abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe the presentation of @entity7135 in primary care; to explore how general practitioners process clinical and contextual information in @entity1 with @entity7135 ; and to describe how this information affects management. DESIGN: Qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews. SETTING: General practices in South Glamorgan. SUBJECTS: 26 general practitioners who between January 1994 and December 1996 admitted 31 @entity1 (under 16 years of age) in whom @entity7135 was diagnosed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Categories of clinical rules and techniques used by general practitioners in processing each case. RESULTS: 22 @entity1 had @entity1910 ; in 16 of them the @entity1910 were non-blanching. When present, a @entity548 was the most important factor in the doctor's decision to admit a @entity1 . 22 @entity1 had clinical features not normally expected in @entity1 with acute self limiting illnesses--for example, lethargy, poor eye contact, altered mental states, pallor with a high temperature, and an abnormal cry. Contextual information, such as knowledge of parents' consultation patterns and their normal degree of @entity148 , played an important part in the management decisions in 15 cases. Use of @entity114 was associated with the certainty of diagnosis and the presence and type of @entity548 . CONCLUSION: The key clinical feature of @entity7135 --a @entity548 --was present in only half of the study @entity1 . The general practitioners specifically hunted for the @entity1910 in some ill @entity1 , but doctors should not be deterred from diagnosing @entity7135 and starting antibiotic treatment if the @entity1 is otherwise well, if the @entity1910 has an unusual or scanty distribution, or if the @entity1910 is non-haemorrhagic.

title: Recognising XXXX in primary care: qualitative study of how general practitioners process clinical and contextual information.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'child']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['haemorrhagic rash']

entities_list: @entity114 :: ('MESH:D010406', 'Chemical') :: ['penicillin']

entities_list: @entity7135 :: ('MESH:D008589', 'Disease') :: ['meningococcal disease']

answer: @entity7135 :: (MESH:D008589,Disease) :: ['meningococcal disease']


abstract: A brief historical account is presented of the formulation of two hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying the @entity1442 ( @entity1442 ) in experimental @entity302 . The two hypotheses are called the giant EPSP hypothesis and the endogenous burst hypothesis. The giant EPSP hypothesis states that the @entity1442 (the intracellular correlate of the interictal discharge) is comprised of a larger-than-normal-strength excitatory synaptic input, whereas the endogenous burst hypothesis states that the @entity1442 is an endogenous burst triggered by an excitatory postsynaptic potential of normal strength. Two sets of four experimentally testable predictions, which were derived from these two hypotheses for the @entity1442 , are presented. These predictions describe the expected behavior of the @entity1442 in response to changes in membrane potential and under conditions of voltage clamping. With the advent of single-electrode current- and voltage-clamp techniques and improved intracellular recording conditions, the testing of these predictions has become possible. Experiments are described in which each of the predictions from the two hypotheses were tested. The results strongly support the giant EPSP hypothesis and are not easily reconciled with the endogenous burst hypothesis. Because the @entity1442 is a network-driven event, it is important to understand the properties of the neuronal network responsible for the genesis of the @entity1442 . Others have proposed that there are three necessary conditions for @entity302 in any neuronal network: endogenous bursting, disinhibition, and recurrent excitatory synapses. Using control theory as a frame of reference, we argue that it is premature to raise these three phenomena to the level of general theoretical requirements for interictal activity. Insufficient quantitative information exists about the properties of neurons, synapses, and connectivity patterns in any cortical neuronal network to conclude that the three preposed requirements are necessary and sufficient general conditions for @entity302 . Because all of the key predictions of the giant EPSP hypothesis have now been experimentally verified, we conclude that the @entity1442 is a large, network-driven EPSP. The current challenge to neurophysiologists is to describe is detail the properties of neurons and synapses in a cortical neuronal network and then to evaluate the relative contributions of network and individual neuronal properties to the expression of @entity302 .

title: Control theory applied to neural networks illuminates synaptic basis of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1442 :: ('MESH:D020178', 'Disease') :: ['PDS', 'paroxysmal depolarizing shift']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['interictal epileptiform activity', 'epilepsy', 'epileptiform activity']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['interictal epileptiform activity']


abstract: RATIONALE: Stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) muscarinic @entity934 receptors (mAChRs) is implicated in feeding. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of mAChR blockade in the VTA on food-related learning. METHODS: In experiment 1, @entity35 (N=12) were placed in chambers containing food and received microinjections of 0 or 5 microg/0.5 microl @entity5591 prior to the first four feeding sessions and the alternate dose prior to the tenth feeding session. In experiment 2 (N=9), the effects of daily microinjections of @entity5591 on lever pressing under a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement were tested. In experiment 3 (N=34), the effects of daily microinjections of @entity5591 on lever pressing maintained by conditioned reward were investigated. RESULTS: In experiment 1, all @entity35 demonstrated low consumption during session 1. However, pellet consumption for @entity35 initially pretreated with the 0-microg dose rose to and stayed at maximal levels for the remaining sessions, even when pretreated with the 5-microg dose during the tenth session. Pellet consumption for @entity35 initially pretreated with the 5-microg dose remained low, even for the first two sessions following the cessation of @entity5591 pretreatment, and gradually rose to maximal levels by the eighth session. In experiment 2, @entity5591 significantly decreased break points. In experiment 3, @entity5591 failed to significantly decrease responding specifically on the lever producing the conditioned reward. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, these data suggest that VTA mAChR stimulation is involved in feeding and food-related learning but may not be involved in responding maintained by conditioned reward.

title: Blockade of muscarinic XXXX receptors in the ventral tegmental area disrupts food-related learning in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity5591 :: ('MESH:D012601', 'Chemical') :: ['scopolamine']

entities_list: @entity934 :: ('MESH:D000109', 'Chemical') :: ['acetylcholine']

answer: @entity934 :: (MESH:D000109,Chemical) :: ['acetylcholine']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between the type of menopause (natural, hysterectomy with ovarian conservation, and hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy) and the experiencing of hot flashes while accounting for different patterns of @entity34 ( @entity34 ) use among the menopausal groups. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: @entity1 who reported their history of hot flashes and @entity34 use through a mailed survey. @entity1 (S): Postmenopausal @entity1 ages 40-60 years residing in the Baltimore metropolitan area. INTERVENTION(S): No interventions were administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Associations between type of menopause and the experiencing of hot flashes. RESULT(S): Among all @entity1 , both types of surgical menopause were associated with a decreased risk of experiencing any, moderate or severe, and daily hot flashes. After taking into account @entity34 use patterns, @entity1 who underwent bilateral oophorectomy were at increased risk of experiencing any, moderate or severe, and daily hot flashes compared with @entity1 with natural menopause, although only the results for moderate or severe hot flashes were statistically significant. @entity1 who underwent hysterectomy with ovarian conservation remained at significantly lower odds of experiencing any hot flashes than @entity1 with natural menopause. CONCLUSION(S): @entity1 who undergo bilateral oophorectomy and who are not given @entity34 to prevent the onset of menopausal symptoms are at increased risk of experiencing hot flashes, especially those that are moderate to severe in nature, compared with @entity1 with natural menopause.

title: Type of menopause, patterns of XXXX use, and hot flashes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'Women', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity34 :: ('MESH:D016609', 'Disease') :: ['hormone therapy', 'HT']

answer: @entity34 :: (MESH:D016609,Disease) :: ['hormone therapy']


abstract: The treatment of @entity1823 is controversial. Changes in the surgical treatment of @entity1823 at The House Ear Clinic have allowed complete resection in 85% of @entity1 with minimal morbidity and no surgical mortalities. Our experience with 52 previously untreated @entity1 with @entity1823 is reviewed. Two primary surgical techniques were used. The mastoid/neck approach was used in 9 @entity1 with small @entity5 limited to the jugular bulb. The infratemporal fossa approach was used in the remaining 43 @entity5 . Lower @entity129 was possible in the majority of @entity1 with normal preoperative function. Modifications in the management of the facial nerve during the infratemporal fossa approach have resulted in good recovery of facial function (House grade I/VI or II/VI) in 95% of @entity1 . Most @entity1 (85%) were able to fully resume all preoperative activities. Our results suggest that surgical management is the treatment of choice in younger @entity1 with @entity1823 .

title: Surgical management of previously untreated XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1823 :: ('MESH:D010235', 'Disease') :: ['glomus jugulare tumors']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve preservation']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

answer: @entity1823 :: (MESH:D010235,Disease) :: ['glomus jugulare tumors']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To study the levels of @entity1904 (PCT) in various inflammatory states seen in an internal medicine department and to evaluate the possible discriminative role of PCT in differentiating @entity2348 from other inflammatory processes. METHODS: PCT, @entity1851 ( @entity1851 ), and white blood cell count (WBC) were measured in @entity1 admitted to the department for @entity221 or biological inflammatory syndrome, or both. The serum of 173 consecutive @entity1 was analysed according to the aetiological diagnosis. The @entity1 were divided into two groups: group I (n=60) with documented @entity2348 ; group II (n=113) with @entity32 . RESULTS: PCT levels were >0.5 ng/ml in 39/60 (65%) @entity1 in group I. In group II, three @entity1 with a @entity1800 had slightly increased PCT levels (0.7, 0.8, and 1.1 ng/ml) as did two others, one with @entity625 and the other with @entity1333 (0.7 ng/ml in both cases). All other @entity1 in group II had PCT levels <0.5 ng/ml. In this study a value of PCT >0.5 ng/ml was taken as the marker of @entity2348 (sensitivity 65%, specificity 96%). PCT values were more discriminative than WBC and @entity1851 in distinguishing a @entity2348 from another inflammatory process. CONCLUSION: PCT levels only rose significantly during @entity2348 . In this study PCT levels >1.2 ng/ml were always evidence of @entity2348 and the cue for starting antibiotic treatment.

title: Can procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between XXXX and other kinds of inflammatory processes?

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['abacterial inflammatory disease']

entities_list: @entity625 :: ('MESH:D001168', 'Disease') :: ['crystal arthritis']

entities_list: @entity1333 :: ('MESH:D014657', 'Disease') :: ['vasculitis']

entities_list: @entity1904 :: ('MESH:C029100', 'Chemical') :: ['procalcitonin']

entities_list: @entity2348 :: ('MESH:D001424', 'Disease') :: ['bacterial infections', 'bacterial infection', 'bacterial or fungal infection']

entities_list: @entity1800 :: ('MESH:D014777', 'Disease') :: ['viral infection']

entities_list: @entity1851 :: ('1401', 'Gene') :: ['C reactive protein', 'CRP']

answer: @entity2348 :: (MESH:D001424,Disease) :: ['bacterial infection']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 7351 Background: Preliminary results from a phase III trial in advanced @entity1149 comparing CP vs CPG suggest an advantage in RR and TTP with a superior but acceptable @entity137 for CPG. We used CPG as induction regimen in stage III pts. Eligibility Criteria: ECOG 0-1, unresectable stage III, measurable disease, no prior chemotherapy, informed consent. TREATMENT: induction CT: 2 cycles of @entity3003 AUC6, @entity1311 200mg/m(2) day 1, and @entity136 1000mg/m(2)days 1-8 q 21 days. Concurrent CT: @entity3003 AUC 2 and @entity1311 45 mg/m(2) weekly with concomitant RT (60 Gy). After 40 Gy pts were revaluated for surgery, if inoperable they received definitive CT/RT. RESULTS: From April 1998 to November 2002, 41 consecutive @entity1 entered. @entity1 characteristics were: ECOG PS 0/1: 27/14(66/34%); stage IIIA/IIIB: 18/23(44/56%); median age 62 (41-77); male/female 34/7(83/17%); histology: 26(63.5%) @entity957 , 8(19,5%) adeno, 3(7.3%) large cell and 4(9,7%) undifferentiated. The induction treatment was well tolerated with 15%/25% G3/4 @entity1398 and 15%/5% G3/4 @entity882 and 2 cases of @entity1398 . The most severe @entity137 occurred in the last part of concurrent treatment: 27% grade 3 @entity2910 that required dose reduction and 1 treatment interruption were observed. 2 @entity1 had reversible grade 3 @entity16 and 1 @entity1 died with @entity55 2 months after the end of the treatment. 38 pts were evaluable for response. RR to induction CPG was 47.4% (5.3% cRC). After induction CT 4 pts developed distant @entity3 , one suffered rapid deterioration of PS and another underwent surgery. These six pts were not submitted to the subsequent CT/RT. Overall, 31 pts. completed the planned treatment. The RR at the end was 23/38, 60.5% (95% CI, 43,3% to 75.9%), with 16.2% cRC. Median survival was 18,6 mo (95% CI, 6.88 to 30.38), with 1-, 2- and 3-yr survival of 67.7%, 47.1% and 12.6% respectively. Median TTP was 13 mo, with 1,2, and 3-yr PFS of 50.8%, 36.3% and 12.0% respectively. CONCLUSION: This treatment is feasible in an outpatient setting with promising survival. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

title: Induction @entity3003 / @entity1311 / @entity136 (CPG) followed by concurrent weekly @entity3003 / @entity1311 (CP) and radiation therapy in unresectable stage III XXXX ( @entity1149 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity55 :: ('MESH:D011014', 'Disease') :: ['pneumonitis']

entities_list: @entity3003 :: ('MESH:D016190', 'Chemical') :: ['Carboplatin']

entities_list: @entity957 :: ('MESH:D002294', 'Disease') :: ['squamous cell carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1311 :: ('MESH:D017239', 'Chemical') :: ['Paclitaxel']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neuropathy']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia', 'febrile neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastases']

entities_list: @entity136 :: ('MESH:C056507', 'Chemical') :: ['Gemcitabine']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non small cell lung cancer']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Background:We evaluated the safety, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, recommended dose for phase II (P2RD), and preliminary anticancer activity of a combination eribulin and @entity11730 therapeutic in metastatic @entity0 @entity1 pretreated with @entity4349 and @entity3907 .Method: @entity1 aged 20-74 years were recruited. In level 1, @entity1 received @entity11730 (65   mg   m(-2)) from day 1 to 14, and eribulin (1.1   mg   m(-2)) on day 1 and 8 in a 21-day cycle. In level 2, eribulin was increased to 1.4   mg   m(-2). In level 3, @entity11730 was increased to 80   mg   m(-2).Results:Twelve @entity1 were enrolled into three cohorts. Planned dose escalation was completed, with one case exhibiting dose-limiting @entity137 (grade 3 hypokalaemia) at level 3, without reaching the MTD. The P2RD was determined to be level 2 (eribulin 1.4   mg   m(-2) and @entity11730 65   mg   m(-2)). The most common grade 3 or 4 @entity137 was @entity1398 (83.3%), followed by @entity1398 (25.0%). Five of eleven @entity1 (41.7%) with measurable disease had a partial response. Pharmacokinetics were characterised by dose-dependent elimination and nonlinear exposure.Conclusion:Dose level 3 was not tolerated owing to @entity1398 development. Thus, intermediate dose level 2 was recommended for further evaluation. Preliminary antitumour activity warrants further investigation in this setting.

title: A phase I dose-escalation study of eribulin and XXXX for metastatic @entity0 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['breast cancer']

entities_list: @entity4349 :: ('CHEBI:48120', 'Chemical') :: ['anthracycline']

answer: @entity11730 :: (5707,Gene) :: ['S-1']


abstract: Being dendritic antigen-presenting cells in skin and mucous membrane, Langerhans cells (LC) occur in areas at risk for inoculation by @entity1 @entity465 virus (HIV), and the question whether LC act as a target, reservoir, or vector for transmission of @entity645 has given rise to much controversy. To address this question, we first analyzed the epidermal compartment of skin from @entity1 seropositive for @entity645 DNA. Second, we tested the susceptibility of each cell type normally found in this compartment to in vitro infection by @entity2858 . A non-denatured DNA was obtained from epidermal sheets after a thermochemical treatment of biopsies (0.5 M @entity1098 ( @entity1098 ), pH 7.5 at 60 degrees C for 90 seconds). Optimization of amplification of viral genome was performed with three primer pairs derived from gag, @entity18341 , and pol sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were analyzed by Southern blot. Viral genome was found in five of 11 @entity645 -seropositive @entity1 . To control the permissivity of epidermal cell population for @entity645 , cells isolated from the epidermal sheet of normal skin by trypsinization were co-cultured with @entity2858 -carrying promonocytic cells (U937) and observed by electron microscopy. After 3-6 h of co-culture, numerous virions were either tightly bound or apparently engaged in the process of internalization through receptor-mediated endocytosis. At day 4 of co-culture, some infected LC appeared to release mature viral particles through bud formation. The in vitro @entity2858 entry and replication in LC may confirm the presence of the @entity2858 genome by PCR in epidermis of seropositive @entity1 . The consequences of the permissivity of LC for @entity645 on the antigen-presenting function remain to be determined.

title: In vitro XXXX entry and replication in Langerhans cells may clarify the @entity2858 genome detection by PCR in epidermis of seropositive @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity465 :: ('MESH:D007153', 'Disease') :: ['immunodeficiency']

entities_list: @entity1098 :: ('MESH:D004492', 'Chemical') :: ['EDTA', 'ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid']

answer: @entity2858 :: (11676,Species) :: ['HIV-1']


abstract: The authors report their experience of an extremely rare case of extramammary @entity4261 presenting a deformational change of the penis, which required penile reconstruction after @entity5 resection. @entity5 cells had invaded the dermis beyond the basement membrane of the epidermis. @entity5 cells were found at the epithelium of the urethra, but had not invaded the corpus cavernosum. However, fibrotic changes were found in the corpus cavernosum. More than half the length of the penis was resected. Penile reconstruction was performed using a free sensory radial forearm flap. The defects in the mons pubis, scrotum, and the remaining corpus cavernosum were covered using a meshed split skin graft or sheeted split skin graft. Ten months after the operation, the @entity5 had not recurred and no @entity3 was found. The urinary stream was narrow compared with that of a healthy @entity1 , but urinary voiding had not been disturbed. Sensory recovery was 12 mm with the two-point discrimination test at the distal end of the reconstructed penis.

title: Penile reconstruction for extramammary XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'Tumor']

entities_list: @entity4261 :: ('MESH:D010001', 'Disease') :: ["Paget's disease"]

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis']

answer: @entity4261 :: (MESH:D010001,Disease) :: ['Paget's disease']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: 9005 Background: Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are recommended for @entity1 who have completed primary treatment and are transitioning to routine follow-up care. SCPs are considered to have face validity but have never been tested in a randomized trial. The objective of this study was to evaluative a SCP for @entity0 survivors transitioning to routine follow-up care with their own family physician (FP). METHODS: 408 @entity0 @entity1 who completed primary treatment at least 3 months previously and without recurrent or new primary @entity5 were enrolled through tertiary care @entity5 centers throughout Canada and stratified into 2 groups: <24 months (n=180) and >=  24 months (n=228) since diagnosis. All @entity1 were transferred to their own FP for follow-up care. In the intervention group, 200 @entity1 received a SCP consisting of: a treatment summary; a @entity1 -version of follow-up guidelines; brochures and information about local relevant supportive care resources. These were compiled in a binder and reviewed with the @entity1 in a 30-minute educational session with a nurse. FPs of intervention @entity1 received a copy of all documents plus the full guideline and a reminder table of recommended follow-up visits and tests. In the control group, 208 @entity1 received a discharge visit and FPs received a discharge letter, according to usual practice. The primary outcome was psychosocial adjustment (Impact of Events Scale; IES) at 12 months post-intervention. Secondary outcomes were continuity of care, health-related quality of life (SF-36), @entity1 satisfaction, and adherence to guidelines. RESULTS: There were no differences between groups on psychosocial adjustment, or on any of the secondary outcomes studied. There were no differences between groups on any outcomes when the two strata were analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS: This SCP did not have an impact on @entity1 outcomes or adherence to follow-up guidelines. [Table: see text].

title: Results of a multicenter randomized trial to evaluate a survivorship care plan for XXXX survivors.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['early -stage breast cancer', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Personalized chemotherapy based on predictive biomarkers can maximize efficacy. However, @entity5 tissue obtained at the time of initial diagnosis will not reflect genetic alterations observed at the time of disease progression. We have examined whether plasma mRNA levels can be a surrogate for @entity5 levels in predicting chemosensitivity. METHODS: In 150 @entity356 @entity1 , mRNA levels of @entity5345 and @entity1950 were assessed in plasma and paired @entity5 tissue. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare mRNA expression levels between @entity5 samples exhibiting in vitro sensitivity or resistance to @entity1205 and pemetrexed. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: There were significant correlations between plasma and @entity5 mRNA levels of @entity5345 (rho   =   0.696, P   <   0.001) and @entity1950 (rho   =   0.620, P   <   0.001). @entity5345 levels in plasma ( @entity1205 -sensitive: 1.25; @entity1205 -resistant: 0.50, P   <   0.001) and @entity5 ( @entity1205 -sensitive: 8.81; @entity1205 -resistant: 4.88, P   <   0.001) were positively associated with @entity1205 sensitivity. @entity1950 levels in plasma (pemetrexed-sensitive: 0.90; pemetrexed-resistant: 1.82, P   <   0.001) and @entity5 (pemetrexed-sensitive: 6.56; pemetrexed-resistant: 16.69, P   <   0.001) were negatively associated with pemetrexed sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma mRNA expression levels mirror those in the @entity5 and may have a promising role as potential predictive biomarkers for chemotherapy.

title: Plasma mRNA expression levels of @entity5345 and XXXX as potential predictive biomarkers for chemotherapy in @entity356 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric cancer']

answer: @entity1950 :: (MESH:C536962,Disease) :: ['TS']


abstract: Purkinje cells, the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, receive inhibitory input from basket, stellate and neighbouring Purkinje cells. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of GABAB receptors on neurons giving inhibitory input to Purkinje cells. In sagittal slices prepared from the cerebellar vermis of the @entity35 , the GABAB receptor agonist @entity1772 lowered the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded in Purkinje cells. These effects were prevented by the GABAB receptor antagonist @entity7234 . Two mechanisms were involved in the @entity308 of the inhibitory input to Purkinje cells. The first mechanism was suppression of the firing of basket, stellate and Purkinje cells. The second mechanism was presynaptic inhibition of @entity1246 release from terminals of the afferent axons. This was indicated by the finding that @entity1772 decreased the amplitude of IPSCs occurring in Purkinje cells synchronously with action potentials recorded in basket cells. A further support for the presynaptic inhibition is the observation that @entity1772 decreased the amplitude of autoreceptor currents which are due to activation of GABAA autoreceptors at axon terminals of basket cells by synaptically released @entity1246 . The presynaptic inhibition was partly due to direct inhibition of the vesicular release mechanism, because @entity1772 lowered the frequency of miniature IPSCs recorded in Purkinje cells in the presence of @entity3409 and in the presence of @entity1022 plus @entity1360 . The results show that activation of GABAB receptors decreased GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic input to cerebellar Purkinje cells both by lowering the firing rate of the inhibitory input neurons and by inhibiting @entity1246 release from their axon terminals with a presynaptic mechanism.

title: Analysis of the function of XXXX (B) receptors on inhibitory afferent neurons of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex of the @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['depression']

entities_list: @entity1022 :: ('MESH:D013779', 'Chemical') :: ['tetrodotoxin']

entities_list: @entity1360 :: ('MESH:D015759', 'Chemical') :: ['ionomycin']

entities_list: @entity1772 :: ('MESH:D001418', 'Chemical') :: ['baclofen']

answer: @entity1246 :: (MESH:D005680,Chemical) :: ['GABA']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate outcomes with an examination of individual predictors influencing survival at a single institution. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of the 28 pediatric @entity421 @entity1 diagnosed and studied from 2000 through 2012. Twenty-eight @entity1 charts and imaging studies were reviewed for age, race, sex, location, extent of disease at presentation, imaging results, histology, treatment options, and overall survival. RESULTS: Of the 28 @entity1 who were identified, the median age at diagnosis was 14 years. The majority of the @entity1 were male African Americans with the @entity5 located in the lower long bones and most had @entity421 histology. Four @entity1 had @entity3 at diagnosis. Of the 28 @entity1 , 16 @entity1 underwent limb salvage surgery, 6 underwent amputation, 4 had biopsy only, 1 had @entity572 , and 1 moved out of state and had no information available. All 28 @entity1 received chemotherapy. Four @entity1 received additional radiation therapy. On follow-up, 15 @entity1 were still alive at last clinical contact and 13 died. Of the deceased, the median survival time was 2.3 years. The @entity1 who lived the longest survived 8.3 years. @entity3 at diagnosis was associated with poorer outcome (P = 0.002). The 5-year overall survival rate was 40% (95% confidence interval 18-62) for our entire population of @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: Survival in our @entity1 cohort tended to be at the lower end of the spectrum reported by other contemporary treatment centers of excellence or Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results databases probably because of the large number of African American @entity1 with associated poor socioeconomic status. Future studies should be conducted to explore biological and nonbiological factors that may affect the prognosis in this disease.

title: XXXX : a single institution's experience.

entities_list: @entity421 :: ('MESH:D012516', 'Disease') :: ['conventional osteosarcoma', 'osteosarcoma']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['hip disarticulation']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastasis', 'Metastasis']

answer: @entity421 :: (MESH:D012516,Disease) :: ['Pediatric osteosarcoma']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Many treatment options are now available for @entity1 with @entity8577 ( @entity8577 ). Data regarding the optimal combination of therapies are lacking, as is consensus on how to assess response to therapy and when to change therapeutic regimens. OBJECTIVES: To gather the opinions of @entity120 ( @entity120 ) experts regarding standard practice in the care of @entity8577 @entity1 after therapy is initiated. METHODS: Canadian @entity120 physicians were surveyed using short questionnaires to assess their opinions and practices in the care of @entity8577 @entity1 . A Delphi forecasting approach was used to gain consensus among Canadian physicians on the most important clinical parameters to consider when assessing @entity1 after the initiation of therapy. RESULTS: Twenty-six of 37 Canadian @entity120 experts who were invited to participate completed the study. All endorsed the use of combination therapy for @entity8577 @entity1 despite the lack of universal provincial coverage for this approach. By consensus, WHO functional class, 6 min walk distance and hospitalization for @entity712 were the most important clinical parameters. The most highly rated physical examination parameters were jugular venous pressure, peripheral @entity4 , the presence of ascites and body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The overall approach to care of @entity8577 @entity1 is similar across @entity120 centres in Canada. A limited number of clinical and physical examination parameters were considered to be most important to reassess @entity1 after therapy is initiated. These parameters, along with definition of threshold values, will facilitate the development of standard practice guidelines for @entity8577 @entity1 in Canada.

title: Assessing response to therapy in @entity8577 : a consensus survey of XXXX physicians.

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['right heart failure']

entities_list: @entity120 :: ('MESH:D006976', 'Disease') :: ['Canadian pulmonary hypertension', 'PH']

entities_list: @entity8577 :: ('MESH:D065627', 'Disease') :: ['IPAH', 'idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension']

answer: @entity120 :: (MESH:D006976,Disease) :: ['Canadian pulmonary hypertension']


abstract: We evaluated all cases involving the combined use of a subtrochanteric derotational femoral shortening osteotomy with a cemented Exeter stem performed at our institution. With @entity572 is often necessary to achieve shortening and derotation of the proximal femur. Reduction can be maintained with a 3.5 mm compression plate while the implant is cemented into place. Such a plate was used to stabilise the osteotomy in all cases. Intramedullary autograft helps to prevent cement interposition at the osteotomy site and promotes healing. There were 15 female @entity1 (18 hips) with a mean age of 51 years (33 to 75) who had a @entity7555 of the hip and were followed up for a mean of 114 months (52 to 168). None was lost to follow-up. All clinical scores were collected prospectively. The Charnley modification of the Merle D'Aubign  -Postel scores for @entity158 , function and range of movement showed a statistically significant improvement from a mean of 2.4 (1 to 4), 2.3 (1 to 4), 3.4 (1 to 6) to 5.2 (3 to 6), 4.4 (3 to 6), 5.2 (4 to 6), respectively. Three acetabular revisions were required for @entity1349 ; one required femoral revision for access. One osteotomy failed to unite at 14 months and was revised successfully. No other case required a femoral revision. No postoperative @entity1930 was observed. Cemented Exeter femoral components perform well in the treatment of @entity7555 with this procedure.

title: Treatment of Crowe IV high XXXX with total hip replacement using the Exeter stem and shortening derotational subtrochanteric osteotomy.

entities_list: @entity7555 :: ('MESH:D016878', 'Disease') :: ['Crowe IV dysplasia']

entities_list: @entity572 :: ('MESH:D006617', 'Disease') :: ['severe developmental dysplasia of the hip an osteotomy']

entities_list: @entity1930 :: ('MESH:D020426', 'Disease') :: ['sciatic nerve palsy']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['aseptic loosening']

answer: @entity572 :: (MESH:D006617,Disease) :: ['hip dysplasia']


abstract: The pharmacokinetics of @entity3659 ( @entity3660 ) have been extensively studied, and a large interindividual variability between oral dose and concentration of the drug in plasma has been documented. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to compare @entity3660 kinetics in @entity308 @entity1 with those of healthy controls and, second, to describe the relationship between @entity3660 levels in plasma and @entity308 . Thirty-eight @entity1 with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of @entity308 and 13 healthy control @entity1 received 75 mg of @entity3660 daily for 6 weeks. Levels of @entity3660 and @entity5080 in plasma were determined, and neuroendocrine testing with the combined @entity619 -suppression/ @entity6192 -stimulation test (DST) was done before @entity3660 administration and after weeks 1, 3, and 6 of medication. @entity3660 levels in plasma were significantly higher in the @entity1 group compared with controls during the entire treatment period, whereas @entity5080 levels did not differ between the two groups. Drug levels correlated significantly with age, but gender had no effect on the concentration of the drug in plasma. Twenty-two @entity1 remitted after treatment. There was no difference in drug levels between responders and nonresponders. Fifteen @entity1 were DST nonsuppressors before treatment; 23 @entity1 and all controls suppressed @entity701 after @entity619 . DST suppressors had significantly higher @entity3660 levels in plasma at weeks 3, 5, and 6 compared with DST nonsuppressors. In comparison to @entity1 with high @entity3660 levels in plasma, those with low drug concentration had higher postdexamethasone @entity701 and @entity3317 levels and an increased hormone release after additional @entity6192 .(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

title: @entity3659 metabolism in elderly @entity308 XXXX and normal controls in relation to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system function.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'persons']

entities_list: @entity308 :: ('MESH:D003866', 'Disease') :: ['hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system changes during depression', 'depressed', 'major depression']

entities_list: @entity3659 :: ('MESH:D000639', 'Chemical') :: ['amitriptyline']

entities_list: @entity5080 :: ('MESH:D009661', 'Chemical') :: ['nortriptyline']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity701 :: ('MESH:D006854', 'Chemical') :: ['cortisol']

entities_list: @entity3317 :: ('MESH:D000324', 'Chemical') :: ['adrenocorticotropic hormone']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity1906 is the most severe manifestation of @entity378 with a high mortality rate and a high rate of sequelae among survivors. The aim of this study is to assess the current epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome in @entity1 with @entity1906 in Denmark, a country with a low @entity378 incidence. METHODS: A nationwide retrospective study was conducted, comprising all @entity1 notified with @entity1906 ( @entity1906 ) in Denmark from 2000-2008. Medical records were reviewed using a standardised protocol. RESULTS: Fifty @entity1 , including 12 paediatric @entity1 , were identified. 78% of the @entity1 were immigrants from countries of high @entity378 endemicity. 64% of all @entity1 had a pre-existing @entity558 ; 10% were @entity645 positive, 48% were @entity645 seronegative and 42% had an unknown @entity645 status. Median symptom duration before admission was 14 days in the Danish @entity1 population and 20 days in the immigrant group. Biochemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples revealed pleocytosis in 90% with lymphocyte predominance in 66%. Protein levels were elevated in 86%. The most common findings on neuro-radiological imaging were basal meningeal enhancement, @entity6551 and @entity1276 . Lumbar puncture was performed on 42 @entity1 ; 31 of these specimens (74%) had a positive CSF culture for mycobacteria and 9.5% were smear positive for acid-fast bacilli. The overall mortality rate was 19% and 48% of the remaining @entity1 had neurological sequelae of varying degree. CONCLUSION: @entity1906 is a rare but severe manifestation of extrapulmonary TB in Denmark. The clinician must be prepared to treat empirically if the suspicion of @entity1906 has arisen to improve treatment outcome.

title: XXXX in Denmark: a review of 50 cases.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6551 :: ('MESH:D014375', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculomas']

entities_list: @entity558 :: ('MESH:C536528', 'Disease') :: ['immunosuppressive condition']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity1906 :: ('MESH:D014390', 'Disease') :: ['tuberculous meningitis', 'TBM', 'Tuberculous meningitis']

entities_list: @entity378 :: ('MESH:D014376', 'Disease') :: ['extrapulmonary tuberculosis', 'tuberculosis']

answer: @entity1906 :: (MESH:D014390,Disease) :: ['Tuberculous meningitis']


abstract: PURPOSE: @entity788 of pancreas-is a severe and @entity66 . Although many risk factors for @entity788 are known, many @entity788 cases, especially in elderly @entity1 , are of unknown etiology. METHODS: Risk factors for @entity788 ( @entity1689 ) were assessed in a prospective cohort (n  =  36,436 @entity1 , aged  >=   65  years). Exposures were self-reported at baseline. @entity788 was ascertained by linkage to Medicare claims (1986-2004) categorized by a physician as follows: "AP", one AP episode (n  =  511) or " @entity1689 ", 2+ AP or 1+ @entity1689 episodes (n  =  149). RESULTS: Multivariable odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for AP and @entity1689 were calculated using multinomial logistic regression. @entity285 use was not associated with AP or @entity1689 . Heavy smoking (40+ vs. 0 pack-years) was associated with a twofold increased OR for @entity1689 . For body mass index greater than or equal to 30 versus less than 25  kg/m(2), the ORs were 1.35 (1.07-1.70) for AP (P trend  =  .009) and 0.59 (0.37-0.94) for @entity1689 (P trend  =  .01). ORs for AP and @entity1689 were increased for hormone replacement therapy use, @entity299 , and @entity101 . There were positive significant associations between protein and total fat intake for @entity1689 and AP. CONCLUSIONS: We identified factors associated with AP and @entity1689 that may be specific to older @entity1 .

title: Risk factors for @entity788 in older XXXX : the Iowa @entity1 's Health Study.

entities_list: @entity788 :: ('MESH:D010190', 'Disease') :: ['Pancreatitis', 'pancreatitis', 'Pancreatitis-an inflammation', 'acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis']

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['costly disease']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity299 :: ('MESH:D006331', 'Disease') :: ['heart disease']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['women']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: Glomerular mesangial cells are smooth muscle cell-like pericytes and are regarded as key players in @entity8 . In an inflammatory setting, these cells produce high amounts of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and redox mediators such as reactive @entity26 species or @entity842 (NO). The temporal production of ROS, NO and other redox mediators markedly contributes to the final outcome of @entity32 . Recently, we reported that platelet-derived growth factor forced mesangial cells to activate the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA RI) by a redox-dependent mechanism but independent from changes in @entity1919 . This prompted us to further analyze the dimerization of PKA RI and activation of PKA-driven signalling in an inflammatory context. Stimulation of @entity35 mesangial cells with @entity3426 and @entity5 @entity39 factor-a [2nM] induced the formation of PKA RI heterodimers in a time-dependent manner. PKA RI dimerization was accompanied with the formation of ROS, NO and @entity6710 as well as a depletion of reduced @entity2041 . Furthermore, dimerization of PKA RI was paralleled by enhanced activity of PKA as shown by the phosphorylation of @entity51180 ( @entity51180 ) at @entity563 157 that was independent of the formation of @entity1919 . Remarkably, exogenously administered @entity6710 potently induced dimerization of PKA RI, whereas pharmacologic inhibition of @entity1506 (iNOS) and scavenging of @entity6710 reduced PKA RI dimerization and @entity51180 phosphorylation to control levels thus clearly indicating a causal role for endogenously formed @entity6710 on PKA signalling. Consequently, the treatment of @entity32 with anti-oxidants or NOS inhibitors may alter PKA activity.

title: Cytokines induce protein kinase A-mediated signalling by a redox-dependent mechanism in XXXX renal mesangial cells.

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammatory diseases']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['kidney diseases']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumour']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2041 :: ('MESH:D005978', 'Chemical') :: ['glutathione']

entities_list: @entity51180 :: ('361517(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein', 'VASP']

entities_list: @entity1919 :: ('MESH:D000242', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclic AMP']

entities_list: @entity842 :: ('MESH:D009569', 'Chemical') :: ['nitric oxide']

entities_list: @entity6710 :: ('MESH:D030421', 'Chemical') :: ['peroxynitrite']

entities_list: @entity563 :: ('CHEBI:17822', 'Chemical') :: ['serine']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: The seasonal occurrence and habitat of two parasitic copepods, Peniculus minuticaudae (Shiino, 1956) and Peniculus truncatus (Shiino, 1956) (Siphonostomatoida, Pennellidae) infecting the fins of @entity61493 @entity61493 and @entity61494 @entity61494 , respectively were investigated. The fishes were collected from Tongyeong marine living resources research and conservation center, southern coast of Korea as five per month for two years from July 2011 to June 2013. In total, 391 copepods of P. minuticaudae were collected in two years, in contrast to P. truncatus. Prevalence was 85%, mean intensity was 3.25, and maximum intensity was 33. Season wise, the @entity277 was observed as the highest in autumn (September-November) season, and the lowest in winter (December- February). It was infested only on fins of @entity61493 . Abundance of P. minuticaudae was found on the pectoral fin (43.5%), followed by anal (22.5%), second dorsal (20.5%) and caudal fins (13.5%). Statistically significant interactions were observed between season, @entity277 and infected regions (P<0.001). It is also reported for the first time in Korea from the fins of wild threadsail filefish @entity61495 from Busan, Jeju, Tongyeong and Yeosu fish markets. It can be a new record on its host and localities. A total of 51 P. truncatus were collected with the prevalence of 37.5%, mean intensity of 0.37 and maximum intensity of 6. Season wise, @entity277 was observed as the highest in summer (June-August), and the lowest in winter. Attachment site was the dorsal fin and not found from any other fins of rockfish. Statistically significant interaction was observed between season and @entity277 (P<0.05). This is the first report on the ecology of these two pennellids.

title: Seasonal occurrence and habitat of two pennellids (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) infecting marine ranched XXXX and @entity61494 in Korea.

entities_list: @entity61494 :: ('214486', 'Species') :: ['Sebastes schlegelii', 'Korean rockfish']

entities_list: @entity61493 :: ('325629', 'Species') :: ['black scrapers', 'Thamnaconus modestus', 'black scraper']

entities_list: @entity61495 :: ('143348', 'Species') :: ['Stephanolepis cirrhifer']

entities_list: @entity277 :: ('MESH:D013984', 'Disease') :: ['infestation']

answer: @entity61493 :: (325629,Species) :: ['black scraper']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: Previous studies had shown that sagittal spinal and pelvic morphology may be associated with the development and progression of @entity1615 , but the predictive value of initial spinal and pelvic morphology on the curve progression during brace treatment is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between initial spinopelvic morphology and the risk of curve progression of @entity1615 with the Milwaukee brace. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2002 to 2007, @entity1615 (single thoracic curve with apex at or above T8) was treated with the Milwaukee brace in 60 @entity1 . Initial standing, full-length lateral radiographs were made and seven sagittal radiographic parameters of spinal and pelvic alignment were measured. @entity1 were followed until skeletal maturity or progression of Cobb angle >45  . The progression of curve was defined as an increase of Cobb angle >= 6   at final follow-up or progression to surgery during brace treatment. RESULTS: The 45 @entity1 (75.0 %) who had successful control of curve progression were initially significantly more skeletally mature (higher mean Risser sign) than the 15 @entity1 (25.0 %) who had curve progression. The initial mean Cobb angle was similar between the stable and progressed groups. The mean pelvic tilt, T1-spinopelvic inclination and T9-spinopelvic inclination angles were significantly greater in the stable group than in the progressed group and these three angles were independent predictors for curve progression during brace treatment. There were no significant differences between the stable and progressed groups in initial mean pelvic incidence, @entity10145 , @entity1513 or @entity1515 angles. Pre-bracing pelvic tilt  <=-0.5   was strongly predictive and T1-spinopelvic inclination  <=3.5   was moderately predictive of curve progression during the Milwaukee brace treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Initial pelvic tilt and spinopelvic inclination angles may predict the curve progression and treatment outcome of @entity1615 with the Milwaukee brace.

title: Pelvic tilt and trunk inclination: new predictive factors in curve progression during the Milwaukee bracing for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'girls']

entities_list: @entity1615 :: ('OMIM:181800', 'Disease') :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']

entities_list: @entity1513 :: ('MESH:D007738', 'Disease') :: ['thoracic kyphosis']

entities_list: @entity1515 :: ('MESH:D008141', 'Disease') :: ['lumbar lordosis']

entities_list: @entity10145 :: ('MESH:C537221', 'Disease') :: ['sacral slope']

answer: @entity1615 :: (OMIM:181800,Disease) :: ['adolescent idiopathic scoliosis']


abstract: In order to find a material that would improve cartilage repair, we investigated the use of porous @entity7049 matrix ( @entity1989 ) with and without periosteal grafts in large @entity154 in the medial femoral condyles of 18 New Zealand white @entity95 knees. The right knee defect was filled with @entity1989 , the left defect was filled with @entity1989 and a periosteal graft. All animals were killed at 12 weeks. @entity1989 allowed for the de novo growth of neocartilage at the articular surface in all specimens and appeared to serve as a scaffolding for cell migration and matrix formation. Histologically, small amounts of @entity1989 remained under the neocartilage with the majority being replaced by bone. @entity1989 was a suitable carrier for periosteal grafts with a high graft survival rate (89%) and proliferation of a neocartilage which was thicker and more closely resembled articular cartilage than @entity1989 alone knees. Biochemically, there was more type II collagen in the grafted knees (83%) than in the @entity1989 alone knees (65%). Biomechanical tests of the neocartilage included equilibrium displacement, aggregate modulus, and apparent permeability. These tests were not statistically different between @entity1989 alone and grafted knees. Comparison to normal cartilage indicated that the neocartilage was less stiff but had similar permeability. A consistent repair of the @entity154 was achieved with and without periosteal grafts resulting in a tissue that closely resembled @entity1844 .

title: The use of polylactic acid matrix and periosteal grafts for the reconstruction of XXXX knee @entity154 .

entities_list: @entity154 :: ('MESH:D000013', 'Disease') :: ['articular defects']

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['hyaline articular cartilage']

entities_list: @entity7049 :: ('MESH:C010506', 'Chemical') :: ['polylactic acid']

answer: @entity95 :: (9986,Species) :: ['rabbit']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Valproate @entity1372 injection (Depacon(R)) is an intravenous form of valproate for use in absence and complex partial @entity410 when circumstances preclude oral administration. Certain situations may warrant larger and more rapid infusions than permitted by the original labeling. This study evaluated the safety of more rapid infusions. METHODS: Subjects with @entity302 were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive up to 15 mg/kg of @entity1092 infused at 3.0 or 1.5 mg/kg/min. Up to four infusions were allowed within 24 h to achieve target plasma @entity1092 concentrations of 50-100 mcg/ml. Primary safety endpoints were the changes in the 5-min and minimum post-first infusion blood pressures (BPs). RESULTS: One hundred twelve subjects were treated, (3.0 mg/kg/min group: n=72, 1.5 mg/kg/min group: n=40). No significant treatment differences were detected for changes in the primary BP endpoints. Two subjects in the 3.0 mg/kg/min group had potentially clinically significant low systolic BP values during the study. Similar proportions of subjects in the two groups reported adverse events during or within 6 h following the first infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Valproate @entity1372 injection dosages up to 15 mg/kg and rates of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg/min were well tolerated in this population.

title: Safety and tolerance of rapidly infused Depacon. A randomized trial in subjects with XXXX .

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizures']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

entities_list: @entity1092 :: ('MESH:D014635', 'Chemical') :: ['valproate', 'valproate sodium']

answer: @entity302 :: (MESH:D004827,Disease) :: ['epilepsy']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with @entity209 and @entity65 . This study investigated the relationship between overweight and @entity28 status and the incidence of @entity164 2 @entity6 , @entity101 , @entity407 and @entity5052 . METHODS: This prospective cohort study comprised 1749 hospital employees who received baseline health check-ups in 1993. Data from the 1027 @entity1 (832 @entity1 , 195 @entity1 ; mean age, 36 +/- 7 years) who repeated check-ups in 2003 were used in the analysis. Relative risks (RRs) for development of @entity209 during follow-up associated with different body mass index (BMI) categories at baseline as defined by Asia-Pacific recommendations and the Department of Health in Taiwan were calculated after adjustment for covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and @entity28 at baseline check-up were 17.6% and 14.5%, respectively. Obese subjects with baseline BMI >or= 25 kg/m2 had a significant multivariate-adjusted RR of 2.7 for @entity101 , 14.8 for @entity164 2 @entity6 , 3.2 for @entity2298 , and 2.8 for @entity5052 , compared to subjects with baseline BMI < 23.0 kg/m2. RR for @entity6 was higher in @entity1 than in @entity1 , but RR for @entity2298 was higher in @entity1 . The risks of @entity101 and @entity5052 significantly increased for subjects with baseline BMI >or= 23 kg/m2, while RRs for @entity164 2 @entity6 increased significantly for baseline BMI >or= 24 kg/m2 and @entity2298 increased for baseline BMI >or= 25 kg/m2. The risks attributable to @entity28 (baseline BMI >or= 25 kg/m2) were 23.0% for @entity101 , 70.8% for @entity6 , 27.9% for @entity2298 , and 24.1% for @entity5052 . CONCLUSION: This study revealed that a high prevalence of overweight and @entity28 was associated with significantly increased risk of development of @entity164 2 @entity6 , @entity101 , @entity2298 and @entity5052 in hospital employees, suggesting the need for programs to improve weight management.

title: Overweight and XXXX -related @entity209 in hospital employees.

entities_list: @entity407 :: ('MESH:D006949', 'Disease') :: ['hyperlipidemia']

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'women', 'men']

entities_list: @entity2298 :: ('MESH:D015228', 'Disease') :: ['hypertriglyceridemia']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity5052 :: ('MESH:D033461', 'Disease') :: ['hyperuricemia']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic disorders']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular diseases']

answer: @entity28 :: (MESH:D009765,Disease) :: ['obesity']


abstract: PURPOSE: To clarify the limitations of multidetector-row CT ( @entity601 ) in detecting focal @entity358 of 5 mm or less in diameter by pathologic/high-resolution CT (HRCT) correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two @entity1 who underwent both preoperative HRCT of the entire lobe using @entity601 ( @entity601 ) and lobectomy for primary (n = 21) or metastatic (n = 1) @entity2 were studied. The author attempted to locate any focal @entity358 other than the main @entity5 throughout the resected and sliced specimens and to identify the opacities corresponding to the macroscopic lesions on @entity601 before histopathologic evaluation. Then two observers without pathologic information attempted to detect the lesions on @entity601 . RESULTS: Ninety-one lesions of 5 mm or less in diameter were found in 15 @entity1 . Histopathologically, 13 lesions were classified as @entity133 ( @entity133 ), 38 as @entity1412 ( @entity1412 ), 9 as @entity1373 ( @entity1373 ), 19 as inflammatory lesion (INF), 8 as solid lesion (SL), and 4 as showing no organizing change. The author, who had knowledge of the gross pathologic examinations, identified the opacities at rates of 100%, 82%, 56%, 42%, and 88% for @entity133 , @entity1412 , @entity1373 , INF, and SL, respectively. The rates of lesion detection in the absence of knowledge of the pathologic examinations were 85%, 58%, 22%, 32%, and 75% for @entity133 , @entity1412 , @entity1373 , INF, and SL, respectively. The rates of identification and detection of lesions more than 3 mm in diameter were 90% and 57%, respectively, while those of lesions less than 2 mm in diameter were 71% and 35%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: @entity601 proved to be useful in detecting focal @entity358 of 5 mm or less in diameter; however, it is still difficult to detect lesions of less than 2 mm in diameter.

title: [Pathologic/high-resolution CT correlation of focal XXXX 5 mm or less in diameter: detection and identification by multidetector-row CT].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1373 :: ('MESH:D006965', 'Disease') :: ['RH', 'reactive hyperplasia']

entities_list: @entity2 :: ('MESH:D008175', 'Disease') :: ['lung tumor']

entities_list: @entity133 :: ('MESH:D002282', 'Disease') :: ['BAC', 'bronchioloalveolar carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity358 :: ('MESH:D008171', 'Disease') :: ['lung lesions']

entities_list: @entity1412 :: ('MESH:D011125', 'Disease') :: ['AAH', 'atypical adenomatous hyperplasia']

answer: @entity358 :: (MESH:D008171,Disease) :: ['lung lesions']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: At present, there is no prognostic model that is specific for prediction of survival after @entity1149 surgery. We aimed to develop a prognostic model that can be used to estimate the postoperative survival of individual @entity1 . METHODS: A total of 766 @entity1 underwent resection for primary @entity1149 . Comorbid conditions were scaled according to the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to determine risk factors for survival. A prognostic model for survival with a preoperative and postoperative mode was established. Performance of the prognostic model, the CCI, and pathologic @entity5 stage were quantified by a concordance statistic to indicate discriminative ability. RESULTS: The factors associated with an impaired survival were male sex, age, @entity1030 , @entity712 , any prior @entity5 , moderate-to-severe @entity8 (preoperative and postoperative mode), clinical @entity5 stage (preoperative mode), type of resection, and pathologic @entity5 stage (postoperative mode). The discriminative performance was poor for the CCI (c = 0.55), better for pathologic @entity5 stage (c = 0.60) and for the preoperative mode (c = 0.61), and best for the postoperative mode (c = 0.65). The discriminative performance of the postoperative mode was better than the discriminative performance of the CCI (P < .0001), the preoperative mode (P < .0002), and pathologic @entity5 stage (P < .0001). The discriminative performance of the preoperative mode was better than the discriminative performance of the CCI (P < .0001) and similar (P = .90) to a model that only included pathologic @entity5 stage. CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic model, particularly the postoperative mode, successfully estimates long-term survival of individual @entity1 and could help clinicians in clinical decision-making and treatment tailoring.

title: Long-term survival after XXXX surgery: development and validation of a prognostic model with a preoperative and postoperative mode.

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['renal disease']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['congestive heart failure']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

entities_list: @entity1030 :: ('MESH:D029424', 'Disease') :: ['chronic obstructive pulmonary disease']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: @entity2910 is a chronic inflammatory condition of the esophagus and is a form of @entity354 . There are limited treatment options for @entity2910 , and it often progresses to Barrett's @entity418 . @entity3957 has been demonstrated to be a critical mediator of gastric and intestinal mucosal protection and repair. However, roles for @entity3958 in esophageal @entity33 , @entity32 and responses to injury have not been reported. We therefore examined the effects of endogenous and exogenous @entity3958 in @entity35 models of @entity2910 . Mild- and moderate-severity @entity2910 was induced in @entity35 through supplementation of drinking water with @entity948 , plus or minus exposure to water-immersion stress. The effects of inhibitors of @entity3958 synthesis or of an @entity3958 donor on severity of @entity2910 was then examined, along with changes in serum levels of a pro- and an anti-inflammatory cytokine ( @entity7940 and @entity13358 , respectively). Exposure to water-immersion stress after consumption of the @entity948 -supplemented water for 28 days resulted in @entity4 and neutrophil infiltration and the development of lesions in the muscular lamina and @entity1491 . Inhibition of @entity3958 synthesis resulted in significant exacerbation of @entity32 and injury. Serum levels of @entity7940 were significantly elevated, while serum @entity13358 levels were reduced. Treatment with an @entity3958 donor significantly reduced the severity of @entity1208 and @entity32 and normalized the serum cytokine levels. The @entity35 models used in this study provide novel tools for studying @entity2910 with a range of severity. @entity3958 contributes significantly to @entity33 in the esophagus, and @entity3958 donors may have therapeutic value in treating @entity32 and injury.

title: Cytoprotective effects of @entity3957 in novel XXXX models of @entity2910 .

entities_list: @entity32 :: ('MESH:D007249', 'Disease') :: ['inflammation', 'esophageal inflammation']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis', 'non-erosive esophagitis', 'Non-erosive esophagitis']

entities_list: @entity948 :: ('MESH:D005632', 'Chemical') :: ['fructose']

entities_list: @entity33 :: ('MESH:D052016', 'Disease') :: ['mucosal defence']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['submucosal esophageal edema']

entities_list: @entity1208 :: ('MESH:D004935', 'Disease') :: ['esophageal injury']

entities_list: @entity418 :: ('MESH:D004938', 'Disease') :: ['esophagus and esophageal carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux disease']

entities_list: @entity3957 :: ('MESH:D006862', 'Chemical') :: ['Hydrogen sulfide']

entities_list: @entity1491 :: ('MESH:D002280', 'Disease') :: ['basal cell hyperplasia']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rat']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: Determine whether intratympanic (IT) @entity619 , when given on an as needed basis, can successfully control @entity195 ( @entity601 ) symptoms in a large percentage of @entity1 and allow them to avoid ablative therapies. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary medical center. @entity1 : One hundred fifty-nine @entity1 met the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery criteria for unilateral definitive @entity601 . All @entity1 failed dietary and medical therapy and received at least one IT @entity619 treatment by one of 4 otologists in an @entity4207 center. INTERVENTION(S): IT @entity619 . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): @entity1 were determined to be treatment failures if they did not achieve satisfactory control of their symptoms with IT @entity619 and chose another treatment modality. Treatment success was defined as IT @entity619 providing control of @entity601 symptoms to the degree that they did not require any other further treatment modalities. RESULTS: Successful avoidance of ablative surgery was achieved in 81.1% of @entity1 with greater than 24 months of follow-up. No statistically significant associations were found related to age, sex, laterality, or duration of symptoms. For each IT @entity619 perfusion sequence, there was a 20.0% increase in likelihood of successful treatment (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.40; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: IT @entity619 is a successful adjuvant treatment for @entity195 in @entity1 on medial therapy and dietary restrictions.

title: Intratympanic @entity619 as a symptomatic treatment for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity619 :: ('MESH:D003907', 'Chemical') :: ['dexamethasone']

entities_list: @entity195 :: ('MESH:D000544', 'Disease') :: ["M  ni  re's disease"]

answer: @entity195 :: (MESH:D000544,Disease) :: ['M  ni  re's disease']


abstract: PURPOSE: Various global indices are available to summarize results from standard automated perimetry. This study asks which index can detect significant deterioration earliest, for a fixed specificity. DESIGN: Comparison of prognostic indices. METHODS: Two cohorts were tested. A test-retest cohort contained 5 reliable visual fields, within a short interval, from 45 eyes of 23 @entity1 with @entity726 and/or likelihood of developing @entity726 . A separate longitudinal cohort contained 508 eyes from 330 @entity1 , tested on average 13 times. Three global indices were extracted; @entity5494 ( @entity5494 ), Pattern Standard Deviation (PSD) and Visual Field Index (VFI). For each index we defined a critical p-value CritIndex, such that 5% of test-retest series showed significant deterioration with p<CritIndex, using artificial "test dates" in random order. Therefore these criteria have 95% specificity over series of 5 tests. The times to detect significant deterioration in the longitudinal cohort were compared using a survival analysis model. RESULTS: The median time to detect significant deterioration with @entity5494 was 7.3 years (95% confidence interval 6.8-7.9 years). For VFI, the median was 8.5 years (7.9-9.0); this comparison had p=0.088. For PSD, the median was 10.5 years (9.3-11.7); slower than @entity5494 with p<0.001. Within the first five years of a series, @entity5494 detected significant deterioration in 138 eyes, versus 104 for VFI (p=0.0013) and 107 for PSD (p=0.029). CONCLUSIONS: @entity5494 detected significant deterioration sooner than VFI or PSD. In particular, @entity5494 detected more eyes in the first five years of their follow-up, which were presumably undergoing more rapid progression.

title: Detecting change using standard global perimetric indices in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity726 :: ('MESH:D005901', 'Disease') :: ['glaucoma']

entities_list: @entity5494 :: ('MESH:D010262', 'Disease') :: ['Mean Deviation', 'MD']

answer: @entity726 :: (MESH:D005901,Disease) :: ['glaucoma']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: e15167 Background: Widespread use of @entity11179 screening has resulted in earlier detection of @entity263 , often in younger @entity1 with small-volume, unilateral disease. @entity8792 , sparing healthy tissue and the ipsilateral neurovascular bundle, is an attractive option for @entity1 with unilateral @entity5 who wish to preserve erectile function and continence. We report our early @entity5 outcome data for focal prostate cryoablation. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review from a single-institution IRB-approved cryotherapy database of over 900 @entity1 . INCLUSION CRITERIA: @entity263 treated with primary focal cryoablation. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: prior or concurrent hormonal therapy. Disease-free survival at 3 and 5 years was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate Cox regression models were performed to determine predictors of @entity5 outcome. RESULTS: From 2002-2010, 102 @entity1 underwent primary focal cryoablation for @entity263 . Mean age was 69.3 years (standard deviation [SD] 6.7 years); mean follow-up time 30.0 months (SD 24.2 months); mean pre-operative @entity11179 7.0 ng/mL (SD 5.5 ng/mL); and median Gleason score sum 6 (range 5-9). Overall mean post-treatment @entity11179 nadir was 1.2 ng/mL (SD 1.3 ng/mL). Following treatment, 22 @entity1 underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) biopsy for clinical suspicion of recurrent disease, and 10/22 (45%) had confirmed recurrent @entity263 . No @entity1 developed @entity3 at any point during follow-up. On multivariate analysis, preoperative @entity11179 level, preoperative Gleason score, number of positive biopsy cores, and @entity5 length were all associated with disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Early data show encouraging disease-free survival rates using follow-up TRUS biopsy results. Focal prostate cryoablation is a promising option for carefully selected @entity1 , although further follow-up and long-term disease control will determine its role in @entity263 treatment.

title: XXXX control following focal prostate cryoablation for @entity263 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'men']

entities_list: @entity263 :: ('MESH:D011471', 'Disease') :: ['unilateral prostate cancer', 'prostate cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['total tumor', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity8792 :: ('MESH:D013952', 'Disease') :: ['Partial-gland cryoablation']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic disease']

answer: @entity5 :: (MESH:D009369,Disease) :: ['Cancer']


abstract: 1. Cardiac @entity1811 ( @entity1811 ) is localized in high concentration in cardiac valves, coronary vessels, right and left atrium and right and left ventricle. 2. Cardiac @entity1811 is functionally active in converting angiotension I to angiotensin II. 3. The level of cardiac @entity1811 measured by radioinhibitor binding or by quantitative in vitro autoradiography was greatly increased after experimental @entity583 in the @entity35 . The increase was greatest in the @entity1188 , but there were also significant increases in the @entity1811 concentration in the four chambers of the heart. 4. Treatment with @entity4688 for 4 weeks following coronary ligation inhibited cardiac @entity1811 , including the high levels found in the scar in the left ventricular free wall. 5. There was a close relationship between the systolic blood pressure and left ventricular mass in several models of experimental @entity101 , despite varying degrees of activation of the renin-angiotensin system. However no relationship between the degree of @entity4346 and changes in cardiac @entity1811 could be determined. 6. Inhibition of cardiac @entity1811 may contribute to the beneficial effect of @entity1811 inhibitors in @entity1283 and remodelling, and may play a part in the cardioprotective role of @entity1811 inhibitor.

title: Changes in cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme after @entity583 and hypertrophy in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity4688 :: ('MESH:D004656', 'Chemical') :: ['enalapril']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity1283 :: ('MESH:D006332', 'Disease') :: ['cardiac hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1188 :: ('MESH:D007238', 'Disease') :: ['fibrous scar tissue of the free left ventricular wall infarct']

entities_list: @entity4346 :: ('MESH:D017379', 'Disease') :: ['left ventricular hypertrophy']

entities_list: @entity1811 :: ('24310(Tax:10116)', 'Gene') :: ['ACE', 'angiotensin-converting enzyme']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The clinical benefit of ticagrelor compared to @entity1397 in @entity1187 @entity1 suggested off-target property. Such pleiotropic effect could be mediated by circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) which are critical for @entity455 . We aimed to investigate the impact of ticagrelor on EPC in @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ) @entity1 undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We prospectively randomized 106 @entity1187 @entity1 to ticagrelor or @entity1397 . Sub-populations of @entity2280 + circulating progenitor cells (PC) were analyzed by flow cytometry allowing one to determine the levels of @entity2280 + PC, @entity2280 + @entity1195 + Hematopoietic PC, @entity2280 +133+ immature PC and @entity2280 +KDR+ EPC on admission and at 1month. Changes in PC level were calculated as the difference between 1month and baseline value. RESULTS: The 2 groups were similar regarding baseline characteristics including PC numbers on admission. The 2 groups had similar change in overall @entity2280 + PC and hematopoietic @entity2280 +45+ PC level (p=0.2). On the contrary, when considering @entity2280 +133+ PC and @entity2280 +KDR+ EPC, we observed that @entity1 treated by @entity3077 had a significantly higher increase in levels of these PC subtypes compared to those treated by @entity1397 (0.23 (-0.33; 0.79) vs 0.00 (-0.5; 0.34); p=0.04 and 0.01 (-0.04; 0.05) vs -0.01 (-0.06; 0.03); p=0.02). Changes in the level of @entity2280 +CD133+ PC correlated with platelet activity measured by the @entity19319 index (r=-0.30; p=0.008). By contrast the increase in the level of @entity2280 +KDR+ EPC in the ticagrelor group was independent of platelet activity. CONCLUSIONS: Ticagrelor increases the number of EPC in @entity1187 @entity1 suggesting a benefit on endothelial regeneration that may participate in the pleiotropic property of the drug.

title: Ticagrelor increases endothelial progenitor cell level compared to XXXX in @entity1187 : A prospective randomized study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity455 :: ('MESH:D014652', 'Disease') :: ['vascular healing']

entities_list: @entity1397 :: ('MESH:C055162', 'Chemical') :: ['clopidogrel']

entities_list: @entity3077 :: ('MESH:C503700', 'Chemical') :: ['ticagrelor']

answer: @entity1397 :: (MESH:C055162,Chemical) :: ['clopidogrel']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity173 are extracapsular @entity174 of the proximal femur. The increasing number of @entity173 is a great sociomedical problem. These @entity174 usually occur in elderly @entity1 (older than 65 years) with @entity170 . Lateral and frontal falls are the most frequent cause of @entity173 in the elderly. The aim of this paper is to present our results of applying the Mitkovi   selfdynamisable internal fixator (SIF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2001 to December 2005, 238 @entity1 with @entity3330 were treated operatively using the Mitkovi   selfdynamisable internal fixator at the Clinic of Orthopeadics and Traumatology in @entity22412 . The average @entity1 age was 69, 11 years (range 17 to 88). In the analyzed group there were 152 (64%) female and 86 (36%) male @entity1 , whereas @entity1 in the eighth 101 (43%) and seventh 65 (27%) decade of life prevailed. RESULTS: Excellent results in the treatment of @entity3330 with a Mitkovi   dynamic internal fixator were achieved in 143 (60%) @entity1 , good in 49 (21%) @entity1 , poor in 41 (17%) and unsatisfactory in 5 (2%) @entity1 . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The treatment of @entity173 may be operative and nonoperative. The aim of the operative treatment, considered to be the "gold standard" for these @entity174 , is to restore the @entity1 's pretraumatic activity level and to reduce life-threatening complications. The operative stabilization is performed using various types of implants. Surgical treatment by using dynamic implants is a method of choice in the treatment of @entity173 . Internal fixation using the Mitkovi   selfdynamisable internal fixator is a method of choice in the treatment of @entity3330 , providing dynamization and compression of the @entity174 site in two axes ( @entity2249 ) and balanced biomechanical 3D.

title: [Treatment of XXXX with double dynamic internal fixation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'people']

entities_list: @entity2249 :: ('MESH:D005265', 'Disease') :: ['axis of the femoral neck and femoral diaphyseal axis']

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fractures', 'fracture']

entities_list: @entity170 :: ('MESH:D010024', 'Disease') :: ['osteoporosis']

entities_list: @entity173 :: ('MESH:D006620', 'Disease') :: ['trochanteric fractures', 'Trochanteric fractures']

entities_list: @entity3330 :: ('MESH:D005264', 'Disease') :: ['trochanteric femoral fractures']

answer: @entity3330 :: (MESH:D005264,Disease) :: ['trochanteric femoral fractures']


abstract: We have previously reported that long-term treatment with @entity4581 (CAM) increased the median survival of @entity1 with @entity1149 , and improved various clinical parameters in these @entity1 . In the present study, CAM was administered to 33 @entity1 with unresectable primary @entity1149 , who had received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both (basic @entity5 therapy). @entity1 with clinical backgrounds matched to the CAM group, who did not receive CAM treatment, were included into this study as a control group (non-CAM group). CAM treatment was initiated 4 weeks after the basic @entity5 therapy. The non-CAM group did not receive a placebo. Before and after the 3-month treatment with CAM, body weight, serum levels of @entity650 ( @entity650 , a cytokine which, together with @entity310 , plays a crucial role in the development of @entity5 ), total protein, albumin, cholinesterase and hemoglobin were measured for the evaluation of the @entity1 ' clinical status. There were no statistically significant differences in serum levels of @entity650 between the CAM group before the treatment and the non-CAM group. After 3 months of CAM treatment, serum levels of @entity650 significantly decreased. In contrast, body weight, cholinesterase, and hemoglobin increased to a significant extent. Among these four parameters, however, the decrease in serum @entity650 levels was only statistically correlated with the increase in body weight, but not with that in other parameters. Furthermore, CAM-treated patients whose serum @entity650 levels were decreased after 3 months of treatment survived longer: there was a statistically significant correlation between the decrease in serum @entity650 and survival time. In contrast, in the non-CAM group, these parameters did not change significantly during the study. These results suggest that CAM may reduce the progression of @entity5 -associated @entity3085 .

title: Anti-cachectic effect of @entity4581 for @entity1 with unresectable XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer cachexia', 'cancer']

entities_list: @entity4581 :: ('MESH:D017291', 'Chemical') :: ['clarithromycin']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small cell lung cancer']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of @entity35 (BM) against toxic effects of lead (Pb) on the male gonads of experimental @entity35 . METHODS: The experimental animals were exposed to lead in the form of @entity16922 ( @entity16922 ) one quarter of the LD50. The efficacy of MSCs to reduce gonado-totoxicity induced by @entity16922 at 21, 30 and 60  days, was evaluated experimentally in male @entity35 . RESULTS: The results showed that testosterone levels and semen quality ameliorated following treatment with MSCs. Also, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and @entity12609 levels were increased 21, 30 and 60  days post treatment of MSCs. Moreover, a decrease in genomic DNA alteration and percentage of fragmented DNA was recorded after MSCs treatment. Lead nitrate caused @entity528 , @entity39 , @entity4 , and reduction in spermatogenic activity in some seminiferous tubules. The @entity16922 -induced changes in histopathologic findings of testis were partially reversed by treatment with MSCs. Histological examination of testis showed deformities in morphology of testis in test animals with gross damage within the seminiferous tubules in Lead nitrate group. The @entity16922 -induced changes in histopathologic findings of testis were partially reversed by treatment of MSCs. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that lead is a gonadotoxic with a tendency of suppressing semen characteristics and testosterone levels of animals, the presence of MSCs was found to alleviate the toxic effects of lead. We conclude that MSCs derived from the bone marrow of @entity35 can be an effective therapy of @entity16922 induced @entity137 , thus can contribute to the treatment of @entity249 .

title: Evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of @entity249 in male XXXX .

entities_list: @entity249 :: ('MESH:D007246', 'Disease') :: ['infertility']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['gonado toxicity']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['interstitial edema']

entities_list: @entity16922 :: ('MESH:D020265', 'Disease') :: ['LN', 'lead nitrate']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['degeneration']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: Refractoriness to platelet (PLT) transfusion caused by alloimmunization against HLA class I antigens constitutes a significant clinical problem. Thus, it would be desirable to have PLT units lacking HLA antigens on the cell surface. Previously, we showed that the generation of functional HLA class I-silenced (HLA-universal) PLTs from @entity22416 (+) cells, using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to target b2-microglobulin (b2m) transcripts, is feasible. Here, we assessed the capacity of HLA-silenced PLTs to escape HLA antibody-mediated @entity137 in vitro and in vivo. Generation of megakaryocytes (MKs) and PLTs was performed by thrombopoietin-mediated differentiation of HLA-silenced @entity22416 (+) cells within 10 days. Lymphocytotoxicity and @entity137 ( @entity137 ) reporter assays using anti-HLA antibodies and a @entity19 model for PLT refractoriness were used to assess the immune-evasion capability of HLA-universal MKs and PLTs. To mimic PLT refractoriness in vivo, NOD/ @entity915 / @entity2047 Ryc(-/-) @entity19 were injected with specific anti-HLA antibodies followed by the infusion of 1   10(6) HLA-universal MKs. In vivo PLT generation was evaluated by flow cytometry using anti-CD42a and @entity10139 antibodies. Cells expressing a nonspecific shRNA were used as control. Lymphocytotoxicity and @entity137 reporter assays showed that HLA silencing protects MKs against HLA antibody-mediated complement-dependent and cell-mediated @entity137 . In lymphocytotoxicity assays, 80-90% of HLA-expressing MKs but only 3% of HLA-silenced MKs were lysed. In the circulation of @entity19 , HLA-expressing and HLA-silenced MKs showed PLT production in the absence of anti-HLA antibodies, with @entity1 PLT frequencies of up to 0.5% within the PLT population. However, in presence of anti-HLA antibodies HLA-expressing MKs were rapidly cleared from the circulation of @entity19 , whereas HLA-silenced MKs escaped HLA antibody-mediated @entity137 and produced PLTs that were detectable up to 11 days. Our data show that HLA-silenced PLTs are efficiently protected against HLA antibody-mediated @entity137 and prevent PLT refractoriness in vivo. Provision of HLA-silenced PLTs may become an important component in the management of @entity1 refractory to PLT transfusion.

title: HLA-universal platelet transfusions prevent platelet refractoriness in a XXXX model.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['ADCC', 'antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity', 'cytotoxicity']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mouse']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Small studies have suggested that @entity2101 ( @entity2101 ) is superior to moderate continuous training (MCT) in reversing cardiac remodeling and increasing aerobic capacity in @entity1 with @entity712 with reduced ejection fraction. The present multicenter trial compared 12 weeks of supervised interventions of @entity2101 , MCT, or a recommendation of regular exercise (RRE). METHODS: Two hundred sixty-one @entity1 with left ventricular ejection fraction <= 35% and New York Heart Association class II to III were randomly assigned to @entity2101 at 90% to 95% of maximal heart rate, MCT at 60% to 70% of maximal heart rate, or RRE. Thereafter, @entity1 were encouraged to continue exercising on their own. Clinical assessments were performed at baseline, after the intervention, and at follow-up after 52 weeks. Primary end point was a between-group comparison of change in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter from baseline to 12 weeks. RESULTS: Groups did not differ in age (median, 60 years), sex (19% @entity1 ), @entity63 pathogenesis (59%), or medication. Change in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter from baseline to 12 weeks was not different between @entity2101 and MCT (P=0.45); left ventricular end-diastolic diameter changes compared with RRE were -2.8 mm (-5.2 to -0.4 mm; P=0.02) in @entity2101 and -1.2 mm (-3.6 to 1.2 mm; P=0.34) in MCT. There was also no difference between @entity2101 and MCT in peak @entity26 uptake (P=0.70), but both were superior to RRE. However, none of these changes was maintained at follow-up after 52 weeks. Serious adverse events were not statistically different during supervised intervention or at follow-up at 52 weeks ( @entity2101 , 39%; MCT, 25%; RRE, 34%; P=0.16). Training records showed that 51% of @entity1 exercised below prescribed target during supervised @entity2101 and 80% above target in MCT. CONCLUSIONS: @entity2101 was not superior to MCT in changing left ventricular remodeling or aerobic capacity, and its feasibility remains unresolved in @entity1 with @entity712 . CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00917046.

title: High-Intensity Interval Training in XXXX With @entity712 With Reduced Ejection Fraction.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity712 :: ('MESH:D006333', 'Disease') :: ['heart failure']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity2101 :: ('MESH:C538394', 'Disease') :: ['HIIT', 'high-intensity interval training']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['Patients']


abstract: Expression of chemokines at the endothelial surface depends on their rate of synthesis, the capacity of the endothelium to bind chemokines and the rate of clearance from the surface. The aim of this study was to establish how these factors depend on the chemokine and the tissue of origin of the endothelium. @entity1 lung and dermal microvascular endothelium, saphenous and umbilical vein endothelium, and a bone marrow endothelial line were assayed in vitro. Chemokine expression, localization and transport was measured by immunoassay and confocal microscopy. All endothelia bound @entity10557 ( @entity10557 ), @entity5737 ( @entity5737 ) and @entity371 ( @entity371 ). @entity10557 and @entity5737 bound at high levels, and @entity371 bound less strongly. However, the profile of chemokine expression varied between endothelia, and different chemokines were shown to bind to the endothelial surface by distinct mechanisms. The half-life of @entity10557 and @entity5737 at the cell surface was approximately 30 min and chemokines were cleared primarily by endocytosis into caveolae. Endothelia from different tissues synthesize distinctive sets of chemokines, but the profile of surface-expressed chemokines also depends on the distinctive characteristics of each endothelia. These two mechanisms may contribute to the differential recruitment of leucocyte subsets to different tissues.

title: Expression of chemokines on the surface of different XXXX endothelia.

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with a poor anesthetic risk, in part because of the greater aspiration rates. A greater gastric residue and lower stomach pH have been implicated. The relationship of @entity28 to @entity356 is ill-defined. with contradicting reports stating shorter, similar, and longer times compared with nonobese subjects. The aim of the present study was to compare @entity356 in @entity28 and nonobese subjects at a university hospital. METHODS: A total of 19 @entity28 (body mass index [BMI] >40 kg/m(2)) and 20 nonobese (BMI <30 kg/m(2)) subjects underwent a standardized scintigraphic @entity356 study. The @entity1 consumed a standard semisolid, @entity1136 -labeled meal. Images were acquired immediately and 1, 2, and 4 hours after meal completion. The interval to evacuate one half of the counts measured at meal completion) and retention (the percentage of counts in stomach at each measurement point) were recorded. RESULTS: The mean age and BMI was 35 years and 45 kg/m(2) in the @entity28 and 44 years and 26 kg/m(2) in the nonobese group, respectively. No differences were found between the 2 groups regarding @entity356 . Regression analysis showed no statistical association between the BMI and @entity356 , including multivariate analysis, considering BMI, age, and gender. CONCLUSION: A scintigraphy test of a labeled meal was used to evaluate @entity356 in @entity28 and nonobese subjects. In accordance with other published data, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups. The anesthetic risks in the @entity28 should be attributed to factors other than delayed @entity356 (i.e., anatomic variation, increased rates of @entity357 ).

title: Gastric emptying is not prolonged in @entity28 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants']

entities_list: @entity1136 :: ('MESH:D013667', 'Chemical') :: ['technetium-99m']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity357 :: ('MESH:D006551', 'Disease') :: ['hiatal hernia and reflux']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric emptying']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionized the subtyping of @entity2114 but @entity25516 the traditional sequence-based type from genomic data is hampered by multiple copies of the mompS locus. We propose a novel bioinformatics solution for rectifying that limitation, ensuring the feasibility of WGS for cluster investigation. METHODS: We designed a novel approach based on the alignment of raw reads with a reference sequence. With WGS, reads originating from either of the two mompS copies cannot be differentiated. Therefore, when non-identical copies were present, we applied a read-filtering strategy based on read alignment to a reference sequence via unique 'anchors'. If minimal read coverage was achieved after filtration (>= 3X), a consensus sequence was built based on mapped reads followed by @entity25516 the sequence-based typing allele. The entire procedure was implemented using a Perl script. RESULTS: The method was validated using a diverse sample of 265 @entity2114 genomes, consisting of 59 different sequence types (STs) and 23 mompS variants; 57 of the 265 (22%) had non-identical mompS copies. In 237 of the 265 samples (89.4%), mompS @entity25516 was successful and no erroneous @entity25516 occurred. A 98.1% success was recorded among 109 samples meeting quality requirements. The method was superior to alternative approaches. CONCLUSIONS: As WGS becomes more accessible, technical difficulties in routine clinical and surveillance work will arise. The case of mompS in @entity2114 serves as an example for such limitations that necessitate the development of novel computational solutions that meet end-user demands.

title: A bioinformatics tool for ensuring the backwards compatibility of XXXX typing in the genomic era.

entities_list: @entity2114 :: ('446', 'Species') :: ['L.  pneumophila', 'Legionella pneumophila']

answer: @entity2114 :: (446,Species) :: ['Legionella pneumophila']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the significance of molecular marker-positive cells in a cohort of @entity1893 ( @entity1893 ) @entity1 undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation (PBSCT). @entity1 AND METHODS: Twenty-eight PBSC transplants have been performed in 24 @entity1 with @entity1893 . Molecular analysis of the t(14;18) (q32;q21) translocation ( @entity588 /immunoglobulin [Ig] heavy-chain joining locus [JH] fusion) or antigen receptor gene rearrangements was performed to determine the presence of @entity706 cells at presentation, in PBSC harvests, and before and after autologous PBSCT. Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival and Cox regression analyses were used to test the effect of bone marrow involvement, @entity5 -cell contamination of PBSCs, disease stage, and chemotherapy sensitivity at transplantation, and presence of marker-positive cells post-PBSCT on disease-free and overall survival. RESULTS: Thirteen of 24 @entity1 (54%) are alive following PBSCT at a median follow-up time of 654 days (range, 193 to 1,908). Nine @entity1 are in complete remission (CR) at day 216 to 1,799 (median, 805) and four are alive following relapse (day 440, 573, 1,188, and 1,908). Eleven @entity1 (46%) have died: three of transplant-related complications at day 0, 1, and 13, and eight of recurrent disease (day 132 to 1,330; median, 451). Longitudinal marker studies post-PBSCT showed that of 16 relapse events, 13 (81%) were positive for the @entity706 marker at or before clinically documented relapse. Marker studies became negative post-PBSCT in nine of nine @entity1 who entered and remained in CR. Disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly shortened in @entity1 in whom marker-positive cells were detected in serial samples posttransplantation (P = .006). Cox regression analysis showed that @entity1 in this group had a 24 times higher risk of relapse (P = .03). CONCLUSION: The results show that the reappearance or persistence of marker-positive cells after autologous PBSCT is strongly associated with relapse.

title: Significance of molecular marker-positive cells after autologous peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation for XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity706 :: ('MESH:D008223', 'Disease') :: ['lymphoma']

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", 'NHL', 'poor-prognosis NHL']

answer: @entity1893 :: (MESH:D008228,Disease) :: ['non-Hodgkin's lymphoma']


abstract: Age, race, and socioeconomic status all play a role in decisions regarding @entity0 adjuvant therapy. Increasing age remains the major risk factor for @entity0 , while in very young @entity1 @entity0 may have a poorer prognosis, even when adjusted for disease stage and other variables. More than half of all new @entity0 in the United States occur in @entity1 older than 65 years. Because of the higher frequency of coexisting (comorbid) serious illness in older @entity1 , the benefits of adjuvant therapy get smaller as age increases. Adjuvant therapy with @entity440 and/or chemotherapy can statistically significantly improve survival in older @entity1 , but older @entity1 are less likely to receive chemotherapy and are less likely to be offered participation in clinical trials. Efforts are now under way to overcome age bias among health care providers and to develop clinical trials focusing on older @entity1 . @entity0 mortality is higher in African-Americans than in white Americans. Although the biologic characteristics of @entity0 are worse in African-Americans, major differences in survival are related to socioeconomic factors and access to care. When matched for disease stage and other major clinical and biologic variables, African-American and white @entity1 have similar survival rates. Few data are available on the effects of adjuvant treatment on early @entity0 outcomes in Hispanic Americans and Asian-Americans. Poverty and lack of insurance are surrogates for poor outcomes; major efforts are needed to guarantee all Americans high-quality @entity5 care.

title: Factors used to select adjuvant therapy of XXXX in the United States: an overview of age, race, and socioeconomic status.

entities_list: @entity440 :: ('MESH:D013629', 'Chemical') :: ['tamoxifen']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cancer']

entities_list: @entity0 :: ('MESH:D001943', 'Disease') :: ['Breast cancer', 'breast cancers', 'breast cancer']

answer: @entity0 :: (MESH:D001943,Disease) :: ['breast cancer']