abstract: With aging, the aortic wall becomes stiffer. This could be because of changes in wall stress or composition. We investigated whether a specific change in wall composition, ie, accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the extracellular matrix, is a major factor. We measured aortic mechanics, geometry, and composition in 3-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 30-month-old inbred normotensive @entity35 -Glaxo/Rijswick @entity35 and in a group of 30-month-old @entity35 treated from 20 months onward with @entity5118 (AG, 42 mg/kg per day), an inhibitor of AGE formation. Thoracoabdominal aortic (pressure) pulse-wave velocity ( @entity122 ) increased progressively with age (44% from 3 to 30 months). This age-related increase in aortic @entity122 was not related to changes in wall stress. For all ages, central (and peripheral) aortic mean blood pressures were not statistically different. @entity384 occurred (18% increase in internal diameter from 3 to 30 months), but this was accompanied by outward @entity1184 , with an increase in the medial cross-sectional area of 95% and in the ratio of medial thickness to internal diameter of 29%. Wall stress decreased with age (-34%). There was an increase in the ratio of elastic modulus (calculated from the Moens-Korteweg equation) to wall stress (calculated from the Lam   equation, 117% from 3 to 30 months), suggesting that a change in the composition of the wall is responsible for the age-linked increase in wall stiffness. Dry weight decreased slightly but significantly (-14%) with age. Total protein, @entity4116 , collagen, and nonscleroprotein protein [total-( @entity4116 +collagen)] contents did not change with age, but calculated densities of all 4 were halved (as the medial cross-sectional area doubled). The @entity4116 /collagen ratio was statistically similar at all ages. The only significant effect of AG treatment was a fall in @entity122 (-20%), leading to a fall in the elastic modulus/wall stress ratio (-27% at 10 months of AG treatment versus 30 months of no treatment). In conclusion, the age-related increase in aortic wall stiffness is prevented by 10 months of treatment with AG, which has no effect on wall stress or composition, suggesting that AG may improve aortic wall stiffness by lowering the degree of AGE-induced cross-linking of the extracellular matrix scleroproteins, such as collagen.

title: @entity5118 and aortic wall mechanics, structure, and composition in aged XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5118 :: ('MESH:C004479', 'Chemical') :: ['aminoguanidine']

entities_list: @entity1184 :: ('MESH:D006984', 'Disease') :: ['hypertrophic remodeling']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['Dilatation']

answer: @entity35 :: (10116,Species) :: ['rats']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity65 ( @entity65 ) is the most common cause of @entity204 in @entity1 with @entity740 ( @entity740 ). We report the baseline cardiovascular characteristics of 2,238 @entity1 by using the data of the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcomes in @entity1 With @entity740 (KNOW- @entity740 ) study. The cohort comprises 5 subcohorts according to the cause of @entity740 : @entity631 ( @entity631 ), @entity2316 ( @entity2316 ), @entity101 ( @entity101 ), @entity8 ( @entity8 ), and unclassified. The average estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 50.5    30.3 mL/min     /1.73 m      and lowest in the @entity2316 subcohort. The overall prevalence of previous @entity65 was 14.4% in all @entity1 , and was highest in the @entity2316 followed by that in the @entity101 subcohort. The @entity2316 subcohort had more adverse cardiovascular risk profiles (higher systolic blood pressure [SBP], and higher levels of cardiac troponin T, left ventricular mass index [LVMI], coronary @entity460 score, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity [baPWV]) than the other subcohorts. The @entity101 subcohort exhibited less severe cardiovascular risk profiles than the @entity2316 subcohort, but had more severe cardiovascular risk features than the @entity631 and @entity8 subcohorts. All these cardiovascular risk profiles were inversely correlated with eGFR. In conclusion, this study shows that the KNOW- @entity740 cohort exhibits high cardiovascular burden, as other @entity740 cohorts in previous studies. Among the subcohorts, the @entity2316 subcohort had the highest risk for @entity65 . The ongoing long-term follow-up study up to 10 years will further delineate cardiovascular characteristics and outcomes of each subcohort exposed to different risk profiles.

title: Baseline Cardiovascular Characteristics of Adult @entity1 with @entity740 from the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcomes in @entity1 With XXXX (KNOW- @entity740 ).

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['participants', 'Patients', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity8 :: ('MESH:D007674', 'Disease') :: ['polycystic kidney disease', 'PKD']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertensive nephropathy', 'HTN']

entities_list: @entity2316 :: ('MESH:D003928', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic nephropathy', 'DN']

entities_list: @entity631 :: ('MESH:D005921', 'Disease') :: ['GN', 'glomerulonephritis']

entities_list: @entity740 :: ('MESH:D051436', 'Disease') :: ['CKD', 'Chronic Kidney Disease', 'chronic kidney disease']

entities_list: @entity460 :: ('MESH:D002118', 'Chemical') :: ['calcium']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['Cardiovascular disease', 'CVD']

answer: @entity740 :: (MESH:D051436,Disease) :: ['Chronic Kidney Disease']


abstract: Immunization with the pneumococcal proteins pneumolysin (Ply), @entity1877 binding protein A (CbpA), or @entity7251 ( @entity7251 ) elicits protective responses against invasive @entity66 in animal models. In this study, we used different @entity19 models to test the efficacy of a variety of multivalent protein-based vaccines that comprised various combinations of full-length or peptide regions of the immunogens Ply, CbpA, or @entity7251 : Ply toxoid with the @entity67840 substitution (referred to herein as @entity67840 ); @entity67840 fused with protective peptide epitopes from CbpA (YPT- @entity67840 -NEEK [YLN]); @entity67840 fused with the @entity19649 peptide containing the @entity1521 -rich region (PRR) of @entity7251 ( @entity19649 - @entity67840 ); a combination of @entity67840 and H70 ( @entity67840 +H70), a slightly larger @entity7251 -derived peptide containing the PRR and the SM1 region; H70+YLN; and other combinations. Each @entity19 was immunized either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) with three doses (at 2-week intervals) of the various antigen combinations in alum adjuvant and then challenged in @entity19 models featuring different @entity281 routes with multiple @entity328 strains. In the i.p. @entity281 model, H70+YLN consistently provided significant protection against three different challenge strains (serotypes 1, 2, and 6A); the @entity19649 +YLN and H70+ @entity67840 combinations also elicited significant protection. Protection against intravenous (i.v.) sepsis (type 3 and 6A challenge strains) was largely dependent on @entity7251 -derived antigen components, and the most protection was elicited by H70 with or without @entity67840 or YLN. In a type 4 intratracheal (i.t.) challenge model that results in progression to @entity693 , antigen combinations that contained YLN elicited the strongest protection. Thus, the trivalent antigen combination of H70+YLN elicited the strongest and broadest protection in diverse pneumococcal challenge models.

title: Multivalent Pneumococcal Protein Vaccines Comprising Pneumolysoid with Epitopes/Fragments of CbpA and/or XXXX Elicit Strong and Broad Protection.

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['pneumococcal disease']

entities_list: @entity693 :: ('MESH:D008581', 'Disease') :: ['meningitis']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['infection', 'infection sepsis']

entities_list: @entity7251 :: ('20387(Tax:10090)', 'Gene') :: ['PspA', 'pneumococcal surface protein A']

entities_list: @entity1521 :: ('CHEBI:26271', 'Chemical') :: ['proline']

entities_list: @entity328 :: ('1313', 'Species') :: ['Streptococcus pneumoniae']

answer: @entity7251 :: (20387(Tax:10090),Gene) :: ['PspA']


abstract: BACKGROUND CONTEXT: There have been no previous studies looking at the outcome of surgical decompression (+/-stabilization) for various grades of @entity1745 ( @entity1745 ) due to spinal metastases. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of surgical treatment in @entity1 with @entity1745 using the Bilsky six-point scale. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: This was a retrospective cohort review of prospectively collected data. @entity1 SAMPLE: A consecutive series of 101 @entity1 managed over the period of 3 years for @entity1745 due to spinal metastases in a tertiary spine surgery referral unit were included. METHODS: Data on age, gender, revised Tokuhashi score, preoperative Frankel grade, @entity5 histology, magnetic resonance imaging scan-based Bilsky @entity1745 grade, postoperative Frankel grade at last follow-up, complications, and survivorship were collected. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frankel grading system for function was used to evaluate the @entity1 's preoperative and postoperative neurologic status. @entity1 @entity260 were also collected. RESULTS: Average @entity1 age was 64.7 years (13-88 years): 62 males and 39 females. Mean follow-up was 7.3 months (3-23.3 months). Most @entity5 were in prostate, breast, renal, lung, and the @entity1503 . Within the lower grade of compression (Group 1; Bilsky Grades 0,1a, 1b, and 1c; n=40), 29 @entity1 (72.5%) had no improvement in Frankel grade, seven @entity1 (17.5%) improved, whereas four @entity1 (10%) deteriorated neurologically after surgery. Within the higher compression grade (Group 2; Bilsky Grades 2 and 3; n=61), 37 @entity1 (60%) did not experience neurologic change, 20 (33%) improved, whereas neurology worsened in four @entity1 (7%). When compared with Group 2 @entity1 , Group 1 @entity1 had better preoperative Frankel scores but a greater number of @entity1 in Group 2 improved their Frankel scores significantly postoperatively. The mean revised Tokuhashi score for Groups 1 and 2 was 10 and 9.1, respectively (p=.1). The complication rate for Groups 1 and 2 was 25% and 42.6%, respectively (p=.052). Survival analysis showed no difference between the groups (Group 1: median 376 days [12-1052]; Group 2: median 326 days [12-979]; p=.62). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery can achieve improvements in neurology even in higher grades of @entity1745 . There is a trend toward more complications and worse survival with spinal surgery in @entity1 with higher grades of compression.

title: The surgical management of metastatic @entity5 based on an Epidural XXXX ( @entity1745 ) scale.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient', 'PATIENT']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumor', 'primary tumors']

entities_list: @entity260 :: ('MESH:D011183', 'Disease') :: ['survival and postoperative complications']

entities_list: @entity1503 :: ('MESH:D006402', 'Disease') :: ['blood dyscrasias']

entities_list: @entity1745 :: ('MESH:D013117', 'Disease') :: ['cord compression', 'epidural spinal cord compression', 'ESCC']

answer: @entity1745 :: (MESH:D013117,Disease) :: ['Spinal Cord Compression']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity28981 (ABLV) has been transmitted to @entity1 following a scratch or bite from an infected bat in two cases. Following a scratch or bite to a @entity1 , the bat is usually submitted for testing and diagnosis is made using a direct fluorescent antibody test on a brain smear. A nested RT-PCR assay has also been utilised to confirm diagnosis. If positive for lyssavirus, post-exposure prophylaxis is administered. OBJECTIVES: The TaqMan assay was developed to improve the diagnosis of @entity281 , following problems encountered with the generation of spurious PCR products in the nested RT-PCR and also to reduce the high risk of contamination inherent with nested PCRs. STUDY DESIGN: RNA was extracted from 161 bat brains and the samples were compared using a conventional RT-PCR and the TaqMan based assay. Samples from a @entity1 with an @entity281 collected antemortem and postmortem were also tested. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the new TaqMan based PCR assay compared favourably with the nested PCR previously in use in our laboratory. This assay was able to detect RNA in samples collected antemortem and postmortem for the diagnosis of a @entity1 case of ABLV. CONCLUSIONS: The major advantage of the TaqMan based assay was the speed of diagnosis with a result within minutes of completing the PCR (a result within 4 h of receiving the specimen). This test greatly reduces the chance of false positives through the elimination of second-round PCR and the requirement for agarose gels. The assay is sensitive and specific and should be invaluable for future antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of @entity281 in @entity1 .

title: Detection of XXXX using a fluorogenic probe.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['humans', 'human', 'patient', 'person']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['ABLV infection']

entities_list: @entity28981 :: ('90961', 'Species') :: ['Australian bat lyssavirus']

answer: @entity28981 :: (90961,Species) :: ['Australian bat lyssavirus']


abstract: In our Department of Orthoptics we have seen an increasing number of @entity1 suffering from @entity892 after @entity231 surgery with IOL implantation. Between 1993 and 1997 the total number of @entity1 with this problem was 24 (2.7 % of all @entity1 , mean age 71 years, age range 38-88). We addressed the question of whether there is a common pattern of @entity1319 . METHODS: After evaluation of the clinical history and the basic ophthalmological findings the following parameters were examined: binocular function (Bagolini test), squint angles (Maddox cross), ocular motility. RESULTS: The 24 @entity1 could be divided up into three groups. Group 1 consisted of 9 @entity1 (mean age 82 years, range 64-88) who complained about @entity892 because of strabismus incomitans with vertical deviation and restricted motility on the first day after surgery. In 8 of the 9 @entity1 strabismus surgery was done. Group II consisted of 10 @entity1 (mean age 66 years, range 38-77) who noticed @entity892 and strabismus within 7 days after surgery. We found various kinds of heterotropia. Seven of these @entity1 were operated on and two had a prism correction. Group III consisted of 5 @entity1 (mean age 67 years, range 61-78). Their already known strabismus paralyticus or concomitans deteriorated, leading to @entity892 in some cases. All @entity1 in this group were operated on. DISCUSSION: For group I we believe that retro-, para- or peribulbar anesthesia caused the @entity1319 . In groups II and III it is unlikely that local anesthesia had a causative role. The prolonged disruption of binocular vision and the abrupt change in the sensory situation after the @entity231 operation with lens implantation may be the leading causes for strabismus or deterioration of a preexisting strabism, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These @entity1 need a subtil meticulous diagnostic work-up and follow-up because of the possibility of early surgical therapy, which has a good prognosis. @entity1319 prior to @entity231 surgery appears to be helpful for later strabismic surgery.

title: [Strabismus and XXXX as complications after @entity231 surgery with IOL implantation].

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity892 :: ('MESH:D004172', 'Disease') :: ['diplopia']

entities_list: @entity231 :: ('MESH:D002386', 'Disease') :: ['cataract']

entities_list: @entity1319 :: ('MESH:D015835', 'Disease') :: ['motility dysfunction', 'Evaluation of binocular vision and eye movements']

answer: @entity892 :: (MESH:D004172,Disease) :: ['diplopia']


abstract: We examined the effect of @entity1 -controlled intravenous @entity1337 (PCIA) using @entity1769 and @entity33483 in 30 @entity1 (15 males, 15 females) who underwent spine fusion surgery under general anesthesia. The intravenous administration of 2 mg @entity33483 was done prior to the completion of surgery. Subsequently, @entity33483 was administed via venous injection at a dose of 1 ml/hr. Additionally, a 1 ml bolus dosage was administered at a 60-minute lockout interval employing a pump which contained 36 mg of @entity33483 , 30 mg of @entity1769 in 62 ml of physiologic saline. At approximately 72 hours, we observed the resting VAS (visual analog scale) and the side effects of @entity33483 and thereafter the button pressing frequency (1 button have 0.5 mg @entity33483 ) was investigated. The resting VAS was stable through 72 hours in 13 males and 15 females of the 30 cases exhibiting from 2 to 3. The frequency of button pressing was investigated regarding time and gender. One male and two female @entity1 exhibited @entity3 of the spine but demonstrated no button manipulation. For the remaining 27 subjects the button pressing frequency increased in most instances furthermore, from 24-48 hours after surgery, the frequency for male @entity1 clearly increased. From 48 hours after surgery, no gender differences were evident regarding the button frequency. However, differences were observed regarding the disease, gender and postoperative time course of @entity1337 . As a result, no alteration in the background dose appeared to provide the best result, as did a short duration lockout interval.

title: Utilization of PCIA ( @entity1 -controlled intravenous @entity1337 ) for postoperative XXXX of spine fusion.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity1337 :: ('MESH:D000699', 'Disease') :: ['analgesia']

entities_list: @entity1769 :: ('MESH:D008787', 'Chemical') :: ['metoclopramide hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity33483 :: ('CHEBI:55340', 'Chemical') :: ['morphine hydrochloride']

entities_list: @entity3 :: ('MESH:D009362', 'Disease') :: ['metastatic tumors']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The need exists for perioperative blood management measures aimed at improving @entity1 outcomes and reducing the risks of allogeneic blood transfusion ( @entity14403 ). Our study aim is to discuss an algorithm to predict the need for perioperative blood transfusion in old @entity1 with pertrochanteric @entity3330 . METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data from 220 elderly @entity1 with pertrochanteric @entity3330 with regard to the probability of receiving an @entity14403 within 72h after surgery. The @entity1 were divided into @entity14403 and non- @entity14403 groups. A univariate analysis was used to compare between-group differences with regard to 13 variables. A logistic regression analysis and a probability algorithm to predict the need for an @entity14403 based on independent predictors were used. RESULTS: The non- @entity14403 group included 131 @entity1 (55 males and 76 females), with an average age of 77.2  6.8 years; the @entity14403 group included 89 @entity1 (29 males and 60 females), with an average age of 79.7  6.6 years. The total volume of transfused blood was 276 Units; the actual average blood transfusion was 3.1  1.47 Units. Significant between-group differences (P<0.05) were observed with regard to age, duration of operation, haemoglobin (Hb) at admission, intra-operative @entity190 , type of @entity174 and type of anaesthesia. The mean volume of transfused blood in the proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) and Gamma3 group was larger than that of the dynamic hip screw (DHS) group (P<0.05). A logistic regression analysis revealed that @entity1 with pertrochanteric @entity3330 who were elderly (>81 years), had lower Hb levels at admission ( <=124g/L), longer duration of operations (t>85min), underwent intramedullary fixation (Gamma3 and @entity21990 ) and had more intra-operative @entity190 were more likely to need an @entity14403 . This regression model predicted 74.1% of the transfused cases. CONCLUSIONS: An algorithm was devised to predict and manage the need for an @entity14403 within 72h after surgery in @entity1 with pertrochanteric @entity3330 . A reasonable transfusion program might reduce the complications caused by @entity417 and effectively avoid the risks associated with ABTs.

title: Predicting the need for blood transfusions in elderly XXXX with pertrochanteric @entity3330 .

entities_list: @entity174 :: ('MESH:D050723', 'Disease') :: ['fracture']

entities_list: @entity190 :: ('MESH:D006473', 'Disease') :: ['blood loss']

entities_list: @entity3330 :: ('MESH:D005264', 'Disease') :: ['femoral fractures']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['patients']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to compare @entity158 intensity in @entity1 undergoing transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy of the prostate with Penthrox alone compared with Penthrox plus periprostatic infiltration of local @entity1337 (PILA). METHOD: Seventy-two subjects participated in this study after receiving appropriate education. Forty-two @entity1 self-administered inhaled Penthrox (3   mL methoxyflurane) alone for @entity1337 (Group A), followed by 30 @entity1 who self-administered Penthrox and received PILA with 5   mL of 2% lignocaine. All subjects had TRUS biopsy performed. Immediately after the procedure, @entity1 were asked to rate their @entity158 intensity using a numerical verbal rating scale from 0 to 10. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. @entity1 in Group B reported significantly lower post TRUS biopsy median @entity158 intensity of 2 (1-3) compared with Group A subjects who reported a median post TRUS biopsy @entity158 intensity of 3 (2-5) (P = 0.014). A total of 72 @entity1 underwent TRUS-guided biopsy. All @entity1 indicated they would be happy to have another TRUS-guided prostate biopsy in the future. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that Penthrox plus PILA shows promise as an efficacious and easily tolerated analgesic technique for outpatient TRUS biopsy, keeping resource use to a minimum. Planning for a multi-centre, double-blind randomized control trial comparing Penthrox plus PILA with PILA alone is presently underway.

title: Penthrox alone versus Penthrox plus periprostatic infiltration of local XXXX for @entity1337 in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Patients', 'patients', 'men']

answer: @entity1337 :: (MESH:D000699,Disease) :: ['analgesia']


abstract: INTRODUCTION: @entity5033 ( @entity5033 ) have been implicated as a source of the extraneural spread of a wide variety of @entity1221 . The purpose is to review the literature on peritoneal seeding of @entity1221 from @entity5033 in the context of a case report. METHODS: Medline was searched using the phrase 'peritoneal seeding ventriculoperitoneal shunt'. Inclusion criteria included @entity1 (<18 years) with evidence of peritoneal seeding from @entity5033 . RESULTS: Search of the literature revealed a final total of 22 articles and a total of 28 @entity1 . CASE REPORT: A 7-year-old @entity1 presented with intermittent @entity391 , @entity10 , @entity3917 ; a 4.4   cm left thalamic mass ( @entity463 multiforme) was found. Occipital @entity5033 catheters were placed for increasing @entity1276 and the @entity1 developed @entity1661 and @entity158 . Computed tomography revealed @entity843 and the @entity1 was diagnosed clinically with peritoneal metastases. DISCUSSION: Our case report and literature review revealed 28 cases of @entity1221 demonstrating evidence of extraneural spread associated with @entity5033 in @entity1 in a wide variety of @entity5 . Larger studies are required to evaluate @entity5033 as potential risk factors for peritoneal seeding and familiarity with potential @entity5033 -related peritoneal seeding is important for diagnostic consideration.

title: Extracranial, peritoneal seeding of primary malignant brain tumors through ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in XXXX : Case report and review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['children', 'patients', 'patient', 'boy']

entities_list: @entity1276 :: ('MESH:D006849', 'Disease') :: ['hydrocephalus']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors']

entities_list: @entity843 :: ('MESH:D001201', 'Disease') :: ['diffuse ascites with carcinomatosis']

entities_list: @entity391 :: ('MESH:D014839', 'Disease') :: ['vomiting']

entities_list: @entity1221 :: ('MESH:D016543', 'Disease') :: ['central nervous system tumors']

entities_list: @entity1661 :: ('MESH:D000008', 'Disease') :: ['increased abdominal distention']

entities_list: @entity5033 :: ('MESH:C562451', 'Disease') :: ['Ventriculoperitoneal shunts', 'VPS']

entities_list: @entity10 :: ('MESH:D006261', 'Disease') :: ['headaches']

entities_list: @entity3917 :: ('MESH:D020795', 'Disease') :: ['photophobia']

entities_list: @entity463 :: ('MESH:D005909', 'Disease') :: ['glioblastoma']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['children']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: Traditionally, @entity1652 ( @entity1652 ) was known to involve only the optic nerves and spinal cord. However, the discovery of highly specific @entity3951 ( @entity3951 ) antibody for @entity1652 enabled us to identify more diverse clinical manifestations. Here, we describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of @entity1 who were anti- @entity3951 -antibody positive, represented by @entity149 @entity3951 @entity792 . METHODS: In total, 388 consecutive @entity1 with inflammatory demyelinating @entity149 diseases were tested for the anti- @entity3951 antibody and 106 seropositive @entity1 who were positive by ELISA or cell-based assay were included. RESULTS: Ninety-seven @entity1 were @entity1 , and 9 @entity1 . The median age at onset was 32 years. The median annualized relapse rate was 1.14 during the median follow-up of 7.0 years. When the 2006 revised diagnostic criteria for @entity1652 were applied, 72% of @entity1 met the criteria, and 28% had a limited form of @entity1652 . Brain symptoms were observed in 51% of @entity1 , and 24% of @entity1 presented with brain symptoms as their first manifestation. Severe residual @entity227 was observed in 42% of @entity1 . The median intervals to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 6 and severe @entity227 in at least one eye were 12 and 11 years, respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed a delay of more than 4 years before appropriate immunotherapy was independently associated with reaching severe disability of more than EDSS 6. CONCLUSION: The spectrum of neurologic manifestations and the disease course associated with @entity149 @entity3951 @entity792 is broader than previously recognized.

title: Clinical spectrum of @entity149 XXXX @entity792 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['visual impairment', 'visual impairment or ambulatory disability']

entities_list: @entity1652 :: ('MESH:D009471', 'Disease') :: ['NMO', 'neuromyelitis optica']

entities_list: @entity792 :: ('MESH:D001327', 'Disease') :: ['autoimmunity']

answer: @entity3951 :: (361,Gene) :: ['aquaporin-4']


abstract: The carotid bodies (CB) are peripheral chemoreceptors that sense changes in arterial blood O2, @entity515 , and pH levels. @entity519 , @entity2944 , and @entity520 activate the CB, which respond by increasing the action potential frequency in their sensory nerve, the carotid sinus nerve (CSN). CSN activity is integrated in the brain stem to induce a panoply of cardiorespiratory reflexes aimed, primarily, to normalize the altered blood gases, via hyperventilation, and to regulate blood pressure and cardiac performance, via sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. Besides its role in the cardiorespiratory control the CB has been proposed as a metabolic sensor implicated in the control of energy homeostasis and, more recently, in the regulation of whole body insulin sensitivity. Hypercaloric diets cause CB overactivation in @entity35 , which seems to be at the origin of the development of insulin resistance and @entity101 , core features of @entity209 and @entity164 2 @entity6 . Consistent with this notion, CB sensory denervation prevents metabolic and hemodynamic alterations in hypercaloric feed animal. @entity27 ( @entity27 ) is another @entity102 characterized by increased CB activity and intimately related with several metabolic and @entity65 . In this manuscript we review in a concise manner the putative pathways linking CB chemoreceptors deregulation with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and arterial @entity101 . Also, the link between @entity519 ( @entity519 ) and insulin resistance is discussed. Then, a final section is devoted to debate strategies to reduce CB activity and its use for prevention and therapeutics of @entity209 with an emphasis on new exciting research in the modulation of bioelectronic signals, likely to be central in the future.

title: Carotid body, insulin, and XXXX : unraveling the links.

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension']

entities_list: @entity2944 :: ('MESH:D006935', 'Disease') :: ['hypercapnia']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic diseases', 'metabolic syndrome']

entities_list: @entity27 :: ('MESH:D020181', 'Disease') :: ['Obstructive sleep apnea', 'OSA']

entities_list: @entity102 :: ('MESH:D002908', 'Disease') :: ['chronic disorder']

entities_list: @entity520 :: ('MESH:D000138', 'Disease') :: ['acidosis']

entities_list: @entity519 :: ('MESH:D000860', 'Disease') :: ['chronic intermittent hypoxia', 'Hypoxia', 'CIH']

entities_list: @entity65 :: ('MESH:D002318', 'Disease') :: ['cardiovascular abnormalities']

answer: @entity209 :: (MESH:D008659,Disease) :: ['metabolic diseases']


abstract: The structure and infectivity of the oocysts of a new species of @entity24452 from the feces of @entity1 are described. Oocysts are structurally indistinguishable from those of @entity2432 . Oocysts of the new species are passed fully sporulated, lack sporocysts. and measure 4.4-5.4 microm (mean = 4.86) x 4.4-5.9 microm (mean = 5.2 microm) with a length to width ratio 1.0-1.09 (mean 1.07) (n = 100). Oocysts were not infectious for @entity16888 Swiss @entity19 , @entity19 . @entity35 @entity35 pups, puppies, kittens or @entity291 , but were infectious to neonatal gnotobiotic @entity1707 . Pathogenicity studies in the gnotobiotic @entity1707 model revealed significant differences in parasite-associated lesion distribution (P = 0.005 to P = 0.02) and intensity of infection (P = 0.04) between @entity2432 and this newly described species from @entity1 . In vitro cultivation studies have also revealed growth differences between the two species. Multi-locus analysis of numerous unlinked loci, including a preliminary sequence scan of the entire genome demonstrated this species to be distinct from @entity2432 and also demonstrated a lack of recombination, providing further support for its species status. Based on biological and molecular data, this @entity24452 infecting the intestine of @entity1 is proposed to be a new species @entity24452 @entity8891 .

title: XXXX @entity8891 . (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from @entity1 .

entities_list: @entity24452 :: ('237895', 'Species') :: ['Cryptosporidium hominis', 'Cryptosporidium']

entities_list: @entity2432 :: ('5807', 'Species') :: ['Cryptosporidium parvum', 'C. parvum']

answer: @entity24452 :: (237895,Species) :: ['Cryptosporidium hominis']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate adult occupational contact levels and risk of childhood @entity1778 and @entity1893 (LNHL) in Seascale, an association found in other situations of rural population mixing (PM). DESIGN: Matched case-control study. SETTING: Seascale, Cumbria, UK. @entity1 : For each case of LNHL recorded in @entity1 under age 25   years during 1950-2006, up to 20 matched controls were chosen and parental occupational details obtained; an exception was a single working young adult, whose own occupation (and that of controls) was used. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Contact levels of occupations were categorised as: low/medium (reference group), high or very high contact levels, as in previous studies, with provision for certain unusual occupations. In particular, specialist policemen responsible for security and access at the nearby Sellafield nuclear complex were allocated to the highest contact category, and those Sellafield employees who worked in controlled areas to the middle (high) category. Since of possible bias, unusual contact aspects noted in the main research and development (R_D) building were reserved for a supplementary analysis. ORs were calculated for the occupational contact levels. RESULTS: Compared to the reference group, the social class adjusted ORs for the high and very high contact categories were 8.18 (95% CI 0.95 to 70.33) and 14.90 (1.20 to 184.90), respectively, with a significant trend across the categories (p value=0.024). In the supplementary analysis with R_D workers moved to the very high contact category, the OR for the latter became 29.68 (2.12 to 415.79), and the p value for trend, 0.011. CONCLUSIONS: The Seascale LNHL excess was most marked among those young @entity1 linked with high occupational contact levels; it is therefore not an exception to the pattern of family infection shown by other PM-related excesses. The findings have implications for the choice of controls in certain types of virus study.

title: A case-control study of occupational contact levels in the childhood XXXX cluster at Seascale, Cumbria, UK.

entities_list: @entity1893 :: ('MESH:D008228', 'Disease') :: ["non-Hodgkin's lymphoma"]

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PARTICIPANTS', 'people']

entities_list: @entity1778 :: ('MESH:D007938', 'Disease') :: ['leukaemia']

answer: @entity1778 :: (MESH:D007938,Disease) :: ['leukaemia']


abstract: To study the effect of unloading followed by reloading on hindlimb bone mineral content (BMC), we used botulinum toxin A (Botox). We studied the timing and degree of recovery upon restoration of muscle function. We also tested to see if reaction to Botox injection occurred as a function of the degree of expression of @entity16899 ( @entity16899 ). Sixteen @entity19 were divided by gender and genotype; wild-type equivalent ( @entity16899 (+/flox)) and heterozygous ( @entity16899 (+/-)) @entity19 were injected with a single dose of 2U/100 g Botox i.m. in the quadriceps, hamstrings, and posterior @entity291 muscle groups (day 0). Regional BMC was monitored for 12 weeks in the injected and contralateral control limb. Significant @entity604 was observed in the injected limb by week 2 in the @entity16899 (+/flox) @entity19 , and by week 3-4 in the @entity16899 (+/-) @entity19 . By week 12, BMC in the Botox-treated limb of both male and female wild-type and heterozygous @entity19 was still at least 14% less than that of the noninjected limb. Cortical thickness and BV/TV were lower in the Botox femur compared to the noninjected femur. The heterozygous @entity19 tended to show a slower response to Botox injection as reflected in a slower loss of BMC. Our results show that the rapid and profound @entity604 following temporary @entity4589 is not fully recovered upon restoration of muscle function within 12 weeks. These results underscore the significance of normal muscle function in the maintenance of bone mass.

title: @entity604 after temporarily induced XXXX by Botox is not fully recovered after 12 weeks.

entities_list: @entity4589 :: ('MESH:D012133', 'Disease') :: ['muscle paralysis']

entities_list: @entity604 :: ('MESH:D016301', 'Disease') :: ['bone loss']

answer: @entity4589 :: (MESH:D012133,Disease) :: ['muscle paralysis']


abstract: AIM: Therapeutic angiography with embolization is fast becoming the preferred treatment modality for major @entity548 in the lower gastrointestinal (LGI) tract. The aim of this study was to determine the long term outcome and complications of percutaneous coil embolization (PCE) and its efficacy as definitive therapy in @entity1 with major @entity360 . METHODS: All @entity1 presenting to our institution with a haemodynamically significant LGI tract bleed between 1995 and 2001 that were unresponsive to conservative measures were considered for emergency angiography and coil embolization where appropriate. The outcome of these individuals was determined by case note review and telephone interview. RESULTS: There were 20 @entity1 (11 females) with a mean follow-up period 72 months, mean age was 67 years. All underwent PCE following positive angiogram. The most common site of @entity548 was the right colon (40%); haemostasis was successfully achieved in 16 (80%) @entity1 . Five of the 20 @entity1 died within 30 days of the intervention, three following PCE and two following surgery. None of the mortality following PCE was considered procedure related. On long term follow-up four @entity1 required readmission to hospital for further @entity360 at 1, 2, 12 and 16 months respectively. @entity532 occurred in 23%. CONCLUSION: Superselective embolization as the primary technique for the treatment of haemodynamically significant @entity360 is an effective, feasible and safe technique. Long term follow-up in our series up to 72 months has shown that it should be considered as both a primary and potentially definitive treatment for life threatening @entity360 .

title: Long term follow-up of transcatheter coil embolotherapy for major XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Ischaemic complications']

entities_list: @entity360 :: ('MESH:D006471', 'Disease') :: ['LGI bleeding', 'LGI bleeds']

entities_list: @entity548 :: ('MESH:D006470', 'Disease') :: ['bleeding']

answer: @entity548 :: (MESH:D006470,Disease) :: ['colonic haemorrhage']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Cox Maze procedure is widely performed for the surgical treatment of @entity955 . However it requires numerous incision lines and therefore is a time-consuming operation. We report a simplified operation for chronic @entity955 associated with @entity339 . METHODS: Pulmonary vein isolation procedure was performed on @entity955 associated with @entity339 in thirteen @entity1 . This simple procedure consisted of isolation of the four pulmonary veins only. Combined mitral valve surgery involved mitral valve plasty, mitral valve replacement with or without aortic valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplasty. RESULTS: Eleven @entity1 returned to sinus rhythm (84.6%). Mean follow-up time is 32.7 +/- 11.7 months. Three @entity1 required a DDD pacemaker implant for @entity1817 but two out of these three resumed sinus rhythm most of the time recently. Left atrial contraction was detected in eight cases by trans-esophageal echo. One @entity1 died of @entity1578 two months postoperatively. Eight @entity1 had no blood transfusion. Twelve @entity1 are classified as New York Heart Association class I. CONCLUSION: Compared with the Maze procedure, this operation was less invasive and preserved the atrial appendage and was thought to have a normal level of secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide. This study suggests that the pulmonary vein isolation procedure may be an effective and simple maneuver for @entity955 associated with @entity340 .

title: Pulmonary vein isolation for chronic @entity955 associated with XXXX : the midterm results.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity339 :: ('MESH:D008944', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valve disease']

entities_list: @entity1817 :: ('MESH:D012804', 'Disease') :: ['sick sinus syndrome']

entities_list: @entity1578 :: ('MESH:D017093', 'Disease') :: ['liver failure']

entities_list: @entity955 :: ('MESH:D001281', 'Disease') :: ['atrial fibrillation']

entities_list: @entity340 :: ('MESH:D006349', 'Disease') :: ['mitral valvular disease']

answer: @entity339 :: (MESH:D008944,Disease) :: ['mitral valve disease']


abstract: The dorsal-ventral patterning of the @entity238 embryo is controlled by a well-defined gene regulation network. We wish to understand how changes in this network produce evolutionary diversity in insect gastrulation. The present study focuses on the dorsal ectoderm in two highly divergent dipterans, the fruitfly @entity238 and the mosquito @entity313 . In @entity238 , the dorsal midline of the dorsal ectoderm forms a single extra-embryonic membrane, the amnioserosa. In A. gambiae, an expanded domain forms two distinct extra-embryonic tissues, the amnion and serosa. The analysis of approximately 20 different dorsal-ventral patterning genes suggests that the initial specification of the mesoderm and ventral neurogenic ectoderm is highly conserved in flies and mosquitoes. By contrast, there are numerous differences in the expression profiles of genes active in the dorsal ectoderm. Most notably, the subdivision of the extra-embryonic domain into separate amnion and serosa lineages in A. gambiae correlates with novel patterns of gene expression for several segmentation repressors. Moreover, the expanded amnion and serosa anlage correlates with a broader domain of Dpp signaling as compared with the @entity238 embryo. Evidence is presented that this expanded signaling is due to altered expression of the @entity42281 gene.

title: Evolution of the dorsal-ventral patterning network in the mosquito, XXXX .

entities_list: @entity313 :: ('7165', 'Species') :: ['Anopheles gambiae']

entities_list: @entity238 :: ('7227', 'Species') :: ['Drosophila melanogaster', 'Drosophila', 'D. melanogaster']

answer: @entity313 :: (7165,Species) :: ['Anopheles gambiae']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mexican Americans (MAs) were previously found to have lower mortality after @entity385 . We studied mortality trends in a population-based design. METHODS: Active and passive surveillance were used to find all @entity385 cases from January 2000 to December 2011 in Nueces County, TX. Deaths were ascertained from the Texas Department of Health through December 31, 2012. Cumulative 30-day and 1-year mortality adjusted for covariates was estimated using log-binomial models with a linear term for year of @entity64 onset used to model time trends. Models used data from the entire study period to estimate adjusted mortality among @entity64 cases in 2000 and 2011 and to calculate projected ethnic differences. RESULTS: There were 1974 @entity63 strokes among @entity62 and 2439 among MAs. Between 2000 and 2011, model estimated mortality declined among @entity62 at 30 days (7.6% to 5.6%; P=0.24) and 1 year (20.8% to 15.5%; P=0.02). Among MAs, 30-day model estimated mortality remained stagnant at 5.1% to 5.2% (P=0.92), and a slight decline from 17.4% to 15.3% was observed for 1-year mortality (P=0.26). Although ethnic differences in 30-day (P=0.01) and 1-year (P=0.06) mortality were apparent in 2000, they were not so in 2011 (30-day mortality, P=0.63; 1-year mortality, P=0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, mortality after @entity385 has declined in the past decade, although significant declines were only observed for @entity62 and not MAs at 1 year. The survival advantage previously documented among MAs vanished by 2011. Renewed @entity64 prevention and treatment efforts for MAs are needed.

title: Loss of the Mexican American survival advantage after XXXX .

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic']

entities_list: @entity62 :: ('MESH:D056784', 'Disease') :: ['non-Hispanic whites']

entities_list: @entity385 :: ('MESH:D002544', 'Disease') :: ['ischemic stroke than non-Hispanic whites', 'ischemic stroke']

answer: @entity385 :: (MESH:D002544,Disease) :: ['ischemic stroke']


abstract: BACKGROUND: The ACUITY and CRUSADE scores are validated models for prediction of major @entity548 events in @entity1187 ( @entity1187 ). However, the comparative performances of these scores are not known. OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of ACUITY and CRUSADE in predicting major @entity548 events during @entity1187 . METHODS: This study included 519 @entity1 consecutively admitted for unstable @entity951 , non-ST-elevation or ST-elevation @entity583 . The scores were calculated based on admission data. We considered major @entity548 events during hospitalization and not related to cardiac surgery, according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria (type 3 or 5: hemodynamic instability, need for transfusion, drop in hemoglobin >=  3 g, and intracranial, intraocular or fatal @entity548 ). RESULTS: Major @entity548 was observed in 31 @entity1 (23 caused by femoral puncture, 5 digestive, 3 in other sites), an incidence of 6%. While both scores were associated with @entity548 , ACUITY demonstrated better C-statistics (0.73, 95% CI = 0.63 - 0.82) as compared with CRUSADE (0.62, 95% CI = 0.53 - 0.71; p = 0.04). The best performance of ACUITY was also reflected by a net reclassification improvement of + 0.19 (p = 0.02) over CRUSADE   s definition of low or high risk. Exploratory analysis suggested that the presence of the variables    age    and    type of @entity1187    in ACUITY was the main reason for its superiority. CONCLUSION: The ACUITY Score is a better predictor of major @entity548 when compared with the CRUSADE Score in @entity1 hospitalized for @entity1187 .

title: Comparison of ACUITY and CRUSADE Scores in Predicting Major Bleeding during XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1187 :: ('MESH:D054058', 'Disease') :: ['ACS', 'acute coronary syndrome']

entities_list: @entity583 :: ('MESH:D009203', 'Disease') :: ['myocardial infarction']

answer: @entity1187 :: (MESH:D054058,Disease) :: ['Acute Coronary Syndrome']


abstract: PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to review 14 @entity1 with @entity3332 ( @entity3332 ) from diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. METHODS: From 1976 to 1999, 14 @entity1 with @entity3332 were treated at the authors' hospital. In each diagnostic examination, an esophagogram, 24-hour pH monitoring, a manometric study, and an endoscopy were performed. The medical, radiologic, and operative reports of these @entity1 were reviewed. RESULTS: Esophagogram results showed an @entity850 in 5 @entity1 and a @entity850 in 9. After 24-hour pH monitoring and an endoscopy, we were able to rule out the possibility of @entity354 with @entity2910 in most of the @entity1 . Of the 11 @entity1 who initially underwent bougienage or balloon dilatation, 8 of them had recurrent @entity850 . Eleven @entity1 required surgical treatment, including the 8 who had recurrent @entity850 after undergoing dilatation. Nine of the @entity1 underwent a resection of the stenotic segment and esophago-esophagostomy. An antireflux procedure was performed on 2 @entity1 . Another @entity1 had an @entity2910 , which required a jejunal interposition. A histopathologic study showed that tracheobronchial remnants were present in 6 @entity1 , and fibromuscular thickening was found in 4 @entity1 . CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of dilatation seems to be limited and may even result in severe complications such as an @entity2910 . In this study, most @entity1 ultimately required surgical treatment. Surgical repair for @entity3332 is the authors' preferred treatment, although @entity384 may be effective for some @entity1 .

title: Clinical characteristics and management of XXXX : a report on 14 cases.

entities_list: @entity3332 :: ('MESH:D004940', 'Disease') :: ['congenital esophageal stenosis', 'CES']

entities_list: @entity2910 :: ('MESH:D004941', 'Disease') :: ['esophagitis', 'esophageal rupture']

entities_list: @entity384 :: ('MESH:D002311', 'Disease') :: ['initial dilatation']

entities_list: @entity354 :: ('MESH:D005764', 'Disease') :: ['gastroesophageal reflux']

entities_list: @entity850 :: ('MESH:D003251', 'Disease') :: ['abrupt stenosis', 'stenosis', 'tapered stenosis']

answer: @entity3332 :: (MESH:D004940,Disease) :: ['congenital esophageal stenosis']


abstract: PURPOSE: To evaluate the pattern of neurological late effects in @entity1 who have received surgery only for a @entity1313 in childhood and to identify possible risk factors for @entity16 . @entity1 AND METHODS: The medical, histologic, and operative records were reviewed for 65 consecutive @entity1 operated for a @entity1313 from 1970 to 1997, and all @entity1 were re-examined after a median length of follow-up of 10.7 years. Thirty-four @entity1 had @entity6804 , 22 @entity1 had @entity5 , and nine @entity1 had midline @entity5 . RESULTS: At the time of follow-up, 20 @entity1 (31%) had no @entity51 , 22 @entity1 (34%) had minor deficits that did not interfere with their daily life activities, and 23 @entity1 (35%) had moderate or severe deficits such as severe @entity2055 , @entity508 , @entity227 , or @entity302 with more than two @entity410 per year. Fourteen of the 31 @entity1 (45%) registered with @entity2055 preoperatively had recovered fully. Six of seven @entity1 had persistence of a pre- or postoperatively developed @entity1269 . Thirteen of 23 @entity1 had persistence of @entity129 that developed second to surgery. Fifty-five percent of the 18 @entity1 with @entity410 at diagnosis were @entity410 -free at follow-up. At follow-up both @entity2055 and @entity1269 were significantly more frequent among females (P =.02 and P =.03, respectively). CONCLUSION: In @entity1 who received operation as the only treatment for their @entity1313 , there was a good chance of total or partial recovery of preoperative and postoperative @entity51 , although only one third of the @entity1 will have no long-term @entity51 .

title: Long-term neurological outcome of XXXX treated by surgery only.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity6804 :: ('MESH:D015192', 'Disease') :: ['posterior fossa tumors']

entities_list: @entity227 :: ('MESH:D014786', 'Disease') :: ['seriously reduced vision']

entities_list: @entity410 :: ('MESH:D012640', 'Disease') :: ['seizure', 'seizures']

entities_list: @entity129 :: ('MESH:D003389', 'Disease') :: ['cranial nerve deficits']

entities_list: @entity1313 :: ('MESH:D001932', 'Disease') :: ['brain tumor', 'benign brain tumor']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral hemisphere tumors', 'tumors']

entities_list: @entity1269 :: ('MESH:D010291', 'Disease') :: ['hemiparesis']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['neurological sequelae']

entities_list: @entity508 :: ('MESH:D009128', 'Disease') :: ['spastic paresis']

entities_list: @entity51 :: ('MESH:D009461', 'Disease') :: ['neurological deficits']

entities_list: @entity302 :: ('MESH:D004827', 'Disease') :: ['epilepsy']

answer: @entity1313 :: (MESH:D001932,Disease) :: ['childhood brain tumors']


abstract: @entity1205 is one of the most active drugs in second-line therapy for @entity1149 ( @entity1149 ). The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of weekly low-dose @entity1205 . Forty-two @entity1 with advanced @entity1149 pretreated with @entity900 -based chemotherapy were enrolled. @entity1205 was administered at a dose of 25 mg/m(2) weekly for 12 consecutive weeks. A total of 386 doses were given with a median number of 10 doses per @entity1 (range: 3-12). Treatment showed low incidence of hematologic @entity137 and modest non-hematologic @entity137 . An episode of grade 4 @entity882 was reported but no episodes of grade 3 or 4 @entity1398 . Most frequent non-hematologic @entity137 were @entity1395 and @entity1665 . Response rate was 10.5% and @entity1349 ( @entity1349 ) was 12.8 weeks. Weekly treatment with 25 mg/m(2) @entity1205 for 12 consecutive weeks appears to be a feasible and active regimen with mild @entity137 in heavily pretreated @entity1149 @entity1 .

title: Second line therapy with weekly low-dose @entity1205 for pretreated XXXX @entity1 : a multicenter Italian phase II study.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity', 'toxicities']

entities_list: @entity882 :: ('MESH:D013921', 'Disease') :: ['thrombocytopenia']

entities_list: @entity1149 :: ('MESH:D002289', 'Disease') :: ['NSCLC', 'non-small-cell-lung-carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity900 :: ('MESH:D002945', 'Chemical') :: ['cisplatinum']

entities_list: @entity1398 :: ('MESH:D009503', 'Disease') :: ['neutropenia']

entities_list: @entity1205 :: ('MESH:C067311', 'Chemical') :: ['Docetaxel', 'docetaxel']

entities_list: @entity1349 :: ('MESH:D011475', 'Disease') :: ['median survival time', 'MST']

answer: @entity1149 :: (MESH:D002289,Disease) :: ['non-small-cell lung carcinoma']


abstract: It has been shown that the eye-blink response evoked by an abrupt loud white noise ('acoustic @entity427 ') is potentiated when the subjects anticipate an aversive stimulus, e.g. an @entity1457 ('fear-potentiated @entity427 '). It has been proposed that this paradigm may be a useful laboratory model of @entity1 @entity148 . We examined whether the threat of an @entity1457 , as used in the fear-potentiated @entity427 paradigm, would affect the pupillary light reflex, in 12 healthy volunteers. Light stimuli (0.32 mW/cm(2), 200 msec) were generated by a light-emitting diode, and pupil diameter was monitored by computerized binocular infrared television pupillometry in the dark. The light reflex was recorded during either the anticipation of a shock ('threat' blocks) or periods in which no shocks were anticipated ('safe' blocks). The shock consisted of a single square wave current pulse (1.5 mA, 50 msec) applied to the median nerve. At the end of each 'threat' or 'safe' block, subjects rated their @entity148 using visual analogue scales. Two-factor analysis of variance (condition x block) showed that in the 'threat' condition there was a consistent increase in initial pupil diameter, a decrease in light reflex amplitude and an increase in alertness and @entity148 ratings. These effects were observable before the subjects received any shock (a single stimulation of the median nerve). These results show that the anticipation of an @entity1457 can modify not only the @entity427 reflex response but also the pupillary light reflex, suggesting that the inhibition of the light reflex by threat may be another suitable laboratory model of @entity1 @entity148 .

title: The inhibition of the pupillary light reflex by the threat of an @entity1457 : a potential laboratory model of XXXX @entity148 .

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['electric shock']

answer: @entity1 :: (9606,Species) :: ['human']


abstract: BACKGROUND/AIM: @entity157 ( @entity157 ) is a frequent and aggressive @entity5 associated with multiple environmental risk factors. The chemically-induced @entity19 model of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) provides useful insight into @entity409 , namely @entity157 . This work aimed to study the multistep process of hepato- @entity105 , providing a systematic framework for animal studies on this subject. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male ICR @entity19 were divided into six control and six DEN-exposed groups. Saline solution and DEN were injected intra-peritoneally, respectively, for eight consecutive weeks. Two groups (DEN vs. control) were euthanized at 8, 15, 22, 29, 36 and 40 weeks after the first administration. RESULTS: @entity528 , @entity39 and apoptosis were acutely induced at eight weeks and onwards. @entity5072 foci occurred at 29 to 40 weeks along with diffuse @entity6349 areas and hepatocellular @entity652 . @entity9429 were also identified at 36 and 40 weeks. @entity157 were only noted at 40 weeks, showing characteristic histological features of @entity5 . CONCLUSION: RESULTS allowed sketching of a timeline of evolution of DEN-induced @entity99 in @entity19 , from initial lesions to @entity5 .

title: The N-Nitrosodiethylamine XXXX Model: Sketching a Timeline of Evolution of Chemically-induced @entity99 .

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['hepatic lesions']

entities_list: @entity39 :: ('MESH:D009336', 'Disease') :: ['necrosis']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['malignant neoplasms', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity5072 :: ('MESH:D000796', 'Disease') :: ['Hyperplastic']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['liver carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity6349 :: ('MESH:D004416', 'Disease') :: ['dysplastic']

entities_list: @entity9429 :: ('MESH:D010382', 'Disease') :: ['Peliosis hepatis']

entities_list: @entity157 :: ('MESH:D006528', 'Disease') :: ['HCC', 'Hepatocellular carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity105 :: ('MESH:D063646', 'Disease') :: ['carcinogenesis']

entities_list: @entity528 :: ('MESH:D009410', 'Disease') :: ['Hydropic degeneration']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['Mouse']


abstract: The @entity33167 (ECB), @entity33167 , is a major pest of @entity2829 crops. In Europe, two sympatric host races are found: one feeds on @entity2829 ( @entity2829 ) and the other mainly on mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris). The two host races are genetically differentiated, seldom crossing in the laboratory or in the field, and females preferentially lay eggs on their native host species. We conducted two independent experiments, in field and greenhouse conditions, to determine whether the two host races are locally adapted to their host species. The effect of larval density and the performance of hybrids were also investigated. Despite some differences in overall larval feeding performance, both experiments revealed consistent patterns of local adaptation for survival and for larval weight in males. In females the same trend was observed but with weaker statistical support. F1 hybrids did not seem to be disadvantaged compared with the two parental races. Overall, our results showed that both host races are physiologically adapted to their native host. The fitness trade-off between the two host plants provides a potential driving force for ecological speciation in this species.

title: Sympatric host races of the XXXX : adaptation to host plants and hybrid performance.

entities_list: @entity33167 :: ('29057', 'Species') :: ['European corn borer', 'Ostrinia nubilalis']

answer: @entity33167 :: (29057,Species) :: ['European corn borer']


abstract: @entity64 is known to induce massive cell death in the @entity63 brain. Either necrotic or apoptotic types of cell death program were observed in neurons in zone of @entity63 . We suggest that spatial heterogeneity of @entity413 and @entity26 distribution plays a crucial role in this phenomenon. In order to elucidate the role of @entity413 and @entity26 in @entity63 neurons choice of cell death pathway, conditions corresponding to different areas of insult were reproduced in vitro in the model of surviving brain cortex tissue slices. Three zones were modeled in vitro by varying @entity413 and @entity26 concentration in surviving slices incubation media. Modeled @entity63 area I (MIA I) was corresponded to the center of suggested @entity63 zone where the levels of @entity413 and @entity26 were considered to be extremely low. MIA II was assigned as intermediate area where @entity26 concentration was still very low but @entity413 was present (this area was also divided into two sub-areas MIA IIa and MIA IIb with physiologically low (5mM) and normal (10mM) level of @entity413 respectively). MIA III was considered as a periphery area where @entity413 concentration was close to physiological level and high level of ROS production had been induced by reoxygenation after @entity519 . Analysis of molecular mechanisms of cell death in MIA I, IIa, IIb and III was carried out. Cell death in MIA I was found to proceed by necrotic manner. Apoptosis characterized by cyt c release, @entity522 activation and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was observed in MIA III. Cell death in MIA II was accompanied by several (not all) hallmarks of apoptosis. Mechanisms of cell death in MIA IIa and MIA IIb were found to be different. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in MIA IIa but not in MIA IIb was sensitive to @entity2228 (5mM), inhibitor of @entity143 receptor @entity3390 (10microM) and PTP inhibitor @entity205 (10microM). Activation of @entity522 was detected in MIA IIb but not in MIA IIa. However @entity4674 release was observed neither in MIA IIa nor in MIA IIb. In @entity66 was accompanied by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, which was induced by rise of intracellular @entity141 and intensive ROS production. Results obtained in present study allow us to propose existence of at least four molecular pathways of cell death development in @entity2806 zone. The choice of cell death pathway is determined by @entity26 and @entity413 concentration in the particular area of the @entity63 zone.

title: Diversity of neurodegenerative processes in the model of brain cortex tissue XXXX .

entities_list: @entity66 :: ('MESH:D004194', 'Disease') :: ['MIAs II-III apoptosis']

entities_list: @entity2228 :: ('CHEBI:57305', 'Chemical') :: ['glycine']

entities_list: @entity63 :: ('MESH:D007511', 'Disease') :: ['ischemia', 'ischemic']

entities_list: @entity2806 :: ('MESH:D002545', 'Disease') :: ['brain ischemic']

entities_list: @entity26 :: ('MESH:D010100', 'Chemical') :: ['oxygen']

entities_list: @entity205 :: ('MESH:D016572', 'Chemical') :: ['cyclosporine A']

entities_list: @entity413 :: ('MESH:D005947', 'Chemical') :: ['glucose']

answer: @entity63 :: (MESH:D007511,Disease) :: ['ischemia']


abstract: Half of all bariatric surgical procedures are in @entity1 of childbearing age but it remains unclear whether surgery is suitable for @entity1 who subsequently conceive: specifically the relative risks and benefits of potential @entity942 versus @entity353 . We will present data collected from Clinical Practice Research Databases on the maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnancies complicated either by @entity28 or previous bariatric surgery (BS). Two groups, matched to obese controls for BMI pre-BS and post-BS (at the time of ante-natal booking) will be compared. In this way, the effect of BS on pregnancy outcomes may be examined, independent of its effect on weight. A sub-group of @entity1 with antecedent @entity164 2 @entity6 (T2DM) will allow for investigation of the additional impact and persistence of this co-morbidity. This builds upon pilot data collected from a retrospective cohort of @entity1 (18-45years) undergoing laparoscopic roux-en-Y (RYGB) surgery over a 24-month period (n=218). After exclusions and loss to follow up, data from 111 @entity1 were analysed; 81 (73%) had conceived prior to RYGB, 20 (18%) became pregnant post RYGB and a further 22 @entity1 (20%) were trying to conceive at the time of data collection. Three @entity1 had T2DM which resolved post BS. A suggestion of greater miscarriage risk prior to surgery in this sub-group will be confirmed as more @entity1 are recruited. Pregnancy is a frequent desire/occurrence after BS. This database study will advance understanding of the maternal and fetal outcomes of such pregnancies and inform antenatal care.

title: Pregnancy after XXXX surgery (PADOS): Incidence and outcomes.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['women', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity353 :: ('MESH:D015431', 'Disease') :: ['weight reduction']

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['obesity']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetes']

entities_list: @entity942 :: ('MESH:D003677', 'Disease') :: ['nutrient deficiencies']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetes obesity']


abstract: UNASSIGNED: @entity28 and @entity6 are @entity209 and they are increasing in prevalence. The dynamics of gene expression associated with these diseases is fundamental to identifying genes involved in related biological processes. qPCR is a sensitive technique for mRNA quantification and the most commonly used method in gene-expression studies. However, the reliability of these results is directly influenced by data normalization. As reference genes are the major normalization method used, this work aims to identify reference genes for qPCR in adipose tissues of @entity19 with type-I @entity6 or @entity28 . We selected 12 genes that are commonly used as reference genes. The expression of these genes in the adipose tissues of @entity19 was analyzed in the context of three different experimental protocols: 1) untreated animals; 2) high-fat-diet animals; and 3) @entity3839 -treated animals. Gene-expression stability was analyzed using four different algorithms. Our data indicate that @entity29865 is stably expressed across adipose tissues in control animals. This gene was also a useful reference when the brown adipose tissues of control and @entity28 @entity19 were analyzed. The mitochondrial @entity855 synthase F1 complex gene exhibits stable expression in subcutaneous and perigonadal adipose tissue from control and @entity28 @entity19 . Moreover, this gene is the best reference for qPCR normalization in adipose tissue from @entity3839 -treated animals. These results show that there is no perfect stable gene suited for use under all experimental conditions. In conclusion, the selection of appropriate genes is a prerequisite to ensure qPCR reliability and must be performed separately for different experimental protocols.

title: Reference genes for quantitative PCR in the adipose tissue of XXXX with @entity209 .

entities_list: @entity28 :: ('MESH:D009765', 'Disease') :: ['Obesity', 'obese', 'obesity']

entities_list: @entity3839 :: ('MESH:D013311', 'Chemical') :: ['streptozotocin']

entities_list: @entity209 :: ('MESH:D008659', 'Disease') :: ['metabolic diseases']

answer: @entity19 :: (10090,Species) :: ['mice']


abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Arterial @entity101 is a common disorder. @entity71 circulation and reduced effective volaemia are central elements in the @entity409 in @entity82 . The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cirrhotic @entity1 with arterial @entity101 are normokinetic and normovolaemic or whether they reveal the same circulatory dysfunction as their normotensive counterparts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty three @entity1 with arterial @entity101 were identified among 648 @entity1 with @entity82 : 14 in @entity1 class A, 12 in class B, and seven in class C. Controls were 130 normotensive cirrhotic @entity1 , 19 controls with normal arterial blood pressure and without @entity409 , and 16 @entity1 with essential arterial @entity101 . All groups underwent haemodynamic investigation with determination of cardiac output (CO), plasma volume (PV), central blood volume (CBV), @entity99 ( @entity99 ), hepatic blood flow (HBF), arterial compliance (AC), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in the supine position. RESULTS: Liver function, as evaluated by @entity3649 elimination capacity, @entity3194 clearance, HBF, and @entity1 score, was significantly better in @entity101 cirrhotics than in their normotensive counterparts (p<0.05-0.01) but portal pressure was similar ( @entity99 13 v 15 mm Hg; NS). AC was significantly lower and normal in the arterial @entity101 cirrhotic group (1.07 v 1.39 mm Hg/ml; p<0.02) and SVR was significantly higher and normal (1475 v 1020 dynxs/cm5; p<0.01). Arterial @entity101 cirrhotic @entity1 were hyperdynamic (CO 6.80 v 7.14 l/min; NS) and central hypovolaemic (CBV 19.8 v 20.6 ml/kg; NS), as were normotensive @entity1 , but differences were found in relation to arterial blood pressure. Whereas arterial pressure was inversely correlated with CO, PV, and @entity1 score in the normotensive group (p< 0.01), the same correlations were either direct or insignificant in arterial @entity101 cirrhotics. CONCLUSION: Arterial @entity101 cirrhotic @entity1 are @entity71 and central hypovolaemic, in common with their normotensive counterparts, but vasodilatation is reduced and regulation of arterial blood pressure may be less deranged.

title: Arterial XXXX in @entity82 : arterial compliance, volume distribution, and central haemodynamics.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Child', 'patients']

entities_list: @entity82 :: ('MESH:D005355', 'Disease') :: ['cirrhosis']

entities_list: @entity101 :: ('MESH:D006973', 'Disease') :: ['hypertension', 'hypertensive']

entities_list: @entity71 :: ('MESH:D001289', 'Disease') :: ['hyperkinetic', 'Hyperkinetic']

entities_list: @entity409 :: ('MESH:D008107', 'Disease') :: ['haemodynamic dysfunction', 'liver disease']

entities_list: @entity3194 :: ('MESH:D007208', 'Chemical') :: ['indocyanine green']

entities_list: @entity3649 :: ('MESH:D005690', 'Chemical') :: ['galactose']

entities_list: @entity99 :: ('MESH:D056486', 'Disease') :: ['HVPG', 'hepatic venous pressure gradient']

answer: @entity101 :: (MESH:D006973,Disease) :: ['hypertension']


abstract: OBJECTIVES: To identify the clinical and anatomical presentations and to discuss the guidelines for surgical management of anomalies of the first @entity2419 . DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Three tertiary care centers. @entity1 : Thirty-nine @entity1 with first @entity5816 operated on between 1980 and 1996. INTERVENTION: All @entity1 were treated surgically. Complete removal of the lesion required superficial parotidectomy with @entity2103 in 36 cases. The relationship of the @entity2103 is discussed. RESULTS: Anatomically, 3 types of first @entity5816 are identified: fistulas (n=11), sinuses (n=20), and cysts (n=8). Clinically, 3 types of presentation are noted: chronic purulent drainage from the ear (n=12), @entity4 in the parotid area (n=18), and @entity733 or persistent @entity292 in the neck located above a horizontal plane passing through the hyoid bone (n=21). A membranous attachment between the floor of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane was observed in 10% of cases. The facial nerve was located lateral to the @entity154 in 39% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Before definitive surgery, many @entity1 (n=17) underwent incision and @entity281 owing to the difficulties in diagnosing this @entity154 . Wide exposure is necessary in most cases, and a standard parotidectomy incision allows adequate exposure of the @entity154 and preservation of the facial nerve. @entity532 depends on a good understanding of regional embryogenesis, a knowledge of the circumstances surrounding discovery, an awareness of the different anatomical presentations, and a readiness to identify and protect the facial nerve during resection.

title: First XXXX : a study of 39 cases and a review of the literature.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity4 :: ('MESH:D004487', 'Disease') :: ['periauricular swelling']

entities_list: @entity532 :: ('MESH:D003925', 'Disease') :: ['Complete removal without complications']

entities_list: @entity2103 :: ('MESH:D005155', 'Disease') :: ['facial nerve and anomalies', 'facial nerve dissection']

entities_list: @entity281 :: ('MESH:D007239', 'Disease') :: ['drainage for infection']

entities_list: @entity2419 :: ('MESH:D002972', 'Disease') :: ['branchial cleft']

entities_list: @entity5816 :: ('MESH:C562384', 'Disease') :: ['branchial cleft anomalies']

answer: @entity5816 :: (MESH:C562384,Disease) :: ['branchial cleft anomalies']


abstract: The role of auxin in controlling leaf expansion remains unclear. Experimental increases to normal auxin levels in expanding leaves have shown conflicting results, with both increases and decreases in leaf growth having been measured. Therefore, the effects of both auxin application and adjustment of endogenous leaf auxin levels on midrib elongation and final leaf size (fresh weight and area) were examined in attached primary monofoliate leaves of the common bean ( @entity11297 ) and in early @entity958 rosette leaves. Aqueous auxin application inhibited long-term leaf blade elongation. Bean leaves, initially 40 to 50 mm in length, treated once with @entity21235 (1.0 mm), were, after 6 d, approximately 80% the length and weight of controls. When applied at 1.0 and 0.1 mm, @entity21235 significantly inhibited long-term leaf growth. The weak auxin, @entity63189 , was effective at 1.0 mm; and a weak acid control, @entity13266 , was ineffective. @entity9634 (1 microm, 10 microm, 0.1 mm, and 1 mm) required daily application to be effective at any concentration. Application of the auxin transport inhibitor, @entity5563 (1% [w/w] in @entity5156 ), to petioles also inhibited long-term leaf growth. This treatment also was found to lead to a sustained elevation of leaf free @entity9634 content relative to untreated control leaves. Auxin-induced inhibition of leaf growth appeared not to be mediated by auxin-induced @entity1786 synthesis because growth inhibition was not rescued by inhibition of @entity1786 synthesis. Also, petiole treatment of @entity958 with @entity5563 similarly inhibited leaf growth of both wild-type plants and @entity1786 -insensitive @entity63190 mutants.

title: Long-term inhibition by auxin of leaf blade expansion in bean and XXXX .

entities_list: @entity13266 :: ('MESH:D019817', 'Chemical') :: ['benzoic acid']

entities_list: @entity5563 :: ('CHEBI:60833', 'Chemical') :: ['1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid']

entities_list: @entity11297 :: ('3885', 'Species') :: ['Phaseolus vulgaris']

entities_list: @entity958 :: ('3702', 'Species') :: ['Arabidopsis']

entities_list: @entity63189 :: ('MESH:C020424', 'Chemical') :: ['beta-naphthalene acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity21235 :: ('MESH:C034182', 'Chemical') :: ['alpha-naphthalene acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity9634 :: ('MESH:C030737', 'Chemical') :: ['Indole-3-acetic acid', 'indole-3-acetic acid']

entities_list: @entity1786 :: ('MESH:C036216', 'Chemical') :: ['ethylene']

answer: @entity958 :: (3702,Species) :: ['Arabidopsis']


abstract: The natural history of the @entity6 foot is @entity146 and complex. To counteract this, we describe the transformation of a @entity6 Clinic into a @entity6 Day Unit, which delivers an emergency open access system for @entity1 , with a "one-stop," same day service in which investigations are performed, results reviewed and treatment implemented. It also provides joint clinics with vascular, orthopaedic, and plastic surgeons and specialized clinics for casting of complex neuropathic feet and for the administration of intravenous or intramuscular antibiotics on the same day. The aim was to document these increasingly wide-ranging facilities by undertaking a retrospective evaluation over a 6-week period, with analysis of notes, investigations, and an anonymous @entity1 satisfaction survey. The clinic was visited by 597 @entity1 who attended in 1076 appointments, of which 112 (10.4%) were emergency visits; these @entity1 attended the clinic without a booked appointment but via an open access policy, 93 of whom were known to the clinic, but 19 were new self-referred @entity1 to the service. Furthermore, 197 (18%) were seen in a Joint Vascular @entity6 Clinic and 98 (9%) were seen in a Joint Orthopaedic Plastic @entity6 Clinic, 570 (53%) were seen in an Active Ulcer Clinic and 97 (9%) in a Total Contact Casting Clinic. Forty-five percent of @entity1 were prescribed antibiotics, including 188 (76%) as oral and 45(18%) as intravenous antibiotics and 15(6%) as intramuscular injections. Of the 1076 appointments, 150 (14%) @entity1 were in the foot clinic for more than 4 hours. Sixty (10%) @entity1 were reviewed 4 or more times over the 6-week period. Only 22 (2%) were admitted to hospital. Of the 125 survey responders, 98% were satisfied with this service, which has evolved from a @entity6 Clinic into a @entity6 Day Unit.

title: Transformation of the multidisciplinary @entity6 foot clinic into a multidisciplinary XXXX foot day unit: results from a service evaluation.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity6 :: ('MESH:D003920', 'Disease') :: ['diabetic', 'Multidisciplinary Diabetic Foot', 'Diabetic Foot']

entities_list: @entity146 :: ('MESH:D001523', 'Disease') :: ['aggressive']

answer: @entity6 :: (MESH:D003920,Disease) :: ['diabetic']


abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between longitudinal in vivo measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and @entity2479 cell (RGC) density after unilateral optic nerve transection (ONT). METHODS: Nineteen adult Brown- @entity35 were studied; N=10 ONT plus RGC label, N=3 ONT plus vehicle only (sans label), N=6 sham ONT plus RGC label. RNFLT was measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at baseline then weekly for 1 month. RGCs were labeled by retrograde transport of fluorescently conjugated cholera toxin B ( @entity34981 ) from the superior colliculus 48 hours prior to ONT or sham surgery. RGC density measurements were obtained by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) at baseline and weekly for 1 month. RGC density and reactivity of microglia (anti- @entity16339 ) and astrocytes (anti- @entity40 ) were determined from post mortem fluorescence microscopy of whole-mount retinae. RESULTS: RNFLT decreased after ONT by 17% (p<0.05), 30% (p<0.0001) and 36% (p<0.0001) at weeks 2, 3 and 4. RGC density decreased after ONT by 18%, 69%, 85% and 92% at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.0001 each). RGC density measured in vivo at week 4 and post mortem by microscopy were strongly correlated (R=0.91, p<0.0001). In vivo measures of RNFLT and RGC density were strongly correlated (R=0.81, p<0.0001). In ONT- @entity34981 labeled fellow eyes, RNFLT increased by 18%, 52% and 36% at weeks 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.0001), but did not change in fellow ONT-eyes sans @entity34981 . Microgliosis was evident in the RNFL of the ONT- @entity34981 fellow eyes, exceeding that observed in other fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo measurements of RNFLT and RGC density are strongly correlated and can be used to monitor longitudinal changes after @entity18489 . The strong fellow eye effect observed in eyes contralateral to ONT, only in the presence of @entity34981 label, consisted of a dramatic increase in RNFLT associated with retinal microgliosis.

title: Comparison of longitudinal in vivo measurements of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and XXXX cell density after optic nerve transection in @entity35 .

entities_list: @entity2479 :: ('MESH:D012173', 'Disease') :: ['retinal ganglion']

entities_list: @entity18489 :: ('MESH:D020221', 'Disease') :: ['optic nerve injury']

entities_list: @entity35 :: ('10116', 'Species') :: ['Norway rats']

answer: @entity2479 :: (MESH:D012173,Disease) :: ['retinal ganglion']


abstract: BACKGROUND: Intraductal papillary mucinous @entity5 of the pancreas are increasingly diagnosed. Due to their malignant potential, greater understanding of their nature is required. AIMS: Define risk factors for @entity5 in @entity4929 . METHODS: An international, multicentre study was performed in Europe and the United States. Clinical databases were reviewed for @entity1 with @entity4929 diagnosis. RESULTS: Of 1126 @entity1 , 84 were diagnosed with invasive @entity189 /high-grade @entity1141 and were compared to the rest of the cohort. Multivariate logistic analysis showed a statistically significant association between @entity5 /high-grade @entity1141 and the variables @entity9927 history ( @entity16133 , 95% CI [1.1-3.1]), body mass index ( @entity24773 , 95% CI [1-1.1]), symptoms (OR 3.4, 95% CI [1.9-6]), @entity1087 (OR 0.1, 95% CI [0-0.3]), and @entity6123 (OR 0.3, 95% CI [0.1-0.8]). Univariate analysis showed no association between @entity5 and the cyst number/location (p=0.3 and p=0.5, respectively) although a strong association was shown for cyst size (p<0.001). The presence and size of nodules (p<0.01) and main duct involvement (p<0.001) were also strongly related with @entity5 . CONCLUSION: The presence of @entity1087 and @entity6123 , @entity9927 , high body mass index, and imaging features such as cyst size, main duct involvement, and the presence and size of mural nodules are associated with high-grade @entity5 in @entity4929 .

title: Risk factors for malignant progression of XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients']

entities_list: @entity4929 :: ('MESH:C565310', 'Disease') :: ['intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['neoplasia', 'cancer', 'neoplasms', 'malignancy']

entities_list: @entity6123 :: ('MESH:D045602', 'Disease') :: ['steatorrhea']

entities_list: @entity189 :: ('MESH:D002277', 'Disease') :: ['carcinoma']

entities_list: @entity1141 :: ('MESH:C535662', 'Disease') :: ['dysplasia']

answer: @entity4929 :: (MESH:C565310,Disease) :: ['intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms']


abstract: This pilot study tested the efficacy of an audio-visual stimulation (AVS) program for the promotion of sleep in individuals with @entity1118 . @entity22 and @entity1118 are common comorbid conditions and their relationship has been viewed as bidirectional. Recent studies suggest a relatively dominant role of sleep in this dyad. The premise of this pilot study was that AVS enhances low frequency while reducing high frequency brain activity resulting in decreased hyperarousal and improved sleep with potential consequent reduction in @entity158 . We conducted a pilot intervention study of AVS using a pre-post design. @entity1 self-administered a 30-min AVS program nightly at bedtime for 1  month. Sleep and @entity158 were assessed at baseline and at the conclusion of the 4-week intervention phase. Nine adults (mean age 33      15.8  years; female, 89  %) completed the study. After using the AVS device for 4  weeks, significant improvement was seen in reported @entity22 ( @entity22 , p  =  0.003), @entity158 severity ( @entity19499 , p  =  0.005), and @entity158 interference with functioning ( @entity19499 , p  =  0.001). Large effect sizes (Partial   (2) 0.20-0.94) (Cohen's d 0.44-1.45) were observed. The results of this pilot study suggest that the AVS program may be efficacious in decreasing both @entity22 and @entity158 symptoms. In order to better assess the efficacy of AVS for sleep promotion and possible @entity158 reduction, more definitive randomized controlled trials will be needed. These should include appropriate sample sizes, objective measures of sleep and @entity158 , and longitudinal follow-up.

title: A pilot study of audio-visual stimulation as a self-care treatment for XXXX in adults with @entity22 and @entity1118 .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['Participants']

entities_list: @entity1118 :: ('MESH:D059350', 'Disease') :: ['chronic pain']

entities_list: @entity22 :: ('MESH:D007319', 'Disease') :: ['Insomnia', 'insomnia', 'ISI']

answer: @entity22 :: (MESH:D007319,Disease) :: ['insomnia']


abstract: The use of lactobacilli as starter organisms in food fermentation processes requires thorough knowledge of their reaction to the multitude of ecological factors including their response to stress. We have characterised the dnaK gene region of @entity5210 LTH681. Two chromosomal EcoRI fragments of 2.5 and 4.0 kb were identified using a homologous dnaK probe generated by PCR. The sequence analysis of the cloned fragments showed that the dnaK gene region consists of four @entity1457 genes with the organisation hrcA-grpE-dnaK-dnaJ. Comparison of the deduced @entity535 sequences revealed high similarity to the corresponding @entity1457 proteins of Gram-positive bacteria. An upstream located orfY was found which exhibited substantial similarity (41.5%) to the @entity2755 acetyltransferase of @entity9238 . Northern hybridisation analysis revealed that the transcription of the genes is induced by @entity1457 (42 degrees C) as well as salt (6%) or @entity1068 (10%) stress. Several transcripts were detected including a polycistronic mRNA of 4.9 kb which represents the transcript of the complete dnaK gene region indicating a tetracistronic organisation of the dnaK operon. The other RNA fragments were identified as shorter transcripts (3.7 and 1.3 kb) or cleavage products of the polycistronic mRNAs. The transcription start sites of the dnaK operon were determined under inducing and non-inducing conditions. The site varied with the applied stress condition. A regulatory CIRCE element was identified located between the transcription and translation start site. The promoter region including CIRCE was transcriptionally fused to the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene gusA and expressed in @entity5210 LTH681. The kinetics of transcriptional induction of gusA by heat shocking were identical to those of the dnaK operon confirming the involvement of the CIRCE element in regulation of gene expression.

title: Molecular characterisation of the dnaK operon of XXXX LTH681.

entities_list: @entity9238 :: ('548', 'Species') :: ['Enterobacter aerogenes']

entities_list: @entity535 :: ('CHEBI:33704', 'Chemical') :: ['amino acid']

entities_list: @entity1457 :: ('MESH:D012769', 'Disease') :: ['heat shock']

entities_list: @entity5210 :: ('1599', 'Species') :: ['L. sakei', 'Lactobacillus sakei']

entities_list: @entity2755 :: ('MESH:D002701', 'Chemical') :: ['chloramphenicol']

answer: @entity5210 :: (1599,Species) :: ['Lactobacillus sakei']


abstract: Abstract Purpose: Although @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) after acquired @entity1545 (ABI) is relatively common, its causal mechanisms remain speculative and little research has considered psychological perspectives. The current study aimed to examine whether metacognitive variables were associated with posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) severity in individuals with an ABI. Methods: @entity1 who had a @entity131 (n   =   47) or @entity510 (n   =   93) completed questionnaires related to demographic, clinical, social support and metacognitive variables. Correlation analyses and a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, with total PTSS severity used as the outcome variable, were conducted. Results: Results demonstrated that metacognitive factors were correlated with PTSS severity and were able to explain an additional and significant amount of variance in PTSS severity within the regression analysis. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary support that metacognitive variables are associated with PTSS after ABI. Clinical implications within rehabilitative settings are discussed, as well as theoretical and research implications in the context of the study's limitations. Implications for Rehabilitation @entity1005 ( @entity1005 ) can impede quality of life after @entity1545 . Clinical, social and metacognitive processes all influence the development of @entity1005 after @entity1545 and should be considered within rehabilitative care plans. Rehabilitative care plans should incorporate interventions for @entity1005 when appropriate, and metacognitive interventions could prove beneficial.

title: Are metacognitive processes associated with posttraumatic stress symptom severity following acquired XXXX ?

entities_list: @entity1545 :: ('MESH:D020214', 'Disease') :: ['brain injury']

entities_list: @entity131 :: ('MESH:D001930', 'Disease') :: ['traumatic brain injury']

entities_list: @entity510 :: ('MESH:D013345', 'Disease') :: ['subarachnoid haemorrhage']

entities_list: @entity1005 :: ('MESH:D013313', 'Disease') :: ['Posttraumatic stress disorder', 'posttraumatic stress disorder', 'PTSD']

answer: @entity1545 :: (MESH:D020214,Disease) :: ['brain injury']


abstract: BACKGROUND: @entity124 ( @entity124 ) is associated with various @entity1 @entity5 and regarded as reflecting cellular deficiency in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Analysis of @entity124 has been prevalent in the field of oncology, and numerous data have accumulated in the literature. It has been reported that the @entity124 + phenotype is relatively frequent in @entity356 . The reported frequencies of @entity124 + @entity356 , however, are diverse. AIM AND METHODS: To determine the frequencies of the @entity124 + phenotype and defective MMR in @entity356 , we examined @entity5 derived from 167 @entity1 with sporadic @entity356 , using our unique fluorescent technique, 'high-resolution fluorescent microsatellite analysis'. RESULTS: High-resolution fluorescent microsatellite analysis allowed us the unequivocal designation of @entity124 . The frequencies of @entity124 and @entity124 were 11 and 9.6%, respectively. In addition to the distinction based on the frequency of microsatellite changes, @entity124 was classifiable into two distinct categories, type A and type B, according to the mode of length changes in the dinucleotide microsatellites. Type A and type B @entity124 were observed in 14 and 6.6%, respectively. The overall frequency of @entity124 was 21%. Intriguingly, @entity124 did not correlate with any of commonly used clinicopathological variables. In addition, neither @entity124 nor @entity124 correlated with family history of @entity5 or @entity1 history of multiple @entity5 . Instead, type B @entity124 was significantly more frequent in @entity1 with family history of @entity356 . Type A @entity124 appeared to occur more frequently in @entity5 of @entity1 with a history of double @entity5 , which, however, was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In @entity356 , contribution of defective MMR to the risk of multiple @entity5 or familial predisposition appears more limited than has been expected. The relationship between @entity124 and high risk of @entity5 may have been oversimplified, at least in @entity356 .

title: High-resolution fluorescent analysis of microsatellite instability in XXXX .

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['human', 'patients', 'patient']

entities_list: @entity124 :: ('MESH:D053842', 'Disease') :: ['MSI-H', 'Microsatellite instability', 'MSI', 'MSI-L']

entities_list: @entity356 :: ('MESH:D013274', 'Disease') :: ['gastric tumors', 'gastric cancer']

entities_list: @entity5 :: ('MESH:D009369', 'Disease') :: ['tumors', 'cancers', 'cancer', 'malignancies']

answer: @entity356 :: (MESH:D013274,Disease) :: ['gastric cancer']


abstract: GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Orimulsion (stable emulsion of natural bitumen and water) is a new imported industrial fuel in Lithuania. No data on its @entity137 to fish is freely available. The aim of this study was to investigate sensitivity of @entity5660 ( @entity5660 ) to acute and chronic @entity137 of orimulsion and to estimate the Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of orimulsion to fish. METHODS: Laboratory tests were conducted on @entity5660 in all stages of development (embryos, larvae, adults). Acute @entity137 (96-hour duration) and long-term (28 or 60-day duration) tests evaluating the wide range spectrum of biological indices were performed under semi-static conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Median lethal concentration (96-hour LC50) values and their 95% confidence intervals derived from the tests were: 0.1 (0.09-0.12) to embryos, 0.06 (0.05-0.07) to larvae and 2.22 (2.02-2.43) to adult fish, and 28-day LC50 to adult fish was found to be 0.26 (0.21-0.32) g/l of total orimulsion respectively. The acute @entity137 of orimulsion to @entity5660 can be characterised by a narrow zone of toxic effect and a sharp boundary between lethal and sublethal concentrations. The lowest 'safe' or 'no-effect' concentration values of total orimulsion obtained in long-term tests were equal to 0.09 g/l to adult fish, 0.019 g/l to embryos, and 0.0017 g/l to larvae. Proposed value of 'application factor' for orimulsion was found to be equal to 0.03. Since orimulsion has the property to disperse in all water volume, its toxic effect on fish can be characterised by the combined effects of dispersion and water-soluble-fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of 0.0017 g/l of total orimulsion to fish was derived from long-term tests based on the most sensitive parameter of @entity5660 larvae (relative mass increase at the end of the test). According to substance @entity137 classification accepted for Lithuanian inland waters, orimulsion can be referred to substances of 'moderate' @entity137 to fish. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: For prediction and evaluation of toxic impact of orimulsion accident spills on fish, some recommendations should be given. Since orimulsion has the property to disperse in all water volume during short time periods, the amounts of both spilled orimulsion and polluted water should be ascertained. Once both parameters are known, the real concentration of orimulsion in the water body must be determined. Then this concentration must be compared with 'safe' concentration to fish. By use of 'application factor' 0.03, approximate MATC for other fish species can be estimated when only acute @entity137 data (96-hour LC50 value) is available.

title: Toxic effects of orimulsion on @entity5660 XXXX .

entities_list: @entity5660 :: ('8022', 'Species') :: ['rainbow trout', 'Oncorhynchus mykiss']

entities_list: @entity137 :: ('MESH:D064420', 'Disease') :: ['toxicity']

answer: @entity5660 :: (8022,Species) :: ['Oncorhynchus mykiss']


abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the time interval between symptom onset and @entity16 related to @entity2657 in @entity1 with @entity2500 . The time period between onset and @entity16 represents the window for surgical intervention. DESIGN: Multicenter retrospective chart review. SETTINGS: Five university-affiliated medical centers. @entity1 : Fifty-three @entity1 with @entity2500 who experienced @entity16 defined by a decrease in the Glasgow @entity772 Scale score of two or more points attributable to mass effect. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 53 @entity1 (mean age, 62 +/- 18 yrs; 25 [47%] were @entity1 ) with @entity16 were identified by using International Classification of Diseases (9th revision) codes and local registries. Medical records and neuroimaging studies were reviewed by a @entity64 neurologist or neurointensivist to identify the time of @entity16 . Thrombolytics were used at presentation in 19 (35%) @entity1 . A total of 19 (36%) @entity1 had @entity16 within 24 hrs of symptom onset. By 48 hrs, 36 (68%) @entity1 had manifested clinical deterioration. A few @entity1 had later @entity16 on day 3 (n = 10), day 4 (n = 2), day 5 (n = 2), and day 6 or after (n = 3). A total of 25 (47%) of the 53 @entity1 died during hospitalization. The highest frequency of @entity204 occurred on day 3. CONCLUSIONS: @entity16 related to @entity2657 after @entity2500 occur in most @entity1 within 48 hrs of symptom onset.

title: @entity16 in XXXX : a multicenter review.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['men', 'patients', 'PATIENTS']

entities_list: @entity2657 :: ('MESH:D001929', 'Disease') :: ['cerebral edema']

entities_list: @entity2500 :: ('MESH:D020244', 'Disease') :: ['massive middle cerebral artery infarction']

entities_list: @entity16 :: ('MESH:D009422', 'Disease') :: ['Neurologic deteriorations', 'neurologic deterioration']

answer: @entity2500 :: (MESH:D020244,Disease) :: ['massive middle cerebral artery infarction']


abstract: Articular @entity1844 and loose bodies have been associated with @entity8043 . At the time of @entity8043 ( @entity8043 ), direct intraarticular visualization of the structures of concern may be limited with the use of a small arthrotomy. Concomitant diagnostic arthroscopy can improve the identification of @entity854 , both patellofemoral and nonpatellofemoral, because of the better field of view. PURPOSE: This report details the findings from knee arthroscopy performed concomitantly with @entity8043 in adolescents. METHODS: All @entity1 underwent knee arthroscopy and open @entity8043 for patellar instability, performed by a single surgeon, during a 4-year period. @entity1 demographics, knee history, clinical examination, operative findings, and treatment details were collected on all @entity1 . RESULTS: : Thirty-eight @entity1 (mean age, 14.9 years; 41 knees) were included in this analysis. @entity75 were present in 30 knees (73%; mean size, 112 mm). @entity2096 were documented in 11 knees (23%; mean size, 81 mm). Loose bodies were present in 6 knees (15%). In 8 @entity1 (20%), an additional 11 nonpatellofemoral diagnoses were made at the time of arthroscopy: lateral tibiofemoral chondroses (n = 4), medial meniscal tear (n = 2), lateral meniscal tear (n = 2), discoid lateral meniscus (n = 1), @entity1347 (n = 1), and medial tibiofemoral chondrosis (n = 1). Because of these findings, 5 additional procedures were performed in 4 @entity1 : partial lateral meniscectomy (n = 2), medial meniscal repair (n = 1), discoid meniscus saucerization (n = 1), and staged distal femoral valgus-correcting osteotomy (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: By performing concomitant knee arthroscopy at the time of @entity8043 , we were able to identify significant @entity854 in 4 @entity1 , which would have been missed with direct inspection by a limited arthrotomy at the patellofemoral joint. In addition, precise evaluation of the patellofemoral joint permits customization of the @entity8043 and aids in establishing appropriate @entity1 expectations postoperatively. We advocate diagnostic knee arthroscopy at the time of @entity8043 in adolescents to identify all @entity854 and to optimize discussions with the @entity1 and the caregivers on the long-term prognosis of the knee. SIGNIFICANCE: Arthroscopic inspection of the knee at the time of @entity8043 permits @entity854 that is not routinely visual by using open arthrotomy. Twenty percent of @entity1 had additional pathological findings; of these @entity1 , 50% underwent an additional surgical procedure.

title: Arthroscopic findings at the time of XXXX in adolescents.

entities_list: @entity1 :: ('9606', 'Species') :: ['patients', 'patient', 'Patient']

entities_list: @entity1844 :: ('MESH:D002357', 'Disease') :: ['cartilage injuries']

entities_list: @entity75 :: ('MESH:D001927', 'Disease') :: ['Patellar osteochondral lesions']

entities_list: @entity1347 :: ('MESH:C537775', 'Disease') :: ['partial anterior cruciate ligament tear']

entities_list: @entity854 :: ('MESH:D018376', 'Disease') :: ['intraarticular abnormalities', 'tibiofemoral abnormality', 'identification of abnormality']

entities_list: @entity2096 :: ('MESH:D020428', 'Disease') :: ['Femoral lesions']

entities_list: @entity8043 :: ('MESH:D031222', 'Disease') :: ['patellar realignment surgery', 'PRS', 'patellar dislocations']

answer: @entity8043 :: (MESH:D031222,Disease) :: ['patellar realignment surgery']