abstract: To assess the efficacy of map-guided antitachycardia surgery, induction of @entity1165 has mostly been performed using endocardial stimulation. In addition, epicardial stimulation can be done using temporary epicardial wires, thus not requiring post-operative catheterization. However, the diagnostic value of epicardial versus endocardial stimulation for the post-operative evaluation of @entity1 undergoing map-guided surgery for drug-refractory @entity1165 is not known, especially with regard to the induction of non-clinical @entity591 . Therefore, we compared the results of epicardial and endocardial programmed ventricular stimulation in 58 consecutive @entity1 in whom pairs of steel wires were placed over the right ventricle during surgery. The stimulation protocol consisted of single and/or double premature stimuli during sinus rhythm and paced ventricular drives of 500, 430, 370 and 330 ms. Pre-operatively, all @entity1 had inducible monomorphic @entity1165 by endocardial stimulation. Post-operatively, 36 @entity1 were not inducible by either epicardial or endocardial programmed ventricular stimulation, whereas epicardial and endocardial stimulation induced the clinical @entity1165 in six @entity1 and non-clinical @entity1165 in three @entity1 (45/58 @entity1 , 77% concordant). However, in two @entity1 the clinical @entity1165 was induced only by endocardial programmed ventricular stimulation. Non-clinical @entity1165 was inducible in three @entity1 by epicardial stimulation only, and in eight @entity1 by endocardial stimulation only (13/58 @entity1 , 23% discordant). Thus, in 77% of @entity1 an identical result of programmed ventricular stimulation was obtained using epicardial and endocardial stimulation, whereas the results were discordant in 23%. Therefore, epicardial stimulation alone is not sufficient for the post-operative evaluation after map-guided surgery.

title: Value of post-operative programmed ventricular stimulation after map-guided surgery for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

answer: @entity1165 :: (MESH:D017180,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachyarrhythmias--epicardial versus endocardial stimulation']


abstract: BACKGROUND: To test whether @entity3346 , one of the most commonly prescribed medications for treatment of @entity22 , improves subjective and/or objective sleep among @entity284 -maintained @entity1 with sleep complaints, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 6-month follow-up. METHODS: From eight @entity284 maintenance programs in the northeastern United States, we recruited 137 @entity1 receiving @entity284 for at least 1 month who reported a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score of six or higher. Two-night home polysomnography (PSG) was completed at baseline and 1 month later, with morning surveys and urine drug toxicologies. Interviews assessed sleep over the past 30 days at baseline and 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-ups. RESULTS: @entity1 averaged 38 years of age, were 47% male, and had a mean PSQI total score of 12.9 (  3.1). At baseline, intervention groups did not significantly differ on 10 PSG-derived objective sleep measures and 11 self-reported measures. Over 88% (n=121) of @entity1 completed the PSG at 1-month. Without adjusting p-values for multiple comparisons, only 1 of 21 sleep measure comparisons was statistically significant (p<.05). The effect of @entity3346 on mean PSQI scores during the 6-month follow-up was not statistically significant (p=.10). @entity3346 neither significantly increased nor decreased illicit drug use relative to placebo. CONCLUSIONS: @entity3346 did not improve subjective or objective sleep in @entity284 -maintained @entity1 with @entity25 . Other pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments should be investigated for this population with high rates of @entity22 .

title: @entity3346 for XXXX during @entity284 maintenance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity3346 :: ('MESH:D014196', 'Chemical') :: ['Trazodone', 'trazodone']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Participants', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity284 :: ('MESH:D008691', 'Chemical') :: ['methadone']

entities_list: @entity25 :: ('MESH:D012893', 'Disease') :: ['sleep disturbance']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['insomnia']

answer: @entity25 :: (MESH:D012893,Disease) :: ['sleep disturbance']


abstract: In the first experiment, histological changes of urinary bladder after long-term transvesical catheterization were evaluated in normal @entity35 . No malignant changes of the bladder epithelium were detected in the two and four-week catheterization groups. However incidences of @entity1185 and @entity1377 developed in three of the five @entity35 (60%) in the eight-week group. In a second experiment the therapeutic effect of continuous or intermittent administration of @entity1139 on @entity1494 in @entity35 treated with @entity17077 (BBN) was examined. @entity1139 at a total dose of four mg. was administered for two weeks in both therapeutic groups. Continuous infusion was performed transvesically using an osmotic pump and a @entity1346 catheter, on the basis that preliminary examination revealed the urinary delivery rate of @entity1139 was constant for two weeks. In the intermittent group, @entity1139 solution was instilled transurethrally with a venural catheter twice a week. The continuous infusion of low concentrated @entity1139 reduced significantly (p less than 0.02) the incidence of @entity5 development in spite of extended catheterization (for eight weeks) into the bladder. However, the intermittent instillation of high concentrated @entity1139 hardly inhibited the development of @entity150 . We should consider the optimal concentration and time of a drug in intravesical chemotherapy based on the above findings.

title: Effect of continuous intravesical infusion of low-concentrated mitomycin-C on @entity1494 in XXXX treated with @entity17077 .

entities_list: @entity1377 :: ('MESH:D002291', 'Disease') :: ['papillary carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1494 :: ('MESH:D001745', 'Disease') :: ['bladder carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity1185 :: ('MESH:D010212', 'Disease') :: ['papilloma']

entities_list: @entity17077 :: ('MESH:D002085', 'Chemical') :: ['N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine']

entities_list: @entity1346 :: ('MESH:D012828', 'Chemical') :: ['silicone']

entities_list: @entity150 :: ('MESH:D001749', 'Disease') :: ['bladder tumors']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) decreases mortality in @entity1 with significant left main (LM) @entity453 and for years remained the therapy of choice for @entity1 with this ominous lesion. Advances in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have enabled it to become an alternative to CABG. The results of observational registries and randomized comparisons have shown the safety and efficacy of PCI in appropriately selected @entity1 with low or intermediate angiographic risk scores. Furthermore, the use of physiological measures of flow limitation and the use of intracoronary imaging techniques has added benefit and improved outcomes. The use of fractional flow reserve to more accurately evaluate the significance of intermediate lesions and guide the extent of revascularization has been an important refinement. Intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography assessment of optimal stent deployment has led to reductions in restenosis. Newer generation stents, combined with improvements in specific techniques, especially at the LM bifurcation have extended PCI to more complex anatomic scenarios. The availability of left ventricular support devices in @entity1 with complex coronary anatomy and severely depressed left ventricular function has added a margin of safety to LM and multivessel intervention. Randomized comparisons of CABG with PCI in carefully selected @entity1 , using contemporaneous surgical and interventional techniques and optimal medical therapy, will further aid heart teams in the decision-making process. In conclusion, this review will give a concise overview of the management of unprotected LM disease.

title: Comparison of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Unprotected Left Main XXXX .

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

answer: @entity453 :: (MESH:D003324,Disease) :: ['Coronary Artery Disease']


abstract: BACKGROUND: A prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted in 33 Italian surgical departments with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of @entity2390 in the prevention of @entity3472 after elective pancreatic resections. METHODS: Between July 1990 and May 1992, 278 @entity1 were enrolled in the study. Fifty-four dropped out because of unresectable disease and six were excluded because of protocol violation; the remaining 218 were randomly assigned to the @entity2390 group (n = 111) or to the placebo group (n = 107). There were 131 @entity1 and 87 @entity1 with a mean age of 58.2 +/- 11.7 yrs. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was the most common operation performed (n = 143), sixty-four percent of @entity1 had a @entity788 ; chronic @entity788 accounted for 8.2% of cases. RESULTS: Mortality rate was 6.9%. A @entity3472 occurred in 31 @entity1 (14.2%), 9% in the @entity2390 group and 19.6% in the placebo group (p < 0.05). Morbidity rate was significantly lower in the @entity2390 (21.6%) than in the placebo group (36.4%) (p < 0.05). When specific pancreatic complications were grouped together and evaluated, they occurred less frequently in the treated (15.3%) than in the placebo group (29.9%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: @entity2390 was able to reduce significantly the incidence of @entity3472 after elective pancreatic resections.

title: Efficacy of @entity2390 in the prevention of XXXX after elective pancreatic resections: a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis', 'pancreatic or periampullary cancer']

entities_list: @entity3472 :: ('MESH:D010185', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic fistula']

entities_list: @entity2390 :: ('MESH:D015282', 'Chemical') :: ['octreotide', 'Octreotide']

answer: @entity3472 :: (MESH:D010185,Disease) :: ['pancreatic fistula']


abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic side effects of an ionic and a nonionic contrast medium intra-individually. 20 @entity1 with @entity340 (NYHA III-IV) and @entity120 (PPAsyst greater than or equal to 40 mm Hg) received injections of 40 ml @entity3990 (0.8 osmol/kg) and 40 ml @entity4946 (2.1 osmol/kg) into the right atrium. Heart rate and cardiac output, as well as right atrial, pulmonary-artery, pulmonary-capillary, and aortic pressures were measured. Peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistance and @entity64 volume were calculated. Right atrial pressure increased more after @entity4946 (p less than 0.001). Pulmonary artery pressure was elevated with both contrast media to the same extent. An increase in aortic pressure was seen after @entity3990 , while a decrease occurred after @entity4946 (p less than 0.01). @entity4946 caused a more marked increase in heart rate (p less than 0.001) and cardiac output (p less than 0.001). @entity64 volume was increased with both contrast media. Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased after @entity4946 as well as after @entity3990 , but systemic vasodilatation was more pronounced following injection of @entity4946 (p less than 0.001). In general, @entity3990 caused less hemodynamic side effects than @entity4946 . Thus, nonionic low osmolality contrast media provide decreased risks in @entity1 with @entity340 and elevated pulmonary artery pressures undergoing angiocardiography and intravenous digital subtraction angiocardiography.

title: [Hemodynamic side effects of an ionic and a nonionic roentgen contrast medium in @entity1 with @entity340 and XXXX ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['stroke', 'Stroke']

entities_list: @entity4946 :: ('MESH:D003973', 'Chemical') :: ['Amidotrizoate', 'amidotrizoate']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['valvular heart disease']

entities_list: @entity3990 :: ('MESH:D007479', 'Chemical') :: ['iopamidol']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: The accuracy and precision of an intelligent dosing system (IDS) for @entity1140 in predicting doses to achieve target drug levels has been prospectively evaluated in transplant and autoimmune @entity1 . For dose individualization, the knowledge base is updated with @entity1 -specific feedback including the current dose, drug level, and the new target level. The study population of 147 @entity1 consisted of 97 transplant @entity1 (liver and kidney) and 50 @entity1 with @entity792 . @entity1 in the transplant study group were entered sequentially and followed as a cohort. @entity1 in the autoimmune study group were randomly assigned to one of three predefined @entity1140 concentration windows (low, 0.1-.3; medium, 0.4-.7; and high, 0.8-1.3 ng/mL) as part of a concentration controlled clinical trial. Predictions of steady-state plasma drug levels were made throughout the clinical course of autoimmune @entity1 and during the first 6 weeks post-transplant in liver and kidney recipients. @entity1140 concentration in plasma was measured by a monoclonal antibody based ELISA assay. Accuracy was computed as the mean prediction error (mpe). Precision was computed as the root mean squared prediction error (rmspe). The accuracy of the IDS in each study group was as follows: 0.016 ng/mL (liver), -0.034 ng/mL (kidney), and -0.022 ng/mL (autoimmune). Because the 95% confidence interval included zero in each case, the IDS showed no bias. The precision of the IDS in each study group was as follows: 0.133 ng mL (liver), 0.1903 ng/mL (kidney), and 0.1188 ng/mL (autoimmune). These results indicate that the @entity1140 IDS is both accurate and very precise (reproducible) in transplant and autoimmune @entity1 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: An intelligent and cost-effective computer dosing system for individualizing XXXX therapy in transplantation and @entity792 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmune disorders']

answer: @entity1140 :: (MESH:D016559,Chemical) :: ['FK506']


abstract: @entity3620 ( @entity3620 ) is a @entity5 with a poor diagnosis and prognosis. The first line treatment for @entity3620 is a combination of @entity900 and Pemetrexed, which displayed limited efficacy and severe side effects. The naturally occurring compound @entity15712 ( @entity15712 ) previously showed interesting anti- @entity5 properties on several @entity5 cell lines. We thus aim at evaluating @entity15712 used alone or in combination with @entity900 in order to improve @entity3620 treatment. Nine @entity3620 cell lines and primary mesothelial cells (PMC), co-cultured or not with M2 macrophages present in @entity3620 microenvironment, were used to assess @entity15712 and @entity900 anti- @entity5 properties. Compounds were used alone or in combination. Both @entity15712 and @entity900 were cytotoxic on @entity3620 cells in a dose dependent manner. We herein showed that @entity15712 -induced @entity137 was due to the generation of reactive @entity26 species. Moreover, we showed that @entity900 - @entity15712 combination allowed the potentialization of both compounds' cytotoxic effects and prevented the emergence of resistant @entity3620 cells. Interestingly, PMC were not sensitive to the combination. Finally, we showed that M2 macrophages did not alter the anti- @entity5 properties of the combination. @entity900 - @entity15712 combination thus represents a promising strategy to induce a selective toxicity towards malignant cells.

title: XXXX in combination with @entity15712 ( @entity15712 ), a potential new therapeutic strategy for malignant pleural mesothelioma.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'cancer', 'very aggressive form of cancer']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin', 'Cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity15712 :: ('MESH:C058305', 'Chemical') :: ['phenethyl isothiocyanate', 'PEITC']

entities_list: @entity3620 :: ('MESH:C562839', 'Disease') :: ['MPM', 'Malignant pleural mesothelioma']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['Cisplatin']


abstract: Ejaculates from 25 @entity1 with severe @entity19474 (all spermatozoa immotile or only non-progressively motile) were studied to identify individually the cause of @entity1319 . Multiple tests were performed, viz. light and electron microscopic studies and sperm function tests. An objective scoring was applied to both the routine and the functional analyses. Three categories of samples were identified: (1) necrozoospermia (n = 9), where sperm viability was very poor; (2) @entity2526 as seen by light microscopy (n = 4); and (3) ultrastructural abnormality (n = 12). In the last category, one case showed absence of dynein arms; this was associated with @entity2383 . Mitochondrial abnormality with normal tail components was observed in the majority (n = 7) and accessory fibre abnormality in four cases. The scoring system revealed that, functionally, all samples were abnormal whereas routine analysis showed 15 samples to be subnormal and 10 to be abnormal, which indicates the need for functional analysis. Because of the multiple defects seen in these samples, there is a need for a battery of sperm function tests. This study indicates that mitochondrial defects are one of the causes that may account for the loss of sperm motility in the @entity1 population.

title: Severe XXXX : a structural and functional study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity19474 :: ('MESH:D053627', 'Disease') :: ['asthenozoospermia']

entities_list: @entity2526 :: ('MESH:D025063', 'Disease') :: ['structural tail abnormality']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['impaired motility']

entities_list: @entity2383 :: ('MESH:D028361', 'Disease') :: ['mitochondrial abnormalities']

answer: @entity19474 :: (MESH:D053627,Disease) :: ['asthenozoospermia']


abstract: Intensive agriculture can require the simultaneous use of more than one pesticide, resulting in the presence of mixtures in soils and waters. To assess mixture effects, @entity6251 ( @entity6251 ) for similar acting chemicals and independent action (IA) for dissimilar acting chemicals are the most frequently used models. While the mechanistic basis for the selection of @entity6251 and IA for a given mixture appears appealing (similar vs dissimilar action), it has not yet been established how similar chemicals need to be in their effect before @entity6251 should be viewed as the most appropriate model. Here this is investigated in studies of the @entity137 of binary mixtures of five different pesticides from three classes that have the same putative mode of action (neuroexcitation) but different molecular mechanisms in binary mixture tests with the @entity2199 @entity2199 . Effects of exposure on @entity2199 survival were limited at the concentrations tested. Data analysis, therefore, focused on reproductive @entity137 . Both @entity6251 and IA were found to be valid models for prediction of the @entity137 of the 10 mixtures, although for seven @entity6251 provided a mathematically better fit. Both models could describe the @entity137 for four mixtures; however, evidence for interaction was found in the remaining six cases. Where interactions occurred, these could be explained by information on the potential mechanisms of compound toxicokinetics-particularly when mixtures comprised a metabolically activated and a metabolically deactivated chemical and/or cases where the relative potencies of the two tested chemicals differed greatly. It is concluded, therefore, that detailed analysis of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics can aid further understanding of interactions in mixtures.

title: Similarity, independence, or interaction for binary mixture effects of nerve toxicants for the XXXX @entity2199 .

entities_list: @entity6251 :: ('MESH:C567712', 'Disease') :: ['CA', 'concentration addition']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2199 :: ('6239', 'Species') :: ['nematode', 'Caenorhabditis elegans']

answer: @entity2199 :: (6239,Species) :: ['nematode']


abstract: Induction of @entity4523 ( @entity4523 ) and @entity2008 ( @entity2008 ) by physical agents such as X-rays and UV radiation has been studied extensively in a variety of cell lines for genotoxicity assessment. However, comparative data on the relationship between these two cytogenetic endpoints are limited. This study compares @entity2008 and @entity4523 formation in V79 @entity3569 lung cells treated with X-rays and UV radiation. Four replicate cultures of exponentially growing cells were exposed to four doses of X-rays (100-800 rads). For two replicate cultures, cytochalasin B (3 micrograms/ml) was added and cells were harvested 16 h later for @entity4523 and @entity10307 ( @entity10307 ) assessment. For the remaining two replicate cultures, colcemid (0.025 micrograms/ml) was added 16 h post-treatment and cells were harvested 2 h later for @entity2008 and @entity6578 ( @entity6578 ) analyses. This experiment was duplicated using four doses of UV radiation (100-800 microJ x 10(2)/cm2). In the X-ray experiment, generally, a decrease in the @entity10307 and @entity6578 was noted with increasing dose. Also, there was a clear dose-related increase in percent micronucleated binucleated (MNBN) and aberrant cells. A similar dose response, but with lower frequencies, was observed in the UV radiation treatment. These data suggest a good correlation between chromosome damage as measured by percent MNBN and aberrant cells and @entity137 as measured by @entity10307 and @entity6578 .

title: Comparative studies on radiation-induced XXXX and @entity2008 in V79 cells.

entities_list: @entity4523 :: ('MESH:D048629', 'Disease') :: ['MN', 'micronuclei']

entities_list: @entity6578 :: ('MESH:C536987', 'Disease') :: ['MI', 'mitotic index']

entities_list: @entity10307 :: ('MESH:C564596', 'Disease') :: ['nuclear division index', 'NDI']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['SCA', 'structural chromosomal aberrations']

entities_list: @entity3569 :: ('10029', 'Species') :: ['Chinese hamster']

answer: @entity4523 :: (MESH:D048629,Disease) :: ['micronuclei']


abstract: @entity5868 continues to be associated with a high mortality. Out of 12 cases treated on our intensive care unit over a four year period, seven died, one suffered minimal @entity75 , and four were normal. Rapid progression through @entity772 stages and high peak @entity3265 concentrations worsened prognosis. @entity5868 was suspected in only 50% of cases at the referring hospital and resulted in prompt referral to the intensive care unit in only one case. Late referral to the unit was associated with a poor outcome. @entity16 followed diagnostic lumbar puncture in six @entity1 . Papilloedema was an unreliable sign of @entity428 and was absent in all cases. While computed tomography of the brain was useful in providing additional evidence of @entity428 , this could only be confirmed by direct measurement. Lumbar puncture in the presence of rapidly progressive @entity772 should be deferred until @entity428 has been excluded. To this end, early admission to a paediatric intensive care unit with facilities for computed tomography and monitoring of intracranial pressure is recommended.

title: Recognition and early management of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral damage']

entities_list: @entity428 :: ('MESH:D019586', 'Disease') :: ['raised intracranial pressure']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Sudden neurological deterioration']

entities_list: @entity5868 :: ('MESH:D012202', 'Disease') :: ["Reye's syndrome"]

answer: @entity5868 :: (MESH:D012202,Disease) :: ['Reye's syndrome']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Rho-kinase plays a crucial role in various cellular functions. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of Rho-kinase-mediated @entity65 in vivo, we evaluated whether a signaling pathway through Rho is involved, and whether @entity12223 , a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, stimulates endothelial @entity842 synthase (eNOS) and suppresses the oxidative stress and @entity25189 ( @entity25189 ) pathway in the left ventricle of Dahl salt-sensitive @entity101 (DS) @entity35 . METHODS: @entity12223 (3 mg/kg per day) or vehicle were given for 5 weeks, from age 6 weeks to a stage of @entity4346 (11 weeks). Age-matched Dahl salt-resistant (DR) @entity35 fed the same diet served as a control group. RESULTS: Increased left ventricular weight in the @entity1184 stage was significantly ameliorated by @entity12223 . Upregulated RhoA protein, Rho-kinase gene expression and myosin light-chain phosphorylation in the @entity1184 stage were suppressed by @entity12223 . Increased expression of @entity1110 oxidase p22phox, @entity12614 , @entity8562 and @entity25189 in DS @entity35 were inhibited by @entity12223 . Upregulated protein kinase Cepsilon and @entity12149 nuclear factor-kappaB phosphorylation in DS @entity35 was reduced by @entity12223 . In contrast, downregulated eNOS expression in @entity1184 stage was upregulated by @entity12223 . @entity12223 effectively inhibited @entity455 formation, such as medial thickness and perivascular @entity82 , and suppressed transforming growth factor-beta1, type I and III collagen, and fibronectin gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibiting the Rho-kinase pathway may play a key role in the cardioprotective effect on @entity65 associated with eNOS and the oxidative stress- @entity25189 pathway in DS @entity35 , and may be at least a potential therapeutic strategy for @entity101 with @entity1283 .

title: Cardioprotective mechanisms of Rho-kinase inhibition associated with eNOS and oxidative stress- XXXX pathway in Dahl salt-sensitive @entity101 @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular lesion']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity25189 :: ('140914(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['LOX-1', 'lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular remodeling']

answer: @entity25189 :: (140914(Tax:10116),Gene) :: ['LOX-1']


abstract: 1. The toxicokinetics of @entity211 ( @entity212 ) were studied in the Fischer 344 @entity35 using i.v. and oral (gavage, dosed feed) routes of exposure. 2. Only minor sex differences were observed in the elimination kinetics of @entity212 after i.v. administration at 5 mg/kg. 3. Absorption of @entity212 from the gastrointestinal tract after gavage doses of 9.5 and 38 mg/kg in aqueous @entity7522 vehicles was first order with an absorption half-life of about 1.3 h. 4. The absorption rate constant of @entity212 from doses feed was comparable with that obtained from aqueous methylcellulose gavage formulations. 5. Bioavailability of @entity212 administered in dosed feed was significantly lower than the bioavailability of @entity212 administered by gavage. 6. Dose proportionality was established to a dosage of at least 38 mg/kg. 7. Daily fluctuation of @entity212 plasma concentrations was observed during the dosed feed study with peak and trough concentrations occurring in early morning and late afternoon, respectively. 8. The time course of @entity212 plasma concentrations during the dosed feed study were simulated using a computer model based on linear theory. The simulations were comparable with the experimentally determined concentrations.

title: Toxicokinetics of @entity211 in the F344 XXXX . Gavage and dosed feed studies.

entities_list: @entity211 :: ('MESH:D010416', 'Chemical') :: ['pentachlorophenol']

entities_list: @entity7522 :: ('MESH:D008747', 'Chemical') :: ['methylcellulose']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate early experience with @entity9001 alone or in combination with other antimicrobials for treatment of @entity2489 caused by multidrug-resistant @entity3064 . DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: University-affiliated medical center. @entity1 : Twenty-five @entity1 with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii who received @entity9001 for @entity2489 (19 @entity1 ), @entity2259 (3), or @entity2489 (3) between September 1, 2005, and May 31, 2006. Five @entity1 were treated with @entity9001 alone. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Primary outcomes were resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of the @entity281 and documented microbial eradication of A. baumannii with @entity9001 . Overall, 21 (84%) of the 25 @entity1 had clinical resolution. Four had clinical failure: three with @entity2489 that developed resistance to @entity9001 during therapy. Microbial eradication was demonstrated in 12 (80%) of 15 @entity1 in whom repeat cultures were obtained. Three @entity1 with @entity2489 had a recurrence of @entity281 : one @entity1 had two recurrences, and two @entity1 had one recurrence each. All four recurrent episodes led to clinical resolution and microbial eradication. No @entity1 discontinued @entity9001 because of adverse events. CONCLUSION: @entity9001 was effective in most of these 25 @entity1 when used alone or in combination with other antimicrobials for @entity2489 caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. The emergence of a resistant strain while one @entity1 was receiving therapy, however, is concerning.

title: Early experience with XXXX for @entity2489 and @entity2259 caused by multidrug-resistant @entity3064 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity2489 :: ('MESH:D053717', 'Disease') :: ['VAP and one with VAP plus bacteremia', 'VAP plus bacteremia', 'VAP and/or bacteremia', 'VAP', 'ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and/or bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity3064 :: ('470', 'Species') :: ['Acinetobacter baumannii']

entities_list: @entity2259 :: ('MESH:D016470', 'Disease') :: ['bacteremia']

entities_list: @entity9001 :: ('MESH:C119092', 'Chemical') :: ['tigecycline', 'Tigecycline']

answer: @entity9001 :: (MESH:C119092,Chemical) :: ['tigecycline']


abstract: OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Distal end circular @entity850 is a major complication following circumferential pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with tubed fasciocutaneous free flaps. To reduce the @entity850 rates, we have incorporated spatulation with interdigitation at the distal @entity254 site. This study investigated whether this procedure could decrease the @entity850 rate. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: There were 51 @entity1 who underwent tubed fasciocutaneous free flap reconstruction following total laryngo-pharyngo-esophagectomy between July 2002 and August 2008. The interdigitation technique was applied in 10 @entity1 ; the 41 remaining @entity1 underwent simple circumferential @entity254 . This modification technique consists of incising both distal skin tube and cervical esophagus into three triangular parts, respectively, and interdigitation by interposition of these flaps. Of the 10 @entity1 with this procedure, five @entity1 were reconstructed with an anterolateral thigh flap and five with a radial forearm flap. All 10 @entity1 received postoperative radiotherapy. The mean follow-up period was 30.2 months. RESULTS: Of the 41 @entity1 without any modification, 12 @entity1 (29.3%) developed a @entity850 ; however, in our series of 10 @entity1 undergoing this modification, there was no @entity850 formation except one (10.0%) who had been reconstructed with a radial forearm flap. The nine remaining @entity1 all achieved a modified or unrestricted full oral diet without complications. Esophagography revealed a wide and patent @entity254 without @entity850 . CONCLUSIONS: This interdigitation technique could prevent circular @entity1159 at the neopharyngoesophageal segment in reconstruction with tubed fasciocutaneous free flaps.

title: Interdigitation of the distal @entity254 between tubed fasciocutaneous flap and cervical esophagus for XXXX prevention.

entities_list: @entity254 :: ('MESH:C563598', 'Disease') :: ['anastomosis']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['stricture']

entities_list: @entity1159 :: ('MESH:D003286', 'Disease') :: ['contracture']

answer: @entity850 :: (MESH:D003251,Disease) :: ['stricture']


abstract: TraumAID is a computer-based decision aid that uses decision rules and logical deduction to generate management plans for the initial definitive management of injured @entity1 ; its use is currently confined to assessing penetrating @entity130 in nonpregnant adults. These management plans were compared to @entity130 center care in an American urban medical school hospital. The TraumAID program was available to @entity130 chief residents for @entity1 care during the "golden hour." Resulting changes in plans were documented by the residents. For 15 months the management plans for all applicable @entity1 were documented serially, as were computer plans and outcomes. The sequential care and computer-generated care plans were then blinded and judged by three other @entity130 surgeons as to acceptability and preference. A consecutive series of 97 @entity1 was evaluated. The residents used the computer for 40 cases during @entity1 care. In 5 of the 40 cases, they altered their evaluation, diagnosis, or treatment; in none of these 5 was the alteration judged an error. Of the 97 @entity1 , 10 had adverse outcomes, 2 of which were judged potentially avoidable, with unacceptable errors in management. TraumAID's plans were acceptable for both. In 31 cases previously managed by the judges themselves, the TraumAID plans were preferred by the judge to the care he or she had provided, by a ratio of 25:6 (p < 0.01). In a preliminary assessment, computer-generated, @entity1 -specific protocols for the acute management of injuries were preferred to actual care previously given by the judges themselves and were associated with improved care and potential improvement in outcome.

title: Computer-generated XXXX management plans: comparison with actual care.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['thoracoabdominal injuries', 'trauma']

answer: @entity130 :: (MESH:D014947,Disease) :: ['trauma']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the survival rate of @entity1 with @entity3557 limited to the thyroid gland who have not had immediate, definitive treatment for their @entity259 with the survival rate of those who have had such treatment. DESIGN: Cohort study of incident @entity5 cases and initial treatment data from the National @entity5 Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Data on cause of @entity204 was taken from the National Vital Statistics System. @entity1 : @entity1 with @entity3557 limited to the thyroid gland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: @entity5 -specific survival. RESULTS: Of all eligible @entity1 in the data (n = 35,663), 1.2% did not undergo immediate, definitive treatment (n = 440). The life table estimate of their 20-year @entity5 -specific survival rate was 97% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96%-100%). The corresponding estimate for the @entity1 who did receive treatment was 99% (95% CI, 93%-100%). Among those who did not receive immediate, definitive treatment, 6 died from their @entity5 . This number is not statistically different from the number of @entity259 deaths in the treated group over the same period (n = 161) (P = .09). CONCLUSION: @entity3557 of any size that are limited to the thyroid gland (no extraglandular extension or lymph node @entity3 at presentation) have favorable outcomes whether or not they are treated in the first year after diagnosis and whether they are treated by hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy.

title: XXXX survival in the United States: observational data from 1973 to 2005.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity3557 :: ('MESH:C536915', 'Disease') :: ['Papillary thyroid cancers', 'papillary thyroid cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'Cancer']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity259 :: ('MESH:D013964', 'Disease') :: ['thyroid cancer']

answer: @entity259 :: (MESH:D013964,Disease) :: ['Thyroid cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced cardioprotection are poorly understood. We recently reported that exercise training down-regulated gene expression of the Ras homolog gene family member A ( @entity22296 ). @entity22296 and its first effectors, the Rho-kinases (ROCK), have already been implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity65 . The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a @entity22296 /ROCK inhibitor ( @entity8232 ) and exercise in the @entity6970 knockout ( @entity6970 (-/-)) @entity19 model of @entity731 . METHODS: Four groups of 14 week old @entity6970 (-/-) @entity19 were randomised as follows (n=12/group): i) sedentary controls (Cont); ii) @entity8232 (Fas) treatment (100mg/kg bodyweight/day) for 8 weeks; iii) exercise intervention (Ex:free access to running wheel for 8 weeks) and iv) exercise intervention and @entity8232 treatment (ExFas) for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Phosphorylation of myosin light chain was significantly reduced in the brachiocephalic artery of all treatment groups compared with sedentary controls, implying an inhibitory effect of exercise and @entity8232 on the @entity22296 /ROCK pathway. Furthermore, @entity731 were significantly smaller in all treatment and intervention groups compared with the control group (Fas: 34.7%, Ex: 48.3%, ExFas: 40.9% less than Control). The intima:media ratio was reduced by both exercise intervention and @entity8232 treatment alone or in combination (Fas: 23.6%, Ex: 35.5%, ExFas: 43.9% less than Control). Exercise alone and @entity8232 treatment alone also showed similar effects on plaque composition, increasing both smooth muscle cell and macrophage density. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the protective effects of exercise on atherogenesis are similar to the inhibitory effects on the @entity22296 /ROCK signalling pathway.

title: Effects of exercise training and @entity22296 /ROCK inhibition on plaque in XXXX -/- @entity19 .

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis', 'atherosclerotic lesions']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular disease']

answer: @entity6970 :: (11816(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['ApoE']


abstract: A simple, cost effective, and yet sensitive sample preparation technique was investigated for determining @entity2555 ( @entity2556 ) in solid samples. The method comprises ultrasonic extraction, Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE), and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to increase analytical capacity in laboratories. This method required no clean-up, satisfied @entity2556 recovery, and significantly advances cost performance over conventional extraction methods, such as Soxhlet and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). This study evaluated three operational parameters for ultrasonic extraction: solvent composition, extraction time, and sample load. A standard material, SRM 1649 a (urban dust), was used as the solid sample matrix, and 12 priority @entity2556 on the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) list were analyzed. Combination of non-polar and polar solvents ameliorated extraction efficiency. @entity1324 / @entity4315 mixtures of 2:3 and 1:1 (v/v) gave the most satisfactory results: recoveries ranged from 63.3% to 122%. Single composition solvents ( @entity1042 , @entity4315 , and @entity1044 ) showed fewer recoveries. Comparing 20 min with 60 min sonication, longer sonication diminished extraction efficiencies in general. Furthermore, sample load became a critical factor in certain solvent systems, particularly @entity2716 . MAE was also compared to the ultrasonic extraction, and results determined that the 20-min ultrasonic extraction using @entity1324 / @entity4315 (2:3, v/v) was as potent as MAE. The SBSE method using 20 mL of 30% @entity167 -fortified solution rendered a limit of detection ranging from 1.7 to 32 ng L(-1) and a limit of quantitation ranging from 5.8 to 110 ng L(-1) for the 16 US EPA @entity2556 .

title: A cost effective, sensitive, and environmentally friendly sample preparation method for determination of XXXX in solid samples.

entities_list: @entity2555 :: ('MESH:D011084', 'Chemical') :: ['Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons']

entities_list: @entity1042 :: ('MESH:D000432', 'Chemical') :: ['methanol']

entities_list: @entity1044 :: ('MESH:D008752', 'Chemical') :: ['dichloromethane']

entities_list: @entity167 :: ('CHEBI:16236', 'Chemical') :: ['alcohol']

entities_list: @entity1324 :: ('MESH:D000096', 'Chemical') :: ['Acetone', 'acetone']

answer: @entity2555 :: (MESH:D011084,Chemical) :: ['polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) allows complete local excision of @entity5 , especially in the middle and upper part of the rectum, and provides an alternative to conventional surgery. This is a report of the first French single-center experience to assess the feasibility and postoperative results for @entity5 excised by TEM. METHODS: From October 2007 to December 2008, 27 @entity1 underwent TEM for excision of either @entity652 (n=19) or @entity189 (n=8). The median distance from the anal verge was 60mm (range: 10-140). RESULTS: TEM excision was performed in 26/27 @entity1 . Intraoperative technical difficulties were recorded in two @entity1 (peritoneal perforation and gas leakage, respectively). The morbidity rate was 22% (n=6), including two @entity1 (7%) with major complications (delayed @entity548 ) requiring readmission to hospital for both, and surgical hemostasis for one. R0 resection rates for @entity652 and @entity189 were 84% and 75%, respectively. Immediate salvage surgery was performed in one @entity1 because of a @entity22101 @entity189 . At the time of the median follow-up at nine months (range: 2.5-17.5), no @entity1 had experienced a recurrence. CONCLUSION: TEM is a safe and effective procedure with low morbidity for local @entity5 resection. It allows local excision of @entity5 , especially those that are inaccessible to conventional local surgery resection, thereby avoiding radical surgery. In cases of @entity189 , its role in local surgery remains controversial and is yet to be defined.

title: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for XXXX : the first French single-center experience.

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['rectal bleeding']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['rectal tumor', 'benign tumors']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity652 :: ('MESH:D000236', 'Disease') :: ['rectal adenoma', 'adenoma']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['rectal tumor']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial strains isolated from @entity1 with community-acquired @entity293 ( @entity293 ) at the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted over a 7-year period. @entity1 information was obtained from medical record files. Antibiotic-sensitivity testing was performed by disk diffusion. E test and double disk diffusion methods were used to study the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases. RESULTS: Of the 14,042 urine samples processed, significant @entity793 (>10(5) cfu/ml) was detected in 1,606 (11.4%). The majority (74.5%) of the isolates were from @entity1 while the remaining 25.5% were from @entity1 . The majority of @entity281 (75%) were due to Enterobacteriaceae, coagulase-negative staphylococci (10.3%) and group B streptococci (8.7%). Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance to @entity869 , @entity115 / @entity798 , @entity5821 , and @entity206 / @entity207 was observed. Increasing resistance to @entity2177 and @entity801 was observed in @entity526 isolates over the 7 years. Multiple resistance was detected in 53.8 and 41% of @entity526 and @entity4005 spp. strains, respectively. No glycopeptide-resistant enterococci were isolated. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant bacterial pathogen of community-acquired @entity293 in Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait. It also demonstrated an increasing resistance to @entity2177 , @entity801 and the production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase among UTI pathogens in the community.

title: Etiology and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of community-acquired XXXX in a Kuwait hospital.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'Patient', 'men']

entities_list: @entity801 :: ('MESH:D005839', 'Chemical') :: ['gentamicin']

entities_list: @entity115 :: ('MESH:D000658', 'Chemical') :: ['amoxicillin']

entities_list: @entity2177 :: ('MESH:D002939', 'Chemical') :: ['ciprofloxacin']

entities_list: @entity5821 :: ('MESH:D002512', 'Chemical') :: ['cephalothin']

entities_list: @entity798 :: ('MESH:D019818', 'Chemical') :: ['clavulanic acid']

entities_list: @entity793 :: ('MESH:D001437', 'Disease') :: ['bacteriuria']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity207 :: ('MESH:D013420', 'Chemical') :: ['sulfamethoxazole']

entities_list: @entity4005 :: ('MESH:D007710', 'Disease') :: ['Klebsiella']

entities_list: @entity869 :: ('MESH:D000667', 'Chemical') :: ['ampicillin']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infections', 'UTIs']

entities_list: @entity206 :: ('MESH:D014295', 'Chemical') :: ['trimethoprim']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Considering the scarcity of health care resources and the high costs associated with @entity65 , we investigated the spending on cardiovascular primary preventive activities and the prescribing behaviour of primary preventive cardiovascular medication (PPCM) in Dutch family practices (FPs). METHODS: A mixed methods design was used, which consisted of a questionnaire (n = 80 FPs), video recordings of @entity101 - or @entity165 -related general practitioner visits (n = 56), and the database of Netherlands Information Network of General Practice (n = 45 FPs; n = 157,137 @entity1 ). The questionnaire and video recordings were used to determine the average frequency and time spent on cardiovascular primary preventive activities per FP respectively. Taking into account the annual income and full time equivalents of general practitioners, health care assistants, and practice nurses as well as the practice costs, the total spending on cardiovascular primary preventive activities in Dutch FPs was calculated. The database of Netherlands Information Network of General Practice was used to determine the prescribing behaviour in Dutch FPs by conducting multilevel regression models and adjusting for @entity1 and practice characteristics. RESULTS: Total expenditure on cardiovascular primary preventive activities in FPs in 2009 was    38.8 million (   2.35 per capita), of which 47% was spent on blood pressure measurements, 26% on cardiovascular risk profiling, and 11% on lifestyle counselling. Fifteen percent (   11 per capita) of all cardiovascular medication prescribed in FPs was a PPCM. FPs differed greatly on prescription of PPCM (odds ratio of 3.1). CONCLUSIONS: Total costs of cardiovascular primary preventive activities in FPs such as blood pressure measurements and lifestyle counselling are relatively low compared to the costs of PPCM. There is considerable heterogeneity in prescribing behaviour of PPCM between FPs. Further research is needed to determine whether such large differences in prescription rates are justified. Striving for an optimal use of cardiovascular primary preventive activities might lead to similar health outcomes, but may achieve important cost savings.

title: Primary prevention of XXXX : a cost study in family practices.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

entities_list: @entity165 :: ('MESH:D002784', 'Chemical') :: ['cholesterol']

answer: @entity65 :: (MESH:D002318,Disease) :: ['cardiovascular diseases']


abstract: In order to study a possible mechanism for rhythmic firing of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, intracellular recordings were obtained from 56 rhythmically firing DA neurons in the @entity35 substantia nigra compacta (SNc), using in vitro slice preparations. In the presence of @entity4524 , spontaneous oscillation of the membrane potential was induced in SNc DA neurons when the membrane potential was depolarized more positive from -60 to -40 mV. Each oscillation wave was characterized by a pacemaker-like slow depolarization (PLSD) followed by a relatively prompt repolarization. As the DC depolarization was increased from -60 to -40 mV, the oscillation frequency increased from 0.5 to 5 Hz, but the amplitude of the wave decreased. Of 17 neurons tested in the presence of @entity4524 , the maximum amplitudes of the oscillation varied from 10-15 mV in 8 neurons and were less than 5 mV in 9 neurons. In those 9 neurons, an application of @entity1041 greatly enhanced (up to 15 mV) the amplitude of oscillation. The oscillation ceased when the membrane was hyperpolarized more negative than -60 mV. At the membrane potential more negative than -60 mV in the presence of @entity4524 an injection of a depolarizing current pulse could evoke PLSD which was an all-or-nothing regenerative spike potential. The rate of rise of the PLSD changed depending on the intensity of injected current pulses but their amplitude remained constant. Its time-to-peak was slow (up to 1400 ms), while the decay time was relatively brief (< 500 ms). The threshold membrane potential for evoking PLSD was -53.7 +/- 3.2 mV (n = 10). This was higher than the previously reputed threshold for low threshold @entity141 spike (LTS) (< -60 mV) and lower than that for high threshold @entity141 spike (HTS) (> -35 mV) in SNc DA neurons. Even at a holding potential of -45 mV, a depolarizing current pulse could trigger PLSD while LTS was completely inactivated. @entity3280 (0.4 mM) abolished the oscillation and PLSD without marked effects on the LTS (n = 6). A low @entity141 and high Mg2+ Ringer's solution also abolished the oscillation and PLSD (n = 4). An intracellular injection of EGTA markedly prolonged the decay time course of PLSD characterized by a slow and a relatively fast falling phase (n = 5). This would suggest an involvement of @entity141 -dependent K+ conductance and/or @entity141 dependent inactivation of @entity141 conductance during repolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

title: Calcium spike underlying rhythmic firing in dopaminergic neurons of the XXXX substantia nigra.

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical benefits of the endothelin receptor antagonist @entity12584 on @entity401 ( @entity401 ) in @entity1 with @entity785 ( @entity785 ) who are ineligible for @entity786 (CYC) therapy. METHODS: In this prospective open-label study, 9 @entity1 with @entity785 and @entity401 received @entity12584 for 24 months. The main reasons for avoiding CYC included severely @entity73 , long disease duration, and relapse after CYC treatment. Pulmonary function tests and Doppler echocardiograms were evaluated every 6 months, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was performed every 12 months. For an extended survival analysis, 17 historical controls who met the inclusion criteria at referral and had not used any immunosuppressive or antifibrotic agents thereafter were selected from the @entity785 database. RESULTS: Two @entity1 did not finish the study; one developed @entity1333 requiring high-dose @entity288 and another died of @entity2028 . The remaining 7 @entity1 tolerated @entity12584 and completed the study period. There were trends toward mildly reduced forced vital capacity, total lung capacity, and diffusing capacity for @entity1223 over time. Two @entity1 developed @entity120 during the 24-month period. HRCT scores for ground-glass opacity, @entity3794 , and honeycomb cysts gradually increased. In the extended study, there was no difference in cumulative survival rate between the @entity12584 -treated and historical control groups. CONCLUSION: The gradual worsening of pulmonary function and HRCT findings in @entity1 treated with @entity12584 was consistent with the natural course of @entity785 -associated @entity401 . This study does not support the use of @entity12584 for @entity785 -associated @entity401 even when CYC treatment is inadvisable.

title: Effect of @entity12584 on @entity785 -associated @entity401 ineligible for XXXX therapy: a prospective open-label study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1223 :: ('MESH:D002248', 'Chemical') :: ['carbon monoxide']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity73 :: ('MESH:D003072', 'Disease') :: ['impaired lung function']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary hypertension']

entities_list: @entity3794 :: ('MESH:D011658', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity288 :: ('MESH:D000305', 'Chemical') :: ['corticosteroids']

entities_list: @entity401 :: ('MESH:D017563', 'Disease') :: ['ILD', 'interstitial lung disease']

entities_list: @entity2028 :: ('MESH:D018410', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity785 :: ('MESH:D012595', 'Disease') :: ['systemic sclerosis', 'SSc']

answer: @entity786 :: (MESH:D003520,Chemical) :: ['cyclophosphamide']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of Left @entity715 in @entity1 suffering from severe @entity4794 with @entity955 . METHODS: A cross sectional descriptive type study was conducted in the Echocardiography department of the National Institute of Cardio @entity455 (NICVD) Karachi from October 1, 2007 to March 17, 2008. A total of 100 consecutive adult @entity1 with severe @entity4794 ( @entity4794 ) and @entity955 ( @entity955 ) were included in this study. 12-lead Electrocardiography was done once clinical and echocardiographic features revealed @entity4794 . @entity1 with signs of @entity955 were selected and Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) was obtained to detect Left @entity715 . Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed whenever @entity715 could not be found with TTE and / or nature of the mass could not be confirmed. RESULTS: Among 100 @entity1 studied; there were 52 males and 48 females. TTE was performed in all @entity1 and LA thrombi were detected in 24% @entity1 . TEE was performed in remaining 76% @entity1 and additional 14 @entity1 with LA thrombi were detected in this subgroup. Therefore a total of 38% of the @entity1 with LA thrombi were documented. Among them, 6% had clots in LA body while LA appendage clots were found in 32% of @entity1 . Left atrial dimension was found to be relevant (P-value = 0.004) with the presence of @entity715 in @entity1 with severe @entity4794 associated with @entity955 . Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) was found in 54% of @entity1 but it was not found to be relevant with the presence of LA @entity715 (P = 0.75). CONCLUSION: Left @entity715 was present in 38% @entity1 with severe @entity4794 associated with @entity955 . Larger left atrial diameter is a stronger predictor of presence of LA @entity715

title: Severe XXXX with @entity955 --a harbinger of thromboembolism.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['Vascular Diseases']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation', 'Atrial Fibrillation', 'AF']

entities_list: @entity4794 :: ('MESH:D008946', 'Disease') :: ['Mitral stenosis', 'MS', 'Sever MS', 'mitral stenosis']

entities_list: @entity715 :: ('MESH:D013927', 'Disease') :: ['atrial thrombus', 'Atrial Thrombus', 'Atrial thrombus', 'thrombus']

answer: @entity4794 :: (MESH:D008946,Disease) :: ['mitral stenosis']


abstract: CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE: The @entity2124 ( @entity2124 )/ @entity442 ) axis is the key regulator of somatic growth in @entity1 and its genes are plausible candidates to study the genetics of height variation. Here, we studied polymorphic variation in the @entity2124 / @entity442 axis in the extremely tall Dutch. METHODS: Case-control study of 166 tall cases with height >2 @entity214 and 206 controls with normally distributed height <2 SDS. Excluded were subjects with @entity851 . We analyzed genomic DNA at 7 common polymorphisms in the @entity2124 , @entity9045 ( @entity9045 ), @entity442 and @entity2301 genes. RESULTS: The association of the @entity2124 -1 1663 SNP with tall stature approached statistical significance, with the T-allele more present in the tall ( @entity4365 ( @entity4365 ): 0.44 vs. 0.36; p=0.084). Moreover, haplotype frequencies at this locus were significantly different between cases and controls, with the GGT haplotype most commonly seen in cases (p=0.01). Allele frequencies of @entity9045 polymorphisms were not different. For the @entity442 CA-repeat we observed a higher frequency of homozygous 192-bp carriers among tall males compared to control males ( @entity4365 : 0.62 vs. 0.55; p=0.02). The @entity2301 -202 C-allele occurred more frequently in cases than in controls ( @entity4365 : 0.58 vs. 0.50; p=0.002). Within cases, those carrying one or two copies of the -202 C-allele were significantly taller than AA genotype carriers (AC, p=0.028 and CC, p=0.009). Serum @entity2301 levels were highest in AA genotype carriers, the -202 SNP explained 5.8% of the variation. CONCLUSION: Polymorphic variation in the @entity16108 and @entity2301 genes is associated with extremely tall stature. In particular, the @entity2301 -202 SNP is associated not only with being very tall but also with height variation within the tall.

title: Common polymorphisms in the @entity2124 / XXXX axis contribute to growth in extremely tall subjects.

entities_list: @entity851 :: ('MESH:D006130', 'Disease') :: ['endocrine disorders or growth syndromes']

entities_list: @entity442 :: ('3479', 'Gene') :: ['insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1', 'IGF-1']

entities_list: @entity4365 :: ('MESH:C565121', 'Disease') :: ['AF', 'allele frequency']

answer: @entity442 :: (3479,Gene) :: ['IGF-1']


abstract: @entity11339 is a @entity154 characterised by @entity4643 , @entity299 , @entity1146 of choanae, Retardation of growth and/or development, @entity790 , and @entity2169 often associated with @entity2319 . It is caused by heterozygous mutations in the @entity21477 gene and shows a highly variable phenotype. Anosmia and @entity6126 occur in the majority of the @entity11339 @entity1 , but the underlying pathogenesis is unknown. Therefore, we studied the ability to smell and aspects of the reproductive system (reproductive performance, @entity1176 (GnRH) neurons and anatomy of testes and uteri) in a @entity19 model for @entity11339 , the whirligig @entity19 ( @entity21477 (Whi/+)). We showed that @entity21477 ( @entity21477 ) is expressed in brain areas involved in olfaction and reproduction during embryonic development. We observed poorer performance in the smell test in adult @entity21477 (Whi/+) @entity19 , secondary either to olfactory dysfunction or to balance disturbances. Olfactory bulb and reproductive organ abnormalities were observed in a proportion of @entity21477 (Whi/+) @entity19 . Hypothalamic GnRH neurons were slightly reduced in @entity21477 (Whi/+) females and reproductive performance was slightly less in @entity21477 (Whi/+) @entity19 . This study shows that the penetrance of @entity4838 and @entity6126 is lower in @entity21477 (Whi/+) @entity19 than in @entity11339 @entity1 . Interestingly, many phenotypic features of the @entity21477 mutation showed incomplete penetrance in our model @entity19 , despite the use of inbred, genetically identical @entity19 . This supports the theory that the extreme variability of the @entity11339 phenotype in both @entity1 and @entity19 might be attributed to variations in the fetal microenvironment or to purely stochastic events.

title: Study of smell and reproductive organs in a XXXX model for @entity11339 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['multiple congenital anomaly syndrome']

entities_list: @entity21477 :: ('320790(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['CHD7', 'Chd7', 'Chromodomain Helicase DNA-binding protein 7']

entities_list: @entity11339 :: ('MESH:D058747', 'Disease') :: ['CHARGE', 'CHARGE syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1176 :: ('MESH:D007987', 'Chemical') :: ['gonadotropin-releasing hormone']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['Heart defects']

entities_list: @entity2169 :: ('MESH:D004427', 'Disease') :: ['Ear anomalies']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadotropic hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity790 :: ('MESH:D014564', 'Disease') :: ['Genital hypoplasia']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of antenatal @entity134 exposure and in utero @entity32 on the development of severe @entity548 , @entity5719 and long-term neurological outcome in @entity1 less than 30 completed weeks gestation. METHOD: @entity1 less than 30 completed weeks gestation from January 1996 to July 2001 were identified from a prospectively managed database. Placental pathology was reviewed for the presence or absence of @entity5870 and @entity5870 . @entity1 were divided into three groups depending on the degree of exposure to fetal @entity32 (no @entity32 , @entity5870 only and @entity5870 and @entity5870 ). Data relating to gestational age, birthweight, sex, antenatal @entity134 exposure, surfactant treatment, days of positive pressure ventilation and days of @entity26 requirement were collected. Cerebral ultrasound studies were examined for evidence of intraventricular or intraparenchymal echodensity and @entity5719 . Long-term neurological outcome was assessed by neurological examination for @entity306 and by Griffiths Mental Developmental Assessment for general developmental quotient. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty @entity1 were identified. The mean gestational age was 27.7 weeks and the mean birthweight 1092 g. Seventy-two per cent of mothers had received a complete course of antenatal @entity230 . The risk of Grade III @entity548 or intraparenchymal echodensity was associated with exposure to in utero @entity32 if a complete course of antenatal @entity230 had not been received (P = 0.002). This association did not exist if a complete course of antenatal @entity230 was given (P = 0.62). Fourteen @entity1 @entity306 (7%). The presence of @entity306 was also associated with in utero @entity32 in the absence of complete antenatal @entity134 cover (P = 0.03) and not in the presence of complete cover (P = 0.59). The mean general developmental quotient on Griffiths Mental Developmental Assessment at 12 months or 3 years was not affected by exposure to in utero @entity32 regardless of antenatal @entity134 exposure. CONCLUSION: Risk of @entity548 or intraparenchymal echodensity and @entity306 was associated with in utero @entity32 in the absence of a complete course of antenatal @entity230 . A complete course of antenatal @entity230 appeared to extinguish any association between in utero @entity32 and adverse neurological outcome.

title: Antenatal @entity230 may reduce adverse neurological outcome following @entity5870 : neurodevelopmental outcome and XXXX in premature @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['infants', 'Infants']

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intraventricular haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity5870 :: ('MESH:D002821', 'Disease') :: ['funisitis', 'chorioamnionitis']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity5719 :: ('MESH:D007969', 'Disease') :: ['periventricular leukomalacia']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity306 :: ('MESH:D002547', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral palsy', 'had cerebral palsy']

answer: @entity5870 :: (MESH:D002821,Disease) :: ['chorioamnionitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the test-retest variability of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) and threshold perimetry in @entity726 , and to examine the relationship between the two techniques. METHODS: Data were recorded using the AccuMap mfVEP and SITA standard program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer. Data were obtained twice within a 4-week period from both eyes of 74 @entity1 with varying amounts of @entity227 . The number of defective test locations (those falling beyond a given probability value of being normal) were calculated for mfVEP and SITA, using databases incorporated within the instruments software. Reliability measures and test times were recorded along with @entity1 test preference. RESULTS: Both tests showed a large degree of test-retest variability in the number of defective test locations (95% limits of agreement for mfVEP and SITA being 13.39 and 9.88, respectively). A "fair to moderate" degree of spatial agreement was found between mfVEP and SITA. The number of mfVEP defective locations was dependent on the signal amplitude. No relationship was found between test-retest variability and the reliability indices for either test. The mean time taken to perform mfVEP and SITA standard was 33 and 20 minutes, respectively, and 73 of the 74 @entity1 preferred the mfVEP test. CONCLUSIONS: Test-retest variability was found to be slightly greater for mfVEP. The processing of mfVEP signals needs to be changed to remove the relationship between the number of defective locations and signal amplitude. The majority of @entity1 preferred mfVEP to conventional perimetry although mfVEP takes longer to perform.

title: Test-retest variability of multifocal visual evoked potential and SITA standard perimetry in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['glaucomatous visual field loss']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The prophylactic use of the @entity737 ( @entity737 ) has been shown to decrease mortality in @entity1 with @entity308 left ventricular ejection function (LVEF  <= 35%). Whether this beneficial effect persists in the presence of @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ) is not established. METHODS: We examined the medical records of @entity1 with LVEF  <= 35% and @entity1030 and analyzed the data for total mortality by @entity737 status. Each @entity737 @entity1 was matched by age and LVEF with two to three controls. The Charlson comorbidity index and propensity score were used to correct for differences in comorbidities and biases between the study groups. RESULTS: A total of 100 @entity1 (30 with @entity737 and 70 controls) were included in this analysis. The overall cohort had a mean age of 65    15 years with a predominance of white (79%) @entity1 (72%). Compared to controls, @entity737 @entity1 had a wider QRS complex (150    32 ms vs 110    24 ms, P < 0.001) and were less likely to be on @entity134 therapy (10% vs 31%, P = 0.018) for @entity1030 . At a mean follow-up of 3.1    2.7 years, @entity737 @entity1 had a lower total mortality (2-year survival of 88% in the @entity737 group vs 59% in the controls, P = 0.016). The lower death rate in the @entity737 group persisted after correcting for differences in the QRS interval and for discrepancies race and in the incidence of @entity134 use in a multivariate Cox regression model (odds ratio = 0.300, adjusted P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: @entity1 with @entity1030 extract survival benefit from the @entity737 and should therefore not be denied this life-saving therapy.

title: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators confer survival benefit in @entity1 with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depressed']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICD', 'implantable cardioverter-defibrillator']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

answer: @entity1030 :: (MESH:D029424,Disease) :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']


abstract: "Animal-Plant Warfare" is one of the hypotheses for the evolution of drug-metabolizing P450s. To address the validity of this hypothesis, we examined the induction of xenobiotic-metabolizing P450s by 12 plant toxins in @entity35 , using hepatic activity for @entity251 metabolism as the index. The compounds tested were @entity11038 , @entity1286 , @entity2899 , @entity2607 , @entity2134 , @entity11039 , @entity2072 , @entity3897 , @entity8874 , @entity11040 , @entity1239 and @entity11041 . Drinking water containing a test compound was given to @entity35 for 4 days, and the hepatic activity of @entity251 metabolism was determined together with monitoring body @entity1017 and liver weight as the indices of @entity137 . The results showed that while @entity2072 and @entity1239 have a minor ability to increase @entity251 16 beta-hydroxylase activity, a marker activity for the @entity4921 , all other compounds did not have any such effect. No correlation was observed between a change in 16 beta-hydroxylase and @entity137 caused by toxins. Therefore, these results did not support the idea that the inducibility of the CYP2B subfamily in animals is acquired through "Animal-Plant Warfare". Several compounds examined here increased or decreased hepatic activities of @entity251 2 alpha-, 6 beta-, 7 alpha- and 16 alpha-hydroxylation and 17-oxidation, indicating a possible effect on the CYP2A, 2C and 3A subfamily. Of these effects, a moderate correlation (r < 0.49) was observed in the changes in the activities of 2 alpha-/16 alpha-hydroxylation and 17-oxidation vs. that in @entity137 . It is therefore suggested that inhibition or suppression of the expression of @entity11042 is one of the mechanisms in the @entity137 of plant toxins for @entity35 , although it comes from an examination using limited numbers of compounds.

title: Induction of XXXX hepatic cytochromes P450 by toxic ingredients in plants: lack of correlation between @entity137 and inductive activity.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity11040 :: ('MESH:D004072', 'Chemical') :: ['digitonin']

entities_list: @entity11038 :: ('MESH:D000157', 'Chemical') :: ['aconitine']

entities_list: @entity1239 :: ('MESH:D009538', 'Chemical') :: ['nicotine']

entities_list: @entity2134 :: ('MESH:D010862', 'Chemical') :: ['pilocarpine']

entities_list: @entity11039 :: ('MESH:D009116', 'Chemical') :: ['muscarine']

entities_list: @entity1017 :: ('MESH:D015430', 'Disease') :: ['weight gain']

entities_list: @entity2607 :: ('MESH:D010830', 'Chemical') :: ['physostigmine']

entities_list: @entity1286 :: ('MESH:D009020', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine']

entities_list: @entity3897 :: ('MESH:D001285', 'Chemical') :: ['atropine']

entities_list: @entity8874 :: ('MESH:D000678', 'Chemical') :: ['amygdalin']

entities_list: @entity2899 :: ('MESH:D014403', 'Chemical') :: ['tubocurarine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. (Rhamnaceae) is a fruit tree that has been used as folkloric medicine for many ailments and diseases. In the present study, the hypoglycemic effect of seed extract of Ziziphus mauritiana in @entity10835 -induced @entity6 @entity19 was assessed. Seed extract was administered orally at doses of 100, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight (bw) and also in combination with @entity5217 (800 mg/kg seed extract and 10 mg/kg @entity5217 ) to different groups of @entity19 (normal and @entity10835 -treated @entity6 @entity19 ). Their blood @entity413 level (in acute and sub-acute study), body weight, and mortality rate were monitored. Oral @entity413 tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed. Oral administration of extract alone or in combination with @entity5217 reduced the blood @entity413 level in all the @entity6 @entity19 after acute and sub-acute (28 days) administration. Administration of the extract reduced the weight loss and mortality rate during the sub-acute study. The results of blood @entity413 level, loss in body weight, and mortality rate were more pronounced in the group treated with combination (800 mg/kg seed extract and 10 mg/kg @entity5217 ). The extract also augmented the @entity413 tolerance in both normal and @entity6 @entity19 . These results suggest that the extract possesses synergistic hypoglycemic activity.

title: Hypoglycemic activity of Ziziphus mauritiana aqueous ethanol seed extract in @entity10835 -induced @entity6 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity5217 :: ('MESH:D005905', 'Chemical') :: ['glyburide']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: Radiotherapy is a major treatment modality for @entity135 . It is often not possible to exclude the salivary glands from the treatment fields. The unique susceptibility of the serous cells of the salivary glands to irradiation often results in @entity2133 with ensuing secondary complications and discomfort to the @entity1 . Recent reports have suggested that @entity400 ( @entity400 ) can lead to considerably less reduction in the parotid salivary gland than conventional radiotherapy. This study was undertaken to assess histologic changes of salivary glands induced by @entity400 and conventional radiation fractionation schedules. The parotid and submandibular salivary glands of adult @entity2608 were irradiated with @entity1953 -60 gamma radiation at 50 Gy/20 fractions/4 weeks, 55 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks, or 54 Gy/36 fractions/12 days ( @entity400 ). Salivary tissues were harvested at 16 weeks following irradiation and evaluated histopathologically. Microscopically, the glands receiving 50 Gy, 55 Gy, or @entity400 were virtually indistinguishable. There was severe @entity194 and @entity82 of all glands. Quantitative analysis revealed that 50 Gy, 55 Gy, and @entity400 induced a reduction of serous acini in parotid glands by 86.4%, 84.8%, and 88.8%, respectively. In submandibular glands, serous acini were reduced by 99.4%, 99.0%, and 100%, respectively. The corresponding reduction in mucous acini were 98.4%, 98.4%, and 99.2%, respectively. These histopathologic and quantitative morphologic studies show that the magnitude of serous gland @entity194 in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands of @entity2608 was similar at 16 weeks after receiving 50 Gy in 20 fractions, 55 Gy in 25 fractions, or @entity400 .

title: Effects of continuous hyperfractionated accelerated and conventionally fractionated radiotherapy on the parotid and submandibular salivary glands of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity2133 :: ('MESH:D014987', 'Disease') :: ['xerostomia']

entities_list: @entity400 :: ('MESH:D014202', 'Disease') :: ['continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy', 'CHART']

entities_list: @entity2608 :: ('9544', 'Species') :: ['rhesus monkeys']

answer: @entity2608 :: (9544,Species) :: ['rhesus monkeys']


abstract: 49, @entity20110 is the most severe variant of @entity252 ( @entity252 ) affecting about 1/85000 male births. The classical presentation is the triad: @entity1032 , @entity6126 and radio ulnar @entity8213 . Indeed, the reproductive function of @entity5789 is distinguished from @entity252 . Besides, Leydig cell @entity5 are described in cases of @entity252 , but never documented in the Klinefelter variants.We describe a young adult of 22  years old who presented with hyper @entity6126 , delayed @entity1175 and bilateral micro-cryptorchidism. Chromosomal pentasomy was confirmed since infancy. Bilateral orchidectomy revealed a unilateral well-circumscribed @entity8302 associated with bilateral @entity1373 .Inspired from reporting the first case of @entity8302 in a 49,XXXXY @entity1 , we summarize the particularities of testicular function in 49,XXXXY from one side, and the risk and mechanisms of Leydig cell tumorigenesis in Klinefelter variants on the other side. The histological destructions in 49,XXXXY testes and @entity6126 are more profound than in Klinefelter @entity1 , with early Sertoli, Leydig and germ cell destruction. Furthermore, the risk of Leydigioma development in @entity252 and its variants remains a dilemma. We believe that the risk of Leydigioma is much higher in @entity252 than the general population. By contrast, the risk could be lower in the Klinefelter variants with more than 3 supplementary X chromosomes, owing to an earlier and more profound destruction of Leydig cells rendering them irresponsive to chronic Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulation.

title: @entity8302 in a XXXX with 49,XXXXY karyotype: a review of literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1032 :: ('MESH:D008607', 'Disease') :: ['mental retardation']

entities_list: @entity8213 :: ('MESH:D013580', 'Disease') :: ['synostosis']

entities_list: @entity5789 :: ('MESH:C536016', 'Disease') :: ["Fraccaro's syndrome"]

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig cell hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity252 :: ('MESH:D007713', 'Disease') :: ["Klinefelter's syndrome", 'KS']

entities_list: @entity8302 :: ('MESH:D007984', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig cell tumor']

entities_list: @entity6126 :: ('MESH:D007006', 'Disease') :: ['hypogonadism', 'gonadotropic hypogonadism', 'hypergonadotropic hypogonadism']

entities_list: @entity20110 :: ('MESH:C535319', 'Disease') :: ["XXXXY pentasomy or Fraccaro's syndrome"]

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patient']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long term consequences of regressed @entity439 after @entity573 , using follow up coronary angiography; to assess the vascular wall morphology at the site of the @entity439 by intravascular ultrasound imaging; and to evaluate the function of the affected vessels using intracoronary infusions of @entity934 and @entity3763 . DESIGN: 33 @entity1 were studied, 27 with previous @entity573 and six with @entity299 . All @entity573 @entity1 were followed for more than 10 years from disease onset. The 33 @entity1 comprised four groups: group 1 included 13 @entity573 @entity1 with a total of 23 sites of regressed large sized (>/= 4 mm) @entity574 ; group 2 included 13 @entity573 @entity1 with 22 sites of regressed small sized (< 4 mm) @entity574 (four @entity1 had sites of both large and small sized @entity439 ); group 3 included a further five @entity573 @entity1 with 25 normal coronary angiography sites in the acute stage of @entity573 ; and group 4 comprised the six @entity1 with @entity299 as controls, with a total of 27 normal coronary angiography sites. During coronary angiography, 15 microg of @entity934 and 0.5 mg @entity3763 were infused into the coronary artery. The luminal diameter at the sites was measured using a cine-videodensitometric analyser, to assess the distensibility of the coronary artery wall. RESULTS: Coronary angiography in all 22 @entity1 in groups 1 and 2 and in all the @entity1 in group 3 was normal, with no stenoses and no irregularity of the arterial wall. However, the intravascular ultrasound imaging in groups 1 and 2 showed various degrees of the intimal thickening. In groups 1 and 2, there was significantly more vascular constriction with @entity934 , and poorer dilatation with @entity3763 than in groups 3 or 4 (each p < 0.05, respectively). There was no difference between group 3 and group 4 in response to either @entity934 or @entity3763 , CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of persisting abnormal vascular wall morphology and @entity455 at the site of regressed @entity574 in @entity1 with previous @entity573 . These @entity1 should be counselled to avoid potential risk factors for @entity731 , and long term follow up is needed into adult life.

title: Long term consequences of regressed XXXX after @entity573 : vascular wall morphology and function.

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular dysfunction']

entities_list: @entity3763 :: ('MESH:D007548', 'Chemical') :: ['isosorbide dinitrate']

entities_list: @entity573 :: ('MESH:C537014', 'Disease') :: ['Kawasaki disease']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['congenital heart disease']

entities_list: @entity731 :: ('MESH:D050197', 'Disease') :: ['atherosclerosis']

entities_list: @entity574 :: ('MESH:D003323', 'Disease') :: ['coronary aneurysms']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity574 :: (MESH:D003323,Disease) :: ['coronary aneurysms']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1 with endogenous @entity699 are thought to be at high risk for adrenalectomy and may experience significant postoperative surgical mortality/morbidity. METHODS: From 1981 through 1991, 91 @entity1 underwent adrenal resection for endogenous @entity699 . Causes were adrenal-dependent @entity699 (50%), pituitary-dependent @entity699 (27%), and an ectopic @entity4545 -secreting @entity5 (23%). Causes of adrenal-dependent @entity699 were @entity822 (72%), @entity4383 (20%), and @entity1636 (8%). Comparative mean length of hospitalization for @entity1 undergoing unilateral anterior versus posterior approach was 8 versus 6 days, and bilateral anterior versus posterior was 11 versus 6 days. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 2.6%. Only one @entity1 had a wound @entity281 , and no @entity1 had either a @entity49 or a @entity1151 . Delayed wound @entity446 occurred in three @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: (1) Adrenal surgery can be performed today with low morbidity/mortality. (2) Although there is an effect of @entity699 on wound @entity446 , @entity281 , @entity6 , @entity101 , @entity453 , and @entity1151 , it was possible to perform adrenalectomy surgically with acceptable morbidity and mortality. (3) These results may serve as a standard against which laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be compared.

title: Adrenal surgery for XXXX --surgical aspects.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4545 :: ('5443', 'Gene') :: ['adrenocorticotropic hormone']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity49 :: ('MESH:D019851', 'Disease') :: ['venous thrombosis']

entities_list: @entity699 :: ('MESH:D003480', 'Disease') :: ["Cushing's syndrome", 'hypercortisolism']

entities_list: @entity1151 :: ('MESH:D011655', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary embolism']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity1636 :: ('MESH:D018268', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity4383 :: ('MESH:D020518', 'Disease') :: ['bilateral nodular hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity822 :: ('MESH:D018246', 'Disease') :: ['adrenocortical adenoma']

answer: @entity699 :: (MESH:D003480,Disease) :: ['hypercortisolism']


abstract: To define the mechanism of @entity205 ( @entity870 )-induced apoptosis, we investigated the expression of apoptosis-related genes in experimental chronic @entity870 nephrotoxicity. @entity19 on a low-salt (0.01%) diet were given vehicle (VH, olive oil, 1 mg/kg/day), or @entity870 (30 mg/kg/day), and sacrificed at 1 and 4 weeks. Apoptosis was detected with deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated @entity1977 nick end-labeling (TUNEL) stain, and the expressions of apoptosis-related genes were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot or immunohistochemistry. The activity of @entity16426 was also evaluated. The @entity870 group showed increases in apoptotic cells compared with the VH group (54 +/- 41 vs. 3 +/- 3, p < 0.05), and the number of apoptotic cells correlated well with interstitial @entity82 scores (r = 0.83, p < 0.01). The @entity870 group showed a significant increase in Fas-ligand mRNA (0.20 vs. 0.02 amol/microgram total RNA, p < 0.05) and Fas protein expression (146% vs. 95%, p < 0.05), compared with the VH group. The @entity870 group showed significant increases in ICE mRNA (0.21 vs. 0.03 amol/microgram total RNA at 4 weeks, p < 0.05) and @entity185 mRNA (0.18 vs. 0.03 amol/microgram total RNA at 4 weeks, p < 0.05), compared with the VH group. The enzymatic activity of ICE (16.6 vs. 7.9 rho mol/microgram/h, p < 0.05) and @entity185 protease (15.6 vs. 2.7 rho mol/microgram/h, p < 0.05) proteases were increased in the @entity870 group, compared with the VH group. The ratio between @entity1380 and @entity1379 protein increased significantly in the @entity870 group (5.3-fold), compared with the VH group. Levels of @entity899 protein also increased in the @entity870 group. Immunohistochemical detection of Fas, Fas-ligand, ICE and @entity185 revealed strong immunoreactivity in renal tubular cells in areas of structural injury. These findings suggest that local activation of the apoptosis-related genes is associated with @entity870 -induced apoptotic cell death.

title: Expression of apoptosis-related genes in chronic @entity205 nephrotoxicity in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: An @entity3044 test was performed in 69 @entity1 during electrophysiological investigation to assess its diagnostic value in adrenergic supraventricular or @entity1165 . Sixteen control subjects had no symptoms on exercise and routine exercise stress testing did not trigger any hyperexcitability. Sixteen @entity1 had reproducible documented @entity4710 induced by exercise (13 paroxysmal @entity591 , 3 focal @entity591 ). Eight @entity1 had @entity67 related to effort. Twenty-nine @entity1 had supraventricular and/or @entity67 only at rest. Electrophysiological investigations included paired @entity11705 and paced rhythm followed by programmed ventricular stimulation using one and then two extrastimuli delivered during sinus rhythm and paced @entity67 . These stimulation studies were carried out under basal conditions and then during low dose @entity3044 infusion (10 to 40 micrograms) which accelerated the heart rate to 130/mn. Electrophysiological and conduction parameters and the mode of induction of the @entity591 (defined as at least 5 successive echos with a configuration similar to the clinical @entity591 ) were studied. We observed an acceleration of anterograde and retrograde conduction and a shortening of the effective atrial and ventricular refractory periods but these changes were found equally in the different groups of @entity1 and were not related to the induction of @entity591 . The induction of paroxysmal junctional @entity591 by @entity3044 was a very sensitive (92%) and specific (100%) diagnostic method. Its diagnostic value was much greater than Holter monitoring (25%) and exercise stress testing (12.5%). Induction of @entity1165 by @entity3044 was also very sensitive (75%) and specific (95%). The diagnostic value was higher than exercise stress testing (71%) and Holter monitoring (62%). @entity3044 did not affect the induction of @entity17017 unrelated to effort and even suppressed the triggering of some episodes. In conclusion, the induction by atrial or ventricular pacing or spontaneous supraventricular or @entity1165 during @entity3044 infusion was very specific and correlated with the concept of @entity591 induced by exercise and therefore of adrenergic nature. The sensitivity of this test was excellent in @entity1 with @entity4710 (95%) and very good in @entity1165 (75%). On the other hand, the changes in the electrophysiological parameters were not specific for a group of @entity1 .

title: [Diagnostic value of the XXXX test in effort @entity591 ].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity11705 :: ('MESH:C563907', 'Disease') :: ['atrial stimulation during sinus rhythm']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['atrial tachycardias', 'tachycardia', 'tachycardias', 'junctional tachycardias']

entities_list: @entity3044 :: ('MESH:D007545', 'Chemical') :: ['Isoproterenol', 'isoproterenol']

entities_list: @entity4710 :: ('MESH:D013617', 'Disease') :: ['supraventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity67 :: ('MESH:D018754', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular hyperexcitability', 'ventricular rhythm']

entities_list: @entity17017 :: ('MESH:D005598', 'Disease') :: ['spontaneous tachyarrythmias']

answer: @entity3044 :: (MESH:D007545,Chemical) :: ['isoproterenol']


abstract: Between 1982 and 1992, 60 consecutive female @entity1 underwent pulmonary resection for metastatic @entity0 . Median age was 58 years (range, 21 to 81 years). The median @entity5 -free interval after primary @entity0 operation was 2.2 years (range, 7 days to 20.6 years). Thirty-one @entity1 (51.6%) had solitary pulmonary metastases. Forty @entity1 (66.7%) had complete pulmonary resection, which consisted of wedge excision in 33, lobectomy in 6, and pneumonectomy in 1. The remaining 20 @entity1 had incomplete resection, which consisted of wedge excision in all. Altogether, 8 @entity1 (13.3%) had development of @entity260 , which included pneumothorax, prolonged air leak, @entity1151 , retained secretions requiring bronchoscopy, @entity955 , and chest tube site infection. There was one operative death (1.7%). Follow-up was complete in all @entity1 and ranged from 23 days to 10.7 years (median, 3.5 years). Recurrence developed in 32 of the 39 survivors (82.1%) who had complete resection. Median disease-free interval after lung resection was 1.6 years (range, 23 days to 9.3 years). Overall 5-year survival was 37.8% (95% confidence interval, 25.1% to 50.5%). The 40 @entity1 who had complete resection had a 5-year survival of 35.6% (95% confidence interval, 20.4% to 50.8%) as compared with 42.1% (95% confidence interval, 19.0% to 65.3%) for the 20 @entity1 with incomplete resection (p = not significant). Although pulmonary resection is safe, we could not demonstrate improved survival after complete pulmonary resection of metastatic @entity0 in this highly selected group of @entity1 .

title: Pulmonary resection for metastatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast carcinoma', 'breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most @entity1 with @entity1375 require an increase in their dose of @entity1955 ( @entity2016 ) after conception. To minimize fetal and maternal complications of @entity1375 , it is thought that @entity1 should be rapidly restored to the euthyroid state. The objectives of this study was to determine the percentage of @entity1375 @entity1 who would need to increase their dose of @entity2016 dose even if they had a preconception (pre-C) serum thyrotropin (TSH) of <2.5 mIU/L as recommended by the Endocrine Society's guidelines and to ascertain whether there was a relationship between the pre-C TSH value and the need to increase the @entity2016 dose during pregnancy. METHODS: Fifty-three pregnant @entity1 with @entity1375 on @entity2016 treatment in whom the pre-C serum TSH was <2.5 mIU/L, but which was within the normal range, within the 6 months before pregnancy were retrospectively studied. An additional selection criterion was that their @entity2016 dose at the time of their first prenatal visit was the same as that received pre-C. RESULTS: Seventeen @entity1 had to increase their @entity2016 dose during pregnancy, because their serum TSH was increased at the time of the first prenatal visit (Group 1); and 36 @entity1 did not have to increase their dose of @entity2016 during pregnancy (Group 2). The pre-C TSH was significantly higher in Group 1 (1.55    0.62 mIU/L) than in Group 2 (0.98    0.67 mIU/L). When pre-C TSH range was 1.2-2.4 mIU/L, 50% of the @entity1 required an increase in the @entity2016 dose during pregnancy. In contrast, when the pre-C TSH was <1.2 mIU/L, only 17.2% (p< 0.02) had to increase the @entity2016 dose during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that in @entity1 with @entity1375 who are planning to become pregnant, serum TSH levels should be in the normal range but should not be greater than about 1.2 mIU/mL.

title: The relationship of preconception thyrotropin levels to requirements for increasing the XXXX dose during pregnancy in @entity1 with @entity1375 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity1375 :: ('MESH:D007037', 'Disease') :: ['maternal hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroidism', 'hypothyroid']

entities_list: @entity1955 :: ('MESH:D013974', 'Chemical') :: ['levothyroxine']

answer: @entity1955 :: (MESH:D013974,Chemical) :: ['levothyroxine']