abstract: BACKGROUND: Several risk scoring systems exist for @entity360 ( @entity360 ). We hypothesised that a modified Glasgow Blatchford Score (mGBS) that eliminates the subjective components of the @entity5011 might perform as well as current scoring systems. AIM: To compare the performance of the mGBS to the most widely reported scoring systems for prediction of clinical outcomes in @entity1 presenting with @entity360 . METHODS: Prospective cohort study from 9/2010 to 9/2011. Accuracy of the mGBS was compared with the full @entity5011 , full Rockall Score (RS) and clinical RS using area under the receiver operating characterstics-curve (AUC). PRIMARY OUTCOME was need for clinical intervention: blood transfusion, endoscopic, radiological or surgical intervention. Secondary outcome was repeat bleeding or mortality. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-nine @entity1 were included. Median age was 56 with 40% @entity1 . Thirty-two per cent @entity1 required blood transfusion, 24% endoscopic interventions, 0.5% radiological intervention, 0 surgical interventions, 5% had repeat bleeding and 0.5% mortality. PRIMARY OUTCOME: the mGBS (AUC 0.85) performed as well as the @entity5011 (AUC  =  0.86, P  =  0.81), and outperformed the full RS (AUC 0.75, P  =  0.005) and clinical RS (AUC 0.66, P  <  0.0001). Secondary outcome: the mGBS (AUC 0.83) performed as well as the @entity5011 (AUC 0.81, P  =  0.38) and full RS (AUC 0.69, and outperformed the clinical RS (AUC 0.59, P  =  0.0007). CONCLUSIONS: The modified Glasgow Blatchford Score performed as well as the full Glasgow Blatchford Score while outperforming both Rockall Scores for prediction of clinical outcomes in American @entity1 with @entity360 . By eliminating the subjective components of the Glasgow Blatchford Score, the modified Glasgow Blatchford Score may be easier to use and therefore more easily implemented into routine clinical practice.

title: A modified Glasgow Blatchford Score improves risk stratification in XXXX : a prospective comparison of scoring systems.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['UGIB', 'upper gastrointestinal bleed']

answer: @entity360 :: (MESH:D006471,Disease) :: ['upper gastrointestinal bleed']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple prior reports are conflicted regarding the true incidence of complications following implant-based breast reconstruction. A review of a single surgeon's extensive experience with tissue expander/implant reconstruction provides the opportunity to critically evaluate outcomes in a uniformly treated @entity1 population. The objective of this study was to analyze the development of @entity532 in @entity1 following two-stage implant breast reconstruction. METHODS: A review of all tissue expander/implant reconstructions performed by a single surgeon over the 12-year period from July of 1992 to June of 2004 was performed. A prospectively maintained database was analyzed with respect to reconstructive and early complication data on 1522 reconstructions in 1221 @entity1 . Early complications were defined as those occurring 12 months or less from initiation of reconstruction. RESULTS: The overall rate of @entity532 was 5.8 percent; the rate of premature expander removal was 2.7 percent. The most common complication was @entity281 (2.5 percent). The incidence of complications after tissue expander insertion (8.5 percent) was significantly higher than that after the exchange procedure (2.7 percent). The rate of complications was significantly higher in @entity1 with a history of preoperative chest wall irradiation. There was no difference in the incidence of complications in @entity1 who were expanded during chemotherapy and those who were not. CONCLUSIONS: Tissue expander/implant reconstruction is a safe, reliable method of reconstruction with minimal @entity532 . Early complications are more common after expander insertion. Chemotherapy administered during tissue expansion does not increase the rate of complications. The rate of complications, although higher in previously irradiated @entity1 , remains low.

title: A single surgeon's 12-year experience with tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction: part I. A prospective analysis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['early complications']

answer: @entity532 :: (MESH:D003925,Disease) :: ['early complications']


abstract: Radiotherapy combined with three weekly 100 mg/m2 of @entity900 is the accepted standard of care in head and @entity213 . However, this regimen is associated with severe @entity137 with devastating effects on @entity1 . Alternative protocols like weekly 40 mg/m2 have been used in an attempt to reduce @entity137 . The main objective of the present study is to identify the dose intensities and @entity137 of weekly @entity900 in @entity1 treated in a tertiary centre over a 12 month period. Included @entity1 had @entity957 arising in the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx. @entity1 were excluded if they had @entity957 , distant @entity3 or if they had prior treatment for @entity135 excluding neck dissection. During the study period, 52 @entity1 met the inclusion criteria and their data were retrospectively obtained from the @entity1 ' database of St James hospital, Dublin. The median age of the study cohort was 54 years (range 33-73). Of the @entity1 , 40 (76.9 %) were male and 12 (20.1 %) were female. The primary @entity5 sites were as follows: oral cavity and oropharynx in 38 (73 %), larynx in 10 (19 %), and hypopharynx in 4 (8 %). In total, 33 (63.5 %) @entity1 had stage IV disease, while 19 (36.5 %) had @entity5 . Treatment was definitive in 35 (67 %) @entity1 and adjuvant in 17 (35 %). Full-dose radiotherapy was achieved in 50 (96 %) @entity1 . Only 22 (42.3 %) @entity1 completed the intended six cycles of chemotherapy. Cumulative dose of 200 mg/m2 or more was reached in 37 (71 %) @entity1 . The acute adverse effects included grades 3 and 4 @entity33 , which occurred in 22 (43.3 %) and 6 @entity1 (12 %), respectively. Grade 3 and 4 @entity1398 occurred in six (11.5 %) and three (5.7 %) @entity1 , respectively. The only other haematological @entity137 was grade 3 @entity417 in 20 (38.4 %) @entity1 . There was no grade 3 or 4 @entity8 among the study cohort, although grade 2 was observed in six (11.5 %) @entity1 . @entity204 occurred in one @entity1 due to @entity1398 . In conclusion, weekly @entity900 is associated with moderate to severe @entity137 and might lead to suboptimal chemotherapy delivery. More prospective clinical studies are required to determine the optimal chemoradiation regimen in head and @entity213 .

title: Weekly XXXX concurrently with radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell cancer: a retrospective analysis of a tertiary institute experience.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head and neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal toxicity']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['stage III disease', 'tumour']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma', 'nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucositis']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'neutropenic septicaemia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

entities_list: @entity213 :: ('MESH:C535575', 'Disease') :: ['neck squamous cell carcinoma']

answer: @entity900 :: (MESH:D002945,Chemical) :: ['cisplatin']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: We determined how Israeli oncologists and family physicians value life-prolongation versus quality-of-life (QOL)-enhancing outcomes attributable to @entity5 and @entity712 interventions. METHODS: We presented physicians with two scenarios involving a hypothetical @entity1 with @entity5 expected to survive 12 months with current treatment. In a life-prolongation scenario, we suggested that a new treatment increases survival at an incremental cost of  50,000 over the standard of care. @entity1 were asked what minimum improvement in median survival the new therapy would need to provide for them to recommend it over the standard of care. In the QOL-enhancing scenario, we asked the maximum willingness to pay for an intervention that leads to the same survival as the standard treatment, but increases @entity1 's QOL from 50 to 75 (on a 0-100 scale). We replicated these scenarios by substituting a @entity1 with @entity712 instead of @entity5 . We derived the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained threshold implied by each response. RESULTS: In the life-prolongation scenario, the cost-effectiveness thresholds implied by oncologists were  150,000/QALY and  100,000/QALY for @entity5 and CHF, respectively. Cost-effectiveness thresholds implied by family physicians were  50,000/QALY regardless of the disease type. Willingness to pay for the QOL-enhancing scenarios was  60,000/QALY and did not differ by physicians' specialty or disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that family physicians value life-prolonging and QOL-enhancing interventions roughly equally, while oncologists value interventions that extend survival more highly than those that improve only QOL. These findings may have important implications for coverage and reimbursement decisions of new technologies.

title: Which is more valuable, longer survival or better quality of life? Israeli oncologists' and family physicians' attitudes toward the relative value of new @entity5 and XXXX interventions.

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer', 'metastatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

answer: @entity712 :: (MESH:D006333,Disease) :: ['congestive heart failure']


abstract: The purpose of the present communication was to determine in @entity1 with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ), @entity2 and healthy controls if there was a possible association between the disease state and biomarkers of cytogenetic damage and ras @entity3544 oncoprotein levels, and if various exogenous confounding factors such as smoking habit and endogenous ones (sex, @entity5 in the immediate family) could affect these biomarkers. The individuals in all groups were as well-matched as possible for age to determine if this could be eliminated as a confounder. Peripheral blood and plasma were collected from 20 @entity1030 @entity1 , 31 @entity5 @entity1 and 20 healthy controls. @entity2008 ( @entity2008 ), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and high frequency SCE cells (HFC) were examined from the blood and ras @entity3544 oncoproteins from the plasma. These parameters were used as biomarkers of @entity154 . All the biomarkers were examined for their relationship to the confounding factors. Results were analysed by a t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and stepwise multivariate regression analysis. There was an increase in @entity2008 , although not statistically so, in @entity1030 and @entity5 @entity1 by comparison with healthy controls, but there was a statistically significant increase in SCE, HFC and ras @entity3544 oncoproteins. There was also a statistically significant difference between respiratory volume parameters in @entity1030 @entity1 and controls. Respiratory parameters were not measured in @entity5 @entity1 . Ras @entity3544 oncoproteins were also statistically significantly increased in the @entity1030 and @entity5 @entity1 , suggesting that the disease state alone might be sufficient to increase the oncoproteins, or that some of the @entity1030 @entity1 were in the process of developing @entity5 or perhaps some would die from @entity1030 before @entity5 developed. Smoking was shown to have a marked effect on all parameters investigated. Ex-smokers showed less effects. Since age was very well controlled, there was little effect due to age. There was an effect due to sex, but @entity5 in the immediate family had little effect on any of the parameters.

title: Cytogenetic damage and ras @entity3544 oncoprotein levels from XXXX with @entity1030 ( @entity1030 ), @entity2 and healthy controls.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['genotoxic anomalies']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['untreated lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', 'COPD']

entities_list: @entity2008 :: ('MESH:D002869', 'Disease') :: ['Chromosomal aberrations', 'CA']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: The development of noncardiogenic @entity3126 is a characteristic feature of @entity649 ( @entity649 ). We hypothesized that @entity7 ( @entity7 ) would play an important role in this process. Plasma @entity7 was measured in 40 @entity1 with @entity649 , 28 at-risk @entity1 , 14 normal control subjects, and 9 ventilated control subjects. Cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) supernatant @entity7 was measured in 21 @entity1 with @entity649 and 12 at-risk @entity1 , respectively. The functional importance of @entity7 as a mediator of endothelial permeability was assessed by measuring albumin flux across @entity1 pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers. Plasma @entity7 was significantly elevated in @entity1 with @entity649 compared with at-risk @entity1 , normal control subjects, and ventilated control subjects (p = 0.01, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.002, respectively). PBM from @entity1 with @entity649 produced significantly more @entity7 in vitro than at-risk @entity1 (p = 0.05). Albumin flux across @entity1 pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers was significantly increased following the addition of plasma from @entity1 with @entity649 compared with plasma from normal control subjects (p = 0.008). When @entity7 activity in plasma was neutralized by the addition of a soluble @entity7 inhibitor, the albumin flux induced by @entity649 plasma was reduced by 48%. We conclude that @entity7 makes a significant contribution to the endothelial cell permeability-inducing activity in plasma from @entity1 with @entity649 , and may play an important role in the development of noncardiogenic @entity3126 in @entity649 .

title: XXXX may contribute to increased vascular permeability in @entity649 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'human']

entities_list: @entity649 :: ('MESH:D012128', 'Disease') :: ['ARDS', 'acute respiratory distress syndrome']

entities_list: @entity3126 :: ('MESH:D011654', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary edema']

entities_list: @entity7 :: ('7422', 'Gene') :: ['vascular endothelial growth factor', 'VEGF']

answer: @entity7 :: (7422,Gene) :: ['Vascular endothelial growth factor']


abstract: BACKGROUND: About 70% of the @entity1 operated on for a gastric bypass ( @entity356 [ @entity356 ]) suffer from dumping syndrome. In these @entity1 , previous studies have demonstrated a high glycemic variability with @entity4053 and with altered continuous @entity413 monitoring (CGM) profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with dietary counseling plus @entity11669 administration on the symptoms and on the characteristics of the CGM profile. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Eight consecutive @entity1 with dumping syndrome were given dietary counseling for 6 weeks and also treated with @entity11669 (50-100   mg three times a day). Their symptoms and the features of the CGM were compared before and after treatment. RESULTS: The symptoms disappeared in seven @entity1 . There was a significant increase in the time to the interstitial @entity413 (IG) peak and a reduction in the rate of the IG increase after a meal and in the rate of the IG decrease following the peak. The time below 60   mg/dL was significantly decreased, and the minimal IG value was significantly increased. The maximum and mean IG levels and the time above 140   mg/dL were decreased, but not significantly. Six @entity1 spent more than 1% of the time with IG values below 60   mg/dL before treatment, but after treatment this was reduced to one @entity1 . Before treatment only one @entity1 had an IG level neither below 60 or above 140   mg/dL, and after treatment four @entity1 were in this category. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary counseling and @entity11669 treatment eliminated the symptoms and improved the CGM profile of @entity1 suffering from dumping syndrome after @entity356 .

title: Usefulness of @entity11669 and dietary modifications to limit glycemic variability following XXXX as assessed by continuous @entity413 monitoring.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity4053 :: ('MESH:D007003', 'Disease') :: ['hypoglycemia']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['RYGB', 'Roux-en-Y gastric bypass']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['Roux-en-Y gastric bypass']


abstract: We conducted a 10-centimorgan linkage autosomal genome scan in a set of 19 extended American pedigrees (219 subjects) ascertained through probands with @entity4697 . Several @entity148 --including social @entity913 , @entity8396 , and simple @entity913 --in addition to @entity4697 segregate in these families. In previous studies of this sample, linkage analyses were based separately on each of the individual categorical affection diagnoses. Given the substantial comorbidity between @entity148 and their probable shared genetic liability, it is clear that this method discards a considerable amount of information. In this article, we propose a new approach that considers @entity4697 , @entity913 , and @entity8396 as expressions of the same multivariate, putatively genetically influenced trait. We applied the most powerful multipoint Haseman-Elston method, using the grade of membership score generated from a fuzzy clustering of these phenotypes as the dependent variable in Haseman-Elston regression. One region on chromosome 4q31-q34, at marker D4S413 (with multipoint and single-point nominal P values < .00001), showed strong evidence of linkage (genomewide significance at P<.05). The same region is known to be the site of a neuropeptide Y receptor gene, @entity44937 (4q31-q32), that was recently connected to anxiolytic-like effects in @entity35 . Several other regions on four chromosomes (4q21.21-22.3, 5q14.2-14.3, 8p23.1, and 14q22.3-23.3) met criteria for suggestive linkage (multipoint nominal P values < .01). Family-by-family analysis did not show any strong evidence of heterogeneity. Our findings support the notion that the major @entity148 , including @entity913 and @entity4697 , are complex traits that share at least one susceptibility locus. This method could be applied to other complex traits for which shared genetic-liability factors are thought to be important, such as @entity734 .

title: Genome scan for loci predisposing to XXXX using a novel multivariate approach: strong evidence for a chromosome 4 risk locus.

entities_list: @entity4697 :: ('MESH:D016584', 'Disease') :: ['panic disorder']

entities_list: @entity913 :: ('MESH:D010698', 'Disease') :: ['phobia', 'simple phobia, social phobia', 'phobias']

entities_list: @entity8396 :: ('MESH:D000379', 'Disease') :: ['agoraphobia']

entities_list: @entity148 :: ('MESH:D001008', 'Disease') :: ['anxiety disorders']

entities_list: @entity734 :: ('MESH:D019966', 'Disease') :: ['substance dependencies']

answer: @entity148 :: (MESH:D001008,Disease) :: ['anxiety disorders']


abstract: It is well known that @entity6 affects bone in @entity1 and animal models, and leads to @entity2331 and @entity170 . Bone-mineral density and other biochemical markers of bone turnover are very much affected in @entity1 with @entity6 . Reduced bone mass, occurring with @entity6 , has been attributed to poor glycemic control, but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. High concentrations of @entity413 ( @entity4854 ) in diabetics leads to this complication. Very few in vitro studies using bone-cell lines have been carried out to address this problem. In this study, we examined the effects of different doses of @entity413 concentration (5.5, 16.5, and 49.4 mmol/L), alone, with insulin (0.6 microg/mL), or with @entity53 (E2) (10 nmol/L), on @entity35 bone-marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in the presence of an osteogenic medium. BMSC proliferation and @entity623 ( @entity623 ) were studied after 3 and 7 d of culture, respectively; the area stained for collagen and mineralized nodules was studied after 28 d of culture. With high concentrations of @entity413 , BMSC proliferation, @entity623 activity, the number of nodules formed, and the area stained for collagen were greatly reduced. Insulin treatment alone was able to increase @entity665 uptake or @entity623 activity, whereas both insulin and @entity53 were able to increase the number of mineralized nodules and the area stained for collagen and mineralization. In conclusion, this study suggests that insulin and @entity53 are able to contain the deleterious effect of high concentrations of @entity413 on BMSC-derived osteoblast proliferation and function.

title: Effects of @entity413 and its modulation by insulin and XXXX on BMSC differentiation into osteoblastic lineages.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'people']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['increased frequency in diabetes mellitus', 'diabetes']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17beta-estradiol', 'estradiol']

entities_list: @entity665 :: ('CHEBI:53526', 'Chemical') :: ['[3H]-thymidine']

entities_list: @entity2331 :: ('MESH:D001851', 'Disease') :: ['osteopenia']

entities_list: @entity623 :: ('250', 'Gene') :: ['ALP', 'alkaline phosphatase']

entities_list: @entity4854 :: ('MESH:D006943', 'Disease') :: ['hyperglycemia']

answer: @entity53 :: (MESH:D004958,Chemical) :: ['estradiol']


abstract: BACKGROUND: B lymphocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of @entity15 . We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of two dose regimens of the humanised anti- @entity2225 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab in @entity1 with @entity3780 @entity15 . METHODS: We did a multicentre, randomised, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 79 centres in 20 countries. @entity1 aged 18-55 years with @entity3780 @entity15 were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) via an interactive voice response system to receive either placebo, low-dose (600 mg) or high-dose (2000 mg) ocrelizumab in two doses on days 1 and 15, or intramuscular interferon beta-1a (30  g) once a week. The randomisation list was not disclosed to the study centres, monitors, project statisticians or to the project team at Roche. All groups were double blinded to group assignment, except the interferon beta-1a group who were rater masked. At week 24, @entity1 in the initial placebo, 600 mg ocrelizumab, and interferon beta-1a groups received ocrelizumab 600 mg; the 2000 mg group received 1000 mg. Our primary endpoint was the total number of @entity2287 -enhancing lesions (GEL) and T1-weighted MRI at weeks 12, 16, 20, and 24. Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00676715. FINDINGS: 218 (99%) of the 220 randomised @entity1 received at least one dose of ocrelizumab, 204 (93%) completed 24 weeks of the study and 196 (89%) completed 48 weeks. In the intention-to-treat population of 218 @entity1 , at week 24, the number of @entity2287 -enhancing lesions was 89% (95% CI 68-97; p<0  0001) lower in the 600 mg ocrelizumab group than in the placebo group, and 96% (89-99; p<0  0001) lower in the 2000 mg group. In exploratory analyses, both 600 mg and 2000 mg ocrelizumab groups were better than interferon beta-1a for GEL reduction. We noted serious adverse events in two of 54 (4%; 95% CI 3  0-4  4) @entity1 in the placebo group, one of 55 (2%; 1  3-2  3) in the 600 mg ocrelizumab group, three of 55 (5%; 4  6-6  3) in the 2000 mg group, and two of 54 (4%; 3  0-4  4) in the interferon beta-1a group. INTERPRETATION: The similarly pronounced effects of B-cell depletion with both ocrelizumab doses on MRI and relapse-related outcomes support a role for B-cells in disease pathogenesis and warrant further assessment in large, long-term trials. FUNDING: F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Biogen Idec Inc.

title: Ocrelizumab in XXXX @entity15 : a phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity3780 :: ('MESH:D020529', 'Disease') :: ['relapsing-remitting']

entities_list: @entity2287 :: ('MESH:D005682', 'Chemical') :: ['gadolinium']

entities_list: @entity15 :: ('MESH:D009103', 'Disease') :: ['multiple sclerosis']

answer: @entity3780 :: (MESH:D020529,Disease) :: ['relapsing-remitting']


abstract: During a 6-year-period (1985-1991), 120 positive-contrast arthrograms were made in 70 @entity235 to evaluate @entity75 in the scapulohumeral joint. In 76 shoulders, the arthrographic findings were compared with surgical or histopathologic findings to evaluate the accuracy of the arthrographic technique. Positive-contrast arthrography was found to be accurate in evaluation of the status of the articular cartilage. In revealing discontinuity of the articular cartilage, the results of arthrography were false-negative in 4 shoulders (58/66; accuracy, 88%). In detecting thick cartilage covering a @entity2001 , the results of positive-contrast arthrography were @entity2720 (6/11; accuracy, 55%). In detecting fragmentation of the cartilage, arthrography provided false-negative results in 4 joints (7/11; accuracy, 64%). This technique enabled detection of joint @entity19 , especially within the @entity1319 (no false-positive results). Arthrography failed to reveal joint @entity19 within the caudal pouch in 2 joints (15/17; accuracy, 88%). @entity1143 also could be evaluated and was correlated with @entity603 , @entity179 , and loose or detached cartilage flaps. Postarthrography complications were not observed with this technique.

title: Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of positive-contrast arthrography and arthrotomy in evaluation of XXXX in the scapulohumeral joint in @entity235 .

entities_list: @entity1143 :: ('MESH:D010996', 'Disease') :: ['Joint effusion']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['osteochondrosis lesions']

entities_list: @entity603 :: ('MESH:D013585', 'Disease') :: ['synovitis']

entities_list: @entity2001 :: ('MESH:D001845', 'Disease') :: ['subchondral defect']

entities_list: @entity179 :: ('MESH:D019636', 'Disease') :: ['degenerative joint disease']

entities_list: @entity2720 :: ('MESH:D007592', 'Disease') :: ['false-positive in 4 joints']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['bicipital tendon sheath']

answer: @entity75 :: (MESH:D001927,Disease) :: ['osteochondrosis lesions']


abstract: Health care associated @entity281 , the fourth leading cause of disease in industrialised countries, are a major health issue. One part of this condition is based on the increasing insertion and implantation of prosthetic medical devices, since presence of a foreign body significantly reduces the number of bacteria required to produce @entity281 . The most significant hospital-acquired @entity281 , based on frequency and potential severity, are those related to procedures e.g. surgical site @entity281 and medical devices, including @entity293 in catheterized @entity1 , @entity55 in @entity1 intubated on a ventilator and @entity582 related to intravascular catheter use. At least half of all cases of @entity580 are associated with medical devices.Modern medical and surgical practices have increasingly utilized implantable medical devices of various kinds. Such devices may be utilized only short-time or intermittently, for months, years or permanently. They improve the therapeutic outcome, save @entity1 lives and greatly enhance the quality of life of these @entity1 . However, plastic devices are easily colonized with bacteria and fungi, able to be colonized by microorganisms at a rate of 0.5 cm per hour. A thick biofilm is formed within 24 hours on the entire surface of these plastic devices once inoculated even with a small initial number of bacteria.The aim of the present work is to review the current literature on causes, frequency and preventive measures against @entity281 associated with intravascular devices, catheter-related @entity293 , ventilator-associated @entity281 , and @entity281 of other implantable medical devices. Raising awareness for @entity281 associated with implanted medical devices, teaching and training skills of staff, and establishment of surveillance systems monitoring @entity281 seem to be the principal strategies used to achieve reduction and prevention of such @entity281 . The intelligent use of suitable antiseptics in combination with medical devices may further support reduction and prevention of such @entity281 . In addition to reducing the adverse clinical outcomes related with these @entity281 , such reduction may substantially decrease the economic burden caused by @entity281 for health care systems.

title: Incidence and clinical implication of @entity580 associated with implantable biomaterials - catheters, ventilator-associated pneumonia, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['device-related infection', 'infection', 'infections']

entities_list: @entity580 :: ('MESH:D003428', 'Disease') :: ['nosocomial infections']

entities_list: @entity582 :: ('MESH:C531821', 'Disease') :: ['bacteraemia']

entities_list: @entity293 :: ('MESH:D014552', 'Disease') :: ['urinary tract infection']

answer: @entity293 :: (MESH:D014552,Disease) :: ['urinary tract infections']


abstract: PURPOSE: To report the clinical and histopathological features of a suspected case of @entity20124 . CASE: A 57-year-old @entity1 presented with @entity227 . The best corrected visual acuity was 0.8 OD and 1.0 OS. The @entity1 had no family history of cloudy @entity267 . Slit-lamp examination revealed massive bilateral diffuse corneal clouding. Because of progressive corneal clouding during the previous 3 years, we performed penetrating keratoplasty and @entity231 surgery. He had a low-plasma, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. Histopathologically, numerous small vacuoles were dispersed, especially in the anterior corneal stroma. An electron microscope revealed distinct 0.2-3.0- m lipid vacuoles with a conserved stromal structure. CONCLUSION: We suspected a case of @entity20124 in a Japanese @entity1 . Lipid deposition needs to be considered as a cause of diffuse corneal opacity.

title: Clinical and histopathological features of a suspected case of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['blurred vision']

entities_list: @entity20124 :: ('MESH:D007863', 'Disease') :: ['fish-eye disease', 'sporadic fish-eye disease']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

answer: @entity20124 :: (MESH:D007863,Disease) :: ['fish-eye disease']


abstract: Previous studies in the placental viviparous bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, have correlated 17 @entity10769 , @entity1420 , @entity251 , and @entity586 with reproductive events in both males and females. However, several key reproductive events, including implantation, maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition, did not correlate with these four @entity134 hormones. Therefore, the present study investigated three @entity134 hormones, @entity5444 , @entity48564 , and @entity28863 , which have demonstrably important roles in the reproductive cycles of teleosts. It was hypothesized that one or more of these three hormones would correlate with specific reproductive events in S. tiburo. Concurrently, developmental (growth and/or maturation) analyses of these three @entity230 plus @entity53 , @entity1420 , @entity251 , and @entity586 were investigated in juvenile bonnethead sharks. Serum @entity28863 concentrations were highest in mature females and @entity5444 concentrations were highest in mature males. In mature females, @entity48564 levels were elevated from the time of mating, through six months of sperm storage and another four months of gestation. At parturition concentrations became significantly lower and remained lower until mating occurred again in another two to three months. Serum @entity5444 concentrations were the highest at implantation though not significant. In mature males, significantly elevated serum levels of @entity28863 occurred in April and May, near the start of annual testicular development. During growth in males, @entity251 and @entity586 increased progressively and in females, @entity251 increased progressively. At maturity in males, significant increases occurred in @entity251 and @entity5444 concentrations while, in females, @entity28863 , @entity5444 , 17 @entity10769 , @entity1420 , @entity251 , and @entity586 concentrations increased. This study shows that although @entity251 may be the primary @entity342 in the bonnethead shark, other derived androgens may have important functions in growth, maturation, and reproduction. J. Exp. Zool. 284:595-603, 1999.

title: Serum @entity134 hormones including @entity5444 , @entity48564 , and XXXX in juvenile and adult bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo.

entities_list: @entity251 :: ('MESH:D013739', 'Chemical') :: ['testosterone']

entities_list: @entity586 :: ('MESH:D013196', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydrotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity1420 :: ('MESH:D011374', 'Chemical') :: ['progesterone']

entities_list: @entity5444 :: ('MESH:C003600', 'Chemical') :: ['11-ketotestosterone']

entities_list: @entity48564 :: ('MESH:C011657', 'Chemical') :: ['11-ketoandrostenedione']

entities_list: @entity53 :: ('MESH:D004958', 'Chemical') :: ['17 beta-estradiol']

entities_list: @entity134 :: ('CHEBI:35341', 'Chemical') :: ['steroid']

entities_list: @entity28863 :: ('MESH:D004092', 'Chemical') :: ['dihydroprogesterone']

entities_list: @entity342 :: ('CHEBI:50113', 'Chemical') :: ['androgen']

entities_list: @entity230 :: ('MESH:D013256', 'Chemical') :: ['steroids']

entities_list: @entity10769 :: ('CHEBI:16469', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-estradiol']

answer: @entity28863 :: (MESH:D004092,Chemical) :: ['dihydroprogesterone']


abstract: Even mildly hypothermic body or limb temperatures can retard healing processes in mammals. Despite this, we observed that hibernating @entity25785 ( @entity25785 Pallas, 1780) elicit profound abilities in mounting @entity281 and/or foreign bodies. In addition, they resolve injuries during hibernation while maintaining mildly hypothermic states (30-35   C) and without eating, drinking, urinating or defecating. We describe experimental studies on free-ranging bears that document their abilities to completely resolve cutaneous cuts and punctures incurred during or prior to hibernation. We induced small, full-thickness cutaneous wounds (biopsies or incisions) during early denning, and re-biopsied sites 2-3 months later (near the end of denning). Routine histological methods were used to characterize these skin samples. All biopsied sites with respect to secondary intention (open circular biopsies) and primary intention (sutured sites) healed, with evidence of @entity1613 (scab) formation, completeness of healed epidermis and @entity655 , @entity7063 ( @entity45 ), and abilities to produce hair follicles. These healing abilities of hibernating black bears are a clear survival advantage to animals injured before or during denning. Bears are known to have elevated levels of hibernation induction trigger (delta-opioid receptor agonist) and @entity10055 (major @entity6741 within plasma, mostly conjugated with @entity2226 ) during hibernation, which may relate to these wound-healing abilities. Further research as to the underlying mechanisms of wound healing during hibernation could have applications in @entity1 medicine. Unique approaches may be found to improve healing for malnourished, hypothermic, @entity6 and elderly @entity1 or to reduce scarring associated with burns and @entity130 .

title: Wound healing during hibernation by black bears ( XXXX ) in the wild: elicitation of reduced scar formation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic']

entities_list: @entity7063 :: ('MESH:D019871', 'Disease') :: ['dyskeratosis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory responses to infection']

entities_list: @entity6741 :: ('CHEBI:3098', 'Chemical') :: ['bile acid']

entities_list: @entity25785 :: ('9643', 'Species') :: ['American black bears', 'Ursus americanus']

entities_list: @entity1613 :: ('MESH:D011230', 'Disease') :: ['initial eschar']

entities_list: @entity655 :: ('MESH:C535504', 'Disease') :: ['dermal layers']

entities_list: @entity45 :: ('MESH:D010181', 'Disease') :: ['inclusion cysts']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic injuries']

entities_list: @entity10055 :: ('MESH:D014580', 'Chemical') :: ['ursodeoxycholic acid']

answer: @entity25785 :: (9643,Species) :: ['Ursus americanus']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity1833 or @entity10582 are not a rare symptom. However, they are often unrecognized. Unawareness of the meaning of these symptoms often mislead both the @entity1 and his physician. PURPOSE: To define and describe the types of @entity227 and @entity1833 which can be commonly encountered in neuro-ophthalmological practice. METHODS: Overview article. RESULTS: @entity1833 are a perception not based on sensory input, whereas @entity10582 are a misinterpretation of a correct sensory input. Both phenomenon can be due to medication or drug, or to an altered mental status. @entity1833 can be formed (objects, @entity1 ) or unformed (light, geometric figures). They can be generated either by a lesion on the antechiasmatic pathway, by a @entity410 phenomenon, by a @entity2704 phenomenon, or by a release phenomenon secondary to visual differentiation. Investigations will be directed towards a @entity989 , an @entity1781 , a chiasmal or retrochiasmal lesion, or a bilateral antechiasmal lesion ( @entity751 ). @entity227 include meta-morphopsias, micro- macropsias, polyopia, palinopsia ( @entity227 ), @entity3641 , Pulfrich phenomenon, or subjective vertical deviation. Illusions can be due to lesions of the retina, the @entity227 (primary or associative), or the graviceptive pathways. CONCLUSIONS: As most @entity1 do not spontaneously mention their symptoms, history taking is essential. The first step is to rule out medication or an altered mental status as the possible cause of these symptoms. Then, careful visual function examination should provide a good insight in the location of the lesion.

title: [ XXXX and @entity10582 , symptoms frequently misdiagnosed by the practitioner].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual perseveration', 'optic nerve, the visual cortex', 'Visual illusions', 'visual illusions']

entities_list: @entity1833 :: ('MESH:D006212', 'Disease') :: ['Visual hallucinations', 'hallucinations', 'Hallucinations']

entities_list: @entity2704 :: ('MESH:D008881', 'Disease') :: ['migrainous']

entities_list: @entity1781 :: ('MESH:D009901', 'Disease') :: ['optic neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity751 :: ('MESH:D013577', 'Disease') :: ['Charles Bonnet syndrome']

entities_list: @entity989 :: ('MESH:D012164', 'Disease') :: ['retinopathy']

entities_list: @entity3641 :: ('MESH:D003117', 'Disease') :: ['achromatopsia']

answer: @entity1833 :: (MESH:D006212,Disease) :: ['Visual hallucinations']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4128 ( @entity4128 ) is becoming a more commonly diagnosed entity with frequent need for coincident @entity737 ( @entity737 ) therapy. Given predominant right ventricular disease with thinning of the wall, there is concern regarding the safety of @entity16922 ( @entity16922 ) in @entity4128 . METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of consecutive @entity1 with @entity4128 undergoing @entity16922 of @entity737 leads at three high-volume centers. @entity1 and lead characteristics, indications, outcomes, and extraction sheath (ES) use were analyzed. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2012, more than 2,000 lead extractions were performed at the three centers. Of these, 11 @entity1 underwent 14 extractions meeting inclusion criteria. Mean implant duration was 74.5 months (range 6-140). In 11 @entity1 , a total of 22 leads (16 high-voltage and six pace-sense leads) were extracted in 14 procedures. The cohort was 50% male with a mean age of 45 years (range, 25-56) and mean ejection fraction 55    13%. The majority (64%) of leads were extracted due to lead malfunction, three @entity1 had an @entity737 lead removed for exit block, and three @entity1 underwent @entity16922 for infectious complications (two local, one systemic). ES assistance with laser or mechanical cutting sheaths was employed in the vast majority of cases (85.7%). All leads were removed completely. There were no major procedural complications. In five cases, lead reimplantation encountered low-amplitude R waves requiring multiple attempted lead positions before final successful implant. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported series of @entity16922 in @entity4128 @entity1 . @entity16922 can be performed safely and effectively in @entity1 with @entity4128 by experienced operators at high-volume centers with a low complication rate.

title: Multicenter experience with @entity16922 in @entity4128 ( XXXX ).

entities_list: @entity4128 :: ('MESH:D019571', 'Disease') :: ['Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy', 'ARVC']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity737 :: ('MESH:D057873', 'Disease') :: ['ICD', 'implantable cardioverter defibrillator']

entities_list: @entity16922 :: ('MESH:D020265', 'Disease') :: ['TLE', 'transvenous lead extraction']

answer: @entity4128 :: (MESH:D019571,Disease) :: ['ARVC']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the benefits and risks of long term anticoagulation ( @entity1229 ) compared with antiplatelet treatment ( @entity117 / @entity29480 ) [corrected] in @entity1 with non-rheumatic @entity955 . METHODS: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials from Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, Cinhal, and Sigle from 1966 to December 1999. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) calculated to estimate treatment effects. OUTCOME MEASURES: Fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, reductions of which were classified as benefits. Fatal and major @entity548 events classified as risks. RESULTS: No trials were found from before 1989. There were five randomised controlled trials published between 1989-99. There were no significant differences in mortality between the two treatment options (fixed effects model: odd ratio 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.39 to 1.40) for @entity64 deaths; 0.86 (0.63 to 1.17) for @entity204 ). There was a borderline significant difference in non-fatal @entity64 in favour of anticoagulation (0.68 (0.46 to 0.99)); and 0.75 (0.50 to 1.13) after exclusion of one trial with weak methodological design. A random effects model showed no significant difference in combined fatal and non-fatal events (odds ratio 0.79 (0.61 to 1.02)). There were more major @entity548 events among patients on anticoagulation than on antiplatelet treatment (odds ratio 1.45 (0.93 to 2.27)). One trial was stopped prematurely after a significant difference in favour of anticoagulation was observed. The only trial to show a significant difference in effect (favouring anticoagulation) was methodologically weaker in design than the others. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity between the trials and the limited data result in considerable uncertainty about the value of long term anticoagulation compared with antiplatelet treatment. The risks of @entity548 and the higher cost of anticoagulation make it an even less convincing treatment option.

title: Systematic review of long term anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment in @entity1 with non-rheumatic XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['non-fatal bleeding', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity117 :: ('MESH:D001241', 'Chemical') :: ['aspirin']

entities_list: @entity29480 :: ('MESH:C020371', 'Chemical') :: ['indobufen']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['vascular deaths']

entities_list: @entity1229 :: ('MESH:D014859', 'Chemical') :: ['warfarin']

answer: @entity955 :: (MESH:D001281,Disease) :: ['atrial fibrillation']


abstract: @entity16614 (dG) enhances the S phase @entity137 of @entity9800 ( @entity1191 ), a topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibitor, but by contrast does not affect the @entity137 of @entity2663 , a topoisomerase II inhibitor. The 80% survival of S phase @entity1 fibroblasts after a 60 min exposure to 0.2 microM @entity1191 is reduced by half in the presence of 25 microM dG. G1 cells are resistant to @entity1191 @entity137 , though the levels of the single-strand DNA breaks induced by the drug are similar in G1 and S phase cells. Higher concentrations of dG retard the recovery of RNA and DNA synthesis and inhibit recovery from the @entity50621 cycle block after @entity1191 removal. At 100 microM dG the number of @entity1191 -induced protein-linked single-strand DNA breaks is almost doubled, suggestive of a direct effect of dG on the cellular activity of topo I. In the presence or absence of dG, single-strand breaks disappear within minutes of the removal of @entity1191 . We found that the inhibition of topo I by @entity1191 induces the formation of double as well as single-strand breaks in the chromosomal DNA. Previously we have shown, using a pulse-field gel electrophoresis technique, that the double-strand breaks (DSBs) are generated predominantly at sites of replication and not in the bulk DNA. A number of these DSBs are long-lived. The present study shows that dG affects the repair of these DSBs in a dose-dependent manner, and that a higher proportion of the @entity75 induced in nascent DNA remain 24 h after removal of @entity1191 . We suggest that the long-lived double-strand breaks, formed in replicating DNA at the time of @entity1191 exposure, are the lethal drug-induced lesions, which explains both the selective @entity137 of @entity1191 towards S phase cells and the enhancement of @entity1191 @entity137 by dG.

title: XXXX enhances the @entity137 of the topoisomerase I inhibitor @entity9800 by reducing the repair of double-strand breaks induced in replicating DNA.

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['initial lesions']

entities_list: @entity9800 :: ('MESH:D002166', 'Chemical') :: ['camptothecin']

entities_list: @entity16614 :: ('MESH:D003849', 'Chemical') :: ['Deoxyguanosine']

answer: @entity16614 :: (MESH:D003849,Chemical) :: ['Deoxyguanosine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Since both the incidence of @entity2 and the proportion of the population over age 65 are increasing rapidly in North America, we undertook a retrospective review of elderly @entity1 with @entity151 ( @entity151 ) in an attempt to assess the effect of age on treatment decisions, response, survival, and @entity137 . DESIGN: Retrospective chart view. SETTING: Oncology Unit of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. @entity1 : There were 123 @entity1 age > 70 years treated from 1976-88. Chemotherapy consisted of either @entity786 , @entity632 , and @entity1891 , or @entity2879 and @entity900 . RESULTS: There were 74 @entity1 aged 70-74, 35 aged 75-80, and 14 aged 80 years or older. No significant differences existed between the groups in sex, stage, performance status, or presence of co-morbid disease. Median survivals for @entity1 with limited and extensive disease were 11.9 and 5.2 months, respectively (P = < 0.0001), with no significant difference for @entity1 in any age group (P = 0.4). For both limited and extensive disease, survival correlated strongly with the treatment received. Twenty-five @entity1 received no treatment (median survival 1.1 months), 20 had radiation only (median 7.8 months), and 27 @entity1 had < 3 cycles of chemotherapy (median 3.9 months). Median survival for the 50 @entity1 who had 4-6 cycles was 10.7 months (limited disease 15.0 months, extensive disease 8.61 months). In the @entity797 Model, survival correlated strongly with stage of disease and chemotherapy treatment (P < 0.0001), but only marginally with performance status (P < 0.077). Of the 77 @entity1 who had chemotherapy, less than 50% in all age groups completed six cycles. Only two @entity1 completed chemotherapy without a single dose reduction, and 76.7% required more than two reductions. CONCLUSIONS: Chemotherapy should not be withheld from elderly @entity1 with @entity151 on the basis of age. The survival of @entity1 who receive chemotherapy is significantly longer than that of untreated @entity1 even though frequent dose reductions for @entity137 may be required. The survival benefit is due to treatment effect and is not due to a selection bias in the cohort of @entity1 chosen for therapy.

title: Treatment of XXXX in the elderly.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity632 :: ('MESH:D004317', 'Chemical') :: ['doxorubicin']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity786 :: ('MESH:D003520', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclophosphamide']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatin']

entities_list: @entity2879 :: ('MESH:D005047', 'Chemical') :: ['etoposide']

entities_list: @entity1891 :: ('MESH:D014750', 'Chemical') :: ['vincristine']

entities_list: @entity151 :: ('MESH:D055752', 'Disease') :: ['SCLC', 'small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity151 :: (MESH:D055752,Disease) :: ['small cell lung cancer']


abstract: This study is to calculate a risk of @entity2 in a cohort of 1411 @entity370 cases which were followed for a 3 year period from 1984 to 1987. The physicians were requested to answer the questionnaire about progress of the disease by mail. Excess @entity204 was investigated using standardized mortality ratio (SMR). The expected number of deaths was calculated from Japanese sex-age specific mortality rate in 1985, using @entity1 -year method. Death from all causes and @entity5 did not show any excess. SMR being 0.98 and 0.97 respectively. The SMR of @entity2 was 3.26 (male: 5.56, female: 3.03), being statistically significant. The SMR of @entity358 was 4.2, with statistical significance. The SMR of other main causes of @entity204 in Japan i.e., @entity64 , @entity63 @entity299 and @entity712 was less than 0.88. It is probably that @entity370 is a risk factor of @entity2 . The SMR of @entity1778 and uterine @entity5 was 5.88 and 8.70, respectively, though the observed number of @entity1778 was too small to conclude how high the @entity5 risk is among @entity370 @entity1 . @entity5 and @entity694 were not observed.

title: Excess XXXX of @entity2 among @entity370 @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'person']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['cerebrovascular accident']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancers', 'cancer', 'Gastric cancer, hepatic cancer']

entities_list: @entity694 :: ('MESH:D003110', 'Disease') :: ['colon cancers']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung infection']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart diseases']

entities_list: @entity370 :: ('MESH:D012507', 'Disease') :: ['sarcoidosis']

answer: @entity204 :: (MESH:D003643,Disease) :: ['death']


abstract: @entity11597 of the pediatric testis present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This study examines the clinicopathologic features of 16 testicular @entity11597 from @entity1 less than 18 years of age. Four juvenile @entity5 of Sertoli or incomplete differentiation in this study had high mitotic rates and/or sarcomatoid areas that suggested @entity5 , but none of these @entity1 developed recurrence or @entity3 . Some of these @entity5 had been initially misdiagnosed as yolk sac @entity5 or @entity980 because of the presence of areas superficially resembling these @entity5 . These morphologic pitfalls have received little attention in the literature. Even incompletely differentiated @entity11597 have at least focal areas characteristic of juvenile granulosa or Sertoli cell differentiation. In addition, immunohistochemical negativity for @entity2283 are useful for ruling out yolk sac @entity5 and @entity980 . Four @entity1 had @entity8302 and three had large cell calcifying Sertoli cell @entity5 . @entity1 with @entity8302 are not at risk for @entity3 , but @entity1 with large cell calcifying Sertoli cell @entity5 are at risk for endocrine syndromes as illustrated by one of our cases. The differential diagnosis of these @entity5 is also discussed.

title: Testicular @entity11597 in @entity1 : clinicopathologic study of sixteen XXXX with review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Children']

entities_list: @entity2283 :: ('1674', 'Gene') :: ['alpha-fetoprotein, muscle specific actin, and desmin']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'granulosa cell tumors and five tumors', 'neoplasms', 'malignancy', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity8302 :: ('MESH:D007984', 'Disease') :: ['Leydig cell tumors']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'metastases']

entities_list: @entity980 :: ('MESH:D012208', 'Disease') :: ['rhabdomyosarcoma', 'rhabdomyosarcomas']

entities_list: @entity11597 :: ('MESH:D018312', 'Disease') :: ['Sex cord-stromal tumors', 'sex cord-stromal tumors']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity4580 is a @entity7646 antibiotic with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. We tested the hypothesis that @entity4580 would decrease the frequency of exacerbations, increase lung function, and improve health-related quality of life in @entity1 with non-cystic @entity82 @entity4595 . METHODS: We undertook a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at three centres in New Zealand. Between Feb 12, 2008, and Oct 15, 2009, we enrolled @entity1 who were 18 years or older, had had at least one pulmonary exacerbation requiring antibiotic treatment in the past year, and had a diagnosis of @entity4595 defined by high-resolution CT scan. We randomly assigned @entity1 to receive 500 mg @entity4580 or placebo three times a week for 6 months in a 1:1 ratio, with a permuted block size of six and sequential assignment stratified by centre. @entity1 , research assistants, and investigators were masked to treatment allocation. The coprimary endpoints were rate of event-based exacerbations in the 6-month treatment period, change in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) before bronchodilation, and change in total score on St George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ). Analyses were by intention to treat. This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12607000641493. FINDINGS: 71 @entity1 were in the @entity4580 group and 70 in the placebo group. The rate of event-based exacerbations was 0  59 per @entity1 in the @entity4580 group and 1  57 per @entity1 in the placebo group in the 6-month treatment period (rate ratio 0  38, 95% CI 0  26-0  54; p<0  0001). Prebronchodilator FEV(1) did not change from baseline in the @entity4580 group and decreased by 0  04 L in the placebo group, but the difference was not significant (0  04 L, 95% CI -0  03 to 0  12; p=0  251). Additionally, change in SGRQ total score did not differ between the @entity4580 (-5  17 units) and placebo groups (-1  92 units; difference -3  25, 95% CI -7  21 to 0  72; p=0  108). INTERPRETATION: @entity4580 is a new option for prevention of exacerbations in @entity1 with non-cystic @entity82 @entity4595 with a history of at least one exacerbation in the past year. FUNDING: Health Research Council of New Zealand and Auckland District Health Board Charitable Trust.

title: @entity4580 for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic @entity82 XXXX (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Participants']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['fibrosis']

entities_list: @entity7646 :: ('CHEBI:25106', 'Chemical') :: ['macrolide']

entities_list: @entity4580 :: ('MESH:D017963', 'Chemical') :: ['azithromycin', 'Azithromycin']

entities_list: @entity4595 :: ('MESH:D001987', 'Disease') :: ['bronchiectasis']

answer: @entity4595 :: (MESH:D001987,Disease) :: ['bronchiectasis']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Erosion of @entity9007 into adjacent vessels is a rare but highly lethal cause of @entity548 . Percutaneous angiographic embolization (PAE) of the @entity548 artery has recently been advocated as the preferred therapy. This study was undertaken to survey the outcome after treatment of this complication and to make recommendations for its management. METHODS: An 11-year retrospective analysis was performed of all @entity1 treated at a large tertiary care referral center for visceral @entity2849 associated with @entity9007 . RESULTS: From 1988 to 1998, 256 @entity1 were admitted for complications of @entity9007 . Sixteen @entity1 (11 @entity1 and 5 @entity1 ) were identified in whom a pseudocyst had eroded into a major blood vessel with @entity548 or development of a false @entity439 . The mean age was 45 years (range, 23-67 years). Active @entity548 was present in 13 @entity1 , whereas three had evidence of recent @entity548 . Ten of 16 @entity1 initially underwent operative therapy, four elective and six emergency, whereas six stable @entity1 were initially treated with PAE. Technical failures of the initial treatment or secondary complications required both therapeutic modalities in six @entity1 , which resulted in 13 total surgical interventions and 10 PAEs. The surgical morbidity rate was 62% (8 of 13), whereas that of PAE was 50% (5 of 10). Three @entity204 occurred after emergency operations, two of which failed to stop the @entity548 , accounting for all of the @entity204 in the series (3 [19%] of 16). A trend was noted toward @entity204 with necrotizing @entity788 (P =.07) and emergency surgery (P =.06). Ranson's criteria were not found to be predictive of @entity204 in this series. Surgical drainage procedures were required in seven (44%) of 16 @entity1 for @entity281 (n = 3) or mass effect of the @entity2849 (n = 3). The mean size of @entity2849 that required operative intervention for secondary complications was 13.9 cm, compared with 7.7 cm for all others in the series (P =.046). Long-term follow-up was available in all 13 survivors at a mean of 44 months (range, 1-108 months). CONCLUSIONS: The management of @entity9007 remains a challenging problem with high morbidity and @entity204 rates. Operation and PAE play complementary management roles. PAE is recommended as the initial therapy for hemodynamically stable @entity1 . Surgery should be reserved for actively @entity548 , hemodynamically unstable @entity1 ; for failed embolization; and for other secondary complications such as @entity2850 .

title: @entity2849 due to XXXX : rare but lethal complications of @entity788 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['intra-abdominal hemorrhage', 'hemorrhage', 'bleeding']

entities_list: @entity2850 :: ('MESH:D009408', 'Disease') :: ['infection or extrinsic compression']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infections']

entities_list: @entity439 :: ('MESH:D000783', 'Disease') :: ['aneurysm']

entities_list: @entity9007 :: ('MESH:D010192', 'Disease') :: ['pancreatic pseudocyst-associated pseudoaneurysms', 'pancreatic pseudocysts']

entities_list: @entity204 :: ('MESH:D003643', 'Disease') :: ['deaths', 'increased death', 'death']

entities_list: @entity2849 :: ('MESH:D017541', 'Disease') :: ['pseudoaneurysm', 'artery pseudoaneurysms', 'pseudoaneurysms']

answer: @entity9007 :: (MESH:D010192,Disease) :: ['pancreatic pseudocysts']


abstract: PURPOSE: To identify clinical and treatment-related predictors of brachial plexus-associated @entity16 after radiation therapy for @entity135 . METHODS AND MATERIALS: Three hundred thirty @entity1 who had previously completed radiation therapy for @entity135 were prospectively screened using a standardized instrument for symptoms of @entity16 thought to be related to @entity2685 . All @entity1 were disease-free at the time of screening. The median time from completion of radiation therapy was 56 months (range, 6-135 months). One-hundred fifty-five @entity1 (47%) were treated by definitive radiation therapy, and 175 (53%) were treated postoperatively. Radiation doses ranged from 50 to 74 Gy (median, 66 Gy). Intensity-modulated radiation therapy was used in 62% of cases, and 133 @entity1 (40%) received concurrent chemotherapy. RESULTS: Forty @entity1 (12%) reported @entity1109 , with the most common being @entity158 (50%), numbness/tingling (40%), @entity425 , and/or @entity2057 (25%). When @entity1 with <5 years of follow-up were excluded, the rate of positive symptoms increased to 22%. On univariate analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with @entity5300 : prior neck dissection (p = 0.01), concurrent chemotherapy (p = 0.01), and radiation maximum dose (p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis confirmed that both neck dissection (p < 0.001) and radiation maximum dose (p < 0.001) were independently predictive of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The incidence of brachial plexus-associated @entity16 after radiation therapy for @entity135 may be underreported. In view of the dose-response relationship identified, limiting radiation dose to the brachial plexus should be considered when possible.

title: Brachial plexus-associated XXXX after high-dose radiation therapy for @entity135 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity135 :: ('MESH:D006258', 'Disease') :: ['head-and-neck cancer']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathies', 'neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1109 :: ('MESH:D012678', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathic symptoms']

entities_list: @entity425 :: ('MESH:D018908', 'Disease') :: ['motor weakness']

entities_list: @entity5300 :: ('MESH:D020516', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus symptoms']

entities_list: @entity158 :: ('MESH:D010146', 'Disease') :: ['ipsilateral pain']

entities_list: @entity2057 :: ('MESH:D009133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle atrophy']

entities_list: @entity2685 :: ('MESH:C536265', 'Disease') :: ['brachial plexus injury']

answer: @entity16 :: (MESH:D009422,Disease) :: ['neuropathy']


abstract: Gamma radiation induces apoptosis in the proliferative zone (neuroblastic layer) of the developing @entity35 retina. We asked whether sensitivity to apoptosis might be related to distinct phases of the cell cycle. Explants of newborn @entity35 retina or newborn pups were gamma-irradiated and apoptosis was detected by chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation in situ and DNA electrophoresis. After 6 hours, early appearing apoptotic bodies were located mainly towards the outer tier of the neuroblastic layer. In contrast, after 24 hours, late-appearing apoptotic cells were located towards the inner margin of the neuroblastic layer, a region associated with the S phase of the cell cycle. Labeling of a cohort of cells with the @entity377 analog @entity1603 ( @entity1603 ) at the time of irradiation, showed that these cells die in the late wave of apoptosis. @entity1603 given 3 hours before fixation labeled a large number of late apoptotic cells, but no early apoptotic cells. After labeling of all cycling cells with @entity1603 , 40% of the early apoptotic profiles were unlabeled, and thus post-mitotic. The same schedules of cell death were identified after gamma irradiation in vivo. The results show that irradiation leads to two waves of apoptosis in distinct cell populations. An early wave comprises both post-mitotic cells and proliferating cells out of the S phase. The late wave comprises cells in S phase, which pass through this phase again to die. The antioxidant @entity13373 prevented the early but not the late wave of apoptosis following irradiation, and blocked lipid peroxidation at 6 hours after the insult, suggesting that the two waves of apoptosis are indeed mediated by distinct mechanisms.

title: Gamma irradiation leads to two waves of apoptosis in distinct cell populations of the retina of newborn XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1603 :: ('MESH:D001973', 'Chemical') :: ['BrdU', 'bromo-deoxyuridine']

entities_list: @entity377 :: ('CHEBI:36976', 'Chemical') :: ['nucleotide']

entities_list: @entity13373 :: ('MESH:C020972', 'Chemical') :: ['pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of @entity2224 without @entity551 or @entity712 after treatment with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA), anatomic correlates of their development, the effect of immediate intravenous @entity1406 on their occurrence and the outcome of @entity1 with these @entity943 . BACKGROUND: Malignant @entity943 after thrombolytic therapy have been reported to occur as a result of coronary reperfusion, which is associated with reduced mortality in @entity1 receiving thrombolytic therapy. METHODS: We analyzed data from 2,546 @entity1 in the Thrombolysis in @entity583 (TIMI) Phase II trial without @entity712 or @entity551 during the 1st 24 h after study entry. Forty-nine @entity1 (1.9%) developed sustained @entity1165 or @entity2224 within 24 h of study entry (group 1), and 2,497 @entity1 (98.1%) did not (group 2). RESULTS: Baseline characteristics and admission laboratory values were similar in the two groups. In @entity1 undergoing protocol angiography 18 to 48 h after rt-PA, the @entity1188 was @entity1 in a greater percent of group 2 @entity1 (87% [1,015 of 1,169]) than group 1 @entity1 (68% [15 of 22], p = 0.01), although angiography was performed less frequently in group 1 than in group 2. More group 1 than group 2 @entity1 died within 21 days (20.4%) (1.6%, p < 0.001). For @entity1 surviving to 21 days, there was no difference in mortality between @entity1 in the two groups in the following year. CONCLUSIONS: @entity1165 and @entity955 are not markers for reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy. These @entity943 are associated with occlusion, not patency, of the @entity1188 . Early mortality is increased in @entity1 who develop @entity2224 , even in the absence of @entity712 and @entity551 .

title: Incidence and significance of XXXX in the absence of @entity551 or @entity712 in @entity583 treated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator: results from the Thrombolysis in @entity583 (TIMI) Phase II trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure', 'heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['Ventricular tachycardia', 'ventricular tachycardia']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity1406 :: ('MESH:D008790', 'Chemical') :: ['metoprolol']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['infarct-related artery']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation', 'ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['Myocardial Infarction']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['hypotension']

answer: @entity2224 :: (MESH:D014693,Disease) :: ['ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Various methods for endoscopic transpapillary sampling have been developed. However, the factors affecting the accuracy of these methods for @entity1126 are unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the factors affecting the accuracy of endoscopic transpapillary sampling methods. METHODS: We reviewed the results from 101 @entity1 with @entity1126 who underwent transpapillary sampling by aspiration bile cytology, brushing cytology, and fluoroscopic forceps biopsy. The final diagnosis of @entity1126 was made on the basis of pathological evaluation of specimens obtained at surgery and the clinical course over at least 1 year in @entity1 not operated on. We carried out subgroup analyses for the factors affecting the accuracy of each transpapillary sampling method. RESULTS: Aspiration bile cytology was carried out 238 times in 77 @entity1 , brushing cytology was carried out 67 times in 60 @entity1 , and fluoroscopic forceps biopsy was carried out 64 times in 53 @entity1 . Accuracies of aspiration bile cytology were significantly higher for longer (>= 15   mm) biliary cancerous lesions than for shorter (<15   mm) lesions (30% vs 18%, respectively, P   =   0.049). Accuracies of brushing cytology and fluoroscopic forceps biopsy were significantly higher for non-flat than for flat-type biliary cancerous lesions (brushing: 58% vs 38%, respectively, P   =   0.032; forceps biopsy: 60% vs 33%, respectively, P   =   0.043). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic transpapillary sampling methods are more accurate for longer or elevated (non-flat) biliary cancerous lesions than for shorter or flat lesions.

title: Factors affecting the accuracy of endoscopic transpapillary sampling methods for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1126 :: ('MESH:D001650', 'Disease') :: ['bile duct cancer']

answer: @entity1126 :: (MESH:D001650,Disease) :: ['bile duct cancer']


abstract: @entity671 (IP3)-, @entity3007 -, @entity1426 - and @entity2426 -mediated @entity141 release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-enriched microsomes was studied in a PANC-1 cell line. IP3 maximally caused an approximately 20% release of actively accumulated @entity141 . This effect was completely blocked by heparin. In the presence of 3% @entity968 ( @entity970 ), @entity3007 maximally discharged about 60% of @entity141 from the microsomes. This effect involved a @entity3007 hydrolytic process, not the IP3-activated @entity141 channel. @entity1426 maximally released approximately 80% of @entity141 from PANC-1 microsomes. Metabolites of @entity1426 did not appear to be involved in @entity1426 -mediated @entity141 release. However, other @entity1718 also induced similar releasing effects suggesting that @entity1426 -induced @entity141 release appeared to be non-specific. @entity2426 was shown to inhibit @entity141 accumulation into and induce @entity141 release from PANC-1 microsomes. The @entity2426 -releasable @entity141 pool included the IP3- or @entity1426 -sensitive pool. Studies on liposomes suggested that both @entity1426 and @entity2426 did not exert either a @entity141 ionophore-like or a membrane detergent-like effect. The present results have provided evidence for the existence of multiple non-mitochondrial @entity141 pools in PANC-1 cells. These @entity141 pools could be released by various @entity141 mediators via different mechanisms.

title: @entity671 -, XXXX -, @entity1426 - and @entity2426 -mediated intracellular calcium movement in PANC-1 microsomes.

entities_list: @entity671 :: ('MESH:D015544', 'Chemical') :: ['Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate']

entities_list: @entity2426 :: ('MESH:D019284', 'Chemical') :: ['Thapsigargin', 'thapsigargin']

entities_list: @entity1426 :: ('MESH:D016718', 'Chemical') :: ['Arachidonic acid', 'arachidonic acid']

entities_list: @entity1718 :: ('MESH:D005227', 'Chemical') :: ['fatty acids']

entities_list: @entity968 :: ('MESH:D011092', 'Chemical') :: ['polyethylene glycol']

answer: @entity3007 :: (MESH:D006160,Chemical) :: ['GTP']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of @entity341 ( @entity341 ) ultrasound scan in identifying which @entity1 with blunt torso @entity130 have intraperitoneal fluid associated with @entity130 ( @entity130 ). METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective, observational study of @entity1 (< 16 years old) with @entity130 who presented to a level 1 @entity130 center over a 29-month period and underwent abdominal ultrasound scan while in the @entity341 . Ultrasound examinations were ordered at the discretion of the @entity130 surgeons or @entity341 physicians caring for the @entity1 , performed by trained sonographers, and interpreted at the time of the ultrasound. Ultrasound examinations were interpreted solely for the presence or absence of intraperitoneal fluid. @entity551 was defined as > or = 1 standard deviation below the age-adjusted mean. @entity1 underwent follow-up to identify those with intraperitoneal fluid and @entity130 . RESULTS: A total of 224 pediatric @entity130 @entity1 had ultrasound scan performed and were enrolled. Thirty-three @entity1 had @entity130 with intraperitoneal fluid, and ultrasound scan was positive in 27. The accuracy of abdominal ultrasound for detecting intraperitoneal fluid associated with @entity130 was sensitivity, 82% (95% confidence interval [CI] 65% to 93%); specificity, 95% (95% CI 91% to 97%); positive predictive value, 73% (95% CI 56% to 86%); and negative predictive value, 97% (95% CI 93% to 99%). In the 13 @entity1 who were @entity551 , ultrasound scan correctly identified intraperitoneal fluid in all 7 @entity1 (sensitivity 100%) with @entity130 , and hemoperitoneum and was negative in all 6 @entity1 (specificity 100%) who did not have hemoperitoneum. Nine @entity1 had @entity130 without intraperitoneal fluid, and ultrasound scan result was negative for fluid in all 9. CONCLUSIONS: @entity341 abdominal ultrasound scan used solely for the detection of intraperitoneal fluid in pediatric @entity130 @entity1 has a modest accuracy. Ultrasonography has the best test performance in those @entity1 who are @entity551 and should be obtained early in the @entity341 evaluation of these @entity1 .

title: Emergency department ultrasonography in the evaluation of @entity551 and normotensive XXXX with blunt abdominal trauma.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'Patients']

entities_list: @entity341 :: ('MESH:D004630', 'Disease') :: ['emergency department', 'ED']

entities_list: @entity551 :: ('MESH:D007022', 'Disease') :: ['Hypotension', 'hypotensive']

entities_list: @entity130 :: ('MESH:D014947', 'Disease') :: ['intraabdominal injuries', 'IAI', 'blunt trauma', 'trauma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Most antibiotic prescriptions for @entity697 due to @entity1729 ( @entity1729 ) in primary care are not warranted. Diagnostic uncertainty and @entity1 expectations and worries are major drivers of unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. A @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ) point of care test may help GPs to better guide antibiotic treatment by ruling out @entity55 in cases of low test results. Alternatively, enhanced communication skills training to help clinicians address @entity1 ' expectations and worries could lead to a decrease in antibiotic prescribing, without compromising clinical recovery, while enhancing @entity1 enablement. The aim of this paper is to describe the design and methods of a study to assess two interventions for improving @entity1729 management in general practice. METHODS/DESIGN: This cluster randomised controlled, factorial trial will introduce two interventions in general practice; point of care @entity1851 testing and enhanced communication skills training for @entity1729 . Twenty general practices with two participating GPs per practice will recruit 400 @entity1 with @entity1729 during two winter periods. @entity1 will be followed up for at least 28 days. The primary outcome measure is the antibiotic prescribing rate. Secondary outcomes are clinical recovery, cost-effectiveness, use of other diagnostic tests and medical services (including reconsultation), and @entity1 enablement. DISCUSSION: This trial is the first cluster randomised trial to evaluate the influence of point of care @entity1851 testing in the hands of the general practitioner and enhanced communication skills, on the management of @entity1729 in primary care. The pragmatic nature of the study, which leaves treatment decisions up to the responsible clinicians, will enhance the applicability and generalisability of findings. The factorial design will allow conclusion to be made about the value of @entity1851 testing on its own, communication skills training on its own, and the two combined. Evaluating a biomedical and communication based intervention ('hard' and 'soft' technologies) together in this way makes this trial unique in its field.

title: Improving management of XXXX with @entity697 by @entity1851 point of care testing and communication training (IMPAC3T): study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity697 :: ('MESH:D000208', 'Disease') :: ['acute cough']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonia']

entities_list: @entity1729 :: ('MESH:D012141', 'Disease') :: ['LRTI', 'lower respiratory tract infections']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C-reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: Rectal endoscopic ultrasonography was performed using an ultrasound fiberscope in 20 @entity1 with @entity101 (6 alcoholic @entity1 , 4 @entity1 with hepatitis B surface antigen positive, and 10 cryptogenic @entity1 ) and in 10 @entity1 with @entity1744 as controls. Rectal varices were diagnosed endoscopically when either tortuous or saccular distended veins were seen beneath the mucosa. At rectal endoscopic ultrasonography rectal varices were seen as rounded or oval echo-free structures in the submucosa. Rectal endoscopic ultrasonography also showed perirectal veins outside the rectal wall. Rectal varices were detected by endoscopy in 9 @entity1 and by rectal endoscopic ultrasonography in 17 @entity1 . Rectal endoscopic ultrasonography also detected submucosal veins in 3 of 10 controls. The number and size of submucosal veins seen on rectal endoscopic ultrasonography in @entity1 with portal @entity101 were greater than in controls (p < 0.01 for both number and size). The size of perirectal veins was greater in @entity1 than in controls (p < 0.05), although their number was no different (p = NS). A perforating vein communicating between a submucosal and perirectal vein was seen in only one @entity1 . Rectal wall thickness was not different in @entity1 and controls (p = NS). Rectal endoscopic ultrasonography was superior to endoscopy in detecting the presence (85% versus 45%, p < 0.01), and number (p < 0.01) of rectal varices. Our study suggests that rectal endoscopic ultrasonography is useful in detecting changes in rectal and perirectal vasculature in @entity1 with @entity101 .

title: Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation of the rectum in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1744 :: ('MESH:D043183', 'Disease') :: ['irritable bowel syndrome']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'cirrhotic portal hypertension']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['cirrhotic portal hypertension']


abstract: 1. Effects of agonists and antagonists of peripheral and central @entity1245 receptors (pBZR and cBZR) on neuromuscular transmission were studied in @entity19 isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. 2. @entity19944 , a pBZR agonist, had no effect on the neuromuscular transmission but increased muscle contractility and antagonized the tetanic fade induced by @entity1339 . 3. @entity19944 inhibited the regenerative tonic endplate depolarization caused by repetitive stimulation in the presence of @entity1339 without affecting the amplitude and decay time of miniature and evoked single endplate potentials. 4. All the effects of @entity19944 were shared by @entity19943 , a pBZR antagonist, but not by @entity2053 and @entity5757 , a cBZR agonist and antagonist, respectively. 5. It is suggested that peripheral type @entity1245 receptors modulate presynaptic function and muscle contraction.

title: Pharmacological relevance of peripheral type XXXX receptors on motor nerve and skeletal muscle.

entities_list: @entity1245 :: ('MESH:D001569', 'Chemical') :: ['benzodiazepine']

entities_list: @entity5757 :: ('MESH:D005442', 'Chemical') :: ['flumazenil']

entities_list: @entity2053 :: ('MESH:D002998', 'Chemical') :: ['clonazepam']

entities_list: @entity1339 :: ('MESH:D009388', 'Chemical') :: ['neostigmine']

answer: @entity1245 :: (MESH:D001569,Chemical) :: ['benzodiazepine']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity2416 ( @entity2416 ) is a lethal @entity358 . In general, the exaggerated activation of the coagulation cascade has been observed during initiation or maintenance of the @entity66 . In our recent study, immunohistochemical expression of @entity12610 ( @entity12610 ), which plays a key role in coagulation cascade, was observed in surgical specimen of @entity2416 @entity1 , and associated with poor clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the overexpression of @entity12610 in inflammatory cells from peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in @entity2416 @entity1 . METHODS: From May 2011 to March 2012, @entity2416 @entity1 and controls were enrolled in Seoul National University Hospital. Peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for analysis of @entity12610 expression. Flow cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used for @entity12610 receptor and mRNA assessment. RESULTS: Twelve @entity2416 @entity1 and 14 controls were included in this study. Among them, flow cytometry analysis was conducted from 26 peripheral blood ( @entity1 group, 11; control group, 13) and 7 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( @entity1 group, 5; control group, 2). The expression of @entity12610 receptor was not different between @entity1 and control groups (p=0.074). Among all 24 population, @entity12610 mRNA assessment was performed in 19 @entity1 ( @entity1 group, 10; control group, 9). The mRNA expression of @entity12610 was not significant different (p=0.633). CONCLUSION: In @entity2416 @entity1 , @entity12610 receptor and mRNA expression were not different from control group.

title: The clinical assessment of XXXX expression in inflammatory cells from peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in @entity2416 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['fibrotic disease']

entities_list: @entity2416 :: ('MESH:D054990', 'Disease') :: ['Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis', 'IPF']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['pulmonary fibrotic disease']

entities_list: @entity12610 :: ('2150', 'Gene') :: ['protease-activated receptor-2', 'PAR-2']

answer: @entity12610 :: (2150,Gene) :: ['protease-activated receptor-2']


abstract: @entity3174 treatment of inducible ventricular @entity591 was assessed by serial electrophysiologic studies (EPS) in 64 @entity1 with spontaneous @entity1165 , @entity1167 , or symptoms compatible with a @entity1165 . @entity453 was the primary @entity299 in 75% of the @entity1 . All subjects had either inducible @entity1165 (greater than or equal to 10 repetitive beats) or @entity2224 at electrophysiologic study. @entity3174 was administered intravenously in 38 studies and orally in 31 studies. The mean serum @entity3174 level was 19.5 +/- 4.7 mcg/ml. Only seven @entity1 (11%) had a negative electrophysiologic study (less than or equal to 10 repetitive beats) after the administration of @entity3174 and were classified as @entity3174 responders (group I). The remaining 54 @entity1 (89%) were classified as nonresponders (group II). For the nonresponders, @entity3174 increased the cycle length of identical monomorphic @entity1165 from a mean of 31 ms to a mean of 327 ms (p less than 0.001). For the four @entity1 tested receiving both intravenous and oral @entity3174 , the intravenous response always predicted the oral response. For the seven @entity1 in whom electrophysiologic study indicated @entity3174 efficacy, two are alive and @entity943 -event free, two had @entity944 when the regimen was changed (one case, @entity5126 added; one case, subtherapeutic serum level), and three died from nonarrhythmic causes. For the 10 @entity1 treated empirically with @entity3174 , either alone (seven @entity1 ) or in combination with another antiarrhythmic agent (three @entity1 ), four died secondary to an arrhythmic event.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: XXXX in the treatment of inducible @entity1165 : results of electrophysiologic testing and long-term follow-up.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1165 :: ('MESH:D017180', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular tachycardias', 'ventricular tachycardia', 'ventricular tachyarrhythmia']

entities_list: @entity944 :: ('MESH:D003645', 'Disease') :: ['sudden death']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac disease']

entities_list: @entity591 :: ('MESH:D013610', 'Disease') :: ['tachyarrhythmias']

entities_list: @entity5126 :: ('MESH:D011802', 'Chemical') :: ['quinidine']

entities_list: @entity3174 :: ('MESH:D010672', 'Chemical') :: ['phenytoin', 'Phenytoin']

entities_list: @entity2224 :: ('MESH:D014693', 'Disease') :: ['ventricular fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity1167 :: ('MESH:D006323', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac arrest']

entities_list: @entity453 :: ('MESH:D003324', 'Disease') :: ['Coronary artery disease']

entities_list: @entity943 :: ('MESH:D001145', 'Disease') :: ['arrhythmia']

answer: @entity3174 :: (MESH:D010672,Chemical) :: ['Phenytoin']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Recurrent @entity1779 is the hallmark of @entity8267 . The factors that predispose @entity1 to early recurrence of lobar @entity548 are unknown. One candidate is the @entity2204 gene, since both the epsilon2 and the epsilon4 alleles of @entity2204 appear to be associated with the severity of @entity2333 . METHODS: We performed a prospective, longitudinal study of consecutive elderly @entity1 who survived a @entity1779 . The @entity1 were followed for recurrent @entity64 by interviews at six-month intervals and reviews of medical records and computed tomographic scans. RESULTS: Nineteen of 71 enrolled @entity1 had recurrent @entity548 during a mean follow-up period of 23.9+/-14.8 months, yielding a 2-year cumulative rate of recurrence of 21 percent. The @entity2204 genotype was significantly associated with the risk of recurrence. Carriers of the epsilon2 or epsilon4 allele had a two-year rate of recurrence of 28 percent, as compared with only 10 percent for @entity1 with the common @entity2204 epsilon3/epsilon3 genotype (risk ratio, 3.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 11.6; P=0.01). Early recurrence occurred in eight @entity1 , four of whom had the uncommon epsilon2/epsilon4 genotype. Also at increased risk for recurrence were @entity1 with a history of @entity64 before entry into the study (two-year recurrence, 61 percent; risk ratio, 6.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 18.5; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The @entity2204 genotype can identify @entity1 with @entity1779 who are at highest risk for early recurrence. This finding makes possible both the provision of prognostic information to @entity1 with lobar @entity548 and a method of targeting and assessing potential strategies for prevention.

title: @entity2204 genotype and the risk of recurrent XXXX .

entities_list: @entity8267 :: ('MESH:D016657', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral amyloid angiopathy']

entities_list: @entity64 :: ('MESH:D020521', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhagic stroke']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['hemorrhage', 'hemorrhages']

entities_list: @entity2204 :: ('348', 'Gene') :: ['apolipoprotein E']

entities_list: @entity2333 :: ('MESH:D001018', 'Disease') :: ['amyloid angiopathy']

entities_list: @entity1779 :: ('MESH:D002543', 'Disease') :: ['lobar intracerebral hemorrhage']

answer: @entity1779 :: (MESH:D002543,Disease) :: ['lobar intracerebral hemorrhage']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Because the development of drug-resistant cells can lead to relapses in @entity1 with @entity706 treated with chemotherapy, new approaches are needed for effective disease management, such as those targeting the @entity517 proto-oncogene with antisense oligonucleotides. Our goal was to investigate whether antisense @entity517 oligonucleotides could prevent tumorigenesis in a @entity1892 model. METHODS: Immunocompetent @entity19 received subcutaneous injections of @entity5 cells from a transgenic @entity19 model of @entity2109 . For 7 consecutive days, beginning 1 day after @entity5 cell transplantation, the @entity19 were given either a DNA phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to @entity517 codons 1-5 (myc6) or other @entity517 -related oligonucleotides at a dose of 0.76 mg per day subcutaneously. @entity18122 protein expression, normalized to @entity12835 expression, was measured by western blotting of @entity5 and splenic proteins. To determine whether @entity5 inhibition by myc6 could be a result of B-cell activation, we compared the activity of myc6 with that of an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide, mcg. RESULTS: In comparison with control treatments (saline vehicle, scrambled-sequence oligonucleotide, or double-mismatch oligonucleotide), treatment with myc6 delayed @entity5 onset by 3 days, @entity5 mass at sacrifice (i.e., 17 days after @entity5 cell transplantation) by 40% +/- 16% (mean +/- standard error), and decreased the splenic @entity18122 -to-actin ratio. Inhibition of @entity5 by myc6 and mcg (both of which share a dACGTT motif) was comparable. Administration of an oligonucleotide sequence complementary to @entity517 codons 384-388 (myc55) delayed @entity5 onset by 5-6 days, @entity5 mass at sacrifice by 65% +/- 6%, and reduced the splenic @entity18122 -to-actin ratio to below that produced by myc6. A 14-day treatment regimen of myc55 alternating with mcg completely inhibited @entity5 formation during the therapeutic schedule. CONCLUSIONS: A combined oligonucleotide regimen, based on antisense @entity517 and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, should be investigated to increase the number and duration of complete remissions obtained after standard chemotherapy for @entity1892 .

title: Antisense XXXX and immunostimulatory oligonucleotide inhibition of tumorigenesis in a @entity19 @entity1892 transplant model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'decreased total tumor', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity2109 :: ('MESH:D002051', 'Disease') :: ["Burkitt's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity1892 :: ('MESH:D016393', 'Disease') :: ['B-cell lymphoma']

answer: @entity517 :: (4609,Gene) :: ['c-myc']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated that sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy can accurately determine axillary nodal status for @entity0 , but unacceptably high false negative rates have also been reported. Attention has been focused on factors associated with improved accuracy. We have previously shown that injection of blue dye in combination with radioactive colloid reduces the false negative rate compared with injection of blue dye alone. We hypothesized that this may be from the increased ability to identify multiple sentinel nodes. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether removal of multiple SLNs results in a lower false negative rate. STUDY DESIGN: The University of Louisville Breast Cancer Sentinel Lymph Node Study is a prospective multiinstitutional study. @entity1 with clinical stage T1-2, N0 @entity0 were eligible for enrollment. All @entity1 underwent SLN biopsy using blue dye alone, radioactive colloid alone, or both agents in combination, followed by completion level I and II axillary dissection. RESULTS: A total of 1,436 @entity1 were enrolled in the study from August 1997 to February 2000. SLNs were identified in 1,287 @entity1 (90%), with an overall false negative rate of 8.3%. A single SLN was removed in 537 @entity1 . Multiple SLNs were removed in 750 @entity1 . The false negative rates were 14.3% and 4.3% for @entity1 with a single sentinel node versus multiple sentinel nodes removed, respectively (p = 0.0004, chi-square). Logistic regression analysis revealed that use of blue dye injection alone was the only factor independently associated with identification of a single SLN (p<0.0001), and @entity1 age, @entity5 size, @entity5 location, surgeon's previous experience, and type of operation were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The ability to identify multiple sentinel nodes, when they exist, improves the diagnostic accuracy of SLN biopsy. Injection of radioactive colloid in combination with blue dye improves the ability to identify multiple sentinel nodes compared with the use of blue dye alone.

title: Sentinel lymph node biopsy for XXXX : impact of the number of sentinel nodes removed on the false-negative rate.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The number of @entity173 @entity1 is expected to grow the forthcoming decades. Knowledge of the impact of the @entity174 on the lives of elderly could help us target our care. The aim of the study is to describe HRQoL (Health-Related Quality of Life) after a @entity173 and to identify factors associated with the course of HRQoL in the first postoperative year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 335 surgically treated @entity173 @entity1 (mean age 79.4  years, SD 10.7, 68  % female) were included in a prospective observational cohort. HRQoL was measured with the SF-12 Health Survey, composed of the Physical and a Mental Component Summary Score ( @entity8847 , @entity8848 ), at admission (baseline) and at 3 and 12  months postoperatively. Eleven predefined factors known to be associated with the course of HRQoL were recorded: age, gender, physical status, having a partner at admission, living in an institution, prefracture level of mobility, @entity417 , @entity174 and treatment, @entity933 during hospital stay and length of stay. RESULTS: HRQoL declined between baseline and 3  months, and recovered between three and 12  months. @entity8847 HRQoL did not recover to baseline values, @entity8848 HRQoL did. Age younger than 80  years, ASA classification I and II, higher prefracture level of mobility, intracapsular @entity174 and treatment with osteosynthesis (compared to arthroplasty) were associated with greater initial decline in @entity8847 HRQoL, none of the recorded factors were significant for decline in @entity8848 HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: Both @entity8847 and @entity8848 HRQoL declined after a @entity173 and @entity8847 did not recover to baseline values. Healthier @entity1 may need extra care to prevent them from having a steep decline in postoperative @entity8847 HRQoL and arthroplasty should be considered with low threshold.

title: Factors associated with the course of health-related quality of life after a XXXX .

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture', 'type of fracture']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['hip fracture']

entities_list: @entity933 :: ('MESH:D003693', 'Disease') :: ['delirium']

answer: @entity173 :: (MESH:D006620,Disease) :: ['hip fracture']