immunity, based on the recognition of conserved molecular structures found in large groups of pathogens. A total of 11 Toll-like receptors have now been described in @entity1 . Toll-like receptors are expressed on virtually every type of cell, including immunocompetent cells. Ligand binding triggers signaling cascade that leads to the induction of key proinflammatory mediators that contribute to an immune response. Additionally, TLR induction results in the activation and shaping of the adaptive immune reaction. TLRs have also been identified as potential therapeutic targets. Their capability to augment antigen presentation or induce the expression of target molecules has rendered them plausible therapeutic agents. Recently, synthetic ligands have been described and some of them have already been established in the treatment of @entity1489 ( @entity6438 agonist) and as @entity1956 virus vaccine adjuvants ( @entity2939 agonists). Furthermore, many clinical trials on TLR agonists as potent enhancers of anti- @entity5 response in solid @entity5 are currently on going. Considering that TLRs are widely expressed on transformed cells of the immune system (from blasts to memory cells), they may become a promising candidate for developing effective therapeutic options in @entity1583 as many in vitro studies have shown the intact functionality of TLRs in transformed cells. Moreover, a few clinical trials investigating the safety of synthetic TLR agonists are currently ongoing. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies in order to assess the clinical relevance of the applicability of TLR-aimed therapy in the treatment of @entity1583 .

title: Toll-like receptors and their role in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1956 :: ('MESH:D006509', 'Disease') :: ['anti-hepatitis B']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1489 :: ('MESH:D012878', 'Disease') :: ['skin cancer']

entities_list: @entity1583 :: ('MESH:D019337', 'Disease') :: ['hematologic malignancies']

answer: @entity1583 :: (MESH:D019337,Disease) :: ['hematologic malignancies']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity731 is an @entity32 in which @entity379 , the signature cytokine of Th1 cells, plays a central role. We investigated whether @entity4155 , the signature cytokine of Th17 cells, is also associated with @entity1 @entity453 . METHODS AND RESULTS: Circulating @entity4155 and @entity379 were detected in a subset of @entity1 with @entity453 and in referent outpatients of similar age without @entity299 but not in young healthy individuals. @entity4155 plasma levels correlated closely with those of the IL-12/ @entity379 / @entity371 cytokine axis but not with known Th17 inducers such as @entity1356 , @entity650 , and @entity4452 . Both @entity4155 and @entity379 were produced at higher levels by T cells within cultured @entity731 coronary arteries after polyclonal activation than within nondiseased vessels. Combinations of proinflammatory cytokines induced @entity379 but not @entity4155 secretion. Blockade of @entity379 signaling increased @entity4155 synthesis, whereas neutralization of @entity4155 responses decreased @entity379 synthesis; production of both cytokines was inhibited by @entity2533 . Approximately 10-fold fewer coronary artery-infiltrating T helper cells were @entity4155 producers than @entity379 producers, and unexpectedly, @entity4155 / @entity379 double producers were readily detectable within the artery wall. Although @entity4155 did not modulate the growth or survival of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, @entity4155 interacted cooperatively with @entity379 to enhance @entity650 , @entity687 , and @entity371 secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that @entity4155 is produced concomitantly with @entity379 by coronary artery-infiltrating T cells and that these cytokines act synergistically to induce proinflammatory responses in vascular smooth muscle cells.

title: Interleukin-17 and XXXX are produced concomitantly by @entity1 coronary artery-infiltrating T cells and act synergistically on vascular smooth muscle cells.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity2533 :: ('7040', 'Gene') :: ['transforming growth factor-beta1']

entities_list: @entity379 :: ('3458', 'Gene') :: ['IFN-gamma', 'interferon (IFN)-gamma']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['Atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic']

answer: @entity379 :: (3458,Gene) :: ['interferon-gamma']


abstract: @entity288 have a significant role in the management of @entity565 due to their powerful anti-inflammatory actions. However, when given orally, they cause significant and unwanted side-effects. Early attempts to circumvent these side-effects were largely unsuccessful. Recently, new synthetic corticosteroids have been developed that have powerful topical action but weak generalised effects due to rapid systemic metabolism. These new compounds provide adequate control of airways' obstruction in almost all asthmatics. @entity5253 may occur but can generally be controlled by adjusting the frequency of dosage and changing delivery systems. In high doses, there is biochemical evidence of adrenal suppression, but the clinical importance of this is not yet clear and there is no evidence of a significant effect on growth in @entity1 . High dose inhaled corticosteroids have been shown to affect biochemical indices of bone turnover in the short term. The long term clinical consequences of this are still under evaluation. Inhaled corticosteroids have provided a significant advance in the management of @entity565 , but physicians need to remain alert for the possibility of systemic side effects when used in high doses for long periods of time.

title: Adverse effects of inhaled XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity5253 :: ('MESH:D002180', 'Disease') :: ['Oral candidiasis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['Corticosteroids']

answer: @entity288 :: (MESH:D000305,Chemical) :: ['corticosteroids']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of late reperfusion on @entity583 shape and to quantitate associated changes in left ventricular volume. Reperfusion was delayed until there was no salvage of ischemic myocardium. @entity235 underwent 6.5 h of left anterior descending @entity1563 (n = 5) or 5.5 h of occlusion and 1 h of reperfusion (n = 5). @entity1188 shape was measured with pairs of ultrasonic crystals implanted circumferentially in the mid myocardium. @entity1188 was determined from end-diastolic pressure-segment length curves produced by aortic clamping. Left ventricular volume was measured with three pairs of endocardial ultrasonic crystals and the effect of @entity1188 shape change on left ventricular volume was determined. @entity1188 size, expressed as a percent of the area at risk, was similar in reperfused (97 +/- 1%) and nonreperfused (98 +/- 1%) hearts. After @entity1563 , @entity1188 segments became @entity2845 and functional dilation, measured as end-diastolic ultrasonic crystal separation, increased to a similar extent in reperfused (24 +/- 7%) and nonreperfused (19 +/- 3%) hearts. In 13 additional @entity235 that underwent reperfusion and instrumentation with endocardial ultrasonic crystals for volume measurement, left ventricular volume increased 42 +/- 6% over the preocclusion level (p less than 0.001). Within minutes of reperfusion, the @entity1188 stiffened, @entity1188 decreased to 1 +/- 4% over the baseline preocclusion level (p less than 0.05 vs. prereperfusion) and left ventricular volume decreased to 16 +/- 11% over the baseline level (p less than 0.01 vs. postocclusion). Thus, coronary artery reperfusion reverses @entity1188 . Changes in @entity1188 occur immediately after reperfusion and are accompanied by @entity1188 stiffening and a decrease in left ventricular volume. Reperfusion can affect @entity1188 shape and stiffness at a point in time when myocardial salvage is no longer possible.

title: Acute effects of delayed reperfusion on XXXX shape and left ventricular volume: a potential mechanism of additional benefits from thrombolytic therapy.

entities_list: @entity1563 :: ('MESH:D054059', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery occlusion']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['Infarct', 'infarct dilation', 'Infarct stiffness', 'initial infarct dilation', 'infarct']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarct']

answer: @entity583 :: (MESH:D009203,Disease) :: ['myocardial infarct']


abstract: AIM: To evaluate the cost utility and budget impact of second-line @entity4562 for @entity1149 from a Thai payer perspective. METHODS:     A Markov model with three health states (pre-progression, post-progression and @entity204 ) was constructed to estimate direct medical costs and outcomes comparing four treatment options, i.e., @entity4562 , @entity3866 , pemetrexed and @entity1205 . The model followed @entity1 for 2 years with discount rate of 3% annually. Clinical inputs and @entity1 ' characteristics were based on a randomized phase III trial (INTEREST). Costs were based on reference prices published by the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, and other information related to treatment from expert opinion and presented in 2010. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the impact of model parameters on results. RESULTS: In the base case model, @entity4562 and @entity3866 yielded equal quality-adjusted life years (QALY) but 0.0140 and 0.0110 more QALY compared with @entity1205 and pemetrexed, respectively. Total costs were 188 848 Baht (US 6237) for @entity4562 , 196 313 Baht (US 6483) for @entity1205 , 249 177 Baht (US 8229) for @entity3866 and 275 303 Baht (US 9092) for pemetrexed. Drug acquisition contributed the greatest component. A series of sensitivity analyses demonstrated the robustness to various parameter variations except for @entity1205 cost and duration of treatment. The budget impact analyses demonstrate the greater the percentage of substitution of @entity4562 for @entity1205 (ranging from 10-60%) the greater the cost saving. CONCLUSION:     @entity4562 is a dominant cost saving strategy compared with @entity1205 for the second-line treatment of advanced NSCLC from the Thai payer perspective.

title: Cost-utility and budget impact analyses of XXXX in second-line treatment for advanced @entity1149 from Thai payer perspective.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4562 :: ('MESH:C419708', 'Chemical') :: ['gefitinib', 'Gefitinib']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity3866 :: ('MESH:C400278', 'Chemical') :: ['erlotinib']

answer: @entity4562 :: (MESH:C419708,Chemical) :: ['gefitinib']


abstract: PURPOSE: To clarify the effect of combining x-irradiation and @entity1 killer lymphocytes against autologous @entity11 cells, we analyzed not only the alteration of surface antigen expression in irradiated @entity5 cells, but also the cytotoxic effects of @entity1 killer lymphocytes on the @entity5 cells with and without x-irradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Six @entity11 cell-lines (MG 1-6) established from each @entity1 with a @entity11 in our institute, and U87MG, were used as materials. They were irradiated by 0-50 Gy of X-rays, and the alternations of their @entity1 histocompatability leukocyte antigen (HLA), HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, -DP, -DQ, and FAS expressions were examined. Then, three sets of autologous natural killer (NK) cells, and @entity5 -specific T lymphocytes (ATTL) were induced from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of three @entity1 , and in vitro cytotoxic effects of these killer cells on the irradiated @entity5 cells were analyzed. RESULTS: Irradiation-enhanced HLA-DR, -DP, -DQ, and FAS expression in @entity11 cell lines with low @entity876 expression. However, there was no correlation between HLA-ABC expression and X-ray dose. After irradiation of the @entity5 cells, @entity137 was enhanced in four of six effectors; in particular, it was significantly elevated in two killer lymphocytes. It was speculated that the enhancing effect was influenced not only by the @entity876 status of the @entity5 , but also by the types of killer lymphocytes; the alteration of @entity137 in NK cells on irradiated @entity5 cells may be compensatory for alteration in ATTLs. CONCLUSION: It was indicated that irradiation of @entity5 cells enhanced killer cell-mediated @entity137 in autologous models under specific conditions. These basic data should contribute to clinical trials using local radiotherapy and systemic adoptive immunotherapy with killer lymphocytes.

title: X-irradiation to XXXX @entity11 cells enhances the @entity137 of autologous killer lymphocytes under specific conditions.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'autologous tumor', 'malignant tumor']

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['malignant glioma', 'glioma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity715 in @entity1 with @entity29 ( @entity29 ) are common and require improved awareness and prevention. In this review the interface between @entity29 and @entity715 is discussed, with emphasis on risk assessment and data to aid clinical decision making. @entity1031 complications are 3-fold more likely in @entity29 @entity1 than controls and the relative risk exceeds 15 during disease flares. Improved assessment of @entity715 risk for an individual @entity1 includes thorough personal and family history and awareness of prothrombotic medications and lifestyle choices. @entity1 with the highest risk of @entity715 are those with active @entity1049 , personal or strong family history of @entity715 , and those with significant acquired risk factors. Combined risk factors or hospitalization should prompt mechanical thromboprophylaxis. Indications for prophylactic anticoagulation are not defined currently by clinical studies, especially in pediatric @entity1 , although some groups now advocate prophylactic anticoagulation for all hospitalized @entity29 @entity1 and even some outpatients with disease flares. @entity715 management requires a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach to balance anticoagulation and @entity548 risk. While @entity548 may occur with anticoagulation in @entity29 , data and experience indicate that therapeutic heparin is safe and @entity548 manifestations can be managed supportively in most @entity1 . Until prospective trials of prophylactic anticoagulation are published, management of thrombotic risk and prophylaxis in @entity29 will remain a clinical challenge.

title: XXXX and @entity29 : a call for improved awareness and prevention.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

entities_list: @entity29 :: ('MESH:D015212', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory bowel disease', 'IBD']

entities_list: @entity1031 :: ('MESH:D013923', 'Disease') :: ['Thromboembolic']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['thrombosis', 'Thrombotic complications', 'Thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity1049 :: ('MESH:D003108', 'Disease') :: ['colonic disease']

answer: @entity715 :: (MESH:D013927,Disease) :: ['Thrombosis']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: We analyzed the impact of cause, severity, and duration of @entity221 on functional outcome in @entity1 with @entity510 ( @entity510 ). METHODS: Fever characteristics were analyzed in 584 consecutive @entity1 with @entity510 . Fever was defined as core body temperature >= 38.3    C on >= 2 consecutive days. Subfebrile measurements were those between 37 and 38.2    C. Febrile and subfebrile loads were the number of hours with @entity221 or subfebrile measurements, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were developed to define predictors of outcome using various categorizations of @entity221 cause, severity, and duration. RESULTS: Febrile measurements were observed in 281/584 (48.1  %) @entity1 , recurring over a mean duration of 2.1      3.0 days. Early @entity221 within 24 and 72  h was encountered in 69 (11.9  %) and 110 (18.9  %) of @entity1 , respectively. An infectious source was discovered in 126 (44.8  %) febrile @entity1 . On univariate analysis, days of @entity221 , febrile load, and @entity221 onset within 24 and 72  h were associated with poor outcome (all p  <  0.001); but subfebrile load was not (p  =  0.56). On multivariate model constructed with all variables associated with outcome on univariate analyses, days of @entity221 remained independently associated with poor outcome (OR 1.14 of poor outcome per day of @entity221 , 95  % CI 1.06-1.22; p  =  0.0006) displacing all other @entity221 measures from the final model. CONCLUSIONS: Early onset of @entity221 , number of hours with @entity221 , and especially days of @entity221 are associated with poor functional outcome. Conversely, subfebrile load does not influence clinical outcome. These data suggest prolonged @entity221 should be avoided, but subfebrile temperatures may not justify intervention.

title: Refining the Association of Fever with Functional Outcome in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage', 'aSAH']

answer: @entity510 :: (MESH:D013345,Disease) :: ['Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage']


abstract: Small, rounded vesicles with a dense core of amorphous material were observed in all cell types in the young @entity35 aorta, that is, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. They were particularly numerous in the Golgi complex but were also found in the cell periphery. The content of the vesicles had staining characteristics identical to those of @entity4116 . Material of the same type was also found in cisternae on the maturing side of the dictyosomes and in vesicles budding from them. Reaction product for @entity9138 pyrophosphatase was present in both these structures, indicating that the Golgi complex is responsible for the formation of the dense-cored vesicles. This was further supported by the absence of reaction product for acid phosphatase in the cisternae and in the vesicles. Moreover, no uptake of exogenous markers was noted in the latter. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that the dense-cored vesicles have a secretory function and contain precursors of @entity4116 . Elongated vesicles or profiles containing collagen fibrils were observed in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. In the cell periphery, these vesicles were often found to communicate with the extracellular space. Further inside the cells, they showed a close spatial relationship to the Golgi complex. Neither @entity9138 pyrophosphatase nor acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the elongated vesicles. Like the plasma membrane, their limiting membrane was positively stained for alkaline phosphatase. On the basis of these findings and the absence of uptake of exogenous markers in them, it is suggested that the elongated vesicles represent a means for collagen secretion in the growing aortic wall. The Golgi complex is believed to be involved in the transfer of collagen to these vesicles.

title: Electron microscopic and cytochemical studies of XXXX aorta. Intracellular vesicles containing @entity4116 - and collagen-like material.

entities_list: @entity9138 :: ('MESH:D013831', 'Chemical') :: ['thiamine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The @entity1 gut microbiota is essential in shaping many of its host's functional attributes. One such microbiota resides in the @entity291 digestive tract in a compartment termed as the rumen. The rumen microbiota is necessary for the proper physiological development of the rumen and for the animal's ability to digest and convert plant mass into food products, making it highly significant to @entity1 . The establishment of this microbial population and the changes occurring with the host's age are important for understanding this key microbial community. Despite its importance, little information about colonization of the microbial populations in newborn animals, and the gradual changes occurring thereafter, exists. Here, we characterized the overall @entity291 ruminal bacterial populations of five age groups, from 1-day-old @entity291 to 2-year-old @entity291 . We describe the changes occurring in the rumen ecosystem after birth, reflected by a decline in aerobic and facultative anaerobic taxa and an increase in anaerobic ones. Some rumen bacteria that are essential for mature rumen function could be detected as early as 1 day after birth, long before the rumen is active or even before ingestion of plant material occurs. The diversity and within-group similarity increased with age, suggesting a more diverse but homogeneous and specific mature community, compared with the more heterogeneous and less diverse primary community. In addition, a convergence toward a mature bacterial arrangement with age was observed. These findings have also been reported for @entity1 gut microbiota, suggesting that similar forces drive the establishment of gut microbiotas in these two distinct @entity1 digestive systems.

title: Exploring the XXXX rumen bacterial community from birth to adulthood.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian', 'humans', 'human']

entities_list: @entity291 :: ('9913', 'Species') :: ['cows', 'bovine', 'calves']

answer: @entity291 :: (9913,Species) :: ['bovine']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study is to reveal the effect of particulate matter (PM) on the @entity1 middle ear epithelial cell (HMEEC). METHODS: The HMEEC was treated with PM (300  g/ml) for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted and used for microarray analysis. Molecular pathways among differentially expressed genes were further analyzed by using Pathway Studio 9.0 software. For selected genes, the changes in gene expression were confirmed by real-time PCR. RESULTS: A total of 611 genes were regulated by PM. Among them, 366 genes were up-regulated, whereas 245 genes were down-regulated. Up-regulated genes were mainly involved in cellular processes, including reactive @entity26 species generation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, inflammatory response and immune response. Down-regulated genes affected several cellular processes, including cell differentiation, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis and cell migration. A total of 21 genes were discovered as crucial components in potential signaling networks containing 2-fold up regulated genes. Four genes, @entity7 , @entity1356 , @entity2841 and @entity13975 were revealed as key mediator genes among the up-regulated genes. A total of 25 genes were revealed as key modulators in the signaling pathway associated with 2-fold down regulated genes. Four genes, including @entity2856 , @entity2843 , @entity650 and @entity8946 , were identified as the main modulator genes. CONCLUSIONS: We identified the differentially expressed genes in PM-treated HMEEC, whose expression profile may provide a useful clue for the understanding of environmental pathophysiology of @entity2346 media. Our work indicates that air pollution, like PM, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of @entity2346 media.

title: Microarray analysis of gene expression alteration in XXXX middle ear epithelial cells induced by micro particle.

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: The recovery time of the @entity2339 after curative resection of @entity5 in @entity1 with @entity699 is poorly documented. Eight consecutive @entity1 were treated with a standardized @entity701 replacement strategy after curative resection of a @entity701 -secreting @entity5 and the time to recovery of the @entity2339 was determined. @entity699 was documented by elevated 24-hour urinary free @entity701 levels. Cure was documented by undetectable postoperative morning serum @entity701 levels. Each @entity1 received replacement @entity701 after surgery and was reevaluated every 3 to 6 months with an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. Each @entity1 was also monitored carefully for symptoms and signs of @entity1887 , which was defined as symptoms consistent with this diagnosis that responded to increases in @entity701 levels. After surgical resection, each @entity1 was cured of @entity699 . Subsequently, despite replacement @entity701 , each @entity1 had symptoms of hypocortisolism, and in four of eight @entity1 the dose of @entity701 was increased to relieve the symptoms. @entity1 required a median time of 15 months (range, 9 to 22 months) to recover a normal ACTH stimulation test and 19 months (range, 12 to 24 months) to allow discontinuation of replacement doses of @entity701 . The results suggest that surgical resection of a @entity701 -secreting @entity5 will result in rapid cure of @entity699 , but complete recovery of the @entity2339 and discontinuation of replacement @entity230 will require between 1 and 2 years. Normal adrenal function, as assessed by the @entity701 response to ACTH, returns despite replacement doses of @entity701 , and replacement doses of @entity701 can be tapered rapidly or discontinued after a normal ACTH stimulation test.

title: Time to recovery of the @entity2339 after curative resection of @entity5 in XXXX with @entity699 .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'adrenal tumors', 'adrenal tumor']

entities_list: @entity1887 :: ('MESH:D000309', 'Disease') :: ['adrenal insufficiency']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ['Hypercortisolism', "Cushing's syndrome", 'hypercortisolism']

entities_list: @entity2339 :: ('MESH:D007029', 'Disease') :: ['HPA axis', 'hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['hydrocortisone', 'cortisol']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Diets that reduce @entity731 risk lower levels of HDL @entity165 (HDL-C), but the significance of this is unclear. To better understand the mechanism of this phenomenon we studied the turnover of HDL apolipoproteins A-I and @entity5704 in 13 subjects on two contrasting metabolic diets. Upon changing from high to low intake of saturated fat and @entity165 the mean HDL-C decreased 29% from 56 +/- 13 (SD) to 40 +/- 10 mg/dl, while apo A-I levels fell 23% from 139 +/- 22 to 107 +/- 22 mg/dl (both P less than 0.001). Mean apo @entity5704 levels did not change. The fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of apo A-I increased 11% from 0.228 +/- 0.048 to 0.254 +/- 0.063 pools/d, while its absolute transport rate (TR) decreased 14% from 12.0 +/- 2.7 to 10.3 +/- 3.4 mg/kg per d (both P = 0.005). The decrease in HDL-C and apo A-I levels correlated with the decrease in apo A-I TR (r = 0.79 and 0.83, respectively; P less than 0.001), but not with the increase in apo A-I FCR (r = -0.04 and -0.02, respectively). In contrast, within each diet the HDL-C and apo A-I levels were inversely correlated with apo A-I FCR both on the high-fat (r = -0.85 and -0.77, P less than 0.001 and = 0.002, respectively) and low-fat diets (r = -0.67 and -0.48, P = 0.012 and 0.098, respectively) but not with apo A-I TR. In summary, diet-induced changes in HDL-C levels correlate with and may result from changes in apo A-I TR. In contrast, differences in HDL-C levels between @entity1 on a given diet correlate with and may result from differences in apo A-I FCR. Therefore, the mechanism of dietary effects on HDL levels differs substantially from the mechanism explaining the differences in levels between individuals on a fixed diet. In assessing @entity301 risk, it may be inappropriate to conclude that diet-induced decreases in HDL are equivalent to low HDL within a given diet.

title: A low-fat diet decreases high density lipoprotein (HDL) XXXX levels by decreasing HDL apolipoprotein transport rates.

entities_list: @entity301 :: ('MESH:D003327', 'Disease') :: ['coronary heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity165 :: (MESH:D002784,Chemical) :: ['cholesterol']


abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate protein expression by cleaving or repressing the translation of target mRNAs. In @entity1 animals, their function mainly represses the target mRNAs transcripts via imperfectly complementary to the 3'UTR of target mRNAs. Several miRNAs have been recently reported to be involved in modulation of @entity11 development, especially some up-regulated miRNAs, such as @entity10017 ( @entity10017 ), which has been found to function as an oncogene in cultured @entity463 multiforme cells. @entity2903 ( @entity2904 ), an alkylating agent, is a promising chemotherapeutic agent for treating @entity463 . However, resistance develops quickly and with high frequency. To explore the mechanism of resistance, we found that @entity10017 could protect @entity1 @entity463 U87MG cells from @entity2904 induced apoptosis. Our studies showed that @entity2904 markedly enhanced apoptosis in U87MG cells compared with untreated cells (P<0.05). However, over-express @entity10017 in U87MG cells could significantly reduce @entity2904 -induced apoptosis (P<0.05). Pro-apoptotic @entity589 and anti-apoptotic @entity588 proteins are known to regulate the apoptosis of @entity11 cells. @entity588 , resistance to induction of apoptosis, constitutes one major obstacle to chemotherapy in many @entity5 cells. @entity589 is shown to correlate with an increased survival of @entity463 multiforme @entity1 . Further research demonstrated that the mechanism was associated with a shift in @entity589 / @entity588 ratio and change in @entity522 activity. Compared to control cells, cells treated with @entity2904 showed a significant increase in the @entity589 / @entity588 ratio and @entity522 activity (P<0.01). However, such effect was partly prevented by treatment of cells with @entity10017 overexpression before, which appeared to downregulate the @entity589 expression, upregulate the @entity588 expression and decrease @entity522 activity. Taken together, these results suggested that over-express @entity10017 could inhibit @entity2904 -induced apoptosis in U87MG cells, at least in part, by decreasing @entity589 / @entity588 ratio and @entity522 activity, which highlighted the possibility of @entity10017 overexpression in the clinical resistance to chemotherapeutic therapy of @entity2904 .

title: @entity10017 protected XXXX @entity463 U87MG cells from chemotherapeutic drug @entity2903 induced apoptosis by decreasing @entity589 / @entity588 ratio and @entity522 activity.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'mammal']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2903 :: ('MESH:C047246', 'Chemical') :: ['Temozolomide']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: PURPOSE: "Naked" @entity1 mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are neuro-protective in experimental @entity1545 ( @entity131 ). In a controlled cortical impact (CCI) @entity35 model, we investigated whether encapsulated MSC (eMSC) act similarly, and whether efficacy is augmented using cells transfected to produce the neuro-protective substance glucagon-like peptide-1 ( @entity15212 ). METHODS: Thirty two @entity35 were randomized to five groups: controls (no CCI), CCI-only, CCI+eMSC, CCI+ @entity15212 eMSC, and CCI+empty capsules. On day 14, cisternal cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) was sampled for measurement of @entity15212 concentration. Brains were immuno-histochemically assessed using specific antibody staining for @entity2141 , @entity19744 and @entity40 . In another nine healthy @entity35 , in vitro. RESULTS: @entity15212 production rates were measured from cells explanted after 2, 7 and 14 days. @entity15212 production rate in transfected cells, before implantation, was 7.03 fmol/capsule/h. Cells were still secreting @entity15212 at a rate of 3.68+/-0.49, 2.85+/-0.45 and 3.53+/-0.55 after 2, 7 and 14 days, respectively. In both of the stem cell treated CCI groups, hippocampal cell loss was reduced, along with an attenuation of cortical neuronal and @entity66 , as measured by @entity19744 and @entity40 expression. The effects were more pronounced in animals treated with @entity15212 secreting eMSC. This group displayed an increased CSF level of @entity15212 (17.3+/-3.4pM). CONCLUSIONS: Hippocampal neuronal cell loss, and cortical @entity4681 , after CCI are reduced following transplantation of encapsulated eMSC. These effects were augmented by @entity15212 transfected eMSC.

title: Cerebral transplantation of encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells improves cellular pathology after experimental traumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['glial abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity4681 :: ('MESH:D016472', 'Disease') :: ['glial and neuronal cyto-skeletal abnormalities']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['rat', 'Sprague-Dawley rats', 'rats']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['brain injury']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: @entity73 ( @entity73 ) and severe hypoglycemic events (SHEs) cause substantial morbidity and mortality in @entity1 with @entity1723 ( @entity1723 ). Current therapies are effective in preventing SHEs in 50-80% of @entity1 with @entity73 and SHEs, leaving a substantial number of @entity1 at risk. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of a standardized @entity1 pancreatic islet product in subjects in whom @entity73 and SHEs persisted despite medical treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This multicenter, single-arm, phase 3 study of the investigational product purified @entity1 pancreatic islets (PHPI) was conducted at eight centers in North America. Forty-eight adults with @entity1723 for >5 years, absent stimulated C-peptide, and documented @entity73 and SHEs despite expert care were enrolled. Each received immunosuppression and one or more transplants of PHPI, manufactured on-site under good manufacturing practice conditions using a common batch record and standardized lot release criteria and test methods. The primary end point was the achievement of HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) at day 365 and freedom from SHEs from day 28 to day 365 after the first transplant. RESULTS: The primary end point was successfully met by 87.5% of subjects at 1 year, and by 71% at 2 years. The median HbA1c level was 5.6% (38 mmol/mol) at both 1 and 2 years. @entity4053 awareness was restored, with highly significant improvements in Clarke and HYPO scores (P > 0.0001). No study-related @entity204 or disabilities occurred. Five of the enrollees (10.4%) experienced @entity548 requiring transfusions (corresponding to 5 of 75 procedures), and two enrollees (4.1%) had @entity281 attributed to immunosuppression. Glomerular filtration rate decreased significantly on immunosuppression, and donor-specific antibodies developed in two @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Transplanted PHPI provided glycemic control, restoration of @entity4053 awareness, and protection from SHEs in subjects with intractable @entity73 and SHEs. Safety events occurred related to the infusion procedure and immunosuppression, including bleeding and @entity177 . Islet transplantation should be considered for @entity1 with @entity1723 and @entity73 in whom other, less invasive current treatments have been ineffective in preventing SHEs.

title: Phase 3 Trial of Transplantation of XXXX Islets in Type 1 Diabetes Complicated by Severe @entity4053 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['IAH', 'Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['Hypoglycemia', 'hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity177 :: ('MESH:D051437', 'Disease') :: ['decreased renal function']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity1723 :: ('MESH:D003922', 'Disease') :: ['T1D', 'type 1 diabetes']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Human']


abstract: A single intraperitoneal (ip) or intravenous (iv) injection of @entity31048 into C3Hf/Bu @entity19 shortly after subcutaneous (sc) injection of cells from a strongly antigenic syngeneic @entity1492 induced by @entity5954 caused complete and lasting regressions of 100 and 70% of resulting @entity5 , respectively. Treatment with this bacterium sc only slightly inhibited the growth of some @entity5 . @entity31048 given iv to @entity19 3 days after the sc injection of @entity1492 cells caused complete regressions of 39 of 45 @entity5 ; two iv injections with this immunostimulant given 1 month apart were no more effective than a single injection. Intralesional treatment of @entity1492 8 mm in diameter induced complete regressions of @entity5 in 30% of the animals, whereas sc treatment contralateral to the growing @entity5 only slightly reduced @entity5 growth. Intraperitoneal growth of a @entity1492 was efficiently controlled (58-80% survival of @entity19 ) if @entity31048 was given ip, but not iv, 3 days after inoculation with @entity5 cells. Again, two injections of @entity31048 (given ip 4 days apart) were only as effective as a single injection. Treatment with @entity31048 iv at 3, 7, 14, or 21 days after sc inoculation of a weakly antigenic, spontaneously arising @entity189 (MC-1) strongly inhibited @entity5 growth. Three complete but temporary @entity5 regressions were observed. The subcutaneous growth of another spontaneous @entity189 (MC-2), which contained fairly strong @entity5 -specific antigen(s), was also significantly inhibited if @entity31048 was given 3,7, or 14 days after, but not 7 days before, @entity5 cell inoculation. However, pretreatment of @entity19 with the immunostimulant significantly protected the @entity19 against artifically induced pulmonary metastases of this @entity5 .

title: Nonspecific Immunotherapy of @entity19 Solid Tumors With XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['mammary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1492 :: ('MESH:D005354', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosarcomas', 'fibrosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity31048 :: ('33011', 'Species') :: ['C. granulosum', 'Corynebacterium granulosum']

entities_list: @entity5954 :: ('MESH:D008748', 'Chemical') :: ['3-methylcholanthrene']

answer: @entity31048 :: (33011,Species) :: ['Corynebacterium granulosum']


abstract: We evaluated, in a multi-center trial, the safety and efficacy of GR 38032F (GR-C507/75), a novel and selective @entity750 antagonist, in preventing acute @entity391 in chemotherapy-naive @entity1 receiving treatment with regimens containing high-dose @entity900 (greater than or equal to 100 mg/m2). Eighty-five @entity1 were randomized to receive GR 38032F, 0.18 mg/kg, either every six or every eight hours for three doses, beginning 30 minutes before @entity900 . @entity1 were evaluated for @entity2749 ( @entity391 or retching) over a 24-hour period following @entity900 . All @entity1 were evaluable for @entity137 and 83 were evaluable for efficacy. The overall antiemetic response rate was 75% (55% complete response [CR], 20% major response). No difference in antiemetic control between the two administration schedules was noted. @entity1 with histories of heavy @entity1068 use had significantly better antiemetic control (74% CR) than modest or non-drinkers (33% CR). @entity137 of GR 38032F was modest and independent of administration schedule. The most common adverse events included mild hepatic transaminase elevations, self-limited @entity294 , @entity2133 , @entity10 , and mild sedation. Our data indicate that GR 38032F is a safe and effective agent in the control of acute @entity900 -induced @entity390 and @entity391 . Additional trials exploring dosing, schedule, and comparison to standard antiemetic agents are indicated.

title: GR 38032F (GR-C507/75): a novel compound effective in the prevention of acute XXXX -induced @entity391 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'Toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2749 :: ('MESH:C580065', 'Disease') :: ['emetic episodes']

entities_list: @entity294 :: ('MESH:D003967', 'Disease') :: ['diarrhea']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting', 'emesis']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity750 :: ('MESH:D012701', 'Chemical') :: ['serotonin']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headache']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: Myo- @entity8580 is an important constituent of membrane phospholipids and is a precursor for the phosphoinositide signaling pathway. It is synthesized from @entity3776 by @entity32304 synthase ( @entity7173 synthase), a homotrimer composed of a 68-kDa polypeptide in most @entity1 tissues. It is a putative target for mood-stabilizing drugs such as @entity1091 and @entity1092 . Here, we show that the @entity35 gene ( @entity32305 ) encoding this enzyme generates a number of alternatively spliced transcripts in addition to the fully spliced form that encodes the 68-kDa subunit (the alpha isoform). Specifically, we identify a small 16-kDa subunit (the gamma(c) isoform) derived by an intron retention mechanism and provide evidence for its existence in @entity35 tissues. The gamma(c) isoform is highly conserved in mammals, but it lacks the catalytic domain while retaining the @entity2125 binding domain. Both alpha and gamma(c) isoforms are predominantly expressed in many @entity35 tissues and display apparent stoichiometry in purified enzyme preparations. An @entity7173 synthase polyclonal antibody not only detects the alpha and gamma(c) isoforms but also several other isoforms in pancreas, intestine, and testis suggesting that the holoenzyme is composed of unique subunits in various tissues. Interestingly, the alpha isoform is not expressed in the intestine. @entity7173 synthase activity assays using purified alpha and gamma(c) isoforms indicate that the latter negatively modulates alpha isoform activity, possibly by competing for @entity2125 molecules. Our findings have important ramifications for understanding the mood stabilization process and suggest that @entity8580 biosynthesis is a highly regulated and dynamic process.

title: Identification of XXXX synthase isoforms: characterization, expression, and putative role of a 16-kDa gamma(c) isoform.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['mammalian']

entities_list: @entity32304 :: ('MESH:C052128', 'Chemical') :: ['myo-inositol-3-phosphate']

entities_list: @entity8580 :: ('MESH:D007294', 'Chemical') :: ['inositol']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate']

entities_list: @entity3776 :: ('MESH:D019298', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose 6-phosphate']

answer: @entity32304 :: (MESH:C052128,Chemical) :: ['myo-inositol-3-phosphate']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Preoperative (preop) chemoradiation therapy improves local control and reduces @entity137 for @entity5 therapy. We examined the temporal and regional variations in the use of preop radiotherapy (RT) across the United States. METHODS: @entity1 with @entity5 diagnosed between 1998 and 2005 who had a primary site resection were identified from the SEER database. The rate of preop RT use over time was plotted. Regression models were used to analyze regional variations. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2005, an increase of 1.7 in the ratio of preop @entity86 was noted, whereas the ratio of RT/no RT increased only by 0.7. The ratio of preop RT/postop RT increased from 0.5 to 1 in 5 years (1998-2003) but from 1 to 1.5 in 2 years (2003-2005). Multivariate regression analysis showed: @entity1 with @entity34 were more likely than those with @entity5 , younger @entity1 were more likely than older @entity1 , and males were more likely than females to receive preop RT. Whites were more likely to receive preop RT than nonwhites for @entity5 only. @entity1 treated in the San Francisco region, Hawaii, New Mexico, Seattle, and Los Angeles were more likely to receive preop RT than were @entity1 in the Connecticut, Detroit, Iowa, Utah, Atlanta, and San Jose/Monterey regions. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing use of preop RT varies across US regions and @entity1 subgroups. Further studies should evaluate potentially modifiable factors contributing to these variations.

title: Temporal and regional variations in the use of preoperative radiation therapy for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage II/III rectal cancer better than postoperative (postop) chemoradiation', 'stage III disease', 'stage II/III rectal cancer']

entities_list: @entity86 :: ('MESH:D019106', 'Disease') :: ['RT/postoperative RT']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['stage II disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal cancer']


abstract: This study consisted of 355 @entity1 referred to a surgical practice complaining of @entity158 , @entity1348 ( @entity1348 ) sounds, and limited jaw opening. In 247 @entity1 , 360 TMJs were evaluated by arthrography. While 72.2% of them had internal derangement, the remaining 27.8% had normal arthrograms ( @entity20254 ). Among the @entity1 with internal derangement, @entity572 with reduction (MDR) was the largest group (47.3%), followed by @entity572 without reduction ( @entity601 ) (32.3%), @entity572 without reduction associated with perforation (MDP) (15.4%), and perforation with normal disk position (P) (5.0%). The @entity20254 , MDR, and @entity601 groups showed similar age distributions. The MDP and P groups showed a significantly older mean age. Gender distribution was biased toward females (82.0%). Of the total number of joints, 183 (50.8%) had a history of @entity130 , 69.9% of which had an internal derangement. In terms of treatment, 100% of the @entity20254 group was treated by splint therapy. The MDR group was mostly treated by partial meniscectomy (49.6%) and splint therapy (41.5%). The @entity601 group was mostly treated by total meniscectomy (53.6%) followed by splint therapy (32.1%). The MDP or P groups mostly underwent total meniscectomy (72.5% and 61.5%, respectively).

title: The distribution of internal derangement in @entity1 with XXXX --prevalence, diagnosis, and treatments.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['meniscal displacement']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['facial pain']

entities_list: @entity1348 :: ('MESH:D013706', 'Disease') :: ['TMJ', 'temporomandibular joint']

answer: @entity1348 :: (MESH:D013706,Disease) :: ['temporomandibular joint dysfunction']


abstract: The role of @entity5052 is confirmed, in literature, as a risk factor in @entity741 and in the development of @entity731 . The problem of @entity414 concentration in serum is still not elucidated as well as the role of the eventual @entity5052 as a risk factor and its excretion from the kidneys of @entity1 with @entity299 in a decompensation stage. Thirty five @entity1 with different @entity299 in various decompensation stages were observed. In all @entity1 , the @entity414 concentration in serum were studied as well as the clearance of @entity414 , reabsorption percentage in tubules and glomerular filtration according to the clearance of endogenous @entity1011 . The results obtained revealed that @entity5052 (over 7 mg%) is found in a great number of the @entity1 (40%) with @entity712 . The @entity5052 established resulted primarily from the reduced filtration of glomeruli. In some of the cases, an increased reabsorption of @entity414 in tubules was found. In other, single cases, data exist about @entity414 secretion in tubules. The problem of heart @entity1 treatment in decompensation stage with the presence of @entity5052 is discussed. In those cases, very likely, prophylactic measures should be undertaken due to the fact that @entity5052 is a factor, secondarily leading to @entity731 heart alterations.

title: [Excretion of XXXX in @entity299 ].

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart decompensation']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart diseases']

entities_list: @entity741 :: ('MESH:D017202', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic heart disease']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity1011 :: ('MESH:D003404', 'Chemical') :: ['creatinine']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerotic complications', 'atherosclerotic']

entities_list: @entity414 :: ('MESH:D014527', 'Chemical') :: ['uric acid']

answer: @entity414 :: (MESH:D014527,Chemical) :: ['uric acid']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine sperm meiotic segregation in @entity1 with paracentric inversions. DESIGN: Cases reports, literature review. SETTING: Departments of reproductive biology, cytogenetics, gynaecology, and obstetrics. @entity1 (S): Two @entity1 referred for @entity249 , heterozygous for a @entity1019 . INTERVENTION(S): Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with specific probes and X/Y/18 centromeric probes on 1,000 spermatozoa for the 2 @entity1 and 10 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Sperm @entity2007 frequency. RESULT(S): The FISH analysis using the specific probes for the @entity1019 indicated low disequilibrium (0.4% and 0.5%). The FISH analysis using X/Y/18 centromeric probes indicated @entity2198 (0.3% and 1.1%), identical to those of control @entity1 with the same sperm parameters. CONCLUSION(S): Paracentric inversion seems to be associated with a very low risk of @entity2007 . A larger study is necessary to explore all chromosome inversions.

title: Sperm chromosome analysis in two cases of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['PATIENT', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2198 :: ('MESH:D006316', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy frequencies']

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity2007 :: ('MESH:D000782', 'Disease') :: ['aneuploidy']

entities_list: @entity1019 :: ('MESH:D012607', 'Disease') :: ['paracentric inversion']

answer: @entity1019 :: (MESH:D012607,Disease) :: ['paracentric inversion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1118 in childhood is increasingly recognized as a significant clinical problem. Best-practice management of pediatric @entity1118 in a @entity158 clinic involves a variety of treatment modalities. It is important that parents of @entity1 treated in these settings understand the different treatment options available for their @entity1 . By involving parents more effectively, care providers may more efficiently address unmet treatment needs and improve tailoring of treatment programs aimed at increasing function, reducing @entity158 and improving quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To explore the expectations held by parents for their first visit to a pediatric @entity158 clinic. METHODS: Fourteen parents completed a paper-based survey exploring their expectations immediately before their first visit to a multidisciplinary pediatric @entity158 clinic in a tertiary care @entity1 's hospital. RESULTS: Responses from parents suggest a clear desire for information about the causes of their @entity1 's @entity158 , treatment options available at the @entity158 clinic, effective strategies to enhance @entity1 's ability to cope with @entity158 , and the effects of @entity158 on both body and mood. Most parents rated the various treatment options as important for their @entity1 . All parents indicated it was very important to have the @entity158 team 'be there' for them. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that parents want more information about @entity1118 and treatment options. Pediatric @entity1118 clinics have the ability to assist @entity1 with @entity1118 and their families considerably by providing information about @entity1118 and the various treatment options available to them.

title: What do the parents of @entity1 who have XXXX expect from their first visit to a pediatric @entity1118 clinic?

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['Chronic pain', 'chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pain-related disability', 'pain', 'multidisciplinary pain']

answer: @entity1118 :: (MESH:D059350,Disease) :: ['chronic pain']


abstract: EBV and @entity12718 induce T cell-independent IgE production by normal @entity1 B cells. We demonstrate here that EBV and @entity3646 induced the synthesis of IgE by surface IgE-negative B cell precursors isolated by cell sorting. This result suggests that the induction of IgE by EBV and @entity3646 results not merely from the expansion of a precommitted surface IgE-positive B cell population but more likely from @entity3646 -directed switching to IgE. At the molecular level, @entity3646 and EBV induced the appearance of 2.0- and of 1.8-kilobase (kb) RNA bands, both of which hybridized with an 0.88-kb HinfI fragment spanning part of the C epsilon 1 exon and the entire C epsilon 2 exon. The 1.8-kb band but not the 2.0-kb band also hybridized with a cloned genomic 0.7-kb SmaI fragment located approximately 2 kb upstream of C epsilon. Thus, EBV and @entity3646 induced germline (1.8-kb) as well as mature (2.0-kb) C epsilon transcripts. @entity3646 by itself induced germ-line C epsilon transcripts but not mature C epsilon transcripts in purified normal B cells. @entity3646 failed to induce IgE synthesis in established EBV B cell lines and failed to induce 2.0-kb mature C epsilon transcripts but induced 1.8-kb germ-line C epsilon transcripts. These data show that @entity3646 is sufficient for the induction of C epsilon germ-line transcription. In contrast, the transcription of mature epsilon mRNA requires an additional activating signal, provided by infection with EBV. Established EBV transformation results in a dissociation between germ-line C epsilon transcription and the ability to undergo IgE switching in response to @entity3646 .

title: Induction of germ-line and mature C epsilon transcripts in XXXX B cells stimulated with @entity12718 and EBV.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: @entity3190 may contribute to @entity101 by increasing sympathetic activity and vascular resistance. We sought to determine if insulin increases central sympathetic neural outflow and vascular resistance in @entity1 . We recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; microneurography, peroneal nerve), forearm blood flow (plethysmography), heart rate, and blood pressure in 14 normotensive males during 1-h infusions of low (38 mU/m2/min) and high (76 mU/m2/min) doses of insulin while holding blood @entity413 constant. Plasma insulin rose from 8 +/- 1 microU/ml during control, to 72 +/- 8 and 144 +/- 13 microU/ml during the low and high insulin doses, respectively, and fell to 15 +/- 6 microU/ml 1 h after insulin infusion was stopped. MSNA, which averaged 21.5 +/- 1.5 bursts/min in control, increased significantly (P less than 0.001) during both the low and high doses of insulin (+/- 5.4 and +/- 9.3 bursts/min, respectively) and further increased during 1-h recovery (+15.2 bursts/min). Plasma @entity1063 levels (119 +/- 19 pg/ml during control) rose during both low (258 +/- 25; P less than 0.02) and high (285 +/- 95; P less than 0.01) doses of insulin and recovery (316 +/- 23; P less than 0.01). Plasma @entity1425 levels did not change during insulin infusion. Despite the increased MSNA and plasma @entity1063 , there were significant (P less than 0.001) increases in forearm blood flow and decreases in forearm vascular resistance during both doses of insulin. Systolic pressure did not change significantly during infusion of insulin and diastolic pressure fell approximately 4-5 mmHg (P less than 0.01). This study suggests that acute increases in plasma insulin within the physiological range elevate sympathetic neural outflow but produce forearm vasodilation and do not elevate arterial pressure in normal @entity1 .

title: @entity3190 produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal XXXX .

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1425 :: ('MESH:D004837', 'Chemical') :: ['epinephrine']

entities_list: @entity3190 :: ('MESH:D006946', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperinsulinemia']

entities_list: @entity1063 :: ('MESH:D009638', 'Chemical') :: ['norepinephrine']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['humans']


abstract: Loss of polarity and quiescence along with increased cellular invasiveness are associated with @entity0 progression. ROCK plays a central role in actin-cytoskeletal rearrangement. We used physiologically relevant 3D cultures of nonmalignant and @entity5 cells in gels made of laminin-rich extracellular matrix, to investigate ROCK function. Whereas expression levels of @entity9067 and @entity23759 were elevated in @entity5 cells compared to nonmalignant cells, this was not observed in 2D cultures. Malignant cells showed increased phosphorylation of MLC, corresponding to disorganized F-actin. Inhibition of ROCK signaling restored polarity, decreased disorganization of F-actin, and led to reduction of proliferation. Inhibition of ROCK also decreased @entity470 and Integrinb1 levels, and consequently suppressed activation of @entity584 , MAPK and @entity3818 as well as @entity22408 and @entity3343 levels. Again, ROCK inhibition did not inhibit these molecules in 2D. A triple negative @entity0 cell line, which lacks @entity5962 , had high levels of ROCK but was less sensitive to ROCK inhibitors. Exogenous overexpression of @entity5962 , however, rendered these cells strikingly sensitive to ROCK inhibition. Our results add to the growing literature that demonstrate the importance of context and tissue architecture in determining not only regulation of normal and malignant phenotypes but also drug response.

title: Inhibitors of Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling revert the malignant phenotype of XXXX cells in 3D context.

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer', 'breast tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity170 screening with dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) is not recommended due to low diagnostic utility and costs. Radiographic absorptiometry (RA) determines @entity79 ( @entity79 ) of the phalangeal bones of the hand and is a potential @entity170 pre-screening tool. PURPOSE: To determine the ability of RA to identify @entity1 with @entity170 in a male population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: As part of the Odense @entity342 Study, we measured @entity79 of the intermediate phalanges of the second to fourth finger, lumbar spine (L2-L4), and total hip in 218 @entity1 aged 60-74 years (mean 68.8 years), randomly invited from the population, using RA (MetriScan) and DXA (Hologic 4500-A). @entity2331 and @entity170 were defined as a T-score of less than -1.0 and -2.5, respectively, in the hip and/or lumbar spine. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) were computed. RESULTS: @entity79 (RA) of the phalanges correlated significantly with @entity79 (DXA) of the hip (R=0.47, P<0.001) and lumbar spine (R=0.46, P<0.001). A total of 105 @entity1 (48.2%) were @entity6092 and 15 (6.9%) @entity3604 . The AUC (SE) value for detecting @entity170 was 0.75 (0.06). The sensitivity and specificity of RA in identifying @entity170 were 0.93 and 0.50, respectively. CONCLUSION: @entity79 (RA) correlated weakly with @entity79 (DXA) of the lumbar spine and total hip, and RA has a moderate ability to identify @entity3604 individuals. Nevertheless, RA may be used as a pre-screening tool in @entity1 , since the diagnosis may be ruled out in half the population at little cost.

title: Radiographic absorptiometry as a screening tool in male @entity170 : results from the Odense XXXX Study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity3604 :: ('MESH:D058866', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporotic']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['Osteoporosis', 'osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity79 :: ('MESH:D001847', 'Disease') :: ['bone mineral density', 'BMD']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['Osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['Androgen']

entities_list: @entity6092 :: ('MESH:C567172', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenic']

answer: @entity342 :: (CHEBI:50113,Chemical) :: ['Androgen']


abstract: Airway @entity32 is fundamental to the cause and persistence of @entity565 and other airway conditions. It contributes to symptoms, variable airflow limitation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and the structural changes (remodeling) associated with @entity565 . However, the presence and type of airway @entity32 can be difficult to detect clinically, delaying the introduction of appropriate treatment. Cellular @entity32 in the airway can be accurately and reliably assessed by examining spontaneous or, when not available, induced sputum. Induced sputum cell counts are relatively noninvasive, safe, and reliable. They can accurately discriminate @entity32 from noneosinophilic airway @entity32 and, thus, help to guide therapy. Eosinophilic airway @entity32 is @entity134 responsive, whereas noneosinophilic (usually neutrophilic) @entity32 generally is not. Monitoring of airway @entity32 using sputum cell counts helps to identify the impending loss of @entity565 control and, thus, the need to adjust antiinflammatory medications in @entity1 with a variety of @entity1030 , such as @entity565 , smoker's COPD, and chronic cough. Other noninvasive, indirect measurements of airway @entity32 , such as exhaled @entity842 , do not help to identify the cellular nature of airway @entity32 associated with exacerbations of @entity1030 , particularly in @entity1 who are already on corticosteroids. Thus, although they can be a predictor of @entity134 responsiveness, these measures do not help to reduce @entity565 exacerbations when used in clinical practice. The clinical usefulness of measurements in exhaled breath condensate has not yet been established.

title: Measuring bronchitis in @entity1030 : clinical implementation and application: Airway hyperresponsiveness in XXXX : its measurement and clinical significance.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilic airway inflammation', 'inflammation']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['airway diseases']

answer: @entity565 :: (MESH:D001249,Disease) :: ['asthma']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1 account for numerous @entity2613 visits each year, with the majority of @entity1 reporting @entity158 or requiring painful procedures. The fast-paced, noisy environment, varying resources, and staff trained in taking care of pediatric @entity1 make the @entity2613 a unique place to care for @entity1 in @entity158 . Nonpharmacological interventions are an essential part of @entity158 management. The purpose of this review was to examine what nonpharmacological interventions EDs are using for @entity158 management in @entity1 ages birth to 18 years. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted to examine nonpharmacological interventions used for @entity158 management of @entity1 in EDs. RESULTS: Fourteen articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Ten studies used distraction, 2 examined the use of @entity969 , 1 explored cold application, and 1 looked at parental holding and positioning. Benefits of using nonpharmacological methods included decreased @entity158 , distress, and @entity148 reported by the parent, @entity1 , and/or observer. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest nonpharmacological interventions such as distraction, positioning, @entity969 , and cold application may be helpful in @entity158 management in the @entity2613 . Nurses can implement these methods independently when caring for @entity1 and their families. In addition, nonpharmacological methods are relatively inexpensive to organizations.

title: Nonpharmacologic XXXX management in emergency departments: a systematic review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity969 :: ('MESH:D013395', 'Chemical') :: ['sucrose']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['pediatric pain', 'pain']

answer: @entity158 :: (MESH:D010146,Disease) :: ['pediatric pain']


abstract: Recently, bispectral index (BIS) values were demonstrated to be different for various anesthetics as a result of differential effects on electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. Entropy is similar to the BIS monitor, as both process raw EEG to derive a number. We hypothesized that entropy may also be anesthetic agent-specific. Thirty adult @entity1 undergoing spinal surgery were randomized to receive @entity1508 , @entity5161 , or @entity2614 . Entropy indices were recorded at various minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) values-0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5-both during wash-in and wash-out of the agent. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), response entropy (RE), and @entity3290 ( @entity3290 ) were noted. Statistical analysis was done using a one-way analysis-ofvariance test. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Ten @entity1 in each group completed the study. The demographics and baseline values of HR, MAP, RE, and @entity3290 were comparable in all three groups. During the study period, for a given MAC value, both RE and @entity3290 remained low in the @entity5161 and @entity2614 groups compared to the @entity1508 group. For a given MAC, the RE and @entity3290 were comparable during wash-in and wash-out phases. @entity1508 produced higher entropy values as compared to @entity5161 and @entity2614 at equivalent MAC levels.

title: @entity5161 and XXXX decrease entropy indices more than @entity1508 at equal MAC values.

entities_list: @entity1508 :: ('MESH:D006221', 'Chemical') :: ['Halothane', 'halothane']

entities_list: @entity2614 :: ('MESH:C009250', 'Chemical') :: ['sevoflurane']

entities_list: @entity5161 :: ('MESH:D007530', 'Chemical') :: ['isoflurane']

entities_list: @entity3290 :: ('MESH:D062706', 'Disease') :: ['SE', 'state entropy']

answer: @entity2614 :: (MESH:C009250,Chemical) :: ['sevoflurane']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in the fat content of abdominal compartments and muscle area during @entity353 using confounder-adjusted chemical-shift-encoded magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in overweight @entity6 . METHODS: Twenty-nine obese @entity6 (10/19 @entity1 / @entity1 , median age: 59.0 years, median body mass index (BMI): 34.0 kg/m2) prospectively joined a standardized 15-week weight-loss program (six weeks of formula diet exclusively, followed by reintroduction of regular food with gradually increasing energy content over nine weeks) over 15 weeks. All subjects underwent a standardized MRI protocol including a confounder-adjusted chemical-shift-encoded MR sequence with water/fat separation before the program as well at the end of the six weeks of formula diet and at the end of the program at 15 weeks. Fat fractions of abdominal organs and vertebral bone marrow as well as volumes of visceral and subcutaneous fat were determined. Furthermore, muscle area was evaluated using the L4/L5 method. Data were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples. RESULTS: Median BMI decreased significantly from 34.0 kg/m2 to 29.9 kg/m2 (p < 0.001) at 15 weeks. Liver fat content was normalized (14.2% to 4.1%, p < 0.001) and vertebral bone marrow fat (57.5% to 53.6%, p = 0.018) decreased significantly throughout the program, while fat content of pancreas (9.0%), spleen (0.0%), and psoas muscle (0.0%) did not (p > 0.15). Visceral fat volume (3.2 L to 1.6 L, p < 0.001) and subcutaneous fat diameter (3.0 cm to 2.2 cm, p < 0.001) also decreased significantly. Muscle area declined by 6.8% from 243.9 cm2 to 226.8 cm2. CONCLUSION: MRI allows noninvasive monitoring of changes in abdominal compartments during @entity353 . In overweight @entity6 , @entity353 leads to fat reduction in abdominal compartments, such as visceral fat, as well as liver fat and vertebral bone marrow fat while pancreas fat remains unchanged.

title: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Changes in Abdominal Compartments in XXXX during a Low-Calorie Weight-Loss Program.

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight loss']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetics']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['Obese Diabetics']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the value of electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated computed tomography (CT) in the surgical decision-making and preoperative evaluation in @entity1 with aortic @entity340 ( @entity340 ). METHODS: Sixty-eight prosthetic valves in 67 @entity1 with aortic @entity340 were prospectively evaluated with ECG-gated CT and transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Imaging findings considered indications for surgery were as follows: (i) @entity733 / @entity2849 formation; (ii) prosthetic valve dehiscence; (iii) valve destruction with @entity340 ; (iv) large vegetations (>1.5 cm). The coronary arteries were evaluated with ECG-gated CT. Clinical data including surgical reports and mortality data were collected. RESULTS: Fifty-eight of 68 cases had indication for surgery based on imaging findings (ECG-gated CT/TEE). In 8 of these cases (14%), there was indication for surgery based on CT but not on TEE findings (all had @entity2849 ). In 11 cases (19%), there was indication for surgery based on TEE but not on CT findings [non-drained @entity733 (n = 5), prosthetic valve dehiscence (n = 4), large vegetation (n = 1), valve destruction (n = 1)]. In 31 of 32 @entity1 with indication for preoperative coronary angiography, ECG-gated CT coronary angiography was diagnostic. In 1 @entity1 , ECG-gated CT coronary angiography was inconclusive and invasive coronary angiography was performed. CONCLUSIONS: In @entity1 with aortic @entity340 , ECG-gated CT provides additional information over TEE regarding perivalvular extension of @entity281 , which can influence surgical decision-making. Furthermore, ECG-gated CT provides a non-invasive coronary angiogram and can in most cases replace invasive coronary angiography in the preoperative evaluation.

title: Surgical decision-making in aortic XXXX : the influence of electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis', 'PVE', 'valvular regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm', 'perivalvular pseudoaneurysms']

answer: @entity340 :: (MESH:D006349,Disease) :: ['prosthetic valve endocarditis']


abstract: The treatment of @entity11 is highly individualized. Surgery for @entity11 is essentially for histological diagnosis, to alleviate mass effect, and most importantly, to favor longer survival expectancy. During the past two decades, many surgical techniques and adjuvants have been applied to @entity11 surgery in China, which lead to a rapid development in the field of @entity13 surgery. This article broadly and critically reviewed the existing studies on @entity13 surgery and to portrait the current status of @entity11 surgery in China. A literature search was conducted covering major innovative surgical techniques and adjuvants for @entity11 surgery in China. The following databases were searched: the Pubmed (January 1995 to date); China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (January 1995 to date) and VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (January 1995 to date). A selection criterion was established to exclude duplicates and irrelevant studies. The outcome measures were extracted from included studies. A total of 3307 articles were initially searched. After excluded by abstracts and full texts, 69 studies conducted in the mainland of China were included and went through further analysis. The philosophy of surgical strategies for @entity13 in China is undergoing tremendous change. Nowadays Chinese neurosurgeons pay more attention to the postoperative neurofunctional status of the @entity1 . The aim of the @entity11 surgery is not only the more extensive @entity5 resection but also the maximal safety of intervention. The well balance of longer overall survival and higher quality of life should be judged with respect to each individual @entity1 .

title: Current status of XXXX surgery in China.

entities_list: @entity11 :: ('MESH:D005910', 'Disease') :: ['glioma', 'gliomas']

entities_list: @entity13 :: ('MESH:C564230', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral gliomas', 'cerebral glioma']

answer: @entity13 :: (MESH:C564230,Disease) :: ['cerebral glioma']


abstract: Sulphur is an essential element for plant growth and development as well as for defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. Increasing @entity597 utilization efficiency (SUE) is an important issue for crop improvement. Little is known about the genetic determinants of @entity597 utilization efficiency. No gain-of-function mutants with improved SUE have been reported to date. Here the isolation and characterization of two low-sulphur-tolerant mutants, @entity25699 and @entity25700 are reported using a high-throughput genetic screen where a 'sulphur-free' solid medium was devised to give the selection pressure necessary to suppress the growth of the wild-type seedlings. Both mutants showed improved tolerance to low sulphur conditions and well-developed root systems. The mutant phenotype of both @entity25699 and @entity25700 was specific to @entity597 deficiency and the mutants displayed enhanced tolerance to heavy metal and oxidative stress. Genetic analysis revealed that @entity25699 was caused by a single recessive nuclear mutation while @entity25700 was caused by a single dominant nuclear mutation. The recessive locus in @entity25699 is the previously identified @entity25699 . The dominant locus in @entity25700 is a function-unknown locus activated by the four enhancers on the T-DNA. The function of @entity25699 and @entity25700 in low sulphur tolerance was confirmed either by multiple mutant alleles or by recapitulation analysis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that this genetic screen is a reasonable approach to isolate @entity958 mutants with improved low sulphur tolerance and potentially with enhanced @entity597 utilization efficiency. The two loci identified in @entity25699 and @entity25700 should assist in understanding the molecular mechanisms of low sulphur tolerance.

title: Isolation and characterization of low-sulphur-tolerant mutants of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity597 :: ('CHEBI:16189', 'Chemical') :: ['sulphate']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: To evaluate the left ventricular contractile state in regurgitant @entity340 with normal ejection fraction, we analyzed the end-systolic stress-volume index relationship (ESSVR) by means of cineangiography in 15 normal subjects, 11 @entity1 with @entity337 ( @entity337 ), and 10 @entity1 with @entity339 ( @entity339 ) whose ejection fraction (EF) was 60% or more. The end-systolic stress-volume index ratio in normal subjects was 5.57 +/- 0.60 kdyne/cm5/m2 (mean +/- standard deviation), and we defined the range including +/- 2 standard deviations of the ratio as the normal ESSVR range. Six @entity1 with @entity337 and five @entity1 with @entity339 placed inside the normal ESSVR range, termed @entity337 IN and @entity339 IN, but the remaining five @entity1 with @entity337 and @entity339 placed to the right of the normal range, termed @entity337 OUT and @entity339 OUT. EF did not differ between @entity1 with @entity337 IN and @entity337 OUT (69.4 +/- 5.4 verus 70.7 +/- 6.1%) and between @entity339 IN and @entity339 OUT (71.6 +/- 3.6 versus 71.1 +/- 7.9%). The EF of the subdivided groups with @entity337 and @entity339 also did not differ from that of normal subjects (70.7 +/- 7.3%). This finding showed that the left ventricular contractile state was depressed in @entity1 with @entity337 OUT and @entity339 OUT despite a normal EF. In @entity337 and @entity339 the end-systolic stress and end-systolic volume index of OUT did not differ from those of IN, but the end-diastolic volume index of OUT was larger than that of IN ( @entity337 OUT 156.8 +/- 27.9 versus @entity337 IN 110.8 +/- 24.1 ml/m2, @entity339 OUT 160.5 +/- 44.7 versus @entity339 IN 101.0 +/ 16.6 ml/m2; both p less than 0.05), and the regurgitant fraction of OUT was higher than that of IN ( @entity337 OUT 52.6 +/- 13.6 versus @entity337 IN 29.7 +/- 13.3%, @entity339 OUT 52.9 +/- 10.2 versus @entity339 IN 30.2 +/- 11.4%; both p less than 0.05). In addition, there was a linear inverse correlation between the end-systolic stress-volume index ratio and the end-diastolic volume index in all subjects (r = -0.82, n = 36). In normal subjects there was a linear inverse correlation between end-systolic stress and the EF (r = -0.91, n = 15), but this relationship failed to separate @entity1 with OUT from those with IN. Results of the present study suggest that some @entity1 with @entity337 and @entity339 whose EF was normal had a depressed contractile state, and these @entity1 had a large end-diastolic volume index and a high regurgitant fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Left ventricular end-systolic stress-volume index ratio in aortic and XXXX with normal ejection fraction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['MR', 'mitral regurgitation']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular disease']

entities_list: @entity337 :: ('MESH:D001022', 'Disease') :: ['AR', 'aortic regurgitation']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral regurgitation']


abstract: @entity12047 , which causes @entity8434 , is an uncommon condition in the United States. We report a case of a 78-year-old Caucasian female who presented to her primary care physician in 1999 with right upper @entity158 . She had a history of frequent foreign travel. Abdominal imaging demonstrated a 12.5-cm @entity99 . The cyst was drained and the pathology report on the fluid indicated no bacterial, parasitic, or malignant etiology. Serology tests for Entamoeba and @entity12047 antibodies were negative. The @entity1 underwent multiple @entity99 until 2008 for recurring symptoms. In 2008, abdominal imaging demonstrated solid internal components within the cyst. Repeat @entity12047 antibodies ordered were abnormally elevated. Cyst aspiration demonstrated @entity12047 protoscolex. We report this case to discuss the diagnosis and management of hydatid cyst and to emphasize that with increasing globalization, physicians must maintain a high index of clinical suspicion for parasitic etiologies in @entity1 with @entity99 .

title: Differential diagnosis and management of a recurrent XXXX : a case report and review of literature.

entities_list: @entity8434 :: ('MESH:D004443', 'Disease') :: ['cystic echinococcosis']

entities_list: @entity12047 :: ('6210', 'Species') :: ['Echinococcus', 'Echinococcus granulosus']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['quadrant pain']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic cyst', 'hepatic cyst aspirations', 'hepatic cysts']

answer: @entity99 :: (MESH:D056486,Disease) :: ['hepatic cyst']


abstract: SETTING: @entity1 with new @entity358 on chest computed tomography (CT) scans at a tertiary centre in South Korea. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate associations among radiological changes, blood @entity1712 (E) and Toxocara (T) seropositivity. DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed blood @entity1712 , Toxocara seropositivity, history of raw meat intake and radiological features, and divided study @entity1 into four groups according to blood @entity1712 and Toxocara seropositivity. RESULTS: Among 150 @entity1 , 62 were E- and T-positive (E+T+), 45 were E-negative and T-positive (E-T+), 7 were E-positive and T-negative (E+T-), and 36 were E- and T-negative (E-T-). History of raw meat intake was found in 95 (63%) @entity1 . The type and number of lesions on CT did not show any significant differences among the four groups. Among 119 @entity1 who were not diagnosed with a specific disease, transient or migrating lesions were seen in 93% of E+T+, 93% of E-T+, 80% of E+T- and 52% of E-T- @entity1 (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the frequencies of migrating or new lesions and improvement were significantly higher in the Toxocara-positive group (88/95, 93%) than in the Toxocara-negative group (14/24, 58%; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Transient and @entity358 on chest CT scans were associated with blood @entity1712 and Toxocara seropositivity. Clinicians should consider asymptomatic @entity13871 as a cause of unexplained new @entity358 in countries with dietary habits of raw meat intake.

title: XXXX as a cause of new @entity358 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity13871 :: ('MESH:D014120', 'Disease') :: ['toxocariasis']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['migratory pulmonary infiltrates', 'pulmonary infiltrates']

entities_list: @entity1712 :: ('MESH:D004802', 'Disease') :: ['eosinophilia']

answer: @entity13871 :: (MESH:D014120,Disease) :: ['Toxocariasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: @entity726 is a fairly common disease, however, little is known about the costs associated with @entity3009 analogues (PAs). The costs between the three available PAs (Lumigan (bimatoprost), Xalatan (latanoprost) and @entity33312 (travoprost)) were compared as monotherapy and when adjunctive therapy was used. METHODS: From the Qu  bec drug claims database, all @entity1 who used these drugs for 1 full year were identified. From the Ministry of Health (MoH) perspective, the average cost for all reimbursed costs (drug costs and pharmacist fees) were calculated. Those costs plus the @entity1 out-of-pocket copayments were used for the payer + user (PU) perspective. RESULTS: Data from 4,653 @entity1 were analysed (3,606 on monotherapy and 1,047 on combination treatment with adjunctive therapy), 59.7% were females, and the average age was 72.6 +/- 10.4 years. MoH perspective costs were  410 +/-  167 for bimatoprost,  381 +/-  145 for latanoprost and  298 +/-  121 for travoprost (all differences p<0.001), for @entity1 on monotherapy. Costs of combination treatment with adjunctive therapy were  786 +/-  416,  686 +/-  313, and  623 +/-  521, respectively (travoprost significantly lower than each of the other two p<0.001, others=not significant). Results from the PU perspective were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Travoprost had the lowest cost, both as monotherapy and in conjunction with other @entity726 treatments. Further comparative pharmacoeconomic evaluation is warranted.

title: Cost comparison of XXXX analogues: a Canadian population-based analysis.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['Glaucoma', 'glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity3009 :: ('CHEBI:26333', 'Chemical') :: ['prostaglandin']

answer: @entity3009 :: (CHEBI:26333,Chemical) :: ['prostaglandin']